EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 949961
Filing Year: 2023
Filename: 949961_10-K_2023_0001387131-23-003916.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
General
Income Opportunity Realty Investors, Inc. (the “Company”), a Nevada Corporation, is an externally managed company that invests in mortgage notes receivables and real property. As used herein, the terms “IOR”, “the Company”, “We”, “Our”, or “Us” refer to the Company.
Controlling Shareholder
Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc. (“TCI”), whose common stock is traded on the NYSE under the symbol “TCI”, owns 81.1% of our stock and with its affiliates owns approximately 87.6% of our common stock. Accordingly our financial results are included in the consolidated financial statements of TCI’s in their Form 10-K and in their tax filings. American Realty Investors, Inc. (“ARL”), whose common stock is traded on the NYSE under the symbol “ARL”, in turn, own approximately 78.4% of TCI.
As described in Part III, Item 13. “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence”, our officers and directors also serve as officers and directors of TCI and ARL.
Management
Our business is managed by Pillar Income Asset Management, Inc. (“Pillar”) in accordance with an Advisory Agreement that is reviewed annually by our Board of Directors. Pillar is a wholly-owned affiliate of ARL’s controlling stockholder.
Pillar’s duties include, but are not limited to, locating, evaluating and recommending real estate and real estate-related investment opportunities. Pillar also arranges our debt and equity financing with unaffiliated independent third party lenders and investors. They also serve as the contractual Advisor and Cash Manager to TCI. As the contractual advisor, Pillar is compensated by us under an Advisory Agreement that is more fully described in Part III, Item 10. “Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance - The Advisor”. We have no employees. Employees of Pillar render services to us in accordance with the terms of the Advisory Agreement.
In addition, as described in Part III, Item 13. “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence”, we compete with related parties of Pillar having similar investment objectives related to investment in mortgage notes receivables. In resolving any potential conflicts of interest which may arise, Pillar has informed us that it intends to exercise its best judgment as to what is fair and reasonable under the circumstances in accordance with applicable law.
Business Plan and Investment Policy
We also invest in notes receivables that are collateralized by investments in land and/or multifamily properties. These investments have included notes receivables from Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (“UHF”) Due to our ongoing relationship and the significant investment in the performance of the collateral secured under the notes receivable, we consider UHF to be a related party.
Human Capital
We have no employees. Employees of Pillar render services to us in accordance with the terms of the Advisory Agreement.
Available Information
We maintain an internet site at www.incomeopp-realty.com. We make available through our website free of charge Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, reports filed pursuant to Section 16, and amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file or furnish such materials to the Securities and Exchange Commission. In addition, we have posted the charters for our Audit Committee, Compensation Committee, and Governance and Nominating Committee, as well as our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, Corporate Governance Guidelines on Director Independence and other information on the website. These charters and principles are not incorporated in this Report by reference. We will also provide a copy of these documents free of charge to stockholders upon written request. The Company issues Annual Reports containing audited financial statements to its common shareholders.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
An investment in our securities involves various risks. All investors should carefully consider the following risk factors, applicable to us in conjunction with the other information in this report before trading our securities.
Our business may be impacted as a result of any Health emergency like the pandemic impact the coronavirus (“COVID 19”) had in 2020-2021 in the U.S. and global economy.
We continue to closely monitor the impact of the recent pandemic on all aspects of our business and our portfolio. While we did not incur significant disruptions during 2020 from the COVID-19 pandemic, we are unable to predict the impact that any further pandemic will have on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows due to numerous uncertainties. These uncertainties include the scope, severity and duration of any future pandemic, the actions taken to contain such pandemic or mitigate its impact and the direct and indirect economic effects of the pandemic and containment measures, among others. Any further pandemic may have a significant impact on the U.S. economy and on the local markets in which our portfolio assets are located. Nearly every industry was impacted directly or indirectly, and the commercial real estate market has come under pressure due to numerous factors, including preventative measures taken by local, state and federal authorities to alleviate the public health crisis such as mandatory business closures, quarantines, and restrictions on travel and “shelter-in-place” or “stay-at-home” orders. The future impact of any health emergency similar to the COVID-19 on our business and financial activities will depend on future developments, which at this stage are unpredictable considering the fluctuations of health outbreaks and the resulting changes in the market.
Risk Factors Related to Our Business
An investment in our securities involves various risks. All investors should carefully consider the following risk factors in conjunction with the other information in this report before trading our securities.
We may not be able to access financial markets to obtain capital on a timely basis, or on acceptable terms.
We may need to rely on third party capital sources for a portion of our capital needs, including capital for acquisitions and development. The public debt and equity markets are among the sources on which we rely. There is no guarantee that we will be able to access these markets, or any other source of capital. The ability to access the public debt and equity markets depends on a variety of factors, including:
● general economic conditions affecting these markets;
● our own financial structure and performance;
Our degree of reliance on the operations of certain assets to collect the notes receivable can affect our cash flow.
The collection of our notes receivable are dependent upon the ability of the assets that secure the notes to produce sufficient cash flow to service these notes. Changes in general or local economic conditions in the southwestern United States and, in particular, the Dallas, Texas area can have an adverse effect on the payment of these notes.
Our degree of leverage could limit our ability to obtain additional financing or affect the market price of our common stock.
The degree of leverage available to the Company could affect our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, development or other general corporate purposes. The degree of leverage could also make us more vulnerable to a downturn in business or the economy.
An increase in interest rates would increase our interest costs on variable rate debt and could adversely impact our ability to refinance existing debt.
We may incur indebtedness that bears interest at variable rates. Accordingly, if interest rates increase, so will our interest costs, which would adversely affect our cash flow and our ability to pay principal and interest on our debt and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. Further, rising interest rates could limit our ability to refinance any existing debt when it matures.
We may need to sell assets from time to time for cash flow purposes.
In the event that we must sell assets to generate cash flow, we cannot predict whether there will be a market for those assets in the time period we desire or need to sell them, or whether we will be able to sell them at a price that will allow us to fully recoup our investment. We may not be able to realize the full potential value of our assets and we may incur costs related to the early pay-off of the debt secured by such assets. In addition, to the extent that the Company provides financing to the buyer, our ability to collect the amounts owed when due may adversely affect our cash flow.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
ITEM 1B UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
None at present

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
In February 2019, Paul Berger (“Berger”) filed suit against us and others that alleged that we completed improper sales and/or transfers of property. Berger sought to proceed derivatively and directly, requested a payoff of various related party loans to us and that we then distribute the funds to its stockholders. After discovery and motions to dismiss substantial portions of the complaint, on June 28, 2022, Berger sought to voluntarily dismiss the action for reasons stated in the motion. The parties have not entered into any settlement, and neither Berger nor their counsel has received any consideration for the voluntary dismissal. On January 4, 2023, the United States District Court entered a formal order that dismissed the action with prejudice.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Our common stock is listed and traded on the NYSE American Exchange under the symbol “IOR”. The following table sets forth the high and low sales prices as reported in the consolidated reporting system of the NYSE American for the quarters ended:
High Low High Low
First Quarter $ 16.99 $ 10.05 $ 12.88 $ 11.01
Second Quarter $ 15.06 $ 10.59 $ 13.37 $ 11.14
Third Quarter $ 13.99 $ 10.11 $ 13.83 $ 11.05
Fourth Quarter $ 13.50 $ 11.35 $ 13.69 $ 11.24
On March 21, 2023, the closing market price of our common stock on the NYSE American Exchange was $11.10 per share, and was held by 360 stockholders of record.
Our Board of Directors established a policy that dividend declarations on common stock would be determined on an annual basis following the end of each year. In accordance with that policy, the board determined not to pay any dividends on common stock in 2022, 2021 or 2020. Future distributions to common stockholders will be determined by the Board of Directors in light of conditions then existing, including our financial condition and requirements, future prospects, restrictions in financing agreements, business conditions and other factors deemed relevant by the Board.
We have a stock repurchase program that allows for the repurchase of up to 1,650,000 shares of our common stock. This repurchase program has no termination date. There were no shares repurchased for the year ended December 31, 2022 and the program has 615,239 shares remaining that can be repurchased as of December 31, 2022.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Optional and not included.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes in Part II, Item 8 of this Report.
Management’s Overview
We are an externally advised and managed company that invests in notes receivable that are collateralized by income-producing properties in the Southern United States and in the past, real property. Our current principal source of income is interest income on note receivables from related parties.
We have historically engaged in and may continue to engage in certain business transactions with related parties, including but not limited to asset acquisition, dispositions and financings. Transactions involving related parties cannot be presumed to be carried out on an arm’s length basis due to the absence of free market forces that naturally exist in business dealings between two or more unrelated entities. Related party transactions may not always be favorable to our business and may include terms, conditions and agreements that are not necessarily beneficial to or in our best interest.
Our operations are managed by Pillar in accordance with an Advisory Agreement. Pillar’s duties include, but are not limited to, locating, evaluating and recommending investment opportunities. We have no employees. Employees of Pillar render services to us in accordance with the terms of the Advisory Agreement. Pillar is considered to be a related party due to its common ownership with TCI, who is our controlling stockholder.
Critical Accounting Policies
The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Some of these estimates and assumptions include judgments on the provisions for uncollectible accounts and fair value measurements. Our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in Note 2-Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in our notes to the consolidated financial statements. However, the following policies are deemed to be critical.
Non-performing Notes Receivable
The Company considers a note receivable to be non-performing when the maturity date has passed without principal repayment and the borrower is not making interest payments in accordance with the terms of the agreement.
Interest recognition on Notes Receivable
We record interest income as earned in accordance with the terms of the related loan agreements.
Allowance for Estimated Losses
We assess the collectability of notes receivable on a periodic basis, of which the assessment consists primarily of an evaluation of cash flow projections of the borrower to determine whether estimated cash flows are sufficient to repay principal and interest in accordance with the contractual terms of the note. We recognize impairments on notes receivable when it is probable that principal and interest will not be received in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan. The amount of the impairment to be recognized generally is based on the fair value of the partnership’s real estate that represents the primary source of loan repayment. (See Note 3, below, Notes and Interest Receivable from Related Parties, for details on our notes receivable.)
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
We apply the guidance in ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures,” to the valuation of real estate assets. These provisions define fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in a transaction between market participants at the measurement date, establish a hierarchy that prioritizes the information used in developing fair value estimates and require disclosure of fair value measurements by level within the fair value hierarchy. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable data (Level 3 measurements), such as the reporting entity’s own data.
The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date and includes three levels defined as follows:
Level 1-Unadjusted quoted prices for identical and unrestricted assets or liabilities in active markets.
Level 2-Quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.
Level 3-Unobservable inputs that are significant to the fair value measurement.
A financial instrument’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
Related Parties
We apply ASC Topic 805, “Business Combinations”, to evaluate business relationships. Related parties are persons or entities who have one or more of the following characteristics, which include entities for which investments in their equity securities would be required, trust for the benefit of persons including principal owners of the entities and members of their immediate families, management personnel of the entity and members of their immediate families and other parties with which the entity may deal if one party controls or can significantly influence the decision making of the other to an extent that one of the transacting parties might be prevented from fully pursuing our own separate interests, or affiliates of the entity.
Inflation
The effects of inflation on our operations are not quantifiable. Revenues from property operations tend to fluctuate proportionately with inflationary increases and decreases in housing costs. Fluctuations in the rate of inflation also affect sales values of properties and the ultimate gain to be realized from property sales. To the extent that inflation affects interest rates, our earnings from short-term investments, the cost of new financings and the cost of variable interest rate debt will be affected.
Environmental Matters
Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, ordinances and regulations, we may be potentially liable for removal or remediation costs, as well as certain other potential costs, relating to hazardous or toxic substances (including governmental fines and injuries to persons and property) where property-level managers have arranged for the removal, disposal or treatment of hazardous or toxic substances. In addition, certain environmental laws impose liability for release of asbestos-containing materials into the air, and third parties may seek recovery for personal injury associated with such materials.
We are not aware of any environmental liability relating to the above matters that would have a material adverse effect on our business, assets or results of operations.
Results of Operations
The following discussion is based on our Consolidated Financial Statements Consolidated Statement of Operations, for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 from Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data and is not meant to be an all-inclusive discussion of the changes in our net income applicable to common shares. Instead, we have focused on significant fluctuations within our operations that we feel are relevant to obtain an overall understanding of the change in income applicable to common shareholders.
Our operating expenses consist primarily of general and administrative costs such as audit and legal fees and administrative fees paid to a related party.
We also have other income and expense items. We receive interest income from the funds deposited with our Advisor at a rate of prime plus 1.0%. We have receivables from related parties which also provide interest income.
Comparison of the year ended December 31, 2022 to the year ended December 31, 2021:
Our $0.3 million increase in net income during the year ended December 31, 2022 is primarily attributed to the following:
● The $1.6 million increase in interest income was primarily due to an increase in interest rates in 2022.
● The $1.2 million decrease in other income was primarily due to the 2021 recovery of a note receivable that had previously been written off.
Comparison of the year ended December 31, 2021 to the year ended December 31, 2020:
See Item 7 of Part II in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 filed with the SEC on March 25, 2022 for a discussion of our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our principal liquidity needs are to fund normal recurring expenses. Our principal sources of cash are and will continue to be the collection of mortgage notes receivables, and the collections of receivables and interests from related companies.
We anticipate that our cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2022, along with cash that will be generated in 2023 from notes and interest receivables, will be sufficient to meet all of our cash requirements.
Cash Flow Summary
The following summary discussion of our cash flows is based on the consolidated statements of cash flows in Part II, Item 8. “Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” and is not meant to be an all-inclusive discussion of the changes in our cash flows for the periods presented below (dollars in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
Incr /(Decr)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities $ 4 $ (2,980 ) $ 2,984
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities $ - $ 2,970 $ (2,970 )
The increase in cash from operating activities is primarily due to the collection of a note receivable in 2021.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.
Optional and not included.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8. CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Page
Financial Statements
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2022 and 2021
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Financial Statement Schedules
Schedule IV-Mortgage Loan Receivables on Real Estate
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors of and
Stockholders of Income Opportunity Realty Investors, Inc.
Dallas, Texas
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Income Opportunity Realty Investors, Inc. and Subsidiaries as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes and schedules (collectively referred to as the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Income Opportunity Investors, Inc. as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Basis of Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Transactions with and Balances Due from Related Parties
Description of the Matter
The Company has significant transactions with and balances due from related parties. The Company performs an assessment as to whether substantially all the amounts due under these receivables are deemed probable of collection. When the Company concludes that it is not probable that it will collect amounts, the Company creates an allowance for the amount not probable of the collection.
Auditing the Company’s collectability assessment is complex due to the judgment involved in the Company’s determination of the collectability of these receivables. The determination involves consideration of the terms of the receivable, whether the receivable is currently performing, and any security for the receivable.
How We addressed the Matter in Our Audit
We obtained an understanding of the Company’s controls over related party receivables and their collectability assessment. Our testing included, among other things, confirmation of the receivables, reviewing selected financial information of the related parties, reviewing subsequent collections and evaluating transactions documentation. The relevant financial statement accounts are notes and interest receivable from related parties and interest income from related parties.
Emphasis of Related Party Transactions
As described in the notes to the consolidated financial statements, Income Opportunity Realty Investors, Inc. and Subsidiaries has significant transactions with and balances due from related parties.
Supplemental Information
The supplemental information contained in Schedules IV has been subjected to audit procedures performed in conjunction with the audit of the Company’s financial statements. The supplemental information is the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our audit procedures included determining whether the supplemental information reconciles to the financial statements or the underlying accounting and other records, as applicable, and performing procedures to test the completeness and accuracy of the information presented in the supplemental information. In forming our opinion on the supplemental information, we evaluated whether the supplemental information, including its form and content, is presented in conformity with the Security and Exchange Commission’s rules. In our opinion, the supplemental information is fairly stated, in all material respects, the financial data required to be set forth therein in relation to the financial statements as a whole.
Swalm & Associates, P.C.
Richardson, Texas
Auditor ID: 1820
March 23,
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2004.
INCOME OPPORTUNITY REALTY INVESTORS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(dollars in thousands, except par value amounts)
December 31,
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents $ 6 $ 2
Interest receivable from related parties
Receivable from related parties 100,134 96,300
Total current assets 100,816 96,893
Non-current assets
Notes receivable from related parties 11,173 11,173
Total assets $ 111,989 $ 108,066
Liabilities and Equity
Liabilities:
Accounts payable $ 4 $ 12
Shareholders’ equity
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 10,000,000 shares authorized; 4,173,675 shares issued and 4,168,414 outstanding
Treasury stock at cost, 5,261 shares (39 ) (39 )
Additional paid-in capital 61,955 61,955
Retained earnings 50,027 46,096
Total shareholders’ equity 111,985 108,054
Total liabilities and equity $ 111,989 $ 108,066
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
INCOME OPPORTUNITY REALTY INVESTORS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
For the Years Ended December 31,
Revenues:
Other income $ - $ - $ -
Expenses:
General and administrative (including $268, $282 and $247 for 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, from related parties)
Advisory fee to related party 1,175 1,108 1,139
Total operating expenses 1,626 1,578 1,589
Net operating loss (1,626 ) (1,578 ) (1,589 )
Interest income from related parties 6,602 4,953 5,373
Other income - 1,179 1,550
Income tax provision (1,045 ) (956 ) (1,120 )
Net income $ 3,931 $ 3,598 $ 4,214
Earnings per share - basic and diluted $ 0.94 $ 0.86 $ 1.01
Weighted average common shares used in computing earnings per share 4,168,414 4,168,414 4,168,414
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
INCOME OPPORTUNITY REALTY INVESTORS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(dollars in thousands, except share amounts)
Shares Issued Common Stock Treasury
Stock
Paid-in
Capital
Retained
Earnings
Total
Shareholders’
Equity
Balance, January 1, 2020 4,173,675 $ 42 $ (39 ) $ 61,955 $ 38,284 $ 100,242
Net income - - - - 4,214 4,214
Balance, December 31, 2020 4,173,675 (39 ) 61,955 42,498 104,456
Net loss - - - - 3,598 3,598
Balance, December 31, 2021 4,173,675 (39 ) 61,955 46,096 108,054
Net income - - - - 3,931 3,931
Balance, December 31, 2022 4,173,675 $ 42 $ (39 ) $ 61,955 $ 50,027 $ 111,985
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
INCOME OPPORTUNITY REALTY INVESTORS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Dollars in thousands)
Cash Flow From Operating Activities:
Net income $ 3,931 $ 3,598 $ 4,214
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) by operating activities:
Recovery of doubtful accounts - (1,017 ) -
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of dispositions:
Accrued interest on related party notes receivable (85 )
Related party receivables (3,834 ) (5,774 ) (4,305 )
Accounts payable (8 ) - (2 )
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities (2,980 )
Cash Flow From Investing Activities:
Collection of notes receivable - 2,970 -
Net cash provided by investing activities - 2,970 -
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents (10 )
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year $ 6 $ 2 $ 12
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
INCOME OPPORTUNITY REALTY INVESTORS, INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
1. Organization
Income Opportunity Investors, Inc. (the “Company”) is an externally managed company that invests in mortgage notes receivables. As used herein, the terms “IOR”, “the Company”, “We”, “Our”, or “Us” refer to the Company.
Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc. (“TCI”), whose common stock is traded on the NYSE under the symbol “TCI”, owns 81.1% of our stock and with its affiliates owns approximately 87.6% of our common stock. Accordingly our financial results are included in the consolidated financial statements of TCI’s in their Form 10-K and in their tax filings. American Realty Investors, Inc. (“ARL”), whose common stock is traded on the NYSE under the symbol “ARL”, in turn, own approximately 78.4% of TCI.
Our business is managed by Pillar Income Asset Management, Inc. (“Pillar”) in accordance with an Advisory Agreement that is reviewed annually by our Board of Directors. Pillar is considered to be related parties (See Note 14 - Related Party Transactions).
Pillar’s duties include, but are not limited to, locating, evaluating and recommending real estate and real estate-related investment opportunities. Pillar also arranges our debt and equity financing with third party lenders and investors.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of presentation
These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) in the United States of America.
We consolidate entities in which we are considered to be the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity (“VIE”) or have a majority of the voting interest of the entity. We have determined that we are a primary beneficiary of the VIE when we have (i) the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impacts its economic performance, and (ii) the obligations to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. In determining whether we are the primary beneficiary, we consider qualitative and quantitative factors, including ownership interest, management representation, ability to control decision and other contractual rights. We account for entities in which we have less than a controlling financial interest or entities where we are not deemed to be the primary beneficiary under the equity method of accounting. Accordingly, we include our share of the net earnings or losses of these entities in our results of operations.
Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation on the consolidated balance sheets, consolidated statements of operations and the consolidated statements of cash flows.
Fair value measurement
Fair value represents the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in a transaction between market participants at the measurement date. In determining fair value we apply the following hierarchy:
Level 1 -Unadjusted quoted prices for identical and unrestricted assets or liabilities in active markets.
Level 2 -Quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.
Level 3 -Unobservable inputs that are significant to the fair value measurement.
A financial instrument’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
INCOME OPPORTUNITY REALTY INVESTORS, INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
Related parties
Related parties are persons or entities who have one or more of the following characteristics, which include entities for which investments in their equity securities would be required, trust for the benefit of persons including principal owners of the entities and members of their immediate families, management personnel of the entity and members of their immediate families and other parties with which the entity may deal if one party controls or can significantly influence the decision making of the other to an extent that one of the transacting parties might be prevented from fully pursuing its own separate interests, or affiliates of the entity.
Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
We consider all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents, for which cost approximates fair value.
Concentration of credit risk
We maintain our cash balances at commercial banks and through investment companies, the deposits that are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company did not maintain balances in excess of the insured amount.
Income taxes
We are a “C” corporation” for U.S. federal income tax purposes. However, we are included in the May Realty Holdings, Inc. (the “MRHI”). consolidated group for tax purposes. We have a tax sharing agreement that specifies the manner in which the group will share the consolidated tax liability and also how certain tax attributes are to be treated among members of the group.
Comprehensive income
Net income and comprehensive income (loss) are the same for the year ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
Use of estimates
In the preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP, it is necessary for management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expense for the year ended. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
3. Notes Receivable
The following table summarizes our notes receivables at December 31, 2022 and 2021:
Carrying Value Interest Maturity
Borrower / Project Rate Date
United Housing Foundation (Echo Station) $ 1,481 $ 1,481 12.00 % 12/31/2032
United Housing Foundation (Lakeshore Villas) 2,000 2,000 12.00 % 12/31/2032
United Housing Foundation (Lakeshore Villas) 6,369 6,369 12.00 % 12/31/2032
United Housing Foundation (Timbers of Terrell) 1,323 1,323 12.00 % 12/31/2032
$ 11,173 $ 11,173
INCOME OPPORTUNITY REALTY INVESTORS, INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
The borrower is determined to be a related party due to our significant investment in the performance of the collateral secured by the notes receivable. Principal and interest payments on the notes from Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (“UHF”) are funded from surplus cash flow from operations, sale or refinancing of the underlying properties and are cross collateralized to the extent that any surplus cash available from any of the properties underlying the notes.
4. Related Party Transactions
We engage in certain business transactions with related parties, including investment in notes receivables. Transactions involving related parties cannot be presumed to be carried out on an arm’s length basis due to the absence of free market forces that naturally exist in business dealings between two or more unrelated entities. Related party transactions may not always be favorable to our business and may include terms, conditions and agreements that are not necessarily beneficial to or in our best interest.
Pillar is a wholly owned by an affiliate of the MRHI, which owns approximately 90.8% of ARL, which owes approximately 78.4% of TCI, which owns 81.1% of the Company.
Advisory fees paid to Pillar were $1,175, $1,108 and $1,139 for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Notes receivable are amounts held by UHF (See Note 3 - Notes Receivable). UHF is determined to be a related party due to our significant investment in the performance of the collateral secured by the notes receivable. Interest income on these notes was $1,341, $1,371 and $1,790 for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Related party receivables were $100,134 and $96,300 at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively; which represents amounts outstanding from TCI for loans and advances, net of unreimbursed fees and bear interest at prime plus one percent. Interest income on these receivables were $5,261, $3,582 and $3,583 for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
5. Stockholders Equity
Our decision to declare dividends on common stock are determined on an annual basis following the end of each year. In accordance with that policy, no dividends on our common stock were declared for 2022, 2021, or 2020. Future distributions to common stockholders will be determined in light of conditions then existing, including our financial condition and requirements, future prospects, restrictions in financing agreements, business conditions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors.
6. Income Taxes
We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined on the basis of the differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. We recognize deferred tax assets to the extent that we believe these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies, and results of recent operations. If we determine that we would be able to realize our deferred tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, we would make an adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance, which would reduce the provision for income taxes. We record uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740 on the basis of a two-step process whereby (1) we determine whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position and (2) for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, we recognize the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority.
INCOME OPPORTUNITY REALTY INVESTORS, INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
The (benefit) expense for income taxes consists of:
Years Ended December 31,
Current:
Federal $ 1,045 $ 956 $ 1,120
State - - -
Total tax (benefit) expense $ 1,045 $ 956 $ 1,120
The reconciliation between our effective tax rate on income from operations and the statutory rate is as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
Income tax (benefit) expense at federal statutory rate $ 1,045 $ 956 $ 1,120
State and local income taxes net of federal tax (benefit) expense - - -
Permanent tax differences - - -
Temporary tax differences - - -
Reported tax (benefit) expense $ 1,045 $ 956 $ 1,120
Effective tax rate 21.0 % 4.6 % 4.7 %
We assess the available positive and negative evidence to estimate if sufficient future taxable income will be generated to use the existing deferred tax assets.
7. Commitments and Contingencies
We believe that we will generate excess cash from property operations in the next twelve months; such excess, however, might not be sufficient to discharge all of our obligations as they become due.
In February 2019, Paul Berger (“Berger”) filed suit against us and others that alleged that we completed improper sales and/or transfers of property. Berger sought to proceed derivatively and directly, requested a payoff of various related party loans to us and that we then distribute the funds to its stockholders. After discovery and motions to dismiss substantial portions of the complaint, on June 28, 2022, Berger sought to voluntarily dismiss the action for reasons stated in the motion. The parties have not entered into any settlement, and neither Berger nor their counsel has received any consideration for the voluntary dismissal. On January 4, 2023, the United States District Court entered a formal order that dismissed the action with prejudice.
INCOME OPPORTUNITY REALTY INVESTORS, INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
8. Quarterly Results of Operations
The following is a tabulation of our quarterly results of operations for the years 2022 and 2021. Quarterly results presented may differ from those previously reported in our Form 10-Q due to the reclassification of the operations:
2022 Quarter Ended
March 31, June 30, September 30, December 31
Net operating loss $ (460 ) $ (341 ) $ (397 ) $ (428 )
Net income 1,188 1,269
Net income per share - basic and diluted $ 0.15 $ 0.20 $ 0.29 $ 0.30
2021 Quarter Ended
March 31, June 30, September 30, December 31
Net operating loss $ (524 ) $ (356 ) $ (345 ) $ (353 )
Net income 1,352
Net income per share - basic and diluted $ 0.32 $ 0.20 $ 0.17 $ 0.17
9. Subsequent Events
The date to which events occurring after December 31, 2022, the date of the most recent balance sheet, have been evaluated for possible adjustments to the financial statements or disclosure is March 23, 2023, which is the date of which the financial statements were available to be issued. There are no subsequent events that would require an adjustment to the financial statements.
INCOME OPPORTUNITY REALTY INVESTORS, INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
SCHEDULE IV - MORTGAGE LOANS
SCHEDULE IV Mortgage Loans Receivable
December 31,
Description Interest Rate Maturity Date Periodic Payment
Terms
Prior Liens Face Amount Carrying Value
United Housing Foundation (Echo Station) 12.00 % 12/31/2032 Payments from excess property cash flows $ 13,477 $ 1,481 $ 1,481
United Housing Foundation (Lakeshore Villas) 12.00 % 12/31/2032 Payments from excess property cash flows - 8,369 8,369
United Housing Foundation (Timbers of Terrell) 12.00 % 12/31/2032 Payments from excess property cash flows 13,425 1,323 1,323
$ 26,902 $ 11,173 $ 11,173
INCOME OPPORTUNITY REALTY INVESTORS, INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
SCHEDULE IV - MORTGAGE LOANS
As of December 31,
SCHEDULE IV Mortgage Loans Receivable Roll Forward
Balance at January 1, $ 11,173 $ 13,126 $ 13,126
Additions - - -
Deductions - (1,953 ) -
Balance at December 31, $ 11,173 $ 11,173 $ 13,126

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Principal Executive and Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e)) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), which are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Principal Executive and Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on this evaluation, our Principal Executive and Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any system of internal control over financial reporting. These limitations include the possibility of human error, the circumvention of overriding of the system and reasonable resource constraints. Because of its inherent limitations, our internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013). Based on management’s assessments and those criteria, management has concluded that Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2022.
This annual report does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial report. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by our registered public accounting firm pursuant to temporary rules of the SEC that permit us to provide only management’s report in this annual report.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
In preparation for management’s report on internal control over financial reporting, we documented and tested the design and operating effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. There were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f)) that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Not applicable.
PART III

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Directors
The affairs of the Company are managed by our Board of Directors. The Directors are elected at the annual meeting of stockholders or appointed by the incumbent Board and serve until the next annual meeting of stockholders or until a successor has been elected or approved.
An objective is for a majority of our Board to be independent directors. For a director to be considered independent, the Board must determine that the director does not have any direct or indirect material relationship with the Company. The Board has established guidelines to assist it in determining director independence which conform to, or are more exacting than, the independence requirements in the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") listing rules. The independence guidelines are set forth in our “Corporate Governance Guidelines”. The text of this document has been posted on our internet website at www.incomeopp-realty.com ("Investor Relations Website") and is available in print to any shareholder who requests it. In addition to applying these guidelines, the Board will consider all relevant facts and circumstances in making an independence determination.
We have adopted a code of conduct that applies to all Directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer. Stockholders may find our code of conduct on our website by going to our Investor Relations Website. We will post any amendments to the code of conduct, as well as any waivers that are required to be disclosed by the rules of the Security Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) or the NYSE on our website.
Our Board of Directors has adopted charters for our Audit, Compensation and Governance and Nominating Committees of the Board of Directors. Stockholders may find these documents on our website by going to our Investor Relations Website. You may also obtain a printed copy of the materials referred to by contacting us at the following address:
Income Opportunity Realty Investors, Inc.
Attn: Investor Relations
1603 LBJ Freeway, Suite 800
Dallas, Texas 75234
Telephone: 469-522-4200
All members of the Audit Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committees must be independent directors. Members of the Audit Committee must also satisfy additional independence requirements, which provide (i) that they may not accept, directly or indirectly, any consulting, advisory, or compensatory fee from the Company or any of its subsidiaries other than their director’s compensation (other than in their capacity as a member of the Audit Committee, the Board of Directors, or any other committee of the Board), and (ii) no member of the Audit Committee may be an “affiliated person” of the Company or any of its subsidiaries, as defined by the SEC.
Our current directors are listed below, together with their ages, terms of service, all positions and offices with us and our current advisor, Pillar, their principal occupations, business experience and directorships with other companies during the last five years or more. The designation “affiliated”, when used below with respect to a director, means that the director is an officer, director or employee of Pillar, an officer of the Company, or an officer or director of a related party of the Company. The designation “independent”, when used below with respect to a Director, means that the Director is neither an officer of the Company nor a director, officer or employee of Pillar but may be a director of the Company, although the Company may have certain business or professional relationships with such Director as discussed in Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
HENRY A. BUTLER, age 72, Director, Independent, since November 2005 and Chairman of the Board since May 2009
Retired (since April 30, 2019); Mr. Butler served as Vice President for Pillar from April 2011 to April 30, 2019. Mr. Butler has been a Director of the Company since February 2021 and Chairman of the Board since May 2021. He also served as Chairman of the Board since May 2009 and as a Director since July 2003 of ARL and Chairman of the Board since May 2011 and a Director since February 2011 of TCI.
ROBERT A. JAKUSZEWSKI, age 60, Director, Independent, since March 2004
Mr. Jakuszewski has served as a Territory Manager for Artesa Labs since April 2015. He was a Medical Specialist from January 2014 to April 2015 for VAYA Pharma, Inc., Senior Medical Liaison from January 2013 to July 2013 for Vein Clinics of America, and the Vice President of Sales and Marketing from September 1998 to December 2012 for New Horizons Communications, Inc. Mr. Jakuszewski has been a Director of the Company since March 2004. He has also been a Director of TCI since November 2005 and a Director of ARL since November 2005.
TED R. MUNSELLE, age 67, Director, Independent, since May 2009
Mr. Munselle has been Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Landmark Nurseries, Inc. since October 1998. On February 17, 2012, he was appointed as a member of the Board of Directors for Spindletop Oil & Gas Company and as Chairman of their Audit Committee. Spindletop’s stock is traded on the Over-the-Counter (OTC) market. Mr. Munselle has been a Director of the Company since May 2009. He has also served as Director of TCI since February 2004 and Director of ARL since February 2004. Mr. Munselle is qualified as an Audit Committee financial expert within the meaning of SEC regulations and the Board of Directors has determined that he has accounting and related financial management expertise within the meaning of the listing standards of the NYSE. Mr. Munselle is a Certified Public Accountant.
RAYMOND D. ROBERTS, SR., age 91, Director, Independent, since June 2016
Mr. Roberts is currently retired. Mr. Roberts has served as Director of the Company since June 2, 2016. He has also served as Director of TCI and ARL since June 2, 2016. For more than five years prior to December 31, 2014, he was Director of Aviation of Steller Aviation, Inc., a privately held corporation engaged in the business of aircraft (Boeing 737) and logistical management. He is also a director of New Concept Energy, Inc. since June 2015, which has its common stock listed and traded on the NYSE American Exchange.
Board Meetings and Committees
The Board of Directors held five meetings during 2022. For such year, no incumbent director attended fewer than 75% of the aggregate of (1) the total number of meetings held by the Board during the period for which he or she had been a director and (2) the total number of meetings held by all committees of the Board on which he or she served during the period that he served. Under our Corporate Governance Guidelines, each Director is expected to dedicate sufficient time, energy and attention to ensure the diligent performance of his or her duties, including by attending meetings of the stockholders of the Company, the Board and Committees of which he is a member. The Board of Directors has standing Audit, Compensation and Governance and Nominating Committees.
The members of the Board of Directors on the date of this Report and the Committees of the Board on which they serve are identified below:
Director
Audit Committee
Governance and
Nominating
Committee
Compensation Committee
Henry A. Butler
Robert A. Jakuszewski
X
X
Chair
Ted R. Munselle
Chair
X
X
Raymond D. Roberts, Sr.
X
Chair
X
Audit Committee. The Audit Committee is responsible for review and oversight of our operating and accounting procedures. Our Audit Committee charter is available on our Investor Relations website (www.transconrealty-invest.com). The Audit Committee is an “audit committee” for purposes of Section 3(a)(58) of the Exchange Act. All of the current members of the Audit Committee are independent within the meaning of the SEC Regulations, the listing standards of the NYSE and our Corporate Governance Guidelines. Ted R. Munselle, the chairman of our Audit Committee, is qualified as an Audit Committee financial expert within the meaning of SEC Regulations, and the Board has determined that he has accounting and related financial management expertise within the meaning of the listing standards of the NYSE. All of the members of the Audit Committee meet the experience requirements of the listing standards of the NYSE. The Audit Committee met five times during 2022.
Governance and Nominating Committee. The Governance and Nominating Committee is responsible for developing and implementing policies and practices relating to corporate governance, including reviewing and monitoring implementation of our Corporate Governance Guidelines. In addition, the Committee develops and reviews background information on candidates for the Board and makes recommendations to the Board regarding such candidates. The Committee also prepares and supervises the Board’s annual review of director independence and the Board’s performance self-evaluation. The Charter of the Governance and Nominating Committee was adopted on March 17, 2004 and is available on our Investor Relations Website. The Governance and Nominating Committee met two times during 2022.
Compensation Committee. The Compensation Committee is responsible for overseeing the policies of the Company relating to compensation to be paid by the Company to our principal executive officer and any other officers designated by the Board and make recommendations to the Board with respect to such policies, produce necessary reports and executive compensation for inclusion in our Proxy Statement in accordance with applicable rules and regulations and to monitor the development and implementation of succession plans for the principal executive officers and other key executives and make recommendations to the Board with respect to such plans. The charter of our Compensation Committee is available on our Investor Relations Website. All of the members of the Compensation Committee are independent within the meaning of the listing standards of the NYSE and our Corporate Governance Guidelines. The Compensation Committee is to be comprised of at least two directors who are independent of Management and the Company. The Compensation Committee met two times during 2022.
Presiding Director
The primary responsibility of our presiding director is to preside over periodic executive sessions of the Board in which any Management directors and other members of Management do not participate. The presiding director also advises the Chairman of the Board and, as appropriate, Committee Chairs with respect to agendas and information needs relating to Board and Committee meetings, provides advice with respect to the selection of Committee Chairs and performs other duties that the Board may from time to time delegate to assist the Board in fulfillment of its responsibilities.
The day following the annual meeting of stockholders held December 7, 2022 for all stockholders of record dated November 2, 2022, the full Board met and re-appointed Mr. Munselle as Presiding Director, to serve in such position until the Company’s next annual meeting of stockholders to be held subsequently in 2023.
Determination of Director’s Independence
Our Corporate Governance Guidelines (“Guidelines”) meet or exceed the new listing standards adopted during that year by the NYSE. The full text of our Guidelines can be found on our Investor Relations Website.
Pursuant to the Guidelines, the Board undertook its annual review of director independence in May 2022 and during this review, the Board considered transactions and relationships between each director or any member of his or her immediate family and the Company and its subsidiaries and related parties, including those reported under Certain Relationships and Related Transactions below. The Board also examined transactions and relationship between directors or their related parties and members of our senior management or their related parties. As provided in the Guidelines, the purpose of such review was to determine whether such relationships or transactions were inconsistent with the determination that the director is independent.
As a result of these reviews, the Board affirmatively determined of the then directors, Messrs. Butler, Munselle, Jakuszewski and Roberts are each independent of the Company and its Management under the standards set forth in the Corporate Governance Guidelines.
Executive Officers
Executive officers of the Company are listed below, all of whom are employed by Pillar. None of the executive officers receive any direct remuneration from the Company nor do any hold any options granted by the Company. Their positions with the Company are not subject to a vote of stockholders. In addition to the following executive officers, the Company has several vice presidents and assistant secretaries who are not listed herein. The ages, terms of service and all positions and offices with the Company, Pillar, other related entities, other principal occupations, business experience and directorships with other publicly-held companies during the last five years or more are set forth below. No family relationships exist among any of the executive officers or directors of the Company.
BRADLEY J. MUTH, 66
Mr. Muth has served as the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, ARL and IOR since December 16, 2021 and of Pillar since October 18, 2021. Prior to joining the Company, he served as Senior Managing Director, Capital Markets and Development of ValueRock Realty Partners, a national real estate investment services firm, focusing on value-ad commercial real estate throughout California, Hawaii and Arizona. Prior thereto, from December 2014 to June 2019, he was Senior Managing Director, Portfolio and Asset Management of Madison Marquette, a leading commercial real estate investment manager, service provider, developer and operator of real property. From 2012 to 2014, he was Chief Investment Officer of Buckingham Companies, a real estate investment firm engaged in the multifamily sector. Mr. Muth, from 1994 to 2012, was Managing Principal or Senior Managing Partner of ING/Concert Realty Partners, a real estate investment and operations firm. He is also a CPA.
ERIK L. JOHNSON, 55
Mr. Johnson has served as the Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company and ARL since December 16, 2021. He has also been Chief Financial Officer of Pillar since June 29, 2020. Prior to joining the Company, he served as Vice President of Financial Reporting at Macerich (NYSE: MAC) and has served as the Chief Accounting Officer of North American Scientific, Inc. He began his career as an auditor with PricewaterhouseCoopers and is a CPA.
LOUIS J. CORNA, 75
Mr. Corna has served as Executive Vice President, General Counsel/Tax Counsel and Secretary of the Company, ARL and IOR since February 2004. He has also been Executive Vice President since March 2011 and Secretary since December 2010 of Pillar. Mr. Corna was also a Director and Vice President from June 2004 to December 2010 and Secretary from January 2005 to December 2010 of First Equity Properties, Inc. He is also a CPA.
Code of Ethics
We have adopted a code of ethics entitled “Code of Business Conduct and Ethics” that applies to all directors, officers, and employees (including those of our Advisor). In addition, we have adopted a code of ethics entitled “Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers” that applies to the principal executive officer, president, principal financial officer, chief financial officer, chief accounting officer, and controller. The text of these documents has been posted on our Investor Relations Website and are available in print to any stockholder who requests them.
Compliance with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act
Under the securities laws of the United States, the directors, executive officers, and any persons holding more than 10% of our shares of Common stock are required to report their share ownership and any changes in that ownership to the SEC. Specific due dates for these reports have been established and we are required to report any failure to file by these dates. All of these filing requirements were satisfied by our directors, executive officers, and 10% holders during the fiscal year ending December 31, 2022. In making these statements, we have relied on the written representations of our incumbent directors and executive officers, 10% holders and copies of the reports that they have filed with the SEC.
The Advisor
Pillar has been our Advisor and Cash Manager since April 30, 2011. Although the Board of Directors is directly responsible for managing the affairs of the Company, and for setting the policies which guide it, our day-to-day operations are performed by Pillar, as the contractual advisor, under the supervision of the Board. Pillar’s duties include, but are not limited to, locating, evaluating and recommending real estate and real estate-related investment opportunities and arranging debt and equity financing for the Company with third party lenders and investors. Additionally, Pillar serves as a consultant to the Board with regard to their decisions in connection with our business plan and investment policy. Pillar also serves as an Advisor and Cash Manager to TCI and IOR. As the contractual advisor, Pillar is compensated under an Advisory Agreement that is more fully described in Part III, Item 10. “Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance - The Advisor”. We have no employees and as such, employees of Pillar render services to us in accordance with the terms of the Advisory Agreement.
Pillar is a Nevada corporation, the sole stockholder of which is Realty Advisors, LLC, a Nevada limited liability company, the sole member of which is RAI, a Nevada corporation, the sole shareholder of which is May Realty Holdings, Inc. ("MRHI"), he sole shareholder of which is a trust known as the May Trust. The beneficiaries of the May Trust are the children of the late Gene E. Phillips.
Under the Advisory Agreement, Pillar is required to annually formulate and submit, for Board approval, a budget and business plan containing a twelve-month forecast of operations and cash flow, a general plan for asset sales and purchases, lending, foreclosure and borrowing activity, and other investments. Pillar is required to report quarterly to the Board on the Company's performance against the business plan. In addition, all transactions require prior Board approval, unless they are explicitly provided for in the approved business plan or are made pursuant to authority expressly delegated to Pillar by the Board.
The Advisory Agreement also requires prior Board approval for the retention of all consultants and third party professionals, other than legal counsel. The Advisory Agreement provides that Pillar shall be deemed to be in a fiduciary relationship to our stockholders; contains a broad standard governing Pillar’s liability for losses incurred by us; and contains guidelines for Pillar’s allocation of investment opportunities as among itself, the Company and other entities it advises. Pillar is a company of which Messrs. Muth, Johnson and Corna serve as executive officers.
The Advisory Agreement provides for Pillar to be responsible for our day-to-day operations and to receive, as compensation for basic management and advisory services, a gross asset fee of 0.0625% per month (0.75% per annum) of the average of the gross asset value (total assets less allowance for amortization, depreciation or depletion and valuation reserves).
In addition to base compensation, Pillar receives the following forms of additional compensation:
(1) an annual net income fee equal to 7.5% of our net income as an incentive for successful investment and management of our assets;
(2) an annual incentive sales fee to encourage periodic sales of appreciated real property at optimum value equal to 10.0% of the amount, if any, by which the aggregate sales consideration for all real estate sold by us during such fiscal year exceeds the sum of:
(a) the cost of each such property as originally recorded in our books for tax purposes (without deduction for depreciation, amortization or reserve for losses);
(b) capital improvements made to such assets during the period owned; and
(c) all closing costs (including real estate commissions) incurred in the sale of such real estate; provided however, no incentive fee shall be paid unless (a) such real estate sold in such fiscal year, in the aggregate, has produced an 8.0% simple annual return on the net investment including capital improvements, calculated over the holding period before depreciation and inclusive of operating income and sales consideration, and (b) the aggregate net operating income from all real estate owned for each of the prior and current fiscal years shall be at least 5.0% higher in the current fiscal year than in the prior fiscal year;
(3) an acquisition commission, from an unaffiliated party of any existing mortgage or loan, for supervising the acquisition, purchase or long-term lease of real estate equal to the lesser of:
(a) up to 1.0% of the cost of acquisition, inclusive of commissions, if any, paid to non-affiliated brokers; or
(b) the compensation customarily charged in arm’s-length transactions by others rendering similar property acquisition services as an ongoing public activity in the same geographical location and for comparable property, provided that the aggregate purchase price of each property (including acquisition fees and real estate brokerage commissions) may not exceed such property’s appraised value at acquisition;
(4) a construction fee equal to 6.0% of the so-called “hard costs” only of any costs of construction on a completed basis, based upon amounts set forth as approved on any architect’s certificate issued in connection with such construction, which fee is payable at such time as the applicable architect certifies other costs for payment to third parties. The phrase “hard costs” means all actual costs of construction paid to contractors, subcontractors and third parties for materials or labor performed as part of the construction but does not include items generally regarded as “soft costs,” which are consulting fees, attorneys’ fees, architectural fees, permit fees and fees of other professionals; and
(5) reimbursement of certain expenses incurred by the advisor in the performance of advisory services.
The Advisory Agreement also provides that Pillar receive the following forms of compensation:
(1) a mortgage or loan acquisition fee with respect to the acquisition or purchase from an unaffiliated party of any existing mortgage loan by us equal to the lesser of:
(a) 1.0% of the amount of the mortgage or loan purchased; or
(b) a brokerage or commitment fee which is reasonable and fair under the circumstances. Such fee will not be paid in connection with the origination or funding of any mortgage loan by us; and
(2) a mortgage brokerage and equity refinancing fee for obtaining loans or refinancing on properties equal to the lesser of:
(a) 1.0% of the amount of the loan or the amount refinanced; or
(b) a brokerage or refinancing fee which is reasonable and fair under the circumstances; provided, however, that no such fee shall be paid on loans from Pillar, or a related party of Pillar, without the approval of our Board of Directors. No fee shall be paid on loan extensions.
Under the Advisory Agreement, all or a portion of the annual advisory fee must be refunded by the Advisor if our operating expenses (as defined in the Advisory Agreement) exceed certain limits specified in the Advisory Agreement based on our book value, net asset value and net income during the fiscal year.
The Advisory Agreement requires Pillar to pay us, one-half of any compensation received from third parties with respect to the origination, placement or brokerage of any loan made by us; provided, however, that the compensation retained by Pillar, or any affiliate of Pillar, shall not exceed the lesser of (1) 2.0% of the amount of the loan commitment or (2) a loan brokerage and commitment fee which is reasonable and fair under the circumstances.
The Advisory Agreement further provides that Pillar shall bear the cost of certain expenses of its employees, excluding fees paid to our Directors; rent and other office expenses of both Pillar and us (unless we maintain office space separate from that of Pillar); costs not directly identifiable to our assets, liabilities, operations, business or financial affairs; and miscellaneous administrative expenses relating to the performance by Pillar of its duties under the Advisory Agreement.
If and to the extent that we request Pillar, or any director, officer, partner, or employee of Pillar, to render services for us other than those required to be rendered by the Advisory Agreement, Pillar separately would be compensated for such additional services on terms to be agreed upon between such party and us from time to time.
We have a Cash Management Agreement with Pillar that provides that all of our funds are delivered to Pillar which has a deposit liability to us and is responsible for payment of all payables and investment of all excess funds which earn interest at the Wall Street Journal prime rate plus 1.0% per annum, as set quarterly on the first day of each calendar quarter. Borrowings for our benefit bear the same interest rate. The term of the Cash Management Agreement is coterminous with the Advisory Agreement, and is automatically renewed each year unless terminated with the Advisory Agreement. We believe that the terms of the Advisory Agreement are at least as fair as could be obtained from unaffiliated third parties.
Situations may develop in which our interests are in conflict with those of one or more directors or officers in their individual capacities, or of Pillar, or of their respective related parties. In addition to services performed for us, as described above, Pillar actively provides similar services as agent for, and advisor to, other real estate enterprises, including persons and entities involved in real estate development and financing, including ARL and TCI. The Advisory Agreement provides that Pillar may also serve as advisor to other entities.
As advisor, Pillar is a fiduciary of our public investors. In determining to which entity a particular investment opportunity will be allocated, Pillar will consider the respective investment objectives of each entity and the appropriateness of a particular investment in light of each such entity’s existing mortgage note and real estate portfolios and business plan. To the extent any particular investment opportunity is appropriate to more than one such entity, such investment opportunity will be allocated to the entity that has had funds available for investment for the longest period of time, or, if appropriate, the investment may be shared among various entities. Refer to Part III, Item 13 “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence”.
Pillar may assign the Advisory Agreement only with our prior consent.
The principal executive officers and directors of Pillar are set forth below:
Name
Officers
Bradley J. Muth
President and Chief Executive Officer
Erik L. Johnson
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Louis J. Corna
Executive Vice President and Secretary

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
We have no employees, payroll or benefit plans and pay no compensation to our executive officers. Our executive officers are also officers and employees of Pillar, our Advisor, and are compensated by Pillar. Such executive officers perform a variety of services for Pillar and the amount of their compensation is determined solely by Pillar. Pillar does not allocate the cash compensation of its officers among the various entities for which it serves as advisor. Refer to Item 10. “Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance” for a more detailed discussion of the compensation payable to Pillar by us.
The only remuneration paid by us is to our directors who are not officers or employees of Pillar or its related companies. The Independent Directors (1) review our business plan to determine that it is in the best interest of our stockholders, (2) review the advisory contract, (3) supervise the performance of the advisor and review the reasonableness of the compensation paid to the advisor in terms of the nature and quality of services performed, (4) review the reasonableness of our total fees and expenses and (5) select, when necessary, a qualified independent real estate appraiser to appraise properties acquired.
Except for Henry A. Butler, who is paid a fee per meeting attended, each non-affiliated Director is entitled to receive an annual retainer of $5,000, with the Chairman of the Audit Committee to receive a one-time annual fee of $500. Directors who are also employees of the Company or its advisor receive no additional compensation for service as a Director.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, $17,930 was paid to non-employee Directors in total Directors’ fees. The fees paid to the directors are as follows: Henry A. Butler $2,430; Robert A. Jakuszewski, $5,000; Ted R. Munselle, $5,500 and Raymond D. Roberts, Sr., $5,000.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners
The following table sets forth the ownership of our common stock, both beneficially and of record, both individually and in the aggregate, for those persons or entities known to be beneficial owners of more than 5.0% of the outstanding shares of our common stock as of the close of business on March 22, 2023.
Amount and
Nature of
Beneficial
Ownership*
Approximate
Percent
of Class**
Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc.
3,381,570
81.1%
1603 LBJ Freeway, Suite 800
Dallas, Texas 75234
* “Beneficial Ownership” means the sole or shared power to vote, or to direct the voting of, a security or investment power with respect to a security, or any combination thereof.
** Percentage is based upon 4,168,414 shares of Common stock outstanding at March 22, 2023.
Security Ownership of Management.
The following table sets forth the ownership of our common stock, both beneficially and of record, both individually and in the aggregate, for our directors and executive officers as of the close of business on March 22, 2023.
Name of Beneficial Owner
Amount and
Nature of
Beneficial
Ownership*
Approximate
Percent of Class**
Henry A. Butler
-
-%
Louis J. Corna
-
-%
Robert A. Jakuszewski
-
-%
Erik L. Johnson
-
-%
Ted R. Munselle
-
-%
Bradley J. Muth
-
-%
Raymond D. Roberts, Sr.
-
-%
All Directors and Executive Officers as a group (7 individuals)
-
-%
* Beneficial Ownership” means the sole power to vote, or to direct the voting of, a security or investment power with respect to a security, or any combination thereof.
** Percentages are based upon 4,168,414 shares of Common Stock outstanding at March 22, 2023.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
Policies with Respect to Certain Activities
Article 14 of our Articles of Incorporation provides that we shall not, directly or indirectly, contract or engage in any transaction with (1) any director, officer or employee of the Company, (2) any director, officer or employee of the advisor, (3) the advisor, or (4) any affiliate or associate (as such terms are defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act of any of the aforementioned persons, unless (a) the material facts as to the relationship among or financial interest of the relevant individuals or persons and as to the contract or transaction are disclosed to or are known by our Board of Directors or the appropriate committee thereof and (b)our Board of Directors or committee thereof determines that such contract or transaction is fair to the Company and simultaneously authorizes or ratifies such contract or transaction by the affirmative vote of a majority of our independent directors entitled to vote thereon.
Article 14 defines an “Independent Director” (for purposes of that Article) as one who is neither an officer or employee of the Company, nor a director, officer or employee of our advisor.
Our policy is to have such contracts or transactions approved or ratified by a majority of the disinterested Directors with full knowledge of the character of such transactions, as being fair and reasonable to the stockholders at the time of such approval or ratification under the circumstances then prevailing. Such Directors also consider the fairness of such transactions to the Company. We believes that, to date, such transactions have represented the best investments available at the time and they were at least as advantageous to us as other investments that could have been obtained.
We may enter into future transactions with entities, the officers, directors, or stockholders of which are also officers, directors, or stockholders of the Company, if such transactions would be beneficial to our operations and consistent with our then-current investment objectives and policies, subject to approval by a majority of disinterested Directors as discussed above.
We do not prohibit its officers, directors, stockholders, or related parties from engaging in business activities of the types conducted by the Company.
Certain Business Relationships
Pillar has been our Advisor and Cash Manager since April 30, 2011. Although the Board of Directors is directly responsible for managing our affairs, and for setting the policies which guide it, our day-to-day operations are performed by Pillar, as the contractual advisor, under the supervision of the Board. Pillar’s duties include, but are not limited to, locating, evaluating and recommending real estate and real estate-related investment opportunities and arranging debt and equity financing for the Company with third party lenders and investors. Additionally, Pillar serves as a consultant to the Board with regard to their decisions in connection with our business plan and investment policy. Pillar also serves as an Advisor and Cash Manager to ARL and IOR. As the contractual advisor, Pillar is compensated under an Advisory Agreement that is more fully described in Part III, Item 10. “Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance - The Advisor”. We have no employees and as such, employees of Pillar render services to us in accordance with the terms of the Advisory Agreement.
Pillar is owned by Realty Advisors, LLC, which is owned by RAI, which is owned by MRHI, which is owned by the May Trust.
All of our directors also serve as Directors of ARL and TCI. Our executive officers also serve as executive officers of TCI. As such, they owe fiduciary duties to that entity as well as to Pillar under applicable law. TCI has the same relationship with Pillar, as does the Company.
At December 31, 2022, TCI owned approximately 81.1% of the outstanding common shares of IOR.
We are part of a tax sharing and compensating agreement with respect to federal income taxes among ARL, TCI and IOR and their subsidiaries. In accordance with the agreement, our expense (benefit) in each year is calculated based on the amount of losses absorbed by taxable income multiplied by the maximum statutory tax rate of 21%.
We have a development agreement with Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. “UHF” a non-profit corporation that provides management services for the development of residential apartment projects in the future. We have also invested in surplus cash notes receivables from UHF and have sold several residential apartment properties to UHF in prior years. Due to this ongoing relationship and the significant investment in the performance of the collateral secured under the notes receivable, UHF has been determined to be a related party.
Related Party Transactions
The Company has historically engaged in and may continue to engage in certain business transactions with related parties, including but not limited to asset acquisition and dispositions. Transactions involving related parties cannot be presumed to be carried out on an arm’s length basis due to the absence of free market forces that naturally exist in business dealings between two or more unrelated entities. Related party transactions may not always be favorable to our business and may include terms, conditions and agreements that are not necessarily beneficial to or in the best interest of our company.
In 2022, we paid Pillar advisory fees of $1.2 million and cost reimbursements of $0.3 million.
As of December 31, 2022, the we had notes and interest receivables of $11.2 million and $0.7 million, respectively, due from related parties. Refer to Part 2, Item 8. Note 3 - Notes Receivable of our consolidated financial statements. During the current period, we recognized interest income of $1.0 million and received $0.0 million principal payments from these related party notes receivables.
From time to time, we have made advances and/or borrowing to/from other related parties, which generally have not had specific repayment terms, did not bear interest, are unsecured, and have been reflected our financial statements as other assets or other liabilities. We charge interest on the outstanding balance of funds advanced from us. The interest rate, set at the beginning of each quarter, is the prime rate plus 1.0% on the average daily cash balances advanced. At December 31, 2022, we had a receivable from related parties of $100.1 million.
Director Independence
See “Determination of Director Independence” under Item 10 above to which reference is made.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we were billed by Swalm & Associates, P.C. for services in the following categories:
Audit Fees. Fees for audit services were $37,750 and $45,135 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. These are fees for professional services performed by the principal auditor for the audit of the Company’s annual financial statements and review of financial statements included in the Company’s 10-Q filings and services that are normally provided in connection with statutory and regulatory filing or engagement.
Audit-Related Fees. No fees for audit-related services were paid for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. These are fees for assurance and related services performed by the principal auditor that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit or review of the Company’s financial statements. These services include attestations by the principal auditor that are not required by statute or regulation and consulting on financial accounting/reporting standards.
Tax Fees. No fees for tax services were paid for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.. These are fees for professional services performed by the principal auditor with respect to tax compliance, tax planning, tax consultation, returns preparation and review of returns.
All Other Fees. No other fees were paid for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. These are fees for other permissible work performed by the principal auditor that do not meet the above category descriptions.
All services rendered by the principal auditors are permissible under applicable laws and regulations and were pre-approved by either the Board of Directors or the Audit Committee, as required by law. The fees paid to the principal auditors for the services described in the above table fall under the categories listed below:
These services are actively monitored (as to both spending level and work content) by the Audit Committee to maintain the appropriate objectivity and independence in the principal auditor’s core work, which is the audit of the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
The Audit Committee has established policies and procedures for the approval and pre-approval of audit services and permitted non-audit services. The Audit Committee has the responsibility to engage and terminate our independent auditors, to pre-approve their performance of audit services and permitted non-audit services, to approve all audit and non-audit fees, and to set guidelines for permitted non-audit services and fees. All fees for December 31, 2022 and 2021 were pre-approved by the Audit Committee or were within the pre-approved guidelines for permitted non-audit services and fees established by the Audit Committee, and there were no instances of waiver of approved requirements or guidelines during the same periods.
Our Audit Committee has adopted a pre-approval policy of audit and non-audit services (the “Policy”), which sets forth the procedures and conditions pursuant to which services to be performed by the independent auditor are to be pre-approved. Consistent with the SEC rules establishing two different approaches to pre-approving non-prohibited services, the Policy of the Audit Committee covers Pre-approval of audit services, audit-related services, international administration tax services, non-U.S. income tax compliance services, pension and benefit plan consulting and compliance services, and U.S. tax compliance and planning. At the beginning of each fiscal year, the Audit Committee will evaluate other known potential engagements of the independent auditor, including the scope of work proposed to be performed and the proposed fees, and will approve or reject each service, taking into account whether services are permissible under applicable law and the possible impact of each non-audit service on the independent auditor’s independence from management. Typically, in addition to the generally pre-approved services, other services would include due diligence for an acquisition that may or may not have been known at the beginning of the year. The Audit Committee has also delegated to any member of the Audit Committee designated by the Board or the financial expert member of the Audit Committee responsibilities to pre-approve services to be performed by the independent auditor not exceeding $25,000 in value or cost per engagement of audit and non-audit services, and such authority may only be exercised when the Audit Committee is not in session.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a) The following documents are filed as part of this Report:
a. Financial Statements
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020
Notes to Financial Statements
b. Financial Statement Schedules
Schedule IV-Mortgage Loan Receivables on Real Estate
c. Exhibits
The following documents are filed as Exhibits to this Report:
3.1 Certificate of Restatement of Articles of Incorporation of Income Opportunity Realty Investors, Inc., dated August 3, 2000 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.0 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2000).
3.2 Certificate of Correction of Restated Articles of Incorporation of Income Opportunity Realty Investors, Inc., dated August 29, 2000 (incorporate by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2000).
3.3 Articles of Amendment to the Restated Articles of Incorporation of Income Opportunity Realty Investors, Inc. decreasing the number of authorized shares of and eliminating Series B Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock dated August 26, 2003 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2003).
3.4 Articles of Amendment to the Restated Articles of Incorporation of Income Opportunity Realty Investors, Inc. decreasing the number of authorized shares of and eliminating Series I Cumulative Preferred Stock dated October 1, 2003 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2003).
3.5 By-laws of Income Opportunity Realty Investors, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-4, filed on December 30, 1999).
4.1 Certificate of Designations, Preferences and Relative Participating or Optional or Other Special Rights, and Qualifications, Limitations or Restrictions Thereof of Series F Redeemable Preferred Stock of Income Opportunity Realty Investors, Inc., dated June 11, 2001 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2001).
4.2 Certificate of Withdrawal of Preferred Stock, Decreasing the Number of Authorized Shares of and Eliminating Series F Redeemable Preferred Stock, dated June 18, 2002 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.0 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2002).
4.3 Certificate of Designation, Preferences and Rights of the Series I Cumulative Preferred Stock of Income Opportunity Realty Investors, Inc., dated February 3, 2003 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2002).
4.4 Certificate of Designation for Nevada Profit Corporations designating the Series J 8% Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock as filed with the Secretary of State of Nevada on March 16, 2006 (incorporated by reference to Registrant current report on Form 8-K for event of March 16, 2006).
10.1 Advisory Agreement between Income Opportunity Realty Investors, Inc. and Pillar Income Asset Management, LLC, dated April 30, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.0 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated April 30, 2011).
10.2 Second Amendment to Modification of Stipulation of Settlement dated October 17, 2001 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-4, dated February 24, 2002).
14.0 Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 14.0 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2004).
21.1* Subsidiaries of the Registrant.
31.1* Rule 13a-14(a) Certification by Principal Executive and Financial Officer.
32.1* Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
* Filed herewith.