EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1602065
Filing Year: 2023
Filename: 1602065_10-K_2023_0001602065-23-000007.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
ITEMS 1 and 2. BUSINESS AND PROPERTIES
Overview
We are a publicly traded Delaware limited partnership formed by Diamondback to own and acquire mineral and royalty interests in oil and natural gas properties primarily in the Permian Basin. We are treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
Our primary business objective is to provide an attractive return to our unitholders by focusing on business results, generating robust free cash flow, reducing debt and protecting our balance sheet, while maintaining a best-in-class cost structure. Our initial assets consisted of mineral and royalty interests in oil and natural gas properties in the Permian Basin in West Texas, substantially all of which are leased to working interest owners who bear the costs of operation and development.
We are currently focused primarily on oil and natural gas properties in the Permian Basin, which is one of the oldest and most prolific producing basins in North America. The Permian Basin, which consists of approximately 75,000 square miles centered around Midland, Texas, has been a significant source of oil production since the 1920s. The Permian Basin is known to have a number of zones of oil and natural gas bearing rock throughout.
Significant 2022 Acquisitions and Divestitures
Acquisitions
During the year ended December 31, 2022, in individually insignificant transactions, we acquired from unrelated third-party sellers, mineral and royalty interests representing 375 net royalty acres in the Permian Basin for an aggregate net purchase price of approximately $65.9 million, including certain customary closing adjustments. We funded these acquisitions with cash on hand and borrowings under the Operating Company’s revolving credit facility.
Divestitures
In the first quarter of 2022, we divested 325 net royalty acres of third party operated acreage located entirely in Upton and Reagan counties in the Midland Basin for an aggregate net sales price of $29.3 million, including customary closing adjustments.
In the third quarter of 2022, we divested 93 net royalty acres of third party operated acreage located entirely in Loving county in the Delaware Basin for an aggregate net sales price of $29.9 million, including customary closing adjustments.
In the fourth quarter of 2022, we divested our entire position in the Eagle Ford Shale, consisting of 681 net royalty acres of third party operated acreage for an aggregate net sales price of $53.8 million, including certain customary closing adjustments.
Our Properties
As of December 31, 2022, our assets consisted of mineral and royalty interests underlying 775,180 gross acres and 26,315 net royalty acres in the Permian Basin. Diamondback is the operator of approximately 57% of our net royalty acreage. As of December 31, 2022, there were 8,260 wells producing on this acreage, of which Diamondback was the operator of 2,558 wells. Net production during the fourth quarter of 2022 was approximately 34,935 BOE/d and net production for the year ended December 31, 2022 averaged 33,649 BOE/d. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, royalty income generated from these mineral and royalty interests was $838.0 million, $501.5 million and $247.0 million, respectively.
The estimated proved oil and natural gas reserves of our assets, as of December 31, 2022, were 148,900 MBOE based on reserve estimates prepared by our internal reservoir engineers and audited by Ryder Scott, an independent petroleum engineering firm. Of these reserves, approximately 72% were classified as proved developed producing reserves. Proved undeveloped, or PUD, reserves included in this estimate were from 525 gross horizontal well locations. As of December 31, 2022, our proved reserves were approximately 53% oil, 23% natural gas liquids and 24% natural gas.
Our Relationship with Diamondback
As of December 31, 2022, our General Partner had a 100% general partner interest in us, and Diamondback owned 731,500 common units and beneficially owned all of our 90,709,946 outstanding Class B units, collectively, representing approximately 56% of our total units outstanding. Diamondback also owns and controls our General Partner. We believe that the properties held by Diamondback include properties that have, or with additional development will have, production and reserves characteristics that could make them attractive for inclusion in our partnership. We believe Diamondback’s significant ownership in us will motivate it to offer additional mineral and other interests in oil and natural gas properties to us in the future, although Diamondback has no obligation to do so and may elect to dispose of mineral and other interests in such properties without offering us the opportunities to acquire them.
We believe Diamondback views our partnership as part of its business strategy and that Diamondback will be incentivized to pursue acquisitions jointly with us in the future. However, Diamondback will regularly evaluate acquisitions and may elect to acquire properties without offering us the opportunity to participate in such transactions. Moreover, Diamondback may not be successful in identifying potential acquisitions. Diamondback is free to act in a manner that is beneficial to its interests without regard to ours, which may include electing not to present us with acquisition or disposition opportunities.
In addition, neither we, the Operating Company nor our General Partner has any employees. Diamondback provides management, operating and administrative services to us and our General Partner. Please read “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the consolidated financial statements and related notes, each of which is included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
Business Strategies
Our primary business objective is to generate the highest value proposition for our unitholders through a focus on increasing long-term per unit growth and returns by generating robust free cash flow, reducing debt and protecting our balance sheet. We intend to accomplish this objective by executing the following strategies:
•Capitalize on the development of the properties underlying our mineral interests to grow our cash flow. We expect the production from our mineral interests will increase as Diamondback and our other operators continue to drill, complete and develop our acreage. We expect to capitalize on this development, which requires no capital expenditure funding from us, and believe the anticipated increase in our aggregate royalty payment receipts will enable us to grow our cash flows.
•Leverage our relationship with Diamondback to participate with it in acquisitions of mineral or other interests in producing properties from third parties and to increase the size and scope of our potential third party acquisition targets. We have in the past and intend to continue to make opportunistic acquisitions of mineral and other interests that have substantial oil-weighted resource potential and organic growth potential. Through our relationships with Diamondback and its affiliates, we have access to their significant pool of management talent and industry relationships, which we believe provide us with a competitive advantage in pursuing potential third party acquisition opportunities. For example, we and Diamondback may pursue an acquisition where Diamondback would acquire working and revenue interests in properties and we would acquire mineral or royalty interests in such properties either in the same or subsequent transactions, similar to Diamondback’s acquisition of certain assets from Guidon Operating LLC and our acquisition of certain mineral and royalty interests from Swallowtail Royalties LLC and Swallowtail Royalties II LLC in October 2021, which we refer to in this report as the Swallowtail Acquisition.
•Seek to acquire from Diamondback, from time to time, mineral or other interests in producing oil and natural gas properties that meet our acquisition criteria. Since our formation, we have acquired, and may have additional opportunities from time to time in the future to acquire, mineral or other interests in producing oil and natural gas properties directly from Diamondback. We believe Diamondback may be incentivized to sell properties to us, as doing so may enhance Diamondback’s economic returns by monetizing long-lived producing properties while potentially retaining a portion of the resulting cash flow through distributions on Diamondback’s limited partner interests in us.
However, neither Diamondback nor any of its affiliates are contractually obligated to offer or sell any interests in properties to us.
•High-grade our asset base. We intend to continue to high-grade our asset base and selectively divest non-core minerals with limited optionality when the amount negotiated exceeds our projected total value and then redeploy proceeds into our core areas of focus.
•Maintain a conservative capital structure to allow financial flexibility. Since our formation, we have maintained a conservative capital structure that has allowed us to opportunistically purchase accretive mineral and other interests. We are committed to maintaining a conservative leverage profile, and will continue to seek to opportunistically fund accretive acquisitions. In addition to making distributions in accordance with our distribution policy, we intend to continue to repay debt using free cash flow to ensure our ability to successfully operate in challenging business and commodity price environments.
•Hedge to manage commodity price risk and to protect our balance sheet and cash flow. We use a combination of derivative instruments to economically hedge exposure to changes in commodity prices and maintain financial and balance sheet flexibility.
Competitive Strengths
We believe the following competitive strengths will allow us to successfully execute our business strategies and achieve our primary business objective:
•Oil rich resource base in one of North America’s leading resource plays. As of December 31, 2022, 340 horizontal drilling rigs were operating in the Permian Basin, representing 45% of the total U.S. onshore horizontal rig activity. The majority of our current properties is well positioned in the core of both the Midland and Delaware Basins in the Permian Basin. Production on our properties for the year ended December 31, 2022 and our estimated net proved reserves are heavily oil-weighted.
•Sustainable, high margin business unburdened by capital expenses with minimal operating expenses. Our mineral and royalty interests provide us cash flows without the requirement to fund drilling and completion costs or lease operating expenses. Our operating costs consist of certain royalty taxes, gathering, processing, marketing and transportation costs and general and administrative expenses, providing us with a low cost structure and high operating margins that generate increasing free cash flow growth in a stable or rising price environment as the underlying production associated with our royalty interests continues to grow.
•Experienced and proven management team. The members of our executive team have significant industry experience, most of which has been focused on resource play development in the Permian Basin. This team has a proven track record of executing on multi-rig development drilling programs and extensive experience in the Permian Basin. In addition, our executive team has significant experience with property acquisition. We expect to benefit from the industry relationships of the management team. We believe the experience of our management team is essential for the execution of our business strategy.
•Favorable and stable operating environment. We primarily focus our growth in the Permian Basin, one of the oldest, most prolific hydrocarbon basins in the United States, with a long and well-established production history and developed infrastructure. With over 350,000 wells drilled in the Permian Basin since the 1940s, we believe that the geological and regulatory environment is more stable and predictable, and that we are faced with fewer operational risks, in the Permian Basin as compared to emerging hydrocarbon basins. We believe that the impact of the proven application of new technology, combined with the substantial geological information available about the Permian Basin, also reduces the risk of development and exploration activities on our mineral and royalty acreage as compared to emerging hydrocarbon basins.
Oil and Natural Gas Data
Proved Reserves
Evaluation and Review of Reserves
The estimated reserves as of December 31, 2022 are based on reserve estimates prepared by our internal reservoir engineers and audited by Ryder Scott, an independent petroleum engineering firm. Our historical reserve estimates as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 were prepared by Ryder Scott. The internal and external technical persons responsible for preparing or auditing our proved reserve estimates meet the requirements with regards to qualifications, independence, objectivity and confidentiality set forth in the Standards Pertaining to the Estimating and Auditing of Oil and Gas Reserves Information promulgated by the Society of Petroleum Engineers. Ryder Scott is a third party engineering firm and does not own an interest in any of our properties and is not employed by us on a contingent basis. The purpose of Ryder Scott’s audit was to provide additional assurance on the reasonableness of internally prepared reserve estimates for 2022. The proved reserve audit performed by Ryder Scott for 2022 covered 100% of our total proved reserves. A copy of the summary audit report prepared by Ryder Scott is included as Exhibit 99.1 to this Annual Report.
Under SEC rules, proved reserves are those quantities of oil and natural gas, which, by analysis of geoscience and engineering data, can be estimated with reasonable certainty to be economically producible-from a given date forward, from known reservoirs and under existing economic conditions, operating methods and government regulations-prior to the time at which contracts providing the right to operate expire, unless evidence indicates that renewal is reasonably certain, regardless of whether deterministic or probabilistic methods are used for the estimation. If deterministic methods are used, the SEC has defined reasonable certainty for proved reserves as a “high degree of confidence that the quantities will be recovered.” All of our proved reserves as of December 31, 2022 were estimated using a deterministic method.
The estimation of reserves involves two distinct determinations. The first determination results in the estimation of the quantities of recoverable oil and natural gas and the second determination results in the estimation of the uncertainty associated with those estimated quantities in accordance with the definitions established under SEC rules. The process of estimating the quantities of recoverable oil and natural gas reserves relies on the use of certain generally accepted analytical procedures. These analytical procedures fall into three broad categories or methods: (1) performance-based methods, (2) volumetric-based methods and (3) analogy. These methods may be used singularly or in combination by the reserve evaluator in the process of estimating the quantities of reserves. In general, our proved producing reserves attributable to producing wells were estimated by performance methods. These performance methods include, but may not be limited to, decline curve analysis, which utilized extrapolations of available historical production and pressure data. In certain cases where there was inadequate historical performance data to establish a definitive trend and where the use of production performance data as a basis for the estimates was considered to be inappropriate, the proved producing reserves were estimated by analogy, or a combination of performance and analogy methods. The analogy method was used where there were inadequate historical performance data to establish a definitive trend and where the use of production performance data as a basis for the reserve estimates was considered to be inappropriate. All proved developed non-producing and undeveloped reserves were estimated by the analogy method.
To estimate economically recoverable proved reserves and related future net cash flows, we considered many factors and assumptions, including the use of reservoir parameters derived from geological, geophysical and engineering data which cannot be measured directly, economic criteria based on current costs and the SEC pricing requirements and forecasts of future production rates. To establish reasonable certainty with respect to our estimated proved reserves, the technologies and economic data used in the estimation of our proved reserves included production and well test data, downhole completion information, geologic data, electrical logs, radioactivity logs, core analyses, available seismic data and historical well cost and operating expense data.
The process of estimating oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids reserves is complex and requires significant judgment, as discussed in “Item 1A. Risk Factors” of this report. As a result, our petroleum engineers and geoscience professionals that have an internal controls process to ensure the integrity, accuracy and timeliness of the data used to calculate our proved reserves relating to our assets in the Permian Basin. Our internal technical staff met with our independent reserve auditors periodically during their audit of the period covered by the reserve report to discuss the assumptions and methods used in our proved reserve estimation process. As part of the audit process, we provide historical information to the independent reserve auditors for our properties such as ownership interest, oil and gas production, well test data, commodity prices and operating and development costs. The Senior Vice President of Reservoir Engineering of our General Partner is primarily responsible for overseeing the preparation of all of our reserve estimates and overseeing communications with our independent reserve auditor. The Senior Vice President of Reservoir Engineering is a petroleum engineer with over 19 years of reservoir and operations experience and our geoscience staff has an average of approximately 14 years of industry experience per person. Our technical staff uses historical information for our properties such as ownership interest, oil and natural gas production, well test
data, commodity prices and operating and development costs used to estimate economic lives of our properties. Ryder Scott performed an independent analysis during its audit of our estimated reserves for 2022 and any differences were reviewed with our Senior Vice President of Reservoir Engineering. For 2022, our reserve auditor’s estimates of our proved reserves did not differ materially from our estimates by more than the established audit tolerance guidelines of ten percent.
The internal control procedures utilized in the preparation of our proved reserve estimates are intended to ensure reliability of reserve estimations, and include, but are not limited to the following:
•review and verification of historical production data, which is based on actual production as reported by our operators;
•preparation of reserve estimates by the primary reserve engineers of our General Partner or under their direct supervision;
•review by the primary reserve engineers of all of our reported proved reserves at the close of each quarter, including the review of all significant reserve changes and all new proved undeveloped reserves additions;
•review of historical realized commodity prices and differentials from index prices compared to the differentials used in the reserves database;
•direct reporting responsibilities by the Senior Vice President of Reservoir Engineering to the Chief Executive Officer of our General Partner and by the current primary reserve engineer to the President of our General Partner;
•prior to finalizing the reserve report, a review of our preliminary proved reserve estimates by our President and Chief Financial Officer, Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, Senior Vice President of Reservoir Engineering and our primary reserves engineers takes place on an annual basis;
•review of our proved reserve estimates by our Audit Committee with our executive team and Ryder Scott on an annual basis;
•verification of property ownership by our land department; and
•no employee’s compensation is tied to the amount of reserves booked.
The following table presents our estimated net proved oil and natural gas reserves as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, which were prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. All of our proved reserves included in the reserve reports are located in the continental United States.
December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Estimated proved developed reserves:
Oil (MBbls) 54,817 49,280 40,220
Natural gas (MMcf) 161,119 134,485 93,617
Natural gas liquids (MBbls) 25,621 19,476 16,724
Total (MBOE) 107,291 91,170 72,547
Estimated proved undeveloped reserves:
Oil (MBbls) 24,187 19,960 17,310
Natural gas (MMcf) 48,845 49,205 25,833
Natural gas liquids (MBbls) 9,281 8,557 5,229
Total (MBOE) 41,609 36,718 26,845
Estimated net proved reserves:
Oil (MBbls) 79,004 69,240 57,530
Natural gas (MMcf) 209,964 183,690 119,450
Natural gas liquids (MBbls) 34,902 28,033 21,953
Total (MBOE)(1)
148,900 127,888 99,392
Percent proved developed 72 % 71 % 73 %
(1)Estimates of reserves as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were prepared using the unweighted arithmetic average of hydrocarbon prices received on a field-by-field basis on the first day of each month within the 12-month periods ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, in accordance with SEC guidelines. Reserve estimates do not include any value for probable or possible reserves that may exist, nor do they include any value for undeveloped acreage. The reserve estimates represent our net revenue interest in our properties. Although we believe these estimates are reasonable, actual future production, cash flows, taxes, development expenditures, operating expenses and quantities of recoverable oil and natural gas reserves may vary substantially from these estimates. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors” for a discussion of risks and uncertainties associated with our estimates of proved reserves and related factors, and see Note 14-Supplemental
Information on Oil and Natural Gas Operations and “Critical Accounting Estimates” for further discussion of our reserve estimates and pricing.
Proved Undeveloped Reserves
As of December 31, 2022, our PUD reserves totaled 24,187 MBbls of oil, 48,845 MMcf of natural gas and 9,281 MBbls of natural gas liquids, for a total of 41,609 MBOE. PUDs will be converted from undeveloped to developed as the applicable wells begin production. Our PUD reserves were from 525 horizontal wells, of which Diamondback is the operator of 510 wells with ConocoPhillips operating the remaining wells. Of the horizontal locations, 166 are Wolfcamp A wells, 141 are Lower Spraberry wells, 37 are Wolfcamp B wells, 153 are Middle Spraberry/Jo Mill wells and 28 are Bone Spring wells.
The following table includes the changes in PUD reserves for 2022:
(MBOE)
Beginning proved undeveloped reserves at December 31, 2021
36,718
Undeveloped reserves transferred to developed (6,758)
Revisions (3,675)
Purchases 367
Extensions and discoveries 14,957
Ending proved undeveloped reserves at December 31, 2022
41,609
The increase in proved undeveloped reserves was primarily attributable to additions of 14,957 MBOE, primarily from 199 horizontal well locations attributable to extensions resulting from strategic drilling of wells to delineate our acreage position and acquisitions of 367 MBOE, partially offset by the conversion of PUD reserves into proved developed reserves of 6,758 MBOE. Downward revisions of 3,675 MBOE were primarily attributable to PUD downgrades of 7,007 MBOE, which were partially offset by other positive revisions.
All of our PUD drilling locations are scheduled to be drilled within five years from the date they were initially recorded. As of December 31, 2022, none of our total proved reserves were classified as proved developed non-producing.
Oil and Natural Gas Production Prices and Production Costs
Production and Price History
We operate primarily in the Midland and Delaware Basins of the Permian Basin in Texas. At December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Midland Basin and the Delaware Basin each contained 15% or more of our total proved reserves.
The following table sets forth information regarding our share of our operators’ net production of oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids for these fields along with our share of our operators’ net production from fields containing less than 15% of our total proved reserves:
Midland Delaware Other(1)
Total
Production Data:
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Oil (MBbls) 5,219 1,765 113 7,097
Natural gas (MMcf) 10,648 4,864 356 15,868
Natural gas liquids (MBbl) 1,859 617 64 2,540
Combined volumes (MBOE) 8,853 3,193 236 12,282
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Oil (MBbls) 4,220 1,730 118 6,068
Natural gas (MMcf) 8,756 4,570 346 13,672
Natural gas liquids (MBbl) 1,351 490 72 1,913
Combined volumes (MBOE) 7,030 2,982 248 10,260
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Oil (MBbls) 4,013 1,787 156 5,956
Natural gas (MMcf) 7,136 3,962 388 11,486
Natural gas liquids (MBbl) 1,279 484 85 1,848
Combined volumes (MBOE) 6,481 2,931 306 9,718
(1)Production data includes the Eagle Ford Shale through October 1, 2022, the effective date on which the properties were divested.
The following table sets forth certain price and cost information for each of the periods indicated:
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Average Prices:
Oil (per Bbl) $ 94.02 $ 65.51 $ 36.58
Natural gas (per Mcf) $ 5.24 $ 3.60 $ 0.79
Natural gas liquids (per Bbl) $ 34.47 $ 28.66 $ 10.88
Combined (per BOE) $ 68.23 $ 48.88 $ 25.41
Oil, hedged ($/Bbl)(1)
$ 92.85 $ 50.25 $ 32.00
Natural gas, hedged ($/Mcf)(1)
$ 4.20 $ 3.60 $ 0.02
Natural gas liquids ($/Bbl)(1)
$ 34.47 $ 28.66 $ 10.88
Combined price, hedged ($/BOE)(1)
$ 66.21 $ 39.86 $ 21.71
(1) Hedged prices reflect the effect of our commodity derivative transactions on our average sales prices. Our calculation of such effects include realized gains and losses on cash settlements for matured commodity derivatives, which we do not designate for hedge accounting.
Productive Wells
As of December 31, 2022, we owned an average 3.8% net revenue interest in 8,260 gross productive wells, including an average 3.8% net revenue interest in 7,985 gross oil productive wells and an average 2.1% net revenue interest in 275 gross natural gas productive wells. As of December 31, 2022, we had 34 gross wells with an average 7.5% net revenue interest in process of being drilled by Diamondback. The expected timing of these wells is based primarily on permitting by third party operators or Diamondback’s current expected completion schedule. Productive wells consist of producing wells capable of production, including natural gas awaiting pipeline connections to commence deliveries and oil wells awaiting connection to production facilities. Gross wells are the total number of producing wells in which we have an interest.
Acreage
The following table sets forth information as of December 31, 2022 relating to the gross and net royalty acreage of our mineral interests:
Basin Gross Royalty Acreage Net Royalty Acreage
Delaware 502,003 14,944
Midland 273,177 11,371
Total acreage 775,180 26,315
Our net interest in production from our mineral interests is based on lease royalty terms which vary from property to property. Our interest in the majority of these properties is perpetual in nature, however an insignificant portion of our net royalty acreage consists of overriding royalty interests which may be subject to expiration. Net royalty acres are defined as net mineral acres multiplied by the average lease royalty interest and other burdens.
Title to Properties
Prior to the drilling of an oil or natural gas well, it is the normal practice in our industry for the person or company acting as the operator of the well to obtain a preliminary title review to ensure there are no obvious defects in title to the well. Frequently, as a result of such examinations, certain curative work must be done to correct defects in the marketability of the title, and such curative work entails expense. Our operators’ failure to cure any title defects may delay or prevent us from utilizing the associated mineral interest, which may adversely impact our ability in the future to increase production and reserves. Additionally, undeveloped acreage has greater risk of title defects than developed acreage. If there are any title defects or defects in the assignment of leasehold rights in properties in which we hold an interest, our business and cash available for distribution may be adversely affected.
Competition
The oil and natural gas industry is intensely competitive, and we compete with other companies that may have greater resources. Many of these companies explore for and produce oil and natural gas, carry on midstream and refining operations and market petroleum and other products on a regional, national or worldwide basis. These companies may be able to pay more for productive oil and natural gas properties, mineral interests and exploratory prospects or to define, evaluate, bid for and purchase a greater number of properties and prospects than our financial or human resources permit. In addition, these companies may have a greater ability to continue exploration activities during periods of low oil and natural gas market prices than operators of our mineral and royalty acreage. Our larger or more integrated competitors may be able to absorb the burden of existing, and any changes to, federal, state and local laws and regulations more easily than we can, which would adversely affect our competitive position.
Our ability to acquire additional mineral, royalty, overriding royalty, net profits and similar interests in the future will be dependent upon our ability to evaluate and select suitable properties and to consummate transactions in a highly competitive environment. In addition, because we have fewer financial and human resources than many companies in our industry, we may be at a disadvantage in bidding for these and other oil and natural gas properties. Further, oil and natural gas compete with other forms of energy available to customers, primarily based on price. Changes in the availability or price of oil and natural gas or other forms of energy, as well as business conditions, conservation, legislation, regulations and the ability to convert to alternate fuels and other forms of energy may affect the demand for oil and natural gas.
Seasonal Nature of Business
Generally, demand for oil increases during the summer months and decreases during the winter months while natural gas decreases during the summer months and increases during the winter months. Certain natural gas users utilize natural gas storage facilities and purchase some of their anticipated winter requirements during the summer, which can lessen seasonal demand fluctuations. Seasonal weather conditions such as the severe winter storms in the Permian Basin in early 2021, and lease stipulations, can limit drilling and producing activities and other oil and natural gas operations in a portion of our operating areas. These seasonal anomalies can pose challenges for our operators in meeting well drilling objectives and can increase competition for equipment, supplies and personnel during the spring and summer months, which could lead to shortages and increase costs or delay operations.
Regulation
The following disclosure describes regulation more directly associated with operators of oil and natural gas properties, including our current operators, and other owners of working interests in oil and natural gas properties. To the extent we elect in the future to engage in the exploration, development and production of oil and natural gas properties, we would be directly subject to the same regulations described below. For purposes of this section, where applicable, references to “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Viper Energy Partners LP to the extent the partnership were to acquire working interests in the future as well as to any operators of our properties, including our current operators.
Oil and natural gas operations are subject to various types of legislation, regulation and other legal requirements enacted by governmental authorities. This legislation and regulation affecting the oil and natural gas industry is under constant review for amendment or expansion. Some of these requirements carry substantial penalties for failure to comply. The regulatory burden on the oil and natural gas industry increases the cost of doing business.
Environmental Matters
Oil and natural gas exploration, development and production operations are subject to stringent laws and regulations governing the discharge of materials into the environment or otherwise relating to environmental protection. Numerous federal, state and local governmental agencies, such as the EPA, issue regulations that often require difficult and costly compliance measures that carry substantial administrative, civil and criminal penalties and may result in injunctive obligations for non-compliance. These laws and regulations may require the acquisition of a permit before drilling commences, restrict the types, quantities and concentrations of various substances that can be released into the environment in connection with drilling and production activities, limit or prohibit construction or drilling activities on certain lands lying within wilderness, wetlands, ecologically or seismically sensitive areas, and other protected areas, require action to prevent or remediate pollution from current or former operations, such as plugging abandoned wells or closing pits, result in the suspension or revocation of necessary permits, licenses and authorizations, require that additional pollution controls be installed and impose substantial liabilities for pollution resulting from operations.
Liability under such laws and regulations is often strict (i.e., no showing of “fault” is required) and can be joint and several. Moreover, it is not uncommon for neighboring landowners and other third parties to file claims for personal injury and property damage allegedly caused by the release of hazardous substances, hydrocarbons or other waste products into the environment. Changes in environmental laws and regulations occur frequently, and any changes that result in more stringent and costly pollution control or waste handling, storage, transport, disposal or cleanup requirements could materially and adversely affect our business and prospects.
Waste Handling
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, or the RCRA, as amended, and comparable state statutes and regulations promulgated thereunder, affect oil and natural gas exploration, development and production activities by imposing requirements regarding the generation, transportation, treatment, storage, disposal and cleanup of hazardous and non-hazardous wastes. With federal approval, the individual states administer some or all of the provisions of the RCRA, sometimes in conjunction with their own, more stringent requirements. Although most wastes associated with the exploration, development and production of crude oil and natural gas are exempt from regulation as hazardous wastes under the RCRA, such wastes may constitute “solid wastes” that are subject to the less stringent non-hazardous waste requirements. Moreover, the EPA or state or local governments may adopt more stringent requirements for the handling of non-hazardous wastes or categorize some non-hazardous wastes as hazardous for future regulation. Indeed, legislation has been proposed from time to time in the U.S. Congress to re-categorize certain oil and natural gas exploration, development and production wastes as “hazardous wastes.” Also, in December 2016, the EPA agreed in a consent decree to review its regulation of oil and natural gas waste. However, in April 2019, the EPA concluded that revisions to the federal regulations for the management of oil and natural gas waste are not necessary at this time. Any changes in such laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on our capital expenditures and operating expenses.
Administrative, civil and criminal penalties can be imposed for failure to comply with waste handling requirements. Any legislative or regulatory reclassification of oil and natural gas exploration and production wastes could increase the costs to manage and dispose of wastes.
Remediation of Hazardous Substances
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, as amended, which we refer to as CERCLA or the “Superfund” law, and analogous state laws, generally impose liability, without regard to fault or legality of the original conduct, on classes of persons who are considered to be responsible for the release of a “hazardous substance” into the environment. These persons include the current owner or operator of a contaminated facility, a former owner or operator of the facility at the time of contamination, and those persons that disposed or arranged for the disposal of the hazardous substance at the facility. Under CERCLA and comparable state statutes, persons deemed “responsible parties” are subject to strict liability that, in some circumstances, may be joint and several for the costs of removing or remediating previously disposed wastes (including wastes disposed of or released by prior owners or operators) or property contamination (including groundwater contamination), for damages to natural resources and for the costs of certain health studies. In addition, it is not uncommon for neighboring landowners and other third parties to file claims for personal injury and property damage allegedly caused by the hazardous substances released into the environment. In the course of our operations, we use materials that, if released, would be subject to CERCLA and comparable state statutes. Therefore, governmental agencies or third parties may seek to hold us responsible under CERCLA and comparable state statutes for all or part of the costs to clean up sites at which such “hazardous substances” have been released.
Water Discharges
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, as amended, also known as the “Clean Water Act,” or the CWA, the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Oil Pollution Act, or the OPA, and analogous state laws and regulations promulgated thereunder impose restrictions and strict controls regarding the unauthorized discharge of pollutants, including produced waters and other gas and oil wastes, into navigable waters of the United States, as well as state waters. The discharge of pollutants into regulated waters is prohibited, except in accordance with the terms of a permit issued by the EPA or the state. Spill prevention, control and countermeasure plan requirements under federal law require appropriate containment berms and similar structures to help prevent the contamination of navigable waters in the event of a petroleum hydrocarbon tank spill, rupture or leak. The CWA and regulations implemented thereunder also prohibit the discharge of dredge and fill material into regulated waters, including jurisdictional wetlands, unless authorized by an appropriately issued permit.
The scope of waters regulated under the CWA has fluctuated in recent years. On June 29, 2015, the EPA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, or the Corps, jointly promulgated final rules redefining the scope of waters protected under the CWA. However, on October 22, 2019, the agencies published a final rule to repeal the 2015 rules, and then, on April 21, 2020, the EPA and the Corps published a final rule replacing the 2015 rule, and significantly reducing the waters subject to federal regulation under the CWA. On August 30, 2021, a federal court struck down the replacement rule and, on December 30, 2022, the EPA and the Corps published a final rule that would restore water protections that were in place prior to 2015. Meanwhile, in October 2022, the Supreme Court heard oral arguments in a case addressing the proper test for determining whether wetlands are “waters of the United States.” As a result of such recent developments, substantial uncertainty exists regarding the scope of waters protected under the CWA. To the extent the rules expand the range of properties subject to the CWA’s jurisdiction, we or third-party operators could face increased costs and delays with respect to obtaining permits for dredge and fill activities in wetland areas.
The EPA has also adopted regulations requiring certain oil and natural gas exploration and production facilities to obtain individual permits or coverage under general permits for storm water discharges. In addition, on June 28, 2016, the EPA published a final rule prohibiting the discharge of wastewater from onshore unconventional oil and natural gas extraction facilities to publicly owned wastewater treatment plants, which regulations are discussed in more detail below under the caption “-Regulation of Hydraulic Fracturing.” Costs may be associated with the treatment of wastewater or developing and implementing storm water pollution prevention plans, as well as for monitoring and sampling the storm water runoff from certain of our facilities. Some states also maintain groundwater protection programs that require permits for discharges or operations that may impact groundwater conditions.
The OPA is the primary federal law for oil spill liability. The OPA contains numerous requirements relating to the prevention of and response to petroleum releases into waters of the United States, including the requirement that operators of offshore facilities and certain onshore facilities near or crossing waterways must develop and maintain facility response contingency plans and maintain certain significant levels of financial assurance to cover potential environmental cleanup and restoration costs. The OPA subjects owners of facilities to strict liability that, in some circumstances, may be joint and several for all containment and cleanup costs and certain other damages arising from a release, including, but not limited to, the costs of responding to a release of oil to surface waters.
Non-compliance with the CWA or the OPA may result in substantial administrative, civil and criminal penalties, as well as injunctive obligations.
Air Emissions
The federal Clean Air Act, or the CAA, as amended, and comparable state laws and regulations, regulate emissions of various air pollutants through the issuance of permits and the imposition of other requirements. The EPA has developed, and continues to develop, stringent regulations governing emissions of air pollutants at specified sources. New facilities may be required to obtain permits before work can begin, and existing facilities may be required to obtain additional permits and incur capital costs in order to remain in compliance. For example, on August 16, 2012, the EPA published final regulations under the federal CAA that establish new emission controls for oil and natural gas production and processing operations, which are discussed in more detail below in “-Regulation of Hydraulic Fracturing.” Also, on May 12, 2016, the EPA issued a final rule regarding the criteria for aggregating multiple small surface sites into a single source for air-quality permitting purposes applicable to the oil and natural gas industry. This rule could cause small facilities, on an aggregate basis, to be deemed a major source, thereby triggering more stringent air permitting processes and requirements. These laws and regulations may increase the costs of compliance for some facilities we own or operate, and federal and state regulatory agencies can impose administrative, civil and criminal penalties for non-compliance with air permits or other requirements of the federal CAA and associated state laws and regulations. Obtaining or renewing permits has the potential to delay the development of oil and natural gas projects.
Climate Change
In recent years, federal, state and local governments have taken steps to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. On August 16, 2022, President Biden signed into law the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, or the IRA, which includes billions of dollars in incentives for the development of renewable energy, clean hydrogen, clean fuels, electric vehicles, investments in advanced biofuels and supporting infrastructure and carbon capture and sequestration. These incentives could accelerate the transition of the economy away from the use of fossil fuels towards lower- or zero-carbon emissions alternatives, which could decrease demand for, and in turn the prices of, the oil and natural gas that we produce and sell, which could decrease demand for, and in turn the prices of, the oil and natural gas that we produce and sell and adversely impact our business. In addition, the IRA imposes the first ever federal fee on the emission of greenhouse gases through a methane emissions charge. The IRA amends the CAA to impose a fee on the emission of methane that exceeds an applicable waste emissions threshold from sources required to report their greenhouse gas emissions to the EPA, including those sources in the offshore and onshore petroleum and natural gas production and gathering and boosting source categories. The methane emissions charge would start in calendar year 2024 at $900 per ton of methane, increase to $1,200 in 2025 and be set at $1,500 for 2026 and each year after. Calculation of the fee is based on certain thresholds established in the IRA. The methane emissions charge could increase our operating costs, which could adversely impact our business, financial condition and cash flows.
The EPA has also finalized a series of greenhouse gas monitoring, reporting and emissions control rules for the oil and natural gas industry, and almost one-half of the states have taken measures to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases primarily through the development of greenhouse gas emission inventories and/or regional greenhouse gas cap-and-trade programs. In addition, states have imposed increasingly stringent requirements related to the venting or flaring of gas during oil and natural gas operations. For example, on November 4, 2020, the Texas Railroad Commission adopted new guidance on when flaring is permissible, requiring operators to submit more specific information to justify the need to flare or vent gas.
At the international level, in December 2015, the United States participated in the 21st Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Paris, France. The resulting Paris Agreement calls for the parties to undertake “ambitious efforts” to limit the average global temperature, and to conserve and enhance sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases. The Agreement went into effect on November 4, 2016. The Agreement establishes a framework for the parties to cooperate and report actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Although the United States withdrew from the Paris Agreement effective November 4, 2020, President Biden issued an Executive Order on January 20, 2021 to rejoin the Paris Agreement, which went into effect on February 19, 2021. On April 21, 2021, the United States announced that it was setting an economy-wide target of reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by 50-52 percent below 2005 levels in 2030. In November 2021, in connection with the 26th Conference of the Parties in Glasgow, Scotland, the United States and other world leaders made further commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, including reducing global methane emissions by at least 30% by 2030. Furthermore, many state and local leaders have stated their intent to intensify efforts to support the international climate commitments.
Restrictions on emissions of methane or carbon dioxide that may be imposed could adversely impact the demand for, price of, and value of our products and reserves. As our operations also emit greenhouse gases directly, current and future laws or regulations limiting such emissions could increase our own costs. At this time, it is not possible to accurately estimate how potential future laws or regulations addressing greenhouse gas emissions would impact our business.
In addition, there have been efforts in recent years to influence the investment community, including investment advisors and certain sovereign wealth, pension and endowment funds, by promoting divestment of fossil fuel equities and pressuring lenders to limit funding and insurance underwriters to limit coverages to companies engaged in the extraction of fossil fuel reserves. Such environmental activism and initiatives aimed at limiting climate change and reducing air pollution could interfere with our business activities, operations and ability to access capital. Furthermore, claims have been made against certain energy companies alleging that greenhouse gas emissions from oil and natural gas operations constitute a public nuisance under federal and/or state common law. As a result, private individuals or public entities may seek to enforce environmental laws and regulations against us and could allege personal injury, property damages or other liabilities. While our business is not a party to any such litigation, we could be named in actions making similar allegations. An unfavorable ruling in any such case could significantly impact our operations and could have an adverse impact on our financial condition.
Moreover, climate change may be associated with extreme weather conditions such as more intense hurricanes, thunderstorms, tornadoes and snow or ice storms, as well as rising sea levels. Another possible consequence of climate change is increased volatility in seasonal temperatures. Some studies indicate that climate change could cause some areas to experience temperatures substantially hotter or colder than their historical averages. Extreme weather conditions, such as the severe winter storms in the Permian Basin in February 2021, can interfere with our production and increase our costs and damage resulting from extreme weather may not be fully insured. However, at this time, we are unable to determine the extent to which climate change may lead to increased storm or weather hazards affecting our operations.
Regulation of Hydraulic Fracturing
Hydraulic fracturing is an important common practice that is used to stimulate production of hydrocarbons from tight formations, including shales. The process, which involves the injection of water, sand and chemicals under pressure into formations to fracture the surrounding rock and stimulate production, is typically regulated by state oil and natural gas commissions. However, legislation has been proposed in recent sessions of the U.S. Congress to amend the Safe Drinking Water Act to repeal the exemption for hydraulic fracturing from the definition of “underground injection,” to require federal permitting and regulatory control of hydraulic fracturing, and to require disclosure of the chemical constituents of the fluids used in the fracturing process. Furthermore, several federal agencies have asserted regulatory authority over certain aspects of the process. For example, the EPA has taken the position that hydraulic fracturing with fluids containing diesel fuel is subject to regulation under the Underground Injection Control program, specifically as “Class II” Underground Injection Control wells under the Safe Drinking Water Act.
On June 28, 2016, the EPA published a final rule prohibiting the discharge of wastewater from onshore unconventional oil and natural gas extraction facilities to publicly owned wastewater treatment plants. The EPA is also conducting a study of private wastewater treatment facilities (also known as centralized waste treatment, or CWT, facilities) accepting oil and natural gas extraction wastewater. The EPA is collecting data and information related to the extent to which CWT facilities accept such wastewater, available treatment technologies (and their associated costs), discharge characteristics, financial characteristics of CWT facilities, and the environmental impacts of discharges from CWT facilities.
On August 16, 2012, the EPA published final regulations under the federal CAA that establish new air emission controls for oil and natural gas production and natural gas processing operations. Specifically, the EPA’s rule package includes New Source Performance standards to address emissions of sulfur dioxide and volatile organic compounds and a separate set of emission standards to address hazardous air pollutants frequently associated with oil and natural gas production and processing activities. The final rules seek to achieve a 95% reduction in volatile organic compounds emitted by requiring the use of reduced emission completions or “green completions” on all hydraulically-fractured wells constructed or refractured after January 1, 2015. The rules also establish specific new requirements regarding emissions from compressors, controllers, dehydrators, storage tanks and other production equipment. The EPA received numerous requests for reconsideration of these rules from both industry and the environmental community, and court challenges to the rules were also filed. In response, the EPA has issued, and will likely continue to issue, revised rules responsive to some of the requests for reconsideration. In particular, on May 12, 2016, the EPA amended its regulations to impose new standards for methane and volatile organic compounds emissions for certain new, modified, and reconstructed equipment, processes, and activities across the oil and natural gas sector. However, on August 13, 2020, in response to an executive order by former President Trump to review and revise unduly burdensome regulations, the EPA amended the 2012 and 2016 New Source Performance standards to ease
regulatory burdens, including rescinding standards applicable to transmission or storage segments and eliminating methane requirements altogether. On June 30, 2021, President Biden signed into law a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress disapproving the 2020 amendments (with the exception of some technical changes) thereby reinstating the 2012 and 2016 New Source Performance standards. The EPA expects owners and operators of regulated sources to take “immediate steps” to comply with these standards. Additionally, on November 15, 2021, the EPA published a proposed rule that would expand and strengthen emission reduction requirements for both new and existing sources in the oil and natural gas industry by requiring increased monitoring of fugitive emissions, imposing new requirements for pneumatic controllers and tank batteries, and prohibiting venting of natural gas in certain situations. On December 6, 2022, the EPA published a supplemental proposal to strengthen the emission reduction requirements, which would, among other things, expand leak detection requirements and tighten flaring restrictions. These new standards, to the extent implemented, as well as any future laws and their implementing regulations, may require us to obtain pre-approval for the expansion or modification of existing facilities or the construction of new facilities expected to produce air emissions, impose stringent air permit requirements, or mandate the use of specific equipment or technologies to control emissions. We cannot predict the final regulatory requirements or the cost to comply with such requirements with any certainty.
Furthermore, there are certain governmental reviews either underway or being proposed that focus on environmental aspects of hydraulic fracturing practices. On December 13, 2016, the EPA released a study examining the potential for hydraulic fracturing activities to impact drinking water resources, finding that, under some circumstances, the use of water in hydraulic fracturing activities can impact drinking water resources. Also, on February 6, 2015, the EPA released a report with findings and recommendations related to public concern about induced seismic activity from disposal wells. The report recommends strategies for managing and minimizing the potential for significant injection-induced seismic events. Other governmental agencies, including the U.S. Department of Energy and the Department of the Interior have evaluated or are evaluating various other aspects of hydraulic fracturing. These ongoing or proposed studies could spur initiatives to further regulate hydraulic fracturing, and could ultimately make it more difficult or costly for us to perform fracturing and increase our costs of compliance and doing business.
Several states, including Texas, and local jurisdictions, have adopted, or are considering adopting, regulations that could restrict or prohibit hydraulic fracturing in certain circumstances, impose more stringent operating standards and/or require the disclosure of the composition of hydraulic fracturing fluids. The Texas Legislature adopted legislation, effective September 1, 2011, requiring oil and natural gas operators to publicly disclose the chemicals used in the hydraulic fracturing process. The Texas Railroad Commission adopted rules and regulations implementing this legislation that apply to all wells for which the Texas Railroad Commission issues an initial drilling permit after February 1, 2012. The law requires that the well operator disclose the list of chemical ingredients subject to the requirements of Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act for disclosure on an internet website and also file the list of chemicals with the Texas Railroad Commission with the well completion report. The total volume of water used to hydraulically fracture a well must also be disclosed to the public and filed with the Texas Railroad Commission. Also, in May 2013, the Texas Railroad Commission adopted rules governing well casing, cementing and other standards for ensuring that hydraulic fracturing operations do not contaminate nearby water resources. The rules took effect in January 2014. Additionally, on October 28, 2014, the Texas Railroad Commission adopted disposal well rule amendments designed, among other things, to require applicants for new disposal wells that will receive non-hazardous produced water and hydraulic fracturing flowback fluid to conduct seismic activity searches utilizing the U.S. Geological Survey. The searches are intended to determine the potential for earthquakes within a circular area of 100 square miles around a proposed new disposal well. The disposal well rule amendments, which became effective on November 17, 2014, also clarify the Texas Railroad Commission’s authority to modify, suspend or terminate a disposal well permit if scientific data indicates a disposal well is likely to contribute to seismic activity. The Texas Railroad Commission has used this authority to deny permits and temporarily suspend operations for waste disposal wells. For example, in September 2021, the Texas Railroad Commission curtailed the amount of water companies were permitted to inject into some wells near Midland and Odessa in the Permian Basin, and has subsequently suspended some permits there and expanded the restrictions to other areas. In addition, the Texas Railroad Commission has imposed daily monitoring and reporting requirements for any new disposal well permitted in the Permian Basin. These restrictions on the disposal of produced water, a moratorium on new produced water wells, and additional monitoring and reporting requirements could result in increased operating costs, forcing our operators or their vendors to truck produced water, recycle it or pump it through the pipeline network or other means, all of which could be costly. Our operators or their vendors may also limit disposal well volumes, disposal rates and pressures or locations, or require them to shut down or curtail the injection of produced water into disposal wells. These factors may make drilling activity in the affected parts of the Permian Basin less economical and adversely impact our business.
There has been increasing public controversy regarding hydraulic fracturing with regard to the use of fracturing fluids, induced seismic activity, impacts on drinking water supplies, use of water and the potential for impacts to surface water, groundwater and the environment generally. A number of lawsuits and enforcement actions have been initiated across the country implicating hydraulic fracturing practices. If new laws or regulations that significantly restrict hydraulic fracturing are adopted, such laws could make it more difficult or costly for us to perform fracturing to stimulate production from tight formations as well as make it easier for third parties opposing the hydraulic fracturing process to initiate legal proceedings
based on allegations that specific chemicals used in the fracturing process could adversely affect groundwater. In addition, if hydraulic fracturing is further regulated at the federal or state level, our fracturing activities could become subject to additional permitting and financial assurance requirements, more stringent construction specifications, increased monitoring, reporting and recordkeeping obligations, plugging and abandonment requirements and also to permitting delays and potential increases in costs. Such changes could cause us to incur substantial compliance costs, and compliance or the consequences of any failure to comply by us could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. At this time, it is not possible to estimate the impact on our business of newly enacted or potential federal, state or local laws governing hydraulic fracturing.
Other Regulation of the Oil and Natural Gas Industry
The oil and natural gas industry is extensively regulated by numerous federal, state and local authorities. Legislation affecting the oil and natural gas industry is under constant review for amendment or expansion, frequently increasing the regulatory burden. Also, numerous departments and agencies, both federal and state, are authorized by statute to issue rules and regulations that are binding on the oil and natural gas industry and its individual members, some of which carry substantial penalties for failure to comply. Although the regulatory burden on the oil and natural gas industry increases the cost of doing business, these burdens generally do not affect us any differently or to any greater or lesser extent than they affect other companies in the industry with similar types, quantities and locations of production. The availability, terms and cost of transportation significantly affect sales of oil and natural gas. The interstate transportation and sale for resale of oil and natural gas is subject to federal regulation, including regulation of the terms, conditions and rates for interstate transportation, storage and various other matters, primarily by FERC. Federal and state regulations govern the price and terms for access to oil and natural gas pipeline transportation. FERC’s regulations for interstate oil and natural gas transmission in some circumstances may also affect the intrastate transportation of oil and natural gas.
Although oil and natural gas prices are currently unregulated, the U.S. Congress historically has been active in the area of oil and natural gas regulation. We cannot predict whether new legislation to regulate oil and natural gas might be proposed, what proposals, if any, might actually be enacted by the U.S. Congress or the various state legislatures, and what effect, if any, the proposals might have on our operations. Sales of condensate and oil and natural gas liquids are not currently regulated and are made at market prices.
Drilling and Production
The operations of our operators are subject to various types of regulation at the federal, state and local level. These types of regulation include requiring permits for the drilling of wells, drilling bonds and reports concerning operations. The states, and some counties and municipalities, in which our operators conduct business also regulate one or more of the following: the location of wells; the method of drilling and casing wells; the timing of construction or drilling activities, including seasonal wildlife closures; the rates of production or “allowables”; the surface use and restoration of properties upon which wells are drilled; the plugging and abandoning of wells; and notice to, and consultation with, surface owners and other third parties.
State laws regulate the size and shape of drilling and spacing units or proration units governing the pooling of oil and natural gas properties. Some states allow forced pooling or integration of tracts to facilitate exploration while other states rely on voluntary pooling of lands and leases. In some instances, forced pooling or unitization may be implemented by third parties and may reduce our interest in the unitized properties. In addition, state conservation laws establish maximum rates of production from oil and natural gas wells, generally prohibit the venting or flaring of natural gas and impose requirements regarding the ratability of production. These laws and regulations may limit the amount of oil and natural gas that our operators can produce from our wells or limit the number of wells or the locations at which we can drill. Moreover, each state generally imposes a production or severance tax with respect to the production and sale of oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids within its jurisdiction. States do not regulate wellhead prices or engage in other similar direct regulation, but we cannot assure our unitholders that they will not do so in the future. The effect of such future regulations may be to limit the amounts of oil and natural gas that may be produced from our wells, negatively affect the economics of production from these wells or to limit the number of locations we can drill.
Federal, state and local regulations provide detailed requirements for the plugging and abandonment of wells, closure or decommissioning of production facilities and pipelines and for site restoration in areas. Although the Corps does not require bonds or other financial assurances, some state agencies and municipalities do have such requirements.
Natural Gas Sales
Historically, federal legislation and regulatory controls have affected the price and marketing of natural gas. FERC has jurisdiction over the transportation and sale for resale of natural gas in interstate commerce by natural gas companies under the Natural Gas Act of 1938 and the Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978. Since 1978, various federal laws have been enacted which have resulted in the complete removal of all price and non-price controls for sales of domestic natural gas sold in “first sales.” Under the Energy Policy Act of 2005, FERC has substantial enforcement authority to prohibit the manipulation of natural gas markets and enforce its rules and orders, including the ability to assess substantial civil penalties.
Oil Sales and Transportation
Sales of crude oil, condensate and natural gas liquids are not currently regulated and are made at negotiated prices. Nevertheless, the U.S. Congress could reenact price controls in the future.
Crude oil sales are affected by the availability, terms and cost of transportation. The transportation of oil in common carrier pipelines is also subject to rate regulation. FERC regulates interstate oil pipeline transportation rates under the Interstate Commerce Act, and intrastate oil pipeline transportation rates are subject to regulation by state regulatory commissions. The basis for intrastate oil pipeline regulation, and the degree of regulatory oversight and scrutiny given to intrastate oil pipeline rates, varies from state to state. Insofar as effective interstate and intrastate rates are equally applicable to all comparable shippers, we believe that the regulation of oil transportation rates will not affect our operations in any materially different way than such regulation will affect the operations of our competitors.
Further, interstate and intrastate common carrier oil pipelines must provide service on a non-discriminatory basis. Under this open access standard, common carriers must offer service to all shippers requesting service on the same terms and under the same rates. When oil pipelines operate at full capacity, access is governed by prorationing provisions set forth in the pipelines’ published tariffs. Accordingly, we believe that access to oil pipeline transportation services generally will be available to our operators to the same extent as to our or their competitors.
State Regulation
Texas regulates the drilling for, and the production, gathering and sale of, oil and natural gas, including imposing severance taxes and requirements for obtaining drilling permits. Texas currently imposes a 4.6% severance tax on oil production and a 7.5% severance tax on natural gas production. States also regulate the method of developing new fields, the spacing and operation of wells and the prevention of waste of oil and natural gas resources. States may regulate rates of production and may establish maximum daily production allowables from oil and natural gas wells based on market demand or resource conservation, or both. States do not regulate wellhead prices or engage in other similar direct economic regulation, but we cannot assure our unitholders that they will not do so in the future. The effect of these regulations may be to limit the amount of oil and natural gas that may be produced from our wells and to limit the number of wells or locations our operators can drill.
The petroleum industry is also subject to compliance with various other federal, state and local regulations and laws. Some of those laws relate to resource conservation and equal employment opportunity. We do not believe that compliance with these laws will have a material adverse effect on us.
Employees
We do not have any employees. We are managed and operated by the board of directors and executive officers of our General Partner. All of the individuals that conduct our business, including our executive officers, are employed by Diamondback.
Facilities
Our principal executive offices are located in Midland, Texas and are owned by Diamondback. We believe that these facilities are adequate for our current operations.
Availability of Partnership Reports
Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports are available free of charge on the Investor Relations page of our website at www.viperenergy.com as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. Information contained on, or connected to, our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report and should not be considered part of this or any other report that we file with or furnish to the SEC. Reports filed or furnished with the SEC are also made available on its website at www.sec.gov.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Limited partner interests are inherently different from the capital stock of a corporation, although many of the business risks to which we are subject are similar to those that would be faced by a corporation engaged in a similar business. If any of the following risks were to occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash available for distribution could be materially adversely affected. In that case, we might not be able to make distributions on our common units, the trading price of our common units could decline, and unitholders could lose all or part of their investment. Other risks are also described in “Items 1 and 2. Business and Properties,” “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.”
Risks Related to Our Business
In prior periods, our business was adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and volatility in the oil and natural gas markets, compounded by the global effects of the war in Ukraine. We could continue to experience such adverse effects in future periods.
During 2022, 2021, and 2020 NYMEX WTI has ranged from $(37.63) to $123.70 per Bbl, and the NYMEX Henry Hub price of natural gas has ranged from $1.48 to $9.68 per MMBtu, with seven-year highs reached in 2022 and historic lows for oil reached in 2020. The war in Ukraine, the COVID-19 pandemic, rising interest rates, global supply chain disruptions, concerns about a potential economic downturn or recession, recent measures to combat persistent inflation, and actions taken by OPEC and its non-OPEC allies, collectively OPEC+, continued to contribute to economic and pricing volatility during 2022.
Despite the recovery in crude oil prices and strong demand, Diamondback and certain of our other operators kept production on our acreage relatively flat during 2022, using their excess cash flow for debt repayment and/or return to their stockholders rather than expanding their drilling programs. We cannot reasonably predict whether production levels will remain at current levels or the impact the full extent of the events above may have on our industry and our business.
Due to the improvement in commodity pricing environment and industry conditions, we did not record any impairments in 2022. However, if commodity prices fall below current levels, we may be required to record impairments in future periods and such impairments could be material. Further, if commodity prices decrease, our production, proved reserves and cash flows will be adversely impacted. Lower oil and natural gas prices may also result in a reduction in the borrowing base under the Operating Company’s revolving credit facility, which may be determined at the discretion of our lenders.
Other significant factors that are likely to continue to affect commodity prices in future periods include, but are not limited to, the effect of U.S. energy, monetary and trade policies, U.S. and global economic conditions, U.S. and global political and economic developments, including the Biden Administration’s energy and environmental policies, all of which are beyond our control. Our business may be also adversely impacted by any future government rule, regulation or order that may impose production limits, as well as pipeline capacity and storage constraints, in the Permian Basin where we have mineral and royalty interests. We cannot predict the ultimate impact of these factors on our business, financial condition and cash available for distribution to our unitholders.
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to present operational, health, labor, logistics and other challenges, and it is difficult to assess the ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, financial condition and cash flows.
There continue to be many variables and uncertainties regarding the COVID-19 pandemic, including the emergence, contagiousness and threat of new strains of the virus and their severity; the effectiveness of current treatments and vaccines against the virus or its new strains; any travel restrictions, business closures and other measures that are or may be imposed in affected areas or countries by governmental authorities; disruptions in the supply chain; a competitive labor market, logistics costs; remote working arrangements, social distancing guidelines and other COVID-19-related challenges. Further, there remain increased risks of cyberattacks on information technology systems used in remote working environments; increased privacy-related risks due to processing health-related personal information; absence of workforce due to illness; the impact of the
pandemic on any of our contractual counterparties; and other factors that are currently unknown or considered immaterial. It is difficult to assess the ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, financial condition and cash flows.
We cannot predict the impact of the ongoing war in the Ukraine and the related humanitarian crisis on the global economy, energy markets, geopolitical stability and our business.
Our mineral and royalty acreage is located primarily in the Permian Basin in West Texas. However, the broader consequences of the war in the Ukraine, which may include further sanctions, embargoes, supply chain disruptions, regional instability and geopolitical shifts, may have adverse effects on global macroeconomic conditions, increase volatility in the price of and demand for oil and natural gas, increase exposure to cyberattacks, cause disruptions in global supply chains, increase foreign currency fluctuations, cause constraints or disruption in the capital markets and limit sources of liquidity. We cannot predict the extent of the conflict’s effect on our business, results of operations, the global economy or energy markets.
Our commodity price derivatives could result in financial losses, may fail to protect us from declines in commodity prices, prevent us from fully benefiting from commodity price increases and may expose us to other risks, including counterparty credit risk.
We use fixed price swap contracts, fixed price basis swap contracts and costless collar contracts with corresponding put and call options to reduce price volatility associated with certain of our royalty income. Our derivative contracts are based upon reported settlement prices on commodity exchanges, with crude oil derivative settlements based on NYMEX WTI pricing (Cushing and Midland-Cushing) and with natural gas derivative settlements based on the NYMEX Henry Hub and Waha Hub pricing. By using derivative instruments to economically hedge exposure to changes in commodity prices, we expose ourselves to credit risk and market risk. At settlement, market prices for commodities may exceed the contract prices in our commodity price derivatives agreements, resulting in our need to make significant cash payments to our counterparties. Further, by using commodity derivative instruments, we expose ourselves to credit risk if we are in a positive position at contract settlement and the counterparty fails to perform under the terms of the derivative contract. Our counterparties have been determined to have an acceptable credit risk; therefore, we do not require collateral from our counterparties. By using derivative instruments, we may be prevented from fully realizing the benefits of increases in the prices of oil, natural gas liquids and natural gas above the price levels of the commodity price derivatives used to manage price risk.
For additional information regarding our use of commodity price derivatives and our outstanding derivative contracts as of December 31, 2022, see Note 10-Derivatives of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual report, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk-Commodity Price Risk.
The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, or the IRA, and other risks relating to climate change could accelerate the transition to a low carbon economy and could impose new costs on our operations that may have a material and adverse effect on us.
Governmental and regulatory bodies, investors, consumers, industry and other stakeholders have been increasingly focused on climate change matters in recent years. This focus, together with changes in consumer and industrial/commercial behavior, preferences and attitudes with respect to the generation and consumption of energy, the use of hydrocarbons, and the use of products manufactured with, or powered by, hydrocarbons, may result in:
•the enactment of climate change-related regulations, policies and initiatives by governments, investors, and other companies, including alternative energy or “zero carbon” requirements and fuel or energy conservation measures;
•technological advances with respect to the generation, transmission, storage and consumption of energy (including advances in wind, solar and hydrogen power, as well as battery technology);
•increased availability of, and increased demand from consumers and industry for, energy sources other than oil and natural gas (including wind, solar, nuclear, and geothermal sources as well as electric vehicles); and
•development of, and increased demand from consumers and industry for, lower-emission products and services (including electric vehicles and renewable residential and commercial power supplies) as well as more efficient products and services.
Any of these developments may reduce the demand for products manufactured with (or powered by) hydrocarbons and the demand for, and in turn the prices of, the oil and natural gas that we produce and sell, which would likely have a material adverse impact on us. The enactment of climate change-related regulations, policies and initiatives may also result in increases in our compliance costs and other operating costs and have other adverse effects, such as a greater potential for governmental investigations or litigation.
On August 16, 2022, President Biden signed into law the IRA, which includes billions of dollars in incentives for the development of renewable energy, clean hydrogen, clean fuels, electric vehicles, investments in advanced biofuels and supporting infrastructure and carbon capture and sequestration. These incentives could accelerate the transition of the economy away from the use of fossil fuels towards lower- or zero-carbon emissions alternatives, which could decrease demand for, and in turn the prices of, the oil and natural gas that we produce and sell and adversely impact our business. Additionally, the IRA imposes the first ever federal fee on greenhouse gas emissions through a methane emissions charge, which could increase our operating costs and thereby adversely impact our business, financial condition and cash flows.
In addition to potentially reducing (i) demand for our oil and natural gas and (ii) the availability of oilfield services and midstream and downstream customers, any of these developments may also create reputational risks associated with the exploration for, and production of, hydrocarbons, which may adversely affect the availability and cost to us of capital. For example, a number of prominent investors have publicly announced their intention to no longer invest in the oil and gas sector in response to concerns related to climate change, and other financial institutions and investors may decide to do likewise in the future. If financial institutions and other investors refuse to invest in or provide capital to the oil and gas sector in the future because of these reputational risks, that could result in capital being unavailable to us, or only at significantly increased cost.
For further discussion regarding the risks to us of climate change-related regulations, policies and initiatives, please see the section entitled “Item 1 and 2. Business and Properties-Regulation-Climate Change.”
Continuing political and social concerns relating to climate change may result in significant litigation and related expenses.
Increasing attention to global climate change has resulted in increased investor attention and an increased risk of public and private litigation, which could increase our costs or otherwise adversely affect us. For example, shareholder activism has recently been increasing in our industry. Because of our structure as a limited partnership, we do not hold annual meetings or file proxy statements and our unitholders have limited voting rights. They may, however, attempt to effect changes to our business or governance to deal with climate change-related issues by public campaigns, investor communications, regulatory lobbying efforts or otherwise, which may result in significant management distraction and potentially significant expense.
Additionally, cities, counties, and other governmental entities in several states in the U.S. have filed lawsuits against energy companies seeking damages allegedly associated with climate change. Similar lawsuits may be filed in other jurisdictions. If any such lawsuits were to be filed against us, we could incur substantial legal defense costs and, if any such litigation were adversely determined, we could incur substantial damages. Any of these climate change-related litigation risks could result in unexpected costs, negative sentiments about our company, disruptions to our business, and increases to our operating expenses, which in turn could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and cash flow.
Conservation measures and technological advances could reduce demand for oil and natural gas.
Fuel conservation measures, alternative fuel requirements, increasing consumer demand for alternatives to oil and natural gas, technological advances in fuel economy and energy generation devices could reduce demand for oil and natural gas. The impact of the changing demand for oil and natural gas services and products may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash available for distribution.
Increased costs of capital could adversely affect our business
Our business could be harmed by factors such as the availability, terms and cost of capital, increases in interest rates or a reduction in our credit rating. Changes in any one or more of these factors could cause our cost of doing business to increase, limit our access to capital, limit our ability to pursue acquisition opportunities, reduce our cash flows available and place us at a competitive disadvantage. Continuing disruptions and volatility in the global financial markets may lead to an increase in interest rates or a contraction in credit availability impacting our ability to finance our activities. A significant reduction in the availability of credit could materially and adversely affect our ability to achieve our business strategy and cash flows.
We may not have sufficient available cash to pay any quarterly distribution on our common units, our cash available for distribution may vary significantly from quarter to quarter and the board of directors of our General Partner has recently modified, and may in the future further modify or revoke, our cash distribution policy at any time at its discretion. Our distribution policy could limit our ability to grow and make acquisitions.
We may not have sufficient available cash each quarter to enable us to pay any distributions to our common unitholders. Furthermore, our partnership agreement does not require us to pay distributions on a quarterly basis or otherwise. The amount of cash we have to distribute each quarter principally depends primarily upon the amount of royalty income we generate, which is dependent upon the volumes of production sold and the prices that our operators realize from the sale of such
production. In addition, the actual amount of cash we will have to distribute each quarter under our cash distribution policy will be reduced by payments in respect of income taxes, debt service and other contractual obligations and fixed charges, increases in reserves for future operating or capital needs that the board of directors may determine is appropriate, lease bonus income, distribution equivalent rights payments and preferred distributions, if any, and any common unit repurchases. Our General Partner may further modify or revoke our distribution policy at any time in the future at its discretion. During 2022, the board of directors of the General Partner approved a distribution policy, effective beginning with the Partnership’s distribution payable for the third quarter of 2022, consisting of a base and variable distribution, that takes into account capital returned to unitholders via our common unit repurchase program. For information regarding our distribution policy and the recent modifications, see “Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Unitholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities-Cash Distribution Policy” and “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” As a result, quarterly distributions paid to our unitholders may vary significantly from quarter to quarter and may be zero.
As a result of our cash distribution policy, we will have limited cash available to reinvest in our business or to fund acquisitions, and we will rely primarily upon external financing sources, including commercial bank borrowings and the issuance of debt and equity securities, to fund our acquisitions and growth capital expenditures. As such, to the extent we are unable to finance growth externally, our distribution policy will significantly impair our ability to grow.
To the extent we issue additional units in connection with any acquisitions or growth capital expenditures or as in-kind distributions, the payment of distributions on those additional units may increase the risk that we will be unable to maintain or increase our per unit distribution level. There are no limitations in our partnership agreement on our ability to issue additional units, including units ranking senior to the common units.
We depend on a small number of operators for a substantial portion of the development and production on the properties underlying our mineral interests. A reduction in the expected number of wells to be drilled on our acreage by these operators or the failure of an operator to adequately and efficiently develop and operate our acreage could have an adverse effect on our expected growth and our results of operations.
The failure of our operators to adequately or efficiently perform operations or an operator’s failure to act in ways that are in our best interests could reduce production and revenues. Any development and production activities on our properties are subject to our operators’ reasonable discretion. The level, success and timing of drilling and development activities on our properties, and whether the operators elect to drill any additional wells on our acreage, depends on a number of factors that will be largely outside of our control, including: commodity prices; the timing and amount of capital expenditures by our operators, which could be significantly more than anticipated; the ability of our operators to access capital; the availability, high cost or shortages of rigs and other suitable drilling equipment, raw materials, supplies and oilfield services; the availability of production and transportation infrastructure and qualified operating personnel; regulatory restrictions; the operators’ expertise, operating efficiency and financial resources; approval of other participants in drilling wells; the operators’ expected return on investment in wells drilled on our acreage as compared to opportunities in other areas; the selection of technology; the selection of counterparties for the sale of production; and the rate of production of the reserves.
The operators may elect not to undertake development activities, or may undertake such activities in an unanticipated fashion, which may result in significant fluctuations in our royalty income and cash available for distribution to our unitholders. If reductions in production by the operators are implemented on our properties and sustained, our revenues may also be substantially affected. Additionally, if an operator were to experience financial difficulty, the operator might not be able to pay its royalty payments or continue its operations, which could have a material adverse impact on us.
The development of our proved undeveloped reserves may take longer and may require higher levels of capital expenditures by operators than we currently anticipate.
Approximately 28% of our total estimated proved reserves as of December 31, 2022 were proved undeveloped reserves and may not be ultimately developed or produced. Recovery of proved undeveloped reserves requires significant capital expenditures and successful drilling operations by the operators on our mineral and royalty acreage. The reserve data included in the reserve reports of our independent petroleum engineers assume that substantial capital expenditures are required to develop such reserves. We cannot be certain that the estimated costs of the development of these reserves are accurate, that development will occur as scheduled or that the results of such development will be as estimated. Delays in the development of our reserves, increases in costs to drill, complete and develop such reserves, or further decreases in commodity prices will reduce the future net revenues of our estimated proved undeveloped reserves and may result in some projects becoming uneconomical. In addition, delays in the development of reserves could force us to reclassify certain of our proved reserves as unproved reserves.
Our future success depends on finding, developing or acquiring additional reserves.
Our future success depends upon our ability to find, develop or acquire additional oil and natural gas reserves that are economically recoverable, as our proved reserves will generally decline as reserves are depleted. To increase reserves and production, we would need to undertake replacement activities or use third party operators to undertake development, exploration and other replacement activities, requiring substantial capital expenditures. Neither we nor our third party operators may have sufficient resources to acquire additional reserves or to undertake exploration, development, production or other replacement activities. Such activities by our third party operators may not result in significant additional reserves and efforts to drill productive wells at low finding and development costs may be unsuccessful. In addition, we do not expect to retain cash from our operations for replacement capital expenditures. Furthermore, although our revenues and cash available for distribution may increase if prevailing oil and natural gas prices increase significantly, finding costs for additional reserves could also increase.
We may not be able to terminate our leases if any of our operators declare bankruptcy, and we may experience delays and be unable to replace operators that do not make royalty payments.
A failure on the part of the operators to make royalty payments gives us the right to terminate the lease, repossess the property and enforce payment obligations under the lease. If we repossessed any of our properties, we would seek a replacement operator. However, we might not be able to find a replacement operator and, if we did, we might not be able to enter into a new lease on favorable terms within a reasonable period of time. In addition, the outgoing operator could be subject to bankruptcy proceedings that could prevent the execution of a new lease or the assignment of the existing lease to another operator. In addition, if we enter into a new lease, the replacement operator may not achieve the same levels of production or sell oil or natural gas at the same price as the operator it replaced.
The producing properties in which we have mineral and royalty interests are concentrated in the Permian Basin of West Texas, making us vulnerable to risks (including weather-related risks) associated with a single geographic area. In addition, a large amount of our proved reserves is attributable to a small number of producing horizons within this area.
The producing properties in which we have mineral and royalty interests are currently geographically concentrated in the Permian Basin of West Texas. As a result of this concentration, we may be disproportionately exposed to the impact of regional supply and demand factors, delays or interruptions of production from wells in this area caused by governmental regulation, processing or transportation capacity constraints faced by our operators or their customers, availability of equipment, facilities, personnel or services market limitations or interruption of the processing or transportation of crude oil, natural gas or natural gas liquids on our mineral and royalty acreage, and extreme weather conditions, such as the severe winter storms in the Permian Basin in February 2021, and their adverse impact on production volumes, availability of electrical power, road accessibility and transportation facilities on our mineral and royalty acreage.
Extreme regional weather events may occur that can affect our operators’ suppliers or customers, which could adversely affect us. For example, a significant hurricane or similar weather event could damage refining and other oil and natural gas-related facilities on the Gulf Coast of Texas and Louisiana, which (if significant enough) could limit the availability of gathering and transportation facilities across Texas and could then cause production in the Permian Basin (including potentially production on our mineral and royalty acreage) to be curtailed or shut in or (in the case of natural gas) flared. Further, any increase in flaring of natural gas production on our mineral and royalty acreage due to weather-related events or otherwise could expose us to reputational risks and adversely impact our or our operators’ contractual and other business relationships. Any of the above-referenced events could have a material adverse effect on us. Likewise, a weather event like the severe winter storms in the Permian Basin in February 2021 could reduce the availability of electrical power, road accessibility, and transportation facilities, which could have an adverse impact on production volumes on our mineral and royalty acreage (and therefore on our financial condition and results of operations).
In addition, the effect of fluctuations on supply and demand may become more pronounced within specific geographic oil and natural gas producing areas such as the Permian Basin, which may cause these conditions to occur with greater frequency or magnify the effects of these conditions. Due to the concentrated nature of our mineral and royalty acreage, we could experience any of these conditions at the same time, resulting in a relatively greater impact on us than they might have on other companies that have a more diversified portfolio of assets. Such delays or interruptions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and cash flow.
In addition to the geographic concentration of our mineral and royalty acreage, as of December 31, 2022, most of our proved reserves are concentrated in the Wolfberry resource play in the Midland Basin. This concentration of assets within a small number of producing horizons exposes us to additional risks, such as changes in field-wide rules and regulations that could cause our operators to permanently or temporarily shut-in all of wells on our mineral and royalty acreage.
Our failure to successfully identify, complete and integrate acquisitions of properties or businesses could slow our growth and adversely affect our results of operations and cash available for distribution.
There is intense competition for acquisition opportunities in our industry. The successful acquisition of producing properties requires an assessment of several factors, including; recoverable reserves, future oil and natural gas prices and their applicable differentials, operating costs and potential environmental and other liabilities. The accuracy of these assessments is inherently uncertain and we may not be able to identify attractive acquisition opportunities. In connection with these assessments, we perform a review of the subject properties that we believe to be generally consistent with industry practices. Our review will not reveal all existing or potential problems including title or environmental issues, nor will it permit us to become sufficiently familiar with the properties to assess fully their deficiencies and capabilities. Inspections may not always be performed on every well, and environmental problems, such as groundwater contamination, are not necessarily observable even when an inspection is undertaken. Even when problems are identified, the seller may be unwilling or unable to provide effective contractual protection against all or part of the problems. Even if we do identify attractive acquisition opportunities, we may not be able to complete the acquisition or do so on commercially acceptable terms. Unless our operators further develop our existing properties, we will depend on acquisitions to grow our reserves, production and cash flow.
Competition for acquisitions may increase the cost of, or cause us to refrain from, completing acquisitions. Our ability to complete acquisitions is dependent upon, among other things, our ability to obtain debt and equity financing and, in some cases, regulatory approvals. Further, these acquisitions may be in geographic regions in which we do not currently hold properties. If we enter into new geographic markets, we may be subject to additional and unfamiliar legal and regulatory requirements and other unforeseen difficulties. Compliance with regulatory requirements may impose substantial additional obligations on us and our management, cause us to expend additional time and resources in compliance activities and increase our exposure to penalties or fines for non-compliance with such additional legal requirements. Further, the success of any completed acquisition will depend on our ability to effectively integrate the acquired business into our existing operations, the process of which may involve unforeseen difficulties and may require a disproportionate amount of our managerial and financial resources. In addition, possible future acquisitions may be larger and for purchase prices significantly higher than those paid for earlier acquisitions. Any of the unfavorable circumstances mentioned above could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash available for distribution. The inability to effectively manage the integration of acquisitions could reduce our focus on subsequent acquisitions and current operations, which, in turn, could negatively impact our growth, results of operations and cash available for distribution.
We may incur losses as a result of title defects in the properties in which we have an interest.
When acquiring oil and natural gas leases, we may not elect to incur the expense of retaining lawyers to examine the title to the mineral interest. Rather, we may rely upon the judgment of oil and gas lease brokers or landmen who perform the fieldwork in examining records in the appropriate governmental office before attempting to acquire a lease in a specific mineral interest. The existence of a material title deficiency can render an interest worthless and can adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and cash available for distribution.
Project areas on our properties, which are in various stages of development, may not yield oil or natural gas in commercially viable quantities.
Project areas on our properties are in various stages of development, ranging from project areas with current drilling or production activity to project areas that have limited drilling or production history. If the wells in the process of being completed are on our property and do not produce sufficient revenues or if dry holes are drilled, our financial condition, results of operations and cash available for distribution may be materially affected.
Our method of accounting for investments in oil and natural gas properties may result in impairments in future periods.
We account for our oil and natural gas producing activities using the full cost method of accounting. Accordingly, all costs incurred in the acquisition, exploration and development of proved oil and natural gas properties, including the costs of abandoned properties, dry holes, geophysical costs and annual lease rentals are capitalized. The net capitalized costs of proved oil and natural gas properties are subject to a full cost ceiling limitation in which the costs are not allowed to exceed their related estimated future net revenues discounted at 10%. To the extent capitalized costs of evaluated oil and natural gas
properties, net of accumulated depreciation, depletion, amortization and impairment, exceed the discounted future net revenues of proved oil and natural gas reserves, the excess capitalized costs are charged to expense. We use the unweighted arithmetic average first day of the month price for oil and natural gas for the 12-month period preceding the calculation date in estimating discounted future net revenues.
No impairments of proved oil and natural gas properties were recorded for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. We recorded impairment expense of $69.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. See “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Critical Accounting Estimates-Method of Accounting for Oil and Natural Gas Properties.” If the prices of oil and natural gas decline, we may be required to further write-down the value of our oil and natural gas properties in the future, which could negatively affect our results of operations.
Our estimated reserves are based on many assumptions that may turn out to be inaccurate. Any material inaccuracies in these reserve estimates or underlying assumptions will materially affect the quantities and present value of our reserves.
Oil and natural gas reserve engineering is not an exact science and requires subjective estimates of underground accumulations of oil and natural gas and assumptions concerning future oil and natural gas prices, production levels, ultimate recoveries and operating and development costs, if any. As a result, estimated quantities of proved reserves, projections of future production rates and the timing of development expenditures may be incorrect. Over time, we may make material changes to reserve estimates taking into account the results of actual drilling, testing and production. Also, certain assumptions regarding future oil and natural gas prices, production levels and operating and development costs, if any, may prove incorrect. Any significant variance from these assumptions to actual figures could greatly affect our estimates of reserves, the economically recoverable quantities of oil and natural gas attributable to any particular group of properties, the classifications of reserves based on risk of recovery and estimates of future net cash flows. A substantial portion of our reserve estimates are made without the benefit of a lengthy production history, which are less reliable than estimates based on a lengthy production history. Numerous changes over time to the assumptions on which our reserve estimates are based, as described above, often result in the actual quantities of oil and natural gas that we ultimately recover being different from our reserve estimates. Reserve estimates do not include any value for probable or possible reserves that may exist, nor do they include any value for unproved undeveloped acreage.
We are dependent on electrical power, internet and telecommunication infrastructure and information and computer systems. If any of these systems are compromised or unavailable, our business could be adversely affected.
We are dependent on electric power, internet and telecommunication infrastructure and our information systems and computer based programs. If any of such infrastructure, systems or programs were to fail or become unavailable or compromised, or create erroneous information in our hardware or software network infrastructure, our ability to safely and effectively conduct our business will be limited and any such consequence could have a material adverse effect on our business.
We are subject to cybersecurity risks. A cyber incident could occur and result in information theft, data corruption, operational disruption and/or financial loss.
We rely extensively on information technology systems, including internally developed software, data hosting platforms, real-time data acquisition systems, third-party software, cloud services and other internally or externally hosted hardware and software platforms, to (i) estimate our oil and natural gas reserves, (ii) process and record financial and operating data and (iii) communicate with our employees and vendors, suppliers and other third parties. Further, our reliance on technology has increased due to the increased use of personal devices, remote communications and work-from-home or hybrid work practices that evolved in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Our systems and networks, and those of our vendors, service providers and other third party providers, may become the target of cybersecurity attacks, including, without limitation, denial-of-service attacks; malicious software; data privacy breaches by insiders or others with authorized access; cyber or phishing-attacks; ransomware; attempts to gain unauthorized access to our data and systems; and other electronic security breaches. If any of these security breaches were to occur, we could suffer disruptions to our operations, normal business functions and other aspects of our business.
We have implemented and invested in, and will continue to implement and invest in, controls, procedures and protections (including internal and external personnel) that are designed to protect our systems, identify and remediate on a regular basis vulnerabilities in our systems and related infrastructure and monitor and mitigate the risk of data loss and other cybersecurity threat. Such measures, however, cannot entirely eliminate cybersecurity threats and the controls, procedures and protections we have implemented and invested in may prove to be ineffective. As cyber incidents continue to evolve, we may be required to expend additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures or to investigate and remediate any vulnerability to cyber incidents. We maintain specialized insurance for possible liability resulting from a cyberattack on our assets, however, we cannot assure you that the insurance coverage will be adequate to cover claims that may
arise, or that we will be able to maintain adequate insurance at rates we consider reasonable. A loss not fully covered by insurance could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and cash flows.
Risks Related to Our Indebtedness
Implementing our capital programs may, under certain circumstances, require an increase in our total leverage through additional debt issuances. In addition, a significant reduction in availability under the revolving credit facility and the inability to otherwise obtain financing for our capital programs could require us to curtail our capital expenditures.
As a result of our cash distribution policy, we have limited cash available to reinvest in our business or to fund acquisitions and have historically relied on availability under the Operating Company’s revolving credit facility to fund a portion of our capital expenditures and for other purposes. We expect that we will continue to fund a portion of our capital expenditures and other needs with borrowings under the revolving credit facility and from the proceeds of debt and equity offerings. In the past, we have created availability under the revolving credit facility by repaying outstanding borrowings with the proceeds from equity and debt offerings. We cannot assure you that we will choose to or be able to access the capital markets to repay any such future borrowings. If the availability under the revolving credit facility were reduced, and we were otherwise unable to secure other sources of financing, we may be required to curtail our capital expenditures, which could result in an inability to complete acquisitions or finance the capital expenditures necessary to replace our reserves.
Restrictive covenants in the Operating Company’s revolving credit facility, the indenture governing the Notes and future debt instruments may limit our ability to respond to changes in market conditions or pursue business opportunities.
The Operating Company’s revolving credit facility and the indenture governing the Notes outstanding contain, and the terms of any future indebtedness may contain, restrictive covenants that limit our and the Operating Company’s ability to, among other things: incur or guarantee additional indebtedness; make certain investments; create additional liens; sell or transfer assets; lease property as a lessee; issue redeemable or preferred equity; voluntarily redeem or prepay debt (including the Notes); merge or consolidate with another entity; pay dividends or make distributions; designate certain of our subsidiaries as unrestricted subsidiaries; create unrestricted subsidiaries; engage in transactions with affiliates; enter into gas imbalance, take-or-pay and similar agreements; and enter into certain swap agreements.
We may be prevented from taking advantage of business opportunities that arise because of the limitations imposed on us and the Operating Company by the restrictive covenants contained in the revolving credit facility and the indenture that governs the Notes. In addition, the revolving credit facility requires us to maintain certain financial ratios and tests. The requirement that we comply with these provisions may materially adversely affect our ability to react to changes in market conditions, take advantage of business opportunities we believe to be desirable, obtain future financing, fund needed capital expenditures or withstand a continuing or future downturn in our business.
Our and the Operating Company’s future ability to comply with these restrictions and covenants is uncertain and will be affected by the levels of cash flow from our operations and other events or circumstances beyond our control. If market or other economic conditions deteriorate, our ability to comply with these covenants may be impaired. A breach of any of these restrictive covenants could result in default under the revolving credit facility. If a default occurs, the lenders under the revolving credit facility may elect to declare all borrowings outstanding, together with accrued interest and other fees, to be immediately due and payable, which would result in an event of default under the indenture governing the Notes. The lenders will also have the right in these circumstances to terminate any commitments they have to provide further borrowings. If we and the Operating Company are unable to repay outstanding borrowings when due, the lenders under the revolving credit facility will also have the right to proceed against the collateral granted to them to secure the indebtedness. If the indebtedness under the revolving credit facility and the Notes were to be accelerated, we cannot assure you that our assets would be sufficient to repay in full that indebtedness.
Any significant reduction in the borrowing base under the Operating Company’s revolving credit facility as a result of the periodic borrowing base redeterminations or otherwise may negatively impact our ability to fund our operations, and we may not have sufficient funds to repay borrowings under the revolving credit facility if required as a result of a borrowing base redetermination.
A decline in commodity prices could result in a redetermination that lowers the borrowing base. Any significant reduction in the borrowing base as a result of such borrowing base redeterminations or otherwise may negatively impact our liquidity and our ability to fund our operations and, as a result, may have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operation and cash flow. Further, if the outstanding borrowings under the revolving credit facility were to exceed the borrowing base as a result of any such redetermination, we and the Operating Company would be required to repay the excess.
We may not have sufficient funds to make such repayments. If we do not have sufficient funds and we are otherwise unable to negotiate renewals of the borrowings or arrange new financing, we may have to sell significant assets. Any such sale could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results.
Servicing our indebtedness requires a significant amount of cash, and we may not have sufficient cash flow from our business to pay our substantial indebtedness.
Our ability to make scheduled payments of the principal of, to pay interest on or to refinance our indebtedness depends on our future performance, which is subject to economic, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. We are dependent on cash flow generated by the Operating Company to repay the Notes. The Operating Company’s business may not generate cash flow from operations in the future sufficient to service our debt and make necessary capital expenditures. If the Operating Company is unable to generate such cash flow, we may be required to adopt one or more alternatives, such as reducing or delaying capital expenditures, selling assets, restructuring debt or obtaining additional capital on terms that may be onerous or highly dilutive. However, we cannot assure you that undertaking alternative financing plans, if necessary, would allow us to meet our debt obligations. In the absence of such cash flows, we could have substantial liquidity problems and might be required to sell material assets to attempt to meet our debt service and other obligations. The Operating Company’s revolving credit facility and the indenture governing the Notes outstanding restrict our ability to use the proceeds from asset sales. We may not be able to consummate those asset sales to raise capital or sell assets at prices that we believe are fair, and proceeds that we do receive may not be adequate to meet any debt service obligations then due. Our ability to refinance our indebtedness will depend on the capital markets and our financial condition at the time. We may not be able to engage in any of these activities or engage in these activities on desirable terms, which could result in a default on our debt obligations and have an adverse effect on our financial condition.
If we experience liquidity concerns, we could face a downgrade in our debt ratings which could restrict our access to, and negatively impact the terms of, current or future financings or trade credit.
Our ability to obtain financings and trade credit and the terms of any financings or trade credit is, in part, dependent on the credit ratings assigned to our debt by independent credit rating agencies. We cannot provide assurance that any of our current ratings will remain in effect for any given period of time or that a rating will not be lowered or withdrawn entirely by a rating agency if, in its judgment, circumstances so warrant. Factors that may impact our credit ratings include debt levels, planned asset purchases or sales and near-term and long-term production growth opportunities, liquidity, asset quality, cost structure, product mix and commodity pricing levels. A ratings downgrade could adversely impact our ability to access financings or trade credit and increase our or the Operating Company’s borrowing costs.
The borrowings under the Operating Company’s revolving credit facility expose us to interest rate risk.
Our earnings are exposed to interest rate risk associated with borrowings under the Operating Company’s revolving credit facility. The terms of the Operating Company’s revolving credit facility provide for interest on borrowings at a floating rate equal to an alternative base rate that, since November 2022 has been tied to SOFR. SOFR tends to fluctuate based on multiple facts, including general short-term interest rates, rates set by the U.S. Federal Reserve, which may increase further in 2023, and other central banks and general economic conditions. We have not hedged our interest rate exposure with respect to our floating rate debt. The Operating Company’s weighted average interest rate on borrowings under its revolving credit facility was 4.22% during the year ended December 31, 2022. If interest rates increase, so will our interest costs, which may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
Risks Inherent in an Investment in Us
Diamondback owns and controls our General Partner, which has sole responsibility for conducting our business and managing our operations. Our General Partner and its affiliates, including Diamondback, have conflicts of interest with us and limited duties, and they may favor their own interests to the detriment of us and our unitholders.
Diamondback owns and controls our General Partner and appoints all of the directors of our General Partner. All of the executive officers and certain of the directors of our General Partner are also officers and/or directors of Diamondback. Although our General Partner has a duty to manage us in a manner that it believes is not adverse to our interest, the executive officers and directors of our General Partner have a fiduciary duty to manage our General Partner in a manner beneficial to Diamondback. Therefore, conflicts of interest may arise between Diamondback or any of its affiliates, including our General Partner, on the one hand, and us or any of our unitholders, on the other hand. In resolving these conflicts of interest, our General Partner may favor its own interests and the interests of its affiliates over the interests of our common unitholders. For instance, our General Partner is allowed to take into account the interests of parties other than us, such as Diamondback, in exercising
certain rights under our partnership agreement. Neither our partnership agreement nor any other agreement requires Diamondback to pursue a business strategy that favors us. Our partnership agreement replaces the fiduciary duties that would otherwise be owed by our General Partner with contractual standards governing its duties, limits our General Partner’s liabilities and restricts the remedies available to our unitholders for actions that, without such limitations, might constitute breaches of fiduciary duty. Except in limited circumstances, our General Partner has the power and authority to (i) conduct our business without unitholder approval (ii) determine the amount and timing of asset purchases and sales, borrowings, issuances of additional partnership securities and the level of cash reserves, each of which can affect the amount of cash that is distributed to our unitholders, (iii) determine which costs incurred by it and its affiliates are reimbursable by us, (iv) exercise its right to call and purchase common units if it and its affiliates own more than 80% of the common units, (v) control the enforcement of obligations that it and its affiliates owe to us, and (vi) decide whether to retain separate counsel, accountants or others to perform services for us. Our partnership agreement does not restrict our General Partner from causing us to pay it or its affiliates for any services rendered to us or entering into additional contractual arrangements with its affiliates on our behalf. Our General Partner intends to limit its liability regarding our contractual and other obligations.
Neither we nor our General Partner have any employees, and we rely solely on the employees of Diamondback to manage our business. The management team of Diamondback, which includes the individuals who manage us, also perform similar services for Diamondback and certain of its affiliates, and thus are not solely focused on our business.
Neither we nor our General Partner have any employees and we rely solely on Diamondback to operate our assets and perform other management, administrative and operating services for us and our General Partner. Diamondback provides similar activities with respect to its own assets and operations and those of certain of its affiliates. Because Diamondback provides services to us that are similar to those performed for itself and its affiliates, it may not have sufficient human, technical and other resources to provide those services at a level that it would be able to provide to us if it were solely focused on our business and operations. Diamondback may make internal decisions on how to allocate its available resources and expertise that may not always be in our best interest compared to Diamondback’s interests. There is no requirement that Diamondback favor us over itself or others in providing its services. If the employees of Diamondback and their affiliates do not devote sufficient attention to the management and operation of our business, our financial results may suffer and our ability to make distributions to our unitholders may be reduced. Many key responsibilities within our business have been assigned to a small number of individuals. The loss of their services could adversely affect our business. In particular, the loss of the services of one or more members of the executive team of our General Partner, including the Chief Executive Officer, President and Chief Financial Officer of our General Partner, Travis D. Stice, Kaes Van’t Hof and Teresa L. Dick, respectively, could disrupt our business. Further, we do not maintain “key person” life insurance policies on any of our executive team or other key personnel. As a result, we are not insured against any losses resulting from the death of these key individuals.
Our partnership agreement replaces our General Partner’s fiduciary duties to our unitholders.
Our partnership agreement contains provisions that eliminate and replace the fiduciary standards to which our General Partner would otherwise be held by state fiduciary duty law, such as permitting it to make a number of decisions in its individual capacity, as opposed to in its capacity as our General Partner, which are otherwise free of fiduciary duties to us and our unitholders. This entitles our General Partner to consider only the interests and factors that it desires and relieves it of any duty or obligation to give any consideration to any interest of, or factors affecting, us, our affiliates or our limited partners. Examples of decisions that our General Partner may make in its individual capacity include; how to allocate business opportunities among us and its affiliates, whether to exercise its call right, how to exercise its voting rights with respect to the units it owns, whether to exercise its registration rights and whether or not to consent to any merger or consolidation of the partnership or any amendment to the partnership agreement.
By purchasing a common unit, a unitholder is treated as having consented to the provisions in the partnership agreement, including the provisions discussed above.
Our partnership agreement restricts the remedies available to holders of our units for actions taken by our General Partner that might otherwise constitute breaches of fiduciary duty.
Our partnership agreement contains provisions that restrict the remedies available to unitholders for actions taken by our General Partner that might otherwise constitute breaches of fiduciary duty under state fiduciary duty law. For example, our partnership agreement provides that (i) whenever our General Partner makes a determination or takes, or declines to take, any other action in its capacity as our General Partner, it is generally required to make such determination, or take or decline to take such other action, in good faith, and will not be subject to any higher standard imposed by our partnership agreement, Delaware law, or any other law, rule or regulation, or at equity, (ii) our General Partner and its executive officers and directors will not be liable for monetary damages or otherwise to us or our limited partners resulting from any act or omission unless there has been
a final and non-appealable judgment entered by a court of competent jurisdiction determining that such losses or liabilities were the result of conduct in which our General Partner, its executive officers or directors engaged in bad faith, willful misconduct or fraud or, with respect to any criminal conduct, with knowledge that such conduct was unlawful; and (iii) our General Partner will not be in breach of its obligations under the partnership agreement or its duties to us or our limited partners if a transaction, even with an affiliate or the resolution of a conflict of interest, is (a) approved by the conflicts committee of the board of directors of our General Partner, although our General Partner is not obligated to seek such approval or (b) approved by the vote of a majority of the outstanding common units, excluding any common units owned by our General Partner and its affiliates.
If an affiliate transaction or the resolution of a conflict of interest is approved by our unitholders or the conflicts committee then it will be presumed that, in making its decision, taking any action or failing to act, the board of directors of our General Partner acted in good faith, and in any proceeding brought by or on behalf of any limited partner or the partnership, the person bringing or prosecuting such proceeding will have the burden of overcoming such presumption.
Diamondback and other affiliates of our General Partner may compete with us.
Our partnership agreement provides that our General Partner is restricted from engaging in any business activities other than acting as our General Partner, engaging in activities incidental to its ownership interest in us and providing management, advisory and administrative services to its affiliates or to other persons. However, affiliates of our General Partner, including Diamondback, are not prohibited from the following; engaging in other businesses or activities, including those that might be in direct competition with us; competing with us for investment opportunities; owning an interest in entities that compete with us, and; acquiring, developing or disposing of additional oil and natural gas properties or other assets in the future, without any obligation to offer us the opportunity to purchase or develop any of those assets.
Diamondback is an established participant in the oil and natural gas industry and has resources greater than ours, which may make it more difficult for us to compete with Diamondback with respect to commercial activities as well as for potential acquisitions. As a result, competition from Diamondback and its affiliates could adversely impact our results of operations and cash available for distribution to our common unitholders.
Pursuant to the terms of our partnership agreement, the doctrine of corporate opportunity, or any analogous doctrine, does not apply to our General Partner or any of its affiliates, including its executive officers and directors, and Diamondback. Any such person or entity that becomes aware of a potential transaction, agreement, arrangement or other matter that may be an opportunity for us will not have any duty to communicate or offer such opportunity to us. Any such person or entity will not be liable to us or to any limited partner for breach of any fiduciary duty or other duty by reason of the fact that such person or entity pursues or acquires such opportunity for itself, directs such opportunity to another person or entity or does not communicate such opportunity or information to us. This may create actual and potential conflicts of interest between us and affiliates of our General Partner and result in less than favorable treatment of us and our unitholders.
Holders of our units have limited voting rights and are not entitled to elect our General Partner or its directors, which could reduce the price at which our common units will trade.
Unlike the holders of common stock in a corporation, unitholders have only limited voting rights on matters affecting our business and, therefore, limited ability to influence management’s decisions regarding our business. Unitholders have no right on an annual or ongoing basis to elect our General Partner or its board of directors. The board of directors of our General Partner, including the independent directors, is chosen entirely by Diamondback, as a result of it owning our General Partner, and not by our unitholders. Unlike publicly traded corporations, we do not conduct annual meetings of our unitholders to elect directors or conduct other matters routinely conducted at annual meetings of stockholders of corporations. As a result of these limitations, the price at which the common units will trade could be diminished because of the absence or reduction of a takeover premium in the trading price.
Even if holders of our units are dissatisfied, they cannot remove our General Partner without its consent.
If our unitholders are dissatisfied with the performance of our General Partner, they have limited ability to remove our General Partner. Unitholders will be unable to remove our General Partner without its consent because affiliates of our General Partner own sufficient units to be able to prevent its removal. The vote of the holders of at least 66 2/3% of all outstanding units, voting as a single class, is required to remove our General Partner, and as of December 31, 2022, Diamondback owned approximately 56% of all outstanding units.
Our partnership agreement restricts the voting rights of unitholders owning 20% or more of our units (other than our General Partner and its affiliates and permitted transferees).
Our partnership agreement restricts unitholders’ voting rights by providing that any units held by a person or group that owns 20% or more of any class of units then outstanding, other than our General Partner, its affiliates, their transferees and persons who acquired such units with the prior approval of the board of directors of our General Partner, may not vote on any matter. Our partnership agreement also contains provisions limiting the ability of unitholders to call meetings or to acquire information about our operations, as well as other provisions limiting the ability of our unitholders to influence the manner or direction of management.
Cost reimbursements due to our General Partner and its affiliates for services provided to us or on our behalf will reduce cash available for distribution to our common unitholders. There is no limit on the amount of expenses for which our General Partner and its affiliates may be reimbursed, and it determines the amount and timing of such reimbursements.
Prior to making any distribution to its unitholders, including us, the Operating Company will reimburse our General Partner and its affiliates for all expenses they incur and payments they make on our behalf. There is no limit on the amount of expenses for which our General Partner and its affiliates may be reimbursed, and the amounts may be substantial. These expenses include salary, bonus, incentive compensation and other amounts paid to persons who perform services for us or on our behalf and expenses allocated to our General Partner by its affiliates. Our General Partner will determine the expenses that are allocable to us. The reimbursement of expenses and payment of fees, if any, to our General Partner and its affiliates will reduce the amount of cash available for distribution from the Operating Company to us and from us to our common unitholders.
In addition, we have entered into a tax sharing agreement with Diamondback pursuant to which we are required to reimburse Diamondback for our share of state and local income and other taxes borne by Diamondback as a result of our results being included in a combined or consolidated tax return filed by Diamondback.
Our General Partner interest or the control of our General Partner may be transferred to a third party without unitholder consent.
Our General Partner may transfer its General Partner interest to a third party without the consent of our unitholders. Furthermore, our partnership agreement does not restrict the ability of the owner of our General Partner to transfer its membership interests in our General Partner to a third party. After any such transfer, the new member or members of our General Partner would then be in a position to replace the board of directors and executive officers of our General Partner with its own designees and thereby exert significant control over the decisions taken by the board of directors and executive officers of our General Partner. This effectively permits a “change of control” without the vote or consent of the unitholders.
Common unitholders may have liability to repay distributions and in certain circumstances may be personally liable for the obligations of the partnership.
Under certain circumstances, common unitholders may have to repay amounts wrongfully returned or distributed to them. Under Section 17-607 of the Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act, or the Delaware Act, we may not make a distribution to our unitholders if the distribution would cause our liabilities to exceed the fair value of our assets. Delaware law provides that for a period of three years from the date of the impermissible distribution, limited partners who received the distribution and who knew at the time of the distribution that it violated Delaware law will be liable to the limited partnership for the distribution amount. Liabilities to partners on account of their partnership interests and liabilities that are non-recourse to the partnership are not counted for purposes of determining whether a distribution is permitted.
A limited partner that participates in the control of our business within the meaning of the Delaware Act may be held personally liable for our obligations under the laws of Delaware, to the same extent as our General Partner. This liability would extend to persons who transact business with us under the reasonable belief that the limited partner is a general partner. Neither our partnership agreement nor the Delaware Act specifically provides for legal recourse against our General Partner if a limited partner were to lose limited liability through any fault of our General Partner.
Our General Partner has a call right that may require unitholders to sell their common units at an undesirable time or price.
If at any time our General Partner and its affiliates (including Diamondback) own more than 80% of the units, our General Partner will have the right, which it may assign to any of its affiliates or to us, but not the obligation, to acquire all, but not less than all, of the common units held by unaffiliated persons at a price equal to the greater of (i) the average of the daily closing price of the common units over the 20 trading days preceding the date three days before notice of exercise of the call
right is first mailed and (ii) the highest per-unit price paid by our General Partner or any of its affiliates for common units during the 90-day period preceding the date such notice is first mailed. As a result, unitholders may be required to sell their common units at an undesirable time or price and may not receive any return or a negative return on their investment. Unitholders may also incur a tax liability upon a sale of their units. Our General Partner is not obligated to obtain a fairness opinion regarding the value of the common units to be repurchased by it upon exercise of the limited call right. There is no restriction in our partnership agreement that prevents our General Partner from causing us to issue additional common units and then exercising its call right. If our General Partner exercised its limited call right, the effect would be to take us private and, if the units were subsequently deregistered, we would no longer be subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. The common units and Class B units are considered limited partner interests of a single class for these provisions. As of December 31, 2022, Diamondback owned approximately 56% of our total units outstanding.
We may issue additional common units and other equity interests without unitholder approval, which would dilute existing unitholder ownership interests.
Under our partnership agreement, we are authorized to issue an unlimited number of additional interests, including common units, without a vote of the unitholders. The issuance by us of additional common units or other equity interests of equal or senior rank will have the following effects; the proportionate ownership interest of unitholders in us immediately prior to the issuance will decrease, the amount of cash distributions on each common unit may decrease, the ratio of our taxable income to distributions may increase, the relative voting strength of each previously outstanding common unit may be diminished, and the market price of the common units may decline.
There are no limitations in our partnership agreement on our ability to issue units ranking senior to the common units.
In accordance with Delaware law and the provisions of our partnership agreement, we may issue additional partnership interests that are senior to the common units in right of distribution, liquidation and voting. The issuance by us of units of senior rank may (i) reduce or eliminate the amount of cash available for distribution to our common unitholders; (ii) diminish the relative voting strength of the total common units outstanding as a class; or (iii) subordinate the claims of the common unitholders to our assets in the event of our liquidation.
The market price of our common units could be adversely affected by sales of substantial amounts of our common units in the public or private markets.
Sales by holders of a substantial number of our common units in the public markets, or the perception that such sales might occur, could have a material adverse effect on the price of our common units or could impair our ability to obtain capital through an offering of equity securities. In addition, we have provided registration rights to Diamondback. Pursuant to these registration rights, we have registered, under the Securities Act, all of the common units owned by Diamondback for resale (including common units issuable in respect of the Class B units and the OpCo units). Under our partnership agreement, our General Partner and its affiliates have registration rights relating to the offer and sale of any common units that they hold.
Nasdaq does not require a publicly traded limited partnership like us to comply with certain of its corporate governance requirements.
Our common units are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market. Because we are a publicly traded partnership, Nasdaq does not require us to have a majority of independent directors on our General Partner’s board of directors or to establish a compensation committee or a nominating and corporate governance committee. Accordingly, unitholders do not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of certain corporations that are subject to all of Nasdaq’s corporate governance requirements.
Our partnership agreement includes exclusive forum, venue and jurisdiction provisions. By purchasing a common unit, a limited partner is irrevocably consenting to these provisions regarding claims, suits, actions or proceedings and submitting to the exclusive jurisdiction of Delaware courts. Our partnership agreement also provides that any unitholder bringing an unsuccessful action will be obligated to reimburse any costs we have incurred in connection with such unsuccessful action.
Our partnership agreement is governed by Delaware law. Our partnership agreement includes exclusive forum, venue and jurisdiction provisions designating Delaware courts as the exclusive venue for most claims, suits, actions and proceedings involving us or our officers, directors and employees. In addition, if any person brings any of the aforementioned claims, suits, actions or proceedings and such person does not obtain a judgment on the merits that substantially achieves, in substance and amount, the full remedy sought, then such person shall be obligated to reimburse us and our affiliates for all fees, costs and expenses of every kind and description, including but not limited to all reasonable attorneys’ fees and other litigation expenses,
that the parties may incur in connection with such claim, suit, action or proceeding. By purchasing a common unit, a limited partner is irrevocably consenting to these limitations and provisions regarding claims, suits, actions or proceedings and submitting to the exclusive jurisdiction of Delaware courts.
Our General Partner may amend our partnership agreement, as it determines necessary or advisable, to permit the General Partner to redeem the units of certain unitholders.
Our General Partner may amend our partnership agreement, as it determines necessary or advisable, to obtain proof of the U.S. federal income tax status and/or the nationality, citizenship or other related status of our limited partners (and their owners, to the extent relevant) and to permit our General Partner to redeem the units held by any person (i) whose tax status has or is reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on the maximum applicable rates chargeable to our customers, (ii) whose nationality, citizenship or related status creates substantial risk of cancellation or forfeiture of any of our property and/or (iii) who fails to comply with the procedures established to obtain such proof. The redemption price in the case of such a redemption will be the average of the daily closing prices per unit for the 20 consecutive trading days immediately prior to the date set for redemption.
We are treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes and our cash available for distribution to our common unitholders may be substantially reduced.
We are a Delaware limited partnership that since May 10, 2018, has elected to be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a result, we are subject to tax at the corporate tax rate of 21%. As of December 31, 2022, the Operating Company’s special allocation to Diamondback of priority allocations of the Operating Company’s income and gains over losses and deductions (but before depletion) expired. As such, our taxable income for subsequent years is expected to include our share of allocations of the Operating Company’s income, gains, losses and deductions, as a result of our equity interests in the Operating Company. Because an entity-level tax is imposed on us due to our status as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, our distributable cash flow may be substantially reduced by our tax liabilities.
Distributions to common unitholders may be taxable as dividends.
Because we are treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, if we make distributions to our common unitholders from current or accumulated earnings and profits as computed for U.S. federal income tax purposes, such distributions will be treated as distributions on corporate stock for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and generally be taxable to our common unitholders as ordinary dividend income for U.S. federal income tax purposes (to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits). Such dividend distributions paid to non-corporate U.S. unitholders will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at preferential rates, provided that certain holding period and other requirements are satisfied. Any portion of our distributions to common unitholders that exceeds our current and accumulated earnings and profits as computed for U.S. federal income tax purposes will constitute a non-taxable return of capital distribution to the extent of a unitholder’s basis in its common units, and thereafter as gain on the sale or exchange of such common units. Subsequent to the expiration of the Operating Company’s special allocation to Diamondback of priority allocations of the Operating Company’s income and gains over losses and deductions (but before depletion) as of December 31, 2022, a greater proportion of our distributions may be made from current or accumulated earnings and profits and thus generally would be taxable to our common unitholders as dividends.
U.S. tax legislations may adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flow.
From time to time, legislation has been proposed that, if enacted into law, would make significant changes to U.S. federal and state income tax laws affecting the oil and natural gas industry, including (i) eliminating the immediate deduction for intangible drilling and development costs, (ii) the repeal of the percentage depletion allowance for oil and natural gas properties; and (iii) an extension of the amortization period for certain geological and geophysical expenditures. No accurate prediction can be made as to whether any such legislative changes will be proposed or enacted in the future or, if enacted, what the specific provisions or the effective date of any such legislation would be. These proposed changes in the U.S. tax law, if adopted, or other similar changes that would impose additional tax on our activities or reduce or eliminate deductions currently available with respect to natural gas and oil exploration, development or similar activities, could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flow.
On August 16, 2022, President Biden signed into law the IRA, which, among other changes, imposes a 15% corporate alternative minimum tax (“CAMT”) on the “adjusted financial statement income” of certain large corporations (generally, corporations reporting at least $1 billion average adjusted pre-tax net income on their consolidated financial statements) as well as an excise tax of 1% on the fair market value of certain public company stock/unit repurchases for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022. If we are or become subject to the CAMT, our cash tax obligations for U.S. federal income taxes could be
significantly accelerated. To the extent the 1% excise tax applies to our repurchases of units under our common unit repurchase program, the number of units we repurchase and our cash flow may be affected.
The U.S. Treasury Department, the Internal Revenue Service and other standard-setting bodies are expected to issue guidance on how the CAMT, stock/unit buyback excise tax and other provisions of the IRA will be applied or otherwise administered that may differ from our interpretations. We continue to evaluate the IRA and its effect on our financial results and operating cash flow.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Due to the nature of our business, we are, from time to time, involved in routine litigation or subject to disputes or claims related to our business activities. In the opinion of our management, none of the pending litigation, disputes or claims against us, if decided adversely, will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, cash flows or results of operations. See Note 12-Commitments and Contingencies of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
Table of Content
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED UNITHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Listing and Holders of Record
Our common units are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “VNOM.” There were 10 holders of record of our common units on February 17, 2023.
Cash Distribution Policy
The board of directors of our General Partner has established a distribution policy whereby the Operating Company distributes all or a portion of its available cash on a quarterly basis to its unitholders (including Diamondback and the Partnership). We in turn distribute all or a portion of the available cash we receive from the Operating Company to our common unitholders. Our available cash and the available cash of the Operating Company for each quarter is determined by the board of directors of our General Partner following the end of such quarter. The cash available for distribution by the Operating Company, a non-GAAP measure, generally equals our consolidated Adjusted EBITDA for the applicable quarter, less cash needed for income taxes payable, debt service, contractual obligations, fixed charges and reserves for future operating or capital needs that the board of directors of our General Partner deems necessary or appropriate, lease bonus income, distribution of equivalent rights payments and preferred distributions, if any. Our cash available for distribution each quarter generally equals the proportional share of the cash distributed by the Operating Company for the quarter, less cash needed by us for the payment of income taxes, if any, and the preferred distribution. Further, in July 2022, the board of directors of the General Partner approved a distribution policy, effective beginning with our distribution payable for the third quarter of 2022, consisting of a base and variable distribution, that takes into account capital returned to unitholders via our common unit repurchase program. The board updated the distribution policy in November 2022, providing that lease bonus payments and other similar, one-time, non-recurring payments will be excluded from the calculation of the Partnership’s and the Operating Company’s available cash.
The percentage of cash available for distribution pursuant to the distribution policy discussed above may change quarterly to enable the Operating Company to retain cash flow to help strengthen our balance sheet while also expanding the return of capital program through our common unit repurchase program. We are not required to pay distributions to our common unitholders on a quarterly or other basis.
Repurchases of Equity Securities
Our common unit repurchase activity for the three months ended December 31, 2022 was as follows:
Period Total Number of Units Purchased(1)
Average Price Paid Per Unit(2)
Total Number of Units Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan Approximate Dollar Value of Units that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plan(3)
(In thousands, except unit amounts)
October 1, 2022 - October 31, 2022 21,800 $ 30.01 21,800 $ 560,389
November 1, 2022 - November 30, 2022 597,500 $ 33.06 597,500 $ 540,638
December 1, 2022 - December 31, 2022 357,996 $ 31.44 357,996 $ 529,381
Total 977,296 $ 32.40 977,296
(1)Includes common units repurchased from employees in order to satisfy tax withholding requirements, if any. Such units are cancelled and retired immediately upon repurchase.
(2)The average price paid per common unit includes any commissions paid to repurchase a common unit.
(3)On July 26, 2022, the board of directors of our General Partner increased the authorization under our then-in-effect common unit repurchase program from $250.0 million to $750.0 million. This repurchase program remains subject to market conditions, applicable legal requirements, contractual obligations and other factors and may be suspended from time to time, modified, extended or discontinued by the board of directors of our General Partner at any time.
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
None.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
ITEM 6. [RESERVED]
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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
ITEM 7.MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto presented in this Annual Report. The following discussion contains “forward-looking statements” that reflect our future plans, estimates, beliefs, and expected performance. Actual results and the timing of events may differ materially from those contained in these forward-looking statements due to a number of factors. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”
Overview
We are a publicly traded Delaware limited partnership formed by Diamondback to own and acquire mineral and royalty interests in oil and natural gas properties primarily in the Permian Basin. We operate in one reportable segment.
The following discussion includes a comparison of our results of operations, including changes in our operating income, and liquidity and capital resources for fiscal year 2022 and fiscal year 2021. A discussion of changes in our results of operations from fiscal year 2021 compared to fiscal year 2020 has been omitted from this report, but may be found in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on February 24, 2022, and is incorporated by reference in this report from such prior Annual Report on Form 10-K.
2022 Transactions and Recent Developments
Commodity Prices and Certain Other Market Considerations
Prices for oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids are determined primarily by prevailing market conditions. Regional and worldwide economic activity, including any economic downturn or recession that has occurred or may occur in the future, extreme weather conditions and other substantially variable factors influence market conditions for these products. These factors are beyond our control and are difficult to predict. During 2022, 2021 and 2020, NYMEX WTI has ranged from $(37.63) to $123.70 per Bbl, and the NYMEX Henry Hub price of natural gas has ranged from $1.48 to $9.68 per MMBtu, with seven-year highs reached in 2022 and historic lows for oil reached in 2020. The war in Ukraine, the COVID-19 pandemic, rising interest rates, global supply chain disruptions, concerns about a potential economic downturn or recession and recent measures to combat persistent inflation have continued to contribute to economic and pricing volatility during 2022. Additionally, OPEC and its non-OPEC allies, known collectively as OPEC+, continues to meet regularly to evaluate the state of global oil supply, demand and inventory levels. However, pricing may remain volatile during 2023.
Due to improved commodity prices and industry conditions and based on the results of the quarterly ceiling tests, we were not required to record an impairment on our proved oil and natural gas interests during the year ended December 31, 2022. If commodity prices fall below current levels, we may be required to record impairments in future periods and such impairments could be material. Further, if commodity prices decrease, our production, proved reserves and cash flows may be adversely impacted. Our business may also be adversely impacted by any pipeline capacity and storage constraints.
Acquisitions and Divestitures Update
Acquisitions
During the year ended December 31, 2022, in individually insignificant transactions, we acquired from unrelated third-party sellers, mineral and royalty interests representing 375 net royalty acres in the Permian Basin for an aggregate net purchase price of approximately $65.9 million, including certain customary closing adjustments. We funded these acquisitions with cash on hand and borrowings under the Operating Company’s revolving credit facility.
Divestitures
In the first quarter of 2022, we divested 325 net royalty acres of third party operated acreage located entirely in Upton and Reagan counties in the Midland Basin for an aggregate net sales price of $29.3 million, including customary closing adjustments.
In the third quarter of 2022, we divested 93 net royalty acres of third party operated acreage located entirely in Loving county in the Delaware Basin for an aggregate net sales price of $29.9 million, including customary closing adjustments.
Table of Content
In the fourth quarter of 2022, we divested our entire position in the Eagle Ford Shale, consisting of 681 net royalty acres of third party operated acreage for an aggregate sales price of $53.8 million, including certain customary closing adjustments.
As a result of the 2022 acquisitions and divestitures, our footprint of mineral and royalty interests totaled 26,315 net royalty acres at December 31, 2022.
Cash Distribution Update
In July 2022, the board of directors of our General Partner approved a distribution policy, effective beginning with our distribution payable for the third quarter of 2022, consisting of a base and variable distribution, that takes into account capital returned to unitholders via our unit buyback program. The board updated the distribution policy in November 2022, providing that lease bonus payments and other similar, one-time, non-recurring payments will be excluded from the calculation of the Partnership’s and the Operating Company’s available cash.
Repurchases of Notes
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we repurchased an aggregate $49.6 million principal amount of the outstanding Notes for total cash consideration of $49.0 million with a combination of cash on hand and borrowings under the Operating Company’s revolving credit facility. See Note 6-Debt of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for further details.
Production and Operational Update
Third party operated net wells turned to production on our acreage during the third quarter of 2022 were at their highest level since the second quarter of 2019, and third party operated gross wells turned to production during the quarter were the highest in the Partnership’s history. There are currently 44 rigs operating on our mineral and royalty acreage, 13 of which are operated by Diamondback. Although demand for oil and natural gas and commodity prices continued to increase in 2022, Diamondback and certain of our other operators kept production on our acreage relatively flat, using their excess cash flow for debt repayment and/or return to their stockholders rather than expanding their drilling programs. We expect our production and free cash flow outlooks to be driven by Diamondback’s continued focus on developing our acreage, as well as our exposure to other well-capitalized operators in the Permian Basin. As a result of Diamondback’s consistent focus on developing our high concentration royalty acreage, primarily in the Northern Midland Basin, we expect our Diamondback-operated full year 2023 oil production to increase by approximately 8% compared to 2022. We also expect that we will continue to return substantial amounts of capital to our unitholders as we can offer organic production growth with nearly no exposure to inflationary cost pressures.
Table of Content
The following table summarizes our gross well information as of the dates indicated:
Diamondback Operated Third Party Operated Total
Horizontal wells turned to production (fourth quarter 2022)(1):
Gross wells 42 230 272
Net 100% royalty interest wells 2.3 2.3 4.6
Average percent net royalty interest 5.4 % 1.0 % 1.7 %
Horizontal wells turned to production (year ended December 31, 2022)(2):
Gross wells 193 807 1,000
Net 100% royalty interest wells 11.8 7.0 18.8
Average percent net royalty interest 6.1 % 0.9 % 1.9 %
Horizontal producing well count (as of January 18, 2023):
Gross wells 1,575 3,624 5,199
Net 100% royalty interest wells 114.9 59.5 174.4
Average percent net royalty interest 7.3 % 1.6 % 3.4 %
Horizontal active development well count (as of January 18, 2023)(3):
Gross wells 118 359 477
Net 100% royalty interest wells 6.0 4.3 10.3
Average percent net royalty interest 5.1 % 1.2 % 2.2 %
Line of sight wells (as of January 18, 2023)(4):
Gross wells 190 311 501
Net 100% royalty interest wells 9.9 3.8 13.7
Average percent net royalty interest 5.2 % 1.2 % 2.7 %
(1) Average lateral length of 10,630 feet.
(2) Average lateral length of 10,516 feet.
(3) The total 477 gross wells currently in the process of active development are those wells that have been spud and are expected to be turned to production within approximately the next six to eight months.
(4) The total 501 line-of-sight wells are those that are not currently in the process of active development, but for which Viper has reason to believe that they will be turned to production within approximately the next 15 to 18 months. The expected timing of these line-of-sight wells is based primarily on permitting by third party operators or Diamondback’s current expected completion schedule. Existing permits or active development of our net royalty acreage does not ensure that those wells will be turned to production given the volatility in oil prices.
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Results of Operations
The following table summarizes our income and expenses for the periods indicated:
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021
(In thousands)
Operating income:
Oil income $ 667,281 $ 397,513
Natural gas income 83,149 49,197
Natural gas liquids income 87,546 54,824
Royalty income 837,976 501,534
Lease bonus income 27,791 2,763
Other operating income 700 620
Total operating income 866,467 504,917
Costs and expenses:
Production and ad valorem taxes 56,372 32,558
Depletion 121,071 102,987
General and administrative expenses 8,542 7,800
Total costs and expenses 185,985 143,345
Income (loss) from operations 680,482 361,572
Other income (expense):
Interest expense, net (40,409) (34,044)
Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net (18,138) (69,409)
Other income, net 416 79
Total other expense, net (58,131) (103,374)
Income (loss) before income taxes 622,351 258,198
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes (32,653) 1,521
Net income (loss) 655,004 256,677
Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest 503,331 198,738
Net income (loss) attributable to Viper Energy Partners LP $ 151,673 $ 57,939
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The following table summarizes our production data, average sales prices and average costs for the periods indicated:
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021
(In thousands)
Production data:
Oil (MBbls) 7,097 6,068
Natural gas (MMcf) 15,868 13,672
Natural gas liquids (MBbls) 2,540 1,913
Combined volumes (MBOE)(1)
12,282 10,260
Average daily oil volumes (BO/d) 19,444 16,625
Average daily combined volumes (BOE/d) 33,649 28,110
Average sales prices:
Oil ($/Bbl) $ 94.02 $ 65.51
Natural gas ($/Mcf) $ 5.24 $ 3.60
Natural gas liquids ($/Bbl) $ 34.47 $ 28.66
Combined ($/BOE)(2)
$ 68.23 $ 48.88
Oil, hedged ($/Bbl)(3)
$ 92.85 $ 50.25
Natural gas, hedged ($/Mcf)(3)
$ 4.20 $ 3.60
Natural gas liquids ($/Bbl)(3)
$ 34.47 $ 28.66
Combined price, hedged ($/BOE)(3)
$ 66.21 $ 39.86
Average costs ($/BOE):
Production and ad valorem taxes $ 4.59 $ 3.17
General and administrative - cash component(4)
0.59 0.65
Total operating expense - cash $ 5.18 $ 3.82
General and administrative - non-cash unit compensation expense $ 0.11 $ 0.11
Interest expense, net $ 3.29 $ 3.32
Depletion $ 9.86 $ 10.04
(1)Bbl equivalents are calculated using a conversion rate of six Mcf per one Bbl.
(2)Realized price net of all deducts for gathering, transportation and processing.
(3)Hedged prices reflect the impact of cash settlements on our matured commodity derivative transactions on our average sales prices.
(4)Excludes non-cash unit compensation for the respective periods presented.
Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021
Royalty Income
Our royalty income is a function of oil, natural gas liquids and natural gas production volumes sold and average prices received for those volumes.
Royalty income increased $336.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to 2021. As discussed in “-Recent Developments,” strong oil prices in 2022 and to a lesser extent, the continuing recovery in natural gas and natural gas liquids prices, contributed to approximately $243.1 million of the total increase.
The remaining $93.3 million of the total increase in royalty income is attributable to the 20% increase in production volumes during the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. This production growth stems from new well additions between periods primarily due to the Swallowtail Acquisition.
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Lease Bonus Income
Lease bonus income increased $25.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021 due primarily to lease ratifications with Diamondback during the fourth quarter of 2022 as well as Diamondback leasing certain acreage acquired in the Swallowtail Acquisition during the first quarter of 2022.
Production and Ad Valorem Taxes
The following table presents production and ad valorem taxes for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021
Amount
(In thousands) Per BOE Percentage of Royalty Income Amount
(In thousands) Per BOE Percentage of Royalty Income
Production taxes $ 42,857 $ 3.49 5.1 % $ 25,966 $ 2.53 5.2 %
Ad valorem taxes 13,515 1.10 1.6 6,592 0.64 1.3
Total production and ad valorem taxes $ 56,372 $ 4.59 6.7 % $ 32,558 $ 3.17 6.5 %
In general, production taxes are directly related to production revenues and are based upon current year commodity prices. Production taxes as a percentage of royalty income for 2022 remained consistent with 2021. Ad valorem taxes are based, among other factors, on property values driven by prior year commodity prices. The increase in ad valorem taxes is primarily due to accruing a full year of taxes in 2022 for the properties acquired in the Swallowtail Acquisition, as well as higher valuations assigned to our other oil and natural gas interests period over period driven by higher average commodity prices. Production taxes remained consistent as a percentage of royalty income for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. We expect production and ad valorem taxes for 2023 to be approximately 7% to 8% of revenue.
Depletion
The $18.1 million increase in depletion expense for 2022 compared to 2021 was due primarily to an increase in production, partially offset by a decrease in the depletion rate to $9.86 from $10.04, respectively. The rate decrease largely resulted from higher SEC oil prices utilized in the reserve calculations in the 2022 period, lengthening the economic life of the reserve base and resulting in higher projected remaining reserve volumes on our wells.
Net Interest Expense
Net interest expense for 2022 and 2021 totaled $40.4 million and $34.0 million, respectively. The increase of $6.4 million was due primarily to an increase of $8.2 million in interest expense under the Operating Company’s revolving credit facility during 2022 compared to 2021, which resulted from an increase in both the weighted average borrowings outstanding and the weighted average interest rate on those borrowings. This increase was partially offset by interest cost savings on the portion of the Notes that were repurchased during 2022.
Derivative Instruments
The following table shows the net gain (loss) on derivative instruments and the net cash receipts (payments) on derivatives for the periods presented:
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021
(In thousands)
Gain (loss) on derivative instruments $ (18,138) $ (69,409)
Net cash receipts (payments) on derivatives(1)
$ (31,319) $ (92,585)
(1)The year ended December 31, 2022 includes cash paid on commodity contracts terminated prior to their contractual maturity of $6.6 million.
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We recorded losses on our derivative instruments for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 primarily due to market prices being higher than the strike prices on our derivative contracts. We are required to recognize all derivative instruments on our balance sheet as either assets or liabilities measured at fair value. We have not designated our derivative instruments as hedges for accounting purposes. As a result, we mark our derivative instruments to fair value and recognize the cash and non-cash changes in fair value on derivative instruments in our consolidated statements of operations under the line item captioned “Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net.” See Note 10-Derivatives of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for additional discussion of our open contracts at December 31, 2022.
Provision for (Benefit from) Income Taxes
We recorded an income tax benefit of $32.7 million and expense of $1.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The change in our income tax provision was primarily due to the impact of a reduction to the valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets during the third quarter of 2022, partially offset by an increase in current income taxes resulting from higher pre-tax income. The total income tax provision for the year ended December 31, 2022 differed from amounts computed by applying the federal statutory tax rate to pre-tax income for the period primarily due to net income attributable to the non-controlling interest and the impact of maintaining a partial valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets. See Note 9-Income Taxes of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for further details.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview of Sources and Uses of Cash
As we pursue our business and financial strategy, we regularly consider which capital resources, including cash flow and equity and debt financings, are available to meet our future financial obligations and liquidity requirements. Our future ability to grow proved reserves will be highly dependent on the capital resources available to us. Our primary sources of liquidity have been cash flows from operations, proceeds from sales of non-core assets and investments, equity and debt offerings and borrowings under the Operating Company’s credit agreement. Our primary uses of cash have been distributions to our unitholders, repayments of debt, capital expenditures for the acquisition of our mineral interests and royalty interests in oil and natural gas properties and repurchases of our common units. At December 31, 2022, we had approximately $366.2 million of liquidity consisting of $18.2 million in cash and cash equivalents and $348.0 million available under the Operating Company’s credit agreement.
Our working capital requirements are supported by our cash and cash equivalents and the Operating Company’s credit agreement. We may draw on the Operating Company’s credit agreement to meet short-term cash requirements, or issue debt or equity securities as part of our longer-term liquidity and capital management program. Because of the alternatives available to us as discussed above, we believe that our short-term and long-term liquidity are adequate to fund not only our current operations, but also our near-term and long-term funding requirements including our acquisitions of mineral and royalty interests, distributions, debt service obligations and repayment of debt maturities, common unit and senior note repurchases and any amounts that may ultimately be paid in connection with contingencies.
In order to mitigate volatility in oil and natural gas prices, we have entered into commodity derivative contracts as discussed further in Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk-Commodity Price Risk.
Continued prolonged volatility in the capital, financial and/or credit markets due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the war in the Ukraine, the depressed commodity markets and, or adverse macroeconomic conditions, including persistent inflation, rising interest rates, global supply chain disruptions and increasing concerns over a potential economic downturn or recession, may limit our access to, or increase our cost of, capital or make capital unavailable on terms acceptable to us or at all. Although we expect that our sources of funding will be adequate to fund our short-term and long-term liquidity requirements, we cannot assure you that the needed capital will be available on acceptable terms or at all.
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Cash Flows
The following table presents our cash flows for the period indicated:
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021
(In thousands)
Cash Flow Data:
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities $ 699,796 $ 307,114
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities 47,571 (281,176)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities (768,636) (5,611)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents $ (21,269) $ 20,327
Operating Activities
Our operating cash flow is sensitive to many variables, the most significant of which are the volatility of prices for oil and natural gas and the volume of oil and natural gas sold by our producers. The increase in net cash provided by operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021 was primarily driven by higher royalty and lease bonus income in 2022 as well as a reduction in cash paid for derivative settlements. These cash inflows from operating activities were partially offset by higher production and ad valorem taxes and cash payments for income taxes as well as changes in our working capital accounts, most notably through an increase in our royalty income accounts receivable due primarily to growth in production volumes and higher average prices received for our production in 2022 compared to 2021. See -Results of Operations” above for further discussion of significant changes in our income and expenses.
Investing Activities
Net cash provided by investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily related to proceeds from the divestitures of oil and natural gas interests including our Eagle Ford properties, partially offset by expenditures for acquisitions of oil and natural gas interests.
Net cash used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily related to acquisitions of oil and natural gas interests.
Financing Activities
Consistent with our strategy to return cash flow to unitholders, net cash used in financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2022, was primarily related to distributions of $416.9 million to our unitholders and $150.6 million of repurchases of our common units. Additionally, we reduced our debt profile by repaying a net $152.0 million of outstanding borrowings under the Operating Company’s revolving credit facility, and repurchasing $49.0 million of our Notes.
Net cash used in financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2021, was primarily related to net borrowings of $220.0 million under the Operating Company’s revolving credit facility to fund the Swallowtail Acquisition, distributions of $176.6 million to our unitholders and $46.0 million of repurchases of our common units during the fourth quarter of 2021.
Capital Resources
The Operating Company’s Revolving Credit Facility
At December 31, 2022, the Operating Company’s credit agreement, which matures on June 2, 2025, had an elected commitment amount of $500.0 million, with $152.0 million in outstanding borrowings and $348.0 million of availability.
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2022 Debt Transactions
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Operating Company used a combination of cash on hand and borrowings under the Operating Company’s credit agreement to repurchase a portion of the Notes in the aggregate principal amount of $49.6 million for total cash consideration of $49.0 million. As of December 31, 2022, the Operating Company was in compliance, and expects to be in compliance, with all financial maintenance covenants under its credit agreement.
See Note 6-Debt of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for additional discussion of our outstanding debt at December 31, 2022.
Capital Requirements
Senior Notes
Our outstanding Notes obligations total $430.4 million as of December 31, 2022. There are no principal amounts due until 2027. At December 31, 2022, we have a remaining aggregate interest expense obligation of $115.7 million on the Notes with $23.1 million being due each year from 2023 to 2027. The Notes are not subject to any mandatory redemption or sinking fund requirements. See Note 6-Debt of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for further information on the Notes.
Repurchases of Securities
On July 26, 2022, the board of directors of our General Partner approved an increase of the authorization under its common unit repurchase program from $250.0 million to $750.0 million. As of December 31, 2022, $529.4 million remains available for use to repurchase units under the repurchase program. See Note 7-Unitholders' Equity and Distributions of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for further discussion of the unit repurchase program.
Cash Distributions
We paid total distributions of $416.9 million and $176.6 million on our common units, participating securities under the LTIP, and the Operating Company’s Class B units during 2022 and 2021, respectively.
The distribution for the fourth quarter of 2022 is $0.49 per common unit payable on March 10, 2023 to common unitholders of record at the close of business on March 3, 2023. The distribution consists of a base quarterly distribution of $0.25 per common unit and a variable quarterly distribution of $0.24 per common unit. Based on the common units, Class B units and Operating Company units held by Diamondback on February 21, 2023, the distribution payable to Diamondback for the fourth quarter of 2022 on March 10, 2023 will be approximately $49.3 million. See Note 7-Unitholders' Equity and Distributions of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for further discussion of our distributions. We expect to continue paying quarterly cash distributions in respect of our common units. Future base and variable distributions are not required and are at the discretion of the board of directors of our General Partner, who may change the distribution policies at any time.
Critical Accounting Estimates
The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP.
Certain amounts included in or affecting our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures must be estimated by our management, requiring certain assumptions to be made with respect to values or conditions that cannot be known with certainty at the time the consolidated financial statements are prepared. These estimates and assumptions affect the amounts we report for assets and liabilities and our disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements. Accounting estimates are considered to be critical if (i) the nature of the estimates and assumptions is material due to the levels of subjectivity and judgment necessary to account for highly uncertain matters or the susceptibility of such matters to change, and (ii) the impact of the estimates and assumptions on financial condition or operating performance is material. We evaluate these estimates on an ongoing basis, using historical experience, consultation with experts and other methods we consider reasonable in the particular circumstances. Any effects on our business, financial position or results of operations resulting from revisions to these estimates are recorded in the period in which the facts that give rise to the revision become known.
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We consider the following to be our most critical accounting estimates and have reviewed these critical accounting estimates with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors.
Royalty Income and Revenue Recognition
We record revenue in the month production is delivered to the purchaser. However, settlement statements for certain oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids sales from third party operators other than Diamondback may not be received for 30 to 90 days after the date production is delivered. To the extent actual volumes and prices of oil and natural gas sales are unavailable for a given reporting period because of timing or information not received from third parties, the royalties related to expected sales volumes and prices for those properties are estimated and recorded based upon the Partnership’s interest. Where available, historical actual data is used to calculate volume estimates for wells operated by third parties. If historical actual data is not available for these wells, engineering estimates are used to calculate expected volumes. As such, estimated volumes utilized in period end royalty income accruals are subject to revision as additional actual data becomes available and such revisions may have a material impact on our results of operations and our royalty income receivables. Pricing estimates are based upon actual prices realized in an area by adjusting the market price for the average basis differential from market on a basin-by-basin basis. We record the differences between our estimates and the actual amounts received for royalties from third parties in the month that payment is received from the producer. We have existing internal controls for our royalty income estimation process and related accruals, but actual third party royalty income in future periods could differ materially from estimated amounts. At December 31, 2022, our accrual for third party royalty was approximately $65.1 million. Actual revenues received from third parties were higher by approximately $10.0 million, or 20%, compared to the accrual at December 31, 2021.
Oil and Natural Gas Accounting and Reserves
We account for oil and natural gas producing activities using the full cost method of accounting, which is dependent on the estimation of proved reserves to determine the rate at which we record depletion on our oil and natural gas properties and whether the value of our evaluated oil and natural gas properties is permanently impaired based on the quarterly full cost ceiling impairment test. Further, we utilize estimated proved reserves to assign fair value to acquired mineral and royalty interests. As such, we consider the estimation of proved reserves to be a critical accounting estimate.
Oil and natural gas reserve engineering is a subjective process of estimating underground accumulations of oil and natural gas that cannot be precisely measured and the accuracy of any reserve estimate is a function of the quality of available data and of engineering and geological interpretation and judgment. Proved oil and natural gas reserve estimates and their associated future net cash flows were prepared by our internal reservoir engineers and audited by Ryder Scott, independent petroleum engineers, as of December 31, 2022 and prepared by Ryder Scott as of December 31, 2021 and 2020. The process of estimating oil and natural gas reserves is complex, requiring significant decisions in the evaluation of available geological, geophysical, engineering and economic data. Significant inputs included in the calculation of future net cash flows include anticipated production of proved reserves and other relevant data. The data for a given property may also change substantially over time as a result of numerous factors, including additional development activity, evolving production history and a continual reassessment of the viability of production under changing economic conditions. As a result, material revisions to existing reserve estimates occur from time to time, and reserve estimates are often different from the quantities of oil and natural gas that are ultimately recovered. Although every reasonable effort is made to ensure that reserve estimates reported represent the most accurate assessments possible, the subjective decisions and variances in available data for various properties increase the likelihood of significant changes in these estimates. If such changes are material, they could significantly affect future depletion of capitalized costs and result in impairment of assets that may be material. Revisions of previous quantity estimates accounted for approximately 23% of the change in the total standardized measure of our reserves from December 31, 2021 to December 31, 2022, and were primarily related to negative revisions due to PUD downgrades during 2022.
Our unevaluated property costs are tracked by lease and prospect. We assess all items classified as unevaluated property (on an individual basis or as a group if properties are individually insignificant) at least annually for possible impairment. This assessment is subjective and includes consideration of the calculated value for each lease based on the total costs incurred for the lease divided by the number of acres available to develop compared to current market prices for acreage in the related basins. We also monitor information available from third party operators of our acreage for future drilling plans as part of our impairment assessment. At December 31, 2022, our unevaluated properties totaled $1.3 billion. No impairments were recorded on our proved oil and natural gas properties during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021; however, impairment expense of $69.2 million was recorded for the year ended December 31, 2020 as discussed further in Note 5-Oil and Natural Gas Interests of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Due to an increase in the historical 12-month average trailing SEC prices for oil and natural gas throughout 2022, we are not currently
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projecting a full cost ceiling impairment in the first quarter of 2023. Any future impairment could be material to our consolidated financial statements.
Derivative Instruments
In order to reduce uncertainty around commodity prices received for our oil and natural gas operators’ production, we enter into commodity price derivative contracts from time to time. We exercise significant judgment in determining the types of instruments to be used, the level of production volumes to include in our commodity derivative contracts, the prices at which we enter into commodity derivative contracts and the counterparties’ creditworthiness.
We have not designated our derivative instruments as hedges for accounting purposes and, as a result, mark our derivative instruments to fair value and recognize the cash and non-cash change in fair value on derivative instruments for each period in the consolidated statements of operations. We are also required to recognize our derivative instruments on the consolidated balance sheets as assets or liabilities at fair value with such amounts classified as current or long-term based on their anticipated settlement dates. The accounting for the changes in fair value of a derivative depends on the intended use of the derivative and resulting designation, and is generally determined using established index prices and other sources which are based upon, among other things, futures prices and time to maturity. These fair values are recorded by netting asset and liability positions, including any deferred premiums, that are with the same counterparty and are subject to contractual terms which provide for net settlement. Changes in the fair values of our commodity derivative instruments have a significant impact on our net income because we follow mark-to-market accounting and recognize all gains and losses on such instruments in earnings in the period in which they occur.
See Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk-Commodity Price Risk for additional sensitivity analysis of our open derivative positions at December 31, 2022.
Income Taxes
We have elected to be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The amount of income taxes we record requires interpretations of complex rules and regulations of federal, state, and provincial tax jurisdictions. We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes, under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences of (i) temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of existing assets and liabilities and (ii) operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are based on enacted tax rates applicable to the future period when those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period the rate change is enacted. A valuation allowance is provided for deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not the deferred tax assets will not be realized after considering all positive and negative evidence available concerning the realizability of our deferred tax assets. Positive evidence may include forecasts of future taxable income, assessment of future business assumptions and any applicable tax planning strategies available to the Partnership. Negative evidence may include losses in recent years, if any, or the projection of losses in future periods. Estimating future taxable income requires numerous judgments and assumptions, including projections of future operating conditions which may be impacted by volatile future prices for our oil, natural gas and natural gas production, the expected timing and quantity of future production volumes, and the impact of our commodity derivative instruments on our income. These assumptions are discussed further in the critical accounting estimates titled “- Royalty Interest and Revenue Recognition” and “- Oil and Natural Gas Accounting and Reserves”. Due to the impact these various assumptions and estimates can have on our estimates of taxable income, an estimate of the sensitivity to changes is not practicable.
In 2022, management’s assessment of all available evidence, both positive and negative, supporting realizability of the Partnership’s deferred tax assets as required by applicable accounting standards, resulted in recognition of a deferred income tax benefit of $49.7 million for the portion of the Partnership’s deferred tax assets considered more likely than not to be realized. The positive evidence assessed included recent cumulative income due in part to higher commodity prices and an expectation of future taxable income based upon recent actual and forecasted production volumes and prices. The Partnership retained a partial valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets due primarily to potential future volatility in commodity prices and an inherent lack of visibility to certain underlying operator activity for more than relatively short periods of time, which could impact the likelihood of future realizability. As of December 31, 2022, the Partnership had a deferred tax asset of $148.1 million offset by an allowance of $98.4 million.
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The accruals for deferred tax assets and liabilities are often based on assumptions that are subject to a significant amount of judgment by management. These assumptions and judgments are reviewed and adjusted as facts and circumstances change. Material changes to our income tax accruals may occur in the future based on the progress of ongoing audits, changes in legislation or resolution of pending matters.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 2-Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to in the notes of our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for a full listing of our significant accounting policies.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We currently have no off-balance sheet arrangements.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
We are exposed to market risk, including the effects of adverse changes in commodity prices and interest rates as described below. The primary objective of the following information is to provide quantitative and qualitative information about our potential exposure to market risks. The term “market risk” refers to the risk of loss arising from adverse changes in oil and natural gas prices and interest rates. The disclosures are not meant to be precise indicators of expected future losses, but rather indicators of reasonably possible losses.
Commodity Price Risk
Our major market risk exposure is in the pricing applicable to the oil and natural gas production of our operators. Realized prices are driven primarily by the prevailing worldwide price for crude oil and prices for natural gas in the United States. Both crude oil and natural gas realized prices are also impacted by the quality of the product, supply and demand balances in local physical markets and the availability of transportation to demand centers. Pricing for oil and natural gas production has been historically volatile and unpredictable and the prices that our operators receive for production depend on many factors outside of our or their control, such as the war in the Ukraine, rising interest rates, global supply chain disruptions, a potential economic downturn or recession, the COVID-19 pandemic and actions taken by OPEC members and other exporting nations. We cannot predict events that may lead to future price volatility and the near term energy outlook remains subject to heightened levels of uncertainty.
We historically have used fixed price swap contracts, fixed price basis swap contracts and costless collars with corresponding put and call options to reduce price volatility associated with certain of our royalty income as discussed in Note 10-Derivatives of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
At December 31, 2022, we had a net asset derivative position related to our commodity price derivatives of $9.8 million, related to our contracts. Utilizing actual derivative contractual volumes under our contracts as of December 31, 2022, a 10% increase in forward curves associated with the underlying commodity would have increased the net asset position by $2.8 million to $12.6 million, while a 10% decrease in forward curves associated with the underlying commodity would have decreased the net asset derivative position by $2.5 million to $7.2 million. However, any cash derivative gain or loss would be substantially offset by a decrease or increase, respectively, in the actual sales value of production covered by the derivative instrument.
Credit Risk
We are subject to risk resulting from the concentration of royalty income in producing oil and natural gas properties and receivables with a limited number of several significant purchasers. For the year ended December 31, 2022, two purchasers accounted for more than 10% of our income. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, three and four purchasers each accounted for more than 10% of our income, respectively. See Note 2-Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for further details. We do not require collateral and the failure or inability of our significant purchasers to meet their obligations to us due to their liquidity issues, bankruptcy, insolvency or liquidation may adversely affect our financial results. Volatility in commodity pricing environment and macroeconomic conditions may enhance our purchaser credit risk.
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Interest Rate Risk
We are subject to market risk exposure related to changes in interest rates on our indebtedness under the Operating Company’s credit agreement. The terms of the credit agreement currently provide for interest on borrowings at a floating rate equal to (i) term SOFR plus 0.10% (“Adjusted Term SOFR”) or (ii) an alternate base rate (which is equal to the greatest of the prime rate, the Federal Funds effective rate plus 0.50%, and 1-month Adjusted Term SOFR plus 1.00%), in each case plus the applicable margin. The applicable margin ranges from 1.00% to 2.00% per annum in the case of the alternative base rate and from 2.00% to 3.00% per annum in the case of Adjusted Term SOFR, in each case depending on the amount of the loans outstanding in relation to the commitment, which is calculated using the least of the maximum credit amount, the aggregate elected commitment amount and the borrowing base. We are obligated to pay a quarterly commitment fee ranging from 0.375% to 0.500% per year on the unused portion of the commitment. As of December 31, 2022, we had $152.0 million in outstanding borrowings. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the weighted average interest rate was 4.22%.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
The information required by this item appears beginning on page of this report.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Control and Procedures. Under the direction of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of our General Partner, we have established disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. The disclosure controls and procedures are also intended to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of our General Partner, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.
As of December 31, 2022, an evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of our General Partner, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15(b) under the Exchange Act. Based upon the evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of our General Partner have concluded that as of December 31, 2022, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. There have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, internal controls over financial reporting.
MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
The management of our General Partner is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting of the Partnership. The Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of our General Partner to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the Partnership’s financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
Management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in the 2013 Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on its evaluation under the framework in the 2013 Internal Control-Integrated Framework, management did not identify any material weaknesses in the Partnership’s internal control over financial
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reporting and determined that the Partnership maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Grant Thornton LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the consolidated financial statements of the Partnership included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has issued their report on the effectiveness of the Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting at December 31, 2022. The report, which expresses an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting at December 31, 2022, is included in this Item under the heading “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.”
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
General Partner and Unitholders
Viper Energy Partners LP
Opinion on internal control over financial reporting
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Viper Energy Partners LP (a Delaware limited partnership) and subsidiary (the “Partnership”) as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). In our opinion, the Partnership maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by COSO.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated financial statements of the Partnership as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022, and our report dated February 23, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.
Basis for opinion
The Partnership’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Partnership in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and limitations of internal control over financial reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
February 23, 2023
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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
None.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Management of Viper Energy Partners LP
We are managed and operated by the board of directors and the executive officers of our General Partner, the latter of whom are employed by Diamondback.
Diamondback owns all of the membership interests in our General Partner. As a result of owning our General Partner, Diamondback has the right to appoint all members of the board of directors of our General Partner, including the independent directors. Our common unitholders are not entitled to elect our General Partner or its directors or otherwise directly participate in our management or operation. Our General Partner owes certain duties to our common unitholders as well as a fiduciary duty to its owner.
The executive officers of our General Partner manage the day-to-day affairs of our business. All of the executive officers of our General Partner also serve as executive officers of Diamondback. The executive officers listed below allocate their time between managing our business and the business of Diamondback.
Executive Officers and Directors of Our General Partner
The following table shows information for the executive officers and directors of our General Partner as of February 1, 2023. Directors hold office until their successors have been elected or qualified or until the earlier of their death, resignation, removal or disqualification. Executive officers serve at the discretion of the board of directors of our General Partner. There are no family relationships among any of our General Partner’s directors or executive officers.
Name Age Position With Our General Partner
Travis D. Stice 61 Chief Executive Officer and Director
Kaes Van't Hof 36 President
Teresa L. Dick 53 Chief Financial Officer, Executive Vice President and Assistant Secretary
Matt Zmigrosky 44 Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary
Steven E. West 62 Chairman of the Board and Director
W. Wesley Perry 66 Director
Spencer D. Armour 68 Director
James L. Rubin 38 Director
Frank C. Hu 61 Director
Travis D. Stice. Mr. Stice has served as Chief Executive Officer and a director of our General Partner since February 2014. He has served as Diamondback’s Chairman of the Board since February 2022, Chief Executive Officer since January 2012 and as a director since November 2012. Mr. Stice has also served as the Chief Executive Officer and a director of the General Partner of Rattler Midstream LP, referred to herein as Rattler, since July 2018. From May 2019 through August 2022, Rattler was a publicly traded subsidiary of Diamondback until it was acquired by Diamondback through a merger. Prior to these positions with our General Partner, Diamondback and General Partner of Rattler, Mr. Stice served as Diamondback’s President and Chief Operating Officer from April 2011 to January 2012. From November 2010 to April 2011, Mr. Stice served as a Production Manager of Apache Corporation, an oil and gas exploration company. Mr. Stice served as a Vice President of Laredo Petroleum Holdings, Inc., an oil and gas exploration and production company, from September 2008 to September 2010 and as a Development Manager of ConocoPhillips/Burlington Resources Mid-Continent Business Unit, an oil and gas exploration company, from April 2006 until August 2008. Prior to that, Mr. Stice held a series of positions of increasing responsibilities at Burlington Resources until that company was acquired by ConocoPhillips in March 2006. Mr. Stice started his career with Mobil Oil in 1985. Mr. Stice has over 38 years of experience in production operations, reservoir engineering, production engineering and unconventional oil and gas exploration and over 29 years of management experience. Mr. Stice graduated from Texas A&M University with a Bachelor of Science degree in Petroleum Engineering. He is a registered engineer in the State of Texas and is a 38-year member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers. He also serves on industry boards for the American Petroleum Institute, American Exploration and Production Council, the Domestic Energy Producers Alliance, the Permian Strategic Partnership, the Texas A&M Petroleum Engineering Advisory Board, and the Texas A&M Engineering Advisory Council. Additionally, Mr. Stice is on the board of the Dynamic Catholic Institute and the local community board for the Midland Chamber of Commerce.
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We believe Mr. Stice’s expertise and extensive industry and executive management experience, including at Diamondback, make him a valuable asset to the board of directors of our General Partner.
Kaes Van’t Hof. Mr. Van't Hof has served as President of our General Partner since March 2017. He has served as Diamondback’s President and Chief Financial Officer since February 2022. Prior to his current position with Diamondback, he served as Diamondback’s Chief Financial Officer and Executive Vice President of Business Development from March 2019 to February 2022, as Senior Vice President-Strategy and Corporate Development from January 2017 to February 2019 and as Vice President of Strategy and Corporate Development since joining Diamondback in July 2016. Mr. Van’t Hof has also served as President and director of the General Partner of Rattler since July 2018. Prior to his positions with our General Partner, Diamondback and General Partner of Rattler, Mr. Van't Hof served as Chief Executive Officer for Bison Drilling and Field Services from September 2012 to June 2016. From August 2011 to August 2012, Mr. Van't Hof was an analyst for Wexford Capital LP responsible for developing operating models and business plans, including in connection with our initial public offering, and before that worked for the Investment Banking-Financial Institutions Group of Citigroup Global Markets, Inc. from February 2010 to August 2011. Mr. Van't Hof was a professional tennis player from May 2008 to January 2010. Mr. Van't Hof received a Bachelor of Science in Accounting and Business Administration from the University of Southern California.
Teresa L. Dick. Ms. Dick has served as Chief Financial Officer, Executive Vice President and Assistant Secretary of our General Partner since February 2017 and served as Chief Financial Officer, Senior Vice President and Assistant Secretary from February 2014 to February 2017. She has also served as Diamondback’s Executive Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer since March 2019. Ms. Dick served as Diamondback’s Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer from February 2017 to February 2019, as its Assistant Secretary since October 2012, as its Chief Financial Officer and Senior Vice President from November 2009 to February 2017 and as its Corporate Controller from November 2007 until November 2009. Ms. Dick has served as Chief Financial Officer, Executive Vice President and Assistant Secretary of the general partner of Rattler since July 2018. From June 2006 to November 2007, Ms. Dick held a key management position as the Controller/Tax Director at Hiland Partners, a publicly traded midstream energy master limited partnership. Ms. Dick has over 25 years of accounting experience, including public company experience in both audit and tax areas. Since March 2021, Ms. Dick has served as a director of The Bank7 Corp. (Nasdaq: BSVN) and is a member of the Audit and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committees. Ms. Dick received her Bachelor of Business Administration degree in Accounting from the University of Northern Colorado. She is a certified public accountant and a member of the American Institute of CPAs and the Council of Petroleum Accountants Societies.
Matt Zmigrosky. Mr. Zmigrosky has served as Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary of our General Partner since February 2019. Since February 2023, Mr. Zmigrosky has also served as Executive Vice President, Chief Legal and Administrative Officer and Secretary of Diamondback. From February 2019 to February 2023, he served as Diamondback’s Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary. Before joining us and Diamondback, Mr. Zmigrosky was in the private practice of law, most recently as a partner in the corporate section of Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP from October 2012 to February 2019, where he worked extensively with Diamondback and its subsidiaries. Mr. Zmigrosky received a Bachelor of Science in Management degree in finance from Tulane University and a Juris Doctorate degree from Southern Methodist University Dedman School of Law.
Steven E. West. Mr. West has served as Chairman of the Board and as a director of our General Partner since February 2014. Mr. West served as a director and Chairman of the Board of the General Partner of Rattler from May 2019 to August 2022. Mr. West has also served as a director of Diamondback since December 2011 and as its Chairman of the Board from October 2012 to February 2022. He served as Diamondback's Chief Executive Officer from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2011. From January 2011 until December 2016, Mr. West was a partner at Wexford Capital LP, focusing on Wexford’s private equity energy investments. From August 2006 until December 2010, Mr. West served as senior portfolio advisor at Wexford. From August 2003 until August 2006, he was the chief financial officer of Sunterra Corporation, a former Wexford portfolio company. From December 1993 until July 2003, Mr. West held senior financial positions at Coast Asset Management and IndyMac Bank. Prior to that, he worked at First Nationwide Bank, Lehman Brothers and Peat Marwick Mitchell & Co., the predecessor of KPMG LLP. Mr. West earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Accounting from California State University, Chico.
We believe that Mr. West’s background in finance, accounting and private equity energy investments, as well as his executive management skills developed as part of his career with Wexford, its portfolio companies and other financial institutions qualify him to serve on the board of directors of our General Partner. In particular, we believe Mr. West’s strengths in the following core competencies provide value to our board of directors: Corporate Governance; Finance/Capital Markets; Financial Reporting/Accounting Experience; Industry Background; Executive Experience; Executive Compensation; and Risk Management.
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W. Wesley Perry. Mr. Perry has been a member of the board of directors of our General Partner since June 2014. Mr. Perry has served as a director of Genie Energy Ltd., an independent retail energy provider, since October 2011, currently serves as the chair of its audit committee and a member of its compensation, nominating, corporate governance and technology committees and has served as the chairman of the board of directors of Genie Energy International Corporation since September 2009. Mr. Perry also serves as manager of PBEX, LLC, an oil and gas exploration and development company, a position he has held since July 2012. Mr. Perry has served as manager of S.E.S. Investments, Ltd., an oil and gas investment company, since 1985. He served as Chief Executive Officer of E.G.L. Resources, Inc., an oil and gas production company, from July 2008 until December 2019 and served as its President from 2003 to July 2008. Mr. Perry was a director of UTG, Inc., an insurance holding company, from 2001 to 2013 and served on its Audit Committee. Mr. Perry served on the Midland City Council from 2002 to 2008 and as Mayor of Midland from 2008 through 2014. He is the Chairman of the Milagros Foundation and a trustee of the Abell-Hangar Foundation. He has a Bachelor of Science degree in Engineering from the University of Oklahoma.
We believe that Mr. Perry’s extensive experience in the oil and gas industry and his strong financial background qualify him to serve on the board of directors of our General Partner.
Spencer D. Armour. Mr. Armour has been a member of the board of directors of our General Partner since July 2017. Mr. Armour has over 30 years of executive and entrepreneurial experience in the energy services industry. Mr. Armour has served as a partner of Geneses Investments since February 2019. He served as President of PT Petroleum LLC in Midland, Texas from March 2013 until January 2019. He was the Vice President of Corporate Development for Basic Energy Services, Inc. from 2007 to 2008, which acquired Sledge Drilling Corp., a company Mr. Armour co-founded and served as Chief Executive Officer for from 2005 to 2006. From 1998 through 2005, he served as Executive Vice President of Patterson-UTI Energy, Inc., which acquired Lone Star Mud, Inc., a company Mr. Armour founded and served as President of from 1986 to 1997. Mr. Armour has served as a director of ProPetro Holding Corp. since February 2013 and as a director of CES Energy since December 2018. Mr. Armour also served on the Patterson-UTI Board of Directors from 1999 through 2001. Mr. Armour received a Bachelor of Science in Economics from the University of Houston and was appointed to the University of Houston System Board of Regents in 2011 by former Texas Governor Rick Perry.
We believe that Mr. Armour’s extensive experience in the oil and gas industry qualify him to serve on the board of directors of our General Partner.
James L. Rubin. Mr. Rubin has been a member of the board of directors of our General Partner since June 2014. Mr. Rubin is currently the Head of Commodity Equities at BTG Pactual Asset Management US. From 2012 to 2022, Mr. Rubin served as partner, Portfolio Manager and Co-Head of Equities and as a member of Wexford Capital’s hedge fund investment committee. From 2006 to 2012, he served as an analyst and later as Vice President, focusing on Wexford’s public and private energy investments. Mr. Rubin graduated cum laude from Yale University with a Bachelor of Arts degree with honors in political science and economics.
We believe that Mr. Rubin’s strong financial background qualifies him to serve on the board of directors of our General Partner.
Frank C. Hu. Mr. Hu has been a director of our general partner since April 2022. Mr. Hu most recently served as an investment analyst and Vice President of Capital World Investors, an investment group in the Capital Group Companies, Inc., from 2003 to 2017. He previously served as a manager of project finance in the corporate treasury department at Unocal Corporation from 2002 to 2003, and as a global energy practice consultant at McKinsey & Company from 2000 to 2002. Prior to joining McKinsey, Mr. Hu served in various roles at Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO) from 1989 to 2000, including as Vice President of Downstream Operations and Business Development from 1998 to 2000. Mr. Hu has served as a member of the board of directors of EQT Corporation (NYSE: EQT) since October 2021, where he also serves on the audit committee, special hedging transaction committee and public policy and corporate responsibility committee. Mr. Hu also currently serves as an advisory board member for the Geology & Planetary Science Division at the California Institute of Technology.
We believe that Mr. Hu’s strong executive management experience, robust experience in the finance and oil and gas industries and diverse background qualifies him to serve on the board of directors of our General Partner.
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Director Independence and Diversity
The board of directors of our General Partner has six directors, five of whom are independent as defined under the independence standards established by Nasdaq and the Exchange Act. Steven E. West, W. Wesley Perry, James L. Rubin, Spencer D. Armour and Frank C. Hu serve as the independent members of the board of directors of our General Partner. Although a majority of the board of directors of our General Partner is independent, Nasdaq does not require a listed publicly traded partnership, such as ours, to have a majority of independent directors on the board of directors of our General Partner, disclose details regarding board diversity or establish a compensation committee or a nominating and corporate governance committee. However, our General Partner is required to have an audit committee of at least three members, and all its members are required to meet the independence and experience standards established by Nasdaq and the Exchange Act.
The board of directors of our General Partner has established an independent audit committee and a conflicts committee, discussed in more detail below, and has diverse representatives on its board, including a female director.
Board Leadership Structure and Role in Risk Oversight
Leadership of our General Partner’s board of directors is vested in the chairman of the board. Steven E. West serves as the chairman of the board of directors of our General Partner and as a director of Diamondback. Mr. West was also the chairman of the board of Diamondback from October 2012 to February 2022, when he was succeeded in that role by Mr. Stice. Our General Partner’s board of directors has determined that Mr. West’s roles of chairman of the board of directors of our General Partner and a director of Diamondback allows the board of directors to take advantage of the leadership skills of Mr. West and that Mr. West’s in-depth knowledge of, and experience in, our business, history, structure and organization facilitates timely communications between the board of directors of Diamondback and the board of directors of our General Partner.
As a partnership engaged in the oil and natural gas industry, we face a number of risks, including risks associated with supply of and demand for oil and natural gas, volatility of oil and natural gas prices, exploring for, developing, producing and delivering oil and natural gas, declining production, environmental and other government regulations and taxes, extreme weather conditions that can affect oil and natural gas operations over a wide area, adequacy of our insurance coverage, political instability or armed conflict in oil and natural gas producing regions and the overall economic environment. Management is responsible for the day-to-day management of risks we face as a partnership, while the board of directors of our General Partner, as a whole and through its committees, has responsibility for the oversight of risk management. In its risk oversight role, the board of directors of our General Partner has the responsibility to satisfy itself that the risk management processes designed and implemented by management are adequate and functioning as designed.
The board of directors of our General Partner believes that full and open communication between management and the board is essential for effective risk management and oversight. The chairman of the board of directors of our General Partner meets regularly with the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer to discuss strategy and risks facing the partnership. Executive officers may attend the board meetings of our General Partner and are available to address any questions or concerns raised by the board on risk management-related and any other matters. Other members of our management team periodically attend the board meetings or are otherwise available to confer with the board to the extent their expertise is required to address risk management matters. Periodically, the board of directors of our General Partner receives presentations from senior management on strategic matters involving our operations. During such meetings, the board also discusses strategies, key challenges, and risks and opportunities for the partnership with senior management.
While the board of directors of our General Partner is ultimately responsible for risk oversight at the partnership, its two committees assist the board in fulfilling its oversight responsibilities in certain areas of risk. The audit committee assists the board in fulfilling its oversight responsibilities with respect to risk management in the areas of financial reporting, internal controls and compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, and discusses policies with respect to risk assessment and risk management. The conflicts committee assists the board in fulfilling its oversight responsibilities with respect to specific matters that the board believes may involve conflicts of interest.
Meetings of the Board of Directors
During 2022, the board of directors of our General Partner met five times. Each director attended at least 80% of the total meetings of the board and the committees of the board on which he or she served that occurred during 2022.
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Communications with Directors
Unitholders or interested parties may communicate directly with the board of directors of our General Partner, any committee of the board, any independent directors, or any one director, by sending written correspondence by mail addressed to the board, committee or director to the attention of our Secretary at the following address: c/o Secretary, Viper Energy Partners LP, 500 West Texas, Suite 100, Midland, Texas. Communications are distributed to the board of directors, committee of the board of directors, or director as appropriate, depending on the facts and circumstances outlined in the communication. Commercial solicitations or communications will not be forwarded.
Committees of the Board of Directors
The board of directors of our General Partner has an audit committee and a conflicts committee. We do not have a compensation committee or a nominating and corporate governance committee. Rather, the board of directors of our General Partner has authority over compensation matters and nominating and corporate governance matters.
Audit Committee
The audit committee assists the board of directors of our General Partner in its oversight of the integrity of our financial statements and our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements and partnership policies and controls. The audit committee has the sole authority to retain and terminate our independent registered public accounting firm, approve all auditing services and related fees and the terms thereof performed by our independent registered public accounting firm, and pre-approve any non-audit services and tax services to be rendered by our independent registered public accounting firm. The audit committee is also responsible for confirming the independence and objectivity of our independent registered public accounting firm. Our independent registered public accounting firm has unrestricted access to the audit committee and our management, as necessary. The audit committee has adopted a charter, which is available on our website under the “corporate governance” section at http://ir.viperenergy.com.
W. Wesley Perry, Spencer D. Armour and Frank C. Hu currently serve on the audit committee, and Mr. Perry serves as the chairman. The board of directors of our General Partner has determined that each of W. Wesley Perry, Spencer D. Armour and Frank C. Hu meet the independence and experience standards established by the Nasdaq and the Exchange Act and that each of Mr. Perry and Mr. Hu is considered an “audit committee financial expert” as defined under SEC rules.
Conflicts Committee
Our conflicts committee reviews specific matters that the board believes may involve conflicts of interest and determines to submit to the conflicts committee for review. The conflicts committee determines if the resolution of the conflict of interest is in our best interest. The members of the conflicts committee may not be officers or employees of our General Partner or directors, officers or employees of its affiliates, including Diamondback, and must meet the independence standards established by Nasdaq and the Exchange Act to serve on an audit committee of a board of directors, along with other requirements in our partnership agreement. Any matters approved by the conflicts committee will be conclusively deemed to be approved by us and all of our partners and not a breach by our General Partner of any duties it may owe us or our unitholders. W. Wesley Perry, Spencer D. Armour and Frank C. Hu are the members of the conflicts committee.
Corporate Governance
The board of directors of our General Partner has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, or Code of Ethics, that applies to all employees, including executive officers, and directors of our General Partner. Amendments to or waivers from the Code of Ethics will be disclosed on our website. We have also made the Code of Ethics available on our website under the “Corporate Governance” section at http://ir.viperenergy.com.
Reimbursement of Expenses of our General Partner
Our partnership agreement requires us to reimburse our General Partner and its affiliates, including Diamondback, for all expenses they incur and payments they make on our behalf in connection with operating our business. Our partnership agreement does not set a limit on the amount of expenses for which our General Partner and its affiliates may be reimbursed. These expenses include salary, bonus, incentive compensation and other amounts paid to persons who perform services for us or on our behalf and expenses allocated to our General Partner by its affiliates. Our partnership agreement provides that our General Partner will determine the expenses that are allocable to us.
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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Compensation Discussion and Analysis
As is commonly the case for publicly traded limited partnerships, we have no officers. Our General Partner has the sole responsibility for conducting our business and for managing our operations, and its board of directors and executive officers make decisions on our behalf. Our General Partner’s executive officers are employed and compensated by Diamondback or a subsidiary of Diamondback. All of the executive officers that are responsible for managing our day-to-day affairs are also current executive officers of Diamondback.
All of the executive officers of our General Partner have responsibilities to us and Diamondback and allocate their time between managing our business and managing the businesses of Diamondback. Since all of these executive officers are employed by Diamondback or one of its subsidiaries, the responsibility and authority for compensation-related decisions for them resides with Diamondback’s compensation committee. Diamondback has the ultimate decision-making authority with respect to the total compensation of the executive officers that are employed by Diamondback including, subject to the terms of the partnership agreement, the portion of that compensation that is allocated to us pursuant to Diamondback’s allocation methodology. Any such compensation decisions are not subject to any approvals by the board of directors of our General Partner or any committees thereof. However, all determinations with respect to awards that are made to executive officers, key employees and non-employee directors under the LTIP are made by the board of directors of our General Partner. Please see the description of the LTIP below under the heading “Long-Term Incentive Plan.”
The executive officers of our General Partner, as well as the employees of Diamondback who provide services to us, may participate in employee benefit plans and arrangements sponsored by Diamondback, including plans that may be established in the future. Certain of our General Partner’s executive officers and employees and certain employees of Diamondback who provide services to us currently hold grants under Diamondback’s equity incentive plan. Except with respect to any awards that may be granted under the LTIP, the executive officers of our General Partner do not receive separate amounts of compensation in relation to the services they provide to us. In accordance with the terms of our partnership agreement, we reimburse Diamondback for compensation related expenses attributable to the portion of the executive’s time dedicated to providing services to us. Although we bear an allocated portion of Diamondback’s costs of providing compensation and benefits to employees who serve as executive officers of our General Partner, we have no control over such costs and did not establish and do not direct the compensation policies or practices of Diamondback. Except with respect to awards granted under the LTIP, compensation paid or awarded by us in 2022 consisted only of the portion of compensation paid by Diamondback that is allocated to us and our General Partner pursuant to Diamondback’s allocation methodology and subject to the terms of the partnership agreement.
A full discussion of the compensation programs for Diamondback’s executive officers and the policies and philosophy of the compensation committee of Diamondback’s board of directors will be set forth in Diamondback’s 2023 proxy statement under the heading “Compensation Discussion and Analysis.” Specifically, compensation paid directly by us through our LTIP or indirectly by us through reimbursement pursuant to our partnership agreement will be included in the amounts set forth in certain of the tables included in Diamondback’s 2023 proxy statement, with awards outstanding pursuant to our LTIP separately identified.
Long-Term Incentive Plan
In order to incentivize our management and directors to continue to grow our business, the board of directors of our General Partner adopted the LTIP for employees, officers, consultants and directors of our General Partner and any of its affiliates, including Diamondback, who perform services for us.
The purpose of the LTIP is to provide a means to attract and retain individuals who are essential to our growth and profitability and to encourage them to devote their best efforts to advancing our business by affording such individuals a means to acquire and maintain ownership of awards, the value of which is tied to the performance of our common units. The LTIP provides for the grant of unit options, unit appreciation rights, restricted units, unit awards, phantom units, distribution equivalent rights, cash awards, performance awards, other unit-based awards and substitute awards (collectively, “awards”). These awards are intended to align the interests of employees, officers, consultants and directors with those of our unitholders and to give such individuals the opportunity to share in our long-term performance. Any awards that are made under the LTIP will be approved by the board of directors of our General Partner or a committee thereof that may be established for such purpose. We will be responsible for the cost of awards granted under the LTIP.
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During 2022, our General Partner made grants under the LTIP of phantom units to the non-employee directors of our General Partner (see “Director Compensation” below for information regarding those awards). No grants under the LTIP were made to the executive officers of our General Partner in 2022.
Administration
The LTIP is administered by the board of directors of our General Partner pursuant to its terms and all applicable state, federal, or other rules or laws. The board of directors of our General Partner has the power to determine to whom and when awards will be granted, determine the amount of awards (measured in cash or in shares of our common units), proscribe and interpret the terms and provisions of each award agreement (the terms of which may vary), accelerate the vesting provisions associated with an award, delegate duties under the LTIP and execute all other responsibilities permitted or required under the LTIP.
Change in Control
Upon a “change in control” (as defined in the LTIP), the committee may, in its discretion, (i) remove any forfeiture restrictions applicable to an award, (ii) accelerate the time of exercisability or vesting of an award, (iii) require awards to be surrendered in exchange for a cash payment, (iv) cancel unvested awards without payment or (v) make adjustments to awards as the committee deems appropriate to reflect the change in control.
Termination of Employment or Service
The consequences of the termination of a participant’s employment, consulting arrangement or membership on the board of directors of our General Partner will be determined by the plan administrator in the terms of the relevant award agreement.
Compensation Report
Neither we nor the board of directors of our General Partner has a compensation committee. The board of directors of our General Partner has reviewed and discussed the Compensation Discussion and Analysis set forth above. Based on this review and discussion, the board of directors of our General Partner has approved the Compensation Discussion and Analysis for inclusion in this Annual Report.
The Board of Directors of Viper Energy Partners GP LLC
Travis D. Stice
Steven E. West
W. Wesley Perry
Spencer D. Armour
James L. Rubin
Frank C. Hu
Director Compensation
Any executive officer or employee of our General Partner or of Diamondback who also serves as a director of our General Partner does not receive additional compensation for his or her service as a director of our General Partner. Directors of our General Partner who are not executive officers or employees of our General Partner or of Diamondback receive compensation as “non-employee directors” as set by our General Partner’s board of directors.
Each non-employee director receives a compensation package that consists of an annual cash retainer of $60,000 plus an additional annual payment of $15,000 for the chairperson and $10,000 for each other member of the audit committee and $10,000 for the chairperson and $5,000 for each other member of each other committee. In addition, each non-employee director receives an equity award of phantom units under the LTIP granted annually at the close of business on July 10th of each year or, if not a business day, the first business day thereafter. The number of phantom units awarded is calculated by dividing $100,000 by the average closing price of our common units for the five trading days immediately preceding the date of grant. The awards vest on the first anniversary of the grant date. Our directors are also reimbursed for out-of-pocket expenses in connection with attending meetings of the board of directors or its committees.
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Each member of the board of directors of our General Partner is indemnified for his or her actions associated with being a director to the fullest extent permitted under Delaware law.
The following table sets forth the aggregate dollar amount of all fees earned to each of the non-employee directors of our General Partner during 2022 for their services on the board:
Name Fees Earned or Paid in cash(a) Unit Awards(b) Total
Spencer D. Armour(c)(d)
$ 75,000 $ 100,254 $ 175,254
Rosalind Redfern Grover(c)(e)
$ 75,000 $ 100,254 $ 175,254
Frank C. Hu(d)
$ 43,350 $ 100,254 $ 143,604
W. Wesley Perry(c)(d)
$ 85,000 $ 100,254 $ 185,254
James L. Rubin(c)(d)
$ 60,000 $ 100,254 $ 160,254
Steven E. West(c)(d)
$ 60,000 $ 100,254 $ 160,254
(a)This column reflects the value of a director’s annual retainer. Of these amounts, $18,750, $18,750, $21,250, $15,000 and $15,000 were payments made in December 2021 to Ms. Grover and Messrs. Armour, Perry, Rubin and West, respectively, for services to be performed in the first quarter of 2022. Excluded from these amounts were payments of $18,750, $21,250, $15,000, $15,000 and $18,750 made in December 2022 to Messrs. Armour, Perry, Rubin, West and Hu, respectively, for services to be performed in the first quarter of 2023.
(b)The amount in this column represents the aggregate grant date fair value of phantom units granted in the fiscal year calculated in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic 718, “Compensation - Stock Compensation.”
(c)Each of Ms. Grover and Messrs. Armour, Perry, Rubin and West received a grant of 5,513 phantom units on July 12, 2021, which vested and settled on July 12, 2022, pursuant to the LTIP, with each unit having a grant date fair value of $18.29. Each phantom unit was the economic equivalent of one of our common units.
(d)Each of Messrs. Armour, Hu, Perry, Rubin and West received a grant of 3,907 phantom units on July 11, 2022, which will vest and settle on July 11, 2023, pursuant to the LTIP, with each unit having a grant date fair value of $25.66. Each phantom unit is the economic equivalent of one of our common units.
(e)Ms. Grover received a grant of 3,907 phantom units on July 11, 2022, with each unit having a grant date fair value of $25.66. Ms. Grover retired from the board effective December 31, 2022. Prior to her retirement, Ms. Grover also served on the board’s audit committee and conflicts committee. In connection with Ms. Grover’s retirement, the vesting provisions of her phantom units were accelerated and subsequently became vested in January 2023. Each phantom unit was the economic equivalent of one of our common units.
Mr. Stice is a director of our General Partner, but is also an executive officer of our General Partner and Mr. Stice is an employee of Diamondback E&P LLC. Mr. Stice has received awards pursuant to the LTIP for his service as an executive officer or employee, respectively, and unrelated to his service as director. These awards are reflected in the tables contained in Diamondback’s 2023 proxy statement under the heading “Compensation Discussion and Analysis.”
Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation
As previously noted, our General Partner’s board of directors is not required to maintain, and does not maintain, a separate compensation committee. Mr. Stice, a director and executive officer of our General Partner, is also a director and executive officer of Diamondback. However, all compensation decisions with respect to Mr. Stice are made by Diamondback and Mr. Stice does not receive any compensation directly from us or our General Partner except for awards under our LTIP. As described in “-Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” decisions regarding the compensation of our General Partner’s executive officers are made by Diamondback. Please read “Items 1 and 2. Business and Properties-Our Relationship with Diamondback” and “Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence” for more information about relationships among us, our General Partner and Diamondback.
Compensation Policies and Practices as They Relate to Risk Management
We do not have any employees. We are managed and operated by the directors and officers of our General Partner and employees of Diamondback perform services on our behalf. Please read “-Compensation Discussion and Analysis” and “Items 1 and 2. Business and Properties-Our Relationship with Diamondback” for more information about this arrangement. For an analysis of any risks arising from Diamondback’s compensation policies and practices, please read Diamondback’s 2023 proxy statement. We have made awards of unit options subject to time-based vesting under our LTIP, which we believe drive a long-term perspective and which we believe make it less likely that executive officers will take unreasonable risks because the unit options retain value even in a depressed market.
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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED UNITHOLDER MATTERS
Holdings of Officers and Directors
The following table presents information regarding the beneficial ownership of our common units as of February 1, 2023 by:
•our General Partner;
•each of our General Partner’s directors and executive officers; and
•all of our General Partner’s directors and executive officers as a group.
Name of Beneficial Owner Common Units Beneficially Owned(1)
Percentage of Common Units Beneficially Owned
Diamondback Energy, Inc. 731,500 1.0%
Viper Energy Partners GP LLC - -
Travis D. Stice(2)
106,169 *
Kaes Van't Hof 35,362 *
Teresa L. Dick 11,540 *
Thomas F. Hawkins - -
Matt Zmigrosky 4,253 *
Steven E. West(3)
18,290 *
W. Wesley Perry(3)
64,245 *
Spencer D. Armour(3)
28,217 *
James L. Rubin(4)
- -
Frank C. Hu(3)
- *
All directors and executive officers as a group (10 persons) 268,076 *
* Less than 1%
(1)Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with SEC rules. In computing percentage ownership of each person, (i) common units subject to options held by that person that are exercisable as of February 1, 2023 and (ii) common units subject to options or phantom units held by that person that are exercisable or vesting within 60 days of February 1, 2023 are all deemed to be beneficially owned. These common units, however, are not deemed outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of each other person. The percentage of common units beneficially owned is based on 72,858,184 common units outstanding as of February 1, 2023. Unless otherwise indicated, all amounts exclude common units issuable upon the exercise of outstanding options and vesting of phantom units that are not exercisable and/or vested as of February 1, 2023 or within 60 days of February 1, 2023. Unless otherwise noted, the address for each beneficial owner listed below is 500 West Texas Avenue, Suite 100, Midland, Texas 79701. Except as noted, each unitholder in the above table is believed to have sole voting and sole investment power with respect to the units beneficially held.
(2)All of these units are held by Stice Investments, Ltd., which is managed by Stice Management, LLC, its General Partner. Mr. Stice and his spouse hold 100% of the membership interests in Stice Management, LLC, of which Mr. Stice is the manager.
(3)Excludes 3,907 phantom units that are scheduled to vest on July 11, 2023.
(4)Excludes 45,245 common units (representing vested phantom units previously granted to Mr. Rubin) and 3,907 phantom units that are scheduled to vest on July 11, 2023, all of which have been assigned by Mr. Rubin to Wexford under the terms of his previous employment with Wexford.
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The following table sets forth, as of February 1, 2023, the number of shares of common stock of Diamondback beneficially owned by each of the directors and executive officers of our General Partner and all directors and executive officers of our General Partner as a group.
Shares of Diamondback Common Stock Beneficially Owned(1)
Name of Beneficial Owner Amount and Nature of Beneficial Ownership Percentage of
Class
Travis D. Stice(2)
418,717 *
Kaes Van't Hof(3)
93,576 *
Teresa L. Dick(4)
58,321 *
Thomas F. Hawkins(5)
14,952 *
Matt Zmigrosky(6)
20,539 *
Steven E. West(7)
10,299 *
W. Wesley Perry - -
Spencer D. Armour - -
James L. Rubin - -
Frank C. Hu - -
All directors and executive officers as a group (10 persons) 616,404 *
* Less than 1%
(1)Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with SEC rules. In computing percentage ownership of each person, (i) shares of common stock subject to options held by that person that are exercisable as of February 1, 2023 and (ii) shares of common stock subject to options or restricted stock units held by that person that are exercisable or vesting within 60 days of February 1, 2023, are all deemed to be beneficially owned. These shares, however, are not deemed outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of each other person. The percentage of shares beneficially owned is based on 72,858,184 shares of common stock outstanding as of February 1, 2023. Unless otherwise indicated, all amounts exclude shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding options and vesting of restricted stock units that are not exercisable and/or vested as of February 1, 2023 or within 60 days of February 1, 2023. Except as noted, each stockholder in the above table is believed to have sole voting and sole investment power with respect to the shares of common stock beneficially held.
(2)All of these shares are held by Stice Investments, Ltd., which is managed by Stice Management, LLC, its general partner. Mr. Stice and his spouse hold 100% of the membership interests in Stice Management, LLC, of which Mr. Stice is the manager. Includes 20,727 restricted stock units, that are scheduled to vest on March 1, 2023. Excludes 5,166 restricted stock units that are scheduled to vest in two equal annual installments beginning on May 28, 2023 and 9,227 restricted stock units that are scheduled to vest on March 1, 2024. Also excludes (i) 66,714 performance-based restricted stock units awarded to Mr. Stice on March 1, 2020, which are subject to the satisfaction of certain stockholder return performance conditions relative to Diamondback’s peer group during the three-year performance period ending on December 31, 2022, (ii) 51,748 performance-based restricted stock units awarded to Mr. Stice on March 1, 2021, which are subject to the satisfaction of certain stockholder return performance conditions relative to Diamondback’s peer group during the three-year performance period ending on December 31, 2023 and (iii) 41,524 performance-based restricted stock units awarded to Mr. Stice on March 1, 2022, which are subject to the satisfaction of certain stockholder return performance conditions relative to Diamondback’s peer group during the three-year performance period ending on December 31, 2024.
(3)Includes 9,882 restricted stock units, that are scheduled to vest on March 1, 2023. Excludes (i) 51,658 restricted stock units that are scheduled to vest in two equal annual installments beginning on May 28, 2023, (ii) 3,845 restricted stock units, that are scheduled to vest on March 1, 2024 and (iii) 8,790 restricted stock units, that are scheduled to vest in five equal annual installments beginning on March 1, 2025. Also excludes (i) 13,183 performance-based restricted stock units awarded to Mr. Van’t Hof on March 1, 2019 (representing 100% vesting of the originally reported amount) based upon final determination upon certification of certain stockholders return performance conditions relative to Diamondback’s peer group during the three-year performance period ended on December 31, 2021, that are scheduled to vest in five equal installments beginning on March 1, 2025, (ii) 31,133 performance-based restricted stock units awarded to Mr. Van’t Hof on March 1, 2020, that are subject to the satisfaction of certain stockholder return performance conditions relative to Diamondback’s peer group during the three-year performance period ending on December 31, 2022, (iii) 27,168 performance-based restricted stock units awarded to Mr. Van’t Hof on March 1, 2021, which are subject to the satisfaction of certain stockholder return performance conditions relative to Diamondback’s peer group during the three-year performance period ending on December 31, 2023 and (iv) 17,302 performance-based restricted stock units awarded to Mr. Van’t Hof on March 1, 2022, which are subject to the satisfaction of certain stockholder return performance
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conditions relative to Diamondback’s peer group during the three-year performance period ending on December 31, 2024.
(4)Includes 5,501 restricted stock units, that are scheduled to vest on March 1, 2023. Excludes 2,583 restricted stock units that are scheduled to vest in two equal annual installments beginning on May 28, 2023 and 2,051 restricted stock units that are scheduled to vest on March 1, 2024. Also excludes (i) 17,790 performance-based restricted stock units awarded to Ms. Dick on March 1, 2020, which awards are subject to the satisfaction of certain stockholder return performance conditions relative to Diamondback’s peer group during the three-year performance period ending on December 31, 2022, (ii) 15,524 performance-based restricted stock units awarded to Ms. Dick on March 1, 2021, which are subject to the satisfaction of certain stockholder return performance conditions relative to Diamondback’s peer group during the three-year performance period ending on December 31, 2023 and (iii) 9,228 performance-based restricted stock units awarded to Ms. Dick on March 1, 2022, which are subject to the satisfaction of certain stockholder return performance conditions relative to Diamondback’s peer group during the three-year performance period ending on December 31, 2024.
(5)Includes 3,442 restricted stock units that are scheduled to vest on March 1, 2023. Excludes 2,583 restricted stock units that are scheduled to vest in two equal annual installments beginning on May 28, 2023 and 1,199 restricted stock units that are scheduled to vest on March 1, 2024. Also excludes (i) 11,564 performance-based restricted stock units awarded to Mr. Hawkins on March 1, 2020 that are subject to the satisfaction of certain stockholder return performance conditions relative to Diamondback’s peer group during the three-year performance period ending on December 31, 2022, (ii) 10,091 performance-based restricted stock units awarded to Mr. Hawkins on March 1, 2021, which are subject to the satisfaction of certain stockholder return performance conditions relative to Diamondback’s peer group during the three-year performance period ending on December 31, 2023 and (iii) 5,398 performance-based restricted stock units awarded to Mr. Hawkins on March 1, 2022, which are subject to the satisfaction of certain stockholder return performance conditions relative to Diamondback’s peer group during the three-year performance period ending on December 31, 2024.
(6)Includes 4,811 restricted stock units, that are scheduled to vest on March 1, 2023. Excludes 1,034 restricted stock units that are scheduled to vest in two equal annual installments beginning on May 28, 2023 and 2,050 restricted stock units that are scheduled to vest on March 1, 2024. Also excludes (i) 14,232 performance-based restricted stock units awarded to Mr. Zmigrosky on March 1, 2020, that are subject to the satisfaction of certain stockholder return performance conditions relative to Diamondback’s peer group during the three-year performance period ending on December 31, 2022, (ii) 12,420 performance-based restricted stock units awarded to Mr. Zmigrosky on March 1, 2021, which are subject to the satisfaction of certain stockholder return performance conditions relative to Diamondback’s peer group during the three-year performance period ending on December 31, 2023 and (iii) 9,228 performance-based restricted stock units awarded to Mr. Zmigrosky on March 1, 2022, which are subject to the satisfaction of certain stockholder return performance conditions relative to Diamondback’s peer group during the three-year performance period ending on December 31, 2024.
(7)Excludes 1,274 restricted stock units that are scheduled to vest on the earlier of the one-year anniversary of the date of grant and the date of the 2023 annual meeting of stockholders of Diamondback.
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Holdings of Major Stockholders
The following table sets forth certain information regarding the beneficial ownership of our common units and Class B units as of February 1, 2023 by each unitholder known by us to beneficially own 5% or more of our common units or Class B units.
MAJOR UNITHOLDER TABLE
Common Units Class B Units
Name and Address of Beneficial Owner Amount and Nature of Beneficial Ownership(1)
Percentage of Class Beneficially Owned Amount and Nature of Beneficial Ownership(1)
Percentage of Class Beneficially Owned
Diamondback Energy, Inc.(2)
500 West Texas Avenue, Suite 100
Midland, Texas 79701
731,500 1.0 % 90,709,946 100 %
Wellington Management Group LLP(3)
c/o Wellington Management Company LLP
280 Congress Street
Boston, MA 02210
11,024,380 15.1 % - -
Blackstone, Inc.(4)
345 Park Avenue
New York, NY 10154
9,482,228 13.0 % - -
Santa Elena Minerals, LP(5)
400 W. Illinois, Suite 1300
Midland, TX 79701
5,152,124 7.1 % - -
(1)Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with SEC rules. The percentage of common units beneficially owned is based on 72,858,184 common units outstanding as of February 1, 2023. Except as noted, each unitholder in the above table is believed to have sole voting and sole investment power with respect to the common units and Class B units beneficially held.
(2)Diamondback Energy, Inc. is a publicly traded company and holds 731,500 common units and 90,709,946 Class B units, with the same aggregate number of units of the Operating Company (each, an “OpCo unit”) that are exchangeable from time to time, in its discretion, for common units (that is, one OpCo unit and one Class B unit, together, are exchangeable for one common unit), and, as a result, Diamondback may be deemed to have the beneficial ownership of such common units. Diamondback has sole voting and dispositive power with respect to the common units and Class B units it holds. The directors of Diamondback are Travis D. Stice, Steven E. West, Vincent K. Brooks, Michael P. Cross, David L. Houston, Stephanie K. Mains, Mark L. Plaumann, Melanie M. Trent, Rebecca A. Klein and Frank D. Tsuru. Travis D. Stice is the sole director of Diamondback E&P.
(3)Based solely on Schedule 13G/A jointly filed with the SEC on February 6, 2023 by Wellington Management Group LLP (“Wellington Management”), Wellington Group Holdings LLP (“Wellington Holdings”), Wellington Investment Advisors Holdings LLP (“Wellington Advisors”) and Wellington Management Company LLP (“Wellington Company”). These units are owned of record by clients of Wellington Company, Wellington Management Canada LLC, Wellington Management Singapore Pte Ltd, Wellington Management Hong Kong Ltd, Wellington Management International Ltd, Wellington Management Japan Pte Ltd and Wellington Management Australia Pty Ltd (collectively, the “Wellington Investment Advisers”). Wellington Advisors controls directly, or indirectly through Wellington Management Global Holdings Ltd., the Wellington Investment Advisers. Wellington Advisors is owned by Wellington Holdings, which is in turn owned by Wellington Management. The clients of the Wellington Investment Advisers have the right to receive, or the power to direct the receipt of, dividends from, or the proceeds from the sale of, such securities. No such client is known to have such right or power with respect to more than five percent of this class of securities. Each of Wellington Management, Wellington Holdings and Wellington Advisors reported shared voting power over 9,995,433 common units and shared dispositive power over 11,024,380 common units. Wellington Company reported shared voting power over 9,878,636 common units and shared dispositive power over 10,602,260 common units.
(4)Based on Schedule 13D/A, filed with the SEC on November 8, 2022, and Form 4, filed with the SEC on January 30, 2023. Represents common units held directly by BX SWT ML Holdco LLC. BX Guidon Topco LLC is the sole member of BX SWT Holdco LLC. The controlling membership interests of BX Guidon Topco LLC are held by Blackstone Management Associates VI L.L.C. and Blackstone Energy Management Associates II L.L.C. BMA VI L.L.C. is the sole member of Blackstone Management Associates VI L.L.C. Blackstone EMA II L.L.C. is the sole member of Blackstone Energy Management Associates II L.L.C. Blackstone Holdings III L.P. is the managing member of each of BMA VI L.L.C. and Blackstone EMA II L.L.C. Blackstone Holdings III GP L.P. is the general partner of Blackstone Holdings III L.P. Blackstone Holdings III GP Management L.L.C. is the general partner of Blackstone Holdings III GP L.P.
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Blackstone Inc. is the sole member of Blackstone Holdings III GP Management L.L.C. The sole holder of the Series II preferred stock of Blackstone Inc. is Blackstone Group Management L.L.C. Blackstone Group Management L.L.C. is wholly-owned by Blackstone’s senior managing directors and controlled by its founder, Stephen A. Schwarzman. Each of the above entities or persons may be deemed to beneficially own common units beneficially owned by BX Topco or indirectly controlled by such entity or person. Each of the above entities or persons disclaims beneficial ownership of such securities in excess of their respective pecuniary interest therein.
(5)Based on Viper’s records.
Securities Authorized For Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans
The following table summarizes information about our equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2022:
Plan Category Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders(1)
Long Term Incentive Plan 113,494 $ - 8,535,945
(1)Our General Partner adopted the LTIP in connection with the IPO in June 2014.
Changes in Control
Our General Partner may transfer its general partner interest to a third party without the consent of our unitholders. Furthermore, our partnership agreement does not restrict the ability of the owner of our General Partner to transfer its membership interests in our General Partner to a third party. After any such transfer, the new member or members of our General Partner would then be in a position to replace the board of directors and executive officers of our General Partner with its own designees and thereby exert significant control over the decisions taken by the board of directors and executive officers of our General Partner. This effectively permits a “change of control” without the vote or consent of the unitholders.
Treatment of Equity Awards Granted under the LTIP Upon Termination, Resignation and Death or Disability of Certain Executive Officers of our General Partner and Change of Control
No executive officers of our General Partner held unvested equity awards under the LTIP as of December 31, 2022.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
Agreements and Transactions with Affiliates
We have entered into certain agreements and transactions with Diamondback and its affiliates, as described in more detail below.
Payments to our General Partner and its Affiliates
Under the terms of our partnership agreement, we are required to reimburse our General Partner for all direct and indirect expenses incurred or paid on our behalf and all other expenses allocable to us or otherwise incurred by our General Partner in connection with operating our business. The partnership agreement does not set a limit on the amount of expenses for which our General Partner and its affiliates may be reimbursed. These expenses include salary, bonus, incentive compensation and other amounts paid to persons who perform services for us or on our behalf and expenses allocated to our General Partner by its affiliates. Our General Partner is entitled to determine the expenses that are allocable to us. For the year ended December 31, 2022, our General Partner received $3.7 million in reimbursements from the Partnership.
Distributions paid to Diamondback
Diamondback is entitled to receive its pro rata portion of the distributions we make on our common units and the Operating Company makes in respect of the OpCo units. Holders of the Partnership’s Class B units are not entitled to receive cash distributions except to the extent of the cash preferred distributions equal to 8% per annum payable quarterly on the $1.0 million capital contribution made to us by Diamondback pursuant to the recapitalization agreement in connection with the issuance of the Class B units in the recapitalization transaction. During the year ended December 31, 2022, Diamondback received distributions from us and the Operating Company in the aggregate amount of $234.1 million.
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Registration Rights Agreement
On June 23, 2014, in connection with the IPO, we entered into a registration rights agreement with Diamondback. Pursuant to this registration rights agreement, we filed a registration statement on Form S-3 registering, under the Securities Act, the common units issued to Diamondback for resale. The registration rights agreement also includes provisions dealing with holdback agreements, indemnification and contribution and allocation of expenses. These registration rights are transferable to affiliates and, in certain circumstances, to third parties.
In May 2018, we and Diamondback entered into an amended and restated registration rights agreement, dated as of May 9, 2018. The amended and restated registration rights agreement amended the definition of “registrable securities” to include common units acquired or that may be acquired by Diamondback in accordance with our exchange agreement with Diamondback. In addition, whenever a holder has requested that any registrable securities be registered under the amended and restated registration rights agreement or has initiated an underwritten offering, the amended and restated registration rights agreement requires such holder, if applicable, to cause such registrable securities to be exchanged into common units in accordance with the terms of the exchange agreement before or substantially concurrently with the sale of such registrable securities.
In July 2018, we filed a registration statement on Form S-3ASR under which, we registered for resale by Diamondback (i) common units issuable to Diamondback upon exercise of its exchange right pursuant to the exchange agreement and Diamondback’s tender to us of an equivalent number of our outstanding Class B units and outstanding OpCo Units, in each case then held by Diamondback and (ii) common units then held by Diamondback.
Tax Sharing Agreement
In connection with the closing of the IPO, we entered into a tax sharing agreement with Diamondback, dated June 23, 2014, in which we agreed to reimburse Diamondback for our share of state and local income and other taxes for which our results are included in a combined or consolidated tax return filed by Diamondback with respect to taxable periods including or beginning on June 23, 2014. The amount of any such reimbursement is limited to the tax that we would have paid had we not been included in a combined group with Diamondback. Diamondback may use its tax attributes to cause its combined or consolidated group, of which we may be a member for this purpose, to owe less or no tax. In such a situation, we agreed to reimburse Diamondback for the tax we would have owed had the tax attributes not been available or used for our benefit, even though Diamondback had no cash tax expense for that period. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized $0.9 million of state income tax expense payable under the tax sharing agreement.
Lease Bonus Payments
During the year ended December 31, 2022, Diamondback paid us $23.4 million in lease bonus payments for seven new leases.
Surface Use
Diamondback periodically pays us for surface use charges and right of way easements related to properties that Diamondback leases from us. During the year ended December 31, 2022, Diamondback paid the Partnership $0.6 million for such purposes.
Transaction with Significant Unitholder
On January 13, 2022, as part of our common unit repurchase program, we purchased 1.5 million common units with an aggregate purchase price of approximately $37.3 million in a privately negotiated transaction with an affiliate of Blackstone, Inc., or Blackstone. As of February 1, 2023, Blackstone owned approximately 13.0% of Viper’s outstanding common units, which were acquired in the Swallowtail Acquisition. Additionally, an affiliate of Blackstone beneficially owned approximately 5.8% of the outstanding common stock of Diamondback at February 1, 2023.
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Procedures for Review, Approval and Ratification of Transactions with Related Persons
The board of directors of our General Partner has adopted policies for the review, approval and ratification of transactions with related persons. The board has adopted a written code of business conduct and ethics, under which a director is expected to bring to the attention of the chief executive officer or the board any conflict or potential conflict of interest that may arise between the director or any affiliate of the director, on the one hand, and us or our General Partner on the other. The resolution of any such conflict or potential conflict should, at the discretion of the board in light of the circumstances, be determined by a majority of the disinterested directors.
If a conflict or potential conflict of interest arises between our General Partner or its affiliates, on the one hand, and us or our unitholders, on the other hand, the resolution of any such conflict or potential conflict should be addressed by the board of directors of our General Partner in accordance with the provisions of our partnership agreement. At the discretion of the board in light of the circumstances, the resolution may be determined by the board in its entirety or by a conflicts committee meeting the definitional requirements for such a committee under our partnership agreement.
Any executive officer is required to avoid conflicts of interest unless approved by the board of directors of our General Partner.
The code of business conduct and ethics described above was initially adopted in connection with the closing of the IPO. As a result, the transactions described above that were effective at the time of the IPO were not reviewed according to such procedures.
Director Independence
The information required by Item 407(a) of Regulation S-K is included in “Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance” above.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
The audit committee of the board of directors of our General Partner selected Grant Thornton LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, to audit our consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. The audit committee’s charter requires the audit committee to approve in advance all audit and non-audit services to be provided by our independent registered public accounting firm. All services reported in the audit, audit-related, tax and all other fees categories below with respect to our annual reports for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were approved by the audit committee.
The following table summarizes the aggregate Grant Thornton LLP fees that were allocated to us for independent auditing, tax and related services:
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021
(In thousands)
Audit fees(1)
$ 386 $ 331
Audit-related fees(2)
- 84
Tax fees(3)
- -
All other fees(4)
- -
Total $ 386 $ 415
(1)Audit fees represent aggregate fees for audit services, which relate to the fiscal year consolidated audit, quarterly reviews, registration statements and comfort letters.
(2)Audit-related fees for the year ended December 31, 2021 represent fees for an acquired business audit required pursuant to Regulation S-X, Rule 3-05.
(3)Tax fees represent amounts billed in each of the years presented for professional services rendered in connection with tax compliance, tax advice, and tax planning.
(4)All other fees represent amounts billed in each of the years presented for services not classifiable under the other categories listed in the table above.
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PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a) Documents included in this report:
1. Financial Statements
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID Number 248)
Consolidated Balance Sheets
Consolidated Statements of Operations
Consolidated Statement of Unitholders’ Equity
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
2. Financial Statement Schedules
Financial statement schedules have been omitted because they are either not required, not applicable or the information required to be presented is included in the Partnership’s consolidated financial statements and related notes.
3. Exhibits
Exhibit Number
Description
2.1# Purchase and Sale Agreement dated August 6, 2021 by and among Swallowtail Royalties LLC, Swallowtail Royalties II LLC (collectively, as seller), Viper Energy Partners LLC (as buyer) and Viper Energy Partners LP (as parent, and collectively with Viper Energy Partners LLC, as buyer parties) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File 001-36505) filed on August 12, 2021).
3.1 Certificate of Limited Partnership of Viper Energy Partners LP (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Partnership’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-195769) filed on May 7, 2014).
3.2 Second Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Viper Energy Partners LP, dated as of May 9, 2018, as amended as of May 10, 2018 (incorporated by reference to 3.1 of the Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File 001-36505) filed on May 15, 2018)
3.3 First Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Viper Energy Partners LP, dated as of May 10, 2018. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K, (File 001-36505) filed on May 15, 2018).
3.4 Second Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Viper Energy Partners LLC, dated as of May 9, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 of the Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File 001-36505), filed on May 15, 2018).
3.5 First Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Viper Energy Partners LLC, dated as of March 30, 2020, (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File 001-36505) filed on March 31, 2020).
3.6 Second Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Viper Energy Partners LLC, dated as of December 27, 2021 (incorporated by reference to 3.1 of the Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File 001-36505) filed on December 28, 2021).
4.1 Description of Securities of the Partnership (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Partnership’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File 001-36505) filed on February 18, 2020).
4.2 Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of May 9, 2018, by and between Viper Energy Partners LP and Diamondback Energy, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File 001-36505) filed on May 15, 2018).
4.3 Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of October 1, 2021, by and among Viper Energy Partners LP, Swallowtail Royalties LLC and Swallowtail Royalties II LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File 001-36505) filed on October 7, 2021).
4.4 Indenture, dated as of October 16, 2019, among Viper Energy Partners LP, as issuer, Viper Energy Partners LLC, as guarantor and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (including the form of Viper Energy Partners LP’s 5.375% Senior Notes due 2027) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File 001-36505) filed on October 17, 2019).
Table of Content
Exhibit Number
Description
10.1 Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of July 20, 2018, by and among, Viper Energy Partners LLC, as borrower, Viper Energy Partners LP, as guarantor, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File 001-36505) filed on July 26, 2018).
10.2+ Viper Energy Partners LP Long Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-36505) filed on June 23, 2014).
10.3 Form of Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-36505) filed on June 23, 2014).
10.4 Tax Sharing Agreement, dated June 23, 2014, by and between Viper Energy Partners LP and Diamondback Energy, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of the Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-36505) filed on June 23, 2014).
10.5+ Form of Unit Option Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of the Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-36505) filed on June 23, 2014).
10.6+ Form of Phantom Unit Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 of the Partnership’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-36505) filed on February 18, 2020).
10.7 Recapitalization Agreement, dated as of March 28, 2018, by and among Diamondback Energy, Inc., Viper Energy Partners LLC, Viper Energy Partners GP LLC and Viper Energy Partners LP (incorporated by reference to Annex C to the Partnership’s Definitive Information Statement on Schedule 14C (File No. 001-36505) filed on April 17, 2018).
10.8 First Amendment to Recapitalization Agreement dated as of May 9, 2018, by and among Diamondback Energy, Inc., Viper Energy Partners LLC, Viper Energy Partners GP LLC and Viper Energy Partners LP. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File 001-36505) filed on May 15, 2018).
10.9 Exchange Agreement, dated as of May 9, 2018, by and among Diamondback Energy, Inc., Viper Energy Partners LLC, Viper Energy Partners GP LLC and Viper Energy Partners LP. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File 001-36505) filed on May 15, 2018).
10.10 First Amendment to Exchange Agreement, dated as of May 10, 2018, by and among Diamondback Energy, Inc., Viper Energy Partners LLC, Viper Energy Partners GP LLC and Viper Energy Partners LP. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File 001-36505) filed on May 15, 2018).
10.11 Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Senior Secured Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of September 24, 2019, among Viper Energy Partners LLC, as borrower, Viper Energy Partners LP, as parent guarantor, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, and the lender party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File 001-36505) filed on September 30, 2019).
10.12 Third Amendment to Amended and Restated Senior Secured Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of October 8, 2019, among Viper Energy Partners LLC, as borrower, Viper Energy Partners LP, as parent guarantor, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, and the lender party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File 001-36505) filed on October 10, 2019).
10.13 Fourth Amendment to Amended and Restated Senior Secured Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of November 29, 2019, among Viper Energy Partners LLC, as borrower, Viper Energy Partners LP, as parent guarantor, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-36505) filed on December 5, 2019).
10.14 Fifth Amendment to Amended and Restated Senior Secured Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of May 11, 2020, among Viper Energy Partners LLC, as borrower, Viper Energy Partners LP, as parent guarantor, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File 001-36505) filed on May 15, 2020).
10.15 Sixth Amendment to Amended and Restated Senior Secured Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of November 6, 2020, among Viper Energy Partners LLC, as borrower, Viper Energy Partners LP, as parent guarantor, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-36505) filed on November 12, 2020).
10.16 Seventh Amendment to Amended and Restated Senior Secured Revolving Credit Agreement and Second Amendment to Guaranty and Collateral Agreement, dated as of June 2, 2021, by and among Viper Energy Partners LLC, as borrower, Viper Energy Partners LP, as parent guarantor, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File 001-36505) filed on June 8, 2021).
Table of Content
Exhibit Number
Description
10.17 Eighth Amendment to Amended and Restated Senior Secured Revolving Credit Agreement and Second Amendment to Guaranty and Collateral Agreement, dated as of November 15, 2021, by and among Viper Energy Partners LLC, as borrower, Viper Energy Partners LP, as parent guarantor, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-36505) filed on November 18, 2021).
10.18* Ninth Amendment to Amended and Restated Senior Secured Revolving Credit Agreement and Second Amendment to Guaranty and Collateral Agreement, dated as of November 18, 2022, by and among Viper Energy Partners LLC, as borrower, Viper Energy Partners LP, as parent guarantor, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto.
10.19 Subordinated Promissory Note, dated as of October 16, 2019, by Viper Energy Partners LLC in favor of Viper Energy Partners LP (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File 001-36505) filed on October 17, 2019).
21.1* List of Subsidiaries of Viper Energy Partners LP.
23.1* Consent of Grant Thornton LLP.
23.2* Consent of Ryder Scott Company, LP.
31.1* Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
31.2* Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
32.1++ Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code.
99.1*
Ryder Scott Company, L.P.'s Audit Report on Reserves.
101 The following financial information from the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iii) Consolidated Statement of Changes in Unitholders’ Equity, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).
*
Filed herewith.
+
Management contract, compensatory plan or arrangement.
++
The certifications attached as Exhibit 32.1 accompany this Annual Report on Form 10-K pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and shall not be deemed “filed” by the Registrant for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
# Schedules (or similar attachments) have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K and will be provided to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.