EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1089748
Filing Year: 2023
Filename: 1089748_10-K_2023_0001437749-23-003950.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Overview
We are a global manufacturer of diversified organic chemical products. We operate in three segments: Polyurethanes, Performance Products and Advanced Materials. Our products comprise many different chemicals and chemical formulations, which we market globally to a wide range of consumers that consist primarily of industrial and building product manufacturers. Our products are used in a broad range of applications, including those in the adhesives, aerospace, automotive, coatings and construction, construction products, durable and non-durable consumer products, electronics, insulation, packaging, power generation and refining. Many of our products offer effects such as premium insulation in homes and buildings and the light weighting of airplanes and automobiles that help conserve energy. We are a leading global producer in many of our key product lines, including MDI, amines, maleic anhydride and epoxy-based polymer formulations. Our revenues for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $8,023 million, $7,670 million and $5,421 million, respectively.
Our company, a Delaware corporation, was formed in 2004 to hold the Huntsman businesses, which were founded by Jon M. Huntsman. Mr. Huntsman founded the predecessor to our Company in 1970 as a small packaging materials company. Since then, we have transformed through a series of acquisitions and divestitures and now own a global portfolio of businesses with a primary focus on improving energy efficiency. On August 9, 2022, we entered into a definitive agreement to sell our textile chemicals and dyes business (“Textile Effects Business”) to Archroma, a portfolio company of SK Capital Partners (“Archroma”), for a purchase price of $593 million in cash plus the assumption of underfunded pension liabilities, and we expect the net after tax cash proceeds to be approximately $540 million before fees and subject to certain customary purchase price adjustments as set forth in the purchase agreement. We expect the transaction to close on February 28, 2023. Beginning in the third quarter of 2022, we reported the results of our Textile Effects Business as discontinued operations for all periods presented. For more information, see “Note 4. Discontinued Operations and Business Dispositions-Discontinued Operations-Sale of Textile Effects Business” to our consolidated financial statements. On January 3, 2020, we completed the sale of our chemical intermediates businesses, which included PO/MTBE, and our surfactants businesses (collectively, “Chemical Intermediates Businesses”) to Indorama Venture Holdings L.P. (“Indorama”). For more information, see “Note 4. Discontinued Operations and Business Dispositions-Discontinued Operations-Sale of Chemical Intermediates Businesses” to our consolidated financial statements. We operate all of our businesses through Huntsman International, our wholly-owned subsidiary. Huntsman International is a Delaware limited liability company and was formed in 1999.
For information regarding significant recent developments, see “Note 1. General-Recent Developments” to our consolidated financial statements.
Our principal executive offices are located at 10003 Woodloch Forest Drive, The Woodlands, Texas 77380, and our telephone number at that location is (281) 719-6000.
Our Products
(1)
Percentage allocations in this chart do not give effect to Corporate and other unallocated items and eliminations. For a reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA to net income attributable to Huntsman Corporation and cash provided by operating activities, see “Part II. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Results of Operations.”
The following table identifies the key products, principal end markets and applications, representative customers, raw materials and representative competitors of each of our business segments:
Product lines
End markets / applications
Representative customers
Raw materials
Representative competitors
MDI
Polyurethane chemicals are used to produce rigid and flexible foams, as well as coatings, adhesives, sealants and elastomers. Major end markets include: building insulation, construction products, automotive, including electric vehicles, and footwear. They are also used in cold chain, furniture and specialized engineering applications.
Benzene, chlorine and industrial gases
Polyurethanes Polyols
Polyols are combined with MDI and other isocyanates to create a broad spectrum of polyurethane products, such as rigid and flexible foams and other non-foam applications.
Adient, Autoneum, Henkel, IBP, LafargeHolcim, Lear, Leggett & Platt, Louisiana Pacific, Magna, Pursell, Recticel and West Fraser
PO, polyester polyols and EO
BASF, Carlisle Construction Materials, Covestro, Dow, Lubrizol and Wanhua Chemical Group
TPU
TPU is a high-quality, fully-formulated thermal plastic that can be tailored with unique qualities. It can be used in injection molding and small components for automotive and footwear. It is also extruded into films, wires and cables for use in the coatings, adhesives, sealants and elastomers markets.
Isocyanate (such as MDI) and a polyol
Performance Products
Amines
Amines are a family of intermediate chemicals that are valued for their properties as a reactive agent, emulsifier, dispersant, detergent, solvent or corrosion inhibitor. Amines are used in polyurethane foam, fuel and lubricant additives, paints and coatings, composites, gas treatment, construction materials and semiconductors.
Afton, Bayer, Chevron Oronite, DuPont, Evonik, Hexion, Infineum, Ingevity, Lubrizol, Olin, PPG, Quadra and Sherwin-Williams
EO, PO, glycols, ethylene dichloride, caustic soda, ammonia, hydrogen, methylamines and acrylonitrile
BASF, Delamine, Dow, Evonik, Nouryon and Tosoh
Maleic anhydride
Maleic anhydride is an intermediate chemical used primarily to produce unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs). UPRs are mainly used in the production of fiberglass reinforced resins for marine, automotive and construction products. Maleic anhydride is also used in the production of lubricants, food additives and food acidulants.
Andercol, Chevron Oronite, Cranston, Dixie, Ingevity, Lubrizol, MFG Chemical, Polynt-Reichhold and Primary Products
Normal butane
AOC, Bartek, INEOS and Lanxess
Advanced Materials
Technologically- advanced epoxy, phenoxy, acrylic, polyurethane and acrylonitrile-butadiene-based polymer formulations
Aerospace and industrial adhesives; composites for aerospace, automotive, sport equipment and infrastructures; electrical power transmission and electric vehicles; automotive industrial and consumer electronics.
ABB, BMW, Bodo Moeller, Boeing, Bosch, GMZ, Motic (Xiamen), Schneider, Siemens, Speed Fair and TTM
BLR, epichlorohydrin, amines, polyols, isocyanates, acrylic materials, hardeners, fillers, butadiene and acrylonitrile
3M, Henkel, Westlake and Xiongrun
High performance thermoset resins. curing and toughening agents and carbon nanotubes additives
High performance chemical building blocks sold to formulators who develop formulations for aerospace, automotive, oil and gas, coatings, construction, electronics and electrical insulation applications.
3M, Azelis, Azko, Henkel, Hexcel, Hilti, Omya, Parker Hannifin, Sherwin-Williams, Solvay and Syngenta
Epichlorohydrin, amines, phenols, aminophenols, fatty acids, butadiene and acrylonitrile
Evonik, Kaneka, Sumitomo and Westlake
Polyurethanes
General
We are a leading global manufacturer and marketer of a broad range of polyurethane chemicals, including MDI products, polyols and TPU (each discussed in more detail below under “-Products and Markets”). Polyurethane chemicals are used to produce rigid and flexible foams, as well as coatings, adhesives, sealants and elastomers. We focus on the higher-margin, higher-growth markets for specialty MDI-based polyurethane systems and polyurethane component molecules. Volume growth in our Polyurethanes segment has been driven primarily by global economic activity and the continued substitution of MDI-based products for other materials across a broad range of applications. We operate three major polyurethane manufacturing facilities in the U.S., Europe and China. We also operate 28 strategically located downstream facilities, of which 21 are polyurethane formulation facilities, commonly referred to in the chemical industry as “systems houses”. Our systems houses are located in close proximity to our customers worldwide, which enables us to focus on customer support, technical service and a differentiated product offering. We also operate two specialty polyester polyol manufacturing facilities focused on the insulation market, three downstream TPU manufacturing facilities in the United States (“U.S.”), Europe and China and two spray foam manufacturing sites located in the U.S. and Canada.
Our customers produce polyurethane-based products through the combination of an isocyanate, such as MDI, with polyols, which are derived largely from PO and EO. We are able to produce over 2,500 distinct MDI-based polyurethane products by modifying the MDI molecule through varying the proportion and type of polyol used and by introducing other chemical additives to our MDI formulations. As a result, polyurethane products, especially those derived from MDI, are continuing to replace traditional products in a wide range of end-use markets, including insulation in construction and cold chain, cushioning for automotive and furniture, coatings, adhesives, wood binders for construction and furniture, footwear and other specialized engineering applications.
We operate a world-scale integrated polyurethane formulations facility and a world-scale research and development campus in China to service our customers in the critical Chinese market, the largest MDI market in the world, and we will support the long-term demand growth that we believe this region will continue to experience. Additionally, we entered into an agreement with Sinopec to form a joint venture to build and operate a world-scale PO/MTBE plant in Nanjing, China utilizing proprietary PO/MTBE manufacturing technology. PO is used in the manufacturing of polyurethane systems and MTBE is an oxygenate used in gasoline. We own a 49% interest in the joint venture and account for our interest in the joint venture as an equity method investment.
In May 2020, we rebranded our leading spray polyurethane foam (“SPF”) business as Huntsman Building Solutions (“HBS”). HBS was formed through our acquisitions of Icynene-Lapolla, a leading North American manufacturer and distributor of SPF insulation systems for residential and commercial applications, in 2020 (“Icynene-Lapolla Acquisition”) and Demilec (USA) Inc. and Demilec Inc. in 2018. Our SPF products offer significant environmental benefits, as our proprietary manufacturing process transforms low quality PET plastic bottles into highly effective energy-saving polyurethane insulation. HBS offers attractive growth potential as energy efficiency standards and requirements increase globally and continue to shift towards a more green economy.
Products and Markets
MDI is used primarily in rigid foam applications and in a wide variety of customized, higher-value flexible foam as well as coatings, adhesives, sealants and elastomers. Polyols, including polyether and polyester polyols, are used in conjunction with MDI in rigid foam, flexible foam and other non-foam applications. The following chart illustrates the range of product types and end uses for polyurethane chemicals. We produce MDI, polyols and TPU products and do not produce TDI products.
Polyurethane chemicals are sold to customers who combine the chemicals to produce polyurethane-based products. Customers will use either polyurethane component molecules produced for mass sales or polyurethane systems tailored to specific requirements. By varying the blend, additives and specifications of the polyurethane chemicals, manufacturers are able to develop and produce a breadth and variety of polyurethane-based products.
MDI. MDI has grown substantially over the past three decades, increasing by a factor of approximately 5-6% CAGR, well in excess of global GDP. MDI has a substantially larger market size and a higher growth rate than other polyurethane isocyanates. This is primarily because MDI can be used to make polyurethanes with a broader range of properties and can therefore be used in a wider range of applications. We believe that MDI and formulated MDI systems, which combine MDI and polyols, will continue to grow at approximately double the rate of global GDP driven by the mega trends of energy management, food preservation, demographics and urbanization/transportation. MDI offers key products benefits of energy efficiency, comfort and durability aligned with these megatrends. We believe that MDI and formulated MDI systems will continue to substitute for alternative materials, such as fiberglass in insulation, phenol formaldehyde in wood binders and TDI in automotive and furniture. Specialty cushioning and insulation applications, thermoplastic polyurethanes and adhesives and coatings will further contribute to the continued growth of MDI. MDI experiences some seasonality in its sales reflecting its exposure to seasonal construction-related end markets such as insulation and composite wood products. Sales generally peak during the spring and summer months in the northern hemisphere, resulting in greater sales volumes during the second and third quarters of the year.
Polyols. Polyols are combined with MDI and other isocyanates to create a broad spectrum of formulated polyurethane systems. Demand for specialty polyols has been growing at approximately the same rate at which MDI consumption has grown.
TPU. TPU is a high-quality, fully formulated thermal plastic derived from the reaction of MDI or an aliphatic isocyanate with polyols to produce unique qualities such as durability, flexibility, strength, abrasion-resistance, shock absorbency and chemical resistance. We can tailor the performance characteristics of TPU to help meet the specific requirements of our customers. TPU is used in injection molding and small components for the automotive and footwear industries. It is also extruded into films for apparel, wires and cables for industrial use and in a wide variety of applications in the coatings, adhesives, sealants and elastomers markets.
Other.
Other sales consist primarily of aniline, benzene, nitrobenzene and other co-products, which all are used primarily to manufacture MDI. The majority of our aniline is consumed internally with some sold to third parties. We believe that the lack of a significant spot market for aniline means that in order to remain competitive, MDI manufacturers must either be integrated with an aniline manufacturing facility or have long-term, cost-competitive aniline supply contracts.
Our strategy is focused on growing our differentiated product offering (specialty MDI and polyols, formulated MDI-based systems and TPU), which requires a greater emphasis on formulating capability and technical solutions to help our downstream customers meet the desired effect required in their applications. The diagram below provides an overview of how we leverage our technology and experience with the MDI splitter by transforming crude MDI into differentiated higher value systems and markets.
Sales and Marketing
We market our polyurethane chemicals to over 6,500 customers in more than 90 countries. Our sales, marketing and technical resources are organized to support major regional markets and key end-use markets, some of which require a coordinated global approach, such as key accounts across the automotive and elastomers markets. These regional key end-use markets include our insulation businesses, footwear, furniture and other construction and industrial markets. We sell both directly and indirectly to customers, the latter via a network of distributors and agents who in turn sell our products to customers who cannot be served as cost effectively by our internal sales groups.
We provide a wide variety of polyurethane solutions as components (i.e., the isocyanate or the polyol) or in the form of “systems”, in which we provide the total isocyanate and polyol formulation to our customers. Our ability to deliver a range of polyurethane solutions and technical support, which can be tailored for the needs of our customers, is critical to our long-term success. We have strategically located our downstream polyurethane systems houses close to our customers, enabling us to focus on customer support and technical service. We believe this customer support and technical service system contributes to customer retention and also provides opportunities for identifying further product and service needs of customers.
Our strategy is to grow the capabilities of our downstream facilities both organically and inorganically. As a result, we have made a number of “bolt-on” acquisitions in recent years to expand our downstream footprint and align with our strategic intent. Along with this, we continuously evaluate our global footprint to better utilize our assets and systems houses while providing strong customer support and technical service.
We believe that the extensive market knowledge and industry experience of our sales teams and technical experts, in combination with our strong emphasis on customer relationships, have facilitated our ability to establish and maintain long-term customer supply positions. Our sales strategy is to continue to increase sales to existing customers and to attract new customers by providing innovative solutions, quality products, reliable supply, competitive prices and superior customer service.
Manufacturing and Operations
Our world-scale MDI production facilities are located in Geismar, Louisiana; Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and through our joint ventures in Caojing, China. These facilities receive aniline, which is a primary material used in the production of MDI, from our facilities located in Geismar, Louisiana; Wilton, U.K.; and Caojing, China. We believe that this relative scale and product integration of our large facilities is necessary to provide cost competitiveness in MDI production. At our Geismar, Rotterdam and Caojing facilities we utilize sophisticated proprietary technology to produce MDI. This technology contributes to our position as a low-cost MDI producer. The following table sets forth the annual production capacity of polyurethane chemicals at select polyurethanes facilities:
MDI
Polyols
TPU
Aniline(3)
Nitrobenzene(3)
(millions of pounds)
Caojing, China
(1)
Geismar, Louisiana
1,060
(2)
1,000 (2)
Houston, Texas
Jinshan, China
Kuan Yin, Taiwan
Osnabrück, Germany
Ringwood, Illinois
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
1,036
Wilton, U.K.
1,045
Total
2,921
1,489
2,045
(1) Represents our share of capacity from SLIC.
(2) Represents our approximately 78% share of capacity under our consolidated Rubicon LLC manufacturing joint venture with Lanxess AG.
(3) Primarily consumed internally in the production of MDI.
Key Joint Ventures
Rubicon Joint Venture. Lanxess AG (“Lanxess”) is our joint venture partner in Rubicon LLC (“Rubicon”), which owns aniline, nitrobenzene and DPA manufacturing facilities in Geismar, Louisiana. We are entitled to approximately 78% of the nitrobenzene and aniline production capacity of Rubicon, and Lanxess is entitled to 100% of the DPA production. In addition to operating the joint venture’s aniline, nitrobenzene and DPA facilities, Rubicon operates our wholly-owned MDI, polyol and maleic anhydride facilities at Geismar and is responsible for providing other auxiliary services to the entire Geismar complex. As a result of this joint venture, we are able to achieve greater scale and lower costs for our products than we would otherwise have been able to obtain. Rubicon is consolidated in our financial statements.
Chinese MDI Joint Ventures. We are involved in two related joint ventures which operate MDI production facilities in Caojing, China. SLIC, our manufacturing joint venture with BASF and three Chinese chemical companies, produces MNB, aniline and crude MDI. We effectively own 35% of SLIC and account for our investment under the equity method. HPS, our splitting joint venture with Shanghai Chlor-Alkali Chemical Company, Ltd, manufactures pure MDI, polymeric MDI, MDI variants and formulated MDI systems. We own 70% of HPS and it is consolidated in our financial statements. These projects have been funded by a combination of equity invested by the joint venture partners and borrowed funds.
Chinese PO/MTBE Joint Venture. In November 2012, we entered into an agreement to form a joint venture with Sinopec. The joint venture involved the construction and operation of a PO/MTBE facility in China. Under the joint venture agreement, we hold a 49% interest in the joint venture and Sinopec holds a 51% interest. We account for this investment under the equity method.
Raw Materials
The primary raw materials for MDI-based polyurethane chemicals are benzene and PO. Benzene is a widely available commodity that we purchase from third parties to manufacture nitrobenzene and aniline, almost all of which we then use to produce MDI. Historically, benzene has been the largest component of our raw material costs. Over the past year, the cost of natural gas-related raw materials in Europe have risen significantly.
The primary raw material used in the production of polyols is PO, which we purchase in North America and Europe. In China, the Chinese PO/MTBE joint venture supplies PO into our downstream China business. The strategic supply of PO gives us access to competitively priced PO and the opportunity to develop polyols that enhance our range of MDI products.
Competition
Our major competitors in the polyurethane chemicals market include BASF, Covestro, Dow, Lubrizol and Wanhua Chemical Group. While these competitors and others produce various types and quantities of polyurethane chemicals, we focus on MDI and MDI-based formulated polyurethane systems. Our downstream business is fragmented with different competitors in various markets and regions. Our competitors in downstream markets include Carlisle Construction Materials, Coim and Lubrizol. Our polyurethane chemicals business competes in two basic ways: (1) where price is the dominant element of competition, our polyurethane chemicals business differentiates itself by its high level of customer support, including cooperation on technical and safety matters; and (2) elsewhere, we compete on the basis of product performance, our ability to react quickly to changing customer needs and providing customers with innovative solutions to their needs.
Performance Products
General
Our Performance Products segment has leading global positions in the manufacture and sale of amines and maleic anhydride and serves a wide variety of consumer and industrial end markets. Our Performance Products segment is organized by region and product family: amines and maleic anhydride.
We produce a wide range of amines, many of which are sold into diversified markets such as epoxy curing agents, oil exploration and production, agrochemicals, and fuel and lubricant additives. We believe we are the largest global producer of polyetheramines, one of the largest producers of 2-(2-amino ethoxy) ethanol, sold under our DGA™ brand, the largest global producer making the full range of ethyleneamines, the second largest producer of morpholine and a leading global producer of low emission polyurethane catalysts. We are the only producer and largest supplier of propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate in North America. Many of the markets for these products have growth rates in excess of global GDP.
We believe we are the largest producer of maleic anhydride outside of China and the second largest globally. Maleic anhydride is a highly versatile chemical intermediate used for products sold into construction and infrastructure, marine and fuel additives, among other applications. Notably, maleic anhydride is used to produce unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs), which are mainly used in the production of fiberglass reinforced resins. Maleic anhydride is also used in the production of lubricants, food additives and artificial sweeteners.
We produce a variety of products at 10 manufacturing facilities in North America, Europe, the Middle East and Asia.
Products and Markets
Amines. Amines are a family of intermediate chemicals that are produced by reacting ammonia, or an alkylamine, with various ethylene and propylene derivatives. Generally, amines are valued for their properties as a reactive agent, emulsifier, dispersant, solvent or corrosion inhibitor. Growth in demand for amines is highly correlated with GDP growth. However, certain segments of the amines market, such as polyetheramines, have historically grown at rates in excess of GDP growth due to new product development, technical innovation and end-use substitution. As amines are generally sold based upon the performance characteristics that they provide to customer-specific end-use applications, pricing does not generally fluctuate directly with movements in underlying raw materials. Our amines business is organized around the following product groups:
Product group
Applications
Polyetheramines
Epoxy composites, construction and flooring, paints and coatings, lubricant and fuel additives, adhesives, agrochemicals, oilfield chemicals, printing inks and pigment dispersion
Ethyleneamines
Chemical building block used in lubricant and fuel additives, epoxy hardeners, wet strength resins, chelating agents and fungicides
Diversified and specialty amines, including DGA™ Agent, JEFFCAT® catalysts and E-GRADE® specialty amines and carbonates
Gas treating, agricultural chemicals, polyurethane foams and insulation, E-GRADE® specialty amines for semiconductor manufacturing and electrolytes for electric vehicle batteries
Polyetheramines are produced by reacting polyol with ammonia. They provide sophisticated performance characteristics as an additive in the manufacture of highly customized epoxy formulations, enabling customers to penetrate new markets and substitute for traditional curing materials.
Our ethyleneamines are manufactured by reacting EDC and caustic soda with ammonia to produce a range of various ethyleneamines homologues having different molecular weights. Most other producers utilize a reductive amination process, which yields a light slate of ethyleneamines. We believe our heavier slate of homologues allows access to a greater range of markets.
Our amines are used in a wide variety of mainly industrial applications, including composites, paints and coatings, polyurethane insulation and flexible foams, fuel and lubricant additives, and solvents. Our key amines customers include Afton, Bayer, Chevron Oronite, DuPont, Evonik, Hexion, Infineum, Ingevity, Lubrizol, Olin, PPG, Quadra and Sherwin-Williams.
Maleic Anhydride. Maleic anhydride is a highly versatile chemical intermediate used for products sold into construction and infrastructure, marine and fuel additives, among other applications. Notably, maleic anhydride is used to produce UPRs, which are mainly used in the production of fiberglass reinforced resins. Maleic anhydride is also used in the production of lubricants, food additives and artificial sweeteners.
Product group
Applications
Maleic anhydride
Boat hulls, automotive, construction, lubricant and fuel additives, countertops, agrochemicals, paper and food additives
Maleic anhydride and other technology licensing
Maleic anhydride and 1-4 butanediol (BDO) and other process technologies
Maleic anhydride is produced by oxidizing either benzene or normal butane through the use of a catalyst. Our maleic anhydride technology is a proprietary fixed bed butane-based process with a solvent recovery and refining system. We believe that our process is superior in the areas of feedstock and energy efficiency and solvent recovery. The maleic anhydride-based route to BDO manufacture is currently the preferred process technology and is favored over the other routes, which utilize PO, butadiene or acetylene as feedstocks. As a result, the growth in demand for BDO supports growing demand for our maleic anhydride technology. Generally, changes in price have resulted from a combination of changes in industry capacity utilization and underlying raw material costs.
We license our maleic anhydride technology and other technologies worldwide. Revenue from licensing comes from new plant commissioning, as well as current plant retrofits. Our licensing group also supports licensing efforts for our other segments.
Our key maleic anhydride customers include Andercol, Chevron Oronite, Ingevity, Lubrizol, MFG Chemical, Polynt-Reichhold and Primary Products.
Sales and Marketing
We sell approximately 250 products to over 950 customers globally through our regional sales and marketing organizations, which have extensive market knowledge, considerable chemical industry experience and well-established customer relationships.
In more specialty products for certain markets (e.g., lubricants, coatings, construction, agrochemicals, oilfield, automotive, gas treating and insulation), our marketing efforts are focused on how our product offerings perform in certain customer applications. We believe that this approach enhances the value of our product offerings and creates opportunities for ongoing differentiation in our development activities with our customers.
We provide extensive pre- and post-sales technical service support to our customers where our technical service professionals work closely with our research and development functions to tailor our product offerings to meet our customers unique and changing requirements. These technical service professionals interact closely with our marketing managers and business leadership teams to help guide future offerings and market approach strategies. In addition to our focused direct sales efforts, we maintain an extensive global network of distributors and agents that also sell our products. These distributors and agents typically promote our products to smaller end-use customers who cannot be served cost effectively by our direct sales forces.
Manufacturing and Operations
Our Performance Products segment has the capacity to produce a variety of products at 10 manufacturing locations in North America, EAME and APAC. These production capacities are as follows:
North
Product area
America
EAME
APAC
Total
(millions of pounds)
Amines
(1)
(1)
Maleic anhydride
-
(1) Includes 70 million pounds from AAC, our consolidated 50%-owned joint venture, located in Jubail, Saudi Arabia.
Our amines facilities are located globally. These facilities have a competitive cost base and use modern manufacturing units that allow for flexibility in production capabilities and technical innovation.
A number of our facilities are located within large integrated petrochemical manufacturing complexes. We believe this results in greater scale and lower costs for our products than we would be able to obtain if these facilities were stand-alone operations. These include our maleic anhydride facilities in Pensacola, Florida, Geismar, Louisiana and Moers, Germany and our ethyleneamines facility in Freeport, Texas.
Joint Venture
We consolidate the results of AAC, our 50%-owned joint venture with the Zamil Group. AAC operates an ethyleneamines manufacturing plant in Jubail, Saudi Arabia. The plant has an approximate annual capacity of 70 million pounds. We purchase and sell all of the production from this joint venture.
Raw Materials
The main raw materials used in the production of our amines are EO, PO, glycols, EDC, caustic soda, ammonia, hydrogen, methylamines and acrylonitrile. The majority of these raw materials are available from multiple sources in the merchant market at competitive prices.
Maleic anhydride is produced by the reaction of normal butane with oxygen. The principal raw material is normal butane, which is purchased pursuant to long-term contracts and delivered to our Pensacola, Florida site by barge, to our facility in Geismar, Louisiana via pipeline and to our Moers, Germany site by railcar.
Competition
There are a small number of competitors for many of our amines due to the considerable customization of product formulations, the proprietary nature of many of our product applications and manufacturing processes and the relatively high research and development and technical costs involved. Our global competitors include BASF, Delamine, Dow, Evonik, Nouryon and Tosoh. We compete primarily on the basis of product performance, new product innovation and, to a lesser extent, on the basis of price.
In our maleic anhydride market, we compete primarily on the basis of price, customer service, technical support and logistics management. Our competitors include AOC, Bartek, INEOS and Lanxess. In our maleic anhydride technology licensing market, our primary competitor is Conser. We compete primarily on the basis of technological performance and service.
Advanced Materials
General
Our Advanced Materials segment is a leading global manufacturer and marketer of technologically-advanced epoxy, phenoxy, acrylic, polyurethane, mercaptan and acrylonitrile butadiene-based polymer products. We focus on formulations and systems that are used to address customer-specific needs in a wide variety of industrial and consumer applications. Our products are used either as replacements for traditional materials or in applications where traditional materials do not meet demanding engineering specifications. For example, structural adhesives are used to replace metal rivets and advanced composites are used to replace traditional aluminum panels and other steel materials to lighten structures in aerospace, automotive and other transportation. Our Advanced Materials segment is characterized by the breadth of our product offering, our expertise in complex chemistry, our long-standing relationships with our customers, our ability to develop and adapt our technology and our applications expertise for new markets and new applications.
We operate synthesis, formulating and production facilities in North America, Europe, Asia and South America. We sell to over 1,900 customers in the following end markets: aerospace, automotive, oil and gas, liquid natural gas transport, coatings and construction, printed circuit boards, consumer, industrial and automotive electronics, consumer and industrial appliances, electrical power transmission and distribution, recreational sports equipment, medical appliances and food and beverage packaging.
Products and Markets
Aerospace. Our Advanced Materials segment is a leading global supplier of advanced, high-performance materials for the fabrication and repair of aircraft components. We supply leading aerospace companies with innovations in composites, adhesives, laminating and repair systems, alongside innovative carbon nanotube technologies.
We offer a wide range of materials to the aerospace market under the ARALDITE®, EPIBOND®, EPOCAST®, URALANE® and MIRALON® brands. Many of these products are qualified under the specification of major aerospace original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”), complying with appropriate regulations governing large civil aircraft.
Automotive. We offer to the automotive market, including leading automotive OEMs and Tier 1 suppliers, high-end composite and adhesive formulations, specialty resins and toughening agents. Lightweight, strength, flexibility, shorter cycle time and fatigue resistance are key requirements of our industrial partners.
Our Advanced Materials segment has a long history of delivering a wide range of solutions meeting stringent requirements for automotive electronics applications, such as high temperature and chemical resistance, frame-retardancy and excellent mechanical and dielectric properties. The strong global push for electric vehicles opens new opportunities in electric motor thermal management and battery performance enhancement with our innovative encapsulants, toughening agents and carbon materials.
Electrical Infrastructure. We are a leading global supplier of insulating materials for motors, generators, switchgears, distribution and instrument transformers, and insulators and bushings for electrical power applications. The products formulated by our Advanced Materials segment are designed to provide the electrical equipment an extended service life and meet specific industry requirements for electrical insulation in indoor and outdoor environments.
Coatings Infrastructure. We offer expertise in curing and toughening technologies and a portfolio of specialized resins and additives to the manufacturers of paints and construction materials. Our product technologies, including epoxy hardeners, phenoxy and acrylonitrile-butadiene reactive liquid polymers and high solid or water-based components, enable customers to address challenging industry requirements, such as resistance to aggressive chemicals and high temperature, adhesion to difficult substrates, excellent mechanical properties, high drying speed and easy re-coatability, low temperature and sub-zero cure and low VOC and environmental impact.
General Industry. We offer high-end adhesives and composite formulations, specialty resins, toughening agents and rubber polymers to a large variety of industrial applications, such as sport equipment, leisure and shipping boats, engineering machineries, consumer electronics, rubber consumables and the do-it-yourself market.
ARALDITE® is an important brand in high-performance adhesive technologies. We offer formulation expertise in various chemistries, including epoxies, polyurethanes, methacrylates, phenolics, mercaptan and acrylonitrile-butadiene-based polymer products. Our materials address requirements such as long open times for large area applications, fast-curing adhesives for early removal and rapid through-put, resistance to high temperature, water and chemicals, thixotropy for gap-filling or vertical applications, and toughness, impact-resistance and elasticity to cope with different thermal expansions when bonding larger structures. Our adhesives are used in a large variety of industrial applications.
Sales and Marketing
We maintain multiple routes to market to service our diverse and fragmented customer base throughout the world. These routes to market range from using our own direct sales force, distribution to mass distribution. Our direct sales force focuses on engineering solutions for our major customers who purchase significant amount of product. We use specialist distributors to augment our sales effort in niche markets and applications where we do not believe it is appropriate to develop direct sales resources. We use mass general distribution channels to sell our products into a wide range of general applications where technical expertise is less important, which reduces our overall selling expenses. We believe our use of multiple routes to market enables us to reach a broader customer base at an efficient cost.
We conduct sales activities through dedicated regional sales teams in EMEAI, Asia and the Americas. Our global customers are covered by key account managers who are familiar with the specific requirements of these customers. The management of long-standing customer relationships is critical to the sales and marketing process.
Manufacturing and Operations
We are a global business serving customers in three principal geographic regions: EAMEI, Asia and the Americas. In order to service our customers efficiently, we maintain manufacturing plants around the world with a strategy of global, regional and local manufacturing employed to optimize the level of service and minimize the cost to our customers. The following table summarizes the plants that we operate:
Description of facility
Location
Synthesis
Formulations
Akron, Ohio ✓
Ashtabula, Ohio ✓ ✓
Bad Säckingen, Germany
✓
Bergkamen, Germany
✓
Duxford, U.K.
✓
✓
East Lansing, Michigan
✓
Harrison City, Pennsylvania
✓
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
✓
Los Angeles, California
✓
McIntosh, Alabama
✓
✓
Monthey, Switzerland
✓
✓
Pamplona, Spain
✓
Panyu, China(1)
✓
✓
Rock Hill, South Carolina ✓ ✓
Taboão da Serra, Brazil
✓
(1) 95%-owned and consolidated manufacturing joint venture with Guangzhou Sheng’an Package Company Limited.
Raw Materials
The principal raw materials we purchase for the manufacture of basic and advanced epoxy resins are epichlorohydrin, bisphenol A, MDA, phenol and aminophenols. We also purchase amines, polyols, isocyanates, acrylic materials, hardeners and fillers for the production of our formulated polymer systems and complex chemicals and additives. In our specialty nitrile latexes and carboxyl terminated acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer product lines, acrylonitrile and butadiene are the main raw materials purchased. For production of mercaptan curatives, we purchase polyols, epichlorohydrin and hydrogen sulfide. Raw material costs constitute a sizeable percentage of the costs for certain applications. We have supply contracts with a number of suppliers. The terms of our supply contracts vary, but in general, these contracts contain provisions that set forth the quantities of product to be supplied and purchased. Formula pricing is sometimes used if advantageous for the business.
Additionally, in our European operations, we produce some of our most important raw materials, such as BLR and its basic derivatives, which are the basic building blocks of many of our products. In the Americas and Asia, we procure BLR on the open market from a number of suppliers.
We consume certain amines produced by our Performance Products segment and isocyanates produced by our Polyurethanes segment, which we use to formulate our Advanced Materials products.
Competition
The markets in which our Advanced Materials segment competes are diverse and require an appropriate human capital and asset footprint to compete effectively. The competitive intensity, capital investment and development of proprietary technology and maintenance of product research and development are all market specific. We operate dedicated technology centers in Basel, Switzerland; The Woodlands, Texas; Merrimack, New Hampshire, and Shanghai, China in support of our product and technology development. Among our competitors are some of the world’s largest chemical companies with integrated raw material value chains to formulation companies that leverage intellectual and highly proprietary technology for problem solving.
Aerospace. Our leading market position is driven by our specialty resins, curing and toughening agents and formulations offerings backed by customer-specific certifications, quality and consistency. These products are value-added, and differentiated, backed by many years of reliable global supply and service. Our major competitors include 3M, Henkel and Sumitomo.
Automotive. Our automotive market is driven by light weight, cost effective production and assembling and durability of electrical devices and high-speed electronics, and is serviced by our leading positions in systems formulations, curing and toughening technologies, backed by application and process manufacturing knowledge. Our product offering allows for reliable and competitive solutions, with a strong ARALDITE® and PROBIMER® brand reputation, a robust supply chain and a specialized distribution channel to fulfill customers’ expectant demand for service and quality. Our major competitors include Kaneka, Taiyo and Westlake.
Electrical Infrastructure. Our leading position in these markets is primarily based on formulations expertise, product reliability and performance, process expertise and technical support. Our competitive strengths result from our focus on defined market segment needs, our long-standing customer relationships, product reliability and technical performance, and reputation and recognition as a quality supplier. Our major competitors include Aditya Birla, Nagase, Westlake and Xiongrun.
Coatings Infrastructure. Our long-standing position in these markets is served by our specialty resins and additives. Our additives and specialty resins offerings, including epoxy hardeners, phenoxy and acrylonitrile-butadiene reactive liquid polymers and high solid or water-based components, are value-added products that allow our customers to differentiate their own products. Our major competitors include Allnex, Evonik, Kukdo and Westlake.
General Industry. Our adhesive markets are being driven by cost effective production and assembling and are serviced by our leading positions in systems formulations, curing and toughening technologies backed by application and process manufacturing knowledge. Our adhesive offering allows for reliable and competitive solutions with a strong ARALDITE® brand reputation, a robust supply chain and a specialized distribution channel to fulfill customers’ expectant demand for service and quality. Our major competitors include 3M, Henkel, ITW and Parker Hannifin.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
We support our businesses with a major commitment to research and development, technical services and process engineering improvement. Our research and development centers are located in The Woodlands, Texas; Everberg, Belgium; Basel, Switzerland; Merrimack, New Hampshire; and Shanghai, China. Other process development/technical service centers are located in Deggendorf, Germany, Auburn Hills, Michigan and Derry, New Hampshire (Polyurethanes); and Monthey, Switzerland, MacIntosh, Alabama, Akron, Ohio and Panyu, China (Advanced Materials).
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
Proprietary protection of our processes, apparatuses and other technology and inventions is important to our businesses. We own approximately 2,485 unexpired patents and have approximately 965 patent applications (including provisionals) currently pending. While a presumption of validity exists with respect to issued U.S. patents, we cannot assure that any of our patents will not be challenged, invalidated, circumvented or rendered unenforceable. Furthermore, we cannot assure the issuance of any pending patent application, or that if patents do issue, that these patents will provide meaningful protection against competitors or against competitive technologies. Additionally, our competitors or other third parties may obtain patents that restrict or preclude our ability to lawfully produce or sell our products in a competitive manner.
We also rely upon unpatented proprietary know-how and continuing technological innovation and other trade secrets to develop and maintain our competitive position. There can be no assurance, however, that confidentiality and other agreements into which we enter and have entered will not be breached, that they will provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets or proprietary know-how, or that adequate remedies will be available in the event of an unauthorized use or disclosure of such trade secrets and know-how. In addition, there can be no assurance that others will not obtain knowledge of these trade secrets through independent development or other access by legal means.
In addition to our own patents and patent applications and proprietary trade secrets and know-how, we are a party to certain licensing arrangements and other agreements authorizing us to use trade secrets, know-how and related technology and/or operate within the scope of certain patents owned by other entities. We also have licensed or sub-licensed intellectual property rights to third parties.
We have associated brand names with a number of our products, and we have approximately 2,900 trademark registrations and 178 pending trademark applications globally. These registrations and applications include extensions of protection under the Madrid system for the international registration of marks. However, there can be no assurance that the trademark registrations will provide meaningful protection against the use of similar trademarks by competitors, or that the value of our trademarks will not be diluted.
Because of the breadth and nature of our intellectual property rights and our business, we do not believe that any single intellectual property right (other than certain trademarks for which we intend to maintain the applicable registrations) is material to our business. Moreover, we do not believe that the termination of intellectual property rights expected to occur over the next several years, either individually or in the aggregate, will materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
HUMAN CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
As of December 31, 2022, we employed approximately 7,000 associates in our operations around the world. Approximately 2,000 of these employees are located in the U.S., while approximately 5,000 are located in other countries.
We believe our employees are the foundation of our success. Our overall talent acquisition and retention strategy is designed to attract and retain diverse and qualified candidates to meet our performance goals on an ongoing basis and enable the success of our Company. Our key areas of focus include:
Health and Safety: Our global health and safety programs are designed around dedicated environmental, health and safety (“EHS”) Standards and Procedures specifically tailored at the facility level to address the different jurisdictions and regulations, specific operating hazards and unique working environments. The Company’s objectives focus on regulatory compliance and protection of people and the environment. Compliance with the EHS Standards and Procedures are evaluated through site self-audits as well as regularly scheduled Corporate EHS audits. In addition, other management systems applicable to many of our sites include third party verification of Responsible Care® and ISO 14001. A key metric used to assess the safety performance of our operations is the ASTM 2920 Level 1 injury rate, which follows a uniform international method for recording occupational injuries and illnesses. In the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had injury rates of 0.21 and 0.10, respectively.
Ethics and Compliance: At Huntsman our commitment to our values of Honesty, Integrity, Respect and Responsibility unite us globally and fosters high ethical standards in our relationships with each other, with our customers and with all those we do business with. Our Business Conduct Guidelines, along with the policies and procedures referenced within the guidelines, provide guidance for all employees on topics such as anti-corruption and bribery, anti-trust and competition law, discrimination including our policy on harassment and retaliation, privacy, appropriate use of company assets, protecting confidential information and reporting concerns and violations. The guidelines are used to reinforce our commitment to operating in a fair, honest, responsible and ethical manner and to emphasize the importance of having an open and welcoming environment in which all employees feel empowered to do what is right. Should potential violations of the guidelines, policies, procedures or the law occur, employees are encouraged to voice concerns promptly and are reminded that we do not tolerate retaliation against anyone who reports a potential violation in good faith. All employees are required to complete the training on the Business Conduct Guidelines annually, and our Chief Compliance Officer reports matters related to the Business Conduct Guidelines to the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors on a quarterly basis.
Compensation and Benefits: Our policy is to competitively compensate our associates and to appropriately motivate associates to provide value to our shareholders. Our compensation philosophy is to align both short-term and long-term incentives with our strategic objectives and to take into account market forces, best practices, and the performance of our Company and the employee. We offer employees benefits that vary by country and are designed to meet or exceed local laws and to be competitive in the marketplace. Examples of benefits offered in the U.S. include a 401(k) plan with employer contributions, health benefits, business travel and life/disability insurance, supplemental voluntary insurance and paid time off.
Training and Talent Development: We are committed to the continued development of our workforce. We provide technical and leadership training to our associates, customers and suppliers who work for or with our products and services. Training is provided in a number of formats to accommodate the learner’s style, pace, location, technological knowledge and access.
ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH AND SAFETY MATTERS
General
We are subject to extensive federal, state, local and international laws, regulations, rules and ordinances relating to occupational health and safety, process safety, pollution, protection of the environment and natural resources, product management and distribution, and the generation, storage, handling, transportation, treatment, disposal and remediation of hazardous substances and waste materials. In the ordinary course of business, we are subject to frequent environmental inspections and monitoring and occasional investigations by governmental enforcement authorities. In addition, our production facilities require operating permits that are subject to renewal, modification and, in certain circumstances, revocation. Actual or alleged violations of safety laws, environmental laws or permit requirements could result in restrictions or prohibitions on plant operations or product distribution, substantial civil or criminal sanctions, or injunctions limiting or prohibiting our operations altogether. In addition, some environmental laws may impose liability on a strict or joint and several basis. Moreover, changes in environmental regulations could inhibit or interrupt our operations, or require us to modify our facilities or operations and make significant environmental compliance expenditures. Accordingly, environmental or regulatory matters may cause us to incur significant unanticipated losses, costs or liabilities. Information related to EHS matters may also be found in other areas of this report including “-Item 1A. Risk Factors,” “Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies-Environmental Expenditures” to our consolidated financial statements and “Note 21. Environmental Health and Safety Matters” to our consolidated financial statements.
Environmental, Health and Safety Systems
We are committed to achieving and maintaining compliance with all applicable EHS legal requirements, and we have developed policies and management systems that are intended to identify the multitude of EHS legal requirements applicable to our operations, enhance compliance with applicable legal requirements, improve the safety of our employees, contractors, community neighbors and customers and minimize the production and emission of wastes and other pollutants. We cannot guarantee, however, that these policies and systems will always be effective or that we will be able to manage EHS legal requirements without incurring substantial costs. Although EHS legal requirements are constantly changing and are frequently difficult to comply with, these EHS management systems are designed to assist us in our compliance goals while also fostering efficiency and improvement and reducing overall risk to us. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, our capital expenditures for EHS matters totaled $44 million, $36 million and $18 million, respectively, and our estimated capital expenditures for 2023 is expected to be $32 million.
Environmental Remediation
We have incurred, and we may in the future incur, liabilities to investigate and clean up waste or contamination at our current or former facilities or facilities operated by third parties at which we may have disposed of waste or other materials. Similarly, we may incur costs for the cleanup of waste that was disposed of prior to the purchase of our businesses. Under some circumstances, the scope of our liabilities may extend to damages to natural resources.
In cases where our potential liabilities arise from historical contamination based on operations and other events occurring prior to our ownership of a business or specific facility, we frequently obtain an indemnity agreement from the prior owner addressing remediation liabilities arising from pre-closing conditions. We have successfully exercised our rights under these contractual covenants for a number of sites and, where applicable, mitigated our ultimate remediation liabilities. We cannot assure you, however, that the liabilities for all such matters subject to indemnity will be honored by the prior owner or that our existing indemnities will be sufficient to cover our liabilities for such matters.
Based on available information and the indemnification rights we believe are likely to be available, we believe that the costs to investigate and remediate known contamination will not have a material effect on our financial statements. However, if such indemnities are not honored or do not fully cover the costs of investigation and remediation or we are required to contribute to such costs, then such expenditures may have a material effect on our financial statements. At the current time, we are unable to estimate the total cost, exclusive of indemnification benefits, to remediate contaminated sites.
Regulatory Matters
Greenhouse Gas Regulation and Climate Change
Globally, our operations are increasingly subject to regulations that seek to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (“GHGs”), such as carbon dioxide and methane, which may be contributing to changes in the earth’s climate. At the Durban negotiations of the Conference of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol in 2012, a limited group of nations, including the European Union (the “EU”), agreed to a second commitment period for the Kyoto Protocol, an international treaty that provides for reductions in GHG emissions. More significantly, the EU GHG Emissions Trading System (“ETS”), established pursuant to the Kyoto Protocol to reduce GHG emissions in the EU, continues in its fourth phase. The European Commission established a market stability reserve to address a surplus of allowances and improve the system’s resilience that started operating in 2019. In addition, the EU has set a binding target to reduce domestic GHG emissions by at least 40% below the 1990 level by 2030 and a binding target to increase the share of renewable energy to at least 32% of the EU’s energy consumption by 2030. In July 2021, the European Commission proposed legislation to increase the greenhouse gas emission reduction target to at least 55% and the renewable energy target to 40%.
In addition, at the 2015 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Paris, the U.S. and nearly 200 other nations entered into an international climate agreement, which went into effect in November 2016 (the “Paris Agreement”). Although the agreement does not create any binding obligations for nations to limit their GHG emissions, it does include pledges to voluntarily limit or reduce future emissions. The U.S. rejoined the Paris Agreement on February 19, 2021. In addition, in September 2021, U.S. President Biden publicly announced the Global Methane Pledge, a pact that aims to reduce global methane emissions at least 30% below 2020 levels by 2030. Since its formal launch at the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26), over 100 countries have joined the pledge.
Domestic efforts to curb GHG emissions are being led by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (the “EPA”) GHG regulations and similar programs of certain states. To the extent that our domestic operations are subject to the EPA’s GHG regulations, we may face increased capital and operating costs associated with new or expanded facilities. Significant expansions of our existing facilities or construction of new facilities may be subject to the Clean Air Act’s (the “CAA”) requirements for pollutants regulated under the Prevention of Significant Deterioration and Title V programs. Some of our facilities are also subject to the EPA’s Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases rule, and any further regulation may increase our operational costs. In April of 2022, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) proposed new rules regarding the reporting of GHG emissions and impacts of such emissions and climate change generally on businesses subject to SEC reporting requirements. These rules, if adopted, could result in additional costs for preparing financial statements and additional liability. It is uncertain at this time whether the rules, as proposed, will be adopted and go into effect.
We are already managing and reporting GHG emissions, to varying degrees, as required by law for our sites in locations subject to U.S. federal and state requirements, Kyoto Protocol obligations and/or ETS requirements. Although these sites are subject to existing GHG legislation, few have experienced or anticipate significant cost increases as a result of these programs, although it is possible that GHG emission restrictions may increase over time. Potential consequences of such restrictions include capital requirements to modify assets to meet GHG emission restrictions and/or increases in energy costs above the level of general inflation, as well as direct compliance costs. Currently, however, it is not possible to estimate the likely financial impact of potential future regulation on any of our sites.
Finally, most scientists have concluded that increasing concentrations of GHGs in the earth’s atmosphere may produce climate changes that have significant physical effects, such as increased frequency and severity of storms, droughts, and floods and other climatic events. If any of those effects were to occur, they could have an adverse effect on our assets and operations.
AVAILABLE INFORMATION
We maintain an internet website at http://www.huntsman.com. Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to these reports are available free of charge through our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we file these materials with the SEC. We also provide electronic or paper copies of our SEC filings free of charge upon request.
GLOSSARY OF CHEMICAL TERMS
BDO-butane diol
BLR-base liquid resin
DGA® Agent-DIGLYCOLAMINE® agent
DPA-diphenylamine
EDC-ethylene dichloride
EG-ethylene glycol
EO-ethylene oxide
MDA-methylene dioxy amphetamine
MDI-methyl diphenyl diisocyanate
MNB-mononitrobenzene
MTBE-methyl tertiary-butyl ether
PBT-polybutylene terephthalate
PO-propylene oxide
Polyols-a substance containing several hydroxyl groups. A diol, triol and tetrol contain two, three and four hydroxyl groups, respectively.
TDI-toluene diisocyanate
TPU-thermoplastic polyurethane
UPR-unsaturated polyester resin

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Any of the following risks could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.
RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS AND OPERATIONS
Our industry is affected by global economic factors, including risks associated with volatile economic conditions, and current economic conditions have had, and may continue to have, significant effects on our customers and suppliers and may in the future have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and stock price.
Our financial results are substantially dependent on overall economic conditions in the U.S., Europe and Asia. Declining economic conditions, or negative perceptions about economic conditions, could result in a substantial decrease in demand for our products and could adversely affect our business. The timing and extent of any changes to currently prevailing market conditions is uncertain, and supply and demand may be unbalanced at any time. The effects of global economic conditions in certain markets include, among other things, significant reductions in available capital and liquidity from credit markets, supply or demand driven inflationary pressures, and substantial fluctuations in currency values worldwide. Uncertain economic conditions and market instability make it particularly difficult for us to forecast demand trends. As a consequence, we may not be able to accurately predict future economic conditions or the effect of such conditions on our financial condition or results of operations. We can give no assurances as to the timing, extent or duration of the current or future economic cycles impacting the industries in which we operate.
Disruptions in production at our manufacturing facilities may have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and/or financial condition.
Manufacturing facilities in our industry are subject to planned and unplanned production shutdowns, turnarounds, outages and other disruptions. Any serious disruption at any of our facilities could impair our ability to use our facilities and have a material adverse impact on our revenues and increase our costs and expenses. Alternative facilities with sufficient capacity may not be available, may cost substantially more or may take a significant time to increase production or qualify with our customers, any of which could negatively impact our business, results of operations and/or financial condition. Long-term production disruptions may cause our customers to seek alternative supply which could further adversely affect our profitability.
Unplanned production disruptions may occur for external reasons including natural disasters, weather, disease, strikes, transportation interruption, government regulation, political unrest or terrorism, or internal reasons, such as fire, unplanned maintenance or other manufacturing problems. Any significant production disruption could have a material impact on our operations, operating results and financial condition.
In addition, we rely on a number of vendors, suppliers, and in some cases sole-source suppliers, service providers, toll manufacturers and collaborations with other industry participants to provide us with chemicals, feedstocks and other raw materials, along with energy sources and, in certain cases, facilities that we need to operate our business. If the business of these third parties is disrupted, some of these companies could be forced to reduce their output, shut down their operations or file for bankruptcy protection. If this were to occur, it could adversely affect their ability to provide us with the raw materials, energy sources or facilities that we need, which could materially disrupt our operations, including the production of certain of our products. Moreover, it could be difficult to find replacements for certain of our business partners without incurring significant delays or cost increases. If we are required to obtain alternate sources for raw materials because a supplier is unwilling or unable to perform under raw material supply agreements, if a supplier terminates its agreements with us, if we are unable to renew our existing contracts, or if we are unable to obtain new long-term supply agreements, we may not be able to obtain these raw materials in sufficient quantities, on economic terms, or in a timely manner, and we may not be able to enter into supply agreements on terms as favorable to us as our existing supply agreements, if at all. All of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.
While we maintain business recovery plans that are intended to allow us to recover from natural disasters or other events that could disrupt our business, we cannot provide assurances that our plans would fully protect us from the effects of all such disasters or from events that might increase in frequency or intensity due to climate change. In addition, insurance may not adequately compensate us for any losses incurred as a result of natural or other disasters. In areas prone to frequent natural or other disasters, insurance may become increasingly expensive or not available at all. Furthermore, some potential climate-driven losses, particularly inundation due to sea-level rise, may pose long-term risks to our physical facilities such that operations cannot be restored in their current locations.
The markets for many of our products are cyclical and volatile, and we may experience depressed market conditions for such products.
The cyclicality in the markets for many of our products occurs as a result of alternating periods of tight supply, causing prices and margins to increase, followed by periods of lower capacity utilization, resulting in oversupply and declining prices and margins. The volatility these markets experience occurs as a result of changes in the demand for products as a consequence of global economic activity, changes in energy prices and changes in customers’ requirements. For example, demand for our products depends in part on aerospace, housing and construction industries, which are cyclical in nature and have historically been impacted by downturns in the economy. The supply-demand balance is also impacted by capacity additions or reductions that result in changes in utilization rates. The cyclicality and volatility of our industry results in significant fluctuations in profits and cash flow from period to period and over the business cycle.
Our results of operations may be adversely affected by international business risks, including fluctuations in currency exchange rates, legal restrictions and taxes.
We conduct a majority of our business operations outside the U.S., and these operations are subject to risks normally associated with international operations. These risks include the need to convert currencies that may be received for our products into currencies in which we purchase raw materials or pay for services, which could result in a gain or loss depending on fluctuations in exchange rates. We transact business in many foreign currencies, including euros, Swiss francs, Chinese renminbi, Indian rupees, Brazilian reals and Thai bahts. We translate our local currency financial results into U.S. dollars based on average exchange rates prevailing during the reporting period or the exchange rate at the end of that period. During times of a strengthening U.S. dollar, our reported international sales and earnings may be reduced because the local currency may translate into fewer U.S. dollars. Because we currently have significant operations located outside the U.S., we are exposed to fluctuations in global currency rates which may result in gains or losses on our financial statements.
Other risks of international operations include trade barriers, tariffs, exchange controls, cash repatriation restrictions, national and regional labor strikes, social and political risks, general economic risks and required compliance with a variety of U.S. and foreign laws, including monetary policies, tax laws, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (and foreign equivalents), export controls and regulations administered by the Office of Foreign Assets Control. Any changes in tariffs or trade barriers could make our products less competitive compared to other producers not subject to the same tariffs or trade barriers. Any decision to repatriate cash as dividends could subject us to foreign and U.S. federal and state income taxes without any offsetting foreign tax credit relief. Although we maintain an anti-corruption compliance program throughout our company, violations of our compliance program may result in criminal or civil sanctions, including material monetary fines, penalties and other costs against us or our employees, and may have a material adverse effect on our business. Furthermore, in foreign jurisdictions where legal processes may vary from country to country, we may experience difficulty in enforcing agreements. In jurisdictions where bankruptcy laws and practices vary, we may experience difficulty collecting foreign receivables through foreign legal systems. The occurrence of these risks, among others, could disrupt the businesses of our international subsidiaries, which could significantly affect their ability to make distributions to us.
We operate in a significant number of jurisdictions, which contributes to the volatility of our effective tax rate. Changes in tax laws or the interpretation of tax laws in the jurisdictions in which we operate may affect our effective tax rate. For example, a number of countries, as well as organizations such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, support a global minimum tax initiative. Such countries and organizations are also actively considering changes to existing tax laws or have proposed new tax laws that could increase our tax obligations. In addition, generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. (“GAAP” or “U.S. GAAP”) have required us to place valuation allowances against our net operating losses and other deferred tax assets in certain tax jurisdictions. These valuation allowances result from analysis of positive and negative evidence supporting the realization of tax benefits. Negative evidence includes a cumulative history of pre-tax operating losses in specific tax jurisdictions. Changes in valuation allowances have resulted in material fluctuations in our effective tax rate. Economic conditions or changes in tax laws may dictate the continued imposition of current valuation allowances and, potentially, the establishment of new valuation allowances. While significant valuation allowances remain, our effective tax rate will likely continue to experience significant fluctuations. Furthermore, certain foreign jurisdictions may take actions to delay our ability to collect value-added tax refunds.
Significant price volatility or interruptions in supply of our raw materials and energy may result in increased costs that we may be unable to pass on to our customers, which could reduce our profitability.
We purchase a substantial portion of our raw materials and energy from third-party suppliers and their costs represent a substantial portion of our operating expenses. The prices for raw materials and energy generally follow price trends of, and vary with market conditions for, crude oil and natural gas feedstocks, which are highly volatile and cyclical. In particular, the impacts of COVID-19 have disrupted nearly every aspect of the global supply chain, and the resulting increases in energy costs and scarcity of raw materials has increased the cost of operating our business. While we attempt to match cost increases with corresponding product price increases or surcharges, we are not always able to raise product prices immediately or at all. Timing differences between raw material and energy prices, which may change daily, and contract product prices, which in many cases are negotiated only monthly or less often, have had and may continue to have a negative effect on our cash flow. Any cost increase that we are not able to pass on to our customers could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.
In general, the feedstocks and other raw materials we consume are organic chemical commodity products that are readily available at market prices. There are, however, several raw materials for which there are only a limited number of suppliers or a single supplier. To mitigate potential supply constraints, we frequently enter into supply agreements with particular suppliers, evaluate alternative sources of supply and evaluate alternative technologies to avoid reliance on limited or sole-source suppliers. In addition, where supply relationships are concentrated, particular attention is paid by the parties to ensure strategic intentions are aligned to facilitate long-term planning. If certain of our suppliers are unable to meet their obligations under present supply agreements, we may be forced to pay higher prices to obtain the necessary raw materials from other sources and we may not be able to increase prices for our finished products to recoup the higher raw materials costs. Any interruption in the supply of raw materials could increase our costs or decrease our revenues, which could reduce our cash flow. The inability of a supplier to meet our raw material needs could have a material adverse effect on our financial statements and results of operations.
The number of sources for and availability of certain raw materials is also specific to the particular geographical region in which a facility is located. Political and economic instability in the countries from which we purchase our raw material supplies could adversely affect their availability. In addition, if raw materials become unavailable within a geographic area from which they are now sourced, then we may not be able to obtain suitable or cost-effective substitutes. We may also experience higher operating costs such as energy costs, which could affect our profitability. We may not always be able to increase our selling prices to offset the impact of any higher production costs or reduced production levels, which could reduce our earnings and decrease our liquidity.
Our results of operations and financial condition have been, and may in the future be, adversely impacted by COVID-19, and the duration and extent of such impacts remain uncertain.
COVID-19 has adversely affected the global economy and financial markets and has impacted our operations and financial results. In particular, certain of our key end markets, including aerospace, have been disproportionally impacted by the effects of COVID-19. The extent to which COVID-19 may continue to adversely impact our business depends on future developments, including:
The extent to which COVID-19 may continue to adversely impact our business depends on future developments, including:
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the duration, scope, severity and geographic spread of COVID-19 and its variants, including the extent of any future resurgences;
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governmental, business and individual actions that have been and continue to be taken in response to COVID-19, including social distancing, work-at-home, stay-at-home and shelter-in-place orders and shutdowns, travel restrictions and quarantines;
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the effects of COVID-19 on our customers, suppliers, supply chain and other business partners;
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our ability to provide our products and protect the health and well-being of our employees;
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our ability to increase prices and pass along to customers the additional cost we have experienced since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic;
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business disruptions caused by actual or potential plant, workplace and office closures, and an increased reliance on employees working from home, disruptions to or delays in ongoing product development, operations, staffing shortages, travel limitations, employee health issues, cyber security and data accessibility, or communication or mass transit disruptions, any of which could adversely impact our business operations or delay necessary interactions with local regulators, manufacturing sites and other important agencies and contractors;
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the risk that we could be exposed to liability, negative publicity or reputational harm related to any incidents of actual or perceived transmission of COVID-19 among employees at our facilities;
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the ability of our customers to pay for our products;
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the ability of our suppliers to provide raw materials;
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the impacts of COVID-19 on the financial markets and economic activity generally;
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our ability to access usual sources of liquidity on reasonable terms; and
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our ability to comply with the financial covenants in our debt agreements if a material and prolonged economic downturn results in increased indebtedness or substantially lower adjusted EBITDA.
Any failure to complete the proposed sale of our Textile Effects Business could materially adversely impact the market price of our common stock as well as our business, financial condition and results of operations.
On August 9, 2022, we entered into a definitive agreement to sell our Textile Effects Business to Archroma for a purchase price of $593 million in cash plus the assumption of underfunded pension liabilities, and we expect the net after tax cash proceeds to be approximately $540 million before fees and subject to certain customary purchase price adjustments as set forth in the purchase agreement. Completion of the proposed sale is subject to our and Archroma’s performance under the purchase agreement. Unanticipated developments could delay or prevent the transaction from closing, which could cause our common stock to experience negative reactions from the financial markets.
In addition, our ongoing businesses may be adversely affected, and we may be subject to certain risks and consequences, including, but not limited to, the following:
●
execution of the proposed sale has required, and will continue to require, significant time and attention from management, which may postpone the execution of other initiatives that may have been beneficial to us;
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if the proposed sale is not completed, any litigation or judicial actions that may be instituted by or against us, our Board of Directors and others relating to the proposed sale or any settlement of such litigation or judicial action and any associated costs and expenses; and
●
whether or not the proposed sale is completed, we may be responsible for certain costs and expenses, such as legal, accounting and other professional fees, which may be significant.
Any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and the price of our common stock.
Our efforts to grow and transform our businesses may require significant investments; if our strategies are unsuccessful, our business, results of operations and/or financial condition may be materially adversely affected.
We continuously evaluate opportunities for growth and change. These initiatives may involve making acquisitions, entering into partnerships and joint ventures, divesting assets, restructuring our existing operations and assets, creating new financial structures and building new facilities-any of which could require a significant investment and subject us to new kinds of risks. We may incur additional indebtedness to finance these opportunities. If our strategies for growth and change are not successful, we could face increased financial pressure, such as increased cash flow demands, reduced liquidity and diminished access to financial markets, and the equity value of our businesses could be diluted.
The implementation of strategies for growth and change may create additional risks, including:
●
diversion of management time and attention away from existing operations;
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requiring capital investment that could otherwise be used for the operation and growth of our existing businesses;
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disruptions to important business relationships;
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increased operating costs;
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limitations imposed by various governmental entities; and
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difficulties due to lack of or limited prior experience in any new markets we may enter.
Our inability to mitigate these risks or other problems encountered in connection with our strategies for growth and change could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, we may fail to fully achieve the savings or growth projected for current or future initiatives notwithstanding the expenditure of substantial resources in pursuit thereof.
We may have difficulties integrating acquired businesses and as a result, our business, results of operations and/or financial condition may be materially adversely affected.
We have completed a number of acquisitions, and we expect to continue to acquire additional businesses and enter into joint ventures as part of our business strategy. Growth through acquisitions and joint ventures involves risks, including:
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inability to efficiently operate new businesses or to integrate acquired businesses and products;
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inability to accurately predict delays in realizing the costs and benefits of acquisitions, partnerships, or joint ventures;
●
unexpected losses of customers or suppliers of an acquired or existing business;
●
difficulties in retaining key employees of acquired businesses;
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difficulties in realizing projected synergies; and
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exposure to unanticipated liabilities, including unexpected environmental exposures, product liability or illegal activities conducted by an acquired company or a joint venture partner.
Our inability to address these risks could cause us to fail to realize the anticipated benefits of such acquisitions or joint ventures and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
The industries in which we compete are highly competitive, and we may not be able to compete effectively with our competitors that have greater financial resources, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
The industries in which we operate are highly competitive. Among our competitors are some of the world’s largest chemical companies. Changes in the competitive landscape could make it difficult for us to retain our competitive position in various products and markets throughout the world. Some of the companies with whom we compete may be able to produce products more economically than we can. Furthermore, some of our competitors have greater financial resources, which may enable them to invest significant capital into their businesses, including expenditures for research and development.
While we are engaged in a range of research and development programs to develop new products and processes, to improve and refine existing products and processes, and to develop new applications for existing products, the failure to develop new products, processes or applications could make us less competitive. Moreover, if any of our current or future competitors develops proprietary technology that enables them to produce products at a significantly lower cost, our technology could be rendered uneconomical or obsolete.
Further, it is possible that we could abandon certain products, processes, or applications due to potential infringement of third party intellectual property rights or that we could be named in future litigation for the infringement or misappropriation of a competitor’s or other third party’s intellectual property rights, which could include a claim for injunctive relief and damages, and, if so, such adverse results could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial position. In addition, certain of our competitors in various countries in which we do business, including China, may be owned by or affiliated with members of local governments and political entities.
These competitors may get special treatment with respect to regulatory compliance and product registration, while certain of our products, including those based on new technologies, may be delayed or even prevented from entering into the local market.
Certain of our businesses use technology that is widely available. Accordingly, barriers to entry, apart from capital availability, may be low in certain product segments of our business. The entrance of new competitors into any of our businesses may reduce our ability to maintain margins or capture improving margins in circumstances where capacity utilization in the industry is increasing. Increased competition in any of our businesses could compel us to reduce the prices of our products, which could result in reduced margins and loss of market share and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.
We are subject to risks relating to our information technology systems, and any technology disruption or cybersecurity incident could negatively affect our operations.
We rely on information technology systems across our operations, including for management, supply chain and financial information and various other processes and transactions. Our ability to effectively manage our business depends on the security, reliability and capacity of these systems. Our technology systems or the technology systems of third parties on which we rely, are vulnerable to disruption from circumstances beyond our control including fire, natural disasters, power outages, system failures, security breaches, espionage, cyber-attacks, viruses, theft and inadvertent release of information. Any such disruption to these Information technology systems could disrupt our operations or result in the disclosure of proprietary information about our business or confidential information concerning our customers or employees which could result in negative publicity/brand damage, violation of privacy laws, potential liability, including litigation/investigation/remediation or other legal actions against us or the imposition of penalties, fines, fees or liabilities, which may not be covered by our insurance policies. Any or all the above would potentially cause delays or cancellations of customer orders or impede the manufacture or shipment of products, processing of transactions or reporting of financial results.
While we have invested and will continue to invest in technology security initiatives and disaster recovery plans, we may not be able to implement measures that will protect against all the significant risks to our information technology systems. We have put in place security measures designed to protect against the misappropriation or corruption of our systems, intentional or unintentional disclosure of confidential information, or disruption of our operations. Current employees have, and former employees may have, access to a significant amount of information regarding our operations which could be disclosed to our competitors or otherwise used to harm us. Moreover, our operations in certain locations, such as China, may be particularly vulnerable to security attacks or other problems. Any breach of our security measures could result in unauthorized access to and misappropriation of our information, corruption of data or disruption of operations or transactions, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, we could be required to expend significant additional efforts to respond to information technology issues or to protect against threatened or actual security breaches.
Finally, data privacy is subject to frequently changing rules and regulations in countries where we do business. For example, the EU adopted a regulation that became effective in May 2018, the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which requires companies to meet regulations regarding the handling of personal data. Our failure to successfully comply with GDPR requirements could result in substantial fines or penalties and legal liability which could tarnish our reputation.
Our operations involve risks that may increase our operating costs, which could reduce our profitability.
Although we take precautions to enhance the safety of our operations and minimize the risk of disruptions, our operations are subject to hazards inherent in the manufacturing and marketing of chemical and other products. These hazards include: chemical spills, pipeline leaks and ruptures, storage tank leaks, discharges or releases of toxic or hazardous substances or gases and other hazards incident to the manufacturing, processing, handling, transportation and storage of dangerous chemicals. We are also potentially subject to other hazards, including natural disasters and severe weather; explosions and fires; transportation problems, including interruptions, spills and leaks; mechanical failures; unscheduled downtimes; labor difficulties; remediation complications; and other risks. In addition, some equipment and operations at our facilities are owned or controlled by third parties who may not be fully integrated into our safety programs and over whom we are able to exercise limited control. Many potential hazards can cause bodily injury and loss of life, severe damage to or destruction of property and equipment and environmental damage, and may result in suspension of operations and the imposition of civil or criminal penalties and liabilities. Furthermore, we are subject to present and future claims with respect to workplace exposure, exposure of contractors on our premises as well as other persons located nearby, workers’ compensation and other matters.
We maintain property, business interruption, products liability and casualty insurance policies which we believe are in accordance with customary industry practices, as well as insurance policies covering other types of risks, including pollution legal liability insurance, but we are not fully insured against all potential hazards and risks incident to our business. Each of these insurance policies is subject to customary exclusions, deductibles and coverage limits, in accordance with industry standards and practices. As a result of market conditions, premiums and deductibles for certain insurance policies can increase substantially and, in some instances, certain insurance may become unavailable or available only for reduced amounts of coverage. If we were to incur a significant liability for which we were not fully insured, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.
In addition, we are subject to various claims and litigation in the ordinary course of business. We are a party to various pending lawsuits and proceedings. For more information, see “-Item 3. Legal Proceedings” below.
Our operations, financial condition and liquidity could be adversely affected by legal claims against us, including antitrust claims.
We face risks arising from various legal actions, including matters relating to antitrust, product liability, intellectual property and environmental claims. It is possible that judgments could be rendered against us in these cases or others for which we could be uninsured or not covered by indemnity, or which may be beyond the amounts that we currently have reserved or anticipate incurring for such matters. Over the past few years, antitrust claims have been made against chemical companies. In this type of litigation, the plaintiffs generally seek injunctive relief, treble damages or the maximum damages allowed by state law, costs of suit and attorneys’ fees, which may result in significant liabilities. An adverse outcome in any antitrust claim could be material and significantly impact our operations, financial condition, liquidity and business reputation.
Our business is exposed to risks associated with the creditworthiness of our suppliers, customers and business partners and the industries in which our suppliers, customers and business partners participate are cyclical in nature, both of which may adversely affect our business and results of operations.
Our business is exposed to risks associated with the creditworthiness of our key suppliers, customers and business partners and reductions in demand for our customers’ products. During periods of economic disruption, more of our customers than normal may experience financial difficulties, including bankruptcies, restructurings and liquidations, which could affect our business by reducing sales, increasing our risk in extending trade credit to customers and reducing our profitability. A significant adverse change in a customer relationship or in a customer’s financial position could cause us to limit or discontinue business with that customer, require us to assume more credit risk relating to that customer’s receivables or limit our ability to collect accounts receivable from that customer.
Our business is dependent on our intellectual property. If our intellectual property rights cannot be enforced or our trade secrets become known to our competitors, our ability to compete may be adversely affected.
Proprietary protection of our processes, apparatuses and other technology is important to our business. While a presumption of validity exists with respect to patents issued to us in the U.S., there can be no assurance that any of our patents will not be challenged, invalidated, circumvented or rendered unenforceable. Furthermore, if any pending patent application filed by us does not result in an issued patent, or if patents are issued to us, but such patents do not provide meaningful protection of our intellectual property, then our ability to compete may be adversely affected. Additionally, our competitors or other third parties may obtain patents that restrict or preclude our ability to lawfully produce or sell our products in a competitive manner, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.
We also rely upon unpatented proprietary know-how and continuing technological innovation and other trade secrets to develop and maintain our competitive position. While it is our policy to enter into agreements imposing confidentiality obligations upon our employees and third parties to protect our intellectual property, these confidentiality obligations may be breached, may not provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets or proprietary know-how, or adequate remedies may not be available in the event of an unauthorized access, use or disclosure of our trade secrets and know-how. In addition, others could obtain knowledge of our trade secrets through independent development or other access by legal means.
We may have to rely on judicial enforcement of our patents and other proprietary rights. We may not be able to effectively protect our intellectual property rights from misappropriation or infringement in countries where effective patent, trademark, trade secret and other intellectual property laws and judicial systems may be unavailable, or may not protect our proprietary rights to the same extent as U.S. law.
The failure of our patents or confidentiality agreements to protect our processes, apparatuses, technology, trade secrets or proprietary know-how or the failure of adequate legal remedies for related actions could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.
Conflicts, military actions, terrorist attacks, political events, public health crises and general instability, along with increased security regulations related to our industry, could adversely affect our business.
Conflicts, military actions, terrorist attacks, political events and public health crises have precipitated economic instability and turmoil in international commerce and the global economy. The uncertainty and economic disruption resulting from hostilities, military action or acts of terrorism may impact any or all of our facilities and operations or those of our suppliers or customers. Accordingly, any conflict, military action or terrorist attack that impacts us or any of our suppliers or customers, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. Furthermore, instability and turmoil, particularly in energy-producing nations, may result in raw material cost increases.
Changes in social, political, regulatory and economic conditions or in laws and policies governing foreign trade, manufacturing, development and investment in the territories and countries where we currently develop and sell products, could adversely affect our business. For example, a number of governments have instituted regulations attempting to increase the security of chemical plants and the transportation of hazardous chemicals, which could result in higher operating costs and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and liquidity.
Our pension and postretirement benefit plan obligations are currently underfunded, and under certain circumstances we may have to significantly increase the level of cash funding to some or all of these plans, which would reduce the cash available for our business.
We have unfunded and underfunded obligations under some of our domestic and foreign pension and postretirement benefit plans. The funded status of our pension plans is dependent upon many factors, including returns on invested assets, the level of certain market interest rates and the discount rates used to determine pension obligations. Unfavorable returns on the plan assets or unfavorable changes in applicable laws or regulations could materially change the timing and amount of required plan funding, which would reduce the cash available for our business. In addition, a decrease in the discount rate used to determine pension obligations could result in an increase in the valuation of pension obligations, which could affect the reported funding status of our pension plans and future contributions, as well as the periodic pension cost in subsequent fiscal years.
With respect to our domestic pension and postretirement benefit plans, the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (“PBGC”) has the authority to terminate an underfunded tax-qualified pension plan under limited circumstances in accordance with the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended. In the event our tax-qualified pension plans are terminated by the PBGC, we could be liable to the PBGC for the entire amount of the underfunding and, under certain circumstances, the liability could be senior to our notes. With respect to our foreign pension and postretirement benefit plans, the effects of underfunding depend on the country in which the pension and postretirement benefit plan is established. For example, in the U.K. and Germany semi-public pension protection programs have the authority in certain circumstances to assume responsibility for underfunded pension schemes, including the right to recover the amount of the underfunding from us.
RISKS RELATED TO REGULATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION
We are subject to many EHS regulations that may result in unanticipated costs or liabilities, which could reduce our profitability.
We are subject to extensive federal, state, local and foreign laws, regulations, rules and ordinances relating to pollution, protection of the environment and human health and safety, and the generation, storage, handling, transportation, treatment, disposal and remediation of hazardous substances and waste materials. Actual or alleged violations of EHS laws or permit requirements could result in restrictions or prohibitions on plant operations and substantial civil or criminal sanctions, as well as, under some EHS laws, the assessment of strict liability and/or joint and several liability.
Many of our products and operations are subject to the chemical control laws of the countries in which they are located. These laws include the regulation of chemical substances and inventories under the Toxic Substances Control Act (“TSCA”) in the U.S. and the Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals (“REACH”) and the Classification, Labeling and Packaging of substances and mixtures (“CLP”) regulations in Europe. Analogous regimes exist in other parts of the world, including China, South Korea, and Taiwan. In addition, a number of countries where we operate, including the U.K., have adopted rules to conform chemical labeling in accordance with the globally harmonized system. Many of these foreign regulatory regimes are in the process of a multi-year implementation period for these rules.
Additional new laws and regulations may be enacted or adopted by various regulatory agencies globally. For example, TSCA reform legislation was enacted in June 2016, and the EPA has begun the process of issuing new chemical control regulations. EPA issued several final rules in 2017 and 2018 under the revised TSCA related to existing chemicals, including the following: (i) a rule to establish EPA’s process and criteria for identifying chemicals for risk evaluation; (ii) a rule to establish EPA’s process for evaluating high priority chemicals and their uses to determine whether or not they present an unreasonable risk to health or the environment; and (iii) a rule to require industry reporting of chemicals manufactured or processed in the U.S. over the past 10 years. In April 2020, EPA finalized revisions to its Chemical Data Reporting rule under TSCA, which changes reporting requirements. The EPA has also released its framework for approving new chemicals and new uses of existing chemicals. Under the framework, a new chemical or use presents an unreasonable risk if it exceeds set standards. Such a finding could result in either the issuance of rules restricting the use of the chemical being evaluated or in the need for additional testing. The costs of compliance with any new laws or regulations cannot be estimated until the manner in which they will be implemented has been more precisely defined.
Furthermore, governmental, regulatory and societal demands for increasing levels of product safety and environmental protection could result in increased pressure for more stringent regulatory control with respect to the chemical industry. In addition, these concerns could influence public perceptions regarding our products and operations, the viability of certain products, our reputation, the cost to comply with regulations, and the ability to attract and retain employees. Moreover, changes in EHS regulations could inhibit or interrupt our operations, or require us to modify our facilities or operations. Accordingly, environmental or regulatory matters may cause us to incur significant unanticipated losses, costs or liabilities, which could reduce our profitability. For example, several of our products are being evaluated under REACH and CLP regulations and actions thereunder could negatively impact sales.
We could incur significant expenditures in order to comply with existing or future EHS laws. Capital expenditures and costs relating to EHS matters will be subject to evolving regulatory requirements and will depend on the timing of the promulgation and enforcement of specific standards which impose requirements on our operations. Capital expenditures and costs beyond those currently anticipated may therefore be required under existing or future EHS laws.
Furthermore, we may be liable for the costs of investigating and cleaning up environmental contamination on or from our properties or at off-site locations where we disposed of or arranged for the disposal or treatment of hazardous materials, or from disposal activities that pre-dated our purchase of our businesses. We may therefore incur additional costs and expenditures beyond those currently anticipated to address all such known and unknown situations under existing and future EHS laws.
Regulatory requirements to reduce GHG or other emissions could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.
Our operations are increasingly subject to regulations that seek to reduce emissions of GHGs, such as carbon dioxide, methane and ethylene oxide, among others, which may be contributing to changes in the Earth’s climate or potentially impacting health and welfare. There are existing efforts to address such emissions at the international, national, and regional levels. For example, the Paris Agreement, which entered into force in November 2016, resulted in voluntary commitments by numerous countries to reduce their GHG emissions. The U.S. rejoined the Paris Agreement on February 19, 2021. In addition, in September 2021, U.S. President Biden publicly announced the Global Methane Pledge, a pact that aims to reduce global methane emissions at least 30% below 2020 levels by 2030. Since its formal launch at the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26), over 100 countries have joined the pledge. The EU also regulates GHGs under the EU ETS and China has established its own country-wide GHG cap and trade program. In the U.S., the Biden Administration has announced plans to enact new rules to address power plant GHG emissions, but a proposed rule has not yet been released. Therefore, the final scope of any U.S. regulation of GHG emissions is uncertain at this time. Such rules and agreements may affect the long-term price and supply of electricity and natural gas and demand for products that contribute to energy efficiency and renewable energy. These various regulations and agreements may result in increased costs to purchased energy, additional capital costs for installation or modification of associated equipment, and additional costs associated directly with such emissions (such as cap and trade systems or carbon taxes), which are primarily related to energy use. Likewise, there are efforts aimed at curbing other risks associated with emissions or exposures to other substances, which could have similar impacts. Compliance with these regulations and any more stringent restrictions in the future may increase our operational costs.
In addition, most scientists have concluded that increasing concentrations of GHGs in the Earth’s atmosphere may produce climate changes, such as increased frequency and severity of storms, droughts, floods and other climatic events. If any such effects were to occur in areas where we or our clients operate, they could have an adverse effect on our assets and operations.
We could incur significant expenditures in order to comply with existing or future EHS laws. Capital expenditures and costs relating to EHS matters will be subject to evolving regulatory requirements and will depend on the timing of the promulgation and enforcement of specific standards which impose requirements on our operations. Capital expenditures and costs beyond those currently anticipated may therefore be required under existing or future EHS laws.
Furthermore, we may be liable for the costs of investigating and cleaning up environmental contamination on or from our properties or at off-site locations where we disposed of or arranged for the disposal or treatment of hazardous materials or from disposal activities that pre-dated our purchase of our businesses. We may therefore incur additional costs and expenditures beyond those currently anticipated to address all such known and unknown situations under existing and future EHS laws.
RISKS RELATED TO INDEBTEDNESS
Changes in our credit ratings could increase our borrowing costs or negatively impact our ability to access debt capital markets.
We rely on access to the debt capital markets and other short-term borrowings to finance our operations. The major rating agencies routinely evaluate our credit profile and assign debt ratings. This evaluation is based on a number of factors, which include weighing our financial strength versus business, industry and financial risk. A decrease in the ratings assigned to us by ratings agencies may negatively impact our access to the debt capital markets and increase our borrowing costs. The addition of more debt to our capital structure could also impact our credit ratings. Failure to maintain an investment grade rating would adversely affect our borrowing costs and could adversely affect our access to the debt capital markets. Any limitation on our ability to continue to raise money in the debt capital markets could have a substantial negative effect on our liquidity. Further, if we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow or maintain access to adequate external financing, including from significant disruptions in the global credit markets, our operations and opportunities for growth would be negatively impacted, which could adversely impact our results of operations.
GENERAL RISK FACTORS
Certain provisions contained in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws could discourage a takeover attempt, which may reduce or eliminate the likelihood of a change of control transaction and, therefore, limit your ability to sell our common stock at a price higher than the current market value.
Certain provisions contained in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as well as certain provisions of Delaware law, could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of our Company, even if some of our stockholders were to consider such a change of control to be beneficial. Our certificate of incorporation also authorizes our Board of Directors to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval. Therefore, our Board of Directors could elect to issue preferred stock that has special voting or other rights that could make it even more difficult for a third party to acquire us, which may reduce or eliminate your ability to sell our common stock at a price higher than the current market value.
We have purchased, and may continue to purchase, a portion of our equity and debt securities, which could impact the market for our equity and debt securities and likely would negatively affect our liquidity.
Consistent with past practices, we may from time to time seek to repurchase or redeem our equity and debt securities in open market purchases, accelerated repurchase programs, privately negotiated transactions, tender offers, partial or full calls for redemption or otherwise. Any such repurchases or redemptions and the timing and amount thereof would depend on prevailing market conditions, liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors. Such transactions could negatively affect our liquidity.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
As of the date of this filing, we did not have any unresolved comments from the staff of the SEC.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
We own or lease chemical manufacturing and research facilities in the locations indicated in the list below, which we believe are adequate for our short-term and anticipated long-term needs. We own or lease office space and storage facilities throughout the U.S. and in many foreign countries. Our principal executive offices are located at 10003 Woodloch Forest Drive, The Woodlands, Texas 77380. The following is a list of our principal physical properties where manufacturing, research and main office facilities are located.
Location
Business segment
Description of facility
The Woodlands, Texas(1)
Various
Executive Offices, Operating Headquarters, Global Technology Center and Shared Services Center
Kraków, Poland(1)
Various
Global Business Center
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia(1)
Various
Global Business Center
San Jose, Costa Rica(1)
Various
Global Business Center
Mumbai, India(1)
Various
Technology Center, Administrative Offices, Labs and Shared Services Center
Wynyard, U.K.(1)
Various
Administrative Offices
Caojing, China
Polyurethanes
MDI Finishing Facilities
Caojing, China(2)
Polyurethanes
Precursor MDI Manufacturing Facility
Auburn Hills, Michigan(1)
Polyurethanes
Polyurethane Research Facility
Arlington, Texas
Polyurethanes
Polyurethane Systems House
Azeglio, Italy
Polyurethanes
Polyurethane Systems House
Boisbriand, Canada
Polyurethanes
Polyurethane Systems House
Cartagena, Colombia
Polyurethanes
Polyurethane Systems House
Castelfranco Emilia, Italy
Polyurethanes
Polyurethane Systems House
Dammam, Saudi Arabia(3)
Polyurethanes
Polyurethane Systems House
Deer Park, Australia(1)
Polyurethanes
Polyurethane Systems House
Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Polyurethanes
Polyurethane Systems House
Gandaria, Jakarta, Indonesia
Polyurethanes
Polyurethane Systems House
Georgsmarienhütte, Germany
Polyurethanes
Polyurethane Systems House
Istanbul, Turkey
Polyurethanes
Polyurethane Systems House
King’s Lynn, U.K.(1)
Polyurethanes
Polyurethane Systems House
Kuan Yin, Taiwan
Polyurethanes
Polyurethane Systems House
Obninsk, Russia
Polyurethanes
Polyurethane Systems House
Pune, India(1)
Polyurethanes
Polyurethane Systems House
Samutprakarn, Thailand(1)
Polyurethanes
Polyurethane Systems House
Tianjin, China(1)
Polyurethanes
Polyurethane Systems House
Tlalnepantla, Mexico
Polyurethanes
Polyurethane Systems House
Deggendorf, Germany
Polyurethanes
Polyurethane Systems House and Technology Center
Jinshan, China(1)
Polyurethanes
TPU Manufacturing Facility
Osnabrück, Germany
Polyurethanes
TPU Manufacturing Facility
Ringwood, Illinois(1)
Polyurethanes
TPU Manufacturing Facility
Derry, New Hampshire(1)
Polyurethanes
TPU Research Facility
Nanjing, China(4)
Polyurethanes
PO and MTBE Manufacturing Facilities
Houston, Texas(1)
Polyurethanes
Polyols Manufacturing Facility
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam(1)
Polyurethanes and Advanced Materials
Polyurethane Systems House and Formulating Facility
Wilton, U.K.
Polyurethanes
Aniline and Nitrobenzene Manufacturing Facilities
Rotterdam, The Netherlands(1)
Polyurethanes
MDI Manufacturing Facility, Polyols Manufacturing Facilities, Polyurethane Systems House and Shared Services Center
Geismar, Louisiana(5)
Polyurethanes and Performance Products
MDI, Nitrobenzene(5), Aniline(5), Polyols and Maleic Anhydride Manufacturing Facilities, Polyurethane Systems House
Everberg, Belgium
Polyurethanes and Performance Products
Polyurethane and Performance Products Regional Headquarters, Global Technology Center and Shared Service Center
Shanghai, China(1)
Polyurethanes, Performance Products and Advanced Materials
Polyurethanes, Performance Products and Advanced Materials Regional Headquarters, Global Technology Center, Shared Services Center and Polyurethane Systems House
Conroe, Texas
Performance Products
Amines Manufacturing Facility
Freeport, Texas(1)
Performance Products
Amines Manufacturing Facility
Jubail, Saudi Arabia(6)
Performance Products
Amines Manufacturing Facility
Jurong Island, Singapore(1)
Performance Products
Amines Manufacturing Facility
Llanelli, U.K.
Performance Products
Amines Manufacturing Facility
Petfurdo, Hungary
Performance Products
Amines Manufacturing Facility
Port Neches, Texas
Performance Products
Amines Manufacturing Facility
Moers, Germany(1)
Performance Products
Maleic Anhydride Manufacturing Facility
Pensacola, Florida(1)
Performance Products
Maleic Anhydride Manufacturing Facility
Ashtabula, Ohio
Advanced Materials
Formulating and Synthesis Facility
Duxford, U.K.
Advanced Materials
Formulating and Synthesis Facility
McIntosh, Alabama
Advanced Materials
Formulating and Synthesis Facility
Monthey, Switzerland
Advanced Materials
Formulating and Synthesis Facility
Panyu, China(7)
Advanced Materials
Formulating and Synthesis Facility
Rock Hill, South Carolina
Advanced Materials
Formulating and Synthesis Facility
Bad Saeckingen, Germany
Advanced Materials
Formulating Facility
East Lansing, Michigan
Advanced Materials
Formulating Facility
Harrison City, Pennsylvania
Advanced Materials
Formulating Facility
Los Angeles, California
Advanced Materials
Formulating Facility
Taboão da Serra, Brazil
Advanced Materials
Formulating Facility
Akron, Ohio
Advanced Materials
Synthesis Facility
Bergkamen, Germany
Advanced Materials
Synthesis Facility
Pamplona, Spain
Advanced Materials
Synthesis Facility
Merrimack, New Hampshire(1)
Advanced Materials
Research Facility
Basel, Switzerland(1)
Advanced Materials
Advanced Materials Regional Headquarters and Technology Center
(1)
Leased land and/or building.
(2) 35% interest in SLIC, our unconsolidated manufacturing joint venture with BASF and three Chinese chemical companies.
(3)
51%-owned consolidated manufacturing joint venture with Basic Chemicals Industries Ltd.
(4)
49% interest in Nanjing Jinling Huntsman New Material Co., Ltd., our unconsolidated manufacturing joint venture with Sinopec.
(5)
The ownership of the Geismar facility is as follows: we own 100% of the MDI, polyol and maleic anhydride facilities, and Rubicon, a consolidated manufacturing joint venture with Lanxess in which we own a 50% interest, owns the aniline and nitrobenzene facilities. Rubicon is a separate legal entity that operates both the assets that we own jointly with Lanxess and our wholly owned assets at Geismar.
(6)
50% interest in AAC, our consolidated manufacturing joint venture with the Zamil Group.
(7)
95%-owned consolidated manufacturing joint venture with Guangzhou Sheng’an Package Company Limited.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Texas Emissions Enforcement
On July 26, 2021, the Attorney General of the State of Texas filed a civil suit in the District Court of Travis County, Texas seeking civil penalties and attorney’s fees for alleged violations of the Texas Clean Air Act, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality regulations and facility permit terms. The complaint alleged multiple unauthorized emissions events and reporting discrepancies that occurred between December 2016 and June 2019 at our former manufacturing facility in Port Neches, Texas. While the state initially sought monetary relief between $250,000 and $1 million, additional allegations were added, which may result in a higher penalty. We completed the sale of our former Port Neches, Texas facility to Indorama Ventures Holdings L.P. on January 3, 2020. We believe that we are contractually indemnified for any defense costs and potential liability that may result from this action.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
The following is information concerning our executive officers and significant employees as of the date of this report.
Peter R. Huntsman, age 59, is Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer of our Company. Peter R. Huntsman has served as Chairman of the Board since January 2018 and as a director of our company and affiliated companies since 1994. Prior to his appointment in July 2000 as Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Huntsman had served as President and Chief Operating Officer since 1994. In 1987, Mr. Huntsman joined Huntsman Polypropylene Corporation as Vice President before serving as Senior Vice President and General Manager. Mr. Huntsman has also served as President of Olympus Oil, as Senior Vice President of Huntsman Chemical Corporation and as a Senior Vice President of Huntsman Packaging Corporation, a former subsidiary of our Company. Mr. Huntsman is a director or manager, as applicable, of Huntsman International and certain of our other subsidiaries. Mr. Huntsman currently serves as a director of Venator Materials PLC, which separated from our Company in 2017.
Phil Lister, age 50, is Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Lister was appointed to this position in July 2021. From May 2019 to June 2021, Mr. Lister served as Vice President, Corporate Development. From April 2011 to April 2019, Mr. Lister served in Huntsman’s Polyurethanes division as Vice President, Global Finance and Controller, a role including divisional leadership of strategic planning as well as mergers and acquisitions. Prior to that, Mr. Lister served in numerous financial and business roles in Polyurethanes both in Europe and in the United States. Mr. Lister joined Huntsman in July 1999 with the ICI acquisition. Mr. Lister is a U.K. Chartered Management Accountant.
David Stryker, age 64, is Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary. Mr. Stryker was appointed to this position in June 2013. Prior to joining Huntsman, Mr. Stryker served as Senior Vice President, General Counsel, Secretary and Chief Compliance Officer of the BASF Corporation since 2004. Previously, he was Associate General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer at Siemens Corporation and, prior to that, a partner at the law firm of Kirkland & Ellis. Mr. Stryker started his legal career as a judicial clerk to the Honorable Robert H. Bork on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit.
Anthony P. Hankins, age 65, is Division President, Polyurethanes and Chief Executive Officer, Asia-Pacific. Mr. Hankins was appointed to these positions in March 2004 and February 2011, respectively. From May 2003 to February 2004, Mr. Hankins served as President, Performance Products, from January 2002 to April 2003, he served as Global Vice President, Rigids Division for our Polyurethanes segment, from October 2000 to December 2001, he served as Vice President-Americas for our Polyurethanes segment, and from March 1998 to September 2000, he served as Vice President-Asia-Pacific for our Polyurethanes segment. Mr. Hankins worked for ICI from 1980 to February 1998, when he joined our Company. At ICI, Mr. Hankins held numerous management positions in the plastics, fibers and polyurethanes businesses. He has extensive international experience, having held senior management positions in Europe, Asia and the U.S.
Chuck Hirsch, age 55, is Division President, Performance Products. Prior to his appointment to this position in July 2020, Mr. Hirsch served as Vice President-Commercial, Textile Effects based in Singapore since April 2014. Mr. Hirsch joined Huntsman in July 2009 and has served in multiple roles of increasing responsibility in the Textile Effects division. Prior to joining Huntsman, Mr. Hirsch held numerous positions with International Textile Group, Ciba Specialty Chemicals and Milliken & Company.
Scott J. Wright, age 51, is Division President, Advanced Materials. Mr. Wright was appointed to this position in June 2016. Prior to that time, Mr. Wright served as Vice President of Huntsman Advanced Materials-Europe, Middle East & Africa since 2011. Before joining Huntsman’s Advanced Materials segment, Mr. Wright spent 15 years in Huntsman’s former pigments and additives business in a number of roles of increasing responsibility including product development, business planning, marketing and sales. Prior to joining Huntsman in July 1999, Mr. Wright worked with ICI.
Rohit Aggarwal, age 55 is Division President, Textile Effects. Prior to his appointment to this position in July 2016, Mr. Aggarwal served as Vice President and Managing Director of Indian Subcontinent since July 2015. Mr. Aggarwal joined Huntsman in 2005 and has held various positions within the Advanced Materials and Textile Effects divisions. Mr. Aggarwal left the Company in 2013 to join Louis Dreyfus Commodities B.V. as Chief Executive Officer of Asia Region, a position he held until his return in 2015.
Brittany Benko, age 48, is Senior Vice President, Environmental, Health & Safety and Manufacturing Excellence. Prior to joining Huntsman in August 2020, Ms. Benko served as Vice President, Health, Safety, Environment and Regulatory at Southwestern Energy Company. Previously, Ms. Benko served in a variety of EHS roles with increasing responsibility at several companies including Anadarko Petroleum Corporation, Chesapeake Energy Corporation and BP.
R. Wade Rogers, age 57, is Senior Vice President, Global Human Resources and Chief Compliance Officer. Mr. Rogers has held the position of Senior Vice President, Global Human Resources since August 2009. From May 2004 to August 2009, Mr. Rogers served as Vice President, Global Human Resources, from October 2003 to May 2004, Mr. Rogers served as Director, Human Resources-Americas and from August 2000 to October 2003, he served as Director, Human Resources for our Polymers and Base Chemicals businesses. From the time he joined Huntsman in 1994 to August 2000, Mr. Rogers served as Area Manager, Human Resources-Jefferson County Operations. Prior to joining Huntsman, Mr. Rogers held a variety of positions with Texaco Chemical Company.
Steven C. Jorgensen, age 54, is Vice President and Controller. Prior to his appointment to this position in August 2021, Mr. Jorgensen served as Vice President Finance and Controller in Huntsman’s Performance Products division since January 2017, as Vice President of Accounting Shared Services and Internal Controls since February 2012, as Vice President of Internal Audit and Internal Controls since May 2007 and other positions since joining Huntsman in May 2004. Prior to joining Huntsman, Mr. Jorgensen served as an Internal Audit Manager at General Electric Consumer Finance and a Senior Audit Manager at Deloitte & Touche LLP. Mr. Jorgensen is a Certified Public Accountant.
Twila Day, age 61, is Vice President and Chief Information Officer. Ms. Day was appointed to this position upon joining Huntsman in November 2018. Prior to joining Huntsman, Ms. Day was Managing Director, National Practice Lead for Technology Services, and a member of the executive committee at Alvarez & Marsal. Previously, Ms. Day served at SYSCO Corporation for more than 20 years in a variety of positions, culminating in her appointment as Senior Vice President Information Technology and Chief Information Officer.
Kevin C. Hardman, age 59, is Vice President, Tax. Mr. Hardman served as Chief Tax Officer from 1999 until he was appointed to his current position in 2002. Prior to joining Huntsman in 1999, Mr. Hardman was a tax Senior Manager with the accounting firm of Deloitte & Touche LLP, where he worked for 10 years. Mr. Hardman is a Certified Public Accountant and holds a master’s degree in tax accounting.
Ivan Marcuse, age 46, is Vice President, Investor Relations. Prior to joining Huntsman in April 2017, Mr. Marcuse served as Director, Equity Research, Specialty Chemicals for KeyBanc Capital Markets Inc. from August 2011 to February 2017. Previously, he was Vice President, Equity Research, Building Products and Materials, for Northcoast Research. Mr. Marcuse is a CFA charterholder and holds a master’s degree in business administration.
Claire Mei, age 48, is Vice President and Treasurer. Ms. Mei was appointed to this role upon joining Huntsman in August of 2018. Prior to joining Huntsman, Ms. Mei served as Vice President and Treasurer at Chobani Global Holdings since November 2016. Previously, Ms. Mei served in a variety of treasury and financial roles with increasing responsibility at several companies including Kraft Foods, PepsiCo, and Hyatt Corporation. Ms. Mei was also a management consultant with McKinsey & Company in Shanghai, China. Ms. Mei holds a master’s degree in business administration.
Pierre Poukens, age 60, is Vice President, Internal Audit, a position he has held since February 2012. Mr. Poukens was Director of Internal Audit from April 2005 to January 2012 and joined Huntsman as Internal Audit Manager in January 2000. Prior to joining Huntsman, Mr. Poukens held various accounting and auditing positions with European companies in Belgium. Mr. Poukens is a Certified Internal Auditor.
Nooshin Vaughn, age 49, is Vice President, Financial Planning and Analysis. Ms. Vaughn was appointed to this position effective June 2018. Ms. Vaughn previously served as Director, Investor Relations. Prior to that, Ms. Vaughn held numerous roles in finance, accounting and information technology. Prior to joining Huntsman in 1997, Ms. Vaughn worked for the accounting firm of Deloitte & Touche LLP. Ms. Vaughn is a Certified Public Accountant.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Market Information And Holders
Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “HUN.” As of February 7, 2023, there were approximately 93 stockholders of record and the closing price of our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange was $32.75 per share.
Dividends
The payment of dividends is a business decision made by our Board of Directors from time to time based on our earnings, financial position and prospects, and such other considerations as our Board of Directors considers relevant. Accordingly, while management currently expects that we will continue to pay the quarterly cash dividend, our dividend practice may change at any time.
Securities Authorized For Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans
See “Part III. Item 11. Executive Compensation” for information relating to our equity compensation plans.
Purchases Of Equity Securities By The Company
The following table provides information with respect to shares of our common stock that we repurchased as part of our share repurchase program and shares of restricted stock granted under our stock incentive plans that we withheld upon vesting to satisfy our tax withholding obligations during the three months ended December 31, 2022.
Total number of
Approximate
shares purchased
dollar value of
Total number
Average
as part of publicly
shares that may yet
of shares
price paid
announced plans
be purchased under
purchased
per share(1)
or programs(2)
the plans or programs(2)
October 1 - October 31
1,888,511
$ 26.48
1,888,511
$ 1,097,000,000
November 1 - November 30
3,839,893
27.57
3,839,893
991,000,000
December 1 - December 31
3,400,174
27.68
3,400,174
897,000,000
Total
9,128,578
27.39
9,128,578
(1)
Represents net purchase price per share, exclusive of any fees or commissions.
(2)
On October 26, 2021, our Board of Directors announced a new share repurchase program of $1 billion. In conjunction with the inception of this program, we retired our prior share repurchase program. On March 25, 2022, our Board of Directors increased the authorization of our existing share prepurchase program from $1 billion of repurchases to $2 billion. Similar to our prior share repurchase program, the share repurchase program will be supported by our free cash flow generation. Repurchases may be made in the open market, including through accelerated share repurchase programs, or in privately negotiated transactions, and repurchases may be commenced or suspended from time to time without prior notice. Shares of common stock acquired through the repurchase program are held in treasury at cost. During the fourth quarter of 2022, we repurchased 9,128,578 shares of our common stock for approximately $250 million, excluding commissions.
Performance graph
The following performance graph compares the cumulative total return (including dividends) to the holders of our common stock from December 31, 2017 through December 31, 2022, with the cumulative total returns of (i) the S&P 500 Index and (ii) our 2022 performance peers, which consists of 12 chemical companies whose valuations are influenced by similar financial measures and against whom we compete for market share and investor capital (the “2022 Performance Peers”). The comparison assumes $100 was invested on December 31, 2017 in our common stock as well as in the S&P 500 Index and the 2022 Performance Peers and assumes reinvestment of dividends, as applicable. The figures in the graph below are rounded to the nearest dollar. All data in the graph have been provided by S&P Global. In accordance with SEC requirements, the return for each issuer has been weighted according to the respective issuer’s stock market capitalization at the beginning of each period for which a return is indicated.
The 2022 Performance Peers consist of the following companies: Ashland Global Holdings Inc., BASF Corp, Celanese Corporation, Clariant AG, Covestro AG, Dow Inc., Eastman Chemical Company, Evonik, H.B. Fuller Company, Lanxess AG, Trinseo S.A. and Westlake Chemical Corp. The 2022 Performance Peers are used to evaluate our total stockholder return relative to them and pay performance share units based on our performance. More information about how the 2022 Performance Peers are used to pay performance share units will be disclosed in the definitive Proxy Statement for our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
[RESERVED]

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
ReSULTS OF OPERATIONS
As discussed in “Note 4. Discontinued Operations and Business Dispositions-Discontinued Operations-Sale of Textile Effects Business” to our consolidated financial statements, the results from continuing operations primarily exclude the results of our Textile Effects Business for all periods presented. For each of our Company and Huntsman International, the following tables set forth our consolidated results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in millions, except per share amounts).
Huntsman Corporation
December 31,
Percent change
2022 vs 2021
2021 vs 2020
Revenues
$ 8,023
$ 7,670
$ 5,421
%
%
Cost of goods sold
6,477
6,086
4,444
%
%
Gross profit
1,546
1,584
(2 )%
%
Operating expenses
(3 )%
%
Restructuring, impairment and plant closing costs
%
(2 )%
Operating income
(8 )%
%
Interest expense, net
(62 )
(67 )
(86 )
(7 )%
(22 )%
Equity in income of investment in unconsolidated affiliates
(53 )%
%
Fair value adjustments to Venator investment, net and related loss on disposal
(12 )
(28 )
(88 )
(57 )%
(68 )%
Loss on early extinguishment of debt
-
(27 )
-
(100 )%
NM
(Costs) income associated with the Albemarle Settlement, net
(3 )
-
NM
NM
Other income, net
%
(6 )%
Income from continuing operations before income taxes
1,246
(44 )%
%
Income tax expense
(186 )
(191 )
(42 )
(3 )%
%
Income from continuing operations
1,055
(52 )%
%
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax
(76 )%
(94 )%
Net income
1,104
1,066
(53 )%
%
Reconciliation of net income to adjusted EBITDA:
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests
(63 )
(59 )
(32 )
%
%
Interest expense, net from continuing operations
(7 )%
(22 )%
Income tax expense from continuing operations
(3 )%
%
Income tax expense from discontinued operations
(10 )%
(91 )%
Depreciation and amortization of continuing operations
%
%
Depreciation and amortization of discontinued operations
(33 )%
%
Other adjustments:
Business acquisition and integration expenses and purchase accounting inventory adjustments
EBITDA from discontinued operations(2)
(43 )
(88 )
(1,039 )
Fair value adjustments to Venator investment, net and related loss on disposal
Loss on early extinguishment of debt
-
-
Certain legal and other settlements and related expenses
Costs (income) associated with the Albemarle Settlement, net
(465 )
-
Gain on sale of businesses/assets
-
(30 )
(280 )
Income from transition services arrangements
(2 )
(8 )
(7 )
Certain nonrecurring information technology project implementation costs
Amortization of pension and postretirement actuarial losses
Plant incident remediation (credits) costs
(4 )
-
Restructuring, impairment and plant closing and transition costs(3)
Adjusted EBITDA(1)
$ 1,155
$ 1,246
$
(7 )%
%
Net cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations
$
$
$
(3 )%
%
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities from continuing operations
(260 )
(508 )
1,474
(49 )%
NM
Net cash used in financing activities
(994 )
(977 )
(655 )
%
%
Capital expenditures from continuing operations
(272 )
(326 )
(237 )
(17 )%
%
Huntsman International
December 31,
Percent change
2022 vs 2021
2021 vs 2020
Revenues
$ 8,023
$ 7,670
$ 5,421
%
%
Cost of goods sold
6,477
6,086
4,444
%
%
Gross profit
1,546
1,584
(2 )%
%
Operating expenses
(3 )%
%
Restructuring, impairment and plant closing costs
%
(2 )%
Operating income
(8 )%
%
Interest expense, net
(62 )
(67 )
(88 )
(7 )%
(24 )%
Equity in income of investment in unconsolidated affiliates
(53 )%
%
Fair value adjustments to Venator investment, net and related loss on disposal
(12 )
(28 )
(88 )
(57 )%
(68 )%
Loss on early extinguishment of debt
-
(27 )
-
(100 )%
NM
(Costs) income associated with the Albemarle Settlement, net
(3 )
-
NM
NM
Other income, net
%
(7 )%
Income from continuing operations before income taxes
1,250
(44 )%
%
Income tax expense
(188 )
(192 )
(42 )
(2 )%
%
Income from continuing operations
1,058
(52 )%
%
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax
(76 )%
(94 )%
Net income
1,107
1,067
(53 )%
%
Reconciliation of net income to adjusted EBITDA:
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests
(63 )
(59 )
(32 )
%
%
Interest expense, net from continuing operations
(7 )%
(24 )%
Income tax expense (benefit) from continuing operations
(2 )%
%
Income tax expense from discontinued operations
(10 )%
(91 )%
Depreciation and amortization of continuing operations
%
%
Depreciation and amortization of discontinued operations
(33 )%
%
Other adjustments:
Business acquisition and integration expenses and purchase accounting inventory adjustments
EBITDA from discontinued operations(2)
(43 )
(88 )
(1,039 )
Fair value adjustments to Venator investment, net and related loss on disposal
Loss on early extinguishment of debt
-
-
Certain legal and other settlements and related expenses
Costs (income) associated with the Albemarle Settlement, net
(465 )
-
Gain on sale of businesses/assets
-
(30 )
(280 )
Income from transition services arrangements
(2 )
(8 )
(7 )
Certain nonrecurring information technology project implementation costs
Amortization of pension and postretirement actuarial losses
Plant incident remediation (credits) costs
(4 )
-
Restructuring, impairment and plant closing and transition costs(3)
Adjusted EBITDA(1)
$ 1,158
$ 1,252
$
(8 )%
%
Net cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations
$
$
$
(3 )%
%
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities from continuing operations
(1,277 )
(710 )
1,748
%
NM
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
(778 )
(933 )
NM
(17 )%
Capital expenditures from continuing operations
(272 )
(326 )
(237 )
(17 )%
%
Huntsman Corporation
Year ended
Year ended
Year ended
December 31, 2022
December 31, 2021
December 31, 2020
Tax
Tax
Tax
Gross
and other(4)
Net
Gross
and other(4)
Net
Gross
and other(4)
Net
Reconciliation of net income to adjusted net income
Net income
$
$ 1,104
$ 1,066
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests
(63 )
(59 )
(32 )
Business acquisition and integration expenses and purchase accounting inventory adjustments
$
$ (2 )
$
$ (6 )
$
$ (6 )
Income from discontinued operations(2)(5)
(43 )
(12 )
(88 )
(49 )
(1,039 )
(777 )
Fair value adjustments to Venator investment, net and related loss on disposal
-
-
(9 )
Loss on early extinguishment of debt
-
-
-
(6 )
-
-
-
Certain legal and other settlements and related expenses
(2 )
(3 )
(1 )
Costs (income) associated with the Albemarle Settlement, net
(1 )
(465 )
(410 )
-
-
-
Gain on sale of businesses/assets
-
-
-
(30 )
(27 )
(280 )
(249 )
Income from transition services arrangements
(2 )
-
(2 )
(8 )
(6 )
(7 )
(5 )
Certain nonrecurring information technology project implementation costs
(1 )
(2 )
(1 )
Amortization of pension and postretirement actuarial losses
(11 )
(16 )
(14 )
Plant incident remediation (credits) costs
(4 )
(3 )
-
-
-
-
Establishment of significant deferred tax asset valuation allowance(6)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Restructuring, impairment and plant closing and transition costs(3)
(23 )
(11 )
(11 )
Adjusted net income(1)
$
$
$
Weighted average shares-basic
201.0
219.2
220.6
Weighted average shares-diluted
203.0
221.4
221.9
Basic net income attributable to Huntsman Corporation per share:
Income from continuing operations
$ 2.23
$ 4.55
$ 1.17
Income from discontinued operations
0.06
0.22
3.52
Net income
$ 2.29
$ 4.77
$ 4.69
Diluted net income attributable to Huntsman Corporation per share:
Income from continuing operations
$ 2.21
$ 4.50
$ 1.16
Income from discontinued operations
0.06
0.22
3.50
Net income
$ 2.27
$ 4.72
$ 4.66
Other non-GAAP measures:
Diluted adjusted net income per share(1)
$ 3.13
$ 3.28
$ 0.91
Net cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations
$
$
$
Capital expenditures from continuing operations
(272 )
(326 )
(237 )
Free cash flow from continuing operations(1)
$
$
$ (6 )
Effective tax rate
%
%
%
Impact of non-GAAP adjustments(7)
(7 )%
%
%
Adjusted effective tax rate(1)
%
%
%
Other cash flow measure:
Net cash proceeds from the Albemarle Settlement(8)
$
$
$ -
Taxes paid on sale of businesses(9)
-
(3 )
(257 )
NM-Not meaningful
(1)
See “-Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”
(2) Includes the gain on the sale of our Chemical Intermediates Businesses in 2020.
(3)
Includes costs associated with transition activities relating primarily to our Corporate program to optimize our global approach to leverage shared services capabilities as well as our 2020 acquisition of CVC Thermoset Specialties, a North American specialty chemical manufacturer serving the industrial composites, adhesives and coatings markets (“CVC Thermoset Specialties Acquisition”).
(4)
The income tax impacts, if any, are computed on the pre-tax adjustments using a with and without approach.
(5)
In addition to income tax impacts, this adjusting item is also impacted by depreciation and amortization expense and interest expense.
(6) During the year ended December 31, 2022, we established a $49 million significant deferred tax asset valuation allowance in The Netherlands. We eliminated the effect of this significant change in deferred tax asset valuation allowances from our presentation of adjusted net income to allow investors to better compare our ongoing financial performance from period to period.
(7) For details regarding the tax impacts of our non-GAAP adjustments, please see the reconciliation of our net income to adjusted net income noted above.
(8) Represents net cash proceeds received in connection with the arbitration award we won on October 28, 2021 in excess of $600 million against Albemarle Corporation (“Albemarle”) for fraud and breach of contract (the “Albemarle Settlement”). On November 4, 2021, Albemarle agreed to waive any appeal and pay $665 million to us.
(9) Represents the taxes paid in connection with the sale of the Chemical Intermediates Businesses and the sale of the India-based DIY business. For more information, see “Note 4. Discontinued Operations and Business Dispositions” to our consolidated financial statements.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which we supplement with certain non-GAAP financial information. These non-GAAP measures should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the related U.S. GAAP measures, and other companies may define such measures differently. We encourage investors to review our financial statements and the reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measures in their entirety and not to rely on any single financial measure. These non-GAAP measures exclude the impact of certain income and expenses that we do not believe are indicative of our core operating results.
Adjusted EBITDA
Our management uses adjusted EBITDA to assess financial performance. Adjusted EBITDA is defined as net income of Huntsman Corporation or Huntsman International, as appropriate, before interest, income tax, depreciation and amortization, net income attributable to noncontrolling interests and certain Corporate and other items, as well as eliminating the following adjustments: (a) business acquisition and integration expenses and purchase accounting inventory adjustments; (b) EBITDA from discontinued operations; (c) fair value adjustments to Venator investment, net and related loss on disposal; (d) loss on early extinguishment of debt; (e) certain legal and other settlements and related expenses; (f) costs (income) associated with the Albemarle Settlement, net; (g) gain on sale of businesses/assets; (h) income from transition services arrangements related to the sale of our Chemical Intermediates Businesses to Indorama; (i) certain nonrecurring information technology project implementation costs; (j) amortization of pension and postretirement actuarial losses; (k) plant incident remediation (credits) costs; and (l) restructuring, impairment and plant closing and transition costs. Starting in the fourth quarter of 2021, we began to include income and costs associated with the Albemarle Settlement, net in our adjustments since such income and costs represents a one-time legal settlement and does not reflect our ongoing financial performance. We believe that net income of Huntsman Corporation or Huntsman International, as appropriate, is the performance measure calculated and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP that is most directly comparable to adjusted EBITDA.
We believe adjusted EBITDA is useful to investors in assessing the businesses’ ongoing financial performance and provides improved comparability between periods through the exclusion of certain items that management believes are not indicative of the businesses’ operational profitability and that may obscure underlying business results and trends. However, this measure should not be considered in isolation or viewed as a substitute for net income of Huntsman Corporation or Huntsman International, as appropriate, or other measures of performance determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Moreover, adjusted EBITDA as used herein is not necessarily comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies due to potential inconsistencies in the methods of calculation. Our management believes this measure is useful to compare general operating performance from period to period and to make certain related management decisions. Adjusted EBITDA is also used by securities analysts, lenders and others in their evaluation of different companies because it excludes certain items that can vary widely across different industries or among companies within the same industry. For example, interest expense can be highly dependent on a company’s capital structure, debt levels and credit ratings. Therefore, the impact of interest expense on earnings can vary significantly among companies. In addition, the tax positions of companies can vary because of their differing abilities to take advantage of tax benefits and because of the tax policies of the various jurisdictions in which they operate. As a result, effective tax rates and tax expense can vary considerably among companies. Finally, companies employ productive assets of different ages and utilize different methods of acquiring and depreciating such assets. This can result in considerable variability in the relative costs of productive assets and the depreciation and amortization expense among companies.
Nevertheless, our management recognizes that there are material limitations associated with the use of adjusted EBITDA in the evaluation of our Company as compared to net income of Huntsman Corporation or Huntsman International, as appropriate, which reflects overall financial performance. For example, we have borrowed money in order to finance our operations and interest expense is a necessary element of our costs and ability to generate revenue. Our management compensates for the limitations of using adjusted EBITDA by using this measure to supplement U.S. GAAP results to provide a more complete understanding of the factors and trends affecting the business rather than U.S. GAAP results alone.
Adjusted Net Income
Adjusted net income is computed by eliminating the after tax amounts related to the following from net income attributable to Huntsman Corporation: (a) business acquisition and integration expenses and purchase accounting inventory adjustments; (b) income from discontinued operations; (c) fair value adjustments to Venator investment, net and related loss on disposal; (d) loss on early extinguishment of debt; (e) certain legal and other settlements and related expenses; (f) costs (income) associated with the Albemarle Settlement, net; (g) gain on sale of businesses/assets; (h) income from transition services arrangements associated with the sale of our Chemical Intermediates Businesses to Indorama; (i) certain nonrecurring information technology project implementation costs; (j) amortization of pension and postretirement actuarial losses; (k) plant incident remediation (credits) costs; (l) establishment of significant deferred tax asset valuation allowance; and (m) restructuring, impairment and plant closing and transition costs. Basic adjusted net income per share excludes dilution and is computed by dividing adjusted net income by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. Adjusted diluted net income per share reflects all potential dilutive common shares outstanding during the period and is computed by dividing adjusted net income by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period increased by the number of additional shares that would have been outstanding as dilutive securities. Adjusted net income and adjusted net income per share amounts are presented solely as supplemental information.
We believe adjusted net income is useful to investors in assessing the businesses’ ongoing financial performance and provides improved comparability between periods through the exclusion of certain items that management believes are not indicative of the businesses’ operational profitability and that may obscure underlying business results and trends.
Free Cash Flow
We believe free cash flow from continuing operations is an important indicator of our liquidity as it measures the amount of cash we generate. Management internally uses a free cash flow measure: (a) to evaluate our liquidity, (b) evaluate strategic investments, (c) plan stock buyback and dividend levels and (d) evaluate our ability to incur and service debt.
Adjusted Effective Tax Rate
We believe that the effective tax rate of Huntsman Corporation or Huntsman International, as appropriate, is the performance measure calculated and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP that is most directly comparable to adjusted effective tax rate. We believe our adjusted effective tax rate provides improved comparability between periods through the exclusion of certain items, such as, business acquisition and integration expenses and purchase accounting inventory adjustments, certain legal and other settlements and related expenses, gains on sale of businesses/assets and certain tax only items, including tax law changes not yet enacted and certain changes in valuation allowances that we believe are not indicative of the businesses’ operational profitability and that may obscure underlying business results and trends.
Our forward-looking adjusted effective tax rate is calculated based on our forecast effective tax rate, and the range of our forward-looking adjusted effective tax rate equals the range of our forecast effective tax rate. We disclose forward-looking adjusted effective tax rate because we cannot adequately forecast certain items and events that may or may not impact us in the near future, such as business acquisition and integration expenses and purchase accounting inventory adjustments, certain legal and other settlements and related expenses, gains on sale of businesses/assets and certain tax only items, including tax law changes not yet enacted. Each of such adjustment has not yet occurred, is out of our control and/or cannot be reasonably predicted. In our view, our forward-looking adjusted effective tax rate represents the forecast effective tax rate on our underlying business operations but does not reflect any adjustments related to the items noted above that may occur and can cause our effective tax rate to differ.
Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared with Year Ended December 31, 2021
For the year ended December 31, 2022, income from continuing operations attributable to Huntsman Corporation was $448 million, a decrease of $548 million from $996 million in the 2021 period. For the year ended December 31, 2022, income from continuing operations attributable to Huntsman International was $449 million, a decrease of $550 million from $999 million in the 2021 period. The decreases noted above were the result of the following items:
●
Revenues for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased by $353 million, or 5%, as compared with the 2021 period. The increase was primarily due to higher average selling prices in all our segments, partially offset by lower sales volumes in all our segments. See “-Segment Analysis” below.
●
Gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2022 decreased by $38 million, or 2%, as compared with the 2021 period. The decrease resulted from lower gross profit in our Polyurethanes segment, partially offset by higher gross profits in our Performance Products and Advanced Materials segments. See “-Segment Analysis” below.
●
Our operating expenses and the operating expenses of Huntsman International for the year ended December 31, 2022 decreased by $25 million and $22 million, respectively, or 3% for both, as compared with the 2021 period, primarily related to lower selling, general and administrative costs.
●
Restructuring, impairment and plant closing costs for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased by $46 million, or 115%, as compared with the 2021 period. For more information on restructuring activities, see “Note 12. Restructuring, Impairment and Plant Closing Costs” to our consolidated financial statements.
● Interest expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2022 decreased by $5 million, or 7%, as compared with the 2021 period, primarily related to the redemption in full of our 2021 Senior Notes in the first quarter of 2021.
● Equity in income of investment in unconsolidated affiliates for the year ended December 31, 2022 decreased to $67 million from $143 million in the 2021 period. The decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease in income at our PO/MTBE joint venture in China, in which we hold a 49% interest.
●
Fair values adjustments to our investment in Venator and the related option to sell our remaining Venator shares was a net loss of $12 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared with a net loss of $28 million in the 2021 period. For more information, see “Note 4. Discontinued Operations and Business Dispositions-Separation and Deconsolidation of Venator” to our consolidated financial statements.
●
Loss on early extinguishment of debt was nil for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared with $27 million in the 2021 period, primarily due to the redemption in full of our 2022 Senior Notes in the second quarter of 2021. See “Note. 14. Debt-Notes” to our consolidated financial statements.
● (Costs) income associated with the Albemarle Settlement, net was $(3) million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared with $465 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 and was related to the arbitration award we won on October 28, 2021 in excess of $600 million against Albemarle for fraud and breach of contract.
●
Our income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 decreased to $186 million from $191 million in the 2021 period. The income tax expense of Huntsman International for the year ended December 31, 2022 decreased to $188 million from $192 million in the 2021 period. The decrease in income tax expense was primarily due to a decrease in income from continuing operations before income taxes offset by an increase in valuation allowance. Our income tax expense is significantly affected by the mix of income and losses in the tax jurisdictions in which we operate, along with the impact of valuation allowances in certain tax jurisdictions. For more information concerning income taxes, see “Note 19. Income Taxes” to our consolidated financial statements.
Segment Analysis
Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared with Year Ended December 31, 2021
Percent
change
Year ended December 31,
favorable
(Dollars in millions)
(unfavorable)
Revenues
Polyurethanes
$ 5,067
$ 5,019
%
Performance Products
1,713
1,485
%
Advanced Materials
1,277
1,198
%
Total reportable segments’ revenues
8,057
7,702
%
Intersegment eliminations
(34 )
(32 )
NM
Total
$ 8,023
$ 7,670
%
Huntsman Corporation
Adjusted EBITDA(1)
Polyurethanes
$
$
(29 )%
Performance Products
%
Advanced Materials
%
Total reportable segments’ adjusted EBITDA
1,330
1,442
(8 )%
Corporate and other
(175 )
(196 )
%
Total
$ 1,155
$ 1,246
(7 )%
Huntsman International
Adjusted EBITDA(1)
Polyurethanes
$
$
(29 )%
Performance Products
%
Advanced Materials
%
Total reportable segments’ adjusted EBITDA
1,330
1,442
(8 )%
Corporate and other
(172 )
(190 )
%
Total
$ 1,158
$ 1,252
(8 )%
NM-Not meaningful
(1) For more information, including reconciliation of total reportable segments’ adjusted EBITDA to income from continuing operations before income taxes of Huntsman Corporation or Huntsman International, as appropriate, see “Note 26. Operating Segment Information” to our consolidated financial statements.
Year ended December 31, 2022 vs 2021
Average selling prices(1)
Local
Foreign currency
Sales
Mix and
currency
translation impact
volumes(2)
other
Period-over-period increase (decrease)
Polyurethanes
%
(5 )%
(10 )%
-
Performance Products
%
(3 )%
(11 )%
%
Advanced Materials
%
(5 )%
(19 )%
%
(1)
Excludes revenues from tolling arrangements, byproducts and raw materials.
(2)
Excludes sales volumes of byproducts and raw materials.
Polyurethanes
The increase in revenues in our Polyurethanes segment for 2022 compared to 2021 was primarily due to higher MDI average selling prices, partially offset by lower sales volumes and the negative impact of weaker major international currencies against the U.S. dollar. MDI average selling prices increased in Europe and the Americas regions. Sales volumes decreased due to lower demand across all our regions and across all markets, other than automotive. The decrease in segment adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to lower sales volumes, lower MDI margins in Europe and Asia, the negative impact of weaker major international currencies against the U.S. dollar and lower equity earnings from our minority-owned joint venture in China. These negative impacts were partially offset by lower fixed costs across all regions and higher MDI margins in the Americas.
Performance Products
The increase in revenues in our Performance Products segment for 2022 compared to 2021 was due to higher average selling prices, partially offset by lower sales volumes. Average selling prices increased across all product lines primarily in response to an increase in raw material costs. Sales volumes decreased across all regions primarily due to slowing construction activity, fewer wind power installations in China and reduced demand in the coatings, adhesives and other industrial markets. The increase in segment adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to increased sales revenue and margins, partially offset by higher fixed costs.
Advanced Materials
The increase in revenues in our Advanced Materials segment for 2022 compared to 2021 was primarily due to higher average selling prices, partially offset by lower sales volumes. Average selling prices increased across all of our end market segments primarily in response to higher raw material, energy and logistics costs as well as improved sales mix. Although sales volumes increased in our aerospace market, overall sales volumes decreased due to lower volumes in our non-aerospace markets resulting from deselection of lower margin business and weaker end market demand, particularly in the fourth quarter of 2022. The increase in segment adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to higher sales prices and improved sales mix.
Corporate and other
Corporate and other includes unallocated corporate overhead, unallocated foreign currency exchange gains and losses, last-in first-out (“LIFO”) inventory valuation reserve adjustments, loss on early extinguishment of debt, unallocated restructuring, impairment and plant closing costs, nonoperating income and expense and gains and losses on the disposition of corporate assets. For 2022, adjusted EBITDA from Corporate and other for Huntsman Corporation increased by $21 million to a loss of $175 million from a loss of $196 million for 2021. For 2022, adjusted EBITDA from Corporate and other for Huntsman International increased by $18 million to a loss of $172 million from a loss of $190 million for 2021. The increase in adjusted EBITDA from Corporate and other resulted primarily from an increase in unallocated foreign currency exchange gains and a decrease in corporate overhead costs and LIFO valuation losses.
Year Ended December 31, 2021 Compared with Year Ended December 31, 2020
For the year ended December 31, 2021, income from continuing operations attributable to Huntsman Corporation was $996 million, an increase of $739 million from $257 million in the 2020 period. For the year ended December 31, 2021, income from continuing operations attributable to Huntsman International was $999 million, an increase of $741 million from $258 million in the 2020 period. The increases noted above were the result of the following items:
●
Revenues for the year ended December 31, 2021 increased by $2,249 million, or 41%, as compared with the 2020 period. The increase was primarily due to higher average selling prices as well as higher sales volumes in all our segments.
●
Gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2021 increased by $607 million, or 62%, as compared with the 2020 period. The increase resulted from higher gross profits in all our segments.
●
Our operating expenses and the operating expenses of Huntsman International for the year ended December 31, 2021 increased by $309 million and $308 million, respectively, or 61% and 62%, respectively, as compared with the 2020 period, primarily related to higher selling, general and administrative costs and the gain on sale of our India-based DIY business in 2020. See “Note 4. Discontinued Operations and Business Dispositions-Sale of India-Based-Do-It-Yourself Consumer Adhesives Business” to our consolidated financial statements.
● Our interest expense, net and the interest expense, net of Huntsman International for the year ended December 31, 2021, decreased by $19 million and $21 million, respectively, or 22% and 24%, respectively, as compared with the 2020 period, primarily related to the redemption in full of our 2021 Senior Notes in the first quarter of 2021.
● Equity in income of investment in unconsolidated affiliates for the year ended December 31, 2021 increased to $143 million from $42 million in the 2020 period. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in income at our PO/MTBE joint venture in China, in which we hold a 49% interest.
●
Fair value adjustments to our investment in Venator and the related option to sell our remaining Venator shares and the related loss on disposal was a net loss of $28 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared with a net loss of $88 million in the 2020 period. For more information, see “Note 4. Discontinued Operations and Business Dispositions-Separation and Deconsolidation of Venator” to our consolidated financial statements.
●
Loss on early extinguishment of debt was $27 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared with nil in the 2020 period, primarily due to the redemption in full of our 2022 Senior Notes in the second quarter of 2021. See “Note. 14. Debt-Notes” to our consolidated financial statements.
● Income associated with the Albemarle Settlement, net was $465 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 related to the arbitration award we won on October 28, 2021 in excess of $600 million against Albemarle for fraud and breach of contract.
●
Our income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2021 increased to $191 million from $42 million in the 2020 period. The income tax expense of Huntsman International for the year ended December 31, 2021 increased to $192 million from $42 million in the 2020 period. The increase in income tax expense was primarily due to an increase in income from continuing operations before income taxes. Our income tax expense is significantly affected by the mix of income and losses in the tax jurisdictions in which we operate, along with the impact of valuation allowances in certain tax jurisdictions. For more information concerning income taxes, see “Note 19. Income Taxes” to our consolidated financial statements.
For an analysis of our segments’ results of operations for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, see “Part II. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 filed with the SEC on February 15, 2022.
Selected Quarterly Financial Data
For each of our Company and Huntsman International, the following tables set forth a summary of selected quarterly financial data for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions). The results of our Textile Effects Business are reported as discontinued operations for all periods presented.
Huntsman Corporation
Three months ended
March 31,
June 30,
September 30,
December 31,
Revenues
$ 2,192
$ 2,170
$ 2,011
$ 1,650
Gross profit
Income from continuing operations
(56 )
Net income
(74 )
Net income attributable to Huntsman Corporation
(91 )
Three months ended
March 31,
June 30,
September 30,
December 31,
Revenues
$ 1,644
$ 1,817
$ 2,097
$ 2,112
Gross profit
Income from continuing operations
Net income
Net income attributable to Huntsman Corporation
Huntsman International
Three months ended
March 31,
June 30,
September 30,
December 31,
Revenues
$ 2,192
$ 2,170
$ 2,011
$ 1,650
Gross profit
Income from continuing operations
(58 )
Net income
(76 )
Net income attributable to Huntsman International
(93 )
Three months ended
March 31,
June 30,
September 30,
December 31,
Revenues
$ 1,644
$ 1,817
$ 2,097
$ 2,112
Gross profit
Income from continuing operations
Net income
Net income attributable to Huntsman International
Liquidity and Capital Resources
The following is a discussion of our liquidity and capital resources and generally does not include separate information with respect to Huntsman International in accordance with General Instruction I of Form 10-K.
Cash Flows For Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared with Year Ended December 31, 2021
Net cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations for 2022 and 2021 was $892 million and $915 million, respectively. The decrease in net cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations during 2022 compared with 2021 was primarily attributable to decreased operating income as described in “-Results of Operations” above, partially offset by a net cash inflow of $357 million related to changes in operating assets and liabilities for 2022 as compared with 2021. The decrease in net cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations noted above includes the receipt of the final arbitration award of $332.5 million, partially offset by the payment of legal fees and taxes of approximately $255 million in 2022 associated with the Albemarle Settlement as compared with $332.5 million in net proceeds associated with the Albemarle Settlement received in 2021.
Net cash used in investing activities from continuing operations for 2022 and 2021 was $260 million and $508 million, respectively. During 2022 and 2021, we paid $272 million and $326 million, respectively, for capital expenditures, including $100 million during 2021, on a new MDI splitter in Geismar, Louisiana. During 2021, we received $43 million for the sale of businesses, primarily due to the receipt of $28 million pursuant to an earnout provision in connection with the sale of our India-based DIY business. See “Note 4. Discontinued Operations and Business Dispositions-Sale of India-Based Do-It-Yourself Consumer Adhesives Business” to our consolidated financial statements. During 2021, we paid $245 million for the acquisition of businesses, primarily related to approximately $242 million paid for the acquisition of Gabriel Performance Products, net of cash acquired. See “Note 3. Business Combinations and Acquisitions-Acquisition of Gabriel Performance Products” to our consolidated financial statements.
Net cash used in financing activities for 2022 and 2021 was $994 million and $977 million, respectively. During 2022 and 2021, we paid $1,005 million and $200 million for repurchases of our common stock, respectively. During 2022, we had net borrowings of $219 million under our 2022 Revolving Credit Facility. During 2021, we redeemed in full €445 million (approximately $541 million) in aggregate principal amount of our 2021 Senior Notes, and we redeemed in full $400 million in aggregate principal amount of our 2022 Senior Notes. Additionally, during 2021, we issued $400 million in aggregate principal amount of our 2031 Senior Notes and received borrowings of approximately 177 million SAR (approximately $47 million) related to funding on a new term loan facility of our consolidated 50%-owned joint venture, AAC. See “Note 14. Debt-Direct and Subsidiary Debt-Variable Interest Entity Debt” to our consolidated financial statements.
Free cash flow from continuing operations for 2022 and 2021 were proceeds of cash of $620 million and $589 million, respectively. The increase in free cash flow from continuing operations was primarily attributable to a decrease in cash used for capital expenditures during 2022 as compared with 2021, despite the decrease in cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations during 2022 as compared with 2021, which included a decrease of approximately $255 million in net proceeds associated with the Albemarle Settlement.
Cash Flows For Year Ended December 31, 2021 Compared with Year Ended December 31, 2020
Net cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations for 2021 and 2020 was $915 million and $231 million, respectively. The increase in net cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations during 2021 compared with 2020 was primarily attributable to increased operating income as described in “-Results of Operations” above, including $332.5 million in proceeds associated with the Albemarle Settlement, partially offset by a net cash outflow of $42 million related to changes in operating assets and liabilities for 2021 as compared with 2020.
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities from continuing operations for 2021 and 2020 was $(508) million and $1,474 million, respectively. During 2021 and 2020, we paid $326 million and $237 million, respectively, for capital expenditures, including $100 million and $54 million during 2021 and 2020, respectively, on a new MDI splitter in Geismar, Louisiana. During 2021, we received $43 million for the sale of businesses, primarily due to the receipt of $28 million pursuant to an earnout provision in connection with the sale of our India-based DIY business. In January 2020, we received approximately $1.92 billion for the sale of our Chemical Intermediates Businesses, and in November 2020, we received approximately $257 million for the sale of our India-based DIY business. See “Note 4. Discontinued Operations and Business Dispositions-Discontinued Operations-Sale of Chemical Intermediates Businesses” and “Note 4. Discontinued Operations and Business Dispositions-Sale of India-Based Do-It-Yourself Consumer Adhesives Business” to our consolidated financial statements. During 2021, we paid $245 million for the acquisition of businesses, primarily related to approximately $242 million paid for the Gabriel Acquisition, net of cash acquired. During 2020, we paid approximately $650 million in connection with the Icynene-Lapolla Acquisition and the CVC Thermoset Specialties Acquisition, net of cash acquired. See “Note 3. Business Combinations and Acquisitions” to our consolidated financial statements. In December 2020, we completed the sale of approximately 42.4 million ordinary shares of Venator and received approximately $99 million. See “Note 4. Discontinued Operations and Business Dispositions-Separation and Deconsolidation of Venator” to our consolidated financial statements. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we entered into a sale and leaseback agreement to sell certain properties in Basel, Switzerland, for which we received approximately $73 million in proceeds from the sale of assets.
Net cash used in financing activities for 2021 and 2020 was $977 million and $655 million, respectively. The increase in net cash used in financing activities was primarily due to the redemption in full of €445 million (approximately $541 million) in aggregate principal amount of our 2021 Senior Notes and the redemption in full of $400 million in aggregate principal amount of our 2022 Senior Notes during 2021. During 2021 and 2020, we paid $200 million and $96 million, respectively, for repurchases of our common stock. During 2021, we issued $400 million in aggregate principal amount of our 2031 Senior Notes and received borrowings of approximately 177 million SAR (approximately $47 million) related to funding on a new term loan facility of our consolidated 50%-owned joint venture, AAC. See “Note 14. Debt-Direct and Subsidiary Debt-Variable Interest Entity Debt” to our consolidated financial statements. During 2020, we repaid a total of $203 million on our 2018 $1.2 billion senior unsecured credit facility and repaid in full $109 million on our 364-day term loan facility (the “2019 Term Loan”).
Free cash flow from continuing operations for 2021 and 2020 were proceeds of cash of $589 million and use of cash of $6 million, respectively. The increase in free cash flow from continuing operations was primarily attributable to the increase in cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations, including $332.5 million in proceeds associated with the Albemarle Settlement, partially offset by an increase in cash used for capital expenditures during 2021 as compared with 2020.
Changes in Financial Condition
The following information summarizes our working capital (dollars in millions):
December 31,
December 31,
(Decrease)
Percent
increase
change
Cash and cash equivalents
$
$ 1,041
$ (387 )
(37 )%
Accounts and notes receivable, net
1,015
(181 )
(18 )%
Inventories
1,038
(43 )
(4 )%
Receivable associated with the Albemarle Settlement
-
(333 )
(100 )%
Other current assets
%
Current assets held for sale (1)
%
Total current assets
3,145
3,928
(783 )
(20 )%
Accounts payable
1,114
(153 )
(14 )%
Accrued liabilities
(284 )
(40 )%
Current portion of debt
%
Current operating lease liabilities
%
Current liabilities held for sale (1)
%
Total current liabilities
1,701
2,051
(350 )
(17 )%
Working capital
$ 1,444
$ 1,877
$ (433 )
(23 )%
(1)
Held for sale assets and liabilities are those of our Textile Effects Business. Total assets and liabilities held for sale as of December 31, 2022 are classified as current as we anticipate the sale of our Textile Effects Business will close in February 2023. For more information, see “Note 4. Discontinued Operations and Business Dispositions-Discontinued Operations-Sale of Textile Effects Business” to our consolidated financial statements.
Our working capital decreased by $433 million as a result of the net impact of the following significant changes:
●
The decrease in cash and cash equivalents of $387 million resulted from the matters identified on our consolidated statements of cash flows. See also “-Cash Flows Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared with Year Ended December 31, 2021.”
●
Accounts and notes receivable, net decreased by $181 million primarily due to lower revenues in the fourth quarter of 2022 compared to the fourth quarter of 2021.
●
Inventories decreased by $43 million primarily due to lower inventory costs and volumes.
● Receivable associated with the Albemarle Settlement decreased to nil due to the receipt of the final arbitration award payment of $332.5 million during the second quarter of 2022.
● Accounts payable decreased by $153 million primarily due to lower inventory purchases.
● Accrued liabilities decreased by $284 million primarily due to lower accrued compensation, current income taxes and approximately $200 million of legal fees associated with the Albemarle Settlement, offset by an increase in restructuring and plant closing reserves.
●
Current portion of debt increased by $54 million primarily due to net borrowings of $55 million under our 2022 Revolving Credit Facility that are classified as short term.
Short-Term Liquidity
We depend upon our cash, our 2022 $1.2 billion senior unsecured revolving credit facility (“2022 Revolving Credit Facility”), our U.S. accounts receivable securitization program (“U.S. A/R Program”) and European accounts receivable securitization program (“EU A/R Program” and collectively with the U.S. A/R Program, “A/R Programs”) and other debt instruments to provide liquidity for our operations and working capital needs. As of December 31, 2022, we had $1,847 million of combined cash and unused borrowing capacity, consisting of $654 million in cash, $1,132 million in availability under our 2022 Revolving Credit Facility and $61 million in availability under our A/R Programs. Our liquidity can be significantly impacted by various factors. The following matters are expected to have a significant impact on our liquidity:
● During 2023, we expect to spend between approximately $240 million to $250 million on capital expenditures. Our future expenditures include certain environmental, health and safety upgrades; expansions of our existing manufacturing and other facilities; certain cost reduction projects, including those described below; and certain information technology expenditures. We expect to fund capital expenditures with cash provided by operations.
● During 2023, we expect to make contributions to our pension and postretirement benefit plans of approximately $37 million.
● From January 1, 2023 through February 7, 2023, we repurchased 691,326 shares of our common stock for approximately $21 million under our share repurchase program.
● On August 9, 2022, we entered into a definitive agreement to sell our Textile Effects Business to Archroma for a purchase price of $593 million in cash plus the assumption of underfunded pension liabilities, and we expect the net after tax cash proceeds to be approximately $540 million before fees and subject to certain customary purchase price adjustments as set forth in the purchase agreement. We expect the transaction to close on February 28, 2023.
Long-Term Liquidity
● During 2020, management implemented cost realignment and synergy plans. In connection with these plans, we remain committed to achieving annualized cost savings and synergy benefits of approximately $140 million during 2023, as previously communicated. During 2021, management implemented additional cost realignment plans, and in connection with these plans, we expect to achieve further annualized cost savings of approximately $100 million by the end of 2023. Associated with these plans, we expect cash costs of approximately $225 million, including approximately $30 million of capital expenditures, through 2024, of which we have spent approximately $140 million to date.
● In early November 2022, we announced our commitment and specific plans to further realign our cost structure beyond the current in-progress cost optimization programs with additional restructuring in Europe. The new program includes exiting and consolidating certain facilities, workforce relocation to lower cost locations and further personnel rationalization. In connection with this program, we currently expect to achieve annualized cost savings of approximately $40 million by the end of 2023. Associated with this program, we expect cash costs of approximately $65 million, including approximately $15 million of capital expenditures, through 2024.
● On April 29, 2022, a New Orleans jury awarded us approximately $94 million in our long-running court battle against Praxair/Linde, one of the industrial gas suppliers to our Geismar, Louisiana MDI manufacturing site. The case was filed after Praxair refused to properly maintain its own Geismar facility and then repeatedly failed to supply our requirements for industrial gas needed to manufacture MDI under long-term supply contracts that expired in 2013. After adding mandatory pre-judgment and post-judgment interest to the award, we expect damages to exceed $125 million before deducting for taxes and legal fees. The award is subject to a pending appeal, and if affirmed, we expect to receive net proceeds of approximately $50 million to $60 million. We have not yet recognized the award in our consolidated statements of operations.
● On May 20, 2022, Huntsman International entered into the 2022 Revolving Credit Facility. Borrowings will bear interest at the rates specified in the credit agreement governing the 2022 Revolving Credit Facility, which will vary based on the type of loan and Huntsman International’s debt ratings. Under the credit agreement, the interest rate margin and the commitment fee rates are also subject to adjustments based on the Company’s performance on specified sustainability target thresholds with respect to annual percentage reduction in operational greenhouse gas emissions intensity and annual percentage reduction in water consumption intensity. Unless previously terminated in accordance with its terms, the credit agreement will mature in May 2027. Huntsman International may increase the 2022 Revolving Credit Facility commitments up to an additional $500 million, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions. See “Note 14. Debt-Direct and Subsidiary Debt-Revolving Credit Facility” to our consolidated financial statements.
● On February 17, 2023, our Board of Directors declared a $0.2375 per share cash dividend on our common stock. This represents an approximate 12% increase from the previous dividend.
As of December 31, 2022, we had $66 million classified as current portion of debt, including net borrowings of $55 million under our 2022 Revolving Credit Facility, debt at our variable interest entities of $9 million and certain other short-term facilities and scheduled amortization payments totaling $2 million. We intend to renew, repay or extend the majority of these short-term facilities in the next twelve months.
As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately $619 million of cash and cash equivalents, including restricted cash, held by our foreign subsidiaries, including our variable interest entities. With the exception of certain amounts that we expect to repatriate in the foreseeable future, we intend to use cash held in our foreign subsidiaries to fund our local operations. Nevertheless, we could repatriate additional cash as dividends and the repatriation of cash as a dividend would generally not be subject to U.S. taxation. However, such repatriation may potentially be subject to limited foreign withholding taxes.
For more information regarding our debt, see “Note 14. Debt” to our consolidated financial statements.
Critical Accounting Estimates
This discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of financial statements requires us to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that involve a significant level of estimation and uncertainty and are reasonably likely to have a material impact on our financial condition and/or results of operations. Summarized below are our critical accounting estimates.
Income Taxes
Deferred income taxes reflect the net effects of temporary differences between assets and liabilities for financial and tax reporting purposes. We evaluate deferred tax assets to determine whether it is more likely than not that they will be realized; valuation allowances are recorded to offset deferred tax assets unlikely to be realized. Valuation allowances are reviewed each period on a tax jurisdiction basis to analyze whether there is sufficient positive or negative evidence to support a change in judgment about the realizability of the related deferred tax assets. These conclusions require significant judgment. In evaluating the objective evidence that historical results provide, we consider cumulative income or losses during the applicable three-year period. Cumulative losses incurred over the three-year period limits our ability to consider other evidence, such as our projections for the future. Changes in expected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in applicable jurisdictions affect our assessment of the realization of deferred tax assets. Our judgments regarding valuation allowances are also influenced by factors outside of business results, including the costs and risks associated with any tax planning strategy associated with utilizing a deferred tax asset. As of December 31, 2022, we had total valuation allowances of $169 million, which represents an increase of $38 million from the prior year, and we have a recognized a net deferred tax liability of $103 million. See “Note 19. Income Taxes” to our consolidated financial statements for more information regarding our deferred tax assets and valuation allowances.
Employee Benefit Programs
We sponsor several contributory and non-contributory defined benefit plans, covering employees primarily in the U.S., the U.K., The Netherlands, Belgium and Switzerland, but also covering employees in a number of other countries. We fund the material plans through trust arrangements (or local equivalents) where the assets are held separately from us. We also sponsor unfunded postretirement plans which provide medical and, in some cases, life insurance benefits covering certain employees in the U.S. and Canada. Amounts recorded in our consolidated financial statements are recorded based upon actuarial valuations performed by various independent actuaries. Inherent in these valuations are numerous assumptions regarding expected long-term rates of return on plan assets, discount rates, compensation increases, mortality rates and health care cost trends. Each of these critical estimates are subject to uncertainty and are assessed by us using historical data, as well as projections of future conditions. These assumptions and changes during the period are described in “Note 18. Employee Benefit Plans” to our consolidated financial statements.
We retain third party actuaries to assist us with judgments necessary to make assumptions on which our employee pension and postretirement benefit plan obligations and expenses are based. The effect of a 1% change in three key assumptions is summarized as follows (dollars in millions):
Statement of
Balance sheet
Assumptions
operations(1)
impact(2)
Discount rate
-1% increase
$ (35 )
$ (227 )
-1% decrease
Expected long-term rates of return on plan assets
-1% increase
(31 )
-
-1% decrease
-
Rate of compensation increase
-1% increase
-1% decrease
(5 )
(22 )
(1)
Estimated (decrease) increase on 2022 net periodic benefit cost
(2)
Estimated (decrease) increase on December 31, 2022 pension and postretirement liabilities and accumulated other comprehensive loss

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
We are exposed to market risks, such as changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates and commodity prices. From time to time, we enter into transactions, including transactions involving derivative instruments, to manage certain of these exposures. We also hedge our net investment in certain European operations. Changes in the fair value of the hedge in the net investment of certain European operations are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss. For more information on interest rate risk, foreign exchange rate risk and commodity prices risk, see “Note 15. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities” to our consolidated financial statements.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Our consolidated financial statements required by this item are included on the pages immediately following the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements appearing on page.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2022. Based on this evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer have concluded that, as of December 31, 2022, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective, in that they ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (1) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and (2) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
No changes to our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control framework and processes for our Company and Huntsman International are designed to provide reasonable assurance to management, Huntsman International’s Board of Managers and our Board of Directors regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of our consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Our internal control over financial reporting for our Company and Huntsman International includes those policies and procedures that:
●
pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of our Company and Huntsman International;
●
provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded properly to allow for the preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of our Company and Huntsman International are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and Directors of our Company and Huntsman International;
●
provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements; and
●
provide reasonable assurance as to the detection of fraud.
Because of its inherent limitations, a system of internal control over financial reporting can provide only reasonable assurance and may not prevent or detect misstatements. Further, because of changing conditions, effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting may vary over time.
Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting for our Company and Huntsman International and concluded that, as of December 31, 2022, such internal control is effective. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013).
Our independent registered public accounting firm, Deloitte & Touche LLP, with direct access to our Board of Directors through our Audit Committee, have audited our consolidated financial statements prepared by our Company and have issued an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting for our Company.
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of Huntsman Corporation
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Huntsman Corporation and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022, of the Company and our report dated February 21, 2023, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP
Houston, Texas
February 21, 2023

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
None.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Information relating to our Directors (including identification of our Audit Committee’s financial expert(s)) and executive officers will be disclosed in the definitive Proxy Statement for our Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference. See also the information regarding executive officers of the registrant set forth in Part I under the caption “Information about Our Executive Officers” in reliance on General Instruction G to Form 10-K.
Code of Ethics
We have adopted a code of ethics, as defined by Item 406(b) of Regulation S-K under the Exchange Act, that applies to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer or controller. A copy of the code of ethics is posted on our website, at www.huntsman.com. We intend to disclose any amendments to, or waivers from, our code of ethics on our website.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Information relating to executive compensation and our equity compensation plans will be disclosed in the definitive Proxy Statement for our Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
Information with respect to beneficial ownership of our common stock by each Director and all Directors and officers of our Company as a group will be disclosed in the definitive Proxy Statement for our Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.
Information relating to any person who beneficially owns in excess of five percent of the total outstanding shares of our common stock will be disclosed in the definitive Proxy Statement for our Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.
Information with respect to compensation plans under which equity securities are authorized for issuance will be disclosed in the definitive Proxy Statement for our Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
Information with respect to certain relationships and related transactions will be disclosed in the definitive Proxy Statement for our Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
Information with respect to principal accountant fees and services, and the disclosure of the Audit Committee’s pre-approval policies and procedures are contained in the definitive Proxy Statement for our Annual Meeting of Stockholders and are incorporated herein by reference.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a)
Documents filed with this report.
1.
Consolidated Financial Statements:
See Index to Consolidated Financial Statements on page
2.
Financial Statement Schedules:
Other than as stated on the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements on page with respect to Schedule I, financial statement schedules are omitted because they are not required or are not applicable or the required information is shown in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.
3.
Exhibits:
The exhibits to this report are listed on the Exhibit Index below.
(b)
Description of exhibits.
EXHIBIT INDEX
Incorporated by Reference
Number
Description
Form
Exhibit
Filing Date
2.1
Equity and Asset Purchase Agreement, dated as of August 9, 2022, by and among Huntsman, Archroma, Archroma Germany and solely for purposes set forth in the Purchase Agreement, the Archroma Financing Party.
8-K
2.1
August 9, 2022
3.1
Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Huntsman Corporation
8-K
3.1
May 12, 2014
3.2
Sixth Amended and Restated Bylaws of Huntsman Corporation dated as of June 16, 2020 (as amended by Amendment to Sixth Amended and Restated Bylaws of Huntsman Corporation, effective as of October 28, 2020)
10-K
3.2
February 12, 2021
4.1
Form of stock certificate of Huntsman Corporation
S-1
4.68
February 8, 2005
4.2
Indenture, dated as of March 31, 2015, by and among Huntsman International LLC, the guarantors named therein, Citibank, N.A., London Branch, as paying agent, transfer agent, registrar and authenticating agent, and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee
8-K
4.1
April 2, 2015
4.3
Form of 4.25% Senior Notes due 2025 (included as Exhibit A to Exhibit 4.2)
8-K
4.1
April 2, 2015
4.4
Indenture, dated as of March 13, 2019, by and between Huntsman International LLC and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee.
8-K
4.1
March 13, 2019
4.5
First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 13, 2019, by and between Huntsman International LLC and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee.
8-K
4.2
March 13, 2019
4.6
Form of 4.500% Senior Notes due 2029 (included as Exhibit A to Exhibit 4.5)
8-K
4.3
March 13, 2019
4.7
Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 26, 2021, by and between Huntsman International LLC and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee
8-K
4.2
May 26, 2021
4.8
Form of 2.950% Senior Notes due 2031 (included as Exhibit A to Exhibit 4.7)
8-K
4.3
May 26, 2021
4.9
Description of Securities
10-K
4.14
February 13, 2020
10.1
Employment Agreement with Anthony Hankins
S-1/A
10.27
January 28, 2005
10.2
Form of Indemnification Agreement
S-1/A
10.25
February 8, 2005
10.3
Amended and Restated Huntsman Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan
8-K
10.1
December 30, 2005
10.4
Huntsman Supplemental Executive MPP Plan
8-K
10.2
December 30, 2005
10.5
Amended and Restated Huntsman Supplemental Savings Plan
8-K
10.3
December 30, 2005
10.6
Huntsman Outside Directors Elective Deferral Plan
8-K
10.4
December 30, 2005
10.7
First Amendment to Huntsman Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan
10-K
10.32
February 22, 2008
10.8
First Amendment to Huntsman Supplemental Executive MPP Plan
10-K
10.33
February 22, 2008
10.9
First Amendment to Huntsman Supplemental Savings Plan
10-K
10.34
February 22, 2008
10.10
Second Amendment to Huntsman Supplemental Savings Plan
10-K
10.35
February 22, 2008
10.11
First Amendment to Huntsman Outside Directors Elective Deferral Plan
10-K
10.36
February 22, 2008
10.12
U.S. Receivables Loan Agreement dated as of October 16, 2009
8-K
10.1
October 22, 2009
10.13
U.S. Contribution Agreement dated as of October 16, 2009 between Huntsman International LLC and Huntsman Receivables Finance II LLC
8-K
10.2
October 22, 2009
10.14
Second Amendment to Huntsman Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan
10-K
10.38
February 17, 2011
10.15
Third Amendment to Huntsman Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan
10-K
10.39
February 17, 2011
10.16
Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement effective for grants from February 2, 2011 to May 5, 2016
10-K
10.42
February 17, 2011
10.17
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Outside Directors effective for grants from February 2, 2011 to May 5, 2016
10-K
10.43
February 17, 2011
10.18
Master Amendment No. 2 to the U.S. Receivables Loan Agreement, U.S. Servicing Agreement and Transaction Documents dated as of April 18, 2011
8-K
10.1
April 20, 2011
10.19
Second Amendment to Huntsman Outside Directors Elective Deferral Plan
10-Q
10.5
May 5, 2011
10.20
Third Amendment to Huntsman Outside Directors Elective Deferral Plan
10-Q
10.6
May 5, 2011
10.21
Master Amendment No. 3 to the U.S. Receivables Loan Agreement, U.S. Servicing Agreement and Transaction Documents dated as of April 29, 2013
8-K
10.1
May 2, 2013
10.22
Huntsman Corporation Stock Incentive Plan (amended and restated)
8-K
10.1
May 12, 2014
10.23
Amendment to the Huntsman Corporation Stock Incentive Plan Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement effective for grants through May 5, 2016
10-K
10.66
February 18, 2015
10.24
Master Amendment No. 4 to the U.S. Receivables Loan Agreement, U.S. Servicing Agreement and Transaction Documents and Waiver, dated as of March 30, 2015
8-K
10.2
April 2, 2015
10.25
Huntsman Corporation 2016 Stock Incentive Plan
8-K
10.1
May 11, 2016
10.26
Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement effective for grants from May 5, 2016 to January 31, 2017
S-8
99.1
May 31, 2016
10.27
Form of Phantom Share Agreement
10-K
10.66
February 15, 2017
10.28
Form of Performance Share Unit Award Agreement
10-K
10.67
February 15, 2017
10.29
Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement
10-K
10.68
February 15, 2017
10.30
Form of Restricted Stock Agreement
10-K
10.69
February 15, 2017
10.31
Form of Stock Unit Agreement for Outside Directors
10-K
10.70
February 15, 2017
10.32
Form of Notice of Award of Common Stock
10-K
10.71
February 15, 2017
10.33
Master Amendment No. 6 to the U.S. Receivables Loan Agreement, U.S. Servicing Agreement, U.S Receivables Purchase Agreement and Transaction Documents dated as of April 21, 2017
10-Q
10.2
April 26, 2017
10.34
Credit Agreement, dated May 21, 2018, between Huntsman International LLC, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, Bank of America, N.A. and Citibank, N.A. as co-syndication agents, and Goldman Sachs Bank USA and PNC Bank, National Association, as co-documentation agents, and the lenders thereto.
8-K
10.1
May 23, 2018
10.34
Master Amendment No. 7 to the U.S. Receivables Loan Agreement, U.S. Servicing Agreement, U.S. Receivables Purchase Agreement and Transaction Documents, dated as of April 18, 2019
10-K
10.41
April 24, 2019
10.35
Amended and Restated European Contribution Agreement, dated as of April 18, 2019
10-K
10.41
February 12, 2021
10.36
Master Amendment No. 8 to the U.S. Receivables Loan Agreement, U.S. Servicing Agreement, U.S. Receivables Purchase Agreement and Transaction Documents, dated as of December 3, 2019
10-K
10.52
February 13, 2020
10.37
Huntsman Executive Severance Plan (as amended and restated effective February 19, 2020)
8-K
10.1
February 19, 2020
10.38
Second Amended and Restated Severance Agreement dated February 19, 2020, between Huntsman Corporation and Peter R. Huntsman
8-K
10.2
February 19, 2020
10.39
Master Amendment No. 9 to the U.S. Receivables Loan Agreement, U.S. Servicing Agreement, U.S. Receivables Purchase Agreement and Transaction Documents and Waiver, dated as of October 30, 2020
10-K
10.45
February 12, 2021
10.40
Master Amendment No. 10 to U.S. Receivables Loan Agreement, U.S. Servicing Agreement, U.S. Receivables Purchase Agreement and Transaction Documents, dated as of July 1, 2021
10-Q
10.1
July 30, 2021
10.41
Amended and restated European Receivables Loan Agreement, dated as of July 1, 2021
10-Q
10.2
July 30, 2021
10.42
Credit Agreement, dated May 20, 2022, between Huntsman International LLC, Citibank, N.A., as administrative agent, Citibank, N.A., BOFA Securities, Inc., PNC Capital Markets LLC, TD Securities (USA) LLC and Truist Securities, Inc., as Co-Sustainability Structuring Agents, Bank of America, N.A., PNC Bank, National Association, The Toronto Dominion Bank, New York Branch and Truist Bank, as co-syndication agents, and BMO Harris Bank N.A., Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Limited, New York Branch JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and MUFG Bank, Ltd, as co-documentation agents, and the lenders thereto
8-K
10.1
May 23, 2022
21.1*
Subsidiaries of Huntsman Corporation
23.1*
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
23.2*
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
31.1*
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2*
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1*
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2*
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS*
XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH*
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
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Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
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104*
The cover page from this Annual Report on Form 10-K, formatted in Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101
* Filed herewith.