EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 89089
Filing Year: 2024
Filename: 89089_10-K_2024_0000089089-24-000011.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1. Business
General
We are North America’s largest provider of deathcare products and services, with a network of funeral service locations and cemeteries unequaled in geographic scale and reach. At December 31, 2023, we operated 1,483 funeral service locations and 489 cemeteries (including 305 funeral service/cemetery combination locations), which are geographically diversified across 44 states, eight Canadian provinces, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.
We are well known for our Dignity Memorial® brand, North America's first transcontinental brand of deathcare products and services. Our other brands include Dignity Planning™, National Cremation Society®, Advantage® Funeral and Cremation Services, Funeraria del Angel™, Making Everlasting Memories®, Neptune Society™ and Trident Society™. Our funeral service and cemetery operations consist of funeral service locations, cemeteries, funeral service/cemetery combination locations, crematoria, and other related businesses, which enable us to serve a wide array of customer needs. We sell cemetery property and funeral and cemetery merchandise and services at the time of need and on a preneed basis.
Human Capital Management
At December 31, 2023, we employed 17,612 full-time individuals and 7,310 part-time individuals. Of the full-time associates, 14,840 were employed in the funeral and cemetery operations and 2,772 were employed in corporate or other overhead areas of our business. Approximately 2.5% of our associates are represented by unions. Although labor disputes occur from time to time, relations with associates are generally considered favorable. We reach out to our associates for feedback throughout their employment at SCI using a variety of voluntary surveys ensuring we are meeting the needs and expectations of our workforce.
Associate Benefits
Eligible associates in the United States may elect coverage under our group health and life insurance plans. Associates covered by a collective bargaining agreement are typically covered by union health plans and, therefore, do not participate in our health insurance plan. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were 9,779 and 9,478 associates, respectively, who had elected to participate in our group health insurance plans.
Eligible associates in the United States are covered by retirement plans of SCI or various subsidiaries, while Canadian associates are covered by other SCI (or SCI subsidiary) defined contribution or government-mandated benefit plans. We have an employee savings plan that qualifies under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code for the exclusive benefit of our United States employees. We contribute a matching contribution based on the employee's contribution and years of vesting service. For more information about our retirement plans, see Note 12 of Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
We understand the importance of work-life balance and provide other benefits such as baby bonding time, paid time-off for various reasons, and financial planning support for our associates. Additionally, we offer an employee assistance program that offers free and confidential counseling by masters level counselors for associates who may be facing mental health challenges.
Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
We believe in the power of inclusion and respecting our fellow associates’ work, ideas, beliefs, and lifestyles. Our Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) Committee, which is a cross-functional team of associates, has been key to the development of programs such as our inclusive leadership training and Associate Resource Communities (ARCs). The ARCs allow colleagues with similar backgrounds or interests to connect for networking, provide opportunities for mentorship, and support the communities and customers we serve. Our leadership team is committed to advancing inclusion and diversity within the workplace. Embracing the many backgrounds and perspectives that make each of us unique allows us to remain relevant to the diverse families we serve. We maintain a DEI senior management position to support the Company's belief that diversity of talent and people is a key driver of better business outcomes.
FORM 10-K 5
PART I
Training and Development
We provide opportunities for career growth and supporting the personal and professional goals of our associates is a priority for us. In addition to development programs and a robust online training portal offering thousands of courses, books, audiobooks, and videos, associates can participate in mentoring programs and take advantage of discounts and tuition reimbursement through our many university partnerships. We are also proud to offer scholarship and apprentice programs to those interested in joining our profession.
Regulation
Our funeral operations are regulated by the Federal Trade Commission (the “FTC”) under the FTC’s Trade Regulation Rule on Funeral Industry Practices (the “Funeral Rule”), which went into effect in 1984. The Funeral Rule defines certain acts or practices as unfair or deceptive and contains certain requirements to prevent these acts or practices. The preventive measures require a funeral provider to give consumers accurate, itemized price information as well as various other disclosures about funeral merchandise and services and prohibit a funeral provider from making misrepresentations and engaging in deceptive or unfair practices.
Our operations are also subject to regulation, supervision, and licensing under numerous federal, state, and local laws and regulations as well as Canadian provincial laws and regulations. For example, state laws impose licensing requirements for funeral service locations and funeral directors and regulate preneed sales including our preneed trust activities. Our facilities are subject to environmental, health, and safety regulations. We take various measures to comply with the Funeral Rule and all laws and regulations. For example, we have established and maintain policies and procedures around our business practices; we provide training of our personnel; and we perform ongoing reviews of our compliance efforts. We are currently in substantial compliance with the Funeral Rule and all laws and regulations.
Federal, state, and local legislative bodies and regulatory agencies (including Canadian legislative bodies and agencies) frequently propose new laws and regulations, some of which could have a material effect on our operations and on the deathcare industry in general. We cannot accurately predict the outcome of any proposed legislation or regulation or the effect that any such legislation or regulation might have on us.
History
We were incorporated in Texas in July of 1962. Our original business plan was based on efficiencies of scale, specifically reducing overhead costs by sharing resources such as preparation services, back office administration support, transportation, and personnel among funeral service locations in a business “cluster.” We set out to apply this operating strategy through the acquisition of deathcare businesses in other markets over the next three decades. Beginning in 1993, we expanded beyond North America, acquiring major deathcare companies internationally.
During the mid to late 1990s, acquisitions of deathcare facilities became extremely competitive, resulting in increased prices for acquisitions and substantially reduced returns on invested capital. In 1999, we significantly reduced our level of acquisition activity and divested certain of our international businesses and many North American funeral service locations and cemeteries. At the same time, we began to capitalize on the strength of our network by introducing to North America the first transcontinental brand of deathcare services and products - Dignity Memorial® (see www.dignitymemorial.com). Information contained on our website is not part of this report.
In late 2006, we began a series of strategic acquisitions through 2013 by acquiring Alderwoods Group, Keystone North America, The Neptune Society, Inc. (Neptune), also now known as SCI Direct, and Stewart Enterprises, Inc. (Stewart). We continue to pursue strategic acquisitions and complete divestitures of non-strategic funeral homes and cemeteries. See Strategies for Growth within Part I, Item 1. Business for more information on how we invest capital to grow our business.
Funeral and Cemetery Operations
Our funeral service and cemetery operations consist of funeral service locations, cemeteries, funeral service/cemetery combination locations, crematoria, and other related businesses. See Note 13 in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, for financial information about our business segments and geographic areas.
We have the largest number of combination locations in North America. Funeral service/cemetery combination locations are businesses in which a funeral service location is physically located within or adjoining a cemetery that we own. Combination locations allow certain facility, personnel, and equipment costs to be shared between the funeral service location and a cemetery location. Combination facilities typically are more cost competitive and have a higher gross margin than funeral and cemetery operations that are operated separately. Combination locations also create synergies between funeral and cemetery sales personnel and give families added convenience to purchase both funeral and cemetery merchandise and services at a single location.
Funeral service locations provide all professional services related to funerals and cremations, including the use of funeral home facilities and motor vehicles, arranging and directing services, removal, preparation, embalming, cremations, memorialization, and catering. Funeral merchandise, including burial caskets and related accessories, urns and other cremation receptacles, outer burial containers, flowers, online and video tributes, stationery products, casket and cremation memorialization products, and other ancillary merchandise, is sold at funeral service locations.
6 Service Corporation International
PART I
Our cemeteries provide cemetery property interment rights, including developed lots, lawn crypts, mausoleum spaces, niches, and other cremation memorialization and interment options. Cemetery merchandise and services, including memorial cemetery markers and bases, outer burial containers, flowers and floral placement, other ancillary merchandise, graveside services, merchandise installation, and interments, are sold at our cemeteries.
We also sell cemetery property interment rights and funeral and cemetery merchandise and services whereby a customer contractually agrees to the terms of certain products and services to be delivered and performed in the future. We define these sales as preneed sales. As a result of such preneed sales, our preneed backlog of unfulfilled funeral and cemetery contracts was $14.8 billion and $13.7 billion at December 31, 2023 and 2022.
The following table at December 31, 2023 provides the number of our funeral service locations and cemeteries by country, and by state, territory, or province:
Country, State/Territory/Province Number of Funeral Service Locations Number of Cemeteries Total
United States
Alabama 34 13 47
Arizona 31 11 42
Arkansas 12 3 15
California 172 42 214
Colorado 29 11 40
Connecticut 21 - 21
Delaware - 1 1
District of Columbia 1 - 1
Florida 135 62 197
Georgia 31 18 49
Hawaii 8 3 11
Idaho 1 - 1
Illinois 41 27 68
Indiana 50 14 64
Iowa 6 2 8
Kansas 8 5 13
Kentucky 11 4 15
Louisiana 33 11 44
Maine 10 - 10
Maryland 15 13 28
Massachusetts 27 - 27
Michigan 40 - 40
Minnesota 8 2 10
Mississippi 12 3 15
Missouri 25 10 35
Nebraska 8 2 10
Nevada 15 6 21
New Hampshire 5 - 5
New Jersey 21 - 21
New Mexico 1 - 1
New York 52 - 52
North Carolina 47 17 64
Ohio 48 14 62
FORM 10-K 7
PART I
Country, State/Territory/Province Number of Funeral Service Locations Number of Cemeteries Total
Oklahoma 13 7 20
Oregon 15 4 19
Pennsylvania 25 16 41
Puerto Rico 6 9 15
Rhode Island 6 - 6
South Carolina 12 9 21
Tennessee 43 18 61
Texas 162 65 227
Utah 4 3 7
Virginia 37 24 61
Washington 35 15 50
West Virginia 6 6 12
Wisconsin - 7 7
Canada
Alberta 9 - 9
British Columbia 36 9 45
Manitoba 4 3 7
New Brunswick 5 - 5
Nova Scotia 12 - 12
Ontario 42 - 42
Quebec 40 - 40
Saskatchewan 13 - 13
Total funeral service locations and cemeteries 1,483 489 1,972
We believe we have satisfactory title to the properties owned and used in our business, subject to various liens, encumbrances, and easements that are incidental to ownership rights and uses and do not materially detract from the value of the property. At December 31, 2023, we owned approximately 90% of the real estate and buildings used at our facilities, and the remainder of the facilities were leased under both financing and operating leases. At December 31, 2023, our 489 cemeteries contained a total of approximately 35,500 acres, of which approximately 66% was developed. Interment rights for approximately 2,000 acres of the developed acreage are unsold.
Our corporate headquarters are located at 1929 Allen Parkway, Houston, Texas 77019. The property consists of approximately 160,000 square feet of office space and 185,000 square feet of parking space on approximately seven acres. We own a building in Jefferson, Louisiana with approximately 96,200 square feet of office space that we use, in part, for corporate activities.
8 Service Corporation International
PART I
A map of our locations in North America is presented below:
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PART I
Competition
Although there are several public companies that own funeral service locations and cemeteries, the majority of deathcare businesses in North America are locally-owned, independent operations. We estimate that our funeral and cemetery market share in North America is approximately 16% based on estimated total industry revenue. Our funeral business has low to moderate barriers to entry, whereas the cemetery business barriers to entry are high due to the requirement of land and permitting along with the requirement of sufficient capital to develop cemetery property. The success of a single funeral service location or cemetery in any community is a function of the name, reputation, and location of that funeral service location or cemetery. Competitive pricing, professional service and attention, and well-maintained locations are also important.
We have an unparalleled network of funeral service locations and cemeteries that offers high quality products and services at prices that are competitive with local competing funeral service locations, cemeteries, and retail locations. Within this network, our funeral service locations and cemeteries operate under various names as most operations were acquired as existing businesses. We have co-branded the majority of our operations under the name Dignity Memorial®. Our branding strategy gives us a strategic advantage and identity in the industry. While this branding process is intended to emphasize our seamless national network of funeral service locations and cemeteries, the original names associated with acquired operations, and their inherent goodwill and heritage, generally remain the same. For example, Geo. H. Lewis & Sons Funeral Directors is now Geo. H. Lewis & Sons Funeral Directors, a Dignity Memorial® provider.
Strategies for Growth
We are the largest consolidated deathcare company in North America and are well positioned for long-term profitable growth. Like most businesses world-wide, the outbreak of a novel strain of coronavirus (COVID-19) impacted various aspects of our business operations. However, our fundamental strategy has not changed. Over the next several years, our industry will be largely shaped by the aging of the Baby Boomer generation in the deathcare space which we are poised to benefit from. In each stage of life, Baby Boomers have set new trends, transformed society, and redefined norms, and we are already seeing the impact on our industry. Over the last five years, we have seen the impact of the Baby Boomers through the growth in both our preneed cemetery sales production and our preneed funeral production. We expect to see a similar impact on our atneed results as these preneed contracts mature. In every aspect of our business, we are listening and responding to our customer’s changing needs and leveraging our scale to deliver unparalleled experiences - both digitally and in person - to meet those changing needs.
The following strategies remain the core of our foundation: 1) grow revenue, 2) leverage our unparalleled scale, and 3) invest capital. While these strategies remain unchanged, a shift to increased utilization of technology during the COVID-19 pandemic has influenced how we serve our customers and how we invest our capital.
Grow Revenue
We plan to remain relevant to our customers as their preferences evolve through a combination of price, product, and service differentiation strategies to facilitate revenue growth. We also expect that continued growth in our preneed sales will drive future revenue expansion.
Remaining Relevant to the Customer
Remaining relevant to our customer is key to generating revenue growth in a changing customer environment. We are constantly evolving to meet the varying preferences and needs of our customers. Whether choosing burial or cremation, the Baby Boomers are redefining the traditional funeral by transitioning away from solemnly mourning a death to a personalized celebration of life ceremony. We responded to this trend by spending capital to repurpose traditional casket selection rooms to event rooms that can accommodate a celebration, while also updating existing locations to more contemporary, uplifting spaces. We are offering a customer-friendly digital presentation of options that allows the customer to choose merchandise and services including unique celebration, catering, and celebrant services.
In our funeral segment, we focus on merchandise and services that are meaningful to both our burial and cremation customers. The growing trend of cremation has resulted in new product and service offerings, including cremation-specific service packages, which may or may not include memorialization. In addition, we have focused on making the entire cremation experience more meaningful for families, from the first point of contact to the delivery of a loved one’s ashes to the family.
In our cemetery segment, we continue to grow revenue by responding to the customer’s desire for personalized and unique options by expanding our tiered product and cemetery property options. Over the past several years, we have substantially increased our property options to offer many unique choices. From high-end family estates, which capture incredible views, to nicely landscaped hedge estates, we continue to develop property selections that resonate with our customers. For cemetery merchandise and services, we have developed innovative products such as recurring floral placements, customized cemetery property offerings, and specialized graveside service options. We continue to embrace cremation opportunities for customers in our cemetery segment by offering an increased variety of cremation property options, including glass-front niches and scattering gardens.
10 Service Corporation International
PART I
As we evolve to meet ever-changing customer preferences, we will continue catering to the numerous religious, ethnic, and cultural traditions important to many of our customers. We have remained flexible to meet the varying needs of customers, demonstrating our resolve to remain relevant to changing customer preferences.
Growing Preneed Sales
Our preneed sales program drives current and future revenue growth. Baby Boomers have been influencing our cemetery preneed sales for several years and are beginning to positively affect the growth of our preneed funeral sales programs. Our highly trained sales force of approximately 3,800 counselors provide customers with informed guidance about various service and merchandise options tailored for today’s consumers. Utilizing our scale, our counselors are reaching out to consumers through multiple lead channels, driving future revenue growth. We sponsor community events and seminars to educate and provide guidance around preplanning both funeral and cemetery services and merchandise. We have adopted a more sophisticated and targeted marketing approach, and we continue increasing our digital presence through search engine optimization and other marketing channels. We have a unique competitive advantage to continue growing preneed sales benefiting from our size and scale. Our preneed program provides us with an opportunity to develop greater brand awareness, gives consumers peace of mind about their end of life arrangements, and secures future market share. In addition, our increased digital presence has provided significant growth in our digital lead channels over the last several years.
Leverage Our Unparalleled Scale
As the largest deathcare company in North America, we leverage our scale by developing our sales organization and optimizing the use of our network using technology, which benefits our preneed backlog. Our scale enables cost efficiencies through purchasing power and utilizing economies of scale through our supply chain channel. During the COVID-19 pandemic, we were able to continue to operate without any major disruptions to our business, which highlights the strength of our scale.
Developing Our Sales Organization
Over the last several years, we have continued to invest significantly in the development of our sales organization with best in class tools and technologies. These investments include a customer relationship management system, which drives improvements in productivity and sales production by leveraging data analytics, rigorous lead tracking, and effective follow-up campaigns. We continue to diversify our sales force to understand and cater to the numerous religious, ethnic, and cultural traditions important to our customers. Our premier combination locations and other large and recognizable cemeteries and funeral homes attract high-quality sales talent. Our scale allows us to operate and expand our sales organization in a manner that would be difficult for our competitors to replicate.
Optimizing Our Network and Deploying Customer-Facing Technology
We continue driving operating discipline and leveraging our scale through standardizing processes and capitalizing on new technologies to improve the customer experience. Our advancements in technology are changing the way we present our product and service offerings to customers. Our atneed point of sale system, HMIS+, uses a digital platform enabled with high resolution video and photographs to create a seamless presentation of our products and service offerings. Our mobile preneed sales system, Beacon, provides customers with a full digital presentation experience in their home or other place of their choosing.
Our Dignity Memorial® location websites feature a modern and user-friendly design. Our location-specific websites are designed for mobile use and optimized for better search engine ranking. In addition to the contemporary and sophisticated design, client families enjoy innovative features such as an interactive obituary experience, the ability to create and share personalized content in memory of their loved one, the ability to see venues, catering options, online pricing, and new self-service options like scheduling an appointment online.
We have reduced the time it takes to receive customer feedback through digital surveys. Online reviews provide visibility of customer engagement down to the location level and shorten our response time in addressing any customer concerns. We have established a social media presence for many of our funeral and cemetery businesses, including the ability to livestream services at many of our locations. These digital efforts have resulted in favorable customer satisfaction ratings and increased digital sales leads over the last several years.
Through the COVID-19 pandemic, we learned valuable lessons around our ability to quickly deploy customer-facing technology. Our associates and client families embraced an increasingly digital world, as we utilized various online tools to complete sales and meet families. We are encouraged by the increased digitization and we are making great strides with internal projects leveraging technology and simplifying nearly every facet of service delivery.
Growing Our Preneed Backlog
Our preneed backlog, which includes both insurance and trust-funded merchandise and service products, allows us to grow future revenue in a more stable and efficient manner than selling at the time of need. The scale of our multi-billion dollar trust portfolios allows us to leverage access to preeminent money managers with favorable fee structures generating above average returns to help offset inflation. Our blended funding approach between insurance and trust-funded merchandise and service products allows us to combine the positive cash flow and predictability of the insurance product with the potential upside of higher returns from our trusted merchandise and service products. This blended approach also helps our ability to grow our preneed backlog in a cash flow neutral manner.
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PART I
Capital Allocation
We consistently evaluate the best uses of our cash flow that will yield the highest value and return on capital. Our strong liquidity, favorable debt maturity profile, and robust cash flow generation enables us to continue our long-standing commitment to allocate capital to opportunistically grow our business and enhance shareholder value. Typically, our highest relative return opportunities come from acquisitions and funeral service and cemetery new builds.
Investing in Acquisitions and Building New Funeral Service and Cemetery Locations
We manage our footprint by focusing on strategic acquisitions and building new funeral service and cemetery locations where the expected returns are attractive and meaningfully exceed our weighted average cost of capital. We target businesses with favorable customer dynamics and locations where we can achieve additional economies of scale. Over the last several years, we have deployed significant growth capital spend on new funeral service locations, enlarging our footprint into new communities as well as expanding existing locations to remain relevant to our customers. For our cemetery businesses, we plan to pursue strategic acquisitions to create more opportunities to serve Baby Boomers through our tiered cemetery options. Additionally, we acquire land for future cemetery development in some of our largest markets. This investment in our future will allow us to continue creating cemetery offerings that appeal to varying preferences in those markets for many years to come. We invested $72.5 million in acquiring 17 funeral service locations and 2 cemeteries in 2023.
Return Excess Cash to Shareholders
Absent any strategic acquisition or new build opportunities, we intend to return excess cash to shareholders through dividends and our share repurchase program. Our quarterly dividend rate has steadily grown from $0.025 per common share in 2005 to $0.29 per common share at the end of 2023. We target a dividend payout ratio of 30% to 40% of after-tax earnings excluding special items and intend to grow our cash dividend commensurate with the growth in our business. We also expect to continue to repurchase shares of our common stock in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions, subject to market conditions, debt covenants, and normal trading restrictions. There can be no assurance that we will buy our common stock under our repurchase program in the future. In 2023, we repurchased 8,700,767 shares of our common stock at an aggregate cost of $549.6 million, which is an average cost per share of $63.17. In 2022, we repurchased 10,356,250 shares of our common stock at an aggregate cost of $661.1 million, which is an average cost per share of $63.84. Subsequent to December 31, 2023, we repurchased 310,581 shares for $20.93 million at an average cost per share of $67.39.
Managing Debt
We continue to focus on maintaining optimal levels of liquidity and financial flexibility. Our flexible capital strategy allows us to manage our debt maturity profile by making open market debt repurchases when it is opportunistic to do so. We generate a relatively consistent annual cash flow stream that is generally resistant to down economic cycles. This cash flow stream and our significant liquidity allow us to substantially reduce our long-term debt maturities should we choose to do so. In January 2023, we entered into a new bank credit agreement that consists of a $675.0 million Term Loan due January 2028 and an increased Bank Credit Facility due January 2028 providing for borrowings of up to $1.5 billion. Proceeds from this new bank credit agreement were used to settle our existing Term Loan and Bank Credit Facility due May 2024. Our new bank credit agreement provides us with flexibility for incremental liquidity, capital investment, working capital, and other general corporate purposes.
Other
We make available free of charge, on or through our website, our annual, quarterly, and current reports and any amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after electronically filing such reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Our website is http://www.sci-corp.com and our telephone number is (713) 522-5141. We also post announcements, updates, events and investor information and presentations on our website in addition to copies of all recent news releases. We may use the Investors section of our website to communicate with investors. It is possible that the financial and other information posted there could be deemed material information. Each of our Board of Directors’ standing committee charters, our Corporate Governance Guidelines, our Code of Ethics for Board Members, and our Code of Conduct for Officers and Employees are available, free of charge, through our website or, upon request, in print. We will post on our internet website all waivers to, or amendments of, our Code of Conduct for Officers and Employees, which are required to be disclosed by applicable law and New York Stock Exchange listing standards. Information contained on our website is not part of this report. In addition, the SEC also maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers where you may obtain a copy of all of the material we file publicly with the SEC. The SEC website address is http://www.sec.gov.
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PART I
Executive Officers of the Company
The following table sets forth, as of February 13, 2024, the name and age of each executive officer of the Company, the office held, and the year first elected an officer.
Officer Name Age Position Year First
Became Officer
Thomas L. Ryan 58 Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer, and President 1999
Sumner J. Waring, III 55 Senior Vice President, Chief Operating Officer 2002
Eric D. Tanzberger 55 Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer 2000
Lori Spilde 53 Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary 2019
Elisabeth G. Nash 62 Senior Vice President, Operations Services 2004
John H. Faulk 48 Senior Vice President, Revenue and Business Development 2010
Steven A. Tidwell 62 Senior Vice President, Sales and Marketing 2010
Tammy R. Moore 56 Vice President and Corporate Controller 2010
Mr. Ryan was elected Chairman of the Board of SCI effective in January 2016, appointed Chief Executive Officer in February 2005, and President in 2002. He joined the Company in 1996 and served in a variety of financial management roles until November 2000, when he was asked to serve as Chief Executive Officer of European Operations based in Paris, France. In July 2002, Mr. Ryan returned to the United States where he was appointed President and Chief Operating Officer of SCI. Before joining SCI, Mr. Ryan was a certified public accountant with Coopers & Lybrand LLP for eight years. He holds a bachelor's degree in business administration from the University of Texas at Austin. Mr. Ryan serves as a member of the University of Texas McCombs Business School Advisory Council and is a senior member of the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Board of Visitors.
Mr. Waring, Senior Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, is responsible for North American Operations. He joined SCI in 1996 as Area Vice President of Operations when SCI acquired his family's funeral business. He was appointed President of the Northeast Region in 1999 and President of the Pacific Region in September 2001. In September 2002, Mr. Waring was appointed Vice President, Western Operations, a position he held until May 2004 when he was appointed Vice President, Major Market Operations. He was promoted to Senior Vice President in 2006. In May 2015, Mr. Waring's responsibilities were expanded to include all operations in North America. Mr. Waring holds a bachelor's degree in business administration from Stetson University, a degree in mortuary science from Mount Ida College, and a master's degree in business administration from the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. Mr. Waring serves on the Board of Directors of BankFive and the Greater Houston Partnership.
Mr. Tanzberger was appointed Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in June 2006 and also served as Treasurer from July 2007 to February 2017. Mr. Tanzberger joined the Company in August 1996 and held various management positions prior to being promoted to Corporate Controller in August 2002. In 2022, his responsibilities were expanded to include information technology. Before joining SCI, Mr. Tanzberger began his financial career at Coopers and Lybrand LLP. Mr. Tanzberger holds a Bachelor of Business Administration degree from the University of Notre Dame. Mr. Tanzberger is currently a member of the Board of Directors and Chair of the Audit Committee of Sanara MedTech Inc. (NASDAQ: SMTI). He is also a current member of the Executive Committee and the Audit Committee Chair of the United Way of Greater Houston. Mr. Tanzberger is a former member of the Board of Trustees of Junior Achievement of Southeast Texas and the National Funeral Directors Association Funeral Service Foundation.
Ms. Spilde was named Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary in 2023. She joined SCI in 2000 with the acquisition of American Memorial Life Insurance. She began her tenure with the Company in operations. In 2006, she was promoted and her role shifted to managing legal affairs for Mergers & Acquisitions, Antitrust, and Real Estate. In 2018, her role was expanded to include oversight of Company SEC filings and responsibility for the corporate secretarial function. She was promoted to her previous role as Vice President and Deputy General Counsel in 2019. Ms. Spilde holds a master's degree in business administration from The University of Texas. She also earned Juris Doctor, Master of Arts, and bachelor's degrees from the University of South Dakota.
Ms. Nash was named Senior Vice President of Operations Services in 2010 and is currently responsible for a variety of support functions, including human resources, supply chain, centralized operations and program management. Prior to that she was Vice President of Process Improvement and Technology, where she led the redefinition of our field and home office processes and systems. Before joining SCI, Ms. Nash served in various senior management accounting and financial positions with Pennzoil Corp. She holds a bachelor's degree in business administration in accounting from Texas A&M University. Ms. Nash serves as Chair of the Board of Directors of Genesys Works Houston.
Mr. Faulk was named Senior Vice President of Revenue and Business Development in 2018. He joined SCI in March 2010 as Vice President, Business Development, to oversee the Company's strategic growth, including mergers and acquisitions, real estate, and construction. His promotion in 2018 expanded his role to include setting direction for the company’s pricing and cemetery development functions. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Faulk worked for Bain & Company, Inc. where he helped Fortune 500 Companies and specialty retailers identify profit growth opportunities and achieve strong operating results. He
FORM 10-K 13
PART I
holds a master's degree in business administration from the Darden Graduate School of Business at the University of Virginia and a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from the University of Virginia.
Mr. Tidwell was named Senior Vice President of Sales and Marketing in 2018 and is responsible for leading all areas of sales and marketing for SCI. He joined SCI as Vice President, Main Street Market Operations, in March 2010 and was promoted to Senior Vice President of Sales and Merchandising in 2012. As a co-founder of Keystone North America, Inc., Mr. Tidwell served as its President and Chief Executive Officer from May 2007 until it was acquired by SCI in March 2010. In his role, Mr. Tidwell worked closely with Keystone's Senior Leadership Team to develop and implement organic growth strategies as well as external growth and acquisition strategies. He began his career as a licensed funeral director and embalmer in Nashville, Tennessee, and has been actively involved in the funeral and cemetery profession for over forty years. He holds an associate of arts degree from John A. Gupton College and has attended Executive Management and Leadership programs at the Harvard Business School, Vanderbilt University Owen Graduate School of Management, and the Center for Creative Leadership. Since 2019, Mr. Tidwell has served on the Board of Regents of Commonwealth Institute of Funeral Service.
Mrs. Moore was named Vice President and Corporate Controller in 2010 and oversees general accounting, trust and technical accounting, internal and external reporting, and customer service. She joined the Company in August 2002 as Manager of Financial Reporting and was promoted to Director of Financial Reporting in 2004 and Managing Director and Assistant Controller in June 2006. Prior to joining the Company, Mrs. Moore was a certified public accountant with PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. She holds a bachelor's degree in business administration in accounting from the University of Texas at San Antonio. Since 2019, Mrs. Moore has served on the Board of Regents of Commonwealth Institute of Funeral Service.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Cautionary Statement on Forward-Looking Statements
The statements in this Form 10-K that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements made in reliance on the safe harbor protections provided under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements may be accompanied by words such as “believe”, “estimate”, “project”, “expect”, “anticipate”, or “predict” that convey the uncertainty of future events or outcomes. These statements are based on assumptions that we believe are reasonable; however, many important factors could cause our actual consolidated results in the future to differ materially from the forward-looking statements made herein and in any other documents or oral presentations made by, or on behalf of, the Company. These factors are discussed below. We assume no obligation and make no undertaking to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements made herein or any other forward-looking statements made by the Company, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.
Risks Related to Our Business
Our affiliated trust funds own investments in securities, which are affected by market conditions that are beyond our control.
In connection with our preneed merchandise and service sales and our cemetery property sales, most affiliated trust funds own investments in equity securities, fixed income securities, commingled funds, money market funds, and mutual funds. The fair value of these investments and our earnings and investment gains and losses on these securities and funds are affected by financial market conditions that are beyond our control. Additionally, we may not choose the optimal mix of securities for any particular market condition.
The following table summarizes our investment returns (realized and unrealized), excluding certain fees, on our trust funds:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Preneed funeral merchandise and service trust funds 16.5 % (11.5) % 14.2 %
Preneed cemetery merchandise and service trust funds 16.9 % (11.8) % 15.3 %
Cemetery perpetual care trust funds 15.3 % (11.0) % 13.7 %
Combined trust funds 16.3 % (11.5) % 14.4 %
Generally, earnings or gains and losses on our trust investments are recognized and we withdraw cash when the underlying merchandise is delivered, service is performed, or upon contract cancellation. Our cemetery perpetual care trusts recognize earnings, and in certain states, capital gains and losses or fixed percentage distributions. We withdraw allowable cash when we incur qualifying cemetery maintenance costs.
If the investments in our trust funds experience significant declines in 2024 or subsequent years or in a high inflation environment, there could be insufficient funds in the trusts to cover the costs of delivering merchandise and services or maintaining our cemeteries in the future. We may be required to cover any such shortfall with cash flows from operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. For more information related to our trust investments, see Note 3 in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
14 Service Corporation International
PART I
If the fair value of these trusts, plus any other amount due to us upon delivery of the associated contracts, were to decline below the estimated costs to deliver the underlying products and services, we would record a charge to earnings to record a liability for the expected losses on the delivery of the associated contracts. As of December 31, 2023, no such charge was required in any reported period.
We may be required to replenish our affiliated funeral and cemetery trust funds to meet minimum funding requirements, which would have a negative effect on our earnings and cash flow.
In certain states and provinces, we have withdrawn allowable distributable earnings, including unrealized gains, from our trust funds prior to the maturity or cancellation of the related contract. Additionally, some states have laws that either require replenishment of investment losses under certain circumstances or impose various restrictions on withdrawals of future earnings when trust fund values drop below certain prescribed amounts. In the event of market declines that result in a severe decrease in trust fund value, we may be required to replenish amounts in the respective trusts in some future period. As of December 31, 2023, we had unrealized losses of $2.6 million in the various trusts within these states, but no such replenishment is currently necessary.
Our ability to execute our strategic plan depends on many factors, some of which are beyond our control.
Our strategic plan is focused on growing our revenue, leveraging our scale, and investing our capital. Many of the factors that impact our ability to execute our strategic plan, such as the number of deaths and general economic conditions, are beyond our control. Changes in operating conditions, such as supply disruptions and labor disputes, could negatively impact our operations. Our inability to leverage scale to drive cost savings, productivity improvements, preneed production, or earnings growth anticipated by management could affect our financial performance. Our inability to identify acquisition targets and to complete acquisitions, divestitures, or strategic alliances as planned or to successfully integrate acquired businesses and realize expected synergies and strategic benefits could impact our financial performance. Our inability to allocate capital to maximize shareholder value could impact our financial performance. We cannot give assurance that we will be able to execute any or all of our strategic plan. Failure to execute any or all of our strategic plan could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.
We may be adversely affected by the effects of inflation.
Inflation has the potential to adversely affect our liquidity, business, financial condition and results of operations by increasing our overall cost structure or by reducing the amount of discretionary income consumers have available to spend on our services. The existence of inflation in the economy has resulted in, and may continue to result in, higher interest rates and capital costs, supply shortages, increased costs of labor, components, manufacturing and shipping, as well as weakening exchange rates and other similar effects. As a result of inflation, we have already experienced modest cost increases and surcharges from our vendors and suppliers on merchandise and goods and may continue to experience additional cost increases in the future, which could be of greater magnitude than those experienced to date. In addition, the impacts of inflation are also felt by consumers who face rising prices for a variety of goods and services, which could reduce the amount of discretionary spending that would otherwise be available to our client families and potential client families to spend on our services. Although we may take measures to mitigate the effects of inflation, if these measures are not effective, our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity could be materially adversely affected. Even if such measures are effective, there could be a difference between the timing of when these beneficial actions impact our results of operations and when the cost of inflation is incurred.
Our results may be adversely affected by significant weather events, natural disasters, catastrophic events or public health crises.
Three of our largest states by total revenue are California, Texas, and Florida, areas where natural disasters are more prevalent. Significant weather events in these states or other key areas where our operations are concentrated, natural or other disasters, and unforeseen public health crises, such as pandemics and epidemics (including the COVID-19 pandemic), could disrupt our business through injury or illness to our associates or client families, physical damage, closure or destruction of one or more of our locations, data centers or office facilities, disrupt access to scarce resources such as water supply or disrupt the delivery of goods or services by one or more of our vendors, any or all of which could adversely impact our operations or increase our costs, which would adversely affect our financial results.
Our credit agreements contain covenants that may prevent us from engaging in certain transactions.
Our Bank Credit Facilities contain, among other things, various affirmative and negative covenants that may prevent us from engaging in certain transactions that might otherwise be considered beneficial to us. The covenants limit, among other things, our and our subsidiaries’ ability to:
•Incur additional indebtedness (including guarantee obligations);
•Create liens on assets;
•Engage in certain transactions with affiliates;
•Enter into sale-leaseback transactions;
•Engage in mergers, liquidations, and dissolutions;
FORM 10-K 15
PART I
•Sell assets;
•Pay dividends, distributions, and other payments in respect of our capital stock;
•Purchase our capital stock in the open market;
•Make investments, loans, or advances;
•Repay indebtedness or amend the agreements relating thereto;
•Create restrictions on our ability to receive distributions from subsidiaries; and
•Change our lines of business.
Our Bank Credit Facilities require us to maintain a leverage ratio. This covenant may require us to take actions to reduce our indebtedness or act in a manner contrary to our strategic plan and business objectives. In addition, events beyond our control, including changes in general economic and business conditions, may affect our ability to satisfy this covenant. A breach of this covenant could result in a default of our indebtedness. If we breach certain affirmative covenants or the negative covenant contained in our Bank Credit Facilities, then, immediately upon notice from the applicable administrative agent, an event of default will have occurred and the lenders could elect to declare all amounts outstanding thereunder, together with accrued interest, immediately due and payable. If we breach any of the other affirmative covenants contained in our Bank Credit Facilities, and such breach continues unremedied for 30 days after receipt of notice thereof, then an event of default will have occurred and the lenders party thereto could elect to declare all amounts outstanding thereunder, together with accrued interest, immediately due and payable. Any such declaration would also result in an event of default under our Senior Indenture governing our various senior notes. For additional information, see Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources in Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Note 6 in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
If we lost the ability to use surety bonding to support our preneed activities, we may be required to make material cash payments to fund certain trust funds.
We have entered into arrangements with certain surety companies whereby such companies agree to issue surety bonds on our behalf as financial assurance or as required by existing state and local regulations. The surety bonds are used for various business purposes; however, the majority of the surety bonds issued and outstanding have been issued to support our preneed funeral and cemetery activities. In the event all of the surety companies canceled or did not renew our surety bonds, which generally have twelve-month renewal periods, we would be required to either obtain replacement coverage or fund approximately $121.9 million into state-mandated trust accounts as of December 31, 2023. There can be no assurance that we would be able to obtain replacement coverage at a similar cost or at all.
Increasing death benefits related to preneed contracts funded through life insurance or annuity contracts may not cover future increases in the cost of providing a price-guaranteed service.
We sell price-guaranteed preneed contracts through various programs providing for future services at prices prevailing when the agreements are signed. For preneed contracts funded through life insurance or annuity contracts, we receive in cash a general agency commission from a third-party insurance company that typically averages approximately 25% of the total sale. Additionally, we receive an increasing death benefit associated with the contract of approximately 1% per year in cash at the time the service is performed. There is no guarantee that the increasing death benefit will cover future increases in the cost of providing a price-guaranteed service and merchandise, and any such excess cost could be materially adverse to our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.
The financial condition of third-party insurance companies that fund our preneed contracts may impact our future revenue.
Where permitted by state law, customers may arrange their preneed contract by purchasing a life insurance or annuity policy from third-party insurance companies. The customer/policy holder assigns the policy benefits to us as payment for their preneed contract at the time of need. If the financial condition of the third-party insurance companies were to deteriorate materially because of market conditions, strategic transactions, or otherwise, there could be an adverse effect on our ability to collect all or part of the proceeds of the life insurance policy, including the annual increase in the death benefit, if we fulfill the preneed contract at the time of need. Failure to collect such proceeds could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.
Unfavorable publicity could affect our reputation and business.
Since our operations relate to life events involving emotional stress for our client families, our business is dependent on customer trust and confidence. Unfavorable publicity about our business generally or in relation to any specific location could affect our reputation and customers’ trust and confidence in our products and services, thereby having an adverse impact upon our sales and financial results.
16 Service Corporation International
PART I
Our failure to attract and retain qualified sales personnel could have an adverse effect on our business and financial condition.
Our ability to attract and retain a qualified sales force and other personnel is an important factor in achieving future success. Buying cemetery and funeral home products and services, especially at-need products and services, is very emotional for most customers, so our sales force must be particularly sensitive to our customers’ needs. We cannot give assurance that we will be successful in our efforts to attract and retain a skilled sales force. If we are unable to maintain a qualified and productive sales force, our revenues may decline and our cash available for distribution may decrease.
We use a combination of insurance, self-insurance, and large deductibles in managing our exposure to certain inherent risks; therefore, we could be exposed to unexpected costs that could negatively affect our financial performance.
Our insurance coverage is subject to deductibles, self-insured retentions, limits of liability, and similar provisions that we believe are prudent based on our operations. Because we self-insure a significant portion of expected losses under our workers' compensation, auto, and general and professional liability insurance programs, unanticipated changes in any applicable actuarial assumptions, trends and interpretations, or management estimates underlying our recorded liabilities for these losses, including potential increases in costs, could result in materially different amounts of expense than expected under these programs. These unanticipated changes could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.
Declines in overall economic conditions beyond our control could reduce future potential earnings and cash flows and could result in future impairments to goodwill and/or other intangible assets.
In addition to an annual review, we assess the impairment of goodwill and/or other intangible assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may be greater than fair value. Factors that could trigger an interim impairment review include, but are not limited to, a significant decline in our stock price, significant underperformance relative to historical or projected future operating results, and significant negative industry or economic trends. If any of these factors occur, we may have a triggering event, which could result in an impairment of our goodwill and/or other intangible assets. If economic conditions worsen causing deterioration in our operating revenue, operating margins, and cash flows, we may have a triggering event that could result in an impairment of our goodwill and/or other intangible assets. Our cemetery segment, which has a goodwill balance of $358.8 million as of December 31, 2023, is more sensitive to market conditions and goodwill impairments because it is more reliant on preneed sales, which are impacted by customer discretionary spending. For additional information, see Critical Accounting Policies, Recent Accounting Pronouncements, and Accounting Changes in Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Any failure to maintain the security of the information relating to our customers, their loved ones, our associates, and our vendors could damage our reputation, could cause us to incur substantial additional costs and to become subject to litigation, and could adversely affect our operating results, financial condition, or cash flow.
In the ordinary course of our business, we and our vendors receive and retain certain personal information, in both physical and electronic formats, about our customers, their loved ones, our associates, and our vendors. There is an expectation that we will adequately protect that information. In addition, our online operations at our websites depend upon the secure transmission of confidential information over public networks, including information permitting electronic payments. The U.S. regulatory environment surrounding information security and privacy is dynamic and increasingly demanding. New laws and regulations governing data privacy, security, cybersecurity, and the unauthorized disclosure of confidential information, including recent legislation in several U.S. states and Canadian provinces, pose increasingly complex compliance challenges and potentially elevate our costs. Any failure by us to comply with these laws and regulations, including as a result of a security or privacy breach, could result in significant penalties and liabilities for us. A significant theft, loss, or fraudulent use of the personally identifiable information we maintain or failure of our vendors to use or maintain such data in accordance with contractual provisions could result in significant costs, fines, litigation, and reputational damage. Additionally, if we acquire a company that has violated or is not in compliance with applicable data protection laws, we may incur significant liabilities and penalties as a result.
We maintain substantial security measures and data backup systems to protect, store, and prevent unauthorized access to such information. Nevertheless, it is possible that computer hackers and others (through cyberattacks, which are rapidly evolving and becoming increasingly sophisticated, or by other means) might defeat our security measures in the future and obtain the personal information of customers, their loved ones, our associates, and our vendors that we hold. Further, our associates, contractors, or third parties with whom we do business may attempt to circumvent our security measures to misappropriate such information and may purposefully or inadvertently cause a breach, corruption, or data loss involving such information. A breach of our security measures or failure in our backup systems could adversely affect our reputation with our customers and their loved ones, our associates, and our vendors; as well as our operations, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows; and could result in litigation against us or the imposition of penalties. Moreover, a security breach could require that we expend significant additional resources to upgrade further the security measures that we employ to guard such important personal information against cyberattacks and other attempts to access such information and could result in a disruption of our operations.
FORM 10-K 17
PART I
Our Canadian business exposes us to operational, economic, and currency risks.
Our Canadian operations represent approximately 5% of our revenue. Our ability to successfully conduct operations in Canada is affected by many of the same risks we face in our U.S. operations, as well as unique costs and difficulties of managing Canadian operations. Our Canadian operations may be adversely affected by local laws, customs, and regulations, as well as political and economic conditions. Significant fluctuations in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and the Canadian dollar may adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows.
Our level of indebtedness could adversely affect our cash flows, our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations, limit our ability to react to changes in the economy or our industry, and may prevent us from fulfilling our obligations under our indebtedness.
We have a significant amount of indebtedness, which could have important consequences, including the following:
•It may limit our ability to obtain additional debt or equity financing for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, debt service requirements, and general corporate or other purposes.
•A portion of our cash flows from operations will be dedicated to the payment of principal and interest on our indebtedness, including indebtedness we may incur in the future, and may not be available for other purposes, including to finance our working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, and general corporate costs or other purposes.
•It could limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which we operate and place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less debt.
•It could make us more vulnerable to downturns in general economic or industry conditions or in our business, or prevent us from carrying out activities that are important to our growth.
•It could increase our interest expense if interest rates in general increase because a portion of our indebtedness, including all of our indebtedness under our Bank Credit Facilities, bears interest at floating rates.
•It could make it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations with respect to our indebtedness, and any failure to comply with the obligations of any of our debt instruments, including any financial and other restrictive covenants, could result in an event of default under the agreements governing our other indebtedness which, if not cured or waived, could result in the acceleration of our indebtedness.
Any of the above listed factors could materially affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.
In addition to our high level of indebtedness, we also have significant rental and other obligations under our operating and finance leases for funeral service locations, cemetery operating and maintenance equipment, and transportation equipment. These obligations could further increase the risks described above.
A failure of a key information technology system or process could disrupt and adversely affect our business.
We rely extensively on information technology systems, some of which are managed or provided by third-party service providers, to analyze, process, store, manage, and protect transactions and data. In managing our business, we also rely heavily on the integrity of, security of, and consistent access to this data for information such as sales, merchandise ordering, inventory replenishment, and order fulfillment. For these information technology systems and processes to operate effectively, we or our service providers must periodically maintain and update them. Our systems and the third-party systems on which we rely are subject to damage or interruption from a number of causes, including power outages; computer and telecommunications failures; computer viruses; security breaches; cyber-attacks, including the use of ransomware; catastrophic events such as fires, floods, earthquakes, tornadoes, or hurricanes; acts of war or terrorism; and design or usage errors by our associates, contractors, or third-party service providers. Although we and our third-party service providers seek to maintain our respective systems effectively and to successfully address the risk of compromise of the integrity, security, and consistent operations of these systems, such efforts may not be successful. As a result, we or our service providers could experience errors, interruptions, delays, or cessations of service in key portions of our information technology infrastructure, which could significantly disrupt our operations and be costly, time consuming, and resource-intensive to remedy.
Risks Related to Our Industry
The funeral and cemetery industry is competitive.
In North America, the funeral and cemetery industry is characterized by a large number of locally-owned, independent operations. To compete successfully, our funeral service locations and cemeteries must maintain good reputations and high professional standards, as well as offer attractive products and services at competitive prices. In addition, we must market ourselves in such a manner as to distinguish us from our competitors. We have historically experienced price competition from independent funeral service location and cemetery operators, monument dealers, casket retailers, low-cost funeral providers, and other nontraditional providers of merchandise and services. If we are unable to successfully compete, our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.
18 Service Corporation International
PART I
If the number of deaths in our markets declines, our cash flows and revenue may decrease. Changes in the number of deaths are not predictable from market to market or over the short term.
If the number of deaths in our markets declines, the number of funeral services and interments performed by us could decrease and our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows could be materially adversely affected. Changes in the number of deaths may vary from quarter to quarter and across local markets, and those variations are not predictable. Variations in the death rate and seasonality of deaths throughout each year may also cause revenue to fluctuate between quarters or years.
If we are not able to respond effectively to changing consumer preferences, our market share, revenue, and/or profitability could decrease.
Future market share, revenue, and profit will depend in part on our ability to anticipate, identify, and respond to changing consumer preferences. We may not correctly anticipate or identify trends in consumer preferences, or we may identify them later than our competitors do. In addition, any strategies we may implement to address these trends may prove incorrect or ineffective.
The continuing upward trend in life expectancy and the number of cremations performed in North America could result in lower revenue, operating profit, and cash flows.
Generally, life expectancy in North America has increased steadily and is expected to continue to do so in the future, absent events related to pandemics or similar outbreaks. Additionally, there is a continuing upward trend in the number of cremations performed in North America as an alternative to traditional funeral service dispositions. In our operations during 2023, 62.9% of the comparable services we performed were cremation cases compared to 61.3% and 59.2% performed in 2022 and 2021, respectively. Our average revenue for cremations is lower than that for traditional burials. If we are unable to continue to expand our cremation memorialization products and services, and cremations remain or increase as a significant percentage of our services, our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.
Our funeral and cemetery businesses are high fixed-cost businesses.
The majority of our operations are managed in groups we call “markets”. Markets are geographical groups of funeral service locations and cemeteries that share common resources such as operating personnel, preparation services, clerical staff, motor vehicles, and preneed sales personnel. We must incur many of these costs, which may be impacted by many factors, including inflation, regardless of the number of services or interments performed. Because we cannot immediately decrease these costs when we experience lower sales volumes, a sales decline may cause our margin percentages to decline at a greater rate than the decline in revenue.
Risks associated with our supply chain could materially adversely affect our financial performance.
We are dependent on our supply chain to supply merchandise to our funeral home and cemetery locations. If our fulfillment network does not operate properly, if a supplier fails to deliver on its commitments, or if delivery networks have difficulty providing capacity to meet demands for their services, we could experience merchandise delivery delays or increased delivery costs, which could lead to lost sales and decreased customer confidence, and adversely affect our results of operations. Changes in the costs of procuring commodities used in our merchandise or the costs related to our supply chain, due to inflation or other matters, could adversely affect our results of operations.
Regulatory and Legal Risks
Regulation and compliance could have a material adverse impact on our financial results.
Our operations are subject to regulation, supervision, and licensing requirements under numerous foreign, federal, state, and local laws, ordinances, and regulations, including extensive regulations concerning trust funds, preneed sales of funeral and cemetery merchandise and services, and various other aspects of our business. For example, the funeral industry is regulated at the federal level by the FTC, which requires funeral service locations to take actions designed to protect consumers. Although the FTC is considering updates to the Funeral Rule, the rulemaking process is ongoing. State law regulates preneed sales and imposes licensing requirements. Accordingly, we are subject to financial and compliance audits of preneed sales practices and state trust funds. Our facilities are also subject to stringent health, safety, and environmental regulations. In particular, cremation and embalming facilities are subject to stringent health and environmental regulations and there are associated risks of investigations from regulatory authorities or incidental non-compliance with such regulations. Our pay practices, including wage and hour overtime pay, are subject to federal and state regulations. Violations of applicable laws could result in fines or sanctions against us.
FORM 10-K 19
PART I
In addition, from time to time, governments and agencies propose to amend or add regulations or reinterpret existing regulations, which could increase costs and decrease cash flows. For example, foreign, federal, state, local, and other regulatory agencies have considered and may enact additional legislation or regulations that could affect the deathcare industry. These include regulations that require more liberal refund and cancellation policies for preneed sales of products and services, limit or eliminate our ability to use surety bonding, require the escheatment of trust funds, increase trust requirements, require the deposit of funds or collateral to offset unrealized losses of trusts, and/or prohibit the common ownership of funeral service locations and cemeteries in the same market. Similarly, more stringent permitting or other environmental regulations, if adopted, could increase our costs. If adopted by the regulatory authorities of the jurisdictions in which we operate, these and other possible proposals could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.
Compliance with laws, regulations, industry standards, and customs concerning burial procedures and the handling and care of human remains is critical to the continued success of our business and any operations we may acquire. Litigation and regulatory proceedings regarding these issues could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.
Unfavorable results of litigation could have a material adverse impact on our financial statements.
As discussed in Note 9 of Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, we are subject to a variety of claims and lawsuits in the ordinary course of our business. Adverse outcomes in some or all of the pending cases may result in significant monetary damages or injunctive relief against us, as litigation and other claims are subject to inherent uncertainties. Any such adverse outcomes, in pending cases or other lawsuits that may arise in the future, could have a material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.
Cemetery burial practice claims could have a material adverse impact on our financial results.
Most of our cemeteries have been operating for decades and, therefore, may have used practices and procedures that are outdated in comparison to today's standards. When cemetery disputes occur, we may be subjected to litigation and liability for improper burial practices, including (1) burial practices of a different era that are judged today in hindsight as being outdated and (2) alleged violations of our practices and procedures by one or more of our associates. In addition, since most of our cemeteries were acquired through various acquisitions, we may be subject to litigation and liability based upon actions or events that occurred before we acquired or managed the cemeteries. Claims or litigation based upon our cemetery burial practices could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.
The application of unclaimed property laws by certain states to our preneed funeral and cemetery backlog could have a material adverse impact on our liquidity, cash flows, and financial results.
In the ordinary course, our businesses have sold preneed funeral and cemetery contracts for decades. To the extent these contracts will not be funded with the assignment of the proceeds of life insurance policies, depending on applicable state laws, we could be responsible for escheatment of the portion of the funds paid that relate to contracts which we are unlikely to fulfill. For additional information, see Unclaimed Property Audit in Note 9 in Item 8, Part II of this Form 10-K. The application of unclaimed property laws could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, cash flows, and financial results.
Changes in taxation, or the interpretation of tax laws or regulations, as well as the inherent difficulty in quantifying potential tax effects of business decisions could have a material adverse effect on the results of our operations, financial condition, or cash flows.
We make judgments regarding the utilization of existing income tax credits and the potential tax effects of various financial transactions and results of operations to estimate our obligations to taxing authorities. We are also subject to regular reviews, examinations, and audits by taxing authorities with respect to our taxes. Our tax obligations include income, franchise, real estate, sales and use, and employment-related taxes and the judgments we make include reserves for potential adverse outcomes regarding tax positions that have been taken. Changes in federal, state, or local tax laws, adverse tax audit results, or adverse tax rulings on positions taken could have a material adverse effect on the results of our operations, financial condition, or cash flows.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Item 2. Properties
Information regarding properties is set forth in Part I, Item 1. Business.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
Information regarding legal proceedings is set forth in Note 9 of Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
22 Service Corporation International

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Our common stock has been traded on the New York Stock Exchange since May 14, 1974. On December 31, 2023, there were 3,088 holders of record of our common stock. In calculating the number of stockholders, we consider clearing agencies and security position listings as one stockholder for each agency or listing. At December 31, 2023, we had 146,323,340 shares outstanding, net of 1,973,702 treasury shares.
Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol SCI.
The following graph assumes the total return on $100 invested on December 31, 2018, in SCI Common Stock, the S&P 500 Index, the S&P MidCap 400 Index, and a peer group selected by the Company (the “Peer Group”). The Peer Group comprises Carriage Services, Inc., Hillenbrand Inc., Matthews International Corp., and Park Lawn Corporation. Total return data assumes reinvestment of dividends.
For equity compensation plan information, see Part III of this Form 10-K.
FORM 10-K 23
PART II
The following table summarizes our share repurchases during the three months ended December 31, 2023:
Period Total Number of
Shares Purchased Average Price
Paid per Share Total Number
of Shares
Purchased as
Part of Publicly
Announced Programs (2)
Approximate Dollar Value of
Shares That
May Yet be
Purchased Under the Program (2)
October 1, 2023 - October 31, 2023 (1)
1,818,681 $ 54.96 1,800,992 $ 148,384,812
November 1, 2023 - November 30, 2023 (2)
1,395,540 $ 58.65 1,395,540 547,671,399
December 1, 2023 - December 31, 2023 354,267 $ 64.10 354,267 524,963,678
3,568,488 3,550,799
(1) Includes 17,689 shares purchased in October 2023 in connection with the surrender of shares by associates to satisfy certain tax withholding obligations under compensation plans. These repurchases were not part of our publicly announced program and do not affect our share repurchase program.
(2) On November 8, 2023 we announced that our Board of Directors increased our share repurchase authorization to $600.0 million.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Item 6. [Reserved]

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The Company
We are North America’s largest provider of deathcare products and services, with a network of funeral service locations and cemeteries unequaled in geographic scale and reach. At December 31, 2023, we operated 1,483 funeral service locations and 489 cemeteries (including 305 funeral service/cemetery combination locations), which are geographically diversified across 44 states, eight Canadian provinces, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Our funeral and cemetery operations consist of funeral service locations, cemeteries, funeral service/cemetery combination locations, crematoria, and other related businesses, which enable us to serve a wide array of customer needs. We sell cemetery property and funeral and cemetery merchandise and services at the time of need and on a preneed basis. We strive to offer families exceptional service in planning life celebrations and personalized remembrances. Our Dignity Memorial® brand serves approximately 600,000 families each year with professionalism, compassion, and attention to detail.
Our financial position is enhanced by our $14.8 billion backlog of future revenue from both trust and insurance-funded preneed sales at December 31, 2023. Preneed selling provides us with a strategic opportunity to gain future market share. We also believe it adds to the stability and predictability of our revenue and cash flows. While revenue on the majority of preneed merchandise and service sales is deferred until the time of need, sales of preneed cemetery property provide opportunities for full current revenue recognition to the extent that the property is developed and available for use.
We have adequate liquidity and a favorable debt maturity profile, which allow us to reinvest and grow our business as well as return capital to shareholders through share repurchases and dividends.
Factors affecting our operating results include: demographic trends in terms of population growth and average age, which impact death rates and number of deaths; establishing and maintaining leading market share positions supported by strong local heritage and relationships; effectively responding to increasing cremation trends by selling complementary services and merchandise; controlling salary and merchandise costs; and exercising pricing leverage related to our atneed revenue. The average revenue per funeral contract is influenced by the mix of traditional and cremation services because our average revenue for cremations is lower than that for traditional burials. To further enhance revenue opportunities, we continue to focus on our cremation customers' preferences and remaining relevant by developing additional memorialization merchandise and services that specifically appeal to cremation customers. We believe the presentation of these additional merchandise and services through our customer-facing technology improves our customers' experience by reducing administrative burdens and allowing them to visualize the enhanced product and service offerings, which we believe will help drive increases in the average revenue for a cremation in future periods.
For further discussion of our key operating metrics, see our "Cash Flow" and “Results of Operations” sections below. For a discussion of our results of operations and liquidity and capital resources for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, see Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources and Results of Operations in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year December 31, 2022, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 15, 2023.
24 Service Corporation International
PART II
Financial Condition, Liquidity, and Capital Resources
Capital Allocation Considerations
We rely on cash flow from operations as a significant source of liquidity. Our cash flow from operating activities provided $869.0 million in 2023. In addition, as of December 31, 2023, we have $670.9 million in borrowing capacity under our revolving credit facility. As of December 31, 2023, we had $63.3 million in current maturities of long-term debt, which primarily consist of the current amounts due on our term loan and finance leases.
Our Bank Credit Facility requires us to maintain a certain leverage ratio with which we were in compliance at December 31, 2023. We target a leverage ratio of 3.5x to 4.0x.
Our financial covenant requirements and actual ratio as of December 31, 2023 are as follows:
Per Credit Agreement Actual
Leverage ratio 5.00 (Max) 3.58
We have the financial strength and flexibility to reward shareholders with dividends while maintaining a prudent capital structure and pursuing new opportunities for profitable growth.
Our unencumbered cash on hand, future operating cash flows, and the available capacity under our Bank Credit Facilities will give us adequate liquidity to meet our short-term needs as well as our long-term financial obligations. Due to cash balances residing in Canada and minimum operating cash requirements, a portion of our cash on hand is encumbered.
We consistently evaluate the best uses of our cash flow that will yield the highest value and return on capital. Our capital investment strategy is prioritized as follows:
Investing in Acquisitions and Building New Funeral Service and Cemetery Locations. We manage our footprint by focusing on strategic acquisitions and building new funeral service locations where the expected returns are attractive and exceed our weighted average cost of capital by a meaningful margin. We target businesses with favorable customer dynamics and/or where we can achieve additional economies of scale. We continue to pursue strategic acquisitions and build new funeral service locations in areas that provide us with the potential for additional scale. We invested $72.5 million in acquiring 17 funeral service locations and 2 cemeteries in 2023.
Return Excess Cash to Shareholders. Absent strategic acquisitions or new opportunities, we intend to return excess cash to shareholders through dividends and our share repurchase program. Our quarterly dividend rate has steadily grown from $0.025 per common share in 2005 to $0.29 per common share at the end of 2023. We target a dividend payout ratio of 30% to 40% of after tax earnings excluding special items and intend to grow our cash dividend commensurate with the growth in our business. While we intend to pay regular quarterly cash dividends for the foreseeable future, all future dividends are subject to limitations in our debt covenants and final determination by our Board of Directors each quarter upon review of our financial performance. We also expect to continue to repurchase shares of our common stock in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions, subject to market conditions, debt covenants, and normal trading restrictions. There can be no assurance that we will buy our common stock under our repurchase program in the future. In 2023, we repurchased 8,700,767 shares of our common stock at an aggregate cost of $549.6 million, which is an average cost per share of $63.17. In 2022, we repurchased 10,356,250 shares of our common stock at an aggregate cost of $661.1 million, which is an average cost per share of $63.84. Subsequent to December 31, 2023, we repurchased 310,581 shares for $20.9 million at an average cost per share of $67.39.
Managing Debt. We continue to focus on maintaining optimal levels of liquidity and financial flexibility. We generate a relatively consistent annual cash flow stream that is generally resistant to down economic cycles. This cash flow stream and our significant liquidity allow us to opportunistically manage our debt maturity profile as we maintain a target leverage ratio of 3.5x to 4.0x. Bolstering our flexible capital strategy, we entered into a new bank credit agreement in January 2023 that consists of a $675.0 million term loan due January 2028 and a revolving credit facility due January 2028 providing for borrowings of up to $1.5 billion, an increase of $500.0 million from our previous facility.
Cash Flow
Our ability to generate strong operating cash flow is one of our fundamental financial strengths and provides us with substantial flexibility in meeting operating and investing needs.
Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities was $869.0 million and $825.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively. This $43.3 million increase in operating cash flow is primarily driven by a $95.8 million decrease in cash tax payments partially offset by $66.3 million increase in cash interest payments and lower operating income of $47.5 million (excluding the impact of certain significant items) as the prior year was positively impacted by the pronounced effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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The 2023 increase in operating cash flows over 2022 is primarily due to the following:
•a $95.8 million decrease in cash tax payments which is primarily related to a change in tax accounting method for our cemetery segment and will defer cash taxes into future years,
•a $41.3 million decrease in vendor and other payments,
•a $28.5 million increase in net trust withdrawals, and
•a $19.5 million increase in General Agency (GA) commission and other receipts, partially offset by
•a $66.3 million increase in cash interest payments,
•a $33.0 million increase in employee compensation payments,
•a $29.2 million decrease in cash receipts from customers, and
•a $13.3 million increase in payments for certain legal matters that were expensed in the prior year.
Investing Activities
Cash flows from investing activities used $469.4 million and $447.9 million, in 2023, and 2022, respectively. The $21.5 million increased outflow from 2023 over 2022 is primarily due to the following:
•a $39.3 million increase in cash spent on real estate acquisitions,
•a $16.2 million decrease in cash receipts from divestitures and asset sales,
•a $7.9 million increase in other investing activities, partially offset by
•a $30.0 million decrease in cash spent on business acquisitions,
•a $7.9 million decrease in total capital expenditures, which comprises:
•$10.5 million decrease in maintenance capital expenditures:
•a $46.1 million decrease in expenditures for capital improvements at existing field locations,
•a $28.4 million increase in expenditures for cemetery property development,
•a $7.2 million increase in expenditures for digital investments and corporate,
•a $2.6 million increase in expenditures for growth capital expenditures/construction of new funeral service locations, and
•a $4.0 million increase in proceeds for Company-owned life insurance policies, net of repayments.
Financing Activities
Financing activities used $381.1 million in 2023 compared to $448.0 million in 2022. The $66.9 million decreased outflow from 2023 over 2022 is primarily due to the following:
•a $116.0 million decrease in the purchase of Company common stock, partially offset by
•a $33.8 million increase in debt repayments, net of proceeds,
•a $7.9 million increase in payments of dividends,
•a $3.8 million change in bank overdrafts and other, and
•a $3.6 million decrease in proceeds from exercises of stock options.
Material Cash Requirements
Our material cash requirements include the following contractual and other obligations.
Debt & Finance Leases
As of December 31, 2023, we had $4.7 billion in aggregate principal outstanding on our notes, term loan, revolving credit facility, finance leases, mortgages, and other debt (collectively "debt and finance leases"), of which $63.3 million is payable in the next twelve months. The aggregate principal excludes $35.8 million in unamortized non-cash debt issuance costs and original issuance discounts and premiums. Future interest payments associated with the debt and finance leases total $1.2
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billion, of which $250.9 million is payable in the next twelve months. For further information on our debt and finance leases see Note 6 and Note 8 of Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
Operating Leases
We have operating lease agreements for funeral service real estate and office equipment for funeral service locations, cemetery locations, and administrative offices. As of December 31, 2023, we had fixed lease payment obligations of $70.3 million, of which $10.0 million is due in the next twelve months. See Note 8 in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for additional details related to our leases.
Financial Assurances
In support of our operations, we have entered into arrangements with certain surety companies whereby such companies agree to issue surety bonds on our behalf as financial assurance and/or as required by existing state and local regulations. The surety bonds are used for various business purposes; however, the majority of the surety bonds issued and outstanding have been used to support our preneed sales activities. The obligations underlying these surety bonds are recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheet as Deferred revenue, net. The breakdown of surety bonds between funeral and cemetery preneed arrangements, as well as surety bonds for other activities, is described below.
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022
(In millions)
Preneed funeral $ 67.8 $ 68.4
Preneed cemetery:
Merchandise and services 141.3 141.5
Pre-construction 54.6 42.5
Bonds supporting preneed funeral and cemetery obligations 263.7 252.4
Bonds supporting preneed business permits 7.6 7.1
Other bonds 25.4 23.9
Total surety bonds outstanding $ 296.7 $ 283.4
When selling preneed contracts, we may post surety bonds where allowed by state law. We post the surety bonds in lieu of trusting a certain amount of funds received from the customer. The amount of the bond posted is generally determined by the total amount of the preneed contract that would otherwise be required to be trusted, in accordance with applicable state law.
Surety bond premiums are paid annually and the bonds are automatically renewable until maturity of the underlying preneed contracts, unless we are given prior notice of cancellation.
Except for cemetery pre-construction bonds (which are irrevocable), the surety companies generally have the right to cancel the surety bonds at any time with appropriate notice. In the event a surety company were to cancel the surety bond, we are required to obtain replacement surety assurance from another surety company or fund a trust for an amount generally less than the posted bond amount. Management does not expect that we will be required to fund material future amounts related to these surety bonds due to a lack of surety capacity or surety company non-performance.
Preneed Activities and Backlog of Contracts
In addition to selling our products and services to client families at the time of need, we enter into price-guaranteed preneed contracts, which provide for future funeral or cemetery merchandise and services. Because preneed funeral and cemetery merchandise or services will generally not be provided until sometime in the future, most states and provinces require that all or a portion of the funds collected from customers on preneed contracts be deposited into merchandise and service trusts until the merchandise is delivered or the service is performed. In certain situations, as described above, where permitted by state or provincial laws, we may post a surety bond as financial assurance for a certain amount of the preneed contract in lieu of placing funds into trust accounts. Alternatively, we may sell a life insurance or annuity policy from third-party insurance companies.
Insurance-Funded Preneed Contracts
Where permitted by state or provincial law, we may sell a life insurance or annuity policy from third-party insurance companies, for which we earn a commission as general sales agent for the insurance company. These general agency commissions (GA revenue) are based on a percentage per contract sold and are recognized as funeral revenue when the insurance purchase transaction between the preneed purchaser and third-party insurance provider is completed. All selling costs incurred pursuant to the sale of insurance-funded preneed contracts are expensed as incurred. We do not reflect the unfulfilled insurance-funded preneed contract amounts in our Consolidated Balance Sheet. The proceeds of the life insurance policies or annuity contracts will be reflected in funeral revenue as we perform these funerals.
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The table below details our results of insurance-funded preneed production and maturities.
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022
(Dollars in millions)
Preneed insurance-funded:
Sales production(1)
$ 704.8 $ 664.6
Sales production (number of contracts) (1)
113,095 107,553
General agency revenue $ 185.6 $ 164.3
Maturities $ 394.5 $ 397.8
Maturities (number of contracts) 63,839 64,962
(1) Amounts are not included in our Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Trust-Funded Preneed Contracts
The funds collected from customers and required by state or provincial law are deposited into trusts. We retain any funds above the amounts required to be deposited into trust accounts and use them for working capital purposes, generally to offset the selling and administrative costs of our preneed programs. Although this represents cash flow to us, the associated revenues are deferred until the merchandise is delivered or services are performed (typically at maturity). The funds in trust are then invested by professional money managers with oversight by independent trustees in accordance with state and provincial laws.
The tables below detail our results of preneed production and maturities, excluding insurance contracts, for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022
(Dollars in millions)
Funeral:
Preneed trust-funded (including bonded):
Sales production $ 541.5 $ 506.2
Sales production (number of contracts) 132,268 125,457
Maturities $ 372.7 $ 353.1
Maturities (number of contracts) 84,572 84,392
Cemetery:
Sales production:
Preneed $ 1,333.9 $ 1,376.7
Atneed 421.9 451.1
Total sales production $ 1,755.8 $ 1,827.8
Sales production deferred to backlog:
Preneed $ 651.6 $ 669.0
Atneed 297.2 315.6
Total sales production deferred to backlog $ 948.8 $ 984.6
Revenue recognized from backlog:
Preneed $ 503.0 $ 444.1
Atneed 307.3 309.8
Total revenue recognized from backlog $ 810.3 $ 753.9
Backlog of Preneed Contracts
The following table reflects our backlog of trust-funded deferred preneed contract revenue, including amounts related to Deferred receipts held in trust at December 31, 2023 and 2022. Additionally, the table reflects our backlog of unfulfilled insurance-funded contracts (which are not included in our Consolidated Balance Sheet) at December 31, 2023 and 2022. The backlog amounts presented include amounts due from customers for undelivered performance obligations on cancelable preneed contracts to arrive at our total backlog of deferred revenue. The table does not include the backlog associated with businesses that are held for sale.
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The table also reflects our preneed receivables and trust investments associated with the backlog of deferred preneed contract revenue including the amounts due from customers for undelivered performance obligations on cancelable preneed contracts. The table below is meaningful because it sets forth the aggregate amount of future revenue we expect to recognize as a result of preneed sales, as well as the amount of funds associated with this revenue. Because the future revenue exceeds the assets, future revenue will exceed the cash distributions actually received from the associated trusts and future collections from the customer.
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Fair Value Cost Fair Value Cost
(In billions)
Deferred revenue, net $ 1.70 $ 1.70 $ 1.62 $ 1.62
Amounts due from customers for unfulfilled performance obligations on cancelable preneed contracts 0.95 0.95 0.85 0.85
Deferred receipts held in trust 4.67 4.18 4.16 4.12
Allowance for cancellation on trust investments (0.26) (0.24) (0.24) (0.23)
Backlog of trust-funded deferred revenue, net of estimated allowance for cancellation 7.06 6.59 6.39 6.36
Backlog of insurance-funded revenue (1)
7.78 7.78 7.35 7.35
Total backlog of deferred revenue $ 14.84 $ 14.37 $ 13.74 $ 13.71
Preneed receivables, net and trust investments $ 6.19 $ 5.70 $ 5.58 $ 5.54
Amounts due from customers for unfulfilled performance obligations on cancelable preneed contracts 0.95 0.95 0.85 0.85
Allowance for cancellation on trust investments (0.26) (0.24) (0.24) (0.23)
Assets associated with backlog of trust-funded deferred revenue, net of estimated allowance for cancellation 6.88 6.41 6.19 6.16
Insurance policies associated with insurance-funded deferred revenue (1)
7.78 7.78 7.35 7.35
Total assets associated with backlog of preneed revenue $ 14.66 $ 14.19 $ 13.54 $ 13.51
(1) Amounts are not included in our Consolidated Balance Sheet.
The fair value of our trust investments was based on a combination of quoted market prices, observable inputs such as interest rates or yield curves, and appraisals. As of December 31, 2023, the difference between the backlog and total assets at fair value represents $0.19 billion related to contracts for which we have posted surety bonds as financial assurance in lieu of trusting, $1.31 billion collected from customers that were not required to be deposited into trusts, and $0.19 billion in allowable cash distributions from trust assets partially offset by $1.51 billion in amounts due on delivered property and merchandise. As of December 31, 2023, the fair value of the total backlog comprised $4.23 billion related to cemetery contracts and $10.61 billion related to funeral contracts. As of December 31, 2023, the fair value of the assets associated with the backlog of trust-funded deferred revenue comprised $4.26 billion related to cemetery contracts and $2.62 billion related to funeral contracts. As of December 31, 2023, the backlog of insurance-funded contracts of $7.78 billion was equal to the proceeds we expect to receive from the associated insurance policies when the corresponding contract is serviced.
Trust Investments
In addition to selling our products and services to client families at the time of need, we enter into price-guaranteed preneed funeral and cemetery contracts, which provide for future funeral or cemetery merchandise and services. Since preneed funeral and cemetery merchandise or services will generally not be provided until sometime in the future, most states and provinces require that all or a portion of the funds collected from customers on preneed funeral and cemetery contracts be paid into trusts and/or escrow accounts until the merchandise is delivered or the service is performed. Investment earnings associated with the trust investments are expected to mitigate the inflationary costs of providing the preneed funeral and cemetery merchandise and services in the future at the prices that were guaranteed at the time of sale. Also, we are required by state and provincial law to pay a portion of the proceeds from the preneed or atneed sale of cemetery property interment rights into perpetual care trusts. For these investments, the original corpus generally remains in the trust in perpetuity and the earnings or elected distributions are withdrawn as allowed to defray the expenses to maintain the cemetery property. While many states require that net capital gains or losses be retained and added to the corpus, certain states allow the net realized capital gains and losses to be included in the earnings that are distributed. Additionally, some states allow a total return distribution that may contain elements of income, capital appreciation, and principal.
Independent trustees manage and invest the majority of the funds deposited into the funeral and cemetery merchandise and service trusts as well as the cemetery perpetual care trusts. The majority of the trustees are selected based on their respective geographic footprint and qualifications per state and provincial regulations. Most of the trustees engage the same independent investment managers. These trustees, with input from SCI's wholly-owned registered investment advisor,
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establish an investment policy that serves as an operating document to guide the investment activities of the trusts including asset allocation and manager selection. The investments are also governed by state and provincial guidelines. All of the trusts are intended to control risk and volatility through a combination of asset classes, investment styles, and a diverse mix of investment managers.
Asset allocation is based on the liability structure of each funeral, cemetery, and perpetual care trust. Based on the various criteria set forth in the investment policy, the investment advisor recommends investment managers to the trustees. The primary investment objectives for the funeral and cemetery merchandise and service trusts include 1) preserving capital within acceptable levels of volatility and risk and 2) achieving growth of principal over time sufficient to preserve and increase the purchasing power of the assets. Preneed funeral and cemetery contracts generally take several years to mature; therefore, the funds associated with these contracts are often invested through several market cycles.
Where allowed by state and provincial regulations, the cemetery perpetual care trusts’ primary investment objectives are growth-oriented to provide for a fixed distribution rate from the trusts’ assets. Where such distributions are limited to ordinary income, the cemetery perpetual care trusts’ investment objectives emphasize providing a steady stream of current investment income with some capital appreciation. Both types of distributions are used to provide for the current and future maintenance and beautification of the cemetery properties.
As of December 31, 2023, approximately 95% of our trusts were under the control and custody of five large financial institutions. The U.S. trustees primarily use four managed limited liability companies (LLCs), one for each merchandise and service trust type and two for the cemetery perpetual care trust type, each with an independent trustee as custodian. Each financial institution acting as trustee manages its allocation of trust assets in accordance with the investment policy through the purchase of the appropriate LLCs' units. For those accounts not eligible for participation in the LLCs or where a particular state's regulations contain other investment restrictions, the trustee utilizes institutional mutual funds that comply with our investment policy or with such state restrictions. The U.S. trusts include a modest allocation to alternative investments. These alternative investments are held in vehicles structured as LLCs and are managed by certain trustees. The trusts that are eligible to allocate a portion of their investments to alternative investments purchase units of the respective alternative investment LLCs.
Investment Structures
The managed LLCs use the following structures for investments:
Commingled funds allow the trusts to access, at a reduced cost, some of the same investment managers and strategies used elsewhere in the portfolios.
Separately managed accounts are trusts that utilize separately managed accounts, where appropriate, to reduce the costs to the investment portfolios.
Mutual funds employ institutional share class mutual funds where operationally or economically efficient. These mutual funds are utilized to invest in various asset classes including U.S. equities, non-U.S. equities, corporate bonds, government bonds, high yield bonds, and commodities, all of which are governed by guidelines outlined in their individual prospectuses.
Asset Classes
Equity investments have historically provided long-term capital appreciation in excess of inflation. The trusts have direct investments in individual equity securities primarily in domestic equity portfolios that include large, mid, and small capitalization companies of different investment styles (i.e., growth and value). The majority of the equity allocation is managed by institutional investment managers that specialize in an objective-specific area of expertise. Our equity securities are exposed to market risk; however, we believe these securities are well-diversified. As of December 31, 2023, the largest single equity position represented less than 1% of the total securities portfolio.
Fixed income investments are intended to preserve principal, provide a source of current income, and reduce overall portfolio volatility. The majority of the fixed income allocation for the trusts is invested in institutional share class mutual funds. Where the trusts have direct investments in individual fixed income securities, these are primarily in government and corporate instruments.
Canadian government fixed income securities are investments in Canadian federal and provincial government instruments. In many cases, regulatory restrictions mandate that the funds from the sales of preneed funeral and cemetery contracts sold in certain Canadian jurisdictions must be invested in these instruments.
Alternative investments serve to provide high rates of return with reduced volatility and lower correlation to publicly-traded securities. These investments are typically longer term in duration and are diversified by strategy, sector, manager, geography, and vintage year. The investments consist of numerous limited partnerships invested in private equity, private market real estate, energy and natural resources, infrastructure, transportation, and private debt including both distressed debt and mezzanine financing. The trustees that have oversight of their respective alternative LLCs work closely with the investment advisor in making all investment decisions.
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Trust Performance
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Standard and Poor’s 500 Index increased 26.3% and the Bloomberg’s US Aggregate Bond Index increased 5.5%. This compares to the SCI trusts that increased 16.3% during the same year-end period, which exceeded our internal custom benchmarks. The SCI trusts have a diversified allocation of approximately 58% equities, 28% fixed income securities, 10% alternative and other investments with the remaining 4% in money market funds.
Recognized trust fund income (realized and unrealized) related to our preneed trust investments was $158.2 million and $143.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Recognized trust fund income (realized and unrealized) related to our cemetery perpetual care trust investments was $86.6 million and $85.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in recognized trust fund income is in part due to earnings retained related to unclaimed property audits and cancellations. Information regarding the applicable unclaimed property audit is set forth in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements, Note 9 of this Form 10-K.
SCI, the trustees, and the investment advisor monitor the capital markets and the trusts on an on-going basis. The trustees, with input from the investment advisor, take prudent action as needed to achieve the investment goals and objectives of the trusts.
Results of Operations - Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022
Management Summary
In 2023, we reported consolidated net income attributable to common stockholders of $537.3 million ($3.53 per diluted share) compared to net income attributable to common stockholders in 2022 of $565.3 million ($3.53 per diluted share). These results were impacted by certain significant items including:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022
(In millions)
Pre-tax gains on divestitures and impairment charges, net $ 9.8 $ 10.0
Pre-tax losses on early extinguishment of debt, net $ (1.1) $ (1.2)
Pre-tax foreign currency exchange loss $ - $ (1.5)
Pre-tax estimate of certain legal matters (1)
$ - $ (64.6)
Tax effect from significant items $ (2.3) $ 14.0
Change in uncertain tax reserves and other (2)
$ 1.6 $ 0.7
(1) Estimate of certain legal matters in the fourth quarter of 2022 included an estimate of $64.6 million related to a private litigation matter in Florida and settlement discussions with the California Attorney General. Both matters relate to previously disclosed litigation.
(2) See Note 5 in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, for additional information related to change in uncertain tax reserves and other.
In addition to the above items, the decrease over the prior year is due to an expected decline in gross profit primarily due to decreases in COVID-19 related activity. Additionally, fewer shares outstanding and a lower tax rate helped to offset the impact of higher interest expense primarily due to rising interest rates.
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Funeral Results
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022
(Dollars in millions, except average revenue per service)
Consolidated funeral revenue $ 2,303.0 $ 2,332.0
Less: revenue associated with acquisitions/new construction 33.8 7.2
Less: revenue associated with divestitures 2.5 3.2
Comparable(1) funeral revenue
2,266.7 2,321.6
Less: non-funeral home preneed sales revenue 133.1 146.4
Less: core general agency and other revenue 179.6 161.4
Adjusted comparable funeral revenue $ 1,954.0 $ 2,013.8
Comparable services performed 350,610 371,319
Comparable average revenue per service(2)
$ 5,573 $ 5,423
Consolidated funeral gross profit 497.1 545.7
Less: gross profit associated with acquisitions/new construction 2.5 2.0
Less: gross losses associated with divestitures - (3.1)
Comparable(1) funeral gross profit
$ 494.6 $ 546.8
(1) We define comparable (or same store) operations as those funeral locations owned by us for the entire period beginning January 1, 2022 and ending December 31, 2023.
(2) We calculate comparable average revenue per service by dividing comparable funeral revenue, excluding general agency revenue, non-funeral home preneed sales revenue, and other revenue to avoid distorting our average of normal funeral services revenue, by the comparable number of funeral services performed during the period.
Funeral Revenue
Consolidated revenue from funeral operations was $2,303.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $2,332.0 million in 2022. This $29.0 million, or 1.2%, decrease in revenue is primarily attributable to a $54.9 million decrease in comparable funeral revenue, partially offset by a $26.6 million increase in revenue contributed from newly constructed and acquired properties.
Comparable revenue from funeral operations was $2,266.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $2,321.6 million in 2022. This $54.9 million decrease was primarily driven by the decrease in core revenue of $67.1 million as the prior year was impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Our comparable funeral services performed decreased 5.6% which comprised of a 6.9% decrease in funeral services performed by our funeral service locations offset by a 1.9% increase in cremations performed by our non-funeral home channel. This decrease was partially offset by a $18.2 million increase in comparable core general agency and other revenue as a result of higher comparable preneed insurance sales production.
Average revenue per funeral service increased 2.8% for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. This average revenue growth was primarily attributable to our consumer preferences for enhanced product and service offerings as well as an increase in trust fund income. Our total comparable cremation rate increased 160 basis points to 62.9% for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Funeral Gross Profit
Consolidated funeral gross profit decreased $48.6 million, or 8.9%, in 2023 compared to 2022 as the prior year was positively impacted by COVID-19. This decrease is primarily attributable to the decrease in comparable funeral gross profit of $52.2 million, or 9.5%. Comparable funeral gross profit decreased $52.2 million to $494.6 million and the comparable gross profit percentage decreased from 23.6% to 21.8%. This decrease in gross profit is due to the expected decline in revenue mentioned above combined with higher selling costs on higher preneed insurance sales production during the current year.
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Cemetery Results
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022
(In millions)
Consolidated cemetery revenue $ 1,796.7 $ 1,776.6
Less: revenue associated with acquisitions/new construction 4.8 1.1
Less: revenue associated with divestitures 0.8 1.1
Comparable(1) cemetery revenue
$ 1,791.1 $ 1,774.4
Consolidated cemetery gross profit $ 594.7 $ 608.9
Less: gross (loss) profit associated with acquisitions/new construction (1.5) (0.1)
Comparable(1) cemetery gross profit
$ 596.2 $ 609.0
(1) We define comparable (or same store) operations as those cemetery locations owned by us for the entire period beginning January 1, 2022 and ending December 31, 2023.
Cemetery Revenue
Consolidated revenue from our cemetery operations increased $20.1 million, or 1.1%, in 2023 compared to 2022 primarily due to a $16.7 million, or 0.9%, increase in comparable cemetery revenue and a $3.7 million increase in revenue contributed by newly constructed and acquired properties.
The increase in comparable cemetery revenue was primarily attributable to a $15.0 million increase in comparable cemetery core revenue, which was driven by a $31.2 million increase in recognized preneed revenue, partially offset by a $16.2 million decline in atneed revenue. The recognized preneed revenue growth benefited from increases in property, merchandise, and service revenue, as well as higher trust fund income. The decline in comparable cemetery atneed revenue was due to an expected decrease in contract velocity compared to 2022 that was heavily impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Cemetery Gross Profit
Consolidated cemetery gross profit decreased $14.2 million, or 2.3%, in 2023 compared to 2022 and is primarily attributable to the decrease in comparable cemetery gross profit of $12.8 million, or 2.1%, and a $1.4 million decrease in gross profit due to an increase in gross losses contributed by newly constructed and acquired properties. Comparable cemetery gross profit decreased $12.8 million to $596.2 million, and the gross profit percentage decreased 100 basis points to 33.3%. The decrease in gross profit is due to the decline in cemetery atneed revenue mentioned above combined with higher selling, maintenance and employee-related costs.
Other Financial Statement Items
Corporate General and Administrative Expenses
Corporate general and administrative expenses were $157.4 million in 2023 compared to $237.2 million in 2022. Excluding an estimated charge for certain legal matters of $64.6 million in the prior year, corporate general and administrative expenses decreased $15.2 million, primarily related to our incentive compensation plan.
Gains on Divestitures and Impairment Charges, Net
We recognized a $9.8 million and a $10.0 million net pre-tax gain on asset divestitures and impairments in 2023 and 2022, respectively, primarily as the result of asset divestitures associated with non-strategic funeral and cemetery locations in the United States and Canada partially offset by impairment losses.
Interest Expense
Interest expense increased $67.3 million to $239.4 million in 2023 primarily due to higher interest on our floating rate debt as well as higher balances. Our floating rate debt carried a weighted average interest rate of 7.11% for the full year 2023, which is 416 basis points higher than the weighted average rate for our floating rate debt for the full year 2022 of 2.95%.
Losses on Early Extinguishment of Debt, Net
During 2023, we made aggregate debt payments of $603.2 million for scheduled and early extinguishment payments primarily associated with our new bank credit agreement. During 2022, we made aggregate debt payments of $101.9 million for scheduled and early extinguishment payments. Certain of these transactions resulted in the recognition of pre-tax losses of $1.1 million and $1.2 million in 2023 and 2022, respectively, recorded in Losses on early extinguishment of debt, net in our Consolidated Statement of Operations.
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Provision for Income Taxes
The 2023 consolidated effective tax rate was 24.1%, compared to 25.1% in 2022. The decrease in the effective tax rate in 2023 was primarily due to the non-taxable gains arising from the cash surrender value of certain life insurance policies. The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2023 was higher than the federal statutory tax rate of 21% primarily due to state and foreign income taxes.
Critical Accounting Policies, Recent Accounting Pronouncements, and Accounting Changes
Our consolidated financial statements are impacted by the accounting policies used and the estimates and assumptions made by management during their preparation. See Note 2 in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, for more information. Estimates and assumptions affect the carrying values of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the balance sheet date. Actual results could differ from such estimates due to uncertainties associated with the methods and assumptions underlying our critical accounting measurements. The following is a discussion of our critical accounting policies pertaining to revenue recognition, valuation of goodwill, valuation of intangible assets, fair value measurements, and the use of estimates.
Revenue Recognition
Revenue is recognized when control of the merchandise or services is transferred to the customer. Our performance obligations include the delivery of funeral and cemetery merchandise and services and cemetery property interment rights. Control transfers when merchandise is delivered or services are performed. For cemetery property interment rights, control transfers to the customer when the property is developed and the interment right has been sold and can no longer be marketed or sold to another customer.
On our atneed contracts, we generally deliver the merchandise and perform the services at the time of need. Personalized marker merchandise and marker installation services sold on atneed contracts are recognized when control is transferred to the customer, generally when the marker is delivered and installed in the cemetery.
We also sell price-guaranteed preneed contracts through various programs providing for future merchandise and services at prices prevailing when the agreements are signed. Revenue associated with sales of preneed contracts is deferred until control of the merchandise or the services is transferred to the customer, which is upon delivery of the merchandise or as services are performed, generally at the time of need. On certain preneed contracts, we sell memorialization merchandise, which consists of urns and urn-related products, that we deliver to the customer at the time of sale. Revenue is recognized at the time of delivery when control of the memorialization merchandise is transferred.
For personalized marker merchandise sold on a preneed contract, we will:
•purchase the merchandise from vendors,
•personalize such merchandise in accordance with the customer's specific written instructions,
•either store the merchandise at a third-party bonded storage facility or install the merchandise, based on the customer's instructions, and
•transfer title to the customer.
We recognize revenue and record the cost of sales when control is transferred for the merchandise, which occurs upon delivery to the third-party storage facility or installation of the merchandise at the cemetery.
Pursuant to state or provincial law, all or a portion of the proceeds from funeral and cemetery merchandise or services sold on a preneed basis may be required to be paid into trust funds. We defer investment earnings related to these merchandise and service trusts until the associated merchandise is delivered or services are performed. Fees charged by our wholly-owned registered investment advisor are also included in revenue in the period in which they are earned.
A portion of the proceeds from the sale of cemetery property interment rights is required by state or provincial law to be paid by us into perpetual care trust funds to maintain the cemetery. This portion of the proceeds is not recognized as revenue. Investment earnings from these trusts are distributed to us regularly and recognized in current cemetery revenue.
For more information related to revenue, see Notes 2, 3, and 13 in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
Valuation of Goodwill
We record the excess of purchase price over the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired in business combinations as goodwill. Goodwill is tested annually during the fourth quarter for impairment by assessing the fair value of each of our reporting units.
Our goodwill impairment test involves certain estimates and management judgment. We perform our goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying amount, including goodwill. We determine fair value of each reporting unit using both a market and income approach. The income approach, which is a discounted cash flow method, uses
34 Service Corporation International
PART II
projections of future cash flows and includes assumptions concerning future operating performance and economic conditions that may differ from actual future cash flows. We do not record an impairment of goodwill in instances where the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount. If the aggregate fair value is less than the related carrying amount for a reporting unit, we compare the implied fair value of goodwill to the carrying amount of goodwill. If the carrying amount of reporting unit goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of that goodwill, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess.
For more information related to goodwill, see Notes 2 and 4 in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
Valuation of Intangible Assets
Our intangible assets include covenants-not-to-compete, customer relationships, trademarks and tradenames, and other intangible assets primarily resulting from acquisitions. Certain of our trademark and tradenames and other intangible assets are considered to have an indefinite life and are not subject to amortization. We test for impairment of intangible assets annually during the fourth quarter.
Our intangible asset impairment tests involve estimates and management judgment. For trademark and tradenames, our test uses the relief from royalty method whereby we determine the fair value of the assets by discounting the cash flows that represent a savings over having to pay a royalty fee for use of the trademark and tradenames. The discounted cash flow valuation uses projections of future cash flows and includes assumptions concerning future operating performance and economic conditions that may differ from actual future cash flows.
For more information related to intangible assets, see Notes 2 and 4 in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
Fair Value Measurements
We measure the securities held by our funeral merchandise and service, cemetery merchandise and service, and cemetery perpetual care trusts at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. We utilize a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements. The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. The three levels are defined as follows:
•Where quoted prices are available in an active market, securities held by the trusts are classified as Level 1 investments.
•Where quoted market prices are not available for the specific security, fair values are estimated by using either quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics or an income approach fair value model with observable inputs that include a combination of interest rates, yield curves, credit risks, prepayment speeds, ratings, and tax-exempt status. These securities are classified as Level 2 investments.
•The valuation of other investments requires management judgment due to the absence of quoted market prices, inherent lack of liquidity, and the long-term nature of such assets. These securities are classified as Level 3 investments.
Categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Certain securities held by our funeral merchandise and service, cemetery merchandise and service, and cemetery perpetual care trusts have been classified as Level 3 of the hierarchy due to the significant management judgment required because of the absence of quoted market prices, inherent lack of liquidity, or the long-term nature of the securities. For more information related to our fair value measurements, see Notes 2, 3, and 7 in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the United States (GAAP) requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the carrying values of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the balance sheet date. Actual results could differ from such estimates due to uncertainties associated with the methods and assumptions underlying our critical accounting measurements. Critical estimates used by management include:
Reserves and Allowances
We provide reserves for credit losses on our receivables. These reserves are based on an analysis of historical trends of collection activity adjusted for current conditions and forecasts. We also record an estimate of general agency revenue that may be canceled in its first year and revenue would be charged back by the insurance company. These estimates are impacted by a number of factors, including changes in the economy and demographic or competitive changes in our areas of operation.
Valuation of Trust Investments
When available, we use quoted market prices for specific securities. When quoted market prices are not available for the specific security, fair values are estimated by using either quoted market prices for securities with similar characteristics or a fair value model with observable inputs that include a combination of interest rates, yield curves, credit risks, prepayment terms, rating, and tax exempt status. The valuation of certain investments requires significant management judgment due to the absence of quoted market prices, inherent lack of liquidity, and the long-term nature of such assets.
FORM 10-K 35
PART II
Legal Liability Reserves
Contingent liabilities, principally for legal matters, are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Liabilities accrued for legal matters require judgments regarding projected outcomes and a range of loss based on historical experience and recommendations of legal counsel. However, litigation is inherently unpredictable and excessive verdicts do occur. As disclosed in Note 9 in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, our legal exposures and the ultimate outcome of these legal proceedings could be material to operating results or cash flows in any given quarter or year.
Income Taxes
We compute income taxes using the liability method. Our ability to realize the benefit of our deferred tax assets requires us to achieve certain future earnings levels. We have established a valuation allowance against a portion of our deferred tax assets in certain jurisdictions, and we could be required to further adjust that valuation allowance in the near term if market conditions change materially and future earnings are, or are projected to be, significantly different than our current estimates. An increase in the valuation allowance would result in additional income tax expense in such period.
As of December 31, 2023, foreign withholding taxes have not been provided on the estimated $247.6 million of undistributed earnings and profits ("E&P") of our foreign subsidiaries as we intend to permanently reinvest these foreign E&P in the respective businesses outside the United States. However, if we were to repatriate such foreign E&P, the foreign withholding tax liability is estimated to be $12.8 million. Additionally, if we were to repatriate E&P in excess of our previously taxed income under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, such excess repatriation may cause us to incur an additional U.S. federal income tax of approximately $7.7 million related to our hybrid debt structure between Canada and the United States that was eliminated in 2022.
We file income tax returns, including tax returns for our subsidiaries, with federal, state, local, and foreign jurisdictions. We consider the United States to be our most significant jurisdiction; however, all tax returns are subject to routine compliance review by the taxing authorities in the jurisdictions in which we file tax returns in the ordinary course of business.
The federal statutes of limitation have expired for all tax years prior to 2020, and we are not currently under audit by the IRS. However, pursuant to the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, the statute of limitations on the transition tax for the 2017 tax year does not expire until 2024. Various state jurisdictions are auditing years 2013 through 2021. There are currently no federal or provincial audits in Canada; however, years subsequent to 2017 remain open and could be subject to examination. We believe that it is reasonably possible that the recorded amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits may decrease by $1.3 million within the next twelve months as a result of concluding various state tax matters.
Insurance Loss Reserves
We purchase comprehensive general liability, morticians and cemetery professional liability, automobile liability, and workers’ compensation insurance coverages structured with high deductibles. This high-deductible insurance program means we are primarily self-insured for claims and associated costs and losses covered by these policies. Historical insurance industry experience indicates a high degree of inherent variability in assessing the ultimate amount of losses associated with casualty insurance claims. This is especially true with respect to liability and workers’ compensation exposures due to the extended period of time that transpires between when the claim might occur and the full settlement of such claim, which is often many years. We continually evaluate loss estimates associated with claims and losses related to these insurance coverages falling within the deductible of each coverage. Assumptions based on factors such as claim settlement patterns, claim development trends, claim frequency and severity patterns, inflationary trends, and data reasonableness will generally affect the analysis and determination of the “best estimate” of the projected ultimate claim losses. The results of these evaluations are used to both analyze and adjust our insurance loss reserves. As of December 31, 2023, insurance loss reserves were $103.3 million.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements and Accounting Changes
For discussion of recent accounting pronouncements and accounting changes, see Note 2 in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
The market risk inherent in our financial instruments and positions includes the price risk associated with the marketable equity and debt securities included in our portfolio of trust investments, the interest rate risk associated with our floating rate debt, and the currency risk associated with our Canadian operations. Our exposure to market risk as discussed below includes forward-looking statements and represents an estimate of possible changes in fair value or future earnings that might occur, assuming hypothetical changes in equity markets, interest rates, and currencies. Our views on market risk are not necessarily indicative of actual results that may occur, and they do not represent the maximum possible gains or losses that may occur. Actual fair value movements related to changes in equity markets, interest rates, and currencies, along with the timing of such movements, may differ from those estimated.
36 Service Corporation International
PART II
Marketable Equity and Debt Securities - Price Risk
In connection with our preneed funeral operations and preneed cemetery merchandise and service sales, the related funeral and cemetery trust funds own investments in equity and debt securities and mutual funds, which are sensitive to current market prices.
Cost and market values as of December 31, 2023 are presented in Note 3 in Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. Also see "Trust Investments" in Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, Financial Conditions, Liquidity, and Capital Resources, for discussion of trust investments.
Market-Rate Sensitive Instruments - Interest Rate Risk
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, approximately 69% and 72%, respectively, of our total debt consisted of fixed rate debt at a weighted average rate of 4.35% and 4.32%, respectively. A hypothetical increase in interest rates by 10% of the rates associated with our floating rate debt would increase our interest expense by $11.0 million. See Notes 6 and 7 in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, for additional information.
Market-Rate Sensitive Instruments - Currency Risk
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, our foreign currency exposure was primarily associated with the Canadian dollar. A hypothetical 10% adverse change in the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to our foreign currency instruments would have negatively affected our net income on an annual basis by $4.7 million and $5.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
At December 31, 2023, approximately 6% of our stockholders’ equity and debt and 6% of our operating income was denominated in the Canadian dollar. Approximately 6% of our stockholders’ equity and debt and 8% of our operating income was denominated in the Canadian dollar at December 31, 2022. We do not have an investment in foreign operations considered to be in highly inflationary economies.
FORM 10-K 37
PART II

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Index to Financial Statements and Related Schedule
Page
Financial Statements:
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 238)
Consolidated Statement of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021
Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021
Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2023 and 2022
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021
Consolidated Statement of Equity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
1. Nature of Operations
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
3. Preneed Activities
4. Goodwill and Intangible Assets
5. Income Taxes
6. Debt
7. Credit Risk and Fair Value of Financial Instruments
8. Leases
9. Commitments and Contingencies
10. Equity
11. Share-Based Compensation
12. Retirement Plans
13. Segment Reporting
14. Supplementary Information
15. Earnings Per Share
16. Acquisitions and Divestiture-Related Activities
Financial Statement Schedule:
II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021
All other schedules have been omitted because the required information is not applicable or is not present in amounts sufficient to require submission or because the information required is included in the consolidated financial statements or the related notes thereto.
38 Service Corporation International
PART II
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Service Corporation International
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Service Corporation International and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related consolidated statements of operations, of comprehensive income, of equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, including the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying index (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
FORM 10-K 39
PART II
Goodwill Impairment Assessment - Funeral Reporting Unit
As described in Notes 2 and 4 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s consolidated goodwill balance was $2.0 billion as of December 31, 2023, and the goodwill associated with the funeral reporting unit was $1.6 billion. Goodwill is tested annually during the fourth quarter, or whenever certain events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of goodwill may be greater than fair value. In order to perform the goodwill impairment test, management compares the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying amount, including goodwill. Management determines fair value of a reporting unit using both a market and income approach. The income approach, which is a discounted cash flow method, uses projections of future cash flows and includes assumptions concerning future operating performance and economic conditions, such as revenue and other growth rates and a discount rate, that may differ from actual future cash flows.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the goodwill impairment assessment of the funeral reporting unit is a critical audit matter are the significant judgment by management when developing the fair value measurement of the reporting unit under the income approach. This in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and in evaluating management’s cash flow projections and significant assumptions related to revenue growth rates (over a seven year period (“discrete years”) and terminal year) and ratio of expenses to revenue. In addition, the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in performing these procedures and evaluating the audit evidence obtained.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s goodwill impairment assessment of the funeral reporting unit, including controls over the valuation assertion. These procedures also included, among others, testing management’s process for developing the fair value estimate; evaluating the appropriateness of the discounted cash flow model; testing the completeness, accuracy, and relevance of underlying data used in the model; and evaluating the reasonableness of significant assumptions used by management related to the revenue growth rates (discrete years and terminal year) and ratio of expenses to revenue. Evaluating management’s assumptions related to the revenue growth rates (discrete years and terminal year) and the ratio of expenses to revenue involved evaluating whether the assumptions used by management were reasonable considering (i) the current and past performance of the reporting unit, (ii) the consistency with forecasts per industry data, and (iii) whether these assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating the Company’s discounted cash flow model and the terminal year revenue growth rate assumption.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Houston, Texas
February 13, 2024
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1993.
40 Service Corporation International
PART II
Service Corporation International
Consolidated Statement of Operations
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
Revenue
Property and merchandise revenue $ 2,124,600 $ 2,136,593 $ 2,139,795
Service revenue 1,683,417 1,707,099 1,730,860
Other revenue 291,761 264,969 272,488
Total revenue 4,099,778 4,108,661 4,143,143
Costs of revenue
Cost of property and merchandise (1,075,041) (1,041,287) (1,007,261)
Cost of service (912,346) (883,020) (833,183)
Overhead and other expenses (1,020,584) (1,029,752) (979,624)
Costs of revenue (3,007,971) (2,954,059) (2,820,068)
Gross profit 1,091,807 1,154,602 1,323,075
Corporate general and administrative expenses (157,368) (237,248) (157,568)
Gains on divestitures and impairment charges, net 9,816 9,962 25,169
Operating income 944,255 927,316 1,190,676
Interest expense (239,447) (172,109) (150,610)
Losses on early extinguishment of debt, net (1,114) (1,225) (5,226)
Other income, net 4,912 1,646 10,660
Income before income taxes 708,606 755,628 1,045,500
Provision for income taxes (170,945) (189,594) (242,248)
Net income 537,661 566,034 803,252
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests (344) (696) (313)
Net income attributable to common stockholders $ 537,317 $ 565,338 $ 802,939
Basic earnings per share:
Net income attributable to common stockholders $ 3.57 $ 3.58 $ 4.79
Basic weighted average number of shares 150,565 157,713 167,542
Diluted earnings per share:
Net income attributable to common stockholders $ 3.53 $ 3.53 $ 4.72
Diluted weighted average number of shares 152,351 160,131 170,114
(See notes to consolidated financial statements)
FORM 10-K 41
PART II
Service Corporation International
Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In thousands)
Net income $ 537,661 $ 566,034 $ 803,252
Other comprehensive income:
Foreign currency translation adjustments 8,353 (23,681) 846
Total comprehensive income 546,014 542,353 804,098
Total comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests (344) (691) (311)
Total comprehensive income attributable to common stockholders $ 545,670 $ 541,662 $ 803,787
(See notes to consolidated financial statements)
42 Service Corporation International
PART II
Service Corporation International
Consolidated Balance Sheet
December 31,
2023 2022
(In thousands, except share amounts)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 221,557 $ 191,938
Receivables, net of reserves of $4,382 and $6,186, respectively
97,939 96,681
Inventories 33,597 31,740
Income tax receivable 122,183 7,021
Other 23,010 32,466
Total current assets 498,286 359,846
Preneed receivables, net of reserves of $32,475 and $27,314, respectively and trust investments
6,191,912 5,577,499
Cemetery property 2,020,846 1,939,816
Property and equipment, net 2,480,099 2,350,549
Goodwill 1,977,186 1,945,588
Deferred charges and other assets, net of reserves of $2,345 and $3,602, respectively
1,247,830 1,190,426
Cemetery perpetual care trust investments 1,939,241 1,702,313
Total assets $ 16,355,400 $ 15,066,037
LIABILITIES & EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $ 685,699 $ 707,488
Current maturities of long-term debt 63,341 90,661
Income taxes payable 60 1,131
Total current liabilities 749,100 799,280
Long-term debt 4,649,155 4,251,083
Deferred revenue, net 1,703,509 1,624,028
Deferred tax liability 638,106 445,040
Other liabilities 464,935 411,376
Deferred receipts held in trust 4,670,884 4,163,520
Care trusts’ corpus 1,938,238 1,698,287
Commitments and contingencies (Note 9)
Equity:
Common stock,$1 per share par value,500,000,000 shares authorized, 148,297,042 and 156,088,438 shares issued, respectively, and 146,323,340 and 153,940,365 shares outstanding, respectively
146,323 153,940
Capital in excess of par value 937,596 958,329
Retained earnings 432,454 544,384
Accumulated other comprehensive income 24,891 16,538
Total common stockholders’ equity 1,541,264 1,673,191
Noncontrolling interests 209 232
Total equity 1,541,473 1,673,423
Total liabilities and equity $ 16,355,400 $ 15,066,037
(See notes to consolidated financial statements)
FORM 10-K 43
PART II
Service Corporation International
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income $ 537,661 $ 566,034 $ 803,252
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Losses on early extinguishment of debt, net 1,114 1,225 5,226
Depreciation and amortization 191,272 175,330 159,306
Amortization of intangibles 18,736 18,355 20,002
Amortization of cemetery property 101,234 94,123 98,162
Amortization of loan costs 6,871 6,851 6,367
Provision for expected credit losses 11,245 16,700 11,362
Provision for (benefit from) deferred income taxes 191,516 3,471 (5,837)
Gains on divestitures and impairment charges, net (9,816) (9,962) (25,169)
Gain on sale of investments - (1,169) -
Share-based compensation 15,423 14,709 14,168
Change in assets and liabilities, net of effects from acquisitions and divestitures:
Decrease (increase) in receivables (3,810) 4,151 (20,215)
Increase in other assets (131,581) (8,206) (54,883)
Increase in payables and other liabilities (9,676) 37,029 53,747
Effect of preneed sales production and maturities:
Increase in preneed receivables, net and trust investments (178,642) (309,055) (308,061)
Increase in deferred revenue, net 157,656 195,358 119,730
Increase in deferred receipts held in trust (30,160) 20,781 43,451
Net cash provided by operating activities 869,043 825,725 920,608
Cash flows from investing activities:
Capital expenditures (361,793) (369,709) (303,660)
Business acquisitions, net of cash acquired (72,535) (102,558) (121,382)
Real estate acquisitions (56,409) (17,127) (26,604)
Proceeds from divestitures and sales of property and equipment 25,888 42,093 40,696
Payments for Company-owned life insurance policies (8,058) (1,910) (3,982)
Proceeds from Company-owned life insurance policies 10,119 - -
Other investing activities (6,598) 1,330 -
Net cash used in investing activities (469,386) (447,881) (414,932)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt 957,433 484,000 975,000
Debt issuance costs (7,471) (525) (13,640)
Scheduled payments of debt (22,230) (36,288) (36,158)
Early payments of debt (580,973) (65,591) (699,837)
Principal payments on finance leases (34,482) (35,542) (34,617)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options 24,181 27,814 39,354
Purchase of Company common stock (544,844) (660,850) (554,313)
Payments of dividends (167,983) (160,035) (146,919)
Bank overdrafts and other (4,773) (980) 5,510
Net cash used in financing activities (381,142) (447,997) (465,620)
Effect of foreign currency 1,722 (3,878) (111)
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash 20,237 (74,031) 39,945
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period 204,524 278,555 238,610
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period $ 224,761 $ 204,524 $ 278,555
(See notes to consolidated financial statements)
44 Service Corporation International
PART II
Service Corporation International
Consolidated Statement of Equity
Common
Stock Treasury
Stock,
Par Value Capital in
Excess of
Par Value Retained
Earnings Accumulated Other
Comprehensive
Income Noncontrolling
Interest Total
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
Balance at December 31, 2020 $ 174,792 $ (4,075) $ 981,934 $ 560,731 $ 39,366 $ (127) $ 1,752,621
Comprehensive income - - - 802,939 848 311 804,098
Dividends declared on common stock ($0.88 per share)
- - - (146,919) - - (146,919)
Employee share-based compensation earned - - 14,168 - - - 14,168
Stock option exercises 1,642 - 38,035 - - - 39,677
Restricted stock awards, net of forfeitures 163 - (163) - - - -
Purchase of Company common stock - (9,438) (55,468) (489,730) - - (554,636)
Noncontrolling interest payments - - - - - (180) (180)
Retirement of treasury shares (9,805) 9,805 - - - - -
Other 30 - 590 - - - 620
Balance at December 31, 2021 $ 166,822 $ (3,708) $ 979,096 $ 727,021 $ 40,214 $ 4 $ 1,909,449
Comprehensive income - - - 565,338 (23,676) 691 542,353
Dividends declared on common stock ($1.02 per share)
- - - (160,035) - - (160,035)
Employee share-based compensation earned - - 14,709 - - - 14,709
Stock option exercises 1,010 - 27,084 - - - 28,094
Restricted stock awards, net of forfeitures 149 (1) (148) - - - -
Purchase of Company common stock - (10,356) (62,834) (587,940) - - (661,130)
Noncontrolling interest payments - - - - - (463) (463)
Retirement of treasury shares (11,916) 11,916 - - - - -
Other 24 - 422 - - - 446
Balance at December 31, 2022 $ 156,089 $ (2,149) $ 958,329 $ 544,384 $ 16,538 $ 232 $ 1,673,423
Comprehensive income - - - 537,317 8,353 344 546,014
Dividends declared on common stock ($1.12 per share)
- - - (167,983) - - (167,983)
Employee share-based compensation earned - - 15,423 - - - 15,423
Stock option exercises 927 - 23,254 - - - 24,181
Restricted stock awards, net of forfeitures 132 1 (133) - - - -
Purchase of Company common stock - (8,701) (59,603) (481,264) - - (549,568)
Noncontrolling interest payments - - - - - (367) (367)
Retirement of treasury shares (8,874) 8,874 - - - - -
Other 24 - 326 - - - 350
Balance at December 31, 2023 $ 148,298 $ (1,975) $ 937,596 $ 432,454 $ 24,891 $ 209 $ 1,541,473
(See notes to consolidated financial statements)
FORM 10-K 45
PART II
Service Corporation International
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
1. Nature of Operations
Service Corporation International (SCI) is a holding company and all operations are conducted by its subsidiaries. We are North America’s largest provider of deathcare products and services, with a network of funeral service locations and cemeteries operating in the United States and Canada. Our funeral service and cemetery operations consist of funeral service locations, cemeteries, funeral service/cemetery combination locations, crematoria, and other related businesses, which enable us to serve a wide array of customer needs. We sell cemetery property and funeral and cemetery merchandise and services at the time of need and on a preneed basis. We strive to offer families exceptional service in planning life celebrations and personalized remembrances.
Funeral service locations provide all professional services relating to funerals and cremations, including the use of funeral facilities and motor vehicles, arranging and directing services, removal, preparation, embalming, cremations, memorialization, travel protection, and catering. Funeral merchandise, including burial caskets and related accessories, urns and other cremation receptacles, outer burial containers, flowers, online and video tributes, stationery products, casket and cremation memorialization products, and other ancillary merchandise, is sold at funeral service locations.
Our cemeteries provide cemetery property interment rights, including developed lots, lawn crypts, mausoleum spaces, niches, and other cremation memorialization and interment options. Cemetery merchandise and services, including cemetery markers and bases, outer burial containers, flowers and floral placement, other ancillary merchandise, graveside memorial services, merchandise installation, and interments, are sold at our cemeteries.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation
Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Service Corporation International (SCI) and all subsidiaries in which we hold a controlling financial interest. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Our consolidated financial statements also include the accounts of the merchandise and service trusts and cemetery perpetual care trusts in which we have a variable interest and are the primary beneficiary. We have retained the specialized industry accounting principles when consolidating the trusts. Our trusts are variable interest entities, for which we have determined that we are the primary beneficiary as we absorb a majority of the losses and returns associated with these trusts. Although we consolidate the trusts, it does not change the legal relationships among the trusts, us, or our customers. The customers are the legal beneficiaries of these trusts; therefore, their interests in these trusts represent a liability to us.
Certain reclassifications have been made to prior period amounts to conform to the current period disclosure presentation with no effect on our consolidated net income or cash flows.
Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that may affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. As a result, actual results could differ from these estimates.
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash
We consider all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The carrying amounts of our cash and cash equivalents approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments.
46 Service Corporation International
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The components of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash were as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022
(In thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents $ 221,557 $ 191,938
Restricted cash(1):
Included in Other current assets
370 10,379
Included in Deferred charges and other assets
2,834 2,207
Total restricted cash 3,204 12,586
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash $ 224,761 $ 204,524
(1) Restricted cash in both periods primarily consists of proceeds from divestitures deposited into escrow accounts under IRS code section 1031 and collateralized obligations under certain insurance policies.
Receivables, Net
The components of Receivables, net in our Consolidated Balance Sheet were as follows:
December 31, 2023
Atneed Funeral Atneed Cemetery Miscellaneous Current Portion of Notes Total
(In thousands)
Receivables $ 35,572 $ 19,277 $ 47,297 $ 175 $ 102,321
Reserve for credit losses (1,784) (2,118) (343) (137) (4,382)
Receivables, net $ 33,788 $ 17,159 $ 46,954 $ 38 $ 97,939
December 31, 2022
Atneed Funeral Atneed Cemetery Miscellaneous Current Portion of Notes Total
(In thousands)
Receivables $ 44,417 $ 19,781 $ 38,483 $ 186 $ 102,867
Reserve for credit losses (3,627) (2,076) (344) (139) (6,186)
Receivables, net $ 40,790 $ 17,705 $ 38,139 $ 47 $ 96,681
Additionally, included in Deferred charges and other assets, net were notes receivable, net and long-term miscellaneous receivables, net as follows:
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
(In thousands)
Notes receivable $ 10,294 $ 9,367
Reserve for credit losses (1,797) (2,546)
Notes receivable, net $ 8,497 $ 6,821
Long-term miscellaneous receivables $ 7,888 $ 7,993
Reserve for credit losses (548) (1,056)
Long-term miscellaneous receivables, net $ 7,340 $ 6,937
Our atneed trade receivables primarily consist of amounts due for funeral and cemetery services already performed. We provide reserves for credit losses for our receivables. These reserves are based on an analysis of historical trends of collection activity adjusted for current conditions and forecasts. These estimates are impacted by a number of factors, including changes in the economy and demographic or competitive changes in our areas of operation. Cemetery preneed receivables are collateralized by cemetery property to the extent of the fair value of the property.
Payment on atneed contracts is generally due at the time the merchandise is delivered or the services are performed. We also have preneed receivables, as disclosed in Note 3, for which payment generally occurs prior to our fulfillment of the performance obligations. Our preneed contracts may also have extended payment terms with associated financing charges.
FORM 10-K 47
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We do not accrue interest on preneed receivables if they are not paid in accordance with the contractual payment terms given the nature of our merchandise and services, the nature of our contracts with customers, and the timing of the delivery of our services. Generally, receivables are considered past due after thirty days. We do not consider preneed funeral receivables to be past due until the contract converts into an atneed contract at which time the preneed receivable is paid or reclassified as a trade receivable with payment terms of less than thirty days. Collections are generally managed by the locations or our in house collection agencies acting on behalf of the locations, until a receivable is one hundred eighty days delinquent, at which time trade receivables are fully reserved.
The following table summarizes the activity in our reserve for credit losses by portfolio segment, excluding preneed receivables which are presented in Note 3, for the year ended December 31, 2023:
December 31, 2022 Provision for Expected Credit Losses (Acquisitions)
Divestitures, net Write
Offs Recoveries Effect of Foreign Currency December 31, 2023
(In thousands)
Trade receivables:
Funeral $ (3,627) $ (2,626) $ - $ 6,280 $ (1,893) $ 82 $ (1,784)
Cemetery (2,076) (1,139) - 1,467 (371) 1 (2,118)
Total reserve for credit losses on trade receivables $ (5,703) $ (3,765) $ - $ 7,747 $ (2,264) $ 83 $ (3,902)
Miscellaneous receivables:
Current $ (344) $ 1 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ (343)
Long-term (1,056) 508 - - - - (548)
Total reserve for credit losses on miscellaneous receivables $ (1,400) $ 509 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ (891)
Notes receivable $ (2,685) $ 2 $ - $ 1,281 $ - $ (532) $ (1,934)
At December 31, 2023, the amortized cost basis of our miscellaneous and notes receivables by year of origination was as follows:
2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Revolving Line of Credit Total
(In thousands)
Miscellaneous receivables:
Current $ 44,897 $ 1,681 $ 427 $ 207 $ 83 $ 2 $ - $ 47,297
Long-term 3,607 2,255 1,351 313 353 9 - 7,888
Total miscellaneous receivables $ 48,504 $ 3,936 $ 1,778 $ 520 $ 436 $ 11 $ - $ 55,185
Notes receivable $ - $ - $ - $ 11 $ - $ 4,603 $ 5,855 $ 10,469
48 Service Corporation International
PART II
At December 31, 2023, the payment status of our miscellaneous and notes receivables was as follows:
Past Due
<30 Days 30-90 Days 90-180 Days >180 Days Total Current Total
(In thousands)
Miscellaneous receivables:
Current $ - $ 19 $ 249 $ 1,244 $ 1,512 $ 45,785 $ 47,297
Long-term - - - - - 7,888 7,888
Total miscellaneous receivables $ - $ 19 $ 249 $ 1,244 $ 1,512 $ 53,673 $ 55,185
Notes receivable $ - $ 117 $ - $ 1,116 $ 1,233 $ 9,236 $ 10,469
Inventories and Cemetery Property
Funeral and cemetery merchandise are stated at the lower of average cost or net realizable value. Cemetery property is recorded at cost. Inventory costs and cemetery property are relieved using specific identification in fulfillment of performance obligations on our contracts. Cemetery property amortization was $101.2 million, $94.1 million, and $98.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense, whereas renewals and major replacements that extend the useful lives of the assets are capitalized. Depreciation is recognized ratably over the estimated useful lives of the various classes of assets. Buildings and improvements are depreciated over a period ranging from ten years to forty years, equipment is depreciated over a period from three years to twelve years, and leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the lease term or twelve years. Depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment was $191.3 million, $175.3 million, and $159.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. When property or equipment is sold or retired, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the Consolidated Balance Sheet and the resulting gains and losses are included in the Consolidated Statement of Operations in the period of sale or disposal.
Leases
We have operating and finance leases. Our operating leases primarily include funeral service real estate and office equipment for funeral service locations, cemetery locations, and administrative offices. Our finance leases primarily include transportation equipment but also include real estate and office equipment. Lease terms related to real estate generally range from one year to forty years with options to renew at varying terms. Lease terms related to office and transportation equipment generally range from one year to nine years with options to renew at varying terms.
We determine whether an arrangement is or contains a lease at the inception of the arrangement based on the unique facts and circumstances present. Right-of-use (ROU) assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Leases with a term greater than one year are recognized on the balance sheet as ROU assets and lease liabilities. We have elected not to recognize on the balance sheet leases with terms of one year or less.
Lease liabilities and their corresponding ROU assets are recorded at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the expected lease term. For transportation equipment, we use the rate implicit in each lease to calculate the present value. For real estate and non-transportation equipment leases, the interest rate implicit in lease contracts is typically not readily determinable. Therefore, we use the appropriate collateralized incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of future payments for real estate and non-transportation equipment leases. Certain adjustments to the ROU asset may be required for items such as initial direct costs paid or incentives received.
For a lessee, the discount rate for the lease is defined as the rate implicit in the lease unless that rate cannot be readily determined. In that case, the lessee is required to use its incremental borrowing rate, which is the rate of interest that a lessee would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term with an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. We use the rate implicit in each lease for vehicles and other transportation equipment, which represents 59% of our total lease liability as of December 31, 2023 and which are substantially all finance leases. For leases of real estate and non-transportation equipment, which are primarily operating leases, we use our incremental borrowing rate since the rate implicit in these leases cannot be readily determined. To calculate the incremental borrowing rate, we utilize the yield-to-worst of our publicly traded debt securities, adjusted for the appropriate duration on a secured basis. As an accounting policy election, we include reasonably certain renewal periods when determining the rate to use as the incremental borrowing rate for each lease.
FORM 10-K 49
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We calculate operating lease expense ratably over the lease term. We consider reasonably assured renewal options and fixed escalation provisions in our calculation. Generally, our leases do not include options to terminate the lease prior to the contractual lease expiration date, but future renewal periods are generally cancelable. The majority of our contractually available renewal periods for leases of buildings and land are considered reasonably certain of being exercised. This determination is made by our real estate team based on facts and circumstances surrounding each property. Leases with a term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet. The majority of our lease arrangements contain options to (i) purchase the property at fair value on the exercise date, (ii) purchase the property for a value determined at the inception of the lease, or (iii) renew the lease for the fair rental value at the end of the primary lease term. The depreciable life of assets and leasehold improvements are generally limited by the expected lease term.
Certain of our lease agreements include variable rental payments based on a percentage of sales over base contractual levels and others include rental payments adjusted periodically for inflation. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. We generally do not have sublease arrangements, sale-leaseback arrangements, or leveraged leases.
We have lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are generally accounted for separately. For leases commencing before January 1, 2019, we have elected the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components on certain equipment leases, such as copiers where the cost-per-copy maintenance charges are included in the lease charge. On these leases, we have elected to account for the lease and non-lease components as a single component. For leases commencing on or after January 1, 2019, we account for the maintenance charges (non-lease components) separately from the lease components. For more information related to leases, see Note 8.
Goodwill
The excess of purchase price over the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired in business combinations is recorded as goodwill. Goodwill is tested annually during the fourth quarter for impairment by assessing the fair value of each of our reporting units.
Our goodwill impairment test involves estimates and management judgment. In order to perform our goodwill impairment test, we compare the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying amount, including goodwill. We determine fair value of each reporting unit using both a market and income approach. The income approach, which is a discounted cash flow method, uses projections of future cash flows and includes assumptions concerning future operating performance and economic conditions that may differ from actual future cash flows. We do not record an impairment of goodwill in instances where the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount. If the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of a reporting unit, an impairment is recognized in an amount equal to the excess, up to the amount of goodwill in the reporting unit.
For our most recent annual impairment test performed in the fourth quarter, we used a 6.75% discount rate, revenue growth rates ranging from 1.0% to 3.0% over a seven-year period, plus a terminal value determined using the constant growth method in projecting our future cash flows. Our terminal value was calculated using a long-term revenue growth rate of 1.0% and 2.8% for our funeral and cemetery reporting units, respectively. Additionally, we used a ratio of expenses to revenue ranging from 70.0% to 80.0% and growth rates for other assumptions in our model ranging from 2.0% to 3.0%. Fair value was calculated as the sum of the projected discounted cash flows of our reporting units over the next seven years plus terminal value at the end of those seven years.
In addition to our annual review, we assess the impairment of goodwill whenever certain events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may be greater than fair value. Factors that could trigger an interim impairment review include, but are not limited to, significant underperformance relative to historical or projected future operating results and significant negative industry or economic trends. For more information related to goodwill, see Note 4.
Other Intangible Assets
Our intangible assets include covenants-not-to-compete, customer relationships, trademarks and tradenames, and other intangible assets primarily resulting from acquisitions. Certain of our trademark and tradenames and other intangible assets are considered to have an indefinite life and are not subject to amortization. We test for impairment of indefinite-lived intangible assets annually during the fourth quarter.
Our intangible asset impairment tests involve estimates and management judgment. For trademarks and tradenames, our test uses the relief from royalty method whereby we determine the fair value of the assets by discounting the cash flows that represent a savings over having to pay a royalty fee for use of the trademarks and tradenames. The discounted cash flow valuation uses projections of future cash flows and includes assumptions concerning future operating performance and economic conditions that may differ from actual future cash flows.
For our most recent annual impairment test performed in the fourth quarter, we estimated that the pre-tax savings would range from 2.0% to 5.0% (4.2% weighted average using carrying value) of the revenue associated with the trademarks and tradenames, based primarily on our research of intellectual property valuation and licensing databases. We also assumed a terminal growth rate of 1.0% and 2.8% for our funeral and cemetery segments (1.5% weighted average using carrying value), respectively, and discounted the cash flows at a 6.95% discount rate based on the relative risk of these assets to our overall business.
50 Service Corporation International
PART II
In addition to our annual review, we assess the impairment of intangible assets whenever certain events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may be greater than the fair value. Factors that could trigger an interim impairment review include, but are not limited to, significant under-performance relative to historical or projected future operating results and significant negative industry or economic trends.
Certain of our intangible assets associated with prior acquisitions are relieved using specific identification in fulfillment of performance obligations on our contracts with customers. We amortize all other finite-lived intangible assets on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, which range from five years to eighty-nine years. For more information related to intangible assets, see Note 4.
Fair Value Measurements
We measure the securities held by our funeral merchandise and service, cemetery merchandise and service, and cemetery perpetual care trusts at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. We utilize a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements. The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. The three levels are defined as follows:
•Where quoted prices are available in an active market, securities held by the trusts are classified as Level 1 investments.
•Where quoted market prices are not available for the specific security, fair values are estimated by using either quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics or an income approach fair value model with observable inputs that include a combination of interest rates, yield curves, credit risks, prepayment speeds, ratings, and tax-exempt status. These securities are classified as Level 2 investments.
•The valuation of other investments requires management judgment due to the absence of quoted market prices, inherent lack of liquidity, and the long-term nature of such assets. These securities are classified as Level 3 investments.
Categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
Fixed income commingled funds, money market funds, and private equity investments are measured at net asset value. Fixed income commingled funds and money market funds are redeemable for net asset value with two weeks' notice and immediately, respectively. Our private equity investments include several funds that invest in limited partnerships, distressed debt, real estate, and mezzanine financing. These investments can never be redeemed by the funds. Instead, due to the nature of the investments in this category, distributions are received through the liquidation of the underlying assets of the funds.
Valuation policies and procedures are determined by our Trust Services department, which reports to our Chief Financial Officer. Additionally, valuations are reviewed quarterly by the Investment Committee of the Board of Directors.
Treasury Stock
We make treasury stock purchases in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions subject to market conditions and normal trading restrictions. We account for the repurchase of our common stock under the par value method. We canceled 8.9 million, 11.9 million, and 9.8 million shares of our common stock held in our treasury in 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. These retired treasury shares were changed to authorized but unissued status.
Foreign Currency Translation
All assets and liabilities of Canadian subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect as of the end of the reporting period. Revenue and expense items are translated at the average exchange rates for the reporting period. The resulting translation adjustments are included as a component of Accumulated other comprehensive income in the Consolidated Statement of Equity and Consolidated Balance Sheet.
The functional currency of SCI and its subsidiaries is the respective local currency. The transactional currency gains and losses that arise from transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currencies of our operations are recorded in Other income, net in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. We do not have any investments in foreign operations considered to be in highly inflationary economies.
Funeral and Cemetery Operations
Revenue is recognized when control of the merchandise or services is transferred to the customer. Our performance obligations include the delivery of funeral and cemetery merchandise and services and cemetery property interment rights. Control transfers when merchandise is delivered or services are performed. For cemetery property interment rights, control transfers to the customer when the property is developed and the interment right has been sold and can no longer be marketed or sold to another customer. Sales taxes collected are recognized on a net basis in our consolidated financial statements.
On our atneed contracts, we generally deliver the merchandise and perform the services at the time of need. Personalized marker merchandise and marker installation services sold on atneed contracts are recognized when control is transferred to the customer, generally when the marker is delivered and installed in the cemetery.
FORM 10-K 51
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We also sell price-guaranteed preneed contracts through various programs providing for future merchandise and services at prices prevailing when the agreements are signed. Revenue associated with sales of preneed contracts is deferred until control of the merchandise or the services is transferred to the customer, which is upon delivery of the merchandise or as services are performed, generally at the time of need. On certain preneed contracts, we sell memorialization merchandise, which consists of urns and urn-related products, that we deliver to the customer at the time of sale. Revenue is recognized at the time of delivery when control of the memorialization merchandise is transferred.
For personalized marker merchandise sold on a preneed contract, we will:
•purchase the merchandise from vendors,
•personalize such merchandise in accordance with the customer's specific written instructions,
•either store the merchandise at a third-party bonded storage facility or install the merchandise, based on the customer's instructions, and
•transfer title to the customer.
We recognize revenue and record the cost of sales when control is transferred for the merchandise, which occurs upon delivery to the third-party storage facility or installation of the merchandise at the cemetery.
There is no general right of return for delivered items.
We also sell travel protection as an agent of a third party. Travel protection is a service that provides shipment of remains to the servicing funeral home or cemetery of choice if the purchaser passes away outside of a certain radius of their residence, without any additional expense to the family. We do not provide these travel protection services, and we are not primarily obligated to provide such services under these arrangements. Therefore, we record revenues, net of amounts due to the third-party, at the time of sale.
Total consideration received for price-guaranteed preneed and for atneed contracts with customers represents the stated amount of the contract excluding any amounts collected on behalf of third parties, such as sales taxes. Additionally, pursuant to state or provincial law, all or a portion of the proceeds from merchandise or services sold on a preneed basis may be required to be deposited into trust funds. Earnings on these trust funds, which are specifically identifiable for each performance obligation, are also included in total consideration.
The total consideration received for contracts with customers is allocated to each performance obligation based on relative selling price. Relative selling prices are determined by either the amount we sell the performance obligation for on a stand-alone basis or our best estimate of the amount we would sell it for based on an adjusted market assessment approach that is consistent with our historical pricing practices.
Payment on atneed contracts is generally due at the time the merchandise is delivered or the services are performed. For preneed contracts, payment generally occurs prior to our fulfillment of the performance obligations. Our preneed contracts may also have extended payment terms with associated financing charges. We do not accrue interest on preneed receivables if they are not paid in accordance with the contractual payment terms given the nature of our merchandise and services, the nature of our contracts with customers, and the timing of the delivery of our services. We do not consider preneed receivables to be past due until the merchandise or services are required to be delivered at which time the preneed receivable is paid or reclassified as a trade receivable with payment terms of less than thirty days. For unfulfilled performance obligations on cancelable preneed contracts, our Consolidated Balance Sheet reflects the net contract liability, which represents the amount we have collected from customers, in Deferred revenue, net.
Pursuant to state or provincial law, all or a portion of the proceeds from merchandise or services sold on a preneed basis may be required to be deposited into trust funds. When we receive payments from the customer, we deposit the amount required by law into the merchandise and service trusts and reclassify the corresponding amount from Deferred revenue, net into Deferred receipts held in trust. Amounts are withdrawn from the merchandise and service trusts when we fulfill the performance obligations. Fixed income securities held by these trust funds are classified as trading securities. Earnings on these trust funds, which are specifically identifiable for each performance obligation, are also included in total consideration. We defer these investment earnings related to the merchandise and service trusts until the associated merchandise is delivered or services are performed. Fees charged by our wholly-owned registered investment advisor are also included in revenue in the period in which they are earned.
If a preneed contract is canceled prior to delivery, state or provincial law determines the amount of the refund owed to the customer, if any, including the amount of the attributed investment earnings. Upon cancellation, we receive the amount of principal deposited to the trust and previously undistributed net investment earnings and, where required, issue a refund to the customer. In addition, we are entitled to retain, in certain jurisdictions, a portion of collected customer payments when a customer cancels a preneed contract. We recognize these retained funds, if any, and the attributed investment earnings (net of any investment earnings payable to the customer) as revenue in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. In certain jurisdictions, we may be obligated to fund any shortfall if the amount refundable to the customer exceeds the funds in trust.
A portion of the proceeds from the sale of cemetery property interment rights is required by state or provincial law to be paid into perpetual care trust funds by us to maintain the cemetery. This portion of the proceeds is not recognized as revenue. Fixed income securities held by these trust funds are classified as trading securities. Investment earnings from these trusts
52 Service Corporation International
PART II
are distributed to us regularly and recognized in current cemetery revenue. These distributions are intended to defray cemetery maintenance costs incurred by us for our cemetery properties, which are expensed as incurred. The principal of such perpetual care trust funds generally cannot be withdrawn; however, in lieu of the distribution of realized income, certain states allow a total return distribution, which may contain elements of income, capital appreciation, and principal.
Costs related to delivery or performance of merchandise and services are charged to expense when merchandise is delivered or services are performed. Costs related to property interment rights include the property and construction costs specifically identified by each project. Property and construction costs are charged to expense when the revenue is recognized by specific identification in the fulfillment of the performance obligation. Incremental direct selling costs are deferred until fulfillment of the performance obligations. These deferred costs are classified as long-term on our Consolidated Balance Sheet because we do not control the timing of the delivery of the merchandise or performance of the services as they are generally provided at the time of need. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, we recognized $247.4 million, $263.9 million, and $259.9 million, respectively, of incremental selling costs. All other selling costs are expensed as incurred.
The components of Cost of revenue in our Consolidated Statement of Operations are:
•Cost of property and merchandise, which includes cemetery property amortization, the direct cost of merchandise, labor-related costs for merchandise handling and delivery, cemetery maintenance expenses and depreciation, and selling costs;
•Cost of services, which includes the direct cost of providing the services (including labor-related costs), cemetery maintenance expenses and depreciation, vehicle operating costs and depreciation, and selling costs; and
•Overhead and other expenses, which includes labor-related costs, facility expenses and depreciation, and other general and administrative expenses incurred in our funeral and cemetery operations.
Corporate general and administrative expenses include labor-related costs, corporate asset depreciation and amortization, public company costs, and other general and administrative expenses incurred by our corporate functions.
Insurance-Funded Preneed Contracts
Where permitted by state or provincial law, we may sell a life insurance or annuity policy from third-party insurance companies, for which we earn a commission as general sales agent for the insurance company. These general agency commissions (GA revenue) are based on a percentage per contract sold and are recognized as funeral revenue when the insurance purchase transaction between the preneed purchaser and third-party insurance provider is completed. All selling costs incurred pursuant to the sale of insurance-funded preneed contracts are expensed as incurred. GA revenue recognized in 2023, 2022, and 2021 was $185.6 million, $164.3 million, and $157.4 million, respectively.
We do not reflect the unfulfilled insurance-funded preneed contract amounts in our Consolidated Balance Sheet. The policy amount of the insurance contract between the customer and the third-party insurance company generally equals the amount of the preneed contract. The policyholder has made a revocable commitment to assign the proceeds from the policy to us at the time of need. The proceeds of the life insurance policies or annuity contracts will be reflected in funeral revenue as we perform these funerals.
Income Taxes
We compute income taxes using the liability method. Our ability to realize the benefit of our deferred tax assets requires us to achieve certain future earnings levels. We have established a valuation allowance against a portion of our deferred tax assets. We could be required to further adjust that valuation allowance in the near term if market conditions change materially and future earnings are, or are projected to be, significantly different than our current estimates. An increase in the valuation allowance would result in additional income tax expense in such period. All deferred tax assets and liabilities, along with any related valuation allowances are classified as non-current on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.
FORM 10-K 53
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Accounting Standards Adopted in 2023
Financial Instruments
In March 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) amended guidance to require public companies to disclose the vintage year of receivable write-offs during the reporting period. We adopted the amended guidance in 2023 with no impact on our consolidated results of operations, consolidated financial position, and cash flows. As receivable write-offs in the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 were immaterial, we have not included the vintage year disclosure in this filing. We will add the vintage year disclosure in future filings for periods in which receivable write-offs are material, if any.
Investments
In March 2023, the FASB amended guidance for equity investments made primarily for the purpose of receiving income tax credits and other income tax benefits. The amended guidance expands the option to use the proportional amortization method from investments in low-income-housing tax credit structures to all tax credit structures that meet certain requirements. The proportional amortization method results in the cost of the investment being amortized in proportion to the income tax credits and other income tax benefits received. The investment amortization and the income tax credits are presented net in the statement of operations as a component of income tax expense. The new guidance is effective as of January 1, 2024 with early adoption permitted. We early adopted the guidance effective January 1, 2023.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
Fair Value Measurements
In June 2022, the FASB amended guidance to clarify that the fair value of investments in equity instruments with contractual sale restrictions should not be discounted as a result of the contractual restrictions. Additionally, the new guidance mandated disclosure of the fair value of any such securities, a description of the nature and duration of the restrictions, and circumstances that could cause a lapse in the restrictions. The new guidance is effective for us beginning with valuations that occur after January 1, 2024 and is not expected to have any impact on our consolidated results of operations, consolidated financial position, and cash flows.
Leases
In March 2023, the FASB amended guidance on determining the useful life of leasehold improvements associated with a lease between related parties under common control. The amended guidance requires that the leasehold improvements be amortized over the useful life of the improvements to the common control group as a whole. The new guidance is effective for us on January 1, 2024 and is not expected to have any impact on our consolidated results of operations, consolidated financial position, and cash flows.
Segments
In November 2023, the FASB amended the reportable segment guidance by requiring disclosures of significant reportable segment expenses that are regularly provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) and included within each reported measure of a segment's profit or loss. This new guidance also requires disclosure of the title and position of the individual identified as the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measures of a segment’s profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 with early adoption permitted. Adoption should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. Upon adoption, we will include the additional disclosures in our financial statements and related notes.
Income Tax
In December 2023, the FASB amended guidance that requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as additional information on income taxes paid. The new guidance is effective on a prospective basis for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 and early adoption is also permitted. Upon adoption, we will include the additional disclosures in our financial statements and related notes.
54 Service Corporation International
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3. Preneed Activities
Preneed Receivables, Net and Trust Investments
The components of Preneed receivables, net and trust investments in our Consolidated Balance Sheet were as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022
(In thousands)
Preneed receivables, net $ 1,513,933 $ 1,402,209
Trust investments, at fair value 6,394,796 5,663,163
Insurance-backed fixed income securities and other 222,424 214,440
Trust investments 6,617,220 5,877,603
Less: Cemetery perpetual care trust investments (1,939,241) (1,702,313)
Preneed trust investments 4,677,979 4,175,290
Preneed receivables, net and trust investments $ 6,191,912 $ 5,577,499
Preneed receivables, net comprised the following:
December 31, 2023
Funeral Cemetery Total
(In thousands)
Preneed receivables $ 190,514 $ 1,371,804 $ 1,562,318
Unearned finance charges (10,100) (5,810) (15,910)
Preneed receivables, at amortized cost $ 180,414 $ 1,365,994 $ 1,546,408
Reserve for credit losses (17,026) (15,449) (32,475)
Preneed receivables, net $ 163,388 $ 1,350,545 $ 1,513,933
December 31, 2022
Funeral Cemetery Total
(In thousands)
Preneed receivables $ 180,108 $ 1,267,304 $ 1,447,412
Unearned finance charges (11,129) (6,760) (17,889)
Preneed receivables, at amortized cost $ 168,979 $ 1,260,544 $ 1,429,523
Reserve for credit losses (14,438) (12,876) (27,314)
Preneed receivables, net $ 154,541 $ 1,247,668 $ 1,402,209
FORM 10-K 55
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At December 31, 2023, the amortized cost basis of our preneed receivables by year of origination was as follows:
2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Total
(In thousands)
Preneed receivables, at amortized cost:
Funeral $ 76,517 $ 47,537 $ 24,827 $ 11,242 $ 6,683 $ 13,608 $ 180,414
Cemetery 546,601 395,895 236,830 120,496 42,613 23,559 1,365,994
Total preneed receivables, at amortized cost $ 623,118 $ 443,432 $ 261,657 $ 131,738 $ 49,296 $ 37,167 $ 1,546,408
At December 31, 2023, the payment status of our preneed receivables was as follows:
Past Due
<30 Days 30-90 Days 90-180 Days >180 Days Total Current Total
(In thousands)
Preneed receivables, at amortized cost:
Funeral $ 6,086 $ 5,147 $ 2,513 $ 26,685 $ 40,431 $ 139,983 $ 180,414
Cemetery 60,313 49,773 14,557 3,461 128,104 1,237,890 1,365,994
Total preneed receivables, at amortized cost $ 66,399 $ 54,920 $ 17,070 $ 30,146 $ 168,535 $ 1,377,873 $ 1,546,408
The following table summarizes the activity for the reserve for credit losses on preneed receivables for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023.
December 31, 2022 Provision for Expected Credit Losses (Acquisitions) Divestitures, Net Write Offs Effect of Foreign Currency December 31, 2023
(In thousands)
Funeral $ (14,438) $ (4,761) $ - $ 2,175 $ (2) $ (17,026)
Cemetery (12,876) (3,230) 15 648 (6) (15,449)
Total reserve for credit losses on preneed receivables $ (27,314) $ (7,991) $ 15 $ 2,823 $ (8) $ (32,475)
The table below sets forth certain investment-related activities associated with our trusts:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In thousands)
Deposits $ 590,257 $ 534,586 $ 519,023
Withdrawals $ 591,591 $ 507,872 $ 477,443
Purchases of securities $ 2,070,313 $ 1,647,032 $ 1,823,267
Sales of securities $ 2,038,517 $ 1,518,779 $ 1,744,618
Realized gains from sales of securities(1)
$ 281,168 $ 332,738 $ 584,863
Realized losses from sales of securities(1)
$ (227,075) $ (201,173) $ (91,715)
(1)All realized gains and losses are recognized in Other income, net for our trust investments and are offset by a corresponding reclassification in Other income, net to Deferred receipts held in trust and Care trusts’ corpus.
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The activity in Preneed receivables, net and trust investments was as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In thousands)
Beginning balance - Preneed receivables, net and trust investments
$ 5,577,499 $ 6,015,323 $ 5,345,720
Net preneed contract sales 1,973,012 1,978,266 1,870,972
Cash receipts from customers, net of refunds (1,699,683) (1,639,291) (1,550,735)
Deposits to trust 515,866 468,482 452,554
Acquisitions of businesses, net 3,394 15,860 4,912
Net undistributed investment earnings (losses) (1)
527,264 (611,057) 448,469
Maturities and distributed earnings (591,834) (500,216) (464,247)
Change in cancellation allowance (5,160) (6,609) (1,523)
Change in amounts due on unfulfilled performance obligations (93,473) (123,385) (87,207)
Effect of foreign currency and other (14,973) (19,874) (3,592)
Ending balance - Preneed receivables, net and trust investments
$ 6,191,912 $ 5,577,499 $ 6,015,323
(1) Includes both realized and unrealized investment earnings.
The cost and fair values associated with trust investments recorded at fair value at December 31, 2023 and 2022 are detailed below. Cost reflects the investment (net of redemptions) of control holders in the trusts. Fair value represents the value of the underlying securities held by the trusts.
December 31, 2023
Fair Value Hierarchy Level Cost Unrealized
Gains Unrealized
Losses Value
(In thousands)
Fixed income securities:
U.S. Treasury 2 $ 45,645 $ 145 $ (1,376) $ 44,414
Canadian government 2 31,896 - - 31,896
Corporate 2 10,642 138 (17) 10,763
Residential mortgage-backed 2 5,452 29 (104) 5,377
Asset-backed 2 291 - (51) 240
Equity securities:
Preferred stock 2 417 - (97) 320
Common stock:
United States 1 1,744,919 478,226 (78,630) 2,144,515
Canada 1 42,721 20,251 (676) 62,296
Other international 1 108,106 19,580 (11,088) 116,598
Mutual funds:
Equity 1 876,620 118,476 (9,540) 985,556
Fixed income 1 998,767 5,727 (109,231) 895,263
Trust investments, at fair value 3,865,476 642,572 (210,810) 4,297,238
Commingled funds
Fixed income 827,600 2,432 (63,021) 767,011
Equity 337,500 71,819 (642) 408,677
Money market funds 346,672 - - 346,672
Alternative investments 412,482 169,825 (7,109) 575,198
Trust investments, at net asset value 1,924,254 244,076 (70,772) 2,097,558
Trust investments, at market $ 5,789,730 $ 886,648 $ (281,582) $ 6,394,796
FORM 10-K 57
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As of December 31, 2023, our unfunded commitment for our private equity investments was $322.6 million which, if called, would be funded by the assets of the trusts.
December 31, 2022
Fair Value Hierarchy Level Cost Unrealized
Gains Unrealized
Losses Value
(In thousands)
Fixed income securities:
U.S. Treasury 2 $ 45,084 $ 22 $ (2,033) $ 43,073
Canadian government 2 30,200 - - 30,200
Corporate 2 175 - (18) 157
Residential mortgage-backed 2 1,420 - (101) 1,319
Asset-backed 2 294 - (52) 242
Equity securities:
Preferred stock 2 4,144 - (2,340) 1,804
Common stock:
United States 1 1,707,240 283,423 (208,523) 1,782,140
Canada 1 47,821 11,765 (11,117) 48,469
Other international 1 123,440 10,561 (19,009) 114,992
Mutual funds:
Equity 1 917,686 64,895 (112,374) 870,207
Fixed income 1 1,135,815 1,231 (166,286) 970,760
Trust investments, at fair value 4,013,319 371,897 (521,853) 3,863,363
Commingled funds
Fixed income 730,940 2 (89,246) 641,696
Equity 309,893 40,820 (3,846) 346,867
Money market funds 325,562 - - 325,562
Alternative investments 307,275 179,491 (1,091) 485,675
Trust investments, at net asset value 1,673,670 220,313 (94,183) 1,799,800
Trust investments, at market $ 5,686,989 $ 592,210 $ (616,036) $ 5,663,163
Our alternative investments include funds invested in limited partnerships with interests in private equity, private market real estate, energy and natural resources, infrastructure, transportation, and private debt including both distressed debt and mezzanine financing. These investments can never be redeemed by the funds. Instead, due to the nature of the investments in this category, distributions are received through the liquidation of the underlying assets of the funds. The funds' managers have not communicated the timing of any liquidations.
Maturity dates of our fixed income securities range from 2024 to 2040. Maturities of fixed income securities (excluding mutual funds) at December 31, 2023 are estimated as follows:
Fair Value
(In thousands)
Due in one year or less $ 55,207
Due in one to five years 30,265
Due in five to ten years 7,132
Thereafter 86
Total estimated maturities of fixed income securities $ 92,690
Recognized trust fund income (realized and unrealized) related to our preneed trust investments was $158.2 million, $143.8 million, and $179.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Recognized trust fund income (realized and unrealized) related to our cemetery perpetual care trust investments was $86.6 million, $85.1 million, and $96.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
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Deferred Revenue, Net
Deferred revenue, net represents future revenue, including distributed trust investment earnings associated with unperformed trust-funded preneed contracts that are not held in trust accounts. Future revenue and net trust investment earnings that are held in trust accounts are included in Deferred receipts held in trust.
The components of Deferred revenue, net in our Consolidated Balance Sheet were as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022
(In thousands)
Deferred revenue $ 2,649,397 $ 2,472,693
Amounts due from customers for unfulfilled performance obligations on cancelable preneed contracts (945,888) (848,665)
Deferred revenue, net $ 1,703,509 $ 1,624,028
The following table summarizes the activity for our contract liabilities, which are reflected in Deferred revenue, net and Deferred receipts held in trust:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In thousands)
Beginning balance - Deferred revenue, net and Deferred receipts held in trust
$ 5,787,548 $ 6,299,241 $ 5,761,291
Net preneed contract sales 1,451,833 1,448,371 1,314,001
Acquisitions (dispositions) of businesses, net 5,961 10,824 4,707
Net investment gains (losses) (1)
527,894 (618,760) 443,088
Recognized revenue from backlog(2)
(554,839) (498,242) (471,160)
Recognized revenue from current period sales (730,436) (726,584) (669,025)
Change in amounts due on unfulfilled performance obligations (93,473) (123,337) (87,207)
Change in cancellation reserve 87 8,351 (459)
Effect of foreign currency and other (20,182) (12,316) 4,005
Ending balance - Deferred revenue, net and Deferred receipts held in trust
$ 6,374,393 $ 5,787,548 $ 6,299,241
(1)Includes both realized and unrealized investment gains (losses).
(2)Includes current year trust fund income through the date of performance.
4. Goodwill and Intangible Assets
The changes in the carrying amounts of goodwill for our funeral and cemetery reporting units are as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022
Funeral Cemetery Total Funeral Cemetery Total
(In thousands)
Beginning balance - Goodwill
$ 1,603,600 $ 341,988 $ 1,945,588 $ 1,584,175 $ 330,907 $ 1,915,082
Increase in goodwill related to
acquisitions 13,994 17,053 31,047 26,143 11,081 37,224
Reduction of goodwill related to divestitures (1)
(1,502) (225) (1,727) - - -
Effect of foreign currency 2,278 - 2,278 (6,718) - (6,718)
Total activity 14,770 16,828 31,598 19,425 11,081 30,506
Ending balance - Goodwill
$ 1,618,370 $ 358,816 $ 1,977,186 $ 1,603,600 $ 341,988 $ 1,945,588
(1) Also includes reductions for businesses held for sale.
FORM 10-K 59
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The components of intangible assets at December 31 were as follows:
Useful Life
Minimum Maximum 2023 2022
(Years) (In thousands)
Amortizing intangibles:
Covenants-not-to-compete 5 - 15 $ 222,930 $ 222,461
Customer relationships 10 - 20 137,130 155,767
Tradenames 5 - 89 7,000 7,000
Other 5 - 89 26,927 26,927
393,987 412,155
Less accumulated amortization:
Covenants-not-to-compete 207,301 205,450
Customer relationships 88,929 101,954
Tradenames 437 359
Other 11,025 10,285
307,692 318,048
Amortizing intangibles, net 86,295 94,107
Non-amortizing intangibles:
Tradenames Indefinite 388,049 376,138
Other Indefinite 10,765 10,765
Non-amortizing intangibles 398,814 386,903
Intangible assets, net - included in Deferred charges and other assets, net
$ 485,109 $ 481,010
As part of our recoverability testing process during 2023, we reported $2.6 million of impairment on tradenames. Amortization expense for intangible assets was $18.7 million, $18.4 million, and $20.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. The following is estimated amortization expense, excluding certain intangibles for which we are unable to provide an estimate because they are amortized based on specific identification in the fulfillment of performance obligations on our preneed contracts, for the five years subsequent to December 31, 2023 (in thousands):
2024 $ 6,478
2025 6,347
2026 4,771
2027 2,738
2028 2,146
Total estimated amortization expense $ 22,480
5. Income Taxes
The provision or benefit for income taxes includes U.S. federal income taxes (determined on a consolidated return basis), foreign income taxes, and state income taxes.
We actively participate in tax credit equity investments for projects eligible to receive renewable energy credits. These investments, accounted for under the equity method, are recorded in Deferred charges and other assets, net of reserves on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. Upon realization, tax credits associated with these investments are recognized as a reduction of tax expense. This reduction is offset by amortization of the investment in proportion to the tax benefits received during the period under the proportional amortization method. During 2023, we recognized investment tax credits totaling $11.6 million and amortized the equity investment by $11.5 million to reflect the realization of these benefits. This amortization is reflected within the Provision for income taxes in the Consolidated Statement of Operations.
60 Service Corporation International
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Income before income taxes was composed of the following components:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In thousands)
United States $ 664,745 $ 703,131 $ 994,632
Foreign 43,861 52,497 50,868
Total income before income taxes
$ 708,606 $ 755,628 $ 1,045,500
Income tax provision consisted of the following:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In thousands)
Current:
United States $ (30,832) $ 139,132 $ 194,545
Foreign 14,989 14,486 14,088
State (4,728) 32,505 39,452
Total current income taxes (20,571) 186,123 248,085
Deferred:
United States $ 155,677 $ (59) $ (3,543)
Foreign (1,999) 780 (5,492)
State 37,838 2,750 3,198
Total deferred income taxes 191,516 3,471 (5,837)
Total income taxes $ 170,945 $ 189,594 $ 242,248
We made income tax payments of $85.5 million, $183.7 million, and $270.2 million in 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, and received refunds of $1.7 million, $4.2 million, and $4.7 million, respectively.
The differences between the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate and our effective tax rate were as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In thousands)
Computed tax provision at the applicable federal statutory income tax rate $ 148,807 $ 158,682 $ 219,555
State and local taxes, net of federal income tax benefits 27,041 28,817 35,045
Foreign jurisdiction differences 3,756 3,976 3,041
Permanent differences associated with divestitures 47 200 400
Changes in uncertain tax positions and audit settlements 110 53 51
Foreign valuation allowance, net of federal income tax benefits - - (4,155)
Excess tax benefit from share-based compensation (8,406) (8,918) (12,476)
Other (410) 6,784 787
Provision for income taxes $ 170,945 $ 189,594 $ 242,248
Total consolidated effective tax rate 24.1 % 25.1 % 23.2 %
The 2023 consolidated effective tax rate was 24.1%, compared to 25.1% in 2022. The lower effective tax rate in 2023 was primarily due to non-taxable gains on the cash surrender value of certain life insurance policies.
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Deferred taxes are determined based on differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates. The tax effects of temporary differences and carryforwards that give rise to significant portions of deferred tax assets and liabilities consisted of the following:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022
(In thousands)
Inventories and cemetery property $ (196,887) $ (201,795)
Deferred incremental direct selling costs (104,686) (99,377)
Property and equipment (177,411) (181,029)
Intangibles (207,727) (204,010)
Deferred revenue on preneed funeral and cemetery contracts (80,178) -
Other (5,746) (5,313)
Deferred tax liabilities (772,635) (691,524)
Loss and tax credit carryforwards 127,796 137,785
Deferred revenue on preneed funeral and cemetery contracts - 153,479
Accrued liabilities 122,887 80,069
Deferred tax assets 250,683 371,333
Less: valuation allowance (108,834) (118,939)
Net deferred income tax liability $ (630,786) $ (439,130)
Deferred tax assets and deferred income tax liabilities are recognized in our Consolidated Balance Sheet as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022
(In thousands)
Non-current deferred tax assets - included in Deferred charges and other assets, net
$ 7,320 $ 5,910
Non-current deferred tax liabilities - included in Deferred tax liability
(638,106) (445,040)
Net deferred income tax liability $ (630,786) $ (439,130)
As of December 31, 2023, foreign withholding taxes have not been provided on the estimated $247.6 million of undistributed earnings and profits (E&P) of our foreign subsidiaries as we intend to permanently reinvest these foreign E&P in the respective businesses outside the U.S. However, if we were to repatriate such foreign E&P, the foreign withholding tax liability is estimated to be $12.8 million. Additionally, if we were to repatriate E&P in excess of our previously taxed income under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, such excess repatriation may cause us to incur an additional U.S. federal income tax of approximately $7.7 million related to our hybrid debt structure between Canada and the United States that was eliminated in 2022.
The following table summarizes the activity related to our gross unrecognized tax benefits from January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2023 (in thousands):
Federal, State, and Foreign Tax
(In thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2020 $ 1,348
Reduction to tax positions related to prior years -
Balance at December 31, 2021 $ 1,348
Reductions to tax positions related to prior years -
Balance at December 31, 2022 $ 1,348
Reductions to tax positions related to prior years -
Balance at December 31, 2023 $ 1,348
Our total unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect our effective tax rates were $1.3 million as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.
We include potential accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within our income tax provision account. We have accrued $1.0 million, $0.9 million, and $0.8 million for the payment of interest, net of tax benefits, and
62 Service Corporation International
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penalties as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We recorded an increase of interest and penalties of $0.1 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. To the extent interest and penalties are not assessed with respect to uncertain tax positions or the uncertainty of deductions in the future, amounts accrued will be reduced and reflected as a reduction of the overall income tax provision.
We file income tax returns, including tax returns for our subsidiaries, with federal, state, local, and foreign jurisdictions. We consider the United States to be our most significant jurisdiction; however, all tax returns are subject to routine compliance review by the taxing authorities in the jurisdictions in which we file tax returns in the ordinary course of business.
The federal statutes of limitations have expired for all tax years prior to 2020, and we are not currently under audit by the IRS. However, pursuant to the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, the statute of limitations on the transition tax for the 2017 tax year does not expire until 2024. Various state jurisdictions are auditing years 2013 through 2021. There are currently no federal or provincial audits in Canada; however, years subsequent to 2017 remain open and could be subject to examination. We believe that it is reasonably possible that the recorded amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits may decrease by $1.3 million within the next twelve months as a result of concluding various state tax matters.
Various subsidiaries have federal, state, and foreign loss carryforwards in the aggregate of $2.5 billion with expiration dates through 2041. Such loss carryforwards will expire as follows:
Federal State Foreign Total
(In thousands)
2024 $ - $ 160,355 $ 346 $ 160,701
2025 - 321,190 471 321,661
2026 - 368,207 957 369,164
2027 - 189,465 1,798 191,263
Thereafter - 1,423,484 3,824 1,427,308
Total loss carryforwards $ - $ 2,462,701 $ 7,396 $ 2,470,097
In addition to the above loss carryforwards, we have $2.2 million of foreign alternative minimum tax credits that can be carried forward indefinitely.
In assessing the usefulness of deferred tax assets, we consider whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the net deferred tax assets will not be realized. The future realization of net deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. During 2023, we recorded a net $10.1 million decrease in our valuation allowance primarily driven by utilization and expiration of state net operating losses, along with legislative changes in certain states. The valuation allowances can be affected in future periods by changes to tax laws, changes to statutory tax rates, and changes in estimates of future taxable income.
At December 31, 2023, our loss and tax credit carryforward deferred tax assets and related valuation allowances by jurisdiction are as follows (presented net of federal benefit).
Federal State Foreign Total
(In thousands)
Loss and tax credit carryforwards $ - $ 122,796 $ 5,000 $ 127,796
Valuation allowance $ - $ 94,135 $ 14,699 $ 108,834
FORM 10-K 63
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6. Debt
The components of Debt are:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022
(In thousands)
7.500% Senior Notes due April 2027 $ 137,424 $ 138,274
4.625% Senior Notes due December 2027 550,000 550,000
5.125% Senior Notes due June 2029 750,000 750,000
3.375% Senior Notes due August 2030 850,000 850,000
4.000% Senior Notes due May 2031 800,000 800,000
Term Loan due May 2024 - 536,250
Term Loan due January 2028 658,125 -
Bank Credit Facility due May 2024 - 570,000
Bank Credit Facility due January 2028 790,000 -
Obligations under finance leases 132,039 120,837
Mortgage notes and other debt, maturities through 2050 80,696 66,248
Unamortized debt issuance costs (35,788) (39,865)
Total debt $ 4,712,496 $ 4,341,744
Less: Current maturities of long-term debt (63,341) (90,661)
Total long-term debt $ 4,649,155 $ 4,251,083
Current maturities of debt at December 31, 2023 include amounts due under our term loan, mortgage notes and other debt, and finance leases within the next year as well as the portion of unamortized debt issuance costs expected to be recognized in the next twelve months.
Approximately 69% and 72% of our total debt had a fixed interest rate at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The components of our weighted average interest rate are as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022
Fixed Debt 4.35 % 4.32 %
Floating Debt 7.44 % 2.95 %
Total Debt 5.29 % 4.00 %
The following table summarizes the aggregate maturities of our debt for the five years subsequent to December 31, 2023 and thereafter, excluding unamortized premiums and debt issuance costs (in thousands):
2024 $ 63,341
2025 75,158
2026 52,500
2027 748,287
2028 1,349,969
2029 and thereafter 2,423,241
Total debt maturities $ 4,712,496
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Bank Credit Agreement
In January 2023, we amended our $1.650 billion credit agreement due May 2024 to enter into a new $2.175 billion bank credit agreement due January 2028 with a syndicate of banks. The $2.175 billion bank credit agreement comprises a $1.5 billion Bank Credit Facility, including a sublimit of $100.0 million for letters of credit and a $675.0 million Term Loan, both due January 2028. As a result of the new agreement, at closing, there was a net $138.8 million increase in our outstanding Term Loan balance and a $155.0 million decrease in our outstanding Bank Credit Facility balance.
The bank credit agreement provides us with flexibility for working capital, if needed, and is guaranteed by a majority of our domestic subsidiaries. The subsidiary guaranty is a guaranty of payment of the outstanding amount of the total lending commitment, including letters of credit. The bank credit agreement contains a maximum leverage ratio financial covenant and certain dividend and share repurchase restrictions. As of December 31, 2023, we are in compliance with all of our debt covenants. At December 31, 2023, we issued $39.1 million of letters of credit and pay a quarterly fee on the unused commitment, which was 0.20%. As of December 31, 2023, we have $670.9 million in borrowing capacity under the facility.
As of December 31, 2022, we issued $33.5 million of letters of credit.
Subsequent to December 31, 2023, we decreased our outstanding borrowings by $40.0 million to $750.0 million under our Bank Credit Facility due January 2028.
Debt Issuances and Additions
During the year ended December 31, 2023, we issued or added $957.4 million of debt including:
•$284.1 million in proceeds from certain banks in our Term Loan;
•$600.0 million on our Bank Credit Facility due January 2028;
•$44.3 million in proceeds from certain banks in our Bank Credit Facility;
•$10.0 million on our Bank Credit Facility due May 2024; and
•$19.0 million in other debt.
Net proceeds from newly issued debt during the year ended December 31, 2023 were used to pay down our Bank Credit Facility due May 2024, our Term Loan due May 2024, and for general corporate purposes. These transactions resulted in additional debt issuance costs of $7.5 million.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we drew $465.0 million on our Bank Credit Facility due May 2024 and issued $19.0 million in other debt primarily for general corporate purposes.
Debt Extinguishments and Reductions
During the year ended December 31, 2023, we made aggregate debt payments of $603.2 million for scheduled and early extinguishment payments including:
•$235.0 million in aggregate principal of our Bank Credit Facility due January 2028;
•$199.3 million in aggregate principal payments to certain banks in our Bank Credit Facility due May 2024;
•$145.3 million in aggregate principal payments to certain banks in our Term Loan due May 2024;
•$16.9 million in aggregate principal of our Term Loan due January 2028;
•$0.9 million in aggregate principal of our 7.5% Senior Notes due April 2027 repurchased in the open market;
•$0.5 million of premiums paid on early extinguishment; and
•$5.3 million in other debt.
Certain of the above transactions resulted in the recognition of a loss of $1.1 million recorded in Losses on early extinguishment of debt, net in our Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2023.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we made aggregate debt payments of $101.9 million for scheduled and early extinguishment payments including:
•$50.0 million in aggregate principal of our Bank Credit Facility due May 2024;
•$32.5 million in aggregate principal of our Term Loan due May 2024;
•$14.4 million in aggregate principal of 7.5% Senior Notes due April 2027 repurchased on the open market;
•$1.2 million of premiums paid on early extinguishment; and
•$3.8 million in other debt.
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Certain of the above transactions resulted in the recognition of a loss of $1.2 million recorded in Losses on early extinguishment of debt, net in our Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Additional Debt Disclosures
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had deposits of $0.7 million and $0.5 million, respectively, in restricted, interest-bearing accounts that were pledged as collateral for various credit instruments and commercial commitments. These deposits are included in Other current assets and Deferred charges and other assets, net in our Consolidated Balance Sheet.
We had assets of approximately $75.3 million and $59.8 million pledged as collateral for the mortgage notes and other debt at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Cash interest payments for the three years ended December 31 were as follows (in thousands):
Payments in 2023
$ 230,551
Payments in 2022
$ 164,222
Payments in 2021
$ 142,145
Expected cash interest payments on our existing long-term debt for the five years subsequent to December 31, 2023 and thereafter are as follows (in thousands):
Payments in 2024
$ 250,870
Payments in 2025
249,148
Payments in 2026
247,603
Payments in 2027
237,673
Payments in 2028
104,679
Payments in 2029 and thereafter
145,087
Total expected cash interest payments $ 1,235,060
7. Credit Risk and Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Fair Value Estimates
The fair value estimates of the following financial instruments have been determined using available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies. The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, trade receivables, and trade payables approximate the fair values of those instruments due to the short-term nature of the instruments. The carrying values of receivables on preneed funeral and cemetery contracts approximate fair value due to the diverse number of individual contracts with varying terms.
The fair value of our debt instruments was as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022
(In thousands)
7.500% Notes due April 2027 $ 142,749 $ 141,499
4.625% Senior Notes due December 2027 532,125 513,909
5.125% Senior Notes due June 2029 732,173 709,125
3.375% Senior Notes due August 2030 739,500 702,202
4.000% Senior Notes due May 2031 711,336 685,680
Term Loan due May 2024 - 536,250
Term Loan due January 2028 658,125 -
Bank Credit Facility due May 2024 - 570,000
Bank Credit Facility due January 2028 790,000 -
Mortgage notes and other debt, maturities through 2050 79,426 63,168
Total fair value of debt instruments $ 4,385,434 $ 3,921,833
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The fair values of our long-term, fixed rate loans were estimated using market prices for those loans, and therefore they are classified within Level 2 of the fair value measurements hierarchy. The Term Loan, the revolving credit facility agreement, and the mortgage and other debt are classified within Level 3 of the fair value measurements hierarchy. The fair values of these instruments have been estimated using discounted cash flow analysis based on our incremental borrowing rate for similar borrowing arrangements. An increase (decrease) in the inputs results in a directionally opposite change in the fair value of the instruments.
Credit Risk Exposure
Our cash deposits, some of which exceed insured limits, are distributed among various market and national banks in the jurisdictions in which we operate. In addition, we regularly invest excess cash in financial instruments that are not insured, such as commercial paper that is offered by corporations with quality credit ratings and money market funds and Eurodollar time deposits that are offered by a variety of reputable financial institutions. We believe that the credit risk associated with such instruments is minimal.
We grant credit to customers in the normal course of business. The credit risk associated with our funeral, cemetery, and preneed funeral and preneed cemetery receivables due from customers is generally considered minimal because of the diversification of the customers served. Furthermore, bad debts have not been significant relative to the volume of deferred revenue. Customer payments on preneed funeral or preneed cemetery contracts that are either placed into state-regulated trusts or used to pay premiums on life insurance contracts generally do not subject us to collection risk. Insurance-funded contracts are subject to supervision by state insurance departments and are protected in the majority of states by insurance guaranty acts.
8. Leases
Our leases principally relate to office, maintenance, and transportation equipment and funeral service real estate. The majority of our lease arrangements contain options to (i) purchase the property at fair value on the exercise date, (ii) purchase the property for a value determined at the inception of the lease, or (iii) renew the lease for the fair rental value at the end of the primary lease term.
Future lease payments for non-cancelable operating and finance leases as of December 31, 2023 were as follows:
Operating Finance Total
(In thousands)
2024 $ 9,953 $ 49,166 $ 59,119
2025 9,044 29,161 38,205
2026 7,695 22,284 29,979
2027 6,680 14,835 21,515
2028 5,534 8,928 14,462
2029 and thereafter 31,419 28,982 60,401
Total lease payments $ 70,325 $ 153,356 $ 223,681
Less: Interest (16,493) (21,317) (37,810)
Present value of lease liabilities $ 53,832 $ 132,039 $ 185,871
The components of lease cost were as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In thousands)
Amortization of leased assets $ 34,212 $ 35,321 $ 37,569
Interest on lease liabilities 4,795 3,990 4,642
Total finance lease cost 39,007 39,311 42,211
Operating lease cost 10,531 11,021 11,586
Variable lease cost 872 437 178
Total lease cost $ 50,410 $ 50,769 $ 53,975
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Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:
Lease Type Balance Sheet Classification December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
(In thousands)
Operating lease right-of-use assets (1)
Deferred charges and other assets $ 50,973 $ 49,741
Finance lease right-of-use assets (1)
Property and equipment, net 127,425 115,813
Total right-of-use assets (1)
$ 178,398 $ 165,554
Operating Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $ 7,782 $ 7,083
Finance Current maturities of long-term debt 44,109 42,469
Total current lease liabilities 51,891 49,552
Operating Other liabilities 46,050 45,314
Finance Long-term debt 87,930 78,368
Total non-current lease liabilities 133,980 123,682
Total lease liabilities $ 185,871 $ 173,234
(1) Right-of-use assets are presented net of accumulated amortization.
The weighted-average life remaining and discount rates of our leases were as follows:
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Operating Finance Operating Finance
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) 11.1 5.2 11.8 4.5
Weighted-average discount rate 4.4% 4.6% 4.0% 3.3%
Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In thousands)
Cash paid for amounts in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows for operating leases $ 10,473 $ 10,994 $ 11,693
Operating cash flows for finance leases 5,191 3,838 4,207
Financing cash flows for finance leases 34,482 35,542 34,617
Total cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities $ 50,146 $ 50,374 $ 50,517
New finance leases 57,962 21,148 21,097
Finance lease renewals and extensions 829 (264) 1,095
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for finance lease liabilities $ 58,791 $ 20,884 $ 22,192
New operating leases 6,534 2,704 3,268
Operating lease renewals and extensions 2,985 2,324 4,554
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities $ 9,519 $ 5,028 $ 7,822
We have 80 operating leases where we are the lessor and the non-cancelable term is greater than one year, resulting in $4.0 million and $4.3 million in lease income for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We determine whether an arrangement is or contains a lease at the inception of the arrangement based on the terms of the arrangement. We lease retail space, office space, and land, and we are party to cellular agreements and land easements. The underlying assets of these lease agreements are buildings and land. We generally do not have sales-type leases, direct financing leases, or lease receivables. Certain of our agreements include variable rental income based on a percentage of sales over base contractual levels. Renewal options that can be cancelled by the lessees are not included in our disclosure of future lease income, which includes only the non-cancelable terms and fixed escalation provisions. Certain lease arrangements contain options to purchase the property at fair value at the conclusion of the lease term. Non-lease components are excluded from rental income disclosures.
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Future undiscounted lease income from operating leases where we are the lessor were as follows as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands):
2024 $ 3,967
2025 3,297
2026 2,512
2027 2,043
2028 1,682
2029 and thereafter 11,793
Total expected cash receipts $ 25,294
We own certain land, buildings, and improvements for the sole purpose of generating lease income. Property is recorded at cost, and depreciation is recognized ratably over the estimated useful lives of the various classes of assets. Buildings and improvements are depreciated over a period ranging from ten years to forty years. For these properties, we recorded depreciation expense of $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and $0.7 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. As of December 31, 2023, our Consolidated Balance Sheet includes Land of $33.9 million, and Buildings and improvements of $12.6 million, net of $2.3 million accumulated depreciation, related to these properties.
9. Commitments and Contingencies
Insurance Loss Reserves
We purchase comprehensive general liability, morticians and cemetery professional liability, automobile liability, and workers’ compensation insurance coverage structured with high deductibles. The high-deductible insurance program means we are primarily self-insured for claims and associated costs and losses covered by these policies. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we have self-insurance reserves of $103.3 million and $99.3 million, respectively.
Litigation and Regulatory Matters
We are a party to various litigation and regulatory matters, investigations, and proceedings. Some of the more frequent routine litigations incidental to our business are based on burial practices claims and employment-related matters, including discrimination, harassment, and wage and hour laws and regulations. For each of our outstanding legal matters, we evaluate the merits of the case, our exposure to the matter, possible legal or settlement strategies, and the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome. We intend to vigorously defend ourselves in the matters described herein; however, if we determine that an unfavorable outcome is probable and can be reasonably estimated, or if we determine an amount for which we would be willing to settle the matter to avoid further costs and risk, we establish the necessary accruals. We hold certain insurance policies that may reduce cash outflows with respect to an adverse outcome of these matters. We accrue such insurance recoveries when they become probable of being paid and can be reasonably estimated.
Operational Claims. We are named as a defendant in various lawsuits alleging operational claims, including but not limited to the State of California and Taylor lawsuits described below.
The People of the State of California v. Service Corporation International, a Texas corporation, SCI Direct, Inc. a Florida Corporation, S.E. Acquisition of California, Inc., a California corporation dba Neptune Society of Northern California, Neptune Management Corp., a California corporation, Trident Society, Inc. a California corporation, and Does 1 through 100, inclusive, Case No. RG 19045103; in the Superior Court of the State of California in and for the County of Alameda. In July 2019, we received a letter from the Attorney General, State of California, Department of Justice (“CAAG") alleging that the allocation of prices among certain of our cremation service contracts and cremation merchandise contracts, and the related preneed trust funding, violates section 7735 of the California Business and Professions Code and that provisions of these same contracts constitute false advertising and deceptive sales practices in violation of California consumer protection laws. On November 21, 2019, we filed a complaint, S.E. Combined Services of California, Inc., a California Corporation dba Neptune Society of Northern California, Neptune Management Corp. a California Corporation, and Trident Society, Inc. v. Xavier Becerra, Attorney General of the State of California, and Does 1-50, Case No. 34-2019-00269617; in the Sacramento County Superior Court seeking declaratory relief holding, in general, that our practices, methods, and documentation utilized in the sale of preneed funeral goods and services are in all respects compliant with California law. On December 2, 2019, the CAAG filed the complaint, referenced above, seeking permanent injunction from making false statements and engaging in unfair competition, a placement of funds into preneed trusts, civil penalties, customer refunds, attorneys’ fees, and costs. While we believe our contracts comply with applicable laws, the parties have engaged in settlement discussions in an effort to resolve this dispute, which may or may not be successful. We anticipate any settlement in connection with this matter may include preneed contract refunds, governmental investigative costs, and other legal expenses.
Nancy Taylor, on behalf of herself and others similarly situated v. Service Corporation International and others, Case No. 20-cv-60709; in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida, Fort Lauderdale Division. This case was filed in April 2020 as a Florida class action alleging that the allocation of prices among certain of our cremation service contracts and cremation merchandise contracts, and the related preneed trust funding, and the failure to disclose commissions paid and sales practices associated with the sale of third-party travel protection plans, violate the Florida Deceptive and Unfair Trade
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Practices Act and constitute unjust enrichment. Plaintiff sought refunds; general, actual, compensatory and exemplary damages; civil penalties, interest, and attorney fees. The parties have reached a settlement of the lawsuit that included an immaterial payment of attorney fees and provided consumers enhanced cancellation rights for a period of sixty days. The impact of these enhanced cancellation rights was not material to our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. The court has approved the settlement, the class has been certified, and the administrative claims process is now complete. We consider this matter resolved.
Unclaimed Property Audits
We have received notices from auditors representing the unclaimed property departments of approximately forty states regarding the escheatment of preneed trust funds held in association with unused preneed funeral and cemetery contracts ("Unused Preneed Trust Funds"). The states claim that these Unused Preneed Trust Funds are subject to the states’ unclaimed property or escheatment laws and generally assert that all or a portion of the Unused Preneed Trust Funds are escheatable if the beneficiary and/or purchaser is deceased or presumed deceased and no services or merchandise have been provided. We received notice that no additional property is due to be reported for the states of Alabama, Connecticut, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, West Virginia, and Wyoming. We consider the unclaimed property audits resolved in those eighteen states.
We have entered into an audit resolution agreement with the State of Florida Department of Financial Services and Division of Unclaimed Property ("Florida Agreement"). The Florida Agreement provides for the Company to retain the trust fund earnings and to escheat the principal to the State of Florida, which resulted in an increase in trust fund income in 2023.
We have reserved all of our rights, claims, and defenses. Given the nature of these matters, we are unable to reasonably estimate the total possible loss or ranges of loss, if any.
We believe we have strong defenses to these claims and we intend to vigorously defend all of the above matters; however, an adverse decision in one or more of such matters could have a material effect on us, our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.
10. Equity
(All shares reported in whole numbers)
Share Authorization
We are authorized to issue 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $1 per share par value. No preferred shares were issued as of December 31, 2023 or 2022. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, 500,000,000 common shares of $1 par value were authorized. We had 148,297,042 and 156,088,438 shares issued and 146,323,340 and 153,940,365 outstanding at par at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
The assets and liabilities of foreign operations are translated into U.S. dollars using the current exchange rate. The U.S. dollar amount that arises from such translation, as well as exchange gains and losses on intercompany balances of a long-term investment nature, are included in the cumulative currency translation adjustments in Accumulated other comprehensive income.
Share Repurchase Program
Subject to market conditions, normal trading restrictions, and limitations in our debt covenants, we may make purchases in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions under our share repurchase program. In 2023, we repurchased 8,700,767 shares of our common stock at an aggregate cost of $549.6 million, which is an average cost per share of $63.17. In 2022, we repurchased 10,356,250 shares of our common stock at an aggregate cost of $661.1 million, which is an average cost per share of $63.84. Additionally, in November 2023, our Board of Directors increased our share repurchase authorization to $600.0 million. After these repurchases and the increase in authorization, the remaining dollar value of shares authorized to be purchased under the share repurchase program was $525.0 million at December 31, 2023.
Subsequent to December 31, 2023, we repurchased 310,581 shares for $20.9 million at an average cost per share of $67.39.
11. Share-Based Compensation
Stock Benefit Plans
We maintain benefit plans whereby shares of our common stock may be issued pursuant to the exercise of stock options or restricted stock granted to officers and key associates. Our Amended and Restated Incentive Plan ("the 1996 Plan") reserved 44,000,000 shares of our common stock for outstanding and future awards of stock options, restricted stock, and other share-based awards to officers and key associates. In May 2017, our shareholders approved the amended 2016 Equity Incentive Plan ("the 2016 Plan"), which reserved 13,404,404 shares of common stock for outstanding and future awards of stock options, restricted stock, and other awards to officers and key associates.
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Our benefit plans allow for options to be granted as either non-qualified or incentive stock options. The options historically have been granted annually, or upon hire, as approved by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. The options are granted with an exercise price equal to the market price of our common stock on the date of the grant, as approved by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. The options are generally exercisable at a rate of 331/3% each year unless alternative vesting methods are approved by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. Outstanding options will expire, if not exercised or forfeited, within eight years from the date of grant. Restricted shares are generally expensed ratably over the period during which the restrictions lapse, which is typically 331/3% each year. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, 3,470,575 and 4,090,978 shares, respectively, were reserved for future option and restricted share grants under our stock benefit plans.
We utilize the Black-Scholes option valuation model for estimating the fair value of our stock options. This model allows the use of a range of assumptions related to volatility, risk-free interest rate, expected holding period, and dividend yield. The expected volatility utilized in the valuation model is based on the historical volatility of our stock price. The dividend yield and expected holding period are based on historical experience and management’s estimate of future events. The risk-free interest rate is derived from the U.S. Treasury yield curve based on the expected life of the option in effect at the time of grant. The fair values of our stock options are calculated using the following weighted average assumptions, based on the methods described above:
Years Ended December 31,
Assumptions 2023 2022 2021
Dividend yield 1.6% 1.5% 1.8%
Expected volatility 25.4% 23.9% 23.5%
Risk-free interest rate 4.0% 1.8% 0.4%
Expected holding period (years) 4.5 4.0 4.0
The following table summarizes certain information with respect to stock option and restricted share compensation included in our Consolidated Statement of Operations:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In thousands)
Total pretax employee share-based compensation expense included in net income $ 15,423 $ 14,709 $ 14,168
Income tax benefit related to share-based compensation included in net income $ 3,822 $ 3,877 $ 3,537
Stock Options
The following table sets forth stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2023 (shares reported in whole numbers):
Options Weighted-Average
Exercise Price
Outstanding at December 31, 2022
5,461,105 $ 40.47
Granted 371,700 $ 70.34
Exercised (926,610) $ 26.10
Outstanding at December 31, 2023
4,906,195 $ 45.44
Exercisable at December 31, 2023
3,989,812 $ 41.68
The aggregate intrinsic value for stock options outstanding and exercisable was $113.6 million and $106.8 million, respectively, at December 31, 2023.
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Set forth below is certain information related to stock options outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2023 (shares reported in whole numbers):
Options Outstanding Options Exercisable
Range of Exercise Price Number
Outstanding at
December 31, 2023
Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life
(in years) Weighted-
Average Exercise Price Number
Exercisable at
December 31, 2023
Weighted-
Average Exercise Price
$0.00 - 25.00 55,320 0.1 $ 22.28 55,320 $ 22.28
$25.01 - 35.00 894,450 1.1 $ 29.25 894,450 $ 29.25
$35.01 - 45.00 1,519,695 2.6 $ 39.65 1,519,695 $ 39.65
$45.01 - 55.00 1,506,810 4.6 $ 50.31 1,308,944 $ 50.42
$55.01 - 65.00 558,220 6.1 $ 59.76 211,403 $ 59.76
$65.01 - 75.00 371,700 7.1 $ 70.34 - $ -
$0.00 - 75.00 4,906,195 3.6 $ 45.44 3,989,812 $ 41.68
Other information pertaining to stock options was as follows (in thousands, except weighted-average grant date fair value):
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Weighted average grant-date fair value of stock options granted $ 16.86 $ 11.02 $ 7.50
Total fair value of stock options vested $ 6,059 $ 5,538 $ 5,708
Total intrinsic value of stock options exercised $ 37,115 $ 42,700 $ 59,180
Cash received from the exercise of stock options
$ 24,181 $ 27,814 $ 39,354
Recognized compensation expense
$ 5,929 $ 5,738 $ 5,514
As of December 31, 2023, the unrecognized compensation expense related to stock options of $6.8 million is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.8 years.
Restricted Shares
The fair value of our restricted share awards and units, as determined on the grant date, is being amortized and charged to income (with an offsetting credit to Capital in excess of par value) generally over the average period during which the restrictions lapse.
Restricted share award activity was as follows (share awards reported in whole numbers):
Restricted
Share Awards Weighted-Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value
Nonvested restricted share awards at December 31, 2022
212,115 $ 54.66
Granted 89,484 $ 70.34
Vested (114,826) $ 53.38
Nonvested restricted share awards at December 31, 2023
186,773 $ 62.95
Other information pertaining to restricted share awards was as follows (in thousands, except weighted-average grant date fair value):
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Recognized compensation expense related to restricted share awards
$ 6,128 $ 5,739 $ 5,647
Weighted-average grant date fair value for nonvested restricted stock granted
$ 70.34 $ 59.76 $ 49.59
Total fair market value of restricted share awards vested
$ 6,130 $ 5,639 $ 5,496
Aggregate intrinsic value of restricted share awards vested
$ 1,715 $ 2,552 $ 3,513
At December 31, 2023, unrecognized compensation expense of $7.0 million related to restricted share awards is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.8 years.
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Restricted share units activity was as follows (share units reported in whole numbers):
Restricted
Share Units Weighted-Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value
Nonvested restricted share units at December 31, 2022
118,936 $ 54.31
Granted 52,162 $ 70.34
Vested (61,390) $ 52.47
Nonvested restricted share units at December 31, 2023
109,708 $ 62.96
Other information pertaining to restricted share units was as follows (in thousands, except weighted-average grant date fair value):
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Recognized compensation expense related to restricted share units
$ 3,366 $ 3,232 $ 3,007
Weighted-average grant date fair value for nonvested restricted share units granted
$ 70.34 $ 59.76 $ 49.59
Total fair market value of restricted share units vested
$ 3,221 $ 3,143 $ 2,883
Aggregate intrinsic value of restricted share units vested
$ 1,000 $ 1,447 $ 1,911
At December 31, 2023, the unrecognized compensation expense related to restricted share units of $4.0 million is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.7 years.
Performance Units
During 2023, 2022, and 2021 we granted 88,084, 99,923 and 111,449 performance units, respectively. At December 31, 2023, there were 308,976 performance units outstanding. Total compensation expense for performance units was $11.8 million, $14.6 million, and $19.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, cash paid to settle performance units was $16.8 million and $10.9 million, respectively. The fair value of the liability for these awards is calculated using a Monte Carlo simulation. The weighted average key assumptions as of December 31, 2023 were as follows:
Share price at beginning of performance period
$ 62.30
Risk-free interest rate
4.53 %
Expected volatility
26.2 %
Fair value of share-based performance units outstanding
$ 68.45
At December 31, 2023, the unrecognized compensation expense related to performance units of $7.3 million is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.6 years.
12. Retirement Plans
We currently have a supplemental retirement plan for certain current and former key employees (SERP), a supplemental retirement plan for officers and certain key employees (Senior SERP), and a Stewart Supplemental Retirement Plan (collectively, the “Plans”). All of our Plans are unfunded and have a measurement date of December 31.
The Plans are frozen; therefore, the participants do not earn incremental benefits from additional years of service, and we do not incur any additional service cost.
Retirement benefits under the SERP are based on years of service and average monthly compensation, reduced by benefits under Social Security. The Senior SERP provides retirement benefits based on years of service and position.
We recognize pension related gains and losses in Other income, net on our Consolidated Statement of Operations in the year such gains and losses are incurred. The components of the Plans’ net periodic benefit cost were as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In thousands)
Interest cost on projected benefit obligation $ 797 $ 535 $ 482
Recognized net actuarial (gains) losses 654 (3,254) (353)
Total net periodic benefit cost $ 1,451 $ (2,719) $ 129
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The Plans’ funded status were as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022
(In thousands)
Change in Benefit Obligation:
Benefit obligation at beginning of year $ 15,906 $ 22,381
Interest cost 797 535
Actuarial gain 654 (3,254)
Benefits paid (1)
(1,994) (3,756)
Benefit obligation at end of year $ 15,363 $ 15,906
Change in Plan Assets:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year $ - $ -
Employer contributions 1,994 3,756
Benefits paid, including expenses (1)
(1,994) (3,756)
Fair value of plan assets at end of year $ - $ -
Funded status of plan $ (15,363) $ (15,906)
Funding Summary:
Projected benefit obligation $ 15,363 $ 15,906
Accumulated benefit obligation $ 15,363 $ 15,906
Amounts Recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheet:
Included in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities
$ (1,824) $ (2,236)
Included in Other liabilities
(13,539) (13,670)
Total accrued liability $ (15,363) $ (15,906)
(1) In 2022, we terminated our Directors' Plan and amended Senior SERP to terminate the participation of all our active employees and paid out, in a discounted lump sum, all benefits to the participants or their heirs in the amount of $1.5 million.
The retirement benefits under the Plans are unfunded obligations of the Company. We have purchased various life insurance policies on the participants in the Plans with the intent to use the proceeds or any cash value buildup from these policies to assist in meeting, at least to the extent of such assets, the Plans' funding requirements. The face value of these insurance policies at December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $30.5 million and $49.8 million, respectively, and the cash surrender value was $22.7 million and $40.7 million, respectively. The outstanding loans against the policies are minimal and there are no restrictions in the policies regarding loans.
The Plans’ weighted-average assumptions used to determine the benefit obligation and net periodic benefit cost are as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Weighted-average discount rate used to determine obligations 4.94 % 5.34 % 2.52 %
Weighted-average discount rate used to determine net periodic benefit cost 5.34 % 2.52 % 2.42 %
We determine our discount rate used to compute future benefit obligations using an analysis of expected future benefit payments. The reasonableness of our discount rate is verified by comparing the rate to the rate earned on high-quality fixed income investments, such as the Moody’s Aa index, plus 50 basis points. The assumed rate of return on plan assets was not applicable as we pay plan benefits as they come due. As all Plans are frozen, the assumed rate of compensation increase is zero.
74 Service Corporation International
PART II
The following benefit payments are expected to be paid over the next ten years related to our Plans (in thousands):
2024 $ 1,695
2025 1,603
2026 1,562
2027 1,492
2028 1,417
Years 2029 through 2033 5,968
Total expected benefit payments $ 13,737
We also have an employee savings plan that qualifies under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code for the exclusive benefit of our United States employees. Under the plan, participating employees may contribute a portion of their pretax and/or after-tax income in accordance with specified guidelines up to a maximum of 50%.
During 2023, 2022, and 2021, we matched a percentage of the employee contributions through contributions of cash. For these years, our matching contribution was based upon the following:
Years of Vesting Service Percentage of Deferred Compensation
0 - 5 years 75% of the first 6% of deferred compensation
6 - 10 years 100% of the first 6% of deferred compensation
11 or more years 125% of the first 6% of deferred compensation
The amount of our matched contributions in 2023, 2022, and 2021 was $52.8 million, $49.6 million, and $46.0 million, respectively.
FORM 10-K 75
PART II
13. Segment Reporting
Our operations are both product-based and geography-based, and the reportable operating segments presented below include our funeral and cemetery operations. Our geographic areas include the United States and Canada, where we conduct both funeral and cemetery operations.
Our reportable segment information, including disaggregated revenue, was as follows and includes a reconciliation of gross profit to our consolidated income before income taxes.
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In thousands)
Revenue from customers:
Funeral revenue:
Atneed revenue $ 1,185,413 $ 1,242,269 $ 1,268,111
Matured preneed revenue 715,298 705,273 700,473
Core funeral revenue 1,900,711 1,947,542 1,968,584
Non-funeral home revenue 85,904 76,311 74,099
Non-funeral home preneed sales revenue 134,770 146,496 139,260
Core general agency and other revenue 181,646 161,696 161,233
Total funeral revenue 2,303,031 2,332,045 2,343,176
Cemetery revenue:
Atneed revenue 433,925 448,143 477,950
Recognized preneed property revenue 874,724 868,740 846,528
Recognized preneed merchandise and services revenue 365,018 338,463 343,899
Core cemetery revenue 1,673,667 1,655,346 1,668,377
Other revenue 123,080 121,270 131,590
Total cemetery revenue 1,796,747 1,776,616 1,799,967
Total revenue from customers $ 4,099,778 $ 4,108,661 $ 4,143,143
Gross profit:
Funeral gross profit $ 497,106 $ 545,693 $ 639,775
Cemetery gross profit 594,701 608,909 683,300
Gross profit from reportable segments 1,091,807 1,154,602 1,323,075
Corporate general and administrative expenses (157,368) (237,248) (157,568)
Gains on divestitures and impairment charges, net 9,816 9,962 25,169
Operating income 944,255 927,316 1,190,676
Interest expense (239,447) (172,109) (150,610)
Losses on early extinguishment of debt, net (1,114) (1,225) (5,226)
Other income, net 4,912 1,646 10,660
Income before income taxes $ 708,606 $ 755,628 $ 1,045,500
76 Service Corporation International
PART II
Other reportable segment information as of and for the year ended December 31 was as follows:
Reportable Segments
Funeral Cemetery Corporate Consolidated
(In thousands)
Interest expense $ 2,092 $ 764 $ 236,591 $ 239,447
Depreciation and amortization $ 133,544 $ 46,713 $ 11,015 $ 191,272
Amortization of intangibles $ 12,025 $ 6,706 $ 5 $ 18,736
Amortization of cemetery property $ - $ 101,234 $ - $ 101,234
Capital expenditures $ 125,922 $ 212,406 $ 23,465 $ 361,793
Total assets $ 6,573,950 $ 9,168,173 $ 613,277 $ 16,355,400
Interest expense $ 1,734 $ 493 $ 169,882 $ 172,109
Depreciation and amortization $ 123,165 $ 41,502 $ 10,663 $ 175,330
Amortization of intangibles $ 11,735 $ 6,620 $ - $ 18,355
Amortization of cemetery property $ - $ 94,123 $ - $ 94,123
Capital expenditures $ 153,224 $ 196,371 $ 20,114 $ 369,709
Total assets $ 6,236,270 $ 8,404,900 $ 424,867 $ 15,066,037
Interest expense $ 2,864 $ 681 $ 147,065 $ 150,610
Depreciation and amortization $ 111,687 $ 37,373 $ 10,246 $ 159,306
Amortization of intangibles $ 12,980 $ 7,016 $ 6 $ 20,002
Amortization of cemetery property $ - $ 98,162 $ - $ 98,162
Capital expenditures $ 139,420 $ 148,737 $ 15,503 $ 303,660
Our geographic area information as of and for the year ended December 31 was as follows:
United States Canada Total
(In thousands)
Revenue from external customers $ 3,881,333 $ 218,445 $ 4,099,778
Interest expense $ 239,103 $ 344 $ 239,447
Depreciation and amortization $ 180,093 $ 11,179 $ 191,272
Amortization of intangibles $ 18,495 $ 241 $ 18,736
Amortization of cemetery property $ 97,471 $ 3,763 $ 101,234
Operating income $ 887,110 $ 57,145 $ 944,255
Gains on divestitures and impairment charges, net $ 8,512 $ 1,304 $ 9,816
Long-lived assets $ 7,386,819 $ 339,142 $ 7,725,961
Revenue from external customers $ 3,876,689 $ 231,972 $ 4,108,661
Interest expense $ 171,912 $ 197 $ 172,109
Depreciation and amortization $ 165,004 $ 10,326 $ 175,330
Amortization of intangibles $ 18,080 $ 275 $ 18,355
Amortization of cemetery property $ 89,545 $ 4,578 $ 94,123
Operating income $ 856,277 $ 71,039 $ 927,316
Gains on divestitures and impairment charges, net $ 7,220 $ 2,742 $ 9,962
Long-lived assets $ 7,094,859 $ 331,520 $ 7,426,379
Revenue from external customers $ 3,918,777 $ 224,366 $ 4,143,143
Interest expense $ 150,385 $ 225 $ 150,610
Depreciation and amortization $ 149,351 $ 9,955 $ 159,306
Amortization of intangibles $ 19,721 $ 281 $ 20,002
Amortization of cemetery property $ 92,128 $ 6,034 $ 98,162
Operating income $ 1,120,154 $ 70,522 $ 1,190,676
Gains on divestitures and impairment charges, net $ 19,837 $ 5,332 $ 25,169
FORM 10-K 77
PART II
14. Supplementary Information
The detail of certain balance sheet accounts is as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022
(In thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents:
Cash $ 151,608 $ 147,408
Commercial paper and temporary investments 69,949 44,530
$ 221,557 $ 191,938
Other current assets:
Prepaid insurance 5,182 5,035
Prepaid expenses 13,355 13,001
Restricted cash 370 10,379
Other 4,103 4,051
$ 23,010 $ 32,466
Cemetery property:
Undeveloped land $ 1,328,358 $ 1,304,514
Developed lots, lawn crypts, mausoleum spaces, cremation niches, and cremation memorialization property 692,488 635,302
$ 2,020,846 $ 1,939,816
Property and equipment, net:
Land $ 761,092 $ 711,672
Buildings and improvements 2,685,867 2,581,695
Operating equipment 816,602 702,028
Leasehold improvements 46,254 44,044
Finance leases 339,395 332,301
4,649,210 4,371,740
Less: Accumulated depreciation (1,957,141) (1,804,703)
Less: Accumulated amortization of finance leases (211,970) (216,488)
$ 2,480,099 $ 2,350,549
Deferred charges and other assets:
Intangible assets, net $ 485,109 $ 481,010
Restricted cash 2,834 2,207
Deferred tax assets 7,320 5,910
Notes receivable, net of reserves of $1,797 and $2,546, respectively
8,497 6,821
Cash surrender value of insurance policies 220,587 199,516
Deferred incremental direct selling costs 406,181 384,108
Operating leases 50,973 49,741
Other 66,329 61,113
$ 1,247,830 $ 1,190,426
78 Service Corporation International
PART II
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022
(In thousands)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities:
Accounts payable $ 203,352 $ 177,970
Accrued benefits 169,164 198,260
Accrued interest 25,632 23,602
Accrued property taxes 13,891 15,151
Self-insurance reserves 103,297 99,252
Legal reserves 63,595 76,866
Bank overdrafts 36,562 39,695
Operating leases 7,782 7,083
Other accrued liabilities 62,424 69,609
$ 685,699 $ 707,488
Other liabilities:
Accrued benefit costs $ 13,539 $ 13,670
Deferred compensation 201,287 174,035
Customer refund obligation reserve 37,729 37,805
Tax liability 2,318 2,208
Payable to perpetual care trust 148,198 127,662
Operating leases 46,050 45,314
Other 15,814 10,682
$ 464,935 $ 411,376
Certain Non-Cash Investing and Financing Transactions
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In thousands)
Net change in capital expenditure accrual $ 9,171 $ 3,817 $ 3,201
Options exercised by attestation $ - $ 280 $ 323
Shares repurchased $ - $ (280) $ (323)
Excise tax accrual on shares repurchased $ 4,724 $ - $ -
FORM 10-K 79
PART II
15. Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per common share (EPS) excludes dilution and is computed by dividing Net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other obligations to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock or resulted in the issuance of common stock that shared in our earnings.
A reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of basic and diluted EPS is presented below:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
Amounts attributable to common stockholders:
Net income - basic and diluted $ 537,317 $ 565,338 $ 802,939
Weighted average shares:
Weighted average shares - basic 150,565 157,713 167,542
Stock options 1,726 2,343 2,501
Restricted share units 60 75 71
Weighted average shares - diluted 152,351 160,131 170,114
Amounts attributable to common stockholders:
Net income per share:
Basic $ 3.57 $ 3.58 $ 4.79
Diluted $ 3.53 $ 3.53 $ 4.72
The computation of diluted earnings per share excludes outstanding stock options in certain periods in which the inclusion of such options would be antidilutive to the periods presented. Total antidilutive options not currently included in the computation of dilutive EPS are as follows (in shares):
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In thousands)
Antidilutive options 845 490 -
80 Service Corporation International
PART II
16. Acquisitions and Divestiture-Related Activities
Acquisitions
In 2023, we acquired 17 funeral homes and 2 cemeteries for $72.5 million in cash and $56.4 million for real estate transactions. This amount includes the use of $24.0 million in IRS Section 1031 exchange funds. This compares to $102.6 million and $121.4 million, net of cash acquired, for several business acquisitions, and $17.1 million and $26.6 million, net of cash acquired, for several real estate acquisitions for years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
The 2022 acquisitions include ten funeral homes and three cemeteries in California as part of two acquisitions (the "2022 California Businesses") for $71.2 million in cash. This amount includes the use of $13.2 million in IRS Section 1031 exchange funds.
The primary reasons for the acquisitions and the principal factors that contributed to the recognition of goodwill in these acquisitions were:
•the acquisitions enhance our network footprint, enabling us to serve a number of new, complementary areas; and
•the acquisitions of the preneed backlog of deferred revenues enhance our long-term stability.
The following table summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed (in thousands):
Other current assets $ 241
Cemetery property 9,815
Property and equipment, net 19,109
Preneed receivables, net and trust investments 6,539
Indefinite-lived intangible assets 14,257
Deferred charges and other assets 158
Cemetery perpetual care trust investments 6,461
Goodwill 36,234
Total assets acquired 92,814
Current liabilities 439
Deferred revenue and deferred receipts held in trust 12,599
Care trusts' corpus 6,461
Other liabilities 2,095
Total liabilities assumed 21,594
Net assets acquired $ 71,220
Goodwill, land, and certain identifiable intangible assets recorded in the acquisitions are not subject to amortization; however, the goodwill and intangible assets will be tested periodically for impairment. Of the $36.2 million in goodwill recognized, all of which is deductible for tax purposes, $17.3 million was allocated to our cemetery segment and $18.9 million was allocated to our funeral segment. The identified intangible assets are indefinite lived tradenames with a fair value of $14.3 million.
We incurred acquisition costs of $0.2 million, which is included in General and administrative expenses in our Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2022. The 2022 California Businesses contributed revenue of $1.9 million and net income of $0.5 million from acquisition through December 31, 2022.
The 2021 acquisitions include twenty-one funeral homes and one cemetery in two states as part of two acquisitions (the "Ohio and California Businesses") for $94.8 million in cash. This amount includes the use of $6.1 million in IRS Section 1031 exchange funds.
The primary reasons for the acquisitions and the principal factors that contributed to the recognition of goodwill in these acquisitions were:
•the acquisitions enhance our network footprint, enabling us to serve a number of new, complementary areas; and
•the acquisitions of the preneed backlog of deferred revenues enhance our long-term stability.
FORM 10-K 81
PART II
The following table summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the acquisitions (in thousands):
Other current assets $ 140
Cemetery property 2,918
Property and equipment, net 36,768
Preneed receivables, net and trust investments 7,732
Finite-lived intangible assets 3,900
Indefinite-lived intangible assets 24,734
Deferred charges and other assets 128
Cemetery perpetual care trust investments 1,484
Goodwill 29,683
Total assets acquired 107,487
Current liabilities 660
Deferred revenue and deferred receipts held in trust 7,204
Care trusts' corpus 1,484
Other liabilities 3,336
Total liabilities assumed 12,684
Net assets acquired $ 94,803
Goodwill, land, and certain identifiable intangible assets recorded in the acquisitions are not subject to amortization; however, the goodwill and intangible assets will be tested periodically for impairment. Of the $29.7 million in goodwill recognized, all of which is deductible for tax purposes, $1.5 million was allocated to our cemetery segment and $28.2 million was allocated to our funeral segment. The identified intangible assets comprise the following:
Useful Life Fair Value
(Years) (In thousands)
Preneed customer relationships to insurance claims 10 $ 3,900
Tradenames Indefinite 24,734
Total intangible assets $ 28,634
We incurred acquisition costs of $0.3 million, which is included in Corporate general and administrative expenses in our Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2021. The Ohio and California Businesses contributed revenue of $1.1 million and net income of $0.3 million from acquisition through December 31, 2021.
Divestiture-Related Activities
As divestitures occur in the normal course of business, gains or losses on the sale of such locations are recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Operations line item Gains on divestitures and impairment charges, net, which consist of the following:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In thousands)
Gains on divestitures, net $ 12,543 $ 10,923 $ 28,573
Impairment losses (2,727) (961) (3,404)
Gains on divestitures and impairment charges, net $ 9,816 $ 9,962 $ 25,169
82 Service Corporation International
PART II
Service Corporation International
Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
Three Years Ended December 31, 2023
Description Balance at
Beginning
of Period Charged
(Credited) to
Costs and
Expenses Charged
(Credited) to
Write-offs & Other
Accounts Balance at
End of
Period
(In thousands)
Current Provision:
Reserve for credit losses:
Year Ended December 31, 2023 $ 6,186 $ 3,764 $ (5,568) $ 4,382
Year Ended December 31, 2022 $ 6,338 $ 6,579 $ (6,731) $ 6,186
Year Ended December 31, 2021 $ 6,031 $ 6,393 $ (6,086) $ 6,338
Due After One Year:
Reserve for credit losses:
Year Ended December 31, 2023 $ 3,602 $ (510) $ (747) $ 2,345
Year Ended December 31, 2022 $ 4,577 $ (125) $ (850) $ 3,602
Year Ended December 31, 2021 $ 6,902 $ (117) $ (2,208) $ 4,577
Preneed Receivables, Net:
Reserve for credit losses:
Year Ended December 31, 2023 $ 27,314 $ 7,991 $ (2,830) $ 32,475
Year Ended December 31, 2022 $ 20,727 $ 10,246 $ (3,659) $ 27,314
Year Ended December 31, 2021 $ 19,204 $ 5,086 $ (3,563) $ 20,727
Deferred Tax Valuation Allowance:
Year Ended December 31, 2023 $ 118,939 $ (10,105) $ - $ 108,834
Year Ended December 31, 2022 $ 120,739 $ (1,800) $ - $ 118,939
Year Ended December 31, 2021 $ 108,090 $ 12,649 $ - $ 120,739
FORM 10-K 83
PART II

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
Item 9. Changes In and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We have established disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer (who are our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, respectively) as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognized that disclosure controls and procedures can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the disclosure controls and procedures are met.
In connection with the preparation of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, an evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(c) and 15d-15(e) were effective as of December 31, 2023 to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms and (ii) accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). The Company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of assets of the Company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements prepared for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 using the criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this assessment and those criteria, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023.
The effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report, which is included in Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
No changes in our internal control over financial reporting occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
84 Service Corporation International
PART II

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 9B. Other Information
During the three months ended December 31 2023, no director or officer (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) of the Company adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Item 11. Executive Compensation

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
The information required by each of Items 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14, except as included below, is incorporated herein by reference to the Service Corporation International Proxy Statement for our 2024 Annual Meeting of shareholders.
The information regarding our executive officers called for by Item 401 of Regulation S-K and the information regarding our code of ethics called for by Item 406 of Regulation S-K has been included in PART I of this report. The information regarding our equity compensation plan information called for by Item 201(d) of Regulation S-K is set forth below.
Equity Compensation Plan Information at December 31, 2023:
Plan Category Number of Securities to be Issued upon Exercise of Outstanding Options,
Warrants, and Rights Weighted-Average
Exercise Price of
Outstanding Options,
Warrants, and Rights Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities Reflected in Column (a))
(a) (b) (c)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders 4,906,195 $ 45.44 3,470,575
86 Service Corporation International

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedule
(a)(1)-(2) Financial Statements and Schedule:
The financial statements and schedule are listed in the accompanying Index to Financial Statements and Related Schedule on page 38 of this report.
(3) Exhibits:
Exhibit Index
Pursuant to Item 601 of Reg. S-K
Exhibit Number Description
3.1
- Restated Articles of Incorporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Registration Statement No. 333-10867 on Form S-3).
3.2
- Articles of Amendment to Restated Articles of Incorporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 1996).
3.3
- Certificate of Amendment to Restated Articles of Incorporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Form 8-K filed May 25, 2018).
3.4
- Statement of Resolution Establishing Series of Shares of Series D Junior Participating Preferred Stock, dated July 27, 1998 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 1998).
3.5
- Bylaws of the Company. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 to Form 8-K filed May 5, 2023).
4.1
- Senior Indenture dated as of February 1, 1993 by and between the Company and The Bank of New York, as trustee (Incorporated by reference as Exhibit 4.1 to Form S-4 filed September 2, 2004 (File No. 333-118763)).
4.2
- Agreement of Resignation, Appointment of Acceptance, dated December 12, 2005, among the Company, The Bank of New York and The Bank of New York Trust Company, N.A., appointing a successor trustee for the Senior Indenture dated as of February 1, 1993 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2005).
4.3
- Description of Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019).
10.1
- Retirement Plan For Non-Employee Directors (Incorporated by reference by Exhibit 10.1 to Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018).
10.2
- First Amendment to Retirement Plan For Non-Employee Directors (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2000).
10.3
- Second Amendment to Retirement Plan for Non-Employee Directors (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2010).
10.4
- Third Amendment to Terminate the Retirement Plan for Non-Employee Directors.
10.5
- Employment and Noncompetition Agreement, dated January 1, 2022 between OFTC, Inc. and Thomas L. Ryan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021).
10.6
- Employment and Noncompetition Agreement, dated January 1, 2022, between OFTC, Inc. and Eric D. Tanzberger (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021).
10.7
- Employment and Noncompetition Agreement, dated January 1, 2022, between OFTC, Inc. and Sumner J. Waring, III (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021).
10.8
- Employment and Noncompetition Agreement, dated January 1, 2022 between OFTC, Inc. and Gregory T. Sangalis (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021).
FORM 10-K 87
PART IV
Exhibit Number Description
10.9
- Employment and Noncompetition Agreement, dated January 1, 2022, between OFTC, Inc. and Steven A. Tidwell (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021).
10.10
- Form of Employment and Noncompetition Agreement pertaining to executive officers (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021).
10.11
- Amended 1996 Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Appendix A to Proxy Statement dated April 6, 2007).
10.12
- Amended and Restated Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Appendix B to Proxy Statement dated April 1, 2011).
10.13
- 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Annex C to Proxy Statement dated March 31, 2016).
10.14
- Amended and Restated 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Annex C to Proxy Statement for the 2017 annual meeting of shareholders).
10.15
- Amendment No. 1 to Service Corporation International Amended and Restated 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2017).
10.16
- Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan for Senior Officers (as amended and restated effective as of January 1, 1998). (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 1998).
10.17
- Amendment Two to Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan for Senior Officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K dated December 22, 2022)
10.18
- First Amendment to Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan for Senior Officers (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2000).
10.19
- SCI 401 (k) Retirement Savings Plan, including Adopting Employer Agreement and Directed Employee Benefit Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2016).
10.20
- First Amendment to the SCI 401 (k) Retirement Savings Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016.)
10.21
- Second Amendment to the 401 (k) Retirement Savings Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016.)
10.22
- Third Amendment to the 401(k) Retirement Savings Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2017).
10.23
- Fourth Amendment to the 401 (k) Retirement Savings Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017.)
10.24
- Fifth Amendment to the 401 (k) Retirement Savings Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.22 to Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018).
10.25
- Sixth Amendment to the 401 (k) Retirement Savings Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018).
10.26
- Seventh Amendment to 401(k) Retirement Savings Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2019).
10.27
- Eighth Amendment to 401(k) Retirement Savings Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2020).
10.28
- Ninth Amendment to 401(k) Retirement Savings Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021).
10.29
- Amendment One to the Service Corporation International Amended and Restated Director Fee Plan, dated May 12, 2015 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K dated May 18, 2015).
10.30
- Form of Indemnification Agreement for officers and directors (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2004).
10.31
- Deferred Compensation Plan 2017 as Amended and Restated Effective January 1, 2017 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017).
10.32
- Amendment One to the Deferred Compensation Plan 2017 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2019).
10.33
- Form of Performance Unit Grant Award Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2022).
88 Service Corporation International
PART IV
Exhibit Number Description
10.34
- Credit Agreement, dated January 11, 2023, between Service Corporation International, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and certain other financial institutions, as lenders thereto (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed January 12, 2023).
21.1
- Subsidiaries of the Company.
23.1
- Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP).
31.1
- Certification of Thomas L. Ryan as Principal Executive Officer in satisfaction of Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2
- Certification of Eric D. Tanzberger as Principal Financial Officer in satisfaction of Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1
- Certification of Periodic Financial Reports by Thomas L. Ryan as Principal Executive Officer in satisfaction of Section 906 of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2
- Certification of Periodic Financial Reports by Eric D. Tanzberger as Principal Financial Officer in satisfaction of Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
97.1
- Incentive Award Recoupment Policy for Executive Officers.
101 - Interactive data file formatted Inline XBRL.
104 - Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).
In the above list, the management contracts or compensatory plans or arrangements are set forth in Exhibits 10.1 through 10.34.
Pursuant to Item 601(b)(4) of Regulation S-K, certain instruments on a consolidated basis are not filed as exhibits to this report with respect to long-term debt under which the total amount of securities authorized thereunder does not exceed 10 percent of the total assets of Registrant and its subsidiaries. Registrant agrees to furnish a copy of any such instrument to the Commission upon request.
(b) Included in (a) above.
(c) Included in (a) above.