EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1574291
Filing Year: 2021
Filename: 1574291_10-K_2021_0001574291-21-000007.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1. Business
Overview
We are an indirect, wholly owned subsidiary of CCIC, which is one of the largest owners and operators in the United States ("U.S.") of shared communications infrastructure, including (1) towers and other structures, such as rooftops (collectively, "towers"), and (2) fiber primarily supporting small cell networks ("small cells") and fiber solutions. As of December 31, 2020, CCIC and its subsidiaries collectively owned, leased or managed approximately (1) 40,000 towers and (2) 80,000 route miles of fiber in the U.S., including Puerto Rico.
Our core business is providing access, including space or capacity, to certain communications infrastructure sites ("sites") via long-term contracts in various forms, including lease, license and sublease agreements (collectively, "tenant contracts"). Our existing customers on our sites are referred to herein as "tenants." We seek to increase our site rental revenues through tenant additions or modifications of existing tenant installations (collectively, "tenant additions") on our sites, which we expect to result in significant incremental cash flows due to our low incremental operating costs. Our operating costs generally tend to escalate at approximately the rate of inflation and are not typically influenced by tenant additions.
Below is certain information concerning our business and organizational structure:
•We own, lease and manage approximately 7,600 sites.
•Approximately 63% and 78% of our sites are located in the 50 and 100 largest basic trading areas ("BTAs"), respectively.
•Approximately 68% of our sites are leased or subleased or operated and managed ("T-Mobile Sites") pursuant to 32-year master leases (expiring in May 2037) ("T-Mobile Master Leases") or other agreements with subsidiaries of T-Mobile which were assumed by T-Mobile following its merger with Sprint, completed April 1, 2020.
•The contracts for land interests relating to our towers have an average total remaining life of approximately 26 years (including all renewal terms exercisable at our option), weighted based on site rental revenues.
•Our subsidiaries (other than Crown Castle GS III Corp.) are organized specifically to own, lease and manage certain communications infrastructure, such as sites or other structures, and have no employees.
•Management services, including those functions reasonably necessary to maintain, market, operate, manage, or administer the sites, are performed by Crown Castle USA Inc. ("CCUSA"), an affiliate of CCIC, under a management agreement ("Management Agreement"). The management fee under the Management Agreement is equal to 7.5% of our "Operating Revenues," as defined in the Management Agreement.
•For U.S. federal income tax purposes, our assets and operations are included in CCIC's REIT.
◦The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which was signed into law in 2017 ("Tax Reform Act"), made substantial changes to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended ("Code"). Among the many changes impacting corporations are a significant reduction in the corporate income tax rate, the repeal of the corporate alternative minimum tax for years beginning in 2018 and limitations on the deductibility of interest expense. In addition, under the Tax Reform Act, qualified REIT dividends (within the meaning of Section 199A(e)(3) of the Code) constitute a part of a non-corporate taxpayer's "qualified business income amount" and thus CCIC's non-corporate U.S. stockholders may be eligible to take a qualified business income deduction in an amount equal to 20% of such dividends received from CCIC. Without further legislative action, the 20% deduction applicable to qualified REIT dividends will expire on January 1, 2026. The Tax Reform Act has not had a material impact on the Company.
Certain information concerning our tenants and tenant contracts is as follows:
•Our largest tenants are T-Mobile (which merged with Sprint in April 2020), AT&T and Verizon Wireless, which collectively accounted for 89% of our 2020 consolidated site rental revenues (which includes revenues previously derived from Sprint). See note 11 to our consolidated financial statements for further information regarding our largest tenants.
•The vast majority of our site rental revenues are of a recurring nature and are derived from long-term tenant contracts.
•Our site rental revenues typically result from long-term tenant contracts with (1) initial terms of five to 15 years, (2) multiple renewal periods of five to ten years each, exercisable at the option of the tenant, (3) limited termination rights for our tenants and (4) monthly rental payments with contractual escalations of the rental price.
•Exclusive of renewals exercisable at the tenants' option, our tenant contracts have a weighted-average remaining life of approximately five years and represent $4.1 billion of expected future cash inflows.
See "Item 7. MD&A-General Overview" for a further discussion of our business fundamentals.
Available Information
CCIC maintains a website at www.crowncastle.com. Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K (and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) ("Exchange Act") and other information about us are made available, free of charge, through the investor relations section of CCIC's website at http://investor.crowncastle.com or at the SEC's website at http://www.sec.gov as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Item 1A. Risk Factors
You should carefully consider all of the risks described below, as well as the other information contained in this document when evaluating our business.
Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry
Our business depends on the demand for our sites, driven primarily by demand for wireless data, and we may be adversely affected by any slowdown in such demand. Additionally, a reduction in the amount or change in the mix of network investment by our tenants may materially and adversely affect our business (including reducing demand for our sites).
Tenant demand for our sites depends on the demand for wireless data. Additionally, the willingness of our tenants to utilize our sites, or renew or extend existing tenant contracts on our sites, is affected by numerous factors, including:
•availability or capacity of our sites or associated land interests;
•location of our sites;
•financial condition of our tenants, including their profitability and availability or cost of capital;
•willingness of our tenants to maintain or increase their network investment or changes in their capital allocation strategy;
•availability and cost of spectrum for commercial use;
•increased use of network sharing, roaming, joint development, or resale agreements by our tenants;
•mergers or consolidations by and among our tenants;
•changes in, or success of, our tenants' business models;
•governmental regulations and initiatives, including local or state restrictions on the proliferation of communications infrastructure;
•cost of constructing sites;
•our market competition;
•technological changes including those (1) affecting the number or type of communications infrastructure needed to provide wireless data to a given geographic area or which may otherwise serve as a substitute or alternative to our sites or (2) resulting in the obsolescence or decommissioning of certain existing wireless networks; and
•our ability to efficiently satisfy our tenants' service requirements.
A slowdown in demand for wireless data or our sites may negatively impact our growth or otherwise have a material adverse effect on us. If our tenants or potential tenants are unable to raise adequate capital to fund their business plans, as a result of disruptions in the financial and credit markets or otherwise, they may reduce their spending, which could adversely affect our anticipated growth or the demand for our sites.
The amount, timing and mix of our tenants' network investment is variable and can be significantly impacted by the various matters described in these risk factors. Changes in tenant network investment typically impact the demand for our sites. As a result, changes in tenant plans such as delays in the implementation of new systems, new and emerging technologies (including small cells), or plans to expand coverage or capacity may reduce demand for our sites. Furthermore, the wireless industry could experience a slowdown or slowing growth rates as a result of numerous factors, including a reduction in consumer demand for wireless data or general economic conditions. There can be no assurances that weakness or uncertainty in the economic environment will not adversely impact the wireless industry, which may materially and adversely affect our business, including by reducing demand for our sites. In addition, a slowdown may increase competition for site rental tenants. Such an industry slowdown or a reduction in tenant network investment may materially and adversely affect our business.
A substantial portion of our revenues is derived from a small number of tenants, and the loss, consolidation, or financial instability of any of such tenants may materially decrease revenues or reduce demand for our sites.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, our site rental revenues by tenant were as follows:
(a)Includes revenues previously derived from Sprint. On April 1, 2020, T-Mobile and Sprint announced the completion of their previously disclosed merger.
Our three largest tenants are T-Mobile (which merged with Sprint in April 2020), AT&T and Verizon Wireless. The loss of any one of our largest tenants as a result of consolidation, merger, bankruptcy, insolvency, network sharing, roaming, joint development, resale agreements by our tenants, or otherwise may result in (1) a material decrease in our revenues, (2) uncollectible account receivables, (3) an impairment of our deferred site rental receivables, site assets, or intangible assets, or (4) other adverse effects to our business. We cannot guarantee that tenant contracts with our largest tenants will not be terminated or that these tenants will renew their tenant contracts with us. In addition to our three largest tenants, we also derive a portion of our revenues and anticipated future growth from new entrants offering or contemplating offering wireless services. Such tenants may be smaller or have less financial resources than our three largest tenants, may have business models which may not be successful, or may require additional capital.
Consolidation among our tenants will likely result in duplicate or overlapping parts of networks, for example, where they are co-residents on a tower, which may result in the termination, non-renewal or re-negotiation of tenant contracts and negatively impact revenues from our sites. Due to the long-term nature of our tenant contracts, we generally expect that the impact of our site rental revenues from any termination of our tenant contracts as a result of such potential consolidation would be spread over multiple years. Such consolidation (or potential consolidation) may result in a reduction or slowdown in such tenants' network investment in the aggregate because their expansion plans may be similar.
On April 1, 2020, T-Mobile and Sprint announced the completion of their previously disclosed merger. Such merger may result in a decrease or delay in demand for our sites as a result of the anticipated integration of the T-Mobile and Sprint networks and related duplicate or overlapping parts of their networks.
Tenant consolidation, including the merger between T-Mobile and Sprint, could decrease the demand for our sites, which in turn may result in a reduction in our revenues or cash flows and may trigger a review for impairment of certain long-lived assets.
See also "Item 1. Business" and note 11 to our consolidated financial statements for further information regarding our largest tenants.
As a result of competition in our industry, we may find it more difficult to negotiate favorable rates on our new or renewing tenant contracts.
Our growth is dependent on our entering into new tenant contracts (including amendments to tenant contracts upon modification of an existing tower installation), as well as renewing or renegotiating tenant contracts when existing tenant contracts terminate. Competition in our industry may make it more difficult for us to attract new tenants, maintain or increase our gross margins or maintain or increase our market share. We face competition for site rental tenants and associated contractual rates from various sources, including (1) other independent communications infrastructure owners or operators,
including those that own, operate, or manage towers, rooftops, broadcast or transmission towers, utility poles, fiber or small cells, or (2) new alternative deployment methods for communications infrastructure.
New technologies may reduce demand for our sites or negatively impact our revenues.
Improvements in the efficiency, architecture and design of communication networks may reduce the demand for our sites. For example, new technologies that may promote network sharing, joint development, backhaul and fronthaul efficiency, or resale agreements by our tenants, such as signal combining technologies or network virtualization, may reduce the need for our sites. In addition, other technologies, such as WiFi, Distributed Antenna Systems ("DAS"), other small cells, blimps, satellite (such as low earth orbiting) and mesh transmission systems may, in the future, serve as substitutes for or alternatives to leasing on sites that might otherwise be anticipated or expected had such technologies not existed. In addition, new technologies that enhance the range, efficiency and capacity of communication equipment could reduce demand for our sites. Any significant reduction in demand for our sites resulting from the new technologies may negatively impact our revenues or otherwise have a material adverse effect on us.
If we fail to retain rights to our sites, including the rights to land under our towers, our business may be adversely affected.
The property interests and other rights to our sites, including the land under our towers (other than the T-Mobile Sites), are derived from leasehold, sub-leasehold interests, fee interests and easements, as well as permits granted by governmental entities. A loss of these interests for any reason, including losses arising from the bankruptcies of a significant number of our lessors, from the default by a significant number of our lessors under their mortgage financings or from a legal challenge to our interest in the real property, may interfere with our ability to conduct our business or generate revenues. If a material number of the grantors of these rights elect not to renew their terms, our ability to conduct business or generate revenues could be adversely affected. Further, we may not be able to renew ground leases on commercially viable terms.
Our ability to retain rights to the land on which our towers are located depends on our ability to purchase such land, by acquiring fee interests and perpetual easements, or renegotiate or extend the terms of the agreements relating to such land. In some cases, other subsidiaries of CCIC have acquired certain third party land under certain of our towers as a result of negotiated transactions, and we have entered into leases with such affiliates. Approximately 15% of our sites for the year ended December 31, 2020 are under our control for less than 10 years. If we are unable to retain rights to the property on which our towers are located, our business may be adversely affected.
As of December 31, 2020, approximately 68% of our sites were T-Mobile Sites. CCIC, through its subsidiaries (including us), has the option to purchase, in 2037, all (but not less than all) of the leased and subleased T-Mobile Sites (as well as other T-Mobile sites leased or subleased by other subsidiaries of CCIC) from T-Mobile for approximately $2.3 billion; CCIC has no obligation to exercise the purchase option. CCIC may not have the required available capital to exercise the purchase option at the time this option is exercisable. Even if CCIC does have available capital, it may choose not to exercise its purchase option for business or other reasons. In the event that CCIC does not exercise the purchase option, or is otherwise unable to acquire an interest that would allow us to continue to operate these towers after the applicable period, we will lose the cash flows derived from such towers, which may have a material adverse effect on our business. In the event that CCIC decides to exercise the purchase option, the benefits of the acquisition of the sites may not exceed the costs, which could adversely affect our business.
Failure on our subsidiaries' part to cause the performance of their obligations as landlords under tenant contracts could lead to abatement of rent or termination of tenant contracts.
The vast majority of our tenant contracts are not net contracts. Accordingly, each of our subsidiaries that acts as a landlord is responsible for ensuring the maintenance and repair of its sites and for other obligations and liabilities associated with its sites, such as the payment of real estate taxes related to the tower and ground lease rents, the maintenance of insurance or environmental compliance and remediation. The failure of such subsidiary to cause the performance of their obligations as landlords under a tenant contract could entitle the related lessee to an abatement of rent or, in some circumstances, could result in a termination of the tenant contract. Because our subsidiaries nor we have any employees, as further discussed herein, the Manager (as defined below) is responsible for carrying out the landlord's responsibilities under the tenant contracts. An unscheduled reduction or cessation of payments due under a tenant contract may result in a reduction of the amounts available to make payments on the 3.849% Secured Notes.
Bankruptcy proceedings involving either our subsidiaries or their lessors under the ground leases could adversely affect our ability to enforce our subsidiaries' rights under the ground leases or to remain in possession of the leased property.
Upon the bankruptcy of a lessor or a lessee under a ground lease, the debtor entity generally has the right to assume or reject the ground lease. Pursuant to Section 365(h) of the United States Bankruptcy Code ("Bankruptcy Code"), a ground lessee
(i.e., a subsidiary) whose ground lease is rejected by a debtor ground lessor has the right to remain in possession of its leased premises under the rent reserved in the contract for the term of the ground lease, including any renewals, but is not entitled to enforce the obligation of the ground lessor to provide any services required under the ground lease. In the event of concurrent bankruptcy proceedings involving the ground lessor and the ground lessee, the ground lease could be terminated.
Similarly, upon the bankruptcy of one of our subsidiaries or a third-party owner of a managed site, the debtor entity would have the right to assume or reject any related site management agreement. Because the arrangements under which we derive revenue from the managed sites would not likely constitute contracts of real property for purposes of Section 365(h) of the Bankruptcy Code, the applicable subsidiary may not have the right to remain in possession of the premises or otherwise retain the benefit of the site management agreement if the site management agreement is rejected by a debtor third-party owner.
The bankruptcy of certain T-Mobile subsidiaries, which are sublessors to one of our subsidiaries, could result in such subsidiary's sublease interests being rejected by the bankruptcy court.
Certain of the towers leased from T-Mobile are located on land leased from third parties under ground leases. One of our subsidiaries, Global Signal Acquisitions II LLC ("Global Signal Acquisitions II"), subleases these sites from bankruptcy remote T-Mobile subsidiaries. If one of these T-Mobile subsidiaries should become a debtor in a bankruptcy proceeding and is permitted to reject the underlying ground lease, Global Signal Acquisitions II could lose its interest in the applicable sites. If Global Signal Acquisitions II were to lose its interest in the applicable sites or if the applicable ground leases were to be terminated, we would lose the cash flow derived from the towers on those sites, which may have a material adverse effect on our business. We have similar bankruptcy risks with respect to sites that we operate under management agreements.
Our failure to comply with our covenants in the T-Mobile Master Leases, including our obligation to timely pay ground lease rent, could result in an event of default under the applicable T-Mobile Master Leases, which would adversely impact our business.
Subject to certain cure, arbitration, or other provisions, in the event of an uncured default under a T-Mobile Master Lease, T-Mobile may terminate the T-Mobile Master Lease as to the applicable sites. If we default under the T-Mobile Master Leases with respect to more than 20% of the T-Mobile Sites within any rolling five-year period, T-Mobile will have the right to terminate the T-Mobile Master Leases with respect to all T-Mobile Sites. If T-Mobile terminates T-Mobile Master Leases with respect to all of or a significant number of sites, we would lose all of our interests in those sites (which collectively represent approximately 68% of our sites as of December 31, 2020) and our ability to make payments on the 3.849% Secured Notes would therefore be significantly impaired.
We have no employees of our own and hence are dependent on the Manager for the conduct of our operations. Any failure of the Manager to continue to perform in its role as manager of the sites could have a material adverse impact on our business. Additionally, we could be negatively impacted by other unforeseen events, such as natural disasters, that could adversely affect our operations, business and reputation.
Pursuant to the Management Agreement among CCL, certain of its direct and indirect subsidiaries and CCUSA, all of our sites are managed by CCUSA ("Manager"). The Manager continues to be responsible for causing maintenance to be carried out in a timely fashion, carrying out the landlord's responsibilities under the tenant contracts, and marketing the site spaces. Management errors may adversely affect the revenue generated by the sites. In addition, the Manager's performance continues to depend to a significant degree upon the continued contributions of key management, engineering, sales and marketing, tenant support, legal, or finance personnel, some of whom may be difficult to replace. The Manager does not have employment agreements with any of its employees, and no assurance can be given that the services of such personnel will continue to be available to the Manager. Furthermore, the Manager does not maintain key man life insurance policies on its executives that would adequately compensate it for any loss of services of such executives. The loss of the services of one or more of these executives could have a material adverse effect on the Manager's ability to manage our operations.
The management of the sites requires special skills and particularized knowledge. If the Management Agreement is terminated or the Manager is for any reason unable to continue to manage the sites on our behalf, there may be substantial delays in engaging a replacement manager with the requisite skills and experience to manage the sites. There can be no assurance that a qualified replacement manager can be located or engaged in a timely fashion or on economical terms. If an insolvency proceeding were commenced with respect to the Manager, the Manager as debtor or its bankruptcy trustee might have the power to prevent us from replacing it with a new manager for the sites.
Additionally, we could be negatively impacted by other unforeseen events, such as extreme weather events or natural disasters (including as a result of any potential effects of climate change), or acts of vandalism. There is increasing concern that global climate change is occurring and could result in increased frequency of certain types of natural disasters and extreme
weather events. We cannot predict with certainly the rate at which climate change is occurring or the potential direct of indirect impact of climate change on our business. Any such unforeseen events could, among other things, damage or delay deployment of our communication infrastructure assets, interrupt or delay service to our tenants, or disrupt business operations of the Manager. Any such events could result in legal claims or penalties, disruption in our operations, damage to our reputation, negative market perception, or costly response measures, which could adversely affect our business.
The Manager may experience conflicts of interest in the management of the sites and in the management of sites of affiliates carried out pursuant to other management agreements.
In addition to managing our operations, the Manager is currently party to, and may in the future enter into, separate management agreements with its other affiliates that own, lease, and manage towers or other wireless communications sites. These other affiliates may be engaged in the construction, acquisition, or leasing of wireless communications sites in proximity to our sites. As a result, the Manager may engage in business activities that are in competition with our business in respect of the sites, and the Manager may experience conflicts of interest in the management of our sites and such other sites. Pursuant to the Management Agreement, the Manager continues to be prohibited from soliciting lessees to transfer tenant contracts from sites owned, leased, or managed by us to sites owned, leased or managed by our affiliates. However, there can be no assurance that the persons that control us, the Manager, or those other affiliates will allocate their management efforts in such a way as to maximize the returns with respect to our sites, as opposed to maximizing the returns with respect to other sites. The expansion and development of the Manager's business through acquisitions, increased product offerings or other strategic growth opportunities may cause disruptions in our business, which may have an adverse effect on our business operations or financial results. As a result, the Manager and we may experience conflicts of interest in the management of the land sites. Pursuant to the Management Agreement, the Manager has agreed to manage the sites in the same manner as if the lessees thereunder were not affiliates.
In addition, we may, subject to certain restrictions on affiliate transactions in the Secured Notes Indenture, enter into arms-length transactions with our affiliates to acquire land under our sites. There can be no assurance that the persons that control us will allocate potential opportunities in such a way as to maximize the returns with respect to our sites, as opposed to maximizing the returns for our affiliates.
New wireless technologies may not deploy or be adopted by tenants as rapidly or in the manner projected.
There can be no assurances that new wireless services or technologies, which may drive demand for our sites, will be introduced or deployed as rapidly or in the manner projected by the wireless carriers. In addition, demand or tenant adoption rates for such new technologies may be lower or slower than anticipated for numerous reasons. As a result, growth opportunities or demand for our sites arising from such technologies may not be realized at the times or to the extent anticipated.
If radio frequency emissions from wireless handsets or equipment on our sites are demonstrated to cause negative health effects, potential future claims could adversely affect our operations, costs, or revenues.
The potential connection between radio frequency emissions and certain negative health effects, including some forms of cancer, has been the subject of substantial study by the scientific community in recent years. We cannot guarantee that claims relating to radio frequency emissions will not arise in the future or that the results of such studies will not be adverse to us.
Public perception of possible health risks associated with cellular or other wireless connectivity services and wireless technologies (such as 5G) may slow or diminish the growth of wireless companies and deployment of new wireless technology, which may in turn slow or diminish our growth. In particular, negative public perception of, and regulations regarding, these perceived health risks may slow or diminish the market acceptance of wireless services and technologies. If a connection between radio frequency emissions and possible negative health effects were established, our operations, costs or revenues may be materially and adversely affected. We currently do not maintain any significant insurance with respect to these matters
The impact of COVID-19 and related risks could materially affect our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
The global outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization and a national emergency by the U.S. government in March 2020 and has adversely affected the U.S. In response, both the public and private sectors have introduced certain policies and initiatives in an effort to reduce the transmission of COVID-19 ("Initiatives"), such as the imposition of travel restrictions; mandates from federal, state and local authorities to close non-essential businesses and avoid large gatherings of people; quarantine or "shelter-in-place;" and the promotion of social distancing and the adoption of work-from-home and online learning by companies and institutions. In addition, the continued
spread of COVID-19 and the resulting Initiatives have led to a significant economic downturn, global supply chain disruptions and volatility in the global capital markets.
We have modified, and might further modify, our business practices as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the economic and social ramifications of the disease, and the societal and governmental responses in the communities in which we operate. We do not believe that COVID-19 had a material impact on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2020. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic will affect our financial position, results of operations and cash flows is difficult to predict with certainty and depends on numerous evolving factors, including: the duration, scope and severity of the pandemic; government, social, business and other actions that have been and will be taken in response to the pandemic; the roll-out of the COVID-19 vaccine and its effectiveness in curbing the spread of the virus; and the effect of the pandemic on short- and long-term general economic conditions. Among other things, COVID-19 and the Initiatives could (1) adversely affect the ability of our suppliers, vendors, and the Manager to provide products and services to us; (2) result in decreased demand for our sites; and (3) make it more difficult for us and the Manager to serve our tenants, including as a result of delays or suspensions in the issuance of permits or other authorizations needed to conduct our business. Due to factors beyond our knowledge or control, including the duration and severity of COVID-19, as well as third-party actions taken to contain its spread and mitigate its public health effects, at this time we cannot estimate or predict with certainty the impact of COVID-19, the Initiatives, or the measures we take in response thereto on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows, particularly over the near to medium term, but the impact could be material. See "Item 7. MD&A-General Overview-Coronavirus (COVID-19)" for further information.
Risks Related to Our Debt
Our ability to repay the principal under our 2012 Secured Notes on or prior to the relevant maturity date will be subject to a number of factors outside of our control.
The indenture ("Secured Notes Indenture") governing our $1.0 billion aggregate principal amount of 3.849% secured notes due 2023 ("3.849% Secured Notes") and our previously outstanding $500 million aggregate principal amount of 2.381% secured notes due 2017 ("2.381% Secured Notes") (collectively, the "2012 Secured Notes"), requires us to repay the principal under the 3.849% Secured Notes by their maturity date in April 2023. We currently expect to distribute a substantial portion of our cash flow to our member as dividends. Therefore, our ability to repay the principal under the 3.849% Secured Notes on or prior to their maturity date depends upon our ability either to refinance the indebtedness under the 3.849% Secured Notes or to sell our interests in the sites for an amount that is sufficient to repay the 3.849% Secured Notes in full with interest. Our ability to achieve either of these goals will be affected by a number of factors, including the availability of credit for wireless communications sites, the fair market value of the sites, our equity in the sites, our financial condition, the operating history of the sites, tax laws, or general economic conditions. In addition, neither the trustee for the 3.849% Secured Notes nor any of its respective affiliates or any other person is obligated to provide the funds to refinance the 3.849% Secured Notes.
CCL is a holding company, and therefore its ability to repay its indebtedness is dependent on cash flow generated by its subsidiaries and their ability to make distributions to CCL.
CCL is a holding company with no operations or material assets other than the direct or indirect equity interests it holds in its subsidiaries. As a result, its ability to pay principal and interest on its indebtedness is dependent on the generation of cash flow by its subsidiaries and their ability to make such cash available to CCL by dividend, debt repayment, or otherwise. The earnings and cash flow generated by CCL's subsidiaries will depend on their financial and operating performance, which will be affected by general economic, industry, financial, competitive, operating, legislative, regulatory, or other factors beyond our control. Any payments of dividends, distributions, loans, or advances to CCL by its subsidiaries could also be subject to restrictions on dividends under applicable local law in the jurisdictions in which such subsidiaries operate.
In the event that CCL does not receive distributions from its subsidiaries, or to the extent that the earnings from, or other available assets of, such subsidiaries are insufficient, CCL may be unable to make payments on its indebtedness. Furthermore, Crown Castle GS III Corp., the co-issuer of the 3.849% Secured Notes, has no assets, conducts no operations, and has no independent ability to service the interest and principal obligations under the 3.849% Secured Notes.
Risks Relating to Corporate Compliance
The restatement of our previously issued financial statements, the errors that resulted in such restatement, the material weakness that was previously identified in our internal control over financial reporting and the determination that our internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures were not effective, could result in loss of investor confidence, litigation or governmental proceedings or investigations, any of which could cause the market value of our debt securities to decline or impact our ability to access the capital markets.
As discussed in the "Explanatory Note" and note 2 to our consolidated financial statements, in connection with the filing of its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, CCIC corrected certain historical errors related to the timing of revenue recognition for its tower installation services. As a result, we have determined that, despite us not receiving any cash, an amount equal to the lease component as a result of installation and other construction-related services performed by CCIC on our behalf should be recorded on our consolidated financial statements as deferred revenue, and then amortized as revenues on a ratable basis over the length of the tenants’ associated estimated lease term. In addition to this determination, we have also determined that errors existed related to our accounting for obligations to perform asset retirement activities pursuant to our ground lease and easement agreements. Due to these determinations, we concluded that our previously issued consolidated financial statements for fiscal years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, and each of our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures for the quarterly and year-to-date periods during such years and for the first three quarters of fiscal year 2019, should be restated. Although the Company has restated these financial statements and the previously identified material weakness in the Company's internal control over financial reporting has been remediated, as a result of these errors and restatement, we were and continue to be subject to additional risks and uncertainties, including litigation and loss of investor confidence. We may become subject to litigation or governmental proceedings or investigations that could result in additional unanticipated legal costs regardless of the outcome of the litigation. Additionally, if we are not successful in any such litigation, we may be required to pay substantial damages or settlement costs.
If we fail to comply with laws or regulations which regulate our business and which may change at any time, we may be fined or even lose our right to conduct some of our business.
A variety of federal, state, local, and foreign laws and regulations apply to our business. Failure to comply with applicable requirements may lead to civil or criminal penalties, require us to assume indemnification obligations or breach contractual provisions. We cannot guarantee that existing or future laws or regulations, including federal, state and local tax laws, will not adversely affect our business (including CCIC's REIT status), increase delays or result in additional costs. We also may incur additional costs as a result of liabilities under applicable laws and regulations, such as those governing environmental and safety matters. These factors may have a material adverse effect on us.
Risks Relating to Our REIT Status
CCIC’s failure to remain qualified to be taxed as a REIT would result in its inability to deduct dividends to stockholders when computing its taxable income, which could reduce our available cash or subject us to income taxes.
CCIC operates as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. As a REIT, CCIC is generally entitled to a deduction for dividends that it pays and therefore is not subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on its taxable income that is distributed to its stockholders. As a REIT, CCIC may still be subject to certain federal, state, local, and foreign taxes on its income and assets, including alternative minimum taxes, taxes on any undistributed income, and state, local, or foreign income, franchise, property, and transfer taxes. We are an indirect subsidiary of CCIC and, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, our assets and operations are part of the CCIC REIT. Furthermore, as a result of the deduction for dividends paid, some or all of CCIC's net operating loss carryforwards ("NOLs") related to its REIT status may expire without utilization.
While CCIC intends to operate so that it remains qualified as a REIT, given the highly complex nature of the rules governing REITs, the importance of ongoing factual determinations, the possibility of future changes in circumstances, and the potential impact of future changes to laws and regulations impacting REITs, no assurance can be given by CCIC or us that CCIC will qualify as a REIT for any particular year.
We do not expect the Tax Reform Act to significantly affect us, although we cannot predict with certainty how such legislation will affect CCIC and us in the future. In addition, the present U.S. federal tax treatment of REITs is subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect, by legislative, judicial or administrative action at any time, and any such change might adversely affect CCIC's REIT status or benefits. We cannot predict the impact, if any, that such changes, if enacted, might have on our business. However, it is possible that such changes could adversely affect our business or inclusion of our assets and operations in CCIC's REIT.
If, in any taxable year, CCIC fails to qualify for taxation as a REIT and it is not entitled to relief under the Code, then we will be subject to federal and state income tax, including for applicable years beginning before January 1, 2018, any applicable alternative minimum tax, on our taxable income at regular corporate rates.
As a REIT, CCIC needs to continually satisfy tests concerning, among other things, the sources of its income, the nature and diversification of its assets, the amounts it dividends to its stockholders, and the ownership of its capital stock in order to maintain REIT status. Compliance with these tests requires CCIC to refrain from certain activities and may hinder its ability to make certain attractive investments, including the purchase of non-qualifying assets, the expansion of non-real estate activities, and investments in the businesses to be conducted by its taxable REIT subsidiaries ("TRSs"), and to that extent limit its opportunities and its flexibility to change its business strategy. Furthermore, acquisition opportunities in domestic or international markets may be adversely affected if CCIC needs or requires the target company to comply with some REIT requirements prior to completing any such acquisition. In addition, as a REIT, CCIC may face investor pressures not to pursue growth opportunities that are not immediately accretive.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Item 2. Properties
We own, lease and manage approximately 7,600 sites geographically dispersed throughout the U.S. Towers are vertical, metal structures generally ranging in height from 50 to 300 feet. Our tenants' equipment may be placed on towers, building rooftops and other structures. Our towers are located on tracts of land that support the towers, equipment shelters and, where applicable, guy-wires to stabilize the tower.
See the following for further information regarding our sites:
•"Item 1. Business-Overview" for information regarding our site portfolio.
•"Item 7. MD&A-Liquidity and Capital Resources-Material Cash Requirements" for information regarding our lease obligations.
•"Schedule III - Schedule of Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation" for further information on our productive properties.
Approximately 68% of our sites are leased or subleased or operated and managed pursuant to the T-Mobile Master Leases or other agreements with T-Mobile. CCIC, through its subsidiaries (including the Company), has the option in 2037 to purchase all (but not less than all) of the T-Mobile Sites. CCIC has no obligation exercise the option. See note 1 to our consolidated financials statements and "Item 1A. Risk Factors" for a further discussion.
As of December 31, 2020, the average number of tenants (defined as a unique license and any related amendments thereto) per site is approximately 2.5. Substantially all of our sites can accommodate additional tenancy either as currently constructed or with appropriate modifications to the structure.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
We are periodically involved in legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. Most of these proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business involve disputes with landlords, vendors, collection matters involving bankrupt tenants, zoning or siting matters or condemnation. While the outcome of these matters cannot be predicted with certainty, management does not expect any pending matters to have a material adverse effect on us.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
N/A
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Our equity is not publicly traded. Our only member is GSOP, a wholly owned indirect subsidiary of CCIC. During 2020 and 2019, we recorded a net equity distribution from GSOP of amounts due to our affiliates of $406.0 million and $358.9 million, respectively. See notes 5 and 6 to our consolidated financial statements.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Item 6. Selected Financial Data
N/A

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Throughout this Item 7 and this 2020 Form 10-K, site rental revenues include both revenues from tenant contracts and amortization of tower installations and modifications.
General Overview
Overview
We own, lease and manage approximately 7,600 sites located across the United States. See "Item 1. Business" for additional information regarding our sites and tenant contracts.
Highlights of Business Fundamentals
•Potential growth resulting from the increasing demand for wireless data
◦We expect U.S. wireless carriers will continue their focus on improving network quality and expanding capacity (including through 5G initiatives) by adding additional antennas or other equipment on our sites.
◦We expect existing and potential new tenant demand for our sites will result from (1) new technologies, (2) increased usage of mobile entertainment, mobile internet and machine-to-machine applications, (3) adoption of other emerging and embedded wireless devices (including smartphones, laptops, tablets, wearables and other devices), (4) increasing smartphone penetration, (5) wireless carrier focus on expanding both network quality and capacity, (6) the adoption of other bandwidth-intensive applications (such as cloud services and video communications), (7) the availability of additional spectrum and (8) increased government initiatives to support connectivity throughout the U.S.
◦Tenant additions on our existing sites are achieved at a low incremental operating cost, delivering high incremental returns.
▪Substantially all of our sites can accommodate additional tenancy, either as currently constructed or with appropriate modifications to the structure (which may include extensions or structural reinforcement).
•Organizational structure
◦For U.S. federal income tax purposes, CCIC operates as a REIT and, as its indirect subsidiary, our assets and operations are included in the CCIC REIT. See "Item 1A. Risk Factors" and notes 2 and 8 to our consolidated financial statements.
◦Our subsidiaries (other than Crown Castle GS III Corp.) were organized specifically to own, lease and manage certain sites, such as towers or other structures, and have no employees.
◦Management services, including those functions reasonably necessary to maintain, market, operate, manage or administer our sites, are performed by CCUSA. The management fee is equal to 7.5% of our "Operating Revenues," as defined in the Management Agreement.
•Site rental revenues under long-term tenant contracts
◦Initial terms of five to 15 years for site rental revenues derived from tenant contracts, with contractual escalations and multiple renewal periods of five to 10 years each, exercisable at the option of the tenant.
◦Weighted-average remaining term of approximately five years, exclusive of renewals exercisable at the tenants' option, currently representing approximately $4.1 billion of expected future cash inflows.
•Majority of our revenues from large wireless carriers
◦Approximately 89% of our site rental revenues were derived from T-Mobile (which includes revenues previously derived from Sprint), AT&T and Verizon Wireless. See "Item 1A. Risk Factors" and note 11 to our consolidated financial statements for a further discussion of our largest customers.
◦The average number of tenants per site was approximately 2.5.
•Majority of land under our towers under long-term control
◦More than 80% and more than 50% of our sites are under our control for greater than 10 and 20 years, respectively. The aforementioned percentages include towers located on land that is owned, including through fee interests and perpetual easements.
◦Approximately one-fourth of our site rental costs of operations represent ground lease payments to our affiliates. Such affiliates acquired the rights to such land interests as a result of negotiated transactions with third parties in connection with a program established by CCIC to extend the rights to the land under its portfolio of towers.
•Relatively fixed tower operating costs
◦Our operating costs tend to escalate at approximately the rate of inflation and are not typically influenced by tenant additions or non-renewals.
•Minimal sustaining capital expenditure requirements
◦Sustaining capital expenditures represented less than 1% of site rental revenues.
•Fixed rate debt with no short-term maturities
◦Our debt consists of $1.0 billion aggregate principal amount of 3.849% Secured Notes. See note 5 to our consolidated financial statements.
•Significant cash flows from operations
◦Net cash provided by operating activities was $443.4 million. See "Item 7. MD&A-Liquidity and Capital Resources."
Coronavirus (COVID-19)
In accordance with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security guidance issued in March 2020 designating telecommunications infrastructure and networks as critical infrastructure, we have continued our operations to ensure viability of communications networks, which are essential to public health and safety. We do not believe that COVID-19 had a material impact on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows during the year ended December 31, 2020. We currently anticipate that we will be able to maintain sufficient liquidity as we manage through the current environment. See also "Item 1A. Risk Factors" and "Item 7. MD&A-Liquidity and Capital Resources-Liquidity Position."
Regulation S-X Considerations
Summary financial information of certain of CCL’s wholly owned subsidiaries whose securities are pledged as collateral for our 3.849% Secured Notes is not provided in this Form 10-K because the assets, liabilities and results of operations of the combined guarantors of the 3.849% Secured Notes and CCL affiliates whose securities are so pledged are not materially different than the corresponding amounts presented in CCL's consolidated financial statements. Below is a description of certain material terms of the guarantees of the 3.849% Secured Notes and the pledge of the equity interests of the Guarantors (as defined below) that secures the 3.849% Secured Notes.
The 3.849% Secured Notes were co-issued by CCL and its wholly owned finance subsidiary, Crown Castle GS III Corp. ("Co-Issuer" and, together with CCL, "Issuers"), and are guaranteed by all direct and indirect wholly owned subsidiaries of CCL, other than Co-Issuer (collectively, "Guarantors"). Subject to the provisions of the Secured Notes Indenture, a Guarantor may be released and relieved of its obligations under its guarantee under certain circumstances, including: (1) in the event of any sale or other disposition of all or substantially all of the assets of any Guarantor, by way of merger, consolidation or otherwise to a person that is not (either before or after giving effect to such transaction) CCL or one of its subsidiaries, (2) in the event of any sale or other disposition of all of the capital stock of any Guarantor, to a person that is not (either before or after giving effect to such transaction) CCL or a subsidiary of CCL, (3) upon CCL's exercise of legal defeasance in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Secured Notes Indenture or (4) upon the discharge of the Secured Notes Indenture in accordance with its terms.
CCL is a holding company with no significant operations or material assets other than the direct and indirect equity interests it holds in the Co-Issuer and the Guarantors. CCL conducts all of its business operations through the Guarantors. As a result, its ability to pay principal and interest on the 3.849% Secured Notes is dependent on the cash flow generated by the Guarantors and their ability to make such cash available to CCL by dividend or otherwise. The Guarantors' earnings will depend on their financial and operating performance, which will be affected by general economic, industry, financial, competitive, operating, legislative, regulatory and other factors beyond CCL's control. Any payments of dividends, distributions, loans or advances to CCL by the Guarantors could also be subject to restrictions on dividends under applicable local law in the jurisdictions in which the Guarantors operate. In the event that CCL does not receive distributions from the Guarantors, or to the extent that the earnings from, or other available assets of, the Guarantors are insufficient, CCL may be unable to make payments on the 3.849% Secured Notes. Furthermore, the Co-Issuer has no material assets and conducts no
operations. Therefore, the Co-Issuer has no independent ability to service the interest and principal obligations under the 3.849% Secured Notes.
Pursuant to the Secured Notes Indenture, and the terms of a pledge and security agreement related thereto ("Pledge Agreement" and, together with the Secured Notes Indenture, "Notes Documents"), the 3.849% Secured Notes and the related guarantees are secured by perfected, first priority (subject to certain permitted liens set forth in the Secured Notes Indenture) pledges of the equity interests of each of the Guarantors and proceeds thereof. The 3.849% Secured Notes are not secured by any other assets, including any mortgage liens on properties.
Pursuant to the terms of the Notes Documents, the trustee under the Secured Notes Indenture may pursue remedies under the Secured Notes Indenture, or pursue foreclosure proceedings on the collateral, following an event of default under the Secured Notes Indenture. However, unless a principal payment event of default or a bankruptcy event of default under the Secured Notes Indenture has occurred and is continuing or any other event has occurred that resulted in the acceleration of the 3.849% Secured Notes, the pledgors of such equity interests will receive any dividends and distributions on such pledged equity interests free and clear of the lien securing the 3.849% Secured Notes. Because the collateral consists of equity interests, its value is subject to fluctuations based on factors that include, among other things, general economic conditions and the ability to realize on the collateral as part of a going concern and in an orderly fashion to available and willing buyers and not under distressed circumstances. There is no trading market for the pledged equity interests.
Under the terms of the Notes Documents, the Issuers and the Guarantors will be entitled to the release of the collateral from the liens securing the 3.849% Secured Notes under one or more circumstances, including (1) to enable the Issuers or any subsidiary to consummate the disposition of such collateral as described under the asset sale covenant of the Secured Notes Indenture; (2) as permitted under the amendment provisions of the Secured Notes Indenture; or (3) as otherwise provided in the Pledge Agreement. Upon the release of any subsidiary from its guarantee, if any, in accordance with the terms of the Secured Notes Indenture, the lien on any collateral held by such Guarantor and the lien on any pledged equity interests issued by such Guarantor will automatically terminate. In addition, upon the occurrence of (i) payment in full of the 3.849% Secured Notes and any other payment obligations under the Notes Documents, together with accrued and unpaid interest, or (ii) a defeasance or discharge of the Secured Notes Indenture as provided in the Secured Notes Indenture, the liens on all collateral created under the Pledge Agreement will terminate.
The foregoing description of the Notes Documents is qualified in its entirety by the terms of the Secured Notes Indenture and the Pledge Agreement, which are incorporated by reference as Exhibit 4.1 and Exhibit 4.2, respectively, to this 2020 Form 10-K.
Results of Operations
The following discussion of our results of operations for 2020 compared to 2019 should be read in conjunction with "Item 1. Business," "Item 7. MD&A-Liquidity and Capital Resources" and our consolidated financial statements. For a discussion of our results of operations and financial condition for 2019 compared to 2018 that is not included in this 2020 Form 10-K, see "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, which was filed with the SEC on April 9, 2020.
The following discussion of our results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP, which requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts. See "Item 7. MD&A-Accounting and Reporting Matters-Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates" herein and note 2 to our consolidated financial statements.
Comparison of Consolidated Results of Operations
The following is a comparison of our 2020, 2019 and 2018 consolidated results of operations:
Years Ended December 31, Percent Change
(In thousands of dollars) 2020 2019 2018 2020 vs. 2019 2019 vs. 2018
Site rental revenues:
Revenues from tenant contracts $ 691,365 $ 678,150 $ 659,490 2 % 3 %
Amortization of tower installations and modifications(a)
58,455 52,341 43,491 12 % 20 %
Total site rental revenues 749,820 730,491 702,981 3 % 4 %
Operating expenses:
Site rental cost of operations - third parties(b)
155,219 152,619 149,748 2 % 2 %
Ground rent expenses - related parties 45,886 43,281 40,981 6 % 6 %
Site rental cost of operations - total(b)
201,105 195,900 190,729 3 % 3 %
Management fee - related party 51,847 49,837 48,520 4 % 3 %
Asset write-down charges 424 1,050 593 * *
Depreciation, amortization and accretion 210,333 207,396 207,528 1 % - %
Total operating expenses 463,709 454,183 447,370 2 % 2 %
Operating income (loss) 286,111 276,308 255,611 4 % 8 %
Interest expense and amortization of deferred financing costs (39,874) (39,874) (39,874) - % - %
Other income (expense) 115 669 196 * *
Income (loss) before income taxes 246,352 237,103 215,933 4 % 10 %
Benefit (provision) for income taxes (399) (426) (416) * *
Net income (loss) $ 245,953 $ 236,677 $ 215,517 4 % 10 %
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* Percentage is not meaningful.
(a)Represents the amortization of deferred revenues recorded in connection with the tower installation and modification transactions (described in note 6 to our consolidated financial statements) that result in permanent improvements to our towers. We receive no cash from, and are not party to, such transactions.
(b)Exclusive of depreciation, amortization and accretion shown separately and certain indirect costs included in the management fee.
Years Ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
Site rental revenues for 2020 increased by approximately $19.3 million, or 3%, from 2019. Site rental revenues were impacted by the following items, inclusive of straight-line accounting: tenant additions across our entire portfolio, renewals or extensions of tenant contracts, escalations and non-renewals of tenant contracts. Tenant additions were influenced by our tenants' ongoing efforts to improve network quality and capacity. See also "Item 7. MD&A-General Overview."
Operating income for 2020 increased by approximately $9.8 million, or 4%, from 2019. The increase in operating income was predominately due to the aforementioned increase in site rental revenues, partially offset by an increase in costs of operations and the management fee.
Interest expense and amortization of deferred financing costs remained unchanged from 2019 to 2020.
Benefit (provision) for income taxes was a provision of $0.4 million for both 2020 and 2019. The effective tax rates for 2020 and 2019 differ from the federal statutory rate predominately due to CCIC's REIT status (including the dividends paid deduction) and our inclusion therein. See "Item 1A. -Risk Factors" and notes 2 and 8 to our consolidated financial statements.
Net income for 2020 was approximately $246.0 million, compared to net income of approximately $236.7 million for 2019. The increase in net income was predominately due to the aforementioned increase in site rental revenues.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview
General. Our core business generates revenues under long-term tenant contracts (see "Item 1. Business-Overview" and "Item 7. MD&A-General Overview-Overview") from the largest U.S. wireless carriers. Historically, our net cash provided by operating activities has exceeded our capital expenditures. For the foreseeable future, we expect to generate net cash provided by operating activities (exclusive of movements in working capital) that exceeds our capital expenditures. We seek to allocate
the net cash generated from our business in a manner that we believe drives value for our member.
From a cash management perspective, we currently distribute cash on hand above amounts required pursuant to the Management Agreement to our member. If any future event would occur that would leave us with a deficiency in our operating cash flow, while not required, CCIC may contribute cash back to us.
CCIC operates as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. For U.S. federal income tax purposes, our assets and operations are included in the CCIC REIT. We expect to continue to pay minimal cash income taxes as a result of CCIC's REIT status and NOLs. "Item 1A. Risk Factors" and notes 2 and 8 to our consolidated financial statements.
Liquidity Position. The following is a summary of our capitalization and liquidity position as of December 31, 2020:
(In thousands of dollars) December 31, 2020
Cash and cash equivalents $ 17,439
Debt 996,815
Total equity 1,936,951
Over the next 12 months:
•We expect that our net cash provided by operating activities should be sufficient to cover our expected capital expenditures.
•We have no scheduled contractual debt maturities.
Long-term Strategy. We may increase our debt in nominal dollars, subject to the provisions of the 2012 Secured Notes outstanding and various other factors, such as the state of the capital markets and CCIC's targeted capital structure, including with respect to leverage ratios. From a cash management perspective, we currently distribute cash on hand above amounts required pursuant to the Management Agreement to our member. If any future event would occur that would leave us with a deficiency in our operating cash flow, while not required, CCIC may contribute cash back to us.
See note 5 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding our debt.
Summary Cash Flows Information
Years Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018
(In thousands of dollars)
Net cash provided by (used for):
Operating activities $ 443,432 $ 451,069 $ 426,841
Investing activities (40,444) (86,610) (70,929)
Financing activities (405,956) (362,759) (367,976)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents $ (2,968) $ 1,700 $ (12,064)
Operating Activities
The decrease in net cash provided by operating activities for 2020 of $7.6 million, or 2%, from 2019 was primarily due to a net decrease in working capital partially offset by growth in cash revenues, including cash escalations that are subject to straight-line accounting. Changes in working capital contribute to variability in net cash provided by operating activities, largely due to the timing of advanced payments by us and advanced receipts from tenants.
Investing Activities
Capital Expenditures
Our capital expenditures are primarily recorded as a result of tower installation and modification services performed by CCUSA that result in permanent improvements to our towers. We receive no cash from, and are not party to, such transactions. Such capital expenditures include the following:
•Discretionary capital expenditures primarily consist of expansion or development of sites (including capital expenditures related to (1) enhancing sites in order to add new tenants for the first time or support subsequent tenant equipment augmentations, or (2) modifying the structure of a site asset to accommodate additional tenants). Discretionary capital expenditures also include purchases of land interests (which primarily relates to land assets under towers as CCIC seeks to manage its interests in the land beneath its towers), certain technology-related
investments necessary to support and scale future tenant demand for our sites, and other capital projects, The expansion or development of existing sites to accommodate new leasing typically varies based on, among other factors: (1) the type of site, (2) the scope, volume, and mix of work performed on the site, (3) existing capacity prior to installation, or (4) changes in structural engineering regulations and standards. Our decisions regarding discretionary capital expenditures are influenced by (1) sufficient potential to enhance CCIC's long-term stockholder value, (2) CCIC's availability and cost of capital and (3) CCIC's expected returns on alternative uses of cash, such as payments of dividends and investments.
•Sustaining capital expenditures consist of maintenance capital expenditures on our sites that enable our tenants' ongoing quiet enjoyment of the site.
A summary of our capital expenditures for the last three years is as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands of dollars) 2020 2019 2018
Discretionary $ 37,408 $ 79,039 $ 63,369
Sustaining 3,036 7,571 7,560
Total $ 40,444 $ 86,610 $ 70,929
Capital expenditures decreased by approximately $46.2 million from 2019 to 2020 predominately due to a slowdown in tower service activity in 2020 compared to 2019.
Financing Activities
The net cash flows used for financing activities during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 were impacted by our continued practice of distributing excess cash to our member. See note 6 to our consolidated financial statements.
Material Cash Requirements
The following table summarizes our material cash requirements as of December 31, 2020. These material cash requirements relate primarily to our 3.849% Secured Notes and lease obligations for land interests relating to our towers.
(In thousands of dollars) Years Ending December 31,
Material Cash Requirements(a)
2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Thereafter Totals
Debt $ - $ - $ 1,000,000 $ - $ - $ - $ 1,000,000
Interest payments on debt
38,490 38,490 19,245 - - - 96,225
Lease obligations(b)
108,739 108,718 108,372 107,561 106,926 1,130,872 1,671,188
Total material cash requirements $ 147,229 $ 147,208 $ 1,127,617 $ 107,561 $ 106,926 $ 1,130,872 $ 2,767,413
(a)The following items are in addition to the obligations disclosed in the above table:
•We have a legal obligation to perform certain asset retirement activities, including requirements upon lease and easement terminations to remove sites or remediate the land on which our towers are located. The material cash requirements disclosed in the above table, as of December 31, 2020, are exclusive of estimated undiscounted future cash outlays for asset retirement obligations of approximately $82.9 million. As of December 31, 2020, the net present value of these asset retirement obligations was approximately $12.5 million. See note 9 to our consolidated financial statements.
•We are contractually obligated to pay or reimburse others for property taxes related to our sites.
•CCIC has the option to purchase approximately 68% of our sites that are leased or subleased or operated and managed under T-Mobile Master Leases at the end of their contract term. CCIC has no obligation to exercise the purchase option. See note 1 to our consolidated financial statements.
•We have legal obligations for open purchase order commitments obtained in the ordinary course of business that have not yet been fulfilled.
(b)Amounts relate primarily to lease obligations for the land on which our towers are located and are based on the assumption that payments will be made for certain renewal periods exercisable at our option that are reasonably certain to be exercised and excludes our contingent payments for operating leases (such as payments based on revenues derived from sites located on the leased asset) as such arrangements are excluded from our operating lease liability. See note 10 to our consolidated financial statements for a further discussion of our operating lease obligations.
Debt Restrictions
The Secured Notes Indenture does not contain financial maintenance covenants but it does contain restrictive covenants, subject to certain exceptions, related to our ability to incur indebtedness, incur liens, enter into certain mergers or change of control transactions, sell or issue equity interests, and enter into related party transactions. With respect to the restriction regarding the issuance of debt, we may not issue debt other than (1) certain permitted refinancings of the 3.849% Secured Notes, (2) unsecured trade payables in the ordinary course of business and financing of equipment, land or other property up to an aggregate of $100.0 million or (3) unsecured debt or additional notes under the Secured Notes Indenture provided that the Debt to Adjusted Consolidated Cash Flow Ratio (as defined in the Secured Notes Indenture) at the time of incurrence, and after
giving effect to such incurrence, would have been no greater than 3.5 to 1. As of December 31, 2020, our Debt to Adjusted Consolidated Cash Flow Ratio was 2.1 to 1, and, as a result, we are currently not restricted in our ability to incur additional indebtedness. We are not restricted in our ability to distribute cash to affiliates or issue dividends to our member.
Accounting and Reporting Matters
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our critical accounting policies and estimates are those that we believe (1) are most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations or (2) require our most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. In many cases, the accounting treatment of a particular transaction is specifically prescribed by GAAP. In other cases, management is required to exercise judgment in the application of accounting principles with respect to particular transactions. The critical accounting policies and estimates for 2020 are not intended to be a comprehensive list of our accounting policies and estimates. See note 2 to our consolidated financial statements for a summary of our significant accounting policies.
Lease Accounting - Lessee. Our lessee arrangements primarily consist of ground leases for land under our towers. Ground leases for land are specific to each site and are generally for an initial term of five to 10 years and are renewable (and cancelable after a notice period) at our option. We also enter into term easements and ground leases in which we prepay the entire term. The majority of our lease agreements have certain termination rights that provide for cancellation after a notice period and multiple renewal options exercisable at our option. We include certain renewal option periods in the lease term when we determine that the options are reasonably certain to be exercised.
Operating lease expense is recognized on a ratable basis, regardless of whether the payment terms require us to make payments annually, quarterly, monthly, or for the entire term in advance. Certain of our ground lease agreements contain fixed escalation clauses (such as fixed dollar or fixed percentage increases) or inflation-based escalation clauses (such as those tied to the change in consumer price index ("CPI")). If the payment terms include fixed escalator provisions, the effect of such increases is recognized on a straight-line basis. We calculate the straight-line expense over the contract's estimated lease term, including any renewal option periods that we deem reasonably certain to be exercised.
We recognize a right-of-use ("ROU") asset and lease liability for each of our operating leases. ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the estimated lease term, and lease liabilities represent the present value of our future lease payments. In assessing our leases and determining our lease liability at lease commencement or upon modification, we are not able to readily determine the rate implicit for our lessee arrangements and thus use CCIC's incremental borrowing rate on a collateralized basis to determine the present value of our lease payments. Our ROU assets are measured as the balance of the lease liability plus any prepaid or accrued lease payments and any unamortized initial direct costs.
We review the carrying value of our ROU assets for impairment, similar to our other long-lived assets, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. We could record impairments in the future if there are changes in (1) long-term market conditions, (2) expected future operating results or (3) the utility of the assets that negatively impact the fair value of our ROU assets.
Revenue Recognition. Our revenue consists of site rental revenues, which includes both revenue from tenant contracts and amortization of tower installations and modifications. Site rental revenues are recognized on a ratable basis over the fixed, non-cancelable term of the relevant tenant contract generally ranging from five to 15 years, regardless of whether the payments from the tenant are received in equal monthly amounts during the life of a tenant contract. Certain of our tenant contracts contain (1) fixed escalation clauses (such as fixed-dollar or fixed-percentage increases) or inflation-based escalation clauses (such as those tied to CPI), (2) multiple renewal periods exercisable at the tenant's option, and (3) only limited termination rights at the applicable tenant's option through the current term. If the payment terms call for fixed escalations, upfront payments, or rent-free periods, the revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the fixed, non-cancelable term of the tenant contract. When calculating our straight-line rental revenues, we consider all fixed elements of tenant contractual escalation provisions, even if such escalation provisions contain a variable element (such as an escalator tied to an inflation-based index) in addition to a minimum. Since we recognize revenue on a straight-line basis, a portion of the site rental revenues in a given period represents cash collected or contractually collectible in other periods. Our assets related to straight-line site rental revenues are included in "Deferred site rental receivables." Amounts billed or received prior to being earned, are deferred and reflected in "Deferred revenues" and "Other long-term liabilities."
In addition to our revenue from tenant contracts, amounts under the tower installation services and modifications agreements described in note 6 that represent a lease component to the Company are recognized as amortization of tower installations and modifications on a ratable basis over the length of the associated estimated lease term. We are not parties to such transactions.
Accounting for Long-Lived Assets - Valuation. As of December 31, 2020, our largest assets were our intangible assets, including goodwill and site rental contracts and tenant relationships (approximately $1.3 billion and $563 million in net book value, respectively, resulting predominately from the merger of Global Signal Inc. with and into a subsidiary of CCIC in 2007), followed by our $952 million in net book value of property and equipment, which predominately consists of sites. Nearly all of our identifiable intangibles relate to the site rental contracts and tenant relationships intangible assets. See notes 2 and 4 to our consolidated financial statements for further information regarding the nature and composition of the site rental contracts and tenant relationships intangible assets.
For our business combinations, we allocate the purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair value at the date of acquisition. Any purchase price in excess of the net fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed is allocated to goodwill. The fair value of the vast majority of our assets and liabilities is determined by using either:
(1) estimates of replacement costs (for tangible fixed assets such as sites), or
(2) discounted cash flow valuation methods (for estimating identifiable intangibles such as site rental contracts and tenant relationships or operating lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities acquired).
The purchase price allocation requires subjective estimates that, if incorrectly estimated, could be material to our consolidated financial statements, including the amount of depreciation, amortization and accretion expense. The most important estimates for measurement of tangible fixed assets are: (1) the cost to replace the asset with a new asset and (2) the economic useful life after giving effect to age, quality and condition. The most important estimates for measurement of intangible assets are (1) discount rates and (2) timing, length and amount of cash flows including estimates regarding tenant renewals and cancellations. The most important estimates for measurement of operating lease ROU assets and lease liabilities acquired are (1) present value of our future lease payments, including whether renewals or extensions should be measured, and (2) favorability or unfavorability to the current market terms.
We record the fair value of obligations to perform certain asset retirement activities, including requirements, pursuant to our ground contracts or easements, to remove sites or remediate the land upon which certain of our sites reside. In determining the fair value of these asset retirement obligations, we must make several subjective and highly judgmental estimates such as those related to: (1) timing of cash flows, (2) future costs, (3) discount rates and (4) the probability of enforcement to remove the towers or remediate the land. See note 2 to our consolidated financial statements.
Accounting for Long-Lived Assets - Useful Lives. We are required to make subjective assessments as to the useful lives of our tangible and intangible assets for purposes of determining depreciation, amortization and accretion expense that, if incorrectly estimated, could be material to our consolidated financial statements. Depreciation expense for our property and equipment is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of our various classes of tangible assets. The substantial portion of our property and equipment represents the cost of our sites, which is depreciated with an estimated useful life equal to the shorter of (1) 20 years or (2) the term of the lease (including optional renewals) for the land under our towers.
The useful life of our intangible assets is estimated based on the period over which the intangible asset is expected to benefit us and gives consideration to the expected useful life of other assets to which the useful life may relate. We review the expected useful lives of our intangible assets on an ongoing basis and adjust if necessary. Amortization expense for intangible assets is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of each of the intangible assets. The useful life of the site rental contracts and tenant relationships intangible assets is limited by the maximum depreciable life of the site (20 years), as a result of the interdependency of the sites and site rental contracts and tenant relationships. In contrast, the site rental contracts and tenant relationships are estimated to provide economic benefits for several decades because of the low rate of tenant cancellations and high rate of renewals experienced to date. Thus, while site rental contracts and tenant relationships are valued based upon the fair value of the site rental contracts and tenant relationships which includes assumptions regarding both (1) tenants' exercise of optional renewals contained in the acquired leases and (2) renewals of the acquired leases past the contractual term including exercisable options, the site rental contracts are amortized over a period not to exceed 20 years as a result of the useful life being limited by the depreciable life of the sites.
Accounting for Long-Lived Assets - Impairment Evaluation. We review the carrying values of property and equipment, intangible assets or other long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. We utilize the following dual grouping policy for purposes of determining the unit of account for testing impairment of the site rental contracts and tenant relationships:
(1) we pool site rental contracts and tenant relationships intangible assets and property and equipment into portfolio groups; and
(2) we separately pool site rental contracts and tenant relationships by significant tenant or by tenant grouping for individually insignificant tenants, as appropriate.
We first pool site rental contracts and tenant relationships intangible assets and property and equipment into portfolio groups for purposes of determining the unit of account for impairment testing, because we view sites as portfolios and sites in a given portfolio and its related tenant contracts are not largely independent of the other sites in the portfolio. We re-evaluate the appropriateness of the pooled groups at least annually. This use of grouping is based in part on (1) our limitations regarding disposal of sites, (2) the interdependencies of site portfolios and (3) the manner in which sites are traded in the marketplace. The vast majority of our site rental contracts and tenant relationships intangible assets and property and equipment are pooled into the U.S. owned site group. Secondly, and separately, we pool site rental contracts and tenant relationships by significant tenant or by tenant grouping for individually insignificant tenants, as appropriate, for purposes of determining the unit of account for impairment testing because we associate the value ascribed to site rental contracts and tenant relationships intangible assets to the underlying contracts and related tenant relationships acquired.
Our determination that an adverse event or change in circumstance has occurred that indicates that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable will generally involve (1) a deterioration in an asset's financial performance compared to historical results, (2) a shortfall in an asset's financial performance compared to forecasted results or (3) changes affecting the utility and estimated future demands for the asset. When considering the utility of our assets, we consider events that would meaningfully impact (1) our sites or (2) our tenant relationships. For example, consideration would be given to events that impact (1) the structural integrity and longevity of our sites or (2) our ability to derive benefit from our existing tenant relationships, including events such as tenant's bankruptcy or insolvency or loss of a significant tenant. During 2020, there were no events or circumstances that caused us to review the carrying value of our intangible assets or property and equipment due in part to our assets performing consistently with or better than our expectations.
If the sum of the estimated future cash flows (undiscounted) from an asset, or portfolio group, significant tenant or tenant group (for individually insignificant tenants), as applicable, is less than its carrying amount, an impairment loss may be recognized. If the carrying value were to exceed the undiscounted cash flows, measurement of an impairment loss would be based on the fair value of the asset, which is based on an estimate of discounted future cash flows. The most important estimates for such calculations of undiscounted cash flows are (1) the expected additions of new tenants and equipment on our sites and (2) estimates regarding tenant cancellations and renewals of contracts. We could record impairments in the future if changes in long-term market conditions, expected future operating results, or the utility of the assets results in changes for our impairment test calculations, which negatively impact the fair value of our property and equipment and intangible assets, or if we changed our unit of account in the future.
Approximately 4% of our total towers currently have no tenants. We continue to pay operating expenses on these towers in anticipation of obtaining tenants on these towers in the future, primarily because of the demographics and continuing increase in demand for data in the areas around these individual towers. We estimate, based on current visibility, potential tenants on approximately half of these towers. To the extent we do not believe there are long-term prospects of obtaining tenants on an individual asset and all other possible avenues for recovering the carrying value have been exhausted, including sale of the asset, we appropriately reduce the carrying value of such assets to fair value.
Accounting for Goodwill - Impairment Evaluation. We test goodwill for impairment on an annual basis, regardless of whether adverse events or changes in circumstances have occurred. The annual test begins with goodwill and all intangible assets being allocated to applicable reporting units. We then perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is "more likely than not" that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If we conclude that it is "more likely than not" that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, we would be required to perform a quantitative step-one goodwill impairment test. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit is greater than its fair value, an impairment loss shall be recognized in an amount equal to such excess, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. We have one reporting unit for goodwill impairment testing. We performed our most recent annual goodwill impairment test as of October 1, 2020, which resulted in no impairments.
See note 2 to our consolidated financial statements for a discussion of the recently adopted accounting pronouncement related to goodwill impairment evaluation.
Accounting Pronouncements
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements. See note 2 to our consolidated financial statements.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted. See note 2 to our consolidated financial statements.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Our primary exposures to market risks are related to changes in interest rates, including as a result of refinancing our existing debt or issuing incremental debt, which may adversely affect our results of operations and financial position. We seek to manage exposure to changes in interest rates where economically prudent to do so by utilizing fixed rate debt. Currently, all of our debt is fixed rate. See "Item 7. MD&A-Material Cash Requirements" and note 5 to our consolidated financial statements for a discussion of our debt maturity.
As of December 31, 2020, we have no interest rate swaps hedging any refinancings. We typically do not hedge our exposure to interest rates on potential future borrowings of incremental debt for a substantial period prior to issuance. See "Item 7. MD&A-Liquidity and Capital Resources" regarding our liquidity strategy.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
CC Holdings GS V LLC
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedules
Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 24
Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 26
Consolidated Statement of Operations for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020 27
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020 28
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Member's Equity for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020 29
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 46
Schedule III - Schedule of Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 47
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Member of CC Holdings GS V LLC
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of CC Holdings GS V LLC and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the related consolidated statements of operations, of changes in member’s equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020, including the related notes and financial statement schedules listed in the accompanying index appearing under Item 15(a)(2)(collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Change in Accounting Principle
As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it accounts for leases on January 1, 2019.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB and in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Revenue Recognition
As described in Notes 1, 2 and 6 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company recognized $750 million in site rental revenues, of which $691 million related to revenues from tenant contracts and $59 million related to amortization of tower installations and modifications, for the year ended December 31, 2020. The Company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Crown Castle International Corp. (“CCIC”). The Company’s core business is providing access, including space or capacity, to its sites via long-term contracts in various forms, including lease, license and sublease agreements. Site rental revenues from the Company's tenant contracts are recognized on a straight-line, ratable basis over the fixed, noncancelable term of the relevant tenant contract. In addition, CCIC may offer certain installation and modification services to tenants on the Company’s towers. Amounts under CCIC tower installation services and modifications agreements that represent a lease component to the Company are recognized as amortization of tower installations and modifications on a ratable basis over the length of the associated estimated lease term.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to revenue recognition is a critical audit matter are the significant auditor subjectivity and effort in performing procedures and evaluating the audit evidence obtained related to customer agreements.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to revenue recognition. These procedures also included, among others, (i) testing the completeness and accuracy of management’s identification of the contractual terms by examining customer agreements on a test basis, and (ii) testing the appropriateness of the timing and amount of revenue recognized based on contractual terms and estimated lease term for selected agreements.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
February 22, 2021
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2011.
CC HOLDINGS GS V LLC
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET
(In thousands of dollars)
December 31,
2020 2019
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 17,439 $ 20,407
Receivables, net of allowance of $1,697 and $1,631, respectively 4,712 3,620
Prepaid expenses 12,499 12,714 (a)
Deferred site rental receivables 37,577 29,643 (a)
Other current assets 559 564
Total current assets 72,786 66,948
Deferred site rental receivables 346,019 354,075
Property and equipment, net 951,870 1,010,367
Operating lease right-of-use assets 1,166,726 1,150,476
Goodwill 1,338,730 1,338,730
Site rental contracts and tenant relationships, net 562,823 676,398
Other intangible assets, net 2,451 2,558
Long-term prepaid rent and other assets, net 1,627 1,905
Total assets $ 4,443,032 $ 4,601,457
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable $ 1,515 $ 2,652
Accrued interest 8,126 8,126
Deferred revenues(b)
71,427 70,217
Other accrued liabilities 6,107 6,146
Current portion of operating lease liabilities - third parties 40,825 37,164
Current portion of operating lease liabilities - related parties 24,211 20,417
Total current liabilities 152,211 144,722
Debt 996,815 995,431
Operating lease liabilities - third parties 850,272 845,960
Operating lease liabilities - related parties 322,817 314,920
Other long-term liabilities(b)
183,966 203,470
Total liabilities 2,506,081 2,504,503
Commitments and contingencies (note 9)
Member's equity:
Member's equity 1,936,951 2,096,954
Accumulated earnings (deficit) - -
Total member's equity 1,936,951 2,096,954
Total liabilities and equity $ 4,443,032 $ 4,601,457
(a)Reflects the correction of certain immaterial prior period misclassifications of the reported balances in "Prepaid expenses" and "Deferred site rental receivables and other current assets" on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019.
(b)Reflects the recording of deferred revenues in connection with the tower installation and modification transactions described in note 6 that result in permanent improvements to the Company's towers. The Company receives no cash from, and is not party to, such transactions.
CC HOLDINGS GS V LLC
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS
(In thousands of dollars)
Years Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018
Site rental revenues:
Revenues from tenant contracts $ 691,365 $ 678,150 $ 659,490
Amortization of tower installations and modifications(a)
58,455 52,341 43,491
Total site rental revenues 749,820 730,491 702,981
Operating expenses:
Site rental costs of operations-third parties(b)
155,219 152,619 149,748
Ground rent expenses-related parties 45,886 43,281 40,981
Site rental costs of operations-total(b)
201,105 195,900 190,729
Management fee-related party 51,847 49,837 48,520
Asset write-down charges 424 1,050 593
Depreciation, amortization and accretion 210,333 207,396 207,528
Total operating expenses 463,709 454,183 447,370
Operating income (loss) 286,111 276,308 255,611
Interest expense and amortization of deferred financing costs (39,874) (39,874) (39,874)
Other income (expense) 115 669 196
Income (loss) before income taxes 246,352 237,103 215,933
Benefit (provision) for income taxes (399) (426) (416)
Net income (loss) $ 245,953 $ 236,677 $ 215,517
(a)Represents the amortization of deferred revenues recorded in connection with the tower installation and modification transactions (described in note 6) that result in permanent improvements to the Company's towers. The Company receives no cash from, and is not party to, such transactions
(b)Exclusive of depreciation, amortization and accretion shown separately and certain indirect costs included in the management fee.
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
CC HOLDINGS GS V LLC
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands of dollars)
Years Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018
Cash flows from operating activities(a):
Net income (loss) $ 245,953 $ 236,677 $ 215,517
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation, amortization and accretion 210,333 207,396 207,528
Amortization of deferred financing costs 1,384 1,384 1,384
Asset write-down charges 424 1,050 593
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable 1,824 (3,102) (81)
Increase (decrease) in other liabilities
(19,506) 18,780 15,648
Decrease (increase) in receivables (1,092) 1,887 (1,745)
Decrease (increase) in other assets
4,112 (13,003) (12,003)
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities 443,432 451,069 426,841
Cash flows from investing activities:
Capital expenditures(b)
(40,444) (86,610) (70,929)
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities (40,444) (86,610) (70,929)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Distributions to member (405,956) (362,759) (367,976)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities (405,956) (362,759) (367,976)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents (2,968) 1,700 (12,064)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 20,407 18,707 30,771
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year $ 17,439 $ 20,407 $ 18,707
(a)The Company receives no cash from, and is not party to, the tower installation and modification transactions described in note 6. Such transactions, however, are reflected on the cash flow statement for GAAP purposes as if an amount equal to the lease component for such transactions had been received by the Company, and as such, the amounts have been recorded as deferred revenues.
(b)Includes permanent improvements recorded in connection with the tower installation and modification transactions described in note 6. The Company receives no cash from, and is not party to, such transactions.
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
CC HOLDINGS GS V LLC
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN MEMBER'S EQUITY
(In thousands of dollars)
Member's Equity Accumulated
Earnings (Deficit) Total
Balance, December 31, 2017 $ 2,371,657 $ - $ 2,371,657
Distributions to member (note 6)(a)
(152,459) (215,517) (367,976)
Net income (loss) - 215,517 215,517
Balance, December 31, 2018 $ 2,219,198 $ - $ 2,219,198
Other contribution from parent (note 6) 3,838 - 3,838
Distributions to member (note 6)(a)
(126,082) (236,677) (362,759)
Net income (loss) - 236,677 236,677
Balance, December 31, 2019 $ 2,096,954 $ - $ 2,096,954
Distributions to member (note 6)(a)
(160,003) (245,953) (405,956)
Net income (loss) - 245,953 245,953
Balance, December 31, 2020 $ 1,936,951 $ - $ 1,936,951
(a)The Company receives no cash from, and is not party to, the tower installation and modification transactions described in note 6.
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
CC HOLDINGS GS V LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular dollars in thousands)
1.Basis of Presentation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of CC Holdings GS V LLC ("CCL") and its consolidated wholly owned subsidiaries (collectively, "Company"). The Company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Global Signal Operating Partnership, L.P. ("GSOP"), which is an indirect subsidiary of Crown Castle International Corp., a Delaware corporation ("CCIC"). CCL is a Delaware limited liability company ("LLC") that is a holding company and an issuer of the Company's debt. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. As used herein, the term "including," and any variation thereof means "including without limitation." The use of the word "or" herein is not exclusive.
The Company is organized specifically to own, lease and manage approximately 7,600 towers and other structures, such as rooftops, geographically dispersed throughout the U.S. (collectively, "towers"), and to a lesser extent, interests in land under third party and related party towers in various forms ("land interests") (collectively, "sites") that are geographically dispersed across the United States ("U.S"). The Company's core business is providing access, including space or capacity, to its sites via long-term contracts in various forms, including lease, license and sublease agreements (collectively, "tenant contracts"). The Company's customers on its sites are referred to herein as "tenants." Management services related to the Company's sites are performed by Crown Castle USA Inc. ("CCUSA"), an affiliate of the Company, under the Management Agreement (as defined in note 5), as the Company has no employees.
Approximately 68% of the Company's sites are leased or subleased or operated and managed for an initial period of 32 years (through May 2037) under master leases or other agreements with T-Mobile (which T-Mobile assumed in connection with its merger with Sprint) ("T-Mobile Sites"). CCIC, through its subsidiaries (including the Company), has the option to purchase in 2037 all (but not less than all) of the T-Mobile Sites from T-Mobile for approximately $2.3 billion. CCIC has no obligation to exercise the purchase option.
For U.S. federal income tax purposes, CCIC operates as a real estate investment trust ("REIT"), and as its indirect subsidiary, the Company's assets and operations are included in the CCIC REIT. See notes 2 and 8.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
2.Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
The following is a discussion of the Company's significant accounting policies in effect for the year ended December 31, 2020.
Receivables Allowance
An allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded as an offset to accounts receivable. The Company uses judgment in estimating this allowance and considers historical collections, current credit status or contractual provisions. Additions to the allowance for doubtful accounts are charged to "Site rental costs of operations," and deductions from the allowance are recorded when specific accounts receivable are written off as uncollectible.
Lease Accounting
Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted new guidance on the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases (commonly referred to as "ASC 842" or the "new lease standard") using a modified retrospective approach as of the effective date without adjusting the comparative periods.
General. The Company evaluates whether a contract meets the definition of a lease whenever a contract grants a party the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. To the extent the identified asset is able to be shared among multiple parties, the Company has determined that one party does not have control of the identified asset and the contract is not considered a lease.
Lessee. The Company's lessee arrangements primarily consist of ground leases for land under towers. Ground leases for land are specific to each site, generally contain an initial term of five to 10 years and are renewable (and cancellable after a notice period) at the Company's option. The Company also enters into term easements and ground leases in which it prepays the entire term.
CC HOLDINGS GS V LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands)
The majority of the Company's lease agreements have certain termination rights that provide for cancellation after a notice period and multiple renewal options exercisable at the Company's option. The Company includes renewal option periods in its calculation of the estimated lease term when it determines the options are reasonably certain to be exercised. When such renewal options are deemed to be reasonably certain, the estimated lease term determined under ASC 842 will be greater than the non-cancelable term of the contractual arrangement. Although certain renewal periods are included in the estimated lease term, the Company would have the ability to terminate or elect to not renew a particular lease if business conditions warrant such a decision.
The Company classifies its lessee arrangements at inception as either operating leases or finance leases. A lease is classified as a finance lease if at least one of the following criteria is met: (1) the lease transfers ownership of the underlying asset to the lessee, (2) the lease grants the lessee an option to purchase the underlying asset that the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise, (3) the lease term is for a major part of the remaining economic life of the underlying asset, (4) the present value of the sum of the lease payments equals or exceeds substantially all of the fair value of the underlying asset, or (5) the underlying asset is of such a specialized nature that it is expected to have no alternative use to the lessor at the end of the lease term. A lease is classified as an operating lease if none of the five criteria described above for finance lease classification is met.
Right-of-use ("ROU") assets associated with operating leases are included in "Operating lease right-of-use assets" on the Company's consolidated balance sheet. Current and long-term portions of lease liabilities related to operating leases are included in "Current portion of operating lease liabilities-third parties," "Current portion of operating lease liabilities-related parties," "Operating lease liabilities-third parties" and "Operating lease liabilities-related parties" on the Company's balance sheet. ROU assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset for the estimated lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company's present value of its future lease payments. In assessing its leases and determining its lease liability at lease commencement or upon modification, the Company is not able to readily determine the rate implicit for its lessee arrangements, and thus uses its incremental borrowing rate on a collateralized basis to determine the present value of the lease payments. The Company's ROU assets are measured as the balance of the lease liability plus any prepaid or accrued lease payments and any unamortized initial direct costs.
Operating lease expenses are recognized on a ratable basis, regardless of whether the payment terms require the Company to make payments annually, quarterly, monthly, or for the entire term in advance. Certain of the Company's ground lease agreements contain fixed escalation clauses (such as fixed dollar or fixed percentage increases) or inflation-based escalation clauses (such as those tied to the change in consumer price index ("CPI")). If the payment terms include fixed escalator provisions, the effect of such increases is recognized on a straight-line basis. The Company calculates the straight-line expense over the tenant contract's estimated lease term, including any renewal option periods that the Company deems reasonably certain to be exercised.
Lease agreements may also contain provisions for a contingent payment based on (1) the revenues derived from the sites located on the leased asset, (2) the change in CPI or (3) the usage of the leased asset. The Company's contingent payments are considered variable lease payments and are (1) not included in the initial measurement of the ROU asset or lease liability due to the uncertainty of the payment amount and (2) recorded as expense in the period such contingencies are resolved.
ROU assets associated with finance leases are included in "Property and equipment, net" on the Company's consolidated balance sheet. If applicable, the Company measures the lease liability for finance leases using the effective interest method. The initial lease liability is increased to reflect interest on the liability and decreased to reflect payments made during the period. Interest on the lease liability is determined each period during the lease term as the amount that results in a constant periodic discount rate on the remaining balance of the liability. The Company measures ROU assets for finance leases on a ratable basis over the applicable lease term.
The Company reviews the carrying value of its ROU assets for impairment, similar to its other long-lived assets, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. The Company could record impairments in the future if there are changes in (1) long-term market conditions, (2) expected future operating results or (3) the utility of the assets that negatively impact the fair value of its ROU assets.
Lessor. The Company's lessor arrangements primarily include tenant contracts for dedicated space on its shared sites. The Company classifies its leases at inception as operating, direct financing or sales-type leases. A lease is classified as a sales-type lease if at least one of the following criteria is met: (1) the lease transfers ownership of the underlying asset to the lessee, (2) the lease grants the lessee an option to purchase the underlying asset that the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise, (3) the lease term is for a major part of the remaining economic life of the underlying asset, (4) the present value of the sum of the lease payments equals or exceeds substantially all of the fair value of the underlying assets, or (5) the underlying asset is of such a
CC HOLDINGS GS V LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular dollars in thousands)
specialized nature that it is expected to have no alternative use to the lessor at the end of the lease term. Furthermore, when none of the above criteria is met, a lease is classified as a direct financing lease if both of the following criteria are met: (1) the present value of the of the sum of the lease payments and any residual value guaranteed by the lessee that is not already reflected in the lease payments equals or exceeds the fair value of the underlying asset and (2) it is probable that the lessor will collect the lease payments plus any amount necessary to satisfy a residual value guarantee. A lease is classified as an operating lease if it does not qualify as a sales-type or direct financing lease. Currently, the Company classifies all of its lessor arrangements as operating leases.
Site rental revenues from the Company’s lessor arrangements are recognized on a straight-line, ratable basis over the fixed, non-cancelable term of the relevant tenant contract, regardless of whether the payments from the tenant are received in equal monthly amounts during the life of a tenant contract. Certain of the Company's tenant contracts contain fixed escalation clauses (such as fixed-dollar or fixed-percentage increases) or inflation-based escalation clauses (such as those tied to the change in CPI). If the payment terms call for fixed escalations, upfront payments, or rent-free periods, the rental revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the fixed, non-cancelable term of the agreement. When calculating straight-line site rental revenues, the Company considers all fixed elements of tenant contractual escalation provisions.
In addition to the Company's revenue from tenant contracts, amounts under CCIC tower installation services and modifications agreements that represent a lease component to the Company are recognized as amortization of tower installations and modifications on a ratable basis over the length of the associated estimated lease term.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment is stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Property and equipment includes land owned in fee and perpetual easements for land, which have no definite life. Depreciation is computed utilizing the straight-line method at rates based upon the estimated useful lives of the various classes of assets. Depreciation of sites is generally computed with a useful life equal to the shorter of 20 years or the term of the underlying ground lease (including optional renewal periods). Additions and permanent improvements to the Company's sites are capitalized, while maintenance and repairs are expensed. The carrying value of property and equipment will be reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable.
Abandonments and write-offs of property and equipment are recorded to "Asset write-down charges" on the Company's consolidated statement of operations and were $0.4 million, $1.1 million and $0.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Asset Retirement Obligations
Pursuant to its ground lease and easement agreements, the Company records obligations to perform asset retirement activities, including requirements to remove sites or remediate the land on which the Company's towers are located. With respect to the T-Mobile Sites, the Company does not have retirement obligations to the extent such retirement would occur beyond the period for which it has a contract term. Asset retirement obligations are included in "Other long-term liabilities" on the Company's consolidated balance sheet. The liability accretes as a result of the passage of time and the related accretion expense is included in "Depreciation, amortization and accretion" on the Company's consolidated statement of operations. The associated asset retirement costs are capitalized as an additional carrying amount of the related long-lived asset and depreciated over the useful life of such asset.
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price for an acquired business over the allocated value of the related net assets. The Company tests goodwill for impairment on an annual basis, regardless of whether adverse events or changes in circumstances have occurred. The annual test begins with goodwill and all intangible assets being allocated to applicable reporting units. The Company then performs a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is "more likely than not" that the fair value of the reporting units is less than its carrying amount. If the Company concludes that it is "more likely than not" that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, it is necessary to perform a quantitative step-one goodwill impairment test. The step-one goodwill impairment test compares the estimated fair value of the reporting unit and the carrying value of the reporting unit. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit is greater than its fair value, an impairment loss shall be recognized in an amount equal to such excess, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. The Company has one reporting unit for goodwill impairment testing. The Company performed its most recent annual goodwill impairment test as of October 1, 2020, which resulted in no impairments. See "Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements" for a discussion of the recently adopted new guidance related to goodwill impairment evaluation.
CC HOLDINGS GS V LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands)
Intangible Assets
Intangible assets are included in "Site rental contracts and tenant relationships, net" and "Other intangible assets, net" on the Company's consolidated balance sheet and predominately consist of the estimated fair value of site rental contracts and tenant relationships recorded in conjunction with acquisitions. The site rental contracts and tenant relationships intangible assets are comprised of (1) the current term of the existing leases, (2) the high rate of tenant retention, and (3) any associated relationships that are expected to generate value following the expiration of all renewal periods under existing leases.
The useful lives of intangible assets are estimated based on the period over which the intangible asset is expected to benefit the Company gives consideration to the expected useful life of other assets to which the useful life may relate. Amortization expense for intangible assets is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of each of the intangible assets. The useful life of the site rental contracts and tenant relationships intangible asset is limited by the maximum depreciable life of the tower (20 years), as a result of the interdependency of the tower and site rental leases. In contrast, the site rental contracts and tenant relationships are estimated to provide economic benefits for several decades because of the low rate of tenant cancellations and high rate of tenant retention experienced to date. Thus, while site rental leases and tenant relationships are valued based upon the fair value, which includes assumptions regarding both (1) tenants' exercise of optional renewals contained in the acquired leases and (2) renewals of the acquired leases past the contractual term including exercisable options, the site rental contracts and tenant relationships are amortized over a period not to exceed 20 years.
The carrying value of other intangible assets with finite useful lives will be reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. The Company has a dual grouping policy for purposes of determining the unit of account for testing impairment of the site rental contracts and tenant relationships intangible assets. First, the Company pools the site rental contracts and tenant relationships with the related tower assets into portfolio groups for purposes of determining the unit of account for impairment testing. Second and separately, the Company evaluates the site rental contracts and tenant relationships by significant tenant or by tenant grouping for individually insignificant tenants, as appropriate. If the sum of the estimated future cash flows (undiscounted) expected to result from the use or eventual disposition of an asset is less than the carrying amount of the asset, an impairment loss is recognized. Measurement of an impairment loss is based on the fair value of the asset.
Deferred Financing Costs
Third-party costs incurred to obtain financing are deferred and are included as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the related debt liability in "Debt" on the Company's consolidated balance sheet.
Revenue Recognition
Site rental revenues from the Company's tenant contracts are recognized on a straight-line, ratable basis over the fixed, non-cancelable term of the relevant tenant contract, which generally ranges from five to 15 years, regardless of whether the payments from the tenant are received in equal monthly amounts during the life of the tenant contract. The Company's contracts contain (1) fixed escalation clauses (such as fixed dollar or fixed percentage increases) or inflation-based escalation clauses (such as those tied to the CPI), (2) multiple renewal periods exercisable at the tenant's option and (3) only limited termination rights at the applicable tenant's option through the current term. If the payment terms call for fixed escalations, upfront payments, or rent-free periods, the revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the fixed, non-cancelable term of the agreement. When calculating straight-line rental revenues, the Company considers all fixed elements of tenant contractual escalation provisions, even if such escalation provisions contain a variable element in addition to a minimum. The Company's assets related to straight-line site rental revenues are included in "Deferred site rental receivables." Amounts billed or received prior to being earned are deferred and reflected in "Deferred revenues" on the Company's consolidated balance sheet.
In addition to the Company's revenue from tenant contracts, amounts under the tower installation services and modifications agreements described in note 6 that represent a lease component to the Company are recognized as "Amortization of tower installations and modifications" on the Company's consolidated statement of operations on a ratable basis over the length of the associated estimated lease term. The Company and its subsidiaries are not parties to such transactions.
Costs of Operations
More than three-fourths of the Company's site rental costs of operations expenses consist of ground lease expenses, and the remainder includes repairs and maintenance expenses, utilities, property taxes and insurance. The Company's current liability related to accrued property taxes is included in "Other accrued liabilities" on the Company's consolidated balance sheet
CC HOLDINGS GS V LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular dollars in thousands)
and was $5.0 million and $4.7 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Generally, the Company's ground leases for land are specific to each site and are for an initial term of five years and are renewable for pre-determined periods. The Company also enters into term easement and ground leases in which it prepays the entire term in advance.
Ground lease expenses are recognized on a ratable basis, regardless of whether the payment terms require the Company to make payments annually, quarterly, monthly, or for the entire term in advance. Certain of the Company's ground lease agreements contain fixed escalation clauses (such as fixed dollar or fixed percentage increases) or inflation-based escalation clauses (such as those tied to the change in CPI). If the payment terms include fixed escalator provisions, the effect of such increases is recognized on a straight-line basis. The Company's liability related to straight-line expense is included in "Operating lease right-of-use assets" on the Company's consolidated balance sheet. The Company's assets related to prepaid agreements is included in "Prepaid expenses" and "Operating lease right-of-use assets" on the Company's consolidated balance sheet. See also "Lease Accounting-Lessee".
Management Fee
The Company is charged a management fee by CCUSA, a wholly owned indirect subsidiary of CCIC, relating to management services, which include those functions reasonably necessary to maintain, market, operate, manage and administer the sites. The management fee is equal to 7.5% of the Company's revenues, excluding (1) the revenues from tenant contracts that are related to the accounting for leases with fixed escalators (as required by the applicable accounting standard), and (2) amortization of tower installations and modifications. See note 6.
Income Taxes
CCIC operates as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The Company is an indirect subsidiary of CCIC and for U.S. federal income taxes purposes the Company's assets and operations are part of the CCIC REIT. As a REIT, CCIC is generally entitled to a deduction for dividends that it pays and therefore is not subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on its net taxable income that is currently distributed to its stockholders. CCIC also may be subject to certain federal, state, local and foreign taxes on its income and assets, including (1) taxes on any undistributed income, (2) taxes related to the CCIC's taxable REIT subsidiaries, (3) franchise taxes, (4) property taxes and (5) transfer taxes. In addition, CCIC could under certain circumstances be required to pay an excise or penalty tax, which could be significant in amount, in order to utilize one or more relief provisions under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended to maintain qualification for taxation as a REIT.
The Company reports penalties and tax-related interest expense as a component of the benefit (provision) for income taxes. As of December 21, 2020, 2019, and 2018, the Company has not recorded any material penalties related to its income tax positions.
Fair Values
The Company's assets and liabilities recorded at fair value are categorized based upon a fair value hierarchy that ranks the quality and reliability of the information used to determine fair value. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are (1) Level 1 - quoted prices (unadjusted) in active and accessible markets, (2) Level 2 - observable prices that are based on inputs not quoted in active markets but corroborated by market data and (3) Level 3 - unobservable inputs and are not corroborated by market data. The Company evaluates fair value hierarchy level classifications quarterly, and transfers between levels are effective at the end of the quarterly period.
The fair value of cash and cash equivalents approximates the carrying value. The Company determines the fair value of its debt securities based on indicative non-binding quotes from brokers. Quotes from brokers require judgment and are based on the brokers' interpretation of market information, including implied credit spreads for similar borrowings on recent trades or bid/ask prices or quotes from active markets if available. There were no changes since December 31, 2019 in the Company's valuation techniques used to measure fair values. See note 7 for a further discussion of fair values.
CC HOLDINGS GS V LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands)
Reporting Segments
The Company has one operating segment.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In January 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued new guidance to simplify the accounting for goodwill impairment by removing the second step of the existing goodwill impairment test. As a result of the guidance, goodwill impairment, if any, will be measured during the step-one impairment test as the amount by which a reporting unit's carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. Additionally, the guidance does not change the option to complete a qualitative assessment prior to performing a step-one impairment test. The Company adopted the guidance as of January 1, 2020 and noted that there was not a material impact to its consolidated financial statements.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
No new accounting pronouncements issued but not yet adopted are expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
3.Property and Equipment
The major classes of property and equipment are summarized in the table below.
Estimated Useful Lives December 31,
2020 2019
Land(a)
- $ 76,685 $ 76,610
Towers 1-20 years 2,046,165 1,992,394
Construction in progress - 19,075 36,718
Total gross property and equipment 2,141,925 2,105,722
Less accumulated depreciation (1,190,055) (1,095,355)
Total property and equipment, net $ 951,870 $ 1,010,367
(a)Includes land owned through fee interests and perpetual easements.
Depreciation expense was $95.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 and $93.0 million for both years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.
4.Intangible Assets
The following is a summary of the Company's intangible assets.
As of December 31, 2020 As of December 31, 2019
Gross Carrying Value Accumulated Amortization Net Book Value Gross Carrying Value Accumulated Amortization Net Book Value
Site rental contracts and tenant relationships
$ 2,102,864 $ (1,540,041) $ 562,823 $ 2,102,864 $ (1,426,466) $ 676,398
Other intangible assets 12,336 (9,885) 2,451 12,336 (9,778) 2,558
Total $ 2,115,200 $ (1,549,926) $ 565,274 $ 2,115,200 $ (1,436,244) $ 678,956
CC HOLDINGS GS V LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands)
Amortization expense related to intangible assets is classified as follows on the Company's consolidated statement of operations:
For Years Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018
Depreciation, amortization and accretion $ 113,682 $ 113,682 $ 113,655
Site rental costs of operations(a)
- - 1,514
Total amortization expense $ 113,682 $ 113,682 $ 115,169
(a)Amortization expense of intangible assets classified as "Site rental costs of operations" on the Company's consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018 represented amortization of below-market leases. Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted new guidance on the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases and these below-market leases were de-recognized and reclassified from "Other intangible assets, net" to the "Operating lease right-of-use assets" on the Company's consolidated balance sheet.
For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded $1.7 million as a decrease to "Site rental costs of operations" for the amortization of above-market leases for land under the Company's towers. Effective January 1, 2019, these above-market leases were de-recognized and reclassified from "Other long-term liabilities" into the "Operating lease right-of-use assets" on the Company's consolidated balance sheet.
The estimated annual amortization expense related to intangible assets for the years ending December 31, 2021 to 2025 is as follows:
Years Ending December 31,
2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
Estimated annual amortization $ 113,682 $ 113,682 $ 113,682 $ 77,526 $ 70,295
5.Debt
2012 Secured Notes
On December 24, 2012, CCL and Crown Castle GS III Corp. ("Co-Issuer" and, together with CCL, "Issuers") issued (1) $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2.381% senior secured notes due December 2017 ("2.381% Secured Notes") and (2) $1.0 billion aggregate principal amount of 3.849% senior secured notes due April 2023 ("3.849% Secured Notes" and together with the 2.381% Secured Notes, "2012 Secured Notes"). The 2012 Secured Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture dated as of December 24, 2012 ("Indenture"), by and among the Issuers, the Guarantors (as defined below) and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee ("Trustee"). The Issuers and the Guarantors are indirect wholly owned subsidiaries of CCIC. The Company used the net proceeds from the issuance of the 2012 Secured Notes to (1) repurchase and redeem a portion of the then outstanding 7.75% senior secured notes due 2017 ("7.75% Secured Notes") and (2) distribute cash to CCIC to fund the repurchase and redemption of a portion of CCIC's senior notes.
The outstanding balance of the 2012 Secured Notes as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 was $996.8 million and $995.4 million, respectively. The stated interest rate of the 2012 Secured Notes as of December 31, 2020 was 3.849% per annum.
The 3.849% Secured Notes are payable semi-annually in cash in arrears on April 15 and October 15 of each year, beginning on April 15, 2013. CCL, at its option, may redeem the 3.849% Secured Notes in whole or in part at any time by paying 100% of the principal amount of such 3.849% Secured Notes, together with accrued and unpaid interest, if any, plus a "make-whole" premium (as defined in the Indenture).
The 3.849% Secured Notes are guaranteed by the direct and indirect wholly owned subsidiaries of CCL, other than the Co-Issuer (collectively, "Guarantors"). The 3.849% Secured Notes will be paid solely from the cash flows generated from operation of the towers held directly or indirectly by CCL and the Guarantors.
Concurrently with the issuance of the 2012 Secured Notes, CCL and certain of its subsidiaries entered into a pledge and security agreement with the Trustee. Pursuant to the terms of such pledge and security agreement, the 3.849% Secured Notes are secured on a first-priority basis by a pledge of the equity interests of the Guarantors.
CC HOLDINGS GS V LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands)
The Indenture limits, among other things, the ability of CCL and its subsidiaries to incur indebtedness, incur liens, enter into certain mergers or certain change of control transactions and enter into related party transactions, in each case subject to a number of exceptions and qualifications set forth in the Indenture.
Management Agreement. On December 24, 2012, CCL and the Guarantors entered into a management agreement ("Management Agreement") with CCUSA, an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of CCIC ("Manager"). The Management Agreement replaced the previous management agreement that existed among the parties. Pursuant to the Management Agreement, the Manager will continue to perform, on behalf of CCL and the Guarantors, those functions reasonably necessary to maintain, market, operate, manage and administer their respective sites. The Management Agreement requires that the Company maintain cash sufficient to operate the business, including sufficient cash to pay expenses for the following month (including any interest payment due during the next month pursuant to the Indenture).
Debt Restrictions. The Indenture does not contain financial maintenance covenants but it does contain restrictive negative covenants, subject to certain exceptions, related to the Company's ability to incur indebtedness, incur liens, enter into certain mergers or change of control transactions, sell or issue equity interests and enter into related party transactions. With respect to the restriction regarding the issuance of debt, the Company may not issue debt other than (1) certain permitted refinancings of the 3.849% Secured Notes, (2) unsecured trade payables in the ordinary course of business and financing of equipment, land or other property up to an aggregate of $100.0 million or (3) unsecured debt or additional notes under the Indenture provided that the Debt to Adjusted Consolidated Cash Flow Ratio (as defined in the Indenture) at the time of incurrence, and after giving effect to such incurrence, would have been no greater than 3.5 to 1. As of December 31, 2020, the Company's Debt to Adjusted Consolidated Cash Flow Ratio is 2.1 to 1, and, as a result, the Company currently has the ability to incur additional indebtedness. For purposes of restrictions related to the Company's Secured Notes Indenture, relevant debt calculations (such as the Debt to Adjusted Consolidated Cash Flow Ratio) are calculated in accordance with GAAP that was in effect as of December 2012, and, as such, exclude the impact of the Company's lease liability recorded as a result of its ASC 842 adoption on January 1, 2019. Further, the Company is not restricted in its ability to distribute cash to affiliates or issue dividends to its member.
Contractual Maturities
The following are the scheduled contractual maturities of the total debt of the Company outstanding at December 31, 2020.
Years Ending December 31,
2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Thereafter Total Cash Obligations Unamortized Deferred Financing Costs Total Debt Outstanding
Scheduled contractual maturities
$ - $ - $ 1,000,000 $ - $ - $ - $ 1,000,000 $ (3,185) $ 996,815
Interest Expense and Amortization of Deferred Financing Costs
The components of "Interest expense and amortization of deferred financing costs" are as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018
Interest expense on debt obligations $ 38,490 $ 38,490 $ 38,490
Amortization of deferred financing costs 1,384 1,384 1,384
Total $ 39,874 $ 39,874 $ 39,874
6.Related Party Transactions
As discussed in note 5, the Company and the Guarantors entered into a Management Agreement with CCUSA, which replaced a previous management agreement among the same parties. Pursuant to the Management Agreement, CCUSA has agreed to employ, supervise and pay at all times a sufficient number of capable employees as may be necessary to perform services in accordance with the operation standards defined in the Management Agreement. CCUSA currently acts as the Manager of the sites held by subsidiaries of CCIC. The management fee is equal to 7.5% of the Company's "Operating Revenues," as defined in the Management Agreement, which is based on the Company’s reported revenues adjusted to exclude certain items including revenues related to the accounting for leases with fixed escalators. The fee is compensation for those functions reasonably necessary to maintain, market, operate, manage and administer the sites, other than the operating expenses (which includes real estate and personal property taxes, ground lease and easement payments, and insurance premiums). The
CC HOLDINGS GS V LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular dollars in thousands)
management fee charged by CCUSA for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 totaled $51.8 million, $49.8 million and $48.5 million, respectively.
Further, in connection with its role as Manager, CCUSA may offer certain installation and modification services to tenants on the Company's towers; however, the Company receives no cash from, and is not party to, such transactions. The Company includes the deferred revenue for a portion of the transaction price for the tower installation and modification services, which represents a lease component under GAAP, within "Deferred revenues," on the Company's consolidated balance sheet and recognizes it as "Amortization of tower installations and modifications" on the Company's consolidated statement of operations over the associated estimated lease term. The portions of the transaction price which do not represent a lease component are not reflected in the Company's operating results.
As part of CCIC's strategy to obtain long-term control of the land under its towers, affiliates of the Company have acquired rights to land under the Company's towers. These affiliates then lease the land to the Company, and the Company pays ground rent expenses to the affiliates. Under such circumstances, the Company's obligation typically continues with the same or similar economic terms as the contract for the land that existed prior to the purchase of such land by the affiliate. As of December 31, 2020, more than 30% of the Company's towers were located on land which was controlled by an affiliate. Rent expense to affiliates totaled $45.9 million, $43.3 million and $41.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Also, the Company receives site rental revenue from affiliates for land owned by the Company on which affiliates have towers. Rent revenue from affiliates totaled $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 and $1.0 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.
For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, the Company recorded an equity distribution of $406.0 million, $362.8 million and $368.0 million, respectively, reflecting distributions to its member. Cash on-hand above the amount that is required by the Management Agreement has been, and is expected to continue to be, distributed to the Company's parent company. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, other than the amounts of its ROU assets and operating lease liabilities related to land leased from affiliates of the Company reflected in "Operating lease right-of-use assets," "Current portion of operating lease liabilities-related parties" and "Operating lease liabilities-related parties," the Company had no material related party assets or liabilities on its consolidated balance sheet.
7.Fair Values
The following table shows the estimated fair values of the Company's financial instruments, along with the carrying amounts of the related assets (liabilities). See also note 2.
Level in Fair Value Hierarchy December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
Carrying
Amount Fair
Value Carrying
Amount Fair
Value
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents 1 $ 17,439 $ 17,439 $ 20,407 $ 20,407
Liabilities:
Debt 2 996,815 1,076,000 995,431 1,046,200
8.Income Taxes
For each the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, the Company had a provision for income taxes of $0.4 million, which consisted of state taxes in each of such years. The Company's effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 differed from the federal statutory rate predominately due to CCIC's REIT status, including the dividends paid deduction (see notes 1 and 2) and the aforementioned impacts described above.
As of December 31, 2020, there were no unrecognized tax benefits that would impact the effective tax rate, if recognized.
From time to time, the Company is subject to examinations by various tax authorities in jurisdictions in which it has business operations. At this time, CCIC is not subject to an Internal Revenue Service examination.
The Company regularly assesses the likelihood of additional assessments in each of the tax jurisdictions in which it has business operations. CCIC has no uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2020.
CC HOLDINGS GS V LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular dollars in thousands)
9.Commitments and Contingencies
The Company is involved in various claims, assessments, lawsuits or proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. While there are uncertainties inherent in the ultimate outcome of such matters, and it is impossible to presently determine the ultimate costs or losses that may be incurred, if any, management believes the adverse resolution of such uncertainties and the incurrence of such costs should not have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated financial position or results of operations. See note 10 for a discussion of the operating lease commitments. In addition, see note 1 for a discussion of the CCIC's option to purchase approximately 68% of the Company's towers at the end of their respective lease terms. CCIC has no obligation to exercise the purchase option.
Asset Retirement Obligations
Pursuant to its ground lease and easement agreements, the Company has the obligation to perform certain asset retirement activities, including requirements upon contract termination to remove sites or remediate the land upon which its sites are located. Accretion expense related to liabilities for retirement obligations amounted to $1.0 million, $0.5 million, and $0.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, liabilities for retirement obligations amounted to $12.5 million and $11.4 million, respectively, representing the net present value of the estimated expected future cash outlay. As of December 31, 2020, the estimated undiscounted future cash outlay for asset retirement obligations was approximately $82.9 million. See note 2.
10.Leases
Lessor Tenant Leases
The following table is a summary of the rental cash payments owed to the Company by tenants pursuant to tenant contracts in effect as of December 31, 2020. Generally, the Company's leases with its tenants provide for (1) annual escalations, (2) multiple renewal periods at the tenant's option and (3) only limited termination rights at the applicable tenant's option through the current term. As of December 31, 2020, the weighted-average remaining term (calculated by weighting the remaining term for each lease by the related site rental revenue) of tenant leases is approximately five years, exclusive of renewals at the tenant's option. The tenants' rental payments included in the table below are through the current terms and do not assume exercise of tenant renewal options.
Years Ending December 31,
2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Thereafter Total
Tenant leases(a)
$ 701,781 $ 691,203 $ 566,683 $ 518,907 $ 456,828 $ 1,205,615 $ 4,141,017
(a)Inclusive of leases with related parties. See note 6.
Lessee Operating Leases
The components of the Company's operating lease expense are as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
2020 2019(d)
Lease cost(a):
Operating lease expense(b)
$ 113,234 $ 111,125
Variable lease expense(c)
45,755 45,704
Total lease expense $ 158,989 $ 156,829
(a)Inclusive of leases with related parties. See note 6.
(b)Represents the Company's operating lease expense related to its ROU assets for the twelve months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.
(c)Represents the Company's expense related to contingent payments for operating leases (such as payments based on revenues derived from the sites located on the leased asset) for the twelve months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. Such contingencies are recognized as expense in the period they are resolved.
(d)Amounts for the year ended December 31, 2019 reflect a revision from the Company's 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K relating to an immaterial classification error of certain operating lease expenses. In connection with this revision, the Company reclassified $8.7 million from operating lease expense to variable lease expense for the year ended December 31, 2019; total lease expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 remains unchanged.
CC HOLDINGS GS V LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands)
Lessee Finance Leases
The Company's finance leases are related to the towers subject to prepaid master lease agreements with T-Mobile, which T-Mobile assumed in connection with its merger with Sprint, and are recorded as "Property and equipment, net" on the consolidated balance sheet. See note 1 for further discussion of the Company's prepaid master lease agreements. Finance leases and associated leasehold improvements related to gross property and equipment and accumulated depreciation were $976.9 million and $685.4 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2020. Finance leases and associated leasehold improvements related to gross property and equipment and accumulated depreciation were $978.1 million and $645.6 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2019. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company recorded $39.8 million and $41.1 million, respectively, to "Depreciation, amortization and accretion" related to finance leases.
Other Lessee Information
As of December 31, 2020, the Company's weighted-average remaining lease term and weighted-average discount rate for operating leases were 15 years and 3.8%, respectively.
The following table is a summary of the Company's maturities of operating lease liabilities as of December 31, 2020:
Years Ending December 31,
2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Thereafter Total undiscounted lease payments Less: Imputed interest Total operating lease liabilities
Operating leases(a)(b)
$ 108,739 $ 108,718 $ 108,372 $ 107,561 $ 106,926 $ 1,130,872 $ 1,671,188 $ (433,063) $ 1,238,125
(a)Excludes the Company's contingent payments for operating leases (such as payments based on revenues derived from the sites located on the leased asset) as such arrangements are excluded from the Company's operating lease liability. Such contingencies are recognized as expense in the period they are resolved.
(b)Inclusive of leases with related parties. See note 6.
11.Concentration of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk are primarily cash and cash equivalents and trade receivables. The Company mitigates its risk with respect to cash and cash equivalents by maintaining such deposits at high credit quality financial institutions and monitoring the credit ratings of those institutions. See note 2.
The Company derives the largest portion of its revenues from tenants in the wireless industry. The Company also has a concentration in its volume of business with T-Mobile, AT&T and Verizon Wireless that accounts for a significant portion of the Company's revenues, receivables and deferred site rental receivables. The Company mitigates its concentrations of credit risk with respect to trade receivables by actively monitoring the creditworthiness of its tenants, the use of tenant leases with contractually determinable payment terms or proactive management of past due balances.
Major Tenants
The following table summarizes the percentage of the consolidated revenues for those tenants accounting for more than 10% of the consolidated revenues.
Years Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018
T-Mobile 52 % (a)
20 % 19 %
AT&T 22 % 22 % 20 %
Verizon Wireless 15 % 15 % 15 %
Sprint - % 33 % 35 %
Total 89 % 90 % 89 %
(a)Includes revenues derived from Sprint. T-Mobile and Sprint completed their merger on April 1, 2020.
CC HOLDINGS GS V LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands)
12.Supplemental Cash Flow Information
The following table is a summary of the supplemental cash flow information during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018.
For Years Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash payments related to operating lease liabilities(a)(b)
$ 106,877 $ 105,933 $ -
Interest paid 38,490 38,490 38,490
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash operating, investing and financing activities:
New ROU assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities(b)
57,112 101,884 -
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable for purchases of property and equipment (2,961) 3,821 213
(a)Excludes the Company's contingent payments pursuant to operating leases, which are recorded as expense in the period such contingencies are resolved.
(b)Inclusive of leases with related parties. See note 6.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
(a) Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
In connection with the preparation of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as of December 31, 2020, the Company's management conducted an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the Company's Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") and Chief Financial Officer ("CFO"), of the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended ("Exchange Act")). Based upon their evaluation, the CEO and CFO concluded that as of December 31, 2020, the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports filed or submitted by it under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by the Company in such reports is accumulated and communicated to the Company's management, including its CEO and CFO, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
(b) Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) for the Company. Under the supervision and with the participation of the Company's CEO and CFO, management assessed the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on the framework described in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. The Company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America. The Company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:
•pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;
•provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorization of management and directors of the Company; and
•provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisitions, use or disposition of the Company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Management has assessed the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020. Based on the Company's assessment, management has concluded that the Company's internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2020 to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting
and the preparation of financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America.
This annual report does not include an attestation report of the Company's independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management's report was not subject to attestation by the Company's independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the SEC that permit the Company to provide only management's report in Form 10-K.
(c) Remediation of Previously Disclosed Material Weakness
As previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, management concluded that a material weakness existed in the Company's internal control over financial reporting as it did not effectively design and maintain controls related to the accounting for its tower installation services. Management has completed its plan of remediation, which primarily consisted of 1) revising its accounting policies for its tower installation services to identify and account for lease components and the associated deferred revenue, and 2) improvements to existing processes and controls related to the determination of the accuracy of capital expenditures made for permanent improvements associated with tower installation services.
During the quarter ended December 31, 2020, management completed its evaluation and testing of the operating effectiveness of the improved controls and deemed them to be designed and operating effectively. As a result, management concluded that the previously disclosed material weakness has been remediated as of December 31, 2020.
(d) Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There have been no changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during the most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
(e) Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls
Because of its inherent limitations, the Company's internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies and procedures may deteriorate.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 9B. Other Information
None.
PART III

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
As an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of CCIC, our principal accounting fees and services are subject to CCIC's Audit Committee pre-approval procedures described in its proxy statement. This proxy statement is posted on CCIC's website at http://investor.crowncastle.com). Other than these procedures, the information contained on that website is not incorporated by reference in this 2020 Form 10-K. During 2020, all services provided by the external auditor were pre-approved by CCIC's Audit Committee in accordance with such policies.
Fees for professional services provided by our auditors include the following:
(dollars in thousands) 2020 2019
Audit fees(a)
$ 265 $ 298
Audit-related fees - -
Tax fees - -
All other fees - -
Total $ 265 $ 298
(a) Audit fees principally includes audit and review of financial statements and subsidiary audits.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules
(a)(1) Financial Statements:
The list of financial statements filed as part of this report is submitted as a separate section, the index to which is located on page 23.
(a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules:
Schedule II-Valuation and Qualifying Accounts for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 which is located on page 46.
Schedule III-Schedule of Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, which is located on page 47.
All other schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or because the required information is contained in the financial statements or notes thereto included in this 2020 Form 10-K.
(a)(3) Exhibits:
Exhibit Index
Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit
Number Exhibit Description Form File Number Date of Filing Exhibit Number
3.1 Amended and Restated Certificate of Formation of CC Holdings GS V LLC
S-4 333-187970 April 17, 2013 3.1
3.2 Second Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of CC Holdings GS V LLC
S-4 333-187970 April 17, 2013 3.2
4.1 Indenture dated as of December 24, 2012, by and among CC Holdings GS V LLC, Crown Castle GS III Corp., each of the guarantors party thereto and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee, relating to the 2.381% Senior Secured Notes due 2017 and the 3.849% Senior Secured Notes due 2023
8-K 001-16441 December 28, 2012 4.1
4.2 Pledge and Security Agreement dated as of December 24, 2012, by and among CC Holdings GS V LLC, Pinnacle Towers LLC, Pinnacle Towers III LLC, Pinnacle Towers V Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee, relating to the 2.381% Senior Secured Notes due 2017 and the 3.849% Senior Secured Notes due 2023
S-4 333-187970 April 17, 2013 4.2
10.1 Agreement to Contribute, Lease and Sublease, dated as February 14, 2005, among Sprint Corporation, the Sprint subsidiaries named therein and Global Signal Inc.
8-K 001-32168 February 17, 2005 10.1
10.2 Master Lease and Sublease, dated as of May 26, 2005, by and among STC One LLC, as lessor, Sprint Telephony PCS L.P., as Sprint Collocator, Global Signal Acquisitions II LLC, as lessee, and Global Signal Inc.
8-K 001-32168
May 27, 2005 10.1
10.3 Master Lease and Sublease, dated as of May 26, 2005, by and among STC Two LLC, as lessor, SprintCom, Inc., as Sprint Collocator, Global Signal Acquisitions II LLC, as lessee, and Global Signal Inc.
8-K 001-32168
May 27, 2005 10.2
10.4 Master Lease and Sublease, dated as of May 26, 2005, by and among STC Three LLC, as lessor, American PCS Communications, LLC, as Sprint Collocator, Global Signal Acquisitions II LLC, as lessee, and Global Signal Inc.
8-K 001-32168
May 27, 2005 10.3
10.5 Master Lease and Sublease, dated as of May 26, 2005, by and among STC Four LLC, as lessor, PhillieCo, L.P., as Sprint Collocator, Global Signal Acquisitions II LLC, as lessee, and Global Signal Inc.
8-K 001-32168
May 27, 2005 10.4
Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit
Number Exhibit Description Form File Number Date of Filing Exhibit Number
10.6 Master Lease and Sublease, dated as of May 26, 2005, by and among STC Five LLC, as lessor, Sprint Spectrum L.P., as Sprint Collocator, Global Signal Acquisitions II LLC, as lessee, and Global Signal Inc.
8-K 001-32168
May 27, 2005 10.5
10.7 Master Lease and Sublease, dated as of May 26, 2005, by and among STC Six Company, Sprint Spectrum L.P., as Sprint Collocator, Global Signal Acquisitions II LLC, as lessee, and Global Signal Inc.
8-K 001-32168
May 27, 2005 10.6
10.8 Management Agreement, dated as of December 24, 2012, by and among Crown Castle USA Inc., as Manager, and CC Holdings GS V LLC, Global Signal Acquisitions LLC, Global Signal Acquisitions II LLC, Pinnacle Towers LLC and the direct and indirect subsidiaries of Pinnacle Towers LLC, collectively, as Owners
S-4 333-187970 April 17, 2013 10.8
10.9 Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of December 24, 2012, by and among CC Holdings GS V LLC, Crown Castle GS III Corp., each of the guarantors party thereto and Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, Barclays Capital Inc., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC and Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, as representatives of the initial purchasers
8-K 001-16441
December 28, 2012 10.2
22* List of Subsidiaries
- - - -
24* Power of Attorney (included on signature page of this annual report) - - - -
31.1* Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
- - - -
31.2* Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
- - - -
32.1** Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
- - - -
101* The following financial statements from CC Holdings GS V LLC's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheet, (ii) Consolidated Statement of Operations, (iii) Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows, (iv) Consolidated Statement of Equity, and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, tagged as blocks of text and including detailed tags - - - -
104* The cover page from CC Holdings GS V LLC's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, formatted in Inline XBRL - - - -
* Filed herewith.
** Furnished herewith.