EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1157762
Filing Year: 2025
Filename: 1157762_10-K_2025_0001104659-25-029080.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
ITEM 1. BUSINESS.
COMPANY HISTORY
China Automotive Systems, Inc., “China Automotive” or the “Company,” was incorporated in the State of Delaware on June 29, 1999. Through its subsidiary, Great Genesis Holdings Limited, “Genesis,” a corporation organized under the laws of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China, it owns interests in eight Sino-joint ventures and seven wholly-owned subsidiaries in the People’s Republic of China, “China” or the “PRC,” which manufacture power steering systems and/or related products for different segments of the automobile industry. Genesis also owns interests in a Brazil-based trading company, which engages mainly in the import and sales of automotive parts in Brazil.
Henglong USA Corporation, “HLUSA,” which was incorporated on January 8, 2007 in Troy, Michigan, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, and mainly engages in marketing of automotive parts in North America, and provides after sales service and research and development, “R&D”, support.
Unless the context indicates otherwise, the Company uses the terms “the Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” to refer to China Automotive collectively on a consolidated basis.
BUSINESS OVERVIEW
The Company is a holding company and has no significant business operations or assets other than its interest in Genesis and HLUSA. Genesis mainly engages in the manufacture and sale of automotive systems and components through its controlled subsidiaries and the joint ventures, as described below.
Set forth below is an organizational chart as at December 31, 2024.
CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. [NASDAQ:CAAS]
↓100%
↓100%
Great Genesis Holdings Limited
Henglong USA Corporation
↓
↓100%
↓70%
Hubei
Shenyang
Henglong
Jinbei Henglong
Automotive
Automotive
System Group
Steering System
Co., Ltd.
Co., Ltd.
“Hubei Henglong”1
“Shenyang”2
↓
↓100%
↓100%
↓100%
↓85%
↓70%
↓94.19%
↓100%
↓60.0%
↓51%
↓62%
↓100%
↓100%
Jingzhou
Shashi
Wuhu
Wuhan
Chongqing
CAAS
Hubei
Hubei
Hyoseong
Wuhu
Changchun
Hubei
Henglong
Jiulong
Henglong
Jielong
Henglong
Brazil’s
Henglong
Henglong
(Wuhan)
Hongrun
Hualong
Zhirong
Automotive
Power
Automotive
Electric
Hongyan
Imports And
Group
& KYB
Motion
New
Automotive
Automotive
Parts
Steering
Steering
Power
Automotive
Trade In
Shanghai
Automobile
Mechatronics
Material
Technology
Technology
Co., Ltd.
Gears
System Co.,
Steering Co.,
System Co.,
Automotive
Automotive
Electric
System
Co., Ltd.
Co., Ltd.
Co., Ltd.
Co., Ltd.
Ltd.
Ltd.
Ltd.
Parts Ltd.
Electronics
Steering
Co., Ltd.
Research and
System
Development
Co., Ltd.
Ltd.
“Chongqing
“Brazil
“Shanghai
“Henglong
“Wuhan
“Wuhu
“Changchun
“Henglong”3
“Jiulong”4
“Wuhu”5
“Jielong”6
Henglong”7
Henglong”8
Henglong”11
KYB”12
Hyoseong”13
Hongrun”14
Hualong”15
“Zhirong”16
↓
↓
↓100%
↓100%
Jingzhou
Wuhan
Henglong
Chuguanjie
Automotive
Automotive
Technology
Science and
(Testing)
Technology
Center
Ltd.
“Testing
“Wuhan
Center”9
Chuguanjie”10
1. On March 7, 2007, Genesis established Hubei Henglong, formerly known as Jingzhou Hengsheng Automotive System Co., Ltd., its wholly-owned subsidiary, to engage in the production and sales of automotive steering systems. On July 8, 2012, Hubei Henglong changed its name to Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd.
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2. Shenyang was established in 2002 and focuses on power steering parts for light duty vehicles.
3. Henglong was established in 1997 and mainly engages in the production of rack and pinion power steering gears for cars and light-duty vehicles.
4. Jiulong was established in 1993 and mainly engages in the production of integral power steering gears for heavy-duty vehicles.
5. Wuhu was established in 2006 and mainly engages in the production and sales of automobile steering systems. In April 2021, the Company obtained an additional 22.67% equity in Wuhu for total consideration of RMB 6.9 million, equivalent to approximately $1.1 million, from the other shareholder. The Company retained its controlling interest in Wuhu and the acquisition of the non-controlling interest was accounted for as an equity transaction.
6. Jielong was established in 2006 and mainly engages in the production and sales of automobile steering columns.
7. On February 21, 2012, Hubei Henglong and SAIC-IVECO Hongyan Company, “SAIC-IVECO,” established a Sino-foreign joint venture company, Chongqing Henglong, to design, develop and manufacture both hydraulic and electric power steering systems and parts.
8. On August 21, 2012, Brazil Henglong was established as a Sino-foreign joint venture company by Hubei Henglong and two Brazilian citizens, Ozias Gaia Da Silva and Ademir Dal’ Evedove. Brazil Henglong engages mainly in the import and sale of automotive parts in Brazil. In May 2017, the Company obtained an additional 15.84% equity interest in Brazil Henglong for nil consideration. In October 2024, Brazil Henglong changed its Articles. Under the new Articles, the Company’s equity interest in Brazil Henglong was changed to 94.19% from 95.84%. The Company retained its controlling interest in Brazil Henglong and the acquisition of the non-controlling interest was accounted for as an equity transaction.
9. In December 2009, Henglong, a subsidiary of Genesis, formed Testing Center, which mainly engages in the research and development of new products. It has been deregistered in January, 2025.
10. In May 2014, together with Hubei Wanlong, Jielong formed a subsidiary, Wuhan Chuguanjie Automotive Science and Technology Ltd., “Wuhan Chuguanjie”, which mainly engages in research and development, manufacture and sales of automobile electronic systems and parts. Wuhan Chuguanjie is located in Wuhan, China.
In May 2020, Wuhan Chuguanjie merged with another subsidiary, Universal Sensor Application Inc., “USAI”, which was established in 2005 and mainly engages in the production and sales of sensor modules.
11. In January 2015, Hubei Henglong formed Hubei Henglong Group Shanghai Automotive Electronics Research and Development Ltd., “Shanghai Henglong”, which mainly engages in the design and sale of automotive electronics.
12. In August 2018, Hubei Henglong and KYB (China) Investment Co., Ltd., “KYB”, established Hubei Henglong KYB Automobile Electric Steering System Co., Ltd., “Henglong KYB”, which mainly engages in design, manufacture, sales and after-sales service of automobile electronic systems. Hubei Henglong owns 66.6% of the shares of this entity and has consolidated it since its establishment. In March 2024, KYB obtained an additional 6.6% equity interest in Henglong KYB for total consideration of RMB 110.0 million, equivalent to approximately $15.5 million. The Company retained its controlling interest in Henglong KYB.
13. In March 2019, Hubei Henglong and Hyoseong Electric Co., Ltd. established Hyoseong (Wuhan) Motion Mechatronics System Co., Ltd., “Wuhan Hyoseong”, which mainly engages in the design, manufacture and sales of automotive motors and electromechanical integrated systems. Hubei Henglong owns 51.0% of the shares of Wuhan Hyoseong and has consolidated it since its establishment.
14. In December 2019, Hubei Henglong formed Wuhu Hongrun New Material Co., Ltd., “Wuhu Hongrun”, which mainly engages in the development, manufacturing and sale of high polymer materials. Hubei Henglong owns 62.0% of the shares of Wuhu Hongrun and has consolidated it since its establishment.
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15. In April 2020, Hubei Henglong acquired 100.0% of the equity interests of Changchun Hualong Automotive Technology Co., Ltd., “Changchun Hualong”, for total consideration of RMB 1.2 million, equivalent to approximately $0.2 million from an entity controlled by Hanlin Chen. Before the acquisition, 52.1% of the shares of Changchun Hualong were ultimately owned by Hanlin Chen and 47.9% of the shares were owned by third parties. Changchun Hualong mainly engages in design and R&D of automotive parts.
16. In June 2023, Hubei Henglong contributed certain equipment and intangible assets to Hubei Zhirong Automobile Technology Co., Ltd., “Zhirong”, representing 100% of Zhirong’s paid-up capital. Zhirong mainly engages in inspection and testing of automotive products.
The Company has business relationships with more than sixty vehicle manufacturers, including BYD Auto Co., Ltd., Zhejiang Geely Automobile Co., Ltd., and Chery Automobile Co., Ltd., three of the largest privately owned car manufacturers in China, Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd., a state-owned car manufacturer in China, SAIC Motor Co., Ltd, FAW Group Co., Ltd and others. All of them are our key customers. For overseas customers, the Company has supplied power steering gear to Stellantis N.V. since 2009 and to Ford Motor Company since 2016.
The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act
Pursuant to the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, if the SEC determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspections by the PCAOB for two consecutive years, the SEC will prohibit our shares from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report to notify the SEC of its determination that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong, including our auditor. In May 2022, the SEC conclusively listed us as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCAA following the filing of the annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB issued a report that vacated its December 16, 2021 determination and removed mainland China and Hong Kong from the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms. Each year, the PCAOB will determine whether it can inspect and investigate completely audit firms in mainland China and Hong Kong, among other jurisdictions. If PCAOB determines in the future that it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms in mainland China and Hong Kong and we continue to use an accounting firm headquartered in one of these jurisdictions to issue an audit report on our financial statements filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, we would be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer following the filing of the annual report on Form 10-K for the relevant fiscal year. There can be no assurance that we would not be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer for any future fiscal year, and if we were so identified for two consecutive years, we would become subject to the prohibition on trading under the HFCAA and our securities may be delisted from Nasdaq as a result. Delisting of our securities would force holders of our securities to sell their securities. Further, we may be prohibited from listing our securities on another U.S. securities exchange. The market price of our securities could be adversely affected as a result of anticipated negative impacts of such legislative or executive actions upon, as well as negative investor sentiment toward, companies with significant operations in mainland China and Hong Kong that are listed in the United States, regardless of whether such actions are implemented and regardless of our actual operating performance. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors-Risks Related To Doing Business In China And Other Countries Besides The United States-The PCAOB had historically been unable to inspect our auditor in relation to their audit work performed for our financial statements and the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditor in the past has deprived our investors with the benefits of such inspections.” And “Item 1A. Risk Factors-Risks Related To Doing Business In China And Other Countries Besides The United States-Our shares may be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCAA in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely auditors located in China. The delisting of the shares, or the threat of being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.”
Our Corporate Structure
The Company is not a PRC operating company but a Delaware holding company with operations primarily conducted through its wholly owned direct subsidiaries, Genesis and HLUSA, and its several indirect subsidiaries that are either wholly owned or majority owned by either Genesis or HLUSA. Our investors hold shares of common stock in China Automotive, the Delaware holding company.
We do not have or intend to set up any subsidiary or enter into any contractual arrangements to establish a variable interest entity structure with any entity in China.
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Our holding company structure presents unique risks as our investors may never directly hold equity interests in our operating subsidiaries and will be dependent upon dividends and other distributions from our subsidiaries to finance our cash flow needs. Our ability to receive dividends and other contributions from our subsidiaries are significantly affected by regulations promulgated by Hong Kong and PRC authorities. Any change in the interpretation of existing rules and regulations or the promulgation of new rules and regulations may materially affect our operations and/or the value of our securities, including causing the value of our securities to significantly decline or become worthless. For a detailed description of the risks facing the Company associated with our structure, please refer to “Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks Related to Doing Business in China and Other Countries Besides the United States.”
Currently, PRC laws and regulations do not prohibit direct foreign investment in our operating subsidiaries. Nonetheless, in light of the recent statements and regulatory actions by the PRC government, such as those related to the promulgation of regulations prohibiting foreign ownership of Chinese companies operating in certain industries, which are constantly evolving, and anti-monopoly concerns, we may be subject to the risks of uncertainty of any future actions of the PRC government in this regard, which would likely result in a material change in our operations, including our ability to continue our existing holding company structure, carry on our current business, accept foreign investments, and offer or continue to offer securities to our investors, and the resulting adverse change in value to our common stock. We may also be subject to penalties and sanctions imposed by the PRC regulatory agencies, including the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or CSRC, if we fail to comply with such rules and regulations, which would likely adversely affect the ability of the Company’s securities to continue to trade on Nasdaq, which would likely cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or become worthless.
There was no Chinese Communist Party official who sits on CAAS’ board and that CAAS’ certificate of incorporation and bylaws do not contain any charter of the Chinese Communist Party.
Doing Business in China
As a result of our operations in China, the Chinese government may influence our operations from time to time, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our securities. For example, the Chinese government has recently published new policies that significantly affected certain industries such as the education and internet industries, and we cannot rule out the possibility that it will in the future release regulations or policies regarding any industry that could adversely affect the business, financial condition and results of operations of our company.
Furthermore, the Chinese government has also recently indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over securities offerings and other capital markets activities that are conducted outside of China and over foreign investment in China-based companies. Any such action, once taken by the Chinese government, could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or in extreme cases, become worthless. Recently, the Chinese government initiated a series of regulatory actions and statements to regulate business operations in China, including enforcement actions against illegal activities in the securities market, enhancing supervision over China-based companies listed outside of China using the variable interest entity structure, adopting new measures to extend the scope of cybersecurity reviews, and expanding the efforts in anti-monopoly enforcement. For example, on July 6, 2021, the relevant PRC government authorities made public the Opinions on Intensifying Crack-Down on Illegal Securities Activities. These opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies and proposed to take measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by China-based overseas-listed companies. On September 24, 2024, the Cyberspace Administration of China, the “CAC”, released the Administrative Regulations on Cyber Data Security, the “Cyber Data Security Regulations”, which became effective on January 1, 2025, which requires, among others, that a prior cybersecurity review should be required for listing abroad of data processors which process over one million users’ personal information which affects or may affect national security.
The Chinese government may further promulgate relevant laws, rules and regulations that may impose additional and significant obligations and liabilities on overseas listed Chinese companies regarding data security, cross-border data flow, anti-monopoly and unfair competition, and compliance with China’s securities laws. It is uncertain whether or how these new laws, rules and regulations and the interpretation and implementation thereof may affect us, but among other things, our ability to obtain external financing through the issuance of equity securities in the United States, Hong Kong or other markets could be negatively affected, and as a result, the trading prices of our securities could significantly decline or become worthless. For a detailed description of risks related to our doing business in China, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks Related To Doing Business In China And Other Countries Besides The United States.”
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Permissions Required from the PRC Authorities for Our Operations
We conduct our business primarily through our subsidiary Genesis, which owns interests in eight Sino-joint ventures and seven wholly owned subsidiaries in the PRC. Our operations in China are governed by PRC laws and regulations. As of the date of this report, these entities have obtained the requisite licenses and permits from the PRC government authorities that are material for their business operations, including, among others, certain business licenses, approvals for the establishment of enterprises with foreign investment, approvals for overseas direct investment and environmental and occupational safety and health approvals. However, given the uncertainties of interpretation and implementation of relevant laws and regulations and the enforcement practice by relevant government authorities, we may be required to obtain additional licenses, permits, filings or approvals for the functions and services of our platform in the future.
On February 17, 2023, the CSRC promulgated the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, or the Trial Measures, which came into effect on March 31, 2023. On the same day, the CSRC also published a series of guidance and Q&As in connection with the implementation of the Trial Measures. The Trial Measures established (i) a list outlining the circumstances where a PRC domestic company is prohibited from offering and listing securities overseas (the “Trial Measures Negative List”) and (ii) a new filing-based regime to regulate overseas offerings and listings by PRC domestic companies. According to the Trial Measures, in connection with an overseas offering of securities (including shares, depository receipts, corporate bonds convertible into shares and other equity securities) and listing by a PRC domestic company, either in a direct or indirect manner, the issuer must file certain documents with the CSRC (the “Trial Measures Filing Obligations”). An indirect offering and listing is determined by a set of quantifiable standards. For example, any overseas offering and listing by an issuer that meets both of the following standards will be deemed to be indirect: (i) 50% or more of the issuer’s operating revenue, total profit, total assets or net assets as documented in its audited consolidated financial statements for the most recent accounting year is accounted for by PRC domestic companies, and (ii) the main parts of the issuer’s business activities are conducted in mainland China, or its main places of business are located in mainland China, or the senior managers in charge of its business operation and management are mostly Chinese citizens or domiciled in mainland China.
The Trial Measures provide the CSRC with the authority to warn, fine, and issue injunctions against PRC domestic companies, their controlling shareholders, advisors, and other responsible persons in connection with a listing or offering securities (collectively, the “Subject Entities”), as well as individuals directly responsible for these Subject Entities (the “Subject Individuals”). In cases of serious violation, the relevant responsible persons may be prohibited from entering the securities market by the CSRC and may be held criminally liable. For failure to comply with the Trial Measures Negative List or the Trial Measures Filing Obligations, or supply materially false or misleading statements in the filing and reporting required by the Trial Measures, PRC domestic companies and their controlling shareholders, if the controlling shareholders induced the PRC domestic companies’ failure to comply, severally, may face warnings, injunctions to comply, and fines between RMB 1.0 million and RMB 10.0 million. The Subject Individuals in these entities may, severally, face warnings and fines between RMB 0.5 million and RMB 5.0 million. Advisors in listings or offerings of securities that failed to dutifully advise the PRC domestic companies and their controlling shareholders in complying with the Trial Measures and caused such failures to comply can face warnings and fines between RMB 0.5 million and RMB 5.0 million. The Subject Individuals of these advisor entities may, severally, face warnings and fines between RMB 0.2 million and RMB 2.0 million.
Because our shares have already listed on Nasdaq, we believe we will be deemed as an “Existing Issuer” pursuant to the Trial Measures and the implementation guidance and, accordingly, are not required to complete the filing procedures with the CSRC for our historical securities offering. Nevertheless, in the event that we conduct any securities issuance or offering in the future that would be captured by the Trial Measures, we will have to complete the filing procedures with the CSRC within three (3) business days following the closing of such securities issuance or offering.
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Therefore, in connection with our business operations and issuance or offering of securities to foreign investors, under currently effective PRC laws, regulations, and rules, and taking the Trial Measures into account, as of the date of this report, we and our PRC subsidiaries (i) are not required to obtain permissions from, or complete the filing procedures with, the CSRC for our prior issuances and offerings of securities to foreign investors which were completed before the date of implementation of the Trial Measures, but are required to go through filing procedures with CSRC for our future issuances or offerings of securities (including shares, depository receipts, corporate bonds convertible into shares and other equity securities) to foreign investors if we meet certain conditions set forth in the Trial Measures to be considered as an indirect overseas offering and listing by a PRC domestic company, and (ii) are not required to go through cybersecurity review by the CAC for our prior issuance and offering of securities to foreign investors, but may be required to obtain certain prior permission, filing, approval, and/or other administrative requirements of other PRC government authorities in connection with our further issuance or offering of securities to foreign investors. If we and our subsidiaries are deemed to be a critical information infrastructure operator, or CIIO, or a network platform operator, whose network product or service purchasing or data processing activities affect or may affect national security, we would be required to go through a cybersecurity review by the CAC. As of the date of this annual report, neither we nor any of our subsidiaries have been identified as a CIIO by any government authority, involved in any investigations or become subject to a cybersecurity review by the CAC based on the Cybersecurity Review Measures. However, there might remain some uncertainty as to how relevant rules published by the PRC government authorities will be interpreted or implemented, and our opinions summarized above are subject to any new laws, rules, and regulations or detailed implementations and interpretations in any form. We cannot assure you that the relevant PRC government authorities, including the CSRC and the CAC, would reach the same conclusion and hence, we may face regulatory actions or other sanctions from them. For more details, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors-Risks Relating to Doing Business in China - The PRC government has significant oversight over the conduct of the business of our PRC subsidiaries; such oversight could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our securities or could significantly limit our ability to offer or continue to offer securities and/or other securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline.” and “Item 1A - Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Doing Business in China-The approval of and filing with the CSRC or other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with our offshore offerings under PRC law, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing.”
Cash Flows through Our Organization
China Automotive is a holding company with no operations of its own. We conduct our operations in China primarily through our subsidiaries, particularly Genesis, which owns interests in eight Sino-joint ventures and seven wholly-owned subsidiaries in the PRC. As a result, although other means are available for us to obtain financing at the holding company level, China Automotive’s ability to pay dividends to the shareholders and to service any debt it may incur may depend upon dividends paid by our PRC subsidiaries. If any of our subsidiaries incurs debt on its own behalf, the instruments governing such debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends to China Automotive. In addition, our PRC subsidiaries are permitted to pay dividends to China Automotive only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Further, our PRC subsidiaries are required to make appropriations to certain statutory reserve funds, which are not distributable as cash dividends except in the event of a solvent liquidation of the companies.
We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries for our cash and financing requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders or to service any debt we may incur. If any of our PRC subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us. Under PRC laws and regulations, our PRC subsidiaries may pay dividends only out of their respective accumulated profits as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, a wholly foreign-owned enterprise is required to set aside at least 10% of its accumulated after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a certain statutory reserve fund, until the aggregate amount of such fund reaches 50% of its registered capital. At its discretion, a wholly foreign-owned enterprise may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to an enterprise expansion fund, or a staff welfare and bonus fund. Such reserve funds and discretionary funds cannot be distributed to us as dividends. In addition, registered share capital and capital reserve accounts are also restricted from withdrawal in the PRC, up to the amount of net assets held in each operating subsidiary. The amounts restricted include the paid-up capital and the statutory reserve funds of our PRC subsidiaries, totaling RMB 504.7 million, RMB 508.8 million, RMB 514.0 million and RMB 522.3 million as of December 31, 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively.
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Under PRC law, China Automotive may provide funding to its PRC subsidiaries by making capital contributions or providing loans.
During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024, the Company received loans which were interest free from its subsidiaries in the aggregate amount of $2.5 million, $6.1 million, $5.8 million and $16.9 million, respectively, and no principal was repaid in such years.
Although the Company announced and paid a special cash dividend of $0.18 per common share to the Company’s shareholders of record as of the close of business on June 26, 2014, and a special cash dividend of $0.8 per common share to the Company’s shareholders of record as of the close of business on July 30, 2024, it does not anticipate paying any other cash dividends in the foreseeable future. The Company currently intends to retain future earnings, if any, to finance operations and the expansion of its business. Any future determination to pay cash dividends will be at the discretion of the Company’s board of directors and will be based upon the Company’s financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, plans for expansion, restrictions imposed by any financing arrangements and any other factors that the Company’s board of directors deems relevant.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
Intellectual Property rights, “IP,” are important in helping the Company maintain its competitive position. Currently, the Company owns IP rights, including two trademarks covering automobile parts, “HL” and “JL,” and more than eighty-five patents registered in China covering power steering technology. The Company is in the process of integrating new advanced technologies such as electronic chips in power steering systems into its current production line and is pursuing aggressive strategies in technology to maintain a competitive edge within the automobile industry. In December 2009, the Company, through Henglong, formed Testing Center and cooperated with Nanyang Ind. Co. Ltd. and Tsinghua University to engage in the research and development of new products, such as Electric Power Steering, “EPS”, integral rack and pinion power steering and high pressure power steering, to optimize current products design and to develop new, cost-saving manufacturing processes. In January 2015, Hubei Henglong formed Shanghai Henglong, which mainly engages in the design and sale of automotive electronics, to capture the market opportunities for EPS, which were included in traditional hydraulic power steering products by many automobile makers. In November 2017, Hubei Henglong formed Jingzhou Qingyan Intelligent Automotive Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., “Jingzhou Qingyan”, which mainly engages in the research and development of intelligent automotive technology. In August 2018, Hubei Henglong established a non-wholly owned subsidiary, Hubei Henglong KYB Automobile Electric Steering System Co., Ltd., which mainly engages in design, manufacture, sales and after-sales service of automobile electronic systems. In March 2019, Hubei Henglong established a non-wholly owned subsidiary, Hyoseong (Wuhan) Motion Mechatronics System Co., Ltd., which mainly engages in the design, manufacture and sales of automotive motors and electromechanical integrated systems. In December 2019, Hubei Henglong formed Wuhu Hongrun New Material Co., Ltd., “Wuhu Hongrun”, which mainly engages in the development, manufacturing and sale of high polymer materials. In April 2020, Hubei Henglong acquired 100.0% of the equity interests of Changchun Hualong Automotive Technology Co. Ltd., “Changchun Hualong”, which mainly engages in design and R&D of automotive parts. In April 2021, Hubei Henlgong acquired 100.0% of the equity interests of Wuhu Henglong Automotive Steering Systems Co., Ltd., “Wuhu”, which mainly engages in the production and sales of automobile steering systems. Jingzhou Qingyan deregistered from the local business administration on June 22, 2023. In June 2023, Hubei Henglong contributed certain equipment and intangible assets to Hubei Zhirong Automobile Technology Co., Ltd., “Zhirong”, representing 100% of Zhirong’s paid-up capital. Zhirong mainly engages in inspection and testing of automotive products.
STRATEGIC PLAN
The Company’s short to medium term strategic plan is to focus on both domestic and international market expansion. To achieve this goal and higher profitability, the Company focuses on brand recognition, quality control, cost efficiency, research and development and strategic acquisitions. Set forth below are the Company’s programs:
- Brand Recognition. Under the brands of Henglong and Jiulong, the Company offers four separate series of power steering sets and 310 models of power steering sets, steering columns and steering hoses.
- Quality Control. The Henglong and Jiulong manufacturing facilities obtained the ISO/TS 16949 System Certification in January 2004, a well-recognized quality control system in the auto industry developed by TUVRheindland of Germany.
- Cost Efficiency. By improving the Company’s production ability and enhancing equipment management, optimizing the process and products structure, perfecting the supplier system and cutting production cost, the Company’s goal is to achieve a more competitive profit margin.
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- Research and Development. The Company established Testing Center for the research and development of products and, by partnering with Nanyang Ind. Co. Ltd. and Tsinghua University for the development of advanced steering systems, the Company’s objective is to gain increased market share in China.
- International Expansion. The Company has entered into agreements with several international vehicle manufacturers and auto parts modules suppliers and carried on preliminary negotiations regarding future development projects.
- Acquisitions. The Company is exploring opportunities to create long-term growth through new ventures or acquisitions of other auto component manufacturers. The Company will seek acquisition targets that meet the following criteria:
● companies that can be easily integrated into product manufacturing and corporate management;
● companies that have strong joint venture partners that would become major customers; and
● companies involved with power steering systems.
CUSTOMERS
The Company’s five largest customers represented 56.9% of the Company’s total sales for the year ended December 31, 2024. The following table sets forth information regarding the Company’s five largest customers.
Percentage of Total
Name of Major Customers
Revenue in 2024
Stellantis N.V.
20.3
%
BYD Auto Co., Ltd.
18.2
%
Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd.
6.8
%
Chery Automobile Co., Ltd.
6.5
%
Hubei Hongrun Intelligent System Co., Ltd. “Hubei Hongrun”
5.1
%
Total
56.9
%
The Company primarily sells its products to the above-mentioned customers, and also has excellent relationships with them, including serving as their first-rank supplier and developer for product development for new models. While the Company intends to continue to focus on retaining and winning this business, it cannot ensure that it will succeed in doing so. It is difficult to keep doing business with the above-mentioned OEM customers as a result of severe price competition and customers’ diversification of their supply base. The Company’s business would be materially and adversely affected if it loses one or more of these major customers.
SALES AND MARKETING
The Company’s sales and marketing team has 92 sales persons, which are divided into an OEM team, a sales service team and a working group dedicated to international business. These sales and marketing teams provide a constant interface with the Company’s key customers. They are located in all major vehicle producing regions to more effectively represent the Company’s customers’ interests within the Company’s organization, to promote their programs and to coordinate their strategies with the goal of enhancing overall service and satisfaction. The Company’s ability to support its customers is further enhanced by its broad presence in terms of sales offices, manufacturing facilities, engineering technology centers and joint ventures.
The Company’s sales and marketing organization and activities are designed to create overall awareness and consideration of, and therefore to increased sales of the Company’s modular systems and components. To achieve that objective, the Company organized delegations to visit the United States, Korea, India and Japan and has supplied power steering gear to Stellantis N.V. Through these activities, the Company has generated potential business interest as a strong base for future development.
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DISTRIBUTION
The Company’s distribution system covers all of China. The Company has established sales and service offices with certain significant customers to deal with matters related to such customers in a timely fashion. The Company also established distribution warehouses close to major customers to ensure timely deliveries. The Company maintains strict control over inventories. Each of these sales and service offices sends back to the Company, through e-mail or fax, information related to the inventory and customers’ needs. The Company guarantees product delivery in 8 hours for those customers who are located within 200 km from the Company’s distribution warehouses, and 24 hours for customers who are located outside of 200 km from the Company’s distribution warehouses. Delivery time is a very important competitive factor in terms of customer decision making, together with quality, pricing and long-term relationships. The Company has two distribution warehouses in the United States, which are located in Michigan and Texas, respectively. The warehouses deliver parts to customers every day.
EMPLOYEES AND FACILITIES
As of December 31, 2024, the Company employed approximately 4,370 persons, including approximately:
●912 by Henglong, including Testing Center formed by Henglong;
●732 by Jiulong;
●100 by Shenyang;
●134 by Wuhu;
●354 by Jielong;
●371 by Wuhan Chuguanjie;
●815 by Hubei Henglong;
●25 by HLUSA;
●2 by Chongqing Henglong;
●76 by Brazil Henglong;
●712 by Henglong KYB;
●91 by Wuhan Hyoseong;
●1 by Wuhu Hongrun;
●21 by Changchun Hualong; and
●24 by Zhirong
As of December 31, 2024, Henglong, Jiulong, Shenyang, Chongqing, Wuhan Chuguanjie, Hubei Henglong and Wuhu had a manufacturing and administration area of 111,211 square meters, 39,478 square meters, 35,354 square meters, 57,849 square meters, 53,675 square meters, 280,254 square meters and 83,705 square meters, respectively.
Hubei Province, which is home to Dongfeng, one of the largest automakers in China, provides an ample supply of inexpensive but skilled labor to automotive-related industries. The annual production of one of the Company’s main products, power steering gears, was approximately 10.8 million units and 9.8 million units in 2024 and 2023, respectively. Although the production process continues to rely heavily on manual labor, the Company has invested substantially in high-level production machinery to improve capacity and production quality. Approximately $63.9 million was spent over the last three years to purchase professional-grade equipment and extend workshops.
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RAW MATERIALS
The Company purchases various manufactured components and raw materials for use in its manufacturing processes. The principal components and raw materials the Company purchases include castings, finished sub-components, aluminum, steel, fabricated metal electronic parts and molded plastic parts. The most important raw material is steel. The Company enters into purchase agreements with local suppliers. The annual purchase plans are determined at the beginning of the calendar year but are subject to revision every three months as a result of customers’ orders. A purchase order is made according to monthly production plans. This protects the Company from building up inventory when the orders from customers change.
The Company’s purchases from its ten largest suppliers represented in the aggregate 26.9% of all components and raw materials it purchased for the year ended December 31, 2024, and none of them provided more than 10% of total purchases.
All components and raw materials are available from numerous sources. The Company has not, in recent years, experienced any significant shortages of manufactured components or raw materials and normally does not carry inventories of these items in excess of what is reasonably required to meet its production and shipping schedules.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
The Company owns the Testing Center, a Hubei Provincial-Level technical center, which has been approved by the Hubei Economic Commission, primarily focusing on steering system R&D, tests, production process improvement and new material and production methodology application. It was deregistered in January 2025.
In addition, the Company has formed Shanghai Henglong to engage in the design and sale of automotive electronics, including key parts of EPS.
The Company believes that its engineering and technical expertise, together with its emphasis on continuing research and development, allow it to use the latest technologies, materials and processes to solve problems for its customers and to bring new, innovative products to market. The Company believes that continued research and development activities, including engineering, are critical to maintaining its pipeline of technologically advanced products. The Company has aggressively managed costs in other portions of its business in order to increase its total expenditures for research and development activities, including engineering, at approximately $27.6 million and $29.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. In 2024 and 2023, the sales of such newly developed products accounted for about 38.9% and 33.8%, respectively, of total sales.
COMPETITION
The automotive components industry is extremely competitive. The Company’s customers consider criteria including quality, price/cost competitiveness, system and product performance, reliability and timeliness of delivery, new product and technology development capability, excellence and flexibility in operations, degree of global and local presence, effectiveness of customer service and overall management capability. The power steering system market is fragmented in China, and the Company has seven major competitors. Of these competitors, two are Sino-foreign joint ventures while the other five are state-owned. Like many competitive industries, there is pressure on downward selling prices.
The Company’s major competitors, including Shanghai ZF, Nexteer and First Auto FKS, “FKS,” are component suppliers to specific automobile manufacturers. Shanghai ZF is the joint venture of SAIC and ZF Germany, which is an exclusive supplier to SAIC-Volkswagen and SAIC-GM. FKS is a joint venture between First Auto Group and Japan’s Koyo Company and its main customer is FAW-Volkswagen Company.
While the Chinese government limits foreign ownership of auto assemblers to 50%, there is no analogous limitation in the automotive components industry. Thus, opportunities exist for foreign component suppliers to set up factories in China. These overseas competitors employ technology that may be more advanced and may have existing relationships with global automobile assemblers, but they are generally not as competitive as the Company in China in terms of production cost and flexibility in meeting client requirements.
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CHINESE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY
The Company is a supplier of automotive parts and most of its operations are located in China. An increase or decrease in the output and sales of Chinese vehicles could result in an increase or decrease of the Company’s results of operations. According to the latest statistics from the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers, “CAAM”, the output and sales volume of passenger vehicles in 2024 was 27.5 million and 27.6 million units respectively, an increase of 5.3% and 5.6%, respectively, compared to 2023. The output and sales volume of commercial vehicles in 2024 was 3.8 million and 3.9 million units, respectively, a decrease of 4.9% and 3.2%, respectively, compared to 2023. In 2024, the Company’s sales of steering gears for passenger vehicles increased by 21.0% and the sales of steering gears for commercial vehicles decreased by 12.9%, compared to 2023 in China.
ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE
The Company is subject to the requirements of U.S. federal, state, local and non-U.S., including China’s, environmental and occupational safety and health laws and regulations. These include laws regulating air emissions, water discharge and waste management. The Company has an environmental management structure designed to facilitate and support its compliance with these requirements globally. Although the Company intends to comply with all such requirements and regulations, it cannot provide assurance that it is at all times in compliance. The Company has made and will continue to make capital and other expenditures to comply with environmental requirements, although such expenditures were not material during the past two years. Environmental requirements are complex, change frequently and have tended to become more stringent over time. Accordingly, the Company cannot assure that environmental requirements will not change or become more stringent over time or that its eventual environmental cleanup costs and liabilities will not be material.
During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company did not make any material capital expenditures relating to environmental compliance.
FINANCIAL INFORMATION AND GEOGRAPHIC AREAS
Financial information about sales and long-term assets by major geographic region can be found in Note 26, “Segment Reporting” to the consolidated financial statements in this Report. The following table summarizes the percentage of sales and total assets by major geographic regions:
Net Sales
Long-term assets
Year Ended December 31,
As of December 31,
Geographic region:
China
68.2
%
65.1
%
95.6
%
98.7
%
United States
16.6
19.3
0.2
0.5
Other foreign countries
15.2
15.6
4.2
0.8
Total consolidated
100.0
%
100.0
%
100.0
%
100.0
%
WEBSITE ACCESS TO SEC FILINGS
The Company files electronically with, or furnishes to, the SEC its annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The Company makes available free of charge on its web site (www.caasauto.com) all such reports as soon as reasonably practicable after they are filed.
The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy information and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The address of that website is http://www.sec.gov.
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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.
Any investment in the Company’s securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below, together with the information contained elsewhere in this Annual Report, before you make a decision to invest in the Company. The Company’s business, financial conditions and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected by many risk factors. Because of these risk factors, actual results might differ significantly from those projected in any forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such differences include, among others, the following:
RISKS RELATED TO THE COMPANY’S BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY
The cyclical nature of automotive production and sales could result in a reduction in automotive sales, which could adversely affect the Company’s business and results of operations.
The Company’s business relies on automotive vehicle production and sales by its customers, which are highly cyclical and depend on general economic conditions and other factors, including consumer spending and preferences and the price and availability of gasoline. They also can be affected by labor relations issues, regulatory requirements and other factors. In the last two years, the price of automobiles in China has generally declined. Additionally, the volume of automotive production in China has fluctuated from year to year, which gives rise to fluctuations in the demand for the Company’s products. Therefore, any significant economic decline could result in a reduction in automotive production and sales by the Company’s customers and could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations. Moreover, if the prices of automobiles keep declining, the selling price of automotive parts also would decrease, which would result in lower revenues and profitability.
Increasing costs for manufactured components and raw materials may adversely affect the Company’s profitability.
The Company uses a broad range of manufactured components and raw materials in its products, including castings, electronic components, finished sub-components, molded plastic parts, fabricated metal, aluminum, steel and resins. Because it may be difficult to pass increased prices for these items on to the Company’s customers, a significant increase in the prices of the Company’s components and materials could materially increase the Company’s operating costs and adversely affect its profit margins and profitability.
Because the Company is a holding company with substantially all of its operations conducted through its subsidiaries, its performance will be affected by the performance of its subsidiaries.
The Company almost has no operations independent of those of Genesis and its subsidiaries, and the Company’s principal assets are its investments in Genesis and its subsidiaries and affiliates. As a result, the Company is dependent upon the performance of Genesis and its subsidiaries and will be subject to the financial, business and other factors affecting Genesis as well as general economic and financial conditions. As substantially all of the Company’s operations are, and will be, conducted through its subsidiaries, the Company will be dependent on the cash flow of its subsidiaries to meet its obligations.
Because virtually all of the Company’s assets are, and will be, held by operating subsidiaries, the claims of the Company’s stockholders will be structurally subordinate to all existing and future liabilities, obligations and trade payables of such subsidiaries. In the event of the Company’s bankruptcy, liquidation or reorganization, its assets and those of its subsidiaries will be available to satisfy the claims of the Company’s stockholders only after all of its and its subsidiaries’ liabilities and obligations have been paid in full.
With the automobile parts markets being highly competitive and many of the Company’s competitors having greater resources than it does, the Company may not be able to compete successfully.
The automobile parts industry is a highly competitive business. The Company’s customers consider criteria including:
●quality;
●price/cost competitiveness;
●system and product performance;
●reliability and timeliness of delivery;
●new product and technology development capability;
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●excellence and flexibility in operations;
●degree of global and local presence;
●effectiveness of customer service; and
●overall management capability.
The Company’s competitors include independent suppliers of parts, as well as suppliers formed by spin-offs from the Company’s customers, who are becoming more aggressive in selling parts to other vehicle manufacturers. Depending on the particular product, the number of the Company’s competitors varies significantly. Many of the Company’s competitors have substantially greater revenues and financial resources than it does, as well as stronger brand names, consumer recognition, business relationships with vehicle manufacturers, and geographic presence than it has. The Company may not be able to compete favorably and increased competition may substantially harm its business, business prospects and results of operations.
Internationally, the Company faces different market dynamics and competition. The Company may not be as successful as its competitors in generating revenues in international markets due to the lack of recognition of its products or other factors. Developing product recognition overseas is expensive and time-consuming and the Company’s international expansion efforts may be more costly and less profitable than it expects. If the Company is not successful in its target markets, its sales could decline, its margins could be negatively impacted and it could lose market share, any of which could materially harm the Company’s business, results of operations and profitability.
Pricing pressure by automobile manufacturers on their suppliers may adversely affect the Company’s business and results of operations.
Recently, pricing pressure from automobile manufacturers has been prevalent in the automotive parts industry in China. Virtually all vehicle manufacturers seek price reductions each year. Although the Company has tried to reduce costs and resist price reductions, these reductions have impacted the Company’s sales and profit margins. If the Company cannot offset continued price reductions through improved operating efficiencies and reduced expenditures, price reductions will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations.
The Company’s business, revenues and profitability would be materially and adversely affected if it loses any of its large customers.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, approximately 20.3%, 18.2%, 6.8%, 6.5% and 5.1% of the Company’s sales were to Stellantis N.V., BYD Auto Co., Ltd., Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd., Chery Automobile Co., Ltd. and Hubei Hongrun, the Company’s five largest customers in 2024, respectively. In total, these five customers accounted for 56.9% of total sales in 2024. For the year ended December 31, 2023, approximately 17.2%, 6.4%, 6.1%, 5.5% and 5.2% of the Company’s sales were to Stellantis N.V., BYD Auto Co., Ltd., Hubei Hongrun, Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. and Chery Automobile Co., Ltd., the Company’s five largest customers in 2023, respectively. In total, these five customers accounted for 40.4% of total sales in 2023. The loss of, or significant reduction in purchases by, one or more of these major customers could adversely affect the Company’s business.
The Company may not be able to collect receivables incurred by customers.
The Company currently sells its products on credit and its ability to receive payment for its products depends on the continued creditworthiness of its customers. Although the Company has long-term relationships with its major customers, the customer base may change if its sales increase because of the Company’s expanded capacity. If the Company is not able to collect its receivables, its profitability will be adversely affected.
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The Company may be subject to product liability and warranty and recall claims, which may increase the costs of doing business and adversely affect the Company’s financial condition and liquidity.
The Company may be exposed to product liability and warranty claims if its products actually or allegedly fail to perform as expected or the use of its products results, or is alleged to result, in bodily injury and/or property damage. The Company started to pay some of its customers’ increased after-sales service expenses due to consumer rights protection policies of “recall” issued by the Chinese government in 2004, such as the recalling flawed vehicles policy. Beginning in 2004, automobile manufacturers unilaterally required their suppliers to pay a “3-R Guarantees” service charge for repair, replacement and refund in an amount of about 1%-5% of the total amount of parts supplied. Accordingly, the Company has experienced and will continue to experience higher after-sales service expenses. Product liability, warranty and recall costs may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition.
The Company is subject to environmental and safety regulations, which may increase the Company’s compliance costs and may adversely affect its results of operations.
The Company is subject to the requirements of environmental and occupational safety and health laws and regulations in China. The Company cannot provide assurance that it has been or will be at all times in full compliance with all of these requirements, or that it will not incur material costs or liabilities in connection with these requirements. Additionally, these regulations may change in a manner that could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition. The capital requirements and other expenditures that may be necessary to comply with environmental requirements could increase and become a material expense of doing business.
Non-performance by the Company’s suppliers may adversely affect its operations by delaying delivery or causing delivery failures, which may negatively affect demand, sales and profitability.
The Company purchases various types of equipment, raw materials and manufactured component parts from its suppliers. The Company would be materially and adversely affected by the failure of its suppliers to perform as expected. The Company could experience delivery delays or failures caused by production issues or delivery of non-conforming products if its suppliers fail to perform, and it also faces these risks in the event any of its suppliers becomes insolvent or bankrupt.
The Company’s business and growth may suffer if it fails to attract and retain key personnel.
The Company’s ability to operate its business and implement its strategies effectively depends on the efforts of its executive officers and other key employees. The Company depends on the continued contributions of its senior management and other key personnel. The Company’s future success also depends on its ability to identify, attract and retain highly skilled technical staff, particularly engineers and other employees with mechanics and electronics expertise, and managerial, finance and marketing personnel. The Company does not maintain a key person life insurance policy on Mr. Hanlin Chen or Mr. Qizhou Wu. The loss of the services of any of the Company’s key employees or the failure to attract or retain other qualified personnel could substantially harm the Company’s business.
The Company’s management controls approximately 64.76% of its outstanding common stock and may have conflicts of interest with the Company’s minority stockholders.
As of December 31, 2024, members of the Company’s management beneficially own approximately 64.76% of the outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock. As a result, except for the related party transactions that require approval of the Audit Committee of the board of directors of the Company, these majority stockholders have control over decisions to enter into any corporate transaction, which could result in the approval of transactions that might not maximize overall stockholders’ value. Additionally, these stockholders control the election of members of the Company’s board, have the ability to appoint new members to the Company’s management team and control the outcome of matters submitted to a vote of the holders of the Company’s common stock. The interests of these majority stockholders may at times conflict with the interests of the Company’s other stockholders. The Company regularly engages in transactions with entities controlled by one or more of its officers and directors, including those controlled by Mr. Hanlin Chen, the chairman of the board of directors of the Company and its controlling stockholder.
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There is a limited public float of the Company’s common stock, which can result in the Company’s stock price being volatile and prevent the realization of a profit on resale of the Company’s common stock or derivative securities.
There is a limited public float of the Company’s common stock. As of December 31, 2024, approximately 35.24% of the Company’s outstanding common stock is considered part of the public float. The term “public float” refers to shares freely and actively tradable on the NASDAQ Capital Market and not owned by officers, directors or affiliates, as such term is defined under the Securities Act. As a result of the limited public float and the limited trading volume on some days, the market price of the Company’s common stock can be volatile, and relatively small changes in the demand for or supply of the Company’s common stock can have a disproportionate effect on the market price for its common stock. This stock price volatility could prevent a security holder seeking to sell the Company’s common stock or derivative securities from being able to sell them at or above the price at which the stock or derivative securities were bought, or at a price which a fully liquid market would report.
The Company is subject to penny stock regulations and restrictions.
The SEC has adopted regulations which generally define so-called “penny stock” as an equity security that has a market price less than $5.00 per share or an exercise price of less than $5.00 per share, subject to certain exemptions. As of December 31, 2024, the closing price for the Company’s common stock was $4.10. If the Company’s stock is a “penny stock”, it may become subject to Rule 15g-9 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the “Exchange Act”, the “Penny Stock Rule.” This rule imposes additional sales practice requirements on broker-dealers that sell such securities to persons other than established customers and “accredited investors,” generally, individuals with a net worth in excess of $1.0 million or annual incomes exceeding $0.2 million, or $0.3 million together with their spouses. For transactions covered by Rule 15g-9, a broker-dealer must make a special suitability determination for the purchaser and have received the purchaser’s written consent to the transaction prior to sale. As a result, this rule may affect the ability of broker-dealers to sell the Company’s securities and may affect the ability of purchasers to sell any of the Company’s securities in the secondary market.
For any transaction involving a penny stock, unless exempt, the rules require delivery, prior to any transaction in a penny stock, of a disclosure schedule prepared by the SEC relating to the penny stock market. Disclosure also is required to be made about sales commissions payable to both the broker-dealer and the registered representative and current quotations for the securities. Finally, monthly statements are required to be sent disclosing recent price information for the penny stock held in the account and information on the limited market in penny stock.
There can be no assurance that the Company’s common stock will qualify for exemption from the Penny Stock Rule. In any event, even if the Company’s common stock were exempt from the Penny Stock Rule, the Company would remain subject to Section 15(b)(6) of the Exchange Act, which gives the SEC the authority to restrict any person from participating in a distribution of penny stock if the SEC finds that such a restriction would be in the public interest.
Provisions in the Company’s certificate of incorporation and bylaws and the General Corporation Law of Delaware may discourage a takeover attempt.
Provisions in the Company’s certificate of incorporation and bylaws and the General Corporation Law of Delaware, the state in which it is organized, could make it difficult for a third party to acquire the Company, even if doing so might be beneficial to the Company’s stockholders. Provisions of the Company’s certificate of incorporation and bylaws impose various procedural and other requirements, which could make it difficult for stockholders to effect certain corporate actions and possibly prevent transactions that would maximize stockholders’ value.
Failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations and the trading price of its shares.
The Company is subject to reporting obligations under the U.S. securities laws. The Securities and Exchange Commission, the “SEC,” as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, has adopted rules requiring public companies to include a report of management in its annual report that contains an assessment by management of the effectiveness of such company’s internal control over financial reporting.
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If the Company fails to maintain the adequacy of its internal controls in the future, it will not be able to ensure that it can conclude on an ongoing basis that it has effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Moreover, effective internal controls are necessary for the Company to produce reliable financial reports and are important to help prevent fraud. Any failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in the loss of investor confidence in the reliability of the Company’s financial statements, which in turn could harm its business and negatively impact the trading price of its common stock. Furthermore, the Company may need to incur additional costs and use additional management and other resources in an effort to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other requirements going forward.
The Company generally does not pay cash dividends on its common stock.
Although the Company announced and paid a special cash dividend of $0.18 per common share to the Company’s shareholders of record as of the close of business on June 26, 2014 and a special cash dividend of $0.8 per common share to the Company’s shareholders of record as of the close of business on July 30, 2024, it does not anticipate paying any other cash dividends in the foreseeable future. The Company currently intends to retain future earnings, if any, to finance operations and the expansion of its business. Any future determination to pay cash dividends will be at the discretion of the Company’s board of directors and will be based upon the Company’s financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, plans for expansion, restrictions imposed by any financing arrangements and any other factors that the Company’s board of directors deems relevant.
Techniques employed by short sellers may drive down the market price of the Company’s common stock.
Short selling is the practice of selling securities that the seller does not own but rather has borrowed from a third party with the intention of buying identical securities back at a later date to return to the lender. The short seller hopes to profit from a decline in the value of the securities between the sale of the borrowed securities and the purchase of the replacement shares, as the short seller expects to pay less in that purchase than it received in the sale. As it is in the short seller’s best interests for the price of the stock to decline, many short sellers publish, or arrange for the publication of, negative opinions regarding the relevant issuer and its business prospects in order to create negative market momentum and generate profits for themselves after selling a stock short. These short attacks have, in the past, led to selling of shares in the market.
In the recent past, public companies that have substantially all of their operations in China have been the subject of short selling. Much of the scrutiny and negative publicity has centered around allegations of a lack of effective internal control over financial reporting resulting in financial and accounting irregularities and mistakes, inadequate corporate governance policies or a lack of adherence thereto and, in many cases, allegations of fraud. As a result, many of these companies are now conducting internal and external investigations into the allegations and, in the interim, are subject to shareholder lawsuits and/or SEC enforcement actions.
It is not clear what effect such negative publicity would have on the Company, if any. If the Company were to become the subject of any unfavorable allegations, whether such allegations are proven to be true or untrue, the Company could have to expend a significant amount of resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend itself. While the Company would strongly defend against any such short seller attacks, the Company may be constrained in the manner in which it can proceed against the relevant short seller by principles of freedom of speech, applicable state law or issues of commercial confidentiality. Such a situation could be costly and time-consuming, and could distract the Company’s management from growing the Company. Even if such allegations are ultimately proven to be groundless, allegations against the Company could severely impact its business operations and stockholders’ equity, and any investment in the Company’s stock could be greatly reduced or rendered worthless.
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The Company’s secured credit facilities contain certain financial covenants that it may not satisfy, which, if not satisfied, could result in the acceleration of the amounts due under the Company’s secured credit facilities and the limitation of the Company’s ability to borrow additional funds in the future.
The agreements governing the Company’s secured credit facilities subject it to various financial and other restrictive covenants with which the Company must comply on an ongoing or periodic basis. These covenants include, but are not limited to, restrictions on the utilization of the funds and the maintenance of certain financial ratios. If the Company violates any of these covenants, the Company’s outstanding debt under the Company’s secured credit facilities could become immediately due and payable, the Company’s lenders could proceed against any collateral securing such indebtedness and the Company’s ability to borrow additional funds in the future may be limited. Alternatively, the Company could be forced to refinance or renegotiate the terms and conditions of the Company’s secured credit facilities, including the interest rates, financial and restrictive covenants and security requirements of the secured credit facilities, on terms that may be significantly less favorable to the Company.
RISKS RELATED TO DOING BUSINESS IN CHINA AND OTHER COUNTRIES BESIDES THE UNITED STATES
The Company may face a severe operating environment during times of economic recession.
The sales volume of the Company’s core products is largely influenced by the demand for its customers’ end products which are mostly sold in the Chinese markets. Future economic crises, either within China or without, may lead to a drastic drop in demand for the Company’s products.
Inflation in China could negatively affect the Company’s profitability and growth.
China’s economy has experienced rapid growth, much of it due to the issuance of debt over the last few years. This debt-fueled economic growth has led to growth in the money supply, causing rising inflation. If prices for the Company’s products rise at a rate that is insufficient to compensate for the rise in the cost of production, it may harm the Company’s profitability. In order to control inflation, the Chinese government has imposed controls on bank credit, limits on loans and other restrictions on economic activities. Such policies have led to a slowing of economic growth. Additional measures could further slow economic activity in China, which could, in turn, materially increase the Company’s costs while also reducing demand for the Company’s products.
The Chinese government’s macroeconomic policies could have a negative effect on the Company’s business and results of operations.
The Chinese government has implemented various measures from time to time to adjust the rate of economic growth in the PRC. Some of these measures may have a negative effect on the Company over the short or long term. For example, in past years, to cope with high inflation and economic imbalances, the Chinese government has tightened monetary policy and implemented floating exchange rate policy. In addition, in order to alleviate some of the effects of unbalanced growth and social discontent, the Chinese government has enacted a series of social programs and anti-inflationary measures. These, in turn, have increased the costs on the financial and manufacturing sectors, without having alleviated the effects of high inflation and economic imbalances. The Chinese government’s macroeconomic policies, even if effected properly, may significantly slow down China’s economy or cause great social unrest, all of which would have a negative effect on the Company’s business and results of operations.
The economic, political and social conditions in China could affect the Company’s business.
Most of the Company’s business, assets and operations are located in China. The economy of China differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. The economy of China has been transitioning from a planned economy to a more market-oriented economy. Although the Chinese government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets and the establishment of sound corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in China is still owned by the Chinese government.
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In addition, the Chinese government continues to play a significant role in regulating industry by imposing industrial policies. It also exercises significant control over China’s economic growth through the allocation of resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. Therefore, the Chinese government’s involvement in the economy could adversely affect the Company’s business operations, results of operations and/or financial condition.
Because the Company’s operations are mostly located outside of the United States and are subject to Chinese laws, any change of Chinese laws may adversely affect its business.
Most of the Company’s operations are in the PRC, which exposes it to risks, such as exchange controls and currency restrictions, currency fluctuations and devaluations, changes in local economic conditions, changes in Chinese laws and regulations, exposure to possible expropriation or other PRC government actions, and unsettled political conditions. These factors may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s operations or on its business, results of operations and financial condition.
The Company’s international expansion plans subject it to risks inherent in doing business internationally.
The Company’s long-term business strategy relies on the expansion of its international sales outside China by targeting markets, such as the United States and Brazil. Risks affecting the Company’s international expansion include challenges caused by distance, language and cultural differences, conflicting and changing laws and regulations, foreign laws, international import and export legislation, trading and investment policies, foreign currency fluctuations, the burdens of complying with a wide variety of laws and regulations, protectionist laws and business practices that favor local businesses in some countries, foreign tax consequences, higher costs associated with doing business internationally, restrictions on the export or import of technology, difficulties in staffing and managing international operations, trade and tariff restrictions, and variations in tariffs, quotas, taxes and other market barriers. These risks could harm the Company’s international expansion efforts, which could in turn materially and adversely affect its business, operating results and financial condition.
In addition, under Section 1502 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the SEC has adopted additional disclosure requirements related to the source of certain “conflict minerals” for issuers for which such “conflict minerals” are necessary to the functionality or production of a product manufactured, or contracted to be manufactured, by that issuer. The metals covered by the rules include tin, tantalum, tungsten and gold, commonly referred to as “3TG.” If these materials are necessary to the functionality or production of a product manufactured, or contracted to be manufactured, the rules require a reasonable country of origin inquiry be conducted to determine if an issuer knows, or has reason to believe, that any of the minerals used in the production process may have originated from the Democratic Republic of the Congo or an adjoining country. In such a case, if an issuer were not able to determine that the minerals did not originate from a covered country or conclude that there is no reason to believe that the minerals used in the production process may have originated in a covered country, that issuer could be required to perform supply chain due diligence on members of its supply chain. Global supply chains can have multiple layers, thus the costs of complying with these new requirements could be substantial. These new requirements may also reduce the number of suppliers that provide conflict-free metals and may also affect a company’s ability to obtain products in sufficient quantities or at competitive prices. If the Company was to source such 3TG minerals that are necessary to the functionality or production of a product manufactured, or contracted to be manufactured, compliance costs with these rules and/or the unavailability of raw materials could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations.
The Company faces risks associated with currency exchange rate fluctuations; any adverse fluctuation may adversely affect its operating margins.
Although the Company is incorporated in the State of Delaware, in the United States, the majority of its current revenues are in Chinese currency. Conducting business in currencies other than U.S. dollars subjects the Company to fluctuations in currency exchange rates that could have a negative impact on its reported operating results. Fluctuations in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies impact the Company’s revenues, cost of revenues and operating margins and result in foreign currency translation gains and losses. Historically, the Company has not engaged in exchange rate hedging activities. Although the Company may implement hedging strategies to mitigate this risk, these strategies may not eliminate its exposure to foreign exchange rate fluctuations and involve costs and risks of their own, such as ongoing management time and expertise requirements, external costs to implement the strategy and potential accounting implications.
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If relations between the United States and China worsen, the Company’s stock price may decrease and the Company may have difficulty accessing the U.S. capital markets.
At various times during recent years, the United States and China have had disagreements over political and economic issues. Controversies may arise in the future between these two countries. Any political or trade controversies between the United States and China could adversely affect the market price of the Company’s common stock and its ability to access U.S. capital markets. Political events, international trade disputes and other business interruptions could harm or disrupt international commerce and the global economy, and could have a material adverse effect on the Company, its customers and its other business partners.
The Chinese government could change its policies toward private enterprise, which could adversely affect the Company’s business.
The Company’s business is subject to political and economic uncertainties in China and may be adversely affected by China’s political, economic and social developments. Over the past several years, the Chinese government has pursued economic reform policies including the encouragement of private economic activity and greater economic decentralization. The Chinese government may not continue to pursue these policies or may alter them to the Company’s detriment from time to time. Changes in policies, laws and regulations, or in their interpretation or the imposition of confiscatory taxation, restrictions on currency conversion, restrictions or prohibitions on dividend payments to stockholders, devaluations of currency or the nationalization or other expropriation of private enterprises could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business. Nationalization or expropriation could result in the total loss of the Company’s investment in China.
Government control of currency conversion and future movements in exchange rates may adversely affect the Company’s operations and financial results.
The Company receives most of its revenues in Chinese Renminbi, “RMB”. A portion of such revenues will be converted into other currencies to meet the Company’s foreign currency obligations. Foreign exchange transactions under the Company’s capital account, including principal payments in respect of foreign currency-denominated obligations, continue to be subject to significant foreign exchange controls and require the approval of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange in China. These limitations could affect the Company’s ability to obtain foreign exchange through debt or equity financing, or to obtain foreign exchange for capital expenditures.
The Chinese government controls its foreign currency reserves through restrictions on imports and conversion of RMB into foreign currency. In July 2005, the Chinese government has adjusted its exchange rate policy from “Fixed Rate” to “Floating Rate”. From July 2005 to December 2024, the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollar appreciated from RMB 1.00 to $0.1215 to RMB 1.00 to $0.1391. Any significant appreciation of the RMB is likely to decrease the income of export products and the cash flow of the Company.
Because the Chinese legal system is different from the legal system in the United States, the Company and its security holders’ legal protections may be limited.
The Chinese legal system is based on written statutes and their interpretation by the Supreme People’s Court. As the Chinese legal system is evolving rapidly, the interpretation, implementation and enforcement of laws and regulations involve uncertainties. In addition, as the Chinese legal system develops, changes in such laws and regulations, their interpretation or their enforcement may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business operations. Moreover, interpretative case law does not have the same precedential value in China as in the United States, so legal compliance in China may be more difficult or expensive.
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The Company may be subject to fines and legal sanctions imposed by State Administration of Foreign Exchange, the “SAFE”, or other Chinese government authorities if it or its Chinese directors or employees fail to comply with Chinese regulations relating to employee share options or shares granted by offshore listed companies to Chinese domestic individuals.
On December 25, 2006, the People’s Bank of China, or PBOC, issued the Administration Measures on Individual Foreign Exchange Control, and the corresponding Implementation Rules were issued by SAFE on January 5, 2007. Both of these regulations became effective on February 1, 2007. According to these regulations, all foreign exchange matters relating to employee stock holding plans, share option plans or similar plans with Chinese domestic individuals’ participation require approval from the SAFE or its authorized branch. On February 15, 2012, SAFE promulgated the Notices on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Publicly Listed Company, replacing earlier rules promulgated in 2007. Pursuant to these rules, PRC citizens and non-PRC citizens who reside in China for a continuous period of not less than one year and participate in any stock incentive plan of an overseas publicly listed company, subject to a few exceptions, are required to register with SAFE through a domestic qualified agent, which could be the mainland China subsidiaries of such overseas-listed company, and complete certain other procedures. In addition, an overseas-entrusted institution must be retained to handle matters in connection with the exercise or sale of stock options and the purchase or sale of shares and interests. As the Company is an oversea-listed company, its Chinese domestic directors and employees who are PRC citizens or who reside in China for a continuous period of not less than one year and who may be granted share options or shares shall become subject to these regulations. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has completed such SAFE registration and other related procedures according to PRC law. If the Company or its Chinese domestic directors or employees fail to comply with these regulations in the future, the Company or its Chinese domestic directors or employees may be subject to fines or other legal sanctions imposed by the SAFE or other Chinese government authorities.
Capital outflow policies in China may hamper the Company’s ability to declare and pay dividends to its stockholders.
China has adopted currency and capital transfer regulations. These regulations may require the Company to comply with complex regulations for the movement of capital. Although the Company’s management believes that it will be in compliance with these regulations, should these regulations or the interpretation of them by courts or regulatory agencies change, the Company may not be able to pay dividends to its stockholders outside of China. In addition, under current Chinese law, the Company’s joint-ventures and wholly-owned enterprise in China must retain a reserve equal to 10% of its net income after taxes, not to exceed 50% of its registered capital. Accordingly, this reserve will not be available to be distributed as dividends to the Company’s stockholders. The Company presently does not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future. The Company’s board of directors intends to follow a policy of retaining all of the Company’s earnings to finance the development and execution of its strategy and the expansion of the Company’s business.
The recent government regulations into business activities of U.S.-listed Chinese companies may negatively impact our operations.
China intends to improve regulation of cross-border data flows and security, crack down on illegal activity in the securities market and punish fraudulent securities issuance, market manipulation and insider trading. China will also check sources of funding for securities investment and control leverage ratios. The Cyberspace Administration of China, or the CAC, has also opened a cybersecurity probe into several U.S.-listed tech companies focusing on anti-monopoly, financial technology regulation and more recently, with the passage of the Data Security Law, how companies collect, store, process and transfer data. If the Chinese government’s regulations expand, our operations may be negatively impacted in a significant way, although, presently, there is no discernible immediate impact.
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The PCAOB had historically been unable to inspect our auditor in relation to their audit work performed for our financial statements and the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditor in the past has deprived our investors with the benefits of such inspections.
Our auditor, the independent registered public accounting firm that issued the audit report included elsewhere in this annual report, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the PCAOB, is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. The auditor is located in mainland China, a jurisdiction where the PCAOB was historically unable to conduct inspections and investigations completely before 2022. As a result, we and investors in the shares were deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China in the past has made it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our independent registered public accounting firm’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to the PCAOB inspections. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued the HFCAA Determination Report, according to which our auditor is subject to the determinations that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB issued a report that vacated its December 16, 2021 determination and removed mainland China and Hong Kong from the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms. However, if the PCAOB determines in the future that it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms in mainland China and Hong Kong, and we use an accounting firm headquartered in one of these jurisdictions to issue an audit report on our financial statements filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, we and investors in our shares would be deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections again, which could cause investors and potential investors in the shares to lose confidence in our audit procedures and reported financial information and the quality of our financial statements.
Our shares may be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCAA in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely auditors located in China. The delisting of the shares, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment
Pursuant to the HFCAA, if the SEC determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspections by the PCAOB for two consecutive years, the SEC will prohibit our shares from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States.
On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report to notify the SEC of its determination that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong and our auditor was subject to that determination. In 2022, the SEC conclusively listed us as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCAA following the filing of our annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB removed mainland China and Hong Kong from the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms. For this reason, we do not expect to be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCAA after we file this annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.
Each year, the PCAOB will determine whether it can inspect and investigate completely audit firms in mainland China and Hong Kong, among other jurisdictions. If the PCAOB determines in the future that it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms in mainland China and Hong Kong and we use an accounting firm headquartered in one of these jurisdictions to issue an audit report on our financial statements filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, we would be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer following the filing of the annual report on Form 10-K for the relevant fiscal year. In accordance with the HFCAA, our securities would be prohibited from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States if we are identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer for two consecutive years in the future. If our shares are prohibited from trading in the United States, there is no certainty that we will be able to list on a non-U.S. exchange or that a market for our shares will develop outside of the United States. A prohibition of being able to trade in the United States would substantially impair your ability to sell or purchase our shares when you wish to do so, and the risk and uncertainty associated with delisting would have a negative impact on the price of our shares. Also, such a prohibition would significantly affect our ability to raise capital on terms acceptable to us, or at all, which would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and prospects.
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Proceedings instituted by the SEC against PRC affiliates of the “big four” accounting firms, including the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, could result in the Company’s financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act.
Starting in 2011, the Chinese affiliates of the “big four” accounting firms, including the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, were affected by a conflict between U.S. and Chinese law. Specifically, for certain U.S.-listed companies operating and audited in mainland China, the SEC and the PCAOB sought to obtain from the Chinese firms access to their audit work papers and related documents. However, the firms were advised and directed that under Chinese law, they could not respond directly to the U.S. regulators on those requests, and that requests by foreign regulators for access to such papers in China had to be channeled through the CSRC.
In late 2012, this impasse led the SEC to commence administrative proceedings under Rule 102(e) of its Rules of Practice and also under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 against the Chinese accounting firms, including the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm. A first instance trial of the proceedings in July 2013 in the SEC’s internal administrative court resulted in an adverse judgment against the firms. The administrative law judge proposed penalties on the firms including a temporary suspension of their right to practice before the SEC, although that proposed penalty did not take effect pending review by the Commissioners of the SEC. On February 6, 2015, before a review by the Commissioners had taken place, the firms reached a settlement with the SEC. Under the settlement, the SEC accepted that future requests by the SEC for the production of documents will normally be made to the CSRC. The firms were to receive matching Section 106 requests, and were required to abide by a detailed set of procedures with respect to such requests, which in substance required them to facilitate production via the CSRC. If they failed to meet specified criteria, the SEC retained authority to impose a variety of additional remedial measures on the firms depending on the nature of the failure.
Under the terms of the settlement, the underlying proceeding against the four China-based accounting firms was deemed dismissed with prejudice four years after entry of the settlement. The four-year mark occurred on February 6, 2019. The Company cannot predict whether the SEC will further challenge the four China-based accounting firms’ compliance with U.S. law in connection with U.S. regulatory requests for audit work papers or if the results of such a challenge would result in the SEC imposing penalties such as suspensions. If additional remedial measures are imposed on the Chinese affiliates of the “big four” accounting firms, including the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, the Company could be unable to timely file future financial statements in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act.
If the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm were denied, even temporarily, the ability to practice before the SEC and the Company were unable to timely find another registered public accounting firm to audit and issue an opinion on the Company’s financial statements, the Company’s financial statements could be determined not to be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act. Such a determination could ultimately lead to the delisting of the Company’s common stock from the Nasdaq Capital Market or deregistration from the SEC, or both, which would substantially reduce or effectively terminate the trading of the Company’s common stock in the United States.
The non-U.S. activities of the Company’s non-U.S. subsidiaries may be subject to U.S. taxation.
The majority of the Company’s subsidiaries are based in China and are subject to income taxes in the PRC. These China-based subsidiaries conduct substantially all of the Company’s operations, and generate most of the Company’s income in China. The Company is a Delaware corporation and is subject to income tax in the United States.
Certain activities conducted in the PRC or other jurisdictions outside of the U.S. may give rise to U.S. corporate income tax. These taxes would be imposed on the Company when its subsidiaries that are controlled foreign corporations, “CFCs”, generate income that is subject to Subpart F of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, or “Subpart F”. Passive income, such as rents, royalties, interest, dividends, and gain from disposal of the Company’s investments is among the types of income subject to taxation under Subpart F. Subpart F income is taxable to the Company, even if it is not distributed to the Company.
The U.S. Tax Reform also includes provisions for a new tax on global intangible low-taxed income, “GILTI”, effective for tax years of non-U.S. corporations beginning after December 31, 2017. The GILTI provisions impose a tax on foreign income in excess of a deemed return on tangible assets of CFCs, subject to the possible use of foreign tax credits and a deduction equal to 50 percent to offset the income tax liability, subject to some limitations.
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Information technology dependency and cyber security vulnerabilities could lead to reduced revenue, liability claims, or competitive harm.
The Company is dependent on information technology systems and infrastructure, “IT systems”, to conduct its business. The Company’s IT systems may be vulnerable to disruptions from human error, outdated applications, computer viruses, natural disasters, unauthorized access, cyber-attack and other similar disruptions. Any significant disruption, breakdown, intrusion, interruption or corruption of these systems or data breaches could cause the loss of data or intellectual property, equipment damage, downtime, and/or safety related issues and could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business. The Company has, from time to time, experienced incidents related to its IT systems, and expect that such incidents will continue, including malware and computer virus outbreaks, unauthorized access, systems failures and disruptions. The Company has measures and defenses in place against such events, but the Company may not be able to prevent, immediately detect, or remediate all instances of such events. A material security breach or disruption of the Company’s IT systems could result in theft, unauthorized use, or publication of the Company’s intellectual property and/or confidential business information, harm the Company’s competitive position, disrupt the Company’s manufacturing, reduce the value of the Company’s investment in research and development and other strategic initiatives, impair the Company’s ability to access vendors and suppliers or otherwise adversely affect the Company’s business.
Additionally, the Company believes that utilities and other operators of critical infrastructure that serve the Company’s facilities face heightened security risks, including cyber-attack. In the event of such an attack, disruption in service from the Company’s utility providers could disrupt the Company’s manufacturing operations which rely on a continuous source of power, electrical, gas, etc.
The Company’s business is subject to natural disasters, health epidemics and other catastrophic incidents.
In addition to COVID-19, China has in the past experienced significant natural disasters, including earthquakes, extreme weather conditions, as well as health scares related to epidemic diseases, and any similar event could materially impact the Company’s business in the future. If a disaster or other disruption were to occur in the future that affects the regions where the Company operates its business, the Company’s operations could be materially and adversely affected due to loss of personnel and damage to property. Even if the Company is not directly affected, such a disaster or disruption could affect the operations or financial conditions of the Company’s customers, which could harm the Company’s results of operations.
The recent government regulations into business activities of U.S.-listed Chinese companies may negatively impact our operations.
Certain PRC regulatory authorities issued Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities, which were available to the public on July 6, 2021, which further emphasized their goal to strengthen the cross-border regulatory collaboration, to improve relevant laws and regulations on data security, cross-border data transmission, and confidential information management, and provided that efforts will be made to revise the regulations on strengthening the confidentiality and file management relating to the offering and listing of securities overseas, to implement the responsibility on information security of overseas listed companies, and to strengthen the standardized management of cross-border information provision mechanisms and procedures. China intends to improve regulation of cross-border data flows and security, crack down on illegal activity in the securities market and punish fraudulent securities issuance, market manipulation and insider trading. China will also check sources of funding for securities investment and control leverage ratios. The Cyberspace Administration of China has also opened a cyber security probe into several U.S.-listed tech companies focusing on anti-monopoly, financial technology regulation and more recently, with the passage of the Data Security Law, how companies collect, store, process and transfer data. If the Chinese government’s regulations expand, our operations may be negatively impacted in a significant way, although, presently, there is no discernible immediate impact.
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If the Company becomes directly subject to the recent scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity involving U.S.-listed Chinese companies, we may have to expend significant resources to investigate and resolve the matters. Any unfavorable results from the investigations could harm our business operations and our reputation.
Recently, U.S. public companies that have substantially all of their operations in China have been subjects of intense scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity by investors, financial commentators and regulatory agencies, such as the SEC. Much of the scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity has centered on financial and accounting irregularities, lack of effective internal control over financial reporting, inadequate corporate governance and ineffective implementation thereof and, in many cases, allegations of fraud. As a result of enhanced scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity, the publicly traded stocks of many U.S.-listed Chinese companies have sharply decreased in value and, in some cases, have become virtually worthless or illiquid. Many of these companies are now subject to shareholder lawsuits and SEC enforcement actions and are conducting internal and external investigations into the allegations. It is not clear what effects the sector-wide investigations will have on the Company. If the Company becomes a subject of any unfavorable allegations, whether such allegations are proven to be true or untrue, the Company will have to expend significant resources to investigate such allegations and defend the Company. If such allegations were not proven to be baseless, the Company would be severely hampered and the price of the stock of the Company could decline substantially. If such allegations were proven to be groundless, the investigation might have significantly distracted the attention of the Company’s management.
Because a majority of our operations are in China, our business is subject to the complex and rapidly evolving laws and regulations there. The Chinese government may exercise significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business and may influence our operations from time to time, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our securities.
As a business operating in China, we are subject to the laws and regulations of the PRC, which can be complex and evolve rapidly. The PRC government has the power to exercise significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business, and the regulations to which we are subject may change from time to time. As a result, there remain uncertainties regarding the application, interpretation, and enforcement of new and existing laws and regulations in the PRC. Compliance with the complex and evolving PRC laws, regulations, and regulatory statements may be costly, and such compliance or any associated inquiries or investigations or any other government actions may:
● Delay or impede our development,
● Result in negative publicity or increase our operating costs,
● Require significant management time and attention, and
● Subject us to remedies, administrative penalties and even criminal liabilities that may harm our business, including fines assessed for our current or historical operations, or demands or orders that we modify or even cease our business practices.
The promulgation of new laws or regulations, or the new interpretation of existing laws and regulations, that restrict or otherwise unfavorably impact the ability or manner in which we conduct our business and could require us to change certain aspects of our business to ensure compliance, could decrease demand for our products, reduce revenues, increase costs, require us to obtain more licenses, permits, approvals or certificates, or subject us to additional liabilities. To the extent any new or more stringent measures are required to be implemented, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected as well as materially decrease the value of our securities.
The PRC government has significant oversight over the conduct of the business of our PRC subsidiaries; such oversight could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our securities or could significantly limit our ability to offer or continue to offer securities and/or other securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline.
The PRC government has significant oversight over the conduct of the business of our PRC subsidiaries and may influence our operations in mainland China, which may potentially result in a material adverse effect on our operations. The PRC government has published policies that significantly affect certain industries such as the education and internet industries, and we cannot rule out the possibility that it will in the future release regulations or policies regarding our industry that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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The General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued the Opinions on Intensifying Crack Down on Illegal Securities Activities, made available to the public on July 6, 2021, which call for strengthened regulation over illegal securities activities and supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies and propose to take effective measures, such as promoting the development of relevant regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by China-based overseas-listed companies. The PRC government has indicated that it may exert more control or influence over offerings of securities conducted overseas. If the PRC authorities attempt to exercise such control or influence through regulation over our PRC subsidiaries, we could be required to restructure our operations to comply with such regulations or potentially cease operations in the PRC entirely, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Moreover, any such action could significantly limit our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline.
Currently, these statements and regulatory actions have had no impact on our daily business operations, the ability to accept foreign investments and list our securities on a U.S. or other foreign exchange. However, there might remain some uncertainty as to how relevant rules published by the PRC government authorities will be interpreted or implemented, and the potential impact such modified or new laws and regulations will have on our daily business operations, the ability to accept foreign investments and list our securities on a U.S., Hong Kong, or other stock exchange.
The approval of, or filing or other procedures with, the CSRC or other Chinese regulatory authorities may be required in connection with issuing our equity securities to foreign investors under Chinese law, and, if required, we cannot predict whether we will be able, or how long it will take us, to obtain such approval or complete such filing or other procedures. We are also required to obtain business licenses from Chinese authorities in connection with our general business activities currently conducted in China.
On July 6, 2021, the General Office of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the State Council jointly promulgated the Opinions on Intensifying Crack Down on Illegal Securities Activities, pursuant to which Chinese regulators are required to accelerate rulemaking related to the overseas issuance and listing of securities, and update the existing laws and regulations related to data security, cross-border data flow, and administration of classified information. As there are still uncertainties regarding the interpretation and implementation of such regulatory guidance, we cannot assure investors that we will be able to comply with new regulatory requirements relating to our future overseas capital-raising activities and we may become subject to more stringent requirements with respect to matters including data privacy and cross-border investigation and enforcement of legal claims.
On February 17, 2023, the CSRC promulgated the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, or the Trial Measures, which came into effect on March 31, 2023. On the same day, the CSRC also published a series of guidelines and Q&As in connection with the implementation of the Trial Measures. The Trial Measures established (i) a list outlining the circumstances where a PRC domestic company is prohibited from offering and listing securities overseas, the “Trial Measures Negative List”, and (ii) a new filing-based regime to regulate overseas offerings and listings by PRC domestic companies. According to the Trial Measures, in connection with an overseas offering of securities, including shares, depository receipts, corporate bonds convertible into shares and other equity securities, and listing by a PRC domestic company, either in a direct or indirect manner, the issuer must file certain documents with the CSRC, the “Trial Measures Filing Obligations”. An indirect offering and listing is determined by a set of quantifiable standards. For example, any overseas offering and listing by an issuer that meets both of the following standards will be deemed to be indirect: (i) 50% or more of the issuer’s operating revenue, total profit, total assets or net assets as documented in its audited consolidated financial statements for the most recent accounting year is accounted for by PRC domestic companies, and (ii) the main parts of the issuer’s business activities are conducted in mainland China, or its main places of business are located in mainland China, or the senior managers in charge of its business operation and management are mostly Chinese citizens or domiciled in mainland China.
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The Trial Measures provide the CSRC with the authority to warn, fine, and issue injunctions against PRC domestic companies, their controlling shareholders, and their advisors in connection with a listing or offering securities, collectively, the “Subject Entities”, as well as individuals directly responsible for these Subject Entities, the “Subject Individuals”. For failure to comply with the Trial Measures Negative List or the Trial Measures Filing Obligations, or supply materially false or misleading statements in the filing and reporting required by the Trial Measures, PRC domestic companies and their controlling shareholders, if the controlling shareholders induced the PRC domestic companies’ failure to comply, severally, may face warnings, injunctions to comply, and fines between RMB 1.0 million and RMB 10.0 million. The Subject Individuals in these entities may severally, face warnings and fines between RMB 0.5 million and RMB 5.0 million. Advisors in listings or offerings of securities that failed to dutifully advise the PRC domestic companies and their controlling shareholders in complying with the Trial Measures and caused such failures to comply can face warnings and fines between RMB 0.5 million and RMB 5.0 million. The Subject Individuals of these advisor entities may, severally, face warnings and fines between RMB 0.2 million and RMB 2.0 million.
Because our shares are already listed on Nasdaq, we believe will be deemed as an “Existing Issuer” pursuant to the Trial Measures and, accordingly, are not required to complete the filing procedures with the CSRC for our previous securities offerings. Nevertheless, in the event that we conduct any securities issuance or offering in the future that would be captured by the Trial Measures, we will have to complete the filing procedures with the CSRC within three (3) business days following the closing of such securities issuance or offering.
Therefore, in connection with our business operations and the issuance or offering of securities to foreign investors, under currently effective PRC laws, regulations, and rules and taking the Trial Measures into account, as of the date of this annual report, we, our PRC subsidiaries, (i) are not required to obtain permissions from or complete the filing procedures with the CSRC for our historical issuance or offering of securities to foreign investors which has been completed before the date of implementation of the Trial Measures, but are required to go through filing procedures with CSRC for our future issuance or offering of securities, including shares, depository receipts, corporate bonds convertible into shares and other equity securities, to foreign investors if we meet certain conditions set forth in the Trial Measures to be considered as an indirect overseas offering and listing by a PRC domestic company, (ii) are not required to go through cybersecurity review by the CAC for our prior issuance or offering of securities to foreign investors, but may be required to obtain certain prior permission, filing, approval and/or other administrative requirements of other PRC government authorities in connection with our further issuance or offering of securities to foreign investors. If we and our subsidiaries are deemed to be a critical information infrastructure operator, or CIIO, or a network platform operator, whose network product or service purchasing or data processing activities affect or may affect national security, we would be required to go through a cybersecurity review by the CAC.
As of the date of this annual report, neither we nor any of our subsidiaries have been identified as a CIIO by any government authority, involved in any investigations or become subject to a cybersecurity review by the CAC based on the Cybersecurity Review Measures. However, there might remain some uncertainty as to how relevant rules published by the PRC government authorities will be interpreted or implemented, and our opinions summarized above are subject to any new laws, rules, and regulations or detailed implementations and interpretations in any form. We cannot assure you that relevant PRC government authorities, including the CSRC and the CAC, would reach the same conclusion and hence, we may face regulatory actions or other sanctions from them.
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The PRC government has significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of the business operations of our PRC subsidiaries or to exert control over any offering of securities conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, and may influence our operations, may limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, and may cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless, as the government deems appropriate to further regulatory, political and societal goals.
The PRC government may influence the operations of our PRC subsidiaries from time to time, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our securities. For example, the PRC government published new policies that significantly affected certain industries such as the education and internet industries, and we cannot rule out the possibility that it will in the future release regulations or policies regarding any industry that could adversely affect the business, financial condition and results of operations of our company. For example, on December 28, 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China, the “CAC”, adopted rules mandating that an issuer who is a “critical information infrastructure operator” or a “data processing operator” as defined therein and who possesses personal information of more than one million users, and intends to have its securities listed for trading in a foreign country must complete a cybersecurity review by the CAC. Alternatively, relevant governmental authorities in the PRC may initiate cyber security review if such governmental authorities determine an operator’s cyber products or services, data processing or potential listing in a foreign country affect or may affect national security. The rules became effective on February 15, 2022. Moreover, on July 7, 2022, the CAC promulgated the Measures for the Security Assessment of Cross-border Data Transmission, which came into effect on September 1, 2022, and will regulate the security assessment on the cross-border data transfer by data processor of important data and personal information collected and generated during operations within the PRC. According to these measures, personal data processors will be subject to security assessment conducted by the Cyberspace Administration of China prior to any cross-border transfer of data if the transfer involves (i) important data; (ii) personal information transferred overseas by operators of critical information infrastructure or a data processor that has processed personal data of more than one million persons; (iii) personal information transferred overseas by a data processor that has already provided personal data of 100,000 persons or sensitive personal data of 10,000 persons overseas since January 1 of the prior year; or (iv) other circumstances as requested by the Cyberspace Administration of China.
The new CAC rules do not appear to apply to the Company or its subsidiaries at this time. As of the date of this report, (i) the Company does not hold personal information of over one million users; (ii) the Company and its subsidiaries have not been informed by any PRC governmental authority of any requirement that it file for a cybersecurity review; (iii) data processed in the Company’s business does not have a bearing on national security and may not be classified as core or important data by the PRC governmental authorities; and (iv) none of the Company and its subsidiaries provides any important data, personal information or sensitive personal data outside the territory of PRC, therefore, the Company believes it is not required to pass cybersecurity review of CAC. If the Chinese government’s regulations enhance, our operations may be negatively impacted in a significant way, although, presently, there is no discernible immediate impact.
Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system, including uncertainties regarding the enforcement of laws, and changes in policies, laws and regulations in China could adversely affect us.
Our operations in China are governed by the PRC laws and regulations. We may be adversely affected by the complexity, uncertainties and changes in PRC laws and regulations regarding foreign investment and manufacturing, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and our ability to operate our business in China.
For example, two regulations relating to overseas offerings by domestic companies of equity shares, depository receipts, convertible corporate bonds, or other equity-like securities, and overseas listing of the securities for trading - namely the Provisions of the State Council on the Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (Draft for Comments) and the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies - were released in December 2021 and February 2023. Pursuant to such regulations, a filing-based regulatory system would be implemented covering both direct and indirect overseas offering and listing, among which, (i) if an issuer listed in other overseas markets after overseas offerings, the issuer shall submit to the CSRC filing documents within three working days after such application is submitted; (ii) if an issuer issues overseas listed securities after listing abroad and issues such securities aiming at purchasing assets, the issuer shall submit to the CSRC filing documents within three working days after the issue is completed, however, if the assets purchased are domestic assets, the filing procedure shall be performed within three working days from the date of the first announcement of the transaction; and (iii) if the significant events, such as change of control and delisting, occur after the issuer’s overseas listing, it should report the details to CSRC within three working days from the date of occurrence. We may be required to file documents regarding the events listed in the regulations with the CRSC before or after the events occurred.
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From time to time, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce our legal rights. Any administrative and court proceedings in China may be protracted, resulting in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. Since PRC administrative and court authorities have some discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory provisions and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy, than in more developed legal systems. These uncertainties may impede our ability to enforce contracts in China and could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.
Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis, or at all, and may have retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of any of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. Such unpredictability towards our contractual, property and procedural rights could adversely affect our business, and impede our ability to continue our operations and proceed with our future business plans.
It may be difficult to serve the Company with legal process or enforce judgments against the Company or its management.
Most of the Company’s assets are located in China, the majority of its directors and officers are non-residents of the United States, and all or substantial portions of the assets of such non-residents are located outside the United States. As a result, it may not be possible to effect service of process within the United States upon such persons to originate an action in the United States. Moreover, there is uncertainty that the courts of China would enforce judgments of U.S. courts against the Company, its directors or officers based on the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state, or an original action brought in China based upon the securities laws of the United States or any state.
The recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments are provided for under the PRC Civil Procedures Law. PRC courts may recognize and enforce foreign judgments in accordance with the requirements of the PRC Civil Procedures Law and other applicable laws, regulations, and interpretations based either on treaties between China and the country where the judgment is made or on principles of reciprocity between jurisdictions. China does not have any treaties or other forms of reciprocity with the United States that provide for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. In addition, according to the PRC Civil Procedures Law, the PRC courts will not enforce a foreign judgment against us or our director and officers if they decide that the judgment violates the basic principles of PRC laws or national sovereignty, security or public interest. As a result, it is uncertain whether and on what basis a PRC court would enforce a judgment rendered by a court in the United States.
Changes in political, business, economic and trade relations between the United States and China may have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We cannot predict the possible changes in the economic, regulatory, social and political environment in the United States and China, nor can we predict their potential impact on political, economic and trade relations between the United States and China and on our business.
The United States and China have imposed new or higher tariffs on goods imported from each other, including tariff increases announced by both countries in early 2025. If the United States or China continues imposing such tariffs, or if additional tariffs or trade restrictions are implemented by the United States or by China, the resulting trade barriers could have a significant adverse impact on our business, including our sales to American customers. The adoption and expansion of tariffs, quotas and embargoes, sanctions, the occurrence of a trade war, or other governmental action related to tariffs or trade agreements or policies, has the potential to adversely impact our sales to American customers, our costs, our suppliers and the world economy in general, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Additionally, China has enacted laws and regulations to respond to foreign sanctions and exterritorial measures. Changes in the laws and regulations of China may have a significant impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. We cannot foresee whether and how developments in similar policy actions or any other policy actions taken by the U.S. or Chinese government will impact our business and financial performance.
Furthermore, the risks and uncertainties associated with U.S.-China political, business, economic and trade relations may negatively impact investor sentiment towards China-based companies listed in the U.S., which could in turn adversely affect the demand, price and trading volume of our shares.
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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.
Not Applicable.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES.
The Company’s headquarters are located at No. 1 Henglong Road, Yu Qiao Development Zone, Shashi District, Jing Zhou City Hubei Province, the PRC. Set forth below are the manufacturing facilities operated by each joint venture. The Company has forty-five to fifty years long-term rights to use the lands and buildings (in thousands of USD, except for references to area in square meters).
Total Area
Building Area
Original Cost of
Name of Entity
Product
(sq.m.)
(sq.m.)
Equipment
Site
Henglong
Automotive Parts
97,818
20,226
$
62,573
Jingzhou City, Hubei Province
13,393
13,707
$
-
Wuhan City, Hubei Province
Jiulong
Power Steering Gear
39,478
24,734
$
41,027
Jingzhou City, Hubei Province
Shenyang
Automotive Steering Gear
35,354
18,041
$
5,869
Shenyang City, Liaoning Province
Chongqing
Power Steering Gear
57,849
22,812
$
3,401
Chongqing City
Jielong (1)
Electric Power Steering
-
-
$
11,030
Jingzhou City, Hubei Province
Wuhan Chuguanjie
Electric Power Steering
53,675
44,054
$
8,315
Wuhan City, Hubei Province
Henglong KYB (1)
Automotive Steering Gear
-
-
$
21,409
Jingzhou City, Hubei Province
Hubei Henglong
Automotive Steering Gear
280,254
137,104
$
71,625
Jingzhou City, Hubei Province
Wuhu
Automotive Steering Gear
83,705
27,288
$
5,371
Wuhu City, Anhui Province
Wuhu Hongrun(1)
High Polymer Materials
-
-
$
1,033
Wuhu City, Anhui Province
Total
661,526
307,966
$
231,653
(1) Jielong, Henglong KYB and Wuhu Hongrun do not own land use rights or buildings by themselves. They rent buildings from Jiulong, Hubei Henglong and Wuhu, respectively.
The Company is not involved in investments in real estate or interests in real estate, real estate mortgages, and securities of or interests in persons primarily engaged in real estate activities, as all of its land rights are used for production purposes.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.
The Company is not a party to any pending or, to the best of the Company’s knowledge, any threatened legal proceedings and no director, officer or affiliate of the Company, or owner of record of more than five percent of the securities of the Company, or any associate of any such director, officer or security holder is a party adverse to the Company or has a material interest adverse to the Company in reference to pending litigation.
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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.
Not applicable.
33 | Page
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.
The Company’s common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “CAAS”.
ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
On December 5, 2018, the Board of Directors of the Company approved a share repurchase program under which the Company was permitted to repurchase up to $5.0 million of its common stock from time to time in the open market at prevailing markets prices or in privately negotiated transactions through December 4, 2019. The Company has extended the program to December 4, 2020. During the year ended December 31, 2019, under the repurchase program, the Company repurchased 452,559 shares of the Company’s common stock for cash consideration of $1.0 million on the open market. During the year ended December 31, 2020, there were no shares of common stock repurchased under such program.
On August 13, 2020, the Board of Directors of the Company approved a share repurchase program under which the Company is permitted to repurchase up to $5.0 million of its common stock from time to time in the open market at prevailing market prices not to exceed $3.50 per share through August 12, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company repurchased 322,269 of the shares that were authorized to be repurchased under the program. On March 29, 2022, the Board of Directors of the Company approved a share repurchase program under which the Company was permitted to repurchase up to $5.0 million of its common stock from time to time in the open market at prevailing markets prices not to exceed $4.00 per share through March 30, 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2023, there were no shares of common stock repurchased under such program.
On November 12, 2024, the Board of Directors of the Company approved a share repurchase program under which the Company was permitted to repurchase up to $5.0 million of its common stock from time to time in the open market at prevailing markets prices not to exceed $5.50 per share through November 15, 2025. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company repurchased 15,000 shares of common stock at an average price of $4.53 per share for a total of $68,006 paid under such program in December.
STOCKHOLDERS
The Company’s common shares are issued in registered form. Securities Transfer Corporation in Frisco, Texas is the registrar and transfer agent for the Company’s common stock. As of December 31, 2024, there were 32,338,302 shares of the Company’s common stock (including 2,167,600 shares of the Company’s treasury stock) issued and the Company had approximately 60 stockholders of record.
DIVIDENDS
Although the Company announced and paid a special cash dividend of $0.18 per common share to the Company’s shareholders of record as of the close of business on June 26, 2014 and a special cash dividend of $0.8 per common share to the Company’s shareholders of record as of the close of business on July 30, 2024, the Company does not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. The Company currently intends to retain future earnings, if any, to finance operations and the expansion of its business. Any future determination to pay cash dividends will be at the discretion of the Company’s board of directors and will be based upon the Company’s financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, plans for expansion, restrictions imposed by any financing arrangements and any other factors that the Company’s board of directors deems relevant.
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SECURITIES AUTHORIZED FOR ISSUANCE UNDER EQUITY COMPENSATION PLANS
The securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans on December 31, 2024 are as follows:
Number of securities to be
Weighted average
Number of securities
issued upon exercise of
exercise price of
remaining available for
Plan category
outstanding options
outstanding options
future issuance
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders
2,200,000
$
6.26
1,541,150
The stock option plan was approved at the Annual Meeting of Stockholders held on June 28, 2005 and extended for ten years at the Annual Meeting of Stockholders held on September 16, 2014. The maximum common shares for issuance under the plan are 2,200,000. The term of the plan was extended to June 27, 2025.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
ITEM 6. RESERVED

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto and other financial information contained elsewhere in this report.
GENERAL OVERVIEW
China Automotive Systems, Inc., including, when the context so requires, its subsidiaries and the subsidiaries’ interests in the Sino-foreign joint ventures described below, is referred to herein as the “Company.” The Company, through its Sino-foreign joint ventures, engages in the manufacture and sales of automotive systems and components in the People’s Republic of China, the “PRC,” or “China.” Genesis, a company incorporated on January 3, 2003 under the Companies Ordinance of Hong Kong as a limited liability company, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. Henglong USA Corporation, “HLUSA,” which was incorporated on January 8, 2007 in Troy, Michigan, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, and mainly engages in marketing of automotive parts in North America, and provides after sales service and research and development support. Furthermore, the Company owns the following aggregate net interests in the subsidiaries incorporated in the PRC and Brazil as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.
Aggregate Net Interest
December 31,
December 31,
Name of Entity
Henglong
100.00
%
100.00
%
Jiulong
100.00
%
100.00
%
Shenyang
70.00
%
70.00
%
Wuhu
100.00
%
100.00
%
Jielong
85.00
%
85.00
%
Hubei Henglong
100.00
%
100.00
%
Testing Center
100.00
%
100.00
%
Chongqing Henglong
70.00
%
70.00
%
Brazil Henglong
94.19
%
95.84
%
Wuhan Chuguanjie
85.00
%
85.00
%
Shanghai Henglong
100.00
%
100.00
%
Henglong KYB
60.00
%
66.60
%
Wuhan Hyoseong
51.00
%
51.00
%
Wuhu Hongrun
62.00
%
62.00
%
Changchun Hualong
100.00
%
100.00
%
Zhirong
100.00
%
100.00
%
35 | Page
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Selected highlights from our operations (in thousands of U.S. dollars):
Change
Change%
Net product sales
$
650,935
$
576,354
$
74,581
12.9
%
Cost of products sold
541,751
472,603
69,148
14.6
Net gain on other sales
4,303
5,788
(1,485)
(25.7)
Selling expenses
17,855
15,610
2,245
14.4
General and administrative expenses
27,728
25,503
2,225
8.7
Research and development expenses
27,649
29,181
(1,532)
(5.2)
Other income, net
5,776
5,345
8.1
Interest expense
1,813
1,021
77.6
Financial expense /(income), net
(4,666)
4,753
(101.9)
Income taxes
5,892
5,137
14.7
Net income
37,899
42,738
(4,839)
(11.3)
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest
7,897
5,050
2,847
56.4
Net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders
29,979
37,658
(7,679)
(20.4)
%
Net Product Sales and Cost of Products Sold
For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, net sales and cost of sales are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):
Net Sales
Cost of sales
Change
Change
Henglong
$
325,866
$
271,501
$
54,365
20.0
%
$
297,555
$
245,733
$
51,822
21.1
%
Jiulong
71,571
69,926
1,645
2.4
61,957
58,120
3,837
6.6
Wuhu
44,843
37,851
6,992
18.2
45,158
36,542
8,616
23.6
Hubei Henglong
105,426
115,883
(10,457)
(9.0)
87,736
98,210
(10,474)
(10.7)
Henglong KYB
188,221
147,989
40,232
27.2
164,608
127,713
36,895
28.9
Brazil Henglong
51,013
48,255
2,758
5.7
42,490
39,690
2,800
7.1
Other Entities
138,520
112,131
26,389
23.5
114,468
90,491
23,977
26.5
Total segment
925,460
803,536
121,924
15.2
813,972
696,499
117,473
16.9
Eliminations
(274,525)
(227,182)
(47,343)
(20.8)
(272,221)
(223,896)
(48,325)
(21.6)
Total
650,935
576,354
74,581
12.9
%
541,751
472,603
69,148
14.6
%
Net Product Sales
Net product sales were $650.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $576.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing an increase of $74.5 million, or 12.9%, mainly due to the Company’s increased sales of electric power steerings, “EPS”.
Net sales of traditional steering products were $397.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, which is generally consistent with $381.6 million for 2023. Net sales of EPS were $253.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $194.8 million for 2023, representing an increase of $58.2 million, or 29.9%. As a percentage of net sales, the sales of EPS were 38.9% for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to 33.8% for 2023.
The increase in net product sales was mainly due to the offsetting effects of the increase in sales volume of passenger vehicles and decline in demand of commercial vehicles.
36 | Page
Further analysis is as follows:
- Henglong mainly engages in providing passenger vehicle steering systems. Net sales for Henglong were $325.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with $271.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing an increase of $54.4 million, or 20.0%. The increase was mainly due to the increase in sales volume of products used in passenger vehicles.
- Jiulong mainly engages in providing commercial vehicle steering systems. Net sales for Jiulong were $71.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with $69.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing an increase of $1.7 million, or 2.4%. The increase was mainly due to the increasing demand of commercial vehicles.
- Wuhu mainly engages in providing vehicle steering systems to Chery Automobile Co., Ltd., “Chery”, one of the major automotive manufacturers in China. Net sales for Wuhu were $44.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with $37.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing an increase of $6.9 million, or 18.2%. The increase was mainly due to the increase sales volume of products used in passenger vehicles from Chery.
- Hubei Henglong mainly engages in providing vehicle steering systems to Stellantis N.V. and Ford. Net sales for Hubei Henglong were $105.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with $115.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing a decrease of $10.5 million, or 9.0%. The decrease was mainly due to the decrease in sales volume of products used in passenger vehicles from Stellantis N.V.
- Henglong KYB mainly engages in providing passenger EPS products. Net sales for Henglong KYB were $188.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with $148.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing an increase of $40.2 million, or 27.2%. The increase was mainly due to the increase in sales volume of EPS products used in passenger vehicles.
- Brazil Henglong mainly provides steering systems to Stellantis N.V. Net product sales for Brazil Henglong were $51.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $48.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing an increase of $2.7 million, or 5.7%. The increase was mainly due to the increase in demand of Stellantis N.V.
- Net product sales for other entities were $138.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with $112.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing an increase of $26.4 million, or 23.5%. The increase was mainly due to the increases in sales volume from Wuhan Hyoseong.
Cost of Products Sold
For the year ended December 31, 2024, the cost of sales was $541.8 million, compared with $472.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing an increase of $69.2 million, or 14.6%. The increase in cost of sales was mainly due to the increase in sales volume and increase in unit cost. Further analysis is as follows:
- Cost of sales for Henglong was $297.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $245.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing an increase of $51.9 million, or 21.1%. The increase was mainly due to the increase in sales volumes and the increase in unit cost.
- Cost of sales for Jiulong was $62.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $58.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing an increase of $3.9 million, or 6.6%. The increase was mainly due to the increase in sales volumes and the increase in unit cost.
- Cost of sales for Wuhu was $45.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $36.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing an increase of $8.7 million, or 23.6%. The increase was mainly due to the increase in sales volumes and the increase in unit cost.
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- Cost of sales for Hubei Henglong was $87.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $98.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing a decrease of $10.5 million, or 10.7%. The decrease was mainly due to the decrease in sales volumes and the increase in unit cost.
- Cost of sales for Henglong KYB was $164.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $127.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing an increase of $36.9 million, or 28.9%. The increase was mainly due to the increase in sales volumes and the increase in unit cost.
- Cost of products sold for Brazil Henglong was $42.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $39.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing an increase of $2.8 million, or 7.1%. The increase was mainly due to the increase in sales volumes.
- Cost of products sold for other entities was $114.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $90.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing an increase of $24.0 million, or 26.5%. The increase was mainly due to the increase in sales volumes.
Gross margin was 16.8 % for the year ended December 31, 2024, which has decreased compared with 18.0% for the year ended December 31, 2023, mainly due to the price cutting requirements from OEMs.
Net Gain on Other Sales
Gain on other sales mainly consisted of rental income and sales of materials. For the year ended December 31, 2024, gain on other sales amounted to $4.3 million, compared to $5.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing a decrease of $1.5 million, or 25.7%, which was mainly due to the decrease of sales of materials.
Selling Expenses
For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, selling expenses are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):
Year Ended December 31,
Increase/(Decrease)
Percentage
Transportation expense
$
6,106
$
5,705
$
7.0
%
Marketing and office expense
4,839
3,526
1,313
37.2
Salaries and wages
3,510
3,249
8.0
Warehousing and inventory handling expenses
3,028
2,508
20.7
Other expense
(250)
(40.2)
Total
$
17,855
$
15,610
$
2,245
14.4
%
Selling expenses were $17.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $15.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing an increase of $2.2 million, or 14.4%, which was mainly due to an increase in marketing and office expense.
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General and Administrative Expenses
For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, general and administrative expenses are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):
Year Ended December 31,
Increase/(Decrease)
Percentage
Salaries and wages
$
12,802
$
11,216
$
1,586
14.1
%
Allowances for credit losses
(953)
1,564
(2,517)
(160.9)
Office expense
5,806
4,121
1,685
40.9
Labor insurance expense
2,299
2,199
4.5
Depreciation and amortization expense
1,782
1,928
(146)
(7.6)
Listing expenses (1)
1,384
1,303
6.2
Property and other taxes
2,717
1,597
1,120
70.1
Maintenance and repair expenses
1,431
1,012
41.4
Other expense
(103)
(18.3)
Total
$
27,728
$
25,503
$
2,225
8.7
%
(1) Listing expenses consisted of the costs associated with legal, accounting and auditing fees for operating a public company.
General and administrative expenses were $27.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $25.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing an increase of $2.2 million, or 8.7%, which was mainly due to the increase of salaries and wages, office expense, property and other taxes.
Research and Development Expenses
Research and development expenses, “R&D” expenses, were $27.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to $29.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing a decrease of $1.6 million, or 5.2%, which was mainly due to the decreased miscellaneous expenses related to R&D.
Other Income, Net
Other income, net was $5.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $5.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing an increase of $0.5 million, which was mainly due to the increase from government subsidies.
Interest Expense
Interest expense was $1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, which increases $0.8 million compared with $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Financial Expense/(Income), net
Financial expense, net was $0.09 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to financial income, net of $4.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing an increase in financial expense of $4.8 million, which was primarily due to an increase in the foreign exchange losses due to the foreign exchange volatility.
Income Taxes
Income tax expense was $5.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $5.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing an increase of $0.8 million, or 14.7%, which was mainly due to the valuation allowance reversed and a one-time income tax expense settlement for the subsidiaries in the PRC and the U.S. this year.
39 | Page
Net Income Attributable to Non-controlling Interests
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests amounted to $7.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to net income attributable to non-controlling interests of $5.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing an increase in net income attributable to non-controlling interests of $2.8 million.
Net Income Attributable to Parent Company’s Common Shareholders
Net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders was $30.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $37.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing a decrease in net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders of $7.7 million.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Capital Resources and Use of Cash
The Company has historically financed its liquidity requirements from a variety of sources, including short-term borrowings under bank credit agreements, bankers’ acceptances, issuances of capital stock and notes and internally generated cash. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments of $84.5 million, compared with $125.7 million as of December 31, 2023, representing a decrease of $41.2 million.
The Company had working capital, total current assets less total current liabilities, of $146.2 million as of December 31, 2024, compared with $180.3 million as of December 31, 2023, representing a decrease of $34.1 million, or 18.9%.
Except for the expected distribution of dividends from the Company’s PRC subsidiaries to the Company in order to fund the payment of the one-time transition tax due to the U.S. Tax Reform and the special cash dividend in August 2024, the Company intends to indefinitely reinvest the funds in subsidiaries established in the PRC.
Based on our liquidity assessment, we believe that our current cash position, cash flow from operations and proceeds from our financing activities will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs, including our cash needs for working capital and capital expenditures, for the foreseeable future and for at least 12 months subsequent to the filing of this annual report.
Capital Source
The Company’s capital source is multifaceted, such as bank loans and banks’ acceptance facilities. In financing activities and operating activities, the Company’s banks require the Company to sign line of credit agreements and repay such facilities within one to two years. On the condition that the Company can provide adequate mortgage security and has not violated the terms of the line of credit agreement, such facilities can be extended for another one to two years.
The Company had short-term loans of $72.6 million, long-term loans of $0.1 million (See Note 11) and bankers’ acceptance notes payable of $99.7 million as of December 31, 2024.
The Company currently expects to be able to obtain similar bank loans, i.e., RMB loans, and bankers’ acceptance facilities in the future if it can provide adequate mortgage security following the termination of the above-mentioned agreements, see the table under “Bank Arrangements” below for more information. If the Company is not able to do so, it will have to refinance such debt as it becomes due or repay that debt to the extent it has cash available from operations or from the proceeds of additional issuances of capital stock. Due to a depreciation of assets, the value of the mortgages securing the above-mentioned bank loans and banker's acceptances is expected to be reduced by approximately $14.9 million over the next 12 months. If the Company wishes to maintain the same amount of bank loans and banker's acceptances in the future, it may be required by the banks to provide additional mortgages of $14.9 million as of the maturity date of such line of credit agreements, see the table under “Bank Arrangements” below for more information. The Company can still obtain lines of credit with a reduction of $9.7 million, which is 65.1%, the mortgage ratio, of $14.9 million, if it cannot provide additional mortgages. The Company expects that the reduction in bank loans will not have a material adverse effect on its liquidity.
40 | Page
Bank Facilities
As of December 31, 2024, the principal outstanding under the Company’s credit facilities and lines of credit was as follows (figures are in thousands of USD).
Assessed
Due
Amount
Amount
Mortgage
Bank
Date
Available (2)
Used (3)
Value (4)
1. Comprehensive credit facilities
China CITIC Bank (1)
Jun-2026
103,639
79,608
25,068
2. Comprehensive credit facilities
Shanghai Pudong Development Bank(1)
Nov-2025
27,823
13,832
19,860
3. Comprehensive credit facilities
Hubei Bank(1)
Aug-2026
23,649
2,495
25,941
4. Comprehensive credit facilities
Chongqing Bank
Apr-2025
5. Comprehensive credit facilities
China Merchants Bank(1)
Jun-2027
13,911
7,604
-
6. Comprehensive credit facilities
Bank of China(1)
Nov-2025
13,911
4,174
-
7. Comprehensive credit facilities
Bank of China
Dec-2025
6,957
-
-
8. Comprehensive credit facilities
China CITIC Bank(1)
May-2025
4,173
1,945
-
9. Comprehensive credit facilities
China Everbright Bank(1)
Dec-2025
3,339
3,339
4,173
10. Comprehensive credit facilities
Hankou Bank(1)
May-2025
13,911
1,838
-
11. Comprehensive credit facilities
Industrial and Commercial Bank of China
Feb-2025
3,895
3,895
-
Total
$
216,182
$
119,496
$
76,016
(1) The comprehensive credit facilities with China CITIC Bank are guaranteed by Henglong and Hubei Henglong in addition to the above pledged assets. The comprehensive credit facilities with Shanghai Pudong Development Bank are guaranteed by Henglong and Hubei Henglong in addition to the above pledged assets. The comprehensive credit facilities with Hubei Bank are guaranteed by Chen Hanlin in addition to the above pledged assets. The comprehensive credit facilities with China Merchants Bank are guaranteed by Hubei Henglong. The comprehensive credit facilities with Bank of China are guaranteed by Hubei Henglong. The comprehensive credit facilities with Hankou Bank are guaranteed by Hubei Henglong. The comprehensive credit facilities with China Everbright Bank are guaranteed by Hubei Henglong in addition to the above pledged assets.
(2) “Amount available” is used for the drawdown of bank loans and issuance of bank notes at the Company’s discretion. If the Company elects to utilize the facility by issuance of bank notes, additional collateral is requested to be pledged to the bank.
(3) “Amount used” represents the credit facilities used by the Company for the purpose of bank loans, notes payable or derivatives during the facility contract period. The loans or notes payable under the credit facilities will remain outstanding regardless of the expiration of the relevant credit facilities until the separate loans or notes payable expire. The amount used includes bank loans of $58.0 million, notes payable of $60.2 million and letter of credit of $1.2 million as of December 31, 2024.
(4) In order to obtain lines of credit, the Company needs to pledge certain assets to banks. As of December 31, 2024, the pledged assets included property, plant and equipment and land use rights with an aggregate assessed value of $116.8 million.
The Company may request the banks to issue notes payable or bank loans within its credit line using a 365-day revolving line.
41 | Page
The Company renewed its existing short-term loans and borrowed new loans during 2024 at annual interest rates ranging from 0.40% to 7.44%, and the Company’s loan terms range from 2 months to 36 months. The large spread in interest rates was due to the different lenders. Pursuant to the comprehensive credit line arrangement, the Company pledged and guaranteed:
1. Land use rights and buildings with an assessed value of approximately $26.6 million as security for its comprehensive credit facility with China CITIC Bank Wuhan Branch.
2. Land use rights and buildings with an assessed value of approximately $14.8 million as security for its revolving comprehensive credit facility with Shanghai Pudong Development Bank.
3. Equipment with an assessed value of approximately $64.9 million as security for its revolving comprehensive credit facility with Hubei Bank.
4. Land use rights and buildings with an assessed value of approximately $8.7 million as security for its revolving comprehensive credit facility with China Everbright Bank.
5. Buildings with an assessed value of approximately $1.8 million as security for its comprehensive credit facility with Chongqing Bank.
Cash Requirements
The following table summarizes the Company’s expected cash outflows resulting from financial contracts and commitments. The Company has not included information on its recurring purchases of materials for use in its manufacturing operations. These amounts are generally consistent from year to year, closely reflecting the Company’s levels of production, and are not long-term in nature (being less than three months in length).
(in thousands of USD)
Less than 1
More than 5
Total
year
1-3 years
3-5 years
Years
Loans including interest payable
$
73,241
$
73,091
$
$
-
$
-
Notes payable (1)
99,748
99,748
-
-
-
Taxes payable and withholding tax liabilities due to U.S. Tax Reform (See Note 14)
8,781
8,781
-
-
-
Obligation for investment contract (2)
3,756
3,060
-
-
Other contractual purchase commitments, including service agreements
30,017
26,884
3,133
-
-
Total
$
215,543
$
211,564
$
3,979
$
-
$
-
(1) Notes payable do not bear interest.
(2) In October 2024, Hubei Henglong entered into an agreement with other parties to establish an associate company, “Jingzhou Jinyu Hotel Management Co., Ltd”, “Jingzhou Jinyu”. According to the agreement, Hubei Henlong shall contribute a total capital of RMB 15.0 million, equivalent to approximately $2.1 million. As of December 31, 2024, Hubei Henglong has paid RMB 7.0 million, equivalent to approximately $1.0 million, representing 14.5% of Jingzhou Jinyu. The remaining consideration of RMB 8.0 million, equivalent to approximately $1.1 million, will be paid in 2025.
In July 2024, Hubei Henglong entered into an agreement with other parties to establish an associate company, Shanghai IAT. According to the agreement, Hubei Henlong shall contribute a total capital of RMB 20.0 million, equivalent to approximately $2.8 million. As of December 31, 2024, Hubei Henglong has paid RMB 10.0 million, equivalent to approximately $1.4 million, representing 25.0% of Shanghai IAT’s equity. The remaining consideration of RMB 10.0 million, equivalent to approximately $1.4 million, will be paid within two years after December 31, 2024.
42 | Page
In June 2023, Hubei Henglong entered into an agreement with other parties to establish a limited partnership, Suzhou Mingzhi. According to the agreement, Hubei Henlong shall contribute a total capital of RMB 30.0 million, equivalent to approximately $4.2 million. As of December 31, 2024, Hubei Henglong has paid RMB 21.0 million, equivalent to approximately $2.9 million, representing 19.74% of Suzhou Mingzhi’s equity. The remaining consideration of RMB 9.0 million, equivalent to approximately $1.3 million, will be paid in 2025.
Short-term Loans and Long-term Loans
The following table summarizes the contract information of short-term borrowings between the banks and the Company as of December 31, 2024 (figures are in thousands of USD).
Borrowing
Annual
Date of
Bank
Borrowing
Term
Interest
Interest
Government
Purpose
Date
(Months)
Principal
Rate
Payment
Due Date
Bank of China
Working Capital
Mar 31, 2024
4,173
2.58
%
Pay monthly
Mar 30, 2025
Industrial and Commercial Bank of China(1)
Working Capital
Feb 22, 2024
3,895
2.60
%
Pay monthly
Feb 21, 2025
China CITIC Bank
Working Capital
Oct 25, 2024
4,173
3.00
%
Pay monthly
Oct 25, 2025
China CITIC Bank
Working Capital
Apr 26, 2024
4,173
3.00
%
Pay monthly
Apr 25, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Mar 21, 2024
1,391
2.80
%
Pay quarterly
Mar 20, 2025
China CITIC Bank
Working Capital
Jun 25, 2024
4,173
3.00
%
Pay monthly
Jun 25, 2025
Chongqing Bank
Working Capital
Apr 14, 2022
3.25
%
Pay semiannually
Apr 13, 2025
Chongqing Bank
Working Capital
Apr 27, 2022
3.25
%
Pay semiannually
Apr 13, 2025
Chongqing Bank
Working Capital
May 12, 2022
3.25
%
Pay semiannually
Apr 13, 2025
Chongqing Bank
Working Capital
May 24, 2022
3.25
%
Pay semiannually
Apr 13, 2025
Chongqing Bank
Working Capital
Jun 16, 2022
3.25
%
Pay semiannually
Apr 13, 2025
Chongqing Bank
Working Capital
Jun 29, 2022
3.25
%
Pay semiannually
Apr 13, 2025
Chongqing Bank
Working Capital
Jul 28, 2022
3.25
%
Pay semiannually
Apr 13, 2025
Chongqing Bank
Working Capital
Jan 16, 2023
3.25
%
Pay semiannually
Apr 13, 2025
Chongqing Bank
Working Capital
Feb 20, 2023
3.25
%
Pay semiannually
Apr 13, 2025
Chongqing Bank
Working Capital
Mar 21, 2023
3.25
%
Pay semiannually
Apr 13, 2025
Chongqing Bank
Working Capital
Jul 18, 2023
3.25
%
Pay semiannually
Apr 13, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Feb 7, 2024
6,677
2.20
%
Pay in arrear
Feb 6, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Mar 29, 2024
4,173
2.24
%
Pay in arrear
Mar 14, 2025
China CITIC Bank
Working Capital
Aug 7, 2024
5,147
1.55
%
Pay in arrear
Aug 7, 2025
China CITIC Bank
Working Capital
Aug 22, 2024
2,504
1.55
%
Pay in arrear
Aug 21, 2025
China CITIC Bank
Working Capital
Nov 26, 2024
2,087
1.65
%
Pay in arrear
Nov 25, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Feb 7, 2024
4,173
2.20
%
Pay in arrear
Feb 6, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Mar 29, 2024
4,173
2.24
%
Pay in arrear
Mar 14, 2025
China CITIC Bank
Working Capital
Jul 31, 2024
4,118
1.55
%
Pay in arrear
Jul 30, 2025
China CITIC Bank
Working Capital
Aug 19, 2024
2,226
1.55
%
Pay in arrear
Aug 15, 2025
43 | Page
China Merchants Bank(1)
Working Capital
Aug 15, 2024
1.65
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 29, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Aug 7, 2024
1.05
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 29, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Aug 7, 2024
1.05
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 30, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Aug 7, 2024
1.05
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 30, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Sept 2, 2024
1.25
%
Pay in arrear
Feb 21, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Sept 14, 2024
1.20
%
Pay in arrear
Feb 27, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Sept 14, 2024
1.20
%
Pay in arrear
Feb 21, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Sept 18, 2024
1.15
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 30, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Sept 25, 2024
1.15
%
Pay in arrear
Feb 1, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Oct 10, 2024
1.00
%
Pay in arrear
Mar 26, 2025
China CITIC Bank
Working Capital
Oct 10, 2024
1.00
%
Pay in arrear
Mar 29, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Oct 24, 2024
1.00
%
Pay in arrear
Mar 26, 2025
China CITIC Bank
Working Capital
Oct 29, 2024
1.00
%
Pay in arrear
Apr 22, 2025
China CITIC Bank
Working Capital
Oct 29, 2024
1.00
%
Pay in arrear
Apr 23, 2025
China CITIC Bank
Working Capital
Oct 29, 2024
1.00
%
Pay in arrear
Apr 22, 2025
China CITIC Bank
Working Capital
Nov 1, 2024
1.00
%
Pay in arrear
Apr 30, 2025
China CITIC Bank
Working Capital
Nov 15, 2024
0.85
%
Pay in arrear
Apr 30, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 5, 2024
0.40
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 2, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 5, 2024
0.70
%
Pay in arrear
Mar 6, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 5, 2024
0.70
%
Pay in arrear
Mar 4, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 5, 2024
0.70
%
Pay in arrear
Feb 28, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 5, 2024
0.70
%
Pay in arrear
Feb 12, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 20, 2024
0.70
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 11, 2025
Bank of China(1)
Working Capital
Oct 11, 2024
1.00
%
Pay in arrear
Mar 20, 2025
Bank of China(1)
Working Capital
Oct 11, 2024
1.00
%
Pay in arrear
Mar 14, 2025
Bank of China(1)
Working Capital
Oct 11, 2024
1.00
%
Pay in arrear
Mar 14, 2025
Bank of China(1)
Working Capital
Oct 11, 2024
1.00
%
Pay in arrear
Mar 14, 2025
Bank of China(1)
Working Capital
Oct 11, 2024
1.00
%
Pay in arrear
Mar 14, 2025
Bank of China(1)
Working Capital
Oct 11, 2024
0.86
%
Pay in arrear
Mar 14, 2025
Bank of China(1)
Working Capital
Oct 11, 2024
0.86
%
Pay in arrear
Mar 27, 2025
Bank of China(1)
Working Capital
Oct 11, 2024
0.86
%
Pay in arrear
Mar 14, 2025
Bank of China(1)
Working Capital
Oct 11, 2024
0.86
%
Pay in arrear
Mar 27, 2025
Bank of China(1)
Working Capital
Oct 11, 2024
0.86
%
Pay in arrear
Mar 11, 2025
Bank of China
Working Capital
Oct 11, 2024
0.86
%
Pay in arrear
Mar 29, 2025
44 | Page
Bank of China(1)
Working Capital
Oct 11, 2024
0.86
%
Pay in arrear
Mar 25, 2025
Bank of China(1)
Working Capital
Oct 11, 2024
0.86
%
Pay in arrear
Mar 12, 2025
Bank of China(1)
Working Capital
Oct 11, 2024
0.86
%
Pay in arrear
Mar 25, 2025
Bank of China(1)
Working Capital
Oct 11, 2024
0.86
%
Pay in arrear
Mar 25, 2025
Bank of China(1)
Working Capital
Nov 21, 2024
0.40
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 10, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 21, 2024
0.40
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 19, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 21, 2024
0.40
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 18, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 21, 2024
0.40
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 5, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 21, 2024
0.40
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 19, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 21, 2024
0.40
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 15, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 21, 2024
0.40
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 8, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 21, 2024
0.40
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 18, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 21, 2024
0.40
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 19, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 21, 2024
0.40
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 19, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 21, 2024
0.40
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 17, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 21, 2024
0.40
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 12, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 21, 2024
0.40
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 13, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 21, 2024
0.40
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 16, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 21, 2024
0.40
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 26, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 21, 2024
0.40
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 18, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 21, 2024
0.40
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 22, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 21, 2024
0.40
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 19, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 21, 2024
0.40
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 14, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 21, 2024
0.40
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 24, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 21, 2024
0.40
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 22, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 21, 2024
0.40
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 25, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 21, 2024
0.40
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 22, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 21, 2024
0.40
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 22, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 21, 2024
0.40
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 22, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 21, 2024
0.40
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 9, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 21, 2024
0.40
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 9, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 21, 2024
0.40
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 20, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 21, 2024
0.40
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 22, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 22, 2024
0.40
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 18, 2025
45 | Page
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 22, 2024
0.40
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 23, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 22, 2024
0.40
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 23, 2025
China CITIC Bank(1)
Working Capital
Nov 22, 2024
0.40
%
Pay in arrear
Jan 25, 2025
Banco Safra S/A(1)
Working Capital
Jul 6, 2023
7.31
%
Pay monthly
Jan 6, 2025
Banco Safra S/A(1)
Working Capital
Jul 6, 2023
7.31
%
Pay monthly
Feb 6, 2025
Banco Safra S/A(1)
Working Capital
Jul 6, 2023
7.31
%
Pay monthly
Mar 6, 2025
Banco Safra S/A
Working Capital
Jul 6, 2023
7.31
%
Pay monthly
Apr 7, 2025
Banco Safra S/A
Working Capital
Jul 6, 2023
7.31
%
Pay monthly
May 6, 2025
Banco Safra S/A
Working Capital
Jul 6, 2023
7.31
%
Pay monthly
Jun 6, 2025
Banco Safra S/A
Working Capital
Jul 6, 2023
7.31
%
Pay monthly
Jul 7, 2025
Banco Safra S/A
Working Capital
Jul 6, 2023
7.31
%
Pay monthly
Aug 6, 2025
Banco Safra S/A
Working Capital
Jul 6, 2023
7.31
%
Pay monthly
Sep 8, 2025
Banco Safra S/A
Working Capital
Jul 6, 2023
7.31
%
Pay monthly
Oct 6, 2025
Banco Safra S/A
Working Capital
Jul 6, 2023
7.31
%
Pay monthly
Nov 6, 2025
Banco Safra S/A
Working Capital
Jul 6, 2023
7.31
%
Pay monthly
Dec 8, 2025
Banco Safra S/A(1)
Working Capital
Jun 29, 2023
7.44
%
Pay monthly
Jan 29, 2025
Banco Safra S/A(1)
Working Capital
Jun 29, 2023
7.44
%
Pay monthly
Feb 28, 2025
Banco Safra S/A
Working Capital
Jun 29, 2023
7.44
%
Pay monthly
Mar 31, 2025
Banco Safra S/A
Working Capital
Jun 29, 2023
7.44
%
Pay monthly
Apr 29, 2025
Banco Safra S/A
Working Capital
Jun 29, 2023
7.44
%
Pay monthly
May 29, 2025
Banco Safra S/A
Working Capital
Jun 29, 2023
7.44
%
Pay monthly
Jun 30, 2025
Banco Safra S/A
Working Capital
Jun 29, 2023
7.44
%
Pay monthly
Jul 29, 2025
Banco Safra S/A
Working Capital
Jun 29, 2023
7.44
%
Pay monthly
Aug 29, 2025
Banco Safra S/A
Working Capital
Jun 29, 2023
7.44
%
Pay monthly
Sep 29, 2025
Banco Safra S/A
Working Capital
Jun 29, 2023
7.44
%
Pay monthly
Oct 29, 2025
Banco Safra S/A
Working Capital
Jun 29, 2023
7.44
%
Pay monthly
Dec 1, 2025
Banco Safra S/A
Working Capital
Jun 29, 2023
7.44
%
Pay monthly
Dec 29, 2025
Banco Safra S/A
Working Capital
Jul 6, 2023
7.31
%
Pay monthly
Jul 6, 2026
Banco Safra S/A
Working Capital
Jun 29, 2023
7.44
%
Pay monthly
Jun 29, 2026
Total
72,711
(1)
These bank loans were repaid during January to March 2025 when they became due.
The Company must use the loans for the purpose described and repay the principal outstanding on the specified date in the table. If it fails to do so, it will be charged additional 30% to 100% penalty interest.
The Company had complied with such financial covenants as of December 31, 2024.
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Notes Payable
The following table summarizes the contract information of issuing notes payable between the banks and the Company as of December 31, 2024 (figures are in thousands of USD):
Amount Payable on
Purpose
Term (Month)
Due Date
Due Date
Working Capital (1)
Jan-2025
13,810
Working Capital (1)
Feb-2025
15,747
Working Capital (1)
Mar-2025
16,950
Working Capital
Apr-2025
17,136
Working Capital
May-2025
20,495
Working Capital
Jun-2025
15,610
Total
$
99,748
(1) The notes payable were repaid in full on their respective due dates.
The Company must use notes payable for the purpose described in the table. If it fails to do so, the banks will no longer issue the notes payable, and it may have an adverse effect on the Company’s liquidity and capital resources. The Company has to deposit a sufficient amount of cash on the due date of notes payable for payment to the suppliers. If the bank has advanced payment for the Company, the Company will be charged an additional 50% penalty interest. The Company complied with such financial covenants as of December 31, 2024, and management believes it will continue to comply with them.
Cash flows
(a)Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $9.8 million, compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $19.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing a decrease in net cash inflows by $10.1 million, which was mainly due to the offsetting impact of (1) the decrease in net income excluding non-cash items by $4.8 million, (2) the decrease in the cash inflows from movements of accounts and notes receivable by $27.0 million, (3) the increase in the cash outflows from movements of accounts and notes payable by $18.4 million, and (4) a combination of other factors contributing an increase of cash outflows by $3.3 million, including the increase in the cash outflows from movements of accrued expenses and other payables by $15.9 million.
(b)Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $77.9 million, as compared to net cash used by investing activities of $28.6 million in 2023, representing an increase in cash outflows by $49.3 million, which was mainly due to the net effect of (1) an increase in purchase of short-term investments and long-term time deposits of $9.3 million, (2) a decrease in proceeds from maturities of short-term investments $33.8 million, (3) a decrease in cash received from long-term investments $3.0 million , (4) a combination of other factors contributing to a decrease of cash inflows by $3.2 million, including an increase in the payment to acquire property, plant and equipment by $25.4 million, and an increase in cash received from property, plant and equipment sales by $17.7 million.
(c)Financing Activities
Net cash provided in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $17.3 million, compared net cash provided in financing activities of $6.8 million for 2023, representing an increase in inflows by $10.5 million, which was mainly due to the net effect of (1) an increase in proceeds from bank loans by $18.6 million, (2) an increase in dividends payment to the common shareholders by $22.4 million, (3) an increase in cash received from capital contributions by a non-controlling interest holder by $12.0 million, and (4) a combination of other factors contributed an increase of cash inflows by $2.3 million.
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OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS
On December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company did not have any transactions, obligations or relationships that could be considered off-balance sheet arrangements.
SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
None.
INFLATION AND CURRENCY MATTERS
China’s economy has experienced rapid growth recently, mostly through the issuance of debt. Debt-induced economic growth can lead to growth in the money supply and rising inflation. If prices for the Company’s products rise at a rate that is insufficient to compensate for the rise in the cost of supplies, it may harm the Company’s profitability. In order to control inflation, the Chinese government has imposed controls on bank credit, limits on loans for fixed assets and restrictions on state bank lending. Such policies can lead to a slowing of economic growth. Rises in interest rates by the central bank would likely slow economic activity in China which could, in turn, materially increase the Company’s costs and also reduce demand for the Company’s products.
Foreign operations are subject to certain risks inherent in conducting business abroad, including price and currency exchange controls, and fluctuations in the relative value of currencies. During 2024, the Company mainly supplied products to North America and settled in cash in U.S. dollars. As a result, appreciation or currency fluctuation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar would increase the cost of export products, and adversely affect the Company’s financial performance.
In July 2005, the Chinese government adjusted its exchange rate policy from “Fixed Rate” to “Floating Rate.” During December 2023 to December 2024, the exchange rate between RMB and U.S. dollar appreciated from RMB1.00 to $0.1412 to RMB1.00 to $0.1391. The depreciation of the RMB may continue. Significant depreciation of the RMB is likely to decrease the Company’s income generated from China.
RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
Information regarding new accounting pronouncements is included in Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
The Company prepares its consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these financial statements requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amount of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Management periodically evaluates the estimates and judgments made. Management bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates as a result of different assumptions or conditions. The following critical accounting policies affect the more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
The Company considers an accounting estimate to be critical if:
● it requires the Company to make assumptions about matters that were uncertain at the time it was making the estimate; and
● changes in the estimate or different estimates that the Company could have selected would have had a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.
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The table below presents information about the nature and rationale for the Company critical accounting estimates:
Critical
Balance Sheet
Estimate
Assumptions/Approaches
Caption
Item
Nature of Estimates Required
Used
Key Factors
Long-term investments
Share of the income or losses from the limited partnerships
The Company adjusted the carrying value of these equity method investments based on its share of the income or losses from the limited partnerships. The income or losses of the limited partnerships were primarily attributable to changes in the estimated fair value of the underlying investments held by these limited partnerships.
The fair value of the underlying investments was determined using valuation techniques based on market approach with inputs, which required significant judgment.
· Relevant market information
· Historical performance and future development prospects of underlying investments to assist the Company in determining an appropriate valuation methodology
Accrued liabilities and other long-term liabilities
Warranty obligations
Estimating warranty requires the Company to forecast the resolution of existing claims and expected future claims on products sold. OEMs are increasingly seeking to hold suppliers responsible for product warranties, which may impact the Company’s exposure to these costs.
The Company bases its estimate on historical trends of units sold and payment amounts, combined with its current understanding of the status of existing claims and discussions with its customers.
· OEM sourcing
· OEM policy decisions regarding warranty claims
Property, plant and equipment, intangible assets and other long-term assets
Valuation of long- lived assets
The Company is required, from time-to-time, to review the recoverability of certain of its assets based on projections of anticipated future cash flows, including future profitability assessments of various product lines.
The Company estimates cash flows using internal budgets based on recent sales data, independent automotive production volume estimates and customer commitments.
· Future production estimates
· Customer preferences and decisions
Accounts receivable
Allowance for doubtful accounts
The Company is required, from time to time, to review the credit of customers and make timely provision of allowance for doubtful accounts.
The Company estimates the collectability of the receivables based on the future cash flows using historical experiences.
· Customer credit
Inventory
Provision for inventory impairment
The Company is required, from time to time, to review the turnover of inventory based on projections of anticipated future cash flows, including provision of inventory impairment for over market price and undesirable inventories.
The Company estimates cash flows using internal budgets based on recent sales data, independent automotive production volume estimates and customer commitments.
· Future production estimates
· Customer preferences and decisions.
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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK.
The Company is exposed to market risk from changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. For purposes of specific risk analysis, the Company uses sensitivity analysis to determine the effects that market risk exposures may have.
FOREIGN CURRENCY RISK
The Company’s reporting currency is the U.S. dollar and the majority of its revenues will be settled in RMB and U.S. dollars. The Company’s currency exchange rate risks come primarily from the sales of products to international customers. Most of the Company’s assets are denominated in RMB except for part of cash and accounts receivable. As a result, the Company is exposed to foreign exchange risk as its revenues and results of operations may be affected by fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the RMB.
The value of the RMB fluctuates and is affected by, among other things, changes in China’s political and economic conditions. In addition, the RMB is not readily convertible into U.S. dollars or other foreign currencies. All foreign exchange transactions continue to take place either through the Bank of China or other banks authorized to buy and sell foreign currencies at the exchange rate quoted by the People’s Bank of China. The conversion of RMB into foreign currencies such as the U.S. dollar has been generally based on rates set by the People’s Bank of China, which are set daily based on the previous day’s interbank foreign exchange market rates and current exchange rates on the world financial markets. On December 31, 2024 and 2023, the exchange rates of RMB against U.S. dollar were RMB 1.00 to $0.1391 and RMB 1.00 to $0.1412, respectively. Any significant future depreciation of the RMB is likely to decrease the Company’s profits generated from overseas.
In order to mitigate the currency exchange rate risk, the Company and its international customers established a price negotiation mechanism that provides that, if the currency exchange rate fluctuation is more than 8% since the last price negotiation, the Company and the customers would adjust the prices for future sales. Normally the adjustment to future sales prices would reflect half of the impact from the change in exchange rate.
CREDIT RISK
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of trade accounts receivable. The Company does not require collateral or other security to support client receivables since most of its customers are large, well-established companies. The Company's credit risk is also mitigated because its customers are all selected enterprises supported by the local government. Two customers, Stellantis N.V. and BYD Auto Co., Ltd., accounted for more than 10% (20.3% and 18.2%, respectively) of the Company’s consolidated revenues in 2024. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for any potential credit losses related to its trade receivables. The Company does not use foreign exchange contracts to hedge the risk in receivables denominated in foreign currencies and the Company does not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.
INTEREST RATE RISK
The Company’s exposure to changes in interest rates results primarily from its credit facility borrowings. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had nil of outstanding indebtedness, which is subject to interest rate fluctuations.
The Company’s level of outstanding indebtedness fluctuates from time to time and may result in additional payable.
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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA.
(a) The financial statements required by this item begin on page 61.
(b) Selected quarterly financial data for the past two years are summarized in the following table (figures are in thousands of USD, except those for items headed “Basic” and “Diluted”):
Quarterly Results of Operations
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Net sales
$
139,394
$
142,243
$
158,608
$
137,410
$
164,215
$
137,541
$
188,718
$
159,160
Gross profit
24,069
21,618
29,302
22,718
26,356
24,757
29,457
34,658
Income from operations
9,651
7,744
10,806
7,789
11,099
10,153
8,699
13,559
Net income
9,264
7,883
8,755
11,468
8,073
11,244
11,807
12,143
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest
1,055
1,608
2,562
1,749
2,738
1,251
Net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders
8,267
6,820
7,140
10,466
5,504
9,488
9,068
10,884
Net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders per share-
Basic
$
0.27
$
0.23
$
0.24
$
0.35
$
0.18
$
0.31
$
0.30
$
0.36
Diluted
$
0.27
$
0.23
$
0.24
$
0.35
$
0.18
$
0.31
$
0.30
$
0.36

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE.
None.

---

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
The Company’s management, under the supervision and with the participation of its chief executive officer and chief financial officer, Messrs. Wu Qizhou and Li Jie, respectively, evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2024, the end of the period covered by this Report. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports, such as this Form 10-K, that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on that evaluation, Messrs. Wu and Li concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2024.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting.
51 | Page
Internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act, is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the chief executive officer and chief financial officer and effected by the board of directors, management and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the consolidated financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:
a. pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the Company’s assets;
b. provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that the Company’s receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with appropriate authorization of the Company’s management and board of directors; and
c. provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.
In making its assessment of internal control over financial reporting, management, under the supervision and with the participation of the chief executive officer and chief financial officer, used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in “Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013).”
Management has assessed the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 and determined that internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024.
This report does not include an auditors’ report on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting due to SEC rules that exempt smaller reporting companies such as CAAS from providing such a report.
Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls
A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. The design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Further, because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Controls can also be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the controls. Projections of any evaluation of controls effectiveness to future periods are subject to risks. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the three months ended December 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

---

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION.
None.
52 | Page

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE.
The following table and text set forth the names and ages of all directors and executive officers of the Company as of December 31, 2024. The Board of Directors is comprised of only one class. All of the directors will serve until the next annual meeting of stockholders and until their successors are elected and qualified, or until their earlier death, retirement, resignation or removal. Also provided herein are brief descriptions of the business experience of each director and executive officer during the past five years and an indication of directorships held by each director in other companies subject to the reporting requirements under the federal securities laws.
Name
Age
Position(s)
Hanlin Chen
Chairman of the Board
Tong Kooi Teo
Director
Guangxun Xu
Director
Robert Wei Cheng Tung
Director
Qizhou Wu
Chief Executive Officer and Director
Jie Li
Chief Financial Officer
Andy Tse
Senior Vice President
Haimian Cai
Vice President
Henry Chen
Vice President
BIOGRAPHIES OF DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
Directors
Hanlin Chen has served as the chairman of the board of directors and an executive officer since March 2003. From 1993 to 1997, Mr. Chen was the general manager of Shashi Jiulong Power Steering Gears Co., Ltd. Since 1997, he has been the chairman of the Board of Henglong Automotive Parts, Ltd. Mr. Hanlin Chen is the brother-in-law of the Company’s senior vice president, Mr. Andy Tse, and he is the father of vice president of the Company, Mr. Henry Chen.
Qizhou Wu has served as a director since March 2003 and as the chief executive officer of the Company since September 2007. He served as chief operating officer from 2003 to 2007. He was the executive general manager of Shashi Jiulong Power Steering Gears Co., Ltd. from 1993 to 1999 and the general manager of Henglong Automotive Parts Co., Ltd. from 1999 to 2002. Mr. Wu graduated from Tsinghua University in Beijing with a Master’s degree in automobile engineering.
Heng Henry Lu has served as an independent director of the Company since July 2019. He is a member of the Audit Committee, the Nominating Committee and the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. He has been an adviser to NBS Group since February 2016. Dr. Lu was a partner of SVC China from 2012 to 2014 and Chief Representative of William Blair & Company, L.L.C., Shanghai Representative Office from 2006 to 2011. Prior to that, Dr. Lu was with McKinsey & Company advising global and domestic companies on their growth and financial strategies. Dr. Lu received a Doctor of Philosophy from Columbia University in 1997 and a Master of Business Administration from University of Chicago Business School in 2000. Mr. Heng Henry Lu did not stand for reelection at the Annual Meeting held on September 24, 2024.
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Robert Wei Cheng Tung served as an independent director of the Company from September 2003 to July 2019. He was a member of the audit and nominating committees, and the chairman of the compensation committee of the Board of Directors. Mr. Tung has been engaging in the real and commodity trading and consultation in the energy sector in the past fifteen years. Mr. Tung was granted the Grand China sales representative position from TRI Products, Inc., a well-known North American scrap metals, scrap plastics, and spent battery supplier. Mr. Tung was the managing director of North-South Resource International Ltd. which consults on the trading of crude oil, fuel oil, diesel and jet fuels. During the pandemic, Mr. Tung had introduced a Chinese company in Taiwan to set up a manufacturing facility to produce facial masks, medical gloves and gowns, and other medical supplies in the State of New Jersey. Collaboration with a European infrastructure engineering firm, Mr. Tung has assisted the firm to locate financiers to sell their minerals excavations rights in gold, cobalt and other minerals in The Democratic Republic of the Congo to potential partner and buyer. Mr. Robert Wei Cheng Tung was elected as a Director to succeed Mr. Heng Henry Lu at the Company’s annual meeting held on September 24, 2024 and sits on the Company’s Audit Committee, Compensation and Nominating Committees previously held by Mr. Heng Henry Lu. He is the chairman of the Nominating Committees.
Tong Kooi Teo has served as an independent director of the Company since July 2019. He is the chairman of the Compensation Committee, and a member of the Audit Committee and the Nominating Committee of the Board of Directors. He is the Chief Executive Officer of DPS Corporate Advisory Company Limited, Beijing, China, a member of Head International Group, China since March 2018 to July 2024. He is independent non-executive director of Cordlife Group Ltd. since May 2024. He is independent non-executive director of UOB Kay Hian Securities Sdn Bhd since February 2023. He is also Non-Executive Director of Guocoland (China) Limited since February 2018. He was the Managing Director of Guoco Investment (China) Ltd., Hong Kong from 2014 to 2018, after serving as the Group Managing Director of Guocoland (China) Ltd. from 2012 to 2014. Prior to that, Mr. Teo was the Chief Executive Officer (China and Vietnam Operations) of WCT Holdings Bhd, Malaysia from 2011 to 2012. He was the Chief Executive Officer of Hong Leong Asia Ltd (HLA), which is listed on the Singapore Stock Exchange from 2004 to 2010. From 2003 to 2004, Mr. Teo was the Managing Director of Tasek Corporation Bhd, Malaysia, which was listed on the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange. From 1994 to 2002, Mr. Teo was General Manager of Corporate Banking Division and Chief Operating Officer of Hong Leong Bank Malaysia. From 1989 to 1994, Mr. Teo was with Deutsche Bank Malaysia where his last held position was Head of Corporate Banking.
Guangxun Xu has served as an independent director of the Company since December 2009. He is the chairman of the Audit Committee, a member of the Compensation Committee and the Nominating Committee. Mr. Xu has been the Chief Representative of NASDAQ in China and a managing director of the NASDAQ Stock Market International, Asia for over ten (10) years. With a professional career in the finance field spanning over thirty (30) years, Mr. Xu’s practice focuses on providing package services on U.S. and U.K. listings, advising on and arranging for private placements, PIPEs, IPOs, pre-IPO restructuring, M&A, corporate and project finance, corporate governance, post-IPO IR compliance and risk control.
Executive Officers
Jie Li has served as the chief financial officer since September 2007. Prior to that position he served as the corporate secretary from December 2004. Prior to joining the Company in September 2003, Mr. Li was the assistant president of Jingzhou Jiulong Industrial Inc. from 1999 to 2003 and the general manager of Jingzhou Tianxin Investment Management Co. Ltd. from 2002 to 2003. Mr. Li has a Bachelor’s degree from the University of Science and Technology of China. He also completed his graduate studies in economics and business management at the Hubei Administration Institute.
Andy Tse has served as a senior vice president of the Company since March 2003. He has also served as chairman of the board of Shenyang. He was the vice GM of Jiulong from 1993 to 1997 and the vice GM of Henglong. Mr. Tse has over 10 years of experience in automotive parts sales and strategic development. Mr. Tse has an MBA from the China People University. He is brother in-law to Hanlin Chen.
Haimian Cai was an independent director of the Company from September 2003 to December 2009, and also a member of the Company’s Audit, Compensation and Nominating Committees. Dr. Cai is a technical specialist in the automotive industry. Prior to that, Dr. Cai was a staff engineer in ITT Automotive Inc. Dr. Cai has written more than fifteen technical papers and co-authored a technical book regarding the Powder Metallurgy industry for automotive application. Dr. Cai has more than ten patents including pending patents. Dr. Cai holds a B.S. Degree in Automotive Engineering from Tsinghua University and a M.S. and Ph. D. in manufacturing engineering from Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Since December 2009, Mr. Cai has not served as independent director and member of the Company’s Audit Committee, Compensation and Nominating Committees because he was nominated as vice president of the Company.
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Henry Chen has served as a vice president of the Company since August 2023. Prior to that position he served in Hubei Henglong Automotive System Co., Ltd. as the executive vice president from February 2023 to August 2023, the assistant to president from January 2021 to January 2023 and the European regional business director from July 2017 to January 2021. Mr. Chen was the investment manager of Suzhou Qingyan Captial from June 2016 to June 2017. Mr. Chen holds a B.S. Degree in History and Political Science and a M.S. in Global History from University of Warwick. He is the son of Hanlin Chen.
BOARD COMPOSITION AND COMMITTEES
Audit Committee and Independent Directors
The Company has a standing Audit Committee of the Board of Directors established in accordance with Section 3(a)(58)(A) of the Exchange Act, as amended. The Audit Committee is operated under a written charter. The Audit Committee consists of the following individuals, all of whom the Company considers to be independent, as defined under the SEC’s rules and regulations and the Nasdaq’s definition of independence: Mr. Tong Kooi Teo, Mr. Guangxun Xu and Mr. Heng Henry Lu (who was succeeded by Mr. Robert Wei Cheng Tung since September 24, 2024). Mr. Guangxun Xu is the Chairman of the Audit Committee. The Board has determined that Mr. Guangxun Xu is the audit committee financial expert, as defined in Item 407(d)(5) of Regulation S-K, serving on the Company’s Audit Committee.
Compensation Committee
The Company has a standing Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. The Compensation Committee is responsible for determining compensation for the Company’s executive officers. Three of the Company’s independent directors, as defined under the SEC’s rules and regulations and the Nasdaq’s definition of independence, Mr. Tong Kooi Teo, Mr. Guangxun Xu and Mr. Heng Henry Lu (who was succeeded by Mr. Robert Wei Cheng Tung since September 24, 2024) serve on the Compensation Committee. Mr. Tong Kooi Teo is the Chairman of the Compensation Committee. The Board has determined that all members of the Compensation Committee are independent directors under the rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market, as applicable. The Compensation Committee administers the Company’s benefit plans, reviews and administers all compensation arrangements for executive officers, and establishes and reviews general policies relating to the compensation and benefits of the Company’s officers and employees. The Compensation Committee operates under a written charter that is made available on the Company’s website, www.caasauto.com.
The Company’s Compensation Committee is empowered to review and approve the annual compensation and compensation procedures for the executive officers of the Company. The primary goals of the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors with respect to executive compensation are to attract and retain the most talented and dedicated executives possible and to align executives’ incentives with stockholder value creation. The Compensation Committee evaluates individual executive performance with a goal of setting compensation at levels the committee believes are comparable with executives in other companies of similar size and stage of development operating in similar industry while taking into account the Company’s relative performance and its strategic goals.
The Company has not retained a compensation consultant to review its policies and procedures with respect to executive compensation. The Company conducts an annual review of the aggregate level of its executive compensation, as well as the mix of elements used to compensate its executive officers. The Company compares compensation levels with amounts currently being paid to executives in its industry and most importantly with local practices in China. The Company is satisfied that its compensation levels are competitive with local conditions.
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Nominating Committee
The Company has a standing Nominating Committee of the Board of Directors. Director candidates are nominated by the Nominating Committee. The Nominating Committee will consider candidates based upon their business and financial experience, personal characteristics, and expertise that are complementary to the background and experience of other Board members, willingness to devote the required amount of time to carry out the duties and responsibilities of Board membership, willingness to objectively appraise management performance, and any such other qualifications the Nominating Committee deems necessary to ascertain the candidates’ ability to serve on the Board. The Nominating Committee will not consider nominee recommendations from security holders, other than the recommendations received from a security holder or group of security holders that beneficially owned more than 5 percent of the Company’s outstanding common stock for at least one year as of the date the recommendation is made. Three of the Company’s independent directors, as defined under the SEC’s rules and regulations and the Nasdaq’s definition of independence, Mr. Tong Kooi Teo, Mr. Guangxun Xu and Mr. Heng Henry Lu (who was succeeded by Mr. Robert Wei Cheng Tung since September 24, 2024), serve on the Nominating Committee. Mr. Robert Wei Cheng Tung is the Chairman of the Nominating Committee.
Stockholder Communications
Stockholders interested in communicating directly with the Board of Directors, or individual directors, may email the Company’s independent director Mr. Guangxun Xu at guangxunxu@hotmail.com. Mr. Xu will review all such correspondence and will regularly forward to the board of directors of the Company copies of all such correspondence that deals with the functions of the Board or committees thereof or that he otherwise determines requires their attention. Directors may at any time review all of the correspondence received that is addressed to members of the board of directors of the Company and request copies of such correspondence. Concerns relating to accounting, internal controls or auditing matters will immediately be brought to the attention of the Audit Committee and handled in accordance with procedures established by the Audit Committee with respect to such matters.
Family Relationships
Mr. Hanlin Chen and Mr. Andy Tse are brothers-in-law.
Mr. Hanlin Chen and Mr. Henry Chen are father and son.
Code of Ethics and Conduct
The Board of Directors has adopted a Code of Ethics and Conduct which is applicable to all officers, directors and employees. The Code of Ethics and Conduct was filed as an exhibit to the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 25, 2010.
Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports
Based solely on the Company’s review of the Section 16(a) reports that have been filed by or on behalf of its officers, directors and persons who own more than 10% of a registered class of the Company’s equity securities, we believe that all such persons complied on a timely basis with all Section 16(a) filing requirements during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, exception for the following: for Mr. Hanlin Chen, a Form 4 filing to report the disposition of 2,440,000 shares of common stock by Wiselink to Mr. Hanlin Chen on July 25, 2024 and a Form 4 filing to report the disposition of 50,000 shares of common stock by Wiselink to Mr. Jie Li on July 25, 2024; for Mr. Hanlin Chen, a Form 4 filing to report the acquisition of 2,440,000 shares of common stock from Wiselink on July 25, 2024; and for Mr. Jie Li, a Form 4 filing to report the acquisition of 50,000 shares of common stock from Wiselink on July 25, 2024.
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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION.
COMPENSATION DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
In 2003, the Board of Directors established a Compensation Committee consisting only of independent Board members, which is responsible for setting the Company’s policies regarding compensation and benefits and administering the Company’s benefit plans. At the end of fiscal year 2024, the Compensation Committee consisted of Mr. Tong Kooi Teo, Mr. Guangxun Xu and Mr. Robert Wei Cheng Tung. The members of the Compensation Committee approved the amount and form of compensation paid to executive officers of the Company and set the Company’s compensation policies and procedures during these periods.
The primary goals of the Company’s compensation committee with respect to executive compensation are to attract and retain highly talented and dedicated executives and to align executives’ incentives with stockholder value creation.
The Compensation Committee will conduct an annual review of the aggregate level of the Company’s executive compensation, as well as the mix of elements used to compensate the Company’s executive officers. The Company compares compensation levels with amounts currently being paid to executives at similar companies in the same area and the same industry. Most importantly, the Company compares compensation levels with local practices in China. The Company believes that its compensation levels are competitive with local conditions.
Compensation Recovery Policy
The Company’s compensation recovery policy, the “Compensation Recovery Policy”, was adopted effective October 10, 2023, in accordance with SEC requirements and the Nasdaq listing standards. The Compensation Recovery Policy authorizes the Company to recover, or “clawback,” certain incentive compensation erroneously awarded predicated upon achieving financial results and the financial results are subsequently subject to an accounting restatement.
Elements of Compensation
The Company’s executive compensation consists of the following elements:
Base Salary
In determining the amount of base salaries for our named executive officers, “Named Executive Officers”, the Compensation Committee strives to establish base salaries that are similar to those paid by other companies to executives in similar positions and with similar responsibilities. Base salaries are adjusted from time to time to realign salaries with market levels after considering individual responsibilities, performance and experience. The Compensation Committee established a salary structure to determine base salaries and is responsible for initially setting executive officer compensation in employment arrangements with each individual. The base salary amounts are intended to reflect the Company’s philosophy that the base salary should attract experienced individuals who will contribute to the success of the Company’s business goals and represent cash compensation that is commensurate with the compensation of individuals at similarly situated companies.
The Company’s Board of Directors and Compensation Committee have approved the current salaries for executives: RMB 2.2 million (equivalent to approximately $0.3 million) for the Chairman, RMB 1.4 million (equivalent to approximately $0.2 million) for the CEO and RMB 5.4 million (equivalent to approximately $0.18 million) individually for each other officer in 2024.
Performance Bonus
a. Grantees: Mr. Hanlin Chen, Mr. Qizhou Wu, Mr. Andy Tse, Mr. Henry Chen and Mr. Jie Li.
b. Conditions: based on the Company’s consolidated financial statements, (i) the year over year growth rate of sales for 2024 must be 5% or higher; or (ii) the year over year growth rate of sales for 2024 must be 10% or higher.
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c. Bonus: If condition (i) is satisfied, 25% of each officer’s annual salary in 2024. If condition (ii) is satisfied, 50% of each officer’s annual salary in 2024.
The Company accrued 50% of the annual salary as performance bonus for each Named Executive Officer in 2024 as the Company reached the above condition (i).
Stock Option Awards
The stock options plan proposed by management, which aims to incentivize and retain core employees, to meet employees’ benefits, the Company’s long term operating goals and stockholder benefits, was approved at the Annual Meeting of Stockholders held on June 28, 2005, and extended for ten years at the Annual Meeting of Stockholders held on September 16, 2014. The maximum common shares available for issuance under the plan is 2,200,000. The term of the plan was extended to June 27, 2025.
There were no stock options granted to management in 2024.
Other Compensation
Other than the base salary for the Company’s Named Executive Officers, the performance bonus and the stock option awards referred to above, the Company does not have any other benefits and perquisites for its Named Executive Officers. However, the Compensation Committee in its discretion may provide benefits and perquisites to these executive officers if it deems advisable to do so.
Compensation Tables
Executive Officers
The compensation that Named Executive Officers received for their services for fiscal years 2024 and 2023 were as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):
Name and principal position
Year
Salary (1)
Bonus (2)
Option Awards (3)
Total
Hanlin Chen (Chairman)
$
$
$
-
$
$
$
$
-
$
Qizhou Wu (CEO)
$
$
$
-
$
$
$
$
-
$
Jie Li (CFO)
$
$
$
-
$
$
$
$
-
$
Haimian Cai (Vice President)
$
$
-
$
-
$
$
$
-
$
-
$
(1) Salary - Please refer to Base Salary disclosed under “Elements of compensation” section above for further details.
(2) Bonus - Please refer to Performance Bonus disclosed under “Elements of compensation” section above for further details.
(3) Option Awards - Please refer to Stock Option Awards disclosed under “Elements of compensation” section above for further details.
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Compensation for Directors
Based on the number of the board of directors’ service years, workload and performance, the Company decides on their pay. The management believes that the pay for the members of the Board of Directors was appropriate as of December 31, 2024. The compensation that directors received for serving on the Board of Directors for fiscal year 2024 was as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):
Name
Fees earned or paid in cash
Option awards (1)
Total
Tong Kooi Teo
$
36.0
$
-
$
36.0
Guangxun Xu
$
59.4
$
-
$
59.4
Heng Henry Lu (2)
$
22.5
$
-
$
22.5
Robert Wei Cheng Tung (2)
$
8.5
$
-
$
8.5
(1) The Company did not grant option awards to directors in 2024.
(2) Mr. Heng Henry Lu did not stand for reelection at the Annual Meeting held on September 24, 2024, and Mr. Robert Wei Cheng Tung served as an independent director of the Company since September 24, 2024
The cost of the above-mentioned compensation paid to directors was measured based on investment, operating, technology, and consulting services they provided. All other directors did not receive compensation for their service on the Board of Directors.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS.
As used in this section, the term beneficial ownership with respect to a security is defined by Rule 13d-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as consisting of sole or shared voting power, including the power to vote or direct the vote, and/or sole or shared investment power, including the power to dispose of or direct the disposition of, with respect to the security through any contract, arrangement, understanding, relationship or otherwise, subject to community property laws where applicable. The percentage ownership is based on 30,170,702 shares of common stock outstanding at December 31, 2024 (exclusive of 2,167,600 shares of treasury stock).
Name/Title
Total Number of Shares
Percentage Ownership
Hanlin Chen, Chairman (1)
17,273,670
57.25
%
Qizhou Wu, CEO and Director
1,537,524
5.09
%
Guangxun Xu, Director
-
-
%
Tong Kooi Teo, Director
-
-
%
Heng Henry Lu, Director
-
-
%
Robert Wei Cheng Tung, Director
-
-
%
Haimian Cai, VP
50,000
0.17
%
Jie Li, CFO (2)
147,031
0.49
%
Tse Andy, Sr. VP
531,682
1.76
%
Henry Chen, VP
-
-
%
All Directors and Executive Officers (10 persons)
19,539,907
64.76
%
(1) Includes (i) 15,762,547 shares of common stock beneficially owned by Mr. Hanlin Chen; (ii) 1,502,925 shares of common stock beneficially owned by Ms. Li Ping Xie, Mr. Hanlin Chen’s wife; and (iii) 8,198 shares of common stock beneficially owned by Wiselink Holdings Limited, a company controlled by Mr. Hanlin Chen.
(2) Includes 50,000 shares held as nominee for Jingzhou Jiulong Machinery and Electronic Manufacturing Co., Ltd. On October 13, 2014, the Company issued 4,078,000 of its common shares in a private placement to nominee holders of Jingzhou Jiulong Machinery and Electronic Manufacturing Co., Ltd. for the acquisition of the 19.0% and 20.0% equity interest in Jiulong and Henglong held by Jingzhou Jiulong Machinery and Electronic Manufacturing Co., Ltd., respectively. All of the nominee holders of Jingzhou Jiulong Machinery and Electronic Manufacturing Co., Ltd. are unrelated parties except for Mr. Jie Li (CFO).
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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE.
For the information required by Item 13 please refer to Note 2 (Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies-Certain Relationships and Related Transactions) and Note 24 (Related Party Transactions) to the consolidated financial statements in this Report.
The Company’s Audit Committee’s charter provides that one of its responsibilities is to review and approve related party transactions defined as those transactions required to be disclosed under Item 404 of Regulation S-K of the rules and regulations under the Exchange Act. The Company has a formal written set of policies and procedures for the review, approval or ratification of related party transactions. Where a related party transaction is identified, the Audit Committee reviews and, where appropriate, approves the transaction based on whether it believes that the transaction is at arm’s length and contains terms that are no less favorable than what the Company could have obtained from an unaffiliated third party.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES.
The following table sets forth the aggregate fees for professional audit services rendered by PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP for the audit of the Company’s annual financial statements and other services provided in the fiscal years 2024 and 2023. The Audit Committee has approved the following fees (figures are in thousands of USD):
Fiscal Year Ended
Audit Fees
$
$
Other Fees
Total Fees
$
$
AUDIT COMMITTEE’S PRE-APPROVAL POLICY
During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors adopted policies and procedures for the pre-approval of all audit and non-audit services to be provided by the Company’s independent auditor and for the prohibition of certain services from being provided by the independent auditor. The Company may not engage the Company’s independent auditor to render any audit or non-audit service unless the service is approved in advance by the Audit Committee or the engagement to render the service is entered into pursuant to the Audit Committee’s pre-approval policies and procedures. On an annual basis, the Audit Committee may pre-approve services that are expected to be provided to the Company by the independent auditor during the fiscal year. At the time such pre-approval is granted, the Audit Committee specifies the pre-approved services and establishes a monetary limit with respect to each particular pre-approved service, which limit may not be exceeded without obtaining further pre-approval under the policy. For any pre-approval, the Audit Committee considers whether such services are consistent with the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission on auditor independence.
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PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES.
(a)(1) FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP
2.
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023
3.
Consolidated Statements of Income or Loss for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023
4.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income or Loss for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023
5.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023
6.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023
7.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
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(b) EXHIBITS
The following is a list of exhibits filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Where so indicated by footnote, exhibits that were previously filed are incorporated by reference.
Exhibit
Number
Description
3.1(i)
Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(i) to the Company’s Form 10-SB filed on August 27, 2001)
3.1.1(i)
Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation, filed May 19, 2003 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-133331) filed on April 17, 2006)
3.1(ii)
Bylaws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(ii) to the Company’s Form 10-SB filed on August 27, 2001)
3.1(iii)
Insider Trading Policy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 (iii) to the Company’s Form 10 - K filed on March 28, 2024)
4.1
Description of the Company’s Securities (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-33123) filed on March 30, 2022.
10.1
Joint-venture Agreement, dated March 31, 2006, as amended on May 2, 2006, between Great Genesis Holdings Limited and Wuhu Chery Technology Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Company’s Form 10-Q Quarterly Report filed on May 10, 2006)
10.2
Translation of the Equity Transfer Agreement dated March 31, 2008 in English (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 2, 2008)
10.3
English Translation of the Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Venture Contract dated January 24, 2010 between Great Genesis Holdings Limited and Beijing Hainachuan Auto Parts Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009 filed on March 25, 2010)
10.4
Stock Exchange Agreement dated August 11, 2014 by and among Jingzhou City Jiulong Machinery Electricity Manufacturing Co., Ltd., China Automotive Systems, Inc. and Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Form 10-Q Quarterly Report filed on August 13, 2014)
10.5
English translation of Joint Venture Contract, dated as of April 27, 2018, by and between Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd. and KYB (China) Investment Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 27, 2018)
Schedule of Subsidiaries (incorporated by reference to Note 1 of the consolidated financial statements of the Company in this Annual Report on Form 10-K)*
23.1
Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP*
Power of Attorney (incorporated by reference to the signature page of this Annual Report on Form 10 - K)*
31.1
Rule 13a-14(a) Certification*
31.2
Rule 13a-14(a) Certification*
32.1
Section 1350 Certification*
32.2
Section 1350 Certification*
Compensation Recovery Policy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 97 to the Company’s Form 10 - K filed on March 28, 2024)
101*
The following materials from the China Automotive Systems, Inc. Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed on March 28, 2025, formatted in Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL):
104*
Cover Page Interactive Data File - The cover page interactive data file does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
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(i) Consolidated Balance Sheets;
(ii) Consolidated Statements of Income or Loss;
(iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income or Loss;
(iv) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity;
(v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; and
(vi) Related notes.
*
Filed herewith.