EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1023994
Filing Year: 2024
Filename: 1023994_10-K_2024_0001213900-24-040541.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1. Business.
Company Overview
We operate in the following four segments: (i) manufacturing and construction services; (ii) medical; (ii) real estate development; and (iv) environmental. The manufacturing and construction segment designs and manufactures modular structures built in our factories using raw materials that are Made-in-America. In the medical segment we have previously used our modular technology to offer prefabricated health facilities for on-site immediate COVID-19 testing and plan to provide our modular technology to offer turnkey solutions to medical testing and treatment and generating revenue from medical testing. Our real estate development segment’s current business focus is primarily on the direct acquisition and indirect investment in properties nationally that will be further developed in the future into green single or multi-family projects. The environmental segment, the newest segment, plans to offer a sustainable medical and waste management solution that will utilize a patented technology to collect waste and treat waste for safe disposal.
We are a provider of modular facilities. We currently provide Modules made out of both code-engineered cargo shipping containers and traditional construction using wood and steel framing for use as both permanent or temporary structures for residential housing use and commercial use. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Modules we supplied were primarily for retail, restaurant and military use and were manufactured by third party suppliers using our proprietary technology and design and engineering expertise, which modifies code-engineered cargo shipping containers and purpose-built modules for use for safe and sustainable commercial, industrial and residential building. In March 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic we began increasing our focus on providing our Modules as health care facilities for deployable medical response solutions. In September 2020, we acquired substantially all the assets of Echo DCL, LLC, a Texas limited liability company, except for Echo’s real estate holdings. Echo was a container/modular manufacturer based in Durant, Oklahoma specializing in the design and construction of permanent modular and temporary modular buildings and was one of our key supply chain partners. This acquisition allowed us to have more control over the manufacturing process and, as a result, we have increased our product offerings to add Modules made out of wood, steel and traditional construction materials.
During 2021, through our subsidiary, Safe and Green Development Corporation (“SG DevCorp”) we also began to focus on acquiring property to build multi-family housing projects in underserved regions nationally utilizing the manufacturing services of our subsidiary, SG Echo, LLC (“SG Echo”). In March 2022, we formed SG Environmental Solutions Corp (“SG Environmental”) to focus on biomedical waste removal utilizing a patented technology that it licenses to shred and disinfect biomedical waste, rendering the waste disinfected, unrecognizable, and of no greater risk to the public health than residential household waste. In March 2023, we formed Safe and Green Medical Corporation, to focus on providing our Modules as health care facilities with various clinics and labs that cater to the specific needs of local communities. To date, we have not generated revenue from SG DevCorp, SG Environmental or SG Medical.
Our Modules
Prior to October 2019, our business model was solely a project-based construction model pursuant to which we were responsible for the design and construction of finished products that incorporated our technology primarily to customers in the retail, restaurant, military and education industries throughout the United States. In October 2019, we changed our business model for our residential building construction to a royalty fee model and entered into a five-year exclusive license with CPF GP 2019-1 LLC (“CPF”) under which CPF licensed on an exclusive basis our proprietary technology and intellectual property to develop and commercialize products in the United States (and its territories) for residential use, including, without limitation, single-family residences and multi-family residences, but excluding military housing. On June 15, 2021, we terminated the exclusive license by mutual agreement and ceased our royalty fee model.
Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, our core customer base was comprised of architects, landowners, builders and developers who used our Modules in commercial and residential structures. Our cargo modified Modules allow for the redesign, repurpose and conversion of heavy-gauge steel cargo shipping containers into Safe & Green™, which are safe green building blocks for commercial, industrial, and residential building construction, rather than consuming new steel and lumber. Our technology and expertise is also used to purpose-build modules, or prefabricated steel modular units customized for use in modular construction, to augment or complement a Safe & Green™ structure.
Modular Construction
We produce purpose built pre-fabricated modular structures, for both residential and commercial use, using wood or steel as the base material. We believe that modular construction provides the following benefits:
STRONG
FAST
GREEN
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Factory produced modules provide greater quality of construction
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Modules can be produced in parallel to the local site and civil work to enhance the date of completion
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Modular construction allows for energy savings and more efficient waste management than traditional construction
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Modules are inspected by a third party engineering firm to meet or exceed all applicable building codes
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Projects can save up to 50% on speed to market in comparison to traditional construction
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Less site disturbance and impact on local traffic
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Less weather related damage to construction materials
Products Produced with Our GreenSteel™ Modular Technology
The building products developed with our proprietary technology and design and engineering expertise are generally stronger, more durable, environmentally sensitive, and erected in less time than traditional construction methods. The use of the Safe & Green building structure typically provides between four to six points towards the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (“LEED”) certification levels, including reduced site disturbance, resource reuse, recycled content, innovation in design and use of local and regional materials. Due to our ability to satisfy such requirements, we believe the products produced utilizing our technology and expertise is a leader in environmentally sustainable construction.
There are three core product offerings that utilize our GreenSteel technology and engineering expertise. The first product offering involves GreenSteel Modules, which are normally container based, and are the structural core and shell of a Safe & Green building. We procure the containers, engineer required openings with structural steel enforcements, paint the containers and then deliver them on-site, where the customer or a customer’s general contractor will complete the entire finish out and installation. The second product offering involves replicating the process to create the GreenSteel product either container based or conventional volumetric units and, in addition, installing selected materials, finishes and systems (including, but not limited to floors, windows, doors, interior painting, electrical wiring and fixtures, plumbing outlets and bathrooms, roofing system) and delivering Safe & Green pre-fabricated Modules to the site for a third party licensed general contractor to complete the final finish out and installation. Finally, the third product offering is the completely fabricated and finished Safe & Green building (including but not limited to floors, windows, doors, interior painting, electrical wiring and fixtures, plumbing outlets and bathrooms, roofing systems), including erecting the final unit on site and completing any other final steps. The building is ready for occupancy and/or use as soon as installation is completed. Construction administration and/or project management services are typically included in our product offerings.
Other Modular Products
We also produce pre-fabricated modular containers, for both residential and commercial use, at SG Echo using wood framing as the base material instead of steel containers. We have found that some clients prefer a mix of wood and steel containers for their projects. Since our acquisition of Echo, approximately 85% of our Module sales have been for wood-based modules.
ESR Approval
In April 2017, the ICC Evaluation Service, LLC (“ICC-ES”) granted us an Evaluation Service Report (“ESR”) for the Safe & Green structural building materials. We believe we were the first modular building company to receive such certification. Our ESR indicates that the ICC-ES recognizes the suitability and technical capabilities of the Safe & Green structural building materials for use in compliance with the International Building Code and Residential Code, the California Building Code and Residential Code, and the Florida Building Code-Building and Residential. We believe our ESR has expedited reviews and approvals by state and local building departments, helped the Safe & Green concept gain wider acceptance in the construction industry and opened up licensing opportunities internationally We also believe the ESR will make it more difficult for other companies in the industry to compete with us because the quality control and design acceptance criteria are specific to us and our associated facilities.
Our ESR program is based out of our main manufacturing facility in Durant, Oklahoma. The inspection and certification of intermodal containers as detailed in our ESR procedures is not site specific but rather depends on the use of qualified inspectors who are trained to evaluate the cargo worthiness of intermodal containers using established industry standards including AC 462 from the ICC and IICL. Our quality control and inspection processes are reviewed annually by the ICC-ES to verify compliance with the Acceptance Criteria established by the ICC and detailed in ESR 3764. The ESR program is current with these recertifications and the up-to-date ESR is posted to the industry wide approved ESR list on the ICC web-based network. Once a container is inspected a medallion is permanently affixed to the unit to signify compliance with ESR 3764 which is used by local building officials to verify conformance of the container module to the ICC criteria. All Safe and Green Holdings container-based modules have this medallion that validates the quality control process.
Target Markets
To date, the target markets for the products that utilize our technology and expertise of Modules have been the new construction market in the United States. The Modules that utilize our technology and expertise have a particular application in a number of segments, including:
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Single-Family and Multi-Family Housing
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Restaurants and Quick Service Restaurants
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Military
● Education/Student Housing
● Health Care including medical laboratories
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Equipment Enclosures and Stacking Solutions
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Office and Commercial
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Commercial and residential customers
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Athletic facilities and support structures
● Administration Facilities
In addition, future target markets for expansion of such products and services include data centers, warehouse/public storage, reclamation/drop off centers and medical.
SG Echo
In September 2020, we consummated the transaction contemplated by the Asset Purchase Agreement that SG Echo entered into with Echo DCL, LLC pursuant to which SG Echo acquired substantially all the assets of Echo DCL, LLC, a Texas limited liability company, except for Echo’s real estate holdings. Echo was a container/modular manufacturer based in Durant, Oklahoma specializing in the design and construction of permanent modular and temporary modular buildings and was one of our key supply chain partners. Echo catered to the military, education, administration facilities, healthcare, government, commercial and residential customers. This acquisition allowed us to expand our reach for our Modules and offered us an opportunity to vertically integrate a large portion of our cost of goods sold, as well as increase margins, productivity and efficiency in the areas of design, estimating, manufacturing and delivery.
SG Echo opened a second factory (the “Waldron Factory”), also in Durant, Oklahoma, in the second half of 2023. The Waldron Factory produces modulars for multiple clients in various industries,
Safe & Green Medical
In March 2020, we began increasing our focus on providing our Modules as health care facilities for deployable medical response solutions. In May 2020, we entered into a joint development agreement with Grimshaw Design to assist with the deployment of our D-Tec suite of prefabricated health facilities for on-site immediate COVID-19 testing.
On August 27, 2020, we entered into a joint venture agreement (the “Clarity Mobile Venture”) with Clarity Labs Solutions, LLC, a CLIA-certified laboratory based in Miami, Florida (“Clarity Labs”). Under the Clarity Mobile Venture, we, along with Clarity Labs agreed to jointly market, sell, and distribute certain lab testing products and services On November 12, 2020, Clarity Mobile Venture entered into a contract with the City of Los Angeles for the operations of a COVID-19 PCR Test Laboratory at Los Angeles International Airport (“LAX”) to provide a full-service modular COVID-19 laboratory and testing facility onsite at Los Angeles International Airport. This facility conducted PCR tests with results available within three hours for passengers and airline crew, and no later than 24 hours for LAX airport employees. In September 2022, we terminated the Clarity Mobile Venture by mutual agreement. For the year-ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we recognized approximately $11,600,000 and $31,500,000, respectively, in revenue related to activities through these joint ventures, which is included in medical revenue on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
As an expansion to our prior modular COVID-19 offerings, we plan to provide our modular technology to offer turnkey solutions to deliver medical testing and treatment and generate revenues from medical testing, In furtherance of this objective, in March 2023, we formed Safe and Green Medical Corporation. To date, we have not generated revenue from SG Medical.
SG Development
During February 2021, we formed SG DevCorp for the purpose of real property development utilizing our technologies and our manufacturing facility. SG DevCorp’s current business focus is primarily on the direct acquisition and indirect investment in properties nationally that will be further developed in the future into green single or multi-family projects. To date, SG DevCorp has not generated any revenue and its activities have consisted solely of the acquisition of three properties and an investment in two entities that have acquired two properties to be further developed; however it has not yet commenced any development activities. SG DevCorp intends to construct many of its planned developments using Modules built by SG Echo. In addition to these development projects, it intends, subject to its ability to raise sufficient capital, to build additional, strategically placed manufacturing facilities that will be sold or leased to third parties as well as leased to SG Echo. SG DevCorp intends to build manufacturing sites for lease to SG Echo near its project sites in order to take advantage of cost savings for transportation of modules. SG DevCorp’s business model is flexible and it anticipates developing properties on its own and also through joint ventures in which SG DevCorp partners with third-party equity investors or other developers.
SG DevCorp has entered into, and may continue in the future to enter into, joint ventures (including limited liability companies or partnerships) through which it would own an indirect economic interest of less than 100% of the property owned directly by such joint ventures. The decision to either develop a property on its own or through a joint venture is based on a variety of factors and considerations, including: (i) the economic and tax terms required by the seller of land; (ii) SG DevCorp’s desire to diversify its portfolio of communities by market, submarket and product type; (iii) SG DevCorp’s desire at times to preserve its capital resources to maintain liquidity or balance sheet strength; and (iv) SG DevCorp’s projections, in some circumstances, that it will achieve higher returns on its invested capital or reduce its risk if a joint venture vehicle is used. Each joint venture agreement is individually negotiated, and SG DevCorp’s ability to operate and/or dispose of a community in its sole discretion may be limited to varying degrees depending on the terms of the joint venture agreement.
In December 2022, we announced our plan to separate our company and SG DevCorp into two separate publicly traded companies. To implement the Separation, on September 27, 2023 , we, effected a pro rata distribution to our stockholders of approximately 30% of the outstanding shares of SG DevCorp’s common stock. In connection with the Distribution, each of our stockholders received 0.930886 shares of SG DevCorp’s common stock for every five (5) shares of our Common Stock held as of the close of business on September 8, 2023, the record date for the Distribution, as well as a cash payment in lieu of any fractional shares. Immediately after the Distribution, SG DevCorp was no longer a wholly-owned subsidiary of ours and we held approximately 70% of SG DevCorp’s issued and outstanding securities. On September 28, 2023, SG DevCorp’s common stock began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “SGD.”
In connection with the Separation and Distribution, we entered into a separation and distribution agreement and several other agreements with SG DevCorp. These agreements provide for the allocation between us and SG DevCorp of the assets, employees, liabilities and obligations (including, among others, investments, property, employee benefits and tax-related assets and liabilities) of us and our subsidiaries attributable to periods prior to, at and after the Separation and will govern the relationship between us and SG DevCorp subsequent to the completion of the Separation. In addition to the separation and distribution agreement, the other principal agreements entered into with us included a tax matters agreement and a shared services agreement.
Current Projects/Development Sites
In January 2024, SG DevCorp announced that it would strategically look to monetize it real estate holdings throughout 2024 by identifying markets where SG DevCorp’s land may have increased in value, as demonstrated by third-party appraisals.
Lago Vista. On May 10, 2021, SG DevCorp acquired a 50+ acre site in Lago Vista, Texas for $3,500,000, paid in cash, pursuant to an Unimproved Property Contract, dated February 25, 2021, with Northport Harbor LLC. The acquired parcel sits on Lake Travis on the Colorado River in central Texas. SG DevCorp acquired the property and were able to successfully get a PDD approved for 174 condominium units with an allowance for 30% short-term rental. As a result of obtaining the site approval and market conditions, the property’s value increased significantly from the time of purchase. Accordingly, SG DevCorp determined to list the undeveloped property for sale.
On July 14, 2021, SG DevCorp issued a Real Estate Lien Note, dated July 14, 2021, in the principal amount of $2,000,000 (the “Short Term Note”), secured by a Deed of Trust, dated July 14, 2021, on the Lake Travis project site in Lago Vista, Texas and a related Assignment of Leases and Rents, dated July 8, 2021, for net loan proceeds of $1,945,234 after fees. The Short-Term Note had a term of one (1) year, provided for payments of interest only at a rate of twelve percent (12%) per annum and could be prepaid without penalty commencing nine (9) months after its issuance date. If the Short-Term Note was prepaid prior to nine (9) months after its issuance date, a 0.5% prepayment penalty would be due. This Short-Term Note was initially extended until January 14, 2023 and was further extended until February 1, 2024. In addition, on September 8, 2022, we issued a Second Lien Note in the principal amount of $500,000 (the “Second Short-Term Note”) also secured by a Deed of Trust on the Lake Travis project site in Lago Vista, Texas. The Second Short-Term Note provided for payments of interest only at a rate of twelve percent (12%) per annum and originally matured on January 14, 2023, which maturity date was extended until February 1, 2024.
On March 31, 2023, LV Peninsula Holding LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and wholly owned subsidiary of SG DevCorp (“LV Holding”), pursuant to a Loan Agreement, dated March 30, 2023 (the “Loan Agreement”), issued a promissory note, in the principal amount of $5,000,000 (the “LV Note”), secured by a Deed of Trust and Security Agreement, dated March 30, 2023 (the “Deed of Trust”) on SG DevCorp’s Lake Travis project site in Lago Vista, Texas, a related Assignment of Contract Rights, dated March 30, 2023 (“Assignment of Rights”), on SG DevCorp’s project site in Lago Vista, Texas and McLean site in Durant, Oklahoma and a Mortgage, dated March 30, 2023 (“Mortgage”), on SG DevCorp’s site in Durant, Oklahoma.
The proceeds of the LV Note were used to pay off the Short-Term Note and the Second Short-Term Note. The LV Note requires monthly installments of interest only, is due on April 1, 2024 and bears interest at the prime rate as published in the Wall Street Journal (currently 8.0%) plus five and 50/100 percent (5.50%), currently equaling 13.5%; provided that in no event will the interest rate be less than a floor rate of 13.5%. The LV Holding obligations under the LV Note have been guaranteed by SG DevCorp pursuant to a Guaranty, dated March 30, 2023 (the “Guaranty”), and may be prepaid by LV Holding at any time without interest or penalty.
The net loan proceeds were approximately $1,337,000, after loan commission fees of $250,000, broker fees of $125,000, the escrow of a 12-month $675,000 interest reserve, other closing fees and the repayment of the Short-Term Note and Second Short-Term Note.
On November 28, 2023, LV Holding entered into a Contribution Agreement with Preserve Acquisitions, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Preserve”), to form either a Delaware or Texas limited liability company or limited partnership (the “Joint Venture”) for the purpose of owning, holding for investment and ultimately selling a residential housing development (the “LV Project”) to be developed by the parties on approximately 59.3712 acres located in Lago Vista, Texas currently owned by LV Holding (the “Lago Vista Property”) upon the terms and conditions set forth in the Contribution Agreement and in the operating agreement of the Joint Venture to be negotiated between the parties (the “JV Agreement”). The Contribution Agreement provides that the parties will negotiate the JV Agreement within five months of the November 28, 2023 execution date of the Contribution Agreement. The Contribution Agreement further provides that LV Holding will contribute the Lago Vista Property to the Joint Venture as a capital contribution to be valued at $11.5 million in the JV Agreement.
Preserve will lead the development process and, after the completion of a feasibility period, will be required to submit permits for the first phase of the LV Project within 11 months from the execution of the Contribution Agreement. In addition, the Contribution Agreement provides that LV Holding must remove, pay and/or satisfy prior to or at Closing (as defined below) any monetary liens (as defined in the Contribution Agreement) on the Lago Vista Property.
The closing for the formation of the Joint Venture (the “Closing”) is to be held on the date which is 30 days after the expiration of the feasibility period subject to fulfillment of the following conditions: (a) an affiliate of Preserve, LV Holding or its affiliate and a third party equity investor, if applicable, have executed and delivered the JV Agreement in form approved by Preserve and LV Holding, which terms must be consistent with waterfall provisions set forth in the Contribution Agreement; (b) the Joint Venture having secured a legally binding and unconditional commitment for construction financing and capital commitments sufficient for the LV Project from third parties (debt and equity); and (c) the Title Agent being unconditionally committed to issue the Owner’s Title Policy to the Joint Venture.
At Closing, LV Holding must pay a 5% brokerage commission based upon the $11.5 million property value. Until the Closing or the earlier termination of the Contribution Agreement, LV Holding has agreed to not convey or encumber all or any portion of the Lago Vista Property, or any interest therein, or enter into any agreement granting to any person any right with respect to the Lago Vista Property (or any portion thereof), provided, however, prior to Closing, LV Holding may solicit, discuss, and negotiate purchase offers so long as it notifies all potential buyers that the Lago Vista Property is under contract pursuant to the Contribution Agreement. There can be no assurance the Closing will occur. In addition, if we should receive a favorable purchase offer for the Lago Vista Property, we may choose not to form the Joint Venture.
Norman Berry Village. On May 31, 2021, SG DevCorp acquired a 50% membership interest for $600,000 in a limited liability company, Norman Berry II Owners, LLC (“NB Owners”), that is building affordable housing in the Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan area to be known as “Norman Berry Village.” SG DevCorp has partnered with CMC Development Group, a New York City-based real estate development firm (“CMC”) with national expertise providing design build services. CMC owns the other 50% membership interest in NB Owners. The NB Owners’ operating agreement provides that NB Owners will initially have two managers, one designated by CMC (the “CMC Manager”) and one designated by us. Pursuant to the operating agreement, the CMC Manager will manage the day-to-day business and affairs of NB Owners and all non-routine decisions requires the approval of members owning a majority of the outstanding membership interests. The operating agreement also provides that any fee earned by CMC in connection with the acquisition and development of the Norman Berry Village and related real property will be split 75% to CMC and 25% to SG DevCorp. SG DevCorp has no obligation under the operating agreement to make any additional capital contributions to NB Owners. In addition, neither SG DevCorp nor CMC may voluntarily make any additional capital contributions to NB Owners. In accordance with the operating agreement, we are entitled to a preferred return equal to 10% per annum on our unreturned capital contributions which return will (i) accrue from the date on which our capital contributions were actually contributed to NB Owners until the date such capital contributions are returned to SG DevCorp, and (ii) compound annually. SG DevCorp expects the project to develop 125,000 square feet of space and build approximately 132 multi-family rental apartments in two buildings. We expect the project to commence in the first quarter of 2024, subject to available funding, and to be completed within three years of commencement. The estimated development costs for this project are approximately $35.0 million. NB Owners recently received approval from the city of Eastpoint to purchase the right of way approval to begin developing the Norman Berry Village.
Cumberland Inlet. On June 24, 2021, SG DevCorp as a member, entered into an Operating Agreement, with Jacoby Development, Inc., a Georgia corporation (“JDI”), as manager, dated June 24, 2021 (the “Operating Agreement”), for JDI-Cumberland Inlet, LLC, a Georgia limited liability company (“JDI-Cumberland”), pursuant to which SG DevCorp acquired a 10% non-dilutable equity interest (“LLC Interest”) in JDI-Cumberland for $3.0 million. JDI-Cumberland has purchased a 1,298 acre waterfront parcel in downtown historic St. Mary’s, Georgia and expects to develop approximately 352 acres thereof (the “Cumberland Project”). SG DevCorp, in conjunction with JDI, expect to develop a mixed-use destination community. The location will serve as home to 3,500 units made up of single family, multi-family, vacation and hospitality use, as well as a full-service marina, village, and upscale Eco-Tourism park inclusive of camping, yurts, cabins and cottages. JDI-Cumberland recently received all approvals to build out the marina portion of the project.
SG DevCorp has no obligation under the Operating Agreement to make any additional capital contributions to JDI-Cumberland. The Operating Agreement provides JDI with the right, at its option, to purchase the LLC Interest from SG DevCorp. on or before June 24, 2023 for $3.0 million, plus an amount equal to an annual internal rate of return (IRR) on such funds of forty (40%) percent (i.e., $1.2 million annualized). After June 24, 2023, the Operating Agreement provides JDI with the right, at its option, to purchase the LLC Interest from us for $3.0 million, plus an amount equal to an IRR of thirty-two and one-half (32.5%) percent (i.e., $975,000 annualized). The Operating Agreement also provides that if JDI receives a good faith, bona fide written offer from an unaffiliated third party to purchase all or any portion of the Project, JDI shall first offer the Project to us at the same price and upon substantially the same terms as are contained in the offer. The Operating Agreement contains certain protective provisions that prevent JDI, as manager, from determining to, or taking, certain significant actions without our consent. SG Echo, a subsidiary of Safe & Green, entered into a Fabrication and Building Services Agreement (“Building Services Agreement”) with JDI-Cumberland to design, fabricate and install various improvements for the Project using modular structures, pursuant to budgets prepared by SG Echo submitted for approval to JDI-Cumberland, including a marina, town center, apartments and single family units, townhomes, commercial, retail and lodging buildings/structures, eco-tourism park, camping yurts, cabins and cottages. The Building Services Agreement has an initial term of three years, with two-year automatic renewal provisions. During the term of the Building Services Agreement, SG Echo will have a right of first refusal with respect to each phase of the construction of the project buildings. If SG Echo’s quote for a given phase is no more than five percent more than the average of all bona fide, arm’s length bids that JDI-Cumberland obtains from reputable, unaffiliated builders, the phase will be awarded to SG Echo. In the event that SG Echo’s quote for a given phase is more than five percent more than the average of all bona fide arm’s length bids JDI-Cumberland obtains from reputable, unaffiliated builders, SG Echo will have the right to match such best bona fide, arm’s length offer and secure the work.
SG DevCorp anticipates that the first phase of development activities at this site will be the construction of 165 multifamily units over the course of 12-18 months, which activities are anticipated to commence during the third quarter of 2024, with an estimated cost of $38.0 million. SG DevCorp also anticipates that the units will be built with modules supplied by SG Echo. Current plans are to sell this development three (3) years after development.
St Mary’s Site. On August 18, 2022, SG DevCorp purchased, for $296,870 approximately 27 acres of land adjacent to the Cumberland Inlet Project from the Camden County Joint Development Authority (JDA). SG DevCorp plans to build a 120,000 square foot state of the art manufacturing facility which will be occupied by SG Echo. In connection with the purchase of the St. Mary’s Site, SG DevCorp entered into a promissory note in the amount of $148,300. This note had a maturity date of September 1, 2023, subject to SG DevCorp’s right to extend for 6 months upon payments of a fee equal to 1% of the principal balance of the note and provides for payments of interest only at a rate of nine and three quarters percent (9.75%) per annum. SG DevCorp elected to exercise this right to extend the maturity date. This note could be prepaid without penalty, provided, however, if the lender has not received six months of interest, SG DevCorp must pay the lender an amount equivalent to the months of interest necessary to complete six months of interest. In addition, at the time of payment in full of the note, SG DevCorp must pay the lender an amount equivalent to half of one percent (0.50%) of the original loan amount. To secure payment in full of the note, the note is secured by a security deed in the property with power of the lender to sell the property. SG DevCorp intends to pay off the note by the end of March 2024.
On January 31, 2024, SG DevCorp entered into an Agreement of Sale (the “Agreement of Sale”) with Pigmental, LLC (“Pigmental”) to sell the St. Mary’s Site to Pigmental for $1.35 million, payable $900,000 in cash and 450,000 by the issuance of a promissory note to SG DevCorp. The promissory note will bear interest at 10% per annum, provide for monthly interest only payments of $3,750 commencing May 1, 2024, mature on April 30, 2025, and be secured by a mortgage on the St Mary’s Industrial Site. SG DevCorp expects the transaction will close on or about April 1, 2024. The Agreement of Sale provides that the closing of the sale by SG DevCorp to Pigmental of the St Mary’s Site will occur no later than April 30, 2024, with time being of the essence.
McLean Mixed Use Site. On November 10, 2021, SG DevCorp entered into a Purchase Agreement (“Purchase Agreement”) with the Durant Industrial Authority to acquire 100% ownership of approximately 114 mixed-use acres in Durant, Oklahoma for $868,000. SG DevCorp anticipates building approximately 800 residential units and up to 1.1 million square feet of industrial manufacturing space on the mixed-use property. The closing on the 114 mixed-use acres occurred in the first quarter of 2022. SG DevCorp plans to build and SG Echo will occupy a 120,000 square foot state of the art manufacturing facility. The property is zoned for an additional 1.0 million square feet of industrial space. SG DevCorp is currently marketing the additional space to potential tenants. It is anticipated that SG Echo will provide modular construction services to SG DevCorp in connection with the residential project described above pursuant to the Master Purchase Agreement dated December 17, 2023 between SG DevCorp and SG Echo. See “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions-- Other Related Party Transactions”
SG DevCorp anticipates that the first phase of development activities at this site will be the construction of 100 multifamily units over the course of 12-18 months, which activities are anticipated to commence during the first quarter of 2024, with an estimated cost of $17.0. SG DevCorp also anticipates that the units will be built with modules supplied by SG Echo. Current plans are to sell this development three (3) years after development.
XENE Acquisition
On February 7, 2024, SG DevCorp closed its acquisition of Majestic World Holdings, a real estate technology firm and owner of the Xene AI Software platform (“XENE Platform”). The purchase price for the acquisition consists of an aggregate of $500,000 in cash to be paid over five quarters and 500,000 shares of SG DevCorp restricted stock. The XENE Platform, powered by advanced AI technology, has the goal of creating a decentralized real estate marketplace, creating an all-in-one solution that brings banks, institutions, home builders, clients, agents, vendors, gig workers, and insurers into a seamlessly integrated and structured AI-driven environment.
SG Environmental
In March 2022, we entered into a ten-year exclusive distribution agreement with Sanitec Industries LLC (“Sanitec”), a sustainable waste management company that is the global patent holder for the Sanitec Microwave Healthcare Waste Disinfection System™ for the State of New York with a right to expand to other states. The Sanitec Microwave Disinfection Unit is designed to shred and disinfect biomedical waste, rendering the waste disinfected, unrecognizable, and of no greater risk to the public health than residential household waste. Sanitec Industries’ existing customers are primarily centered in healthcare facilities nationwide, ranging from large hospital systems to single practitioner doctors’ offices. In connection with our entry into the Sanitec distribution agreement we formed a new subsidiary, SG Environmental Solutions Corp. SG Environmental plans to offer biomedical waste removal utilizing the patented technology that it licenses from Sanitec to shred and disinfect biomedical waste for safe disposal. To date, we have not generated revenue from SG Environmental.
Our Competitive Strengths
Although the construction industry is highly competitive, we are committed to educating the real estate community on the benefits of our technology and expertise and positioning the products that utilize our technology and expertise as complementary to the strategy of developers, rather than as competition. We may compete for building opportunities with regional, national and international builders that possess greater financial, marketing and other resources than we do, and competition within the general construction industry may increase if there is future consolidation in the land development and construction industry or from new building technologies that could arise. Within the modular building space, we compete against a small number of companies providing modular-building services. The principal competitive factors in our construction business include, but are not limited to, the availability of building materials; technical product knowledge and expertise; previous experience in modular construction; consulting or other service capabilities; pricing of products; and the marketability of our ESR within the structural building space.
We believe we can distinguish ourselves from our competitors on the basis of our ESR, quality, cost and construction time savings when utilizing our technology and expertise. Our proprietary construction for our cargo based containers method is typically less expensive than traditional construction methods, particularly in urban locations and multi-story projects, and construction time is also generally reduced by using our construction method, reducing both construction and soft costs substantially. Safe & Green are designed to be hurricane-, tornado- and earthquake-resistant and able to withstand harsh climate conditions. The flexibility and the stack-ability of the Modules allows architects, developers and owners to design Modules to meet their specific needs. In addition, our management team has a breadth of knowledge in the modular building industry with a combined 130 years of experience. Our experience in a wide range of construction applications, including office, enclosures, residential, commercial, quick service restaurants, experiential and restaurant applications, gives us an advantage over our competition through the use of market-based prototypes. With the acquisition of Echo, we have been able to vertically integrate our manufacturing process and reduce some of our cost of goods sold, productivity and efficiency.
Our Customers
We market our construction products to a broad customer base, comprised primarily of contractors, home builders, building owners and other resellers across the continental United States. In addition, as stated above, we have supplied and offer our Modules to the medical community. Safe & Green customers come from all walks in the economy and include government agencies, private developers, the U.S. Military, the Native American Community, the QSR operators, and a host of entrepreneurs looking to launch ideas and technology. At December 31, 2023 and 2022 100% and 80%, respectively, of our gross accounts receivable were due from three and four customers. Revenue relating to one customer represented approximately 87% and 65% of our total revenue for the years ending December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Our Suppliers and Partners
Although the primary use of shipping containers is for transportation, when constructing Safe & Green, we use standard materials made in America to modify the container shell structure and finish out the modules. In addition, we use the same standard construction materials to construct and finish out the wood base modules produced at SG Echo. We utilize the same suppliers and materials used by conventional construction. Materials such as windows, doors, insulation mechanical systems, electrical systems and other such supplies are all off-the-shelf materials and equipment commonly available and used in the industry. We believe we have access to alternative suppliers, with limited disruption to the business, should circumstances change with our existing suppliers.
Intellectual Property
We operate under our United States registered trademarks “Safe & Green” and “GreenSteel” and our trademarked “SG” logo.
Legal Proceedings
The Company is subject to certain claims and lawsuits arising in the normal course of business. For information regarding legal proceedings, see "Note 20 - Commitments and Contingencies" of our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
Government Regulation and Approval
The design and construction of buildings is controlled at the project level, with local and state municipalities having jurisdiction in most cases. All buildings, conventionally built or modularly built, are subject to published building codes and criteria that must be achieved during the architectural and engineering phase in order to be approved for construction. There are no specific regulations that impact our design and construction technology. While much of the regulation in our industry occurs at the project level, we are subject to various federal, state and local government regulations applicable to the business in the jurisdictions in which we operate, including laws and regulations relating to our relationships with our employees, public health and safety, workplace safety, transportation, zoning and fire codes. Also, to the extent we expand into medical waste removal and medical testing we will be subject to various federal, state and local government regulations. We strive to operate in accordance with applicable laws, codes and regulations. We believe we are in compliance in all material respects with existing applicable environmental laws and regulations and, in addition, that our employment, workplace health and workplace safety practices comply with related regulations.
General Corporate Information
We were incorporated in the State of Delaware on December 29, 1993 under the name PC411, INC. On January 12, 1999, we changed our name to CDSI Holdings, Inc. On November 4, 2011, CDSI Merger Sub, Inc., our wholly-owned subsidiary, completed a reverse merger with and into SG Building Blocks, Inc. (“SG Building”), with SG Building surviving the reverse merger as our wholly owned subsidiary. Also on November 4, 2011, we changed our name to SG Blocks, Inc. On December 16, 2022, we changed our name to Safe & Green Holdings Corp. In addition, on December 16, 2022, our then wholly-owned subsidiary, SGB Development Corp. changed its name to Safe and Green Development Corporation. Prior to our emergence from bankruptcy in June 2016, our Common Stock was quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board. Our Common Stock is currently listed for trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “SGBX.”
Our principal offices are located at 990 Biscayne Blvd., #501, Office 12, Miami, Florida 33132. Our website address is www.safeandgreeenholdings.com. The information contained in, and that can be accessed through our website, is not incorporated into and is not a part of this Annual Report. We make available on our website our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K as soon as reasonably practicable after those reports are filed with the SEC. The following Corporate Governance documents are also posted on our website: Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and the Charters for the following Committees of the Board of Directors: Audit Committee, Compensation Committee, and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. Our phone number is (646) 240-4235. Our filings may also be read and copied at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street NE, Room 1580 Washington, DC 20549. Information on the operation of the Public Reference Room may be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC also maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The address of that website is www.sec.gov.
Our Emergence from Bankruptcy
On October 15, 2015, the Company and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Debtors”), filed voluntary petitions for reorganization under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York (the “Bankruptcy Court”) under the caption In re SG Blocks, Inc. et al., Case No. 15-12790. On February 29, 2016, the Debtors filed a Disclosure Statement (the “Disclosure Statement”), attaching a Plan of Reorganization (the “Reorganization Plan”), along with a motion seeking approval of the Disclosure Statement by the Bankruptcy Court. On June 30, 2016 (the “Effective Date”), the Reorganization Plan became effective and the Debtors emerged from bankruptcy.
Prior to the Effective Date, the Company was authorized to issue: (i) 300,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 (the “Former Common Stock”) of which 42,918,927 shares were issued and outstanding as of June 29, 2016 (2,145,946 as adjusted for the May Stock Split); and (ii) 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01 (the “Former Preferred Stock”), none of which were issued and outstanding prior to the Effective Date.
On the Effective Date, and pursuant to the terms of the Reorganization Plan, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement, dated June 30, 2016, pursuant to which the Company sold for a subscription price of $2.0 million a 12% Original Issue Discount Senior Secured Convertible Debenture to Hillair Capital Investments L.P. (“HCI”) in the principal amount of $2.5 million, with a maturity date of June 30, 2018 (the “Exit Facility”).
On the Effective Date, all previously issued and outstanding shares of the Former Common Stock were deemed discharged, cancelled and extinguished, and, pursuant to the Reorganization Plan, the Company issued, in the aggregate 410 shares (as adjusted to effect a 1-for-20 reverse stock split) of common stock, par value $0.01 (the “New Common Stock”), to the holders of Former Common Stock. Further, under the Reorganization Plan, upon the Effective Date, certain members of the Company’s management were entitled to receive options (the “Management Options”) to acquire approximately 546 shares (as adjusted to effect a 1-for-20 reverse stock split), of the Company’s New Common Stock, on a fully diluted basis.
On the Effective Date, pursuant to the terms of the Plan and the Company’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, the Company filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware a Certificate of Designations of Convertible Preferred Stock, designating 1,801,670 shares (as adjusted to effect a 1-for-3 reverse stock split) of preferred stock, par value $1.00, all of which were issued upon our emergence from bankruptcy. Prior to our public offering that we consummated in June 2017, all outstanding shares of our preferred stock, were converted into 90,084 shares of Common Stock. No preferred stock currently remains outstanding.
Reverse Stock Split
On May 2, 2024, we effected a 1-for-20 reverse stock split of our common stock. All share and per share amounts set forth in the consolidated financial statements have been retroactively restated to reflect the split effected in May 2024 as if it had occurred as of the earliest period presented and unless otherwise stated, all other share and per share amounts for all periods presented in this Annual Report have been adjusted to reflect the reverse stock split effected in May 2024.
Human Capital
We believe that our success depends upon our ability to attract, develop and retain key personnel. As of December 31, 2023, we directly employed twelve full-time employees and two part-time employees and engaged outside professional firms and subcontractors to deliver projects to customers, and SG Echo directly employed eighty full-time employees.
Health and Safety
The health and safety of our employees is our highest priority, and this is consistent with our operating philosophy. Accordingly, with the global spread of the ongoing novel coronavirus pandemic, we have implemented plans designed to address and mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the safety of our employees and our business, which include:
· Adding work from home flexibility;
· Adjusting attendance policies to encourage those who are sick to stay home;
· Increasing cleaning protocols across all locations;
· Initiating regular communication regarding impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, including health and safety protocols and procedures;
Available Information
We are subject to the informational requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and in accordance therewith, we file reports, proxy and information statements and other information with the SEC. Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to these reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act are available through the investor relations section of our website at www.safeandgreenholdings.com. Reports are available free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file them with, or furnish them to, the SEC. The information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Item1A. Risk Factors.
Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should consider carefully the following risks, together with all the other information in this Annual Report, including the section titled “Forward-Looking Statements,” and Part II, Item 7.“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report. The risks described below are not the only ones we face. Any of the following risks could materially and adversely affect our business. If any of the following risks actually materializes, our operating results, financial condition and liquidity could be materially adversely affected. As a result, the trading price of our common stock could decline and you could lose part or all of your investment. Our business, financial condition and results of operations could also be harmed by risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently do not believe are material.
Risks Relating to our Financial Position and Capital Requirements.
From time to time, we have, and may in the future experience a shortfall in cash, and our ability to obtain additional financing on acceptable terms, if at all, may be limited. If we are not successful in our efforts to increase sales or raise capital, we could experience a shortfall in cash over the next twelve months, and our ability to obtain additional financing on acceptable terms, if at all, will be limited.
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents and a short-term investment, collectively, of $17,448 and $582,776, respectively. However, during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we reported a net loss of $26,757,906 and $7,089,242, respectively, and used $7,141,754 and $5,630,614 of cash for operations, respectively.
As result of our continued losses, our cash resources have not been sufficient to sustain our operations, and we have continued to depend on financing transactions to generate sufficient cash to stay in operation. With limited cash available to fund our operating expenses, we have deferred or delayed payments to vendors, suppliers and service providers, opting instead to prioritize payments for personnel and essential resources.
Although we are attempting to curtail our expenses, there is no guarantee that such curtailment will cure our liquidity problem. On December 15, 2023, Mr. Galvin voluntarily deferred his salary for the December 15, 2023 and December 31, 2023 pay periods as a cost saving measure. In addition, on December 14, 2023, Mr. Galvin loaned $75,000 to the Company. The loan will be interest free (subject, however to any interest which may be imputed under applicable income tax laws) and is due and payable by December 14, 2024. Our cash used in operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $(6,722,435) primarily due to our net loss. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we financed our operations from proceeds of short-term notes payables and warrants. Subsequent to the end of the quarter we have continued to finance our operations form the issuance of notes such as the Debentures in addition to cash advance agreements such as the Cash Advance Agreement pursuant to which SG Building and SG Echo, LLC sold to the lender $300,000 of their future receivables for a purchase price of $200,000, less underwriting fees and expenses paid, for net funds provided of $190,000.
Unless and until we are able to increase our revenues or raise sufficient capital, our lack of cash will continue to constrain our business and subject us to significant risks, including the following: (i) being unable to make the necessary investment in personnel, raw materials or other resources to effectively pursue our business plan, (ii) our suppliers, vendors and service providers slowing down or stopping to supply raw materials or services, and (iii) being forced to reduce or suspend our operations. Any delay in the receipt of raw materials due to payment issues could result in our inability to fulfill purchase orders and negatively impact our ability to generate revenue.
In March of 2024, the Company laid off approximately 65 employees of SG Echo. These employes are being brought back to work in April of 2024, starting with 10 employees re-hired as of April 8,2024 and 30 employees are scheduled to return to work between April 15th and April 30th, 2024.
We may also seek to obtain debt or additional equity financing to meet any cash shortfalls both in the public company or our subsidiaries. The type, timing and terms of any financing we may select will depend on, among other things, our cash needs, the availability of other financing sources and prevailing conditions in the financial markets. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to secure additional funds if needed and that, if such funds are available, the terms or conditions would be acceptable to us, especially in light of the fact that our ability to sell securities registered on our registration statement on Form S-3 will be limited until such time the market value of our voting securities held by non-affiliates is $75 million or more. If we are unable to secure additional financing, a further reduction in operating expenses might need to be substantial in order for us to ensure enough liquidity to sustain our operations. Any equity financing would be dilutive to our stockholders. If we incur debt, we will likely be subject to restrictive covenants that significantly limit our operating flexibility and require us to encumber our assets. If we fail to raise sufficient funds and continue to incur losses, our ability to fund our operations, take advantage of strategic opportunities, or otherwise respond to competitive pressures will be significantly limited. Any of the above limitations could force us to significantly curtail or cease our operations, and you could lose all of your investment in our common stock. These circumstances have raised substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, and continued cash losses may risk our status as a going concern. Our consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary should we be unable to continue as a going concern.
Our independent registered public accounting firm has expressed doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.
The report of our independent registered public accounting firm contains a note stating that the accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming we will continue as a going concern. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents and a short-term investment, collectively, of $17,448 and $582,776, respectively. During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we reported a net loss of $26,757,906 and $7,089,242, respectively, and used $6,722,435 and $5,630,614 of cash for operations, respectively.
Until we begin generating sufficient revenue, there is a doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern through December 31, 2024.
We have incurred net losses in prior periods, and there can be no assurance that we will generate income in the future, or that we will be able to successfully achieve or maintain our growth strategy.
Our ability to achieve profitability will depend upon our ability to generate and sustain substantially increased revenues. We may continue to incur operating losses in the future as we execute our growth strategy. The likelihood that we will generate net income in the future must be considered in light of the difficulties facing the construction and real estate development industry as a whole, economic conditions and the competitive environment in which we operate. Our operating results for future periods are subject to numerous uncertainties, and we may not achieve sufficient revenues to sustain or increase profitability. In addition, we may be unable to successfully achieve or maintain our growth strategy, including our ability to expand into new geographic markets.
To date we have not generated revenue from SG DevCorp or SG Environmental and there can be no assurance that we will be able to do so in the future.
In 2021, we formed SG DevCorp. to develop real estate properties and in 2022 we formed SG Environmental to manage waste removal. To date neither subsidiary has generated any revenue from its operations and there can be no assurance that either will do so in the future. Each business is subject to all of the risks associated with a new business.
An impairment of goodwill has had a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
As December 31, 2023, our goodwill has been fully impaired. We performed an impairment test of our goodwill annually during the fourth quarter of our fiscal year or when events occur or circumstances change that would more-likely-than-not indicate that goodwill might be impaired. Factors that may be considered a change in circumstances, indicating that the carrying value of our goodwill may not be recoverable, include a decline in stock price and market capitalization, reduced future cash flow estimates and slower growth rates in our industry. Our annual impairment tests resulted in $1,309,330 impairment of goodwill during fiscal 2023 and $0 during fiscal 2022. Deterioration in estimated future cash flows in our reporting unit could result in further future goodwill impairment. Changes to our business strategy, changes in industry or market conditions, changes in operating performance or other indicators of impairment could cause us to record a significant impairment charge during the period in which the impairment is determined, negatively impacting our results of operations and financial position.
We will need to raise additional capital to fund our existing operations. If we or our subsidiaries are unable to raise capital when needed, we would be compelled to delay, reduce or eliminate our development or commercialization efforts.
Accordingly, we will need to obtain substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations. However, we have estimated our current additional funding needs based on assumptions that may prove to be wrong. Additionally, changing circumstances may cause us to consume capital significantly faster than we currently anticipate, and we may need to spend more money than currently expected because of circumstances beyond our control. Additional capital may not be available to us at such times or in the amounts we need. Even if capital is available, it might be available only on unfavorable terms. Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial revenue, we expect to finance our operations through a combination of public or private equity offerings, debt financings, governmental funding, collaborations, strategic partnerships and alliances or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties. If access to sufficient capital is not available as and when needed, our business will be materially impaired and we may be required to cease operations, curtail one or more product development or commercialization programs, significantly reduce expenses, sell assets, seek a merger, or joint venture partner, file for protection from creditors or liquidate all our assets.
Our failure to timely register the shares of our common stock issuable under the Debenture and the Warrant we issued to Peak One Opportunity Fund, L.P. and Warrants we issued in March pursuant to the warrant inducement transaction could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
On February 7, 2023, we closed a private placement offering of $1,100,000 in principal amount of an 8% convertible debenture (the “Debenture”) and a warrant (the “Warrant”) to purchase up to Five Hundred Thousand (500,000) shares of the Company’s common stock (25,000 as adjusted for the May Stock Split), with Peak One Opportunity Fund, L.P. (“Peak One”) for gross proceeds of $1,000,000. In connection with the Peak One financing, we entered into a registration rights agreement with Peak One where we agreed to file a registration statement within 60 days to register the shares of common stock issuable under the Debenture and the Warrant with the SEC and to use our reasonable best efforts to have the registration statement declared effective within 90 calendar days from the closing of the financing. In the event we were to default on our obligation to register the shares of common stock issuable under the Debenture and the Warrant as agreed, Peak One may, among other things, increase the interest rate applicable to the Debenture to the lesser of eighteen percent (18%) per annum and the maximum interest rate allowable under applicable law and accelerate the immediate payment of the full indebtedness due under the Debenture, in an amount equal to one hundred ten percent (110%) of the then outstanding principal amount and accrued and unpaid interest. The acceleration of the Debenture issued to Peak One could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Our ability to meet our workforce needs is crucial to our results of operations and future sales and profitability.
We rely on the existence of an available hourly workforce to manufacture our products. We cannot assure you that we will be able to attract and retain qualified employees to meet current or future manufacturing needs at a reasonable cost, or at all. For instance, the demand for skilled employees has increased recently with the low unemployment rates in Oklahoma where we have manufacturing facilities. Also, although none of our employees are currently covered by collective bargaining agreements, we cannot assure you that our employees will not elect to be represented by labor unions in the future. Additionally, competition for qualified employees could require us to pay higher wages to attract a sufficient number of employees. Significant increases in manufacturing workforce costs could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Our workforce may not be sufficient to complete orders due to recent layoffs.
In March 2024, we laid off approximately 65 employees of SG Echo and are currently operating our business with a significantly reduced work force. These employes are being brought back to work in April of 2024, starting with 10 employees re-hired as of April 8,2024 and 30 employees are scheduled to return to work between April 15th and April 30th, 2024.
We have a fixed cost base that will affect our profitability if our sales decrease.
The fixed cost levels of operating SG Echo can put pressure on profit margins when sales and production decline. Our profitability depends, in part, on our ability to spread fixed costs over a sufficiently large number of products sold and shipped, and if we make a decision to reduce our rate of production, gross or net margins could be negatively affected. Consequently, decreased demand or the need to reduce production can lower our ability to absorb fixed costs and materially impact our financial condition or results of operations.
A material disruption at one of our suppliers’ facilities or Echo’s facilities could prevent us from meeting customer demand, reduce our sales and negatively affect our overall financial results.
Any of the following events could cease or limit operations unexpectedly: fires, floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, on-site or off-site environmental incidents or other catastrophes; global pandemic; utility and transportation infrastructure disruptions; labor difficulties; other operational problems; or war, acts of terrorism or other unexpected events. Any downtime or damage at our suppliers’ facilities or SG Echo’s facilities could prevent us from meeting customer demand for our products or require us to make more expensive purchases from a competing supplier. If our suppliers were to incur significant downtime, our ability to satisfy customer requirements could be impaired, resulting in customers seeking products from other distributors, as well as decreased customer satisfaction and lower sales and operating income.
A natural disaster, the effects of climate change, or other disruptions at our Echo facility could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We rely on the continuous operation of our SG Echo facility in Durant, Oklahoma for the production of our Modules. Any natural disaster or other serious disruption to our facility due to fire, flood, earthquake, or any other unforeseen circumstance would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, adverse weather conditions, such as increased frequency and/or severity of storms, or floods could impair our ability to operate by damaging our facilities and equipment or restricting product delivery to customers. The occurrence of any disruption at our manufacturing facility, even for a short period of time, may have an adverse effect on our productivity and profitability, during and after the period of the disruption. These disruptions may also cause personal injury and loss of life, severe damage to or destruction of property and equipment, and environmental damage. Although we maintain property, casualty, and business interruption insurance of the types and in the amounts that we believe are customary for the industry, we are not fully insured against all potential natural disasters or other disruptions to our manufacturing facility.
The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert management’s attention and affect our ability to attract and retain qualified board members.
We are subject to the reporting and corporate governance requirements of the Exchange Act, the listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market and other applicable securities rules and regulations, including the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the Dodd-Frank Act. Compliance with these rules and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly and increase demand on our systems and resources. Among other things, the Exchange Act requires that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and results of operations and maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. In order to continue to maintain our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting to meet this standard, significant resources and management oversight may be required. As a result, management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns, which could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. We also may need to further expand our legal and finance departments in the future, which will increase our costs and expenses.
In addition, changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure are creating uncertainty for public companies, increasing legal and financial compliance costs and making some activities more time-consuming. These laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. We intend to invest resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations and standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expense and a diversion of management’s time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. If our efforts to comply with new laws, regulations and standards differ from the activities intended by regulatory or governing bodies, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us and our business and prospects may be harmed. As a result of disclosure of information in the filings required of a public company, our business and financial condition are more visible, which may result in threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors and other third parties. If such claims are successful, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be harmed, and even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert the resources of our management and harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
We are dependent on the services of key personnel, and the unexpected loss of their services may adversely affect our operations.
Our success depends highly upon the personal efforts and abilities of our executive officers and management team, which is comprised of a small number of people. The loss of the services of any of our executive officers or members of our management team could have a material adverse effect on our business.
The loss of one or a few customers could have a material adverse effect on us.
A few customers have in the past, and may in the future, account for a significant portion of our revenues in any one year or over a period of several consecutive years. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, 100% and 80%, respectively, of the our gross accounts receivable were due from three and four customers. Revenue relating to one customer represented approximately 87% and 65% of our total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Although we have contractual relationships with many of our significant customers, our customers may unilaterally reduce or discontinue their contracts with us at any time. The loss of business from a significant customer could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
We rely on certain vendors to supply us with materials and products that, if we were unable to obtain, could adversely affect our business.
We have relationships with key materials vendors, and we rely on suppliers for our purchases of products from them. Any inability to obtain materials or services in the volumes required and at competitive prices from our major trading partners, the loss of any major trading partner or the discontinuation of vendor financing (if any) may seriously harm our business because we may not be able to meet the demands of our customers on a timely basis in sufficient quantities or at all. Other factors, including reduced access to credit by our vendors resulting from economic conditions, may impair our vendors’ ability to provide products in a timely manner or at competitive prices. We also rely on other vendors for critical services such as transportation, supply chain and professional services. Any negative impacts to our business or liquidity could adversely impact our ability to establish or maintain these relationships.
We currently are, and may in the future be, subject to legal proceedings or investigations, the resolution of which could negatively affect our profitability and cash flows in a particular period.
The nature of our operations exposes us to possible litigation claims, including disputes relating to our operations and commercial and contractual arrangements. Often the litigation matters are not totally within our control. We will contest these matters vigorously and will make insurance claims where appropriate, but because of the uncertain nature of litigation and coverage decisions, we cannot predict the outcome of these matters. The costs associated with litigation matters could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and profitability. In addition, our profitability or cash flow in a particular period could be affected by an adverse ruling in any litigation currently pending in the courts or by litigation that may be filed against us in the future. We are also subject to government regulation, which could result in administrative proceedings in the future. For additional information, see “Item 3. Legal Proceedings.”
We may have difficulty protecting our proprietary manufacturing processes, which could adversely affect our ability to compete.
We use a proprietary manufacturing process that allows us to be code-compliant in our Safe & Green™ product. Such manufacturing process is unique to the construction industry and is important to ensure our continued success, and we cannot assure you that our efforts to protect our proprietary rights will be sufficient or effective. If other companies replicate our methodology, we could lose our competitive advantage. Any future patent or trademark applications may not lead to issued patents and registered trademarks in all instances. We also cannot be assured that the scope of any patents issued in the future will be sufficiently broad to offer meaningful protection. Others may develop or patent similar or superior technologies, products or services, and our intellectual property rights may be challenged, invalidated, misappropriated or infringed by others. If we are unable to protect and maintain our intellectual property rights, or if there are any successful intellectual property challenges or infringement proceedings against us, our business and revenue could be materially and adversely affected.
Risks Relating to our Business
Our residential construction business is difficult to evaluate because we changed our business model in June 2021 and have a limited operating history and limited information.
In 2021 we terminated our licensing business model for our residential construction business in the United States and are currently developing and constructing our own residential developments. In 2019 we had entered into one license agreement for use of our technology for construction of residences in the United States. We terminated this license agreement in June 2021. There is a risk that we will be unable to successfully generate income from this business model. Although we believe that we will experience increased revenue, there can be no assurance that we will not experience increased costs and generate less income with this new business model than we anticipate. We are subject to many risks associated with currently developing and constructing our own residential developments, such as our dependence upon third parties to provide services and supply required materials. Even if we generate increased revenue as anticipated, there can be no assurance that we will be profitable. We are subject to the risks inherent to the operation of a new business enterprise, and cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully address these risks.
Our ability to meet our workforce needs is crucial to our results of operations and future sales and profitability.
We rely on the existence of an available hourly workforce to manufacture our products. We cannot assure you that we will be able to attract and retain qualified employees to meet current or future manufacturing needs at a reasonable cost, or at all. Also, although none of our employees are currently covered by collective bargaining agreements, we cannot assure you that our employees will not elect to be represented by labor unions in the future. Additionally, competition for qualified employees could require us to pay higher wages to attract a sufficient number of employees. Significant increases in manufacturing workforce costs could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Given our fixed cost base our profitability is highly sensitive to changes in sales volume and production levels.
The fixed cost levels of operating SG Echo can put pressure on profit margins when sales volume and/or production levels decline. Our profitability depends, in part, on our ability to spread fixed costs over a sufficiently large number of products sold and shipped, and if we make a decision to reduce our rate of production, gross or net margins could be negatively affected. Consequently, decreased demand or the need to reduce production can lower our ability to absorb fixed costs and materially impact our financial condition or results of operations.
A material disruption at our suppliers’ facilities or Echo’s facilities could prevent us from meeting customer demand, reduce our sales and negatively affect our overall financial results.
Any of the following events could cease or limit operations unexpectedly: fires, floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, on-site or off-site environmental incidents or other catastrophes; global pandemic; supply chain disruptions; utility and transportation infrastructure disruptions; labor difficulties; other operational problems; or war, acts of terrorism or other unexpected events. Any downtime or damage at our suppliers’ facilities or SG Echo’s facilities could prevent us from meeting customer demand for our products or require us to make more expensive purchases from a competing supplier. If our suppliers were to incur significant downtime, our ability to satisfy customer requirements could be impaired, resulting in customers seeking products from other distributors, as well as decreased customer satisfaction and lower sales and operating income.
A natural disaster, the effects of climate change, or other disruptions at our Echo facilities could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We rely on the continuous operation of our SG Echo facilities, both of which are located in Durant, Oklahoma, for the production of our Modules. Any natural disaster or other serious disruption to our facility due to fire, flood, earthquake, or any other unforeseen circumstance would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, adverse weather conditions, such as increased frequency and/or severity of storms, or floods could impair our ability to operate by damaging our facilities and equipment or restricting product delivery to customers. The occurrence of any disruption at our manufacturing facilities, even for a short period of time, may have an adverse effect on our productivity and profitability, during and after the period of the disruption. These disruptions may also cause personal injury and loss of life, severe damage to or destruction of property and equipment, and environmental damage. Although we maintain property, casualty, and business interruption insurance of the types and in the amounts that we believe are customary for the industry, we are not fully insured against all potential natural disasters or other disruptions to our manufacturing facility.
We are dependent on our executive officers and management team, and the unexpected loss of their services may adversely affect our operations.
Our success depends highly upon the personal efforts and abilities of our executive officers and management team, which is comprised of a small number of people. The loss of the services of any of our executive officers or members of our management team could have a material adverse effect on our business.
The loss of one or a few customers could have a material adverse effect on us.
A few customers have in the past, and may in the future, account for a significant portion of our revenues in any one year or over a period of several consecutive years. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, 100% and 80%, respectively, of the our gross accounts receivable were due from three and four customers. For the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, 87% and 65% of our revenue was from one customer. Although we have contractual relationships with many of our significant customers, our customers may unilaterally reduce or discontinue their contracts with us at any time. The loss of business from a significant customer could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
We rely on certain vendors to supply us with materials and products that, if we were unable to obtain, could adversely affect our business.
We have relationships with key materials vendors, and we rely on suppliers for our purchases of products from them. Any inability to obtain materials or services in the volumes required and at competitive prices from our major trading partners, the loss of any major trading partner or the discontinuation of vendor financing (if any) may seriously harm our business because we may not be able to meet the demands of our customers on a timely basis in sufficient quantities or at all. Other factors, including reduced access to credit by our vendors resulting from economic conditions, may impair our vendors’ ability to provide products in a timely manner or at competitive prices. We also rely on other vendors for critical services such as transportation, supply chain and professional services. Any negative impacts to our business or liquidity could adversely impact our ability to establish or maintain these relationships. There were no vendors representing 10% or more of our total cost of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023 or 2022.
We currently are, and may in the future be, subject to legal proceedings or investigations, the resolution of which could negatively affect our profitability and cash flows in a particular period.
The nature of our operations exposes us to possible litigation claims, including disputes relating to our operations and commercial and contractual arrangements. Often the litigation matters are not totally within our control. We will contest these matters vigorously and will make insurance claims where appropriate, but because of the uncertain nature of litigation and coverage decisions, we cannot predict the outcome of these matters. The costs associated with litigation matters could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and profitability. In addition, our profitability or cash flow in a particular period could be affected by an adverse ruling in any litigation currently pending in the courts or by litigation that may be filed against us in the future. We are also subject to government regulation, which could result in administrative proceedings in the future.
We may have difficulty protecting our proprietary manufacturing processes, which could adversely affect our ability to compete.
We use a proprietary manufacturing process that allows us to be code-compliant in our Safe & Green™ product. Such manufacturing process is unique to the construction industry and is important to ensure our continued success, and we cannot assure you that our efforts to protect our proprietary rights will be sufficient or effective. If other companies replicate our methodology, we could lose our competitive advantage. Any future patent or trademark applications may not lead to issued patents and registered trademarks in all instances. We also cannot be assured that the scope of any patents issued in the future will be sufficiently broad to offer meaningful protection. Others may develop or patent similar or superior technologies, products or services, and our intellectual property rights may be challenged, invalidated, misappropriated or infringed by others. If we are unable to protect and maintain our intellectual property rights, or if there are any successful intellectual property challenges or infringement proceedings against us, our business and revenue could be materially and adversely affected.
We depend on third parties for transportation services, and limited availability or increases in costs of transportation could adversely affect our business and operations.
Our business depends on the transportation of a large number of products, via railroad or truck. We rely primarily on third parties for transportation of the products we manufacture or distribute and for the delivery of our raw materials. We are also subject to seasonal capacity constraints and weather-related delays for both rail and truck transportation. If any of our third-party transportation providers were to fail to deliver raw materials to us or our Modules to our customers in a timely manner, we may be unable to complete projects in a timely manner and may, among other things, incur penalties for late delivery or be unable to use the Modules as intended. In addition, if any of these third parties were to cease operations or cease doing business with us, we may be unable to replace them at reasonable cost. Any failure of a third-party transportation provider to deliver raw materials to us or finished Modules to our customers in a timely manner could harm our reputation, negatively affect our customer relationships, and have a material adverse effect on our operating results, cash flows, and financial condition. Additionally, an increase in transportation rates or fuel surcharges could adversely affect our sales, profitability, and cash flows.
Expansion of our operations may strain resources, and our failure to manage growth effectively could adversely impact our operating results and harm our ability to attract and retain key personnel.
Increased orders for our Modules have placed, and may continue to place, a strain on our operational, financial, and managerial resources and personnel. In addition, execution of our growth strategy will require further substantial capital and effective planning. Significant rapid growth on top of our current operations could greatly strain our internal resources, leading to a lower quality of customer service, reporting problems, and delays, resulting in a loss of market share and other problems that could adversely affect our financial performance. Our efforts to grow could place an additional strain on our personnel, management systems, liquidity, and other resources. If we do not manage our growth effectively, our operations could be adversely affected, resulting in slower, no or negative growth, critical shortages of cash and a failure to achieve or sustain profitability.
Our clients may adjust, cancel or suspend the contracts in our backlog; as such, our backlog is not necessarily indicative of our future revenues or earnings. In addition, even if fully performed, our backlog is not a good indicator of our future gross margins.
Backlog represents the total dollar amount of revenues we expect to record in the future as a result of performing work under contracts we have been awarded. Backlog may fluctuate significantly due to the timing of orders or awards for large projects and is not necessarily indicative of future backlog levels or the rate at which backlog will be recognized as revenue. As of December 31, 2022, our backlog totaled approximately $6.8 million and as of December 31, 2023, our backlog totaled approximately $1.9 million. The decrease in backlog at December 31, 2023 from December 31, 2022 is primarily attributable to revenue being recognized during the year ended December 31, 2023. Our backlog is described more in detail in “Note 14 -Construction Backlog” of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report. We cannot provide assurance that our backlog will be realized as revenues in the amounts reported or, if realized, will result in profits. In accordance with industry practice, substantially all of our contracts are subject to cancellation, termination or suspension at our customer’s discretion. In the event of a project cancellation, we generally would not have a contractual right to the total revenue reflected in our backlog. Projects can remain in backlog for extended periods of time because of the nature of the project and the timing of the particular services required by the project. In addition, the risk of contracts in backlog being cancelled or suspended generally increases during periods of widespread economic slowdowns or in response to changes in commodity prices.
The contracts in our backlog are subject to changes in the scope of services to be provided and adjustments to the costs relating to the contracts. The revenue for certain contracts included in backlog is based on estimates. Additionally, our performance of our individual contracts can affect greatly our gross margins and, therefore, our future profitability. We can provide no assurance that the contracts in backlog, assuming they produce revenues in the amounts currently estimated, will generate gross margins at the rates realized in the past.
Our liability for estimated warranties may be inadequate, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We are subject to construction defect and warranty claims arising in the ordinary course of business. These claims are common in the construction industry and can be costly. At this time, our third-party providers offer guarantees and warranties in accordance with industry standards that flow through to our clients. A large number of warranty claims could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
We can be adversely affected by failures of persons who act on our behalf to comply with applicable regulations and guidelines.
Although we expect all of our associates (i.e., employees), officers and directors to comply at all times with all applicable laws, rules and regulations, there are instances in which subcontractors or others through whom we do business may engage in practices that do not comply with applicable regulations or guidelines. It is possible that our associates may become aware of these practices and not take steps to prevent them. If we learn of practices relating to Modules constructed on our behalf that do not comply with applicable regulations or guidelines, we will move actively to stop the non-complying practices as soon as possible, and we will take disciplinary action with regard to our associates who were aware of the practices, including in some instances terminating their employment. However, regardless of the steps we take, we may be subject to fines or other governmental penalties, and our reputation may be negatively affected.
Environmental, health and safety laws and regulations and any changes to, or liabilities arising under, such laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.
We are subject to a variety of federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to, among other things: the release or discharge of materials into the environment; the management, use, generation, treatment, processing, handling, storage, transport or disposal of solid and hazardous wastes and materials; and the protection of public and employee health and safety and the environment. These laws and regulations may expose us to liability for the conduct of others or for our actions, even if such actions complied with all applicable laws at the time these actions were taken. These laws and regulations may also expose us to liability for claims of personal injury or property or natural resource damage related to alleged exposure to, or releases of, regulated or hazardous materials. The existence of contamination at properties we or our subsidiaries own, lease or operate could also result in increased operational costs or restrictions on our ability to use those properties as intended, including for purposes of construction materials distribution. In addition, because such properties are generally situated adjacent to or near industrial companies, such properties may be at an increased risk of having environmental contaminants from other properties spill or migrate onto or otherwise affect our properties.
Despite our compliance efforts, there is an inherent risk of liability in the operation of our business, especially from an environmental standpoint, and, from time to time, we may be in noncompliance with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. These potential liabilities or non-compliances could have an adverse effect on our operations and profitability. In some instances, we must have government approvals, certificates, permits or licenses in order to conduct our business, which may require us to make significant capital, operating and maintenance expenditures to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. Our failure to obtain and maintain required approvals, certificates, permits or licenses or to comply with applicable governmental requirements could result in sanctions, including substantial fines or possible revocation of our authority to conduct some or all of our operations. The cost of complying with such laws could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.
Our operating results will be subject to fluctuations and are inherently unpredictable.
In order to achieve profitability, we will need to generate and sustain higher revenue while maintaining reasonable cost and expense levels. We have incurred losses since inception. We do not know if our revenue will grow, or if it will grow sufficiently to outpace our expenses, which we expect to increase as we expand our operational capacity. We may not be able to become profitable on a quarterly or an annual basis. Our quarterly revenue and operating results will be difficult to predict and have in the past fluctuated from quarter to quarter. The amount, timing and mix of project sales, often for a single medium or large-scale project, may cause large fluctuations in our revenue and other financial results. Further, our revenue mix of high margin materials sales versus lower margin projects can fluctuate dramatically quarter to quarter, which may adversely affect our revenue and financial results in any given period. Finally, our ability to meet project completion schedules for an individual project and the corresponding revenue impact under the percentage-of-completion method of recognizing revenue, may similarly cause large fluctuations in our revenue and other financial results. This may cause us to miss guidance announced by us.
We base our planned operating expenses in part on our expectations of future revenue, and a significant portion of our expenses are fixed in the short-term. If revenue for a particular quarter is lower than we expect, we likely will be unable to proportionately reduce our operating expenses for that quarter, which would harm our operating results for that quarter. This may cause us to miss any guidance announced by us.
Cybersecurity risks related to the technology used in our operations and other business processes, as well as security breaches of company, customer, employee and vendor information, could adversely affect our business.
We rely on various information technology systems to capture, process, store and report data and interact with customers, vendors and employees. Despite security and controls design, as the prevalence of cyber-attacks continues to increase, our information technology systems, and those of our third-party providers, could become subject to increased security threats, such as phishing and malware incidents. Our security measures may be unable to prevent certain security breaches, and any such network, system, data or other breaches could result in misappropriation of sensitive data, transactional errors, theft of funds, business disruptions, loss of or damage to intellectual property, loss of customers and business opportunities, unauthorized access to or disclosure of confidential or personal information (which could cause a breach of applicable data protection legislation), regulatory fines, penalties or intervention, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensatory costs and additional compliance costs, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to, or disable, degrade or sabotage, information technologies systems change frequently, and may not be recognized until after they have been launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques, implement adequate preventative measures or remediate any breach in a timely or effective manner. In addition, the development and maintenance of preventative or detective measures is costly, and requires ongoing monitoring and updating as technologies change and efforts to circumvent security measures become more sophisticated. As well as incurring additional costs, sophisticated hardware and operating system software and applications that we procure from third parties may contain defects in design or manufacture, including “bugs” and other problems that could unexpectedly interfere with the operation of the systems, or we may be unable to successfully integrate and launch new systems as planned without disruptions to our operations. Misuse of internal applications, theft of intellectual property, trade secrets, funds or other corporate assets and inappropriate disclosure of confidential information could stem from such incidents.
Despite our efforts, we remain potentially vulnerable to cyber-attacks and security breaches, and any such attack or breach could adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations.
We could suffer adverse tax and other financial consequences if we are unable to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards.
At December 31, 2023, we had tax net operating loss carry forwards totaling approximately $31.6 million. The net operating loss expires beginning 2030 through 2037 for those losses generated in 2017 and prior years. Approximately $18 million of such net operating losses will carry forward indefinitely and be available to offset up to 80% of future taxable income each year. At December 31, 2023, we had a valuation allowance of approximately $13.2 million, primarily related to net operating loss carry forwards that are not more likely than not to be utilized due to an inability to carry back these losses in most states and short carry forward periods that exist in certain states. If we are unable to use our net operating losses, we may be required to record charges or reduce our deferred tax assets, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.
Risks Relating to our Industry and Other Adverse Economic Conditions
Unfavorable global economic conditions, including any adverse macroeconomic conditions or geopolitical events could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.
Our results of operations could be adversely affected by general conditions in the global economy and in the global financial markets. The global credit and financial markets have experienced extreme volatility and disruptions in the past several years, including severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, rising inflation and monetary supply shifts, rising interest rates, labor shortages, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates, recession risks, and uncertainty about economic and geopolitical stability. Following the COVID-19 pandemic and in connection with geopolitical conflicts, global economic and business activities continue to face widespread uncertainties. A severe or prolonged economic downturn, or additional global financial or political crises, could result in a variety of risks to our business, including our ability to raise additional capital when needed on acceptable terms, if at all. The extent of the impact of these conditions on our operational and financial performance, including our ability to execute our business strategies and initiatives in the expected timeframe, as well as that of third parties upon whom we rely, will depend on future developments which are uncertain and cannot be predicted. A weak or declining economy also could strain our suppliers, possibly resulting in supply disruption. Any of the foregoing could harm our business and we cannot anticipate all of the ways in which the current economic climate and financial market conditions could adversely impact our business. Furthermore, our stock price may decline due in part to the volatility of the stock market and the general economic downturn.
Events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, have in the past and may in the future lead to market-wide liquidity problems. For example, on March 10, 2023, Silicon Valley Bank, was closed by the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation, which appointed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation as receiver. Although we did not have any cash or cash equivalent balances on deposit with Silicon Valley Bank, uncertainty and liquidity concerns in the broader financial services industry remain.
While we do not have any direct operations in the Middle East, geopolitical tensions and ongoing conflicts in the region, particularly between Israel and Palestine, may lead to global economic instability and fluctuating energy prices that could materially affect our business. It is not possible to predict the broader consequences of the Israel-Palestinian war, including related geopolitical tensions, and the measures and actions taken by other countries in respect thereof, which could materially adversely affect global trade, currency exchange rates, regional economies and the global economy.
The COVID-19 pandemic, or the future outbreak of any other highly infectious or contagious diseases, could materially and adversely impact our performance, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Throughout 2021 and to date, the COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted global economic activity and caused significant volatility and negative pressure in financial markets. COVID-19 (or a future pandemic) could have material and adverse effects on our performance, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows due to, among other factors:
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a complete or partial closure of, or other operational issues at, one or more of our facilities resulting from infection by one or more employees or government actions;
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difficulty accessing equity and debt capital on attractive terms, or at all, and a severe disruption and instability in the global financial markets
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difficulty obtaining capital necessary to fund business operations;
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construction moratoriums by local, state or federal government authorities;
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delays by applicable governmental authorities in providing the necessary authorizations to commence construction;
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manufacturing and supply chain disruptions for materials sourced from other geographies which may be experiencing shutdowns and shipping delays.
The extent to which COVID-19 (or a future pandemic) impacts our operations will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence.
The cyclical and seasonal nature of the construction industry causes our revenues and operating results to fluctuate, and we expect this cyclicality and seasonality to continue in the future.
The construction industry is highly cyclical and seasonal and is influenced by many international, national and regional economic factors, including the availability of consumer and wholesale financing, seasonality of demand, consumer confidence, interest rates, income levels and general economic conditions, including inflation and recessions. As a result of the foregoing factors, the revenues and operating results we derive from customers will fluctuate and we currently expect them to continue to fluctuate in the future. Moreover, we have experienced, and may continue to experience, operating losses during cyclical downturns in the construction market. These and other economic factors could have a material adverse effect on demand for our products and our financial condition and operating results.
Our business depends on the construction industry and general business, financial market and economic conditions.
The construction industry is significantly affected by changes in general and local economic and real estate conditions, such as employment levels, consumer confidence, demographic trends, housing demand, inflation, deflation, interest rates and credit availability. Changes in these general and local economic conditions or deterioration in the broader economy could negatively impact the level of purchases, capital expenditures and creditworthiness of our indirect customers and suppliers, and, therefore, our royalty income and financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Changes in these economic conditions may affect some of our regions or markets more than others. If adverse conditions affect our larger markets, they could have a proportionately greater impact on us than on some other companies. In addition, any uncertainty regarding global economic conditions such as raising gas prices may have an adverse effect on the results of operations and financial condition of us or our customers, distributors and suppliers, such as negative effects of currency exchange fluctuations. A shortage of labor in the construction industry could also have an impact on our financial results.
Our business relies on private investment and a slower than expected economy may adversely affect our results.
A significant portion of our sales are for projects with non-public owners, such as non-residential builders and home builders who make investments with private funds into their projects. Construction spending is affected by their customers’ ability to finance projects, which may be severely reduced due to high interest rates. Residential and nonresidential construction could decline if companies and consumers are unable to finance construction projects or if the economy slows or is stalled, which could result in delays or cancellations of capital projects. If the economy slows, or if housing starts and nonresidential projects do not increase, sales of our products directly by us to consumers and related services may decline, and our financial position, results of operations and liquidity could be materially adversely affected.
Risks Relating to the Manufacturing and Construction
Our financial condition and results of operations could be negatively affected if additional third-party financing for our customers does not become available.
Our business and earnings depend substantially on our customers’ ability to obtain financing for the development of their construction projects. The availability and cost of such financing is further dependent on the number of financial institutions participating in the industry, the departure of financial institutions from the industry, the financial institutions’ lending practices, the strength of the domestic and international credit markets generally, governmental policies and other conditions, all of which are beyond our control. In light of the current economic climate, some of our customers’ projects may not be successful in obtaining additional funds in a timely manner, on favorable terms or at all. The availability of borrowed funds, especially for construction financing, has been greatly reduced, and lenders may require project developers to invest increased amounts of equity in a project in connection with both new loans and the extension of existing loans. Unfavorable changes in the availability and terms of financing in the industry will have a material adverse effect on certain privately financed projects.
Our results of operations also depend on the ability of any potential privately financed licensees to obtain loans for the purchase of new buildings. Over the past few years, lenders have tightened the credit underwriting standards, which have reduced lending volumes. If this trend continues, it would negatively impact our sales, which depend in large part on the availability and cost of financing. In addition, where our potential customers must sell their existing buildings or real estate in order to develop new buildings, increases in mortgage costs and/or lack of availability of mortgages could prevent buyers of potential customers’ existing buildings from obtaining the mortgages they need to complete their purchases, which would result in our potential customers’ inability to make purchases from us. If our potential customers cannot obtain suitable financing, our sales and results of operations would be adversely affected.
The construction industry is highly competitive, and such competition may increase the adverse effects of industry conditions, including the consolidation of the industry.
We operate in a very competitive environment characterized by competition from numerous local, regional and national builders. We may compete for financing, raw materials and skilled management and labor resources. A decline in construction starts could adversely affect demand for our buildings and our results of operations. Increased competition could require us to further increase our selling incentives and/or reduce our prices, which could negatively affect our profits. We may be unable to successfully expand into or compete in the markets in new geographic areas. In addition, while we believe our ESR may improve our competitive position by potentially expediting reviews and approvals by state and local building departments and certifying our specific quality control and design acceptance criteria, there is no assurance that it will have the desired impact.
There can be no assurance that Modules or modular construction techniques that utilize our technology and expertise will achieve market acceptance and grow; thus, the future of our business and the modular construction industry as a whole is uncertain.
There can be no assurance that we will achieve market acceptance for our technology and expertise or that the modular construction market will grow. Our business may be disrupted by the introduction of new products and services and is subject to changing consumer preferences and industry trends, which may adversely affect our ability to plan for the future development and marketing of our products. Although Modules have particular applications in a wide variety of market segments, there is no assurance that we will be able to expand our relationship within such market segments or, even if we do, that general market acceptance for our technology and expertise or Modules will continue to increase.
Government regulations and legal challenges may delay the start or completion of our projects, increase our expenses or limit our building activities, which could have a negative impact on our operations.
Various domestic rules and regulations concerning building, zoning, sales and similar matters apply to and/or affect the construction industry. Governmental regulation affects construction activities, as well as sales activities, mortgage lending activities and other dealings with consumers. These industries also have experienced an increase in state and local legislation in the United States and regulations that limit the availability or use of land. Municipalities may also restrict or place moratoriums on the availability of utilities, such as water and sewer taps. In some areas, municipalities may enact growth control initiatives, which restrict the number of building permits available in a given year. If governments in locations in which our customers operate take actions like the ones described, they could adversely affect our business by causing delays, increasing costs or limiting our customers’ ability to operate in those areas.
The dangers inherent in our operations, such as disruptions to our facilities and project sites, and the limits on insurance coverage could expose us to potentially significant liability costs and materially interfere with the performance of our operations.
While we believe our insurance coverage is adequate and in line with our industry’s standards, all construction, including modular construction, involves operating hazards that can cause personal injury or loss of life, severe damage to and destruction of property and equipment and suspension of operations, including, but not limited to, natural or man-made disruptions to our facilities and project sites. The failure of such structures during and after installation can result in similar injuries and damages. Although we believe that our insurance coverage is adequate, there can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain adequate insurance in the future at rates we consider reasonable, or that our insurance coverage will be adequate to cover future claims that may arise. Claims for which we are not fully insured may adversely affect our working capital and profitability. In addition, changes in the insurance industry have generally led to higher insurance costs and decreased availability of coverage. The availability of insurance that covers risks we and our competitors typically insure against may decrease, and the insurance that we are able to obtain may have higher deductibles, higher premiums and more restrictive policy terms.
Risks Relating to Real Estate Development
The long-term sustainability of SG DevCorp’s operations as well as future growth depends in part upon SG DevCorp’s ability to acquire land parcels suitable for residential projects at reasonable prices.
The long-term sustainability of SG DevCorp’s operations, as well as future growth, depends in large part on the price at which it is able to obtain suitable land parcels for development or homebuilding operations. SG DevCorp’s ability to acquire land parcels for various residential projects may be adversely affected by changes in the general availability of land parcels, the willingness of land sellers to sell land parcels at reasonable prices, competition for available land parcels, availability of financing to acquire land parcels, zoning, regulations that limit housing density, the ability to obtain building permits, environmental requirements and other market conditions and regulatory requirements. If suitable lots or land at reasonable prices become less available, the number of units SG DevCorp may be able to build and sell could be reduced, and the cost of land could be increased substantially, which could adversely impact it. As competition for suitable land increases, the cost of undeveloped lots and the cost of developing owned land could also rise and the availability of suitable land at acceptable prices may decline, which could adversely impact it. The availability of suitable land assets could also affect the success of SG DevCorp’s land acquisition strategy, which may impact SG DevCorp’s ability to maintain or increase the number of active communities, as well as to sustain and grow its revenues and margins, and achieve or maintain profitability. Additionally, developing undeveloped land is capital intensive and time consuming and SG DevCorp may develop land based upon forecasts and assumptions that prove to be inaccurate, resulting in projects that are not economically viable.
SG DevCorp. Operates in a highly competitive market for investment opportunities, and SG DevCorp may be unable to identify and complete acquisitions of real property assets.
The housing industry is highly competitive, and SG DevCorp faces competition from many sources, including from other housing communities both in the immediate vicinity and the geographic market where SG DevCorp’s properties are and will be located. Furthermore, housing communities SG DevCorp invests in compete, or will compete, with numerous housing alternatives in attracting residents, including owner occupied single and multifamily homes available to rent or purchase. Increased competition may prevent SG DevCorp from acquiring attractive land parcels or make such acquisitions more expensive, hinder SG DevCorp’s market share expansion, or lead to pricing pressures that may adversely impact its margins and revenues. Competitors may independently develop land and construct housing units that are superior or substantially similar to SG DevCorp’s products and because they are or may be significantly larger, have a longer operating history, and have greater resources or lower cost of capital than it, may be able to compete more effectively in one or more of the markets in which SG DevCorp operates or plans to operate.
SG DevCorp will also compete with public and private funds, commercial and investment banks, commercial financing companies and public and private REITs to make certain of the investments that it plans to make. Many of such competitors are substantially larger and have considerably greater financial, technical and marketing resources than it. In addition, some of SG DevCorp’s competitors may have higher risk tolerances or different risk assessments, allowing them to pay higher consideration, consider a wider variety of investments and establish more effective relationships than it.
These competitive conditions could adversely affect SG DevCorp’s ability to make investments. Moreover, SG DevCorp’s ability to close transactions will be subject to its ability to access financing within stipulated contractual time frames, and there is no assurance that it will have access to such financing on terms that are favorable to it, if at all.
SG DevCorp’s property portfolio has a high concentration of properties located in certain states.
To date, SG DevCorp’s properties are located in Georgia, Texas and Oklahoma. Certain of SG DevCorp’s properties are located in areas that may experience catastrophic weather and other natural events from time to time, including hurricanes or other severe weather, flooding fires, snow or ice storms, windstorms or earthquakes. These adverse weather and natural events could cause substantial damages or losses to SG DevCorp’s properties which could exceed its insurance coverage. In the event of a loss in excess of insured limits, SG DevCorp could lose its capital invested in the affected property, as well as anticipated future revenue from that property. SG DevCorp could also continue to be obligated to repay any mortgage indebtedness or other obligations related to the property. Any such loss could materially and adversely affect SG DevCorp’s business and its financial condition and results of operations.
To the extent that significant changes in the climate occur, SG DevCorp may experience extreme weather and changes in precipitation and temperature and rising sea levels, all of which may result in physical damage to or a decrease in demand for properties located in these areas or affected by these conditions. Should the impact of climate change be material in nature, including destruction of SG DevCorp’s properties, or occur for lengthy periods of time, SG DevCorp’s financial condition or results of operations may be adversely affected. In addition, changes in federal and state legislation and regulation on climate change could result in increased capital expenditures to improve the energy efficiency of SG DevCorp’s existing properties or to protect them from the consequence of climate change.
There can be no assurance that the properties in SG DevCorp’s development pipeline will be completed in accordance with the anticipated timing or cost.
The development of the projects in SG DevCorp’s pipeline is subject to numerous risks, many of which are outside of SG DevCorp’s control, including:
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inability to obtain entitlements;
● inability to obtain financing on acceptable terms;
● default by any of the contractors it engages to construct SG DevCorp’s projects;
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site accidents; and
● failure to secure tenants or residents in the anticipated time frame, on acceptable terms, or at all.
SG DevCorp can provide no assurances that it will complete any of the projects in SG DevCorp’s development pipeline on the anticipated schedule or within the budget, or that, once completed, these properties will achieve the results that it expects. If the development of these projects is not completed in accordance with SG DevCorp’s anticipated timing or cost, or the properties fail to achieve the financial results it expects, it could have a material adverse effect on SG DevCorp’s business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows and ability to repay SG DevCorp’s debt, including project-related debt.
SG DevCorp’s insurance coverage on its properties may be inadequate to cover any losses it may incur and its insurance costs may increase.
SG DevCorp maintains insurance on its properties. However, there are certain types of losses, generally of a catastrophic nature, such as floods or acts of war or terrorism that may be uninsurable or not economical to insure. Further, insurance companies often increase premiums, require higher deductibles, reduce limits, restrict coverage, and refuse to insure certain types of risks, which may result in increased costs or adversely affect SG DevCorp’s business. SG DevCorp uses its discretion when determining amounts, coverage limits and deductibles, for insurance, based on retaining an acceptable level of risk at a reasonable cost. This may result in insurance coverage that, in the event of a substantial loss, would not be sufficient to pay the full current market value or current replacement cost of SG DevCorp’s lost investment. In addition, SG DevCorp may become liable for injuries and accidents at SG DevCorp’s properties that are underinsured. A significant uninsured loss or increase in insurance costs could materially and adversely affect SG DevCorp’s business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
SG DevCorp may not be able to secure sufficient modular units to complete its developments using modules built by SG Echo
SG DevCorp intends to construct many of its planned developments using modules built by our subsidiary, SG Echo, and to rely on SG Echo as the main source of the modular units used in its projects. We had a $1,902,332 backlog of signed construction and engineering contracts in existence at December 31, 2023. SG DevCorp’s ability to complete its modular developments may be limited by the available capacity of the SG Echo facility. If SG DevCorp. Is unable to secure sufficient modular units to complete its developments using modules built by SG Echo, its business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected.
SG DevCorp’s operating results may be negatively affected by potential development and construction delays and resultant increased costs and risks.
SG DevCorp. Has acquired properties upon which it will construct improvements. In connection with SG DevCorp’s development activities, it is subject to uncertainties associated with re-zoning for development, environmental concerns of governmental entities or community groups and SG DevCorp’s contractor’s or partner’s ability to build in conformity with plans, specifications, budgeted costs, and timetables. Performance also may be affected or delayed by conditions beyond its control. SG DevCorp may incur additional risks when it makes periodic progress payments or other advances to builders before they complete construction. If a builder or development partner fails to perform, SG DevCorp may resort to legal action to rescind the purchase or the construction contract or to compel performance, but there can be no assurance any legal action would be successful. These and other factors can result in increased costs of a project or loss of SG DevCorp’s investment. In addition, SG DevCorp will be subject to normal lease-up risks relating to newly constructed projects. SG DevCorp also must rely on rental income and expense projections and estimates of the fair market value of property upon completion of construction when agreeing upon a price at the time it acquires the property. If SG DevCorp’s projections are inaccurate, SG DevCorp may pay too much for a property, and its return on its investment could suffer.
SG DevCorp relies on third-party suppliers and long supply chains, and if it fails to identify and develop relationships with a sufficient number of qualified suppliers, or if there is a significant interruption in its supply chains, SG DevCorp’s ability to timely and efficiently access raw materials that meet its standards for quality could be adversely affected.
SG DevCorp’s ability to identify and develop relationships with qualified suppliers who can satisfy its standards for quality and its need to access products and supplies in a timely and efficient manner will be a significant challenge. SG DevCorp may be required to replace a supplier if their products do not meet its quality or safety standards. In addition, SG DevCorp’s suppliers could discontinue selling products at any time for reasons that may or may not be in its control or the suppliers’ control. SG DevCorp’s operating results and inventory levels could suffer if it is unable to promptly replace a supplier who is unwilling or unable to satisfy its requirements with a supplier providing similar products. SG DevCorp’s suppliers’ ability to deliver products may also be affected by financing constraints caused by credit market conditions, which could negatively impact its revenue and costs, at least until alternate sources of supply are arranged.
The construction of manufacturing facilities involves significant risks.
SG DevCorp has limited experience constructing manufacturing facilities and doing so is a complex and lengthy undertaking that requires sophisticated, multi-disciplinary planning and precise execution. The construction of manufacturing facilities is subject to a number of risks. In particular, the construction costs may materially exceed budgeted amounts, which could adversely affect SG DevCorp’s results of operations and financial condition. For example, SG DevCorp may suffer construction delays or cost overruns as a result of a variety of factors, such as labor and material shortages, defects in materials and workmanship, adverse weather conditions, transportation constraints, construction change orders, site changes, labor issues and other unforeseen difficulties, any of which could delay or prevent the completion of SG DevCorp’s planned facilities. While SG DevCorp’s goal is to negotiate contracts with engineering, procurement and construction firms that minimize risk, any delays or cost overruns it encounters may result in the renegotiation of SG DevCorp’s construction contracts, which could increase its costs.
In addition, the construction of manufacturing facilities may be subject to the receipt of approvals and permits from various regulatory agencies. Such agencies may not approve the projects in a timely manner or may impose restrictions or conditions on a production facility that could potentially prevent construction from proceeding, lengthen its expected completion schedule and/or increase its anticipated cost. If construction costs are higher than it anticipates, SG DevCorp may be unable to achieve its expected investment return, which could adversely affect its business and results of operations.
Discovery of previously undetected environmentally hazardous conditions may adversely affect SG DevCorp’s operating results.
SG DevCorp is subject to various federal, state and local laws and regulations that (a) regulate certain activities and operations that may have environmental or health and safety effects, such as the management, generation, release or disposal of regulated materials, substances or wastes, (b) impose liability for the costs of cleaning up, and damages to natural resources from, past spills, waste disposals on and off-site, or other releases of hazardous materials or regulated substances, and (c) regulate workplace safety. Compliance with these laws and regulations could increase SG DevCorp’s operational costs. Violation of these laws may subject SG DevCorp to significant fines, penalties or disposal costs, which could negatively impact its results of operations, financial position and cash flows. Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, a current or previous owner or operator of currently or formerly owned, leased or operated real property may be liable for the cost of removal or remediation of hazardous or toxic substances on, under or in such property. The costs of removal or remediation could be substantial. Such laws often impose liability whether or not the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of such hazardous or toxic substances. Accordingly, SG DevCorp may incur significant costs to defend against claims of liability, to comply with environmental regulatory requirements, to remediate any contaminated property, or to pay personal injury claims.
Moreover, environmental laws also may impose liens on property or other restrictions on the manner in which property may be used or businesses may be operated, and these restrictions may require substantial expenditures or prevent SG DevCorp or its lessees from operating such properties. Compliance with new or more stringent laws or regulations or stricter interpretation of existing laws may require SG DevCorp to incur material expenditures. Future laws, ordinances or regulations or the discovery of currently unknown conditions or non-compliances may impose material liability under environmental laws.
Legislative, regulatory, accounting or tax rules, and any changes to them or actions brought to enforce them, could adversely affect SG DevCorp.
SG DevCorp is subject to a wide range of legislative, regulatory, accounting and tax rules. The costs and efforts of compliance with these laws, or of defending against actions brought to enforce them, could adversely affect SG DevCorp In addition, if there are changes to the laws, regulations or administrative decisions and actions that affect SG DevCorp, SG DevCorp may have to incur significant expenses in order to comply, or SG DevCorp may have to restrict or change its operations.
SG DevCorp has invested, and expects to continue to invest, in real property assets which are subject to laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment and human health and safety. These laws and regulations generally govern wastewater discharges, noise levels, air emissions, the operation and removal of underground and above-ground storage tanks, the use, storage, treatment, transportation and disposal of solid and hazardous materials and the remediation of contamination associated with disposals. Environmental laws and regulations may impose joint and several liabilities on tenants, owners or operators for the costs to investigate and remediate contaminated properties, regardless of fault or whether the acts causing the contamination were legal. This liability could be substantial. In addition, the presence of hazardous substances, or the failure to properly remediate these substances, could adversely affect SG DevCorp’s ability to sell, rent or pledge an affected property as collateral for future borrowings. SG DevCorp intends to take commercially reasonable steps when it can to protect itself from the risks of environmental law liability; however, SG DevCorp may not obtain independent third-party environmental assessments for every property it acquires. In addition, any such assessments that it does obtain may not reveal all environmental liabilities, or whether a prior owner of a property created a material environmental condition not known to it. In addition, there are various local, state and federal fire, health, safety and similar regulations with which SG DevCorp may be required to comply, and that may subject it to liability in the form of fines or damages. In all events, the existing condition of land when SG DevCorp buys it, operations in the vicinity of its properties or activities of unrelated third parties could all affect its properties in ways that lead to costs being imposed on it.
Any material expenditures, fines, damages or forced changes to SG DevCorp’s business or strategy resulting from any of the above could adversely affect its financial condition and results of operations.
SG DevCorp’s business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition are greatly affected by the performance of the real estate industry.
The U.S. real estate industry is highly cyclical and is affected by global, national and local economic conditions, general employment and income levels, availability of financing, interest rates, and consumer confidence and spending. Other factors impacting real estate businesses include over-building, changes in traffic patterns, changes in demographic conditions, changes in tenant and buyer preferences and changes in government requirements, including tax law changes. These factors are outside of SG DevCorp’s control and may have a material adverse effect on its business, profits and the timing and amounts of its cash flows.
SG DevCorp’s industry is cyclical and adverse changes in general and local economic conditions could reduce the demand for housing and, as a result, could have a material adverse effect on us.
SG DevCorp’s business can be substantially affected by adverse changes in general economic or business conditions that are outside of its control, including changes in short-term and long-term interest rates; employment levels and job and personal income growth; housing demand from population growth, household formation and other demographic changes, among other factors; availability and pricing of mortgage financing for homebuyers; consumer confidence generally and the confidence of potential homebuyers in particular; consumer spending; financial system and credit market stability; private party and government mortgage loan programs (including changes in FHA, USDA, VA, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac conforming mortgage loan limits, credit risk/mortgage loan insurance premiums and/or other fees, down payment requirements and underwriting standards), and federal and state regulation, oversight and legal action regarding lending, appraisal, foreclosure and short sale practices; federal and state personal income tax rates and provisions, including provisions for the deduction of mortgage loan interest payments, real estate taxes and other expenses; supply of and prices for available new or resale multifamily units; interest of financial institutions or other businesses in purchases; and real estate taxes. Adverse changes in these conditions may affect SG DevCorp’s business nationally or may be more prevalent or concentrated in particular submarkets in which it operates. Inclement weather, natural disasters (such as earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, prolonged periods of precipitation, droughts, and fires), other calamities and other environmental conditions can delay the delivery of its units and/or increase its costs. Civil unrest or acts of terrorism can also have a negative effect on its business. If the housing industry experiences a significant or sustained downturn, it would materially adversely affect SG DevCorp’s business and results of operations in future years. The potential difficulties described above can cause demand and prices for SG DevCorp’s units to fall or cause it to take longer and incur more costs to develop the land and build its units. SG DevCorp may not be able to recover these increased costs by raising prices because of market conditions.
Fluctuations in real estate values may require SG DevCorp to write-down the book value of its real estate assets.
The housing and land development industries are subject to significant variability and fluctuations in real estate values. As a result, SG DevCorp may be required to write-down the book value of SG DevCorp’s real estate assets in accordance with GAAP, and some of those write-downs could be material. Any material write-downs of assets could have a material adverse effect on SG DevCorp’s business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, valuations of real estate properties do not necessarily represent the price at which a willing buyer would purchase such property; therefore, there can be no assurance that SG DevCorp would realize the values underlying estimated valuations of SG DevCorp’s properties if it were to sell such properties.
Inflation could adversely affect SG DevCorp’s business and financial results.
Inflation could adversely affect SG DevCorp’s business and financial results by increasing the costs of land, raw materials and labor needed to operate SG DevCorp’s business. If SG DevCorp’s markets have an oversupply of housing, relative to demand, SG DevCorp may be unable to offset any such increases in costs with corresponding higher sales prices for its units or buildings. Inflation may also accompany higher interest rates, which could adversely impact potential customers’ ability to obtain financing on favorable terms, thereby further decreasing demand. If SG DevCorp is unable to raise the prices of its units or buildings to offset the increasing costs of its operations, its margins could decrease. Furthermore, if SG DevCorp needs to lower the price of its units to meet demand, the value of its land inventory may decrease. Inflation may also raise SG DevCorp’s costs of capital and decrease its purchasing power, making it more difficult to maintain sufficient funds to operate its business.
SG DevCorp could be impacted by its investments through joint ventures, which involve risks not present in investments in which SG DevCorp is the sole owner.
SG DevCorp has and may continue to fund development projects through the use of joint ventures. Joint ventures involve risks including, but not limited to, the possibility that the other joint venture partners may possess the ability to take or force action contrary to its interests or withhold consent contrary to its requests, have business goals which are or become inconsistent with SG DevCorp’s or default on their financial obligations to the joint venture, which may require it to fulfill the joint venture’s financial obligations as a legal or practical matter. SG DevCorp and its joint venture partners may each have the right to initiate a buy-sell arrangement, which could cause it to sell its interest, or acquire a joint venture partner’s interest, at a time when it otherwise would not have entered into such a transaction. In addition, a sale or transfer by it to a third party of its interests in the joint venture may be subject to consent rights or rights of first refusal in favor of its partners which would restrict SG DevCorp’s ability to dispose of its interest in the joint venture. Each joint venture agreement is individually negotiated, and its ability to operate, finance, or dispose of a joint venture project in its sole discretion is limited to varying degrees depending on the terms of the applicable joint venture agreement.
Risks associated with SG DevCorp’s land and lot inventories could adversely affect its business or financial results.
Risks inherent in controlling, purchasing, holding, and developing land are substantial. The risks inherent in purchasing and developing land parcels increase as consumer demand for housing decreases and the holding period increases. As a result, SG DevCorp may buy and develop land parcels on which housing units cannot be profitably built and sold. In certain circumstances, a grant of entitlements or development agreement with respect to a particular parcel of land may include restrictions on the transfer of such entitlements to a buyer of such land, which could negatively impact the price of such entitled land by restricting its ability to sell it for its full entitled value. In addition, inventory carrying costs can be significant and can result in reduced margins or losses in a poorly performing community or market. The time and investment required for development may adversely impact its business. In the event of significant changes in economic or market conditions, SG DevCorp may have to sell units or buildings at significantly lower margins or at a loss, if SG DevCorp is able to sell them at all. Additionally, deteriorating market conditions could cause SG DevCorp to record significant inventory impairment charges. The recording of a significant inventory impairment could negatively affect its reported earnings per share and negatively impact the market perception of its business.
SG DevCorp may not be able to sell its real property assets when it desires.
Investments in real property are relatively illiquid compared to other investments. Accordingly, SG DevCorp may not be able to sell real property assets when it desires or at prices acceptable to it. This could substantially reduce the funds available for satisfying its obligations, including any debt obligations.
Access to financing sources may not be available on favorable terms, or at all, which could adversely affect SG DevCorp’s ability to maximize its returns.
SG DevCorp’s access to third-party sources of financing will depend, in part, on:
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general market conditions;
● the market’s perception of its growth potential;
● with respect to acquisition and/or development financing, the market’s perception of the value of the land parcels to be acquired and/or developed;
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its current debt levels;
● its current and expected future earnings;
● its cash flow; and
● if applicable, the market price per share of its Common Stock.
The global credit and equity markets and the overall economy can be extremely volatile, which could have a number of adverse effects on SG DevCorp’s operations and capital requirements. For the past decade, the domestic financial markets have experienced a high degree of volatility, uncertainty and, during certain periods, tightening of liquidity in both the high yield debt and equity capital markets, resulting in certain periods where new capital has been both more difficult and more expensive to access. If SG DevCorp is unable to access the credit markets, it could be required to defer or eliminate important business strategies and growth opportunities in the future. In addition, if there is volatility and weakness in the capital and credit markets, potential lenders may be unwilling or unable to provide SG DevCorp with financing that is attractive to it or may increase collateral requirements or may charge us prohibitively high fees in order to obtain financing. Consequently, SG DevCorp’s ability to access the credit market in order to attract financing on reasonable terms may be adversely affected. Investment returns on SG DevCorp’s assets and its ability to make acquisitions could be adversely affected by its inability to secure additional financing on reasonable terms, if at all. Depending on market conditions at the relevant time, SG DevCorp. May have to rely more heavily on additional equity financings or on less efficient forms of debt financing that require a larger portion of its cash flow from operations, thereby reducing funds available for SG DevCorp’s operations, future business opportunities and other purposes. SG DevCorp may not have access to such equity or debt capital on favorable terms at the desired times, or at all.
If SG DevCorp were to default in its obligation to repay the loan received from BCV S&G DevCorp it could adversely affect our investment in SG DevCorp.
To date, SG DevCorp has received $1,750,000 as a secured loan from BCV S&G DevCorp, a Luxembourg-based specialized investment fund, and has entered into a loan agreement with BCV S&G DevCorp to receive up to $2,000,000 as a secured loan. The loan matures on December 1, 2024 and is secured by 1,999,999 of our shares of SG DevCorp’s common stock. The loan agreement, as amended, provides that if SG DevCorp’s shares of common stock were not listed on The Nasdaq Stock Market before September 30, 2023 or if following such listing the total market value of the pledged shares falls below twice the face value of the loan, the loan would be further secured by SG DevCorp’s St. Mary’s industrial site. Following the listing, the total market value of the pledged shares has fallen below twice the face value of the loan and SG DevCorp and BCV S&G DevCorp are in discussions regarding alternatives, if any. If SG DevCorp were to default in its obligation to repay the loan when due it could adversely affect our investment in SG DevCorp.
Risks Relating to our Common Stock
Our failure to meet the continued listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market could result in a delisting of our common stock.
Our Common Stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq” or the “Nasdaq Capital Market”), which imposes, among other requirements, a minimum bid requirement.
On November 7, 2023, we received a deficiency letter from the Listing Qualifications Department of the Nasdaq notifying us that for the preceding 30 consecutive business days (September 26, 2023 through November 6, 2023), our Common Stock did not maintain a minimum closing bid price of $1.00 (“Minimum Bid Price Requirement”) per share as required by Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), we have a compliance period of 180 calendar days, or until May 6, 2024, to regain compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). Compliance may be achieved automatically and without further action if the closing bid price of our Common Stock is at or above $1.00 for a minimum of ten consecutive business days at any time during the 180-day compliance period, in which case, in its discretion, Nasdaq will notify the Company of its compliance and the matter will be closed. If, however, we do not achieve compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement by May 6, 2024, we may be eligible for additional time to comply. In order to be eligible for such additional time, we will be required to meet the continued listing requirement for market value of publicly held shares and all other initial listing standards for the Nasdaq Capital Market, with the exception of the Minimum Bid Price Requirement, and must notify Nasdaq in writing of our intention to cure the deficiency during the second compliance period. We intend to actively monitor the bid price of our Common Stock and will consider available options to regain compliance with the Nasdaq listing requirements, including such actions as effecting a reverse stock split to maintain our Nasdaq listing. On May 2, 2024 the Company effectuated a reverse stock split.
If we cannot regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement or if we otherwise fail to meet any of Nasdaq’s listing standards, our Common Stock will be subject to delisting. If that were to occur, our Common Stock would be subject to rules that impose additional sales practice requirements on broker-dealers who sell our securities. The additional burdens imposed upon broker-dealers by these requirements could discourage broker-dealers from effecting transactions in our Common Stock. This would adversely affect the ability of investors to trade our Common Stock and would adversely affect the value of our Common Stock. Delisting from Nasdaq would cause us to pursue eligibility for trading of our Common Stock on other markets or exchanges, or on an over-the-counter market. In such case, our stockholders’ ability to trade or obtain quotations of the market value of our Common Stock would be severely limited because of lower trading volumes and transaction delays. These factors could contribute to lower prices and larger spreads in the bid and ask prices of these securities. There can be no assurance that our Common Stock, if delisted from the Nasdaq, would be listed on a national securities exchange, a national quotation service or the over-the-counter markets. Delisting from the Nasdaq could also result in negative publicity, adversely affect the market liquidity of our Common Stock, decrease securities analysts’ coverage of us or diminish investor, supplier and employee confidence. In addition, our stock could become a “penny stock,” which would make trading of our Common Stock more difficult.
The delisting of our Common Stock from Nasdaq may make it more difficult for us to raise capital on favorable terms in the future, or at all. Such a delisting would likely have a negative effect on the price of our Common Stock and would impair your ability to sell or purchase our Common Stock when you wish to do so. Further, if our Common Stock were to be delisted from Nasdaq, our Common Stock would cease to be recognized as a covered security, and we would be subject to additional regulation in each state in which we offer our securities. Moreover, there is no assurance that any actions that we take to restore our compliance with the Nasdaq Minimum Bid Price Requirement would stabilize the market price or improve the liquidity of our Common Stock, prevent our Common Stock from falling below the Nasdaq minimum bid price required for continued listing again or prevent future non-compliance with other applicable Nasdaq listing requirements, including maintaining minimum levels of stockholders’ equity or market values of our Common Stock, our Common Stock could be delisted.
We have effected a reverse stock split of our outstanding common stock on May 2, 2024.
In order to comply with the Nasdaq Minimum Bid Requirement, the Board may determine to effect a reverse stock split of our Common Stock. At the Company’s annual meeting on December 6, 2023, the stockholders approved an amendment to the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation, at a ratio of 1-for-10 to 1-for-20 (the “Range”), with the ratio within such Range to be determined at the discretion of the Board and included in a public announcement. We expect that any future reverse stock split will increase the market price of our Common Stock while our stock is trading and enable us to meet the Minimum Bid Requirement. However, the effect of a reverse stock split upon the market price of our Common Stock cannot be predicted with certainty, and the results of reverse stock splits by companies in similar circumstances have been varied. It is possible that the market price of our Common Stock following the reverse stock split will not increase sufficiently for us to be in compliance with the Minimum Bid Requirement, or if it does, that such price will be sustained. If we are unable to meet the Minimum Bid Requirement, our Common Stock could be delisted.
Our stock price has been subject to fluctuations in the past, has recently been volatile, and will likely continue to be subject to fluctuations and decline, due to factors beyond our control, and investors in our common stock may lose all or part of their investment in our company.
The trading price of our common stock has been and is expected to continue to be volatile and has been and may continue to be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control, including limited trading volume. On April 12, 2024, the reported low sale price of our common stock was $0.1580 ($3.16 as adjusted for the May Stock Split), the reported high sale price was $0.1760 ($3.52 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) and closing price of $0.1620 ($3.24 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) our common stock was $0.95 ($19.00 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) while on June 30, 2023, the closing price of our common stock was $0.95 ($19.00 as adjusted for the May Stock Split). We may incur rapid and substantial decreases in our stock price in the foreseeable future that are unrelated to our operating performance for prospects. In addition to the factors discussed in this “Risk Factors” section and elsewhere in this Annual Report, these factors include:
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economic and market conditions or trends in our industry or the economy as a whole and, in particular, in the construction industry;
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additions or departures of key personnel;
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operating results that fall below expectations;
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industry developments;
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new laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations applicable to our business;
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material litigation or government disputes;
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the public’s response to press releases or other public announcements by us or third parties, including our filings with the SEC;
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changes in financial estimates or recommendations by any securities analysts who follow our common stock;
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the size of our market float and potential dilution due to the exercise of outstanding options and warrants;
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future sales of our common stock by our officers, directors and significant stockholders, including sales pursuant to a registration statement filed to permit a significant stockholder to sell shares of our common stock, pursuant to certain registration rights granted to such stockholder;
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other events or factors, including those resulting from such events, or the prospect of such events, including war, terrorism and other international conflicts, public health issues including health epidemics or pandemics, such as the recent outbreak of the COVID-19 novel coronavirus, and natural disasters such as fire, hurricanes, earthquakes, tornados or other adverse weather and climate conditions, whether occurring in the United States or elsewhere, could disrupt our operations, disrupt the operations of our suppliers or result in political or economic instability; and
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period-to-period fluctuations in our financial results.
In addition, the securities markets have, from time to time, experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These market fluctuations may also materially and adversely affect the market price of our common stock. Since the stock price of our common stock has fluctuated in the past, has recently been volatile and will likely be volatile in the future, investors in our common stock may lose all or part of their investment in our company. In the past, stockholders have instituted securities class action litigation following periods of market volatility. If we were to become involved in securities litigation, we could incur substantial costs and our resources and the attention of management could be diverted from our business.
The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert management’s attention and affect our ability to attract and retain qualified board members.
We are subject to the reporting and corporate governance requirements of the Exchange Act, the listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market and other applicable securities rules and regulations, including the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the Dodd-Frank Act. Compliance with these rules and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly and increase demand on our systems and resources. Among other things, the Exchange Act requires that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and results of operations and maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. In order to continue to maintain our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting to meet this standard, significant resources and management oversight may be required. As a result, management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns, which could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. We also may need to further expand our legal and finance departments in the future, which will increase our costs and expenses.
In addition, changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure are creating uncertainty for public companies, increasing legal and financial compliance costs and making some activities more time-consuming. These laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. We intend to invest resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations and standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expense and a diversion of management’s time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. If our efforts to comply with new laws, regulations and standards differ from the activities intended by regulatory or governing bodies, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us and our business and prospects may be harmed. As a result of disclosure of information in the filings required of a public company, our business and financial condition are more visible, which may result in threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors and other third parties. If such claims are successful, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be harmed, and even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert the resources of our management and harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that they might occur, could cause the price of our common stock to decline.
The price of our common stock could decline if there are substantial sales of our common stock, particularly sales by our directors, executive officers and significant stockholders. If our existing stockholders sell substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, or if the public perceives that such sales could occur, this could have an adverse impact on the market price of our common stock, even if there is no relationship between such sales and the performance of our business.
In addition, shares subject to outstanding options under our Incentive Plan are and will become eligible for sale in the public market in the future, subject to certain legal and contractual limitations. Substantial sales of such shares, at that time, could depress the sale price of our common stock.
Significant sales of our common stock, or the possibility that these sales may occur, might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate. In addition, we may issue shares of our common stock in connection with investments or acquisitions in the future. The amount of shares of our common stock issued in connection with an investment or acquisition could constitute a material portion of our then-outstanding shares of common stock.
The issuance of shares of our common stock upon the exercise of outstanding options, warrants and restricted stock units may dilute the percentage ownership of the then-existing stockholders and may make it more difficult to raise additional equity capital.
As of March 29, 2024, there are outstanding options and warrants to purchase 36,436 (1,822 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) and 2,521,207 (126,060 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) shares of common stock, respectively. Exercise of such options and warrants and the vesting of restricted stock units would dilute the then-existing stockholders’ percentage ownership of our stock, and any sales in the public market of common stock underlying such securities could adversely affect prevailing market prices for the common stock. Moreover, the terms upon which we would be able to obtain additional equity capital could be adversely affected because the holders of our options and warrants can be expected to exercise them at a time when we would, in all likelihood, be able to obtain any needed capital on terms more favorable to us than those provided by such securities.
The issuance of additional securities by our Board of Directors (the “Board” or “Board of Directors”) will dilute the ownership interests of our current stockholders and could discourage the acquisition of us.
Our Board, without any action by our stockholders, is authorized to designate and issue additional classes or series of capital stock (including classes or series of preferred stock) as it deems appropriate and to establish the rights, preferences and privileges of such classes or series, and we currently have an effective universal shelf registration statement on file with the SEC, providing for the potential issuance of shares of our common stock and other securities. The issuance of any new class or series of capital stock would not only dilute the ownership interest of our current stockholders but may also adversely affect the voting power and other rights of holders of common stock. The rights of holders of preferred stock and other classes of common stock that may be issued may be superior to the rights of the holders of the existing class of common stock in terms of the payment of ordinary and liquidating dividends and voting rights.
In addition, the ability of the Board to designate and issue such shares could impede or deter an unsolicited tender offer or takeover proposal regarding us and the issuance of additional shares having preferential rights could adversely affect the voting power and other rights of holders of common stock and render more difficult the removal of current management, even if such removal may be in the stockholders’ best interests.
We do not expect to pay dividends in the future. Any return on investment may be limited to the value of our common stock.
For the foreseeable future, we intend to retain any earnings to finance the development and expansion of our business, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend upon results of operations, financial condition, restrictions imposed by applicable law and other factors our Board of Directors deem relevant. Accordingly, if you purchase shares of our common stock, realization of a gain on your investment will depend on the appreciation of the price of our common stock, which may never occur. Investors seeking cash dividends in the foreseeable future should not purchase our common stock.
If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business or our industry, or publish negative reports about our business or our industry, our stock price and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us, our business, our industry or our competitors. If one or more of the analysts who cover us change their recommendation regarding our stock adversely, change their opinion of the prospects for our company in a negative manner or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.
Certain provisions of Delaware law could discourage, delay or prevent a merger or acquisition at a premium price.
Certain provisions of Delaware law could discourage potential acquisition proposals, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, or limit the price that investors may be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock. Because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prohibits a person who owns in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person acquired in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock, unless the merger or combination is approved in a prescribed manner. Such provisions may discourage, delay or prevent a merger or acquisition of the Company, including a transaction in which the acquirer may offer a premium price for our stock.
If our shares become subject to the penny stock rules, it would become more difficult to trade our shares.
The SEC has adopted rules that regulate broker-dealer practices in connection with transactions in penny stocks. Penny stocks are generally equity securities with a price of less than $5.00, other than securities registered on certain national securities exchanges or authorized for quotation on certain automated quotation systems, provided that current price and volume information with respect to transactions in such securities is provided by the exchange or system. If we do not retain a listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market and if the price of our shares of common stock is less than $5.00, our common stock will be deemed a penny stock (meaning that our shares may be considered highly speculative and may trade infrequently, which can make them difficult to accurately price or sell). The penny stock rules require a broker-dealer, before a transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules, to deliver a standardized risk disclosure document containing specified information. In addition, the penny stock rules require that, before effecting any transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules, a broker-dealer must make a special written determination that the penny stock is a suitable investment for the purchaser and receive: (i) the purchaser’s written acknowledgment of the receipt of a risk disclosure statement; (ii) a written agreement to transactions involving penny stocks; and (iii) a signed and dated copy of a written suitability statement. These disclosure requirements may have the effect of reducing the trading activity in the secondary market for our common stock, and therefore stockholders may have difficulty selling their shares.
As a “smaller reporting company,” we may avail ourselves of reduced disclosure requirements, which may make our common stock less attractive to investors.
We are a “smaller reporting company” under applicable SEC rules and regulations, and, as a result of the SEC’s recent amendment to the definition of “smaller reporting company,” we will continue to be a “smaller reporting company” for so long as either (i) the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates as of the end of our most recently completed second quarter (“public float”) is less than $250 million or (ii) annual revenues of less than $100 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and (A) no public float or (B) a public float of less than $700 million. As a “smaller reporting company,” we have relied on exemptions from certain SEC disclosure requirements that are applicable to other public companies. These exemptions include reduced financial disclosure and reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation. Until such time as we cease to be a “smaller reporting company,” such reduced disclosure in our SEC filings may make it harder for investors to analyze our operating results and financial prospects. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result of our reduced disclosure, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.
Our shares of common stock are from time to time thinly traded, so stockholders may be unable to sell at or near ask prices or at all if they need to sell shares to raise money or otherwise desire to liquidate their shares.
Our common stock has from time to time been “thinly-traded,” meaning that the number of persons interested in purchasing our common stock at or near ask prices at any given time may be relatively small or non-existent. This situation is attributable to a number of factors, including the fact that we are a small company that is relatively unknown to stock analysts, stock brokers, institutional investors and others in the investment community that generate or influence sales volume, and that even if we came to the attention of such persons, they tend to be risk-averse and would be reluctant to follow an unproven company such as ours or purchase or recommend the purchase of our shares until such time as we became more seasoned and viable. As a consequence, there may be periods of several days or more when trading activity in our shares is minimal or non-existent, as compared to a seasoned issuer that has a large and steady volume of trading activity that will generally support continuous sales without an adverse effect on share price. We cannot give stockholders any assurance that a broader or more active public trading market for our common stock will develop or be sustained, or that current trading levels will be sustained.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Item 2. Properties.
Headquarters and Other Office Space
We lease office space in Miami, Florida for our corporate headquarters. We also lease office space in Bedford, Texas of approximately 1,738 square feet to support SG Echo's procurement and accounting functions.
Development Site
We own approximately 58 acres of raw land on the Colorado River on Lake Travis in Lago Vista, Texas, outside of the greater Austin area, 117 Acres of raw land in Durant, Oklahoma and 30 Acres of raw land in St Marys, Georgia. See “SG Development - Current Projects/Development Sites.”
Manufacturing Facilities
SG Echo operates and leases one manufacturing facility of approximately 61,000 square feet. SG Echo is renovating a second manufacturing facility which totals approximately 58,000 square feet of manufacturing space. Both spaces are located in Durant, Oklahoma and the second manufacturing facility will be leased space commencing in 2024.
We believe that our current office spaces are adequate and suitable for our anticipated needs and that suitable additional space will be available at commercially reasonable prices as needed.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
The information included in “Note 21 - Commitments and Contingencies” of the Company’s consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report is incorporated by reference into this Item.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases Of Equity Securities.
Market Information
Our common stock is listed and traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “SGBX.”
Holders
As of the close of business on April 12, 2024, there were approximately 73 holders of record of our common stock, which does not reflect those shares held beneficially or those shares held in “street” name. Accordingly, the number of beneficial owners of our common stock exceeds this number. On April 12, 2024, the closing sales price of our common stock as reported on the Nasdaq Capital Market was $0.162.
Dividend Policy
We have never paid any cash dividends on our common stock and do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future. The payment of dividends by us will depend on our future earnings, financial condition and such other business and economic factors as our management may consider relevant.
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
We did not sell any unregistered securities from January 1, 2023 through December 31, 2023 that were not previously disclosed in our filings with the SEC.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
We did not repurchase any of our outstanding shares during the fourth quarter of 2023.
Performance Graph and Purchases of Equity Securities
The Company is a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and is not required to provide the information required under this item.
Transfer Agent and Registrar
The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is American Stock Transfer and Trust Company, LLC. The transfer agent’s principal business address is 6201 15th Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11219, and its telephone number is (800) 937-5449.
Equity Compensation Plan Information
As of December 31, 2023, the following securities issued under equity compensation were outstanding:
Plan Category
Number of
Shares Issuable
Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants or Rights
(a) (1)
Weighted- Average Exercise
Price of Outstanding Options
(b)(2)
Number of Shares Remaining Available for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Shares Reflected in Column
(a))(c) (3)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders
3,625,000
$
78.71
3,625,000
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders
-
-
-
Total
3,625,000
$ 78.71
3,625,000
(1) Includes 36,436 shares issuable upon the exercise of options and 3,588,564 shares issuable upon the vesting of restricted stock units outstanding under the SG Blocks, Inc. Incentive Plan.
(2) The weighted average exercise price excludes restricted stock units.
(3) Represents shares available for issuance under the SG Blocks, Inc. Stock Incentive Plan.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Item 6. [Reserved]

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Introduction and Certain Cautionary Statements
The following discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of our operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes and schedules included elsewhere in this Annual Report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed below. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, intensified competition and operating problems in our operating business projects and their impact on revenues and profit margins or additional factors, and those discussed in the section entitled “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report. In addition, certain information presented below is based on unaudited financial information.
Results of Operations
Our operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 may not be indicative of our future operations.
Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:
For the Year Ended
December 31, 2023
For the Year Ended
December 31, 2022
Revenue
Construction services (includes engineering)
$
16,523,080
$
12,752,219
Medical revenue
-
11,641,727
Total
16,523,080
24,393,946
Year over year % growth:
Construction services
%
%
Medical revenue
(100)
(63) %
Consolidated
(32) %
(36) %
Net revenue % mix:
Construction services
%
%
Medical revenue
- %
%
Consolidated
%
%
Operating Income (Loss)
Construction services
(2,721,899 )
(472,039 )
Medical
(529,569 )
2,588,830
Development
(3,023,448 )
(2,137,866 )
Corporate and Support
(18,497,740 )
(7,208,895 )
Consolidated
(24,772,656 )
(7,229,970 )
Other Income (Expenses)
(1,985,250 )
140,728
Add: Net profit attributable to common stockholders of Safe & Green Holdings Corp.
(475,373 )
1,229,806
Net loss attributable to common stockholders of Safe & Green Holdings Corp.
$ (26,282,533 )
$ (8,319,048 )
Revenue
During the year ended December 31, 2023, we derived substantially all of our revenue from the construction services segment. Total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $16,523,080 compared to $24,393,946 for the year ended December 31, 2022. Revenue decreased 32% in 2023, compared to the prior year.
Medical revenue decreased 100% in 2023 compared to the prior year. The majority of the medical revenue came from operations of our Clarity Mobile joint venture during 2022.
Construction services revenue increased 30% in 2023 compared to the prior year. The revenue growth primarily is due to the acquisition of Echo DCL, LLC in September 2020. The revenue growth reflects increased modular revenue from SG Echo's manufacturing facility.
Operating Income (Loss)
Operating loss was $24,772,656 for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $7,229,970 for the year ended December 31, 2022, representing an increase of $16,472,799 or 228% in 2023 compared to the prior year.
Construction services operating loss in 2023 was $2,721,899 as compared to the prior year's operating loss of $472,039, primarily due to an increase of jobs and deliver of modular units. The costs of materials such as lumber, plumbing, roofing, and other supplies to modify and build these units were increased due in part to COVID-19 supply chain issues. In addition, we recognized accrued losses in the amount of $870,878 during the year ended December 31, 2023
Medical revenue operating loss in 2023 was $529,569, as compared to the prior year's operating income of $2,588,830, primarily due to decreased testing samples being collected at our COVID-19 laboratory at LAX airport, partially offset by costs incurred during 2023 for future developments.
Development operating loss in 2023 is related to operating expenses incurred for certain development projects that were started in 2022 and currently being developed for future use. No revenue has been generated by our development segment in 2023 to offset these operating expenses.
Corporate and support operating loss increased in 2023, as compared to the prior year, and such increase is primarily due to increased overhead costs in public expenses related to SEC compliance and legal costs, increased payroll due to additional head count in SG Echo and stock compensation in order to retain key employees, increases in IT support and increase in insurance expenses to support our various operations. In addition, an impairment loss of $3,062,000 was recorded for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Other Income (Expense)
Interest income for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $119 mainly derived from bank interest. There was $73,821 of interest income for the year ended December 31, 2022. Other income for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $783,315 and $403,146, respectively. Other income during 2023 primarily related to a legal settlement in the amount of $450,000. Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $2,608,683 and $336,239 respectively. The increase in interest expense resulted from additional notes payable entered into during 2023. Loss on asset disposal for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $25,265.
Income Tax Provision
A 100% valuation allowance was provided against the deferred tax asset consisting of available net operating loss carryforwards and, accordingly, no income tax benefit was provided.
Impact of Inflation
The impact of inflation upon our revenue and income (loss) from continuing operations during each of the past two fiscal years has not been material to its financial position or results of operations for those years because we do not maintain any inventories whose costs are affected by inflation.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had an aggregate of $17,448 and $582,776, respectively, of cash and cash equivalents. To date, we have financed our operations from revenue generated from operations and sales of our equity and to a lesser extent debt financing.
As of December 31, 2023, our stockholders’ equity (deficit) was $(6,334,859) compared to $14,439,562 as of December 31, 2022. Our net loss for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $26,757,906 and $7,089,242 respectively. Net cash used in operating activities was $7,141,754 and $5,630,614 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Historically, our operations have primarily been funded through proceeds from equity and debt financings, as well as revenue from operations.
We have negative operating cash flows, which has raised substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.
If we are not successful with our efforts to increase revenue, we will experience, as we have from time to time in the past, a shortfall in cash. If there is a shortfall, we will be forced to reduce operating expenses, among other steps, all of which would have a material adverse effect on our operations going forward. On December 15, 2023, Mr. Galvin voluntarily deferred his salary for the December 15, 2023 and December 31, 2023 pay periods as a cost saving measure. In addition, on December 14, 2023, Mr. Galvin loaned $75,000 to the Company. The loan will be interest free (subject, however to any interest which may be imputed under applicable income tax laws) and is due and payable by December 14, 2024. In addition, we have issued various types of debt to provide funds for operations as set forth below.
We will also seek to obtain debt or additional equity financing to meet any cash shortfalls both in the public company or our subsidiaries. The type, timing and terms of any financing we may select will depend on, among other things, our cash needs, the availability of other financing sources and prevailing conditions in the financial markets. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to secure additional funds if needed and that, if such funds are available, the terms or conditions would be acceptable to us. If we are unable to secure additional financing, further reduction in operating expenses might need to be substantial in order for us to ensure enough liquidity to sustain our operations. Any equity financing would be dilutive to our stockholders. If we incur debt, we will likely be subject to restrictive covenants that significantly limit our operating flexibility and require us to encumber our assets. If we fail to raise sufficient funds and continue to incur losses, our ability to fund our operations, take advantage of strategic opportunities, or otherwise respond to competitive pressures will be significantly limited. While the Debenture is outstanding, we are prohibited from entering into any variable rate transactions and from incurring or suffering to exist debt other than certain specified permitted debt. Any of the above limitations could force us to significantly curtail or cease our operations. These circumstances have raised substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, and continued cash losses may risk our status as a going concern. Our consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary should we be unable to continue as a going concern.
We will need to generate additional revenues or secure additional financing sources, such as debt or equity capital, to fund future operations, which financing may not be available on favorable terms or at all. If we fail to raise sufficient funds and continue to incur losses, our ability to fund our operations, take advantage of strategic opportunities, or otherwise respond to competitive pressures will be significantly limited and we will need to significantly curtail or cease our operations.
October 2021 Registered Direct Offering
In October 2021, we completed a registered direct offering and concurrent private offering pursuant to which we sold an aggregate of 975,000 shares of common stock (48,750 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) and pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 2,189,384 shares of Common Stock (109,469 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) and warrants to purchase 1,898,630 shares of Common Stock (94,932 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) which resulted in net proceeds of approximately $10,488,000 after deducting underwriting commission and other expenses related to the offering.
February 2023 Offering
On February 7, 2023, we closed a private placement offering (the “Offering”) of One Million One Hundred Thousand Dollars ($1,100,000.00) in principal amount of the Company’s 8% convertible debenture (the “Debenture”) and a warrant (the “Warrant”) to purchase up to Five Hundred Thousand (500,000) shares of our common stock (25,000 as adjusted for the May Stock Split), to Peak One Opportunity Fund, L.P. (“Peak One”). Pursuant to a Securities Purchase Agreement, dated February 7, 2023 (the “Purchase Agreement”), the Debenture was sold to Peak One for a purchase price of $1,000,000, representing an original issue discount of ten percent (10%). In connection with the offering the Company paid $15,000 as a non-accountable fee to Peak One to cover its accounting fees, legal fees and other transactional costs incurred in connection with the transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement and issued 50,000 shares of its restricted common stock (the “Commitment Shares”) (2,500 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) to Peak One Investments, LLC (“Investments”), the general partner of Peak One.
The Debenture matures twelve months from its date of issuance and bear interest at a rate of 8% per annum payable on the maturity date. The Debenture is convertible, at the option of the holder, at any time, into such number of shares of common stock of the Company equal to the principal amount of the Debenture plus all accrued and unpaid interest at a conversion price equal to $1.50 (the “Conversion Price”) ($30.00 as adjusted for the May Stock Split), subject to adjustment for any stock splits, stock dividends, recapitalizations and similar events and in the event the Company, at any time while the Debenture is outstanding, issues, sells or grants any option to purchase, or sells or grants any right to reprice, or otherwise disposes of, or issues common stock or other securities convertible into, exercisable for, or otherwise entitle any person the right to acquire, shares of common stock, other than with respect to an Exempt Issuance (as defined in the Debenture), at an effective price per share that is lower than the then Conversion Price. In the event of any such anti-dilutive event, the Conversion Price will be reduced at the option of the holder to such lower effective price of the dilutive event, subject to a floor price of $0.40 per share, unless and until the Company obtains shareholder approval for any issuance below such floor price.
Cedar Cash Advances
On May 16, 2023, SG Building entered into a cash advance agreement with Cedar Advance LLC (“Cedar”) pursuant to which SG Building sold to Cedar $710,500 of its future receivables for a purchase price of $500,000. Cedar is expected to withdraw $25,375 a week directly from SG Building, until the $710,500 due to Cedar is paid in full. In the event of a default (as defined in the cash advance agreement), Cedar, among other remedies, can demand payment in full of all amounts remaining due under the cash advance agreement. SG Building’s obligations under the cash advance agreement have been guaranteed by SG Echo.
On September 26, 2023, SG Building and Cedar entered into a second cash advance agreement pursuant to which SG Building sold to Cedar $1,171,500 of its future receivables for a purchase price of $825,000, less underwriting fees and expenses paid and the repayment of prior amounts due Cedar, for net funds provided of $504,625. Cedar is expected to withdraw $41,800 a week directly from SG Building, until the $1,171,500 due to Cedar is paid in full. In the event of a default (as defined in the cash advance agreement), Cedar, among other remedies, can demand payment in full of all amounts remaining due under the cash advance agreement. SG Building’s obligations under the cash advance agreement have been guaranteed by SG Echo.
On November 20, 2023, SG Building entered into a third cash advance agreement with Cedar pursuant to which SG Building sold to Cedar $511,200 of its future receivables for a purchase price of $360,000, less underwriting fees and expenses paid, for net funds provided of $342,200. Cedar is expected to withdraw $20,300 a week directly from SG Building’s bank account until the $511,200 due to Cedar under the cash advance agreement is paid. In the event of a default (as defined in the cash advance agreement), Cedar, among other remedies, can demand payment in full of all amounts remaining due under the Cash Advance Agreement. SG Building ’s obligations under the cash advance agreement have been guaranteed by SG Echo.
On January 29, 2024, SG Building and Cedar entered into a fourth cash advance agreement pursuant to which SG Building sold to Cedar $1,733,420 of its future receivables for a purchase price of $1,180,000, less underwriting fees and expenses paid and the repayment of prior amounts due Cedar, for net funds provided of $215,575. Cedar is expected to withdraw $49,150 a week directly from SG Building, until the $1,733,420 due to Cedar is paid in full. In the event of a default (as defined in the cash advance agreement), Cedar, among other remedies, can demand payment in full of all amounts remaining due under the cash advance agreement. SG Building’s obligations under the cash advance agreement have been guaranteed by SG Echo.
January Cash Advance Agreement
On January 5, 2024, SG Building and SG Echo (collectively, the “Merchants”), entered into a Cash Advance Agreement (“Cash Advance Agreement”) with Maison Capital Group (“Maison”) pursuant to which the Merchants sold to Maison $300,000 of their future receivables for a purchase price of $200,000, less underwriting fees and expenses paid, for net funds provided of $190,000.
Pursuant to the Cash Advance Agreement, Maison is expected to withdraw $12,500 a week directly from the Merchants’ bank account until the $300,000 due to Maison under the Cash Advance Agreement is paid. In the event of a default (as defined in the Cash Advance Agreement), Maison, among other remedies, can demand payment in full of all amounts remaining due under the Cash Advance Agreement. The Merchants’ obligations under the Cash Advance Agreement are secured by a security interest in all accounts, including without limitation, all deposit accounts, accounts-receivable, and other receivables, chattel paper, documents, equipment, general intangibles, instruments, and inventory, as those terms are defined by Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code, now or hereafter owned or acquired by any of them. In addition, SG Building’s obligations under the Cash Advance Agreement have been guaranteed by SG Echo, and SG Echo’s obligations under the Cash Advance Agreement have been guaranteed by SG Building. The amounts outstanding under the Cash Advance Agreement may be prepaid by the Merchants at any time without penalty.
Southstar Factoring Agreement
In connection with the exercise of its option to acquire 19 acres of land and the approximately 56,775 square foot facility located at 101 Waldron Road in Durant Oklahoma (the “Premises”), on June 8, 2023, SG Echo issued a secured commercial promissory note, dated June 1, 2023 (the “Secured Note”), in the principal amount of $1,750,000 with SouthStar Financial, LLC, a South Carolina limited liability company (“SouthStar”), and entered into a Non-Recourse Factoring and Security Agreement, dated June 1, 2023 (the “Factoring Agreement”), with SouthStar providing for its purchase from SG Echo of up to $1,500,000 of accounts receivable, subject to reduction by South Star (the “Facility Amount”).
The Secured Note bears interest at 23% per annum and is due and payable on June 1, 2025. The Secured Note is secured by a mortgage (the “Mortgage”) on the Premises and secured by a Security Agreement, dated June 1, 2023 (the “Security Agreement”), pursuant to which SG Echo granted to SouthStar a first priority security interest in all of SG Echo’s presently-owned and hereafter-acquired personal and fixture property, wherever located, including, without limitation, all accounts, goods, chattel paper, inventory, equipment, instruments, investment property, documents, deposit accounts, commercial tort claims, letters-of-credit rights, general intangibles including payment intangibles, patents, software trademarks, trade names, customer lists, supporting obligations, all proceeds and products of the foregoing. SG Echo paid to SouthStar an origination fee in the amount of 3% of the face amount of the Secured Note. Upon the occurrence of an Event of Default (as defined in the Secured Note), the default interest rate will be 28% per annum, or the maximum legal amount provided by law, whichever is greater.
The Factoring Agreement provides that upon acceptance of an account receivable for purchase SouthStar will pay to SG Echo eighty percent (80%) of the face amount of the account receivable, or such lesser percentage as agreed by the parties. SG Echo will also pay to SouthStar one and 95/100 percent (1.95%) of the face amount of the accounts receivable for the first twenty-five (25) day period after payment for the accounts receivable is transmitted to SouthStar plus one and 25/100 percent (1.25%) for each additional fifteen (15) day period or part thereof, calculated from the date of purchase until payments received by SouthStar in collected funds on the purchased accounts receivable equals the purchase price of the accounts receivable, plus all charges due SouthStar from SG Echo at the time. An additional one and 50/100 percent (1.50%) per fifteen (15) day period will be charged for invoices exceeding sixty (60) days from advance date. The Factoring Agreement provides that SG Echo may require additional funding from SouthStar (an “Overadvance”) and SouthStar may provide the Overadvance in its sole discretion. In the event of an Overadvance, SG Echo will pay SouthStar an amount equal to three and 90/100 percent (3.90%) of the amount of the Overadvance for the first twenty-five (25) day period after the Overadvance is transmitted to SouthStar plus two and 50/100 percent (2.50%) for each additional fifteen (15) day period or part thereof until payments received by SouthStar in collected funds equals the amount of the Overadvance, plus all charges due SouthStar from SG Echo at the time.
The Factoring Agreement provides that SG Echo will also pay a transactional administrative fee of $50.00 for each new account debtor submitted to it and a fee equal to 0.25% of the face amount of all purchased accounts receivable for the handling, collecting, mailing, quality assuring, insuring the risk, transmitting, and performing certain data processing services with respect to the maintenance and servicing of the purchased accounts.
As security for the payment and performance of SG Echo’s present and future obligations to SouthStar under the Factoring Agreement, SG Echo granted to SouthStar a first priority security interest in all of SG Echo’s presently-owned and hereafter-acquired personal and fixture property, wherever located, including, without limitation, all accounts, goods, chattel paper, inventory, equipment, instruments, investment property, documents, deposit accounts, commercial tort claims, letters-of-credit rights, general intangibles including payment intangibles, patents, software trademarks, trade names, customer lists, supporting obligations, all proceeds and products of the foregoing.
The Factoring Agreement has an initial term of thirty-six (36) months from the first day of the month following the date the first purchased accounts receivable is purchased. Unless terminated by SG Echo, not less than sixty (60) but not more than ninety (90) days before the end of the initial term, the Factoring Agreement will automatically extend for an additional thirty-six (36) months. SG Echo is required to provide the same not less than sixty (60) but not more than ninety (90) days notice during any and all renewal terms in order to terminate the Factoring Agreement, and if no notice is provided, the renewal term will extend for an additional thirty-six (36) month period.
If SouthStar has not purchased accounts receivable in a quarterly period during any initial or renewal term which exceed fifty percent (50%) of the Facility Amount per calendar quarter, in which $250,000.00 of the purchased accounts each month must be with a specific customer of the Company. (“Minimum Amount”), the Factoring Agreement provides that SG Echo will pay to SouthStar, on demand, an additional amount equal to what the charges provided for elsewhere in the Factoring Agreement would have been on the Minimum Amount assuming the number of days from the date of purchase of the Minimum Amount until receipt of payment of the Minimum Amount is thirty one (31) days, less the actual charges paid by SG Echo to SouthStar during such period.
Pursuant to a Secured Continuing Corporate Guaranty, dated June 8, 2023 (the “Corporate Guaranty”), we have guaranteed SG Echo’s obligations to SouthStar under the Secured Note and Factoring Agreement.
Pursuant to a Cross-Default and Cross Collateralization Agreement (the “Cross Default Agreement”), effective June 8, 2023, between SouthStar, SG Echo and us, SG Echo’s obligations under the Secured Note and Factoring Agreement are cross-defaulted and cross-collateralized such that any event of default under the Secured Note shall constitute an event of default under the Factoring Agreement at SouthStar’s election (and vice versa, any event of default under the Factoring Agreement shall constitute an event of default under the Secured Note at SouthStar’s election) and any collateral pledged to secure SG Echo’s obligations under the Secured Note shall also secure SG Echo’s obligations under the Factoring Agreement (and vice versa).
BCV Loan Agreement
On June 23 2023, SG DevCorp, entered into a Loan Agreement (the “BCV Loan Agreement”) with a Luxembourg-based specialized investment fund, BCV S&G DevCorp (“BCV S&G”), for up to $2,000,000 in proceeds, of which it initially received $1,250,000. The BCV Loan Agreement provides that the loan provided thereunder will bear interest at 14% per annum and mature on December 1, 2024. The loan may be repaid by SG DevCorp at any anytime following the twelve-month anniversary of its issue date. The loan is secured by 1,999,999 of our shares of SG DevCorp’s common stock (the “Pledged Shares”), which were pledged pursuant to an escrow agreement (the “Escrow Agreement”) with American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC n/k/a Equiniti Trust Company, LLC, SG DevCorp’s transfer agent. The fees associated with the issuance include $70,000 paid to BCV S&G for the creation of the BCV Loan Agreement and $27,500 payable to BCV S&G per annum for maintaining the BCV Loan Agreement. Additionally, $37,500 in broker fees was paid to Bridgeline Capital Partners S.A. on the principal amount raised of $1,250,000. The BCV Loan Agreement further provided that if SG DevCorp’s shares of common stock were not listed on The Nasdaq Stock Market before August 30, 2023 or if following such listing the total market value of the Pledged Shares fell below twice the face value of the loan, the loan would be further secured by SG DevCorp’s St. Mary’s industrial site, consisting of 29.66 acres and a proposed manufacturing facility in St. Mary’s, Georgia (the “St. Mary’s Site”).
On August 16, 2023, SG DevCorp secured an additional $500,000 in bridge funding from BCV S&G under the BCV Loan Agreement.
On August 25, 2023, SG DevCorp and BCV S&G amended the BCV Loan Agreement (“Amendment No. 1”) to change the date upon which SG DevCorp’s shares were required to be listed on The Nasdaq Stock Market from August 30, 2023 to September 15, 2023. According to Amendment No. 1, if SG DevCorp’s shares of common stock were not listed on The Nasdaq Stock Market before September 15, 2023 or if following such listing the total market value of the Pledged Shares falls below twice the face value of the loan, the loan will be further secured by a security interest in the St. Mary’s Site.
On September 11, 2023, SG DevCorp and BCV S&G amended the BCV Loan Agreement (“Amendment No. 2”) to change the date upon which SG DevCorp’s shares were required to be listed on The Nasdaq Stock Market from September 15, 2023 to September 30, 2023. According to Amendment No. 2, if SG DevCorp’s shares of common stock were not listed on The Nasdaq Stock Market before September 30, 2023 or if following such listing the total market value of the Pledged Shares falls below twice the face value of the loan, the loan will be further secured by a security interest in the St. Mary’s Site. Following the listing, the total market value of the Pledged Shares has fallen below twice the face value of the loan and SG DevCorp and BCV S&G are in discussions regarding alternatives, if any.
February Cash Advances
On February 23, 2024, the SG Building Blocks and SG Echo, together with SG Building Blocks, the (“Merchants”), entered into a Cash Advance Agreement (“Third Cash Advance Agreement”) with Bridgecap Advance LLC (“Bridgecap”) pursuant to which the Merchants sold to Bridgecap $224,850 of their future receivables for a purchase price of $150,000, less underwriting fees and expenses paid, for net funds provided of $135,000.
Pursuant to the Third Cash Advance Agreement, Bridgecap is expected to withdraw $2,248.50 a day directly from the Merchants’ bank account until the $224,850 due to Bridgecap under the Third Cash Advance Agreement is paid. In the event of a default (as defined in the Cash Advance Agreement), Bridgecap, among other remedies (including penalties and fees) can demand payment in full of all amounts remaining due under the Third Cash Advance Agreement. The Merchants’ obligations under the Third Cash Advance Agreement are secured by a security interest in all accounts, including without limitation, all deposit accounts, accounts-receivable, other receivables, and proceeds therefrom, as those terms are defined by Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code, now or hereafter owned or acquired by any of them. The amounts outstanding under the Third Cash Advance Agreement may be prepaid by the Merchants at any time without penalty.
March Note
On March 5, 2024, the we issued a Promissory Note (“Note”) in favor of 1800 Diagonal Lending LLC (the “Lender”) in the aggregate principal amount of $149,500 (the “Principal”), and an accompanying Securities Purchase Agreement, dated March 5, 2024 (the “SPA”).
The Note was purchased by the Lender for a purchase price of $130,000, representing an original issue discount of $19,500. A one-time interest charge of ten percent (10%) (the “Interest Rate”) will be applied on the issuance date to the Principal. Under the terms of the Note, beginning on April 15, 2024, we are required to make nine monthly payments of accrued, unpaid interest and outstanding principal, subject to adjustment, in the amount of $18,272,23. We have a five business day grace period with respect to each payment. Any amount of principal or interest on this Note which is not paid when due will bear interest at the rate of twenty two percent (22%) per annum from the due date thereof until the same is paid (“Default Interest”). We have the right to accelerate payments or prepay in full at any time with no prepayment penalty.
Among other things, an event of default (“Event of Default”) will be deemed to have occurred if we fail to pay the principal or interest when due on the Note, whether at maturity, upon acceleration or otherwise, if bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings are instituted by or against us or if we fails to maintain the listing of its common stock on The Nasdaq Stock Market. Upon the occurrence of an Event of Default, the Note will become immediately due and payable and we will be obligated to pay to the Investor, in satisfaction of its obligations under the Note, an amount equal to 200% times the sum of the then outstanding principal amount of the Note plus accrued and unpaid interest on the unpaid principal amount of this Note to the date of payment plus Default Interest, if any.
After an Event of Default, at any time following the six month anniversary of the Note, the Lender will have the right, to convert all or any part of the outstanding and unpaid amount of the Note into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion price equal to the greater of $0.08 or 65% multiplied by the lowest closing bid price during the 10 trading days prior to the conversion date (representing a discount rate of 35%). The Note may not be converted into shares of our common stock if the conversion would result in the Lender and its affiliates owning an aggregate of in excess of 4.99% of the then outstanding shares of our common stock. In addition, unless we obtain shareholder approval of such issuance, we shall not issue a number of shares of its common stock under Note, which when aggregated with all other securities that are required to be aggregated for purposes of Nasdaq Rule 5635(d), would exceed 19.99% of the shares of our common stock outstanding as of the date of definitive agreement with respect to the first of such aggregated transactions (the “Conversion Limitation”). Upon the occurrence of an Event of Default as a result of us being delisted from Nasdaq, the Conversion Limitation shall no longer apply.
We may need to generate additional revenues or secure additional financing sources, such as debt or equity capital, to fund future growth, which financing may not be available on favorable terms or at all. We do not have any additional sources secured for future funding, and if we are unable to raise the necessary capital at the times we require such funding, we may need to materially change our business plan, including delaying implementation of aspects of such business plan or curtailing or abandoning such business plan altogether.
Cash Flow Summary
For The Year Ended
December 31,
Net cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities
$
(7,141,754
)
$
(5,630,614
)
Investing activities
(864,817
)
(3,853,298
)
Financing activities
7,441,243
(2,957,693
)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
$
(565,328
)
$
(12,441,605
)
Operating activities used net cash of $7,141,754 during the year ended December 31, 2023, and $5,630,614 during the year ended December 31, 2022. Generally, our net operating cash flows fluctuate primarily based on changes in our profitability and working capital. Cash used in operating activities increased by approximately $1,092,821 primarily due to a decrease in working capital due in part to decreases in accounts payable with the additions of operations of new entities, SG DevCorp. and SG Echo, from the corresponding period of the prior years. In addition, we had an increase of approximately $411,787 in stock-based compensation and an increase in the overall net loss of approximately $18,475,379, during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The December 31, 2023 amount is due to a net loss of $26,757,906, adjusted by depreciation expense of $370,525, amortization of intangible assets of $187,640, impairment of $3,189,877, bad debt expense of $491,388, amortization of deferred license costs of $40,785, amortization of debt issuance costs of $994,923, SG DevCorp issuances of $684,438, amortization of right-of-use asset of $2,433,865, plus common stock issued for services of $653,575, stock-based compensation of $3,210,631, and a decrease in accounts receivable of $606,315, contract assets of $25,639, inventories of $309,048, prepaid expenses and other current assets of $96,432,; added by increase in liability of $5,761,194 of accounts payable and accrued expenses, contract liabilities of $1,057,422 less decrease in other current liability of $5,795 and lease liability of $2,859,852.
Investing activities used net cash of $864,817 during the year ended December 31, 2023, and $3,853,298 during the year ended December 31, 2022. Cash used in investing activities decreased by $2,988,480 from the corresponding period of the prior year. The December 31, 2023 amount is due to $608,004 purchase of property, plant and equipment, $120,781 project development costs, purchase of intangible assets of $93,970 and $42,662 investment in and advances to equity affiliates.
Financing activities provided net cash of $7,441,243 during the year ended December 31, 2023, and provided net cash of $2,957,693 during the year ended December 31, 2022. Cash provided by financing activities increased by approximately $4,064,232. December 31, 2023 amount is due to $9,639,640 proceeds from short-term note payable, $780,812 proceeds from long-term notes payable, less $3,704,129 payment of short-term notes payable, $394,735 from the issuance of common stock, $46,417 distribution paid to non-controlling interest, and $42,716 repurchase of common stock.
We provide services to our construction customers in three separate phases: the design phase, the architectural and engineering phase and the construction phase. Each phase is independent of the other, but builds through a progression of concept through delivery of a completed structure. These phases may be embodied in a single contract or in separate contracts, which is typical of a design build process model. As of December 31, 2023, we had 7 projects totaling $2,578,882 in backlog revenue.
Backlog may fluctuate significantly due to the timing of orders or awards for large projects and is not necessarily indicative of future backlog levels or the rate at which backlog will be recognized as revenue. The decrease in backlog at December 31, 2023 is primarily attributable to revenue being recognized during the year ended December 31, 2023.We expect our backlog revenue will be realized by December 31, 2024.
There can be no assurance that our customers will decide to and/or be able to proceed with these construction projects, or that we will ultimately recognize revenue from these projects in a timely manner or at all.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had no material off-balance sheet arrangements to which we are a party.
In the ordinary course of business, we enter into agreements with third parties that include indemnification provisions which, in our judgment, are normal and customary for companies in our industry sector. These agreements are typically with consultants and certain vendors. Pursuant to these agreements, we generally agree to indemnify, hold harmless, and reimburse indemnified parties for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified parties with respect to actions taken or omitted by us. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these indemnification provisions is unlimited. We have not incurred material costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification provisions. As a result, the estimated fair value of liabilities relating to these provisions is minimal. Accordingly, we have no liabilities recorded for these provisions as of December 31, 2023.
Critical Accounting Estimates and New Accounting Pronouncements
Critical Accounting Estimates
Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”). In connection with the preparation of the financial statements, we are required to make assumptions and estimates and apply judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses, and the related disclosures. We base our assumptions, estimates, and judgments on historical experience, current trends, and other factors that we believe to be relevant at the time the consolidated financial statements are prepared. On a regular basis, we review the accounting policies, assumptions, estimates, and judgments to ensure that our financial statements are presented fairly and in accordance with GAAP. However, because future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty, actual results could differ from our assumptions and estimates, and such differences could be material.
Our significant accounting policies are discussed in “Note 3-Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. We believe that the following accounting policies are the most critical in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results.
Share-based payments. We measure the cost of services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the fair value of the award. For employees and directors, including non-employee directors, the fair value of the award is measured on the grant date. For non-employees, the fair value of the award is generally re-measured on interim financial reporting dates and vesting dates until the service period is complete. The fair value amount is then recognized over the period services are required to be provided in exchange for the award, usually the vesting period. We recognize stock-based compensation expense on a graded-vesting basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting tranche of each award. Stock-based compensation expense to employees and all directors is reported within payroll and related expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Stock-based compensation expense to non-employees is reported within marketing and business development expense in the consolidated statements of operations.
Convertible instruments. Safe & Green bifurcates conversion options from their host instruments and accounts for them as free-standing derivative financial instruments according to certain criteria. The criteria include circumstances in which (i) the economic characteristics and risks of the embedded derivative instrument are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract; (ii) the hybrid instrument that embodies both the embedded derivative instrument and the host contract is not re-measured at fair value under otherwise applicable GAAP measures with changes in fair value reported in earnings as they occur; and (iii) a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded derivative instrument would be considered a derivative instrument.
Safe & Green determined that the embedded conversion options that were included in the previously outstanding convertible debentures should be bifurcated from their host and a portion of the proceeds received upon the issuance of the hybrid contract has been allocated to the fair value of the derivative. The derivative was subsequently marked to market at each reporting date based on current fair value, with the changes in fair value reported in results of operations.
Revenue recognition - The Company determines, at contract inception, whether it will transfer control of a promised good or service over time or at a point in time, regardless of the length of contract or other factors. The recognition of revenue aligns with the timing of when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve this core principle, the Company applies the following five steps in accordance with its revenue policy:
(1) Identify the contract with a customer
(2) Identify the performance obligations in the contract
(3) Determine the transaction price
(4) Allocate the transaction price to performance obligations in the contract
(5) Recognize revenue as performance obligations are satisfied
On certain contracts, the Company applies recognition of revenue over time, which is similar to the method the Company applied under previous guidance (i.e. percentage of completion). Due to uncertainties inherent in the estimation process, it is possible that estimates of costs to complete a performance obligation will be revised in the near-term. For those performance obligations for which revenue is recognized using a cost-to-cost input method, changes in total estimated costs, and related progress toward complete satisfaction of the performance obligation, are recognized on a cumulative catch-up basis in the period in which the revisions to the estimates are made. When the current estimate of total costs for a performance obligation indicate a loss, a provision for the entire estimated loss on the unsatisfied performance obligation is made in the period in which the loss becomes evident.
For product or equipment sales, the Company applies recognition of revenue when the customer obtains control over such goods, which is at a point in time.
We entered into a joint venture agreement with Clarity Lab Solutions, LLC (“Clarity Labs”) (the “JV”). Revenue from the activities of the JV is related to clinical testing services and is recognized when services have been rendered, which is at a point in time. In addition, we formed Chicago Airport Testing, LLC which collects rental revenue. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized approximately $0 million and $11.6 million, respectively, related to activities through these two joint ventures, which is included in medical revenue on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
We acquired a 10% non-dilutable equity interest for JDI-Cumberland Inlet, LLC and acquired a 50% membership interest in Norman Berry II Owner LLC in the second quarter of 2021. We have determined we are not the primary beneficiary and thus will not consolidate the activities on the consolidated financial statements. We will use the equity method to report the activities as an investment in on our consolidated financial statements.
Goodwill. Goodwill represents the excess of reorganization value over the fair value of identified net assets upon emergence from bankruptcy. In accordance with the accounting guidance on goodwill, Safe & Green performs its impairment test of goodwill at the reporting unit level each fiscal year, or more frequently if events or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of its reporting unit below its carrying value. Our evaluation of goodwill completed during the year ended December 31, 2023, resulted in $1,309,330 worth of impairment loss.
Intangible assets - Intangible assets consist of $2,766,000 of proprietary knowledge and technology, which is being amortized over 20 years. In addition, included in intangible assets is $97,164 of trademarks, and $115,632 of website costs that are being amortized over 5 years. We evaluated intangible assets for impairment during the year ended December 31, 2023, and determined that there are $1,880,547 worth of impairment losses.
New Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 3 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for all recently adopted and new accounting pronouncements.
Non-GAAP Financial Information
In addition to our results under GAAP, we also present EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for historical periods. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are non-GAAP financial measures and have been presented as supplemental measures of financial performance that are not required by, or presented in accordance with, GAAP. We calculate EBITDA as net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders before interest expense, income tax benefit (expense), depreciation and amortization. We calculate Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA before certain non-recurring, unusual or non-operational items, such as litigation expense, stock issuance expense and stock compensation expense. We believe that adjusting EBITDA to exclude the effects of these items that are not closely associated with ongoing corporate operations provides management and investors with a meaningful measure that increases period-to -period comparability of our operating performance.
We believe the presentation of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA is relevant and useful by enhancing the readers’ ability to understand the Company’s operating performance. Our management utilizes EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA as a means to measure performance. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are also frequently used by analysts, investors and other interested parties to evaluate companies in our industry. These measures, when used in conjunction with related GAAP financial measures, provide investors with an additional financial analytical framework that may be useful in assessing us and our results of operations.
Our measurements of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to similar titled measures reported by other companies. Other companies, including other companies in our industry, may not use such measures or may calculate one or more of the measures differently than as presented in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, limiting their usefulness as a comparative measure. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are not measurements of financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered as an alternative to net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders, or any other measures of financial performance derived in accordance with GAAP. We do not consider these non-GAAP measures to be substitutes for or superior to the information provided by our GAAP financial results. . The non-GAAP information should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes.
These measures also should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by the non-recurring, unusual or non-operational items for which these non-GAAP measures make adjustments.Additionally, EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are not intended to be liquidity measures.
The following is a reconciliation of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA to the nearest GAAP measure, net loss:
For the Year Ended
December 31, 2023
For the Year Ended
December 31, 2022
Net loss attributable to common stockholders of Safe & Green Holdings Corp.
$
(26,282,533
)
$
(8,319,048
)
Addback interest expense
2,608,683
336,239
Addback interest income
(119 )
(73,821 )
Addback depreciation and amortization
3,459,286
615,191
EBITDA (non-GAAP)
(20,214,683
)
(7,441,439
)
Addback loss on asset disposal
-
25,265
Addback litigation expense
154,217
664,724
Addback stock-based compensation expense
3,210,631
2,798,844
Adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP)
$
(16,849,835
)
$
(3,952,606
)

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Not applicable.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
Our financial statements and the notes thereto, together with the reports of our registered public accounting firm, dated May 7, 2024 and March 30, 2023, appear beginning on page of this Annual Report.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
(a) Disclosure Controls and Procedures.
Our management, with the participation of our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of our “disclosure controls and procedures” (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e)) as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report (the “Evaluation Date”). Based upon that evaluation, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that, as of the Evaluation Date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act (i) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms, and (ii) is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
The Principal Executive Officer and the Principal Financial Officer believe that the consolidated financial statements and other information contained in this Annual Report present fairly, in all material respects, our business, financial condition and results of operations.
(b) Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is also responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act). The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Because of the inherent limitations of internal control systems, our internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate.
The Company does not have sufficient internal controls related to the timely closing of their accounting records, caused by insufficient accounting resources and a lack of formal review procedures. In addition, the Company does not have sufficient internal controls related to the application of technical accounting guidance to complex and/or new transactions. Due to the nature and number of year-end adjustments by our external auditors, we have a deficiency related to our closing process. To assist in internal control over financial reporting additional resources have been hired.
Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. In making this assessment, we used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). Based on our assessment, we concluded that, as of December 31, 2023, our internal control over financial reporting was not effective based on those criteria.
This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by the Company’s registered public accounting firm pursuant to the exemption provided to issuers that are neither “large accelerated filers” nor “accelerated filers” under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act.
(c) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
During the fourth quarter of 2023, we determined that our internal controls were not effective based upon the criteria discussed above.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 9B. Other Information.
During the three months ended December 31, 2023, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “nonRule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
Below is certain information regarding our directors and executive officers.
Name of Director or Executive Officer
Ages
Position Served as an Officer and/or Director Since
Paul M. Galvin
Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive
Officer November 2011
Patricia Kaelin
Chief Financial Officer
May 2023
Christopher Melton (2)(5)(7)
Director
November 2011
David Villarreal
Director May 2021
Shafron E. Hawkins (1)(3)(6)
Director December 2022
Thomas Meharey (4)
Director October 2023
Jill Anderson (1) (3)
Director October 2023
(1) Audit Committee Member.
(2) Audit Committee Chairperson.
(3) Compensation Committee Member.
(4) Compensation Committee Chair.
(5) Nominating. Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance Committee Member
(6) Nominating. Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance Committee Chair
(7) Lead Independent Director.
Paul M. Galvin was appointed as a director and the Company’s Chief Executive Officer upon consummation of the reverse merger among CDSI Holdings Inc., CDSI Merger Sub, Inc., the Company, and certain stockholders of the Company on November 4, 2011 (the “Merger”). Mr. Galvin is a founder of Safe & Green, LLC, the predecessor entity of the Company. He has served as the Chief Executive Officer of the Company since April 2009 and as a director of the Company since January 2007. Mr. Galvin has been a managing member of TAG Partners, LLC (“TAG”), an investment partnership formed for the purpose of investing in the Company, since October 2007. Mr. Galvin brings over 30 years of experience developing and managing real estate, including residential condominiums, luxury sales and market rate and affordable rental projects. Prior to his involvement in real estate, he founded a non-profit organization that focused on public health, housing and child survival, where he served for over a decade in a leadership position. During that period, Mr. Galvin designed, developed and managed emergency food and shelter programs through New York City’s Human Resources Administration and other federal and state entities. From November 2005 to June 2007, Mr. Galvin was Chief Operating Officer of a subsidiary of Yucaipa Investments, where he worked with religious institutions that needed to monetize underperforming assets. While there, he designed and managed systems that produced highest and best use analyses for hundreds of religious assets and used them to acquire and re-develop properties across the U.S. Mr. Galvin holds a Bachelor of Science in Accounting from LeMoyne College and a Master’s Degree in Social Policy from Fordham University. He was formerly an adjunct professor at Fordham University’s Graduate School of Welfare. Mr. Galvin previously served for 10 years on the Sisters of Charity Healthcare System Advisory Board and six years on the board of SentiCare, Inc. In 2011, the Council of Churches of New York recognized Mr. Galvin with an Outstanding Business Leadership Award.
We selected Mr. Galvin to serve on our Board because he brings extensive knowledge of the real estate and finance industries and managements experience. Mr. Galvin’s pertinent experience, qualifications, attributes and skills include his expertise in real estate development and management and finance.
Patricia Kaelin was appointed Chief Financial Officer on May 1, 2023.
Ms. Kaelin is a member of the AICPA with more than 25 years of financial leadership, strategic planning, and public company experience. She has served as Chief Financial Officer for public and privately held companies and has extensive experience in the construction, real estate, manufacturing and healthcare industries. She has expertise in mergers and acquisitions and corporate restructuring, as well as private and public equity and debt financing. Ms. Kaelin served as Chief Financial Officer of 1933 Industries, Inc., a publicly traded company based in Vancouver, British Columbia, with operations in the US and as VP of Finance and IT at Prolong, a publicly traded manufacturing company based in California. Ms. Kaelin also served as Chief Financial Officer at Clifton Larson Allen, one of the largest CPA and consulting firms in the United States and as Chief Financial Officer for multiple private companies including a large construction and real estate development company with over $1B in revenues and operations in several states. She began her career at BDO USA, LLP, spending seven years in public accounting where she earned her CPA certificate. Ms. Kaelin holds a Bachelor’s degree in Business Administration and Accounting from California State University, Fullerton and has served on multiple boards for children’s charities and a telehealth company.
Christopher Melton was appointed as a director of the Company upon consummation of the Merger on November 4, 2011. Mr. Melton is a licensed real estate salesperson in the State of South Carolina and until June 2019 was a principal of Callegro Investments, LLC, a specialist land investor investing in the southeastern U.S., which he founded 2012. Since June 2019 he has served as a specialist Land Advisor with SVN. Mr. Melton also serves on several public and private boards, including Jupiter Wellness, Inc. since August 2019 and has served since February 2018 as chief investment officer and analyst at TNT Capital Advisors, a capital advisory firm based in Florida. He also served as a sales agent as MSK Commercial Services, a commercial real estate company, from February 2018 to June 2019. From 2000 to 2008, Mr. Melton was a Portfolio Manager for Kingdon Capital Management (“Kingdon”) in New York City, where he ran an $800 million book in media, telecom and Japanese investment. Mr. Melton opened Kingdon’s office in Japan, where he set up a Japanese research company. From 1997 to 2000, Mr. Melton served as a Vice President at JPMorgan Investment Management as an equity research analyst, where he helped manage $500 million in REIT funds under management. Mr. Melton was a Senior Real Estate Equity Analyst at RREEF Funds in Chicago from 1995 to 1997. RREEF Funds is the real estate investment management business of Deutsche Bank’s Asset Management division. Mr. Melton earned a Bachelor of Arts in Political Economy of Industrial Societies from the University of California, Berkeley in 1995. Mr. Melton earned Certification from University of California, Los Angeles’s Anderson Director Education Program in 2014.
We selected Mr. Melton to serve on our Board because he brings extensive knowledge of finance and the real estate industry. Mr. Melton’s pertinent experience, qualifications, attributes and skills include financial literacy and expertise, managerial experience and the knowledge and experience he has attained through his real estate investment and development activities.
David Villarreal was appointed as a director of the Company on May 28, 2021. Mr. Villarreal has served as the President and Chief Executive Officer of SG DevCorp since February 3, 2023. Mr. Villarreal was appointed as a director of SG DevCorp effective April 11, 2023. Mr. Villarreal’s career spans over 40 years in various management, business and leadership capacities, beginning in 1977 when he served as Deputy Mayor and Senior Deputy Economic Development Advisor, under Mayor Tom Bradley in the City of Los Angeles. From August 2014 until March 2023, Mr. Villarreal served as the Chief Administrative Officer of Affinity Partnerships, LLC, a Costco national mortgage services platform provider, with annual closed loan production of $8+ billion through a network of ten national mortgage lenders. From March 2011 to August 2014, he served as the President -Corporate Business Development, of Prime Source Mortgage, Inc. From September 2008 to September 2012, he served as a Consultant to the International Brotherhood of Teamsters.
We selected Mr. Villarreal to serve on our Board because he brings extensive knowledge of mortgage and real estate industry. Mr. Villarreal’s pertinent experience, qualifications, attributes and skills include financial literacy and expertise, managerial experience and the knowledge and experience he has attained through his real estate investment activities.
Shafron Hawkins was appointed as a director of the Company in December of 2022. Shafron Hawkins’ career spans the industries of financial services, government and nonprofits. Hawkins started his career working for TD Waterhouse Securities in its active investors division before moving to Credit Suisse First Boston. In June 2002, Hawkins founded Hawkins Capital Group, where he served as Principal while helping raise acquisition capital for small companies. In 2016, Hawkins became a legislative fellow in the U.S. House of Representatives, advising a Way and Means Committee member and helping push forward the Simplifying America’s Tax System (SATS) plan. Soon after, Hawkins served as a U.S. Senate Tax and Trade Counsel where he worked to expand the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act to include the Opportunity Zones provision. Hawkins also served as Majority Staff Director for the Senate Finance Subcommittee on Energy, Natural Resources, and Infrastructure, having previously served as Majority Staff Director for the Senate Finance Subcommittee on Fiscal Responsibility and Economic Growth. Upon leaving Capitol Hill, Hawkins founded the Opportunity Funds Association, an organization that helps advocate for Opportunity Zones and drive investments into underserved areas. In 2022, Hawkins worked with Congress to introduce the bi-partisan, bi-cameral Opportunity Zones Transparency Extension and Improvement Act which achieves the OFA member policy goals of increased investment and greater transparency in Opportunity Zones.
Mr. Hawkins earned his undergraduate degree in economics from The Ohio State University, his MBA from Columbia Business School as a Credit Suisse First Boston Fellow, and his JD from the Moritz College of Law at OSU. He is currently an adjunct professor at the Cleveland State University College of Law.
We selected Mr. Hawkins to serve on our Board because he brings extensive knowledge with respect to the financial services, government and nonprofit industries. Mr. Hawkins’s pertinent experience, qualifications, attributes and skills include financial literacy and expertise, managerial experience and the knowledge and experience he has attained through his financial services, government and nonprofit activities.
Jill Anderson was appointed as a director of the Company in August 2023. Ms. Anderson has over twenty years of in-house and law firm experience counseling life sciences and healthcare companies on a variety of business issues and transactions, including corporate, regulatory, data privacy and security, employment, marketing and sales, real estate and litigation matters. Since August 2020, Ms. Anderson has served as Chief Legal Officer and Privacy Officer of miR Scientific, a precision healthcare company committed to transforming cancer management globally by developing non-invasive tests for the detection and risk classification of cancers. From December 2006 to August 2020, Ms. Anderson was a partner in the Healthcare and Privacy & Cybersecurity departments at the law firm of Moses & Singer LLP in New York City. Before that, Ms. Anderson held legal roles at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Mass General Brigham (formerly Partners Healthcare System). Ms. Anderson also serves on the Board of Directors of Fight Cancer Global, a nonprofit organization dedicated to creating patient-centric solutions which unite all constituents to end the isolation for cancer patients globally. Ms. Anderson successfully completed training at the 2023 Program on Corporate Compliance and Enforcement (PCCE) at NYU School of Law in Board Governance, Board Effectiveness, Risk Management, ESG and DEI. Ms. Anderson earned her J.D. at Widener University School of Law and holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Pre-Medicine from Rutgers University.
We selected Ms. Anderson to serve on our Board because she brings extensive knowledge with respect to the healthcare industry. Ms. Anderson’s pertinent experience, qualifications, attributes and skills include scientific expertise, managerial experience and the knowledge and experience she has attained through her healthcare experience.
Thomas Meharey was appointed as director of the Company in October 2023. Mr. Meharey currently serves as a Vice President and board member for kathy ireland Worldwide, a global lifestyle company (“kiWW”). Mr. Meharey was appointed Vice President of kiWW in 2007 and as a board member of kiWW in 2017. During his time with kiWW, Mr. Meharey launched the MIVI Millennial brand for men and women alongside global lifestyle designer Kathy Ireland. From 2003 to 2007, Mr. Meharey served as the Director of kathy ireland Weddings and Resorts, where he managed a portfolio of properties in excess of $40 million dollars. In 2004, Mr. Meharey founded a general contracting business in Hawaii, where he managed projects ranging from modest homes to multi-million dollar estates. Mr. Meharey served our country as a marine from 1999-2003.
We selected Mr. Meharey to serve on our Board due to his leadership skills and experience, his expertise in scaling businesses and his knowledge of the luxury brand, advertising, real estate and construction industries.
Board Leadership Structure
The Board recognizes that one of its key responsibilities is to evaluate and determine its optimal leadership structure to provide independent oversight of management. Our Board is currently led by a Chairman of the Board who also serves as our Chief Executive Officer. The Board understands that the right Board leadership structure may vary depending on the circumstances, and our independent directors periodically assess these roles and the Board leadership to ensure the leadership structure best serves the interests of the Company and stockholders.
Mr. Galvin currently holds the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer roles. Mr. Melton currently serves as the Lead Independent Director appointed by the majority of the Board. Mr. Villarreal served as our Lead Independent Director until February 2023 when he was appointed President and Chief Executive Officer of SG DevCorp. and was no longer independent.
The responsibilities of the Lead Independent Director include, among others: (i) serving as primary intermediary between non-employee directors and management; (ii) approving the agenda and meeting schedules for the Board; (iii) advising the Chairman of the Board as to the quality, quantity and timeliness of the information submitted by management to directors; (iv) recommending director candidates and selections for the membership and chairman position for each committee of the Board; (v) calling meetings of independent directors; and (vi) serving as liaison for consultation and communication with stockholders.
We believe the current leadership structure, with combined Chairman and Chief Executive Officer roles and a Lead Independent Director, best serves the Company and its stockholders at this time. Mr. Galvin possesses detailed and in-depth knowledge of the Company and the industry and the issues, opportunities and challenges we face, and is best positioned to ensure the most critical business issues are brought for consideration by the Board. In addition, having one leader serving as both the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer provides decisive, consistent and effective leadership, as well as clear accountability to our stockholders and customers. This enhances our ability to communicate our message and strategy clearly and consistently to our stockholders, employees, customers and suppliers, particularly during times of turbulent economic and industry conditions. The Board believes the appointment of a strong Lead Independent Director and the use of regular executive sessions of the non-management directors, along with a majority the Board being comprised of independent directors, allow it to maintain effective oversight of management. We believe that the combination of the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer roles is appropriate in the current circumstances and, based on the relevant facts and circumstances, separation of these offices would not serve our best interests and the best interests of our stockholders at this time.
Director Independence
Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605 requires a majority of a listed company’s board to be comprised of independent directors. In addition, the Nasdaq Listing Rules require that, subject to specified exceptions, each member of a listed company’s audit and compensation committees be independent under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Members of the Audit Committee and Compensation Committee must also satisfy the independence criteria set forth in Rules 10A-3 and 10C-1 under the Exchange Act, respectively. Under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(a)(2), a director will only qualify as an “independent director” if, in the opinion of the Board, that person does not have a relationship that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director. In order to be considered independent for purposes of Exchange Act Rule 10A-3, an Audit Committee member may not, other than in his or her capacity as a member of the Audit Committee, the Board or any other committee of the Board, accept, directly or indirectly, any consulting, advisory or other compensatory fee from the Company or any of its subsidiaries, or otherwise be affiliated with the Company or any of its subsidiaries. In order for Compensation Committee members to be considered independent for purposes of Exchange Act Rule 10C-1, the Board must consider all factors specifically relevant to determining whether a director has a relationship to the Company that is material to that director’s ability to be independent from management in connection with the duties of a Compensation Committee member, including, but not limited to: (1) the source of compensation of the director, including any consulting advisory or other compensatory fee paid by the Company to the director; and (2) whether the director is affiliated with the Company or any of its subsidiaries or affiliates.
The Board has reviewed the materiality of any relationship that each of our directors has with the Company and has determined that each of Messrs. Hawkins, Melton and Meharey and Ms. Anderson, is “independent” in accordance with the Nasdaq Listing Rules. Messrs. Galvin and Villarreal are not considered “independent” due to their executive position. As such independent directors comprise a majority of our Board and the members of our Audit, Compensation, and Nominating, Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance Committees are fully independent.
Board and Committee Responsibilities
Generally
The Board is the ultimate decision-making body of the Company, except with respect to those matters to be decided by the stockholders. It selects the Chief Executive Officer and other members of the senior management team, which is charged with the conduct of the Company’s day-to-day business. The Board acts as an advisor and counselor to senior management and ultimately monitors its performance. The function of the Board to monitor the performance of senior management is facilitated by the presence of non-employee directors who have substantive knowledge of the Company’s business.
Our Board has established a separate standing Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating, Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance Committee. Each of the Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating, Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance Committee operates pursuant to a written charter, a copy of which may be viewed on the Company’s website at https ://www.safeandgreenholdings.com under the “Investors - Corporate Governance” tab.
Audit Committee
The members of our Audit Committee are Mr. Melton, who serves as chairperson, Mr. Hawkins and Ms. Anderson. The Audit Committee Charter requires that the Audit Committee consist of at least three members of the Board, each of whom is required to be independent as defined by Nasdaq and SEC rules. The Board has determined that each member of the Audit Committee is independent, as defined by Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act and Nasdaq Marketplace Rule 5605(a)(2). The Board has also determined that Mr. Melton is an “audit committee financial expert,” as defined in Item 407(d)(5) of Regulation S-K under the Exchange Act.
The Audit Committee is directly responsible for the appointment, compensation, retention and oversight of our independent registered public accounting firm. Functions of the Audit Committee include, but are not limited to, reviewing the results and scope of the audit performed, and the financial recommendations provided by, our independent registered public accounting firm and coordinating the Board’s oversight of our internal financing and accounting processes.
All audit services to be provided to the Company by our independent public accounting firm, are pre-approved by the Audit Committee prior to the initiation of such services (except for items exempt from pre-approval requirements under applicable laws and rules). The Audit Committee approved all services provided by our independent public accounting firm to us during 2022 and 2023.
Compensation Committee
The members of our Compensation Committee are Mr. Meharey, who serves as chairperson, Ms. Anderson and Mr. Hawkins The Compensation Committee Charter requires that the Compensation Committee consist of at least two members of the Board, each of whom is required to be independent as defined by Nasdaq rules. The Board has determined that each member of the Compensation Committee is independent, as defined in Nasdaq Marketplace Rule 5605(a)(2).
Functions of the Compensation Committee, include, but are not limited to: reviewing and approving, or recommending the Board approve, compensation arrangements for our executive officers, including salary and payments under the Company’s equity-based plans; reviewing compensation for non-employee directors and recommending changes to the Board; and administering our stock compensation plans. Our principal executive officer annually reviews the performance of each of the named executive officers and other officers and makes recommendations regarding the compensation of the named executive officers and other officers and managers of the company, while the Compensation Committee reviews the performance of our principal executive officer. The conclusions and recommendations resulting from our principal executive officer’s review are then presented to the Compensation Committee for its consideration and approval. The Compensation Committee can exercise its discretion in modifying any of our principal executive officer’s recommendations. The Compensation Committee may delegate its authority to a subcommittee of its members.
In performing its functions, the Compensation Committee may retain or obtain the advice of such compensation consultants, legal counsel and other advisors. In March 2022, the Compensation Committee engaged Haigh & Company as its independent compensation consultant. With the assistance of Haigh & Company, the Compensation Committee developed and implemented an organizational framework covering salary, annual bonus and equity ownership, with the goal of attracting and retaining talented individuals who are critical to the Company’s long-term success and aligning pay with performance. The Compensation Committee assessed the independence of Haigh & Company pursuant to SEC rules and in accordance with Nasdaq listing standards, noting that Haigh & Company (i) did not have any relationships with the Company, our executive officers or our Committee members that would impair its independence, and (ii) does not provide any services to the Company other than advice to the Compensation Committee regarding executive officer and director compensation, and concluded that Haigh & Company is free from conflicts of interest and is independent.
Nominating, Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance Committee
The Nominating, Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance Committee is currently comprised of Mr. Hawkins, who serves as chairperson, and Mr. Melton. The Nominating, Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance Committee Charter requires that the Nominating, Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance Committee consist of at least two members of the Board, each of whom is required to be independent as defined by Nasdaq rules. The Board has determined that each member of the Nominating, Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance Committee is independent, as defined in Nasdaq Marketplace Rule 5605(a)(2). Specific responsibilities of the Nominating, Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance Committee include: (i) considering and recommending to the Board, candidates for election to the Board; (ii) considering recommendations and proposals submitted by stockholders in respect of Board nominees, establishing policies in respect of such recommendations and proposals (including stockholder communications with the board of directors), and recommending any action to the Board in respect of such stockholder recommendations and proposals; (iii) identifying, evaluating and recommending to the board of directors, candidates to serve on committees of the Board; (iv) assessing the performance of the Board; (v) reviewing the Company’s sustainability and societal impact and (vi) reviewing risk governance structure, risk assessment and risk management practices and guidelines, policies and processes for risk assessment and risk management, including cyber security measures.
Role of the Board in Risk Oversight
Our executive officers are responsible for the day-to-day management of risks the Company faces, while our Board has an advisory role in the Company’s risk management process, as a whole and at the committee level, and, in particular, the Board is responsible for monitoring and assessing strategic and operational risk exposures, including cybersecurity risk. The Board and committees rely on the representations of management, the external audit of our financial and operating results, our systems of internal control and our historic practices when assessing the Company’s risks. The Audit Committee oversees management of financial risk exposures and the steps management has taken to monitor and control these exposures, and additionally provides oversight of internal controls. The Compensation Committee, in conjunction with the Audit Committee, assesses and monitors whether any of the Company’s compensation policies and programs have the potential to encourage excessive risk-taking. While each committee is responsible for evaluating certain risks and overseeing the management of such risks, the entire Board is regularly informed about such risks by committee reports, as well as advice and counsel from expert advisors.
Family Relationships
There are no family relationships between the directors of the Board or any of the executive officers of the Company.
Conduct of Board Meetings
The Chairman sets the agenda for Board meetings with the understanding that the Board is responsible for providing suggestions for agenda items that are aligned with the advisory and monitoring functions of the Board. Agenda items that fall within the scope of responsibilities of a committee of the Board are reviewed with the chair of that committee. Any member of the Board may request that an item be included on the agenda. Board materials related to agenda items are provided to Board members sufficiently in advance of Board meetings to allow the directors to prepare for discussion of the items at the meeting. At the invitation of the Board, members of senior management recommended by the Chairman attend Board meetings or portions thereof for the purpose of participating in discussions.
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
Our Board has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to all of our employees, officers and directors, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is posted on our website at https://www.safeandgreenholdings.com under the “Investors - Corporate Governance” tab, and is available free of charge, upon request to our Corporate Secretary at Safe & Green Holdings Corp., 990 Biscayne Blvd., #501, Office 12, Miami, FL 33132; telephone number: (646) 240-4235. Any substantive amendment of the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, and any waiver of the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for executive officers or directors, will be made only after approval by the Board or a committee of the Board and will be disclosed on our website.
Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports.
Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder require our executive officers, directors and persons who beneficially own more than 10% of our common stock to file forms with the SEC to report their ownership of the Company’s shares and any changes in ownership. We have reviewed all forms filed electronically with the SEC during, and with respect to, fiscal 2023. Based on that review and written information given to us by all of our directors and executive officers, we believe that all of our directors, executive officers and holders of more than 10% of our stock filed on a timely basis all reports that they were required to file under Section 16(a) during fiscal 2023, except the following.
• John Shaw-Form 3 filed March 28, 2023 for 11 transactions
• John Shaw-Form 4 filed 4-27-23 for 2 transactions
•
John Shaw -Form 4 filed 8-31-23 for 5 transactions
•
Pual Galvin-Form 4 filed 5-10-23 for 30 transactions
• Pual Galvin -Form 4 filed 5-10-23 for 19 transactions
• William Rogers-Form 4 filed 5-10-23 for 25 transactions

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Item 11. Executive Compensation.
We are a “smaller reporting company” and the following compensation disclosure is intended to comply with the requirements applicable to smaller reporting companies. Although the rules allow us to provide less detail about its executive compensation program, the Compensation Committee is committed to providing the information necessary to help stockholders understand its executive compensation-related decisions. Accordingly, this section includes supplemental narratives that describe the 2023 executive compensation program for our named executive officers.
Our executive officers named in the Summary Compensation Table below are referred to herein as the “named executive officers.” These named executive officers are:
●
Paul M. Galvin, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
●
Patricia Kaelin, Chief Financial Officer
●
William Rogers, Former Chief Operating Officer
Summary Compensation Table
The following table sets forth all compensation awarded to, paid to or earned by the following named executive officers for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:
Name and Principal Position
Year
Salary
($)
Bonus
($)
Stock
Awards
($)(1)
All Other
Compensation
($)(2)
Total
($)
Paul M. Galvin,
$ 572,917 (3)
$ 35,100 (4)
$ 127,260
$ 11,250
$ 746,527
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
$ 450,000
$ 150,000
$ 402,500
$ 36,705
$ 1,039,205
Patricia Kaelin,
$ 200,000 (4)
$ -(4)
$ 50,172
$ 1,000
$ 251,172
Chief Financial Officer (5)
$ -
$ -
$ -
$ -
$ -
William Rogers
$ 300,000
$ -
$ -
$ 80,500
$ 380,500
Former Chief Operating Officer (6)
$ 300,000
$
75,000
$ -
$ 26,210
$ 401,210
(1)
This column indicates the aggregate grant date fair value, as determined in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation (“FASB ASC Topic 718”).
(2) For 2023, all other compensation consisted of: Mr. Galvin - $1,650 is cell phone and $9,600 auto allowance; Ms. Kaelin - $1,000 cell phone; and Mr. Rogers - $1,500 cell phone, $4,000 401K match and $75,000 was accrued pursuant to the Release Agreement. See “ -Employment Agreements.”
(3) During 2023, Mr. Galvin earned salary compensation of $572,917, for his duties as Chairman and Chief Executive. Mr. Galvin voluntarily deferred $62,500 of his salary compensation during 2023.
(4) The Compensation Committee has recommended and the Board has approved 2023 bonuses of $350,000 for Mr. Galvin and $100,000 for Ms. Kaelin to be paid in cash, equity or a combination of cash and equity. Such amounts have not been included in the above table.
(5) Ms. Kaelin was appointed Chief Financial Officer of the Company on May 1, 2023.
(6) Mr. Rogers’ employment with us terminated on December 31, 2023.
Narrative Disclosure to Summary Compensation Table
Following is a brief summary of each core element of the compensation program for our named executive officers.
Base Salary
We provide competitive base salaries that are intended to attract and retain key executive talent. Base salary levels depend on the executive’s position, responsibilities, experience, market factors, recruitment and retention factors, internal equity factors and our overall compensation philosophy.
Effective January 1, 2017, we entered into an employment agreement with Mr. Galvin. Mr. Galvin’s employment agreement originally provided for base compensation in the amount of $240,000 per year. On July 24, 2018, the Compensation Committee increased Mr. Galvin’s annual base salary to $370,000, retroactive to January 1, 2018. Such increase was based on a competitive market assessment provided by Haigh & Company, the Compensation Committee’s independent compensation consultant. On December 1, 2019, the annual base salary for Mr. Galvin was decreased from $370,000 to $180,000. On April 24, 2020, the annual base salary for Mr. Galvin was increased from $180,000 to $400,000. On July 5, 2022, the annual base salary for Mr. Galvin was increased to $500,000. On September 19, 2023, Mr. Galvin’s employment agreement was amended to increase Mr. Galvin’s annual base salary to $750,000.
On May 1, 2023, we engaged Patricia Kaelin to serve as our Chief Financial Officer with an annual base salary of $250,000, which was increased to $300,000 on July 26, 2023. The Compensation Committee has recommended that the Board approve an increase to Ms. Kaelin’s salary to $350,000 in 2024.
On December 7, 2020, the Company appointed William Rogers to serve as the Company’s Chief Operating Officer with an annual base salary of $300,000 per year. Mr. Rogers’ employment with us terminated on December 31, 2023. See “-Employment Agreements.”
Bonus Payments
Bonuses were accrued in 2022 for Mr. Galvin for $50,000 and Mr. Rogers for $60,000. Mr. Galvin was paid $50,000 of his 2022 bonus during 2022. On September 26, 2023 the Compensation Committee approved a cash bonus of $35,100 be paid to Mr. Galvin for his service to the Company in connection with the Separation and Distribution. In addition, the Compensation Committee has recommended that the Board approve 2023 bonuses of $350,000 for Mr. Galvin and $100,000 for Ms. Kaelin to be paid in cash, equity or a combination of cash and equity; this was approved by the full Board on February 27, 2024.
Equity Awards
During 2022 and 2023, we granted restricted stock unit awards to our key employees, including our named executive officers, as the long-term incentive component of our compensation program.
On November 3, 2022, the Compensation Committee granted Mr. Galvin an award of 250,000 restricted stock units (RSUs) (12,500 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) under our stock incentive plan, vesting quarterly over two years. On April 4, 2023, Mr. Galvin was granted an award of 126,000 RSUs (6,300 as adjusted for the May Stock Split). We anticipate that the Company will, in 2024, issue to Mr. Galvin RSUs representing a contingent right to receive such number of shares of Common Stock as will result in him owning a total of 9.9% of our outstanding shares of our Common Stock.
On May 10, 2023, Ms. Kaelin was granted an award of 60,000 RSUs (3,000 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) which vested upon issuance. The Compensation Committee has recommended that the Board approve an award of 300,000 RSUs (15,000 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) to Ms. Kaelin in 2024. This was approved by the full Board on February 27, 2024.
On May 4, 2023, the Board took action to vest in full 1,627,773 RSUs (81,389 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) granted under the Company’s stock incentive plan, which included 476,049 RSUs (23,802 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) granted to Mr. Galvin and 86,960 RSUs (4,348 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) granted to Mr. Rogers. The Company expects to submit payment for each of Mr. Galvin and Mr. Rogers for a portion of the taxes paid by them in respect of the accelerated vesting.
Employment Agreements
The following discussion relates to compensation arrangements on behalf of, and compensation paid by the Company to, Messrs. Galvin, and Armstrong pursuant to the terms of their employment/consulting agreements with the Company.
Paul M. Galvin
We employ Mr. Galvin, our Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board, pursuant to an employment agreement, effective January 1, 2017. The employment agreement provided for an initial term of two years, with automatic renewals unless earlier terminated pursuant to the provisions of the employment agreement. The employment agreement originally provided for base compensation in the amount of $240,000 per year, which was increased to $370,000 in early 2019, but subsequently reduced to $180,000 in December 2019. The employment agreement also provides for incentive compensation at the discretion of our Board. The agreement provides for the payment of severance compensation in an amount equal to one year of his base annual salary, if his employment is terminated by the Company other than for “Cause,” as defined therein. In April 2020, we entered into an amendment to Mr. Galvin’s employment agreement employment to December 31, 2021 and increased the annual base salary to $400,000, provide for a performance bonus structure for a bonus of up to 50% of base salary upon the Company’s achievement of $2,000,000 EBITDA and additional performance bonus payments for the achievement of EBITDA in excess of $2,000,000 based on a percentage of the incremental increase in EBITDA (ranging from 10% of the incremental increase in EBITDA if the Company achieves over $2,000,000 and up to $7,000,000 in EBITDA, 8% of the incremental increase in EBITDA if the Company achieves over $7,000,000 and up to $12,000,000 in EBITDA and 3% of the incremental increase in EBITDA over $12,000,000), provide for a profits-based additional bonus of up to $250,000 in certain limited circumstances, and provide for one (1) year severance, plus a pro-rated amount of any unpaid bonus earned by him during the year as verified by the Company’s principal financial officer, if Mr. Galvin is terminated without cause. At the Company’s option, up to fifty (50%) percent of the EBITDA performance bonuses may be paid in restricted stock units if then available for grant under the Company’s Stock Incentive Plan. In July 2022, we entered into an amendment to Mr. Galvin’s employment agreement to increase his annual base salary to $500,000 and in September 2023 we entered into an amendment to Mr. Galvin’s employment agreement to increase his annual base salary to $750,000. All other terms of the employment agreement remain in full force and effect.
Patricia Kaelin.
On May 1, 2023, we entered into an employment agreement with Patricia Kaelin, our Chief Financial Officer, (the “Kaelin Employment Agreement”) to employ Ms. Kaelin in such capacity for an initial term of two (2) years, which Kaelin Employment Agreement provides for an annual base salary of $250,000, which was increased to $300,000 on July 26, 2023, a discretionary bonus of up to 20% of her base salary upon achievement of objectives as may be determined by the Board of Directors and severance in the event of a termination without cause on or after September 30, 2023 in amount equal to one year’s annual base salary and benefits. The Kaelin Employment Agreement also provides for the grant to Ms. Kaelin of a restricted stock grant under the stock incentive plan, as amended and as available for grant, of 60,000 shares of Common Stock (3,000 as adjusted for the May Stock Split), vesting quarterly on a pro-rata basis over the next eighteen (18) months of continuous service. On May 10, 2023, Ms. Kaelin was granted an award of 60,000 RSUs (3,000 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) which were fully vested upon issuance.
William Rogers
On September 27, 2021, we entered into an executive employment agreement with William Rogers (the “Rogers Employment Agreement”) to employ Mr. Rogers as the Company’s Chief Operating Officer for an initial term of two (2) years, which provided for an annual base salary of $300,000, a discretionary bonus of up to 25% of his base salary upon achievement of objectives as may be determined by the Company’s board of directors, term life insurance coverage equal to two (2) times annual base salary, three weeks’ vacation and severance in the event of a termination without cause in amount equal to one year’s annual base salary and benefits.
Pursuant to the terms of the Rogers Employment Agreement, October 1, 2021, Mr. Rogers was issued a restricted stock grant under our stock incentive plan of 37,500 shares of the Company’s Common Stock (1,875 as adjusted for the May Stock Split), vesting upon issuance, and a restricted stock grant under the stock incentive plan of 200,000 shares of our Common Stock (10,000 as adjusted for the May Stock Split), vesting monthly over two years.
Mr. Rogers is subject to a one-year post-termination non-compete and non-solicit of employees and clients. He is also bound by confidentiality provisions.
Mr. Rogers employment with us terminated on December 31, 2023. On October 20, 2023, we entered into a mutual settlement and release agreement with Mr. Rogers (the “Release Agreement”) pursuant to which (i) we agreed to pay Mr. Rogers a settlement payment equal to $75,000 for his lost vacation, life insurance and related costs through December 31, 2023; (ii) we and Mr. Rogers agreed to extend the Rogers Employment Agreement through December 31, 2023, at which point the Rogers Employment Agreement ended as a mutual termination; (iii) we and Mr. Rogers agreed that Mr. Rogers’ title under the Rogers Employment Agreement changed from COO to Project Development Advisor, as of October 20, 2023, and he reported to David Villarreal for the remaining term of the Rogers Employment Agreement and all other terms of the Rogers Employment Agreement remained unchanged, including Mr. Roger’s right to receive RSUs and right to accrue additional vacation days; (iv) Safe and Green Development Corporation and Mr. Rogers entered into a consulting agreement that commenced on January 1, 2024, which consulting agreement was entered into on October 20, 2023, and was effective January 1, 2024.
Retirement, Health, Welfare, and Additional Benefits
Our executive officers are eligible to participate in our employee benefit plans and programs, including medical benefits, flexible spending accounts, short and long-term disability and life insurance, to the same extent as our other full-time employees, subject to the terms and eligibility requirements of those plans. Our executive officers are also eligible to participate in a tax-qualified 401(k) defined contribution plan to the same extent as our other full-time employees. Currently, we do match contributions made by participants in the 401(k) plan or make other contributions to participant accounts.
Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End
The following table sets forth information regarding the outstanding option awards held by the named executive officers as of December 31, 2023:
Options Awards
Name
Grant Date
Number of
Securities
Underlying
Unexercised
Options (#)
Exercisable
Number of
Securities
Underlying
Unexercised
Options (#)
Unexercisable
Option
Exercise
Price
($)
Option
Expiration
Date
Paul M. Galvin
3/30/2018
4,108 (5)
-
$ 92.20
3/30/2028
3/10/2017
5,298 (1)
-
$ 100.00
3/10/2027
3/10/2017
3,973 (1)
-
$ 120.00
3/10/2027
1/30/2017
4,841 (2)
-
$ 60.00
1/30/2027
11/01/2016
4,914 (3)
-
$ 60.00
11/01/2026
11/01/2016
(4)
-
$ 60.00
11/01/2026
Patricia Kaelin
-
-
-
-
William Rogers
-
-
-
-
(1)
In connection with a public offering by the Company, completed in June 2017, Mr. Galvin was granted performance-based option awards, to vest upon the completion of certain conditions. A portion of the shares were granted at an exercise price to equal the price per share at which the public purchased shares in the offering ($100.00 per share), while the remainder were granted at an exercise price equal to 120% of such price per share ($120.00 per share). In September 2017, the Compensation Committee determined that Mr. Galvin met his performance conditions and the option awards vested in full.
(2)
Of these options, 990 vested on the grant date, while the remaining 3,851 vested in equal quarterly installments on the last day of each fiscal quarter following the date of grant over a two-year period. All options vested in full as of December 31, 2018.
(3)
Of these options, 2,184 vested on the grant date, while the remainder vested in three equal installments of 910 on the three anniversaries following the grant date. Such options vested in full as of November 1, 2019.
(4) These options vested in equal quarterly installments on the last day of each fiscal quarter following the date of grant and vested in full as of September 30, 2017.
(5) These options vested in equal quarterly installments over a two-year period, beginning March 31, 2018, and vested in full as of December 31, 2019.
DIRECTOR COMPENSATION
Compensation Program
Our director compensation program is designed to attract and retain highly qualified directors and align their interests with those of our stockholders. We compensate directors who are not employed by the Company with a combination of cash and equity awards. Mr. Galvin did not receive any compensation for serving on our Board in 2023.
The Compensation Committee reviews the director compensation program and recommends proposed changes for approval by the Board. As part of this review, the Compensation Committee considers the significant amount of time expended, and the skill level required, by each director not employed by the Company in fulfilling his or her duties on the Board, each director’s role and involvement on the Board and its committees and the market compensation practices and levels of our peer companies.
During its annual review of the director compensation program in 2022, the Compensation Committee considered an analysis prepared by its independent consultant, Haigh & Company, which summarized director compensation trends for independent directors and pay levels at the same peer companies used to evaluate the compensation of our named executive officers. Following this review, and after considering the advice of Haigh & Company about market practices and pay levels, the Compensation Committee recommended, and the Board approved, the new compensation program for non-employee directors described below, which remained in effect during 2023.
Cash Fees
The following table sets forth the cash fee schedule for compensating non-employee directors from January 2023 through December 2023:
1/23 - 12/23
Annual Board Retainer
$ 80,000
Lead Independent Director
$ 12,500
Audit Committee Chair
$ 12,500
Compensation Committee Chair
$ 12,500
Nominating, Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance Committee Chair
$ 7,500
The above cash fees were to be paid quarterly in four equal installments, to each person serving as a non-employee director at the time when such payment is made. Non-employee directors may choose to receive the annual Board retainer as equity in the form of restricted stock units or stock options. Directors receive no additional per-meeting fee for Board or committee meeting attendance. All director fees owed for 2023 will be paid in the first quarter of 2024 in restricted stock units or stock options, at each director’s election.
Equity Awards
In addition, our director compensation program for 2023 provided that each director was to receive, pursuant to our stock incentive plan, an equity grant of restricted stock units with a grant date value of approximately $80,000 that would vest quarterly over two years, subject to such director’s continued service as a director. During 2023, each of Messrs. Blumenfeld, Melton, and Hawkins and Ms. Cormier-May received a grant of 37,500 RSUs (1,875 as adjusted for the May Stock Split), with a grant date value of approximately $37,875, vesting quarterly over two years. Mr. Villareal, who also serves as the Chief Executive Officer of Safe and Green Development Corporation, received a grant of 118,166 RSUs (5,908 as adjusted for the May Stock Split), with a grant date value of $119,348, vesting quarterly over two years. See “- Other Agreements” for a description of Ms. Villaverde’s 2023 equity grant. All director equity awards owed for 2023 will be paid in the first quarter of 2024 in restricted stock units or stock options, at each director’s election.
On May 4, 2023, the Board took action to vest in full 1,627,773 RSUs (81,389 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) granted under the Company’s stock incentive plan, 140,105 RSUs (7,005 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) granted to Mr. Villarreal, 59,439 RSUs (2,972 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) granted to Mr. Melton, 37,500 RSUs (1,875 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) granted to Ms. May-Cormier, 37,500 RSUs (1,875 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) granted to Mr. Hawkins, and 68,814 RSUs (3,441 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) granted to Mr. Blumenfeld. The Company expects to reimburse each of such directors for a portion of the taxes paid by them in respect of the accelerated vesting.
Other Agreements
On February 3, 2023, Safe and Green Development Corporation entered into an executive employment agreement with David Villarreal to employ Mr. Villarreal as its President and Chief Executive Officer for an initial term of two (2) years, which provides for an annual base salary of $300,000, a discretionary bonus of up to 25% of his base salary upon achievement of objectives as may be determined by the SG DevCorp board of directors and severance in the event of a termination without cause in amount equal to one year’s annual base salary and benefits. Pursuant to the terms of the employment agreement, subject to SG DevCorp’s board of directors approval, SG DevCorp agreed to issue to Mr. Villarreal a restricted stock grant of under SG DevCorp’s 2023 Incentive Compensation Plan for six hundred fifty thousand (650,000) shares of SG DevCorp’s common stock, vesting fifty percent (50%) upon issuance, with the balance vesting quarterly on a pro-rata basis over the next eighteen (18) months of continuous service. Mr. Villarreal is subject to a one-year post-termination non-compete and non-solicit of employees and clients. He is also bound by confidentiality provisions.
On December 20, 2023, Vanessa Villaverde notified the Company of her decision to resign, effective December 31, 2023, from her position as a member of the Board and the Nominating, Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance Committee. The Company entered into a Mutual Separation and Release Agreement (the “Separation Agreement”) with Ms. Villaverde. The Separation Agreement provides that the Company shall, on or before December 31, 2023, pay to Ms. Villaverde all outstanding board fees. The Agreement also contains a non-disparagement obligation on both parties and a release of claims. Pursuant to the Separation Agreement, the Company paid Ms. Villaverde outstanding board fess of $20,000 and granted her 42,553 RSUs with a grant date value of approximately $20,034, which were fully vested upon issuance.
Additional Compensation
In connection with special committees that the Board may form from time to time in connection with various transactions or undertakings, the Board may award additional compensation to the directors, in its discretion, for membership on such special committees. The Board may, from time to time, grant additional merit-based cash or equity compensation to non-employee directors for extraordinary service. All directors are reimbursed for expenses incurred in connection with each Board and committee meeting attended.
DIRECTOR COMPENSATION TABLE
The following table sets forth information regarding all forms of compensation that were both earned by and paid to our non-employee directors during the year ended December 31, 2023. The compensation arrangements for Mr. Galvin is disclosed in the Summary Compensation Table set forth in the “Executive Compensation” section of this Annual Report. Mr. Galvin did not receive compensation for his services as a director during the year ended December 31, 2023.
Name
Fees Earned or
Paid in Cash
($)
Stock
Awards(1)
All Other
Compensation
($)
Total(2)
Yaniv Blumenfeld (3)
$ 40,000
$ 37,875
$ -
$ 77,875
Thomas Meharey (4)
$ -
$ -
$ -
$ -
Christopher Melton
$ 45,000
$ 37,875
$ -
$ 82,875
Vanessa Villaverde (5)
$ 20,000
$ 20,034
$ -
$ 40,034
Jill Anderson (6)
-
-
-
-
Elizabeth Cormier-May(7)
41,250
37,875
-
79,125
David Villarreal (8)
$ 42,500
$ 119,348
$ -
$ 161,848
Shafron Hawkins
$ 41,250
$ 37,875
$ -
$ 79,125
(1) This column indicates the aggregate grant date fair value, as determined in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation (“FASB ASC Topic 718”), of the RSUs granted on April 4, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, none of the directors held any options or unvested restricted stock units.
(2) Amounts to be paid in equity in 2024 related to 2023 compensation as described in “ - Compensation Program” are not included in this table. As such, Mr. Melton received 192,351 options, Mr. Meharey received 75,433 RSUs, Ms. Hawkins received 186,694 options, Ms. Anderson received 42,259 options and 93,347 RSUs, and Mr. Villarreal received 181,036 RSUs.
(3) Mr. Blumenfeld resigned as a Board member effective as of April 28, 2023.
(4) Mr. Meharey joined the Board in October 2023.
(5) Ms. Villaverde joined the Board in August 2023 and resigned as a Board member effective as of December 31, 2023.
(6) Ms. Anderson joined the Board in August 2023.
(7) Ms. Cormier-May resigned as a Board member on September 22, 2023.
(8) This table does not include amounts paid to Mr. Villarreal in 2023 by SG DevCorp for his services as Chief Executive Officer of SG DevCorp.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
Unless otherwise indicated the mailing address of each of the stockholders below is c/o Safe & Green Holdings Corp., 990 Biscayne Blvd., #501, Office 12, Miami, FL 33132. Except as otherwise indicated, and subject to applicable community property laws, except to the extent authority is shared by both spouses under applicable law, the Company believes the persons named in the table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares of common stock held by them.
The following table sets forth certain information, as of April 12, 2024, with respect to the beneficial ownership of our common stock by each of the following:
· each person who is known by us to be the beneficial owner of more than 5% of our outstanding stock;
· each of our directors;
· each of our named executive officers; and
· all of our directors and executive officers as a group.
As of April 12, 2024, we had 21,917,896 shares of common stock (1,095,895 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) outstanding.
We have determined beneficial ownership in accordance with the rules of the SEC. These rules generally attribute beneficial ownership of securities to persons who possess sole or shared voting power or investment power with respect to those securities. Unless otherwise indicated, the persons or entities identified in this table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares shown as beneficially owned by them, subject to applicable community property laws.
SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT
The following table shows the ownership of our Common Stock beneficially owned by our current directors, named executive officers, our directors and current executive officers as a group and our 5% stockholders as of April 12, 2024 and as adjusted to reflect the sale of the securities offered by us in this offering (assuming no issuance of Pre-Funded Warrants and no exercise of Common Warrants or Placement Agent Warrants), by (i) each current director, (ii) each named executive officer, (iii) each person who we know to be the beneficial owner of more than 5% of our Common Stock, and (iv) all current directors and executive officers as a group. The persons named in the table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares of our Common Stock shown as beneficially owned by them. Percentage ownership is based on 21,917,896 shares of our Common Stock (1,095,895 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) outstanding as of April 12, 2024.
Name of Beneficial Owner
Shares of
Common
Stock
Beneficially
Owned
Percentage
of
Common
Stock
Beneficially
Owned
Paul M. Galvin, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
88,185(2)
8.05
%
Patricia Kaelin, Chief Financial Officer
11,750
1.07
%
William Rogers, Former Chief Operating Officer
9,088
*
Jill Anderson, Director
6,930
-
Shafron Hawkins, Director
11,210
1.02
%
Thomas Meharey, Director
3,772
-
Christopher Melton, Director
14,052(3)
1.28
%
David Villarreal, Director
16,552
1.51
%
All current executive officers and directors as a group (7 persons)
152,450
13.91
%
5% Stockholders other than executive officers and directors
John William Shaw
198,505
18.11
%
* Less than 1% ownership interest.
(1) The securities “beneficially owned” by a person are determined in accordance with the definition of “beneficial ownership” set forth in the regulations of the SEC and, accordingly, may include securities owned by or for, among others, the spouse, children or certain other relatives of such person as well as other securities as to which the person has or shares voting or investment power. The same shares may be beneficially owned by more than one person. Shares of Common Stock currently issuable or issuable within 60 days of April 12, 2024 upon the exercise of options or vesting of restricted stock units are deemed to be outstanding in computing the beneficial ownership and percentage of beneficial ownership of the person holding such securities, but they are not deemed to be outstanding in computing the percentage of beneficial ownership of any other person. Beneficial ownership does not include stock options and restricted stock units which have not vested as of, and will not vest within 60 days of, January 30, 2024. Beneficial ownership may be disclaimed as to certain of the securities.
(2) Includes 856,443 shares of Common Stock (42,822 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) held directly by Mr. Galvin and 507 shares (25 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) held by TAG Partners, LLC (“TAG”), an investment partnership formed for the purpose of investing in the Company. Mr. Galvin is a managing member of, and has a controlling interest in, TAG and may be deemed to beneficially own the share of Common Stock held by TAG, over which he has shared voting and dispositive power. Mr. Galvin disclaims beneficial ownership of the shares of Common Stock held by TAG except to the extent of his pecuniary interest therein. Also includes 23,800 (1,190 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) options to purchase our Common Stock presently exercisable.
(3) Includes 200 shares of Common Stock (10 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) held in Mr. Melton’s retirement account, which Mr. Melton indirectly owns, and 88,482 shares of Common Stock (4,424 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) held directly by Mr. Melton.
(4) The address of Mr. Shaw is 1005 E. Las Tunas Drive, #116, San Gabriel, California 91776.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
Related Party Transactions
The following is a summary of transactions since January 1, 2022 to which we have been a party in which the amount involved exceeded $120,000 and in which any of our executive officers, directors or beneficial holders of more than five percent of our capital stock had or will have a direct or indirect material interest, other than compensation arrangements and equity awards granted to our executive officers and directors during 2022 and 2023 that are described under the sections of this proxy statement entitled “Executive Compensation” and “Director Compensation”.
On January 21, 2020, CPF GP 2019-1 LLC (“CPF GP”) issued to the Company a promissory note in the principal amount of $400,000 (the “Company Note”) and issued to Paul Galvin, the Company’s Chairman and CEO, a promissory note in the principal amount of $100,000 (the “Galvin Note”). The transaction closed on January 22, 2019, on which date the Company loaned CPF GP 2019-1 LLC $400,000 and Mr. Galvin personally loaned CPF GP $100,000 on behalf of the Company.
The Company Note and Galvin Note were issued pursuant to the Loan Agreement and Promissory Note, dated October 3, 2019, as amended on October 15, 2019 and November 7, 2019 by and between the CPF GP and the Company, and bear interest at five percent (5%) per annum, payable, together with the unpaid principal amount of the promissory notes, on the earlier of the July 31, 2023 maturity date or upon the liquidation, redemption sale or issuance of a dividend upon the LLC interests in CPF MF 2019-1 LLC, a Texas limited liability company of which CPF GP is the general partner. The terms of the Galvin Note, however, provide that all interest payments due to Mr. Galvin under the Galvin Note shall be paid directly to, and for the benefit of, the Company. In connection with the issuance of the Company Note and the Galvin Note, CPF GP, the Company and Mr. Galvin entered into a Security Agreement, dated January 21, 2020, pursuant to which CPF GP granted a security interest in its LLC interests in CPF MF 2019-1 LLC to the Company and Mr. Galvin to secure its obligations thereunder. Subsequent to the year ended December 31, 2021, the Galvin Note was assigned to the Company and the principal amount of $100,000 was returned to Mr. Galvin. The Company has a promissory note in the principal amount of $100,000 and the assignment of the promissory note occurred in January 2022.
On December 14, 2023, Mr. Galvin, loaned $75,000 to the Company. The loan was evidenced by a promissory note. The loan will be interest free (subject, however to any interest which may be imputed under applicable income tax laws) and is due and payable by December 14, 2024.
Loan Transactions with SG DevCorp
During 2021, SG DevCorp received $4,200,000 from due to affiliates. This amount was advanced to SG DevCorp by us, was evidenced by a promissory note, non-interest bearing and was due on demand. Included in this amount, were payroll and general and administrative expenses which were paid by us and allocated to SG DevCorp.
On August 9, 2023, we and SG DevCorp entered into a Note Cancellation Agreement, effective as of July 1, 2023, pursuant to which we cancelled and forgave the remaining $4,000,000 balance then due on that certain promissory note, dated December 19, 2021, made by SG DevCorp in favor of us in the original principal amount of $4,200,000.
In addition, as of September 30, 2023, $1,717,694 is due from us for advances made by the SG DevCorp.
The Spin-Off of SG DevCorp
In connection with the Separation and Distribution, we entered into a separation and distribution agreement and several other agreements with SG DevCorp to effect the Separation and provide a framework for our relationship with SG DevCorp after the Separation. These agreements provide for the allocation between us, on the one hand, and SG DevCorp, on the other hand, of the assets, liabilities and obligations associated with the spin-off business, on the one hand, and our other current businesses, on the other hand, and will govern the relationship between our company, on the one hand, and SG DevCorp, on the other hand, subsequent to the Separation and Distribution (including with respect to transition services, employee matters and tax matters).
Separation and Distribution Agreement
The separation and distribution agreement governs the overall terms of the Separation and Distribution and specified those conditions that must be satisfied or waived by us prior to the completion of the Separation. We and SG DevCorp each agreed to indemnify the other and each of the other’s current and former directors, officers, and employees, and each of the heirs, executors, administrators, successors, and assigns of any of them, against certain liabilities incurred in connection with the Separation and Distribution and our and SG DevCorp’s respective businesses. The amount of either SG DevCorp’s or our indemnification obligations will be reduced by any net insurance proceeds the party being indemnified receives. The separation and distribution agreement also establishes procedures for handling claims subject to indemnification and related matters.
Tax Matters Agreement
In connection with the Separation, we and SG DevCorp entered into a tax matters agreement that contains certain tax matters arrangements and governs the parties’ respective rights, responsibilities, and obligations with respect to taxes, including taxes arising in the ordinary course of business and taxes incurred as a result of the Separation and the Distribution. The tax matters arrangement also sets forth the respective obligations of the parties with respect to the filing of tax returns, the administration of tax contests, and assistance and cooperation on tax matters.
The tax matters agreement governs the rights and obligations that we and SG DevCorp have after the Separation with respect to taxes for both pre- and post-closing periods. Under the tax matters arrangement, SG DevCorp will be responsible for (i) any of SG DevCorp’s taxes for all periods prior to and after the Distribution and (ii) any taxes of the Safe & Green group for periods prior to the Distribution to the extent attributable to the real estate development business. We generally will be responsible for any of the taxes of the Safe & Green group other than taxes for which SG DevCorp is responsible. In addition, we will be responsible for our taxes arising as a result of the Separation and Distribution. Notwithstanding the foregoing, sales, use, transfer, real property transfer, intangible, recordation, registration, documentary, stamp or similar taxes imposed on the Distribution shall be borne fifty percent (50%) by us and fifty percent (50%) by SG DevCorp. We shall be entitled to any refund (and any interest thereon received from the applicable tax authority) of taxes for which we are responsible for under the tax matters agreement and SG DevCorp shall be entitled to any refund (and any interest thereon received from the applicable tax authority) of taxes for which SG DevCorp is responsible for under the tax matters agreement.
Each of Safe & Green and SG DevCorp will indemnify each other against any taxes allocated to such party under the tax matters agreement and related out-of-pocket costs and expenses.
Shared Services Agreement
In connection with the Separation, we entered into a shared services agreement with SG DevCorp which sets forth the terms on which we provide to SG DevCorp certain services or functions that the companies historically have shared. Shared services will include various administrative, accounting, communications/investor relations, human resources, operations/construction services, and strategic management and other support services.
In consideration for such services, SG DevCorp pays fees to us for the services provided, and those fees are generally in amounts intended to allow us to recover all of its direct and indirect costs incurred in providing those services. We charge SG DevCorp a fee for services performed by (i) our employees which is a percentage of each employee’s base salary based upon an allocation of their business time spent providing such services and (ii) third parties, the fees charged by such third parties. SG DevCorp also pay us for general and administrative expenses incurred by us attributable to both the operation of Safe & Green (other than the provision of the services performed by our employees) and the provision of the shared services, including but not limited to information technology, data subscription and corporate overhead expenses, the portion of such costs and expenses that are attributable to the provision of the shared services, as reasonably determined by us. SG DevCorp also reimburses us for direct out-of-pocket costs incurred by us for third party services provided to SG DevCorp.
Other Related Party Transactions
Fabrication Agreement
On December 2, 2022, SG DevCorp entered into the Fabrication Agreement with SG Echo for the fabrication of approximately 800 multifamily market rate rental units, equal to approximately 800,000 square feet of new modular buildings to be located at the McLean site (the “McLean Project”). The Fabrication Agreement provided that SG Echo would be paid a fee equal to 15% of the cost of the McLean Project. The McLean Project will be fabricated in Phases of 100 to 150 units per phase, with the schedule of the phasing to be determined in SG DevCorp’s sole discretion. The terms of payment are as follows: (i) down payment of 30% upon release of project for fabrication; (ii) stage payment of 65% upon completion of fabrication, testing and inspection of each unit as it leaves the facility; and (iii) final payment of 5% upon completion of installation on site, including acceptance of punch list items, startup of equipment and City of Durant inspection. Notwithstanding the foregoing, SG DevCorp may withhold 10%, as retainage, from the payment otherwise due, to be reduced to 5% after field install is watertight and 2.5% after all punch list items have been complete. The Fabrication Agreement may be terminated for cause by either party upon 30-days written notice to the other party, subject to each party’s right to cure a default or breach, except for fraud or bad faith. In the event of termination, SG Echo will be entitled to be paid for all services rendered through the date of termination. In the event the termination by SG DevCorp is without cause, SG DevCorp will also pay any expenses incurred as a result of the termination (including without limitation supplier and vendor cancellation fees, restocking fees, subcontractor termination or cancellation fees, or other similar termination costs), plus a 15% markup as compensation for SG Echo’s anticipated profit on the value of services not performed by SG Echo. In connection with the entry into the Master Purchase Agreement, on December 18, 2023, SG DevCorp and SG Echo terminated that certain Fabrication Agreement, dated December 2, 2022, between the parties relating to the McLean mixed-use site.
Master Purchase Agreement
The Master Purchase Agreement provides that SG Echo will be paid a fee equal to 12% of the agreed cost of each project. The Master Purchase Agreement further provides that payment terms for all design work and the completion of the pre-fabricated container and module shall be made in accordance with the following schedule: (a) a deposit equal to 40% of the cost of the pre- fabricated container and module only shall be paid by SG DevCorp to SG Echo within 5 business days of the mutual execution of a project order; (b) a progress payment (not to exceed to 35% of the cost of the pre-fabricated container and module) shall be paid by SG DevCorp to SG Echo monthly in proportion to the percentage of Work completed, which payment shall be made within 10 business days of the SG DevCorp’s receipt of SG Echo’s invoice; (c) a progress payment equal to 15% of the cost of the pre-fabricated container and module shall be paid by SG DevCorp to SG Echo within 10 business days of the delivery of the pre-fabricated container and module to the specific project site; and (d) the final payment equal to 10% of the cost of the pre-fabricated container and module only shall be paid by SG DevCorp to SG Echo within 10 business days of the substantial completion of the Work. Substantial completion of the Work shall be as defined by the applicable project order. Notwithstanding the foregoing, SG DevCorp may withhold 10% of the invoiced amount, as retainage, which will be paid to SG Echo once the specific project is completed (including any punch list items). The Master Purchase Agreement may be terminated by either party if there is a material default by the other party and such default continues for a period of 20 days after receipt by the defaulting party of written notice thereof. If SG DevCorp terminates the Master Purchase Agreement or any project order as a result of a default by SG Echo, SG Echo will not be entitled to receive further payment until the Work is finished. If the unpaid balance of the amount set forth in the project order for the project is less than the cost of finishing the Work, SG Echo will pay the difference to SG DevCorp. In no event will SG Echo be entitled to receive any compensation if the cost to SG DevCorp of performing the balance of the Work is less than the unpaid balance. In addition, SG DevCorp may terminate the Master Purchase Agreement or any project order without cause. In the event the termination by SG DevCorp is without cause, SG Echo will be entitled to payment for all work and costs incurred prior to termination date plus the applicable fee owed to SG Echo thereon as more particularly described in the applicable project order.
The initial project for which modular construction services are anticipated to be provided to SG DevCorp by SG Echo is the Magnolia Gardens residential project to be built on the McLean mixed-use site in Durant, Oklahoma, consisting of 800 residential units. In accordance with the Master Purchase Agreement, SG Echo will provide SG DevCorp with an itemized cost proposal for the services to be performed for the Magnolia Gardens residential project and a firm schedule for performing the services. If the proposal and schedule is satisfactory to SG DevCorp, the proposal will be then incorporated into a project order to be executed by both parties.
Related Party Review Procedures
Pursuant to our Audit Committee charter, our Audit Committee reviews on an on-going basis our policies and procedures for reviewing and approving or ratifying all “Related Party Transactions” (defined as transactions required to be disclosed pursuant to Item 404 of Regulation S-K), including the Company’s Related Person Transaction Policy, and recommend any changes to the Board. In accordance with our Related Person Transaction Policy and Nasdaq Rule 4350 (h), the Audit Committee conducts appropriate review and oversight of all related person transactions for potential conflict of interest situations on an ongoing basis. Any transaction with a related person is subject to our written policy for transactions with related persons. Pursuant to such policy, our Audit Committee reviews in advance all related person transactions. The Audit Committee approves only those related person transactions that are determined to be in, or not inconsistent with, the best interests of the Company and its stockholders, taking into account all available facts and circumstances as the Audit Committee determines in good faith to be necessary. These facts and circumstances will typically include, but not be limited to: whether the transaction was undertaken in the ordinary course of business of the Company; the purpose and potential benefits of the transaction to the Company; the terms of the transaction and of comparable transactions that would be available to unrelated third parties or to employees generally; and the impact on a director’s independence in the event the related person is a director, an immediate family member of a director or an entity in which a director is a partner, stockholder or executive officer. In reviewing and approving such transactions, the Audit Committee obtains, or will direct management to obtain on its behalf, all information that the Audit Committee believes to be relevant and important to a review of the transaction prior to its approval. The Audit Committee may adopt any further policies and procedures relating to the approval of related person transactions that it deems necessary or advisable from time to time.
Director Independence
The information included under the heading “Director Independence” in Part III, Item 10 is hereby incorporated by reference into this Item 13.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.
Change in Certifying Accountant
The Board of Directors of the Company, through its Audit Committee conducted a competitive process to determine the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm commencing with the audit of the Company’s books and financial records for the year ending December 31, 2023. The Audit Committee invited several independent registered public accounting firms to participate in this process.
Following review of proposals from the independent registered public accounting firms that participated in the process, on December 13, 2023, upon recommendation from the Audit Committee, the Board of Directors of the Company approved the engagement of M&K CPAS PLLC (“M&K”) as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm for the Company’s fiscal year ending December 31, 2023. On December 15, 2023, the Company (i) entered into an engagement letter with M&K and engaged M&K as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm effective immediately and (ii) dismissed Whitley Penn LLP (“Whitley Penn”).
Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Fees
Aggregate fees for professional services rendered by our independent registered public accounting firms to us as of and for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are set forth in the tables below:
Audit fees(1) $ 370,145
$ 251,500
Audit-related fees(2)
-
-
Tax fees(3)
-
-
All other fees(4)
-
-
Totals $ 370,145
$ 251,500
(1) Audit fees include $251,500 paid to Whitley Penn and accrual for M&K in the amount of $118,645 for professional services rendered for the audit for our annual financial statements and reviews of the financial statements included in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and fees related to securities registration statements and related comfort letter procedures.
(2) Audit-related fees principally involve other assurance and related services.
(3) Tax services include tax compliance and tax planning consulting services. No tax services were performed for us by Whitley Penn in 2023 or 2022.
(4) No other services were performed for us by Whitley Penn or M&K in 2023 or 2022.
The Audit Committee has implemented pre-approval procedures consistent with the rules adopted by the SEC. All audit services to be provided to the Company by our independent public accounting firm are pre-approved by the Audit Committee prior to the initiation of such services (except for items exempt from pre-approval requirements under applicable laws and rules). The Audit Committee has determined that the provision of the services by our independent public accounting firm reported hereunder had no impact on its independence.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15. Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules.
(a)(1) INDEX TO 2023 CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS:
Our financial statements and the notes thereto, together with the reports thereon of M&K CPAS PLLC and Whitley Penn LLP, our registered public accounting firm, dated May 7, 2024 and March 30, 2023, appear beginning on page of this Annual Report. See of the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report.
(a)(2) FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
All financial statement schedules are omitted because they are not applicable, not material or the required information is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto.
(a)(3) EXHIBITS
The information required by this Item is listed in the accompanying Exhibit Index below.