EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1649749
Filing Year: 2024
Filename: 1649749_10-K_2024_0001649749-24-000063.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1. Business

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
ITEM 1A - Risk Factors
Our operations and financial results are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, the material risks described below. Many of these risks are beyond our control although efforts are made to manage and mitigate those risks while simultaneously optimizing operational and financial results. The occurrence of any of the following risks, as well as risks of which we are currently unaware or currently deem immaterial, could materially and adversely affect our assets, business, cash flows, condition (financial or otherwise), liquidity, prospects, results of operations and the trading price of our common stock. It is impossible to predict or identify all such factors and, as a result, you should not consider the following factors to be a complete discussion of the risks, uncertainties and assumptions that could materially and adversely affect our assets, business, cash flows, condition (financial or otherwise), liquidity, prospects, results of operations and the trading price of our common stock.
In addition, certain statements in the following risk factors constitute forward-looking statements. Please refer to the section entitled “Cautionary note regarding forward-looking statements” included in this Annual Report.
CREDIT AND LOAN RISK
The majority of our assets are loans, which if not repaid would result in losses to the Bank.
Making any loan involves various risks, including risks inherent in dealing with individual borrowers, risks of nonpayment, risks resulting from uncertainties as to the future value of collateral and cash flows available to service debt, and risks resulting from changes in economic and market conditions. Our credit risk approval and monitoring procedures may fail to identify or reduce these credit risks, and they cannot completely eliminate all credit risks related to our loan portfolio. If the overall economic climate, including employment rates, real estate markets, interest rates and general economic growth, in the United States, generally, or our markets, specifically, experiences material disruption, our borrowers may experience difficulties in repaying their loans, the collateral we hold may decrease in value or become illiquid, and the levels of nonperforming loans, charge-offs and delinquencies could rise and require additional provisions for loan losses, which would cause our net income and return on equity to decrease.
We maintain an allowance for credit losses, which is a reserve established through a provision for credit losses charged to expense, which represents the portion of the loan's amortized cost basis that we do not expect to collect due to credit losses over the loan's life, considering past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions considering macroeconomic forecasts. In addition, we record a reserve for unfunded commitments, considering the same items included in the allowance for credit losses with the addition of expected funding. Management’s determination of the appropriateness of the allowance and reserve for unfunded commitments is based on periodic evaluation of the loan portfolio, lending-related commitments and other relevant factors, including macroeconomic forecasts and historical loss rates. Deterioration in economic conditions affecting borrowers, new information regarding existing loans, identification of additional problem loans and other factors, both within and outside of our control, may require an increase in the allowance for credit losses and/or the reserve for unfunded commitments. The model is sensitive to changes in macroeconomic forecasts and incorporates management judgment. If we are required to materially increase our level of allowance for credit losses for any reason, such increase could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The application of the purchase method of accounting in our acquisitions (and any future acquisitions) also will affect our allowance for credit losses. We are required to determine whether purchased loans held for investment have experienced more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination. Loans that have experienced this level of deterioration in credit quality are subject to special accounting at initial recognition. We initially measure the amortized cost of a purchase credit deteriorated loan by adding the acquisition date estimate of expected credit losses to the loan's purchase price (i.e. the “gross up” approach). If we have underestimated credit losses at recognition, we will incur additional expense in our provision for credit losses to maintain an appropriate level of allowance for credit losses on those loans.
In addition, bank regulators periodically review our allowance for credit losses and may require an increase in the provision for credit losses or the recognition of further loan charge-offs, based on judgments different than those of management. Furthermore, if charge-offs in future periods exceed the allowance for credit losses, we will need additional provisions to increase the allowance for credit losses. Any increases in the allowance for credit losses will result in a decrease in net income and capital and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Because a significant portion of our loan portfolio is comprised of real estate loans, negative changes in the economy affecting real estate values and liquidity could impair the value of collateral securing our real estate loans and result in loan and other losses.
As of December 31, 2023, approximately 77% of our loan portfolio was comprised of loans with real estate as a primary or secondary component of collateral. This includes collateral consisting of income producing and residential construction
properties, which properties tend to be more sensitive to general economic conditions and downturns in real estate markets. As a result, adverse developments affecting real estate values in our market areas could increase the credit risk associated with our real estate loan portfolio. Adverse changes affecting real estate values and the liquidity of real estate in one or more of our markets could increase the credit risk associated with our loan portfolio and could result in losses that would adversely affect credit quality and our financial condition or results of operations. These adverse changes could significantly impair the value of property pledged as collateral to secure the loans and affect our ability to sell the collateral upon foreclosure without a loss or additional losses. If real estate values decline, it is also more likely that we would be required to increase our allowance for credit losses. Thus, declines in the value of real estate collateral could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
Weakness in residential real estate market prices, weakness in demand, or increases in building costs could result in a volatile environment including price reductions in home and land values adversely affecting the value of collateral securing some of the construction and development loans that we hold. Should we experience the return of adverse economic and real estate market conditions similar to those we experienced from 2008 through 2010 we may again experience increases in non-performing loans and other real estate owned, increased losses and expenses from the management and disposition of non-performing assets, increases in provision for credit losses, and increases in operating expenses as a result of the allocation of management time and resources to the collection and work out of loans, all of which would negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations.
We are subject to lending concentration risks.
Our exposure to commercial real estate (both owner-occupied and non-owner occupied), commercial and industrial, and construction loans expose us to greater credit risk than loans secured by other types of collateral because the collateral securing these loans is typically more difficult to liquidate. Additionally, these types of loans also often involve larger loan balances to a single borrower or groups of related borrowers. These higher credit risks are further heightened when the loans are concentrated in a small number of larger borrowers leading to relationship exposure. As of December 31, 2023, the following loan types accounted for the stated percentages of our loan portfolio: commercial real estate (both owner-occupied and non-owner occupied) - 34%; commercial and industrial - 18%; and construction - 15%.
Non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans may be affected to a greater extent than residential loans by adverse conditions in real estate markets or the economy because commercial real estate borrowers’ ability to repay their loans depends on successful development of their properties. These loans also involve greater risk because they generally are not fully amortizing over the loan period, and therefore have a balloon payment due at maturity. A borrower’s ability to make a balloon payment typically will depend on being able to either refinance the loan or sell the underlying property in a timely manner. In addition, banking regulators have been giving commercial real estate lending greater scrutiny, and may require banks with higher levels of commercial real estate loans to implement improved underwriting, internal controls, risk management policies and portfolio stress testing, as well as possibly higher levels of allowances for losses and capital levels as a result of commercial real estate lending growth and exposures.
Commercial and industrial loans and owner-occupied commercial real estate loans are typically based on the borrowers’ ability to repay the loans from the cash flow of their businesses. These loans may involve greater risk because the availability of funds to repay each loan depends substantially on the success of the business itself. In addition, the assets securing the loans depreciate over time, are difficult to appraise and liquidate, and fluctuate in value based on the success of the business.
Risk of loss on a construction loan depends largely upon whether our initial estimate of the property’s value at completion of construction or development equals or exceeds the cost of the property construction or development (including interest), the availability of permanent take-out financing and the builder’s ability to sell the property. During the construction or development phase, a number of factors can result in delays and cost overruns. If estimates of value are inaccurate or if actual construction costs exceed estimates, the value of the property securing the loan may be insufficient to ensure full repayment when completed through a permanent loan or by foreclosure on collateral.
Commercial real estate loans, commercial and industrial loans, and construction loans are more susceptible to a risk of loss during a downturn in the business cycle due to the vulnerability of these sectors during a downturn. Our underwriting, review and monitoring cannot eliminate all of the risks related to these loans. We also make both secured and unsecured loans to our commercial customers. Unsecured loans generally involve a higher degree of risk of loss than secured loans because, without collateral, repayment is wholly dependent upon the success of the borrowers’ businesses. Because of this lack of collateral, we are limited in our ability to collect on defaulted unsecured loans. Further, the collateral that secures our secured commercial and industrial loans typically includes inventory, accounts receivable and equipment, which usually have a value that is insufficient to satisfy the loan without a loss if the business does not succeed. Our loan concentration in these sectors and their higher credit risk could lead to increased losses on these loans, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
Our ability to grow our loan portfolio may be hampered.
Our ability to grow our loan portfolio could be limited by, among other reasons, economic conditions, competition in our markets, our ability to hire and train experienced or successful bankers, our ability to generate the deposits needed to grow loan assets, or the drain on liquidity and available deposits that the banking industry has experienced and may continue to experience.
MARKET AND INTEREST RATE RISK
Difficult or volatile market conditions in the national financial markets, the U.S. economy generally, or our markets in particular may adversely affect our lending activity or other businesses, as well as our financial condition.
Our business and financial performance are vulnerable to weak economic conditions in the financial markets and economic conditions generally and specifically in our markets, the principal market in which we conduct business. A deterioration in economic conditions in our primary market areas could result in increased loan delinquencies, foreclosures, and write-downs of asset values, lower demand for our products and services, reduced low cost or noninterest-bearing deposits, and intangible asset impairment. Additionally, difficult market conditions may lead to a deterioration in the value of the collateral for loans made by us, especially real estate, which could reduce our customers' ability to repay outstanding loans and reduce the value of assets associated with our existing loans. Additional issues surrounding weakening economic conditions and volatile markets that could adversely impact us include increased industry regulation and downward pressures on our stock price.
We conduct our banking operations primarily in Tennessee. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 72% of our loans and approximately 78% of our deposits were made to borrowers or received from depositors who live and/or primarily conduct business in Tennessee. Therefore, our success will depend in large part upon the general economic conditions in this area. This geographic concentration imposes risks from lack of geographic diversification, as adverse economic developments in Tennessee (including the Nashville MSA, our largest market), among other things, could affect the volume of loan originations, increase the level of nonperforming assets, increase the rate of foreclosure losses on loans, reduce the value of our loans and loan servicing portfolio, reduce the value of the collateral securing our loans and reduce the amount of our deposits.
Any regional or local economic downturn that affects Tennessee or existing or prospective borrowers, depositors or property values in this area may affect us and our profitability more significantly and more adversely than our competitors whose operations are less geographically concentrated.
Changes in interest rates could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Our earnings and financial condition are dependent to a large degree upon net interest income, which is the difference, or spread, between interest earned on loans, securities and other interest-earning assets and interest paid on deposits, borrowings and other interest-bearing liabilities. When market rates of interest change, the interest we receive on our assets and the interest we pay on our liabilities may fluctuate. This may cause decreases in our spread and may adversely affect our earnings and financial condition. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors including, without limitation: the rate of inflation; economic conditions; federal monetary policies; and stability of domestic and foreign markets.
Although we have implemented procedures, we believe will reduce the potential effects of changes in interest rates on our net interest income, these procedures may not always be successful. Accordingly, changes in levels of market interest rates could materially and adversely affect our net interest income and our net interest margin, asset quality, loan and lease origination volume, liquidity or overall profitability. Additionally, changes in interest rates can adversely affect the origination of mortgage loans held for sale and resulting mortgage banking revenues.
The performance of our investment securities portfolio is subject to fluctuation due to changes in interest rates and market conditions, including credit deterioration of the issuers of individual securities.
Changes in interest rates may negatively affect both the returns on and fair value of our investment securities. Interest rate volatility can reduce unrealized gains or increase unrealized losses in our portfolio. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors including monetary policies, domestic and international economic and political issues, and other factors beyond our control. Additionally, actual investment income and cash flows from investment securities that carry prepayment risk, such as mortgage-backed securities and callable securities, may materially differ from those anticipated at the time of investment or subsequently as a result of changes in interest rates and market conditions. These occurrences could materially and adversely affect our net interest income or our results of operations.
We may be materially and adversely affected by the creditworthiness and liquidity of other financial institutions.
Financial services institutions are interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty, or other relationships. We have exposure to many different industries and counterparties, and routinely execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, including commercial banks, brokers and dealers, investment banks and other institutional customers. Many of these transactions expose us to credit risk in the event of a default by, or questions or concerns about the creditworthiness of a counterparty or client, or concerns about the financial services industry generally. In addition, our credit risk may be exacerbated when the collateral held by us cannot be realized upon or is liquidated at prices not sufficient to recover the full amount of the credit or derivative exposure due to us. Any such losses could have a material adverse effect on us.
LIQUIDITY RISK
A lack of liquidity could adversely affect our operations and jeopardize our business, financial condition or results of operations.
We rely on our ability to generate deposits and effectively manage the repayment and maturity schedules of our loans and investment securities to ensure that we have adequate liquidity to fund our operations. In addition to our traditional funding sources, we also may borrow funds from third-party lenders or issue equity or debt securities to investors. Our access to funding sources in amounts adequate to finance or capitalize our activities, or on terms that are acceptable to us, could be impaired by factors that affect us directly or the financial services industry or economy in general, such as disruptions in the financial markets or negative views and expectations about the prospects for the financial services industry. Any decline in available funding could adversely impact our ability to originate loans, invest in securities, meet our expenses, pay dividends to our shareholders, or to fulfill obligations such as repaying our borrowings or meeting deposit withdrawal demands, any of which could have a material adverse impact on our liquidity, business, financial condition or results of operations.
Failure to address the federal debt ceiling in a timely manner, downgrade of the U.S. credit rating, and uncertain credit and financial market conditions may affect the stability of securities issued or guaranteed by the federal government, which may adversely affect the valuation or liquidity of our investment securities portfolio and increase future borrowing costs.
As a result of uncertain political, credit and financial market conditions, including the potential consequences of the federal government defaulting on its obligations for a period of time due to federal debt ceiling limitations or other unresolved political issues, investments in financial instruments issued or guaranteed by the federal government pose credit default and liquidity risks. Downgrades to the U.S. credit rating could affect the stability of securities issued or guaranteed by the federal government and the valuation or liquidity of our portfolio of such investment securities, and could result in our counterparties requiring additional collateral for our borrowings. Further, unless and until U.S. political, credit and financial market conditions have been sufficiently resolved or stabilized, it may increase our future borrowing costs.
MORTGAGE BANKING RISK
Our mortgage revenue is cyclical and is sensitive to the level of interest rates, changes in economic conditions, decreased economic activity, and slowdowns in the housing market.
The success of our mortgage segment is dependent upon our ability to originate loans and sell them to investors. Loan production levels are sensitive to changes in the level of interest rates and changes in economic conditions. As the mortgage industry experienced in 2023, mortgage production, especially refinancing activity, declines when interest rates rise. Our mortgage origination volume could be materially and adversely affected by rising interest rates.
Because we sell a substantial portion of the mortgage loans we originate, the profitability of our mortgage banking business also depends in large part on our ability to aggregate a high volume of loans and sell them in the secondary market at a gain. If interest rates rise, we expect increasing industry-wide competitive pressures related to changing market conditions to reduce pricing margins and mortgage revenues generally. If our level of mortgage production declines, our continued profitability will depend upon our ability to further reduce our costs. If we are unable to do so, our continued profitability may be materially and adversely affected.
In 2023, we sold nearly all of the $1.20 billion of mortgage loans held for sale that we closed. When mortgage loans are sold, whether as whole loans or pursuant to a securitization, we are required to make customary representations and warranties to purchasers, guarantors and insurers about the mortgage loans and the manner in which they were originated. We may be required to repurchase or substitute mortgage loans, or indemnify buyers against losses, in the event we breach certain representations or warranties in connection with the sale of such loans. If repurchase and indemnity demands increase, such demands are valid claims and are in excess of our provision for potential losses, our liquidity, results of operations or financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.
The value of our mortgage servicing rights asset is subjective by nature and may be vulnerable to inaccuracies or other events outside our control.
The value of our mortgage servicing rights asset can fluctuate. Particularly, the asset could decrease in value if prepayment speeds, delinquency rates, or the cost to service increases or overall values decrease causing a lack of liquidity of MSRs in the market. Similarly, the value may decrease if interest rates decrease or change in a non-parallel manner or are otherwise volatile, all of which are mostly out of the Bank’s control. We must use estimates, assumptions and judgments when valuing this asset. An inaccurate valuation, or changes to the valuation due to factors outside of our control, could inhibit our ability to realize the full value of this asset. As a result, our balance sheet may not precisely represent the fair market value of this and other financial assets.
Our business model is materially dependent on U.S. government-sponsored entities and government agencies, and any changes in these entities, their current roles or the leadership at such entities or their regulators could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.
Our ability to generate revenues through mortgage loan sales depends on programs administered by Government-Sponsored Enterprises, such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, government agencies, including Ginnie Mae, and others that facilitate the issuance of mortgage-backed securities in the secondary market. Presently, a significant portion of the newly originated loans that we originate directly with borrowers qualify under existing standards for inclusion in MBS issued by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac or guaranteed by Ginnie Mae. A number of legislative proposals have been introduced in recent years that would wind down or phase out the GSEs. It is not possible to predict the scope and nature of the actions that the U.S. government will ultimately take with respect to the GSEs. Any changes in laws and regulations affecting the relationship between Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and their regulators or the U.S. federal government, and any changes in leadership at these entities, could adversely affect our business and prospects. Any discontinuation of, or significant reduction in, the operation of Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac or any significant adverse change in their capital structure, financial condition, activity levels in the primary or secondary mortgage markets or in underwriting criteria could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.
Elimination of the traditional roles of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, or any changes to the nature or extent of the guarantees provided by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac or the fees, terms and guidelines that govern our selling and servicing relationships with them, could also materially and adversely affect our ability to sell and securitize loans through our loan production segment, and the performance, liquidity and market value of our investments. Moreover, any changes to the nature of the GSEs or their guarantee obligations could redefine what constitutes an Agency MBS and could have broad adverse implications for the market and our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.
Decreased residential mortgage origination volume and pricing decisions of competitors may adversely affect our profitability.
Our mortgage operation originates, sells and services residential mortgage loans. Changes in interest rates, housing prices, applicable government regulations and pricing decisions by our loan competitors may adversely affect demand for our residential mortgage loan products, the revenue realized on the sale of loans, the revenues received from servicing such loans for others and, ultimately, reduce our net income. New regulations, increased regulatory reviews, and/or changes in the structure of the secondary mortgage markets which we utilize to sell mortgage loans may increase costs and make it more difficult to operate a residential mortgage origination business. Our revenue from the mortgage banking business was $44.7 million in 2023. This revenue could significantly decline in future periods if interest rates were to rise and the other risks highlighted in this paragraph were realized, which may adversely affect our profitability.
We may incur costs, liabilities, fines and other sanctions if we fail to satisfy our mortgage loan servicing obligations.
We act as servicer for approximately $10.76 billion of mortgage loans owned by third-parties as of December 31, 2023. As a servicer for those loans, we have certain contractual obligations to third-parties. If we commit a material breach of our obligations as servicer, we may be subject to termination if the breach is not cured within a specified period of time following notice, causing us to lose servicing income. For certain investors and/or transactions, we may be contractually obligated to repurchase a mortgage loan or reimburse the investor for credit losses incurred on the loan as a remedy for origination errors with respect to the loan. If we have increased repurchase obligations because of claims that we did not satisfy our obligations as a servicer, or if we have increased loss severity on such repurchases, we may have a significant reduction to net servicing income within our mortgage banking noninterest income. In addition, we may be subject to fines and other sanctions imposed by federal or state regulators as a result of actual or perceived deficiencies in our foreclosure practices. Any of these actions may harm our reputation or negatively affect our residential lending or servicing business and, as a result, our profitability.
LEGAL, REGULATORY AND COMPLIANCE RISK
We are subject to significant government regulation and supervision.
The Company and the Bank are subject to extensive federal and state regulation and supervision by the FDIC, Tennessee Department of Financial Institution, the Federal Reserve Board, and the CFPB, among others, the primary focus of which is to protect customers, depositors, the deposit insurance fund and the safety and soundness of the banking system as a whole, and not shareholders. The quantity and scope of applicable federal and state regulations may place banks at a competitive disadvantage compared to less regulated competitors such as financial technology companies, finance companies, credit unions, mortgage banking companies and leasing companies. These laws and regulations apply to almost every aspect of our business, and affect our lending practices and procedures, capital structure, investment activities, deposit gathering activities, our services and products, risk management practices, dividend policy and growth, including through acquisitions.
Legislation and regulation with respect to our industry has increased in recent years, and we expect that supervision and regulation will continue to expand in scope and complexity. Changes to statutes, regulations or regulatory policies, including changes in interpretation or implementation of statutes, regulations or policies, or the issuance of new supervisory guidance, could affect us in substantial and unpredictable ways, and could subject us to additional costs, restrict our growth, limit the services and products we may offer or limit the pricing of banking services and products. In addition, establishing systems and processes to achieve compliance with laws and regulation increases our costs and could limit our ability to pursue business opportunities.
If we receive less than satisfactory results on regulatory examinations, we could be subject to damage to our reputation, significant fines and penalties, requirements to increase compliance and risk management activities and related costs and restriction on acquisitions, new locations, new lines of business, or continued growth. Future changes in federal and state banking could adversely affect our operating results and ability to continue to compete effectively. For example, the Dodd-Frank Act and related regulations, including the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, subject us to additional restrictions, oversight and reporting obligations, which have significantly increased costs. And over the last several years, state and federal regulators have focused on enhanced risk management practices, mortgage law and regulation, compliance with the Bank Secrecy Act and anti-money laundering laws, data integrity and security, use of service providers, and fair lending and other consumer protection issues, which has increased our need to build additional processes and infrastructure. Government agencies charged with adopting and interpreting laws, rules and regulations, may do so in an unforeseen manner, including in ways that potentially expand the reach of the laws, rules or regulations more than initially contemplated or currently anticipated. We cannot predict the substance or impact of pending or future legislation or regulation, or the application thereof. Compliance with such current and potential regulation and scrutiny could significantly increase our costs, impede the efficiency of our internal business processes, require us to increase our regulatory capital and limit our ability to pursue business opportunities in an efficient manner. Our success depends on our ability to maintain compliance with both existing and new laws and regulations.
Applicable laws and regulations restrict both the ability of the Bank to pay dividends to us and our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders.
The Company and the Bank are subject to various regulatory restrictions relating to the payment of dividends. In addition, the Federal Reserve has the authority to prohibit bank holding companies from engaging in unsafe or unsound practices in conducting their business. These federal and state laws, regulations and policies are described in greater detail in “Business: Supervision and regulation: Regulation of the Company and the Bank: Restrictions on dividends” and generally consider previous results and net income, capital needs, asset quality, existence of enforcement or remediation proceedings, and overall financial condition in determining whether a dividend payment is appropriate. For the foreseeable future, the majority, if not all, of our revenue will be from any dividends paid to us by the Bank. Accordingly, our ability to pay dividends also depends on the ability of the Bank to pay dividends to us. Further, the present and future dividend policy of the Bank is subject to the discretion of the Board of Directors. We cannot guarantee that we or the Bank will be permitted by financial condition or applicable regulatory restrictions to pay dividends, that the Board of Directors will elect to pay dividends to us, or the timing or amount of any dividend actually paid. See “Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities - Dividends.” If we do not pay dividends, market perceptions of our common stock may be adversely affected, which could in turn create downward pressure on our stock price.
As the parent company of the Bank, the Federal Reserve may require us to commit capital resources to support the Bank.
The Federal Reserve requires us to act as a source of strength to the Bank and to commit capital and financial resources to support the Bank. This support may be required at times when we might otherwise determine not to provide it. In addition, if we commit to a federal bank regulator that we will maintain the capital of the Bank, whether in response to the Federal Reserve’s invoking its source-of-strength authority or in response to other regulatory measures, that commitment
will be assumed by a bankruptcy trustee and, as a result, the Bank will be entitled to priority payment in respect of that commitment, ahead of our other creditors. Thus, any borrowing that must be done by us in order to support the Bank may adversely impact our cash flow, financial condition, results of operations or prospects.
Our financial condition may be affected negatively by the costs of litigation.
We may be involved from time to time in a variety of litigation, investigations or similar matters arising out of our business. From time to time, and particularly during periods of economic stress, customers may make claims or otherwise take legal action pertaining to performance of our responsibilities. These claims are often referred to as “lender liability” claims. Whether customer claims and legal action related to the performance of our responsibilities are founded or unfounded, if such claims and legal actions are not resolved in a favorable manner, they may result in significant financial liability and/or adversely affect our market perception, products and services, as well as potentially affecting customer demand for those products and services. In many cases, we may seek reimbursement from our insurance carriers to cover such costs and expenses. These claims, as well as supervisory and enforcement actions by our regulators could involve large monetary claims, capital directives, regulatory agreements and directives and significant defense costs. The outcome of any such cases or actions is uncertain. Substantial legal liability or significant regulatory action against us could have material adverse financial effects or cause significant reputational harm to us, which in turn could seriously harm our business prospects. Our insurance may not cover all claims that may be asserted against us, and any claims asserted against us, regardless of merit or eventual outcome, may harm our reputation. Should the ultimate judgments or settlements in any litigation or investigation significantly exceed our insurance coverage, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
TECHNOLOGY AND OPERATIONAL RISKS
We rely on third-party vendors to provide services that are integral to the operation of our business.
We depend on a range of third-party service providers that are integral to the operation of our business. These vendors service our mortgage loan business, provide critical core systems' processing services, essential web hosting and other internet systems, and deposit processing services. If these service providers fail to perform servicing duties or perform those duties inadequately, we could experience a temporary interruption in our business, sustain credit losses on our loans and/or incur additional costs to obtain a replacement servicer. There can be no assurance that a replacement servicer could be retained in a timely manner or at a similar cost.
Being able to maintain these relationships on favorable terms is not guaranteed. In addition, some of our data processing services are provided by companies associated with our competitors. The loss of these vendor relationships could disrupt the services we provide to our customers and cause significant expenses to replace these services. Our operations could be significantly disrupted if third-party service providers experienced their own difficulties, or terminate their services. If an interruption were to continue for a significant period, our business' financial condition and operations could be adversely affected, perhaps materially. Assuming we were able to replace third-party service providers, it may be at a higher cost. For example, if we experienced issues with our mortgage servicing provider it could result in a range of critical issues including; servicing rights becoming terminated, repurchasing of mortgage loans, and/or reimbursements to investors.
Additionally, we utilize many vendors that provide services to support our operations, including the storage and processing of sensitive consumer and business customer data. A cyber security breach of a vendor's system may result in theft and/or unavailability of our data or disruption of business processes. We could be liable to our customers for losses arising from a breach of a vendor's data security system. We rely on outsourced service providers to implement and maintain prudent cyber security controls. We have procedures in place to assess a vendor's cyber security controls prior to establishing a contractual relationship and to periodically review assessments of those control systems. However, these procedures are not infallible, and a vendor's system can be breached despite the procedures we employ.
Our risk management framework may not be effective in mitigating risks and/or losses to us.
Our risk management framework is comprised of various processes, systems, and strategies, that are designed to manage the types of risk to which we are subject, including, among others, credit, price, liquidity, interest rate and compliance risks. Our framework also includes financial or other modeling methodologies that involve management assumptions and judgment. Our risk management framework may not be effective under all circumstances and may not adequately mitigate any risk or loss to us. If our framework is not effective, we could suffer unexpected losses and our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects could be materially and adversely affected.
System failure or breaches of our network security, including cyber-attacks or data security breaches, could subject us to increased operating costs as well as litigation among other liabilities.
The computer systems and network infrastructure we, and our vendors, use may be vulnerable to physical theft, fire, power loss, telecommunications failure or a similar catastrophic event. Additionally, security breaches, denial of service attacks, viruses, ransomware, and other disruptive problems caused by cyber criminals. Any damage or failure that
causes breakdowns or disruptions in our client relationship management, general ledger, deposit, loan and other systems could damage our reputation, result in a loss of client business, subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny, or expose us to civil litigation and possible financial liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on us.
Compromised computers, phishing and other disruptions could also jeopardize the security of information stored in and transmitted through our network infrastructure. A cybersecurity breach of our information systems could lead to fraudulent activity such as identity theft, losses on the part of our banking customers, additional security costs, negative publicity and damage to our reputation and brand. In addition, our customers could be subject to scams that may result in the release of sufficient information concerning themselves or their accounts to allow unauthorized access to their accounts or our systems (e.g., “phishing” and “smishing”). Claims for compensatory or other damages may be brought against us because of a breach of our systems or fraudulent activity. If we are unsuccessful in defending against such resulting claims, we may be forced to pay damages, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Information security risks have generally increased in recent years in part because of the proliferation of new technologies, use of the internet and telecommunications technologies to conduct financial transactions, increase in remote working, and the increased sophistication and activities of organized crime, hackers, nation state supported organizations, terrorists, and other external parties. The methods used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service or sabotage systems change frequently and often are not recognized until launched against a target. We may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. Further, computer viruses or malware could infiltrate our systems and disrupt our delivery of services making our applications unavailable. Although we utilize several preventative and detective security controls in our network, they may be ineffective in preventing computer viruses or malware that could damage our relationships with our merchant customers, cause a decrease in transactions by individual cardholders, or cause us to be in non-compliance with applicable network rules and regulations. In addition, a significant incident of fraud or an increase in fraud levels generally involving our products could result in reputational damage to us, which could reduce the use of our products and services. Such incidents of fraud could also lead to regulatory intervention, which could increase our compliance costs. Compliance with the various complex laws and regulations is costly and time consuming, and failure to comply could have a material adverse effect on our business. Additionally, increased regulatory requirements on our services may increase our costs, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Accordingly, account data breaches and related fraudulent activity could have a material adverse effect on our future growth prospects, business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our operations rely on the secure processing, transmission and storage of confidential information in our computer systems and networks. Although we believe we have robust information security procedures and controls, our encryption software, systems, vendors, and our customers’ devices themselves may become the target of cyber-attacks or information security breaches. Such events could result in the unauthorized release, gathering, monitoring, misuse, unavailability, loss, or destruction of our or our customers’ confidential, proprietary and other information, or otherwise disrupt our or our customers’ business operations. As cyber threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures or to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities.
We are under continuous threat of loss due to organized cyber-attacks involving unauthorized access, computer hackers, computer viruses, malicious code, and other security problems and system disruptions as we continue to expand client capabilities to utilize internet and other remote channels to transact business. We have invested and intend to continue to devote significant resources to the security of our computer systems, but they may still be vulnerable to these threats. A user who circumvents security measures can misappropriate confidential or proprietary information, including information regarding us, our personnel and/or our clients, or cause interruptions or malfunctions in operations. The occurrence of any cyber-attack or information security breach could result in significant potential liabilities to customers and other third- parties, reputational damage, the disruption of our operations and regulatory concerns, all of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. The harm to our business could be even greater if such an event occurs during a period of disproportionately heavy demand for our products or services or traffic on our systems or networks.
The financial services industry is undergoing rapid technological changes and we may not have the resources to implement new technology to stay current with these changes.
In addition to better serving customers, the effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial institutions to reduce costs. Our future success will depend, in part, upon our ability to address the technological needs of our customers that will satisfy client demands for convenience in addition to providing secure electronic environments. As we continue to grow and expand our market area, part of our growth strategy is to focus on expanding market share and product offerings through partnerships with financial technology companies that will supplement our existing offerings, such as blockchain-based products and/or financial solutions supported by artificial intelligence. These technological
advances are intended to allow us to acquire new customers and generate additional core deposits at a lower cost. Many of our larger competitors have substantially greater resources to invest, and have invested significantly more than us, in technological improvements. As a result, they may be able to offer additional or more convenient products compared to those that we will be able to provide, which would put us at a competitive disadvantage. Accordingly, we may not be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services or be successful in marketing such products and services to our customers, which could impair our growth and profitability.
The nature of technology-driven disruption to our industry is changing, in some cases seeking to displace traditional financial service providers rather than merely enhancing traditional services or their delivery.
Technological innovation has expanded the overall market for banking services while siphoning a portion of the revenues from those services away from banks and disrupting prior methods of delivering those services. Certain recent innovations, however, may tend to replace traditional banks as financial service providers rather than merely augment those services. Similarly, innovations based on blockchain technology eventually may be the foundation for enhancing transactional security and facilitating payments throughout the banking industry, but also eventually may reduce the need for banks as secure deposit-keepers and intermediaries.
To thrive as our industry continues to change, we may need to embrace technological evolution and innovations and redefine the customs of a traditional bank, while also maintaining our commitment to our community banking approach. As a result, this type of transition creates implementation risk. In this process, it is and will continue to be critical that we understand and appreciate our clients’ experiences interacting with us and our systems, including those clients who desire traditionally-delivered services provided through our community-banking model, those who seek and embrace the latest innovations, and those who want services to be convenient, personalized, and understandable.
We are subject to certain operational risks, including, but not limited to, client or employee fraud.
Employee errors and employee and client misconduct could subject us to financial losses or regulatory sanctions and seriously harm our reputation. Misconduct by our employees could include hiding unauthorized activities from us, improper or unauthorized activities on behalf of our customers or improper use of confidential information. It is not always possible to prevent employee errors and misconduct, and the precautions we take to prevent and detect this activity may not be effective in all cases. Employee errors could also subject us to financial claims for negligence. Check fraud perpetrated by others who are not employees or clients could also result in financial losses. We maintain a system of internal controls and insurance coverage to mitigate against these operational risks. If our internal controls fail to prevent or detect an occurrence, or if any resulting loss is not insured or exceeds applicable insurance limits, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.
We rely heavily upon information supplied by third-parties, including information contained in credit applications, property appraisals, title information, equipment pricing and valuation and employment and income documentation, in deciding which loans we originate, as well as the terms of those loans. If any such data is misrepresented, either fraudulently or inadvertently, and the misrepresentation is not detected prior to asset funding, the value of the asset may be significantly lower than expected, or we may fund a loan that we would not have funded or on terms we would not have extended.
The impact of widespread health emergencies, catastrophic events, or natural disasters adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity, and results of operations.
A significant portion of our business is in the Southeast and includes areas which are susceptible to weather-related events such as tornadoes, floods, droughts, and fires. Recently, the COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted global, national, and local economies, disrupted global supply chains, and created significant volatility and disruption in financial markets. Such events can disrupt our operations and negatively affect our business and the economies in which we operate. These events may also have a negative impact on the financial condition of our clients, which may decrease revenues from those clients and increase the credit risk associated with loans and other credit exposures to those clients.
In addition, geopolitical matters such as international trade disputes, political unrest, cyber-attacks or campaigns, and slow growth in the global economy, as well as acts of terrorism, war, and other violence could result in disruptions in the financial markets or the markets that we serve. These negative events could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition and may affect our ability to access capital.
STRATEGIC AND OTHER BUSINESS RISKS
Our strategy of pursuing acquisitions exposes us to risk.
We intend to pursue a strategy that includes acquisition and consolidation opportunities within our core markets and beyond. The market for any such acquisition targets is highly competitive, which may adversely affect our ability to find acquisition candidates that fit our strategy and our standards. Acquisitions of financial institutions also involve operational risks and uncertainties, such as the time and expense associated with identifying and evaluating potential acquisition targets and negotiating terms or potential transactions, which could result in our attention being diverted from the
operation of our existing business. Also, all acquisitions are subject to various regulatory approvals, and if we were unable to obtain such approvals for any reason, it would impair our ability to consummate acquisitions.
We have a shareholder who owns a significant portion of our stock and that shareholders' interests in our business may be different than our other shareholders.
Mr. Ayers, the Company's former Chairman, currently owns approximately 23% of our common stock. Further, Mr. Ayers has the right under the shareholder's agreement, by and between the Company and Mr. Ayers and entered into in connection with the Company's initial public offering, to designate up to 20% of our directors and at least one member of the nominating and corporate governance and compensation committees of our board of directors for so long as permitted under applicable law. So long as Mr. Ayers continues to own a significant portion of our common stock, he will have the ability to influence the vote in any election of directors and will have the ability to significantly influence a vote regarding a transaction that requires shareholder approval regardless of whether others believe the transaction is in our best interests. In any of these matters, the interests of Mr. Ayers may differ from or conflict with the interests of our other shareholders. Moreover, this concentration of stock ownership may also adversely affect the trading price of our common stock to the extent investors perceive disadvantages in owning stock of a company with a significant shareholder.
We could be required to write down goodwill and other intangible assets.
At December 31, 2023, our goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets were $251.3 million. Under current accounting standards, if we determine goodwill or intangible assets are impaired because, for example, the acquired business does not meet projected revenue targets or credit losses are dramatically higher than anticipated, we are required to write down the carrying value of these assets. We conduct a review at least annually to determine whether goodwill is impaired. Our goodwill impairment evaluation indicated no impairment of goodwill for our reporting segments. We cannot provide assurance, however, that we will not be required to take an impairment charge in the future. Any impairment charge would have an adverse effect on our shareholders' equity and financial results and could cause a decline in our stock price.
GENERAL RISKS
We face strong competition from financial services companies and other companies that offer banking services.
We conduct our banking operations primarily in Tennessee, with our largest market being the Nashville MSA, which is a highly competitive banking market. Many of our competitors offer the same, or a wider variety of, banking services within our market areas, and we compete with them for the same customers. These competitors include banks with nationwide operations, regional banks and community banks. In many instances these national and regional banks have greater resources than we do, and the smaller community banks may have stronger ties in local markets than we do, which may put us at a competitive disadvantage. We also face competition from many other types of financial institutions, including thrift institutions, finance companies, brokerage firms, insurance companies, credit unions, mortgage banks and other internet-based companies offering financial services which enjoy fewer regulatory constraints and some may have lower cost structures. In addition, a number of out-of-state financial institutions have opened offices and solicit deposits in our market areas. Increased competition in our markets may result in reduced loans and deposits, as well as reduced net interest margin and profitability. If we are unable to attract and retain banking customers, we may be unable to continue to grow our loan and deposit portfolios, and our business, financial condition or results of operations may be adversely affected.
Further, a number of larger banks have recently entered the Nashville MSA, and we believe this trend will continue as banks look to gain a foothold in this growing market. This trend will likely result in greater competition in and may impair our ability to grow our share of our largest market.
Holders of our subordinated debentures have rights that are senior to those of our common shareholders.
We have supported a portion of our growth through the issuance of subordinated notes which are senior in rank to our shares of common stock. As a result, we must make payments on the subordinated notes before any dividends can be paid on our common stock and, in the event of our bankruptcy, dissolution or liquidation, the holders of the subordinated notes must be satisfied before any distributions can be made on our common stock.
New lines of business, products, product enhancements or services may subject us to additional risks.
From time to time, we may implement or acquire new lines of business or offer new products and product enhancements as well as new services within our existing lines of business. There are substantial risks and uncertainties associated with these efforts. In acquiring, developing or marketing new lines of business, products, product enhancements or services, we may invest significant time and resources, although there is no guarantee that these new lines of business, products, product enhancements or services will be successful or that we will realize their expected benefits. Further, initial timetables for the introduction and development of new lines of business, products, product enhancements or services may not be achieved, and price and profitability targets may not prove feasible. External factors, such as compliance with regulations, competitive alternatives and shifting market preferences, may also impact the ultimate implementation and
success of new lines of business or offerings of new products, product enhancements or services. Furthermore, any new line of business, product, product enhancement or service could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of our system of internal controls. Failure to successfully manage these risks in the development and implementation of new lines of business or offerings of new products, product enhancements or services could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operation.
Consumers may decide not to use banks to complete their financial transactions.
Technology and other changes are allowing parties to complete, through alternative methods and delivery channels, financial transactions that historically have involved banks. For example, consumers can now maintain funds that would have historically been held as bank deposits in brokerage accounts, mutual funds with an Internet-only bank, or with virtually any bank in the country through online or mobile banking. Consumers can also complete transactions such as purchasing goods and services, paying bills and/or transferring funds directly without the assistance of banks by transacting through non-bank enterprises or through the use of emerging payment technologies such as cryptocurrencies. The process of eliminating banks as intermediaries could result in the loss of fee income, as well as the loss of customer deposits and the related income generated from those deposits. The loss of these revenue streams and the lower-cost deposits as a source of funds could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.
We depend on the accuracy and completeness of information about customers.
In deciding whether to extend credit or enter certain transactions, we rely on information furnished by or on behalf of customers, including financial statements, credit reports, tax returns and other financial information. We may also rely on representations of those customers or other third-parties, such as independent auditors, as to the accuracy and completeness of that information. Reliance on inaccurate or misleading personal information, financial statements, credit reports, tax returns or other financial information, including information falsely provided because of identity theft, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Negative publicity could impact our reputation.
Reputational risk is inherent in our business. Negative public opinion could adversely affect our ability to keep and attract customers and could expose us to adverse legal and regulatory consequences. Negative public opinion could result from our actual, alleged, or perceived conduct related to employees or banking practices. Such negative public opinion could ultimately impact our earnings and stock price.
Recent volatility in the banking industry, and responsive measures to manage it, could have an adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations.
In recent months, several financial institutions have failed or required outside liquidity support. These events have created the risk of additional stress to other financial institutions and the banking industry generally as a result of increased lack of confidence in the financial sector. U.S. and international regulators have taken action in an effort to strengthen public confidence in the banking system, including the creation of a new Bank Term Funding Program and international coordination to enhance the provision of liquidity via the standing U.S. dollar liquidity swap line arrangements. There can be no assurance that these actions will stabilize the financial services industry and financial markets. While we currently do not anticipate liquidity constraints of the kind that caused certain other banks to fail or require external support, constraints on our liquidity could occur as a result of unanticipated deposit withdrawals because of market distress or our inability to access other sources of liquidity, including through the capital markets due to unforeseen market dislocations or interruptions. Moreover, some of our customers may become less willing to maintain deposits at our bank because of broader market concerns with the level of insurance available on those deposits. Our business and our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected by continued soundness concerns regarding financial institutions generally and our counterparties specifically and limitations resulting from further governmental action in an effort to stabilize or provide additional regulation of the financial system as well as the impact of excessive deposit withdrawals.
Additionally, the recent events in the banking sector may lead to governmental initiatives intended to prevent future bank failures and stem significant deposit outflows from the banking sector, including (i) legislation aimed at preventing similar future bank runs and failures and stabilizing confidence in the banking sector over the long term, (ii) agency rulemaking to modify and enhance relevant regulatory requirements, specifically with respect to liquidity risk management, deposit concentrations, capital adequacy, stress testing and contingency planning, and safe and sound banking practices, and (iii) enhancement of the agencies’ supervision and examination policies and priorities. Although we cannot predict with certainty which initiatives may be pursued by lawmakers and agency leadership, nor can we predict the terms and scope of any such initiatives, any of the potential changes referenced above could, among other things, subject us to additional costs, limit the types of financial services and products we may offer, and limit our future growth, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
ITEM 1B - Unresolved Staff Comments
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
ITEM 2 - Properties
Our principal executive offices and FirstBank’s main office are located at 1221 Broadway, Suite 1300 Nashville, Tennessee. We have banking locations in the Tennessee metropolitan markets of Nashville, Chattanooga, Knoxville, Memphis, and Jackson in addition to the metropolitan markets of Birmingham, Huntsville and Florence, Alabama and Bowling Green, Kentucky. As of December 31, 2023, we operated 81 full-service bank branches and 9 limited service branch locations throughout our geographic market areas as well as 15 mortgage offices throughout the southeastern United States. We also operate in 17 community markets throughout our footprint. See “Item 1. Business - Our Markets” for more detail. We own 72 of these banking locations and lease our other locations, which include nearly all of our mortgage offices and our principal executive office. We believe that our offices and banking locations are in good condition, are suitable to our needs and, for the most part, are relatively new or refurbished. Additionally, we continue to upgrade our properties to make them more energy efficient and protect the environment.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ITEM 3 - Legal Proceedings
Various legal proceedings to which FB Financial Corporation or a subsidiary of FB Financial Corporation is party arise from time to time in the normal course of business. As of the date hereof, there are no material pending legal proceedings to which FB Financial Corporation or any of its subsidiaries is a party or of which any of its or its subsidiaries' assets or properties are subject.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
ITEM 4 - Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
ITEM 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
Market Information and Holders of Record
FB Financial Corporation's common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “FBK” and has traded on that market since September 16, 2016.
The Company had approximately 2,272 stockholders of record as of February 13, 2024. A substantially greater number of holders of FBK common stock are “street name” or beneficial holders, whose shares of record are held by banks, brokers and other financial institutions.
Stock Performance Graph
The performance graph and table below compares the cumulative total stockholder return on the common stock of the Company with the cumulative total return on the equity securities included in the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index (S&P 500), which reflects overall stock market performance and the S&P 500 Bank Industry Group, which is a Global Industry Classification Standard Level 2 industry group consisting of 15 regional and national publicly traded banks. The graph assumes an initial $100 investment on December 31, 2018 through December 31, 2023. Data for the S&P 500 and S&P 500 Bank Industry Group assumes reinvestment of dividends. Returns are shown on a total return basis. The performance graph represents past performance and should not be considered to be an indication of future performance. The information in this paragraph and the following stock performance graph shall not be deemed to be “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC or subject to Regulation 14A or 14C, other than as provided in Item 201 of Regulation S-K, or to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, except to the extent that we specifically request that such information be treated as soliciting material or specifically incorporate it by reference into a filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.
Index
FB Financial Corporation S&P 500 Total Return Index S&P 500 Bank Total Return Index
12/31/2018 100.00 100.00 100.00
12/31/2019 114.05 131.49 140.63
12/31/2020 101.34 155.68 121.29
12/31/2021 129.22 200.37 164.28
12/31/2022 107.90 164.08 132.72
12/31/2023 121.24 207.21 147.28
Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence
Dividends
We declared cash dividends on our common stock of $0.60 per share for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $0.52 per share for the year ended December 31, 2022. The timing and amount of future dividends are at the discretion of the Board of Directors and will depend upon a number of factors including general and economic conditions, industry standards, our financial condition and operating results, our available cash and current and anticipated cash needs, capital requirements, banking regulations, contractual, legal, tax and regulatory restrictions and implications on the payment of dividends by us to our shareholders or by the Bank to us, and such other factors as our Board of Directors may deem relevant. Our Board of Directors anticipates that we will continue to pay quarterly dividends in amounts determined based on the factors discussed above. However, there can be no assurance that we will continue to pay dividends on our common stock at the current levels or at all. For a more complete discussion on the restrictions on dividends, see “Business: Supervision and regulation: Regulation of the Company and the Bank: Restrictions on dividends” and Note 13 “Dividend restrictions” in the notes to the consolidated financial statements.
Stock Repurchase Program
The following table provides information about repurchases of common stock by the Company during the quarter ended December 31, 2023:
Period (a)
Total number of shares purchased (b)
Average price paid per share (c)
Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs (d)
Maximum number (or approximate dollar value) of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs (1)
October 1 - October 31 - $ - - $ 61,249,538
November 1 - November 30 - - - 61,249,538
December 1 - December 31 - - - 61,249,538
Total - $ - - $ 61,249,538
(1) Amounts are inclusive of commissions and fees related to the stock repurchases.
On March 14, 2022, the Company announced the board of directors’ authorization of a share repurchase program pursuant to which the Company may purchase up to $100 million in shares of the Company’s issued and outstanding common stock. The Company purchased 136,262 shares pursuant to this plan during the year ended December 31, 2023. The purchase authorizations granted under the repurchase plan will terminate either on the date on which the maximum dollar amount is repurchased under the repurchase plan or on January 31, 2024, whichever date occurs earlier. The repurchase plan will be conducted pursuant to a written plan and is intended to comply with Rule 10b-18 promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
Sale of Equity Securities
The Company did not sell any unregistered equity securities during 2023.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
ITEM 6 - [RESERVED]

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
ITEM 7 - Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Overall Objective
The following is a discussion of our financial condition at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, and should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere herein. The purpose of this discussion is to focus on information about our financial condition and results of operations which is not otherwise apparent from our consolidated financial statements. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that are subject to certain risks and uncertainties and are based on certain assumptions that we believe are reasonable but may prove to be inaccurate. Certain risks, uncertainties and other factors, including those set forth in the “Cautionary note regarding forward-looking statements” and “Risk Factors” sections of this Annual Report, may cause actual results to differ materially from those projected results discussed in the forward-looking statements appearing in this discussion and analysis. We assume no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements. Discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 are included in the respective sections within “Item 7 - Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of our Annual Report filed on Form 10-K with the SEC for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Overview
We are a financial holding company headquartered in Nashville, Tennessee. We operate primarily through our wholly-owned bank subsidiary, FirstBank. FirstBank provides a comprehensive suite of commercial and consumer banking services to clients in select markets in Tennessee, Kentucky, Alabama and North Georgia. As of December 31, 2023, our footprint included 81 full-service branches serving the following Tennessee Metropolitan Statistical Areas: Nashville, Chattanooga (including North Georgia), Knoxville, Memphis, and Jackson in addition to Bowling Green, Kentucky and Birmingham, Florence and Huntsville, Alabama. We also provide banking services to 17 community markets throughout Tennessee, Alabama and North Georgia. FirstBank also provides mortgage banking services utilizing its bank branch network and mortgage banking offices strategically located throughout the southeastern United States. As of December 31, 2023, we had total assets of $12.60 billion, loans held for investment of $9.41 billion, total deposits of $10.55 billion, and total shareholders’ equity of $1.45 billion.
We operate through two segments, Banking and Mortgage. We generate most of our revenue in our Banking segment from interest on loans and investments, loan-related fees, trust and investment services and deposit-related fees. Our primary source of funding for our loans is customer deposits, and, to a lesser extent, unsecured credit lines, brokered and internet deposits, and other borrowings. We generate most of our revenue in our Mortgage segment from origination fees and gains on sales in the secondary market of mortgage loans, as well as from mortgage servicing revenues.
Key factors affecting our business
Recent banking events
The banking sector experienced significant volatility during the year ended December 31, 2023, including high-profile bank failures, continuing interest rate hikes and recessionary concerns. We have proactively positioned our balance sheet to mitigate the risks affecting the Company and the overall banking industry in order to serve our clients and communities.
As of December 31, 2023, we carried on-balance sheet liquidity of $1.35 billion. We maintain the ability to access $7.08 billion of contingent liquidity from the FHLB, Federal Reserve, brokered CDs, and unsecured lines of credit. Our AFS debt securities portfolio is 11.7% of total assets and we do not maintain any held-to-maturity investment securities. Management considers our current liquidity position to be more than adequate to meet both short-term and long-term liquidity needs. Refer to the section “Liquidity and capital resources” for additional information.
Further, the capital ratios of the Company and the Bank are well above the standards to be considered well-capitalized under regulatory requirements. Refer to the section “Shareholders' equity and capital management” for additional details.
Non-performing assets were 0.69% of total assets as of December 31, 2023 and annualized net charge-offs were 0.01% of average loans HFI during the year ended December 31, 2023, which we believe reflects our disciplined underwriting and conservative lending philosophy. Refer to the section “Asset quality” for additional information.
While the March 2023 high-profile bank failures and other concerns have impacted the entire banking industry, and future events cannot be predicted, we remain committed to safe and sound community banking practices that have been a cornerstone of the Company's values and historical performance.
Interest rates
Net interest income is the largest contributor to our net income and is the difference between the interest and fees earned on interest-earning assets (primarily loans, investment securities and interest-bearing deposits with other financial institutions) and the interest expense incurred in connection with interest-bearing liabilities (primarily deposits and borrowings). The level of net interest income is primarily a function of the average balance of interest-earning assets, the average balance of interest-bearing liabilities and the spread between the contractual yield on such assets and the contractual cost of such liabilities. These factors are influenced by both the pricing and mix of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities which, in turn, are impacted by external factors such as local economic conditions, competition for loans and deposits, the monetary policy of the Federal Reserve Board and market interest rates.
The cost of our deposits and short-term wholesale borrowings is largely based on short-term interest rates, which are primarily driven by the Federal Reserve’s actions. The yields generated by our loans and securities are typically driven by short-term and long-term interest rates, which are market driven and are, at times, heavily influenced by the Federal Reserve’s actions. The level of net interest income is therefore influenced by movements in such interest rates and the pace at which such movements occur.
Interest rates increased throughout the year ended December 31, 2023. Volatile interest rates could have significant adverse effects on the earnings, financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
For additional information regarding our interest rate risks factors and management, see “Business: Risk management: Liquidity and interest rate risk management” and “Risk factors: Risks related to our business.”
Credit trends
We focus on originating quality loans and have established loan approval policies and procedures to assist us in upholding the overall credit quality of our loan portfolio. However, credit trends in the markets in which we operate and in our loan portfolio can materially impact our financial condition and performance and are primarily driven by the economic conditions in our markets.
During 2023, our percentage of total nonperforming loans to loans HFI increased to 0.65% as of December 31, 2023, from 0.49% as of December 31, 2022. Our classified loans increased to 0.74% of loans HFI as of December 31, 2023, compared to 0.56% as of December 31, 2022. Our nonperforming assets as of December 31, 2023 were $86.5 million, or 0.69% of total assets compared to $87.5 million, or 0.68% of assets as of December 31, 2022.
Our net provisions for credit losses on loans HFI and unfunded loan commitments resulted in an expense of $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to an expense of $19.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2023, our expense was comprised of $16.7 million of provision for credit losses on loans HFI and $14.2 million related to reversals of credit losses on unfunded commitments. The current period expense is the result of declines in economic outlooks and forecasts which impacted our loss estimation process. These evaluations weighed the impact of the current economic outlook, including unemployment, supply chain concerns, global conflicts and other considerations. Although the portfolio was impacted by worsening economic outlooks and forecasts, management's concentrated effort to reduce unfunded loan commitments from December 31, 2022 in specific categories judged to be inherently higher risk considering the current and projected economic conditions resulted in a $913.2 million decrease in our construction category as these projects moved to permanent financing. As such, the decrease resulted in a $14.2 million decrease in required ACL related to the unfunded commitments in our construction portfolio. See further discussion under the subheading “Allowance for credit losses.”
For additional information regarding credit quality risk factors for our Company, see “Item 1. Business: Risk management: Credit risk management” and “Item 1A. Risk factors: Credit Risks.”
Competition
Our profitability and growth are affected by the highly competitive nature of the financial services industry. We compete with commercial banks, savings banks, credit unions, non-bank financial services companies, online mortgage providers, internet banks and other financial institutions operating within the areas we serve, particularly with national and regional banks that often have more resources than we do to invest in growth and technology and community banks with strong local ties, all of which target the same clients we do. Recently, we have seen increased competitive pressures on deposit rates. Continued deposit pricing pressure may continue to affect our financial results in the future.
For additional information, see “Item 1. Business: Our markets,” “Business: Competition” and “Item 1A. Risk factors: Risks related to our business.”
Regulatory trends and changes in laws
We are subject to extensive regulation and supervision, which continue to evolve as the legal and regulatory framework governing our operations continues to change. The current operating environment also has heightened supervisory expectations in areas such as consumer compliance, BSA and anti-money laundering compliance, risk management and internal audit. We expect to incur increased costs for compliance, risk management and audit personnel or professional fees associated with advisors and consultants due the current economic environment.
As described further under “Business: Supervision and regulation,” we are subject to a variety of laws and regulations, including the Dodd-Frank Act. See also “Item 1A. Risk factors: Legal, regulatory and compliance risk.”
Financial highlights
The following table presents certain selected historical consolidated income statement data and key indicators as of the dates or for the years indicated. Our historical results for any prior period are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected in any future period.
As of or for the years ended December 31,
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data) 2023 2022 2021
Selected Balance Sheet Data
Cash and cash equivalents $ 810,932 $ 1,027,052 $ 1,797,740
Loans HFI 9,408,783 9,298,212 7,604,662
Allowance for credit losses on loans HFI (150,326) (134,192) (125,559)
Loans held for sale 67,847 139,451 752,223
Investment securities, at fair value 1,471,973 1,474,176 1,681,892
Total assets 12,604,403 12,847,756 12,597,686
Interest-bearing deposits (non-brokered) 8,179,430 8,178,453 8,076,996
Brokered deposits 150,475 750 19,687
Noninterest-bearing deposits 2,218,382 2,676,631 2,740,214
Total deposits 10,548,287 10,855,834 10,836,897
Borrowings 390,964 415,677 171,778
Allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments 8,770 22,969 14,380
Total common shareholders' equity 1,454,794 1,325,425 1,432,602
Selected Statement of Income Data
Total interest income $ 678,410 $ 481,422 $ 384,998
Total interest expense 271,193 69,187 37,628
Net interest income 407,217 412,235 347,370
Provisions for (reversals of) credit losses 2,539 18,982 (40,993)
Total noninterest income 70,543 114,667 228,255
Total noninterest expense 324,929 348,346 373,567
Income before income taxes 150,292 159,574 243,051
Income tax expense 30,052 35,003 52,750
Net income applicable to noncontrolling interest 16 16 16
Net income applicable to FB Financial Corporation $ 120,224 $ 124,555 $ 190,285
Net interest income (tax-equivalent basis) $ 410,562 $ 415,282 $ 350,456
Per Common Share
Basic net income $ 2.57 $ 2.64 $ 4.01
Diluted net income 2.57 2.64 3.97
Book value(1)
31.05 28.36 30.13
Tangible book value(2)
25.69 22.90 24.67
Cash dividends declared 0.60 0.52 0.44
Selected Ratios
Return on average:
Assets(3)
0.95 % 1.01 % 1.61 %
Shareholders' equity(3)
8.74 % 9.23 % 14.0 %
Tangible common equity(2)
10.7 % 11.4 % 17.3 %
Efficiency ratio 68.0 % 66.1 % 64.9 %
Core efficiency ratio (tax-equivalent basis)(2)
62.9 % 62.7 % 65.8 %
Loans HFI to deposit ratio 89.2 % 85.7 % 70.2 %
Net interest margin (tax-equivalent basis) 3.44 % 3.57 % 3.19 %
Yield on interest-earning assets 5.72 % 4.16 % 3.53 %
Cost of interest-bearing liabilities 3.16 % 0.87 % 0.48 %
Cost of total deposits 2.39 % 0.54 % 0.30 %
As of or for the years ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Credit Quality Ratios
Allowance for credit losses on loans HFI as a percentage of loans HFI 1.60 % 1.44 % 1.65 %
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans HFI (0.01) % (0.02) % (0.08) %
Nonperforming loans HFI as a percentage of loans HFI 0.65 % 0.49 % 0.62 %
Nonperforming assets as a percentage of total assets(4)
0.69 % 0.68 % 0.50 %
Capital Ratios (Company)
Total common shareholders' equity to assets 11.5 % 10.3 % 11.4 %
Tangible common equity to tangible assets(2)
9.74 % 8.50 % 9.51 %
Tier 1 Leverage 11.3 % 10.5 % 10.5 %
Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital 12.5 % 11.3 % 12.6 %
Total Risk-Based Capital 14.5 % 13.1 % 14.5 %
Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) 12.2 % 11.0 % 12.3 %
(1)Book value per share equals our total common shareholders’ equity divided by the number of shares of our common stock outstanding as of the date presented.
(2)Non-GAAP financial measure; See "GAAP reconciliation and management explanation of non-GAAP financial measures” and non-GAAP reconciliations herein.
(3)ROAA and ROAE is calculated by dividing annualized net income or loss for that period by our average assets or average equity for the same period.
(4)Includes $21,229 and $26,211 of optional rights to repurchase delinquent GNMA loans as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. There were no such loans as of December 31, 2021.
GAAP reconciliation and management explanation of non-GAAP financial measures
We identify certain financial measures discussed in this Report as being “non-GAAP financial measures.” The non-GAAP financial measures presented in this Report are adjusted efficiency ratio (tax-equivalent basis), tangible book value per common share, tangible common equity to tangible assets and return on average tangible common equity.
In accordance with the SEC's rules, we classify a financial measure as being a non-GAAP financial measure if that financial measure excludes or includes amounts, or is subject to adjustments that have the effect of excluding or including amounts, that are included or excluded, as the case may be, in the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP as in effect from time to time in the United States in our consolidated statements of income, balance sheets or statements of cash flows.
The non-GAAP financial measures that we discuss in this Report should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the most directly comparable or other financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. Moreover, the manner in which we calculate the non-GAAP financial measures that we discuss in our selected historical consolidated financial data may differ from that of other companies reporting measures with similar names. You should understand how such other banking organizations calculate their financial measures similar or with names similar to the non-GAAP financial measures we have discussed in our selected historical consolidated financial data when comparing such non-GAAP financial measures. The following reconciliation tables provide a more detailed analysis of these, and reconciliation for, each of non-GAAP financial measures.
Core efficiency ratio (tax-equivalent basis)
The core efficiency ratio (tax-equivalent basis) is a non-GAAP measure that excludes certain gains (losses), merger and offering-related expenses and other selected items. Our management uses this measure in its analysis of our performance. Our management believes this measure provides a greater understanding of ongoing operations and enhances comparability of results with prior periods, as well as demonstrates the effects of significant gains and charges. The most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP is the efficiency ratio.
The following table presents, as of the dates set forth below, a reconciliation of our core efficiency ratio (tax-equivalent basis) to our efficiency ratio:
Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) 2023 2022 2021
Core efficiency ratio (tax-equivalent basis)
Total noninterest expense $ 324,929 $ 348,346 $ 373,567
Less early retirement, severance and other costs 8,449 - -
Less loss (gain) on lease terminations 1,770 (18) (805)
Less FDIC special assessment 1,788 - -
Less mortgage restructuring - 12,458 -
Less offering expenses - - 605
Less certain charitable contributions - - 1,422
Core noninterest expense $ 312,922 $ 335,906 $ 372,345
Net interest income $ 407,217 $ 412,235 $ 347,370
Net interest income (tax-equivalent basis) $ 410,562 $ 415,282 $ 350,456
Total noninterest income 70,543 114,667 228,255
Less (loss) gain from securities, net (13,973) (376) 324
Less (loss) gain on sales or write-downs of other real estate owned and other
assets (27) (265) 2,827
Less (loss) gain on change in fair value on commercial loans held for sale (2,114) (5,133) 11,172
Less loss on swap cancellation - - (1,510)
Core noninterest income $ 86,657 $ 120,441 $ 215,442
Total revenue $ 477,760 $ 526,902 $ 575,625
Core revenue (tax-equivalent basis) $ 497,219 $ 535,723 $ 565,898
Efficiency ratio 68.0 % 66.1 % 64.9 %
Core efficiency ratio (tax-equivalent basis) 62.9 % 62.7 % 65.8 %
Tangible book value per common share and tangible common equity to tangible assets
Tangible book value per common share and tangible common equity to tangible assets are non-GAAP measures that exclude the impact of goodwill and other intangibles used by the Company’s management to evaluate capital adequacy. Because intangible assets such as goodwill and other intangibles vary extensively from company to company, we believe that the presentation of this information allows investors to more easily compare the Company’s capital position to other companies. The most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP is book value per common share and our total shareholders’ equity to total assets.
The following table presents, as of the dates set forth below, tangible common equity compared with total shareholders’ equity, tangible book value per common share compared with our book value per common share and common equity to tangible assets compared to total shareholders’ equity to total assets:
As of December 31,
(dollars in thousands, except share and per share data) 2023 2022 2021
Tangible assets
Total assets $ 12,604,403 $ 12,847,756 $ 12,597,686
Adjustments:
Goodwill (242,561) (242,561) (242,561)
Core deposit and other intangibles (8,709) (12,368) (16,953)
Tangible assets $ 12,353,133 $ 12,592,827 $ 12,338,172
Tangible common equity
Total common shareholders' equity $ 1,454,794 $ 1,325,425 $ 1,432,602
Adjustments:
Goodwill (242,561) (242,561) (242,561)
Core deposit and other intangibles (8,709) (12,368) (16,953)
Tangible common equity $ 1,203,524 $ 1,070,496 $ 1,173,088
Common shares outstanding 46,848,934 46,737,912 47,549,241
Book value per common share $ 31.05 $ 28.36 $ 30.13
Tangible book value per common share $ 25.69 $ 22.90 $ 24.67
Total common shareholders' equity to total assets 11.5 % 10.3 % 11.4 %
Tangible common equity to tangible assets 9.74 % 8.50 % 9.51 %
Return on average tangible common equity
Return on average tangible common equity is a non-GAAP measure that uses average shareholders' equity and excludes the impact of goodwill and other intangibles. This measurement is used by the Company's management to provide a depiction of the Company's profitability without being impacted by its intangible assets, as intangible assets are not directly managed to generate earnings. The following table presents, as of the dates set forth below, reconciliations of total average tangible common equity to average shareholders' equity and return on average tangible common equity to return on average shareholders' equity:
Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) 2023 2022 2021
Return on average tangible common equity
Total average common shareholders' equity $ 1,374,831 $ 1,349,583 $ 1,361,637
Adjustments:
Average goodwill (242,561) (242,561) (242,561)
Average intangibles, net (10,472) (14,573) (19,606)
Average tangible common equity $ 1,121,798 $ 1,092,449 $ 1,099,470
Net income applicable to FB Financial Corporation $ 120,224 $ 124,555 $ 190,285
Return on average common shareholders' equity 8.74 % 9.23 % 14.0 %
Return on average tangible common equity 10.7 % 11.4 % 17.3 %
Overview of recent financial performance
Year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022
Our net income decreased during the year ended December 31, 2023 to $120.2 million from $124.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Diluted earnings per common share was $2.57 and $2.64 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Our net income represented a return on average assets of 0.95% and 1.01% for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and a return on average equity of 8.74% and 9.23% for the same periods. Our ratio of return on average tangible common equity for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was 10.7% and 11.4%, respectively. See “GAAP reconciliation and management explanation of non-GAAP financial measures” in this Report for a discussion of tangible common equity and return on average tangible common equity.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, net interest income decreased to $407.2 million compared with $412.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2022. Our net interest margin, on a tax-equivalent basis, decreased to 3.44% for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to 3.57% for the year ended December 31, 2022, influenced by rising interest rates increasing our total cost of funds compared to the increase in the interest income on interest-earning assets during the year ended December 31, 2023.
Provision for credit losses on loans HFI and unfunded loan commitments was $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared $19.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily due to a reversal of provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments of $14.2 million compared to provision expense of $8.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. Refer to the section “Provision for credit losses” for additional information.
Noninterest income for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased by $44.1 million to $70.5 million, down from $114.7 million for prior year period. The decrease in noninterest income was primarily driven by a decrease in mortgage banking income of $28.9 million to $44.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $73.6 million for the prior year period. These results were impacted by increasing interest rates, compressing margins and a decrease in demand for residential mortgages experienced through the industry during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared with the year ended December 31, 2022. The change was also impacted by the restructuring of our mortgage business (referred to herein as “Mortgage restructuring”), including the exit of our direct-to-consumer internet delivery channel during the year ended December 31, 2022. Refer to the section “Noninterest expense” for additional information on the restructuring of our Mortgage segment. Additionally contributing to the decrease in noninterest income during the year ended December 31, 2023 was a $14.0 million net loss on investment securities primarily related to the sale of $100.5 million of AFS securities. Refer to the section “Other earnings assets” for additional information on the sale of the AFS securities.
Noninterest expense decreased to $324.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared with $348.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in noninterest expense is reflective of the $28.3 million decrease in salaries, commissions and employee-related costs namely in the Mortgage segment related to the restructuring of our Mortgage segment, reduced headcount and mortgage production. Additionally, this decrease in salaries, commission and employee-benefit related costs was partially offset by an $8.4 million increase in early retirement, severance and other costs related to our efficiency and scalability initiatives and $4.7 million in regulatory fees and assessments, which includes a $1.8 million FDIC special assessment associated with the bank failures earlier in 2023. Additionally, the decrease in noninterest expense reflects $12.5 million in mortgage restructuring expenses included in expenses in the year ended December 31, 2022.
Year ended December 31, 2022 compared to year ended December 31, 2021
Our net income decreased during the year ended December 31, 2022 to $124.6 million from $190.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Diluted earnings per common share was $2.64 and $3.97 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Our net income represented a return on average assets of 1.01% and 1.61% for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and a return on average equity of 9.23% and 14.0% for the same periods. Our ratio of return on average tangible common equity for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was 11.4% and 17.3%, respectively. See “GAAP reconciliation and management explanation of non-GAAP financial measures” in this Report for a discussion of tangible common equity and return on average tangible common equity.
These results were significantly impacted by the economic forecasts incorporated in our current expected credit loss rate model, leading to a provision for credit losses on loans held for investment and unfunded loan commitments of $19.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared with a reversal in our provision for credit losses of $41.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, net interest income increased to $412.2 million compared with $347.4 million in the year ended December 31, 2021. Our net interest margin, on a tax-equivalent basis, increased to 3.57% for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to 3.19% for the year ended December 31, 2021, influenced by rising interest rates and growth in loans HFI volume during the year ended December 31, 2022.
Noninterest income for the year ended December 31, 2022 decreased by $113.6 million to $114.7 million, down from $228.3 million for the prior year period. The decrease in noninterest income was primarily driven by a decrease in mortgage banking income of $94.0 million to $73.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $167.6 million for the prior year period. These results were impacted by increasing interest rates, compressing margins and a decrease in demand for residential mortgages experienced through the industry during the year ended December 31, 2022 compared with the year ended December 31, 2021.
Noninterest expense decreased to $348.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared with $373.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease in noninterest expense is reflective of the $45.4 million decrease in salaries, commissions and employee-related costs in the Mortgage segment related to the reduction in mortgage production, which was partially offset by mortgage restructuring expenses of $12.5 million incurred during the year ended December 31, 2022 associated with the exit of our direct-to-consumer internet delivery channel.
Business segment highlights
We operate our business in two business segments: Banking and Mortgage. See Note 1, “Basis of presentation” and Note 18 “Segment reporting” in the notes to our consolidated financial statements for a description of these business segments.
Banking
Income before taxes from the Banking segment decreased in the year ended December 31, 2023 to $154.0 million, compared to $182.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Net interest income decreased $5.0 million to $407.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 from $412.2 million in the same period in the prior year. The provision for credit loss expense on loans held for investment and unfunded loan commitments was $2.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $19.0 million in the previous year. Refer to the section “Provision for credit losses” for additional information. Noninterest income decreased to $25.8 million in the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to $41.3 million in the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease includes a net loss on investment securities of $14.0 million primarily related to the sale of $100.5 million of AFS securities. Noninterest expense increased to $276.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared with $251.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to increases in salaries, early retirement, severance and other costs, occupancy and regulatory fees.
Mortgage
Activity in our Mortgage segment resulted in a pre-tax net loss of $3.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to a pre-tax net loss of $23.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. There was a decrease in mortgage banking income of $28.9 million to $44.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $73.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. This was a result of interest rate increases, compressing margins and a decrease in demand for residential mortgages, which lead to a 48.3% decrease in interest rate lock volume for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared with the year ended December 31, 2022.
Noninterest expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $48.4 million and $96.6 million, respectively. This decrease is reflective of the mortgage restructuring expense in addition to decreases in salaries, commissions and incentive costs, advertising, legal and professional fees and occupancy associated with the decrease in production volume and headcount reduction from the Mortgage restructuring.
Further discussion on the components of mortgage banking income and additional details related to the Mortgage restructuring are included under the subheadings “Noninterest income” and “Noninterest expense,” respectively, included within this management's discussion and analysis.
Results of operations
Throughout the following discussion of our operating results, we present our net interest income, net interest margin and efficiency ratio on a fully tax-equivalent basis. The fully tax-equivalent basis adjusts for the tax-favored status of net interest income from certain loans and investments. We believe this measure to be the preferred industry measurement of net interest income, which enhances comparability of net interest income arising from taxable and tax-exempt sources.
The adjustment to convert certain income to a tax-equivalent basis consists of dividing tax-exempt income by one minus the combined federal and blended state statutory income tax rate of 26.06% for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.
Net interest income
Net interest income is the most significant component of our earnings, generally comprising over 50% of our total revenues in a given period. Net interest income and margin are shaped by many factors, primarily the volume, term structure and mix of earning assets, funding mechanisms, and interest rate fluctuations. Other factors include accretion or amortization of discounts or premiums on purchased loans, prepayment risk on mortgage and investment-related assets, and the composition and maturity of earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. Loans typically generate more interest income than investment securities with similar maturities. Funding from client deposits generally costs less than wholesale funding sources. Factors such as general economic activity, Federal Reserve monetary policy, and price volatility of competing alternative investments, can also exert significant influence on our ability to optimize the mix of assets and funding, net interest income and margin.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the U.S. Treasury yield curve became less inverted as long-term note and bond rates increased at a faster pace than shorter-term note rates. The curve remained inverted as of December 31, 2023, which is in contrast to the more normalized upward sloping U.S. Treasury yield curve exhibited during the year ended December 31, 2022. The Federal Funds Target Rate range was 5.25% - 5.50% and 4.25% - 4.50% as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. In December 2023, the Federal Reserve released projections whereby the midpoint of the projected appropriate target range for the federal funds rate would remain at 5.38% at the end of 2023 and subsequently decrease to 4.63% by the end of 2024. While there can be no assurance that any increases or decreases in the federal funds rate will occur, these projections imply up to a 75 basis point decrease in the federal funds rate during 2024, followed by a 100 basis point decrease in 2025. The target range for the federal funds rate has remained at 5.25% to 5.50% since the Federal Open Market Committee’s July 26th meeting.
On a tax-equivalent basis, net interest income decreased $4.7 million to $410.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to $415.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Interest income, on a tax-equivalent basis, was $681.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $484.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $197.3 million, which was primarily driven by increases in interest rates on loans HFI and interest-bearing deposits with other financial institutions and volume on loans HFI, partially offset by an increase in our cost of deposits. Total interest income represents an increase in yield on interest-earning assets to 5.72% for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared with 4.16% for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Interest income on loans HFI, on a tax-equivalent basis, increased $170.2 million to $596.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $425.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 due primarily to increasing interest rates; however, the change was also heavily influenced by an increase in volume of average loans HFI. The average yield on loans HFI increased by 139 basis points period-over-period to 6.38% for the year ended December 31, 2023 from 4.99% for the year ended December 31, 2022. Our estimated contractual loan interest yield was 6.20% in the year ended December 31, 2023 compared with 4.69% in the year ended December 31, 2022. Additionally, average loans HFI increased to $9.34 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $8.54 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in average loans HFI is due to strong demand in our primary markets and additional funding during the year ended December 31, 2023 of commitments made in prior periods.
The components of our loan yield for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 were as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(dollars in thousands) Interest
income Average
yield Interest
income Average
yield Interest
income Average
yield
Loans HFI yield components:
Contractual interest rate on loans HFI(1)
$ 579,193 6.20 % $ 400,154 4.69 % $ 307,429 4.27 %
Origination and other loan fee income 14,675 0.15 % 22,818 0.27 % 26,029 0.36 %
Accretion (amortization) on purchased loans 694 0.01 % (1,020) (0.01) % (853) (0.01) %
Nonaccrual interest collections 1,439 0.02 % 2,712 0.03 % 2,256 0.03 %
Syndicated loan fee income - - % 1,150 0.01 % - - %
Total loans HFI yield $ 596,001 6.38 % $ 425,814 4.99 % $ 334,861 4.65 %
(1)Includes tax equivalent adjustment using combined marginal tax rate of 26.06%.
Origination and other loan fees (including syndication fee income for the year ended December 31, 2022) impacted our NIM by 12 basis points and 21 basis points for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Interest income on interest-bearing deposits with other financial institutions increased to $35.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $7.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 due to higher interest rates. The yield on interest-bearing deposits with other financial institutions increased 422 basis points to 5.08% for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 0.86% for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Interest expense was $271.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $202.0 million as compared to $69.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was largely attributed to a rise in interest rates in interest-bearing deposit accounts, and specifically on money market, interest-bearing checking and customer time deposit products. Interest expense on money market deposits increased $103.3 million to $126.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $22.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Interest expense on interest-bearing checking deposits increased $59.9 million to $81.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $21.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Interest expense on customer time deposits increased $33.7 million to $45.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $11.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The average rate on money market deposits increased 273 basis points from 0.80% for the year ended December 31, 2022 to 3.53% for the year ended December 31, 2023. The average rate on interest-bearing checking deposits increased 216 basis points from 0.70% for the year ended December 31, 2022 to 2.86% for the year ended December 31, 2023. The average rate on customer time deposits increased 216 basis points from 0.99% for the year ended December 31, 2022 to 3.15% for the year ended December 31, 2023. Total cost of interest-bearing deposits was 3.08% for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 0.74% for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Interest rates increased at a faster rate on our interest-bearing liabilities compared to our interest earning assets which resulted in our NIM, on a tax-equivalent basis, decreasing to 3.44% for the year ended December 31, 2023 from 3.57% for the year ended December 31, 2022. The effect of rising interest rates was partially offset by an increase in volume of loans HFI. Additionally, there was a shift in our balance sheet composition, including a decline in excess liquidity, which we define as interest-bearing deposits with other financial institutions in excess of 5% of average tangible assets. Excess liquidity is estimated to have negatively impacted our NIM by approximately 1 basis point for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to approximately 7 basis points for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Average balance and interest yield/rate analysis
The table below shows the average balances, income and expense and yield and rates of each of our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities on a tax equivalent basis, if applicable, for the periods indicated.
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(dollars in thousands on a tax-equivalent basis) Average balances Interest
income/
expense Average
yield/
rate Average balances Interest
income/
expense Average
yield/
rate Average
balances Interest
income/
expense Average
yield/
rate
Interest-earning assets:
Loans HFI (1)(2)
$ 9,335,977 $ 596,001 6.38 % $ 8,541,650 $ 425,814 4.99 % $ 7,197,213 $ 334,861 4.65 %
Mortgage loans held for sale 56,815 3,856 6.79 % 215,952 8,385 3.88 % 696,313 18,690 2.68 %
Commercial loans held for sale 10,602 162 1.53 % 51,075 2,627 5.14 % 136,359 6,098 4.47 %
Investment securities:
Taxable 1,370,514 27,257 1.99 % 1,439,745 25,469 1.77 % 1,050,207 15,186 1.45 %
Tax-exempt (2)
290,884 9,674 3.33 % 305,212 9,916 3.25 % 321,911 10,356 3.22 %
Total investment securities (2)
1,661,398 36,931 2.22 % 1,744,957 35,385 2.03 % 1,372,118 25,542 1.87 %
Federal funds sold and reverse repurchase
agreements 112,833 5,798 5.14 % 197,235 3,414 1.73 % 128,724 379 0.29 %
Interest-bearing deposits with other financial
institutions 701,629 35,652 5.08 % 843,779 7,275 0.86 % 1,427,332 1,902 0.13 %
FHLB stock 40,058 3,355 8.38 % 43,969 1,569 3.57 % 30,022 612 2.04 %
Total interest earning assets (2)
11,919,312 681,755 5.72 % 11,638,617 484,469 4.16 % 10,988,081 388,084 3.53 %
Noninterest Earning Assets:
Cash and due from banks 132,327 107,814 128,977
Allowance for credit losses on loans HFI (140,246) (127,499) (153,301)
Other assets (3)(4)
757,441 758,918 884,703
Total noninterest earning assets 749,522 739,233 860,379
Total assets $ 12,668,834 $ 12,377,850 $ 11,848,460
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing deposits:
Interest-bearing checking $ 2,863,053 $ 81,761 2.86 % $ 3,121,638 $ 21,857 0.70 % $ 2,924,388 $ 10,174 0.35 %
Money market deposits 3,578,707 126,205 3.53 % 2,846,101 22,868 0.80 % 2,973,662 10,806 0.36 %
Savings deposits 422,339 259 0.06 % 500,189 268 0.05 % 421,252 233 0.06 %
Customer time deposits 1,436,313 45,251 3.15 % 1,167,947 11,555 0.99 % 1,246,912 8,384 0.67 %
Brokered and internet time deposits 101,423 5,343 5.27 % 6,935 94 1.36 % 34,943 592 1.69 %
Time deposits 1,537,736 50,594 3.29 % 1,174,882 11,649 0.99 % 1,281,855 8,976 0.70 %
Total interest-bearing deposits 8,401,835 258,819 3.08 % 7,642,810 56,642 0.74 % 7,601,157 30,189 0.40 %
Other interest-bearing liabilities:
Securities sold under agreements to
repurchase and federal funds purchased 29,860 669 2.24 % 28,497 66 0.23 % 36,453 98 0.27 %
Federal Home Loan Bank advances 28,973 1,487 5.13 % 171,142 5,583 3.26 % - - - %
Subordinated debt 127,386 10,102 7.93 % 127,799 6,868 5.37 % 149,097 7,316 4.91 %
Other borrowings 3,225 116 3.60 % 1,468 28 1.91 % 2,626 25 0.95 %
Total other interest-bearing liabilities 189,444 12,374 6.53 % 328,906 12,545 3.81 % 188,176 7,439 3.95 %
Total interest-bearing liabilities 8,591,279 271,193 3.16 % 7,971,716 69,187 0.87 % 7,789,333 37,628 0.48 %
Noninterest-bearing liabilities:
Demand deposits 2,442,019 2,877,266 2,545,494
Other liabilities(4)
260,612 179,192 151,903
Total noninterest-bearing liabilities 2,702,631 3,056,458 2,697,397
Total liabilities 11,293,910 11,028,174 10,486,730
FB Financial Corporation common
shareholders' equity 1,374,831 1,349,583 1,361,637
Noncontrolling interest 93 93 93
Shareholders' equity 1,374,924 1,349,676 1,361,730
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity $ 12,668,834 $ 12,377,850 $ 11,848,460
Net interest income (tax-equivalent basis)(2)
$ 410,562 $ 415,282 $ 350,456
Interest rate spread (tax-equivalent basis)(2)
2.56 % 3.29 % 3.05 %
Net interest margin (tax-equivalent basis) (2)(5)
3.44 % 3.57 % 3.19 %
Cost of total deposits 2.39 % 0.54 % 0.30 %
Average interest-earning assets to average
interest-bearing liabilities 138.7 % 146.0 % 141.1 %
(1)Average balances of nonaccrual loans and overdrafts are included in average loan balances.
(2)Interest income includes the effects of taxable-equivalent adjustments using a U.S. federal income tax rate and, where applicable, state income tax to increase tax-exempt interest income to a tax-equivalent basis. The net tax-equivalent adjustment amounts included in income were $3.3 million, $3.0 million, and $3.1 million for years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
(3)Includes average net unrealized losses on investment securities available for sale of $231.5 million, $144.3 million, and $107.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
(4)Includes average of optional rights to repurchase government guaranteed GNMA mortgage loans previously sold that have become past due greater than 90 days of $21.7 million and $13.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
(5)The NIM is calculated by dividing annualized net interest income, on a tax-equivalent basis, by average total earning assets.
Yield/rate and volume analysis
The tables below present the components of the changes in net interest income for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. For each major category of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, information is provided with respect to changes due to average volume and changes due to interest rates, with the changes in both volume and interest rates allocated to these two categories based on the proportionate absolute changes in each category.
Year ended December 31, 2023 compared to year ended December 31, 2022 due to changes in
(dollars in thousands on a tax-equivalent basis) Volume Yield/rate Net increase
(decrease)
Interest-earning assets:
Loans HFI(1)(2)
$ 50,709 $ 119,478 $ 170,187
Loans held for sale - mortgage (10,801) 6,272 (4,529)
Loans held for sale - commercial (618) (1,847) (2,465)
Investment securities:
Taxable (1,377) 3,165 1,788
Tax-exempt(2)
(477) 235 (242)
Federal funds sold and reverse repurchase agreements
(4,337) 6,721 2,384
Interest-bearing deposits with other financial institutions (7,223) 35,600 28,377
FHLB stock (328) 2,114 1,786
Total interest income(2)
25,548 171,738 197,286
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing checking deposits (7,384) 67,288 59,904
Money market deposits 25,836 77,501 103,337
Savings deposits (48) 39 (9)
Customer time deposits 8,455 25,241 33,696
Brokered and internet time deposits 4,978 271 5,249
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase and federal funds
purchased 31 572 603
Federal Home Loan Bank advances (7,297) 3,201 (4,096)
Subordinated debt (33) 3,267 3,234
Other borrowings 63 25 88
Total interest expense 24,601 177,405 202,006
Change in net interest income(2)
$ 947 $ (5,667) $ (4,720)
(1)Average loans are presented gross, including nonaccrual loans and overdrafts.
(2)Interest income includes the effects of the tax-equivalent adjustments to increase tax-exempt interest income to a tax-equivalent basis. The net taxable-equivalent adjustment amounts included was $3.3 million and $3.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Year ended December 31, 2022 compared to year ended December 31, 2021
Year ended December 31, 2022 compared to
year ended December 31, 2021
due to changes in
(dollars in thousands on a tax-equivalent basis) Volume Yield/rate Net increase
(decrease)
Interest-earning assets:
Loans HFI(1)(2)
$ 67,022 $ 23,931 $ 90,953
Loans held for sale - mortgage (18,651) 8,346 (10,305)
Loans held for sale - commercial (4,387) 916 (3,471)
Investment securities:
Taxable 6,891 3,392 10,283
Tax-exempt (2)
(543) 103 (440)
Federal funds sold and reverse repurchase agreements 1,186 1,849 3,035
Interest-bearing deposits with other financial institutions (5,031) 10,404 5,373
FHLB stock 498 459 957
Total interest income (2)
46,985 49,400 96,385
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing checking 1,381 10,302 11,683
Money market deposits (1,025) 13,087 12,062
Savings deposits 42 (7) 35
Customer time deposits (781) 3,952 3,171
Brokered and internet time deposits (380) (118) (498)
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase and federal funds
purchased
(18) (14) (32)
Federal Home Loan Bank advances 5,583 - 5,583
Subordinated debt (1,145) 697 (448)
Other borrowings (22) 25 3
Total interest expense 3,635 27,924 31,559
Change in net interest income(2)
$ 43,350 $ 21,476 $ 64,826
(1)Average loans are presented gross, including nonaccrual loans and overdrafts.
(2)Interest income includes the effects of the tax-equivalent adjustments to increase tax-exempt interest income to a tax-equivalent basis. The net taxable-equivalent adjustment amounts included was $3.0 million and $3.1 million for both the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Provision for credit losses
The provision for credit losses charged to operating expense is an amount which, in the judgment of management, is necessary to maintain the allowance for credit losses at an appropriate level under the current expected credit loss model. The determination of the amount of the allowance is complex and involves a high degree of judgment and subjectivity. Refer to Note 1, “Basis of presentation” in the notes to our consolidated financial statements for a detailed discussion regarding ACL methodology.
Our allowance for credit losses calculation as of December 31, 2023 resulted from management’s best estimate of losses over the life of loans and unfunded commitments in our portfolio in accordance with the CECL approach. Our calculation included qualitative adjustments for projected slower GDP growth over the next two to three years and expected elevated unemployment levels. We also considered the current global economic environment, including continued pressures on supply chains (and more specifically, oil and energy) and increased uncertainty due to geopolitical turmoil and its impact on the U.S. economy. These factors may continue to lead to increased volatility in forecasted macroeconomic variables, a key input to our calculated level of allowance for credit losses.
We recognized a provision for credit losses on loans HFI for the year ended December 31, 2023 of $16.7 million. This compares to a provision for credit losses on loans HFI of $10.4 million recorded for the year ended December 31, 2022. The current period provision on loans HFI resulted from management’s best estimate of losses over the life of loans in our portfolio in accordance with the CECL approach and was impacted by three commercial and industrial relationships moving to nonaccrual status and the deteriorating economic forecasts as discussed in further detail above. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the increase in the provision for credit losses on loans HFI was driven by an increase in loans HFI outstanding period-over-period and the increased possibility of a future recession and inflationary pressures.
We also estimate expected credit losses on off-balance sheet loan commitments that are not accounted for as derivatives. When applying the CECL methodology to estimate expected credit loss, we consider the likelihood that funding will occur, the contractual period of exposure to credit loss, the risk of loss, historical loss experience, and current conditions along with expectations of future economic conditions. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded a reversal of provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments of $14.2 million compared to provision expense of $8.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in the provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments is primarily due to management's concentrated effort to reduce unfunded loan commitments from December 31, 2022 in specific categories judged to be inherently higher risk considering the current and projected economic conditions, including a $913.2 million decrease in our construction category as these projects moved to permanent financing. As such, the decrease resulted in a $14.2 million decrease in required ACL related to the unfunded commitments in our construction portfolio.
During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, it was determined that all AFS debt securities that experienced a decline in fair value below amortized cost basis were due to noncredit-related factors. Therefore, there was no provision for credit losses recognized on AFS debt securities during the years ended December 31, 2023 or 2022.
Noninterest income
The following table sets forth the components of noninterest income for the periods indicated:
Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) 2023 2022 2021
Mortgage banking income $ 44,692 $ 73,580 $ 167,565
Service charges on deposit accounts 12,154 12,049 10,034
Investment services and trust income 11,320 8,866 8,558
ATM and interchange fees 10,282 15,600 19,900
(Loss) gain from investment securities, net (13,973) (376) 324
(Loss) gain on sales or write-downs of other real estate owned and other assets (27) (265) 2,827
Other income 6,095 5,213 19,047
Total noninterest income $ 70,543 $ 114,667 $ 228,255
Noninterest income amounted to $70.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $44.1 million, or 38.5%, as compared to $114.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Changes in selected components of noninterest income in the above table are discussed below.
Mortgage banking income primarily includes origination fees and realized gains and losses on the sale of mortgage loans, unrealized change in fair value of mortgage loans and derivatives, and mortgage loan servicing fees, which includes the net change in fair value of MSRs and related derivatives. Mortgage banking income is initially driven by the recognition of interest rate lock commitments at fair value at inception of the IRLCs. This is subsequently adjusted for changes in the overall interest rate environment offset by derivative contracts entered into to mitigate the interest rate exposure. Upon sale of the loan, the net fair value gain is reclassified as a realized gain on sale.
Mortgage banking income was $44.7 million and $73.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, representing a $28.9 million decrease, or 39.3% year-over-year. The total decrease includes a reduction in income from gains on sale and related fair value changes, which decreased to $30.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $52.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. This change was caused by a decrease in interest rate lock volume of $1.30 billion, or 48.3%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. In addition to being impacted by the interest rate environment, affordability constraints and a decline in consumer demand, this decrease also reflects the impact of the Mortgage restructuring and discontinuance of our direct-to-consumer internet delivery channel during the second quarter of 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2022, direct-to-consumer comprised 24.6% our total interest rate lock volume and 34.5% of our sales volume, respectively.
The components of mortgage banking income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 were as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) 2023 2022 2021
Mortgage banking income
Gains and fees from origination and sale of mortgage
loans held for sale $ 32,470 $ 70,549 $ 184,076
Net change in fair value of loans held for sale and derivatives (1,815) (17,633) (33,284)
Change in fair value on MSRs (16,226) (10,099) (12,117)
Mortgage servicing income 30,263 30,763 28,890
Total mortgage banking income $ 44,692 $ 73,580 $ 167,565
Interest rate lock commitment volume by delivery channel:
Direct-to-consumer $ - $ 663,848 $ 3,745,430
Retail 1,396,837 2,036,658 3,414,638
Total $ 1,396,837 $ 2,700,506 $ 7,160,068
Interest rate lock commitment volume by purpose (%):
Purchase 86.8 % 71.3 % 37.6 %
Refinance 13.2 % 28.7 % 62.4 %
Mortgage sales $ 1,245,125 $ 2,990,659 $ 6,202,077
Mortgage sale margin 2.61 % 2.36 % 2.97 %
Closing volume $ 1,199,362 $ 2,403,476 $ 6,300,892
Outstanding principal balance of mortgage loans serviced $ 10,762,906 $ 11,086,582 $ 10,759,286
ATM and interchange fees decreased $5.3 million to $10.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to $15.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily attributable to the expiration of our temporary exemption from the Durbin amendment during the second half of 2022. The Durbin amendment limits the amount of interchange transaction fees that banks with asset sizes greater than $10 billion are permitted to charge retailers for debit card processing. Interchange fee income varies with size and volume of transactions, which can fluctuate with seasonality, consumer spending habits and economic conditions. While our volume of interchange transactions increased approximately 7.00% during the year ended December 31, 2023 from the previous year, interchange fee income declined by 35.7%, the majority of which related to the application of the fee cap imposed by the Durbin amendment impacting the current period.
Net loss from investment securities was $14.0 million and $0.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The net loss from investment securities during the year ended December 31, 2023 is primarily the result of management's election to sell $100.5 million of available-for-sale debt securities to reinvest the proceeds of the sale into higher yielding AFS securities. Refer to the section “Other earning assets” for additional information on the sale of the AFS securities.
Other income increased $0.9 million to $6.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to $5.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase is primarily related to a $2.1 million loss associated with the change in fair value of the commercial loans held for sale portfolio during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to a $5.1 million loss for the year ended December 31, 2022. Additional information on our commercial loans held for sale portfolio is included under the subheading 'Loans held for sale' within this management's discussion and analysis.
Noninterest expense
The following table sets forth the components of noninterest expense for the periods indicated:
Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) 2023 2022 2021
Salaries, commissions and employee benefits $ 203,441 $ 211,491 $ 248,318
Occupancy and equipment expense 28,148 23,562 22,733
Data processing 9,230 9,315 9,987
Legal and professional fees 8,890 15,028 9,161
Advertising 8,267 11,208 13,921
Amortization of core deposit and other intangibles 3,659 4,585 5,473
Mortgage restructuring expense - 12,458 -
Other expense 63,294 60,699 63,974
Total noninterest expense $ 324,929 $ 348,346 $ 373,567
Noninterest expense decreased by $23.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 to $324.9 million as compared to $348.3 million in the year ended December 31, 2022. Changes in selected components of noninterest expense in the above table are discussed below.
Salaries, commissions and employee benefits expense was the largest component of noninterest expense representing 62.6% and 60.7% of total noninterest expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2023, salaries and employee benefits expense decreased $8.1 million, or 3.81%, to $203.4 million as compared to $211.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was attributable to a $10.9 million decrease in salaries in the Mortgage segment due to the Mortgage restructuring. Additionally, the decrease was attributable to a $11.5 million decrease in incentive and commission-based compensation during the year ended December 31, 2023, which was driven by the decrease in mortgage production volume and decline in profitability during the period. The decrease was partially offset by a $8.4 million increase in early retirement, severance and other costs primarily associated with our efficiency and scalability initiatives.
Occupancy and equipment expense increased $4.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 to $28.1 million compared to $23.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase includes a $1.8 million loss on lease terminations primarily associated with branch closures.
Legal and professional expense decreased by $6.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 to $8.9 million as compared to $15.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in legal and professional expenses was due to decreases in consulting, legal, and other fees as these were temporarily increased during the year ended December 31, 2022 due to the acceleration of some of our internal projects.
Advertising expense includes expenses related to sponsorships, advertising, marketing, customer relations and business development, and public relations. During the year ended December 31, 2023, advertising expense decreased $2.9 million to $8.3 million compared to $11.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. This decrease is primarily attributable to realigning and decreasing our expenses after the Mortgage restructuring to reflect the decrease in production.
Mortgage restructuring expense of $12.5 million was reported during the year ended December 31, 2022 related to the exit from our direct-to-consumer internet delivery channel. These expenses primarily include $10.0 million related to salaries, commissions and employee benefits expense, including the acceleration of vesting on restricted stock units. Other components of this expense include $1.1 million related to software license and maintenance fees, $0.4 million impairment of our operating lease right-of-use assets, and $0.9 million loss on disposal of fixed assets.
Other noninterest expense primarily includes mortgage servicing expenses, regulatory fees and deposit insurance assessments, software license and maintenance fees and various other miscellaneous expenses. Other noninterest expense increased $2.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 to $63.3 million compared to $60.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase is primarily due to a $4.7 million increase in regulatory fees and assessments which was driven by a 2 basis point increase in the base deposit insurance assessment rate for insured depository institutions from the FDIC that began with the first quarterly assessment period of 2023, resulting in an additional $2.2 million in FDIC assessment expense during the year ended December 31, 2023. Additionally, the increase in regulatory fees and assessments includes a $1.8 million FDIC special assessment during the year ended December 31, 2023 to recover the loss to the Deposit Insurance Fund associated with protecting uninsured depositors following the bank failures earlier in 2023.
Efficiency ratio
The efficiency ratio is one measure of productivity in the banking industry. This ratio is calculated to measure the cost of generating one dollar of revenue. That is, the ratio is designed to reflect the percentage of one dollar which must be expended to generate that dollar of revenue. We calculate this ratio by dividing noninterest expense by the sum of net interest income and noninterest income. For an adjusted efficiency ratio, we exclude certain gains, losses and expenses we do not consider core to our business.
Our efficiency ratio was 68.0% and 66.1% for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Our adjusted efficiency ratio, on a tax-equivalent basis, was 62.9% and 62.7% for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. See “GAAP reconciliation and management explanation of non-GAAP financial measures” in this Report for a discussion of the adjusted efficiency ratio.
Income taxes
Income tax expense was $30.1 million and $35.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. This represents effective tax rates of 20.0% and 21.9% for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The primary differences from the enacted rates are applicable state income taxes and certain expenses that are not deductible reduced for non-taxable income and additional deductions for equity-based compensation upon vesting of restricted stock units. State taxes, net of federal benefits, decreased our effective tax rate by 0.10% and increased our effective tax rate 2.41% for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Municipal interest income, net of interest disallowance decreased our effective tax rate by 1.20% and 1.11% for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Financial condition
The following discussion of our financial condition compares balances as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Loan portfolio
The following table sets forth the balance and associated percentage of each class of financing receivable in our loan portfolio as of the dates indicated:
December 31,
2023 2022
(dollars in thousands) Committed Amount Outstanding % of total outstanding Committed Amount Outstanding % of total outstanding
Loan Type:
Commercial and industrial
$ 2,982,967 $ 1,720,733 18 % $ 2,671,861 $ 1,645,783 18 %
Construction 2,123,177 1,397,313 15 % 3,296,503 1,657,488 18 %
Residential real estate:
1-to-4 family mortgage 1,569,525 1,568,552 17 % 1,573,950 1,573,121 17 %
Residential line of credit 1,231,038 530,912 6 % 1,151,750 496,660 5 %
Multi-family mortgage 627,387 603,804 6 % 496,664 479,572 5 %
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied 1,305,503 1,232,071 13 % 1,156,534 1,114,580 12 %
Non-owner occupied 2,026,491 1,943,525 21 % 2,109,218 1,964,010 21 %
Consumer and other 437,382 411,873 4 % 393,632 366,998 4 %
Total loans $ 12,303,470 $ 9,408,783 100 % $ 12,850,112 $ 9,298,212 100 %
Our loans HFI portfolio is our most significant earning asset, comprising 74.6% and 72.4% of our total assets at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Our strategy is to grow our loan portfolio by originating quality commercial and consumer loans that comply with our credit policies and that produce revenues consistent with our financial objectives. Our overall lending approach is primarily focused on providing credit to our customers directly in the markets we serve, but we are also party to loan syndications and participations from other banks (collectively, “participated loans”). As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, loans held for investment included approximately $254.6 million and $280.5 million, respectively, related to participated loans. We also sell loan participations to unaffiliated third-parties as part of our credit risk management and balance sheet management strategy. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we sold $55.8 million and $160.8 million in loan participations, respectively. All loans, whether or not we act as a participant, are underwritten to the same standards as all other loans we originate. We believe our loan portfolio is well-balanced, which provides us with the opportunity to grow while monitoring our loan concentrations.
Loan concentrations are considered to exist when there are amounts loaned to a number of borrowers engaged in similar activities that would cause them to be similarly impacted by economic or other conditions. Our lending activity is heavily concentrated in the geographic market areas we serve, with the highest concentration in Tennessee. This geographic concentration subjects our loan portfolio to the general economic conditions within the state. The risks created by this concentration have been considered by management in the determination of the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses on loans HFI. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no concentrations of loans exceeding 10% of total loans other than our exposure to Tennessee, Alabama and the categories of loans disclosed in the table above. We believe our loan portfolio is diversified relative to industry concentrations across the various loan portfolio categories.
Banking regulators have established guidelines of less than 100% of tier 1 capital plus allowance for credit losses in construction lending and less than 300% of tier 1 capital plus allowance for credit losses in commercial real estate lending that management monitors as part of the risk management process. The construction concentration ratio is a percentage of the outstanding construction and land development loans to total tier 1 capital plus allowance for credit losses. The commercial real estate concentration ratio is a percentage of the outstanding balance of non-owner occupied commercial real estate, multifamily, and construction and land development loans to tier 1 capital plus allowance for credit losses. Management strives to operate within the thresholds set forth above.
When our ratios are in excess of one or both of these guidelines, banking regulators generally require an increased level of monitoring in these lending areas by management. The table below shows concentration ratios for the Bank and Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.
As a percentage (%) of tier 1 capital plus allowance for credit losses
FirstBank FB Financial Corporation
December 31, 2023
Construction 93.3 % 91.2 %
Commercial real estate 265.1 % 259.0 %
December 31, 2022
Construction 119.0 % 117.2 %
Commercial real estate 296.5 % 291.9 %
Loan categories:
The principal categories of our loans held for investment portfolio are discussed below:
Commercial and industrial loans.
Commercial and industrial loans are typically made to small- and medium-sized manufacturing, wholesale, retail and service businesses, and farmers for working capital and operating needs and business expansions. This category also includes loans secured by manufactured housing receivables made primarily to manufactured housing communities. Commercial and industrial loans generally include lines of credit and loans with maturities of five years or less. Commercial and industrial loans are generally made with operating cash flows as the primary source of repayment, but may also include collateralization by inventory, accounts receivable, equipment and personal guarantees.
Construction loans.
Construction loans include commercial construction, land acquisition and land development loans and single-family interim construction loans to small- and medium-sized businesses and individuals. These loans are generally secured by the land or the real property being built and are made based on the Company's assessment of the value of the property on an as-completed basis and repayment depends upon project completion and sale, refinancing, or operation of the real estate.
1-4 family mortgage loans.
Our residential real estate 1-4 family mortgage loans are primarily made with respect to and secured by single family homes, including manufactured homes with real estate, which are both owner-occupied and investor owned. Repayment depends primarily upon the cash flow of the borrower as well as the value of the real estate collateral.
Residential line of credit loans.
Our residential line of credit loans are primarily revolving, open-end lines of credit secured by 1-4 residential properties. Repayment depends primarily upon the cash flow of the borrower as well as the value of the real estate collateral.
Multi-family residential loans.
Our multi-family residential loans are primarily secured by multi-family properties, such as apartments and condominium buildings. Repayment depends primarily upon the cash flow of the borrower as well as the value of the real estate collateral.
Commercial real estate owner-occupied loans.
Our commercial real estate owner-occupied loans include loans to finance commercial real estate owner occupied properties for various purposes including use as offices, warehouses, production facilities, health care facilities, retail centers, restaurants, churches and agricultural based facilities. Commercial real estate owner-occupied loans are typically repaid through the ongoing business operations of the borrower.
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied loans.
Our commercial real estate non-owner occupied loans include loans to finance commercial real estate investment properties for various purposes including use as offices, warehouses, health care facilities, hotels, mixed-use residential/commercial, manufactured housing communities, retail centers, multifamily properties, assisted living facilities and agricultural based facilities. Commercial real estate non-owner occupied loans are typically repaid with the funds received from the sale or refinancing of the property or rental income from such property.
Consumer and other loans.
Consumer and other loans include loans to individuals for personal, family and household purposes, including car, boat and other recreational vehicle loans, manufactured homes (without real estate) and personal lines of credit. Consumer loans are generally secured by vehicles and other household goods, with repayment depending primarily on the cash flow of the borrower. Other loans also include loans to states and political subdivisions in the U.S. and are repaid through tax revenues or refinancing.
As part of our lending policy and risk management activities, the Company tracks lending exposure of commercial and industrial and owner-occupied commercial real estate by industry classification (as defined by the North American Industry Classification System) and type to determine potential risks associated with industry concentrations, and if any risk issues could lead to additional credit loss exposure. The table below provides a summary of our commercial and industrial and owner-occupied commercial real estate portfolios by industry classification.
December 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands) Committed Amount Outstanding Nonperforming
Commercial and industrial
Real estate rental and leasing $ 534,638 $ 335,619 $ 173
Finance and insurance 493,237 327,194 -
Construction 471,837 146,185 3,928
Manufacturing 266,628 172,955 4,512
Wholesale trade 161,955 93,842 189
Retail trade 156,342 117,409 9,761
Professional, scientific and technical services 136,748 70,453 2,393
Information 114,889 54,547 -
Transportation and warehousing 97,286 81,163 177
Administrative and support and waste management and
remediation services 95,441 60,759 130
Other services (except public administration) 91,073 52,295 -
Health care and social assistance 89,693 56,893 135
Educational services 64,972 37,850 -
Accommodation and food services 41,073 29,979 -
Arts, entertainment and recreation 32,275 29,329 -
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting 28,485 20,524 315
Other 106,395 33,737 17
Total $ 2,982,967 $ 1,720,733 $ 21,730
Commercial real estate owner-occupied
Real estate rental and leasing $ 254,514 $ 247,196 $ -
Other services (except public administration) 181,870 178,266 130
Retail trade 156,501 150,745 -
Health care and social assistance 127,194 125,933 243
Accommodation and food services 103,404 103,246 -
Manufacturing 89,691 85,485 82
Wholesale trade 69,316 65,702 -
Construction 67,069 61,119 5
Transportation and warehousing 53,648 25,103 -
Professional, scientific and technical services 41,586 40,221 199
Arts, entertainment and recreation 34,944 33,419 -
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting 24,563 22,164 1,083
Educational services 23,579 21,769 -
Finance and insurance 17,921 17,619 -
Information 16,126 14,250 871
Management of companies and enterprises 16,057 14,187 -
Other 27,520 25,647 575
Total $ 1,305,503 $ 1,232,071 $ 3,188
Additionally, the Company tracks lending exposure of non-owner occupied commercial real estate and construction by collateral property type to determine potential risks associated with collateral types, and if any risk issues could lead to additional credit loss exposure. The following table provides a summary of our non-owner occupied commercial real estate and construction loan portfolios by collateral property type:
December 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands) Committed Amount Outstanding Nonperforming
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied
Retail $ 492,336 $ 481,541 $ 381
Office 374,213 348,205 35
Warehouse/industrial 340,351 312,728 -
Hotel 310,522 308,875 2,935
Self-storage 114,178 109,112 -
Land-mobile home park 113,528 107,633 -
Assisted living and special care facilities 82,045 81,626 -
Healthcare facility 76,899 76,481 -
Restaurants, bars and event venues 30,833 28,944 -
Recreation/sport/entertainment 29,973 29,973 -
Other 61,613 58,407 -
Total $ 2,026,491 $ 1,943,525 $ 3,351
Construction
Consumer:
Construction $ 211,443 $ 144,232 $ 695
Land 38,325 37,274 75
Commercial:
Multi-family 407,800 167,385 -
Land 274,187 243,270 -
Retail 39,227 26,922 -
Self Storage 34,830 23,474 -
Hotel 23,668 18,804 -
Recreation/sport/entertainment 18,952 1,901 -
Convenience Store/Gas Station 16,654 11,579 -
Office 15,355 12,334 -
Car Washes 15,324 8,741 -
Healthcare Facility 9,300 8,357 -
Other 26,327 11,317 350
Residential Development:
Construction 788,010 532,732 1,917
Land 151,833 109,353 -
Lots 51,942 39,638 -
Total $ 2,123,177 $ 1,397,313 $ 3,037
Loan maturity and sensitivities
The following table presents the contractual maturities of our loan portfolio as of December 31, 2023. Loans with scheduled maturities are reported in the maturity category in which the payment is due. Demand loans with no stated maturity and overdrafts are reported in the “due in 1 year or less” category. Loans that have adjustable rates are shown as amortizing to final maturity rather than when the interest rates are next subject to change. The tables do not include prepayment assumptions or scheduled repayments.
December 31, 2023
Loan type (dollars in thousands) Maturing in one
year or less Maturing in one
to five years Maturing in
five to fifteen years Maturing after
fifteen years Total
Commercial and industrial $ 757,697 $ 825,135 $ 136,928 $ 973 $ 1,720,733
Construction 877,916 440,735 71,418 7,244 1,397,313
Residential real estate:
1-to-4 family mortgage 69,867 429,307 248,361 821,017 1,568,552
Residential line of credit 42,881 97,115 390,621 295 530,912
Multi-family mortgage 89,138 362,551 136,891 15,224 603,804
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied 122,077 638,791 446,580 24,623 1,232,071
Non-owner occupied 162,595 978,007 785,530 17,393 1,943,525
Consumer and other 20,457 68,902 68,249 254,265 411,873
Total ($) $ 2,142,628 $ 3,840,543 $ 2,284,578 $ 1,141,034 $ 9,408,783
Total (%) 22.8 % 40.8 % 24.3 % 12.1 % 100.0 %
For loans due after one year or more, the following table presents the interest rate composition for loans outstanding as of December 31, 2023.
December 31, 2023
Loan type (dollars in thousands) Fixed
interest rate Floating
interest rate Total
Commercial and industrial $ 434,956 $ 528,080 $ 963,036
Construction 146,565 372,832 519,397
Residential real estate:
1-to-4 family mortgage 1,150,588 348,097 1,498,685
Residential line of credit 3,123 484,908 488,031
Multi-family mortgage 347,171 167,495 514,666
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied 821,297 288,697 1,109,994
Non-owner occupied 996,326 784,604 1,780,930
Consumer and other 364,850 26,566 391,416
Total ($) $ 4,264,876 $ 3,001,279 $ 7,266,155
Total (%) 58.7 % 41.3 % 100.0 %
The following table presents the contractual maturities of our loan portfolio segregated into fixed and floating interest rate loans as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2022, we had $17.4 million in fixed-rate loans in which we have entered into variable rate swap contracts. There were no such loans outstanding as of December 31, 2023.
December 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands) Fixed
interest rate Floating
interest rate Total
As of December 31, 2023
One year or less $ 584,894 $ 1,557,734 $ 2,142,628
One to five years 2,299,058 1,541,485 3,840,543
Five to fifteen years 1,161,075 1,123,503 2,284,578
Over fifteen years 804,743 336,291 1,141,034
Total ($) $ 4,849,770 $ 4,559,013 $ 9,408,783
Total (%) 51.5 % 48.5 % 100.0 %
Of the loans shown above with floating interest rates as of December 31, 2023, many have interest rate floors as follows:
Loans with interest rate floors (dollars in thousands) Maturing in one year or less Weighted average level of support (bps) Maturing in one to five years Weighted average level of support (bps) Maturing in five years to fifteen years Weighted average level of support (bps) Maturing after
fifteen years Weighted average level of support (bps) Total Weighted average level of support (bps)
Loans with
current rates
above floors:
1-25 bps $ 165 21 $ - - $ - - $ - - $ 165 21
26-50 bps 1,216 50 1,922 50 - - - - 3,138 50
51-75 bps 2,528 75 3,497 67 - - 1,978 65 8,003 69
76-100 bps 15,079 100 4,508 99 10,103 93 - - 29,690 98
101-200 bps 28,551 155 113,695 167 51,521 174 18,058 152 211,825 166
201-300 bps 80,748 265 123,869 262 125,592 265 23,255 262 353,464 264
301-400 bps 179,549 370 129,216 368 96,793 361 25,259 368 430,817 368
401-500 bps 553,866 462 286,551 468 356,359 472 45,150 465 1,241,926 466
501-600 bps 254,859 530 352,377 530 235,822 538 175,267 535 1,018,325 533
601 bps and
above 788 666 19,931 757 18,953 694 25,592 626 65,264 686
Total loans with
current rates
above floors $ 1,117,349 434 $ 1,035,566 421 $ 895,143 432 $ 314,559 474 $ 3,362,617 433
Loans at interest
rate floors
providing
support:
1-25 bps $ - - $ - - $ 411 10 $ 135 10 $ 546 10
51-75 bps - - 690 60 - - - - 690 60
101-200 bps - - 36 125 266 110 - - 302 112
Total loans at
interest rate
floors
providing
support $ - - $ 726 63 $ 677 49 $ 135 10 $ 1,538 52
Asset quality
In order to operate with a sound risk profile, we focus on originating loans that we believe to be of high quality. We have established loan approval policies and procedures to assist us in maintaining the overall quality of our loan portfolio. When delinquencies in our loans exist, we rigorously monitor the levels of such delinquencies for any negative or adverse trends. From time to time, we may modify loans to extend the term or make other concessions, including extensions or interest rate modifications, to help a borrower with a deteriorating financial condition stay current on their loan and to avoid foreclosure. Furthermore, we are committed to collecting on all of our loans. This practice leads to higher recoveries in the long-term.
Nonperforming assets
Our nonperforming assets consist of nonperforming loans, other real estate owned and other repossessed non-earning assets. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had $86.5 million and $87.5 million, respectively, in nonperforming assets. Nonperforming loans are those on which the accrual of interest has stopped, as well as loans that are contractually 90 days past due on which interest continues to accrue. Generally, the accrual of interest is discontinued when the full collection of principal or interest is in doubt or when the payment of principal or interest has been contractually 90 days past due, unless the obligation is both well secured and in the process of collection. In our loan review process, we seek to identify and proactively address nonperforming loans. Accrued interest receivable written off as an adjustment to interest income amounted to $1.1 million for both the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Additionally, we had net interest recoveries on nonperforming assets previously charged off of $1.4 million and $2.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Nonperforming loans HFI increased $15.1 million to $60.9 million as of December 31, 2023 compared to $45.8 million as of December 31, 2022. The increase is primarily attributable to three commercial and industrial relationships moving to nonaccrual status.
In addition to loans HFI, we also included loans HFS that have stopped accruing interest or become 90 days or more past due. Our nonperforming commercial loans HFS represented a pool of acquired commercial loans. These loans amounted to $9.3 million as of December 31, 2022. There were no such loans outstanding as of December 31, 2023.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had $21.2 million and $26.2 million, respectively, of delinquent GNMA optional repurchase loans previously sold included on our consolidated balance sheets in loans held for sale. These are considered nonperforming assets as we do not earn any interest on the unexercised option to repurchase these loans.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, other real estate owned included $0.1 million and $2.1 million, respectively, of excess land and facilities held for sale resulting from our prior acquisitions. Other repossessed assets also included other repossessed non-real estate amounting to $1.1 million and $0.4 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The following table provides details of our nonperforming assets, the ratio of such loans and other nonperforming assets to total assets, and certain other related information as of the dates presented:
December 31,
(dollars in thousands) 2023 2022
Loan Type:
Commercial and industrial $ 21,730 $ 1,443
Construction 3,037 389
Residential real estate:
1-to-4 family mortgage 16,073 23,115
Residential line of credit 2,473 1,531
Multi-family mortgage 32 42
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied 3,188 5,410
Non-owner occupied 3,351 5,956
Consumer and other 11,039 7,960
Total nonperforming loans HFI $ 60,923 $ 45,846
Commercial loans held for sale - 9,289
Mortgage loans held for sale(1)
21,229 26,211
Other real estate owned 3,192 5,794
Other repossessed assets 1,139 351
Total nonperforming assets $ 86,483 $ 87,491
Nonperforming loans held for investment as a percentage of total loans HFI 0.65 % 0.49 %
Nonperforming assets as a percentage of total assets 0.69 % 0.68 %
Nonaccrual loans HFI as a percentage of loans HFI 0.51 % 0.30 %
(1) Represents optional right to repurchase government guaranteed GNMA mortgage loans previously sold that have become past due greater than 90 days.
We have evaluated our loans HFI classified as nonperforming and believe all nonperforming loans have been adequately reserved for in the allowance for credit losses on loans HFI as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Management also continually monitors past due loans for potential credit quality deterioration. Loans not considered nonperforming include loans 30-89 days past due that continue to accrue interest amounting to $47.0 million at December 31, 2023 as compared to $31.3 million at December 31, 2022. The increase from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023 was primarily noted in our 1-to-4 family mortgage and our construction portfolios.
Allowance for credit losses
The allowance for credit losses represents the portion of the loan's amortized cost basis that we do not expect to collect due to credit losses over the loan's life, considering past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions. Loan losses are charged against the allowance when we believe the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. The allowance for credit losses is based on the loan's amortized cost basis, excluding accrued interest receivable, as we promptly charge off uncollectible accrued interest receivable.
We calculate our expected credit loss using a lifetime loss rate methodology. We utilize probability-weighted forecasts, which consider multiple macroeconomic variables from Moody's that are applicable to each type of loan. See “Critical Accounting Estimates - Allowance for credit losses” and Note 3 “Loans and allowance for credit losses” in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding our methodology.
The following table presents the allocation of the allowance for credit losses on loans HFI by loan category as well as the ratio of loans by loan category compared to the total loan portfolio as of the dates indicated:
December 31,
2023 2022
(dollars in thousands) Amount ACL
as a % of loans HFI category Amount ACL
as a % of loans HFI category
Loan Type:
Commercial and industrial $ 19,599 1.14 % $ 11,106 0.67 %
Construction 35,372 2.53 % 39,808 2.40 %
Residential real estate:
1-to-4 family mortgage 26,505 1.69 % 26,141 1.66 %
Residential line of credit 9,468 1.78 % 7,494 1.51 %
Multi-family mortgage 8,842 1.46 % 6,490 1.35 %
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied 10,653 0.86 % 7,783 0.70 %
Non-owner occupied 22,965 1.18 % 21,916 1.12 %
Consumer and other 16,922 4.11 % 13,454 3.67 %
Total allowance for credit losses on loans HFI $ 150,326 1.60 % $ 134,192 1.44 %
The following table summarizes activity in our allowance for credit losses on loans HFI during the periods indicated:
Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) 2023 2022 2021
Allowance for credit losses on loans HFI at beginning of period $ 134,192 $ 125,559 $ 170,389
Charge-offs:
Commercial and industrial (462) (2,087) (4,036)
Construction - - (30)
Residential real estate:
1-to-4 family mortgage (46) (77) (154)
Residential line of credit - - (18)
Multi-family mortgage - - (1)
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied (144) (15) -
Non-owner occupied - (268) (1,566)
Consumer and other (2,851) (2,254) (2,063)
Total charge-offs $ (3,503) $ (4,701) $ (7,868)
Recoveries:
Commercial and industrial $ 273 $ 2,005 $ 861
Construction 10 11 3
Residential real estate:
1-to-4 family mortgage 100 54 125
Residential line of credit 1 17 115
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied 109 88 156
Non-owner occupied 1,833 - -
Consumer and other 573 766 773
Total recoveries $ 2,899 $ 2,941 $ 2,033
Net charge-offs (604) (1,760) (5,835)
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses on loans HFI 16,738 10,393 (38,995)
Allowance for credit losses on loans HFI at the end of period $ 150,326 $ 134,192 $ 125,559
Ratio of net charge-offs during the period to average loans outstanding during the period (0.01) % (0.02) % (0.08) %
Allowance for credit losses on loans HFI as a percentage of loans at end of period 1.60 % 1.44 % 1.65 %
Allowance for credit losses on loans HFI as a percentage of nonaccrual loans HFI 311.7 % 489.2 % 353.0 %
Allowance for credit losses on loans HFI as a percentage of nonperforming loans at end of
period 246.7 % 292.7 % 265.4 %
The following tables details our provision for credit losses on loans HFI and net (charge-offs) recoveries to average loans HFI outstanding by loan category during the periods indicated:
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses on loans HFI Net (charge-offs) recoveries Average loans HFI Ratio of annualized net (charge-offs) recoveries to average loans HFI
(dollars in thousands)
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Commercial and industrial $ 8,682 $ (189) $ 1,678,832 (0.01) %
Construction (4,446) 10 1,594,317 - %
Residential real estate:
1-to-4 family mortgage 310 54 1,558,477 - %
Residential line of credit 1,973 1 507,884 - %
Multi-family mortgage 2,352 - 519,554 - %
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied 2,905 (35) 1,169,680 - %
Non-owner occupied (784) 1,833 1,925,759 0.10 %
Consumer and other 5,746 (2,278) 381,474 (0.60) %
Total $ 16,738 $ (604) $ 9,335,977 (0.01) %
Year ended December 31, 2022
Commercial and industrial $ (4,563) $ (82) $ 1,466,685 (0.01) %
Construction 11,221 11 1,549,622 - %
Residential real estate:
1-to-4 family mortgage 7,060 (23) 1,438,801 - %
Residential line of credit 1,574 17 431,826 - %
Multi-family mortgage (486) - 411,509 - %
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied (4,883) 73 1,060,523 0.01 %
Non-owner occupied (3,584) (268) 1,839,577 (0.01) %
Consumer and other 4,054 (1,488) 343,107 (0.43) %
Total $ 10,393 $ (1,760) $ 8,541,650 (0.02) %
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Commercial and industrial $ 4,178 $ (3,175) $ 1,271,476 (0.25) %
Construction (29,874) (27) 1,138,769 - %
Residential real estate:
1-to-4 family mortgage (87) (29) 1,130,019 - %
Residential line of credit (4,728) 97 392,907 0.02 %
Multi-family mortgage (197) (1) 310,874 - %
Commercial real estate:
Owner occupied 7,588 156 917,334 0.02 %
Non-owner occupied (16,813) (1,566) 1,683,413 (0.09) %
Consumer and other 938 (1,290) 352,421 (0.37) %
Total $ (38,995) $ (5,835) $ 7,197,213 (0.08) %
The ACL on loans HFI was $150.3 million and $134.2 million and represented 1.60% and 1.44% of loans HFI as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. For further information related to the change in the ACL refer to “Provision for credit losses” section herein and Note 3, “Loans and allowance for credit losses on loans HFI” in the notes to our consolidated financial statements. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we experienced net charge-offs of $0.6 million, or 0.01% of average loans HFI, compared to net charge-offs of $1.8 million, or 0.02% for the year ended December 31, 2022. Our ratio of total nonperforming loans HFI as a percentage of total loans HFI increased by 16 basis points to 0.65% as of December 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022 primarily due to three commercial and industrial relationships moving to nonaccrual status.
As a ratio of ACL to loans HFI by loan type, our commercial and industrial, HELOC and consumer and other portfolios incurred the largest increases period-over-period. These portfolios are heavily reliant on the strength of the economy; and therefore, they are adversely affected by inflation and high interest rates.
We also maintain an allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments, which decreased to $8.8 million as of December 31, 2023 from $23.0 million as of December 31, 2022 due to a 18.5% or $657.2 million decrease in unfunded loan commitments during the period. Notably, there was a $913.2 million decrease in unfunded loan commitments in our construction loan category pipeline which resulted in a $14.2 million decrease in required ACL related to unfunded commitments. Our unfunded commitments in our construction loan category decreased as a result of management's concentrated effort over the last year to reduce commitments in specific categories judged to be inherently higher risk considering the current and projected economic conditions. Partially offsetting the decrease in unfunded loan commitments in our construction portfolio was a $236.2 million increase in unfunded loan commitments for commercial and industrial loans compared to December 31, 2022.
Loans held for sale
Commercial loans held for sale
Historically, our loans held for sale included a previously acquired portfolio of commercial loans. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we exited the final relationship. As of December 31, 2022, the loans had a fair value of $30.5 million.
The change in fair value of the portfolio which is included in 'Other noninterest income' on the consolidated statement of income amounted to a loss of $2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to a loss of $5.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The portfolio experienced a net gain of $7.2 million over the life of the portfolio.
Mortgage loans held for sale
Mortgage loans held for sale consisted of $46.6 million of residential real estate mortgage loans in the process of being sold to third-party private investors or government sponsored agencies and $21.2 million of GNMA optional repurchase loans. This compares to $82.8 million of residential real estate mortgage loans in the process of being sold to third-party private investors or government sponsored agencies and $26.2 million of GNMA optional repurchase loans as of December 31, 2022.
Generally, mortgage volume decreases in rising interest rate environments and slower housing markets and increases in lower interest rate environments and robust housing markets. Interest rate lock volume for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 totaled $1.40 billion and $2.70 billion, respectively. The decrease in interest rate lock volume during the year ended December 31, 2023 reflects the slow down experienced across the industry due primarily to higher interest rates. The decrease also reflects the exit from our direct-to-consumer internet delivery channel completed during 2022. Interest rate lock volume within our direct-to-consumer internet delivery channel for the year ended December 31, 2022 totaled $663.8 million. Interest rate lock commitments in the pipeline were $69.2 million as of December 31, 2023 compared with $118.3 million as of December 31, 2022.
Deposits
Deposits represent the Bank’s primary source of funding. We continue to focus on growing core customer deposits through our relationship driven banking philosophy, community-focused marketing programs and our treasury management services.
Total deposits were $10.55 billion and $10.86 billion as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Noninterest-bearing deposits at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were $2.22 billion and $2.68 billion, respectively, while interest-bearing deposits were $8.33 billion and $8.18 billion at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The decrease in noninterest-bearing deposits of $458.2 million from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023 is attributable to migration to interest-yielding products such as money market and savings deposits, which increased by $507.6 million from December 31, 2022. Also included in noninterest-bearing deposits are certain mortgage escrow deposits from our third-party mortgage servicing provider, which amounted to $63.6 million and $75.6 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Interest-bearing checking deposits decreased by $555.6 million from December 31, 2022 due largely to decreases in our deposits from municipal and governmental entities, also known as public funds, which decreased by $475.9 million during the period. The decrease in public funds was due to management's decision to not renew certain maturing public deposits due to rising costs of these deposits.
Additionally, brokered and internet time deposits increased by $149.0 million to $150.8 million as of December 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022, which was a result of our balance sheet and liquidity management strategy, which included issuing brokered time deposits in order to increase the liquidity of our balance sheet.
As a result of the rising interest rate environment and the shift in our deposit composition, we have experienced an increase in our cost of interest-bearing deposits and total deposits. Average deposit balances by type, together with the average rates per period are reflected in the average balance sheet amounts, interest paid, and rate analysis tables included in this management's discussion and analysis under the subheading “Results of operations” discussion.
We utilize designated fair value hedges to mitigate interest rate exposure associated with certain fixed-rate money market deposits. The aggregate fair value of these hedges included in the carrying amount of total money market deposits as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $4.5 million and $9.8 million, respectively.
Our deposit base also includes certain commercial and high net worth individuals that periodically place deposits with the Bank for short periods of time and can cause fluctuations from period to period in the overall level of customer deposits outstanding. These fluctuations may include certain deposits from related parties as disclosed within Note 22, “Related party transactions” in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in this Report.
The following table sets forth the distribution by type of our deposit accounts as of the dates indicated:
December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(dollars in thousands) Amount % of total deposits Average rate(1)
Amount % of total deposits Average rate(1)
Amount % of total
deposits Average rate(1)
Deposit Type
Noninterest-bearing
demand $ 2,218,382 21 % - % $ 2,676,631 25 % - % $ 2,740,214 26 % - %
Interest-bearing demand 2,504,421 24 % 2.86 % 3,059,984 28 % 0.70 % 3,418,666 32 % 0.35 %
Money market 3,819,814 36 % 3.53 % 3,226,102 30 % 0.80 % 3,066,347 28 % 0.36 %
Savings deposits 385,037 4 % 0.06 % 471,143 4 % 0.05 % 480,589 4 % 0.06 %
Customer time deposits 1,469,811 14 % 3.15 % 1,420,131 13 % 0.99 % 1,103,594 10 % 0.67 %
Brokered and internet time
deposits 150,822 1 % 5.27 % 1,843 - % 1.36 % 27,487 - % 1.69 %
Total deposits $ 10,548,287 100 % 2.39 % $ 10,855,834 100 % 0.54 % $ 10,836,897 100 % 0.30 %
Total Uninsured Deposits $ 4,899,349 46 % $ 5,644,534 52 % $ 4,877,819 45 %
Customer Time
Deposits(2)
0.00-1.00% $ 62,464 4 % $ 387,739 27 % $ 889,664 81 %
1.01-2.00% 114,521 8 % 341,721 24 % 114,629 10 %
2.01-3.00% 51,346 4 % 89,916 6 % 91,007 8 %
3.01-4.00% 268,550 18 % 342,576 24 % 8,288 1 %
4.01-5.00% 812,781 55 % 224,308 16 % 6 - %
Above 5.00% 160,149 11 % 33,871 3 % - - %
Total customer time
deposits $ 1,469,811 100 % $ 1,420,131 100 % $ 1,103,594 100 %
Brokered and Internet
Time Deposits(2)
0.00-1.00% $ 99 - % $ 99 5 % $ 99 - %
1.01-2.00% - - % 747 41 % 16,953 62 %
2.01-3.00% 248 - % 747 41 % 6,201 23 %
3.01-4.00% - - % 250 13 % 4,234 15 %
4.01-5.00% - - % - - % - - %
Above 5.00% 150,475 100 % - - % - - %
Total brokered and internet time deposits $ 150,822 100 % $ 1,843 100 % $ 27,487 100 %
Total time deposits $ 1,620,633 $ 1,421,974 $ 1,131,081
(1) Average rates are presented for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
(2) Rates are presented as of period-end.
Further details related to our deposit customer base is presented below as of the dates indicated:
December 31,
2023 2022
(dollars in thousands) Amount % of total deposits Amount % of total deposits
Deposits by customer segment(1)
Consumer $ 4,880,890 46 % $ 4,985,544 46 %
Commercial 4,069,724 39 % 3,796,698 35 %
Public 1,597,673 15 % 2,073,592 19 %
Total deposits $ 10,548,287 100 % $ 10,855,834 100 %
(1) Segments are determined based on the customer account level.
The tables below set forth maturity information on time deposits and amounts in excess of the FDIC insurance limit as of December 31, 2023:
December 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands) Amount Weighted average interest rate at period end
Time deposits of $250 and less
Months to maturity:
Three or less $ 142,229 3.15 %
Over Three to Six 258,108 3.84 %
Over Six to Twelve 318,942 3.86 %
Over Twelve 256,766 3.53 %
Total $ 976,045 3.66 %
Time deposits of greater than $250
Months to maturity:
Three or less $ 84,439 4.16 %
Over Three to Six 249,085 4.73 %
Over Six to Twelve 226,453 4.55 %
Over Twelve 84,611 3.92 %
Total $ 644,588 4.49 %
Uninsured deposits are defined as the portion of deposit accounts in U.S. offices that exceed the FDIC insurance limit and amounts in any other uninsured investment or deposit account that are classified as deposits and are not subject to any federal or state deposit insurance regimes. Collateralized deposits are included within our total uninsured deposits.
As of December 31, 2023, the estimated portion of time deposits outstanding that are otherwise uninsured by maturity were as follows:
December 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands) Amount
Months to maturity:
Three or less $ 57,368
Over Three to Six 147,821
Over Six to Twelve 148,948
Over Twelve 83,473
Total $ 437,610
Further details related to our estimated insured or collateralized deposits and uninsured and uncollateralized deposits is presented below as of the dates indicated:
December 31,
2023 2022
Estimated insured or collateralized deposits(1)
$ 7,414,224 $ 7,288,641
Estimated uninsured deposits(2)
$ 4,899,349 $ 5,644,534
Estimated uninsured and uncollateralized deposits(1)
$ 3,134,063 $ 3,567,193
Estimated uninsured and uncollateralized deposits as a % of total deposits(1)
29.7 % 32.9 %
(1) Amounts are shown on a fully consolidated basis and exclude deposits of affiliates that are eliminated in consolidation.
(2) Amounts are shown on an unconsolidated basis consistent with regulatory reporting requirements.
Other earning assets
Securities purchased under agreements to resell (“reverse repurchase agreements”)
We enter into agreements with certain customers to purchase investment securities under agreements to resell at specific dates in the future. This investment deploys some of our liquidity position into an instrument that improves the return on those funds. Securities purchased under agreements to resell totaled $47.8 million and $75.4 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Federal Funds Sold
Federal funds may fluctuate from period to period depending upon our liquidity position at the time and our strategy for deploying liquidity. Federal funds sold totaled $35.5 million and $135.1 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
AFS debt securities portfolio
Our investment portfolio objectives include maximizing total return after other primary objectives are achieved such as, but not limited to, providing liquidity, capital preservation, and pledging collateral for certain deposit types, various lines of credit and other borrowings. The investment objectives guide the portfolio allocation among security types, maturities, and other attributes.
The fair value of our AFS debt securities portfolio was $1.47 billion as of both December 31, 2023 and 2022. Included in the fair value of AFS debt securities were net unrealized losses of $186.8 million and $234.4 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Current net unrealized losses are due to interest rate increases.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, we sold $100.5 million of AFS debt securities. The sales contributed to a pre-tax loss on securities of $14.0 million. We primarily sold collateralized mortgage obligations, U.S. government agency securities and municipal securities. We reinvested the proceeds from the sales primarily into U.S. government agency AFS debt securities in order increase the effective yield of our portfolio. Including the reinvestment of these proceeds, we purchased $202.1 million of AFS debt securities during the year ended December 31, 2023 and had maturities and calls of securities which totaled $128.2 million.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we sold $1.2 million of AFS debt securities. During the same period, we purchased $242.9 million of AFS debt securities. Maturities and calls of securities totaled $204.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.
The following table sets forth the fair value, scheduled maturities and weighted average yields for our AFS debt securities portfolio as of the dates indicated below:
December 31,
2023 2022
(dollars in thousands) Fair value % of total investment securities Weighted average yield (1)
Fair value % of total investment securities Weighted average yield (1)
U.S. Treasury securities:
Maturing within one year $ 61,466 4.2 % 2.50 % $ 729 - % 2.40 %
Maturing in one to five years 47,030 3.2 % 1.59 % 106,951 7.3 % 2.10 %
Maturing in five to ten years - - % - % - - % - %
Maturing after ten years - - % - % - - % - %
Total U.S. Treasury securities 108,496 7.4 % 2.10 % 107,680 7.3 % 2.10 %
U.S. government agency securities:
Maturing within one year - - % - % - - % - %
Maturing in one to five years 13,094 0.9 % 1.96 % 27,082 1.8 % 1.50 %
Maturing in five to ten years 6,000 0.4 % 6.40 % 12,011 0.8 % 1.70 %
Maturing after ten years 184,862 12.6 % 6.23 % 969 0.1 % 3.32 %
Total U.S. government agency securities 203,956 13.9 % 5.96 % 40,062 2.7 % 1.60 %
Municipal securities:
Maturing within one year 2,813 0.2 % 2.23 % 3,496 0.2 % 2.18 %
Maturing in one to five years 11,677 0.8 % 5.85 % 17,775 1.2 % 2.38 %
Maturing in five to ten years 40,304 2.7 % 3.60 % 39,034 2.7 % 3.12 %
Maturing after ten years 187,469 12.7 % 2.94 % 204,115 13.9 % 3.18 %
Total municipal securities 242,263 16.4 % 3.00 % 264,420 18.0 % 3.10 %
Mortgage-backed securities - residential and commercial:
Maturing within one year 126 - % 1.57 % - - % - %
Maturing in one to five years 3,239 0.2 % 2.91 % 3,834 0.3 % 2.73 %
Maturing in five to ten years 33,121 2.3 % 2.97 % 23,683 1.6 % 2.65 %
Maturing after ten years 877,446 59.6 % 1.86 % 1,024,320 69.6 % 1.84 %
Total mortgage-backed securities - residential and commercial 913,932 62.1 % 1.90 % 1,051,837 71.5 % 1.86 %
Corporate securities:
Maturing within one year - - % - % - - % - %
Maturing in one to five years - - % - % 373 - % 5.00 %
Maturing in five to ten years 3,326 0.2 % 4.33 % 6,814 0.5 % 3.87 %
Maturing after ten years - - % - % - - % - %
Total corporate securities 3,326 0.2 % 4.33 % 7,187 0.5 % 3.94 %
Total AFS debt securities $ 1,471,973 100.0 % 2.66 % $ 1,471,186 100.0 % 2.10 %
(1)Yields on a tax-equivalent basis.
Equity Securities
We had $3.0 million in marketable equity securities recorded at fair value that primarily consisted of mutual funds as of December 31, 2022. There were no such securities outstanding as of December 31, 2023. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the change in the fair value of equity securities resulted in net gain of $0.1 million and a net loss of $0.4 million, respectively.
Borrowed funds
Deposits are the primary source of funds for our lending activities and general business purposes. However, we may also obtain advances from the FHLB, borrow from the Federal Reserve’s Discount Window, leverage the Bank Term Funding Program from the Federal Reserve, purchase federal funds and engage in overnight borrowing with correspondent banks, or enter into client repurchase agreements. We also use these sources of funds as part of our asset liability management process to control our long-term interest rate risk exposure, even if it may increase our short-term cost of funds.
Our level of short-term borrowing can fluctuate on a daily basis depending on funding needs and the sources of funds to satisfy those needs, in addition to the overall interest rate environment and cost of public funds.
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase and federal funds purchased
We enter into agreements with certain customers to sell certain securities under agreements to repurchase the security the following day. These agreements are made to provide customers with comprehensive treasury management products as a short-term return for their excess funds. Securities sold under agreements to repurchase totaled $19.3 million and $21.9 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
We also maintain lines with certain correspondent banks that provide borrowing capacity in the form of federal funds purchased. Federal funds purchased are short-term borrowings that typically mature within one to ninety days. Borrowings against these lines (i.e., federal funds purchased) totaled $89.4 million and $65.0 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
FHLB short-term advances
As a member of the FHLB system, we may utilize advances from the FHLB in order to provide additional liquidity and funding. Under these short-term agreements, we maintain a line of credit that as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and had total borrowing capacity of $1.76 billion and $1.27 billion, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had qualifying loans pledged as collateral securing these lines amounting to $3.01 billion and $2.67 billion, respectively. Overnight cash advances against this line totaled $175.0 million as of December 31, 2022. There were no FHLB advances outstanding as of December 31, 2023.
Bank Term Funding Program
In March 2023, the Federal Reserve established the Bank Term Funding Program to make available funding to eligible depository institutions in order to help assure they have the ability to meet the needs of their depositors following the March 2023 high-profile bank failures. The program allows for advances for up to one year secured by eligible high-quality securities at par value extended at the one-year overnight index swap rate, plus 10 basis points, as of the day the advance is made. The interest rate is fixed for the term of the advance and there are no prepayment penalties. At December 31, 2023, we had outstanding borrowings of $130.0 million under the BTFP at a borrowing rate of 4.85% and a maturity date of December 26, 2024.
Subordinated debt
During the year ended December 31, 2003, we formed two separate trusts which issued $9.0 million and $21.0 million of floating rate trust preferred securities as part of a pooled offering of such securities. We issued junior subordinated debentures of $9.3 million, which included proceeds of common securities which we purchased for $0.3 million, and junior subordinated debentures of $21.7 million which included proceeds of common securities of $0.7 million. The trusts were created for the sole purpose of issuing 30-year capital trust preferred securities to fund the purchase of junior subordinated debentures issued by us. Both issuances were to the trusts in exchange for the proceeds of the securities offerings, which represent the sole asset of the trusts.
Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2020, we placed $100.0 million of ten year fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes, maturing September 1, 2030. We mitigate our interest rate exposure associated with these notes through the use of fair value hedging instruments. See Note 15, “Derivatives” in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional details related to these instruments.
Further information related to our subordinated debt as of December 31, 2023 is detailed below:
(dollars in thousands) Year established Maturity Call date Total debt outstanding Interest rate Coupon structure
Subordinated debt issued by trust preferred securities:
FBK Trust I (1)
2003 06/09/2033 6/09/2008
$ 9,280 8.84% 3-month SOFR plus 3.51%
FBK Trust II (1)
2003 06/26/2033 6/26/2008
21,650 8.77% 3-month SOFR plus 3.41%
Additional subordinated debt:
FBK subordinated debt I(2)
2020 09/01/2030 9/1/2025
100,000 4.50% Semi-annual fixed(3)
Unamortized debt issuance costs (612)
Fair value hedge (See Note 15, “Derivatives”)
(673)
Total subordinated debt, net $ 129,645
(1)The Company classifies $30.0 million of the Trusts' subordinated debt as Tier 1 capital.
(2)The Company classified the issuance, net of unamortized issuance costs and the associated fair value hedge as Tier 2 capital, which will be phased out 20% per year in
the final five years before maturity.
(3)Beginning on September 1, 2025 the coupon structure migrates to the 3-month SOFR plus a spread of 439 basis points through the end of the term of the debenture.
Other borrowings
Other borrowings on our consolidated balance sheets includes our finance lease liability totaling $1.3 million and $1.4 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. In addition, other borrowings on our consolidated balance sheets include guaranteed rebooked GNMA loans previously sold that have become past due over 90 days and are eligible for repurchase totaling $21.2 million and $26.2 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. See Note 7, “Leases” and Note 16, “Fair value of financial instruments” within the notes to our consolidated financial statements herein for additional information regarding our finance lease and guaranteed GNMA loans eligible for repurchase, respectively.
Liquidity and capital resources
We are expected to maintain adequate liquidity at the Bank to meet the cash flow requirements of clients who may be either depositors wishing to withdraw funds or borrowers needing assurance that sufficient funds will be available to meet their credit needs. Our Liquidity Policy is intended to cause the Bank to maintain adequate liquidity and, therefore, enhance our ability to raise funds to support asset growth, meet deposit withdrawals and lending needs and otherwise sustain our operations. We accomplish this through management of the maturities of our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. We believe that our present position is adequate to meet our current and future liquidity needs.
We continuously monitor our liquidity position to ensure that assets and liabilities are managed in a manner that will meet all of our short-term and long-term cash requirements. We manage our liquidity position to meet the daily cash flow needs of clients, while maintaining an appropriate balance between assets and liabilities to optimize our net interest margin. We also monitor our liquidity requirements in light of interest rate trends, changes in the economy and the scheduled maturity and interest rate sensitivity of the investment and loan portfolios and deposits.
As part of our liquidity management strategy, we focus on minimizing our costs of liquidity and attempt to decrease these costs by growing our noninterest-bearing and other low-cost deposits, while replacing higher cost funding sources. While we do not control the types of deposit instruments our clients choose, we do influence those choices with the rates and the deposit specials we offer. Increasing interest rates generally attracts customers to higher cost interest-bearing deposit products as they seek to maximize their yield.
Our investment portfolio is another alternative for meeting liquidity needs. These assets generally have readily available markets that offer conversions to cash as needed. AFS debt securities within our investment portfolio are used to secure government, public, trust and other deposits and as collateral for short-term borrowings, letters of credit and derivative instruments. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had pledged securities related to these items with carrying values of $929.5 million and $1.19 billion, respectively.
Additional sources of liquidity include federal funds purchased, repurchase agreements, FHLB borrowings, and lines of credit. Interest is charged at the prevailing market rate on federal funds purchased, reverse repurchase agreements and FHLB advances. Overnight advances obtained from the FHLB are used primarily to meet day to day liquidity needs, particularly when the cost of such borrowing compares favorably to the rates that we would be required to pay to attract deposits. As of December 31, 2022, we had outstanding overnight cash advances from the FHLB totaling $175.0 million.
As of December 31, 2023, there were no outstanding cash advances from the FHLB. As of December 31, 2023, there was $1.76 billion available to borrow against with a remaining capacity of $1.30 billion. As of December 31, 2022, there was $1.27 billion available to borrow against with a remaining capacity of $830.0 million.
We also maintained unsecured lines of credit with other commercial banks totaling $370.0 million and $350.0 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. These are unsecured, uncommitted lines of credit typically maturing at various times within the next twelve months. Borrowings against these lines (i.e., federal funds purchased) totaled $89.4 million and $65.0 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of both December 31, 2023 and 2022, we also had $50.0 million available through the IntraFi network, which allows us to offer banking customers access to FDIC insurance protection on deposits through our Bank which exceed FDIC insurance limits.
Our current on-balance sheet liquidity and available sources of liquidity are summarized in the table below:
December 31,
(dollars in thousands) 2023 2022
Current on-balance sheet liquidity:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 810,932 $ 1,027,052
Unpledged available-for-sale debt securities 542,427 280,165
Equity securities, at fair value - 2,990
Total on-balance sheet liquidity $ 1,353,359 $ 1,310,207
Available sources of liquidity:
Unsecured borrowing capacity(1)
$ 3,350,026 $ 3,595,812
FHLB remaining borrowing capacity 1,297,702 829,959
Federal Reserve discount window 2,431,084 2,470,000
Total available sources of liquidity $ 7,078,812 $ 6,895,771
On-balance sheet liquidity as a percentage of total assets 10.7 % 10.2 %
On-balance sheet liquidity and available sources of liquidity as a percentage of estimated
uninsured and uncollateralized deposits(2)
269.0 % 230.0 %
(1)Includes capacity available per internal policy in the form of brokered deposits and unsecured lines of credit.
(2)Amounts are shown on a fully consolidated basis and exclude deposits of affiliates that are eliminated in consolidation.
The Company also maintains the ability to access capital markets to meet its liquidity needs. The Company may utilize various methods to raise capital, including through the sale of common stock, preferred stock, depository shares, debt securities, rights, warrants and units. Specific terms and prices would be determined at the time of any such offering. In the past, the Company has utilized capital markets to generate liquidity in the form of common stock and subordinated debt primarily for the purpose of funding acquisitions.
The Company is a corporation separate and apart from the Bank and, therefore, it must provide for its own liquidity. The Company’s main source of funding is dividends declared and paid by the Bank to the Company. Statutory and regulatory limitations exist that affect the ability of the Bank to pay dividends to the Company. Management believes that these limitations will not impact the Company’s ability to meet its ongoing short-term cash obligations. For additional information regarding dividend restrictions, see the “Item 1. Business - Supervision and regulation,” “Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks related to our business” and “Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities - Dividends,” within this Report.
Due to state banking laws, the Bank may not declare dividends in any calendar year in an amount exceeding the total of its net income for that year combined with its retained net income of the preceding two years, without the prior approval of the TDFI. Based upon this regulation, as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, $218.4 million and $161.3 million of the Bank’s retained earnings were available for the payment of dividends without such prior approval. In addition, dividends paid by the Bank to the Company would be prohibited if the effect thereof would cause the Bank’s capital to be reduced below applicable minimum capital requirements. During both the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were $49.0 million in cash dividends approved by the Board for payment from the Bank to the holding company. None of these required approval from the TDFI. Subsequent to December 31, 2023, the Board approved a dividend from the Bank to the holding company to be paid in the first quarter for $8.5 million that also did not require approval from the TDFI.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company declared shareholder dividends of $0.60 per share, or $28.3 million. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company declared shareholder dividends of $0.52 per share, or $24.7 million. Subsequent to December 31, 2023, the Company declared a quarterly dividend in the amount of $0.17 per share, payable on February 27, 2024, to stockholders of record as of February 13, 2024.
Shareholders’ equity and capital management
Our total shareholders’ equity was $1.45 billion as of December 31, 2023 and $1.33 billion as of December 31, 2022. Book value per common share was $31.05 as of December 31, 2023 and $28.36 as of December 31, 2022. The increase in shareholders’ equity was primarily attributable to an increase in retained net income, net of dividends declared and paid and an increase in unrealized value of $47.6 million within our AFS debt securities portfolio from December 31, 2022. The increase in shareholders’ equity as of December 31, 2023 was partially off-set by dividends declared and paid of $28.3 million.
Our capital management consists of providing adequate equity to support our current and future operations. We are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by state and federal banking agencies, including the TDFI, Federal Reserve and the FDIC. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements may prompt certain actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. The Federal Reserve and the FDIC have issued guidelines governing the levels of capital that banks must maintain. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we met all capital adequacy requirements for which we were subject. See additional discussion regarding our capital adequacy and ratios within Note 19, “Minimum capital requirements” in the notes to our consolidated financial statements contained herein.
December 31, 2023 FB Financial Corporation FirstBank
To be Well-Capitalized(1)
Total Risk-Based Capital ratio 14.5 % 14.2 % 10.0 %
Tier 1 Capital ratio 12.5 % 12.2 % 8.0 %
Common Equity Tier 1 ratio (CET1) 12.2 % 12.2 % 6.5 %
Leverage ratio 11.3 % 11.1 % 5.0 %
(1) Applicable to Bank level capital.
Capital ratios are well above regulatory requirements for well-capitalized institutions. Management uses risk-based capital ratios in its analysis of the measures to assess the quality of capital and believes that investors may find it useful in their analysis of the Company.
Critical accounting estimates
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and general practices within the banking industry. A summary of our accounting policies is included in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Note 1, Basis of presentation” of this Report. Certain of these policies require management to apply significant judgement and estimates, which can have a material impact on the carrying value of certain assets and liabilities, and we consider the below policies to be our critical accounting policies.
Allowance for credit losses
The allowance for credit losses represents management’s best estimate of expected credit losses over the life of our loan portfolios as measured at each respective recent balance sheet date. However, significant downturns in circumstances relating to loan quality or economic conditions could necessitate additional provisions or reductions in the ACL. Unanticipated changes and events could have a significant impact on the financial performance of our loan customers and their ability to perform as agreed. The economic indices sourced from economic forecasts and used in developing the ACL include the unemployment rate, changes in the U.S. gross domestic product, changes in commercial real estate prices and BBB spread.
Given the dynamic relationship between macroeconomic variables within our modeling framework it is difficult to estimate the impact of a change in any one individual variable on the ACL. However, to illustrate a hypothetical sensitivity, we calculated a quantitative allowance using an alternative negative economic scenario. Under this alternative negative economic scenario, a significant deterioration in economic conditions was assumed which would negatively impact the
underlying economic variables, compared to our baseline forecast. Below is a comparison of key economic assumptions between these scenarios at the end of each period noted below.
December 31,
2023 2024 2025
Baseline forecast:
Unemployment rate 3.70% 4.00% 4.10%
GDP 2.40% 1.70% 1.70%
CRE price index 343.2 321.8 344.6
BBB spread 2.00% 2.50% 2.50%
Negative economic scenario:
Unemployment rate 3.70% 5.70% 5.30%
GDP 2.40% 0.20% 1.50%
CRE price index 343.2 288.5 320.7
BBB spread 2.00% 3.00% 2.70%
Excluding the impact of qualitative considerations, using only the negative economic scenario would result in a hypothetical increase over ending ACL of approximately $52.7 million at December 31, 2023.
The preceding sensitivity analysis results do not represent our view of expected credit losses nor is it intended to estimate future changes in provisioning for credit losses due to:
•highly uncertain and speculative economic environment;
•inter-relatedness and non-linearity of economic variables resulting inability to extrapolate to additional changes in variables; and
•sensitivity analysis does not consider any quantitative or qualitative adjustments and associated risk profile components incorporated by management as part of its overall ACL framework.
Mortgage servicing rights
We account for our mortgage servicing rights at fair value at each reporting date with changes in the fair value reported in earnings in the period in which the changes occur. We retain the right to service certain mortgage loans that we sell to secondary market investors. These mortgage servicing rights are recognized as a separate asset on the date the corresponding mortgage is sold.
The retained mortgage servicing right is initially measured at the fair value of future net cash flows expected to be realized for performing servicing activities. Fair value is determined using an income approach with various assumptions including expected cash flows, prepayment speeds, market discount rates, servicing costs, and other factors. These techniques require management to make estimates regarding future servicing cash flows, taking into consideration historical and forecasted residential mortgage loan prepayment rates, discount rates, escrow balance and servicing costs. Changes in interest rates and prepayments speeds or other factors impact the fair value of the MSR which impacts earnings. The fair value of the MSR was $164.2 million at December 31, 2023.
Based on a hypothetical sensitivity analysis, we estimate that an increase in discount rates of 100 basis points and 200 basis points would reduce the December 31, 2023 fair value of the MSR by approximately 4.65% (or $7.6 million) and 8.90% (or $14.6 million), respectively. Separately, a 10% and 20% increase on the prepayment rates would reduce the December 31, 2023 fair value of the MSR by approximately 2.81% (or $4.6 million) and 5.43% (or $8.9 million), respectively.
The above summary demonstrates the sensitivity of fair value to hypothetical changes in primary interest rates. This sensitivity analysis does not reflect the expected outcome.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 7A - Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Interest rate sensitivity
Our market risk arises primarily from interest rate risk inherent in the normal course of lending and deposit-taking activities. Management believes that our ability to successfully respond to changes in interest rates will have a significant impact on our financial results. To that end, management actively monitors and manages our interest rate risk exposure.
The ALCO, which is authorized by our Board of Directors, monitors our interest rate sensitivity and makes decisions relating to that process. The ALCO’s goal is to structure our asset/liability composition to maximize net interest income while managing interest rate risk so as to minimize the adverse impact of changes in interest rates on net interest income and capital in either a rising or declining interest rate environment. Profitability is affected by fluctuations in interest rates. A sudden and substantial change in interest rates may adversely impact our earnings because the interest rates borne by assets and liabilities do not change at the same speed, to the same extent or on the same basis.
We monitor the impact of changes in interest rates on our net interest income and economic value of equity using rate shock analysis. Net interest income simulations measure the short-term earnings exposure from changes in market rates of interest in a rigorous and explicit fashion. Our current financial position is combined with assumptions regarding future business to calculate net interest income under varying hypothetical rate scenarios. EVE measures our long-term earnings exposure from changes in market rates of interest. EVE is defined as the present value of assets minus the present value of liabilities at a point in time. A decrease in EVE due to a specified rate change indicates a decline in the long-term earnings capacity of the balance sheet assuming that the rate change remains in effect over the life of the current balance sheet. For purposes of calculating EVE, a zero percent floor is assumed on discount factors.
The following analysis depicts the estimated impact on net interest income and EVE of immediate changes in interest rates at the specified levels for the periods presented:
Percentage change in:
Net interest income (1)
Change in interest rates December 31,
(in basis points) 2023 2022
+400 8.99 % 20.6 %
+300 6.81 % 15.1 %
+200 4.65 % 10.8 %
+100 2.44 % 5.98 %
-100 (2.86) % (6.32) %
-200 (6.54) % (13.2) %
Percentage change in:
Economic value of equity (2)
Change in interest rates December 31,
(in basis points) 2023 2022
+400 (16.6) % (9.90) %
+300 (13.6) % (7.00) %
+200 (8.05) % (4.00) %
+100 (3.29) % (1.66) %
-100 1.03 % 0.99 %
-200 (0.63) % 1.07 %
(1)The percentage change represents the projected net interest income for 12 months on a flat balance sheet in a stable interest rate environment versus the projected net interest income in the various rate scenarios.
(2)The percentage change in this column represents our EVE in a stable interest rate environment versus EVE in the various rate scenarios.
The results for the net interest income simulations as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 resulted in an asset sensitive position. The primary influence of our asset sensitivity is the floating rate structure in many of our loans held for investment as well as the composition of our liabilities which is primarily customer deposits. Our variable-rate loan portfolio is indexed to market rates and timing of repricing of loans and deposits varies in proportion to market rate fluctuations. We actively monitor and perform stress tests on our deposit betas as part of our overall management of interest rate risk. This requires the use of various assumptions based on historical relationships of these variables in reaching any conclusion. Since these correlations are based on competitive pricing in the market, we anticipate that our future results will likely be different from the scenario results presented above and such differences could be material.
The preceding measures assume no change in the size or asset/liability compositions of the balance sheet. Thus, the measures do not reflect the actions the ALCO may undertake in response to such changes in interest rates. The scenarios assume instantaneous movements in interest rates in increments of 100, 200, 300 and 400 basis points. As interest rates are adjusted over a period of time, it is our strategy to proactively change the volume and mix of our balance sheet in order to mitigate our interest rate risk. The computation of the prospective effects of hypothetical interest rate changes requires numerous assumptions regarding characteristics of new business and the behavior of existing positions. These business assumptions are based upon our experience, business plans and published industry experience. Key assumptions employed in the model include asset prepayment speeds, competitive factors, the relative price sensitivity of certain assets and liabilities and the expected life of non-maturity deposits. Because these assumptions are inherently uncertain, actual results may differ from simulated results.
We may utilize derivative financial instruments as part of an ongoing effort to mitigate interest rate risk exposure to interest rate fluctuations and facilitate the needs of our customers. For more information about our derivative financial instruments, see Note 15, “Derivatives” in the notes to our consolidated financial statements.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8 - Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Page
Glossary of abbreviations and acronyms
Management’s Assessment of Internal Controls Over Financial Statements
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 173)
Consolidated Financial Statements:
Consolidated balance sheets
Consolidated statements of income
Consolidated statements of comprehensive income
Consolidated statements of changes in shareholders’ equity
Consolidated statements of cash flows
Notes to consolidated financial statements
Report on Management’s Assessment of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
The management of FB Financial Corporation (the “Company”) is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. The Company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the Company’s principal executive and principal financial officer and effected by the Board of Directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the Company’s assets; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.
The Company's management assessed the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. In making the assessment, management used the “Internal Control - Integrated Framework” promulgated by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
Based on this assessment management has determined that, as of December 31, 2023, the Company's internal control over financial reporting is effective based on the COSO 2013 framework. Additionally, based upon management's assessment, the Company determined that there were no material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023.
The effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, has been audited by Crowe LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears herein.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Shareholders and the Board of Directors of FB Financial Corporation
Nashville, Tennessee
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of FB Financial Corporation (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive (loss) income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The Company’s management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Report on Management’s Assessment of Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans - Reasonable and Supportable Forecasts and Qualitative Adjustments
As described in Note 1 - Basis of presentation and Note 3 - Loans and allowance for credit losses on loans HFI, the Company estimates expected credit losses for its financial assets carried at amortized cost utilizing the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) methodology. The allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) on loans held for investment on December 31, 2023 was $150.3 million. The provision for credit losses on loans held for investment for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $16.7 million.
The Company calculated an expected credit loss using a lifetime loss rate methodology. The Company utilizes probability-weighted forecasts that are developed by a third-party vendor, which consider multiple macroeconomic variables that are applicable to the type of loan. Each of the Company's loss rate models incorporate forward-looking macroeconomic projections throughout the reasonable and supportable forecast period and the subsequent historical reversion at the macroeconomic variable input level. The Company's loss rate models then estimate the lifetime loss rate for pools of loans by combining the calculated loss rate based on each variable within the model (including the macroeconomic variables). The lifetime loss rate for the pool is then multiplied by the loan balances to determine the expected credit losses on the pool. The Company then considers the need to qualitatively adjust its modeled quantitative expected credit loss estimate for information not already captured in the model loss estimation process.
The audit procedures over the determination of forecast scenarios involved a high degree of auditor judgment and required significant audit effort, including the use of more experienced audit personnel and our valuation specialists due to its complexity. Additionally, the audit procedures over the qualitative adjustments utilized in management’s methodology involved challenging and subjective auditor judgment. Therefore, we identified the following as a critical audit matter: a) auditing the forecasted macroeconomic scenario and b) auditing the identification and application of qualitative adjustments to the ACL model.
The primary audit procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included the following:
•Tested the operating effectiveness of controls specific to:
◦Determining the reasonableness of the forecasted macroeconomic scenario used in the model,
◦The identification and application of qualitative adjustments to the ACL model,
◦The mathematical accuracy of the qualitative adjustments to the ACL model,
◦The relevance and reliability of data used by the Company’s third-party vendor to develop forecast scenarios.
◦The Company’s allowance committee’s oversight and review of the overall ACL.
•Evaluated management’s judgments in the selection and application of the forecasted macroeconomic scenarios.
•Used the work of specialists to assist in evaluating the relevance and reliability of data used by the Company’s third-party vendor to develop forecast scenarios.
•Evaluated management’s judgments in the identification and application of qualitative adjustments to the ACL model.
•Tested the completeness and accuracy of the data used in qualitative adjustments to the ACL model.
/s/ Crowe LLP
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2018.
Franklin, Tennessee
February 27, 2024
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Consolidated balance sheets
(Amounts are in thousands except share and per share amounts)
December 31,
2023 2022
ASSETS
Cash and due from banks $ 146,542 $ 259,872
Federal funds sold and reverse repurchase agreements
83,324 210,536
Interest-bearing deposits in financial institutions 581,066 556,644
Cash and cash equivalents 810,932 1,027,052
Investments:
Available-for-sale debt securities, at fair value 1,471,973 1,471,186
Equity securities, at fair value - 2,990
Federal Home Loan Bank stock, at cost 34,190 58,641
Loans held for sale (includes $46,618 and $113,240 at fair value, respectively)
67,847 139,451
Loans held for investment 9,408,783 9,298,212
Less: allowance for credit losses on loans HFI 150,326 134,192
Net loans held for investment 9,258,457 9,164,020
Premises and equipment, net 155,731 146,316
Operating lease right-of-use assets 54,295 60,043
Interest receivable 52,715 45,684
Mortgage servicing rights, at fair value 164,249 168,365
Bank-owned life insurance 76,143 75,329
Other real estate owned, net 3,192 5,794
Goodwill 242,561 242,561
Core deposit and other intangibles, net 8,709 12,368
Other assets 203,409 227,956
Total assets $ 12,604,403 $ 12,847,756
LIABILITIES
Deposits
Noninterest-bearing $ 2,218,382 $ 2,676,631
Interest-bearing checking 2,504,421 3,059,984
Money market and savings 4,204,851 3,697,245
Customer time deposits 1,469,811 1,420,131
Brokered and internet time deposits 150,822 1,843
Total deposits 10,548,287 10,855,834
Borrowings 390,964 415,677
Operating lease liabilities 67,643 69,754
Accrued expenses and other liabilities 142,622 180,973
Total liabilities 11,149,516 11,522,238
SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Common stock, $1 par value per share; 75,000,000 shares authorized;
46,848,934 and 46,737,912 shares issued and outstanding, respectively
46,849 46,738
Additional paid-in capital 864,258 861,588
Retained earnings 678,412 586,532
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net (134,725) (169,433)
Total FB Financial Corporation common shareholders' equity 1,454,794 1,325,425
Noncontrolling interest 93 93
Total equity 1,454,887 1,325,518
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity $ 12,604,403 $ 12,847,756
See the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Consolidated statements of income
(Amounts are in thousands, except per share amounts)
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Interest income:
Interest and fees on loans $ 599,195 $ 436,363 $ 359,262
Interest on investment securities
Taxable 27,257 25,469 15,186
Tax-exempt 7,153 7,332 7,657
Other 44,805 12,258 2,893
Total interest income 678,410 481,422 384,998
Interest expense:
Deposits 258,819 56,642 30,189
Borrowings 12,374 12,545 7,439
Total interest expense 271,193 69,187 37,628
Net interest income 407,217 412,235 347,370
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses on loans HFI 16,738 10,393 (38,995)
(Reversal of) provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments (14,199) 8,589 (1,998)
Net interest income after provision for (reversal of) credit losses 404,678 393,253 388,363
Noninterest income:
Mortgage banking income 44,692 73,580 167,565
Service charges on deposit accounts 12,154 12,049 10,034
Investment services and trust income 11,320 8,866 8,558
ATM and interchange fees 10,282 15,600 19,900
(Loss) gain from investment securities, net (13,973) (376) 324
(Loss) gain on sales or write-downs of other real estate owned and
other assets (27) (265) 2,827
Other income 6,095 5,213 19,047
Total noninterest income 70,543 114,667 228,255
Noninterest expenses:
Salaries, commissions and employee benefits 203,441 211,491 248,318
Occupancy and equipment expense 28,148 23,562 22,733
Data processing 9,230 9,315 9,987
Legal and professional fees 8,890 15,028 9,161
Advertising 8,267 11,208 13,921
Amortization of core deposit and other intangibles 3,659 4,585 5,473
Mortgage restructuring expense - 12,458 -
Other expense 63,294 60,699 63,974
Total noninterest expense 324,929 348,346 373,567
Income before income taxes 150,292 159,574 243,051
Income tax expense 30,052 35,003 52,750
Net income applicable to FB Financial Corporation and noncontrolling
interest 120,240 124,571 190,301
Net income applicable to noncontrolling interest 16 16 16
Net income applicable to FB Financial Corporation $ 120,224 $ 124,555 $ 190,285
Earnings per common share:
Basic $ 2.57 $ 2.64 $ 4.01
Diluted 2.57 2.64 3.97
See the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss)
(Amounts are in thousands)
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Net income $ 120,240 $ 124,571 $ 190,301
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Net unrealized gain (loss) in available-for-sale
securities, net of tax expense (benefit) of $8,706, $(62,316), and $(7,224)
24,802 (176,798) (22,475)
Reclassification adjustment for loss (gain) on sale of securities
included in net income, net of tax benefit (expense) of $3,668, $-, and $(33)
10,406 (1) (93)
Net unrealized (loss) gain in hedging activities, net of tax (benefit)
expense of $(176), $532, and $293
(500) 1,508 831
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax 34,708 (175,291) (21,737)
Comprehensive income (loss) applicable to FB Financial Corporation
and noncontrolling interest 154,948 (50,720) 168,564
Comprehensive income applicable to noncontrolling interest 16 16 16
Comprehensive income (loss) applicable to FB Financial Corporation $ 154,932 $ (50,736) $ 168,548
See the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Consolidated statements of changes in shareholders’ equity
(Amounts are in thousands except per share amounts)
Common
stock Additional
paid-in
capital Retained
earnings Accumulated
other
comprehensive
income (loss), net Total common
shareholders' equity Noncontrolling interest Total shareholders' equity
Balance at December 31, 2020 $ 47,222 $ 898,847 $ 317,625 $ 27,595 $ 1,291,289 $ 93 $ 1,291,382
Net income attributable to FB Financial
Corporation and noncontrolling
interest - - 190,285 - 190,285 16 190,301
Other comprehensive loss, net of
taxes - - - (21,737) (21,737) - (21,737)
Repurchase of common stock (179) (7,416) - - (7,595) - (7,595)
Stock based compensation expense 7 10,275 - - 10,282 - 10,282
Restricted stock units vested and
distributed, net of shares withheld 462 (10,620) - - (10,158) - (10,158)
Shares issued under employee stock
purchase program 37 1,443 - - 1,480 - 1,480
Dividends declared and paid ($0.44 per
share)
- - (21,244) - (21,244) - (21,244)
Noncontrolling interest distribution - - - - - (16) (16)
Balance at December 31, 2021: $ 47,549 $ 892,529 $ 486,666 $ 5,858 $ 1,432,602 $ 93 $ 1,432,695
Net income attributable to FB Financial
Corporation and noncontrolling interest - - 124,555 - 124,555 16 124,571
Other comprehensive loss, net of taxes - - - (175,291) (175,291) - (175,291)
Repurchase of common stock (997) (38,982) - - (39,979) - (39,979)
Stock based compensation expense 3 9,854 - - 9,857 - 9,857
Restricted stock units vested, net of
taxes 156 (2,998) - - (2,842) - (2,842)
Shares issued under employee stock
purchase program 27 1,185 - - 1,212 - 1,212
Dividends declared and paid ($0.52 per
share)
- - (24,689) - (24,689) - (24,689)
Noncontrolling interest distribution - - - - - (16) (16)
Balance at December 31, 2022 $ 46,738 $ 861,588 $ 586,532 $ (169,433) $ 1,325,425 $ 93 $ 1,325,518
Net income attributable to FB Financial
Corporation and noncontrolling interest - - 120,224 - 120,224 16 120,240
Other comprehensive income, net of
taxes - - - 34,708 34,708 - 34,708
Repurchase of common stock (136) (4,808) - - (4,944) - (4,944)
Stock based compensation expense 9 10,372 - - 10,381 - 10,381
Restricted stock units vested, net of
taxes 149 (2,213) - - (2,064) - (2,064)
Performance-based restricted stock
units vested, net of taxes 68 (1,383) - - (1,315) - (1,315)
Shares issued under employee stock
purchase program 21 702 - - 723 - 723
Dividends declared and paid ($0.60 per
share)
- - (28,344) - (28,344) - (28,344)
Noncontrolling interest distribution - - - - - (16) (16)
Balance at December 31, 2023 $ 46,849 $ 864,258 $ 678,412 $ (134,725) $ 1,454,794 $ 93 $ 1,454,887
See the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Consolidated statements of cash flows
(Amounts are in thousands)
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income applicable to FB Financial Corporation and noncontrolling interest $ 120,240 $ 124,571 $ 190,301
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization of fixed assets and software 11,180 8,017 8,416
Amortization of core deposit and other intangibles 3,659 4,585 5,473
Amortization of issuance costs on subordinated debt and accretion of
subordinated debt fair value premium, net 387 387 17
Capitalization of mortgage servicing rights (7,192) (20,809) (39,018)
Net change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights 11,308 (32,044) 3,503
Stock-based compensation expense 10,381 9,857 10,282
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses on loans HFI 16,738 10,393 (38,995)
(Reversal of) provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments (14,199) 8,589 (1,998)
Provision for mortgage loan repurchases (650) (2,989) (766)
(Accretion) amortization of discounts and premiums on acquired loans, net (694) 1,020 853
Amortization (accretion) of premiums and discounts on securities, net 6,106 6,589 8,777
Loss (gain) from investment securities, net 13,973 376 (324)
Originations of loans held for sale (1,199,362) (2,403,476) (6,300,892)
Repurchases of loans held for sale - (194) (487)
Proceeds from sale of loans held for sale 1,276,596 3,067,204 6,387,110
Gain on sale and change in fair value of loans held for sale (28,541) (47,783) (161,964)
Net loss (gain) on write-downs of other real estate owned and other assets 27 265 (2,827)
Provision for deferred income taxes (1,415) 12,552 30,770
Earnings on bank-owned life insurance (1,871) (1,452) (1,542)
Changes in:
Operating lease assets and liabilities, net 3,637 5,030 (969)
Other assets and interest receivable 6,564 (17,222) 59,283
Accrued expenses and other liabilities (15,800) 56,247 (100,108)
Net cash provided by operating activities 211,072 789,713 54,895
Cash flows from investing activities:
Activity in available-for-sale securities:
Sales 100,463 1,218 8,855
Maturities, prepayments and calls 128,206 204,748 296,256
Purchases (202,054) (242,889) (847,212)
Proceeds from sales of equity securities 3,091 - -
Net change in loans (97,302) (1,675,976) (309,766)
Sales of FHLB stock 32,444 - 4,294
Purchases of FHLB stock (7,993) (26,424) (5,279)
Purchases of premises and equipment (20,229) (10,629) (6,102)
Proceeds from the sale of premises and equipment 123 875 -
Proceeds from the sale of other real estate owned 6,083 4,959 9,396
Proceeds from the sale of other assets 1,717 - -
Proceeds from bank-owned life insurance 236 - -
Net cash used in investing activities (55,215) (1,744,118) (849,558)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Net (decrease) increase in deposits (312,897) 28,784 1,378,860
Net increase in securities sold under agreements to repurchase and federal funds
purchased 21,819 46,229 8,517
Net (decrease) increase in short-term FHLB advances and Bank Term Funding
Program (45,000) 175,000 -
Payments on subordinated debt - - (60,000)
Payments on other borrowings - - (15,000)
Share based compensation withholding payments (3,379) (2,842) (10,158)
Net proceeds from sale of common stock under employee stock purchase program 723 1,212 1,480
Repurchase of common stock (4,944) (39,979) (7,595)
Dividends paid on common stock (28,057) (24,503) (20,866)
Dividend equivalent payments made upon vesting of equity compensation (226) (168) (717)
Noncontrolling interest distribution (16) (16) (16)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities (371,977) 183,717 1,274,505
Net change in cash and cash equivalents (216,120) (770,688) 479,842
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the period 1,027,052 1,797,740 1,317,898
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the period $ 810,932 $ 1,027,052 $ 1,797,740
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Consolidated statements of cash flows (continued)
(Amounts are in thousands)
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Supplemental cash flow information:
Interest paid $ 261,032 $ 63,701 $ 41,238
Taxes paid, net 37,937 906 61,693
Supplemental noncash disclosures:
Transfers from loans to other real estate owned $ 2,736 $ 1,437 $ 5,262
Transfers from loans to other assets 2,925 - -
Transfers from other real estate owned to other assets 75 - -
Transfers from other real estate owned to premises and equipment - 351 -
Loans provided for sales of other real estate owned - - 704
Loans provided for sales of other assets 911 - -
Transfers from loans to loans held for sale 13,720 46,364 10,408
Transfers from loans held for sale to loans 3,273 24,479 86,315
(Decrease) increase in rebooked GNMA loans under optional repurchase
program (4,982) 26,211 -
Dividends declared not paid on restricted stock units 287 222 400
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities 7,300 25,399 970
See the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note (1)-Basis of presentation
(A) Organization and Company overview
FB Financial Corporation (the “Company”) is a financial holding company headquartered in Nashville, Tennessee.
FirstBank (the “Bank”), a direct subsidiary of the Company, headquartered in Nashville, provides a comprehensive suite of commercial and consumer banking services to clients in select markets. These services are offered through the Bank's 81 full-service branches throughout Tennessee, Kentucky, Alabama and North Georgia, as well as other limited servicing banking, ATM and mortgage loan production locations serving metropolitan and community markets across its footprint.
(B) Basis of presentation and use of estimates
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, namely the Bank. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
The accounting policies followed by the Company and its subsidiaries and the methods of applying these principles conform with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and general banking industry. In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period, the most significant of which relate to the allowance for credit losses and mortgage servicing rights.
Certain policies that significantly affect the determination of financial position, results of operations and cash flows are summarized below. Additionally, certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications did not materially impact the Company's consolidated financial statements.
(C) Cash and cash equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid unrestricted investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. This includes cash, federal funds sold, reverse repurchase agreements and interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions.
The Bank maintains its cash in bank deposit accounts, which, at times, may exceed federally insured limits. The Bank has not experienced any losses in such correspondent accounts and believes it is not exposed to any significant credit risk from cash and cash equivalents.
(D) Investment securities
Available-for-sale debt securities, at fair value
Debt securities that might be sold before maturity are classified as available-for-sale. Available-for-sale debt securities are carried at fair value, with unrealized holding gains and losses reported in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes, unless such unrealized gain or loss results from expected credit losses. Unrealized losses resulting from credit losses for available-for-sale debt securities are recognized in earnings as a provision for credit losses.
Accrued interest receivable for available-for-sale securities is separated from other components of amortized cost and presented separately on the consolidated balance sheets. The amortization and accretion of purchase premiums or discounts is recognized as interest income on the level-yield method anticipating prepayments based upon the prior three month average monthly prepayments when available.
The Company evaluates available-for-sale securities for expected credit losses. For securities in an unrealized loss position, consideration is given to the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer and the intent and ability of the Company to retain its investment in the issuer for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value. In analyzing an issuer’s financial condition, the Company considers whether the securities are issued by the federal government or its agencies, whether downgrades by bond rating agencies have occurred, and the results of reviews of the issuer’s financial condition.
If the Company does not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not to be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the difference between the amortized cost and the fair value is separated into estimated credit losses and all other factors. Estimated credit losses are recorded as an allowance for credit losses and
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
recognized in earnings as a provision for credit losses. Amounts related to other, non-credit related factors are recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes.
The Company did not record any provision for credit losses for its available-for-sale debt securities during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 as declines in fair value below amortized cost were determined to be non-credit related.
Sales of available-for-sale securities are evaluated based on factors such as changes in interest rates, liquidity needs, asset and liability management strategies and other factors. If the Company intends to sell the security or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the expected credit loss recognized in earnings is equal to the difference between its amortized cost basis and its fair value at the date it was determined to be impaired due to credit losses or other factors. The sale and purchase of investment securities are recognized on a trade date basis with gains and losses on sales being determined using the specific identification method.
Held-to-maturity securities
Debt securities are classified as held-to-maturity and carried at amortized cost, excluding accrued interest, when management has the positive intent and ability to hold them to maturity. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not own held-to-maturity securities.
Trading account securities
Trading account securities are held for the purpose of buying and selling securities at a profit. Trading account securities are carried at fair value on the balance sheet, with any periodic changes in fair value recorded through income. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not own trading account securities.
Equity securities, at fair value
Equity securities with readily determinable market values are carried at fair value on the balance sheet with any periodic changes in fair value recorded through income. Equity securities without readily determinable market values are carried at cost less impairment and included in “Other assets” on the consolidated balance sheets.
Federal Home Loan Bank stock, at cost
The Company accounts for its investments in FHLB stock in accordance with ASC 942-325 “Financial Services-Depository and Lending-Investments-Other.” FHLB stock does not have a readily determinable fair value because its ownership is restricted and lacks a market as all transactions are executed at par value with the FHLB as the sole purchaser. FHLB stock is carried at cost and evaluated for impairment based upon management’s assessment of the recoverability of the par value. Ownership of FHLB stock is required to participate in the FHLB system and varies based upon the amount of FHLB advances.
(E) Loans held for sale
Mortgage loans held for sale
Mortgage loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market are carried at fair value under the fair value option as permitted under the guidance in ASC 825, “Financial Instruments,” until sold. Electing to measure these assets at fair value reduces certain timing differences and more accurately matches the changes in fair value of the loans with changes in the fair value of derivative instruments used to economically hedge them. The change in fair value of both loans held for sale and the related derivative instruments are recorded in “Mortgage banking income” in the consolidated statements of income. Gains and losses on sale are recognized at the time the loan is closed. Pass through origination costs and related loan fees are also included in “Mortgage banking income.”
A portion of loans sold by the Company are sold to GNMA with the Company retaining the servicing rights after the sale. GNMA optional repurchase programs allow financial institutions to repurchase individual delinquent mortgage loans that meet certain criteria from the securitized loan pool from which the institution provides servicing. At the servicer's option and without GNMA's prior authorization, the servicer may repurchase such a delinquent loan for an amount equal to 100% of the remaining principal balance of the loan. Under ASC 860, “Transfers and Servicing,” this buy-back option is considered a conditional option until the delinquency criteria are met, at which time the option becomes unconditional. When the Company is deemed to have effective control over these loans under the unconditional buy-back option, the loan can no longer be reported as sold and must be brought onto the balance sheet as loans held for sale, regardless of whether the Company intends to exercise the buy-back option. These loans are reported at the current unpaid principal
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
balance as “Loans held for sale” with an offsetting liability reported in “Borrowings” on the Company's consolidated balance sheets and are considered nonperforming assets due to their delinquent status.
Commercial loan held for sale
Historically, the Company held and managed a designated portfolio of commercial loans, including shared national credits and institution healthcare loans, originally acquired through past acquisitions. During year ended December 31, 2023, the Company exited the final commercial relationship designated as held for sale. Prior to this exit, the Company accounted for these designated relationships as held for sale.
(F) Loans held for investment (excluding purchased credit deteriorated loans)
Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are stated at amortized cost. Amortized cost is equal to the principal amount outstanding less any remaining purchase accounting discount or premium. Interest on loans is recognized as income by using the simple interest method on daily balances of the principal amount outstanding plus any accretion or amortization of purchase accounting premiums or discounts.
Loans may be designated as nonaccrual if past due 90 days or more or if management determines based on economic conditions and the borrower’s financial condition that collection of principal or interest is doubtful, unless the credit is well secured and in the process of collection. When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, the accrued but unpaid interest is charged against current period operations. Thereafter, interest on nonaccrual loans is recognized only as received if future collection of principal is probable. If the collectability of outstanding principal is doubtful, interest received is applied as a reduction of principal. A loan may be restored to accrual status when principal and interest are no longer past due or it otherwise becomes both well secured and collectability is reasonably assured.
(G) Allowance for credit losses
The allowance for credit losses represents the portion of the loan's amortized cost basis that the Company does not expect to collect due to credit losses over the loan's life, considering past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions. Loan losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. The allowance for credit losses is based on the loan's amortized cost basis, excluding accrued interest receivable, as the Company promptly charges off uncollectible accrued interest receivable. Management’s determination of the appropriateness of the allowance is based on periodic evaluation of the loan portfolio, lending-related commitments and other relevant factors, including macroeconomic forecasts and historical loss rates. In the future, the Company may update information and forecasts that may cause significant changes in the estimate in those future quarters.
The Company calculates its expected credit loss using a lifetime loss rate methodology. The Company utilizes probability-weighted forecasts, which consider multiple macroeconomic variables from Moody's that are applicable to each type of loan. Each of the Company's loss rate models incorporate forward-looking macroeconomic projections throughout the reasonable and supportable forecast period and the subsequent historical reversion at the macroeconomic variable input level. In order to estimate the life of a loan, the contractual term of the loan is adjusted for estimated prepayments based on market information and the Company’s prepayment history.
For loss estimation purposes, the Company disaggregates the loan portfolio into three loan pools: 1) Commercial and industrial; 2) Retail; 3) Commercial real estate. These loan pools are further disaggregated into loan segments for application of qualitative inputs for loss estimation purposes. These loan segments include:
Commercial and industrial loans. Commercial and industrial loans are typically made to small- and medium-sized manufacturing, wholesale, retail and service businesses, and farmers for working capital and operating needs and business expansions. This category also includes loans secured by manufactured housing receivables made primarily to manufactured housing communities. Commercial and industrial loans generally include lines of credit and loans with maturities of five years or less. Commercial and industrial loans are generally made with operating cash flows as the primary source of repayment, but may also include collateralization by inventory, accounts receivable, equipment and personal guarantees.
Construction loans. Construction loans include commercial construction, land acquisition and land development loans and single-family interim construction loans to small- and medium-sized businesses and individuals. These loans are generally secured by the land or the real property being built and are made based on the Company's assessment of the value of the property on an as-completed basis and repayment depends upon project completion and sale, refinancing, or operation of the real estate.
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
1-4 family mortgage loans. The Company’s residential real estate 1-4 family mortgage loans are primarily made with respect to and secured by single family homes, including manufactured homes with real estate, which are both owner-occupied and investor owned. Repayment depends primarily upon the cash flow of the borrower as well as the value of the real estate collateral.
Residential line of credit loans. The Company’s residential line of credit loans are primarily revolving, open-end lines of credit secured by 1-4 residential properties. Repayment depends primarily upon the cash flow of the borrower as well as the value of the real estate collateral.
Multi-family residential loans. The Company’s multi-family residential loans are primarily secured by multi-family properties, such as apartments and condominium buildings. Repayment depends primarily upon the cash flow of the borrower as well as the value of the real estate collateral.
Commercial real estate owner-occupied loans. The Company’s commercial real estate owner-occupied loans include loans to finance commercial real estate owner occupied properties for various purposes including use as offices, warehouses, production facilities, health care facilities, retail centers, restaurants, churches and agricultural based facilities. Commercial real estate owner-occupied loans are typically repaid through the ongoing business operations of the borrower.
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied loans. The Company’s commercial real estate non-owner occupied loans include loans to finance commercial real estate investment properties for various purposes including use as offices, warehouses, health care facilities, hotels, mixed-use residential/commercial, manufactured housing communities, retail centers, multifamily properties, assisted living facilities and agricultural based facilities. Commercial real estate non-owner occupied loans are typically repaid with the funds received from the sale or refinancing of the property or rental income from such property.
Consumer and other loans. The Company’s consumer and other loans include loans to individuals for personal, family and household purposes, including car, boat and other recreational vehicle loans, manufactured homes (without real estate) and personal lines of credit. Consumer loans are generally secured by vehicles and other household goods, with repayment depending primarily on the cash flow of the borrower. Other loans also include loans to states and political subdivisions in the U.S. and are repaid through tax revenues or refinancing.
None of these categories of loans represent a significant portion of the Company's loan portfolio.
The Company's loss rate models estimate the lifetime loss rate for the pools of loan segments by combining the calculated loss rate based on each variable within the model, including the macroeconomic variables. The lifetime loss rate for the pool is then multiplied by the loan balances to determine the expected credit losses on the pool.
The quantitative models require loan data and macroeconomic variables based on the inherent credit risks in each portfolio to more accurately measure the credit risks associated with each. The quantitative models pool loans with similar risk characteristics and collectively assesses the lifetime loss rate for each pool to estimate its expected credit loss.
The Company considers the need to qualitatively adjust its modeled quantitative expected credit loss estimate for information not otherwise captured in the model loss estimation process. These qualitative factor adjustments may increase or decrease the Company’s estimate of expected credit losses. The Company considers the qualitative factors that are relevant to the institution as of the reporting date, which may include, but are not limited to: levels of and trends in delinquencies and performance of loans; levels of and trends in write-offs and recoveries collected; trends in volume and terms of loans; effects of any changes in reasonable and supportable economic forecasts; effects of any changes in risk selection and underwriting standards; other changes in lending policies, procedures, and practices; experience, ability, and depth of lending management and expertise; available relevant information sources that contradict the Company’s own forecast; effects of changes in prepayment expectations or other factors affecting assessments of loan contractual terms; industry conditions; and effects of changes in credit concentrations.
When a loan no longer shares similar risk characteristics with other loans in any given pool, the loan is individually assessed. A loan may require an individual evaluation when it is collateral-dependent; foreclosure is probable; or it has other unique risk characteristics. A loan is deemed collateral-dependent when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and the repayment is expected to be primarily through sale or operation of the collateral. The allowance for credit losses for collateral-dependent loans as well as loans where foreclosure is probable is calculated as the amount for which the loan’s amortized cost basis exceeds fair value. Fair value is determined based on appraisals performed by qualified
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
appraisers and reviewed by qualified personnel. In cases where repayment is to be provided substantially through the sale of collateral, the Company reduces the fair value by the estimated costs to sell.
Effective January 1, 2023, the Company prospectively adopted the accounting guidance in ASU 2022-02, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures,” which eliminates the recognition and measurement of TDRs. Since adoption, the Company no longer measures an allowance for credit losses for TDRs it reasonably expects will occur, and it evaluates all loan modifications according to the accounting guidance for loan refinancing and modifications to determine whether the modification should be accounted for as a new loan or a continuation of the existing loan. The Company derecognizes the existing loan and accounts for the modified loan as a new loan if the effective yield on the modified loan is at least equal to the effective yield for comparable loans with similar collection risks and the modifications to the original loan are more than minor. If a loan modification does not meet these conditions, it extends the existing loan’s amortized cost basis and accounts for the modified loan as a continuation of the existing loan. Substantially all of its loan modifications involving borrowers experiencing financial difficulty are accounted for as a continuation of the existing loan.
Prior to January 1, 2023, loans experiencing financial difficulty for which a concession has not yet been provided may be identified as reasonably expected TDRs. Reasonably expected TDRs and TDRs used the same methodology to estimate credit losses. In cases where the expected credit loss could only be captured through a discounted cash flow analysis (such as an interest rate modification for a TDR loan), the allowance was measured by the amount which the loan’s amortized cost exceeds the discounted cash flow analysis.
See Note 3, “Loans and allowance for credit losses” for additional details related to the Company's allowance for credit losses.
(H) Business combinations and accounting for purchase credit deteriorated loans
Business combinations are accounted for by applying the acquisition method in accordance with ASC 805, “Business Combinations.” Under the acquisition method, identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed and any non-controlling interest in the acquiree at the acquisition date are measured at their fair values as of that date. Any excess of the purchase price over fair value of net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. To the extent the fair value of net assets acquired, including any other identifiable intangible assets, exceeds the purchase price, a bargain purchase gain is recognized. Results of operations of acquired entities are included in the consolidated statements of income from the date of acquisition.
Loans acquired in business combinations with evidence of more-than-insignificant credit deterioration since origination are considered to be PCD. The Company developed multiple criteria to assess the presence of more-than-insignificant credit deterioration in acquired loans, mainly focused on changes in credit quality and payment status. While general criteria have been established, each acquisition will vary in its specific facts and circumstances and the Company will apply judgment around PCD identification for each individual acquisition based on their unique portfolio mix and risks identified.
(I) Off-balance sheet financial instruments
Financial instruments include off-balance sheet credit instruments, such as commitments to make loans and commercial letters of credit, issued to meet customer financing needs. The face amount for these items represents the exposure to loss, before considering customer collateral or ability to repay. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded, unless considered derivatives.
For loan commitments that are not accounted for as derivatives and when the obligation is not unconditionally cancellable by the Company, the Company applies the CECL methodology to estimate the expected credit loss on off-balance sheet commitments. The estimate of expected credit losses for off-balance sheet credit commitments is recognized as a liability. When the loan is funded, an allowance for expected credit losses is estimated for that loan using the CECL methodology, and the liability for off-balance sheet commitments is reduced. When applying the CECL methodology to estimate the expected credit loss, the Company considers the likelihood that funding will occur, the contractual period of exposure to credit loss, the risk of loss, historical loss experience, and current conditions along with expectations of future economic conditions.
(J) Premises and equipment and other long-lived assets
Land is carried at cost. Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Provisions for depreciation are computed principally on the straight-line method and are charged to occupancy expense over the
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
estimated useful lives of the assets. Maintenance agreements are amortized to expense over the period of time covered by the agreement. Costs of major additions, replacements or improvements are capitalized while expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred.
For financial statement purposes, the estimated useful life for premises is the lesser of the remaining useful life per third- party appraisal or forty years, for furniture, fixtures and equipment the estimated useful life is three to ten years, and for leasehold improvements the estimated useful life is the lesser of ten years or the term of the lease.
Premises and equipment and other long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment when events indicate their carrying amount may not be recoverable from future undiscounted cash flows. If impaired, the assets are recorded at fair value. No long-lived assets were deemed to be impaired at December 31, 2023 or 2022.
(K) Other real estate owned
Real estate acquired through, or in lieu of, loan foreclosure is initially recorded at fair value less the estimated cost to sell at the date of foreclosure, which may establish a new cost basis. Other real estate owned may also include excess facilities and properties held for sale as described in Note 5, “Other real estate owned.” Physical possession of residential real estate property collateralizing a consumer mortgage loan occurs when legal title is obtained upon completion of foreclosure or when the borrower conveys all interest in the property to satisfy the loan. After initial measurement, valuations are periodically performed by management and the asset is carried at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. Revenue and expenses from operations are included in other noninterest income and noninterest expenses. Losses due to the valuation of the property are included in gain (loss) on sales or write-downs of other real estate owned.
(L) Leases
The Company leases certain banking, mortgage and operations locations. The Company records leases on the balance sheet in the form of a lease liability for the present value of future minimum payments under the lease terms and a right-of-use asset equal to the lease liability adjusted for items such as deferred or prepaid rent, incentive liabilities, leasehold intangibles and any impairment of the right-of-use asset. In determining whether a contract contains a lease, management conducts an analysis at lease inception to ensure an asset was specifically identified and the Company has control of use of the asset. The Company considers a lease to be a finance lease if future minimum lease payments amount to greater than 90% of the asset's fair value or if the lease term is equal to or greater than 75% of the asset's estimated economic useful life. The Company does not record leases on the consolidated balance sheets that are classified as short term (less than one year). Additionally, the Company has not recorded equipment leases on the consolidated balance sheets as these are not material to the Company.
At lease inception, the Company determines the lease term by adding together the minimum lease term and all optional renewal periods that it is reasonably certain to renew. This determination is at management's full discretion and is made through consideration of the asset, market conditions, competition and entity based economic conditions, among other factors. The lease term is used in the economic life test and also to calculate straight-line rent expense. The depreciable life of leasehold improvements is limited by the estimated lease term, including renewals.
Operating leases are expensed on a straight-line basis over the life of the lease beginning when the lease commences. Rent expense and variable lease expense are included in occupancy and equipment expense on the Company's consolidated statements of income. The Company's variable lease expense includes rent escalators that are based on the Consumer Price Index or market conditions and include items such as common area maintenance, utilities, parking, property taxes, insurance and other costs associated with the lease. The Company recognizes a right-of-use asset and a finance lease liability at the lease commencement date on the estimated present value of lease payments over the lease term for finance leases. The amortization of the right-of-use asset is expensed through occupancy and equipment
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
expense and the interest on the lease liability is expensed through interest expense on borrowings on the Company's consolidated statements of income.
There are no residual value guarantees or restrictions or covenants imposed by leases that will impact the Company's ability to pay dividends or cause the Company to incur additional expenses. The discount rate used in determining the lease liability is based upon incremental borrowing rates the Company could obtain for similar loans as of the date of commencement or renewal.
(M) Mortgage servicing rights
The Company accounts for its mortgage servicing rights at fair value at each reporting date with changes in the fair value reported in earnings in the period in which changes occur. The Company retains the right to service certain mortgage loans that it sells to secondary market investors. These mortgage servicing rights are recognized as a separate asset on the date the corresponding mortgage loan is sold.
The retained mortgage servicing right is initially recorded at the fair value of future net cash flows expected to be realized for performing servicing activities. Fair value is determined using an income approach with various assumptions including expected cash flows, prepayment speeds, market discount rates, servicing costs, and other factors.
Subsequent changes in fair value, including the write-downs due to payoffs and paydowns, are recorded in earnings in Mortgage banking income.
(N) Transfers of financial assets
Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the transferred assets is surrendered. Control is generally considered to have been surrendered when 1) the transferred assets are legally isolated from the Company or its consolidated affiliates, even in bankruptcy or other receivership, 2) the transferee has the right to pledge or exchange the assets with no conditions that constrain the transferee and provide more than a trivial benefit to the Company, and 3) the Company does not maintain the obligation or unilateral ability to reclaim or repurchase the assets. If these sale criteria are met, the transferred assets are removed from the Company’s balance sheet and a gain or loss on sale is recognized on the consolidated statements of income. If not met, the transfer is recorded as a secured borrowing, and the assets remain on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, the proceeds from the transaction are recognized as a liability, and gain or loss on sale is deferred until the sale criterion are achieved.
(O) Goodwill and other intangibles
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of identifiable net assets associated with acquisition transactions. Goodwill is assigned to the Company’s reporting units, Banking or Mortgage, and tested for impairment annually, or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying value. As part of its testing, the Company may elect to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If the results of the qualitative assessment indicate that more likely than not a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying amount, the Company determines the fair value of the respective reporting unit (through the application of various quantitative valuation methodologies) relative to its carrying amount to determine whether quantitative indicators of potential impairment are present. The Company may also elect to bypass the qualitative assessment and begin with the quantitative assessment. If the results of the quantitative assessment indicate that the fair value of the reporting unit is below its carrying amount, the Company will recognize an impairment loss in noninterest expense for the amount that the reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value (up to the amount of goodwill recorded). No impairment charges were recognized in either reporting units during the year ended December 31, 2023.
Other intangible assets consist of core deposit intangible assets arising from whole bank and branch acquisitions in addition to a customer trust intangible. All intangible assets are initially measured at fair value and then amortized over their estimated useful lives.
See Note 6, “Goodwill and intangible assets” for additional information on goodwill and other intangibles.
(P) Income taxes
Income tax expense is the total of the current year income tax due and the change in deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are the expected future tax amounts for the temporary differences between carrying amounts and tax bases of assets and liabilities, computed using enacted tax rates. A valuation allowance, if needed,
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
reduces deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. As changes in tax laws or rates are enacted, deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted through the provision for income taxes.
A tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” test, no tax benefit is recorded.
The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions in “Income tax expense” in the consolidated statements of income. There were no amounts related to uncertain tax positions recognized for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 or 2021.
(Q) Derivative financial instruments and hedging activities
A derivative is a financial instrument that derives its cash flows, and therefore its value, by reference to an underlying instrument, index or referenced interest rate. These instruments include interest rates swaps, caps, floors, financial forwards and futures contracts. The Company mainly uses derivatives to manage economic risk related to mortgage loans, long-term debt, and other funding sources. The Company also uses derivatives to facilitate transactions on behalf of its customers.
All derivative instruments are recognized on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets at their fair value. The Company does not offset fair value amounts under master netting agreements. Fair values are estimated using pricing models and current market data. On the date the derivative instrument is entered into, the Company designates the derivative as (1) a fair value hedge, (2) a cash flow hedge, or (3) a derivative with no hedge accounting designation. Changes in the fair value of a derivative instrument that is highly effective and that is designated and qualifies as a fair value hedge, along with the gain or loss on the hedged asset or liability that is attributable to the hedged risk (including losses or gains on firm commitments), are recorded in earnings. Changes in the fair value of a derivative instrument that is highly effective and that is designated and qualifies as a cash flow hedge are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income, until earnings are affected by the variability of cash flows (e.g., when period settlements on a variable-rate asset or liability are recorded in earnings). Changes in the fair value of a derivative with no hedge accounting designation and settlements on the instrument are reported in earnings.
The Company formally documents all relationships between hedging instruments and hedge items, as well as its risk management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. This process includes linking all derivative instruments that are designated as fair value or cash flow hedges to specific assets or liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, or to specific firm commitments or forecasted transactions. The Company also formally assesses, both at the hedge’s inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the derivative instruments that are used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of hedged items.
The Company discontinues hedge accounting prospectively when: (1) it is determined that the derivative instrument is no longer highly effective in offsetting changes in the fair value or cash flows of a hedged item (including firm commitments or forecasted transactions); (2) the derivative instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised; (3) the derivative instrument is de-designated as a hedging instrument because it is unlikely that a forecasted transaction will occur; (4) a hedged firm commitment no longer meets the definition of a firm commitment; or (5) management determines that designation of the derivative instrument as a hedging instrument is no longer appropriate.
When hedge accounting is discontinued because it is determined that the derivative instrument no longer qualifies as an effective fair value or cash flow hedge, the derivative instrument continues to be carried on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets at its fair value, with changes in the fair value included in earnings. Additionally, for fair value hedges, the hedged asset or liability is no longer adjusted for changes in fair value and the existing basis adjustment is amortized or accreted as an adjustment to the hedged item’s yield over the hedged item’s remaining life as established at original designation of the hedging relationship. For cash flow hedges, when hedge accounting is discontinued, but the hedged cash flows or forecasted transaction(s) are still expected to occur, the unrealized gains and losses that were accumulated in other comprehensive income are recognized in earnings in the same period when the earnings are affected by the original hedged cash flows or forecasted transaction. When a cash flow hedge is discontinued because the hedged cash flows or forecasted transactions are not expected to occur, unrealized gains and losses that were accumulated in other comprehensive income are recognized in earnings immediately.
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
(R) Comprehensive income
Comprehensive income consists of net income and other comprehensive income. Other comprehensive income includes unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities and derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, net of taxes.
(S) Loss contingencies
Loss contingencies, including claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business, are recorded as liabilities when the likelihood of loss is probable and an amount or range of loss can be reasonably estimated. Management does not believe there are such matters that will have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.
(T) Earnings per common share
Basic EPS excludes dilution and is computed by dividing earnings attributable to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS includes the dilutive effect of additional potential common shares issuable under the restricted stock units granted but not yet vested and distributable. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing earnings attributable to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the year, plus an incremental number of common-equivalent shares computed using the treasury stock method.
Unvested share-based payment awards, which include the right to receive non-forfeitable dividends or dividend equivalents, are considered to participate with common shareholders in undistributed earnings for purposes of computing EPS. Companies that have such participating securities, including the Company, are required to calculate basic and diluted EPS using the two-class method. Certain restricted stock awards granted by the Company include non-forfeitable dividend equivalents and are considered participating securities. Calculations of EPS under the two-class method (i) exclude from the numerator any dividends paid or owed on participating securities and any undistributed earnings considered to be attributable to participating securities and (ii) exclude from the denominator the dilutive impact of the participating securities.
The following is a summary of the basic and diluted earnings per common share calculation for each of the periods presented:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Basic earnings per common share:
Net income applicable to FB Financial Corporation $ 120,224 $ 124,555 $ 190,285
Dividends paid on and undistributed earnings allocated to
participating securities - - -
Earnings available to common shareholders $ 120,224 $ 124,555 $ 190,285
Weighted average basic shares outstanding 46,781,214 47,113,470 47,431,102
Basic earnings per common share $ 2.57 $ 2.64 $ 4.01
Diluted earnings per common share:
Earnings available to common shareholders $ 120,224 $ 124,555 $ 190,285
Weighted average basic shares outstanding 46,781,214 47,113,470 47,431,102
Weighted average diluted shares contingently issuable(1)
41,578 126,321 524,778
Weighted average diluted shares outstanding 46,822,792 47,239,791 47,955,880
Diluted earnings per common share $ 2.57 $ 2.64 $ 3.97
(1) Excludes 172,677, 11,888, and 4,400 restricted stock units outstanding considered to be antidilutive as of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 respectively.
(U) Segment reporting
ASC 820, “Segment Reporting,” requires information be reported about a company's reporting segments using a “management approach.” Identifiable reporting segments are defined as those revenue-producing components for which discrete financial information is utilized internally and which are subject to evaluation by the chief operating decision maker in making resource allocation decisions. Based on this guidance, the Company has identified two reporting segments - Banking and Mortgage. The Banking segment, the Company's primary segment, provides a full range of deposit and lending services to corporate, commercial and consumer customers. The Company also originates conforming residential mortgage loans through the Mortgage segment which engages in servicing and sale of mortgage loans through the secondary markets. Certain financial information has been presented in Note 18, “Segment reporting.”
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
(V) Stock-based compensation
The Company grants RSUs under compensation arrangements for the benefit of certain employees, executive officers, and directors. Restricted stock unit grants are subject to time-based vesting. The total number of RSUs granted represents the maximum number of restricted stock units eligible to vest based upon the service conditions set forth in the grant agreements.
The Company awards annual grants of PSUs to certain employees and executive officers. Under the terms of a PSU award, the number of units that will vest and convert to shares of common stock will be based on the extent to which the Company achieves specified performance criteria relative to a predefined peer group during a fixed three-year performance period.
Stock-based compensation expense is recognized in accordance with ASC 718-20, “Compensation - Stock Compensation Awards Classified as Equity.” Expense is recognized based on the fair value of the portion of stock-based payment awards that are ultimately expected to vest, reduced for forfeitures based on grant-date fair value. The RSUs and related expense are amortized over the required service period, if any. Compensation expense for PSUs is estimated each period based on the fair value of the stock at the grant date and the most probable outcome of the performance condition, adjusted for the passage of time within the vesting period of the awards. The summary of RSUs, PSUs, and Stock-based compensation expense is presented in Note 21, “Stock-based compensation.”
(W) Subsequent events
In accordance with ASC 855, “Subsequent Events,” the Company has evaluated events and transactions that occurred after December 31, 2023 through the date of the issued consolidated financial statements for potential recognition and disclosure.
Recently adopted accounting standards
In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting.” ASU 2020-04 is intended to provide relief for companies preparing for discontinuation of interest rates based on LIBOR. The ASU provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contract modifications and hedging relationships, subject to meeting certain criteria, that reference LIBOR or other reference rates expected to be discontinued. ASU 2020-04 also provides for a one-time sale and/or transfer to AFS or trading to be made for held-to-maturity debt securities that both reference an eligible reference rate and were classified as held-to-maturity before January 1, 2020. ASU 2020-04 was effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020 and through December 31, 2022. Companies can apply the ASU as of the beginning of the interim period that includes March 12, 2020 or any date thereafter. The guidance requires companies to apply the guidance prospectively to contract modifications and hedging relationships while the one-time election to sell and/or transfer debt securities classified as held-to-maturity may be made any time after March 12, 2020. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, “Reference rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848” to extend the date to December 31, 2024 for companies to apply the relief in Topic 848. The Company has implemented its transition plan away from LIBOR following the benchmark's discontinuation effective June 30, 2023. The application of this guidance did not have a material impact to the consolidated financial statements or related disclosures.
In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-01, “Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Fair Value Hedging - Portfolio Layer Method,” to expand the current single-layer method of electing hedge accounting to allow multiple hedged layers of a single closed portfolio under the method. To reflect that expansion, the last-of-layer method is renamed the portfolio layer method. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted on any date on or after the issuance of ASU 2022-01 for any entity that has adopted the amendments in ASU 2017-12 for the corresponding period. The Company adopted the update effective January 1, 2023. The adoption of this standard did not have an impact on the consolidated financial statements or disclosures.
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Additionally, in March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures” related to troubled debt restructurings and vintage disclosures for financing receivables. The amendments eliminate the accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings by creditors that have adopted the CECL model and enhance the disclosure requirements for loan modifications and restructurings made with borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. In addition, the amendments require disclosure of current-period gross write-offs for financing receivables by year of origination in the vintage disclosures. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The Company prospectively adopted the amendment effective January 1, 2023 and updated its disclosures beginning with the first quarter of 2023. Refer to Note 3 for further information. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
Newly issued not yet effective accounting standards
In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions.” The FASB issued this update to clarify the guidance in ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurement,” when measuring the fair value of an equity security subject to contractual restrictions that prohibit the sale of an equity security, to amend a related illustrative example, and to introduce new disclosure requirements for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions that are measured at fair value in accordance with Topic 820. The Company adopted this update effective January 1, 2024. The adoption did not have an impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements or related disclosures.
In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-01, “Leases (Topic 842): Common Control Arrangements” as part of the Post-Implementation Review process of ASC 842, “Leases,” around related party arrangements between entities under common control. Under previous guidance, a lessee is generally required to amortize leasehold improvements that it owns over the shorter of the useful life of those improvements or the lease term. However, due to the nature of leasehold improvements made under leases between entities under common control, ASU 2023-01 requires a lessee in a common-control arrangement to amortize such leasehold improvements that it owns over the improvements' useful life to the common control group, regardless of the lease term. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2024 on a prospective basis. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements or related disclosures.
Additionally, in March 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-02, “Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method.” The amendments in this update permit reporting entities to elect to account for tax equity investments, regardless of the tax credit program from which the income tax credits are received, using the proportional amortization method if certain conditions are met. The Company adopted this standard effective January 1, 2024. The adoption of this accounting pronouncement did not have an impact on the Company's historical consolidated financial statements but could influence the Company's decisions with respect to investments in certain tax credits prospectively.
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures.” The amendments in this update are intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant expenses. The ASU requires disclosures to include significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker, a description of other segment items by reportable segment, and any additional measures of a segment's profit or loss used by the chief operating decision maker when deciding how to allocate resources. The ASU also requires all annual disclosures currently required by Topic 280, “Segment Reporting,” to be included in interim periods. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted and retrospective application is required for all periods presented. The Company is evaluating the impact this will have on the Company's consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-08, “Intangibles - Goodwill and Other-Crypto Assets (Subtopic 350-60): Accounting for and Disclosure of Crypto Assets.” This update requires entities to present crypto assets measured at fair value separately from other intangible assets on the balance sheet and reflect changes from remeasurement in the net income. Additionally, an entity that receives crypto assets as noncash consideration in the ordinary course of business and converts them nearly immediately into cash is required to classify those cash receipts as cash flows from operating activities. Lastly, the update requires entities to provide interim and annual disclosures about the types of crypto assets they hold and any changes in their holdings of crypto assets. While the Company does not currently hold or facilitate transactions with crypto assets, the Company is evaluating the potential future financial statement and disclosure impact from adopting this guidance when it becomes applicable based on the Company's crypto asset activities.
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Additionally, in December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures.” The amendments in this update enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. This ASU requires disclosures of specific categories and disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation table. The ASU also requires disclosure of disaggregated information related to income taxes paid, income or loss from continuing operations before income tax expense or benefit, and income tax expense or benefit from continuing operations. The requirements of the ASU are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted and the amendments should be applied on a prospective basis. Retrospective application is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the effect that ASU 2023-09 will have on its disclosures.
Note (2)-Investment securities
The following tables summarize the amortized cost, allowance for credit losses and fair value of the available-for-sale debt securities and the corresponding amounts of unrealized gains and losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss at December 31, 2023 and 2022:
December 31, 2023
Amortized cost Gross unrealized gains Gross unrealized losses Allowance for credit losses for investments Fair Value
Investment Securities
Available-for-sale debt securities
U.S. government agency securities $ 204,663 $ 470 $ (1,177) $ - $ 203,956
Mortgage-backed securities - residential 1,057,389 - (160,418) - 896,971
Mortgage-backed securities - commercial 18,186 - (1,225) - 16,961
Municipal securities 263,312 370 (21,419) - 242,263
U.S. Treasury securities 111,729 - (3,233) - 108,496
Corporate securities 3,500 - (174) - 3,326
Total $ 1,658,779 $ 840 $ (187,646) $ - $ 1,471,973
December 31, 2022
Amortized cost Gross unrealized gains Gross unrealized losses Allowance for credit losses for investments Fair Value
Investment Securities
Available-for-sale debt securities
U.S. government agency securities $ 45,167 $ - $ (5,105) $ - $ 40,062
Mortgage-backed securities - residential 1,224,522 - (190,329) - 1,034,193
Mortgage-backed securities - commercial 19,209 - (1,565) - 17,644
Municipal securities 295,375 458 (31,413) - 264,420
U.S. Treasury securities 113,301 - (5,621) - 107,680
Corporate securities 8,000 - (813) - 7,187
Total $ 1,705,574 $ 458 $ (234,846) $ - $ 1,471,186
The components of amortized cost for debt securities on the consolidated balance sheets excludes accrued interest receivable since the Company elected to present accrued interest receivable separately on the consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, total accrued interest receivable on debt securities was $7,212 and $5,470, respectively.
Securities pledged at December 31, 2023 and 2022 had carrying amounts of $929,546 and $1,191,021, respectively, and were pledged to secure a Federal Reserve Bank line of credit, Bank Term Funding Program borrowings, public deposits and repurchase agreements.
There were no holdings of debt securities of any one issuer, other than U.S. Government sponsored enterprises, in an amount greater than 10% of shareholders' equity during any period presented.
Investment securities transactions are recorded as of the trade date. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no trade date receivables nor payables that related to sales or purchases settled after period end.
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
The following tables show gross unrealized losses for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded at December 31, 2023 and 2022, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position:
December 31, 2023
Less than 12 months 12 months or more Total
Fair Value Gross Unrealized Loss Fair Value Gross Unrealized Loss Fair Value Gross Unrealized Loss
U.S. government agency securities $ 25,923 $ (21) $ 14,040 $ (1,156) $ 39,963 $ (1,177)
Mortgage-backed securities - residential - - 896,971 (160,418) 896,971 (160,418)
Mortgage-backed securities - commercial - - 16,961 (1,225) 16,961 (1,225)
Municipal securities 14,480 (148) 188,669 (21,271) 203,149 (21,419)
U.S. Treasury securities - - 108,496 (3,233) 108,496 (3,233)
Corporate securities - - 3,326 (174) 3,326 (174)
Total $ 40,403 $ (169) $ 1,228,463 $ (187,477) $ 1,268,866 $ (187,646)
December 31, 2022
Less than 12 months 12 months or more Total
Fair Value Gross Unrealized Loss Fair Value Gross Unrealized Loss Fair Value Gross Unrealized Loss
U.S. government agency securities $ 23,791 $ (2,802) $ 16,271 $ (2,303) $ 40,062 $ (5,105)
Mortgage-backed securities - residential 316,656 (32,470) 717,537 (157,859) 1,034,193 (190,329)
Mortgage-backed securities - commercial 11,104 (968) 6,540 (597) 17,644 (1,565)
Municipal securities 196,419 (26,811) 36,726 (4,602) 233,145 (31,413)
U.S. Treasury securities 94,248 (4,122) 13,432 (1,499) 107,680 (5,621)
Corporate securities 4,008 (492) 3,179 (321) 7,187 (813)
Total $ 646,226 $ (67,665) $ 793,685 $ (167,181) $ 1,439,911 $ (234,846)
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s debt securities portfolio consisted of 439 and 503 securities, 370 and 454 of which were in an unrealized loss position, respectively.
The majority of the investment portfolio was either government guaranteed, an issuance of a government sponsored entity or highly rated by major credit rating agencies, and the Company has historically not recorded any credit losses associated with these investments. Municipal securities with market values below amortized cost at December 31, 2023 were reviewed for material credit events and/or rating downgrades with individual credit reviews performed. The issuers of these debt securities continue to make timely principal and interest payments under the contractual terms of the securities and the issuers will continue to be observed as a part of the Company’s ongoing credit monitoring. As such, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, it was determined that all AFS debt securities that experienced a decline in fair value below amortized cost basis were due to noncredit-related factors. Further, it is not likely that the Company will be required to sell the securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis. Therefore, there was no allowance for credit losses recognized on AFS debt securities as of December 31, 2023 or 2022. Periodically, AFS debt securities may be sold or the composition of the portfolio realigned to improve yields, quality or marketability, or to implement changes in investment or asset/liability strategy, including maintaining collateral requirements and raising funds for liquidity purposes or preparing for anticipated changes in market interest rates.
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities by contractual maturity as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are shown below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
December 31,
2023 2022
Available-for-sale Available-for-sale
Amortized cost Fair value Amortized cost Fair value
Due in one year or less $ 64,776 $ 64,279 $ 4,277 $ 4,225
Due in one to five years 75,996 71,801 161,556 152,181
Due in five to ten years 51,162 49,630 61,290 57,859
Due in over ten years 391,270 372,331 234,720 205,084
583,204 558,041 461,843 419,349
Mortgage-backed securities - residential 1,057,389 896,971 1,224,522 1,034,193
Mortgage-backed securities - commercial 18,186 16,961 19,209 17,644
Total debt securities $ 1,658,779 $ 1,471,973 $ 1,705,574 $ 1,471,186
Sales and other dispositions of AFS debt securities were as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Proceeds from sales $ 100,463 $ 1,218 $ 8,855
Proceeds from maturities, prepayments and calls 128,206 204,748 296,256
Gross realized gains 45 4 127
Gross realized losses 14,119 3 1
Equity Securities
As of December 31, 2022, the Company had $2,990 in marketable equity securities recorded at fair value. There were no such securities outstanding as of December 31, 2023. The Company had equity securities without readily determinable market value included in “Other assets” on the consolidated balance sheets with carrying amounts of $25,191 and $22,496 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Additionally, the Company had $34,190 and $58,641 of FHLB stock carried at cost at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, included separately from the other equity securities discussed above.
The change in the fair value of equity securities and sale of equity securities with readily determinable fair values resulted in a net gain (loss) of $101, $(377), and $198 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note (3)-Loans and allowance for credit losses on loans HFI
Loans outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, by class of financing receivable are as follows:
December 31,
2023 2022
Commercial and industrial $ 1,720,733 $ 1,645,783
Construction 1,397,313 1,657,488
Residential real estate:
1-to-4 family mortgage 1,568,552 1,573,121
Residential line of credit 530,912 496,660
Multi-family mortgage 603,804 479,572
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied 1,232,071 1,114,580
Non-owner occupied 1,943,525 1,964,010
Consumer and other 411,873 366,998
Gross loans 9,408,783 9,298,212
Less: Allowance for credit losses on loans HFI (150,326) (134,192)
Net loans $ 9,258,457 $ 9,164,020
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, $1,030,016 and $909,734, respectively, of qualifying residential mortgage loans (including loans held for sale) and $1,984,007 and $1,763,730, respectively, of qualifying commercial mortgage loans were pledged to the FHLB system securing advances against the Bank’s line of credit. Additionally, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, qualifying commercial and industrial, construction and consumer loans, of $3,107,495 and $3,118,172, respectively, were pledged to the Federal Reserve under the Borrower-in-Custody program.
The amortized cost of loans HFI on the consolidated balance sheets exclude accrued interest receivable as the Company presents accrued interest receivable separately on the balance sheet. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, accrued interest receivable on loans HFI amounted to $43,776 and $38,507, respectively.
Credit Quality - Commercial Type Loans
The Company categorizes commercial loan types into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. The Company analyzes loans that share similar risk characteristics collectively. Loans that do not share similar risk characteristics are evaluated individually.
The Company uses the following definitions for risk ratings:
Pass.
Loans rated Pass include those that are adequately collateralized performing loans which management believes do not have conditions that have occurred or may occur that would result in the loan being downgraded into an inferior category. The Pass category also includes commercial loans rated as Watch, which include those that management believes have conditions that have occurred, or may occur, which could result in the loan being downgraded to an inferior category.
Special Mention.
Loans rated Special Mention are those that have potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or in the institution’s credit position at some future date. Management does not believe there will be a loss of principal or interest. These loans require intensive servicing and may possess more than normal credit risk.
Classified.
Loans included in the Classified category include loans rated as Substandard and Doubtful. Loans rated as Substandard are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Substandard loans have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Also included in this category are loans classified as Doubtful, which have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as Substandard, with the added characteristic that the weakness or weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, based on currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.
Risk ratings are updated on an ongoing basis and are subject to change by continuous loan monitoring processes.
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
The following tables present the credit quality of the Company's commercial type loan portfolio as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and the gross charge-offs for the year ended December 31, 2023 by year of origination. Revolving loans are presented separately. Management considers the guidance in ASC 310-20 when determining whether a modification, extension, or renewal constitutes a current period origination. Generally, current period renewals of credit are reunderwritten at the point of renewal and considered current period originations for the purposes of the tables below.
Effective January 1, 2023, the Company adopted the accounting guidance in ASU 2022-02 which requires the presentation of gross charge-offs by year of origination. The Company prospectively adopted ASU 2022-02; therefore, prior period activity of gross charge-offs by year of origination are not included in the below tables.
As of and for the year
ended December 31, 2023
2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis Total
Commercial and industrial
Pass $ 225,734 $ 255,921 $ 151,492 $ 39,897 $ 70,302 $ 73,415 $ 839,918 $ 1,656,679
Special Mention - 17,947 3,083 - 151 108 7,549 28,838
Classified 457 4,253 3,075 3,027 254 6,129 18,021 35,216
Total 226,191 278,121 157,650 42,924 70,707 79,652 865,488 1,720,733
Current-period gross
charge-offs 14 7 201 22 - 87 131 462
Construction
Pass 179,929 677,387 148,312 46,697 39,140 49,954 208,491 1,349,910
Special Mention 1 4,659 2,943 1,202 - 690 12,000 21,495
Classified - 2,349 1,484 6,620 - - 15,455 25,908
Total 179,930 684,395 152,739 54,519 39,140 50,644 235,946 1,397,313
Current-period gross
charge-offs - - - - - - - -
Residential real estate:
Multi-family mortgage
Pass 29,982 151,495 223,889 92,745 29,933 43,479 31,209 602,732
Special Mention - - - - - - - -
Classified - - - - - 1,072 - 1,072
Total 29,982 151,495 223,889 92,745 29,933 44,551 31,209 603,804
Current-period gross
charge-offs - - - - - - - -
Commercial real estate:
Owner occupied
Pass 118,030 261,196 231,241 115,397 151,146 281,253 53,970 1,212,233
Special Mention - 1,297 1,827 - 154 2,617 - 5,895
Classified - 6,305 16 - 760 5,789 1,073 13,943
Total 118,030 268,798 233,084 115,397 152,060 289,659 55,043 1,232,071
Current-period gross
charge-offs - - 144 - - - - 144
Non-owner occupied
Pass 47,026 474,560 478,878 117,429 178,448 580,168 43,577 1,920,086
Special Mention - - 3,975 - - 10,435 - 14,410
Classified - - 1,001 - 381 7,647 - 9,029
Total 47,026 474,560 483,854 117,429 178,829 598,250 43,577 1,943,525
Current-period gross
charge-offs - - - - - - - -
Total commercial loan types
Pass 600,701 1,820,559 1,233,812 412,165 468,969 1,028,269 1,177,165 6,741,640
Special Mention 1 23,903 11,828 1,202 305 13,850 19,549 70,638
Classified 457 12,907 5,576 9,647 1,395 20,637 34,549 85,168
Total $ 601,159 $ 1,857,369 $ 1,251,216 $ 423,014 $ 470,669 $ 1,062,756 $ 1,231,263 $ 6,897,446
Current-period gross
charge-offs $ 14 $ 7 $ 345 $ 22 $ - $ 87 $ 131 $ 606
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
As of December 31, 2022
2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis Total
Commercial and industrial
Pass $ 396,643 $ 204,000 $ 67,231 $ 90,894 $ 39,780 $ 62,816 $ 762,717 $ 1,624,081
Special Mention 125 7 - 160 143 771 2,520 3,726
Classified 65 823 1,916 1,651 273 6,913 6,335 17,976
Total 396,833 204,830 69,147 92,705 40,196 70,500 771,572 1,645,783
Construction
Pass 682,885 495,723 142,233 84,599 17,360 44,326 188,906 1,656,032
Special Mention - - 15 - - 707 - 722
Classified 80 309 - - - 345 - 734
Total 682,965 496,032 142,248 84,599 17,360 45,378 188,906 1,657,488
Residential real estate:
Multi-family mortgage
Pass 142,912 147,168 96,819 33,547 6,971 37,385 13,604 478,406
Special Mention - - - - - - - -
Classified - - - - - 1,166 - 1,166
Total 142,912 147,168 96,819 33,547 6,971 38,551 13,604 479,572
Commercial real estate:
Owner occupied
Pass 237,862 223,883 110,748 148,405 66,101 246,414 57,220 1,090,633
Special Mention 101 683 - 168 2,225 1,258 5,000 9,435
Classified - 1,293 224 4,589 1,276 7,018 112 14,512
Total 237,963 225,859 110,972 153,162 69,602 254,690 62,332 1,114,580
Non-owner occupied
Pass 467,360 440,319 131,497 159,205 210,752 473,607 60,908 1,943,648
Special Mention - - - - 82 2,459 - 2,541
Classified - 2,258 - 146 3,270 12,147 - 17,821
Total 467,360 442,577 131,497 159,351 214,104 488,213 60,908 1,964,010
Total commercial loan types
Pass 1,927,662 1,511,093 548,528 516,650 340,964 864,548 1,083,355 6,792,800
Special Mention 226 690 15 328 2,450 5,195 7,520 16,424
Classified 145 4,683 2,140 6,386 4,819 27,589 6,447 52,209
Total $ 1,928,033 $ 1,516,466 $ 550,683 $ 523,364 $ 348,233 $ 897,332 $ 1,097,322 $ 6,861,433
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Credit Quality - Consumer Type Loans
For consumer and residential loan classes, the Company primarily evaluates credit quality based on delinquency and accrual status of the loan, credit documentation and by payment activity. The performing or nonperforming status is updated on an on-going basis dependent upon improvement and deterioration in credit quality.
The following tables present the credit quality by classification (performing or nonperforming) of the Company's consumer type loan portfolio as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and the gross charge-offs for the year ended December 31, 2023 by year of origination. Revolving loans are presented separately. Management considers the guidance in ASC 310-20 when determining whether a modification, extension, or renewal constitutes a current period origination. Generally, current period renewals of credit are reunderwritten at the point of renewal and considered current period originations for the purposes of the tables below.
Effective January 1, 2023, the Company adopted the accounting guidance in ASU 2022-02 which requires the presentation of gross charge-offs by year of origination. The Company prospectively adopted ASU 2022-02; therefore, prior period balances for gross charge-offs by year of origination are not included in the below tables.
As of and for the year
ended December 31, 2023
2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis Total
Residential real estate:
1-to-4 family mortgage
Performing $ 198,537 $ 500,628 $ 399,338 $ 145,484 $ 81,905 $ 226,587 $ - $ 1,552,479
Nonperforming 76 2,565 4,026 3,846 690 4,870 - 16,073
Total 198,613 503,193 403,364 149,330 82,595 231,457 - 1,568,552
Current-period gross
charge-offs - 18 - 4 - 24 - 46
Residential line of credit
Performing - - - - - - 528,439 528,439
Nonperforming - - - - - - 2,473 2,473
Total - - - - - - 530,912 530,912
Current-period gross
charge-offs - - - - - - - -
Consumer and other
Performing 104,399 91,557 45,187 34,928 24,040 93,833 6,890 400,834
Nonperforming 528 1,025 2,562 1,819 1,264 3,841 - 11,039
Total 104,927 92,582 47,749 36,747 25,304 97,674 6,890 411,873
Current-period gross
charge-offs 1,463 564 139 201 110 372 2 2,851
Total consumer type loans
Performing 302,936 592,185 444,525 180,412 105,945 320,420 535,329 2,481,752
Nonperforming 604 3,590 6,588 5,665 1,954 8,711 2,473 29,585
Total $ 303,540 $ 595,775 $ 451,113 $ 186,077 $ 107,899 $ 329,131 $ 537,802 $ 2,511,337
Current-period gross
charge-offs $ 1,463 $ 582 $ 139 $ 205 $ 110 $ 396 $ 2 $ 2,897
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
As of December 31, 2022
2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis Total
Residential real estate:
1-to-4 family mortgage
Performing $ 568,210 $ 448,401 $ 160,715 $ 93,548 $ 68,113 $ 211,019 $ - $ 1,550,006
Nonperforming 1,227 5,163 5,472 1,778 2,044 7,431 - 23,115
Total 569,437 453,564 166,187 95,326 70,157 218,450 - 1,573,121
Residential line of credit
Performing - - - - - - 495,129 495,129
Nonperforming - - - - - - 1,531 1,531
Total - - - - - - 496,660 496,660
Consumer and other
Performing 118,637 56,779 41,008 29,139 26,982 82,318 4,175 359,038
Nonperforming 166 1,396 1,460 906 1,507 2,525 - 7,960
Total 118,803 58,175 42,468 30,045 28,489 84,843 4,175 366,998
Total consumer type loans
Performing 686,847 505,180 201,723 122,687 95,095 293,337 499,304 2,404,173
Nonperforming 1,393 6,559 6,932 2,684 3,551 9,956 1,531 32,606
Total $ 688,240 $ 511,739 $ 208,655 $ 125,371 $ 98,646 $ 303,293 $ 500,835 $ 2,436,779
Nonaccrual and Past Due Loans
Nonperforming loans include loans that are no longer accruing interest (nonaccrual loans) and loans past due ninety or more days and still accruing interest.
The following tables represent an analysis of the aging by class of financing receivable as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:
December 31, 2023 30-89 days
past due and accruing
interest 90 days or
more and accruing
interest Nonaccrual
loans Loans current
on payments
and accruing
interest Total
Commercial and industrial $ 732 $ - $ 21,730 $ 1,698,271 $ 1,720,733
Construction 6,579 165 2,872 1,387,697 1,397,313
Residential real estate:
1-to-4 family mortgage 21,768 9,355 6,718 1,530,711 1,568,552
Residential line of credit 2,464 1,337 1,136 525,975 530,912
Multi-family mortgage - - 32 603,772 603,804
Commercial real estate:
Owner occupied 480 - 3,188 1,228,403 1,232,071
Non-owner occupied 4,059 - 3,351 1,936,115 1,943,525
Consumer and other 10,961 1,836 9,203 389,873 411,873
Total $ 47,043 $ 12,693 $ 48,230 $ 9,300,817 $ 9,408,783
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
December 31, 2022 30-89 days
past due and accruing
interest 90 days or
more and accruing
interest Nonaccrual
loans Loans current on payments and accruing interest Total
Commercial and industrial $ 1,650 $ 136 $ 1,307 $ 1,642,690 $ 1,645,783
Construction 1,246 - 389 1,655,853 1,657,488
Residential real estate:
1-to-4 family mortgage 15,470 16,639 6,476 1,534,536 1,573,121
Residential line of credit 772 131 1,400 494,357 496,660
Multi-family mortgage - - 42 479,530 479,572
Commercial real estate:
Owner occupied 1,948 - 5,410 1,107,222 1,114,580
Non-owner occupied 102 - 5,956 1,957,952 1,964,010
Consumer and other 10,108 1,509 6,451 348,930 366,998
Total $ 31,296 $ 18,415 $ 27,431 $ 9,221,070 $ 9,298,212
The following tables provide the amortized cost basis of loans on nonaccrual status, as well as any related allowance and interest income as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 by class of financing receivable.
December 31, 2023 Nonaccrual
with no
related
allowance Nonaccrual
with
related
allowance Related
allowance Year to date Interest Income
Commercial and industrial $ 3,678 $ 18,052 $ 5,011 $ 2,451
Construction 2,267 605 59 335
Residential real estate:
1-to-4 family mortgage 1,444 5,274 103 410
Residential line of credit 685 451 8 141
Multi-family mortgage - 32 1 3
Commercial real estate:
Owner occupied 2,920 268 15 514
Non-owner occupied 3,316 35 1 1,221
Consumer and other - 9,203 498 1,053
Total $ 14,310 $ 33,920 $ 5,696 $ 6,128
December 31, 2022
Nonaccrual
with no
related
allowance Nonaccrual
with
related
allowance Related
allowance Year to date Interest Income
Commercial and industrial $ 790 $ 517 $ 10 $ 181
Construction - 389 7 28
Residential real estate:
1-to-4 family mortgage 2,834 3,642 78 274
Residential line of credit 1,134 266 4 136
Multi-family mortgage 1 41 1 3
Commercial real estate:
Owner occupied 5,200 210 1 232
Non-owner occupied 5,755 201 5 332
Consumer and other - 6,451 327 358
Total $ 15,714 $ 11,717 $ 433 $ 1,544
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Accrued interest receivable written off as an adjustment to interest income amounted to $1,094, $1,089, and $804 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
Occasionally, the Company may make certain modifications of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. These modifications may be in the form of an interest rate reduction, a term extension or a combination thereof. Upon the Company's determination that a modified loan has subsequently been deemed uncollectible, the portion of the loan deemed uncollectible is charged off against the allowance for credit losses on loans HFI. The Company closely monitors the performance of the loans that are modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company modified three residential mortgage loans with balances totaling $160 and one commercial and industrial loan with a balance of $181 in the form of term extensions for borrowers experiencing financial difficulties.
Troubled Debt Restructurings
The following disclosure is presented in accordance with GAAP in effect prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02. The Company has included this disclosure as of December 31, 2022 or for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Prior to the Company's adoption, the Company accounted for a modification to the contractual terms of a loan that resulted in granting a concession to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties as a TDR. The standard eliminated TDR accounting prospectively for all restructurings occurring on or after January 1, 2023. Loans that were restructured in a TDR prior to the Company's adoption will continue to be accounted for under the historical TDR accounting until the loan is paid off, liquidated or subsequently modified. See Note 1, “Basis of presentation” for more information on the Company's adoption of ASU 2022-02.
The following table presents the financial effect of TDRs recorded during the periods indicated:
Year Ended December 31, 2022 Number of loans Pre-modification outstanding recorded investment Post-modification outstanding recorded investment Charge offs and specific reserves
Commercial and industrial 3 $ 612 $ 522 $ -
Commercial real estate:
Residential real estate:
1-to-4 family mortgage 3 391 707 -
Residential line of credit 1 49 49 -
Consumer and other 2 23 23 -
Total 9 $ 1,075 $ 1,301 $ -
Year Ended December 31, 2021 Number of loans Pre-modification outstanding recorded investment Post-modification outstanding recorded investment Charge offs and specific reserves
Commercial and industrial 8 $ 15,430 $ 15,430 $ 446
Construction - - - -
Commercial real estate:
Owner occupied 7 5,209 5,209 -
Non-owner occupied 1 11,997 11,997 -
Residential real estate:
1-to-4 family mortgage 3 945 945 -
Residential line of credit 3 485 485 -
Multi-family mortgage 1 49 49 -
Total 23 $ 34,115 $ 34,115 $ 446
Troubled debt restructurings for which there was a payment default within twelve months following the modification totaled $304 during both the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. A loan is considered to be in payment default once it is 90 days contractually past due under the modified terms.
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Collateral-Dependent Loans
For loans for which the repayment (based on the Company's assessment) is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of collateral and the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, the following tables present the loans and the corresponding individually assessed allowance for credit losses by class of financing receivable. Significant changes in individually assessed reserves are due to changes in the valuation of the underlying collateral in addition to changes in accrual and past due status.
December 31, 2023
Type of Collateral
Real Estate Farmland Business Assets Total Individually assessed allowance for credit loss
Commercial and industrial $ - $ 363 $ 20,599 $ 20,962 $ 4,946
Construction 8,224 - - 8,224 30
Residential real estate:
1-to-4 family mortgage 5,317 - - 5,317 129
Residential line of credit 1,245 - - 1,245 10
Commercial real estate:
Owner occupied 1,975 1,160 - 3,135 -
Non-owner occupied 3,316 - - 3,316 -
Consumer and other 112 - - 112 21
Total $ 20,189 $ 1,523 $ 20,599 $ 42,311 $ 5,136
December 31, 2022
Type of Collateral
Real Estate Business Assets Total Individually assessed allowance for credit loss
Commercial and industrial $ 2,596 $ - $ 2,596 $ -
Residential real estate:
1-to-4 family mortgage 4,467 - 4,467 194
Residential line of credit 1,135 - 1,135 -
Commercial real estate:
Owner occupied 5,424 - 5,424 -
Non-owner occupied 5,755 - 5,755 -
Consumer and other 134 - 134 -
Total $ 19,511 $ - $ 19,511 $ 194
Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans HFI
The Company performed evaluations within its established qualitative framework, assessing the impact of the current economic outlook, including: continued actions taken by the Federal Reserve with regard to monetary policy, interest rates and the potential impact of those actions, potential impact of persistent high inflation on economic growth, potential negative economic forecasts, and other considerations. The increase in the allowance for credit losses on loans HFI as of December 31, 2023 compared with December 31, 2022 is primarily the result of deterioration in economic forecasts between periods. These forecasts included weighted projections that the economy may be nearing a recession, reflected through deterioration in asset quality projected over life of the loan portfolio. As of December 31, 2023, the macroeconomic forecast was based solely using the Moody’s baseline scenario, which showed a slightly more negative outlook than the comparative baseline as of December 31, 2022, which used a weighting of two economic forecasts from Moody’s in order to align with management’s best estimate over the reasonable and supportable forecast period. At December 31, 2022, the Moody’s baseline scenario was more heavily weighted while the downside scenario received a smaller weighting. While the primary driver of the increase in allowance for credit losses on loans HFI was the deterioration in economic forecasts between periods, a portion of the increase was attributable to reserves on individually
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
evaluated loans. Most notably, the Company had three commercial and industrial relationships that were moved to nonaccrual during the year ended December 31, 2023 with total specific reserves of $4,908.
The following tables provide the changes in the allowance for credit losses on loans HFI by class of financing receivable for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021:
Commercial
and industrial Construction 1-to-4
family
residential
mortgage Residential
line of credit Multi-family
residential
mortgage Commercial
real estate
owner
occupied Commercial
real estate
non-owner
occupied Consumer
and other Total
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Beginning balance -
December 31, 2022
$ 11,106 $ 39,808 $ 26,141 $ 7,494 $ 6,490 $ 7,783 $ 21,916 $ 13,454 $ 134,192
Provision for (reversal of)
credit losses on loans
HFI 8,682 (4,446) 310 1,973 2,352 2,905 (784) 5,746 16,738
Recoveries of loans
previously charged-off
273 10 100 1 - 109 1,833 573 2,899
Loans charged off (462) - (46) - - (144) - (2,851) (3,503)
Ending balance -
December 31, 2023
$ 19,599 $ 35,372 $ 26,505 $ 9,468 $ 8,842 $ 10,653 $ 22,965 $ 16,922 $ 150,326
Commercial
and industrial Construction 1-to-4
family
residential
mortgage Residential
line of credit Multi-family
residential
mortgage Commercial
real estate
owner
occupied Commercial
real estate
non-owner
occupied Consumer
and other Total
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Beginning balance -
December 31, 2021
$ 15,751 $ 28,576 $ 19,104 $ 5,903 $ 6,976 $ 12,593 $ 25,768 $ 10,888 $ 125,559
(Reversal of) provision for
credit losses on loans
HFI (4,563) 11,221 7,060 1,574 (486) (4,883) (3,584) 4,054 10,393
Recoveries of loans
previously charged-off
2,005 11 54 17 - 88 - 766 2,941
Loans charged off (2,087) - (77) - - (15) (268) (2,254) (4,701)
Ending balance -
December 31, 2022 $ 11,106 $ 39,808 $ 26,141 $ 7,494 $ 6,490 $ 7,783 $ 21,916 $ 13,454 $ 134,192
Commercial
and industrial Construction 1-to-4
family
residential
mortgage Residential
line of credit Multi-family
residential
mortgage Commercial
real estate
owner
occupied Commercial
real estate
non-owner
occupied Consumer
and other Total
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Beginning balance -
December 31, 2020
$ 14,748 $ 58,477 $ 19,220 $ 10,534 $ 7,174 $ 4,849 $ 44,147 $ 11,240 $ 170,389
Provision for (reversal of)
credit losses on loans
HFI 4,178 (29,874) (87) (4,728) (197) 7,588 (16,813) 938 (38,995)
Recoveries of loans
previously charged-off
861 3 125 115 - 156 - 773 2,033
Loans charged off (4,036) (30) (154) (18) (1) - (1,566) (2,063) (7,868)
Ending balance -
December 31, 2021 $ 15,751 $ 28,576 $ 19,104 $ 5,903 $ 6,976 $ 12,593 $ 25,768 $ 10,888 $ 125,559
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note (4)-Premises and equipment
Premises and equipment and related accumulated depreciation as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, are as follows:
2023 2022
Land $ 35,092 $ 32,985
Premises 112,092 109,277
Furniture, fixtures and equipment 25,734 49,203
Leasehold improvements 28,271 19,001
Construction in process 4,943 10,230
Finance lease 1,256 1,367
207,388 222,063
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization (51,657) (75,747)
Total premises and equipment $ 155,731 $ 146,316
Depreciation and amortization expense was $9,797, $7,554, and $7,411 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
Note (5)-Other real estate owned
The amount reported as other real estate owned includes property acquired through foreclosure in addition to excess facilities held for sale and is carried at the lower of the carrying amount of the underlying loan or the fair value of the real estate less costs to sell. The following table summarizes the other real estate owned for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Balance at beginning of period $ 5,794 $ 9,777 $ 12,111
Transfers from loans 2,736 1,437 5,262
Transfers to other assets (75) - -
Transfers to premises and equipment - (351) -
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned (6,083) (4,955) (9,396)
Gain on sale of other real estate owned 835 328 3,248
Loans provided for sales of other real estate owned - - (704)
Write-downs and partial liquidations (15) (442) (744)
Balance at end of period $ 3,192 $ 5,794 $ 9,777
Foreclosed residential real estate properties totaled $2,414 and $840 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The recorded investment in residential mortgage loans secured by residential real estate properties for which foreclosure proceedings are in process totaled $3,377 and $2,653 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Note (6)-Goodwill and intangible assets
Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of a business combination over the fair value of the net assets acquired. The carrying amount of goodwill was $242,561 at both December 31, 2023 and 2022.
The Company’s policy is to assess goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis or more frequently, if an event occurs or circumstances change which indicate that the fair value of a reporting unit is below its carrying amount. Impairment is the condition that exists when the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds the fair value of that reporting unit. In accordance with GAAP and due to the passage of time since the last quantitative analysis, the Company elected to perform a quantitative assessment for the year ended December 31, 2023. The assessment indicated no impairment of goodwill for either of the reporting units.
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Core deposit and other intangibles include core deposit intangibles and a customer base trust intangible. The composition of core deposit and other intangibles, which excludes fully amortized intangibles, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:
Core deposit and other intangibles
Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Amount
December 31, 2023
Core deposit intangible $ 59,835 $ (51,699) $ 8,136
Customer base trust intangible 1,600 (1,027) 573
Total core deposit and other intangibles $ 61,435 $ (52,726) $ 8,709
December 31, 2022
Core deposit intangible $ 59,835 $ (48,200) $ 11,635
Customer base trust intangible 1,600 (867) 733
Total core deposit and other intangibles $ 61,435 $ (49,067) $ 12,368
Amortization of core deposit and other intangibles totaled $3,659, $4,585, and $5,473 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
The estimated aggregate future amortization expense of core deposit and other intangibles is as follows:
2024 $ 2,946
2025 2,306
2026 1,563
2027 1,080
2028 572
Thereafter 242
$ 8,709
Note (7)-Leases
As of December 31, 2023, the Company was the lessee in 54 operating leases and 1 finance lease of certain branch, mortgage and operations locations with original terms greater than one year.
Many leases include options to renew, with terms that can extend the lease up to an additional 20 years or more. Certain lease agreements contain provisions to periodically adjust rental payments for inflation. Renewal options that management is reasonably certain to renew and fixed rent escalations are included in the right-of-use asset and lease liability.
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Information related to the Company's leases is presented below as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:
December 31,
Classification 2023 2022
Right-of-use assets:
Operating leases Operating lease right-of-use assets $ 54,295 $ 60,043
Finance leases Premises and equipment, net 1,256 1,367
Total right-of-use assets $ 55,551 $ 61,410
Lease liabilities:
Operating leases Operating lease liabilities $ 67,643 $ 69,754
Finance leases Borrowings 1,326 1,420
Total lease liabilities $ 68,969 $ 71,174
Weighted average remaining lease term (in years) -
operating 11.6 12.1
Weighted average remaining lease term (in years) -
finance 11.4 12.4
Weighted average discount rate - operating 3.39 % 3.08 %
Weighted average discount rate - finance 1.76 % 1.76 %
The components of total lease expense included in the consolidated statements of income were as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
Classification 2023 2022 2021
Operating lease costs:
Amortization of right-of-use asset Occupancy and equipment $ 8,516 $ 8,441 $ 7,636
Short-term lease cost Occupancy and equipment 540 526 427
Variable lease cost Occupancy and equipment 1,205 1,078 1,003
Loss (gain) on lease modifications
and terminations
(1) 1,770 346 (805)
Finance lease costs:
Interest on lease liabilities Interest expense on borrowings 24 28 25
Amortization of right-of-use asset Occupancy and equipment 111 120 101
Sublease income Occupancy and equipment (957) (993) (573)
Total lease cost $ 11,209 $ 9,546 $ 7,814
(1) Loss (gain) on lease modifications and terminations is included in “Occupancy and equipment” within the Company's consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2021. For the year ended December 31, 2022, loss (gain) on lease modifications and terminations of $364 and $(18) is included in “Mortgage restructuring expense” and “Occupancy and equipment,” respectively, within the Company's consolidated statements of income.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded $1,770 of loss on lease modifications and terminations primarily related to the closure of two branch locations. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded $364 of loss on lease modifications and terminations related to vacating two locations associated with restructuring the Company's Mortgage segment and recorded gains of $18 related to early lease terminations and modifications on other vacated locations. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recorded $805 in gains on lease modifications and terminations on certain vacated locations that were consolidated as a result of previous business combinations.
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
The Company does not separate lease and non-lease components and instead elects to account for them as a single lease component. Variable lease cost primarily represents variable payments such as common area maintenance, utilities, and property taxes.
A maturity analysis of operating and finance lease liabilities and a reconciliation of undiscounted cash flows to lease liabilities as of December 31, 2023 is as follows:
Operating Finance
Leases Lease
Lease payments due:
December 31, 2024 $ 8,453 $ 120
December 31, 2025 8,448 121
December 31, 2026 8,328 123
December 31, 2027 7,878 125
December 31, 2028 6,979 127
Thereafter 44,147 850
Total undiscounted future minimum lease payments 84,233 1,466
Less: imputed interest (16,590) (140)
Lease liabilities $ 67,643 $ 1,326
Note (8)-Mortgage servicing rights
Changes in the Company’s mortgage servicing rights were as follows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Carrying value at beginning of period $ 168,365 $ 115,512 $ 79,997
Capitalization 7,192 20,809 39,018
Change in fair value:
Due to payoffs/paydowns
(12,327) (16,012) (30,583)
Due to change in valuation inputs or assumptions 1,019 48,056 27,080
Carrying value at end of period $ 164,249 $ 168,365 $ 115,512
The following table summarizes servicing income and expense, which are included in “Mortgage banking income” and “Other noninterest expense,” respectively, in the consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Servicing income:
Servicing income $ 30,263 $ 30,763 $ 28,890
Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights (11,308) 32,044 (3,503)
Change in fair value of derivative hedging instruments (4,918) (42,143) (8,614)
Servicing income
14,037 20,664 16,773
Servicing expenses 8,093 10,259 9,862
Net servicing income
$ 5,944 $ 10,405 $ 6,911
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Data and key economic assumptions related to the Company’s mortgage servicing rights as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
December 31,
2023 2022
Unpaid principal balance of mortgage loans sold and serviced for others $ 10,762,906 $ 11,086,582
Weighted-average prepayment speed (CPR) 6.19 % 5.55 %
Estimated impact on fair value of a 10% increase $ (4,616) $ (4,886)
Estimated impact on fair value of a 20% increase $ (8,924) $ (9,447)
Discount rate 9.62 % 9.10 %
Estimated impact on fair value of a 100 bp increase $ (7,637) $ (8,087)
Estimated impact on fair value of a 200 bp increase $ (14,624) $ (15,475)
Weighted-average coupon interest rate 3.47 % 3.31 %
Weighted-average servicing fee (basis points) 27 27
Weighted-average remaining maturity (in months) 334 332
The Company economically hedges the mortgage servicing rights portfolio with various derivative instruments to offset changes in the fair value of the related mortgage servicing rights. See Note 15, “Derivatives” for additional information on these hedging instruments.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, mortgage escrow deposits totaled $63,591 and $75,612, respectively.
Note (9)-Other assets and other liabilities
Included in other assets are:
As of December 31,
Other assets 2023 2022
Derivatives (See Note 15) 34,738 48,769
Deferred tax asset (See Note 12) 31,631 42,412
Equity securities without readily determinable market value 25,191 22,496
FHLB lender risk account receivable 20,258 19,737
Mortgage lending receivable 16,344 14,425
Pledged collateral on derivative instruments 14,042 23,325
Prepaid expenses 13,594 9,280
Current income tax receivable 5,930 7,373
Software 525 108
Other assets 41,156 40,031
Total other assets $ 203,409 $ 227,956
Included in other liabilities are:
As of December 31,
Other liabilities 2023 2022
Derivatives (See Note 15) 38,215 63,229
Accrued interest payable 18,809 8,648
Accrued payroll 18,406 13,592
FHLB lender risk account guaranty 9,746 9,558
Allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments (See Note 14) 8,770 22,969
Deferred compensation 2,152 2,424
Mortgage buyback reserve (See Note 14) 899 1,621
Other liabilities 45,625 58,932
Total other liabilities $ 142,622 $ 180,973
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note (10)-Deposits
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the aggregate amount of time deposits with a minimum denomination greater than $250 was $644,588 and $556,537, respectively.
At December 31, 2023, the scheduled maturities of time deposits are as follows:
Scheduled maturities of time deposits
Due on or before:
December 31, 2024 $ 1,279,052
December 31, 2025 309,929
December 31, 2026 14,902
December 31, 2027 10,239
December 31, 2028 6,504
Thereafter 7
Total $ 1,620,633
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had $3,475 and $5,725, respectively, of deposit accounts in overdraft status and thus have been reclassified to loans on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
Note (11)-Borrowings
The Company has access to various sources of funds that allow for management of interest rate exposure and liquidity. The following table summarizes the Company's outstanding borrowings and weighted average interest rates as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:
Outstanding Balance Weighted Average Interest Rate
December 31, December 31,
2023 2022 2023 2022
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase
and federal funds purchased $ 108,764 $ 86,945 5.05 % 3.78 %
FHLB advances - 175,000 - % 4.44 %
Bank Term Funding Program 130,000 - 4.85 % - %
Subordinated debt, net 129,645 126,101 5.52 % 5.31 %
Other borrowings 22,555 27,631 0.10 % 0.09 %
Total $ 390,964 $ 415,677
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase and federal funds purchased
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase are financing arrangements that mature daily. Securities sold under agreements to repurchase totaled $19,328 and $21,945 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The weighted average interest rate of the Company's securities sold under agreements to repurchase was 1.60% and 0.18% as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The fair value of securities pledged to secure repurchase agreements may decline. The Company manages this risk by having a policy to pledge securities valued at 100% of the outstanding balance of repurchase agreements.
The Bank maintains lines with certain correspondent banks that provide borrowing capacity in the form of federal funds purchased. Federal funds purchased are short-term borrowings that typically mature within one to ninety days. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the aggregate total borrowing capacity under these lines amounted to $370,000 and $350,000, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, borrowings against these lines (i.e., federal funds purchased) totaled $89,436 and $65,000 with a weighted average rate of 5.79% and 5.00%, respectively.
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Information concerning securities sold under agreement to repurchase and federal funds purchased is summarized as follows:
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Balance at year end $ 108,764 $ 86,945
Average daily balance during the year 29,860 28,497
Average interest rate during the year 2.24 % 0.23 %
Maximum month-end balance during the year $ 116,220 $ 86,945
Weighted average interest rate at year-end 5.05 % 3.78 %
Federal Home Loan Bank Advances
As a member of the FHLB, the Company may utilize advances from the FHLB in order to provide additional liquidity and funding. Under these short-term agreements, the Company maintains a line of credit that as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 had total borrowing capacity of $1,757,702 and $1,270,240, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had qualifying loans pledged as collateral securing these lines amounting to $3,014,023 and $2,673,464, respectively. Overnight cash advances against this line totaled $175,000 as of December 31, 2022. There were no FHLB advances outstanding as of December 31, 2023.
Information concerning FHLB advances as of or for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 is summarized within the table below.
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Balance at year end $ - $ 175,000
Average daily balance during the year 28,973 171,142
Average interest rate during the year 5.13 % 3.26 %
Maximum month-end balance during the year $ 125,000 $ 540,000
Weighted average interest rate at year-end - % 4.44 %
Bank Term Funding Program
In March 2023, the Federal Reserve established the Bank Term Funding Program to make available funding to eligible depository institutions in order to help ensure they have the ability to meet the needs of their depositors following the March 2023 high-profile bank failures. The program allows for advances for up to one year secured by eligible high-quality securities at par value extended at the one-year overnight index swap rate, plus 10 basis points, as of the day the advance is made. The interest rate is fixed for the term of the advance and there are no prepayment penalties. At December 31, 2023, the Company had outstanding borrowings of $130,000 under the BTFP at a borrowing rate of 4.85% and a maturity date of December 26, 2024.
Information concerning the Bank Term Funding Program as of or for the year ended December 31, 2023 is summarized within the table below.
December 31, 2023
Balance at year end $ 130,000
Average daily balance during the year 1,781
Average interest rate during the year 4.85 %
Maximum month-end balance during the year $ 130,000
Weighted average interest rate at year-end 4.85 %
Subordinated Debt
During the year ended December 31, 2003, two separate trusts were formed by the Company, which issued $9,000 and $21,000 of floating rate trust preferred securities as part of a pooled offering of such securities. The Company issued junior subordinated debentures of $9,280, which included proceeds of common securities purchased by the Company of $280, and junior subordinated debentures of $21,650, which included proceeds of common securities of $650. The trusts were created for the sole purpose of issuing 30-year capital trust preferred securities to fund the purchase of junior subordinated debentures issued by the Company. Both issuances were to the trusts in exchange for the proceeds of the securities offerings, which represent the sole asset of the trusts.
Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company placed $100,000 of ten year fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes, maturing September 1, 2030. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company began
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
mitigating interest rate exposure associated with these notes through the use of fair value hedging instruments. See Note 15, "Derivatives" for additional details related to these instruments.
Further information related to the Company's subordinated debt as of December 31, 2023 is detailed below:
Name Year Established Maturity Call Date Total Debt Outstanding Interest Rate Coupon Structure
Subordinated Debt issued by Trust Preferred Securities:
FBK Trust I (1)
2003 06/09/2033 6/09/2008
$ 9,280 8.84% 3-month SOFR plus 3.51%
FBK Trust II (1)
2003 06/26/2033 6/26/2008
21,650 8.77% 3-month SOFR plus 3.41%
Additional Subordinated Debt:
FBK Subordinated Debt I(2)
2020 09/01/2030 9/1/2025
100,000 4.50% Semi-annual Fixed (3)
Unamortized debt issuance costs (612)
Fair Value Hedge (See Note 15, “Derivatives”)
(673)
Total Subordinated Debt, net $ 129,645
(1)The Company classifies $30,000 of the trusts' subordinated debt as Tier 1 capital.
(2)The Company classified the issuance, net of unamortized issuance costs and the associated fair value hedge as Tier 2 capital, which will be phased
out 20% per year in the final five years before maturity.
(3)Beginning on September 1, 2025 the coupon structure migrates to the 3-month SOFR plus a spread of 439 basis points through the end of the term
of the debenture.
Other Borrowings
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, other borrowings included a finance lease liability amounting to $1,326 and $1,420, respectively. Additionally, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had $21,229 and $26,211, respectively, of government guaranteed GNMA loans that were greater than 90 days delinquent under their contractual terms that were eligible for optional repurchase and recorded in both loans HFS and other borrowings.
See Note 7, “Leases” and Note 16, “Fair Value of financial instruments” for additional information regarding the Company's finance lease and guaranteed GNMA loans eligible for repurchase, respectively.
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note (12)-Income taxes
An allocation of federal and state income taxes between current and deferred portions is presented below:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Current $ 31,467 $ 22,451 $ 21,980
Deferred (1,415) 12,552 30,770
Total $ 30,052 $ 35,003 $ 52,750
The following table presents a reconciliation of federal income taxes at the statutory federal rate of 21% to the Company's effective tax rates for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Federal taxes calculated at statutory rate $ 31,561 21.0 % $ 33,510 21.0 % $ 51,041 21.0 %
(Decrease) increase resulting from:
State taxes, net of federal benefit (158) (0.1) % 3,845 2.4 % 8,788 3.5 %
Expense (benefit) from equity based compensation 219 0.1 % (392) (0.2) % (2,719) (1.1) %
Municipal interest income, net of interest disallowance (1,804) (1.2) % (1,774) (1.1) % (1,818) (0.8) %
Bank-owned life insurance (393) (0.3) % (305) (0.2) % (324) (0.1) %
NOL Carryback provision under CARES Act - - % - - % (3,424) (1.4) %
Offering costs - - % - - % 123 0.1 %
Section 162(m) limitation 244 0.2 % 241 0.1 % 1,381 0.6 %
Other 383 0.3 % (122) (0.1) % (298) (0.1) %
Income tax expense, as reported $ 30,052 20.0 % $ 35,003 21.9 % $ 52,750 21.7 %
The Company is subject to Internal Revenue Code Section 162(m), which limits the deductibility of compensation paid to certain individuals. It is the Company’s policy to apply the Section 162(m) limitations to stock-based compensation first followed by cash compensation. As a result of the vesting of this stock-based compensation and cash compensation paid to date, the Company has disallowed a portion of its compensation paid to the applicable individuals.
The components of the deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2023 and 2022, are as follows:
December 31,
2023 2022
Deferred tax assets:
Allowance for credit losses $ 39,228 $ 38,646
Operating lease liabilities 24,607 25,882
Net operating loss 805 1,088
Amortization of core deposit intangibles 1,135 653
Deferred compensation 7,433 5,245
Unrealized loss on debt securities 48,714 61,004
Other assets 4,863 6,691
Subtotal 126,785 139,209
Deferred tax liabilities:
FHLB stock dividends $ (263) $ (484)
Operating leases - right of use assets (21,312) (24,478)
Depreciation (5,996) (7,274)
Unrealized gain on equity securities (2,122) (2,287)
Unrealized gain on cash flow hedges (151) (327)
Mortgage servicing rights (42,797) (43,869)
Goodwill (17,995) (15,869)
Other liabilities (4,518) (2,209)
Subtotal (95,154) (96,797)
Net deferred tax assets $ 31,631 $ 42,412
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
The Company had a net operating loss carryforward generated as a result of a previous merger amounting to $3,835 and $5,179 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The net operating loss carryforward can be used to offset taxable income in future periods and reduce income tax liabilities in those future periods. While net operating losses are subject to certain annual utilization limits under Section 382, the Company believes the net operating loss carryforwards will be realized based on the projected annual limitation and the length of the net operating loss carryover period. The Company's determination of the realization of the net deferred tax asset is based on its assessment of all available positive and negative evidence. The net operating loss carryforward will begin to expire in 2029.
Note (13)-Dividend restrictions
Due to regulations of the Tennessee Department of Financial Institutions, the Bank may not declare dividends in any calendar year that exceeds the total of its net income of that year combined with its retained net income of the preceding two years without the prior approval of the TDFI Commissioner. Based upon this regulation, $218,415 and $161,251 was available for payment of dividends without such prior approval as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
In addition, dividends paid by the Bank to the Company would be prohibited if the effect thereof would cause the Bank’s capital to be reduced below applicable minimum capital requirements.
During both the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were $49,000 in cash dividends declared and paid from the Bank to the Company. During the year ended December 31, 2021, there were $122,500 in cash dividends declared and paid from the Bank to the Company.
Note (14)-Commitments and contingencies
Commitments to extend credit and letters of credit
Some financial instruments, such as loan commitments, credit lines and letters of credit, are issued to meet customer financing needs. These unfunded loan commitment agreements provide credit or support the credit of others, as long as conditions established in the contract are met, and usually have expiration dates.
The same credit and underwriting policies the Company uses to evaluate and underwrite loans are also used to originate unfunded loan commitments, including obtaining collateral at exercise of the commitment. These unfunded loan commitments are only recorded in the consolidated financial statements when drawn upon and many expire without being used. The Company's maximum off-balance sheet exposure to credit loss from these unfunded loan commitments is represented by the contractual amount of these instruments.
December 31,
2023 2022
Commitments to extend credit, excluding interest rate lock commitments $ 2,906,016 $ 3,563,982
Letters of credit 77,055 71,250
Balance at end of period $ 2,983,071 $ 3,635,232
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, unfunded loan commitments included above with floating interest rates totaled $2,459,669 and $2,961,683, respectively.
As part of its credit loss process, the Company estimates expected credit losses on its unfunded loan commitments under the CECL methodology. When applying this methodology, the Company considers the likelihood that funding will occur, the contractual period of exposure to credit loss, the risk of loss, historical loss experience, and current conditions along with expectations of future economic conditions.
The table below presents activity within the allowance for credit losses on unfunded loan commitments included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Company's consolidated balance sheets:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Balance at beginning of period $ 22,969 $ 14,380 $ 16,378
(Reversal of) provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments (14,199) 8,589 (1,998)
Balance at end of period $ 8,770 $ 22,969 $ 14,380
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Loan repurchases or indemnifications
In connection with the sale of mortgage loans to third-party private investors or government sponsored agencies, the Company makes representations and warranties as to the propriety of its origination activities, which are typical and customary to these types of transactions. Occasionally, the investors require the Company to repurchase loans sold to them under the terms of the warranties. When this happens, the loans are recorded at fair value in loans held for investment. The total principal amount of loans repurchased (or indemnified for) was $8,552, $7,834 and $7,364 for years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. The Company has established a reserve associated with potential loan repurchases.
The following table summarizes the activity in the repurchase reserve included in “Accrued expenses and other liabilities” on the Company's consolidated balance sheets:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Balance at beginning of period $ 1,621 $ 4,802 $ 5,928
Provision for loan repurchases or indemnifications (650) (2,989) (766)
Losses on loans repurchased or indemnified (72) (192) (360)
Balance at end of period $ 899 $ 1,621 $ 4,802
Legal Proceedings
Various legal claims arise from time to time in the normal course of business, which, in the opinion of management, will not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
Note (15)-Derivatives
The Company utilizes derivative financial instruments as part of its ongoing efforts to manage its interest rate risk exposure as well as interest rate exposure for its customers. Derivative financial instruments are included in the consolidated balance sheets line items “Other assets” or “Other liabilities” at fair value in accordance with ASC 815, “Derivatives and Hedging.” See Note 1, “Basis of presentation,” for additional information on the Company’s accounting policies related to derivative instruments and hedging activities.
Derivatives designated as fair value hedges
The Company enters into fair value hedging relationships using interest rates swaps to mitigate the Company’s exposure to losses in market value as interest rates change. Derivative instruments that are used as part of the Company’s interest rate risk management strategy include interest rate swaps that relate to pricing of specific balance sheet assets and liabilities. Interest rate swaps generally involve the exchange of fixed and variable rate interest payments between two parties, based on a common notional principal amount and maturity date. The critical terms of the interest rate swaps match the terms of the corresponding hedged items. All components of each derivative instrument’s gain or loss are included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness. Any initial and ongoing assessment of expected hedge effectiveness is based on regression analysis.
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Remaining Maturity (In Years) Receive Fixed Rate Pay Floating Rate Notional Amount Estimated fair value Notional Amount Estimated fair value
Derivatives included in other
liabilities:
Interest rate swap
agreement- fixed rate
money market deposits 0.64 1.50% SOFR 75,000 (1,686) 75,000 (3,693)
Interest rate swap
agreement- fixed rate
money market deposits 0.64 1.50% SOFR 125,000 (2,811) 125,000 (6,154)
Interest rate swap
agreement- subordinated
debt 0.17 1.46% SOFR 100,000 (673) 100,000 (3,830)
Total 0.49 1.48% $ 300,000 $ (5,170) $ 300,000 $ (13,677)
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
The following discloses the amount of expense included in interest expense on borrowings and deposits, related to these fair value hedging instruments:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022
Designated fair value hedge:
Interest expense on deposits $ (7,176) $ (717)
Interest expense on borrowings (3,630) (395)
Total $ (10,806) $ (1,112)
The following amounts were recorded on the balance sheet related to cumulative adjustments of fair value hedges as of the dates presented:
Carrying Amount of the Hedged Item Cumulative Decrease in Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Item
Line item on the balance sheet December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Money market and savings deposits $ 198,143 $ 196,520 (1)
$ (4,497) $ (9,847)
Borrowings 98,715 95,171 (2)
(673) (3,830)
Total $ 296,858 $ 291,691 $ (5,170) $ (13,677)
(1) The carrying value also includes an unaccreted purchase accounting fair value premium of $2,640 and $6,367 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
(2) The carrying value also includes unamortized subordinated debt issuance costs of $612 and $999 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges
The Company enters into cash flow hedging relationships using interest rate swaps to mitigate the exposure to the variability in future cash flows or other forecast transactions associated with its floating rate assets and liabilities. The Company uses interest rate swap agreements to hedge the repricing characteristics of its floating rate subordinated debt. All components of each derivative instrument’s gain or loss are included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness. Any initial and ongoing assessment of expected hedge effectiveness is based on regression analysis. The ongoing periodic measures of hedge ineffectiveness are based on the expected change in cash flows of the hedged item caused by changes in the benchmark interest rate.
The following presents a summary of the Company's designated cash flow hedges as of the dates presented:
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Notional Amount Estimated fair value Balance sheet location Estimated fair value Balance sheet location
Interest rate swap agreements-
subordinated debt $ 30,000 $ 579 Other assets $ 1,255 Other assets
The Company's consolidated statements of income included income of $985 for the year ended December 31, 2023 and expense of $93 and $577 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, in interest expense on borrowings related to these cash flow hedges. The cash flow hedges were highly effective during the periods presented and as a result qualified for hedge accounting treatment. As such, no amounts were reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss into earnings as a result of hedge ineffectiveness during any period presented.
The following discloses the amount included in other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax, for derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges for the periods presented:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Amount of (loss) gain recognized in other comprehensive (loss) income, net of
tax (benefit) expense of $(176), $532 and $293
$ (500) $ 1,508 $ 831
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
Derivatives not designated under hedge accounting rules include those that are entered into as either economic hedges as part of the Company’s overall risk management strategy or to facilitate client needs. Economic hedges are those that are not designated as a fair value or cash flow hedge for accounting purposes but are necessary to economically manage the risk exposure associated with the assets and liabilities of the Company.
The Company enters into derivative instruments to help its commercial customers manage their exposure to interest rate fluctuations. To mitigate the interest rate risk associated with customer contracts, the Company enters into an offsetting derivative contract. The Company manages its credit risk, or potential risk of default by its commercial customers through credit limit approval and monitoring procedures.
The Company enters into interest rate-lock commitments on residential loan commitments that will be held for resale. These are considered derivative instruments with no hedge accounting designation, and the interest rate exposure on these commitments is economically hedged primarily with forward contracts. Gains and losses arising from changes in the valuation of the interest rate-lock commitments and forward commitments are recognized currently in earnings and are reflected under the line item “Mortgage banking income” in the consolidated statements of income.
The Company also enters into forwards, futures and option contracts to economically hedge the change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights. Gains and losses associated with these instruments are included in earnings and are reflected under the line item “Mortgage banking income” in the consolidated statements of income.
The following tables provide details on the Company’s non-designated derivative financial instruments as of the dates presented:
December 31, 2023
Notional Amount Asset Liability
Interest rate contracts $ 569,865 $ 32,179 $ 32,184
Forward commitments 159,000 - 861
Interest rate-lock commitments 69,217 1,203 -
Futures contracts 254,000 777 -
Total $ 1,052,082 $ 34,159 $ 33,045
December 31, 2022
Notional Amount Asset Liability
Interest rate contracts $ 560,310 $ 45,775 $ 45,762
Forward commitments 207,000 306 -
Interest rate-lock commitments 118,313 1,433 -
Futures contracts 494,300 - 3,790
Total $ 1,379,923 $ 47,514 $ 49,552
(Losses) gains included in the consolidated statements of income related to the Company’s non-designated derivative financial instruments were as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Included in mortgage banking income:
Interest rate lock commitments $ (230) $ (5,764) $ (27,194)
Forward commitments 953 55,804 25,661
Futures contracts (3,366) (36,381) (7,949)
Option contracts (1,125) 36 -
Total $ (3,768) $ 13,695 $ (9,482)
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Netting of Derivative Instruments
Certain financial instruments, including derivatives, may be eligible for offset on the consolidated balance sheets when the “right of offset” exists or when the instruments are subject to an enforceable master netting agreement, which includes the right of the non-defaulting party or non-affected party to offset recognized amounts, including collateral posted with the counterparty, to determine a net receivable or net payable upon early termination of the agreement. Certain of the Company’s derivative instruments are subject to master netting agreements, however the Company has not elected to offset such financial instruments on the consolidated balance sheets. The following table presents the Company's gross derivative positions as recognized on the consolidated balance sheets as well as the net derivative positions, including collateral pledged to the extent the application of such collateral did not reduce the net derivative liability position below zero, had the Company elected to offset those instruments subject to an enforceable master netting agreement:
Gross amounts not offset on the consolidated balance sheets
Gross amounts recognized Gross amounts offset on the consolidated balance sheets Net amounts presented on the consolidated balance sheets Financial instruments Financial collateral pledged Net Amount
December 31, 2023
Derivative financial assets $ 31,468 $ - $ 31,468 $ 6,502 $ - $ 24,966
Derivative financial liabilities $ 11,330 $ - $ 11,330 $ 6,502 $ 4,828 $ -
December 31, 2022
Derivative financial assets $ 44,273 $ - $ 44,273 $ 14,229 $ - $ 30,044
Derivative financial liabilities $ 20,251 $ - $ 20,251 $ 14,229 $ 6,022 $ -
Collateral Requirements
Most derivative contracts with customers are secured by collateral. Additionally, in accordance with the interest rate agreements with derivative counterparties, the Company may be required to post collateral with these derivative counterparties. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had collateral posted of $14,042 and $23,325, respectively, against its obligations under these agreements. Cash pledged as collateral on derivative contracts is recorded in “Other assets” on the consolidated balance sheets.
Note (16)-Fair value of financial instruments
FASB ASC 820-10 defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. ASC 820-10 also establishes a framework for measuring the fair value of assets and liabilities according to a hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). The hierarchy maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that are derived from assumptions based on management’s estimate of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on the best information available under the circumstances.
The hierarchy is broken down into the following three levels, based on the reliability of inputs:
Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that are accessible at the measurement date.
Level 2: Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs for assets or liabilities that are derived from assumptions based on management’s estimate of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the assets or liabilities.
The Company records the fair values of financial assets and liabilities on a recurring and nonrecurring basis using the following methods and assumptions:
Investment securities Investment securities are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair values for securities are based on quoted market prices, where available. If quoted prices are not available, fair values are based on quoted market prices of similar instruments or are determined by matrix pricing, which is a mathematical technique widely used in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for the specific securities but rather by relying on the pricing relationship or correlation among other benchmark quoted securities. Investment securities valued using quoted market prices of similar instruments or that are valued using matrix pricing are classified as Level 2. When significant inputs to the valuation are unobservable, the available-for-sale debt securities are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Where no active market exists for a security or other benchmark securities, fair value is estimated by the Company with reference to discount margins for other high-risk securities.
Loans held for sale
Mortgage loans held for sale are carried at fair value determined using current secondary market prices for loans with similar characteristics, that is, using Level 2 inputs. GNMA optional repurchase loans recorded as held for sale loans are carried at their principal balance. For commercial loans held for sale, fair value is determined using an income approach with various assumptions including expected cash flows, market discount rates, credit metrics and collateral value when appropriate. As such, these are considered Level 3.
Derivatives
The fair value of the Company's interest rate swap agreements to facilitate customer transactions are based upon fair values provided from entities that engage in interest rate swap activity and is based upon projected future cash flows and interest rates. The fair value of interest rate lock commitments associated with the mortgage pipeline is based on fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, and for fixed-rate commitments, the difference between current levels of interest rates and the committed rates is also considered. The fair values of the Company's designated cash flow and fair value hedges are determined by calculating the difference between the discounted fixed rate cash flows and the discounted variable rate cash flows. The fair values of both the Company's hedges, including designated cash flow hedges and designated fair value hedges are based on pricing models that utilize observable market inputs. These financial instruments are classified as Level 2.
OREO
OREO is comprised of commercial and residential real estate obtained in partial or total satisfaction of loan obligations and excess land and facilities held for sale. OREO acquired in settlement of indebtedness is recorded at the lower of the carrying amount of the loan or the fair value of the real estate less costs to sell. Fair value is determined on a nonrecurring basis based on appraisals by qualified licensed appraisers and is adjusted for management’s estimates of costs to sell and holding period discounts. The valuations are classified as Level 3.
Mortgage servicing rights
MSRs are carried at fair value. Fair value is determined using an income approach with various assumptions including expected cash flows, market discount rates, prepayment speeds, servicing costs, and other factors. As such, MSRs are considered Level 3.
Collateral- dependent loans
Collateral-dependent loans are loans for which, based on current information and events, the Company has determined foreclosure of the collateral is probable, or where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and the Company expects repayment of the loan to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral and it is probable that the creditor will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Collateral-dependent loans are classified as Level 3.
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
The balances and levels of the assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are presented in the following tables:
At December 31, 2023 Quoted prices
in active
markets for
identical assets
(liabilities)
(level 1) Significant
other
observable
inputs
(level 2) Significant unobservable
inputs
(level 3) Total
Recurring valuations:
Financial assets:
Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. government agency securities $ - $ 203,956 $ - $ 203,956
Mortgage-backed securities - residential - 896,971 - 896,971
Mortgage-backed securities - commercial - 16,961 - 16,961
Municipal securities - 242,263 - 242,263
U.S. Treasury securities - 108,496 - 108,496
Corporate securities - 3,326 - 3,326
Total securities $ - $ 1,471,973 $ - $ 1,471,973
Loans held for sale, at fair value $ - $ 46,618 $ - $ 46,618
Mortgage servicing rights - - 164,249 164,249
Derivatives - 34,738 - 34,738
Financial Liabilities:
Derivatives - 38,215 - 38,215
At December 31, 2022 Quoted prices
in active
markets for
identical assets
(liabilities)
(level 1) Significant
other
observable
inputs
(level 2) Significant unobservable
inputs
(level 3) Total
Recurring valuations:
Financial assets:
Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. government agency securities $ - $ 40,062 $ - $ 40,062
Mortgage-backed securities - residential - 1,034,193 - 1,034,193
Mortgage-backed securities - commercial - 17,644 - 17,644
Municipal securities - 264,420 - 264,420
U.S. Treasury securities - 107,680 - 107,680
Corporate securities - 7,187 - 7,187
Equity securities, at fair value - 2,990 - 2,990
Total securities $ - $ 1,474,176 $ - $ 1,474,176
Loans held for sale, at fair value $ - $ 82,750 $ 30,490 $ 113,240
Mortgage servicing rights - - 168,365 168,365
Derivatives - 48,769 - 48,769
Financial Liabilities:
Derivatives - 63,229 - 63,229
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
The balances and levels of the assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are presented in the following tables:
At December 31, 2023 Quoted prices
in active
markets for
identical assets
(liabilities
(level 1) Significant
other
observable
inputs
(level 2) Significant unobservable
inputs
(level 3) Total
Nonrecurring valuations:
Financial assets:
Other real estate owned $ - $ - $ 2,400 $ 2,400
Collateral-dependent net loans held for
investment:
Commercial and industrial - - 12,338 12,338
Construction - - 203 203
Residential real estate:
1-4 family mortgage $ - $ - $ 429 $ 429
Consumer and other - - 71 71
Total collateral-dependent loans $ - $ - $ 13,041 $ 13,041
At December 31, 2022 Quoted prices
in active
markets for
identical assets
(liabilities)
(level 1) Significant
other
observable
inputs
(level 2) Significant unobservable
inputs
(level 3) Total
Nonrecurring valuations:
Financial assets:
Other real estate owned $ - $ - $ 2,497 $ 2,497
Collateral-dependent net loans held for
investment:
Residential real estate:
1-4 family mortgage $ - $ - $ 366 $ 366
Commercial real estate:
Non-owner occupied - - 2,494 2,494
Total collateral-dependent loans $ - $ - $ 2,860 $ 2,860
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Commercial loans held for sale
As of December 31, 2022, the Company had a portfolio of acquired commercial loans. There were no such loans outstanding as of December 31, 2023. These commercial loans were measured at fair value. As such, these loans were excluded from the ACL.
The following tables set forth the changes in fair value associated with this portfolio for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021:
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Principal Balance Fair Value Discount Fair Value
Carrying value at beginning of period $ 34,357 $ (3,867) $ 30,490
Change in fair value:
Paydowns and payoffs (28,376) - (28,376)
Write-offs to discount (5,981) 5,981 -
Changes in valuation included in other noninterest income - (2,114) (2,114)
Carrying value at end of period $ - $ - $ -
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Principal balance Fair Value discount Fair Value
Carrying value at beginning of period $ 86,762 $ (7,463) $ 79,299
Change in fair value:
Paydowns and payoffs (43,676) - (43,676)
Write-offs to discount (8,729) 8,729 -
Changes in valuation included in other noninterest income - (5,133) (5,133)
Carrying value at end of period $ 34,357 $ (3,867) $ 30,490
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Principal balance Fair Value discount Fair Value
Carrying value at beginning of period $ 239,063 $ (23,660) $ 215,403
Change in fair value:
Paydowns and payoffs (141,002) - (141,002)
Write-offs to discount (8,563) 8,563 -
Changes in valuation included in other noninterest income (2,736) 7,634 4,898
Carrying value at end of period $ 86,762 $ (7,463) $ 79,299
In addition to the gain of $4,898 recognized on the change in fair value of the portfolio during the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recognized an additional gain of $6,274 related to the payoff of a loan that had been partially charged off prior to acquisition of the portfolio.
The significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) used in the valuation and changes in fair value associated with the Company's mortgage servicing rights for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 are detailed at Note 8, “Mortgage servicing rights.”
The following tables present information as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 about significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) used in the valuation of assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis:
December 31, 2023
Financial instrument Fair Value Valuation technique Significant
unobservable inputs Range of
inputs
Collateral-dependent net loans
held for investment $ 13,041 Valuation of collateral Discount for comparable sales 10%-61%
Other real estate owned $ 2,400 Appraised value of property less costs to sell Discount for costs to sell 0%-15%
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
December 31, 2022
Financial instrument Fair Value Valuation technique Significant
unobservable inputs Range of
inputs
Collateral-dependent net loans
held for investment $ 2,860 Valuation of collateral Discount for comparable sales 10%-35%
Other real estate owned $ 2,497 Appraised value of property less costs to sell Discount for costs to sell 0%-15%
Fair value for collateral-dependent loans is determined based on appraisals performed by qualified appraisers and reviewed by qualified personnel. Fair value of the loan's collateral is determined by third-party appraisals, which are then adjusted for estimated selling and closing costs related to liquidation of the collateral. Collateral-dependent loans are reviewed and evaluated on at least a quarterly basis for additional impairment and adjusted accordingly, based on changes in market conditions from the time of valuation and management's knowledge of the borrower and borrower's business. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, total amortized cost of collateral-dependent loans measured on a nonrecurring basis amounted to $18,166 and $3,054, respectively. The allowance for credit losses is calculated as the amount for which the loan’s amortized cost basis exceeds fair value.
Other real estate owned acquired in settlement of indebtedness is recorded at fair value of the real estate less estimated costs to sell. Subsequently, it may be necessary to record nonrecurring fair value adjustments for declines in fair value. Any write-downs based on the asset's fair value at the date of foreclosure are charged to the allowance for credit losses.
Appraisals for both collateral-dependent loans and other real estate owned are performed by certified appraisers whose qualifications and licenses have been reviewed and verified by the Company. Once received, a member of the lending administrative department reviews the assumptions and approaches utilized in the appraisal as well as the overall resulting fair value in comparison with independent data sources such as recent market data or industry wide statistics. Collateral-dependent loans that are dependent on recovery through sale of equipment, such as farm equipment, automobiles and aircrafts are generally valued based on public source pricing or subscription services while more complex assets are valued through leveraging brokers who have expertise in the collateral involved.
Fair value option
The following table summarizes the Company's loans held for sale as of the dates presented:
December 31,
2023 2022
Loans held for sale under a fair value option:
Commercial loans held for sale $ - $ 30,490
Mortgage loans held for sale 46,618 82,750
Total loans held for sale, at fair value 46,618 113,240
Loans held for sale not accounted for under a fair value option:
Mortgage loans held for sale - guaranteed GNMA repurchase option 21,229 26,211
Total loans held for sale $ 67,847 $ 139,451
Mortgage loans held for sale
Net losses of $121, $13,677, and $16,976 resulting from fair value changes of mortgage loans were recorded in income during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. The amount does not reflect changes in fair values of related derivative instruments used to hedge exposure to market-related risks associated with these mortgage loans. The net change in fair value of these loans held for sale and derivatives resulted in net losses of $1,815, $17,633, and $33,284 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. The change in fair value of both loans held for sale and the related derivative instruments are recorded in “Mortgage banking income” in the consolidated statements of income. Election of the fair value option allows the Company to reduce the accounting volatility that would otherwise result from the asymmetry created by accounting for the financial instruments at the lower of cost or fair value and the derivatives at fair value.
The Company’s valuation of mortgage loans held for sale incorporates an assumption for credit risk; however, given the short-term period that the Company holds these mortgage loans held for sale, valuation adjustments attributable to instrument-specific credit risk is nominal.
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
The following table summarizes the differences between the fair value and the principal balance for loans held for sale and nonaccrual loans HFS measured at fair value as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:
December 31, 2023 Aggregate
fair value Aggregate Unpaid Principal Balance Difference
Mortgage loans held for sale measured at fair value $ 46,618 $ 45,509 $ 1,109
December 31, 2022 Aggregate
fair value Aggregate Unpaid Principal Balance Difference
Mortgage loans held for sale measured at fair value $ 82,750 $ 81,520 $ 1,230
Commercial loans held for sale measured at fair value 21,201 22,126 (925)
Nonaccrual commercial loans held for sale 9,289 12,231 (2,942)
The following table contains the estimated fair values and the related carrying values of the Company's financial instruments. Items that are not financial instruments are not included.
Fair Value
December 31, 2023 Carrying amount Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 810,932 $ 810,932 $ - $ - $ 810,932
Investment securities 1,471,973 - 1,471,973 - 1,471,973
Net loans held for investment 9,258,457 - - 9,068,518 9,068,518
Loans held for sale, at fair value 46,618 - 46,618 - 46,618
Interest receivable 52,715 388 8,551 43,776 52,715
Mortgage servicing rights 164,249 - - 164,249 164,249
Derivatives 34,738 - 34,738 - 34,738
Financial liabilities:
Deposits:
Without stated maturities $ 8,927,654 $ 8,927,654 $ - $ - $ 8,927,654
With stated maturities 1,620,633 - 1,614,400 - 1,614,400
Securities sold under agreements to
repurchase and federal funds purchased
108,764 108,764 - - 108,764
Bank Term Funding Program 130,000 - 130,000 - 130,000
Subordinated debt, net 129,645 - - 122,671 122,671
Interest payable 18,809 4,104 13,205 1,500 18,809
Derivatives 38,215 - 38,215 - 38,215
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Fair Value
December 31, 2022 Carrying amount Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 1,027,052 $ 1,027,052 $ - $ - $ 1,027,052
Investment securities 1,474,176 - 1,474,176 - 1,474,176
Net loans held for investment 9,164,020 - - 9,048,943 9,048,943
Loans held for sale, at fair value 113,240 - 82,750 30,490 113,240
Interest receivable 45,684 126 6,961 38,597 45,684
Mortgage servicing rights 168,365 - - 168,365 168,365
Derivatives 48,769 - 48,769 - 48,769
Financial liabilities:
Deposits:
Without stated maturities $ 9,433,860 $ 9,433,860 $ - $ - $ 9,433,860
With stated maturities 1,421,974 - 1,422,544 - 1,422,544
Securities sold under agreements to
repurchase and federal funds purchased
86,945 86,945 - - 86,945
Federal Home Loan Bank advances 175,000 - 175,000 - 175,000
Subordinated debt, net 126,101 - - 118,817 118,817
Interest payable 8,648 2,571 4,559 1,518 8,648
Derivatives 63,229 - 63,229 - 63,229
Note (17)-Parent company financial statements
The following information presents the condensed balance sheets, statements of income, and cash flows of FB Financial Corporation as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023.
As of December 31,
Balance sheets 2023 2022
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents(1)
$ 21,448 $ 3,052
Investment in subsidiaries(1)
1,449,439 1,337,657
Other assets 15,291 16,654
Goodwill 29 29
Total assets $ 1,486,207 $ 1,357,392
Liabilities and shareholders' equity
Liabilities
Borrowings $ 30,930 $ 30,930
Accrued expenses and other liabilities 483 1,037
Total liabilities 31,413 31,967
Shareholders' equity
Common stock 46,849 46,738
Additional paid-in capital 864,258 861,588
Retained earnings 678,412 586,532
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (134,725) (169,433)
Total shareholders' equity 1,454,794 1,325,425
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity $ 1,486,207 $ 1,357,392
(1) Eliminates in Consolidation
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Years Ended December 31,
Statements of income 2023 2022 2021
Income
Dividend income from bank subsidiary(1)
$ 49,000 $ 49,000 $ 122,500
Dividend income from nonbank subsidiary(1)
530 - 2,525
Loss on investments - - 249
Other income 57 89 15
Total income 49,587 49,089 125,289
Expenses
Interest expense 1,590 1,587 2,455
Salaries, legal and professional fees 1,461 1,590 1,445
Other noninterest expense 478 771 1,812
Total expenses 3,529 3,948 5,712
Income before income tax benefit and equity in undistributed
earnings of subsidiaries 46,058 45,141 119,577
Federal and state income tax benefit (887) (1,002) (2,992)
Income before equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries 46,945 46,143 122,569
Equity in undistributed earnings from bank subsidiary(1)
73,832 76,232 68,351
Equity in undistributed earnings from nonbank subsidiary(1)
(553) 2,180 (635)
Net income $ 120,224 $ 124,555 $ 190,285
(1) Eliminates in Consolidation
Years Ended December 31,
Statements of cash flows 2023 2022 2021
Operating Activities
Net income $ 120,224 $ 124,555 $ 190,285
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Equity in undistributed income of bank subsidiary (73,832) (76,232) (68,351)
Equity in undistributed income of nonbank subsidiary 553 (2,180) 635
Accretion of subordinated debt fair value premium - - (369)
Gain on investments - - (249)
Stock-based compensation expense 10,381 9,857 10,282
Decrease (increase) in other assets 1,017 (802) (3,916)
Decrease in other liabilities (4,064) (7,381) (678)
Net cash provided by operating activities 54,279 47,817 127,639
Investing Activities
Proceeds from sale of equity securities - - 1,422
Net cash provided by investing activities - - 1,422
Financing Activities
Payments on subordinated debt - - (60,000)
Payments on other borrowings - - (15,000)
Share based compensation withholding payments (3,379) (2,842) (10,158)
Net proceeds from sale of common stock under employee stock purchase
program 723 1,212 1,480
Repurchase of common stock (4,944) (39,979) (7,595)
Dividends paid on common stock (28,057) (24,503) (20,866)
Dividend equivalent payments made upon vesting of equity compensation (226) (168) (717)
Net cash used in financing activities (35,883) (66,280) (112,856)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 18,396 (18,463) 16,205
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 3,052 21,515 5,310
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year $ 21,448 $ 3,052 $ 21,515
Supplemental noncash disclosures:
Dividends declared not paid on restricted stock units $ 287 $ 222 $ 400
Noncash security distribution to bank subsidiary - - 2,646
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note (18)-Segment reporting
The following tables present selected financial information with respect to the Company's reportable segments for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.
Year Ended December 31, 2023 Banking(2)
Mortgage Consolidated
Net interest income $ 407,217 $ - $ 407,217
Provisions for credit losses 2,539 - 2,539
Mortgage banking income - 60,918 60,918
Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights, net of hedging(1)
- (16,226) (16,226)
Other noninterest income 25,831 20 25,851
Depreciation and amortization 10,444 736 11,180
Amortization of intangibles 3,659 - 3,659
Other noninterest expense 262,433 47,657 310,090
Income (loss) before income taxes $ 153,973 $ (3,681) $ 150,292
Income tax expense 30,052
Net income applicable to FB Financial Corporation and noncontrolling
interest
120,240
Net income applicable to noncontrolling interest(2)
Net income applicable to FB Financial Corporation $ 120,224
Total assets $ 12,046,190 $ 558,213 $ 12,604,403
Goodwill 242,561 - 242,561
(1) Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights, net of hedging is included in Mortgage banking income in the Company's consolidated statements of income.
(2) Banking segment includes noncontrolling interest.
Year Ended December 31, 2022 Banking(3)
Mortgage Consolidated
Net interest income $ 412,237 $ (2) $ 412,235
Provisions for credit losses 18,982 - 18,982
Mortgage banking income - 83,679 83,679
Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights, net of hedging(1)
- (10,099) (10,099)
Other noninterest income 41,320 (233) 41,087
Depreciation and amortization 7,035 982 8,017
Amortization of intangibles 4,585 - 4,585
Other noninterest expense(2)
240,096 95,648 335,744
Income (loss) before income taxes $ 182,859 $ (23,285) $ 159,574
Income tax expense 35,003
Net income applicable to FB Financial Corporation and noncontrolling
interest
124,571
Net income applicable to noncontrolling interest(3)
Net income applicable to FB Financial Corporation $ 124,555
Total assets $ 12,228,451 $ 619,305 $ 12,847,756
Goodwill 242,561 - 242,561
(1)Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights, net of hedging is included in mortgage banking income in the Company's consolidated statements of income.
(2)Includes $12,458 in Mortgage restructuring expenses in the Mortgage segment related to the exit from the direct-to-consumer internet delivery channel.
(3)Banking segment includes noncontrolling interest.
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Year Ended December 31, 2021 Banking(2)
Mortgage Consolidated
Net interest income $ 347,342 $ 28 $ 347,370
Provisions for credit losses (40,993) - (40,993)
Mortgage banking income - 179,682 179,682
Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights, net of hedging(1)
- (12,117) (12,117)
Other noninterest income 61,073 (383) 60,690
Depreciation and amortization 7,054 1,362 8,416
Amortization of intangibles 5,473 - 5,473
Other noninterest expense 220,283 139,395 359,678
Income before income taxes $ 216,598 $ 26,453 $ 243,051
Income tax expense 52,750
Net income applicable to FB Financial Corporation and noncontrolling
interest
190,301
Net income applicable to noncontrolling interest(2)
Net income applicable to FB Financial Corporation $ 190,285
Total assets $ 11,540,560 $ 1,057,126 $ 12,597,686
Goodwill 242,561 - 242,561
(1) Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights, net of hedging is included in mortgage banking income in the Company's consolidated statements of income.
(2) Banking segment includes noncontrolling interest.
The Banking segment provides the Mortgage segment with a warehouse line of credit that is used to originate mortgage loans until those mortgage loans can be sold at which time the warehouse line of credit is repaid. The warehouse line of credit, which is eliminated in consolidation, is limited based on interest income earned by the Mortgage segment. The amount of interest paid by the Mortgage segment to the Banking segment under this warehouse line of credit is recorded as interest income to the Banking segment and as interest expense to the Mortgage segment, both of which are included in the calculation of net interest income for each segment. The amount of interest paid by the Mortgage segment to the Banking segment under this warehouse line of credit was $16,170, $18,906 and $23,910 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
Additionally during the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company exited the direct-to-consumer delivery channel of the Mortgage segment. This restructure resulted in the recognition of $12,458 of expenses during the year ended December 31, 2022 within the Mortgage segment. After this restructuring, the Mortgage segment continues to originate and sell residential mortgage loans and retain servicing rights through its traditional retail channel.
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note (19)-Minimum capital requirements
Banks and bank holding companies are subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Capital adequacy guidelines and, additionally for banks, prompt corrective action regulations involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators. Failure to meet capital requirements can initiate regulatory action.
Under regulatory guidance for non-advanced approach institutions, the Bank and Company are required to maintain minimum capital ratios as outlined in the table below. Minimum risk-based capital adequacy ratios below include a capital conservation buffer of 2.50%. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Bank and Company met all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject. Additionally, under U.S. Basel III Capital Rules, the Bank and Company opted out of including accumulated other comprehensive income in regulatory capital.
The Company elected to phase-in the impact related to adopting ASU 2016-13 over the permissible five-year transition relief period and delayed the initial impact of CECL adoption plus 25% of the quarterly increases in ACL in the first two years after adoption. As of January 1, 2022, the cumulative amount of the transition adjustments became fixed and are being phased out of regulatory capital calculations evenly over a three-year period, with 75% of the transition provision’s impact being recognized in 2022, 50% recognized in 2023, and 25% recognized in 2024.
Actual and required capital amounts and ratios are included below as of the dates indicated.
December 31, 2023
Actual Minimum Requirement for Capital Adequacy with
Capital Buffer To Qualify as Well-Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions
Amount Ratio Amount Ratio Amount Ratio
Total Capital (to risk-weighted assets)
FB Financial Corporation $ 1,635,848 14.5 % $ 1,182,028 10.5 % N/A N/A
FirstBank 1,600,950 14.2 % 1,179,886 10.5 % $ 1,123,701 10.0 %
Tier 1 Capital (to risk-weighted assets)
FB Financial Corporation $ 1,405,890 12.5 % $ 956,880 8.5 % N/A N/A
FirstBank 1,370,991 12.2 % 955,145 8.5 % $ 898,960 8.0 %
Tier 1 Capital (to average assets)
FB Financial Corporation $ 1,405,890 11.3 % $ 496,485 4.0 % N/A N/A
FirstBank 1,370,991 11.1 % 495,761 4.0 % $ 619,701 5.0 %
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital
(to risk-weighted assets)
FB Financial Corporation $ 1,375,890 12.2 % $ 788,018 7.0 % N/A N/A
FirstBank 1,370,991 12.2 % 786,590 7.0 % $ 730,405 6.5 %
December 31, 2022 Actual Minimum Requirement for Capital Adequacy with
Capital Buffer To Qualify as Well-Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions
Amount Ratio Amount Ratio Amount Ratio
Total Capital (to risk-weighted assets)
FB Financial Corporation $ 1,528,344 13.1 % $ 1,225,161 10.5 % N/A N/A
FirstBank 1,506,543 12.9 % 1,222,922 10.5 % $ 1,164,688 10.0 %
Tier 1 Capital (to risk-weighted assets)
FB Financial Corporation $ 1,315,386 11.3 % $ 991,797 8.5 % N/A N/A
FirstBank 1,293,585 11.1 % 989,985 8.5 % $ 931,750 8.0 %
Tier 1 Capital (to average assets)
FB Financial Corporation $ 1,315,386 10.5 % $ 499,648 4.0 % N/A N/A
FirstBank 1,293,585 10.4 % 499,194 4.0 % $ 623,992 5.0 %
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital
(to risk-weighted assets)
FB Financial Corporation $ 1,285,386 11.0 % $ 816,774 7.0 % N/A N/A
FirstBank 1,293,585 11.1 % 815,281 7.0 % $ 757,047 6.5 %
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note (20)-Employee benefit plans
401(k) plan
The Company sponsors a defined contribution plan which covers substantially all employees and allows participating employees to contribute the maximum amount of their eligible salary subject to certain limits based on the federal tax laws. The Company has an employer match of 50% of the first 6% of an employee’s salary with any such contributions vesting ratably over a three-year period. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, matching employer contributions totaled $3,450, $3,686 and $3,923 respectively.
Acquired supplemental retirement plans
The Company has nonqualified supplemental retirement plans for certain former employees that were assumed through acquisitions. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets included post-retirement benefits payable of $2,152 and $2,424, respectively, related to these plans. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the expense related to these plans and payments to the participants were not meaningful. The Company also acquired single premium life insurance policies on these individuals. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance was $76,143 and $75,329, respectively. Income related to these policies (net of related insurance premium expense) amounted to $1,871, $1,452 and $1,542 in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Note (21)-Stock-based compensation
Restricted Stock Units
The Company grants RSUs under compensation arrangements for the benefit of certain employees, executive officers, and directors. RSU grants are subject to time-based vesting with associated compensation recognized on a straight-line basis based on the grant date fair value of the awards. The total number of RSUs granted represents the maximum number of awards eligible to vest based upon the service conditions set forth in the grant agreements.
The following table summarizes changes in RSUs for the year ended December 31, 2023:
Restricted Stock
Units
Outstanding Weighted
Average Grant
Date
Fair Value
Balance at beginning of period (unvested) 365,155 $ 39.02
Granted 180,631 35.33
Vested (212,251) 38.11
Forfeited (10,015) 40.00
Balance at end of period (unvested) 323,520 $ 37.52
The total fair value of RSUs vested was $8,089, $8,018, and $16,340 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
The compensation cost related to the grants and vesting of RSUs was $7,438, $7,372, and $8,907 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. This includes amounts paid related to grants and compensation for directors elected to be settled in stock amounting to $834, $663, and $635 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
As of December 31, 2023, there was $7,736 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested RSUs which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.94 years. Additionally, as of December 31, 2023, there were 1,497,096 shares available for issuance under the Company's stock compensation plans. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there was $353 and $292, respectively, accrued in other liabilities related to dividend equivalent units declared to be paid upon vesting and distribution of the underlying RSUs.
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units
The Company awards PSUs to executives, other officers and employees. Under the terms of the awards, the number of units that will vest and convert to shares of common stock will be based on the Company's performance relative to a predefined peer group over a fixed three-year performance period. The number of shares issued upon vesting will range from 0% to 200% of the PSUs granted. The Company's performance relative to a predefined peer group will be measured based on non-GAAP core return on average tangible common equity ratio, which is adjusted for unusual gains/losses, merger expenses, and other items as approved by the Compensation Committee of the Company's Board of Directors. Compensation expense for PSUs is estimated each period based on the fair value of the Company's stock at the grant date and the most probable outcome of the performance condition, adjusted for the passage of time within the performance period of the awards.
The following table summarizes information about the changes in PSUs as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023:
Performance Stock
Units
Outstanding Weighted
Average Grant
Date
Fair Value
Balance at beginning of period (unvested) 161,667 $ 41.73
Granted 86,010 37.17
Performance adjustment (1)
51,444 36.93
Vested (104,833) 36.93
Forfeited or expired (18,125) 43.58
Balance at end of period (unvested) 176,163 $ 40.86
(1) PSUs are presented as outstanding, granted and forfeited in the table above assuming targets are met and the awards pay out at 100%. PSU
awards are settled with payouts ranging from 0% and 200% of the target award value based on the Company's performance relative to a predefined
peer group over a fixed three-year performance period. The performance adjustment represents the difference in shares ultimately awarded due to
performance attainment above or below target.
The following table summarizes data related to the Company's outstanding PSUs as of December 31, 2023:
Grant Year Grant Price Performance Period PSUs Outstanding
2021 (1)
$ 43.20 2021 to 2023 47,387
2022 (1)
$ 44.44 2022 to 2024 50,117
2023 (1)
$ 37.17 2023 to 2025 78,659
(1)Vesting factor will be interpolated between 0% and 200% of PSUs outstanding based on the Company's performance relative to a predefined peer
group over a fixed three-year performance period.
The Company recorded compensation cost associated with PSUs of $2,943, $2,485, and $1,375 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, maximum unrecognized compensation cost at 200% payout related to the unvested PSUs was $10,864, and the weighted average remaining performance period over which the cost could be recognized was 1.82 years.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
The Company maintains an employee stock purchase plan under which employees, through payroll deductions, are able to purchase shares of Company common stock. The employee purchase price is 95% of the lower of the market price on the first or last day of the offering period. The maximum number of shares issuable during any offering period is 200,000 shares, limited to 725 shares for each participating employee. There were 20,520, 26,950, and 37,310 shares of common stock issued under the ESPP with proceeds from employee payroll withholdings of $686, $1,087, and $1,190 during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, there were 2,294,226 shares available for issuance under the ESPP.
FB Financial Corporation and subsidiaries
Notes to consolidated financial statements
(Dollar amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note (22)-Related party transactions
Loans
The Bank has made and expects to continue to make loans to the directors, certain management, significant shareholders, and executive officers of the Company and their related interests in the ordinary course of business, in compliance with regulatory requirements.
An analysis of loans to executive officers, certain management, significant shareholders and directors of the Bank and their related interests is presented below:
Loans outstanding at January 1, 2023 $ 82,559
New loans and advances 10,047
Change in related party status (37,897)
Repayments (5,636)
Loans outstanding at December 31, 2023 $ 49,073
Unfunded commitments to certain executive officers, certain management and directors and their related interests totaled $44,206 and $31,564 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Deposits
The Bank held deposits from related parties totaling $316,141 and $347,660 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Leases
The Bank leases various office spaces from entities owned by certain directors of the Company under varying terms. Lease expense for these properties totaled $385, $396, and $497 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
Aviation lease
During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Bank formed a subsidiary, FBK Aviation, LLC and purchased an aircraft under this entity. FBK Aviation, LLC also maintains a non-exclusive aircraft lease agreement with an entity owned by one of the Company's directors. The Company recognized income of $28, $52, and $21 during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, under this agreement.
Equity investment in preferred stock and master loan purchase agreement
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company invested in preferred stock of a privately held entity of which an executive officer of the Company is on the Board of directors of the investee. This investment is included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets with a carrying amount of $10,000 as of both December 31, 2023 and 2022, and is being accounted for as an equity security without readily determinable market value. No gains or losses have been recognized to date associated with this investment.
Concurrently, the Company also entered a separate master loan purchase agreement with the entity to purchase up to $250,000 in manufactured loan housing production over an initial five-year term. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company purchased $33,164 of loans HFI under this agreement. No such loans were purchased during the year ended December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2023, the amortized cost of these loans HFI amounted to $32,154. There were no loans recorded under the master loan purchase agreement as of December 31, 2022.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ITEM 9. Changes In and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9A. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
An evaluation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act as of December 31, 2023 was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and other members of the Company’s senior management. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2023, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective for ensuring that information the Company is required to disclose in reports that it files or submits under the Act, as amended, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s senior management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Annual Reports on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
The report of the Company’s management on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting is included under subheading “Report on Management’s Assessment of Internal Control over Financial Reporting” within Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” The report of the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting is included under subheading “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” within Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” within this Annual Report.
Changes in Internal Controls
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2023 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls
The Company’s management recognizes that a control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues, errors and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9B. Other Information
Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans
During the quarter ended December 31, 2023, none of the Company’s directors or executive officers adopted, modified, or terminated any contract, instruction, or written plan for the purchase or sale of Company securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement.”
Other Events
Amended and Restated Employment Agreements
On February 23, 2024, FB Financial Corporation (the “Company”) and FirstBank (“FirstBank”), the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, entered into amended and restated employment agreements (the “new agreements”) with the following named executive officers: Christopher T. Holmes, President and Chief Executive Officer, Michael M. Mettee, Chief Financial Officer, Travis K. Edmondson, Chief Banking Officer, Aimee T. Hamilton, Chief Risk Officer, and R. Wade Peery, Chief Innovations Officer (collectively, the “named executive officers”). The agreements replace and supersede each of the named executive officer’s respective prior employment agreements (the “prior agreements”).
Term. The initial terms of the new agreements are for three years from the effective date, February 23, 2024, of the respective agreement. The terms automatically renew on each anniversary thereafter for additional one-year periods.
Compensation. The base salaries under the new agreements are set at a minimum and are subject to annual review and increases. Mr. Holmes’ new agreement provides that he is entitled to an annual base salary of $725,000, an annual bonus target of $725,000, and a potential long-term incentive plan award of $1,250,000. Mr. Mettee’s new agreement provides that he is entitled to an annual base salary of $405,000, an annual bonus target of $250,000, and a potential long-term incentive plan award of $250,000. Mr. Edmondson’s new agreement provides that he is entitled to an annual base salary of $400,000, an annual bonus target of $250,000, and a potential long-term incentive plan award of $250,000. Ms. Hamilton’s new agreement provides that she is entitled to an annual base salary of $362,000, an annual bonus target of
$175,000, and a potential long-term incentive plan award of $176,000. Mr. Peery’s new agreement provides that he is entitled to an annual base salary of $326,000, an annual bonus target of $272,000, and a potential long-term incentive plan award of $408,000. The annual bonus and long-term incentive awards will be subject to performance and other vesting conditions as established by the Compensation Committee of the board of directors of the Company.
Additionally, annual short-term incentive compensation and annual long-term incentive compensation awards are set at a minimum for each executive, and in each case are subject to annual review and adjustment. The named executive officers are entitled to participate in all incentive, savings, retirement, welfare and fringe benefit plans generally made available to the Company’s senior executive officers. Mr. Holmes also receives automobile expenses, country club dues, and a term life insurance policy of $2,500,000.
Obligation of the Company in Event of Termination and Non-Renewal. The named executive officers’ employment may be terminated any time by either party, and the new agreements automatically terminate on the respective officer’s death or disability.
Resignation for Good Reason, Termination Other Than for Cause, Death or Disability. If employment is terminated by the Company other than for cause, death or disability, or the named executive officer resigns for “good reason” (as defined in the employment agreements) then the named executive officer will receive a severance payment equal to two times the sum of (i) the named executive officer’s current base salary and (ii) the greater of (x) the average annual bonus paid to the officer for the three immediately preceding fiscal years, or (y) the target annual bonus for the fiscal year in which the termination occurs. The named executive officers are also entitled to participate in the Company's health plan for 18 months at the active employee rate.
Termination for Cause, Resignation by Executive other than Resignation for Good Reason; Death; Retirement. If the named executive officer’s employment is terminated by the Company for cause, by the officer other than for good reason, retirement, or in the event of the officer’s death, then the Company shall have no further obligations under the employment agreement, other than for payment of any accrued salary, which shall be paid to the officer or the officer’s estate or beneficiary, and payments of other benefits, as applicable.
Termination for Disability. If the Company terminates a named executive officer’s employment for disability, then the Company shall pay a lump sum amount equal to six months of his or her respective base salary, plus a prorated portion of the officer’s target annual bonus opportunity for the fiscal year in which the disability occurred.
Termination following a Change in Control. If, within 12 months following a change in control, the Company terminates the named executive officer’s employment other than for cause, or the named executive officer terminates employment for good reason then the named executive officer will receive (A) his or her accrued salary and (B) an amount equal to two and one-half times (three times in the case of Mr. Holmes) the sum of his or her current base salary plus a bonus equal to the greater of (x) the average annual bonus paid to the officer for the three immediately preceding fiscal years, or (y) the target annual bonus for the fiscal year in which the termination occurs.
Obligation of the Company in Event of Non-Renewal. If the Company elects not to renew the term of the named executive officer’s employment agreement, and within 12 months following the expiration of such term, the Company terminates the officer’s employment other than for cause, death, or disability, then the officer will receive a severance payment equal to two times the sum of his or her current base salary and the greater of (x) the average annual bonus for the three immediately preceding fiscal years, or (y) the target annual bonus for the fiscal year in which the termination occurs.
Treatment of Outstanding Equity Awards. In the event of a termination following a change of control, death, retirement, resignation for good reason, or termination other than for cause, death or disability, the officer’s outstanding time-based equity awards shall become fully vested (to the extent not previously vested), and each of the respective officer’s then outstanding performance-based equity awards shall remain outstanding and shall vest, in whole, in part, or not at all, on a pro rata basis based on the level of achievement of applicable performance metrics at the end of the performance period.
Restrictive Covenants. The employment agreements contain confidentiality, non-competition, and employee and customer non-solicitation covenants that apply during employment and for one year after the named executive officer’s termination of employment.
The foregoing description of the named executive officers’ employment agreements is qualified in its entirety by the full text of the employment agreement, which will be filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ending March 31, 2024.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
The information required by this Item will be presented in, and is incorporated herein by reference to, the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2024 annual meeting of shareholders which will be filed with the SEC within 120 days of December 31, 2023.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information required by this Item will be presented in, and is incorporated herein by reference to, the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2024 annual meeting of shareholders which will be filed with the SEC within 120 days of December 31, 2023.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The information required by this Item will be presented in, and is incorporated herein by reference to, the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2024 annual meeting of shareholders which will be filed with the SEC within 120 days of December 31, 2023.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Item 13. Certain Relationships, Related Transactions and Director Independence
The information required by this Item will be presented in, and is incorporated herein by reference to, the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2024 annual meeting of shareholders which will be filed with the SEC within 120 days of December 31, 2023.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
The information required by this Item will be presented in, and is incorporated herein by reference to, the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2024 annual meeting of shareholders which will be filed with the SEC within 120 days of December 31, 2023.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
(a) Documents filed as a part of this report.
1. Financial Statements
The following consolidated financial statements of FB Financial Corporation and our subsidiaries and related reports of our independent registered public accounting firm are incorporated in this Item 15. by reference from Part II - Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report.
•Consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022
•Consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021
•Consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021
•Consolidated statements of changes in shareholders' equity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021
•Consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021
•Notes to consolidated financial statements
•Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
2. Financial Statement Schedules
None are applicable because the required information has been incorporated in the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto of FB Financial Corporation and our subsidiaries which are incorporated in this Annual Report by reference.
3. Exhibits
The following exhibits are filed or furnished herewith or are incorporated herein by reference to other documents previously filed with the SEC.
EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibit Number Description
3.1 Amended and Restated Charter, as amended for SEC filing purposes only (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2023 (File No. 001-37875) filed on August 4, 2023)
3.2 Amended and Restated Bylaws of FB Financial Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2016 (File No. 001-37875) file on November 14, 2016)
4.1 Registration Rights Agreement by and between FB Financial Corporation and James W. Ayers, dated September 15, 2016 (incorporated by reference as Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2016 (File No. 001-37875) filed on November 14, 2016)
4.2 Description of Registrant's Securities (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2019 (File No. 001-37875) filed on March 13, 2020
4.8 In accordance with Item 601(b)(4)(iii)(A) of Regulation S-K, certain instruments with respect to long-term debt of the Company have been omitted but will be furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.
10.1 Employment Agreement, dated July 31, 2021, among FB Financial Corporation, FirstBank, and Christopher T. Holmes (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2021 (File No. 001-37875) filed on August 6, 2021) †
10.2 FB Financial Corporation 2016 Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A (File No. 333-213210) filed on September 6, 2016) †
10.3 Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Certificate (2022) pursuant to the FB Financial Corporation 2016 Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (File No. 001-37875) filed on February 28, 2023)†
10.4 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Certificate (2020) pursuant to the FB Financial Corporation 2016 Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 (File No. 001-37875) filed on May 11, 2020) †
10.5 Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Certificate (2020) pursuant to the FB Financial Corporation 2016 Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 (File No. 001-37875) filed on May 11, 2020) †
10.6 Amended Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Certificate (2020) pursuant to the FB Financial Corporation 2016 Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (File No. 001-37875) filed on February 28, 2023)†
10.7 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Certificate (2023) pursuant to the FB Financial Corporation 2016 Incentive Plan *†
10.8 Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Certificate (2023) pursuant to the FB Financial Corporation 2016 Incentive Plan *†
10.9 First Amendment to Shareholder's Agreement, dated as of January 21, 2020, by and between FB Financial Corporation and James W. Ayers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-37875) filed on January 24, 2020)
10.10 Second Amendment to Shareholder's Agreement, dated as of October 29, 2020, by and between FB Financial Corporation and James W. Ayers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-37875) filed on November 4, 2020)
10.11 Employment Agreement, dated November 27, 2020, among FB Financial Corporation, FirstBank, and Michael M. Mettee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Company's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 (File No. 001-37875) filed on March 12, 2021) †
10.12 Employment Agreement, dated July 31, 2023, by and among FB Financial Corporation, FirstBank, and Mark E. Hickman (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 (File No. 001-37875) filed on November 3, 2023)†
10.13 Employment Agreement, dated November 29, 2021, among FB Financial Corporation, FirstBank, and Aimee T. Hamilton (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Company's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (File No. 001-37875) filed on February 28, 2023)†
10.14 Employment Agreement, dated November 27, 2020, among FB Financial Corporation, FirstBank, and Travis K. Edmondson (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2022 (File No. 001-37875) filed on May 10, 2022) †
10.15 Separation Agreement, dated November 10, 2023, among FB Financial Corporation, FirstBank, and Wilburn J. Evans*
21 Subsidiaries of FB Financial Corporation*
23.1 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (Crowe LLP)*
24.1 Powers of Attorney contained on the signature pages of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and incorporated herein by reference*
31.1 Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Chief Executive Officer*
31.2 Rules 13a-14(a) Certification of Chief Financial Officer*
32.1 Section 1350 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer**
97 FB Financial Corporation and FirstBank Compensation Recovery Policy*
101.INS Inline XBRL Instance Document*
101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document*
101.CAL Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document*
101.DEF Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document*
101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document*
101.PRE Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document*
104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)
* Filed herewith.
** Furnished herewith.
*** As directed by Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K, certain schedules and exhibits to this exhibit are omitted from this filing. The Company agrees to furnish supplementally a copy of any omitted schedule or exhibit to the SEC upon request.
† Represents a management contract or a compensatory plan or arrangement.