EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1823587
Filing Year: 2025
Filename: 1823587_10-K_2025_0001437749-25-009606.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
ITEM 1.
BUSINESS
Overview
We are an aviation infrastructure development company building the first nationwide network of home basing hangar campuses for business aircraft. We develop, lease and manage general aviation hangars across the United States, targeting airfields in markets with significant based aircraft populations and high hangar demand. Our home basing hangar campuses feature private and semi-private hangars and a full suite of dedicated services specifically optimized for home based, versus transient, aircraft.
The physical footprint of the U.S. business aviation fleet grew by almost 36 million square feet in the past fourteen years, with hangar supply lagging dramatically, especially in key growth markets. As the fleet of private jets in the United States continues to grow, with recent new aircraft deliveries exceeding retirements, demand for hangar space is at a premium in part because new jets require taller tail clearances and more square footage of hangar space and the pace of new hangar construction has lagged behind the demand. The cumulative square footage of the business aircraft fleet in the United States increased 61% between 2010 and 2023. Moreover, over that same period, there was an 102% increase in the square footage of larger private jets - those with greater than a 24-foot tail height. A recent study conducted by a business aircraft manufacturer forecasted that business aircraft will only continue to grow in the next ten years, with up to 8,500 new business jet deliveries worth over $285 billion expected to be delivered between 2025 and 2034, with over two-thirds of the deliveries expected to be comprised of larger private jets. This forecast is further supported by data from the major business aviation manufacturers that suggest the current order backlog for new business aviation aircraft as of December 31, 2024 is over $52 billion, an increase of approximately 6% over the prior year.
These larger footprint aircraft do not fit in much of the existing hangar infrastructure and impose stacking challenges and constraints in the traditional shared or community hangars operated by fixed-base operators (“FBO”). The addition of winglets (the vertical extensions on aircraft wingtips) on most modern business jets inhibits wing-over-wing storage. Aircraft hangars are in high demand and short supply, with some airports compiling waiting lists that can exceed several years.
We believe our scalable, real estate-centric business model is uniquely positioned to capture this market opportunity and address the increased imbalance between the supply and demand for private jet storage. We intend to capitalize on the existing hangar supply constraints at major U.S. airports by targeting high-end tenants in markets where there is a shortage of private and FBO hangar space, or where such hangars are or are becoming obsolete.
We expect to realize economies of scale in construction through a prototype hangar design replicated at our home basing hangar campuses across the United States. This allows for centralized procurement, straightforward permitting processes, efficient development processes, and the best hangar in business aviation. Unlike a service company, our revenues are mostly derived from long-term rental agreements, offering stability and forward visibility of revenues and cash flows. This allows the Company to fund its development through the public bond market, providing capital efficiency and mitigating refinance risk.
In contrast with community hangars and other facilities provided by FBOs, the home basing hangar campuses we develop provide the following features and services:
•
private hangar space for exclusive or semi-exclusive use of the tenant;
•
adjoining configurable lounge and office suites;
•
low-traffic campus environments free of transient aircraft and associated activities;
•
line crews and services dedicated exclusively to tenants;
•
climate control to mitigate condensation and associated corrosion;
•
features to support in-hangar aircraft maintenance;
•
no-foam fire suppression; and
•
customized software to provide security, control access and monitor hangar space.
We use a standard set of proprietary prototype hangar designs, which are intended to deliver high-quality business aviation facilities, lower construction costs, minimize development risk, expedite permit issuance, and facilitate the implementation of refinements across its portfolio. Hangar features include:
•
the ability to accommodate heavy business jets in single configuration, medium jets in twin or triplet configuration, or light jets in multi-configuration;
•
compliance with National Fire Protection Association (“NFPA”) 409 Group III fire code, eliminating foam fire protection systems, resulting in lower construction costs and operating expenses, as well as eliminating accidental foam discharges and the resultant negative effects on aircraft maintenance and resale value;
•
high-voltage capability, industrial drainage and impervious floors that support in-hangar maintenance and inspections; and
•
control through smartphone application.
Our product strategy aims to attract tenants with exclusive or semi-exclusive access to their aircraft, minimize the risk of damage to aircraft, provide increased access, security and control, facilitate maintenance, and improve pre-flight and post-flight convenience for owners, operators, and their support crews. We believe that with no transient traffic, our home basing hangar campuses offer a shorter time to wheels-up, even during periods of peak traffic. Our research has indicated our current and typical future tenants operate late model business jets that emit less noise than other based aircraft, leading to a decreased average noise footprint at our home basing hangar campuses.
We believe demand for home basing hangar campuses will be driven broadly by the growing size of the business aviation fleet in the United States and the delivery of larger aircraft with taller tail heights, as well as the privacy and security inherent at our hangar campuses in comparison to operations focused on transient and commercial aircraft. The discovery by first-time flyers in the convenience, control and comfort of general aviation has caused a shift in consumer behavior which we believe will also support increasing demand for home basing hangar campuses.
Our Properties
We develop our home basing hangar campuses on long-term ground leases (or sub-leases thereof) at airports with suitable infrastructure serving metropolitan centers across the United States. Our portfolio of ground leases as of December 31, 2024 was as follows:
Airport
IATA Code
Location (City, State)
Location (Metropolitan Center)
Ground Lessor
Ground Lease Acres
Ground Lease Exp. Year (1)
Addison Airport
ADS
Addison, TX
Dallas, TX
Town of Addison
12.5
Bradley International Airport
BDL
Windsor Locks, CT
Hartford, CT
Connecticut Airport Authority
8.0
Camarillo Airport
CMA
Camarillo, CA
Los Angeles, CA
County of Ventura
17.1 (2)
2073 (2)
Centennial Airport
APA
Englewood, CO
Denver, CO
Arapahoe County Public Airport Authority
19.7
Chicago Executive Airport
PWK
Wheeling, IL
Chicago, IL
Village of Wheeling and City of Prospect Heights
15.0
Hudson Valley Regional Airport
POU
Wappingers Falls, NY
New York, NY
County of Duchess
7.1
Miami-Opa Locka Executive Airport
OPF
Opa Locka, FL
Miami, FL
Miami-Dade County
22.6
Nashville International Airport
BNA
Nashville, TN
Nashville, TN
Metropolitan Nashville Airport Authority
15.2
Orlando Executive Airport
ORL
Orlando, FL
Orlando, FL
Greater Orlando Aviation Authority
20.0
Phoenix Deer Valley Airport
DVT
Phoenix, AZ
Phoenix, AZ
City of Phoenix
15.4
Salt Lake City International Airport
SLC
Salt Lake City, UT
Salt Lake City, UT
Salt Lake City Corporation
8.4
San José Mineta International Airport
SJC
San José, CA
San José, CA
City of San José
6.5
Sugar Land Regional Airport
SGR
Sugar Land, TX
Houston, TX
City of Sugar Land
8.1
Trenton-Mercer Airport
TTN
Ewing, NJ
New York, NY - Philadelphia, PA
County of Mercer
11.8
Washington Dulles International Airport
IAD
Dulles, VA
Washington, DC
Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority
18.0
(1)
Ground lease expiration years presented assume the exercise of all lease term extension options exercisable at our sole discretion.
(2) Our portfolio at Camarillo Airport consists of two ground leases which cover 6.2 and 10.9 acres, respectively. Such leases expire in 2071 and 2073, respectively.
The following tables provide supplemental information regarding each of our home basing hangar campus properties in operation and in development:
PROPERTIES IN OPERATION
Facility
Completion Date
Hangars
Rentable Square
Footage
% of Total Rentable
Square Footage
Occupancy at
December 31, 2024
SGR
December 2020
66,080
12.3 %
100.0 %
BNA
November 2022
149,069
27.7 %
91.6 %
OPF Phase I
February 2023
160,092
29.7 %
100.0 %
SJC Renovation
Existing facility
41,464
7.7 %
100.0 %
CMA
Existing facility
121,931
22.6 %
77.6 %
Total/Weighted Average
538,636
100.0 %
92.6 %
PROPERTIES IN DEVELOPMENT
Facility
Status
Projected Construction Start (1)
Projected Completion Date (1)
Estimated Total Construction Cost ($mm) (1)
Hangars (1)
Rentable Square Footage (1)
ADS Phase I
In Construction
Q4 2023
Q2 2025
$ 32.9 - 34.9
137,835
ADS Phase II
Predevelopment
Q2 2025
Q3 2026
21.3 - 25.2
116,420
APA Phase I
In Construction
Q4 2022
Q2 2025
44.8 - 50.8
130,550
APA Phase II
Predevelopment
Q4 2026
Q1 2028
34.3 - 38.3
107,135
BDL Phase I
Predevelopment
Q2 2025
Q3 2026
26.8 - 33.1
125,400
DVT Phase I
In Construction
Q4 2022
Q1 2025
51.3 - 56.6
134,270
DVT Phase II
Predevelopment
Q1 2027
Q2 2028
34.6 - 38.6
123,646
IAD Phase I
Predevelopment
Q4 2025
Q1 2027
61.6 - 67.3
206,800
IAD Phase II
Predevelopment
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
OPF Phase II
In Construction
Q1 2025
Q2 2026
34.1 - 36.8
155,100
ORL Phase I
Predevelopment
Q3 2025
Q4 2026
36.8 - 41.5
155,100
ORL Phase II
Predevelopment
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
POU Phase I
Predevelopment
Q2 2025
Q2 2026
29.6 - 33.1
103,400
POU Phase II
Predevelopment
Q3 2026
Q3 2027
14.8 - 16.5
51,700
PWK Phase I
Predevelopment
Q2 2026
Q2 2027
85.8 - 90.1
206,800
SJC Phase II
Predevelopment
Q2 2026
Q2 2027
21.0 - 24.0
28,235
SLC
Predevelopment
Q3 2025
Q3 2026
44.9 - 49.7
206,800
TTN
Predevelopment
Q4 2025
Q4 2026
44.4 - 49.6
171,300
Total
$ 619.0 - 686.1
2,160,491
(1)
Our projections associated with the commencement and completion of construction, estimated total construction cost as of December 31, 2024, hangars, and rentable square footage of our properties in development are inherently subjective and require judgement to estimate. We believe that our estimates of construction costs and timelines are subject to variability based on various factors including, but not limited to, changes in anticipated site plans, hangar mix, hangar specifications, executed guaranteed maximum price construction contracts, and general market conditions.
The following table identifies the latest available information on the number of aircraft based at each of our home basing hangar campus properties and development projects:
Single
Engine
Multi
Engine
Jet
Helicopters
Military
Total
Addison Airport (ADS)
-
Bradley International Airport (BDL)
-
Camarillo Airport (CMA)
-
Centennial Airport (APA)
-
Chicago Executive Airport (PWK)
-
Hudson Valley Regional Airport (POU)
Miami-Opa Locka Executive Airport (OPF)
Nashville International Airport (BNA)
Orlando Executive Airport (ORL)
-
Phoenix Deer Valley Airport (DVT)
Salt Lake City International Airport (SLC)
San José Mineta International Airport (SJC)
-
Sugar Land Regional Airport (SGR)
-
Trenton-Mercer Airport (TTN)
-
Washington Dulles International Airport (IAD)
-
-
-
Sources: FAA Airport Master Records as of February 2025.
The following table summarizes the total aircraft operations and forecasted total aircraft operations from 2020 through 2029 at each of our home basing hangar campus properties and development projects:
Total Operations
Forecasted Total Operations
Average Annual
Growth
Addison Airport (ADS)
109,915
114,295
120,256
119,149
119,100
126,182
131,533
137,116
143,352
145,348
3.2 %
Bradley International Airport (BDL)
58,142
72,807
79,385
79,626
83,238
90,381
91,870
93,261
94,696
95,974
6.0 %
Camarillo Airport (CMA)
158,782
173,970
187,076
170,566
180,162
183,216
184,005
184,797
185,592
186,391
1.9 %
Centennial Airport (APA)
331,001
310,861
300,558
360,725
340,411
353,641
360,640
367,636
374,108
379,174
1.8 %
Chicago Executive Airport (PWK)
77,377
99,795
97,456
98,111
98,551
97,922
98,569
99,217
99,864
100,512
3.3 %
Hudson Valley Regional Airport (POU)
43,206
58,306
60,403
58,935
79,227
79,824
81,092
82,363
83,638
84,915
8.6 %
Miami-Opa Locka Executive Airport (OPF)
134,683
163,215
157,286
173,897
140,955
153,387
167,305
174,221
180,645
183,024
4.0 %
Nashville International Airport (BNA)
163,365
219,427
251,446
271,842
275,116
278,841
285,345
291,760
298,633
305,381
7.6 %
Orlando Executive Airport (ORL)
122,839
143,840
152,282
174,314
180,221
181,076
182,632
184,190
185,750
187,313
5.0 %
Phoenix Deer Valley Airport (DVT)
402,444
271,979
275,153
344,393
432,874
428,445
447,756
452,885
457,296
459,527
2.9 %
Salt Lake City International Airport (SLC)
276,816
342,505
321,941
318,998
326,687
335,923
343,133
351,791
360,551
367,654
3.5 %
San José Mineta International Airport (SJC)
115,895
135,032
166,038
164,564
164,630
170,333
186,163
197,496
203,543
207,385
6.9 %
Sugar Land Regional Airport (SGR)
66,502
72,409
79,662
87,048
79,122
80,068
81,546
81,927
82,308
82,690
2.6 %
Trenton-Mercer Airport (TTN)
88,926
85,160
105,217
99,905
93,779
94,898
98,149
101,702
102,532
103,287
2.0 %
Washington Dulles International Airport (IAD)
175,944
245,805
272,889
284,866
306,582
323,609
320,961
326,323
333,439
338,469
8.1 %
Sources: Historic data derived from FAA OPSNET and forecast data from FAA TAF.
Customers, Sales and Marketing
We seek to maximize hangar rental charges consistent with capacity utilization at our existing and future facilities. We have, and believe we can continue to, achieve economic occupancy greater than 100% at most of our hangar campuses as certain space within semi-exclusive hangars is rented to multiple tenants, and we also seek to maximize our ability to rent available ramp space outside of our hangars, where permitted. Rental hangar space is open to the public on a non-discriminatory basis, and prospective tenants are reviewed for credit quality and nature of intended use of the facilities. We focus our operations on various types of tenants, including individuals (directly or through personally or family-owned LLCs), charter operations, flight schools, corporate fleets, government entities, and aviation service providers. We intend to develop a diversified portfolio of tenants in terms of geography, type of tenant and length of lease term.
Prior to the year ended December 31, 2024, much of our historical revenue had been concentrated with our two largest tenants. Both presently and in the longer term, we do not expect to depend on a single tenant or group of tenants, the loss of which would have a material adverse effect on our business. We expect to continue to diversify our risk by having multiple types of tenants across multiple locations with varied term lengths throughout the country. See “Risk Factors - Our rental revenue in the past has been concentrated within a small number of tenants and the loss of or default by one or more significant tenants could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.”
Tenant lease terms are generally 1-10 years, with maturity dates staggered for purposes of risk management. Base lease rents vary by location, but substantially all leases feature annual rent escalation. Leases are structured as either gross or triple-net, with tenants covering insurance, taxes, common area maintenance, and utilities. The tenant leases generally do not have early termination options, and we expect renewals to be reset to prevailing fair market value.
Competition
The hangar space rental segment of the aviation services industry in which we operate is very competitive. We compete with national, regional and local FBOs and other local hangar real estate companies. Our competitors may include FBOs currently operating at certain airports that may have greater financial or other resources and/or lower cost structure than us. Other competitors have been in business longer than us and may have greater financial resources available.
We compete with other operators, including FBOs, at all of our current locations, and our hangar campuses may also face indirect competition from operators located at nearby airports. In addition, we may be adversely affected by competition from other facilities within or outside the airports where the facilities are located, including construction of new facilities at the airports at which we operate or the expansion of hangar facilities by competitors at nearby airports. We must compete with other operators based on the location of the facility relative to runways and street access, quality of customer service, safety, reliability, value-added features, and price. See “- Investment Criteria” for additional information regarding our competitors with respect to each particular facility.
Seasonality
Adverse weather conditions, particularly during the winter months, can cause delays in the development and construction of our home basing hangar projects. The geographic diversity of our development portfolio helps mitigate this risk through exposure to various geographies and climates. With respect to our ongoing hangar leasing operations, we do not experience substantial seasonal fluctuations in our revenues and the results of operations.
Government Regulation
FAA Regulation
The industry is overseen primarily by the FAA. In addition, the Department of Homeland Security, Department of Transportation, Environmental Protection Agency, state and local environmental agencies, and local airport authorities contribute to the regulation of our home basing hangar campuses. We must comply with federal, state, and local environmental statutes, and regulations, including those associated in part with the operation of fuel storage tank systems and fuel trucks. These requirements include, among others, tank and pipe testing for tightness, soil sampling for evidence of leaking, and remediation of detected leaks and spills.
Environmental and Related Matters
Our home basing hangar campuses are subject to regular inspection by local environmental agencies, as well as local fire marshals and other agencies. We do not expect that compliance and related remediation work, if any, will have a material negative impact on our business. We have not received notice requiring us to cease operations at any location or of any abatement proceeding by any government agency for failure to comply with applicable environmental laws and regulations.
Americans with Disabilities Act
Under Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), and rules promulgated thereunder, in order to protect individuals with disabilities, public accommodations must remove architectural and communication barriers that are structural in nature from existing places of public accommodation to the extent “readily achievable.” In addition, under the ADA, alterations to a place of public accommodation or a commercial facility are to be made so that, to the maximum extent feasible, such altered portions are readily accessible to and usable by disabled individuals. The “readily achievable” standard takes into account, among other factors, the financial resources of the affected site and the owner, lessor or other applicable person.
Compliance with the ADA, as well as other federal, state and local laws, may require modifications to properties we currently own or may purchase, or may restrict renovations of those properties. Failure to comply with these laws or regulations could result in the imposition of fines or an award of damages to private litigants, as well as the incurrence of the costs of making modifications to attain compliance, and future legislation could impose additional obligations or restrictions on our properties. Although our tenants are generally responsible for all maintenance and repairs of the property pursuant to our leases, including compliance with the ADA and other similar laws or regulations, we could be held liable as the owner of the property for a failure of one of our tenants to comply with these laws or regulations.
Environmental Matters
Our properties are subject to numerous statutes, rules and regulations relating to environmental protection and our business is exposed to various environmental risks, hazards, and environmental protection requirements, including those related to the storage and handling of jet fuel and compliance with firefighting regulations. See “Risk Factors - Our properties are subject to environmental risks that may impact our future profitability” of this Report.
We endeavor to be a leader of the industry’s initiatives to address environmental issues, and we are increasingly focused on how we can reduce our carbon footprint in a sustainable way. As part of this, our home basing hangar campuses are designed to reduce the need to reposition private jets, which reduces the use of fuel as well as air emissions and noise pollution. We operate a fleet of electric ground support equipment which have a low cost to operate and maintain. In addition, our home basing hangar campuses are designed to be electric vehicle charger-equipped and electric aircraft charger-ready. In addition, our hangar design contains environmentally friendly aspects such as no-foam fire suppression. Moreover, our hangars are designed to be both solar and wind energy capable for future installation.
Insurance
We maintain insurance of the types and in amounts that we believe to be adequate and consistent with industry standards. During construction, our principal coverage includes builder's risk, general liability, excess liability, and contractor's pollution liability insurance. Once operational, each campus maintains commercial property, flood, earthquake, boiler and machinery, business income/loss of rent, automobile liability, general liability, environmental liability, and worker's compensation insurance. We maintain general liability and product liability insurance in connection with our hangar manufacturing activities. We also maintain insurance coverage related to our directors and officers, employment-related liabilities, and cyber-related incidents. We require the tenants at our campuses to maintain aircraft physical damage, general liability, worker's compensation, and automobile liability insurance coverage.
Human Capital
As of December 31, 2024, we had 84 employees, none of which were subject to collective bargaining agreements. We also engage contractors and consultants to supplement our permanent workforce. Our operations are overseen by senior personnel with experience in business aviation and real estate, and includes top-level design, construction, operations, and finance expertise. We consider our employee relations to be in good standing. We are committed to keeping our employees informed and supported through regular communication and events, including our monthly town hall meetings.
We strive to recruit from amongst the best talent in the industry and reward them appropriately. Our success depends in large part on our ability to attract, retain and develop high-quality management, operations, and other personnel who are in high demand, are often subject to competing employment offers, and are attractive recruiting targets for our competitors in fields such as aviation and real estate.
We believe we offer competitive compensation (including base salary, incentive bonus, and long-term equity awards) and benefits packages designed to attract and reward talented individuals who possess the skills necessary to support our business objectives and assist in the achievement of our strategic goals and development plans. All employees are eligible for health insurance, a retirement plan, and life/disability coverage.
Many Sky Harbour home basing hangar campuses feature the Sky Harbour Academy training program, which includes paid training for a career in the aviation industry. The Sky Harbour Academy recruits members of disadvantaged and underrepresented communities with an interest in aviation, ultimately providing such members full training and certification as line service technicians and customer service representatives. The Sky Harbour Academy aims to provide assistance with placement in aviation jobs, including full-time roles and career development tracks at Sky Harbour.
Human capital strategies are developed and managed by our Chief Financial Officer, who reports to the Chief Executive Officer, and are overseen by the compensation committee and the Board. Our executive management team regularly reviews and updates our talent strategy, monitoring a variety of data, including turnover, diversity, and tenure, to design and implement effective recognition, training, development, succession, and benefit programs to meet the needs of our business and our employees.
Legal Proceedings
We may be involved from time to time in ordinary litigation, negotiation, and settlement matters that we expect will not have a material effect on our operations or finances. We are not currently party to any material legal proceedings, and we are not aware of any pending or threatened litigation against us that we believe could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, or financial condition.
Periodic Reporting and Financial Information
Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports, filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), are available free of charge through the investor relations sections of the Company’s website, www.skyharbour.group, as soon as reasonably practicable after we have electronically filed such material with, or furnished it to, the SEC. In addition, the SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov.
Pursuant to a Continuing Disclosure Agreement, dated as of September 14, 2021, by and between the Public Finance Authority (Wisconsin) and the Company (the “Continuing Disclosure Agreement”) in connection with the Series 2021 Bonds, Sky Harbour Capital LLC (“SHC”), a subsidiary of Sky, is required to publish (i) monthly construction reports, (ii) quarterly reports containing quarterly financial information of SHC and (iii) annual reports containing audited consolidated financial statements of SHC, all of which are available through the website of the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board via its Electronic Municipal Market Access (“EMMA”) system at www.msrb.org and on the investor relations section of our website.
The information on our website is not, and shall not be deemed to be, part of this Report or incorporated into any other filings we make with the SEC, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in any such filings.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
ITEM 1A.
RISK FACTORS
Certain factors may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. You should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described below, in addition to other information contained in this Report, including our financial statements and related notes. If any of the following events occur, our business, financial condition and operating results may be materially adversely affected. In that event, the trading price of our securities could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of, or that we currently believe are not material, may also become important factors that adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.
Risks Relating to Our Business
Our growth depends in part upon our ability to enter into new ground leases at airports, and we may be unsuccessful in identifying and consummating attractive new ground leases or taking advantage of other investment opportunities, which would impede our growth and materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.
Our ability to expand through new ground leases at airports is integral to our long-term business strategy and requires that we identify and consummate suitable new ground leases or investment opportunities in real estate properties for our portfolio that meet our investment criteria and are compatible with our growth strategy. Our ability to enter into new ground leases on favorable terms, or at all, may be adversely affected by the following significant factors:
●
we may not be able to negotiate new ground leases with airport authorities on attractive terms or at all;
●
we may encounter competition from other potential ground lessors, which could significantly increase the lease rate for properties we seek to lease;
●
we may incur significant costs and divert management attention in connection with evaluating and negotiating potential new ground leases, including ground leases that we are subsequently unable to execute;
●
even if we enter into letters of intent or conditional agreements for new ground leases of airport properties, these agreements are subject to customary closing conditions, including, but not limited to, the satisfactory results of our due diligence investigations and local government and municipal authority approvals; and
●
we may be unable to obtain financing for the development of additional sites on favorable terms, or at all, as a result of our existing indebtedness, market conditions or other factors.
Our ability to meet our obligations under our ground leases and our indebtedness is dependent on our ability to enter into and collect lease payments from tenants.
Our ability to meet our obligations under the ground leases and our debt service obligations will depend on our ability to generate revenues sufficient in the aggregate to make our payments under the ground leases and our debt service obligations under our outstanding indebtedness and any other indebtedness incurred in the future. Our ability to generate revenues may be adversely affected by a wide variety of unforeseen or unforeseeable events and conditions, including, without limitation, economic changes affecting the industry generally, the airports or the tenants specifically, any of which could result in a default under the tenant leases. In addition, the ability of tenant leases to generate revenues may be adversely affected by competition from other facilities within or outside the airports where the facilities are located, including construction of new facilities at the airports at which we operate or the expansion of hangar facilities by competitors at nearby airports. There can be no assurances that the airports or their competitors will not undertake future improvements that may adversely affect the ability of tenant leases to generate revenues.
Moreover, the terms of our tenant leases currently in place do not extend past the final maturity date of our bond debt. Our ability to make payments under the ground leases or under our debt service obligations through their final maturity will depend upon our success in renewing current tenants or in re-leasing these facilities to new tenants. The loss of one or more of our tenants may (without a similar tenant or tenants to replace such tenant or tenants) have a material adverse effect on our ability to collect rental revenue sufficient to meet our obligations.
We have a substantial amount of indebtedness outstanding, which may expose us to the risk of default under our debt obligations and restrict our operations and our ability to grow our business and revenues.
The majority of our outstanding indebtedness is secured under the terms of the Series 2021 Bonds. We intend to incur additional debt in connection with new hangar projects at new airport locations, refinancing of existing indebtedness, future acquisitions, or for other purposes.
In addition, the Series 2021 Bonds include, and we expect any other indebtedness we incur in the future to include, customary events of default, the occurrence of any of which, after any applicable cure period, would permit the holders of such indebtedness, among other things, to accelerate payment of all amounts outstanding under such indebtedness and to exercise their remedies with respect to the collateral, including foreclosure and sale of the real estate interests securing the loans. If any one of these events were to occur, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
Secured debt obligations, including those under the Series 2021 Bonds, expose us to the possibility of defaults and cross-defaults, as well as foreclosure, which could result in the loss of our investment in a property or group of properties subject to mortgage debt.
Each constructed and in-construction facility in our portfolio is subject to secured indebtedness under the Series 2021 Bonds. Secured debt obligations increase the risk of property losses because defaults on indebtedness secured by properties may result in foreclosure actions initiated by holders of the Series 2021 Bonds, the bond trustee, or other lenders and ultimately our loss of the property securing any loans for which it is in default. As described above, our current tenant leases do not extend past the maturity date of the Series 2021 Bonds, and as a result we will be required to re-lease hangars as vacancies arise in order to continue to generate revenue to meet our debt service obligations under the Series 2021 Bonds. If any of our facilities are foreclosed upon due to a default, it could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.
In addition, the agreements that govern our current indebtedness contain, and the agreements that may govern any future indebtedness that we may incur may contain, financial and other restrictive covenants, which may limit our ability to engage in activities that may be in our long-term best interests. Our failure to comply with those covenants could result in an event of default that, if not cured or waived, could result in the acceleration of our debt and loss of any collateral securing such debt.
Our growth will depend on our access to external sources of capital, and our ability to obtain financing or access capital markets may be limited.
Our growth will depend on external sources of capital in order to finance the development of new properties. We may not be able to obtain such financing on favorable terms, in the time period we desire, or at all. There are a number of factors that may limit our ability to raise financing or access capital markets in the future, including future debt and future contractual obligations, our liquidity and credit status, our operating cash flows, the trading price of our Class A Common Stock, the market conditions in the aviation and/or real estate industries, U.S. and global economic conditions, and the general state of the capital markets. We cannot assure you that we will be able to source external financing for our capital needs, and if we are unable to source financing on acceptable terms or at all, our business could be materially and adversely affected. If we cannot obtain capital from third-party sources, we may not be able to grow our business when strategic opportunities exist, meet the capital and operating needs of our existing properties or satisfy our debt service obligations. To the extent we finance our activities with additional debt, we may become subject to financial and other covenants that may restrict our ability to pursue our business strategy or otherwise constrain our growth and operations.
Increases in market interest rates or unavailability of additional indebtedness may make it difficult for us to finance or refinance our debt, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.
Economic conditions and actions by policymaking bodies contributed to rising interest rates, which, along with increases in our borrowing levels, could increase our future borrowing costs. While the Federal Reserve reduced interest rates in September, November, and December 2024 and has indicated the potential for further rate cuts, interest rates remain relatively high and there can be no certainty with respect to the occurrence, timing, or magnitude of further interest rate cuts by the Federal Reserve, and thus no certainty with respect to the ultimate impact on our potential borrowing costs. We expect to issue additional debt to finance future site developments and higher interest rates would impact our overall economic performance. In addition, we are subject to credit spreads demanded by fixed income investors. As a non-rated issuer, increases in general of credit spreads in the market, or for us, may result in a higher cost of borrowing in the future particularly if interest rates remain at elevated levels as compared to when we issued our debt that is currently outstanding. If additional indebtedness is unavailable to us at reasonable rates or at all, we may not be able to finance additional projects or refinance existing debt when it becomes due. If interest rates are higher when we refinance our debt, our income and cash flow could be reduced as a result of increased debt service requirements, which may hinder our ability to raise more capital by issuing more stock or by borrowing money. Our ability to successfully issue any additional debt will depend on a range of factors, including general economic conditions, the level of activity in capital markets generally, and the terms of our existing indebtedness then in effect.
Adverse economic and geopolitical conditions and dislocations in the credit markets could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, and ability to service our debt and ground lease obligations.
Our business has been, and may in the future be, affected by market and economic challenges experienced by the U.S. economy or the real estate industry as a whole, increased inflation and rising interest rates. Such conditions may materially and adversely affect us as a result of the following potential consequences, among others:
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a decreased demand for private airport hangar space, which would cause our rental rates to be negatively impacted;
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our ability to obtain financing on terms and conditions that we find acceptable, or at all, may be limited, which could reduce our ability to pursue new ground leases and development sites; and
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declines in the financial condition of our tenants could make it more difficult to collect rental revenue from them.
If the U.S. economy experiences an economic downturn, we may experience delays in leasing vacant sites, which could negatively impact our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, and ability to service our debt obligations. Furthermore, our ability to grow and lease new sites will be inhibited.
An epidemic, pandemic, or similar public threat, and the measures that federal, state, and local governments and other authorities implement to address it could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
We face risks related to an epidemic, pandemic, or similar public threat, and the measures that federal, state, and local governments and other authorities implement to address it, which have impacted, and in the future could impact, the markets in which we operate and could materially and negatively impact our business and results of operations. The impact of such events and measures to prevent the spread of such an event could materially and adversely affect our business in a number of ways. For example, reductions in passenger volumes and flights, as well as a broader economic shutdown resulting from an epidemic, pandemic or contagious disease could materially and negatively impact our business and results of operations.
We have in the past and may again in the future be required to record impairment charges to future earnings if our long-lived assets become impaired.
Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) require us to assess our long-lived assets for impairment at least annually. In addition, we assess our long-lived assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. Depending on the results of our review, we could be required to record a significant charge to earnings in our consolidated financial statements during the period in which any impairment of our long-lived assets were determined, negatively impacting our results of operations.
The industry in which we operate is subject to significant competition and our failure to effectively compete could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
The hangar space rental segment of the aviation services industry in which we operate is very competitive. We compete with national, regional and local FBO and other hangar real estate companies. Competitor aircraft hangar operators at an airport compete based on various factors, including location of their facilities relative to runways and street access, service, value added features, reliability, and price. Our home basing hangar campuses compete with one or more hangar operators at their respective airports and with operators at nearby airports. Furthermore, ground leases related to home basing hangar campus and FBO operations may be subject to competitive bidding at the end of their term.
Our competitors may include hangar operators currently operating at certain airports, as well as possible entrants into our market due to new entrants, consolidation, merger, modification of airport master plans, or any other number of factors. These entrants may have additional financial or other resources and/or lower cost structures than us. Other competitors have been in business longer than us. Having greater financial resources may make it easier for these competitors to absorb higher construction costs and other increases in expenses. This could impact our business and results of operations.
Our home basing hangar campuses do not have the right to be the sole provider of services at any airport. Furthermore, despite limited space for further development at certain airports, existing competitors with FBO facilities located at our current or future airports could expand their hangar facilities, and additional operators of home basing hangar campuses could begin operations at such airports. Competitors might seek acquisitions in regions and markets competitive to us. Given the variety of factors that impact competitiveness within the home basing hangar campus industry, we can give no assurance that we will be able to successfully compete, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations and, in turn, result in a decline in the trading price of our securities.
The growth and success of our business is subject to our ability to market, attract, and retain tenants.
Our future success depends upon our ability to attract and retain tenants for hangars at our home basing hangar campuses. The extent to which we achieve growth in our customer base materially influences our business and results of operations. Any number of factors could affect our ability to grow our customer base, including tenant preferences for hangar space and related services, including size and location of the hangar, as well as general economic conditions. The level and volatility of fuel prices may also impact the general aviation industry and our ability to attract and retain tenants. In addition, our ability to attract and retain customers may be dependent on other factors outside of our control, including the future trend of private aircraft sizes, the availability of alternative hangars, including size, location and/or services provided, as well as the external perception of us. Any significant decline in our customer base, or in our rate of growth, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations, which could, in turn, result in a decline in the trading price of our securities.
Our rental revenue in the past has been concentrated within a small number of tenants and the loss of or default by one or more significant tenants could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, our two largest tenants contributed 30% of our revenues. For the year ended December, 31, 2024, we did not derive 10% or more of our revenues from any single tenant. If any of our most significant tenants, currently or in the future, were to discontinue or otherwise reduce their use of our home basing hangar campuses or other services, our business and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.
Our capital projects are subject to uncertainties, including the possibility of delays, cost overruns, and inflation, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and market reputation.
The estimated costs of, and the projected schedule for, our capital projects are subject to a number of uncertainties. Our ability to complete these projects within budgets and on expected schedules may be adversely affected by various factors including:
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estimating errors;
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design and engineering errors;
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cost increases because of demand for labor and materials;
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cost increases due to instituted or proposed changes in trade policies;
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contractors’ difficulty in predicting costs over a lengthy construction period;
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the need to estimate costs of unbid project elements;
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changes to the scope of the projects;
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delays in contract awards;
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material and/or labor shortages;
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unforeseen site conditions;
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adverse weather conditions;
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contractor defaults and bankruptcy;
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labor disputes;
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unanticipated levels of inflation;
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litigation; and
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environmental issues.
Inflationary and supply chain pressures have previously led to increased construction materials costs, specifically associated with steel, concrete, and other materials. Further inflationary and supply chain pressures, including those associated with changes in trade policies, could adversely affect our business. In February 2025, the President of the United States issued an executive order reimposing tariffs on steel imports from all sources, ending country and product exemptions, and broadening the application of the tariffs to fabricated steel products. This order became effective on March 12, 2025. There can be no assurance as to when or if these or other import tariffs, quotas or other duties may be enacted, enforced, extended, modified or terminated in the future, or the extent of the impact of such will have on the cost of our construction materials. Further, the countries involved in the recent imposition of tariffs by the United States, such tariffs may strain international trade relations and increase the risk that foreign governments implement retaliatory tariffs on goods imported by the United States. For example, Canada and the European Union have recently announced their intention to implement retaliatory tariffs on the United States. These actions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations. We believe that it is possible that market conditions, including recent and proposed changes in trade policies, may lead to continued increases in construction costs and market rental rates for hangars within our development projects. We believe we may continue to experience such pressures in future quarters, as well as delays in our subsidiaries’ and contractors’ ability to requisition such materials. These pressures have led to an overall increase in budgeted and actual construction costs, as well as delays in starting and completing certain of our development projects, particularly at our Centennial and Deer Valley Airport development projects. No assurance can be given that the costs of our projects will not exceed budgets or the guaranteed maximum price for such projects or that the completion will not be delayed beyond the projected completion dates. Any such cost overruns or delays could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or market reputation, which could, in turn, result in a decline in the market price of our Class A Common Stock.
The production of our hangar buildings is subject to design and construction defects, product liability, and other claims that could be significant and costly, which may delay our construction projects and could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
In May 2023, we acquired a controlling interest in Rapidbuilt, a metal building and hangar door manufacturer, that we expect will ultimately result in an increase in quality and a reduction in the overall cost of the metal building and hangar door components at future development projects. As a manufacturer of hangar buildings, we are subject to design and construction defects, product liability and other claims in the ordinary course of business. These defect claims are common in the pre-engineered metal building industry and can be significant and costly to remediate. For example, in December 2023, we engaged several structural engineering firms to perform an independent peer review of the hangar buildings designed for our DVT Phase I and APA Phase I development projects. The independent peer reviews determined a significant design defect existed within our prototype hangar building designs that required retrofitting to both meet and exceed our standards and the respective local building codes. The anticipated retrofitting efforts were also applied to ADS Phase I, and we believe the aggregate additional cost of such retrofits totaled between $26 to $28 million. Such retrofitting efforts required an additional three to five months of construction duration for each project impacted. Given the design enhancements implemented at our APA Phase I, DVT Phase I, and ADS Phase I development projects, our total construction costs for these projects were each greater than our original estimates, and outside of the scope of the original guaranteed maximum price construction contracts. In March 2024, we funded the increase in estimated costs by contributing $27 million of our corporate cash holdings to SHC, thereby restricting the use of such cash to the project scope of the Series 2021 Bonds. Future costs associated with our adherence to our standards and relevant local building codes could be significant, and may exceed our estimates of construction costs and timelines, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flows, or results of operations.
In addition, our ownership of a controlling interest in a pre-engineered metal building manufacturer may in the future subject us to a variety of legal proceedings and legal compliance risks with respect to various issues, including product liability, regulatory, safety, environmental, employment, and intellectual property matters that arise in the ordinary course of its business and in its industry, including matters that may have existed prior to our acquisition and claims that have not been asserted. We and many of our subcontractors have general liability, property, workers compensation, professional, and other business insurance. This insurance is intended to protect us against a portion of our risk of loss from defects and claims, subject to certain deductibles and coverage limits. The availability of insurance for design and construction defects, and the scope of the coverage, are currently limited and the policies that can be obtained are costly and often include substantial exclusions. There can be no assurance that insurance coverage will be available for such defects and claims, or that such coverage will not be further restricted or become more costly.
Failure to adequately maintain our home basing hangar campuses or the integrity of our fuel supplies may have a material adverse impact on the revenue or market share of one or more of our home basing hangar campuses, resulting in a decline in operations of the business.
Home basing hangar campuses and FBO operators compete, in part, based on the overall quality and attractiveness of their facilities. Inadequate maintenance of any of the hangars or other assets comprising our home basing hangar campuses could result in customers electing not to utilize us where another provider operates, or electing not to use a particular airport where an alternative operator in the same market exists. The resulting decline in tenants or negative impact on our reputation could adversely impact revenue, including from more than one facility, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
Aircraft owners and operators rely on home basing hangar campuses and FBO operators to control the quality of the fuel they provide. Failure to maintain the integrity of fuel supplies as a result of inadequate or inappropriate procedures or maintenance of fuel storage facilities, fuel trucks or related equipment on our part or our suppliers, including FBOs, could result in the introduction of contaminants and could lead to damage or failure of aircraft and could adversely impact the reputation, revenue, and/or profitability of our business.
The growth and success of our business is dependent on the continued service of certain key employees and the ability to recruit and retain new employees.
We are dependent on the continued availability of the services of our employees, many of whom are individually key to our current and future success, as well as the availability of new employees to implement our development plans. Because our management team and key employees are not obligated to provide us with continued service, they could terminate their employment with us at any time.
In addition, the market for employees is highly competitive, especially for employees in fields such as aviation and real estate. While our compensation programs are intended to attract and retain the employees required for us to be successful, ultimately, we may not be able to retain the services of all of our key employees or a sufficient number to execute our development plans. In addition, we may not be able to continue to attract new employees as required. In the event we are unable to attract and retain talent sufficient to support our development plans, our business and results of operations may be adversely affected.
We have identified material weaknesses in the past. We may identify additional material weaknesses in the future that may cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations or result in material misstatements of our financial statements. If we fail to remediate any material weaknesses or if we otherwise fail to establish and maintain effective control over financial reporting, our ability to accurately and timely report our financial results could be adversely affected.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented, or detected and corrected on a timely basis. Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and prevent fraud. In the past, we identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2023 related to the classification of certain cash transactions made during the six months ended June 30, 2023 associated with the payment of construction retainage liabilities incurred and appropriately recognized during the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2022. With oversight from the audit committee of the Board (the “Audit Committee”) and input from management, the Company designed and implemented changes in processes and controls to remediate the material weakness described above and to enhance our internal control over financial reporting. As of December 31, 2023, management completed its implementation of our remediation efforts of the material weakness described above and performed testing to evaluate the design and operating effectiveness of the controls. As a result, management determined that our completed remediation activities were sufficient to allow them to conclude that the previously-reported material weakness related to the identification and classification of certain manual cash flow adjustments has been remediated as of December 31, 2023.
Although the material weakness had been remediated as of December 31, 2023, if we identify additional control deficiencies that individually or in the aggregate constitute one or more material weaknesses or we otherwise fail to maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting in the future, our ability to accurately record, process, and report financial information and consequently, our ability to prepare financial statements within required time periods, could be adversely affected, which may negatively impact the confidence level of our stockholders and other market participants as well as our ability to remain listed on the New York Stock Exchange. The discovery of additional material weaknesses could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial and other information, which would likely have a negative effect on the market price of our Class A Common Stock. Although we implemented additional controls and procedures to remediate the material weakness described above, in the future those controls and procedures may not be adequate to prevent or detect material misstatements in our interim or annual consolidated financial statements due to fraud or errors.
We conduct substantially all of our operations under ground leases, which grant significant rights to airport authorities as our direct or ultimate landlord. The termination for cause of one or more of the ground leases would affect our business and results of operations significantly.
We do not directly own the sites we develop and lease to tenants. Instead, we enter into ground leases at each site directly or indirectly (through a sub-lessor) from airport authorities and other governmental agencies that regulate local airports. Airport authorities may choose not to renew a lease at all or to only renew the lease on terms that are unfavorable to us. At the conclusion of a lease, airport authorities may require us to participate in a bidding process to renew a lease, which could require unanticipated capital spending and could divert management’s attention during the pendency of the process. In addition, certain of our ground leases provide airport authorities the right to increase our rent to market value as determined by the airport authority in their sole discretion on a periodic basis. The loss or modification of any of our airport ground leases could adversely impact our business and results of operations.
Because we do not directly own the sites we lease, we will not be able to liquidate real estate investments in order to meet liquidity needs.
Unlike other real estate companies that lease space to tenants, we do not directly own the sites we lease. Instead, the sites are subject to long-term ground leases with airport authorities. As a result, we will not be able to sell underlying real estate assets in order to meet liquidity requirements, including our debt service obligations, which could have a material and adverse effect on our liquidity position and ability to meet our obligations.
We may be unable to renew ground leases, lease vacant space or re-lease space as leases expire, or renewing existing leases may require significant concessions, inducements and/or capital expenditures.
We cannot assure you that our airport ground leases will be renewed or that our hangars will be re-leased at rental rates equal to or above the current average rental rates or that we will not offer substantial concessions or below-market renewal options to attract new tenants or retain existing tenants.
If the rental rates for our hangar campuses decrease, or if our existing tenants do not renew their leases or we do not re-lease a significant portion of our available space, our business and results of operations could be adversely affected. In order to attract and retain tenants, we may be required to make rent or other concessions to tenants, accommodate requests for renovations and other improvements or provide additional services to our tenants. Additionally, we may need to raise capital to make such expenditures. If we are unable to do so or if capital is otherwise unavailable, we may be unable to make the required expenditures. This could result in non-renewals by tenants upon expiration of their leases and/or an inability to attract new tenants, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
Failure to succeed in new markets may have adverse consequences.
We intend to continue to develop properties across the United States. When we develop properties located in new geographic areas in the United States, we may face risks associated with a lack of market knowledge or understanding of the local market, including the availability and identity of quality tenants, forging new business relationships in the area, and developing an understanding of local government requirements and procedures. For example, we recently signed new ground leases at BDL, POU, PWK, and SJC, and assumed two ground leases at CMA as part of an asset acquisition. These new leases represent our initial entries into the states of Connecticut, New York, Illinois, and California, respectively, and our first home basing hangar campuses in the broader Chicago, New York, San Jose, and Los Angeles markets. Furthermore, the negotiation of a potential expansion into new markets may divert management time and other resources. As a result, we may have difficulties executing our business strategy in these new markets, which could have a negative impact on our business and results of operations.
Our business and results of operations will be dependent on tenants satisfying their obligations under tenant leases, which may be subject to default or termination.
We are subject to tenant credit risk. Our home basing hangars are generally leased to single or multi hangar tenants, and certain of our tenants constitute a material percentage of our revenues. Therefore, the financial failure of, or other default by, a single tenant under its lease is likely to cause a significant or complete reduction in the operating cash flow generated by the property leased to that tenant. For instance, any of our tenants could experience a downturn in their businesses, which may weaken their financial condition and liquidity and result in their failure to make timely payments to us or otherwise default under their contracts.
If a tenant defaults under its lease, we may be forced to pursue alternative arrangements with those tenants in order to recover amounts due under the leases or pursue litigation in order to collect payments from tenants who are unable make their lease payments as they come due. We can provide no assurance that we will be able to collect the full amount due under a particular lease if we are forced to pursue alternative payment arrangements or litigation with any of our tenants. If the tenant represents a significant portion of our rental revenues, the impact on our business and results of operations would be material if it impacts the Company’s ability to pay ground lease rent payments on a timely basis.
If a bankrupt tenant rejects a lease with us, any claim we might have for breach of the lease, excluding a claim against collateral securing the lease, would be treated as a general unsecured claim. In the event of a tenant’s default under its lease or its rejection of the lease in bankruptcy proceedings, we may be unable to locate a replacement tenant in a timely manner or on comparable or better terms. As a result, our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
Our business and results of operations may be materially adversely affected by a default under a ground lease or the bankruptcy of a subsidiary.
We are a holding company with no independent operations and, as such, will be dependent upon the operations of our subsidiaries. Our subsidiaries’ operations rely upon the authority granted under certain ground leases to operate project sites. Each operating subsidiary with bond debt is structured as a special purpose entity. In the event of the bankruptcy of one or more of these subsidiaries, delays in the payment of rent, fees or loan payments may occur under the automatic stay provisions of the United States Bankruptcy Code. Moreover, a subsidiary debtor as lessee or a trustee in bankruptcy may reject a ground lease altogether, thereby extinguishing the respective subsidiary’s duty to pay rent and its right to use the leased property. In addition, a subsidiary lessee may fail to make rental or fee payments when due to the respective airport landlord, regardless of its financial situation. Such bankruptcy or default of a subsidiary lessee could result in the loss of the leased property, which is critical to the operation of our business. A loss of any leased property could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
To the extent a ground lease constitutes a “true lease,” a subsidiary that has executed its applicable ground lease, or other executory contract, with an airport landlord and seeks protection under the U.S. bankruptcy laws must, subject to the bankruptcy court’s approval, assume or reject (a) its ground lease within 120 days after the bankruptcy filing (subject to court approval, a one-time 90-day extension is allowed (further extensions are subject to the consent of the relevant airport landlords)), and (b) its other executory contracts with the airport landlord no later than the confirmation of a plan of reorganization.
In the event of assumption and/or assumption and assignment of any executory contract with a third party, the subsidiary would be required to cure any pre- and post-petition monetary defaults and provide adequate assurance of future performance under the ground lease or other applicable agreements.
Rejection of a ground lease or other executory contract, in general, is treated as a pre-petition breach of contract. Subject to certain exceptions, this rejection relieves the subsidiary of performing future obligations under the contract, but will give rise to the tenant’s loss of use of the leased property and a pre-petition general unsecured claim of the airport landlord for rejection damages, the amount of which in the case of a ground lease or other agreement is limited by the United States Bankruptcy Code generally to any amounts due and payable prior to the bankruptcy plus the greater of (a) the rent reserved by such lease, without acceleration, for one year of rent; or (b) 15% of the total remaining rent payments, not to exceed three years. However, the amount ultimately received in the event of a rejection of a ground lease or other agreement could be considerably less than the maximum amounts allowed under the United States Bankruptcy Code. In addition, payments made by a subsidiary in bankruptcy within 90 days of filing a bankruptcy case could be deemed to be an “avoidable preference” under the United States Bankruptcy Code and thus subject to recapture by the debtor-in-possession or its trustee in bankruptcy. In general, risks associated with bankruptcy include risks of substantial delay in payment or of non-payment and the risk that the airport landlord may not be able to enforce any of its remedies under the agreements with a bankrupt borrower.
During the pendency of a bankruptcy proceeding, a debtor subsidiary may not, absent a court order, make any payments to the airport landlord or to us on account of goods and services provided prior to the bankruptcy. Thus, the airport landlord or our stream of payments from a debtor subsidiary would be interrupted to the extent of pre-petition goods and services, including accrued loan and lease payments, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
In addition, with respect to tenant leases, under current bankruptcy law, in the event of a bankruptcy of such tenant, the tenant can generally assume or reject a lease within a certain number of days of filing its bankruptcy petition. If a tenant rejects the lease, our damages as a landlord, subject to availability of funds from the bankruptcy estate, are generally limited to the greater of (1) one year’s rent and (2) the rent for 15% of the remaining term of the lease, not to exceed three years. Any such event could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
The lack of accurate and reliable industry data can result in unfavorable strategic planning, mergers and acquisitions, and macro pricing decisions.
We use industry and airport-specific general aviation traffic data published by the FAA, as well as data from private sources, to identify trends in the aircraft hangar industry. We also use this data as an input to decision-making, including in strategic planning and pricing matters. Both the public and private data, however, has several limitations and challenges. As a result, the use of such data may result in decisions in strategic planning or pricing that are incorrect or inefficient, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Additionally, FAA staffing, and the data it collects and publishes, depends, in large part, on the annual appropriations process and the agency’s ability to retain and recruit sufficient resources with relevant experience and expertise. Failure to pass an annual appropriation bill has in the past resulted in temporary government shutdowns. A future shutdown, or a failure by Congress to pass an FAA reauthorization bill (or extension) could delay this data. Additionally, recent focus on reducing the size of the federal workforce could negatively impact the availability of resources within the FAA which could significantly delay or limit the availability of this data.
We are subject to extensive governmental regulations that could require significant expenditures. Regulators, such as the TSA, have and may again consider regulations that could impair the relative convenience of general aviation and adversely affect demand for our services.
We are subject to extensive regulatory requirements and compliance with those requirements could result in significant costs. For example, the FAA, from time to time, issues directives and other regulations relating to the management, maintenance, and operation of airport facilities. Compliance with those requirements may cause us to incur significant expenditures.
In addition, the proposal and enactment of additional laws and regulations, including by the TSA, as well as any failure to comply with such laws and regulations, could significantly increase the cost of our operations and reduce overall revenue. Moreover, certain new regulations, if implemented, could decrease the convenience and attractiveness of general aviation travel relative to commercial air travel and may adversely impact demand for our services.
Compliance or failure to comply with the ADA and other regulations could result in substantial costs.
Under the ADA, places of public accommodation must meet certain federal requirements related to access and use by disabled persons. Noncompliance with these requirements could result in additional costs to attain compliance, the imposition of fines by the federal government or the award of damages or attorney’s fees to private litigants. If we are required to make unanticipated expenditures to comply with the ADA or other regulations, including removing access barriers, then our business and results of operations may be adversely affected.
Potential limitation of tax-exemption of interest on private activity bonds could impact the debt funding of Sky for future projects or significantly increase our cost.
From time to time, the President of the United States, the United States Congress and/or state legislatures have proposed and could propose in the future, legislation that, if enacted, could cause interest on private activity bonds to be subject, directly or indirectly, to federal income taxation or to be subject to state income taxation. Clarifications of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (the “Code”), as amended, or court decisions may also cause interest on private activity bonds to be subject, directly or indirectly, to federal income taxation or to be subject to state income taxation. The introduction or enactment of any such legislative proposals or any clarification of the Code or court decisions may also affect the market price for, or marketability of, private activity bonds. We expect to issue private activity bonds in the future to partially fund our expansion of hangar campuses at new airport sites. Lack of access to private activity bonds due to change in law or market access would have an increase in the cost of our debt and our future financial results.
Uninsured losses or a loss in excess of insured limits could adversely affect our business and results of operations.
We carry comprehensive liability, fire, property damage, and business interruption insurance on our home basing hangar campuses, with policy specifications and insured limits that we believe are customary for similar properties. An unanticipated number of claims under the insurance policy or policies, however, could result in payment of unanticipated deductibles and increased premiums, which could result in a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
As with all real estate, if reconstruction (for example, following fire or other casualty) or any major repair or improvement is required to the damaged property, changes in laws and governmental regulations may be applicable and may materially affect the cost to, or ability of, us to affect such reconstruction, major repair or improvement. In addition, there can be no assurance that the amount of insurance required or provided would be sufficient to cover damages caused by any casualty, or that such insurance will be commercially available in the future.
There can also be no assurance that any loss incurred will be of a type covered by such insurance and will not exceed the limits of such insurance. For instance, there are certain types of losses, such as losses resulting from wars, terrorism or certain acts of God, that generally are not insured because they are either uninsurable or not economically insurable. Further, as of December 31, 2024, two of our existing hangar campuses are located in California. The west coast of the United States contains active earthquake zones and the greater Los Angeles area has recently experienced major fires, including the significant damage and lasting effects of the January 2025 wildfires, and may experience major fires in the future. Certain insurance companies doing business in states in which we operate have and could continue to restrict, curtail or suspend the issuance of property insurance policies. This could reduce the availability of hurricane, fire and other types of natural disaster insurance. Should an uninsured loss or a loss in excess of insured limits occur, we could suffer disruption of rental income, potentially for an extended period of time, while remaining responsible for any financial obligations relating to the applicable home basing hangar campus, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
A major health or safety incident could adversely affect our business and results of operations and could be costly in terms of reputational damage.
Construction sites and airports are inherently dangerous, and operating in the aviation infrastructure industry poses certain inherent health and safety risks. Due to health and safety regulatory requirements and the number of home basing hangar campus sites we intend to construct and operate, health and safety performance is critical to the success of all areas of our business.
Any failure in health and safety performance may result in penalties for non-compliance with relevant regulatory requirements or litigation, and a failure that results in a major or significant health and safety incident is likely to be costly in terms of potential liabilities incurred as a result. Such a failure could generate significant negative publicity and have a corresponding impact on our reputation and our relationships with relevant regulatory agencies, governmental authorities, and local communities, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations.
We may not be able to rebuild our properties to their existing specifications if we experience a substantial or comprehensive loss of such properties.
In the event that we experience a substantial or comprehensive loss of one of our properties, we may not be able to rebuild such property to its existing specifications. Further, reconstruction or improvement of such a property may require significant upgrades to meet zoning and building code requirements. Environmental and legal restrictions could also restrict the rebuilding of properties.
Our properties are subject to environmental risks that may impact our future profitability.
Our properties are subject to numerous statutes, rules and regulations relating to environmental protection and we are exposed to various environmental risk and hazards, including the environmental protection requirements related to the storage and handling of jet fuel and compliance with firefighting regulations. Materialization of these risks could result in substantial losses including personal injury, loss of life, damage or destruction of property and equipment, and environmental damage. Any losses we face could be greater than insurance levels maintained by us and could have an adverse effect on us and our business and results of operations. We also could be subject to fines and penalties for violation of applicable environmental regulations, which could be substantial. In addition, disruptions to physical assets could reduce our ability to serve customers and adversely affect future rentals, services and cash flows.
Failure to comply with regulations or other claims may interrupt operations and result in civil or criminal penalties, significant unexpected compliance costs and liabilities that could adversely affect the profitability of our business. These rules and regulations are subject to change, and compliance with any changes could result in a restriction of the activities of our business, significant capital expenditures, and/or increased ongoing operating costs.
We may also be required to address other prior or future environmental contamination, including soil and groundwater contamination that results from the spillage of fuel, hazardous materials, or other pollutants. Any past contamination of the properties could result in remediation obligations, personal injury, property damage, environmental damage, or similar claims by third parties.
Under various federal, state, and local environmental statutes, rules and regulations, a current or previous owner or operator of real property may be liable for noncompliance with applicable environmental and health and safety requirements and for the costs of investigation, monitoring, removal or remediation of hazardous materials. These laws often impose liability, whether the current owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of hazardous materials. Persons who arrange for the disposal or treatment of hazardous materials may also be liable for the costs of removal or remediation of those materials at the disposal or treatment facility, whether or not that facility is or ever was owned or operated by that person and whether or not the original disposal or treatment activity accorded with all regulatory requirements. The presence of hazardous materials on a property could result in personal injury, loss of life, damage or destruction of property and equipment, environmental damage and/or claims by third parties that could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
We are exposed to the potential impacts of future climate change and climate change-related risks.
Our properties may be exposed to rare catastrophic weather events, such as severe storms, floods or wildfires. We cannot predict the rate at which climate change will progress. However, if the frequency of extreme weather events increases due to climate change, our exposure to these events could increase. For example, some of our properties are located in Florida and Texas and are situated in geographic areas that are periodically impacted by severe weather conditions such as hurricanes, flooding, and tornadoes, and one of our properties is located in the Los Angeles area, which has recently experienced the significant and damaging effects of the January 2025 wildfires. The occurrence of these or other natural disasters could cause delays in the completion of our development projects or could adversely impact the ongoing operations at our home basing hangar campuses.
In addition, in connection with any development project, we may be harmed by potential changes to the supply chain or stricter energy efficiency standards for industrial buildings. To the extent climate change causes shifts in weather patterns, our markets could experience negative consequences, including declining demand for hangar space and an inability to operate our hangar campuses. Climate change may also have indirect negative effects on our business by increasing the cost of, or decreasing the availability of, property insurance on terms we find acceptable and increasing the cost of, among other things, energy, aircraft fuel and building materials.
In addition, compliance with new laws or regulations relating to climate change, including compliance with “green” building codes, may require us to make improvements to our existing properties or result in increased operating costs that we may not be able to effectively pass on to our tenants. Any such laws or regulations could also impose substantial costs on our tenants, thereby impacting the financial condition of our tenants and their ability to meet their lease obligations.
Increasing scrutiny and evolving expectations from customers, regulators, investors, and other stakeholders with respect to our environmental, social and governance practices may impose additional costs on us or expose us to new or additional risks.
Our business may face public scrutiny related to environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) activities, which are considered to contribute to reducing a company’s operational risk, market risk and reputational risk, which may in turn impact the long-term sustainability of a company’s performance. A variety of organizations measure the performance of companies on ESG topics, and the results of these assessments are widely publicized. In addition, major institutional investors have publicly emphasized the importance of such ESG measures to their investment decisions.
However, regional and investor specific sentiment may differ in what constitutes a material positive or negative ESG corporate practice. There is no guarantee that our corporate social responsibility practices will uniformly fit every investor’s definition of best practices for all ESG considerations across geographies and investor types.
Recently, “anti-ESG” sentiment has gained momentum across the U.S., with the proposal or enactment of “anti-ESG” policies, legislation or initiatives by several state legislatures and by the U.S. Congress. Further, the President recently issued an executive order opposing diversity equity and inclusion (“DEI”) initiatives in the private sector. We could be criticized by ESG stakeholders for our performance on ESG topics and could likewise be criticized by anti-ESG stakeholders for the scope or nature of our sustainability initiatives or goals or for any revisions to these goals. Such anti-ESG and anti-DEI-related policies, legislation, initiatives and scrutiny could adversely affect our reputation, business, financial performance and growth.
Cybersecurity risks and cyber incidents may adversely affect our business by causing a disruption to our operations, a compromise or corruption of our confidential information, misappropriation of assets and/or damage to our business relationships, all of which could negatively impact our business and results of operations.
Cyber incidents may result in disrupted operations, misstated or unreliable financial data, liability for stolen assets or information, increased cybersecurity protection and insurance costs and litigation and damage to our tenants. As our reliance on technology has increased, so have the risks posed to our information systems, both internal and those we have outsourced. Any processes, procedures, and internal controls that we implement, as well as our increased awareness of the nature and extent of a risk of a cyber-related incident, do not guarantee that our financial results, operations, business relationships, confidential information or market price of our Class A Common Stock will not be negatively impacted by such an incident.
Insider or employee cyber and security threats are increasingly a concern for all companies, including us. In addition, social engineering and phishing are a particular concern for companies with employees. As a landlord, we are also susceptible to cyber-attacks on our tenants and their payment information. We are continuously working to deploy information technology systems and to provide employee awareness training around phishing, malware and other cyber risks to ensure that we are protected against cyber risks and security breaches. Such technology and training, however, may not be sufficient to protect us and our tenants from all risks.
As a smaller company, we use third-party vendors to assist us with our network and information technology requirements. While we carefully select these third-party vendors, we cannot control their actions. Any problems caused by these third parties, including those resulting from breakdowns or other disruptions in communication services provided by a vendor, failure of a vendor to handle current or higher volumes, cyber-attacks and security breaches at a vendor could adversely affect our business and results of operations.
We may not be able to adequately address these additional risks. If we were unable to do so, our operations might suffer, which may adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.
Risks Relating to Our Organization and Structure
We are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the New York Stock Exchange listing standards and, as a result, qualify for, and rely on, exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements. You do not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to such requirements.
We qualify as a “controlled company” within the meaning of the corporate governance standards of the New York Stock Exchange. Under these rules, a listed company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group or another company is a “controlled company” and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including the requirement that (i) a majority of our Board consist of independent directors, (ii) our compensation committee consist entirely of independent directors and (iii) our director nominees be selected or recommended to our Board by our independent directors.
We rely on certain of these exemptions. As a result, we do not have a compensation committee consisting entirely of independent directors and our directors are not nominated or selected solely by our independent directors. We may also rely on the other exemptions so long as we qualify as a controlled company. To the extent we rely on any of these exemptions, holders of Class A Common Stock will not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of the New York Stock Exchange.
The Existing Sky Equityholders control the direction of our business, and the concentrated ownership of Common Stock prevent you and other stockholders from influencing significant decisions.
In connection with the Yellowstone Transaction, the Company, the Existing Sky Equityholders, and the Sponsor (collectively the “Stockholder Parties”) entered into a stockholders’ agreement (the “Stockholders’ Agreement”). Pursuant to the terms of the Stockholders’ Agreement, each of the parties thereto are required to take all necessary action to cause the specified designees of the Existing Sky Equityholders to be nominated to serve on our Board, and each of the holders are required, among other things, to vote all of the Company's securities held by such party in a manner necessary to elect the individuals designated by such holders. For so long as these parties hold a majority of Common Stock, they will be able to control the composition of our Board, which in turn will be able to control all matters affecting us, subject to the terms of the Stockholders’ Agreement, including:
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any determination with respect to our business direction and policies, including the appointment and removal of officers and, in the event of a vacancy on our Board, additional or replacement directors;
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any determinations with respect to mergers, business combinations or disposition of assets;
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determination of our management policies;
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our financing policy;
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our compensation and benefit programs and other human resources policy decisions; and
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the payment of dividends on Common Stock.
Because the interests of these stockholders may differ from our interests or the interests of our other stockholders, actions that these stockholders take with respect to us may not be favorable to us or our other stockholders.
Provisions in our Bylaws and Delaware law may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors and officers.
Our Bylaws provide that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, and unless we provide notice in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of us, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, employees or agents to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL, the Certificate of Incorporation or our Bylaws or as to which the DGCL confers jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware or (iv) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine, in each such case subject to such Court of Chancery having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named as defendants therein. Our Bylaws further provide that the federal district courts of the United States are the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. There is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce such a provision relating to causes of action arising under the Securities Act, and investors cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. The clauses described above do not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. Although we believe these provisions benefit us by providing increased consistency in the application of Delaware law in the types of lawsuits to which it applies, a court may determine that this provision is unenforceable, and to the extent it is enforceable, the provision may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors and officers, although our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.
We qualify as an “emerging growth company” within the meaning of the Securities Act, and we take advantage of certain exemptions from disclosure requirements available to emerging growth companies, and as such, it could make our securities less attractive to investors and may make it more difficult to compare our performance to the performance of other public companies.
We qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in Section 2(a)(19) of the Securities Act, as modified by the Jumpstart our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”). As such, we are eligible for and we take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies for as long as it continues to be an emerging growth company, including, but not limited to, (i) not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, (ii) reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and (iii) exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. As a result, our stockholders may not have access to certain information they may deem important. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (i) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the completion of the Yellowstone Transaction, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion, or (c) in which we are is deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our Common Stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the prior June 30th, and (ii) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three year period. We cannot predict whether investors will find our securities less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our securities less attractive as a result of our reliance on these exemptions, the trading prices of our securities may be lower than they otherwise would be, there may be a less active trading market for our securities and the trading prices of our securities may be more volatile.
Because members of our senior management team hold most or all of their economic interest in Sky through other entities, conflicts of interest may arise between them and holders of shares of Class A Common Stock or us.
Because members of our senior management team hold most or all of their economic interest in Sky directly through holding companies, they may have interests that do not align with, or conflict with, those of the holders of our Class A Common Stock or with us. For example, members of our senior management team may have different tax positions from those of the Company and/or holders of Class A Common Stock, which could influence their decisions regarding whether and when to enter into certain transactions or dispose of assets, whether and when to incur new or refinance existing indebtedness, and whether and when we should terminate the Tax Receivable Agreement and accelerate the obligations thereunder. In addition, the structuring of future transactions and investments may take into consideration the members’ tax considerations even where no similar benefit would accrue to the Company.
The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources and divert management’s attention.
As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the listing requirements of the New York Stock Exchange and other applicable securities rules and regulations. Compliance with these rules and regulations increases our legal and financial compliance costs, makes some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly and increases demand on our systems and resources, particularly after we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. In order to maintain and, if required, improve our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting to meet this standard, significant resources and management oversight may be required. As a result, management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns, which could adversely affect our business and operating results. We may need to hire more employees in the future or engage outside consultants to comply with these requirements, which will increase our costs and expenses.
Risks Relating to Tax
Our only principal asset is our interest in Sky, and accordingly we will depend on distributions from Sky to pay dividends, taxes, other expenses, and make any payments required to be made by us under the Tax Receivable Agreement.
We are a holding company and have no material assets other than our ownership of Sky Common Units. We are not expected to have independent means of generating revenue or cash flow, and our ability to pay our taxes, operating expenses, and pay any dividends in the future will be dependent upon the financial results and cash flows of Sky. There can be no assurance that Sky will generate sufficient cash flow to distribute funds to us or that applicable state law and contractual restrictions, including negative covenants under debt instruments will permit such distributions. If Sky does not distribute sufficient funds to us to pay our taxes or other liabilities, we may default on contractual obligations or have to borrow additional funds. In the event that we are required to borrow additional funds, it could adversely affect our liquidity and subject us to additional restrictions imposed by lenders.
Sky is treated as partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes and, as such, generally is not subject to any entity-level U.S. federal income tax. Instead, taxable income will be allocated, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, to the holders Sky Common Units. Under the terms of the third amended and restated Operating Agreement (the “ A&R Operating Agreement”), Sky is obligated to make pro rata tax distributions to holders of Sky Common Units calculated at certain assumed rates. In addition to tax expenses, we will also incur expenses related to our operations, including payment obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement, which could be significant and some of which will be reimbursed by Sky (excluding payment obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement). For so long as we are Managing Member (as defined in the A&R Operating Agreement) of Sky, we intend to cause Sky to make ordinary distributions and tax distributions to the holders of Sky Common Units on a pro rata basis in amounts sufficient to enable us to cover all applicable taxes, relevant operating expenses, payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement and dividends, if any, declared by us. However, Sky’s ability to make such distributions may be subject to various limitations and restrictions, including, but not limited to, retention of amounts necessary to satisfy the obligations of Sky and its subsidiaries and restrictions on distributions that would violate any applicable restrictions contained in Sky’s debt agreements, or any applicable law, or that would have the effect of rendering Sky insolvent. To the extent we are unable to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement for any reason, such payments will be deferred and will accrue interest until paid. Additionally, nonpayment for a specified period and/or under certain circumstances may constitute a material breach of a material obligation under the Tax Receivable Agreement and therefore accelerate payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement, which could be substantial.
We anticipate that the distributions received from Sky may, in certain periods, exceed our actual tax liabilities and obligations to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement. The Board, in its sole discretion, will make any determination from time to time with respect to the use of any such excess cash so accumulated, which may include, among other uses, to pay dividends on our Class A Common Stock. We will have no obligation to distribute such cash (or other available cash other than any declared dividend) to our stockholders.
The Tax Receivable Agreement requires us to make cash payments to the TRA Holders in respect of certain tax benefits and such payments may be substantial. In certain cases, payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement may (i) exceed any actual tax benefits the Tax Group realizes or (ii) be accelerated.
Following closing of the Yellowstone Transaction, we, Sky, the Existing Sky Equityholders and Tal Keinan (in the capacity of “TRA Holder Representative”) entered into the Tax Receivable Agreement. Pursuant to the Tax Receivable Agreement, we are generally required to pay the TRA Holders 85% of the amount of savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state, local, and foreign taxes that are based on, or measured with respect to, net income or profits, and any interest related thereto that the Tax Group (i.e., the Company and applicable consolidated, unitary, or combined Subsidiaries) realizes, or is deemed to realize, as a result of certain Tax Attributes, which include:
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existing tax basis in certain assets of Sky and certain of its direct or indirect Subsidiaries, including assets that will eventually be subject to depreciation or amortization, once placed in service, attributable to Sky Common Units acquired by the Company from a TRA Holder, as determined at the time of the relevant acquisition;
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tax basis adjustments resulting from taxable exchanges of Sky Common Units (including any such adjustments resulting from certain payments made by the Company under the Tax Receivable Agreement) acquired by the Company from a TRA Holder pursuant to the terms of the A&R Operating Agreement; and
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tax deductions in respect of portions of certain payments made under the Tax Receivable Agreement.
Payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement generally will be based on the tax reporting positions that we determine (with the amount of subject payments determined in consultation with an advisory firm and subject to the TRA Holder Representative’s review and consent), and the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) or another taxing authority may challenge all or any part of a position taken with respect to tax attributes or the utilization thereof, as well as other tax positions that we take, and a court may sustain such a challenge. In the event that any tax attributes initially claimed or utilized by the tax group are disallowed, the TRA Holders will not be required to reimburse us for any excess payments that may previously have been made pursuant to the Tax Receivable Agreement, for example, due to adjustments resulting from examinations by taxing authorities. Rather, any excess payments made to such TRA Holders will be applied against and reduce any future cash payments otherwise required to be made by us to the applicable TRA Holders under the Tax Receivable Agreement, after the determination of such excess. However, a challenge to any tax attributes initially claimed or utilized by the tax group may not arise for a number of years following the initial time of such payment and, even if challenged earlier, such excess cash payment may be greater than the amount of future cash payments that we might otherwise be required to make under the terms of the Tax Receivable Agreement. As a result, there might not be future cash payments against which such excess can be applied and we could be required to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement in excess of the tax group’s actual savings in respect of the tax attributes.
Moreover, the Tax Receivable Agreement will provide that, in certain early termination events, we will be required to make a lump-sum cash payment to all the TRA Holders equal to the present value of all forecasted future payments that would have otherwise been made under the Tax Receivable Agreement. The lump-sum payment would be based on certain assumptions, including those relating to there being sufficient future taxable income of the tax group to fully utilize the tax attributes over certain specified time periods and that all Sky Common Units that had not yet been exchanged for Class A Common Stock or cash are deemed exchanged for cash. The lump-sum payment could be material and could materially exceed any actual tax benefits that the tax group realizes subsequent to such payment.
Payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement will be our obligations and not obligations of Sky. Any actual increase in our allocable share of Sky and its relevant subsidiaries’ tax basis in relevant assets, as well as the amount and timing of any payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement, will vary depending upon a number of factors, including the timing of exchanges, the market price of the Class A Common Stock at the time of an exchange of Sky Common Units by a TRA Holder pursuant to the terms of the A&R Operating Agreement and the amount and timing of the recognition of the Tax Group’s income for applicable tax purposes. While many of the factors that will determine the amount of payments that we will be required to make under the Tax Receivable Agreement are outside of our control, we expect that the aggregate payments we will be required to make under the Tax Receivable Agreement could be substantial and, if those payments substantially exceed the tax benefit we realize in a given year or in the aggregate, could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, which may be material.
Any payments made by us under the Tax Receivable Agreement will generally reduce the amount of overall cash flow that might have otherwise been available to us. To the extent that we are unable to make timely payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement for any reason, the unpaid amounts will be deferred and will accrue interest until paid. Additionally, nonpayment for a specified period and/or under certain circumstances may constitute a material breach of a material obligation under the Tax Receivable Agreement and therefore accelerate payments due under the Tax Receivable Agreement. Furthermore, our future obligation to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement could make us a less attractive target for an acquisition, particularly in the case of an acquirer that cannot use some or all of the Tax Attributes that may be deemed realized under the Tax Receivable Agreement.
We could be adversely affected by changes in applicable tax laws, regulations, or administrative interpretations thereof in the United States or other jurisdictions.
We could also be adversely affected by changes in applicable tax laws, regulations, or administrative interpretations thereof in the United States or other jurisdictions and changes in tax law could reduce our after-tax income and adversely affect our business and financial condition. For example, the U.S. federal tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”), enacted in December 2017, resulted in fundamental changes to the Code. These changes included, among many other things, a reduction to the federal corporate income tax rate, a partial limitation on the deductibility of business interest expense, a limitation on the deductibility of certain director and officer compensation expense, limitations on net operating loss carrybacks and carryovers and changes relating to the scope and timing of U.S. taxation on earnings from international business operations. Subsequent legislation, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) enacted on March 27, 2020, relaxed certain of the limitations imposed by the Tax Act for certain taxable years, including the limitation on the use and carryback of net operating losses and the limitation on the deductibility of business interest expense. The exact impact of the Tax Act and the CARES Act for future years is difficult to quantify, but these changes could materially affect the Company, Sky, or our respective subsidiaries. In addition, other changes could be enacted in the future to increase the corporate tax rate, limit further the deductibility of interest, or effect other changes that could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition. Such changes could also include increases in state taxes and other changes to state tax laws to replenish state and local government finances depleted by costs attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic and the reduction in tax revenues due to the accompanying economic downturn.
More recently, the United States government has recently enacted the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 which, among other things, significantly changes the taxation of business entities including by imposing a minimum tax equal to fifteen percent of the adjusted financial statement income of certain corporations as well as a one percent excise tax on share buybacks, effective for tax years beginning in 2023. When effective, it is possible that the minimum tax could result in an additional tax liability over the regular federal corporate tax liability in a given year based on differences between book and taxable income (including as a result of temporary differences). The resulting tax liability could adversely impact the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity. The excise tax on share buybacks is currently not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s tax liability.
In addition, our effective tax rate and tax liability are based on the application of current income tax laws, regulations and treaties. These laws, regulations and treaties are complex and often open to interpretation. In the future, the tax authorities could challenge our interpretation of laws, regulations and treaties, resulting in additional tax liability or adjustment to our income tax provision that could increase our effective tax rate. Changes to tax laws may also adversely affect our ability to attract and retain key personnel.
Risks Relating to Our Common Stock and Warrants
The market price of Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants has been and may continue to be extremely volatile, which could cause purchasers of our securities to incur substantial losses.
The market prices and trading volume that our shares of Class A Common Stock have recently experienced, and may continue to experience, extreme volatility, which could cause purchasers of our Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants to incur substantial losses. Since the closing of the Yellowstone Transaction, our Class A Common Stock has traded as low as $2.50 and as high as $43.41 through December 31, 2024. In addition, the volume of trading of our Class A Common Stock has been inconsistent. For example, on April 11, 2024 our Class A Common Stock had trading volume of 4,200 shares and on June 28, 2024 our Class A Common Stock had trading volume of 1,524,200 shares. Our Public Warrants have not traded in tandem with our Class A Common Stock, and since the closing of the Yellowstone Transaction have traded within a range of $0.17 to $3.98 through December 31, 2024.
We believe that the recent volatility and our current market prices reflect market and trading dynamics unrelated to our underlying business, or macro or industry fundamentals, and we do not know how long these dynamics will last. Under the circumstances, investors in our Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants are subject to the risk of losing all or a substantial portion of their investment.
Extreme fluctuations in the market price of our Class A Common Stock have been accompanied by reports of strong and atypical retail investor interest, including on social media and online forums. The market volatility and trading patterns we have experienced create several risks for investors, including the following:
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the market price of our Class A Common Stock has experienced and may continue to experience rapid and substantial increases or decreases unrelated to our operating performance or prospects, or macro or industry fundamentals, and substantial increases may be significantly inconsistent with the risks and uncertainties that we continue to face;
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factors in the public trading market for our Class A Common Stock may include the sentiment of retail investors, the direct access by retail investors to broadly available trading platforms, the amount and status of short interest in our securities, access to margin debt, trading in options and other derivatives on our Class A Common Stock and any related hedging and other trading factors;
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to the extent volatility in our Class A Common Stock is caused by a “short squeeze” in which coordinated trading activity causes a spike in the market price of our Class A Common Stock as traders with a short position make market purchases to avoid or to mitigate potential losses, investors purchase at inflated prices unrelated to our financial performance or prospects, and may thereafter suffer substantial losses as prices decline once the level of short-covering purchases has abated; and
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if the market price of our Class A Common Stock declines, you may be unable to resell your shares at or above the price at which you acquired them, and the Public Warrants you own may become out of the money.
The trading price of Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants depends on many factors, including those described in this “Risk Factors” section, many of which are beyond our control and may not be related to our operating performance. Any of the factors listed below could have a material adverse effect on investment in Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants, and Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants may trade at prices significantly below the price paid for them. In such circumstances, the trading price of Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants may not recover and may experience a further decline. Factors affecting the trading price of Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants may include:
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actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly financial results or the quarterly financial results of companies perceived to be similar to us;
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changes in the market’s expectations about our operating results;
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the public’s reaction to our press releases, our other public announcements and our filings with the SEC;
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speculation in the press or investment community;
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actual or anticipated developments in our business or our competitors’ businesses or the competitive landscape generally;
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our operating results failing to meet the expectation of securities analysts or investors in a particular period;
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changes in financial estimates and recommendations by securities analysts concerning us or the market in general;
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operating and stock price performance of other companies that investors deem comparable to us;
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publications of research reports by securities analysts about us, our competitors, or the industry we operate in;
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changes in laws and regulations affecting our business;
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commencement of, or involvement in, litigation involving us;
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changes in our capital structure, such as future issuances of securities or the incurrence of additional debt;
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the volume of Class A Common Stock available for public sale;
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any major change in the Board or management;
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sales of substantial amounts of Class A Common Stock by directors, officers or significant stockholders or the perception that such sales could occur;
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general economic and political conditions such as recessions, interest rates, fuel prices, trade wars, pandemics (such as COVID-19), epidemics, currency fluctuations and acts of war (such as the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the military conflict in Israel and Gaza) or terrorism; and
●
other risk factors listed under this “Risk Factors” section.
We cannot predict the impact our dual class structure may have on the market price of Class A Common Stock.
We cannot predict whether our dual class structure will result in a lower or more volatile market price of Class A Common Stock or in adverse publicity or other adverse consequences. For example, certain index providers have announced restrictions on including companies with multiple-class share structures in certain of their indexes. Under these policies, our dual class capital structure would make us ineligible for inclusion in certain indices, and as a result, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds and other investment vehicles that attempt to passively track those indices will not be investing in our stock. It is unclear what effect, if any, these policies will have on the valuations of publicly traded companies excluded from such indices, but it is possible that they may depress valuations, as compared to similar companies that are included. As a result, the market price of shares of Class A Common Stock could be adversely affected.
The outstanding Warrants are exercisable for shares of Class A Common Stock and common units in Sky may be redeemed for Class A Common Stock. The exercise of these outstanding Warrants will increase the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market and result in dilution to our stockholders.
As of December 31, 2024, there were 15,798,155 outstanding Warrants to purchase 15,798,155 shares of Class A Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share. To the extent the Warrants are exercised, additional shares of Class A Common Stock will be issued, which will result in dilution to the holders of Class A Common Stock and increase the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market.
In addition, as of December 31, 2024, there were 42,046,356 outstanding Sky Common Units held by the members of Sky (excluding the Company as Managing Member of Sky), which may be redeemed for shares of our Class A Common Stock on a one-for-one basis, and in connection with the redemption of such Sky Common Units, the corresponding shares of Class B Common Stock will be cancelled. The lock-up period for the outstanding shares of Class B Common Stock, and for the shares of Class A Common Stock underlying the Private Placement Warrants, expired on January 25, 2023. Furthermore, we have registered for resale all of the Class A Common Stock underlying such outstanding Sky Common Units and Private Placement Warrants. Sales of substantial numbers of such shares in the public market, or the perception that such sales may occur, could adversely affect the market price of Class A Common Stock, the impact of which is increased as the value of our stock price increases.
We do not intend to pay cash dividends for the foreseeable future.
We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to finance the further development and expansion of our business and do not intend to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to pay dividends will be at the discretion of our Board and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, restrictions contained in future agreements and financing instruments, business prospects and such other factors as our Board deems relevant.
If analysts do not publish research about our business or if they publish inaccurate or unfavorable research, our stock price and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for Class A Common Stock will depend in part on the research and reports that analysts publish about our business. We do not have any control over these analysts. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our Class A Common Stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of Class A Common Stock would likely decline. If few analysts cover us, demand for Class A Common Stock could decrease and our Class A Common Stock price and trading volume may decline. Similar results may occur if one or more of these analysts stop covering us in the future or fail to publish reports on us regularly.
You may experience future dilution as a result of future equity issuances.
In order to raise additional capital, we have offered in the past, and may offer in the future, additional shares of our Class A Common Stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our Class A Common Stock at prices that may not be the same as the price per share paid by any investor. For example, in September and December 2024, we sold and issued an aggregate of 7,911,580 2024 PIPE Shares (as defined herein) pursuant to the 2024 Purchase Agreement (as defined herein) at a net purchase price of $9.50 per share, which may be sold by the holders thereof upon the expiration of the lock-up period on April 25, 2025. Furthermore, we have registered the resale of all of the 2024 PIPE Shares by the holders thereof. Sales of substantial numbers of such shares in the public market, or the perception that such sales may occur, could adversely affect the market price of Class A Common Stock, the impact of which is increased as the value of our stock price increases. In addition, we may sell shares or other securities in any other offering at a price per share that is less than the price per share paid by any investor, and investors purchasing shares or other securities in the future could have rights superior to you. The price per share at which we sell additional shares of our Class A Common Stock, or securities convertible or exchangeable into Class A Common Stock, in future transactions may be higher or lower than the price per share paid by any investor.
We may be subject to securities litigation, which is expensive and could divert management attention.
The market price of Class A Common Stock has been and may continue to be volatile and, in the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
ITEM 1B.
UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
ITEM 2.
PROPERTIES
We currently maintain our executive office at 136 Tower Road, Suite 205, Westchester County Airport, White Plains, NY 10604 under a lease agreement. We consider our current office space adequate for our current operations. The information set forth under the caption “Our Properties” in Item 1 of this Report is incorporated by reference herein.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ITEM 3.
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
We are not currently subject to any material legal proceedings, nor, to our knowledge, is any material legal proceeding threatened against us or any of our officers or directors in their corporate capacity.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
ITEM 4.
MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
None.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
ITEM 5.
MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Market Information
(a)
Market Information
Our Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants are listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbols “SKYH” and “SKYH WS,” respectively.
As of March 20, 2025, there were 45 holders of record of Class A Common Stock and 2 holders of record of Warrants. However, because many of the shares of Class A Common Stock and the Warrants are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we believe there are substantially more beneficial holders of Class A Common Stock and Warrants than record holders.
(b)
Dividends
We have not paid any cash dividends on our Common Stock to date and do not intend to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to finance the further development and expansion of our business. The payment of cash dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our Board and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, restrictions contained in future agreements and financing instruments, business prospects and such other factors as our Board deems relevant. Further, our ability to declare dividends may be limited by restrictive covenants we may agree to in connection with any indebtedness that we incur.
(c)
Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans
The required information is incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement to be filed with respect to our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders within 120 days of December 31, 2024.
(d)
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities, Use of Proceeds from Registered Public Offering
During the year ended December 31, 2024, there were no unregistered sales of our securities that were not reported in a Current Report on Form 8-K or Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
(e)
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
There were no repurchases of our equity securities during the year ended December 31, 2024.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
ITEM 6.
[RESERVED]

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
ITEM 7.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our audited financial statements and the notes related thereto which are included in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Report. Certain information contained in the discussion and analysis set forth below includes forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates, and beliefs. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those set forth under “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” “Item 1A. Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Report.
Overview and Background
We are an aviation infrastructure development company building the first nationwide network of home basing hangar campuses for business aircraft. We develop, lease, and manage general aviation hangars across the United States, targeting airfields in markets with significant aircraft populations and high hangar demand. Our home basing hangar campuses feature exclusive private hangars and a full suite of dedicated services specifically optimized for home-based, versus transient, aircraft.
The physical footprint of the U.S. business aviation fleet grew by almost 36 million square feet in the past fourteen years, with hangar supply lagging dramatically, especially in key growth markets. As the fleet of private jets in the United States continues to grow, with recent new aircraft deliveries exceeding retirements, demand for hangar space is at a premium in part because new jets require taller tail clearances and more square footage of hangar space and the pace of new hangar construction has lagged behind the demand. The cumulative square footage of the business aircraft fleet in the United States increased 61% between 2010 and 2023. Moreover, over that same period, there was an 102% increase in the square footage of larger private jets - those with greater than a 24-foot tail height. A recent study conducted by a business aircraft manufacturer forecasted that business aircraft will only continue to grow in the next ten years, with up to 8,500 new business jet deliveries worth over $285 billion expected to be delivered between 2025 and 2034, with over two-thirds of the deliveries expected to be comprised of larger private jets. This forecast is further supported by data from the major business aviation manufacturers that suggest the current order backlog for new business aviation aircraft as of December 31, 2024 is over $52 billion, an increase of approximately 6% over the prior year.
These larger footprint aircraft do not fit in much of the existing hangar infrastructure and impose stacking challenges and constraints in the traditional shared or community hangars operated by fixed-base operators (“FBO”). The addition of winglets (the vertical extensions on aircraft wingtips) on most modern business jets inhibits wing-over-wing storage. Aircraft hangars are in high demand and short supply, with some airports compiling waiting lists that can exceed several years.
We believe our scalable, real estate-centric business model is uniquely positioned to capture this market opportunity and address the increased imbalance between the supply and demand for private jet storage. We intend to capitalize on the existing hangar supply constraints at major U.S. airports by targeting high-end tenants in markets where there is a shortage of private and FBO hangar space, or where such hangars are or are becoming obsolete.
We expect to realize economies of scale in construction through a prototype hangar design replicated at our home basing hangar campuses across the United States. This allows for centralized procurement, straightforward permitting processes, efficient development processes, and the best hangar in business aviation. Unlike a service company, our revenues are mostly derived from long-term rental agreements, offering stability and forward visibility of revenues and cash flows. This allows the Company to fund its development through the public bond market, providing capital efficiency and mitigating refinance risk.
For a more complete description of our operations, including our home basing hangar campus development projects, refer to Item 1 - Business.
Recent Developments
In September 2024, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “2024 Purchase Agreement”) with certain investors (collectively, the “Initial 2024 Investors”), pursuant to which, among other things, we agreed to sell and issue to the Initial 2024 Investors at an initial closing an aggregate of 3,352,106 shares (the “Initial 2024 PIPE Shares”) of our Class A Common Stock for an aggregate net purchase price of approximately $31.8 million (the “Initial 2024 Closing”), and agreed to sell and issue to the Initial 2024 Investors at a second closing, at the option of the Initial 2024 Investors, up to an aggregate of number of shares equal to the number of each such Initial 2024 Investor's Initial 2024 PIPE Shares purchased in the Initial 2024 Closing at the same purchase price of $9.50 per share (the “Second 2024 Closing” and, together with the Initial Closing, the “2024 Financing”).
The 2024 Purchase Agreement provided that, at any time prior to the Initial 2024 Closing, and at our sole discretion, additional investors (“Additional 2024 Investors” and, together with the Initial 2024 Investors, the “2024 Investors” ) could execute a joinder to the 2024 Purchase Agreement pursuant to which they would agree to purchase additional shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Additional 2024 PIPE Shares”) in the Initial 2024 Closing, along with the option to purchase Second Closing 2024 PIPE Shares (as defined below).
In October 2024, the Additional 2024 Investors each executed a joinder to the 2024 Purchase Agreement, pursuant to which the Additional 2024 Investors agreed to purchase, and we agreed to sell, an aggregate of 603,684 Additional 2024 PIPE Shares (together with the Initial 2024 PIPE Shares, the “First Closing 2024 PIPE Shares”) for an aggregate purchase price of $5.7 million. The Initial 2024 Closing of the 2024 Financing occurred on October 25, 2024, and 3,955,790 First Closing 2024 PIPE Shares were issued to the 2024 Investors for an aggregate purchase price of $37.6 million.
In December 2024, we sold and issued to the 2024 Investors an aggregate of 3,955,790 shares (the “Second Closing 2024 PIPE Shares” and, together with the First Closing 2024 PIPE Shares, the “2024 PIPE Shares”) for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $37.6 million (the “Second 2024 Closing”). Inclusive of the Initial 2024 Closing, we issued and sold an aggregate of 7,911,580 shares of Class A Common Stock for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $75.2 million.
In December 2024, we completed the acquisition of CloudNine at Camarillo LP (“CloudNine”) and Sky 805 LLC (“Sky 805”) in exchange for approximately $32 million in aggregate cash consideration (collectively, the “Camarillo Acquisitions”). Substantially all of the cash consideration paid in connection with the Camarillo Acquisitions was utilized to satisfy the pre-existing senior and subordinated debt obligations of CloudNine and Sky 805, which were not legally assumed by us. We did not assume any other debt in connection with the Camarillo Acquisitions. CloudNine's principal asset is an approximately 120,000-square-foot hangar and office complex at Camarillo Airport (“CMA”) in Camarillo, California, located in the greater Los Angeles metropolitan area. Sky 805 is the holder of related ground leases (the “CMA Leases”) and fixed-based operator rights at CMA.
In December 2024, we entered into a ground lease agreement (the “TTN Lease”) at Trenton-Mercer Airport (“TTN”) with the County of Mercer, New Jersey. The TTN Lease covers approximately 10 acres of property at TTN. The initial term of the TTN Lease will be 30 years from the earlier of certificate of occupancy or 36 months from the lease commencement date, as defined in the TTN Lease, with lease payments commencing contemporaneously with the term. The TTN Lease contains an option exercisable by the Company to extend the TTN Lease for an additional 20 years following the expiration of such initial term.
In January 2025, we transferred the listing of our Class A Common Stock and Warrants from the NYSE American LLC to the New York Stock Exchange.
Factors That May Influence Future Results of Operations
Airfield and Tenant Portfolio Growth
Our future success depends upon our ability to attract and retain tenants for hangars at our home basing hangar campuses. The extent to which we achieve growth in our customer base materially influences our business and results of operations. Any number of factors could affect our ability to grow our customer base, including tenant preferences for hangar space and related services, including size and location of the hangar, as well as general economic conditions. The level and volatility of fuel prices may also impact the general aviation industry and our ability to attract and retain tenants. In addition, our ability to attract and retain customers may be dependent on other factors outside of our control, including the future trend of private aircraft sizes and the availability of alternative hangars, including size, location and/or services provided. Any significant decline in our customer base, or in our rate of growth, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations, which could, in turn, result in a decline in the trading price of our securities.
Our ability to expand through new ground leases at airports is also integral to our long-term business strategy and requires that we identify and consummate suitable new ground leases or investment opportunities in real estate properties for our portfolio that meet our investment criteria and are compatible with our growth strategy. Our ability to enter into new ground leases on favorable terms, or at all, may be adversely affected by certain significant factors. We may not be able to negotiate new ground leases with airport authorities on attractive terms or at all, and we may encounter competition from other potential ground lessors, which could significantly increase the lease rate for properties we seek to lease. In our efforts to secure new ground leases, we may incur significant costs and divert management attention in connection with evaluating and negotiating such ground leases, including ground leases that we are subsequently unable to execute. In addition, even if we enter into letters of intent or conditional agreements for new ground leases of airport properties, these agreements are subject to customary closing conditions, including, but not limited to, the satisfactory results of our due diligence investigations and local government and municipal authority approvals.
Construction Material Costs and Labor
When constructing our home basing hangar campuses, we use various materials, assemblies, and labor components. We contract for our materials and labor with various general contractors under guaranteed maximum price (GMP) contracts upon receipt of building permits. This allows us to mitigate certain inflationary pressures associated with increases in certain building materials and labor costs between the time construction begins at a hangar campus and the time it is completed. Typically, the materials and most of the components used to construct our hangar campuses are readily available in the United States, and we attempt to procure such materials from domestic sources where and when possible. We monitor the supply markets and ensure robust competition to achieve the best prices available. Typically, the price changes that most significantly influence our development operations are price increases in steel, concrete, and labor. In February 2025, the President of the United States issued an executive order reimposing tariffs on steel imports from all sources, ending country and product exemptions, and broadening the application of the tariffs to fabricated steel products. This order became effective on March 12, 2025. There can be no assurance as to when or if these or other import tariffs, quotas or other duties may be enacted, enforced, extended, modified or terminated in the future, or the extent of the impact of such tariffs will have on the cost of our construction materials. We believe that it is possible that market conditions, including recent and proposed changes in trade policies, may lead to continued increases in construction costs and market rental rates for hangars within our development projects. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to increase the lease rates for the hangars within our hangar campuses to absorb these increased costs, if at all.
In May 2023, we acquired a controlling interest in Rapidbuilt, a metal building and hangar door manufacturer, that we expect will ultimately result in an increase in quality and a reduction in the overall cost of the metal building and hangar door components at future development projects. We expect that over time this vertical integration will enable us to deliver metal buildings to most of our development sites in shorter times as compared to the anticipated lead times associated with conventional metal building fabricators. We believe internal building fabrication will provide us opportunities to aggressively target continued schedule compression at most of our development projects in the future. In December 2023, we engaged several structural engineering firms to perform an independent peer review of the hangar buildings designed for our DVT Phase I and APA Phase I development projects. The independent peer reviews determined a significant design defect existed within our prototype hangar building designs that required retrofitting to both meet and exceed our standards and the respective local building codes. The anticipated retrofitting efforts were also applied to ADS Phase I, and we believe the aggregate additional cost of such retrofits totaled between $26 to $28 million. Such retrofitting efforts required an additional three to five months of construction duration for each project impacted. Given the design enhancements implemented at our APA Phase I, DVT Phase I, and ADS Phase I development projects, our total construction costs for these projects were each greater than our original estimates, and outside of the scope of the original guaranteed maximum price construction contracts. In March 2024, we funded the increase in estimated costs by contributing $27 million of our corporate cash holdings to SHC, thereby restricting the use of such cash to the project scope of the Series 2021 Bonds.
Our projections associated with the commencement and completion of construction, estimated total construction cost, hangars, and rentable square footage of our properties in development are inherently subjective and require judgement to estimate. We believe that our estimates of construction costs and timelines are subject to variability based on various factors including, but not limited to, changes in anticipated site plans, hangar mix, hangar specifications, executed guaranteed maximum price construction contracts, and general market conditions. In May 2024, we updated many of our preliminary estimates based on our intention to begin incorporating a larger hangar prototype into our home basing hangar campuses, which is intended to provide an increase in rentable square footage of hangar, office, and lounge space upon completion. This larger hangar prototype requires an increase in construction materials and components, and we expect its incorporation into multiple future development projects will ultimately result in cost savings through the realization of economies of scale. Our updated estimates of total construction costs do not include projections of potential cost reductions due to such efficiencies, and we continue to reevaluate our preliminary and updated estimates from time to time over the course of the development lifecycle. We intend to continue to aggressively mitigate inflationary pressures, reduce construction costs to the greatest extent possible, and pursue compressed development schedules. We currently structure our guaranteed maximum price construction contracts with shared savings clauses to incentivize the general contractors to reduce construction costs. No assurance can be given that our cost mitigation strategies will be successful, the costs of our ongoing and future projects will not exceed budgets or the guaranteed maximum price for such projects, or that the completion will not be delayed beyond the projected completion dates.
Increases in Market Interest Rates and Future Costs of Borrowing
Economic conditions and actions by policymaking bodies contributed to rising interest rates, which, along with increases in our borrowing levels, could increase our future borrowing costs. While the Federal Reserve reduced interest rates in September, November, and December 2024 and has indicated the potential for further rate cuts, interest rates remain relatively high and there can be no certainty with respect to the occurrence, timing, or magnitude of further interest rate cuts by the Federal Reserve, and thus no certainty with respect to the ultimate impact on our borrowing costs. We expect to issue additional debt to finance future site developments and elevated interest rates would impact our overall economic performance. In addition, we are subject to credit spreads demanded by fixed income investors. As a non-rated issuer, increases in general of credit spreads in the market, or for us, may result in a higher cost of borrowing in the future. We intend to access the bond market on an opportunistic basis. In addition, we may hedge against rising benchmark interest rates by entering into hedging strategies with high quality counterparties.
Current Capital Requirements and Future Expenditures for Expansion
We previously funded SHC with over $200 million to fund the two phases at our initial five ground leased airport locations. We maintain the ability to include up to $50 million in new projects outside the original five locations to be funded with a portion of the existing proceeds held by the trustee as long as certain approvals and supplemental consultant reports are provided showing that such new project would result in better coverage of debt service than previously contemplated projects. We exercised this ability utilizing approximately $26 million of the $50 million available and received the requisite approvals and reports in March 2023 with respect to our ADS Phase I development project.
We previously raised equity capital, along with potential future debt and further equity issuances, including the 2024 Purchase Agreement and 2023 Purchase Agreement entered into on September 16, 2024 and November 1, 2023, respectively, see Liquidity and Capital Resources - Private Placement and Securities Purchase Agreement below, to begin to fund additional airport campuses and reach up to 20 airport campuses over the next several years. We also have the ability to access the capital markets through our ATM Facility and through our effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3. On average, each future campus is anticipated to be composed of 200,000 rentable square feet and is expected to cost approximately $60 million per campus, with 65% to 75% or more to be funded with additional private activity bonds or other indebtedness. All future hangar campus projects are discretionary and require us to identify the appropriate airports with the target hangar demand economics, secure required ground leases and permits, and complete future construction at such sites.
The cumulative 20 airport site business plan is estimated to cost approximately $1.2 billion, with approximately 65% to 75% anticipated from private activity bonds and the balance with equity or equity-linked financing. Our ability to raise additional equity and/or debt financing will be subject to a number of risks, including our ability to obtain financing upon reasonable terms, if at all, costs of construction, delays in constructing new facilities, operating results, and other risk factors. In the event that we are unable to obtain additional financing, we may be required to raise additional equity capital, creating additional dilution to existing stockholders. There can be no assurance that we would be successful in raising such additional equity capital on favorable terms, if at all. Even if we can obtain such additional equity financing if needed, there can be no assurance that we would be successful in raising such additional financing on favorable terms, if at all.
Key Business Metrics
We focus on a variety of indicators and key operating and financial metrics to monitor the financial condition and performance of the continuing operations of our business. These metrics include:
Metric Description
Revenue The majority of our revenue is generated from rents and fees we earn pursuant to the lease and service agreements we enter into with our tenants. Our ability to achieve revenue growth depends upon our ability to attract and retain tenants for hangars at our home basing hangar campuses. The extent to which we achieve growth in our customer base materially influences our business and results of operations. Any number of factors could affect our ability to grow our customer base, including tenant preferences for hangar space and related services, including size and location of the hangar, as well as general economic conditions. Rental revenue is recognized in accordance with ASC Topic 842, Leases, and includes (i) fixed payments of cash rents, which represents revenue each tenant pays in accordance with the terms of its respective lease and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease and (ii) variable payments of tenant reimbursements, which are recoveries of all or a portion of the common area maintenance and operating expenses of the property and are recognized in the same period as the expenses are incurred. We derive all of our revenue from tenants in the United States.
Operating Expenses In addition to changes in our revenue, our operating results are affected by, among other things, the level of our operating expenses. One of our largest expenses are the payments payable under our ground leases. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we recognized expense related to ground leases of approximately $8.6 million and $3.9 million, respectively. We elect to expense rather than capitalize ground lease expense incurred at hangar campus sites under development and will incur expense under GAAP regardless of whether our ground leases defer cash rent payments until completion of construction. As we enter into new ground leases at new airport sites, our ground lease expense and associated cash payments to airport landlords will ultimately continue to increase into the future. If airport landlords increase the per acre cost of the ground lease of our target campuses, the operating margins at potential target developments may be impacted negatively. Other operating expenses reflected in our consolidated statement of operations are reflective of the professional, legal and consulting fees, compensation costs, and other general and administrative expenses, including those necessary to support our business as a public company such as expenses associated with corporate governance, SEC reporting, and other compliance matters. While we expect that such expenses will rise in some measure as our portfolio of hangar campuses grows, we expect that such expenses as a percentage of our portfolio will decrease over time due to efficiencies, economies of scale, insourcing of job functions, and cost control measures.
Operating Income (Loss) The presentation of operating income (loss) provides a measure of performance which is useful for investors, analysts and other interested parties in company-to-company operating performance comparisons. Operating income (loss) is computed by deducting operating expenses from revenue.
Net Income (Loss) The presentation of net income provides a measure of performance which are useful for investors, analysts and other interested parties in company-to-company operating performance comparisons.
Adjusted EBITDA We utilize Adjusted EBITDA to evaluate our operating and financial performance, which is supplemental in nature and a financial measure not calculated in accordance with GAAP. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income before (i) depreciation and amortization expense, (ii) interest expense, (iii) interest income, (iv) non-cash stock-based compensation expense, (v) non-cash gains and losses resulting from the change in fair value of our liability-classified warrants, (vi) non-cash operating lease expense, (vii) non-cash operating lease income, (viii) provision for income taxes, (ix) other non-cash expenses, including, but not limited to, the impairment of long-lived assets, gains or losses arising from the disposition of assets, losses on extinguishment of debt, and other non-cash non-operating expenses. We believe Adjusted EBITDA is useful for investors, analysts and other interested parties as it provides a view of our operating performance, analyzes our ability to meet debt service obligations, and facilitates company-to-company operating performance comparisons by excluding potential differences caused by variations in capital structures, the age and book depreciation of assets, and equity-based incentive plans. Our method of calculating Adjusted EBITDA may differ from that utilized by other companies and therefore its comparability may be limited. See the section titled “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below for more information and reconciliations to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure.
Net Cash Provided From (Used In) Operating Activities We focus on measures designed to monitor cash flow, including net cash provided from (used in) operating activities. The presentation of net cash provided from (used in) operating activities provides a measure of performance which are useful for investors, analysts and other interested parties in company-to-company operating performance comparisons.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and expenses during the periods reported. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates. We have identified the following as our critical accounting policies:
Cost of Construction
Cost of construction on the consolidated balance sheets is carried at cost. The cost of acquiring an asset includes the costs necessary to bring a capital project to the condition necessary for its intended use. Costs are capitalized once the construction of a specific capital project is probable. Construction labor and other direct costs of construction are capitalized. Professional fees for engineering, procurement, consulting, and other soft costs that are directly identifiable with the project and are considered an incremental direct cost are capitalized. We allocate a portion of our internal salaries to both capitalized cost of construction and to compensation and benefits expense based on the percentage of time certain employees worked in the related areas. Interest costs on the loans and bonds used to fund the capital projects are also capitalized until the capital project is completed. Once a capital project is complete, the cost of the capital project is reclassified to Constructed Assets on the accompanying balance sheet and we begin to depreciate the constructed asset on a straight-line basis over the lesser of the life of the asset or the remaining term of the related ground lease, including expected renewal terms.
Leases
We account for leases under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 842, Leases. We determine whether a contract contains a lease at the inception of the contract. ASC Topic 842 requires lessees to recognize operating lease liabilities and right-of-use (“ROU”) assets for all leases with terms of more than 12 months on the consolidated balance sheets. We have made an accounting policy election that will keep leases with an initial term of 12 months or less off our consolidated balance sheets and will result in recognizing those lease payments in the consolidated statements of operations on a straight-line basis over the lease term. When management determines that it is reasonably certain that we will exercise our options to renew the leases, the renewal terms are included in the lease term and the resulting ROU asset and operating lease liability balances. We have elected to not capitalize any interest cost that is implicit within our operating leases into cost of construction on the consolidated balance sheet, but instead, we expense our ground lease cost in the consolidated statements of operations.
We have lease agreements with lease and non-lease components; we have elected the accounting policy to not separate lease and non-lease components for all underlying asset classes.
Revenue Recognition
We lease hangar facilities that we construct to third parties. The lease agreements are either on a month-to-month basis or have a defined term and may have options to extend the term. Some of the leases contain options to terminate the lease by either party with given notice. There are no options given to the lessee to purchase the underlying assets. Rental revenue is recognized in accordance with ASC Topic 842, Leases, and includes (i) fixed payments of cash rents, which represents revenue each tenant pays in accordance with the terms of its respective lease and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease and (ii) variable payments of tenant reimbursements, which are recoveries of all or a portion of the common area maintenance and operating expenses of the property and are recognized in the same period as the expenses are incurred.
The Company evaluates the collectability of tenant receivables for payments required under the lease agreements. If the Company determines that collectability is not probable, the Company recognizes any difference between revenue amounts recognized to date under ASC 842 and payments that have been collected from the lessee, including any additional rent or lease termination fees, as a current period adjustment to rental revenue.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Such estimates include assumptions used within impairment analyses, estimated useful lives of depreciable assets and amortizable costs, estimates of inputs utilized in determining incentive compensation expense and equity instruments such as warrants, estimates and assumptions related to right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See “Note 2 - Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a full description of recent accounting pronouncements including the expected dates of adoption and effects on results of operations and financial condition.
Results of Operations
Year ended December 31, 2024 Compared to the Year ended December 31, 2023
The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated results of operations for the periods indicated below and the changes between the periods (in thousands).
Year ended
December 31, 2024
December 31, 2023
Change
Revenue:
Rental revenue
$ 12,700
$ 7,137
$ 5,563
Fuel revenue
2,061
1,623
Total revenue
14,761
7,575
7,186
Expenses:
Campus operating expenses
3,953
3,065
Fuel expenses
Ground lease expenses
8,564
3,889
4,675
Depreciation and amortization
2,706
2,278
Pursuit and marketing expenses
2,027
1,519
Employee compensation and benefits
13,882
10,310
3,572
General and administrative expenses
3,488
3,293
Total expenses
35,175
24,568
10,607
Operating loss
(20,414 )
(16,993 )
(3,421 )
Other (income) expense:
Interest expense, net of capitalized interest
Other (income) expense
(1,961 )
(737 )
(1,224 )
Unrealized (gain) loss on warrants
34,515
8,644
25,871
Total other (income) expense
33,269
8,448
24,821
Net loss
$ (53,683 )
$ (25,441 )
$ (28,242 )
Revenues
Rental revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024 were approximately $12.7 million, compared to approximately $7.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The approximately $5.6 million, or 78%, increase was primarily the result of the commencement of operations at SJC during the three months ended June 30, 2024 and the impact of increased occupancy at our BNA and OPF hangar campuses during the year ended December 31, 2024.
Fuel revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024 were approximately $2.1 million, compared to approximately $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The approximately $1.6 million, or 371%, increase was primarily the result of an increase in fuel gallons uplifted at our BNA and OPF hangar campuses due to increased occupancy, the commencement of operations at SJC during the three months ended June 30, 2024, and fuel sales at our CMA operation, where our fuel revenues and the related expenses are recognized on a gross basis.
Operating Expenses
Campus operating expenses increased approximately $0.9 million, or 29%, from approximately $3.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, to approximately $4.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Salaries, wages, and benefits associated with our hangar campus personnel increased approximately $0.6 million, primarily driven by the commencement of operations at our SJC hangar campus in April 2024, and headcount increases at our BNA and OPF hangar campuses. Other campus operating expenses increased approximately $0.3 million, primarily driven by increased insurance, property taxes, and utilities associated with operations at each of our hangar campuses.
Fuel expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 were approximately $0.6 million, compared to approximately $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The approximately $0.4 million, or 159%, increase was primarily the result of the CMA Transaction during the three months ended December 31, 2024, and the related impact of recognizing certain fuel revenue and expenses on a gross basis.
Ground lease expenses increased approximately $4.7 million, or 120%, from approximately $3.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, to approximately $8.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in ground lease expense was driven primarily by expense recognized associated with the ground and hangar lease signed at SJC during the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase in ground lease expense was also driven by the ground leases signed at PWK, BDL, and POU during the three months ended December 31, 2023, ORL during the three months ended March 31, 2024, IAD during the three months ended June 30, 2024, SLC during the three months ended September 30, 2024, and the ground leases assumed as part of the CMA Transaction during the three months ended December 31, 2024.
Depreciation increased approximately $0.4 million, or 19%, for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase primarily reflects a full year of depreciation related to Rapidbuilt, which was acquired during the three months ended June 30, 2023 and a full year of depreciation expense associated with our OPF hangar campus, which opened during the three months ended March 31, 2023.
Operating Expenses - Continued
Pursuit and marketing expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 were approximately $2.0 million, compared to approximately $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The approximately $0.5 million, or 33%, increase was primarily the result of investment in our growth strategy in securing airport site acquisitions and potential tenants throughout the year.
Compensation and benefits expenses increased approximately $3.6 million, or 35%, to $13.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to approximately $10.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily driven by an increase in corporate headcount and expense recognized associated with our equity compensation programs. Headcount and compensation expenses increased approximately $1.8 million, and non-cash equity compensation expense increased approximately $1.6 million.
For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, other general and administrative expenses were approximately $3.5 million and approximately $3.3 million, respectively. The approximately $0.2 million increase was primarily driven by slight increases in professional fees and technology costs due to the expansion of the business and headcount, offset by a slight decrease in corporate insurance premiums.
Other (Income) Expenses
Other (income) expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 was approximately $33.3 million of expense as compared to approximately $8.5 million of expense for the year ended December 31, 2023. The approximately $24.8 million, or 294%, increase in expense was primarily due to an approximately $25.9 million variance related to the mark-to-market of the outstanding Warrants at December 31, 2024 as compared to December 31, 2023. The impact of the change in fair value of the Warrants was offset by an approximately $1.2 million increase in other income associated with interest earned and realized gains on our available-for-sale U.S. Treasury investment activity.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
To supplement our results presented in accordance with GAAP, we utilize Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial measure that excludes or adjusts certain items. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income before (i) depreciation and amortization expense, (ii) interest expense, (iii) interest income, (iv) non-cash stock-based compensation expense, (v) non-cash gains and losses resulting from the change in fair value of our liability-classified warrants, (vi) non-cash operating lease expense, (vii) non-cash operating lease income, (viii) provision for income taxes, (ix) other non-cash expenses, including, but not limited to, the impairment of long-lived assets, gains or losses arising from the disposition of assets, losses on extinguishment of debt, and other non-cash non-operating expenses.
Management uses Adjusted EBITDA to facilitate operating performance comparisons from period to period. We believe this non-GAAP financial measure provide investors, analysts and other interested parties useful information to evaluate our business performance as the removal of certain non-cash expenses and income, they facilitate company-to-company operating performance comparisons. While we believe this non-GAAP financial measure is useful in evaluating our business, it should be considered as supplemental in nature and is not meant to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the related financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. In addition, this non-GAAP financial measures may not be the same as a similarly entitled measure reported by other companies, limiting their usefulness as comparative measures. See below for a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA, as well as “Key Business Metrics” for further discussion of Adjusted EBITDA.
Adjusted EBITDA
A reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA is presented below:
Year-Ended
December 31, 2024
December 31, 2023
Net loss
$ (53,683 )
$ (25,441 )
Add (subtract):
Depreciation and amortization
2,706
2,278
Interest expense
Interest income and realized gains from sales of available-for-sale securities
(1,961 )
(737 )
Changes in fair value of warrant liabilities
34,515
8,644
Stock-based compensation
3,918
2,259
Non-cash operating lease expense
4,651
2,121
Non-cash operating lease income
(109 )
(239 )
Adjusted EBITDA
$ (9,248 )
$ (10,574 )
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview
Liquidity is a measure of our ability to meet potential cash requirements, including ongoing commitments to repay borrowings, fund the construction of new assets, fund working capital and other general business needs. Our primary sources of cash include the potential issuance of equity and debt securities and rental payments from tenants. Our long-term liquidity requirements include lease payments under our ground leases with airport authorities, repaying principal and interest on outstanding borrowings, funding the construction costs of our hangar campus development projects (see “- Construction Material Costs and Labor”), funding for operations, and paying accrued expenses.
We believe that we have access to multiple sources of capital to fund our long-term liquidity requirements, including the incurrence of additional private activity bonds and other debt and the issuance of additional equity securities. We also have the ability to utilize our ATM Facility or otherwise utilize our shelf registration statement on Form S-3 to access the capital markets. However, as we have recently become a publicly-traded company, we cannot assure you that we will have access to these sources of capital or that, even if such sources of capital are available, that these sources of capital will be available on favorable terms. Our ability to incur additional debt will depend on multiple factors, including our degree of leverage, the value of our unencumbered assets and borrowing restrictions that are or may be imposed by future lenders. Our ability to access the equity and debt capital markets will depend on multiple factors as well, including general market conditions for real estate companies, our degree of leverage, the trading price of our common stock and debt and market perceptions about our Company.
Our cash deposits may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. Generally, these deposits may be redeemed upon demand and the majority are maintained with a major financial institution with reputable credit. Our restricted cash is held in trust at a major financial institution pursuant to the Series 2021 Bonds indenture. We monitor the relative credit standing of financial institutions with whom we transact and limit the amount of credit exposure with any one entity. Our portfolio of investments and restricted investments is composed entirely of U.S. Treasury securities as of December 31, 2024.
The following table summarizes our cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, investments, and restricted investments as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):
December 31, 2024
December 31, 2023
Cash and cash equivalents
$ 42,442
$ 60,257
Restricted cash
51,917
12,009
Investments
18,987
11,866
Restricted investments
13,816
88,213
Total cash, restricted cash, investments, and restricted investments
$ 127,162
$ 172,345
2024 Private Placement and Securities Purchase Agreement
On September 16, 2024, we entered into the 2024 Purchase Agreement with the Initial 2024 Investors relating to, among other things, the issuance and sale to the Initial 2024 Investors at an initial closing an aggregate of 3,352,106 Initial 2024 PIPE Shares of our Class A Common Stock for an aggregate purchase price of $31.8 million. On October 25, 2024, the Additional 2024 Investors each executed a joinder to the 2024 Purchase Agreement, pursuant to which the Additional 2024 Investors agreed to purchase, and we agreed to sell, an aggregate of 603,684 Additional 2024 PIPE Shares for an aggregate purchase price of $5.7 million. The Initial 2024 Closing under the 2024 Purchase Agreement occurred on October 25, 2024, and 3,955,790 First Closing 2024 PIPE Shares were issued to the Investors for an aggregate purchase price of $37.6 million. In December 2024, we sold and issued to the 2024 Investors an aggregate of 3,955,790 Second Closing 2024 PIPE Shares for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $37.6 million (the “Second 2024 Closing”). Inclusive of the Initial 2024 Closing, we issued and sold an aggregate of 7,911,580 shares of Class A Common Stock for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $75.2 million. See “Note 11 - Equity” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the 2024 Purchase Agreement.
2023 Private Placement and Securities Purchase Agreement
On November 1, 2023, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “2023 Purchase Agreement”) with certain investors (collectively, the “2023 Investors”), pursuant to which we sold and issued to the 2023 Investors at an initial closing an aggregate of 6,586,154 shares of our Class A Common Stock (the “Initial 2023 PIPE Shares”) and accompanying warrants to purchase up to 1,141,600 shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Initial PIPE Warrants”), for an aggregate purchase price of $42.8 million (the "Initial 2023 Financing"). On November 29, 2023, pursuant to the terms of the 2023 Purchase Agreement, we sold and issued to the 2023 Investors an aggregate of 2,307,692 shares of our Class A Common Stock (the “2023 Additional PIPE Shares” and, together with the 2023 Initial PIPE Shares, the “2023 PIPE Shares”) and accompanying warrants to purchase an aggregate of 400,000 shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Additional PIPE Warrants” and, together with the Initial PIPE Warrants, the “PIPE Warrants”) for an aggregate purchase price of $15.0 million. The aggregate PIPE financing through the 2023 Purchase Agreement totaled approximately $57.8 million. See “Note 11 - Equity” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the 2023 Purchase Agreement.
At-the-Market Facility
On March 27, 2024, we entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (the “ATM Agreement”) with B. Riley Securities, Inc. (“B. Riley”) with respect to an “at the market” offering program (the “ATM Facility”), under which we may, from time to time, at our sole discretion, issue and sell through B. Riley, acting as sales agent, up to $100 million of shares of Class A Common Stock. Pursuant to the ATM Agreement, we may sell the shares through B. Riley by any method permitted that is deemed an “at the market” offering as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act. B. Riley will use commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices to sell the shares from time to time, based upon instructions from us, including any price or size limits or other customary parameters or conditions we may impose. We pay B. Riley a commission of 3.0% of the gross sales price per share sold under the ATM Agreement, subject to certain reductions. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company sold 79,676 shares of Class A Common Stock under the ATM Facility at a weighted-average sales price of $13.75. As a result, we have approximately $98.9 million in remaining capacity under our ATM Facility.
We are not obligated to sell any shares under the ATM Agreement. The offering of shares pursuant to the ATM Agreement will terminate upon the earlier to occur of (i) the issuance and sale, through B. Riley, of all of the shares subject to the ATM Agreement and (ii) termination of the ATM Agreement in accordance with its terms. We have made limited sales under the ATM Facility to date and will only do so when our stock price is at prices our Board deems appropriate.
Private Activity Bonds
On September 14, 2021, SHC completed an issuance through the Public Finance Authority (Wisconsin) of $166.3 million of Series 2021 PABs. The Series 2021 Bonds are comprised of three maturities: $21.1 million bearing interest at 4.00%, due July 1, 2036; $30.4 million bearing interest at 4.00%, due July 1, 2041; and $114.8 million bearing interest at 4.25%, due July 1, 2054. The Series 2021 Bond that has a maturity date of July 1, 2036 was issued at a premium, and Sky received bond proceeds that were $0.2 million above its face value. The net proceeds from the issuance of the Series 2021 Bonds proceeds are being used to (a) finance or refinance the construction of various aviation facilities consisting of general aviation aircraft hangars and storage facilities located and to be located on the SGR site, the OPF site, the BNA site, the APA site, the DVT site, and following our March 2023 election to reallocate a portion of the net proceeds, the ADS site; (b) fund debt service and other operating expenses such as ground lease expense during the initial construction period; (c) fund deposits to the Debt Service Reserve Fund; and (d) pay certain costs of issuance related to the Series 2021 Bonds.
Debt Covenants
The Series 2021 Bonds contain financial and non-financial covenants, including a debt service coverage ratio, a restricted payments test and limitations on the sale, lease, or distribution of assets. To the extent that SHC does not comply with these covenants, an event of default or cross-default may occur under one or more agreements, and we or our subsidiaries may be restricted in our ability to pay dividends, issue new debt or access our leased facilities. The Series 2021 Bonds are collateralized on a joint and several basis with the property and revenues of all SHC subsidiaries and their assets financed or to be financed from the proceeds of the Series 2021 Bonds.
Covenants in the Series 2021 Bonds require SHC to maintain a debt service coverage ratio (as defined in the relevant documents) of at least 1.25 for each applicable test period, commencing with the quarter ending December 31, 2024. The Series 2021 Bonds are subject to a Continuing Disclosure Agreement whereby SHC is obligated to provide electronic copies of (i) monthly construction reports, (ii) quarterly reports containing quarterly financial information of SHC and (iii) annual reports containing audited consolidated financial statements of SHC to the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board. As of December 31, 2024, we were in compliance with all debt covenants.
Lease Commitments
The table below sets forth certain information with respect to our future minimum lease payments required under operating and finance leases as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):
Year Ending December 31,
Operating Leases
Finance Leases
$ 6,353
$
7,460
8,305
8,678
-
9,051
-
Thereafter
477,868
-
Total lease payments
517,715
Less imputed interest
(364,918 )
(2 )
Total
$ 152,797
$
Contractual Obligations
The following table sets forth our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):
2026-2027
2028-2029
Thereafter
Total
Principal Payments of bonds payable
$ -
$ -
$ -
$ 166,340
$ 166,340
Interest Payments on bonds payable
6,941
13,881
13,881
108,027
142,730
Contractual payments on other long-term indebtedness
7,909
-
8,074
Lease commitments
6,377
15,784
17,729
477,868
517,758
Total
$ 21,227
$ 29,796
$ 31,644
$ 752,235
$ 834,902
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not maintain any off-balance sheet arrangements.
Cash Flows
Historical Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our sources and uses of cash for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):
Year ended
December 31, 2024
December 31, 2023
Cash and restricted cash at beginning of period
$ 72,266
$ 41,396
Net cash used in operating activities
(9,095 )
(7,735 )
Net cash used in investing activities
(43,907 )
(16,268 )
Net cash provided by financing activities
75,095
54,873
Cash and restricted cash at end of period
$ 94,359
$ 72,266
Operating Activities
Cash provided by operating activities is significantly influenced by the amount of cash we invest in personnel and infrastructure to support the anticipated growth of our business. Our working capital consists primarily of cash, receivables from tenants, prepaid expenses, accounts payable, accrued compensation, accrued other expenses, and lease liabilities. The timing of collection of our tenant receivables, and the timing of spending commitments and payments of our accounts payable, accrued expenses, accrued payroll and related benefits, all affect these account balances.
Net cash used in operating activities was approximately $9.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to approximately $7.7 million of net cash used in operating activities for the same period in 2023. The approximately $1.4 million increase in net cash used in operating activities was primarily attributable to a $3.4 million unfavorable change in the Company's working capital position, which was primarily driven by the timing of spending commitments and payments of our accounts payable and other accrued expenses. This increase was offset by an approximately $2.0 million decrease in net loss, net of non-cash adjustments. The decrease in net loss, net of non-cash adjustments, was primarily driven by an increase in revenue which outpaced the growth in cash operating expenses.
Investing Activities
Our primary investing activities have consisted of payments related to the cost of construction at our various home basing hangar campus development projects, investment in U.S. Treasury Securities, and acquisition activities. As our business expands, we expect to continue to invest in our current and anticipated future portfolio of home basing hangar campus development projects.
Net cash used in investing activities was approximately $43.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to net cash used in investing activities of approximately $16.3 million for the same period in 2023. The increase of approximately $27.6 million of net cash used in investing activities was driven primarily by the CMA asset acquisition during the three months ended December 31, 2024, which drove a increase of approximately $31.7 million, and a $20.9 million increase in capital expenditures during the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. These increases were offset by the aggregate impact of our strategy to invest surplus cash in U.S. Treasury securities, which was comprised of an approximately $172.0 million decrease in purchases of held-to-maturity investments, an approximately $169.4 million increase in proceeds received from available-for-sale investments, an approximately $190.2 million increase in purchases of available-for-sale investments, and an approximately $124.0 million decrease in proceeds received from held-to-maturity investments for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.
Financing Activities
Our primary financing activities have consisted of equity capital raised to fund the growth of our business and proceeds from debt obligations incurred to finance our home basing hangar campus development projects. We expect to raise additional equity capital and issue additional indebtedness as our business grows.
Net cash provided by financing activities was $75.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $54.9 million for the same period in 2023. The approximately $20.2 million increase in net cash provided by financing activities was primarily driven by the equity financing completed during the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company received approximately $75.2 million of proceeds during the fourth quarter due to the issuance of Class A Common Stock in connection with the 2024 Purchase Agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company received $57.8 million of proceeds during the respective fourth quarter due to the issuance of Class A Common Stock and Warrants in connection with the 2023 Purchase Agreement. The increase in net cash provided by financing activities was further driven by an approximately $3.0 million increase in proceeds received from the exercise of our outstanding Warrants and an approximately $1.1 million increase in net proceeds received from the issuance of Class A Common Stock through the ATM Facility.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 7A.
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and are not required to provide the information under this item.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Financial Statements
Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 274); EisnerAmper LLP, New York, NY
Balance Sheets - December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023
Statements of Operations - Years Ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023
Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) - Years Ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 47
Statements of Changes In Stockholders' Equity - Years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023
Statements of Cash Flows - Years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023
Notes to Financial Statements
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
Sky Harbour Group Corporation:
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Sky Harbour Group Corporation and Subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the consolidated results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ EisnerAmper
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2020.
EISNERAMPER LLP
New York, New York
March 27, 2025
SKY HARBOUR GROUP CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except share data)
December 31, 2024
December 31, 2023
Assets
Cash
$ 42,442 $ 60,257
Restricted cash
51,917 12,009
Investments
18,987 11,866
Restricted investments
13,816 88,213
Accounts receivable, prepaid expenses, and other assets
8,624 6,003
Cost of construction
144,900 64,212
Constructed assets, net
110,302 77,283
Right-of-use assets
147,831 70,527
Long-lived assets, net
14,732 11,829
Lease intangible assets, net
3,005 -
Total assets
$ 556,556 $ 402,199
Liabilities and equity
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities
$ 27,655 $ 16,740
Operating lease liabilities
152,797 69,437
Bonds payable, net of unamortized debt issuance costs and premiums
162,621 162,420
Loans payable and finance lease liabilities
7,535 9,311
Warrants liability
46,130 12,045
Total liabilities
396,738 269,953
Commitments and contingencies (Note 17)
Stockholders’ equity
Preferred stock; $0.0001 par value; 10,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2024; none issued and outstanding
- -
Class A common stock, $0.0001 par value; 200,000,000 shares authorized; 33,456,227 and 24,165,523 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively
3 2
Class B common stock, $0.0001 par value; 50,000,000 shares authorized; 42,046,356 and 42,046,356 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively
4 4
Additional paid-in capital
168,634 88,198
Accumulated deficit
(64,592 ) (19,361 )
Accumulated other comprehensive income
53 312
Total Sky Harbour Group Corporation stockholders’ equity
104,102 69,155
Non-controlling interests
55,716 63,091
Total equity
159,818 132,246
Total liabilities and equity
$ 556,556 $ 402,199
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
SKY HARBOUR GROUP CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in thousands, except per share data)
Year ended
December 31, 2024
December 31, 2023
Revenue:
Rental revenue
$ 12,700 $ 7,137
Fuel revenue
2,061 $ 438
Total revenue
14,761 7,575
Expenses:
Campus operating expenses
3,953 3,065
Fuel expenses
555 214
Ground lease expenses
8,564 3,889
Depreciation and amortization
2,706 2,278
Pursuit and marketing expenses
2,027 1,519
Employee compensation and benefits
13,882 10,310
General and administrative expenses
3,488 3,293
Total expenses
35,175 24,568
Operating loss
(20,414 ) (16,993 )
Other (income) expense:
Interest expense, net of capitalized interest
715 541
Other (income) expense
(1,961 ) (737 )
Unrealized loss on warrants
34,515 8,644
Total other (income) expense
33,269 8,448
Net loss
$ (53,683 ) $ (25,441 )
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests
(8,452 ) (9,264 )
Net loss attributable to Sky Harbour Group Corporation shareholders
$ (45,231 ) $ (16,177 )
Loss per share
Basic
$ (1.76 ) $ (0.98 )
Diluted
$ (1.76 ) $ (0.98 )
Weighted average shares
Basic
25,742 16,456
Diluted
25,742 16,456
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
SKY HARBOUR GROUP CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(in thousands)
Year Ended
December 31, 2024
December 31, 2023
Net loss
$ (53,683 ) $ (25,441 )
Unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities
556 684
Realized gains on available-for-sale securities reclassified to the consolidated statements of operations
(815 ) (270 )
Total other comprehensive loss
$ (53,942 ) $ (25,027 )
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
SKY HARBOUR GROUP CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(in thousands, except share data)
Class A
Class B
Additional
Accumulated Other
Total
Non-
Common Stock
Common Stock
Paid-in
Accumulated
Comprehensive
Stockholders’
Controlling
Total
Shares
Amount
Shares
Amount
Capital
Deficit
Loss
Equity
Interests
Equity
Balance at December 31, 2022
14,962,831 $ 1 42,192,250 $ 4 $ 29,560 $ (3,184 ) $ (102 ) 26,279 $ 72,096 98,375
Share-based compensation
- - - - 1,816 - - 1,816 443 2,259
Vesting of restricted stock units
228,312 - - - - - - - - -
Shares withheld for payment of employee taxes
(65,585 ) - - - (377 ) - - (377 ) - (377 )
Exchange of Class B Common Stock
145,894 - (145,894 ) - 184 - - 184 (184 ) -
Issuance of PIPE Shares, net of equity issuance costs
8,893,846 1 - - 57,012 - - 57,013 - 57,013
Exercise of warrants
225 - - - 3 - - 3 - 3
Other comprehensive income (loss)
- - - - - - 414 414 - 414
Net loss
- - - - - (16,177 ) - (16,177 ) (9,264 ) (25,441 )
Balance at December 31, 2023
24,165,523 2 42,046,356 4 88,198 (19,361 ) 312 69,155 63,091 132,246
Share-based compensation
- - - - 3,737 - - 3,737 181 3,918
Vesting of restricted stock units
406,661 - - - - - - - - -
Shares withheld for payment of employee taxes
(120,886 ) - - - (1,443 ) - - (1,443 ) - (1,443 )
Exchange of Sky Incentive Units
751,485 - - - 280 - - 280 (280 ) -
Issuance of strock through ATM Facility, net of equity issuance costs
79,676 - - - 1,071 - - 1,071 - 1,071
Issuance of PIPE Shares, net of equity issuance costs
7,911,580 1 - - 74,572 - - 74,573 - 74,573
Exercise of warrants
262,188 - - - 3,445 - - 3,445 - 3,445
Assumption of Overflow NCI partnership interests
- - - - (1,226 ) - - (1,226 ) 1,176 (50 )
Other comprehensive income (loss)
- - - - - - (259 ) (259 ) - (259 )
Net loss
- - - - - (45,231 ) - (45,231 ) (8,452 ) (53,683 )
Balance at December 31, 2024
33,456,227 $ 3 42,046,356 $ 4 $ 168,634 $ (64,592 ) $ 53 $ 104,102 $ 55,716 $ 159,818
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
SKY HARBOUR GROUP CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
Year ended
December 31, 2024
December 31, 2023
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss
$ (53,683 ) $ (25,441 )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization
2,706 2,278
Straight-line rent adjustments, net
(109 ) (239 )
Equity-based compensation
3,918 2,259
Non-cash operating lease expense
4,651 2,121
Unrealized loss (gain) on warrants
34,515 8,644
Loss on disposition assets, net
30 -
Realized gain on available for sale investments
(307 ) -
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, prepaid expenses, and other assets
(1,108 ) (440 )
Right-of-use asset initial direct costs
(17 ) (26 )
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities
309 3,109
Net cash used in operating activities
(9,095 ) (7,735 )
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of long-lived assets
(2,262 ) (767 )
Payments for cost of construction
(76,287 ) (55,373 )
Proceeds from disposition of long-lived assets
11 -
Investment in notes receivable, net
(1,000 ) (2,040 )
Net cash (used in) provided by acquisition of business
(31,683 ) 1,793
Purchases of available for sale investments
(244,687 ) (54,481 )
Purchases of held-to-maturity investments
- (171,991 )
Proceeds from available for sale investments
237,614 68,194
Proceeds from held-to-maturity investments
74,387 198,397
Net cash used in investing activities
(43,907 ) (16,268 )
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of PIPE Shares
75,160 57,312
Proceeds from issuance of PIPE Warrants
- 497
Proceeds from exercise of warrants
3,015 3
Proceeds from ATM facility
1,094 -
Payments for equity issuance costs
(955 ) (800 )
Payments of loans payable
(1,776 ) (1,762 )
Payments of employee taxes related to vested equity awards
(1,443 ) (377 )
Net cash provided by financing activities
75,095 54,873
Net (decrease) increase in cash and restricted cash
22,093 30,870
Cash and restricted cash, beginning of year
72,266 41,396
Cash and restricted cash, end of year
$ 94,359 $ 72,266
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
SKY HARBOUR GROUP CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2024
(in thousands, except share data)
1.
Organization and Business Operations
Sky Harbour Group Corporation (“SHG”) is a holding company organized under the laws of the State of Delaware and, through its main operating subsidiary, Sky Harbour LLC and its subsidiaries (collectively, “Sky”), is an aviation infrastructure development company that develops, leases and manages general aviation hangars for business aircraft across the United States. Sky Harbour Group Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries are collectively referred to as the “Company.”
The Company is organized as an umbrella partnership-C corporation, or “Up-C”, structure in which substantially all of the operating assets of the Company are held by Sky and SHG’s only substantive assets are its equity interests in Sky (the “Sky Common Units”). As of December 31, 2024, SHG owned approximately 44.3% of the Sky Common Units, and the prior holders of Sky’s Existing Common Units (the “LLC Interests”) owned approximately 55.7% of the Sky Common Units and control the Company through their ownership of the Class B Common Stock, $0.0001 par value (“Class B Common Stock”) of the Company.
2.
Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements and the related notes (the “Financial Statements”) have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and pursuant to the accounting and disclosure rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. These Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Certain historical amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation. Amounts previously presented as operating expenses are now separately disclosed as campus operating expenses, fuel expenses, and ground lease expenses within the consolidated statement of operations. Amounts previously presented as general and administrative expenses are now separately disclosed as pursuit and marketing expenses, compensation and benefits, and general and administrative expenses within the consolidated statement of operations. These reclassifications had no effect on total expenses, net loss, net loss per common share and had no impact on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, statement of stockholders’ equity and statement of cash flows for the prior year period.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Such estimates include assumptions used within impairment analyses, estimated useful lives of depreciable assets and amortizable costs, estimates of inputs utilized in determining the fair value of financial instruments such as warrants, estimates and assumptions related to right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities, and estimates and assumptions used in the determination of the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.
Risks and Uncertainties
The Company’s operations have been limited to-date. For most of its history, the Company was engaged in securing access to land through ground leases, and developing and constructing aviation hangars. The major risks faced by the Company is its future ability to obtain additional tenants for the facilities that it constructs, and to contract with such tenants for rental income in an amount that is sufficient to meet the Company’s financial obligations, including increasing construction costs due to inflation and increased borrowing costs to the extent that the Company incurs additional indebtedness.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
As a result of ongoing construction projects and business development activities, including the development of aircraft hangars and the leasing of available hangar space, the Company has incurred recurring losses and negative cash flows from operating activities since its inception. The Company expects to continue to invest in such activities and generate operating losses in the near future.
The Company obtained long-term financing through bond and equity offerings to fund its construction, lease, and operational commitments, and believes its liquidity is sufficient to allow continued operations for more than one year after the date these financial statements are issued.
Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Consolidation
SHG is deemed to have a controlling interest of Sky through its appointment as the Managing Member of Sky, in which SHG has control over the affairs and decision-making of Sky. The interests in Sky not owned by the Company are presented as non-controlling interests. Sky’s ownership percentage in each of its consolidated subsidiaries is 100%, unless otherwise disclosed.
Cash and Restricted Cash
The Company’s cash is held at a major commercial bank, which cash balance may at times exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation limit. To date, the Company has not experienced any losses on its cash deposits. The Company monitors the relative credit standing of financial institutions with whom the Company transacts and limits the amount of credit exposure with any one entity. The Company classifies all highly liquid investments, with the exception of U.S. Treasury securities, purchased with an original maturity of three months or less as cash or restricted cash.
Pursuant to the Company’s bond offering described in Note 9 - Bonds Payable, Loans Payable, and Interest, various restricted trust bank accounts were established at a major financial institution. Such trust bank accounts are included in Restricted cash and Restricted investments on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
Investments
Investments of the Company's cash in various U.S. Treasury securities have been classified as available-for-sale and are carried at estimated fair value utilizing Level 1 inputs as determined based upon quoted market prices.
Unrealized gains and losses are excluded from earnings and are reported as a component of comprehensive income (loss). The Company periodically evaluates whether declines in fair values of its available-for-sale securities below their book value are other-than-temporary. This evaluation consists of several qualitative and quantitative factors regarding the severity and duration of the unrealized loss as well as the Company's ability and intent to hold the available-for-sale security until a forecasted recovery occurs or its contractual maturity. Additionally, the Company assesses whether it has plans to sell the security or it is more likely than not it will be required to sell any available-for-sale securities before recovery of its amortized cost basis. Interest income is recognized when earned as a component of other (income) expense. For available-for-sale securities sold prior to maturity, realized gains and losses and declines in fair value judged to be other than temporary, if any, are included in other (income) expenses. For available-for-sale securities held to maturity, the Company recognizes purchases of, and proceeds from, available-for-sale securities are reported on a gross basis in the cash flows from investing activities section of the consolidated statement of cash flows. The costs of investments sold is based on the specific-identification method.
Restricted Investments Held-to-Maturity
Pursuant to provisions within the Master Indenture of the Series 2021 Bonds, as defined in Note 9 - Bonds Payable, Loans Payable, and Interest, the Company invests the funds held in the restricted trust bank accounts in various U.S. Treasury securities. Therefore, such investments are reported as “Restricted investments” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of the Company’s restricted investments is estimated utilizing Level 1 inputs including prices for U.S. Treasury securities with comparable maturities on active markets.
Unrealized losses on certain of the Company's investments and restricted investments are primarily attributable to changes in interest rates. The Company does not believe the unrealized losses represent impairments because the unrealized losses are due to general market factors. The Company has not recognized an allowance for expected credit losses related to its investments or restricted investments as the Company has not identified any unrealized losses attributable to credit factors during the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The Company has the ability and intent to hold these restricted investments until maturity, and as a result, the Company would not expect the value of these investments to decline significantly due to a sudden change in market interest rates. The held-to-maturity restricted investments are carried on the consolidated balance sheet at amortized cost.
Cost of Construction
Cost of construction on the consolidated balance sheets is carried at cost. The cost of acquiring an asset includes the costs necessary to bring a capital project to the condition necessary for its intended use. Costs are capitalized once the construction of a specific capital project is probable. Construction labor and other direct costs of construction are capitalized. Professional fees for engineering, procurement, consulting, and other soft costs that are directly identifiable with the project and are considered an incremental direct cost are capitalized. Activities associated with internally manufactured hangar buildings, including materials, direct manufacturing labor, and manufacturing overhead directly identifiable with such activities are allocated to our construction projects and capitalized. The Company allocates a portion of its internal salaries to both capitalized cost of construction and to compensation and benefits expense based on the percentage of time certain employees worked in the related areas. Interest, net of the amortization of debt issuance costs and premiums, and net of interest income earned on bond proceeds, is also capitalized until the capital project is completed.
Constructed assets, net
Constructed assets on the consolidated balance sheets consists of developed aircraft hangar buildings and are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Once a capital project is complete, the Company begins to depreciate the constructed asset on a straight-line basis over the lesser of the life of the asset or the remaining term of the related ground lease, including expected renewal terms.
Other long-lived assets
Long-lived assets on the consolidated balance sheets consists principally of land, buildings, machinery and equipment, ground support equipment, software, and computer equipment. Long-lived assets are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Maintenance and repair expenses are charged to expense as incurred. Depreciation is recognized on a straight-line basis over 3 to 20 years, based on the estimated useful life of the assets.
Lease intangible assets
Lease intangible assets on the consolidated balance sheets consists of acquired in-place lease and above-market lease intangible assets. Lease intangible assets are carried at cost less accumulated amortization. Amortization is recognized on a straight-line basis over the acquired leases' respective remaining term.
Impairment of long-lived assets
The Company’s long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Impairment analyses are based on, in part, the Company’s current plans, intended holding periods and available market information at the time the analyses are prepared. An impairment exists when the carrying amount of an asset exceeds the aggregate projected future cash flows over the anticipated holding period on an undiscounted basis. An impairment loss is measured based on the excess of the property’s carrying amount over its estimated fair value. Estimates of fair value are determined using discounted cash flow models, which consider, among other things, anticipated holding periods, current market conditions and utilize unobservable quantitative inputs, including appropriate capitalization and discount rates. If the estimates of the projected future cash flows, anticipated holding periods, or market conditions change, evaluation of impairment losses may be different and such differences could be material to the consolidated financial statements. The evaluation of anticipated cash flows is subjective and is based, in part, on assumptions regarding future occupancy, rental rates and other factors that could differ materially from actual results.
Leases
The Company accounts for leases under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 842, Leases. The Company determines whether a contract contains a lease at the inception of the contract. ASC Topic 842 requires lessees to recognize lease liabilities and right-of-use (“ROU”) assets for all operating leases with terms of more than 12 months on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company has made an accounting policy election to not recognize leases with an initial term of 12 months or less on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and will result in recognizing those lease payments in the consolidated statements of operations on a straight-line basis over the lease term. When management determines that it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise its options to renew the leases, the renewal terms are included in the lease term and the resulting ROU asset and lease liability balances.
The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components; the Company has elected the accounting policy to not separate lease and non-lease components for all underlying asset classes. The Company has not elected to capitalize any interest cost that is implicit within its operating leases into cost of construction on the consolidated balance sheet, but instead, expenses its ground lease cost as a component of operating expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.
All of the Company’s ground leases at airports are classified as operating leases under ASC Topic 842. Management has determined that it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise its options to renew the leases, and therefore the renewal options are included in the lease term and the resulting ROU asset and operating lease liability balances. As the Company’s lease agreements do not provide a readily determinable implicit rate, nor is the rate available to the Company from its lessors, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate to determine the present value of the lease payments.
The Company has operating leases that contain variable payments, most commonly in the form of common area maintenance and operating expense charges, which are based on actual costs incurred. These variable payments were excluded from the calculation of the ROU asset and operating lease liability balances since they are not fixed or in-substance fixed payments. These variable payments were not material in amount for both of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. Some of the leases contain covenants that require the Company to construct the hangar facilities on the leased grounds within a certain period and spend a set minimum dollar amount. See Note 17 - Commitments and Contingencies.
Warrants liability
The Company accounts for the warrants assumed in the Yellowstone Transaction and the warrants sold and issued in connection with the 2023 Purchase Agreement (as defined in Note 11 - Equity) in accordance with the guidance contained in ASC Topic 815, “Derivatives and Hedging” (“ASC 815”), under which warrants that do not meet the criteria for equity classification and must be recorded as derivative liabilities. Accordingly, the Company classifies the warrants as liabilities carried at their fair value and adjusts the warrants to fair value at each reporting period. This liability is subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date until the warrants are exercised or expire, and any change in fair value is recognized as an unrealized gain or loss in the consolidated statements of operations.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement and Disclosures, defines fair value and establishes a framework for measuring fair value. The objective of fair value is to determine the price that would be received upon the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (the exit price). ASC Topic 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes observable and unobservable inputs used to measure fair value into three levels: Level 1 - quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical assets or liabilities; Level 2 - quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data; and Level 3 - unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets and liabilities. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to Level 1 inputs and the lowest priority to Level 3 inputs. In determining fair value, the Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible. Considerable judgment is necessary to interpret Level 2 and 3 inputs in determining the fair value of financial and non-financial assets and liabilities. Accordingly, fair value estimates may be different than the amounts that may ultimately be realized upon sale or disposition of these assets or settlement of these liabilities.
Business Combinations and Asset Acquisitions
The Company evaluates each acquisition transaction to determine whether the acquired asset meets the definition of a business and therefore should be accounted for as a business combination, or if the transaction should be accounted for as an asset acquisition. Under ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations, an acquisition does not qualify as a business when substantially all of the fair value is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets. If the Company determines that the screen test is met, the transaction is accounted for as an asset acquisition. If the screen test is not met, the Company further considers whether the acquisition includes, at a minimum, inputs and processes that have the ability to create outputs in the form of revenue. If the assets acquired meet this criteria, the transaction is accounted for as a business combination.
The Company accounts for acquisitions that qualify as asset acquisitions utilizing a cost accumulation model whereby the purchase price of the acquisition is allocated to the assets acquired on a relative fair value basis on the date of acquisition. Inputs used to determine such fair values are primarily based upon internally developed models, publicly-available information, a risk-adjusted discount rate and/or publicly-available data regarding transactions consummated by other market participants, as applicable.
The Company accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting under ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations, whereby the total purchase price is allocated to tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on respective estimated fair values. The initial valuations are derived from estimated fair value assessments and assumptions used by managements. The excess of the acquisition price over those estimated fair values, if any, is recorded as goodwill.
Transaction-related costs related to asset acquisitions are capitalized as part of the cost basis of the acquired assets. Transaction-related expenses and restructuring costs that are deemed to be part of an acquisition of a business are expensed as incurred.
Revenue recognition
The Company leases the hangar facilities that it constructs to third parties. The Company determines whether a contract contains a lease at the inception of the contract. The lease agreements are either on a month-to-month basis or have a defined term and may have options to extend the term. Some of the leases contain options to terminate the lease by either party with given notice. The Company expects to continue to derive benefit from the underlying assets after the end of the lease term through further leasing arrangements. The underlying assets are the leasehold interest that the Company has in connection with its ground leases. There are no options given to the lessee to purchase the underlying assets.
Rental revenue is recognized in accordance with ASC 842 and includes fixed payments of cash rents, which represents revenue each tenant pays in accordance with the terms of its respective lease and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Rental revenue and the corresponding rent and other receivables are recorded net of any concessions and uncollectible tenant receivables for all periods presented. The Company evaluates the collectability of tenant receivables for payments required under the lease agreements. If the Company determines that collectability is not probable, the Company recognizes any difference between revenue amounts recognized to date under ASC 842 and payments that have been collected from the lessee, including any additional rent or lease termination fees, as a current period adjustment to rental revenue.
Variable lease payments consist of tenant reimbursements for common area maintenance, utilities, and operating expenses of the property, and various other fees, including fees associated with the delivery of aircraft fuel, late fees, and lease termination fees. Variable lease payments are charged based on the terms and conditions included in the respective tenant leases and are recognized in the same period as the expenses are incurred. For the year ended December 31, 2024, rental revenue and fuel revenue includes $887 and $1,876 of variable lease payments, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2023, rental revenue and fuel revenue includes $1,127 and $438 of variable lease payments, respectively.
As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the deferred rent receivable included in accounts receivable, prepaid expenses, and other assets was $594 and $367, respectively. Rent received in advance represents tenant payments received prior to the contractual due date, and is included in accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet. Rent received in advance consisted of $390 and $241 as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
At certain of the Company's hangar campuses, the Company recognizes revenue from ground-based services, such as the fueling and towing of aircraft. Revenue for the sale of aircraft fuel is recognized at the time customer obtains control of the fuel. Revenue for the sale of other ground-based services is recognized at the time the service is performed and provided to customers. Customers are invoiced at the time the services are performed and the associated revenue is recognized in the period it is earned. The Company's fueling arrangements generally are unique at each location it operates, and may be accounted for on a gross or net basis. The Company determines whether to recognize fuel and services revenue on a gross or net basis based on consideration of various factors, including whether the Company has control of the products or services prior to delivery to customers, the Company's degree of latitude in establishing the sales price, whether the Company carries the associated inventory risk, and which party is the primary obligor within such sales arrangements.
For the year ended December 31, 2024 the Company did not derive 10% of its revenue from any single tenant. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company derived 30% of its revenue from two tenants.
Advertising Costs
The Company expenses the cost of advertising and marketing as incurred. Advertising and marketing costs recognized as pursuit and marketing expenses totaled $431 for the year ended December 31, 2024, and $279 for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Income Taxes
SHG is classified as a corporation for Federal income tax purposes and is subject to U.S. Federal and state income taxes. SHG includes in income, for U.S. Federal income tax purposes, its allocable portion of income from the “pass-through” entities in which it holds an interest, including Sky. The “pass-through” entities, are not subject to U.S. Federal and certain state income taxes at the entity level, and instead, the tax liabilities with respect to taxable income are passed through to the members, including SHG. As a result, prior to the Yellowstone Transaction, Sky was not subject to U.S. Federal and certain state income taxes at the entity level.
The Company follows the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. This method gives consideration to the future tax consequences associated with the differences between the financial accounting and tax basis of the assets and liabilities as well as the ultimate realization of any deferred tax asset resulting from such differences, as well as from net operating losses and other tax-basis carryforwards. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized. When a valuation allowance is increased or decreased, a corresponding tax expense or benefit is recorded.
Amounts payable under the Tax Receivable Agreement, as defined in Note 14 - Income Taxes, are accrued by a charge to income when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount is estimable.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
Segment Reporting (Topic 280)
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which is intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The disclosure requirements included in ASU No. 2023-07 are required for all public entities, including entities with a single reportable segment. ASU No. 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted the guidance retrospectively beginning with its consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024. The adoption of ASU No. 2023-07 did not have a material effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements, except for the related disclosures.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
Income Taxes (Topic 740)
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The amendments in this update apply to all entities that are subject to Topic 740, Income Taxes. The standard requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity's effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. The amendments in this update are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The guidance will be applied on a prospective basis with the option to apply the standard retrospectively. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this updated standard on its disclosures to the consolidated financial statements.
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income: Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. This ASU requires public business entities to disclose in the notes to financial statements specific categories within relevant expense captions presented on the face of the income statement. The ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments should be applied on a prospective basis with retrospective application permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting this ASU on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
3.
Acquisitions
Camarillo Acquisition
On December 6, 2024 (the “CMA Closing Date”), the Company, through two wholly-owned subsidiaries of Sky, completed the acquisition of CloudNine at Camarillo LP (“CloudNine”), a California limited partnership, and Sky 805 LLC (“Sky 805”), California limited liability company in exchange for approximately $32.1 million in aggregate cash consideration (collectively, the “Camarillo Acquisitions”). As a result of the Camarillo Acquisitions, CMA CloudNine Holdings LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and wholly-owned subsidiary of Sky, owns a 100% limited partnership interest in CloudNine, and CMA Sky 805 Holdings LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and wholly-owned subsidiary of Sky, is the sole member of Sky 805.
Substantially all of the cash consideration paid in connection with the Camarillo Acquisitions was utilized to satisfy the pre-existing senior and subordinated debt obligations of CloudNine and Sky 805, which were not legally assumed by the Company. The Company did not issue or assume any other debt in connection with the Camarillo Acquisitions. The Camarillo Acquisitions were accounted for as asset acquisitions, and the purchase price of the acquisitions was allocated to the assets acquired on a relative fair value basis on the date of acquisition.
The following table summarizes the allocation of the purchase price to the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed for the Camarillo Acquisitions:
December 6, 2024
Cash
$ 419
Constructed assets, net 30,382
Operating lease right-of-use assets
12,691
Long-lived assets, net 4,241
Total assets
47,733
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities
1,511
Operating lease liabilities
14,113
Total liabilities
15,624
Total fair value of net assets acquired
$ 32,109
CloudNine's principal asset is an approximately 120,000 square foot hangar and office complex at Camarillo Airport (“CMA”) in Camarillo, California, located in the greater Los Angeles metropolitan area. Sky 805 is the holder of related ground leases (the “CMA Leases”) and fixed-based operator rights at CMA. The Company assumed all of CloudNine's and Sky 805's obligations under the CMA Leases in connection with the Camarillo Acquisitions. The CMA Leases pertain to four parcels covering approximately 17 acres of land at CMA and have remaining lease terms of 37 years, each with 10-year options exercisable at the sole discretion of the Company.
Rapidbuilt Business Combination
On May 12, 2023 (the “Option Exercise Date”), Sky exercised its option to acquire a 51% equity interest in Overflow Ltd., a Texas limited partnership (“Overflow”), and its wholly-owned operating subsidiary, Rapidbuilt, Inc., a Texas corporation (“Rapidbuilt”), for nominal consideration (the “Rapidbuilt Acquisition”). As a result of the Rapidbuilt Acquisition, Weatherford Steel Buildings Holdings LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and wholly-owned subsidiary of Sky (“WSBH”), owned a 50% limited partnership interest in Overflow, and Weatherford Steel Buildings GP LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and wholly-owned subsidiary of Sky (“WSB GP”), owned a 1% general partnership interest in Overflow. On December 31, 2024, the Company assumed the former majority shareholder's ownership interest in Overflow for no consideration. As a result, WSBH and WSB GP own 100% of the partnership interests in Overflow as of December 31, 2024.
Rapidbuilt is a manufacturer of pre-engineered steel buildings that previously entered into a supplier arrangement with Sky. Rapidbuilt and Sky’s strategic partnership has resulted in a standard set of proprietary prototype hangar designs, which are intended to deliver high-quality business aviation facilities, lower construction costs, minimize development risk, expedite permit issuance, and facilitate the implementation of refinements across Sky’s portfolio. The Company had pre-existing relationships with Rapidbuilt through a vendor agreement entered into in July 2022 to acquire construction materials related to the Company's development projects (the "Rapidbuilt Vendor Agreement") and a revolving line of credit loan and security agreement (the "Rapidbuilt Loan Agreement") to fund the working capital requirement of Rapidbuilt. These pre-existing relationships were effectively settled in the acquisition and the net receivable balance of $44 is included within the consideration transferred. No gain or loss was recognized in the effective settlement of the Rapidbuilt Vendor Agreement and the Rapidbuilt Loan Agreement.
The total cash purchase consideration was nominal. The Company accounted for the acquisition using the acquisition method of accounting, whereby the total purchase price was allocated to assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on respective estimated fair values.
The following table summarizes the allocation of the purchase price to the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed for the Rapidbuilt Acquisition:
May 12, 2023
Cash
$ 293
Restricted Cash
1,500
Long-lived assets
10,752
Total assets
12,545
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities
1,427
Loans payable and finance lease liabilities
11,074
Total liabilities
12,501
Total fair value of net assets acquired
Effective settlement of net receivable from Rapidbuilt
Total consideration transferred
$ 44
Following the Rapidbuilt Acquisition, substantially all of Overflow and Rapidbuilt's activities relate to the manufacturing of pre-engineering hangar structures for Sky's hangar development projects. As such, the pro-forma effect of this acquisition on revenues and earnings was not material. The transaction costs associated with the acquisition were immaterial for the year ended December 31, 2023.
.
4.
Investments and Restricted Investments
The following tables are summaries of the amortized cost, unrealized gains, unrealized losses, and fair value by investment type as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:
December 31, 2024
Amortized Cost
Gross Unrealized Gains
Gross Unrealized Losses
Estimated Fair Value
Investments, available for sale:
U.S. Treasuries
$ 18,934 $ 53 $ - $ 18,987
Total investments
$ 18,934 $ 53 $ - $ 18,987
Restricted investments, held-to-maturity:
U.S. Treasuries
13,816 85 (353 ) 13,548
Total restricted investments
$ 13,816 $ 85 $ (353 ) $ 13,548
December 31, 2023
Amortized Cost
Gross Unrealized Gains
Gross Unrealized Losses
Estimated Fair Value
Investments, available for sale:
U.S. Treasuries
$ 11,554 $ 312 $ - $ 11,866
Total investments
$ 11,554 $ 312 $ - $ 11,866
Restricted investments, held-to-maturity:
U.S. Treasuries
88,213 105 (694 ) 87,624
Total restricted investments
$ 88,213 $ 105 $ (694 ) $ 87,624
The following table sets forth the maturity profile of the Company's investments and restricted investments as of December 31, 2024:
Investments
Restricted Investments
Due within one year
$ 18,987 $ 2,356
Due one year through five years
- 11,460
Total
$ 18,987 $ 13,816
5.
Cost of Construction and Constructed Assets
The Company’s portfolio as of December 31, 2024 includes the following completed and in-development projects:
●
Addison Airport (“ADS”), Addison, TX (Dallas area);
●
Bradley International Airport (“BDL”), Windsor Locks, CT (Hartford area);
●
Camarillo Airport (“CMA”), Camarillo, CA (Los Angeles area);
●
Centennial Airport (“APA”), Englewood, CO (Denver area);
●
Chicago Executive Airport (“PWK”), Wheeling, IL (Chicago area);
●
Hudson Valley Regional Airport (“POU”), Wappingers Falls, NY (New York area);
●
Miami-Opa Locka Executive Airport (“OPF”), Opa Locka, FL (Miami area);
●
Nashville International Airport (“BNA”), Nashville, TN;
●
Orlando Executive Airport (“ORL”), Orlando, FL;
●
Phoenix Deer Valley Airport (“DVT”), Phoenix, AZ;
●
Salt Lake City International Airport (“SLC”), Salt Lake City, UT;
●
San José Mineta International Airport (“SJC”), San Jose, CA;
●
Sugar Land Regional Airport (“SGR”), Sugar Land, TX (Houston area);
●
Trenton-Mercer Airport (“TTN”), Ewing, NJ (New York and Philadelphia areas); and
●
Washington Dulles International Airport (“IAD”), Dulles, VA (Washington, DC area).
Constructed assets, net, and cost of construction, consists of the following:
December 31, 2024
December 31, 2023
Constructed assets, net of accumulated depreciation:
Buildings: BNA, CMA, OPF Phase I, SGR, and SJC Renovation
$ 115,151 $ 80,232
Accumulated depreciation
(4,849 ) (2,949 )
$ 110,302 $ 77,283
Cost of construction:
ADS Phase I, ADS Phase II, APA Phase I, BDL Phase I, DVT Phase I, OPF Phase II, ORL Phase I, and PWK Phase I
$ 144,900 $ 64,212
The BNA, CMA, OPF Phase I, SGR, and SJC Renovation sites are being depreciated over a weighted-average useful life of approximately 46.2 years. Depreciation expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 totaled $1,899 and $1,737, respectively.
6.
Long-lived Assets and Lease Intangible Assets
Long-lived assets, net, consists of the following:
December 31, 2024
December 31, 2023
Ground support equipment
$ 1,644 $ 1,051
Machinery and equipment
4,903 3,783
Buildings
5,434 5,380
Land
1,620 1,620
Other equipment and fixtures
966 596
Purchase deposits and construction in progress
2,380 362
16,947 12,792
Accumulated depreciation
(2,215 ) (963 )
$ 14,732 $ 11,829
Long-lived assets are being depreciated over a weighted-average use life of approximately 10.6 years. Depreciation expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 totaled $782 and $541, respectively. Capitalized depreciation of long-lived assets included in cost of construction totaled $488 and $331 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, long-lived assets included approximately $2,380 and $362, respectively, of purchase deposits towards long-lived assets which are not being depreciated as the assets have not been placed into service.
Lease intangible assets, net, consists of the following:
December 31, 2024
December 31, 2023
Acquired in-place leases $ 1,878 $ -
Above market leases 1,151 -
3,029 -
Accumulated amortization
(24 ) -
Total operating lease expense $ 3,005 $ -
Lease intangible assets are being amortized over a weighted-average use life of approximately 10.3 years. Amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 totaled $24 and $0, respectively.
Estimated amortization of the respective intangible lease assets as of December 31, 2024 for each of the five succeeding years and thereafter is as follows:
Year Ending December 31,
Acquired In-Place Leases
Above Market Leases
$ 191 $ 104
191 104
191 104
191 104
191 104
Thereafter
907 623
Total
$ 1,862 $ 1,143
7.
Supplemental Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Information
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities, consists of the following:
December 31, 2024
December 31, 2023
Costs of construction
$ 14,267 $ 7,022
Employee compensation and benefits
2,746 2,438
Interest
3,474 3,474
Professional Fees
1,149 1,154
Property Taxes
969 468
Tenant security deposits
1,036 636
Other
4,014 1,548
$ 27,655 $ 16,740
Supplemental Cash Flow Information
The following table summarizes non-cash investing and financing activities:
Year ended
December 31, 2024
December 31, 2023
Accrued costs of construction, including capitalized interest
$ 15,796 $ 9,875
Accrued costs of long-lived assets
741 32
Accrued equity issuance costs
- 1,000
Debt issuance costs and premium amortized to cost of construction
201 210
The following table summarizes non-cash activities associated with the Company’s operating leases:
Year ended
December 31, 2024
December 31, 2023
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities
$ 64,802 $ 16,870
Net increase (decrease) in right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities due to lease remeasurement
839 (1,639 )
The following table summarizes interest paid:
Year ended
December 31, 2024
December 31, 2023
Interest paid
$ 7,655 $ 7,481
The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheets to the total shown within the consolidated statements of cash flows:
Year ended
December 31, 2024
December 31, 2023
Cash, beginning of year
$ 60,257 $ 2,174
Restricted cash, beginning of year
12,009 39,222
Cash and restricted cash, beginning of year
$ 72,266 $ 41,396
Cash, end of year
$ 42,442 $ 60,257
Restricted cash, end of year
51,917 12,009
Cash and restricted cash, end of year
$ 94,359 $ 72,266
8.
Leases
Lessee
The table below summarizes operating lease expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 recorded in the captions within our consolidated statement of operations:
Year Ended
December 31, 2024
December 31, 2023
Ground lease expenses $ 8,564 $ 3,889
Fuel expenses 270 158
General and administrative expenses
111 96
Total operating lease expense $ 8,945 $ 4,143
The Company’s ground leases have remaining terms ranging between 19 to 72 years, including options for the Company to extend the terms. These leases expire between 2044 and 2097, which include all lease extension options available to the Company. Certain of the Company's ground leases contain options to lease additional parcels of land at the Company's option within a specified period of time. In addition to the Company’s ground leases, the Company has operating leases for office space and ground support vehicles, and finance leases for vehicles supporting operations at Rapidbuilt.
In January 2023, the Company executed a lease amendment with the Town of Addison, Texas, to add two additional parcels of land (the “ADS Expansion Parcels”) to the existing lease at ADS (the “ADS Lease”). The land associated with the ADS Expansion Parcels became available for possession in June 2023 for one parcel, and is expected to become available for possession in July 2024 for the other. The lease term for the ADS Expansion Parcels will be 40 years from the completion of construction for each respective parcel, and will effectively extend the term of the existing ADS Lease to be co-terminus with the ADS Expansion Parcels. The ADS Lease and the ADS Expansion Parcels contain no additional extension options as the lease term is the maximum allowable term permitted by the Town of Addison.
In October 2023, the Company, through a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into a ground lease agreement with PWK (the “PWK Lease”). The PWK Lease is divided into two parcels, with the first parcel containing approximately 15 acres of land (“PWK Phase I”). Under the terms of the PWK Lease, it is the intent of PWK to grant the Company a second parcel containing approximately 10 acres of land (“PWK Phase II”). The grant of the PWK Phase II land is at the sole discretion of PWK following the Company's completion of its development project at PWK Phase I. The term of the PWK Lease will be 50 years from the acceptance of the PWK Phase I parcel following customary due diligence and completion of a land survey, with lease payments commencing following the completion of construction. The PWK Lease contains no additional extension options exercisable by the Company or PWK.
The Company was subject to requirements in its ground lease at SGR with respect to the Company's contemplated SGR Phase II project that defined (i) a minimum improvement amount of $2.0 million and (ii) that related construction commence by October 2023, unless otherwise waived or amended. In October 2023, the Company allowed the ground lease associated with the parcels designated for the SGR Phase II project to automatically terminate. The Company did not incur any lease termination penalties, nor had it capitalized any historical costs associated with the contemplated SGR Phase II project.
In December 2023, the Company, through a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into a ground lease agreement (the “BDL Lease”) at BDL with the Connecticut Airport Authority (“CAA”). The BDL Lease covers a parcel containing approximately 8 acres of land at BDL. The initial term of the BDL Lease will be 30 years from the earlier of the date of completion of construction or June 30, 2026, with lease payments commencing contemporaneously with the term. The BDL Lease contains options exercisable by the Company to extend the BDL Lease an additional 20 years following the expiration of the initial term. The BDL Lease contains customary milestones by which the Company must submit site design plans and financing plans.
In December 2023, the Company, through a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into a ground lease agreement at POU with the County of Dutchess, New York (the “POU Lease”). The POU Lease covers two parcels containing approximately 7 acres of land at POU. The initial term of the POU Lease was 15 years from the date of completion of construction. The POU Lease contained language permitting the Company to extend the POU Lease an additional 25 years at any point following the execution of the POU Lease, subject to Dutchess County legislative approval. The POU Lease contains customary deadlines by which the Company must submit site design plans and commence construction. In November 2024, the Company executed an amendment to the POU Lease (the “Amended POU Lease”). The Amended POU Lease extended the term of such ground lease from 15 year to 40 years from the completion of construction, with lease payments commencing upon the earlier of completion of construction or June 2027.
In March 2024, the Company, through a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into a ground lease agreement (the “SJC Lease”) at SJC with the City of San Jose. The SJC Lease covers approximately 7 acres of property that contains an approximately 38,000 square foot hangar, approximately 19,000 square feet of office space, and approximately 108,000 square feet of apron and ramp space. The property at SJC includes additional land on which the Company intends to develop approximately 28,000 square feet of additional hangar space. The initial term of the SJC Lease will be 20 years from May 1, 2024, and contains a mutual option to extend the SJC Lease an additional 5 years following the expiration of the initial term.
In March 2024, the Company, through a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into a ground lease agreement (the “ORL Lease”) at ORL with the Greater Orlando Aviation Authority (“GOAA”). The ORL Lease covers a parcel containing approximately 20 acres of land at ORL. The initial term of the ORL Lease will be 30 years from expiration of construction period, with lease payments commencing contemporaneously with the term. The ORL Lease contains options exercisable by the Company to extend the ORL Lease an additional 20 years based on the Company's total expenditures in subsequent phases at ORL.
In May 2024, the Company, through a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into a ground lease agreement (the “IAD Lease”) at IAD with the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (“MWAA”). The IAD Lease covers approximately 18 acres of property at IAD. The initial term of the IAD Lease will be approximately 50 years and expire on March 31, 2074, and contains an option exercisable by the Company to extend the IAD Lease an additional 10 years following the expiration of the initial term. The property covered by the IAD Lease is split between two parcels, with rent payments associated with the first parcel (“IAD Phase I”) commencing the earlier of certificate of occupancy or 36 months from the issuance of permits for IAD Phase I, and rent payments associated with the second parcel (“IAD Phase II”) commencing the earlier of issuance of permits for IAD Phase II or five years from certificate of occupancy associated with IAD Phase I. The IAD Lease requires the Company to commence construction related to IAD Phase II within five years of the receipt of the certificate of occupancy for IAD Phase I.
In August 2024, the Company, through a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into a ground lease agreement (the “SLC Lease”) at Salt Lake City International Airport (“SLC”) with the Salt Lake City Corporation. The SLC Lease covers approximately 8.4 acres of property at SLC. The initial term of the SLC Lease will be 30 years from the earlier of certificate of occupancy or 24 months from the expiration of the diligence period, as defined in the SLC Lease, with lease payments commencing contemporaneously with the term. The SLC Lease contains two options exercisable by the Company to extend the SLC Lease for an additional 20 years following the expiration of the initial term.
In December 2024, the Company, through a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into a ground lease agreement (the “TTN Lease”) at Trenton-Mercer Airport (“TTN”) with the County of Mercer, New Jersey. The TTN Lease covers approximately 10 acres of property at TTN. The initial term of the TTN Lease will be 30 years from the earlier of certificate of occupancy or 36 months from the lease commencement date, as defined in the TTN Lease, with lease payments commencing contemporaneously with the term. The TTN Lease contains an option exercisable by the Company to extend the TTN Lease for an additional 20 years following the expiration of such initial term.
Supplemental consolidated cash flow information related to the Company’s leases was as follows:
Year ended
December 31, 2024
December 31, 2023
Cash paid for amounts included in measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases
$ 4,223
$ 1,971
Operating cash flows from finance leases
Financing cash flows from finance leases
Supplemental consolidated balance sheet information related to the Company’s leases was as follows:
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term in years
December 31, 2024
December 31, 2023
Operating leases
Ground leases - Unimproved at commencement
54.6
55.8
Ground leases - Existing improvements
31.0
46.1
Equipment leases
5.2
4.0
Office Leases
1.1
1.4
All operating leases
44.6
53.4
Finance leases
1.9
2.7
Weighted Average Discount Rate
Operating leases
Ground leases - Unimproved at commencement
5.45 %
5.22 %
Ground leases - Existing improvements
5.18 %
4.00 %
Equipment leases
5.46 %
5.45 %
Office Leases
4.82 %
2.46 %
All operating leases
5.39 %
5.08 %
Finance leases
4.98 %
5.00 %
The Company’s future minimum lease payments required under leases as of December 31, 2024 were as follows:
Year Ending December 31,
Operating Leases
Finance Leases
$ 6,353 $ 24
7,460 17
8,305 2
8,678 -
9,051 -
Thereafter
477,868 -
Total lease payments
517,715 43
Less imputed interest
(364,918 ) (2 )
Total
$ 152,797 $ 41
Lessor
Tenant leases to which the Company is the lessor require the following non-cancelable future minimum lease payments from tenants as of December 31, 2024:
Year Ending December 31,
Operating Leases
$ 14,807
12,127
9,321
7,139
3,736
Thereafter
16,017
Total
$ 63,147
9.
Bonds payable, loans payable and interest
Bonds payable
On May 20, 2021, Sky formed a new wholly-owned subsidiary, Sky Harbour Capital LLC, as a parent corporation to its wholly-owned subsidiaries that operate each of the aircraft hangar development sites under its first six ground leases. Sky Harbour Capital LLC and these subsidiaries form an Obligated Group (the “Obligated Group” or the “Borrowers”) under a series of bonds that were issued in September 2021 with a principal amount of $166.3 million (the “Series 2021 Bonds”). The members of the Obligated Group are jointly and severally liable under the Series 2021 Bonds. SHG and its other subsidiaries are not members of the Obligated Group and have no obligation to repay the bonds.
The Series 2021 Bonds are payable pursuant to a loan agreement dated September 1, 2021 between the Public Finance Authority (of Wisconsin) and the Borrowers. The payments by the Borrowers under the loan agreement are secured by a Senior Master Indenture Promissory Note, Series 2021-1 issued by the Obligated Group under an indenture (the “Master Indenture”). The obligations of the Borrowers are collateralized by certain leasehold and sub-leasehold deeds of trust or mortgages on the Borrowers’ interests in the development sites and facilities being constructed at each airport where the Borrowers hold ground leases. In addition, the Borrowers have assigned, pledged and granted a first priority security interest in all funds held under the Master Indenture and all right, title and interest in the gross revenues of the Borrowers. Furthermore, Sky, Sky Harbour Holdings LLC and Sky Harbour Capital LLC have each pledged as collateral its respective ownership interest in any of the Borrowers.
The bond trustee established various restricted bank accounts which were initially funded with the bond proceeds and cash on hand. The bond trustee will continue to control the Borrowers’ cash receipts and disbursements under a Trust Agreement. Such restricted funds are available to fund the construction expenditures of the two phases of OPF, BNA, DVT, APA, and ADS Phase I, with certain approvals and supplemental reports, up to $25 million at other airport sites, in addition to certain operating expenses such as ground lease expense. These accounts also include funds to pay debt service through the end of construction at each site and various reserve funds such as a ramp-up reserve, debt service reserve, and a maintenance reserve fund. Such trust bank accounts total approximately $62.7 million, of which $48.9 million and $13.8 million and included in Restricted cash and Restricted investments, respectively, on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024.
The Borrowers have agreed to use all commercially reasonable efforts to jointly maintain a Debt Service Coverage Ratio (as defined in the agreement) of 1.25 for each applicable test period; provided, however, that the failure to maintain this ratio will not be considered an event of default so long as the Obligated Group takes all commercially reasonable action for correcting such deficiency. The measurement of the Debt Service Coverage Ratio commenced with the period ending December 31, 2024. If the Debt Service Coverage Ratio as of the end of any fiscal quarter is less than 1.0, the parent companies of the Borrowers will make contributions to the borrowers or otherwise cause the Debt Service Coverage Ratio to be at least 1.0 within 10 business days of the test date. If the Debt Service Coverage Ratio as of the end of any fiscal quarter is less than 1.25, Sky Harbour Capital LLC must deliver to the trustees an independent consultant’s report and a specific plan designed to achieve a Debt Service Coverage Ratio of 1.25 in the following fiscal year within 120 days. The Company was in compliance with all debt covenants as of December 31, 2024.
The Series 2021 Bonds have principal amounts, interest rates, and maturity dates as follow: $21.1 million bearing interest at 4.00%, due July 1, 2036; $30.4 million bearing interest at 4.00%, due July 1, 2041; and $114.8 million bearing interest at 4.25%, due July 1, 2054. The Series 2021 Bond that has a maturity date of July 1, 2036 was issued at a premium, and the Company received bond proceeds that were $0.2 million above its face value. The bond premium is being amortized as a reduction of interest expense over the life of the bond. Interest is payable on each January 1 and July 1, commencing January 1, 2022. Principal repayments due under the Series 2021 Bonds are paid annually, commencing July 1, 2032.
The bonds maturing on July 1, 2036 are subject to optional early redemption, at the option of Sky Harbour Capital LLC, on or after July 1, 2028, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to the principal amount plus interest accrued to the redemption date. The bonds maturing on July 1, 2041 and July 1, 2054 are subject to optional early redemption, at the option of Sky Harbour Capital LLC, on or after July 1, 2031, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to the principal amount plus interest accrued to the redemption date. An extraordinary optional redemption is permitted in the event of damage or destruction of any of the underlying assets.
The Series 2021 Bonds are mandatorily redeemable upon the occurrence of certain events. Upon the sale of an asset by any Borrower, the applicable portion of the Series 2021 Bonds is subject to special mandatory redemption at prices specified in the agreement. Upon the occurrence of a determination of taxability in which the interest income of any of the bonds does not qualify as being excludable from the gross income of the holder (with limited exclusions), the Series 2021 Bonds are subject to mandatory redemption within 60 days, at a redemption price equal to the principal amount plus accrued interest. Upon the termination of any ground lease of a Borrower, and unless certain other certifications can be made, the Series 2021 Bonds are subject to redemption in an amount and at a redemption price as specified in the agreement. In lieu of redemption, the Bonds may be purchased by any of the Borrowers or by any party designated by Sky Harbour Capital LLC.
As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the fair value of the Company's Series 2021 Bonds was approximately $143.8 million and $116.5 million, respectively. The fair value of the Company's bonds is estimated utilizing Level 2 inputs including prices for the bonds on inactive markets.
The following table summarizes the Company’s Bonds payable as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:
December 31, 2024
December 31, 2023
Bonds payable:
Series 2021 Bonds Principal
$ 166,340 $ 166,340
Premium on bonds
249 249
Bond proceeds
166,589 166,589
Debt issuance costs
(4,753 ) (4,753 )
Accumulated amortization of debt issuance costs and accretion bond premium
785 584
Total Bonds payable, net
$ 162,621 $ 162,420
Vista Loan and Guaranty Agreement
In connection with the Rapidbuilt Acquisition, Sky and Vista Bank (the “Lender”) entered into a consent, waiver, and second amendment (the “Loan Amendment”) and a guaranty agreement (the “Guaranty Agreement”) associated with the senior loan agreement between Overflow and Rapidbuilt (collectively, the “Rapidbuilt Borrowers”), and the Lender (the “Vista Loan”). Pursuant to the Loan Amendment, (i) the Lender consented to the change in control with respect to the Rapidbuilt Borrowers; (ii) the Lender waived any pre-existing events of default on the part of the Rapidbuilt Borrowers; (iii) the Lender agreed to release certain borrowed funds held in reserve, subject to specified terms and conditions; and (iv) the Rapidbuilt Borrowers agreed to certain reserve enhancement obligations, including the ability to repay principal early at the sole discretion of the Rapidbuilt Borrowers. Pursuant to the Guaranty Agreement, all of the Rapidbuilt Borrowers’ obligations under the Vista Loan will be guaranteed by Sky.
The Vista Loan was originated in December 2020 between the Borrowers and the Lender and had approximately $10.3 million outstanding as of the Option Exercise Date. The Vista Loan accrues interest at a per annum rate equal to 3.00% above the three-month secured overnight financing rate published for first day of each calendar quarter by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Interest is payable on a monthly basis, and the Rapidbuilt Borrowers agreed to make certain reserve enhancement payments on January 1, April 1, July 1, and October 1 of each calendar year. The maturity date of the Vista Loan is December 1, 2025. The Vista Loan is secured by the accounts, intellectual property, equipment, inventory, vehicles, and property of the Rapidbuilt Borrowers, and contains customary affirmative and negative covenants.
Loans Payable and Finance Leases
The following table summarizes the Company's loans payable and finance lease liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Maturity Dates Weighted-Average Interest Rates Balance
Weighted-Average Interest Rates
Balance
Vista Loan
December 2025 8.43 % $ 7,224 $ 8.53 % $ 8,768
Equipment loans
August 2026 - September 2028 8.01 % 270 8.09 % 475
Finance leases
September 2024 - July 2027 5.00 % 41 5.00 % 67
Total Loans payable and finance leases
8.39 % $ 7,535 8.47 % $ 9,310
Interest
The following table sets forth the details of interest expense:
Year ended
December 31, 2024
December 31, 2023
Interest
$ 7,655 $ 7,481
Accretion of bond premium and amortization debt issuance costs
201 210
Total interest incurred
7,856 7,691
Less: capitalized interest
(7,141 ) (7,150 )
Interest expense
$ 715 $ 541
10.
Warrants
SHG's legal predecessor, Yellowstone Acquisition Company (“YAC”) issued to third-party investors 6,799,439 warrants which entitled the holder to purchase one share of Class A Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share (the “Public Warrants”). In addition, 7,719,779 private placement warrants were sold to the Sponsor. Each Private Warrant allows the Sponsor to purchase one share of Class A Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share. The Public Warrants and Private Warrants remain outstanding under the same terms and conditions to purchase shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock. The terms of the Private Warrants are identical to those of the Public Warrants, except for that so long as the Private Warrants are held by the Sponsor or its permitted transferees, they may be exercised on a cashless basis.
In connection with the 2023 Purchase Agreement (as defined in Note 11 - Equity), the Company issued to third-party investors 1,541,600 warrants (the “PIPE Warrants”, and together with the Public Warrants and the Private Warrants, the “Warrants”). The PIPE Warrants are similar in form and substance to the Company’s Public Warrants.
The Warrants contain an exercise price of $11.50 per share and expire on January 25, 2027. The Company determined the fair value of its Public Warrants and PIPE Warrants based on the publicly listed trading price as of the valuation date. Accordingly, these warrants are classified as Level 1 financial instruments. As the terms of the Private Warrants are identical to those of the Public Warrants, the Company determined the fair value of its Private Warrants based on the publicly listed trading price of the Public Warrants as of the valuation date and have classified the Private Warrants as Level 2 financial instruments.
During the year ended December 31, 2024, 262,188 Warrants were exercised, resulting in approximately $3.0 million of proceeds. During the year ended December 31, 2023, 225 Warrants were exercised, resulting in an immaterial amount of proceeds. As of December 31, 2024, 15,798,155 Warrants remain outstanding.
The closing price of the Warrants was $2.92 and $0.75 per warrant on December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The aggregate fair value of the Warrants was approximately $46.1 million and $12.0 million as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company recorded unrealized losses of approximately $34.5 million and $8.6 million associated with the change in fair value of the Warrants.
11.
Equity
Common Equity
As of December 31, 2024, there were 33,456,227 and 42,046,356 shares of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock outstanding, respectively. Holders of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock vote together as a single class on all matters submitted to the stockholders for their vote or approval, except as required by applicable law. Holders of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock are entitled to one vote per share on all matters submitted to the stockholders for their vote or approval.
The holders of Class A Common Stock are entitled to receive dividends, as and if declared by the Company’s Board of Directors out of legally available funds. With respect to stock dividends, holders of Class A Common Stock must receive Class A Common Stock. The holders of Class B Common Stock do not have any right to receive dividends other than stock dividends consisting of shares of Class B Common Stock, as applicable, in each case paid proportionally with respect to each outstanding share of Class B Common Stock.
At-the-Market Facility
On March 27, 2024, the Company entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (the “ATM Agreement”) with B. Riley Securities, Inc. (“B. Riley”) with respect to an “at the market” offering program (the “ATM Facility”), under which the Company may, from time to time, at its sole discretion, issue and sell through B. Riley, acting as sales agent, up to $100 million of shares of Class A Common Stock. Pursuant to the ATM Agreement, the Company may sell the shares through B. Riley by any method permitted that is deemed an “at the market” offering as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act. B. Riley will use commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices to sell the shares from time to time, based upon instructions from the Company, including any price or size limits or other customary parameters or conditions the Company may impose. The Company will pay B. Riley a commission of 3.0% of the gross sales price per share sold under the ATM Agreement, subject to certain reductions. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company sold 79,676 shares of Class A Common Stock under the ATM Facility at a weighted-average sales price of $13.75.
The Company is not obligated to sell any shares under the ATM Agreement. The offering of shares pursuant to the ATM Agreement will terminate upon the earlier to occur of (i) the issuance and sale, through B. Riley, of all of the shares subject to the ATM Agreement and (ii) termination of the ATM Agreement in accordance with its terms.
In connection with entering into the ATM Agreement, on March 27, 2024, the Company and B. Riley terminated (the “B. Riley Termination”) the Common Stock Purchase Agreement (the “B. Riley Stock Purchase Agreement”) dated August 18, 2022. As a result of the B. Riley Termination, the Company recognized approximately $0.1 million of expense associated with the write-off of deferred equity issuance costs. From August 18, 2022 through March 27, 2024, the Company had not directed B. Riley to purchase any Class A Common Stock pursuant to the B. Riley Stock Purchase Agreement.
2023 Private Placement and Securities Purchase Agreement
On November 1, 2023, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “2023 Purchase Agreement”) with certain investors (collectively, the “2023 Investors”), pursuant to which the Company (i) sold and issued to the 2023 Investors at an initial closing an aggregate of 6,586,154 shares (the “Initial 2023 PIPE Shares”) of the Company’s Class A Common Stock and accompanying warrants to purchase up to 1,141,600 shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Initial PIPE Warrants”), for an aggregate purchase price of $42.8 million (the "Initial 2023 Financing"), and (ii) sold and issued to the 2023 Investors at a second closing, an aggregate of 2,307,692 shares (the “Additional 2023 PIPE Shares”, and, together with the Initial 2023 PIPE Shares, the “2023 PIPE Shares” ) of the Company’s Class A Common Stock and accompanying warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 400,000 shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Additional PIPE Warrants” and, together with the Initial PIPE Warrants, the “PIPE Warrants”) for an aggregate purchase price of $15.0 million (the “Additional 2023 Financing” and, together with the Initial 2023 Financing, the “2023 Financing”).
The closing of the Initial 2023 Financing occurred on November 2, 2023 (the “Initial 2023 Closing Date”) , and the closing of the Additional 2023 Financing occurred on November 9, 2023. Together with the Initial 2023 Financing, the aggregate PIPE financing through the 2023 Purchase Agreement totaled approximately $57.8 million.
The 2023 Purchase Agreement included certain covenants, including a limitation on the Company’s use of the net proceeds from the 2023 Financing, certain customary standstill restrictions for a period of 90 days following the Initial 2023 Closing Date and a restriction on paying any extraordinary dividend to the extent it would result in the issuance of a number of shares of Class A Common Stock upon exercise of the PIPE Warrants (without regard to any limitations on exercise of the PIPE Warrants) in excess of the number of shares of Class A Common Stock permissible by the NYSE American LLC to be issued without stockholder approval. In addition, pursuant to the 2023 Purchase Agreement, the Company granted to the Lead Investor certain participation rights with respect to certain future equity and debt offerings by the Company until the eighteen-month anniversary of the Initial 2023 Closing Date.
2024 Private Placement and Securities Purchase Agreement
On September 16, 2024, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “2024 Purchase Agreement”) with certain investors (collectively, the “Initial 2024 Investors”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell and issue to the Initial 2024 Investors at an initial closing an aggregate of 3,352,106 shares (the “Initial 2024 PIPE Shares”) of the Company’s Class A Common Stock for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $31.8 million (the “Initial 2024 Closing”), and agreed to sell and issue to the Initial 2024 Investors at a second closing, at the option of the Initial 2024 Investors, up to an aggregate of number of shares equal to the number of each such Initial 2024 Investor's Initial 2024 PIPE Shares purchased in the Initial 2024 Closing at the same purchase price of $9.50 per share (the “Second 2024 Closing” and, together with the Initial Closing, the “2024 Financing”).
The 2024 Purchase Agreement provided that, at any time prior to the Initial 2024 Closing, and at the sole discretion of the Company, additional investors (“Additional 2024 Investors” and, together with the Initial 2024 Investors, the “2024 Investors” ) could execute a joinder to the 2024 Purchase Agreement pursuant to which they would agree to purchase additional shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Additional 2024 PIPE Shares”) in the Initial 2024 Closing, along with the option to purchase Second Closing 2024 PIPE Shares.
On October 25, 2024, the Additional 2024 Investors each executed a joinder to the 2024 Purchase Agreement, pursuant to which the Additional 2024 Investors agreed to purchase, and the Company agreed to sell, an aggregate of 603,684 Additional 2024 PIPE Shares (together with the Initial 2024 PIPE Shares, the “First Closing 2024 PIPE Shares”) for an aggregate purchase price of $5.7 million. The Initial 2024 Closing of the 2024 Financing occurred on October 25, 2024, and 3,955,790 First Closing 2024 PIPE Shares were issued to the 2024 Investors for an aggregate purchase price of $37.6 million, on October 25, 2024 (the “Initial 2024 Closing Date”).
On December 20, 2024, pursuant to the terms of the 2024 Purchase Agreement, the Company sold and issued to the 2024 Investors an aggregate of 3,955,790 shares (the “Second Closing 2024 PIPE Shares” and, together with the First Closing 2024 PIPE Shares, the “2024 PIPE Shares”) of Class A Common Stock for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $37.6 million (the “Second 2024 Closing”). Inclusive of the Initial 2024 Closing, the Company issued and sold an aggregate of 7,911,580 shares of Class A Common Stock for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $75.2 million pursuant to the 2024 Purchase Agreement.
The 2024 Purchase Agreement includes certain covenants, including a limitation on the Company’s use of the net proceeds from the 2024 Financing and a restriction on the Company’s issuance of additional shares of Class A Common Stock for a period of 90 days following the Initial 2024 Closing Date, subject to certain exceptions. The 2024 PIPE Shares were offered and sold in transactions exempt from registration under the Securities Act, in reliance on Section 4(a)(2) thereof and Rule 506 of Regulation D thereunder. In connection with the 2024 Financing, the 2024 Investors entered into a customary lock-up agreement that restricts sales of shares of Class A Common Stock by the 2024 Investors for a period of six months beginning on the Initial 2024 Closing Date, subject to certain exceptions.
Non-controlling interests
The LLC Interests’ ownership in Sky is presented as non-controlling interests within the Equity section of the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 and represents the Sky Common Units held by holders other than SHG. The holders of LLC Interests may exchange Sky Common Units along with an equal number of Class B Common Shares, for Class A Common Shares on the Company. The LLC Interests do not have the option to redeem their Sky Common Units for cash or a variable number of Class A Common Shares, nor does SHG have the option to settle a redemption in such a manner. As of December 31, 2024, the LLC interests owned approximately 55.7% of the Sky Common Units outstanding.
The former majority shareholder's ownership in Overflow was presented as a non-controlling interest within the Equity section of the consolidated balance sheet. On December 31, 2024, the Company assumed the former majority shareholder's ownership interest in Overflow for no consideration. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the former majority shareholder owned 0% and 49% of the partnership interests in Overflow, respectively.
12.
Equity Compensation
Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”)
On January 25, 2022, the Company's 2022 Incentive Award Plan (the “2022 Incentive Award Plan”) became effective following approval by the Company's shareholders. The 2022 Incentive Award Plan provides for grants of stock-based compensation awards, including without limitation, non-qualified stock options, incentive stock options, stock appreciation rights, or SARs, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards, incentive unit awards other stock or cash based awards and dividend equivalent awards. Employees, officers, and consultants of the Company or any parent or affiliate, including Sky, or any non-employee director of the Company’s Board of Directors are eligible to receive awards under the 2022 Incentive Award Plan. An aggregate of 5.2 million shares of Class A Common Stock are issuable pursuant to the 2022 Incentive Award Plan.
On an annual basis, the Company grants RSUs which have time-based conditions and are classified as equity awards. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company granted 430,002 time-based RSUs to certain employees under the Company’s 2022 Incentive Award Plan at a weighted average grant date fair value of $12.33. The RSUs will vest ratably over a four-year period beginning on the first anniversary of the grant date and ending on fourth anniversary. All RSUs were valued at their fair market value, which was the closing price of the Company's stock on the date of the grant.
The following tables presents a summary of RSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2024:
Number of Shares
Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested as of January 1, 2024 871,732 $ 6.65
Granted 430,002 12.33
Vested (406,042 ) 6.89
Forfeited
(6,746 ) 11.71
Unvested as of December 31, 2024
888,946 $ 9.17
During the years ended December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, the Company recognized stock compensation expense of $3,425 and $1,816, respectively, associated with the RSUs within employee compensation and benefits within the consolidated statement of operations. The unrecognized compensation costs associated with all unvested RSUs at December 31, 2024 was approximately $6.9 million that is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average future period of 2.5 years.
Non-qualified Stock Options (“NSOs”)
In February 2024, the Company granted to certain employees options to purchase 438,781 shares of Class A Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.63 under the Company's 2022 Incentive Award Plan. The NSOs vest ratably over a four-year period beginning on the sixth anniversary of the grant date and have a term of 10 years. The options were valued at $7.32 using a Black -Scholes pricing model. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized stock compensation expense of approximately $0.3 million associated with all NSO awards. The unrecognized compensation costs associated with all unvested NSOs at December 31, 2024 was approximately $2.9 million that is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average future period of 8.1 years.
Sky Incentive Units
The Company recognized equity-based compensation expense relating to awarded equity units of Sky (the “Sky Incentive Units”) of $181 and $444 for the years ended December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively. Expense associated with the Sky Incentive Units is recorded within employee compensation and benefits within the statement of operations, and as a component of the non-controlling interest in the consolidated statement of changes in stockholders’ equity. As of December 31, 2024, there was $0.1 million of total unrecognized compensation expense that is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average future period of 0.4 years.
13.
Income Taxes
We are subject to taxation in all jurisdictions in which we operate that impose an income tax on our business activities. The components of the income tax expense for the years ended December 31, and the tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to deferred taxes at December 31, are as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
Income tax benefit:
Deferred federal income tax benefit
(3,275 ) (1,382 )
Deferred state income tax benefit
(231 ) (37 )
Total income tax benefit before valuation allowance
(3,506 ) (1,419 )
Valuation allowance
3,506 1,419
Total income tax benefit
$ - $ -
A reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax expense to the income tax expense (benefit) prior to income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests from continuing operations at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 is as follows:
For the Year Ended December 31,
Income tax benefit at the federal statutory rate of 21%
(11,273 ) (5,342 )
State income tax benefit, net of federal benefit
(183 ) (133 )
Unrealized loss on warrants
7,248 1,815
Stock-based compensation
(384 ) 105
Income taxed to non-controlling interests
1,465 1,644
Other, net
(379 ) 492
Change in valuation allowance
3,506 1,419
Total income tax benefit
$ - $ -
The Company recorded income tax expense of $0 and the effective tax rate was 0.0% for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. The effective income tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2024 differs from the federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to a full valuation allowance against net deferred tax assets as it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
Components of the Company’s deferred tax assets at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are as follows:
For the Year Ended December 31,
2024 2023
Deferred tax assets:
Amortization
22 27
Difference between book and tax capital accounts
495 485
Accounts receivable, prepaid expenses, and other assets
140 -
Stock-based compensation
399 139
Lease liability
9 14
Net operating loss carryforwards
7,058 4,146
Valuation allowance
(7,586 ) (4,080 )
Total deferred tax assets
$ 537 $ 731
Deferred tax liabilities:
Unrealized Gain/Loss on investments
- $ (1 )
Long-lived assets
(529 ) (716 )
Right-of-use assets
(8 ) (14 )
Total deferred tax liabilities
$ (537 ) $ (731 )
Total
$ - $ -
The realization of deferred tax assets, including net operating loss carryforwards ("NOLs"), is dependent on the generation of future taxable income sufficient to realize the tax deductions, carryforwards, and credits. Valuation allowances on deferred tax assets are recognized if it is determined that it is more likely than not that the asset will not be realized. For the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded a full valuation allowance due to historical losses before income taxes which reduced management's ability to rely on future expectations of income.
As of December 31, 2024, we have available federal tax operating loss carryforwards of approximately $32.0 million, including approximately $1.7 million generated by our legal predecessor prior to the Yellowstone Transaction and $6.0 million generated by our subsidiary, Rapidbuilt. All federal tax operating loss carryforwards arose in tax years subsequent to 2017. Tax operating loss carryovers arising in years after 2017 may be carried forward indefinitely but are only available to offset 80% of future taxable income. We have available state tax operating loss carryforwards of approximately $32.0 million, which are available to reduce future state taxable income and would begin to expire in tax year 2040 in various amounts. Utilization of our net operating loss carryforwards may be subject to substantial annual limitations due to the ownership change limitations provided by Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code, as amended, and similar state provisions.
Uncertain Tax Positions
We believe that there are no tax positions taken or expected to be taken that would significantly increase or decrease unrecognized tax benefits within 12 months of the reporting date.
The federal and state statutes of limitation for assessment of tax liability generally lapse within three years after the date the tax returns are filed. However, income tax attributes that are carried forward, such as net operating loss carryforwards, may be challenged and adjusted by taxing authorities at any time prior to the expiration of the statute of limitations for the tax year in which they are utilized. As of December 31, 2024, we do not have any open exams; however, all tax years, including those of our legal predecessor, are subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service.
Tax Receivable Agreement
Following closing of the Yellowstone Transaction, the Company, Sky, the LLC Interests, and the TRA Holder Representative, entered into a tax receivable agreement (the “Tax Receivable Agreement”). Pursuant to the Tax Receivable Agreement, the Company will generally be required to pay the LLC Interests 85% of the amount of savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state, local, and foreign taxes that are based on, or measured with respect to, net income or profits, and any interest related thereto that the Company realizes, or is deemed to realize, as a result of certain tax attributes, including:
• existing tax basis in certain assets of Sky and certain of its direct or indirect subsidiaries, including assets that will eventually be subject to depreciation or amortization, once placed in service, attributable to Sky Common Units acquired by the Company from a TRA Holder, as determined at the time of the relevant acquisition;
• tax basis adjustments resulting from taxable exchanges of Sky Common Units (including any such adjustments resulting from certain payments made by the Company under the Tax Receivable Agreement) acquired by the Company from a TRA Holder pursuant to the terms of the A&R Operating Agreement; and
• tax deductions in respect of portions of certain payments made under the Tax Receivable Agreement (each of the foregoing, collectively, the “Tax Attributes”).
As of December 31, 2024, no transactions occurred that would result in a cash tax savings benefit that would trigger the recording of a liability under the terms of the Tax Receivable Agreement.
14.
Earnings (loss) per Share
Basic earnings (loss) per share of Class A Common Stock is computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to SHG by the weighted-average number of shares of Class A Common Stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net income (loss) per share of Class A Common Stock is computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to SHG, adjusted for the assumed exchange of all potentially dilutive securities, by the weighted-average number of shares of Class A Common Stock outstanding adjusted to give effect to potentially dilutive shares using the treasury stock or if-converted method as appropriate. Shares of the Company’s Class B Common Stock do not participate in the earnings or losses of the Company and are therefore not participating securities. As such, separate presentation of basic and diluted earnings per share of Class B Common Stock under the two-class method has not been presented.
Year Ended
December 31, 2024
December 31, 2023
Numerator:
Net loss
$ (53,683 ) $ (25,441 )
Less: Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests
(8,452 ) (9,264 )
Basic and diluted net loss attributable to Sky Harbour Group Corporation shareholders
(45,231 ) (16,177 )
Denominator:
Based and diluted weighted average shares of Class A Common Stock outstanding
25,742 16,456
Loss per share of Class A Common Stock - Basic and diluted
$ (1.76 ) $ (0.98 )
Potentially dilutive shares excluded from the weighted-average shares used to calculate the diluted net loss per common share due the Company's net loss position were as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended
December 31, 2024
December 31, 2023
Shares subject to unvested restricted stock units
889 931
Shares issuable upon the exercise of unvested stock options 439 -
Shares issuable upon the exercise of Warrants
15,798 16,061
Shares issuable upon the exchange of Class B Common Stock
42,046 42,046
Shares issuable upon the exercise and exchange of Sky Incentive Units
2,056 2,808
15.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The following table summarizes the components of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized gain (loss) on Available-for-sale Securities
Total
Balance as of December 31, 2022
$ (102 ) $ (102 )
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications
684 684
Amounts reclassified to other (income) expense
(270 ) (270 )
Balance as of December 31, 2023
$ 312 $ 312
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications
556 556
Amounts reclassified to other (income) expense
(815 ) (815 )
Balance as of December 31, 2024
$ 53 $ 53
During the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company reported reclassifications of $815 and $270, respectively, of unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities to net income as a component of other (income) expense.
16.
Segment Information
The Company has one consolidated reportable segment. This segment derives revenues from customers through the leasing of home-basing aircraft hangars and through services and products ancillary to its leasing activities. As of December 31, 2024, the Company drives revenue entirely within the United States and manages the business activities on a consolidated basis.
The determination of reportable operating segments is based on the Chief Operating Decision Maker’s (“CODM’s”) use of financial information provided for the purposes of assessing performance and making operating decisions. The Company's CODM is its founder and Chief Executive Officer. The CODM uses net income (loss) to allocate resources and assess the performance of the Company by comparing actual results to historical results and previously forecasted financial information and the allocation of budget between the expenses presented within the consolidated statement of operations. The measure of segment assets is reported on the consolidated balance sheet as total consolidated assets. All required significant financial segment information can be found within the consolidated financial statements.
The accounting policies of the Company’s consolidated segment are the same as those described in Note 2 - Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies. Any intercompany revenues or expenses are eliminated in consolidation.
17.
Commitments and Contingencies
In addition to the lease payment commitments discussed in Note 8 - Leases, the ground leases to which the Company is a party contain covenants that require the Company to conduct construction of hangar facilities on the leased grounds within a certain period and in some cases, to spend a minimum dollar amount.
The DVT Lease requires approximately $14.6 million of improvements to be made for the DVT Phase II project within 12-months after receiving permitting documents, but in no event later than May 2026.
The PWK Lease contains a requirement that the Company must commence construction within six months of the issuance of permits and must complete construction within 18 months of construction commencement. If the Company is unable to adhere to the prescribed timeline and unable to receive an extension from PWK, the PWK Lease is subject to termination.
The SJC Lease contains customary milestones by which the Company must complete additional construction.
The ORL Lease requires that the Company construct $30 million of improvements in its initial phase of construction within 24 months of the effective date of the lease. The ORL Lease contains other customary milestones by which the Company must commence and complete subsequent phases of construction.
The SLC Lease requires that the Company make minimum capital improvements of $40 million.
The TTN Lease requires that the Company make minimum capital improvements of $30 million.
The Company has contracts for construction of the APA Phase I, DVT Phase I, ADS Phase I, and OPF Phase II projects. The Company may terminate any of the contracts or suspend construction without cause. There are no termination penalties under such construction contracts.
18.
Related Party Transactions
Loan and Security Agreement
On December 6, 2024, the Company entered into a revolving line of credit loan and security agreement (the “Loan and Security Agreement”), with a company controlled by the former owner of CloudNine and Sky 805, who also serves as an independent contractor of the Company following the CMA Asset Acquisition. The Company provided an initial loan commitment of $1.0 million and agreed to provide an additional $2.0 million of availability under a revolving line of credit to fund the working capital requirements of such company. The Loan and Security Agreement matures on December 6, 2029, and bears interest at a the standard overnight financing right plus 2% per annum.
As of December 31, 2024, the Company had loaned a total of $1.0 million to such company, the balance of which is presented as a component of accounts receivable, prepaid expenses, and other assets within the Company's consolidated balance sheet.
Echo Echo Agreement
On September 20, 2021, the Company entered into a non-exclusive agreement with Echo Echo, LLC, a related party to the Founder and CEO, for the use of a Beechcraft Baron G58 aircraft. The effective date of the agreement was September 8, 2021 and the agreement automatically renews annually. The agreement can be terminated without penalty if either party provides 35 days' written notice, or if the aircraft is sold or otherwise disposed of. The Company is charged per flight hour of use along with all direct operating costs. Additionally, the Company will also incur the pro rata share of maintenance, overhead and insurance costs of the aircraft.
On September 19, 2024, the Company entered into an additional non-exclusive agreement with Echo Echo, LLC for the use of an Epic E1000GX aircraft. The effective date of the agreement was August 30, 2024 and the agreement automatically renews annually. The agreement can be terminated without penalty if either party provides 30 days' written notice, or if the aircraft is sold or otherwise disposed of. Additionally, the Company is responsible for reimbursing its pro rata share of the direct operating costs of the aircraft, exclusive of maintenance and insurance.
For the years ended December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, the Company recognized $372 and $215 of expense, within pursuit and marketing expense under the terms of this agreement. The related liability is included in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024.
Other Related Party Transactions
For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized $0 of expense for consulting services received from a company that employed the chief financial officer until prior to July 1, 2021 and with which the Company had a pre-existing vendor relationship. The Company recognized $105 of expense during the year ended December 31, 2023 for consulting services received from the same company.
19.
Subsequent Events
On January 1, 2025, the Company executed a lease amendment with respect to its ground lease at APA to add an approximately 1 acre parcel of land to the existing lease (the “APA Lease Amendment”). The land associated with the APA Lease Amendment became immediately available for possession in January 2025 and is co-terminus with the other parcels covered by the Company's ground lease at APA.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ITEM 9.
CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9A.
CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in company reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Pursuant to Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer (our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, respectively), with the participation of other members of management, carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2024. Our management does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. Disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well designed, operated and managed, can provide only reasonable assurance that the objectives of the disclosure controls and procedures are met. Because of the inherent limitations of disclosure controls and procedures, no evaluation of such disclosure controls and procedures can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. Based upon this evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer determined that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2024.
Management’s Report on Internal Controls over Financial Reporting
The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act. The Company’s internal control system is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. Due to its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.
Management conducted an assessment of our internal control over financial reporting, including the remediation efforts described above, based upon criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013). Based on that assessment, management determined that our internal controls over financial reporting were effective as of December 31, 2024.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act, during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9B.
OTHER INFORMATION
a) Disclosure in lieu of reporting on a Current Report on Form 8-K.
None.
b) Insider Trading Arrangements and Policies.
During the three months ended December 31, 2024, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
ITEM 10.
DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The required information is incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement to be filed with respect to our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders within 120 days of December 31, 2024.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 11.
EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The required information is incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement to be filed with respect to our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders within 120 days of December 31, 2024.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
ITEM 12.
SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS.
The required information is incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement to be filed with respect to our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders within 120 days of December 31, 2024.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
ITEM 13.
CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The required information is incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement to be filed with respect to our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders within 120 days of December 31, 2024.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
ITEM 14.
PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
The required information is incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement to be filed with respect to our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders within 120 days of December 31, 2024.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
ITEM 15.
EXHIBITS, AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a)
Financial Statements
The financial statements listed in “Index to the Financial Statements” at “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” are filed as part of this Report. Financial statement schedules have been omitted since they are either not required, not applicable, or the information is otherwise included.
(b)
Exhibits
See Exhibit Index at the end of this Report, which is incorporated by reference.
Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit
Number
Description
Schedule/
Form
File No.
Exhibit
Filing Date
2.1 (+)
Equity Purchase Agreement, dated as of August 1, 2021, by and among Yellowstone Acquisition Company and Sky Harbour LLC.
8-K
001-39648
2.1
August 3, 2021
3.1
Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Yellowstone Acquisition Company.
8-K
001-39648
3.1
January 31, 2022
3.2
Bylaws of Sky Harbour Group Corporation.
8-K
001-39648
3.2
January 31, 2022
4.1
Specimen Class A Common Stock Certificate.
S-1
333-249035
4.2
September 25, 2020
4.2
Specimen Warrant Certificate.
S-1
333-249035
4.3
September 25, 2020
4.3
Warrant Agreement, dated October 21, 2020, between Yellowstone Acquisition Company and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as warrant agent.
8-K
001-39648
4.1
October 26, 2020
4.4
Description of Securities.
10-K
001-39648
4.4
March 27, 2024
10.1 (+)
Stockholders’ Agreement, dated as of January 25, 2022, by and among Sky Harbour Group Corporation, Tal Keinan, Due West Partners LLC, Center Sky Harbour LLC, BOC Yellowstone I LLC, and BOC Yellowstone II LLC.
8-K
001-39648
10.1
January 31, 2022
10.2 (+)
Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of September 14, 2021 by and among Sky Harbour LLC, the Existing Sky Equityholders, BOC YAC, the Sponsor and the BOC PIPE investors.
8-K
001-39648
10.2
January 31, 2022
10.3
Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of February 28, 2022 by and among Sky Harbour LLC, the Existing Sky Equityholders, BOC YAC, the Sponsor and the BOC PIPE investors.
10-K
001-39648
10.3
March 28, 2022
10.4 (+)
Tax Receivable Agreement, dated as of January 25, 2022, by and among Sky Harbour Group Corporation, the Existing Sky Equityholders and the TRA Holder Representative.
8-K
001-39648
10.3
January 31, 2022
10.5 (+)
Third Amended and Restated Operating Agreement of Sky Harbour LLC.
8-K
001-39648
10.4
January 31, 2022
10.6 (*)
Sky Harbour Group Corporation 2022 Incentive Award Plan.
8-K
001-39648
10.5
January 31, 2022
10.7 (*)
Sky Harbour Group Corporation 2022 Incentive Award Plan - Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement.
8-K
001-39648
10.6
January 31, 2022
10.8 (*)
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Executives)
8-K
001-39648
10.2
May 20, 2022
10.9 (*)
Form of Option Award Agreement
10-K
001-39648
10.9
March 27, 2024
10.10 (*)
Form of Director and Officer Indemnification Agreement.
8-K
001-39648
10.7
January 31, 2022
10.11 (*)
Employment Agreement with Tal Keinan.
8-K
001-39648
10.1
March 28, 2022
10.12 (*)
Employment Agreement with Francisco Gonzalez.
8-K
001-39648
10.8
January 31, 2022
10.13 (*)
Amendment to Amended and Restated Employment Agreement with Francisco Gonzalez.
8-K
001-39648
10.3
March 28, 2022
10.14 (*)
Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Employment Agreement with Francisco Gonzalez.
8-K
001-39648
10.1
May 20, 2022
10.15 (*)
Employment Agreement with Will Whitesell
10-K
001-39648
10.15
March 27, 2024
10.16
Trust Indenture between the Public Finance Authority and The Bank of New York Mellon.
8-K
001-39648
10.10
January 31, 2022
10.17
Specimen Series 2021 Bonds (included as part of Exhibit 10.16).
8-K
001-39648
10.11
January 31, 2022
10.18
Loan Agreement by and between the Public Finance Authority, Sky Harbour Sugar Land Airport, LLC, Sky Harbour Opa Locka Airport, LLC, Nashville Hangars LLC, APA Hangars LLC and DVT Hangars LLC.
8-K
001-39648
10.12
January 31, 2022
10.19 (+)
Loan Agreement, dated as of December 1, 2020, by and among Rapidbuilt, Inc., Overflow, Ltd. and Vista Bank, as amended by the Consent, Waiver and Second Amendment to Loan Documents, dated as of May 12, 2023, by and among Vista Bank, Overflow, Ltd., Rapidbuilt, Inc. and Sky Harbour, LLC.
10-Q
001-39648
10.1
August 14, 2023
10.20
Guaranty Agreement, dated as of May 12, 2023, by Sky Harbour LLC in favor of Vista Bank.
10-Q
001-39648
10.2
August 14, 2023
10.21
Form of Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of November 1, 2023 by and among Sky Harbour Group Corporation and the Investors named therein.
8-K
001-39648
10.1
November 2, 2023
10.22
Form of Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of November 1, 2023 by and among Sky Harbour Group Corporation and the Investors named therein.
8-K
001-39648
10.2
November 2, 2023
10.23
Form of Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of September 16, 2024 by and among Sky Harbour Group Corporation and the Investors named therein.
8-K
001-39648
10.1
September 17, 2024
10.24
Form of Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of October 25, 2024 by and among Sky Harbour Group Corporation and the Investors named therein.
8-K
001-39648
10.1
October 28, 2024
10.25
Ground Sublease between Sunborne XVI, LTD. and APA Hangars LLC.
8-K
001-39648
10.13
January 31, 2022
10.26
Lease and SASO Operating Agreement between the City of San Jose and SJC Hangars LLC.
10-Q
001-39648
10.1
May 14, 2024
10.27
Lease Agreement between Orlando Executive Airport and SHOLA, LLC.
10-Q
001-39648
10.2
May 14, 2024
10.28
Deed of Ground Lease by and between Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority, as Lessor, and IAD Hangars LLC.
10-Q
001-39648
10.1
August 13, 2024
16.1
Letter from KPMG LLP to the SEC, dated January 31, 2022.
8-K
001-39648
16.1
January 31, 2022
19.1 (#)
Sky Harbour Group Corporation Policy on Inside Information and Insider Trading.
21.1 (#)
List of Subsidiaries.
23.1 (#)
Consent of EisnerAmper LLP.
24.1 (#)
Power of Attorney (included on signature pages herein).
31.1 (#)
Certification of the Chief Executive Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a).
31.2 (#)
Certification of the Chief Financial Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a).
32.1 (##)
Certification of the Chief Executive Officer required by Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) and 18 U.S.C. 1350.
32.2 (##)
Certification of the Chief Financial Officer required by Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) and 18 U.S.C. 1350.
97.1
Sky Harbour Group Corporation Compensation Recoupment Policy.
10-K
001-39648
97.1
March 27, 2024
101 (#)
Inline XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language). The following materials from this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2024, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) consolidated balance sheets of Sky Harbour Group Corporation, (ii) consolidated statements of operations of Sky Harbour Group Corporation, (iii) consolidated statements of comprehensive income/(loss) of Sky Harbour Group Corporation, (iv) consolidated statements of changes in equity of Sky Harbour Group Corporation, (v) consolidated statements of cash flows of Sky Harbour Group Corporation, and (vi) notes to consolidated financial statements of Sky Harbour Group Corporation. The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
104 (#)
Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)
(*)
Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan.
(#)
Filed herewith.
(##)
The certifications attached as Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 that accompany this Report, are not deemed filed with the SEC and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date of this Report irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing, except to the extent that the Company specifically incorporated it by reference.
(+)
Certain schedules and exhibits to this Exhibit have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) or Item 601(b)(10)(iv), as applicable, of Regulation S-K. The Registrant agrees to furnish supplemental copies of all omitted exhibits and schedules to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon its request.