EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1299969
Filing Year: 2021
Filename: 1299969_10-K_2021_0001299969-21-000002.json

---

ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1. Business
The following business description should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Financial information for each of our reportable segments is included in Note 20 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Throughout this annual report on Form 10-K, dollar amounts are presented in thousands, except per share data, number of units, or as otherwise noted.
The Company
Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. (“CHCI” or “the Company”) is a developer, operator, and asset manager of mixed-use and transit-oriented development properties in the greater Washington, D.C. metropolitan area, where we focus primarily on select high-growth urban and transitioning “sub-urban” markets. We provide a broad range of real estate asset management services, including development and construction management services, leasing and property management services, debt and equity financing origination, and other real estate related services. Our customers primarily include private and institutional owners and investors in the real estate properties that we manage and various governmental bodies that have a vested interest in public-private partnerships responsible for the development of certain properties that we develop and manage. We also invest capital on behalf of our asset management clients and institutional real estate investors in office, retail, residential and mixed-use properties, generally retaining an economic interest for the Company and providing management services to those properties, thereby enabling the Company to increase its assets under management (“AUM”) in order to realize competitive advantages of scale and enhance our overall returns. The Company also provides additional fee-based real estate services, including corporate planning, capital markets, brokerage, title insurance, design, and environmental consulting and engineering services, to properties in the Company’s managed portfolio and to other clients in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Region.
As of December 31, 2020, our AUM consisted of 25 operating assets comprising 12 commercial assets totaling approximately 1.7 million square feet and 4 multifamily assets totaling 1,123 units, and 9 commercial garages comprised of over 8,000 parking spaces. Additionally, we have: (i) two commercial assets currently under-construction and scheduled for delivery in 2021 and 2022 totaling approximately 460,000 square feet that are 79% pre-leased; and (ii) 18 development pipeline assets consisting of approximately 2.0 million square feet of additional planned commercial development, approximately 1,700 multifamily units and 2 hotel assets that will include 370 keys.
Overview
As a vertically integrated real estate operating and investment company, we earn revenue from multiple sources, including fees generated from asset management services that we provide to our managed portfolio of real estate assets on behalf
of our asset management clients, and fees from additional real estate related services, including environmental consulting and engineering services provided to our managed properties and unrelated third-party clients in the Mid-Atlantic Region.
The services we provide pursuant to the asset management agreements covering our AUM properties vary by property and client, and include property management, development and construction management, leasing management, acquisition and disposition management, origination and negotiation of debt and equity facilities, risk management, and various other property-specific services. Substantially all the properties included in our managed portfolio are covered by long-term, full-service asset management agreements encompassing all aspects of design, development, construction, and operations management relating to the subject properties. Our long-term asset management contracts generally include material early termination payments to us in the event the contract is prematurely terminated by the asset owner. A limited number of properties in our managed portfolio are covered by service-specific asset management contracts that focus our services on defined critical elements of operations, such as marketing, leasing, and construction management, where the property owner continues to manage other operating functions. Our limited-service asset management agreements generally are anticipated to be short term in nature and do not include material early termination penalties.
Anchoring the Company’s asset management services platform is a long-term full service asset management agreement (the “2019 AMA”) with an affiliated company owned by the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Christopher Clemente, that encompasses the majority of the properties we currently manage, including two of the largest transit-oriented, mixed-use developments in the Washington, DC area: Reston Station, a 5 million square foot transit-oriented, mixed-use development located in Reston, VA, and Loudoun Station, a nearly 2.5 million square foot transit-oriented, mixed-use development in Ashburn, VA, as well as other additional development assets, which together constitute our anchor portfolio (the “Anchor Portfolio”). The 2019 AMA for our Anchor Portfolio is a long-term agreement with an original term of 10 years that provides for significant financial payments to Comstock in the case of early termination by the asset owner.
In addition to the various recurring asset management fee-based revenue received by the Company, we also generate additional revenue from co-investments with our investment partners in certain property acquisitions and expect to receive performance-based incentive compensation from assets in our Anchor Portfolio and other assets in our managed portfolio. The Company can earn these incentive-based fees upon the occurrence of certain transaction-related events, including asset acquisitions or dispositions, asset related capital market transactions, leasing, marketing and property management, development and construction management, real title services, and environmental services, and when the performance of a subject property meets defined performance metrics. The co-investment business plans are property specific and therefore vary in expected duration but are generally expected to be between four and seven years; but may be accelerated or extended depending upon market conditions or the strategic objectives of the subject joint venture.
Our Business Strategy
In early 2018, the Company transitioned our business strategy and operating platform from being focused on the capital intensive, on-balance sheet development and sale of residential homes that, among other things required us to maintain a significant on-balance sheet land inventory, to our current lower risk, asset-light, fee-based services model focused on asset management of commercial and mixed-use real estate primarily in the greater Washington, D.C. region. We generate base fees, incentive fees, transaction fees, and profit participation by providing a broad range of real estate asset management services, including development, construction management, leasing and property management services, as well as acquisition and disposition services, employing our substantial experience in entitling, designing, developing, and managing a significant and diverse range of properties included in our Anchor Portfolio, while also co-investing with institutional partners to acquire existing, stabilized properties, which we manage as well. The Company and its management team have been active in the metropolitan Washington, D.C. region since 1985 and in other key U.S. markets, having developed, acquired, and managed large-scale portfolios of real estate assets, including thousands of rental apartments, and millions of square feet of mixed-use properties including office buildings, hotels, commercial garages, transit-oriented developments, and millions of square feet of regional shopping malls, as well as numerous public-private partnership developments that include large-scale public infrastructure improvements. We believe that our management team’s extensive experience in managing such a diverse and extensive portfolio of developments and stabilized assets provides the knowledge base necessary to distinguish our business focus and strategy, which is focused on:
Properties that Generate Stable, recurring cash flows
Our revenues are generated primarily from recurring asset management fees, property management fees and additional real estate services fees. Our asset management agreements provide a highly visible and reliable source of revenue and position the Company to enhance bottom line results as the Company’s Anchor Portfolio and other assets under management expand. Our Anchor Portfolio provides a stable, cost-plus fee structure foundation pursuant to the 2019 AMA. This approach enables the Company to generate consistent, positive earnings through the development and management of and the provision of
additional services related to, our Anchor Portfolio and provides the opportunity to increase our earnings through the expansion of our managed portfolio of properties pursuant to acquisitions of additional stabilized assets with institutional partners.
Mixed-Use and Transit-Oriented Assets in High-Growth Areas in the greater Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Area
We are a developer, operator, and asset manager of high quality, mixed-use and transit-oriented development properties with a focus on select transitioning “sub-urban” markets in the greater Washington D.C. metropolitan area. These submarkets are experiencing increased short-term demand resulting from a flight to quality and perceived safety prompted by the Covid-19 pandemic and currently include the Dulles Corridor and the Rosslyn-Ballston Corridor in Northern Virginia. These areas also feature strong long-term trends such as economic growth and attractive demographic attributes, as well as superior transportation infrastructure that caters to the preferences of multifamily, office and retail tenants.
These trends indicate that commercial tenants are likely to continue seeking to locate (or relocate) offices to urban, mixed-use developments in “sub-urban” markets such as our key markets. These sub-markets have also demonstrated demand trends that we believe will continue to result in commercial tenants’ willingness to pay higher rents for commercial space as compared to locations that do not offer the benefits and amenities available in mixed-use and transit-oriented developments, while also attracting residential tenants willing to pay premium rents for high quality rental apartments in amenity-rich areas that, among other benefits, provides direct or easily walkable access to Metro-rail and other transit services. A significant portion of the Company’s portfolio of managed assets is located in such areas, adjacent to Metro-rail stations with multiple housing choices, popular restaurants, entertainment venues and other amenities prioritized by today’s corporate tenants and their workforce.
Our business strategy focuses on development of the Anchor Portfolio while also identifying similar high-quality office, retail, residential and mixed-use properties that can be acquired in high-demand areas in the greater Washington, D.C. region that we believe provide an opportunity for appropriate risk adjusted returns and that are suitable for co-investment such with institutional real estate investors that seek investment opportunities in such real estate assets but may lack the local expertise or operational infrastructure necessary to identify, acquire, and manage such assets. Our acquisition strategy is aligned with that of institutional real estate investors and is currently focused on value-add, core, and core-plus opportunities as well as other opportunistic asset acquisitions.
Capitalizing on Significant Growth Trends in the Technology and Government Sector that drive Market Demand in Northern Virginia
Significant growth trends in demand for cyber security and other technology services in the government sector, as well as in the private sector, have generated substantial growth and attracted large technology companies, such as Microsoft, Google, and Amazon to the Dulles Corridor and the Rosslyn-Ballston Corridor in Northern Virginia. In 2018, Northern Virginia was selected by Amazon as the location for its highly publicized “HQ2” second headquarters. Amazon’s HQ2 has recently begun operations and is reportedly expected to create 25,000 or more new jobs over the next several years as its 5 million square foot complex develops in Arlington County at the eastern end of the Rosslyn-Ballston Corridor. Meanwhile, Amazon Web Services has focused its expansion in the Dulles Corridor to the west, where it has been increasing its office and data center presence in recent years. We believe Amazon’s presence in these corridors, along with the continued growth and investment by other large technology companies, will continue to benefit Northern Virginia’s employment market, which has experienced market leading job growth in the Washington, DC region.
Further, Northern Virginia’s significant data infrastructure, capable of serving the growing needs of the federal government and its defense and information contractors, has spurred the expansion and/or relocation of several federal government agencies, including the FBI, CIA, NSA, and the Customs and Border Patrol agency, to the Dulles Corridor. Because of its significant information infrastructure, the Dulles Corridor has become known as the “Internet Capital of the World”. With its vast network of high-capacity data centers, primarily located in eastern Loudoun County, Virginia in the western portion of the Dulles Corridor, Loudoun County reportedly hosts upwards of 70% of the world’s internet traffic. As a result, Loudoun County continues to experience tremendous growth in data center development and employment and has become the global leader in absorption of data center capacity, accounting for more than 40% of national data center space absorption in recent years.
The Company and its management team have been focused on these developing trends for more than two decades and the Company, through the 2019 AMA, controls the development and asset management of a significant portfolio of high-profile assets at the forefront of the urban transformation taking place in the Dulles Corridor. With a stabilized portfolio and development pipeline that include millions of square feet of mixed-use and transit-oriented properties located at key Metro stations in the Dulles Corridor, the Company is well positioned to capitalize on trends that are shaping the future mixed-use real estate landscape in the Washington, DC area and providing opportunities for significant growth and attractive returns to the Company.
Leveraging our Development Capabilities to Secure Public-Private Partnership Development Opportunities as a means of Further Growing Assets Under Management
Affiliates of the Company have been selected by multiple local governments (including Fairfax County, Loudoun County, and the Town of Herndon, Virginia) to develop and manage large-scale mixed-use developments that include transit facilities and other public infrastructure elements through public-private partnerships at a time when local jurisdictions are focused on public-private partnerships as a means of leveraging private sector capabilities to meet public infrastructure development needs. In addition, recent changes to the Comprehensive Land Use Plans of Fairfax County and Loudoun County encourage high-density and mixed-use development proximate to the new Silver Line Metro Stations in the Dulles Corridor, resulting in compelling growth opportunities for the Company and its Anchor Portfolio, most of which is adjacent to the terminus station of Phase I of the Silver Line that opened in 2014 and the terminus station of Phase II of the Silver Line that is scheduled to open in late 2021 or early 2022.
Constructing and Stabilizing Our Significant Development Pipeline
We expect to generate additional fees from our significant pipeline of development opportunities. As of December 31, 2020, we had two commercial assets under-construction and scheduled to deliver in 2021 and 2022 totaling 460,000 square feet. Approximately 79% of the space in these two buildings is pre-leased. Additionally, our Anchor Portfolio includes 18 future development pipeline assets consisting of approximately 2.0 million square feet of additional planned commercial development, approximately 1,700 multifamily units and 2 hotel assets with approximately 370 rooms. At full build out, our Anchor Portfolio will be approximately 7.4 million square feet and include approximately 18 total commercial assets comprised of approximately 3.8 million square feet, 12 total residential assets comprised of approximately 2,800 units spanning 3.2 million total square feet, 15 total commercial garages comprised of approximately 17,000 parking spaces, and 2 hotels comprised of approximately 370 hotel rooms and approximately 400,000 square feet.
Actively Growing our Real Estate Services Platform
In addition to the asset management services we provide in connection with our AUM, we also provide a variety of supplemental real estate services in the areas of strategic corporate planning, transaction related capital markets and financial consulting, commercial mortgage brokerage, real title insurance services, design and environmental consulting and engineering services, and industrial hygiene services. Our environmental services group provides consulting and engineering services, environmental studies, remediation management services and site-specific solutions for properties that may require or benefit from environmental due diligence, site-specific assessments, and industrial hygiene services. Our real estate services business platform allows us to generate additional positive fee income from our highly qualified personnel and serves as a potential catalyst for additional strategic institutional real estate acquisition joint venture opportunities.
Sustainable and Socially Responsible Business Strategy
Comstock is committed to pursuing environmental sustainability, social responsibility and best corporate governance (“ESG”) practices in all of our operations. We recognize that development of real estate can have significant impact, positive or negative, for the surrounding community, the region, and the environment that we all share. We believe that companies developing real estate have a responsibility to maximize the positive impacts while taking steps to minimize negative impacts. Supporting and fostering these initiatives is instrumental in making our communities better places to live, work, and play while simultaneously bolstering asset value, reducing risk, and positively impacting all stakeholders.
Our neighborhoods are transit-oriented developments that include extraordinary multifamily and commercial properties with a walkable, amenity-rich environment surrounded by restaurants, shops and entertainment venues. These transit-centric, and amenity-rich developments bring together multiple transit options and become neighborhoods with reduced carbon footprints, benefiting the local community, our shared environment, and ultimately, Comstock’s shareholders. In recognition of the positive impacts resulting from Comstock’s Reston Station design, the development was awarded the designation of Best Workplaces for Commuters in 2020 and 2021 by the Best Workplaces for Commuters Organization created by the National Center for Transit Research at the Center for Urban Transportation Research.
Although the Company has long focused on ESG best practices, in response to the recent market focus on these important issues, Comstock plans to publish its first ESG Report in 2021 to highlight our prior accomplishments and lay out our future goals in this important area. We are investing in the people, processes, and products to make this reporting commitment an integral part of our long-term strategy. Our ESG team is comprised of members of our development and operations teams, as well as senior management, including our CEO. The ESG team focuses on identifying critical elements of our designs and operations that address elements of ESG best practices, while also identifying additional steps that we can take to enhance the positive impacts of our developments while further minimizing any potential negative impacts on the surrounding community, the region, and the environment that we all share. The ESG team will continuously seek to implement, manage, improve, and monitor our sustainability efforts while identifying new opportunities for enhancing our ability to position the Company as a leader in this
space. Our ESG Report will outline in significant detail the Company’s existing ESG accomplishments in the areas of energy and water conservation and resource management, social responsibility, and community improvements, as well as our corporate governance practices and focus on our important future ESG Initiatives.
Managed Portfolio
Reston Station
Reston Station is among the largest mixed-use, transit-oriented developments in the greater Washington D.C. market. Located at the terminus of Phase I of Metro’s Silver Line, the Reston Station neighborhood spans the Dulles Toll Road and surrounds the first, and currently only, Metro rail station in the Dulles Corridor. Covering a total of approximately 60 acres, assets included in Comstock’s managed portfolio cover approximately 37 of the 60-acre neighborhood and will, upon full build-out, include approximately five million square feet of mixed-used development. The Company is providing a wide variety of its real estate and asset management services to the project pursuant to the 2019 AMA, including development and construction management services, leasing management services, property management services, capital markets services, and environmental services. The Reston Station neighborhood is being developed in four districts as follows:
Metro Plaza District
The Metro Plaza District has been developed with one of the largest underground commuter parking garages and bus transit facilities in the region, is located adjacent to the terminus of Phase I of Metro’s Silver Line Station and forms the foundation for up to 1.4 million square feet of mixed-use development in five buildings. To date, three buildings consisting of approximately 0.8 million square feet of stabilized mix of uses (residential, office, and retail) have been developed and stabilized while one additional building consisting of approximately 210,000 square feet scheduled to deliver in Q2-2021 and the final of five buildings, consisting of approximately 250,000 square feet, is scheduled to deliver in early 2022.
The Reston Station Metro Plaza and its 1.7 million square foot subterranean garage and transit facility is the subject of a public-private partnership between affiliates of the Company and Fairfax County, Virginia. The Reston Station transit facility provides Metro rail commuters with an indoor bus transit depot designed to accommodate upwards of 110 buses per hour, 2,300 commuter parking spaces operated by Fairfax County and additional approximately 1,500 spaces for retail, office and commuter uses operated by a Company subsidiary, the only Tesla Super Charging Station in the Dulles Corridor as well as numerous other electric vehicle charging stations, numerous bicycle parking and storage facilities, and substantial storm water management vaults designed to minimize the potential of flooding in the subject area and state-of-the-art water treatment systems to minimize the environmental impact of storm water runoff.
As of December 31, 2020, construction has been completed on two of the five buildings located above the Reston Station Transit Facility including a 380,000 square foot Trophy-Class office tower, a significant portion of which has been leased to Google and other corporate users, and approximately 450,000 square foot residential tower including 448 rental apartments. Two additional office buildings are currently under construction, containing approximately 460,000 square feet of Class-A office space with one scheduled for delivery in 2021 and one scheduled for delivery in 2022. All buildings on the Metro Plaza have ground floor retail, which is substantially leased to high-quality tenants, including Starbucks, CVS and others. Entitlements allow for the construction of a fifth tower, a residential or hotel building of up to approximately 120,000 square feet, above a portion of the retail space on the Metro Plaza. The three office buildings referenced above are approximately 75% leased. The residential building is approximately 86% leased.
Reston Row District
The Reston Row District has entitlements in place that allow for approximately 1.4 million square feet of mixed-use development, including Class-A office, multifamily units, retail and hotel uses. The Reston Row District is situated on approximately 11 acres adjacent to Reston Station’s Metro Plaza District and the Reston Station Transit Facility. Marriott International has entered into a franchise agreement with one of Comstock managed entities covered under the 2019 AMA concerning the development and operation of a JW Marriott Hotel and residential tower that is planned to be developed in the first of two phases of the Reston Row District, including approximately 240 hotel rooms, approximately 90 JW Marriott branded condominium residences and retail, entertainment, conference and meeting spaces.
Commerce District
The Commerce District has entitlements in place that allow for approximately 1.4 million square feet of mixed-use development, in addition to four existing Class-A office buildings that include a total of approximately 590,000 square feet. The Commerce District property is situated on approximately 16 acres located adjacent to the south entrance to the Wiehle Reston-East Metro Station and lies directly across the Dulles Toll Road from the Metro Plaza District of Reston Station and the Reston Station Transit Facility. Currently, Comstock is leasing and managing the four existing office buildings and one existing
retail building while it is also finalizing plans for the new buildings that will include up to 1.4 million square feet of office, retail, hotel and residential uses.
West District
The West District at Reston Station consists of approximately 3 acres of land located adjacent to the Reston Row District and owned by affiliates of the Company and approximately 13 surrounding acres owned by others. The Comstock owned portion of the West District was previously developed by an affiliate of the Company with a 90,000 square foot office building and was recently entitled for development of an additional residential building of up to approximately 260,000 square feet. An adjoining parcel in the West District is owned by an entity not affiliated with Comstock and has been developed with an existing 421-unit residential apartment building. Two additional existing office buildings owned by entities not affiliated with Comstock and a medical facility owned and operated by Kaiser Permanente are also included in the West District.
Loudoun Station
Loudoun Station, located at the terminus of Phase II of Metro’s Silver Line, is Loudoun County’s first Metro connected development and represents Loudoun County’s beginning transformation into a transit connected community with direct metro rail connectivity to Dulles International Airport, Reston, Tysons Corner, and downtown Washington, D.C. Currently, Loudoun Station has approximately 1,000,000 square feet of mixed-use development completed, including 675 residential units, approximately 50,000 square feet of Class-A office space, approximately 150,000 thousand square feet of retail spaces including an 11-sceen AMC Cinema, and a 1,500-space Metro commuter parking garage. The Metro Garage is the focus of a public-private partnership between an affiliate of the Company and Loudoun County, Virginia and is managed by a subsidiary of the Company. Phase II of Metro’s Silver Line is under construction and expected to commence passenger service in late 2021 or early 2022. The Company is providing a variety of its real estate and asset management services related to the existing buildings and the future development pursuant to the 2019 AMA, including development and construction management services, leasing management services, property management services, and capital markets services.
Herndon Station
Herndon Station will include up to approximately 340,000 square feet of residential, retail and entertainment spaces, including a performing arts center, and an approximately 700 space parking garage in the historic downtown portion of the Town of Herndon in western Fairfax County, Virginia. The commercial Garage is the focus of a public private partnership between an affiliate of the Company and the Town of Herndon. The development will also include improvements to existing connections to the adjacent WO&D trail, a popular pedestrian and bicycle route managed by Northern Virginia Regional Parks Authority and Fairfax County Parks Department. The Company is providing a variety of asset management and development services related to the Herndon Station development pursuant to the 2019 AMA.
Momentum at Shady Grove Metro
In mid-2018, the Company committed an approximately 2-acre site that it had previously planned to develop as for-sale condominiums, to a joint venture with Stratford Capital, LLC (the “Comstock Stratford JV”) and began development of a dedicated workforce housing development consisting of 110 multifamily dwelling units. The recently completed development, known as the Momentum, is located in Rockville, Maryland, adjacent to the Shady Grove Metro Station on Metro’s Red Line, was developed as an all work-force housing development that qualified as a low-income housing tax credit (LIHTC) development. The Company received payment for the contribution of the land to the Comstock Stratford JV and received fees for managing the development of the project as construction manager for the Comstock Stratford JV.
International Gateway
Since 2018 the Company has, pursuant to an asset management agreement with an unaffiliated property owner, provided asset management, property management, leasing management, and consulting services for a privately owned portfolio of two mixed-use retail/office buildings in Tysons Corner, Virginia, known as International Gateway.
The Hartford Building
In late 2019, the Company partnered with Comstock Partners, LC (“Partners”), an entity that is controlled by our CEO, and wholly owned by Mr. Clemente and certain family members, to acquire a Class-A office building immediately adjacent to Clarendon Station on Metro’s Orange Line in Arlington County’s premier transit-oriented office market, the Rosslyn-Ballston Corridor. Built in 2003, the 211,000 square foot mixed-use LEED GOLD building is approximately 78% leased to multiple high-quality tenants. In February 2020, the Company arranged for DivcoWest to purchase a majority ownership stake in the Hartford Building and secured a $87 million loan facility from MetLife. As part of the transaction, the Company entered into asset management and property management agreements to manage the property.
Segment Data
We operate in the following business segments: Asset Management and Real Estate Services. Financial information related to these business segments for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2020 is set forth in Note 20 to the financial statements.
Operations
As a vertically integrated real estate operating and investment company, the Company has broad real estate development and management capabilities that enable us to generate fees for services provided in connection with the real estate assets we manage. Our experienced management team provides a full range of services related to acquisition, development, and operations of real estate assets.
COVID-19
On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (“WHO”) announced a global health emergency because of a new strain of coronavirus originating in Wuhan, China (the “COVID-19 outbreak”) and the risks to the international community as the virus spreads globally beyond its point of origin. In March 2020, the WHO classified the COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic, based on the rapid increase in exposure globally. While we have not seen a significant impact to our results from COVID-19 to date, if the virus continues to cause significant negative impacts to economic conditions or consumer confidence, our revenues including our property management revenues, trade receivables, related party receivables, goodwill and our fair value investments, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity could be adversely impacted.
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Paycheck Protection Program (the “PPP”) was established under the CARES Act and administered by the U.S. Small Business Administration (“SBA”). Companies who met the eligibility requirements set forth by the PPP could qualify for PPP loans provided by local lenders, which supports payroll, rent and utility expenses (“qualified expenses”). If the loan proceeds are fully utilized to pay qualified expenses over the covered period, as further defined by the PPP, the full principal amount of the PPP loan may qualify for loan forgiveness, subject to potential reduction based on the level of full-time employees maintained by the organization during the covered period as compared to a baseline period.
In April 2020, the Company received proceeds of $1.95 million under the PPP (the "PPP Loan") provided by Mainstreet Bank. The Company submitted the PPP loan forgiveness application to the lender in December 2020. The Lender completed its review and submitted the Company's forgiveness application to the SBA in February 2021. The SBA will, subject to any SBA review of the loan or loan application, remit the appropriate forgiveness amount to the lender, plus any interest accrued through the date of payment, not later than 90 days after the lender issues its decision to the SBA. See Note 9 - CARES Act for more information.
Outlook
Although the long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the commercial real estate market in the greater Washington, DC area remains uncertain, we believe that our Anchor Portfolio is well positioned to withstand potential negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. We also believe that our management team is properly aligned with the interests of the Company and its shareholders and is committed to the Company’s objectives of providing exceptional experiences for those that we do business with while enhancing shareholder value. Further, we believe that we are properly staffed for current market conditions and the foreseeable future and that our Company has the ability to manage risk and pursue opportunities for additional growth as market conditions warrant. Our real estate development and management operations are primarily focused on the greater Washington, D.C. region, where we believe our 30-plus years of experience provides us the best opportunity to continue leveraging our significant experience acquiring, developing, and managing high quality real estate assets and capitalizing on positive growth trends, while our environmental consulting and remediation management services business is well positioned to capitalize on opportunities to continue its recent growth throughout the entire U.S. Mid-Atlantic region.
Competition
The real estate asset management and services industry is highly competitive. Our growth will depend upon our ability to attract and maintain the appropriate personnel and to professionally manage the assets subject to the 2019 AMA and other management agreements and to expand our services to new clients on a cost-efficient basis. We compete with other businesses in the asset management and real estate-related services businesses on the basis of price, location, experience, service and reputation. Many of these competitors are larger than us and operate on a national or global scale and they and their clients may have greater technical, marketing and financial resources. Such competitors may also enjoy competitive advantages that result from, among other things, lower costs of capital, greater business scale and enhanced operating efficiencies. Their larger
scale and broad national or global presence may allow them to offset downturns in certain localized markets or seasonality related to certain services with increased or steady operations in other markets. We also face competitors on a local and regional basis. Certain competitors may also be subject to different regulatory requirements or rules that may allow them more flexibility or better access to pursue potential investments and raise capital for themselves or their managed companies. In addition, certain competitors may have higher risk tolerance, different risk assessments or lower return thresholds, which could allow them to consider a broader range of investments and to bid more aggressively for investment opportunities than us. Our ability to continue to compete effectively will depend in large part upon the ability to attract, retain and motivate employees, and we must compete with our competitors to attract and retain experienced and talented employees.
Governmental Regulation and Environmental Matters
We are subject to various local, state and federal statutes, ordinances, rules and regulations concerning finance, banking, investments, zoning, building design, construction, density requirements and similar matters. We may also be subject to periodic delays or may be precluded entirely from developing in certain communities due to building moratoriums or “slow-growth” or “no-growth” initiatives that could be implemented in the future in the states where we operate. Local and state governments also have broad discretion regarding the imposition of development fees for projects in their jurisdiction.
We are also subject to a variety of local, state and federal statutes, ordinances, rules and regulations concerning protection of the environment. Some of the laws to which we and our properties are subject to may impose requirements concerning development in waters of the United States, including wetlands, the closure of water supply wells, management of asbestos-containing materials, exposure to radon and similar issues. The particular environmental laws that apply to any given real estate asset vary based on several factors, including the environmental conditions related to a particular property and the present and former uses of the property.
Technology and Intellectual Property
We utilize our technology infrastructure to facilitate the management of our client’s assets and the marketing of our services. We use media and internet-based marketing platforms primarily in lieu of print advertisements. We believe that the residential renting population will continue to increase its reliance on information available on the internet to help guide its rental decision. Accordingly, through our marketing efforts, we will continue to seek to leverage this trend to lower per lease marketing costs while maximizing potential lease transactions.
Our Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board, Christopher Clemente, has licensed his ownership interest in the “Comstock” brand and trademark to us in perpetuity. We have registered our trademarks and routinely take steps, and occasionally take legal action, to protect the Company against brand infringement from third parties. Mr. Clemente has retained the right to continue to use the “Comstock” brand and trademark including for real estate development projects in our current or future markets that are unrelated to the Company but, currently, substantially all of Mr. Clemente’s real estate development business is conducted with the Company pursuant to the 2019 AMA.
Seasonality
We experience limited seasonality across our business segments. With respect to our Asset Management segment, we do not expect seasonality to materially impact our operations. With respect to our Real Estate Services segment, we do anticipate being impacted by adverse weather conditions. The markets in which we operate are four-season markets that experience significant periods of rain and snow. Construction and remediation cycles and efforts are often adversely affected by severe weather. As a result of seasonal activity across our Real Estate Services business segment, our quarterly results of operations and financial position at the end of a particular fiscal quarter are not necessarily representative of the balance of our fiscal year.
Employees
At December 31, 2020, the Company had 136 full-time and 11 part-time employees. Our employees are not represented by any collective bargaining agreements, and we have never experienced a work stoppage. We believe we have good relations with our employees and provide a comprehensive benefits program to attract and retain top talent, including, without limitation, paid vacation, sick leave and volunteer hours, 401K contributions, professional development funds that reset each year, community service initiatives, and online and in-person trainings and e-learning opportunities. We further encourage our employees to provide feedback on our benefits program and periodically make enhancements to our benefits program in response thereto.
In response to the impacts of COVID-19, the Company commenced implementing protocols and procedures for the safety, health and comfort of employees in March 2020, which continue at present time. We assembled a COVID-19 task
force comprised of employees from multiple departments to formulate and implement health and safety protocols in our workplace, including, without limitation, implementation of CDC and Virginia required and recommended protocols, enhanced daily cleaning of workspaces, installation of protective screens between cubicles, providing temperature scanners at office locations, implementation of an Infectious Disease (COVID-19) Preparedness and Response Plan that is updated periodically as governmental mandates and guidance change, Virginia Occupational Safety and Health COVID-19 trainings for all employees, providing free lunches each workday to employees since April 2020 (continues at present time), providing reimbursements for child care expenses and partnering with the Learning Care Group to provide child care discounts to employees, and providing COVID-19 related paid leave.
We believe that we are properly staffed for current market conditions, although the continued impacts of COVID-19 remain uncertain, and have the ability to manage growth as market conditions warrant.

---

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

---

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.

---

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Item 2. Properties
Since December 31, 2009, the Company has been leasing office space located at 1886 Metro Center Drive, Reston, Virginia for its corporate headquarters from an affiliate wholly owned by our Chief Executive Officer. The amount of the leased space was 16,447 square feet. On October 31, 2020, the Company’s then-current lease for its corporate headquarters in Reston, Virginia expired following a one-month extension of the lease term. On November 1, 2020, the Company executed a new lease to relocate its corporate headquarters to new office space located at 1900 Reston Metro Plaza, Reston, Virginia for a ten
year term from an affiliate wholly owned by our Chief Executive Officer. See related party transactions in Note 14 in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
On July 17, 2017, the Company, through its subsidiary, Comstock Environmental, acquired the assets and liabilities of Monridge Environmental, LLC. On August 1, 2017, Comstock Environmental entered into a lease for approximately 2,800 square feet of office space at 806 Fayette Street, Conshohocken, Pennsylvania. On August 1, 2020 the Company terminated the lease. The Company subsequently executed a month-to-month lease agreement for the office space. During 2018, Comstock Environmental also opened operations in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area from the Company’s corporate offices.
The Company believes that its properties are adequately maintained and suitable for their intended use and the Company’s needs. For information regarding our projects, see Item 1 ‘Business - Our Developed Communities.’

---

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
Currently, we are not subject to any material legal proceedings. From time to time, however, we are named as a defendant in legal actions arising from our normal business activities. Although we cannot accurately predict the amount of our liability, if any, that could arise with respect to legal actions pending against us, we do not expect that any such liability will have a material adverse effect on our financial position, operating results or cash flows. We believe that we have obtained adequate insurance coverage, rights to indemnification, or where appropriate, have established reserves in connection with these legal proceedings.

---

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
PART II

---

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Our Class A common stock is traded on NASDAQ under the symbol “CHCI”. The high and low per share closing sales prices of the Company’s stock for each quarter during the past two years were as follows:
High
Low
March 31, 2020 $ 2.48 $ 1.27
June 30, 2020 $ 2.99 $ 1.30
September 30, 2020 $ 3.46 $ 2.16
December 31, 2020 $ 3.40 $ 2.30
March 31, 2019 $ 2.86 $ 1.75
June 30, 2019 $ 2.81 $ 2.23
September 30, 2019 $ 2.80 $ 1.85
December 31, 2019 $ 2.38 $ 1.86
Holders
As of December 31, 2020, there were approximately 37 record holders of our Class A common stock. As of December 31, 2020, there was 1 holder of our Class B common stock.
Dividend Policy
We have never declared or paid any dividends on our common stock. We do not anticipate paying any dividends on our common stock during the foreseeable future but intend to retain any earnings for future growth of our business.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
We did not repurchase any securities under our share repurchase program during the year ended December 31, 2020.
Recent Issues of Unregistered Securities
We did not issue any unregistered securities during the year ended December 31, 2020.

---

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Item 6. Selected Financial Data
Not Applicable.

---

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion and analysis contain forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors including, but not limited to, those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly under the heading “Cautionary Notes Regarding Forward-looking Statements.”
Overview
In early 2018, the Company transitioned its operating platform from being primarily focused on the development and sale of residential homes to our current fee-based services model focused on commercial and mixed-use real estate primarily in the greater Washington, D.C. region. We are a developer, operator, and asset manager of mixed-use and transit-oriented development properties in the greater Washington, D.C. metropolitan area where we primarily focus on select high-growth urban and transitioning “sub-urban” markets. We also provide additional fee-based real estate services, including corporate planning, capital markets, brokerage, title insurance, design, and environmental consulting and remediation services, to properties in the Company’s managed portfolio and to other clients in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Region.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Information regarding recent accounting pronouncements is contained in Note 2 in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”), which require us to make certain estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates including those related to the consolidation of variable interest entities (“VIEs”), revenue recognition and the fair value of equity method investments. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates.
A summary of significant accounting policies is provided in Note 2 in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements. The following section is a summary of certain aspects of those accounting policies that require the most difficult, subjective or complex judgments and estimates.
Goodwill impairment
We test our goodwill for impairment on an annual basis, and more frequently when an event occurs, or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. We believe the methodology that we use, including both a discounted cash flow model as well as a market multiple model, to review impairment of goodwill, which includes a significant amount of judgment and estimates, provides us with a reasonable basis to determine whether impairment has occurred.
Investments in real estate ventures at fair value
For investments in real estate ventures reported at fair value, we maintain an investment account that is increased or decreased each reporting period by the difference between the fair value of the investment and the carrying value as of the balance sheet date. These fair value adjustments are reflected as gains or losses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The fair value of these investments as of the balance sheet date is generally determined using a Discounted Cash Flow (“DCF”) analysis, income approach, or sales comparable approach, depending on the unique characteristics of the real estate venture.
Revenue recognition
Revenues generated through real estate professional services such as asset and property management, administrative support, environmental design, engineering and remediation represent a series of daily performance obligations delivered over time due to the continuous transfer of control to our clients. For asset and property management, pricing is generally in the form of monthly management fees based on a cost-plus agreement, percentage of property-level cash receipts, square footage under management or some other variable metric recognized over time. For Real Estate Services, pricing is generally in the form of cost-plus contracts recognized over time.
Equity-based compensation
Compensation costs related to our equity-based compensation plans are recognized within our income statement or capitalized to real estate inventories reported in discontinued operations for awards issued to employees that are involved in production. The costs recognized are based on the grant-date fair value. Compensation costs for share-based grants are recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award (from the date of grant through the period of the last separately vesting portion of the grant).
The fair value of each option award is calculated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model which includes certain subjective assumptions. Expected volatilities are calculated based on our historical trading activities. We recognize forfeitures as they occur. The risk-free rate for the periods is based on the U.S. Treasury rates in effect at the time of grant. The expected term of options is based on the Company’s historical experience.
Income taxes
Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method in accordance with ASC 740, Accounting for Income Taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect of a change in tax rates on the deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. We provide a valuation allowance when we consider it “more likely than not” (greater than a 50% probability) that a deferred income tax asset will not be fully recovered. Adjustments to the valuation allowance are a component of the deferred income tax expense or benefit in the Consolidated Statement of Operations.
Results of Operations
Year ended December 31, 2020 compared to year ended December 31, 2019
Revenue - asset management
Revenue from asset management for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was $21.9 million and $19.6 million, respectively. The 11.8% year over year growth of $2.3 million in revenue was primarily due to increased headcount and other costs that are reimbursable from Comstock Development Services ("CDS") under the 2019 AMA and the other asset management agreements. The reimbursable costs are recognized as revenue in the period in which the related costs are incurred. The increased headcount and associated personnel costs are primarily attributable to the additional real estate assets being managed along with the additional management agreements year over year. Please see Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for more information on the additional management agreements.
Revenue - real estate services
Revenue from real estate services for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was $6.8 million and $5.7 million, respectively. The 19.1% increase of $1.1 million is primarily attributable to continued organic revenue growth within our Comstock Environmental business, partially offset by a decrease in closing financing transactions which generated incremental revenue of $0.6 million and $1.1 million during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Direct costs - asset management
Direct costs - asset management for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was $18.4 million and $16.6 million, respectively. This 11.4% increase of $1.9 million was primarily related to increased personnel expense from headcount increases as well as from the continued growth of our asset management operations.
Direct costs - real estate services
Direct costs - real estate services decreased by $0.5 million to $4.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to $4.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease is primarily due to the recognition of $419 thousand in direct costs related to the real estate services segment from the Paycheck Protection Program Loan ("PPP Loan") as a government grant. Please see Note 9 - CARES Act for more information on the PPP Loan and the Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP"). The grant was recognized during the covered period of the PPP Loan in the second quarter of 2020 as the related payroll costs were incurred, and the Company has complied with the forgiveness conditions attached to the PPP Loan.
General and administrative
General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2020 increased $1.5 million to $3.0 million, as compared to $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The year-over-year increase is attributable to increases in employee headcount and general overhead increases associated with the increased headcount. General overhead costs include such items as software expense and non-capitalized computer expenses.
Sales and marketing
Sales and marketing expenses was $661.0 thousand and $383.0 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The increase is attributable to increased sales development programs launched by our Environmental business unit to grow the business. The increase in sale development costs has helped drive our 19.1%$1.1 million increase in real estate services revenue year over year.
Interest expense
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 non-capitalized interest expense was $379.0 thousand and $474.0 thousand, respectively. This was a decrease of 20.0%. The $95.0 thousand decrease was primarily related to the retiring of the Comstock Growth Fund loan in 2020 that carried a higher interest rate than the CDS Note, partially offset by the April 30, 2019 Master Transfer Agreement (“MTA”). Prior to the MTA certain interest expense was capitalized to homebuilding projects and expensed when the projects were sold. After the MTA this interest expense is no longer capitalized into homebuilding projects but expensed as incurred.
Income taxes
During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recognized an income tax expense related to continuing operations of $25.0 thousand. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company recognized an income tax expense related to continuing operations of $2.0 thousand. The de minimis income tax expense in both years is primarily attributable to state tax obligations which our federal and state NOLs cannot offset.
Loss from discontinued operations
On April 30, 2019, the Company entered into the Master Transfer Agreement ("MTA") that sets forth certain transactions to complete the Company’s previously announced exit from the homebuilding and land development business in favor of a migration to an asset management model. Refer to Note 13 - Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities
for further discussion regarding the accounting related to discontinued operations. The operating results of the discontinued operations that are reflected on the Consolidated Statement of Operations within the net loss from discontinued operations are as follows:
Year Ended December 31, 2019
Revenues
Revenue-homebuilding
$ 14,919
Total revenue
14,919
Expenses
Cost of sales-homebuilding
14,901
Sales and marketing
General and administrative
Operating loss (273)
Income tax benefit (15)
Net loss from discontinued operations (258)
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests
Net loss attributable to Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. $ (571)
Liquidity and Capital Resources
We finance our Asset Management and Real Estate Services operations, capital expenditures, and business acquisitions with internally generated funds, borrowings from our credit facilities and long-term debt. Pursuant to the Master Transfer Agreement (the "MTA"), the Company transferred to CDS management of its Class A membership interests in Investors X, the entity owning the Company’s residual homebuilding operations in exchange for residual cash flows. The associated debt obligations were also transferred to CDS. See Note 8 in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for more details on our debt and credit facilities.
On March 19, 2020, the Company entered into a Revolving Capital Line of Credit Agreement (the “Loan Documents”) with CDS, pursuant to which the Company secured a $10.0 million capital line of credit (the “Revolver”). Under the terms of the Loan Documents, the Revolver provides for an initial variable interest rate of the WSJ Prime Rate plus 1.00% per annum on advances made under the Revolver, payable monthly in arrears. The five-year term facility allows for interim draws that carry a maturity date of 12 months from the initial date of the disbursement unless a longer initial term is agreed to by CDS. On March 27, 2020 the Company borrowed $5.5 million under the Revolver. The $5.5 million borrowing has a maturity date of April 30, 2023. On April 10, 2020, the capital provided to the Company by the Revolver was utilized to retire all of the Company’s 10% corporate indebtedness maturing in 2020 owed to Comstock Growth Fund, L.C.
On April 20, 2020, the Company was granted the PPP Loan in the aggregate amount of $1.95 million pursuant to the PPP under the CARES Act, which was enacted March 27, 2020. Under the terms of the PPP, PPP loans and accrued interest are forgivable after twenty-four weeks as long as the borrower uses the loan proceeds for eligible purposes, including payroll, benefits, rent and utilities, and maintains its payroll levels. The amount of loan forgiveness will be reduced if the borrower terminates employees or reduces salaries during the forgiveness period.
As of December 31, 2020, the Company had used the entire loan proceeds to fund its payroll and rent expenses. As a result, the Company believes that it has met the PPP eligibility criteria for forgiveness and has concluded that the loan represents, in substance, a government grant that is expected to be forgiven. As such, in accordance with IAS 20 “Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance”, the Company has recognized the entire loan amount as a reduction to the associated expenses as at December 31, 2020.
The Company does not anticipate taking any action that would cause any portion of the PPP Loan to be ineligible for forgiveness. However, to the extent that any amount is deemed unforgivable, such amount is payable over 2 to 5 years at an interest rate of 1%, with a deferral of payments for the first 6 months.
Cash Flow
Net cash provided by operating activities was $3.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The $3.4 million net cash provided by operations in 2020 was primarily due to $2.1 million of net income generated during the year. Net cash provided by operating activities was $8.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The $8.4 million net cash provided by operations in 2019 was primarily due to $7.8 million in cash provided by discontinued operations.
Net cash used in investing activities was $1.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. This was primarily attributable to the purchase of fixed assets for the new headquarters lease. Net cash used in investing activities attributable to continuing operations was immaterial for the years ended December 31, 2019.
Net cash used in financing activities was $1.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. This was primarily attributable to the retirement of debt partially offset by proceeds under the Revolver of $5.5 million. Net cash used in financing activities was immaterial for the year ended December 31, 2019. Net cash used in financing activities from discontinued operations was $6.0 million primarily as a result of note payoff related to each lot or unit sale in the Investors X communities.
Share Repurchase Program
In November 2014, our board of directors approved a new share repurchase program authorizing the Company to repurchase up to 429,000 shares of our Class A common stock in one or more open market or privately negotiated transactions. We made no share repurchases under our share repurchase program in 2020 or 2019.
Trends and Uncertainties
In December 2019, a novel strain of coronavirus (“COVID-19”) surfaced in Wuhan, China. Through March 2021, the spread of this virus has caused business disruption primarily in the travel, leisure and hospitality industries and with respect to companies that have significant operations or supply chains in China. The spread of COVID-19 has also caused significant volatility in U.S. and international debt and equity markets, which can negatively impact consumer confidence. There is significant uncertainty around the breadth and duration of business disruptions related to COVID-19, as well as its impact on the U.S. economy and consumer confidence. The extent to which COVID-19 impacts our results will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including new information which may emerge concerning the severity of COVID-19 and the actions taken to contain it or treat its impact. While we have not seen a significant impact on our business resulting from COVID-19 to date, if the virus continues to cause significant negative impacts to economic conditions or consumer confidence, our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely impacted.

---

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Not applicable.

---

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Reference is made to the Consolidated Financial Statements, the notes thereto, and the report thereon, commencing on page of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

---

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.

---

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”), as of December 31, 2020. Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as
appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2020.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over our financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act.
We conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020 based on the Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2020. Our management determined that, as of December 31, 2020, our internal control over financial reporting is effective.
Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls
We do not expect that our disclosure controls and internal controls will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only assurance, at the reasonable assurance level, that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, a control may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and may not be detected.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
No change has occurred in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during our last fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2020, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
The certifications of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) are filed with this Annual Report on Form 10-K as Exhibits 31.1 and 31.2. The certifications of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C.1350 are furnished with this Annual Report on Form 10-K as Exhibit 32.1.

---

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 9B. Other Information
None.
PART III

---

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the definitive Proxy Statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A of the Exchange Act for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders or an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

---

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the definitive Proxy Statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A of the Exchange Act for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders or an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

---

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the definitive Proxy Statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A of the Exchange Act for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders or an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

---

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the definitive Proxy Statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A of the Exchange Act for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders or an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

---

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the definitive Proxy Statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A of the Exchange Act for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders or an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
PART IV

---

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
(a) The following documents are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:
(1)Consolidated Financial Statements are listed in the Index to Financial Statements on page of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
(2)Schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable or because the information required to be set forth therein is included in the Consolidated Financial Statements or notes thereto.
(3)Exhibits
Exhibit
Number
Exhibit
3.1 Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on November 16, 2015).
3.2 Certificate of Amendment of Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 19, 2019).
3.3 Amended and Restated Bylaws (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on March 31, 2005).
3.4 Certificate of Designation of Series C Non-Convertible Preferred Stock of Comstock Holding Companies, Inc., filed with the Secretary of the State of Delaware on March 22, 2017 (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on March 28, 2017).
3.5 Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Designation of Series C Non-Convertible Preferred Stock of Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on February 15, 2019 (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 19, 2019).
4.1 Specimen Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended, initially filed with the Commission on August 13, 2004 (No. 333-118193)).
10.1 Form of Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended, initially filed with the Commission on August 13, 2004 (No. 333-118193)).
10.2 2004 Long-Term Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended, initially filed with the Commission on August 13, 2004 (No. 333-118193)). +
10.3 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended, initially filed with the Commission on August 13, 2004 (No. 333-118193)). +
10.4 Services Agreement, dated March 4, 2005, with Comstock Asset Management, L.C. (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on March 31, 2005).
10.5 Employment Agreement with Christopher Clemente (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended, initially filed with the Commission on August 13, 2004 (No. 333-118193)). +
10.6 Confidentiality and Non-Competition Agreement with Christopher Clemente (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended, initially filed with the Commission on August 13, 2004 (No. 333-118193)). +
10.7 Trademark License Agreement (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended, initially filed with the Commission on August 13, 2004 (No. 333-118193)).
10.8 Lease Agreement, dated on or about December 31, 2009, with Comstock Asset Management, L.C. by Comstock Property Management, L.C., a subsidiary of Registrant (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on March 31, 2010).
10.9 Credit Enhancement and Indemnification Agreement, dated February 17, 2011, by and between Registrant and Christopher D. Clemente and Gregory V. Benson (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on May 13, 2011).
10.10 Form of warrant issued in connection with private placement by Comstock Growth Fund, L.C. (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on April 14, 2015).
10.11 Section 382 Rights Agreement between Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC dated March 27, 2015 (incorporated by reference to an Exhibit to the current report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on March 27, 2015).
10.12 Form of Subscription Agreement and Operating Agreement dated August 15, 2016, between Comstock Investors X, L.C. and [-], with accompanying Schedule A identifying subscribers (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on November 14, 2016).
10.13 Form of Warrant issued in connection with private placement by Comstock Investors X, L.C. (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on November 14, 2016).
10.14 Operating Agreement, dated October 24, 2016, between Comstock Redland Road III, L.C. and SCG Development Partners, LLC to form Momentum General Partners, LLC (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on April 17, 2017).
10.15 Share Exchange Agreement between Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. and Investor Management, L.C., Christopher Clemente and Teresa A. Schar dated March 22, 2017 (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on March 28, 2017).
10.16 Asset Purchase Agreement, dated July 14, 2017, between CDS Capital Management, L.C., and Monridge Environmental, LLC (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on November 16, 2017).
10.17 Amendment to the Operating Agreement, dated October 13, 2017, between Comstock Investors X, L.C. and Comstock Development Services, L.C. (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on November 16, 2017).
10.18 Form of Warrant, dated October 13, 2017, between Comstock Investors X, L.C. and Comstock Development Services, L.C. (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 16, 2017).
10.19 Third Amended and Restated Promissory Note, dated May 22, 2018, between Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. and Comstock Growth Fund, L.C. (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 14, 2018).
10.20 Second Amended and Restated Operating Agreement of Comstock Growth Fund, L.C., dated May 22, 2018 (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 14, 2018).
10.21 Membership Interest Exchange and Subscription Agreement, dated May 23, 2018, between Comstock Holding Companies, Inc., Comstock Growth Fund, L.C., and certain members of Comstock Growth Fund (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 14, 2018).
10.22 Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Annex B to the Registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed on January 22, 2019).+
10.23 2019 Master Asset Management Agreement, dated January 2, 2019, between CDS Asset Management, L.C. and Comstock Development Services, LC (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on April 15, 2020).
10.24 Form of Time-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on April 15, 2020).
10.25 Form of Performance Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on April 15, 2020).
10.26 Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Comstock 3101 Wilson, LC dated February 7, 2020 (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on August 14, 2020).
10.27 Ten Million ($10,000,000) Revolving Capital Line of Credit Agreement dated March 19, 2020, between Comstock Development Services, LC and Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on May 28, 2020).
10.28 Promissory Note dated March 27, 2020, between Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. and Comstock Development Services, LC (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on May 28, 2020).
10.29 Note dated April 16, 2020 between Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. and MainStreet Bank pursuant to the Paycheck Protection Program authorized under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on May 28, 2020).
10.30 Amended and Restated Employment Agreement dated April 27, 2020, between Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. and Christopher Clemente (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on August 14, 2020).+
10.31 Letter of BDO USA, LLP dated June 24, 2020 (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on June 24, 2020).
10.32* Deed of Lease dated November 1, 2020, between CRS Plaza I, LC and Comstock Holding Companies, Inc.
10.33* First Amendment to Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Momentum General Partners LLC dated November 9, 2020, between SCG Development Partners, LLC and Comstock Redland Road III, L.C.
10.34* Assignment of Membership Interest in Momentum General Partners, LLC dated November 9, 2020, between SCG Development Partners, LLC and Comstock Redland Road III, L.C.
14.1 Code of Ethics (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on March 31, 2005).
21.1*
List of subsidiaries
23.1*
Consent of BDO USA, LLP
23.2* Consent of Grant Thornton, LLP
31.1*
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2*
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1*
Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101*
The following materials from the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, formatted in eXtensible Business Language (XBRL): (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheet, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholder’s Equity, (iv) the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows and (v) the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
*
Filed herewith.
+
Management contracts or compensatory plans, contracts or arrangements