EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1433270
Filing Year: 2021
Filename: 1433270_10-K_2021_0001558370-21-001153.json

---

ITEM 1. BUSINESS
ITEMS 1 AND 2. BUSINESS AND PROPERTIES
Our Company and Organizational Structure
Antero Resources Corporation (individually referred to as “Antero”) and its consolidated subsidiaries (collectively referred to as “Antero Resources,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our”) are engaged in the development, production, exploration and acquisition of natural gas, NGLs, and oil properties located in the Appalachian Basin. The Company targets large, repeatable resource plays where horizontal drilling and advanced fracture stimulation technologies provide the means to economically develop and produce natural gas, NGLs, and oil from unconventional formations. As of December 31, 2020, we held approximately 515,000 net acres of natural gas, NGLs, and oil properties located in the Appalachian Basin primarily in West Virginia and Ohio. Our corporate headquarters are in Denver, Colorado.
Ownership in Antero Midstream
We formed Antero Midstream Partners LP (“Antero Midstream Partners”) to own, operate and develop midstream energy assets that service our production. Antero Midstream Partners’ assets consist of gathering systems and compression facilities, water handling and treatment facilities, and interests in processing and fractionation plants, through which it provides services to us under long-term, fixed-fee contracts.
On March 12, 2019, pursuant to the Simplification Agreement, dated as of October 9, 2018, by and among Antero Midstream GP LP (“AMGP”), Antero Midstream Partners and certain of their affiliates (the “Simplification Agreement”) (i) AMGP was converted from a limited partnership to a corporation under the laws of the State of Delaware and changed its name to Antero Midstream Corporation (together with its consolidated subsidiaries, as appropriate, “Antero Midstream”), and (ii) an indirect, wholly owned subsidiary of Antero Midstream was merged with and into Antero Midstream Partners, with Antero Midstream Partners surviving the merger as an indirect, wholly owned subsidiary of Antero Midstream (together, along with the other transactions contemplated by the Simplification Agreement, the “Transactions”). In connection with the Transactions, we received $297 million in cash and 158.4 million shares of Antero Midstream’s common stock in exchange for our 98,870,335 common units representing limited partner interests in Antero Midstream Partners owned immediately prior to the Transactions.
As a result of the Transactions, we no longer hold a controlling interest in Antero Midstream Partners and now have an interest in Antero Midstream that provides significant influence, but not control, over Antero Midstream. Thus, effective March 13, 2019, we no longer consolidate Antero Midstream Partners in our consolidated financial statements and account for our interest in Antero Midstream using the equity method of accounting. See Note 3-Deconsolidation of Antero Midstream Partners LP to the consolidated financial statements for more information on the Transactions.
As of December 31, 2020, we owned 29.2% of Antero Midstream’s common stock.
General
The following table provides a summary of selected data for our Appalachian Basin natural gas, NGLs, and oil assets as of the date and for the period indicated.
Three Months Ended
As of December 31, 2020
December 31, 2020
Gross
Average
Proved
Net Proved
Potential
Net Daily
Reserves (1) (2)
PV-10 (3)
Developed
Total
Drilling
Production
(Bcfe)
(in millions)
Wells (4)
Net Acres
Locations (5)
(MMcfe/d)
Appalachian Basin
17,635
$
1,210
1,219
514,884
2,133
3,650
Discounted future income taxes (6)
-
Standardized Measure (7)
$
1,210
(1) Estimated proved reserve volumes and values were calculated assuming partial ethane recovery, with rejection of the remaining ethane and using the unweighted twelve-month average of the first-day-of-the-month prices for the period ended December 31, 2020, which were $1.82 per MMBtu for natural gas based on a
$2.08 per MMBtu NYMEX reference price, $9.30 per Bbl for ethane, $14.31 per Bbl for C3+ NGLs and $30.03 per Bbl for oil for the Appalachian Basin based on a $39.72 per Bbl WTI reference price.
(2) Proved reserves for the noncontrolling interest in Martica Holdings LLC (“Martica”) as of December 31, 2020 were 254 Bcfe. See “-Asset Sales Program” below for more information.
(3) PV-10 is a non-GAAP financial measure. We believe that the presentation of PV-10 is relevant and useful to our investors as supplemental disclosure to the standardized measure of future net cash flows, or after-tax amount, because it presents the discounted future net cash flows attributable to our proved reserves prior to taking into account future corporate income taxes and our current tax structure. While the standardized measure is dependent on the unique tax situation of each company, PV-10 is based on a pricing methodology and discount factors that are consistent for all companies. Because of this, PV-10 can be used within the industry and by creditors and securities analysts to evaluate estimated net cash flows from proved reserves on a more comparable basis. The difference between the standardized measure and the PV-10 amount is the discounted amount of estimated future income taxes. Future income taxes are not basin specific, and therefore, the standardized measure is only at a company level. See Note 21-Supplemental Information on Oil and Gas Producing Activities to the consolidated financial statements for more information about the calculation of standardized measure.
(4) Excludes certain vertical wells with no proved reserves booked that were primarily acquired in conjunction with leasehold acreage acquisitions.
(5) Gross potential drilling locations are comprised of 256 locations classified as proved undeveloped, 1,877 locations classified as probable and possible. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors” for risks and uncertainties related to developing our potential well locations contained in our proved, probable and possible reserve categories.
(6) Based on the 12-month average of the first-day-of-the-month prices used in the computation of PV-10 as of December 31, 2020, the future taxable net income generated over the life of our proved reserves is expected to be less than our net operating loss carryforward deductions, and therefore, under the standardized measure, there is no deduction for federal or state income taxes.
(7) Standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows for the noncontrolling interest in Martica as of December 31, 2020 was $359 million.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, our total consolidated capital expenditures were approximately $785 million, including drilling and completion expenditures of $735 million, leasehold additions of $48 million and other capital expenditures of $2 million. Our net capital budget for 2021 is $635 million. Our budget includes: $590 million for drilling and completion and $45 million for leasehold expenditures. We do not budget for acquisitions. During 2021, we plan to operate an average of three drilling rigs and two completion crews, and we plan to complete 65 to 70 horizontal wells in the Appalachian Basin. We periodically review our capital expenditures and adjust our budget and its allocation based on liquidity, drilling results, leasehold acquisition opportunities and commodity prices.
Business Strategy and Competitive Strengths
Experienced Management Team
Our management team has worked together for many years and has a successful track record of reserve and production growth as well as significant expertise in unconventional resource plays. Our strategy is to leverage our team’s experience delineating and developing natural gas resource plays to develop our reserves and production, primarily on our existing multi-year project inventory.
Focused, Long-Lived Asset Base with Sufficient Takeaway Capacity
We have assembled a portfolio of long-lived properties that are characterized by what we believe to be low geologic risk and repeatability. Our drilling opportunities are focused in the Appalachian Basin. We have secured sufficient long-term firm takeaway capacity on major pipelines in our core operating area to accommodate our current development plans.
Integrated Business Platform
We operate in the following industry segments: (i) the exploration, development and production of natural gas, NGLs, and oil; (ii) marketing of excess firm transportation capacity; and (iii) midstream services through our equity method investment in Antero Midstream. As described above and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, effective March 13, 2019, the results of Antero Midstream Partners are no longer consolidated in our results. See Note 18-Segment Information to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion on our industry segment operations.
Hedge Program
We maintain an active hedging program designed to mitigate volatility in commodity prices and to protect our expected future cash flows for our future operations and capital spending plans. As of December 31, 2020, we had fixed price swap contracts in place for January 1, 2021 through December 31, 2023 for 1.2 Tcf of our projected natural gas production at a weighted average index price of $2.67 per MMBtu. These hedging contracts include contracts for the year ending December 31, 2021 of 788 Bcf of natural gas at a weighted average price of $2.77 per MMBtu. We also have fixed price swaps for the year ending December 31, 2021 for ethane for approximately 19 MMBbl at a weighted average index price of $0.20 per gallon and oil for approximately 3 MMBbl at a weighted average index price of $55.16 per Bbl. Additionally, we have basis swaps in place for January 1, 2021 through December 31, 2024 for 73 Bcf of our projected natural gas production with pricing differentials ranging from $0.414 to $0.53 per MMBtu. As of
December 31, 2020, the estimated fair value of our commodity net derivative contracts was approximately $22 million. See Note 12-Derivative Instruments to the consolidated financial statements for more information on our current hedge position.
Asset Sales Program
In December 2019, we announced an asset sale program of $750 million to $1 billion, the proceeds of which would be used to reduce indebtedness. Since December 2019, we have announced $751 million in asset sales, which includes up to $51 million of contingent consideration related to the ORRI transaction described below that may be earned in 2021. All proceeds from these assets sales were used for debt reduction, and any additional asset sales or excess cash flows are expected to be used for further debt reduction.
Conveyance of Overriding Royalty Interest
On June 15, 2020, we announced the consummation of a transaction with an affiliate of Sixth Street Partners, LLC (“Sixth Street”) relating to certain overriding royalty interests across our existing asset base (the “ORRIs”). In connection with the transaction, we contributed the ORRIs to a newly formed subsidiary, Martica, and Sixth Street at the initial closing contributed $300 million in cash (subject to customary adjustments) and agreed to contribute up to an additional $102 million in cash if certain production thresholds attributable to the ORRIs are achieved in the third quarter of 2020 and first quarter of 2021. All cash contributed by Sixth Street was distributed to us. During the third quarter of 2020, we met the applicable production threshold and received a $51 million cash distribution during the year ended December 31, 2020.
The ORRIs include an overriding royalty interest of 1.25% of our working interest in all of our operated proved developed properties in West Virginia and Ohio, subject to certain excluded wells (the “Initial PDP Override”), and an overriding royalty interest of 3.75% of our working interest in all of our undeveloped properties in West Virginia and Ohio (the “Development Override”). Wells turned to sales after April 1, 2020 and prior to the later of (a) the date on which we turn to sales 2.2 million lateral feet (net to our interest) of horizontal wells burdened by the Development Override and (b) the earlier of (i) April 1, 2023 and (ii) the date on which we turn to sales 3.82 million lateral feet (net to our interest) of horizontal wells are subject to the Development Override.
The ORRIs also include an additional overriding royalty interest of 2.00% of our working interest in the properties underlying the Initial PDP Override (the “Incremental Override”). The Incremental Override (or a portion thereof, as applicable) may be re-conveyed to us (at our election) if certain production targets attributable to the ORRIs are achieved through March 31, 2023. Any portion of the Incremental Override that may not be re-conveyed to us based on us achieving such production volumes through March 31, 2023 will remain with Martica.
Prior to Sixth Street achieving an internal rate of return of 13% and 1.5x cash-on-cash return (the “Hurdle”), Sixth Street will receive all distributions in respect of the Initial PDP Override and the Development Override, and we will receive all distributions in respect of the Incremental Override, unless certain production targets are not achieved, in which case Sixth Street will receive some or all of the distributions in respect of the Incremental Override. Following Sixth Street achieving the Hurdle, we will receive 85% of the distributions in respect of the ORRIs to which Sixth Street was entitled immediately prior to the Hurdle being achieved.
Volumetric Production Payment Transaction
On August 10, 2020, we completed a volumetric production payment transaction and received net proceeds of approximately $216 million (the "VPP"). In connection with the VPP, we entered into a purchase and sale agreement, together with a conveyance agreement and production and marketing agreement, with J.P. Morgan Ventures Energy Corporation ("JPM-VEC") to convey, effective July 1, 2020, an overriding royalty interest in dry gas producing properties in West Virginia (the "VPP Properties") equal to 136,589,000 MMBtu over the expected seven-year term of the VPP.
We accounted for the VPP as a conveyance under Accounting Standard Codifications ASC Topic 932, Extractive Industries-Oil and Gas, and the net proceeds were recorded as deferred revenue. Revenue is recognized as volumes are delivered using the units-of-production method over the term of the VPP. Under the production and marketing agreement, we and our affiliates provide certain marketing services as JPM-VEC’s agent, and any income or expenses related to these services will be recorded as marketing revenue or marketing expenses as appropriate.
Contemporaneously with the VPP, we executed a call option related to the production volumes associated with our retained interest in the VPP properties, which is collateralized by a mortgage on the VPP properties. Additionally, the production and marketing agreement contains an embedded put option related to the production volumes for our retained interest in the VPP properties, which has been bifurcated from the production and marketing arrangement and accounted for as a derivative instrument
recorded at fair value as of December 31, 2020. See Note 12-Derivative Instruments to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion of such derivative instruments.
Drilling Partnership
On February 17, 2021, we announced the formation of a drilling partnership with QL Capital Partners (“QL”), an affiliate of Quantum Energy Partners. Under the terms of the arrangement, QL will fund 20% of total development capital spending in 2021 and is expected to fund between 15% and 20% of total development capital spending on an annual basis from 2022 through 2024. All of the wells spud during each calendar year period will be a separate annual tranche. Capital costs in excess of, and cost savings below, a specified percentage of budgeted amounts for each annual tranche will be for our account.
For each tranche other than 2021, we will propose a capital budget and estimated internal rate of return (“IRR”) for all wells to be spud during the year and, subject to the mutual agreement of the parties that the estimated IRR for each tranche exceeds a specified return, QL will be obligated to participate in such tranche. For each annual tranche in which QL participates, QL will receive a proportionate working interest percentage in each well spud in such tranche. If we present a capital budget for an annual tranche with an estimated IRR equal to or exceeding a specified return that QL in good faith believes is less than such specified return and QL elects not to participate, we will not be obligated to offer QL the opportunity to participate in subsequent tranches. No earlier than December 31 following the expiration of each tranche year, we will calculate the tranche IRR for such tranche year and, if the tranche IRR exceeds certain specified returns, we will receive a carry in the form of a one-time payment from QL for such annual tranche.
Our Properties and Operations
Reserves
The table below summarizes our estimated proved reserves as of December 31, 2019 and 2020, which were prepared assuming partial ethane recovery, and rejection of the remaining ethane. When ethane is rejected at the processing plant, it is left in the gas stream and sold with the methane gas.
Oil and
Percentage
Natural Gas
NGLs
Condensate
Equivalents
of Proved
(Bcf)
(MMBbl)
(MMBbl)
(Bcfe)
Reserves
As of December 31, 2019 (1)
Proved developed reserves
7,229
11,740
%
Proved undeveloped reserves
4,265
7,153
%
Total
11,494
1,191
18,893
%
As of December 31, 2020 (2)
Proved developed reserves (3)
6,901
11,873
%
Proved undeveloped reserves (4)
3,124
5,762
%
Total
10,025
1,236
17,635
%
(1) Unweighted 12 month average prices of the first-day-of-the-month for the period ended December 31, 2019 were $2.41 per MMBtu for natural gas, $10.59 per Bbl for ethane, $29.47 per Bbl for C3+ NGLs and $45.75 per Bbl for oil for the Appalachian Basin based on a $55.65 WTI reference price.
(2) Unweighted 12 month average prices of the first-day-of-the-month for the period ended December 31, 2020 were $1.82 per MMBtu for natural gas, $9.30 per Bbl for ethane, $14.31 per Bbl for C3+ NGLs, and $30.03 per Bbl for oil for the Appalachian Basin based on a $39.72 WTI reference price.
(3) Proved developed reserves for the noncontrolling interest in Martica as of December 31, 2020 were 181 Bcfe, which consisted of 110 Bcf of natural gas, 11 MMBbl of NGLs and 0.3 MMBbl of oil and condensate.
(4) Proved undeveloped reserves for the noncontrolling interest in Martica as of December 31, 2020 were 73 Bcfe, which consisted of 49 Bcf of natural gas, 4 MMBbl of NGLs and 0.2 MMBbl of oil and condensate.
Proved Reserves
The following table summarizes the changes in our estimated proved reserves during 2020 (in Bcfe):
Proved reserves, December 31, 2019
18,893
Extensions, discoveries, and other additions
1,105
Performance revisions
Revisions to five-year development plan
(790)
Price revisions
(1,126)
Sales of reserves in place
(113)
Revisions to ethane recovery
Production
(1,310)
Proved reserves, December 31, 2020
17,635
Extensions and discoveries of 1,105 Bcfe of proved reserves resulted from delineation and developmental drilling in the Appalachian Basin. Performance revisions resulted in a net upward revision of 491 Bcfe. Revisions to five-year development plan downward of 790 Bcfe include a downward revision of 922 Bcfe for locations that were not developed within five years of initial booking as proved reserves, partially offset by a net upward revision of 132 Bcfe from schedule optimization primarily driven by previously proved undeveloped properties reclassified from non-proved to proved undeveloped. Price revisions downward of 1,126 Bcfe are due to decreases in prices for natural gas, NGLs and oil. Sales of reserves of 113 Bcfe resulted from the VPP. Upward revisions to ethane recovery of 485 Bcfe are due to an increase in assumed future ethane recovery. Estimated proved reserves as of December 31, 2020 totaled 17,635 Bcfe, a decrease of 7% from the prior year.
Proved Undeveloped Reserves
Proved undeveloped reserves are included in the previous table of total proved reserves. The following table summarizes the changes in our estimated proved undeveloped reserves during 2020 (in Bcfe):
Proved undeveloped reserves, December 31, 2019
7,153
Extensions, discoveries, and other additions
1,105
Performance revisions
Revisions to five-year development plan
(735)
Price revisions
(54)
Reclassifications to proved developed reserves
(1,967)
Revisions to ethane recovery
Proved undeveloped reserves, December 31, 2020
5,762
Extensions and discoveries during 2020 of 1,105 Bcfe of proved undeveloped reserves resulted from delineation and developmental drilling in the Appalachian Basin. Performance revisions resulted in a net upward revision of 172 Bcfe. Revisions to five-year development plan downward of 735 Bcfe included a downward revision of 927 Bcfe for locations that were not developed within five years of initial booking as proved reserves, partially offset by a net upward revision of 192 Bcfe from schedule optimization primarily driven by previously proved undeveloped properties reclassified from non-proved properties to proved undeveloped. Price revisions downward of 54 Bcfe are due to decreases in prices for natural gas, NGLs and oil. Upward revisions to ethane recovery of 88 Bcfe are due to an increase in assumed future ethane recovery.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, we converted approximately 1,967 Bcfe, or 27%, of our proved undeveloped reserves to proved developed reserves at a total capital cost of approximately $570 million. We spent an additional $253 million on development costs related primarily to drilled and uncompleted wells and properties in the proved undeveloped classification as of December 31, 2019, resulting in total development spending of $823 million, as disclosed in Note 21-Supplemental Information on Oil and Gas Producing Activities to the consolidated financial statements. Estimated future development costs relating to the development of our proved undeveloped reserves as of December 31, 2020 are approximately $1.5 billion, or $0.27 per Mcfe, over the next five years. Based on strip pricing as of December 31, 2020, we believe that net cash provided by operating activities will be sufficient to finance such future development costs. While we will continue to drill leasehold delineation wells and build on our current leasehold position, we will also continue drilling our proved undeveloped reserves. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors-The development of our estimated proved undeveloped reserves may take longer and may require higher levels of capital expenditures than we currently anticipate. Therefore, our estimated proved undeveloped reserves may not be ultimately developed or produced.”
We maintain a five-year development plan, which is reviewed by our Board of Directors, which supports our corporate production target. The development plan is reviewed annually to ensure capital is allocated to the wells that have the highest risk-adjusted rates of return within our inventory of undrilled well locations. In response to lower commodity prices, we reduced the pace of activity in our five-year development plan to a maintenance capital program. This resulted in the reclassification of 790 Bcfe of reserves from proved undeveloped to non-proved during the year ended December 31, 2020 due to the five-year development rule. Based on our then-current acreage position, strip prices, anticipated well economics, and our development plans at the time these reserves were classified as proved, we believe the previous classification of these locations as proved undeveloped was appropriate.
As of December 31, 2020, an estimated 11,342 of our net leasehold acres, containing 220 locations associated with proved undeveloped reserves, are subject to renewal prior to scheduled drilling. Some of these leases have contract renewal options and some will need to be renegotiated. We estimate a potential cost of approximately $31.4 million to renew the 11,342 acres based upon current leasing authorizations and option to extend payments. Proved undeveloped reserves of 913 Bcfe are related to these leases. Historically, we have had a high success rate in renewing leases, and we expect that we will be able to renew substantially all of the leases underlying this acreage prior to the scheduled drilling dates. Based on our historical success rate in renewing leases, we estimate that we may not be able to renew leases covering approximately 137 Bcfe of these proved undeveloped reserves.
If we are not able to renew these leases prior to the scheduled drilling dates, our quantities of net proved undeveloped reserves will be somewhat reduced on those locations.
Preparation of Reserve Estimates
Our proved reserve estimates as of December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020 included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K were prepared by our internal reserve engineers in accordance with petroleum engineering and evaluation standards published by the Society of Petroleum Evaluation Engineers and definitions and guidelines established by the SEC. These proved reserve estimates have been audited by our independent engineers, DeGolyer and MacNaughton (“D&M”). We refer to D&M as our independent engineers. A copy of the summary report of D&M with respect to our reserves as of December 31, 2020 is filed as Exhibit 99.1 to this Annual Report on Form 10 K. The technical person at D&M primarily responsible for reviewing our reserves estimates was Dilhan Ilk, P.E. Mr. Ilk is a Registered Professional Engineer in the State of Texas (License No. 139334), is a member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, and has in excess of 10 years of experience in oil and gas reservoir studies and reserves evaluations. Mr. Ilk graduated from the Istanbul Technical University in 2003 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Petroleum Engineering, a Master of Science degree in Petroleum Engineering from Texas A&M University in 2005 and a Doctor of Philosophy degree in Petroleum Engineering from Texas A&M University in 2010. The technical persons responsible for overseeing the audit of our reserve estimates presented herein meet the requirements regarding qualifications, independence, objectivity and confidentiality set forth in the Standards Pertaining to the Estimating and Auditing of Oil and Gas Reserves Information promulgated by the Society of Petroleum Engineers.
Our internal staff of petroleum engineers and geoscience professionals works closely with D&M to ensure the integrity, accuracy and timeliness of data furnished to our independent reserve engineers in their reserve auditing process. Periodically, our technical team meets with D&M to review properties and discuss methods and assumptions used by us to prepare reserve estimates. Our internally prepared reserve estimates and related reports are reviewed and approved by our Senior Vice President - Reserves, Planning and Midstream, W. Patrick Ash. Mr. Ash has served as Senior Vice President-Reserves, Planning and Midstream since June 2019. Previously, he served as Vice President of Reservoir Engineering and Planning from December 2017 to June 2019. Prior to December 2017, Mr. Ash was at Ultra Petroleum for six years in management positions of increasing responsibility, most recently serving as Vice President, Development. In this position he led the reservoir engineering, geoscience, and corporate engineering groups. From 2001 to 2011, Mr. Ash served in engineering roles at Devon Energy, NFR Energy and Encana Corporation. Mr. Ash holds a B.S. in Petroleum Engineering from Texas A&M University and an MBA from Washington University in St. Louis.
Our senior management and Board of Directors also reviews our reserve estimates and related reports with Mr. Ash and other members of our technical staff. Additionally, our senior management reviews and approves any significant changes to our proved reserves on a quarterly basis.
Identification of Potential Well Locations
Our identified potential well locations represent locations to which proved, probable, or possible reserves were attributable based on SEC pricing as of December 31, 2020. We prepare internal estimates of probable and possible reserves but have not included disclosure of such reserves in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Production, Price and Cost History
Natural gas, NGLs, and oil are commodities, and the prices that we receive for our production are largely a function of market supply and demand. Demand for our products is impacted by general economic conditions, weather and other seasonal conditions. Over or under supply of natural gas, NGLs, or oil can result in substantial price volatility. A substantial or extended decline in commodity prices, or poor drilling results, could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, cash flows, quantities of reserves that may be economically produced and our ability to access capital markets. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors- Natural gas, NGLs, and oil price volatility, or a substantial or prolonged period of low natural gas, NGLs, and oil prices, may adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations and our ability to meet our capital expenditure obligations and financial commitments.”
Exploration and Production and Marketing Segments
The following table sets forth information regarding our production, realized prices, and production costs for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020. For additional information on price calculations, see information set forth in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”
Year Ended December 31,
Production data (1) (2):
Natural gas (Bcf)
C2 Ethane (MBbl)
14,221
15,861
19,709
C3+ NGLs (MBbl)
28,913
39,445
48,341
Oil (MBbl)
3,265
3,632
4,412
Combined (Bcfe)
1,175
1,310
Daily combined production (MMcfe/d)
2,709
3,220
3,578
Average prices before effects of derivative settlements:
Natural gas (per Mcf)
$
3.22
2.74
2.07
C2 Ethane (per Bbl)
$
12.14
7.85
5.77
C3+ NGLs (per Bbl)
$
34.76
27.75
21.68
Oil (per Bbl)
$
57.33
48.88
25.45
Combined average sales prices before effects of derivative settlements (per Mcfe) (1)
$
3.69
3.10
2.35
Combined average sales prices after effects of derivative settlements (per Mcfe) (1)
$
3.94
3.38
2.96
Average Costs (per Mcfe) (3):
Lease operating
$
0.14
0.13
0.08
Gathering, compression, processing, and transportation
$
1.81
1.92
1.93
Production and ad valorem taxes
$
0.12
0.11
0.08
Marketing, net
$
0.23
0.22
0.12
Depletion, depreciation, amortization, and accretion
$
0.85
0.76
0.66
General and administrative (excluding equity-based compensation)
$
0.13
0.12
0.08
(1) Production data excludes volumes related to the VPP.
(2) Average prices reflect the before and after effects of our settled commodity derivatives. Our calculation of such after effects includes gains on settlements of commodity derivatives (but does not include proceeds from the derivative monetizations in 2018 and 2020). These commodity derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting because we do not designate or document them as hedges for accounting purposes. Oil and NGLs production was converted at 6 Mcf per Bbl to calculate total Bcfe production and per Mcfe amounts. This ratio is an estimate of the equivalent energy content of the products and does not necessarily reflect their relative economic value.
(3) Average costs prior to the deconsolidation of Antero Midstream Partners on March 12, 2019 have been adjusted to reflect our operating without eliminating intercompany transactions for midstream and water services provided by Antero Midstream Partners. Following the deconsolidation of Antero Midstream Partners, average costs reflect Antero’s actual operating costs.
Acreage
The following table sets forth certain information regarding the total developed and undeveloped acreage in which we own an interest as of December 31, 2020. A majority of our developed acreage is subject to liens securing the Credit Facility. Approximately 75% of our net Appalachian Basin acreage is held by production. Acreage related to royalty, overriding royalty, and other similar interests is excluded from this table.
Developed Acres
Undeveloped Acres (2)
Total Acres (2)
Basin
Gross
Net
Gross
Net
Gross
Net
Appalachian Basin (1)
219,997
213,817
362,333
301,067
582,330
514,884
(1) Our acreage is located in West Virginia, Ohio and Pennsylvania.
(2) There are 44,309 gross (39,365 net), 49,589 gross (43,489 net) and 31,192 gross (26,745 net) acres subject to expiration during the years ending December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively, if production is not established within the spacing units covering the acreage prior to the expiration dates and they are not otherwise extended or renewed.
Productive Wells
The following table summarizes gross and net productive wells as of December 31, 2020, all of which are natural gas wells. Net wells reflect the sum of our percentage ownership in gross wells.
Year Ended
December 31, 2020
Gross
Net
Appalachian Basin
1,516
1,462
Drilling Activity
The following table sets forth the results of our drilling activity for wells drilled and completed during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020. Gross wells reflect the number of wells in which we own an interest and include historical drilling activity in the Appalachian Basin. Net wells reflect the sum of our working interests in gross wells.
Year Ended December 31,
2020 (1)
Gross
Net
Gross
Net
Gross
Net
Development wells:
Productive
Dry
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total development wells
Exploratory wells:
Productive
-
-
Dry
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total exploratory wells
-
-
(1) Well counts exclude 23 gross wells (21.8 net wells) that were drilled and uncompleted or in the process of being completed as of December 31, 2020.
Gathering and Compression
Our exploration and development activities are supported by the natural gas gathering and compression assets of Antero Midstream and by third-party gathering and compression arrangements. Our agreements with Antero Midstream allow us to obtain the necessary gathering and compression capacity for our production and we have leveraged our relationship with Antero Midstream to support our development. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, Antero Midstream spent approximately $316 million and $158 million, respectively, on gas gathering and compression infrastructure that services our production. Subject to pre-existing dedications and other third-party commitments, we have dedicated to Antero Midstream substantially all of our current and future acreage in West Virginia and Ohio for gathering and compression services.
As of December 31, 2020, Antero Midstream owned and operated 468 miles of gas gathering pipelines in the Appalachian Basin. We also have access to additional low-pressure and high-pressure pipelines owned and operated by third parties. As of December 31, 2020, Antero Midstream owned and operated 20 compressor stations, and we utilized 16 additional third-party compressor stations. The gathering, compression, and dehydration services provided by third parties are contracted on a fixed-fee basis.
Natural Gas Processing
Many of our wells in the Appalachian Basin allow us to produce liquids-rich natural gas that contains a significant amount of NGLs. Liquids-rich natural gas is processed, which involves the removal and separation of NGLs from the wellhead natural gas.
NGLs are valuable commodities once removed from the natural gas stream in a cryogenic processing facility yielding y-grade liquids. Y-grade liquids are then fractionated, thereby breaking up the y-grade liquid into its key components. Fractionation refers to the process by which an NGL y-grade stream is separated into individual NGL products such as ethane, propane, normal butane, isobutane, and natural gasoline. Fractionation occurs by heating the y-grade liquids to allow for the separation of the component parts based on the specific boiling points of each product. Each of the individual products has its own market price.
The combination of infrastructure constraints in the Appalachian Basin and low ethane prices has resulted in many producers “rejecting” rather than “recovering” ethane. Ethane rejection occurs when ethane is left in the wellhead gas stream when the gas is processed, rather than being extracted and sold as a liquid after fractionation. When ethane is left in the gas stream, the Btu content of the residue gas at the tailgate of the processing plant is higher. Producers generally elect to “reject” ethane when the price received for the ethane in the gas stream is greater than the net price received for the ethane being sold as a liquid after fractionation. When ethane is recovered, the Btu content of the residue gas is lower, but a producer is then able to recover the value of the ethane sold as a separate product.
Given the existing commodity price environment and the current limited ethane market in the northeast, we are currently rejecting the majority of the ethane obtained in the natural gas stream when processing our liquids-rich gas. However, we realize a pricing upgrade when selling the remaining NGLs product stream at current prices. We may elect to recover more ethane when ethane prices result in a value for the ethane that is greater than the Btu equivalent residue gas and incremental recovery costs.
We contract with MarkWest to provide cryogenic processing capacity for our Appalachian Basin production. Antero Midstream owns a 50% interest in a joint venture with MarkWest to develop processing and fractionation assets in Appalachia. Below is a summary of the nameplate capacity of the processing plants owned by MarkWest and the Joint Venture, our contracted capacity at these plants and their completion status.
Plant
Processing
Contracted
Nameplate
Processing
Capacity
Capacity
Completion
(MMcf/d)
(MMcf/d)
Status
Sherwood 1 through 13 (1)
2,600
2,600
In service
Smithburg 1 (1)
Q3 2021 (2)
Seneca 1 through 4
In service
Total
3,600
3,400
(1) MarkWest owns the gas processing plants referred to as Sherwood 1 through 6 and Seneca 1 through 4 and the Joint Venture owns the gas processing plants referred to as Sherwood 7 through 13 and Smithburg 1. The Joint Venture also owns a 33 1/3% interest in two fractionation facilities located at MarkWest’s Hopedale complex, with MarkWest owning the remaining interest.
(2) Anticipated contractual start date.
Transportation and Takeaway Capacity
We have entered into firm transportation agreements with various pipelines that enable us to deliver natural gas to the Midwest, Gulf Coast, Eastern Regional, and Mid-Atlantic markets. Our primary firm transportation commitments include the following:
Midwest-Chicago Regional Markets
We have several firm transportation contracts with pipelines that have capacity to deliver natural gas to the Chicago and Michigan markets. The Chicago directed pipelines include the Rockies Express Pipeline (“REX”), the Midwestern Gas Transmission pipeline (“MGT”), the Natural Gas Pipeline Company of America pipeline (“NGPL”), and the ANR Pipeline Company pipeline (“ANR”). The firm transportation contract on REX provides firm capacity for 600,000 MMBtu per day and delivers gas to downstream contracts on MGT, NGPL, and ANR. On October 1, 2021, firm transportation capacity will be reduced to 400,000 MMBtu per day.
We have 265,000, 310,000 and 200,000 MMBtu per day of firm transportation on MGT, NGPL and ANR, respectively. On September 30, 2021, MGT contracts will be reduced to 125,000 MMBtu per day. The MGT and NGPL contracts deliver gas to the Chicago city gate area and the ANR contract delivers natural gas to Chicago in the summer and Michigan in the winter. The Chicago and Michigan contracts expire at various dates from 2021 through 2035.
Gulf Coast, Atlantic Seaboard and International Markets
We have firm transportation contracts with various pipelines to access the Gulf Coast, Atlantic Seaboard and international markets. These contracts include firm capacity on the following pipelines: (i) Columbia Gas Transmission pipeline (“TCO”),(ii) Columbia Gulf Transmission pipeline (“Columbia Gulf”), (iii) DTE Energy’s Stonewall Gas Gathering (“SGG”), (iv) Tennessee Gas Pipeline (“Tennessee”), (v) ANR Pipeline (“ANR-Gulf” or “ANR-Chicago”), (vi) Energy Transfer Rover Pipeline (“ET Rover”), (vii) Equitrans pipeline (“EQT”), (vii) Texas Eastern Transmission Corp. - M2 Zone (“TETCO M2”) (viii) DTE Energy’s Appalachia Gathering System (“AGS”), (ix) Mountaineer Xpress pipeline (“MXP”), (x) Columbia Gas Transmission IPP pool (“TCO IPP”), (xi) Gulf Xpress pipeline (“GXP”), (xii) Enterprise Products Partners ATEX pipeline (“ATEX”) and (xiii) Sunoco pipeline (“Mariner East 2”). Our diverse portfolio of firm capacity gives us the flexibility to move natural gas to the local Appalachia market or other preferred markets with more favorable pricing. These firm capacity contracts include:
● TCO firm capacity of approximately 584,000 MMBtu per day. On March 31, 2021, firm capacity will be reduced to 474,000 MMBtu per day. Of the 584,000 MMBtu per day of firm capacity on TCO, we have the ability to utilize 530,000 MMbtu per day on Columbia Gulf, which provides access to the Gulf Coast markets. These contracts expire at various dates from 2021 through 2058.
● SGG firm capacity of 900,000 MMBtu per day which transports gas from various gathering system interconnection points and the MarkWest Sherwood plant complex to the TCO WB System. Additionally, we have firm transportation contracts with TCO for both the western and eastern directions on the pipeline. Our firm capacity of 800,000 MMBtu per day west bound on TCO (“TCO WB”) provides us access to the local Appalachia and the Gulf Coast markets via the Columbia Gulf or Tennessee pipelines. Our firm capacity of 330,000 MMBtu per day east bound on TCO delivers natural gas to the Cove Point LNG facility These contracts expire at various dates from 2033 through 2038.
o Tennessee firm capacity of 790,000 MMBtu per day to deliver natural gas from the Broad Run interconnect on TCO WB to the Gulf Coast market. This contract expires in 2030.
o ANR-Gulf firm capacity of 600,000 MMBtu per day to deliver natural gas from West Virginia and Ohio to the Gulf Coast market. This contract expires in 2045.
o ET Rover Pipeline firm capacity of 840,000 MMBtu per day, which connects the Appalachian Basin to Midwest and Gulf Coast markets via the ANR Chicago and ANR Gulf. These contracts expire at various dates from 2025 through 2033.
o EQT firm capacity of 250,000 MMBtu per day to deliver natural gas to TETCO M2 and other various delivery points. These contracts expire at various dates from 2022 through 2025.
o AGS firm capacity of 275,000 MMBtu per day to deliver natural gas to TETCO M2 and other various local delivery points. These contracts expire in 2023.
o MXP firm capacity of 700,000 MMBtu per day to deliver (i) 517,000 MMBtu per day to TCO IPP and (ii) 183,000 MMBtu per day to GXP which continues to Leach, Kentucky. These contracts allow us to deliver natural gas to the U.S. Gulf Coast and they expire in 2034.
● ATEX firm capacity of 20,000 Bbl per day to deliver ethane to Mont Belvieu, Texas. This contract expires in 2028.
● Mariner East 2 firm capacity for ethane of 11,500 Bbl per day and propane and butane of 55,000 Bbl per day to deliver to Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania. These contracts expire November 2028 and February 2029, respectively. The propane and butane contract increases 5,000 Bbl per day each year through 2022, resulting in an ultimate total firm capacity of 65,000 Bbl per day. Mariner East 2 provides access to international markets via trans-ocean LPG carriers.
Under firm transportation contracts, we are obligated to deliver minimum daily volumes or pay fees for any deficiencies in deliveries. See “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Debt Agreements and Contractual Obligations” for information on our minimum fees for such contracts. Based on current projected 2021 annual production guidance, we estimate that we could incur annual net marketing costs of $0.08 per Mcfe to $0.10 per Mcfe in 2021 for unutilized transportation capacity depending on the amount of unutilized capacity that can be marketed to third parties or utilized to transport third party gas and capture positive basis differentials. Where permitted, we continue to actively market any excess capacity in order to offset minimum commitment fees and those activities are recorded in our net marketing expense.
Delivery Commitments
We have entered into various firm sales contracts to deliver and sell gas and NGLs. We believe we will have sufficient production quantities to meet substantially all of such commitments. We may purchase gas from third parties to satisfy shortfalls should they occur.
As of December 31, 2020, our firm sales commitments through 2025 included:
Natural Gas
Ethane
C3+ NGLs
Condensate
Year Ending December 31,
(MMBtu/d)
(Bbl/day)
(Bbl/day)
(Bbl/day)
900,000
51,500
52,295
28,000
780,000
106,500
23,000
-
690,000
101,500
5,000
-
600,000
96,500
5,000
-
600,000
85,500
5,000
-
We utilize a part of our firm transportation capacity to deliver gas and NGLs under the majority of these firm sales contracts. We have firm transportation contracts that require us to either ship products on said pipelines or pay demand charges for shortfalls. The minimum demand fees are reflected in our table of contractual obligations. See “Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Debt Agreements and Contractual Obligations.”
Water Handling and Treatment Operations
Our agreements with Antero Midstream allow us to obtain the necessary raw, fresh and recycled water (collectively, “fresh water”) for use in our drilling and completion operations, as well as services to dispose of wastewater resulting from our operations.
Antero Midstream owns two independent fresh water distribution systems that distribute fresh water from the Ohio River and several regional water sources, for well completion operations in the Appalachian Basin. These systems consist of permanent buried pipelines, portable surface pipelines and fresh water storage facilities, as well as pumping stations to transport the fresh water throughout the pipeline networks. The surface pipelines are moved to well pads to service completion operations to the extent necessary and feasible. As of December 31, 2020, Antero Midstream had the ability to store 5.7 million barrels of fresh water in 37 impoundments located throughout our leasehold acreage. Due to the extensive geographic distribution of Antero Midstream’s water pipeline systems in the Appalachian Basin, it is able to provide water delivery services to neighboring oil and gas producers within and adjacent to our operating area, subject to commercial arrangements, while reducing water truck traffic.
As of December 31, 2020, Antero Midstream owned and operated 203 miles of buried fresh water pipelines and 134 miles of portable surface fresh water pipelines in the Appalachian Basin, as well as 37 fresh water storage facilities equipped with transfer pumps. Through Antero Midstream, we also recycle and reuse the majority of our flowback and produced water through blending.
Major Customers
Our sales to major customers (purchasers in excess of 10% of total sales) for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020 were as follows:
Year Ended December 31, 2018
Mercuria Energy America, Inc.
%
Tenaska Marketing Ventures
%
Year Ended December 31, 2019
Sabine Pass Liquefaction LLC
%
WGL Midstream
%
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Sabine Pass Liquefaction LLC
%
WGL Midstream
%
Title to Properties
We believe that we have satisfactory title to all of our producing properties in accordance with generally accepted industry standards. As is customary in the industry, often in the case of undeveloped properties, cursory investigation of record title is made at the time of lease acquisition. Investigations are made before the consummation of an acquisition of producing properties and before commencement of drilling operations on undeveloped properties. Individual properties may be subject to burdens that we believe do not materially interfere with the use, or affect the value of, the properties. Burdens on properties may include:
● customary royalty interests;
● liens incident to operating agreements and for current taxes;
● obligations or duties under applicable laws;
● development obligations under natural gas leases; or
● net profits interests.
Seasonality
Demand for natural gas generally decreases during the spring and fall months and increases during the summer and winter months. However, seasonal anomalies such as mild winters or mild summers sometimes lessen this fluctuation. Cold winters can significantly increase demand and price fluctuations. In addition, certain natural gas users utilize natural gas storage facilities and purchase some of their anticipated winter requirements during the spring, summer and fall. This can also reduce seasonal demand fluctuations. Seasonal anomalies can also increase competition for equipment, supplies and personnel during the spring and summer months, which could lead to shortages and increase costs or delay our operations.
Competition
The oil and natural gas industry is intensely competitive, and we compete with other companies in our industry that have greater resources than we do. Many of these companies not only explore for and produce natural gas, but also carry on refining operations and market petroleum and other products on a regional, national or worldwide basis. These companies may be able to pay more for productive natural gas properties and exploratory prospects or define, evaluate, bid for, and purchase a greater number of properties and prospects than our financial or human resources permit, and may be able to expend greater resources to attract and maintain industry personnel. In addition, these companies may have a greater ability to continue exploration activities during periods of low natural gas market prices. Our larger competitors may be able to absorb the burden of existing, and any changes to, federal, state, and local laws and regulations more easily than we can, which would adversely affect our competitive position. Our ability to
acquire additional properties and to discover reserves in the future will be dependent upon our ability to evaluate and select suitable properties and to consummate transactions in a highly competitive environment.
Regulation of the Oil and Natural Gas Industry
General
We operate exclusively on private lands and have no production from federal mineral interests. Our oil and natural gas operations are subject to extensive, and frequently changing, laws and regulations related to well permitting, drilling, and completion, and to the production, transportation and sale of natural gas, NGLs, and oil. We believe compliance with existing requirements will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position, cash flows or results of operations. However, such laws and regulations are frequently amended or reinterpreted. Additional proposals and proceedings that affect the oil and natural gas industry are regularly considered by Congress, federal agencies, the states, local governments and the courts. We cannot predict when or whether any such proposals may become effective. Therefore, we are unable to predict the future costs or impact of compliance. The regulatory burden on the industry increases the cost of doing business and affects profitability. We do not believe that any regulatory changes will affect us materially differently from the way they will affect our competitors.
Regulation of Production of Natural Gas and Oil
We own interests in properties located onshore in West Virginia and Ohio, and our production activities on these properties are subject to regulation under a wide range of local, state and federal statutes, rules, orders and regulations. These statutes and regulations address requirements related to permits for drilling of wells, bonding to drill or operate wells, the location of wells, the method of drilling and casing wells, the surface use and restoration of properties upon which wells are drilled, sourcing and disposal of water used in the drilling and completion process, the plugging and abandonment of wells, venting or flaring of natural gas, and the ratability or fair apportionment of production from fields and individual wells. In addition, all of the states in which we own and operate properties have regulations governing environmental and conservation matters, including provisions for the handling and disposing or discharge of waste materials, the unitization or pooling of natural gas and oil properties, the establishment of maximum allowable rates of production from natural gas and oil wells, and the size of drilling and spacing units or proration units and the density of wells that may be drilled. Some states also have granted their oil and gas regulators the power to prorate production to the market demand for oil and gas, and other states may elect to do so in the future. The effect of these regulations is to limit the amount of natural gas and oil that we can produce from our wells and to limit the number of wells or the locations at which we can drill, although we can apply for exceptions to such regulations or to have reductions in well spacing or density. Moreover, each state generally imposes a production or severance tax with respect to the production and sale of natural gas, NGLs, and oil within its jurisdiction.
The failure to comply with these rules and regulations can result in substantial penalties. Our competitors in the oil and natural gas industry are subject to the same regulatory requirements and restrictions that affect our operations.
Regulation of Transportation of Natural Gas
The transportation and sale, or resale, of natural gas in interstate commerce are regulated by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (“FERC”), under the Natural Gas Act of 1938 (“NGA”), the Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978 (“NGPA”), and regulations issued under those statutes. FERC regulates interstate natural gas transportation rates and service conditions, which affects the marketing of natural gas that we produce, as well as the revenues we receive for sales of our natural gas. Since 1985, FERC has endeavored to make natural gas transportation more accessible to natural gas buyers and sellers on an open and non-discriminatory basis. Although FERC’s orders do not directly regulate natural gas producers, they are intended to foster increased competition within all phases of the natural gas industry.
Gathering services, which occurs upstream of jurisdictional transmission services, are regulated by the states onshore and in state waters. Section 1(b) of the NGA exempts natural gas gathering facilities from regulation by FERC as a natural gas company under the NGA. Although FERC has not made any formal determinations with respect to any of our facilities, we believe that the natural gas pipelines in our gathering systems meet the traditional tests FERC has used to establish a pipeline’s status as a gatherer not subject to regulation as a natural gas company. The distinction between FERC-regulated transmission services and federally unregulated gathering services, however, has been the subject of substantial litigation, and FERC determines whether facilities are gathering facilities on a case-by-case basis, so the classification and regulation of our gathering facilities may be subject to change based on future determinations by FERC, the courts or Congress. State regulation of natural gas gathering facilities generally include various safety, environmental and, in some circumstances, nondiscriminatory-take requirements. Although such regulation has not generally been affirmatively applied by state agencies, natural gas gathering may receive greater regulatory scrutiny in the future.
Intrastate natural gas transportation is also subject to regulation by state regulatory agencies. The basis for intrastate regulation of natural gas transportation and the degree of regulatory oversight and scrutiny given to intrastate natural gas pipeline rates and services varies from state to state. Insofar as such regulation within a particular state will generally affect all intrastate natural gas shippers within the state on a comparable basis, we believe that the regulation of similarly situated intrastate natural gas transportation in any states in which we operate and ship natural gas on an intrastate basis will not affect our operations in any way that is of material difference from those of our competitors. Like the regulation of interstate transportation rates, the regulation of intrastate transportation rates affects the marketing of natural gas that we produce, as well as the revenues we receive for sales of our natural gas.
Regulation of Sales of Natural Gas, NGLs, and Oil
The prices at which we sell natural gas, NGLs, and oil are not currently subject to federal regulation and, for the most part, are not subject to state regulation. FERC, however, regulates interstate natural gas transportation rates, and terms and conditions of transportation service, which affects the marketing of the natural gas we produce, as well as the prices we receive for sales of our natural gas. Similarly, the price we receive from the sale of oil and NGLs is affected by the cost of transporting those products to market. FERC regulates the transportation of oil and liquids on interstate pipelines under the provision of the Interstate Commerce Act, the Energy Policy Act of 1992 and regulations issued under those statutes. Intrastate pipeline transportation of oil, NGLs, and other products, is dependent on pipelines whose rates, terms and conditions of service are subject to regulation by state regulatory bodies under state statutes. In addition, while sales by producers of natural gas and all sales of crude oil, condensate, and NGLs can currently be made at uncontrolled market prices, Congress could reenact price controls in the future.
With regard to our physical sales of these energy commodities and any related hedging activities that we undertake, we are required to observe anti-market manipulation laws and related regulations enforced by the FERC as described below, the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission under Commodity Exchange Act (“CEA”), and the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”). We are also subject to various reporting requirements that are designed to facilitate transparency and prevent market manipulation. Should we violate the anti-market manipulation laws and regulations, we could be subject to fines and penalties as well as related third party damage claims by, among others, market participants, sellers, royalty owners and taxing authorities.
The Domenici Barton Energy Policy Act of 2005 (“EPAct of 2005”) amended the NGA to add an anti-market manipulation provision which makes it unlawful for any entity to engage in prohibited behavior to be prescribed by FERC, and furthermore provided FERC with additional civil penalty authority. In Order No. 670, FERC promulgated rules implementing the anti-market manipulation provision of the EPAct of 2005, which make it unlawful to: (1) in connection with the purchase or sale of natural gas subject to the jurisdiction of FERC, or the purchase or sale of transportation services subject to the jurisdiction of FERC, for any entity, directly or indirectly, to use or employ any device, scheme or artifice to defraud; (2) to make any untrue statement of material fact or omit to make any such statement necessary to make the statements made not misleading; or (3) to engage in any act or practice that operates as a fraud or deceit upon any person. The anti-market manipulation rules do not apply to activities that relate only to intrastate or other non-jurisdictional sales or gathering, but do apply to activities of gas pipelines and storage companies that provide interstate services, as well as otherwise non-jurisdictional entities to the extent the activities are conducted “in connection with” gas sales, purchases or transportation subject to FERC jurisdiction, which now includes the annual reporting requirements under Order No. 704 described below. Under the EPAct of 2005, FERC has the power to assess civil penalties of up to $1,000,000 per day for each violation of the NGA and the NGPA. In January 2021, FERC issued an order (Order No. 875) increasing the maximum civil penalty amounts under the NGA and NGPA to adjust for inflation. FERC may now assess civil penalties under the NGA and NGPA of up to approximately $1.3 million per violation per day.
Under Order No. 704, wholesale buyers and sellers of more than 2.2 million MMBtu of physical natural gas in the previous calendar year, including interstate and intrastate natural gas pipelines, natural gas gatherers, natural gas processors, natural gas marketers and natural gas producers are required to report, on May 1 of each year, aggregate volumes of natural gas purchased or sold at wholesale in the prior calendar year. It is the responsibility of the reporting entity to determine which individual transactions should be reported based on the guidance of Order 704. Order 704 also requires market participants to indicate whether they report prices to any index publishers, and if so, whether their reporting complies with FERC’s policy statement on price reporting.
The CEA prohibits any person from manipulating or attempting to manipulate the price of any commodity in interstate commerce or futures on such commodity. The CEA also prohibits knowingly delivering or causing to be delivered false or misleading or knowingly inaccurate reports concerning market information or conditions that affect or tend to affect the price of a commodity. In November 2009, the FTC issued regulations pursuant to the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 intended to prohibit market manipulation in the petroleum industry. Violators of the regulations face civil penalties of up to approximately $1.2 million
(adjusted annually for inflation) per violation per day. Together with FERC, these agencies have imposed broad rules and regulations prohibiting fraud and manipulation in oil and gas markets and energy futures markets.
Changes in law and to FERC policies and regulations may adversely affect the availability and reliability of firm and/or interruptible transportation service on interstate pipelines, and we cannot predict what future action FERC will take. We do not believe that any regulatory changes will affect us materially differently from the way they will affect our competitors.
Regulation of Environmental and Occupational Safety and Health Matters
General
Our operations are subject to numerous stringent federal, regional, state and local statutes and regulations governing occupational safety and health and the discharge of materials into the environment or otherwise relating to environmental protection. Violations of these laws can result in substantial administrative, civil and criminal penalties. These laws and regulations may require the acquisition of permits before drilling or other regulated activity commences, restrict the types, quantities and concentrations of various substances that can be released into the environment in connection with drilling, completing, producing and transporting through pipelines, govern the sourcing and disposal of water used in the drilling and completion process, limit or prohibit activities in certain areas and on certain lands lying within wilderness, wetlands, frontier and other protected areas or areas with endangered or threatened species restrictions, require some form of remedial action to prevent or mitigate pollution from former operations such as plugging abandoned wells or closing earthen pits, establish specific safety and health criteria addressing worker protection and impose substantial liabilities for pollution resulting from operations or failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations. In addition, these laws and regulations may restrict the rate of production.
The following is a summary of the more significant existing environmental and occupational health and workplace safety laws and regulations, as amended from time to time, to which our business operations are subject and for which compliance may have a material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Hazardous Substances and Waste Handling
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (“CERCLA”), also known as the “Superfund” law, and comparable state laws impose liability, without regard to fault or the legality of the original conduct, on certain classes of persons that are considered to have contributed to the release of a “hazardous substance” into the environment. These persons include the current and past owner or operator of the disposal site or the site where the release occurred and companies that disposed or arranged for the disposal of the hazardous substances at the site where the release occurred. Under CERCLA, such persons may be subject to joint and several strict liability for the costs of cleaning up the hazardous substances that have been released into the environment and for damages to natural resources, and it is not uncommon for neighboring landowners and other third parties to file claims for personal injury and property damage allegedly caused by the hazardous substances released into the environment. In addition, despite the “petroleum exclusion” of Section 101(14) of CERCLA, which currently encompasses crude oil and natural gas, we generate materials in the course of our operations that may be regulated as hazardous substances based on their characteristics; however, we are unaware of any liabilities arising under CERCLA for which we may be held responsible that would materially and adversely affect us.
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (“RCRA”), and analogous state laws, establish detailed requirements for the generation, handling, storage, treatment and disposal of nonhazardous and hazardous solid wastes. RCRA specifically excludes drilling fluids, produced waters, and other wastes associated with the exploration, development, or production of crude oil, natural gas or geothermal energy from regulation as hazardous wastes. However, these wastes may be regulated by the EPA, or state agencies under RCRA’s less stringent nonhazardous solid waste provisions, or under state laws or other federal laws. Moreover, it is possible that these particular oil and natural gas exploration, development and production wastes now classified as nonhazardous solid wastes could be classified as hazardous wastes in the future. In addition, in the course of our operations, we generate some amounts of ordinary industrial wastes, such as waste solvents, laboratory wastes and waste compressor oils that may become regulated as hazardous wastes if such wastes have hazardous characteristics. Although the costs of managing hazardous waste may be significant, we do not believe that our costs in this regard are materially more burdensome than those for similarly situated companies.
We currently own, lease, or operate numerous properties that have been used for oil and natural gas exploration and production activities for many years. Although we believe that we have utilized operating and waste disposal practices that were standard in the industry at the time, hazardous substances, wastes or petroleum hydrocarbons may have been released on, under or from the properties owned or leased by us, or on, under or from other locations, including offsite locations, where such substances have been taken for recycling or disposal. In addition, some of our properties have been operated by third parties or by previous
owners or operators whose treatment and disposal of hazardous substances, wastes, or petroleum hydrocarbons was not under our control. We are able to control directly the operation of only those wells with respect to which we act or have acted as operator. The failure of a prior owner or operator to comply with applicable environmental regulations may, in certain circumstances, be attributed to us as current owners or operators under CERCLA. These properties and the substances disposed or released on, under or from them may be subject to CERCLA, RCRA and analogous state laws. Under such laws, we could be required to undertake response or corrective measures, regardless of fault, which could include removal of previously disposed substances and wastes, cleanup of contaminated property or performance of remedial plugging or waste pit closure operations to prevent future contamination.
Water Discharges
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, or the Clean Water Act (the “CWA”), and comparable state laws impose restrictions and strict controls regarding the discharge of pollutants, including produced waters and other oil and natural gas wastes, into federal and state waters. The discharge of pollutants into regulated waters is prohibited, except in accordance with the terms of a permit issued by the EPA or a state equivalent agency. The discharge of dredge and fill material in regulated waters, including wetlands, is also prohibited, unless authorized by a permit issued by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. In September 2015, the EPA and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers issued a final rule defining the scope of the EPA’s and the Corps’ jurisdiction over waters of the U.S. (the “WOTUS rule”). Following the change in U.S. Presidential Administrations, there have been several attempts to modify or eliminate this rule. For example, on January 23, 2020, the EPA and the Corps finalized the Navigable Waters Protection Rule, which narrows the definition of “waters of the United States” relative to the prior 2015 rulemaking. However, both this and prior rulemakings regarding the definition of WOTUS are currently subject to litigation, and it is possible that the Biden Administration could propose a broader interpretation of the CWA’s jurisdiction. As a result of these developments, the scope of jurisdiction under the CWA is uncertain at this time. To the extent any rule expands the scope of the CWA’s jurisdiction in areas where we operate, we could face increased costs and delays with respect to obtaining permits for dredge and fill activities in wetland areas, which could delay the development of our natural gas and oil projects. Similarly, any increased costs or delays for such permits may impact the development of pipeline infrastructure, which may impact our ability to transport our products. Also, pursuant to these laws and regulations, we may be required to obtain and maintain approvals or permits for the discharge of wastewater or storm water and are required to develop and implement spill prevention, control and countermeasure plans, also referred to as “SPCC plans,” in connection with on-site storage of significant quantities of oil. These laws and any implementing regulations provide for administrative, civil and criminal penalties for any unauthorized discharges of oil and other substances in reportable quantities and may impose substantial potential liability for the costs of removal, remediation and damages.
Air Emissions
The federal Clean Air Act and comparable state laws restrict the emission of air pollutants from many sources, such as, for example, compressor stations, through air emissions standards, construction and operating permitting programs and the imposition of other compliance requirements. These laws and regulations may require us to obtain pre-approval for the construction or modification of certain projects or facilities expected to produce or significantly increase air emissions, obtain and strictly comply with stringent air permit requirements or utilize specific equipment or technologies to control emissions of certain pollutants, the costs of which could be significant. The need to obtain permits has the potential to delay the development of our oil and natural gas projects. Over the next several years, we may be required to incur certain capital expenditures for air pollution control equipment or other air emissions related issues. For example, in October 2015, the EPA lowered the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (“NAAQS”), for ozone from 75 to 70 parts per billion for both the 8-hour primary and secondary standards, and completed attainment/non-attainment designations in July 2018. State implementation of the revised NAAQS could result in stricter permitting requirements, delay or prohibit our ability to obtain such permits, and result in increased expenditures for pollution control equipment, the costs of which could be significant. Separately, in June 2016, the EPA finalized rules under the federal Clean Air Act regarding criteria for aggregating multiple sites into a single source for air-quality permitting purposes applicable to the oil and gas industry. This rule could cause small facilities (such as tank batteries and compressor stations), on an aggregate basis, to be deemed a major source, thereby triggering more stringent air permitting requirements, which in turn could result in operational delays or require us to install additional costly pollution control equipment. The EPA has also issued final rules under the Clean Air Act that subject oil and natural gas production, processing, transmission and storage operations to regulation under the New Source Performance Standards, or NSPS, and National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants programs. These final rules require, among other things, capturing or combustion of certain emissions, as well as emission leak detection and repair programs. These regulations also establish specific new requirements regarding emissions from production related wet seal and reciprocating compressors, and from pneumatic controllers and storage vessels. Compliance with these and other air pollution control and permitting requirements has the potential to delay the development of natural gas and oil projects and increase our costs of development and production, which costs could be significant. However, we do not believe that compliance with such current requirements will have a material adverse effect on our operations.
Regulation of “Greenhouse Gas” Emissions
In response to findings that emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases (“GHGs”), present an endangerment to public health and the environment, the EPA has adopted regulations under existing provisions of the federal Clean Air Act that, among other things, establish Prevention of Significant Deterioration (“PSD”), construction and Title V operating permit reviews for certain large stationary sources that are already major sources of criteria pollutant emissions regulated under the statute. Facilities required to obtain PSD permits for their GHG emissions also will be required to meet “best available control technology” standards that will be established by the states or, in some cases, by the EPA for those emissions. These EPA rulemakings could adversely affect our operations and restrict or delay our ability to obtain air permits for new or modified sources. In addition, the EPA has adopted rules requiring the monitoring and reporting of GHG emissions from specified onshore and offshore oil and gas production sources in the United States on an annual basis, which include certain of our operations. For example, in December 2015, the EPA finalized rules that added new sources to the scope of the GHG monitoring and reporting rule. These new sources include gathering and boosting facilities as well as completions and workovers from hydraulically fractured oil wells. The revisions also include the addition of well identification reporting requirements for certain facilities. These changes to EPA’s GHG emissions reporting rule could result in increased compliance costs. We are monitoring GHG emissions from our operations in accordance with the GHG emissions reporting rule.
In June 2016, the EPA finalized new regulations, known as Subpart OOOOa, that establish emission standards for methane and VOCs from new and modified oil and natural gas production and natural gas processing and transmission facilities. The EPA’s rule package includes first-time standards to address emissions of methane from equipment and processes across the source category, including hydraulically fractured oil and natural gas well completions. In addition, the rule package extends existing VOC standards under the EPA’s Subpart OOOO of the NSPS (“NSPS Quad O”), to include previously unregulated equipment within the oil and natural gas source category. In September 2020, the EPA finalized amendments to the 2016 standards that removed the transmission and storage segment from the oil and natural gas source category and rescinded the methane-specific requirements for production and processing facilities. However, President Biden signed an executive order on his first day in office calling for the suspension, revision, or rescission of the September 2020 rule and the reinstatement or issuance of methane emission standards for new, modified, and existing oil and gas facilities. Given the long-term trend toward increasing regulation, future federal GHG regulations of the oil and gas industry remain a possibility, and several states have separately imposed their own regulations on methane emissions from oil and gas production activities.
We have developed a program to reduce and manage our methane and other air emissions that is guided by the following principles: (i) monitoring the science of climate change and air quality, (ii) addressing stakeholder inquiries regarding our position on climate change, methane emissions and air quality matters, (iii) monitoring our measures to reduce methane and air emissions, and (iv) overseeing development of methane and air emission reductions from activities, including implementation of best-management practices and new technology.
For example, in 2017, Antero incorporated a balanced drill out technique as the first step in the completions process where the majority of gas from the wellbore is maintained downhole. This is followed by a controlled emission flowback process that captures gas and sends it to sales. We have a long history of managing methane emissions from our operations, as demonstrated by our early use of emission reduction techniques and equipment.
When we permit a facility, we install air pollution control equipment in an effort to comply with federal Clean Air Act NSPS and applicable Best Available Control Technology standards. The control equipment includes Vapor Recovery Towers and Vapor Recovery Units, which capture methane emissions and direct them down a sales line. This technology allows us to recover a valuable product and reduce emissions. Additionally, residual storage tank emissions are controlled with vapor combustors that reduce methane emissions by 98%. We also install low-bleed pneumatic controllers, which minimize methane emissions.
Our methane and air emission control program also includes a Leak Detection and Repair (“LDAR”) program. Periodic inspections are conducted to minimize emissions by detecting leaks and repairing them promptly. The LDAR program inspections utilize a state-of-the-art Optical Gas Imaging, Forward Looking Infrared Radar camera to identify equipment leaks. In addition, our Operations group has a maintenance program in place, which includes cleaning and replacing thief hatch seals and worn equipment to prevent leaks from occurring. Our efforts to date have resulted in a declining volume of methane emissions based on the decreasing number of leaks detected by our LDAR program.
We participate in the EPA’s Natural Gas STAR Program, which provides a framework for companies with U.S. oil and gas operations to implement methane reduction technologies and practices and document their emission reduction activities. We are also members of ONE Future, a voluntary industry collective that seeks to reduce methane emission intensity across the natural gas supply chain, as well as The Environmental Partnership, which focuses on voluntary measures that the oil and gas industry can take to reduce
emissions of methane and VOCs through the implementation of LDAR, equipment emission monitoring, and maintenance and repair programs. By joining these programs, we committed to: (i) evaluate our methane emission reduction opportunities, (ii) implement methane reduction projects where feasible, and (iii) annually report our methane emissions and/or our methane reduction activities.
For years 2017, 2018 and 2019, we published an annual Corporate Sustainability Report (“CSR”), which highlights our most significant environmental program improvements and initiatives. As highlighted in our CSR, our methane leak loss rate in 2019 was 0.046%, well below the industry target of 1%.
During 2020, our GHG/methane emission reduction efforts included the following activities:
1) The GHG/Methane Reduction team met on a quarterly basis to review emerging methane detection and quantification technologies applicable to exploration and production operations.
2) Facility LDAR inspections were conducted at twice the frequency required by regulation.
3) Implemented the use of lockdown thief hatches on storage tanks at all new production facilities.
4) Operation of burner management systems with three stages of pressure control to optimize combustor efficiency. We utilize combustors that are certified by the manufacturer to meet EPA performance standards.
5) Operation of three stages of pressure control on our storage tanks.
6) Utilization of vapor recovery systems such that we now incorporate up to three stages of vapor recovery in our process.
7) Use of low pressure separators (Green Completion Units) after drill out during separation flowback operations to recover methane and send it down a sales line. This enables us to recover a salable product and reduce methane emissions during completion operations.
8) Pressure relief valves are tested and repaired or replaced as necessary, reducing the amount of methane that is accidently released.
9) Balanced well drill outs, which minimize the potential for venting and/or flaring of gas from our wells during the well completion process.
10) Periodic plugging and abandoning of certain older vertical wells that were acquired in conjunction with property acquisitions. Plugging and abandoning older, low producing wells can reduce methane emissions.
11) Transition from intermittent and low-bleed air-controlled pneumatics at all new production facilities and select existing pads where purchased power was available.
We continue to assess various opportunities for emission reductions. However, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to implement any of the opportunities that we may review or explore. For any such opportunities that we do choose to implement, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to implement them within a specific timeframe or across all operational assets.
In the United States, no comprehensive climate change legislation has been implemented at the federal level. However, President Biden has highlighted addressing climate change as a priority of his administration, which includes certain potential initiatives for climate change legislation to be proposed and passed into law. On January 27, 2021, President Biden signed an executive order calling for substantial action on climate change, including, among other things, the increased use of zero-emissions vehicles by the federal government, the elimination of subsidies provided to the fossil fuel industry, and increased emphasis on climate-related risks across agencies and economic sectors. Other actions that could be pursued by the Biden Administration may include the imposition of more restrictive requirements for the establishment of pipeline infrastructure or the permitting of LNG export facilities, as well as more restrictive GHG emissions limitations for oil and gas facilities. Internationally, the United Nations-sponsored “Paris Agreement” requires member states to individually determine and submit non-binding emissions reduction targets every five years after 2020. Although the United States had withdrawn from the Paris Agreement, President Biden has issued executive orders recommitting the United States to the Paris Agreement and directing the federal government to begin formulating the United States’ nationally determined emissions reduction target under the agreement. The impacts of this order, and any legislation or regulation promulgated to fulfill the United States commitments under the Paris Agreement, are unclear at this time. Litigation risks are also increasing, as a number of cities and other local governments have sought to bring suit against the largest oil and natural gas companies in state or federal court, alleging, among other things, that such companies created public nuisances by producing and
marketing fuels that contributed to global warming effects and therefore are responsible for damages as a result, or alleging that the companies have been aware of the adverse effects of climate change for some time and defrauded their investors or customers by failing to adequately disclose those impacts.
Additionally, our access to capital may be impacted by climate change policies. Financial institutions may adopt policies that have the effect of reducing the funding provided to the fossil fuel sector. For example, the Federal Reserve recently announced that it has joined the Network for Greening the Financial System, a consortium of financial regulators focused on addressing climate-related risks in the financial sector. While we cannot predict what policies may result from this, a material reduction in the capital available to the fossil fuel industry could make it more difficult to secure funding for exploration, development, production, transportation, and processing activities, which could impact our business and operations. Finally, it should be noted that a number of scientists have concluded that increasing concentrations of GHGs in the Earth’s atmosphere may produce climate changes that have significant physical effects, such as increased frequency and severity of storms, floods, droughts, and other extreme climatic events; if any such effects were to occur, they have the potential to cause physical damage to our assets or affect the availability of water and thus could have an adverse effect on our exploration and production operations.
Hydraulic Fracturing Activities
Hydraulic fracturing is an important and common practice that is used to stimulate production of natural gas and/or oil from low permeability subsurface rock formations. The hydraulic fracturing process involves the injection of water, sand, and chemicals under pressure through a cased and cemented wellbore into targeted subsurface formations to fracture the surrounding rock and stimulate production. We regularly use hydraulic fracturing as part of our operations, as does most of the domestic oil and natural gas industry. Hydraulic fracturing typically is regulated by state oil and natural gas commissions, but the EPA has asserted federal regulatory authority pursuant to the federal Safe Drinking Water Act (“SDWA”), over certain hydraulic fracturing activities. For example, although we do not use diesel fuel down hole in our hydraulic fracturing operations, in February 2014, the EPA issued permitting guidance for the industry regarding such activities. In addition, the EPA finalized rules in June 2016 to prohibit the discharge of wastewater from hydraulic fracturing operations to publicly owned wastewater treatment plants.
In addition, Congress has from time to time considered legislation to provide for federal regulation of hydraulic fracturing under the SDWA and to require disclosure of the chemicals used in the hydraulic fracturing process. New legislation regulating hydraulic fracturing may be considered again in future, though we cannot predict when or the scope of any such legislation at this time. At the state level, several states have adopted or are considering legal requirements that could impose more stringent permitting, disclosure, and well construction requirements on hydraulic fracturing activities. For example, the Ohio Legislature has adopted a law requiring oil and natural gas operators to disclose chemical ingredients used to hydraulically fracture wells and to conduct pre-drill baseline water quality sampling of certain water wells near a proposed horizontal well. Local government also may seek to adopt ordinances within their jurisdictions regulating the time, place and manner of drilling activities in general or hydraulic fracturing activities in particular. Some states and municipalities have banned and others seek to ban hydraulic fracturing altogether. We believe that we are in compliance with the applicable standard industry practices and legal requirements for groundwater protection in our hydraulic fracturing activities. Nonetheless, if new or more stringent federal, state, or local legal restrictions relating to the hydraulic fracturing process are adopted in areas where we operate, we could incur potentially significant added costs to comply with such requirements, experience delays or curtailment in the pursuit of exploration, development, or production activities, and perhaps even be precluded from drilling wells.
Occupational Safety and Health Act
We are also subject to the requirements of the federal Occupational Safety and Health Act, as amended (“OSHA”), and comparable state laws that regulate the protection of the health and safety of employees. In addition, OSHA’s hazard communication standard, the Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act and implementing regulations and similar state statutes and regulations require that information be maintained about hazardous materials used or produced in our operations and that this information be provided to employees, state and local government authorities, and citizens.
Endangered Species Act
The federal Endangered Species Act (“ESA”), provides for the protection of endangered and threatened species. Pursuant to the ESA, if a species is listed as threatened or endangered, restrictions may be imposed on activities adversely affecting that species’ habitat. Similar protections are offered to migratory birds under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. We conduct operations on natural gas and oil leases in areas where certain species that are listed as threatened or endangered are known to exist and where other species that potentially could be listed as threatened or endangered under the ESA may exist. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (“USFWS”), may designate critical habitat and suitable habitat areas that it believes are necessary for survival of a threatened or endangered
species. A critical habitat or suitable habitat designation could result in further material restrictions to federal land use and may materially delay or prohibit access to protected areas for natural gas and oil development. Moreover, as a result of a settlement, the USFWS was required to make a determination as to whether more than 250 species classified as endangered or threatened should be listed under the ESA by the completion of the agency’s 2017 fiscal year. For example, in April 2015, the USFWS listed the northern long-eared bat, whose habitat includes the areas in which we operate, as a threatened species under the ESA; however, on January 28, 2020, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia ordered the USFWS to reconsider its decision to list the northern long-eared bat as threatened instead of endangered. The designation of previously unprotected species as threatened or endangered, or redesignation of a threatened species as endangered, in areas where underlying property operations are conducted could cause us to incur increased costs arising from species protection measures or could result in limitations on our exploration and production activities that could have an adverse impact on our ability to develop and produce reserves. If we were to have a portion of our leases designated as critical or suitable habitat, it could adversely impact the value of our leases.
Although we have not experienced any material adverse effect from compliance with environmental requirements, there is no assurance that this will continue. We did not have any material capital or other non-recurring expenditures in connection with complying with environmental laws or environmental remediation matters in 2020, nor do we anticipate that such expenditures will be material in 2021.
Human Capital
We believe that our employees and contractors are significant contributors to our success and the future success of our Company, which depends on our ability to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel. The skills, experience and industry knowledge of key employees significantly benefit our operations and performance.
As of December 31, 2020, we had 522 full-time employees, including 41 in executive, finance, treasury, legal and administration, 22 in information technology, 14 in geology, 214 in production and operations, 140 in midstream and water, 51 in land and 40 in accounting and internal audit. Additionally, we utilize the services of independent contractors to perform various field and other services. We are not a party to any collective bargaining agreements and have not experienced any strikes or work stoppages. We consider our relations with our employees to be generally good.
Total Rewards
We have demonstrated a history of investing in our workforce by offering competitive salaries, wages and benefits. To foster a stronger sense of ownership and align the interests of our personnel with shareholders, we provide long-term incentive programs that include restricted stock units, performance share units and cash awards. Additionally, we offer short-term cash incentive programs, which are discretionary and are based on individual and company performance factors, among others. Furthermore, we offer comprehensive benefits to our full-time employees working 30 hours or more per week. To be an employer of choice and maintain the strength of our workforce, we consistently assess the current business environment and labor market to refine our compensation and benefits programs and other resources available to our personnel. Among other benefits, these include:
● comprehensive health insurance, including vision and dental; we have not increased employee premiums in over 15 years;
● employee Health Savings Accounts, including contributions to these accounts by us;
● 401(k) retirement savings plan with discretionary contribution matching opportunities;
● competitive paid time off and sick leave programs; and
● wellness support benefits including an employee assistance program and short-term and long-term disability coverage, among others
Role Based Support
We support our employees’ professional development. To help our personnel succeed in their roles, we emphasize continuous formal and informal training and development opportunities. We provide training by department to focus on job and area specific training. Additionally, we have a robust performance evaluation program, which includes tools to facilitate goals and career progression.
Workforce Health and Safety
The safety of our employees is a core tenet of our values, and our safety goal is zero incidents and zero injuries. A strong safety culture reduces risk, enhances productivity and builds a strong reputation in the communities in which we operate. We have earned a reputation as a safe and an environmentally responsible operator through continuous improvement in our safety performance. This makes us more attractive for current and new employees.
We invest in safety training and coaching, promote risk assessments and encourage visible safety leadership. Employees are empowered and expected to stop or refuse to perform a job if it is not safe or cannot be performed safely. We sponsor emergency preparedness programs, conduct regular audits to assess our performance and celebrate our successes through the annual contractor safety conference where we acknowledge employees and contractors alike who have exhibited strong safety leadership during the course of the year. These many efforts combine to create a culture of safety throughout the company and provide a positive influence on our contractor community.
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we have implemented significant changes that we believe to be in the best interest of our employees, as well as the communities in which we operate, and that comply with government orders. These include having our office employees work from home to the extent they are able and implementing additional safety measures, including required weekly testing and other recommended public health measures for our field and other employees (including on-site contract workers) continuing critical on-site work.
Diversity, Inclusion and Workplace Culture
We are committed to building a culture where diversity and inclusion are core philosophies across our operations, including, but not limited to, our decisions around recruitment, promotion, transfer, leaves of absence, compensation, opportunities for career support and advancement, job performance and other relevant job-related criteria. We embrace an approach to hiring and advancement that considers the value of diversity, and we are also committed to making opportunities for development and progress available to all employees so their talents can be fully developed to maximize our and their success. We believe that creating an environment that cultivates a sense of belonging requires encouraging employees to continue to educate themselves about each other’s experiences, and we strive to promote the respect and dignity of all persons. We also believe it is important that we foster education, communication and understanding about diversity, inclusion and belonging. Finally, in line with our commitments to equal employment opportunity and diversity and inclusion, we expect recruiters operating on our behalf to provide us with a diverse pool of candidates.
Address, Internet Website and Availability of Public Filings
Our principal executive offices are located at 1615 Wynkoop Street, Denver, Colorado 80202 and our telephone number is (303) 357-7310. Our website is located at www.anteroresources.com.
We furnish or file our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, our Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to such reports and other documents with the SEC under the Exchange Act. The SEC also maintains an internet website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers, including us, that file electronically with the SEC.
We also make these documents available free of charge at www.anteroresources.com under the “Investors” link as soon as reasonably practicable after they are filed or furnished with the SEC.
Information on our website is not incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K or our other filings with the SEC and is not a part of them.

---

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
We are subject to certain risks and hazards due to the nature of the business activities we conduct. The risks described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. We may experience additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us. Furthermore, as a result of developments occurring in the future, conditions that we currently deem to be immaterial may also materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.
Commodity Prices
Natural gas, NGLs, and oil price volatility, or a substantial or prolonged period of low natural gas, NGLs, and oil prices, may adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations and our ability to meet our capital expenditure obligations and financial commitments.
The prices we receive for our natural gas, NGLs, and oil production heavily influence our revenue, profitability, access to capital and future rate of growth. Natural gas, NGLs, and oil are commodities and, therefore, their prices are subject to wide fluctuations in response to relatively minor changes in supply and demand. Historically, the markets for these commodities have been volatile. These markets will likely continue to be volatile in the future. The prices we receive for our production, and the levels of our production, depend on numerous factors beyond our control. These factors include the following:
● worldwide and regional economic conditions impacting the global supply and demand for natural gas, NGLs, and oil;
● the price and quantity of imports of foreign, and exports of domestic, oil, natural gas and NGLs, including liquefied natural gas;
● political conditions in or affecting other producing countries, including conflicts in or among the Middle East, Africa, South America and Russia;
● the level of global exploration and production;
● the level of global inventories;
● events that impact global market demand (e.g., the reduced demand resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic);
● prevailing prices on local price indexes in the areas in which we operate;
● localized and global supply and demand fundamentals and transportation availability;
● weather conditions;
● technological advances affecting energy consumption;
● the price and availability of alternative fuels; and
● domestic, local and foreign governmental regulation and taxes.
The daily spot prices for NYMEX Henry Hub natural gas ranged from a high of $3.14 per MMBtu to a low of $1.33 per MMBtu in 2020, and the daily spot prices for NYMEX West Texas Intermediate crude oil ranged from a high of $63.27 per barrel to a low of negative $36.98 per barrel during the same period. In addition, the market price for natural gas in the Appalachian Basin continues to be lower relative to NYMEX Henry Hub as a result of the significant increases in the supply of natural gas in the Northeast region in recent years. NGLs are made up of ethane, propane, isobutane, normal butane and natural gasoline, all of which have different uses and different pricing characteristics, which adds further volatility to the pricing of NGLs. Due to the volatility of commodity prices, we are unable to predict future potential movements in the market prices for natural gas, oil and NGLs at our ultimate sales points and, thus, cannot predict the ultimate impact of prices on our operations.
Prolonged low, and/or significant or extended declines in, natural gas, NGLs, and oil prices may adversely affect our revenues, operating income, cash flows and financial position, particularly if we are unable to control our development costs during
periods of lower natural gas, NGLs, and oil prices. Declines in prices could also adversely affect our drilling activities and the amount of natural gas, NGLs, and oil that we can produce economically, which may result in our having to make significant downward adjustments to the value of our assets and could cause us to incur non-cash impairment charges to earnings in future periods, similar to the aggregate $1.3 billion impairment charges we recognized in 2019. Reductions in cash flows from lower commodity prices have required us to reduce our capital spending and could reduce our production and our reserves, negatively affecting our future rate of growth. Lower prices for natural gas, NGLs, and oil may also adversely affect our credit ratings and result in a reduction in our borrowing capacity and access to other capital. We are also exposed to the risk of non-performance by our hedge counterparties in the event that changes, positive or negative, in natural gas prices result in our derivative contracts having a positive fair value in our favor. Further, adverse economic and market conditions could negatively affect the collectability of our trade receivables and cause our hedge counterparties to be unable to perform their obligations or to seek bankruptcy protection.
Increases in natural gas, NGLs, and oil prices may be accompanied by or result in increased well drilling costs, increased production taxes, increased lease operating expenses, increased volatility in seasonal gas price spreads and increased end-user conservation or conversion to alternative fuels. In addition, to the extent we have hedged our current production at prices below the current market price, we are unable to benefit fully from an increase in the price of natural gas.
Currently, we receive significant incremental cash flows as a result of our hedging activity. To the extent we are unable to obtain future hedges at effective prices consistent with those we have received to date and commodity prices do not improve, our cash flows may be adversely impacted. Furthermore, our derivative activities could result in financial losses or could reduce our earnings. In certain circumstances, we may have to make cash payments under our hedging arrangements and these payments could be significant.
To achieve more predictable cash flows and reduce our exposure to downward price fluctuations, as of December 31, 2020, we had entered into forward swap contracts for approximately 1.2 Tcfe of our projected natural gas production through December 31, 2023 and basis swap contracts for approximately 73 Bcfe through December 31, 2024. Historically, we have realized a significant benefit from our hedge positions. For example, for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, we received approximately $325 million and $795 million, respectively, in revenues from cash settled derivatives pursuant to our hedging arrangements, including $9 million for certain natural gas hedges that were monetized prior to their contractual settlement dates during the year ended December 31, 2020. Many of the hedge agreements that resulted in these realized gains for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020 were executed at times when spot and future prices were higher than prices that we are currently able to obtain in the futures market, and the prices at which we have been able to hedge future production have decreased as a result. Sustained weaknesses in commodity prices adversely affect our ability to hedge future production. If we are unable to enter into new hedge contracts in the future at favorable pricing and for sufficient volumes, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
Additionally, because we have financial derivatives in place to hedge against price declines for a significant part of our estimated future production, we have fixed or limited a significant part of our overall future revenues. Assuming our 2021 production is the same as our production in 2020, approximately 92% of our production for 2021 will be hedged through either forward swaps or basis swaps. If natural gas prices upon settlement of our derivative contracts exceed the price at which we have hedged our commodities, we will be obligated to make cash payments to our hedge counterparties, which could, in certain circumstances, be significant for our natural gas contracts. For example, during the year ended December 31, 2020, we paid approximately $19 million, net, related to cash settled derivatives pursuant to our hedging arrangements due to increased commodity prices. If development drilling costs increase significantly because of inflation, increased demand for oilfield services, increased costs to comply with regulations governing our industry or other factors, the payments we receive under these derivative contracts may not be sufficient to cover our costs.
If commodity prices decrease to a level such that our future undiscounted cash flows from our properties are less than their carrying value for a significant period of time, we will be required to take write-downs of the carrying values of our properties.
Accounting rules require that we periodically review the carrying value of our properties for possible impairment if the estimated future undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying value of our properties. Based on specific market factors and circumstances at the time of prospective impairment reviews, and the continuing evaluation of development plans, production data, economics and other factors, we may be required to write-down the carrying value of our properties. A write-down constitutes a non-cash charge to earnings. For example, see the discussion of the impairment charges we recorded in 2018 and 2019 with respect to our Utica Shale properties in Note 2-Significant Accounting Policies to the consolidated financial statements. We may incur significant impairment charges in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations for the periods in which such charges are taken.
The imbalance between the supply of and demand for oil, natural gas and NGLs has caused extreme market volatility and may result in increased costs and decreased availability of storage capacity. The lack of a market or available storage for certain of our products could cause interruptions in our operations, including temporary curtailments or shut-ins, or force us to sell our production at below-market prices, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
The marketing of our natural gas, NGLs, and oil production is substantially dependent upon the existence of adequate markets for our products. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, governments have tried to slow the spread of the virus by imposing social distancing guidelines, travel restrictions and stay-at-home orders, which have caused a significant decrease in the demand for natural gas, NGLs, and oil. The imbalance between the supply of and demand for these products, as well as the uncertainty around the extent and timing of an economic recovery have caused extreme market volatility and a substantial adverse effect on commodity prices. Also, as a result of this imbalance, the industry has experienced and may experience in the future storage capacity constraints with respect to certain NGL products and oil. If we are unable to sell our production or enter into additional storage arrangements on commercially reasonable terms or at all, we could be forced to temporarily shut in a portion of our production, or delay or discontinue drilling plans and commercial production following a discovery of hydrocarbons or sell our production at below-market prices. Although our production is more heavily weighted to natural gas, the lack of a market or available storage for any one NGL product or oil could result in temporary shut-ins as we may be unable to curtail the production of individual products in a meaningful way without reducing the production of other products. We are unable to determine the extent or duration of any such curtailments. Any such shut in or curtailment, or any inability to obtain favorable terms for delivery of the natural gas, NGLs and oil we produce, could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Reserves
The development of our estimated proved undeveloped reserves may take longer and may require higher levels of capital expenditures than we currently anticipate. Therefore, our estimated proved undeveloped reserves may not be ultimately developed or produced.
As of December 31, 2020, 33% of our total estimated proved reserves were classified as proved undeveloped. Our approximately 5.8 Tcfe of estimated proved undeveloped reserves will require an estimated $1.5 billion of development capital over the next five years. Moreover, the development of probable and possible reserves will require additional capital expenditures and such reserves are less certain to be recovered than proved reserves. Development of these undeveloped reserves may take longer and require higher levels of capital expenditures than we currently anticipate. Delays in the development of our reserves, increases in costs to drill and develop such reserves, or decreases in commodity prices will reduce the value of our estimated proved undeveloped reserves and future net revenues estimated for such reserves and may result in some projects becoming uneconomic. In addition, delays in the development of reserves could require us to reclassify our proved undeveloped reserves as unproved reserves.
Reserve estimates depend on many assumptions that may turn out to be inaccurate. Any material inaccuracies in our reserve estimates or underlying assumptions will materially affect the quantities and present value of our reserves.
The process of estimating oil and gas reserves is complex. It requires interpretations of available technical data and many assumptions, including assumptions relating to current and future economic conditions and commodity prices. Any significant inaccuracies in these interpretations or assumptions could materially affect our estimated quantities and present value of our reserves.
To prepare our estimates, we must project production rates and timing of development expenditures. We must also analyze available geological, geophysical, production and engineering data. The extent, quality and reliability of this data can vary.
The process also requires economic assumptions about matters such as realized prices, drilling and operating expenses, capital expenditures, taxes and availability of funds.
Actual future production, realized prices, revenues, taxes, development expenditures, operating expenses and quantities of recoverable reserves will vary from our estimates. Any significant variance could materially affect the estimated quantities and present value of our reserves. In addition, we may adjust our reserve estimates to reflect production history, results of exploration and development, existing commodity prices and other factors, many of which are beyond our control.
Investors should not assume that the present value of future net revenues from our reserves is the current market value of our estimated reserves. We generally base the estimated discounted future net cash flows from our reserves on prices and costs on the date of the estimate. Actual future prices and costs may differ materially from those used in the present value estimate.
The standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows from our proved reserves is not the same as the current market value of our estimated oil and gas reserves.
Investors should not assume that the standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows from our proved reserves is the current market value of our estimated oil and gas reserves. In accordance with SEC requirements, we based the discounted future net cash flows from our proved reserves on the twelve-month unweighted arithmetic average of the first-day-of-the-month price for the preceding twelve months without giving effect to derivative transactions. Actual future net cash flows from our properties will be affected by factors such as the actual prices we receive for natural gas, NGLs, and oil, the amount, timing and cost of actual production and changes in governmental regulations or taxation. In addition, the 10% discount factor we use when calculating the standardized measure is based on SEC guidelines, and may not be the most appropriate discount factor based on interest rates in effect from time to time and risks associated with us or the oil and gas industry in general.
Unless we replace our reserves with new reserves and develop those reserves, our reserves and, eventually, production will decline, which would adversely affect our future cash flows and results of operations.
Producing oil and gas reservoirs generally are characterized by declining production rates that vary depending upon reservoir characteristics and other factors. Unless we conduct successful ongoing exploration and development activities or continually acquire properties containing proved reserves, our proved reserves will decline as those reserves are produced. Our future reserves and production, and therefore, our future cash flow and results of operations are highly dependent on our success in efficiently developing our current reserves and economically finding or acquiring additional recoverable reserves. We may not be able to develop, find or acquire sufficient additional reserves to replace our current and future production, and any such acquisition and development may be offset by any asset disposition, including those contemplated by our asset sale program. If we are unable to replace our current and future production, the value of our reserves will decrease, and our business, financial condition and results of operations would be adversely affected.
Approximately 58% of our net leasehold acreage is undeveloped, and that acreage may not ultimately be developed or become commercially productive, which could cause us to lose rights under our leases as well as have a material adverse effect on our oil and natural gas reserves and future production and, therefore, our future cash flow and income.
Approximately 58% of our net leasehold acreage is undeveloped, or acreage on which wells have not been drilled or completed to a point that would permit the production of commercial quantities of oil and natural gas regardless of whether such acreage contains proved reserves. We have proved undeveloped reserves of 913 Bcfe related to such acreage that is subject to renewal prior to drilling. In addition, approximately 25% of our natural gas leases related to our Appalachian Basin acreage require us to drill wells that are commercially productive, and if we are unsuccessful in drilling such wells, we could lose our rights under such leases. Our future oil and gas reserves and production and, therefore, our future cash flow and income are highly dependent on successfully developing our undeveloped leasehold acreage. For more information on our future potential acreage expirations, see “Item 1. Business and Properties-Our Properties and Operations-Undeveloped Acreage Expirations.”
Business Operations
Drilling for and producing oil and gas are high risk activities with many uncertainties that could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Our future financial condition and results of operations will depend on the success of our exploration, development and acquisition activities, which are subject to numerous risks beyond our control, including the risk that drilling will not result in commercially viable hydrocarbons. Our decisions to purchase, explore, or develop prospects or properties will depend in part on the evaluation of data obtained through geophysical and geological analyses, production data and engineering studies, the results of which are often inconclusive or subject to varying interpretations. For a discussion of the uncertainty involved in these processes, see “-Reserves-Reserve estimates depend on many assumptions that may turn out to be inaccurate. Any material inaccuracies in our reserve estimates or underlying assumptions will materially affect the quantities and present value of our reserves.” In addition, our cost of drilling, completing and operating wells is subject to operational uncertainties.
Further, many factors may curtail, delay or cancel our scheduled drilling projects, including the following:
● prolonged declines in natural gas, NGLs, and oil prices;
● limitations in the market for natural gas, NGLs, and oil;
● delays imposed by, or resulting from, compliance with regulatory requirements;
● pressure or irregularities in geological formations;
● shortages of, or delays in, obtaining equipment, qualified personnel or water for hydraulic fracturing activities;
● equipment failures or accidents;
● adverse weather conditions, such as blizzards, tornadoes, hurricanes and ice storms;
● issues related to compliance with environmental regulations;
● environmental hazards, such as natural gas leaks, oil spills, pipeline and tank ruptures, encountering naturally occurring radioactive materials, and unauthorized discharges of brine, well stimulation and completion fluids, toxic gases or other pollutants into the surface and subsurface environment;
● limited availability of financing at acceptable terms; and
● mineral interest or other title problems.
Certain of these risks can cause substantial losses, including personal injury or loss of life, damage to or destruction of property, natural resources and equipment, environmental contamination or loss of wells and regulatory fines or penalties.
Properties that we decide to drill may not yield natural gas, NGLs or oil in commercially viable quantities, which may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Prior to drilling and testing a prospect, we are unable to predict with certainty whether any particular prospect will yield natural gas, NGLs or oil in sufficient quantities to recover drilling or completion costs or to be economically viable. Seismic data and other technologies and the study of producing fields in the same area will not enable us to know conclusively prior to drilling whether natural gas or oil will be present or, if present, whether natural gas or oil will be present in commercial quantities. We cannot make any assurances that the analogies we draw from available data from other wells, more fully explored prospects or producing fields will be applicable to our drilling prospects. Further, our drilling operations may be curtailed, delayed or cancelled as a result of numerous factors, including:
● unexpected drilling conditions;
● mineral interest or other title problems;
● pressure or lost circulation in formations;
● equipment failure or accidents;
● adverse weather conditions;
● compliance with environmental and other governmental or contractual requirements; and
● increase in the cost of, or shortages or delays in the availability of, electricity, supplies, materials, drilling or workover rigs, equipment and services.
Market conditions or operational impediments, such as the unavailability of satisfactory transportation arrangements or necessary infrastructure, may hinder our access to natural gas, NGLs, and oil markets or delay our production.
The availability of a ready market for our natural gas, NGLs and oil production depends on a number of factors, including the demand for and supply of natural gas, NGLs, and oil and the proximity of reserves to, and capacity of, pipelines, other transportation facilities, gathering and processing, fractionation facilities and the availability of other third-party transportation services. The capacity of transmission, gathering and processing and fractionation facilities and the availability of third-party transportation services may be insufficient to accommodate potential production from existing and new wells, which may result in substantial discounts in the prices we receive for our natural gas, NGLs, and oil. While our investment in midstream infrastructure through Antero Midstream is
intended to address access to and potential curtailments on existing midstream infrastructure, we also deliver to and are serviced by third-party natural gas, NGLs, and oil transmission, gathering, processing, storage and fractionation facilities and transportation services that are limited in number, geographically concentrated and subject to significant risks. These risks include the availability of capital, materials and qualified contractors and work force, as well as weather conditions, natural gas, NGLs, and oil price volatility, delays in obtaining permits and other government approvals, title and property access problems, geology, public opposition to infrastructure development, compliance by Antero Midstream and/or third parties with their contractual obligations to us and other factors.
An extended interruption of access to or service from pipelines and facilities operated by Antero Midstream and/or third parties, or of transportation services provided by Antero Midstream and/or third parties for any reason, including our failure to obtain such services on acceptable terms, cyber-attacks on such pipelines and facilities or service interruptions due to gas quality, could materially harm our business by causing delays in producing and selling our natural gas, NGLs, and oil. In such an event, we might have to shut in our wells awaiting a pipeline connection or capacity and/or sell our production at prices lower than market prices or at prices lower than we currently project, all of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. If we shut-in or curtail production for any of these or other reasons, we would be unable to realize revenue from those wells until other arrangements were made to deliver the products to market.
Our ability to produce natural gas, NGLs, and oil economically and in commercial quantities is dependent on the availability of adequate supplies of water for drilling and completion operations and access to water and waste disposal or recycling facilities and services at a reasonable cost. Restrictions on our ability to obtain water or dispose of produced water and other waste may have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
The hydraulic fracture stimulation process on which we depend to produce commercial quantities of natural gas, NGLs, and oil requires the use and disposal of significant quantities of water. The availability of water recycling facilities and other disposal alternatives to receive all of the water produced from our wells may affect our production. Our inability to secure sufficient amounts of water, or to dispose of or recycle the water used in our operations, or to timely obtain water sourcing permits or other rights, could adversely impact our operations. Additionally, the imposition of new environmental initiatives and regulations could include restrictions on our ability to obtain water or dispose of waste and adversely affect our business and operating results.
Our identified potential well locations are scheduled out over many years, making them susceptible to uncertainties that could materially alter the occurrence or timing of their drilling. In addition, we may not be able to obtain the substantial amount of capital necessary to drill our potential well locations.
Our management team has specifically identified and scheduled certain well locations as an estimation of our future multi-year drilling activities on our existing acreage. These well locations represent a significant part of our development strategy. Our ability to drill and develop these locations depends on a number of uncertainties, including natural gas, NGLs, and oil prices, the availability and cost of capital, drilling and production costs, availability of drilling services and equipment, drilling results, lease expirations, unitization agreements, lease acquisitions, surface agreements, gathering system and pipeline transportation constraints, access to and availability of water sourcing and distribution systems, regulatory approvals and other factors. Because of these uncertainties, we do not know if the numerous potential well locations we have identified will ever be drilled or if we will be able to produce natural gas, NGLs or oil from these or any other potential well locations. In addition, unless production is established within the spacing units covering the undeveloped acres on which some of the potential locations are obtained, the leases for such acreage will expire. As such, our actual drilling activities may materially differ from those presently identified. For more information on our future potential acreage expirations, see “Item 1. Business and Properties-Our Properties and Operations-Undeveloped Acreage Expirations.”
As of December 31, 2020, we had 2,133 identified potential horizontal well locations located in our proved, probable, and possible reserve base. As a result of the limitations described above, we may be unable to drill many of our potential well locations. In addition, we will require significant additional capital over a prolonged period to pursue the development of these locations, and we may not be able to obtain or generate the capital required to do so. Any drilling activities we are able to conduct on these potential locations may not be successful or result in our ability to add additional proved reserves to our overall proved reserves, or may result in a downward revision of our estimated proved reserves, which could have a material adverse effect on our future business and results of operations. For more information on our identified potential well locations, see “Item 1. Business and Properties-Our Properties and Operations-Estimated Proved Reserves-Identification of Potential Well Locations.”
We may incur losses as a result of title defects in the properties in which we invest.
When we acquire oil and gas leases or interests, we typically do not incur the expense of retaining lawyers to examine the title to the mineral interest at the time of acquisition. Rather, before attempting to acquire a lease in a specific mineral interest, we rely upon the judgment of oil and gas lease brokers or landmen who perform the fieldwork in examining records in the appropriate governmental office. Leases in the Appalachian Basin are particularly vulnerable to title deficiencies due to the long history of land ownership in the area, resulting in extensive and complex chains of title. The existence of a material title deficiency can render a lease worthless and can adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. While we do typically obtain title opinions prior to commencing drilling operations on a lease or in a unit, the failure of title may not be discovered until after a well is drilled, in which case we may lose the lease and the right to produce all or a portion of the minerals under the property.
Increased attention to ESG matters and conservation measures may adversely impact our business.
Increasing attention to climate change, societal expectations on companies to address climate change, investor and societal expectations regarding voluntary ESG disclosures, and consumer demand for alternative forms of energy may result in increased costs, reduced demand for our products, reduced profits, increased investigations and litigation, and negative impacts on our stock price and access to capital markets. Increasing attention to climate change and environmental conservation, for example, may result in demand shifts for oil and natural gas products and additional governmental investigations and private litigation against us. To the extent that societal pressures or political or other factors are involved, it is possible that such liability could be imposed without regard to our causation of or contribution to the asserted damage, or to other mitigating factors.
Moreover, while we create and publish voluntary disclosures regarding ESG matters from time to time, many of the statements in those voluntary disclosures are based on hypothetical expectations and assumptions that may or may not be representative of current or actual risks or events or forecasts of expected risks or events, including the costs associated therewith. Such expectations and assumptions are necessarily uncertain and may be prone to error or subject to misinterpretation given the long timelines involved and the lack of an established single approach to identifying, measuring and reporting on many ESG matters.
In addition, organizations that provide information to investors on corporate governance and related matters have developed ratings processes for evaluating companies on their approach to ESG matters. Such ratings are used by some investors to inform their investment and voting decisions. Unfavorable ESG ratings and recent activism directed at shifting funding away from companies with energy-related assets could lead to increased negative investor sentiment toward us and our industry and to the diversion of investment to other industries, which could have a negative impact on our stock price and our access to and costs of capital. Also, institutional lenders may decide not to provide funding for fossil fuel energy companies based on climate change related concerns, which could affect our access to capital for potential growth projects.
We may incur substantial losses and be subject to substantial liability claims as a result of our operations. Additionally, we may not be insured for, or our insurance may be inadequate to protect us against, these risks.
We are not insured against all risks. Losses and liabilities arising from uninsured and underinsured events could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Our oil and gas exploration and production activities are subject to all of the operating risks associated with drilling for and producing oil and gas, including the possibility of:
● environmental hazards, such as uncontrollable releases of oil, natural gas, brine, well fluids, toxic gas or other pollution into the environment, including groundwater, air and shoreline contamination;
● abnormally pressured formations;
● mechanical difficulties, such as stuck oilfield drilling and service tools and casing collapse;
● fires, explosions and ruptures of pipelines;
● personal injuries and death;
● natural disasters; and
● terrorist attacks targeting natural gas and oil related facilities and infrastructure.
Any of these risks could adversely affect our ability to conduct operations or result in substantial loss to us as a result of claims for:
● injury or loss of life;
● damage to and destruction of property, natural resources and equipment;
● pollution and other environmental damage;
● regulatory investigations and penalties;
● suspension of our operations; and
● repair and remediation costs.
We may elect not to obtain insurance for any or all of these risks if we believe that the cost of available insurance is excessive relative to the risks presented. In addition, pollution and environmental risks generally are not fully insurable. The occurrence of an event that is not fully covered by insurance could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Competition in the oil and gas industry is intense, making it more difficult for us to acquire properties, market products and secure trained personnel.
Our ability to acquire additional prospects and to find and develop reserves in the future will depend on our ability to evaluate and select suitable properties and to consummate transactions in a highly competitive environment for acquiring properties, marketing products and securing trained personnel. Also, there is substantial competition for capital available for investment in the oil and natural gas industry. Many of our competitors possess and employ financial, technical and personnel resources substantially greater than ours. Those companies may be able to pay more for productive natural gas properties and exploratory prospects and to evaluate, bid for and purchase a greater number of properties and prospects than our financial or personnel resources permit. In addition, other companies may be able to offer better compensation packages to attract and retain qualified personnel than we are able to offer. The cost to attract and retain qualified personnel may increase substantially in the future. We may not be successful in the future in acquiring prospective reserves, developing reserves, marketing hydrocarbons, attracting and retaining quality personnel and raising additional capital, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Strategic determinations, including the allocation of capital and other resources to strategic opportunities and repayment of indebtedness, are challenging, and our failure to appropriately allocate capital and resources among our various initiatives may adversely affect our financial condition.
Our future success depends on whether we can identify optimal strategies for our business. In developing our 2021 business plan, we considered allocating capital and other resources to various aspects of our businesses, including well development, exploratory activities, corporate items, repayment of indebtedness and other alternatives. Notwithstanding the determinations made in the development of our 2021 plan, business opportunities not previously identified periodically come to our attention, including possible acquisitions and dispositions. If we fail to identify optimal business strategies, including the appropriate corporate structure or the appropriate rate of reserve development, or fail to optimize our capital investment and capital raising opportunities and to use our other resources to further our business strategies, our financial condition may be adversely affected. Moreover, economic or other circumstances may change from those contemplated by our 2021 plan, and our failure to recognize or respond to those changes may limit our ability to achieve our objectives.
We periodically engage in acquisitions, dispositions and other strategic transactions, including joint ventures. These transactions involve various inherent risks, such as our ability to obtain the necessary regulatory approvals; the timing of and conditions imposed upon us by regulators in connection with such approvals; the assumption of potential environmental or other liabilities; and our ability to realize the benefits expected from the transactions. In addition, prevailing market conditions and other factors could negatively impact the benefits we receive from transactions. Competition for acquisition opportunities in our industry is intense and may increase the cost of, or cause us to refrain from, completing acquisitions. Our inability to complete a transaction or to achieve our strategic or financial goals in any transaction could have significant adverse effects on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
A pandemic, epidemic or outbreak of an infectious disease, such as COVID-19, may materially adversely affect our business.
The global or national outbreak of an infectious disease, such as COVID-19, may cause disruptions to our business and operational plans, which may include (i) shortages of employees, (ii) unavailability of contractors and subcontractors, (iii) interruption of supplies from third parties upon which we rely, (iv) recommendations of, or restrictions imposed by, government and health authorities, including quarantines, to address the COVID-19 pandemic and (v) restrictions that we and our contractors and subcontractors impose, including facility shutdowns, to ensure the safety of employees and others. While it is not possible to predict their extent or duration, these disruptions may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Further, the effects of COVID-19 and concerns regarding its global spread have negatively impacted global demand for crude oil and natural gas, which has and could continue to contribute to price volatility, impact the price we receive for natural gas, NGLs, and oil and materially and adversely affect the demand for and marketability of our production, as well as lead to temporary curtailment or shut-ins of production due to lack of downstream demand or storage capacity. Additionally, to the extent the COVID-19 pandemic adversely affects our business and financial results, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks set forth in this “Item 1A. Risk Factors.”
Terrorist or cyber-attacks and threats could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Terrorist or cyber-attacks may significantly affect the energy industry, including our operations and those of our suppliers and customers, as well as general economic conditions, consumer confidence and spending, and market liquidity. Strategic targets, such as energy-related assets, may be at greater risk of future attacks than other targets in the United States. Our insurance may not protect us against such occurrences. We depend on digital technology in many areas of our business and operations, including, but not limited to, estimating quantities of oil and gas reserves, processing and recording financial and operating data, oversight and analysis of drilling operations, and communications with our employees and third-party customers or service providers. Deliberate attacks on our assets, or security breaches in our systems or infrastructure, or the systems or infrastructure of third-parties or the cloud, could lead to the corruption or loss of our proprietary and potentially sensitive data, delays in production or delivery of our production to customers, difficulty in completing and settling transactions, challenges in maintaining our books and records, environmental damage, communication interruptions, or other operational disruptions and third-party liabilities. Cybersecurity attacks in particular are becoming more sophisticated and include, but are not limited to, malicious software, ransomware, attempts to gain unauthorized access to data and other electronic security breaches that could lead to disruptions in critical systems, unauthorized release of confidential or otherwise protected information and corruption of data.
As cyber-attacks continue to evolve, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures or to investigate and remediate any vulnerabilities to cyber-attacks. In particular, our implementation of various procedures and controls to monitor and mitigate security threats and to increase security for our personnel, information, facilities and infrastructure may result in increased capital and operating costs. To date we have not experienced any material losses relating to cyber-attacks; however, there can be no assurance that we will not suffer such losses in the future. Consequently, it is possible that any of these occurrences, or a combination of them, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our producing properties are concentrated in the Appalachian Basin, making us vulnerable to risks associated with operating in one major geographic area.
Our producing properties are geographically concentrated in the Appalachian Basin in West Virginia and Ohio. As of December 31, 2020, all of our total estimated proved reserves were attributable to properties located in this area. As a result of this concentration, we may be disproportionately exposed to the impact of regional supply and demand factors, delays or interruptions of production from wells in this area caused by, and costs associated with, governmental regulation, state and local political activities, processing or transportation capacity constraints, market limitations, availability of equipment and personnel, water shortages or other drought related conditions or interruption of the processing or transportation of natural gas, NGLs, or oil.
In addition, a number of areas within the Appalachian Basin have historically been subject to mining operations. For example, third-parties may engage in subsurface coal and other mining operations near or under our properties, which could cause subsidence or other damage to our properties, adversely impact our drilling operations or adversely impact third-party midstream activities on which we rely. In such event, our operations may be impaired or interrupted, and we may not be able to recover the costs incurred as a result of temporary shut-ins or the plugging and abandonment of any of our wells. Furthermore, the existence of mining operations near our properties could require coordination to avoid adverse impacts as a result of drilling and mining in close
proximity. These restrictions on our operations, and any similar restrictions, could cause delays or interruptions or prevent us from executing our business strategy, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial position.
Due to the concentrated nature of our portfolio of properties, a number of our properties could experience any of the same conditions at the same time, resulting in a relatively greater impact on our results of operations than they might have on other companies that have a more diversified portfolio of properties.
Customer Concentration and Credit Risk
Our hedging transactions expose us to counterparty credit risk and may become more costly or unavailable to us.
As of December 31, 2020, the estimated fair value of our commodity net derivative contracts was approximately $22 million, and included the following net derivative assets by bank counterparty: Morgan Stanley - $35 million; Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce - $25 million; Scotiabank - $14 million; Natixis - $5 million; DNB Capital - $2 million; and Truist $1 million.
As described above, we enter into certain derivative instruments in the ordinary course operations of our business. Our hedging transactions expose us to risk of financial loss if a counterparty fails to perform under a derivative contract. Disruptions in the financial markets could lead to sudden decreases in a counterparty’s liquidity, which could make them unable to perform under the terms of the derivative contract and we may not be able to realize the benefit of the derivative contract. Derivative instruments also expose us to the risk of financial loss in some circumstances, including when there is an increase in the differential between the underlying price in the derivative instrument and actual prices received or when there are issues with regard to legal enforceability of such instruments.
The use of derivatives may, in some cases, require the posting of cash collateral with counterparties. If we enter into derivative instruments that require cash collateral and commodity prices or interest rates change in a manner adverse to us, our cash otherwise available for use in our operations would be reduced, which could limit our ability to make future capital expenditures and make payments on our indebtedness, and which could also limit the size of our borrowing base. Future collateral requirements will depend on arrangements with our counterparties, highly volatile oil, NGLs and natural gas prices, and interest rates.
In addition, derivative arrangements could limit the benefit we would receive from increases in the prices for natural gas, NGLs, and oil, which could also have an adverse effect on our financial condition. If natural gas, NGLs, or oil prices upon settlement of our derivative contracts exceed the price at which we have hedged our commodities, we will be obligated to make cash payments to our hedge counterparties, which could, in certain circumstances, be significant.
In addition, U.S. regulators adopted a final rule in November 2019 implementing a new approach for calculating the exposure amount of derivative contracts under the applicable agencies’ regulatory capital rules, referred to as the standardized approach for counterparty credit risk (“SA-CCR”). As adopted, certain financial institutions are required to comply with the new SA-CCR rules beginning on January 1, 2022. The new rules could significantly increase the capital requirements for certain participants in the over-the-counter derivatives market in which we participate. These increased capital requirements could result in significant additional costs being passed through to end-users like us or reduce the number of participants or products available to us in the over-the-counter derivatives market. The effects of these regulations could reduce our hedging opportunities, or substantially increase the cost of hedging, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The inability of our significant customers to meet their obligations to us may adversely affect our financial results.
In addition to credit risk related to receivables from commodity derivative contracts, our principal exposures to credit risk are through receivables resulting from the sale of our natural gas, NGLs, and oil production that we market to energy companies, end users, and refineries ($380 million as of December 31, 2020). We are also subject to credit risk due to concentration of receivables with several significant customers. The largest purchaser of our products during the year ended December 31, 2020 accounted for approximately 11% of our product revenues. We do not require all of our customers to post collateral. The inability or failure of our significant customers to meet their obligations to us or their insolvency or liquidation may adversely affect our financial results.
Vendor Risks
We are required to pay fees to our service providers based on minimum volumes under long-term contracts regardless of actual volume throughput.
We have various firm transportation and gas processing, gathering and compression service agreements in place, each with minimum volume delivery commitments. Lower commodity prices may lead to reductions in our drilling and completion program, which may result in insufficient production to fully utilize our firm transportation and processing capacity. Our firm transportation agreements expire at various dates from 2021 to 2058 and our gas processing, gathering, and compression services agreements expire at various dates from 2021 to 2038. We are obligated to pay fees on minimum volumes to certain of our service providers regardless of actual volume throughput. As of December 31, 2020, our long-term contractual obligations under agreements with minimum volume commitments totaled over $12.7 billion over the term of the contracts. If we have insufficient production to meet the minimum volumes or are otherwise unable to fulfill all or a portion of our volume commitments, our cash flow from operations will be reduced, which may require us to reduce or delay our planned investments and capital expenditures or seek alternative means of financing, all of which may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
Assuming 2021 production is unchanged from 2020 production, we estimate that we will incur annual net marketing costs of $0.08 per Mcfe to $0.10 per Mcfe in 2021 for unutilized transportation capacity depending on the amount of unutilized capacity that can be marketed to third parties or utilized to transport third party gas and capture positive basis differentials. Additionally, our net marketing expense could increase depending on utilization of our transportation capacity based on future production and how much, if any, future excess transportation can be marketed to third parties.
We may be limited in our ability to choose gathering operators, processing and fractionation services providers and water services providers in our areas of operations pursuant to our agreements with Antero Midstream.
Pursuant to the gas gathering and compression agreement that we have entered into with Antero Midstream, we have dedicated the gathering and compression of all of our current and future natural gas production in West Virginia, Ohio and Pennsylvania to Antero Midstream, so long as such production is not otherwise subject to a pre-existing dedication. Further, pursuant to the right of first offer agreement that we have entered into with Antero Midstream, Antero Midstream has a right to bid to provide certain processing and fractionation services in respect of all of our current and future gas production (as long as it is not subject to a pre-existing dedication) and will be entitled to provide such services if its bid matches or is more favorable to us than terms proposed by other parties. As a result, we will be limited in our ability to use other gathering and compression operators in West Virginia, Ohio and Pennsylvania, even if such operators can offer us more efficient service. We will also be limited in our ability to use other processing and fractionation services providers in any area to the extent Antero Midstream is able to offer a competitive bid.
Pursuant to the Water Services Agreement that we have entered into with Antero Midstream, we have dedicated the provision of fresh water and wastewater services in defined service areas in Ohio and West Virginia to Antero Midstream. Additionally, the Water Services Agreement provides Antero Midstream with a right of first offer on any future areas of operation outside of those defined areas. As a result, we will be limited in our ability to use other water services providers in the dedication areas of Ohio and West Virginia or other future areas of operation, even if such providers can offer us more favorable pricing or more efficient service.
The unavailability or high cost of additional drilling rigs, completion services, equipment, supplies, personnel, and oilfield services could adversely affect our ability to execute our exploration and development plans within our budget and on a timely basis.
The demand for qualified and experienced field personnel to drill wells and conduct field operations, geologists, geophysicists, engineers, and other professionals in the oil and natural gas industry can fluctuate significantly, often in correlation with natural gas and oil prices, causing periodic shortages. Historically, there have been shortages of drilling and workover rigs, pipe and other equipment as demand for rigs and equipment has increased along with the number of wells being drilled. We cannot predict whether these conditions will exist in the future and, if so, what their timing and duration will be. Such shortages could delay or cause us to incur significant expenditures that are not provided for in our capital budget, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Interruptions in operations at facilities that process our gas may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We have agreements with processing facilities, including those owned by MPLX and the Joint Venture, to accommodate our current operations as well as future development plans. Any significant interruptions at these facilities could cause us to curtail our
future development and production plans, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The operations of the processing facilities could be partially or completely shut down, temporarily or permanently, as the result of circumstances not within the operator’s control, such as:
● unscheduled turnarounds or catastrophic events, including damages to facilities, related equipment and surrounding properties caused by earthquakes, tornadoes, hurricanes, floods, fires, severe weather, explosions and other natural disasters;
● restrictions imposed by governmental authorities or court proceedings;
● labor difficulties that result in a work stoppage or slowdown;
● disruption in the supply of power, water and other resources necessary to operate the facilities;
● damage to the facilities resulting from NGLs that do not comply with applicable specifications;
● inadequate fractionation capacity or market access to support production volumes, including lack of availability of rail cars, barges, trucks and pipeline capacity, or market constraints, including reduced demand or limited markets for certain NGL products; and
● terrorist or cyber-attacks.
Acquisitions, Divestitures and Takeovers
We may be subject to risks in connection with acquisitions of properties.
The successful acquisition of producing properties requires an assessment of several factors, including:
● recoverable reserves;
● future natural gas, NGLs, and oil prices and their applicable differentials;
● operating costs; and
● potential environmental and other liabilities.
The accuracy of these assessments is inherently uncertain. In connection with these assessments, we perform a review of the subject properties that we believe to be generally consistent with industry practices. Our review will not reveal all existing or potential problems nor will it permit us to become sufficiently familiar with the properties to fully assess their deficiencies and capabilities. Inspections may not always be performed on every well, and environmental problems, such as groundwater contamination, are not necessarily observable even when an inspection is undertaken. Even when problems are identified, the seller may be unwilling or unable to provide effective contractual protection against all or part of the problems. We often are not entitled to contractual indemnification for environmental liabilities and acquire properties on an “as is” basis.
We may be unable to make attractive acquisitions or successfully integrate acquired businesses, and any inability to do so may disrupt our business.
In the future, we may acquire businesses that complement or expand our current business. We may not be able to identify attractive acquisition opportunities. Even if we do identify attractive acquisition opportunities, we may not be able to complete the acquisition or do so on commercially acceptable terms.
The success of any completed acquisition will depend on our ability to effectively integrate the acquired business into our existing operations. The process of integrating acquired businesses may involve unforeseen difficulties and may require a disproportionate amount of our managerial and financial resources. In addition, possible future acquisitions may be larger and for purchase prices significantly higher than those paid for earlier acquisitions. No assurance can be given that we will be able to identify suitable acquisition opportunities, negotiate acceptable terms, obtain financing for acquisitions on acceptable terms or successfully acquire identified targets. Our failure to achieve consolidation savings, to successfully integrate the acquired businesses and assets
into our existing operations or to minimize any unforeseen operational difficulties could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, the agreements governing our debt impose certain limitations on our ability to enter into mergers or combination transactions. Such agreements also limit our ability to incur certain indebtedness, which could indirectly limit our ability to engage in acquisitions of businesses.
Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as well as Delaware law, contain provisions that could discourage acquisition bids or merger proposals, which may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of us, even if the change of control would be beneficial to our stockholders. Among other things, our certificate of incorporation and bylaws:
● provide advance notice procedures with regard to stockholder nominations of candidates for election as directors or other stockholder proposals to be brought before meetings of our stockholders, which may preclude our stockholders from bringing certain matters before our stockholders at an annual or special meeting;
● provide our board of directors the ability to authorize issuance of preferred stock in one or more series, which makes it possible for our board of directors to issue, without stockholder approval, preferred stock with voting or other rights or preferences that could impede the success of any attempt to change control of us and which may have the effect of deterring hostile takeovers or delaying changes in control or management of us;
● provide that the authorized number of directors may be changed only by resolution of our board of directors;
● provide that, subject to the rights of holders of any series of preferred stock to elect directors or fill vacancies in respect of such directors as specified in the related preferred stock designation, all vacancies, including newly created directorships be filled by the affirmative vote of holders of a majority of directors then in office, even if less than a quorum, or by the sole remaining director, and will not be filled by our stockholders;
● provide that, subject to the rights of the holders of any series of preferred stock to elect directors under specified circumstances, if any, any action required or permitted to be taken by our stockholders must be effected at a duly called annual or special meeting of our stockholders and may not be effected by any consent in writing in lieu of a meeting of such stockholders;
● provide for our board of directors to be divided into three classes of directors, with each class as nearly equal in number as possible, serving staggered three-year terms;
● provide that, subject to the rights of the holders of shares of any series of preferred stock, if any, to remove directors elected by such series of preferred stock pursuant to our certificate of incorporation (including any preferred stock designation thereunder), directors may be removed from office at any time, only for cause and by the holders of a majority of the voting power of all outstanding voting shares entitled to vote generally in the election of directors;
● provide that special meetings of our stockholders may only be called by the Chief Executive Officer, the Chairman of our board of directors or our board of directors pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of the total number of directors that we would have if there were no vacancies;
● provide that (i) the Sponsors and their affiliates are permitted to participate (directly or indirectly) in venture capital and other direct investments in corporations, joint ventures, limited liability companies and other entities conducting business of any kind, nature or description, (ii) the Sponsors and their affiliates are permitted to have interests in, participate with, aid and maintain seats on the boards of directors or similar governing bodies of any such investments, in each case that may, are or will be competitive with our business and the business of our subsidiaries or in the same or similar lines of business as us and our subsidiaries, or that could be suitable for us or our subsidiaries and (iii) we have, subject to limited exceptions, renounced, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any interest or expectancy in, or in being offered an opportunity to participate in, such corporate opportunities;
● provide that the provisions of our certificate of incorporation can only be amended or repealed by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 66 2/3% in voting power of the outstanding shares of our common stock entitled to vote thereon, voting together as a single class; and
● provide that our bylaws can be altered or repealed by (a) our board of directors or (b) our stockholders upon the affirmative vote of holders of at least 66 2/3% of the voting power of our common stock outstanding and entitled to vote thereon, voting together as a single class.
We have elected not to be subject to the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”), regulating corporate takeovers.
In general, the provisions of Section 203 of the DGCL prohibit a Delaware corporation, including those whose securities are listed for trading on the New York Stock Exchange, from engaging in any business combination with any interested stockholder for a period of three years following the date that the stockholder became an interested stockholder, unless:
● prior to such time, the business combination or the transaction which resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder is approved by our board of directors;
● upon consummation of the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the voting stock of the corporation outstanding at the time the transaction commenced (excluding certain specified shares); or
● on or after such time the business combination is approved by our board of directors and authorized at a meeting of stockholders by the holders of at least two-thirds of the outstanding voting stock that is not owned by the interested stockholder.
Section 203 of the DGCL permits a Delaware corporation to elect not to be governed by the provisions of Section 203. Pursuant to our certificate of incorporation, we expressly elected not to be governed by Section 203. Accordingly, we are not subject to any anti-takeover effects or protections of Section 203 of the DGCL, although no assurance can be given that we will not elect to be governed by Section 203 of the DGCL pursuant to an amendment to our certificate of incorporation in the future.
Certain of our stockholders have investments in our affiliates that may conflict with the interests of other stockholders.
Paul M. Rady, Glen C. Warren, Jr. and certain funds affiliated with Yorktown (collectively, the “Sponsors”) in the aggregate own a significant number of shares of common stock of Antero Midstream. Messrs. Rady and Warren and an individual affiliated with Yorktown serve as members of our board of directors and the board of directors of Antero Midstream. The Sponsors also own a significant portion of the shares of our common stock. As a result of their investments in Antero Midstream, the Sponsors may have conflicting interests with other stockholders. Conflicts of interest could arise in the future between us, on the one hand, and the Sponsors, on the other hand, regarding, among other things, decisions related to our financing, capital expenditures and business plans, the terms of our agreements with Antero Midstream and its subsidiaries and the pursuit of potentially competitive business activities or business opportunities.
Provisions of our 2026 Convertible Notes could delay or prevent an otherwise beneficial takeover of us.
Certain provisions of our 2026 Convertible Notes (as defined herein) and the indenture governing such notes could make a third-party attempt to acquire us more difficult or expensive. For example, if a takeover constitutes a “Fundamental Change” (as defined in the indenture governing such notes), then holders of our 2026 Convertible Notes will have the right to require us to repurchase their 2026 Convertible Notes for cash. In addition, if a takeover constitutes a “Make-Whole Fundamental Change” (as defined in such indenture), then we may be required to temporarily increase the conversion rate. In either case, and in other cases, our obligations under the 2026 Convertible Notes and the indenture governing such notes could increase the cost of acquiring us or otherwise discourage a third party from acquiring us, including in a transaction that holders of our 2026 Convertible Notes or holders of our common stock may view as favorable.
We may be unable to dispose of assets on attractive terms and may be required to retain liabilities for certain matters.
Our business and financing plans may periodically include divesting certain assets. However, we do not completely control the timing of divestitures, and delays in completing divestitures may reduce the benefits we may receive from them, such as reducing management distractions by selling non-core assets and the receipt of cash proceeds that reduce debt and contribute to our liquidity.
Various factors could materially affect our ability to dispose of assets if and when we decide to do so, including the availability of purchasers willing to purchase the assets at prices acceptable to us, particularly in times of reduced and volatile commodity prices.
Capital Structure and Access to Capital
Our exploration and development projects require substantial capital expenditures. We may be unable to obtain required capital or financing on satisfactory terms, which could lead to a decline in our oil and gas reserves.
The oil and gas industry is capital intensive. We make, and expect to continue to make, substantial capital expenditures for the exploration, development, production, and acquisition of oil and gas reserves. Our cash flow used in investing activities related to drilling, completions, and land expenditures was approximately $871 million in 2020. Our board of directors has approved a net capital budget for 2021 of $635 million that includes $590 million for drilling and completion and $45 million for leasehold expenditures. Our capital budget excludes acquisitions. We expect to fund these capital expenditures with cash generated by operations, and dividends from Antero Midstream, which we do not control the timing or amount of, if any; however, our financing needs may require us to alter or increase our capitalization substantially through the issuance of debt or equity securities or the sale of assets. The actual amount and timing of our future capital expenditures may differ materially from our capital budget as a result of, among other things, commodity prices, actual drilling results, the availability of drilling rigs and other services and equipment, and regulatory, technological, and competitive developments. A reduction in commodity prices from current levels may result in a decrease in our actual capital expenditures, which would negatively impact our ability to maintain production. For additional discussion of the risks regarding our ability to obtain funding, please read “-The borrowing base under the Credit Facility may be reduced if commodity prices decline, which could hinder or prevent us from meeting our future capital needs. We may also be required to post additional collateral as financial assurance of our performance under certain contractual arrangements, which could adversely impact available liquidity under our Credit Facility.”
The issuance of additional indebtedness would require that a portion of our cash flow from operations be used for the payment of interest and principal on our indebtedness, thereby reducing our ability to use cash flow from operations to fund working capital, capital expenditures and acquisitions.
Our cash flows from operations and access to capital are subject to a number of variables, including:
● our proved reserves;
● the level of hydrocarbons we are able to produce from existing wells;
● the prices at which our production is sold;
● our ability to acquire, locate and produce new reserves;
● the value of our commodity derivative portfolio; and
● our ability to borrow under the Credit Facility.
If our revenues or the borrowing base under the Credit Facility decrease as a result of sustained periods of low natural gas, NGLs, and oil prices, operating difficulties, declines in reserves or for any other reason, we may have limited ability to obtain the capital necessary to sustain our operations at current levels. If additional capital is needed, we may not be able to obtain debt or equity financing on terms acceptable to us, if at all. If cash flows generated by our operations or available borrowings under the Credit Facility are not sufficient to meet our capital requirements, the failure to obtain additional financing could result in a curtailment of our operations relating to development of our properties, which in turn could lead to a decline in our reserves and production, and could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service all of our indebtedness and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our obligations under our indebtedness, which may not be successful.
Our ability to make scheduled payments on, or to refinance, our indebtedness obligations, including the Credit Facility, our senior notes and our 2026 Convertible Notes, depends on our financial condition and operating performance, which are subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and certain financial, business and other factors beyond our control. We may not be able to maintain a level of cash flows from operating activities sufficient to permit us to pay the principal, premium, if any, and interest on our indebtedness, including the senior notes and 2026 Convertible Notes.
If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we may be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures, sell assets, seek additional capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness, including the senior notes. For example, the proceeds of our asset sale program were used to retire a portion of our indebtedness. Our ability to restructure or refinance our indebtedness will depend on the condition of the capital markets, including the market for debt securities, and our financial condition at such time. Any refinancing of our indebtedness could be at higher interest rates and may require us to comply with more onerous covenants, which could further restrict our business operations. The terms of existing or future debt instruments, including the indentures governing our senior notes and our 2026 Convertible Notes, may restrict us from adopting some of these alternatives. In addition, any failure to make payments of interest and principal on our outstanding indebtedness on a timely basis would likely result in a reduction of our credit rating, which could harm our ability to incur additional indebtedness and may result in us having to post collateral with, or provide letters of credit to, certain transactional counterparties. In the absence of sufficient cash flows and capital resources, we could face substantial liquidity problems and might be required to dispose of material assets or operations to meet our debt service and other obligations. The Credit Facility and the indentures governing our senior notes and our 2026 Convertible Notes place certain restrictions on our ability to dispose of assets and our use of the proceeds from such disposition. We may not be able to consummate those dispositions and the proceeds of any such disposition may not be adequate to meet any debt service obligations then due. These alternative measures may not be successful and may not permit us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations.
The borrowing base under the Credit Facility may be reduced if commodity prices decline, which could hinder or prevent us from meeting our future capital needs. We may also be required to post additional collateral as financial assurance of our performance under certain contractual arrangements, which could adversely impact available liquidity under our Credit Facility.
The borrowing base under the Credit Facility is currently $2.85 billion, and lender commitments under the Credit Facility are $2.64 billion. Our borrowing base is redetermined semi-annually by the lenders each April and October based on certain factors, including our reserves and hedge position, with the next borrowing base redetermination scheduled to occur in April 2021. Our borrowing base may decrease as a result of a decline in natural gas, NGLs, or oil prices, operating difficulties, declines in reserves, lending requirements or regulations, the issuance of new indebtedness or for any other reason. We cannot be certain that funding will be available if needed, and to the extent required, on acceptable terms. In the event of a decrease in our borrowing base due to declines in commodity prices or otherwise, we may be unable to meet our obligations as they come due and could be required to repay any indebtedness in excess of the redetermined borrowing base. In addition, we may be unable to access the equity or debt capital markets, including the market for senior unsecured notes, to meet our obligations. As a result, we may be unable to implement our drilling and development plan, make acquisitions or otherwise carry out our business plan, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations and impair our ability to service our indebtedness.
In addition, a downgrade to our credit rating could require us to post additional collateral in the form of letters of credit or cash as financial assurance of our performance under certain contractual arrangements, such as pipeline transportation contracts. An increase in our outstanding letters of credit may impact our available liquidity under our Credit Facility.
We may be unable to access the equity or debt capital markets to meet our obligations.
Declines in commodity prices may cause the financial markets to exert downward pressure on stock prices and credit capacity for companies throughout the energy industry. For example, for portions of 2020, the market for senior unsecured notes was unfavorable for high-yield issuers such as us. Our development plan may require access to the capital and credit markets. Although the market for high-yield debt securities experienced periods of improvement in 2020, if the high-yield market deteriorates, or if we are unable to access alternative means of debt or equity financing on acceptable terms or at all, we may be unable to implement our development plan or otherwise carry out our business plan, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations and impair our ability to service our indebtedness.
Restrictions in our existing and future debt agreements could limit our growth and our ability to engage in certain activities.
The Credit Facility contains a number of significant covenants (in addition to covenants restricting the incurrence of additional indebtedness), including restrictive covenants that may limit our ability to, among other things:
● sell assets;
● make loans to others;
● make investments;
● enter into mergers;
● make certain payments;
● hedge future production;
● incur liens; and
● engage in certain other transactions without the prior consent of the lenders.
The indentures governing our senior notes contain similar restrictive covenants. In addition, the Credit Facility requires us to maintain certain financial ratios or to reduce our indebtedness if we are unable to comply with such ratios. These restrictions, together with those in the indentures governing our senior notes and our 2026 Convertible Notes, may also limit our ability to obtain future financings to withstand a future downturn in our business or the economy in general, or to otherwise conduct necessary corporate activities. We may also be prevented from taking advantage of business opportunities that arise because of the limitations that the restrictive covenants under the indentures governing our senior notes and 2026 Convertible Notes, and the Credit Facility impose on us.
The Credit Facility limits the amounts we can borrow up to a borrowing base amount, which the lenders, in their sole discretion, determine on a semi-annual basis based upon projected revenues from the oil and natural gas properties and commodity derivatives securing our loan. The lenders can unilaterally adjust the borrowing base and the borrowings permitted to be outstanding under the Credit Facility. Any increase in the borrowing base requires the consent of the lenders holding 100% of the commitments. For additional discussion of the risks regarding our ability to obtain funding under the Credit Facility, please read “-The borrowing base under the Credit Facility may be reduced if commodity prices decline, which could hinder or prevent us from meeting our future capital needs. We may also be required to post additional collateral as financial assurance of our performance under certain contractual arrangements, which could adversely impact available liquidity under our Credit Facility.”
A breach of any covenant in the Credit Facility would result in a default under that agreement after any applicable grace periods. A default, if not waived, could result in acceleration of the indebtedness outstanding under the facility and in a default with respect to, and an acceleration of, the indebtedness outstanding under other debt agreements. The accelerated indebtedness would become immediately due and payable. If that occurs, we may not be able to make all of the required payments or borrow sufficient funds to refinance such indebtedness. Even if new financing were available at that time, it may not be on terms that are acceptable to us.
Increases in interest rates could adversely affect our business.
Our business and operating results can be harmed by factors such as the availability, terms of and cost of capital, increases in interest rates or a reduction in credit rating. These changes could cause our cost of doing business to increase, limit our ability to pursue acquisition opportunities, reduce cash flow used for drilling and place us at a competitive disadvantage. For example, during 2020, we had estimated average outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facility of approximately $871 million, and the impact of a 1.0% increase in interest rates on this amount of indebtedness would result in increased interest expense for that period of approximately $8.7 million and a corresponding decrease in our cash flows and net income before the effects of income taxes. Furthermore, a downgrade to our credit rating would trigger certain obligations to deliver letters of credit to certain transactional counterparties, which would adversely impact our available liquidity. Disruptions and volatility in the global financial markets may lead to a contraction in credit availability impacting our ability to finance our operations. A significant reduction in net cash provided by operating activities or the availability of credit could materially and adversely affect our ability to achieve our development plan and operating results.
We may be unable to raise the funds necessary to repurchase the 2026 Convertible Notes for cash following a fundamental change, or to pay any cash amounts due upon conversion, and our other indebtedness may limit our ability to repurchase the 2026 Convertible Notes or pay cash upon their conversion.
Holders of our 2026 Convertible Notes may, subject to a limited exception, require us to repurchase their 2026 Convertible Notes following a fundamental change at a cash repurchase price generally equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2026 Convertible Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. In addition, upon conversion, we will satisfy part or all of our conversion obligation in cash unless we elect to settle conversions solely in shares of our common stock. We may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing at the time we are required to repurchase the 2026 Convertible Notes or pay the cash amounts due upon conversion. In addition, applicable law, regulatory authorities and the agreements governing our other
indebtedness, may restrict our ability to repurchase the 2026 Convertible Notes or pay the cash amounts due upon conversion. Our inability to satisfy our obligations under the 2026 Convertible Notes could affect the trading price of our common stock.
Our failure to repurchase the 2026 Convertible Notes or to pay the cash amounts due upon conversion when required will constitute a default under the indenture governing the 2026 Convertible Notes. A default under this indenture or the occurrence of the fundamental change itself could also lead to a default under agreements governing our other indebtedness, which may result in that other indebtedness becoming immediately payable in full. We may not have sufficient funds to satisfy all amounts due under the other indebtedness and the 2026 Convertible Notes.
Compliance with Regulations
Federal, state and local legislative and regulatory initiatives relating to hydraulic fracturing as well as governmental reviews of such activities could result in increased costs and additional operating restrictions or delays in the completion of oil and natural gas wells and adversely affect our production.
Hydraulic fracturing is an important and common practice that is used to stimulate production of natural gas and/or oil from low permeability subsurface rock formations. The hydraulic fracturing process involves the injection of water, sand, and chemicals under pressure through a cased and cemented wellbore into targeted subsurface formations to fracture the surrounding rock and stimulate production. We regularly use hydraulic fracturing as part of our operations, as does most of the domestic oil and natural gas industry. Hydraulic fracturing typically is regulated by state oil and natural gas commissions, but the EPA has asserted federal regulatory authority pursuant to the SDWA over certain hydraulic fracturing activities involving the use of diesel fuels and issued permitting guidance in February 2014 regarding such activities. In addition, the EPA finalized rules in June 2016 that prohibit the discharge of wastewater from hydraulic fracturing operations to publicly owned wastewater treatment plants.
In addition, Congress has from time to time considered legislation to provide for federal regulation of hydraulic fracturing under the SDWA and to require disclosure of the chemicals used in the hydraulic fracturing process. New legislation regulating hydraulic fracturing may be considered again in future, though we cannot predict when or the scope of any such legislation at this time. At the state level, several states have adopted or are considering legal requirements that could impose more stringent permitting, disclosure, and well construction requirements on hydraulic fracturing activities. For example, the Ohio legislature has adopted a law requiring oil and natural gas operators to disclose chemical ingredients used to hydraulically fracture wells and to conduct pre-drill baseline water quality sampling of certain water wells near a proposed horizontal well. Local governments also may seek to adopt ordinances within their jurisdictions regulating the time, place and manner of drilling activities in general or hydraulic fracturing activities in particular. Some states and municipalities have banned and others seek to ban hydraulic fracturing altogether. If new or more stringent federal, state, or local legal restrictions relating to the hydraulic fracturing process are adopted in areas where we operate, we could incur potentially significant added costs to comply with such requirements, experience delays or curtailment in the pursuit of exploration, development, or production activities, and perhaps even be precluded from drilling wells.
Our operations may be exposed to significant delays, costs and liabilities as a result of environmental and occupational health and safety requirements applicable to our business activities.
We may incur significant delays, costs and liabilities as a result of environmental and occupational health and safety requirements applicable to our exploration, development and production activities. These delays, costs and liabilities could arise under a wide range of federal, regional, state and local laws and regulations relating to protection of the environment and occupational health and workplace safety, including regulations and enforcement policies that have tended to become increasingly strict over time resulting in longer waiting periods to receive permits and other regulatory approvals. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations may result in the assessment of administrative, civil and criminal penalties, imposition of cleanup and site restoration costs and liens, and, in some instances, issuance of orders or injunctions limiting or requiring discontinuation of certain operations.
Strict, joint and several liabilities may be imposed under certain environmental laws, which could cause us to become liable for the conduct of others or for consequences of our own actions that were in compliance with all applicable laws at the time those actions were taken. In addition, claims for damages to persons or property, including natural resources, may result from the environmental and occupational health and workplace safety impacts of our operations. We have been named from time to time as a defendant in litigation related to such matters. For example, we have been named as the defendant in separate lawsuits in West Virginia in which the plaintiffs have alleged that our oil and natural gas activities exposed them to hazardous substances and damaged their properties. Also, new laws, regulations or enforcement policies could be more stringent and impose unforeseen liabilities or significantly increase compliance costs. If we were not able to recover the resulting costs through insurance or increased revenues, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be adversely affected.
We are subject to complex federal, state, local and other laws and regulations that could adversely affect the cost, manner or feasibility of conducting our operations or expose us to significant liabilities.
Our oil and gas exploration, production, processing and transportation operations are subject to complex and stringent laws and regulations. To conduct our operations in compliance with these laws and regulations, we must obtain and maintain numerous permits, approvals and certificates from various federal, state and local governmental authorities. We may incur substantial costs to maintain compliance with these existing laws and regulations. In addition, our costs of compliance may increase if existing laws and regulations are revised or reinterpreted, or if new laws and regulations become applicable to our operations. Such costs could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our business is subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations as interpreted and enforced by governmental authorities possessing jurisdiction over various aspects of the exploration for, and the production, processing and transportation of natural gas, NGLs, and oil. For example, following the election of President Biden and a Democratic majority in both houses of Congress, it is possible that our operations may be subject to greater environmental, health and safety restrictions, particularly with regards to hydraulic fracturing, permitting and GHG emissions. Failure to comply with such laws and regulations, including any evolving interpretation and enforcement by governmental authorities, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Changes to existing or new regulations may unfavorably impact us. Such potential regulations could increase our operating costs, reduce our liquidity, delay or halt our operations or otherwise alter the way we conduct our business, which could in turn have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
A change in the jurisdictional characterization of some of our assets by federal, state or local regulatory agencies or a change in policy by those agencies may result in increased regulation of our assets, which may cause our revenues to decline and operating expenses to increase.
Section 1(b) of the NGA exempts natural gas gathering facilities from regulation by the FERC as a natural gas company under the NGA. Although the FERC has not made any formal determinations with respect to any of our facilities, we believe that the natural gas pipelines in our gathering systems meet the traditional tests FERC has used to establish a pipeline’s status as a gatherer not subject to regulation as a natural gas company. However, the distinction between FERC-regulated transmission services and federally unregulated gathering services has been the subject of substantial litigation, and FERC determines whether facilities are gathering facilities on a case-by-case basis. Therefore, the classification and regulation of our gathering facilities may be subject to change based on future determinations by FERC, the courts or Congress, and such increased regulation could cause our revenues to decline and operating expenses to increase, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Should we fail to comply with all applicable FERC administered statutes, rules, regulations and orders, we could be subject to substantial penalties and fines.
Under the EPAct of 2005, FERC has civil penalty authority under the NGA to impose penalties for current violations of up to approximately $1.3 million per day for each violation and disgorgement of profits associated with any violation. While our systems have not been regulated by FERC under the NGA, FERC has adopted regulations that may subject certain of our otherwise non-FERC jurisdictional facilities to FERC annual reporting requirements. Additional rules and legislation pertaining to those and other matters may be considered or adopted by FERC from time to time. Failure to comply with those regulations in the future could subject us to civil penalty liability, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Our operations are subject to a series of risks related to climate change that could result in increased operating costs, limit the areas in which we may conduct oil and natural gas exploration and production activities, and reduce demand for our products.
The threat of climate change continues to attract considerable attention in the United States and in foreign countries. In the United States, no comprehensive climate change legislation has been implemented at the federal level. However, President Biden has highlighted addressing climate change as a priority of his administration, which includes certain potential initiatives for climate change legislation to be proposed and passed into law. Moreover, federal regulators, state and local governments, and private parties have taken (or announced that they plan to take) actions that have or may have a significant influence on our operations. For example, in response to findings that emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and other GHGs endanger public health and the environment, the EPA has adopted regulations under existing provisions of the federal Clean Air Act that, among other things, establish PSD
construction and Title V operating permit reviews for certain large stationary sources that are already potential major sources of certain principal, or criteria, pollutant emissions. Facilities required to obtain PSD permits for their GHG emissions also will be required to meet “best available control technology” standards that will be established by the states or, in some cases, by the EPA for those emissions. These EPA rules could adversely affect our operations and restrict or delay our ability to obtain air permits for new or modified sources. In addition, the EPA has adopted rules requiring the monitoring and reporting of GHG emissions from specified onshore and offshore oil and gas production sources in the United States on an annual basis, which include certain of our operations.
In June 2016, the EPA finalized new regulations, known as Subpart OOOOa, that establish emission standards for methane and volatile organic compounds from new and modified oil and natural gas production and natural gas processing and transmission facilities. The EPA’s rule package included first-time standards to address emissions of methane from equipment and processes across the source category, including hydraulically fractured oil and natural gas well completions. In addition, the rule package extended existing VOC standards under the EPA’s Subpart OOOO to include previously unregulated equipment within the oil and natural gas source category. In September 2020, the EPA finalized amendments to the 2016 standards that removed the transmission and storage segment from the oil and natural gas source category and rescinded the methane-specific requirements for production and processing facilities. However, President Biden signed an executive order on his first day in office calling for the suspension, revision, or rescission of the September 2020 rule and the reinstatement or issuance of methane emission standards for new, modified, and existing oil and gas facilities. Given the long-term trend toward increasing regulation, future federal GHG regulations of the oil and gas industry remain a possibility, and several states, including West Virginia and Ohio, have separately imposed or are considering imposing their own regulations on methane emissions from oil and gas production activities.
Additionally, President Biden has issued executive orders recommitting the United States to the Paris Agreement and directing the federal government to begin formulating the United States’ nationally determined emissions reduction target under the agreement. The impacts of this order, and any legislation or regulation promulgated to fulfill the United States commitments under the Paris Agreement, cannot be predicted at this time.
Concern over the threat of climate change has also resulted in increasing political risks in the United States, including climate-change related pledges made by President Biden and other public office representatives. These have included promises to pursue actions to limit emissions and curtail the production of oil and gas, such as through the cessation of leasing federal land for hydrocarbon development. On January 27, 2021, President Biden signed an executive order calling for substantial action on climate change, including, among other things, the increased use of zero-emissions vehicles by the federal government, the elimination of subsidies provided to the fossil fuel industry, and increased emphasis on climate-related risks across agencies and economic sectors. Other actions that could be pursued include more restrictive requirements for the development of pipeline infrastructure or LNG export facilities, as well as more restrictive GHG emissions limitations for oil and gas facilities.
Increasingly, fossil fuel companies are also exposed to litigation risks associated with the threat of climate change. A number of cities and other local governments have brought suits against the largest fossil fuel companies in state or federal court, alleging, among other things, that such companies created public nuisances by producing fuels that contributed to climate change. Suits have also been brought against such companies under shareholder and consumer protection laws, alleging that the companies have been aware of the adverse effects of climate change but failed to adequately disclose those impacts. We are not currently party to any such litigation, but could be named in future actions making similar claims of liability. To the extent that societal pressures or political or other factors are involved, it is possible that such liability could be imposed without regard to our causation of or contribution to the asserted damage, or to other mitigating factors.
Additionally, in response to concerns related to climate change, companies in the fossil fuel sector may be exposed to increasing financial risks. Financial institutions, including investment advisors and certain sovereign wealth, pension, and endowment funds, may elect in the future to shift some or all of their investment into non-fossil fuel related sectors. Institutional lenders who provide financing to fossil-fuel energy companies have also become more attentive to sustainable lending practices, and some of them may elect in future not to provide funding for fossil fuel energy companies. There is also a risk that financial institutions will be required to adopt policies that have the effect of reducing the funding provided to the fossil fuel sector. Recently, the Federal Reserve announced that it has joined the Network for Greening the Financial System, a consortium of financial regulators focused on addressing climate-related risks in the financial sector. A material reduction in the capital available to the fossil fuel industry could make it more difficult to secure funding for exploration, development, production, transportation and processing activities, which could result in decreased demand for our products or otherwise adversely impact our financial performance.
The adoption and implementation of new or more stringent international, federal or state legislation, regulations or other regulatory initiatives related to climate change or GHG emissions from oil and natural gas facilities could result in increased costs of compliance or costs of consumption, thereby reducing demand for our products. Additionally, political, litigation, and financial risks
may result in (i) restriction or cancellation of certain oil and natural gas production activities, (ii) incurrence of obligations for alleged damages resulting from climate change, or (iii) impairment of our ability to continue operating in an economic manner. One or more of these developments could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.
Finally, it should be noted that a number of scientists have concluded that increasing concentrations of GHGs in the Earth’s atmosphere may produce climate changes that have significant physical effects, such as increased frequency and severity of storms, floods, droughts and other extreme climatic events; if any such effects were to occur, they have the potential to cause physical damage to our assets or affect the availability of water and thus could have an adverse effect on our exploration and production operations. In addition, while our consideration of changing weather conditions and inclusion of safety factors in design is intended to reduce the uncertainties that climate change and other events may potentially introduce, our ability to mitigate the adverse impacts of these events depends in part on the effectiveness of our facilities and our disaster preparedness and response and business continuity planning, which may not have considered or be prepared for every eventuality.
Regulations related to the protection of wildlife adversely could adversely affect our ability to conduct drilling activities in some of the areas where we operate.
Oil and gas operations in our operating areas can be adversely affected by regulations designed to protect various wildlife. For example, on January 28, 2020, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia ordered the USFWS to reconsider its decision to list the northern long-eared bat as threatened instead of endangered. The designation of previously unprotected species as threatened or endangered, or redesignation of a threatened species as endangered, in areas where underlying property operations are conducted could cause us to incur increased costs arising from species protection measures or could result in constraints on our exploration and production activities. This limits our ability to operate in those areas and can intensify competition during those months for drilling rigs, oilfield equipment, services, supplies and qualified personnel, which may lead to periodic shortages. These constraints and the resulting shortages or high costs could delay our operations and materially increase our operating and capital costs.
Human Capital
The loss of senior management or technical personnel could adversely affect operations.
We depend on the services of our senior management and technical personnel. We do not maintain, nor do we plan to obtain, any insurance against the loss of any of these individuals. The loss of the services of our senior management or technical personnel, including Paul M. Rady, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, and Glen C. Warren, Jr., our President and Chief Financial Officer, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our officers and employees provide services to both us and Antero Midstream.
All of our executive officers and certain other personnel provide corporate, general and administrative services to Antero Midstream and, when providing services to Antero Midstream, are concurrently employed by us and Antero Midstream pursuant to the terms of a services agreement. In addition, certain of our operational personnel are seconded to Antero Midstream pursuant to the terms of a secondment agreement and are concurrently employed by us and Antero Midstream during such secondment. As a result, there could be material competition for the time and effort of the officers and employees who provide services to us and Antero Midstream. If such officers and employees do not devote sufficient attention to the management and operation of our business, our financial results may suffer.
Income Taxes
Our future tax liability may be greater than expected if our net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards are limited, we do not generate expected deductions, or tax authorities challenge certain of our tax positions.
As of December 31, 2020, we have U.S. federal and state NOL carryforwards of $2.3 billion and $2.0 billion, respectively, some of which expire at various dates from 2032 to 2040 while others have no expiration date. We currently expect to be able to utilize these NOL carryforwards and generate deductions to offset our future taxable income. This expectation is based upon assumptions we have made regarding, among other things, our income, capital expenditures and net working capital, and upon our NOL carryforwards not becoming subject to future limitation under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (“Section 382”), or otherwise.
Section 382 generally imposes an annual limitation on the amount of NOL carryforwards that may be used to offset taxable income when a corporation has undergone an “ownership change” (as determined under Section 382). An ownership change generally occurs if one or more stockholders (or groups of stockholders) who are each deemed to own at least 5% of such corporation’s stock change their ownership by more than 50 percentage points over their lowest ownership percentage within a rolling three-year period. In the event that we were to undergo an ownership change, utilization of our NOL carryforwards would be subject to an annual limitation under Section 382, determined by multiplying the value of our stock at the time of the ownership change by the applicable long-term tax-exempt rate in effect during the month in which the ownership change occurs, subject to certain adjustments, which could result in a portion of our NOL carryforwards expiring prior to their utilization. Any unused annual limitation may be carried over to later years. Any limitation on our ability to utilize our NOL carryforwards against income or gain we generate in the future could result in future income tax expense that could adversely affect our operating results and cash flows.
Furthermore, any significant variance in our interpretation of current income tax laws, including as result of the release of final Treasury Regulations or other interpretive guidance implementing the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or a challenge of one or more of our tax positions by the IRS or other tax authorities could affect our tax position. While we expect to be able to utilize our NOL carryforwards and generate deductions to offset our future taxable income, in the event that deductions are not generated as expected, one or more of our tax positions are successfully challenged by the IRS (in a tax audit or otherwise), or our NOL carryforwards are subject to future limitation (including due to an ownership change under Section 382), our future tax liability may be greater than expected.
Potential future legislation or the imposition of new or increased taxes or fees may generally affect the taxation of natural gas and oil exploration and development companies and may adversely affect our operations and cash flows.
In past years, federal and state level legislation has been proposed that would, if enacted into law, make significant changes to tax laws, including to certain key U.S. federal and state income tax provisions currently available to natural gas and oil exploration and development companies. For example, President Biden has set forth several tax proposals that would, if enacted into law, make significant changes to U.S. tax laws. Such proposals include, but are not limited to, (i) an increase in the U.S. income tax rate applicable to corporations and (ii) the elimination of tax subsidies for fossil fuels. Congress could consider some or all of these proposals in connection with tax reform to be undertaken by the Biden administration. It is unclear whether these or similar changes will be enacted and, if enacted, how soon any such changes could take effect. Additionally, states in which we operate or own assets may impose new or increased taxes or fees on natural gas and oil extraction. The passage of any legislation as a result of these proposals and other similar changes in U.S. federal income tax laws or the imposition of new or increased taxes or fees on natural gas and oil extraction could adversely affect our operations and cash flows.
General Risks
The price of our common stock may be volatile, and you could lose a significant portion of your investment.
The market price of the common stock could be volatile, and holders of common stock may not be able to resell their common stock at or above the price at which they acquired such securities due to fluctuations in the market price of common stock.
Specific factors that may have a significant effect on the market price for our common stock include:
● our operating and financial performance and prospects and the trading price of our common stock;
● the level of any dividends we may declare;
● quarterly variations in the rate of growth of our financial indicators, such as net income and revenues;
● levels of indebtedness;
● changes in revenue or earnings estimates or publication of research reports by analysts;
● speculation by the press or investment community;
● sales of our common stock by other stockholders;
● announcements by us or our competitors of significant contracts, acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, securities offerings or capital commitments;
● general market conditions;
● changes in accounting standards, policies, guidance, interpretations or principles;
● adverse changes in tax laws or regulations; and
● domestic and international economic, legal and regulatory factors related to our performance.
Sales of a substantial amount of shares of our common stock in the public market could adversely affect the market price of our shares.
Sales of a substantial amount of shares of our common stock in the public market or grants to our directors and officers under the AR LTIP, or the perception that these sales or grants may occur, could reduce the market price of shares of our common stock. All of the shares of our common stock are freely tradable without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act, unless the shares are held by any of our “affiliates” as such term is defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act. We cannot predict the size of future issuances of our common stock or securities convertible into our common stock or the effect, if any, that future issuances and sales of shares of our common stock will have on the market price of our common stock.
There may be future dilution of our common stock, which could adversely affect the market price of shares of our common stock.
We are not restricted from issuing additional shares of our common stock out of our authorized capital. In the future, we may issue shares of our common stock to raise cash for future activities, acquisitions or other purposes. We may also acquire interests in other companies by using a combination of cash and shares of our common stock or only shares. We may also issue securities convertible into, or exchangeable for, or that represent the right to receive, shares of our common stock. For example, the 2026 Convertible Notes may become convertible at the option of holders prior to their scheduled terms under certain circumstances. Any sales in the public market of the common stock issuable upon such conversion could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock. In addition, the existence of the 2026 Convertible Notes may encourage short selling by market participants because the conversion of the 2026 Convertible Notes could be used to satisfy short positions, or anticipated conversion of the 2026 Convertible Notes into shares of our common stock could depress the price of our common stock. Any of these events may dilute the ownership interests of our stockholders, reduce our earnings per share or have an adverse effect on the price of shares of our common stock.
Our certificate of incorporation designates the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders' ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees or agents.
Our certificate of incorporation provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (the “Court of Chancery”) will, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, employees or agents to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL, our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws as to which the DGCL confers jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery or (iv) any action asserting a claim against us governed by the internal affairs doctrine, in each such case subject to the Court of Chancery having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named as defendants therein. The foregoing provision does not apply to claims under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or any claim for which the U.S. federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring or holding any interest in shares of our capital stock will be deemed to have notice of, and consented to, the provisions of certificate of incorporation described in the preceding sentence. This choice of forum provision may limit our stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with it or its directors, officers, employees or agents, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and such persons. Alternatively, if a court were to find these provisions of our certificate of incorporation inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may issue preferred stock, which may have terms that could adversely affect the voting power or value of our common stock.
Our certificate of incorporation authorizes our board of directors to issue, without the approval of our stockholders, one or more classes or series of preferred stock having such designations, preferences, limitations and relative rights, including preferences
over our common stock respecting dividends and distributions, as our board of directors may determine. The terms of one or more classes or series of our preferred stock could adversely impact the voting power or value of our common stock. For example, we might grant holders of a class or series of our preferred stock the right to elect some number of our directors in all events or on the happening of specified events or the right to veto specified transactions. Similarly, the repurchase or redemption rights or liquidation preferences we might assign to holders of our preferred stock could affect the residual value of our common stock.

---

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Not applicable.

---

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

---

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
The information required by this item is included in Note 16-Contingencies to the consolidated financial statements and is incorporated herein.

---

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
PART II

---

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Common Stock
We have one class of common equity outstanding, our common stock, par value $0.01 per share. Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and traded under the symbol “AR.” On February 12, 2021, our common stock was held by 158 holders of record. The number of holders does not include the shareholders for whom shares of our common stock are held in a “nominee” or “street” name.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table sets forth our share repurchase activity for each period presented:
Total Number
of Shares
Approximate
Repurchased
Dollar Value
as Part of
of Shares
Total Number
Publicly
that May
of Shares
Average Price
Announced
Yet be Purchased
Period
Purchased
Paid Per Share
Plans
Under the Plan
October 1, 2020 - October 31, 2020 (1)
13,550
$
3.62
-
$
-
November 1, 2020 - November 30, 2020
-
-
-
-
December 1, 2020 - December 31, 2020
-
-
-
-
Total
13,550
$
3.62
-
$
-
(1) The total number of shares purchased includes 13,550 shares repurchased in October 2020, representing shares of our common stock transferred to us in order to satisfy tax withholding obligations incurred upon the vesting of restricted stock and restricted stock units held by our employees.
Dividend Restrictions
Our ability to pay dividends is governed by (i) the provisions of Delaware general corporation law, (ii) our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws, (iii) indentures related to our 5.125% senior notes due 2022, 5.625% senior notes due 2023, 5.00% senior notes due 2025, 8.375% senior notes due 2026, 7.625% senior notes due 2029 and 4.25% convertible senior notes due 2026 and (iv) the Credit Facility. We have not paid or declared any dividends on our common stock. The future payment of cash dividends on our common stock, if any, is within the discretion of the Board of Directors and will depend on our earnings, capital requirements, financial condition, and other relevant factors. There is no assurance that we will pay any cash dividends on our common stock.
Stock Performance Graph
The graph below shows the cumulative total shareholder return assuming the investment of $100 on December 31, 2015 in each of our common stock, the Standard & Poor’s 500 (“S&P 500”) Index, and the Dow Jones U.S. Oil & Gas Index. We believe the Dow Jones U.S. Oil & Gas Index is meaningful because it is an independent, objective view of the performance of similarly-sized energy companies.
The information in this Form 10-K appearing under the heading “Stock Performance Graph” is being “furnished” pursuant to Item 2.01(e) of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act and shall not be deemed to be “soliciting material” or “filed” with the SEC or subject to Regulation 14A or 14C, other than as provided in Item 2.01(e) of Regulation S-K, or to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Exchange Act and shall not be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of the Exchange Act except to the extent that we specifically request that it be treated as such.

---

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The following table shows our selected historical consolidated financial data, for the periods ended and as of the dates indicated, for Antero Resources Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries, including Antero Midstream Partners through March 12, 2019. Effective March 13, 2019, we no longer consolidate Antero Midstream Partners and account for our interest in Antero Midstream using the equity method of accounting. See Note 6-Equity Method Investments to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion of our equity method investments.
The selected statement of operations data and statement of cash flows data for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020 and the balance sheet data as of December 31, 2019 and 2020 are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The selected statement of operations data and statement of cash flows data for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017 and the balance sheet data as of December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements not included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
The balance sheet data for the year ended December 31, 2016 has been recast to present the effects of the adoption of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2015-03, Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs, in 2016, which requires that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented on the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that liability.
Our historical results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017 reflect a U.S. federal corporate tax rate of 35%. Effective January 1, 2018, the U.S. federal corporate tax rate was reduced from 35% to 21%. Accordingly, our historical results of operations prior to this change reflect a higher U.S. federal corporate tax rate when compared to subsequent period financial results.
The selected financial data presented below are qualified in their entirety by reference to, and should be read in conjunction with, “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Statement of operations data:
Operating revenues and other:
Natural gas sales
$
1,260,750
1,769,284
2,287,939
2,247,162
1,809,952
NGLs sales
432,992
870,441
1,177,777
1,219,162
1,161,683
Oil sales
61,319
108,195
187,178
177,549
112,270
Commodity derivative fair value gains (losses)
(514,181)
658,283
(87,594)
463,972
79,918
Gathering, compression, and water handling and treatment
12,961
12,720
21,344
4,478
-
Marketing
393,049
258,045
458,901
292,207
310,572
Marketing derivative fair value gains (losses)
-
(21,394)
94,081
-
-
Amortization of deferred revenue, VPP
-
-
-
-
14,507
Gain on sale of assets
97,635
-
-
-
-
Other income
-
-
-
4,160
2,797
Total operating revenues and other
1,744,525
3,655,574
4,139,626
4,408,690
3,491,699
Operating expenses:
Lease operating
50,090
89,057
136,153
145,720
98,865
Gathering, compression, processing, and transportation
882,838
1,095,639
1,339,358
2,146,647
2,530,838
Production and ad valorem taxes
66,588
94,521
126,474
125,142
106,775
Marketing
499,343
366,281
686,055
549,814
469,404
Exploration
6,862
8,538
4,958
1,083
Impairment of oil and gas properties
162,935
159,598
549,437
1,300,444
223,770
Impairment of midstream assets
-
23,431
9,658
14,782
-
Depletion, depreciation, and amortization
809,873
824,610
972,465
914,867
861,870
Loss on sale of assets
-
Accretion of asset retirement obligations
2,473
2,610
2,819
3,762
3,421
General and administrative (including equity-based compensation expense of $102,421, $103,445, $70,413, $23,559 and $23,317 in 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively)
239,324
251,196
240,344
178,696
134,482
Contract termination and rig stacking
-
-
-
14,026
14,290
Total operating expenses
2,720,326
2,915,481
4,067,721
5,395,735
4,445,146
Operating income (loss)
(975,801)
740,093
71,905
(987,045)
(953,447)
Other Expenses:
Water earnout
-
-
-
125,000
-
Loss on the sale of equity method investment shares
-
-
-
(108,745)
-
Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated affiliate
20,194
40,280
(143,216)
(62,660)
Impairment of equity method investment
-
-
-
(467,590)
(610,632)
Gain on deconsolidation of Antero Midstream Partners LP
-
-
-
1,406,042
-
Transaction expense
-
-
-
-
(7,244)
Interest expense, net
(253,552)
(268,701)
(286,743)
(228,111)
(199,872)
Gain (loss) on early extinguishment of debt
(16,956)
(1,500)
-
36,419
175,962
Total other income (expenses)
(270,023)
(250,007)
(246,463)
619,799
(704,446)
Income (loss) before income taxes and discontinued operations
(1,245,824)
490,086
(174,558)
(367,246)
(1,657,893)
Income tax benefit
496,376
295,051
128,857
74,110
397,482
Net income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss) including noncontrolling interest
(749,448)
785,137
(45,701)
(293,136)
(1,260,411)
Net income and comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest
99,368
170,067
351,816
46,993
7,486
Net income (loss) attributable to Antero Resources Corporation
$
(848,816)
615,070
(397,517)
(340,129)
(1,267,897)
Earnings (loss) per common share-basic
$
(2.88)
1.95
(1.26)
(1.11)
(4.65)
Earnings (loss) per common share-dilutive
$
(2.88)
1.94
(1.26)
(1.11)
(4.65)
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)
Balance sheet data (at period end):
Cash and cash equivalents
$
31,610
28,441
-
-
-
Other current assets
370,977
804,646
806,613
922,885
574,139
Total current assets
402,587
833,087
806,613
922,885
574,139
Natural gas properties, at cost (successful efforts method):
Unproved properties
2,331,173
2,266,673
1,767,600
1,368,854
1,175,178
Producing properties
9,549,671
11,096,462
12,705,672
11,859,817
12,260,713
Water handling and treatment systems
744,682
946,670
1,013,818
5,802
5,802
Gathering systems and facilities
1,723,768
2,050,490
2,470,708
-
-
Other property and equipment
41,231
57,429
65,842
71,895
74,361
14,390,525
16,417,724
18,023,640
13,306,368
13,516,054
Less accumulated depletion, depreciation, and amortization
(2,363,778)
(3,182,171)
(4,153,725)
(3,327,629)
(3,869,116)
Property and equipment, net
12,026,747
13,235,553
13,869,915
9,978,739
9,646,938
Other assets
1,826,216
1,192,850
842,936
4,295,945
2,929,768
Total assets
$
14,255,550
15,261,490
15,519,464
15,197,569
13,150,845
Current liabilities
$
817,388
762,096
853,540
1,040,139
983,054
Long-term indebtedness
4,703,973
4,800,090
5,461,688
3,758,868
3,001,593
Other long-term liabilities
1,005,611
823,168
716,759
3,427,819
3,075,927
Total equity
7,728,578
8,876,136
8,487,477
6,970,743
6,090,271
Total liabilities and equity
$
14,255,550
15,261,490
15,519,464
15,197,569
13,150,845
Other financial data:
Net cash provided by operating activities
$
1,241,256
2,006,291
2,081,987
1,103,458
735,640
Net cash used in investing activities
$
(2,395,138)
(2,461,630)
(2,350,724)
(1,041,490)
(530,061)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
$
1,162,019
452,170
240,296
557,564
(205,579)
Capital expenditures
$
2,495,429
2,216,753
2,210,586
1,422,155
874,357
Adjusted EBITDAX
$
1,384,442
1,244,394
1,717,120
1,247,671
1,002,016
Adjusted EBITDAX is a non-GAAP financial measure that we define as net income (loss), including noncontrolling interests, before interest expense, interest income, gains or losses from commodity derivatives and marketing derivatives, amortization of deferred revenue but including net cash receipts or payments on derivative instruments included in derivative gains or losses other than proceeds from derivative monetizations, income taxes, impairments, depletion, depreciation, amortization, and accretion, exploration expense, equity-based compensation, gain or loss on early extinguishment of debt, contract termination and rig stacking costs, loss on sale of the equity method investment shares, equity in earnings or loss of unconsolidated affiliates, water earnout, simplification transaction fees, gain or loss on sale of assets, Antero Midstream Partners related adjustments and Martica related adjustments.
Through March 12, 2019, the financial results of Antero Midstream Partners were included in our consolidated results. Effective March 13, 2019, we no longer consolidate Antero Midstream Partners and account for our interest in Antero Midstream using the equity method of accounting. See Note 6-Equity Method Investments to the consolidated financial statements for more information on our equity method investments. Adjusted EBITDAX includes distributions received with respect to limited partner interests in Antero Midstream Partners common units through March 12, 2019.
Adjusted EBITDAX as used and defined by us, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures employed by other companies and is not a measure of performance calculated in accordance with GAAP. Adjusted EBITDAX should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for operating income or loss, net income or loss, cash flows provided by operating, investing, and financing activities, or other income or cash flow statement data prepared in accordance with GAAP. Adjusted EBITDAX provides no information regarding our capital structure, borrowings, interest costs, capital expenditures, working capital movement, or tax position. Adjusted EBITDAX does not represent funds available for discretionary use because those funds may be required for debt service, capital expenditures, working capital, income taxes, exploration expenses, and other commitments and obligations. However, our management team believes Adjusted EBITDAX is useful to an investor in evaluating our financial performance because this measure:
● is widely used by investors in the oil and natural gas industry to measure operating performance without regard to items excluded from the calculation of such term, which may vary substantially from company to company depending upon accounting methods and the book value of assets, capital structure and the method by which assets were acquired, among other factors;
● helps investors to more meaningfully evaluate and compare the results of our operations from period to period by removing the effect of our capital and legal structure from our operating structure;
● is used by our management team for various purposes, including as a measure of our operating performance, in presentations to our Board of Directors, and as a basis for strategic planning and forecasting; and
● is used by our Board of Directors as a performance measure in determining executive compensation.
There are significant limitations to using Adjusted EBITDAX as a measure of performance, including the inability to analyze the effects of certain recurring and non-recurring items that materially affect our net income or loss, the lack of comparability of results of operations of different companies, and the different methods of calculating Adjusted EBITDAX reported by different companies.
The following table represents a reconciliation of our net income (loss), including noncontrolling interest, to Adjusted EBITDAX and a reconciliation of our Adjusted EBITDAX to net cash provided by operating activities per our consolidated statements of cash flows, in each case, for the periods presented. Adjusted EBITDAX also excludes the results of Antero Midstream Partners to provide comparability with the current structure of Antero Resources because effective March 13, 2019, we no longer consolidate Antero Midstream Partners’ results. These adjustments are disclosed in the table below as Antero Midstream Partners related adjustments.
Year ended December 31,
(in thousands)
Reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDAX:
Net income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Antero Resources Corporation
$
(848,816)
615,070
(397,517)
(340,129)
(1,267,897)
Net income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests
99,368
170,067
351,816
46,993
7,486
Unrealized commodity derivative gains (losses)
1,517,264
305,563
701,071
(138,882)
725,011
Gains (losses) on settled marketing derivatives
-
21,394
(94,081)
-
-
Marketing derivative fair value gains
-
-
72,687
-
-
Proceeds from derivative monetizations
-
(749,906)
(370,365)
-
(9,007)
Amortization of deferred revenue, VPP
-
-
-
-
(14,507)
(Gain) loss on sale of assets
(97,635)
-
-
Gain on deconsolidation of Antero Midstream Partners LP
-
-
-
(1,406,042)
-
Interest expense, net
253,552
268,701
286,743
228,111
199,872
(Gain) loss on early extinguishment of debt
16,956
1,500
-
(36,419)
(175,962)
Provision for income tax benefit
(496,376)
(295,051)
(128,857)
(74,110)
(397,482)
Depletion, depreciation, amortization, and accretion
812,346
827,220
975,284
918,629
865,291
Impairment of oil and gas properties
162,935
159,598
549,437
1,300,444
223,770
Impairment of midstream assets
-
23,431
9,658
14,782
-
Impairment of equity method investment
-
-
-
467,590
610,632
Exploration expense
6,862
8,538
4,958
1,083
Equity-based compensation expense
102,421
103,445
70,413
23,559
23,317
Equity in (earnings) loss of unconsolidated affiliates
(485)
(20,194)
(40,280)
143,216
62,660
Distributions/dividends from unconsolidated affiliates
7,702
20,195
46,415
157,956
171,022
State franchise taxes
-
-
-
-
Loss on the sale of equity method investment shares
-
-
-
108,745
-
Contract termination and rig stacking
-
-
-
14,026
14,290
Water earnout
-
-
-
(125,000)
-
Simplification transaction fees
-
-
-
15,482
-
Transaction expense
-
-
-
-
7,244
1,536,144
1,459,571
2,037,382
1,320,786
1,047,171
Antero Midstream Partners related adjustments (1)
(151,702)
(215,177)
(320,262)
(73,115)
-
Martica related adjustments (2)
-
-
-
-
(45,155)
Adjusted EBITDAX
$
1,384,442
1,244,394
1,717,120
1,247,671
1,002,016
Reconciliation of our Adjusted EBITDAX to net cash provided by operating activities:
Adjusted EBITDAX
$
1,384,442
1,244,394
1,717,120
1,247,671
1,002,016
Antero Midstream Partners related adjustments (1)
151,702
215,177
320,262
73,115
-
Martica related adjustments (2)
-
-
-
-
45,155
Interest expense, net
(253,552)
(268,701)
(286,743)
(228,111)
(199,872)
Exploration expense
(6,862)
(8,538)
(4,958)
(884)
(1,083)
Changes in current assets and liabilities
(32,920)
76,035
(25,423)
35,542
(109,047)
State franchise taxes
(50)
-
-
-
-
Simplification transaction fees
-
-
-
(15,482)
-
Transaction expense
-
-
-
-
(7,244)
Proceeds from derivative monetizations
-
749,906
370,365
-
9,007
Premium paid on derivative contracts
-
-
(13,318)
-
-
Other items
(1,504)
(1,982)
4,682
(8,393)
(3,292)
Net cash provided by operating activities
$
1,241,256
2,006,291
2,081,987
1,103,458
735,640
(1) Amounts reflected are net of any elimination adjustments for intercompany activity and include activity related to Antero Midstream Partners through March 12, 2019. Effective March 13, 2019, Antero accounts for its unconsolidated investment in Antero Midstream Corporation using the equity method of accounting. See Note 6-Equity Method Investments to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion on equity method investments.
(2) Adjustments reflect noncontrolling interests in Martica not otherwise adjusted in amounts above.

---

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following discussion contains “forward-looking statements” that reflect our future plans, estimates, beliefs and expected performance. We caution that assumptions, expectations, projections, intentions, or beliefs about future events may, and often do, vary from actual results and the differences can be material. Some of the key factors that could cause actual results to vary from our expectations include changes in natural gas, NGLs, and oil prices, the timing of planned capital expenditures, our ability to fund our development programs, uncertainties in estimating proved reserves and forecasting production results, operational factors affecting the commencement or maintenance of producing wells, the condition of the capital markets generally, as well as our ability to access them, impacts of world health events, including the COVID-19 pandemic, and uncertainties regarding environmental regulations or litigation and other legal or regulatory developments affecting our business, as well as those factors discussed below, all of which are difficult to predict. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events discussed may not occur. See “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” Also, see the risk factors and other cautionary statements described under the heading “Item 1A. Risk Factors.” We do not undertake any obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements except as otherwise required by applicable law.
In this section, references to “Antero,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Antero Resources Corporation and its subsidiaries, unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires.
Our Company
We are an independent oil and natural gas company engaged in the development, production, exploration and acquisition of natural gas, NGLs, and oil properties located in the Appalachian Basin. We focus on unconventional reservoirs, which can generally be characterized as fractured shale formations. Our management team has worked together for many years and has a successful track record of reserve and production growth as well as significant expertise in unconventional resource plays. Our strategy is to leverage our team’s experience delineating and developing natural gas resource plays to develop our reserves and production, primarily on our existing multi-year inventory of drilling locations.
We have assembled a portfolio of long-lived properties that are characterized by what we believe to be low geologic risk and repeatability. Our drilling opportunities are focused in the Appalachian Basin. As of December 31, 2020, we held approximately 515,000 net acres in the Appalachian Basin. In addition, we estimate that approximately 174,000 net acres of our leasehold may be prospective for the slightly shallower Upper Devonian Shale.
As of December 31, 2020, our estimated proved reserves were approximately 17.6 Tcfe, consisting of 10.0 Tcf of natural gas, 745 MMBbl of assumed recovered ethane, 491 MMBbl of C3+ NGLs, and 32 MMBbl of oil. This represents a 7% decrease in estimated proved reserves from December 31, 2019. These reserve estimates have been prepared by our internal reserve engineers and management and audited by our independent reserve engineers. As of December 31, 2020, we had approximately 2,133 potential horizontal well locations on our existing leasehold acreage that were classified as proved, probable and possible.
We operate in the following industry segments: (i) the exploration, development, and production of natural gas, NGLs, and oil; (ii) marketing of excess firm transportation capacity; and (iii) midstream services through our equity method investment in Antero Midstream Corporation. As described below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, effective March 13, 2019, we no longer consolidate the results of Antero Midstream Partners. All of our operations are conducted in the United States.
Recent Developments and Highlights
COVID-19 Pandemic
In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic. Governments have tried to slow the spread of the virus by imposing social distancing guidelines, travel restrictions and stay-at-home orders, which have caused a significant decrease in activity in the global economy and the demand for oil and, to a lesser extent, natural gas and NGLs. Also, in March 2020, Saudi Arabia and Russia failed to agree to cut production of oil along with the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (“OPEC”), and Saudi Arabia significantly reduced the price at which it sells oil and announced plans to increase production, which contributed to a sharp drop in the price of oil. While OPEC, Russia and other allied producers reached an agreement in April 2020 to reduce production, oil prices have remained low. The imbalance between the supply of and demand for oil, as well as the uncertainty around the extent and timing of an economic recovery, have caused extreme market volatility and a substantial adverse
effect on commodity prices.
As a producer of natural gas, NGLs and oil, we are recognized as an essential business under various federal, state and local regulations related to the COVID-19 pandemic. We have continued to operate as permitted under these regulations while taking steps to protect the health and safety of our employees and contract workers. We have implemented protocols to reduce the risk of an outbreak within our field operations, and these protocols have not reduced production or efficiency in a significant manner. A substantial portion of our non-field level employees continue to operate in remote work from home arrangements, and we have been able to maintain a consistent level of effectiveness through these arrangements, including maintaining our day-to-day operations, our financial reporting systems and our internal control over financial reporting.
Our natural gas, NGLs and oil producing properties are located in the liquids-rich Appalachian Basin. Although the decline in oil prices has negatively impacted our oil revenue, oil sales represented approximately 3% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2020. While natural gas prices also declined during the first half of 2020, benchmark Henry Hub prices recovered during the third quarter and averaged $2.32/Mcf in the last half of 2020. Similarly, C3+ NGL prices also improved during the second half of 2020 as gasoline demand increased, supporting prices for normal butane (nC4), isobutane (iC4), and pentane (C5), all of which are used for gasoline. The COVID-19 pandemic reduced gasoline demand, which forced C5 prices below propane prices for much of April 2020 to under $0.40 per gallon, has since rebounded with benchmark C5 price in January 2021 in the range of $1.05 to $1.25 per gallon.
In addition, we have hedged through fixed price contracts the sale of 2.2 Bcf per day of natural gas at a weighted average price of $2.77 per MMBtu in 2021. Our hedges cover a substantial majority of our expected natural gas production in 2021. We also have fixed priced contracts for the sale of 19,000 barrels per day of ethane at a weighted average price of $0.20 per gallon and 3,000 barrels per day of oil at a weighted average price of $55.16 per barrel for 2021. All of our hedges are financial hedges and do not have physical delivery requirements. As such, any decreases in anticipated production, whether as a result of decreased development activity, shut-ins, or through transactions under our asset sale plan, will not impact our ability to realize the benefits of the hedges.
Our natural gas and NGLs are primarily used in manufacturing, power generation and heating rather than transportation. While we have seen a decrease in the overall demand for these products, demand for natural gas and NGLs has not declined as much as demand for oil, and there has not been as substantial an oversupply of natural gas and NGLs as there has been of oil. Furthermore, the decrease in demand for oil has significantly reduced the number of rigs drilling for oil in the continental U.S. and, as a result, estimates of future gas supply associated with oil production have declined. Additionally, the restart of economic activity in Asia and Europe, coupled with lower LPG production from refineries in the U.S., Europe, and Asia during the second quarter, provided support for international LPG prices relative to oil. Further, reductions in OPEC+ and North American oil production and the associated NGL volumes are expected to have a supportive effect on propane and butane prices into 2021.
During the fourth quarter of 2020, we shipped 43% of our total C3+ NGL net production on Mariner East 2 for export and realized a $0.11 per gallon premium to Mont Belvieu pricing on these volumes at Marcus Hook, PA. We sold the remaining 57% of C3+ NGL net production at a $0.06 per gallon discount to Mont Belvieu pricing at Hopedale, OH. We expect to sell at least 48% of our C3+ NGL full-year production in 2021 at Marcus Hook for export at a premium to Mont Belvieu.
Condensate differentials to WTI were approximately $12/Bbl during the fourth quarter. Pre-hedge oil realizations were negatively impacted during the second quarter and beginning of the third quarter as Antero sold volumes at a material discount to WTI in order to keep from shutting in production volumes. This period of weak condensate demand driven by the pandemic coincided with an active well completion period for Antero that brought on large condensate volumes. The negative impact from wider oil differentials was more than offset by the benefit of maintaining full natural gas and NGL volumes through this period. Antero expects its full year 2021 realized oil price differential to be at the high end of the $9.00/Bbl to $11.00/Bbl range, as the differential normalized during the fourth quarter of 2020.
Our supply chain also has not experienced any significant interruptions. The lack of a market or available storage for any one NGL product or oil could result in our having to delay or discontinue well completions and commercial production or shut in production for other products because we cannot curtail the production of individual products in a meaningful way without reducing production of other products. Potential impacts of these constraints may include partial shut-in of production, although we are not able to determine the extent of shut-ins or for how long they may last. However, because some of our wells produce rich gas, which is processed, and some produce dry gas, which does not require processing, we can change the mix of products that we produce and wells that we complete to adjust our production to address takeaway capacity constraints for certain products. For example, we can shut-in rich gas wells and still produce from our dry gas wells if processing or storage capacity of NGL products becomes further limited or constrained. Also, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, we had developed a diverse set of buyers and destinations, as well as in-field and off-site storage capacity for our condensate volumes, and such capacity is still largely available to us.
In addition, as discussed in “-Capital Resources and Liquidity-2020 Capital Spending and 2021 Capital Budget” below, we announced a 21% reduction in our drilling and completion capital budget for 2021 compared to 2020. During the fourth quarter, our ongoing emphasis on completion efficiencies and drilling longer laterals resulted in material improvements in well costs. Well costs averaged approximately $680 per lateral foot during the fourth quarter, benefiting from these efficiency improvements and lateral lengths that averaged over 15,000 feet. Well costs were approximately $690 per foot when normalized for a 12,000 foot lateral length. We expect well costs to average $660 per foot during the first quarter of 2021, based on a 12,000 foot lateral. We continue to monitor our five-year drilling plan and will make further revisions as appropriate.
During the first quarter of 2020 and the two preceding quarters, we recognized various impairment charges related to the decline in commodity prices and the value of our investment in Antero Midstream Corporation. At this time, we do not anticipate any further impairment charges in our equity method investment in Antero Midstream Corporation because the value of our equity method investment has increased since the end of the first quarter of 2020. Additional impairment charges related to our assets may occur if we experience disruptions in production, additional or sustained declines in the forward commodity price strip from December 31, 2020, unresolved storage capacity restraints or other consequences caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.
In October 2020, the borrowing base supporting our Credit Facility was subject to its semi-annual redetermination and was re-affirmed at $2.85 billion. Lender commitments remained unchanged at $2.64 billion, providing us with a consistent amount of available borrowings. Our next semi-annual borrowing base redetermination is in April 2021, which could impact our available borrowings and liquidity.
In addition, our borrowing capacity is directly impacted by the amount of financial assurance we are required to provide in the form of letters of credit to third parties, primarily pipeline capacity providers. The amount of financial assurance we must provide has not increased during the COVID-19 pandemic and, thus far, we have not experienced any losses due to counterparty risk. However, our ability to limit any additional financial assurance we are required to provide, as well as to protect ourselves from the counterparty risk of our financial hedges, may be limited in the future. Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have timely serviced our debt and other obligations, and we have not implemented or requested any concessions or materially modified the terms of any agreements.
The COVID-19 pandemic, commodity market volatility and resulting financial market instability are variables beyond our control and may adversely impact our generation of funds from operating cash flows, distributions from unconsolidated affiliates, available borrowings under our Credit Facility and our ability to access the capital markets.
Financing Highlights
Debt Repurchase Program
During the year ended December 31, 2020, we repurchased $1.4 billion principal amount of our senior notes through open market repurchases, tender offers and redemptions at a weighted average discount of 13%. We recognized a gain of $176 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 on the early extinguishment of the debt repurchased. As a result, our 5.375% senior notes due November 1, 2021 (the “2021 Notes”) were fully retired as of November 30, 2020. Additionally, we fully redeemed our 5.125% senior notes due December 1, 2022 (the “2022 Notes”) at par, plus accrued and unpaid interest in the first quarter of 2021. See Note 8-Long-Term Debt to the consolidated financial statements for more information.
Asset Sales Program
On June 15, 2020, we announced the consummation of a transaction with an affiliate of Sixth Street Partners, LLC (“Sixth Street”) relating to certain overriding royalty interests across our existing asset base (the “ORRIs”). In connection with the transaction, we contributed the ORRIs to a newly formed subsidiary, Martica Holdings LLC (“Martica”). At the initial closing, Sixth Street contributed $300 million in cash (subject to customary adjustments) and agreed to contribute up to an additional $102 million in cash if certain production thresholds attributable to the ORRIs are achieved in the third quarter of 2020 and first quarter of 2021. All cash contributed by Sixth Street was distributed to us. We met the production threshold related to the third quarter of 2020 and received a $51 million cash distribution during the year ended December 31, 2020. See Note 4-Transactions to the consolidated financial statements for more information.
On August 10, 2020, we completed a volumetric production payment transaction and received net proceeds of approximately $216 million (the "VPP"). In connection with the VPP, we entered into a purchase and sale agreement, together with a conveyance agreement and production and marketing agreement, with J.P. Morgan Ventures Energy Corporation ("JPM-VEC") to convey, effective July 1, 2020, an overriding royalty interest in dry gas producing properties in West Virginia (the "VPP Properties") equal to
136,589,000 MMBtu over the expected seven-year term of the VPP. See Note 4-Transactions to the consolidated financial statements for more information.
On February 17, 2021, we announced the formation of a drilling partnership with QL Capital Partners (“QL”), an affiliate of Quantum Energy Partners. Under the terms of the arrangement, QL will fund 20% of total development capital spending in 2021 and is expected to fund between 15% and 20% of total development capital spending on an annual basis from 2022 through 2024. All of the wells spud during each calendar year period will be a separate annual tranche. Capital costs in excess of, and cost savings below, a specified percentage of budgeted amounts for each annual tranche will be for our account.
For each tranche other than 2021, we will propose a capital budget and estimated internal rate of return (“IRR”) for all wells to be spud during the year and, subject to the mutual agreement of the parties that the estimated IRR for each tranche exceeds a specified return, QL will be obligated to participate in such tranche. For each annual tranche in which QL participates, QL will receive a proportionate working interest percentage in each well spud in such tranche. If we present a capital budget for an annual tranche with an estimated IRR equal to or exceeding a specified return that QL in good faith believes is less than such specified return and QL elects not to participate, we will not be obligated to offer QL the opportunity to participate in subsequent tranches. No earlier than December 31 following the expiration of each tranche year, we will calculate the tranche IRR for such tranche year and, if the tranche IRR exceeds certain specified returns, we will receive a carry in the form of a one-time payment from QL for such annual tranche.
Issuance of Convertible Senior Notes and Senior Notes
On August 21, 2020, we issued $250 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.25% senior unsecured convertible notes (the “2026 Convertible Notes”). On September 2, 2020, we issued an additional $37.5 million of the 2026 Convertible Notes. The initial conversion rate is 230.2026 shares of our common stock per $1,000 principal amount of 2026 Convertible Notes, subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of specified events. Please see “-Debt Agreements and Contractual Obligations-Senior Unsecured Notes” below and Note 8-Long-Term Debt to the consolidated financial statements for more information.
On January 4, 2021, we issued $500 million of 8.375% senior notes due July 15, 2026 (the “2026 Notes”) at par. On January 26, 2021, we issued $700 million of 7.625% senior notes due February 1, 2029 (the “2029 Notes”) at par. The 2026 Notes and 2029 Notes are unsecured and effectively subordinated to the Credit Facility to the extent of the value of the collateral securing the Credit Facility. The 2026 Notes and 2029 Notes rank pari passu to our other outstanding senior notes. The 2026 Notes and 2029 Notes are guaranteed on a full and unconditional and joint and several senior unsecured basis by our wholly owned subsidiaries and certain of our future restricted subsidiaries. Please see “-Debt Agreements and Contractual Obligations-Senior Unsecured Notes” below and Note 8-Long-Term Debt to the consolidated financial statements for more information.
Convertible Notes Equitization
On January 12, 2021, we completed a registered direct offering (the “Share Offering”) of an aggregate of 31.4 million shares of our common stock at a price of $6.35 per share to certain holders of our 2026 Convertible Notes. We used the proceeds from the Share Offering and approximately $63 million of borrowings under the Credit Facility to repurchase from such holders $150 million aggregate principal amount of the 2026 Convertible Notes in privately negotiated transactions (the “Convertible Note Repurchase,” and, collectively with the Share Offering, the “Equitization Transactions”). See Note 8-Long-Term Debt to the consolidated financial statements for more information.
Share Repurchase Program
Our board-approved share repurchase program expired on March 31, 2020. Prior to the program’s expiration, we repurchased and retired 28,193,237 common shares at a weighted average price per share of $1.54 for approximately $43 million during the first quarter of 2020.
Sources of Our Revenues
● Natural gas, NGL and oil sale revenues. Our revenues are primarily derived from the sale of natural gas and oil production, as well as the sale of NGLs that are extracted from our natural gas during processing. Our production is entirely from within the continental United States; however, some of our production revenues are attributable to customers who export our products. During 2020, our production revenues were comprised of approximately 59% from the sale of natural gas and 41% from the sale of NGLs and oil. Natural gas, NGLs, and oil prices are inherently volatile and are influenced by many factors
outside of our control. All of our production is derived from natural gas wells, some of which also produce NGLs which are extracted through processing, and oil.
● Commodity derivatives. To achieve more predictable cash flows and to reduce our exposure to downward price fluctuations, we utilize derivative instruments to hedge future sales prices on a significant portion of our production. We enter into primarily fixed price natural gas, NGLs, and oil swap contracts for natural gas in which we receive or pay the difference between a fixed price and the variable market price received, as well as basis swap contracts that hedge the difference between the New York Mercantile Exchange (“NYMEX”) index price and a local index price. At the end of each accounting period, we estimate the fair value of these swaps and, because we have not elected hedge accounting, we recognize changes in the fair value of these derivative instruments in earnings. We expect continued volatility in the prices we receive for our production and the fair value of our derivative instruments.
● Marketing revenues. Marketing revenues are primarily derived from activities to purchase and sell third-party natural gas and NGLs and to market excess firm transportation capacity to third parties.
● Gathering, compression, water handling and treatment revenues. Gathering, compression, water handling and treatment revenues are derived from our ownership interest in Antero Midstream Partners through March 12, 2019 and Antero Midstream thereafter.
Principal Components of Our Cost Structure
● Lease operating expenses. These are the operating costs incurred to maintain our production. Such costs include produced water hauling, water handling, water disposal, labor-related costs to monitor producing wells, maintenance, repairs, and workover expenses. Cost levels for these expenses can vary based on the volume of water produced, supply and demand for oilfield services, activity levels, and other factors.
● Gathering, compression, processing and transportation. These costs include the costs to purchase services from Antero Midstream and fees paid to other third parties who operate low- and high-pressure gathering systems that transport our gas. They also include costs to process and extract NGLs from our produced gas and to transport our natural gas, NGLs, and oil to market. We often enter into fixed price long-term contracts that secure transportation and processing capacity, which may include minimum volume commitments, the cost for which is included in these expenses to the extent that they are not associated with excess capacity. Costs associated with excess capacity are included in marketing expenses.
● Production and ad valorem taxes. Production and ad valorem taxes consist of severance and ad valorem taxes. Severance taxes are paid on produced natural gas and oil based on a percentage of sales prices (not hedged prices) or at fixed per-unit rates established by state authorities. Ad valorem taxes are paid based on the value of our reserves as well as the value of property and equipment.
● Marketing expenses. We purchase and sell third-party natural gas and NGLs and market our excess capacity under long-term contracts. Marketing costs include the cost of purchased third-party natural gas and NGLs. We also classify firm transportation costs related to capacity contracted for in advance of having sufficient production and infrastructure to fully utilize this excess capacity as marketing expenses, because we market this excess capacity to third parties. We enter into long-term firm transportation agreements for a significant portion of our current and expected future production in order to secure capacity on major pipelines.
● Exploration expense. These are primarily costs related to unsuccessful leasing efforts, as well as geological and geophysical costs, including seismic costs, and costs of unsuccessful exploratory dry holes.
● Impairment of oil and gas properties. These costs include impairment and costs associated with leases expirations, impairment of design and initial costs related to pads that are no longer planned to be placed into service, and impairment of proved properties due to lower future commodity prices. We charge impairment expense for expired or soon-to-be expired leases when we determine they are impaired based on factors such as remaining lease terms, reservoir performance, commodity price outlooks and future plans to develop the acreage. We also record impairment charges for proved properties on a geological reservoir basis when events or changes in circumstances indicate that a property’s carrying amount may not be recoverable.
● Depletion, depreciation, and amortization. Depletion, depreciation, and amortization (“DD&A”), includes the systematic expensing of the capitalized costs incurred to acquire, explore and develop natural gas, NGLs, and oil. As a successful efforts company, we capitalize all costs associated with our acquisition and development efforts and all successful exploration efforts, and allocate these costs using the units of production method. Depreciation is computed over an asset’s estimated useful life using the straight-line basis.
● General and administrative expense. These costs include overhead, including payroll and benefits for our staff, costs of maintaining our headquarters, costs of managing our production and development operations, audit and other professional fees, insurance, legal expenses, and other administrative expenses. General and administrative expense also includes noncash equity-based compensation expense. See Note 10-Equity-Based Compensation and Retention Awards to the consolidated financial statements for more information.
● Interest expense. We finance a portion of our capital expenditures, working capital requirements, and acquisitions with borrowings under the Credit Facility, which has a variable rate of interest based on LIBOR or the prime rate. As a result, we incur substantial interest expense that is affected by both fluctuations in interest rates and our financing decisions. As of December 31, 2020, we had a fixed interest rate of 5.125% on our 2022 Notes having a principal balance of $661 million, a fixed interest rate of 5.625% on our 2023 Notes having a principal balance of $574 million, a fixed interest rate of 5.00% on our 2025 Notes having a principal balance of $590 million, and a fixed interest rate of 4.25% on our 2026 Convertible Notes having a principal balance of $287.5 million. See Note 8-Long-Term Debt to the consolidated financial statements for more information.
● Income tax expense. We are subject to state and federal income taxes but are currently not in a cash tax paying position with respect to federal income taxes. The difference between our financial statement income tax expense and our federal income tax liability is primarily due to the differences in the tax and financial statement treatment of oil and gas properties, the effects of noncontrolling interests and the deferral of unsettled commodity derivative gains for tax purposes until they are settled. We do pay some state income or franchise taxes where state income or franchise taxes are determined on a basis other than income. We have recorded deferred income tax expense to the extent our deferred tax liabilities exceed our deferred tax assets. See Note 14-Income Taxes to the consolidated financial statements for more information.
Results of Operations
We have three operating segments: (1) the exploration, development and production of natural gas, NGLs, and oil; (2) marketing and utilization of excess firm transportation capacity gathering and processing; and (3) midstream services through our equity method investment in Antero Midstream Corporation. Revenues from Antero Midstream’s operations were primarily derived from intersegment transactions for services provided to our exploration and production operations by Antero Midstream Partners. All intersegment transactions were eliminated upon consolidation, including revenues from water handling and treatment services provided by Antero Midstream Partners, which we capitalized as proved property development costs. Through March 12, 2019, we included the results of Antero Midstream Partners in our consolidated financial statements. Effective March 13, 2019, we no longer consolidate the results of Antero Midstream Partners in our results; however, our segment disclosures include the segments of our unconsolidated affiliates, due to their significance to our operations. See Note 3-Deconsolidation of Antero Midstream Partners LP to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion on the simplification transactions and Note 18-Segment Information to the consolidated financial statements for disclosures on our reportable segments. Marketing revenues are primarily derived from activities to purchase and sell third-party natural gas and NGLs and to market and utilize excess firm transportation capacity.
Year Ended December 31, 2019 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2020
The operating results of our reportable segments were as follows for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020 (in thousands):
Equity Method
Elimination of
Investment in
Intersegment
Exploration
Antero
Transactions and
and
Midstream
Unconsolidated
Consolidated
Production
Marketing
Corporation (1)
Affiliates
Total
Year Ended December 31, 2019
Revenue and other:
Natural gas sales
$
2,247,162
-
-
-
2,247,162
Natural gas liquids sales
1,219,162
-
-
-
1,219,162
Oil sales
177,549
-
-
-
177,549
Commodity derivative fair value gains
463,972
-
-
-
463,972
Gathering, compression, water handling and treatment
-
-
849,598
(845,120)
4,478
Marketing
-
292,207
-
-
292,207
Other income (loss)
5,812
-
(57,010)
55,358
4,160
Total
$
4,113,657
292,207
792,588
(789,762)
4,408,690
Operating expenses:
Lease operating
146,990
-
162,376
(163,646)
145,720
Gathering and compression
825,777
-
41,013
(151,465)
715,325
Processing
774,280
-
-
-
774,280
Transportation
657,042
-
-
-
657,042
Production and ad valorem taxes
124,202
-
3,830
(2,890)
125,142
Marketing
-
549,814
-
-
549,814
Exploration
-
-
-
Impairment of oil and gas properties
1,300,444
-
-
-
1,300,444
Impairment of midstream assets
-
-
776,832
(762,050)
14,782
Depletion, depreciation, and amortization
893,161
-
95,526
(73,820)
914,867
Accretion of asset retirement obligations
3,699
-
(124)
3,762
General and administrative (excluding equity-based compensation)
139,320
-
44,596
(28,779)
155,137
Equity-based compensation
21,082
-
73,517
(71,040)
23,559
Change in fair value of contingent acquisition consideration
-
-
8,076
(8,076)
-
Contract termination and rig stacking
14,026
-
-
-
14,026
Loss on sale of assets
-
-
-
Total
4,901,858
549,814
1,205,953
(1,261,890)
5,395,735
Operating income (loss)
$
(788,201)
(257,607)
(413,365)
472,128
(987,045)
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates
$
-
-
51,315
(194,531)
(143,216)
(1) Includes the consolidated results of Antero Midstream Partners through March 12, 2019 and results of the Company’s equity method investment in Antero Midstream Corporation effective March 13, 2019.
Equity Method
Elimination of
Investment in
Intersegment
Exploration
Antero
Transactions and
and
Midstream
Unconsolidated
Consolidated
Production
Marketing
Corporation
Affiliates
Total
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Revenue and other:
Natural gas sales
$
1,809,952
-
-
-
1,809,952
Natural gas liquids sales
1,161,683
-
-
-
1,161,683
Oil sales
112,270
-
-
-
112,270
Commodity derivative fair value gains
79,918
-
-
-
79,918
Gathering, compression, water handling and treatment
-
-
971,391
(971,391)
-
Marketing
-
310,572
-
-
310,572
Amortization of deferred revenue, VPP
14,507
-
-
-
14,507
Other income
2,797
-
(70,672)
70,672
2,797
Total
$
3,181,127
310,572
900,719
(900,719)
3,491,699
Operating expenses:
Lease operating
$
98,865
-
-
-
98,865
Gathering and compression
834,758
-
165,386
(165,386)
834,758
Processing
909,038
-
-
-
909,038
Transportation
787,042
-
-
-
787,042
Production and ad valorem taxes
106,775
-
-
-
106,775
Marketing
-
469,404
-
-
469,404
Exploration
1,083
-
-
-
1,083
Impairment of oil and gas properties
223,770
-
-
-
223,770
Impairment of midstream assets
-
-
673,640
(673,640)
-
Depletion, depreciation, and amortization
861,870
-
108,790
(108,790)
861,870
Accretion of asset retirement obligations
3,421
-
(180)
3,421
General and administrative (excluding equity-based compensation)
111,165
-
39,435
(39,435)
111,165
Equity-based compensation
23,317
-
12,778
(12,778)
23,317
Contract termination and rig stacking and other expenses
14,290
-
15,219
(15,219)
14,290
Loss on sale of assets
-
2,929
(2,929)
Total
3,975,742
469,404
1,018,357
(1,018,357)
4,445,146
Operating loss
$
(794,615)
(158,832)
(117,638)
117,638
(953,447)
Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated affiliates
$
(62,660)
-
86,430
(86,430)
(62,660)
Exploration and Production Segment Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2019 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2020
The following table sets forth selected operating data of the exploration and production segment for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020:
Years Ended
Amount of
December 31,
Increase
Percent
(Decrease)
Change
Production data (1) (2):
Natural gas (Bcf)
%
C2 Ethane (MBbl)
15,861
19,709
3,848
%
C3+ NGLs (MBbl)
39,445
48,341
8,896
%
Oil (MBbl)
3,632
4,412
%
Combined (Bcfe)
1,175
1,310
%
Daily combined production (MMcfe/d)
3,220
3,578
%
Average prices before effects of derivative settlements (3):
Natural gas (per Mcf)
$
2.74
2.07
(0.67)
(24)
%
C2 Ethane (per Bbl)
$
7.85
5.77
(2.08)
(26)
%
C3+ NGLs (per Bbl)
$
27.75
21.68
(6.07)
(22)
%
Oil (per Bbl)
$
48.88
25.45
(23.43)
(48)
%
Weighted Average Combined (per Mcfe)
$
3.10
2.35
(0.75)
(24)
%
Average realized prices after effects of derivative settlements (3):
Natural gas (per Mcf)
$
3.14
2.79
(0.35)
(11)
%
C2 Ethane (per Bbl)
$
7.85
5.65
(2.20)
(28)
%
C3+ NGLs (per Bbl)
$
27.41
23.91
(3.50)
(13)
%
Oil (per Bbl)
$
50.92
38.91
(12.01)
(24)
%
Weighted Average Combined (per Mcfe)
$
3.38
2.96
(0.42)
(12)
%
Average costs (per Mcfe):
Lease operating
$
0.13
0.08
(0.05)
(38)
%
Gathering and compression
$
0.70
0.64
(0.06)
(9)
%
Processing
$
0.66
0.69
0.03
%
Transportation
$
0.56
0.60
0.04
%
Production and ad valorem taxes
$
0.11
0.08
(0.03)
(27)
%
Marketing expense, net
$
0.22
0.12
(0.10)
(45)
%
Depletion, depreciation, amortization, and accretion
$
0.76
0.66
(0.10)
(13)
%
General and administrative (excluding equity-based compensation)
$
0.12
0.08
(0.04)
(33)
%
(1) Production data excludes volumes related to the VPP.
(2) Average prices reflect the before and after effects of our settled commodity derivatives. Our calculation of such after effects includes gains on settlements of commodity derivatives (but does not include proceeds from the derivative monetizations in 2018 and 2020), which do not qualify for hedge accounting because we do not designate or document them as hedges for accounting purposes. Oil and NGLs production was converted at 6 Mcf per Bbl to calculate total Bcfe production and per Mcfe amounts. This ratio is an estimate of the equivalent energy content of the products and does not necessarily reflect their relative economic value.
(3) The average realized price for 2019 includes $54 million of the proceeds related to the South Jersey Litigation. See Note 16-Contingencies to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion on the South Jersey Litigation. Excluding the effect of the proceeds of the South Jersey Litigation settlement, the average realized price would have been $2.67 per Mcf.
Natural gas sales. Revenues from sales of natural gas decreased from $2.2 billion, which included litigation proceeds of $54 million, for the year ended December 31, 2019 to $1.8 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020, a decrease of $437 million. Please see Note 16- Contingencies to the consolidated financial statements for more information.
Excluding litigation proceeds, higher natural gas production volumes during the year ended December 31, 2020 accounted for an approximate $143 million increase in year-over-year natural gas sales revenue (calculated as the change in year-to-year volumes times the prior year average price excluding the proceeds from the South Jersey Litigation), and decreases in our prices (excluding the effects of derivative settlements and proceeds from the South Jersey Litigation) accounted for an approximate $526 million decrease in year-over-year gas sales revenue (calculated as the change in the year-to-year average price excluding the proceeds from the South Jersey Litigation times current year production volumes).
NGLs sales. Revenues from sales of NGLs decreased from $1.22 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 to $1.16 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020, a decrease of $57 million, or 5%. Higher NGLs production volumes accounted for an approximate $277 million increase in year-over-year NGLs sales revenues (calculated as the change in year-to-year volumes times the prior year average price), and changes in our prices, excluding the effects of derivative settlements, accounted for an approximate $334 million decrease in year-over-year NGL sales revenues (calculated as the change in the year-to-year average price times current year production volumes).
Oil sales. Revenues from production of oil decreased from $178 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 to $112 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, a decrease of $66 million. Increased oil production volumes accounted for a $38 million increase in year-over-year oil sales revenues (calculated as the change in year-to-year volumes times the prior year average price), and changes in our prices, excluding the effects of derivative settlements, accounted for an approximate $104 million decrease in year-over-year oil sales revenues (calculated as the change in the year-to-year average price times current year production volumes).
Commodity derivative fair value gains (losses). To achieve more predictable cash flows, and to reduce our exposure to price fluctuations, we enter into fixed for variable price swap contracts, basis swap contracts and collar contracts when management believes that favorable future sales prices for our production can be secured. Because we do not designate these derivatives as accounting hedges, they do not receive hedge accounting treatment. Consequently, all mark-to-market gains or losses, as well as cash receipts or payments on settled derivative instruments, are recognized in our statements of operations. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, our commodity hedges resulted in derivative fair value gains of $464 million and $80 million, respectively. The commodity derivative fair value gains included $325 million and $795 million of cash proceeds on gains on settled derivatives for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, respectively. Commodity derivative fair value gains (losses) for the year ended December 31, 2020 also include cash proceeds of $9 million related to derivatives that were monetized prior to their contractual settlement dates.
Commodity derivative fair value gains or losses vary based on future commodity prices and have no cash flow impact until the derivative contracts are settled or monetized prior to settlement. Derivative asset or liability positions at the end of any accounting period may reverse to the extent future commodity prices increase or decrease from their levels at the end of the accounting period, or as gains or losses are realized through settlement. We expect continued volatility in commodity prices and the related fair value of our derivative instruments in the future.
Amortization of deferred revenue, VPP. The year ended December 31, 2020 includes amortization of $15 million of deferred revenues associated with the VPP, which relate to the production volumes delivered under the terms of the agreement during such period at approximately $1.61 per MMBtu. See Note 4-Transactions to the consolidated financial statements for more information on this transaction.
Other income. Other income remained relatively consistent at $4 million and $3 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, respectively.
Lease operating expense. Lease operating expense for the exploration and production segment decreased from $146 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 to $99 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, a decrease of $47 million or 32%. On a per unit basis, lease operating expenses decreased from $0.13 per Mcfe for the year ended December 31, 2019 to $0.08 per Mcfe for the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily due to lower water handling costs resulting from improved operating efficiencies, including the reuse of produced and flowback water in completion operations.
Gathering, compression, processing, and transportation expense. Gathering, compression, processing, and transportation expense increased from $2.2 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 to $2.5 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020. This is primarily a result of the 11% increase in production. Gathering and compression costs decreased from $0.70 per Mcfe for the year ended December 31, 2019 to $0.64 per Mcfe for the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily due to lower fuel costs as a result of decreased natural gas prices and $48 million in incentive fee rebates from Antero Midstream Corporation. Processing costs increased from $0.66 per Mcfe to $0.69 per Mcfe for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, respectively, primarily due to increased NGL production in our production mix. Processing costs, however, decreased per NGL barrel year-over-year. Transportation costs increased from $0.56 per Mcfe to $0.60 per Mcfe for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, respectively, primarily due to increased rates on the Rockies Express pipeline, which were effective October 2019 and demand charges for Mountaineer Xpress pipeline.
Production and ad valorem tax expense. Total production and ad valorem taxes decreased from $125 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 to $107 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, a decrease of $18 million or 15%, primarily due to lower commodity prices between periods. On a per Mcfe basis, production and ad valorem taxes decreased from $0.11 per Mcfe for
the year ended December 31, 2019 to $0.08 per Mcfe for the year ended December 31, 2020. Production and ad valorem taxes as a percentage of natural gas revenues remained at 6% in each of the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020.
Exploration expense. Exploration expense representing expenses incurred for unsuccessful lease acquisition efforts remained relatively flat at $1 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020.
Impairment of oil and gas properties. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we recognized an $881 million impairment to write-down our Utica Shale proved properties to fair value because the carrying value of such properties exceeded the estimated undiscounted cash flows based on future strip commodity prices as of September 30, 2019. We also recorded $419 million and $224 million of impairments for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, respectively, related to expiring leases and the design and initial costs related to pads we no longer plan to place into service.
Depletion, depreciation, and amortization expense. DD&A expense decreased from $893 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 to $862 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 for the exploration and production segment, a decrease of $31 million or 4%. DD&A per Mcfe decreased from $0.76 per Mcfe during the year ended December 31, 2019 to $0.66 per Mcfe during the year ended December 31, 2020 due to a reduction in the cost basis of producing properties as a result of the impairments discussed above as well as due to increases in proved reserves between periods.
General and administrative expense. General and administrative expense (excluding equity-based compensation expense) decreased from $139 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 to $111 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, a decrease of $28 million or 20%, primarily due to decreases in employee related expenses in the year ended December 31, 2020 as a result of ongoing cost savings initiatives including lower headcount between periods. We had 547 employees as of December 31, 2019 and 522 employees as of December 31, 2020. On a per unit basis, general and administrative expense excluding equity-based compensation decreased by 33%, from $0.12 per Mcfe during the year ended December 31, 2019 to $0.08 per Mcfe during the year ended December 31, 2020 as a result of higher production volumes and lower overall costs between periods.
Equity-based compensation expense. Noncash equity-based compensation expense increased from $21 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 to $23 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, an increase of $2 million or 8%, primarily due to new awards granted to officers and employees in 2020 partially offset by equity award forfeitures during 2020. When an equity award is forfeited, expense previously recognized for the award is reversed. See Note 10-Equity-Based Compensation and Retention Awards to the consolidated financial statements for more information on equity-based compensation awards.
Contract termination and rig stacking. We incurred contract termination and rig stacking costs of $14 million during each of the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020. Contract termination and rig stacking costs represent fees incurred upon the delay or cancellation of drilling and completion contracts with third-party contractors in order to align our drilling and completion activity level with our capital budget.
Marketing Segment Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2019 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2020
Marketing. Where feasible, we purchase and sell third-party natural gas and NGLs and market our excess firm transportation capacity, or engage third parties to conduct these activities on our behalf, in order to optimize the revenues from these transportation agreements. We have entered into long-term firm transportation agreements for a significant portion of our current and expected future production in order to secure guaranteed capacity to favorable markets.
Our net marketing expense decreased from $258 million, or $0.22 per Mcfe, for the year ended December 31, 2019 to $159 million, or $0.12 per Mcfe, for the year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease was driven by higher marketing volumes and the mitigation of some of our excess firm transportation expense.
Marketing revenues increased from $292 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 to $311 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, an increase of $19 million, or 6%, primarily due to increased marketing volumes.
Marketing expenses decreased from $550 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 to $469 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, a decrease of $81 million, or 15%. Marketing expenses include firm transportation costs related to current excess firm capacity as well as the cost of third-party purchased gas and NGLs. Firm transportation costs included in the expenses above were $250 million and $146 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, respectively.
Antero Midstream Corporation Segment Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2019 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2020
During the period from January 1, 2019 through March 12, 2019, we included the results of Antero Midstream Partners in our consolidated financial statements. Effective March 13, 2019, we no longer consolidate the results of Antero Midstream Partners in our results. See Note 3-Deconsolidation of Antero Midstream Partners LP to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion on the Transactions. We now account for our interest in Antero Midstream Corporation as an equity method investment.
Antero Midstream Corporation. Revenue from the Antero Midstream Corporation segment increased from $793 million, which included amortization of customer relationships of $57 million, for the year ended December 31, 2019 to $901 million, which included amortization of customer relationships of $71 million, for the year ended December 31, 2020, an increase of $108 million, or 14%. The increase in operating revenue was primarily due to an increase in gathering and compression volumes partially offset by a decrease in fresh water delivery volumes for the year ended December 31, 2020. Total operating expenses related to the segment decreased from $1.2 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 to $1.0 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily due to a decrease in total impairments of $88 million period over period.
In addition, Antero Midstream Partners had equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates of $51 million and $86 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, respectively.
Discussion of Items Not Allocated to Segments for the Year Ended December 31, 2019 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2020
Water earnout. In conjunction with the acquisition of the water handling and treatment assets, Antero Midstream agreed to pay us (a) $125 million in cash if Antero Midstream delivered 176 million barrels or more of fresh water during the period between January 1, 2017 and December 31, 2019 and (b) an additional $125 million in cash if Antero Midstream delivered 219 million barrels or more of fresh water during the period between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2020. As of December 31, 2019, Antero Midstream had delivered more than the 176 million barrels, which entitled us to $125 million pursuant to clause (a) above, and, as a result, we recognized other income associated with the settlement on the water earnout. The cash proceeds were received in January 2020. As of December 31, 2020, Antero Midstream did not deliver more than 219 million barrels, and, as a result, no additional proceeds were earned with respect to the water earnout.
Impairment of equity method investment. In 2019 and 2020, we determined that events and circumstances indicated that the carrying value of our investment in Antero Midstream Corporation had experienced an other-than-temporary decline and we recorded impairments of $468 million and $611 million, respectively. The fair value of the equity method investment in Antero Midstream Corporation was based on the quoted market share price of Antero Midstream Corporation as of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020, respectively.
Interest expense. Our interest expense exclusive of interest expense related to Antero Midstream Partners’ indebtedness decreased from $228 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 to $200 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, a decrease of $28 million, or 12%, primarily due to the reduction in debt as a result of our debt repurchases of unsecured senior notes at prices below their stated value, partially offset by interest that accrued on the newly issued 2026 Convertible Notes and higher borrowings on our Credit Facility between periods. Interest expense includes approximately $11 million and $12 million of non-cash amortization of debt issuance costs and debt discounts and premiums for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, respectively.
Income tax benefit. Income tax benefit increased from $74 million, with an effective tax rate of 20%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 to $397 million, with an effective tax rate of 24%, for the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily due to an increased book loss year over year. For the year ended December 31, 2020, our overall effective tax rate was different than the statutory rate of 21% primarily due to the effects of state income taxes, the dividends received deduction and non-deductible equity-based compensation expenses. See Note 14-Income Taxes to our consolidated financial statements more for information regarding our income tax provision for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020.
As of December 31, 2019 and 2020, we had U.S. federal and state NOL carryforwards of approximately $2.3 billion and $2.0 billion, respectively. Many of these NOLs expire at various dates between 2032 and 2040 while others have no expiration date. Potential future legislation or the imposition of new or increased taxes may have a significant effect on our future taxable position.
The impact of any such change would be recorded in the period in which such interpretation is received or legislation is enacted.
Year Ended December 31, 2018 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2019
Refer to “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations -Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 for a discussion of the results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2019.
Capital Resources and Liquidity
Overview
Our primary sources of liquidity have been through net cash provided by operating activities including proceeds from derivatives, borrowings under the Credit Facility, issuances of debt and equity securities, distributions/dividends from unconsolidated affiliates and proceeds from our asset sale program. Our primary use of cash has been for the exploration, development, and acquisition of oil and natural gas properties. As we develop our reserves, we continually monitor what capital resources, including equity and debt financings, are available to meet our future financial obligations, planned capital expenditure activities, and liquidity requirements. Our future success in growing our proved reserves and production will be highly dependent on net cash provided by operating activities and the capital resources available to us.
The Credit Facility has a borrowing base of $2.85 billion and current lender commitments of $2.64 billion. The borrowing base is redetermined semi-annually based on certain factors including our reserves, natural gas, NGLs, and oil commodity prices, and the value of our hedge portfolio. The next redetermination of the borrowing base is scheduled to occur in April 2021. For a discussion of the risks of a decrease in the borrowing base under the Credit Facility, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors-The borrowing base under the Credit Facility may be reduced if commodity prices decline, which could hinder or prevent us from meeting our future capital needs. We may also be required to post additional collateral as financial assurance of our performance under certain contractual arrangements, which could adversely impact available liquidity under our Credit Facility.”
Our commodity hedge position provides us with additional liquidity because it provides us with the relative certainty of receiving a significant portion of our future expected revenues from operations despite potential declines in the price of natural gas. Our ability to make significant additional acquisitions for cash would require us to utilize borrowings on the Credit Facility or obtain additional equity or debt financing, which we may not be able to obtain on terms acceptable to us, or at all. The Credit Facility is funded by a syndicate of 25 banks. We believe that the participants in the syndicate have the capability to fund up to their current commitment. If one or more banks should not be able to do so, we may not have the full availability of the Credit Facility.
2020 Capital Spending and 2021 Capital Budget
For the year ended December 31, 2020, our total consolidated capital expenditures were approximately $785 million, including drilling and completion expenditures of $735 million, leasehold additions of $48 million, and other capital expenditures of $2 million. Our net capital budget for 2021 is $635 million. Our budget includes $590 million for drilling and completions and $45 million for leasehold expenditures. We do not budget for acquisitions. During 2021, we plan to operate an average of three drilling rigs and two completion crews and we plan to complete 65 to 70 horizontal wells in the Appalachian Basin in 2021. We periodically review our capital expenditures and adjust our budget and its allocation based on liquidity, drilling results, leasehold acquisition opportunities, and commodity prices.
Our capital budget may be adjusted as business conditions warrant as the amount, timing and allocation of capital expenditures is largely discretionary and within our control. If natural gas, NGLs, and oil prices decline, or costs increase, to levels that do not generate an acceptable level of corporate returns, we may defer a significant portion of our budgeted capital expenditures until later periods to achieve the desired balance between sources and uses of liquidity, and to prioritize capital projects that we believe have the highest expected returns and potential to generate near-term cash flows.
Based on strip prices as of December 31, 2020, we believe that net cash provided from operating activities, available borrowings under the Credit Facility and capital market transactions will be sufficient to meet our cash requirements, including normal operating needs, debt service obligations, capital expenditures, and commitments and contingencies for at least the next 12 months. For more information on our outstanding indebtedness, see “-Debt Agreements and Contractual Obligations.”
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020:
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities
$
2,081,987
1,103,458
735,640
Net cash used in investing activities
(2,350,724)
(1,041,490)
(530,061)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
240,296
557,564
(205,579)
Effect of deconsolidation of Antero Midstream Partners LP
-
(619,532)
-
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
$
(28,441)
-
-
Our consolidated cash flow statements for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019 include the cash flows related to Antero Midstream Partners for periods prior to March 13, 2019. Effective March 13, 2019, the Company's cash flows include only the operating, investing and financing activities related to Antero and therefore, the cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019 may not be representative of our expected future cash flows. See Note 3-Deconsolidation of Antero Midstream Partners LP to the consolidated financial statements for more information.
Year Ended December 31, 2019 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2020
Operating Activities. Net cash provided by operating activities was $1.1 billion and $736 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, respectively. Cash flow from operations decreased primarily due to decreases in commodity prices both before and after the effects of settled commodity derivatives and increases in gathering, compression, processing, and transportation costs.
Our net operating cash flows are sensitive to many variables, the most significant of which is the volatility of natural gas, NGLs, and oil prices, as well as volatility in the cash flows attributable to settlement of our commodity derivatives. Prices for natural gas, NGLs, and oil are primarily determined by prevailing market conditions. Regional and worldwide economic activity, weather, infrastructure capacity to reach markets, storage capacity and other variables influence the market conditions for these products. For example, the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak has reduced global demand for natural gas, NGLs, and oil. These factors are beyond our control and are difficult to predict. For additional information on the impact of changing prices on our financial position, see “Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.”
Investing Activities. Cash flows used in investing activities decreased from $1.0 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 to $530 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily due to a decrease in capital expenditures of $548 million during the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the same period in 2019, $297 million in proceeds received in connection with the Transactions in the year ended December 31, 2019, $100 million in proceeds received in connection with the sale of shares of Antero Midstream Corporation common stock in the year ended December 31, 2019, $125 million in settlement of the water earnout impacting the year ended December 31, 2020 and $216 million in proceeds received from the VPP in the year ended December 31, 2020. See Note 3-Deconsolidation of Antero Midstream Partners LP to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion on the Transactions.
In addition, the year ended December 31, 2019 included Antero Midstream Partners’ investments in joint ventures of $25 million and capital expenditures for water handling and treatment systems and gas gathering and compression systems of $73 million. Due to the deconsolidation of Antero Midstream Partners on March 12, 2019, cash flows used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2020 do not include costs attributable to Antero Midstream Partner’s investing activity. See Note 3-Deconsolidation of Antero Midstream Partners LP to the consolidated financial statements. Excluding Antero Midstream Partners, capital expenditures were $1.3 billion and $874 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, respectively.
Total additions to unproved properties and drilling and completion costs decreased from $1.3 billion during the year ended December 31, 2019 to $826 million during the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily due to a decrease in drilling and completion activity, increased drilling and completion efficiencies and service cost deflation.
Financing Activities. Net cash flows provided by financing activities was $558 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to net cash flows used in financing activities of $206 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. Net borrowings on our Credit Facility and Antero Midstream Partners’ credit facility increased from $232 million during the year ended December 31, 2019 to $465 million during the year ended December 31, 2020. During the year ended December 31, 2020, approximately $1.2 billion was used to repurchase all of our 2021 Notes and repurchase a portion of our 2022 Notes, 2023 Notes and 2025 Notes, which were partially funded with borrowings on our Credit Facility, compared to $191 million used to repurchase senior notes in the year ended December 31, 2019. In addition, we repurchased and retired 28,193,237 shares of common stock for approximately $43 million during the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to repurchases of 13,390,617 shares of common stock for approximately $39 million during the year ended December 31, 2019.
During the year ended December 31, 2019, Antero Midstream Partners issued $650 million of senior notes prior to the Transactions and during the year ended December 31, 2020, we issued $288 million principal amount of 2026 Convertible Notes. Additionally, we also received $351 million for the sale of a noncontrolling interest in Martica during the year ended December 31, 2020. See Note 4-Transactions and Note 8-Long-Term Debt for more information on these transactions, respectively.
Year Ended December 31, 2018 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2019
Refer to “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Capital Resources and Liquidity” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 for a discussion of the cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2019.
Debt Agreements and Contractual Obligations
Debt Agreements
Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility
The Credit Facility is with a consortium of bank lenders. Borrowings under the Credit Facility are subject to borrowing base limitations based on the collateral value of our assets and are subject to regular semi-annual redeterminations. As of December 31, 2020, the borrowing base was $2.85 billion and lender commitments were $2.64 billion. The next redetermination of the borrowing base is scheduled to occur by the end of April 2021. The Credit Facility is scheduled to mature on October 26, 2022.
As of December 31, 2020, we had $1.0 billion of borrowings with a weighted average interest rate of 3.26% and $730 million of letters of credit outstanding under the Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2019, we had $552 million of borrowings, with a weighted average interest rate of 3.28%, and $623 million of letters of credit outstanding under the Credit Facility. The Credit Facility provides for borrowing under either an Adjusted LIBO Rate or an Alternate Base Rate (each as defined in the Credit Facility).
The Credit Facility contains restrictive covenants that may limit our ability to, among other things:
● incur additional indebtedness;
● sell assets;
● make loans to others;
● make investments;
● enter into mergers;
● pay dividends;
● hedge future production;
● incur liens; and
● engage in certain other transactions without the prior consent of the lenders.
However, many of these covenants will terminate during any Investment Grade Period (as defined in the Credit Facility).
We were in compliance with the applicable covenants and ratios as of December 31, 2019 and 2020. The actual borrowing capacity available to us may be limited by the financial ratio covenants. As of December 31, 2020, our current ratio was 2.25 to 1.0 (based on the $2.85 billion borrowing base under the Credit Facility) and our interest coverage ratio was 7.30 to 1.0.
Senior Unsecured Notes
The following table summarizes certain material terms of our senior unsecured notes and convertible notes outstanding as of December 31, 2020:
2022 Notes
2023 Notes
2025 Notes
Convertible Notes
Outstanding principal (in thousands)
$
660,516
$
574,182
$
590,000
$
287,500
Interest rate
5.125
%
5.625
%
5.00
%
4.25
%
Maturity date
December 1, 2022
June 1, 2023
March 1, 2025
September 1, 2026
Interest payment dates
June 1, Dec. 1
June 1, Dec. 1
Mar. 1, Sept. 1
Mar. 1, Sept. 1
Make-whole redemption date (1)
June 1, 2020
June 1, 2021
March 1, 2023
N/A (2)
(1) On or after these dates, we may redeem the applicable series of notes, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount redeemed, together with accrued and unpaid interest up to the redemption date. At any time prior to these dates, we may redeem the notes at a redemption price that includes an applicable premium as defined in the indentures to such notes.
(2) The indenture governing the 2026 Convertible Notes does not allow us to optionally redeem the 2026 Convertible Notes prior to the maturity date.
On January 4, 2021 and January 26, 2021, we issued the 2026 Notes and 2029 Notes, respectively, at par. We used the proceeds from the issuances of the senior notes to repay borrowings outstanding under the Credit Facility and redeem previously issued senior notes. The following table summarizes certain material terms of the 2026 Notes and 2029 Notes:
2026 Notes
2029 Notes
Outstanding principal (in thousands)
$
500,000
$
700,000
Interest rate
8.375
%
7.625
%
Maturity date
July 15, 2026
February 1, 2029
Interest payment dates
Jan. 15, July 15
Feb. 1, Aug. 1
Make-whole redemption date (1)
January 15, 2026
February 1, 2027
(1) On or after these dates, we may redeem the applicable series of notes, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount redeemed, together with accrued and unpaid interest up to the redemption date. At any time prior to these dates, we may redeem the notes at a redemption price that includes an applicable premium as defined in the indentures to such notes.
Please refer to Note 8-Long Term Debt to the consolidated financial statements for more information on our senior notes.
We may, from time to time, seek to retire or purchase our outstanding debt through cash purchases and/or exchanges for equity securities, in open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions, or otherwise. Any such repurchases will depend on prevailing market conditions, our liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors. The amounts involved could be material. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we repurchased $1.4 billion principal amount of debt at a 13% weighted average discount, including all of our 2021 Notes and a portion of our 2022 Notes, 2023 Notes and 2025 Notes.
The senior notes indentures each contain restrictive covenants and restrict our ability to incur additional debt unless a pro forma minimum interest coverage ratio requirement of 2.25:1 is maintained. We were in compliance with such covenants as of December 31, 2019 and 2020.
Contractual Obligations
A summary of our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2020 is provided in the table below. Future capital contributions to unconsolidated affiliates are excluded from the table as neither the amounts nor the timing of the obligations can be determined in advance.
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions)
Thereafter
Total
Recorded contractual obligations:
Credit Facility (1)
$
-
1,017
-
-
-
-
1,017
Antero senior notes-principal (2)
-
-
2,112
Antero senior notes-interest (2)
Operating leases (3)
1,139
2,615
Finance leases (3)
-
-
-
-
-
Imputed interest for leases (3)
1,771
Asset retirement obligations (4)
-
-
-
-
-
Unrecorded contractual obligations:
Firm transportation (5)
1,080
1,037
1,065
1,025
6,948
12,140
Processing, gathering, and compression services (6)
Land payment obligations (7)
-
-
-
-
-
Total
$
1,858
3,455
2,331
1,693
2,144
8,974
20,455
(1) Includes outstanding principal amounts as of December 31, 2020. This table does not include future commitment fees, interest expense, or other fees on the Credit Facility because they are floating rate instruments and we cannot determine with accuracy the timing of future loan advances, repayments, or future interest rates to be charged. The Credit Facility is scheduled to mature on October 26, 2022.
(2) Our senior notes include the 2022 Notes, 2023 Notes, 2025 Notes and 2026 Convertible Notes but does not include the 2026 Notes (aggregate principal amount of $500 million) or the 2029 Notes (aggregate principal amount of $700 million). After December 31, 2020, we redeemed all of our 2022 Notes and equitized a portion of our 2026 Convertible Notes. See Note 8-Long-Term Debt to the consolidated financial statements for more information on these transactions.
(3) Includes contracts for services provided by drilling rigs and completion fleets, processing, gathering and compression services agreements and office and equipment leases accounted for as leases. The values in the table represent the gross amounts that we are committed to pay; however, we will record in our financial statements our proportionate share of costs based on our working interests. See Note 13-Leases to the consolidated financial statements for more information on our operating and finance leases.
(4) Represents the present value of our estimated asset retirement obligations. Neither the ultimate settlement amounts nor the timing of our asset retirement. obligations can be precisely determined in advance; however, we believe it is likely that a very small amount of these obligations will be settled within the next five years.
(5) Includes firm transportation agreements with various pipelines in order to facilitate the delivery of our production to market. These contracts commit us to transport minimum daily natural gas or NGLs volumes at negotiated rates, or pay for any deficiencies at specified reservation fee rates. The amounts in this table reflect our minimum daily volumes at the reservation fee rates. The values in the table represent the gross amounts that we are committed to pay; however, we will record in our financial statements our proportionate share of costs based on our working interests and net of any fees for excess firm transportation marketed to third parties. None of these agreements were determined to be leases.
(6) Contractual commitments for processing, gathering, and compression services agreements represent minimum commitments under long-term agreements not accounted for as leases. The obligations determined to be leases are included within finance and operating leases in the table above.
(7) Includes contractual commitments for land acquisition agreements. The values in the table represent the minimum payments due under these arrangements. None of these agreements were determined to be leases.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of our financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Certain accounting policies involve judgments and uncertainties to such an extent that there is reasonable likelihood that materially different amounts could have been reported under different conditions, or if different assumptions had been used. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on a regular basis. We base our estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates and assumptions used in preparation of our consolidated financial statements. Our more significant accounting policies and estimates include the successful efforts method of accounting for our production activities, estimates of natural gas, NGLs, and oil reserve quantities and standardized measure of future cash flows, and impairment of proved properties. We provide an expanded discussion of our more significant accounting policies, estimates and judgments below. We believe these accounting policies reflect our more significant estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of our consolidated
financial statements. See Note 2-Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the consolidated financial statements for a discussion of additional accounting policies and estimates made by management.
Successful Efforts Method
The Company accounts for its natural gas, NGLs, and oil exploration and development activities under the successful efforts method of accounting. Under the successful efforts method, the costs incurred to acquire, drill, and complete productive wells, development wells, and undeveloped leases are capitalized. Oil and gas lease acquisition costs are also capitalized. Exploration costs, including personnel and other internal costs, geological and geophysical expenses, delay rentals for gas and oil leases, and costs associated with unsuccessful lease acquisitions are charged to expense as incurred. Exploratory drilling costs are initially capitalized, but charged to expense if and when we determine that the well does not contain reserves in commercially viable quantities. The Company reviews exploration costs related to wells in progress at the end of each quarter and makes a determination, based on known results of drilling at that time, whether the costs should continue to be capitalized pending further well testing and results, or charged to expense. We have not incurred any such charges in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020. The sale of a partial interest in a proved property is accounted for as a cost recovery, and no gain or loss is recognized as long as this treatment does not significantly affect the units of production amortization rate. A gain or loss is recognized for all other sales of producing properties.
Unproved properties with significant acquisition costs are assessed for impairment on a property by property basis, and any impairment in value is charged to expense. Impairment is assessed based on remaining lease terms, drilling results, reservoir performance, commodity price outlooks, and future plans to develop acreage. Unproved properties and the related costs are transferred to proved properties when reserves are discovered on, or otherwise attributed to, the property. Proceeds from sales of partial interests in unproved properties are accounted for as a recovery of cost without recognition of any gain or loss until the cost has been recovered. Impairment of oil and gas properties related to unproved properties for leases that have expired, or are expected to expire, was $549 million, $393 million, and $224 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively.
The successful efforts method of accounting can have a significant impact on our operational results when we are entering a new exploratory area in anticipation of finding a gas and oil field that will be the focus of future development drilling activities. The initial exploratory wells may be unsuccessful and would be expensed if reserves are not found in economic quantities. Seismic costs can be substantial, which will result in additional exploration expenses when incurred. Additionally, the application of the successful efforts method of accounting requires managerial judgment to determine the proper classification of wells designated as developmental or exploratory, which will ultimately determine the proper accounting treatment of the costs incurred.
Natural Gas, NGLs, and Oil Reserve Quantities and Standardized Measure of Future Cash Flows
Our internal technical staff prepares the estimates of natural gas, NGLs, and oil reserves and associated future net cash flows, which are audited by our independent reserve engineers. Current accounting guidance allows only proved natural gas, NGLs, and oil reserves to be included in our financial statement disclosures. The SEC has defined proved reserves as the estimated quantities of natural gas, NGLs, and oil which geological and engineering data demonstrate with reasonable certainty to be recoverable in future years from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions. Proved undeveloped reserves include reserves that are expected to be drilled and developed within five years; wells that are not drilled within five years from booking are reclassified from proved reserves to probable reserves. Reserves are used in our depletion calculation and in assessing the carrying value of our oil and gas properties.
Our independent reserve engineers and internal technical staff must make a number of subjective assumptions based on their professional judgment in developing reserve estimates. Reserve estimates consider recent production levels and other technical information about each field. Natural gas, NGLs, and oil reserve engineering is a subjective process of estimating underground accumulations of natural gas, NGLs, and oil that cannot be precisely measured. The accuracy of any reserve estimate is a function of the quality of available data and of engineering and geological interpretation and judgment. Periodic revisions to the estimated reserves and future cash flows may be necessary as a result of a number of factors, including reservoir performance, new drilling, natural gas, NGLs, and oil prices, cost changes, technological advances, new geological or geophysical data, or other economic factors. Accordingly, reserve estimates are generally different from the quantities of natural gas, NGLs, and oil that are ultimately recovered. We cannot predict the amounts or timing of future reserve revisions. Any significant revisions could affect the future amortization rates of capitalized costs and result in a material asset impairment.
Impairment of Proved Properties
We evaluate the carrying amount of our proved natural gas, NGLs, and oil properties for impairment on a geological reservoir basis whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that a property’s carrying amount may not be
recoverable. Under GAAP for successful efforts accounting, if the carrying amount exceeds the estimated undiscounted future net cash flows (measured using futures prices at the end of a quarter), we further evaluate our proved properties and record an impairment charge if the carrying amount of our proved properties exceeded the estimated fair value of the properties.
We did not record any impairments for proved properties during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2020. During the year ended December 31, 2019 the Utica Shale carrying value exceeded the estimated fair value of the Utica Shale assets based on sales of other properties. As a result, we recorded an impairment of $881 million related to proved oil and gas properties in the Utica Shale during the year ended December 31, 2019.
Based on current future commodity prices, we currently do not anticipate having to record any impairment charge for our proved properties in the near future. We estimate that if strip prices were to decline by approximately 2.5% from future pricing levels as of December 31, 2020, estimated future net revenues for our Utica properties would approximate the carrying amount of the properties and further evaluation of the fair value of those properties would be required in order to determine if an impairment charge would be necessary under GAAP. For our Marcellus properties, strip pricing would have to decline by more than approximately 10% from year-end 2020 levels before further evaluation of those properties would be required in order to determine if an impairment charge would be necessary under GAAP. We are unable, however, to predict commodity prices with any greater precision than the futures market.
Fair Value Measurement
The FASB ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, clarifies the definition of fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, and sets forth disclosure requirements about fair value measurements. This guidance also relates to all nonfinancial assets and liabilities that are not recognized or disclosed on a recurring basis (e.g., the initial recognition of asset retirement obligations and impairments of long-lived assets). The fair value is the price that we estimate would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A fair value hierarchy is used to prioritize inputs to valuation techniques used to estimate fair value. An asset or liability subject to the fair value requirements is categorized within the hierarchy based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability. The highest priority (Level 1) is given to unadjusted quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities, and the lowest priority (Level 3) is given to unobservable inputs. Level 2 inputs are data, other than quoted prices included within Level 1, that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.
We account for our investment in Antero Midstream under the equity method of accounting. We evaluate our equity method investment for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate, in management’s judgment, that the carrying value of such investment may have experienced an other-than-temporary decline in value. When evidence of loss in value has occurred, management compares the fair value of the investment to the carrying value of the investment to determine whether potential impairment has occurred. If the fair value is less than the carrying value and management considers the decline in value to be other-than-temporary, the excess of the carrying value over the fair value is recognized in the financial statements as an impairment loss. See Note 10-Equity-Based Compensation and Retention Awards to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion on our equity method investments.
As of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020, we determined that events and circumstances indicated that the carrying value had experienced an other-than-temporary decline and we recorded impairment expense of $468 million and $611 million, respectively. The fair value of the equity method investment in Antero Midstream was based on the quoted market common stock price of Antero Midstream as of December 31, 2019 (Level 1).
Income Taxes
We are subject to state and federal income taxes, but are currently not in a cash tax paying position with respect to federal income taxes. The difference between our financial statement income tax expense and our federal income tax liability is primarily due to the differences in the tax and financial statement treatment of oil and gas properties and derivative instruments. Our deferred tax assets and liabilities result from temporary differences between tax and financial statement income, primarily from derivative instruments, oil and gas properties and net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards. As of December 31, 2020, we have U.S. federal and state NOLs expiring at various dates from 2032 to 2040 while others have no expiration date, which resulted in the recognition of significant deferred tax assets. We record deferred income tax expense to the extent our deferred tax liabilities exceed our deferred tax assets. We record a deferred income tax benefit to the extent our deferred tax assets exceed our deferred tax liabilities.
We record a valuation allowance when we believe all or a portion of our deferred tax assets will not be realized. In assessing
the realizability of our deferred tax assets, management considers whether some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized based on a more-likely-than-not standard of judgment. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon our ability to generate future taxable income during the periods in which our deferred tax assets are deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, and tax planning strategies in making this assessment, estimates of which may be imprecise due to unforeseen future events or conditions outside of our control, including changes in commodity prices or changes to tax laws and regulations. The amount of deferred tax assets considered realizable could change based upon the amounts of taxable income actually generated, or as estimates of future taxable income change. As of December 31, 2020, we have recognized a valuation allowance of $46 million for NOLs we do not expect to realize that are primarily attributable to states in which we no longer operate.
The calculation of deferred tax assets and liabilities involves uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws and regulations. We recognize in our financial statements those tax positions which we believe are more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon examination by the Internal Revenue Service or state revenue authorities.
New Accounting Pronouncements
On August 5, 2020, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2020-06, Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity, which eliminates the cash conversion model in ASC 470-20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options, that require separate accounting for conversion features, and instead, allows the debt instrument and conversion features to be accounted for as a single debt instrument. The new standard becomes effective on January 1, 2022, and early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating our plans for adoption, including the adoption date and transition method.
Upon adoption of this new standard, we expect to reclassify $85 million, net of deferred income taxes and equity issuance costs, to long-term debt and deferred income tax liability, as applicable, from stockholders’ equity as of December 31, 2020, which amount is subject to adjustment for any conversions until adoption of this new standard. Additionally, annual interest expense for the 2026 Convertible Notes will be based on an effective interest rate of 4.8% as compared to 15.1% for the year ended December 31, 2020. We do not believe that adoption of the standard will impact our operational strategies or development prospects.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of December 31, 2020, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements other than contractual commitments for firm transportation, gas processing and fractionation, gathering, and compression services and land payment obligations. See “-Debt Agreements and Contractual Obligations-Contractual Obligations” for our commitments under these agreements.

---

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
The primary objective of the following information is to provide forward-looking quantitative and qualitative information about our potential exposure to market risk. The term “market risk” refers to the risk of loss arising from adverse changes in natural gas, NGLs, and oil prices, as well as interest rates. These disclosures are not meant to be precise indicators of expected future losses, but rather indicators of reasonably possible losses. This forward-looking information provides indicators of how we view and manage our ongoing market risk exposures.
Commodity Hedging Activities
Our primary market risk exposure is in the price we receive for our natural gas, NGLs, and oil production. Pricing is primarily driven by spot regional market prices applicable to our U.S. natural gas production and the prevailing worldwide price for oil. Pricing for natural gas, NGLs, and oil has, historically, been volatile and unpredictable, and we expect this volatility to continue in the future. The prices we receive for our production depend on many factors outside of our control, including volatility in the differences between product prices at sales points and the applicable index price.
To mitigate some of the potential negative impact on our cash flows caused by changes in commodity prices, we enter into financial derivative instruments for a portion of our natural gas, NGLs, and oil production when management believes that favorable future prices can be secured.
Our financial hedging activities are intended to support natural gas, NGLs, and oil prices at targeted levels and to manage our exposure to natural gas, NGLs, and oil price fluctuations. These contracts may include commodity price swaps whereby we will receive a fixed price and pay a variable market price to the contract counterparty, collars that set a floor and ceiling price for the hedged production, or basis differential swaps. These contracts are financial instruments, and do not require or allow for physical
delivery of the hedged commodity. As of December 31, 2020, our commodity derivatives included fixed price swaps and basis differential swaps at index-based pricing.
As of December 31, 2020, we had in place natural gas swaps covering portions of our projected production through 2024. Our commodity hedge position as of December 31, 2020 is summarized in Note 12-Derivative Instruments to our consolidated financial statements. Under the Credit Facility, we are permitted to hedge up to 75% of our projected production for the next 60 months. We may enter into hedge contracts with a term greater than 60 months, and for no longer than 72 months, for up to 65% of our estimated production. Based on our production and our fixed price swap contracts that settled during the year ended December 31, 2020, our revenues would have decreased by approximately $48 million for each $0.10 decrease per MMBtu in natural gas prices and $1.00 decrease per Bbl in oil and NGLs prices, excluding the effects of changes in the fair value of our derivative positions which remain open as of December 31, 2020.
All derivative instruments, other than those that meet the normal purchase and normal sale scope exception, are recorded at fair market value in accordance with GAAP and are included in our consolidated balance sheets as assets or liabilities. The fair values of our derivative instruments are adjusted for non-performance risk. Because we do not designate these derivatives as accounting hedges, they do not receive hedge accounting treatment; therefore, all mark-to-market gains or losses, as well as cash receipts or payments on settled derivative instruments, are recognized in our statements of operations. We present total gains or losses on commodity derivatives (for both settled derivatives and derivative positions which remain open) within operating revenues as “Commodity derivative fair value gains (losses).”
Mark-to-market adjustments of derivative instruments cause earnings volatility but have no cash flow impact relative to changes in market prices until the derivative contracts are settled or monetized prior to settlement. We expect continued volatility in the fair value of our derivative instruments. Our cash flows are only impacted when the associated derivative contracts are settled or monetized by making or receiving payments to or from the counterparty. As of December 31, 2020, the estimated fair value of our commodity derivative instruments was a net asset of $22 million, comprised of current and noncurrent assets and liabilities. As of December 31, 2019, the estimated fair value of our commodity derivative instruments was a net asset of $746 million, comprised of current and noncurrent assets and current liabilities.
By removing price volatility from a portion of our expected production through December 2023, we have mitigated, but not eliminated, the potential negative effects of changing prices on our operating cash flows for those periods. While mitigating the negative effects of falling commodity prices, these derivative contracts also limit the benefits we would receive from increases in commodity prices above the fixed hedge prices.
Counterparty and Customer Credit Risk
Our principal exposures to credit risk are through receivables resulting from the following: commodity derivative contracts ($22 million as of December 31, 2020) and the sale of our natural gas, NGLs, and oil production ($380 million as of December 31, 2020) which we market to energy companies, end users, and refineries.
By using derivative instruments that are not traded on an exchange to hedge exposures to changes in commodity prices, we expose ourselves to the credit risk of our counterparties. Credit risk is the potential failure of a counterparty to perform under the terms of a derivative contract. When the fair value of a derivative contract is positive, the counterparty is expected to owe us, which creates credit risk. To minimize the credit risk in derivative instruments, it is our policy to enter into derivative contracts only with counterparties that are creditworthy financial institutions that management deems to be competent and competitive market makers. The creditworthiness of our counterparties is subject to periodic review. We have commodity hedges in place with 17 different counterparties, 13 of which are lenders under the Credit Facility. The fair value of our commodity net derivative contracts of approximately $22 million as of December 31, 2020 included the following net derivative assets by bank counterparty: Morgan Stanley - $35 million; Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce - $25 million; Scotiabank - $14 million; Natixis - $5 million; DNB Capital - $2 million; and Truist $1 million. The estimated fair value of our commodity derivative assets has been risk adjusted using a discount rate based upon the counterparties’ respective published credit default swap rates (if available, or if not available, a discount rate based on the applicable Reuters bond rating) as of December 31, 2020 for each of the European and American banks. We believe that all of these institutions currently are acceptable credit risks. Other than as provided by the Credit Facility, we are not required to provide credit support or collateral to any of our counterparties under our derivative contracts, nor are they required to provide credit support to us. As of December 31, 2020, we did not have any past-due receivables from, or payables to, any of the counterparties to our derivative contracts.
We are also subject to credit risk due to the concentration of our receivables from several significant customers for sales of natural gas, NGLs, and oil. We generally do not require our customers to post collateral. The inability or failure of our significant customers to meet their obligations to us, or their insolvency or liquidation, may adversely affect our financial results.
Interest Rate Risks
Our primary exposure to interest rate risk results from outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facility, which has a floating interest rate. The average annual interest rate incurred on the Credit Facility during the year ended December 31, 2020 was approximately 3.24%. We estimate that a 1.0% increase in the applicable average interest rates for the year ended December 31, 2020 would have resulted in an estimated $8.7 million increase in interest expense.

---

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
The Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, Consolidated Financial Statements, and supplementary financial data required for this Item are set forth beginning on page of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and are incorporated herein by reference.

---

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
Not applicable.

---

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As required by Rule 13a-15(b) under the Exchange Act, we have evaluated, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures and is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. Based upon that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2020 at a level of reasonable assurance.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the three months ended December 31, 2020 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
The management of Antero Resources Corporation is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for us as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act. This system is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:
(i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect our transactions and dispositions of the assets;
(ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and Directors; and
(iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, a system of internal control over financial reporting can provide only reasonable assurance and may not prevent or detect all misstatements. Further, because of changes in conditions, effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting may vary over time.
Under the supervision of, and with the participation of, our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework and criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework in 2013, issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, management of Antero Resources Corporation concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2020.
The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020 has been audited by KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm which also audited our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2020, as stated in their report which appears beginning on page in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

---

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
PART III

---

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Pursuant to General Instruction G(3) to Form 10-K, we incorporate by reference into this Item the information to be disclosed in our definitive proxy statement for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.
Code of Ethics
We intend to satisfy the disclosure requirement under Item 5.05 of Form 8-K relating to amendments to or waivers from any provision of our Corporate Code of Business Conduct and Ethics applicable to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer and other persons performing similar functions by posting such information in the “Governance” subsection of our website at www.anteroresources.com.

---

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Pursuant to General Instruction G(3) to Form 10-K, we incorporate by reference into this Item the information to be disclosed in our definitive proxy statement for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

---

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT
Pursuant to General Instruction G(3) to Form 10-K, we incorporate by reference into this Item the information to be disclosed in our definitive proxy statement for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

---

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
Pursuant to General Instruction G(3) to Form 10-K, we incorporate by reference into this Item the information to be disclosed in our definitive proxy statement for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

---

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
Pursuant to General Instruction G(3) to Form 10-K, we incorporate by reference into this Item the information to be disclosed in our definitive proxy statement for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.
PART IV

---

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
ITEM 15. EXHIBIT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a)(1) and (a)(2) Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedules
The consolidated financial statements are listed on the Index to Financial Statements to this Annual Report on Form 10-K beginning on page.
(a)(3) Exhibits.
Exhibit
Number
Description of Exhibit
2.1
Simplification Agreement, dated as of October 9, 2018, by and among AMGP GP LLC, Antero Midstream GP LP, Antero IDR Holdings LLC, Arkrose Midstream Preferred Co LLC, Arkrose Midstream NewCo Inc., Arkrose Midstream Merger Sub LLC, Antero Midstream Partners GP LLC and Antero Midstream Partners LP (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to Antero Midstream GP LP’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-38075) filed on October 10, 2018).
3.1
Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Antero Resources Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on October 17, 2013).
Exhibit
Number
Description of Exhibit
3.2
Amended and Restated Bylaws of Antero Resources Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on October 17, 2013).
4.1
Indenture related to the 5.125% Senior Notes due 2022, dated as of May 6, 2014, by and among Antero Resources Corporation, the several guarantors named therein and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on May 8, 2014).
4.2
Form of 5.125% Senior Note due 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on May 8, 2014).
4.3
First Supplemental Indenture related to the 5.125% Senior Notes due 2022, dated as of November 24, 2014, by and among Antero Resources Corporation, the several guarantors named therein and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-4 (Commission File No. 333-200605) filed on November 26, 2014).
4.4
Second Supplemental Indenture related to the 5.125% Senior Notes due 2022, dated as of January 21, 2015, by and among Antero Resources Corporation, the several guarantors named therein and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-4 (Commission File No. 333-200605) filed on January 22, 2015).
4.5
Third Supplemental Indenture related to the 5.125% Senior Notes due 2022, dated March 12, 2019, by and among Antero Resources Corporation, the several guarantors named therein and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on May 1, 2019).
4.6
Fourth Supplemental Indenture related to the 5.125% Senior Notes due 2022, dated June 3, 2020, by and among Antero Resources Corporation, the several guarantors named therein and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on July 29, 2020).
4.7
Indenture related to the 5.625% Senior Notes due 2023, dated as of March 17, 2015, by and among Antero Resources Corporation, the several guarantors named therein and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on March 18, 2015).
4.8
Form of 5.625% Senior Note due 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission File No. 333-164876) filed on March 18, 2015).
4.9
First Supplemental Indenture related to the 5.625% Senior Notes due 2023, dated March 12, 2019, by and among Antero Resources Corporation, the several guarantors named therein and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on May 1, 2019).
4.10
Second Supplemental Indenture related to the 5.625% Senior Notes due 2023, dated June 3, 2020, by and among Antero Resources Corporation, the several guarantors named therein and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on July 29, 2020).
4.11
Indenture related to the 5.0% Senior Notes due 2025, dated as of December 21, 2016, by and among Antero Resources Corporation, the several guarantors named therein and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on December 29, 2016).
4.12
Form of 5.0% Senior Note due 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission File No. 333-164876) filed on December 29, 2016).
4.13
First Supplemental Indenture related to the 5.0% Senior Notes due 2025, dated March 12, 2019, by and among Antero Resources Corporation, the several guarantors named therein and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on May 1, 2019).
4.14
Second Supplemental Indenture related to the 5.0% Senior Notes due 2025, dated June 3, 2020, by and among Antero Resources Corporation, the several guarantors named therein and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on July 29, 2020).
4.15
Indenture related to the 4.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2026, dated as of August 21, 2020, by and among Antero Resources Corporation, the several guarantors named therein and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee
Exhibit
Number
Description of Exhibit
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on August 21, 2020).
4.16
Form of 4.25% Convertible Senior Note due 2026 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on August 21,2020).
4.17
Indenture related to the 8.375% Senior Notes due 2026, dated as of January 4, 2021, by and among Antero Resources Corporation, the several guarantors named therein and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on January 4, 2021).
4.18
Form of 8.375% Senior Note due 2026 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on January 4, 2021).
4.19
Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of October 16, 2013, by and among Antero Resources Corporation and the owners of the membership interests in Antero Resources Investment LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on October 17, 2013).
4.20
Description of Securities Registered Under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.20 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on February 12, 2020).
4.21
Indenture related to the 7.625% Senior Notes due 2029, dated as of January 26, 2021, by and among Antero Resources Corporation, the several guarantors named therein and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on February 1, 2021).
4.22
Form of 7.625% Senior Note due 2029 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on February 1, 2021).
10.1
Contribution Agreement, dated as of October 16, 2013, by and between Antero Resources Corporation and Antero Resources Midstream LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on October 17, 2013).
10.2
Amended and Restated Contribution Agreement, dated as of November 10, 2014, by and between Antero Resources Corporation and Antero Midstream Partners LP (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Antero Midstream Partners LP’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-36719) filed on November 17, 2014).
10.3
Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 1, 2013, by and among Antero Resources Corporation, Antero Resources LLC and Antero Resources Investment LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission File No. 333-164876) filed on October 11, 2013).
10.4
Second Amended and Restated Gathering and Compression Agreement, dated as of December 8, 2019, by and between Antero Resources Corporation and Antero Midstream LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on February 12, 2020).
10.5
Second Amended and Restated Right of First Offer Agreement, dated as of February 13, 2018, by and between Antero Resources Corporation and Antero Midstream LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on April 25, 2018).
10.6
License Agreement, dated as of November 10, 2014, by and between Antero Resources Corporation and Antero Midstream Partners LP (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Antero Midstream Partners LP’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-36719) filed on November 17, 2014).
10.7
Amended and Restated Secondment Agreement, effective as of March 13, 2019, by and between Antero Midstream Corporation, Antero Midstream Partners LP, Antero Midstream Partners GP LLC, Antero Midstream LLC, Antero Water LLC, Antero Treatment LLC and Antero Resources Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on February 12, 2020).
10.8
Second Amended and Restated Services Agreement, effective as of March 13, 2019, by and among Antero Midstream Partners LP, Antero Midstream Corporation, Antero Midstream Partners GP LLC and Antero Resources Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on February 12, 2020).
10.9**
Amended and Restated Water Services Agreement dated as of February 12, 2019, by and between Antero Resources Corporation and Antero Water LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on February 13, 2019).
10.10
Fifth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of October 26, 2017, by and among Antero Resources Corporation, the lenders party thereto, and JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A., as Administrative Agent (incorporated by
Exhibit
Number
Description of Exhibit
reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on November 1, 2017).
10.11
First Amendment to Fifth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of December 21, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on December 28, 2018).
10.12
Lender Certificate, dated October 29, 2019, delivered by Royal Bank of Canada, and agreed to and accepted by JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent, and Antero Resources Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on February 12, 2020).
10.13
Second Amendment to Fifth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of December 20, 2019, among Antero Resources Corporation, as Borrower, certain subsidiaries of the Borrower, as Guarantors, the Lenders party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on February 12, 2020).
10.14
Third Amendment to Fifth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of April 29, 2020, among Antero Resources Corporation, as Borrower, certain subsidiaries of the Borrower, as Guarantors, the Lenders party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on April 29, 2020).
10.15
Fourth Amendment to Fifth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of June 5, 2020, among Antero Resources Corporation, as Borrower, certain subsidiaries of the Borrower, as Guarantors, the Lenders party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on July 29, 2020).
10.16
Fifth Amendment to Fifth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of June 12, 2020, among Antero Resources Corporation, as Borrower, certain subsidiaries of the Borrower, as Guarantors, the Lenders party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on July 29, 2020).
10.17†
Form of Amended and Restated Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on April 17, 2018).
10.18†
Antero Resources Corporation Long-Term Incentive Plan, effective as of October 1, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on October 11, 2013).
10.19†
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Grant Notice and Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the Antero Resources Corporation Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on February 25, 2015).
10.20†
Form of Bonus Stock Grant Notice and Bonus Stock Agreement (Form for Non-Employee Directors) under the Antero Resources Corporation Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.36 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on February 24, 2016).
10.21†
Form of Performance Share Unit Grant Notice and Performance Share Unit Agreement (Form for Special Retention Awards) under the Antero Resources Corporation Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on February 12, 2016).
10.22†
Global Amendment to Grant Notices and Award Agreements Under the Antero Resources Corporation Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on October 26, 2016).
10.23†
Form of Performance Share Unit Grant Notice and Performance Share Unit Agreement under the Antero Resources Corporation Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on July 31, 2019).
10.24†
Form of Stock Award Grant Notice and Stock Award Agreement (Form for Non-Employee Directors) under the Antero Resources Corporation 2020 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form S-8 (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on July 9, 2020).
10.25†
Stockholders’ Agreement, dated as of October 9, 2018, by and among Antero Midstream GP LP, Arkrose Subsidiary Holdings LLC, Warburg Pincus Private Equity X O&G, L.P., Warburg Pincus X Partners, L.P., Warburg Pincus Private Equity VIII, LP, Warburg Pincus Netherlands Private Equity VIII C.V.I. WP-WPVIII Investors, L.P., Yorktown Energy Partners V, L.P., Yorktown Energy Partners VI, L.P., Yorktown Energy Partners VII, L.P., Yorktown Energy Partners VIII, L.P., Paul M. Rady, Mockingbird Investment, LLC, Glen C. Warren, Jr. and Canton Investment Holdings LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on October 10, 2018).
Exhibit
Number
Description of Exhibit
10.26†
Registration Rights Agreement, dated March 12, 2019, by and among Antero Midstream Corporation, the Company, Arkrose Subsidiary Holdings LLC, Glen C. Warren, Jr., Canton Investment Holdings LLC, Paul M. Rady, Mockingbird Investments, LLC and other holders named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on March 13, 2019).
10.27†
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Grant Notice and Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Form for Special Retention Awards) under the Antero Resources Corporation Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on April 29, 2020).
10.28†
Form of Retention Award Grant Notice and Retention Award Agreement under the Antero Resources Corporation Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on April 29, 2020).
10.29†
Antero Resources Corporation 2020 Long-Term Incentive Plan, effective June 17, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on June 23, 2020).
10.30†
Form of Retention Award Grant Notice and Retention Award Agreement under the Antero Resources Corporation 2020 Long-Term Incentive Plan (Employees) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on October 28, 2020).
10.31†
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Grant Notice and Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the Antero Resources Corporation 2020 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on October 28, 2020).
10.32†
Form of Performance Share Unit Grant Notice and Performance Share Unit Agreement under the Antero Resources Corporation 2020 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on October 28, 2020).
21.1*
Subsidiaries of Antero Resources Corporation.
22.1*
List of Guarantor Subsidiaries.
23.1*
Consent of KPMG LLP.
23.2*
Consent of KPMG LLP.
23.3*
Consent of DeGolyer and MacNaughton.
31.1*
Certification of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 (18 U.S.C. Section 7241).
31.2*
Certification of the Company’s Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 (18 U.S.C. Section 7241).
32.1*
Certification of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 (18 U.S.C. Section 1350).
32.2*
Certification of the Company’s Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 (18 U.S.C. Section 1350).
99.1*
Report of DeGolyer and MacNaughton, dated as of January 29, 2021, for proved reserves as of December 31, 2020.
99.2
Report of DeGolyer and MacNaughton, dated as of January 21, 2020, for proved reserves as of December 31, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on February 12, 2020).
99.3
Report of DeGolyer and MacNaughton, dated as of January 11, 2019, for proved reserves as of December 31, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission File No. 001-36120) filed on February 13, 2019).
99.4*
Financial Statements of Antero Midstream Corporation
101*
The following financial information from this Form 10-K of Antero Resources Corporation for the year ended December 31, 2020, formatted in iXBRL (Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss), (iii) Consolidated Statements of Equity, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (v) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, tagged as blocks of text.
104*
Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document).
The exhibits marked with the asterisk symbol (*) are filed or furnished with this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
** Portions of this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to a request for confidential treatment.
† Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.