EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1820878
Filing Year: 2022
Filename: 1820878_10-K_2022_0001564590-22-008111.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
The Company
Aimco, a Maryland corporation incorporated on January 10, 1994, is a self-administered and self-managed real estate investment trust (“REIT”). Aimco, through a wholly owned subsidiary, is the general partner and directly is the special limited partner of the Aimco Operating Partnership, a Delaware Limited Partnership. Aimco conducts all of its business and owns all of its assets through the Aimco Operating Partnership.
On December 15, 2020, Aimco completed the Separation, creating two separate and distinct, publicly traded companies, Aimco and AIR. Additional information regarding the Separation is contained in the Explanatory Note.
Please refer to Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for discussion regarding our business segments.
Business Overview
Our mission is to make real estate investments, primarily focused on the multifamily sector within the continental United States, where outcomes are enhanced through our human capital so that substantial value is created for investors, teammates, and the communities in which we operate.
Our value proposition includes our national platform organized around four regional and two satellite offices, consisting of a cohesive, talented, and tenured team and our proven investment process; a diversified portfolio, consisting of high-performing in-process value-add investments, a deep and growing pipeline, alternative investments, and stabilized assets; and our capital redeployment plan of reallocating Aimco equity to higher returning investments and prudent recycling of capital. Our primary goal is outsized risk adjusted returns and accelerating growth for Aimco shareholders.
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Platform: We have a talented leadership team with an average Aimco tenure of 10 years and nearly 20 years of diverse real estate industry experience combined with a disciplined and proven investment process.
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Portfolio: We benefit from a deep and growing investment pipeline with $1 billion of development and redevelopment projects currently underway, over $2 billion of future opportunities under Aimco-control and more being explored. We add to this alternative investment strategies and a diversified portfolio of stabilized real estate to provide risk management and produce predictable cash flow.
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Growth Plan: We have more than $500 million of equity targeted for redeployment into high returning activities over the next 4-5 years offering investors a high performing, high return vehicle with expected annualized returns on equity from 12-16% once optimal capital allocation is achieved.
We are focused on providing superior total-return performance to shareholders, primarily through capital appreciation driven by accretive investment and active portfolio management over multi-year periods. We plan to reinvest earnings to facilitate growth and, therefore, do not presently intend to pay a regular quarterly cash dividend.
Our financial objectives are to create value and produce superior, project-level, risk-adjusted returns on equity as measured by the investment period Internal Rate of Return (“IRR”) and the project-level Multiple on Invested Capital (“MOIC”). We measure broader performance based on Net Asset value (“NAV”) growth over time.
Our capital allocation strategy has been designed to leverage our investment platform and optimize risk adjusted returns for our shareholders.
Overall, we target a growth-oriented capital allocation, primarily weighted toward direct investment in “Value Add” and “Opportunistic” multifamily real estate.
From time to time, we will allocate a defined portion of our capital into alternative investments including passive debt and equity investments (both direct and indirect). Aimco may also utilize its established platform and existing relationships to generate fees through service offerings.
We have policies in place that support our strategy, guide our investment allocations, and manage risk, including to hold at all times a sizeable portion of its net equity in a diversified portfolio of “Core” and “Core-Plus” assets and before starting a project, require cash or committed credit necessary for completion.
Given our stated strategy, it is expected that at any point in time the value-creation process will be ongoing at numerous of our investments. Over time, we expect the Aimco enterprise to produce superior returns on equity on a risk-adjusted basis and it is our plan to do so by:
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Benefiting from a national platform while leveraging local and regional expertise
We have corporate headquarters in Denver, Colorado and Bethesda, Maryland. Our investment platform is managed by experienced professionals based in four regions: West Coast, Central and Mountain West, Mid-Atlantic and Northeast, and Southeast. By regionalizing this platform, we are able to leverage the in-depth local market knowledge of each regional leader, creating a comparative advantage when sourcing, evaluating, and executing investment opportunities.
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Managing and investing in value-add and opportunistic real estate
Our dedicated team will source and execute development and redevelopment projects, and various other direct investment strategies, across our national platform. The Aimco Development and Redevelopment portfolio currently includes $1 billion of projects in construction and lease-up, located across five major U.S. markets. In addition, we currently have $2 billion worth of pipeline opportunities under our control and have the opportunity to add to our investment pipeline based on strategic relationships and through sourcing by regional investment teams. Generally, we seek direct investment opportunities in locations where barriers to entry are high, target customers can be clearly defined and where we have a comparative advantage over others in the market.
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Managing and investing in other alternative investments
Our current allocation to alternative investments includes: our indirect interest mezzanine loan to the Parkmerced partnership which owns 3,165 apartment homes and future development rights in San Francisco, California, and our passive equity investments in IQHQ, Inc. (“IQHQ”), a privately held life sciences real estate development company, and in property technology funds consisting of privately held entities that develop technology related to the real estate industry.
We expect to allocate a portion of our capital to passive debt and equity investments, both directly and at the entity level. These prove attractive when warranted by risk adjusted returns, when we have special knowledge or expertise relevant to the particular investment or when the opportunity exists for positive asymmetric outcomes whether through strategic partnerships or otherwise. In addition, from time to time, we will use our established platform and existing relationships to generate fees through service offerings to third party real estate investors, owners, and capital allocators.
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Owning a portfolio of stabilized core and core plus real estate
Our entire portfolio of operating properties includes 29 apartment communities (25 consolidated properties and four unconsolidated properties) located in ten major U.S. markets and with average rents in line with local market averages (generally defined as B class). We also own one commercial office building that is part of an assemblage with an adjacent apartment building. The target composition of our stabilized portfolio will continue to include primarily B multifamily assets, spread across a nationally diversified portfolio and with a bias toward long established residential neighborhoods that rank highly in regard to schools, employment fundamentals and state and regional governance. Core Plus opportunities offer the opportunity for incremental capital investment while maintaining stabilized cashflow to accelerate income growth and improve asset values.
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Maintaining sufficient liquidity and utilizing safe financial leverage
At all times, we will guard our liquidity by maintaining sufficient cash and committed credit.
From time-to-time, we will allocate capital to financial assets designed to mitigate risks elsewhere in the Aimco enterprise. Existing examples include our option to acquire an interest rate swap designed to protect against repricing risk on maturing Aimco liabilities and the use of rate caps to provide protection against increases in interest rates on in-place loans.
We expect to capitalize our activities through a combination of non-recourse property debt, construction loans, third-party equity, and the recycling of Aimco equity, including retained earnings. We plan to limit the use of recourse leverage, with a strong preference towards non-recourse property-level debt in order to limit risk to the Aimco enterprise. When warranted, we plan to seek equity capital from joint venture partners to improve our cost of capital, further leverage Aimco equity, reduce exposure to a single investment and, in certain cases, for strategic benefits.
Competition
There are many developers, managers, and owners of apartment real estate and underdeveloped land, as well as REITs, private real estate companies, and investors, that compete with us in acquiring, developing, obtaining financing for, and disposing of apartment communities. This competition affects our ability to realize our real estate development and transactional objectives.
In addition, our apartment communities compete for residents with other housing alternatives, including other rental apartments and condominiums, and single-family homes that are available for rent, as well as new and existing condominiums and single-family homes for sale. Competitive residential housing, as well as household formation and job creation in a particular area, could adversely affect our ability to lease apartment homes and to increase or maintain rental rates.
Taxation
Aimco
Aimco has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), commencing with our initial taxable year, and intends to continue to operate in such a manner. The Code imposes various requirements related to organizational structure, distribution levels, diversity of stock ownership, and certain restrictions with regard to owned assets and categories of income that must be met in order to continue to qualify as a REIT. If Aimco continues to qualify for taxation as a REIT, Aimco will generally not be subject to United States federal corporate income tax on its taxable income that is currently distributed to stockholders. This treatment substantially eliminates the “double taxation” (at the corporate and stockholder levels) that generally results from an investment in a corporation.
Certain of our operations, or a portion thereof, are conducted through taxable REIT subsidiaries, each of which we refer to as a “TRS”. A TRS is a corporate subsidiary that has elected to be a TRS instead of a REIT and, as such, is subject to United States federal corporate income tax.
Aimco Operating Partnership
Aimco Operating Partnership is treated as a “pass-through” entity for United States federal income tax purposes and is not subject to United States federal income taxation. Partners in Aimco Operating Partnership, however, are subject to tax on their allocable share of partnership income, gains, losses, deductions, and credits, regardless of whether the partners receive any actual distributions of cash or other property from Aimco Operating Partnership during the taxable year. Generally, the characterization of any particular item is determined by Aimco Operating Partnership rather than at the partner level, and the amount of a partner’s allocable share of such item is governed by the terms of Aimco Operating Partnership’s Partnership Agreement. Aimco Operating Partnership is subject to tax in certain states.
Regulation
General
Apartment development is subject to various laws, ordinances, and regulations, including those concerning entitlement, building, health and safety, site and building design, environment, zoning, sales, and similar matters apply to or affect the real estate development industry.
Apartment communities and their owners are subject to various laws, ordinances, and regulations, including those related to real estate broker licensing and regulations relating to recreational facilities such as swimming pools, activity centers, and other common areas.
Changes in laws increasing the potential liability for environmental conditions existing on communities or increasing the restrictions on discharges or other conditions, as well as changes in laws affecting development, construction, and safety requirements, may result in significant unanticipated expenditures, which could adversely affect our net income and cash flows from operating activities.
In addition, existing rent control laws, as well as future enactment of rent control or rent stabilization laws, or other laws and ordinances regulating multifamily housing, such as eviction moratoriums and the impact of governmental measures implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, may reduce rental revenue or increase operating costs in particular markets.
Environmental
Various federal, state, and local laws subject real estate owners or operators to liability for management, and the costs of removal or remediation, of certain potentially hazardous materials that may be present. These materials may include lead-based paint, asbestos, polychlorinated biphenyls, and petroleum-based fuels. Such laws often impose liability without regard to fault or whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the release or presence of such materials. In connection with the ownership of real estate, we could potentially be liable for environmental liabilities or costs associated with our real estate, whether currently owned, acquired in the future, or owned in the past. These and other risks related to environmental matters are described in more detail in Item 1A. Risk Factors.
Corporate Responsibility
Our corporate responsibility is an important part of our business. As with all other aspects of our business, our corporate responsibility program focuses on continuous improvement, to the benefit of our stockholders, our residents, our team members and our communities.
Human Capital and Culture
Our team is our most important asset, and our culture is key to our success. Our intentional focus on collaborative and productive culture based on respect for others and personal responsibility is reinforced by a preference for promotion from within. We focus on succession planning and talent development to produce a strong, stable team that is the enduring foundation of our success. We offer benefits reinforcing our value of caring for each other, including 16 weeks of paid time for parental leave to new mothers and fathers, a longstanding policy of workplace flexibility for our teammates to attend to personal and family matters during the workweek, office environments focused on natural light and ergonomic office furniture including adjustable height desks, paid time annually to volunteer in local communities, and a bonus structure at all levels of the organization.
We are responsible for and implement succession planning in all leadership positions, both in the short term and the long term.
We evaluate team engagement and retention and include those in our goals on which all teammates are compensated. Every team member is surveyed via a third-party, confidential survey on his or her annual anniversary of employment. The teammate engagement score consists of the average of the responses to the questions that comprise the engagement index, on a scale of 1 to 5, for all teammates who complete the survey during the year. Aimco’s overall team engagement score for the 2021 Annual Lifecycle Surveys was 4.21, compared to the target of 4.20.
As of December 31, 2021, we had 62 full-time team members, approximately 60% performing development or transactional services with the balance managing corporate and area functions, including debt and capital market transactions, legal, finance, accounting, and other support functions. None of our employees are represented by labor unions.
Our focus on our team and culture is recognized externally, as well. Out of hundreds of participating companies in 2021, we were one of only six recognized as a “Top Workplace” in Colorado for each of the past nine years. We were also recognized as a “Top Workplace” in Washington, D.C., where one of our headquarters is located in nearby Bethesda, Maryland. Additionally, in 2021, the Company was recognized as one of the Denver Area’s Healthiest Employers in 2020.
Available Information
Our combined Annual Report on Form 10-K, our combined Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K filed by Aimco or Aimco Operating Partnership, and any amendments to any of those reports that we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission are available free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable through our website at www.aimco.com. The information contained on our website is not incorporated into this Annual Report.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
The risk factors noted in this section, and other factors noted throughout this Annual Report, describe certain risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statement.
RISKS RELATED TO BUSINESS
Adverse economic and geopolitical conditions, health crises and dislocations in the credit markets could affect our ability to collect rents and late fees from tenants, and our ability to evict tenants, in addition to having other negative effects on our business, which in turn could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Adverse economic and geopolitical conditions, local, regional, national, or international health crises and dislocations in the credit markets could negatively impact our tenants and our operations. For example, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 to be a pandemic on March 11, 2020. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted global economic activity and caused significant volatility and negative pressure in financial markets. Both the global impact of the outbreak and the governmental measures taken in response to it continue to evolve.
Factors that have negatively impacted, or would negatively impact, our operations or those of entities in which we hold a partial interest during the COVID-19 pandemic or another health crisis, adverse economic or geopolitical event or dislocation in the credit market include:
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our ability to collect rents and late fees on a timely basis or at all, without reductions or other concessions;
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our ability to evict residents for non-payment and for other reasons;
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our ability to ensure business continuity in the event our continuity of operations plan is not effective or improperly implemented or deployed during a disruption;
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fluctuations in regional and local economies, local real estate conditions, and rental rates;
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interruptions in real estate development and redevelopment activities due to supply chain disruptions;
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our ability to control incremental costs associated with COVID-19, including increased costs resulting from higher inflation;
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our ability to dispose of communities at all or on terms favorable to us;
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our ability to complete developments and redevelopments and other construction projects as planned; and
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potential litigation relating to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Given the ongoing and dynamic nature of the circumstances surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic, it remains challenging to predict the ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy, our residents and commercial tenants, our communities, and the operations of entities in which we hold an interest (including our economic interest in the partnership owning the “Parkmerced Apartments”), or for how long disruptions are likely to continue. The extent of such impact will depend on developments, which are highly uncertain, rapidly evolving and cannot be predicted, including the ability to contain the virus, the emergence of new COVID-19 variants, the efficacy and availability of vaccines, the duration of measures implemented, and the overall impact of these measures. Such developments, depending on their nature, duration, and intensity, could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition. The COVID-19 pandemic also may have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described below.
We do not have control over the partnership owning the Parkmerced Apartments, the operation of which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Our indirect interest in the partnership owning the Parkmerced Apartments is subject to certain risks, including, but not limited to, exposure to the skill and capital of the controlling party and those resulting from fluctuations in San Francisco occupancy rates, the operating disruption due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and associated governmental response, and the current economic situation which may result in all, or a portion of the loan not being repaid. Such risks could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Development, redevelopment, and construction risks could affect our profitability.
Development and redevelopment are subject to numerous risks, including the following:
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we may be unable to obtain, or experience delays in obtaining, necessary zoning, occupancy, or other required governmental or third-party permits and authorizations, which could result in increased costs or the delay or abandonment of opportunities;
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we may incur costs that exceed our original estimates due to increased material, labor, or other factors and costs, such as those resulting from litigation, program changes, inflation, interest rate increases or supply chain disruptions;
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we may be unable to complete construction and lease-up of an apartment community on schedule, including as a result of global supply chain disruptions, resulting in increased construction and financing costs and a decrease in expected rental revenues;
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occupancy rates and rents at an apartment community may fail to meet our expectations for a number of reasons, including changes in market and economic conditions beyond our control and the development of competing communities;
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we may be unable to obtain financing, including construction loans, with favorable terms, or at all, which may cause us to delay or abandon an opportunity;
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we may abandon opportunities that we have already begun to explore, or stop projects we have already commenced, for a number of reasons, including changes in local market conditions or increases in construction or financing costs, and, as a result, we may fail to recover costs already incurred in exploring those opportunities;
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we are required to pay rent to AIR on the Initial Leased Properties as defined in the Separation and Distribution Agreement with AIR (and any additional properties we may lease from them in accordance with the Master Leasing Agreement), regardless of whether our developments or redevelopments are successful;
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we have the right to terminate our leases with AIR and may receive payment from AIR, but the price AIR generally has the option to pay in such event under the Master Leasing Agreement may be less than what a third party would have been willing to pay us if we sold such property to a third party;
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we may incur liabilities to third parties during the development or redevelopment process and we may be faced with claims for construction defects after a property has been developed;
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we may face opposition from local community or political groups with respect to the development, construction, or operations at a particular site;
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health and safety incidents or other accidents on site may occur during development;
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unexpected events or circumstances may arise during the development or redevelopment process that affect the timing of completion and the cost and profitability of the development or redevelopment; and
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loss of a key member of a redevelopment or development team could adversely affect our ability to deliver developments and redevelopments on time and within our budget.
Some of these development risks may be heightened given current uncertain and potentially volatile market conditions. If market volatility causes economic conditions to remain unpredictable or to trend downwards, we may not achieve our expected returns on properties under development and we could lose some or all of our investments in those properties. In addition, the lead time required to develop, construct, and lease-up a development property may increase, which could adversely impact our projected returns or result in a termination of the development project.
In addition, we may serve as either the construction manager or the general contractor for our development projects. The construction of real estate projects entails unique risks, including risks that the project will fail to conform to building plans, specifications, and timetables. These failures could be caused by labor strikes, weather, government regulations, and other conditions beyond our control. In addition, we may become liable for injuries and accidents occurring during the construction process that are underinsured.
Failure to generate sufficient net operating income may adversely affect our liquidity, limit our ability to fund necessary capital expenditures, or adversely affect our ability to pay dividends or distributions.
Our ability to fund necessary capital expenditures on our communities and make payments to our investors depends on, among other things, our ability to generate net operating income in excess of required debt payments and our ability to collect on interest and principal payments due to us. If we are unable to fund capital expenditures on our communities, we may not be able to preserve the competitiveness of our communities, which could adversely affect their net operating income and long-term value.
Our net operating income and liquidity may be adversely affected by events or conditions beyond our control, including:
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the general economic climate;
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an inflationary environment in which the costs to operate and maintain our communities increase at a rate greater than our ability to increase rents, which we can only do upon renewal of existing leases or at the inception of new leases;
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competition from other apartment communities and other housing options;
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local conditions, such as loss of jobs, unemployment rates, or an increase in the supply of apartments, that might adversely affect apartment occupancy or rental rates;
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changes in governmental regulations and the related cost of compliance;
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changes in tax laws and housing laws, including the enactment of rent control laws or other laws regulating multifamily housing; and
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changes in interest rates and the availability of financing.
Our ability to continue to grow or maintain our pipeline of development and redevelopment opportunities may be constrained.
We source development and redevelopment opportunities through various means, including from our operating portfolio, property acquisitions, and AIR. We may be unable to identify and complete acquisitions of properties compatible with our investment strategy. We may be unable to locate properties that will produce returns with a sufficient spread to our cost of capital. The inability to source opportunities could impede our growth and could have a material adverse effect on us.
Our properties are geographically concentrated in California, Chicago, Florida, and in the Northeast region of the United States, which makes us more susceptible to regional and local adverse economic and other conditions than if we owned a more geographically diversified portfolio.
The majority of our properties are located in California, Chicago, Florida, and in the Northeast region of the United States. As a result, we are particularly susceptible to adverse economic or other conditions in these markets (such as periods of economic slowdown or recession, business layoffs or downsizing, industry slowdowns, relocations of businesses, increases in real estate and other taxes, and the cost of complying with governmental regulations or increased regulation), as well as to natural disasters (including earthquakes, storms, and hurricanes), potentially adverse effects of “global warming,” and other disruptions that occur in these markets (such as terrorist activity or threats of terrorist activity and other events), any of which may have a greater impact on the value of our assets or on our operating results than if we owned a more geographically diversified portfolio.
We cannot assure you that these markets will grow or that underlying real estate fundamentals will be favorable to owners, operators, and developers of multifamily, retail, or office assets, or future development assets. Our operations may also be affected if competing assets are built in these markets. Moreover, submarkets within our core markets may be dependent upon a limited number of industries. Any adverse economic or other conditions, or any decrease in demand for office, multifamily, or retail assets could adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.
Our development projects may subject us to certain liabilities, and we are subject to risks associated with developing properties in partnership with others.
We may hire and supervise third-party contractors to provide construction, engineering, and various other services for development projects. Certain of these contracts may be structured such that we are the principal rather than the agent. As a result, we may assume liabilities in the course of the project and be subjected to, or become liable for, claims for construction defects, negligent performance of work or other similar actions by third parties we have engaged.
Adverse outcomes of disputes or litigation could negatively impact our business, results of operations, and financial condition, particularly if we have not limited the extent of the damages for which we may be liable, or if our liabilities exceed the amounts of the insurance that we carry. Moreover, our tenants may seek to hold us accountable for the actions of contractors because of our role even if we have technically disclaimed liability as a legal matter, in which case we may determine it necessary to participate in a financial settlement for purposes of preserving the tenant or customer relationship or to protect our corporate brand. To the extent our tenants are obligated to reimburse us, acting as a principal may also mean that we pay a contractor before we have been reimbursed by our tenants. This exposes us to additional risks of collection in the event of a bankruptcy, insolvency, or a condominium purchaser default. The reverse can occur as well, where a contractor we have paid files for bankruptcy protection or commits fraud with the funds before completing a project that we have funded in part or in full.
Additionally, we use partnerships and limited liability companies to develop some of our real estate investments. Acting through our wholly owned subsidiaries, we typically will be the general partner or managing member in these partnerships or limited liability companies. There are, however, instances in which we may not control or even participate in management or day-to-day operations of these properties. The use of partnerships and limited liability companies involve special risks associated with the possibility that:
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a partner or member may have interests or goals inconsistent with ours;
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a general partner or managing member may take actions contrary to our instructions, requests, policies, or objectives with respect to our real estate investments;
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a partner or member could experience financial difficulties that prevent it from fulfilling its financial or other responsibilities to the project; or
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a partner may not fulfill its contractual obligations.
In the event any of our partners or members file for bankruptcy, we could be precluded from taking certain actions affecting our project without bankruptcy court approval, which could diminish our control over the project even if we were the general partner or managing member. In addition, if the bankruptcy court were to discharge the obligations of our partner or member, it could result in our ultimate liability for the project being greater than originally anticipated.
Further, disputes between us and a partner may result in litigation or arbitration that may increase our expenses and prevent our management from focusing their time and attention on our business.
To the extent we are a general partner, we may be exposed to unlimited liability, which may exceed our investment or equity in the partnership. If one of our subsidiaries is a general partner of a particular partnership, it may be exposed to the same kind of unlimited liability.
Development of properties may entail a lengthy, uncertain, and costly entitlement process.
Approval to develop real property sometimes requires political support and generally entails an extensive entitlement process involving multiple and overlapping regulatory jurisdictions and often requires discretionary action by local governments. Real estate projects must generally comply with local land development regulations and may need to comply with state and federal regulations. We may incur substantial costs to comply with legal and regulatory requirements. An increase in legal and regulatory requirements may cause us to incur substantial additional costs, or in some cases cause us to determine that the property is not feasible for development. In addition, our competitors and local residents may challenge our efforts to obtain entitlements and permits for the development of properties. The process to comply with these regulations is usually lengthy and costly, may not result in the approvals we seek, and can be expected to materially affect our development activities.
Government regulations and legal challenges may delay the start or completion of the development of our communities, increase our expenses or limit our building of apartments or other activities.
Various local, state, and federal statutes, ordinances, rules, and regulations concerning building, health and safety, site and building design, environment, zoning, sales, and similar matters apply to or affect the real estate development industry. In addition, our ability to obtain or renew permits or approvals and the continued effectiveness of permits already granted or approvals already obtained depends on factors beyond our control, such as changes in federal, state, and local policies, rules and regulations, and their interpretations and application.
Municipalities may restrict or place moratoriums on the availability of utilities, such as water and sewer taps. If municipalities in which we operate take such actions, it could have an adverse effect on our business by causing delays, increasing our costs, or limiting our ability to operate in those municipalities. These measures may reduce our ability to develop apartment communities and to build and sell other real estate development projects in the affected markets, including with respect to land we may already own, and create additional costs and administration requirements, which in turn may harm our future sales, margins, and earnings.
In addition, there is a variety of legislation being enacted, or considered for enactment, at the federal, state, and local level relating to energy and climate change. This legislation relates to items such as carbon dioxide emissions control and building codes that impose energy efficiency standards. New building code requirements that impose stricter energy efficiency standards could significantly increase our cost to construct buildings. Such environmental laws may affect, for example, how we manage storm water runoff, wastewater discharges, and dust; how we develop or operate on properties on or affecting resources such as wetlands, endangered species, cultural resources, or areas subject to preservation laws; and how we address contamination. As climate change concerns continue to grow, legislation and regulations of this nature are expected to continue and become more costly to comply with. In addition, it is possible that some form of expanded energy efficiency legislation may be passed by the U.S. Congress or federal agencies and certain state legislatures, which may, despite being phased in over time, significantly increase our costs of building apartment communities and the sale price to our buyers and adversely affect our sales volumes. We may be required to apply for additional approvals or modify our existing approvals because of changes in local circumstances or applicable law.
Energy-related initiatives affect a wide variety of companies throughout the United States and the world and, because our operations are heavily dependent on significant amounts of raw materials, such as lumber, steel, and concrete, they could have an indirect adverse impact on our operations and profitability to the extent the manufacturers and suppliers of our materials are burdened with expensive cap and trade and similar energy-related taxes and regulations. Our noncompliance with environmental laws could result in fines and penalties, obligations to remediate, permit revocations, other sanctions and reputational harm.
Governmental regulation affects not only construction activities but also sales activities, mortgage lending activities, and other dealings with consumers. Further, government agencies routinely initiate audits, reviews, or investigations of our business practices to ensure compliance with applicable laws and regulations, which can cause us to incur costs or create other disruptions in our business that can be significant. Further, we may experience delays and increased expenses as a result of legal challenges to our proposed communities, whether brought by governmental authorities or private parties.
Competition could limit our ability to lease apartment homes, increase or maintain rents or execute our development strategy.
Our apartment communities compete for residents with other housing alternatives, including other rental apartments and condominiums, and, to a lesser degree, single-family homes that are available for rent, as well as new and existing condominiums and single-family homes for sale. Competitive residential housing, as well as the lack of household formation and job creation in a particular area, could adversely affect our ability to lease apartment homes and to increase or maintain rental rates.
In addition, there are many developers, managers, and owners of apartment real estate and underdeveloped land, as well as REITs, private real estate companies, and investors, that compete with us, some of whom have greater financial resources and market share than us. If our competitors prevent us from realizing our real estate development objectives, our performance may fall short of our expectations and adversely affect our business.
Because real estate investments are relatively illiquid, we may not be able to sell apartment communities or other assets when appropriate.
Real estate investments are relatively illiquid and generally cannot be sold quickly. REIT tax rules also restrict our ability to sell apartment communities. Thus, we may not be able to change our portfolio promptly in response to changes in economic or other market conditions. Our ability to dispose of apartment communities in the future will depend on prevailing economic and market conditions, including the cost and availability of financing. This could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.
Potential liability or other expenditures associated with potential environmental contamination may be costly.
Various federal, state, and local laws subject real estate owners or operators to liability for management, and the costs of removal or remediation of certain potentially hazardous materials that may be present in the land or buildings. Potentially hazardous materials may include polychlorinated biphenyls, petroleum-based fuels, lead-based paint, or asbestos, among other materials. Such laws often impose liability without regard to fault or whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of such materials. The presence of, or the failure to manage or remediate properly, these materials may adversely affect occupancy at such real estate as well as the ability to sell or finance such real estate. In addition, governmental agencies may bring claims for costs associated with investigation and remediation actions, damages to natural resources, and for potential fines or penalties in connection with such damage or with respect to the improper management of hazardous materials. Moreover, private plaintiffs may potentially make claims for investigation and remediation costs they incur, or personal injury, disease, disability, or other infirmities related to the alleged presence of hazardous materials at an apartment community. In addition to potential environmental liabilities or costs associated with our current real estate, we may also be responsible for such liabilities or costs associated with communities we acquire or manage in the future, or real estate we no longer own or operate.
Rent control laws and other regulations that limit our ability to increase rental rates may negatively impact our rental income and profitability.
State and local governmental agencies may introduce rent control laws or other regulations that limit our ability to increase rental rates, which may affect our rental income. Especially in times of recession and economic slowdown, rent control initiatives can acquire significant political support. If rent controls unexpectedly became applicable to certain of our properties, our revenue from and the value of such properties could be adversely affected.
Laws benefiting disabled persons may result in our incurrence of unanticipated expenses.
Under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (“ADA”), all places intended to be used by the public are required to meet certain federal requirements related to access and use by disabled persons. The Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 (“FHAA”) requires apartment communities first occupied after March 13, 1991, to comply with design and construction requirements for disabled access. For those apartment communities receiving federal funds, the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 also has requirements regarding disabled access. These and federal, state, and local laws may require structural modifications to our apartment communities or changes in policy/practice or affect renovations of the communities. Noncompliance with these laws could result in the imposition of fines or an award of damages to private litigants and also could result in an order to correct any non-complying feature, which could result in substantial capital expenditures. Although we believe that our apartment communities are substantially in compliance with present requirements, we may incur unanticipated expenses to comply with the ADA, the FHAA, and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 in connection with the ongoing operation or redevelopment of our apartment communities.
Moisture infiltration and resulting mold remediation may be costly.
Although we are proactively engaged in managing moisture intrusion and preventing the presence of mold at our apartment communities, it is not unusual for periodic moisture intrusion to cause mold in isolated locations within an apartment community. We have implemented policies, procedures, and training, and include a detailed moisture intrusion and mold assessment during acquisition due diligence. We believe these measures will manage mold exposure at our apartment communities and will minimize the effects that mold may have on our residents. To date, we have not incurred any material costs or liabilities relating to claims of mold exposure or to abate mold conditions. We have only limited insurance coverage for property damage claims arising from the presence of mold and for personal injury claims related to mold exposure.
Although we are insured for certain risks, the cost of insurance, increased claims activity, or losses resulting from casualty events may affect our financial condition and results of operations.
We are insured for a portion of our real estate assets’ exposure to casualty losses resulting from fire, earthquake, hurricane, tornado, flood, and other perils, which insurance is subject to deductibles and self-insurance retention. We recognize casualty losses or gains based on the net book value of the affected asset and the amount of any related insurance proceeds. In many instances, the actual cost to repair or replace the apartment community may exceed its net book value and any insurance proceeds. We recognize the uninsured portion of losses as casualty losses in the periods in which they are incurred. In addition, we are self-insured for a portion of our exposure to third-party claims related to our workers’ compensation coverage and general liability exposure. With respect to our exposure to claims of third parties, we establish reserves at levels that reflect our known and estimated losses. The ultimate cost of losses and the impact of unforeseen events may vary materially from recorded reserves, and variances may adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. We purchase insurance to reduce our exposure to losses and limit our financial losses on large individual risks. The availability and cost of insurance are determined by market
conditions outside our control. No assurance can be made that we will be able to obtain and maintain insurance at the same levels and on the same terms as we do today. If we are not able to obtain or maintain insurance in amounts, we consider appropriate for our business, or if the cost of obtaining such insurance increases materially, we may have to retain a larger portion of the potential loss associated with our exposures to risks.
Natural disasters and severe weather may affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Natural disasters such as earthquakes and severe weather such as hurricanes may result in significant damage to our real estate assets. The extent of our casualty losses and loss in operating income in connection with such events is a function of the severity of the event and the total amount of exposure in the affected area. When we have geographic concentration of exposures, a single catastrophe (such as an earthquake) or destructive weather event (such as a hurricane) affecting a region may have a significant adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. We cannot accurately predict natural disasters or severe weather, or the number and type of such events that will affect us. As a result, our operating and financial results may vary significantly from one period to the next. Although we anticipate and plan for losses, there can be no assurance that our financial results will not be adversely affected by our exposure to losses arising from natural disasters or severe weather in the future that exceed our previous experience and assumptions.
We depend on our senior management.
Our success and our ability to implement and manage anticipated future growth depend, in large part, upon the efforts of our senior management team, who have extensive market knowledge and relationships, and exercise substantial influence over our operational, financing, acquisition, and disposition activity. Members of our senior management team have national or regional industry reputations that attract business and investment opportunities and assist us in negotiations with lenders, existing and potential tenants, and other industry participants. The loss of services of one or more members of our senior management team, or our inability to attract and retain similarly qualified personnel, could adversely affect our business, diminish our investment opportunities, and weaken our relationships with lenders, business partners, existing and prospective tenants, and industry participants, which could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flow.
We rely on AIR to manage a majority of our properties. If AIR fails to efficiently manage such properties, tenants may not renew their leases, or we may become subject to unforeseen liabilities.
A majority of our properties are managed by AIR. We do not supervise AIR or its managers and employees on a day-to-day basis and we cannot assure you that they will manage such properties in a manner that is consistent with their obligations under our agreements, that they will not be negligent in their performance or engage in any criminal or fraudulent activity, or that they will not otherwise default on their management obligations to us. If any of the foregoing occurs, the relationships with our tenants at such properties could be damaged, which may cause the tenants not to renew their leases, and we could incur liabilities resulting from loss or injury to the properties or to persons at the properties. If we are unable to lease the properties or we become subject to significant liabilities as a result of AIR’s management performance, our financial condition and results of operations could be substantially harmed.
In addition to property management services, we depend on AIR to support certain of our property’s operations, and any adverse changes in the financial health of AIR or our relationship with it could hinder AIR’s ability to successfully manage our operations.
We are dependent on AIR to support certain of our property’s operations pursuant to the Property Management Agreement. Any adverse changes in the financial condition of AIR, AIR’s ability to retain or replace its employees, or our relationship with AIR, could hinder AIR’s ability to successfully manage our operations, which would materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Our business and operations would suffer in the event of significant disruptions or cyberattacks of our information technology systems or our failure to comply with laws, rules and regulations related to privacy and data protection.
Information technology, communication networks, and related systems are essential to the operation of our business. We use these systems to manage our vendor relationships, internal communications, accounting and record-keeping systems, and many other key aspects of our business. Our operations rely on the secure processing, storage, and transmission of confidential and other information in our computer systems and networks, which also depend on the strength of our procedures and the effectiveness of our internal controls. Information security risks have generally increased in recent years due to the rise in new technologies and the increased sophistication and activities of perpetrators of cyberattacks.
Despite system redundancy, risk transfer, insurance, indemnification, the implementation of security measures, required employee awareness training, and the existence of a disaster recovery plan for our internal information technology systems, our systems, and systems maintained by third-party vendors with which we do business are vulnerable to damage from any number of sources. We face risks associated with energy blackouts, natural disasters, terrorism, war, telecommunication failures, and cyberattacks and intrusions, such as computer viruses, malware, attachments to emails, intrusion, and unauthorized access, including from persons inside our organization or from persons outside our organization with access to our systems. We may also incur additional costs to remedy damages caused by such disruptions. Although we make efforts to maintain the security and integrity of our systems and have implemented various measures to manage the risk of a security breach or disruption, there can be no assurance that our security efforts and measures will be effective or that attempted security breaches or disruptions would not be successful or damaging. Any compromise of our security could also result in a violation of applicable privacy and other laws, significant legal and financial exposure, damage to our reputation, loss, or misuse of the information (which may be confidential, proprietary, or commercially sensitive in nature), and a loss of confidence in our security measures, which could harm our business.
We also are subject to laws, rules, and regulations in the United States, such as the California Consumer Protection Act (the “CCPA” (which became effective on January 1, 2020)), relating to the collection, use, and security of employee and other data. Evolving compliance and operational requirements under the CCPA and the privacy and data security laws of other jurisdictions in which we operate impose significant costs that are likely to increase over time. Our failure to comply with laws, rules, and regulations related to privacy and data protection could harm our business or reputation.
Third Party Purchase or Offer Rights, such as in our Master Leasing Agreement, may discourage third parties from negotiating with us with respect to the sale of our real property.
During the term of the Master Leasing Agreement, AIR will have a purchase option on the direct or indirect transfer of any real property owned or, subject to the consent of the landlord, leased by us (including indirect transfers pursuant to a transfer of equity interests in any of our subsidiaries that owns or leases such real property) and any rights to acquire real property, but excluding any property leased from AIR pursuant to the Master Leasing Agreement, with respect to real property for which redevelopment has been substantially completed by Aimco (if applicable) and that has reached a specified occupancy for a minimum time period and a right of first offer with respect to stabilized properties that Aimco is under contract to purchase, but excluding any such transfers in respect of certain of the operating properties. This right of first offer and purchase option may discourage third parties from negotiating with us with respect to the sale of our real property and may limit the number of interested buyers, and further may prevent us from receiving the maximum price that we may otherwise have obtained for such properties.
There may be, or there may be the appearance of, conflicts of interest in our relationship with AIR.
There may be, or there may be the appearance of, conflicts of interest in our relationship with AIR. The Separation was designed to minimize conflicts of interest between us and AIR (and we have formed the Aimco-AIR Transactions Committee to oversee prospective transactions between the two companies to ensure they are on arm’s length terms), however, there can be no assurance that such conflicts don’t exist.
Although we and AIR each have an independent Board and independent management and are incentivized to make decisions that are in the best interests of its respective business, Mr. Considine serves on both our and AIR’s Board, however, Mr. Considine will recuse himself from voting as a member of either Board during the approval or disapproval of any transactions between the two companies. In addition, as part of the Separation, AIR and Aimco entered into the Employee Matters Agreement, which provides that Mr. Considine will continue to serve Aimco with specific responsibilities for two years following the Separation to support the establishment and growth of the Aimco business, reporting directly to the Aimco Board.
The agreements between us and AIR generally do not limit or restrict AIR or its affiliates from engaging in any business or managing other entities that engage in business of the type conducted by us. Although we and AIR do not generally engage in the same business, AIR and its affiliates may in the future determine to redevelop or develop apartment communities and other real estate assets, some of which may be in close proximity to certain of our apartment communities. Certain business opportunities appropriate for us may also in the future be appropriate for AIR or its affiliates, and we may compete with AIR for certain business opportunities. This may cause us to compete with AIR for business opportunities or result in a change in our current business strategy.
Actual, potential, or perceived conflicts could give rise to investor dissatisfaction, settlements with stockholders, litigation or regulatory inquiries or enforcement actions. Appropriately dealing with conflicts of interest is complex and difficult, and our reputation could be damaged if we fail, or appear to fail, to deal appropriately with one or more potential, actual, or perceived conflicts of interest. Regulatory scrutiny of, or litigation in connection with, conflicts of interest could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, which could materially adversely affect our business in a number of ways, including causing a reluctance of counterparties to do business with us, a decrease in the prices of our equity securities, and a resulting increased risk of litigation and regulatory enforcement actions.
Our business could be negatively affected as a result of the actions of activist stockholders.
Publicly traded companies have increasingly become subject to campaigns by investors advocating corporate actions such as financial restructuring, increased borrowing, special dividends, stock repurchases, or even sales of assets or the entire company. Given our stockholder composition and other factors, it is possible our stockholders or future activist stockholders may attempt to effect such changes. Responding to proxy contests and other actions by such activist stockholders or others would be costly and time-consuming, disrupt our operations and divert the attention of our Board and senior management team from the pursuit of business strategies, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, perceived uncertainties as to our future direction as a result of stockholder activism or changes to the composition of the Board may lead to the perception of a change in the direction of the business, instability, or lack of continuity, which may be exploited by our competitors, cause concern to our current or potential lenders, partners, or others with whom we do business, and make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel.
RISKS RELATED TO OUR INDEBTEDNESS AND FINANCING
Our debt financing could result in foreclosure of our apartment communities, prevent us from making distributions on our equity, or otherwise adversely affect our liquidity.
As of December 31, 2021, a significant number of our apartment communities serve as collateral for our credit facility, property debt, construction loans, and two Notes Payable to subsidiaries of AIR (“Notes Payable to AIR”). Our secured credit facility matures in December 2023, subject to extension options. Certain of our subsidiaries have existing secured property-level debt equal to approximately $484.9 million and construction loans of approximately $168.4 million. Another is the obligator on the Notes Payable to AIR with an aggregated principal amount equal to approximately $534.1 million. Over time, we may become party to additional financing arrangements, including credit facilities or other bank debt, bonds, and mortgage financing. Our organizational documents do not limit the amount of debt that we may incur, and we have significant amounts of debt outstanding. Payments of principal and interest may leave us with insufficient cash resources to operate our communities or pay distributions required to maintain our qualification as a REIT.
In connection with such financing activities, we are subject to the risk that our cash flow from operations will be insufficient to make required payments of principal and interest, and the risk that our indebtedness may not be refinanced or that the terms of any refinancing will not be as favorable as the terms of then-existing indebtedness. If we fail to make required payments of principal and interest on our non-recourse debt, our lenders could foreclose on the apartment communities and other collateral securing such debt, which would result in the loss to us of income and asset value.
Disruptions in the financial markets could affect our ability to obtain financing and the cost of available financing and could adversely affect our liquidity.
Our ability to obtain financing and the cost of such financing depends on the overall condition of the United States credit markets. During periods of economic uncertainty, the United States credit markets may experience significant liquidity disruptions, which may cause the spreads on debt financings to widen considerably and make obtaining financing, both non-recourse property debt secured by stabilized properties, construction loans, and corporate borrowings such as those under our credit facilities, more difficult. In particular, apartment borrowers have benefited from the historic willingness of the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), to make substantial amounts of loans secured by multifamily properties, even in times of economic distress. These two lenders are federally chartered and subject to federal regulation, which is subject to change, making uncertain their prospects and ability to provide liquidity in a future downturn.
If our ability to obtain financing is adversely affected, we may be unable to satisfy scheduled maturities on existing financing through other sources of liquidity, which could result in a lender foreclosure on the apartment communities securing such debt and loss of income and asset value, both of which would adversely affect our liquidity.
Increases in interest rates would increase our interest expense and reduce our profitability, and the phasing out of LIBOR could adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.
Our revolving secured credit facility contains a variable interest rate which may be based, in part, on LIBOR. An increase or decrease in LIBOR would likely increase or decrease our interest expense. An increase in interest expense may affect our profitability.
In March 2021, the Financial Conduct Authority, which regulates LIBOR, formally announced that the publication of LIBOR was ending and confirmed that USD LIBOR-indexed rates would cease to be published after June 30, 2023. Certain interbank offered rates (“IBOR”) ceased on December 31, 2021. In 2018, the Alternative Reference Rates Committee identified the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as the recommended alternative to LIBOR. However, uncertainty exists in the markets as to the adoption and implementation of alternative reference rates. At this time, it is not possible to predict the effect of any such changes, and any establishment of alternative reference rates. Due to the broad use of LIBOR as a reference rate, all financial market participants, including us, are impacted by the risks associated with this transition. Certain of our debt agreements, including our revolving secured credit facility, bear interest at rates that are calculated based, in part, on LIBOR. If LIBOR ceases to exist during the term of our agreements, the documents associated with our agreements contain language to address a transition to another benchmark rate. Accordingly, the phase-out of LIBOR and any other related changes or reforms, could have a material adverse effect on our financing costs, and as a result, our financial condition, operating results, and cash flows.
Covenant restrictions may limit our operations and impact our ability to make payments to our investors.
Some of our existing and/or future debt and other securities may contain covenants that restrict our activities. These may include covenants that limit our operations or impact our ability to make distributions or other payments unless certain financial tests or other criteria are satisfied, as well as certain other customary affirmative and negative covenants.
We may increase leverage in executing our development plan, which could further exacerbate the risks associated with our substantial indebtedness.
We may decide to increase our leverage to execute our development plan. We will consider a number of factors when evaluating our level of indebtedness and when making decisions regarding the incurrence of new indebtedness, including the estimated market value of our assets and the ability of particular assets, and our company as a whole, to generate cash flow to cover the expected debt service. Although our credit facility may limit our ability to incur additional indebtedness, our governing documents do not limit the amount of debt we may incur, and we may change our target debt levels at any time without the approval of our stockholders. We may incur additional indebtedness from time to time in the future to finance working capital, capital expenditures, investments or acquisitions, or for other purposes. If we do so, the risks related to our indebtedness could intensify.
RISKS RELATED TO THE SEPARATION
We may be unable to achieve some or all of the benefits that we expect to achieve from the Separation.
Following the Separation, we and AIR are two, focused and independent companies. We may not be able to achieve some or all of the benefits that we expect to achieve as a company independent from AIR in the time we expect, if at all. For instance, it may take longer than anticipated for us to, or we may never, succeed in growing our revenues through our development and redevelopment business.
The Separation could give rise to disputes or other unfavorable effects, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial position or results of operations.
In connection with the Separation, we entered into a Separation and Distribution Agreement with AIR, effective as of December 15, 2020 (the “Separation Agreement”), which, among other things, contains the agreements among the parties regarding the principal transactions that were necessary to effect the Separation. It also sets forth other agreements that govern certain aspects of the parties’ ongoing relationship after the Separation. The Separation may lead to increased operating and other expenses, of both a nonrecurring and a recurring nature, and to changes to certain operations, which expenses or changes could arise pursuant to arrangements made between AIR and us or could trigger contractual rights of, and obligations to, third parties. Disputes with third parties could also arise out of these transactions, and we could experience unfavorable reactions to the Separation from employees, lenders, ratings agencies, regulators, OP unitholders or other interested parties. These increased expenses, changes to operations, disputes with third parties or other effects could materially and adversely affect our business, financial position or results of operations. In addition, disputes with AIR could arise in connection with each of the Separation Agreement, the Employee Matters Agreement, the Property Management Agreements, the Master Services Agreement, the Master Leasing Agreement, or certain other agreements.
Although we have endeavored to enter into agreements on market terms, our agreements with AIR may not reflect terms that would have resulted from arm’s-length negotiations with unaffiliated third parties.
The agreements related to the Separation, including the Separation Agreement, the Employee Matters Agreement, the Property Management Agreements, the Master Services Agreement, the Master Leasing Agreement, and certain other agreements were entered into in the context of the Separation while both companies were under common control. As a result, although we endeavored to enter into these agreements on market terms, they may not reflect terms that would have resulted from arm’s-length negotiations between unaffiliated third parties. The terms of the agreements entered into in the context of the Separation concern, among other things, allocation of assets and liabilities attributable to periods prior to the Separation and the rights and obligations, including certain indemnification obligations, of AIR and us after the Separation, certain services provided by us to AIR and by AIR to us after the Separation, and our lease from AIR of the Initial Leased Properties.
Following the Separation, we may be unable to make, on a timely or cost-effective basis, the changes necessary to operate as an independent company.
Following the Separation, AIR hired substantially all of Aimco’s existing employees (including Aimco’s existing property management employees), and Aimco retained approximately 50 employees. We have limited historical operations as a company independent from AIR and did not, following the Separation, have the infrastructure or personnel necessary to operate as an independent company without relying on AIR to provide certain services (such as those related to technology, payroll, etc.) on an ongoing basis. In connection with the Separation, we entered into a Master Services Agreement with AIR pursuant to which AIR will provide certain services to us to allow us to benefit from certain cost efficiencies in sharing certain resources and personnel. As a separate publicly traded company, Aimco is subject to, and responsible for, regulatory compliance, including periodic public filings with the SEC and compliance with the NYSE continued listing requirements as well as compliance with generally applicable tax and accounting rules, certain elements of which may rely on services provided by AIR under the Master Services Agreement. We cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully implement the infrastructure or retain or hire the personnel necessary to operate as an independent company or that we will not incur costs in excess of anticipated costs to establish such infrastructure and retain or hire such personnel. In the short term, we may pay rates for the services higher than those a third party would have paid or that we could have provided to ourselves.
RISKS RELATED TO TAX LAWS AND REGULATIONS
Aimco may fail to qualify as a REIT.
If Aimco fails to qualify as a REIT, Aimco will not be allowed a deduction for dividends paid to its stockholders in computing its taxable income and will be subject to United States federal income tax at regular corporate rates. This would substantially reduce our funds available for general corporate usage or for distribution to our investors. Unless entitled to relief under certain provisions of the Code, Aimco also would be disqualified from taxation as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which it ceased to qualify as a REIT. In addition, Aimco’s failure to qualify as a REIT may place us in default under our credit facilities.
We believe that Aimco operates, and has since its taxable year ended December 31, 1994, operated, in a manner that enables it to meet the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT. However, qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Code provisions for which only limited judicial and administrative authorities exist. Moreover, even a technical or inadvertent mistake could jeopardize our REIT status. Aimco’s continued qualification as a REIT will depend on its satisfaction of certain asset, income, investment, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership, and other requirements on a continuing basis. Aimco’s ability to satisfy the asset tests depends upon our analysis of the fair market values of our assets, some of which are not susceptible to a precise determination, and for which we do not obtain independent appraisals. Aimco’s compliance with the REIT annual income and quarterly asset requirements also depends upon our ability to successfully manage the composition of our income and assets on an ongoing basis. Moreover, the proper classification of an instrument as debt or equity for U.S. federal income tax purposes may be uncertain in some circumstances, which could affect the application of the REIT qualification requirements. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”), will not contend that our interests in subsidiaries or other issuers constitutes a violation of the REIT requirements. Moreover, future economic, market, legal, tax, or other considerations may cause Aimco to fail to qualify as a REIT, or the Board of Aimco may determine to revoke its REIT status.
REIT distribution requirements limit our available cash.
As a REIT, Aimco is subject to annual distribution requirements. Aimco pays distributions, including taxable stock dividends, intended to enable Aimco to satisfy its distribution requirements. This limits the amount of cash available for other business purposes, including amounts to fund our growth. Aimco generally must distribute annually at least 90% of its “real estate investment trust taxable income,” which is generally equivalent to net taxable ordinary income, determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding any net capital gain, in order for its distributed earnings not to be subject to United States federal corporate income tax. We intend to make distributions to Aimco’s stockholders to comply with the requirements applicable to REITs under the Code (which may be all cash or combination of cash and stock satisfying the requirements of applicable law). However, differences in timing between the recognition of taxable income and the actual receipt of cash could require us to sell apartment communities or borrow funds on a short-term or long-term basis to meet the 90% distribution requirement of the Code.
Aimco may be subject to federal, state, and local income taxes in certain circumstances.
Even as a REIT, Aimco may be subject to United States federal income and excise taxes in various situations, such as on its undistributed income. Aimco could also be required to pay a 100% tax on any net income on non-arm’s-length transactions between Aimco and a taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”) and on any net income from sales of apartment communities that were held for sale primarily in the ordinary course. State and local tax laws may not conform to the United States federal income tax treatment, and Aimco may be subject to state or local taxation in various state or local jurisdictions in which Aimco transacts business. Any taxes imposed on Aimco would reduce our operating cash flow and net income and could negatively impact our ability to pay dividends and distributions.
Dividends payable by REITs generally do not qualify for the reduced tax rates available for some dividends.
REITs are entitled to a United States federal income tax deduction for dividends paid to their stockholders. As compared to other taxable corporations, this ability to reduce or eliminate the REIT’s taxable income by paying dividends to stockholders is a principal benefit of maintaining REIT status, generally resulting in a lower combined tax liability of the REIT and its stockholders as compared to that of the combined tax liability of other taxable corporations and their stockholders. Notwithstanding this combined benefit, dividends payable by REITs may result in marginally higher taxes to the stockholder.
C-corporations are generally required to pay United States federal income tax on earnings. After-tax earnings are then available for stockholder dividends. The maximum United States federal tax rate applicable to income from “qualified dividends” payable to United States stockholders that are individuals, trusts, and estates is currently 20%, plus the 3.8% investment tax surcharge. While dividends payable by REITs are generally not eligible for the qualified dividend reduced rates, stockholders that are individuals, trusts, or estates, and meet certain requirements, may generally deduct 20% of the aggregate amount of ordinary dividends from REITs. This deduction is available for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, and before January 1, 2026, and will generally cause the maximum tax rate for ordinary dividends from REITs to be 29.6%, plus the 3.8% investment tax surcharge. The more favorable tax rates applicable to regular corporate qualified dividends could cause investors who are individuals, trusts, and estates to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in the shares of non-REIT corporations that pay dividends, which could adversely affect the value of the shares of REITs, including Aimco Common Stock.
Complying with the REIT requirements may cause Aimco to forgo otherwise attractive business opportunities.
To qualify as a REIT, Aimco must continually satisfy tests concerning, among other things, the sources of its income, the nature and diversification of its assets, the amounts distributed to Aimco stockholders, and the ownership of Aimco stock. As a result of these tests, Aimco may be required to make distributions to stockholders at disadvantageous times or when Aimco does not have funds readily available for distribution, forgo otherwise attractive investment opportunities, liquidate assets in adverse market conditions, or contribute assets to a TRS that is subject to regular corporate federal income tax.
Changes to United States federal income tax laws could materially and adversely affect Aimco and Aimco’s stockholders.
The present United States federal income tax treatment of REITs may be modified, possibly with retroactive effect, by legislative, judicial, or administrative action at any time, which could affect the United States federal income tax treatment of an investment in Aimco Common Stock. The United States federal income tax rules dealing with REITs are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process, the IRS, and the United States Treasury Department, which results in statutory changes as well as frequent revisions to regulations and interpretations. We cannot predict how changes in the tax laws might affect Aimco or Aimco’s stockholders. Revisions in federal tax laws and interpretations thereof could significantly and negatively affect Aimco’s ability to qualify as a REIT and the tax considerations relevant to an investment in Aimco Common Stock or could cause Aimco to change its investments and commitments.
RISKS RELATED TO AIMCO OPERATING PARTNERSHIP UNITS
There are restrictions on the ability to transfer and redeem Aimco Operating Partnership Units, there is no public market for Aimco Operating Partnership Units and holders of Aimco Operating Partnership Units are subject to dilution.
Aimco Operating Partnership agreement restricts the transferability of Aimco Operating Partnership Units (“OP Units”). Until the expiration of a one-year holding period, subject to certain exceptions, investors may not transfer OP Units without the consent of Aimco Operating Partnership’s general partner. Thereafter, investors may transfer such OP Units subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, including the general partner’s right of first refusal. In addition, after the expiration of the one-year holding period, investors have the right, subject to the terms of Aimco Operating Partnership’s agreement, to require Aimco Operating Partnership to redeem all or a portion of such investor’s OP Units (in exchange for shares of Aimco Common Stock or cash, in Aimco Operating Partnership’s discretion) once per quarter on an exchange date set by Aimco Operating Partnership, provided such investor provides notice at least 45 days prior to the quarterly exchange date. See “Description of Aimco Operating Partnership Units and Summary of Aimco Operating Partnership Agreement-Redemption Rights of Qualifying Parties”. There is no public market for the OP Units. Aimco Operating Partnership has no plans to list any OP Units on a securities exchange. It is unlikely that any person will make a market in the OP Units, or that an active market for the OP Units will develop. If a market for the OP Units develops and the OP Units are considered “readily tradable” on a “secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof),” Aimco Operating Partnership would be classified as a publicly traded partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which could have a material adverse effect on Aimco Operating Partnership and its unitholders.
In addition, Aimco Operating Partnership may issue an unlimited number of additional OP Units or other securities for such consideration and on such terms as it may establish, without the approval of the holders of OP Units. Such securities could have priority over the OP Units as to cash flow, distributions, and liquidation proceeds. The effect of any such issuance may be to dilute the interests of holders of OP Units.
Cash distributions by Aimco Operating Partnership are not guaranteed and may fluctuate with partnership performance.
Aimco Operating Partnership does not intend to make regular distributions to holders of OP Units (other than what is required for Aimco to maintain its REIT status). There can be no assurance regarding the amounts of available cash that Aimco Operating Partnership will generate or the portion that its general partner will choose to distribute. The actual amounts of available cash will depend upon numerous factors, including profitability of operations, required principal and interest payments on its debt, the cost of acquisitions (including related debt service payments), its issuance of debt and equity securities, fluctuations in working capital, capital expenditures, adjustments in reserves, prevailing economic conditions, and financial, business, and other factors, some of which may be beyond Aimco Operating Partnership’s control. Cash distributions depend primarily on cash flow, including from reserves, and not on profitability, which is affected by non-cash items. Therefore, cash distributions may be made during periods when Aimco Operating Partnership records losses and may not be made during periods when it records profits. Aimco Operating Partnership agreement gives the general partner discretion in establishing reserves for the proper conduct of the partnership’s business that will affect the amount of available cash. Aimco Operating Partnership may be required to make reserves for the future payment of principal and interest under its credit facilities and other indebtedness. In addition, Aimco Operating Partnership’s credit facilities may limit its ability to distribute cash to holders of OP Units. As a result of these and other factors, there can be no assurance regarding actual levels of cash distributions on OP Units, and Aimco Operating Partnership’s ability to distribute cash may be limited during the existence of any events of default under any of its debt instruments.
Holders of Aimco OP Units have limited voting rights and are limited in their ability to effect a change of control.
Aimco Operating Partnership is managed and operated by its general partner, Aimco. Unlike the holders of common stock in a corporation, holders of OP Units have only limited voting rights on matters affecting Aimco Operating Partnership’s business. Such matters relate to certain amendments of the partnership agreement and certain transactions such as the institution of bankruptcy proceedings, an assignment for the benefit of creditors and certain transfers by the general partner of its interest in Aimco Operating Partnership or the admission of a successor general partner. Holders of OP Units have no right to elect the general partner on an annual or other continuing basis, or to remove the general partner. As a result, holders of OP Units have limited influence on matters affecting the operation of Aimco Operating Partnership, and third parties may find it difficult to attempt to gain control over, or influence the activities of, Aimco Operating Partnership.
The limited partners of Aimco Operating Partnership are unable to remove the general partner of Aimco Operating Partnership or to vote in the election of Aimco’s directors unless they own shares of Aimco. In order to comply with specific REIT tax requirements, Aimco’s charter has restrictions on the ownership of its equity securities. As a result, Aimco Operating Partnership limited partners and Aimco stockholders are limited in their ability to effect a change of control of Aimco Operating Partnership and Aimco, respectively.
Holders of OP Units may not have limited liability in specific circumstances.
The limitations on the liability of limited partners for the obligations of a limited partnership have not been clearly established in some states. If it were determined that Aimco Operating Partnership had been conducting business in any state without compliance with the applicable limited partnership statute, or that the right or the exercise of the right by the holders of OP Units as a group to make specific amendments to the agreement of limited partnership or to take other action under the agreement of limited partnership constituted participation in the “control” of Aimco Operating Partnership’s business, then a holder of OP Units could be held liable under specific circumstances for Aimco Operating Partnership’s obligations to the same extent as the general partner.
Aimco may have conflicts of interest with holders of OP Units.
Conflicts of interest could arise in the future as a result of the relationships between the general partner of Aimco Operating Partnership and its affiliates (including Aimco), on the one hand, and Aimco Operating Partnership or any partner thereof, on the other. The directors and officers of the general partner have fiduciary duties to manage the general partner in a manner beneficial to Aimco, as the sole stockholder of the general partner. At the same time, as the general partner of Aimco Operating Partnership, it has fiduciary duties to manage Aimco Operating Partnership in a manner beneficial to Aimco Operating Partnership and its limited partners. The duties of the general partner of Aimco Operating Partnership to Aimco Operating Partnership and its partners may therefore come into conflict with the duties of the directors and officers of the general partner to its sole stockholder, Aimco. Such conflicts of interest might arise in the following situations, among others:
•
decisions of the general partner with respect to the amount and timing of cash expenditures, borrowings, issuances of additional interests and reserves in any quarter, will affect whether or the extent to which there is available cash to make distributions in a given quarter;
•
whenever possible, the general partner seeks to limit Aimco Operating Partnership’s liability under contractual arrangements to all or particular assets of Aimco Operating Partnership, with the other party thereto having no recourse against the general partner or its assets;
•
any agreements between Aimco Operating Partnership and the general partner and its affiliates will not grant to the holders of OP Units, separate and distinct from Aimco Operating Partnership, the right to enforce the obligations of the general partner and such affiliates in favor of Aimco Operating Partnership. Therefore, the general partner, in its capacity as the general partner of Aimco Operating Partnership, will be primarily responsible for enforcing such obligations; and
•
under the terms of the Aimco Operating Partnership agreement, the general partner is not restricted from causing Aimco Operating Partnership to pay the general partner or its affiliates for any services rendered on terms that are fair and reasonable to Aimco Operating Partnership or entering into additional contractual arrangements with any of such entities on behalf of Aimco Operating Partnership. Neither the Aimco Operating Partnership agreement nor any of the other agreements, contracts, and arrangements between Aimco Operating Partnership, on the one hand, and the general partner of Aimco Operating Partnership and its affiliates, on the other, are or will be the result of arm’s-length negotiations.
Provisions in the Aimco Operating Partnership agreement may limit the ability of a holder of OP Units to challenge actions taken by the general partner.
Delaware law provides that, except as provided in a partnership agreement, a general partner owes the fiduciary duties of loyalty and care to the partnership and its limited partners. The Aimco Operating Partnership agreement expressly authorizes the general partner to enter into, on behalf of Aimco Operating Partnership, a right of first opportunity arrangement and other conflict avoidance agreements with various affiliates of Aimco Operating Partnership and the general partner, on such terms as the general partner, in its sole and absolute discretion, believes are advisable. The latitude given in the Aimco Operating Partnership agreement to the general partner in resolving conflicts of interest may significantly limit the ability of a holder of OP Units to challenge what might otherwise be a breach of fiduciary duty. The general partner believes, however, that such latitude is necessary and appropriate to enable it to serve as the general partner of Aimco Operating Partnership without undue risk of liability.
The Aimco Operating Partnership agreement limits the liability of the general partner for actions taken in good faith. Aimco Operating Partnership’s partnership agreement expressly limits the liability of the general partner by providing that the general partner, and its officers and directors, will not be liable or accountable in damages to Aimco Operating Partnership, the limited partners, or assignees for errors in judgment or mistakes of fact or law or of any act or omission if the general partner or such director or officer acted in good faith. In addition, Aimco Operating Partnership is required to indemnify the general partner, its affiliates, and their respective officers, directors, employees, and agents to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, against any and all losses, claims, damages, liabilities, joint or several, expenses, judgments, fines, and other actions incurred by the general partner or such other persons, provided that Aimco Operating Partnership will not indemnify for (i) willful misconduct or a knowing violation of the law or (ii) for any transaction for which such person received an improper personal benefit in violation or breach of any provision of the partnership agreement. The provisions of Delaware law that allow the common law fiduciary duties of a general partner to be modified by a partnership agreement have not been resolved in a court of law, and the general partner has not obtained an opinion of counsel covering the provisions set forth in the Aimco Operating Partnership agreement that purport to waive or restrict the fiduciary duties of the general partner that would be in effect under common law were it not for the partnership agreement.
RISKS RELATED TO OUR ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
Aimco Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries may be prohibited from making distributions and other payments.
All of Aimco Operating Partnership’s real estate assets are owned by subsidiaries of Aimco Operating Partnership. As a result, Aimco Operating Partnership depends on distributions and payments from its subsidiaries in order to satisfy our financial obligations and make payments to our equity holders, as applicable. The ability of Aimco Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries to make such distributions and other payments depends on their earnings and cash flows and may be subject to statutory or contractual limitations. As an equity investor in the REIT subsidiaries and our subsidiaries, our right to receive assets upon their liquidation or reorganization are effectively subordinated to the claims of their creditors and any holders of preferred equity senior to our equity investments. To the extent that we are recognized as a creditor of such subsidiaries, our claims may still be subordinate to any security interest in or other lien on their assets and to any of their debt or other obligations that are senior to our claims.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
We own a geographically diversified portfolio of operating properties that produce stable cash flow and serves to balance the risk and highly variable cash flows associated with our portfolio of development and redevelopments and value-add investments. Our entire portfolio of operating properties includes 29 apartment communities (25 consolidated properties and four unconsolidated properties) located in ten major U.S. markets and with average rents in line with local market averages (generally defined as B class). We also own one commercial office building that is part of an assemblage with an adjacent apartment building. Our current Development and Redevelopment portfolio consists of nine properties, including developable land, located primarily in the same ten major U.S. markets as our operating properties.
Additional information about our consolidated real estate, including property debt, is contained in “Schedule III - Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
From time to time, the Company may be a party to certain legal proceedings, incidental to the normal course of business. While the outcome of the legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, the Company believes there are no legal proceedings pending that would have a material effect upon on our financial condition or results of operations.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS, AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Aimco
Aimco’s Common Stock is listed and traded on the NYSE under the symbol “AIV.”
On February 28, 2022, there were 152,556,271 shares of Common Stock outstanding, held by 774 stockholders of record. The number of holders does not include individuals or entities who beneficially own shares but whose shares are held of record by a broker or clearing agency but does include each such broker or clearing agency as one record holder.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities
From time to time, Aimco may issue shares of common stock in exchange for OP Units, defined under the Aimco Operating Partnership heading below. Such shares are issued based on an exchange ratio of one share for each common OP Unit. Aimco may also issue shares of common stock in exchange for limited partnership interests in consolidated real estate partnerships. Please refer to Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for further discussion of such exchanges.
During the year ended December 31, 2021, Aimco issued approximately 595,000 shares of common stock in exchange for OP Units in these transactions. Such shares were issued in reliance on Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
Repurchases of Equity Securities
There were no repurchases by Aimco of its common equity securities during the twelve months ended December 31, 2021. Aimco’s Board has, from time to time, authorized Aimco to repurchase shares of its outstanding common stock. As of December 31, 2021, Aimco was authorized to repurchase approximately 10.4 million shares. This authorization has no expiration date. These repurchases may be made from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions.
Aimco Operating Partnership
Interests in Aimco Operating Partnership that are held by limited partners other than Aimco are referred to as OP Units. OP Units are common partnership units (“common OP Units”). There is no public market for OP Units, and we have no intention of listing the common partnership units on any securities exchange. In addition, Aimco Operating Partnership’s Partnership Agreement restricts the transferability of OP Units.
On February 28, 2022, there were 160,506,244 common partnership units and equivalents outstanding (152,556,271 of which were held by Aimco) that were held by 2,229 unitholders of record.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities
Aimco Operating Partnership did not issue any unregistered OP Units during the twelve months ended December 31, 2021.
Repurchases of Equity Securities
Aimco Operating Partnership’s Partnership Agreement generally provides that after holding common OP Units for one-year, limited partners other than Aimco have the right to redeem their common OP Units for cash or, at our election, shares of Aimco Common Stock on a one-for-one basis (subject to customary antidilution adjustments). During the year ended December 31, 2021, approximately 595,000 common OP Units were redeemed in exchange for shares of Common Stock. During the same period, approximately 13,000 common OP Units were redeemed in exchange for cash at an average price of $5.76.
Dividend and Distribution Payments
As a REIT, Aimco is required to distribute annually to holders of its Common Stock at least 90% of its “real estate investment trust taxable income,” which, as defined by the Code and United States Department of Treasury regulations, is generally equivalent to net taxable ordinary income. Aimco’s Board determines and declares its dividends. In making a dividend determination, Aimco’s Board considers a variety of factors, including REIT distribution requirements; current market conditions; liquidity needs; and other uses of cash, such as deleveraging and accretive investment activities. Aimco plans to reinvest earnings to facilitate growth and, therefore, does not presently intend to pay a regular quarterly cash dividend.
Stockholders receiving any dividend, whether payable in cash or cash and shares of Aimco Common Stock, will be required to include the full amount of such dividend as income to the extent of Aimco’s current and accumulated earnings and profits, as determined for United States federal income tax purposes for the year of such dividend and may be required to pay income taxes with respect to such dividend in excess of the cash dividend received. With respect to certain non-United States stockholders, Aimco may be required to withhold United States tax with respect to such dividend, including in respect of all or a portion of such dividend that is payable in Common Stock.
The Board of Aimco Operating Partnership’s general partner determines and declares distributions on OP Units. Aimco, through a wholly owned subsidiary, is the sole general partner. As of December 31, 2021, Aimco owned 93.1% of the legal interest in the common partnership units of Aimco Operating Partnership and 95.0% of the economic interest of Aimco Operating Partnership. Aimco Operating Partnership holds all of Aimco’s assets and manages the daily operations of Aimco’s business. The distributions paid by Aimco Operating Partnership to Aimco are used by Aimco to fund the dividends paid to its stockholders. Accordingly, the per share dividends Aimco pays to its stockholders generally equal the per unit distributions paid by Aimco Operating Partnership to holders of its common partnership units.
Our revolving credit agreement includes customary covenants, including a restriction on dividends and other restricted payments, but permits dividends and distributions as may be necessary to maintain Aimco’s REIT status.
Performance Graph
The following graph compares cumulative total returns for Aimco’s Common Stock, the FTSE Nareit Equity Apartments Index, the Russell 2000, the Standard & Poor’s 500 Total Return Index (“S&P 500 Index”), and the MSCI US REIT Index. The FTSE Nareit Equity Apartments Index is published by The National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“Nareit”), a representative of real estate investment trusts and publicly traded real estate companies with interests in United States real estate and capital markets. The MSCI US REIT Index is published by Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc., a provider of equity indices. The MSCI US REIT Index reflects total shareholder return for a broad range of REITs and the FTSE Nareit Equity Apartments Index provides a more direct multifamily peer comparison of total shareholder return. We intend to discontinue presentation of the MSCI US REIT Index and S&P 500 Index in future stock performance graphs as the FTSE Nareit Equity Apartments Index will serve as our sector comparison and the Russell 2000 will serve as our broad-based market index.
The indices are weighted for all companies that fit the definitional criteria of the particular index and are calculated to exclude companies as they are acquired and to add companies to the index calculation as they become publicly traded companies. All companies that fit the definitional criteria and existed at the point in time presented are included in the index calculations. The graph assumes the investment of $100 in Aimco’s Common Stock and in each index on December 31, 2016, and that all dividends paid have been reinvested. The historical information set forth on the following page is not necessarily indicative of future performance.
For the years ended December 31,
Index
Apartment Investment and Management Company
100.00
99.33
103.43
125.70
110.52
161.59
FTSE Nareit Equity Apartments Index
100.00
103.72
107.56
135.87
115.02
188.19
Russell 2000
100.00
114.65
102.02
128.06
153.62
176.39
S&P 500 Index
100.00
121.83
116.49
153.17
181.35
233.41
MSCI US REIT Index
100.00
105.07
100.27
126.18
116.63
166.85
The Performance Graph will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing by Aimco under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that Aimco specifically incorporates the same by reference.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
This section of the Form 10-K generally discusses 2021 and 2020 items and year-to-year comparisons of 2021 and 2020. Discussions of 2019 items and year-to-year comparisons of 2020 and 2019 that are not included in this Form 10-K can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 on our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.
Executive Overview
Our mission is to make real estate investments, primarily focused on the multifamily sector within the continental United States, where outcomes are enhanced through our human capital so that substantial value is created for investors, teammates, and the communities in which we operate.
Please refer to “Item 1. Business” for additional discussion of our business organization and strategy and “Item 2. Properties” and “Schedule III - Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation” for details regarding the size, location, and key characteristics of our various properties.
The Separation
On December 15, 2020, Aimco completed the separation of AIR from Aimco, creating two distinct, independent businesses. Prior to the Separation, the consolidated financial statements were prepared on a carve-out basis and reflect significant assumptions and allocations. The consolidated financial statements reflect our historical financial position, results of operations, and cash flows in conformity with U.S. GAAP. The financial statements of Aimco are presented for all historical periods described and at the carrying value of such assets and liabilities reflected in Aimco Predecessor’s books and records.
Results for the Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2021
The results from the execution of our business plan during the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, are described below.
Financial Results and 2021 Highlights
•
For the year ended December 31, 2021, net loss attributable to Aimco common stockholders per common share was $0.04 compared to net loss per common share of $0.03 for the year ended December 31, 2020.
•
For the year, revenue from our operating properties was up 4.2% compared to 2020, with occupancy up 160 basis points to 97.9%.
•
Also, during 2021, we invested approximately $215 million in eight distinctive development and redevelopment projects. Each of these projects are on-time, on-budget and on plan to create substantial value for shareholders.
•
We executed more than 630 leases on newly constructed apartment homes in 2021, almost 200 more leases than were planned at the start of the year and at rental rates averaging approximately 115% of target.
•
We also sourced and secured new investments in 2021 that provide the opportunity for more than $1 billion of highly accretive development in dynamic, high-growth markets.
•
In 2021, we closed $363 million in new financings including $251 million of loans committed for the development or redevelopment of properties, $60 million of property debt secured by operating properties, and a $52 million preferred equity commitment from an institutional equity partner to partially fund the Upton Place development in Washington, D.C., freeing up Aimco capital for other accretive uses and improving the expected return on Aimco equity.
•
We ended the year with $395 million of liquidity, including cash and capacity on our revolving credit facility.
Our business is organized around defined areas of strategic focus: value add and opportunistic real estate; alternative investments; investment activity; operating properties; balance sheet; and team and culture.
Value Add, Opportunistic and Alternative Investments
Development and Redevelopment
During the year ended December 31, 2021, we invested approximately $215 million in our development and redevelopment projects.
Construction Activity
•
At the major redevelopment of the North Tower of Flamingo Point in Miami Beach, Florida, construction completion is scheduled for the first quarter 2022, as planned, and we expect to reach stabilized occupancy in the third quarter 2022, about six months ahead of plan.
•
Upton Place in Upper-Northwest Washington, D.C., is progressing on schedule and on-budget. The project is scheduled for completion in 2024, and NOI stabilization is targeted for 2026.
•
The Benson Hotel and Faculty Club on the Anschutz Medical and Life Sciences Campus in Aurora, Colorado, is on budget and on schedule for completion in early 2023, and NOI stabilization in late 2026.
•
In Corte Madera, California, development activity on Oak Shore, a community with 16 luxury single family rental homes, each averaging approximately 3,200 square feet, plus eight accessory dwelling units, is underway and on plan with deliveries beginning in 2023, and NOI stabilization occurring in 2025.
•
In the Edgewater neighborhood of Miami, Florida, Aimco is completely renovating The Hamilton and expects apartment homes coming back online in 2022 and NOI stabilization targeted for 2024.
Lease-up Progress
•
At 707 Leahy, in Redwood City, California, all apartment homes had been delivered and construction was complete as of 4Q 2020. As of December 31, 2021, the 110-unit property was 97% leased.
•
At The Fremont on the Anschutz Medical Campus in Aurora, Colorado, all apartment homes had been delivered and construction was complete as of 4Q 2020. As of December 31, 2021, the 253-unit property was 83% leased.
•
At Prism, located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, all apartment homes had been delivered and construction was complete as of 1Q 2021. As of December 31, 2021, the 136-unit property was 96% leased.
•
At Flamingo Point North Tower in Miami Beach, Florida, at year end 56% units had been delivered. As of December 31, 2021, 83% of the 366 total units were leased.
Alternative Investments
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Parkmerced Mezzanine Investment: On November 26, 2019, we made a five-year, $275.0 million mezzanine loan to a partnership owning Parkmerced Apartments, located in southwest San Francisco (the “Mezzanine Investment”). The loan bears interest at a 10% annual rate, accruing if not paid from property operations. The Separation Agreement provides for AIR to transfer, once third-party consents related to the transfer are received, ownership of the subsidiaries that originated and hold the mezzanine loan, a related equity option to acquire a 30% interest in the partnership owning Parkmerced Apartments and the interest rate option, or swaption, that provides partial protection against future refinancing risk through 2024 to Aimco. At the time of the Separation and as of the date of this report, legal title of these subsidiaries had not yet transferred to Aimco. Until legal title of the subsidiaries is transferred, AIR is obligated to pass payments on such loan to us, and we are obligated to indemnify AIR against any costs and expenses related thereto. We have the risks and rewards of ownership of the Mezzanine Investment and have recognized an asset related to our right to receive the Mezzanine Investment from AIR. In 2021, operations at Parkmerced were stressed due to reduced in-person learning at the neighboring San Francisco State University and lower demand as the region navigates the pandemic and related restrictions. In spite of the challenges faced by the property, the borrower on our mezzanine loan has serviced its first mortgage debt as required and has reported that it expects to do the same in 2022.
•
Life Science Developer Investment: In the third quarter of 2020, we made a $50.0 million commitment to purchase common stock of IQHQ, a privately held life sciences real estate development company. In the fourth quarter of 2021, we funded a capital call of $11.2 million bringing our total investment to $35.8 million of the total commitment. Subsequent to year end, we funded our remaining commitment to IQHQ.
•
Property Technology Fund Investments: As of December 31, 2021, we have investments valued at $9.6 million in property technology funds consisting of privately held entities that develop technology related to the real estate industry.
Investment Activity
Leasehold Agreements
•
On January 1, 2021, terms commenced on the leasehold agreements with AIR for 707 Leahy, The Fremont, Prism, and Flamingo Point North Tower. On June 1, 2021, terms commenced on the leasehold agreement with AIR for Oak Shore Land, a 15-acre plot of land in the San Francisco Bay Area on which we began construction of 16 single family rental homes and eight accessory dwelling units in June 2021.
•
The combined initial value of leasehold interest, as indicative of the initial fair market values of the leased assets at the time of lease inception, was $475.1 million. The combined annual leasehold payment for these five assets is $25.6 million.
•
The lease agreements provide Aimco the right, but not the obligation, to terminate each lease once the leased property is stabilized with AIR then having the option to retain ownership of the land and purchase the improvements from Aimco. Should AIR exercise its option, Aimco would be due the difference between the property’s fair-market value at stabilization and the initial value of the leasehold interest, less a 5% discount.
Acquisitions
During the year ended December 31, 2021, we completed the following acquisitions:
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We acquired, for $40.0 million, Eldridge Townhomes, a 58-unit townhome community located in Elmhurst, Illinois that Aimco developed between 2018 and 2020. The Eldridge Townhomes are located adjacent to an existing 400-unit Aimco community and the acquisition provides for continued operational efficiencies and improved NOI margins. We plan to hold the Eldridge Townhomes within our portfolio of stabilized operating properties.
•
We acquired eight land parcels adjacent to The Hamilton apartment community, located in Miami’s Edgewater neighborhood, for $19.3 million and we began major redevelopment of the existing apartment building at The Hamilton. The scope of our investment will completely renew the waterfront high-rise, which benefits from spacious apartment homes (averaging 1,411 square feet) and an abundance of outdoor and amenity space that was previously underutilized. With these investments, we can now, in total, construct more than 1.1 million square feet of new development in this rapidly growing submarket.
•
We purchased seven acres of developable land in Colorado Springs, Colorado for $4.1 million that allows for the construction of up to 119 apartments and townhomes.
•
We also acquired The Benson Hotel and Faculty Club (“Benson Hotel”) development property for $6.2 million, net of outstanding construction liabilities of $0.9 million. The development property consists of land and initial construction costs. The project is expected to be completed in the first quarter of 2023.
Joint Venture Transactions
During the year ended December 31, 2021, we completed the following joint venture agreements:
•
We entered into a joint venture agreement with Kushner Companies to purchase three undeveloped land parcels located in downtown Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The total contract price for the land is $49.0 million ($25.0 million at Aimco’s 51% share). Current zoning allows for the development of approximately three million square feet of multifamily homes and commercial space. The land purchase closed in January 2022.
•
We entered into a joint venture agreement with an institutional equity partner to fund the development of Upton Place in Washington, D.C. with a commitment for $52.2 million of preferred equity financing at an accruing 9.7% rate. Our partner made contributions of $29.4 million in 2021, and will continue to fund the development monthly at 49% of the limited partner equity required to fund the development.
Operating Property Results
We own a geographically diversified portfolio of operating properties that produce stable cash flow and serves to balance the risk and highly variable cash flows associated with its portfolio of development and redevelopments and value-add investments. Our operating properties produced solid results for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Highlights for the year ended December 31, 2021, include:
•
Average daily occupancy at our operating properties of 97.9%, a 160-basis point increase compared to the year ended December 31, 2020.
•
Revenue, before utility reimbursements, of $136.3 million, up 4.2% year over year.
•
Expenses, net of utility reimbursements of $43.5 million, up 4.3% year over year, due primarily to higher real estate taxes and insurance.
•
Net operating income of our operating properties increased by 4.1% year over year.
1001 Brickell Bay Drive, a waterfront office building in Miami, Florida owned as part of a larger assemblage, was 80.2% occupied on December 31, 2021.
Balance Sheet
We capitalize our activities through a combination of non-recourse property debt, construction loans, third-party equity, and the recycling of Aimco equity, including retained earnings. We plan to limit the use of recourse leverage, with a strong preference towards non-recourse property-level debt in order to limit risk to the Aimco enterprise. When warranted, we plan to seek equity capital from joint venture partners to improve our cost of capital, further leverage Aimco equity, reduce exposure to a single investment and, in certain cases, for strategic benefits.
We are highly focused on maintaining ample liquidity. As of December 31, 2021, we had access to $394.6 million, including $233.4 million of cash on hand, $11.2 million of restricted cash, and the capacity to borrow up to $150.0 million on our revolving credit facility. Please refer to the Liquidity and Capital Resources section for additional information regarding our leverage.
In evaluating our financial condition and operating performance we use non-GAAP measures, including Adjusted EBITDAre, which we believe is useful to investors and creditors as a supplemental measure of our ability to incur and service debt. Our Adjusted EBITDAre for the year ended December 31, 2021, was $81.4 million. Please refer to the Non-GAAP Measures section for further information about the calculation of Adjusted EBITDAre and our leverage ratios.
Financing Activity
During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company entered into a $150.0 million variable-rate non-recourse construction loan collateralized by our leasehold interest and AIR’s fee ownership interest in Flamingo North Tower. The initial term of the loan is three years and bears interest at one month LIBOR plus 360 basis points subject to a minimum all-in per annum interest rate of 3.85%. As of December 31, 2021, we had $130.3 million of principal outstanding. Certain consolidated subsidiaries have indemnified AIR for any losses it incurs as a result of a default on the loan by Aimco.
Also, during the year ended December 31, 2021, we entered into a $100.7 million variable-rate non-recourse construction loan collateralized by our fee ownership interest in The Hamilton. The initial term of the loan is three years and bears interest at one month LIBOR plus 320 basis points subject to a minimum all-in per annum interest rate of 3.45%. As of December 31, 2021, we had $38.1 million of principal outstanding.
We also closed on two non-recourse loans for $60.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2021. The loans have 10-year terms and a weighted average fixed interest rate of 3.09%. Proceeds from the loans were used to fund the acquisition of Eldridge Townhomes and other investment activities.
If LIBOR ceases to exist during the term of these agreements, the documents associated with these agreements contain language to address a transition to another benchmark rate. It is anticipated LIBOR will be replaced with SOFR, however, if SOFR were to not be available the agreements contain alternate provisions.
Additionally, we closed a preferred equity financing arrangement with an institutional equity investor for $52.2 million, accruing at a 9.7% interest rate, related to the completion of construction activities at Upton Place.
Human Capital and Culture
Our team is our most important asset, and our culture is key to our success. In connection with the Separation, we retained approximately 50 Aimco employees, including: Wes Powell, Chief Executive Officer; Lynn Stanfield, Chief Financial Officer; and Jennifer Johnson, Chief Administrative Officer and General Counsel; each of whom has more than 17 years of Aimco experience. In addition, former Aimco Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Terry Considine has been actively engaged throughout the transition period with a particular focus on strategic guidance and new business.
Aimco benefits from having experienced leaders located in each of four regional hubs where they utilize their local knowledge and connections to source and execute on exceptional investment opportunities. We believe the talent of our team, and our ability to retain that talent through a rewarding and balanced work-life culture, will result in superior outcomes and is key to our long-
term success. We offer benefits reflecting this belief, including paid time for parental leave, paid time annually to volunteer in local communities, a bonus structure at all levels of the organization, and flexibility in work locations and schedules.
Our focus on our team and culture is recognized externally, as well. Out of hundreds of participating companies in 2021, we were one of only six recognized as a “Top Workplace” in Colorado for each of the past nine years. We were also recognized as a “Top Workplace” in Washington, D.C., where one of our headquarters is located in nearby Bethesda, Maryland. Additionally, in 2021, the Company was recognized as one of the Denver Area’s Healthiest Employers in 2020.
Financial Results of Operations
We have three segments: (i) Development and Redevelopment; (ii) Operating; and (iii) Other. Our Development and Redevelopment segment includes properties that are under construction, in pre-construction, or have not achieved stabilization, as well as land assemblages that are being held for development adjacent to The Hamilton community and other land purchases. The Development and Redevelopment segment also includes our five leased properties; two are under construction and three are operational but have not achieved stabilization. Our Operating segment includes majority owned residential communities that have achieved stabilized level of operations as of January 1, 2020, and maintained it throughout the current year and comparable period. Our Other segment includes our recent Eldridge Townhomes acquisition, stabilized but not owned for a comparable reporting period, and 1001 Brickell Drive, our only office building.
The following discussion and analysis of the results of our operations and financial condition should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements in Item 8.
Net loss decreased by $0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to 2020. Net income decreased by $5.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared 2019.
Detailed Results of Operations for the Year Ended December 31, 2021, Compared to 2020 and the Year Ended December 31, 2020, Compared to 2019
Property Results
As of December 31, 2021, our Development and Redevelopment segment included five properties that were under construction, one in planning, and three properties in lease-up. Our Operating segment included 24 communities with 6,067 apartment homes, and our Other segment includes our recent Eldridge Townhomes acquisition, and one office building.
We use proportionate property net operating income to assess the operating performance of our segments. Proportionate property net operating income is defined as our share of rental and other property revenues, excluding utility reimbursements, less direct property operating expenses, net of utility reimbursements, for consolidated communities. In our consolidated statements of operations, utility reimbursements are included in rental and other property revenues, in accordance with GAAP. Accordingly, the results of operations of our segments discussed below are presented on a proportionate basis and exclude the results of four apartment communities with an aggregate 142 apartment homes that we neither manage nor consolidate, notes receivable, our investment in IQHQ and the Mezzanine Investment.
We do not include property management costs and casualty gains or losses, reported in consolidated amounts, in our assessment of segment performance. Accordingly, these items are not allocated to our segment results discussed below.
Please refer to Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for further discussion regarding our segments, including a reconciliation of these proportionate amounts to consolidated rental and other property revenues and property operating expenses.
Proportionate Property Net Operating Income
The results of our segments for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, as presented below, are based on segment classifications as of December 31, 2021.
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)
$ Change
% Change
Rental and other property revenues, before utility reimbursements:
Development and Redevelopment
$
12,418
$
1,515
$
10,903
719.7
%
Operating
136,250
130,797
5,453
4.2
%
Other
14,317
12,986
1,331
10.2
%
Total
162,985
145,298
17,687
12.2
%
Property operating expenses, net of utility reimbursements
Development and Redevelopment
7,931
6,950
708.5
%
Operating
43,463
41,683
1,780
4.3
%
Other
4,207
4,148
1.4
%
Total
55,601
46,812
8,789
18.8
%
Proportionate property net operating income
Development and Redevelopment
4,487
3,953
740.3
%
Operating
92,787
89,114
3,673
4.1
%
Other
10,110
8,838
1,272
14.4
%
Total
$
107,384
$
98,486
$
8,898
9.0
%
For the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to 2020, our Development and redevelopment proportionate net operating income increased by $4.0 million due primarily to the delivery and lease up of units at newly constructed or redeveloped apartment communities.
Operating proportionate property net operating income increased by $3.7 million, or 4.1% for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to 2020. The increase was attributable to a $5.5 million, or 4.2% increase in rental and other property revenues due to higher average revenues of $47 per apartment home, and a 160-basis point increase in occupancy, offset partially by a $1.8 million, or 4.3%, increase in property operating expenses due primarily to higher real estate taxes and insurance.
Other proportionate property net operating income increased by $1.3 million, or 14.4% for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to 2020, due primarily to the acquisition of Eldridge Townhomes in the third quarter of 2021.
The results of our segments for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, as presented below, are based on segment classification as of December 31, 2021. These amounts have been adjusted retrospectively to reflect a normalized period for comparison purposes.
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)
$ Change
% Change
Rental and other property revenues, before utility reimbursements
Development and Redevelopment
$
1,515
$
-
$
1,515
100.0
%
Operating
130,797
131,175
(378
)
-0.3
%
Other
12,986
6,888
6,098
88.5
%
Total
145,298
138,063
7,235
5.2
%
Property operating expenses, net of utility reimbursements
Development and Redevelopment
-
100.0
%
Operating
41,683
41,090
1.4
%
Other
4,148
1,931
2,217
114.8
%
Total
46,812
43,021
3,791
8.8
%
Proportionate property net operating income
Development and Redevelopment
-
100.0
%
Operating
89,114
90,085
(971
)
-1.1
%
Other
8,838
4,957
3,881
78.3
%
Total
$
98,486
$
95,042
$
3,444
3.6
%
Development and redevelopment proportionate property net operating income increased by $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to 2019, due to the acquisition of The Hamilton in August 2020.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to 2019, our Operating proportionate property net operating income decreased by $1.0 million, or 1.1% as operations at Aimco properties were impacted by the pandemic and related restrictions. This decrease was attributable to a $0.4 million, or 0.3%, decrease in rental and other property revenues and a $0.6 million, or 1.4%, increase in property operating expenses.
Other proportionate property net operating income increased by $3.9 million, or 78.3% for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to 2019, due to the acquisition of 1001 Brickell Bay Drive in July 2019.
Non-Segment Real Estate Operations
Operating income amounts not attributed to our segments include property management costs, casualty losses, and, if applicable, the results of apartment communities sold or held for sale, reported in consolidated amounts, which we do not allocate to our segments for purposes of evaluating segment performance.
Depreciation and Amortization
For the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to 2020, depreciation and amortization expense increased by $6.7 million, or 8.7%, due primarily to additional assets being placed into service.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to 2019, depreciation and amortization expense increased by $13.9 million, or 21.8%, due primarily to depreciation and amortization of assets at 1001 Brickell Bay Drive, acquired in July 2019, and The Hamilton, acquired in August 2020.
General and Administrative Expenses
For the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to 2020, general and administrative expenses increased by $22.7 million, or 216.7%, due primarily to lower allocation of expenses from Aimco Predecessor in 2020 as compared to the actual costs experienced running the separate business in 2021.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to 2019, general and administrative expenses increased $3.4 million, due primarily to audit and tax fees incurred as a separate legal entity and increased allocation of expenses from Aimco Predecessor.
Interest Expense
For the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to 2020, interest expense increased by $25.4 million, or 92.3% primarily due to interest associated with the Notes Payable to AIR entered into in conjunction with the Separation, which Notes Payable were funded on December 15, 2020.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to 2019, interest expense, which includes the amortization of debt issuance costs, increased $8.9 million due primarily to higher prepayment penalties and outstanding debt balances including the Notes Payable to AIR and debt related to the 2019 acquisition of Brickell.
Mezzanine Investment Income, Net
On November 26, 2019, Aimco Predecessor made a five-year, $275.0 million mezzanine loan to a partnership owning Parkmerced Apartments, located in southwest San Francisco. The loan is junior to a $1.5 billion first mortgage position and bears interest at a 10% annual rate, accruing if not paid from property operations. As discussed in Note 2, ownership of the subsidiary that originated and holds the note was retained by AIR, and AIR is obligated to transfer ownership of the subsidiaries that hold this interest to us upon receipt of applicable third-party consent. As of December 31, 2021, the total receivable including accrued and unpaid interest was $337.8 million. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized $30.4 million of income in connection with the mezzanine loan, compared to $27.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 and $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2019.
Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Interest Rate Options
We are required to adjust our interest rate options to fair value on a quarterly basis. As a result of the mark-to-market adjustment, we recorded an unrealized gain in the amount of $6.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, and we recorded an unrealized gain in the amount of $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2020.
Other Income (Expense), Net
Other income (expense), net, includes costs associated with our risk management activities, partnership administration expenses, valuation changes associated with equity investments, fee income, and certain other non-recurring items. For the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to 2020, other income (expense), net increased by $13.4 million due primarily to $8.0 million of fees earned related to specific acquisition and development services during the year ended December 31, 2021, with the remaining differences primarily being valuation changes in our investments in property technology funds consisting of privately held entities that develop technology related to the real estate industry.
Other income (expense), net, for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to 2019 was relatively flat.
Income Tax Benefit (Expense)
Certain of our operations, or a portion thereof, are conducted through taxable REIT subsidiaries, or TRS entities. Additionally, our TRS entities hold investments in real estate.
Our income tax benefit calculated in accordance with GAAP includes income taxes associated with the income or loss of our TRS entities. Income taxes, as well as changes in valuation allowance and incremental deferred tax items in conjunction with intercompany asset transfers and internal restructurings (if applicable), are included in income tax benefit in our consolidated statements of operations.
For our TRS entities, deferred income taxes result from temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for United States federal income tax purposes and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that are expected to be in effect when the differences reverse. We reduce deferred tax assets by recording a valuation allowance when we determine it is more likely than not that the assets will not be realized. We assess the need for a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets through a review of the reversals of temporary differences, available tax planning strategies, future taxable income, and considering all available positive and negative evidence. We recognize the tax consequences associated with intercompany transfers between Aimco Operating Partnership and TRS entities when such transactions occur. Please refer to Note 8 for further information about our income taxes.
Consolidated GAAP income or loss subject to tax consists of pretax income or loss of our taxable entities and gains retained by the REIT. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we had net losses subject to tax of $31.4 million, compared to $25.5 million in 2020.
For the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized income tax benefit of $13.6 million, compared to a benefit of $10.1 million during 2020. The change is due primarily to income tax benefit associated with internal restructuring, changes to our effective state rate expected to apply to the reversal of our existing deferred items, and higher losses at our TRS entities.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity
Liquidity is the ability to meet present and future financial obligations. Our primary sources of liquidity are cash flows from operations and borrowing capacity under our loan agreements.
As of December 31, 2021, our available liquidity was $394.6 million, which consisted of:
•
$233.4 million in cash and cash equivalents;
•
$11.2 million of restricted cash, including amounts related to tenant security deposits and escrows held by lenders for capital additions, property taxes, and insurance; and
•
$150.0 million of available capacity to borrow under our revolving secured credit facility.
We have commitments for, and expect to spend, approximately $265.5 million on development and redevelopment projects, with $256.5 million undrawn on our construction loans. As of December 31, 2021, we had a commitment to fund an additional $14.2 million to IQHQ, which we funded subsequent to year end. We have unfunded commitments related to our real estate technology funds of $3.2 million, the timing of which is uncertain. Our principal uses for liquidity include normal operating activities, payments of principal and interest on outstanding debt, capital expenditures, and future investments. Additionally, our third-party property managers may enter into commitments on our behalf to purchase goods or services in connection with the operation of our apartment communities and our office building. Those commitments generally have terms of one year or less and reflect expenditure levels comparable to historical levels.
We expect to fund any future acquisitions, redevelopment, development, and other capital spending principally with operating cash flows, short-term borrowings, and debt and equity financing. Our near-term business plan does not contemplate the issuance of equity. We believe, based on the information available at this time, that we have sufficient cash on hand and access to additional sources of liquidity to meet our operational needs for 2022 and beyond.
In the event that our cash and cash equivalents, revolving secured credit facility, and cash provided by operating activities are not sufficient to cover our liquidity needs, we have the means to generate additional liquidity, such as from additional property financing activity and proceeds from apartment community sales. We expect to meet our long-term liquidity requirements, including debt maturities, development and redevelopment spending, and future investment activity, primarily through property financing activity, cash generated from operations, and the recycling of Aimco equity. Our revolving secured credit facility matures in December 2023, prior to consideration of its two one-year extension options.
Leverage and Capital Resources
The availability and cost of credit and its related effect on the overall economy may affect our liquidity and future financing activities, both through changes in interest rates and access to financing. Currently, interest rates are low compared to historical levels, and financing is readily available. Any adverse changes in the lending environment could negatively affect our liquidity. We have taken steps to mitigate a portion of our repricing risk. However, if property or development financing options become unavailable, we may consider alternative sources of liquidity, such as reductions in capital spending or apartment community dispositions.
As of December 31, 2021, approximately 41% of our leverage consisted of property-level, non-recourse, amortizing debt. Approximately 89% of our property-level debt is fixed-rate, which provides a hedge against increases in interest rates, capitalization rates, and inflation. The weighted-average remaining term to maturity of our non-recourse property-level debt was 5.4 years at a weighted-average interest rate of 3.09%.
While our primary source of leverage is property-level debt, we also have a credit facility with a syndicate of financial institutions, Notes Payable to AIR, and construction loans. As of December 31, 2021, we had no outstanding borrowings under our revolving secured credit facility, swingline loan sub-facility and letter of credit sub-facility and had capacity to borrow up to $150.0 million. Under our revolving secured credit facility, we have agreed to maintain a fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.25x, minimum tangible net worth of $625.0 million, and maximum leverage of 60% as defined in the credit agreement. We are currently in compliance and expect to remain in compliance with these covenants.
As of December 31, 2021, approximately 45% of our leverage consisted of Notes Payable to AIR, with a fixed interest rate of 5.2% and a term to maturity of 2.1 years, and approximately 14% consisted of our variable-rate non-recourse construction loans.
On April 15, 2021, we entered into a $150.0 million variable-rate non-recourse construction loan collateralized by our leasehold interest and AIR’s fee ownership interest in Flamingo North Tower. The initial term of the loan is three years and bears interest at one month LIBOR plus 360 basis points subject to a minimum all-in per annum interest rate of 3.85%. As of December 31, 2021, we had $130.3 million of principal outstanding. Certain consolidated subsidiaries have indemnified AIR for any losses it incurs as a result of a default on the loan by Aimco. We recorded $3.8 million of deferred financing costs which will be amortized over the three-year term of the loan.
On June 21, 2021, we entered into a $100.7 million variable-rate non-recourse construction loan collateralized by our fee ownership interest in The Hamilton. The initial term of the loan is three years and bears interest at one month LIBOR plus 320 basis points subject to a minimum all-in per annum interest rate of 3.45%. As of December 31, 2021, we had $38.1 million of principal outstanding. We recorded $2.3 million of deferred financing costs which will be amortized over the three-year term of the loan.
Changes in Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash
The following discussion relates to changes in consolidated cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash due to operating, investing, and financing activities, which are presented in our consolidated statements of cash flows in Item 8 of this report.
Operating Activities
For the year ended December 31, 2021, net cash provided by operating activities was $12.6 million. Our operating cash flow is primarily affected by rental rates, occupancy levels, operating expenses related to our portfolio of apartment communities, and general and administrative costs. Cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2021, decreased by $35.3 million compared to 2020 due to higher operating and general and administrative expenses.
Cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2020, decreased by $10.1 million compared to 2019, due primarily to lower net cash contribution from our properties, which were negatively impacted by governmental measures implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and general and administrative and other increases related to the Separation, partially offset by the incremental contribution from properties acquired in 2020 and 2019.
Investing Activities
Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021, increased by $142.1 million compared to 2020, due primarily to capital expenditures and cash used in the purchase of The Benson Hotel, the Eldridge Townhomes, and construction costs on our development properties.
Capital additions totaled $177.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2021. We generally fund capital additions with available cash and cash provided by operating activities, and construction loans.
We exclude the amounts of capital spending related to commercial spaces and to apartment communities sold or classified as held for sale at the end of the period from the foregoing measures. We have also excluded from these measures indirect capitalized costs, which are not yet allocated to communities with capital additions, and their related capital spending categories.
Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2020, decreased by $283.5 million compared to 2019, due primarily to the $277.6 million payment made by Aimco Predecessor on November 26, 2019, for the Mezzanine Investment. Adding to the decrease in cash used in investing was lower capital expenditures. The lower capital expenditures resulted from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic whereby temporary local restrictions halted construction activity at many apartment communities.
Financing Activities
Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021, decreased by $165.4 million compared to 2020, due primarily to the non-recurring $420.9 million investment received from Aimco Predecessor in connection with the Separation. The decrease was partially offset primarily by draws on construction loans, proceeds from non-recourse property loans, and lower principal repayments on non-recourse property debt.
Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2020, increased by $9.9 million compared to 2019, due primarily to the $420.9 million investment from Aimco Predecessor. Partially offsetting this were higher principal payments on our non-recourse property debt, purchase of the interest rate options and deferred financing costs.
Non-GAAP Measures
We use EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre in managing our business and in evaluating our financial condition and operating performance. These key financial indicators are non-GAAP measures and are defined and described below. We provide
reconciliations of the non-GAAP financial measures to the most comparable financial measure computed in accordance with GAAP.
Earnings Before Interest Expense, Income Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization for Real Estate (EBITDAre)
EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre are non-GAAP measures, which we believe are useful to investors, creditors, and rating agencies as a supplemental measure of our ability to incur and service debt because they are recognized measures of performance by the real estate industry and allow for comparison of our credit strength to different companies. EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre should not be considered alternatives to net income (loss) as determined in accordance with GAAP as indicators of liquidity. There can be no assurance that our method of calculating EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre is comparable with that of other real estate investment trusts. Nareit defines EBITDAre as net income computed in accordance with GAAP, before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation, and amortization expense, further adjusted for:
•
gains and losses on the dispositions of depreciated property;
•
impairment write-downs of depreciated property;
•
impairment write-downs of investments in unconsolidated partnerships caused by a decrease in the value of the depreciated property in such partnerships; and
•
adjustments to reflect Aimco’s share of EBITDAre of investments in unconsolidated entities.
EBITDAre is defined by Nareit and provides for an additional performance measure independent of capital structure for greater comparability between real estate investment trusts. We define Adjusted EBITDAre as EBITDAre adjusted to exclude the effect of net income attributable to noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships and EBITDAre adjustments attributable to noncontrolling interests, and unrealized gain on interest rate options, which we believe allow investors to compare a measure of our earnings before the effects of our capital structure and indebtedness with that of other companies in the real estate industry. Additionally, we exclude interest income recognized on our Mezzanine Investment that was accrued but not paid.
The reconciliation of net (loss) income to EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, is as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
Net (loss) income
$
(4,980
)
$
(5,771
)
$
Adjustments:
Interest expense
52,902
27,512
18,598
Income tax benefit
(13,570
)
(10,149
)
(3,301
)
Depreciation and amortization
84,712
77,965
64,030
Impairments
-
15,860
-
Adjustment related to EBITDAre of unconsolidated partnerships
EBITDAre
$
119,900
$
106,265
$
80,283
Net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests in
consolidated real estate partnership
(1,227
)
EBITDAre adjustments attributable to noncontrolling interests
(320
)
(925
)
(465
)
Mezzanine investment income, net (1)
(30,436
)
(27,576
)
(1,531
)
Unrealized (gains) losses on interest rate options
(6,509
)
(1,058
)
-
Adjusted EBITDAre
$
81,408
$
77,167
$
78,493
(1) Includes the portion of accrued and unpaid income recognized during the year
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP, which requires us to make estimates and assumptions. We believe that the following critical accounting policies involve our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.
Capitalized Costs
We capitalize costs, including certain indirect costs, incurred in connection with our capital additions activities, including developments, redevelopments, other tangible apartment community improvements, and replacements of existing community components. Included in these capitalized costs are payroll costs associated with time spent by employees in connection with the planning, execution, and control of all capital addition activities at our communities. We characterize as “indirect costs” an allocation of certain department costs, including payroll, at the area operations and corporate levels that clearly relate to capital addition activities. We also capitalize interest, property taxes, and insurance during periods in which redevelopments are in progress. We commence capitalization of costs, including certain indirect costs, incurred in connection with our capital addition activities, at the point in time when activities necessary to get communities, apartment homes, or leased spaces ready for their intended use begin. These activities include when communities, apartment homes, or leased spaces are undergoing physical construction, as well as when homes or leased spaces are held vacant in advance of planned construction, provided that other activities such as permitting, planning, and design are in progress. We cease the capitalization of costs when the communities or components thereof are substantially complete and ready for their intended use, which is typically when construction has been completed and homes or leased spaces are available for occupancy. We charge costs including ordinary repairs, maintenance, and resident turnover costs to property operating expense, as incurred.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
Real estate and other long-lived assets to be held and used are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization, unless the carrying amount of the asset is not recoverable. If events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable, we assess its recoverability by comparing the carrying amount to our estimate of the undiscounted future cash flows, excluding interest charges, of the asset. If the carrying amount exceeds the estimated aggregate undiscounted future cash flows, we recognize an impairment loss to the extent the carrying amount exceeds the estimated fair value of the asset.
In connection with the Separation, we entered into a sublease of office space within our corporate offices to AIR at then-current market rents. Based on an analysis of the estimated undiscounted cash flows per the terms of the sublease arrangement, we evaluated the recoverability of the assets associated with the subleased space, including, the right-of-use asset, tenant improvements and furniture, fixtures and equipment and concluded the subleased assets were impaired. We recorded an impairment charge of $11.0 million in our consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020. There were no such impairments for the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2019.
In connection with the Separation, we entered into a software license agreement with AIR to provide for the use of certain internally developed software at then-current market rates. Based on an analysis of the estimated undiscounted cash flows relative to the carrying value of the internally developed software, we concluded the assets were impaired. Additionally, following an evaluation of the future service potential of certain other internal software that was under development, we ceased development and impaired the associated carrying value. We recorded an aggregate impairment charge of $4.9 million in our consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020. There were no such impairments for the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2019.
Acquisitions
Upon the acquisition of real estate, we determine whether the purchase qualifies as an asset acquisition or, less frequently, meets the definition of an acquisition of a business. We generally recognize the acquisition of apartment communities or interests in partnerships that own communities at our cost, including the related transaction costs, as asset acquisitions.
We allocate the cost of apartment communities acquired based on the relative fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The fair value of these assets and liabilities is determined using valuation techniques that rely on Level 2 and Level 3 inputs within the fair value framework. We determine the fair value of tangible assets, such as land, buildings, furniture, fixtures and equipment using valuation techniques that consider comparable market transactions, replacement costs and other available information. We determine the fair value of identified intangible assets or liabilities, which typically relate to in-place leases, using valuation techniques that consider the terms of the in-place leases, current market data for comparable leases and our experience in leasing similar communities.
The intangible assets or liabilities related to in-place leases are comprised of: (a) the value of the above- and below-market leases in-place, measured over the period, including probable lease renewals for below-market leases, that the leases are expected to remain in effect; (b) the estimated unamortized portion of avoided leasing commissions and other costs that ordinarily would be incurred to originate the in-place leases; and (c) the value associated with leased apartment homes during an estimated absorption period, which estimates rental revenue that would not have been earned had leased apartment homes been vacant at the time of acquisition, assuming lease-up periods based on market demand and stabilized occupancy levels. The above- and below-market lease intangibles are amortized to rental revenue over the expected remaining terms of the associated leases, which include reasonably assured renewal periods. Other intangible assets related to in-place leases are amortized to depreciation and amortization over the expected remaining terms of the associated leases.
Mezzanine Investment
Pre-Separation, the Mezzanine Investment in the partnership owning Parkmerced Apartments and related swaption were accounted for under the equity method of accounting, and a derivative, respectively. Post-Separation, the legal title to the loan investment and swaption remained with AIR, while we obtained the right to all of the economics. We record our indirect interest in the mezzanine loan investment in the Parkmerced Apartments in “Mezzanine investment” on our consolidated balance sheets, and our income earned is recognized in “Mezzanine investment income, net” in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. We recognize as income the net amounts earned on the mezzanine loan by AIR on its equity investment that are due to be paid to us when collected to the extent the income is supported by the change in AIR’s claim to the to the net assets of the underlying borrower. The income recognized primarily represents the interest accrued under the terms of the underlying mezzanine loan.
On a periodic basis, we evaluate our Mezzanine investment for impairment. We assess whether there are any indicators, including underlying property operating performance and general market conditions, that the value of our investment may be impaired. An investment is considered impaired if we determine that its fair value is less than the net carrying value of the investment on an other-than-temporary basis. Cash flow projections for the investments consider property level factors such as expected future operating income, trends and prospects, as well as the effects of demand, competition and other factors. We consider various qualitative factors to determine if a decrease in the value of our investment is other-than-temporary. These factors include age of the venture, our intent and ability to retain our investment in the entity, financial condition and long-term prospects of the entity and relationships with our partners and banks. If we believe that the decline in the fair value of the investment is temporary, no impairment charge is recorded. If our analysis indicates that there is an other-than temporary impairment related to the investment in a particular real estate venture, the carrying value of the venture will be adjusted to its estimated fair value.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Our chief market risks are refunding risk, that is the availability of property debt or other cash sources to refund maturing property debt, including the Notes Payable to AIR, and repricing risk, that is the possibility of increases in base interest rates and credit risk spreads. We use long-dated, fixed-rate, amortizing, non-recourse property debt in order to avoid the refunding and repricing risks of short-term borrowings. We use working capital primarily to fund short-term uses. We make limited use of derivative financial instruments and we do not use them for trading or other speculative purposes.
Market Risk
As of December 31, 2021, on a consolidated basis, we had $55.0 million of variable-rate property-level debt outstanding in addition to two variable rate construction loans that totaled $168.4 million. We estimate that a change in 30-day LIBOR of 100 basis points with constant credit risk spreads would reduce or increase interest expense by approximately $2.2 million.
As of December 31, 2021, we had $244.6 million in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, a portion of which bears interest at variable rates.
We estimate the fair value of debt instruments as described in Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8. The estimated fair value of total indebtedness, including our Notes Payable to AIR, was approximately $1.2 billion as of December 31, 2021.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, we paid an upfront premium of $12.1 million for the option to enter into a $1.5 billion notional amount interest rate swap at a future date. This interest rate option, or swaption, provides partial protection against exposure to rising interest rates between now and October 2024. We receive a cash settlement in the future if the prevailing interest rate is higher than the 1.68% strike price on the five-year swap. The amount of a future cash settlement is capped if the prevailing interest rate exceeds 2.78%. Alternatively, if interest rates were to decrease below the specified strike price, we would not receive a cash settlement nor would we have any liability to make a payment.
During the year ended December 31, 2021, we paid an upfront premium of $5.6 million (including transaction costs) for the option to enter into a $500.0 million notional amount interest rate swap at a future date. This interest rate option, or swaption, provides partial protection against our refinancing interest rate risk relative to our Notes Payable to AIR, and is intended to mitigate interest rate increases between now and January 2024. We receive a cash settlement in the future if the prevailing interest rate is higher than the 3% strike price on the five-year swap. Alternatively, if interest rates were to decrease below the specified strike price, we would not receive a cash settlement nor would we have any liability to make a payment.
During the year ended December 31, 2021, we also paid an upfront premium of $0.3 million for interest rate caps for the entire amounts on our Flamingo and The Hamilton construction loans. These interest rate caps, provide protection if one month LIBOR exceeds 3% during the initial term of the loans.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
The independent registered public accounting firm’s reports, consolidated financial statements and schedule listed in the “Index to Financial Statements” on page of this Annual Report are filed as part of this report and incorporated herein by this reference.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Aimco
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Aimco’s management, with the participation of Aimco’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act), as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on such evaluation, Aimco’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer have concluded that, as of the end of such period, Aimco’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Aimco’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by our Board, management and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:
•
pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of assets;
•
provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and
•
provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risks that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management assessed the effectiveness of Aimco’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013 Framework).
Based on their assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2021, Aimco’s internal control over financial reporting is effective.
Aimco’s independent registered public accounting firm has issued an attestation report on Aimco’s internal control over financial reporting.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in the internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the fiscal period covered by this report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the internal control over financial reporting of Aimco.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of
Apartment Investment and Management Company
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited Apartment Investment and Management Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Apartment Investment and Management Company (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on the COSO criteria.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated statements of operations, equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the index at Item 15(a) and our report dated March 1, 2022 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
Denver, Colorado
March 1, 2022
Aimco Operating Partnership
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Aimco Operating Partnership’s management, with the participation of Aimco Operating Partnership’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act), as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on such evaluation, Aimco Operating Partnership’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer have concluded that, as of the end of such period, Aimco Operating Partnership’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Aimco Operating Partnership’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by our Board, management and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:
•
pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of assets;
•
provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and
•
provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risks that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management assessed the effectiveness of Aimco Operating Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013 Framework).
Based on their assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2021, Aimco Operating Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting is effective.
Aimco Operating Partnership’s independent registered public accounting firm has issued an attestation report on Aimco Operating Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in the internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the fiscal period covered by this report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the internal control over financial reporting of Aimco.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Partners and the Board of Directors of
Aimco OP L.P.
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited Aimco OP L.P.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Aimco OP L.P. (the Partnership) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on the COSO criteria.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Partnership as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated statements of operations, partners’ capital and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the index at Item 15(a) and our report dated March 1, 2022 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
The Partnership’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Partnership in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
Denver, Colorado
March 1, 2022

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
None.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
The executive officers of the Company and the directors of the Company, their ages, dates they were first elected an executive officer or director, and their positions with the Company or on the Board are set forth below.
Name
Age
First Elected
Position
Wes Powell
January 2018
Director (Class III), President and Chief Executive Officer
H. Lynn C. Stanfield
October 2018
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Jennifer Johnson
December 2020
Executive Vice President, Chief Administrative Officer and General Counsel
Quincy L. Allen
December 2020
Director (Class I)
Terry Considine
July 1994
Director (Class III)
Patricia L. Gibson
December 2020
Director (Class I), Chairman of the Aimco-AIR Transactions Committee
Jay Paul Leupp
December 2020
Director (Class II), Chairman of the Audit Committee
Robert A. Miller
April 2007
Chairman of the Board of Directors (Class III)
Deborah Smith
January 2021
Director (Class III)
Michael A. Stein
October 2004
Director (Class II), Chairman of the Investment Committee
R. Dary Stone
December 2020
Director (Class II), Chairman of the Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee
Kirk A. Sykes
December 2020
Director (Class I), Chairman of the Compensation and Human Resources Committee
The following is a biographical summary of the current directors and executive officers of the Company.
Wes Powell. Mr. Powell was appointed as a Director and as President and Chief Executive Officer in December 2020. From January 2018 to December 2020, Mr. Powell served as Aimco’s Executive Vice President, Redevelopment, overseeing Aimco’s redevelopment and development activities nationally, leading acquisitions in the eastern U.S., and serving as a member of Aimco’s Investment Committee. From August 2013 to January 2018, Mr. Powell served as Aimco’s Senior Vice President, Redevelopment with responsibility for the eastern region. Since joining Aimco in January 2004, Mr. Powell has held various positions, including Asset Manager, Director, and Vice President of Redevelopment. Prior to joining Aimco, Mr. Powell was a Staff Architect with Ai Architecture (now Perkins & Will) in Washington, D.C. Mr. Powell graduated from the University of Colorado’s School of Architecture and Urban Planning and earned his MBA from Northwestern’s Kellogg School of Management.
H. Lynn C. Stanfield. Ms. Stanfield was appointed Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in December 2020. From October 2018 to December 2020, Ms. Stanfield served as Aimco’s Executive Vice President, Financial Planning & Analysis and Capital Allocation, with responsibility for various finance functions and corporate and income tax strategy, and serving as a member of Aimco’s Investment Committee. Since joining Aimco in March 1999, Ms. Stanfield has held various positions with responsibility for affordable asset management, income tax, and investor relations. Prior to joining Aimco, Ms. Stanfield was engaged in public accounting at Ernst and Young with a focus on partnership and real estate clients and served as Assistant Professor of Accounting at Erskine College. Ms. Stanfield holds a Master of Professional Accountancy from Clemson University and is a licensed CPA.
Jennifer Johnson. Ms. Johnson was appointed Executive Vice President, Chief Administrative Officer and General Counsel in December 2020. From August 2009 to December 2020, Ms. Johnson served as Senior Vice President, Human Resources. From July 2006 to August 2009, Ms. Johnson served as Vice President and Assistant General Counsel. She joined the Company as Senior Counsel in August 2004. Prior to joining the Company, Ms. Johnson was in private practice with the law firm of Faegre & Benson LLP with a focus on labor and employment law and commercial litigation. Ms. Johnson earned her law degree from the University of Colorado Law School.
Quincy L. Allen. Mr. Allen was appointed as a Director of the Company in December 2020 and is currently a member of Aimco’s Audit, Compensation and Human Resources, Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance, and Investment Committees. Mr. Allen is Co-Founder and Managing Partner of Arc Capital Partners, a Los Angeles real estate investment firm that specializes in urban mixed-use environments. Prior to co-founding Arc Capital, from 2003 to 2013, Mr. Allen worked with Canyon Partners, where he was a Managing Director and investment committee member of the Canyon-Johnson Urban Funds, a partnership between Canyon Partners and Earvin “Magic” Johnson. Prior to joining Canyon Partners, Mr. Allen was an executive with Lazard Frères focused on workouts and portfolio management. Prior to joining Lazard, Mr. Allen held various positions with Archstone Communities and Security Capital Group. Mr. Allen graduated from Wayne State University (B.S. Finance Major, Summa Cum Laude) and Harvard Business School (MBA). Mr. Allen is on the board of the Mike Ilitch School of Business (Wayne State University), Wilshire Center Business Improvement District and Think Together. Mr. Allen is an active member of Urban Land Institute, the National Multi Housing Council and the Pension Real Estate Association. Mr. Allen brings particular expertise to the Board in the areas of real estate investments, development, finance, and portfolio management.
Terry Considine. Mr. Considine is a member of the Board and is currently a member of Aimco’s Investment Committee. He served as Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer from Aimco’s July 1994 initial public offering until the Separation. Mr. Considine has specific responsibilities during 2021 and 2022 to support the establishment and growth of the Aimco business, reporting directly to the Board. Mr. Considine is Chief Executive Officer of AIR and also a member of the AIR board of directors. Mr. Considine brings to the Board considerable experience in real estate and other industries. Among other real estate ventures, in 1975 Mr. Considine founded and subsequently managed the predecessor companies that became Aimco at its initial public offering in 1994.
Patricia L. Gibson. Ms. Gibson was appointed as a Director of the Company in December 2020 and is currently the Chairman of the Aimco-AIR Transactions Committee. She is also a member of Aimco’s Audit, Compensation and Human Resources, Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance, and Investment Committees. Ms. Gibson is a founding principal and CEO of Banner Oak Capital Partners, a fully integrated, independent investment management platform and Registered Investment Advisor. She oversees all investment activity and is responsible for establishing and implementing the firm’s strategic direction. Banner Oak was launched from its predecessor firm, Hunt Realty Investments. Prior to co-founding Banner Oak, Patricia was the president of Hunt Realty Investments, where she led the commercial real estate investment management activities for the Hunt family of companies. Before joining Hunt, Ms. Gibson held senior positions at Goldman Sachs’ real estate subsidiary, where she oversaw portfolio management and the capital market efforts for over $4 billion in commercial real estate assets. She began her real estate investment career in 1985 at The Travelers Realty Investment Company, where she spent nine years on the debt and equity side of the business. Patricia is a member of Urban Land Institute and was formerly vice chairman of the Industrial and Office Parks Red Council. She is a member of the executive council of the University of Texas Real Estate Finance Council and is a member of the National Association of Real Estate Investment Managers, where she previously served as its chairman. She is on the board of directors of Pacolet Milliken Enterprises, a private investment company focused on energy and real estate, where she serves as the chair of the Compensation Committee. She is also a director of RLJ Lodging Trust. Patricia holds an MBA from the University of Connecticut and a BS in finance from Fairfield University and is a chartered financial analyst. Ms. Gibson brings particular expertise to the Board in the areas of real estate finance, investment, and asset management.
Jay Paul Leupp. Mr. Leupp was appointed as a Director of the Company in December 2020 and is currently the Chairman of the Audit Committee. He is also a member of Aimco’s Compensation and Human Resources, Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance, Investment, and Aimco-AIR Transactions Committees. Mr. Leupp is the Managing Partner and Senior Portfolio Manager on Terra Firma Asset Management’s Global Real Estate Securities team. He began working in the investment field in 1989. Prior to co-founding Terra Firma in 2019, Mr. Leupp served as the Managing Director and Portfolio Manager/Analyst on Lazard Asset Management’s Real Estate Securities team, a business that was created with the sale of Grubb & Ellis Alesco Global Advisors to Lazard in 2011. Prior to joining Lazard, Mr. Leupp was the President and Chief Executive Officer of Grubb & Ellis Alesco Global Advisors and served as the Senior Portfolio Manager for their real estate securities mutual funds. Mr. Leupp founded Alesco in 2006 and had been its President and Chief Executive Officer since its inception. Prior to founding Alesco, Mr. Leupp served as Managing Director of Real Estate Equity Research at RBC Capital Markets, an investment banking group of the Royal Bank of Canada, where he oversaw a five-person equity research team. Prior to joining RBC, Mr. Leupp served as Managing Director of Real Estate Equity Research at Robertson Stephens & Co. Inc., an investment banking firm where he founded the Real Estate Equity Research group in 1994. From 1991 to 1994, Mr. Leupp was a vice president of the Staubach Company, specializing in the leasing, acquisition, and financing of commercial real estate. From 1989 to 1991, he was a development manager with Trammell Crow Residential, one of the nation’s largest developers of multifamily housing. Mr. Leupp holds an MBA from Harvard University and a bachelor’s degree from Santa Clara University. He currently serves on the Board of Directors of Health Care Trust of America, G.W. Williams Company, The Sobrato Organization (Governance Board), Marcus & Millichap Corporation Holding Company (Advisory Board), Marathon Digital Holdings, San Francisco Catholic Charities, Chaminade College Preparatory (Los Angeles), and on the Policy Board of the Fisher Center for Real Estate at the University of California, Berkeley. Mr. Leupp is past chair (2007-2009) and serves as a Regent Emeritus on the Santa Clara University Board of Regents. He also serves on Santa Clara University’s Trustee Finance Committee, Leavey School of Business Advisory Board, and The Ignatian Center for Jesuit Education. Mr. Leupp brings particular expertise to the Board in the areas of capital markets, corporate governance, real estate operations, finance, and development.
Robert A. Miller. Mr. Miller is the Chairman of the Board. Mr. Miller was first elected a Director of the Company in April 2007, and served as Lead Independent Director from April 2020 until the Separation. Mr. Miller is also a member of Aimco’s Audit, Compensation and Human Resources, Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance, and Investment Committees. Mr. Miller is past Chairman of the Redevelopment and Construction Committee. Mr. Miller serves as President of RAMCO Advisors LLC, an investment advisory and business consulting firm. Mr. Miller previously served as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, International of Marriott Vacations Worldwide Corporation (“MVWC”) from 2011 to 2012, when he retired from this position. Mr. Miller served as the President of Marriott Leisure from 1997 to November 2011, when Marriott International elected to spin-off its subsidiary entity, Marriott Ownership Resorts, Inc., by forming a new parent entity, MVWC, as a new publicly held company. Prior to his role as President of Marriott Leisure, from 1984 to 1988, Mr. Miller served as Executive Vice President & General Manager of Marriott Vacation Club International and then as its President from 1988 to 1997. In 1984, Mr. Miller and a partner sold their company, American Resorts, Inc., to Marriott. Mr. Miller is a CPA (inactive) and served for five years as a staff accountant for Arthur Young & Company. Mr. Miller is past Chairman and currently a director of the American Resort Development Association. He is past Chairman and director of the ARDA International Foundation and past director of AIR. As a successful real estate entrepreneur and corporate executive, Mr. Miller brings particular expertise to the Board in the areas of operations, management, marketing, sales, and development, as well as finance and accounting.
Deborah Smith. Ms. Smith was appointed as a Director of the Company in January 2021 and is currently a member of Aimco’s Audit, Compensation and Human Resources, Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance, Investment, and Aimco-AIR Transactions Committees. Ms. Smith is Co-Founder and Principal of The CenterCap Group. The CenterCap Group, formed in 2009, is a boutique investment bank providing strategic advisory, capital-raising and consulting related services to private and public sector companies and fund managers across the real assets industry. Ms. Smith heads the firm’s Strategic Capital, Mergers & Acquisitions and Execution efforts. She also serves as Chief Executive Officer of the firm’s two wholly owned subsidiaries, CC Securities and CenterCap Advisors. Prior to forming The CenterCap Group, Ms. Smith was Co-Head of Mergers and Acquisitions and a Senior Managing Director with CB Richard Ellis Investors (“CBREI”), where she also served on the Global Leadership Team, which oversaw execution of strategies and best practices. Prior to CBREI, Ms. Smith served as an investment banker with Lehman Brothers, Wachovia Securities, and Morgan Stanley. Ms. Smith has been involved in more than $100 billion of mergers, acquisitions and restructuring transactions and over $500 million of private capital raising assignments to support GP and LP positions for middle-market restructuring, acquisition and development projects across the retail, multifamily, office, hotel and industrial sectors. Ms. Smith is a frequent speaker at industry conferences and author of numerous industry articles for real estate focused publications. Ms. Smith has a Bachelor of Economics, with honors, and a Bachelor of Law, with honors, both from the University of Sydney. Ms. Smith brings particular expertise to the Board in the areas of corporate finance, capital markets, banking, and marketing.
Michael A. Stein. Mr. Stein was first elected a Director of the Company in October 2004 and is currently the Chairman of the Investment Committee. He is also a member of Aimco’s Audit, Compensation and Human Resources, and Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committees. Mr. Stein is past Chairman of Aimco’s Audit Committee and past member of its Redevelopment and Construction Committee. From January 2001 until its acquisition by Eli Lilly in January 2007, Mr. Stein served as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of ICOS Corporation, a biotechnology company based in Bothell, Washington. From October 1998 to September 2000, Mr. Stein was Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Nordstrom, Inc. From 1989 to September 1998, Mr. Stein served in various capacities with Marriott International, Inc., including Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer from 1993 to 1998. Mr. Stein serves on the board of directors of InvenTrust Properties Corp. (“InvenTrust”), an open-air shopping center REIT headquartered in Downers Grove, Illinois, and on the InvenTrust Audit and Nominating and Corporate Governance committees. Mr. Stein previously served on the boards of directors of AIR, Nautilus, Inc., Getty Images, Inc., Providence Health & Services and The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. As the former audit committee chairman or audit committee member of two NYSE-listed companies, the former chief financial officer of two NYSE-listed companies, and having served in various capacities with Arthur Andersen from 1971 to 1989, including as a partner from 1981 to 1989, Mr. Stein brings particular expertise to the Board in the areas of corporate and real estate finance, and accounting and auditing for large and complex business operations.
R. Dary Stone. Mr. Stone was appointed as a Director of the Company in December 2020 and is currently the Chairman of the Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee. He is also a member of Aimco’s Audit, Compensation and Human Resources, and Investment Committees. Mr. Stone is President and Chief Executive Officer of R. D. Stone Interests and a Managing Partner of Hicks Holdings, LLC. Mr. Stone has served in a variety of capacities at Cousins Properties, an NYSE listed REIT, including as a director on the Cousins Properties board at various times between 2001 and the present. From 2003 to the present, Mr. Stone has served as a director of Tolleson Wealth Management, Inc., a privately held wealth management firm, and Tolleson Private Bank (chair of audit committee and member of compensation committee of each). Mr. Stone is a former Regent of Baylor University (Chairman from June 2009 to June 2011), former Director of Hunt Companies, Inc., Parkway, Inc., and Lone Star Bank, and former Chairman of the Banking Commission of Texas. Mr. Stone brings particular expertise to the Board in the areas of real estate operations and development and corporate and real estate finance.
Kirk A. Sykes. Mr. Sykes was appointed as a Director of the Company in December 2020 and is currently the Chairman of the Compensation and Human Resources Committee. He is also a member of Aimco’s Audit, Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance, and Investment Committees. Mr. Sykes is the Co-Managing Partner of Accordia Partners, LLC, a real estate development company, a role he has held since 2014. From 2005 to 2014, Mr. Sykes was the President and Managing Director of Urban Strategy America Fund, LLP, a New Boston real estate investment fund. From 1993 to the present, Mr. Sykes has served as President of Primary Corporation, a real estate company that owns commercial real estate. Mr. Sykes currently serves as a member of the Natixis Funds, Loomis Sayles Funds and Natixis ETF’s Board of Trustees, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston External Diversity Advisory Board, the Eastern Bank Corporation Board of Advisors, the Real Estate Executive Council Emeritus Board (Former-Chairman), Urban Land Institute’s New England Advisory Council, NAIOP Massachusetts Board Management Committee among others. In addition to other Director roles, he previously served on the Board of Ares Commercial Real Estate Corporation (NYSE:ACRE) and The Federal Reserve Bank of Boston from 2008 to 2014, including as its Chairman from 2012 to 2014. Mr. Sykes holds a Bachelor of Architecture degree from Cornell University, and is a graduate of The Harvard Business School Owner and President Management Program. Mr. Sykes brings particular expertise to the Board in the areas of real estate investment and development, real estate finance, and banking.
Summary of Director Qualifications and Expertise
Below is a summary of the qualifications and expertise of the directors, including expertise relevant to Aimco’s business.
Summary of Director
Qualifications and Expertise
Mr.
Powell
Mr.
Allen
Mr.
Considine
Ms.
Gibson
Mr.
Leupp
Mr.
Miller
Ms.
Smith
Mr.
Stein
Mr.
Stone
Mr.
Sykes
Accounting and Auditing
for Large Business Organizations
X
X
X
Business Operations
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Capital Markets
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Corporate Governance
X
X
X
X
X
Development
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Executive
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Financial Expertise and Literacy
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Information Technology
X
Investment and Finance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Legal
X
Marketing and Branding
X
X
X
X
Property / Asset Management and Operations
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Real Estate
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Talent Development and Management
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE MATTERS
This chart provides a summary overview of Aimco’s governance practices, each of which is described in more detail in the information that follows.
What Aimco Does
Supermajority Independent Board. Eight of the ten directors, or 80% of the directors, are independent.
Independent Standing Committees. Only independent directors serve on the Audit, Compensation and Human Resources, Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance, and Aimco-AIR Transactions Committees.
Independent Chairman of the Board. The Company’s Chairman of the Board is an independent director.
Separation of Chairman and CEO. The Company has separated the roles of Chairman of the Board and CEO.
Board Refreshment. The Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee has structured the Board such that there are directors of varying tenures and perspectives, with new directors joining the Board every few years, while retaining the institutional memory of longer-tenured directors. In connection with the Separation, six directors left the Board and the Company added seven new directors.
Regular Access to and Involvement with Management. In addition to regular access to management during Board and committee meetings, the independent directors have ongoing, direct access to members of management and to the Aimco business. This includes the Audit Committee chairman’s active and regular engagement with accounting staff and the Aimco auditors, the Compensation and Human Resources Committee chairman’s continuing involvement with compensation and personnel matters, the Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee chairman’s participation in director recruitment and other governance matters, and Mr. Miller’s frequent involvement with Mr. Powell with respect to strategy, agenda setting, board materials, and policy matters.
Engaged Board. In addition to regular access to management, the independent directors meet at least quarterly and receive written updates from the CEO regularly.
Stockholder Engagement. Under the direction of the Board and including participation by Board members when requested by stockholders, Aimco systematically and at least annually canvasses its largest stockholders, those holding approximately two-thirds of outstanding Aimco shares, concerning compensation, governance, and other ESG matters.
Director Stock Ownership. By the completion of five years of service from the time of the Separation or from joining the Board, an independent director is expected to own shares having a value of at least five times the annual cash retainer for independent directors.
Risk Assessment. The Board conducts an annual risk assessment. Areas involving risk that are reported on by management and considered by the Board, include: operations, liquidity, leverage, finance, financial statements, the financial reporting process, accounting, legal matters, regulatory compliance, information technology and data protection, sustainability, environmental, social, and governance (“ESG”), compensation, and human resources and human capital. The Compensation and Human Resources Committee is responsible for succession planning in all leadership positions, both in the short term and the long term, with particular focus on CEO succession in the short term and the long term.
Majority Voting with a Resignation Policy. Aimco requires its directors to be elected by a majority of the votes cast. Directors failing to get a majority of the votes cast are expected to tender their resignation.
Proxy Access. A stockholder or a group of up to 20 stockholders, owning at least 3% of our shares for three years, may submit nominees for up to 20% of the Board, or two nominees, whichever is greater, for inclusion in our proxy materials, subject to complying with the requirements contained in our bylaws.
What Aimco Does Not Do
Unapproved Related Party Transactions. The Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee oversees a related party transactions policy requiring review and approval of such transactions to help ensure that Aimco’s decisions are based on considerations only in the best interests of Aimco and its stockholders.
Pledging or hedging shares held to satisfy stock ownership requirements. The Company’s insider trading policy places restrictions on the Company’s directors, executive officers, and all other employees entering into hedging transactions with respect to the Company’s securities (such as, but not limited to, zero-cost collars, equity swaps, and forward sale contracts) and from holding the Company’s securities in margin accounts or otherwise pledging such securities as collateral for loans. Pledging or hedging transactions are permitted only in very limited circumstances, and only with respect to shares held in excess of stock ownership requirements. Hedging transactions may not be entered into with regard to Aimco securities that are subject to a risk of forfeiture (e.g., restricted stock awards) and Aimco directors, executive officers, other officers, and certain other employees must receive preclearance from Aimco’s legal department before engaging in any hedging transactions. No directors or executive officers have in place any hedging or pledging transactions.
Interlocking Directorships. No member of Aimco management serves on a board or a compensation committee of a company at which an Aimco director is also an employee.
Director Overboarding. Aimco’s corporate governance guidelines and committee charters limit the number of other boards and the number of other audit committees on which an Aimco director may serve. Typically, an Aimco director is limited to service on four or fewer boards (including the Company’s) and is limited to service on three or fewer audit committees, including the Company’s.
Retirement Age or Term Limits. Rather than impose arbitrary limits on service, the Company regularly (and at least annually) reviews each director’s continued role on the Board and considers the need for periodic board refreshment.
Meetings and Committees
The Board held four meetings during the year ended December 31, 2021. During 2021, there were the following five committees: Audit; Compensation and Human Resources; Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance; Investment; and Aimco-AIR Transactions. During 2021, no director attended fewer than 75% of the aggregate total number of meetings of the Board and each committee on which such director served.
The Corporate Governance Guidelines, as described below, provide that the Company generally expects that the Chairman of the Board will attend all annual and special meetings of the stockholders. Other members of the Board are not required to attend such meetings. The Chairman of the Board attended the Company’s 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, and the Company anticipates that he will attend the Meeting this year.
Below is a table illustrating the current standing committee memberships and chairmen. Additional detail on each committee follows the table.
Director
Audit
Committee
Compensation and
Human
Resources
Committee
Nominating, Environmental, Social, and
Governance
Committee
Investment
Committee
Aimco-AIR Transactions
Committee
Quincy L. Allen
X
X
X
X
-
Terry Considine
-
-
-
X
-
Patricia L. Gibson
X
X
X
X
†
Jay Paul Leupp
†
X
X
X
X
Robert A. Miller*
X
X
X
X
-
Wes Powell
-
-
-
-
-
Deborah Smith
X
X
X
X
X
Michael A. Stein
X
X
X
†
-
R. Dary Stone
X
X
†
X
-
Kirk A. Sykes
X
†
X
X
-
__________
X
indicates a member of the committee
†
indicates the committee chairman
*
indicates the Chairman of the Board
Messrs. Allen, Leupp, Miller, Stein, Stone, and Sykes and Mses. Gibson and Smith are independent directors (collectively the “Independent Directors”).
Audit Committee
The Audit Committee currently consists of the eight Independent Directors. Mr. Leupp serves as the chairman of the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee has a written charter that is reviewed annually and was last amended in January 2021. In addition to the work of the Audit Committee, the chairman has regular and recurring conversations with Ms. Stanfield, Aimco’s Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), Ms. Johnson, Aimco’s Chief Administrative Officer (“CAO”), the head of Aimco’s internal audit function, and representatives of Ernst & Young LLP. The Audit Committee’s charter is posted on Aimco’s website (www.aimco.com) and is also available in print to stockholders, upon written request to Aimco’s Corporate Secretary.
The Audit Committee’s responsibilities are set forth in the following chart.
Audit Committee Responsibilities
Accomplished
In 2021
Oversees Aimco’s accounting and financial reporting processes and audits of Aimco’s financial statements.
✓
Directly responsible for the appointment, compensation, and oversight of the independent auditors and the lead engagement partner and makes its appointment based on a variety of factors.
✓
Reviews the scope, and overall plans for and results of the annual audit and internal audit activities.
✓
Oversees management’s negotiation with Ernst & Young LLP concerning fees, and exercises final approval over all Ernst & Young LLP fees.
✓
Consults with management and Ernst & Young LLP with respect to Aimco’s processes for risk assessment and enterprise risk management. Areas involving risk that are reported on by management and considered by the Audit Committee, the other Board committees, or the Board, include: operations, liquidity, leverage, finance, financial statements, the financial reporting process, accounting, legal matters, regulatory compliance, information technology and data protection, sustainability, ESG, compensation, succession planning, and human resources and human capital.
✓
Consults with management and Ernst & Young LLP regarding, and provides oversight for, Aimco’s financial reporting process, internal control over financial reporting, and the Company’s internal audit function.
✓
Reviews and approves the Company’s policy about the hiring of former employees of independent auditors.
✓
Reviews and approves the Company’s policy for the pre-approval of audit and permitted non-audit services by the independent auditor, and reviews and approves any such services provided pursuant to such policy.
✓
Receives reports pursuant to Aimco’s policy for the submission and confidential treatment of communications from teammates and others concerning accounting, internal control and auditing matters.
✓
Reviews and discusses with management and Ernst & Young LLP quarterly earnings releases prior to their issuance and quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and annual reports on Form 10-K prior to their filing.
✓
Reviews the responsibilities and performance of the Company’s internal audit function, approves the hiring, promotion, demotion or termination of the lead internal auditor, and oversees the lead internal auditor’s periodic performance review and changes to his or her compensation.
✓
Reviews with management the scope and effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures, including for purposes of evaluating the accuracy and fair presentation of the Company’s financial statements in connection with the certifications made by the CEO and CFO.
✓
Meets regularly with members of Aimco management and with Ernst & Young LLP, including periodic meetings in executive session.
✓
Performs an annual review of the Company’s independent auditor, including an assessment of the firm’s experience, expertise, communication, cost, value, and efficiency, and including external data relating to audit quality and performance, including recent Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) reports on Ernst & Young LLP and its peer firms.
✓
Performs an annual review of the lead engagement partner of the Company’s independent auditor and the potential successors for that role.
✓
Periodically evaluates independent audit service providers, including a 2015 request for proposal process to assess the best firm to serve as Aimco’s independent auditor.
✓
The Audit Committee held eight meetings during the year ended December 31, 2021. As set forth in the Audit Committee’s charter, no director may serve as a member of the Audit Committee if such director serves on the audit committee of more than two other public companies, unless the Board determines that such simultaneous service would not impair the ability of such director to effectively serve on the Audit Committee. No member of the Audit Committee serves on the audit committee of more than two other public companies.
Audit Committee Financial Expert
The Board has designated Mr. Leupp as an “audit committee financial expert.” In addition, all of the members of the Audit Committee qualify as audit committee financial experts. Each member of the Audit Committee is independent, as that term is defined by Section 303A of the listing standards of the New York Stock Exchange relating to audit committees.
Compensation and Human Resources Committee
The Compensation and Human Resources Committee currently consists of the eight Independent Directors. Mr. Sykes serves as the chairman of the Compensation and Human Resources Committee. The chairman meets regularly with Ms. Johnson, Aimco’s CAO. The Chairman also has regular conversations with the Compensation and Human Resources Committee’s independent compensation consultant, Willis Towers Watson, and outside counsel with expertise in executive compensation and compensation governance related matters. The Compensation and Human Resources Committee has a written charter that is reviewed annually and was last amended in April 2021. The Compensation and Human Resources Committee’s charter is posted on Aimco’s website (www.aimco.com) and is also available in print to stockholders, upon written request to Aimco’s Corporate Secretary.
The Compensation and Human Resources Committee’s responsibilities are set forth in the following charts.
Compensation and Human Resources Committee Responsibilities
Accomplished
In 2021
Responsible for succession planning in all leadership positions, both in the short term and the long term, with particular focus on CEO and key person succession.
✓
Oversee the Company’s management of the talent pipeline process.
✓
Oversee the goals and objectives of the Company’s executive compensation plans.
✓
Annually evaluate the performance of the CEO.
✓
Determine the CEO’s compensation.
✓
Negotiate and provide for the documentation of any employment agreement (or amendment thereto) with the CEO, as applicable.
✓
Review and approve the decisions made by the CEO as to the compensation of the other executive officers.
✓
Approve and grant any equity compensation.
✓
Review and discuss the Compensation Discussion & Analysis with management.
✓
Oversee the Company’s submission to a stockholder vote of matters relating to compensation, including advisory votes on executive compensation and the frequency of such votes, incentive and other compensation plans, and amendments to such plans.
✓
Consider the results of stockholder advisory votes on executive compensation and take such results into consideration in connection with the review and approval of executive officer compensation.
✓
Review stockholder proposals and advisory stockholder votes relating to executive compensation matters and recommend to the Board the Company’s response to such proposals and votes.
✓
Review compensation arrangements to evaluate whether incentive and other forms of pay encourage unnecessary or excessive risk taking.
✓
Review and approve the terms of any compensation “claw back” or similar policy or agreement between the Company and the Company’s executive officers.
✓
Review periodically the goals and objectives of the Company’s executive compensation plans and recommend that the Board amend these goals and objectives if appropriate.
✓
Oversee the Company’s culture, with a particular focus on collegiality, collaboration, and team-building.
✓
One of the most important responsibilities of the Compensation and Human Resources Committee is to ensure a succession plan is in place for key members of the Company’s executive management team, including the CEO. Based on the work of the Compensation and Human Resources Committee, the Board has a succession plan for the CEO position, is prepared to act in the event of a CEO vacancy in the short term, and has identified candidates for succession over the long term. The Board will select the successor taking into consideration the needs of the organization, the business environment, and each candidate’s skills, experience, expertise, leadership, and fit. The Company maintains a robust succession planning process, as highlighted in the following chart.
Management Succession
The Company maintains an executive talent pipeline for every executive officer position, including the CEO position, and every other senior officer position within the organization.
The executive talent pipeline includes “interim,” “ready now,” and “under development” candidates for each position. The Company has an intentional focus on those formally under development for executive roles. Management is also focused on attracting, developing, and retaining strong talent across the organization.
The executive talent pipeline is formally updated annually and is the main topic of at least one of the Compensation and Human Resources Committee’s meetings each year. The Compensation and Human Resources Committee also reviews the pipeline in connection with year-end performance and compensation reviews for every executive officer position. The pipeline is discussed regularly at the management level, as well.
Talent development and succession planning is a coordinated effort among the CEO, the Compensation and Human Resources Committee, and the CAO, as well as each succession candidate.
Management Succession
The Board is provided exposure to succession candidates for executive officer positions.
All executive succession candidates have development plans.
The Company maintains a forward-looking approach to succession. Positions are filled considering the business strategy and needs at the time of a vacancy and the candidate’s skills, experience, expertise, leadership and fit.
The Company has a proven track record on the development of talented leaders and succession, most recently with the CEO transition in December 2020.
The Compensation and Human Resources Committee held six meetings during the year ended December 31, 2021.
Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee
The Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee currently consists of the eight Independent Directors. Mr. Stone serves as the chairman of the Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee. The Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee has a written charter that is reviewed annually and was last amended in October 2021. The Committee’s charter is posted on Aimco’s website (www.aimco.com) and is also available in print to stockholders, upon written request to Aimco’s Corporate Secretary.
The Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee’s responsibilities are set forth in the following chart.
Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee Responsibilities
Accomplished
In 2021
Focuses on board candidates and nominees, and specifically:
• Plans for board refreshment and succession planning for directors;
• Identifies and recommends to the Board individuals qualified to serve on the Board;
• Identifies, recruits, and, if appropriate, interviews candidates to fill positions on the Board, including persons suggested by stockholders or others; and
• Reviews each Board member’s suitability for continued service as a director when his or her term expires and when he or she has a change in professional status and recommends whether or not the director should be re-nominated.
✓
Focuses on board composition and procedures as a whole and recommends, if necessary, measures to be taken so that the Board reflects the appropriate balance of knowledge, experience, skills, expertise, and diversity of perspective and background required for the Board as a whole.
✓
Develops and recommends to the Board a set of corporate governance principles applicable to Aimco and its management.
✓
Maintains a related party transaction policy and oversees any potential related party transactions.
✓
Oversees a systematic and detailed annual evaluation of the Board, committees, and individual directors in an effort to continuously improve the function of the Board.
✓
Considers corporate governance matters that may arise and develops appropriate recommendations, including providing the forum for the Board to consider important matters of public policy and vet stockholder input on a variety of matters.
✓
Reviews corporate governance trends, best practices, and regulations applicable to the corporate governance of the Company and develops appropriate recommendations for the Board.
✓
Oversees the Company’s policies and strategies related to environmental, social, and corporate responsibility matters in coordination with the other standing committees of the Board.
✓
Evaluates relevant, current, and emerging environmental, social, and corporate responsibility trends that may materially impact or be of significance to the business, operations, or performance of the Company, reviews and assesses with management third-party rating reports and scores of the Company on environmental, social, and corporate responsibility matters, reviews with management the Company’s communications strategy on such matters, and develops appropriate recommendations for the Board.
✓
Receives updates from the Company’s management regarding material environmental, social, and corporate responsibility activities, practices, policies, and procedures.
✓
Oversees the Company’s disclosure on environmental, social, and governance matters.
✓
Reviews annually the Company’s public policy advocacy efforts and political and charitable contributions.
✓
The Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee held four meetings during the year ended December 31, 2021.
Investment Committee
The Investment Committee currently consists of the Independent Directors and non-management directors. Mr. Stein serves as the chairman of the Investment Committee. The Investment Committee’s purpose is to provide oversight and guidance to the Company’s management regarding investment decisions. The Investment Committee held four meetings during the year ended December 31, 2021. Since the Separation, Mr. Considine, AIR’s Chief Executive Officer, has recused himself from the Investment Committee’s consideration of any matters involving AIR.
Aimco-AIR Transactions Committee
The Aimco-AIR Transactions Committee, established to ensure transactions between Aimco and AIR are on an arms-length basis and on commercially reasonable terms, currently consists of Mr. Leupp and Mses. Gibson and Smith. Ms. Gibson serves as the chairman of the Aimco-AIR Transactions Committee. The Aimco-AIR Transactions Committee meets regularly with members of Aimco’s senior leadership. The Aimco-AIR Transactions Committee has a written charter that will be reviewed annually.
The Aimco-AIR Transactions Committee charter is posted on Aimco’s website (www.aimco.com) and is also available in print to stockholders upon written request to Aimco’s Corporate Secretary.
The Aimco-AIR Transactions Committee’s responsibilities are set forth in the following chart.
Aimco-AIR Transactions Committee
Accomplished Since Formation in October 2021
Oversee all prospective contracts or transactions to be entered into by and between Aimco and AIR (each an “Aimco-AIR Transaction”) to ensure that all Aimco-AIR Transactions are on an arms-length basis and on commercially reasonable terms, and provide recommendations to the Board regarding the same.
✓
Review any proposed material modifications, extensions, and terminations (other than by the terms of an agreement) to any contract entered into between Aimco and AIR in connection with the separation of Aimco and AIR or since such time, and provide recommendations to the Board regarding the same.
✓
Consider and make periodic recommendations to the Board with regard to the relationship between Aimco and AIR.
✓
Receive a regular report of all material activities between Aimco and AIR, including those pursuant to agreements approved and entered into at the time of the separation transaction.
✓
Exercise such additional powers and duties as may be reasonable, necessary, or desirable, in the Aimco-AIR Transactions Committee’s discretion, to fulfill its duties under its charter.
✓
Perform such other functions as assigned by law, Aimco’s charter or bylaws or the Board.
✓
The Aimco-AIR Transactions Committee was formed in October 2021, and meets as often as is necessary to carry out its duties and responsibilities. The Committee has held two meetings since the Committee’s formation in October 2021.
Board Composition, Board Refreshment, and Director Tenure
Aimco is focused on having a well-constructed and high performing board. To that end, the Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee selects nominees for director based on, among other things, breadth and depth of experience, knowledge, skills, expertise, integrity, ability to make independent analytical inquiries, understanding of Aimco’s business environment, diversity of perspective and background, and willingness to devote adequate time and effort to Board responsibilities. In considering nominees for director, the Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee seeks to have a diverse range of experience and expertise relevant to Aimco’s business. The Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee places a premium on directors who work well in the collegial and collaborative nature of the Board (which is also consistent with the Aimco culture) and also requires directors who think and act independently and can clearly and effectively communicate their convictions. The Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee assesses the appropriate balance of criteria required of directors and makes recommendations to the Board.
The Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee has specifically considered the feedback of some stockholders as well as the discussions of some commentators that suggest lengthy board tenure should be balanced with new perspectives. Specific to Aimco, the Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee has structured the Board such that there are directors of varying tenures, with new directors and perspectives joining the Board every few years while retaining the institutional memory of longer-tenured directors. Longer-tenured directors, balanced with less-tenured directors, enhance the Board’s oversight capabilities. Aimco’s directors work effectively together, coordinate closely with senior management, comprehend Aimco’s challenges and opportunities, and frame Aimco’s business strategy.
When formulating its Board membership recommendations, the Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee also considers advice and recommendations from others, including stockholders, as it deems appropriate. Such recommendations are evaluated based on the same criteria noted above. The Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee will consider as nominees to the Board for election at the next annual meeting of stockholders persons who are recommended by stockholders in writing, marked to the attention of Aimco’s corporate Secretary, no later than July 1, 2022.
The Board is responsible for nominating members for election to the Board and for filling vacancies on the Board that may occur between annual meetings of stockholders.
Board Leadership Structure
In connection with the Separation, the Board concluded that separating the Chairman and CEO role would be most effective for the Company’s leadership and governance. Mr. Miller serves as Chairman of the Board, which includes: presiding over executive sessions of the Independent Directors, which are held regularly and not less than four times per year; with the CEO, setting meeting agendas and schedules; calling meetings of the Independent Directors; and being available for direct communication with stockholders.
The Board has a majority of independent directors. Eight out of the ten directors are independent. The Audit, Compensation and Human Resources, Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance, and Aimco-AIR Transactions Committees are composed solely of independent directors.
Separate Sessions of Independent Directors
Aimco’s Corporate Governance Guidelines (described below) provide that the non-management directors shall meet in executive session without management on a regularly scheduled basis, but no less than four times per year. The non-management directors, which group currently is made up of the eight Independent Directors, met in executive session without management five times during the year ended December 31, 2021.
The following table sets forth the number of meetings held by the Board and each committee during the year ended December 31, 2021.
Board
Non-
Management
Directors
Audit
Committee
Compensation
and
Human
Resources Committee
Nominating, Environmental, Social, and
Governance
Committee
Investment Committee
Aimco-AIR Transactions Committee
Number of Meetings...
0*
* The Committee has held two meetings (both in 2022) since the Committee’s formation in October 2021.
Majority Voting for the Election of Directors
In an uncontested election at the meeting of stockholders, any nominee to serve as a director of the Company will be elected if the director receives a majority of votes cast, which means that the number of shares voted “for” a director exceeds the number of shares voted “against” that director. With respect to a contested election, a plurality of all the votes cast at the meeting of stockholders will be sufficient to elect a director. The following is not considered votes cast “for” or “against” a director nominee: (a) a share otherwise present at the meeting but for which there is an abstention and (b) a share otherwise present at the meeting as to with a stockholder gives no direction. If a nominee who currently is serving as a director receives a greater number of “against” votes for his or her election than votes “for” such election (a “Majority Against Vote”) in an uncontested election, Maryland law provides that the director would continue to serve on the Board as a “holdover director.” However, under Aimco’s Bylaws, any nominee for election as a director in an uncontested election who receives a Majority Against Vote is obligated to tender his or her resignation to the Board for consideration following certification of the vote. The Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee will consider any resignation and recommend to the Board whether to accept it. The Board is required to take action with respect to the Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee’s recommendation within 90 days following certification of the stockholder vote. Additional details are set out in Article II, Section 2.03 (Election and Tenure of Directors; Resignations) of Aimco’s Bylaws.
Proxy Access
At our 2015 annual meeting, a proxy access stockholder proposal received the support of a majority of the votes cast. That proposal requested the Board to adopt a bylaw that would require the Company to include in its proxy materials nominees for director proposed by a stockholder or group that owns at least 3% of our outstanding shares for at least three years. Following that meeting, through the summer and fall of 2015 and into 2016, we engaged in extensive stockholder outreach and discussed proxy access with stockholders representing over 66% of shares of Common Stock outstanding as of September 30, 2015, including all ten of Aimco’s largest stockholders as of that date.
Although our stockholders expressed varying views on proxy access generally, and on the specific terms of a proxy access bylaw, many stockholders indicated that they viewed proxy access as an important stockholder right. At the same time, many stockholders expressed concern that stockholders with a small economic interest could abuse proxy access and impose unnecessary costs on the Company. In particular, stockholders expressed support for a reasonable limit on the number of stockholders who could come together to form a nominating group, with a consensus around a 20 stockholder limit, so long as certain related funds were counted as one stockholder for this purpose. In addition, many stockholders expressed support for the principle that a proxy access bylaw provide for a minimum of two candidates, with that principle being more meaningful to stockholders than the percentage of the board used to calculate the number of permitted proxy access candidates.
Stockholders expressed general flexibility concerning most other proxy access terms, including counting directors nominated as access candidates who are elected and re-nominated by the Board when determining the limit on access candidates for a limited number of years, and eliminating proxy access at the same annual meeting for which a nomination notice outside of proxy access has been submitted by another stockholder. Also, stockholders indicated that post-meeting holding requirements would be considered overly restrictive, but that a statement regarding post-meeting intentions that did not require continued ownership was acceptable.
The feedback received from stockholders was reported to the Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee and to the Board. Following a review of that feedback, corporate governance best practices and trends and the Company’s particular facts and circumstances, the Board amended the Company’s bylaws to provide a proxy access right to stockholders. As a result, a stockholder or a group of up to 20 stockholders, owning at least 3% of our shares for at least three years, may submit nominees for up to 20% of the Board, or two nominees, whichever is greater, for inclusion in our proxy materials, subject to complying with the requirements contained in our bylaws.
Code of Ethics
The Board has adopted a code of ethics entitled “Code of Business Conduct and Ethics” that applies to the members of the Board, all of Aimco’s executive officers and all teammates of Aimco or its subsidiaries, including Aimco’s principal executive officer, principal financial officer, and principal accounting officer. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is posted on Aimco’s website (www.aimco.com) and is also available in print to stockholders, upon written request to Aimco’s Corporate Secretary. If, in the future, Aimco amends, modifies, or waives a provision in the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, rather than filing a Current Report on Form 8-K, Aimco intends to satisfy any applicable disclosure requirement under Item 5.05 of Form 8-K by posting such information on Aimco’s website (www.aimco.com), as necessary.
Corporate Governance Guidelines and Director Stock Ownership
The Board has adopted and approved Corporate Governance Guidelines. These guidelines, which were last updated in April 2021, are available on Aimco’s website (www.aimco.com) and are also available in print to stockholders, upon written request to Aimco’s Corporate Secretary. In general, the Corporate Governance Guidelines address director qualification standards, director responsibilities, the role of the Chairman of the Board or Lead Independent Director, as applicable, director access to management and independent advisors, director compensation, director orientation and continuing education, the role of the Board in planning management succession, stock ownership guidelines and retention requirements, and an annual performance evaluation of the Board.
With respect to stock ownership guidelines for the Independent Directors, the Corporate Governance Guidelines provide that by the completion of five years of service from the date of the Separation or from joining the Board, whichever is later, an Independent Director is expected to own shares having a value of at least $375,000. Due to the Separation and recent board refreshment, the Independent Directors are not yet required to have holdings in this amount. All of the Independent Directors except for Mr. Allen and Ms. Smith have holdings in excess of this amount as of February 28, 2022.
Corporate Responsibility
At Aimco, corporate responsibility is an important part of our business. As with all other aspects of our business, our corporate responsibility program focuses on continuous improvement, to the benefit of our stockholders, our residents, our teammates, our communities, and the environment. We actively discuss these matters with our stockholders and solicit their feedback on our program.
For more information on Aimco’s corporate responsibility program, please refer to Aimco’s 2020-21 Corporate Responsibility Report, which is available on Aimco’s website (www.aimco.com).
The graphics below describe some of the 2021 highlights of our corporate responsibility program.
STOCKHOLDER
OUTREACH
We have engaged with stockholders holding approximately 2/3 of our outstanding shares each of the PAST 5 YEARS, including in 2021 when we experienced substantial changes in our stockholders following the Separation. We have always made our Board members available for engagement discussions.
STOCKHOLDER ENGAGEMENT
OUR RESPONSES TO STOCKHOLDER INPUT
(Year Added)
✓ Enhanced Environmental Disclosure (2021)
✓ Disclosure of Workforce Diversity (2021)
✓ Separation of Chairman and CEO (2020)
✓ Board Refreshment (2020)
✓ Disclosure regarding Board Oversight of Political and Lobbying Expenditures (2020)
✓ Disclosure regarding Performance of “In Progress” LTI Awards (2020)
✓ ESG Disclosure (2018)
✓ Matrix of Director Qualifications and Expertise (2017)
✓ More Detailed Management Succession Disclosure (2017)
✓ More Graphics (2017)
✓ Proxy Access (2016)
✓ LTI Program Overhaul (2015)
✓ Double Trigger Change in Control Provisions (2015)
✓ Claw Back Policy (2015)
✓ Commitment to not Provide Future Excise Tax Gross-Ups (2015)
PROXY ACCESS
Since 2016, our
bylaws permit:
A stockholder (or group of up to 20 stockholders)
Owning 3% or more of our outstanding common stock continuously for at least 3 YEARS
To nominate and include in our proxy materials director candidates constituting up to the greater of
2 INDIVIDUALS or 20%
of the Board, if the nominee(s) satisfy the requirements specified in our bylaws
HONORED FOR SEVERAL CONSECUTIVE YEARS FOR BOARD COMPOSITION
COMMITMENT TO OUR HUMAN CAPITAL
Aimco continuously invests in our teammates and company culture to ensure employee satisfaction, health, and wellbeing.
We hire and promote the most qualified candidates for the position based on their unique experience, abilities, talents, and drive. This naturally leads to a workforce rich with diverse backgrounds and perspectives, leading to improved outcomes.
AIMCO’S TEAM COMPOSTION AT A GLANCE:
HEALTHY WORK ENVIRONMENTS
• Ergonomic office furniture, including adjustable height desks
• Incorporation of biophilic design: spatial design promoting natural light, indoor plants that absorb indoor toxins and naturally stabilize humidity levels
• Access to free healthy snacks and drinks
WOMEN IN EXECUTIVE MANAGEMENT
WORKPLACE FLEXIBILITY
• Workplace Flexibility - Aimco has had a longstanding policy of offering flexibility to our teammates in attending to personal and family matters during the workweek
WOMEN AND PEOPLE OF COLOR IN SENIOR POSTIONS (ALL OFFICERS)
PARENTAL LEAVE BENEFIT
WOMEN AND PEOPLE OF COLOR COMPANY-WIDE
HIGHLY ENGAGED TEAM
4.21 (out of 5 stars) team engagement for 2021
Recognized as a “Top Workplace” in Colorado and in the Washington, D.C. Area in 2021
One of only six companies to be recognized
as a “Top Workplace” in Colorado
for each of the past nine years
COMMITMENT TO COMMUNITY
Teammates turn their passion for community service into action through Aimco Cares, which gives team members 15 paid hours each year to apply to volunteer activities of their choosing.
$412,000 Raised through Aimco Cares Charity Golf Classic benefitting military veterans and providing scholarships for students in affordable housing in 2021
COMMITMENT TO CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABILITY
Across our Portfolio
Keyless Entry
Improves security
Reduces costs
Smart Thermostats
Increases efficiency
Requested by residents
Water Sensors
Early detection
Higher customer satisfaction
LED Lighting
Resident Recycling
Building to LEED and Fitwel Standards
Parc Mosaic in Boulder, CO
LEED Gold Certified
Upton Place in Washington, D.C.
Currently building to LEED Silver standards, Fitwel Wellness; includes a 267kW Solar Power Farm
Oak Shore in Corte Madera, CA
Currently building to LEED Gold standards
Flamingo Point in Miami, FL
Added resilient landscaping to reduce heat island effects and capture stormwater before it reaches ground level. The resilient landscaping design increased total green space on the property by 13% and is planted with 94% native plants that grow well in Florida’s climate, reducing irrigation watering needs.
Communicating with the Board of Directors
Any interested parties desiring to communicate with the Board, Aimco’s Chairman of the Board, any of the other Independent Directors, any committee chairman, or any committee member may directly contact such persons by directing such communications in care of Aimco’s Corporate Secretary. All communications received as set forth in the preceding sentence will be opened by the office of Aimco’s General Counsel for the sole purpose of determining whether the contents represent a message to Aimco’s directors. Any contents that are not in the nature of advertising, promotions of a product or service, or patently offensive material will be forwarded promptly to the addressee. In the case of communications to the Board or any group or committee of directors, the General Counsel’s office will make sufficient copies of the contents to send to each director who is a member of the group or committee to which the envelope or e-mail is addressed.
To contact Aimco’s Corporate Secretary, correspondence should be addressed as follows:
Corporate Secretary
Office of the General Counsel
Apartment Investment and Management Company
4582 South Ulster Street, Suite 1450
Denver, Colorado 80237
Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance
Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports. Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, requires Aimco’s executive officers and directors, and persons who own more than 10% of a registered class of Aimco’s equity securities, to file reports (Forms 3, 4 and 5) of stock ownership and changes in ownership with the SEC and the New York Stock Exchange. Executive officers, directors and beneficial owners of more than 10% of Aimco’s registered equity securities are required by SEC regulations to furnish Aimco with copies of all such forms that they file.
Based solely on Aimco’s review of the copies of Forms 3, 4 and 5 and the amendments thereto received by it for the year ended December 31, 2021, or written representations from certain reporting persons that no Forms 5 were required to be filed by those persons, Aimco believes that during the period from January 1, 2021, through December 31, 2021, all filing requirements were complied with by its executive officers and directors, except as previously disclosed in Aimco’s 2021 Proxy Statement filed on October 28, 2021.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
COMPENSATION DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (CD&A)
This CD&A addresses the following:
•
Stockholder Engagement Regarding Executive Compensation;
•
Overview of Aimco’s Pay-for-Performance Philosophy and 2021 Performance Results;
•
Summary of Executive Compensation Program and Governance Practices;
•
What We Pay and Why: Components of Executive Compensation;
•
Total Compensation for 2021;
•
Other Compensation;
•
Post-Employment Compensation and Employment and Severance Arrangements;
•
Other Benefits; Perquisite Philosophy;
•
Stock Ownership Guidelines and Required Holding Periods After Vesting;
•
Role of Outside Consultants;
•
Base Salary, Incentive Compensation, and Equity Grant Practices;
•
2022 Compensation Targets; and
•
Accounting Treatment and Tax Deductibility of Executive Compensation.
Stockholder Engagement Regarding Executive Compensation
At Aimco’s 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, approximately 99% of the votes cast in the advisory vote on executive compensation (also commonly referred to as “Say on Pay”) approved the compensation of Aimco’s named executive officers (“NEOs”) as disclosed in Aimco’s 2021 proxy statement. The Compensation and Human Resources Committee (the “Committee”) and Aimco management remain committed to extensive engagement with stockholders as part of ongoing efforts to formulate and implement an executive compensation program designed to align the long-term interests of our executive officers with those of our stockholders. In 2021 and early 2022, we engaged with stockholders representing approximately 65% of shares of Common Stock outstanding as of September 30, 2021, as part of our annual process of soliciting feedback on Aimco’s executive compensation program. The following chart summarizes the collective feedback we received, and actions we have taken in response.
Stockholder Feedback
Action Taken
Overall Program.
The Company received broad support from stockholders on the structure of its post Separation executive compensation program, the program’s alignment of pay and performance, and the quantum of compensation delivered under the program.
Based on the broad support received from stockholders, the Company made no changes to the overall structure of the program.
Disclosure.
Stockholders appreciated the thorough disclosure and encouraged Aimco to continue the same level of disclosure.
The Company has continued the same level of disclosure as prior years.
STI Plan.
Stockholders are broadly pleased with the STI plan goals and disclosure of results.
The 2022 STI plan has similar goals and the Company will continue to provide thorough disclosure of results.
LTI Plan.
The Company’s post Separation three-year, forward looking plan measured upon relative TSR compared to the Russell 2000 Value Index, the FTSE Nareit Equity Apartments Index, and Aimco’s development peers received broad support from stockholders.
Given that the Company’s LTI plan metrics received broad support from stockholders, the Company did not make changes to its LTI plan metrics in 2022.
Overview of Aimco’s Pay-for-Performance Philosophy and 2021 Performance Results
Aimco is a pay-for-performance organization. Aimco starts by setting target total compensation near the median of target total compensation for Aimco’s peers as identified below, both as a measure of fairness and also to provide an economic incentive to remain with Aimco. Actual compensation varies from target compensation based on Aimco’s results. Each officer’s annual cash incentive compensation, “short term incentive” or STI, is based in part on Aimco’s performance against corporate, rather than personal, goals. The more senior the officer, the greater the percentage of his or her STI that is based on Aimco’s performance against its corporate goals. Aimco’s longer term compensation, “long term incentive” or LTI, follows a similar tiered structure. Each officer’s LTI is based in part on relative “total stockholder return” or TSR, with NEOs having a greater share of their LTI based on relative TSR. In the case of Mr. Powell, his entire LTI award is “at risk” based on Aimco’s relative TSR. LTI is measured and vests over time, so that officers bear longer term exposure to the decisions they make.
To reinforce alignment of stockholder and management interests, Aimco also has stock ownership guidelines that require substantial equity holdings by executive officers, as described further below.
Aimco had 46.2% TSR in 2021. The following graph compares cumulative total returns for Aimco’s Common Stock, the Russell 2000 Value Index, the FTSE Nareit Equity Apartments Index, and Aimco’s development peers. The graph assumes the investment of $100 in Aimco’s Common Stock and in each index on December 31, 2020, and that all dividends paid have been reinvested.
For the fiscal years ended December 31,
Index
Aimco (1)
$
100.00
$
146.21
Russell 2000 Value Total Return (2)
100.00
128.27
FTSE Nareit Equity Apartments Index (3)
100.00
163.61
Peer Group (1)
100.00
136.24
(1) Source: Zacks Investment Research, Inc. and Russell Investments, Inc.
(2) Source: FTSE Nareit Equity Apartments Index & Russell 2000
(3) Source: National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts
Following the Separation, Aimco has a new strategy: to make and manage real estate investments where significant value can be created through the talents, insights, and dedication of the Aimco team. Highlights for 2021 included the following:
DEVELOPMENT AND REDEVLOPMENT
Invested $215M of capital across eight development and redevelopment projects with each remaining on time, on budget, and on plan.Executed more than 630 leases on newly constructed and delivered apartment homes, nearly 200 more than planned at the start of 2021 and at rental rates averaging approximately 115% of target.
Construction Activity:
At the North Tower of Flamingo Point in Miami Beach, FL, the major redevelopment continues on plan, with the remaining units on track to be delivered in early March 2022, on schedule. The lease-up is ahead of plan at rental rates ahead of underwriting.At Upton Place in Upper-Northwest Washington, D.C., the project is progressing on schedule and on budget, with a target to complete construction in 2024.The Benson Hotel and Faculty Club on the Anschutz Medical and Life Sciences Campus in Aurora, CO, is on schedule and on budget, with a target to complete construction in early 2023.Began the development of Oak Shore, consisting of 16 luxury single family rental homes plus eight accessory dwelling units in Corte Madera, CA. The project is on schedule and on budget, with deliveries expected beginning in 2023 and stabilization in 2025.Began the major redevelopment of Hamilton on the Bay in the Edgewater neighborhood of Miami, FL. The project is on schedule and on budget, with apartment homes targeted to come back online in 2022 and stabilization targeted for 2024.
Lease-Up Progress:
At 707 Leahy in Redwood City, CA, stabilized occupancy was achieved during 3Q 2021.At Prism in Cambridge, MA, for which all apartment homes had been delivered and construction was complete as of 1Q 2021, stabilized occupancy was achieved during 4Q 2021. At The Fremont on the Anschutz Medical and Life Sciences Campus in Aurora, CO, the lease-up of the 253-unit property is ahead of plan, with stabilized occupancy expected in the third quarter of 2022.
OPERATING PROPERTY RESULTS
➣ 2021 REVENUE FROM AIMCO’S OPERATING PROPERTIES: 4.1% YOY
➣ 2021 NOI FROM AIMCO’S OPERATING PROPERTIES: 4.1% YOY
INVESTMENT ACTIVITY
Sourced and secured new investments that provide the opportunity for over 4.5M SF and more than $1B of highly accretive development in dynamic, high-growth markets. Key new investments included the following:Acquired eight properties adjacent to Hamilton on the Bay for $19M. Combined with the land purchased as part of the initial acquisition of Hamilton on the Bay, Aimco can, in total, now construct more than 1.1M SF of new development in this rapidly growing submarket. Entered into a joint venture with Kushner Companies to purchase three undeveloped land parcels located in Fort Lauderdale, FL. The total contract price for the land was $49M ($25M at Aimco’s 51% share), and current zoning allows for the development of approximately 3M SF of multi-family homes and commercial space. The land purchase closed in January 2022.Purchased for $4M seven acres of developable land in Colorado Springs, CO that allows for the development of up to 119 apartment homes and townhomes.Acquired, for $40M, Eldridge Townhomes, a 58-unit townhome community located in Elmhurst, IL that Aimco developed between 2018 and 2020. Eldridge Townhomes is located adjacent to an existing 400-unit Aimco community and the acquisition provides for continued operational efficiencies and improved NOI margins.Purchased, for $6.2M, 1.5 acres of fully entitled land on the Anschutz Medical and Life Sciences Campus in Aurora, CO plus options allowing for the purchase of an additional 5.2 acres that will accommodate more than 750K SF of new development. The 1.5 acre site is now being developed as The Benson Hotel and Faculty Club and represents a critical step in advancement of the campus masterplan.
BALANCE SHEET AND FINANCING ACTIVITY
Closed over $360M in new financings. Key financing and balance sheet highlights included the following:Closed a $150M loan secured by our leasehold interest in the North Tower at Flamingo Point. The initial term of the loan is three years with two one-year extension options at an interest rate floating at One Month LIBOR plus 360 bps. The floating interest rate has a 3.85% floor. Loan proceeds are being used to fund the completion of construction of the North Tower at Flamingo Point and other investment activity.Closed a $101M construction loan for the redevelopment of Hamilton on the Bay. The initial term of the loan is three years with two one-year extension options at an interest rate floating at One Month LIBOR plus 320 bps. The floating interest rate has a 3.45% floor.Closed a $52M preferred equity commitment from an institutional equity partner to partially fund the Upton Place development in Washington, D.C., freeing up Aimco capital for other accretive uses and improving the expected return on Aimco equity. As of December 31, 2021, 2021, Aimco had $395M of liquidity, including cash and capacity on our revolving credit facility.
HUMAN CAPITAL
Recognized in 2021 as a “Top Workplace” in Colorado and Washington, D.C.
HIGHLY ENGAGED TEAM
4.21 (out of 5 stars)
in 2021
One of only six companies to be recognized in Colorado for each of the past nine years.
Summary of Executive Compensation Program and Governance Practices
Below we summarize certain executive compensation program and governance practices, including practices we have implemented to drive performance and practices we avoid because we believe they would not serve our stockholders’ long-term interests.
What Aimco Does
Pays for performance. A significant portion of executive pay is not guaranteed, but rather is at risk and tied to key financial and value creation metrics that are set in advance and disclosed to stockholders. All of the incentive compensation (both STI and LTI) for Mr. Powell is subject to the achievement of various performance objectives. For the other NEOs, all STI compensation, and two-thirds of target LTI compensation is subject to the achievement of various performance objectives.
Balances short-term and long-term incentives. The incentive programs provide a balance of annual and longer-term incentives, with LTI compensation vesting over multiple years comprising a substantial percentage of target total compensation.
Uses multiple performance metrics. These mitigate the risk of the undue influence of a single metric by utilizing multiple performance measures. Such measures differ for STI and LTI.
Caps award payouts. Amounts or shares that can be earned under the STI plan and LTI plan are capped.
Uses market-based approach for determining NEO target pay. Target total compensation for NEOs is generally set near the median for peer comparators. The Committee reviews the peer comparator group annually.
Maintains stock ownership guidelines and holding periods after vesting until ownership guidelines are met. Aimco has the following minimum stock ownership requirements: CEO - five times base salary; and other executive officers - three times base salary.
Includes double-trigger change in control provisions. Equity awards include “double trigger” provisions requiring both a change in control and a subsequent termination of employment (other than for cause) for accelerated vesting to occur.
Uses an independent compensation consulting firm. The Committee engages an independent compensation consulting firm that specializes in the real estate industry.
Maintains a claw back policy. In the event of a financial restatement resulting from misconduct by an executive, the claw back policy allows the Company to recoup incentive compensation paid to the executive based on the misstated financial information. The policy covers all forms of bonus, incentive, and equity compensation.
Conducts a risk assessment. The Committee annually conducts a compensation risk assessment to determine whether the compensation policies and practices, or components thereof, create risks that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on the Company.
Acts through an independent Compensation Committee. The Committee consists entirely of independent directors.
What Aimco Does Not Do
Guarantee salary increases, bonuses or equity grants. The Company does not guarantee annual salary increases or bonuses. The Company makes no guaranteed commitments to grant equity-based awards.
Provide excise tax gross-up payments. The Company will not enter into contractual arrangements that include excise tax gross-up payments.
Reprice options. The Company has never repriced the per-share exercise price of any outstanding stock options. Repricing of stock options is not permitted under the Company’s Second Amended and Restated 2015 Stock Award and Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”) without first obtaining approval from the stockholders of the Company.
Pay dividends or dividend equivalents on unearned performance shares. Performance share award agreements provide for the payment of dividends only if and after the shares are earned. Dividends, if any, accrue during the performance period and are paid once shares are earned.
Provide more than minimal personal benefits. The Company does not provide executives with more than minimal perquisites, such as reserved parking spaces.
What We Pay and Why: Components of Executive Compensation
Total compensation for Aimco’s NEOs is comprised of the following components:
Compensation Component
Form
Purpose
Base Salary
Cash
Provide a salary that is competitive with market.
STI
Cash
Reward executive for achieving short-term business objectives.
LTI
Restricted stock, stock options, and/or long-term incentive units in our operating partnership (“LTIP Units”), subject to performance and/or time vesting, typically over three to four years.
Align executive’s compensation with stockholder objectives, and provide an incentive to take a longer-term view of Aimco’s performance.
LTI compensation directly ties the interests of executives to the interests of our stockholders, and comprises a substantial proportion of compensation for Aimco NEOs, as follows:
CEO
2021 Target Pay Mix
Other NEOs
2021 Target Pay Mix
CEO Pay Overview
The Committee determines the compensation for the CEO. In setting Mr. Powell’s target total compensation for 2021, the Committee considered, among other things, the peer group compensation data as discussed below and Mr. Powell’s relevant expertise and experience. Because Mr. Powell was new to his position, the Committee set his target total compensation at approximately 80% of the median for the peer group. The Committee devised a compensation plan for Mr. Powell that resulted in approximately 29% base salary, 29% based on Aimco’s performance against its 2021 corporate goals, and 42% based on relative TSR. Mr. Powell’s target compensation mix is illustrated as follows:
How the Committee determines the amount of target total compensation for executive officers
In addition to reviewing the performance of, and determining the compensation for, the CEO, the Committee also reviews and approves the decisions made by the CEO as to the compensation of Aimco’s other executive officers. Base salary, target STI, and target LTI are generally set near the median base salary, target STI, and target LTI for peer comparators.
How peer comparators are identified
The Committee, with the advice of its independent executive compensation consultant, developed a new peer group for post-Separation Aimco based on industry and business strategy, and with total assets generally in the range of 0.25x to 2.5x Aimco’s post-Separation gross asset value. Based on this analysis, Aimco included as “peers” for 2021 compensation the following 13 real estate companies:
Peer Group
Alexander & Baldwin, Inc.
Investors Real Estate Trust
Alexanders, Inc.
JBG SMITH Properties
Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc.
Stratus Properties, Inc.
Clipper Realty, Inc.
The St. Joe Co.
Five Point Holdings, LLC
UMH Properties, Inc.
Forestar Group, Inc.
Washington Real Estate Investment Trust
Independence Realty Trust, Inc.
Risk analysis of Aimco’s compensation programs
The Committee considers risk-related matters when making decisions with respect to executive compensation and has determined that neither Aimco’s executive compensation program nor any of its non-executive compensation programs create risk-taking incentives that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on the organization. Aimco’s compensation programs align management incentives with the long-term interests of the Company.
Aimco’s Compensation Program Discourages Excessive Risk-Taking
Limits on STI. The compensation of executive officers and other teammates is not overly weighted toward STI. Moreover, STI is capped.
Use of LTI. LTI is included in target total compensation and typically vests over a period of three to four years. The vesting period encourages officers to focus on sustaining Aimco’s long-term performance. Executive officers with more responsibility for strategic and operating decisions have a greater percentage of their target total compensation allocated to LTI. LTI is capped at two times target, or 200%, for the CEO, and 1.67 times target, or 167%, for the other NEOs.
Stock ownership guidelines and required holding periods after vesting. Aimco’s stock ownership guidelines require all executive officers to hold a specified amount of Aimco equity. Any executive officer who has not yet satisfied the stock ownership requirements for his or her position must retain LTI after its vesting until stock ownership requirements are met. These policies ensure each executive officer has a substantial amount of personal wealth tied to long-term holdings in Aimco stock.
Shared performance metrics across the organization. A portion of STI for the NEOs is based upon Aimco’s performance against its corporate goals, which are reviewed and approved by the Committee. One hundred percent of Mr. Powell’s STI, and 50% of the STI for the other NEOs, is based upon Aimco’s performance against its corporate goals. In addition, having shared performance metrics across the organization reinforces Aimco’s focus on a collegial and collaborative team environment.
LTI based on TSR. One hundred percent of the Mr. Powell’s LTI, and 67% of the LTI for the other NEOs, is based on relative TSR.
Multiple performance metrics. Aimco had six corporate goals for 2021. In addition, through Aimco’s performance management program, Managing Aimco Performance, or MAP, which sets and monitors performance objectives for every team member, each team member had several different individual performance goals that are set at the beginning of the year and approved by management. Mses. Stanfield and Johnson had an average of six individual goals for 2021. Having multiple performance metrics inherently reduces excessive or unnecessary risk-taking, as incentive compensation is spread among a number of metrics rather than concentrated in a few.
Total Compensation for 2021
For 2021, total compensation is the sum of base compensation earned in 2021, STI earned in 2021, and LTI awards granted in 2021. Additionally, total compensation for 2021 includes one-time restricted stock awards granted by the Committee to the NEOs in connection with the NEOs’ newly appointed positions following the Separation, for the express purpose of retention, and to align the long-term interests of the NEOs with those of the Company’s stockholders. The one-time awards are described below under the heading “Other Compensation.”
Base Compensation for 2021
For 2021, Mr. Powell’s base compensation was $525,000, approximately 80% of the median for CEOs in Aimco’s peer group. For 2021, Ms. Stanfield’s base compensation was $425,000 and base compensation for Ms. Johnson was set at $371,280, unchanged from their base compensation for 2020.
Short-Term Incentive Compensation for 2021
The Committee determined Mr. Powell’s STI by the extent to which Aimco met six designated corporate goals, which are described below and are referred to as Aimco’s Key Performance Indicators, or KPIs.
For the other NEOs, calculation of STI was determined by two components: Aimco’s performance against the KPI; and each officer’s achievement of her individual MAP goals. For example, if an executive’s target STI was $400,000 and weighted 50% on KPIs, then 50% of that amount, or $200,000, varied based on KPI results and 50% of that amount, or $200,000, varied based on MAP results. As actual KPI results were 126.75% of target in 2021, then the executive would receive 126.75% of $200,000 ($253,500) for the KPI portion of her STI, and if MAP results were 100%, such hypothetical executive would receive 100% of the $200,000, for a total STI payment of $453,500.
Aimco’s 2021 KPIs reflected Aimco’s publicly communicated areas of strategic focus, as set forth below. Specifically, Aimco’s KPIs consisted of the following six corporate goals that were reviewed with, and approved by, the Committee, each weighted as described.
These goals aligned executive officers with the long-term goals of the Company without encouraging them to take unnecessary and excessive risks. Threshold performance paid out at 50%; target performance paid out at 100%; and maximum performance paid out at 200%.
For some goals, where performance was between threshold and target or between target and maximum, the amount of the payout was interpolated.
The following is a tabular presentation of the performance criteria and results for 2021, explained in detail in the paragraphs that follow:
Performance Measures
Goal
Weighting
Threshold
50%
Target
100%
Maximum
200%
Actual
Payout
Operating Property Results
10%
2021 NOI Achievement of Stabilized Portfolio
10%
5%<Budget
Budget
5%>Budget
>5%> Budget
20.00%
Development and Redevelopment
35%
Development and Redevelopment Execution as Compared to the 2021 Budget and Plan
35%
-
Based on completion of projects on time and on budget, and achievement of year-end occupancy and rental rates consistent with the 2021 budget and plan.
-
Invested $215M of capital across eight development and redevelopment projects with each remaining on time, on budget, and on plan. Executed more than 630 leases on newly constructed and delivered apartment homes, nearly 200 more than planned at the start of 2021 and at rental rates averaging approximately 115% of target. Year-end occupancy for 2021 was also ahead of target.
43.75%
Investment Activity
10%
New Value-Add, Opportunistic, and Alternative Investments Secured in 2021
10%
-
Based on the securing of new value-add, opportunistic, and alternative investments, including development, redevelopment, acquisitions, programmatic joint ventures, debt placements, operational turnarounds, and re-entitlements.
-
Commenced two new development and redevelopment projects. Sourced and secured new investments that provide the opportunity for over 4.5M square feet and more than $1B of highly accretive development in dynamic, high-growth markets. Made a passive equity investment in a strategic venture capital firm focused on investing in real estate technology companies.
15.00%
Balance Sheet and Financing Activity
30%
Activities that Strengthen Aimco’s Balance Sheet and Add Financial Flexibility
30%
-
Based on financing activities, maintaining abundant liquidity, and other activities that strengthen Aimco’s balance sheet and add financial flexibility.
-
Closed over $360M in new financings, including a $150M loan secured by our leasehold interest in the North Tower at Flamingo Point, a $101M construction loan for the redevelopment of Hamilton on the Bay, and a $52M preferred equity commitment from an institutional equity partner to partially fund the Upton Place development. As of December 31, 2021, we had $395M of liquidity, including cash and capacity on our revolving credit facility.
35.00%
Human Capital
10%
Retention and Team Engagement
10%
-
Based on team retention ratios and team engagement scores
-
Team engagement score of 4.21 out of 5, ahead of target. Zero voluntary turnover at the officer level, consistent with target. Higher than expected turnover below the officer level resulting from the Separation transition and market conditions. At year-end, the team was largely stabilized.
8.00%
Environment, Social, and Governance (ESG)
5%
Progress Against ESG Objectives
5%
-
Based on the advancement of ESG objectives and the publication of a Corporate Responsibility Report that reflects ESG priorities and performance
-
Updated ESG policies following the Separation and published Corporate Responsibility Report. Obtained LEED Gold certification on completed development project and building to LEED Gold and Silver standards and/or Fitwel Wellness on other projects. Recognized as a “Top Workplace” and a “Healthiest Employer.”
5.00%
Total
126.75%
An explanation of the objective of each goal and performance levels and payouts for each goal is set forth below.
NOI Achievement of Stabilized Portfolio (10% of KPI). The primary objective of this goal was to fulfill the Company’s strategic objective of driving rent growth for its stabilized portfolio based on high levels of resident retention, through superior customer selection and satisfaction, coupled with disciplined innovation resulting in sustained cost control, to maximize NOI margins. For 2021, the range for the NOI achievement goal was as follows: “Threshold” equated to achievement of five percent unfavorable to 2021 budgeted NOI; “Target” equated to achievement of 2021 budgeted NOI; and “Maximum” equated to five percent favorable to 2021 budgeted NOI. The Company’s stabilized portfolio NOI for 2021 was more than 5% favorable to budgeted NOI. This resulted in a payout on the NOI achievement goal of 20.00% for each of the NEOs.
Development and Redevelopment Execution (35% of KPI). The primary objective of this goal was to fulfill Company’s strategic objective of executing active development, redevelopment, and lease-up projects pursuant to the Company’s 2021 budget and plan. Large and/or complex projects provided increased weighting toward the total goal weighting of 35%, with smaller scale projects provided lower weighting toward the total goal weighting. Achievement for each project was determined with reference to the 2021 budgeted investment and plan for the project, and was based on the extent to which the project work was completed on time and within budget, as well as, where applicable, the extent to which year-end occupancy and rental rates were consistent with the 2021 budget and plan. In 2021, the Company invested $215M of capital across eight development and redevelopment projects with each remaining on time, on budget, and on plan. The Company executed more than 630 leases on newly constructed and delivered apartment homes, nearly 200 more than planned at the start of 2021 and at rental rates averaging approximately 115% of target. Year-end occupancy for 2021 was also ahead of target. These outcomes resulted in a payout on this goal of 43.75% for each of the NEOs.
New Value-Add, Opportunistic, and Alternative Investments (10% of KPI). The primary objective of this goal was to fulfill the Company’s strategic objective of securing new value-add and opportunistic investment opportunities, including development, redevelopment, acquisitions, programmatic joint ventures, debt placements, operational turnarounds, and re-entitlements. In 2021, the Company commenced two new development and redevelopment projects. Specifically, the Company began the development of Oak Shore, consisting of 16 luxury single family rental homes plus eight accessory dwelling units in Corte Madera, CA. The project is on schedule and on budget, with deliveries expected beginning in 2023 and stabilization in 2025. The Company also began the major redevelopment of Hamilton on the Bay in the Edgewater neighborhood of Miami, FL. The project is on schedule and on budget, with apartment homes targeted to come back online in 2022 and stabilization targeted for 2024. Additionally, the Company sourced and secured new investments that provide the opportunity for over 4.5M square feet and more than $1B of highly accretive development in dynamic, high-growth markets. Specifically, the Company acquired eight properties adjacent to Hamilton on the Bay for $19M. Combined with the land purchased as part of the initial acquisition of Hamilton on the Bay, the Company can, in total, now construct more than 1.1M square feet of new development in this rapidly growing submarket. The Company entered into a joint venture with Kushner Companies to purchase three undeveloped land parcels located in Fort Lauderdale, FL. The total contract price for the land was $49M ($25M at Aimco’s 51% share), and current zoning allows for the development of approximately 3M square feet of multi-family homes and commercial space. The land purchase closed in January 2022. The Company purchased for $4M seven acres of developable land in Colorado Springs, CO that allows for the development of up to 119 apartment homes and townhomes. The Company acquired, for $40M, Eldridge Townhomes, a 58-unit townhome community located in Elmhurst, IL that the Company developed between 2018 and 2020. Eldridge Townhomes is located adjacent to an existing 400-unit Aimco community and the acquisition provides for continued operational efficiencies and improved NOI margins. The Company purchased, for $6.2M, 1.5 acres of fully entitled land on the Anschutz Medical and Life Sciences Campus in Aurora, CO plus options allowing for the purchase of an additional 5.2 acres that will accommodate more than 750K square feet of new development. The 1.5 acre site is now being developed as The Benson Hotel and Faculty Club and represents a critical step in advancement of the campus masterplan. Finally, the Company made a $0.5M passive equity investment in Camber Creek, a strategic venture capital firm focused on investing in real estate technology companies. These new investments resulted in a payout on this goal of 15.00% for each of the NEOs.
Balance Sheet and Financing Activity (30% of KPI). The primary objective of this goal was to fulfill the Company’s strategic objectives of securing new financings and maintaining abundant liquidity. In 2021, the Company closed over $360M in new financings. Specifically, we closed a $150M loan secured by our leasehold interest in the North Tower at Flamingo Point. The initial term of the loan is three years with two one-year extension options at an interest rate floating at One Month LIBOR plus 360 bps. The floating interest rate has a 3.85% floor. Loan proceeds are being used to fund the completion of construction of the North Tower at Flamingo Point and other investment activity. The Company closed a $101M construction loan for the redevelopment of Hamilton on the Bay. The initial term of the loan is three years with two one-year extension options at an interest rate floating at One Month LIBOR plus 320 bps. The floating interest rate has a 3.45% floor. Additionally, the Company closed a $52M preferred equity commitment from an institutional equity partner to partially fund the Upton Place development in Washington, D.C., freeing up Aimco capital for other accretive uses and improving the expected return on Aimco equity. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had $395M of liquidity, including cash and capacity on our revolving credit facility. This resulted in a payout on the balance sheet goal of 35.00% for each of the NEOs.
Team Retention Ratios and Engagement Scores (10% of KPI). The primary objective of this goal was to fulfill Aimco’s strategic objective of fostering a healthy environment of respect and innovation, empowering our human capital to create value. For 2021, Aimco’s stated goal was zero voluntary turnover at the officer level and overall team engagement of 4.20 out of 5. Every teammate is surveyed via a third-party, confidential survey on his or her annual anniversary of employment. The team engagement score consists of the average of the responses to the questions that comprise the engagement index, on a scale of 1 to 5, for all teammates who complete the survey during the year. For 2021, Aimco’s team engagement score was a 4.21 out of 5. Aimco also met its stated goal of zero voluntary turnover at the officer level. However, Aimco had higher than expected turnover below the officer level due to the transition resulting from the Separation and market conditions. The team was largely stabilized as of year-end. This resulted in a payout on the human capital goal of 8.00% for each of the NEOs.
Environmental, Social, and Governance (5% of KPI). The primary objective of this goal was to fulfill Aimco’s strategic objective of continuing our commitment to the communities in which we work, live, and invest by building apartment communities with conservation and sustainability in mind and giving back to the community by way of Aimco’s philanthropic program, Aimco Cares, both in monetary support and through volunteerism. In 2021, Aimco updated is ESG policies following the Separation and published a Corporate Responsibility Report reflecting its ESG priorities and performance. In 2021, Aimco obtained LEED Gold certification of its previously completed development of Parc Mosaic in Boulder, Colorado. Additionally, Aimco’s current development of Oak Shore in Corte Madera, CA is being built to LEED Gold standards, and its current development of Upton Place is being built to LEED Silver standards and Fitwel Wellness, and includes a 267kW Solar Power Farm. Aimco was recognized by the Denver Post as a top workplace in Colorado and by the Washington Post as a top workplace in the Washington, D.C., area, and was recognized by the Denver Business Journal as one of the Denver Area’s healthiest employers. Aimco raised $412,000 through its Charity Golf Classic, benefitting military veterans and providing scholarships for students in affordable housing, and Aimco teammates volunteered their time to multiple charitable causes throughout the year. This resulted in a payout on the ESG goal of 5.00% for each of the NEOs.
Due to Aimco’s overall achievement on each of its 2021 goals, Aimco’s overall KPI performance was 126.75%. Accordingly, each NEO was awarded 126.75% of the portion of his or her target STI attributable to KPI.
Various of the key financial indicators we use in managing our business and in evaluating our financial condition and operating performance are non-GAAP measures. Key non-GAAP measures we use are defined, described and, where appropriate, reconciled to the most comparable financial measures computed in accordance with GAAP under the Non-GAAP Measures heading within Part II, Item 7 in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Long-Term Incentive Compensation Awards for 2021
Under the 2021 LTI program for executive officers, three forms of LTI awards were granted to NEOs on April 28, 2021, as follows: (1) performance-based restricted stock, which was granted to Mr. Powell and Mses. Stanfield and Johnson, representing 50% of the 2021 LTI awards for Mr. Powell and two-thirds of the 2021 LTI awards for Mses. Stanfield and Johnson; (2) performance-based stock options, which were granted to Mr. Powell, representing 50% of his 2021 LTI awards; and (3) time-based restricted stock, which was granted to Mses. Stanfield and Johnson, representing one-third of their 2021 LTI awards, with 25% of the awards vesting on each of January 27, 2022, January 27, 2023, January 27, 2024, and January 27, 2025. Aimco refers to the performance-based restricted stock and the performance-based stock options as “performance-based LTI awards” because the amount of restricted stock and stock options that vest, if any, is determined based on Aimco’s relative TSR performance during a forward looking, three-year performance period, as described in detail below.
The Committee typically sets grant dates for LTI awards at the time of its final compensation determination, generally in late January or early February. Due to the Separation and the additional time taken to create a new executive compensation plan for post-Separation Aimco, the Committee granted 2021 LTI on April 28, 2021. In order to keep the NEOs whole, the Committee awarded 2021 LTI using the closing price of Aimco’s Class A Common Stock and the third-party valuation, as applicable, as of January 27, 2021, the date upon which the Committee would have normally made the awards.
2021 CEO LTI Equity Mix
2021 Other NEOs LTI Equity Mix
The amount of performance-based LTI awards granted in 2021 that may vest are determined in accordance with the following TSR performance metrics:
Metric and Performance Level (1) (relative performance stated as basis points above or below index performance or percentile rank) (2)
Threshold
50%
Target
100%
Maximum
200%
Relative to Russell 2000 Value Index
(1/3 Weighting)
-350 bps
+50 bps
+500 bps
Relative to FTSE Nareit Equity Apartments Index
(1/3 Weighting)
-350 bps
+50 bps
+500 bps
Relative to Custom Developer Peer Group
(1/3 Weighting) (3)
30th Percentile
55th Percentile
80th Percentile
__________
(1)
The relative metrics above reflect the metrics used for the awards made in 2021 for the three-year forward looking performance period ending on December 31, 2023.
(2)
If absolute TSR for the three-year forward looking performance period is negative, any portion of the LTI award achieved above target will not vest until absolute TSR is once again positive.
(3)
The custom developer peer group, developed by the Committee with the assistance of its independent executive compensation consultant, consisted of the following 13 real estate companies: Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc.; Clipper Realty, Inc.; Five Point Holdings, LLC; Forestar Group, Inc.; Howard Hughes Corp.; Independence Realty Trust, Inc.; Investors Real Estate Trust; JBG SMITH Properties; Mack-Cali Realty; Stratus Properties, Inc.; The St. Joe Company; Tejon Ranch Co.; and Washington Real Estate Investment Trust.
Such metrics apply to the performance-based restricted stock granted to Mr. Powell and Mses. Stanfield and Johnson, and the performance-based stock options granted to Mr. Powell. The Committee set threshold performance to pay out at 50%; target performance to pay out at 100%; and maximum performance to pay out at 200%. Performance below threshold will result in no payout. If performance is between threshold and target or between target and maximum, the amount of the payout will be interpolated. Performance-based LTI awards vest 50% following the end of the three-year performance period (based on attainment of TSR targets), and 50% one year later, for a four-year plan from start to finish, illustrated below, subject to the grantee’s continued service to Aimco, and subject to a delay if absolute TSR for the three-year forward looking performance period is negative.
For the purpose of calculating the number of shares of performance-based restricted stock to be granted to Mr. Powell and Mses. Stanfield and Johnson, the dollar amount allocated to restricted stock was divided by $4.17 per share, which price was calculated by a third party financial firm with particular expertise in the valuation of performance-based restricted stock. The share award agreements to which the performance-based restricted shares were granted do not provide for the payment of dividends, if any, until the shares are earned. Dividends, if any, accrue during the performance period. The number of shares subject to the performance-based stock options to be granted to Mr. Powell were determined based on a valuation calculated by a third party financial firm with particular expertise in the valuation of options, taking into account the number of stock options that would have been awarded based on the valuation of a stock option on January 27, 2021, the date of the Committee meeting at which 2021 LTI awards would have been granted but for the Separation and the additional time taken to create a new executive compensation plan for post-Separation Aimco. The stock options as granted had an exercise price of $6.66, which was the closing price of Aimco’s stock on the grant date of April 28, 2021, and equal to the fair market value of Aimco’s Common Stock on the grant date.
For the purpose of calculating the number of shares of time-based restricted stock to be granted to Mses. Stanfield and Johnson, the dollar amount allocated to restricted stock was divided by $4.62, which was the closing trading price of Aimco’s Common Stock on January 27, 2021.
NEO Compensation for 2021
CEO Compensation. The Committee determined Mr. Powell’s STI for 2021 would be based entirely on Aimco’s performance against corporate goals, described above. The Committee calculated Mr. Powell’s STI by multiplying his STI target of $525,000 by 126.75%, which was the Committee’s payout determination having reviewed Aimco’s overall performance against corporate goals, as described in detail above. The Committee granted Mr. Powell’s LTI in the form of restricted stock and stock options on April 28, 2021, for the three-year performance period from January 1, 2021, through December 31, 2023; the LTI grant is entirely at risk, based on relative returns over the performance period. Mr. Powell’s 2021 target compensation and incentive compensation is summarized as follows:
Target Total
Incentive
2021 Incentive Compensation
Compensation
STI
LTI
Target Total
Compensation ($)
Paid
Base ($)
STI ($)
LTI ($)
($) (1)
Time-Based
Equity ($)
Performance-Based
Equity - Restricted Stock ($) (2)
Performance-Based
Equity - Stock Options ($) (2)
1,800,000
525,000
525,000
750,000
665,438
-
375,000
375,000
__________
(1)
Amount shown reflects the amount of 2021 STI paid to Mr. Powell.
(2)
Amount shown reflects a 100% payout that would result from achieving “target” performance. Actual payout may range from 0% to 200% of this amount depending on performance results over the forward looking, three-year performance period ending December 31, 2023. The number of shares or options that are earned, if any, will vest with respect to 50% following the end of the three-year performance period and 50% one year later, for a four-year vesting period.
Other NEO Compensation. For Mses. Stanfield and Johnson, an allocation of the target STI was made as follows: 50% of the target STI was calculated based on Aimco’s performance against KPI and 50% of the target STI was calculated based on each executive’s achievement of her individual MAP goals. As described above, Aimco’s KPI performance was 126.75%. Accordingly, each was awarded 126.75% of the portion of her STI attributable to KPI.
In determining the MAP achievement component of 2021 STI, Mr. Powell determined that: Ms. Stanfield’s MAP achievement would be paid at 150% of target for her contributions to finance, capital allocation, and tax and to Aimco’s balance sheet, and specifically for her leadership over post-Separation “start-up” activities; and Ms. Johnson’s MAP achievement would be paid at 200% of target for her leadership over legal matters, human resources, and risk management, and specifically for her leadership over post-Separation “start-up” activities. The Committee reviewed and approved Mr. Powell’s determinations with respect to Mses. Stanfield and Johnson. As described above, LTI for Mses. Stanfield and Johnson was granted on April 28, 2021, in the form of restricted stock. Target compensation and incentive compensation for 2021 for Mses. Stanfield and Johnson is summarized as follows:
Target Total
2021 Incentive Compensation ($)
Incentive
Compensation
STI
LTI
Target Total Compensation ($)
Paid Base ($)
STI ($)
LTI ($)
($) (1)
Time-Based LTI ($) (2)
Performance- Based Equity - Stock ($) (3)
Ms. Stanfield
1,200,000
425,000
350,000
425,000
484,313
141,667
283,333
Ms. Johnson
851,760
371,280
240,240
240,240
392,492
80,080
160,160
__________
(1)
Amounts shown reflect the 2021 STI paid to each of Mses. Stanfield and Johnson.
(2)
Comprises one-third of the LTI target, vesting ratably over four years, and is for the purpose of attracting and retaining key talent integral to the success of Aimco.
(3)
Amounts shown reflect a 100% payout of the performance-based shares resulting from achieving “target” performance. Actual payouts will be in a range of 0% to 200% of these amounts, depending on performance results for the three-year performance period from January 1, 2021, through December 31, 2023.
Determination Regarding 2019 Performance Share Awards. As part of the 2019 LTI program, the Company granted performance-share awards that might be earned based on relative TSR as compared to the FTSE Nareit Equity Apartments Index (60% weighting) and the MSCI US REIT Index (40% weighting) over a three-year performance period ending on December 31, 2021, with awards vesting 50% following the end of the three-year performance period (based on attainment of TSR targets) and 50% one year later, for a four-year plan from start to finish. On February 2, 2022, the Committee determined that Aimco’s three-year TSR (combined with AIR’s TSR for the period from December 15, 2020, through December 31, 2021, as described in the chart below) was 860 basis points lower than the FTSE Nareit Equity Apartments Index and 140 basis points higher than the MSCI US REIT Index for the three-year performance period ending on December 31, 2021, resulting in the number of shares being earned at 48% of target for Mr. Powell and Ms. Stanfield. Factoring in the portion of 2019 LTI that was for the purpose of retention, the realized LTI compensation for Mr. Powell and Ms. Stanfield was 65% of target.
The chart below summarizes the results for the 2019 performance share awards, and provides performance as of December 31, 2021, for the “in progress” 2021 and 2020 and performance share awards.
TSR-Based Long Term Incentive Plan Award Status
Three-Year Performance Period
Status
CEO % Payout(1)
Other NEOs(2)
2021 - 2023
33% Completed
Tracking Between Target and Maximum
129%(3)
119%(3)
2020 - 2022
67% Completed
Tracking Between Target and Maximum
116%(3) (4)
111%(3) (4)
2019 - 2021
100% Completed
Payout Achieved Between Threshold and Target
48%(4)
65%(4)
__________
(1) Beginning in 2021, coinciding with his promotion to CEO, 100% of the LTI award for Mr. Powell is performance-based, or at risk, based entirely on relative TSR.
(2) Two-thirds of the LTI awards for the other NEOs (and for Mr. Powell prior to 2021) are performance-based, or at risk, based on relative TSR, and the remaining one-third of the LTI awards are for the purpose of retention, or time-based. Payouts shown include the time-based portion of the awards.
(3) Amounts reflect performance of “in progress” awards as of December 31, 2021.
(4) Post Separation, the Committee determined that the remaining performance periods of the 2019 and 2020 Aimco performance-based awards would be determined using the combined total stockholder return of Aimco and AIR.
Other Compensation
From time to time, Aimco determines to provide executive officers with additional compensation in the form of discretionary cash or equity awards.
On April 15, 2021, Aimco awarded each of Mr. Powell and Mses. Stanfield and Johnson restricted stock awards as follows: Mr. Powell - 371,901 shares, with an approximate fair market value at the grant date of $2.36 million; Ms. Stanfield - 247,934 shares, with an approximate fair market value at the grant date of $1.57 million; and Ms. Johnson - 175,984 shares, with an approximate fair market value at the grant date of $1.12 million. These one-time grants, which vest 50% at the end of four years from the date of grant and 50% at the end of five years from the date of grant, were provided in connection with the executive officers’ newly appointed positions following the Separation, for the express purpose of retention, and to align the long-term interests of the executive officers with those of the Company’s stockholders.
Post-Employment Compensation and Employment and Severance Arrangements
401(k) Plan
Aimco provides a 401(k) plan that is offered to all Aimco teammates. In 2021, Aimco matched 25% of participant contributions to the extent of the first 4% of the participant’s eligible compensation. For 2021, the maximum match by Aimco was $2,900, which was the amount that Aimco matched for each of Mr. Powell and Mses. Stanfield and Johnson’s 2021 401(k) contributions. Aimco provided an additional discretionary match in the amount of $2,260 to all teammates in 2022 for Aimco’s achievement of greater than 125% on its 2021 corporate goals.
Other than the 401(k) plan, Aimco does not provide post-employment benefits. Aimco does not maintain a defined benefit pension plan, a supplemental executive retirement plan, or any other similar arrangements.
Executive Employment Arrangements
2021 Powell Employment Agreement. On October 27, 2021, Aimco Development Company, LLC, an affiliate of the Company and the employer entity for Aimco’s employees, entered into an employment agreement with Mr. Powell (the “2021 Employment Agreement”). The Committee evaluated the terms of the 2021 Employment Agreement in comparison to those of the CEOs of Aimco’s peers. The 2021 Employment Agreement is for a term expiring on December 31, 2022. The 2021 Employment Agreement provides that on December 31, 2022, and on each subsequent one-year anniversary thereafter, the agreement shall be renewed for an additional one-year term unless either party gives written notice of intent not to renew to the other party at least 60 days before the end of the then calendar year.
The 2021 Employment Agreement provides for a base salary of $525,000, a target annual short-term incentive award opportunity of $525,000, and a target long-term incentive award opportunity of $750,000 for 2021. The 2021 Employment Agreement provides that the Committee shall review and set Mr. Powell’s target total compensation on an annual basis in comparison to compensation paid to the Company’s peers, taking into consideration experience, performance, and other relevant factors.
Pursuant to the 2021 Employment Agreement, upon termination of Mr. Powell’s employment by Aimco Development Company, LLC without cause, or by Mr. Powell for good reason, Mr. Powell is generally entitled to: (a) a lump sum cash payment equal to two times the sum of (i) his annual base salary for the calendar year of the date of termination, and (ii) his target annual bonus for the calendar year of the date of termination; (b) any short-term incentive bonus earned but unpaid for a prior fiscal year (the “Prior Year STI”); (c) a pro-rata portion of the short-term incentive bonus he would have earned for the year in which the termination occurs, based on the actual achievement of the applicable performance targets (the “Pro Rata STI”); and (d) an amount equal to the monthly COBRA premium for health and welfare plan coverage for Mr. Powell and his coverage dependents in effect on the date of termination (the “monthly COBRA reimbursement”) multiplied by 24 months. The vesting and exercise of any equity awards held Mr. Powell on the date of termination would be determined in accordance with the applicable incentive plan and award agreement.
In the event of termination of Mr. Powell’s employment by Aimco without cause, or by Mr. Powell for good reason, in either case, within the period commencing six months prior to and ending 24 months following a “Change in Control” (as defined in the 2021 Employment Agreement), then in lieu of the severance benefits described above, Mr. Powell will be entitled to: (a) a lump sum cash payment equal to three times the sum of (i) his annual base salary for the calendar year of the date of termination, and (ii) his target annual bonus for the calendar year of the date of termination; (b) the Prior Year STI; (c) the Pro Rata STI; (d) the monthly COBRA reimbursement multiplied by 36 months; and (e) 100% accelerated vesting of any unvested equity awards then-held by Mr. Powell.
The 2021 Employment Agreement provides that if Mr. Powell’s employment is terminated by reason of his death or disability, then Mr. Powell will be eligible to receive the Prior Year STI and the Pro Rata STI. The vesting and exercise of any equity awards held by Mr. Powell at the time of his death or disability would be determined in accordance with the applicable incentive plan and award agreement.
In the event that any payment or benefit payable to Mr. Powell under the 2021 Employment Agreement would result in the imposition of excise taxes under the “golden parachute” provisions of Section 280G of the Internal Revenue Code, then such payments and benefits will either be made and/or provided in full or will be reduced such that the excise tax under Section 280G is not applicable, whichever is least economically disadvantageous to Mr. Powell. The 2021 Employment Agreement does not provide for any excise tax or other tax “gross-up” payment.
All severance payments and benefits under the 2021 Employment Agreement are subject to applicable withholding obligations, Mr. Powell’s execution and non-revocation of a release of claims, and compliance with certain non-competition, non-disclosure, and non-solicitation covenants.
Neither Ms. Stanfield nor Ms. Johnson has an employment agreement.
Executive Severance Arrangements
Aimco has an executive severance policy that provides that Aimco shall seek stockholder approval or ratification of any future severance agreement for any senior executive officer that provides for benefits, such as lump-sum or future periodic cash payments or new equity awards, in an amount in excess of 2.99 times such executive officer’s base salary and bonus. Compensation and benefits earned through the termination date, the value of vesting or payment of any equity awards outstanding prior to the termination date, pro rata vesting of any other long-term awards, or benefits provided under plans, programs or arrangements that are applicable to one or more groups of employees in addition to senior executives are not subject to the policy. It has been Aimco’s longstanding practice not to provide excessive severance arrangements.
Executive Severance Policy. On February 22, 2018, the Committee adopted the Apartment Investment and Management Company Executive Severance Policy (the “Executive Severance Policy”). The Executive Severance Policy superseded and replaced any employment agreement or other plan, policy or practice involving the payment of severance benefits to participants under the Executive Severance Policy. On April 28, 2021, the Committee amended the Executive Severance Policy in accordance with recommendations provided by the Committee’s compensation consultant to bring the policy in line with market. On October 27, 2021, the Committee amended the Executive Severance Policy to remove severance provisions for the Chief Executive Officer in connection with the Committee’s approval of an employment agreement for Mr. Powell that includes severance provisions that are consistent with the severance to which he may otherwise become entitled under the Executive Severance Policy. The Company’s Executive Vice Presidents, as determined on the records of the Company and any other entities through which the operations of the Company are conducted, are eligible to participate in the Executive Severance Policy. Each of Mses. Stanfield and Johnson are participants under the Executive Severance Policy.
The Executive Severance Policy provides that if the Company terminates a participant’s employment without “Cause,” or if the participant terminates his or her employment for “Good Reason” (each as defined in the Executive Severance Policy), then the participant will be eligible to receive the following benefits:
•
a lump sum payment equal to the sum of (i) the annual base salary for the calendar year of the date of termination, and (ii) the target annual bonus for the calendar year of the date of termination; and
•
with respect to each participant, an amount equal to their monthly COBRA premium reimbursement, multiplied by 18 months.
The vesting and exercise of any equity awards held by a participant on the date of termination will be determined in accordance with the applicable incentive plan and award agreement.
Pursuant to the terms of the Executive Severance Policy, if the Company terminates a participant’s employment without Cause, or if the participant terminates his or her employment for Good Reason, in either case, within the period commencing six months prior to and ending 24 months following a “Change in Control” (as defined in the Executive Severance Policy), then in lieu of the severance benefits described above the participant will be eligible to receive the following benefits:
•
a lump sum payment equal to two times the sum of (i) the annual base salary for the calendar year of the date of termination, and (ii) the target annual bonus for the calendar year of the date of termination;
•
with respect to each participant, the monthly COBRA reimbursement multiplied by 24 months; and
•
100% accelerated vesting of any unvested equity awards then-held by the participant.
The Executive Severance Policy provides that if the employment of the participant is terminated by reason of the participant’s death or disability, then the participant will be eligible to receive a pro-rated bonus for the year of termination. In addition, the vesting and exercise of any equity awards held by the participant at the time of his or her death or disability will be determined in accordance with the applicable incentive plan and award agreement.
In the event that any payment or benefit payable to a participant under the Executive Severance Policy would result in the imposition of excise taxes under the “golden parachute” provisions of Section 280G of the Internal Revenue Code, then such payments and benefits will either be made and/or provided in full or will be reduced such that the excise tax under Section 280G is not applicable, whichever is least economically disadvantageous to the participant. The Executive Severance Policy does not provide for any excise tax or other tax “gross-up” payment.
All severance payments and benefits under the Executive Severance Policy are subject to applicable withholding obligations, the participant’s execution and non-revocation of a release of claims, and compliance with certain non-competition, non-disclosure and non-solicitation covenants set forth in a restrictive covenant agreement that is appropriate for the participant’s position.
The Executive Severance Policy will remain in effect, subject to amendment, until terminated by the Board. The Board may terminate or amend the Executive Severance Policy at any time, so long as at least 90 days’ prior notice is provided to any participant if the termination or amendment of the Executive Severance Policy would materially or adversely affect the rights of the participant.
Non-Competition and Non-Solicitation Agreements
Effective in connection with their promotions by Aimco for Mr. Powell and Mses. Stanfield and Johnson, Aimco entered into certain non-competition and non-solicitation agreements with each executive. Mr. Powell’s non-competition and non-solicitation agreement was replaced by his 2021 Employment Agreement. Pursuant to these agreements, each of these NEOs agreed that during the term of his or her employment with the Company and for a period of two years following the termination of his or her employment, except in circumstances where there was a change in control of the Company, he or she would not (i) be employed by a competitor of the Company described on a schedule to the agreement, (ii) solicit other employees to leave the Company’s employment, or (iii) solicit customers of Aimco to terminate their relationship with the Company. The agreements further require that the NEOs protect Aimco’s trade secrets and confidential information. For Mr. Powell, the non-solicitation requirement survives a change in control of the Company. For Mses. Stanfield and Johnson, the agreements provide that in order to enforce the above-noted non-competition condition following the executive’s termination of employment by the Company without cause, the executive will receive, for a period not to extend beyond the earlier of 24 months following such termination or the date of acceptance of employment with a non-competitor, (i) non-compete payments in an amount, if any, to be determined by the Company in its sole discretion and (ii) a monthly payment equal to two-thirds of such executive’s monthly base salary at the time of termination. For purposes of these agreements, “cause” is defined to mean, among other things, the executive’s (i) breach of the agreement, (ii) failure to perform required employment services, (iii) misappropriation of Company funds or property, (iv) conviction, plea of guilty, or plea of no contest to a crime involving fraud or moral turpitude, or (v) negligence, fraud, breach of fiduciary duty, misconduct or violation of law.
Equity Award Agreements
Double Trigger Vesting Upon Change in Control. The award agreements pursuant to which restricted stock, stock option, and/or LTIP Unit awards have been granted to Mr. Powell and Mses. Stanfield and Johnson, as applicable, provide that if (i) a change in control occurs and (ii) the executive’s employment with the Company is terminated either by the Company without cause or by the executive for good reason, in either case, within 12 months following the change in control, then (a) for time-based restricted stock and/or LTIP Unit awards, all outstanding shares of restricted stock and LTIP Units shall become immediately and fully vested, and (b) for performance-based restricted stock, stock options, and/or LTIP Unit awards, all outstanding shares of restricted stock, stock options, and/or LTIP Units shall become immediately and fully vested based on the higher of actual or target performance through the truncated performance period ending on the date of the change in control, and all vested stock options will remain exercisable for the remainder of the term of the option.
Accelerated Vesting Upon Termination of Employment Due to Death or Disability. The award agreements pursuant to which restricted stock, stock option, and/or LTIP Unit awards have been granted to Mr. Powell and Mses. Stanfield and Johnson, as applicable, provide that upon a termination of employment due to death or disability, then (a) for time-based restricted stock and/or LTIP Unit awards, all outstanding shares of restricted stock and LTIP Units shall become immediately and fully vested, and (b) for performance-based restricted stock, stock option, and/or LTIP Unit awards, all outstanding shares of restricted stock, stock options, and/or LTIP Units shall become immediately and fully vested based on the higher of actual or target performance through the truncated performance period ending on the date of termination, and all vested stock options will remain exercisable for the remainder of the term of the option.
Other Benefits; Perquisite Philosophy
Aimco’s executive officer benefit programs are substantially the same as for all other eligible officers and employees. Aimco does not provide executives with more than minimal perquisites, such as reserved parking places.
Stock Ownership Guidelines and Required Holding Periods After Vesting
Aimco believes that it is in the best interest of Aimco’s stockholders for Aimco’s executive officers to own Aimco stock. Every year, the Committee and CEO review Aimco’s stock ownership guidelines, each executive officer’s holdings in light of the stock ownership guidelines, and each executive officer’s accumulated realized and unrealized restricted stock, stock option, and LTIP Unit gains. The Committee updated the stock ownership guidelines in April 2021.
Equity ownership guidelines for all executive officers are determined as a multiple of the executive’s base salary. The Committee and management have established the following stock ownership guidelines for Aimco’s executive officers:
Officer Position
Ownership Target
Chief Executive Officer
5x base salary
Other Executive Vice Presidents
3x base salary
Any executive officer who has not satisfied the stock ownership guidelines must, until the stock ownership guidelines are satisfied, hold 50% of any restricted stock that vests, after deduction of restricted stock sold for payment of income taxes related to the vesting for at least three years from the date of vesting, and hold shares equal to 50% of (i) the value realized upon option exercises less (ii) related income taxes for at least three years from the date of exercise.
Each of Mr. Powell and Mses. Stanfield and Johnson exceeded the ownership targets established in Aimco’s stock ownership guidelines as of the date of this filing.
Role of Outside Consultants
The Committee has the authority under its charter to engage the services of outside advisors, experts and others to assist the Committee. In 2021, the Committee engaged Willis Towers Watson to advise the Committee regarding Aimco’s executive compensation plan. Willis Towers Watson did not provide other services to Aimco. The Committee assessed the independence of Willis Towers Watson pursuant to SEC rules and concluded that Willis Towers Watson is independent.
The Committee directed Willis Towers Watson to: (i) perform studies of competitive compensation practices; (ii) develop conclusions and recommendations regarding Aimco’s executive compensation plans for consideration by the Committee; (iii) identify an executive compensation peer group; (iv) perform a benchmarking analysis of the base salary, STI, and LTI of the NEOs relative to competitive practices; (v) advise the Committee regarding stock ownership guidelines for the NEOs; and (vi) perform an assessment of the risks contained in Aimco’s incentive compensation plans.
Base Salary, Incentive Compensation, and Equity Grant Practices
Base salary adjustments typically take effect on January 1. The Committee (for the CEO) and the CEO, in consultation with the Committee (for the other executive officers), determine incentive compensation in late January or early February. STI is typically paid in February or March. LTI is granted on a date determined by the Committee, typically in late January or early February.
Aimco grants equity in three scenarios: in connection with its annual incentive compensation program as discussed above; in connection with certain new-hire or promotion packages; and for purposes of retention.
With respect to LTI, the Committee sets the grant date for the restricted stock, stock option, and LTIP Unit grants. The Committee typically sets grant dates at the time of its final compensation determination, generally in late January or early February. Due to the Separation and the additional time taken to create a new executive compensation plan for post-Separation Aimco, the Committee granted 2021 LTI in late April 2021. The date of determination and date of award are not selected based on share price. In the case of new-hire packages that include equity awards, grants are made on the employee’s start date or on a date designated in advance based on the passage of a specific number of days after the employee’s start date. For non-executive officers, as provided for in the 2015 Plan, the Committee has delegated the authority to make equity awards, up to certain limits, to the Chief Financial Officer (Ms. Stanfield) and/or Corporate Secretary (Ms. Johnson). The Committee and Mses. Stanfield and Johnson time grants without regard to the share price or the timing of the release of material non-public information and do not time grants for the purpose of affecting the value of executive compensation.
2022 Compensation Targets
Based on comparison to compensation paid to CEOs at Aimco’s peers, the Committee set Mr. Powell’s target total compensation (base compensation, STI and LTI) for 2022 at $2.3 million. Mr. Powell, in consultation with and approval from the Committee, set target total compensation (base compensation, STI and LTI) for 2022 for the other NEOs as follows: Ms. Stanfield - $1.4 million; and Ms. Johnson - $1.1 million. Aimco performance will determine the amounts paid for 2022 STI and the portion of LTI awards that vest, and such amounts may be less than, or in excess of, these target amounts. STI will be paid in cash. The LTI was granted on February 2, 2022, and was in the form of restricted stock, stock options, and/or LTIP Units.
Accounting Treatment and Tax Deductibility of Executive Compensation
The Committee generally considers the accounting treatment and tax implications of the compensation awarded or paid to our executives. Grants of equity compensation awards under our long-term incentive program are accounted for under FASB ASC Topic 718. Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code was amended on December 22, 2017, by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”). Under the Tax Act, Section 162(m) applies to each employee who serves as the Company’s principal executive officer or principal financial officer during the taxable year, each other employee of the Company who is among the three most highly compensated officers during such taxable year, and any other employee who was a covered employee of the Company for any preceding taxable year beginning after December 31, 2016. The Tax Act also eliminated the performance-based compensation exception with respect to tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, but includes a transition rule with respect to compensation that is provided pursuant to a written binding contract in effect on November 2, 2017, and not materially modified after that date. The Company has awarded, and will continue to award, compensation as it considers appropriate that does not qualify for deductibility under Section 162(m).
COMPENSATION AND HUMAN RESOURCES COMMITTEE REPORT TO STOCKHOLDERS
The Compensation and Human Resources Committee held six meetings during the year ended December 31, 2021. The Compensation and Human Resources Committee has reviewed and discussed the Compensation Discussion & Analysis with management. Based upon such review, the related discussions, and such other matters deemed relevant and appropriate by the Compensation and Human Resources Committee, the Compensation and Human Resources Committee has recommended to the Board that the Compensation Discussion & Analysis be included in this filing.
Date: February 22, 2022
QUINCY L. ALLEN
PATRICIA L. GIBSON
JAY PAUL LEUPP
ROBERT A. MILLER
DEBORAH SMITH
MICHAEL A. STEIN
R. DARY STONE
KIRK A. SYKES (CHAIRMAN)
The above report will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing by Aimco under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that Aimco specifically incorporates the same by reference.
SUMMARY COMPENSATION TABLE
The table below summarizes the compensation for the years 2021 and 2020 attributable to each of the NEOs.
Name and Principal
Position
Year
Salary
($)
Bonus
($)
Stock
Awards
($) (1)
Option
Awards
($) (2)
Non-Equity
Incentive Plan
Compensation
($) (3)
All Other
Compensation
($) (4)
Total
($)
Wes Powell -
President and Chief
Executive Officer
525,000
-
3,123,148
(5)
964,228
(5)
827,662
5,160
5,445,198
450,000
175,000
501,417
-
630,437
2,850
1,759,704
H. Lynn C. Stanfield -
Executive Vice
President and Chief
Financial Officer
425,000
-
2,354,344
(6)
-
633,332
5,160
3,417,836
425,000
350,000
423,975
-
616,642
2,850
1,818,467
Jennifer Johnson -
Executive Vice President, Chief Administrative Officer and General Counsel
371,280
-
1,558,035
(7)
-
617,877
5,160
2,552,352
362,440
250,000
-
-
482,179
2,850
1,097,469
__________
(1)
This column represents the aggregate grant date fair value of stock awards in the year granted computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. For additional information on the valuation assumptions with respect to the grants reflected in this column for 2020, refer to the Share-Based Compensation footnote in this filing.
The amounts shown in this column for 2021 include the grant date fair value of the performance-based restricted stock awards granted in 2021 based on the probable outcome of the performance condition to which such awards are subject, which was calculated by a third-party consultant using a Monte Carlo valuation model in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. Based on the foregoing, the grant date fair value is $8.51 per share for the performance-based restricted stock awards granted to each of Mr. Powell and Meses. Stanfield and Johnson that are based on relative TSR performance. The grant date fair value of the performance-based restricted stock awards, assuming achievement at the maximum level of performance, is $1,530,592 for Mr. Powell, $1,156,440 for Ms. Stanfield, and $653,704 for Ms. Johnson.
(2)
This column represents the aggregate grant date fair value of the option awards in the year granted computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. For additional information on the valuation assumptions with respect to the grants reflected in this column for 2020, refer to the Share-Based Compensation footnote to Aimco’s consolidated financial statements in this filing.
The amounts shown in this column for 2021 include the grant date fair value of the performance-based stock options granted in 2021 based on the probable outcome of the performance condition to which such option is subject, which was calculated by a third-party consultant using a Monte Carlo valuation model. Based on the foregoing, the grant date fair value is $3.04 per underlying share of the options. The grant date fair value of the options, assuming achievement at the maximum level of performance, is $1,928,576 for Mr. Powell.
(3)
For Mr. Powell, the amount shown equals the sum of $665,438, representing the STI bonus that was paid to him on February 22, 2022, and $162,184, representing a payout in 2021 pursuant to prior year long-term cash grants. For Ms. Stanfield, the amount shown equals the sum of $483,313, representing the STI bonus that was paid to her on February 22, 2022, and $149,019, representing a payout in 2021 pursuant to prior year long-term cash grants. For Ms. Johnson, the amount shown equals the sum of $392,492, representing the STI bonus that was paid to her on February 22, 2022, and $225,385 representing a payout in 2021 pursuant to prior year long-term cash grants.
(4)
Includes discretionary matching contributions under Aimco’s 401(k) plan.
(5)
Equity awards for Mr. Powell in 2021 include 371,901 shares of time-based restricted stock, vesting 50% on each of the fourth and fifth anniversaries of the grant date, and a 2021 LTI award consisting of the following: (i) 89,929 shares of performance-based restricted stock and a performance-based non-qualified stock option to purchase 317,200 shares, in each case, for the forward looking, three-year performance period from January 1, 2021, through December 31, 2023, with the number of shares or option shares earned, if any, vesting 50% following the end of the three-year performance period and 50% one year later.
(6)
Stock awards for Ms. Stanfield in 2021 include 247,934 shares of time-based restricted stock, vesting 50% on each of the fourth and fifth anniversaries of the grant date, and a 2021 LTI award consisting of the following: (i) 30,664 shares of time-based restricted stock, vesting 25% on each of January 27, 2022, January 27, 2023, January 27, 2024, and January 27, 2025; and (ii) 67,946 shares of performance-based restricted stock for the forward looking, three-year performance period from January 1, 2021, through December 31, 2023, with the number of shares earned, if any, vesting 50% following the end of the three-year performance period and 50% on year later.
(7)
Stock awards for Ms. Johnson in 2021 include 175,984 shares of time-based restricted stock, vesting 50% on each of the fourth and fifth anniversaries of the grant date, and a 2021 LTI award consisting of the following: (i) 17,334 shares of time-based restricted stock, vesting 25% on each of January 27, 2022, January 27, 2023, January 27, 2024, and January 27, 2025; and (ii) 38,408 shares of performance-based restricted stock for the forward looking, three-year performance period from January 1, 2021, through December 31, 2023, with the number of shares earned, if any, vesting 50% following the end of the three-year performance period and 50% on year later.
GRANTS OF PLAN-BASED AWARDS IN 2021
The following table provides details regarding plan-based awards granted to the NEOs during the year ended December 31, 2021.
Estimated Future
Payouts Under
Non-Equity
Incentive Plan
Awards (1)
Estimated Future
Payouts Under
Equity Incentive
Plan Awards (2)
All Other
Stock
Awards:
Number of
Shares of
All other Option
Awards
Number of
Securities
Underlying
Options (4)
Exercise
or Base
Price of
Grant
Date
Fair
Value of
Stock
and
Stock or
Option
Option
Name
Grant
Date
Threshold
($)
Target
($)
Maximum
($)
Threshold
(#)
Target
(#)
Maximum
(#)
Units
(#) (3)
Threshold
(#)
Target
(#)
Maximum
(#)
Awards
($/Sh)
Awards
($) (5)
Wes Powell
4/15/2021
262,500
525,000
1,050,000
4/15/2021
371,901
2,357,852
4/28/2021
44,965
89,929
179,858
765,296
4/28/2021
158,600
317,200
634,400
6.66
964,288
H. Lynn C. Stanfield
4/15/2021
175,000
350,000
700,000
4/15/2021
247,934
1,571,902
4/28/2021
30,664
204,222
4/28/2021
33,973
67,946
135,892
578,220
Jennifer Johnson
4/15/2021
120,120
240,240
480,480
4/15/2021
175,984
1,115,739
4/28/2021
17,334
115,444
4/28/2021
19,204
38,408
76,816
326,852
__________
(1)
On April 15, 2021, the Committee made determinations of target total incentive compensation for 2021 based on achievement of Aimco’s six corporate goals for 2021, and achievement of specific individual objectives. Target total incentive compensation amounts were as follows: Mr. Powell - $1.275 million; Ms. Stanfield - $775,000; and Ms. Johnson - $480,480. The awards in this column indicate the 2021 STI portion of these target total incentive amounts - at threshold, target, and maximum performance levels. The actual 2021 STI awards earned by each of Mr. Powell, and Mses. Stanfield, and Johnson are as disclosed in the Summary Compensation Table under “Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation.” See the discussion above under “CD&A - Total Compensation for 2021 - Short-Term Incentive Compensation for 2021.”
(2)
For each of Mr. Powell and Mses. Stanfield and Johnson, the amounts in this column include the number of shares underlying performance-based restricted stock granted on April 28, 2021, pursuant to their 2021 LTI award that may be earned - at threshold, target and maximum performance levels - based on relative TSR (one-third of each award is based on the Company’s TSR relative to each of the Russell 2000 Value Index, the FTSE Nareit Equity Apartments Index, and Aimco’s development peers) over a three-year period from January 1, 2021, to December 31, 2023, with the number of shares earned, if any, vesting 50% on the later of January 27, 2024, or the date on which performance is determined (but no later than March 15, 2024), and 50% on January 27, 2025.
(3)
The amounts in this column granted on April 15, 2021, reflect the number of shares of time-based restricted stock granted to Mr. Powell and Mses. Stanfield and Johnson in connection with their newly appointed positions following the Separation, for the express purpose of retention, and to align their long-term interests with those of the Company’s stockholders. The shares vest 50% on each of the fourth and fifth anniversaries of the grant date. The amounts in this column granted on April 28, 2021, reflect the number of shares of time-based restricted stock granted to Mses. Stanfield and Johnson pursuant to the 2021 LTI award, vesting 25% on each of January 27, 2022, January 27, 2023, January 27, 2024, and January 27, 2025. The number of shares of restricted stock was determined based on the closing trading price of Aimco’s Common Stock on the NYSE on January 27, 2021, or $4.62.
(4)
The amounts in this column reflect the number of performance-based non-qualified stock options granted on April 28, 2021, pursuant to the 2021 LTI award that may vest - at threshold, target and maximum performance levels - based on relative TSR (one-third of each award is based on the Company’s TSR relative to each of the Russell 2000 Value Index, the FTSE Nareit Equity Apartments Index, and Aimco’s development peers) over a three-year period from January 1, 2021, to December 31, 2023, with the number of underlying shares earned, if any, vesting 50% on the later of January 27, 2024, or the date on which performance is determined (but no later than March 15, 2024), and 50% on January 27, 2025.
(5)
This column represents the aggregate grant date fair value of equity awards in the year granted computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. For additional information on the valuation assumptions with respect to the grants reflected in this column, refer to the Share-Based Compensation footnote to Aimco’s consolidated financial statements in this filing.
The amounts shown in this column include the grant date fair value of the performance-based restricted stock awards based on the probable outcome of the performance condition to which such awards are subject, which was calculated by a third-party consultant using a Monte Carlo valuation model in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. Based on the foregoing, the grant date fair value is $8.51 per share for the performance-based restricted stock awards granted to each of Mr. Powell and Mses. Stanfield and Johnson that are based on relative TSR performance. The grant date fair value of the performance-based restricted stock awards, assuming achievement at the maximum level of performance, is $1,530,592 for Mr. Powell, $1,156,441 for Ms. Stanfield, and $653,704 for Ms. Johnson.
The amounts shown in this column include the grant date fair value of the performance-based stock options based on the probable outcome of the performance condition to which such option is subject, which was calculated by a third-party consultant using a Monte Carlo valuation model. Based on the foregoing, the grant date fair value is $3.04 per underlying share of the options. The grant date fair value of the options, assuming achievement at the maximum level of performance, is $1,928,576 for Mr. Powell.
OUTSTANDING EQUITY AWARDS AT FISCAL YEAR-END 2021
The following table shows outstanding stock option awards classified as exercisable and unexercisable as of December 31, 2021, for the NEOs. The table also shows unvested and unearned stock awards assuming a market value of $7.72 per share (the closing market price of the Company’s Common Stock on the New York Stock Exchange on December 31, 2021).
Option Awards
Stock Awards
Name
Number of
Securities
Underlying
Unexercised
Options (#)
Exercisable
Number of
Securities
Underlying
Unexercised
Options (#)
Unexercisable
Equity
Incentive
Plan
Awards:
Number of
Securities
Underlying
Unexercised
Unearned
Options (#)
Option
Exercise
Price
($)
Option
Expiration
Date
Number
of Shares
or Units of
Stock That
Have Not
Vested (#)
Market
Value of
Shares or
Units of
Stock
That Have
Not Vested
($) (1)
Equity
Incentive
Plan
Awards:
Number of
Unearned
Shares,
Units or
Other
Rights That
Have Not
Vested (#)
Equity
Incentive
Plan
Awards:
Market or
Payout Value
of Unearned
Shares,
Units or
Other
Rights That
Have Not
Vested ($) (1)
Wes Powell
634,400
(2)
6.66
4/28/2031
179,858
(3)
1,388,504
12,456
(4)
96,160
371,901
(5)
2,871,076
2,335
(6)
18,026
1,384
(7)
10,684
2,658
(8)
20,520
1,869
(9)
14,429
(10)
5,010
H. Lynn C. Stanfield
135,892
(3)
1,049,086
16,668
(11)
26,669
(11)
7,940
(12)
61,297
30,664
(13)
236,726
247,934
(5)
1,914,050
1,985
(14)
15,324
1,297
(15)
10,013
2,491
(16)
19,231
4,759
(17)
36,739
Jennifer Johnson
76,816
(3)
593,020
17,334
(13)
133,818
175,984
(5)
1,358,596
__________
(1)
The information on unvested stock shown above has been adjusted, where applicable, to reflect additional shares received as a result of the special dividend paid in February 2019. Effective December 15, 2020, in connection with the Separation, the executive officers received a share or partnership unit of AIR for every share or partnership unit of Aimco, and partnership units were adjusted to preserve their pre-Separation value. The share amounts in this table reflect only the Aimco awards and corresponding values as of December 31, 2021. Amounts reflect the number of shares subject to the award that have not vested multiplied by the market value of $7.72 per share, which was the closing market price of Aimco’s Common Stock on December 31, 2021.
(2)
This option was granted on April 28, 2021, and, subject to relative TSR metrics set forth in the CD&A, vests 50% following the end of the three-year forward looking performance period and 50% on January 27, 2025. The amount shown in the table is the award at maximum.
(3)
This performance-based restricted stock award was granted on April 28, 2021, and, subject to relative TSR metrics set forth in the CD&A, vests 50% following the end of the three-year forward looking performance period and 50% on January 27, 2025. The amount shown in the table is the award at maximum.
(4)
This performance-based restricted stock award was granted on January 28, 2020, and, subject to relative TSR metrics set forth in the CD&A, vests 50% following the end of the three-year forward looking performance period and 50% on the fourth anniversary of the grant date. The amount shown in the table is the award at maximum.
(5)
This restricted stock award was granted on April 15, 2021, and vests 50% on each of the fourth and fifth anniversaries of the date of grant.
(6)
This restricted stock award was granted on January 28, 2020, and vests 25% on each anniversary of the grant date. Mr. Powell holds a corresponding number of AIR shares with a value of $127,654.
(7)
This restricted stock award was granted on January 29, 2019, and vests 25% on each anniversary of the grant date. Mr. Powell holds a corresponding number of AIR shares with a value of $75,663.
(8)
This performance-based restricted stock award was granted on January 29, 2019. The amount shown in the table represents the portion of the award that was earned based on relative TSR performance for the three-year performance period from January 1, 2019, through December 31, 2021, of which 50% vested on February 2, 2022, and the remaining 50% will vest on January 29, 2023. Mr. Powell holds a corresponding number of AIR shares with a value of $145,313.
(9)
This performance-based restricted stock award was granted on January 30, 2018. The amount shown in the table represents the portion of the award that was earned based on relative TSR performance for the roughly three-year performance period from January 1, 2018, through December 11, 2020, of which 50% vested on January 31, 2021, and the remaining 50% vested on January 31, 2022. Mr. Powell holds a corresponding number of AIR shares with a value of $102,178.
(10)
This restricted stock award was granted on January 30, 2018, and vested 25% on each anniversary of the grant date. Mr. Powell holds a corresponding number of AIR shares with a value of $35,481.
(11)
This performance-based LTIP Unit award was granted on January 28, 2020, and, subject to relative TSR metrics set forth in the CD&A, vests 50% following the end of the three-year forward looking performance period and 50% on the fourth anniversary of the grant date. The amount shown in the table is the award at maximum.
(12)
This performance-based LTIP Unit award was granted on January 28, 2020, and, subject to relative TSR metrics set forth in the CD&A, vests 50% following the end of the three-year forward looking performance period and 50% on the fourth anniversary of the grant date. The amount shown in the table is the award at maximum.
(13)
This restricted stock award was granted on April 28, 2021, and vests 25% on each anniversary of the grant date.
(14)
This LTIP Unit award was granted on January 28, 2020, and vests 25% on each anniversary of the grant date. Ms. Stanfield holds a corresponding number of AIR LTIP Units with a value of $108,520.
(15)
This LTIP Unit award was granted on January 29, 2019, and vests 25% on each anniversary of the grant date. Ms. Stanfield holds a corresponding number of AIR LTIP Units with a value of $70,907.
(16)
This performance-based LTIP Unit award was granted on January 19, 2019. The amount shown in the table represents the portion of the award that was earned based on relative TSR performance for the three-year performance period from January 1, 2019, through December 31, 2021, of which 50% vested on February 2, 2022, and the remaining 50% will vest on January 29, 2023. Ms. Stanfield holds a corresponding number of AIR LTIP Units with a value of $136,183.
(17)
This restricted stock award was granted on May 1, 2018, vesting 25% on each of the following dates: August 1, 2019, August 1, 2020, August 1, 2021, and August 1, 2022. Ms. Stanfield holds a corresponding number of AIR shares with a value of $260,175.
OPTION EXERCISES AND STOCK VESTED IN 2021
The following table sets forth certain information regarding options and stock awards exercised and vested, respectively, during the year ended December 31, 2021, for the persons named in the Summary Compensation Table above.
Option Awards
Stock Awards
Name
Number of
Shares
Acquired on
Exercise (#)
Value
Realized on
Exercise ($) (1)
Number of
Shares
Acquired on
Vesting (#)
Value
Realized on
Vesting ($) (2)
Wes Powell
-
-
9,456
56,461
H. Lynn C. Stanfield
-
-
6,070
39,226
Jennifer Johnson
-
-
-
-
__________
(1)
Amounts reflect the difference between the exercise price of the option and the market price at the time of exercise.
(2)
Amounts reflect the market price of the stock on the day the shares of restricted stock vested.
POTENTIAL PAYMENTS UPON TERMINATION OR CHANGE IN CONTROL
The NEOs are entitled to certain severance payments and benefits upon a qualifying termination of employment or, in the case of a change in control, double trigger accelerated vesting of equity awards in the event of a qualifying termination of employment that occurs within one year following a change in control. The terms of these arrangements are described under “CD&A - Post-Employment Compensation and Employment and Severance Arrangements - Executive Employment Arrangements, Executive Severance Arrangements, and Equity Award Agreements” above.
In the table that follows, potential payments and other benefits payable upon termination of employment and change in control situations are set out as if the conditions for payments had occurred and/or the terminations took place on December 31, 2021. In setting out such payments and benefits, amounts that had already been earned as of the termination date are not shown. Also, benefits that are available to all full-time regular employees when their employment terminates are not shown. The amounts set forth below are estimates of the amounts that could be paid out to the NEOs upon their termination. The actual amounts to be paid out can only be determined at the time of such NEOs’ separation from Aimco. The following table summarizes the potential payments under various scenarios if they had occurred on December 31, 2021.
Value of Accelerated Stock and Stock Options ($)(1)
Severance ($)
Name
Change
in
Control
Only
Double
Trigger
Change in
Control
Death or
Disability
Termination
Without
Cause
Termination
For Good
Reason
Death
Disability
Termination
Without
Cause
Termination
For Good
Reason
Termination
Without
Cause or
For Good
Reason
in
Connection
with a
Change in
Control
Non-
Compete
Payments
($) (2)
Wes Powell
-
4,198,360
4,198,360
-
-
665,438
(3)
665,438
(3)
2,136,531
(4)
2,136,531
(4)
3,204,796
(5)
-
H. Lynn C. Stanfield
-
2,897,954
2,897,954
-
-
484,313
(3)
484,313
(3)
784,614
(6)
784,614
(6)
1,562,819
(7)
556,667
Jennifer Johnson
-
1,836,692
1,836,692
-
-
392,492
(3)
392,492
(3)
643,051
(6)
643,051
(6)
1,265,081
(7)
495,040
__________
(1)
Amounts reflect value of accelerated restricted stock, stock options, and LTIP Units using the closing market price on December 31, 2021, of $7.72 per share.
(2)
Amounts assume the agreements were enforced by the Company and that non-compete payments in an aggregate amount equal to two-thirds of the executive’s monthly base salary would be payable for 24 months following the executive’s termination of employment by the Company without cause.
(3)
Amount consists of a lump sum cash payment equal to the amount of 2021 STI paid, as payable pursuant to the 2021 Employment Agreement, in the case of Mr. Powell, and the Executive Severance Policy, in the case of Mses. Stanfield and Johnson.
(4)
Amount consists of (i) a lump sum cash payment equal to two times the sum of base salary and target STI, and (ii) the monthly COBRA premium for health and welfare coverage for the executive and his or her dependents multiplied by 24 months, as payable pursuant to the 2021 Employment Agreement.
(5)
Amount consists of (i) a lump sum cash payment equal to three times the sum of base salary and target STI, and (ii) the monthly COBRA premium for health and welfare coverage for the executive and his or her dependents multiplied by 36 months, as payable pursuant to the 2021 Employment Agreement.
(6)
Amount consists of (i) a lump sum cash payment equal to the sum of base salary and target STI, and (ii) the monthly COBRA premium for health and welfare coverage for the executive and his or her dependents multiplied by 18 months, as payable pursuant to the Executive Severance Policy.
(7)
Amount consists of (i) a lump sum cash payment equal to two times the sum of base salary and target STI, and (ii) the monthly COBRA premium for health and welfare coverage for the executive and his or her dependents multiplied by 24 months, as payable pursuant to the Executive Severance Policy.
CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER COMPENSATION AND EMPLOYEE COMPENSATION
We believe that executive pay should be internally consistent and equitable to motivate our teammates to create stockholder value. In August 2015, pursuant to a mandate of the Dodd-Frank Act, the SEC adopted a rule requiring annual disclosure of the ratio of the median employee’s annual total compensation to the annual total compensation of the principal executive officer. The disclosure is required for fiscal years beginning on or after January 1, 2017. The annual total compensation for 2021 for Mr. Powell, our CEO, was $5,445,198, as reported under the heading “Summary Compensation Table.” Our median employee’s total compensation for 2021 was $144,781. As a result, we estimate that Mr. Powell’s 2021 total compensation was approximately 37.6 times that of our median employee.
Our CEO to median employee pay ratio was calculated in accordance with Item 402(u) of Regulation S-K. We identified the median employee by examining 2021 total compensation, consisting of base salary, annual bonus amounts, stock-based compensation (based on the grant date fair value of awards granted during 2021) and other incentive payments for all individuals who were employed by Aimco on December 31, 2021, other than our CEO. Our measuring date of December 31 remained the same as last year. We included all active employees and annualized the compensation for any employees who were not employed by Aimco for the full 2021 calendar year. After identifying the median employee based on 2021 total compensation, we calculated annual total compensation for such employee using the same methodology we use for our NEOs as set forth in the “Total” column in the Summary Compensation Table.
DIRECTOR COMPENSATION
In formulating its recommendation for director compensation, the Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee reviews director compensation for independent directors of companies in the real estate industry and companies of comparable market capitalization, revenue, and assets and considers compensation trends for other NYSE-listed companies. The Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee also considers the size of the Board as compared to other boards, the participation of each independent director on committees, and the resulting workload on the directors. In addition, the Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee considers the overall cost of the Board to the Company and the cost per director.
2021 Compensation
In connection with the Separation, the Independent Directors each received an initial fee of 34,000 shares of Common Stock, which shares were awarded on December 21, 2020, for Messrs. Allen, Leupp, Stone, and Sykes and Ms. Gibson, and on January 27, 2021, for Messrs. Miller and Stein and Ms. Smith.
For 2021, compensation for the Independent Directors included a fixed annual cash retainer of $75,000 and an award of 16,234 shares of fully vested Common Stock. No meeting fees were paid to independent directors for attending meetings of the Board and the committees on which they serve.
As contemplated by the Separation and by Aimco and AIR, Mr. Considine has specific responsibilities to Aimco as a non-executive employee during 2021 and 2022 to support the establishment and growth of the Aimco business, reporting directly to the Board. These responsibilities include short and long-term strategic direction and advice, transition and executive support to Aimco officers, and advice and consultation with respect to Aimco’s strategic growth and acquisition activities. The Independent Directors set Mr. Considine’s 2021 target total compensation (including base compensation, STI, and LTI) for these responsibilities at $1.8 million.
For the year ended December 31, 2021, Aimco paid the directors serving on the Board during that year as follows:
Name
Fees Earned or
Paid in Cash
($) (1)
Stock
Awards
($) (2)
Option
Awards
($)
Non-Equity
Incentive Plan
Compensation
($)
Change in Pension
Value and Nonqualified
Deferred Compensation
Earnings
All Other
Compensation
($)
Total
($)
Quincy L. Allen
75,000
75,001
-
-
-
-
150,001
Terry Considine (3)
300,000
1,377,779
-
-
-
-
1,677,779
Patricia L. Gibson
75,000
75,001
-
-
-
-
150,001
Jay Paul Leupp
75,000
75,001
-
-
-
-
150,001
Robert A. Miller
75,000
232,081
-
-
-
-
307,081
Wes Powell (4)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Deborah Smith
75,000
232,081
-
-
-
-
307,081
Michael A. Stein
75,000
232,081
-
-
-
-
307,081
R. Dary Stone
75,000
75,001
-
-
-
-
150,001
Kirk A. Sykes
75,000
75,001
-
-
-
-
150,001
__________
(1)
For 2021, each of the Independent Directors received a cash retainer of $75,000.
(2)
For 2021, Independent Directors were each awarded 16,235 shares of Common Stock, which shares were awarded on January 27, 2021. Additionally, Messrs. Miller and Stein and Ms. Smith were each awarded 34,000 shares of Common Stock on January 27, 2021, as an initial fee. The closing price of Aimco’s Common Stock on January 27, 2021, was $4.62. The other Independent Directors received 34,000 shares of Common Stock as an initial fee on December 21, 2020. The closing price of Aimco’s Common Stock on that date was $4.84. The dollar value shown above represents the aggregate grant date fair value computed in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 718 and is calculated based on the closing price of Aimco’s Common Stock on the date of grant.
(3)
Mr. Considine, who is not an independent director, did not receive any additional compensation for serving on the Board. As contemplated by the Separation and by Aimco and AIR, Mr. Considine has specific responsibilities to Aimco as a non-executive employee during 2021 and 2022 to support the establishment and growth of the Aimco business, reporting directly to the Board, as described above. The Independent Directors set Mr. Considine’s 2021 target total compensation for these responsibilities at $1.8 million, consisting of $300,000 in base salary, target STI of $600,000, and target LTI of $900,000. Mr. Considine’s 2021 base salary of $300,000 was paid in cash. Mr. Considine’s 2021 STI was $600,000 at target with a final value based entirely on Aimco’s performance against 2021 corporate goals. The final value was equal to 126.75% of target or 563,334 LTIP Units and was awarded on February 2, 2022. This award will appear next year under the “Stock Awards” heading of this table in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. Mr. Considine’s 2021 LTI award, valued at $900,000, was granted by the Independent Directors on July 15, 2021, and consisted of a number between zero and 1,111,112 of performance-based LTIP Units, or 555,556 LTIP Units at target, for the forward-looking, three-year performance period from January 1, 2021, through December 31, 2023, pursuant to the same 2021 LTI plan as established by the Committee for the NEOs described above under the heading “Compensation Discussion & Analysis - Total Compensation for 2021 - Long Term Incentive Compensation Awards for 2021.” LTIP Units constitute profits interests within the meaning of the Code. The exact number of Mr. Considine’s LTIP Units granted in 2021 that may vest is determined based on Aimco’s relative TSR performance over the course of the forward-looking, three-year performance period, with 50% of such number of LTIP Units generally vesting at the later of the time performance is determined or January 27, 2024, and 50% vesting on January 27, 2025. With respect to the LTIP Units granted to Mr. Considine, Mr. Considine was granted the ability to participate in the appreciation of value of Aimco that took place after January 27, 2021, subject to their vesting. For the purpose of calculating the number of shares subject to these LTIP Units, the target dollar amount of $900,000 was divided by $1.62, or 555,556 LTIP Units, with such LTIP Unit value calculated by a third-party financial firm with particular expertise in the valuation of such LTIP Units. The LTIP Units as granted had a conversion price of $4.62, which was the closing price of Aimco’s stock on January 27, 2021, and equal to the fair market value of Aimco’s Common Stock on January 27, 2021. The valuation performed by the third-party consultant was as of January 27, 2021, the date of the board meeting at which the Independent Directors would have ordinarily granted 2021 LTI awards but for the Separation and the additional time taken to create a compensation plan for post-Separation Aimco. In order to keep the NEOs and other LTI award recipients whole, the Independent Directors awarded 2021 LTI using the closing price of Aimco’s Class A Common Stock and third-party valuation, as applicable, as of January 27, 2021. Additional details regarding the structure of LTIP Units can be found in the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Aimco OP L.P., effective as of December 14, 2020, and the Form of Performance Vesting LTIP II Unit Agreement, each of which are incorporated by reference in this filing, as Exhibits 10.1 and 10.15, respectively. The amount shown for Mr. Considine under the “Stock Awards” heading above represents the grant date value of the performance-based LTIP Units based on the probable outcome of the performance condition to which such award is subject, which was calculated using a Monte Carlo valuation model in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. For additional information on the valuation assumptions with respect to the award, refer to the Share-Based Compensation footnote to Aimco’s consolidated financial statements in this filing. Based on the foregoing, the grant date fair value on July 15, 2021, was $2.48 per LTIP Unit as to Mr. Considine’s performance-based LTIP Unit award. The grant date fair value of the performance-based LTIP Unit award of $1,377,779 at target, assuming achievement at the maximum level of performance, is $2,755,558.
(4)
Mr. Powell, who is not an independent director, did not receive any additional compensation for serving on the Board.
2022 Compensation
Compensation for each of the Independent Directors in 2022 includes an annual fee of $170,000, payable up to 50% in the form of a cash retainer with the remainder in stock, stock options, and/or LTIP Units. The stock, stock options, and LTIP Units were awarded on February 4, 2022. The closing price of Aimco’s Common Stock on the New York Stock Exchange on February 4, 2022, was $6.79. Directors will not receive meeting fees in 2022.
As described above, Mr. Considine has specific responsibilities to Aimco as a non-executive employee during 2021 and 2022 to support the establishment and growth of the Aimco business, reporting directly to the Board. The Independent Directors set Mr. Considine’s 2022 target total compensation (including base compensation, STI, and LTI) for these responsibilities at $1.8 million, consisting of $300,000 in base salary, target STI of $600,000, and target LTI of $900,000, identical to his 2021 target total compensation. Mr. Considine’s 2022 base salary of $300,000 is in the form of 175,439 LTIP Units awarded on February 2, 2022, and which will vest on the first anniversary of the award date. With respect to the LTIP Units granted to Mr. Considine, Mr. Considine was granted the ability to participate in the appreciation of value of Aimco that took place after these LTIP Units were granted, subject to their vesting. For the purpose of calculating the number of shares subject to these LTIP Units, the target dollar amount was divided by $1.71, which price was calculated by a third-party financial firm with particular expertise in the valuation of such LTIP Units. The LTIP Units as granted had a conversion price of $6.96, which was the closing price of Aimco’s stock on the grant date and equal to the fair market value of Aimco’s Common Stock on the grant date. Mr. Considine’s 2022 STI will be based entirely on Aimco’s performance against its 2022 corporate goals. Mr. Considine’s 2022 LTI was awarded on February 2, 2022, in the form of LTIP Units and is based entirely on Aimco’s relative TSR over the forward looking, three-year performance period from January 1, 2022, through December 31, 2024.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT
The following table sets forth certain information available to the Company, as of February 28, 2022, with respect to Aimco’s equity securities beneficially owned by (i) each director and the NEOs, and (ii) all directors and executive officers as a group. The table also sets forth certain information available to the Company, as of February 28, 2022, with respect to shares of Common Stock held by each person known to the Company to be the beneficial owner of more than 5% of such shares. This table reflects options that are exercisable within 60 days. Unless otherwise indicated, each person has sole voting and investment power with respect to the securities beneficially owned by that person. The business address of each of the following directors and NEOs is 4582 South Ulster Street, Suite 1450, Denver, Colorado 80237. None of the securities reflected in this table held by the directors or NEOs are the subject of any hedging or pledging transaction.
Name and Address of Beneficial Owner
Number of
shares of
Common
Stock (1)
Percentage
of Common
Stock
Outstanding (2)
Number of
Partnership
Units (3)
Percentage
Ownership of the
Company (4)
Directors and Named Executive Officers:
Wes Powell
751,663
*
-
*
H. Lynn C. Stanfield
537,241
*
7,733
*
Jennifer Johnson
343,993
*
-
*
Quincy L. Allen
50,389
*
-
*
Terry Considine
2,625,401
(5)
1.71%
3,876,903
(6)
4.03%
Patricia L. Gibson
71,855
*
-
*
Jay Paul Leupp
73,868
(7)
*
-
*
Robert A. Miller
182,077
(8)
*
-
*
Deborah Smith
162,077
(8)
*
-
*
Michael A. Stein
50,234
*
49,349
*
R. Dary Stone
62,589
*
-
*
Kirk A. Sykes
62,589
*
-
*
All directors and executive officers as a group
4,973,976
(9)
3.24%
3,933,985
4.59%
(12 persons)
5% or Greater Holders:
T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc.
21,863,039
(10)
14.33%
-
13.62%
100 East Pratt St.
Baltimore, Maryland 21202
The Vanguard Group
21,425,324
(11)
14.04%
-
13.35%
100 Vanguard Blvd.
Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355
BlackRock, Inc.
15,726,361
(12)
10.31%
-
9.80%
55 East 52nd Street
New York, New York 10055
JPMorgan Chase & Co.
12,978,781
(13)
8.51%
8.09%
383 Madison Avenue
New York, New York 10179
Long Pond Capital, LP, Long Pond Capital GP, LLC, and John Khoury
9,453,811
(14)
6.20%
-
5.89%
527 Madison Avenue, 15th Floor
New York, New York 10022
__________
*
Less than 0.5%
(1)
Excludes shares of Common Stock issuable upon redemption of common OP Units or equivalents.
(2)
Represents the number of shares of Common Stock beneficially owned by each person divided by the total number of shares of Common Stock outstanding. Any shares of Common Stock that may be acquired by a person within 60 days upon the exercise of options, warrants, rights or conversion privileges or pursuant to the power to revoke, or the automatic termination of, a trust, discretionary account or similar arrangement are deemed to be beneficially owned by that person and are deemed outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage of outstanding shares of Common Stock owned by that person, but not any other person.
(3)
Through wholly owned subsidiaries, Aimco acts as general partner of the Aimco Operating Partnership. As of February 28, 2022, Aimco held approximately 95.0% of the common partnership interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership. Interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership that are held by limited partners other than Aimco are referred to as “OP Units.” Generally, after a holding period of 12 months, common OP Units may be tendered for redemption and, upon tender, may be acquired by Aimco for shares of Common Stock at an exchange ratio of one share of Common Stock for each common OP Unit (subject to adjustment). If Aimco acquired all common OP Units for Common Stock (without regard to the ownership limit set forth in Aimco’s Charter), these shares of Common Stock would constitute approximately 5.0% of the then outstanding shares of Common Stock. OP Units are subject to certain restrictions on transfer.
(4)
Represents the number of shares of Common Stock beneficially owned, divided by the total number of shares of Common Stock outstanding, assuming, in both cases, that all 7,949,973 OP Units outstanding as of February 28, 2022, are redeemed in exchange for shares of Common Stock (notwithstanding any holding period requirements, and Aimco’s ownership limit). See note (3) above. Excludes partnership preferred units issued by the Aimco Operating Partnership and Aimco preferred securities.
(5)
Includes the following shares of which Mr. Considine disclaims beneficial ownership: 34,724 shares held by Mr. Considine’s spouse; and 1,655,375 shares held by a retirement plan for which Mr. Considine is the trustee and his spouse is the sole participant. Also includes 750,557 shares subject to options that are exercisable within 60 days.
(6)
Includes 1,947,798 OP Units and equivalents held by Mr. Considine. Includes 179,735 OP Units held by an entity in which Mr. Considine has sole voting and investment power, 1,591,672 OP Units and equivalents held by Titahotwo Limited Partnership RLLLP, a registered limited liability limited partnership for which Mr. Considine serves as the general partner and holds a 0.5% ownership interest, and 157,698 OP Units held by Mr. Considine’s spouse, for which Mr. Considine disclaims beneficial ownership.
(7)
Includes 73,855 shares held directly by Mr. Leupp and 13 shares held by Terra Firma Asset Management, LLC, of which Mr. Leupp is a 65% owner.
(8)
Includes 111,843 shares subject to options that are exercisable within 60 days.
(9)
Includes 974,243 shares subject to options that are exercisable within 60 days.
(10)
Beneficial ownership information is based on information contained in an Amendment No. 1 to Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on February 14, 2022, by T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc. on behalf of itself and affiliated entities. According to the schedule, included in the securities listed above as beneficially owned by T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc. are 8,033,465 shares and 9,582,353 shares over which T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc. and T. Rowe Price Mid-Cap Value Fund, Inc., respectively, have sole voting power. According to the schedule, T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc. has sole dispositive power with respect to all 21,863,039 shares.
(11)
Beneficial ownership information is based on information contained in an Amendment No. 1 to Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on February 9, 2022, by The Vanguard Group. According to the schedule, The Vanguard Group has sole dispositive power with respect to 21,027,057 of the shares, shared voting power with respect to 270,968 of the shares, and shared dispositive power with respect to 398,267 of the shares.
(12)
Beneficial ownership information is based on information contained in an Amendment No. 2 to Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on January 27, 2022, by BlackRock, Inc. According to the schedule, BlackRock, Inc. has sole voting power with respect to 14,641,452 of the shares and sole dispositive power with respect to all 15,726,361 shares.
(13)
Beneficial ownership information is based on information contained in Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on January 19, 2022, by JPMorgan Chase & Co. According to the schedule, JPMorgan Chase & Co. has sole dispositive power with respect to 12,978,521 of the shares, sole voting power with respect to 11,277,689 of the shares, and shared dispositive power with respect to 260 of the shares.
(14)
Beneficial ownership information is based on information contained in Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on February 14, 2022, by Long Pond Capital, LP, Long Pond Capital GP, LLC, and John Khoury. According to the schedule, Long Pond Capital, LP, Long Pond Capital GP, LLC, and John Khoury have shared voting power and shared dispositive power with respect to all 9,453,811 shares.
SECURITIES AUTHORIZED FOR ISSUANCE UNDER EQUITY COMPENSATION PLANS
Information on equity compensation plans as of the end of the 2021 fiscal year under which equity securities of the Company are authorized for issuance is set forth in the following table.
Plan Category
Number of
Securities To Be
Issued upon
Exercise of
Outstanding
Options, Warrants
and Rights
Weighted Average
Exercise Price of
Outstanding
Options, Warrants
and Rights (1)
Number of Securities
Remaining Available for Future
Issuance under Equity
Compensation Plans (Excluding
Securities Subject to Outstanding
Unexercised Grants)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders
5,442,220
$
6.01
23,405,608
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders
-
-
-
__________
(1)
The weighted average exercise price is calculated based solely on the outstanding stock options. It does not take into account the shares issuable upon vesting of outstanding time-based restricted stock, performance-based restricted stock, or LTIP awards, because such awards do not have an exercise price.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
Certain Relationships and Related Transactions
Policies and Procedures for Review, Approval or Ratification of Related Person Transactions
Aimco recognizes that related person transactions can present potential or actual conflicts of interest and create the appearance that Aimco’s decisions are based on considerations other than the best interests of Aimco and its stockholders. Nevertheless, Aimco recognizes that there are situations where related person transactions may be in, or may not be inconsistent with, the best interests of Aimco and its stockholders. The Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee, pursuant to a written policy approved by the Board, has oversight for related person transactions. The Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee will review transactions, arrangements or relationships in which (1) the aggregate amount involved will or may be expected to exceed $100,000 in any calendar year, (2) Aimco (or any Aimco entity) is a participant, and (3) any related party has or will have a direct or indirect interest (other than an interest arising solely as a result of being a director of another corporation or organization that is a party to the transaction or a less than ten percent beneficial owner of another entity that is a party to the transaction). The Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee has also given its standing approval for certain types of related person transactions such as certain employment arrangements, director compensation, transactions with another entity in which a related person’s interest is only by virtue of a non-executive employment relationship or limited equity position, and transactions in which all stockholders receive pro rata benefits.
Sublease of a Portion of Aimco Office Space
On January 25, 2019, Aimco entered into a sublease agreement (the “Sublease”) with an entity in which Mr. Considine has sole voting and investment power. Under this agreement, Aimco has subleased to said entity approximately 2,957 square feet of office space within the same building as Aimco’s corporate headquarters in Denver, Colorado, and consisting of excess space not needed by Aimco, on exactly the same terms as Aimco leases the space. The Sublease does not provide any benefit to the entity, as other space in the building requires comparable rent. The Sublease provides some benefit to Aimco as it gives Aimco the ability to put the excess space to productive use. The entity has a lease term less favorable than Aimco’s lease with the landlord, in that Aimco has the option to terminate the Sublease at any time, for any or no reason, upon six months’ notice. The Sublease has a term that began on April 1, 2019, and ends on April 30, 2029, the same term as the Aimco lease. The annual amount of rent in the first year was $78,361, subject to annual increases. The aggregate amount of rent expected to be paid under the Sublease, assuming the entire lease term is fulfilled, is approximately $850,000. The Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee reviewed the Sublease and determined that it is in the best interests of Aimco and its stockholders.
Related Person Transactions
In November 2019, Aimco confirmed an arrangement with Richard M. Powell, of R.M. Powell & Co., a contractor for Aimco since 1997 and father of Mr. Wes Powell, Director, President and CEO. Depending on the success of potential transactions identified by Mr. Richard Powell, he may earn fees in amounts in excess of $120,000. Pursuant to the Company’s related party transactions policy, the Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee reviewed and approved the arrangement with Mr. Richard Powell, subject to the Committee’s subsequent review and approval of any specific transaction in which R.M. Powell & Co. provides services.
In March 2020, Elizabeth Likovich, the daughter of Mr. Considine, Director, became a full-time employee of the Company. Her compensation for 2021 was in line with the median for her peers, and consisted of $254,606 in base salary, $68,400 in STI, $4,222 in discretionary matching contributions under Aimco’s 401(k) plan, and $1,106,022 in equity awards vesting over four to five years. Prior to joining Aimco, Ms. Likovich held a similar position at a peer apartment company. Pursuant to the policy noted above, the Nominating, Environmental, Social, and Governance Committee reviewed and approved the employment of Ms. Likovich.
Independence of Directors
The Board has determined that to be considered independent, a director may not have a direct or indirect material relationship with Aimco or its subsidiaries (directly or as a partner, stockholder or officer of an organization that has a relationship with the Company). A material relationship is one that impairs or inhibits, or has the potential to impair or inhibit, a director’s exercise of critical and disinterested judgment on behalf of Aimco and its stockholders. In determining whether a material relationship exists, the Board considers all relevant facts and circumstances, including whether the director or a family member is a current or former employee of the Company, family member relationships, compensation, business relationships and payments, and charitable contributions between Aimco and an entity with which a director is affiliated (as an executive officer, partner or substantial stockholder). The Board consults with the Company’s counsel to ensure that such determinations are consistent with all relevant securities and other laws and regulations regarding the definition of “independent director,” including but not limited to those categorical standards set forth in Section 303A.02 of the listing standards of the New York Stock Exchange.
Consistent with these considerations, the Board has affirmatively determined that Messrs. Allen, Leupp, Miller, Stein, Stone, and Sykes and Mses. Gibson and Smith are independent directors are independent directors.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
Principal Accountant Fees
Below is information on the fees billed for services rendered by Ernst & Young LLP during the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2020.
Year Ended December 31,
Aggregate fees billed for services
$ 1.77 million
$ 0.74 million (1)
Audit Fees:
Including fees associated with the audit of Aimco’s annual financial
statements, internal controls, interim reviews of financial statements,
registration statements, comfort letters, and consents
$ 1.75 million
$ 0.74 million (1)
Audit-Related Fees:
Including fees related to benefit plan audits
$ --
$ --
Tax Fees:
Tax consulting fees (2)
$ 0.02 million
$ --
All other fees
$ --
$ --
__________
(1)
Excludes amounts incurred by the Company prior to the Separation.
(2)
Tax consulting fees consist primarily of amounts attributable to routine advice related to REIT compliance.
Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policies
The Audit Committee has adopted the Audit and Non-Audit Services Pre-Approval Policy (the “Pre-Approval Policy”). A summary of the Pre-Approval Policy is as follows:
•
The Pre-Approval Policy describes the Audit, Audit-related, Tax and Other Permitted services that have the general pre-approval of the Audit Committee.
•
Pre-approvals are typically subject to a dollar limit of $50,000.
•
The term of any general pre-approval is generally 12 months from the date of pre-approval.
•
At least annually, the Audit Committee reviews and pre-approves the services that may be provided by the independent registered public accounting firm without obtaining specific pre-approval from the Audit Committee.
•
Unless a type of service has received general pre-approval and is anticipated to be within the dollar limit associated with the general pre-approval, it requires specific pre-approval by the Audit Committee if it is to be provided by the independent registered public accounting firm.
•
The Audit Committee will consider whether all services are consistent with the rules on independent registered public accounting firm independence.
•
The Audit Committee also considers whether the independent registered public accounting firm is best positioned to provide the most effective and efficient service, for reasons such as its familiarity with Aimco’s business, people, culture, accounting systems, risk profile and other factors, and whether the service might enhance Aimco’s ability to manage or control risk or improve audit quality. Such factors are considered as a whole, and no one factor is necessarily determinative.
All of the services described in the Principal Accountant Fee section above were approved pursuant to the annual engagement letter or in accordance with the Pre-Approval Policy.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a)(1)
The financial statements listed in the Index to Financial Statements on Page of this report are filed as part of this report and incorporated herein by reference.
(a)(2)
The financial statement schedule listed in the Index to Financial Statements on Page of this report is filed as part of this report and incorporated herein by reference.
(a)(3)
Exhibits.
INDEX TO EXHIBITS (1) (2)
EXHIBIT NO.
DESCRIPTION
2.1
Separation and Distribution Agreement, effective as of December 15, 2020, by and among Apartment Investment Management Company, Aimco OP L.P., Apartment Income REIT Corp. and Apartment Income REIT, L.P. (f/k/a AIMCO Properties, L.P.) (Exhibit 2.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 15, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
3.1
Charter- Articles of Restatement (Exhibit 3.1 to Aimco’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, is incorporated herein by this reference)
3.2
Articles of Amendment of Apartment Investment and Management Company (Exhibit 3.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 1, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
3.3
Articles Supplementary of Apartment Investment Management Company (Exhibit 3.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 15, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
3.4
Amended and Restated Bylaws (Exhibit 3.2 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 15, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
4.1
Description of Aimco’s Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exhibit 4.1 to Aimco’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed March 12, 2021, is incorporated herein by this reference)
10.1
Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Aimco OP L.P., effective as of December 14, 2020 (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 15, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
10.2
Credit Agreement, dated as of December 16, 2020, by and among Apartment Investment and Management Company, AIMCO OP L.P., certain subsidiary loan parties party thereto, the lenders party thereto and PNC Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, swingline loan lender and letter of credit issuing lender. (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 16, 2020, is incorporated herein by reference)
10.3
Aimco Severance Policy (Exhibit 99.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 22, 2018, is incorporated herein by reference)*
10.4
2007 Stock Award and Incentive Plan (Appendix A to Aimco’s Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 20, 2007 is incorporated herein by this reference)*
10.5
Form of Restricted Stock Agreement (2007 Stock Award and Incentive Plan) (Exhibit 10.2 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed April 30, 2007, is incorporated herein by this reference)*
10.6
Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement (2007 Stock Award and Incentive Plan) (Exhibit 10.3 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed April 30, 2007, is incorporated herein by this reference)*
10.7
Aimco 2015 Stock Award and Incentive Plan (as amended and restated January 31, 2017) (Exhibit 10.2 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed January 31, 2017, is incorporated herein by this reference)*
10.8
Aimco Second Amended and Restated 2015 Stock Award and Incentive Plan (as amended and restated effective February 22, 2018) (Exhibit A to Aimco’s Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 8, 2018, is incorporated herein by reference)*
10.9
Form of Performance Restricted Stock Agreement (2015 Stock Award and Incentive Plan) (Exhibit 10.24 to Aimco’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, is incorporated herein by this reference)*
10.10
Form of Restricted Stock Agreement (2015 Stock Award and Incentive Plan) (Exhibit 10.25 to Aimco’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, is incorporated herein by this reference)*
10.11
Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement (2015 Stock Award and Incentive Plan) (Exhibit 10.26 to Aimco’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, is incorporated herein by this reference)*
10.12
Form of LTIP Unit Agreement (2015 Stock Award and Incentive Plan) (Exhibit 10.3 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed January 31, 2017, is incorporated herein by this reference)*
10.13
Form of Performance Vesting LTIP Unit Agreement (2015 Stock Award and Incentive Plan) (Exhibit 10.4 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed January 31, 2017, is incorporated herein by this reference)*
10.14
Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement (2015 Stock Award and Incentive Plan) (Exhibit 10.26 to Aimco’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, is incorporated herein by this reference)*
10.15
Form of Performance Vesting LTIP II Unit Agreement (2015 Stock Award and Incentive Plan) (Exhibit 10.15 to Aimco’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2018, is incorporated herein by this reference)*
10.17
Employee Matters Agreement, effective as of December 15, 2020, by and among Apartment Investment Management Company, Aimco OP L.P., Apartment Income REIT Corp. and Apartment Income REIT, L.P. (f/k/a AIMCO Properties, L.P.) (Exhibit 10.3 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 15, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
10.18
Purchase Agreement, effective as of February 3, 2021, by and among AIMCO/Bethesda Holdings, Apartment Income REIT, L.P. (f/k/a Aimco Properties, L.P.), Aimco Development Company, LLC, Campus GP Holdings, LLC, Aimco OP L.P. and Aimco Properties, LLC
10.19
Master Services Agreement, effective as of December 15, 2020, by and among Apartment Investment Management Company, Aimco OP L.P., Apartment Income REIT Corp. and Apartment Income REIT, L.P. (f/k/a AIMCO Properties, L.P.) (Exhibit 10.2 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 15, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
10.20
Master Leasing Agreement, effective as of December 15, 2020, by and between Apartment Income REIT, L.P. (f/k/a AIMCO Properties, L.P.) and Aimco Development Company, LLC (Exhibit 10.4 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 15, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
10.21
Master Lease Agreement, dated as of December 15, 2020 (effective January 1, 2021), by and between AIMCO 50 Rogers Street, LLC and Prism Lessee, LLC (Exhibit 10.5 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 15, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
10.22
Master Lease Agreement, dated as of December 15, 2020 (effective January 1, 2021), by and between AIMCO Fitzsimons 3A Lessor, LLC and Fremont Lessee, LLC (Exhibit 10.6 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 15, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
10.23
Master Lease Agreement, dated as of December 15, 2020 (effective January 1, 2021), by and between MCZ/Centrum Flamingo II, L.L.C. and Flamingo North Lessee, LLC (Exhibit 10.7 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 15, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
10.24
Master Lease Agreement, dated as of December 15, 2020 (effective January 1, 2021), by and between AIMCO Leahy Square Apartments, LLC and 707 Leahy Lessee, LLC (Exhibit 10.8 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 15, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
10.25
Property Management Agreement, effective as of December 15, 2020, by and between James-Oxford Limited Partnership and AIR Property Management TRS, LLC (Exhibit 10.9 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 15, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
10.26
Property Management Agreement, effective as of December 15, 2020, by and between Aimco OP L.P. and AIR Property Management TRS, LLC (Exhibit 10.10 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 15, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
10.27
Property Management Agreement, effective as of December 15, 2020, by and between Aimco OP L.P. and AIR Property Management TRS, LLC (Exhibit 10.11 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 15, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
10.28
Property Management Agreement, effective as of December 15, 2020, by and between Aimco Development Company, LLC and AIR Property Management TRS, LLC (Exhibit 10.12 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 15, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
10.29
Mezzanine Note Agreement, effective as of December 14, 2020, by and among Aimco REIT Sub, LLC, AIMCO/Bethesda Holdings, Inc. and Apartment Income REIT, L.P. (f/k/a AIMCO Properties, L.P.) (Exhibit 10.13 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 15, 2020, is incorporated herein by this reference)
10.30
Form of 5.2% Secured Mezzanine Note, made by Aimco REIT Sub, LLC (included in Exhibit 10.29)
10.31
First Amendment to Master Lease Agreement, dated April 15, 2021, by and between MCZ/Centrum Flamingo II, L.L.C. and Flamingo North Lessee, LLC. (Exhibit 10.2 to Aimco’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2021, is incorporated herein by this reference)
21.1
List of Subsidiaries
23.1
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm - Aimco
31.1
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 - Aimco
31.2
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 - Aimco
31.4
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 - Aimco Operating Partnership
32.1
Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 - Aimco
32.2
Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 - Aimco
32.4
Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 - Aimco Operating Partnership
The following materials from Aimco’s and Aimco Operating Partnership’s consolidated Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, formatted in iXBRL (Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) consolidated balance sheets; (ii) consolidated statements of operations; (iii) consolidated statements of comprehensive income; (iv) consolidated statements of equity and consolidated statements of partners’ capital; (v) consolidated statements of cash flows; (vi) notes to the consolidated financial statements; and (vii) financial statement schedule (3)
Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document).
(1)
Schedule and similar exhibits to the exhibits have been omitted but will be provided to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.
(2)
The Commission file numbers for exhibits is 001-13232 (Aimco) and 0-24497 (Aimco Operating Partnership).
*
Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement