EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 887396
Filing Year: 2023
Filename: 887396_10-K_2023_0001072613-23-000285.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
ITEM 1. BUSINESS.
In this Form 10-K, references to “Empire”, the “Company”, “we”, “our”, and “us” refer to Empire Petroleum Corporation and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, unless context indicates otherwise.
We uplisted from the OTCQB to the NYSE American effective March 8, 2022. Immediately prior to the listing, a reverse stock split of 1 for 4 occurred. All pricing and share amounts for periods prior to the reverse stock split have been stated at post-reverse split amounts.
On March 8, 2022, our common stock began trading on the NYSE American under the symbol “EP” and CUSIP 292034303. Prior to trading on the NYSE American, our common stock was accessible on the OTCQB.
Overview
Empire Petroleum Corporation is an independent energy company that engages in unlocking value in developed assets. Empire operates the following wholly-owned subsidiaries in its areas of operations:
• Empire New Mexico LLC d/b/a Green Tree New Mexico (“Empire New Mexico”)
• Empire Rockies Region
○ Empire North Dakota LLC (“Empire North Dakota”)
○ Empire North Dakota Acquisition LLC (“Empire NDA”)
• Empire Texas (“Empire Texas”), consisting of the following entities:
○ Empire Texas LLC
○ Empire Texas Operating LLC
○ Empire Texas GP LLC
○ Pardus Oil & Gas Operating, LP (owned 1% by Empire Texas GP LLC and 99% by Empire Texas LLC)
• Empire Louisiana LLC (“Empire Louisiana”)
Empire was incorporated in the state of Delaware in 1985. The consolidated financial statements of Empire Petroleum Corporation and subsidiaries include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries.
Our mission is to increase shareholder value by building oil and natural gas reserves in strategic plays in the United States. To accomplish its mission, we plan on executing the following business strategies:
• Cost-effectively optimize well production
• Reduce unit operating costs and improve margins
• Target proved developed producing acquisitions in predictable fields that have historically had low production decline and long lives
• Focus on high-quality assets that add scale and provide synergies to our existing portfolio and core areas of operation
We operate as a single segment as each of our operating areas have similar economic characteristics and each meet the criteria for aggregation as defied by accounting standards related to disclosures about segments of an enterprise.
Properties
We are an independent operator in four geographic areas in the United States. As operator, we manage and influence production on operated properties. We use a combination of experienced field personnel and third-party service providers to execute our mission. Our properties have reasonably predictable production profiles and cash flows, subject to commodity price and cost fluctuations.
As is common in the industry in which we operate, we selectively participate in drilling and developmental activities in non-operated properties. Decisions to participate in non-operated properties are made after technical and economic analysis of the projects which also considers the operating expertise and historical track record of the operators.
Empire New Mexico
Empire New Mexico was formed when we purchased producing assets from XTO in May 2021. These assets are located in Lea County, New Mexico and consist of a contiguous and consolidated acreage position consisting of 48,000 gross (40,000 net) acres held by production from approximately 730 wells with an average WI of 72% and average NRI of 61% and 14 RI wells with an average ORRI of 11%. Empire New Mexico’s assets primarily produce oil with natural gas and NGLs accompanying oil production. Empire New Mexico’s properties are in the following formations:
• Grayburg/San Andres (primary source of production)
• Queen-Seven Rivers-Yates
• Devonian
• Abo
• Blineberry
• Tubb
• Drinkard
Empire North Dakota
Empire North Dakota operates approximately 230 producing properties with an average WI of 89% and NRI of 61% in North Dakota and western Montana that were acquired in April 2019. These properties primarily produce oil with some related gas production. Assets are located in the following formations:
• Madison (primary source of production)
• Bakken
• Duperow
• Red River
• Ratcliffe/Mission Canyon
These assets have experienced near-flat production rates over the last five years. We have been able to capitalize on operational improvements to allow more immediate recovery of reserves.
Empire Texas
In April 2020, Empire Texas acquired approximately 140 gross wells and approximately 30,000 net acres with an average operated WI of 96% and an average operated NRI of 79% as well as 77 miles of gathering lines and pipelines with related facilities and equipment. Empire Texas owns concentrated acreage and stacked pay in the historically prolific East Texas Basin. Assets are concentrated in the Fort Trinidad Field in Houston and Madison Counties with high working interest and historical production from eight separate formations.
Empire Louisiana
Empire Louisiana acquired its assets in late 2018 and has 10 producing properties and three saltwater disposal wells in the following formations:
• Miocene
• Frio
• Cockfield
• Wilcox
Empire Louisiana’s assets primarily produce oil from properties with average WI of 58% and NRI of 47%.
Production and Operating Data
The following table sets forth a summary of our production and operating data for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Because of normal production declines, increased or decreased production due to future acquisitions, divestitures, and development, fluctuations in commodity prices and the effects of acquisitions or divestitures, the historical information presented below should not be interpreted as being indicative of future results.
Year Ended
December 31, 2022 Year Ended
December 31, 2021
Production and operating data:
Net production volumes:
Oil (Bbl) 482,818 333,158
Natural gas (Mcf) 875,647 622,474
Natural gas liquids (Bbl) 160,809 102,893
Total (Boe) 789,568 539,796
Average price per unit:
Oil (a) $ 93.16 $ 67.01
Natural gas (a)(b) $ 5.18 $ 3.68
Natural gas liquids (b) $ 22.76 $ 28.08
Total (Boe) $ 67.34 $ 50.95
Operating costs and expenses per Boe:
Lease operating expense $ 29.87 $ 24.61
Production and ad valorem taxes $ 4.99 $ 3.90
Depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion $ 4.19 $ 6.89
General & administrative $ 15.62 $ 15.68
(a) Excludes the effect of net cash receipts from (payments on) derivatives.
(b) Includes gathering and processing costs in 2022 and 2021 that were previously reported in Lease operating expense within Operating Costs and expenses.
At December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had approximately 1,100 wells which we operated.
We completed a pilot drilling program on four wells in North Dakota and are in the process of completing these wells as of December 31, 2022. During 2022, we had no other drilling activity with the exception of four non-operated wells. No wells were in progress as of December 31, 2021, and we had no drilling activity during 2021 with the exception of four non-operated wells.
We have no delivery commitments for oil or natural gas.
Oil and Natural Gas Reserves
Our primary mission is to optimize existing producing properties; as such, there are no reserves estimated for undeveloped properties, though we own acreage that can be drilled in the future and are also a non-operator WI owner on acreage subject to future drilling activities. The following table represents our oil and natural gas reserves at December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Oil Natural Gas NGL
(Mbbl) (MMcf) (Mbbl) MBoe
Proved developed at December 31, 2022 8,826 12,936 2,262 13,244
Proved developed at December 31, 2021 8,448 11,205
10,403
Net proved reserves were calculated using an unweighted arithmetic average of the first-day-of-the-month price within the 12-month period for the year. All prices and costs associated with operating wells were held constant in accordance with SEC guidelines. Prices of $91.14 per barrel of oil, $4.23 per Mcf and $36.29 per barrel of NGL were utilized at December 31, 2022. Prices of $64.31 per barrel and $7.34 per Mcf were utilized at December 31, 2021. Natural gas pricing in 2022 includes prices received for NGLs during the year. In 2021, we did not separately report the NGLs in New Mexico.
Reserve Estimation Process
Reserve estimation is a subjective process as the underground accumulations of crude oil and natural gas cannot be measured in an exact manner, and the accuracy of any reserve estimate is a function of the quality of available data and of engineering and geological interpretation and judgment. The quantities of oil and natural gas that are ultimately recovered, production and operating costs, and future oil and natural gas prices may differ from those assumed in these estimates. Our internal professionals work closely with our external engineers to ensure the integrity, accuracy, and timeliness of data that is furnished to them for their reserve estimation process.
We engage an independent petroleum engineering firm, CG&A, to prepare our annual reserve estimates and rely on CG&A’s expertise to ensure that reserve estimates are prepared in accordance with SEC guidelines.
The technical person primarily responsible for the preparation of the reserve report is Zane Meekins, Executive Vice President. Mr. Meekins has been with CG&A since 1989 and graduated from Texas A&M University in 1987 with a bachelor's degree in Petroleum Engineering. He is a registered professional engineer in Texas and has more than 30 years of experience in the estimation and evaluation of oil and natural gas reserves. He is also a member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers and The Society of Petroleum Evaluation Engineers.
Brian Weatherl, Vice President of Engineering, is responsible for our reservoir engineering, and is a qualified reserve estimator and is responsible for overseeing CG&A during the preparation of the annual reserve estimates. His professional qualifications meet or exceed the qualifications of reserve estimators set forth in the “Standards Pertaining to Estimation and Auditing of Oil and Natural Gas Reserve Information” promulgated by the Society of Petroleum Engineers. His qualifications include a Bachelor of Science degree in Petroleum Engineering from the University of Tulsa in 1984 and he is a member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers. Mr. Weatherl has been estimating and evaluating reserves for over 35 years.
The primary inputs to the reserve estimation process are technical information, financial data, ownership interest and production data. The relevant field and reservoir technical information, which is updated at least annually, is assessed for validity when CG&A has technical meetings with our personnel. Current revenue and expense information is obtained from accounting records, which are subject to external quarterly reviews, annual audits, and internal controls over financial reporting. All current financial data such as commodity prices, lease operating expenses, production taxes and field level commodity price differentials are updated in the reserve database and then analyzed to ensure that they have been entered accurately and that all updates are complete. Our ownership in mineral interests and well production data are subject to internal controls and are incorporated into the reserve database as well as verified internally by our personnel to ensure accuracy and completeness. Once the reserve database has been updated with current information, and the relevant technical support material has been assembled, CG&A meets with technical personnel to review field performance and future development plans in order to verify the validity of estimates. Following these reviews, the reserve database is furnished to CG&A so that it can prepare its independent reserve estimate and final report. The reserve estimates prepared by CG&A are reviewed and compared to internal estimates by Mr. Weatherl. Material reserve estimation differences are reviewed between CG&A and our technical personnel and additional data is provided to address any variances. If the supporting documentation does not justify additional changes, CG&A reserves are accepted. In the event that additional data supports a reserve estimation adjustment, CG&A will analyze the additional data and may make changes it solely deems necessary. Additional data is usually comprised of updated production information on new wells. Once the review is completed and all material differences are reconciled the reserve report is finalized and our reserve database is updated with the final estimates provided by CG&A.
COVID-19
Despite recoveries in commodity prices, COVID-19 has impacted and may continue to impact the global economy and disrupt global supply chains and has the potential to continue to create significant volatility and disruption of financial and commodity markets. The extent of the continuing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our operational and financial performance, including our ability to execute business strategies and initiatives in the expected timeframes, is uncertain and depends on various factors outside of our control, including how the pandemic continues to evolve and how measures taken in response to its effects impact the demand for oil and natural gas, the availability of personnel, equipment, and services critical to our ability to operate our properties and the impact of potential governmental restrictions. There is uncertainty regarding the extent and duration of any disruption.
Marketing Arrangements
We market our oil and natural gas in accordance with standard energy industry practices. This marketing effort endeavors to obtain the combined highest netback and most secure market available at that time.
We sell oil production at the lease locations to third-party purchasers via truck transport or pipeline. We do not transport, refine or process the oil we produce. We sell our produced oil under contracts using market-based pricing, which is adjusted for differentials based upon oil quality.
We sell our natural gas and natural gas liquids under purchase contracts using market-based pricing, which is primarily sold at the lease location.
Principal Customers
We sell our oil, natural gas, and NGL production to marketers which is transported by truck or pipeline to storage facilities arranged by the marketers. Our marketing of oil and natural gas can be affected by factors beyond our control, the effects of which cannot be accurately predicted.
For 2022, 68% of revenues from oil, natural gas, and NGL sales were to four customers. For 2021, 63% of revenues from oil, natural gas, and NGL sales were to four customers. While the loss of these purchasers may result in a temporary interruption in sales of, or a lower price for, our production, we believe that the loss of these purchasers would not have a material adverse effect on our operations, as there are alternative purchasers in our producing regions.
Competition
The oil and natural gas industry in the areas in which we operate is highly competitive. We encounter strong competition from numerous parties, ranging generally from small independent producers to major integrated companies. We primarily encounter significant competition in acquiring properties. At higher commodity prices, we also face competition in contracting for oil field services, rigs, pressure pumping and workover equipment and securing trained personnel. Many of these competitors have financial, technical and personnel resources substantially larger than ours. As a result, our competitors may be able to pay more for desirable properties, or to evaluate, bid for and purchase a greater number of properties or prospects than our financial or personnel resources will permit.
In addition to competition for drilling, pressure pumping and workover equipment, we are also affected by the availability of related equipment and materials. The oil and natural gas industry periodically experiences shortages of drilling and workover rigs, equipment, pipe, materials and personnel, which can delay workover and exploration activities and cause significant price increases. We are unable to predict the timing or duration of any such shortages.
Seasonality of Business
Weather conditions often affect the demand for, and prices of, natural gas and can also delay oil and natural gas production. Demand for natural gas is traditionally higher in the winter, resulting in higher natural gas prices during the first and fourth quarters. Due to these seasonal fluctuations, results of operations for individual quarterly periods may not be indicative of the results realized on an annual basis.
Markets; Price Volatility
The market price of oil and natural gas is volatile, subject to speculative movement and depends upon numerous factors beyond our control, including expectations regarding inflation, global and regional demand, political and economic conditions and production costs. Future profitability, if any, will depend substantially upon the prevailing prices for oil and natural gas. If the market price for oil and natural gas remains depressed in the future, it could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise additional capital necessary to finance operations. Lower oil and natural gas prices may also reduce the amount of oil and natural gas, if any, that can be produced economically from our properties. We anticipate that the prices of oil and natural gas will fluctuate in the near future.
Regulation
The oil and natural gas industry is subject to extensive federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the production, transportation and sale of hydrocarbons as well as the taxation of income resulting therefrom.
Legislation affecting the oil and natural gas industry is constantly changing. Numerous federal and state departments and agencies have issued rules and regulations applicable to the oil and natural gas industry. In general, these rules and regulations regulate, among other things, the extent to which acreage may be acquired or relinquished; spacing of wells; measures required for preventing waste of oil and natural gas resources; and, in some cases, rates of production. The heavy and increasing regulatory burdens on the oil and natural gas industry increase our cost of doing business and, consequently, affect profitability.
Our oil and natural gas operations are also subject to numerous federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to environmental protection. These laws govern, among other things, the amounts and types of substances and materials that may be released into the environment, the issuance of permits in connection with exploration, drilling and production activities, the reclamation and abandonment of wells and facility sites and the remediation of contaminated sites. These laws and regulations may impose substantial liabilities if we fail to comply or if any contamination results from our operations.
Employees
At December 31, 2022, we had forty full-time employees, not including contract personnel and outsourced service providers. Our team is broadly experienced in oil and natural gas operations and follows a strategy of outsourcing most accounting, human resources, and other non-core functions.
Office Locations
Our corporate headquarters are at 2200 South Utica Place, Suite 150, Tulsa, Oklahoma, with field offices in North Dakota, Texas, and New Mexico.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.
Our operations are subject to various risks and uncertainties in the ordinary course of business. The following summarizes significant risks and uncertainties that may adversely affect our operations or financial position. Risks and uncertainties discussed below are not a comprehensive listing of those faced by us. Additional risks not presently known or that are deemed immaterial may also affect us. Readers should carefully consider the risk factors included below and other information included and incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Reserves
The Standardized Measure and PV-10 of estimated reserves may not be accurate estimates of the current fair value of estimated proved oil and natural gas reserves.
Standardized Measure is a reporting convention that provides a common basis for comparing oil and natural gas companies subject to the rules and regulations of the SEC. PV-10, a non-GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) financial measure, is a similar reporting convention that we have disclosed in this report. Both measures require the use of operating and development costs prevailing as of the date of computation. Consequently, they will not reflect the prices ordinarily received or that will be received for oil and natural gas production because of varying market conditions, nor may they reflect the actual costs that will be required to produce or develop the oil and natural gas properties. Accordingly, estimates included in this report of future net cash flows may be materially different from the future net cash flows that are ultimately received. In addition, the 10 percent discount factor, which is required by the rules and regulations of the SEC to be used in calculating discounted future net cash flows for reporting purposes, may not be the most appropriate discount factor based on interest rates in effect from time to time and risks associated with us or the oil and natural gas industry in general.
Therefore, Standardized Measure and PV-10 included in this report should not be construed as accurate estimates of the current market value of our proved reserves.
Estimates of proved reserves and future net cash flows are not precise. The actual quantities of our proved reserves and future net cash flows may prove to be lower than estimated.
Numerous uncertainties exist in estimating quantities of proved reserves and future net cash flows therefrom. Estimates of proved reserves and related future net cash flows are based on various assumptions, which may ultimately prove to be inaccurate. Petroleum engineering is a subjective process of estimating accumulations of oil and natural gas that cannot be measured in an exact manner. Estimates of economically recoverable oil and natural gas reserves and of future net cash flows depend upon a number of variable factors and assumptions, including the following:
• historical production from the area compared with production from other producing areas;
• the assumed effects of regulations by governmental agencies;
• the quality, quantity and interpretation of available relevant data;
• assumptions concerning future commodity prices; and
• assumptions concerning future operating costs, severance and ad valorem taxes, development costs and workover and remedial costs.
Because all reserve estimates are to some degree subjective, each of the following items, or other items not identified below, may differ materially from those assumed in estimating reserves:
• the quantities of oil and natural gas that are ultimately recovered;
• the production and operating costs incurred;
• the amount and timing of future development expenditures; and
• future commodity prices.
Furthermore, different reserve engineers may make different estimates of reserves and cash flows based on the same data. Our actual production, revenues and expenditures with respect to reserves will likely be different from estimates and the differences may be material.
As required by the SEC, the estimated discounted future net cash flows from proved reserves are based on the average previous twelve months first-of-month prices preceding the date of the estimate and costs as of the date of the estimate, while actual future prices and costs may be materially higher or lower. Actual future net cash flows also will be affected by factors such as:
• the amount and timing of actual production;
• levels of future capital spending;
• increases or decreases in the supply of or demand for oil and natural gas; and
• changes in governmental regulations or taxation.
Accordingly, estimates included in this report of future net cash flows may be materially different from the future net cash flows that are ultimately received. Therefore, the estimates of discounted future net cash flows in this report should not be construed as accurate estimates of the current market value of our proved reserves.
Unless reserves are replaced, production and estimated reserves will decline, which may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and/or cash flows.
Producing oil and natural gas reservoirs are generally characterized by declining production rates that may vary depending upon reservoir characteristics and other factors. Estimates of the decline rate of an oil or natural gas well are inherently imprecise and may be less precise with respect to new or emerging oil and natural gas formations with limited production histories than for more developed formations with established production histories. Estimated future oil and natural gas reserves and production and, therefore, cash flows and results of operations are highly dependent upon our success in efficiently developing and exploiting current properties and economically finding or acquiring additional recoverable reserves. We may not be able to develop, find or acquire additional reserves to replace our current and future production at acceptable costs. If we are unable to replace our current and future production, cash flows and the value of reserves may decrease, adversely affecting our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Financing
We have indebtedness and may incur substantially more debt. Higher levels of indebtedness make us more vulnerable to economic downturns and adverse business developments.
Our total indebtedness at December 31, 2022 was $7.2 million. Our subsidiaries Empire Louisiana and Empire North Dakota had approximately $5.9 million of outstanding aggregate principal indebtedness at December 31, 2022. At December 31, 2022, commitments from the financial institution under our Senior Revolving Credit Facility (as amended, the “Credit Facility”) were approximately $6.1 million, of which approximately $300,000 was unused commitments. Management continues to review existing indebtedness, and may seek to repay, refinance, repurchase, redeem, exchange or otherwise terminate existing indebtedness. If we do seek to refinance existing indebtedness, there can be no guarantee that we would be able to execute the refinancing on favorable terms or at all.
As a result of indebtedness, we use a portion of our cash flow to pay interest, which reduces the amount available to fund operations and other business activities and could limit flexibility in planning for or reacting to changes in the business and the industry in which we operate. Indebtedness under the Credit Facility is at a variable interest rate, and so a rise in interest rates will generate greater interest expense.
We may incur substantially more debt in the future. The Credit Facility contains restrictions on the incurrence of additional indebtedness.
Increases in the level of indebtedness could have adverse effects on our financial condition and results of operations, including:
• imposing additional cash requirements on us in order to support interest payments, which reduces the amount we have available to fund our operations and other business activities;
• increasing the risk that we may default on our debt obligations;
• increasing our vulnerability to adverse changes in general economic and industry conditions, economic downturns and adverse developments in our business;
• limiting our ability to sell assets, engage in strategic transactions or obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, general corporate and other purposes;
• limiting our flexibility in planning for or reacting to changes in our business and the industry in which we operate; and
• increasing our exposure to a rise in interest rates, which will generate greater interest expense.
Our ability to meet our debt obligations and reduce our level of indebtedness depends on future performance, which is affected by general economic conditions and financial, business and other factors, many of which are outside of the scope of management’s control.
Our business requires substantial capital expenditures. Management may be unable to obtain needed capital or financing on satisfactory terms or at all, which could lead to a decline in oil and natural gas reserves.
The oil and natural gas industry is capital intensive. Management makes and expects to continue to make substantial capital expenditures for the acquisition and development of reserves. We intend to finance future capital expenditures through cash flow from operations or incurring additional indebtedness. However, cash flow from operations and access to capital are subject to a number of variables, including:
• the volume of oil, natural gas, and NGLs we are able to produce from existing wells;
• ability to transport oil and natural gas to market;
• the prices at which commodities are sold;
• the costs of producing oil and natural gas;
• global and domestic demand for oil and natural gas;
• global credit and securities markets;
• the ability and willingness of lenders and investors to provide capital and the cost of the capital;
• ability to acquire, locate and produce new reserves;
• the impact of potential changes in our credit ratings; and
• proved reserves.
We may not generate expected cash flows and obtain the capital necessary to sustain our operations at current or anticipated levels. A decline in cash flow from operations or our financing needs may require management to revise our capital program or alter or increase capitalization substantially through the issuance of debt or equity securities. The issuance of additional equity securities could have a dilutive effect on the value of our common stock. Additional borrowings under the Credit Facility or the issuance of additional debt securities will require that a greater portion of cash flow from operations be used for the payment of interest and principal on debt, thereby reducing our ability to use cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures and acquisitions. Additional financing also may not be available on acceptable terms or at all. In the event additional capital resources are unavailable, management may curtail activities or be forced to sell some assets on an untimely or unfavorable basis.
If we are unable to comply with the covenants in our agreements governing our indebtedness, including the Credit Facility, there could be a default under the terms of such agreements, which could result in an acceleration of payment of funds that we have borrowed.
Our ability to meet our debt obligations and other expenses will depend on our future performance, which will be affected by financial, business, economic, regulatory and other factors, many of which management is unable to control. If our cash flow is not sufficient to service our debt, we may be required to refinance debt, sell assets or sell additional equity on terms that we may not find attractive if it may be done at all. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow and are otherwise unable to obtain funds necessary to meet required payments of principal, premium, if any, and interest, if any, on our indebtedness, or if we otherwise fail to comply with the various covenants, including financial and operating covenants, in the agreements governing our indebtedness, including the Credit Facility, we could be in default under the terms of the agreements governing such indebtedness. In the event of such default:
• the holders of such indebtedness could elect to declare all the funds borrowed thereunder to be due and payable, together with accrued and unpaid interest;
• the lenders could elect to terminate their commitments thereunder and cease making further loans; and
• we could be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation.
If our operating performance declines, we may need to obtain waivers under the Credit Facility to avoid being in default. If we breach our covenants and cannot obtain a waiver from the required lender, we would be in default and the lender could exercise its rights, as described above, and we could be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation.
A negative shift in stakeholder sentiment towards the oil and natural gas industry and increased attention to ESG matters and conservation matters could adversely affect our ability to raise equity and debt capital.
Much of the investor community has developed negative sentiment towards investing in our industry over the past few years. Recent equity returns in the sector versus other industry sectors have led to lower oil and gas representation in certain key equity market indices. Some investors, including certain public and private fund management firms, pension funds, university endowments and family foundations, have stated policies to reduce or eliminate their investments in the oil and natural gas sector based on environmental, social and governance considerations. Certain other stakeholders have pressured private equity firms and commercial and investment banks to stop funding oil and gas projects. Such developments have resulted and could continue to result in downward pressure on the stock prices of oil and natural gas companies, including ours. This may also result in a reduction of available capital funding for potential development projects, further impacting our future financial results.
Increasing attention to climate change, societal expectations on companies to address climate change, investor and societal expectations regarding voluntary ESG disclosures, and consumer demand for alternative forms of energy may result in increased costs, reduced demand for our products, reduced profits, increased investigations and litigation, and negative impacts on our stock price and access to capital markets. Increasing attention to climate change and environmental conservation, for example, may result in demand shifts for oil and natural gas products and additional governmental investigations and private litigation against us or our operators. To the extent that societal pressures or political or other factors are involved, it is possible that such liability could be imposed without regard to our causation of or contribution to the asserted damage, or to other mitigating factors.
Moreover, while we may create and publish voluntary disclosures regarding ESG matters from time to time, many of the statements in those voluntary disclosures are based on hypothetical expectations and assumptions that may or may not be representative of current or actual risks or events or forecasts of expected risks or events, including the costs associated therewith. Such expectations and assumptions are necessarily uncertain and may be prone to error or subject to misinterpretation given the long timelines involved and the lack of an established single approach to identifying, measuring and reporting on many ESG matters.
In addition, organizations that provide information to investors on corporate governance and related matters have developed ratings processes for evaluating companies on their approach to ESG matters. Currently, there are no universal standards for such scores or ratings, but the importance of sustainability evaluations is becoming more broadly accepted by investors and stockholders. Such ratings are used by some investors to inform their investment and voting decisions. Unfavorable ESG ratings and recent activism directed at shifting funding away from companies with energy-related assets could lead to increased negative investor sentiment toward us and our industry and to the diversion of investment to other industries, which could have a negative impact on our access to and costs of capital. Also, institutional lenders may decide not to provide funding for fossil fuel energy companies based on climate change related concerns, which could affect our access to capital for potential growth projects.
General Operations
The oil and natural gas industry is highly competitive, and our size may put us at a disadvantage in competing for resources.
The oil and natural gas industry is highly competitive where our properties and operations are concentrated. We compete with major integrated and larger independent oil and natural gas companies in seeking to acquire desirable oil and natural gas properties and leases and for the equipment and services required to develop and operate properties. Many of our competitors have financial and other resources that are substantially greater than ours, which makes acquisitions of acreage or producing properties at economic prices difficult. Significant competition also exists in attracting and retaining technical personnel, including geologists, geophysicists, engineers, landmen and other specialists, as well as financial and administrative personnel. Hence, we may be at a competitive disadvantage to companies with larger financial resources than ours.
A substantial or extended decline in oil and natural gas prices may adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations and our ability to meet our capital expenditure obligations and financial commitments.
The price we receive for our oil and natural gas production heavily influences our revenue, profitability, access to capital and future rate of growth. Oil and natural gas are commodities and, therefore, their prices are subject to wide fluctuations in response to relatively minor changes in supply and demand. Historically, the markets for oil and natural gas have been volatile. These markets will likely continue to be volatile in the future. The prices we receive for our production, and the levels of our production, depend on numerous factors beyond our control. These factors include, but are not limited to, the following:
• changes in global supply and demand for oil and natural gas, which could be negatively affected by concerns about public health crises, pandemics and epidemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic;
• the price and quantity of imports of foreign oil and natural gas;
• political conditions, including trade or other economic sanctions, armed conflict in Ukraine, the price cap on Russian oil and embargoes, in or affecting other oil-producing activity;
• the level of global oil and natural gas exploration and production activity;
• the level of global oil and natural gas inventories;
• weather conditions;
• technological advances affecting energy consumption; and
• the price and availability of alternative fuels.
Lower oil and natural gas prices may not only decrease our revenues on a per unit basis but also may reduce the amount of oil and natural gas that we can produce economically. Lower prices also negatively impact the value of our proved reserves. Volatility in the price of oil could force us (as well as other operators) to re-evaluate our current capital expenditure budget and make changes accordingly that we believe are in the best interest of us and our stockholders. A substantial or extended decline in oil or natural gas prices may materially and adversely affect our future business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity or ability to finance planned capital expenditures.
Our producing properties and proved reserves are concentrated in New Mexico, North Dakota, Montana, Texas, and Louisiana, making us vulnerable to risks associated with operating in limited major geographic areas.
Our producing properties are geographically concentrated in New Mexico, North Dakota, Montana, Texas, and Louisiana. At December 31, 2022, all of our total estimated proved reserves were attributable to properties located in these areas. As a result of this concentration, we are exposed to the impact of regional supply and demand factors, delays or interruptions of production from wells in these areas caused by governmental regulation, processing or transportation capacity constraints, market limitations, severe weather events, water shortages or other drought related conditions or interruption of the processing or transportation of oil or natural gas.
This concentration of assets exposes us to additional risks, such as changes in field-wide rules and regulations that could cause us to permanently or temporarily shut-in all of our wells within a field.
Our insurance policies may not adequately protect us against certain unforeseen risks.
In accordance with customary industry practice, we maintain insurance against some, but not all, of the risks described in this report. There can be no assurance that any insurance will be adequate to cover our losses or liabilities. We cannot predict the continued availability of insurance, or its availability at premium levels that justify its purchase.
We are subject to various environmental risks, and governmental regulation relating to environmental matters.
We are subject to a variety of federal, state and local governmental laws and regulations related to the storage, use, discharge and disposal of toxic, volatile or otherwise hazardous materials. These regulations subject us to increased operating costs and potential liability associated with the use and disposal of hazardous materials. Although these laws and regulations have not had a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations, there can be no assurance that we will not be required to make material expenditures in the future. Moreover, we anticipate that such laws and regulations will become increasingly stringent in the future, which could lead to material costs for environmental compliance and remediation by us. Any failure by us to obtain required permits for, control the use of, or adequately restrict the discharge of hazardous substances under present or future regulations could subject us to substantial liability or could cause our operations to be suspended. Such liability or suspension of operations could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our activities are subject to extensive governmental regulation. Oil and natural gas operations are subject to various federal, state and local governmental regulations that may be changed from time to time in response to economic or political conditions. From time to time, regulatory agencies have imposed price controls and limitations on production in order to conserve supplies of oil and natural gas. In addition, the production, handling, storage, transportation and disposal of oil and natural gas, by-products thereof and other substances and materials produced or used in connection with oil and natural gas operations are subject to regulation under federal, state and local laws and regulations primarily relating to protection of human health and the environment. To date, expenditures related to complying with these laws and for remediation of existing environmental contamination have not been significant in relation to our operations. There can be no assurance that the trend of more expansive and stricter environmental legislation and regulations will not continue.
As a result of previous low prices for oil, natural gas and NGL, we may be required to take significant future write-downs of the financial carrying values of our properties in the future.
Accounting rules require that we periodically review the carrying value of our proved and unproved properties for possible impairment. Based on prevailing commodity prices and specific market factors and circumstances at the time of prospective impairment reviews, and the continuing evaluation of development plans, production data, economics and other factors, we may be required to significantly write-down the financial carrying value of our oil and natural gas properties, which constitutes a non-cash charge to earnings. We may incur impairment charges in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations for the periods in which such charges are recorded.
A write-down could occur when oil and natural gas prices are low or if we have substantial downward adjustments to our estimated proved oil and natural gas reserves, or if operating costs or development costs increase over prior estimates.
The capitalized costs of our oil and natural gas properties, on a field-by-field basis, may exceed the estimated future net cash flows of that field. If so, we would record impairment charges to reduce the capitalized costs of such field to our estimate of the field’s fair market value. Unproved properties are evaluated at the lower of cost or fair market value. These types of charges will reduce our earnings and stockholders’ equity and could adversely affect our stock price.
We periodically assess our properties for impairment based on future estimates of proved and non-proved reserves, oil and natural gas prices, production rates and operating, development and reclamation costs based on operating budget forecasts. Once incurred, an impairment charge cannot be reversed at a later date even if price increases of oil and/or natural gas occur and in the event of increases in the quantity of our estimated proved reserves.
If oil, natural gas and NGL prices fall below current levels for an extended period of time and all other factors remain equal, we may incur impairment charges in the future. Such charges could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations for the periods in which they are recorded.
Properties we acquire may not produce as projected and we may be unable to determine reserve potential, identify liabilities associated with the properties that we acquire or obtain protection from sellers against such liabilities.
Acquiring oil and natural gas properties requires us to assess reservoir and infrastructure characteristics, including recoverable reserves, development and operating costs and potential environmental and other liabilities. Such assessments are inexact and inherently uncertain and include properties with which we do not have a long operational history. In connection with the assessments, we perform a review of the subject properties, but such a review will not reveal all existing or potential problems. In the course of our due diligence, we may not inspect every well or pipeline. We cannot necessarily observe structural and environmental problems, such as pipe corrosion, when an inspection is made. We may not be able to obtain contractual indemnities from the seller for liabilities created prior to our purchase of a property. We may be required to assume the risk of the physical condition of properties in addition to the risk that they may not perform in accordance with our expectations. If properties we acquire do not produce as projected or have liabilities we were unable to identify, we could experience a decline in our reserves and production, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Many of our properties are in areas that may have been partially depleted or drained by offset wells and certain of our wells may be adversely affected by actions we or other operators may take when drilling, completing, or operating wells that we or they own.
Many of our properties are in reservoirs that may have already been partially depleted or drained by earlier offset drilling. The owners of leasehold interests adjoining any of our properties could take actions, such as drilling and completing additional wells, which could adversely affect our operations. When a new well is completed and produced, the pressure differential in the vicinity of the well causes the migration of reservoir fluids toward the new wellbore (and potentially away from existing wellbores). As a result, the drilling and production of these potential locations by us or other operators could cause depletion of our proved reserves and may inhibit our ability to further develop our proved reserves. In addition, completion operations and other activities conducted on adjacent or nearby wells could cause production from our wells to be shut in for indefinite periods of time, could result in increased lease operating expenses and could adversely affect the production and reserves from our wells after they re-commence production. We have no control over the operations or activities of offsetting operators.
Acquisitions involve a number of risks, including the risk that we will discover unanticipated liabilities or other problems associated with the acquired business or property.
In assessing potential acquisitions, we consider information available in the public domain and information provided by the seller. In the event publicly available data is limited, then, by necessity, we may rely to a large extent on information that may only be available from the seller, particularly with respect to drilling and completion costs and practices, geological, geophysical and petrophysical data, detailed production data on existing wells, and other technical and cost data not available in the public domain. Accordingly, the review and evaluation of businesses or properties to be acquired may not uncover all existing or relevant data, obligations or actual or contingent liabilities that could adversely impact any business or property to be acquired and, hence, could adversely affect us as a result of the acquisition. These issues may be material and could include, among other things, unexpected environmental liabilities, title defects, unpaid royalties, taxes or other liabilities.
The success of any acquisition that we complete will depend on a variety of factors, including our ability to accurately assess the reserves associated with the acquired properties, assumptions related to future oil and natural gas prices and operating costs, potential environmental and other liabilities and other factors. These assessments are often inexact and subjective. As a result, we may not recover the purchase price of a property from the sale of production from the property or recognize an acceptable return from such sales or operations.
Our ability to achieve the benefits that we expect from an acquisition will also depend on our ability to efficiently integrate the acquired operations. Management may be required to dedicate significant time and effort to the integration process, which could divert its attention from other business opportunities and concerns. The challenges involved in the integration process may include retaining key employees and maintaining employee morale, addressing differences in business cultures, processes and systems and developing internal expertise regarding acquired properties.
Our operations are subject to a series of risks arising out of the threat of climate change that could result in increased operating costs, limit the areas in which we may conduct oil, natural gas and NGL exploration and production activities, and reduce demand for the oil, natural gas and NGL we produce.
In the United States, no comprehensive climate change legislation has been implemented at the federal level. However, following the U.S. Supreme Court finding that GHG emissions constitute a pollutant under the Clean Air Act, the EPA has adopted regulations that, among other things, establish construction and operating permit reviews for GHG emissions from certain large stationary sources, require the monitoring and annual reporting of GHG emissions from certain petroleum and natural gas system sources in the United States, impose new standards reducing methane emissions from oil and gas operations through limitations on venting and flaring and the implementation of enhanced emission leak detection and repair requirements, and together with the United States Department of Transportation, implement GHG emissions limits on vehicles manufactured for operation in the United States. The federal regulation of methane emissions from oil and natural gas facilities has been subject to uncertainty in recent years and the EPA is currently proposing new and updated rules for both new and existing sources. The EPA's proposed rules, if finalized would make existing regulations more stringent, expand the scope of source types covered by the rules and require states to develop plans to reduce methane and volatile organic compound emissions from existing sources that must be at least as effective as presumptive standards set by EPA. The EPA is currently seeking public comments on its proposal. However, all of these regulatory actions will likely be subject to legal challenges. As a result, we cannot predict the scope of any final methane regulatory requirements or the cost to comply with such requirements. However, given the long-term trend toward increasing regulation, future federal GHG regulations of the oil and natural gas industry remain a significant possibility.
Governmental, scientific, and public concern over the threat of climate change arising from GHG emissions has resulted in increasing political risks in the United States, including climate change related pledges made by certain candidates elected to public office. President Biden has issued several executive orders focused on addressing climate change, including items that may impact costs to produce, or demand for, oil and gas. There are also increasing financial risks for fossil fuel producers as shareholders currently invested in fossil-fuel energy companies may elect in the future to shift some or all of their investments into other sectors. Institutional lenders who provide financing to fossil-fuel energy companies also have become more attentive to sustainable lending practices and some of them may elect not to provide funding for fossil fuel energy companies. For example, at COP26, the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (“GFANZ”) announced that over 450 firms in the financial sector across 45 countries committed to net zero goals. The various sub-alliances of GFANZ generally require participants to set short-term, sector-specific targets to transition their financing, investing, and/or underwriting activities to net zero emissions by 2050. There is also a risk that financial institutions will be required to adopt policies that have the effect of reducing the funding provided to the fossil fuel sector. President Biden signed an executive order calling for the development of a “climate finance plan” and, separately, the Federal Reserve has joined the Network for Greening the Financial System (“NGFS”), a consortium of financial regulators focused on addressing climate-related risks in the financial sector. In November 2021, the Federal Reserve issued a statement in support of the efforts of the NGFS to identify key issues and potential solutions for the climate-related challenges most relevant to central banks and supervisory authorities. Limitation of investments in and financings for fossil fuel energy companies could result in the restriction, delay or cancellation of drilling programs or development or production activities.
Additionally, in March 2022, the SEC issued a proposed rule that would mandate extensive disclosure of climate risks, including financial impacts, related governance and strategy and GHG emissions, for all U.S.-listed public companies. Although the final form and substance of this rule and its requirements are not yet known and its ultimate impact on our business is uncertain, compliance with the proposed rule, if finalized, may result in additional legal, accounting and financial compliance costs.
The adoption and implementation of new or more stringent international, federal or state legislation, regulations or other regulatory initiatives that impose more stringent standards for GHG emissions from the oil and natural gas sector or otherwise restrict the areas in which this sector may produce oil and natural gas or generate GHG emissions could result in increased costs of compliance or costs of consuming, and thereby reduce demand for, oil and natural gas. Additionally, political, litigation and financial risks may result in us restricting or cancelling production activities, incurring liability for infrastructure damages as a result of climatic changes, or having an impaired ability to continue to operate in an economic manner. One or more of these developments could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
As a final note, climate change could have an effect on the severity of weather (including hurricanes, droughts and floods), sea levels, water availability and quality, and meteorological patterns. If such effects were to occur, our development and production operations have the potential to be adversely affected.
Potential adverse effects could include damages to our facilities from powerful winds, extreme temperatures, or rising waters in low-lying areas, disruption of our production activities either because of climate related damages to our facilities or in our costs of operation potentially arising from such climatic effects, less efficient or non- routine operating practices necessitated by climate effects or increased costs for insurance coverage in the aftermath of such effects. Significant physical effects of climate change could also have an indirect effect on our financing and operations by disrupting the transportation or process-related services provided by midstream companies, service companies or suppliers with whom we have a business relationship. Additionally, changing meteorological conditions, particularly temperature, may result in changes to the amount, timing, or location of demand for energy or the products we produce. We may not be able to recover through insurance some or any of the damages, losses or costs that may result from potential physical effects of climate change. At this time, we have not developed a comprehensive plan to address the legal, economic, social or physical impacts of climate change on our operations.
The marketability of our production is dependent upon gathering systems, transportation facilities and processing facilities that we do not own or control. If these facilities or systems are unavailable, our oil and natural gas production can be interrupted and our revenues reduced.
The marketability of our oil and natural gas production is dependent upon the availability, proximity and capacity of pipelines, natural gas gathering systems, transportation and processing facilities owned by third parties. In general, we will not control these facilities, and our access to them may be limited or denied due to circumstances beyond our control. A significant disruption in the availability of these facilities could adversely impact our ability to deliver to market the hydrocarbons we produce and thereby cause a significant interruption in our operations. In some cases, our ability to deliver to market our hydrocarbons is dependent upon coordination among third parties that own transportation and processing facilities we use, and any inability or unwillingness of those parties to coordinate efficiently could also interrupt our operations. The lack of availability or the lack of capacity on these systems and facilities could result in the curtailment of production or the delay or discontinuance of drilling plans. These are risks for which we generally will not maintain insurance.
We operate or participate in oil and natural gas leases with third parties who may not be able to fulfill their commitments to our projects.
In some cases, we operate but own less than 100% of the working interest in the oil and natural gas leases on which we conduct operations, and other parties own the remaining portion of the working interest. Financial risks are inherent in any operation where the cost of drilling, equipping, completing and operating wells is shared by more than one person. We could be held liable for joint activity obligations of other working interest owners, such as nonpayment of costs and liabilities arising from the actions of other working interest owners. In addition, declines in oil, natural gas and NGL prices may increase the likelihood that some of these working interest owners, particularly those that are smaller and less established, are not able to fulfill their joint activity obligations. A partner may be unable or unwilling to pay its share of project costs, and, in some cases, a partner may declare bankruptcy. In the event any of our project partners do not pay their share of such costs, we would likely have to pay those costs, and we may be unsuccessful in any efforts to recover these costs from our partners, which could materially adversely affect our financial position.
Because we cannot control activities on properties we do not operate, we cannot directly control the timing of exploitation. If we are unable to fund required capital expenditures with respect to non-operated properties, our interests in those properties may be reduced or forfeited.
Our ability to exercise influence over operations and costs for the properties we do not operate is limited. Our dependence on the operators and other working interest owners for these projects and our limited ability to influence operations and associated costs could prevent the realization of our targeted returns on capital with respect to acquisition, exploration and development activities. The success and timing of development, exploitation and exploration activities on properties operated by others depend upon a number of factors that may be outside our control, including but not limited to the timing and amount of capital expenditures; the operator’s expertise and financial resources; the approval of other participants in drilling wells; and the selection of technology.
Where we are not the majority owner or operator of a particular oil and natural gas project, we may have no control over the timing or amount of capital expenditures associated with the project. If we are not willing or able to fund required capital expenditures relating to a project when required by the majority owner(s) or operator, our interests in the project may be reduced or forfeited. Also, we could be responsible for plugging and abandonment costs, as well as other liabilities in excess of our proportionate interest in the property.
We could be adversely affected by increased costs of service providers utilized by us.
In accordance with customary industry practice, we have relied and will rely on independent third-party service providers to provide most of the services necessary to operate. The industry has experienced significant price fluctuations for these services during the last year and this trend is expected to continue into the future. These cost uncertainties could, in the future, significantly increase our production costs.
Our ability to use our existing net operating loss carryforwards or other tax attributes could be limited.
At December 31, 2022, we had approximately $18.6 million of federal net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards generated in prior years that could offset against future taxable income. Utilization of any NOL depends on many factors, including our ability to generate future taxable income, which cannot be assured. In the event that we were to undergo an “ownership change” (as defined in Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”)), our federal NOL carryforwards generated prior to the ownership change would be subject to annual limitations, which could defer or eliminate our ability to utilize these tax losses against future taxable income. Generally, an “ownership change” occurs if one or more stockholders, each of whom owns 5% or more in value of a corporation’s stock, increase their aggregate percentage ownership by more than 50% over the lowest percentage of stock owned by those stockholders at any time during the preceding three-year period.
Legislation
Climate change legislation, regulations restricting emissions of “greenhouse gases” (GHG’s) or legal or other action taken by public or private entities related to climate change could result in increased operating costs and reduced demand for the oil and natural gas that we produce.
The threat of climate change continues to attract considerable attention in the United States and around the world. Numerous proposals have been made and could continue to be made at the international, national, regional and state levels of government to monitor and limit existing emissions of GHGs as well as to restrict or eliminate such future emissions. These efforts have included consideration of cap-and-trade programs, carbon taxes, GHG disclosure obligations and regulations that directly limit GHG emissions from certain sources. Moreover, President Biden highlighted addressing climate change as a priority of his administration, issued several executive orders related to climate change and recommitted the United States to long-term international goals to reduce emissions. In recent years, Congress has considered legislation to reduce emissions of GHGs, including methane, a primary component of natural gas, and carbon dioxide, a byproduct of the burning of natural gas. For example, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, which appropriates significant federal funding for renewable energy initiatives and, for the first time, imposes a fee on GHG emissions from certain facilities, was signed into law in August 2022. The emissions fee and funding provisions of the law could increase operating costs within the oil and natural gas industry and accelerate the transition away from fossil fuels, which could in turn adversely affect our business and results of operations.
At the international level, the United Nations ("UN") -sponsored "Paris Agreement" requires member states to submit non-binding, individually-determined reduction goals known as Nationally Determined Contributions every five years after 2020. President Biden has recommitted the United States to the Paris Agreement and, in April 2021, announced a goal of reducing the
United States' emissions by 50 to 52% below 2005 levels by 2030. Additionally, at the UN Climate Change Conference of Parties ("COP26"), held in November 2021, the United States and the European Union jointly announced the launch of a Global Methane Pledge, an initiative committing to a collective goal of reducing global methane emissions by at least 30% from 2020 levels by 2030, including "all feasible reductions" in the energy sector. COP26 concluded with the finalization of the Glasgow Climate Pact, which stated long-term global goals (including those in the Paris Agreement) to limit the increase in the global average temperature and emphasized reductions in GHG emissions. These goals were reaffirmed at the November 2022 Conference of Parties ("COP27"). At COP27, the United States also announced, in conjunction with the European Union and other partner countries, that it would develop standards for monitoring and reporting methane emissions to help create a market for low methane-intensity natural gas. Moreover, various state and local governments have also publicly committed to furthering the goals of the Paris Agreement. The full impact of these actions, and any legislation or regulation promulgated to fulfill the United States' commitments thereunder, is uncertain at this time, and it is unclear what additional initiatives may be adopted or implemented that may have adverse effects upon our operations.
The adoption of legislation or regulatory programs to reduce emissions of GHGs could require us to incur increased operating costs, such as costs to purchase and operate emissions control systems, to acquire emissions allowances or to comply with new regulatory or reporting requirements. Any such legislation or regulatory programs could also increase the cost of consuming, and thereby reduce demand for, the oil and natural gas we produce. Consequently, legislation and regulatory programs to reduce emissions of GHGs could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Reduced demand for the oil and natural gas that we produce could also have the effect of lowering the value of our reserves. It should also be noted that some scientists have concluded that increasing concentrations of GHGs in the earth’s atmosphere may produce climate changes that have significant physical effects, such as increased frequency and severity of storms, droughts, and floods and other climatic events. If any such effects were to occur, they could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, there have also been efforts in recent years to influence the investment community, including investment advisors and certain sovereign wealth, pension and endowment funds promoting divestment of fossil fuel equities and pressuring lenders to limit funding to companies engaged in the extraction of fossil fuel reserves. Such environmental activism and initiatives aimed at limiting climate change and reducing air pollution could interfere with our business activities, operations and ability to access capital. Finally, increasing attention to the risks of climate change has resulted in an increased possibility of lawsuits or investigations brought by public and private entities against oil and natural gas companies in connection with their GHG emissions. Should we be targeted by any such litigation or investigations, we may incur liability, which, to the extent that societal pressures or political or other factors are involved, could be imposed without regard to the causation of or contribution to the asserted damage, or to other mitigating factors. The ultimate impact of GHG emissions-related agreements, legislation and measures on our company’s financial performance is highly uncertain because we are unable to predict with certainty, for a multitude of individual jurisdictions, the outcome of political decision-making processes and the variables and tradeoffs that inevitably occur in connection with such processes.
Any change to government regulation or administrative practices may have a negative impact on our ability to operate and our profitability.
Oil and natural gas operations are subject to substantial regulation under federal, state and local laws relating to the exploration for, and the development, upgrading, marketing, pricing, taxation, and transportation of, oil and natural gas and related products and other associated matters. Amendments to current laws and regulations governing operations and activities of oil and natural gas exploration and development operations could have a material adverse impact on our business. In addition, there can be no assurance that income tax laws, royalty regulations and government programs related to our oil and natural gas properties and the oil and natural gas industry generally will not be changed in a manner which may adversely affect our progress or cause delays.
Permits, leases, licenses, and approvals are required from a variety of regulatory authorities at various stages of exploration and development. There can be no assurance that the various government permits, leases, licenses and approvals sought will be granted in respect of our activities or, if granted, will not be cancelled or will be renewed upon expiration. There is no assurance that such permits, leases, licenses, and approvals will not contain terms and provisions which may adversely affect our exploration and development activities.
Other
A cyber incident could result in information theft, data corruption, operational disruption and/or financial loss.
The oil and natural gas industry has become increasingly dependent on digital technologies to conduct day-to-day operations including certain exploration, development and production activities. We are dependent on digital technologies including information systems and related infrastructure, to process and record financial and operating data, communicate with our employees, business partners, and stockholders, analyze 3-D seismic and drilling information, estimate quantities of oil and natural gas reserves as well as other activities related to our business.
As dependence on digital technologies has increased, cyber incidents, including deliberate attacks or unintentional events, have also increased. A cyber-attack could include gaining unauthorized access to digital systems for the purposes of misappropriating assets or sensitive information, corrupting data, causing operational disruption, or result in denial-of-service on websites.
Our technologies, systems, networks, and those of our business partners may become the target of cyber-attacks or information security breaches that could result in the unauthorized release, gathering, monitoring, misuse, loss or destruction of proprietary and other information, or other disruption of our business operations. In addition, certain cyber incidents, such as surveillance, may remain undetected for an extended period of time. In particular, our implementation of various procedures and controls to monitor and mitigate security threats and to increase security for our information, data, facilities and infrastructure may result in increased capital and operating costs. Costs for insurance may also increase as a result of security threats, and some insurance coverage may become more difficult to obtain, if available at all. Moreover, there can be no assurance that such procedures and controls will be sufficient to prevent security breaches from occurring. As cyber threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures or to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities. A cyber incident involving our information systems and related infrastructure, or that of our business partners, could disrupt our business plans and negatively impact our operations.
The loss or unavailability of any of our executive officers or other key employees could have a material adverse effect on our business.
We depend greatly on the efforts of our executive officers and other key employees to manage our operations. The loss or unavailability of any of our executive officers or other key employees could have a material adverse effect on our business.
We do not expect to declare or pay any dividends in the foreseeable future.
We have not declared or paid any dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business, to repay indebtedness and for general corporate purposes, and therefore, do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.
The price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly, which could negatively affect us and holders of our common stock.
Our common stock trades on the NYSE American. The trading price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control. Adverse events including changes in production volumes, worldwide demand and prices for crude oil and natural gas, regulatory developments, and changes in any securities analysts’ estimates of our financial performance could negatively impact the market price of our common stock. General market conditions, including the level of, and fluctuations in, the trading prices of stocks generally could also have a similar negative impact. The stock markets regularly experience price and volume volatility that affects many companies’ stock prices without regard to the operating performance of those companies. Volatility of this type may affect the trading price of our common stock.
Provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and Delaware law may inhibit a takeover, which could limit the price investors might be willing to pay in the future for our common stock.
Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may have the effect of delaying or preventing an acquisition of us or a merger in which we are not the surviving company and may otherwise prevent or slow changes in our board of directors and management. In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, which provides certain restrictions on business combinations involving interested parties. These provisions could discourage an acquisition of us or other change in control transactions and thereby negatively affect the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for our common stock.
Holders of our outstanding Series A Voting Preferred Stock have effective control of our board of directors.
We have six shares of Series A Voting Preferred Stock currently issued and outstanding. The Series A Voting Preferred Stock was issued in connection with the strategic investment in us by Energy Evolution (Master Fund), Ltd. (the “Fund”). For so long as the Series A Voting Preferred Stock is outstanding, our board of directors will consist of six directors. Three of the directors are designated as the Series A Directors and the three other directors (each, a “common director”) are elected by the holders of
common stock and/or any preferred stock (other than the Series A Voting Preferred Stock) granted the right to vote on the common directors. Any Series A Director may be removed with or without cause but only by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the Series A Voting Preferred Stock voting separately and as a single class. The holders of the Series A Voting Preferred Stock have the exclusive right, voting separately and as a single class, to vote on the election, removal and/or replacement of the Series A Directors. Holders of common stock or other preferred stock have no right to vote on the Series A Directors. In addition, in the case of any tie vote or deadlock of the board of directors, our current Chairman of the Board, a Series A Director, has the deciding, tiebreaking vote. Accordingly, the holder(s) of our Series A Voting Preferred Stock have effective control of our board of directors for so long as the voting rights of the Series A Voting Preferred Stock remain in effect.
Our bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware) will be the exclusive forum for certain legal actions between us and our stockholders. These provisions could increase costs to bring a claim, discourage claims or limit the ability of our stockholders to bring a claim in a judicial forum viewed by the stockholders as more favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.
Our bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware) will be the sole and exclusive forum for (a) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (b) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer, stockholder, employee or agent to us or our stockholders, (c) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws, or (d) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine, in each case subject to the court having personal jurisdiction over the defendants. This exclusive forum provision is intended to apply to claims arising under Delaware state law and is not intended to apply to claims arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The choice of forum provisions may increase costs to bring a claim, discourage claims or limit a stockholder's ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us or our directors, officers and employees. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES.
Information regarding our properties is included in Item 1 above and in our consolidated financial statements, which is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.
In the ordinary course of business, we may be involved in litigation and claims arising from operations. As of December 31, 2022, and through the filing date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, management does not believe the ultimate resolution of any such actions or potential actions of which management is currently aware will have a material effect on our consolidated financial position or results of operations.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
ITEM 5.     MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.
Market Information
Our common stock is traded on the NYSE American under the symbol "EP".
Stockholders
At March 31, 2023, there were approximately 900 stockholders of record of our common stock.
Dividends
We have never paid cash dividends on our common stock. We intend to retain future earnings for use in our business and, therefore, do not anticipate paying cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Future payment of dividends will depend upon, but not be limited to, our financial condition, funds available for operations, the amount of anticipated capital and other expenditures, future business prospects and any restrictions imposed by present or future financing arrangements.
Issuer Repurchase of Equity Securities
No private or open market repurchases of common stock were made by us during the fourth quarter of 2022.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities
No such sales that have not been previously reported on a Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or a Current Report on Form 8-K.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
ITEM 6.  RESERVED.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.
The following discussion should be read together with the consolidated financial statements and notes to consolidated financial statements, which are included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, and the information set forth in Part I, Item 1A - Risk Factors.
Overview
Our primary business is the exploration and development of oil and gas interests. We have incurred significant losses from operations in years prior to 2022, and there is no assurance that we will maintain profitability or obtain funds necessary to finance our future operations.
We seek to increase shareholder value by growing reserves, production, revenues, and cash flow from operating activities by executing our mission to use highly-skilled personnel to thoughtfully and expertly spend capital to realize reserves on producing properties.
Management places emphasis on operating cash flow in managing our business, as operating cash flow considers the cash expenses incurred during the period and excludes non-cash expenditures not related directly to our operations.
Business Strategy
Our business strategy is to obtain long-term growth in reserves and cash flow on a cost-effective basis. Management regularly evaluates potential acquisitions of properties that would enhance current core areas of operation.
XTO Acquisition
On March 12, 2021, the Company, through its wholly owned subsidiary Empire New Mexico, entered into a purchase and sale agreement with XTO Holdings, LLC (a subsidiary of ExxonMobil) to acquire, among other things, certain oil and natural gas properties in New Mexico. The transaction closed in May 2021. For more information about the transaction, refer to Note 4 of our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report.
Results of Operations
The following table reflects our summary operating information. Because of normal production declines, increased or decreased drilling activity and the effects of acquisitions, the historical information presented below should not be interpreted as indicative of future results.
Years Ended December 31,
$ Variance Variance %
Oil revenues $ 44,978,554 $ 22,326,289 22,652,265 101%
Natural gas revenues 4,534,370 2,288,481 2,245,889 98%
NGL revenues 3,659,451 2,888,747 770,704 27%
Total product revenues 53,172,375 27,503,517
Lease operating expense 23,584,039 13,283,758 10,300,281 78%
Production and ad valorem taxes 3,943,466 2,102,772 1,840,694 88%
Depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion 3,307,097 3,716,754 (409,657 ) -11%
Impairment 936,620 - 936,620 NM
General and administrative expense (excluding
stock-based compensation) 9,614,948 7,366,061 2,248,887 31%
Stock-based compensation 2,716,541 1,095,970 1,620,571 148%
Cash-based interest expense 473,205 436,053 37,152 9%
Non-cash interest expense 36,335 8,164,646 (8,128,311 ) -100%
Operating Income (Loss) 8,784,163 (473,370 ) 9,257,533 -1956%
Net Income (Loss) 7,084,130 (18,614,962 ) 25,699,092 NM
NM: A percentage calculation is not meaningful due to change in signs, a zero-value denominator or a percentage change greater than 200.
Revenues
Revenues increased primarily as a result of higher volumes due to a full year impact of the XTO acquisition as well as higher commodity prices in 2022. Average realized oil price in 2022 was approximately $93 per barrel, while average realized price in 2021 was approximately $67, an increase in price of approximately 39%. Realized natural gas price for 2022 was approximately $5.18 per Mcf, while realized pricing for 2021 was approximately $3.68 per Mcf, an increase in price of approximately 41%. Net oil volumes were approximately 483,000 Bbls for 2022, an increase of 45% over the same period in the prior year. Net natural gas volumes were approximately 876,000 Mcf for 2022 as compared to approximately 622,000 for 2021, an increase of approximately 41%. NGL revenues are primarily from our New Mexico properties acquired from XTO.
Lease Operating Expense and Production Taxes
Lease operating expense was higher in 2022 primarily as a result of a full year of operations in New Mexico after the May 2021 XTO acquisition. Lease operating expenses for New Mexico were approximately $5.1 million more in 2022 than for 2021. Production and ad valorem taxes have increased as a direct result of the XTO acquisition’s properties and increased volumes produced and sold, paired with higher realized prices. In addition to recompletions and sidetrack well drilling activity in North Dakota, we also undertook workover and other lease operating activities in 2022; North Dakota’s lease operating expenses increased by approximately $3.3 million period-over-period as a result of increased field activity.
Depreciation, Depletion, Amortization and Accretion and Impairment
DD&A decreased in 2022 as compared to 2021 despite an increase in production volumes. The decrease in the expense is primarily related to New Mexico depletion rate due to the impact of a higher reserve base in 2022. Accretion expense was slightly higher in 2022 as the overall obligation increases over time.
We assess our oil and gas properties for impairment when circumstances indicate the carrying value may be greater than its estimated future net cash flows. In 2022, estimated future cash flows from our properties in Louisiana were less than the net book value. As a result, we recorded a $936,000 impairment expense.
General and Administrative Expense
Board compensation expense, exclusive of stock-based compensation, was approximately $388,000 in 2022 as compared to $209,000 in 2021. Overall personnel expense increased approximately $500,000 in 2022 over 2021. In 2022, we recognized expenses totaling approximately $1,269,000 in conjunction with resolution of a Texas sales tax audit for prior periods for which the initial assessment was received in April 2022. This total includes consulting fees and an accrual for $528,000 for the final settlement which will be paid in early 2023. Fees paid for professional services including outsourced services and legal increased over 2021 by approximately $500,000 as a direct result of acquisition-related work, SEC filings related to our operations, and our successful uplisting from the OTCQB to the NYSE American. Included in general and administrative expenses for 2021 is $989,000 for expense associated with a non-cash right to buy shares in conjunction with the conversion of unsecured notes payable in 2021 as discussed in Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report.
Stock-based Compensation
We utilize stock-based compensation to compensate members of management and retain talented personnel. Our stock-based compensation increased in 2022 due to a higher number of awards in 2022. We anticipate stock-based compensation to continue to be utilized in 2023 and beyond to attract and retain talented personnel and compensate Board members and consultants.
Interest Expense
Cash-based interest expense increased slightly as a decrease due to a lower outstanding balance under our Credit Facility was offset by the impact of higher interest rates. We have minimal interest-bearing vehicle and equipment notes payable.
Non-cash interest expense is fully attributable to the related party notes payable as described in Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report. In 2021, a non-cash charge was recorded to interest expense of approximately $7.0 million related to interest and amortization of debt issuance costs for convertible notes issued in 2021 that were fully converted prior to December 31, 2021.
Income taxes
For 2022, we had income before income taxes which would result in a tax provision that was offset by a change in the valuation allowance due to the anticipated use of the NOL carryforward. For periods prior to 2022, our effective tax rate is 0%. Due to having current taxable income which cannot be fully offset by NOLs, the tax rate is 3% in 2022. We have generated net operating losses since inception, which would normally reflect a tax benefit in the consolidated statement of operations and a deferred asset on the consolidated balance sheet. However, because of the current uncertainty as to our ability to achieve sustained profitability and the potential limitation of NOL carryforwards, a valuation reserve has been established that offsets the amount of any tax benefit available for each period presented in the consolidated statements of operations.
Liquidity
As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately $12 million cash on hand and approximately $300,000 available on the Credit Facility. For additional information regarding the Credit Facility, see Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report. We expect to incur costs related to limited drilling activities in core areas as well as future oil and natural gas acquisitions. It is expected that management will use a combination of cash on hand and cash flows from operations as well as seeking additional debt or equity funding for these acquisitions and to fund ongoing operations.
Working Capital
Working capital (presented below) was $5.1 million as of December 31, 2022 compared to $1.1 million as of December 31, 2021, representing a change of approximately $4.0 million. This change is primarily a result of the acquisition of producing properties in New Mexico, which served to increase volumes sold for the year ended December 31, 2022, as well as the stronger pricing environment in 2022.
As of December 31,
Current Assets $ 22,734,973 $ 13,118,020
Current Liabilities $ 17,620,660 $ 12,054,487
Working Capital $ 5,114,313 $ 1,063,533
Cash Flows
Year Ended December 31,
Cash flows provided by (used in): Variance
Operating activities $ 18,055,783 $ 3,170,282 $ 14,885,501
Investing activities (11,413,487 ) (24,716,878 ) 13,303,391
Financing activities 1,690,275 25,000,772 (23,310,497 )
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Ongoing operations from core assets contributed to cash flows provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022. In 2021, we incurred approximately $18.0 million in non-cash expenses related to the convertible notes payable (See Related Party Transactions for more information) that contributed to a net loss for financial reporting purposes.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Cash flows from investing activities in 2022 reflect $2.7 million related to acquisitions of oil and natural gas properties as compared to $19.5 million in 2021 which primarily related to the XTO acquisition that occurred in May 2021. In 2022, we began recompletions and other capitalizable efforts in multiple states as we sought to bring production online from existing wells and bring on new production from sidetrack drilling in North Dakota which led to an increase in additions to oil and natural gas properties in 2022. We also participated in the drilling of four non-operated wells through Empire Rockies Region in 2022 spending approximately $600,000. In 2021, we had a cash outflow of approximately $2.5 million related to four other non-operated drilled wells. As part of the XTO acquisition, we entered into an agreement to create a sinking fund for future plugging liabilities, paying approximately $4.8 million into that fund in 2021. In 2022, we were able to negotiate for the release of the sinking fund requirement. Approximately $2 million of the sinking fund balance was returned to us in 2022.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
In 2022, we received approximately $3.4 million in cash from warrant exercises. We also made approximately $1.2 million of principal payments in 2022 on our Credit Facility. In 2021, the XTO acquisition and operations executing our mission were funded by proceeds from debt issued of approximately $20.5 million as well as proceeds from stock and warrant issuances of approximately $11.3 million. We have quarterly payment obligations related to our bank debt of $300,000 per quarter (increased to $500,000 per quarter in 2023) in addition to minimal monthly payments for notes payable arising from the purchase of vehicles and equipment.
Capital Resources
Capital Expenditures
For 2022, additions to oil and natural gas properties totaled $14.6 million including $2.7 million related to acquisitions. The $11.9 million not related to acquisitions primarily reflects well enhancement projects in North Dakota and non-operated drilling. We anticipate capital expenditures in 2023 that will be funded with cash on hand, cash flows from operations, debt, and/or equity issuances.
Related Party Transactions
The 2021 issuance of a secured convertible note and an unsecured convertible note to Energy Evolution, a related party, as well as the conversion of these notes in 2021 are described further in Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report. These transactions were related party transactions for accounting purposes.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements.
Critical Accounting Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. Because estimates and assumptions require significant judgment, future actual results could differ from those estimates and could have a significant impact on our results of operations, financial position and cash flows. We re-evaluate our estimates and assumptions at least on a quarterly basis. In our management’s opinion, the more significant reporting areas impacted by management’s judgments and estimates are as follows:
Successful Efforts Method of Accounting for Oil and Natural Gas Activities
We use the successful efforts method of accounting for oil and natural gas operations. Under this method, costs to acquire oil and natural gas properties, drill successful exploratory wells, drill and equip development wells, and install production facilities are capitalized. Estimated proved oil and natural gas reserves, management’s outlook on commodity prices and projected future cash flows of oil and natural gas reserves are a significant part of our financial calculations. Following are examples of how these estimates affect financial results:
• an increase (decrease) in estimated proved oil, natural gas and NGL reserves can reduce (increase) our unit-of-production depletion and amortization rates; and
• changes in the oil, natural gas and NGL reserves and the projected future cash flows from our properties can impact our periodic impairment analyses.
Proved oil and natural gas reserves are the estimated quantities of oil, natural gas and NGLs which geological and engineering data demonstrate with reasonable certainty to be recoverable in future periods from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions. Reserve quantities and future cash flows included in this report are prepared in accordance with guidelines established by the SEC and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”). The accuracy of reserve estimates is a function of:
• The quality and quantity of available data;
• The interpretation of that data;
• The accuracy of various mandated economic assumptions; and
• The judgments of the persons preparing the estimates.
Proved reserves information included in this report is based on estimates prepared by independent petroleum engineers, Cawley Gillespie &Associates. The independent petroleum engineers evaluated 100% of our estimated proved producing reserve quantities and their related future net cash flows as of December 31, 2022. Estimates prepared by others may be higher or lower than these estimates. Because these estimates depend on many assumptions, all of which may differ substantially from actual results, reserve estimates may be different from the quantities of oil and natural gas that are ultimately recovered. Management may make revisions to reserve estimates throughout the year as additional information becomes available. Such changes could trigger an impairment of our oil and natural gas properties and have an impact on our depletion expense prospectively. For example, a change of 10 percent in our total proved reserves could change our annual depletion and amortization expense by $200,000. The actual impact would depend on the specific areas impacted.
Impairment of Oil and Gas Properties
We assess our proved properties for impairment using estimates of future undiscounted cash flows. This assessment requires significant judgment and assumptions including commodity price outlooks, estimates of reserve quantities, expected lease operating costs and capital costs. An impairment expense could result if oil and gas prices decline in the future as it may not be economic to develop some of these unproved properties. We performed an assessment as of December 31, 2022 and identified one area that was impaired and recorded an impairment in 2022 of $936,000.
Asset Retirement Obligation
Asset retirement obligations (“AROs”) consist primarily of estimated future costs associated with the plugging and abandonment of oil and natural gas wells, removal of equipment and facilities from leased acreage, and land restoration in accordance with applicable local, state and federal laws. The discounted fair value of an ARO liability is required to be recognized in the period in which it is incurred, with the associated asset retirement cost capitalized as part of the carrying cost of the oil and natural gas asset. The recognition of an ARO requires that management make numerous assumptions regarding such factors as the estimated probabilities, amounts and timing of settlements; the credit-adjusted risk-free rate to be used; inflation rates; and future advances in technology. In periods subsequent to the initial measurement of the ARO, we must recognize period-to-period changes in the liability resulting from the passage of time and revisions to either the timing or the amount of the original estimate of undiscounted cash flows.
Stock-Based Compensation
We recognize stock-based compensation expense associated with restricted stock units, which consists of time-based awards and options. We account for forfeitures of equity-based incentive awards as they occur. Stock-based compensation expense related to time-based restricted stock units is based on the price of our common stock on the grant date. Stock-based compensation related to options is the fair value of the option recognized over the vesting period. The fair value of an option is determined using the Black-Scholes option valuation with the following assumption inputs: dividend yield, expected annual volatility risk free interest rate and an expected life.
Income Taxes and Uncertain Tax Positions
Our tax provision is based upon the tax laws and rates in effect in the applicable jurisdiction in which operations are conducted and income is earned. As part of the process of preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to estimate the income tax provision. This process involves estimating the actual current tax exposure together with assessing temporary differences resulting from differing treatment of items, such as depreciation, amortization and certain accrued liabilities for tax and accounting purposes.
Deferred tax expense or benefit represents the change in the balance of deferred tax assets or liabilities. Valuation allowances are established to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets was recorded.
Management applies the accounting standards related to uncertainty in income taxes. This accounting guidance clarifies the accounting for uncertainties in income taxes by prescribing a minimum recognition threshold that a tax position is required to meet before being recognized in the consolidated financial statements. It requires that we recognize in the consolidated financial statements the financial effects of a tax position, if that position is more likely than not of being sustained upon examination, including resolution of any appeals or litigation processes, based upon the technical merits of the position. It also provides guidance on measurement, classification, interest, penalties and disclosure. We have no uncertain tax positions at either December 31, 2022 or December 31, 2021.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 7A.    QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.
We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and are not required to provide this information.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA.
The financial statements of the Company are set forth at the end of this Form 10-K.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE.
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9A.     CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of the end of the period covered by this report, the Company carried out an evaluation under the supervision and participation of the Company’s Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, along with our management, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e). Based on this evaluation, the Company’s Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report are not effective due to a material weakness identified below.
Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
Under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including its Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, the Company conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting based on the framework established by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) as set forth in Internal Control - Integrated Framework. Based on our evaluation under that framework, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2022, due to a material weakness.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a possibility that a material misstatement in our financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. In the prior year, a material weakness in internal control application was discovered related to the internal controls over financial reporting, including disclosures around complex and non-routine transactions. Management believes the Company’s lack of sufficient accounting personnel with appropriate accounting expertise to appropriately apply GAAP for complex and non-routine transactions and prepare associated financial statement disclosures amounts to a material weakness in its internal control over financial reporting.
As a result, at December 31, 2022 and on the date of this Report, its internal control over financial reporting is not effective.
Management’s Plan to Remediate the Material Weakness
Management has evaluated the material weakness described above and is in the process of updating its design and implementation of internal control over financial reporting to remediate the aforementioned material weakness and enhance the Company’s internal control environment which to date has included the hiring of a Chief Accounting Officer in October 2021. In the first quarter of 2022, the Chief Accounting Officer engaged an outside company to undertake an internal controls review. This review concluded in the third quarter of 2022. Controls that would strengthen the Company’s internal control structure that were identified during the course of the review continue to be designed and will be implemented on an ongoing basis. In December 2022, we had a change in the Chief Accounting
Officer although the former Chief Accounting Officer has continued to assist the Company on a part-time basis. In addition to continuing to enhance and refine control design, management plans to add the appropriate resources and focus efforts during 2023 to test the operational effectiveness of the controls that will be established. We are committed to continuing to improve our internal control processes and will continue to diligently and vigorously review our financial reporting controls and procedures.
Changes in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting
While we continue to implement design enhancements to our internal control procedures, we believe that, other than the changes described above regarding the ongoing remediation efforts, there were no changes to our internal control over financial reporting which were identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rules 13a-15(d) or 15d-15(d) under the Exchange Act during the fourth quarter of 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Attestation Report of Registered Public Accounting Firm
This Annual Report does not contain an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm related to internal control over financial reporting because the rules for smaller reporting companies provide an exemption from the attestation requirement.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION.
None.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE.
The information called for by this Item 10 is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive Proxy Statement for 2023 annual meeting of stockholders (“2023 Proxy Statement”) to be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days following the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION.
The information called for by this Item 11 is incorporated herein by reference to our 2023 Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days following the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS.
The information called for by this Item 12 is incorporated herein by reference to our 2023 Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days following the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE.
The information called for by this Item 13 is incorporated herein by reference to our 2023 Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days following the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
ITEM 14.  PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES.
The information called for by this Item 14 is incorporated herein by reference to our 2023 Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days following the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
ITEM 15.     EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES.
(a) (1)    Financial Statements
The financial statements under this item are included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
(2)    Schedules
NONE
(3)    Exhibits
Exhibit No. Description     
2.1 Purchase and Sale Agreement dated as of April 6, 2020, by and between Pardus Oil & Gas, LLC and Pardus Oil & Gas Operating GP, LLC and Empire Texas LLC (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K dated April 6, 2020, which was filed on April 10, 2020).
2.2 Purchase and Sale Agreement dated as of March 12, 2021, by and between Empire New Mexico LLC and XTO Holdings, LLC (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K dated May 14, 2021, which was filed on May 17, 2021).
3.1 Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Empire Petroleum Corporation (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K dated March 4, 2022, which was filed on March 9, 2022).
3.2 Certificate of Designation of Series A Voting Preferred Stock of Empire Petroleum Corporation (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K dated March 4, 2022, which was filed on March 9, 2022).
3.3 Amended and Restated Bylaws of Empire Petroleum Corporation (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to the Company’s Form 8-K dated March 4, 2022, which was filed on March 9, 2022).
4.1 Description of the Common Stock of Empire Petroleum Corporation (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, which was filed on March 31, 2022).
4.2 Senior Secured Convertible Note due December 31, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K dated May 14, 2021, which was filed on May 20, 2021).
4.3 Common Share Warrant Certificate No. Energy Evolution-1 dated May 14, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K dated May 14, 2021, which was filed on May 20, 2021).
4.4 Form of Unsecured Convertible Note due May 9, 2022 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Form 8-K dated May 14, 2021, which was filed on May 20, 2021).
10.1* Empire Petroleum Corporation 2019 Stock Option Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K dated April 3, 2019, which was filed on April 9, 2019).
10.2* Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Award Agreement (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Form 8-K dated April 3, 2019, which was filed on April 9, 2019).
10.3 Senior Revolver Loan Agreement dated as of September 20, 2018 by and between Empire Louisiana, LLC and CrossFirst Bank (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Form 8-K dated September 20, 2018 filed on September 25, 2018).
10.4 First Amendment to Senior Revolver Loan Agreement, dated as of March 27, 2019, by and between Empire Louisiana LLC, Empire North Dakota LLC and CrossFirst Bank (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K dated March 27, 2019, which was filed on April 2, 2019).
10.5
Securities Purchase Agreement dated as of August 6, 2020, by and between Empire Petroleum Corporation and Petroleum Independent & Exploration LLC (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K dated August 6, 2020, which was filed on August 11, 2020).
10.6
Common Share Warrant Certificate No. PIE-1 dated August 6, 2020 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K dated August 6, 2020, which was filed on August 11, 2020).
10.7
Common Share Warrant Certificate No. PIE-2 dated August 6, 2020 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Form 8-K dated August 6, 2020, which was filed on August 11, 2020).
10.8
Common Share Warrant Certificate No. PIE-3 dated August 6, 2020 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Form 8-K dated August 6, 2020, which was filed on August 11, 2020).
10.9
Common Share Warrant Certificate No. PIE-4 dated August 6, 2020 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Form 8-K dated August 6, 2020, which was filed on August 11, 2020).
10.10
Loan Agreement dated as of August 6, 2020, by and between Empire Texas LLC and Petroleum Independent & Exploration LLC (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Form 8-K dated August 6, 2020, which was filed on August 11, 2020).
10.11
Second Amendment to Senior Revolver Loan Agreement, dated as of June 30, 2020, by and between Empire Louisiana LLC, Empire North Dakota LLC and CrossFirst Bank (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K dated September 30, 2020, which was filed on October 6, 2020).
10.12
Third Amendment to Senior Revolver Loan Agreement, dated as of December 31, 2020, by and between Empire Louisiana LLC, Empire North Dakota LLC and CrossFirst Bank (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K dated March 10, 2021, which was filed on March 15, 2021).
10.13
Letter Agreement dated as of March 11, 2021 by and between Empire Petroleum Corporation and Petroleum Independent & Exploration LLC (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K dated March 10, 2021, which was filed on March 15, 2021).
10.14
Form of Securities Purchase Agreement entered into by and between Empire Petroleum Corporation and investors (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K dated March 30, 2021, which was filed on April 1, 2021).
10.15
Form of Common Share Warrant Certificate issued by Empire Petroleum Corporation (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K dated March 30, 2021, which was filed on April 1, 2021).
10.16
Fourth Amendment to Senior Revolver Loan Agreement, dated as of July 7, 2021, by and between Empire Louisiana LLC, Empire North Dakota LLC, and CrossFirst Bank (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K dated July 30, 2021, which was filed on August 4, 2021).
10.17*
Employment Agreement dated as of August 18, 2021, by and between Empire Petroleum Corporation and Thomas W. Pritchard (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K dated August 18, 2021, which was filed on August 24, 2021).
10.18*
Employment Agreement dated as of August 18, 2021, by and between Empire Petroleum Corporation and Michael R. Morrisett (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K dated August 18, 2021, which was filed on August 24, 2021).
10.19
Loan Modification Agreement dated as of September 29, 2021, by and among Empire New Mexico LLC d/b/a Green Tree New Mexico, Empire Petroleum Corporation and Energy Evolution Master Fund, Ltd. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K dated September 29, 2021, which was filed on October 5, 2021).
10.20
Pledge and Security Agreement dated as of September 29, 2021, made by Empire Petroleum Corporation in favor of Energy Evolution Master Fund, Ltd. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K dated September 29, 2021, which was filed on October 5, 2021).
10.21
Common Share Warrant Certificate dated as of September 30, 2021 issued by Empire Petroleum Corporation in favor of Energy Evolution Master Fund, Ltd. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Form 8-K dated September 29, 2021, which was filed on October 5, 2021).
10.22*
Empire Petroleum Corporation 2021 Stock and Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated herein by reference to the Company’s Information Statement on Schedule 14C filed August 31, 2021).
10.23
Conversion Notice and Note Amendment dated as December 30, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K dated December 30, 2021, which was filed on January 6, 2022).
10.24*
Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Award Agreement (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to the Company’s Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, which was filed on March 31, 2022).
10.25*
Form of Restricted Stock Units Award Agreement (Non-Employee Directors) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to the Company’s Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, which was filed on March 31, 2022).
10.26*
Form of Restricted Stock Units Award Agreement (Executive Officers) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to the Company’s Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, which was filed on March 31, 2022).
10.27*
Empire Petroleum Corporation 2022 Stock and Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Annex A to the Company’s Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed on July 27, 2022).
10.28*
Employment Agreement dated as of September 13, 2022, by and between Empire Petroleum Corporation and Eugene J. Sweeney (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10 to the Company’s Form 8-K dated September 13, 2022, which was filed on September 19, 2022).
Subsidiaries of Empire Petroleum Corporation (submitted herewith).
23.1
Consent of Grant Thornton LLP (submitted herewith).
23.2
Consent of Moss Adams LLP (submitted herewith).
23.3
Consent of Cawley, Gillespie & Associates, Inc. (submitted herewith).
31.1
Rule 13a - 14(a)/15d - 14(a) Certification of Michael R. Morrisett, Chief Executive Officer (submitted herewith).
31.2
Rule 13a - 14(a)/15d - 14(a) Certification of Michael R. Morrisett, Principal Financial Officer (submitted herewith).
32.1
Section 1350 Certification of Michael R. Morrisett, Chief Executive Officer (submitted herewith).
32.2
Section 1350 Certification of Michael R. Morrisett, Principal Financial Officer (submitted herewith).
99.1
Cawley, Gillespie & Associates, Inc. Summary Report (submitted herewith).
Financial Statements for Inline XBRL format (submitted herewith).
Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within Inline XBRL document).
*Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement identified under the requirements of Item 15 of Form 10-K.