EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1823587
Filing Year: 2024
Filename: 1823587_10-K_2024_0001437749-24-009585.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
ITEM 1.
BUSINESS
Yellowstone Transaction
On January 25, 2022 (the “Closing Date”), we completed the Yellowstone Transaction pursuant to the Equity Purchase Agreement between us and Sky. As contemplated by the Equity Purchase Agreement, the following occurred on the Closing Date: (a) YAC changed its name to “Sky Harbour Group Corporation”; (b) all outstanding shares of Sponsor Stock held by the Sponsor were converted into shares of Class A Common Stock of the Company; (c) Sky restructured its capitalization, issued to the Company 14,937,581 Sky Common Units, which was equal to the number of outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock immediately after giving effect to the Yellowstone Transaction (taking into account the redemption of Class A Common Stock and the Class A Common Stock issued under the BOC PIPE investment (the “BOC PIPE”)), reclassified the existing Sky Common Units (other than the Sky Incentive Units), existing Sky Series A Preferred Units and the existing Sky Series B Preferred Units into Sky Common Units; (d) certain adjustments to the number of Sky Incentive Units were effected to reflect the new capital structure; (e) the Company was appointed as the managing member of Sky; (f) the Sky Common Units issued to BOC YAC in respect of its Series B Preferred Units were converted into 5,500,000 shares of Class A Common Stock; (g) holders of Sky Common Units received one share of Class B Common Stock for each Sky Common Unit, and as consideration for the issuance of 14,937,581 Sky Common Units by Sky to the Company, YAC contributed to Sky the net amount held in the YAC trust account after redemptions and taking into account the BOC PIPE and the amount of various transaction costs; and (h) each YAC Warrant that was issued and outstanding immediately prior to the closing became a Warrant (the transactions referred to in clauses (a) through (h), collectively, the “Yellowstone Transaction”).
As a result of the Yellowstone Transaction, the Company is organized as an “Up-C” structure in which substantially all of the operating assets of Sky’s business are held by Sky. The Company’s only assets are its equity interests in Sky.
As of January 26, 2022, the Class A Common Stock and Warrants of the Company began trading on the New York Stock Exchange American LLC (the “NYSE American”) as “SKYH” and “SKYH WS,” respectively. The disclosure in this section gives effect to the Yellowstone Transaction and includes the operations of Sky prior to the Yellowstone Transaction.
Overview
We are an aviation infrastructure development company building the first nationwide network of home basing hangar campuses for business aircraft. We develop, lease and manage general aviation hangars across the United States, targeting airfields in markets with significant aircraft populations and high hangar demand. Our home basing hangar campuses feature exclusive private hangars and a full suite of dedicated services specifically optimized for home based, versus transient, aircraft.
The physical footprint of the U.S. business aviation fleet grew by almost 28 million square feet in the ten years preceding the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, with hangar supply lagging dramatically, especially in key growth markets. As the fleet of private jets in the United States continues to grow, with recent new aircraft deliveries exceeding retirements, demand for hangar space is at a premium in part because new jets require more square footage of hangar space and the pace of new hangar construction has lagged behind the demand. The cumulative square footage of the business aircraft fleet in the United States increased 50% between 2010 and 2021. Moreover, over that same period, there was an 81% increase in the square footage of larger private jets - those with greater than a 24-foot tail height. A recent study conducted by a business aircraft manufacturer forecasted that business aircraft will only continue to grow in the next ten years, with up to 8,500 new business jet deliveries worth over $275 billion expected to be delivered between 2024 and 2033, further supported by data from the major business aviation manufacturers that suggest the current order backlog for new business aviation aircraft is over $49 billion.
These larger footprint aircraft do not fit in much of the existing hangar infrastructure and impose stacking challenges and constraints in the traditional shared or community hangars operated by fixed-base operators (“FBO”). The addition of winglets (the vertical extensions on aircraft wingtips) on most modern business jets inhibits wing-over-wing storage. Aircraft hangars are in high demand and short supply, with some airports compiling waiting lists that can exceed several years.
We believe our scalable, real estate-centric business model is uniquely positioned to capture this market opportunity and address the increased imbalance between the supply and demand for private jet storage. We intend to capitalize on the existing hangar supply constraints at major U.S. airports by targeting high-end tenants in markets where there is a shortage of private and FBO hangar space, or where such hangars are or are becoming obsolete.
We expect to realize economies of scale in construction through a prototype hangar design replicated at home basing hangar campuses across the United States. This allows for centralized procurement, straightforward permitting processes, efficient development processes, and the best hangar in business aviation. Unlike a service company, our revenues are mostly derived from long-term rental agreements, offering stability and forward visibility of revenues and cash flows. This allows the Company to fund its development through the public bond market, providing capital efficiency and mitigating refinance risk.
In contrast with community hangars and other facilities provided by FBOs, the home basing hangar campuses we develop provide the following features and services:
•
private hangar space for exclusive use of the tenant;
•
adjoining configurable lounge and office suites;
•
line crews and services dedicated exclusively to tenants;
•
climate control to mitigate condensation and associated corrosion;
•
features to support in-hangar aircraft maintenance;
•
no-foam fire suppression; and
•
customized software to provide security, control access and monitor hangar space.
We use a standard set of proprietary prototype hangar designs, which are intended to deliver high-quality business aviation facilities, lower construction costs, minimize development risk, expedite permit issuance, and facilitate the implementation of refinements across its portfolio. Hangar features include:
•
the ability to accommodate heavy business jets in single configuration, medium jets in twin or triplet configuration, or light jets in multi-configuration;
•
compliance with National Fire Protection Association (“NFPA”) 409 Group III fire code, eliminating foam fire protection systems, resulting in lower construction costs and operating expenses, as well as eliminating accidental foam discharges and the resultant negative effects on aircraft maintenance and resale value;
•
high-voltage capability, industrial drainage and impervious floors that support in-hangar maintenance and inspections; and
•
control through smartphone application.
Our product strategy aims to attract tenants with exclusive access to their aircraft, minimize the risk of damage to aircraft, provide increased access, security and control, facilitate maintenance, and improve pre-flight and post-flight convenience. We believe that with no transient traffic, our home basing hangar campuses offer a shorter time to wheels-up, even during periods of peak traffic. Our research has indicated our current and typical future tenants operate late model business jets that emit less noise than other based aircraft, leading to a decreased average noise footprint at our home basing hangar campuses.
We believe demand for home basing hangar campuses will be driven broadly by the growing size of the business aviation fleet in the United States and the delivery of larger aircraft with taller tail heights. The discovery by first-time flyers in the convenience, control and comfort of general aviation has caused a shift in consumer behavior which we believe will also support increasing demand for home basing hangar campuses.
While private aircraft use generally was not affected to the extent of commercial aviation, we believe preferences for air travel and specifically general aviation continue to shift towards private aviation following the COVID-19 pandemic, as industry data suggests that nearly 95% of the entrants who began flying privately during the COVID-19 pandemic are continuing to fly privately through 2023. See “Risk Factors - An epidemic, pandemic or contagious disease, such as COVID-19, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations."
Our Properties
We seek to develop our home basing hangar campuses on long-term ground leases (or sub-leases thereof) at airports with suitable infrastructure serving metropolitan centers across the United States. We lease each of our properties under long-term ground leases.
The tables below present certain information with respect to our portfolio in development and in operation as of December 31, 2023.
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Addison Airport ("ADS"), Addison, TX (Dallas area);
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Bradley International Airport ("BDL"), Windsor Locks, CT (Hartford area);
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Centennial Airport ("APA"), Englewood, CO (Denver area);
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Chicago Executive Airport ("PWK"), Wheeling, IL (Chicago area);
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Hudson Valley Regional Airport ("POU"), Wappingers Falls, NY (New York area);
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Miami-Opa Locka Executive Airport ("OPF"), Opa Locka, FL (Miami area);
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Nashville International Airport ("BNA"), Nashville, TN;
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Phoenix Deer Valley Airport ("DVT"), Phoenix, AZ; and
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Sugar Land Regional Airport ("SGR"), Sugar Land, TX (Houston area).
PROPERTIES IN OPERATION
Facility
Completion Date
Hangars
Rentable Square
Footage
% of Total
Rentable
Square
Footage
Occupancy
at
December 31,
SGR
December 2020
66,080
17.6 %
93.9 %
BNA
November 2022
149,069
39.7 %
90.9 %
OPF Phase I
February 2023
160,092
42.7 %
62.5 %
Total/Weighted Average
375,241
100.0 %
79.3 %
PROPERTIES IN DEVELOPMENT
Facility
Status
Scheduled Construction Start
Scheduled Completion Date
Estimated Total Construction Cost ($mm)
Hangars
Square Footage
ADS Phase I
In Construction
Q4 2023
Q1 2025
32.9 - 34.9
115,506
ADS Phase II
Predevelopment
Q1 2025
Q1 2026
23.3 - 29.3
96,873
APA Phase I
In Construction
Q4 2022
Q4 2024
44.8 - 50.8
130,550
APA Phase II
Predevelopment
Q1 2025
Q2 2026
28.6 - 33.2
109,189
BDL Phase I
Predevelopment
Q2 2025
Q3 2026
26.6 - 30.8
101,400
DVT Phase I
In Construction
Q4 2022
Q1 2025
48.3 - 53.6
134,270
DVT Phase II
Predevelopment
Q4 2024
Q1 2026
28.2 - 32.8
125,556
OPF Phase II
Predevelopment
Q4 2024
Q1 2026
28.1 - 32.7
107,966
POU
Predevelopment
Q1 2025
Q2 2026
26.6 - 30.8
101,400
PWK Phase I
Predevelopment
Q1 2025
Q1 2026
39.7 - 45.6
149,400
Total
$ 327.1 - 374.7
1,172,110
Each constructed facility is expected to consist of clusters of hangars comprising at least 100,000 rentable square feet. Our hangars vary in size and format, however, on average, each hangar provides over 14,000 square feet of hangar space and 1,300 to 2,000 square feet of office space. Once completed, these facilities are expected to provide an infrastructure of over 1.5 million square feet expected to be completed in the next five years.
We intend to lease each respective hangar to one or more tenants, who will use all or a portion of such facility for general aviation aircraft storage and related uses permitted under the respective ground leases and will pay rent and other charges derived from home basing services on the respective sites to us pursuant to a sublease.
The following table identifies the latest available information on the number of aircraft based at each of our home basing hangar campus properties.
Single
Engine
Multi
Engine
Jet*
Helicopters
Military
Total
Addison Airport (ADS)
-
Bradley International Airport (BDL)
-
Centennial Airport (APA)
-
Chicago Executive Airport (PWK)
-
Hudson Valley Regional Airport (POU)
Miami-Opa Locka Executive Airport (OPF)
Nashville International Airport (BNA)
Phoenix Deer Valley Airport (DVT)
Sugar Land Regional Airport (SGR)
-
Sources: JETNET and AirNav.
*
Jet data current as of February 2024 from JETNET.
AirNav data current as of February 2024.
The following table summarizes the total aircraft operations and forecasted total aircraft operations from 2019 through 2028 at each of our home basing hangar campus properties.
Total Operations
Forecasted Total Operations
Average Annual
Growth
Addison Airport (ADS)
121,937
109,915
114,295
120,256
119,149
120,934
129,153
136,832
144,056
144,441
2.0 %
Bradley International Airport (BDL)
91,383
58,142
72,807
79,385
79,626
78,153
80,947
81,339
85,445
86,921
0.8 %
Centennial Airport (APA)
349,949
331,001
310,861
300,558
360,725
357,126
363,815
370,853
377,596
379,082
1.1 %
Chicago Executive Airport (PWK)
74,204
77,377
99,795
97,456
98,111
99,322
99,513
99,703
99,898
100,093
3.7 %
Hudson Valley Regional Airport (POU)
44,412
43,206
58,306
60,403
58,935
55,924
56,006
56,089
56,173
56,256
3.2 %
Miami-Opa Locka Executive Airport (OPF)
170,067
134,683
163,215
157,286
173,897
173,218
182,009
182,984
183,971
184,970
1.5 %
Nashville International Airport (BNA)
234,964
163,365
219,427
251,446
271,842
281,810
286,620
293,114
299,488
306,013
4.3 %
Phoenix Deer Valley Airport (DVT)
456,790
402,444
271,979
275,153
344,393
381,169
426,303
432,230
439,063
440,614
0.9 %
Sugar Land Regional Airport (SGR)
74,509
66,502
72,409
79,662
87,048
87,130
87,333
87,537
87,741
87,949
2.1 %
Sources: Historic data derived from FAA OPSNET and forecast data from FAA TAF.
Addison Airport (ADS)
The Airport. ADS is owned and operated by the Town of Addison, Texas. The airport serves the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex market and is in close proximity to the residential and business districts where aircraft owners and operators live and work, located only nine miles north of the central business district of Dallas. ADS does not cater to commercial flights, making it preferable for basing business aircraft as it provides for the quickest “time-to-wheels-up” in the Dallas area.
ADS is currently home to nearly 550 based aircraft, including over 120 jet aircraft. Between 2021 and 2022, ADS experienced a 5.2% increase in overall operations, followed by a 0.9% decrease in operations from 2022 to 2023. FAA TAF forward-looking data forecasts a rebound in total operations beginning in 2024 and increasing each year thereafter, including increases of 1.5%. 6.8%, and 5.9% for 2024, 2025, and 2026, respectively.
Facilities at ADS include a 7,203 foot runway equipped with high-intensity lighting and a full length parallel taxiway. Operations are supported by Instrument Landing System (ILS) and RNAV (GPS) instrument approaches. The airport offers an FAA control tower, 24-hour U.S. Customs services for international arrivals, no landing fees, and over 70 businesses including maintenance providers, flight schools, and various other aviation-related service providers. According to the Texas Department of Transportation, as of 2018 the airport contributes over 1,000 on-airport jobs to the Town of Addison.
Aircraft hangar rental providers currently on the airport consist of three FBOs. Additionally, multiple smaller private hangars exist on the airport, primarily owned by operators or for flight schools and other airport businesses. We believe the existing hangar facilities at ADS are overcapacity and predominantly older with low door heights, which creates little opportunity for attracting newer larger private jet aircraft to the airport. Though a new FBO brought additional community hangar square footage to the airport, the combination of older current facilities, lack of private hangar space on the airport, increased wealth migration to the north side of Dallas, and substantial popularity of the airport make for an attractive target for our private and exclusive home basing hangars.
Addison Site Facilities. We obtained lease rights to approximately six acres on the northeast side of the primary runway. As part of our development plan, the existing facilities on the site, including a terminal, ramp and automobile parking, have been demolished. We anticipate developing six hangars with adjoining office and support space constituting 115,506 rentable square feet. Anticipated project completion for the ADS site is in the first calendar quarter of 2025. In January 2023, we amended our existing ground lease agreement with the Town of Addison, TX to include additional parcels of land that will effectively double the land available for development at our ADS home basing hangar campus project, with the second phase anticipated to include three hangars comprising an additional 96,873 of rentable square footage.
Bradley International Airport (BDL)
The Airport. BDL is owned and operated by the Connecticut Airport Authority and is located in Windsor Locks, Connecticut, situated between Hartford, Connecticut and Springfield, Massachusetts. BDL is classified as a medium-hub primary commercial service airport and is the second-busiest commercial airport in the New England region and major airport serving the states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York.
BDL is situated on over 2,400 acres and includes two runways of 9,510 feet and 6,847, respectively. General airport facilities at BDL include fuel services, multiple cargo and maintenance facilities, and U.S. Customs facilities. BDL is home to the Connecticut Air National Guard, the New England Air Museum, and has hosted both the 103rd Airlift Wing and the 118th Airlift Squadron since 1946.
Between 2021 and 2022, total operations at BDL increased 9.0%, followed by a slight 0.3% increase in total operations from 2022 to 2023. FAA TAF forward-looking data forecasts a slight decrease of 1.8% in 2024, followed by increases each year thereafter, including annual growth projections of 3.6%, and 0.5% for 2025 and 2026, respectively.
The only aircraft hangar rental providers at BDL are two FBOs, both of which provide standard amenities. In addition, there are several private hangars at BDL owned by local corporations which generally provide storage for business aircraft, office space, maintenance space, and lounges.
Bradley Site Facilities. We obtained lease rights to approximately eight acres of land on the north side of BDL. Our projected development at BDL will consist of 3 NFPA Group III hangars with adjoining office space, with a combined leasable area of 101,400 square feet. We anticipate the completion of construction and occupancy for our BDL home basing hangar campus in the third calendar quarter of 2026.
Centennial Airport (APA)
The Airport. APA is owned and operated by the Arapahoe County Public Airport Authority. The airport serves Denver, Colorado, and surrounding areas and is classified as a National airport according to the FAA National Asset Report. APA is the largest general aviation airport in the Denver Airport System, and was the fourth busiest general aviation airport in 2023 based on data from FAA OPSNET. APA covers approximately 1,315 acres and has three runways. Other facilities at the airport include hangars and tie-downs for aircraft parking and fuel services. Services available at APA include aircraft repair and maintenance services, including airframe, power plant and avionics repair. The airport also includes a U.S. Customs facility.
APA is currently home to over 800 based aircraft, including over 140 jet aircraft. Between 2021 and 2022, APA experienced a 3.3% decrease in overall operations according to FAA OPSNET as the lingering effects of the pandemic continued to be evident. However, from 2022 to 2023, total operations at APA increased by 20.0%, reflecting a significant rebound from the decreased operational activity. FAA TAF forward looking data forecasts a slight decrease of 1.0% in 2024, further followed by increases each year thereafter, including annual growth projections of 1.9%, and 1.9%, for 2025 and 2026, respectively.
FBO services at APA are provided by four companies. The FBOs offer standard amenities such as pilot’s lounge, waiting area/lounge, weather station, restroom, showers, kitchenette, and conference rooms, flight instruction, rental car, aircraft maintenance and parts supply, hangar rental, aircraft tie-down parking, and aircraft fueling. APA has several private hangars that provide storage for business aircraft, office space, maintenance space, and lounges. Some of the private hangars are owned and built by individuals or corporations based locally.
Centennial Site Facilities. We obtained lease rights to approximately 20 acres of land in the Centennial lnterPort master-planned business hangar development on the south side of APA. Our development at APA is located in a secluded, low-traffic area on the airfield. The campus will be constructed in two phases, and in total will consist of 14 NFPA Group III hangars comprising 239,739 total rentable square feet. Our Centennial home basing hangar campus will include two hangar layouts, each including a ramp area for aircraft startup and shutdown in front of the hangar doors. Car parking is to be included in the hangar space and in an attached two car garage. The adjoining office space will include high-end finishes with a kitchen, storage and a bathroom with a shower. Each unit is also to be assigned adjacent outdoor parking.
Chicago Executive Airport (PWK)
The Airport. PWK is the leading general aviation airport in the Chicago area, and a top reliever airport for Chicago O’Hare International (ORD), accepting some 100,000 corporate, charter and light recreational aircraft operations annually. Located just 10 miles north of ORD, PWK is jointly owned by the Village of Wheeling and City of Prospect Heights, Illinois.
Over 240 aircraft are presently based at PWK, including nearly 100 jet aircraft. According to FAA OPSNET, between 2021 and 2022 PWK experienced a 2.3% decrease in total operations, which partially reversed from 2022 to 2023, when PWK saw an increase of 0.7% in year-over-year operations. FAA TAF forward-looking data projects increases of 1.2%, 0.2%, and 0.2% for 2024, 2025, and 2026, respectively.
General airport facilities at PWK consist of three runways, including a 5,001-foot primary runway, as well as fuel services, several maintenance providers, and a flight school. FBO services at PWK are provided by three companies.
Chicago Executive Site Facilities. We obtained lease rights to approximately fifteen acres of land at PWK. The home basing hangar campus will consist of 5 NFPA Group III modular hangars comprising 149,400 total rentable square feet. Ground-breaking at PWK is provisionally expected to occur in the first calendar quarter of 2025 with occupancy projected in the first calendar quarter of 2026.
Hudson Valley Regional Airport (POU)
The Airport. POU is a Part 139 Certified Airport with an FAA staffed and operated control tower and nearly 60,000 annual operations. POU is owned by the County of Dutchess, NY, and is located approximately 34 miles from White Plains and 47 miles from Teterboro.
Based on data from FAA OPSNET, between 2021 and 2022 POU recorded a 3.6% increase in overall operations. From 2022 to 2023, POU experienced a partial reversal of its previous growth, as total operations decreased 2.4%. FAA TAF forward-looking data projects a decrease of 5.1% in 2024 followed by increases of 0.1% and 0.1% in the years 2025 and 2026, respectively.
FBO services at POU are provided by one company. The airport includes a two-megawatt solar array and an Aviation Science Center with a state-of-the-art hangar operated by Dutchess Community College under the State University of New York (SUNY). The site offers a pilot, aviation management, airframe and powerplant technician, and aviation maintenance technician program.
Hudson Valley Site Facilities. We obtained lease rights to approximately seven acres of land at POU in a lightly trafficked area near runways 24 and 15. Our projected development at POU will consist of 3 NFPA Group III hangars with adjoining office space, with a combined leasable area of 101,400 square feet. We anticipate the completion of construction and occupancy for our POU home basing hangar campus to occur in the second calendar quarter of 2026.
Miami Opa-Locka Executive Airport (OPF)
The Airport. OPF is located approximately 10 miles north of the Miami central business district, 16 miles from Miami Beach, Florida, and eight miles from Miami International Airport (“MIA”). OPF is a public-use general aviation facility owned by Miami-Dade County and operated by the Miami-Dade Aviation Department.
The Miami Airport System consists of five active airports, with OPF being the largest general aviation airport in the system and designated as a reliever to MIA. Notably, OPF ranks eighth in the FAA’s Top Ten Airports for Domestic Business Jet Operations, with 52,869 domestic business jet operations during the period January 2023 through December 2023. Facilities at OPF include three runways which are all served by full-length paved parallel taxiways. Other facilities at OPF include hangars and tie-downs for aircraft parking and fuel services.
Data from FAA OPSNET indicates that between 2021 and 2022, OPF experienced a 3.6% decrease in overall operations, before a recording a significant 10.6% increase between 2022 and 2023. Forecast data from FAA TAF projects a slight 0.4% decrease in 2024, followed by increases of 5.1% and 0.5% for 2025 and 2026, respectively.
The existing stock of hangar space at OPF comprises approximately 266,000 square feet of space, with an additional 350,000 square feet of new construction hangar space planned. There are six large, nested T-Hangar rows on the airport, capable of storing 99 aircraft. Aside from our Miami-Opa Locka development, no private hangar space for larger aircraft is available at OPF.
Miami-Opa Locka Site Facilities. The OPF facilities are planned to be constructed in two phases and are expected to consist of 17 individually-leased NFPA Group III hangars comprising 268,058 total rentable square feet. Construction of the first phase of facilities was completed in February 2023. Construction of the second phase of facilities is expected to begin in the fourth calendar quarter of 2024 and be completed in the fourth calendar quarter of 2025. Each hangar can accommodate the various ultra-long-range jets and include 480-, 240- and 120-volt electrical outlets to allow for routine maintenance. Every hangar includes a ramp area for aircraft startup and shutdown in front of the hangar doors. Car parking is included in the hangar space. The adjoining office space includes high-end finishes with a kitchen, storage and a bathroom with showers. Each hangar is also assigned adjacent outdoor parking.
Nashville International Airport (BNA)
The Airport. BNA is the primary commercial air service facility serving the Nashville metropolitan area and is the largest airport in the State of Tennessee. As the only medium hub in the region, BNA serves as the primary commercial service airport for the air service area. BNA is one of the nation’s fastest-growing airports. The combination of Nashville’s robust economy and business and tourism appeal led to eight successive years of often double-digit growth, which ended with 21.9 million passengers that passed through the airport in 2023. BNA has four runways, the longest of which is 11,030 feet. Berry Field Air National Guard Base is located on the premises of BNA and it has hosted the 118th Airlift Wing since 1937.
According to FAA OPSNET, between 2021 and 2022 BNA experienced a 14.6% increase in overall operations, which was followed-up by a further 8.1% increase between 2022 and 2023. FAA TAF forward-looking data projects the growth to continue through 2024, 2025, and 2026, with growth projections of 3.7%, 1.7%, and 2.3%, respectively.
There are two FBOs at BNA. In addition, there are several private hangars at BNA which generally provide storage for business aircraft, office space, maintenance space, and passenger/pilot lounges. Some of the private hangars are owned and built by individuals, while others are leased from one of the FBOs. Aside from our BNA home basing hangar campus, no private hangar space for larger aircraft is currently available for lease at BNA.
Nashville Site Facilities. We obtained lease rights to 15.15 acres of land at BNA. The constructed facilities at BNA consist of nine newly constructed individually-leased NFPA Group III hangars comprising 121,867 total square feet. Our Nashville campus also includes a legacy facility, Hangar 14, with an area of 27,202 square feet. Groundbreaking on the new facilities at BNA occurred in July 2021 and construction was completed in October 2022. Each of the hangars includes a ramp area for aircraft startup and shutdown in front of the hangar doors. Car parking is included in the hangar space, which can accommodate multiple cars. The adjoining office space includes high-end finishes with a kitchen, storage and a bathroom with a shower. Each unit is also assigned adjacent outdoor parking.
Phoenix Deer Valley Airport (DVT)
The Airport. DVT is a medium sized, predominantly business and general aviation airport that is owned and operated by the City of Phoenix, Arizona. DVT is located on 914 acres within Phoenix’s northern limits, approximately 20 miles north of downtown and approximately 17 miles north of Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport (“PHX”). DVT serves to relieve general aviation air traffic from PHX and is a convenient alternative to the larger and more congested airport. This convenience has led DVT to become one of the busiest general aviation airports in the country, ranking as the sixth busiest general aviation airport in 2023 based on data from FAA OPSNET. The airport is also home to several flight schools. No commercial passenger service operations are available; however, air taxi service is available.
DVT has two parallel runways. The airport offers a complete range of services including fueling, avionics repair, maintenance, parts, flight training, new and used aircraft sales, aircraft rentals, a pilot shop, and a restaurant. The landside facilities at DVT include the terminal building, an FBO, flight schools, fueling facilities, major utilities, and support facilities.
Based on data from FAA OPSNET, between 2021 and 2022, DVT experienced a 1.2% increase in overall operations. In 2023, DVT recorded an increase of 25.2% in total operations as compared to 2022, as DVT began returning to pre-COVID 19 levels of activity. FAA TAF forward-looking data forecasts a continued rebound in total operations each year, including increases of 10.7%, 11.8%, and 1.4% for 2024, 2025, and 2026, respectively.
Currently, the only aircraft hangar rental providers at DVT are the DVT Airport Authority and an FBO. According to the DVT Airport Authority, they do not have any corporate/executive hangars, but they have available land to build hangars. The FBO is currently based in two locations at DVT and its future plans at DVT include the construction of new hangars as well as a modern FBO facility.
Deer Valley Site Facilities. We obtained lease rights to approximately 15 acres of land at DVT on the southeast side of the airport. Our development at DVT is located in a secluded, low-traffic area on the airfield. The campus will consist of 16 individually leased NFPA Group III modular hangars comprising 220,764 total rentable square feet. Ground-breaking for the first phase occurred in December 2022. Every hangar includes a ramp area for aircraft startup and shutdown in front of the hangar doors. Car parking is included in the hangar space, which can accommodate multiple cars. The adjoining office space includes high-end finishes with a kitchen, storage and a bathroom with a shower. Each hangar is also assigned adjacent outdoor parking.
Sugar Land Regional Airport (SGR)
The Airport. SGR is located approximately 20 miles southwest of the Houston central business district. The airport is situated on 622 acres owned by the City of Sugar Land, Texas. SGR is a municipal-owned, public-use general aviation facility, and it is included in the Federal Aviation Administration’s (“FAA”) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (“NPAIS”).
SGR is designated as a “reliever airport” for George Bush Intercontinental Airport and William P. Hobby International Airport in Houston, Texas. 24 companies on the 2022 Fortune 500 list are headquartered in the Houston metro area. General airport facilities at SGR include an 8,000-foot primary runway, as well as fuel services, aircraft storage in hangars, and tie-down parking. SGR also includes U.S. Customs facilities. SGR is home to seven on-airport businesses that offer services such as FBO amenities, aircraft maintenance, and avionics. The most frequent general aviation operations at SGR involve business and charter flights, flight instruction, recreational flying and law enforcement.
Between 2021 and 2022, SGR experienced a 10.0% increase in overall operations based on data from FAA OPSNET. Overall operations at SGR increased an additional 9.3% between 2022 and 2023. FAA TAF forward-looking data projects modest growth to continue through 2024, 2025, and 2026, with growth projections of 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.2%, respectively.
The sole FBO onsite at SGR is the primary competition for our home basing hangar campus at SGR. Another company located at SGR has maintenance hangars onsite, and can accommodate short-term hangar rentals without FBO services.
Sugar Land Site Facilities. The total development consists of 7 individually leased NFPA Group III hangars, with a combined leasable area of 66,080 square feet, which was completed in December 2020. All hangars feature 28 foot-high doors and include 480-, 240- and 120-volt electrical outlets to allow for routine maintenance.
Customers, Sales and Marketing
We seek to maximize hangar rental charges consistent with capacity utilization at our existing and future facilities. Rental hangar space is open to the public on a non-discriminatory basis, and prospective tenants are reviewed for credit quality and nature of intended use of the facilities. We focus our operations on various types of tenants, including individuals (directly or through personally or family-owned LLCs), charter operations, flight schools, corporate fleets, government entities, and aviation service providers. We intend to develop a diversified portfolio of tenants in terms of geography, type of tenant and length of lease term.
While much of our historical revenue has been concentrated with our two largest tenants, longer term, we do not expect to depend on a single tenant or group of tenants, the loss of which would have a material adverse effect on our business. We expect to diversify our risk by having multiple types of tenants across multiple locations throughout the country. See “Risk Factors - Our rental income is initially concentrated within a small number of tenants and the loss of or default by one or more significant tenants could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.”
Tenant lease terms are generally 1-10 years, with maturity dates staggered for purposes of risk management. Base lease rents vary by location, but all leases feature annual rent escalation. Leases are structured as either gross or triple-net, with tenants covering insurance, taxes and utilities. The tenant leases generally do not have early termination options, and we expect renewals to be reset to prevailing fair market value.
Competition
The hangar space rental segment of the aviation services industry in which we operate is very competitive. We compete with national, regional and local FBOs and other local hangar real estate companies. Our competitors may include FBOs currently operating at certain airports that may have greater financial or other resources and/or lower cost structure than us. Other competitors have been in business longer than us and may have greater financial resources available.
We compete with other operators, including FBOs, at all of our current locations, and our hangar campuses may also face indirect competition from operators located at nearby airports. In addition, we may be adversely affected by competition from other facilities within or outside the airports where the facilities are located, including construction of new facilities at the airports at which we operate or the expansion of hangar facilities by competitors at nearby airports. We must compete with other operators based on the location of the facility relative to runways and street access, quality of customer service, safety, reliability, value-added features, and price. See “- Investment Criteria” for additional information regarding our competitors with respect to each particular facility.
Seasonality
We do not experience substantial seasonal fluctuations in our revenues and the results of operations.
Government Regulation
FAA Regulation
The industry is overseen primarily by the FAA. In addition, the Department of Homeland Security, Department of Transportation, Environmental Protection Agency, state and local environmental agencies, and local airport authorities contribute to the regulation of our home basing hangar campuses. We must comply with federal, state, and local environmental statutes, and regulations, including those associated in part with the operation of fuel storage tank systems and fuel trucks. These requirements include, among others, tank and pipe testing for tightness, soil sampling for evidence of leaking, and remediation of detected leaks and spills.
Environmental and Related Matters
Our home basing hangar campuses are subject to regular inspection by local environmental agencies, as well as local fire marshals and other agencies. We do not expect that compliance and related remediation work, if any, will have a material negative impact on our business. We have not received notice requiring us to cease operations at any location or of any abatement proceeding by any government agency for failure to comply with applicable environmental laws and regulations.
Americans with Disabilities Act
Under Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), and rules promulgated thereunder, in order to protect individuals with disabilities, public accommodations must remove architectural and communication barriers that are structural in nature from existing places of public accommodation to the extent “readily achievable.” In addition, under the ADA, alterations to a place of public accommodation or a commercial facility are to be made so that, to the maximum extent feasible, such altered portions are readily accessible to and usable by disabled individuals. The “readily achievable” standard takes into account, among other factors, the financial resources of the affected site and the owner, lessor or other applicable person.
Compliance with the ADA, as well as other federal, state and local laws, may require modifications to properties we currently own or may purchase, or may restrict renovations of those properties. Failure to comply with these laws or regulations could result in the imposition of fines or an award of damages to private litigants, as well as the incurrence of the costs of making modifications to attain compliance, and future legislation could impose additional obligations or restrictions on our properties. Although our tenants are generally responsible for all maintenance and repairs of the property pursuant to our leases, including compliance with the ADA and other similar laws or regulations, we could be held liable as the owner of the property for a failure of one of our tenants to comply with these laws or regulations.
Environmental Matters
Our properties are subject to numerous statutes, rules and regulations relating to environmental protection and our business is exposed to various environmental risks, hazards, and environmental protection requirements, including those related to the storage and handling of jet fuel and compliance with firefighting regulations. See “Risk Factors - Our properties are subject to environmental risks that may impact our future profitability” of this Report.
We endeavor to be a leader of the industry’s initiatives to address environmental issues, and we are increasingly focused on how we can reduce our carbon footprint in a sustainable way. As part of this, our home basing hangar campuses are designed to reduce the need to reposition private jets, which reduces the use of fuel as well as air emissions and noise pollution. We operate a fleet of electric ground support equipment which have a low cost to operate and maintain. In addition, our home basing hangar campuses are designed to be electric vehicle charger-equipped and electric aircraft charger-ready. In addition, our hangar design contains environmentally friendly aspects such as no-foam fire suppression. Moreover, our hangars are designed to be both solar and wind energy capable for future installation.
Insurance
We maintain insurance of the types and in amounts that we believe to be adequate and consistent with industry standards. During construction, our principal coverage includes builder's risk, general liability, excess liability, and contractor's pollution liability insurance. Once operational, each campus maintains commercial property, flood, earthquake, boiler and machinery, business income/loss of rent, automobile liability, general liability, environmental liability, and worker's compensation insurance. We maintain general liability and product liability insurance in connection with our hangar manufacturing activities. We also maintain insurance coverage related to our directors and officers, employment-related liabilities, and cyber-related incidents. We require the tenants at our campuses to maintain aircraft physical damage, general liability, worker's compensation, and automobile liability insurance coverage.
Human Capital
As of December 31, 2023, we had 35 employees and 13 independent contractors, none of which were subject to collective bargaining agreements. We also engage consultants to supplement our permanent workforce. Our operations are overseen by senior personnel with experience in business aviation and real estate, and includes top-level design, construction, operations, and finance expertise. We consider our employee relations to be in good standing. We are committed to keeping our employees informed and supported through regular communication and events, including our monthly town hall meetings.
We strive to recruit from amongst the best talent in the industry and reward them appropriately. Our success depends in large part on our ability to attract, retain and develop high-quality management, operations, and other personnel who are in high demand, are often subject to competing employment offers, and are attractive recruiting targets for our competitors in fields such as aviation and real estate.
We believe we offer competitive compensation (including base salary, incentive bonus, and long-term equity awards) and benefits packages designed to attract and reward talented individuals who possess the skills necessary to support our business objectives and assist in the achievement of our strategic goals and development plans. All employees are eligible for health insurance, a retirement plan, and life/disability coverage.
Each Sky Harbour home basing hangar campus features the Sky Harbour Academy training program, which includes paid training for a career in the aviation industry. The Sky Harbour Academy recruits members of disadvantaged and underrepresented communities with an interest in aviation, ultimately providing such members full training and certification as line service technicians and customer service representatives. The Sky Harbour Academy aims to provide assistance with placement in aviation jobs, including full-time roles at Sky Harbour.
Human capital strategies are developed and managed by our Chief Financial Officer, who reports to the Chief Executive Officer, and are overseen by the compensation committee and the Board. Our executive management team regularly review and update our talent strategy, monitoring a variety of data, including turnover, diversity, and tenure, to design and implement effective recognition, training, development, succession, and benefit programs to meet the needs of our business and our employees.
Legal Proceedings
We may be involved from time to time in ordinary litigation, negotiation, and settlement matters that will not have a material effect on our operations or finances. We are not currently party to any material legal proceedings, and we are not aware of any pending or threatened litigation against us that we believe could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, or financial condition.
Periodic Reporting and Financial Information
Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports, filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), are available free of charge through the investor relations sections of the Company’s website, www.skyharbour.group, as soon as reasonably practicable after we have electronically filed such material with, or furnished it to, the SEC. In addition, the SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov.
Pursuant to a Continuing Disclosure Agreement, dated as of September 14, 2021, by and between the Public Finance Authority (Wisconsin) and the Company (the “Continuing Disclosure Agreement”) in connection with the Series 2021 Bonds, Sky Harbour Capital LLC (“SHC”), a subsidiary of Sky, is required to publish (i) Monthly Construction Reports, (ii) quarterly reports containing quarterly financial information of SHC and (iii) annual reports containing audited consolidated financial statements of SHC, all of which are available through the website of the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board via its Electronic Municipal Market Access (“EMMA”) system at www.msrb.org and on the investor relations section of our website.
The information on our website is not, and shall not be deemed to be, part of this Report or incorporated into any other filings we make with the SEC, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in any such filings.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
ITEM 1A.
RISK FACTORS
Certain factors may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. You should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described below, in addition to other information contained in this Report, including our financial statements and related notes. If any of the following events occur, our business, financial condition and operating results may be materially adversely affected. In that event, the trading price of our securities could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of, or that we currently believe are not material, may also become important factors that adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.
Risks Relating to Our Business
Our growth depends in part upon our ability to enter into new ground leases at airports, and we may be unsuccessful in identifying and consummating attractive new ground leases or taking advantage of other investment opportunities, which would impede our growth and materially and adversely affect our business and results of operation.
Our ability to expand through new ground leases at airports is integral to our long-term business strategy and requires that we identify and consummate suitable new ground leases or investment opportunities in real estate properties for our portfolio that meet our investment criteria and are compatible with our growth strategy. Our ability to enter into new ground leases on favorable terms, or at all, may be adversely affected by the following significant factors:
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we may not be able to negotiate new ground leases with airport authorities on attractive terms or at all;
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we may encounter competition from other potential ground lessors, which could significantly increase the lease rate for properties we seek to lease;
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we may incur significant costs and divert management attention in connection with evaluating and negotiating potential new ground leases, including ones that we are subsequently unable to complete;
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even if we enter into letters of intent or conditional agreements for new ground leases of airport properties, these agreements are subject to customary closing conditions, including, but not limited to, the satisfactory results of our due diligence investigations and local government and municipal authority approvals; and
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we may be unable to obtain financing for the development of additional sites on favorable terms, or at all, as a result of our existing indebtedness, market conditions or other factors.
Our ability to meet our obligations under our ground leases and our indebtedness is dependent on our ability to enter into and collect lease payments from tenants.
Our ability to meet our obligations under the ground leases and our debt service obligations will depend on our ability to generate revenues sufficient in the aggregate to make our payments under the ground leases and our debt service obligations under our outstanding indebtedness and any other indebtedness incurred in the future. Our ability to generate revenues may be adversely affected by a wide variety of unforeseen or unforeseeable events and conditions, including, without limitation, economic changes affecting the industry generally, the airports or the tenants specifically, any of which could result in a default under the tenant leases. In addition, the ability of tenant leases to generate revenues may be adversely affected by competition from other facilities within or outside the airports where the facilities are located, including construction of new facilities at the airports at which we operate or the expansion of hangar facilities by competitors at nearby airports. There can be no assurances that the airports or their competitors will not undertake future improvements that may adversely impact the ability of tenant leases to generate revenues.
Moreover, the terms of our tenant leases currently in place do not extend past the final maturity date of our bond debt. Our ability to make payments under the ground leases or under our debt service obligations through their final maturity will depend upon our success in renewing current tenants or in re-leasing these facilities. The loss of one or more of our tenants may (without a similar tenant or tenants to replace such tenant or tenants) have a material adverse effect on our ability to collect rental revenue sufficient to meet our obligations.
We have a substantial amount of indebtedness outstanding, which may expose us to the risk of default under our debt obligations, restrict our operations and our ability to grow our business and revenues.
The majority of our outstanding indebtedness is secured under the terms of the Series 2021 Bonds. We intend to incur additional debt in connection with new hangar projects at new airport locations, refinancing of existing indebtedness, future acquisitions, or for other purposes.
In addition, the Series 2021 Bonds include, and we expect any other indebtedness we incur in the future to include, customary events of default, the occurrence of any of which, after any applicable cure period, would permit the holders of such indebtedness, among other things, to accelerate payment of all amounts outstanding under such indebtedness and to exercise their remedies with respect to the collateral, including foreclosure and sale of the real estate interests securing the loans. If any one of these events were to occur, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
Secured debt obligations, including those under the Series 2021 Bonds, expose us to the possibility of defaults and cross-defaults, as well as foreclosure, which could result in the loss of our investment in a property or group of properties subject to mortgage debt.
Each constructed and in-construction facility in our portfolio is subject to secured indebtedness under the Series 2021 Bonds. Secured debt obligations increase the risk of property losses because defaults on indebtedness secured by properties may result in foreclosure actions initiated by holders of the Series 2021 Bonds, its trustee, or other lenders and ultimately our loss of the property securing any loans for which it is in default. As described above, our current tenant leases do not extend past the maturity date of the Series 2021 Bonds, and as a result we will be required to re-lease hangars as vacancies arise in order to continue to generate revenue to meet our debt service obligations under the Series 2021 Bonds. If any of our facilities are foreclosed upon due to a default, it could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.
In addition, the agreements that govern our current indebtedness contain, and the agreements that may govern any future indebtedness that we may incur may contain, financial and other restrictive covenants, which may limit our ability to engage in activities that may be in our long-term best interests. Our failure to comply with those covenants could result in an event of default that, if not cured or waived, could result in the acceleration of our debt and loss of any collateral securing such debt.
Our growth will depend on our access to external sources of capital, and our ability to obtain financing or access capital markets may be limited.
Our growth will depend on external sources of capital in order to finance the development of new properties. We may not be able to obtain such financing on favorable terms, in the time period we desire, or at all. There are a number of factors that may limit our ability to raise financing or access capital markets in the future, including future debt and future contractual obligations, our liquidity and credit status, our operating cash flows, the trading price of our Class A Common Stock, the market conditions in the aviation and/or real estate industries, U.S. and global economic conditions, and the general state of the capital markets. We cannot assure you that we will be able to source external financing for our capital needs, and if we are unable to source financing on acceptable terms or at all, our business could be materially adversely affected. If we cannot obtain capital from third-party sources, we may not be able to grow our business when strategic opportunities exist, meet the capital and operating needs of our existing properties or satisfy our debt service obligations. To the extent we finance our activities with additional debt, we may become subject to financial and other covenants that may restrict our ability to pursue our business strategy or otherwise constrain our growth and operations.
Increases in market interest rates or unavailability of additional indebtedness may make it difficult for us to finance or refinance our debt, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.
We expect to issue additional debt to finance future site developments and higher interest rates would impact our overall economic performance. In addition, we are subject to credit spreads demanded by fixed income investors. As a non-rated issuer, increases in general of credit spreads in the market, or for us, may result in a higher cost of borrowing in the future particularly if interest rates remain at elevated levels as compared to when we issued our debt that is currently outstanding. If additional indebtedness is unavailable to us at reasonable rates or at all, we may not be able to finance additional projects or refinance existing debt when it becomes due. If interest rates are higher when we refinance our debt, our income and cash flow could be reduced as a result of increased debt service requirements, which may hinder our ability to raise more capital by issuing more stock or by borrowing money. Our ability to successfully issue any additional debt will depend on a range of factors, including general economic conditions, the level of activity in capital markets generally, and the terms of our existing indebtedness then in effect.
Adverse economic and geopolitical conditions and dislocations in the credit markets could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, and ability to service our debt and ground lease obligations.
Our business has been, and may in the future be, affected by market and economic challenges experienced by the U.S. economy or the real estate industry as a whole, increased inflation and rising interest rates. Such conditions may materially and adversely affect us as a result of the following potential consequences, among others:
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a decreased demand for private airport hangar space, which would cause our rental rates to be negatively impacted;
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our ability to obtain financing on terms and conditions that we find acceptable, or at all, may be limited, which could reduce our ability to pursue new ground leases and development sites; and
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declines in the financial condition of our tenants could make it more difficult to collect rental revenue from them.
If the U.S. economy experiences an economic downturn, we may experience delays in leasing vacant sites, which could negatively impact our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, and ability to service our debt obligations. Furthermore, our ability to grow and lease new sites will be inhibited.
An epidemic, pandemic or contagious disease, such as COVID-19, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
We face risks related to an epidemic, pandemic or contagious disease, such as COVID-19, which have impacted, and in the future could impact, the markets in which we operate and could materially and negatively impact our business and results of operations. The impact of such events and measures to prevent the spread of such an event could materially and adversely affect our business in a number of ways. For example, reductions in passenger volumes and flights, as well as by the broader economic shutdown resulting from an epidemic, pandemic or contagious disease could materially and negatively impact our business and results of operations.
The demand for private air travel that increased during the pandemic may decrease, which may result in decreased demand for private airport hangar space and could materially and negatively impact our business and results of operations.
We have in the past and may again in the future be required to record impairment charges to future earnings if our long-lived assets become impaired.
Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) require us to assess our long-lived assets for impairment at least annually. In addition, we assess our long-lived assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. Depending on the results of our review, we could be required to record a significant charge to earnings in our consolidated financial statements during the period in which any impairment of our long-lived assets were determined, negatively impacting our results of operations. For example, in June 2022, the Company evaluated the development progress related to its smart hangar app. In connection with this evaluation, the Company recognized an impairment loss of approximately $0.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. See “Note 7 - Long-lived assets” in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding our 2022 impairment of long-lived assets.
The industry in which we operate is subject to significant competition and our failure to effectively compete could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
The hangar space rental segment of the aviation services industry in which we operate is very competitive. We compete with national, regional and local FBO and other hangar real estate companies. Competitor aircraft hangar operators at an airport compete based on various factors, including location of their facilities relative to runways and street access, service, value added features, reliability, and price. Our home basing hangar campuses compete with one or more hangar operators at their respective airports and with operators at nearby airports. Furthermore, ground leases related to home basing hangar campus and FBO operations may be subject to competitive bidding at the end of their term.
Our competitors may include hangar operators currently operating at certain airports, as well as possible entrants into our market due to new entrants, consolidation, merger, modification of airport master plans, or any other number of factors. These entrants may have additional financial or other resources and/or lower cost structures than us. Other competitors have been in business longer than us. Having greater financial resources may make it easier for these competitors to absorb higher construction costs and other increases in expenses. This could impact our business and results of operations.
Our home basing hangar campuses do not have the right to be the sole provider of services at any airport. Furthermore, despite limited space for further development at certain airports, existing competitors with FBO facilities located at our current or future airports could expand their hangar facilities and additional operators of home basing hangar campuses could begin operations at such airports. Competitors might seek acquisitions in regions and markets competitive to us. Given the variety of factors that impact competitiveness within the home basing hangar campus industry, we can give no assurance that we will be able to successfully compete, which could, in turn, result in a decline in the trading price of our securities.
The growth and success of our business is subject to our ability to market, attract, and retain tenants.
Our future success depends upon our ability to attract and retain tenants for hangars at our home basing hangar campuses. The extent to which we achieve growth in our customer base materially influences our business and results of operation. Any number of factors could affect our ability to grow our customer base, including tenant preferences for hangar space and related services, including size and location of the hangar, as well as general economic conditions. The level and volatility of fuel prices may also impact the general aviation industry and our ability to attract and retain tenants. In addition, our ability to attract and retain customers may be dependent on other factors outside of our control, including the future trend of private aircraft sizes, the availability of alternative hangars, including size, location and/or services provided, as well as the external perception of us. Any significant decline in our customer base, or in our rate of growth, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations, which could, in turn, result in a decline in the trading price of our securities.
Our rental revenue is concentrated within a small number of tenants and the loss of or default by one or more significant tenants could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, our two largest tenants contributed 30% of our revenues. Both of these tenants have ongoing leases with us that expire in December 2026 and November 2025, respectively (assuming no exercise of tenant option extensions). If any of our most significant tenants, currently or in the future, were to discontinue or otherwise reduce their use of our home basing hangar campuses or other services, our business and results of operation would be materially and adversely affected.
Our capital projects are subject to uncertainties, including the possibility of delays, cost overruns, and inflation, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operation and market reputation.
The estimated costs of, and the projected schedule for, our capital projects are subject to a number of uncertainties. Our ability to complete these projects within budgets and on expected schedules may be adversely affected by various factors including:
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estimating errors;
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design and engineering errors;
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cost increases because of demand for labor and materials;
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contractors’ difficulty in predicting costs over a lengthy construction period;
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the need to estimate costs of unbid project elements;
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changes to the scope of the projects;
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delays in contract awards;
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material and/or labor shortages;
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unforeseen site conditions;
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adverse weather conditions;
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contractor defaults and bankruptcy;
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labor disputes;
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unanticipated levels of inflation;
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litigation; and
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environmental issues.
Inflationary and supply chain pressures have previously led to increased construction materials costs, specifically associated with steel, concrete, and other materials. We believe we may continue to experience such pressures in future quarters, as well as delays in our subsidiaries’ and contractors’ ability to requisition such materials. These pressures have led to an overall increase in budgeted and actual construction costs, as well as delays in starting and completing certain of our development projects, particularly at our Centennial and Deer Valley Airport development projects. No assurance can be given that the costs of our projects will not exceed budgets or the guaranteed maximum price for such projects or that the completion will not be delayed beyond the projected completion dates. Any such cost overruns or delays could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or market reputation, which could, in turn, result in a decline in the market price of our Class A Common Stock.
The production of our hangar buildings is subject to design and construction defects, product liability, and other claims that could be significant and costly, which may delay our construction projects and could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
In May 2023, we acquired a controlling interest in a pre-engineered metal building manufacturer with the intention to design and manufacture our own hangar prototypes for our home basing hangar campuses. As a manufacturer of hangar buildings, we are subject to design and construction defects, product liability and other claims in the ordinary course of business. These defects and claims are common in the pre-engineered metal building industry and can be significant and costly to remediate, and may cause delays to our home basing hangar campus construction projects. For example, in December 2023, we engaged several structural engineering firms to perform an independent peer review of the hangar buildings designed for our DVT Phase I and APA Phase I development projects. The independent peer reviews determined that a significant design defect existed within our prototype hangar building designs that will require retrofitting to both meet and exceed our standards. The anticipated retrofitting efforts are also expected to be applied to ADS Phase I, and we project that the aggregate additional cost of such retrofits could total $26 to $28 million and require an additional three to five months of construction time for each project impacted. Future costs associated with our adherence to our standards and relevant local building codes could be significant, and may exceed our estimates of construction costs and timelines, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flows, or results of operations.
In addition, our acquisition of a controlling interest in a pre-engineered metal building manufacturer may in the future subject us to a variety of legal proceedings and legal compliance risks in respect to various issues, including product liability, regulatory, safety, environmental, employment, and intellectual property matters that arise in the ordinary course of its business and in its industry, including matters that may have existed prior to our acquisition and claims that have not been asserted. We and many of our subcontractors have general liability, property, workers compensation, professional, and other business insurance. This insurance is intended to protect us against a portion of our risk of loss from defects and claims, subject to certain deductibles and coverage limits. The availability of insurance for design and construction defects, and the scope of the coverage, are currently limited and the policies that can be obtained are costly and often include substantial exclusions. There can be no assurance that insurance coverage will be available for such defects and claims, or that such coverage will not be further restricted or become more costly.
Failure to adequately maintain our home basing hangar campuses or the integrity of our fuel supplies may have a material adverse impact on the revenue or market share of one or more of our home basing hangar campuses resulting in a decline in operations of the business.
Home basing hangar campuses and FBO operators compete, in part, based on the overall quality and attractiveness of their facilities. Inadequate maintenance of any of the hangars or other assets comprising our home basing hangar campuses could result in customers’ electing not to utilize us where another provider operates, or to elect not to use a particular airport where an alternative operator in the same market exists. The resulting decline in tenants or negative impact on our reputation could adversely impact revenue, including from more than one facility, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operation.
Aircraft owners and operators rely on home basing hangar campuses and FBO operators to control the quality of the fuel they provide. Failure to maintain the integrity of fuel supplies as a result of inadequate or inappropriate procedures or maintenance of fuel storage facilities, fuel trucks or related equipment on our part or our suppliers, including FBOs, could result in the introduction of contaminants and could lead to damage or failure of aircraft and could adversely impact the reputation, revenue, and/or profitability of our business.
The growth and success of our business is dependent on the continued service of certain key employees and the ability to recruit and retain new employees.
We are dependent on the continued availability of the services of our employees, many of whom are individually key to our current and future success, as well as the availability of new employees to implement our development plans. Because our management team and key employees are not obligated to provide us with continued service, they could terminate their employment with us at any time.
In addition, the market for employees is highly competitive, especially for employees in fields such as aviation and real estate. While our compensation programs are intended to attract and retain the employees required for us to be successful, ultimately, we may not be able to retain the services of all of our key employees or a sufficient number to execute our development plans. In addition, we may not be able to continue to attract new employees as required. In the event we are unable to attract and retain talent sufficient to support our development plans, our business and results of operations may be adversely affected.
We previously identified material a weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, which was recently remediated. We may identify additional material weaknesses in the future that may cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations or result in material misstatements of our financial statements. If we fail to remediate any material weaknesses or if we otherwise fail to establish and maintain effective control over financial reporting, our ability to accurately and timely report our financial results could be adversely affected.
As previously disclosed, we identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting in our internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2023 related to the classification of certain cash transactions made during the six months ended June 30, 2023 associated with the payment of construction retainage liabilities incurred and appropriately recognized during the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2022.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented, or detected and corrected on a timely basis. Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and prevent fraud. With oversight from the audit committee of the Board (the “Audit Committee”) and input from management, in order to remediate the material weakness in internal control over financial reporting related to the ineffective operation of controls related to manual adjustments to the statement of cash flows, the Company designed and implemented changes in processes and controls to remediate the material weakness described above and to enhance our internal control over financial reporting, including a control to review non-standard manual adjustments to the statement of cash flows in accordance with applicable accounting guidance, and the contemporaneous preparation and review of the statement of cash flows at greater levels of disaggregation, including lower-level reporting units. As of December 31, 2023, management has completed the implementation of our remediation efforts of the material weakness described above and has performed testing to evaluate the design and operating effectiveness of the controls. As a result, management has determined that our completed remediation activities are sufficient to allow them to conclude that the previously-reported material weakness related to the identification and classification of certain manual cash flow adjustments has been remediated as of December 31, 2023.
Although the material weakness has been remediated as of December 31, 2023, if we identify additional control deficiencies that individually or in the aggregate constitute one or more material weaknesses or we otherwise fail to maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting in the future, our ability to accurately record, process, and report financial information and consequently, our ability to prepare financial statements within required time periods, could be adversely affected, which may negatively impact the confidence level of our stockholders and other market participants as well as our ability to remain listed on the NYSE American. The discovery of additional material weaknesses could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial and other information, which would likely have a negative effect on the market price of our Class A Common Stock. Although we implemented additional controls and procedures to remediate the material weakness described above, in the future those controls and procedures may not be adequate to prevent or detect material misstatements in our interim or annual consolidated financial statements due to fraud or errors.
We conduct substantially all of our operations under ground leases, which grant significant rights to airport authorities as our direct or ultimate landlord. The termination for cause of one or more of the ground leases would affect our business and results of operations significantly.
We do not directly own the sites we develop and lease to tenants. Instead, we enter into ground leases at each site directly or indirectly (thru a sub-lessor) from airport authorities and other governmental agencies that regulate local airports. Airport authorities may choose not to renew a lease at all or to only renew the lease on terms that are unfavorable to us. In addition, airport authorities may require us to participate in a bidding process to renew a lease, which could require unanticipated capital spending and could divert management’s attention during the pendency of the process. The loss or modification of any of our airport ground leases could adversely impact our business and results of operations.
Because we do not directly own the sites we lease, we will not be able to liquidate real estate investments in order to meet liquidity needs.
Unlike other real estate companies that lease space to tenants, we do not directly own the sites we lease. Instead, the sites are subject to long-term ground leases with airport authorities. As a result, we will not be able to sell underlying real estate assets in order to meet liquidity requirements, including our debt service obligations, which could have a material and adverse impact on our liquidity position and ability to meet our obligations.
We may be unable to renew ground leases, lease vacant space or re-lease space as leases expire, or renewing existing leases may require significant concession, inducements and/or capital expenditures.
We cannot assure you that our airport ground leases will be renewed or that our hangars will be re-leased at rental rates equal to or above the current average rental rates or that we will not offer substantial concessions or below-market renewal options to attract new tenants or retain existing tenants.
If the rental rates for our hangar campuses decrease, or if our existing tenants do not renew their leases or we do not re-lease a significant portion of our available space and space for which leases will expire, our business and results of operations could be adversely affected. In order to attract and retain tenants, we may be required to make rent or other concessions to tenants, accommodate requests for renovations and other improvements or provide additional services to our tenants. Additionally, we may need to raise capital to make such expenditures. If we are unable to do so or if capital is otherwise unavailable, we may be unable to make the required expenditures. This could result in non-renewals by tenants upon expiration of their leases and/or an inability to attract new tenants, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operation.
Failure to succeed in new markets may have adverse consequences.
We intend to continue to develop properties across the United States. When we develop properties located in new geographic areas in the United States, we may face risks associated with a lack of market knowledge or understanding of the local market, including the availability and identity of quality tenants, forging new business relationships in the area, and developing an understanding of local government requirements and procedures. For example, we recently signed new ground leases at BDL, POU, and PWK, which represent our initial entries into the states of Connecticut, New York, and Illinois, respectively, and our first home basing hanger campuses in the broader Chicago and New York markets. Furthermore, the negotiation of a potential expansion into new markets may divert management time and other resources. As a result, we may have difficulties executing our business strategy in these new markets, which could have a negative impact on our business and results of operations.
Our business and results of operations will be dependent on tenants satisfying their obligations under tenant leases, which may be subject to default or termination.
We are subject to tenant credit risk. Our home basing hangars are generally leased to single or multi hangar tenants, and certain of our tenants constitute a significant percentage of our revenues. Therefore, the financial failure of, or other default by, a single tenant under its lease is likely to cause a significant or complete reduction in the operating cash flow generated by the property leased to that tenant. For instance, any of our tenants could experience a downturn in their businesses, which may weaken their financial condition and liquidity and result in their failure to make timely payments to us or otherwise default under their contracts.
If a tenant defaults under its lease, we may be forced to pursue alternative arrangements with those tenants in order to recover amounts due under the leases or pursue litigation in order to collect payments from tenants who are unable make their lease payments as they come due. We can provide no assurance that we will be able to collect the full amount due under a particular lease if we are forced to pursue alternative payment arrangements or litigation with any of our tenants. If the tenant represents a significant portion of our rental revenues, the impact on our business and results of operations would be material if it impacts the company’s ability to pay ground lease rent payments on a timely basis.
If a bankrupt tenant rejects a lease with us, any claim we might have for breach of the lease, excluding a claim against collateral securing the lease, would be treated as a general unsecured claim. In the event of a tenant’s default under its lease or its rejection of the lease in bankruptcy proceedings, we may be unable to locate a replacement tenant in a timely manner or on comparable or better terms. As a result, our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
Our business and results of operations may be materially adversely affected by a default under a ground lease or the bankruptcy of a subsidiary.
We are a holding company with no independent operations and, as such, will be dependent upon the operations of our subsidiaries. Our subsidiaries’ operations rely upon the authority granted under certain ground leases to operate project sites. Each operating subsidiary with bond debt is structured as a special purpose entity. In the event of the bankruptcy of one or more of these subsidiaries, delays in the payment of rent, fees or loan payments may occur under the automatic stay provisions of the United States Bankruptcy Code. Moreover, a subsidiary debtor as lessee or a trustee in bankruptcy may reject a ground lease altogether, thereby extinguishing the respective subsidiary’s duty to pay rent and its right to use the leased property. In addition, a subsidiary lessee may fail to make rental or fee payments when due to the respective airport landlord, regardless of its financial situation. Such bankruptcy or default of a subsidiary lessee could result in the loss of the leased property, which is critical to the operation of our business. A loss of any leased property could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
To the extent a ground lease constitutes a “true lease,” a subsidiary that has executed its applicable ground lease, or other executory contract, with an airport landlord and seeks protection under the U.S. bankruptcy laws must, subject to the bankruptcy court’s approval, assume or reject (a) its ground lease within 120 days after the bankruptcy filing (subject to court approval, a one-time 90-day extension is allowed (further extensions are subject to the consent of the relevant airport landlords)), and (b) its other executory contracts with the airport landlord no later than the confirmation of a plan of reorganization.
In the event of assumption and/or assumption and assignment of any executory contract with a third party, the subsidiary would be required to cure any pre- and post-petition monetary defaults and provide adequate assurance of future performance under the ground lease or other applicable agreements.
Rejection of a ground lease or other executory contract, in general, is treated as a pre-petition breach of contract. Subject to certain exceptions, this rejection relieves the subsidiary of performing future obligations under the contract, but will give rise to the tenant’s loss of use of the leased property and a pre-petition general unsecured claim of the airport landlord for rejection damages, the amount of which in the case of a ground lease or other agreement is limited by the United States Bankruptcy Code generally to any amounts due and payable prior to the bankruptcy plus the greater of (a) the rent reserved by such lease, without acceleration, for one year of rent; or (b) 15% of the total remaining rent payments, not to exceed three years. However, the amount ultimately received in the event of a rejection of a ground lease or other agreement could be considerably less than the maximum amounts allowed under the United States Bankruptcy Code. In addition, payments made by a subsidiary in bankruptcy within 90 days of filing a bankruptcy case could be deemed to be an “avoidable preference” under the United States Bankruptcy Code and thus subject to recapture by the debtor-in-possession or its trustee in bankruptcy. In general, risks associated with bankruptcy include risks of substantial delay in payment or of non-payment and the risk that the airport landlord may not be able to enforce any of its remedies under the agreements with a bankrupt borrower.
During the pendency of a bankruptcy proceeding, a debtor subsidiary may not, absent a court order, make any payments to the airport landlord or to us on account of goods and services provided prior to the bankruptcy. Thus, the airport landlord or our stream of payments from a debtor subsidiary would be interrupted to the extent of pre-petition goods and services, including accrued loan and lease payments, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operation.
In addition, with respect to tenant leases, under current bankruptcy law, in the event of a bankruptcy of such tenant, the tenant can generally assume or reject a lease within a certain number of days of filing its bankruptcy petition. If a tenant rejects the lease, our damages as a landlord, subject to availability of funds from the bankruptcy estate, are generally limited to the greater of (1) one year’s rent and (2) the rent for 15% of the remaining term of the lease, not to exceed three years. Any such event could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
The lack of accurate and reliable industry data can result in unfavorable strategic planning, mergers and acquisitions, and macro pricing decisions.
We use industry and airport-specific general aviation traffic data published by the FAA, as well as data from private sources, to identify trends in the aircraft hangar industry. We also use this data as an input to decision-making, including in strategic planning and pricing matters. Both the public and private data, however, has several limitations and challenges. As a result, the use of such data may result in decisions in strategic planning or pricing that are incorrect or inefficient, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operation.
We are subject to extensive governmental regulations that could require significant expenditures. Regulators, such as the TSA, have and may again consider regulations that could impair the relative convenience of general aviation and adversely affect demand for our services.
We are subject to extensive regulatory requirements and compliance with those requirements could result in significant costs. For example, the FAA, from time to time, issues directives and other regulations relating to the management, maintenance, and operation of airport facilities. Compliance with those requirements may cause us to incur significant expenditures.
In addition, the proposal and enactment of additional laws and regulations, including by the TSA, as well as any failure to comply with such laws and regulations, could significantly increase the cost of our operations and reduce overall revenue. Moreover, certain new regulations, if implemented, could decrease the convenience and attractiveness of general aviation travel relative to commercial air travel and may adversely impact demand for our services.
Compliance or failure to comply with the ADA and other regulations could result in substantial costs.
Under the ADA, places of public accommodation must meet certain federal requirements related to access and use by disabled persons. Noncompliance with these requirements could result in additional costs to attain compliance, the imposition of fines by the federal government or the award of damages or attorney’s fees to private litigants. If we are required to make unanticipated expenditures to comply with the ADA or other regulations, including removing access barriers, then our business and results of operations may be adversely affected.
Potential limitation of tax-exemption of interest on private activity bonds could impact the debt funding of Sky for future projects or significantly increase our cost.
From time to time, the President of the United States, the United States Congress and/or state legislatures have proposed and could propose in the future, legislation that, if enacted, could cause interest on private activity bonds to be subject, directly or indirectly, to federal income taxation or to be subject to state income taxation. Clarifications of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (the “Code”), as amended, or court decisions may also cause interest on private activity bonds to be subject, directly or indirectly, to federal income taxation or to be subject to state income taxation. The introduction or enactment of any such legislative proposals or any clarification of the Code or court decisions may also affect the market price for, or marketability of, private activity bonds. We expect to issue private activity bonds in the future to partially fund our expansion of hangar campuses at new airport sites. Lack of access to private activity bonds due to change in law or market access would have an increase in the cost of our debt and our future financial results.
Uninsured losses or a loss in excess of insured limits could adversely affect our business and results of operations.
We carry comprehensive liability, fire, property damage, and business interruption insurance on our home basing hangar campuses, with policy specifications and insured limits that we believe are customary for similar properties. An unanticipated number of claims under the insurance policy or policies, however, could result in payment of unanticipated deductibles and increased premiums, which could result in a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
As with all real estate, if reconstruction (for example, following fire or other casualty) or any major repair or improvement is required to the damaged property, changes in laws and governmental regulations may be applicable and may materially affect the cost to, or ability of, us to affect such reconstruction, major repair or improvement. In addition, there can be no assurance that the amount of insurance required or provided would be sufficient to cover damages caused by any casualty, or that such insurance will be commercially available in the future.
There can also be no assurance that any loss incurred will be of a type covered by such insurance and will not exceed the limits of such insurance. For instance, there are certain types of losses, such as losses resulting from wars, terrorism or certain acts of God, that generally are not insured because they are either uninsurable or not economically insurable. Should an uninsured loss or a loss in excess of insured limits occur, we could suffer disruption of rental income, potentially for an extended period of time, while remaining responsible for any financial obligations relating to the applicable home basing hangar campus, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
A major health or safety incident could adversely affect our business and results of operations and could be costly in terms of reputational damage.
Construction sites and airports are inherently dangerous, and operating in the aviation infrastructure industry poses certain inherent health and safety risks. Due to health and safety regulatory requirements and the number of home basing hangar campus sites we intend to construct and operate, health and safety performance is critical to the success of all areas of our business.
Any failure in health and safety performance may result in penalties for non-compliance with relevant regulatory requirements or litigation, and a failure that results in a major or significant health and safety incident is likely to be costly in terms of potential liabilities incurred as a result. Such a failure could generate significant negative publicity and have a corresponding impact on our reputation and our relationships with relevant regulatory agencies, governmental authorities, and local communities, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations.
We may not be able to rebuild our properties to their existing specifications if we experience a substantial or comprehensive loss of such properties.
In the event that we experience a substantial or comprehensive loss of one of our properties, we may not be able to rebuild such property to its existing specifications. Further, reconstruction or improvement of such a property may require significant upgrades to meet zoning and building code requirements. Environmental and legal restrictions could also restrict the rebuilding of properties.
Our properties are subject to environmental risks that may impact our future profitability.
Our properties are subject to numerous statutes, rules and regulations relating to environmental protection and we are exposed to various environmental risk and hazards, including the environmental protection requirements related to the storage and handling of jet fuel and compliance with firefighting regulations. Materialization of these risks could result in substantial losses including personal injury, loss of life, damage or destruction of property and equipment, and environmental damage. Any losses we face could be greater than insurance levels maintained by us and could have an adverse effect on us and our business and results of operations. We also could be subject to fines and penalties for violation of applicable environmental regulations, which could be substantial. In addition, disruptions to physical assets could reduce our ability to serve customers and adversely affect future rentals, services and cash flows.
Failure to comply with regulations or other claims may interrupt operations and result in civil or criminal penalties, significant unexpected compliance costs and liabilities that could adversely affect the profitability of our business. These rules and regulations are subject to change, and compliance with any changes could result in a restriction of the activities of our business, significant capital expenditures, and/or increased ongoing operating costs.
We may also be required to address other prior or future environmental contamination, including soil and groundwater contamination that results from the spillage of fuel, hazardous materials, or other pollutants. Any past contamination of the properties could result in remediation obligations, personal injury, property damage, environmental damage, or similar claims by third parties.
Under various federal, state, and local environmental statutes, rules and regulations, a current or previous owner or operator of real property may be liable for noncompliance with applicable environmental and health and safety requirements and for the costs of investigation, monitoring, removal or remediation of hazardous materials. These laws often impose liability, whether the current owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of hazardous materials. Persons who arrange for the disposal or treatment of hazardous materials may also be liable for the costs of removal or remediation of those materials at the disposal or treatment facility, whether or not that facility is or ever was owned or operated by that person and whether or not the original disposal or treatment activity accorded with all regulatory requirements. The presence of hazardous materials on a property could result in personal injury, loss of life, damage or destruction of property and equipment, environmental damage and/or claims by third parties that could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
We are exposed to the potential impacts of future climate change and climate change-related risks.
Our properties may be exposed to rare catastrophic weather events, such as severe storms, floods or wildfires. We cannot predict the rate at which climate change will progress. However, if the frequency of extreme weather events increases due to climate change, our exposure to these events could increase. For example, some of our properties are located in Florida and Texas and are situated in geographic areas that are periodically impacted by severe weather conditions such as hurricanes, flooding, and tornadoes. The occurrence of these or other natural disasters could cause delays in the completion of our development projects or could adversely impact the ongoing operations at our home basing hangar campuses.
In addition, in connection with any development project, we may be harmed by potential changes to the supply chain or stricter energy efficiency standards for industrial buildings. To the extent climate change causes shifts in weather patterns, our markets could experience negative consequences, including declining demand for hangar space and an inability to operate our hangar campuses. Climate change may also have indirect negative effects on our business by increasing the cost of, or decreasing the availability of, property insurance on terms we find acceptable and increasing the cost of, among other things, energy, aircraft fuel and building materials.
In addition, compliance with new laws or regulations relating to climate change, including compliance with “green” building codes, may require us to make improvements to our existing properties or result in increased operating costs that we may not be able to effectively pass on to our tenants. Any such laws or regulations could also impose substantial costs on our tenants, thereby impacting the financial condition of our tenants and their ability to meet their lease obligations.
Cybersecurity risks and cyber incidents may adversely affect our business by causing a disruption to our operations, a compromise or corruption of our confidential information, misappropriation of assets and/or damage to our business relationships, all of which could negatively impact our business and results of operations.
Cyber incidents may result in disrupted operations, misstated or unreliable financial data, liability for stolen assets or information, increased cybersecurity protection and insurance costs and litigation and damage to our tenants. As our reliance on technology has increased, so have the risks posed to our information systems, both internal and those we have outsourced. Any processes, procedures, and internal controls that we implement, as well as our increased awareness of the nature and extent of a risk of a cyber-related incident, do not guarantee that our financial results, operations, business relationships, confidential information or market price of our Class A Common Stock will not be negatively impacted by such an incident.
Insider or employee cyber and security threats are increasingly a concern for all companies, including us. In addition, social engineering and phishing are a particular concern for companies with employees. As a landlord, we are also susceptible to cyber-attacks on our tenants and their payment information. We are continuously working to deploy information technology systems and to provide employee awareness training around phishing, malware and other cyber risks to ensure that we are protected against cyber risks and security breaches. Such technology and training, however, may not be sufficient to protect us and our tenants from all risks.
As a smaller company, we use third-party vendors to assist us with our network and information technology requirements. While we carefully select these third-party vendors, we cannot control their actions. Any problems caused by these third parties, including those resulting from breakdowns or other disruptions in communication services provided by a vendor, failure of a vendor to handle current or higher volumes, cyber-attacks and security breaches at a vendor could adversely affect our business and results of operations.
We may not be able to adequately address these additional risks. If we were unable to do so, our operations might suffer, which may adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.
Risks Relating to Our Organization and Structure
We are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the NYSE American listing standards and, as a result, qualify for, and rely on, exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements. You do not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to such requirements.
We qualify as a “controlled company” within the meaning of the corporate governance standards of the NYSE American. Under these rules, a listed company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group or another company is a “controlled company” and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including the requirement that (i) a majority of our Board consist of independent directors, (ii) our compensation committee consist entirely of independent directors and (iii) our director nominees be selected or recommended to our Board by our independent directors.
We rely on certain of these exemptions. As a result, we do not have a compensation committee consisting entirely of independent directors and our directors are not nominated or selected solely by our independent directors. We may also rely on the other exemptions so long as we qualify as a controlled company. To the extent we rely on any of these exemptions, holders of Class A Common Stock will not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of the NYSE American.
The Existing Sky Equityholders control the direction of our business, and the concentrated ownership of Common Stock prevent you and other stockholders from influencing significant decisions.
In connection with the Yellowstone Transaction, the Company, each of Tal Keinan, Due West Partners LLC and Center Sky Harbour LLC (collectively, “the Existing Sky Equityholders”), and the Sponsor (collectively the “Stockholder Parties”) entered into a stockholders’ agreement (the “Stockholders’ Agreement”). Pursuant to the terms of the Stockholders’ Agreement, each of the parties thereto are required to take all necessary action to cause the specified designees of the Existing Sky Equityholders to be nominated to serve on our Board, and each of the holders are required, among other things, to vote all of the Company's securities held by such party in a manner necessary to elect the individuals designated by such holders. For so long as these parties hold a majority of Common Stock, they will be able to control the composition of our Board, which in turn will be able to control all matters affecting us, subject to the terms of the Stockholders’ Agreement, including:
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any determination with respect to our business direction and policies, including the appointment and removal of officers and, in the event of a vacancy on our Board, additional or replacement directors;
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any determinations with respect to mergers, business combinations or disposition of assets;
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determination of our management policies;
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our financing policy;
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our compensation and benefit programs and other human resources policy decisions; and
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the payment of dividends on Common Stock.
Because the interests of these stockholders may differ from our interests or the interests of our other stockholders, actions that these stockholders take with respect to us may not be favorable to us or our other stockholders.
Provisions in our Bylaws and Delaware law may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors and officers.
Our Bylaws provide that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, and unless we provide notice in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of us, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, employees or agents to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL, the Certificate of Incorporation or our Bylaws or as to which the DGCL confers jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware or (iv) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine, in each such case subject to such Court of Chancery having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named as defendants therein. Our Bylaws further provide that the federal district courts of the United States are the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. There is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce such a provision relating to causes of action arising under the Securities Act, and investors cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. The clauses described above do not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. Although we believe these provisions benefit us by providing increased consistency in the application of Delaware law in the types of lawsuits to which it applies, a court may determine that this provision is unenforceable, and to the extent it is enforceable, the provision may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors and officers, although our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.
We qualify as an “emerging growth company” within the meaning of the Securities Act, and we take advantage of certain exemptions from disclosure requirements available to emerging growth companies, and as such, it could make our securities less attractive to investors and may make it more difficult to compare our performance to the performance of other public companies.
We qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in Section 2(a)(19) of the Securities Act, as modified by the Jumpstart our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”). As such, we are eligible for and we take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies for as long as it continues to be an emerging growth company, including, but not limited to, (i) not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, (ii) reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and (iii) exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. As a result, our stockholders may not have access to certain information they may deem important. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (i) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the completion of the Yellowstone Transaction, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion, or (c) in which we are is deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our Common Stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the prior June 30th, and (ii) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three year period. We cannot predict whether investors will find our securities less attractive because it will rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our securities less attractive as a result of its reliance on these exemptions, the trading prices of our securities may be lower than they otherwise would be, there may be a less active trading market for our securities and the trading prices of our securities may be more volatile.
Because members of our senior management team hold most or all of their economic interest in Sky through other entities, conflicts of interest may arise between them and holders of shares of Class A Common Stock or us.
Because members of our senior management team hold most or all of their economic interest in Sky directly through holding companies, they may have interests that do not align with, or conflict with, those of the holders of our Class A Common Stock or with us. For example, members of our senior management team may have different tax positions from those of the Company and/or holders of Class A Common Stock, which could influence their decisions regarding whether and when to enter into certain transactions or dispose of assets, whether and when to incur new or refinance existing indebtedness, and whether and when we should terminate the Tax Receivable Agreement and accelerate the obligations thereunder. In addition, the structuring of future transactions and investments may take into consideration the members’ tax considerations even where no similar benefit would accrue to the Company.
The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources and divert management’s attention.
As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the listing requirements of the NYSE American and other applicable securities rules and regulations. Compliance with these rules and regulations increase our legal and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly and increase demand on our systems and resources, particularly after we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. In order to maintain and, if required, improve our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting to meet this standard, significant resources and management oversight may be required. As a result, management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns, which could adversely affect our business and operating results. We may need to hire more employees in the future or engage outside consultants to comply with these requirements, which will increase our costs and expenses.
Risks Relating to Tax
Our only principal asset is our interest in Sky, and accordingly we will depend on distributions from Sky to pay dividends, taxes, other expenses, and make any payments required to be made by us under the Tax Receivable Agreement.
We are a holding company and have no material assets other than our ownership of Sky Common Units. We are not expected to have independent means of generating revenue or cash flow, and our ability to pay our taxes, operating expenses, and pay any dividends in the future will be dependent upon the financial results and cash flows of Sky. There can be no assurance that Sky will generate sufficient cash flow to distribute funds to us or that applicable state law and contractual restrictions, including negative covenants under debt instruments will permit such distributions. If Sky does not distribute sufficient funds to us to pay our taxes or other liabilities, we may default on contractual obligations or have to borrow additional funds. In the event that we are required to borrow additional funds, it could adversely affect our liquidity and subject us to additional restrictions imposed by lenders.
Sky is treated as partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes and, as such, generally is not subject to any entity-level U.S. federal income tax. Instead, taxable income will be allocated, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, to the holders Sky Common Units. Under the terms of the third amended and restated Operating Agreement (the “ A&R Operating Agreement”), Sky is obligated to make pro rata tax distributions to holders of Sky Common Units calculated at certain assumed rates. In addition to tax expenses, we will also incur expenses related to our operations, including payment obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement, which could be significant and some of which will be reimbursed by Sky (excluding payment obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement). For so long as we are Managing Member (as defined in the A&R Operating Agreement) of Sky, we intend to cause Sky to make ordinary distributions and tax distributions to the holders of Sky Common Units on a pro rata basis in amounts sufficient to enable us to cover all applicable taxes, relevant operating expenses, payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement and dividends, if any, declared by us. However, Sky’s ability to make such distributions may be subject to various limitations and restrictions, including, but not limited to, retention of amounts necessary to satisfy the obligations of Sky and its subsidiaries and restrictions on distributions that would violate any applicable restrictions contained in Sky’s debt agreements, or any applicable law, or that would have the effect of rendering Sky insolvent. To the extent we are unable to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement for any reason, such payments will be deferred and will accrue interest until paid. Additionally, nonpayment for a specified period and/or under certain circumstances may constitute a material breach of a material obligation under the Tax Receivable Agreement and therefore accelerate payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement, which could be substantial.
We anticipate that the distributions received from Sky may, in certain periods, exceed our actual tax liabilities and obligations to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement. The Board, in its sole discretion, will make any determination from time to time with respect to the use of any such excess cash so accumulated, which may include, among other uses, to pay dividends on our Class A Common Stock. We will have no obligation to distribute such cash (or other available cash other than any declared dividend) to our stockholders.
The Tax Receivable Agreement requires us to make cash payments to the TRA Holders in respect of certain tax benefits and such payments may be substantial. In certain cases, payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement may (i) exceed any actual tax benefits the Tax Group realizes or (ii) be accelerated.
Following closing of the Yellowstone Transaction, we, Sky, the Existing Sky Equityholders and Tal Keinan (in the capacity of “TRA Holder Representative”) entered into the Tax Receivable Agreement. Pursuant to the Tax Receivable Agreement, we are generally required to pay the TRA Holders 85% of the amount of savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state, local, and foreign taxes that are based on, or measured with respect to, net income or profits, and any interest related thereto that the Tax Group (i.e., the Company and applicable consolidated, unitary, or combined Subsidiaries) realizes, or is deemed to realize, as a result of certain Tax Attributes, which include:
●
existing tax basis in certain assets of Sky and certain of its direct or indirect Subsidiaries, including assets that will eventually be subject to depreciation or amortization, once placed in service, attributable to Sky Common Units acquired by the Company from a TRA Holder, as determined at the time of the relevant acquisition;
●
tax basis adjustments resulting from taxable exchanges of Sky Common Units (including any such adjustments resulting from certain payments made by the Company under the Tax Receivable Agreement) acquired by the Company from a TRA Holder pursuant to the terms of the A&R Operating Agreement; and
●
tax deductions in respect of portions of certain payments made under the Tax Receivable Agreement.
Payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement generally will be based on the tax reporting positions that we determine (with the amount of subject payments determined in consultation with an advisory firm and subject to the TRA Holder Representative’s review and consent), and the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) or another taxing authority may challenge all or any part of a position taken with respect to tax attributes or the utilization thereof, as well as other tax positions that we take, and a court may sustain such a challenge. In the event that any tax attributes initially claimed or utilized by the tax group are disallowed, the TRA Holders will not be required to reimburse us for any excess payments that may previously have been made pursuant to the Tax Receivable Agreement, for example, due to adjustments resulting from examinations by taxing authorities. Rather, any excess payments made to such TRA Holders will be applied against and reduce any future cash payments otherwise required to be made by us to the applicable TRA Holders under the Tax Receivable Agreement, after the determination of such excess. However, a challenge to any tax attributes initially claimed or utilized by the tax group may not arise for a number of years following the initial time of such payment and, even if challenged earlier, such excess cash payment may be greater than the amount of future cash payments that we might otherwise be required to make under the terms of the Tax Receivable Agreement. As a result, there might not be future cash payments against which such excess can be applied and we could be required to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement in excess of the tax group’s actual savings in respect of the tax attributes.
Moreover, the Tax Receivable Agreement will provide that, in certain early termination events, we will be required to make a lump-sum cash payment to all the TRA Holders equal to the present value of all forecasted future payments that would have otherwise been made under the Tax Receivable Agreement. The lump-sum payment would be based on certain assumptions, including those relating to there being sufficient future taxable income of the tax group to fully utilize the tax attributes over certain specified time periods and that all Sky Common Units that had not yet been exchanged for Class A Common Stock or cash are deemed exchanged for cash. The lump-sum payment could be material and could materially exceed any actual tax benefits that the tax group realizes subsequent to such payment.
Payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement will be our obligations and not obligations of Sky. Any actual increase in our allocable share of Sky and its relevant subsidiaries’ tax basis in relevant assets, as well as the amount and timing of any payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement, will vary depending upon a number of factors, including the timing of exchanges, the market price of the Class A Common Stock at the time of an exchange of Sky Common Units by a TRA Holder pursuant to the terms of the A&R Operating Agreement and the amount and timing of the recognition of the Tax Group’s income for applicable tax purposes. While many of the factors that will determine the amount of payments that we will be required to make under the Tax Receivable Agreement are outside of our control, we expect that the aggregate payments we will be required to make under the Tax Receivable Agreement could be substantial and, if those payments substantially exceed the tax benefit we realize in a given year or in the aggregate, could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, which may be material.
Any payments made by us under the Tax Receivable Agreement will generally reduce the amount of overall cash flow that might have otherwise been available to us. To the extent that we are unable to make timely payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement for any reason, the unpaid amounts will be deferred and will accrue interest until paid. Additionally, nonpayment for a specified period and/or under certain circumstances may constitute a material breach of a material obligation under the Tax Receivable Agreement and therefore accelerate payments due under the Tax Receivable Agreement. Furthermore, our future obligation to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement could make us a less attractive target for an acquisition, particularly in the case of an acquirer that cannot use some or all of the Tax Attributes that may be deemed realized under the Tax Receivable Agreement.
We could be adversely affected by changes in applicable tax laws, regulations, or administrative interpretations thereof in the United States or other jurisdictions.
We could also be adversely affected by changes in applicable tax laws, regulations, or administrative interpretations thereof in the United States or other jurisdictions and changes in tax law could reduce our after-tax income and adversely affect our business and financial condition. For example, the U.S. federal tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”), enacted in December 2017, resulted in fundamental changes to the Code. These changes included, among many other things, a reduction to the federal corporate income tax rate, a partial limitation on the deductibility of business interest expense, a limitation on the deductibility of certain director and officer compensation expense, limitations on net operating loss carrybacks and carryovers and changes relating to the scope and timing of U.S. taxation on earnings from international business operations. Subsequent legislation, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) enacted on March 27, 2020, relaxed certain of the limitations imposed by the Tax Act for certain taxable years, including the limitation on the use and carryback of net operating losses and the limitation on the deductibility of business interest expense. The exact impact of the Tax Act and the CARES Act for future years is difficult to quantify, but these changes could materially affect the Company, Sky, or our respective subsidiaries. In addition, other changes could be enacted in the future to increase the corporate tax rate, limit further the deductibility of interest, or effect other changes that could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition. Such changes could also include increases in state taxes and other changes to state tax laws to replenish state and local government finances depleted by costs attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic and the reduction in tax revenues due to the accompanying economic downturn.
More recently, the United States government has recently enacted the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 which, among other things, significantly changes the taxation of business entities including by imposing a minimum tax equal to fifteen percent of the adjusted financial statement income of certain corporations as well as a one percent excise tax on share buybacks, effective for tax years beginning in 2023. When effective, it is possible that the minimum tax could result in an additional tax liability over the regular federal corporate tax liability in a given year based on differences between book and taxable income (including as a result of temporary differences). The resulting tax liability could adversely impact the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operation and liquidity. The excise tax on share buybacks is currently not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s tax liability.
In addition, our effective tax rate and tax liability are based on the application of current income tax laws, regulations and treaties. These laws, regulations and treaties are complex and often open to interpretation. In the future, the tax authorities could challenge our interpretation of laws, regulations and treaties, resulting in additional tax liability or adjustment to our income tax provision that could increase our effective tax rate. Changes to tax laws may also adversely affect our ability to attract and retain key personnel.
Risks Relating to Our Common Stock and Warrants
The market price of Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants has been and may continue to be extremely volatile, which could cause purchasers of our securities to incur substantial losses.
The market prices and trading volume that our shares of Class A Common Stock have recently experienced, and may continue to experience, extreme volatility, which could cause purchasers of our Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants to incur substantial losses. Since the closing of the Yellowstone Transaction, our Class A Common Stock has traded as low as $2.50 and as high as $43.41 through December 31, 2023. In addition, the volume of trading of our Class A Common Stock has been inconsistent. For example, on February 24, 2023 our Class A Common Stock had trading volume of 3,300 shares and on February 28, 2023 our Class A Common Stock had trading volume of 1,546,800 shares. Our Public Warrants have not traded in tandem with our Class A Common Stock, and since the closing of the Yellowstone Transaction have traded within a range of $0.17 to $2.75 through December 31, 2023.
We believe that the recent volatility and our current market prices reflect market and trading dynamics unrelated to our underlying business, or macro or industry fundamentals, and we do not know how long these dynamics will last. Under the circumstances, investors in our Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants are subject to the risk of losing all or a substantial portion of their investment.
Extreme fluctuations in the market price of our Class A Common Stock have been accompanied by reports of strong and atypical retail investor interest, including on social media and online forums. The market volatility and trading patterns we have experienced create several risks for investors, including the following:
●
the market price of our Class A Common Stock has experienced and may continue to experience rapid and substantial increases or decreases unrelated to our operating performance or prospects, or macro or industry fundamentals, and substantial increases may be significantly inconsistent with the risks and uncertainties that we continue to face;
●
factors in the public trading market for our Class A Common Stock may include the sentiment of retail investors, the direct access by retail investors to broadly available trading platforms, the amount and status of short interest in our securities, access to margin debt, trading in options and other derivatives on our Class A Common Stock and any related hedging and other trading factors;
●
to the extent volatility in our Class A Common Stock is caused by a “short squeeze” in which coordinated trading activity causes a spike in the market price of our Class A Common Stock as traders with a short position make market purchases to avoid or to mitigate potential losses, investors purchase at inflated prices unrelated to our financial performance or prospects, and may thereafter suffer substantial losses as prices decline once the level of short-covering purchases has abated; and
●
if the market price of our Class A Common Stock declines, you may be unable to resell your shares at or above the price at which you acquired them, and the Public Warrants you own may become out of the money.
The trading price of Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants depends on many factors, including those described in this “Risk Factors” section, many of which are beyond our control and may not be related to our operating performance. Any of the factors listed below could have a material adverse effect on investment in Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants, and Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants may trade at prices significantly below the price paid for them. In such circumstances, the trading price of Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants may not recover and may experience a further decline. Factors affecting the trading price of Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants may include:
●
actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly financial results or the quarterly financial results of companies perceived to be similar to us;
●
changes in the market’s expectations about our operating results;
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the public’s reaction to our press releases, our other public announcements and our filings with the SEC;
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speculation in the press or investment community;
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actual or anticipated developments in our business or our competitors’ businesses or the competitive landscape generally;
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our operating results failing to meet the expectation of securities analysts or investors in a particular period;
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changes in financial estimates and recommendations by securities analysts concerning us or the market in general;
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operating and stock price performance of other companies that investors deem comparable to us;
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publications of research reports by securities analysts about us, our competitors, or the industry we operate in;
●
changes in laws and regulations affecting our business;
●
commencement of, or involvement in, litigation involving us;
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changes in our capital structure, such as future issuances of securities or the incurrence of additional debt;
●
the volume of Class A Common Stock available for public sale;
●
any major change in the Board of Directors or management;
●
sales of substantial amounts of Class A Common Stock by directors, officers or significant stockholders or the perception that such sales could occur;
●
general economic and political conditions such as recessions, interest rates, fuel prices, trade wars, pandemics (such as COVID-19), epidemics, currency fluctuations and acts of war (such as the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the military conflict in Israel and Gaza) or terrorism; and
●
other risk factors listed under this “Risk Factors” section.
The public float of our Class A Common Stock is very illiquid, and there may not be sufficient demand in the marketplace to absorb the sale of newly registered shares.
As of December 31, 2023, the public float of our Class A Common Stock listed in the NYSE American was approximately $105.1 million, which is 45.0% of the equity capitalization of the Company. Given the company is recently listed, and does not have broad investor research coverage nor a seasoned established institutional investor base, any significant sale of newly registered shares may have a significant negative impact on the market price of our Class A Common Stock.
We cannot predict the impact our dual class structure may have on the market price of Class A Common Stock.
We cannot predict whether our dual class structure will result in a lower or more volatile market price of Class A Common Stock or in adverse publicity or other adverse consequences. For example, certain index providers have announced restrictions on including companies with multiple-class share structures in certain of their indexes. Under these policies, our dual class capital structure would make us ineligible for inclusion in certain indices, and as a result, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds and other investment vehicles that attempt to passively track those indices will not be investing in our stock. It is unclear what effect, if any, these policies will have on the valuations of publicly traded companies excluded from such indices, but it is possible that they may depress valuations, as compared to similar companies that are included. As a result, the market price of shares of Class A Common Stock could be adversely affected.
The outstanding Warrants are exercisable for shares of Class A Common Stock and common units in Sky may be redeemed for Class A Common Stock. The exercise of these outstanding warrants will increase the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market and result in dilution to our stockholders.
As of December 31, 2023, there were 6,798,964 outstanding Public Warrants to purchase 6,798,694 shares of Class A Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share. In addition, as of December 31, 2023, there were 7,719,779 Private Placement Warrants outstanding exercisable for 7,719,779 shares of Class A Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share and 1,541,600 outstanding PIPE Warrants to purchase 1,541,600 shares of Class A Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share. To the extent such warrants are exercised, additional shares of Class A Common Stock will be issued, which will result in dilution to the holders of Class A Common Stock and increase the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market.
In addition, as of December 31, 2023, there were 42,046,356 outstanding Sky Common Units held by the members of Sky (excluding the Company as Managing Member of Sky), which may be redeemed for shares of our Class A Common Stock on a one-for-one basis, and in connection with the redemption of such Sky Common Units, the corresponding shares of Class B Common Stock will be cancelled. The lock-up period for the outstanding shares of Class B Common Stock, and for the shares of Class A Common Stock underlying the Private Placement Warrants, expired on January 25, 2023. Furthermore, we have registered for resale all of the Class A Common Stock underlying such outstanding Sky Common Units and Private Placement Warrants. Sales of substantial numbers of such shares in the public market, or the perception that such sales may occur, could adversely affect the market price of Class A Common Stock, the impact of which is increased as the value of our stock price increases.
We do not intend to pay cash dividends for the foreseeable future.
We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to finance the further development and expansion of our business and do not intend to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to pay dividends will be at the discretion of our Board and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, restrictions contained in future agreements and financing instruments, business prospects and such other factors as our Board deems relevant.
If analysts do not publish research about our business or if they publish inaccurate or unfavorable research, our stock price and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for Class A Common Stock will depend in part on the research and reports that analysts publish about our business. We do not have any control over these analysts. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our Class A Common Stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of Class A Common Stock would likely decline. If few analysts cover us, demand for Class A Common Stock could decrease and our Class A Common Stock price and trading volume may decline. Similar results may occur if one or more of these analysts stop covering us in the future or fail to publish reports on us regularly.
You may experience future dilution as a result of future equity issuances.
In order to raise additional capital, we have offered in the past, and may offer in the future, additional shares of our Class A Common Stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our Class A Common Stock at prices that may not be the same as the price per share paid by any investor. For example, in November 2023, we sold and issued the PIPE Shares and PIPE Warrants pursuant to the Private Placement Purchase Agreement (as defined herein) at a purchase price equivalent to approximately $6.50 per PIPE Share and associated PIPE Warrant coverage. We may sell shares or other securities in any other offering at a price per share that is less than the price per share paid by any investor, and investors purchasing shares or other securities in the future could have rights superior to you. The price per share at which we sell additional shares of our Class A Common Stock, or securities convertible or exchangeable into Class A Common Stock, in future transactions may be higher or lower than the price per share paid by any investor.
We may be subject to securities litigation, which is expensive and could divert management attention.
The market price of Class A Common Stock has been and may continue to be volatile and, in the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
ITEM 1B.
UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
ITEM 2.
PROPERTIES
We currently maintain our executive office at 136 Tower Road, Suite 205, Westchester County Airport, White Plains, NY 10604 under a lease agreement. We consider our current office space adequate for our current operations. The information set forth under the caption “Our Properties” in Item 1 of this Report is incorporated by reference herein.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ITEM 3.
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
We are not currently subject to any material legal proceedings, nor, to our knowledge, is any material legal proceeding threatened against us or any of our officers or directors in their corporate capacity.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
ITEM 4.
MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
None.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
ITEM 5.
MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Market Information
(a)
Market Information
The Company’s Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants are listed on the NYSE American under the symbols “SKYH” and “SKYH WS,” respectively.
As of March 18, 2024, there were seven holders of record of Class A Common Stock and two holders of record of Warrants. However, because many of the shares of Class A Common Stock and the Warrants are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, the Company believes there are substantially more beneficial holders of Class A Common Stock and Warrants than record holders.
(b)
Dividends
We have not paid any cash dividends on our Common Stock to date and do not intend to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to finance the further development and expansion of our business. The payment of cash dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our Board and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, restrictions contained in future agreements and financing instruments, business prospects and such other factors as our Board deems relevant. Further, our ability to declare dividends may be limited by restrictive covenants we may agree to in connection with any indebtedness that we incur.
(c)
Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans
The following table summarizes the securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans at December 31, 2023:
Plan Category
Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights
Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding
options, warrants and rights
Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a))
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders
930,705
-
4,155,538
Total
930,705
-
4,155,538
(d)
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities, Use of Proceeds from Registered Public Offering
During the year ended December 31, 2023, there were no unregistered sales of our securities that were not reported in a Current Report on Form 8-K or Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
(e)
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
There were no repurchases of our equity securities during the three months ended December 31, 2023.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
ITEM 6.
[RESERVED]

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
ITEM 7.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our audited financial statements and the notes related thereto which are included in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Report. Certain information contained in the discussion and analysis set forth below includes forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates, and beliefs. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those set forth under “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” “Item 1A. Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Report.
Overview and Background
We are an aviation infrastructure development company building the first nationwide network of home basing hangar campuses for business aircraft. We develop, lease, and manage general aviation hangars across the United States, targeting airfields in markets with significant aircraft populations and high hangar demand. Our home basing hangar campuses feature exclusive private hangars and a full suite of dedicated services specifically optimized for home-based, versus transient, aircraft.
The physical footprint of the U.S. business aviation fleet grew by almost 28 million square feet in the ten years preceding the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, with hangar supply lagging dramatically, especially in key growth markets. As the fleet of private jets in the United States continues to grow, with recent new aircraft deliveries exceeding retirements, demand for hangar space is at a premium in part because new jets require more square footage of hangar space and the pace of new hangar construction has lagged behind the demand. The cumulative square footage of the business aircraft fleet in the United States increased 50% between 2010 and 2021. Moreover, over that same period, there was an 81% increase in the square footage of larger private jets - those with greater than a 24-foot tail height. A recent study conducted by a business aircraft manufacturer forecasted that business aircraft will only continue to grow in the next ten years, with up to 8,500 new business jet deliveries worth over $275 billion expected to be delivered between 2024 and 2033, further supported by data from the major business aviation manufacturers that suggest the current order backlog for new business aviation aircraft is over $49 billion.
These larger footprint aircraft do not fit in much of the existing hangar infrastructure and impose stacking challenges and constraints in the traditional shared or community hangars operated by FBOs. The addition of winglets (the vertical extensions on aircraft wingtips) on most modern business jets inhibits wing-over-wing storage. Aircraft hangars are in high demand and short supply, with some airports compiling waiting lists that can exceed several years.
We believe our scalable, real estate-centric business model is uniquely optimized to capture this market opportunity and address the increased imbalance between the supply and demand for private jet storage. We intend to capitalize on the existing hangar supply constraints at major U.S. airports by targeting high-end tenants in markets where there is a shortage of private and FBO hangar space, or where such hangars are or are becoming obsolete.
We expect to realize economies of scale in construction through a prototype hangar design replicated at our hangar campuses across the United States. This allows for centralized procurement, straightforward permitting processes, efficient development processes, and the best hangar in business aviation. Unlike a service company, our revenues are mostly derived from long-term rental agreements, offering stability and forward visibility of revenues and cash flows. This allows the Company to fund its development through the public bond market, providing capital efficiency and mitigating refinance risk.
For a more complete description of our operations, including our home basing hangar campus development projects, refer to Item 1 - Business.
Recent Developments
On October 11, 2023, we entered into a ground lease agreement (the “PWK Lease”) with PWK. The term of the PWK Lease will be 50 years and is divided into two parcels, together allowing for the development of a hangar campus on up to 25 acres of land at PWK.
On November 1, 2023, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Private Placement Purchase Agreement”) with certain investors (collectively, the “Investors”), pursuant to which we sold and issued to the Investors at an initial closing an aggregate of 6,586,154 shares (the “Initial PIPE Shares”) of our Class A Common Stock and accompanying warrants to purchase up to 1,141,600 shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Initial PIPE Warrants”), for an aggregate purchase price of $42.8 million (the "Initial Financing").
On November 29, 2023 (the “Second Closing Date”), pursuant to the terms of the Private Placement Purchase Agreement, we sold and issued to the Investors an aggregate of 2,307,692 shares of our Class A Common Stock (the “Additional PIPE Shares” and, together with the Initial PIPE Shares, the “PIPE Shares”) and accompanying warrants to purchase an aggregate of 400,000 shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Additional PIPE Warrants” and, together with the Initial PIPE Warrants, the “PIPE Warrants”) for an aggregate purchase price of $15.0 million. Together with the Initial Financing, the aggregate PIPE financing through the Private Placement Purchase Agreement totaled approximately $57.8 million.
On December 13, 2023, we entered into a ground lease agreement (the “BDL Lease”) at BDL with the Connecticut Airport Authority (“CAA”). The BDL Lease covers a parcel containing approximately 8 acres of land at BDL. The initial term of the BDL Lease will be 30 years with options exercisable by the Company to extend the BDL Lease an additional 20 years.
On December 13, 2023, we entered into a ground lease agreement at POU with the County of Dutchess, New York (the “POU Lease”). The POU Lease covers two parcels containing approximately 7 acres of land at POU.
In December 2023 and March 2024, the Company updated its forecasted construction expenditures and timelines as a result of an independent peer review of the hangar buildings designed for our DVT Phase I and APA Phase I development projects. See “Factors That May Influence Future Results of Operations - Construction Material Costs and Labor” for more information.
On March 23, 2024, the Company, through a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into a ground lease agreement (the “SJC Lease”) at San Jose Mineta International Airport (“SJC”) with the City of San Jose. The SJC Lease covers approximately 7 acres of property. The initial term of the SJC Lease will be 20 years from May 1, 2024, and contains a mutual option to extend the SJC Lease an additional 5 years following the expiration of the initial term.
On March 27, 2024, the Company, through a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into a ground lease agreement (the “ORL Lease”) at Orlando Executive Airport (“ORL”) with the Greater Orlando Aviation Authority (“GOAA”). The ORL Lease covers a parcel containing approximately 20 acres of land at ORL. The initial term of the ORL Lease will be 30 years from expiration of construction period.
Factors That May Influence Future Results of Operations
Revenues
Our revenues are derived from rents we earn pursuant to the lease agreements we enter into with our tenants. Our ability to expand through new ground leases and tenant leases at airports is integral to our long-term business strategy and requires that we identify and consummate suitable new ground leases or investment opportunities in real estate properties for our portfolio that meet our investment criteria and are compatible with our growth strategy. Our ability to enter into new ground leases and tenant leases on favorable terms, or at all, may be adversely affected by a number of factors. We believe that the business environment of the industry segments in which our tenants operate is generally positive for tenants. However, our existing and potential tenants are subject to economic, regulatory and market conditions that may affect their level of operations and demand for hangar space, which could impact our results of operations. For example, during the year ended December 31, 2023, a tenant renting two hangars at OPF made the determination that it was necessary to change its business plans in the greater Miami market, which ultimately resulted in the negotiated settlement of the tenant’s lease with us and their exit from our OPF hangar campus. Accordingly, we actively monitor certain key factors, including changes in those factors (fuel prices, new aircraft deliveries, hangar rental rates) that we believe may provide early indications of conditions that may affect the level of demand for new leases and our lease portfolio. See “Risk Factors-Risks Related to our Business and Operations” for more information about the risks related to our tenants and our lease payments.
Operating Expense
One of our largest expenses are the lease payments payable under our ground leases. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, our operating expense related to ground leases was $4.0 million and $3.7 million, respectively. As we enter into new ground leases at new airport sites, our payments to airport landlords will continue to increase into the future. If airport landlords increase the per acre cost of the ground lease of our target campuses, the operating margins at potential target developments may be impacted negatively.
Interest Expense
Economic conditions and actions by policymaking bodies are contributing to rising interest rates, which, along with increases in our borrowing levels, could increase our future borrowing costs. We expect to issue additional debt to finance future site developments and higher interest rates would impact our overall economic performance. In addition, we are subject to credit spreads demanded by fixed income investors. As a non-rated issuer, increases in general of credit spreads in the market, or for us, may result in a higher cost of borrowing in the future. We intend to access the bond market on an opportunistic basis. In addition, we may hedge against rising benchmark interest rates by entering into hedging strategies with high quality counterparties.
General and Administrative Expenses
The general and administrative expenses reflected in our statement of operations are reflective of the professional, legal and consulting fees, payroll costs, and other general and administrative expenses, including those necessary to support our business as a public company such as expenses associated with corporate governance, SEC reporting, and other compliance matters. While we expect that our general and administrative expenses will rise in some measure as our portfolio of campuses grows, we expect that such expenses as a percentage of our portfolio will decrease over time due to efficiencies, economies of scale, insourcing of job functions, and cost control measures.
Construction Material Costs and Labor
When constructing our home basing hangar campuses, we use various materials and components. We contract for certain of our materials and labor with general contractors under guaranteed maximum price contracts upon receipt of building permits. This allows us to mitigate certain of the risks associated with increases in certain building materials and labor costs between the time construction begins on a hangar campus and the time it is completed. Typically, the materials and most of the components used to construct our hangar campuses are readily available in the United States. We continue to monitor the supply markets to achieve the best prices available. Typically, the price changes that most significantly influence our operations are price increases in steel, concrete, and labor. We believe that recent inflationary pressures and market conditions will lead to continued increases in construction costs as well as market rental rates for hangars within our hangar campus development projects. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to increase the lease rates for the hangars within our hangar campuses to absorb these increased costs and/or delays, if at all.
In May 2023, we acquired a controlling interest in a metal building and hangar door manufacturer, that we expect will ultimately result in an increase in quality and a reduction in the overall cost of the metal building and hangar door components at future home basing hangar campus development projects. We expect that over time this vertical integration will enable us to deliver metal buildings to each development site in shorter timeframes, which we believe will reduce the overall construction duration of each development project in the future. In December 2023, we engaged several structural engineering firms to perform an independent peer review of the hangar buildings designed for our DVT Phase I and APA Phase I development projects. The independent peer reviews determined a significant design defect existed within our prototype hangar building designs that will require retrofitting to both meet and exceed our standards and the respective local building codes. The anticipated retrofitting efforts are also expected to be applied to ADS Phase I, and we project that the aggregate additional cost of such retrofits could total $26 to $28 million and require an additional three to five months of construction time for each project impacted.
We intend to continue to aggressively take action to mitigate inflationary pressures, reduce construction costs, and shorten development schedules, both in the near term at our APA Phase I, DVT Phase I, and ADS Phase I development projects, and in the long term at future projects. We structure our guaranteed maximum price construction contracts with shared savings clauses to incentivize the general contractors to reduce construction costs. Given the planned design enhancements at our APA Phase I, DVT Phase I, and ADS Phase I development projects, we anticipate that our total construction costs for these projects to each be greater than our original estimates, and outside of the scope of the guaranteed maximum price construction contracts. We intend to fund the increase in estimated costs by contributing additional corporate cash holdings to SHC, thereby restricting the use of the cash to the project scope of the Series 2021 Bonds. No assurance can be given that our cost mitigation strategies will be successful, the costs of our ongoing and future projects will not exceed budgets or the guaranteed maximum price for such projects, or that the completion will not be delayed beyond the projected completion dates.
Current Capital Requirements and Future Expenditures for Expansion
We previously funded SHC with over $200 million to fund the two phases at our initial five ground leased airport locations. We maintain the ability to include up to $50 million in new projects outside the original five locations to be funded with a portion of the existing proceeds held by the trustee as long as certain approvals and supplemental consultant reports are provided showing that such new project would result in better coverage of debt service than previously contemplated projects. We exercised this ability utilizing approximately $26 million of the $50 million available and received the requisite approvals and reports in March 2023 with respect to our ADS Phase I development project.
We previously raised equity capital, along with potential future debt and further equity issuances, including the Private Placement Purchase Agreement entered into on November 1, 2023, see Note 12 - Equity and Redeemable Equity in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, to begin to fund additional airport campuses and reach up to 20 airport campuses over the next several years. On average, each future campus is anticipated to be composed of at least 100,000 rentable square feet and is expected to cost approximately $55 million per campus, with 60% or more to be funded with additional private activity bonds or other indebtedness. All future hangar campus projects are discretionary and require us to identify the appropriate airports with the target hangar demand economics, secure required ground leases and permits, and complete future construction at such sites.
The cumulative 20 airport site business plan is estimated to cost approximately $1.2 billion, with approximately 65% to 75% anticipated from long-term private activity bonds and the balance with equity or equity linked financing. Our ability to raise additional equity and/or debt financing will be subject to a number of risks, including our ability to obtain financing upon reasonable terms, if at all, costs of construction, delays in constructing new facilities, operating results, and other risk factors. In the event that we are unable to obtain additional financing, we may be required to raise additional equity capital, creating additional dilution to existing stockholders. There can be no assurance that we would be successful in raising such additional equity capital on favorable terms, if at all. Even if we can obtain such additional equity financing if needed, there can be no assurance that we would be successful in raising such additional financing on favorable terms, if at all.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and expenses during the periods reported. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates. We have identified the following as our critical accounting policies:
Cost of Construction
Cost of construction on the consolidated balance sheets is carried at cost. The cost of acquiring an asset includes the costs necessary to bring a capital project to the condition necessary for its intended use. Costs are capitalized once the construction of a specific capital project is probable. Construction labor and other direct costs of construction are capitalized. Professional fees for engineering, procurement, consulting, and other soft costs that are directly identifiable with the project and are considered an incremental direct cost are capitalized. We allocate a portion of our internal salaries to both capitalized cost of construction and to general and administrative expense based on the percentage of time certain employees worked in the related areas. Interest costs on the debt used to fund the capital projects are also capitalized until the capital project is completed. Once a capital project is complete, the cost of the capital project is reclassified to Constructed Assets on the accompanying balance sheet and we begin to depreciate the constructed asset on a straight-line basis over the lesser of the life of the asset or the remaining term of the related ground lease, including expected renewal terms.
Leases
We account for leases under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 842, Leases. We determine whether a contract contains a lease at the inception of the contract. ASC Topic 842 requires lessees to recognize operating lease liabilities and right-of-use (“ROU”) assets for all leases with terms of more than 12 months on the consolidated balance sheets. We have made an accounting policy election that will keep leases with an initial term of 12 months or less off our consolidated balance sheets and will result in recognizing those lease payments in the consolidated statements of operations on a straight-line basis over the lease term. When management determines that it is reasonably certain that we will exercise our options to renew the leases, the renewal terms are included in the lease term and the resulting ROU asset and operating lease liability balances. We have elected to not capitalize any interest cost that is implicit within our operating leases into cost of construction on the consolidated balance sheet, but instead, we expense our ground lease cost in the consolidated statements of operations.
We have lease agreements with lease and non-lease components; we have elected the accounting policy to not separate lease and non-lease components for all underlying asset classes.
Revenue Recognition
The Company leases the hangar facilities that it constructs to third parties. The Company determines whether a contract contains a lease at the inception of the contract. The lease agreements are either on a month-to-month basis or have a defined term and may have options to extend the term. Some of the leases contain options to terminate the lease by either party with given notice. The Company expects to continue to derive benefit from the underlying assets after the end of the lease term through further leasing arrangements. The underlying assets are the leasehold interest that the Company has in connection with its ground leases. There are no options given to the lessee to purchase the underlying assets.
Rental revenue is recognized in accordance with ASC 842 and includes fixed payments of cash rents, which represents revenue each tenant pays in accordance with the terms of its respective lease and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Rental revenue and the corresponding rent and other receivables are recorded net of any concessions and uncollectible tenant receivables for all periods presented. The Company evaluates the collectability of tenant receivables for payments required under the lease agreements. If the Company determines that collectability is not probable, the Company recognizes any difference between revenue amounts recognized to date under ASC 842 and payments that have been collected from the lessee, including any additional rent or lease termination fees, as a current period adjustment to rental revenue.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Such estimates include assumptions used within impairment analyses, estimated useful lives of depreciable assets and amortizable costs, estimates of inputs utilized in determining incentive compensation expense and equity instruments such as warrants, estimates and assumptions related to right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See “Note 2 - Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a full description of recent accounting pronouncements including the expected dates of adoption and effects on results of operations and financial condition.
Results of Operations
Year ended December 31, 2023 Compared to the Year ended December 31, 2022
The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated results of operations for the periods indicated below and the changes between the periods (in thousands).
Year ended
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Change
Revenue:
Rental revenue
$ 7,575
$ 1,845
$ 5,730
Total revenue
7,575
1,845
5,730
Expenses:
Operating
7,168
5,046
2,122
Depreciation
2,278
1,583
Loss on impairment of long-lived assets
-
(248 )
General and administrative
15,122
14,714
Total expenses
24,568
20,703
3,865
Operating loss
(16,993 )
(18,858 )
1,865
Other (income) expense:
Interest expense, net of capitalized interest
-
Other (income) expense
(737 )
(98 )
(639 )
Unrealized (gain) loss on warrants
8,644
(5,082 )
13,726
Total other (income) expense
8,448
(5,180 )
13,628
Net loss
$ (25,441 )
$ (13,678 )
$ (11,763 )
Revenues
Revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023 were approximately $7.6 million, compared to approximately $1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The approximately $5.7 million, or 311%, increase was primarily the result of tenant leases commencing at our OPF and BNA hangar campuses during the year ended December 31, 2023, as well as the cumulative impact of certain additional tenant leases in place at our SGR and BNA hangar campuses as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.
Operating Expenses
Operating expenses increased approximately $2.1 million, or 42%, from approximately $5.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, to approximately $7.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase is primarily reflective of the cumulative impact of the commencement of operations at our BNA and OPF hangar campuses, which opened during the three months ended December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023, respectively. Salaries, wages, and benefits associated with our hangar campus personnel increased by approximately $0.6 million, primarily driven by headcount increases at our BNA and OPF hangar campuses. Other operating expenses increased approximately $1.3 million, primarily driven by increased insurance, property taxes, and utilities associated with operations at our OPF, BNA, and SGR hangar campuses. Ground lease expense increased approximately $0.2 million, primarily due to new ground leases signed at PWK, BDL, and POU during the three months ended December 31, 2023.
Depreciation Expense
Depreciation increased approximately $1.6 million, or 228%, for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase primarily reflects the opening of our OPF hangar campus during the three months ended March 31, 2023, the opening of our BNA hangar campus during the three months ended December 31, 2022, long-lived assets recognized as part of the Rapidbuilt Acquisition, and the placement of additional ground support equipment into service throughout 2022 and 2023.
General and Administrative Expenses
For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, general and administrative expenses were approximately $15.1 million and approximately $14.7 million, respectively. The approximately $0.4 million increase was primarily driven by an approximately $2.6 million increase in salaries, wages, and benefits, which reflects an increase in full-time and contracted employees and the impact of an increase in expense recognized in connection with our equity compensation program. The increase was partially offset by an approximately $1.4 million decrease in professional fees, which was primarily driven by decreased in legal and accounting related costs due non-recurring transaction costs incurred during the year ended December 31, 2023, and our efforts to internalize job functions, and an approximately $0.8 million decrease in other administrative expenses, primarily due to decreased corporate insurance premiums.
Other (Income) Expenses
Other (income) expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 was approximately $8.4 million of expense as compared to approximately $5.2 million of income for the year ended December 31, 2022. The shift from income to expense was primarily due to an approximately $13.7 million variance related to the mark-to-market of the outstanding warrants at December 31, 2023 as compared to December 31, 2022. These warrants consist of Public Warrants and Private Warrants initially issued by YAC as part of its initial public offering, and PIPE Warrants issued in November 2023 in connection with the Private Placement Purchase Agreement. The variance was also partially attributable to an approximately $0.5 million increase in interest expense due to the assumption of additional indebtedness as part of the Rapidbuilt Acquisition.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview
Liquidity is a measure of our ability to meet potential cash requirements, including ongoing commitments to repay borrowings, fund the construction of new assets, fund working capital and other general business needs. Our primary sources of cash include the potential issuance of equity and debt securities and rental payments from tenants. Our long-term liquidity requirements include lease payments under our ground leases with airport authorities, repaying principal and interest on outstanding borrowings, funding the construction costs of our hangar campus development projects (see “- Construction Material Costs and Labor”), funding for operations, and paying accrued expenses.
We believe that we have access to multiple sources of capital to fund our long-term liquidity requirements, including the incurrence of additional private activity bonds and other debt and the issuance of additional equity securities. For example, as described further below in November 2023 we completed a $57.8 million PIPE, and we may seek to opportunistically raise additional private capital again in the future. Furthermore, we are now eligible to file a registration statement on Form S-3 and plan to do so. We believe that we will be able to utilize such a registration statement to efficiently access capital. However, we cannot assure you that we will have access to these sources of capital or that, even if such sources of capital are available, that these sources of capital will be available on favorable terms. Our ability to incur additional debt will depend on multiple factors, including our degree of leverage, the value of our unencumbered assets and borrowing restrictions that are or may be imposed by future lenders. Our ability to access the equity and debt capital markets will depend on multiple factors as well, including general market conditions for real estate companies, our degree of leverage, the trading price of our common stock and debt and market perceptions about our Company.
Our cash deposits may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. Generally, these deposits may be redeemed upon demand and the majority are maintained with a major financial institution with reputable credit. Our restricted cash is held in trust at a major financial institution pursuant to the Series 2021 Bonds indenture. We monitor the relative credit standing of financial institutions with whom we transact and limit the amount of credit exposure with any one entity. Our portfolio of investments and restricted investments is composed entirely of U.S. Treasury securities as of December 31, 2023.
The following table summarizes our cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, investments, and restricted investments as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Cash and cash equivalents
$ 60,257
$ 2,174
Restricted cash
12,009
39,222
Investments
11,866
24,895
Restricted investments
88,213
114,648
Total cash, restricted cash, investments, and restricted investments
$ 172,345
$ 180,939
Private Placement and Securities Purchase Agreement
On November 1, 2023, we entered into the Private Placement Purchase Agreement with certain Investors, pursuant to which we (i) sold and issued to the Investors on November 2, 2023 an aggregate of 6,586,154 PIPE Shares and accompanying PIPE Warrants to purchase up to 1,141,600 shares of Class A Common Stock, for an aggregate purchase price of $42.8 million, and (ii) sold and issued to the Investors on November 29, 2023 an aggregate of 2,307,692 PIPE Shares and accompanying PIPE Warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 400,000 shares of Class A Common Stock for an aggregate purchase price of $15.0 million. The aggregate PIPE financing through the Private Placement Purchase Agreement totaled approximately $57.8 million. See “Note 12 - Equity and Redeemable Equity” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the Private Placement Purchase Agreement.
Common Stock Purchase Agreement
On August 18, 2022, we entered into a Common Stock Purchase Agreement (the “Stock Purchase Agreement”) with B. Riley Principal Capital II, LLC (“B. Riley”). Pursuant to the Stock Purchase Agreement, we have the right, in our sole discretion, to sell to B. Riley up to 10 million shares of our Class A Common Stock at 97% of the volume weighted average price of our Class A Common Stock calculated in accordance with the Stock Purchase Agreement, over a period of 36 months subject to certain limitations and conditions contained in the Stock Purchase Agreement. Sales and timing of any sales of Class A Common Stock are solely at our election, and we are under no obligation to sell any securities to B. Riley under the Stock Purchase Agreement. As consideration for B. Riley’s commitment to purchase shares of our Class A Common Stock, we have issued 25,000 shares of our Class A Common Stock to B. Riley as initial commitment shares and may issue up to an aggregate of 75,000 shares of our Class A Common Stock to B. Riley as additional commitment shares if certain conditions are met. As of December 31, 2023, we have sold no shares of our Class A Common Stock to B. Riley pursuant to the Stock Purchase Agreement. See “Note 12 - Equity and Redeemable Equity” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the Stock Purchase Agreement.
Equity Financing
On the Closing Date, we completed the Yellowstone Transaction, YAC changed its name to Sky Harbour Group Corporation, and Sky restructured its capitalization, issuing its Sky Common Units to the Company. As a result of the Yellowstone Transaction, the Sky Common Units that Sky issued to BOC YAC in respect of its Series B Preferred Units were converted into 5,500,000 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock and holders of Sky Common Units received one share of the Company’s Class B Common Stock for each Common Unit. As consideration for the issuance of Sky Common Units to the Company, YAC contributed approximately $48 million of net proceeds to us, consisting primarily of the BOC PIPE, and the amount held in the YAC trust account, net of redemptions and transaction costs.
Private Activity Bonds
On September 14, 2021, SHC completed an issuance through the Public Finance Authority (Wisconsin) of $166.3 million of Series 2021 PABs. The Series 2021 Bonds are comprised of three maturities: $21.1 million bearing interest at 4.00%, due July 1, 2036; $30.4 million bearing interest at 4.00%, due July 1, 2041; and $114.8 million bearing interest at 4.25%, due July 1, 2054. The Series 2021 Bond that has a maturity date of July 1, 2036 was issued at a premium, and Sky received bond proceeds that were $0.2 million above its face value. The net proceeds from the issuance of the Series 2021 Bonds proceeds are being used to (a) finance or refinance the construction of various aviation facilities consisting of general aviation aircraft hangars and storage facilities located and to be located on the SGR site, the OPF site, the BNA site, the APA site, the DVT site, and following our March 2023 election to reallocate a portion of the net proceeds, the ADS site; (b) fund debt service and other operating expenses such as ground lease expense during the initial construction period; (c) fund deposits to the Debt Service Reserve Fund; and (d) pay certain costs of issuance related to the Series 2021 Bonds.
Debt Covenants
The Series 2021 Bonds contain financial and non-financial covenants, including a debt service coverage ratio, a restricted payments test and limitations on the sale, lease, or distribution of assets. To the extent that SHC does not comply with these covenants, an event of default or cross-default may occur under one or more agreements, and we or our subsidiaries may be restricted in our ability to pay dividends, issue new debt or access our leased facilities. The Series 2021 Bonds are collateralized on a joint and several basis with the property and revenues of all SHC subsidiaries and their assets financed or to be financed from the proceeds of the Series 2021 Bonds.
Covenants in the Series 2021 Bonds require SHC to maintain a debt service coverage ratio (as defined in the relevant documents) of at least 1.25 for each applicable test period, commencing with the quarter ending December 31, 2024. The Series 2021 Bonds are subject to a Continuing Disclosure Agreement whereby SHC is obligated to provide electronic copies of (i) monthly construction reports, (ii) quarterly reports containing quarterly financial information of SHC and (iii) annual reports containing audited consolidated financial statements of SHC to the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board. As of December 31, 2023, we were in compliance with all debt covenants.
Lease Commitments
The table below sets forth certain information with respect to our future minimum lease payments required under operating and finance leases as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands):
Year Ending December 31,
Operating Leases
Finance Leases
$ 2,080
$
2,323
3,296
3,727
3,634
-
Thereafter
249,683
-
Total lease payments
264,743
Less imputed interest
(195,306 )
(5 )
Total
$ 69,437
$
Contractual Obligations
The following table sets forth our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands):
2025-2026
2027-2028
Thereafter
Total
Principal Payments of bonds payable
$ -
$ -
$ -
$ 166,340
$ 166,340
Interest Payments on bonds payable
6,941
13,881
13,881
114,968
149,671
Contractual payments on other long-term indebtedness
2,484
7,981
-
10,560
Lease commitments
2,109
5,660
7,363
249,683
264,815
Total
$ 11,534
$ 27,522
$ 21,339
$ 530,991
$ 591,386
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not maintain any off-balance sheet arrangements.
Cash Flows
Historical Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our sources and uses of cash for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):
Year ended
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Cash and restricted cash at beginning of period
$ 41,396
$ 203,935
Net cash used in operating activities
(7,735 )
(27,491 )
Net cash used in investing activities
(16,268 )
(187,838 )
Net cash provided by financing activities
54,873
52,790
Cash and restricted cash at end of period
$ 72,266
$ 41,396
Operating Activities
Cash provided by operating activities is significantly influenced by the amount of cash we invest in personnel and infrastructure to support the anticipated growth of our business. Included in net cash used in operating activities are certain non-recurring legal, accounting, and consulting costs incurred for up to four quarters as a result of becoming a public company. Our working capital consists primarily of cash, receivables from tenants, prepaid expenses, accounts payable, accrued compensation, accrued other expenses, and lease liabilities. The timing of collection of our tenant receivables, and the timing of spending commitments and payments of our accounts payable, accrued expenses, accrued payroll and related benefits, all affect these account balances.
Net cash used in operating activities was $7.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to $27.5 million of net cash used in operating activities for the same period in 2022. The approximately $19.8 million decrease in net cash used in operating activities was primarily attributable to a $15.5 million favorable change in the Company's working capital position, which was primarily driven by $9.6 million of initial direct costs associated with the purchase of our former landlord's leasehold interest at OPF during the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was also partially attributable to a $4.3 million decrease in net loss, net of non-cash adjustments. The decrease in net loss was primarily driven by an increase in revenue and a decrease in non-recurring general and administrative expenses incurred in the expansion of our business, including transaction-related expenses incurred during the year ended December 31, 2023.
Investing Activities
Our primary investing activities have consisted of payments related to the cost of construction at our various home basing hangar campus development projects and investment in U.S. Treasury Securities. As our business expands, we expect to continue to invest in our current and anticipated future portfolio of home basing hangar campus development projects.
Net cash used in investing activities was approximately $16.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to net cash used in investing activities of approximately $187.8 million for the same period in 2022. The decrease of $171.5 million of net cash used in investing activities was driven primarily by an increase of approximately $193.4 of proceeds received from the Company's held-to-maturity investments during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was also attributable to a decrease of approximately $21.8 million of held-to-maturity U.S. Treasury purchases. The decrease in net cash used in investing activities attributable to our net held-to-maturity U.S. Treasury investments was offset by an increase of approximately $25.5 million of available for sale U.S. Treasury investment purchases and a decrease of approximately $10.9 million of proceeds received from such investments during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022. In addition, the decrease was offset by an approximately $10.4 million increase in capital expenditures during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.
Financing Activities
Our primary financing activities have consisted of capital raised to fund the growth of our business and proceeds from debt obligations incurred to finance our home basing hangar campus development projects. We expect to raise additional equity capital and issue additional indebtedness as our business grows.
Net cash provided by financing activities was $54.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $52.8 million for the same period in 2022. The approximately $2.0 million increase in net cash provided by financing activities was primarily driven by the equity financing completed during the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company received $57.8 million of proceeds during the fourth quarter due to the issuance of Class A Common Stock and Warrants in connection with the Private Placement Purchase Agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company received $45.0 million of proceeds from the issuance of the BOC PIPE and $15.7 million of gross proceeds from the YAC trust account, both occurring in the first quarter. The proceeds received during the first calendar quarter of 2022 were offset by the payment of approximately $9.2 million of equity issuance costs during the same period.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 7A.
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and are not required to provide the information under this item.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Financial Statements
Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 274); EisnerAmper LLP, New York, NY
Balance Sheets - December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022
Statements of Operations - Years Ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022
Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) - Years Ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 46
Statements of Changes In Stockholders' Equity - Years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022
Statements of Cash Flows - Years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022
Notes to Financial Statements
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
Sky Harbour Group Corporation:
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Sky Harbour Group Corporation and Subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the consolidated results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ EisnerAmper
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2020.
EISNERAMPER LLP
New York, New York
March 27, 2024
SKY HARBOUR GROUP CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except share data)
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Assets
Cash
$ 60,257 $ 2,174
Restricted cash
12,009 39,222
Investments
11,866 24,895
Restricted investments
88,213 114,648
Prepaid expenses and other assets
6,003 4,448
Cost of construction
64,212 48,242
Constructed assets, net
77,283 39,709
Right-of-use assets
70,527 56,716
Long-lived assets, net
11,829 1,150
Total assets
$ 402,199 $ 331,204
Liabilities and equity
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities
$ 16,740 $ 14,184
Operating lease liabilities
69,437 53,531
Bonds payable, net of debt issuance costs and premiums
162,420 162,210
Loans payable and finance lease liabilities
9,311 -
Warrants liability
12,045 2,904
Total liabilities
269,953 232,829
Commitments and contingencies (Note 17)
Stockholders’ equity
Preferred stock; $0.0001 par value; 10,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2023; none issued and outstanding
- -
Class A common stock, $0.0001 par value; 200,000,000 shares authorized; 24,165,523 and 14,962,831 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively
2 1
Class B common stock, $0.0001 par value; 50,000,000 shares authorized; 42,046,356 and 42,192,250 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively
4 4
Additional paid-in capital
88,198 29,560
Accumulated deficit
(19,361 ) (3,184 )
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
312 (102 )
Total Sky Harbour Group Corporation stockholders’ equity
69,155 26,279
Non-controlling interests
63,091 72,096
Total equity
132,246 98,375
Total liabilities and equity
$ 402,199 $ 331,204
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
SKY HARBOUR GROUP CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in thousands, except per share data)
Year ended
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Revenue:
Rental revenue
$ 7,575
$ 1,845
Total revenue
7,575
1,845
Expenses:
Operating
7,168
5,046
Depreciation
2,278
Loss on impairment of long-lived assets
-
General and administrative
15,122
14,714
Total expenses
24,568
20,703
Operating Loss
(16,993 )
(18,858 )
Other (income) expense:
Interest expense, net of capitalized interest
-
Other (income) expense
(737 )
(98 )
Unrealized loss (gain) on warrants
8,644
(5,082 )
Total other (income) expense
8,448
(5,180 )
Net loss
$ (25,441 )
$ (13,678 )
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests
(9,264 )
(10,494 )
Net loss attributable to Sky Harbour Group Corporation shareholders
$ (16,177 )
$ (3,184 )
Loss per share
Basic
$ (0.98 )
$ (0.23 )
Diluted
$ (0.98 )
$ (0.23 )
Weighted average shares
Basic
16,456
13,965
Diluted
16,456
13,965
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
SKY HARBOUR GROUP CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(in thousands)
Year Ended
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Net loss
$ (25,441 )
$ (13,678 )
Other comprehensive loss, before related income taxes:
Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities
(102 )
Total other comprehensive loss
$ (24,757 )
$ (13,780 )
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
SKY HARBOUR GROUP CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(in thousands, except share data)
Redeemable Sky Series B
Class A
Class B
Additional
Accumulated Other
Total
Non-
Preferred Units
Common Stock
Common Stock
Paid-in
Accumulated
Comprehensive
Stockholders’
Members
Controlling
Total
Shares
Amount
Shares
Amount
Shares
Amount
Capital
Deficit
Loss
Equity
Equity
Interests
Equity
Balance at December 31, 2021
-
$ 54,029
-
$ -
-
$ -
$ -
$ -
$ -
-
$ 16,931
$ -
$ 16,931
Sky incentive compensation prior to recapitalization
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Net income (loss) prior to recapitalization
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
(1,247 )
-
(1,247 )
Yellowstone Transaction and recapitalization, See Note 3
-
(54,029 )
14,937,581
42,192,250
28,681
-
-
28,686
(15,707 )
81,024
94,003
Share-based compensation
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Sky incentive compensation following recapitalization
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Issuance of initial commitment shares
-
-
25,000
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Exercise of warrants
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Other comprehensive income (loss)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
(102 )
(102 )
-
-
(102 )
Net income (loss) following recapitalization
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
(3,184 )
-
(3,184 )
-
(9,248 )
(12,432 )
Balance at December 31, 2022
-
-
14,962,831
42,192,250
29,560
(3,184 )
(102 )
26,279
-
72,096
98,375
Share-based compensation
-
-
-
-
-
-
1,816
-
-
1,816
-
2,259
Vesting of restricted stock units
-
-
228,312
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Shares withheld for payment of employee taxes
-
-
(65,585 )
-
-
-
(377 )
-
-
(377 )
-
-
(377 )
Exchange of Class B Common Stock
-
-
145,894
-
(145,894 )
-
-
-
-
(184 )
-
Issuance of PIPE Shares, net of equity issuance costs
-
-
8,893,846
-
-
57,012
-
-
57,013
-
-
57,013
Exercise of warrants
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Other comprehensive income (loss)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Net loss
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
(16,177 )
-
(16,177 )
-
(9,264 )
(25,441 )
Balance at December 31, 2023
-
$ -
24,165,523
$
42,046,356
$
$ 88,198
$ (19,361 )
$
$ 69,155
$ -
$ 63,091
$ 132,246
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
SKY HARBOUR GROUP CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
Year ended
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss
$ (25,441 )
$ (13,678 )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization
2,278
Straight-line rent adjustments, net
(239 )
Equity-based compensation
2,259
1,217
Loss on impairment of long-lived assets
-
Non-cash operating lease expense
2,121
1,960
Unrealized loss (gain) on warrants
8,644
(5,082 )
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other assets
(440 )
(1,981 )
Right-of-use asset initial direct costs
(26 )
(9,567 )
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities
3,109
(1,313 )
Net cash used in operating activities
(7,735 )
(27,491 )
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of long-lived assets
(767 )
(1,050 )
Payments for cost of construction
(55,373 )
(44,917 )
Investment in notes receivable, net
(2,040 )
(2,199 )
Net cash provided by acquisition of business
1,793
-
Purchases of available for sale investments
(54,481 )
(29,997 )
Purchases of held-to-maturity investments
(171,991 )
(193,822 )
Proceeds from available for sale investments
68,194
79,126
Proceeds from held-to-maturity investments
198,397
5,021
Net cash used in investing activities
(16,268 )
(187,838 )
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of PIPE Shares
57,312
45,000
Proceeds from issuance of PIPE Warrants
-
Proceeds from Yellowstone trust
-
15,691
Proceeds from exercise of warrants
Payments for equity issuance costs
(800 )
(9,153 )
Refund of debt issuance costs
-
1,249
Payments of loans payable
(1,762 )
-
Payments of employee taxes related to vested equity awards
(377 )
-
Net cash provided by financing activities
54,873
52,790
Net (decrease) increase in cash and restricted cash
30,870
(162,539 )
Cash and restricted cash, beginning of year
41,396
203,935
Cash and restricted cash, end of year
$ 72,266
$ 41,396
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
SKY HARBOUR GROUP CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2023
(in thousands, except share data)
1.
Organization and Business Operations
Sky Harbour Group Corporation (“SHG”) is a holding company organized under the laws of the State of Delaware and, through its main operating subsidiary, Sky Harbour LLC and its subsidiaries (collectively, “Sky”), is an aviation infrastructure development company that develops, leases and manages general aviation hangars for business aircraft across the United States. Sky Harbour Group Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries are collectively referred to as the “Company.”
On January 25, 2022 (the “Closing Date”), our predecessor, YAC, a special purpose acquisition company incorporated in Delaware on August 25, 2020, consummated the Yellowstone Transaction contemplated by the Equity Purchase Agreement, dated as of August 1, 2021 (the “Equity Purchase Agreement”), with Sky, a Delaware limited liability company.
As a result of the closing of the Yellowstone Transaction, and collectively with the other transaction described in the Equity Purchase Agreement, the Company was reorganized as an umbrella partnership-C corporation, or “Up-C”, structure in which substantially all of the operating assets of the Company are held by Sky and SHG’s only substantive assets are its equity interests in Sky (the “Common Units”). As of the Closing Date, SHG owned approximately 26.1% of the common units of Sky (the “Sky Common Units”), and the prior holders of Sky’s Existing Common Units (the “LLC Interests”) owned approximately 73.9% of the Sky Common Units and control the Company through their ownership of the Class B Common Stock, $0.0001 par value (“Class B Common Stock”) of the Company. As of December 31, 2023, the Company and the LLC Interests owned approximately 36.5% and 63.5% of Sky Common Units, respectively. See Notes 2 and 3 for additional discussion related to the Yellowstone Transaction.
2.
Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements and the related notes (the “Financial Statements”) have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and pursuant to the accounting and disclosure rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. These Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Certain historical amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation.
Notwithstanding the legal form of the Yellowstone Transaction pursuant to the terms therein, the Yellowstone Transaction was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization in accordance with GAAP (the “Reverse Recapitalization”). Under this method of accounting, YAC was treated as the acquired company for financial reporting purposes, and Sky was treated as the accounting acquirer. In accordance with this accounting method, the Yellowstone Transaction was treated as the equivalent of Sky issuing stock for the net assets of YAC, accompanied by a recapitalization.
Sky was deemed the accounting acquirer for purposes of the Yellowstone Transaction based on an evaluation of the following facts and circumstances:
• The LLC Interests, through their ownership of the Class B Common Stock, hold a majority voting interest in the Company;
• The LLC Interests have the ability to nominate and elect the majority of the Company’s Board of Directors;
• Sky’s senior management team comprises the senior management of the Company; and
• Sky’s assets were larger in relative size compared to YAC’s assets prior to the Yellowstone Transaction.
Thus, the financial statements included in this Report reflect (i) the historical operating results of Sky prior to the Yellowstone Transaction; (ii) the combined results of Sky and SHG from the date of the Yellowstone Transaction; and (iii) the net assets of SHG (formerly YAC) were stated at historical cost, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Such estimates include assumptions used within impairment analyses, estimated useful lives of depreciable assets and amortizable costs, estimates of inputs utilized in determining the fair value of financial instruments such as warrants, estimates and assumptions related to right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities, and estimates and assumptions used in the determination of the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.
Risks and Uncertainties
The Company’s operations have been limited to-date. For most of its history, the Company was engaged in securing access to land through ground leases, and developing and constructing aviation hangars. The major risks faced by the Company is its future ability to obtain additional tenants for the facilities that it constructs, and to contract with such tenants for rental income in an amount that is sufficient to meet the Company’s financial obligations, including increasing construction costs due to inflation and increased borrowing costs to the extent that the Company incurs additional indebtedness.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
As a result of ongoing construction projects and business development activities, including the development of aircraft hangars and the leasing of available hangar space, the Company has incurred recurring losses and negative cash flows from operating activities since its inception. The Company expects to continue to invest in such activities and generate operating losses in the near future.
The Company obtained long-term financing through bond and equity offerings to fund its construction, lease, and operational commitments, and believes its liquidity is sufficient to allow continued operations for more than one year after the date these financial statements are issued.
Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Consolidation
SHG is deemed to have a controlling interest of Sky through its appointment as the Managing Member of Sky, in which SHG has control over the affairs and decision-making of Sky. The interests in Sky not owned by the Company are presented as non-controlling interests. Sky’s ownership percentage in each of its consolidated subsidiaries is 100%, unless otherwise disclosed.
Cash and Restricted Cash
The Company’s cash is held at a major commercial bank, which cash balance may at times exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation limit. To date, the Company has not experienced any losses on its cash deposits. The Company monitors the relative credit standing of financial institutions with whom the Company transacts and limits the amount of credit exposure with any one entity.
Pursuant to the Company’s bond offering described in Note 10 - Bonds Payable, Loans Payable, and Interest, various restricted trust bank accounts were established at a major financial institution. Such trust bank accounts are included in Restricted cash and Restricted investments on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
Investments
Investments of the Company's cash in various U.S. Treasury securities have been classified as available-for-sale and are carried at estimated fair value utilizing Level 1 inputs as determined based upon quoted market prices.
Unrealized gains and losses are excluded from earnings and are reported as a component of comprehensive income (loss). The Company periodically evaluates whether declines in fair values of its available-for-sale securities below their book value are other-than-temporary. This evaluation consists of several qualitative and quantitative factors regarding the severity and duration of the unrealized loss as well as the Company's ability and intent to hold the available-for-sale security until a forecasted recovery occurs or its contractual maturity. Additionally, the Company assesses whether it has plans to sell the security or it is more likely than not it will be required to sell any available-for-sale securities before recovery of its amortized cost basis. Realized gains and losses and declines in fair value judged to be other than temporary, if any, on available-for-sale securities are included in other (income) expenses. The costs of investments sold is based on the specific-identification method.
Restricted Investments Held-to-Maturity
Pursuant to provisions within the Master Indenture of the Series 2021 Bonds, as defined in Note 10 - Bonds Payable, Loans Payable, and Interest, the Company invests the funds held in the restricted trust bank accounts in various U.S. Treasury securities. Therefore, such investments are reported as “Restricted investments” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of the Company’s restricted investments is estimated utilizing Level 1 inputs including prices for U.S. Treasury securities with comparable maturities on active markets.
Unrealized losses on certain of the Company's investments and restricted investments are primarily attributable to changes in interest rates. The Company does not believe the unrealized losses represent impairments because the unrealized losses are due to general market factors. The Company has not recognized an allowance for expected credit losses related to its investments or restricted investments as the Company has not identified any unrealized losses attributable to credit factors during the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The Company has the ability and intent to hold these restricted investments until maturity, and as a result, the Company would not expect the value of these investments to decline significantly due to a sudden change in market interest rates. The held-to-maturity restricted investments are carried on the consolidated balance sheet at amortized cost.
Cost of Construction
Cost of construction on the consolidated balance sheets is carried at cost. The cost of acquiring an asset includes the costs necessary to bring a capital project to the condition necessary for its intended use. Costs are capitalized once the construction of a specific capital project is probable. Construction labor and other direct costs of construction are capitalized. Professional fees for engineering, procurement, consulting, and other soft costs that are directly identifiable with the project and are considered an incremental direct cost are capitalized. Activities associated with internally manufactured hangar buildings, including materials, direct manufacturing labor, and manufacturing overhead directly identifiable with such activities are allocated to our construction projects and capitalized. The Company allocates a portion of its internal salaries to both capitalized cost of construction and to general and administrative expense based on the percentage of time certain employees worked in the related areas. Interest, net of the amortization of debt issuance costs and premiums, and net of interest income earned on bond proceeds, is also capitalized until the capital project is completed.
Constructed assets, net
Constructed assets on the consolidated balance sheets consists of developed aircraft hangar buildings and are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Once a capital project is complete, the Company begins to depreciate the constructed asset on a straight-line basis over the lesser of the life of the asset or the remaining term of the related ground lease, including expected renewal terms.
Other long-lived assets
Long-lived assets on the consolidated balance sheets consists principally of land, buildings, machinery and equipment, ground support equipment, software, and computer equipment. Long-lived assets are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Maintenance and repair expenses are charged to expense as incurred. Depreciation is recognized on a straight-line basis over 3 to 20 years, based on the estimated useful life of the assets.
Impairment of long-lived assets
The Company’s assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Impairment analyses are based on, in part, the Company’s current plans, intended holding periods and available market information at the time the analyses are prepared. An impairment exists when the carrying amount of an asset exceeds the aggregate projected future cash flows over the anticipated holding period on an undiscounted basis. An impairment loss is measured based on the excess of the property’s carrying amount over its estimated fair value. Estimates of fair value are determined using discounted cash flow models, which consider, among other things, anticipated holding periods, current market conditions and utilize unobservable quantitative inputs, including appropriate capitalization and discount rates. If the estimates of the projected future cash flows, anticipated holding periods, or market conditions change, evaluation of impairment losses may be different and such differences could be material to the consolidated financial statements. The evaluation of anticipated cash flows is subjective and is based, in part, on assumptions regarding future occupancy, rental rates and other factors that could differ materially from actual results.
Leases
The Company accounts for leases under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 842, Leases. The Company determines whether a contract contains a lease at the inception of the contract. ASC Topic 842 requires lessees to recognize lease liabilities and right-of-use (“ROU”) assets for all operating leases with terms of more than 12 months on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company has made an accounting policy election to not recognize leases with an initial term of 12 months or less on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and will result in recognizing those lease payments in the consolidated statements of operations on a straight-line basis over the lease term. When management determines that it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise its options to renew the leases, the renewal terms are included in the lease term and the resulting ROU asset and lease liability balances.
The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components; the Company has elected the accounting policy to not separate lease and non-lease components for all underlying asset classes. The Company has not elected to capitalize any interest cost that is implicit within its operating leases into cost of construction on the consolidated balance sheet, but instead, expenses its ground lease cost as a component of operating expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.
All of the Company’s ground leases at airports are classified as operating leases under ASC Topic 842. Management has determined that it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise its options to renew the leases, and therefore the renewal options are included in the lease term and the resulting ROU asset and operating lease liability balances. As the Company’s lease agreements do not provide a readily determinable implicit rate, nor is the rate available to the Company from its lessors, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate to determine the present value of the lease payments.
The Company has operating leases that contain variable payments, most commonly in the form of common area maintenance and operating expense charges, which are based on actual costs incurred. These variable payments were excluded from the calculation of the ROU asset and operating lease liability balances since they are not fixed or in-substance fixed payments. These variable payments were not material in amount for both of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Some of the leases contain covenants that require the Company to construct the hangar facilities on the leased grounds within a certain period and spend a set minimum dollar amount. For one of the leases, the shortfall (if any) must be paid to the lessor. See Note 17 - Commitments and Contingencies.
Warrants liability
The Company accounts for the warrants assumed in the Yellowstone Transaction and the warrants sold and issued in connection with the Private Placement Purchase Agreement (as defined in Note 12 - Equity and Redeemable Equity) in accordance with the guidance contained in ASC Topic 815, “Derivatives and Hedging” (“ASC 815”), under which warrants that do not meet the criteria for equity classification and must be recorded as derivative liabilities. Accordingly, the Company classifies the warrants as liabilities carried at their fair value and adjusts the warrants to fair value at each reporting period. This liability is subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date until the warrants are exercised or expire, and any change in fair value is recognized as an unrealized gain or loss in the consolidated statements of operations.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement and Disclosures, defines fair value and establishes a framework for measuring fair value. The objective of fair value is to determine the price that would be received upon the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (the exit price). ASC Topic 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes observable and unobservable inputs used to measure fair value into three levels: Level 1 - quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical assets or liabilities; Level 2 - quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data; and Level 3 - unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets and liabilities. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to Level 1 inputs and the lowest priority to Level 3 inputs. In determining fair value, the Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible. Considerable judgment is necessary to interpret Level 2 and 3 inputs in determining the fair value of financial and non-financial assets and liabilities. Accordingly, fair value estimates may be different than the amounts that may ultimately be realized upon sale or disposition of these assets or settlement of these liabilities.
Business Combinations
The Company accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting under ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations, whereby the total purchase price is allocated to tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on respective estimated fair values. The initial valuations are derived from estimated fair value assessments and assumptions used by managements. The excess of the acquisition price over those estimated fair values, if any, is recorded as goodwill. Transaction-related expenses and restructuring costs, if any, are expensed as incurred.
Revenue recognition
The Company leases the hangar facilities that it constructs to third parties. The Company determines whether a contract contains a lease at the inception of the contract. The lease agreements are either on a month-to-month basis or have a defined term and may have options to extend the term. Some of the leases contain options to terminate the lease by either party with given notice. The Company expects to continue to derive benefit from the underlying assets after the end of the lease term through further leasing arrangements. The underlying assets are the leasehold interest that the Company has in connection with its ground leases. There are no options given to the lessee to purchase the underlying assets.
Rental revenue is recognized in accordance with ASC 842 and includes fixed payments of cash rents, which represents revenue each tenant pays in accordance with the terms of its respective lease and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Rental revenue and the corresponding rent and other receivables are recorded net of any concessions and uncollectible tenant receivables for all periods presented. The Company evaluates the collectability of tenant receivables for payments required under the lease agreements. If the Company determines that collectability is not probable, the Company recognizes any difference between revenue amounts recognized to date under ASC 842 and payments that have been collected from the lessee, including any additional rent or lease termination fees, as a current period adjustment to rental revenue.
Variable lease payments consist of tenant reimbursements for common area maintenance, utilities, and operating expenses of the property, and various other fees, including fees associated with the delivery of aircraft fuel, late fees, and lease termination fees. Variable lease payments are charged based on the terms and conditions included in the respective tenant leases and are recognized in the same period as the expenses are incurred. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, rental revenue includes $1,565 and $156 of variable lease payments, respectively. Variable lease revenue recognized during the year ended December 31, 2023 included a negotiated lease termination fee received from a tenant of two hangars at OPF whereby the Company agreed to release the tenant from its lease obligations in exchange for approximately 8.5 months of additional rent.
As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the deferred rent receivable included in prepaid expenses and other assets was $367 and $83, respectively. Rent received in advance represents tenant payments received prior to the contractual due date, and is included in accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet. Rent received in advance consisted of $241 and $95 as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
For the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company derived 30% and 78% of its revenue from two tenants, respectively.
Advertising Costs
The Company expenses the cost of advertising and marketing as incurred. Advertising and marketing costs recognized as general and administrative expenses totaled $279 for the year ended December 31, 2023, and $340 for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Income Taxes
SHG is classified as a corporation for Federal income tax purposes and is subject to U.S. Federal and state income taxes. SHG includes in income, for U.S. Federal income tax purposes, its allocable portion of income from the “pass-through” entities in which it holds an interest, including Sky. The “pass-through” entities, are not subject to U.S. Federal and certain state income taxes at the entity level, and instead, the tax liabilities with respect to taxable income are passed through to the members, including SHG. As a result, prior to the Yellowstone Transaction, Sky was not subject to U.S. Federal and certain state income taxes at the entity level.
The Company follows the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. This method gives consideration to the future tax consequences associated with the differences between the financial accounting and tax basis of the assets and liabilities as well as the ultimate realization of any deferred tax asset resulting from such differences, as well as from net operating losses and other tax-basis carryforwards. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized. When a valuation allowance is increased or decreased, a corresponding tax expense or benefit is recorded.
Amounts payable under the Tax Receivable Agreement, as defined in Note 3 - Yellowstone Transaction, are accrued by a charge to income when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount is estimable.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
Credit Losses (Topic 326)
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”). Subsequent to the issuance of ASU 2016-13, the FASB clarified the guidance through several ASUs. The collective new guidance (ASC 326) generally requires that credit losses be reported using an expected losses model rather than the incurred losses model that is currently used and establishes additional disclosures related to credit risks. The Company adopted this guidance using the modified retrospective method in the first quarter of fiscal year 2023. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
Segment Reporting (Topic 280)
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which is intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The disclosure requirements included in ASU No. 2023-07 are required for all public entities, including entities with a single reportable segment. ASU No. 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, and early adoption is permitted. The guidance is required to be applied on a retrospective basis. We are currently evaluating the impact of the standard on our consolidated financial statement disclosures.
Income Taxes (Topic 740)
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The amendments in this update apply to all entities that are subject to Topic 740, Income Taxes. The standard requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity's effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. The amendments in this update are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The guidance will be applied on a prospective basis with the option to apply the standard retrospectively. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this updated standard on its disclosures to the consolidated financial statements.
3.
Yellowstone Transaction
As contemplated by the Equity Purchase Agreement, on the Closing Date, the following occurred:
• YAC changed its name to Sky Harbour Group Corporation.
• All outstanding shares of stock held by the Sponsor were converted into shares of Class A Common Stock of the Company.
• Sky restructured its capitalization and issued to the Company 14,937,581 Sky Common Units, which was equal to the number of outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock immediately after giving effect to the Equity Purchase Agreement. The number of outstanding shares after the Equity Purchase Agreement reflected the redemption of Class A Common Stock (by former holders of the special purpose acquisition company shares that elected to redeem such shares) and the Class A Common Stock issued as a result of the BOC PIPE investment (the “BOC PIPE”), the reclassification of the existing Sky Common Units (other than the Sky Incentive Units), existing Sky Series A preferred units (the “Series A Preferred Units”) and Series B preferred units (the “Series B Preferred Units”) into Sky Common Units.
• Certain adjustments were affected to the number of Sky Incentive Units to reflect the new capital structure.
• SHG was appointed as the managing member of Sky under the Third Amended and Restated Operating Agreement (the “A&R Operating Agreement”).
• The Sky Common Units issued to the Sponsor in respect of Sky’s Series B Preferred Units were converted into 5,500,000 shares of Class A Common Stock of the Company.
• The LLC Interests received one share of Class B Common Stock for each Sky Common Unit that they held, and as consideration for the issuance of 14,937,581 Sky Common Units by Sky to the Company, YAC contributed to Sky the net amount held in the YAC trust account after deducting the amount required to fund the redemption of the Class A Common Stock held by eligible stockholders who properly elected to have their shares redeemed as of the Closing Date and the amount of various transaction costs.
• The YAC Warrants that were issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Closing Date became SHG Warrants.
The following table reconciles the elements of the Yellowstone Transaction to the consolidated statements of changes in equity for the year ended December 31, 2022:
Yellowstone Transaction
Cash - Yellowstone trust and cash, net of redemptions
$ 15,691
Cash - BOC PIPE investment
45,000
Less: transaction costs and advisory fees
(12,731 )
Net proceeds from the Yellowstone Transaction
$ 47,960
Conversion of Sky Series B preferred units to Class A Common Stock
54,029
Less: Initial fair value of Warrants liability assumed on 1/25/2022
(7,986 )
Net adjustment to total equity from the Yellowstone Transaction
$ 94,003
The following table reconciles the number of shares of SHG Common Stock immediately following the consummation of the Yellowstone Transaction:
Number of shares
Yellowstone Common stock, outstanding prior to Yellowstone Transaction
13,598,898
Less: redemption of Yellowstone Common Stock
(12,061,041 )
Common stock of Yellowstone, net of redemptions
1,537,857
Shares held by Sponsor
3,399,724
Conversion of Sky Series B units to Class A Common Stock
5,500,000
Shares issued in BOC PIPE investment
4,500,000
Class A Common Stock outstanding after the Yellowstone Transaction
14,937,581
Class B Common Stock issued to LLC Interests
42,192,250
Total shares of common stock following the Yellowstone Transaction
57,129,831
Tax Receivable Agreement
On the Closing Date, in connection with the completion of the Yellowstone Transaction and as contemplated by the Equity Purchase Agreement, the Company, Sky, the LLC Interests, and the TRA Holder Representative, entered into a tax receivable agreement (the “Tax Receivable Agreement”). Pursuant to the Tax Receivable Agreement, the Company will generally be required to pay the LLC Interests 85% of the amount of savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state, local, and foreign taxes that are based on, or measured with respect to, net income or profits, and any interest related thereto that the Company realizes, or is deemed to realize, as a result of certain tax attributes, including:
• existing tax basis in certain assets of Sky and certain of its direct or indirect subsidiaries, including assets that will eventually be subject to depreciation or amortization, once placed in service, attributable to Sky Common Units acquired by the Company from a TRA Holder, as determined at the time of the relevant acquisition;
• tax basis adjustments resulting from taxable exchanges of Sky Common Units (including any such adjustments resulting from certain payments made by the Company under the Tax Receivable Agreement) acquired by the Company from a TRA Holder pursuant to the terms of the A&R Operating Agreement; and
• tax deductions in respect of portions of certain payments made under the Tax Receivable Agreement (each of the foregoing, collectively, the “Tax Attributes”).
As of December 31, 2023, no transactions occurred that would result in a cash tax savings benefit that would trigger the recording of a liability under the terms of the Tax Receivable Agreement.
4.
Rapidbuilt Acquisition
On May 12, 2023 (the “Option Exercise Date”), Sky exercised its option to acquire a 51% equity interest in Overflow Ltd., a Texas limited partnership (“Overflow”), and its wholly-owned operating subsidiary, Rapidbuilt, Inc., a Texas corporation (“Rapidbuilt”), for nominal consideration (the “Rapidbuilt Acquisition”). As a result of the Rapidbuilt Acquisition, Weatherford Steel Buildings Holdings LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and wholly-owned subsidiary of Sky (“WSBH”), owns a 50% limited partnership interest in Overflow, and Weatherford Steel Buildings GP LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and wholly-owned subsidiary of Sky (“WSB GP”), owns a 1% general partnership interest in Overflow.
Rapidbuilt is a manufacturer of pre-engineered steel buildings that previously entered into a supplier arrangement with Sky. Rapidbuilt and Sky’s strategic partnership has resulted in a standard set of proprietary prototype hangar designs, which are intended to deliver high-quality business aviation facilities, lower construction costs, minimize development risk, expedite permit issuance, and facilitate the implementation of refinements across Sky’s portfolio. The Company had pre-existing relationships with Rapidbuilt through a vendor agreement entered into in July 2022 to acquire construction materials related to the Company's development projects (the "Rapidbuilt Vendor Agreement") and a revolving line of credit loan and security agreement (the "Rapidbuilt Loan Agreement") to fund the working capital requirement of Rapidbuilt. These pre-existing relationships were effectively settled in the acquisition and the net receivable balance of $44 is included within the consideration transferred. No gain or loss was recognized in the effective settlement of the Rapidbuilt Vendor Agreement and the Rapidbuilt Loan Agreement.
The total cash purchase consideration was nominal. The Company accounted for the acquisition using the acquisition method of accounting, whereby the total purchase price was allocated to assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on respective estimated fair values. The estimated fair values of the acquired assets and assume liabilities are based on preliminary calculations and subject to further refinement and may require adjustments to arrive at the final purchase price accounting. The Company expects the final purchase price allocation to be completed in a period of time that will not exceed one year from the Option Exercise Date. There can be no assurance that such finalization will not result in material changes from the preliminary purchase price allocation.
The following tables summarize the preliminary allocation of the purchase price to the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed for the Rapidbuilt Acquisition:
May 12, 2023
Cash
$ 293
Restricted Cash
1,500
Long-lived assets
10,752
Total assets
12,545
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities
1,427
Loans payable and finance lease liabilities
11,074
Total liabilities
12,501
Total fair value of net assets acquired
Effective settlement of net receivable from Rapidbuilt
Total consideration transferred
$ 44
Following the Rapidbuilt Acquisition, substantially all of Overflow and Rapidbuilt's activities relate to the manufacturing of pre-engineering hangar structures for Sky's hangar development projects. As such, the pro-forma effect of this acquisition on revenues and earnings was not material. The transaction costs associated with the acquisition were immaterial for the year ended December 31, 2023.
.
5.
Investments and Restricted Investments
The following tables are summaries of the amortized cost, unrealized gains, unrealized losses, and fair value by investment type as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
December 31, 2023
Amortized Cost
Gross Unrealized Gains
Gross Unrealized Losses
Estimated Fair Value
Investments, available for sale:
U.S. Treasuries
$ 11,554 $ 312 $ - $ 11,866
Total investments
$ 11,554 $ 312 $ - $ 11,866
Restricted investments, held-to-maturity:
U.S. Treasuries
88,213 105 (694 ) 87,624
Total restricted investments
$ 88,213 $ 105 $ (694 ) $ 87.624
December 31, 2022
Amortized Cost
Gross Unrealized Gains
Gross Unrealized Losses
Estimated Fair Value
Investments, available for sale:
U.S. Treasuries
$ 24,997 $ 65 $ (167 ) $ 24,895
Total investments
$ 24,997 $ 65 $ (167 ) $ 24,895
Restricted investments, held-to-maturity:
U.S. Treasuries
114,648 299 (1,991 ) 112,956
Total restricted investments
$ 114,648 $ 299 $ (1,991 ) $ 112,956
The following table sets forth the maturity profile of the Company's investments and restricted investments as of December 31, 2023:
Investments
Restricted Investments
Due within one year
$ 11,866 $ 74,390
Due one year through five years
- 13,823
Total
$ 11,866 $ 88,213
6.
Cost of Construction and Constructed Assets
The Company’s portfolio as of December 31, 2023 includes the following completed and in-development projects:
●
Addison Airport ("ADS"), Addison, TX (Dallas area);
●
Bradley International Airport ("BDL"), Windsor Locks, CT (Hartford area);
●
Centennial Airport ("APA"), Englewood, CO (Denver area);
●
Chicago Executive Airport ("PWK"), Wheeling, IL (Chicago area);
●
Hudson Valley Regional Airport ("POU"), Wappingers Falls, NY (New York area);
●
Miami-Opa Locka Executive Airport ("OPF"), Opa Locka, FL (Miami area);
●
Nashville International Airport ("BNA"), Nashville, TN;
●
Phoenix Deer Valley Airport ("DVT"), Phoenix, AZ; and
●
Sugar Land Regional Airport ("SGR"), Sugar Land, TX (Houston area).
Constructed assets, net, and cost of construction, consists of the following:
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Constructed assets, net of accumulated depreciation:
Buildings, SGR, BNA, and OPF (Phase I)
$ 80,232 $ 40,921
Accumulated depreciation
(2,949 ) (1,212 )
$ 77,283 $ 39,709
Cost of construction:
OPF (Phase II); APA (Phase I); DVT (Phase I); and ADS (Phase I & II)
$ 64,212 $ 48,242
The BNA, OPF Phase I, and SGR projects are being depreciated over a weighted-average useful life of approximately 47.0 years. Depreciation expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 totaled $1,737 and $633, respectively.
7.
Long-lived Assets
Long-lived assets, net, consists of the following:
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Ground support equipment
$ 1,051 $ 485
Machinery and equipment
3,783 -
Buildings
5,380 -
Land
1,620 -
Other equipment and fixtures
596 110
Purchase deposits and construction in progress
362 650
12,792 1,245
Accumulated depreciation
(963 ) (95 )
$ 11,829 $ 1,150
Long-lived assets are being depreciated over a weighted-average use life of approximately 11.2 years. Depreciation expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 totaled $541 and $61, respectively. Capitalized depreciation of long-lived assets included in cost of construction totaled $331 and $0 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, long-lived assets included approximately $362 and $650, respectively, of purchase deposits towards long-lived assets which are not being depreciated as the assets have not been placed into service.
In June 2022, the Company evaluated the development progress related to its smart hangar app. This evaluation included the decision to abandon previous software development efforts and the transition of development efforts to a new third-party development company. In connection with this evaluation, the Company determined that previously capitalized software costs associated with the abandoned development were not recoverable and recognized an impairment loss of $248 during the year ended December 31, 2022.
8.
Supplemental Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Information
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities, consists of the following:
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Costs of construction
$ 7,022 $ 6,098
Employee compensation and benefits
2,438 2,047
Interest
3,474 3,470
Professional Fees
1,154 1,621
Other
2,652 948
$ 16,740 $ 14,184
Supplemental Cash Flow Information
The following table summarizes non-cash investing and financing activities:
Year ended
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Accrued costs of construction, including capitalized interest
$ 9,875 $ 8,164
Accrued costs of long-lived assets
32 -
Accrued equity issuance costs
1,000 1,500
Debt issuance costs and premium amortized to cost of construction
210 282
The following table summarizes non-cash activities associated with the Company’s operating leases:
Year ended
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities
$ 16,870 $ 3,260
Net decrease in right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities due to lease remeasurement
(1,639 ) (11,500 )
The following table summarizes interest paid:
Year ended
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Interest paid
$ 7,481 $ 5,533
The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheets to the total shown within the consolidated statements of cash flows:
Year ended
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Cash, beginning of year
$ 2,174 $ 6,805
Restricted cash, beginning of year
39,222 197,130
Cash and restricted cash, beginning of year
$ 41,396 $ 203,935
Cash, end of year
$ 60,257 $ 2,174
Restricted cash, end of year
12,009 39,222
Cash and restricted cash, end of year
$ 72,266 $ 41,396
9.
Leases
Lessee
The table below summarizes operating lease expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 recorded in the captions within our consolidated statement of operations:
Year Ended
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Operating expenses
$ 4,047 $ 3,735
General and administrative expenses
96 81
Total operating lease expense $ 4,143 $ 3,816
The Company’s ground leases have remaining terms ranging between 26 to 73 years, including options for the Company to extend the terms. These leases expire between 2049 and 2097, which include all lease extension options available to the Company. Certain of the Company's ground leases contain options to lease additional parcels of land at the Company's option within a specified period of time. In addition to the Company’s ground leases, the company has operating leases for office space and ground support vehicles, and finance leases for vehicles supporting operations at Rapidbuilt.
The Company’s ground lease at OPF was entered into in May 2019 through its wholly owned subsidiary, Sky Harbour Opa Locka Airport LLC (“SHOLA”), with AA Acquisitions LLC (“AA”). AA is the master ground lessee of Miami Dade County (“MDC”), the ultimate landowner. On April 29, 2022, the Company, through a wholly-owned subsidiary outside the Obligated Group (as defined in Note 10 - Bonds Payable, Loans Payable, and Interest), purchased AA’s underlying interest in the ground lease for approximately $8.5 million and now leases the OPF property directly from MDC (the “OPF Lease Transaction”). The OPF Lease Transaction also required the Company to pay approximately $1.0 million in assignment fees to MDC, which, along with the $8.5 million purchase price, were recognized as initial direct costs and presented as a component of right-of-use assets. Following the OPF Lease Transaction, SHOLA continues to be obligated under the existing sublease but to an affiliate within the Company. The OPF Lease Transaction extends the term of the lease at OPF for the Company to approximately 57 years. The Company has accounted for the OPF Lease Transaction as a lease modification requiring remeasurement and remeasured the right-of-use asset and operating lease liability utilizing the Company’s incremental borrowing rate as of the date of remeasurement. As a result of the remeasurement, non-cash subtractions to the right-of-use asset and operating lease liability of $12,289 were recorded during April 2022.
In January 2023, the Company executed a lease amendment with the Town of Addison, Texas, to add two additional parcels of land (the "ADS Expansion Parcels") to the existing lease at ADS (the "ADS Lease"). The land associated with the ADS Expansion Parcels became available for possession in June 2023 for one parcel, and is expected to become available for possession in July 2024 for the other. The lease term for the ADS Expansion Parcels will be 40 years from the completion of construction for each respective parcel, and will effectively extend the term of the existing ADS Lease to be co-terminus with the ADS Expansion Parcels. The ADS Lease and the ADS Expansion Parcels contain no additional extension options as the lease term is the maximum allowable term permitted by the Town of Addison.
In October 2023, the Company, through a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into a ground lease agreement (the "PWK Lease") with PWK. The PWK Lease is divided into two parcels, with the first parcel containing approximately 15 acres of land ("PWK Phase I"). Under the terms of the PWK Lease, it is the intent of PWK to grant the Company a second parcel containing approximately 10 acres of land ("PWK Phase II"). The grant of the PWK Phase II land is at the sole discretion of PWK following the Company's completion of its development project at PWK Phase I. The term of the PWK Lease will be 50 years from the acceptance of the PWK Phase I parcel following customary due diligence and completion of a land survey, with lease payments commencing following the completion of construction. The PWK Lease contains no additional extension options exercisable by the Company or PWK.
The Company was subject to requirements in its ground lease at SGR with respect to the Company's contemplated SGR Phase II project that defined (i) a minimum improvement amount of $2.0 million and (ii) that related construction commence by October 2023, unless otherwise waived or amended. In October 2023, the Company allowed the ground lease associated with the parcels designated for the SGR Phase II project to automatically terminate. The Company did not incur any lease termination penalties, nor had it capitalized any historical costs associated with the contemplated SGR Phase II project.
In December 2023, the Company, through a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into a ground lease agreement (the “BDL Lease”) at BDL with the Connecticut Airport Authority (“CAA”). The BDL Lease covers a parcel containing approximately 8 acres of land at BDL. The initial term of the BDL Lease will be 30 years from the earlier of the date of completion of construction or June 30, 2026, with lease payments commencing contemporaneously with the term. The BDL Lease contains options exercisable by the Company to extend the BDL Lease an additional 20 years following the expiration of the initial term. The BDL Lease contains customary milestones by which the Company must submit site design plans and financing plans.
In December 2023, the Company, through a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into a ground lease agreement at POU with the County of Dutchess, New York (the “POU Lease”). The POU Lease covers two parcels containing approximately 7 acres of land at POU. The initial term of the POU Lease will be 15 years from the date of completion of construction, with lease payments commencing upon the earlier of completion of construction or December 2025. The POU Lease contains language permitting the Company to extend the POU Lease an additional 25 years at any point following the execution of the POU Lease, subject to Dutchess County legislative approval. The Company intends to seek the 25-year extension in the first half of 2024. The POU Lease contains a customary due diligence period in which the Company holds the right to terminate the POU Lease within 270 days of its execution, as well as customary deadlines by which the Company must submit site design plans and commence construction.
Supplemental consolidated cash flow information related to the Company’s leases was as follows:
Year ended
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Cash paid for amounts included in measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases
$ 1,971 $ 1,822
Operating cash flows from finance leases
2 -
Financing cash flows from finance leases
18 -
Supplemental consolidated balance sheet information related to the Company’s leases was as follows:
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term in years
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Operating leases
53.40 55.30
Finance leases
2.70 -
Weighted Average Discount Rate
Operating leases
5.08 % 4.62 %
Finance leases
5.00 % -
The Company’s future minimum lease payments required under leases as of December 31, 2023 were as follows:
Year Ending December 31,
Operating Leases
Finance Leases
$ 2,080 $ 29
2,323 24
3,296 17
3,727 2
3,634 -
Thereafter
249,683 -
Total lease payments
264,743 72
Less imputed interest
(195,306 ) (5 )
Total
$ 69,437 $ 67
Lessor
Tenant leases to which the Company is the lessor require the following non-cancelable future minimum lease payments from tenants as of December 31, 2023:
Year Ending December 31,
Operating Leases
$ 7,428
6,313
4,012
2,834
1,203
Thereafter
2,257
Total lease payments
24,047
Less rent concessions to be applied at Company’s discretion
(214 )
Total
$ 23,833
10.
Bonds payable, Loans payable and interest
Bonds payable
On May 20, 2021, Sky formed a new wholly-owned subsidiary, Sky Harbour Capital LLC, as a parent corporation to its wholly-owned subsidiaries that operate each of the aircraft hangar development sites under its first six ground leases. Sky Harbour Capital LLC and these subsidiaries form an Obligated Group (the “Obligated Group” or the “Borrowers”) under a series of bonds that were issued in September 2021 with a principal amount of $166.3 million (the “Series 2021 Bonds”). The members of the Obligated Group are jointly and severally liable under the Series 2021 Bonds. SHG and its other subsidiaries are not members of the Obligated Group and have no obligation to repay the bonds.
The Series 2021 Bonds are payable pursuant to a loan agreement dated September 1, 2021 between the Public Finance Authority (of Wisconsin) and the Borrowers. The payments by the Borrowers under the loan agreement are secured by a Senior Master Indenture Promissory Note, Series 2021-1 issued by the Obligated Group under an indenture (the “Master Indenture”). The obligations of the Borrowers are collateralized by certain leasehold and sub-leasehold deeds of trust or mortgages on the Borrowers’ interests in the development sites and facilities being constructed at each airport where the Borrowers hold ground leases. In addition, the Borrowers have assigned, pledged and granted a first priority security interest in all funds held under the Master Indenture and all right, title and interest in the gross revenues of the Borrowers. Furthermore, Sky, Sky Harbour Holdings LLC and Sky Harbour Capital LLC have each pledged as collateral its respective ownership interest in any of the Borrowers.
The bond trustee established various restricted bank accounts which were initially funded with the bond proceeds and cash on hand. The bond trustee will continue to control the Borrowers’ cash receipts and disbursements under a Trust Agreement. Such restricted funds are available to fund the construction expenditures of the two phases of OPF, BNA, DVT, APA, and ADS Phase I, with certain approvals and supplemental reports, up to $25 million at other airport sites, in addition to certain operating expenses such as ground lease expense. These accounts also include funds to pay debt service through the end of construction at each site and various reserve funds such as a ramp-up reserve, debt service reserve, and a maintenance reserve fund. Such trust bank accounts total approximately $98.8 million, of which $10.6 million and $88.2 million and included in Restricted cash and Restricted investments, respectively, on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023.
The Borrowers have agreed to use all commercially reasonable efforts to jointly maintain a Debt Service Coverage Ratio (as defined in the agreement) of 1.25 for each applicable test period; provided, however, that the failure to maintain this ratio will not be considered an event of default so long as the Obligated Group takes all commercially reasonable action for correcting such deficiency. The measurement of the Debt Service Coverage Ratio will commence with the period ending December 31, 2024. If the Debt Service Coverage Ratio as of the end of any fiscal quarter is less than 1.0, the parent companies of the Borrowers will make contributions to the borrowers or otherwise cause the Debt Service Coverage Ratio to be at least 1.0 within 10 business days of the test date. If the Debt Service Coverage Ratio as of the end of any fiscal quarter is less than 1.25, Sky Harbour Capital LLC must deliver to the trustees, within 120 days, an independent consultant’s report and a specific plan designed to achieve a Debt Service Coverage Ratio of 1.25 in the following fiscal year.
The Series 2021 Bonds have principal amounts, interest rates, and maturity dates as follow: $21.1 million bearing interest at 4.00%, due July 1, 2036; $30.4 million bearing interest at 4.00%, due July 1, 2041; and $114.8 million bearing interest at 4.25%, due July 1, 2054. The Series 2021 Bond that has a maturity date of July 1, 2036 was issued at a premium, and the Company received bond proceeds that were $0.2 million above its face value. The bond premium is being amortized as a reduction of interest expense over the life of the bond. Interest is payable on each January 1 and July 1, commencing January 1, 2022. Principal repayments due under the Series 2021 Bonds are paid annually, commencing July 1, 2032.
The bonds maturing on July 1, 2036 are subject to optional early redemption, at the option of Sky Harbour Capital LLC, on or after July 1, 2028, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to the principal amount plus interest accrued to the redemption date. The bonds maturing on July 1, 2041 and July 1, 2054 are subject to optional early redemption, at the option of Sky Harbour Capital LLC, on or after July 1, 2031, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to the principal amount plus interest accrued to the redemption date. An extraordinary optional redemption is permitted in the event of damage or destruction of any of the underlying assets.
The Series 2021 Bonds are mandatorily redeemable upon the occurrence of certain events. Upon the sale of an asset by any Borrower, the applicable portion of the Series 2021 Bonds is subject to special mandatory redemption at prices specified in the agreement. Upon the occurrence of a determination of taxability in which the interest income of any of the bonds does not qualify as being excludable from the gross income of the holder (with limited exclusions), the Series 2021 Bonds are subject to mandatory redemption within 60 days, at a redemption price equal to the principal amount plus accrued interest. Upon the termination of any ground lease of a Borrower, and unless certain other certifications can be made, the Series 2021 Bonds are subject to redemption in an amount and at a redemption price as specified in the agreement. In lieu of redemption, the Bonds may be purchased by any of the Borrowers or by any party designated by Sky Harbour Capital LLC.
As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the fair value of the Company's Series 2021 Bonds was approximately $116.5 million and $119.5 million, respectively. The fair value of the Company's bonds is estimated utilizing Level 2 inputs including prices for the bonds on inactive markets.
The following table summarizes the Company’s Bonds payable as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Bonds payable:
Series 2021 Bonds Principal
$ 166,340 $ 166,340
Premium on bonds
249 249
Bond proceeds
166,589 166,589
Debt issuance costs
(4,753 ) (4,753 )
Accumulated amortization of debt issuance costs and accretion bond premium
584 374
Total Bonds payable, net
$ 162,420 $ 162,210
In connection with the issuance of the Bonds Payable, the Company originally recognized debt issuance costs totaling $6 million which are being amortized into interest using the effective interest method over the life of the bonds. Interest that is incurred at the stated interest rate of the bonds, as well as the amortization of bond premium and amortization of debt issuance costs are capitalized and added to the cost of construction on the consolidated balance sheet. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company received a refund of approximately $1.2 million of debt issuance costs associated with the issuance of the Bonds Payable, and recognized the refund as a reduction of debt issuance costs.
Vista Loan and Guaranty Agreement
In connection with the Rapidbuilt Acquisition, Sky and Vista Bank (the “Lender”) entered into a consent, waiver, and second amendment (the “Loan Amendment”) and a guaranty agreement (the “Guaranty Agreement”) associated with the senior loan agreement between Overflow and Rapidbuilt (collectively, the “Rapidbuilt Borrowers”), and the Lender (the “Vista Loan”). Pursuant to the Loan Amendment, (i) the Lender consented to the change in control with respect to the Rapidbuilt Borrowers; (ii) the Lender waived any pre-existing events of default on the part of the Rapidbuilt Borrowers; (iii) the Lender agreed to release certain borrowed funds held in reserve, subject to specified terms and conditions; and (iv) the Rapidbuilt Borrowers agreed to certain reserve enhancement obligations, including the ability to repay principal early at the sole discretion of the Rapidbuilt Borrowers. Pursuant to the Guaranty Agreement, all of the Rapidbuilt Borrowers’ obligations under the Vista Loan will be guaranteed by Sky.
The Vista Loan was originated in December 2020 between the Borrowers and the Lender and had approximately $10.3 million outstanding as of the Option Exercise Date. The Vista Loan accrues interest at a per annum rate equal to 3.00% above the three-month secured overnight financing rate published for first day of each calendar quarter by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Interest is payable on a monthly basis, and the Rapidbuilt Borrowers agreed to make certain reserve enhancement payments on January 1, April 1, July 1, and October 1 of each calendar year. The maturity date of the Vista Loan is December 1, 2025. The Vista Loan is secured by the accounts, intellectual property, equipment, inventory, vehicles, and property of the Rapidbuilt Borrowers, and contains customary affirmative and negative covenants.
Loans Payable and Finance Leases
The following table summarizes the Company's loans payable and finance lease liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Maturity Dates Weighted-Average Interest Rates Balance
Weighted-Average Interest Rates
Balance
Vista Loan
December 2025 8.53 % $ 8,768 $ - $ -
Equipment loans
August 2026 - September 2028 8.09 % 475 - -
Finance leases
September 2024 - July 2027 5.00 % 67 - -
Total Loans payable and finance leases
8.47 % $ 9,310 - $ -
Interest
The following table sets forth the details of interest expense:
Year ended
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Interest
$ 7,481 $ 6,941
Accretion of bond premium and amortization debt issuance costs
210 282
Total interest incurred
7,691 7,223
Less: capitalized interest
(7,150 ) (7,223 )
Interest expense
$ 541 $ -
11.
Warrants
As part of Yellowstone’s initial public offering, Yellowstone issued to third-party investors 6,799,439 warrants which entitled the holder to purchase one share of Class A Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share (the “Public Warrants”). In addition, 7,719,779 private placement warrants were sold to the Sponsor. Each Private Warrant allows the Sponsor to purchase one share of Class A Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share. Following the Yellowstone Transaction, the Public Warrants and Private Warrants remain outstanding under the same terms and conditions to purchase shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock. The terms of the Private Warrants are identical to those of the Public Warrants, except for that so long as the Private Warrants are held by the Sponsor or its permitted transferees, they may be exercised on a cashless basis.
In connection with the Private Placement Purchase Agreement, the Company issued to third-party investors 1,541,600 PIPE Warrants (together with the Public Warrants and the Private Warrants, the “Warrants”). The PIPE Warrants are similar in form and substance to the Company’s Public Warrants.
The Warrants contain an exercise price of $11.50 per share and expire on January 25, 2027. The Company determined the fair value of its Public Warrants and PIPE Warrants based on the publicly listed trading price as of the valuation date. Accordingly, these warrants are classified as Level 1 financial instruments. As the terms of the Private Warrants are identical to those of the Public Warrants, the Company determined the fair value of its Private Warrants based on the publicly listed trading price of the Public Warrants as of the valuation date and have classified the Private Warrants as Level 2 financial instruments.
As of December 31, 2023, 6,798,974 and 7,719,779 Public and Private Warrants remain outstanding, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the aggregate number of PIPE Warrants outstanding was 1,541,600.
The closing price of the Warrants was $0.75 and $0.20 per warrant on December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The aggregate fair value of the Warrants was approximately $12.0 million and $2.9 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded an unrealized loss of approximately $8.6 million. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded an unrealized gain of approximately $5.1 million.
12.
Equity and Redeemable Equity
Prior to the Yellowstone Transaction
Sky and its members initially entered into a Limited Liability Company Agreement on February 12, 2018. This LLC agreement was subsequently amended and restated on March 12, 2021 (the “First A&R Operating Agreement”), which was again amended and restated on September 14, 2021 (the “Second A&R Operating Agreement”). On January 25, 2022, in connection with the Yellowstone Transaction, Sky, its members, and SHG entered into the A&R Operating Agreement.
On August 1, 2021, Sky entered into the Equity Purchase Agreement with Yellowstone. In conjunction with the Equity Purchase Agreement, Boston Omaha Corporation agreed to invest $55.0 million of equity in the form of Redeemable Series B Preferred Units through its affiliate BOC YAC Funding LLC (“BOC YAC”). On September 14, 2021, Sky issued 8,049 Series B Preferred Units to BOC YAC in exchange for the $55.0 million. The Series B Preferred Units contained redemption rights for both Sky and for the holders of the Series B Preferred Units under certain circumstances. Because the Series B Preferred Units were redeemable in cash, they were previously classified as Temporary Equity, between the Liabilities and Equity sections of the consolidated balance sheet. They were carried at their net issuance price and not reflected at redemption value in the consolidated balance sheet because no Series B Preferred Units were redeemed between December 31, 2021 and January 25, 2022, the date such Units were automatically converted to the Company’s Class A Common Stock equal to the original $55.0 million investment at the conversion price of $10 per share.
Recapitalization
Prior to the Closing Date, there were 31,250 Series A Preferred Units, 8,049 Series B Preferred Units, and 27,035 Founder Units authorized, issued and outstanding. As a result of the Reverse Recapitalization on the Closing Date, the Series A Preferred Units and Founder Units converted into 42,192,250 Sky Common Units and the LLC Interests received 42,192,250 shares of SHG’s Class B Common Stock. The Series B Preferred Units converted to 5,500,000 shares of SHG’s Class A Common Stock, and Sky issued 14,937,581 Sky Common Units to SHG, which was equivalent to the total number of shares of the SHG’s Class A Common Stock outstanding on the Closing Date.
As of December 31, 2023, there were 24,165,523 and 42,046,356 shares of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock outstanding, respectively. Holders of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock vote together as a single class on all matters submitted to the stockholders for their vote or approval, except as required by applicable law. Holders of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock are entitled to one vote per share on all matters submitted to the stockholders for their vote or approval.
The holders of Class A Common Stock are entitled to receive dividends, as and if declared by the Company’s Board of Directors out of legally available funds. With respect to stock dividends, holders of Class A Common Stock must receive Class A Common Stock. The holders of Class B Common Stock do not have any right to receive dividends other than stock dividends consisting of shares of Class B Common Stock, as applicable, in each case paid proportionally with respect to each outstanding share of Class B Common Stock.
Forward Purchase Agreement
On January 17, 2022, the Company entered into a forward purchase agreement (the “Forward Purchase Agreement”) with ACM ARRT VII E LLC (the “Counterparty”), pursuant to which the Counterparty had the right, but not the obligation, to purchase up to 7,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock from shareholders who had redeemed shares, or indicated an interest in redeeming shares, prior to the closing of the Yellowstone Transaction. The Counterparty purchased 664,909 such shares and, immediately following the Closing Date, pursuant to the agreement, the Company paid to the Counterparty a forward price of approximately $6.7 million. The Counterparty also had the right to sell such shares to others during an 18-month term, terminating the Company’s forward purchase obligations, and repaying to the Company a portion of the forward price, in amounts corresponding to the number of shares sold. On March 7, 2022, the Counterparty notified the Company that it had sold the 664,909 shares covered by the agreement. As a result, a total of approximately $6.7 million was remitted to the Company by the Counterparty.
Common Stock Purchase Agreement
On August 18, 2022, the Company entered into a Common Stock Purchase Agreement (the “Stock Purchase Agreement”) with B. Riley Principal Capital II, LLC (“B. Riley”). Pursuant to the Stock Purchase Agreement, subject to the conditions and limitations set forth therein, the Company has the right, but not the obligation, from time to time at the Company's sole discretion over a 36-month term of the Stock Purchase Agreement, to direct B. Riley to purchase up to 10 million shares of the Company's Class A Common Stock in the aggregate.
Under the Stock Purchase Agreement, on any trading day selected by the Company, the Company has the right, in its sole discretion, to present B. Riley with a purchase notice (each, a "VWAP Purchase Notice"), directing B. Riley (as principal) to purchase a specified amount of shares not to exceed the lesser of (i) one million shares of Common Stock and (ii) 20% of the total aggregate number (or volume) of shares of Class A Common Stock traded on the NYSE American at a price(the "VWAP Purchase Price") equal to the product of 0.97 and the VWAP of the Company's Class A Common Stock on the applicable date for each VWAP Purchase Notice, subject to certain limitations contained in the Stock Purchase Agreement. Sales of Class A Common Stock pursuant to the Stock Purchase Agreement, and the timing of any such sales, are solely at the discretion of the Company, and the Company is under no obligation to sell any securities to B. Riley under the Stock Purchase Agreement.
In consideration for entering into the Stock Purchase Agreement and concurrently with the execution of the Stock Purchase Agreement, the Company issued to B. Riley 25,000 shares of Class A Common Stock as initial commitment shares and will issue up to an aggregate of 75,000 shares of its Class A Common Stock as additional commitment shares if certain conditions and milestones are met. The Company recognized expense associated with the issuance of such commitment shares of $112 during the year ended December 31, 2022 based on the fair value of the Company's Class A Common Stock on the date of issuance. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has not directed B. Riley to purchase any Class A Common Stock pursuant to the B. Riley Purchase Agreement.
Private Placement and Securities Purchase Agreement
On November 1, 2023, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Private Placement Purchase Agreement”) with certain investors (collectively, the “Investors”), pursuant to which the Company (i) sold and issued to the Investors at an initial closing an aggregate of 6,586,154 shares (the “Initial PIPE Shares”) of the Company’s Class A Common Stock and accompanying warrants to purchase up to 1,141,600 shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Initial PIPE Warrants”), for an aggregate purchase price of $42.8 million (the "Initial Financing"), and (ii) sold and issued to the Investors at a second closing, an aggregate of 2,307,692 shares (the “Additional PIPE Shares”, and, together with the Initial PIPE Shares, the “PIPE Shares” ) of the Company’s Class A Common Stock and accompanying warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 400,000 shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Additional PIPE Warrants” and, together with the Initial PIPE Warrants, the “PIPE Warrants”) for an aggregate purchase price of $15.0 million (the “Additional Financing” and, together with the Initial Financing, the “Financing”).
The closing of the Initial Financing occurred on November 2, 2023 (the “Initial Closing Date”), and the closing of the Additional Financing occurred on November 9, 2023 (the “Second Closing Date”). Together with the Initial Closing Date, the aggregate PIPE financing through the Price Placement Purchase Agreement totaled $57,810,000.
The Private Placement Purchase Agreement includes certain covenants, including a limitation on the Company’s use of the net proceeds from the Financing, certain customary standstill restrictions for a period of 90 days following the Initial Closing Date and a restriction on paying any extraordinary dividend to the extent it would result in the issuance of a number of shares of Class A Common Stock upon exercise of the PIPE Warrants (without regard to any limitations on exercise of the PIPE Warrants) in excess of the number of shares of Class A Common Stock permissible by the NYSE American LLC to be issued without stockholder approval. In addition, pursuant to the Private Placement Purchase Agreement, the Company granted to the Lead Investor certain participation rights with respect to certain future equity and debt offerings by the Company until the eighteen-month anniversary of the Initial Closing Date. In addition, the Investors entered in to a six month customary lock-up agreement beginning on the Initial Closing Date.
Non-controlling interests
The LLC Interests’ ownership in Sky is presented as non-controlling interests within the Equity section of the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023 and represents the Sky Common Units held by holders other than SHG. The holders of LLC Interests may exchange Sky Common Units along with an equal number of Class B Common Shares, for Class A Common Shares on the Company. The LLC Interests do not have the option to redeem their Sky Common Units for cash or a variable number of Class A Common Shares, nor does SHG have the option to settle a redemption in such a manner. As of December 31, 2023, the LLC interests owned approximately 63.5% of the Sky Common Units outstanding.
The former majority shareholder's ownership in Overflow is presented as a non-controlling interest within the Equity section of the consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2023, the former majority shareholder owned approximately 49% of the partnership interests in Overflow.
13.
Equity Compensation
Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”)
On January 25, 2022, the Company's 2022 Incentive Award Plan (the “2022 Incentive Award Plan”) became effective following approval by the Company's shareholders. The 2022 Incentive Award Plan provides for grants of stock-based compensation awards, including without limitation, non-qualified stock options, incentive stock options, stock appreciation rights, or SARs, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards, incentive unit awards other stock or cash based awards and dividend equivalent awards. Employees, officers, and consultants of the Company or any parent or affiliate, including Sky, or any non-employee director of the Company’s Board of Directors are eligible to receive awards under the 2022 Incentive Award Plan. An aggregate of 5.2 million shares of Class A Common Stock are issuable pursuant to the 2022 Incentive Award Plan.
On an annual basis, the Company grants RSUs which have time-based conditions and are classified as equity awards. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company granted 545,522 time-based RSUs to certain employees under the Company’s 2022 Incentive Award Plan at a weighted average grant date fair value of $5.75. The RSUs will vest ratably over a four-year period beginning on the first anniversary of the grant date and ending on fourth anniversary. All RSUs were valued at their fair market value, which is the closing price of the Company's stock on the date of the grant.
The following tables presents a summary of RSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2023:
Number of Shares
Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested as of January 1, 2023 645,000 $ 7.64
Granted 545,522 5.75
Vested (191,317 ) 7.65
Forfeited
(68,500 ) 5.97
Unvested as of December 31, 2023
930,705 $ 6.65
During the years ended December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the Company recognized stock compensation expense of $1,816 and $764, respectively, associated with the RSUs. The unrecognized compensation costs associated with all unvested RSUs at December 31, 2023 was $5,070 that is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average future period of 2.7 years.
Sky Incentive Units
In May 2021, Sky granted 3,951 Sky Incentive Units to certain employees. In connection with the Yellowstone Transaction and the execution of the Third A&R Operating Agreement, the number of existing Sky Incentive Units outstanding was adjusted based on a defined unit conversion ratio to reflect the new capital structure (see Note 12 - Equity and Redeemable Equity) and remain Sky Incentive Units, resulting in 2,807,750 outstanding Sky Incentive Units. These Incentive Units may be exchanged for Sky Common Units at the holder’s discretion upon vesting. There were no changes to the terms or conditions of the Sky Incentive Units effected by the Yellowstone Transaction. The Sky Incentive Units are classified as equity instruments.
The Sky Incentive Units were valued as of the date of grant using the Option-Pricing Method described in the AICPA Accounting and Valuation Guide entitled Valuation of Privately Held Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation. The Option-Pricing Method treated profit units (such as Sky Incentive Units) and the capital units outstanding at the time of the valuation (Sky’s Series A Preferred Units, Series B Preferred Units, and the Founder Units) as call options on the total equity value of Sky, with exercise (or strike) prices based on the incremental equity required to repay liquidation preferences for the various holders of Sky interests. The values of the options associated with each strike price were calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model based on the grant date. The Sky Incentive Units were classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. The key inputs and assumptions used in the valuation of the Sky’s Incentive Units were:
Fair value of total equity
$ 62,287,970
Term (in years)
Risk-free interest rate
0.84 %
Volatility
57 %
Below is a summary of activity related to the Sky Incentive Units for the Year ended December 31, 2023:
Sky Incentive Units
Weighted-average grant date fair value
Sky units outstanding as of December 31, 2022 (as previously presented)
3,951 $ 318.44
Sky units outstanding as of December 31, 2022 (recast for recapitalization)
2,807,750 $ 0.45
Granted
- $ -
Forfeitures
- $ -
Sky units outstanding as of December 31, 2023
2,807,750 $ 0.45
Vested Units outstanding as of December 31, 2023
2,232,735 $ 0.45
Non-vested Units outstanding as of December 31, 2023
575,015 $ 0.45
The Company recognized equity-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period and has elected to account for forfeitures of Sky Incentive Units if and when they occur. The Company recorded equity-based compensation expense relating to Sky Incentive Units of $444 and $341 for the years ended December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively, which is recorded within General and Administrative Expenses within the statement of operations, and as a component of the non-controlling interest in the consolidated statement of changes in stockholders’ equity. As of December 31, 2023, there was $257 of total unrecognized compensation expense that is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average future period of 1.4 years.
14.
Income Taxes
Effective Tax Rate Reconciliation
We are subject to taxation in all jurisdictions in which we operate that impose an income tax on our business activities. The components of the income tax expense for the years ended December 31, and the tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to deferred taxes at December 31, are as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
Income tax benefit:
Deferred federal income tax benefit
(1,382 ) (1,558 )
Deferred state income tax benefit
(37 ) (285 )
Total income tax benefit before valuation allowance
(1,419 ) (1,843 )
Valuation allowance
1,419 1,843
Total income tax benefit
$ - $ -
A reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax expense to the income tax expense (benefit) from continuing operations provided at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 is as follows:
For the Year Ended December 31,
Income tax benefit at the federal statutory rate of 21%
(3,698 ) $ (554 )
State income tax benefit, net of federal benefit
(133 ) (225 )
Unrealized gain on warrants
1,815 (1,067 )
Stock-based compensation
105 -
Other, net
492 3
Change in valuation allowance
1,419 1,843
Total income tax benefit
$ - $ -
The Company recorded income tax expense of $0 and the effective tax rate was 0.0% for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. The effective income tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2023 differs from the federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to a full valuation allowance against net deferred tax assets as it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
Components of the Company’s deferred tax assets at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are as follows:
For the Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022
Deferred tax assets:
Amortization
27 $ 470
Difference between book and tax capital accounts
485 90
Stock-based compensation
139 179
Lease liability
14 -
Net operating loss carryforwards
4,146 1,923
Valuation allowance
(4,080 ) (2,661 )
Total deferred tax assets
$ 731 $ 1
Deferred tax liabilities:
Unrealized Gain/Loss on investments
$ (1 ) $ (1 )
Long-lived assets
(716 ) -
Right-of-use assets
(14 ) $ -
Total deferred tax liabilities
$ (731 ) $ (1 )
Total
$ - $ -
The realization of deferred tax assets, including net operating loss carryforwards ("NOLs"), is dependent on the generation of future taxable income sufficient to realize the tax deductions, carryforwards, and credits. Valuation allowances on deferred tax assets are recognized if it is determined that it is more likely than not that the asset will not be realized. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded a full valuation allowance due to historical losses before income taxes which reduced management's ability to rely on future expectations of income.
As of December 31, 2023, we have available federal tax operating loss carryforwards of approximately $14.4 million, including approximately $1.7 million generated by our legal predecessor prior to the Yellowstone Transaction. All federal tax operating loss carryforwards arose in tax years subsequent to 2017. Tax operating loss carryovers arising in years after 2017 may be carried forward indefinitely but are only available to offset 80% of future taxable income. We have available state tax operating loss carryforwards of approximately $14.4 million, which are available to reduce future state taxable income and would begin to expire in tax year 2040 in various amounts. Utilization of our net operating loss carryforwards may be subject to substantial annual limitations due to the ownership change limitations provided by Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code, as amended, and similar state provisions.
Uncertain Tax Positions
We believe that there are no tax positions taken or expected to be taken that would significantly increase or decrease unrecognized tax benefits within 12 months of the reporting date.
The federal and state statutes of limitation for assessment of tax liability generally lapse within three years after the date the tax returns are filed. However, income tax attributes that are carried forward, such as net operating loss carryforwards, may be challenged and adjusted by taxing authorities at any time prior to the expiration of the statute of limitations for the tax year in which they are utilized. As of December 31, 2023, we do not have any open exams; however, all tax years, including those of our legal predecessor, are subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service.
15.
Earnings (loss) per Share
Basic earnings (loss) per share of Class A Common Stock is computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to SHG by the weighted-average number of shares of Class A Common Stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net income (loss) per share of Class A Common Stock is computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to SHG, adjusted for the assumed exchange of all potentially dilutive securities, by the weighted-average number of shares of Class A Common Stock outstanding adjusted to give effect to potentially dilutive shares using the treasury stock or if-converted method as appropriate. Shares of the Company’s Class B Common Stock do not participate in the earnings or losses of the Company and are therefore not participating securities. As such, separate presentation of basic and diluted earnings per share of Class B Common Stock under the two-class method has not been presented.
Year Ended
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Numerator:
Net loss
$ (25,441 ) $ (13,678 )
Less: Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests
(9,264 ) (10,494 )
Basic and diluted net loss attributable to Sky Harbour Group Corporation shareholders
(16,177 ) (3,184 )
Denominator:
Based and diluted weighted average shares of Class A Common Stock outstanding
16,456 13,965
Loss per share of Class A Common Stock - Basic and diluted
$ (0.98 ) $ (0.23 )
Potentially dilutive shares excluded from the weighted-average shares used to calculate the diluted net loss per common share due the Company's net loss position were as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Shares subject to unvested restricted stock units
931 645
Shares issuable upon the exercise of Warrants
16,061 14,519
Shares issuable upon the exchange of Class B Common Stock
42,046 42,192
Shares issuable upon the exercise and exchange of Sky Incentive Units
2,808 2,808
16.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The following table summarizes the components of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized gain (loss) on Available-for-sale Securities
Total
Balance as of December 31, 2021
$ - $ -
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications
(81 ) (81 )
Amounts reclassified to other (income) expense
(21 ) (21 )
Balance as of December 31, 2022
$ (102 ) $ (102 )
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications
684 684
Amounts reclassified to other (income) expense
(270 ) (270 )
Balance as of December 31, 2023
$ 312 $ 312
During the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company reported reclassifications of $270 and $21, respectively, of unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities to net income as a component of other (income) expense.
17.
Commitments and Contingencies
In addition to the lease payment commitments discussed in Note 9 - Leases, the ground leases to which the Company is a party contain covenants that require the Company to conduct construction of hangar facilities on the leased grounds within a certain period and in some cases, to spend a minimum dollar amount.
The APA Lease requires the Company to improve the property in accordance with a development plan included in the lease and to complete such improvements within 24-months of the issuance of permitting documents. Construction began on the APA Phase I project in October 2022.
The DVT Lease requires approximately $15.3 million and $14.6 million of improvements to be made for Phase I and for Phase II, if such option is exercised, respectively, within 12-months after receiving permitting documents for each Phase, but in no event later than May 2026. Construction began on the DVT Phase I project in December 2022.
The Company has committed to spend $10.0 million in capital improvements on the ADS construction project. If this amount is not expended, the Company is subject to a reduction of the term of the lease.
The PWK Lease contains a requirement that the Company must commence construction within six months of the issuance of permits and must complete construction within 18 months of construction commencement. If the Company is unable to adhere to the prescribed timeline and unable to receive an extension from PWK, the PWK Lease is subject to termination.
The Company has contracts for construction of the APA Phase I, DVT Phase I, and ADS Phase I projects. The Company may terminate any of the contracts or suspend construction without cause. There are no termination penalties under the construction contracts.
18.
Related Party Transactions
On September 20, 2021, the Company entered into a non-exclusive agreement with Echo Echo, LLC, a related party to the Founder and CEO, for the use of a Beechcraft Baron G58 aircraft. The effective date of the agreement was September 8, 2021 and the agreement automatically renews annually. The agreement can be terminated without penalty if either party provides 35 days written notice, or if the aircraft is sold or otherwise disposed of. The Company is charged per flight hour of use along with all direct operating costs. Additionally, the Company will also incur the pro rata share of maintenance, overhead and insurance costs of the aircraft. For the years ended December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the Company recognized $215 and $194 of expense, within general and administrative expense under the terms of this agreement. The related liability is included in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company paid $105 for consulting services to a company that employed the chief financial officer until prior to July 1, 2021 and with which the Company had a pre-existing vendor relationship. The Company paid $108 during the year ended December 31, 2022 to the same company.
19.
Subsequent Events
On March 23, 2024, the Company, through a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into a ground lease agreement (the “SJC Lease”) at San Jose Mineta International Airport (“SJC”) with the City of San Jose. The SJC Lease covers approximately 7 acres of property that contains an approximately 38,000 square foot hangar, approximately 19,000 square feet of office space, and approximately 108,000 square feet of apron and ramp space. The property at SJC includes additional land on which the Company intends to develop approximately 28,000 square feet of additional hangar space. The initial term of the SJC Lease will be 20 years from May 1, 2024, and contains a mutual option to extend the SJC Lease an additional 5 years following the expiration of the initial term. The SJC Lease contains customary milestones by which the Company must complete additional construction.
On March 27, 2024, the Company, through a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into a ground lease agreement (the “ORL Lease”) at Orlando Executive Airport (“ORL”) with the Greater Orlando Aviation Authority (“GOAA”). The ORL Lease covers a parcel containing approximately 20 acres of land at ORL. The initial term of the ORL Lease will be 30 years from expiration of construction period, with lease payments commencing contemporaneously with the term. The ORL Lease contains options exercisable by the Company to extend the ORL Lease an additional 20 years based on the Company's total expenditures in subsequent phases at ORL. The ORL Lease requires that the Company construct $30 million of improvements in its initial phase of construction within 24 months of the effective date of the lease. The ORL Lease contains other customary milestones by which the Company must commence and complete subsequent phases of construction.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ITEM 9.
CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9A.
CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in company reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Pursuant to Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer (our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, respectively), with the participation of other members of management, carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2023. Our management does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. Disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well designed, operated and managed, can provide only reasonable assurance that the objectives of the disclosure controls and procedures are met. Because of the inherent limitations of disclosure controls and procedures, no evaluation of such disclosure controls and procedures can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. Based upon this evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer determined that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2023.
Management’s Report on Internal Controls over Financial Reporting
The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act. The Company’s internal control system is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America. Due to its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.
Management conducted an assessment of our internal control over financial reporting, including the remediation efforts described above, based upon criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013). Based on that assessment, management determined that our internal controls over financial reporting were effective as of December 31, 2023.
Remediation of Previously Reported Material Weakness
As previously reported, management identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting that prevented us from identifying a misclassification within the statement of cash flows and gave rise to the necessity to file a Form 10-Q/A for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023. Specifically, the Company’s internal control structure did not have an appropriate control to review the evaluation of the identification and classification of certain manual cash flow adjustments in accordance with applicable accounting guidance at each reporting period.
With oversight from the Audit Committee and input from management, the Company designed and implemented changes in processes and controls to remediate the material weakness described above and to enhance our internal control over financial reporting, including a control to review non-standard manual adjustments to the statement of cash flows in accordance with applicable accounting guidance, and the contemporaneous preparation and review of the statement of cash flows at greater levels of disaggregation, including lower-level reporting units. As of December 31, 2023, management has completed the implementation of our remediation efforts of the material weakness described above and has performed testing to evaluate the design and operating effectiveness of the controls. As a result, our management has determined that our completed remediation activities are sufficient to allow them to conclude that the previously-reported material weakness related to the identification and classification of certain manual cash flow adjustments has been remediated as of December 31, 2023.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Except as described above, there have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act, during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9B.
OTHER INFORMATION
None.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
ITEM 10.
DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Our directors and executive officers and certain information about each of them as of February 29, 2024 are set forth below.
Name
Age
Position(s)
Tal Keinan
Chair and Chief Executive Officer
Will Whitesell
Chief Operating Officer
Francisco X. Gonzalez
Chief Financial Officer
Michael W. Schmitt
Chief Accounting Officer
Gerald Adler
General Counsel and Corporate Secretary
Walter Jackson
Director
Alethia Nancoo
Director
Alex B. Rozek
Director
Lysa Leiponis
Director
Nick Wellmon
Director
Robert S. Rivkin
Director
Management
Tal Keinan. Tal Keinan has served as our Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer since the closing of the business combination (the “Yellowstone Transaction”) on January 25, 2022. The Yellowstone Transaction represents the transactions contemplated by the Equity Purchase Agreement, dated as of August 1, 2021 (the “Equity Purchase Agreement”), between Yellowstone Acquisition Corp (“YAC”) and Sky Harbour LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Sky”), as a result of which Sky became a subsidiary of the Company. Mr. Keinan assembled and has led the Sky team since its inception in October 2017. Mr. Keinan has served as Co-Founder and Executive Chairman of Clarity Capital KCPS Ltd., a global asset-management firm, since September 2005. He has served as the chairman of Koret Israel Economic Development Funds, Israel’s largest nonprofit lender to small and micro businesses, since 2010 and as a director of Azrieli Data Centers LLC since January 2024. Mr. Keinan is a veteran of the Israel Air Force, where he served for eighteen years as an operational pilot and an air combat instructor, retiring with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. He remains a licensed commercial pilot. Mr. Keinan holds a master’s degree in business administration from Harvard Business School and is a graduate of the Israel Air Force Academy. Mr. Keinan designated himself to be a nominee to our Board pursuant to the Stockholders Agreement described below (see “Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance - Stockholders’ Agreement”). We believe Mr. Keinan is qualified to serve on our Board because of his significant industry experience and deep knowledge of our Company.
Will Whitesell. Will Whitesell has served as our Chief Operating Officer since his appointment on January 3, 2024. Mr. Whitesell has more than 20 years of construction, development and senior management experience, most recently serving for five years at Suffolk Construction, where he served as their COO for the New York region. Prior to his position with Suffolk Construction, Mr. Whitesell was Vice President of Design and Construction at Related Companies for three years and prior to that role, served in various positions at Turner Construction for five years, last serving as Preconstruction Manager. Mr. Whitesell has an MBA from Fordham University and a BS from Temple University.
Francisco X. Gonzalez. Francisco X. Gonzalez has served as our Chief Financial Officer since the closing of the Yellowstone Transaction. Mr. Gonzalez began his role as the Chief Financial Officer of Sky on July 1, 2021. Mr. Gonzalez oversees all financial, capital markets, treasury, tax and accounting functions for the Company. During his previous positions at Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC from 1989 to 1991 and 1993 until 2010, at RBC Capital Markets from 2010 until 2016, and at Fortress Investment Group from 2017 until 2018, Mr. Gonzalez led or was involved in numerous municipal bond financings, interest rate swaps and public private partnerships for infrastructure and municipal clients, with an emphasis in transportation related projects. He served as a managing director to LSN Partners/LSN Global Projects (“LSN”), a boutique infrastructure advisory firm since June 2018. Mr. Gonzalez, who resigned from LSN upon becoming Sky’s Chief Financial Officer, has an ongoing consulting relationship with LSN as a Senior Advisor and continues to receive payments for such consulting services. Mr. Gonzalez does not receive any payments from LSN with respect to any continuing services rendered by LSN to Sky. Mr. Gonzalez holds a BA in Economics from Harvard College and an MBA from Harvard Business School.
Michael W. Schmitt. Michael W. Schmitt has served as our Chief Accounting Officer since the closing of the Yellowstone Transaction. Mr. Schmitt has over 15 years of accounting and audit experience, most recently at PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (“PwC”), where he held roles of increasing responsibility within the firm’s audit practice since 2012. While at PwC, Mr. Schmitt most recently served as an Assurance Director from July 2021 until January 2022 and an Assurance Senior Manager from July 2019 until June 2021. During Mr. Schmitt’s time at PwC, he served clients primarily in the transportation, travel, and logistics industries, inclusive of airlines, aircraft leasing and finance companies, and other multibillion-dollar SEC registrants in the consumer and industrial sectors. Mr. Schmitt holds a BS in Accountancy from Bryant University and is a licensed Certified Public Accountant and a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.
Gerald Adler. Gerald Adler has served as our Interim General Counsel and Corporate Secretary since the closing of the Yellowstone Transaction. Mr. Adler has over 35 years of experience practicing corporate law. Before joining the Company, Mr. Adler operated a solo practice in 2020, where he advised businesses, start-ups, and venture capital and private equity firms on general corporate and commercial law matters including mergers, acquisitions, financings, capital raises, restructuring, employment matters and commercial licenses and agreements. He previously served as Chief Operating Officer and General Counsel of Paine Schwartz Partners, LLC, a private equity firm specializing in sustainable food chain investing, from 2012 until 2019, and served as a Partner in the Corporate and Securities groups of Friedman Kaplan Seiler & Adelman, LLP from 2008 until 2011, Dechert, LLP from 2005 until 2007 and Swidler Berlin Shereff Friedman from 1989 until 2004. Mr. Adler holds a BA in Economics from Yeshiva University and a JD from the Columbia University School of Law. He is admitted to practice law in New York and is a member of the New York City Bar Association.
Non-Employee Directors
Walter Jackson. Walter Jackson has served as a member of our Board since the closing of the Yellowstone Transaction. From 2016 to 2022, Mr. Jackson was a Portfolio Manager at Onex Credit. Previously, Mr. Jackson spent 18 years in various lending and investing capacities at Goldman Sachs. From 1997 to 2007, in Goldman Sachs’s Investment Banking Division, he was responsible for origination and executing bank loans and high yield financings for leveraged buyouts and corporate M&A transactions for US and international companies. From 2008 to 2015, he was responsible for various activities in Goldman Sachs’s Merchant Banking Division, including as Senior Credit Officer and Chief Operating Officer of the Private Debt Group, where he was a member of the leadership team responsible for credit investing, capital markets, fund financing and other fund management responsibilities. Prior to joining Goldman Sachs, Mr. Jackson spent 10 years at the Bank of Nova Scotia (operating as Scotiabank) and Credit Suisse First Boston in various leveraged lending capacities. He started his career at Ernst & Whinney (now Ernst & Young) in 1985, where he was involved in financial consulting for large and middle market companies. Mr. Jackson earned an MBA from Georgia State University and a BS from Bryan College. Mr. Jackson was designated to be a nominee to our Board by Mr. Keinan pursuant to the Stockholders Agreement described below (see “Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance - Stockholders’ Agreement”). We believe Mr. Jackson is qualified to serve on our Board because of his significant financial expertise.
Alethia Nancoo. Alethia Nancoo has served as a member of our Board since the closing of the Yellowstone Transaction. Ms. Nancoo has served as a partner in the Public & Infrastructure Finance practice group of Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP since November 2013 and is a member of the firm's Global Board. Ms. Nancoo’s practice focuses on public, private and project debt finance, with particular emphasis on capital markets, infrastructure construction, airport, toll road and surface transportation, mixed-use multifamily housing, and water and sewer utility sectors. Ms. Nancoo previously served on the board of directors of the District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority, where she was a member of the Finance and Governance Committees, and as a member of the Executive Committee of the District of Columbia Chamber of Commerce. Ms. Nancoo was recognized as Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Champion in Corporate Counsel Magazine’s 2021 Women, Influence & Power in Law and in the Washington Business Journal’s 2020 Minority Business Leader Awards. She is also a Fellow of the American College of Bond Counsel. Ms. Nancoo holds a BA in Psychology from the University of Maryland, a master’s degree in Education from the University of Maryland and a JD from the University of Wisconsin Law School. Ms. Nancoo was designated to be a nominee to our Board by Mr. Keinan pursuant to the Stockholders Agreement described below (see “Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance - Stockholders’ Agreement”). We believe Ms. Nancoo is qualified to serve on our Board because of her significant experience in public and private debt finance.
Alex B. Rozek. Alex B. Rozek served as a member of the YAC Board from the time of YAC’s initial public offering in August 2020 until the closing of the Yellowstone Transaction. Mr. Rozek remained as a director of the Company following the Business Combination. Mr. Rozek has been Co-Chairperson of the Board, Co-Chief Executive Officer and President of Boston Omaha Corporation since February 2015, when he became a member of the firm’s board of directors. He also serves as the Managing Member of Boulderado Partners, LLC, a private investment partnership founded in July 2007. From 2004 to 2007, Mr. Rozek served as an analyst for Water Street Capital and Friedman Billings Ramsey Group. Prior to 2004, he worked for Hunton & Williams and FedEx. Since August 2020, Mr. Rozek has served as Co-Chairperson of the Board of Directors and Co-Chief Executive Officer of Yellowstone Acquisition Company, a special purpose acquisition company which trades on the NASDAQ Capital Market and in which one of our subsidiaries serves as sponsor. Mr. Rozek graduated with a B.S. in Biology and a Minor in Chemistry from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mr. Rozek was designated to be a nominee to our Board by Boston Omaha Corporation pursuant to the Stockholders Agreement described below (see “Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance - Stockholders’ Agreement”). We believe Mr. Rozek is qualified to serve on our Board because of his significant experience as an investor in private and public companies.
Lysa Leiponis. Lysa Leiponis has served as a member of our Board since the closing of the Yellowstone Transaction. From January 2021 through July 2022, Ms. Leiponis served as an Independent Senior Advisor at Ferrovial Airports U.S., where she advised senior executive leadership of one of the world’s leading developers and operators of airport infrastructure and provided counsel on strategic direction and growth strategy for the U.S. market. Since July 2022, Ms. Leiponis also serves as a Board Director and Member of the Audit and Risk Committee for JFK New Terminal One LLC. Ms. Leiponis has served as Principal and President of LL Aviation Advisors, LLC since February 2020, where she provides critical strategic advisory services to airport leaders, investors, airlines, and other industry stakeholders. Ms. Leiponis has served as a board member on the Critical Infrastructure Strategic Advisory Board of Parsons Corporation since March 2020 and as a member of the board of trustees of the Vaugh College of Aeronautics & Technology since October 2015, where she has also served as Chair of the Audit Committee from 2019 to present, Chair of the Compensation Committee from 2018 to 2019, Co-chair of the Governance Reform Committee from 2018 to 2019 and member of the Member Plant & Infrastructure and Development Committees from 2015 to 2018. Ms. Leiponis served as the Deputy Airport CEO and General Manager and as Airport CEO and General Manager of LaGuardia Airport from November 2010 until July 2013 and July 2013 until September 2019, respectively. Ms. Leiponis holds a BS in Accounting from Rutgers University and an MBA from Pace University. Ms. Leiponis was designated to be a nominee to our Board by Mr. Keinan pursuant to the Stockholders Agreement described below (see “Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance - Stockholders’ Agreement”). We believe Ms. Leiponis is qualified to serve on our Board because of her significant industry experience.
Nick Wellmon. Nick Wellmon has served as a member of our Board since the closing of the Yellowstone Transaction. Since January 2020, Mr. Wellmon has served as the Founder and Managing Partner of Due West Partners LLC (“Due West”), a private investment firm/family office that focuses on investments in aerospace & defense, diversified industrials and consumer ventures. Prior to launching Due West, Mr. Wellmon was Director of Finance at Exotic Metals, a recognized leader in the aerospace and defense industry from February 2016 to January 2020. While at Exotic, Mr. Wellmon controlled the financial and strategic initiatives across the company’s business channels, and in 2019 led the sale of Exotic to Parker Hannifin Corporation. Earlier in his career, Mr. Wellmon was the Corporate Development Manager for eCommerce-startup Julep Beauty from December 2013 to February 2016, where he executed the company’s Series C capital raise led by Andreessen Horowitz and Madrona Venture Group. Mr. Wellmon also has ample experience in the investment banking industry, where he advised middle market companies on mergers, acquisitions and capital raising activities. Mr. Wellmon has also served as a Board Member of Sagatech Avionics since May 2021. Mr. Wellmon was designated to be a nominee to our Board by Due West pursuant to the Stockholders Agreement described below (see “Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance - Stockholders’ Agreement”). We believe Mr. Wellmon is qualified to serve on our Board because of his significant experience in strategically growing companies in our industry.
Robert S. Rivkin. Robert S. Rivkin has served as a member of our Board since the closing of the Yellowstone Transaction. Since March 2019, Mr. Rivkin has been Senior Vice President and Chief Legal Officer for United Airlines, where he leads United’s Legal Department, including the corporate, securities, finance, commercial, litigation, government contracts, intellectual property, antitrust, environmental, employment and international groups. Prior to joining United, Mr. Rivkin served as deputy mayor of the City of Chicago from August 2017 to February 2019, of counsel of Riley Safer Holmes & Cancila LLP from July 2016 to August 2017 and deputy general counsel of Delta Air Lines from May 2013 to April 2016. Prior to joining Delta, Mr. Rivkin served as general counsel of the U.S. Department of Transportation from May 2009 to April 2013, after being nominated by President Obama and unanimously confirmed by the U.S. Senate. Mr. Rivkin served as a director of the National Park Foundation from August 2015 until February 2022. Mr. Rivkin has served as a member of the Board of Trustees at the Steppenwolf Theatre Company since September 2019 and a member of the Board of Trustees of the Chicago Architecture Center since March 2020. Mr. Rivkin holds a BA in Social Studies from Harvard College and a JD from Stanford Law School, where he was an associate editor of the Stanford Law Review and clerked for Judge Joel M. Flaum of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 7th Circuit. Mr. Rivkin was designated to be a nominee to our Board by Center Sky Harbour LLC (“Center Sky”) pursuant to the Stockholders Agreement described below (see “Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance - Stockholders’ Agreement”). We believe Mr. Rivkin is qualified to serve on our Board because of his significant public company experience and his knowledge of our industry.
Corporate Governance Profile
We have structured our corporate governance in a manner we believe closely aligns our interests with those of our stockholders. Notable features of our corporate governance structure include the following:
•
the Board is not classified, with each of our directors subject to re-election annually, and we may not classify our Board without stockholder approval;
•
we have a majority voting standard for uncontested director elections;
•
we intend to comply with the corporate governance standards of the NYSE American, including having committees of the Board comprised solely of independent directors, except the Compensation Committee which includes the Chief Executive Officer;
•
a majority of our directors are independent under the listing standards of the NYSE American;
•
we have a lead independent director;
•
we anticipate that at least one of our directors will qualify as an “audit committee financial expert,” as defined by the SEC;
•
our stockholders have the ability to amend our Bylaws by the affirmative vote of a majority of the outstanding shares of our common stock;
•
we have opted out of the business combination and control share acquisition statutes under the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”); and
•
we do not have a stockholder rights plan.
Our directors will stay informed about our business by attending meetings of the Board and its committees and through supplemental reports and communications. Our independent directors will meet regularly in executive sessions without the presence of our corporate officers or non-independent directors.
Board Leadership Structure and Role of the Board in Risk Oversight
Our Corporate Governance Guidelines provide our Board with the flexibility to combine the position of Chief Executive Officer with the position of Chairman of the Board in accordance with its determination that utilizing one or the other structure would be in our best interests. Currently, Mr. Keinan serves as Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board. Our Board has determined that combining the roles of Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board is in the best interests of our Company and its stockholders at this time because it promotes unified leadership by Mr. Keinan and allows for a single, clear focus for management to execute the Company’s strategy and business plans.
Our Corporate Governance Guidelines provide that, if the Chairperson of the Board is not an independent director, the Board will annually designate a Lead Independent Director. Though annually designated, the Lead Independent Director is generally expected to serve in such capacity for more than one year. The Lead Independent Director’s responsibilities include presiding at executive sessions of the independent directors, serving as the focal point of communication to the Board regarding management plans and initiatives, ensuring that the role between Board oversight and management operations is respected, providing the medium for informal dialogue with and between independent directors, allowing for free and open communication within that group and performing other functions as requested by the Board from time to time. The Lead Independent Director may be redesignated at any time by a majority of the independent members of the Board.
Our Chairman of the Board is Tal Keinan. Under the NYSE American rules, Mr. Keinan is not an independent director. Thus, the Board has also appointed Lysa Leiponis as our Lead Independent Director. Our Board has concluded that our current leadership structure is appropriate at this time. However, our Board will continue to periodically review our leadership structure and may make such changes in the future as it deems appropriate.
One of the key functions of the Board is informed oversight of our risk management process. The Board administers this oversight function directly, with support from its three standing committees, the Audit Committee, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and the Compensation Committee, each of which addresses risks specific to their respective areas of oversight. In particular, our Audit Committee has the responsibility to consider and discuss our major financial risk exposures and the steps our management has taken to monitor and control these exposures, including guidelines and policies to govern the process by which risk assessment and management is undertaken. The Audit Committee also monitors compliance with legal and regulatory requirements. Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee monitors the effectiveness of our corporate governance guidelines and code of business conduct and ethics, including whether they are successful in preventing illegal or improper liability-creating conduct. Our Compensation Committee will assess and monitor whether any of our compensation policies and programs has the potential to encourage excessive risk-taking.
Anti-Hedging Policy
We have adopted an anti-hedging policy, which is designed to prevent any of our directors, officers or employees from entering into a transaction in our securities that is designed to hedge the risks of ownership of our securities. The policy specifically prohibits the purchase or sale of puts, calls, options or other derivative securities based on our securities, as well as prohibits hedging or monetization transactions, such as forward sale contracts, by our directors, officers or employees.
Communications with our Board
Stockholders and any interested parties may communicate directly with the independent directors either by writing to the Board, a Board committee, or an individual director at the Company’s principal executive offices or by emailing info@skyharbour.group. Management receives all letters and emails sent and forwards proper communications to the Board, a Board committee, or an individual director, who facilitates an appropriate response. Management generally will not forward communications that are primarily solicitations for products or services, matters of a personal nature that are not relevant for stockholders, matters that are of a type that render them improper or irrelevant to the functioning of the Board, or requests for general information about the Company.
Corporate Governance Guidelines
The Board has developed and adopted a set of corporate governance principles to provide the framework within which the Board may conduct its oversight of the business and affairs of the Company. These guidelines reflect the Board’s commitment to monitoring the effectiveness of policy and decision making both at the Board and management level, with a view to enhancing stockholder value over the long term. The Corporate Governance Guidelines set forth the practices the Board intends to follow with respect to, among other topics, the role of the Board and management, principal responsibilities and duties of the Board, Board structure and composition, Board procedures, Board committees and Board communication with Company stakeholders. A copy of our Corporate Governance Guidelines can be found on the investor relations page of our website at https://ir.skyharbour.group.
Information Regarding the Board and its Committees
Our Board formed and constituted our Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee in January 2022. Our Board may establish other committees to facilitate the management of our business. Our Board and its committees will set schedules for meetings throughout the year and can also act by written consent from time to time, as appropriate. Our Board delegated various responsibilities and authority to its committees as generally described below. The committees regularly report on their activities and actions to the full Board. Each committee of our Board has a written charter approved by our Board. Members will serve on these committees until their resignation or until otherwise determined by our Board. The following table provides membership information for each of such Board committee as of the date of this Report:
Name
Audit
Compensation
Nominating and Corporate Governance
Tal Keinan
X
X
Walter Jackson
X*
X
Alethia Nancoo
X*
X
Alex B. Rozek
X
Lysa Leiponis
X
X
X*
Nick Wellmon
X
Robert S. Rivkin
X
X
*
Committee Chair.
Our Board had three meetings and executed two actions by unanimous written consent in the year ended December 31, 2023. All directors attended all meetings.
Board Committees
The standing committees of the Board consist of an Audit Committee, a Compensation Committee, and a Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. The composition of each committee and the responsibilities of each of the committees is described below. Members will serve on these committees until their resignation or until as otherwise determined by the Board.
Audit Committee
The Audit Committee is composed of Ms. Leiponis and Messrs. Jackson and Rivkin, with Mr. Jackson serving as chair of the committee. The Board determined that each of the foregoing meet the independence requirements of Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act and the applicable listing standards of the NYSE American. The Board determined that Mr. Jackson is an “audit committee financial expert” within the meaning of SEC regulations and applicable listing standards of the NYSE American. The Audit Committee’s responsibilities include:
•
appointing, approving the compensation of, and assessing the qualifications, performance and independence of the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm;
•
pre-approving audit and permissible non-audit services, and the terms of such services, to be provided by the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm;
•
reviewing the Company’s policies on risk assessment and risk management;
•
reviewing and discussing with management and the independent registered public accounting firm the Company’s annual and quarterly financial statements and related disclosures as well as critical accounting policies and practices used by us;
•
reviewing the adequacy of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting;
•
establishing policies and procedures for the receipt and retention of accounting-related complaints and concerns;
•
recommending, based upon the Audit Committee’s review and discussions with management and the independent registered public accounting firm, whether the Company’s audited financial statements shall be included in the Company’s Annual Report;
•
monitoring the Company’s compliance with legal and regulatory requirements as they relate to the Company’s financial statements and accounting matters;
•
preparing the Audit Committee report required by the rules of the SEC to be included in the Company’s annual Proxy Statement;
•
reviewing all related party transactions for potential conflict of interest situations and approving all such transactions; and
•
reviewing and discussing with management and the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm the Company’s earnings releases and scripts.
Our Audit Committee had six meetings and executed no actions by written consent in the year ended December 31, 2023. All Committee members attended all meetings of the Audit Committee.
Compensation Committee
The Compensation Committee is composed of Messrs. Keinan, Jackson and Wellmon and Mses. Leiponis and Nancoo, with Ms. Nancoo serving as chair of the committee. Under NYSE American listing standards, as a controlled company, the Company is not required to have a compensation committee composed entirely of independent directors. While the Company intends to rely upon this exemption for controlled companies, the Board determined that each of Mses. Leiponis and Nancoo and Messrs. Jackson and Wellmon is independent. The Compensation Committee’s responsibilities include:
•
annually reviewing and approving corporate goals and objectives relevant to the compensation of the Company’s chief executive officer;
•
evaluating the performance of the Company’s chief executive officer in light of such corporate goals and objectives and determining and approving the compensation of the Company’s chief executive officer;
•
reviewing and approving the compensation of the Company’s other executive officers;
•
appointing, compensating and overseeing the work of any compensation consultant, legal counsel or other advisor retained by the Compensation Committee;
•
conducting the independence assessment outlined in NYSE American rules with respect to any compensation consultant, legal counsel or other advisor retained by the Compensation Committee;
•
annually reviewing and reassessing the adequacy of the committee charter in its compliance with the listing requirements of NYSE American;
•
reviewing and establishing the Company’s overall management compensation, philosophy and policy;
•
overseeing and administering the Company’s compensation and similar plans;
•
reviewing and making recommendations to the Board with respect to director compensation; and
•
reviewing and discussing with management the compensation discussion and analysis to be included in the Company’s annual proxy statement or annual report.
The Compensation Committee may form and delegate its authority to subcommittees when appropriate.
As part of the executive compensation process, our Compensation Committee reviewed the extent to which the Company and individual executives, including the Chief Executive Officer, had achieved the performance objectives that had been established by the Compensation Committee in 2023 as well as the recommendations made by the Chief Executive Officer to the Compensation Committee regarding the form and amount of compensation to be paid to each executive officer, other than himself, as well as other factors such as the economic environment including the impact of inflation on our operating results, the form and amount of compensation to be paid and other relevant factors.
Final deliberations and decisions regarding executive compensation were made by the Compensation Committee, and, in the case of compensation to be paid to our Chief Executive Officer, without the presence of any of our executive officers.
Our Compensation Committee had two meetings and executed two actions by unanimous written consent in the year ended December 31, 2023. All Committee members attended all meetings of the Compensation Committee.
Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee
The Company’s Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is composed of Messrs. Keinan, Rivkin and Rozek and Mses. Leiponis and Nancoo, with Ms. Leiponis serving as chair of the committee. Under NYSE American listing standards, as a controlled company, the Company is required to have a nominating and corporate governance committee comprised entirely of independent directors. While the Company intends to rely upon this exemption for controlled companies, the Board determined that Mses. Leiponis and Nancoo and Mr. Rivkin are independent. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee’s responsibilities include:
•
developing and recommending to the Board criteria for Board and committee membership;
•
developing and recommending to the Board best practices and corporate governance principles;
•
developing and recommending to the Board a set of corporate governance guidelines; and
•
reviewing and recommending to the Board the functions, duties and compositions of the committees of the Board.
Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee had one meeting and executed no actions by unanimous written consent in the year ended December 31, 2023. All Committee members attended all meetings of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee.
Committee Charters
Our Audit Committee, Compensation Committee, and Nominating and Governance Committee operate under written charters adopted by the Board. These charters are posted on the “Investor Relations” page of our website, https://ir.skyharbour.group/.
Family Relationships
There are no family relationships among any of our directors or executive officers.
Limitations on Liability and Indemnification of Officers and Directors
Our Bylaws limit the liability of our directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL and we provide them with customary indemnification and advancement and prepayment of expenses. We have entered into customary indemnification agreements with each of our executive officers and directors that provide them, in general, with customary indemnification in connection with their service to us or on our behalf.
Controlled Company Exception
We qualify as a “controlled company” within the meaning of the corporate governance standards of the NYSE American. Under these rules, a listed company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group or another company is a “controlled company” and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including the requirement that (i) a majority of our Board consist of independent directors, (ii) we have a compensation committee that is composed entirely of independent directors and (iii) we have a nominating and corporate governance committee that is composed entirely of independent directors.
We rely on certain of these exemptions. As a result, we do not have a compensation committee or a nominating and corporate governance committee consisting entirely of independent directors. We may also rely on the other exemptions so long as we qualify as a controlled company. To the extent we rely on any of these exemptions, holders of Class A Common Stock will not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of the NYSE American.
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for Employees, Executive Officers, and Directors
We have adopted a code of conduct and ethics that applies to our directors, officers and employees in accordance with applicable federal securities laws, a copy of which is available on the investor relations page of our website at www.skyharbour.group. The Company will make a printed copy of the code of conduct and ethics available without charge to any stockholder who so requests. Requests for a printed copy may be directed to: info@skyharbour.group.
If the Company amends or grants a waiver of one or more of the provisions of the Company’s code of ethics, it intends to satisfy the requirements under Item 5.05 of Item 8 - K regarding the disclosure of amendments to or waivers from provisions of our that apply to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer by posting the required information on our investor relations page on our website at www.skyharbour.group. The information on this website is not part of this Report.
Director Nomination Procedures
The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee has the responsibility for reviewing and recommending to the Board candidates for director positions. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee will consider nominations made by stockholders. There are no differences in the manner in which the Nomination and Corporate Governance Committee evaluates nominees for director based on whether the nominee is recommended by a stockholder or whether the recommendation comes from another source. To have a candidate considered by the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, a stockholder must submit such stockholder’s recommendation in writing in accordance with the procedures described in our proxy statement and must include the information specified in our Bylaws, including information concerning the nominee and information about the stockholder’s ownership of and agreements related to our stock.
The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, in evaluating Board candidates, considers issues such as character, integrity, judgment, diversity, age, independence, skills, education, expertise, business acumen, business experience, length of service, understanding of our business, and other commitments and the like, all in the context of an assessment of the needs of the Board at the time. The committee’s objective is to maintain a Board of individuals of the highest personal character, integrity, and ethical standards, and that reflects a range of professional backgrounds and skills relevant to our business. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee does not have a formal policy with respect to diversity; however, the committee considers diversity in identifying nominees for director, including personal characteristics such as race and gender, as well as diversity in the experience and skills that contribute to the Board’s performance of its responsibilities in the oversight of a global technology business.
The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee believes that the minimum qualifications for serving as a director are that a nominee demonstrate knowledge of our industry, accomplishment in his or her field, an ability to make a meaningful contribution to the Board’s oversight of our business and affairs, independence under NYSE American rules, lack of conflicts of interest, and a record and reputation for integrity and ethical conduct in both his or her professional and personal activities. In addition, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee examines a candidate’s specific experiences and skills, time availability in light of other commitments, interpersonal skills, and compatibility with the Board, and ability to complement the competency and skills of the other Board members.
The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee annually reviews with the Board the requisite skills and characteristics of Board members, as well as the composition of the Board as a whole. This assessment includes a consideration of independence, diversity, age, skills, and experience and industry backgrounds in the context of the needs of the Board and the Company, as well as the ability of current and prospective directors to devote sufficient time to performing their duties in an effective manner. Directors are expected to exemplify the highest standards of personal and professional integrity, and to constructively challenge management through their active participation and questioning. In particular, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee seeks directors with established strong professional reputations and expertise in areas relevant to the strategy and operations of our business.
In performing its duties, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee may consult with internal or external legal counsel and expert advisers.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 11.
EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, our named executive officers consisted of Tal Keinan, our Chief Executive Officer, Francisco X. Gonzalez, our Chief Financial Officer, and Alexander Saltzman, our former Chief Operating Officer. The policies of the Company with respect to the compensation of its executive officers are administered by the Board in consultation with the Compensation Committee. We may also rely on data and analyses from third parties, such as compensation consultants, in connection with its compensation programs. We intend to design and implement programs to provide for compensation that is sufficient to attract, motivate and retain executives of the Company and potential other individuals and to establish an appropriate relationship between executive compensation and the creation of stockholder value.
Summary Compensation Table
The following table sets forth information concerning the compensation of the named executive officers for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Year
Salary
($)
Bonus
($)
Stock
Awards
($)(3)
All Other
Compensation
($)(4)
Total
($)
Tal Keinan
800,000
792,000(1)
-
52,880
1,644,880
Founder and Chief Executive Officer
500,000
750,000(1)
580,500
64,122
1,894,622
Francisco X. Gonzalez
350,000
693,340(2)
1,150,000
43,290
2,236,630
Chief Financial Officer
300,000
532,628(2)
1,161,000
40,190
2,033,818
Alexander Saltzman
625,000
-
345,000
22,500
992,500
Former Chief Operating Officer
493,750
125,000
-
22,500
641,250
(1)
Consists of a $792,000 annual bonus for 2023. Consists of an incentive cash bonus of $250,000 and an annual bonus of $500,000 for 2022.
(2)
Consists of an incentive cash bonus of $243,340 and an annual bonus of $450,000 for 2023. Consists of an incentive cash bonus of $182,628 and an annual bonus of $350,000 for 2022.
(3)
Represents the grant date fair value of RSUs granted during 2023 and 2022 as calculated in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718.
(4) All Other Compensation includes Company matching contributions under our 401(k) plan and tax-preparation fees. For 2023 and 2022, the 401(k) match totaled $30,000 for Messrs. Keinan and Gonzalez, and $22,500 for Mr. Saltzman. For 2023, tax-preparation fees were $22,880 and $13,290 for Messrs. Keinan and Gonzalez, respectively. For 2022, tax-preparation fees were $34,122 and 10,190 for Messrs. Keinan and Gonzalez, respectively.
Narrative Disclosure to Summary Compensation Table
The annual base salary of each named executive officer, and such officer’s incentive bonus opportunity, are expected to be reviewed from time to time and adjusted when our Board or Compensation Committee determines an adjustment is appropriate. For 2023 and 2022, our compensation program consisted of base salary and incentive compensation delivered in the form of cash bonuses and RSUs.
Employment Arrangements with Executive Officers
Each of our named executive officers is an at-will employee. Except as set forth below, we have not entered into any employment agreements or offer letters with our named executive officers.
Employment Agreement with Tal Keinan
On March 24, 2022, we entered into an employment agreement with Tal Keinan, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, effective as of January 1, 2022, which superseded all previous compensatory arrangements with Mr. Keinan (the “Keinan Employment Agreement”).
Compensation Arrangements. The Keinan Employment Agreement has an initial term of one year, subject to automatic renewal unless either party provides 60 days’ written notice of non-renewal. The Keinan Employment Agreement provides for a base salary of $500,000, subject to periodic review and increase (but not decrease) by the Compensation Committee, and the Compensation Committee must review such base salary at least 90 days prior to the expiration of the Keinan Employment Agreement’s initial term. The Keinan Employment Agreement provides Mr. Keinan with a discretionary target annual incentive bonus equal to 100% of his base salary (the “Annual Bonus”) subject to certain performance metrics. Mr. Keinan’s actual Annual Bonus paid may be more or less than the target bonus. The Annual Bonus may be periodically reviewed and increased (but not decreased) at the discretion of the Company. The Keinan Employment Agreement further provides for (i) reasonable business expense reimbursements, (ii) reimbursement of Mr. Keinan’s reasonable tax preparation expenses and (iii) other standard employee benefits the Company makes available to similarly situated employees.
Equity Awards. Under the Keinan Employment Agreement, Mr. Keinan is entitled to a one-time, time-based restricted stock unit grant (the “RSU”) under our 2022 Incentive Award Plan (the “2022 Plan”). The RSU will vest over four years with 25% of the RSUs vesting on the first anniversary of the grant date and the remaining 75% of the RSUs will vest in equal monthly installments thereafter. Additionally, the RSUs will vest in full upon a Change in Control (as defined the 2022 Plan), provided Mr. Keinan executes a general release of claims and covenant not to sue. The RSUs will also be subject to vesting in full upon retirement if Mr. Keinan’s age plus years of service on his retirement date are equal to or greater than 65 (the “Rule of 65”). The RSUs will be subject to additional terms and conditions under the 2022 Plan.
Additionally, as discussed below, under the Keinan Employment Agreement, all stock options, restricted stock units and other equity-based incentive awards subject to time-based vesting criteria will vest in full (or become payable immediately, as the case may be) upon a termination of Mr. Keinan’s employment by us for any reason (i) other than “Cause;” (ii) other than death; (iii) other than “Disability”; or if Mr. Keinan resigns for “Good Reason” (as those terms are defined in the Keinan Employment Agreement).
Obligations Upon Certain Termination Events. Under the Keinan Employment Agreement, if we terminate Mr. Keinan’s employment for any reason (i) other than “Cause;” (ii) other than death; (iii) other than “Disability”; or if Mr. Keinan resigns for “Good Reason,” we will pay him, subject to the restrictions noted below, (i) a continuation of base salary for two years after the date of termination; (ii) an amount equal to the highest Annual Bonus paid to Mr. Keinan within the three years preceding termination, each of (i) and (ii) in accordance with our ordinary payroll practices, and (iii) full vesting of any then-unvested, time-based equity awards.
Obligations in Connection with Death or Disability. In the event of Mr. Keinan’s death or Disability (as defined in the Keinan Employment Agreement), we will pay Mr. Keinan, subject to the restrictions noted below, (i) a prorated portion of his Annual Bonus based upon the applicable year’s target Annual Bonus multiplied by the percentage of the calendar year completed before terminating and (ii) full vesting of any then-unvested, time-based equity awards.
General Release and Restrictive Covenants. In addition, the payment of all severance benefits to Mr. Keinan is subject to him delivering an executed and irrevocable confidential separation agreement and general release of claims and his compliance with the following restrictive covenants:
•
Not soliciting any of our employees for two years after the termination of employment;
•
Not competing with us or our affiliates in their principal products and markets for two years after the termination of employment; and
• Maintaining the confidentiality of our trade secrets and confidential information indefinitely.
Employment Agreement with Will Whitesell
The Company entered into an employment agreement with Mr. Whitesell, dated as of January 3, 2024 (the “Whitesell Employment Agreement”), setting forth Mr. Whitesell’s compensation, certain other terms, and the commencement of his employment on January 3, 2024 (the “Commencement Date”).
Pursuant to the Whitesell Employment Agreement, Mr. Whitesell will be paid an annual base salary of $500,000. Mr. Whitesell will be eligible to receive (1) an annual cash bonus with a target equal to 100% of his annual base salary and (2) an annual bonus consisting of RSUs with a target equal to 200% of his annual base salary, in each case at the discretion of the Compensation Committee upon achievement of performance goals to be established by the Compensation Committee and the Company’s Chief Executive Officer.
The Whitesell Employment Agreement also provides for an initial one-time grant of restricted stock units (the “Initial RSU Grant”) under the Plan to Mr. Whitesell in connection with the commencement of his employment. The Initial RSU Grant was granted in February 2024 and consisted of 94,210 RSUs (which was equal to $1.1 million divided by the trading average of the Company’s common stock on the NYSE American for the ten trading days preceding the grant date). The Initial RSU Grant vest over four years, with 25% of the RSUs vesting on the first anniversary of the grant date and the remaining 75% of the RSUs vesting in equal monthly installments thereafter, subject to Mr. Whitesell’s continued employment with the Company.
Compensation Arrangements. The Whitesell Employment Agreement provides that Mr. Whitesell’s base salary is subject to periodic review and increase (but not decrease) by the Chief Executive Officer and the Compensation Committee. The Whitesell Employment Agreement further provides for performance metrics with respect to Mr. Whitesell’s annual bonus, and that such performance metrics will be established annually by the Chief Executive Officer and the Compensation Committee. The Whitesell Employment Agreement further provides for (i) reasonable business expense reimbursements; (ii) reimbursement of Mr. Whitesell’s reasonable tax preparation expenses and (iii) other standard employee benefits we make available to similarly situated employees.
Obligations Upon Certain Termination Events. Under the Whitesell Employment Agreement, if the Company terminates Mr. Whitesell’s employment without “Cause,” or Mr. Whitesell resigns for “Good Reason” (as those terms are defined in the Whitesell Employment Agreement), any RSUs previously granted to Mr. Whitesell will continue to vest pursuant to the terms of the respective grants.
General Release and Restrictive Covenants. The payment of all severance benefits to Mr. Whitesell is subject to each delivering an executed and irrevocable confidential separation agreement and general release of claims.
Employment Agreement with Francisco X. Gonzalez
On December 22, 2021, Sky entered into an amended and restated employment agreement with Mr. Gonzalez (the “A&R Gonzalez Employment Agreement”). Beginning in January 2022, Mr. Gonzalez is also eligible to receive a one-time per square foot incentive bonus, paid quarterly without duplication, which is to be determined based on the amount of new square footage of indoor space available for leasing by Sky or its subsidiaries to tenants in any given quarter. Mr. Gonzalez has entered into Sky’s standard employee covenants agreement containing customary restrictive covenants. On March 24, 2022, we entered into an amendment to the A&R Gonzalez Employment Agreement in connection with his appointment as Chief Financial Officer. On May 17, 2022, Sky entered into an amendment to the Gonzalez Employment Agreement (the “Second Gonzalez Amendment”, and together with the A&R Gonzalez Employee Agreement, the “Gonzalez Employment Agreement”.)
Compensation Arrangements. The Gonzalez Employment Agreement provides that Mr. Gonzalez’s base salary is subject to periodic review and increase (but not decrease) by the Compensation Committee. The Gonzalez Employment Agreement further provides for performance metrics with respect to Mr. Gonzalez’s annual bonus and provides for (i) reasonable business expense reimbursements; (ii) reimbursement of Mr. Gonzalez’s reasonable tax preparation expenses and (iii) other standard employee benefits we make available to similarly situated employees. Existing compensation arrangements remain otherwise unaltered.
Obligations Upon Certain Termination Events. Under the Gonzalez Employment Agreement, if we terminate Mr. Gonzalez’s employment without “Cause,” or Mr. Gonzalez resigns for “Good Reason” (as those terms are defined in the Gonzalez Employment Agreement), we will pay Mr. Gonzalez, subject to the restrictions noted below, a continuation of base salary equal to 24 months, paid in equal installments in accordance with our ordinary payroll practices. If we waive the restrictions in (i) and (ii) below in full or in part, the number of months of base salary paid as severance shall be adjusted to match such restriction period. For example, we may opt to require only a 12-month restriction period, in which case, Mr. Gonzalez shall receive payment equal to that 12-month period.
General Release and Restrictive Covenants. In addition, the payment of all severance benefits to Mr. Gonzalez is subject to each delivering an executed and irrevocable confidential separation agreement and general release of claims and Mr. Gonzalez’s compliance with the following restrictive covenants:
• Not soliciting any of our employees for two years after the termination of employment;
• Not competing with Sky or its affiliates in their principal products and markets for two years after the termination of their employment; and
• Maintaining the confidentiality of our trade secrets and confidential information indefinitely.
Obligations in Connection with Death or Disability. Under the Gonzalez Employment Agreement, in the event of Mr. Gonzalez’s death or Disability (as defined in the Gonzalez Employment Agreement), the Company will provide Mr. Gonzalez with full vesting of any then-unvested, time-based equity awards, subject to the same general release and restrictive covenants provisions in the Gonzalez Employment Agreement for all other severance benefits.
Separation Agreement with Alexander Saltzman
On December 31, 2023, the Company and Sky reached a mutual agreement with Alexander Saltzman, former Chief Operating Officer of the Company and Sky, that Mr. Saltzman would step down from such positions, effective December 31, 2023 (the “Separation Date”). In connection with Mr. Saltzman’s departure, Sky and Mr. Saltzman entered into a Confidential Separation Agreement and General Release, effective December 31, 2023 (the “Separation Agreement”). As a result of his separation, all unvested incentive units of Sky previously granted to Mr. Saltzman will accelerate and vest in full. Mr. Saltzman’s unvested RSUs have been forfeited in accordance with the terms of the 2022 Plan. In consideration for, among other things, his compliance with certain customary restrictive covenants and a typical mutual release of claims, (1) Sky will waive the non-competition provisions contained in Mr. Saltzman’s employment agreement, and (2) Sky will pay Mr. Saltzman’s COBRA premiums for two months. Additionally, Sky will not be obligated to pay any continuation of Mr. Saltzman’s annual base salary following the Separation Date.
Mr. Saltzman’s departure is not the result of any disagreement with Sky or the Company on any matter related to Sky’s or the Company’s operations, policies or procedures.
Annual Equity Awards
The Keinan Employment Agreement, the Gonzalez Employment Agreement, and the Whitesell Employment Agreement each provide for additional equity grants may be provided at the discretion of our Board or Compensation Committee. Such equity grants, if any, are subject to the Rule of 65 and additional terms and conditions as determined by our Board or Compensation Committee at time of grant.
Claw-Back
The Keinan Employment Agreement, the Gonzalez Employment Agreement, and the Whitesell Employment Agreement each provide that any amounts payable under the employment agreements are subject to claw-back or disgorgement, to the extent applicable, under (i) the policies or any claw-back policy adopted by us, (ii) the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, as amended, and rules, regulations, and binding, published guidance thereunder and (iii) the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
Bonuses
On February 14, 2023, the Compensation Committee approved the payment of discretionary performance bonuses with respect to 2022 to Messrs. Keinan, Saltzman, and Gonzalez equal to $500,000, $125,000, and $350,000, respectively. Such bonuses were paid in early March 2023. In February 2024 the Compensation Committee approved performance bonuses with respect to 2023 to Messrs. Keinan and Gonzalez of $792,000 and $450,000, respectively. Such bonuses were paid in late February 2024.
Pension Benefits and Nonqualified Deferred Compensation
Our named executive officers did not participate in, or otherwise receive any benefits under, any pension or retirement plan or non-qualified deferred compensation plan sponsored by us during the years ended December 31, 2023 or 2022.
Outstanding Equity Awards at 2023 Year End
The following table presents information on all outstanding equity awards held by the Company’s named executive officers as of December 31, 2023.
Name
Grant Date
Market value of shares
or units of stock that
have not vested
($)
Number of shares or
units that have not
vested
(#)
Tal Keinan
Founder and Chief Executive Officer
May 17, 2022
350,723(1)
45,313
Francisco Gonzalez
February 14, 2023
1,150,000(1)
200,000
Chief Financial Officer
May 17, 2022
701,438(1)
90,625
May 13, 2021
437,735(2)
1,393
Alexander Saltzman
February 14, 2023(3)
-
-
Former Chief Operating Officer
May 13, 2021(3)
-
-
(1)
Represents RSUs granted during 2023 and 2022 measured at the grant date fair value calculated in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. 25% of the RSUs granted to Messrs. Keinan and Gonzalez vest on the first anniversary of the date of grant, and the remaining 75% of such RSUs vest ratably over the 36-month period following the first anniversary of the grant date.
(2)
Represents Incentive Units granted during 2021 measured at the grant date fair value calculated in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. 25% of the Incentive Units granted to Mr. Gonzalez vest on the first anniversary of the grant date and hire, respectively, and the remaining 75% of such Incentive Units vest ratably over the 36-month period following the first anniversary of the grant and hire dates, respectively.
(3)
In accordance with the Separation Agreement, all unvested incentive units of Sky previously granted to Mr. Saltzman will accelerate and vest in full. Mr. Saltzman’s unvested RSUs have been forfeited in accordance with the terms of the Company’s plan.
DIRECTOR COMPENSATION
The following table sets forth information concerning the compensation of our non-employee directors for the year ended December 31, 2023. The compensation of Mr. Keinan, who is an employee of the Company, is fully reflected in the Summary Compensation Table and related discussion above. Mr. Keinan does not receive additional compensation for his service as a director.
Name
Fees earned or paid in cash (1)
($)
Stock awards(2)
($)
Total
($)
Walter Jackson
$ 80,000
$ 80,500
$ 160,500
Alethia Nancoo
$ 70,000
$ 80,500
$ 150,500
Alex B. Rozek
$ 55,000
$ 80,500
$ 135,500
Lysa Leiponis
$ 102,500
$ 80,500
$ 183,000
Nick Wellmon
$ 55,000
$ 80,500
$ 135,500
Robert S. Rivkin
$ 62,500
$ 80,500
$ 143,000
1. Reflects the total amount of annual fees for the applicable roles set forth in the table below.
2. Represents RSUs granted during 2023 measured at the grant date fair value calculated in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718.
Our director compensation plan provides that the non-executive directors of the Board receive annual compensation comprised of a cash retainer of $50,000 and an RSU award with an approximate grant date fair value of $70,000, subject to vesting conditions pursuant to the 2022 Plan. Non-executive directors are required to own $150,000 of our common stock by the third anniversary of their tenure. Further, these non-executive directors receive additional annual cash compensation for committee and Lead Independent Director service as follows:
Audit
Committee
Chair of
Audit
Committee
Compensation
Committee
Chair of
Compensation
Committee
Nominating and
Corporate
Governance
Committee
Chair of
Nominating and
Corporate
Governance
Committee
Lead Independent
Director
$7,500
$25,000
$5,000
$15,000
$5,000
$15,000
$25,000
The director compensation plan, including equity awards, retainer fees, as well as committee, chair, and meeting fees, is designed to attract and retain the most qualified individuals to serve on the Board and we believe is in line with that of other public companies of a similar size. The Board, on the recommendation of our compensation committee, is responsible for reviewing and approving any changes to the directors’ compensation arrangements.
Emerging Growth Company Status
As an emerging growth company, the Company will be exempt from certain requirements related to executive compensation, including the requirements to hold a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and to provide information relating to the ratio of total compensation of the Company’s chief executive officer to the median of the annual total compensation of all of the Company’s employees, each as required by the Investor Protection and Securities Reform Act of 2010, which is part of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
ITEM 12.
SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS.
The following table sets forth information known to us regarding the beneficial ownership of the Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock as of February 29, 2024 by:
•
each person who is known by us to be the beneficial owner of more than 5% of the outstanding shares of the Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock;
•
each current named executive officer and director of the Company; and
•
all current executive officers and directors of the Company, as a group.
Beneficial ownership is determined according to the rules of the SEC, which generally provide that a person has beneficial ownership of a security if he, she or it possesses sole or shared voting or investment power over that security, including options and Warrants that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days and shares issuable upon the settlement of RSU awards held by that person that will vest within 60 days.
The beneficial ownership percentages set forth in the table below are based on approximately 24,383,870 shares of Class A Common Stock and approximately 42,046,356 shares of Class B Common Stock issued and outstanding as of February 29, 2024 and do not take into account the issuance of any shares of Class A Common Stock upon the exercise of Warrants to purchase up to approximately 16,030,592 shares of Class A Common Stock that remain outstanding.
Unless otherwise noted in the footnotes to the following table, and subject to applicable community property laws, the persons and entities named in the table have sole voting and investment power with respect to their beneficially owned Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock.
Class A
Common Stock
Class B
Common Stock
Combined
Voting
Power
(%)(2)
Name and Address of Beneficial Owner(1)
Number
%
Number
%
Five Percent Holders:
Boston Omaha Corporation(3)
13,118,474
53.8%
-
-
19.8%
Due West Partners LLC(4)(6)
-
-
11,640,460
27.7%
17.5%
Center Sky Harbour LLC(5)
-
-
11,637,960
27.7%
17.5%
Directors and Executive Officers:
Tal Keinan
13,632
*
17,943,792
42.7%
27.0%
Will Whitesell
-
-
-
-
-
Francisco X. Gonzalez
59,534
*
-
-
*
Michael W. Schmitt
6,192
*
-
-
*
Gerald Adler
6,042
*
-
-
*
Walter Jackson
7,146
*
412,072
*
*
Alethia Nancoo
7,146
*
-
-
*
Alex B. Rozek
7,146
*
-
-
*
Lysa Leiponis
7,146
*
-
-
*
Nick Wellmon(6)
7,146
*
11,640,460
27.7%
17.5%
Robert S. Rivkin
7,146
*
-
-
*
All directors and executive officers, as a group (11 individuals)
128,276
*
29,996,324
71.3%
45.4%
*
less than 1%
(1)
This table is based on 66,430,226 shares of Common Stock outstanding as of February 29, 2024. Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and includes voting and investment power with respect to shares. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each of those listed in the table above is c/o Sky Harbour Group Corporation, 136 Tower Road, Suite 205, Westchester County Airport, White Plains, NY 10604.
(2)
Percentage of combined voting power represents voting power with respect to all shares of Class A common stock and Class B Common Stock, voting together as a single class. Holders of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock are entitled to one vote per share on all matters submitted to the stockholders for their vote or approval.
(3)
According to Schedule 13D filed on February 4, 2022 and Form 4 filed on February 24, 2023. The business address of Boston Omaha Corporation is 1601 Dodge Street, Suite 3300, Omaha, Nebraska 68102. Comprised of (i) 4,500,000 shares of Class A Common Stock purchased from YAC by Boston Omaha through BOC YAC Funding LLC immediately prior to the Closing; (ii) 3,118,474 shares of Class A Common Stock issued to Boston Omaha through BOC Yellowstone LLC in connection with the automatic conversion of an equal number of shares of YAC’s class B common stock upon the Closing; (iii) 5,500,000 shares of Class A Common Stock issued to Boston Omaha through BOC YAC Funding LLC in connection with the automatic conversion of 5,500,000 series B preferred units of Sky purchased in September 2021 and which converted to 5,500,000 shares of Class A Common Stock upon the Closing.
(4)
The business address of Due West is 8260 SE 31st St., Mercer Island, Washington 98040.
(5)
The business address of Center Sky is 9355 Wilshire Blvd, Suite 350, Beverly Hills, California 90210.
(6)
Represents shares held by Due West. Mr. Wellmon is the Founder and Managing Partner of Due West, and as such has voting and investment discretion with respect to the shares of Class B Common Stock held of record by Due West and may be deemed to have shared beneficial ownership of the shares of Class B Common Stock held directly by Due West. Mr. Wellmon disclaims any beneficial ownership of the reported shares other than to the extent of any pecuniary indirect interest he may have therein.
Because of their ownership block, our directors and executive officers as a group may be able to effectively influence the outcome of all matters requiring approval by our stockholders, including amendments to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and approval of significant corporate transactions.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
ITEM 13.
CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
Registration Rights Agreement
Due West, Center Sky, Walter Jackson, Joshua Lobel, Haydeh Davoudi, Amodae Capital LLC, BOC YAC Funding LLC and Tal Keinan (the “Sky Securityholders”) entered into a certain registration rights agreement (the “Registration Rights Agreement”) pursuant to which we granted the Sky Securityholders certain registration rights with respect to our securities owned by the Sky Securityholders. Among other things, the Registration Rights Agreement required us to register the shares of (a) Class A Common Stock issued in connection with the Yellowstone Transaction, (b) shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon exchange of Sky Common Units and shares of the Class B Common Stock held by Sky Securityholders, and (c) the warrants sold by YAC to the Sponsor in its initial public offering (the “Private Placement Warrants”), including any shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of any Private Placement Warrants (collectively, the “Registerable Securities”). The Registration Rights Agreement also provides the Sky Securityholders with certain customary demand and piggyback registration rights.
Pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement, we filed registration statements on Form S-1, originally filed with the SEC on April 28, 2022 and May 17, 2022 (File Numbers 333-263905 and 333-264998, respectively) (collectively, the “Registration Statements”), registering the resale of the Registrable Securities permitted to be registered for resale from time to time pursuant to the applicable rules and regulations under the Securities Act. The Registration Statements were declared effective on May 5, 2022, and May 25, 2022, respectively. We bore all of the expenses incurred in connection with the filing of the Registration Statements. We shall use reasonable best efforts to cause the Registration Statements to remain effective (including by renewing or refiling upon expiration), permitting the resale from time to time on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 by the Sky Securityholders.
Lock-Up Agreements
Tal Keinan, Due West, Walter Jackson, Francisco X. Gonzalez, Alex Saltzman, Tim Herr, BOC YAC Funding LLC, BOC Yellowstone LLC and BOC Yellowstone II LLC also agreed, subject to certain exceptions, not to sell certain shares of Class A Common Stock for a period of at least the first to occur of (A) one year after the Closing Date, (B) subsequent to the completion of the Closing Date (x) if the last sale price of Class A Common Stock equals or exceeds $12.00 per share (as adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like) for any 20 trading days within any 30-trading day period commencing at least 150 days after the Closing Date, or (C) the date on which we complete a liquidation, merger, capital stock exchange, reorganization or other similar transaction that results in all of our stockholders having the right to exchange their shares of our Common Stock for cash, securities or other property. Such agreement expired on January 25, 2023, one year after the Closing Date.
BOC YAC Investment
BOC YAC Funding LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Boston Omaha, entered into a purchase agreement with Sky (the “Series B Preferred Unit Purchase Agreement”) under which it acquired $55,000,000 worth of Series B Preferred units of Sky. These units converted into 5,500,000 shares of our Class A Common Stock upon the closing of the Yellowstone Transaction.
BOC YAC PIPE
Boston Omaha entered into a subscription agreement with Sky dated December 22, 2021 (the “BOC PIPE Subscription Agreement”), pursuant to which Boston Omaha invested $45,000,000 through the purchase of 4,500,000 shares of YAC Class A Common Stock at a price of $10.00 per share immediately prior to the consummation of the Yellowstone Transaction. Pursuant to the terms of the BOC PIPE Subscription Agreement, Boston Omaha agreed to execute and deliver such additional documents and take such additional actions as Boston Omaha and Sky reasonably may deem to be practical and necessary to consummate the subscription. In addition, pursuant to the BOC PIPE Subscription Agreement, Boston Omaha agreed to waive any claims Boston Omaha may have at the Closing or in the future, in or to any monies held in the Trust Account, subject to certain exceptions as specified therein. The sale of BOC PIPE shares was consummated concurrently with the Closing of the Yellowstone Transaction.
In connection with the BOC PIPE Subscription Agreement, Sky entered into a letter agreement with Yellowstone and Boston Omaha on December 22, 2021, in which, among other things, Sky agreed to waive the Minimum Buyer Financing Condition which required Yellowstone to deliver at least $150 million in value in accordance with Section 6.3(e) of the Equity Purchase Agreement (subject to funding of the $45,000,000 under the BOC PIPE Subscription Agreement), consented to Yellowstone transferring its listing to the New York Stock Exchange and, given the enhanced scrutiny of Special Purpose Acquisition Companies, agreed to the engagement of a nationally recognized accounting firm to provide consulting services to Sky with respect to its internal control function.
Agreements with Due West
Upon completion of the Yellowstone Transaction, Sky Harbour entered into the Stockholders’ Agreement, the A&R Operating Agreement of Sky and the Tax Receivables Agreement with the Existing Sky Equity Holders, including Due West. Mr. Wellmon, who has served on the Board since the Closing of the Yellowstone Transaction, is the founder and Managing Partner of Due West.
In March 2021, Due West received 15,000 Series A Preferred Units in exchange for an investment in Sky of $15 million. The Series A Preferred Units converted into Sky Common Units and an equivalent number of shares of Class B Common Stock upon completion of the Yellowstone Transaction.
Certain Agreements with Management
On September 20, 2021, the Company entered into a non-exclusive agreement with Echo Echo, LLC, a related party to the Founder and CEO, for the use of a Beechcraft Baron G58 aircraft. The effective date of the agreement was September 8, 2021 and the agreement automatically renews annually. The agreement can be terminated without penalty if either party provides 35 days written notice, or if the aircraft is sold or otherwise disposed of. The Company is charged per flight hour of use along with all direct operating costs. Additionally, the Company also incurs the pro rata share of maintenance, overhead and insurance costs of the aircraft. For the years ended December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the Company recognized $215,000 and $194,000 of expense, within general and administrative expense under the terms of this agreement. The related liability is included in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company paid $105,000 for consulting services to a company that employed our Chief Financial Officer until prior to July 1, 2021. The Company paid $108,000 during the year ended December 31, 2022 to the same company.
Related Person Transaction Policy
We have adopted a written policy relating to the approval of related person transactions. A “related person transaction” is a transaction or arrangement or series of transactions or arrangements in which we participate (whether or not we are a party) and a related person has a direct or indirect material interest in such transaction. Our Audit Committee will review and approve or ratify all relationships and related person transactions between us and (i) our directors, director nominees or executive officers, (ii) any record or beneficial owner of 5% or more of our common stock or (iii) any immediate family member of any person specified in (i) and (ii). The Audit Committee will review all related person transactions and, where the Audit Committee determines that such transactions are in our best interests, approve such transactions in advance of such transaction being given effect.
As set forth in the related person transaction policy, in the course of its review and approval or ratification of a related party transaction, the Audit Committee will, in its judgment, consider in light of the relevant facts and circumstances whether the transaction is, or is not inconsistent with, our best interests, including consideration of various factors enumerated in the policy.
Any member of the Audit Committee who is a related person with respect to a transaction under review will not be permitted to participate in the discussions or approval or ratification of the transaction. Our policy also includes certain exceptions for transactions that need not be reported and provides the Audit Committee with the discretion to pre-approve certain transactions.
Our Audit Committee will review on a quarterly basis all payments that were made to our officers or directors, or our or their affiliates.
Director Independence
Under the rules of the NYSE American, a director will only qualify as an “independent director” if such person is not an officer or employee of the company or its subsidiaries and such person does not have a relationship, which, in the opinion of the Board, would interfere with the director’s exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director. In 2023, our Board, following consultation with our Nominating and Governance Committee, undertook a review of the independence of each director and considered whether each director has a material relationship with the Company and Sky Harbour LLC (“Sky”) that could compromise his or her ability to exercise independent judgment in carrying out his or her responsibilities. As a result of this review, the Board determined that five of our seven current directors, Messrs, Jackson, Wellmon and Rivkin and Mmes. Nancoo and Leiponis are considered “independent directors” as defined under the listing requirements and rules of the NYSE American, and that Messrs. Jackson and Rivkin and Mmes. Nancoo and Leiponis are considered independent for purposes of audit committee service under Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. In making these determinations, the Board considered the current and prior relationships that each non-employee director has with the Company and Sky and all other facts and circumstances the Board deemed relevant in determining independence, including the beneficial ownership of the Company’s Common Stock held by each non-employee director and the transactions involving them described herein.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
ITEM 14.
PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Audit, Audit-Related, Tax and All Other Fees
The table below sets forth the aggregate fees billed by EA during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Audit Fees (1)
$ 330,855
$ 295,050
Audit-Related Fees (2)
37,800
35,175
Tax Fees
-
-
All Other Fees
-
-
Total
$ 368,655
$ 330,225
(1)
Audit fees include fees for services performed to comply with the standards established by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, including the audit of our consolidated financial statements. This category also includes fees for audits provided in connection with statutory filings or services that generally only the principal independent auditor reasonably can provide, such as consent and assistance with and review of our SEC filings.
(2)
Audit-related fees represent services that were provided in connection with audit and attest services related to financial reporting that is not required by statute or regulation.
Approval Policies and Procedures
The formal written charter for our audit committee requires that the audit committee (i) review and approve, in advance, the scope and plans for the audits and the audit fees and (ii) approve in advance (or, where permitted under the rules and regulations of the SEC, subsequently) all non-audit and tax services to be performed by the independent auditor that are not otherwise prohibited by law or regulations and any associated fees. Our audit committee may, in accordance with applicable law, establish pre-approval policies and procedures for the engagement of independent accountants to render services to the Company.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
ITEM 15.
EXHIBITS, AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a)
Financial Statements
The financial statements listed in “Index to the Financial Statements” at “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” are filed as part of this Report. Financial statement schedules have been omitted since they are either not required, not applicable, or the information is otherwise included.
(b)
Exhibits
See Exhibit Index at the end of this Report, which is incorporated by reference.
Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit
Number
Description
Schedule/
Form
File No.
Exhibit
Filing Date
2.1 (+)
Equity Purchase Agreement, dated as of August 1, 2021, by and among Yellowstone Acquisition Company and Sky Harbour LLC.
8-K
001-39648
2.1
August 3, 2021
3.1
Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Yellowstone Acquisition Company.
8-K
001-39648
3.1
January 31, 2022
3.2
Bylaws of Sky Harbour Group Corporation.
8-K
001-39648
3.2
January 31, 2022
4.1
Specimen Class A Common Stock Certificate.
S-1
333-249035
4.2
September 25, 2020
4.2
Specimen Warrant Certificate.
S-1
333-249035
4.3
September 25, 2020
4.3
Warrant Agreement, dated October 21, 2020, between Yellowstone Acquisition Company and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as warrant agent.
8-K
001-39648
4.1
October 26, 2020
4.4 (#)
Description of Securities.
10.1 (+)
Stockholders’ Agreement, dated as of January 25, 2022, by and among Sky Harbour Group Corporation, Tal Keinan, Due West Partners LLC, Center Sky Harbour LLC, BOC Yellowstone I LLC, and BOC Yellowstone II LLC.
8-K
001-39648
10.1
January 31, 2022
10.2 (+)
Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of September 14, 2021 by and among Sky Harbour LLC, the Existing Sky Equityholders, BOC YAC, the Sponsor and the BOC PIPE investors.
8-K
001-39648
10.2
January 31, 2022
10.3
Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of February 28, 2022 by and among Sky Harbour LLC, the Existing Sky Equityholders, BOC YAC, the Sponsor and the BOC PIPE investors.
10-K
001-39648
10.3
March 28, 2022
10.4 (+)
Tax Receivable Agreement, dated as of January 25, 2022, by and among Sky Harbour Group Corporation, the Existing Sky Equityholders and the TRA Holder Representative.
8-K
001-39648
10.3
January 31, 2022
10.5 (+)
Third Amended and Restated Operating Agreement of Sky Harbour LLC.
8-K
001-39648
10.4
January 31, 2022
10.6 (*)
Sky Harbour Group Corporation 2022 Incentive Award Plan.
8-K
001-39648
10.5
January 31, 2022
10.7 (*)
Sky Harbour Group Corporation 2022 Incentive Award Plan - Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement.
8-K
001-39648
10.6
January 31, 2022
10.8 (*)
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Executives)
8-K
001-39648
10.2
May 20, 2022
10.9 (*) (#)
Form of Option Award Agreement
10.10 (*)
Form of Director and Officer Indemnification Agreement.
8-K
001-39648
10.7
January 31, 2022
10.11 (*)
Employment Agreement with Tal Keinan.
8-K
001-39648
10.1
March 28, 2022
10.12 (*)
Employment Agreement with Francisco Gonzalez.
8-K
001-39648
10.8
January 31, 2022
10.13 (*)
Amendment to Amended and Restated Employment Agreement with Francisco Gonzalez.
8-K
001-39648
10.3
March 28, 2022
10.14 (*)
Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Employment Agreement with Francisco Gonzalez.
8-K
001-39648
10.1
May 20, 2022
10.15 (*) (#)
Employment Agreement with Will Whitesell
10.16
Trust Indenture between the Public Finance Authority and The Bank of New York Mellon.
8-K
001-39648
10.10
January 31, 2022
10.17
Specimen Series 2021 Bonds (included as part of Exhibit 10.16).
8-K
001-39648
10.11
January 31, 2022
10.18
Loan Agreement by and between the Public Finance Authority, Sky Harbour Sugar Land Airport, LLC, Sky Harbour Opa Locka Airport, LLC, Nashville Hangars LLC, APA Hangars LLC and DVT Hangars LLC.
8-K
001-39648
10.12
January 31, 2022
10.19 (+)
Loan Agreement, dated as of December 1, 2020, by and among Rapidbuilt, Inc., Overflow, Ltd. and Vista Bank, as amended by the Consent, Waiver and Second Amendment to Loan Documents, dated as of May 12, 2023, by and among Vista Bank, Overflow, Ltd., Rapidbuilt, Inc. and Sky Harbour, LLC.
10-Q
001-39648
10.1
August 14, 2023
10.20
Guaranty Agreement, dated as of May 12, 2023, by Sky Harbour LLC in favor of Vista Bank.
10-Q
001-39648
10.2
August 14, 2023
10.21
BOC YAC PIPE Subscription Agreement dated December 22, 2021.
8-K
001-39648
10.1
December 23, 2021
10.22
Letter Agreement dated December 22, 2021.
8-K
001-39648
10.2
December 23, 2021
10.23
Forward Purchase Agreement dated January 17, 2022.
8-K
001-39648
10.1
January 18, 2022
10.24
Payment Agreement dated March 7, 2022.
8-K
001-39648
10.1
March 11, 2022
10.25
Common Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of August 18, 2022, by and between Sky Harbour Group Corporation and B. Riley Principal Capital II, LLC.
8-K
001-39648
10.1
August 19, 2022
10.26
Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of August 18, 2022, by and between Sky Harbour Group Corporation and B. Riley Principal Capital II, LLC.
8-K
001-39648
10.2
August 19, 2022
10.27
Form of Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of November 1, 2023 by and among Sky Harbour Group Corporation and the Investors named therein.
8-K
001-39648
10.1
November 2, 2023
10.28
Form of Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of November 1, 2023 by and among Sky Harbour Group Corporation and the Investors named therein.
8-K
001-39648
10.2
November 2, 2023
10.29
Ground Sublease between Sunborne XVI, LTD. and APA Hangars LLC.
8-K
001-39648
10.13
January 31, 2022
10.30 (+)
Unsubordinated Ground Lease and Option to Lease Additional Land between City of Phoenix and DVT Hangars LLC.
8-K
001-39648
10.14
January 31, 2022
10.31
Lease Agreement by and between The Metropolitan Nashville Airport Authority and Sky Harbour, LLC.
8-K
001-39648
10.15
January 31, 2022
10.32 (+)
First Amendment to the Lease Agreement by and between The Metropolitan Nashville Airport Authority and Nashville Hangars LLC.
8-K
001-39648
10.16
January 31, 2022
10.33 (+)
Sublease Agreement by and between AA Acquisitions, LLC and Sky Harbour Opa Locka Airport, LLC.
8-K
001-39648
10.17
January 31, 2022
10.34 (+)
First Amendment to Sublease Agreement between AA Acquisitions, LLC and Sky Harbour Opa Locka Airport, LLC.
8-K
001-39648
10.18
January 31, 2022
10.35
Amended and Restated Standard Form Airport Corporate Hangar Land Lease between the City of Sugar Land and Sky Harbour Sugar Land Airport, LLC.
8-K
001-39648
10.19
January 31, 2022
10.36
Amendment No. 2 to the Standard Form Airport Corporate Hangar Land Lease between the City of Sugar Land and Sky Harbour Sugar Land Airport, LLC.
8-K
001-39648
10.20
January 31, 2022
10.37
Purchase and Sale Agreement by and between AA Acquisitions, LLC and OPF Hangars Landlord LLC.
10-K
001-39648
10.25
March 28, 2022
10.38 (#)
Net Ground Lease Agreement between Chicago Executive Airport and PWK Hangars LLC at Chicago Executive Airport.
10.39 (#)
Lease and Operating Agreement between Connecticut Airport Authority and BDL Hangars LLC.
10.40 (#)
Lease Agreement by and between County of Dutchess and POU Development LLC.
16.1
Letter from KPMG LLP to the SEC, dated January 31, 2022.
8-K
001-39648
16.1
January 31, 2022
21.1 (#)
List of Subsidiaries.
23.1 (#)
Consent of EisnerAmper LLP.
24.1 (#)
Power of Attorney (included on signature pages herein).
31.1 (#)
Certification of the Chief Executive Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a).
31.2 (#)
Certification of the Chief Financial Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a).
32.1 (#)(##)
Certification of the Chief Executive Officer required by Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) and 18 U.S.C. 1350.
32.2 (#)(##)
Certification of the Chief Financial Officer required by Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) and 18 U.S.C. 1350.
97.1 (#)
Sky Harbour Group Corporation Compensation Recoupment Policy.
101 (#)
Inline XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language). The following materials from this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2023, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) consolidated balance sheets of Sky Harbour Group Corporation, (ii) consolidated statements of operations of Sky Harbour Group Corporation, (iii) consolidated statements of comprehensive income/(loss) of Sky Harbour Group Corporation, (iv) consolidated statements of changes in equity of Sky Harbour Group Corporation, (v) consolidated statements of cash flows of Sky Harbour Group Corporation, and (vi) notes to consolidated financial statements of Sky Harbour Group Corporation. The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
104 (#)
Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)
(*)
Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan.
(#)
Filed herewith.
(##)
The certifications attached as Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 that accompany this Report, are not deemed filed with the SEC and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date of this Report irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing, except to the extent that the Company specifically incorporated it by reference.
(+)
Certain schedules and exhibits to this Exhibit have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) or Item 601(b)(10)(iv), as applicable, of Regulation S-K. The Registrant agrees to furnish supplemental copies of all omitted exhibits and schedules to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon its request.