EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1368365
Filing Year: 2023
Filename: 1368365_10-K_2023_0001368365-23-000023.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
OVERVIEW
Remark Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“Remark”, “we”, “us”, or “our”) constitute a diversified global technology business with leading artificial intelligence (“AI”) and data-analytics, as well as a portfolio of digital media properties.
Our innovative artificial intelligence (“AI”) and data analytics solutions continue to gain worldwide awareness and recognition through comparative testing, product demonstrations, media exposure, and word of mouth. We continue to see positive responses and increased acceptance of our software and applications in a growing number of industries. We intend to expand our business in three major regions, Asia-Pacific, North America, and Europe. The Asia-Pacific region has a fast-growth AI market with significant opportunities for our solutions. In North America, primarily in the United States, and in Europe, we see robust demand for AI products and solutions in a growing number of industries, including potential growth opportunities particularly in the workplace, schools, transportation and public safety markets. Despite such opportunities, the economic and geopolitical conditions, particularly in international markets, could adversely affect our business. We continue to pursue large business opportunities where we can quickly deploy our software solutions in the market segments we have identified, in which we may face a number of large, well-known competitors.
Our corporate headquarters and U.S. operations are based in Las Vegas, Nevada, and we also maintain operations in London, England and Chengdu, China. Our common stock, par value $0.001 per share, is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the ticker symbol MARK.
On December 21, 2022, we effected a 1-for-10 reverse split of our common stock (the “Reverse Split”). All references made to share or per share amounts in this Form 10-K have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the effects of the Reverse Split.
OUR BUSINESS
Corporate Structure
We are a holding company incorporated in Delaware and not a Chinese operating company. As a holding company, we conduct most of our operations through our subsidiaries, each of which is wholly owned. We have historically conducted a significant part of our operations through contractual arrangements between our wholly-foreign-owned enterprise (“WFOE”) and certain variable interest entities (“VIEs”) based in China to address challenges resulting from laws, policies and practices that may disfavor foreign-owned entities that operate within industries deemed sensitive by the Chinese government. We were the primary beneficiary of the VIEs because the contractual arrangements governing the relationship between the VIEs and our WFOE, which included an exclusive call option agreement, exclusive business cooperation agreement, a proxy agreement and an equity pledge agreement, enabled us to (i) exercise effective control over the VIEs, (ii) receive substantially all of the economic benefits of the VIEs, and (iii) have an exclusive call option to purchase, at any time, all or part of the equity interests in and/or assets of the VIEs to the extent permitted by Chinese laws. Because we were the primary beneficiary of the VIEs, we consolidated the financial results of the VIEs in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”).
We terminated all of the contractual arrangements between the WFOE and the VIEs and exercised our rights under the exclusive call option agreements between the WFOE and the VIEs such that, effective as of September 19, 2022, we obtained 100% of the equity ownership of the entities we formerly consolidated as VIEs and which we now consolidate as wholly-owned subsidiaries.
The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure, including our significant subsidiaries, as of the date of this Form 10-K. The diagram omits certain entities which are immaterial to our results of operations and financial condition.
We are subject to certain legal and operational risks associated with having a significant portion of our operations in China. Chinese laws and regulations governing our current business operations, including the enforcement of such laws and regulations, are sometimes vague and uncertain and can change quickly with little advance notice. The Chinese government may intervene in or influence the operations of our China-based subsidiaries at any time and may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our securities. In addition, any actions by the Chinese government to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer our securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to
significantly decline or become worthless. In recent years, the Chinese government adopted a series of regulatory actions and issued statements to regulate business operations in China, including those related to the use of variable interest entities, cybersecurity, data security, export control and anti-monopoly concerns. As of the date of this Form 10-K, we have neither been involved in any investigations on cybersecurity review initiated by any Chinese regulatory authority, nor received any inquiry, notice or sanction. As of the date of this Form 10-K, no relevant laws or regulations in China explicitly require us to seek approval from the China Securities Regulatory Commission (the “CSRC”) for any securities listing. As of the date of this Form 10-K, we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning or sanctions regarding our planned overseas listing from the CSRC or any other Chinese governmental authorities relating to securities listings. However, since these statements and regulatory actions are newly published, official guidance and related implementation rules have not all been issued. It is highly uncertain what potential impact such modified or new laws and regulations will have on our ability to conduct our business, accept investments or list or maintain a listing on a U.S. or foreign exchange.
As of the date of this Form 10-K, we are not required to seek permissions from the CSRC, the Cyberspace Administration of China (the “CAC”), or any other entity that is required to approve our operations in China. Nevertheless, Chinese regulatory authorities may in the future promulgate laws, regulations or implement rules that require us or our subsidiaries to obtain permissions from such regulatory authorities to approve our operations or any securities listing.
Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act
The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (the “HFCA Act”) was enacted on December 18, 2020. The HFCA Act states that if the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) determines that a company has filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspection by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the “PCAOB”) for three consecutive years beginning in 2021, the SEC shall prohibit such shares from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over the counter trading market in the United States. On December 2, 2021, the SEC adopted amendments to finalize rules implementing the submission and disclosure requirements in the HFCA Act. The rules apply to registrants that the SEC identifies as having filed an annual report with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction and that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a position taken by an authority in a foreign jurisdiction. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, which was signed into law on December 29, 2022, amended the HFCA Act to reduce the number of consecutive non-inspection years required to trigger the trading prohibition under the HFCA Act from three years to two years.
On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report on its determination that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and in Hong Kong because of positions taken by Chinese and Hong Kong authorities in those jurisdictions.
On August 26, 2022, the CSRC, the Ministry of Finance of the PRC, and the PCAOB signed a Statement of Protocol, taking the first step toward opening access for the PCAOB to completely inspect and investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong.
On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB vacated its 2021 determination that the positions taken by authorities in mainland China and Hong Kong prevented it from inspecting and investigating completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in those jurisdictions. In view of the PCAOB’s decision to vacate its 2021 determination and until such time as the PCAOB issues any new adverse determination, the SEC has stated that there are no issuers at risk of having their securities subject to a trading prohibition under the HFCA Act. Each year, the PCAOB will reassess its determinations on whether it can inspect and investigation completely audit firms in China, and if, in the future, the PCAOB determines it cannot do so, or if Chinese authorities do not allow the PCAOB complete access for inspections and investigations for two consecutive years, companies engaging China-based public accounting firms would be delisted pursuant to the HFCA Act.
Our auditor, Weinberg & Company, an independent registered public accounting firm headquartered in the United States is currently subject to PCAOB inspections and has been inspected by the PCAOB on a regular basis. However, if the PCAOB is unable to inspect the work papers of our accounting firm in the future, such lack of inspection could cause trading in our common stock to be prohibited under the HFCA Act, and as a result, an exchange may determine to delist our common stock. The delisting and the cessation of trading of our common stock, or the threat of our common stock being delisted and prohibited from being traded, may materially and adversely affect the value of our common stock.
Business Model
We currently earn the majority of our revenue from sales of AI-based products and services. Excluding general and administrative expense, the primary costs we incur to earn the revenue described below include:
•software development costs, including licensing costs for third-party software
•cost of equipment related to customized AI products
•costs associated with marketing our brands
AI Business
We generate revenue by using the proprietary data and AI software platform we developed to deliver AI-based computer vision products, computing devices and software-as-a-service solutions for businesses in many industries. We continue to partner with top universities on research projects targeting algorithm, artificial neural network and computing architectures which we believe will keep us among the leaders in technology development.
The primary focus of our business is promoting and facilitating the safety of our customers and their customers through our Smart Safety Platform (the “SSP”). The SSP, having won numerous industry and government benchmark tests for accuracy and speed, is a leading software solution for using computer vision to detect persons, objects and behavior in video feeds. Real-time alerts from the SSP allow operations staff to respond rapidly to prevent any events or activities that can endanger public security or workplace safety.
We deploy the SSP to integrate with each customer’s IT infrastructure, including, in many cases, cameras already in place at the customer’s location(s). When necessary, we also sell and deploy hardware to create or supplement the customer’s monitoring capabilities. Such hardware includes, among other items, cameras, edge computing devices and/or our Smart Sentry units. The Smart Sentry is a large mobile camera unit with a telescoping mast on which a high-quality camera is mounted. Based upon customer needs, the camera may have either standard vision and/or thermal vision capability. The camera works in conjunction with an edge computing device that is also mounted to the unit. The Smart Sentry is an example of how we incorporate the SSP in modern IT architectural concepts, including edge computing and micro-service architectures. Edge computing, for example, allows the SSP to conduct expensive computing tasks at distributed locations without requiring large data transmission over the internet, thereby dramatically reducing costs while integrating numerous and varied sensors at distributed locations.
We customize and sell our innovative AI-based computer vision products and solutions, including the SSP, to customers in the retail, construction, public safety, workplace safety and public sector markets. We have also developed versions of our solutions for application in the transportation and energy markets.
Competition
We compete for business primarily on the basis of the quality and reliability of our products and services, and primarily in the AI marketplace, which is intensely competitive and rapidly evolving.
Our AI-based products and services represent a significant opportunity for us in the future. We offer AI products and we also build and deploy custom AI solutions. Our AI products compete with companies such as SenseTime, Face++, Google, GoGoVan, WeLab and others, while we compete with companies such as PricewaterhouseCoopers, Hewlett Packard, Baidu and others for business in the AI solutions market space.
Some of the companies we compete against, or may compete against in the future, may have greater brand recognition and may have significantly greater financial, marketing and other resources than we have. As a result of the potentially greater brand recognition and resources, some of our competitors may bring new products and services to market more quickly, and they may be able to adopt more aggressive pricing policies than we could adopt.
Intellectual Property
We rely upon trademark, copyright and trade secret laws in various jurisdictions, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to protect our proprietary assets and brands. We own 33 copyright registrations and nine AI-related patents, with 27 AI-related patents pending in China.
Technology
Our technologies include software applications built to run on third-party cloud hosting providers including Amazon Web Services and Alibaba located in North America and Asia. We make substantial use of off-the-shelf available open-source technologies such as Linux, PHP, MySQL, Drupal, mongoDB, Memcache, Apache, Nginx, CouchBase, Hadoop, HBase, ElasticSearch, Lua, Java, Redis, Akka and Wordpress, in addition to commercial platforms such as Microsoft, including Windows Operating Systems, SQL Server, and .NET. Such systems are connected to the Internet via load balancers, firewalls, and routers installed in multiple redundant pairs. We also utilize third-party services to geographically deliver data using major content distribution network providers. We rely heavily on virtualization throughout our technology architecture, which enables the scaling of dozens of digital media properties in an efficient and cost-effective manner.
We use third-party cloud hosting providers to host most of our public-facing websites and applications, as well as many of our back-end business intelligence and financial systems. Each of our significant websites is designed to be fault-tolerant, with collections of application servers, typically configured in a load-balanced state, to provide additional resiliency. The infrastructure is equipped with enterprise-class security solutions to combat events such as large-scale distributed denial of service attacks. Our environment is staffed and equipped with a full-scale monitoring solution.
Governmental Regulation
The services we provide are subject to various laws and regulations. We are subject to a number of U.S. federal and state and foreign laws and regulations that affect companies conducting business on the Internet. These laws and regulations may involve privacy, rights of publicity, data protection, content regulation, intellectual property, competition, protection of minors, consumer protection, taxation or other subjects. Many of these laws and regulations are still evolving and being tested in courts and could be interpreted in ways that could harm our business. In addition, the application and interpretation of these laws and regulations often are uncertain, particularly in the new and rapidly evolving industry in which we operate. There are a number of legislative proposals pending before federal, state, and foreign legislative and regulatory bodies concerning data protection that may affect us. We incorporated the principles of the European Union (“EU”) General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) into our internal data protection policy for our product development and solution implementation. In addition, we voluntarily hired an independent, authorized third party in Germany to conduct a GDPR audit of our privacy practices. The audit found that we are compliant with the GDPR principles.
We post our privacy policy and practices concerning the use and disclosure of any user data on our web properties and our distribution applications. Any failure by us to comply with posted privacy policies, federal and state regulatory requirements or foreign privacy-related laws and regulations could result in proceedings by governmental or regulatory bodies that could potentially harm our businesses, results of operations and financial condition.
Foreign data protection, privacy, and other laws and regulations can be more restrictive than those in the United States. The Chinese government has at times taken measures to restrict digital platforms, publishers or specific content themes from consumption by its citizens. We invest significant efforts into ensuring that our published content in China is consistent with our most current understanding of prevailing Chinese laws, regulations, and policies; and to date our published content in China has been met with successful distribution and no action or inquiry from the Chinese government. However, unforeseen regulatory restrictions or policy changes in China regarding digital content could have a material adverse effect on our business.
The Chinese government has not yet adopted a clear regulatory framework governing the new and rapidly-evolving artificial intelligence industry in which we operate. The Chinese government’s adoption of more stringent laws or enforcement protocols affecting participants in such industries (including, without limitation, restrictions on foreign investment, capital requirements and licensing requirements) could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Transfer of Cash or Assets
Dividend Distributions
As of the date of this Form 10-K, none of our subsidiaries have made any dividends or distributions to the parent company.
We have never declared or paid dividends or distributions on our common equity. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future consolidated earnings to fund our operations and continue the development and growth of our business; therefore, we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends.
Under Delaware law, a Delaware corporation’s ability to pay cash dividends on its capital stock requires the corporation to have either net profits or positive net assets (total assets less total liabilities) over its capital. If we determine to pay dividends on any of our common stock in the future, as a holding company, we may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity from our subsidiaries for cash requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash contributions to our stockholders.
Our WFOE’s ability to distribute dividends is based upon its distributable earnings. Current Chinese regulations permit our WFOE to pay dividends to its shareholder only out of its registered capital amount, if any, as determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations, and then only after meeting the requirement regarding statutory reserve. If our WFOE incurs debt in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends or make other payments to us. Any limitation on the ability of our WFOE to distribute dividends or other payments to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our businesses, pay dividends or otherwise fund and conduct our business. In addition, any cash dividends or distributions of assets by our WFOE to its stockholder are subject to a Chinese withholding tax of as much as 10%.
The Chinese government also imposes controls on the conversion of Chinese Renminbi (“RMB”) into foreign currencies and the remittance of currencies out of China. Therefore, we may experience difficulties in completing the administrative procedures necessary to obtain and remit foreign currency for the payment of dividends from our profits, if any. If we are unable to receive all of the revenues from our operations through our China-based subsidiaries, we may be unable to pay dividends on our common stock.
Employees
We employed 88 people as of April 14, 2023, all of whom are full-time employees.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
We were originally incorporated in Delaware in March 2006 as HSW International, Inc., we changed our name to Remark Media, Inc. in December 2011, and as our business continued to evolve, we changed our name to Remark Holdings, Inc. in April 2017.
As soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such materials with, or furnish them to, the SEC, we provide free access through our website (www.remarkholdings.com) to our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). We do not incorporate any information found on our website into the materials we file with, or furnish to, the SEC; therefore, you should not consider any such information a part of any filing we make with the SEC. You may also obtain the reports noted above at the SEC’s website (www.sec.gov), which contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following risk factors, as well as the other information contained in this Form 10-K, including our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto, before deciding whether to invest in our common stock. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of may become important factors that affect us. If any of these risks actually occur, our business, financial condition or operating results may suffer, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.
Risk Factor Summary:
Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those highlighted in the section titled “Risk Factors” immediately following this summary. These risks include, among others, the following:
Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure
•We have historically relied on contractual arrangements with the VIEs and their shareholders for a significant portion of our business operations. If the Chinese government determines that such contractual arrangements did not comply with Chinese regulations, or if these regulations change or are interpreted differently in the future, we could be subject to penalties, and our common stock may decline in value or even become worthless.
•Our contractual arrangements with the former VIEs may be subject to scrutiny by China’s tax authorities. Any adjustment of related party transaction pricing could lead to additional taxes, and therefore substantially reduce our consolidated net income and the value of your investment.
Risks Relating to Doing Business in China
•Changes in China’s economic, political, social or geopolitical conditions or in U.S.-China relations, as well as possible interventions and influences of any government policies and actions, could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations and the value of our common stock.
•Uncertainties with respect to the Chinese legal system could adversely affect us.
•We may be liable for improper use or appropriation of personal information provided by our customers and any failure to comply with Chinese laws and regulations over data security could result in materially adverse impact on our business, results of operations and the value of our common stock.
•Trading in our securities may be prohibited under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act if the PCAOB determines that it cannot inspect or fully investigate our auditors, and as a result, Nasdaq may determine to delist our securities.
Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry
•The continuing impacts of COVID-19 are highly unpredictable and could be significant, and may have an adverse effect on our business and financial results.
•Laws and regulations concerning data privacy are continually evolving. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations could harm our business.
•Our continuous access to publicly-available data and to data from partners may be restricted, disrupted or terminated, which would restrict our ability to develop new products and services, or to improve existing products and services, which are based upon our AI platform.
•Our AI software and our application software are highly technical and run on very sophisticated third-party hardware platforms. If such software or hardware contains undetected errors, our AI solutions may not perform properly and our business could be adversely affected.
•The successful operation of our AI platform will depend upon the performance and reliability of the Internet infrastructure in China.
•Our outstanding senior secured loan agreements contain certain covenants that restrict our ability to engage in certain transactions and may impair our ability to respond to changing business and economic conditions.
•Unauthorized use of our intellectual property by third parties, and the expenses incurred in protecting our intellectual property rights, may adversely affect our business.
•We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims, which may force us to incur substantial legal expenses and, if determined adversely against us, materially disrupt our business.
•We face intense competition from larger, more established companies, and we may not be able to compete effectively, which could reduce demand for our services.
•If we do not effectively manage our growth, our operating performance will suffer and our financial condition could be adversely affected.
Risks Relating to our Company
•We have a history of operating losses and we may not generate sufficient revenue to support our operations.
•We may not have sufficient cash to repay our outstanding senior secured indebtedness.
•Our independent registered public accounting firm’s reports for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 have raised substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a “going concern.”
•We continue to evolve our business strategy and develop new brands, products and services, and our future prospects are difficult to evaluate.
Risks Relating to Our Common Stock
•Our failure to meet the continued listing requirements of the Nasdaq Stock Market could result in a delisting of our common stock.
•Our stock price has fluctuated considerably and is likely to remain volatile, and various factors could negatively affect the market price or market for our common stock.
•Holders of our warrants will have no rights as a common stockholder until they exercise their warrants and acquire our common stock.
•The concentration of our stock ownership may limit individual stockholder ability to influence corporate matters.
•A significant number of additional shares of our common stock may be issued under the terms of existing securities, which issuances would substantially dilute existing stockholders and may depress the market price of our common stock.
•Provisions in our corporate charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of Remark more difficult, which acquisition may be beneficial to stockholders.
Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure
We have historically relied on contractual arrangements with the VIEs and their shareholders for a significant portion of our business operations. If the Chinese government determines that such contractual arrangements did not comply with Chinese regulations, or if these regulations change or are interpreted differently in the future, we could be subject to penalties, and our common stock may decline in value or even become worthless.
Prior to the termination of our contractual arrangements with the VIEs, we relied on such contractual arrangements with the former VIEs to operate our business in China. The revenues contributed by the former VIEs constituted a majority of our total revenues for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.
In recent years, the Chinese government adopted a series of regulatory actions and issued statements to regulate business operations in China, including those related to variable interest entities. These recent statements indicate an intent by the Chinese government to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers. As of the date of this Form 10-K, there are no relevant laws or regulations in China that prohibit our Company or any of our subsidiaries from listing or offering securities in the United States. However, official guidance and related implementation rules have not been issued. Future action taken by the Chinese government could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of our common stock to significantly depreciate or become worthless. In addition, although we believe that our historical contractual arrangements with the former VIEs complied with applicable Chinese laws and regulations, the Chinese government may determine at any time that such contractual arrangements with the former VIEs did not apply with Chinese regulations, or such regulations may change or be interpreted differently in the future. If the Chinese government determines that our contractual arrangements with the former VIEs did not comply with Chinese regulations or if these regulations change or are interpreted differently in the future, we may be subject to penalties imposed by the Chinese government, and our common stock may decline in value or become worthless.
Our contractual arrangements with the former VIEs may be subject to scrutiny by China’s tax authorities. Any adjustment of related party transaction pricing could lead to additional taxes, and therefore substantially reduce our consolidated net income and the value of your investment.
The tax regime in China is rapidly evolving and there is significant uncertainty for Chinese taxpayers as Chinese tax laws may be interpreted in significantly different ways. China’s tax authorities may assert that we or the former VIEs or their shareholders are required to pay additional taxes on previous or future revenue or income. In particular, under applicable Chinese laws, rules and regulations, arrangements and transactions among related parties, such as the contractual arrangements with the former VIEs, may be subject to audit or challenge by China’s tax authorities. If China’s tax authorities determine that any contractual arrangements were not entered into on an arm’s length basis and therefore constitute a favorable transfer pricing, the China tax liabilities of the relevant subsidiaries, the former VIEs or the shareholders of the former VIEs could be increased, which could increase our overall tax liabilities. In addition, China’s tax authorities may impose interest on late payments. Our net income may be materially reduced if our tax liabilities increase. It is uncertain whether any new China laws, rules or regulations relating to VIE structures will be adopted or, if adopted, what they would provide.
If we or any of the former VIEs are found to be in violation of any existing or future China laws, rules or regulations, or if we fail to obtain or maintain any of the required permits or approvals, the relevant China regulatory authorities would have broad discretion to take action in dealing with these violations or failures, including revoking the business and operating licenses of the former VIEs, requiring us to discontinue or restrict our operations, restricting our right to collect revenue, blocking one or more of our websites, requiring us to restructure our operations or taking other regulatory or enforcement actions against us. The imposition of any of these measures could result in a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct all or any portion of our business operations. In addition, it is unclear what impact Chinese government actions would have on us and on our ability to consolidate the financial results of any of the former VIEs in our consolidated financial statements, if Chinese governmental authorities were to find our former corporate structure and historical contractual arrangements to be in violation of Chinese laws, rules and regulations. If the imposition of any governmental actions causes us to lose our right to direct the activities of any of the former VIEs or otherwise separate from any of these entities, and if we are not able to restructure our ownership structure and operations in a satisfactory manner, we would no longer be able to consolidate the financial results of the former VIEs in our consolidated financial statements. Any of these events would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Relating to Doing Business in China
Changes in China’s economic, political, social or geopolitical conditions or in U.S.-China relations, as well as possible interventions and influences of any government policies and actions, could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations and the value of our common stock.
A significant portion of our operations are conducted through our China-based subsidiaries. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be influenced to a significant degree by political, economic, social conditions and government policies in China generally. The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the level of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. Although the Chinese government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets, and the establishment of improved corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in China is still owned by the government. In addition, the Chinese government continues to play a significant role in regulating industry development by imposing industrial policies. The Chinese government also exercises significant control over China’s economic growth through allocating resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy, and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies.
While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth over the past decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy. Any adverse changes in economic conditions in China, in the policies of the Chinese government or in the laws and regulations in China could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China. Such developments could adversely affect our business and operating results, lead to reduction in demand for our services and adversely affect our competitive position. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a severe and negative impact on the Chinese and global economy. In particular, the preventative measures in China as a result of the Chinese government’s “Zero-COVID” policy have significantly limited the operational capabilities of our China-based subsidiaries, caused a material adverse impact on our business and, though the preventative measures have been eased somewhat, may continue to have an adverse impact on our operations in China.
The Chinese government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may have a negative effect on us. In addition, in the past the Chinese government has implemented certain measures, including interest rate adjustment, to control the pace of economic growth. These measures may cause decreased economic activity in China, which may adversely affect our business and operating results.
Furthermore, we and our investors may face uncertainty about future actions by the government of China that could significantly affect the financial performance and operations of our China-based subsidiaries. Chinese laws and regulations, including the enforcement of such laws and regulations, can change quickly with little advance notice. The Chinese government may intervene or influence our operations at any time and may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our securities. As of the date of this Form 10-K, neither Remark nor any of its subsidiaries has received or was denied permission from Chinese authorities to list on U.S. exchanges or conduct U.S. securities offerings. However, there is no guarantee that we will receive or not be denied permission from Chinese authorities to list on U.S. exchanges or conduct U.S. securities offerings in the future. China’s economic, political and social conditions, as well as interventions and influences of any government policies, laws and regulations are uncertain and could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Uncertainties with respect to the Chinese legal system could adversely affect us.
The Chinese legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike the common law system, prior court decisions under the civil law system may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value. Since these laws and regulations are relatively new and the Chinese legal system continues to rapidly evolve, the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform and the enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involves uncertainties.
In 1979, the Chinese government began to promulgate a comprehensive system of laws and regulations governing economic matters in general. The overall effect of legislation over the past three decades has significantly enhanced the
protections afforded to various forms of foreign investments in China. However, China has not developed a fully integrated legal system, and recently enacted laws and regulations may not sufficiently cover all aspects of economic activities in China. In particular, the interpretation and enforcement of these laws and regulations involve uncertainties. Since Chinese administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory provisions and contractual terms, it may be difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy. These uncertainties may affect our judgment on the relevance of legal requirements and our ability to enforce our contractual rights or tort claims. In addition, the regulatory uncertainties may be exploited through unmerited or frivolous legal actions or threats in attempts to extract payments or benefits from us.
Furthermore, the Chinese legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all and may have retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of any of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. In addition, any administrative and court proceedings in China may be protracted, resulting in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention.
In addition, we are subject to risks and uncertainties of the interpretations and applications of Chinese laws and regulations, and any such interpretations and applications could lead to future actions of the Chinese government that are detrimental to us and/or our China-based subsidiaries, which would likely result in material adverse changes in our operations and cause the value of our common stock to potentially depreciate significantly or become worthless.
We may be liable for improper use or appropriation of personal information provided by our customers and any failure to comply with Chinese laws and regulations over data security could result in materially adverse impact on our business, results of operations and the value of our common stock.
Our business involves collecting and retaining certain internal and external data and information including that of our customers and suppliers. The integrity and protection of such information and data are crucial to us and our business. Owners of such data and information expect that we will adequately protect their personal information. We are required by applicable laws to keep strictly confidential the personal information that we collect, and to take adequate security measures to safeguard such information.
The PRC Criminal Law, as amended by its Amendment 7 (effective on February 28, 2009) and Amendment 9 (effective on November 1, 2015), prohibits institutions, companies and their employees from selling or otherwise illegally disclosing a citizen’s personal information obtained in performing duties or providing services or obtaining such information through theft or other illegal ways. On November 7, 2016, the Standing Committee of the PRC National People’s Congress issued the Cyber Security Law of the PRC (the “Cyber Security Law”), which became effective on June 1, 2017. Pursuant to the Cyber Security Law, network operators must not, without users’ consent, collect their personal information, and may only collect users’ personal information necessary to provide their services. Providers are also obliged to provide security maintenance for their products and services and shall comply with provisions regarding the protection of personal information as stipulated under the relevant laws and regulations.
The Civil Code of the PRC (issued by the PRC National People’s Congress on May 28, 2020 and effective from January 1, 2021) provides legal basis for privacy and personal information infringement claims under the Chinese civil laws. Chinese regulators, including the CAC, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and the Ministry of Public Security, have been increasingly focused on regulation in data security and data protection.
On August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the 13th National People's Congress of China issued the final version of the Personal Information Protection Law (the “PIPL”), which became effective on November 1, 2021. The PIPL imposes on China-based data processers (such as our China-based subsidiaries) significant obligations with respect to, among other things, obtaining, processing and cross-border transferring personal information. The PIPL may subject a data processor to a penalty of as much as RMB50 million or 5% of the preceding year’s turnover.
The Chinese regulatory requirements regarding cybersecurity are evolving. For instance, various regulatory bodies in China, including the CAC, the Ministry of Public Security and the State Administration for Market Regulation, have enforced data privacy and protection laws and regulations with varying and evolving standards and interpretations.
In November 2021, the CAC and other related authorities released the amended Cybersecurity Review Measures which became effective on February 15, 2022. Under the amended Cybersecurity Review Measures:
•companies who are engaged in data processing are also subject to the regulatory scope;
•the CSRC is included as one of the regulatory authorities for purposes of jointly establishing the state cybersecurity review working mechanism;
•the operators (including both operators of critical information infrastructure and relevant parties who are engaged in data processing) holding more than one million users/users’ (which are to be further specified) individual information and seeking a listing outside China shall file for cybersecurity review with the Cybersecurity Review Office; and
•the risks of core data, material data or large amounts of personal information being stolen, leaked, destroyed, damaged, illegally used or transmitted to overseas parties and the risks of critical information infrastructure, core data, material data or large amounts of personal information being influenced, controlled or used maliciously shall be collectively taken into consideration during the cybersecurity review process.
As a result of the promulgation of the amended Cybersecurity Review Measures, we may become subject to enhanced cybersecurity review. Certain internet platforms in China have been reportedly subject to heightened regulatory scrutiny in relation to cybersecurity matters. As of the date of this Form 10-K, we have neither been subject to heightened regulatory scrutiny with respect to cybersecurity matters nor been informed by any Chinese governmental authority of any requirement that we file for a cybersecurity review. However, if we are deemed to be a critical information infrastructure operator or a company that is engaged in data processing and holds personal information of more than one million users, we could be subject to Chinese cybersecurity review.
As there remains significant uncertainty in the interpretation and enforcement of relevant Chinese cybersecurity laws and regulations, we could be subject to cybersecurity review, and if so, we may not be able to pass such review. In addition, we could become subject to enhanced cybersecurity review or investigations launched by Chinese regulators in the future. Any failure or delay in the completion of the cybersecurity review procedures or any other non-compliance with the related laws and regulations may result in fines or other penalties, including suspension of business, website closure, removal of our app from the relevant app stores, and revocation of prerequisite licenses, as well as reputational damage or legal proceedings or actions against us, which may have material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. As of the date of this Form 10-K, we have neither been involved in any investigations on cybersecurity review initiated by the CAC or any other Chinese regulatory authority nor have we received any inquiry, notice or sanction in such respect. We believe that we are in compliance with the aforementioned regulations and policies that have been issued by the CAC.
On June 10, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China (the “SCNPC”) promulgated the PRC Data Security Law, which took effect on September 1, 2021. The PRC Data Security Law imposes data security and privacy obligations on entities and individuals carrying out data activities, and introduces a data classification and hierarchical protection system based on the importance of data in economic and social development, and the degree of harm it will cause to national security, public interests, or legitimate rights and interests of individuals or organizations when such data is tampered with, destroyed, leaked, illegally acquired or used. The PRC Data Security Law also provides for a national security review procedure for data activities that may affect national security and imposes export restrictions on certain data an information.
As of the date of this Form 10-K, we do not expect that the current Chinese laws on cybersecurity or data security or the PIPL would have a material adverse impact on our business operations. However, as uncertainties remain regarding the interpretation and implementation of these laws and regulations, we cannot assure you that we will comply with such regulations in all respects and we may be ordered to rectify or terminate any actions that are deemed illegal by regulatory authorities. We may also become subject to fines and/or other sanctions which may have material adverse effect on our business, operations and financial condition.
Trading in our securities may be prohibited under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act if the PCAOB determines that it cannot inspect or fully investigate our auditors, and as a result, Nasdaq may determine to delist our securities.
The HFCA Act was enacted on December 18, 2020. The HFCA Act states if the SEC determines that a company has filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspection by the PCAOB for three consecutive years beginning in 2021, the SEC shall prohibit such shares from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over the counter trading market in the United States. On December 2, 2021, the SEC adopted amendments to finalize rules implementing the submission and disclosure requirements in the HFCA Act. The rules apply to registrants that the SEC identifies as having filed an annual report with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction and that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a position taken by an authority in a foreign jurisdiction. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, which was signed into law on December 29, 2022, amended the HFCA Act to reduce the number of consecutive non-inspection years required to trigger the trading prohibition under the HFCA Act from three years to two years.
On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report on its determination that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and in Hong Kong because of positions taken by Chinese and Hong Kong authorities in those jurisdictions.
On August 26, 2022, the CSRC, the Ministry of Finance of the PRC, and the PCAOB signed a Statement of Protocol, taking the first step toward opening access for the PCAOB to completely inspect and investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong.
On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB vacated its 2021 determination that the positions taken by authorities in mainland China and Hong Kong prevented it from inspecting and investigating completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in those jurisdictions. In view of the PCAOB’s decision to vacate its 2021 determination and until such time as the PCAOB issues any new adverse determination, the SEC has stated that there are no issuers at risk of having their securities subject to a trading prohibition under the HFCA Act. Each year, the PCAOB will reassess its determinations on whether it can inspect and investigation completely audit firms in China, and if, in the future, the PCAOB determines it cannot do so, or if Chinese authorities do not allow the PCAOB complete access for inspections and investigations for two consecutive years, companies engaging China-based public accounting firms would be delisted pursuant to the HFCA Act.
Our auditor, Weinberg & Company, an independent registered public accounting firm headquartered in the United States, is currently subject to PCAOB inspections and has been inspected by the PCAOB on a regular basis. However, if the PCAOB is unable to inspect the work papers of our accounting firm in the future, such lack of inspection could cause trading in our common stock to be prohibited under the HFCA Act, and as a result, an exchange may determine to delist our common stock. The delisting and the cessation of trading of our common stock, or the threat of our common stock being delisted and prohibited from being traded, may materially and adversely affect the value of our common stock.
These recent developments may result in prohibitions on the trading of our common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market, if our auditors fail to meet the PCAOB inspection requirement in time.
Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry
The continuing impacts of COVID-19 are highly unpredictable and could be significant, and may have an adverse effect on our business and financial results.
The global outbreak of COVID-19 has impacted our business and could continue to have a significant impact on our business. The impact of COVID-19 on our business and future financial results could include, but may not be limited to:
•lack of revenue growth or decreases in revenue due to a lack of, or at least a decline in, customer demand and (or) deterioration in the credit quality of our customers;
•a significant increase in our need for external financing to maintain operations as a result of decreased revenue;
•significant decline in the debt and equity markets, thus impacting our ability to conduct financings on terms acceptable to us; and
•the rapid and broad-based shift to a remote working environment creates inherent productivity, connectivity, and oversight challenges. Preventative measures implemented by governmental authorities in China, such as travel restrictions, shelter-in-place orders and business closures, could significantly impact the ability of our employees and vendors to work productively. In addition, the changed environment under which we are operating could have an impact on our internal controls over financial reporting as well as our ability to meet a number of our compliance requirements in a timely or quality manner.
The extent of any ongoing impact of the pandemic on our business and financial results will depend largely on future developments, including the duration and severity of any outbreaks related to new variants of COVID-19, the length of the travel restrictions and business closures imposed by domestic and foreign governments, all of which can be highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. Though improving somewhat, the situation continues to evolve and additional impacts may arise that we are not aware of currently.
Laws and regulations concerning data privacy are continually evolving. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations could harm our business.
Our business involves collecting and retaining certain internal and external data and information including that of our customers and suppliers and third parties. The integrity and protection of such information and data are crucial to us and our business. Owners of such data and information expect that we will adequately protect their personal information. We are required by applicable privacy and data protection laws in the U.S. and internationally to keep strictly confidential the personal information that we collect, and to take adequate security measures to safeguard such information.
Our failure to comply with existing privacy or data protection laws and regulations could increase our costs, force us to change or limit the features of our AI solutions or result in proceedings or litigation against us by governmental authorities or others, any or all of which could result in significant fines or judgments against us, result in damage to our reputation, and result in negative effects on our financial condition and results of operations. Even if concerns raised by regulators, the media, or consumers about our privacy and data protection or consumer protection practices are unfounded, we could suffer damage to our reputation that causes significant negative effects on our financial condition and results of operations.
Privacy and data protection laws are rapidly changing and likely will continue to do so for the foreseeable future, which could have an impact on how we develop and customize our AI products and software. The growth and development of AI may prompt calls for more stringent consumer privacy protection laws that may impose additional burdens on companies such as ours. Any such changes would require us to devote legal and other resources to address such regulation.
For example, in the U.S., the California Consumer Privacy Act ("CCPA") became effective on January 1, 2020 and applies to processing of personal information of California residents. Other states, including Nevada, have enacted or are considering similar privacy or data protection laws that may apply to us. The U.S. government, including the Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Commerce, also continue to review the need for greater or different regulation over the collection of personal information and information about consumer behavior on the Internet and on mobile devices, and the U.S. Congress is considering a number of legislative proposals to regulate in this area. Various government and consumer agencies worldwide have also called for new regulation and changes in industry practices. For example, the GDPR became effective on May 25, 2018. GDPR would apply to us should we expand our AI business into member countries of the EU. Violations of the GDPR may result in significant penalties, and countries in the EU are still enacting national laws that correspond to certain portions of the GDPR.
Our continuous access to publicly-available data and to data from partners may be restricted, disrupted or terminated, which would restrict our ability to develop new products and services, or to improve existing products and services, which are based upon our AI platform.
The success of our AI-based solutions depends substantially on our ability to continuously ingest and process large amounts of data available in the public domain and provided by our partners, and any interruption to our free access to such
publicly-available data or to the data we obtain from our partners will restrict our ability to develop new products and services, or to improve existing products and services. While we have not encountered any significant disruption of such access to date, there is no guarantee that this trend will continue without costs. Public data sources may change their policies to restrict access or implement procedures to make it more difficult or costly for us to maintain access, and partners could decide to terminate our existing agreements with them. If we no longer have free access to public data, or access to data from our partners, our ability to maintain or improve existing products, or to develop new AI-based solutions may be severely limited. Furthermore, we may be forced to pay significant fees to public data sources or to partners to maintain access, which would adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Our AI software and our application software are highly technical and run on very sophisticated third-party hardware platforms. If such software or hardware contains undetected errors, our AI solutions may not perform properly and our business could be adversely affected.
Our AI-based solutions and internal systems rely on software, including software developed or maintained internally or by third parties, that is highly technical and complex. In addition, our AI-based solutions and internal systems depend on the ability of such software to store, retrieve, process, and manage immense amounts of data. The software on which we rely has contained, and may now or in the future contain, undetected errors, bugs, or vulnerabilities. Some errors may only be discovered after the AI-based solution or application software has been released for external or internal use. Errors or other design defects within the software on which we rely may result in a negative experience for our customers, delay product introductions or enhancements, result in measurement or billing errors, or compromise our ability to protect our customers’ data or our intellectual property. Any errors, bugs, or defects discovered in the software on which we rely could result in damage to our reputation, loss of users, loss of revenue, or liability for damages, any of which could adversely affect our business and financial results.
The successful operation of our AI platform will depend upon the performance and reliability of the Internet infrastructure in China.
The successful operation of KanKan will depend on the performance and reliability of the Internet infrastructure in China. Almost all access to the Internet is maintained through state-owned telecommunication operators under the administrative control and regulatory supervision of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China. In addition, the national networks in China are connected to the Internet through state-owned international gateways, which are the only channels through which a domestic user can connect to the Internet outside of China. We may not have access to alternative networks in the event of disruptions, failures or other problems with China’s Internet infrastructure. In addition, the Internet infrastructure in China may not support the demands associated with continued growth in Internet usage.
The failure of telecommunications network operators to provide us with the requisite bandwidth could also interfere with the speed and availability of KanKan. We have no control over the costs of the services provided by the national telecommunications operators. If the prices that we pay for telecommunications and Internet services rise significantly, our gross margins could be adversely affected. In addition, if Internet access fees or other charges to Internet users increase, our user traffic may decrease, which in turn may cause a decrease in our revenues.
Our outstanding senior secured loan agreements contain certain covenants that restrict our ability to engage in certain transactions and may impair our ability to respond to changing business and economic conditions.
On December 3, 2021, we entered into senior secured loan agreements (the “Original Mudrick Loan Agreements”) with certain of our subsidiaries as guarantors (the “Guarantors”) and certain institutional lenders affiliated with Mudrick Capital Management, LP (collectively, “Mudrick”), pursuant to which the Mudrick extended credit to us consisting of term loans in the principal amount of $30.0 million (the “Original Mudrick Loans”). On March 14, 2023, we entered into a Note Purchase Agreement with Mudrick (the “New Mudrick Loan Agreement”) pursuant to which all of the Original Mudrick Loans were cancelled in exchange for new notes payable to Mudrick (the “New Mudrick Notes”). The New Mudrick Notes require us to satisfy various covenants, including restrictions on our ability to engage in certain transactions without Mudrick’s consent, and may limit our ability to respond to changing business and economic conditions. The restrictions include, among other things, limitations on our ability and the ability of our subsidiaries to:
•change its name or corporate form or jurisdiction of organization;
•merge with another entity (other than an affiliate of Mudrick),consolidate, or sell or dispose of any material portion of our assets;
•sell, lease, license, convey, assign (by operation of law or otherwise), exchange or otherwise voluntarily or involuntarily transfer or dispose of any interest in any of its assets (other than upon receipt of fair consideration for obsolete assets, trade-ins and disposition, sales or licenses in the ordinary course of business) or any portion thereof or encumber, or hypothecate, or create, incur or permit to exist any pledge, mortgage, lien, security interest, charge, encumbrance or adverse claim upon or other interest in or with respect to any of its assets (other than permitted liens); and
•directly or indirectly enter into or permit to exist any transaction with any of our affiliates (other than a wholly-owned subsidiary).
Unauthorized use of our intellectual property by third parties, and the expenses incurred in protecting our intellectual property rights, may adversely affect our business.
We regard our copyrights, service marks, trademarks, trade secrets and other intellectual property as critical to our success. Unauthorized use of our intellectual property by third parties may adversely affect our business and reputation. We rely on trademark and copyright law, trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements with our employees, customers, business partners and others to protect our intellectual property rights. Despite our precautions, it is possible for third parties to obtain and use our intellectual property without authorization. Furthermore, the validity, enforceability and scope of protection of intellectual property in Internet related industries are uncertain and still evolving. In particular, the laws of the People’s Republic of China are uncertain or do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as do the laws of the United States. Moreover, litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights, to protect our trade secrets or to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others. Future litigation could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources.
We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims, which may force us to incur substantial legal expenses and, if determined adversely against us, materially disrupt our business.
We cannot be certain that our brands and services will not infringe valid patents, copyrights or other intellectual property rights held by third parties. We cannot provide assurance that we will avoid the need to defend against allegations of infringement of third-party intellectual property rights, regardless of their merit. Intellectual property litigation is very expensive, and becoming involved in such litigation could consume a substantial portion of our managerial and financial resources, regardless of whether we win. Substantially greater resources may allow some of our competitors to sustain the cost of complex intellectual property litigation more effectively than us; we may not be able to afford the cost of such litigation.
Should we suffer an adverse outcome from intellectual property litigation, we may incur significant liabilities, we may be required to license disputed rights from third parties, or we may have to cease using the subject technology. If we are found to infringe upon third-party intellectual property rights, we cannot provide assurance that we would be able to obtain licenses to
such intellectual property on commercially reasonable terms, if at all, or that we could develop or obtain alternative technology. If we fail to obtain such licenses at a reasonable cost, such failure may materially disrupt the conduct of our business, and could consume substantial resources and create significant uncertainties. Any legal action against us or our collaborators could lead to:
•payment of actual damages, royalties, lost profits, potentially treble damages and attorneys’ fees if we are found to have willfully infringed a third party’s patent rights;
•injunctive or other equitable relief that may effectively block our ability to further develop, commercialize and sell our products;
•us or our collaborators having to enter into license arrangements that may not be available on commercially acceptable terms, if at all; or
•significant cost and expense, as well as distraction of our management from our business.
The negative outcomes discussed above could adversely affect our ability to conduct business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
We face intense competition from larger, more established companies, and we may not be able to compete effectively, which could reduce demand for our services.
The market for the services we offer is increasingly and intensely competitive. Nearly all our competitors have longer operating histories, larger customer bases, greater brand recognition and significantly greater financial, marketing and other resources than we do. Our competitors may secure more favorable revenue arrangements with advertisers, devote greater resources to marketing and promotional campaigns, adopt more aggressive growth strategies and devote substantially more resources to website and systems development than we do. In addition, the Internet media and advertising industries continue to experience consolidation, including the acquisitions of companies offering travel and finance-related content and services and paid search services. Industry consolidation has resulted in larger, more established and well-financed competitors with a greater focus. If these industry trends continue, or if we are unable to compete in the Internet media and paid search markets, our financial results may suffer.
Additionally, larger companies may implement policies and/or technologies into their search engines or software that make it less likely that consumers can reach our websites and less likely that consumers will click-through on sponsored listings from our advertisers. The implementation of such technologies could result in a decrease in our revenues. If we are unable to successfully compete against current and future competitors, our operating results will be adversely affected.
If we do not effectively manage our growth, our operating performance will suffer and our financial condition could be adversely affected.
Substantial future growth will be required for us to realize our business objectives. To the extent we are capable of achieving this growth, it will place significant demands on our managerial, operational and financial resources. Additionally, this growth will require us to make significant capital expenditures, hire, train and manage a larger work force, and allocate valuable management resources. We must manage any such growth through appropriate systems and controls in each of these areas. If we do not manage the growth of our business effectively, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected.
In addition, as our business grows, our technological and network infrastructure must keep in-line with our needs. Future demand is difficult to forecast and we may not be able to adequately handle large increases unless we spend substantial amounts to augment our ability to handle increased traffic. Additionally, the implementation of increased network capacity contains some execution risks and may lead to ineffectiveness or inefficiency. This could lead to a diminished experience for our consumers and advertisers and damage our reputation and relationship with them, leading to lower marketability and negative effects on our operating results. Moreover, the pace of innovative change in network technology is fast and if we do not keep up, we may lag behind competitors. The costs of upgrading and improving technology could be substantial and negatively affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Risks Relating to our Company
We have a history of operating losses and we may not generate sufficient revenue to support our operations.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, and in each fiscal year since our inception, we have incurred net losses and generated negative cash flow from operations, resulting in an accumulated deficit of $(388.5) million.
We cannot provide assurance that revenue generated from our businesses will be sufficient to sustain our operations in the long term. We have implemented measures to reduce operating costs, and we continuously evaluate other opportunities to reduce costs further. Additionally, we are working with our advisors to evaluate strategic alternatives, including the potential sale of certain non-core assets, investment assets and operating businesses. We may also need to obtain additional capital through equity financing or debt financing. Should we fail to successfully implement our plans described herein, such failure would have a material adverse effect on our business, including the possible cessation of operations.
Conditions in the debt and equity markets, as well as the volatility of investor sentiment regarding macroeconomic and microeconomic conditions (in particular, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, global supply chain disruptions, inflation and other cost increases, and the geopolitical conflict in Ukraine) will play primary roles in determining whether we can successfully obtain additional capital. We cannot be certain that we will be successful at raising capital, whether in an equity financing, debt financing, or by divesting of certain assets or businesses, on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. In addition, if we obtain capital by issuing equity, such transaction(s) may dilute existing stockholders.
We may not have sufficient cash to repay our outstanding senior secured indebtedness.
As of April 14, 2023, $16.2 million of aggregate principal remained outstanding under the New Mudrick Loans, which will be due and payable in full on October 31, 2023. Our available cash and other liquid assets are currently not sufficient to pay such obligations in full. If we do not pay the New Mudrick Notes in full on the scheduled maturity date, Mudrick will have available to them all rights under the New Mudrick Loan Agreements and applicable law, which include, without limitation, foreclosing on the collateral securing the New Mudrick Notes. Mudrick’s exercise of any such rights could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.
Our independent registered public accounting firm’s reports for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 have raised substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a “going concern.”
Our independent registered public accounting firm indicated in its report on our audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 that there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. A “going concern” opinion indicates that the financial statements have been prepared assuming we will continue as a going concern and do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets, or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may result if we do not continue as a going concern. Therefore, you should not rely on our consolidated balance sheet as an indication of the amount of proceeds that would be available to satisfy claims of creditors, and potentially be available for distribution to stockholders, in the event of liquidation. The presence of the going concern note to our financial statements may have an adverse impact on the relationships we are developing and plan to develop with third parties as we continue the commercialization of our products and could make it difficult for us to raise additional financing, all of which could have a material adverse impact on our business and prospects and result in a significant or complete loss of your investment.
We continue to evolve our business strategy and develop new brands, products and services, and our future prospects are difficult to evaluate.
We are in varying stages of development with regard to our business, including our artificial intelligence business driven by our AI platform, so our prospects must be considered in light of the many risks, uncertainties, expenses, delays, and difficulties frequently encountered by companies in the early stages of development of business models and products. Some of such risks and difficulties include our ability to, among other things:
•manage and implement new business strategies;
•successfully commercialize and monetize our assets;
•continue to raise additional working capital;
•manage operating expenses;
•establish and take advantage of strategic relationships;
•successfully avoid diversion of management’s attention or of other resources from our existing business
•successfully avoid impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets such as trademarks or other intellectual property arising from acquisitions;
•prevent, or successfully temper, adverse market reaction to acquisitions;
•manage and adapt to rapidly changing and expanding operations;
•respond effectively to competitive developments; and
•attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel.
Because of the early stage of development of certain of our business operations, we cannot be certain that our business strategy will be successful or that it will successfully address the risks described or alluded to above. Any failure by us to successfully implement our new business plans could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Furthermore, growth into new areas may require changes to our cost structure, modifications to our infrastructure and exposure to new regulatory, legal and competitive risks.
If we fail to manage our growth, we may need to improve our operational, financial and management systems and processes which may require significant capital expenditures and allocation of valuable management and employee resources. As we continue to grow, we must effectively integrate, develop and motivate new employees, including employees in international markets, while maintaining the beneficial aspects of our company culture. If we do not manage the growth of our business and operations effectively, the quality of our platform and efficiency of our operations could suffer, which could harm our brand, results of operations and business.
We cannot assure you that these investments will be successful or that such endeavors will result in the realization of the full benefits of synergies, cost savings, innovation and operational efficiencies that may be possible or that we will achieve these benefits within a reasonable period of time.
Risks Relating to Our Common Stock
Our failure to meet the continued listing requirements of the Nasdaq Stock Market could result in a delisting of our common stock.
On February 25, 2022, we received written notice from Nasdaq’s Listing Qualifications Department notifying us that, for a period of 30 consecutive business days, the bid price of our common stock closed below the minimum of $1.00 per share
required for continued listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market pursuant to the Bid Price Rule. In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), we had 180 calendar days, or until August 24, 2022, to regain compliance with the Bid Price Rule.
On August 30, 2022, we received a staff determination letter from Nasdaq stating that we did not regain compliance with the Bid Price Rule and we were not eligible for a second 180-day grace period because we did not comply with the minimum $5,000,000 Stockholders’ Equity initial listing requirement for the Nasdaq Capital Market. We appealed Nasdaq’s delisting determination to a hearings panel (the “Panel”), which heard our presentation at a hearing held on October 6, 2022.
On October 17, 2022, we received a written decision from the Panel granting our request for continued listing on Nasdaq, subject to the conditions that, on January 11, 2023, we will have demonstrated compliance with the Bid Price Rule by evidencing a closing price of $1.00 or more per share for a minimum of 10 consecutive trading sessions, and that we provide prompt notification of any significant events that occur during the period ending on January 11, 2023 that may affect our compliance with Nasdaq rules.
On January 11, 2023, we received a written notification from Nasdaq confirming that we have regained compliance with the Bid Price Rule and accordingly, the Panel has determined to continue the listing of our common stock on Nasdaq.
Even though we received a favorable decision from the Panel and have regained compliance with the Bid Price Rule, there can be no assurance that we will be able to continue to satisfy our continued listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market going forward. Our failure to meet the continued listing requirements in the future could result in a delisting of our common stock. A delisting could harm our ability to raise capital through alternative financing sources on terms acceptable to us, or at all, and may result in the potential loss of confidence by investors, customers and employees and potential loss of business development opportunities. A delisting from Nasdaq could adversely affect our ability to raise additional financing through the public or private sale of equity securities, would significantly impact the ability of investors to trade our securities and would negatively impact the value and liquidity of our common stock.
Our stock price has fluctuated considerably and is likely to remain volatile, and various factors could negatively affect the market price or market for our common stock.
The trading price of our common stock has been and may continue to be volatile. From January 1, 2020, through April 14, 2023, the high and low sales prices for our common stock were $67.00 and $0.87, respectively (as adjusted for the Reverse Split). The trading price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, including:
•general market and economic conditions;
•the low trading volume and limited public market for our common stock; and
•minimal third-party research regarding our company.
In addition, the stock market in general, and the market prices for Internet-related companies in particular, have experienced volatility that often has been unrelated to the operating performance of such companies. Such broad market and industry fluctuations may adversely affect the price of our stock, regardless of our operating performance.
Holders of our warrants will have no rights as a common stockholder until they exercise their warrants and acquire our common stock.
Until a holder of our warrants acquires shares of our common stock upon exercise of such warrants, such holder will have no rights with respect to shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants. Upon exercise of warrants by, the holder shall become entitled to exercise the rights of a common stockholder only as to matters for which the record date occurs after the exercise date.
The concentration of our stock ownership may limit individual stockholder ability to influence corporate matters.
As of April 14, 2023, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Kai-Shing Tao, may be deemed to beneficially own 1,020,062 shares, or 7.2% of our common stock, and Lawrence Rosen may be deemed to beneficially own 709,487 shares, or 5.2% of our common stock. The interests of these stockholders may not always coincide with the interests of other stockholders, and they may act in a manner that advances their best interests and not necessarily those of other stockholders, and might affect the prevailing market price for our securities.
If these stockholders act together, they may be able to exert significant control over our management and affairs requiring stockholder approval, including approval of significant corporate actions. Such concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control and might adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
A significant number of additional shares of our common stock may be issued under the terms of existing securities, which issuances would substantially dilute existing stockholders and may depress the market price of our common stock.
As of April 14, 2023, we had outstanding stock options allowing for the purchase of as many as approximately 1.6 million shares of common stock. Also outstanding were (i) convertible debentures we issued to Ionic Ventures, LLC (“Ionic”) with an aggregate outstanding balance of $2,778,000, (ii) shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of a warrant we issued to Armistice Capital Master Fund Ltd. in a private placement (the “Investor Warrant”), which is exercisable for as many as 423,729 shares of common stock, (iii) warrants to purchase as many as an aggregate of 12,712 shares of our common stock issued to A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners and its designees (the “Financial Advisor Warrants”), which are exercisable for as many as an aggregate of 12,712 shares of common stock, (iv) warrants we issued as part of the consideration for our acquisition of assets of China Branding Group Limited (“CBG”), providing for the right to purchase 4,000 shares of common stock at a per-share exercise price of $100.00 (the “CBG Acquisition Warrants”) and (v) warrants we issued pursuant to a settlement agreement that we entered into with CBG and its joint official liquidators, providing for the right to purchase 571,000 shares of common stock at a per share exercise price of $60.00 (the “CBG Settlement Warrants”).
The Investor Warrant is immediately exercisable and will expire on October 31, 2027. However, we are prohibited from effecting an exercise of the Investor Warrant, and the holder thereof will not have the right to exercise any portion of its Investor Warrant, to the extent that, as a result of such exercise, the warrant holder would beneficially own more than 4.99% of the outstanding shares of our common stock immediately after giving effect to the issuance of shares of issuable upon exercise of the Investor Warrant. The Financial Advisor Warrants are immediately exercisable and will expire on the five-year anniversary of the date of issuance.
The CBG Acquisition Warrants and the CBG Settlement Warrants are exercisable on a cashless basis only, such that they cannot be exercised for the entire amount of shares purchasable under such warrants, and they effectively cannot be exercised to purchase shares of common stock unless the applicable market value of the common stock exceeds the applicable exercise price under the terms thereof.
The issuance of common stock pursuant to the warrants and the debentures described above would substantially dilute the proportionate ownership and voting power of existing stockholders, and their issuance, or the possibility of their issuance, may depress the market price of our common stock.
Provisions in our corporate charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of Remark more difficult, which acquisition may be beneficial to stockholders.
Provisions in our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws, as well as provisions of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (“DGCL”), which may discourage, delay or prevent a merger with, acquisition of or other change in control of Remark, even if such a change in control would be beneficial to our stockholders, include the following:
•only our Board of Directors may call special meetings of our stockholders;
•our stockholders may take action only at a meeting of our stockholders and not by written consent;
•we have authorized, undesignated preferred stock, the terms of which may be established and shares of which may be issued without stockholder approval.
Additionally, Section 203 of the DGCL prohibits a person who owns in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person acquired in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock, unless the merger or combination is approved in a prescribed manner. We have not opted out of the restriction under Section 203, as permitted under DGCL.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Not applicable.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
We conduct our operations primarily from office space located in Las Vegas, Nevada, and Chengdu, China. The locations are leased pursuant to agreements expiring in March 2023 and October 2024, respectively. We also lease support offices in Shanghai and Hangzhou, China and in the Greater London region in England.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
None.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
MARKET INFORMATION
Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol MARK.
HOLDERS OF COMMON STOCK
We had 66 holders of record of our common stock as of April 14, 2023.
DIVIDENDS
We have never declared or paid dividends or distributions on our common equity. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future consolidated earnings to fund our operations and continue the development and growth of our business; therefore, we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
ITEM 6. RESERVED

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
You should read our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto set forth in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K. Such discussion and analysis includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties and that are not historical facts, including statements about our beliefs and expectations. You should also read Business, Risk Factors and Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements in this Form 10-K.
OVERVIEW
We are a diversified global technology business with leading AI and data-analytics, as well as a portfolio of digital media properties.
Corporate Structure
We are a holding company incorporated in Delaware and not a Chinese operating company. As a holding company, we conduct most of our operations through our subsidiaries, each of which is wholly owned. We have historically conducted a significant part of our operations through contractual arrangements between our WFOE and certain VIEs based in China to address challenges resulting from laws, policies and practices that may disfavor foreign-owned entities that operate within industries deemed sensitive by the Chinese government. We were the primary beneficiary of the VIEs because the contractual arrangements governing the relationship between the VIEs and our WFOE, which included an exclusive call option agreement, exclusive business cooperation agreement, a proxy agreement and an equity pledge agreement, enabled us to (i) exercise effective control over the VIEs, (ii) receive substantially all of the economic benefits of the VIEs, and (iii) have an exclusive call option to purchase, at any time, all or part of the equity interests in and/or assets of the VIEs to the extent permitted by Chinese laws. Because we were the primary beneficiary of the VIEs, we consolidated the financial results of the VIEs in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP.
We terminated all of the contractual arrangements between the WFOE and the VIEs and exercised our rights under the exclusive call option agreements between the WFOE and the VIEs such that, effective as of September 19, 2022, we obtained 100% of the equity ownership of the entities we formerly consolidated as VIEs and which we now consolidate as wholly-owned subsidiaries.
The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure, including our significant subsidiaries, as of the date of this Form 10-K. The diagram omits certain entities which are immaterial to our results of operations and financial condition.
Financial Statement Index
We are subject to certain legal and operational risks associated with having a significant portion of our operations in China. Chinese laws and regulations governing our current business operations, including the enforcement of such laws and regulations, are sometimes vague and uncertain and can change quickly with little advance notice. The Chinese government may intervene in or influence the operations of our China-based subsidiaries at any time and may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our securities. In addition, any actions by the Chinese government to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer our securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to
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significantly decline or become worthless. In recent years, the Chinese government adopted a series of regulatory actions and issued statements to regulate business operations in China, including those related to the use of variable interest entities, cybersecurity, data security, export control and anti-monopoly concerns. As of the date of this Form 10-K, we have neither been involved in any investigations on cybersecurity review initiated by any Chinese regulatory authority, nor received any inquiry, notice or sanction. As of the date of this Form 10-K, no relevant laws or regulations in China explicitly require us to seek approval from the CSRC for any securities listing. As of the date of this Form 10-K, we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning or sanctions regarding our planned overseas listing from the CSRC or any other Chinese governmental authorities relating to securities listings. However, since these statements and regulatory actions are newly published, official guidance and related implementation rules have not all been issued. It is highly uncertain what potential impact such modified or new laws and regulations will have on our ability to conduct our business, accept investments or list or maintain a listing on a U.S. or foreign exchange.
As of the date of this Form 10-K, we are not required to seek permissions from the CSRC, the CAC, or any other entity that is required to approve our operations in China. Nevertheless, Chinese regulatory authorities may in the future promulgate laws, regulations or implement rules that require us or our subsidiaries to obtain permissions from such regulatory authorities to approve our operations or any securities listing.
Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act
The HFCA Act was enacted on December 18, 2020. The HFCA Act states that if the SEC determines that a company has filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspection by the PCAOB for three consecutive years beginning in 2021, the SEC shall prohibit such shares from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over the counter trading market in the United States. On December 2, 2021, the SEC adopted amendments to finalize rules implementing the submission and disclosure requirements in the HFCA Act. The rules apply to registrants that the SEC identifies as having filed an annual report with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction and that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a position taken by an authority in a foreign jurisdiction. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, which was signed into law on December 29, 2022, amended the HFCA Act to reduce the number of consecutive non-inspection years required to trigger the trading prohibition under the HFCA Act from three years to two years.
On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report on its determination that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and in Hong Kong because of positions taken by Chinese and Hong Kong authorities in those jurisdictions.
On August 26, 2022, the CSRC, the Ministry of Finance of the PRC, and the PCAOB signed a Statement of Protocol, taking the first step toward opening access for the PCAOB to completely inspect and investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong.
On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB vacated its 2021 determination that the positions taken by authorities in mainland China and Hong Kong prevented it from inspecting and investigating completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in those jurisdictions. In view of the PCAOB’s decision to vacate its 2021 determination and until such time as the PCAOB issues any new adverse determination, the SEC has stated that there are no issuers at risk of having their securities subject to a trading prohibition under the HFCA Act. Each year, the PCAOB will reassess its determinations on whether it can inspect and investigation completely audit firms in China, and if, in the future, the PCAOB determines it cannot do so, or if Chinese authorities do not allow the PCAOB complete access for inspections and investigations for two consecutive years, companies engaging China-based public accounting firms would be delisted pursuant to the HFCA Act.
Our auditor, Weinberg & Company, an independent registered public accounting firm headquartered in the United States, is currently subject to PCAOB inspections and has been inspected by the PCAOB on a regular basis. However, if the PCAOB is unable to inspect the work papers of our accounting firm in the future, such lack of inspection could cause trading in our common stock to be prohibited under the HFCA Act, and as a result, an exchange may determine to delist our common stock. The delisting and the cessation of trading of our common stock, or the threat of our common stock being delisted and prohibited from being traded, may materially and adversely affect the value of our common stock.
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Transfer of Cash or Assets
Dividend Distributions
As of the date of this Form 10-K, none of our subsidiaries have made any dividends or distributions to the parent company.
We have never declared or paid dividends or distributions on our common equity. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future consolidated earnings to fund our operations and continue the development and growth of our business; therefore, we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends.
Under Delaware law, a Delaware corporation’s ability to pay cash dividends on its capital stock requires the corporation to have either net profits or positive net assets (total assets less total liabilities) over its capital. If we determine to pay dividends on any of our common stock in the future, as a holding company, we may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity from our subsidiaries for cash requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash contributions to our stockholders.
Our WFOE’s ability to distribute dividends is based upon its distributable earnings. Current Chinese regulations permit our WFOE to pay dividends to its shareholder only out of its registered capital amount, if any, as determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations, and then only after meeting the requirement regarding statutory reserve. If our WFOE incurs debt in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends or make other payments to us. Any limitation on the ability of our WFOE to distribute dividends or other payments to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our businesses, pay dividends or otherwise fund and conduct our business. In addition, any cash dividends or distributions of assets by our WFOE to its stockholder are subject to a Chinese withholding tax of as much as 10%.
The Chinese government also imposes controls on the conversion of RMB into foreign currencies and the remittance of currencies out of China. Therefore, we may experience difficulties in completing the administrative procedures necessary to obtain and remit foreign currency for the payment of dividends from our profits, if any. If we are unable to receive all of the revenues from our operations through our China-based subsidiaries, we may be unable to pay dividends on our common stock.
AI Business
We generate revenue by using the proprietary data and AI software platform we developed to deliver AI-based computer vision products, computing devices and software-as-a-service solutions for businesses in many industries. We continue to partner with top universities on research projects targeting algorithm, artificial neural network and computing architectures which we believe will keep us among the leaders in technology development.
The primary focus of our business is promoting and facilitating the safety of our customers and their customers through our Smart Safety Platform (the “SSP”). The SSP, having won numerous industry and government benchmark tests for accuracy and speed, is a leading software solution for using computer vision to detect persons, objects and behavior in video feeds. Real-time alerts from the SSP allow operations staff to respond rapidly to prevent any events or activities that can endanger public security or workplace safety.
We deploy the SSP to integrate with each customer’s IT infrastructure, including, in many cases, cameras already in place at the customer’s location(s). When necessary, we also sell and deploy hardware to create or supplement the customer’s monitoring capabilities. Such hardware includes, among other items, cameras, edge computing devices and/or our Smart Sentry units. The Smart Sentry is a large mobile camera unit with a telescoping mast on which a high-quality camera is mounted. Based upon customer needs, the camera may have either standard vision and/or thermal vision capability. The camera works in conjunction with an edge computing device that is also mounted to the unit. The Smart Sentry is an example of how we incorporate the SSP in modern IT architectural concepts, including edge computing and micro-service architectures. Edge computing, for example, allows the SSP to conduct expensive computing tasks at distributed locations without requiring large data transmission over the internet, thereby dramatically reducing costs while integrating numerous and varied sensors at distributed locations.
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We customize and sell our innovative AI-based computer vision products and solutions, including the SSP, to customers in the retail, construction, public safety, workplace safety and public sector markets. We have also developed versions of our solutions for application in the transportation and energy markets.
Overall Business Outlook
The innovative AI and data analytics solutions we sell continue to gain worldwide awareness and recognition through media exposure, comparative testing, product demonstrations and word of mouth resulting from positive customer experiences. We intend to expand our business not only in the Asia-Pacific region, where we believe there still are fast-growth AI market opportunities for our solutions, but also in the United States and Europe, where we see a tremendous number of requests for AI products and solutions in the workplace and public safety markets. However, the COVID-19 pandemic may also present challenges to our business, as could economic and geopolitical conditions in some international regions, and we do not yet know what will be the ultimate effects on our business. We continue to pursue large business opportunities, but anticipating when, or if, we can close these opportunities is difficult. In addition, we may face a large number of well-known competitors which would make deploying our software solutions in the market segments we have identified difficult.
Inflation and Supply Chain
Other than the impact of inflation on the general economy, we do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our operations to date. However, there is a risk that our operating costs could be subject to inflationary pressures in the future, which would have the effect of increasing our operating costs and cause additional stress on our working capital resources.
We have not experienced any supply chain disruptions that have had a material effect on our operations to date. However, as we work to increase our sales of the SSP in the U.S. and thereby expand our business, we could be subjected to the risk of supply chain disruptions with regard to high-technology products such as servers and related equipment that we use to train our AI software algorithms and which we plan to sell to customers to support operation of the SSP.
Business Developments During 2022
The COVID-19 pandemic caused renewed lockdowns in China, which made it difficult for us to interact with our customers and vendors. While we were able to complete several larger projects during the first half of 2022, primarily during the first quarter, including construction projects obtained through an entity in China with whom we work to obtain business (our “China Business Partner”) and projects related to school campuses, ongoing lockdowns throughout the second, third and fourth quarters prevented us from being able to complete as many projects as we otherwise had planned to complete during the year ended December 31, 2022.
The following table presents our revenue categories as a percentage of total consolidated revenue during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021
AI-based products and services 94 % 93 %
Advertising and other 6 % 7 %
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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Management’s discussion and analysis of our results of operations and liquidity and capital resources is based upon our financial statements. We prepare our financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP. Certain of our accounting policies require that we apply significant judgment in determining the estimates and assumptions for calculating estimates. By their nature, these judgments are subject to an inherent degree of uncertainty. We use, in part, our historical experience, terms of existing contracts, observance of trends in the industry and information obtained from independent valuation experts or other outside sources to make our judgments. We cannot assure you that our actual results will conform to our estimates. We regularly evaluate these estimates and assumptions, particularly in areas we consider to be critical accounting estimates, where changes in estimates and assumptions could have a material impact on our results of operations, financial position and, generally to a lesser extent, cash flows.
Senior management and the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors have reviewed the disclosures included herein about our critical accounting estimates, and have reviewed the processes to determine those estimates.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions which affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expense during the period. Estimates incorporated into our consolidated financial statements include the reserve for bad debt, inventory reserve, the fair value of stock options issued under our equity incentive plans, and the estimated cash flows we use in assessing the recoverability of long-lived assets. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Accounting for Share-Based Compensation
For grants of restricted stock or restricted stock units, we measure fair value using the closing price of our stock on the measurement date, while we use the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model (the “BSM Model”) to estimate the fair value of stock options and similar instruments awarded.
The BSM Model requires the following inputs:
•Expected volatility of our stock price. We analyze the historical volatility of our stock price utilizing daily stock price returns, and we also review the stock price volatility of certain peers. Using the information developed from such analysis and our judgment, we estimate how volatile our stock price will be over the period we expect the stock options will remain outstanding.
•Risk-free interest rate. We estimate the risk-free interest rate using data from the Federal Reserve Treasury Constant Maturity Instruments H.15 Release (a table of rates downloaded from the Federal Reserve website) as of the valuation date for a security with a remaining term that approximates the period over which we expect the stock options will remain outstanding.
•Stock price, exercise price and expected term. We use an estimate of the fair value of our common stock on the measurement date, the exercise price of the option, and the period over which we expect the stock options will remain outstanding.
We do not currently issue dividends, but if we did so, then we would also include an estimated dividend rate as an input to the BSM model. Generally speaking, the BSM model tends to be most sensitive to changes in stock price, volatility or expected term.
Financial Statement Index
We measure compensation expense as of the grant date for granted equity-classified instruments and as of the settlement date for granted liability-classified instruments (meaning that we re-measure compensation expense at each balance sheet date until the settlement date occurs).
Once we measure compensation expense, we recognize it over the requisite service period (generally the vesting period) of the grant, net of forfeitures as they occur.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
Please refer to Note 2 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report for a discussion regarding recently issued accounting pronouncements which may affect us.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following tables summarize our operating results for the year ended December 31, 2022, and the discussion following the table explains material changes in such operating results compared to the year ended December 31, 2021.
(dollars in thousands) Year Ended December 31, Change
2022 2021 Dollars Percentage
Revenue, including amounts from China Business Partner (See Note 19)
$ 11,666 $ 15,990 $ (4,324) (27) %
Cost of revenue 11,331 11,455 (124) (1) %
Sales and marketing 971 971 - - %
Recovery of marketing expense - China Business Partner activity - (1,530) 1,530 (100) %
Technology and development 2,101 4,692 (2,591) (55) %
General and administrative 18,399 14,120 4,279 30 %
Depreciation and amortization 166 191 (25) (13) %
Interest expense (6,073) (2,308) (3,765) 163 %
Finance cost on liability related to convertible debenture (1,422) - (1,422)
Change in fair value of warrant liability - 123 (123) (100) %
Gain (loss) on investment in marketable securities (26,356) 43,642 (69,998) (160) %
Gain on debt extinguishment - 425 (425) (100) %
Other gain (loss) (339) (492) 153 (31) %
Revenue. During the year ended December 31, 2022, our U.S. revenue decreased, with approximately $2.8 million of the decrease happening because we did not repeat the same or similar AI data intelligence services and advertising related to a daily fantasy sports project that we completed during the year ended December 31, 2021. Our U.S. revenue also decreased by approximately $0.4 million due to a decline in demand for our biosafety business. Our revenue from China decreased by approximately $0.8 million, primarily due to the lengthy lockdowns and other restrictive measures under China’s Zero COVID
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policy that were implemented and continued in many cities across China well into the fourth quarter of 2022. Such lockdowns and restrictive measures prevented us from completing as many projects as we had expected to complete.
Recovery of marketing expense - China Business Partner activity. We advanced approximately $1.5 million to our China Business Partner during the year ended December 31, 2020 which we recorded as marketing expense because our ability to collect the amounts advanced was uncertain. Because our China Business Partner repaid, during the year ended December 31, 2021, all of the approximately $1.5 million we advanced to it during the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded such amount as a recovery of marketing expense during 2021. No similar activity occurred during the year ended December 31, 2022.
Technology and development. During the year ended December 31, 2022, consulting fees decreased $1.2 million because we no longer needed certain third-party services after our immaterial acquisition of our U.K. subsidiary in mid-2021. Additionally during 2022, we recorded a $0.5 million refundable tax credit we received from the government of the United Kingdom resulting from our research and development activities in its jurisdiction as a reduction of expense, and share-based compensation expense decreased $0.6 million during the same period.
General and administrative. During the year ended December 31, 2022, as a result of the ongoing lockdowns related to China’s Zero-COVID policy, we have had to re-evaluate the amounts receivable from customers based on recent information and, as a result, we increased our reserve for doubtful accounts by $2.9 million, causing an increase in provision for doubtful accounts of $2.6 million. Additionally, we experienced an increase of $0.6 million in legal and other professional fees primarily in connection with financings and the filing of amendments to registration statements, and an increase of $1.5 million in certain business development expenses as we work to expand our customer base. Also during the year ended December 31, 2022, our payroll and benefits increased $0.9 million. The increases were partially offset by a decrease of $1.7 million in share-based compensation expense.
Interest expense. We executed the Original Mudrick Loan Agreements in December 2021, pursuant to which we obtained the Original Mudrick Loans in the aggregate principal amount of $30.0 million. The Original Mudrick Loans initially bore interest at 16.5% per annum until its maturity date in July 2022 and, following an amendment, bore interest at 18.5% per annum. The interest on the Original Mudrick Loans were the primary cause of the increase in interest expense during the year ended December 31, 2022. The same period of the prior year included significantly less debt principal outstanding, with such principal bearing lower interest rates in comparison to the interest rates on the Original Mudrick Loans. Included as part of interest expense during the year ended December 31, 2022 was $2.2 million of amortization of debt discount and debt issuance cost related to the Original Mudrick Loans, as well as a $0.3 million amendment and extension fee.
Finance cost on liability related to convertible debenture. We incurred finance cost on a liability related to a convertible debenture we issued to Ionic on October 6, 2022. We did not incur such finance cost during 2021.
Gain on investment in marketable securities. On July 1, 2021, as the result of a business combination involving Sharecare, Inc. and a special purpose acquisition company, our equity in Sharecare, Inc. converted into cash and shares of publicly traded common stock. As a result of the common stock of Sharecare being traded on a national securities exchange, we were able to remeasure our investment at fair value. Since July 1, 2021, the value of Sharecare’s common stock has declined significantly, which caused the decrease from a large gain on investment during the prior year, to the loss of $26.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2022.
Gain on debt extinguishment. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we received notification during the third quarter of 2021 that our previously-outstanding loan under the Paycheck Protection Program had been forgiven, resulting in a gain of approximately $0.4 million. No similar activity occurred during 2022.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Overview
During the year ended December 31, 2022, and in each fiscal year since our inception, we have incurred net losses which have resulted in an accumulated deficit of $(388.5) million within stockholders’ deficit as of December 31, 2022. Additionally,
our operations have historically used more cash than they have provided. Net cash used in operating activities was $16.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, our cash balance was $0.1 million.
Mudrick Loans
On December 3, 2021, we entered into the Original Mudrick Loan Agreements pursuant to which we incurred the Original Mudrick Loans in the aggregate principal amount of $30.0 million. The Original Mudrick Loans initially bore interest at 16.5% per annum until the original maturity date of July 31, 2022 and, following an amendment we entered into with Mudrick in August 2022, bore interest at 18.5% per annum. The amendment also extended the maturity date of the Original Mudrick Loans from July 31, 2022 to October 31, 2022. However, we did not make the required repayment of the Original Mudrick Loans by October 31, 2022, which constituted an event of default under the Original Mudrick Loans and triggered an increase in the interest rate under the Original Mudrick Loans to 20.5%.
On March 14, 2023, we entered into the New Mudrick Loan Agreement pursuant to which all of the Original Mudrick Loans were cancelled in exchange for the New Mudrick Notes in the aggregate principal amount of $16.2 million. The New Mudrick Notes bear interest at a rate of 20.5% per annum, which shall be payable on the last business day of each month commencing on May 31, 2023. The interest rate will increase by 2% and the principal amount outstanding under the New Mudrick Notes and any unpaid interest thereon may become immediately due and payable upon the occurrence of any event of default under the New Mudrick Loan Agreement. All amounts outstanding under the New Mudrick Notes, including all accrued and unpaid interest, will be due and payable in full on October 31, 2023. See Note 20 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K for additional information regarding the New Mudrick Notes.
To secure the payment and performance of the obligations under the Original Mudrick Loan Agreements and the New Mudrick Loan Agreement, we, together with the Guarantors, have granted to TMI Trust Company, as the collateral agent for the benefit of Mudrick, a first priority lien on, and security interest in, all assets of Remark and the Guarantors, subject to certain customary exceptions.
In connection with our entry into the Original Mudrick Loan Agreements, we paid to Mudrick an upfront fee equal to 5.0% of the amount of the Original Mudrick Loans, which amount was netted against the drawdown of the Original Mudrick Loans. We recorded the upfront fee as a debt discount of $1.5 million, and recorded debt issuance cost totaling $1.1 million. We amortized the discount on the Original Mudrick Loans and the debt issuance cost over the life of the Original Mudrick Loans and, during the year ended December 31, 2022, we amortized $2.2 million of such discount and debt issuance cost. In consideration for the amendment we entered into with Mudrick in August 2022, we paid Mudrick an amendment and extension fee in the amount of 2.0% of the then unpaid principal balance of the Original Mudrick Loans, which was approximately $0.3 million, by adding such amount to the principal balance of the Original Mudrick Loans.
As of the date of this Form 10-K, the principal amount outstanding, together with interest on the unpaid principal balance of the New Mudrick Notes, is $16.2 million.
Ionic Transactions
On October 6, 2022, we entered into a debenture purchase agreement (the “2022 Debenture Purchase Agreement”) with Ionic, pursuant to which we issued a convertible subordinated debenture in the original principal amount of $2.8 million (the “2022 Debenture”) to Ionic for a purchase price of $2.5 million (See Note 15 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report for additional detail).
In connection with the 2022 Debenture, on October 6, 2022, we also entered into a purchase agreement with Ionic (the “ELOC Purchase Agreement”), which provides that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth therein, we have the right to direct Ionic to purchase up to an aggregate of $50.0 million of shares of our common stock over the 36-month term of the ELOC Purchase Agreement. Under the ELOC Purchase Agreement, after the satisfaction of certain commencement conditions, we have the right to present Ionic with a purchase notice directing Ionic to purchase any amount up to $3.0 million of our common stock per trading day, at the purchase price equal to 90% (or 80% if our common stock is not then trading on Nasdaq) of the average of the five lowest volume-weighted average prices (“VWAPs”) of our common stock over a specified measurement period. With each purchase under the ELOC Purchase Agreement, we are required to deliver to Ionic an additional number of shares equal to 2.5% of the number of shares of common stock deliverable upon such purchase (See Note 15 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report for additional detail).
On November 7, 2022, we entered into an amendment to the 2022 Debenture Purchase Agreement with Ionic, pursuant to which we and Ionic agreed to amend and restate the 2022 Debenture to provide that (i) in no event will the conversion price under the 2022 Debenture be below a floor price of $0.10 (such price, as may be appropriately adjusted for any stock dividend, stock split, stock combination or other similar transaction, the “Floor Price”), and (ii) in the event the actual conversion price is less than the Floor Price, (A) Ionic will be entitled to that number of settlement conversion shares issuable with an assumed conversion price equal to the Floor Price, and (B) we will be required to make a cash payment to Ionic on or prior to the maturity date of an amount that is calculated by subtracting the number of shares of common stock issuable at an assumed conversion price equal to the Floor Price from the number of shares of common stock issuable at the actual conversion price, multiplied by a price equal to the average of the ten lowest VWAPs during the specified measurement period.
On January 5, 2023, we and Ionic entered into a letter agreement (the “Letter Agreement”) which amended the ELOC Purchase Agreement. Under the Letter Agreement, the parties agreed, among other things, to (i) amend the floor price below which Ionic will not be required to buy any shares of our common stock under the ELOC Purchase Agreement from $0.25 to $0.20, determined on a post-reverse split basis, (ii) amend the per share purchase price for purchases under the ELOC Purchase Agreement to 90% of the average of the two lowest daily VWAPs over a specified measurement period, which will commence at the conclusion of the applicable measurement period related to the 2022 Debenture and (iii) waive certain requirements in the ELOC Purchase Agreement to allow for a one-time $0.5 million purchase under the ELOC Purchase Agreement. See Note 20 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report for additional detail.
On March 14, 2023, we entered into another debenture purchase agreement (the “2023 Debenture Purchase Agreement”) with Ionic pursuant to which we authorized the issuance and sale of two convertible subordinated debentures in the aggregate principal amount of $2.8 million for an aggregate purchase price of $2.5 million. The first debenture is in the original principal amount of $1.7 million for a purchase price of $1.5 million (the “First Debenture”), which was issued on March 14, 2023, and the second debenture is in the original principal amount of $1.1 million for a purchase price of $1.0 million (the “Second Debenture” and collectively with the First Debenture, the “2023 Debentures”). The terms of the 2023 Debentures are further described in Note 20 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report.
General
Our history of recurring operating losses, working capital deficiencies and negative cash flows from operating activities give rise to substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern.
We intend to fund our future operations and meet our financial obligations through revenue growth from our AI offerings, as well as through sales of our thermal-imaging products. We cannot, however, provide assurance that revenue, income and cash flows generated from our businesses will be sufficient to sustain our operations in the twelve months following the filing of this Form 10-K. As a result, we are actively evaluating strategic alternatives including debt and equity financings and potential sales of investment assets or operating businesses.
Conditions in the debt and equity markets, as well as the volatility of investor sentiment regarding macroeconomic and microeconomic conditions (in particular, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, global supply chain disruptions, inflation and other cost increases, and the geopolitical conflict in Ukraine), will play primary roles in determining whether we can successfully obtain additional capital. We cannot be certain that we will be successful at raising additional capital.
A variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control, affect our cash flow; those factors include the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, regulatory issues, competition, financial markets and other general business conditions. Based on financial projections, we believe that we will be able to meet our ongoing requirements for at least the next 12 months with existing cash, cash equivalents and cash resources, and based on the probable success of one or more of the following plans:
•develop and grow new product line(s)
•monetize existing assets
•obtain additional capital through equity issuances.
However, projections are inherently uncertain and the success of our plans is largely outside of our control. As a result, there is substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern, and we may fully utilize our cash resources prior to June 30, 2023.
Cash Flows - Operating Activities
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we used $3.6 million less cash in operating activities than we did during the same period of the prior year. The decrease in cash used in operating activities is primarily the result of the timing of payments related to elements of working capital.
Cash Flows - Investing Activities
Investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2022 provided $6.3 million in proceeds from the sale of a portion of our marketable securities, compared to $2.3 million received in the same period during year ended December 31, 2021 from the business combination of Sharecare, Inc. and a special purpose acquisition company, as a result of which the common stock of Sharecare, Inc. became publicly traded.
Cash Flows - Financing Activities
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we received $2.7 million of proceeds from financings, repaid $6.2 million of the Original Mudrick Loans, and received $3.3 million of advances from senior management representing various operating expense payments made on our behalf while we repaid $2.1 million of advances from senior management. The prior year period’s financing activity included $32.2 million of net debt proceeds plus $5.7 million of proceeds from issuances of our common stock shares. We also repaid $6.5 million of debt in the prior year.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We currently have no off-balance sheet arrangements.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
Please refer to Note 2 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report for a discussion regarding recently issued accounting pronouncements which may affect us.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Not applicable.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
We have included the required financial statements and schedules in this Form 10-K beginning on page.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain a set of disclosure controls and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance that the information we must disclose in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms. We designed our disclosure controls with the objective of ensuring we accumulate and communicate this information to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operations of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under Exchange Act, as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, concluded that, due to the identification of the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting as further described below, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective at a reasonable assurance level as of December 31, 2022. Notwithstanding the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K fairly present, in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 based on the framework set forth in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the “COSO Framework”).
Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: (a) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect our transactions and dispositions of our assets; (b) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (c) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.
A material weakness is defined as a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. During 2018, management identified material weaknesses related to the sufficiency of
documentation of review and approval of manual journal entries. Specifically, we failed to retain documentary evidence that we had reviewed underlying information at a sufficient level of detail. As a result, we are unable to demonstrate our effective review prior to approval of manual journal entries. Management also identified a material weakness related to insufficient documentation of our consideration of appropriate revenue recognition criteria for certain contracts arising from our Technology and Data Intelligence segment. As a result, there is a risk that we could misapply the new revenue recognition guidance and improperly recognize revenue. During 2019, management identified a material weakness related to the valuation of its e-commerce inventory. Specifically, we failed to retain documentary evidence of all inventory purchases and our evaluation of the impact of discounted sales transactions on the valuation of our inventory was insufficient. As a result, there is a risk that we could fail to properly record our e-commerce inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value.
During our fourth quarter evaluations in 2022 and 2021, management concluded that we did not select and develop control activities that contributed to the mitigation of risks to acceptable levels, as required by the control activities component of the COSO framework; specifically, we had not completed implementation of our remediation plan related to the material weaknesses we identified during 2018 and 2019. Such material weaknesses included deficiencies in the documentation of appropriate review and approval of manual journal entries, in our consideration of appropriate revenue recognition criteria for certain contracts arising from our business in China, and in our monitoring and activity-level controls specific to various business processes in our business in China. The failure to retain appropriate documentation of our review and approval of manual journal entries has a pervasive impact and, as such, this deficiency resulted in a risk that could have impacted virtually all financial statement account balances and disclosures. Regarding our business in China, the failure to document consideration of appropriate revenue recognition for certain contracts resulted in a risk that could have materially impacted revenue and cost of sales, while we noted deficiencies in our monitoring and activity-level controls related to processes including accounts payable, accrued liabilities, payroll and fixed assets. The deficiencies in the various business processes aggregate to a material weakness.
Based upon our evaluation, our management concluded that we did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Except for the identified material weaknesses, there was no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2022 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Remediation Efforts to Address the Material Weakness
We are committed to maintaining a strong internal control environment and will make remediation efforts to improve our controls. With the oversight of senior management, subsequent to December 31, 2018, a plan to remediate the underlying causes of the material weaknesses and improve the design and operating effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting and our disclosure controls was developed. Though the implementation of management’s plans to remediate the material weaknesses identified in 2018 and 2019 have been slowed by various factors, including the COVID-19 pandemic and working capital restrictions, their implementation is still ongoing; therefore, their effects were not fully mitigated in 2022.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
None

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
We incorporate the information this item requires by referring to the information under the captions Proposal 1: Election of Directors in our proxy statement for our 2023 annual meeting of stockholders (“2023 Proxy Statement”), which we will file with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
We incorporate the information this item requires by referring to the information under the caption Executive Compensation in our 2023 Proxy Statement, which we will file with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
We incorporate the information this item requires by referring to the information under the caption Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management in our 2023 Proxy Statement, which we will file with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A.
Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans
The following table presents certain information as of December 31, 2022 regarding our equity compensation plans (the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan, the 2014 Incentive Plan, the 2017 Incentive Plan, and the 2022 Incentive Plan, all of which were approved by our security holders):
Plan category Number of Common Stock Shares to be Issued upon Exercise of Outstanding Options Weighted Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance under Plans
Approved by security holders 1,626,631 $ 30.31 1,218,385
Not approved by security holders - $ - -
The 2010 Equity Incentive Plan has expired, but options issued under the plan while it was active remain outstanding.
See more detailed information regarding our equity compensation plans in Note 17 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-K.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
We incorporate the information this item requires by referring to the information under the captions Proposal 1: Election of Directors and Corporate Governance in our 2023 Proxy Statement, which we will file with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
We incorporate the information this item requires by referring to the information under the caption Proposal 2: Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm in our 2023 Proxy Statement, which we will file with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
The following documents are filed as part of this Form 10-K:
Consolidated Financial Statements
In Part II, Item 8, we have included our consolidated financial statements, the notes thereto and the report of our Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
Financial Statement Schedules
We have omitted schedules required by applicable SEC accounting regulations because they are either not required under the related instructions, are inapplicable, or we present the required information in the financial statements or notes thereto.
Exhibits
We describe the exhibits filed as part of, or incorporated by reference into, this Form 10-K in the attached Exhibit Index.
EXHIBIT INDEX
Incorporated Herein
By Reference To
Exhibit Number Description Document Filed On Exhibit Number
3.1
Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation
8-K 12/30/2014 3.1
3.2
Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation
8-K 01/12/2016 3.1
3.3
Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation
8-K 06/08/2016 3.1
3.4
Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation
8-K 04/11/2017 3.1
3.5
Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation
8-K 07/09/2021 3.1
3.6
Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation
8-K 12/21/2022 3.1
3.7
Amended and Restated Bylaws
8-K 02/13/2015 3.1
4.1
Specimen certificate of common stock of Remark Media, Inc. (n/k/a Remark Holdings, Inc.)
10-K 03/23/2012 4.1
4.2
Form of CBG Acquisition Warrant
8-K 09/26/2016 4.1
4.3
Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of March 3, 2020, by and between Remark Holdings, Inc. and Aspire Capital Fund, LLC.
8-K 03/04/2020 4.1
4.4
CBG Settlement Warrant
8-K 09/07/2021 4.1
4.5
Investor Warrant.
8-K 09/30/2021 4.1
4.6
Form of Financial Advisor Warrant.
8-K 09/30/2021 4.2
4.7
Description of Registrant’s Securities
10-K 03/31/2021 4.4
4.8
Subordinated Convertible Debenture, dated as of October 6, 2022
8-K 10/11/2022 4.1
4.9
Amended and Restated Subordinated Convertible Debenture, dated November 7, 2022, by and between Remark Holdings, Inc. and Ionic Ventures, LLC.
10-Q 11/14/2022 4.1
4.10
Form of Subordinated Convertible Debenture, dated as of March 14, 2023, by and between Remark Holdings, Inc. and Ionic Ventures, LLC.
8-K 03/16/2023 4.1
10.1 1
2010 Equity Incentive Plan
8-K 06/21/2010 10.34
10.2 1
2014 Incentive Plan, as amended January 11, 2016
8-K 01/12/2016 10.1
10.3 1
2017 Incentive Plan
8-K 01/24/2018 10.1
10.4 1
2022 Incentive Plan
10-Q 11/14/2022 10.1
10.5
Common Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of March 3, 2020, by and between Remark Holdings, Inc. and Aspire Capital Fund, LLC.
8-K 03/04/2020 10.1
Financial Statement Index
Incorporated Herein
By Reference To
Exhibit Number Description Document Filed On Exhibit Number
10.6
First Amendment to Common Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of April 9, 2020, by and between Remark Holdings, Inc. and Aspire Capital Fund, LLC.
8-K 04/14/2020 10.1
10.7
Promissory Note dated December 30, 2020, between Remark Holdings, Inc. and SVBooth Investments III.
8-K 01/06/2021 10.1
10.8
Amendment No. 1 dated August 5, 2021, to Promissory Note dated December 30, 2020, between Remark Holdings, Inc. and SV Booth Investments III LLC.
8-K 08/10/2021 10.1
10.9
Settlement Agreement and Mutual General Release dated as of August 31, 2021, by and among Remark Holdings, Inc., KanKan Limited, China Branding Group Limited (In Official Liquidation), acting by and through its joint official liquidators.
8-K 09/07/2021 10.1
10.10
Securities Purchase Agreement dated September 27, 2021, between Remark Holdings, Inc. and the purchasers signatory thereto.
8-K 09/30/2021 10.1
10.11
Registration Rights Agreement dated September 27, 2021, between Remark Holdings, Inc. and the purchasers signatory thereto.
8-K 09/30/2021 10.2
10.12
Financial Advisor Agreement dated September 27, 2021, between Remark Holdings, Inc. and A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners.
8-K 09/30/2021 10.3
10.13
Form of Senior Secured Loan Agreement dated December 3, 2021.
8-K 12/07/2021 10.1
10.14
First Amendment to Senior Secured Loan Agreement dated as of August 3, 2022.
8-K 08/08/2022 10.1
10.15
Debenture Purchase Agreement, dated as of October 6, 2022, between Remark Holdings, Inc. and Ionic Ventures, LLC.
8-K 10/11/2022 10.1
10.16
Amendment No. 1 to Debenture Purchase Agreement, dated as of October 6, 2022, between Remark Holdings, Inc. and Ionic Ventures, LLC.
S-1 11/07/2022 10.2
10.17
Purchase Agreement, dated as of October 6, 2022, between Remark Holdings, Inc. and Ionic Ventures, LLC.
8-K 10/11/2022 10.2
10.18
Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of October 6, 2022, between Remark Holdings, Inc. and Ionic Ventures, LLC.
8-K 10/11/2022 10.3
10.19
Provisional Waiver and Consent Agreement, dated as of October 6, 2022, between Remark Holdings, Inc., certain of its subsidiaries party thereto, and Mudrick Capital Management, LP.
8-K 10/11/2022 10.4
10.20
Subordination and Intercreditor Agreement, dated as of October 6, 2022, among Ionic Ventures, LLC, Mudrick Capital Management, LP and Remark Holdings, Inc.
8-K 10/11/2022 10.5
10.21
Letter Agreement, dated as of January 5, 2023, by and between Remark Holdings, Inc. and Ionic Ventures, LLC.
8-K 01/11/2023 10.1
10.22
Debenture Purchase Agreement, dated as of March 14, 2023, by and between Remark Holdings, Inc. and Ionic Ventures, LLC.
8-K 03/16/2023 10.1
10.23
Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of March 14, 2023, by and between Remark Holdings, Inc. and Ionic Ventures, LLC.
8-K 03/16/2023 10.1
Financial Statement Index
Incorporated Herein
By Reference To
Exhibit Number Description Document Filed On Exhibit Number
10.24
Note Purchase Agreement, dated as of March 14, 2023, between Remark Holdings, Inc., certain of its subsidiaries party thereto, and Mudrick Capital Management, LP.
8-K 03/16/2023 10.1
21.1
List of subsidiaries
23.1
Consent of Weinberg & Company
31.1
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002.
Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002.
101 The following financial statements from our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the twelve months ended months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021; (iii) Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Deficit for the twelve months ended months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021; and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
104 The cover page from our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, formatted in Inline XBRL (included as Exhibit 101).
1.Management Contract or Compensation Plan or Arrangement.