EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1597846
Filing Year: 2025
Filename: 1597846_10-K_2025_0001641172-25-003336.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Corporate History
We were incorporated on July 19, 2013, in the state of Nevada under the name “Greenpro, Inc.”. On May 6, 2015, we changed our name to “Greenpro Capital Corp.”. Our corporate structure is set forth below:
A list of our group, including all subsidiaries with a brief description of respective businesses, is set forth below:
Name (Domicile)
Business
Greenpro Capital Corp. (Nevada, USA)
Provides financial consulting services and corporate services.
Greenpro Resources Limited (British Virgin Islands)
A holding company.
Greenpro Holding Limited (Hong Kong)
A holding company.
Greenpro Resources (HK) Limited (Hong Kong)
Holds intellectual property and currently holds six trademarks and applications thereof.
Greenpro Resources Sdn. Bhd. (Malaysia)
Holds investment in commercial real estate in Malaysia.
Greenpro Management Consultancy Limited (China)
Provides corporate advisory services such as tax planning, cross-border listing solution and advisory in China.
Shenzhen Falcon Financial Consulting Limited (China)
Provides Hong Kong company formation advisory services and company secretarial services and financial services. It focuses on China clients.
Greenpro ESG Solutions Sdn. Bhd. (formerly known as Greenpro Global Capital Sdn. Bhd.) (Malaysia)
Provides corporate advisory services such as company review, bank loan advisory and bank products analysis services.
Greenpro New Finance Academy Limited (formerly known as Greenpro Synergy Network Limited) (Hong Kong)
Provides a borderless platform through networking events and programs in Hong Kong.
Greenpro Financial Consulting (Shenzhen) Limited
(formerly known as Greenpro Synergy Network (Shenzhen) Limited) (China)
Provides corporate advisory services such as tax planning, cross-border listing solution and financial consulting for clients in China.
Asia UBS Global Limited (Hong Kong)
Provides business advisory services with a focus on Hong Kong company formation advisory and company secretarial services, such as tax planning, bookkeeping and financial review. It focuses on Hong Kong clients.
Asia UBS Global Limited (Belize)
Provides business advisory services with a focus on offshore company formation advisory and company secretarial services, such as tax planning, bookkeeping and financial review. It focuses on Southeast Asia and China clients.
Falcon Corporate Services Limited (Hong Kong)
Provides offshore company formation advisory services and company secretarial services. Clients based in Hong Kong and China.
Falcon Accounting & Secretaries Limited (formerly known as Falcon Secretaries Limited) (Hong Kong)
Provides company formation advisory services and company secretarial services in Hong Kong.
Greenpro Sparkle Insurance Brokers Limited (Hong Kong)
Provides insurance brokerage services with an insurance broker license in Hong Kong.
Greenpro Family Office Limited (Hong Kong)
Provides multi-family office services such as wealth planning and administration, asset protection and performance monitoring, charity services, trusteeship and risk management, investment planning and business support services.
Greenpro Financial Consulting Limited (Belize)
Provides corporate advisory services such as tax planning, cross-border listing solution and advisory transaction services.
Greenpro Capital Village Sdn. Bhd. (Malaysia)
Provides business consulting and advisory services in Malaysia.
Green-X Corp. (Malaysia)
A licensed asset platform operator under Labuan Financial Services Authority (LFSA), Malaysia.
Greenpro Venture Capital Limited (Anguilla)
A holding company.
Forward Win International Limited (Hong Kong)
Holds investment in commercial real estate in Hong Kong.
Global Business Hub Limited (Malaysia)
Develops a digital banking business in Malaysia.
Incorporation of Subsidiaries and VIE
Incorporation of Greenpro Resources Limited, a British Virgin Islands company
On July 3, 2012, Greenpro Resources Limited (“GRBVI”) was founded and incorporated by our directors, Mr. Lee Chong Kuang and Mr. Loke Che Chan Gilbert (“Messrs. Lee and Loke”) in the British Virgin Islands.
Incorporation of Greenpro Resources Limited’s wholly owned subsidiaries
Greenpro Resources (HK) Limited, a Hong Kong company
On April 5, 2012, Greenpro Resources (HK) Limited (“GRHK”) was founded and incorporated by our directors, Messrs. Lee and Loke in Hong Kong.
Greenpro Financial Consulting Limited, a Belize company
On July 26, 2012, Greenpro Financial Consulting Limited (formerly known as Weld Asia Financial Consulting Limited) (“GFCL”) was founded and incorporated by our director, Mr. Lee Chong Kuang (“Mr. Lee”), in Belize.
Greenpro Resources Sdn. Bhd., a Malaysia company
On April 25, 2013, Greenpro Resources Sdn. Bhd. (“GRSB”) was founded and incorporated by our director, Mr. Lee, and his spouse, Ms. Yap Pei Ling (“Ms. Yap”), in Malaysia.
Greenpro Holding Limited, a Hong Kong company
On July 22, 2013, Greenpro Holding Limited (“GHL”) was founded and incorporated by GRBVI in Hong Kong.
Greenpro Management Consultancy Limited, a Shenzhen, China company
On August 30, 2013, Greenpro Management Consultancy Limited (“GMCSZ”) was founded and incorporated by GRHK in Shenzhen, China.
Development of Greenpro Resources Limited and its wholly owned subsidiaries through acquisitions
On January 1, 2014, Greenpro Resources Limited (“GRBVI”) acquired 100% of the outstanding shares of GFCL, from our director, Mr. Lee, at a consideration of $1.
On January 22, 2014, GHL acquired 2 shares, representing 100% of the outstanding shares of GRHK from its shareholders, Messrs. Lee and Loke at a total consideration of HK$2 (approximately $0.26). On the same day after this acquisition, GRHK allotted an additional 1,075,000 shares to GHL for HK$1,075,000 (approximately $138,709).
On June 30, 2014, GRHK acquired 100% of the issued and outstanding shares of Greenpro Resources Sdn. Bhd., a Malaysia company (“GRSB”) from our director, Mr. Lee, and his spouse, Ms. Yap, for HK$2,943,298 (approximately $379,780). GRSB is principally engaged in commercial real estate investments in Malaysia.
Incorporation of Greenpro Venture Capital Limited, an Anguilla company
On September 5, 2014, Greenpro Venture Capital Limited (“GVCL”) was founded and incorporated by our directors, Messrs. Lee and Loke in Anguilla.
Incorporation and restructure of VIE, Greenpro New Finance Academy Limited, a Hong Kong company, and its wholly owned subsidiary, Greenpro Financial Consulting (Shenzhen) Limited (formerly known as Greenpro Synergy Network (Shenzhen) Limited), a Shenzhen, China company
On March 2, 2016, Greenpro New Finance Academy Limited (formerly known as Greenpro Synergy Network Limited) (“GNFA”) was incorporated in Hong Kong, as a variable interest entity (the “VIE”), which is required to consolidate with the Company. The principal activity of GNFA is to provide a borderless platform through networking events and programs in Hong Kong. The Company controlled GNFA through a series of contractual arrangements (the “VIE Agreements”) between Greenpro Holding Limited, a subsidiary of the Company (“GHL”), and GNFA. Our directors, Messrs. Lee and Loke, are also the shareholders of GNFA.
The VIE agreements included (i) an Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement, (ii) a Loan Agreement, (iii) a Share Pledge Agreement, (iv) a Power of Attorney and (v) an Exclusive Option Agreement with the shareholders of GNFA.
GHL acquired a life insurance policy (the “Policy”) on May 15, 2015. On June 13, 2016, GHL transferred the ownership of the Policy to GNFA. On December 19, 2019, GNFA redeemed the Policy valued at $156,058. After deducting the loan balance of $115,889 and the insurance expense of $531 from the value of the Policy, GNFA received a net cash surrender value of $39,638.
On July 28, 2017, Greenpro Financial Consulting (Shenzhen) Limited (formerly known as Greenpro Synergy Network (Shenzhen) Limited) (“GFCSZ”), a wholly owned subsidiary of GNFA, was incorporated in Shenzhen, China. GFCSZ was initially engaged in the provision of a borderless platform through networking events and programs in China for our members to seek professional services and business opportunities and to exchange sources of information and research. Currently, GFCSZ principally provides corporate advisory and financial consulting services to clients in China.
On April 20, 2020, after our directors, Messrs. Lee and Loke transferred all shareholdings of GNFA to GHL, the VIE was dissolved and restructured as a subsidiary of the Company.
Incorporation of Green-X Corp., a Labuan, Malaysia company
On December 23, 2021, Green-X Corp. (“Green-X”) was founded and incorporated by our director, Mr. Lee Chong Kuang (“Mr. Lee”) in Labuan, Malaysia and consolidated with our group on June 22, 2022.
Acquisition and Reorganization of Subsidiaries
Acquisitions of entities under common control:
Acquisition of Greenpro Resources Limited, a British Virgin Islands company
On July 31, 2015, we acquired 100% of the issued and outstanding securities of Greenpro Resources Limited, a British Virgin Islands corporation (“GRBVI”), which had been our affiliate at the time of the acquisition. As consideration thereof, we issued 907,000 shares of our restricted Common Stock and paid $25,500 in cash.
At the time of the acquisition of GRBVI, Mr. Lee was the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, President and director, and Mr. Loke was the Company’s Chief Financial Officer, Secretary, Treasurer and director. Messrs. Lee and Loke each held a 44.6% interest in the Company. Before the transaction, Mr. Lee was GRBVI’s Chief Executive Officer and director, and Mr. Loke was GRBVI’s Chief Financial Officer and director, and Messrs. Lee and Loke each held a 50% interest in GRBVI. Upon the consummation of the acquisition, Messrs. Lee and Loke received, in aggregate, $25,500 in cash and 907,000 shares of restricted Common Stock of the Company, and the acquisition was accounted for as a transfer among entities under common control.
Acquisition of Greenpro Venture Capital Limited, an Anguilla corporation
On September 30, 2015, the Company acquired all the issued and outstanding securities of Greenpro Venture Capital Limited, an Anguilla corporation (“GVCL”), from its shareholders, Messrs. Lee and Loke, respectively. At the time of the acquisition of GVCL, Mr. Lee was the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, President and director, and Mr. Loke was the Company’s Chief Financial Officer, Secretary, Treasurer and director. Messrs. Lee and Loke each held a 43.02% interest in the Company. At the time of the acquisition of GVCL, Mr. Lee was GVCL’s Chief Executive Officer and director, Mr. Loke was GVCL’s Chief Financial Officer and director, and Messrs. Lee and Loke each held a 50% interest in GVCL. Upon the consummation of the acquisition, Messrs. Lee and Loke received, in aggregate, $6,000 in cash and 1,326,000 shares of restricted Common Stock of the Company, and the acquisition was accounted for as a transfer among entities under common control.
Acquisition of A&G International Limited, a Belize company
On September 30, 2015, we acquired 100% of the issued and outstanding securities of A&G International Limited, a Belize corporation (“A&G”), from Ms. Yap Pei Ling (“Ms. Yap”). Ms. Yap, a director and sole shareholder of A&G, is the spouse of our director, Mr. Lee.
In connection therewith, we issued to Ms. Yap, 184,200 shares of our restricted Common Stock and the acquisition was accounted for as a transfer among entities under common control.
A&G provided corporate and business advisory services through its wholly owned subsidiaries, Asia UBS Global Limited, a Hong Kong limited company (“AUH”) and Asia UBS Global Limited, a Belize corporation (“AUB”).
On December 30, 2015, A&G transferred all the issued and outstanding securities of AUH and AUB to GRBVI to simplify our corporate structure. Then A&G, a corporation with no assets, was subsequently transferred back to Ms. Yap.
Acquisition of Falcon Accounting & Secretaries Limited (formerly known as Falcon Secretaries Limited) and Falcon Corporate Services Limited (formerly known as Ace Corporate Services Limited), Hong Kong companies, and Shenzhen Falcon Financial Consulting Limited, a Shenzhen, China company
On September 30, 2015, we acquired all the issued and outstanding securities of Falcon Secretaries Limited (renamed to Falcon Accounting & Secretaries Limited on February 25, 2020), Ace Corporate Services Limited (renamed to Falcon Corporate Services Limited on August 26, 2016) and Shenzhen Falcon Financial Consulting Limited (these companies collectively known as “F&A”). As consideration thereto, we issued to Ms. Chen Yanhong, a sole shareholder of F&A (“Ms. Chen”), 208,020 shares of our restricted Common Stock, representing an aggregate purchase price of $1,081,704 based on the average closing price of the ten trading days preceding the date of the acquisition agreement on July 31, 2015, of $5.2 per share. The purchase price was determined based on the business value generated by F&A at the time of acquisition. The acquisition was accounted for as a transfer among entities under common control.
Ms. Chen, a director and sole shareholder of F&A, is also a director and legal representative of Greenpro Management Consultancy Limited, one of our subsidiaries in Shenzhen, China.
Acquisition of Greenpro ESG Solutions Sdn. Bhd., (formerly known as Greenpro Global Capital Sdn. Bhd.) a Malaysia company
On May 23, 2016, our wholly owned subsidiary, Greenpro Holding Limited (“GHL”), acquired 400 shares, representing 40% of the outstanding shares of Greenpro Wealthon Sdn. Bhd. (renamed to Greenpro Global Capital Sdn. Bhd. on June 13, 2018, and subsequently renamed Greenpro ESG Solutions Sdn. Bhd. on June 1, 2023) (“GPESG”), from our director, Mr. Lee, for MYR1 (approximately $0.25), and the acquisition was accounted for as a transfer among entities under common control. On June 7, 2016, GPESG issued another 200 shares to GHL at the price of MYR120,000 (approximately $30,000), resulting in GHL owning 60% of GPESG.
On August 30, 2018, the remaining 40% of the outstanding shares of GPESG were transferred to GHL, and currently, GHL holds 100% of GPESG.
Acquisition of Greenpro Credit Limited (formerly known as Gushen Credit Limited), a Hong Kong company
On April 27, 2017, our wholly owned subsidiary, GRBVI and Gushen Credit Limited (renamed to Greenpro Credit Limited on May 16, 2017) (“GCL”), a Hong Kong corporation, entered into an asset purchase agreement, pursuant to which GRBVI purchased all the assets of GCL. As consideration thereto, GRBVI agreed to pay a purchase price of $105,000 and the acquisition was accounted for as a transfer among entities under common control.
GCL operates a money lending business in Hong Kong. On April 28, 2017, GCL sold two (2) ordinary shares, representing 100% of its ownership, at a total consideration of $0.26 in cash to GRBVI. The purchase price was determined based on the mutual agreement between GCL and GRBVI.
Acquisition of Greenpro Family Office Limited, a Hong Kong company
On July 21, 2017, our wholly owned subsidiary, GRBVI, acquired 51% of the outstanding shares of Greenpro Family Office Limited (“GFOL”) from our director, Mr. Loke. Mr. Loke was the sole shareholder of GFOL before the acquisition. This acquisition was accounted for as a transfer among entities under common control. On September 21, 2018, the remaining 49% of the shareholdings of GFOL were transferred to GRBVI, and currently, GRBVI holds 100% of GFOL.
Acquisition of Greenpro Sparkle Brokers Limited (formerly known as Sparkle Insurance Brokers Limited), a Hong Kong company
On January 2, 2019, the Company acquired Sparkle Insurance Brokers Limited (renamed Greenpro Sparkle Brokers Limited on April 4, 2019) (“Sparkle”) from Mr. Teh Boo Yim and Ms. Teh Jocelyn Nga Man, the former 100% shareholders of Sparkle for total consideration of $170,322, made up of $129,032 in cash and the issuance of 860 shares of the Company’s Common Stock valued at $41,290. The shares were valued based on the closing price of the Company’s Common Stock of $48 per share at acquisition. The acquisition was accounted for as a transfer among entities under common control. The Company aims to expand its long-term and general insurance services through the acquisition of Sparkle.
Acquisition of Forward Win International Limited, a Hong Kong company
On February 25, 2015, we acquired 60% of the issued and outstanding shares of Forward Win International Limited, a Hong Kong company (“FWIL”) at a consideration of $774. FWIL is principally engaged in commercial real estate investments in Hong Kong.
On April 15, 2024, we acquired the remaining 40% shares of FWIL from the non-controlling interest (the “NCI”) by distribution of 40% of FWIL’s real estate properties for consideration of its acquisition and settlement of loan from the NCI.
Acquisition of Global Business Hub Limited, a Labuan, Malaysia company
On June 6, 2024, we acquired Global Business Hub Limited (“GBHL”) from our Chief Executive Officer and director, Mr. Lee Chong Kuang for a price of $100. We acquired GBHL and aim to develop a digital banking business in Malaysia.
Acquisition, disposal, and reacquisition of Greenpro Capital Village Sdn. Bhd. (formerly known as Weld Asia Global Advisory Sdn. Bhd.), a Malaysia company
On February 25, 2013, Greenpro Financial Consulting Limited, a subsidiary of the Company, acquired 100% of Weld Asia Global Advisory Sdn. Bhd., a Malaysia company, from its shareholders, Mr. Lee Chong Kuang, and his spouse, Ms. Yap Pei Ling, for MYR2 (approximately $0.50). At the time of the acquisition, Mr, Lee Chong Kuang was the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, President and director and the acquisition was accounted for as a transfer among entities under common control.
In 2015, Weld Asia Global Advisory Sdn. Bhd. was renamed Greenpro Capital Village Sdn. Bhd. (“GCVSB”). On October 1, 2015, the Company sold 49% of the outstanding shares of GCVSB to QSC Asia Sdn. Bhd., an unrelated party (“QSC”), for MYR49,000 (approximately $12,794). On June 26, 2019, the Company disposed of GCVSB due to continued losses incurred by GCVSB and sold its remaining 51% interest in GCVSB to Ms. Tan Tee Yong, an unrelated party (“Ms. Tan”), for MYR51 (approximately $12).
On June 22, 2020, our director, Mr. Lee, acquired respective 51% and 49% shareholdings of GCVSB (51,000 shares and 49,000 shares of common stock of GCVSB) from Ms. Tan and QSC at a price of MYR51,000 and MYR49,000, respectively, or MYR1 per share.
In July 2021, the Company acquired all the issued and outstanding shares of common stock of GCVSB from our director, Mr. Lee, at a consideration of MYR167 (approximately $40) and redeemed 347,000 shares out of a total of 504,750 shares of preferred stock from 25 preferred stock shareholders of GCVSB by issuance of 7,953 shares of the Company’s Common Stock valued at $69,191 or $8.7 per share. The total consideration of the acquisition was $69,231. The Company’s reacquisition of GCVSB aimed to expand its business consulting services in Malaysia.
Disposal of subsidiaries
Disposal of Greenpro Credit Limited, a Hong Kong company
On August 2, 2021, the Company sold its entire 100% interest in Greenpro Credit Limited (“GCL”) to an unrelated party for HK$30,000 (approximately $3,847), due to continuing losses incurred by GCL.
As of August 2, 2021, GCL had no assets or liabilities, resulting in a gain on disposal of $3,847, after consideration of foreign currency adjustments.
Acquisition of an associate company
Acquisition of Greenpro KSP Holding Group Company Limited (formerly known as KSP Holding Group Company Limited), a Thailand company
On July 20, 2018, our wholly owned subsidiary, Greenpro Venture Capital Limited (“GVCL”) entered into a sale and purchase agreement with Mr. Prapakorn Saokliew and Ms. Surapa Jamjang, each holding 45.13% and 45.12% shareholdings of a Thailand company, KSP Holding Group Company Limited (renamed to Greenpro KSP Holding Group Company Limited on August 7, 2018) (“KSP”), respectively. Pursuant to the agreement, GVCL agreed to acquire approximately 49% of the shareholdings of KSP in exchange for $363,930, made up of $75,000 in cash and 3,852 shares of the Company’s Common Stock valued at $288,930. The Company also issued 58 shares of the Company’s Common Stock valued at $75 per share, or a total of $4,335, as a commission that was also capitalized as the cost of investment in KSP. KSP provides accounting, auditing, and consulting services in Thailand. The Company accounted for its investment in KSP under the equity method of accounting.
On December 31, 2018, the Company determined that its investment in KSP was impaired and recorded an impairment of unconsolidated investment of $363,930. We currently hold approximately 48% of the issued and outstanding shares of KSP.
Acquisitions of other investments
Name (Domicile) Acquisition Date Equity Interest Business
1. Greenpro Trust Limited March 30, 2015 8.33 % Provides trusteeship, custodial and fiduciary services.
(Hong Kong) April 13, 2016 2.78 %
2. Millennium Fine Art Inc. (Wyoming, USA) June 29, 2020 4.65 % Invests in art (Millennium Sapphire).
3. Ata Plus Sdn. Bhd. (Malaysia) July 8, 2020 4.45 % Provides an online equity crowd funding platform to assist small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to access funding through its platform.
4. Global Leaders Corporation (Nevada, USA) August 30, 2020 5.83 % Provides training and consulting services.
5. First Bullion Holdings Inc. October 19, 2020 10 % Provides cryptocurrency trading and digital asset exchange services.
(British Virgin Islands) February 17, 2021 8 %
6. New Business Media Sdn. Bhd. (Malaysia) November 1, 2020 18 % Provides a capital market-focused portal to
browse business markets or corporate news.
7. Angkasa-X Holdings Corp. (British Virgin Islands) February 3, 2021 12.23 % Provides turnkey services, from strategic satellite anchor station solutions to fully deployable, integrated tactical platform solutions.
8. Jocom Holdings Corp. (Nevada, USA) June 2, 2021 2.6 % Operates a Malaysia-based m-commerce platform specializing in online grocery shopping via smartphones.
9. Ata Global Inc. (Nevada, USA) July 30, 2021 5 % Provides financial technology (FinTech) services.
10. catTHIS Holdings Corp. (Nevada, USA) August 27, 2021 1.58 % Provides a digital catalog management platform for users to upload, share and retrieve digital catalogs from any device.
11. ACT Wealth Academy Inc. (Nevada, USA) February 21, 2022 9.8 % Provides training, seminars, events and academies in fields related, but not limited to, financial and wealth.
12. Best2bid Technology Corp. (Nevada, USA) June 9, 2022 9.17 % Provides an online bidding platform for the art and creative industry stakeholders.
13. SEATech Ventures Corp.
(Nevada, USA) August 8, 2024 2.8 % Provision of mentoring and incubation services to clients.
1. Acquisition of Greenpro Trust Limited
On March 30, 2015, our wholly owned subsidiary, Greenpro Resources Limited, a British Virgin Islands company (“GRBVI”), acquired 300,000 shares, representing approximately 8% of the issued and outstanding shares of Greenpro Trust Limited, a Hong Kong company (“GTL”), from its shareholders at a price of HK$300,000 (approximately $38,710) or HK$1 per share. GTL is principally engaged in the provision of trusteeship, custodial and fiduciary services to clients in Hong Kong.
On April 13, 2016, another wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, Asia UBS Global Limited, a Belize company (“AUB”), acquired 100,000 shares, representing approximately 3% of the issued and outstanding shares of GTL for HK$100,000 (approximately $12,903) or HK$1 per share.
The Company indirectly has an aggregate of approximately 11% interest in GTL with an investment value of $51,613. Messrs. Lee and Loke are common directors of GTL and the Company.
On December 31, 2022, the net asset value (“NAV”) of GTL was $107,835 and according to the Company’s 11% interest in GTL’s NAV, our investment was valued at approximately $11,981. Hence, the Company recorded an impairment loss of $39,632 for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Since 2023, no indicator of impairment has occurred and hence, our investment value in GTL remains the same at $11,981 as of December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively.
2. Acquisition of Millennium Fine Art Inc.
On June 29, 2020, the Company entered into a purchase and sale agreement with its Wyoming-incorporated subsidiary, Millennium Fine Art Inc. (“MFAI”). Pursuant to the agreement, the Company agreed to sell its 4% ownership interest in a 12.3-kilogram carved natural blue sapphire (the “Millennium Sapphire”) to MFAI and MFAI agreed to acquire the 4% ownership of the Millennium Sapphire from the Company. As consideration thereto, on July 1, 2020, MFAI issued 2,000,000 restricted shares of its Class B common stock to the Company valued at $5,000,000 ($5 per share), in which 1,000,000 shares were retained by the Company and the other 1,000,000 shares were reserved as a dividend to the shareholders of the Company. The Company expects to distribute these 1,000,000 shares to its shareholders later. A gain on disposal of $1,000,000 was recorded at the Company level but was eliminated upon consolidation.
On July 1, 2020, MFAI issued 19,200,000 restricted shares of its Class A common stock to a majority owner of the Millennium Sapphire, Mr. Daniel McKinney, valued at $96,000,000 ($5 per share) to acquire the remaining 96% interest in the Millennium Sapphire. MFAI is an investment company and has a 100% interest in the Millennium Sapphire.
As of December 31, 2022, the Company owns 2,000,000 shares of Class B common stock of MFAI, in which 1,000,000 shares were retained by the Company and recognized our investment in MFAI at historical cost of $4,000,000 (by issuance of 444,444 shares of the Company’s restricted Common Stock at $9 per share) under other investments, representing approximately 5% of the issued and outstanding shares of MFAI and approximately 1% of MFAI’s total voting rights.
The other 1,000,000 shares were reserved as a dividend to the shareholders of the Company and as of the date of this report, the dividend has not been distributed.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company made a full impairment of $4,000,000 for the investment in MFAI due to continuing losses incurred by MFAI and uncertainty of the existence of the Millennium Sapphire. As a result, our investment in MFAI was recorded with a nil value as of December 31, 2023.
As of December 31, 2024, our investment in MFAI remains with a nil value.
3. Acquisition of Ata Plus Sdn. Bhd.
On July 8, 2020, GVCL entered into an acquisition agreement with all eight shareholders of Ata Plus Sdn. Bhd., a company incorporated in Malaysia and a Recognized Market Operator (RMO) by the Securities Commission of Malaysia (“APSB”). Pursuant to the agreement, GVCL agreed to acquire 15% of the issued and outstanding shares of APSB for a purchase price of $749,992. The purchase price was paid by the Company issuing to the shareholders approximately 45,731 shares of the Company’s restricted Common Stock, which was based on the average closing price of the Company’s Common Stock for the five trading days preceding the date of the agreement, $16.4 per share, on November 18, 2020.
On December 31, 2022, the fair value of APSB was appraised by an independent appraiser, Ravia Global Appraisal Advisory Limited (the “Appraiser”) and according to our 15% interest in APSB, our investment was valued at approximately $736,000. Hence, the Company recorded an impairment loss of $13,992 for the year ended December 31, 2022.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company made a further impairment of $736,000 for investment in APSB due to APSB’s continuing losses, and the Company’s shareholdings in APSB were diluted from 15% to approximately 4% at the end of 2023. As a result, our investment in APSB was fully impaired with a nil value as of December 31, 2023.
As of December 31, 2024, our investment in APSB remains the same with a nil value.
4. Acquisition of Global Leaders Corporation
On August 30, 2020, GVCL entered into a subscription agreement with Global Leaders Corporation, a Nevada corporation (“GLC”), to acquire 9,000,000 shares of common stock of GLC at a price of $900 or $0.0001 per share, representing approximately 6% of the total issued and outstanding shares of GLC. GLC’s principal activities are to provide training and consulting services to corporate clients in Hong Kong and China.
Upon acquisition, GVCL recognized the investment in GLC at a historical cost of $900 under other investments.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company made a full impairment of $900 for the investment in GLC due to its continuous losses and stockholders’ deficit. As a result, our investment in GLC was fully impaired with a nil value as of December 31, 2024.
5. Acquisition of First Bullion Holdings, Inc.
On October 19, 2020, GVCL entered into a stock purchase and option agreement with Mr. Tang Ka Siu Johnny and First Bullion Holdings Inc. (“FBHI”). FBHI, a British Virgin Islands company, operates the businesses of banking, payment gateway, credit cards, debit cards, money lending, crypto trading, and securities token offerings, with corporate offices in the Philippines and Hong Kong. Pursuant to the agreement, GVCL agreed to acquire 10% of the issued and outstanding shares of FBHI for a purchase price of $1,000,000 by issuing approximately 68,587 shares of the Company’s restricted Common Stock to Mr. Tang, which was based on the average closing price of the Company’s Common Stock for the five trading days preceding the date of the agreement.
Pursuant to the agreement, Mr. Tang and FBHI also granted GVCL an option for 180 days following the date of the agreement to purchase an additional 8% of the issued and outstanding shares of FBHI, at an agreed valuation of FBHI equal to $20,000,000. In consideration of the acquisition of the option, GVCL agreed to issue 25,000 shares of the Company’s restricted Common Stock to Mr. Tang, which shall constitute partial payment for the option should GVCL elect to exercise the option.
On December 11, 2020, the Company issued 68,587 shares of its restricted Common Stock to two designees of Mr. Tang at $14.58 per share to acquire 10% of the issued and outstanding shares of FBHI for a purchase price of $1,000,000 and issued 25,000 shares of its restricted Common Stock at $364,500 or $14.58 per share in partial consideration of the additional 8% shareholdings of FBHI.
On February 17, 2021, GVCL exercised its option and FBHI issued to GVCL 160,000 ordinary shares of FBHI, comprising the additional 8% of the shares sold under the agreement valued at $20,000,000.
On February 26, 2021, the Company issued an additional 34,259 shares of its restricted Common Stock to two designees of Mr. Tang at $27 per share (valued at approximately $925,000). Therefore, GVCL, in aggregate, holds 360,000 ordinary shares of FBHI, representing 18% of the total issued and outstanding shares of FBHI. The investment was recognized at a historical cost of $2,289,500 under other investments.
On December 31, 2022, the fair value of FBHI was appraised by the Appraiser and according to our 18% interest in FBHI, our investment was valued at approximately $246,000. The depreciation of FHBI’s fair value was mainly due to a significant decrease in its revenue. Hence, the Company recorded an impairment loss of $2,043,500 for the year ended December 31, 2022.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company made a further impairment of $246,000 for the investment in FBHI due to FBHI’s dormant status. As a result, our investment in FBHI was fully impaired with a nil value as of December 31, 2023.
As of December 31, 2024, our investment in FBHI remains the same with a nil value.
6. Acquisition of New Business Media Sdn. Bhd.
On November 1, 2020, GVCL entered into an acquisition agreement with Ms. Lee Yuet Lye and Mr. Chia Min Kiat, shareholders of New Business Media Sdn. Bhd (“NBMSB”). NBMSB is a Malaysian company involved in operating a Chinese media portal that provides digital news services focusing on Asian capital markets. NBMSB is also one of the biggest Chinese-language digital business news networks in Malaysia and has readers from across Southeast Asia.
Pursuant to the agreement, both Ms. Lee and Mr. Chia have agreed to sell to GVCL an 18% equity stake in NBMSB in consideration of a new issuance of 25,759 shares of the Company’s restricted Common Stock, valued at $411,120 or $15.96 per share. The consideration was derived from an agreed valuation of NBMSB of $2,284,000, based on its assets including customers, fixed assets, cash and cash equivalents, and liabilities as of November 1, 2020. Therefore, GVCL recognized the investment in NBMSB at a historical cost of $411,120 under other investments.
On December 31, 2022, the fair value of NBMSB was appraised by an independent appraiser, the Appraiser and according to our 18% interest in NBMSB, our investment was valued at approximately $82,000. The depreciation of NBMSB’s fair value was mainly due to its significant drop in revenue. Hence, the Company recorded an impairment loss of $329,120 for the year ended December 31, 2022.
During 2023, no indicator of impairment occurred and hence, our investment value in NBMSB remained the same at $82,000 as of December 31, 2023.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company made a full impairment of $82,000 for the investment in NBMSB due to NBMSB’s failure to provide updated financial statements for evaluation. As a result, our investment in NBMSB was fully impaired with a nil value as of December 31, 2024.
7. Acquisition of Angkasa-X Holdings Corp.
On February 3, 2021, GVCL entered into a subscription agreement with Angkasa-X Holdings Corp., a British Virgin Islands corporation, which principally provides turnkey services, from strategic satellite anchor station solutions, including construction and facility design, and antenna integration to fully deployable, integrated tactical platform solutions (“Angkasa-X”). Pursuant to the agreement, GVCL acquired 28,000,000 ordinary shares of Angkasa-X at a price of $2,800 or $0.0001 per share.
Upon acquisition, GVCL recorded the investment in Angkasa-X at a historical cost of $2,800 under other investments.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company made a full impairment of $2,800 for the investment in Angkasa-X due to its continuous losses and stockholders’ deficit. As a result, our investment in Angkasa-X was fully impaired with a nil value as of December 31, 2024.
8.
Acquisition of Jocom Holdings Corp.
On June 2, 2021, GVCL entered into a subscription agreement with Jocom Holdings Corp., a Nevada corporation, which operates a Malaysia-based m-commerce platform specializing in online grocery shopping via smartphones (“Jocom”). Pursuant to the agreement, GVCL acquired 1,500,000 shares of common stock of Jocom at a price of $150 or $0.0001 per share.
Upon acquisition, the Company recorded the investment in Jocom at a historical cost of $150 under other investments.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company made a full impairment of $150 for the investment in Jocom due to its continuous losses and stockholders’ deficit. As a result, our investment in Jocom was fully impaired with a nil value as of December 31, 2024.
9.
Acquisition of Ata Global Inc.
On July 30, 2021, GVCL entered into a subscription agreement with Ata Global Inc., a Nevada corporation, principally in the provision of financial technology (“FinTech”) services (“Ata Global”). Pursuant to the agreement, GVCL acquired 2,250,000 shares of common stock of Ata Global at a price of $225 or $0.0001 per share.
Upon acquisition, the Company recorded the investment in Ata Global at a historical cost of $225 under other investments.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company made a full impairment of $225 for the investment in Ata Global due to its failure to provide updated financial statements for evaluation. As a result, our investment in Ata Global was fully impaired with a nil value as of December 31, 2024.
10.
Acquisition of catTHIS Holdings Corp.
On August 27, 2021, GVCL entered into a subscription agreement with catTHIS Holdings Corp., a Nevada corporation, which provides a digital catalog management platform for users to upload, share and retrieve digital catalogs from any device (“catTHIS”). Pursuant to the agreement, GVCL acquired 2,000,000 shares of common stock of catTHIS at a price of $200 or $0.0001 per share.
Upon acquisition, the Company recorded the investment in catTHIS at a historical cost of $200 under other investments.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company made a full impairment of $200 for the investment in catTHIS due to its continuous loss and stockholders’ deficit. As a result, our investment in catTHIS was fully impaired with a nil value as of December 31, 2024.
11.
Acquisition of ACT Wealth Academy Inc.
On February 21, 2022, GVCL entered into a subscription agreement with ACT Wealth Academy Inc., a Nevada corporation, which provides training, seminars, and events in the academic fields (“ACT Wealth”). Pursuant to the agreement, GVCL acquired 6,000,000 shares of common stock of ACT Wealth at a price of $600 or $0.0001 per share.
Upon acquisition, the Company recorded the investment in ACT Wealth at a historical cost of $600 under other investments.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company made a full impairment of $600 for the investment in ACT Wealth due to its failure to provide updated financial statements for evaluation. As a result, our investment in ACT Wealth was fully impaired with a nil value as of December 31, 2024.
12.
Acquisition of Best2bid Technology Corp.
On June 9, 2022, GVCL entered into a subscription agreement with Best2bid Technology Corp., a Nevada corporation, which provides an online bidding cum e-commerce platform enabling participants to auction or sell their merchandise to bidders (“Best2bid”). Pursuant to the agreement, GVCL acquired 5,500,000 shares of common stock of Best2bid at a price of $550 or $0.0001 per share.
Upon acquisition, the Company recorded the investment in Best2Bid at a historical cost of $550 under other investments.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company made a full impairment of $550 for the investment in Best2bid due to its failure to provide updated financial statements for evaluation. As a result, our investment in Best2bid was fully impaired with a nil value as of December 31, 2024.
13.
Acquisition of SEATech Ventures Corp.
On August 8, 2024, GVCL entered into a stock purchase agreement with an unrelated party, Seah Kok Wah (“Mr. Seah”). Pursuant to the agreement, Mr. Seah agreed to sell his 923,544 shares of common stock of SEATech Ventures Corp. (“SEATech”) to GVCL for approximately $92 or $0.0001 per share. SEATech is a Nevada corporation and principally provides mentoring and incubation services to clients. The investment was recognized at a cost of $92 under other investments.
In addition to the acquisition in August 2024, together with the remaining 2,279,813 SEATech shares which were acquired and impaired during 2018, GVCL in aggregate holds 3,203,357 shares of common stock of SEATech as of December 31, 2024.
As of December 31, 2024, the Company recorded the investment in SEATech at a historical cost of $92 under other investments.
Acquisition and disposal or termination of other investments
1. Acquisition and disposal of Agape ATP Corporation
On April 14, 2017, our wholly owned subsidiary, Greenpro Venture Capital Limited (“GVCL”), acquired 17,500,000 shares of common stock of Agape ATP Corporation, a Nevada corporation (“Agape”), par value of $0.0001 per share, for $1,750. Agape is principally engaged in the provision of health and wellness products and advisory services to clients in Malaysia. As of December 31, 2021, GVCL holds approximately 5% of the total outstanding shares of Agape and recognized the investment at a historical cost of $1,750 under other investments.
On January 21, 2022, GVCL entered into a forfeiture agreement with Agape. Pursuant to the agreement, GVCL agreed to transfer 16,500,000 shares out of its total invested 17,500,000 shares of common stock from Agape to Agape for nil consideration. As a result, GVCL holds approximately 1% of the total outstanding shares of Agape and recognized a loss on forfeiture of other investment of $1,650.
Since October 10, 2023, Agape’s common stock has been uplisted from OTC to The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“NASDAQ”).
On December 31, 2023, GVCL owned 1,000,000 shares of common stock of Agape and recognized our investment in Agape under a historical cost of $100 or $0.0001 per share.
On February 16, 2024, GVCL sold 200,000 shares of Agape’s common stock through a broker at a price of $180,000. As a result, GVC recognized a gain on disposal of other investment of $179,980.
On August 15, 2024, Agape filed a Certificate of Change with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada to effect a 1-for-20 reverse stock split of the shares of Agape’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share on August 30, 2024. As a result of the reverse stock split, our 800,000 shares of Agape’s common stock were reduced to 40,000 shares, and the investment cost was retained at $80.
On August 30, 2024, GVCL sold all remaining 40,000 Agape shares through a broker at a price of $127,697. As a result, GVCL recognized a gain on disposal of other investment of $127,617.
2.
Acquisition and disposal of Celmonze Wellness Corporation.
On February 8, 2023, GVCL entered into a subscription agreement with Celmonze Wellness Corporation, a Nevada corporation, which provides beauty and wellness solutions to clients (“Celmonze”). Pursuant to the agreement, GVCL acquired 5,000,000 shares of common stock of Celmonze at a price of $500 or $0.0001 per share. The investment was recognized at a historical cost of $500 under other investments.
Upon acquisition, the Company recorded the investment in Celmonze at a historical cost of $500 under other investments.
On January 17, 2024, GVCL entered a repurchase agreement with Celmonze. Pursuant to the agreement, GVCL agreed to sell back all our 5,000,000 owned Celmonze shares to Celmonze for $500. We received cash of $500 from Celmonze in exchange for our return of Celmonze shares.
3.
Acquisition and disposal of MU Global Holding Limited
On July 25, 2018, GVCL entered into a subscription agreement with MU Global Holding Limited, a Nevada corporation, which provides spa and wellness services and products to clients (“MUGH”). Pursuant to the agreement, GVCL acquired 2,165,000 shares of common stock of MUGH at a price of $217 or $0.0001 per share. The investment was recognized at a historical cost of $217 under other investments.
On December 31, 2018, GVCL made an impairment of $217 and hence, the investment was fully impaired with nil value.
On April 10, 2024, GVCL entered into a stock purchase agreement with an unrelated party, Chen Shu-Jen (“Mr. Chen”). Pursuant to the agreement, GVCL agreed to sell all 2,165,000 MUGH shares to Mr. Chen for $17,320. As a result, GVCL recognized a gain on disposal of investment of $17,320.
4.
Acquisition and termination of REBLOOD Biotech Corp.
On April 1, 2022, GVCL entered into a subscription agreement with REBLOOD Biotech Corp., a Nevada corporation, which is principally in the provision of health management and biotechnology services (“REBLOOD”). Pursuant to the agreement, GVCL acquired 1,000,000 shares of common stock of REBLOOD at a price of $100 or $0.0001 per share.
On December 20, 2024, REBLOOD’s sole director resolved to dissolve REBLOOD in Nevada, and filed a special resolution for dissolution with the Nevada Secretary of State effective December 31, 2024.
As a result of the dissolution, all REBLOOD shares are annulled, GVCL’s investment is terminated with a nil value. On December 31, 2024, GVCL recognized a loss on termination of investment of $100.
Business Overview
During 2024, through Green-X Corp. (“Green-X”), one of our subsidiaries in Labuan, we expanded our blockchain initiative in Indonesia by conducting training programs in collaboration with institutions like Dubai Blockchain Center. We also signed a strategic agreement with Pondok Pesantren Darul Fiqhi to promote blockchain technology through Islamic boarding schools. Additionally, we plan to implement a Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines East ASEAN Growth Area (BIMP-EAGA) digital wallet in Indonesia, that facilitates and enables us to raise funds through digital means by issuing or offering Shariah-compliant securities token (RAMZ) in Labuan International Business and Financial Centre (Labuan IBFC).
Green-X is a platform operator licensed under the Labuan Financial Services and Securities Act 2010 (LFSSA) whereby security token issuers (“Issuers”) offer their security tokens for subscription and trading by investors (“Investors”) through Green-X digital asset exchange (“Green-X DAX”) platform. ISRA International Consulting Sdn. Bhd. (“ISRA Consulting/Shariah Adviser of the platform”) is responsible for advising on and ensuring end-to-end Shariah compliance for the Green-X DAX platform’s operations.
Key Highlights of Green-X DAX and Shariah Compliance
● The platform adopts the contract of Ijarah, which shall be subject to all rules and requirements relating thereto.
● Ijarah is a contract that involves the hiring of services from an entity for a specified period, in exchange for a fee (ujrah). This contract enables Green-X, as a platform provider, to offer its services, including but not limited to the facilitation of security token trading, benefits, and platform access to counterparties, such as Listing Sponsors, Issuers and Investors, in exchange for a fee.
● Digital assets:
i. The digital assets consist of cryptocurrencies, stablecoins and security tokens.
ii. Cryptocurrencies (digital currencies) are recognized as assets (mal) from the Shariah perspective.
iii. Cryptocurrencies that are based on technology without any underlying assets are categorized as goods (`urudh) and not subject to the principle of currency exchange (bay` al-sarf).
iv. Stablecoins are a type of cryptocurrency whereby their values are pegged and/or backed to another currency or commodity.
v. In the event that the stablecoins’ values are:
a) pegged and backed by ribawi items comprising gold, silver and currency, such as Tether, which is pegged and backed to USD, it is categorized as a currency from the Shariah perspective and subject to the principle of currency exchange, which is the same value of the same type and on a spot basis.
b) pegged and/or backed by non-ribawi items, such as crude oil, it is categorized as goods and not subject to the principle of currency exchange.
vi. The security tokens can be categorized into two categories:
a) asset-backed tokens - represent the digitalization of valuable assets into fractional digital
certificates, indicating ownership rights over the asset.
b) equity-based tokens - represent direct ownership or shares in a company, which may include rights to dividends, voting, and other benefits.
The former a) is considered an asset, while the latter b) represents equity.
vii. For transactions on the platform, the usage of digital assets shall be limited to those that have been approved by the Shariah Adviser of the platform.
● Green-X e-wallet:
i. An individual or entity wishing to trade on the platform must deposit their digital assets into the Green-X e-wallet. These assets will be used as payment for the subscription to security tokens.
ii. The Green-X e-wallet operates on the principle of Wadi’ah, a custodianship based on trust. The custodian is responsible for the safekeeping of the assets and must return them at the depositor’s request.
iii. As this is a trust-based arrangement, the custodian is not permitted to utilize the assets or derive any profits from them. The custodian is also not liable for any loss or damage to the assets unless it results from misconduct, negligence, or a breach of specified terms.
iv. The custodian shall not transfer the assets to a third party without the depositor’s consent. If such a transfer occurs without consent, the custodian will be fully responsible for any loss or damage to the assets.
v. For the Green-X e-wallet, a certain percentage of the stored digital assets will be transferred to a Cold Wallet provided by BitGo. A Cold Wallet is a secure, offline storage solution designed to protect assets from theft, hacks, and similar risks.
vi. The Cold Wallet provided by BitGo also operates under the concept of Wadi’ah, wherein the custodian is responsible for the safekeeping of the assets and must return them upon the depositor’s request.
● STO issuance:
i. The STO issuance on the platform shall adhere to the Shariah Tokenization Guidelines.
ii. The subscription of STO adopts a sale and purchase (al-bay’) contract, incorporating the hamish jiddiyyah.
iii. Hamish jiddiyyah refers to a security deposit taken at the promise stage and held as collateral until the execution of the contract. Upon execution of the contract, hamish jiddiyyah is either refunded to the buyer or adjusted against the payable amount.
● Smart contract:
i. A program stored on a blockchain, representing a digital version of traditional contracts made between any parties, but without the need to have independent third-party verification. The verification and validation tasks are handled instead by the Ethereum platform itself. In other words, smart contracts are capable of self-execution and self-validation.
ii. Works in the form of “If…then…” statements whereby a network of computers executes specific actions when predetermined conditions have been met and verified.
iii. Smart contracts are allowable from a Shariah perspective when all the necessary Shariah requirements are fully complied with as approved by the Shariah Adviser of the platform.
● Late payment charges:
i. Late payment charges which consist of compensation (ta’widh) at actual loss incurred on overdue fees may be charged by Green-X.
ii. The amount of ta’widh is allowed to be recognized as income.
iii. Rate of ta’widh which may be imposed shall not be more than 1% per annum on the outstanding amount and shall not be compounded.
● Shariah-compliant purpose:
i. The purpose of utilization of the raised funds shall be compliant with the Shariah principle.
ii. In the event that the project involves investing in business activities which consist of both Shariah-compliant and Shariah Non-Compliant (“SNC”) activities (collectively referred to as “Mixed Activities”), the SNC activities must not exceed the designated benchmarks.
● Below are the parties on the Green-X DAX platform:
Green-X: A platform operator, licensed under the LFSSA. Green-X operates a Shariah-compliant platform that facilitates the listing of the Issuer’s security tokens, subscription for security tokens by the Investor and trading of security tokens.
Issuer: A company that issues Shariah-compliant security tokens through the Green-X DAX platform and intends to raise funds for Shariah-compliant purposes.
Investor: Individual or entity that has successfully registered as a Green-X e-wallet user on the Green-X DAX platform and subscribes to security tokens through payment of consideration in the form of digital assets on the Green-X DAX platform.
DAX Listing Sponsor: The adviser who is authorized to undertake both Initial Listing Activities and Post Listing Activities including but not limited to performing due diligence on the Issuer’s assets and business, preparing the Pre-Consultation Presentation and drafting the STO Business Memorandum.
Shariah Adviser of the Platform: Herein referred to ISRA Consulting, provides guidelines to the Green-X DAX platform and ensures operations of the platform are compliant with Shariah rules and principles.
Shariah Adviser of the Issuer: Shariah Adviser appointed by the Issuer to ensure that the Issuer’s assets and purpose of utilization for security token issuance are operated and managed in compliance with Shariah rules and principles.
● Structure and mechanism of STO issuance on the Green-X DAX platform:
1. Investor (A) applies for an STO by allocating digital assets, such as Tether (USDT), as security deposits via its e-wallet on the platform. The allocated digital assets will be held by Green-X as security deposits until the required fundraising threshold for the security tokens is achieved.
2. Upon reaching the specified fundraising threshold, the Issuer issues the security tokens, which are stored on the platform until the listing date.
3. On the listing date of the security tokens on the platform, the security deposits are disbursed to the Issuer via its e-wallet as the sale payment. Upon the conclusion of the sale and purchase transaction, the ownership of the security tokens is transferred to Investor (A).
4. Income (if any) is disbursed by the Issuer to Investor (A) via the platform.
5. Investor (A) may execute the trading of its security tokens to other Investors (Investor B, C and D) via the platform.
On June 15, 2024, Green-X entered into a sale and purchase agreement with a founder of a Delaware company, Dignity Corp. (referred as “Seller”) and subsequently on December 12, 2024, entered into a supplementary agreement with the Seller (collectively, the “SPA”). Pursuant to the SPA, in consideration of the total token of four million (4,000,000) in our digital assets, GX Token, paid and / or exchange by Green-X, and in consideration of the total token five million (5,000,000) in Dignity Token, an asset-backed crypto security token (“DiGau”), The Seller grants to Green-X an option whereby Green-X may at the end of sixty (60) months of period, with consent from both parties require the Seller to exchange back whichever balance of GX Token back to Green-X and vice versa (the “Option”).
DiGau was initially traded on the Green-X digital asset exchange (“Green-X DAX”) platform on April 10, 2024, with a closing price of $2.3204 per token. On December 31, 2024, DiGau was traded on the Green-X DAX platform with a closing price of $3.9006 per token.
Based on the pricing data from CoinGecko, a cryptocurrency data aggregator, DiGau’s closing price on December 31, 2024, was $6.02 per token.
In reference to a valuation report issued by an independent appraiser, as of July 1, 2024, DiGau was valued in the range of $9.70 to $10.93 per token on a marketable basis and valued in the range of $9.51 to $10.71 per token on a non-marketable basis, respectively.
Despite the token exchange, DiGau was not recognized in our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024, as the transaction did not meet the criteria for asset recognition. As of the date of this report, the Company has yet determined the value of DiGau due to a lack of observable market transactions and price information. As a result, the transaction was not disclosed in our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024.
The Company does not expect that the exclusion of the transaction will have a significant effect on its consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2024.
As our core business, we operate and provide a wide range of business solution services to small and medium-sized businesses located in Southeast Asia and East Asia, with an initial focus on Hong Kong, China and Malaysia, and subsequently in Thailand and Taiwan. Our comprehensive range of services includes cross-border business solutions, record management services, and accounting outsourcing services. Our cross-border business services include, among other services, tax planning, trust and wealth management, cross-border listing advisory services and transaction services. As part of the cross-border business solutions, we have developed a package solution of services (“Package Solution”) that can reduce business costs and enhance revenues.
We also operate a venture capital business through Greenpro Venture Capital Limited, an Anguilla corporation. Our venture capital business is focused on (1) establishing a business incubator for start-up and high-growth companies to support such companies during critical growth periods, which includes education and support services, and (2) searching for investment opportunities in selected start-up and high-growth companies, which we expect can generate significant returns to the Company. We expect to target companies located in Asia including Hong Kong, Malaysia, China, Thailand and Singapore. We anticipate our venture capital business will also engage in the purchase or lease of commercial properties in the same Asian region.
Our Services
We provide a range of services to our clients as part of the Package Solution that we have developed. We believe that our clients can reduce their business costs and enhance their revenues by utilizing our Package Solution.
Cross-Border Business Solutions
We provide a full range of cross-border services to small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to assist them in conducting their business effectively. Our “Cross-Border Business Solutions” includes the following services:
● Advising clients on company formation in Hong Kong, the United States, the British Virgin Islands, and other overseas jurisdictions;
● Assisting companies to set up bank accounts with banks in Hong Kong to facilitate clients’ banking operations;
● Providing bank loan referral services;
● Providing company secretarial services;
● Assisting companies in applying for business registration certificates with the Inland Revenue Department of Hong Kong;
● Providing corporate finance consulting services;
● Providing due diligence investigations and valuations of companies;
● Advising clients regarding debt and company restructurings;
● Providing liquidation, insolvency, bankruptcy and individual voluntary arrangement advice and assistance;
● Designing a marketing strategy and promoting the company’s business, products, and services;
● Providing financial and liquidity analysis;
● Assisting in setting up cloud invoicing systems for clients;
● Assisting in liaising with investors for the purpose of raising capital;
● Assisting in setting up cloud inventory systems to assist clients in recording, maintaining and controlling their inventories and tracking their inventory levels;
● Assisting in setting up cloud accounting systems to enable clients to keep track of their financial performance;
● Assisting clients in payroll matters operated in our cloud payroll system;
● Assisting clients in tax planning, preparing the tax computation, and making tax filings with the Inland Revenue Department of Hong Kong;
● Providing cross-border listing advisory services, including but not limited to, United States, United Kingdom, Hong Kong, and Australia;
● Providing international tax planning in China;
● Advising on trust and wealth management;
● Providing an online equity crowdfunding platform to assist small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to access funding through its platform;
● Providing cryptocurrency trading and digital asset exchange services;
● Providing a capital market-focused portal to browse business markets or corporate news;
● Providing big data and focusing on artificial intelligence (AI) providing financial services;
● Providing financial technology (FinTech) services; and
● Transaction services.
There is a growing market in Asia for companies who are seeking to go public and become listed on a recognized exchange in a foreign jurisdiction. We see tremendous opportunity to the extent that this trend continues worldwide. With respect to cross-border listing advisory services, we assist private companies in their desire to list and trade on public exchanges, including the NASDAQ and OTC Markets in the U.S.. The Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act, or JOBS Act, signed in 2012, eases the initial public offering (“IPO”) process for “emerging growth companies” and reduces their regulatory burden, (2) improves the ability of these companies to access capital through private offerings and small public offerings without SEC registration, and (3) allows private companies with a substantial shareholder base to delay becoming a public reporting company.
Through our cross-border listing advisory services, we seek to form the bridge between these companies seeking to conduct their IPO (or in some cases, self-directed public offerings), and their goal of becoming a listed company on a recognized U.S. national exchange, such as NASDAQ and the NYSE.
While there are several alternatives for companies seeking to go public and trade on the U.S. OTC markets, we primarily focus on three methods:
● Registration Statement on Form S-1
● Regulation A+ offering
● The Form 10 shell company
The way the OTC markets are structured provides companies the ability to “uplist” in the marketplace as they provide better transparency. These OTC markets include:
● OTCQX Best Marketplace: offers transparent and efficient trading of established investor-focused U.S. and global companies.
● OTCQB Venture Marketplace: for early-stage and developing U.S. and international companies that are not yet able to qualify for OTCQX.
● OTC Pink Open Marketplace: offers trading in a wide spectrum of securities through any broker. With no minimum financial standards, this market includes foreign companies that limit their disclosure, penny stocks and shells, as well as distressed, delinquent, and dark companies not willing or able to provide adequate information to investors.
We act as a case reference for our clients, as we originally had our shares quoted in the OTC markets and subsequently “uplisted” to The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC., a U.S. national securities exchange.
With growing competition and increasing economic sophistication, we believe more companies need strategies for cross-border restructuring and other corporate matters. Our plan is to bundle our Cross-Border Business Solutions services with our cloud accounting solutions and Accounting Outsourcing Services described below.
Accounting Outsourcing Services
We intend to develop relationships with professional firms from Hong Kong, Malaysia, China, and Thailand that can provide company secretarial, business centers and virtual offices, bookkeeping, tax compliance and planning, payroll management, business valuation, and wealth management services to our clients. We intend to include local accounting firms within this network to provide general accounting, financial evaluation, and advisory services to our clients. Our expectation is that firms within our professional network will refer their international clients to us who may need our bookkeeping, payroll, company secretarial and tax compliance services. We believe that this accounting outsourcing service arrangement will be beneficial to our clients by providing a convenient, one-stop firm for their local and international business and financial compliance and governance needs.
Our Service Rates
We intend to have a two-tiered rate system based upon the type of services being offered. We may impose project-based fees, where we charge 10% - 25% of the revenues generated by the client on projects that are completed using our services, such as transaction projects, contract compliance projects, and business planning projects. We may also charge a flat rate fee or fixed fee based on the estimated complexity and timing of a project when our professionals provide specified expertise to our clients on a project. For example, for our Cross-Border Business Solutions services, we plan to charge our client a monthly fixed fee.
Our Venture Capital Business Segment
Venture Capital Investment
As a result of our acquisition of Greenpro Venture Capital Limited (“GVCL”) in 2015, we entered a venture capital business in Hong Kong with a focus on companies located in Southeast Asia and East Asia, including Hong Kong, Malaysia, China, Thailand, and Singapore. Our venture capital business is focused on (1) establishing a business incubator for start-ups and high-growth companies to support such companies during critical growth periods and (2) investment opportunities in select start-ups and high-growth companies.
We believe that a company’s life cycle can be divided into five stages, including the seed stage, start-up stage, expansion stage, mature stage and decline stage. We anticipate that most of a company’s funding needs will occur during these first three stages.
● Seed stage: Financing is needed for assets, and research and development of an initial business concept. The company usually has relatively low costs in developing the business idea. The ownership model is considered and implemented.
● Start-up stage: Financing is needed for product development and initial marketing. Firms in this phase may be in the process of setting up a business or they might have been operating the business for a short period of time but may not have sold their products commercially. In this phase, costs are increasing due to product development, market research and the need to recruit personnel. Low levels of revenue are starting to be generated.
● Expansion stage: Financing is needed for growth and expansion. Capital may be used to finance increased production capacity, product, or marketing development or to hire additional personnel. In the early expansion phase, sales and production increase but there is not yet any profit. In the later expansion stage, the business typically needs extra capital in addition to organically generated profit, for further development, marketing, or product development.
We intend for our business incubators to provide valuable support to young, emerging growth and potential high-growth companies at critical junctures of their development. For example, our incubators will offer office space at a below-market rental rate. We will also provide our expertise, business contacts, introductions, and other resources to assist their development and growth. Depending on each individual circumstance, we may also take an active advisory role in our venture capital companies including board representation, strategic marketing, corporate governance, and capital structuring. We believe that there will be potential investment opportunities for us in these start-up companies.
Our business processes for our investment strategy in select start-up and high-growth companies are as follows:
● Step 1. Generating Deal Flow: We expect to actively search for entrepreneurial firms and to generate deal flow through our business incubator and the personal contacts of our executive team. We also anticipate that entrepreneurs will approach us for financing.
● Step 2. Investment Decision: We will evaluate, examine, and engage in the diligence of a prospective portfolio company, including but not limited to product/service viability, market potential and integrity as well as the capability of the management. After that, both parties arrive at an agreed value for the deal. Following that is a process of negotiation which, if successful, ends with capital transformation and restructuring.
● Step 3. Business Development and Value Adding: In addition to capital contribution, we expect to provide expertise, knowledge, and relevant business contacts to the company.
● Step 4. Exit: There are several ways to exit an investment in a company. Common exits are:
○ Initial Public Offering (IPO): The company’s shares are offered in a public sale on an established securities market.
○ Trade sale (Acquisition): The entire company is sold to another company.
○ Secondary sale: The company’s firm sells only part of its shares.
○ Buyback or management buyout (MBO): Either the entrepreneur or the management of the company buys back the company’s shares in the firm.
○ Reconstruction, liquidation, or bankruptcy: If the project fails, the company will restructure or close its operations.
Our objective is to achieve a superior rate of return through the eventual and timely disposal of investments. We expect to look for businesses that meet the following criteria:
● high-growth prospects
● ambitious teams
● viability of product or service
● experienced management
● ability to convert plans into reality
● justification of venture capital investment and investment criteria
Our Venture Capital Related Education and Support Services.
In addition to providing venture capital services through GVCL, we also provide educational and support services that we believe will be synergistic with our venture capital business. We have arranged seminars called the CEO & Business Owners Strategic Session (“CBOSS”) in Malaysia and Singapore for business owners who are interested in the following:
● Developing their business globally;
● Expanding business with increased capital funding;
● Creating a sustainable SME business model;
● Accelerating the growth of the business; or
● Significantly increasing company cash flows.
The objective of the CBOSS seminar is to educate the chief executive officers or business owners on how to acquire “smart capital” and the considerations involved. The seminar includes an introduction to the basic concepts of “smart capital,” “wealth and value creation,” recommendation and planning and similar topics. We believe that this seminar will synergistically support our venture capital business segment.
Sales and Marketing
We plan to deploy three strategies to market the Greenpro brand: leadership, market segmentation and sales management process development.
● Building Brand Image: Greenpro’s marketing efforts will focus on building the image of our extensive expertise and knowledge of our professionals. We intend to conduct a marketing campaign through media visibility, seminars, webinars, and the creation of a wide variety of white papers, newsletters, books, and other information.
● Market Segmentation: We plan to devote marketing resources to highly measurable and high return-on-investment tactics that specifically target those industries and areas where Greenpro has particularly deep experience and capabilities. These efforts typically involve local, regional, or national trade show and event sponsorships, targeted direct mail, email, and telemarketing campaigns, and practice and industry-specific micro-sites and newsletters in the Asian region.
● Social Media: We plan to begin a social media campaign utilizing blogs, such as X (formerly Twitter), Facebook, and LinkedIn, after we secure sufficient financing. A targeted campaign will be made to the following groups of clients: law firms, auditing firms, consulting firms and small to medium-sized enterprises (“SMEs”) in different industries, including biotechnology, intellectual property, information technologies and real estate.
Worldwide Wealth Wisdom Development
Worldwide Wealth Wisdom Development (“WWW”) is our marketing and promotional campaign, which is focused on building long-term awareness of our brand. WWW targets the following markets (i) business owners and senior management; (ii) high and medium net worth individuals in China and (iii) financial services providers, such as Certified Financial Planners in China. The campaign involves sharing content, knowledge, and information about wealth management, including wealth creation, wealth protection and wealth succession.
The objectives of WWW are:
1. To increase public awareness and recognition of Greenpro as a well-known advocate of the wealth principles described above;
2. For our philosophy to gain recognition so that our clients are confident and comfortable with our services and trust us;
3. To educate existing clients and potential prospects; and
4. To act as a channel of communication to gather market data and feedback.
Set forth below are the marketing strategies we expect to develop.
Awareness and Optimization
1. Email Blasts and E-Newsletter
Email blasts are one of the commonly used tactics to disseminate information. Our email database will be collected through leads generated by online marketing (social media) and promotional events. Future event invitations and monthly/quarterly newsletters will be sent to the email database to boost event participation and provide updates on Company development.
2. Media PR and News Releases
Our post-event information will be sent to news and media platforms as part of our publicity effort to increase public awareness about our events and developments and to encourage more participants to join our upcoming events. We will also share our analysis of various industries and industry trends with the media network providers for free. We believe that this strategy will strengthen the relationship between Greenpro and the media network providers.
3. Social Media
To generate more leads and subscribers, two to four articles related to wealth management will be shared in our official WeChat account. These articles are tools we use to share content online, through social media platforms such as WeChat, Jinri Toutiao and Facebook, which increases our online presence.
4. Online Search Engine Optimization
Online Search Engine Optimization (“SEO”) will be used as a supporting strategy to enhance our online presence campaign. We will seek an SEO expert team in China and Malaysia to assist in the promotion of the campaign by using an advertising and keyword tagging strategy to drive traffic to our social media accounts and our company website. The major search engines are Baidu and Google as these are the common search engines worldwide.
Interaction and Conversion
1. Seminars and Conferences
Seminars and conferences will be held once a month to deliver and educate the attendees on wealth management. We target between 80 and 100 attendees each time. We intend to invite professionals and strategic partners to share their ideas, resources and know-how in the seminars and conferences. The seminars and conferences will focus on our three core wealth management principles, namely “Wealth Creation, Wealth Protection and Wealth Succession”.
2. Private Events by Invitation
Private and exclusive events are planned to be held quarterly with a target of between 30 and 40 attendees. These events are exclusive and by-invitation only, at which we will share insights into our services and explain to attendees how they can proceed with wealth management planning.
3. Small Group Meet Ups and Networking
Small Group Meet Ups will be held twice a month targeting the public with an estimated five to ten attendees per session. The objective of these sessions is to encourage idea exchanges, to provide a platform for networking and potentially future collaboration opportunities, and to foster better understanding between the participants and us, as well as among themselves.
Market Opportunities
We believe the main drivers for the growth of our business are the products and services together with the resources such as an office network, professional staff members and operational tools to make the advisory and consulting business more competitive.
We intend to assist our clients in the preparation of their financial statements cost-effectively and provide security for such financial information since the data will be stored in a cloud system. We anticipate a market with growing needs in Asia. We believe that there is currently an increasing need for enterprises in different industries to maximize their performance with cost-effective methods. We believe our services will create numerous competitive advantages for our clients. We believe that with us handling administrative and logistic support, our clients can focus on developing their businesses and expanding their own client portfolio.
Customers
Our revenues are generated from clients located globally, including those from Hong Kong, China, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand, Japan, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Our venture capital business will initially focus on Hong Kong and other Asian start-ups and high-growth companies. We hope to generate deal flow through personal contacts of our management team as well as through our business incubator.
We generated revenues of $3,496,405 and $3,477,664 during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively. We are not a party to any long-term agreements with our customers.
Competition
We operate in a mature, competitive industry. We consider our focus to be on a niche market of small and medium-sized businesses. Competition in the general field of business advisory services is quite intense, particularly in Hong Kong. We face competition principally from established law firms and consulting service providers in the corporate finance industry, such as Marbury, King & Wood Mallesons, QMIS Financial Group, First Asia Finance Group Limited and their respective affiliates, as well as from certain accounting firms, including those that specialize in tax planning and corporate restructuring. The competition in China or Malaysia is not as fierce as in Hong Kong. Our major competitors in China are JP Investment Group and QMIS Financial Group while our major competitors in Malaysia are Global Bridge Management Sdn. Bhd. and QMIS Financial Group. These competitors generate significant traffic and have established brand recognition and financial resources. New or existing competition that uses a business model that is different from our business model may pressure us to change so that we can remain competitive.
We believe that the principal competitive factors in our market include quality of analysis; applicability and efficacy of recommendations; strength and depth of relationships with clients; ability to meet the changing needs of current and prospective clients; and service scope. By utilizing our competitive strengths, we believe that we have a competitive edge over other competitors due to the breadth of our service offerings, one-stop convenience, pricing, marketing expertise, coverage network, service levels, track record, brand, and reputation. We are confident we can retain and enlarge our market share.
Intellectual Property
We intend to protect our investment in the research and development of our products and technologies. We intend to seek the widest possible protection for significant product and process developments in our major markets through a combination of trade secrets, trademarks, copyrights, and patents, if applicable. We anticipate that the form of protection will vary depending upon the level of protection afforded by a particular jurisdiction. Currently, our revenue is derived principally from our operations in Hong Kong, China, and Malaysia, where intellectual property protection may be limited and difficult to enforce. In such instances, we may seek protection of our intellectual property through measures taken to increase the confidentiality of intellectual property.
We have registered trademarks as a means of protecting the brand names of our companies and products. We intend to protect our trademarks against infringement and seek to register design protection where appropriate. Currently, there are six trademarks registered under the name of Greenpro Resources (HK) Limited.
Trademark
Trademark Owner
Country / Territory
Registration Date
Brief Description
Greenpro Resources (HK)
Limited
Hong Kong
August 11, 2010, June 25, 2013, and December 3, 2014
Classes 35, 41, 42: Advertising, business management, business administration, office functions, research services, education and training.
U.S.A.
February 2, 2016
Class 35: Business administration services, business assistance, management and information services, business knowledge management and consulting services.
China
December 28, 2014
Classes 35 and 42: Advertising, business management, business administration, office functions and research services.
Singapore
July 22, 2013
Classes 35 and 42: Advisory services related to business management and administration, computer software and security.
We rely on trade secrets and unpatentable know-how that we seek to protect, in part, by confidentiality agreements. Our policy is to require all employees to execute confidentiality agreements upon the commencement of employment with us. These agreements provide that all confidential information is developed or made known to the individual through an individual’s relationship with us, to be kept confidential, and not be disclosed to third parties except in specific circumstances. The agreement also provides that all inventions conceived by the individual while rendering services to us shall be assigned to us as the exclusive property of our company. There can be no assurance, however, that all people who we desire to sign such agreements will sign, or if they do, that these agreements will not be breached, that we would have adequate remedies for any breach, or that our trade secrets or un-patentable know-how will not otherwise become known or be independently developed by competitors.
Government Regulation
We provide our Package Solution initially in Hong Kong, China and Malaysia, which we believe are locations that would need outsourcing support services. Further, we believe these markets are the central and regional markets for many customers doing cross-border business in Asia. We target those customers from Asia doing international business and plan to provide our Package Solution to meet their needs. Our planned Package Solution will be structured in Hong Kong, but services may be outsourced to lower-cost jurisdictions such as Malaysia and China, which encourage and welcome outsourcing services.
The following regulations are the laws and regulations that may be applicable to us:
Hong Kong
Our businesses located in Hong Kong are subject to the laws and ordinances enacted in Hong Kong including, but not limited to, labor, occupational safety and health, general corporations, intellectual property, and other similar laws. Because our website is maintained through the server in Hong Kong, we shall be required to comply with all laws and ordinances enacted in Hong Kong including, inter alia, data usage and regular terms of services applicable to our potential customers. As the information of our potential customers is preserved in Hong Kong, we will need to comply with the Hong Kong Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance (Cap 486).
The Employment Ordinance is the main piece of legislation governing conditions of employment in Hong Kong. It covers a comprehensive range of employment protection and benefits for employees, including Wage Protection, Rest Days, Holiday Pay, Paid Annual Leave, Sickness Allowance, Maternity Protection, Statutory Paternity Leave, Severance Payment, Long Service Payment, Employment Protection, Termination of Employment Contract and Protection against Anti-Union Discrimination.
An employer must also comply with all legal obligations under the Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Ordinance (Cap 485). These include enrolling all qualifying employees in Mandatory Provident Fund (“MPF”) schemes and making MPF contributions for them. Except for exempt persons, employers should enroll both full-time and part-time employees who are at least 18 but under 65 years of age in an MPF scheme within the first 60 days of employment. The 60-day employment rule does not apply to casual employees in the construction and catering industries.
We are required to make MPF contributions for our Hong Kong employees once every contribution period (generally the wage period). Employers and employees are each required to make regular mandatory contributions of 5% of the employee’s relevant income to an MPF scheme, subject to the minimum and maximum relevant income levels. For a monthly-paid employee, the minimum and maximum relevant income levels are $7,100 and $30,000 respectively.
We comply with the above applicable ordinances and regulations in Hong Kong and have not been involved in any lawsuit or prosecuted by the local authority resulting from any breach of the ordinances and regulations.
Malaysia
Our businesses located in Malaysia are subject to the general laws in Malaysia governing businesses including labor, occupational safety and health, general corporations, intellectual property and other similar laws including the Computer Crime Act 1997 and The Copyright (Amendment) Act 1997. We believe that the focus of these laws is censorship in Malaysia; however, we believe this does not impact our businesses because the censorship focus is on media controls and does not relate to cloud-based technology which we plan to use.
Our real estate investments are subject to extensive local, city, county and state rules and regulations regarding permitting, zoning, subdivision, utilities and water quality as well as federal rules and regulations regarding air and water quality and protection of endangered species and their habitats. Such regulation may result in higher than anticipated administrative and operational costs.
We comply with the above applicable ordinances and regulations in Malaysia and have not been involved in any lawsuit or prosecuted by the local authority resulting from any breach of the ordinances and regulations.
China
A portion of our acquired businesses are located in China and subject to the general laws in China governing businesses including labor, occupational safety and health, general corporations, intellectual property and other similar laws.
Employment Contracts
The Employment Contract Law was promulgated by the National People’s Congress’ Standing Committee on June 29, 2007, and took effect on January 1, 2008 and was revised at the 30th meeting of the Standing Committee of the 11th National People’s Congress on December 28, 2012. The Employment Contract Law governs labor relations and employment contracts (including the entry into, performance, amendment, termination, and determination of employment contracts) between domestic enterprises (including foreign-invested companies), individual economic organizations and private non-enterprise units (collectively referred to as the “employers”) and their employees.
a. Execution of employment contracts
Under the Employment Contract Law, an employer shall sign a written employment contract with an employee within one month from the date of commencement of work. In the event of contravention, the employee is entitled to double wages every month during the period from the day after one month of employment to the day before one year from the commencement that is the employee may receive up to 11 months of additional wages due to the employer’s failure to provide a signed employment contract. If the employer does not sign an employment contract with the employee for more than 12 months since commencement, it will be deemed that an employment contract with a non-fixed term has been signed between the employer and the employee from the day after one year of employment.
b. Right to non-fixed term contracts
Under the Employment Contract Law, an employee may request a non-fixed term contract without an employer’s consent to renew, if the employee has worked for ten consecutive years. In addition, when signing the third employment contract, the employee is also entitled to a non-fixed term contract with an employer if he has completed two fixed-term employment contracts with such employer. Under the non-fixed term contract period, the employer shall not arbitrarily terminate the employment, unless the employee is dismissed under any of the following situations: (1) serious violations of the employer’s rules and regulations; (2) serious dereliction of duty, embezzlement, and causing significant harm to the employer; (3) establishing employment relations with other employers at the same time, which seriously affects the completion of the work tasks of the unit, or refusing to make corrections upon request by the employer; (4) employers who use fraudulent or coercive means or take advantage of others, to force the employer to enter into or modify employment contracts against their true intentions. Unless the employee requests to enter into a fixed-term contract, an employer who fails to enter into a non-fixed term contract pursuant to the Employment Contract Law is liable to pay the employee double his/her salary from the date the employment contract should be renewed a non-fixed term.
c. Compensation for termination or expiry of employment contracts
Under the Employment Contract Law, employees are entitled to compensation upon the termination or expiry of an employment contract. Employees are entitled to compensation even in the event the employer (i) has been declared bankrupt; (ii) has its business license revoked; (iii) has been ordered to cease or is revoked or dissolved; or (iv) according to the provisions of the Enterprise Bankruptcy Law, implements economic layoffs during a reorganization; (v) implements economic layoffs due to serious difficulties in production and operation; (vi) undergoes a transfer of production, major technological innovation, or adjustment of its business model, and after changing the employment contract, it is still necessary to lay off employees; (vii) experiences unforeseeable significant changes in the objective economic situation based on which the employment contract was concluded resulting the inability to perform the terms of the employment contract signed by both parties. Where an employee has been employed for less than one year but more than 6 months, such an employee will be deemed to have completed one full year of service, and will be entitled to such compensation equivalent to one month’s salary; if an employee has been employed for less than six months, the employee will be entitled to such compensation equivalent to half month’s salary.
d. Trade union and collective employment contracts
Under the Employment Contract Law, a trade union may seek arbitration and litigation to resolve any dispute arising from a collective employment contract provided that such dispute fails to be settled through negotiations. Employment Contract Law also permits a trade union to enter into a collective employee contract with an employer on behalf of all the employees.
Where a trade union has not been formed, a representative appointed by an employee under the guidance of a high-level trade union may execute the collective employment contract. Within districts below the county level, collective employment contracts for industries such as those engaged in construction, mining, food and beverage and those from the service sector, etc., may be executed on behalf of employees by the representatives from the trade union of each respective industry. Alternatively, a district-based collective employment contract may be made.
As a result of the Employment Contract Law, all our employees have executed standard written employment agreements with us. We have not experienced any significant labor disputes or any difficulties in recruiting staff for our operations.
On October 28, 2010, the National People’s Congress of China promulgated the PRC Social Insurance Law, which became effective on July 1, 2011. The decision to amend the Social Insurance Law of the People’s Republic of China was made by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on December 29, 2018, and came into effect on December 29, 2018. In accordance with the PRC Social Insurance Law, the Interim Regulations on the Collection and Payment of Social Security Fund and other relevant laws and regulations, China establishes a social insurance system including basic pension insurance, basic medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance and maternity insurance. An employer shall pay the social insurance for its employees in accordance with the rates provided under relevant regulations and shall withhold the social insurance that should be assumed by the employees. The authorities in charge of social insurance may request an employer’s compliance and impose sanctions if such an employer fails to pay and withhold social insurance in a timely manner. Under the Regulations on the Administration of Housing Fund effective in 1999, as amended in 2002, and it was revised again by the State Council in 2019 and implemented on March 24, 2019. PRC companies must register with applicable housing fund management centers and establish a special housing fund account in an entrusted bank. Both PRC companies and their employees are required to contribute to the housing funds.
The Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security promulgated the Interim Provisions on Labor Dispatch on January 24, 2014. The Interim Provisions on Labor Dispatch, which became effective on March 1, 2014, sets forth that labor dispatch should only be applicable to temporary, auxiliary or substitute positions. Temporary positions shall mean positions subsisting for no more than six months, auxiliary positions shall mean positions of non-major business that serve positions of major businesses, and substitute positions shall mean positions that can be held by substitute employees for a certain period of time during which the employees who originally hold such positions are unable to work as a result of full-time study, being on leave or other reasons. The Interim Provisions further provide that, the number of the dispatched workers of an employer shall not exceed 10% of its total workforce, and the total workforce of an employer shall refer to the sum of the number of the workers who have executed labor contracts with the employer and the number of workers who are dispatched to the employer.
Foreign Exchange Control and Administration
Foreign exchange in China is primarily regulated by:
● The Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Foreign Exchange Administration (revised in 2008) (“Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations”); and
● The Administration Provisions of the Settlement, Sale and Payment of Foreign Exchange (1996).
Under the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations, if documents certifying the purposes of the conversion of RMB into foreign currency are submitted to the relevant foreign exchange conversion bank, the RMB will be convertible for current account items, including the distribution of dividends, interest and royalty payments, and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions. Conversion of RMB for capital account items, such as direct investment, loans, securities investment, and repatriation of investment, however, is subject to the approval of SAFE or its local counterpart.
Under the Administration Rules for the Settlement, Sale and Payment of Foreign Exchange, foreign-invested enterprises may only buy, sell and/or remit foreign currencies at banks authorized to conduct foreign exchange business after providing valid commercial documents and, in the case of capital account item transactions, obtaining approval from SAFE or its local counterpart.
As an offshore holding company with PRC subsidiaries, we may (i) make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, (ii) establish new PRC subsidiaries and make capital contributions to these new PRC subsidiaries, (iii) make loans to our PRC subsidiaries or consolidated affiliated entities, or (iv) acquire offshore entities with business operations in China in offshore transactions. However, most of these uses are subject to PRC regulations and approvals. For example:
● Capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, whether existing or newly established ones, must be approved by the Ministry of Commerce or its local authorities;
● Loans by us to our PRC subsidiaries, each of which is a foreign-invested enterprise, to finance their activities cannot exceed statutory limits and must be registered with SAFE or its local branches; and
● Loans from us to our consolidated affiliated entities, which are domestic PRC entities, must be approved by the National Development and Reform Commission and must also be registered with SAFE or its local branches.
On March 30, 2015, SAFE issued the Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange Concerning Reform of the Administrative Approaches to Settlement of Foreign Exchange Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprises, or “Circular 19”, which became effective on June 1, 2015, to regulate the conversion by foreign invested enterprises, or FIEs, of foreign currency into RMB by restricting how the converted RMB may be used. Circular 19 requires that RMB converted from the foreign currency-dominated capital of an FIE shall be managed under the Accounts for FX settlement and pending payment. The expenditure scope of such Accounts includes expenditure within the business scope, payment of funds for domestic equity investment and RMB deposits, repayment of the RMB loans after completed utilization, and so forth.
An FIE shall truthfully use its capital by itself within the business scope and shall not, directly or indirectly, use its capital or RMB converted from the foreign currency-dominated capital for (i) expenditure beyond its business scope or expenditure prohibited by laws or regulations, (ii) direct account indirectly used for securities investment; (iii) disbursing RMB entrusted loans (unless permitted under its business scope), repaying inter-corporate borrowings (including third-party advance) and repaying RMB bank loans already refinanced to any third party; (iv) except for foreign-invested real estate enterprises, it shall not be used to pay related expenses for purchasing non-self-use real estate. Where a FIE, other than a foreign-invested investment company, foreign-invested venture capital enterprise or foreign-invested equity investment enterprise, makes domestic equity investment by transferring its capital into the original currency, it shall obey the current provisions on domestic re-investment. Where such a FIE makes domestic equity investment by its RMB conversion, the invested enterprise shall first go through domestic re-investment registration and open a corresponding Accounts for FX settlement and pending payment, and the FIE shall thereafter transfer the conversion to the aforesaid Account according to the actual amount of investment.
In addition, according to the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Foreign Exchange Administration, which became effective on August 5, 2008, the use of foreign exchange or RMB conversion may not be changed without authorization.
Violations of the applicable circulars and rules may result in severe penalties, including substantial fines as set forth in the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations.
In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we will always be able to complete the necessary government registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans to our PRC subsidiaries or future capital contributions by us to our PRC subsidiaries. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to capitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.
Currently, we are following the above applicable ordinances and regulations in China and have not been involved in any lawsuit or prosecuted by the local authority resulting from any breach of the ordinances and regulations.
Insurance
We do not currently maintain property, business interruption and casualty insurance. As our business matures, we expect to obtain such insurance in accordance with customary industry practices in Malaysia, Hong Kong and China, as applicable.
Seasonality
Our businesses are not subject to seasonality.
Employees
As of April 9, 2025, we have 48 employees, located in the following territories:
Country/Territory
Number of Employees
Malaysia
China
Hong Kong
As a result of the Employment Contract Law, all our employees in China have executed standard written employment agreements with us.
We are required to contribute to the Employees Provident Fund (EPF) under a defined contribution pension plan for all eligible employees in Malaysia between the ages of 18 and 55. We are required to contribute a specified percentage of the participant’s income based on their ages and wage level. The participants are entitled to all our contributions together with accrued returns regardless of their length of service with the Company. For the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, the contributions were $27,070 and $29,570, respectively.
We are required to contribute to the Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF) for all eligible employees in Hong Kong between the ages of 18 and 65. We are required to contribute a specified percentage of the participant’s income based on their ages and wage levels. For the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, the MPF contributions by the Company were $23,385 and $22,027, respectively. We have not experienced any significant labor disputes or any difficulties in recruiting staff for our operations.
We are required to contribute to the Social Insurance Schemes and Housing Fund Schemes for all eligible employees in the PRC. For the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, the contributions were $41,768 and $39,958, respectively.
Executive Office and Other Information
Our principal executive offices are located at B-23A-02, G-Vestor Tower, Pavilion Embassy, 200 Jalan Ampang, 50450 W.P. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Our principal telephone number is +60 3 8408 - 1788, and our website is “greenprocapital.com”. The information contained on our website is not, and should not be interpreted to be, a part of this Form 10-K.
We have regional offices in Hong Kong and Shenzhen, China which principally serve their respective clients and provide support to the Company.
We are required to file periodic reports and current reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Access to our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and our Proxy Statements, and any amendments to these reports, is available on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.
Future Development Plan
We are in the process of carrying out the following development plans.
1. Security Token Offering:
We will continue our focus on security token offering (STO), a regulated way to raise funds through blockchains that keep investors protected by regulated and asset-backed digital securities. This aligns with our mission to provide ethical, sustainable, and Shariah-compliant investment opportunities to investors. We aim to tap into underserved communities by providing financial inclusion through digital asset solutions. By expanding our reach in Southeast Asia and beyond, we seek to bridge the gap between traditional finance and blockchain technology, ensuring accessibility and transparency for a wider range of investors.
2. Expansion of Corporate Finance Services:
We plan to further expand our corporate finance services business. Our corporate finance services include financial advisory services relating to listings in the US capital markets (NYSE, NASDAQ or OTC Markets) or listings in Hong Kong, mergers and acquisitions, investment valuation, project management and other financial advisory services. We intend to enhance our corporate finance business in China, Hong Kong, Malaysia, and Thailand, by engaging in more marketing activities and expanding our business network to these regions.
3. ADAQ Development:
ADAQ is a next-generation online financial information platform which facilitates connecting private high-growth emerging companies with access to potential investors and synergetic companies. ADAQ is dedicated to equipping emerging growth companies in the Asia Pacific region with the guidance and information to identify, build and stream their sustainable core values. In addition, it offers an acceleration program to incubate and assist companies to accelerate the process by which they seek to list on international exchanges such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), NASDAQ and Hong Kong Stock Exchange (HKEX).
● ADAQ has three major functions:
1. Corporate Value Building Program
2. Online platform and acceleration process to International Capital Market Listing
3. Online Financial Information Market
We intend to strengthen the development of ADAQ as an acceleration platform to assist high-growth emerging companies in the ASEAN regions covering Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia, Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam, and China to obtain funding and prepare for an IPO. An increasing number of companies across Southeast Asia and the Greater Bay Area are interested in listing on the ADAQ market platform. We believe the successful development of the platform will heighten the prospects of Greenpro’s venture capital projects, aiming to achieve success and to widen market coverage to source for new potential projects.
● Wealth Management Portfolio Development. The increase in the number of high-net-worth individuals in the Asia Pacific Region has created opportunities and needs for cross-border wealth management services. Leveraging our competitive advantages with integrated financial services and strategic offices, we look forward to enhancing our strategic development in wealth management, fund management and asset management businesses. We continue to look for partnerships to explore the potential of wealth management, fund management and asset management services, and provide assistance with our affiliates’ customized wealth creation, wealth protection and wealth succession solutions for medium, high, and ultra-high net worth individuals/families in the Asian region. We also expect to put more effort into the development of our Wealth Network Database focusing on wealth-related information sharing.
For our long-term plan and development, we look forward to initiating the “Greenpro Capital Tower” plan in ASEAN as an effort to further develop our brand, strengthen our operational and client base with stronger customers and increase market confidence. In addition, we plan to continue to grow through mergers and acquisitions of related services to enhance our services horizontally and vertically. We are continuously sourcing synergy and licensed financial institutions to strengthen the capabilities and scope of our services with the aim of widening our market coverage.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
You should carefully consider the risks described below and elsewhere in this Annual Report, which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition. Our business faces significant risks, and the risks described below may not be the only risks we face. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may materially affect our business, results of operations, or financial condition. If any of these risks occur, the trading price of our Common Stock could decline and you may lose all or part of your investment.
Risks Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic and Other Natural Disasters
We may be adversely affected by natural disasters, pandemics, and other catastrophic events, and by human-caused problems such as terrorism, which could disrupt our business operations, and our business continuity and disaster recovery plans may not adequately protect us from a serious disaster.
Natural disasters or other catastrophic events may also cause damage or disruption to our operations, international commerce, and the global economy, and could have an adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition. Our business operations are subject to interruption by natural disasters, fire, power shortages, and other events beyond our control.
In addition, our global operations expose us to risks associated with public health crises, such as pandemics and epidemics, which could harm our business and cause our operating results to suffer. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic and the related precautionary measures that we adopted in the past resulted in and could in the future result in difficulties or changes to our customer support, or create operational or other challenges, any of which could adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition. Further, acts of terrorism, labor activism or unrest, and other geopolitical unrest, including ongoing regional conflicts around the world, could cause disruptions in our business or the businesses of our partners or the economy.
In the event of a natural disaster, including a major earthquake, blizzard, hurricane, or a catastrophic event such as a fire, power loss, or telecommunications failure, we may be unable to continue our operations and may endure system interruptions, reputational harm, delays in the development of our platform, lengthy interruptions in service, breaches of data security, and loss of critical data, all of which could have an adverse effect on our future operating results.
We do not maintain insurance sufficient to compensate us for the potentially significant losses that could result from disruptions to our services. Additionally, all the risks may be further increased if we do not implement a disaster recovery plan or if our partners’ disaster recovery plans prove to be inadequate. To the extent natural disasters or other catastrophic events concurrently impact data centers we rely on in connection with private key restoration, customers will experience significant delays in withdrawing funds, or in the extreme we may suffer a loss of customer funds.
Risks Related to Our Business
We are not currently profitable and may not become profitable.
As of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded a net loss of $725,827, an accumulated deficit of $37,264,379 and a negative cash flow of $1,360,454 in operating activities. We expect we may incur operating losses and negative operating cash flows for the near future, and we may not achieve profitability. We also expect we may experience negative cash flow for the near future due to operating losses and capital expenditure. As a result, we will need to generate significant revenues to achieve and maintain profitability. We may not be able to generate sufficient revenues or achieve profitability in the future. Our failure to achieve or maintain profitability could negatively impact the value of our business.
We may not be able to continue to operate as a going concern.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded a net loss of $725,827 and used cash in operating activities of $1,360,454, and as of December 31, 2024, we incurred an accumulated deficit of $37,264,379. In addition, the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, in their report on the Company’s December 31, 2024 audited financial statements, raised substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year of the date that the financial statements are issued. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary if the Company is unable to continue as a going concern.
The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon improving its profitability and the continuing financial support from its major shareholders. Management believes the existing shareholders or external financing will provide additional cash to meet the Company’s obligations as they become due. No assurance that any future financing, if needed, will be available or, if available, that it will be on terms that are satisfactory to the Company. Even if the Company can obtain additional financing, if necessary, it may contain undue restrictions on its operations, in the case of debt financing, or cause substantial dilution for its stockholders, in the case of equity financing.
Our operating results may prove unpredictable which could negatively affect our profit.
Our operating results are likely to fluctuate significantly in the future due to a variety of factors, most of which we have no control over. Factors that may cause our operating results to fluctuate significantly include: our inability to generate enough working capital from future equity sales; the level of commercial acceptance by clients of our services; fluctuations in the demand for our service the amount and timing of operating costs and capital expenditures relating to expansion of our business, operations and infrastructure and general economic conditions. If realized, any of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.
Our operating results have and will significantly fluctuate, and this will be due to the highly volatile nature of crypto.
Due to the highly volatile nature of the crypto economy and the prices of crypto assets, our operating results have and will continue to fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter in accordance with market sentiments and movements in the broader crypto economy. Our operating results will continue to fluctuate significantly because of a variety of factors, many of which are unpredictable and in certain instances are outside of our control, including:
● crypto asset trading activity, including trading volume and the prevailing trading prices for crypto assets, which can be highly volatile;
● our ability to attract, maintain, grow, and engage our customer and developer base;
● changes in the legislative or regulatory environment, or actions by U.S. or foreign governments or regulators, including fines, orders, or consent decrees;
● regulatory changes or scrutiny that impact our ability to offer certain products or services;
● our ability to continue to diversify and grow our subscription and platform service revenue;
● our mix of revenue between transactions and subscriptions and services;
● pricing for the temporary suspensions of our products and services;
● adding crypto assets to or removing them from our platform;
● our ability to establish and maintain partnerships, collaborations, joint ventures, or strategic alliances with third parties;
● market conditions of, and overall sentiment towards, the crypto economy;
● macroeconomic conditions, including interest rates, inflation, and instability in the global banking system;
● adverse legal proceedings or regulatory enforcement actions, judgments, settlements, or other legal proceedings, and enforcement-related costs;
● the development and introduction of existing new products and services by us or our competitors;
● the amount and timing of our operating expenses related to the maintenance and expansion of our business and operations, including investments we make in the development of products and services, as well as technology offered to our developers, international expansion, and sales and marketing;
● system failures, outages or interruptions, including with respect to our platform and third-party crypto networks;
● our lack of control over decentralized or third-party blockchains and networks that may experience downtime, cyberattacks, critical failures, errors, bugs, corrupted files, data losses, or other similar software failures, outages, breaches and losses;
● breaches of security or privacy;
● inaccessibility of our platform due to our third-party actions;
● our ability to attract and retain talent; and
● our ability to compete with our competitors.
As a result of these factors, it is difficult for us to forecast growth trends accurately and our business and prospects are difficult to evaluate, particularly in the short term. Our subscription and platform service revenue has grown over time, with digital revenue received in connection with crypto assets becoming a more meaningful revenue contributor. Therefore, our operating results could fluctuate significantly because of changes in the demand for our subscription and service offerings, in the demand for crypto assets, in the balance of crypto assets on our platform, in interest rates, and in our ongoing relationships with third parties.
In view of the rapidly evolving nature of our business and the crypto economy, period-to-period comparisons of our operating results may not be meaningful, and you should not rely upon them as an indication of future performance. Quarterly and annual expenses reflected in our financial statements may be significantly different from historical or projected rates. Our operating results in one or more future quarters may fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors. As a result, the trading price of our Common Stock may increase or decrease significantly.
Our revenue is dependent on the prices of crypto assets and the volume of transactions conducted on our platform. If such a price or volume declines, our business, operating results, and financial condition would be adversely affected, and the price of our Common Stock could decline.
We generate a certain portion of our total revenue from transaction fees on our platform in connection with the purchase, sale, and trading of crypto assets by our customers. Transaction revenue is based on transaction fees that are either a flat fee or a percentage of the value of each transaction. For our consumer trading product, we also charge a spread to ensure that we can settle purchases and sales at the prices we quote to customers. We also generate a certain amount of total revenue from our subscription and services, and such revenue has grown over time, primarily due to growth in stablecoin revenue. Declines in the volume of crypto asset transactions, the price of crypto assets, or market liquidity for crypto assets generally may result in lower total revenue to us.
The price of crypto assets and associated demand for buying, selling, and trading crypto assets have historically been subject to significant volatility. If the price and transaction volume of crypto assets decline in the future, our ability to generate revenue may suffer and customer demand for our products and services may decline, which could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition and cause the price of our Common Stock to decline. The price and transaction volume of any crypto asset is subject to significant uncertainty and volatility, depending on several factors, including:
● market conditions of, and overall sentiment towards, crypto assets and the crypto economy, including, but not limited to, as a result of actions taken by or developments of other companies in the crypto economy;
● changes in liquidity, market-making volume, and trading activities;
● trading activities on other crypto platforms worldwide, many of which may be unregulated, and may include manipulative activities;
● investment and trading activities of highly active consumer and institutional users, speculators, miners, and investors;
● the speed and rate at which crypto is able to gain adoption as a medium of exchange, utility, store of value, consumptive asset, security instrument, or other financial assets worldwide, if at all;
● decreased user and investor confidence in crypto assets and crypto platforms;
● negative publicity and events relating to the crypto economy;
● unpredictable social media coverage or “trending” of, or other rumors and market speculation regarding, crypto assets;
● the ability for crypto assets to meet user and investor demands;
● the functionality and utility of crypto assets and their associated ecosystems and networks, including crypto assets designed for use in various applications;
● consumer preferences and perceived value of crypto assets and crypto assets markets;
● increased competition from other payment services or other crypto assets that may exhibit better speed, security, scalability, or other characteristics;
● adverse legal proceedings or regulatory enforcement actions, judgments, or settlements impacting crypto economy participants;
● regulatory or legislative changes, scrutiny and updates affecting the crypto economy;
● the characterization of crypto assets under the laws of various jurisdictions around the world;
● the adoption of unfavorable taxation policies on crypto asset investments by governmental entities;
● the maintenance, troubleshooting, and development of the blockchain networks underlying crypto assets, including by miners, validators, and developers worldwide;
● the ability for crypto networks to attract and retain miners or validators to secure and confirm transactions accurately and efficiently;
● legal and regulatory changes affecting the operations of miners and validators of blockchain networks, including limitations, and prohibitions on mining activities, or new legislative or regulatory requirements as a result of growing environmental concerns around the use of energy in cryptocurrency and other proof-of-work mining activities;
● ongoing technological viability and security of crypto assets and their associated smart contracts, applications and networks, including vulnerabilities against hacks and scalability;
● speed and fees associated with processing crypto asset transactions, including on the underlying blockchain networks and on crypto platforms;
● financial strength of market participants;
● the availability and cost of funding and capital;
● the liquidity and credit risk of other crypto platforms and other participants of the crypto economy;
● interruptions or temporary suspensions or other compulsory restrictions in products or services from or failures of major crypto platforms;
● availability of an active derivatives market for various crypto assets;
● availability of banking and payment services to support crypto-related projects;
● instability in the global banking system and the level of interest rates and inflation;
● monetary policies of governments, trade restrictions, and fiat currency devaluations; and
● national and international economic and political conditions.
There is no assurance that any supported crypto asset will maintain its value or that there will be meaningful levels of trading activities. If the price of crypto assets or the demand for trading crypto assets declined, our business, operating results, and financial condition would be adversely affected, and the price of our Common Stock could decline.
If we are unable to gain any significant market acceptance for our service or establish a significant market presence, we may be unable to generate sufficient revenue to continue our business.
Our growth strategy is dependent upon our ability to successfully market our service to prospective clients. However, our planned services may not achieve significant acceptance. Such acceptance, if achieved, may not be sustained for any significant period. Failure of our services to achieve or sustain market acceptance could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions, and the results of our operations.
Management’s ability to implement the business strategy may be slower than expected and we may be unable to generate a profit.
Our business plans, including offering a cloud accounting system and consulting services, may not occur. Our growth strategy is subject to significant risks which you should carefully consider before purchasing our shares.
Our services may be slow to achieve profitability, or may not become profitable at all, which will result in losses. There can be no assurance that we will succeed.
We may be unable to enter our intended markets successfully. The factors that could affect our growth strategy include our success in (a) developing our business plan, (b) obtaining our clients, (c) obtaining adequate financing on acceptable terms, and (d) adapting our internal controls and operating procedures to accommodate our future growth.
Our systems, procedures and controls may not be adequate to support the expansion of our business operations. Significant growth will place managerial demands on all aspects of our operations. Our future operating results will depend upon our ability to manage changing business conditions and to implement and improve our technical, administrative, and financial controls and reporting systems.
Competitors may enter this sector with superior service which would affect our business adversely.
We believe that barriers to entry are low to medium because of economies of scale, cost advantage and brand identity. Potential competitors may enter this sector with superior services. This would have an adverse effect on our business and our results of operations. In addition, a prominent level of support is critical for the successful marketing and recurring sales of our services. Despite having accumulated customers over the past few years, we may still need to continue to improve our platform and software to assist potential customers in using our platform, and we also need to provide effective support to future clients. If we are unable to increase customer support and improve our platform in the face of increasing competition, with the increase in competition, our ability to sell our services to potential customers could adversely affect our brand, which would harm our reputation.
Our use of open-source and third-party software could impose limitations on our ability to commercialize our services.
We intend to incorporate open-source software into our platform. Although we monitor our use of open source closely, the terms of many open-source licenses have not been interpreted by U.S. courts or jurisdictions elsewhere, and there is a risk that such licenses could be construed in a manner that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to commercialize our services. We could also be subject to similar conditions or restrictions should there be any changes in the licensing terms of the open-source software incorporated into our products. In either event, we may be required to seek licenses from third parties to continue our services in the event re-engineering cannot be accomplished on a timely or successful basis, any of which could adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.
We also intend to incorporate certain third-party technologies, including software programs, into our website and may need to utilize additional third-party technologies in the future. However, licenses to relevant third-party technology may not continue to be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Therefore, we could face delays in the release of our platform until equivalent technology is identified, licensed, or developed, and integrated into our current products. These delays if they occur could materially adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition. Any disruption in our access to software programs or third-party technologies could result in significant delays in the release of our platform and could require substantial effort to locate or develop a replacement program. If we decide in the future to incorporate into our products any other software program licensed from a third party, and the use of such software program is necessary for the proper operation of our appliances, then our loss of any such license would similarly adversely affect our ability to release our products in a timely fashion.
The security of our computer systems may compromise and harm our business.
A huge portion of our business operations is conducted through the use of our computer network. Although we intend to implement security systems and procedures to protect the confidential information stored on these computer systems, experienced computer programmers and hackers may be able to penetrate our network security and misappropriate our confidential information or that of third parties. As well, they may be able to create system disruptions, shutdowns, or effect denial of service attacks. Computer programmers and hackers also may be able to develop and deploy viruses, worms, and other malicious software programs that attack our networks or client computers, or otherwise exploit any security vulnerabilities, or misappropriate and distribute confidential information stored on these computer systems. Any of the foregoing things could result in damage to our reputation and customer confidence in the security of our products and services and could require us to incur significant costs to eliminate or alleviate the problem. Additionally, our ability to transact businesses may be adversely affected. Such damage, expenditures and business interruption could seriously impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Adverse development in our existing areas of operation could adversely impact our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.
Our operations focus on utilizing the sales efforts which are principally located in Southeast Asia and East Asia. As a result, the results of our operations, cash flows and financial condition depend upon the demand for our services in these regions. Lack of broad diversification in industry type and geographic location, adverse development in our current segment of the midstream industry, or in our existing areas of operation, could have a greater impact on the results of operations, cash flows and financial condition than if our operations were more diversified.
Risks Related to Crypto Assets
Due to unfamiliarity and some negative publicity associated with crypto asset platforms, confidence or interest in crypto asset platforms may decline.
Crypto asset platforms are relatively new. Many of our competitors are unlicensed, unregulated, operate without supervision by any governmental authorities, and do not provide the public with significant information regarding their ownership structure, management team, corporate practices, cybersecurity, and regulatory compliance. As a result, customers and the public may lose confidence or interest in crypto asset platforms, including regulated platforms like ours.
Since the inception of the crypto economy, numerous crypto-asset platforms have been sued, investigated, or shut down due to fraud, manipulative practices, business failure, and security breaches. In many of these instances, customers of these platforms were not compensated or made whole for their losses. Larger platforms like ours are more appealing targets for hackers and malware and may also be more likely to be targets of regulatory enforcement actions. For example, in February 2014, Mt. Gox, the then-largest crypto asset platform worldwide, filed for bankruptcy protection in Japan after an estimated 700,000 Bitcoins were stolen from its wallets. In May 2019, Binance, one of the world’s largest platforms, was hacked, resulting in losses of approximately $40 million, and in February 2021, Bitfinex settled a long-running legal dispute with the State of New York related to Bitfinex’s alleged misuse of over $800 million of customer assets. The 2022 events resulted in a loss of confidence in the broader crypto economy, adverse reputational impact on crypto-asset platforms, increased negative publicity surrounding crypto more broadly, heightened scrutiny by regulators and lawmakers and a call for increased regulations of crypto assets and crypto asset platforms.
In addition, there have been reports that a significant amount of crypto asset trading volume on crypto asset platforms is fabricated and false in nature, with a specific focus on unregulated platforms located outside the United States. Such reports may indicate that the market for crypto asset platform activities is significantly smaller than otherwise understood.
Negative perception, a lack of stability and standardized regulation in the crypto economy, and the closure or temporary shutdown of crypto asset platforms due to fraud, business failure, hackers or malware, or government-mandated regulation, and associated losses suffered by customers may continue to reduce confidence or interest in the crypto economy and result in greater volatility of the prices of assets, including significant depreciation in value. Any of these events could have an adverse impact on our business and our customers’ perception of us, including decreased use of our platform and loss of customer demand for our products and services.
Future developments regarding the treatment of crypto assets for U.S. and foreign tax purposes could adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.
Due to the new and evolving nature of crypto assets and the absence of comprehensive legal and tax guidance with respect to crypto asset products and transactions, many significant aspects of the U.S. and foreign tax treatment of transactions involving crypto assets, such as the purchase and sale of crypto assets on our platform, as well as the provision of blockchain rewards and other crypto asset incentives and rewards products, are uncertain, and it is unclear whether, when and what guidance may be issued in the future on the treatment of crypto asset transactions for U.S. and foreign tax purposes.
In 2014, the IRS released Notice 2014-21, discussing certain aspects of “virtual currency” for U.S. federal income tax purposes and stating that such virtual currency (i) is “property,” (ii) is not “currency” for purposes of the rules relating to foreign currency gain or loss, and (iii) may be held as a capital asset. From time to time, the IRS has released other guidance relating to the tax treatment of virtual currency or crypto assets reflecting the IRS’s position on certain issues. The IRS has not addressed many other significant aspects of the U.S. federal income tax treatment of crypto assets and related transactions.
There continues to be uncertainty with respect to the timing, character, and amount of income inclusions for various crypto asset transactions including, but not limited to lending and borrowing crypto assets, staking, and other crypto asset incentives and products that we offer. Although we believe our treatment of crypto asset transactions for federal income tax purposes is consistent with existing positions from the IRS and/or existing U.S. federal income tax principles, because of the rapidly evolving nature of crypto asset innovations and the increasing variety and complexity of crypto asset transactions and products, it is possible the IRS and various U.S. states may disagree with our treatment of certain crypto asset offerings for U.S. tax purposes, which could adversely affect our customers and the vitality of our business. Similar uncertainties exist in the foreign markets in which we operate with respect to direct and indirect taxes, and these uncertainties and potential adverse interpretations of tax law could impact the amount of tax we and our non-U.S. customers are required to pay, and the vitality of our platforms outside of the United States.
There can be no assurance that the IRS, U.S. state revenue agencies, or other foreign tax authorities, will not alter their respective positions with respect to crypto assets in the future or that a court would uphold the treatment set forth in existing positions. It also is unclear what additional tax authority positions, regulations, or legislation may be issued in the future on the treatment of existing crypto asset transactions and future crypto asset innovations under U.S. federal, U.S. state, or foreign tax law. Any such developments could result in adverse tax consequences for holders of crypto assets and could have an adverse effect on the value of crypto assets and the broader crypto-assets markets. Future technological and operational developments that may arise with respect to crypto assets may increase the uncertainty with respect to the treatment of crypto assets for U.S. and foreign tax purposes. The uncertainty regarding the tax treatment of crypto asset transactions impacts our customers and could impact our business, both domestically and abroad.
The nature of our business requires the application of complex financial accounting rules, and there is limited guidance from accounting standard setting bodies on certain topics. If financial accounting standards undergo significant changes, our operating results could fluctuate.
The accounting rules and regulations that we must comply with are complex and subject to interpretation by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”), the SEC, and various other bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. Recent actions and public comments from the FASB and the SEC have focused on the integrity of financial reporting and internal controls and many companies’ accounting policies are being subjected to heightened scrutiny by regulators and the public. Further, there has been limited precedent for the financial accounting of crypto assets and related valuation and revenue recognition. Moreover, a change in these principles or interpretations could have a significant effect on our reported financial results and may even affect the reporting of transactions completed before the announcement or effectiveness of a change. For example, in December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-08, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Crypto Assets (ASU 2023-08): Accounting for and Disclosure of Crypto Assets (“ASU 2023-08”), which represents a significant change in how entities that hold crypto assets will account for certain of those holdings. Previously, crypto assets held were accounted for as intangible assets with indefinite useful lives, which required us to measure crypto assets at cost less impairment losses. Effective as of January 1, 2024, we adopted ASU 2023-08, which requires us to measure crypto assets held at fair value at each reporting date, with fair value gains and losses recognized through net income (loss). Fair value gains and losses can increase the volatility of our net income, especially if the underlying crypto market is volatile. Additionally, on March 31, 2022, the staff of the SEC issued Staff Accounting Bulletin (“SAB”) No. 121 (“SAB 121”), which represented a significant change regarding how a company safeguarding crypto assets held for its platform users reports such crypto assets on its balance sheet and required retrospective application as of January 1, 2022. In January 2025, the staff of the SEC issued SAB No. 122 (“SAB 122”), which rescinds the previously issued interpretive guidance included within SAB 121. We have adopted SAB 122 as of December 31, 2024, on a retrospective basis.
Uncertainties or changes to regulatory or financial accounting standards could result in the need to change our accounting methods and may retroactively affect previously reported results and impair our ability to provide timely and accurate financial information, which could adversely affect our financial statements, result in a loss of investor confidence, and our business, operating results, and financial condition.
Risks Related to Cybersecurity
Cyberattacks and security breaches of our platform, or those impacting on our customers or third parties, could adversely affect our brand, reputation, business, operating results, and financial condition.
Our business involves the collection, storage, processing, and transmission of confidential information, customer, employee, service provider, and other personal data, as well as information required to access customer assets. We have built our reputation on the premise that our platform offers customers a secure way to purchase, store, and transact in crypto assets. As a result, any actual or perceived security breach of us or our third-party partners may:
● harm our reputation and brand;
● result in our systems or services being unavailable and interrupting our operations;
● result in improper disclosure of data and violations of applicable privacy and data protection laws;
● result in significant regulatory scrutiny, investigations, fines, penalties, and other legal, regulatory, and financial exposure;
● cause us to incur significant remediation costs;
● lead to theft or irretrievable loss of our or our customers’ fiat currencies or crypto assets;
● reduce customer confidence in, or decrease customer use of, our products and services;
● divert the attention of management from the operation of our business;
● result in significant compensation or contractual penalties payable by us to our customers or third parties because of losses to them or claims by them; and
● adversely affects our business, operating results, and financial condition.
Further, any actual or perceived breach or cybersecurity attack directed at other financial institutions or crypto companies, whether we are directly impacted, could lead to a general loss of customer confidence in the crypto economy or in the use of technology to conduct financial transactions, which could negatively impact us, including the market perception of the effectiveness of our security measures and technology infrastructure.
An increasing number of organizations, including large merchants, businesses, technology companies, and financial institutions, as well as government institutions, have disclosed breaches of their information security systems, some of which have involved sophisticated and highly targeted attacks, including on their websites, mobile applications, and infrastructure.
Attacks upon systems across a variety of industries, including the crypto industry, are increasing in their frequency, persistence, and sophistication, and, in many cases, are being conducted by sophisticated, well-funded, and organized groups and individuals, including state actors. The techniques used to obtain unauthorized, improper, or illegal access to systems and information (including customers’ personal data and crypto assets), disable or degrade services, or sabotage systems are constantly evolving, may be difficult to detect quickly, and often are not recognized or detected until after they have been launched against a target. These attacks may occur on our systems or those of our third-party service providers or partners. Certain types of cyberattacks could harm us even if our systems are left undisturbed. For example, attacks may be designed to deceive employees and service providers into releasing control of our systems to a hacker, while others may aim to introduce computer viruses or malware into our systems with a view to stealing confidential or proprietary data. Additionally, certain threats are designed to remain dormant or undetectable until launched against a target, and we may not be able to implement adequate preventative measures.
Although we have developed systems and processes designed to protect the data we manage, prevent data loss and other security breaches, effectively respond to known and potential risks, and expect to continue to expend significant resources to bolster these protections, there can be no assurance that these security measures will provide absolute security or prevent breaches or attacks. We have experienced from time to time, and may experience in the future, breaches of our security measures due to human error, malfeasance, insider threats, system errors or vulnerabilities, or other irregularities. Unauthorized parties have attempted, and we expect that they will continue to attempt, to gain access to our systems and facilities, as well as those of our customers, partners, and third-party service providers, through various means, including hacking, social engineering, phishing, and attempting to fraudulently induce individuals (including employees, service providers, and our customers) into disclosing usernames, passwords, payment card information, or other sensitive information, which may in turn be used to access our information technology systems and customers’ crypto assets. Threats can come from a variety of sources, including criminal hackers, hacktivists, state-sponsored intrusions, industrial espionage, and insiders. Certain threat actors may be supported by significant financial and technological resources, making them even more sophisticated and difficult to detect. We may also acquire other companies that expose us to unexpected security risks or increase costs to improve the security posture of the acquired company. Further, there has been an increase in such threat actor activities because of the increased prevalence of hybrid and remote working arrangements in recent years. As a result, our costs and the resources we devote to protecting against these advanced threats and their consequences may continue to increase over time.
Although we maintain insurance coverage, it may be insufficient to protect us against all losses and costs stemming from security breaches, cyberattacks, and other types of unlawful activity, or any resulting disruptions or data theft and loss from such events. Outages and disruptions of our platform, including any caused by cyberattacks, may harm our reputation, business, operating results, and financial condition.
We obtain and process a large amount of sensitive customer data. Any real or perceived improper use of, disclosure of, or access to such data could harm our reputation, as well as adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.
We obtain and process large amounts of sensitive data, including personal data related to our customers and their transactions, such as their names, addresses, social security numbers, visa information, copies of government-issued identification, facial recognition data (from scanning photographs for identity verification), trading data, tax identification, and bank account information. We face risks, including our reputation, in the handling and protection of this data, and these risks will increase as our business continues to expand, including through our acquisition of, and investment in, other companies and technologies. Federal, state, and international laws and regulations governing privacy, data protection, and e-commerce transactions require us to safeguard our customers’, employees’, and service providers’ personal data.
We have administrative, technical, and physical security measures and controls in place and maintain a robust information security program. However, our security measures, those of our vendors or service providers, or the security measures of companies we acquire, may be inadequate or breached as a result of third-party action, employee or service provider error, malfeasance, malware, phishing, hacking attacks, system error, trickery, advances in computer capabilities, new discoveries in the field of cryptography, inadequate facility security or otherwise, and, as a result, someone may be able to obtain unauthorized access to sensitive information, including personal data, on our systems. We could be the target of a cybersecurity incident, which could result in harm to our reputation and financial losses. Additionally, our customers have been and could be targeted in cybersecurity incidents like an account takeover, which could result in harm to our reputation and financial losses. Additionally, privacy and data protection laws are evolving, and these laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our data handling safeguards and practices, which could result in fines, lawsuits, and other penalties, and significant changes to our or our third-party partners’ business practices and products and service offerings.
Our future success depends on the reliability and security of our platform. To the extent that the measures we, any companies we acquire, or our third-party service providers, vendors, or business partners have taken prove to be insufficient or inadequate, or to the extent we discover a security breach suffered by a company we acquire following the closing of such acquisition, we may become subject to litigation, breach notification obligations, or regulatory or administrative sanctions, which could result in significant fines, penalties, damages, harm to our reputation, or loss of customers. If our own confidential business information or sensitive customer information were improperly disclosed, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be adversely affected. Additionally, a party who circumvents our security measures could, among other effects, appropriate customer information or other proprietary data, cause interruptions in our operations, or expose customers to hacks, viruses, and other disruptions.
Depending on the nature of the information compromised, in the event of a data breach or other unauthorized access to our customer data, we may also have obligations to notify customers and regulators about the incident, and we may need to provide some form of remedy, such as a subscription to credit monitoring services, pay significant fines to one or more regulators, or pay compensation in connection with a class-action settlement. Breach notification laws continue to evolve and may be inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another. In the United States, the SEC has adopted rules for mandatory disclosure of material cybersecurity incidents suffered by public companies, as well as cybersecurity governance and risk management. Complying with these obligations could cause us to incur substantial costs and could increase negative publicity surrounding any incident that compromises customer data. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with these laws may also subject us to enforcement action or litigation, any of which could harm our business. Additionally, the financial exposure from the events referenced above could either not be insured against or not be fully covered through any insurance that we may maintain, and there can be no assurance that the limitations of liability in any of our contracts would be enforceable or adequate or would otherwise protect us from liabilities or damage because of the events referenced above. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business, reputation, operating results, and financial condition.
Furthermore, we may be required to disclose personal data pursuant to demands from individuals, regulators, government agencies, and law enforcement agencies in various jurisdictions with conflicting privacy and security laws, which could result in a breach of privacy and data protection policies, notices, laws, rules, court orders, and regulations. Additionally, changes in the laws and regulations that govern our collection, use, and disclosure of customer data could impose additional requirements with respect to the retention and security of customer data, limit our marketing activities, and adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.
Risks Related to Doing Business in Southeast Asia and East Asia
Our business is subject to the risks of international operations.
We conduct our business operations in Southeast Asia and East Asia. Accordingly, the results of our operations, financial condition and prospects are subject to a significant degree to the economic, political, and legal conditions of the Southeast Asia and East Asia countries where we intend to develop business. Following the closing of our initial public offering in 2018, we derive a huge portion of our revenues and earnings from Hong Kong, our principal business place, PRC, Malaysia, and other Southeast Asia countries, respectively. Operation in multiple foreign countries involves substantial risk. For example, our operations and business activities are subject to a variety of laws and regulations, such as anti-corruption laws, tax laws, foreign exchange controls and cash repatriation restrictions, data privacy and security requirements, labor laws, intellectual property laws, privacy laws, and anti-competition regulations. As we expand into additional countries, the complexity inherent in complying with these laws and regulations increases, making compliance more difficult, costly, and driving up the costs of doing business in foreign areas. Any failure to comply with foreign laws and regulations could subject us to fines and penalties, making it more difficult or impossible to do business in that country and harm our reputation.
We face the risk that changes in the world economy and political developments in Malaysia may adversely affect our business.
In recent years, there have been political instabilities in the Malaysian government which may reduce investors’ confidence, result in a reduction in foreign direct investment and weigh on consumer and business sentiment, depressing growth. In addition, the Malaysian economy is reliant on external demand. Any possible worsening global demand is likely to hinder export development and any economic weakness may lead to market intervention, and the government may impose capital controls. Under these circumstances, our business operations may be adversely affected.
You may have difficulty enforcing judgments against us.
We are a Nevada corporation, but most of our assets are and will be located outside of the United States. Principally our operations are conducted in Hong Kong, Malaysia, and the PRC. In addition, most of our officers and directors are nationals and residents of a country other than the United States. Most of their assets are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for you to effect service of process within the United States upon them. It may also be difficult for you to enforce in U.S. courts judgments on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against us and our officers and directors since he or she is not a resident of the United States. In addition, there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of Hong Kong or other Asian countries would recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts.
Payment of dividends is subject to restrictions under Nevada, Hong Kong, Malaysia, and the PRC laws.
Under Nevada law, we may only pay dividends subject to our ability to service our debts as they become due and provided that our assets will exceed our liabilities after the payment of such dividends. Our ability to pay dividends will therefore depend on our ability to generate adequate profits. Under the Hong Kong Companies Ordinance, we are allowed to make payments of dividends from distributable profits (that is, accumulated realized profits less its accumulated realized losses). Under the Laws of Malaysia, we may only make a distribution to the shareholders out of our profits available if we are solvent. The Company is deemed to be solvent if the Company can pay its debts as and when the debts become due within twelve months immediately after the distribution is made. In addition, because of a variety of rules applicable to our operations in China and the regulations on foreign investments as well as the applicable tax law, we may be subject to further limitations on our ability to declare and pay dividends to our shareholders.
We can give no assurance that we will declare dividends of any amount, at any rate or at all in the future. The declaration of future dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements, general financial conditions, legal and contractual restrictions, and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant.
Risks Related to Doing Business in Hong Kong and China
The introduction of new laws or changes to existing laws by the PRC government may adversely affect our business.
The PRC legal system is a codified legal system made up of written laws, regulations, circulars, administrative directives, and internal guidelines. Unlike common law jurisdictions like the U.S., decided cases (which may be taken as reference) do not form part of the legal structure of the PRC and thus have no binding effect on subsequent cases with similar issues and fact patterns. Furthermore, in line with its transformation from a centrally planned economy to a free market economy, the PRC government is still in the process of developing a comprehensive set of laws and regulations. As the legal system in the PRC is still evolving, laws and regulations or the interpretation of the same may be subject to further changes. For example, the PRC government may impose restrictions on the amount of service fees that may be payable by municipal governments to wastewater and sludge treatment service providers. Also, the PRC central and municipal governments may impose more stringent environmental regulations which would affect our ability to comply with, or our costs to comply with, such regulations. Such changes, if implemented, may adversely affect our business operations, and may reduce our profitability.
We face the risk that changes in the policies of the PRC government could have a significant impact upon the business we may be able to conduct in the PRC and the profitability of such business.
The PRC’s economy is in a transition from a planned economy to a market-oriented economy subject to five-year and annual plans adopted by the central government that set national economic development goals. Policies of the PRC government can have significant effects on the economic conditions of the PRC. The PRC government has confirmed that economic development will follow the model of a market economy. Under this direction, we believe that the PRC will continue to strengthen its economic and trading relationships with foreign countries and business development in the PRC will follow market forces. While we believe that this trend will continue, we cannot assure you that this will be the case. A change in policies by the PRC government could adversely affect our interests by, among other factors: changes in laws, regulations, or the interpretation thereof, confiscatory taxation, restrictions on currency conversion, imports or sources of supplies, or the expropriation or nationalization of private enterprises. Although the PRC government has been pursuing economic reform policies for more than two decades, we cannot assure you that the government will continue to pursue such policies or that such policies may not be significantly altered, especially in the event of a change in leadership, social or political disruption, or other circumstances affecting the PRC’s political, economic, and social environment.
The recent state government interference in business activities on U.S.-listed Chinese companies may negatively impact our existing and future operations in Hong Kong and China.
Recently, the Chinese government announced that it would step up supervision of Chinese firms listed offshore. Under the new measures, China will improve regulation of cross-border data flows and security, crack down on illegal activity in the securities market and punish fraudulent securities issuance, market manipulation and insider trading, China will also check sources of funding for securities investment and control leverage ratios. The Cyberspace Administration of China (“CAC”) has also opened a cyber-security probe into some U.S.-listed tech giants focusing on anti-monopoly, financial technology regulation and more recently, with the passage of the Data Security Law, how companies collect, store, process, and transfer data. If our Hong Kong and PRC subsidiaries are subject to such a probe or if they are required to comply with stepped-up supervisory requirements, valuable time from management and money may be expended in complying and/or responding to the probe and requirements, thus diverting valuable resources and attention away from our operations. This may, in turn, negatively impact their operations.
The Company’s principal executive offices are in Malaysia with operations in Hong Kong and China. The Company is NOT a Chinese operating company but a Malaysian holding company with operations conducted by its subsidiaries based in Hong Kong and China. This structure involves unique risks to investors. It does not use variable interest entities in its corporate structure. It provides cross-border business solutions such as tax planning, trust and wealth management, cross-border listing advisory services, transaction services, record management services, and accounting outsourcing services. One of its venture-capital business segments focuses on rental activities of commercial properties and the sale of investment properties. None of the previously mentioned business activities appear to be within the current targeted areas of concern by the Chinese government. The Company plans to continue to explore future potential business opportunities in the Asia region, in particular Southeast Asia. Nonetheless, it intends to keep Hong Kong and China as part of its operating structure going forward and this would potentially subject it to political and economic influence from China to the extent of such operations.
The Company has subsidiaries in Hong Kong and mainland China and operations there. Given the Chinese government’s significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our Hong Kong and PRC subsidiaries’ business operations, there is always a risk that the Chinese government may, in the future, seek to affect the operations of any company with any level of operations in China, including its ability to offer securities to investors, list its securities on a U.S. or other foreign exchange, conduct its business or accept foreign investment. Considering China’s recent extension of authority not only in China but into Hong Kong, there are risks and uncertainties that it cannot foresee for the time being, and rules and regulations in China can change quickly with little or no advance notice. The Chinese government may intervene or influence the Company’s current and future operations in Hong Kong and China at any time or may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in issuers like us.
If any or all of the foregoing were to occur, this could lead to a material change in our Hong Kong and China subsidiaries’ operations and/or the value of the Company’s Common Stock and/or significantly limit or completely hinder its ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.
Our shares may be delisted and prohibited from trading in the United States under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCAA, as amended by the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely our auditors. The delisting of our shares, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.
The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (“HFCAA”) was enacted on December 18, 2020. The HFCAA states if the SEC determines that a company has filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspection by the PCAOB for three consecutive years beginning in 2021, the SEC shall prohibit the company’s shares from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the U.S.
On March 24, 2021, the SEC adopted interim final rules relating to the implementation of certain disclosure and documentation requirements of the HFCAA. A company will be required to comply with these rules if the SEC identifies it as having a “non-inspection” year under a process to be subsequently established by the SEC. The SEC is assessing how to implement other requirements of the HFCAA, including the listing and trading prohibition requirements described above.
On June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, and on December 29, 2022, legislation entitled “Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023” (the “Consolidated Appropriations Act”) was signed into law by President Biden, which contained, among other things, an identical provision to the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act and amended the HFCAA by requiring the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three, thus reducing the time period for triggering the prohibition on trading.
On December 2, 2021, the SEC adopted amendments to finalize rules implementing the submission and disclosure requirements in the HFCAA. The rules apply to registrants the SEC identifies as having filed an annual report with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is in a foreign jurisdiction and that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate (“Commission-Identified Issuers”). The final amendments require Commission-Identified Issuers to submit documentation to the SEC establishing that, if true, it is not owned or controlled by a governmental entity in the public accounting firm’s foreign jurisdiction. The amendments also require that a Commission-Identified Issuer that is a “foreign issuer,” as defined in Exchange Act Rule 3b-4, provide certain additional disclosures in its annual report for itself and any of its consolidated foreign operating entities. Further, the release provides notice regarding the procedures the SEC has established to identify issuers and to impose trading prohibitions on the securities of certain Commission-Identified Issuers, as required by the HFCAA.
The SEC will identify Commission-Identified Issuers for fiscal years beginning after December 18, 2020. A Commission-Identified Issuer will be required to comply with the submission and disclosure requirements in the annual report for each year in which it was identified. If a registrant is identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer based on its annual report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, the registrant will be required to comply with the submission or disclosure requirements in its annual report filing covering the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.
On December 16, 2021, PCAOB announced the PCAOB HFCAA determinations (the “PCAOB determinations”) relating to the PCAOB’s inability to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China of the PRC or Hong Kong, a Special Administrative Region and dependency of the PRC, because of a position taken by one or more authorities in the PRC or Hong Kong.
Our auditor, JP Centurion & Partners PLT (“Centurion”), is headquartered in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. and is the independent registered public accounting firm that issued the audit reports included in this annual report, and as auditors of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and firms registered with the PCAOB, are subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess their compliance with the applicable professional standards. We are not aware of any reasons to believe or conclude that Centurion would not permit an inspection by PCAOB or may not be subject to such an inspection. Centurion is outside the jurisdiction of Hong Kong and China and has assured us that if requested, they shall cooperate and deliver the work papers of our Chinese subsidiaries to the PCAOB for inspection. We cannot assure you that the jurisdiction in which our current auditor is located will not implement rules forbidding our auditor to be subject to PCAOB inspection. If such rules were to be implemented, we may have to incur substantial costs and time to appoint a new auditor to re-audit our financials. This could cause the market price of our shares to be materially and adversely affected, and our securities could be delisted or prohibited from being traded on the national securities exchange if we fail to do so timely or at commercially reasonable times.
On August 26, 2022, the PCAOB announced that it had signed a Statement of Protocol (the “SOP”) with the China Securities Regulatory Commission and the Ministry of Finance of China. The SOP, together with two protocol agreements governing inspections and investigations (together, the “SOP Agreement”), establishes a specific, accountable framework to make possible complete inspections and investigations by the PCAOB of audit firms based in mainland China and Hong Kong, as required under U.S. law. The SOP Agreement remains unpublished and is subject to further explanation and implementation. Pursuant to the fact sheet with respect to the SOP Agreement disclosed by the SEC, the PCAOB shall have sole discretion to select any audit firms for inspection or investigation and the PCAOB inspectors and investigators shall have a right to see all audit documentation without redaction. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB Board determined that the PCAOB was able to secure complete access to inspect and investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong and voted to vacate its previous determinations to the contrary. However, should PRC authorities obstruct or otherwise fail to facilitate PCAOB’s access in the future, the PCAOB Board will consider the need to issue a new determination.
The SEC may propose additional rules or guidance that could impact us if our auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspection. For example, on August 6, 2020, the President’s Working Group on Financial Markets, or the PWG, issued the Report on Protecting United States Investors from Significant Risks from Chinese Companies to the then President of the United States. This report recommended the SEC implement five recommendations to address companies from jurisdictions that do not provide the PCAOB with sufficient access to fulfill its statutory mandate. Some of the concepts of these recommendations were implemented with the enactment of the HFCAA. However, some of the recommendations were more stringent than the HFCAA. For example, if a company’s auditor was not subject to PCAOB inspection, the report recommended that the transition period before a company would be delisted would end on January 1, 2022.
The SEC had announced that the SEC staff were preparing a consolidated proposal for the rules regarding the implementation of the HFCAA and to address the recommendations in the PWG report. The implications of possible additional regulation in addition to the requirements of the HFCAA and what was recently adopted on December 2, 2021, are uncertain. Such uncertainty could cause the market price of our shares of Common Stock to be materially and adversely affected, and our securities could be delisted or prohibited from being traded on the national securities exchange earlier than would be required by the HFCAA. If our shares are unable to be listed on another securities exchange by then, such a delisting would substantially impair your ability to sell or purchase our shares when you wish to do so, and the risk and uncertainty associated with a potential delisting would have a negative impact on the price of our shares.
Changes in China’s economic, political, or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our future business and operations.
Our business direction going forward is focused on the Asia region which, accordingly, could place our future business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects at the influence, to a certain degree, of political, economic, and social conditions in China generally. The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the level of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange, and allocation of resources. Although the Chinese government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets, and the establishment of improved corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in China is still owned by the government. In addition, the Chinese government continues to play a significant role in regulating industry development by imposing industrial policies.
The Chinese government also exercises significant control over China’s economic growth through allocating resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy, and providing preferential treatment for certain industries or companies.
While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth over the past decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy. Any adverse changes in economic conditions in China, in the policies of the Chinese government or in the laws and regulations in China could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China. Such developments could adversely affect our future business and operating results, lead to a reduction in demand for our services and adversely affect our competitive position. The Chinese government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall Chinese economy but may have a negative effect on us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations. In addition, in the past the Chinese government has implemented certain measures, including interest rate adjustment, to control the pace of economic growth. These measures may cause decreased economic activity in China, which may adversely affect our future business and operating results.
Interpretation of PRC laws and the implementation of National Security Law in Hong Kong involve uncertainty.
The PRC’s legal system is based on written statutes, and prior court decisions can only be used as a reference. Since 1979, the PRC’s government has promulgated laws and regulations in relation to economic matters such as foreign investment, corporate organization and governance, commerce, taxation, and trade, with a view to developing a comprehensive system of commercial law, including laws relating to property ownership and development. However, since these laws and regulations have not been fully developed, and because of the limited volume of published cases and the non-binding nature of prior court decisions, the interpretation of PRC’s laws and regulations involves a degree of uncertainty. Some of these laws may be changed with little advance notice, without immediate publication or may be amended with retroactive effect.
On June 30, 2020, China’s top legislature unanimously passed The Law of the People’s Republic of China on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region which was enacted on the same day. Like PRC’s laws and regulations, the interpretation of National Security Law involves a degree of uncertainty.
Depending on the government agency or how an application or case is presented to such an agency, we may receive less favorable interpretations of laws and regulations than our competitors, particularly if a competitor has long been established in the locality of and has developed a relationship with such an agency. In addition, any litigation may be protracted and result in substantial costs and a diversion of resources and management attention. All these uncertainties may cause difficulties in the enforcement of our land use rights, entitlements under our permits and other statutory and contractual rights and interests.
We may be exposed to liabilities under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and Chinese anti-corruption law.
In connection with any future offering, we may be subjected to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”), and other laws that prohibit improper payments or offers of payments to foreign governments and their officials and political parties by U.S. persons and issuers as defined by the statute for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. We may also be subjected to Chinese anti-corruption laws, which strictly prohibit the payment of bribes to government officials. Going forward, our Hong Kong and China subsidiaries may have operations, agreements with third parties, and make sales in China, which may experience corruption. Our Hong Kong and China subsidiaries’ future activities in China may create the risk of unauthorized payments or offers of payments by one of their employees because sometimes these employees are out of our control. Violations of the FCPA or Chinese anti-corruption relevant laws may result in severe criminal or civil sanctions, and we may be subject to other liabilities, which could negatively affect their business, operating results, and financial condition. In addition, the government may seek to hold our Company liable for successor liability FCPA violations committed by companies in which we invest or that we acquire.
The PRC government may issue further restrictive measures in the future.
We cannot assure you that the PRC’s government will not issue further restrictive measures in the future. The PRC government’s restrictive regulations and measures could increase our existing and future operating costs in adapting to these regulations and measures, limit our access to capital resources or even restrict our existing and future business operations, which could further adversely affect our business and prospects.
Our Hong Kong and China subsidiaries may be subject to a variety of laws and other obligations regarding cyber security and data protection, and any failure to comply with applicable laws and obligations could have a material and adverse effect on their business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our Hong Kong and China subsidiaries may be subject to a variety of risks and costs associated with the collection, use, sharing, retention, security, and transfer of confidential and private information, such as personal information and other data. Our Chinese subsidiary collects, uses, shares, or retains, securities personal information (such as personal information and related data) that needs to leave mainland China and requires approval from relevant Chinese departments. This data is a wide range and relates to our investors, employees, contractors, and other counterparties and third parties. The relevant PRC laws apply not only to third-party transactions, but also to transfers of information between us, our subsidiaries, and other parties with which we/they have commercial relations.
The PRC regulatory and enforcement regime regarding privacy and data security is evolving. The PRC Cyber Security Law, which was promulgated on November 7, 2016 and became effective on June 1, 2017, provides that personal information and important data collected and generated by operators of critical information infrastructure in the course of their operations within the territory of the PRC should be stored within the territory of the PRC, and the law imposes heightened regulation and additional security obligations on operators of critical information infrastructure. According to the Cyber Security Review Measures promulgated by the Cyberspace Administration of China and certain other PRC regulatory authorities in December 2021, which became effective in February 2022, operators of critical information infrastructure must pass a cyber-security review when purchasing network products and services which do or may affect national security. If they provide or are deemed to provide such network products and services to critical information infrastructure operators, or they are deemed to be critical information infrastructure operators, they would be required to follow cyber security review procedures. There can be no assurance that they would be able to complete the applicable cyber security review procedures in a timely manner, or at all, if they are required to follow such procedures. Any failure or delay in the completion of the cyber security review procedures may prevent them from using or providing certain network products and services, and may result in fines of up to ten times the purchase price of such network products and services being imposed upon us, if they are to be deemed a critical information infrastructure operator using network products or services without having completed the required cyber security review procedures. The PRC government is increasingly focused on data security, recently launching a cyber security review against several mobile apps operated by several US-listed Chinese companies and prohibiting these apps from registering new users during the review period.
On June 10, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China promulgated the Data Security Law which took effect on September 1, 2021. The Data Security Law provides for data security and privacy obligations of entities and individuals carrying out data activities, prohibits entities and individuals in China from providing any foreign judicial or law enforcement authority with any data stored in China without approval from the competent PRC authority, and sets forth the legal liabilities of entities and individuals found to be in violation of their data protection obligations, including rectification order, warning, fines of up to RMB10 million, suspension of relevant business, and revocation of business permits or licenses.
On August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress adopted the Personal Information Security Law, which came into force on of November 1, 2021. The Personal Information Protection Law includes the basic rules for personal information processing, the rules for cross-border provision of personal information, the rights of individuals in personal information processing activities, the obligations of personal information processors, and the legal responsibilities for illegal collection, processing, and use of personal information.
In addition, on December 28, 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China issued the Measures for Cyber Security Review, which came into force as of February 15, 2022, which proposes to authorize the relevant government authorities to conduct cyber security reviews on a range of activities that affect or may affect national security, including listings in foreign countries by companies that possess personal data of more than one million users. The PRC National Security Law covers various types of national security, including technology security and information security.
Considering the business of our Hong Kong and China subsidiaries may involve processing information of natural and legal persons, such information may be considered important data in accordance with the PRC Cyber Security Law, the National Security Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Personal Information Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Data Security Law of the People’s Republic of China, and the Personal Information Security Specification for Information Security Technology. If our Chinese subsidiary needs to provide such information generated in mainland China to Hong Kong or the United States based on business purpose or the requirements of the relevant competent authorities in the United States, it needs to obtain the permission of China’s Cyberspace Department in accordance with the Measures for Data Exit Security Assessment issued in July 2022 and implemented in September 2022 by the Cyberspace Administration of China and other relevant regulations.
Compliance with the PRC Cyber Security Law, the PRC National Security Law, the Data Security Law, the Personal Information Protection Law, the Cyber Security Review Measures, as well as additional laws and regulations that PRC regulatory bodies may enact in the future, including data security and personal information protection laws, may result in additional expenses to us and subject us to negative publicity, which could harm our reputation among users and negatively affect the trading price of our shares in the future. There are also uncertainties with respect to how the PRC Cyber Security Law, the PRC National Security Law and the Data Security Law will be implemented and interpreted in practice. PRC regulators, including the Ministry of Public Security, the MIIT, the SAMR and the Cyberspace Administration of China, have been increasingly focused on regulation in the areas of data security and data protection, including for mobile apps, and are enhancing the protection of privacy and data security by rulemaking and enforcement actions at central and local levels. We expect that these areas will receive greater and continued attention and scrutiny from regulators and the public going forward, which could increase our Hong Kong and China subsidiaries’ compliance costs and subject them to heightened risks and challenges associated with data security and protection. If our Hong Kong and China subsidiaries are unable to manage these risks, they could become subject to penalties, including fines, suspension of business, prohibition against new user registration (even for a short period of time) and revocation of required licenses, and their reputation and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
It may be difficult for overseas shareholders and/or regulators to conduct investigations or collect evidence within China.
Shareholder claims or regulatory investigations that are common in the United States generally are difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in China. For example, in China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to providing information needed for regulatory investigations or litigation initiated outside China. Although the authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the United States may not be efficient in the absence of mutual and practical cooperation mechanisms. Furthermore, according to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law, or Article 177, which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within the territory of the PRC. While the detailed interpretation of or implementation rules under Article 177 have yet to be promulgated, the inability of an overseas securities regulator, such as the Department of Justice, the SEC, the PCAOB and other authorities, to directly conduct an investigation or evidence collection activities within China may further increase difficulties faced by you in protecting your interests.
Some of our business operations are conducted in Hong Kong and the PRC through our Hong Kong and China subsidiaries. If the U.S. regulators carry out an investigation on us and there is a need to conduct an investigation or collect evidence within the territory of the PRC, the U.S. regulators may not be able to carry out such an investigation or evidence collection activities directly in the PRC under the PRC laws. The U.S. regulators may consider cross-border cooperation with the securities regulatory authority of the PRC by way of judicial assistance, diplomatic channels or regulatory cooperation mechanisms established with the securities regulatory authority of the PRC.
Failure to comply with laws and regulations applicable to our business in China could subject us to fines and penalties and could also cause us to lose customers or otherwise harm our business.
Our Hong Kong and China subsidiaries’ business is subject to regulation by various governmental agencies in China, including agencies responsible for monitoring and enforcing compliance with various legal obligations, such as value-added telecommunication laws and regulations, privacy and data protection-related laws and regulations, intellectual property laws, employment and labor laws, workplace safety, environmental laws, consumer protection laws, governmental trade laws, import and export controls, anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws, and tax laws and regulations. In certain jurisdictions, these regulatory requirements may be more stringent than in China. These laws and regulations impose added costs on their business. Noncompliance with applicable regulations or requirements could subject them to:
● investigations, enforcement actions, and sanctions;
● mandatory changes to our network and products;
● disgorgement of profits, fines, and damages;
● civil and criminal penalties or injunctions;
● claims for damages by our customers or channel partners;
● termination of contracts;
● loss of intellectual property rights;
● failure to obtain, maintain or renew certain licenses, approvals, permits, registrations, or filings
● necessary to conduct our operations; and
● temporary or permanent debarment from sales to public service organizations.
If any governmental sanctions are imposed, or if they do not prevail in any possible civil or criminal litigation, their business, results of operations, and financial condition could be adversely affected. In addition, responding to any action will likely result in a significant diversion of our management’s attention and resources and an increase in professional fees. Enforcement actions and sanctions could materially harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Additionally, companies in the technology industry have recently experienced increased regulatory scrutiny. Any similar reviews by regulatory agencies or legislatures may result in substantial regulatory fines, changes to their business practices, and other penalties, which could negatively affect their business and results of operations.
Changes in social, political, and regulatory conditions or in laws and policies governing a wide range of topics may cause them to change their business practices. Further, their expansion into a variety of new fields also could raise several new regulatory issues. These factors could negatively affect their business and results of operations in material ways.
Moreover, they are exposed to the risk of misconduct, errors and failure to function by their management, employees and parties that they collaborate with, who may from time to time be subject to litigation and regulatory investigations and proceedings or otherwise face potential liability and penalties in relation to noncompliance with applicable laws and regulations, which could harm their reputation and business.
The recent joint statement by the SEC, proposed rule changes submitted by NASDAQ, and an act passed by the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives, all call for additional and more stringent criteria to be applied to U.S.-listed companies with significant operations in China. These developments could add uncertainties to our future offerings, business operations, share price and reputation.
U.S. public companies that have substantially all their operations in China have been the subject of intense scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity by investors, financial commentators and regulatory agencies, such as the SEC. Much of the scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity have centered on financial and accounting irregularities and mistakes, a lack of effective internal controls over financial accounting, inadequate corporate governance policies or a lack of adherence thereto, and, in many cases, allegations of fraud.
On December 7, 2018, the SEC and the PCAOB issued a joint statement highlighting continued challenges faced by the U.S. regulators in their oversight of financial statement audits of U.S.-listed companies with significant operations in China. On April 21, 2020, SEC Chairman Jay Clayton and PCAOB Chairman William D. Duhnke III, along with other senior SEC staff, released a joint statement highlighting the risks associated with investing in companies based in or have substantial operations in emerging markets including China, reiterating past SEC and PCAOB statements on matters including the difficulty associated with inspecting accounting firms and audit work papers in China and higher risks of fraud in emerging markets and the difficulty of bringing and enforcing SEC, Department of Justice and other U.S. regulatory actions, including in instances of fraud, in emerging markets generally.
On May 20, 2020, the U.S. Senate passed the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (“HFCAA”) requiring a foreign company to certify it is not owned or controlled by a foreign government if the PCAOB is unable to audit specified reports because the company uses a foreign auditor not subject to PCAOB inspection. If the PCAOB is unable to inspect the company’s auditors for three consecutive years, the issuer’s securities are prohibited from trading on a national exchange. On December 2, 2020, the U.S. House of Representatives approved the HFCAA. On December 18, 2020, the HFCAA Act was signed into law.
On March 24, 2021, the SEC announced that it had adopted interim final amendments to implement congressionally mandated submission and disclosure requirements of the Act. The interim final amendments will apply to registrants that the SEC identifies as having filed an annual report on Forms 10-K, 20-F, 40-F or N-CSR with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction and that the PCAOB has determined it is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a position taken by an authority in that jurisdiction. The SEC will implement a process for identifying such a registrant and any such identified registrant will be required to submit documentation to the SEC establishing that it is not owned or controlled by a governmental entity in that foreign jurisdiction and will also require disclosure in the registrant’s annual report regarding the audit arrangements of, and governmental influence on, such a registrant.
On June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, and on December 29, 2022, legislation entitled “Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023” (the “Consolidated Appropriations Act”) was signed into law by President Biden, which contained, among other things, an identical provision to the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act and amended the HFCAA by requiring the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three, thus reducing the time period for triggering the prohibition on trading.
On May 21, 2021, NASDAQ filed three proposals with the SEC to (i) apply minimum offering size requirement for companies primarily operating in a “Restrictive Market”, (ii) prohibit Restrictive Market companies from directly listing on NASDAQ Capital Market, and only permit them to list on NASDAQ Global Select or NASDAQ Global Market in connection with a direct listing and (iii) apply additional and more stringent criteria to an applicant or listed company based on the qualifications of the company’s auditors.
On December 2, 2021, the SEC adopted amendments to finalize rules implementing the submission and disclosure requirements in the HFCAA. The rules apply to registrants the SEC identifies as having filed an annual report with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is in a foreign jurisdiction and that the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”) is unable to inspect or investigate (“Commission-Identified Issuers”). The final amendments require Commission-Identified Issuers to submit documentation to the SEC establishing that, if true, it is not owned or controlled by a governmental entity in the public accounting firm’s foreign jurisdiction. The amendments also require that a Commission-Identified Issuer that is a “foreign issuer,” as defined in Exchange Act Rule 3b-4, provide certain additional disclosures in its annual report for itself and any of its consolidated foreign operating entities. Further, the release provides notice regarding the procedures the SEC has established to identify issuers and to impose trading prohibitions on the securities of certain Commission-Identified Issuers, as required by the HFCAA.
The SEC will identify Commission-Identified Issuers for fiscal years beginning after December 18, 2020. A Commission-Identified Issuer will be required to comply with the submission and disclosure requirements in the annual report for each year in which it was identified. If a registrant is identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer based on its annual report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, the registrant will be required to comply with the submission or disclosure requirements in its annual report filing covering the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.
On December 16, 2021, PCAOB announced the PCAOB HFCAA determinations (the “PCAOB determinations”) relating to the PCAOB’s inability to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China of the PRC or Hong Kong, a Special Administrative Region and dependency of the PRC, because of a position taken by one or more authorities in the PRC or Hong Kong.
On August 26, 2022, the PCAOB announced that it had signed a Statement of Protocol (the “SOP”) with the China Securities Regulatory Commission and the Ministry of Finance of China. The SOP, together with two protocol agreements governing inspections and investigations (together, the “SOP Agreement”), establishes a specific, accountable framework to make possible complete inspections and investigations by the PCAOB of audit firms based in mainland China and Hong Kong, as required under U.S. law. The SOP Agreement remains unpublished and is subject to further explanation and implementation. Pursuant to the fact sheet with respect to the SOP Agreement disclosed by the SEC, the PCAOB shall have sole discretion to select any audit firms for inspection or investigation and the PCAOB inspectors and investigators shall have a right to see all audit documentation without redaction.
On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB Board determined that the PCAOB was able to secure complete access to inspect and investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong and voted to vacate its previous determinations to the contrary. However, should PRC authorities obstruct or otherwise fail to facilitate PCAOB’s access in the future, the PCAOB Board will consider the need to issue a new determination.
The lack of access to the PCAOB inspection in China prevents the PCAOB from fully evaluating audits and quality control procedures of the auditors based in China. As a result, the investors may be deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of these accounting firms’ audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to the PCAOB inspections, which could cause existing and potential investors in our stock to lose confidence in our audit procedures and reported financial information and the quality of our financial statements.
Our auditor, JP Centurion & Partners PLT (“Centurion”), is headquartered in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. and is the independent registered public accounting firm that issued the audit reports included in this annual report, and as auditors of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and firms registered with the PCAOB, are subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess their compliance with the applicable professional standards. We are not aware of any reasons to believe or conclude that Centurion would not permit an inspection by PCAOB or may not be subject to such an inspection. Centurion is outside the jurisdiction of Hong Kong and China and has assured us that if requested, they shall cooperate and deliver the work papers of our Chinese subsidiaries to the PCAOB for inspection. We cannot assure you that the jurisdiction in which our current auditor is located will not implement rules forbidding our auditor to be subject to PCAOB inspection. If such rules were to be implemented, we may have to incur substantial costs and time to appoint a new auditor to re-audit our financials. This could cause the market price of our shares to be materially and adversely affected, and our securities could be delisted or prohibited from being traded on the national securities exchange if we fail to do so timely or at commercially reasonable times.
These recent developments could add uncertainties to our offering, and we cannot assure you whether NASDAQ or regulatory authorities would apply additional and more stringent criteria to us after considering the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures and quality control procedures, adequacy of personnel and training, or sufficiency of resources, geographic reach, or experience as it relates to the audit of our financial statements.
It remains unclear what further actions the SEC, the PCAOB or NASDAQ will take to address these issues and what impact those actions will have on U.S. companies that have significant operations in the PRC and have securities listed on a U.S. stock exchange (including a national securities exchange or over-the-counter stock market). In addition, the March 2021 interim final amendments and any additional actions, proceedings, or new rules resulting from these efforts to increase U.S. regulatory access to audit information could create some uncertainty for investors, the market price of our shares of common stock could be adversely affected, and we could be delisted if we and our auditor are unable to meet the PCAOB inspection requirement or being required to engage a new audit firm, which would require significant expense and management time.
As a result of this scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity, the publicly traded stock of many U.S.-listed Chinese companies sharply decreased in value and, in some cases, has become virtually worthless. Many of these companies are now subject to shareholder lawsuits and SEC enforcement actions and are conducting internal and external investigations into the allegations. It is not clear what effect this sector-wide scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity will have on us, our future offerings, our business, and our share price. If we become the subject of any unfavorable allegations, whether such allegations are proven to be true or untrue, we will have to expend significant resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend our Company. This situation will be costly and time-consuming and distract our management from developing our growth. If such allegations are not proven to be groundless, we and our business operations will be severely affected, and you could sustain a significant decline in the value of our shares.
NASDAQ may apply additional and more stringent criteria for our continued listing.
NASDAQ Listing Rule 5101 provides NASDAQ with broad discretionary authority over the continued listing of securities in NASDAQ, and NASDAQ may use such discretion to apply additional or more stringent criteria for the continued listing of particular securities or suspend or delist particular securities based on any event, condition, or circumstance that exists or occurs that makes continued listing of the securities on NASDAQ inadvisable or unwarranted in the opinion of NASDAQ, even though the securities meet all enumerated criteria for continued listing on NASDAQ. In addition, NASDAQ has used its discretion to deny continued listing or to apply additional and more stringent criteria in the instances, including but not limited to where the company engaged an auditor that has not been subject to an inspection by PCAOB, an auditor that PCAOB cannot inspect, or an auditor that has not demonstrated sufficient resources, geographic reach, or experience to adequately perform the company’s audit. For the concerns, we may be subject to the additional and more stringent criteria of NASDAQ for our continued listing.
The current tension in international trade, particularly regarding U.S. and China trade policies, may adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Although cross-border business may not be an area of our focus, if we plan to expand our business internationally in the future, any unfavorable government policies on international trade, such as capital controls or tariffs, may affect the demand for our services, impact our competitive position, or prevent us from being able to conduct business in certain countries. If any new tariffs, legislation, or regulations are implemented, or if existing trade agreements are renegotiated, such changes could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Recently, there have been heightened tensions in international economic relations, such as the one between the United States and China. The U.S. government has recently imposed, and has recently proposed to impose additional, new, or higher tariffs on certain products imported from China to penalize China for what it characterizes as unfair trade practices. China has responded by imposing, and proposing to impose additional, new, or higher tariffs on certain products imported from the United States. Following mutual retaliatory actions for months, on January 15, 2020, the United States and China entered into the Economic and Trade Agreement between the Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Government of the United States of America as a phase one trade deal, effective on February 14, 2020.
Although the direct impact of the current international trade tension and any escalation of such tension on the industries in which we operate is uncertain, the negative impact on general, economic, political and social conditions may adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The Hong Kong legal system embodies uncertainties which could limit the legal protections available to the Company.
Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region of the PRC and enjoys a high degree of autonomy under the “one country, two systems” principle. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region’s constitutional document, the Basic Law, ensures that the current political situation will remain in effect for 50 years. Hong Kong has enjoyed the freedom to function with a high degree of autonomy for its affairs, including currencies, immigration and customs, an independent judiciary system and a parliamentary system. However, we are not in any position to guarantee the implementation of the “one country, two systems” principle and the level of autonomy as currently in place now. Any changes in the state of the political environment in Hong Kong may materially and adversely affect our business and operation. Additionally, intellectual property rights and confidentiality protections in Hong Kong may not be as effective as in the United States or other countries. These uncertainties could limit the legal protections available to us, including our ability to enforce our agreements with our clients.
The Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress (“SCNPC”) or PRC regulatory authorities may in the future promulgate laws, regulations or implementing rules that require us or our subsidiaries to obtain regulatory approval from Chinese authorities before or after listing in the U.S.
We are subject to certain legal and operational risks associated with being based in China. PRC laws and regulations governing our current business operations are sometimes vague and uncertain, and as a result, these risks may result in material changes in the operations of our China subsidiaries, significant depreciation of the value of our shares, or a complete hindrance of our ability to offer or continue to offer our securities to investors. Recently, the PRC government adopted a series of regulatory actions and issued statements to regulate business operations in China, including those related to variable interest entities, data security, and anti-monopoly concerns. As to the date of this report, we and our subsidiaries have not been involved in any investigations into cybersecurity review initiated by any PRC regulatory authority, nor has any of them received any inquiry, notice or sanction.
On August 8, 2006, six Governmental Agencies, namely, the Ministry of Commerce, the State Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, the State Administration for Taxation, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, the CSRC and the SAFE, jointly adopted the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, which became effective on September 8, 2006 and were amended on June 22, 2009. The M&A Rules require that among other things, the Ministry of Commerce, or MOFCOM, be notified in advance of any change of control transaction in which a foreign investor acquires control of a PRC domestic enterprise and involves the following circumstances: (i) any important industry is concerned; (ii) such transaction involves factors that impact or may impact national economic security; or (iii) such transaction will lead to a change of control of a domestic enterprise which holds a famous trademark or PRC time-honored brand. The M&A Rules also require offshore special purpose vehicles (SPV) that are controlled by PRC companies or individuals and that have been formed for overseas listing purposes through acquisitions of PRC domestic interest held by such PRC companies or individuals, to obtain the approval of CSRC prior to publicly listing their securities on an overseas stock exchange.
On December 30, 2019, the Ministry of Commerce and the State Administration of Market Supervision and Administration issued the “Foreign Investment Information Reporting Measures” (hereinafter referred to as the “Reporting Measures”), which took effect on January 1, 2020. The “Reporting Measures” clearly state that foreign investors who directly or indirectly conduct investment activities in China should submit investment information to the commercial authorities by foreign investors or foreign-invested enterprises in accordance with these Measures. If there is any change in the information of investors and their actual controllers, investment transaction information, and other information, they should report to the relevant authorities.
On February 17, 2023, the China Securities Regulatory Commission issued the Notice on Filing Management Arrangements for Overseas Issuance and Listing of Domestic Enterprises” (hereinafter referred to as the “Arrangements for Overseas Listing of Domestic Enterprises”). It clearly states that foreign investors who acquire control of domestic enterprises in China and are listed overseas as issuers are recognized as “domestic enterprises listed overseas” must comply with laws, administrative regulations, and relevant national regulations on foreign investment, state-owned asset management, industry supervision, and overseas investment, and accept the management and supervision of the China Securities Regulatory Commission.
Under the current PRC laws and regulations, we do not expect that we will trigger MOFCOM pre-notification under the above-mentioned circumstances or any review by other PRC government authorities. However, the application of the M&A Rules remains unclear. If CSRC approval is required, it is uncertain whether it would be possible for us to obtain the approval, and any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining CSRC approval would subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC and other PRC regulatory agencies. According to our PRC counsel, Chiu Sui Wun Grace from Guangdong Qianhai Sun Law Firm, based on her understanding of the current PRC laws, rules and regulations, the CSRC’s approval under the M&A Rules may not be required for our continued listing on Nasdaq, given that: (i) we did not establish our mainland China subsidiaries through a merger with or acquisition of PRC domestic companies as defined in the M&A Rules, and (ii) our mainland China subsidiaries through a merger with or acquisition of PRC domestic companies do not involve following circumstances of “any important industry is concerned, or such transaction involves factors that impact or may impact national economic security; or such transaction will lead to a change of control of a domestic enterprise which holds a famous trademark or PRC time-honored brand”.
However, according to the “Arrangement for Overseas Listing of Domestic Enterprises” and the Management Trial Measures for the Administration of Overseas Issuance and Listing of Securities by Domestic Enterprises (hereinafter “Management Trial Measures”) issued by the China Securities Regulatory Commission on February 17, 2023, Management Trial Measures are clearly stipulated that if a foreign investor acquires control of a domestic enterprise and is listed overseas as an issuer, and the issuer simultaneously meets the following conditions, it will be recognized as an indirect overseas listing of a domestic enterprise and subject to the supervision and management of the China Securities Regulatory Commission: (1) The operating income, total profit, total assets, or net assets of the domestic enterprise in the most recent accounting year, the ratio of any indicator of total profit, total assets, or net assets , whichever to the issuer’s audited consolidated financial statements for the same period exceeds 50%; (2) The main business activities are carried out in mainland China or the main premises are located in mainland China, or the majority of senior management personnel responsible for business management are Chinese citizens or have their habitual residence in mainland China. Since the implementation date of the “Management Trial Measures”, a domestic enterprise that falls within the scope of filing and has been issued and listed overseas or meets the following conditions is a stock enterprise: Before the implementation date of the “Management Trial Measures”, the application for indirect overseas issuance and listing has been approved by an overseas regulatory authority or an overseas stock exchange (such as the Hong Kong market has passed the hearing, the United States market has agreed to register and take effect, etc.), and there is no need to re-fulfill the regulatory procedures for the issuance and listing of overseas regulatory agencies or overseas stock exchanges (such as a re-hearing in the Hong Kong market, etc.), and complete the overseas issuance and listing before September 30, 2023. Stock enterprises do not require immediate filing, and subsequent filing matters such as refinancing should be filed as required. Therefore, if we are identified by the China Securities Regulatory Commission as to the situation of “indirect overseas listing”, we should go through relevant filing procedures with the China Securities Regulatory Commission as required when subsequent filing matters such as refinancing are involved.
In addition, according to the “Reporting Measures” issued by the Ministry of Commerce and the State Administration of Market Supervision and Administration on December 30, 2019 (took effective on 1 January 2020), our previous listing on NASDAQ may be identified as a change in circumstances such as investors and should be reported to the relevant competent authorities in accordance with the “Reporting Measures”.
However, our PRC counsel has further advised us that there remains some uncertainty as to how the M&A Rules will be interpreted or implemented in the context of an overseas listing and its opinions summarized above are subject to any new laws, rules and regulations or detailed implementations and interpretations in any form relating to the M&A Rules. We cannot assure you that relevant PRC government agencies, including the CSRC, would reach the same conclusion as we do.
Recently, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued the “Opinions on Severely Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities According to Law,” or the Opinions, which were made available to the public on July 6, 2021. The Opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities, and the need to strengthen the supervision over overseas listings by Chinese companies. Effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems will be taken to deal with the risks and incidents of China-concept overseas listed companies, and cybersecurity and data privacy protection requirements and similar matters. On July 10, 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China issued a revised draft of the Measures for Cybersecurity Review for public comments, which require, among others, in addition to any “operator of critical information infrastructure,” any “data processor” controlling personal information of no less than one million users which seeks to list in a foreign stock exchange should also be subject to cybersecurity review. Later, on December 28, 2021, the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021 version) were promulgated and became effective on February 15, 2022, which provide that any “online platform operators” controlling the personal information of more than one million users which seeks to list in a foreign stock exchange should also be subject to cybersecurity review. The Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021 version) further elaborated the factors to be considered when assessing the national security risks of the relevant activities. The Regulations on the Administration of Network Data Security issued on September 24, 2024 and took effect on January 1, 2025, which does not involve that data handlers that process the personal information of more than one million users listed in a foreign country should apply for a cybersecurity review, and we do not believe we are among the “operator of critical information infrastructure”, “data processor”, “online platform operators” or “data handlers” as mentioned above; however, considering our Chinese subsidiary’s business may involve important data such as personal information, the relevant activities of our Chinese subsidiary will be regulated by Measures for Cyber Security Review and other relevant data regulations.
On February 17, 2023, the CSRC released the Trial Measures and five supporting guidelines, which will come into effect on March 31, 2023, and if enacted, may subject us to additional compliance requirements in the future. See “Risk Factors - Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure - The Opinions recently issued by the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council, and the New Overseas Listing Rules promulgated by the CSRC may subject us to additional compliance requirements in the future.”
The Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021 version) was newly adopted, substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation regarding such laws and regulations. Furthermore, if we are required by the Trial Measures to complete the filing procedures with the CSRC in connection with our listing, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete such filings in a timely manner, or at all, in the future. Any failure by us to comply with such filing procedures could impact our operations materially and adversely and significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or be worthless.
Furthermore, we, our subsidiaries, and our investors may face uncertainty about future actions by the government of China that could significantly affect our financial performance and operations. We cannot assure you that the PRC government will not initiate possible governmental actions or scrutiny to us, which could substantially affect our operation, and the value of our shares may depreciate quickly. As of the date of this report, neither our Company nor any of our subsidiaries have received nor was denied permission from Chinese authorities to list on U.S. exchanges under the PRC laws and regulations currently in effect. However, there is no guarantee that our Company or our subsidiaries will receive, or not be denied, permission from Chinese authorities to list on U.S. exchanges in the future. China’s economic, political, and social conditions, as well as interventions and influences of any government policies, laws and regulations are uncertain and could have a material adverse effect on our business.
The Opinions recently issued by the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council, and the New Overseas Listing Rules promulgated by the CSRC may subject us to additional compliance requirements in the future.
On February 17, 2023, with the approval of the State Council, the CSRC released the Trial Measures and five supporting guidelines, which came into effect on March 31, 2023. According to the Trial Measures, (1) domestic companies that seek to offer or list securities overseas, both directly and indirectly, should fulfill the filing procedures and report relevant information to the CSRC; if a domestic company fails to complete the filing procedures or conceals any material fact or falsifies any major content in its filing documents, such domestic company may be subject to administrative penalties, such as order to rectify, warnings, fines, and its controlling shareholders, actual controllers, the person directly in charge and other directly liable persons may also be subject to administrative penalties, such as warnings and fines; (2) if the issuer meets both of the following conditions, the overseas offering and listing shall be determined as an indirect overseas offering and listing by a domestic company: (i) any of the total assets, net assets, revenues or profits of the domestic operating entities of the issuer in the most recent accounting year accounts for more than 50% of the corresponding figure in the issuer’s audited consolidated financial statements for the same period; (ii) its major operational activities are carried out in mainland China or its main places of business are located in mainland China, or the senior managers in charge of operation and management of the issuer are mostly Chinese citizens or are domiciled in mainland China; and (3) where a domestic company seeks to indirectly offer and list securities in an overseas market, the issuer shall designate a major domestic operating entity responsible for all filing procedures with the CSRC, and where an issuer makes an application for an initial public offering in an overseas market, the issuer shall submit filings with the CSRC within three business days after such application is submitted. On the same day, the CSRC also held a press conference for the release of the Trial Measures and issued the Notice on Administration for the Filing of Overseas Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, which, among others, clarifies that (1) on or prior to the effective date of the Trial Measures, domestic companies that have already submitted valid applications for overseas offering and listing but have not obtained approval from overseas regulatory authorities or stock exchanges may reasonably arrange the timing for submitting their filing applications with the CSRC, and must complete the filing before the completion of their overseas offering and listing; (2) a six-month transition period will be granted to domestic companies which, prior to the effective date of the Trial Measures, have already obtained the approval from overseas regulatory authorities or stock exchanges, but have not completed the indirect overseas listing; if domestic companies fail to complete the overseas listing within such six-month transition period, they shall file with the CSRC according to the requirements; and (3) the CSRC will solicit opinions from relevant regulatory authorities and complete the filing of the overseas listing of companies with contractual arrangements which duly meet the compliance requirements, and support the development and growth of these companies.
On April 2, 2022, the CSRC solicited opinions from the public on the revision of the “Regulations on Strengthening the Confidentiality and Archive Management of Securities Issuance and Listing Abroad”. On February 24, 2023, the “Regulations on Strengthening the Confidentiality and Archive Management of Securities Issuance and Listing Abroad” (hereinafter referred to as the “Regulations on Overseas Listing Archives”) were announced and came into effect on March 31, 2023. According to Regulations on Overseas Listing Archives, the overseas listing activities of domestic companies, domestic companies, as well as securities companies and securities service institutions providing relevant securities services thereof, should establish a sound system of confidentiality and archival work, should not disclose state secrets, or harm the state and public interests. Where a domestic company provides or publicly discloses to the relevant securities companies, securities service institutions, overseas regulatory authorities and other entities and individuals, or provides or publicly discloses through its overseas listing entity, any document or material involving any state secret or any work secret of any governmental agency, it shall report to the competent authority for approval in accordance with the law, and submit to the secrecy administration department for filing. Domestic companies shall not provide accounting records to an overseas accounting firm that has not performed the corresponding procedures. Securities companies and securities service organizations shall comply with the confidentiality and archive management requirements and keep the documents and materials properly. Securities companies and securities service institutions that provide domestic enterprises with relevant securities services for overseas issuance and listing of securities shall keep such archives they compile within the territory of the PRC and shall not transfer such archives to overseas institutions or individuals, by any means, such as carrying, shipping or through any other information technologies, without the approval of the relevant competent authorities. If the archives or duplicates of such archives are of important value to the state and society and need to be taken abroad, approval shall be obtained in accordance with relevant provisions.
The Trial Measures and Regulations on Overseas Listing Archives subject us to additional compliance requirements in the future, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to get the clearance of filing procedures under the Trial Measures on a timely basis, or at all. Any failure by us to fully comply with new regulatory requirements, including but limited to the failure to complete the filing procedures with the CSRC if required, may significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer our Ordinary Shares, cause significant disruption to our business operations, and severely damage our reputation, which would materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations and cause our Common Stock to significantly decline in value or become worthless.
Risks Related to Our Common Stock
Future sales of substantial amounts of the shares of Common Stock by existing shareholders could adversely affect the price of our Common Stock.
If our existing shareholders sell substantial amounts of the shares, then the market price of our Common Stock could fall. Such sales by our existing shareholders might make it more difficult for us to issue new equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and place we deem appropriate. If any existing shareholders sell substantial amounts of shares, the prevailing market price for our shares could be adversely affected.
The market price of our shares is likely to be highly volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to factors such as:
● variations in our actual and perceived operating results;
● news regarding gains or losses of customers or partners by us or our competitors;
● news regarding gains or losses of key personnel by us or our competitors;
● announcements of competitive developments, acquisitions or strategic alliances in our industry by us or our competitors;
● changes in earnings estimates or buy/sell recommendations by financial analysts;
● potential litigation;
● general market conditions or other developments affecting us or our industry; and
● the operating and stock price performance of other companies, other industries and other events or factors beyond our control.
In addition, the securities markets have from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to the operating performance of certain companies. These market fluctuations may also materially and adversely affect the market price of the shares.
In the event that our shares trade under $5.00 per share, they will be considered penny stock. Trading in penny stocks has many restrictions, and these restrictions could severely affect the price and liquidity of our shares.
If our stock trades below $5.00 per share, our stock would be known as a “penny stock”, which is subject to various regulations involving disclosures to be given to you prior to the purchase of any penny stock. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) has adopted regulations which generally define a “penny stock” to be any equity security that has a market price of less than $5.00 per share, subject to certain exceptions. Depending on market fluctuations, our Common Stock would be considered as a “penny stock”. A penny stock is subject to rules that impose additional sales practice requirements on broker/dealers who sell these securities to persons other than established Members and accredited investors. For transactions covered by these rules, the broker/dealer must make a special suitability determination for the purchase of these securities. In addition, he must receive the purchaser’s written consent to the transaction prior to the purchase. He must also provide certain written disclosures to the purchaser. Consequently, the “penny stock” rules may restrict the ability of broker/dealers to sell our securities and may negatively affect the ability of holders of shares of our Common Stock to resell them. These disclosures require you to acknowledge that you understand the risks associated with buying penny stocks and that you can absorb the loss of your entire investment. Penny stocks are low-priced securities that do not have a very high trading volume. Consequently, the price of the stocks is often volatile, and you may not be able to buy or sell the stock when you want to.
We do not anticipate paying cash dividends on our Common Stock in the foreseeable future.
We do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future. At present, we intend to retain all our earnings, if any, to finance the development and expansion of our business. Consequently, your only opportunity to achieve a positive return on your investment in us will be if the market price of our Common Stock appreciates.
Together, our Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Lee, Chong Kuang, and our Chief Financial Officer, Mr. Loke, Che Chan Gilbert own a large percentage of our outstanding stock and could significantly influence the outcome of our corporate matters.
Currently, Mr. Lee, Chong Kuang, our CEO. and his spouse own approximately 25% of our outstanding shares of Common Stock, and Mr. Loke, Che Chan Gilbert, our CFO, and his sons in aggregate own approximately 19% of our outstanding shares of Common Stock, collectively 44%. As a result, Messrs. Lee and Loke are collectively able to exercise significant influence over all matters that require us to obtain shareholder approval, including the election of directors to our board and approval of significant corporate transactions that we may consider, such as a merger or other sale of our company or its assets. This concentration of ownership in our shares by executive officers will limit the other shareholders’ ability to influence corporate matters and may have the effect of delaying or preventing a third party from acquiring control over us.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Not applicable.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Our principal executive offices are located at B-23A-02, G-Vestor Tower, Pavilion Embassy, 200 Jalan Ampang, 50450 W.P. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Location
Owner
Use
D-07-06 and D-07-07~Sky Park @ One City, Jalan USJ 25/1, 47650 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Greenpro Resources Sdn. Bhd.
Investment for rental income and capital gains
Units 6, 7 and 8, 22/F., Di Wang Building, No. 5002 Shennan Dong Road, Luohu District, Shenzhen, China
Greenpro Management Consultancy Limited
Self-use business premises
Units A8, B1, B6, B7, C9, D8 of 14/F. and roofs, Wang Cheung Industrial Building, 6 Tsing Yeung Circuit, Tuen Mun, New Territories, Hong Kong
Forward Win International Limited
Investment for rental income and capital gains
We believe that the current facilities are adequate for our current needs. We intend to secure new facilities or expand existing facilities as necessary to support future growth. We believe that suitable additional space will be available on commercially reasonable terms as needed to accommodate our operations.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
On August 24, 2021, Plaintiff, Millennium Fine Art Inc. (“MFAI”) filed a Complaint against the Company, alleging that on or about April 21, 2021, MFAI and the Company entered into a contract (the “Contract”) by which MFAI agreed to create 7,700 non-fungible tokens (“NFT”) in exchange for sixteen million dollars ($16,000,000) worth of shares of the Company. MFAI claims that the Company breached the Contract by refusing delivery of the NFTs and not delivering $16 million worth of shares to MFAI. The Complaint asserts causes of action for breach of contract, special damages and promissory estoppel, and seeks sixty-six million dollars ($66,000,000) in damages, specific performance by the Company according to the terms of the Contract, and MFAI’s attorney’s fees and costs.
On October 18, 2021, the Company filed a motion, denying all the material allegations of the Complaint, and seeking to stay the case and compel arbitration pursuant to the purported Contract. In its motion, the Company only sought to enforce the terms of the Contract as it relates to arbitration but otherwise denied the existence of a valid and binding contract. Over MFAI’s opposition, the Court granted the Company’s motion, and stayed the case, pending the resolution of the Parties’ arbitration of the dispute.
On or about April 1, 2022, MFAI filed a Request for Arbitration with Judicial Arbitration and Mediation Services, Inc. (JAMS) dispute resolution services, in response to which the Company filed a Statement of Answer, denying the material allegations of the Complaint, which the Company deems to be without merit. The matter is in the discovery phase, and the Company intends to continue vigorously defending this matter. The arbitration final hearing is scheduled to be held in Las Vegas, Nevada on January 12-16, 2026.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Our Common Stock is currently listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the trading symbol “GRNQ.” Our Common Stock did not trade prior to July 9, 2015.
On April 8, 2025, the closing price for our Common Stock as reported on the NASDAQ Capital Market was $0.89.
As of April 9, 2025, we had 7,575,813 shares of our Common Stock issued and outstanding. There were approximately 190 record holders of our Common Stock. Such number does not include any shareholders holding shares in nominee or “street name”.
Dividend Policy
We have not declared or paid dividends on our Common Stock since our formation, and we do not anticipate paying dividends in the foreseeable future. Declaration or payment of dividends, if any, in the future, will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our current financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements and other factors deemed relevant by the board of directors. There are no contractual restrictions on our ability to declare or pay dividends.
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
All sales of unregistered Common Stock of the Company were made in reliance upon Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act, Regulation D and/or Rule 903 of Regulation S promulgated thereunder.
During 2024 and 2023, the Company did not issue any shares of its Common Stock.
Equity Compensation Plan Information
We have not adopted or approved an equity compensation plan. None of the options, warrants or other convertible securities have been granted outside of an approved equity compensation plan.
Transfer Agent and Registrar
The transfer agent for our capital stock is VStock Transfer, LLC, whose business address is 18 Lafayette Place, Woodmere, NY 11598 and telephone number is 212-828-8436.
Repurchase of Common Stock
None.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
ITEM 6. [Reserved]

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis of our results of operations and financial condition for fiscal years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and the notes to those financial statements that are included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Some of the information contained in this management’s discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and related financing, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions. As a result of many factors, including those factors set forth in the “Risk Factors” section of this Annual Report, our actual results could differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report.
Company Overview
Greenpro Capital Corp. (the “Company” or “Greenpro”), was incorporated in the State of Nevada on July 19, 2013. We provide cross-border business solutions and accounting outsourcing services to small and medium-sized businesses located in Asia, with an initial focus on Hong Kong, China and Malaysia. Greenpro provides a range of services as a package solution (the “Package Solution”) to our clients, and we believe that our clients can reduce their business costs and improve their revenues.
In addition to our business solution services, we also operate a venture capital business through Greenpro Venture Capital Limited, an Anguilla corporation. One of our venture capital business segments focuses on (1) establishing a business incubator for start-up and high-growth companies to support such companies during critical growth periods, which will include education and support services, and (2) searching the investment opportunities in selected start-up and high-growth companies, which may generate significant returns to the Company. Our venture capital business focuses on companies located in Southeast Asia and East Asia, including Hong Kong, China, Malaysia, Thailand, and Singapore. Another venture capital business segment focuses on rental activities of commercial properties and the sale of investment properties.
One of our Labuan subsidiaries, Green-X Corp. (“Green-X”), was approved and compliant with all the requirements by Labuan Financial Services Authority (Lembaga Perkhidmatan Kewangan Labuan) in 2022 to establish a platform under Part IX of the Labuan Financial Services and Securities Act 2010 (LFSSA), pursuant to Section 134 of the LFSSA.
Green-X is a platform operator licensed under the LFSSA whereby security token issuers (“Issuers”) offer their security tokens for subscription and trading by investors (“Investors”) through the Green-X digital asset exchange (“Green-X DAX”) platform. ISRA International Consulting Sdn. Bhd. (“ISRA Consulting/Shariah Adviser of the platform”) is responsible for advising on and ensuring end-to-end Shariah compliance for the Green-X DAX platform’s operations.
ISRA Consulting issued a Shariah pronouncement for the Green-X DAX platform (the “Pronouncement”) on June 22, 2023. The Pronouncement was valid for one (1) renewable year from the signing date it was born. Following the expiration of the Pronouncement, ISRA Consulting conducted a Shariah review exercise in preparation for its renewal. The Shariah review followed a specific methodology and serves as the basis for the renewal decision. Pursuant to the Shariah review, the Green-X DAX platform’s operations and related documents complied with the principles of Shariah, the Pronouncement was renewed on September 20, 2024.
Results of Operations
For information regarding our controls and procedures, see Part-II, Item 9A - Controls and Procedures, of this Annual Report.
During the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, we principally operated in three regions: Hong Kong, China, and Malaysia. We derived revenues from the provision of business services, digital platform services and trading of digital assets, and leasing or trading of our commercial properties, respectively.
A table further describing our revenues and the cost of revenues is set forth below:
Year ended December 31,
REVENUES:
Service revenue (including $364,336 and $1,425,577 of service revenue from related parties for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively) $ 3,091,903 $ 3,379,596
Digital revenue (including $21,000 of digital revenue from related parties for the year ended December 31, 2024) 327,802 -
Rental revenue 76,700 98,068
Total revenues 3,496,405 3,477,664
COST OF REVENUES:
Cost of service revenue (including $10,934 and $23,280 of cost of revenue to related parties for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively) (355,120 ) (534,965 )
Cost of digital revenue (48,495 ) -
Cost of rental revenue (22,825 ) (36,613 )
Total cost of revenues (426,440 ) (571,578 )
GROSS PROFIT 3,069,965 2,906,086
OPERATING EXPENSES:
General and administrative (including $149,817 and $122,880 of general and administrative expenses to related parties for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively) (4,039,243 ) (4,409,264 )
LOSS FROM OPERATIONS (969,278 ) (1,503,178 )
Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023
Total Revenues
Total revenue was $3,496,405 and $3,477,664 for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively.
An increase of revenue was mainly due to the revenue generated from our digital platform and trading of digital assets of $327,802 during the year ended December 31, 2024. We expect revenue from our new business segment to steadily improve as we are expanding into the digital business.
Service Business Revenue
Revenue from the provision of business services was $3,091,903 and $3,379,596 for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively. It was derived principally from the provision of business consulting and advisory services as well as company secretarial, accounting, and financial analysis services. We expect revenue from our business services segment to recovery slightly as we are exploring new markets.
Digital Revenue
Revenue from digital platforms and trading digital assets was $327,802 and $0 for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively. It was derived from the digital platform service of $195,881 and the trading of digital assets of $131,921, respectively, during 2024.
Real Estate Business
Rental Revenue
Revenue from rentals was $76,700 and $98,068 for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively. It was derived principally from leasing properties in Hong Kong and Malaysia. We expect our rental income will be stable.
Sale of Properties
There was no revenue generated from the sale of real estate properties for the year ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively.
As opportunities permit, management expects the Company will continuously purchase and sell commercial properties. Accordingly, we expect revenue and costs attributable to the sale of properties to fluctuate on a going forward basis.
Total Operating Costs and Expenses
Total operating costs and expenses were $4,465,683 and $4,980,842 for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively. They consist of cost-of-service revenue, cost of digital revenue, cost of rental revenue and general and administrative expenses “G&A”.
Loss from operations was $969,278 and $1,503,178 for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively. The decrease in loss from operations was mainly due to an increase in gross profit from our digital business of $279,307 and a decrease in G&A expenses of $370,021 for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Cost of business services revenue
The cost of revenue for the provision of business services was $355,120 and $534,965 for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively. It primarily consists of employee compensation and related payroll benefits, company formation costs and other professional fees directly attributable to costs related to the services rendered.
Cost of digital revenue
Cost of revenue for the provision of digital platform services and trading of digital assets was $48,495 and $0 for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively. It primarily consists of the cost of technical advisory and IT support to blockchain-based services directly attributable to the cost of digital platforms and digital assets.
Cost of rental revenue
Cost of rental revenue was $22,825 and $36,613 for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively. It includes the costs associated with governmental charges, repairs and maintenance, property management fees and insurance, depreciation, and other related administrative costs. Utility expenses are borne and paid directly by individual tenants. A decrease in the cost of rental revenue was mainly due to 40% of FWIL’s real estate properties being distributed to its NCI in April 2024. As a result, fewer property units were available for leasing and lower costs were incurred.
Cost of real estate properties sold
During the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, no real estate property was sold, and hence no cost was incurred.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative (“G&A”) expenses were $4,039,243 and $4,409,264 for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively. In 2024, our G&A expenses primarily consisted of employees’ salaries and allowances of $1,492,531, directors’ salaries and compensation of $720,658, advertising and marketing of $262,326, consulting fee of $141,512, provision for credit losses of $90,223, rent and rates of $114,208, and audit, legal, and other professional fees of $447,342. In 2023, our G&A expenses primarily consisted of employees’ salaries and allowances of $1,409,361, directors’ salaries and compensation of $702,685, advertising and marketing of $189,536, consulting fee of $163,783, provision for credit losses of $584,919, rent and rates of $114,401, and audit, legal, and other professional fees of $497,919. The decreased G&A expense of $370,021 was mainly derived from the decrease of provision for credit losses of $494,696 offset by the increase of employees’ salaries and allowances of $83,170 during the same period from 2023 to 2024. We expect our G&A expenses will slightly increase as we are developing our digital platform businesses through our Labuan subsidiary, Green-X Corp. and digital banking businesses through Global Business Hub Limited, a newly acquired subsidiary in Labuan.
Other Income or Expenses
Net other income was $247,890 and $2,559,706 for the year ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively. In 2024, net other income mainly consisted of other income from gain on disposal of investments of $324,917, gain on disposal of real estate held for investment of $21,634 and interest income of $19,161, while other expenses mainly consisted of impairment of other investments of $87,425 and impairment of goodwill of $82,561. In 2023, other income mainly consisted of a reversal of impairment of the other investment of $6,882,000, a reversal of write-off notes receivable of $600,000 and interest income of $41,401, while other expenses mainly consisted of impairment of other investments of $4,982,000 and impairment of the other receivable of $60,000.
Net Loss Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests
The Company recorded a net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest in the consolidated statements of operations for a non-controlling interest (the “NCI”) of a consolidated subsidiary, Forward Win International Limited (“FWIL”), which is principally engaged in trading and leasing of properties in Hong Kong.
The Company has been a 60% shareholder of FWIL since inception.
On April 15, 2024, the Company acquired the remaining 40% shares of FWIL from the NCI by distribution of 40% of FWIL’s real estate properties for consideration of its acquisition and settlement of loan from the NCI (the “Acquisition”).
After the Acquisition, FWIL becomes the wholly owned subsidiary of the Company and no profit or loss attributable to the NCI thereafter.
The Company recorded net losses attributable to noncontrolling interests of $10,543 and $23,886 for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively. The amount of $10,543 represents the share of net loss attributable to the NCI prior to the Acquisition. During 2024 and 2023, the net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests was primarily due to a net loss incurred by FWIL and its share of loss allocated to the noncontrolling interests.
Net Income (Loss)
Net loss was $725,827 for the year ended December 31, 2024, while net income was $1,049,699 for the year ended December 31, 2023. In 2023, net income was mainly derived from a reversal of impairment of other investment of $6,882,000 and a reversal of write-off notes receivable of $600,000, but no such reversals occurred during 2024.
There were no seasonal aspects that had a material effect on the financial condition or results of operations of the Company.
Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this Annual Report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events for the year ended December 31, 2024 that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, changes in our financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources, or that would cause the disclosed financial information to be not necessarily indicative of future operating results or financial conditions.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We have no significant off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in our financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that are material to our stockholders as of December 31, 2024.
Contractual Obligations
As of December 31, 2024, one of our subsidiaries, leases one office in Hong Kong under a non-cancellable operating lease, with a term of two years commencing from March 15, 2023, to March 14, 2025.
On December 31, 2024, the future minimum rental payment under this lease in the aggregate is approximately $20,041 and is due as follows: 2025: $20,041.
In June 2023, one of our subsidiaries in Malaysia purchased a motor vehicle and the majority amount of the purchase, $18,957 was funded by Maybank Islamic under a finance lease agreement with a term of five years commencing from June 3, 2023, to June 2, 2028. As of December 31, 2024, the future minimum lease payments under this lease in the aggregate are approximately $15,745 and are due as follows: 2025: $4,609, 2026: $4,609 and 2027 and thereafter: $6,527.
Related Party Transactions
For the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, related party service revenue totaled $364,336 and $1,425,577, respectively.
During 2024, related party service revenue principally includes service revenue generated from Celmonze Wellness Corporation (“Celmonze”) of $149,459 and REBLOOD Biotech Corp. (“REBLOOD”) of $66,245, in aggregate representing approximately 59% of the related party service revenue and 7% of the service revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024, respectively.
During 2023, related party service revenue principally includes the service revenue generated from Angkasa-X Holdings Corp. (“Angkasa-X”) of $354,116, catTHIS Holdings Corp. (“catTHIS”) of $326,195, Leader Capital Holdings Corp. of $258,250, Simson Wellness Tech. Corp. of $191,218 and Hypercube Inc. of $140,000, in aggregate representing approximately 89% of the related party service revenue and 38% of the service revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023, respectively.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, digital revenue from related parties totaled $21,000.
During 2024, related party digital revenue principally includes revenue generated from our Chief Executive Officer, Lee, Chong Kuang (“Mr. Lee”), of $20,000, representing approximately 95% of revenue from the related party digital revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024.
For the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, cost of service revenue to related parties was $10,934 and $23,280, respectively.
During 2024, related party cost of service revenue includes cost of services paid to Falcon Management Limited (“FML”) of $5,054, Falcon Consulting Limited (“FCL”) of $2,130 and Loke Yu (“Jimmy”) of $3,750, respectively. FML is wholly owned by our Chief Financial Officer, Loke, Che Chan Gilbert (“Mr. Loke”), FCL is wholly owned by Mr. Loke’s spouse and Jimmy is Mr. Loke’s brother.
During 2023, related party cost of service revenue includes cost of revenue paid to SEATech Ventures Corp. (“SEATech”) of $23,280.
For the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, related party G&A expenses totaled $149,817 and $122,880, respectively.
During 2024, related party general and administrative (“G&A”) expenses include consulting fees paid to Ms. Yap Pei Ling (“Ms. Yap”), spouse of our Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Lee of $14,996, Ms. Yap’s wholly owned company, Bright Interlink Sdn. Bhd. (“BISB”) of $13,814 and Mr. Loke’s company, FCL of $40,293, and management fees paid to Greenpro Global Capital Village Sdn. Bhd. (“GGCVSB”) of $80,714, a Malaysian company jointly owned by Mr. Lee and Mr. Loke.
During 2023, related party G&A expenses include computer expenses paid to First Bullion Holdings Inc. (“FBHI”) of $21,780, consulting fees paid to Ms. Yap of $37,799 and her wholly owned company, BISB, of $15,762, management fees paid to GGCVSB of $44,475 and marketing expenses paid to catTHIS of $3,064.
For the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, related party other income was $47,635 and $47,609, respectively.
During 2024, related party other income includes other income generated from Acorn Finance Limited (“Acorn”) of $11,895, Greenpro Trust Limited (“GTL”) of $35,685, and SEATech Ventures Corp. (“SEATech”) of $55.
During 2023, the related party other income includes other income generated from Acorn of $8,862, GTL of $5,747 and SEATech of $33,000.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, related party interest income was $5,073.
During 2024, the related-party interest income includes interest income generated from GTL of $962 and GTL’s subsidiary, Greenpro Custodian Service Limited of $4,111.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, gain on disposal of related party investments was $324,917.
During 2024, gain on disposal of related party investments includes the gain from the sale of common stock of Agape ATP Corporation (“Agape”) of $307,597 and MU Global Holding Limited (“MUGH”) of $17,320, respectively.
Impairment of related party investments was $87,425 and $4,982,000 for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively.
During 2024, impairment of related party investments includes impairment from investment of New Business Media Sdn. Bhd. (“NBMSB”) of $82,000, Angkasa-X of $2,800, Global Leaders Corporation of $900, ACT Wealth Academy Inc. of $600, Best2bid Technology Corp. of $550, Ata Global Inc. of $225, catTHIS of $200 and Jocom Holdings Corp. of $150, respectively.
During 2023, impairment of related party investments includes impairment from investment of Millennium Fine Art Inc. of $4,000,000, Ata Plus Sdn. Bhd. (“APSB”) of $736,000 and First Bullion Holdings Inc. of $246,000, respectively.
Loss on disposal of a related party investment, REBLOOD Biotech Corp. was $100 for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Impairment of other receivables from a related party, Greenpro KSP Holding Group Company Limited was $60,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023.
A reversal of impairment of related party investment, Innovest Energy Fund $6,882,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023.
As of December 31, 2024, the net accounts receivable from a related party, was due from Mr. Loke of $41.
Amounts due from related parties were $954,184 and $750,860 as of December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively. Amounts due to related parties were $57,497 and $389,274 as of December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively.
As of December 31, 2024, amounts due from related parties mainly include amounts due from GGCVSB of $772,311, GTL of $90,207 and FBHI of $90,000, while amounts due to related parties mainly include Mr. Loke’s wholly owned company, Falcon Certified Public Accountants Limited (“FCPA”) of $22,820 and Mr. Lee of $20,677, respectively.
As of December 31, 2023, amounts due from related parties mainly include the amount due from GGCVSB of $723,889, while amounts due to related parties mainly include the amount due to the noncontrolling interests of our 60% ownership subsidiary, Forward Win International Limited of $336,636.
Deferred costs of revenue to related party were $18,750 as of December 31, 2024, while deferred revenue from related party was $157,500 as of December 31, 2023, respectively.
As of December 31, 2024, deferred costs of revenue to related party were $11,250 and 7,500 associated with Jimmy and FML, respectively.
As of December 31, 2023, deferred revenue from related parties includes APSB of $15,800, REBLOOD of $60,000 and Celmonze of $81,700, respectively.
As of December 31, 2024, and 2023, other investments in related parties were $12,073 and $100,106, respectively.
As of December 31, 2024, related party investments mainly include investment in GTL of $11,981.
As of December 31, 2023, related party investments mainly include investments in NBMSB of $82,000 and GTL of $11,981, respectively.
Our related parties are mainly those companies in which Greenpro Venture Capital Limited or Greenpro Resources Limited owns a certain number of shares or a certain percentage of interest in those companies, or the Company can exercise significant influence over those companies’ financial and operating policy decisions. Some of the related parties are either controlled by or under the common control of Mr. Loke, Che Chan Gilbert or Mr. Lee, Chong Kuang, executive officers and directors of the Company.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Use of estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions relating to the reporting of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant accounting estimates include certain assumptions related to, among others, the allowance for credit losses, impairment analysis of real estate assets and other long-term assets including goodwill, valuation allowance on deferred income taxes, and the accrual of potential liabilities. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
Revenue recognition
The Company follows the guidance of Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 606, Revenue from Contracts. ASC 606 creates a five-step model that requires entities to exercise judgment when considering the terms of contracts, which includes (1) identifying the contracts or agreements with a customer, (2) identifying our performance obligations in the contract or agreement, (3) determining the transaction price, (4) allocating the transaction price to the separate performance obligations, and (5) recognizing revenue as each performance obligation is satisfied. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the Company will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the services it transfers to its clients.
The Company’s revenue consists of revenue from providing business consulting and corporate advisory services (“service revenue”), revenue from the provision of digital platforms and trading of digital assets (“digital revenue”), revenue from the rental of real estate properties and revenue from the sale of real estate properties.
Impairment of long-lived assets
Long-lived assets primarily include real estate held for investment, real estate held for use, furniture and equipment, and intangible assets. In accordance with the provisions of ASC 360, the Company generally conducts its annual impairment evaluation to its long-lived assets, usually in the fourth quarter of each year, or more frequently if indicators of impairment exist, such as a significant sustained change in the business climate. The recoverability of long-lived assets is measured at the reporting unit level. If the total of the expected undiscounted future net cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the asset, a loss is recognized for the difference between the fair value and the carrying amount of the asset.
Recent accounting pronouncements
Refer to Note 1 in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our cash balance on December 31, 2024, was $1,124,818, as compared to $2,223,197 on December 31, 2023, a decrease of $1,098,379. We estimate the Company has sufficient cash available to meet its anticipated working capital for the next twelve months.
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going-concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the settlement of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded a net loss of $725,827 and net cash used in operations of $1,360,454, and as of December 31, 2024, the Company incurred accumulated deficit of $37,264,379. These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year of the date that the financial statements are issued. In addition, the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, in its report on the Company’s financial statements on December 31, 2024, has expressed substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary if the Company is unable to continue as a going concern.
The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon improving its profitability and the continuing financial support from its major shareholders. Management believes the existing shareholders or external financing will provide additional cash to meet the Company’s obligations as they become due.
Despite the amount of funds that the Company has raised, no assurance can be given that any future financing, if needed, will be available or, if available, that it will be on terms that are satisfactory to the Company. Even if the Company can obtain additional financing, if needed, it may contain undue restrictions on its operations, in the case of debt financing, or cause substantial dilution for its shareholders, in the case of equity financing.
Operating activities
Net cash used in operating activities was $1,360,454 and $1,594,718 for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively. The net cash used in operating activities in 2024 primarily consisted of a net loss of $725,827, a gain on disposal of other investments of $324,917, a decrease in deferred revenue of $862,404, an increase in digital assets of $192,398 and offset by an increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities of $250,412 and a decrease in prepaids and other current assets of $179,857, while the net cash used in operating activities in 2023 was mainly from a reversal of impairment of other investment of $6,882,000, a reversal of write-off notes receivable of $600,000 and a decrease in deferred revenue of $758,840 and offset by net income for the year of $1,049,699, impairment of other investments of $4,982,000, impairment of other receivable of $60,000 and provision for credit losses of $584,919.
Non-cash net expenses totaled $159,679 and non-cash net income totaled $1,617,347 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively.
Non-cash expenses, net was comprised of non-cash expenses from depreciation and amortization of $245,921, provision for credit losses of $90,223, impairment of other investments of $87,425, impairment of goodwill of $82,561 and loss of disposal of investment of $100 and offset by non-cash income from gain on disposal of investments of $324,917 and gain on disposal of real estate held for investment of $21,634 for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Non-cash income, net was composed of non-cash income of reversal of investment impairment of $6,882,000, reversal of write-off notes receivable of $600,000 and other gains of $154 and offset by non-cash expenses of depreciation and amortization of $237,888, provision of credit losses of $584,919, impairment of other investments of $4,982,000, impairment of other receivable of $60,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023.
The Company incurred operating losses and had net cash used in operating activities during the past two years.
Investing activities
Net cash provided by investing activities was $601,277 for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to net cash used in investing activities of $94,640 for the year ended December 31, 2023.
During 2024, cash provided by investing activities was composed of the proceeds from the disposal of other investments of $322,820, proceeds from real estate held for investment of $267,985 and proceeds from real estate held for sale of $15,632, offset by the purchase of equipment of $5,068 and purchase of other investment of $92.
During 2023, cash used in investing was composed of the purchase of equipment of $85,069.
Financing activities
Net cash used in financing activities was $208,768 and $5,968 for the year ended December 31, 2024, and 2023 respectively.
During 2024, net cash used in financing activities was mainly due to the advances to related parties of $205,321.
During 2023, net cash used in financing activities was mainly due to the advances to related parties of $604,066, offset by the collection of notes receivable of $600,000.
During 2024 and 2023, the Company did not issue any shares of its Common Stock, and as of December 31, 2024, there were 7,575,813 shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and are not required to provide the information under this item.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
The financial statements required by this item are located following the signature page of this Annual Report.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We have established disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, and that information relating to the Company is accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2024, and have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2024.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in the Exchange Act Rule 13a-15. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15(d)-15(f) under the Exchange Act as a process designed to provide reasonable assurance to the Company’s management and board of directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements. Management conducted assessments of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on the framework and criteria established by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) (COSO). Based on the assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2024, the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting were effective.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no other changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the year ended December 31, 2024, that have materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls
Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, intends that our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives. However, our management does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some people, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
None.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The following table sets forth certain information about our directors and executive officers as of the date of this Annual Report.
Name
Age
Positions and Offices
Lee, Chong Kuang
President, Chief Executive Officer, Director
Loke, Che Chan Gilbert
Chief Financial Officer, Secretary, Treasurer, Chairman of the Board
Sheth, Prabodh Kumar Kantilal H
Director
Chuchottaworn, Srirat (1)
Director
Han, Mean Kwong (1)(2)(3)
Director
Chew, Chee Wah (1)(2)(3)
Director
Wong, Christopher Yu Nien (1)(2)(3)
Director
(1) Member of the Audit Committee.
(2) Member of the Compensation Committee.
(3) Member of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee.
Lee, Chong Kuang, age 51, has served as our Chief Executive Officer, President, and Director since July 19, 2013. During the period from July 19, 2013, to June 5, 2019, he served as Chairman of the Board.
From 2003 until January 2015, Mr. Lee served as a director of Asia UBS Global Ltd, a Hong Kong company, which he founded in 2003. He served as director, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of Odenza Corp. from February 4, 2013, to April 29, 2016. He also served as the Chief Financial Officer and director of Moxian Corporation from October 2012 until December 2014. Mr. Lee served as director of Greenpro Talents Ltd. from November 16, 2015, to June 6, 2017. Mr. Lee has served as director of GC Investment Management Limited, which is the investment manager of Greenpro Asia Strategic SPC, since April 6, 2016. From 1997 to 2000, Mr. Lee worked at K. Y. Ho & Co., Chartered Accountants. He began his professional career with Siva Tan & Co., a Chartered Accountant firm in Malaysia in 1995 where he remained until 1997.
As a qualified member of the ACCA and Malaysia Institute of Accountants, Mr. Lee earned his professional qualification from the Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants and extended his professional services covering accounting, tax, and corporate structuring planning with a special focus on cross-border client nature, in addition to his accounting software businesses. Mr. Lee established the Cross-Border Business Association (CBBA) - an NGO (Non-Government Organization) established under the Hong Kong Society Act - to provide information and professional advice on Cross Border Business for its investment members. For the Cross-Border Investment, especially in the mining resources companies which have been growing fast since 2011, Mr. Lee continues to support his clients by using cloud platforms to strengthen its clientele using technology advancement and models such as SaaS, PaaS, etc., for accounting and management solution purposes.
Mr. Lee brings to the board of directors his business leadership, corporate strategy and accounting and financial expertise.
Loke, Che Chan Gilbert, age 70, has served as our Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Director since inception on July 19, 2013. Effective from June 6, 2019, he serves as Chairman of the Board.
Mr. Loke has extensive knowledge of accounting and has been an accountant for more than 35 years. He was trained and qualified with UHY (formerly known as Hacker Young), Chartered Accountants, one of the large accounting firms based in London, England between 1981 and 1988. His extensive experience in auditing, accounting, taxation, SOX compliance and corporate listings has prompted him to specialize in corporate advisory, risk management and internal controls serving small to medium-sized enterprises. From September 1999 until June 2013, Mr. Loke served as an adjunct lecturer in ACCA P3 Business Analysis at HKU SPACE (HKU School of Professional and Continuing Education), which is an extension of the University of Hong Kong and provides professional and continuing education. Mr. Loke worked as an independent, non-executive director of ZMay Holdings Limited, a public company listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange from January 2008 to July 2008 and as Chief Financial Officer for Asia Properties Inc. from May 31, 2011, to March 28, 2012, and Sino Bioenergy Inc., with both companies listed on the OTC Markets in the US, from 2011 to 2012. Mr. Loke has served as the Chief Executive Officer and a director of Greenpro Resources Corporation since October 16, 2012. He also served as the Chief Executive Officer and a director of Moxian Corporation from October 2012 until December 2014. Mr. Loke served as an independent director of Odenza Corp. from February 2013 to May 2015. He has also served as the Chief Financial Officer, Secretary, Treasurer, and director of CGN Nanotech, Inc. from September 4, 2014, to September 28, 2016.
Mr. Loke served as director of Greenpro Talents Ltd. from November 16, 2015, to June 6, 2017. Mr. Loke has served as director of GC Investment Management Limited, which is the investment manager of Greenpro Asia Strategic SPC, since April 6, 2016. Mr. Loke earned his degree of MBA from Bulacan State University, Philippines, and earned his professional accountancy qualifications from the ACCA, AIA and HKICPA. He also earned other professional qualifications from the HKICS, ICSA as a Chartered Secretary, FPAM - Malaysia as a Certified Financial Planner, ATIHK as a tax adviser in Hong Kong and CWM Institute as a Chartered Wealth Manager in Hong Kong.
Mr. Loke brings to the board of directors accounting and financial expertise, and business leadership.
Sheth, Prabodh Kumar Kantilal H, age 62, joined us as an Independent Director of the Company on March 1, 2024. On May 31, 2024, the Board re-designated Mr. Sheth from an Independent Director to a Non-executive Director and Mr. Sheth resigned from his positions as chairman of the Board’s Audit Committee and Compensation Committee and member of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee effective June 1, 2024.
Mr. Sheth has over 30 years of experience in accounting, auditing, business advisory, computer risk management, IT, and executive management. He started his career at Arthur Andersen & Co., an American accounting firm from December 1986 to August 1996 as senior manager serving in its Los Angeles office and Kuala Lumpur office for 6 years and 4 years, respectively. During his tenure there, Mr. Sheth’s key roles were to provide audit and assurance services for both public and private companies and to build up a computer risk management division. From August 1996 to June 2008, Mr. Sheth served as executive director as well as investor of Com-Line Systems Sdn. Bhd., a Malaysia company specializing in the development of standard application packages and providing turnkey solution development services. In this role, he supervised the whole process of project delivery from product development, system implementation, sales and marketing, finance, human resources, and operations. From July 2008 to December 2016, he served as Chief Executive Officer of Clever Edge Sdn. Bhd., a Malaysian company principally provides IT services and consulting services in accounting systems.
Since May 2016, Mr. Sheth has served as Chief Executive Officer and director of ICEE International Sdn. Bhd., a Malaysia company specializing in energy savings and provides an autonomous climate-tech solution for chiller optimization. Since May 2022, he has served as Chief Operating Officer of Cognitive Digital Sdn. Bhd., a Malaysia company providing technical and advisory support for the clients in their digital transformation projects and planning for optimizing allocation of resources.
Mr. Sheth earned a Bachelor of Science degree in accounting from Illinois State University in 1986.
Mr. Sheth brings to the board of directors his significant senior executive leadership experience, as well as relevant experience in auditing and assurance, risk management, information technology and product development.
Chuchottaworn, Srirat, age 56, joined us as an Independent Director on October 18, 2015.
Ms. Chuchottaworn has more than 20 years in the IT and consulting business. In 1997, she became an SAP consultant for finance and controlling (FI/CO) and held a certificate of FI/CO. In 2004, she founded I AM Group and has been the group director since then. She is an experienced project manager and holds multiple SAP certifications. She earned a bachelor’s degree in engineering from the King Monkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang and a Master of Science in Information Technology from Chulalongkorn University.
Ms. Chuchottaworn brings to the Board her business leadership and experience and familiarity with conducting business in Thailand.
Han, Mean Kwong, age 69, joined us as an Independent Director of the Company on March 1, 2024.
Mr. Han is a Chartered Accountant with the Chartered Accountants Australia and New Zealand and the Malaysian Institute of Accountants. Mr. Han has 50 years of experience in accounting, auditing, taxation, consulting, and training. He started his career at Yuen Tang & Co., a Malaysian CPA firm from March 1974 to June 1976 as an articled clerk and subsequently moved to another Malaysian CPA firm, Larry Seow & Co. as an audit and tax assistant from July 1976 to September 1979. From October 1979 to August 1981, he served as assistant accountant of UMW (Malaya) Sdn. Bhd., a heavy equipment distributer in Malaysia. From September 1981 to March 1983, he served as accountant of Tampoi Oil Products Sdn. Bhd., a palm oil refinery in Malaysia. From February 1990 to March 1992, he served as financial controller at San Hin Welding & Construction Sdn. Bhd., a construction company in Brunei. He served as principal of a CPA firm in Malaysia, C T Lim & Co. from January 1998 to December 2002.
Mr. Han established his own consulting company, Serba Management Services Sdn. Bhd. in Malaysia, providing management consulting and company secretarial services from April 1983 to December 1997. Since January 2003, he established another consulting company, Arrow Training Sdn. Bhd. in Malaysia, principally providing training, finance, and human resources services. He has also provided corporate advisory and training services on a freelance basis since April 2013.
Mr. Han earned a bachelor’s degree of commerce in accounting from Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology in New Zealand in 1996.
Mr. Han brings to the board of directors his extensive experience in accounting, auditing, taxation, consulting, and training.
Chew, Chee Wah, age 60, joined us as an Independent Director of the Company on June 1, 2024.
Mr. Chew is a fellow member of the Association of Taxation and Management Accountants (ATMA), Australia. Mr. Chew has over 30 years of experience in corporate management, advisory and restructuring. He started his career at Crestline Corporation Sdn. Bhd., a Malaysian company providing general contracting, computer equipment and printing services, as one of the co-founders and a director from January to October in 1985 and subsequently founded another Malaysian company, Unique Computer House Sdn. Bhd., specializing in computer hardware and software selling, as a major shareholder and director from October 1985 to December 1990.
From July 1993 to September 2008, Mr. Chew served as an advisor in both public and private entities including the role of personal advisor to the managing director in Shougang Concord Grand (Group) Limited (0730.HK), a company listed on the Main Board (the “Main Board”) of the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited (the “SEHK”) for the year of 1993 and Shenzhen International Holdings Limited (0152.HK), a red chip company listed on the Main Board of the SEHK for the years of 1993 to 1995, respectively. During 2003 to 2004, Mr. Chew served as China advisor of the University of Wales, UK and Binary University College, Malaysia, respectively, principally responsible for recruiting overseas students from China for the universities. From March 2006 to September 2008, he was appointed by another Main Board company, Uni-Bio Science Group Limited (0690.HK) as group general manager and subsequently promoted to become group advisor in 2007.
From December 2011 to April 2014, he served as corporate finance advisory manager of Deloitte & Touche Financial Advisory Services Limited (“Deloitte”). During his tenure at Deloitte, he principally worked in Shenzhen, China and provided advisory services to both corporate and private clients on mergers and acquisitions (M&A) or securities listing projects.
Since November 2014, Mr. Chew has served as a director of various companies listed on the Main Board or the Growth Enterprise Market (the “GEM”) of the SEHK. From November 2014 to May 2015, Mr. Chew was appointed as a non-executive director and chairman of the board of directors (the “BOD”) by a Main Board company, Golden Shield Holdings (Industrial) Limited (2123.HK), primarily responsible for overseeing the company’s restructuring exercise and legal proceedings. From May 2014 to April 2016, he was appointed as an executive director and chairman of the BOD of hmvod Limited (formerly known as, “Tai Shing International (Holdings) Limited”), a company listed on the GEM of the SEHK (8103.HK). From March 2017 to November 2022, he was appointed as an executive director of another Main Board company, Natural Dairy (NZ) Holdings Limited (0462.HK) and primarily responsible for restructuring of the company.
From July 2021 to May 2022, Mr. Chew served Solomon Financial Press Limited, a subsidiary of the GEM company, Jisheng Group Holdings Limited (8133.HK) as Chief Operating Officer for the period of July 2021 to February 2022 and subsequently transferred to be Chief Investment Officer.
From October 2023 to June 2024, Mr. Chew served as an independent and non-executive director of Imperial Pacific International Holding Limited (1076.HK), a company listed on the Main Board of the SEHK.
Mr. Chew earned a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in business administration from Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology (NEUST) in the Republic of the Philippines in 2013.
Mr. Chew brings to the Board his extensive experience in mergers and acquisitions, corporate management, advisory and restructuring.
Wong, Christopher Yu Nien, age 50, joined us as an Independent Director of the Company on June 1, 2024.
Mr. Wong is a Chartered Member (Chartered MCSI) of the Chartered Institute of Securities & Investment (CISI), United Kingdom (UK) and is a registered Trust and Estate Practitioner (TEP) of the Society of Trust and Estate Practitioners (STEP). Mr. Wong was conferred the Knight Companion of The Most Esteemed Order of the Crown of Pahang, Darjah Indera Mahkota Pahang (DIMP) for his rendering meritorious service to the State of Pahang in Malaysia and carries the title Dato’.
From 1999 to 2002, Mr. Wong worked in Hong Kong as a registered foreign lawyer in the global capital markets practice group in a global law firm, Allen & Overy. In 2001, he was called to the English Bar as a barrister-at-law with The Honourable Society of Lincoln’s Inn. For the next decade from 2002 to 2011, he worked as transaction and execution counsel in a global European financial institution, Deutsche Bank AG (Deutsche Bank) and served as a director of one of Deutsche Bank’s branch companies in Hong Kong, DB Trustees (Hong Kong) Limited. From 2011 to 2020, he moved to The Bank of New York Mellon (BNY Mellon), a global US trust and custody bank, initially served as managing director and associate general counsel responsible for the bank’s issuer and collateral support legal teams in Asia Pacific and subsequently was promoted to become Asia Pacific head of relationship management for the bank’s corporate trust business in the Asia Pacific region. He also served as a director of one of BNP Mellon’s branch companies in Hong Kong, BNY Mellon Trustee Company (Hong Kong) Limited.
From 2020 to 2021, Mr. Wong served as general counsel in Claritas HealthTech Pte. Ltd., an emerging Artificial Intelligence (AI) Healthtech startup company in Singapore. From 2021 to 2023, he served as Head of Capital Markets North Asia of Intertrust Group, a European corporate service firm as the founder of its capital markets and corporate trust business in North Asia based in Hong Kong, building a new client base and servicing platform from ground-up, covering client segments such as investment banks, sovereign agencies, regulatory technology (RegTech) companies and financial technology (FinTech) companies.
Mr. Wong founded FYDUS Group, a fiduciary and professional solution provider in Asia and the Middle East and has served as Chief Commercial Officer since 2023.
Mr. Wong was admitted as an Advocate and Solicitor of the High Court of Malaya in December 2021. He has been a partner of a legal firm in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Chow Kok Leong & Co. with a focus on cross-border banking, trust, and capital markets transactions since early 2024.
Currently, Mr. Wong serves on the board of Bauhinia ILBS 1 Limited, the first Hong Kong public listed company sponsored by a Hong Kong government agency to issue the first Hong Kong-listed asset-backed securities based on infrastructure project loans.
Mr. Wong was awarded a Bachelor of Laws (LLB) degree from the University of Leicester, UK in July 1997.
Mr. Wong brings to the board of directors his extensive knowledge and experience in cross-border banking, trust, and capital markets.
Family Relationships
There are no family relationships between any of our directors or executive officers.
Involvement in Certain Legal Proceedings
No director or executive officer is a party in a legal proceeding adverse to us or any of our subsidiaries or has a material interest adverse to us or any of our subsidiaries. No director or executive officer has been involved in the last ten years in any of the following:
● Any bankruptcy petition filed by or against any business or property of such person, or of which such person was a general partner or executive officer either at the time of the bankruptcy or within two years prior to that time;
● Any conviction in a criminal proceeding or being subject to a pending criminal proceeding (excluding traffic violations and other minor offenses);
● Being subject to any order, judgment, or decree, not subsequently reversed, suspended, or vacated, of any court of competent jurisdiction, permanently or temporarily enjoining, barring, suspending or otherwise limiting his involvement in any type of business, securities or banking activities;
● Being found by a court of competent jurisdiction (in a civil action), the SEC or the Commodity Futures Trading Commission have violated a federal or state securities or commodities law, and the judgment has not been reversed, suspended, or vacated;
● Being the subject of or a party to any judicial or administrative order, judgment, decree or finding, not subsequently reversed, suspended or vacated relating to an alleged violation of any federal or state securities or commodities law or regulation, or any law or regulation respecting financial institutions or insurance companies, including but not limited to, a temporary or permanent injunction, order of disgorgement or restitution, civil money penalty or temporary or permanent cease-and-desist order, or removal or prohibition order, or any law or regulation prohibiting mail, fraud, wire fraud or fraud in connection with any business entity; or
● Being the subject of or a party to any sanction or order, not subsequently reversed, suspended or vacated, of any self-regulatory organization (as defined in Section 3(a)(26) of the Exchange Act, any registered entity (as defined in Section 1(a)(29) of the Commodity Exchange Act), or any equivalent exchange, association, entity or organization that has disciplinary authority over its members or persons associated with a member.
Board of Directors
All directors hold office until the next annual meeting of shareholders and until their successors have been duly elected and qualified. Directors are elected at the annual meetings to serve for one-year terms. Officers are elected by, and serve at the discretion of, the board of directors. Our board of directors shall hold meetings on at least a quarterly basis.
As a Nasdaq-listed company, we comply with the NASDAQ Listing Rules with respect to certain corporate governance matters. As a smaller reporting company, under the NASDAQ rules we are required to maintain a board of directors comprised of a majority of independent directors, and an audit committee of at least three (3) members, comprised solely of independent directors who also meet the requirements of Rule 10A-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Director Independence
The board of directors has reviewed the independence of our directors, applying the NASDAQ independence standards. Based on this review, the board of directors determined that each of Ms. Chuchottaworn, Srirat, Mr. Han, Mean Kwong, Mr. Chew, Chee Wah and Mr. Wong, Christopher Yu Nien are independent within the meaning of the NASDAQ rules. In making this determination, our board of directors considered the relationships that each of these non-employee directors has with us and all other facts and circumstances our board of directors deemed relevant in determining their independence. As required under applicable NASDAQ rules, our independent directors will meet on a regular basis as often as necessary to fulfill their responsibilities, including at least annually in executive session without the presence of non-independent directors and management.
Board Committees
Our board of directors has established standing committees in connection with the discharge of its responsibilities. These committees include an Audit Committee, a Compensation Committee and a Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee. Our board of directors has adopted written charters for each of these committees. Copies of the charters are available on our website. Our board of directors may establish other committees as it deems necessary or appropriate from time to time.
Board Leadership Structure and Role in Risk Oversight
Mr. Loke, Che Chan Gilbert holds the positions of Chief Financial Officer and Chairman of the board of the Company. The Board believes that Mr. Loke’s services as both Chief Financial Officer and chairman of the board is in the best interest of the Company and its shareholders. Mr. Loke possesses detailed and in-depth knowledge of the issues, opportunities and challenges facing the Company in its business and is thus best positioned to develop agendas that ensure that the board’s time and attention are focused on the most critical matters relating to the business of the Company. His combined role enables decisive leadership, ensures clear accountability, and enhances the Company’s ability to communicate its message and strategy clearly and consistently to the Company’s shareholders, employees, and customers.
The board has not designated a lead director. Given the limited number of directors comprising the board, the independent directors call and plan their executive sessions collaboratively and, between meetings of the board, communicate with management and one another directly. Under these circumstances, the directors believe designating a lead director to take on responsibility for functions in which they all currently participate might detract from rather than enhance the performance of their responsibilities as directors.
Management is responsible for assessing and managing risk, subject to oversight by the board of directors. The board oversees our risk management policies and risk appetite, including operational risks and risks relating to our business strategy and transactions. Various committees of the board assist the board in this oversight responsibility in their respective areas of expertise.
● The Audit Committee assists the board with the oversight of our financial reporting, independent auditors, and internal controls. It is charged with identifying any flaws in business management and recommending remedies, detecting fraud risks, and implementing anti-fraud measures. The Audit Committee further discusses Greenpro’s policies with respect to risk assessment, risk management and financial reporting.
● The Compensation Committee oversees compensation, retention, succession and other human resources-related issues and risks.
● The Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee overviews risks relating to our governance policies and initiatives.
Audit Committee
Our Audit Committee was established on March 23, 2016, and is currently comprised of all our independent directors: Mr. Han, Mean Kwong (chairman), Ms. Chuchottaworn, Srirat, Mr. Chew, Chee Wah and Mr. Wong, Christopher Yu Nien. Mr. Han is Chair of the Audit Committee, and he qualifies as the Audit Committee’s financial expert as defined in Item 407(d)(5) of Regulation S-K promulgated under the Securities Act.
According to its charter, the Audit Committee consists of at least three members, each of whom shall be a non-employee director who has been determined by the board to meet the independence requirements of NASDAQ, and Rule 10A-3(b)(1) of the SEC, subject to the exemptions provided in Rule 10A-3(c). The Company’s website contains a copy of the Audit Committee Charter. The Audit Committee Charter describes the primary functions of the Audit Committee, including the following:
● Oversee the Company’s accounting and financial reporting processes;
● Oversee audits of the Company’s financial statements;
● Discuss policies with respect to risk assessment and risk management, and discuss the Company’s major financial risk exposures and the steps management has taken to monitor and control such exposures;
● Review and discuss with management the Company’s audited financial statements and review with management and the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm the Company’s financial statements prior to the filing with the SEC of any report containing such financial statements.
● Recommend to the board that the Company’s audited financial statements be included in its annual report on Form 10-K for the last fiscal year;
● Meet separately, periodically, with management, with the Company’s internal auditors (or other personnel responsible for the internal audit function) and with the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm;
● Be directly responsible for the appointment, compensation, retention, and oversight of the work of any independent registered public accounting firm engaged in preparing or issue an audit report for the Company;
● Take, or recommend that the board take appropriate action to oversee and ensure the independence of the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm; and
● Review major changes to the Company’s auditing and accounting principles and practices as suggested by the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, internal auditors, or management.
Compensation Committee
The Compensation Committee will be responsible for, among other matters:
● reviewing and approving, or recommending to the board of directors to approve the compensation of our CEO and other executive officers and directors reviewing key employee compensation goals, policies, plans and programs;
● administering incentive and equity-based compensation;
● reviewing and approving employment agreements and other similar arrangements between us and our executive officers; and
● appointing and overseeing any compensation consultants or advisors.
Our Compensation Committee was established on March 17, 2017, and currently consists of Mr. Chew, Chee Wah (Chairman), Mr. Han, Mean Kwong and Mr. Wong, Christopher Yu Nien. Mr. Chew serves as chairman of the Compensation Committee.
Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee
The Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee will be responsible for, among other matters:
● selecting or recommending selection candidates for directorships;
● evaluating the independence of directors and director nominees;
● reviewing and making recommendations regarding the structure and composition of our board and the board committees;
● developing and recommending to the board corporate governance principles and practices;
● reviewing and monitoring the Company’s Code of Business Conduct and Ethics; and
● overseeing the evaluation of the Company’s management.
Our Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee was established on March 17, 2017, and currently consists of Mr. Han, Mean Kwong (chairman), Mr. Chew, Chee Wah and Mr. Wong, Christopher Yu Nien. Mr. Han serves as chairman of the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee.
Material Changes to the Procedures by Which Security Holders May Recommend Nominees to the Board
We do not currently have a procedure by which security holders may recommend nominees to the Board.
Director Qualifications
The board of directors is responsible for overseeing the Company’s business consistent with their fiduciary duty to the stockholders. This significant responsibility requires highly skilled individuals with various qualities, attributes and professional experience. There are general requirements for service on the board that are applicable to directors, and there are other skills and experience that should be represented on the board, but not necessarily by each director. The board considers the qualifications of director candidates individually and in the broader context of the board’s overall composition and the Company’s current and future needs.
In its assessment of each potential candidate, including those recommended by the stockholders, the board will consider the nominee’s judgment, integrity, experience, independence, understanding of the Company’s business or other related industries and such other factors it determines are pertinent in the light of the current needs of the board. The board also takes the ability of each potential candidate into account, such as to evaluate the time and effort necessary to fulfill his or her responsibilities to the Company, business experiences and specialized skills of each candidate. Diversity of background including diversity of race, ethnicity, international background, gender and age, may be considered by the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee when evaluating candidates for Board membership.
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
Our board of directors has adopted a code of ethics that applies to all our directors, officers, and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer. The code addresses, among other things, honesty and ethical conduct, conflicts of interest, compliance with laws, regulations, and policies, including disclosure requirements under the federal securities laws, confidentiality, trading on inside information, and reporting of violations of the code. The code of ethics is available on the Company’s website “greenprocapital.com”.
SECTION 16(A) BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP REPORTING COMPLIANCE
Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act requires our directors and executive officers, and people who own more than 10% of our Common Stock, to file reports regarding ownership of, and transactions in, our securities with the Securities and Exchange Commission and to provide us with copies of those filings. Based solely on our review of the copies of such forms furnished to us and written representations by our officers and directors regarding their compliance with applicable reporting requirements under Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act, we believe that all Section 16(a) filing requirements for our directors, executive officers and 10% stockholders, were met during the year ended December 31, 2024.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Set forth below is information regarding the compensation paid during the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023 to our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, who are collectively referred to as “named executive officers” elsewhere in this Annual Report.
Name and Principal Position Year Salary ($) Other Compensation ($) Total ($)
Lee, Chong Kuang 299,000 26,000 325,000
Chief Executive Officer and President 299,000 26,000 325,000
Loke, Che Chan Gilbert 299,000 26,000 325,000
Chief Financial Officer, Secretary and Treasurer 299,000 26,000 325,000
Employment Agreements
Each of Mr. Loke, Che Chan Gilbert, our Chief Financial Officer, Secretary, Treasurer and Director, and Mr. Lee, Chong Kuang, our Chief Executive Officer and Director, signed an employment agreement on July 28, 2020. The employment agreement came into effect on September 1, 2020, and would expire on August 31, 2023. The terms of the agreement were the same as those of the previous employment agreements.
Under the terms of the agreements, each of Messrs. Loke and Lee was entitled to receive a monthly salary of $13,000 and a monthly housing allowance of $2,000, plus one month’s additional salary and housing allowance by the end of each year. All of these were payable in the equivalent amount of Hong Kong Dollars. All variances were mainly due to fluctuation in currency exchange.
On January 28, 2021, each of Messrs. Loke and Lee signed a revised employment agreement. The terms of the revised employment agreements, except the monthly salary was increased to $23,000 effective January 1, 2021, are the same as that of the 2020 employment agreements.
On August 31, 2023, each of Messrs. Loke and Lee signed a new employment agreement. The employment agreement came into effect on September 1, 2023, and would expire on August 31, 2026. The terms of the agreement were the same as those of the previous employment agreements.
Messrs. Loke and Lee are entitled to reimbursement for reasonable travel and other out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with their services on our behalf. The employment agreements also contain normal and customary terms relating to confidentiality, indemnification, non-solicitation, and ownership of intellectual property.
Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End
None.
Director Compensation
During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, we provided monthly compensation to our independent directors as follows: Ms. Chuchottaworn, Srirat of $1,000, Mr. Louis, Ramesh Ruben of $1,700 (resigned on April 30, 2024), Mr. Bringuier, Christophe Philippe Roland of $1,000 (resigned on May 31, 2024), Mr. Han, Mean Kwong of $1,250 (appointed on March 1, 2024), Mr. Sheth, Prabodh Kumar Kantilal H. of $1,700 (appointed on March 1, 2024 and re-designated to a Non-executive Director on May 31, 2024), Mr. Chew, Chee Wah of $1,000 (appointed on June 1, 2024) and Mr. Wong, Christopher Yu Nien of $1,000 (appointed on June 1, 2024).
During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, we provided monthly compensation to our independent directors as follows: Ms. Chuchottaworn of $1,000, Mr. Louis of $1,700, Mr. Glendening of $1,250 and Mr. Bringuier of $1,000.
We currently have no plan for compensating our executive directors for their services in their capacity as directors, although we may choose to issue stock options or provide cash compensation to such people from time to time in the future. However, we are compensating the independent directors who serve on the board. These independent directors are entitled to reimbursement for reasonable travel and other out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with attendance at meetings of our board of directors. Our board of directors may award special remuneration to any director undertaking any special services on our behalf other than services ordinarily required of a director.
Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation
We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and are not required to provide the information under this item.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The following table sets forth, as of April 9, 2025, certain information concerning the beneficial ownership of our Common Stock by:
(i) each stockholder known by us to own beneficially five (5) percent or more of our outstanding Common Stock or series of Common Stock (“Principal Shareholders”);
(ii) each director;
(iii) each named executive officer; and
(iv) all our directors and executive officers as a group, and their percentage ownership and voting power (“Directors and Executive Officers”).
The information presented below regarding beneficial ownership of our voting securities has been presented in accordance with the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission and is not necessarily indicative of ownership for any other purpose. Under these rules, a person is deemed to be a “beneficial owner” of a security if that person has or shares the power to vote or direct the voting of the security or the power to dispose or direct the disposition of the security. A person is deemed to own beneficially any security as to which such person has the right to acquire sole or shared voting or investment power within sixty (60) days through the conversion or exercise of any convertible security, warrants, option, or other right. More than one (1) person may be deemed to be a beneficial owner of the same securities.
The percentage of beneficial ownership by any person as of a particular date is calculated by dividing the number of shares beneficially owned by such a person, which includes the number of shares as to which such person has the right to acquire voting or investment power within sixty (60) days, by the sum of the number of shares outstanding as of such date. Consequently, the denominator used for calculating such percentage may be different for each beneficial owner. Except as otherwise indicated below and under applicable community property laws, we believe that the beneficial owners of our Common Stock listed below have sole voting and investment power with respect to the shares shown.
The calculations in the table below are based on 7,575,813 shares of our Common Stock, issued and outstanding as of April 9, 2025.
Name of Beneficial Owner Number of Shares Beneficially Owned(2) Percentage of Shares Beneficially Owned(2)
Directors and Executive Officers(1)
Lee, Chong Kuang(3)
Chief Executive Officer, President and Director
1,739,034 22.96 %
Loke, Che Chan Gilbert(4)
Chief Financial Officer, Secretary, Treasurer and Director
1,405,084 18.55 %
Sheth, Prabodh Kumar Kantilal H
Independent Director - -
Chuchottaworn, Srirat
Independent Director 122,250 1.61 %
Han, Mean Kwong
Independent Director - -
Chew, Chee Wah
Independent Director 3,632 * %
Wong, Christopher Yu Nien
Independent Director 1,396 * %
Yap, Pei Ling(3)(5)
Officer
165,915 2.19 %
Chen, Yanhong(6)
Officer
2,640 * %
All directors and officers as a group (9 persons named above) 3,439,951 45.41 %
Principal Shareholders - -
Other owners of the Company 4,135,862 54.59 %
Total 7,575,813 100.00 %
* Less than 1% of our total issued and outstanding Common Stock as of April 9, 2025.
(1) Except as otherwise set forth below, the business address of our directors and executive officers is B-23A-02, G-Vestor Tower, Pavilion Embassy, 200 Jalan Ampang, 50450 W.P. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
(2) Based on 7,575,813 shares of Common Stock outstanding as of April 9, 2025, together with securities exercisable or convertible into shares of Common Stock within 60 days of April 9, 2025. Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission and generally includes voting or investment power with respect to securities. Shares of Common Stock that a person has the right to acquire beneficial ownership of upon the exercise or conversion of options, convertible stock, warrants or other securities that are currently exercisable or convertible or that will become exercisable or convertible within 60 days of April 9, 2025, are deemed to be beneficially owned by the person holding such securities for the purpose of computing the number of shares beneficially owned and percentage of ownership of such person, but are not treated as outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person.
(3) Comprising 1,739,034 shares of our Common Stock held by Mr. Lee, Chong Kuang and 165,915 shares of our Common Stock held by his spouse, Ms. Yap, Pei Ling, a director of two of our subsidiaries. In the aggregate of the shares held by Mr. Lee and Ms. Yap, 1,904,949 shares or 25.15% of the total issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock as of April 9, 2025.
(4)
Comprising 1,065,084 shares of our Common Stock held by Mr. Loke, Che Chan Gilbert, 200,000 shares of our Common Stock held by Mr. Loke’s son, Loke Sebastian Mun Foo and 140,000 shares of our Common Stock held by Mr. Loke’s another son, Loke Mun Hang Conrad, respectively. Mr. Loke and his sons collectively hold 1,405,084 shares or 18.55% of the total issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock as of April 9, 2025.
(5) Ms. Yap, Pei Ling, spouse of Mr. Lee, Chong Kuang, is a shareholder of the Company and a director of two of our subsidiaries, Asia UBS Global Limited (Belize) and Asia UBS Global Limited (Hong Kong), respectively.
(6)
Ms. Chen, Yanhong, is a shareholder of the Company and a director of our subsidiaries, Greenpro Management Consultancy Limited, Shenzhen Falcon Financial Consulting Limited, Falcon Corporate Services Limited, Falcon Accounting & Secretaries Limited and Greenpro Financial Consulting (Shenzhen) Limited (formerly known as Greenpro Synergy Network (Shenzhen) Limited), respectively.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
Related Party Transactions
Except as set forth below, we have not been a party to any transaction since January 1, 2017, in which the amount involved in the transaction exceeded or will exceed the lesser of $120,000 or one percent of the average of our total assets as at the year-end for the last two completed fiscal years, and to which any of our directors, executive officers or beneficial holders of more than 5% of our capital stock, or any immediate family member of, or person sharing the household with, any of these individuals, had or will have a direct or indirect material interest.
Our policy is that a contract or transaction either between the Company and a director, or between a director and another company in which he/she is financially interested is not necessarily void or void-able if the relationship or related party transactions are approved or ratified by the Audit Committee.
Transactions with certain companies, of which Greenpro Venture Capital Limited or Greenpro Resources Limited owns a certain percentage of their company shares and companies that we have determined that we can significantly influence based on our common business relationships.
For the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, related party service revenue totaled $364,336 and $1,425,577, respectively.
During 2024, related party service revenue principally includes service revenue generated from Celmonze Wellness Corporation (“Celmonze”) of $149,459 and REBLOOD Biotech Corp. (“REBLOOD”) of $66,245, in aggregate representing approximately 59% of the related party service revenue and 7% of the service revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024, respectively.
During 2023, related party service revenue principally includes the service revenue generated from Angkasa-X Holdings Corp. (“Angkasa-X”) of $354,116, catTHIS Holdings Corp. (“catTHIS”) of $326,195, Leader Capital Holdings Corp. of $258,250, Simson Wellness Tech. Corp. of $191,218 and Hypercube Inc. of $140,000, in aggregate representing approximately 89% of the related party service revenue and 38% of the service revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023, respectively.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, digital revenue from related parties totaled $21,000.
During 2024, related party digital revenue principally includes revenue generated from our Chief Executive Officer, Lee Chong Kuang (“Mr. Lee”), of $20,000, representing approximately 95% of revenue from the related party digital revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024.
For the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, cost of service revenue to related parties was $10,934 and $23,280, respectively.
During 2024, related party cost of service revenue includes cost of services paid to Falcon Management Limited (“FML”) of $5,054, Falcon Consulting Limited (“FCL”) of $2,130 and Loke Yu (“Jimmy”) of $3,750, respectively. FML is wholly owned by our Chief Financial Officer, Loke Che Chan Gilbert (“Mr. Loke”), Mr. Loke’s spouse and Jimmy is Mr. Loke’s brother.
During 2023, related party cost of service revenue includes cost of revenue paid to SEATech Ventures Corp. (“SEATech”) of $23,280.
For the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, related party G&A expenses totaled $149,817 and $122,880, respectively.
During 2024, related party general and administrative (“G&A”) expenses include consulting fees paid to Ms. Yap Pei Ling (“Ms. Yap”), spouse of our Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Lee, of $14,996, Ms. Yap’s wholly owned company, Bright Interlink Sdn. Bhd. (“BISB”) of $13,814 and Mr. Loke’s company, FCL of $40,293, and management fees paid to Greenpro Global Capital Village Sdn. Bhd. (“GGCVSB”) of $80,714, a Malaysian company jointly owned by Mr. Lee and Mr. Loke.
During 2023, related party G&A expenses include computer expenses paid to First Bullion Holdings Inc. (“FBHI”) of $21,780, consulting fees paid to Ms. Yap of $37,799 and her wholly owned company, BISB of $15,762, management fees paid to GGCVSB of $44,475 and marketing expenses paid to catTHIS of $3,064.
For the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, related party other income was $47,635 and $47,609, respectively.
During 2024, related party other income includes other income generated from Acorn Finance Limited (“Acorn”) of $11,895, Greenpro Trust Limited (“GTL”) of $35,685, and SEATech Ventures Corp. (“SEATech”) of $55.
During 2023, the related party other income includes other income generated from Acorn of $8,862, GTL of $5,747 and SEATech of $33,000.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, related party interest income was $5,073.
During 2024, the related-party interest income includes interest income generated from GTL of $962 and GTL’s subsidiary, Greenpro Custodian Service Limited of $4,111.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, the gain on disposal of related party investments was $324,917.
During 2024, gain on disposal of related party investments includes the gain from the sale of common stock of Agape ATP Corporation (“Agape”) of $307,597 and MU Global Holding Limited (“MUGH”) of $17,320, respectively.
Impairment of related party investments was $87,425 and $4,982,000 for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively.
During 2024, impairment of related party investments includes impairment from the investment of New Business Media Sdn. Bhd. (“NBMSB”) of $82,000, Angkasa-X of $2,800, Global Leaders Corporation of $900, ACT Wealth Academy Inc. of $600, Best2bid Technology Corp. of $550, Ata Global Inc. of $225, catTHIS of $200 and Jocom Holdings Corp. of $150, respectively.
During 2023, impairment of related party investments includes impairment from investment of Millennium Fine Art Inc. of $4,000,000, Ata Plus Sdn. Bhd. (“APSB”) of $736,000 and First Bullion Holdings Inc. of $246,000, respectively.
Loss on disposal of a related party investment, REBLOOD Biotech Corp. was $100 for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Impairment of other receivables from a related party, Greenpro KSP Holding Group Company Limited was $60,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023.
A reversal of impairment of related party investment, Innovest Energy Fund $6,882,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023.
As of December 31, 2024, the net accounts receivable from a related party, was due from Mr. Loke of $41.
Amounts due from related parties were $954,184 and $750,860 as of December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively. Amounts due to related parties were $57,497 and $389,274 as of December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively.
As of December 31, 2024, amounts due from related parties mainly include amounts due from GGCVSB of $772,311, GTL of $90,207 and FBHI of $90,000, while amounts due to related parties mainly include Mr. Loke’s wholly owned company, Falcon Certified Public Accountants Limited (“FCPA”) of $22,820 and Mr. Lee of $20,677, respectively.
As of December 31, 2023, amounts due from related parties mainly include the amount due from GGCVSB of $723,889, while amounts due to related parties mainly include the amount due to the noncontrolling interests of our 60% ownership subsidiary, Forward Win International Limited of $336,636.
Deferred costs of revenue to related party were $18,750 as of December 31, 2024, while deferred revenue from related party was $157,500 as of December 31, 2023, respectively.
As of December 31, 2024, deferred costs of revenue to related party were $11,250 and 7,500 associated with Jimmy and FML, respectively.
As of December 31, 2023, deferred revenue from related parties includes APSB of $15,800, REBLOOD of $60,000 and Celmonze of $81,700, respectively.
As of December 31, 2024, and 2023, other investments in related parties were $12,073 and $100,106, respectively.
As of December 31, 2024, related party investments mainly include investment in GTL of $11,981.
As of December 31, 2023, related party investments mainly include investments in NBMSB of $82,000 and GTL of $11,981, respectively.
Our related parties are mainly those companies in which Greenpro Venture Capital Limited or Greenpro Resources Limited own a certain number of shares or a certain percentage of interest in those companies, or the Company can exercise significant influence over those companies’ financial and operating policy decisions. Some of the related parties are either controlled by or under the common control of Mr. Loke, Che Chan Gilbert or Mr. Lee, Chong Kuang, executive officers and directors of the Company.
All these related party transactions are generally transacted on an arm’s-length basis at the current market value in the normal course of business (see Note 15).

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Fees and Services
The following is an aggregate of fees billed for each of the last two fiscal years for professional services rendered by our current principal accountants.
ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Audit fees $ 165,000 $ 165,000
Audit-related fees - -
Tax fees - -
All other fees - -
Total $ 165,000 $ 165,000
The category of “Audit fees” includes fees for our annual audit, quarterly reviews and services rendered in connection with regulatory filings with the SEC, such as the issuance of comfort letters and consents.
The category of “Audit-related fees” includes employee benefit plan audits, internal control reviews and accounting consultation.
The category of “Tax services” includes tax compliance, tax advice, tax planning.
The category of “All other fees” generally includes advisory services related to accounting rules and regulations.
The policies and procedures contained in the Audit Committee Charter provide that the Committee must pre-approve the audit services, audit-related services and non-audit services provided by the independent auditors and the provision for such services by JP Centurion & Partners PLT (2024: $165,000 and 2023: $165,000) was compatible with the maintenance of the firm’s independence in the conduct of its audits.
Pre-approval Policies and Procedures
Consistent with SEC policies regarding auditor independence, the Audit Committee has responsibility for appointing, setting compensation and overseeing the work of the independent auditor. Our Audit Committee has adopted certain pre-approval policies and procedures which are more fully described in Exhibit 99.2.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENHEDULES
(F) (a) Financial Statements
The following are filed as part of this Annual Report:
Financial Statements
The following financial statements of Greenpro Capital Corp. and Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm are presented in the “F” pages of this Annual Report:
Page
AUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 6723) -
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements -
(b) Exhibits
Exhibit No.
Description
3.1 #
Articles of Incorporation, as amended (17)
3.2 #
Bylaws, as amended (2)
3.3 #
Certificate of Change to the Articles of Incorporation (30)
4.1 #
Form of Common Stock Certificate (2)
4.2 #
Description of the Registrant’s Common Stock (17)
10.1 #
Letter of offer of Malaysia Office- One City D-07-06 (3)
10.2 #
Letter of offer of Malaysia Office- One City D-07-07 (3)
10.3 #
Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement, dated June 13, 2016, by and between Greenpro Holding Limited and Greenpro Synergy Network Limited (4)
10.4 #
Loan Agreement, dated June 13, 2016, by and among Greenpro Holding Limited and Loke Che Chan Gilbert, Lee Chong Kuang (4)
10.5 #
Share Pledge Agreement, dated June 13, 2016, by and among Greenpro Holding Limited, Loke Che Chan Gilbert, Lee Chong Kuang and Greenpro Synergy Network Limited (4)
10.6 #
Power of Attorney of Loke Che Chan Gilbert dated June 13, 2016 (4)
10.7 #
Power of Attorney of Lee Chong Kuang dated June 13, 2016 (4)
10.8 #
Exclusive Option Agreement, dated June 13, 2016, by and among Greenpro Holding Limited, Loke Che Chan Gilbert, Lee Chong Kuang and Greenpro Synergy Network Limited (4)
10.9 #
Sale and Purchase Agreement, dated as of April 25, 2017, between Greenpro Capital Corp. and Mr. Yiu Yau Wing and Mr. Chui Sang Derek (5)
10.10 #
Asset Purchase Agreement, dated as of April 27, 2017, between Greenpro Resources Limited and Gushen Credit Limited (6)
10.11 #
Employment Contract dated July 28, 2017, by and between the Company and Loke Che Chan Gilbert (7)
10.12 #
Employment Contract dated July 28, 2017, by and between the Company and Lee Chong Kuang (7)
10.13 #
Independent Director Agreement, dated October 18, 2015, by and between the Company and Chuchottaworn Srirat (7)
10.14 #
Independent Director Agreement, dated March 14, 2016, by and between the Company and Shum Albert (7)
10.15 #
Independent Director Agreement, dated March 14, 2016, by and between the Company and Hee Chee Keong (7)
10.16 #
Placement Agency Agreement, dated May 31, 2018 (11)
10.17 #
Subscription Agreement and Supplemental Agreement dated as of July 18, 2018 (12)
10.18 #
Form of Loan Agreement dated July 17, 2018 between the Company and Shenzhen Rong Jin Jia Cheng Investment Limited (13)
10.19 #
Independent Director Agreement, dated May 8, 2019, by and between the Company and Louis Ramesh Ruben (14)
10.20 #
Independent Director Agreement, dated October 1, 2019, by and between the Company and Brent Lewis Glendening (15)
10.21 #
Independent Director Agreement, dated October 16, 2019, by and between the Company and Christophe Philippe Roland Bringuier (16)
10.22 #
Purchase and Sale Agreement of Millennium Sapphire dated May 27, 2020 between the Company and Daniel McKinney (18) (19)
19.23 #
Purchase and Sale Agreement dated June 29, 2020 between the Company and Millennium Fine Art Inc. (26)
10.24 #
Form of Acquisition Agreement of Ata Plus Sdn. Bhd. dated July 8, 2020 (26)
10.25 #
Subscription Agreement dated August 30, 2020 between Greenpro Venture Capital Limited and Global Leaders Corporation (26)
10.26 #
Subscription Agreement dated October 9, 2020 between the Company and Seah Kok Wah (20)
10.27 #
Form of Securities Purchase Agreement dated October 13, 2020 between the Company and FirstFire Global Opportunities Fund, LLC (19)
10.28 #
Form of Convertible Note issued to FirstFire Global Opportunities Fund, LLC dated October 13, 2020 (19)
10.29 #
Form of Securities Purchase Agreement dated October 13, 2020 between the Company and Granite Global Value Investments Ltd. (19)
10.30 #
Form of Convertible Note issued to Granite Global Value Investments Ltd. dated October 13, 2020 (19)
10.31 #
Form of Securities Purchase Agreement dated October 13, 2020 between the Company and Streeterville Capital, LLC (19)
10.32 #
Form of Convertible Note issued to Streeterville Capital, LLC dated October 13, 2020 (19)
10.33 #
Stock Purchase and Option Agreement of First Bullion Holdings Inc. dated October 19, 2020. (21)
10.34 #
Acquisition Agreement dated November 1, 2020 between the Company, Ms. Lee Yuet Lye and Mr. Chia Min Kiat (22)
10.35 #
Subscription Agreement dated December 16, 2020 between the Company and Wong Wai Hing Lena (26)
10.36 #
Subscription Agreement dated December 21, 2020 between Greenpro Venture Capital Limited and Adventure Air Race Company Limited (26)
10.37 #
Subscription Agreement dated December 22, 2020 between Greenpro Venture Capital Limited and Adventure Air Race Company Limited (26)
10.38 #
Subscription Agreement dated December 29, 2020 between Greenpro Venture Capital Limited and Pentaip Technology Inc. (26)
10.39 #
Form of Subscription Agreement between Greenpro Resources Limited and Innovest Energy Fund dated February 11, 2021. (23)
10.40 #
Form of Amendment to Convertible Promissory Note dated February 21, 2021 between the Company and Streeterville Capital, LLC (24)
10.41 #
Form of Additional 8% Acquisition of First Bullion Holdings Inc. dated February 17, 2021 (25)
10.42 #
Revised Employment Contract dated January 28, 2021, by and between Greenpro Holding Limited and Loke Che Chan Gilbert (29)
10.43 #
Revised Employment Contract dated January 28, 2021, by and between Greenpro Holding Limited and Lee Chong Kuang (29)
10.44 #
Subscription Agreement dated February 3, 2021 between Greenpro Venture Capital Limited and Angkasa-X Holdings Corp. (29)
10.45 #
Subscription Agreement dated February 19, 2021 between Greenpro Venture Capital Limited and Simson Wellness Tech. Corp. (29)
10.46 #
Form of Acquisition Agreement between the Company and Mr. Lee Chong Kuang dated May 18, 2021 (27)
10.47 #
Form of Share Exchange Agreement between the Company, Greenpro Capital Village Sdn. Bhd. (GCVSB) and the holders of preference shares of GCVSB dated June 1, 2021 (28)
10.48 #
Subscription Agreement dated June 2, 2021 between Greenpro Venture Capital Limited and Jocom Holdings Corp. (29)
10.49 #
Subscription Agreement dated July 13, 2021 between Greenpro Venture Capital Limited and 72 Technology Group Limited (29)
10.50 #
Subscription Agreement dated July 30, 2021 between Greenpro Venture Capital Limited and Ata Global Inc.(29)
10.51 #
Subscription Agreement dated August 27, 2021 between Greenpro Venture Capital Limited and catTHIS Holdings Corp. (29)
10.52 #
Subscription Agreement dated September 27, 2021 between Greenpro Venture Capital Limited and Fruita Bio Limited (29)
10.53 #
Consulting Agreement dated October 1, 2021 between the Company and Dennis Burns (29)
10.54 #
Subscription Agreement dated February 21, 2022 between Greenpro Venture Capital Limited and ACT Wealth Holdings Corp. (31)
10.55 #
Subscription Agreement dated April 1, 2022 between Greenpro Venture Capital Limited and REBLOOD Biotech Corp. (31)
10.56 #
Subscription Agreement dated June 9, 2022 between Greenpro Venture Capital Limited and Best2bid Technology Corp. (31)
10.57 #
Consulting Agreement dated October 1, 2022 between the Company and Dennis Burns (31)
10.58 #
Subscription Agreement dated February 8, 2023, between Greenpro Venture Capital Limited and Celmonze Wellness Corporation (33)
10.59 #
Employment Contract dated August 31, 2023, by and between Greenpro Holding Limited and Loke Che Chan Gilbert (33)
10.60 #
Employment Contract dated August 31, 2023, by and between Greenpro Holding Limited and Lee Chong Kuang (33)
10.61 #
Consulting Agreement dated October 1, 2023, between the Company and Dennis Burns (33)
10.62 #
Independent Director Agreement, dated March 1, 2024, by and between the Company and Sheth Prabodh Kumar Kantilal H (32)
10.63 #
Independent Director Agreement, dated March 1, 2024, by and between the Company and Han Mean Kwong (32)
10.64 #
Independent Director Agreement, dated June 1, 2024, by and between the Company and Chew Chee Wah (34)
10.65 #
Independent Director Agreement, dated June 1, 2024, by and between the Company and Wong Christopher Yu Nien (34)
10.66 *
Labuan Financial Services Authority Letter dated April 28, 2022, for Approval of Establishment of Digital Platform by Greenpro-X Corp.*
10.67 *
Shariah Pronouncement dated September 20, 2024, for Green-X DAX Platform by Green-X Corp.*
10.68 *
Stock Purchase Agreement dated August 8, 2024, between Greenpro Venture Capital Limited and Seah Kok Wah*
10.69 *
Consulting Agreement dated October 1, 2024, between the Company and Dennis Burns*
14.1 #
Code of Ethics (17)
19.1 *
Insider Trading Policy*
21.1 #
List of Subsidiaries (17)
31.1 *
Rule 13(a)-14(a)/15(d)-14(a) Certification of principal executive officer*
31.2 *
Rule 13(a)-14(a)/15(d)-14(a) Certification of principal financial officer*
32.1 *
Section 1350 Certification of principal executive officer*
32.2 *
Section 1350 Certification of principal financial officer and principal accounting officer*
97.1 #
Policy for Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation (33)
99.1 #
Charter of the Audit Committee (17)
99.2 #
Audit Committee Pre-Approval Procedures (17)
99.3 #
Charter of the Compensation Committee (17)
99.4 #
Charter of the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee (17)
* Filed herewith
# Previous Filed:
(1) Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with SEC on May 13, 2015.
(2) Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on May 16, 2016.
(3) Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 30, 2016.
(4) Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on August 15, 2016.
(5) Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 25, 2017.
(6) Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed with the SEC on July 25, 2017.
(7) Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s registration statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on August 2, 2017.
(8) Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s registration statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on January 27, 2014.
(9) Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s registration statement on Form S-1/A filed with the SEC on September 6, 2017.
(10) Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 27, 2017.
(11) Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 6, 2018.
(12) Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 18, 2018.
(13) Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on December 10, 2018.
(14) Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on May 10, 2019.
(15) Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 8, 2019.
(16) Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 16, 2019.
(17) Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 30, 2020.
(18) Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 1, 2020.
(19) Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on November 16, 2020.
(20) Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 16, 2020.
(21) Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 23, 2020.
(22) Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 2, 2020.
(23) Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on February 16, 2021.
(24) Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on February 23, 2021.
(25) Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on February 26, 2021.
(26) Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 29, 2021, and Amendment No. 1 to Form 10-K filed with the SEC on April 12, 2021.
(27) Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on May 20, 2021.
(28) Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 21, 2021.
(29) Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 29, 2022, and Amendment No. 1 to Form 10-K filed with the SEC on July 18, 2022.
(30) Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 20, 2022.
(31) Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 31, 2023.
(32) Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 7, 2024.
(33) Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 28, 2024.
(34) Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 3, 2024.