EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1645873
Filing Year: 2023
Filename: 1645873_10-K_2023_0001645873-23-000046.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
The Company
Modiv is an internally-managed Maryland corporation that elected to qualify as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) for federal income tax purposes beginning with the year ended December 31, 2016. Modiv acquires, owns and manages a portfolio of single-tenant net-lease properties throughout the United States, with a focus on acquiring critical industrial manufacturing properties with long-term leases to tenants that fuel the national economy and strengthen the nation's supply chains. Modiv also owns non-core, legacy retail and office real estate properties, and is gradually reducing its office and retail exposure, subject to market conditions, with the goal of becoming a pure-play industrial manufacturing REIT. Modiv seeks to provide investors access to MOnthly DIVidends through a durable portfolio of real estate investments designed to generate both current income and long-term growth. Driven by an investor-first focus and an experienced and dedicated management team, Modiv leveraged its history as a real estate crowdfunding pioneer to create a $535 million real estate portfolio (unaudited, based on estimated fair value) of income-producing real estate as of December 31, 2022. Additionally, Modiv strives towards a “best-in-class” corporate governance structure through a board of directors and management team with decades of institutional real estate industry experience.
Modiv has been internally managed since its December 31, 2019 acquisition of the business of BrixInvest, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and Modiv’s former sponsor (“BrixInvest”), and merger with Rich Uncles Real Estate Investment Trust I (“REIT I”), as further described below.
As used herein, the terms “Modiv,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” refer to Modiv Inc. and, as required by context, Modiv Operating Partnership, LP, a Delaware limited partnership (our “Operating Partnership” or “Modiv OP”), and Katana Merger Sub, LP, a Delaware limited partnership and wholly-owned subsidiary of Modiv (“Merger Sub”), and their subsidiaries. Merger Sub was merged into Modiv OP on December 31, 2020, resulting in all of our real estate properties being owned by Modiv OP.
Our 7.375% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock, $0.001 par value per share (the “Series A Preferred Stock”), is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) under the symbol “MDV.PA” and has been trading since September 14, 2021.
Our Class C common stock, $0.001 par value per share (the “Class C Common Stock”), is also listed on the NYSE under the symbol “MDV” and has been trading since February 11, 2022. Prior to that date, there was no public trading market for our Class C Common Stock. Our initial listed offering (our “Listed Offering”) of our Class C Common Stock closed on February 15, 2022.
As of December 31, 2022, our real estate investment portfolio consisted of 46 properties located in 17 states consisting of 27 industrial properties, including our approximate 72.7% tenant-in-common interest in a Santa Clara industrial property (the “TIC Interest”), 12 retail properties and 7 office properties (including one held for sale). The net book value of our real estate investments as of December 31, 2022 was $425,963,908.
Details of our portfolio of 46 operating properties, including one office property held for sale and the TIC Interest, as of December 31, 2022 are as follows:
• 27 industrial properties, including the TIC Interest, which represented approximately 59% of the portfolio (expressed as a percentage of annual base rent for the next 12 months (“ABR”)), 12 retail properties, which represented approximately 20% of the portfolio, and 7 office properties (including one held for sale), which represented approximately 21% of the portfolio;
• Occupancy rate of 100%;
• Leased to 30 different commercial tenants doing business in 17 separate industries;
• Approximately 3.2 million square feet of aggregate leasable space, including the TIC Interest;
• An average leasable space per property of approximately 69,000 square feet; with approximately 94,000 square feet per industrial property; approximately 19,000 square feet per retail property; and approximately 57,000 square feet per office property (including one held for sale); and
• Outstanding mortgage notes payable balance of $44,515,009 for three properties, a credit facility term loan balance of $150,000,000 and credit facility revolver balance of $3,000,000.
As of December 31, 2022, all 46 operating properties in our portfolio are single-tenant net-lease properties and all 46 properties were leased, with a weighted average lease term (“WALT”), after reflecting lease extensions through the filing date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and excluding rights to extend a lease at the option of the tenant, of approximately 11.9 years compared with a WALT of 6.3 years as of December 31, 2021.
As of December 31, 2022, we held an approximate 72.7% TIC Interest in a 91,740 square foot industrial property located in Santa Clara, California. The remaining approximately 27.3% of undivided interest in the Santa Clara property is held by Hagg Lane II, LLC (an approximate 23.4% interest) and Hagg Lane III, LLC (an approximate 3.9% interest). The manager of Hagg Lane II, LLC and Hagg Lane III, LLC became an independent member of our board of directors in December 2019 and retired from our board of directors in December 2021.
To date, we have invested primarily in single tenant, income-producing properties, leased to creditworthy tenants under long-term net leases. Although we are not limited as to the form our investments may take, our investments in real estate will primarily constitute acquiring fee title or interests in entities that own and operate real estate. We own and will make acquisitions of our real estate investments through special purpose limited liability companies which are wholly-owned subsidiaries of our Operating Partnership or indirectly through limited liability companies or limited partnerships, including through other REITs, or through investments in joint ventures, partnerships, tenants-in-common, co-tenancies or other co-ownership arrangements with other owners of properties through special purpose limited liability companies which are wholly-owned subsidiaries of our Operating Partnership.
We conduct substantially all of our business through our Operating Partnership, of which we are the sole general partner. Until December 31, 2019, our business was externally managed by Rich Uncles NNN REIT Operator, LLC, our former advisor, a former wholly-owned subsidiary of BrixInvest. Our former advisor managed our operations and our portfolio of core real estate properties and real estate-related assets and provided asset management and other administrative services pursuant to our second amended and restated advisory agreement with our former advisor. BrixInvest also served as the sponsor and advisor for REIT I, through December 31, 2019.
On December 31, 2019, pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger dated September 19, 2019 (the “Merger Agreement”), REIT I merged with and into Merger Sub, with Merger Sub surviving as our direct, wholly-owned subsidiary (the “Merger”). At such time, we issued 2,680,740 shares of Class C Common Stock to the stockholders of REIT I and the separate existence of REIT I ceased. In addition, on December 31, 2019, a self-management transaction was completed, whereby we, Modiv OP, BrixInvest and Daisho OP Holdings, LLC, a formerly wholly-owned subsidiary of BrixInvest (“Daisho”), effectuated a Contribution Agreement dated September 19, 2019 (the “Contribution Agreement”) pursuant to which we acquired substantially all of the assets of BrixInvest in exchange for 657,949.5 units of Class M limited partnership interest (the “Class M OP Units”) in Modiv OP (the “Self-Management Transaction”). As a result of the completion of the Merger and the Self-Management Transaction, we became self-managed.
Through December 31, 2021, we had sold 6,997,069 shares of Class C Common Stock, including 976,497 shares of Class C Common Stock sold under the distribution reinvestment plan (“DRP”) applicable to Class C Common Stock, for aggregate gross offering proceeds of $206,430,729, and 64,618 shares of Class S Common Stock, including 2,964 shares of Class S Common Stock sold under our DRP applicable to Class S Common Stock, for aggregate gross offering proceeds of $1,954,423.
On December 8, 2021, we filed with the SEC a Registration Statement on Form S-11 (File No. 333-261529), and, on February 9, 2022, we filed with the SEC Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-11, in connection with the Listed Offering of our Class C Common Stock, which became effective on February 10, 2022. The Listed Offering of our Class C Common Stock closed on February 15, 2022. In connection with the Listed Offering, we sold 40,000 shares of our Class C Common Stock at $25.00 per share to a major stockholder who was formerly a related party (see Note 9 to our accompanying consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more details). In connection with our Listed Offering, each share of Class S Common Stock outstanding was converted into a share of Class C Common Stock.
On March 30, 2022, we filed a Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-263985), and on May 27, 2022, we filed Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-3, to issue and sell from time to time, together or separately, the following securities at an aggregate public offering price that will not exceed $200,000,000: Class C Common Stock, preferred stock, warrants, rights and units. The Form S-3, as amended, became effective on June 2, 2022 and we filed a prospectus supplement for our at-the-market offering of up to $50,000,000 of our Class C Common Stock (the “ATM Offering”) on June 6, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, no shares have been issued in connection with our ATM Offering.
We intend to continue to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. If we continue to meet the qualification requirements for taxation as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the income that we distribute to our stockholders each year. If we fail to maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT in any year, our income will be taxed at regular corporate rates, and we would be precluded from qualifying for taxation as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which we failed to qualify. Such an event could materially and adversely affect our net income and cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
The Operating Partnership Agreement, as Amended
On February 1, 2021, we, and certain of the limited partners of the Operating Partnership, entered into the Third Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement (the “Amended OP Agreement”), which amended and restated the Second Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of the Operating Partnership dated December 31, 2019. We are the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership and, as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we own an approximate 73% interest in the Operating Partnership, and our limited partners own an approximate 27% interest in the Operating Partnership, comprised of Class M OP Units, units of Class P limited partnership interest (“Class P OP Units”), units of Class R limited partnership interest (“Class R OP Units”) and units of Class C limited partnership interest (“Class C OP Units”) in the Operating Partnership. Such Class M OP Units, Class P OP Units, Class R OP Units and Class C OP Units are described below and discussed further in Note 12 to our accompanying consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Class M OP Units
There were 657,949.5 Class M OP Units outstanding as of both December 31, 2022 and 2021. The Class M OP Units are non-voting, non-dividend accruing, and were not able to be transferred or exchanged prior to the one-year anniversary of the completion of the Self-Management Transaction. Following the one-year anniversary of the completion of the Self-Management Transaction, the Class M OP Units are convertible into Class C OP Units at a conversion rate of 1.6667 Class C OP Units for each one Class M OP Unit, subject to a reduction in the conversion ratio (which reduction may vary depending upon the amount of time held) if the exchange occurs prior to the four-year anniversary of the completion of the Self-Management Transaction. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, no Class M OP Units had been converted to Class C OP Units.
The Class M OP Units are eligible for an increase in the conversion ratio if we achieve both of the targets for assets under management (“AUM”) and adjusted funds from operations (“AFFO”) in a given year as set forth below:
Hurdles
AUM AFFO Per Share Class M
($) ($) Conversion Ratio
Initial Conversion Ratio 1:1.6667
Fiscal Year 2021 $ 860,000,000 $ 1.770 1:1.9167
Fiscal Year 2022 $ 1,175,000,000 $ 1.950 1:2.5000
Fiscal Year 2023 $ 1,551,000,000 $ 2.100 1:3.0000
The hurdles for AUM and AFFO per share were not met for fiscal year 2022 or 2021, and we do not expect to meet both of the hurdles for 2023. Based on the current conversion ratio of 1.6667 Class C OP Units for each one Class M OP Unit, if a Class M OP Unit is converted on or after December 31, 2023, based on the NYSE closing share price of $12.00 on December 30, 2022, the last trading day of 2022, a Class M OP Unit would be valued at $20.00 (unaudited). This value does not reflect the early conversion rate or the future conversion enhancement ratio of the Class M OP Units, as discussed above, and the Class P OP Units, as discussed below.
Class P OP Units
There were 56,029 Class P OP Units outstanding as of both December 31, 2022 and 2021. The Class P OP Units are intended to be treated as “profits interests” in the Operating Partnership, which are non-voting, non-dividend accruing, and are not able to be transferred or exchanged prior to the earlier of (1) March 31, 2024, (2) a change of control (as defined in the Amended OP Agreement), or (3) the date of the employee’s involuntary termination (as defined in the relevant award agreement for the Class P OP Units) (collectively, the “Lockup Period”). Following the expiration of the Lockup Period, the Class P OP Units are convertible into Class C OP Units at a conversion ratio of 1.6667 Class C OP Units for each one Class P OP Unit; provided, however, that the foregoing conversion ratio shall be subject to increase on generally the same terms and conditions as the Class M OP Units, as set forth above.
On December 31, 2019, we issued a total of 56,029 Class P OP Units to Aaron S. Halfacre, our Chief Executive Officer and President, and Raymond J. Pacini, our Chief Financial Officer, including 26,318 Class P OP Units issued in exchange for Messrs. Halfacre's and Pacini's agreements to forfeit a similar number of restricted units in BrixInvest in connection with the Self-Management Transaction. The remaining 29,711 Class P OP Units were issued to both executives as a portion of their incentive compensation for 2020 in connection with their entry into restrictive covenant agreements. The 29,711 Class P OP Units were valued based on the estimated net asset value (“NAV”) per share of $30.48 (unaudited) when issued on December 31, 2019 and the expected minimum conversion ratio of 1.6667 Class C OP Units for each one Class P OP Unit, which resulted in a valuation of $1,509,319.
Under the Amended OP Agreement, the Class C OP Units will continue to be exchangeable for shares of our Class C Common Stock on a 1-for-1 basis, or for cash as solely determined by us.
Class R OP Units
On January 25, 2021, the board of directors approved the grant of Class R OP Units to all of our employees and there were 316,343 Class R OP Units outstanding as of December 31, 2022. All of the Class R OP Units granted are restricted from transfer, conversion or exchange until March 31, 2024 when they are then mandatorily convertible into Class C OP Units at a conversion ratio of one Class C OP Unit for each one Class R OP Unit, which conversion ratio can increase to 2.5 Class C OP Units for each one Class R OP Unit if the Company generates funds from operations of $1.05, or more, per weighted average fully-diluted share outstanding for the year ending December 31, 2023.
Class C OP Units
In connection with our January 18, 2022 acquisition of a KIA auto dealership property located on Interstate 405 in Carson, California, we issued 1,312,382 Class C OP Units, valued at $25.00 per unit, to the seller for approximately 47% of the property value.
Investment Objectives and Criteria and Policies With Respect to Certain Activities
Overview
Absent any change in our investment strategy, we intend to make future investments primarily in income-generating industrial manufacturing real estate throughout the United States and, to a lesser extent real estate-related investments, which may include real estate securities, through wholly-owned or majority-controlled subsidiaries. Such investments could arise from single asset transactions and/or portfolio mergers and acquisitions. We also own non-core, legacy retail and office real estate properties, and are gradually reducing our office and retail exposure, subject to market conditions, with the goal of becoming a pure-play industrial manufacturing REIT.
With respect to our real estate investments, we plan to continue to diversify our portfolio by corporate credit, physical geography, industry and lease duration with the goal of acquiring a portfolio of income-producing real estate investments that provide attractive and stable returns to our stockholders as well as potential capital appreciation in the value of our investments. Given our history of consolidating non-traded REITs and the mergers and acquisitions experience of our management team, we will consider acquisitions of, or majority investments in, listed and non-listed real estate companies or portfolios as an ancillary investment strategy.
Our investment objectives and policies may be amended or changed at any time by our board of directors without a vote of stockholders. Although we have no plans at this time to change any of our investment objectives described herein, our board of directors may change any and all such investment objectives, including our focus on the properties and investments described above, if it believes such changes are in the best interests of our stockholders. We intend to notify our stockholders of any change to our investment policies by disclosing such changes in a public filing such as a filing under the Exchange Act, as appropriate. We cannot assure you that our policies or investment objectives will be attained or that the value of our Class C Common Stock will not decrease.
Primary Investment Objectives
Our primary investment objectives are:
•to provide attractive growth in AFFO and sustainable cash distributions;
•to realize appreciation from proactive investment selection and management;
•to provide future opportunities for growth and value creation; and
•to provide an investment alternative for stockholders seeking to allocate a portion of their long-term investment portfolios to commercial real estate.
Purchases of properties in the near-term will be funded primarily with borrowings under our Credit Facility (defined below), proceeds from dispositions of office and retail properties, and cash on hand. In the long-term, we expect to sell additional shares of our Class C Common Stock, subject to market conditions and a recovery in the trading price of our Class C Common Stock. We are targeting leverage, over the long-term once we achieve scale, of 40% or lower of the aggregate fair value of our real estate properties plus our cash and cash equivalents; however, we will consider incurring higher leverage in the near-term if we identify attractive acquisition opportunities in advance of completing dispositions or raising additional equity. We expect the trend of onshoring manufacturing to accelerate and plan to focus future acquisitions on industrial manufacturing properties while reducing the number of office and retail properties, subject to market conditions and the availability of prices that we consider attractive. We can provide no assurance that we will achieve our investment objectives. See the Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Investment Strategy
Commercial Real Estate
In pursuit of our primary investment objectives, we seek to acquire a portfolio of income-generating commercial real estate investments in industrial manufacturing properties throughout the United States diversified by corporate credit, physical geography, industry and lease duration. While we are primarily focused on acquiring industrial manufacturing properties, we may also acquire other assets, including, without limitation, other industrial properties. We intend to acquire assets consistent with our acquisition philosophy by focusing primarily on properties leased to tenants at the time we acquire them, with strong financial statements and typically subject to long-term leases with defined rental rate increases.
We may also acquire assets with short-term leases or that require some amount of capital investment in order to be renovated or repositioned. We generally will limit investment in new developments on a standalone basis, but may consider development that is ancillary to an overall investment. Given our current focus on industrial manufacturing, we do not designate specific geography or industry allocations for the portfolio; rather, we intend to invest in industrial manufacturing properties where we see the best opportunities that support our investment objectives. We are in the process of increasing our asset allocation to the industrial sector and decreasing our allocation to the office and retail sectors.
We cannot assure our stockholders that any of the properties we acquire will result in the benefits discussed above. See Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors - General Risks Related to Investments in Real Estate and Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks Related to Investments in Single-Tenant Real Estate.
General Acquisition and Investment Policies
We seek to make investments that satisfy the primary investment objective of providing sustainable cash distributions to our preferred and common stockholders. In addition, because a significant factor in the valuation of income-producing real property is its potential for future appreciation, we anticipate that some properties we acquire may have the potential both for appreciation in value and for providing sustainable cash distributions to our preferred and common stockholders.
Although this is our current focus, we may make adjustments to our target portfolio based on real estate market conditions and investment opportunities. We will not forego an investment opportunity because it does not precisely fit our expected portfolio composition. We believe that we are most likely to meet our investment objectives through the careful selection of assets. When making an acquisition, we will emphasize the performance and risk characteristics of that investment, how that investment will fit with our portfolio-level performance objectives, the other assets in our portfolio and how the returns and risks of that investment compare to the returns and risks of available investment alternatives. Thus, our portfolio composition may vary from what we initially expect. We will attempt to construct a portfolio that produces stable and attractive returns by spreading risk across different real estate investments.
Our management team has substantial discretion with respect to the selection of specific properties. However, acquisition parameters are established by our board of directors and potential acquisitions outside of these parameters require approval by our board of directors, including a majority of our independent directors. In selecting a potential property for acquisition, we consider a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the following:
•tenant creditworthiness;
•lease terms, including length of lease term, scope of landlord responsibilities, if any, and frequency of contractual rental increases;
•projected demand in the area;
•proposed purchase price, terms and conditions;
•historical financial performance;
•a property’s physical location, visibility, curb appeal and access;
•construction quality and condition;
•potential for capital appreciation;
•demographics of the area, neighborhood growth patterns, economic conditions, and local market conditions;
•potential capital reserves required to maintain the property;
•potential for the construction of new properties in the area;
•evaluation of title and ability to obtain satisfactory title insurance;
•evaluation of any reasonable ascertainable risks such as environmental contamination; and
•replacement use of the property in the event of loss of existing tenant (limited special use properties).
There is no limitation on the number, size or type of properties that we may acquire or on the percentage of net offering proceeds that may be invested in any particular property type or single property. The number and mix of properties will depend upon real estate market conditions and other circumstances existing at the time of acquisition.
Creditworthiness of Tenants
In the course of making a real estate investment decision, we assess the creditworthiness of the tenant that leases the property we intend to purchase. Tenant creditworthiness is an important investment criterion, as it provides a barometer of relative risk of tenant default, but tenant creditworthiness analysis is just one element of due diligence which we perform when considering a property purchase, and the weight we ascribe to tenant creditworthiness is a function of the results of other elements of due diligence.
Some of the properties we intend to acquire may be leased to public companies or their subsidiaries. Many public companies have their creditworthiness analyzed by bond rating firms such as Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s. These firms issue credit rating reports which segregate public companies into what are commonly called “investment grade” companies and “non-investment grade” companies. We expect that our portfolio of properties will contain a mix of properties that are leased to investment grade public companies, non-investment grade public companies, and non-public companies (or individuals).
The creditworthiness of investment grade public companies is generally regarded as very high. As to prospective property acquisitions leased to other than investment grade tenants, we intend to analyze publicly available information and/or information regarding tenant creditworthiness provided by the sellers of such properties and then make a determination in each instance as to whether we believe the subject tenant has the financial fortitude to honor its lease obligations.
The majority of our leases entered into over the last 18 months require tenants to provide us with financial reports on a regular basis and we intend to analyze tenant creditworthiness on an ongoing basis, post-acquisition. However, many of our older legacy leases limit our ability as landlord to demand non-public tenant financial information on a recurring basis. It is our policy and practice, however, to monitor public announcements regarding our tenants, as applicable, and tenant payment histories.
Description of Leases
We expect to invest in industrial manufacturing real estate investments, which are primarily single tenant properties, with new leases negotiated in connection with sale and leaseback transactions or existing net leases. “Net” leases typically require tenants to pay all or a majority of the operating expenses, including real estate taxes, special assessments and sales and use taxes, utilities, insurance, common area maintenance charges, and building repairs related to the property, in addition to the lease payments. There are various forms of net leases, typically classified as triple-net or double-net. Under most commercial leases, tenants are obligated to pay a predetermined ABR. Most of the leases also will contain provisions that increase the amount of base rent payable at points during the lease term. Triple-net leases typically require the tenant to pay common area maintenance, insurance, and taxes associated with a property in addition to the base rent and percentage rent, if any. Double-net leases typically require the landlord to be responsible for structural and capital elements of the leased property. Full-service gross leases require the landlord to be responsible for all operating expenses of the property.
We anticipate that most of our acquisitions will have lease terms of 15+ years at the time of the property acquisition and we may acquire properties under which the lease term has partially expired. We also may acquire properties with shorter lease terms if the property is located in a desirable location, is difficult to replace, or has other significant favorable real estate attributes. Generally, the net leases require each tenant to procure, at its own expense, commercial general liability insurance, as well as property insurance covering the building for the full replacement value and naming the ownership entity and the lender, if applicable, as the additional insured on the policy. We may elect to obtain, to the extent commercially available, contingent liability and property insurance, flood insurance, environmental contamination insurance, as well as loss of rent insurance that covers one or more years of annual rent in the event of a rental loss. However, the coverage and amounts of our insurance policies may not be sufficient to cover our entire risk. Tenants are required to provide proof of insurance by furnishing a certificate of insurance to us on an annual basis. We will track and review the insurance certificates for compliance.
Our Borrowing Strategy and Policies
We may incur indebtedness in the form of bank borrowings, purchase money obligations to the sellers of properties, and publicly or privately placed debt instruments or financing from institutional investors or other lenders. We may obtain a credit facility or separate loans for each acquisition, or we may assume existing indebtedness. Our indebtedness may be unsecured or may be secured by mortgages or other interests in our properties. We may use borrowing proceeds to finance acquisitions of new properties, to pay for capital improvements, repairs or buildouts, to refinance existing indebtedness, to fund repurchases of our shares of common and/or preferred stock or to provide working capital. To the extent we borrow on a short-term basis, we may refinance such short-term debt into long-term, amortizing mortgages once a critical mass of properties has been acquired and to the extent such debt is available at terms that are more favorable than the existing debt.
Our primary borrowing mechanism is a $400,000,000 credit agreement (“Credit Agreement”) which provides a $150,000,000 revolving line of credit due in January 2026, which may be extended by up to 12 months subject to certain conditions (the “Revolver”), and a $250,000,000 term loan due in January 2027 (the “Term Loan” and together with the Revolver, the “Credit Facility”). The Revolver and the Term Loan are available for general corporate purposes, including, but not limited to, acquisitions, repayment of existing indebtedness and capital expenditures. The Credit Facility includes customary representations, warranties and covenants as described in Part I, Item 7. Liquidity and Capital Resources.
While our Credit Facility allows for borrowings of up to 60% of our borrowing base, we are targeting leverage of 40% or lower over the long-term once we achieve scale; however, we will consider higher leverage in the near-term if we identify attractive acquisition opportunities in advance of completing dispositions or raising additional equity.
We may re-evaluate and change our debt strategy and policies in the future without a stockholder vote. Factors that we could consider when re-evaluating or changing our debt strategy and policies include then-current economic and market conditions, the relative cost of debt and equity capital, any acquisition opportunities, the ability of our properties to generate sufficient cash flow to cover debt service requirements and other similar factors. Further, we may increase or decrease our ratio of debt to equity in connection with any change of our borrowing policies.
Acquisition Structure
Although we are not limited as to the form our investments may take, our investments in real estate will generally constitute acquiring fee title in real property or interests in entities that own and operate real estate. If we make investments in listed and non-listed real estate and real estate-related companies, such investments will generally involve acquiring the assets of, or a controlling interest (whether by the way of share purchase, merger, partnership, joint venture or otherwise) in such entities. We may also purchase real estate-related debt and equity securities in those limited instances where doing so is conducive to completing a merger or acquisition of another entity.
We will generally make acquisitions of our real estate investments directly through our Operating Partnership or indirectly through limited liability companies or limited partnerships (including through our TRS (as described below)), or through investments in joint ventures, partnerships, tenants-in-common, co-tenancies or other co-ownership arrangements with other owners of properties. See Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors - General Risks Related to Investments in Real Estate.
Real Property Investments
We will continually evaluate various target property investments and engage in discussions and negotiations with sellers regarding our potential purchase of properties. If we believe that a reasonable probability exists that we will acquire a significant property or portfolio of properties (a “Significant Property Acquisition”), we will disclose the pending material terms of the Significant Property Acquisition in an Annual Report on Form 10-K, a Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, or a Current Report on Form 8-K (a “Current Report”) after we have completed due diligence. We expect that this may occur following the signing of a purchase agreement for a Significant Property Acquisition and upon the satisfaction or expiration of major contingencies in any such purchase agreement, depending on the particular circumstances surrounding each potential investment. The disclosure will also describe any improvements proposed to be constructed thereon and other information that we consider appropriate for an understanding of the transaction. Further data will be made available after any pending Significant Property Acquisition is consummated, also by means of a Current Report, if appropriate. The disclosure of any proposed Significant Property Acquisition cannot be relied upon as an assurance that we will ultimately consummate such acquisition or that the information provided concerning the proposed acquisition will not change between the date of the Current Report and any actual purchase.
We expect to have adequate insurance coverage for all properties in which we invest. Most of our leases will require that our tenants procure insurance for both commercial general liability and property damage. In such instances, the policy will list us an additional insured. However, lease terms may provide that tenants are not required to, and we may decide not to, obtain any or adequate earthquake or similar catastrophic insurance coverage because the premiums are too high, even in instances where it may otherwise be available. See Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors - General Risks Related to Investments in Real Estate.
Conditions to Closing Acquisitions
We perform a diligence review on each property that we purchase. As part of this review, we obtain an environmental site assessment for each proposed acquisition (which at a minimum includes a Phase I environmental assessment). We will not close the purchase of any property unless we are generally satisfied with the environmental status of the property. We will also generally seek to condition our obligation to close the purchase of any investment on the delivery of certain documents from the seller. Such documents include, where available and appropriate:
•property surveys and site audits;
•building plans and specifications, if available;
•soil reports, seismic studies and flood zone studies, if available;
•licenses, permits, maps and governmental approvals;
•tenant leases and estoppel certificates;
•tenant financial statements and information, as permitted;
•historical financial statements and tax statement summaries of the properties;
•proof of marketable title, subject to such liens and encumbrances as are acceptable to us; and
•liability and title insurance policies.
Co-Ownership Real Estate Investments
We may acquire some of our properties in the form of a co-ownership, including but not limited to tenants-in-common and joint ventures. Among other reasons, we may want to acquire properties through a co-ownership structure with third parties in order to take advantage of growth opportunities for our portfolio. Co-ownership structures may also allow us to acquire an interest in a property without requiring that we fund the entire purchase price. In addition, certain properties may be available to us only through co-ownership structures. In determining whether to utilize a particular co-ownership structure, our management will evaluate the subject real property under the same criteria described elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. To the extent possible, we will attempt to obtain a right of first refusal or option to buy a property held by a co-ownership structure and allow such co-owners to exchange their interest for our Operating Partnership’s units or to sell their interest to us in its entirety.
Issuance of Senior Securities
Our charter authorizes our board of directors to designate and issue one or more classes or series of preferred stock without approval of our common stockholders and to establish the preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends and other distributions, qualifications and terms or conditions of repurchase of each class or series of preferred stock so issued. Therefore, our board of directors could authorize the issuance of additional shares of preferred stock with terms and conditions that could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control or other transaction that might involve a premium price for shares of our common stock or otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders. The issuance of preferred stock could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control. For more information regarding our preferred stock, including our Series A Preferred Stock, see Note 9 to our accompanying consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Disposition Policies
We generally intend to hold each property we acquire for an extended period. However, we may sell a property at any time if, in our judgment, the sale of the property is in the best interests of our stockholders. During the fourth quarter of 2021, we embarked on a strategic plan to reduce our exposure to office and retail properties and increase our WALT by acquiring industrial manufacturing properties with the majority of the lease terms having 15+ years in duration.
The determination of whether a particular property should be sold or otherwise disposed of will generally be made after consideration of relevant factors, including prevailing economic conditions, other investment opportunities and considerations specific to the condition, value and financial performance of the property.
We may sell assets to third parties or to affiliates. All transactions between us and an affiliate must be approved by a majority of our independent directors.
Affiliate Transaction Policy
Our independent directors will review and approve (by majority vote) all matters the board of directors believes may involve a conflict of interest and will approve all transactions between us and our affiliates.
Reporting Policy
We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. We intend to furnish our stockholders with annual reports containing consolidated financial statements certified by an independent public accounting firm. These and any of these future filings with the SEC are and will be available to the public free of charge over the Internet at our website at www.modiv.com or through the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. These filings are available promptly after we file them with, or furnish them to, the SEC.
Competitive Market Factors
The U.S. commercial real estate investment and leasing markets are competitive. We face competition from various entities for investment opportunities for prospective tenants and to retain our current tenants, including other REITs, pension funds, insurance companies, private equity and other investment funds and companies, partnerships and developers. Many of these entities have substantially greater financial resources than we do and may be able to accept more risk than we can prudently manage, including risks with respect to the creditworthiness of a tenant or the geographic location of their investments. Competition from these entities may reduce the number of suitable investment opportunities offered to us or increase the bargaining power of property owners seeking to sell. Further, as a result of their greater resources, those entities may have more flexibility than we do in their ability to offer rental concessions to attract and retain tenants. This could put pressure on our ability to maintain or raise rents and could adversely affect our ability to attract or retain tenants. As a result, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and ability to pay distributions to our stockholders may be adversely affected.
Although we believe that we are well-positioned to compete effectively, there is significant competition in our market sector and there can be no assurance that we will compete effectively or that we will not encounter increased competition in the future that could limit our ability to conduct our business effectively.
Compliance with Federal, State and Local Environmental Law
Our business is subject to many laws and governmental regulations. Changes in these laws and regulations, or their interpretation by agencies and courts, occur frequently.
Americans with Disabilities Act
Our properties are subject to regulation under federal laws, such as the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, as amended (“ADA”), pursuant to which all public accommodations must meet certain federal requirements related to access and use by disabled persons. Although we believe that our properties substantially comply with present requirements of the ADA, we have not conducted an audit or investigation of all of our properties to determine our compliance. If one or more of our properties or future properties are not in compliance with the ADA, we might be required to take remedial action, which would require us to incur additional costs to bring the property into compliance. Failing to comply could result in the imposition of fines by the federal government or an award of damages to private litigants. In addition, a number of additional federal, state and local laws may require us to modify or restrict our ability to renovate our properties or properties we may purchase. Additional legislation could impose financial obligations or restrictions with respect to access by disabled persons. Although we believe that these costs will not have a material adverse effect on us, if required changes involve a greater amount of expenditures than we currently anticipate, our ability to make expected distributions could be adversely affected. See Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors - General Risks Related to Investments in Real Estate.
Environmental Matters
All real property and the operations conducted on real property are subject to federal, state and local laws, ordinances and regulations relating to environmental protection and human health and safety. These laws and regulations generally govern wastewater discharges, air emissions, the operation and removal of underground and above-ground storage tanks, the use, storage, treatment, transportation and disposal of solid and hazardous materials, the presence and release of hazardous substances and the remediation of any associated contamination.
Under various federal, state and local laws, ordinances and regulations, a current or previous owner or operator of real property may be held liable for the costs of removing or remediating hazardous or toxic substances. These laws often impose clean-up responsibility and liability without regard to whether the owner or operator was responsible for, or even knew of, the presence of the hazardous or toxic substances. The costs of investigating, removing or remediating these substances may be substantial, and the presence of these substances may adversely affect our ability to rent or sell properties or to borrow using the property as collateral and may expose us to liability resulting from any release of or exposure to these substances. If we arrange for the disposal or treatment of hazardous or toxic substances at another location, we may be liable for the costs of removing or remediating these substances at the disposal or treatment facility, whether or not the facility is owned or operated by us.
We may be subject to common law claims by third parties based on damages and costs resulting from environmental contamination emanating from a site that we own or operate. Certain environmental laws also impose liability in connection with the handling of or exposure to asbestos-containing materials, pursuant to which third parties may seek recovery from owners or operators of real properties for personal injury associated with asbestos-containing materials and other hazardous or toxic substances. We maintain a pollution insurance policy for some of our properties to insure against the potential liability of remediation and exposure risk. See Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors - General Risks Related to Investments in Real Estate.
Other Regulations
The properties we acquire will be subject to various federal, state and local regulatory requirements, such as zoning and state and local fire and life safety requirements. Failure to comply with these requirements could result in the imposition of fines by governmental authorities or awards of damages to private litigants. We intend to acquire properties that are in material compliance with all such regulatory requirements. However, we cannot assure investors that these requirements will not change or that new requirements will not be imposed which would require significant unanticipated expenditures and could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Industry Segments
Our current business consists of owning, managing, operating, leasing, acquiring, investing in and disposing of commercial real estate assets. All of our consolidated revenues are derived from our consolidated real estate properties. We internally evaluate operating performance on an individual property level and view all of our real estate assets as one industry segment, and, accordingly, all of our properties are aggregated into one reportable segment.
Major Tenants
The details of our top ten tenants, based on ABR, as of December 31, 2022 are as follows:
S&P/ Lease Square
Moody's Expiration ABR % Feet SF %
Tenant Location Sector Rating Date ABR Total (“SF”) Total
Trophy of Carson California Retail Not rated 1/31/2047 $ 3,984,941 12 % 72,623 2 %
Lindsay Various Industrial Not rated 4/30/2047 3,783,930 11 618,195 20
Costco Wholesale Washington Office A+/Aa3 7/31/2025 2,362,956 7 97,191 3
AvAir Arizona Industrial Not rated 12/31/2032 2,318,570 7 162,714 5
3M Illinois Industrial A+/A1 7/31/2034 1,856,419 6 410,400 13
Valtir Various Industrial Not rated 7/21/2037 & 7/31/2047 1,814,847 5 293,612 9
Taylor Farms Foods Arizona Industrial Not rated 9/30/2033 1,638,884 5 216,727 7
FUJIFILM Dimatix (a) California Industrial AA-/A2 3/16/2026 1,630,916 5 91,740 3
Cummins, Inc. Tennessee Office A+/A2 2/29/2024 1,520,789 4 87,230 3
Northrop Grumman Florida Industrial BBB+/Baa1 5/31/2026 1,274,437 4 107,419 3
Totals $ 22,186,689 66 % 2,157,851 68 %
(a) Reflects our approximate 72.7% TIC Interest.
See Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks Related to Our Business - We are subject to risks related to tenant concentration, and an adverse development with respect to a large tenant could materially and adversely affect us.
Employees
As of December 31, 2022, we had 12 total employees, all of which are full-time employees.
Principal Executive Offices
Effective December 16, 2022, we and our subsidiaries moved our principal executive offices to 200 S. Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada, 89501 from 120 Newport Center Drive, Newport Beach, California, 92660. Our telephone number and website address are (888) 686-6348 and http://www.Modiv.com, respectively, and are unchanged.
Available Information
Access to copies of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, Proxy Statements and other filings with the SEC, including amendments to such filings, may be obtained free of charge from the following website, http://www.Modiv.com, and/or through a link to the SEC’s website, http://www.sec.gov. These filings are available promptly after we file them with, or furnish them to, the SEC.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Risk Factor Summary
Our business, financial condition and results of operations are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties. Below is a summary of the principal factors that make an investment in our common stock speculative or risky. This summary does not address all of the risks that we face and should be read in conjunction with the full risk factors contained below in this “Risk Factors” section in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
•We are focused on future acquisitions of industrial manufacturing properties while reducing the number of office and retail properties in our portfolio, and therefore the prior performance of our real estate investments may not be indicative of our future results.
•Disruptions in the financial markets and uncertain economic conditions could adversely affect market rental rates, commercial real estate values and our ability to secure debt financing at interest rates acceptable to us or at all, to service future debt obligations, or to pay distributions to our stockholders.
•We have a substantial amount of indebtedness outstanding, which may expose us to the risk of default under our debt obligations.
•Increases in mortgage rates or changes in underwriting standards may make it difficult for us to finance or refinance properties, which could reduce the number of properties we can acquire, our cash flow from operations and the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
•Inflation and rising interest rates may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
•The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant disruption to our tenants' business operations and any future outbreak of other highly infectious or contagious diseases could materially and adversely impact or disrupt our business operations, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and performance.
•Our listing on the NYSE does not guarantee an active and liquid market for our Class C Common Stock, and the market price and trading volume of the shares of our Class C Common Stock may fluctuate significantly.
•Our Class C Common Stock is subordinate to our Series A Preferred Stock and our existing and future debt, and our common stockholders' interests could be diluted by the issuance of additional preferred stock, future offerings of debt securities, which could be senior to our common stock, or equity securities, and by other transactions.
•Failure to continue to qualify as a REIT would reduce our net earnings available for investment or distribution.
•Our real estate investments may include special use single-tenant properties that may be difficult to sell or re-lease upon tenant defaults or early terminations.
•Downturns relating to certain geographic regions, industries or business sectors may have a more significant adverse impact on our assets and our ability to pay distributions than if we had a more diversified investment portfolio.
•We are subject to risks related to tenant concentration, and an adverse development with respect to a large tenant could materially and adversely affect us.
•Our real estate properties and related intangible assets may be subject to impairment charges.
•We face significant competition for real estate investment opportunities, which may limit our ability to acquire suitable investments and achieve our investment objectives or pay distributions.
•Our financial condition and ability to make distributions may be adversely affected by the bankruptcy or insolvency of a tenant, a downturn in the business of a tenant or a tenant’s lease termination.
•Our charter and bylaws contain provisions, including restrictions on the ownership and transfer of our stock, that may delay, defer or prevent an acquisition of our common stock or a change in control.
•We have experienced losses in the past and we may experience additional losses in the future.
•Uninsured losses relating to real property could reduce our cash flow from operations and reduce the value of stockholders’ investment in us.
•We face risks associated with security breaches through cyber-attacks, cyber intrusions or otherwise, as well as other significant disruptions of our information technology networks and related systems.
•We may be subject to adverse legislative or regulatory tax changes.
Risks Related to an Investment in Our Class C Common Stock
Our listing on the NYSE does not guarantee an active and liquid market for our Class C Common Stock, and the market price and trading volume of the shares of our Class C Common Stock may fluctuate significantly.
Our Class C Common Stock only recently began trading on the NYSE, and we can provide no assurance an active and liquid trading market for the shares of our Class C Common Stock will be sustained. The market price and liquidity of our Class C Common Stock may be adversely affected by the absence of an active trading market. The market price for the shares of our Class C Common Stock may not equal or may exceed the price our stockholders pay for their shares.
The trading price for our Class C Common Stock may be influenced by many factors, including:
• general financial and economic market conditions and, in particular, developments related to market conditions for REITs and other real estate-related companies including the potential impact of inflation;
• low trading volume in our Class C Common Stock, which makes it difficult to attract institutional investors;
• our financial condition and performance;
• our ability to grow through property acquisitions or real estate-related investments, the terms and pace of any acquisitions we may make and the availability and terms of financing for those acquisitions;
• the financial condition of our tenants, including tenant bankruptcies or defaults;
• actual or anticipated quarterly fluctuations in our operating results and financial condition;
• the amount and frequency of our payment of dividends and other distributions;
• additional sales of equity securities, including Series A Preferred Stock, Class C Common Stock or any other equity interests, or the perception that additional sales may occur;
• the reputation of REITs and real estate investments generally and the attractiveness of REIT equity securities in comparison to other equity securities, and fixed income debt securities;
• uncertainty and volatility in the equity and credit markets;
• fluctuations in interest rates and exchange rates;
• changes in revenue or earnings estimates, if any, or publication of research reports and recommendations by financial analysts or actions taken by rating agencies with respect to our securities or those of other REITs;
• failure to meet analysts’ revenue or earnings estimates;
• strategic actions by us or our competitors, such as acquisitions or restructurings;
• the extent of investment in our Class C Common Stock by institutional investors;
• the extent of short-selling of our Class C Common Stock;
• failure to maintain our REIT status;
• changes in tax laws;
• additions and departures of key personnel;
• domestic and international economic factors unrelated to our performance including uncertainty and volatility resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and emergence and spread of variants, including any future variants and resistance to currently available vaccines, as well as the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine and the economic sanctions and other restrictive actions taken against Russia by the U.S. and other countries in response thereto, which have added to continuing concerns about supply chain disruptions, inflation and increased interest rates in the markets in which we operate; and
• the occurrence of any of the other risk factors presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including in this “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors” section and under the caption “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”
Our possible failure to meet the continued listing requirements of the NYSE could result in a delisting of our Class C Common Stock.
If we fail to satisfy the continued listing requirements of the NYSE such as the corporate governance requirements or the minimum closing bid price requirement, the NYSE may take steps to delist our Class C Common Stock. Such a delisting would likely have a negative effect on the price of our Class C Common Stock and would impair our common stockholders’ ability to sell or purchase our Class C Common Stock when they wish to do so. In the event of a delisting, we can provide no assurance that any action taken by us to restore compliance with listing requirements would allow our Class C Common Stock to become listed again, stabilize the market price or improve the liquidity of our Class C Common Stock, prevent our Class C Common Stock from dropping below the NYSE minimum bid price requirement or prevent future non-compliance with NYSE’s listing requirements.
Our ability to pay dividends is limited by the requirements of Maryland law.
Our ability to pay dividends, in general and with respect to our Class C Common Stock specifically, is limited by the laws of Maryland. Under the Maryland General Corporation Law (the “MGCL”), we generally may not pay dividends if, after giving effect to the dividend payment, we would not be able to pay our debts as our debts become due in the usual course of business, or our total assets would be less than the sum of our total liabilities plus, unless our charter provides otherwise, the amount that would be needed, if we were dissolved at the time of the dividend payment, to satisfy the preferential rights upon dissolution of our stockholders whose preferential rights are superior to those receiving the dividend payment.
Dividends payable on our Class C Common Stock generally do not qualify for the reduced tax rates available for some dividends.
Currently, the maximum tax rate applicable to qualified dividend income payable to U.S. stockholders that are individuals, trusts and estates is 20% plus, to the extent applicable, the 3.8% surtax on net investment income. Dividends payable by REITs to these noncorporate stockholders, however, generally are not qualified dividends and therefore are not eligible for taxation at this reduced rate. However, through December 31, 2025, noncorporate stockholders may be entitled to deduct 20% of the ordinary dividends received from a REIT, which temporarily reduces the effective tax rate on these dividends to a maximum tax rate of 29.6% (not including the 3.8% surtax on net investment income) for those years. The more favorable rates applicable to regular corporate qualified dividends could cause investors who are individuals, trusts and estates to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in the stocks of non-REIT corporations that pay dividends, which could adversely affect the value of the shares of REITs, including our stock. Tax rates could be changed in future legislation.
Our Class C Common Stock is subordinate to our Series A Preferred Stock and our existing and future debt, and our common stockholders' interests could be diluted by the issuance of additional preferred stock, future offerings of debt securities, which could be senior to our common stock, or equity securities, and by other transactions.
Our Class C Common Stock will rank junior to all Series A Preferred Stock and our existing and future debt and to other non-equity claims on us and our assets available to satisfy claims against us, including claims in bankruptcy, liquidation or similar proceedings. Our Credit Facility includes, and our future debt may include, restrictions on our ability to pay dividends to common stockholders, including holders of Class C Common Stock. As of December 31, 2022, there were 2,000,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock issued and outstanding. In addition, our board of directors has the power under our charter to classify any of our unissued shares of preferred stock, and to reclassify any of our previously classified but unissued shares of preferred stock of any class or series, from time to time, in one or more series of preferred stock.
In the future, we may attempt to increase our capital resources by offering debt or equity securities, including medium term notes, senior or subordinated notes and classes of preferred or common stock. Debt securities or shares of preferred stock will generally be entitled to receive interest payments or distributions, both current and in connection with any liquidation or sale, prior to the holders of our common stock. We are not required to offer any such additional debt or equity securities to existing common stockholders on a preemptive basis. Therefore, offerings of common stock or other equity securities may dilute the holdings of our existing stockholders. Future offerings of debt or equity securities, or the perception that such offerings may occur, may reduce the market price of our common stock and/or the distributions that we pay with respect to our common stock. Because we may generally issue any such debt or equity securities in the future without obtaining the consent of our stockholders, our stockholders will bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the market price of our common stock and diluting their proportionate ownership.
Further, in connection with the January 2022 acquisition of a KIA auto dealership property, as discussed herein, the seller received Class C OP Units as a portion of the purchase price. The holder of the Class C OP Units may require the redemption of all or a portion of these units for cash or, at our option as the general partner of the Operating Partnership, shares of Class C Common Stock (the “Class C OP Unit Redemption”). If we determine to satisfy the Class C OP Unit Redemption with shares of Class C Common Stock, such holder of Class C OP Units will be entitled to receive one share of Class C Common Stock for each Class C OP Unit, subject to adjustment. As a result, our stockholders will be diluted by the issuance of Class C Common Stock in connection with the Class C OP Unit Redemption, which could have a material adverse impact on the market price of our common stock.
The future issuance or sale of additional shares of our Class C Common Stock could adversely affect the trading price of our Class C Common Stock.
Future issuances or sales of substantial numbers of shares of our Class C Common Stock in the public market or the perception that issuances or sales might occur, could adversely affect the per share trading price of our Class C Common Stock. The per share trading price of our Class C Common Stock may decline significantly upon the sale or offering of additional shares of our Class C Common Stock. Because we have a large number of stockholders and our shares of common stock have not been listed on a national securities exchange until recently, there may be significant pent-up demand to sell our shares.
Our distributions to stockholders may change, which could adversely affect the market price of our Class C Common Stock.
All distributions will be at the sole discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon our actual and projected financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, liquidity and funds from operations, maintenance of our REIT qualification and such other matters as our board of directors may deem relevant from time to time. We may not be able to make distributions in the future or may need to fund such distributions from external sources, as to which no assurances can be given. In addition, we may choose to retain operating cash flow for investment purposes, working capital reserves or other purposes, and these retained funds, although increasing the value of our underlying assets, may not correspondingly increase the market price of our Class C Common Stock. Our failure to meet the market’s expectations with regard to future cash distributions likely would adversely affect the market price of our Class C Common Stock.
Increases in market interest rates may result in a decrease in the value of our Class C Common Stock.
One of the factors that may influence the price of our Class C Common Stock will be the distribution rate on the Class C Common Stock (as a percentage of the price of our Class C Common Stock) relative to market interest rates. If market interest rates rise, prospective purchasers of shares of our Class C Common Stock may expect a higher distribution rate. Higher interest rates would not, however, result in more funds being available for distribution and, in fact, would likely increase our borrowing costs and might decrease our funds available for distribution. We therefore may not be able, or we may not choose, to provide a higher distribution rate. As a result, prospective purchasers may decide to purchase other securities rather than our Class C Common Stock, which would reduce the demand for, and result in a decline in the market price of, our Class C Common Stock.
Risks Related to Our Business
We are focused on future acquisitions of industrial manufacturing properties while reducing the number of office and retail properties in our portfolio, and therefore the prior performance of our real estate investments may not be indicative of our future results.
We were incorporated in the State of Maryland on May 15, 2015 and during the fourth quarter of 2021, we embarked on a strategic plan to reduce our exposure to office and retail properties and invest primarily in industrial manufacturing real estate properties. We also may seek to acquire listed and non-listed real estate companies or portfolios. As of December 31, 2022, we owned 46 properties, including one tenant-in-common real estate investment (an approximate 72.7% interest in a 91,740 square foot industrial property located in Santa Clara, California). Because we are focused on future acquisitions of industrial manufacturing properties while reducing the number of office and retail properties in our portfolio, the prior performance of our real estate investments or real estate investment programs, particularly those in place prior to the fourth quarter of 2021, may not be indicative of our future results.
Investors should consider our prospects in light of the risks, uncertainties and difficulties frequently encountered by companies that are, like us, in their early stage of operations or have recently shifted investment objectives. To be successful in this market, we must, among other things:
•identify and acquire investments that further our investment objectives;
•increase awareness of our brand within the investment products market;
•retain qualified personnel to manage our day-to-day operations; and
•respond to competition for our targeted real estate properties and other investments as well as for potential investors.
We cannot guarantee that we will succeed in achieving these goals, and our failure to do so could cause our investors to lose money.
Failure to continue to qualify as a REIT would reduce our net earnings available for investment or distribution.
Our continued qualification as a REIT will depend upon our ability to meet requirements regarding our organization and ownership, distribution of our income, the nature and diversification of our income and assets and other tests imposed by the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Internal Revenue Code”), on a continuing basis. Our ability to satisfy the asset tests depends upon our analysis of the characterization and fair market values of our assets, some of which are not susceptible to a precise determination, and for which we may not obtain independent appraisals. Our compliance with the REIT income and quarterly asset requirements also depends upon our ability to successfully manage the composition of our income and assets on an ongoing basis. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) will not contend that our assets or income cause a violation of the REIT requirements under the Internal Revenue Code. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income at corporate rates, and distributions to our stockholders would no longer be deductible by us in computing our taxable income. Any resulting corporate tax liability could be substantial and would reduce the amount of cash available for investment or distribution to our stockholders, and we might be required to borrow funds or liquidate some investments in order to pay the applicable tax. Unless we were entitled to relief under certain Internal Revenue Code provisions, we would also generally be disqualified from re-electing to be taxed as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year in which we lost our REIT status.
We face risks associated with security breaches through cyber-attacks, cyber intrusions or otherwise, as well as other significant disruptions of our information technology (“IT”) networks and related systems.
The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attack or cyber intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. Our website, www.modiv.com, our IT networks and related systems are essential to the operation of our business and our ability to perform day-to-day operations. Although we make efforts to maintain the security and integrity of these types of IT networks and related systems, and we have implemented various measures to manage the risk of a security breach or disruption, there can be no assurance that our security efforts and measures will be effective or that attempted security breaches or disruptions would not be successful or damaging. Even the most well protected information, networks, systems and facilities remain potentially vulnerable because the techniques used in such attempted security breaches evolve and generally are not recognized until launched against a target, and in some cases are designed not to be detected and, in fact, may not be detected. Accordingly, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate security barriers or other preventative measures, and thus it is impossible for us to entirely mitigate this risk.
A security breach or other significant disruption involving our IT networks and related systems could:
•disrupt the proper functioning of our networks and systems and therefore our operations;
•result in misstated financial reports, violations of loan covenants and/or missed reporting deadlines to the SEC;
•result in our inability to properly monitor our compliance with the rules and regulations regarding our qualification as a REIT;
•result in the unauthorized access to, and destruction, loss, theft, misappropriation or release of, proprietary, confidential, sensitive or otherwise valuable information of ours or others, which others could use to compete against us, or which could expose us to damage claims by third-parties for disruptive, destructive or otherwise harmful purposes and outcomes;
•require significant management attention and resources to remedy any damages that result;
•subject us to claims for breach of contract, damages, credits, penalties or termination of leases or other agreements;
•result in the unauthorized release of our stockholders’ private, personal information such as addresses, social security numbers and bank account information; and/or
•damage our reputation among investors.
Any or all of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
We face significant competition for real estate investment opportunities, which may limit our ability to acquire suitable investments and achieve our investment objectives or pay distributions.
We face competition from various entities for real estate investment opportunities, including other REITs, pension funds, banks and insurance companies, private equity and other investment funds, and companies, partnerships and developers. Many of these entities have substantially greater financial resources than we do and may be able to accept more risk than we can prudently manage, including risks with respect to the creditworthiness of a tenant or the geographic location of their investments. Competition from these entities may reduce the number of suitable investment opportunities offered to us or increase the bargaining power of property owners seeking to sell. Additionally, disruptions and dislocations in the credit markets could impact the cost and availability of debt to finance real estate investments, which is a key component of our acquisition strategy. A downturn in the credit markets and a potential lack of available debt could limit our ability to pursue suitable investment opportunities and create a competitive advantage for other entities that have greater financial resources than we do. In addition, the number of entities and the amount of funds competing for suitable investments may increase. If we acquire investments at higher prices and/or by using less-than-ideal capital structures, our returns will be lower and the value of our respective assets may not appreciate or may decrease significantly below the amount we paid for such assets. If such events occur, our stockholders may experience a lower return on their investment.
If we are unable to complete acquisitions of suitable investments, we may not be able to achieve our investment objectives or pay distributions.
Our ability to achieve our investment objectives and to pay distributions depends upon our performance in the acquisition of investments, including the determination of any financing arrangements. We expect to continue to invest, directly or indirectly through investments in affiliated and non-affiliated entities, in industrial manufacturing real estate properties. We may also seek to acquire listed or non-listed real estate and real estate-related companies or portfolios.
Our investors must rely entirely on our management abilities and the oversight of our board of directors. We can give no assurance that we will be successful in obtaining suitable investments on financially attractive terms or that we will achieve our objectives. In the event we are unable to timely locate suitable investments, we may be unable or limited in our ability to pay distributions and we may not be able to meet our investment objectives.
Disruptions in the financial markets and uncertain economic conditions could adversely affect market rental rates, commercial real estate values and our ability to secure debt financing at interest rates acceptable to us or at all, to service future debt obligations, or to pay distributions to our stockholders.
Currently, both the investing and leasing environments are highly competitive. While there has been an increase in the amount of capital flowing into the U.S. real estate markets, which resulted in an increase in real estate values in certain markets, the uncertainty regarding the economic environment has made businesses reluctant to make long-term commitments or changes in their business plans. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant disruptions in financial markets, supply chains, inflation, uncertainty about how the economy will perform and the extent to which employees working from home will return to the office. In addition, the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine and the economic sanctions and other restrictive actions taken against Russia by the U.S. and other countries in response thereto has further disrupted global financial markets and affect macroeconomic conditions.
Volatility in global markets and changing political environments can cause fluctuations in the performance of the U.S. commercial real estate markets. Economic slowdowns of large economies outside the United States are likely to negatively impact growth of the U.S. economy. Political uncertainties both home and abroad may discourage business investment in real estate and other capital spending. Possible future declines in rental rates and expectations of future rental concessions, including free rent to renew tenants early, to retain tenants who are up for renewal or to attract new tenants may result in decreases in cash flows from investment properties. Increases in the cost of financing due to higher interest rates may cause difficulty in refinancing debt obligations prior to maturity at terms as favorable as the terms of existing indebtedness. Market conditions can change quickly, potentially negatively impacting the value of real estate investments. Management continuously reviews our investment and debt financing strategies to optimize our portfolio and the cost of our debt exposure.
We plan to rely on debt financing to finance our real estate properties and we may have difficulty refinancing some of our debt obligations prior to or at maturity, or we may not be able to refinance these obligations at terms as favorable as the terms of our current indebtedness and we also may be unable to obtain additional debt financing on attractive terms or at all. If we are not able to refinance our current indebtedness on attractive terms at the various maturity dates, we may be forced to dispose of some of our assets.
The debt market remains sensitive to the macro environment, such as Federal Reserve policy, market sentiment or regulatory factors affecting the banking and commercial mortgage-backed securities industries, significant increases in inflation, the outbreak of hostilities between Russia and Ukraine and the COVID-19 pandemic. We may experience more stringent lending criteria, which may affect our ability to finance certain property acquisitions or refinance any debt at maturity. Additionally, for properties for which we are able to obtain financing, the interest rates and other terms on such loans may be unacceptable.
Disruptions in the financial markets and uncertain economic conditions could adversely affect the values of our investments. Furthermore, declining economic conditions could negatively impact commercial real estate fundamentals and result in lower occupancy, lower rental rates and declining values in our real estate portfolio, which could have the following negative effects on us:
1. the values of our investments in commercial properties could decrease below the amounts paid for such investments; and/or
2. revenues from our properties could decrease due to fewer tenants and/or lower rental rates, making it more difficult for us to pay distributions or meet our debt service obligations on debt financing.
All of these factors could reduce stockholders’ return and decrease the value of an investment in us.
Our real estate properties and related intangible assets may be subject to impairment charges.
We routinely evaluate our real estate properties and related intangible assets for impairment indicators. The judgment regarding the existence of impairment indicators is based on factors such as market conditions, tenant performance and lease structure. For example, the early termination of, or default under, a lease by a tenant may lead to an impairment charge. Furthermore, as we reposition our portfolio by selling some of our legacy office and retail properties with short lease terms, such pending sales could lead to potential impairment charges depending on the final selling price. If we determine that an impairment has occurred, we would be required to make a downward adjustment to the net carrying value of the property or related intangible assets, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations in the period in which the impairment charge is recorded. Negative developments in the real estate market may cause management to reevaluate the business and macro-economic assumptions used in its impairment analysis. Changes in management’s assumptions based on actual results may have a material impact on our financial statements.
Downturns relating to certain geographic regions, industries or business sectors may have a more significant adverse impact on our assets and our ability to pay distributions than if we had a more diversified investment portfolio.
While we intend to diversify our portfolio of investments by geography, investment size and investment risk, we are not required to observe specific diversification criteria. Therefore, our investments may at times be concentrated in a limited number of geographic locations, or secured by assets concentrated in a limited number of geographic locations. To the extent that our portfolio is concentrated in limited geographic regions, industries or business sectors, downturns relating generally to such region, industry or business sector may result in defaults on a number of our investments within a short time period, which may reduce our net income and the value of our common stock and accordingly limit our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders. As a result of our January 2022 acquisition of a KIA auto dealership property in Carson, California and the December 2019 Merger with REIT I, as of December 31, 2022, 13 of our 46 operating properties, including our approximate 72.7% TIC Interest, are located in California, which makes the performance of our properties highly dependent on the health of the California economy.
Any adverse economic or real estate developments in our markets could adversely affect our operating results and our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders.
We are subject to risks related to tenant concentration, and an adverse development with respect to a large tenant could materially and adversely affect us.
Trophy of Carson, LLC, which leases a KIA auto dealership property in Carson, California, which we acquired in January 2022, is our largest tenant, representing approximately 12% of our ABR as of December 31, 2022. As a result, our financial performance depends significantly on the revenues generated from this tenant and, in turn, its financial condition. Although we expect to increase tenant diversification over time, our portfolio has two tenants that in the aggregate contribute approximately 23% of our ABR, with Lindsay representing 11% of our ABR as of December 31, 2022. In the future, we may experience additional tenant and industry concentrations. In the event that one of these tenants, or another tenant that occupies a significant portion of our properties or whose lease payments represent a significant portion of our rental revenue, were to experience financial weakness or file for bankruptcy, it could have a material adverse effect on us.
The loss of or the inability to retain key executive officers could delay or hinder implementation of our investment strategies, which could limit our ability to make distributions and decrease the value of an investment in our shares.
Our success depends to a significant degree upon the contributions of Messrs. Aaron Halfacre, Ray Pacini, Bill Broms and John Raney, our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Investment Officer and Chief Legal Officer, respectively, each of whom would be difficult to replace. Neither we nor our affiliates have employment agreements with these individuals. If any of these persons were to cease their association with us, we may be unable to find suitable replacements and our operating results could suffer as a result. We believe that our future success depends, in large part, upon our ability to retain our highly skilled managerial, financial and operational professionals. Competition for such professionals is intense, and we may be unsuccessful in retaining such skilled professionals. If we lose or are unable to obtain the services of highly skilled professionals, our ability to implement our investment strategies could be delayed or hindered.
Our rights and the rights of our stockholders to take action against our directors and officers are limited.
Maryland law provides that a director has no liability in the capacity as a director if he or she performs his or her duties in good faith, in a manner he or she reasonably believes to be in the company’s best interests and with the care that an ordinarily prudent person in a like position would use under similar circumstances. As permitted by Maryland law, our charter limits the liability of our directors and officers and our stockholders for money damages, except for liability resulting from:
• actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services; or
• a final judgment based on a finding of active and deliberate dishonesty by the director or officer that was material to the cause of action adjudicated.
In addition, our charter requires us to indemnify our directors and officers for actions taken by them in those capacities and to pay or reimburse their reasonable expenses in advance of final disposition of a proceeding to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law, and we have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors and executive officers. As a result, we and our stockholders may have more limited rights against our directors and officers than might otherwise exist under common law. Accordingly, in the event that any of our directors or officers are exculpated from, or indemnified against, liability but whose actions impede our performance, our stockholders’ ability to recover damages from that director or officer will be limited.
We may change our targeted investments without stockholder consent.
We intend to focus future investments in industrial manufacturing real estate properties and reduce the number of office and retail properties in our portfolio; however, we may make adjustments to our target portfolio based on real estate market conditions and investment opportunities, and we may change our targeted investments and investment guidelines at any time without the consent of our stockholders, which could result in our making investments that are different from, and possibly riskier than, the investments described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. A change in our targeted investments or investment guidelines may increase our exposure to interest rate risk, default risk and real estate market fluctuations, all of which could adversely affect the value of our common stock and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. We will not forgo an investment opportunity because it does not precisely fit our expected portfolio composition. We believe that we are most likely to meet our investment objectives through the careful selection and underwriting of assets. When making an acquisition, we will analyze the performance and risk characteristics of that investment, how that investment will fit with our portfolio-level performance objectives, the other assets in our portfolio and how the returns and risks of that investment compare to the returns and risks of available investment alternatives. Thus, our portfolio composition may vary from our initial expectations. However, we will attempt to continue to construct a portfolio that produces stable and attractive returns by spreading risk across different real estate investments.
We have experienced losses in the past and we may experience additional losses in the future.
Historically, we have experienced net losses (calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”)) and we may not be profitable or realize growth in the value of our investments. Many of our losses can be attributed to depreciation and amortization, as well as interest expense and general and administrative expenses. Accordingly, we may not generate cash flows sufficient to pay distributions to stockholders or meet our debt service obligations. For a further discussion of our operational history and the factors affecting our losses, see “Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our accompanying consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto.
Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure
Our charter and bylaws contain provisions that may delay, defer or prevent an acquisition of our common stock or a change in control.
Our charter and bylaws contain a number of provisions, the exercise or existence of which could delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change in control that might involve a premium price for our stockholders.
• Our Charter Contains Restrictions on the Ownership and Transfer of Our Stock. In order for us to qualify as a REIT, no more than 50% of the value of outstanding shares of our stock may be owned, beneficially or constructively, by five or fewer individuals at any time during the last half of each taxable year other than the first year for which we elect to be taxed as a REIT. Subject to certain exceptions, our charter prohibits any stockholder from owning beneficially or constructively more than 9.8% in value or in number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding shares of our common stock, or 9.8% in value of the aggregate of the outstanding shares of all classes or series of our stock. We refer to these restrictions collectively as the “ownership limits.” The constructive ownership rules under the Internal Revenue Code are complex and may cause the outstanding stock owned by a group of related individuals or entities to be deemed to be constructively owned by one individual or entity. As a result, the acquisition of less than 9.8% of our outstanding Class C Common Stock or the outstanding shares of all classes or series of our stock by an individual or entity could cause that individual or entity or another individual or entity to own constructively in excess of the relevant ownership limits. Our charter also prohibits any person from owning shares of our stock that could result in our being “closely held” under Section 856(h) of the Internal Revenue Code or otherwise cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT. Any attempt to own or transfer shares of our Class C Common Stock or of any of our other capital stock in violation of these restrictions may result in the shares being automatically transferred to a charitable trust or may be void. These ownership limits may prevent a third-party from acquiring control of us if our board of directors does not grant an exemption from the ownership limits, even if our stockholders believe the change in control is in their best interests.
• Our Board of Directors Has the Power to Cause Us to Issue Additional Shares of Our Stock Without Stockholder Approval. Our charter authorizes us to issue additional authorized but unissued shares of common or preferred stock. In addition, our board of directors may, without stockholder approval, amend our charter to increase the aggregate number of our shares of common stock or the number of shares of stock of any class or series that we have authority to issue and classify or reclassify any unissued shares of common or preferred stock and set the preferences, rights and other terms of the classified or reclassified shares. As a result, our board of directors may establish a class or series of shares of common or preferred stock that could delay or prevent a transaction or a change in control that might involve a premium price for our shares of common stock or otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders.
Our stockholders’ investment return may be reduced if we are required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”).
Neither we nor any of our subsidiaries currently intend to register as investment companies under the Investment Company Act. If we or our subsidiaries were obligated to register as investment companies, we would have to comply with a variety of substantive requirements under the Investment Company Act that impose, among other things:
•limitations on capital structure;
•restrictions on specified investments;
•prohibitions on transactions with affiliates; and
•compliance with reporting, record keeping, voting, proxy disclosure and other rules and regulations that would significantly increase our operating expenses.
Under the relevant provisions of Section 3(a)(1) of the Investment Company Act, an investment company is any issuer that:
•is or holds itself out as being engaged primarily, or proposes to engage primarily, in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities (the “primarily engaged test”); or
•is engaged or proposes to engage in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities and owns or proposes to acquire “investment securities” having a value exceeding 40% of the value of such issuer’s total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis (the “40% test”). “Investment securities” excludes U.S. government securities and securities of majority-owned subsidiaries that are not themselves investment companies and are not relying on the exception from the definition of investment company under Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) (relating to private investment companies).
We believe that neither we nor our Operating Partnership will be required to register as an investment company based on the following analysis. With respect to the 40% test, the entities through which we and our Operating Partnership intend to own our assets will be majority-owned subsidiaries that are not themselves investment companies and are not relying on the exceptions from the definition of investment company under Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7).
With respect to the primarily engaged test, we and our Operating Partnership are holding companies and do not intend to invest or trade in securities ourselves. Rather, through the majority-owned subsidiaries of our Operating Partnership, we and our Operating Partnership are primarily engaged in the non-investment company businesses of these subsidiaries, namely the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring real estate and real estate-related assets.
We believe that most of the subsidiaries of our Operating Partnership will be able to rely on Section 3(c)(5)(c) of the Investment Company Act for an exception from the definition of an investment company (any other subsidiaries of our Operating Partnership should be able to rely on the exceptions for private investment companies pursuant to Section 3(c)(1) and Section 3(c)(7) of the Investment Company Act). As reflected in no-action letters, the SEC staff’s position on Section 3(c)(5)(c) generally requires that an issuer maintain at least 55% of its assets in “mortgages and other liens on and interests in real estate,” or qualifying assets; at least 80% of its assets in qualifying assets plus real estate-related assets; and no more than 20% of the value of its assets in other than qualifying assets and real estate-related assets, which we refer to as miscellaneous assets. To constitute a qualifying asset under this 55% requirement, a real estate interest must meet various criteria based on no-action letters. We expect that each of the subsidiaries of our Operating Partnership relying on Section 3(c)(5)(c) will invest at least 55% of its assets in qualifying assets, and approximately an additional 25% of its assets in other types of real estate-related assets. We expect to rely on guidance published by the SEC staff or on our analyses of guidance published with respect to types of assets to determine which assets are qualifying real estate assets and real estate-related assets.
To maintain compliance with the Investment Company Act, our subsidiaries may be unable to sell assets we would otherwise want them to sell and may need to sell assets we would otherwise wish them to retain. In addition, our subsidiaries may have to acquire additional assets that they might not otherwise have acquired or may have to forgo opportunities to make investments that we would otherwise want them to make and would be important to our investment strategy. Moreover, the SEC or its staff may issue interpretations with respect to various types of assets that are contrary to our views and current SEC staff interpretations are subject to change, which increases the risk of non-compliance and the risk that we may be forced to make adverse changes to our portfolio. In this regard, we note that in 2011 the SEC issued a concept release indicating that the SEC and its staff were reviewing interpretive issues relating to Section 3(c)(5)(c) and soliciting views on the application of Section 3(c)(5)(c) to companies engaged in the business of acquiring mortgages and mortgage-related instruments. If we were required to register as an investment company but failed to do so, we would be prohibited from engaging in our business and criminal and civil actions could be brought against us. In addition, our contracts would be unenforceable unless a court required enforcement and a court could appoint a receiver to take control of us and liquidate our business.
Rapid changes in the values of our assets may make it more difficult for us to maintain our qualification as a REIT or our exception from the definition of an investment company under the Investment Company Act.
If the market value or income potential of our qualifying real estate assets changes as compared to the market value or income potential of our non-qualifying assets, or if the market value or income potential of our assets that are considered “real estate-related assets” under the Investment Company Act or REIT qualification tests changes as compared to the market value or income potential of our assets that are not considered “real estate-related assets” under the Investment Company Act or REIT qualification tests, whether as a result of increased interest rates, prepayment rates or other factors, we may need to modify our investment portfolio in order to maintain our REIT qualification or exception from the definition of an investment company. If the decline in asset values or income occurs quickly, this may be especially difficult, if not impossible, to accomplish. This difficulty may be exacerbated by the illiquid nature of many of the assets that we may own. We may have to make investment decisions that we otherwise would not make absent REIT and Investment Company Act considerations.
If we are unable to obtain funding for future capital needs, cash distributions to our stockholders and the value of our investments could decline.
When tenants do not renew their leases or otherwise vacate their space, we will often need to expend substantial funds for improvements to the vacated space in order to attract replacement tenants. Even when tenants do renew their leases, we may agree to make improvements to their space as part of our negotiations. If we need additional capital in the future to improve or maintain our properties or for any other reason, we may have to obtain funding from sources other than our cash flow from operations or proceeds from our DRP, such as borrowings or future equity offerings. These sources of funding may not be available on attractive terms, or at all. If we cannot procure additional funding for capital improvements, our investments may generate lower cash flows or decline in value, or both, which would limit our ability to make distributions to our stockholders and could reduce the value of our stockholders’ investment in us.
Certain provisions of Maryland law may limit the ability of a third-party to acquire control of us.
Certain provisions of the MGCL may have the effect of inhibiting a third-party from acquiring us or of impeding a change of control under circumstances that otherwise could provide our common stockholders with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then-prevailing market price of such shares, including:
• “business combination” provisions that, subject to limitations, prohibit certain business combinations between an “interested stockholder” (defined generally as any person who beneficially owns, directly or indirectly, 10% or more of the voting power of our outstanding shares of voting stock or an affiliate or associate of ours who, at any time within the two-year period immediately prior to the date in question, was the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly, of 10% or more of the voting power of the then-outstanding stock of the corporation) or an affiliate of any interested stockholder for a period of five years after the most recent date on which the stockholder becomes an interested stockholder, and thereafter imposes two super-majority stockholder voting requirements on these combinations; and
• “control share” provisions that provide that holders of “control shares” of the company (defined as voting shares of stock that, if aggregated with all other shares of stock owned or controlled by the acquirer, would entitle the acquirer to exercise one of three increasing ranges of voting power in electing directors) acquired in a “control share acquisition” (defined as the direct or indirect acquisition of issued and outstanding “control shares”) have no voting rights except to the extent approved by our stockholders by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of all of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter, excluding all interested shares.
Our bylaws contain a provision exempting from the Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act any and all acquisitions by any person of shares of our stock. This bylaw provision may be amended or eliminated at any time in the future.
Additionally, Title 3, Subtitle 8 of the MGCL permits our board of directors, without stockholder approval and regardless of what is currently provided in our charter or bylaws, to implement certain takeover defenses, such as a classified board, some of which we do not have.
Our bylaws designate the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders and provide that claims relating to causes of action under the Securities Act may only be brought in federal district courts, which could limit stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees and could discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and employees.
Our bylaws generally provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland (or in certain circumstances, the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, Northern Division) shall be the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders with respect to our Company, our directors, our officers or our employees. This choice of forum provision will not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Securities Act, the Exchange Act, or any other claim for which federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. Furthermore, our bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for the resolution of any claim arising under the Securities Act.
These exclusive forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that the stockholder believes is favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees, which may discourage meritorious claims from being asserted against us and our directors, officers and employees. Alternatively, if a court were to find this provision of our bylaws inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. For example, under the Securities Act, federal courts have concurrent jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act, and investors cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. In addition, the exclusive forum provisions described above do not apply to any actions brought under the Exchange Act.
The change of control conversion and redemption features of the Series A Preferred Stock may make it more difficult for a party to acquire us or discourage a party from seeking to acquire us.
Upon the occurrence of a change of control, holders of Series A Preferred Stock will, under certain circumstances, have the right to convert some of or all their shares of Series A Preferred Stock into shares of our Class C Common Stock (or equivalent value of alternative consideration) and under these circumstances we will also have a change of control redemption right to redeem shares of Series A Preferred Stock. Upon exercise of this conversion right, the holders will be limited to a maximum number of shares of our Class C Common Stock pursuant to a predetermined ratio. These features of the Series A Preferred Stock may have the effect of discouraging a third party from seeking to acquire us or of delaying, deferring or preventing a change of control under circumstances that otherwise could provide the holders of our Class C Common Stock and Series A Preferred Stock with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then-current market price or that stockholders may otherwise believe is in their best interests.
We are subject to risks relating to litigation and regulatory liability.
We face legal risks in our businesses, including risks related to the securities laws and regulations across various state and federal jurisdictions.
We may in the future become subject to claims and litigation alleging violations of the securities laws or other related claims, which could harm our business and require us to incur significant costs. Significant litigation costs could impact our ability to comply with certain financial covenants under our Credit Agreement. We are generally obliged, to the extent permitted by law, to indemnify our current and former directors and officers who are named as defendants in these types of lawsuits. Regardless of the outcome, litigation may require significant attention from management and could result in significant legal expenses, settlement costs or damage awards that could have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
General Risks Related to Investments in Real Estate
Pandemics or other health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the emergence of any future variants, may adversely affect our business and/or operations, our tenants’ financial condition and the profitability of our retail and office properties.
Our business and/or operations and the businesses of our tenants could be materially and adversely affected by the risks, or the public perception of the risks, related to a pandemic or other health crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the emergence of any future variants. The profitability of our retail properties depends, in part, on the willingness of customers to visit our tenants’ businesses. The risk, or public perception of the risk, of a pandemic or media coverage of infectious diseases could cause employees or customers to avoid our properties, which could adversely affect foot traffic to our tenants’ businesses and our tenants’ ability to adequately staff their businesses.
Similarly, the potential effects of quarantined employees of office tenants may adversely impact their businesses and affect their ability to pay rent on a timely basis. Temporary closures of businesses and the resulting remote working arrangements for personnel in response to the COVID-19 pandemic or any future pandemic or outbreak of a highly infectious or contagious disease or fear of such pandemics or outbreaks may result in long-term changed work practices that could negatively impact us and our business. For example, the increased adoption of and familiarity with remote work practices could result in decreased demand for office space. If this trend was to continue or accelerate, our office tenants may elect to not renew their leases, or to renew them for less space than they currently occupy, which could increase vacancy rates at our office properties and decrease rental income. The increase in remote work practices may continue in a post-pandemic environment, even in the suburban markets and markets with lower demand in which we primarily operate. The need to reconfigure leased office space, either in response to the pandemic or to tenants' needs, may impact space requirements and also may require us to spend increased amounts for tenant improvements. If substantial office space reconfiguration is required, a tenant may explore other office space and find it more advantageous to relocate than to renew its lease and renovate the existing space. If so, our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects may be materially adversely impacted.
Furthermore, the prevalence of employees working from home has reduced demand for office space and increased office vacancy rates.
Economic, market and regulatory changes that impact the real estate market generally may decrease the value of our investments and weaken our operating results.
Our operating results and the performance of the properties we acquire are subject to the risks typically associated with real estate, any of which could decrease the value of our investments and could weaken our operating results, including:
1. downturns in national, regional and local economic conditions;
2. competition from other commercial developments;
3. adverse local conditions, such as oversupply or reduction in demand for commercial buildings and changes in real estate zoning laws that may reduce the desirability of real estate in an area;
4. vacancies, changes in market rental rates and the need to periodically repair, renovate and re-let space;
5. changes in interest rates and the availability of permanent mortgage financing, which may render the sale of a property or loan difficult or unattractive;
6. changes in tax (including real and personal property tax), real estate, environmental and zoning laws;
7. material failures, inadequacy, interruptions or security failures of the technology on which our operations rely;
9. natural disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes and floods;
10. acts of war or terrorism, including the consequences of terrorist attacks or the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine and the economic sanctions and other restrictive actions taken against Russia by the U.S. and other countries in response thereto;
11. a pandemic or other public health crisis (such as the COVID-19 virus outbreak);
12. the potential for uninsured or underinsured property losses; and
13. periods of high inflation, high interest rates and tight money supply.
Any of the above factors, or a combination thereof, could result in a decrease in our cash flow from operations and a decrease in the value of our investments, which would have an adverse effect on our operations, on our ability to pay distributions to stockholders and on the value of stockholders’ investment.
We may finance properties which have debt with prepayment penalties, which may prohibit us from selling a property, or may require us to maintain specified debt levels for a period of years on some properties.
Prepayment provisions are provisions that generally prohibit repayment of a loan balance for a certain number of years following the origination date of a loan unless a prepayment penalty is paid at the time of repayment. Such provisions are typically provided by the terms of the agreement underlying a loan. Prepayment provisions could materially restrict us from selling or otherwise disposing of or refinancing properties. These provisions would affect our ability to turn our investments into cash and thus affect cash available for distributions to stockholders.
Prepayment provisions may prohibit us from reducing the outstanding indebtedness with respect to any properties, refinancing such indebtedness on a non-recourse basis at maturity, or increasing the amount of indebtedness with respect to such properties.
Prepayment provisions could impair our ability to take actions during the prepayment period that would otherwise be in our stockholders' best interests and, therefore, may have an adverse impact on the value of the shares, relative to the value that would result if the prepayment provisions did not exist. In particular, prepayment provisions could preclude us from participating in major transactions that could result in a disposition of our assets or a change in control even though that disposition or change in control might be in our stockholders' best interests.
We intend to purchase properties with (or enter into, as necessary) long-term leases with tenants, which may not result in fair market rental rates over time.
We intend to purchase properties with (or enter into as necessary) long-term leases with tenants. These leases would provide for rent to increase over time; however, if we do not accurately judge the potential for increases in market rental rates, we may set the terms of these long-term leases at levels such that, even after contractual rent increases, the rent under our long-term leases is less than then-current market rates.
Further, we may have no ability to terminate those leases or to adjust the rent to then-prevailing market rates. As a result, our cash available for distribution could be lower than if we did not purchase properties with, or enter into, long-term leases.
We depend on tenants for our revenue generated by our real estate investments and, accordingly, our revenue generated by our real estate investments and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders are dependent upon the success and economic viability of our tenants and our ability to retain and attract tenants. Non-renewals, terminations or lease defaults could reduce our net income and limit our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
The success of our real estate investments materially depends upon the financial stability of the tenants leasing the properties we own. The inability of a single major tenant or a significant number of smaller tenants to meet their rental obligations would significantly lower our net income. A non-renewal after the expiration of a lease term, termination or default by a tenant on its lease payments to us would cause us to lose the revenue associated with such lease and require us to find an alternative source of revenue to meet mortgage payments and prevent a foreclosure if the property is subject to a mortgage. In the event of a tenant default or bankruptcy, we may experience delays in enforcing our rights as landlord of a property and may incur substantial costs in protecting our investment and re-leasing the property. Tenants may have the right to terminate their leases upon the occurrence of certain customary events of default and, in other circumstances, may not renew their leases or, because of market conditions, may only be able to renew their leases on terms that are less favorable to us than the terms of their initial leases. Further, some of our assets may be outfitted to suit the particular needs of the tenants. We may have difficulty replacing the tenants of these properties if the outfitted space limits the types of businesses that could lease that space without major renovation. If a tenant does not renew, terminates or defaults on a lease, we may be unable to lease the property for the rent previously received or sell the property without incurring a loss. These events could cause us to reduce distributions to stockholders.
Excluding the property leased to Gap for which the lease expired on February 28, 2023 and is in escrow and scheduled to be sold by the end of March 2023, we have two leases (one industrial and one office) scheduled to expire in the next 12 months, which comprise an aggregate of 163,230 leasable square feet and represent approximately 5.1% of projected ABR from properties owned as of December 31, 2022. Our inability to renew or re-lease our space could adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow and our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders.
Actions of our potential future tenants-in-common could reduce the returns on tenants-in-common investments and decrease our stockholders’ overall return.
We may enter into tenants-in-common or other joint ownership structures with third parties to acquire properties and other assets. For example, we own an approximate 72.7% TIC Interest in an individual property leased to Fujifilm Dimatix. Such investments may involve risks not otherwise present with other methods of investment, including, for example, the following risks:
• our co-owner in an investment could become insolvent or bankrupt;
• our co-owner may at any time have economic or business interests or goals that are or that become inconsistent with our business interests or goals;
• our co-owner may be in a position to block or take action contrary to our instructions or requests or contrary to our policies or objectives; or
• disputes between us and our co-owner may result in litigation, arbitration, buyout or partition that would increase our expenses and prevent our officers and directors from focusing their time and effort on our operations.
While we intend that any co-ownership investment that we enter into will be subject to a co-ownership contractual arrangement that will address some or all of the above issues, any of the above might still subject a property to liabilities in excess of those contemplated and thus reduce our returns on that investment and the value of stockholders' investment in us.
Costs imposed pursuant to laws and governmental regulations may reduce our net income and our cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
Real property and the operations conducted on real property are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to protection of the environment and human health. We could be subject to liability in the form of fines, penalties or damages for noncompliance with these laws and regulations. These laws and regulations generally govern wastewater discharges, air emissions, the operation and removal of underground and above-ground storage tanks, the use, storage, treatment, transportation and disposal of solid and hazardous materials, the remediation of contamination associated with the release or disposal of solid and hazardous materials, the presence of toxic building materials and other health and safety-related concerns.
Some of these laws and regulations may impose joint and several liability on the tenants, owners or operators of real property for the costs to investigate or remediate contaminated properties, regardless of fault, whether the contamination occurred prior to purchase, or whether the acts causing the contamination were legal. Activities of our tenants, the condition of properties at the time we buy them, operations in the vicinity of our properties, such as the presence of underground storage tanks, or activities of unrelated third parties may affect our properties.
The presence of hazardous substances, or the failure to properly manage or remediate these substances, may hinder our ability to sell, rent or pledge such property as collateral for future borrowings. Any material expenditures, fines, penalties or damages we must pay will reduce our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders and could seriously harm our operating results and financial condition.
The costs of defending against claims of environmental liability, of complying with environmental regulatory requirements, of remediating any contaminated property or of paying personal injury or other damage claims could reduce our cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, ordinances and regulations, a current or previous real property owner or operator may be liable for the cost of removing or remediating hazardous or toxic substances on, under or in such property. These costs could be substantial. Such laws often impose liability whether or not the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of such hazardous or toxic substances. Environmental laws also may impose liens on property or restrictions on the manner in which property may be used or businesses may be operated, and these restrictions may require substantial expenditures or prevent us from entering into leases with prospective tenants that may be impacted by such laws. Environmental laws provide for sanctions for noncompliance and may be enforced by governmental agencies or, in certain circumstances, by private parties. Certain environmental laws and common law principles could be used to impose liability for the release of and exposure to hazardous substances, including asbestos-containing materials and lead-based paint. Third parties may seek recovery from real property owners or operators for personal injury or property damage associated with exposure to released hazardous substances and governments may seek recovery for natural resource damage. The costs of defending against claims of environmental liability, of complying with environmental regulatory requirements, of remediating any contaminated property, or of paying personal injury, property damage or natural resource damage claims could reduce our cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
We intend that most if not all of our real estate acquisitions be subject to Phase I environmental assessments prior to the time they are acquired; however, such assessments may not provide complete environmental histories due, for example, to limited available information about prior operations at the properties or other gaps in information at the time we acquire the property. A Phase I environmental assessment is an initial environmental investigation to identify potential environmental liabilities associated with the current and past uses of a given property. If any of our properties were found to contain hazardous or toxic substances after our acquisition, the value of our investment could decrease below the amount paid for such investment.
Uninsured losses relating to real property could reduce our cash flow from operations and reduce the value of stockholders’ investment in us.
Our properties are generally subject to leases that require tenants thereunder to be financially responsible for property liability and casualty insurance, and we expect that most of the properties we acquire will be structured in this manner. However, there are types of losses, generally catastrophic in nature, such as losses due to pandemics such as the COVID-19 pandemic, wars, acts of terrorism, earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, pollution or environmental matters that are uninsurable and/or for which the tenants are not contractually obligated to provide insurance. In such instances, we may be required to provide other financial support, either through financial assurances or self-insurance, to cover potential losses.
We may not have adequate coverage for such losses. If any of our properties incur a casualty loss that is not fully insured, the value of our assets will be reduced by any such uninsured loss, which will reduce the value of stockholders' investment in us. In addition, other than any working capital reserve and other reserves we may establish, we have limited sources of funding to repair or reconstruct any uninsured property.
Inflation and rising interest rates may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
During 2022, inflation in the United States accelerated and, as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, is currently expected to continue at an elevated level in the near-term. Rising inflation may have an adverse impact on our Credit Facility and general and administrative expenses, as these costs could increase at a rate higher than our rental and other revenue. The U.S. Federal Reserve has significantly raised interest rates to combat inflation and restore price stability and, as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, it is expected that rates will continue to rise in 2023. As a result, to the extent our exposure to increases in interest rates is not eliminated through interest rate swaps or other protection agreements, such increases may result in higher debt service costs, which will adversely affect our cash flows. Inflation may also have an adverse effect on consumer spending, which could impact our tenants’ revenues and, in turn, their demand for space and future extensions of their leases.
New accounting pronouncements could adversely affect our operating results or the reported financial performance of our tenants.
Accounting policies and methods are fundamental to how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. Uncertainties posed by various initiatives of accounting standard-setting by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) and the SEC, which create and interpret applicable accounting standards for U.S. companies, may change the financial accounting and reporting standards or their interpretation and application of these standards that govern the preparation of our financial statements. Similarly, these changes could have a material impact on our tenants’ reported financial condition or results of operations, credit ratings and preferences regarding leasing real estate.
Risks Related to Investments in Single-Tenant Real Estate
Our current properties will depend upon a single-tenant for their rental income, and our financial condition and ability to make distributions may be adversely affected by the bankruptcy or insolvency of a tenant, a downturn in the business of a tenant or a tenant’s lease termination.
While we are focused on future acquisitions of industrial manufacturing properties, we expect that most of our properties will be occupied by only one tenant or will derive a majority of their rental income from one tenant and, therefore, the success of those properties will be materially dependent on the financial stability of such tenants. Lease payment defaults by tenants could cause us to reduce the amount of distributions we pay. A default of a tenant on its lease payments to us and the potential resulting vacancy would cause us to lose the revenue from the property and force us to find an alternative source of revenue to meet any mortgage payment and prevent a foreclosure if the property is subject to a mortgage. In the event of a default, we may experience delays in enforcing our rights as landlord and may incur substantial costs in protecting our investment and re-letting the property. If a lease is terminated or an existing tenant elects not to renew a lease upon its expiration, there is no assurance that we will be able to lease the property for the rent previously received or sell the property without incurring a loss. A default by a tenant, the failure of a guarantor to fulfill its obligations or other premature termination of a lease, or a tenant’s election not to extend a lease upon its expiration, could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and our ability to pay distributions.
If a tenant declares bankruptcy, we may be unable to collect balances due under relevant leases, which could harm our operating results and financial condition.
Any of our tenants, or any guarantor of a tenant’s lease obligations, could be subject to a bankruptcy proceeding pursuant to Title 11 of the bankruptcy laws of the United States. Such a bankruptcy filing would bar all efforts by us to collect pre-bankruptcy debts from these entities or their properties, including any work performed by contactors that could result in mechanics liens on our property, unless we receive an enabling order from the bankruptcy court. Post-bankruptcy debts would be paid currently. If a lease is assumed, all pre-bankruptcy balances owing under it must be paid in full. If a lease is rejected by a tenant in bankruptcy, we would have a general unsecured claim for damages. If a lease is rejected, it is unlikely we would receive any payments from the tenant because our claim is capped at the rent reserved under the lease, without acceleration, for the greater of one year or 15% of the remaining term of the lease, but not greater than three years, plus rent already due but unpaid. This claim could be paid only in the event funds were available, and then only in the same percentage as that realized on other unsecured claims. If mechanics liens are filed on our property, we could be required to pay the amounts owed to contractors if they are not paid by the tenant in order to avoid a foreclosure.
A tenant or lease guarantor bankruptcy could delay efforts to collect past due balances under the relevant leases, and could ultimately preclude full collection of these sums. Such an event could cause a decrease or cessation of rental payments that would mean a reduction in our cash flow and the amount available for distributions to stockholders. In the event of a bankruptcy, we cannot assure stockholders that the tenant or its trustee will assume our lease. If a given lease, or guaranty of a lease, is not assumed, our cash flow and the amounts available for distributions to stockholders may be adversely affected. Further, our lenders may have a first priority claim to any recovery under the leases, any guarantees and any credit support, such as security deposits and letters of credit.
Net leases may not result in fair market lease rates over time.
We expect most of our rental income to come from net leases. Net leases typically contain: (i) longer lease terms; (ii) fixed rental rate increases during the primary term of the lease; and (iii) fixed rental rates for initial renewal options, and, thus, there is an increased risk that these contractual lease terms will fail to result in fair market rental rates if fair market rental rates increase at a greater rate than the fixed rental rate increases.
Our real estate investments may include special use single-tenant properties that may be difficult to sell or re-lease upon tenant defaults or early lease terminations.
We focus our investments on commercial properties, a number of which will be special use, single-tenant properties. With these properties, if the current lease is terminated or not renewed, we may be required to renovate the property or to make rent concessions in order to lease the property to another tenant or sell the property. In addition, in the event we are forced to sell the property, we may have difficulty selling it to a party other than the tenant or borrower due to the special purpose for which the property may have been designed. These and other limitations may affect our ability to sell or re-lease properties and adversely affect returns to stockholders.
If a sale-leaseback transaction is recharacterized in a tenant’s bankruptcy proceeding, our financial condition could be adversely affected.
We often enter into sale-leaseback transactions, whereby we purchase a property and then lease the same property back to the person from whom we purchased it. In the event of the bankruptcy of a tenant, a transaction structured as a sale-leaseback may be recharacterized as either a financing or a joint venture, either of which outcomes could adversely affect our business. If the sale-leaseback were recharacterized as a financing, we might not be considered the owner of the property, and as a result would have the status of a creditor in relation to the tenant. In that event, we would no longer have the right to sell or encumber our ownership interest in the property. Instead, we would have a claim against the tenant for the amounts owed under the lease, with the claim arguably secured by the property. The tenant/debtor might have the ability to propose a plan to restructure the term, interest rate and amortization schedule of its outstanding balance. If confirmed by the bankruptcy court, we could be bound by the new terms, and prevented from foreclosing our lien on the property. If the sale-leaseback were recharacterized as a joint venture, our lessee and we could be treated as co-venturers with regard to the property. As a result, we could be held liable, under some circumstances, for debts incurred by the lessee relating to the property. Either of these outcomes could adversely affect our cash flow and the amount available for distributions to stockholders.
Risks Associated with Debt Financing
We have a substantial amount of indebtedness outstanding, which may expose us to the risk of default under our debt obligations.
We are targeting leverage, over the long-term once we achieve scale, of 40% or lower of the aggregate fair value of our real estate properties plus our cash and cash equivalents; however, we will consider incurring higher leverage in the near-term if we identify attractive acquisition opportunities in advance of completing dispositions or raising additional equity. Our board of directors has approved our maximum leverage ratio of 55% of the aggregate fair value of our real estate properties plus our cash and cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2022, our leverage ratio was 38%.
We may exceed the 55% limit only if any excess borrowing is approved by a majority of our independent directors and is disclosed to our stockholders in our next quarterly report, along with justification for such excess. There is no limitation on the amount we may borrow for the purchase of any single asset, and our charter and bylaws do not limit the amount or percentage of indebtedness, funded or otherwise, that we may incur. Our board of directors may alter or eliminate our current policy on borrowing at any time without stockholder approval. Further, our Credit Facility allows for borrowings up to 60% of our borrowing base; however, we are targeting leverage of 40% over the long-term and do not plan to allow our leverage ratio to exceed 55% in order to minimize the interest rate payable on the Revolver and Term Loan.
Additionally, we may provide full or partial guarantees of mortgage debt incurred by our subsidiaries that own the mortgaged properties. Under these circumstances, we will be responsible to the lender for satisfaction of the debt if it is not paid by our subsidiary. If any mortgages contain cross-collateralization or cross-default provisions, a default on a single property could affect multiple properties.
We may utilize repurchase agreements as a component of our financing strategy. Repurchase agreements economically resemble short-term, variable-rate financing and usually require the maintenance of specific loan-to-collateral value ratios. If the market value of the assets subject to a repurchase agreement declines, we may be required to provide additional collateral or make cash payments to maintain the required loan-to-collateral value ratios. If we are unable to provide such collateral or cash repayments, we may lose our economic interest in the underlying assets.
Our use of indebtedness could have important consequences to us. For example, it could: (1) result in the acceleration of a significant amount of debt for non-compliance with the terms of such debt or, if such debt contains cross-default or cross-acceleration provisions, other debt; (2) result in the loss of assets, including individual properties or portfolios, due to foreclosure or sale on unfavorable terms, which could create taxable income without accompanying cash proceeds; (3) materially impair our ability to borrow unused amounts under existing financing arrangements or to obtain additional financing or refinancing on favorable terms or at all; (4) require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow to paying principal and interest on our indebtedness, reducing the cash flow available to fund our business, to make distributions, including those necessary to maintain our REIT qualification, or to use for other purposes; (5) increase our vulnerability to an economic downturn; (6) limit our ability to withstand competitive pressures; or (7) reduce our flexibility to respond to changing business and economic conditions.
Secured indebtedness exposes us to the possibility of foreclosure on our ownership interests in pledged properties.
Incurring mortgage and other secured indebtedness increases our risk of loss of our ownership interests in the pledged property because defaults thereunder, and the inability to refinance such indebtedness, may result in foreclosure action initiated by lenders. Following the closing of our Credit Facility on January 18, 2022, four of our 46 properties were encumbered with mortgages. Incurring mortgage debt increases the risk of loss of a property since defaults on indebtedness secured by a property may result in lenders initiating foreclosure actions. In that case, we could lose the property securing the loan that is in default, thus reducing the value of our stockholders’ investment. For tax purposes, a foreclosure on any of our properties will be treated as a sale of the property for a purchase price equal to the outstanding balance of the debt secured by the mortgage. If the outstanding balance of the loan secured by the mortgage exceeds our tax basis in the property, we will recognize taxable income on foreclosure, but we would not receive any cash proceeds. We have and may in the future give full or partial guarantees to lenders of mortgage loans to the entities that own our properties. When we give a guaranty on behalf of an entity that owns one of our properties, we will be responsible to the lender for satisfaction of the loan if it is not paid by such entity. If any mortgage contains cross-collateralization or cross-default provisions, a default on a single property could affect multiple properties. If any of our properties are foreclosed upon due to a default, our ability to pay cash distributions to our stockholders may be adversely affected.
Covenants in the Credit Facility and our mortgages may restrict our operating activities and adversely affect our financial condition.
The Credit Facility and our mortgage loans contain, and future debt agreements may contain, financial and/or operating covenants, including, among other things, certain coverage ratios, borrowing base requirements, net worth requirements and limitations on our ability to make distributions. These covenants may limit our operational flexibility and acquisition and disposition activities. Moreover, if any of the covenants in these debt agreements are breached and not cured within the applicable cure period, we could be required to repay the debt immediately, even in the absence of a payment default.
Increases in mortgage rates or changes in underwriting standards may make it difficult for us to finance or refinance properties, which could reduce the number of properties we can acquire, our cash flow from operations and the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
If mortgage debt is unavailable at reasonable rates, we may not be able to finance the purchase of properties. If we place mortgage debt on a property, we run the risk of being unable to refinance part or all of the debt when it becomes due or of being unable to refinance on favorable terms. If interest rates are higher when we refinance properties subject to mortgage debt, our income could be reduced. We may be unable to refinance or may only be able to partly refinance properties if underwriting standards, including loan to value ratios and yield requirements, among other requirements, are stricter than when we originally financed the properties. If any of these events occurs, our cash flow could be reduced and/or we might have to pay down existing mortgages. This, in turn, would reduce cash available for distribution to our stockholders, could cause us to require additional capital and may hinder our ability to raise capital by issuing more stock or by borrowing more money.
We may not be able to access financing sources on attractive terms, which could adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan.
We may finance our assets over the long-term through a variety of means, including repurchase agreements, credit facilities, issuances of commercial mortgage-backed securities and other structured financings. Our ability to execute this strategy will depend on various conditions in the markets for financing in this manner that are beyond our control, including lack of liquidity and greater credit spreads. We cannot be certain that these markets will remain an efficient source of long-term financing for our assets. If our strategy is not viable, we will have to find alternative forms of long-term financing for our assets, as secured revolving credit facilities and repurchase agreements may not accommodate long-term financing. This could subject us to more recourse indebtedness and the risk that debt service on less efficient forms of financing would require a larger portion of our cash flow, thereby reducing cash available for distribution to our stockholders and funds available for operations as well as for future business opportunities.
To hedge against interest rate fluctuations, we may use derivative financial instruments that may be costly and ineffective.
From time to time, we may use derivative financial instruments to hedge exposures to changes in interest rates on loans secured by our assets. Derivative instruments may include interest rate swap contracts, interest rate cap or floor contracts, futures or forward contracts, options or repurchase agreements. Our actual hedging decisions will be determined in light of the facts and circumstances existing at the time of the hedge and may differ from our currently anticipated hedging strategy. There is no assurance that our hedging strategy will achieve our objectives. We may be subject to costs, such as transaction fees or breakage costs, if we terminate these arrangements.
To the extent that we use derivative financial instruments to hedge against interest rate fluctuations, we will be exposed to credit risk, basis risk and legal enforceability risks. In this context, credit risk is the failure of the counterparty to perform under the terms of the derivative contract. If the fair value of a derivative contract is positive, the counterparty owes us, which creates credit risk for us. Basis risk occurs when the index upon which the contract is based is more or less variable than the index upon which the hedged asset or liability is based, thereby making the hedge less effective. Legal enforceability risks encompass general contractual risks including the risk that the counterparty will breach the terms of, or fail to perform its obligations under, the derivative contract. There is a risk that counterparties could fail, shut down, file for bankruptcy or be unable to pay out contracts. The failure of a counterparty that holds collateral that we post in connection with an interest rate swap agreement could result in the loss of that collateral.
Variable rate indebtedness would subject us to interest rate risk, and could cause our debt service obligations to increase significantly.
As of February 28, 2023, amounts outstanding under the Credit Facility, as adjusted by swap agreements, bear interest at fixed rates. However, in the future, we may incur additional indebtedness that bears interest at variable rates. Variable rate borrowings expose us to increased interest expense in a rising interest rate environment. If interest rates were to increase, our debt service obligations on variable rate indebtedness would increase even though the amount borrowed remained the same, which could adversely affect our cash flows and cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
Changes in the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) could adversely affect the amount of interest that accrues on SOFR-linked instruments.
Our Credit Facility includes floating rates based, in part, on SOFR. Because SOFR is published by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (“FRBNY”) based on data received from other sources, we have no control over its determination, calculation or publication. There can be no assurance that SOFR will not be discontinued or fundamentally altered in a manner that is materially adverse to the interests of debtors in SOFR-linked instruments. If the manner in which SOFR is calculated is changed, that change may result in a change in the amount of interest that accrues on any SOFR-linked instruments. In addition, the interest rate on SOFR-linked instruments may for any day not be adjusted for any modification or amendments to SOFR for that day that the FRBNY may publish if the interest rate for that day has already been determined prior to such determination. There is no assurance that changes in SOFR could not have a material adverse effect on the yield on, value of, and market for SOFR-linked instruments.
Further, SOFR is a relatively new interest rate, and the FRBNY or any successor, as administrator of SOFR, may make methodological or other changes that could change the value of SOFR, including changes related to the methodology by which SOFR is calculated, eligibility criteria applicable to the transactions used to calculate SOFR or timing related to the publication of SOFR. If the manner in which SOFR is calculated is changed, the change may result in an increase in the amount of interest payable on loans we owe from the lenders. The administrator of SOFR may withdraw, modify, suspend or discontinue the calculation or dissemination of SOFR in its sole discretion and without notice, and has no obligation to consider the interests of lenders in calculating, withdrawing, modifying, amending, suspending or discontinuing SOFR.
Federal Income Tax Risks
Failure to qualify as a REIT would subject us to U.S. federal income tax, which would reduce the cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
We expect to operate in a manner that will allow us to continue to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. However, the federal income tax laws governing REITs are extremely complex, and interpretations of the federal income tax laws governing qualification as a REIT are limited. Qualifying as a REIT requires us to meet various tests regarding the nature of our assets and our income, the ownership of our outstanding stock, and the amount of our distributions on an ongoing basis. While we intend to continue to operate so that we will qualify as a REIT, given the highly complex nature of the rules governing REITs, the ongoing importance of factual determinations, including the tax treatment of certain investments we may make, and the possibility of future changes in our circumstances, no assurance can be given that we will so qualify for any particular year. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any calendar year and we do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, we would be required to pay U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income. We might need to borrow money or sell assets to pay that tax. Our payment of income tax would decrease the amount of our income available for distribution to our stockholders. Furthermore, if we fail to maintain our qualification as a REIT, we no longer would be required to distribute substantially all of our REIT taxable income to our stockholders. Unless we were to qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, we would be disqualified from re-electing to be taxed as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which qualification was lost.
In addition, as a result of the Merger, if REIT I is determined to have lost its REIT status or not qualified as a REIT prior to the Merger, we will face serious tax consequences that would substantially reduce cash available for distribution, including cash available to pay dividends to our stockholders, because:
1. REIT I would be subject to U.S. federal income tax on its net income at regular corporate rates for the years it did not qualify for taxation as a REIT (and, for such years, would not be allowed a deduction for dividends paid to stockholders in computing its taxable income);
2. REIT I could be subject to the federal alternative minimum tax (for tax years beginning before December 31, 2017) and possibly increased state and local taxes for such periods;
3. we would inherit any such liability, including any interest and penalties that have accrued on such federal income tax liabilities;
4. if we were considered a “successor corporation” under the Internal Revenue Code and applicable Treasury Regulations, we could not elect to be taxed as a REIT until the fifth taxable year following the year during which REIT I was disqualified; and
5. for up to 5 years following re-election of REIT status, upon a taxable disposition of an asset owned as of such re-election, we could be subject to corporate level tax with respect to any built-in gain inherent in such asset at the time of re-election.
Moreover, if REIT I failed to qualify as a REIT prior to the Merger, but we nevertheless qualified as a REIT, in the event of a taxable disposition of a former REIT I asset during the five years following the Merger, we would be subject to corporate tax with respect to any built-in gain inherent in such asset as of the Merger. The failure of REIT I to qualify as a REIT prior to the Merger could impair our ability to remain qualified as a REIT, could impair our business and ability to raise capital, and would materially adversely affect the value of our stock.
Certain of our business activities are potentially subject to the prohibited transaction tax, which could decrease the value of our stockholders’ investment in us.
The U.S. federal income tax provisions applicable to REITs provide that any gain realized by a REIT on the sale of property held as inventory or other property held primarily for sale to tenants in the ordinary course of business is treated as income from a “prohibited transaction” that is subject to a 100% excise tax. Our ability to dispose of a property during the first few years following its acquisition is restricted to a substantial extent as a result of these rules. Whether property is inventory or otherwise held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business depends on the particular facts and circumstances surrounding each property. Properties we own, directly or through any subsidiary entity, including our Operating Partnership, but generally excluding our taxable REIT subsidiaries, may, depending on how we conduct our operations, be treated as inventory or property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business. Any taxes we pay would reduce our cash available for distribution to our stockholders. Our concern over paying the prohibited transactions tax may cause us to forgo disposition opportunities that would otherwise be advantageous if we were not a REIT.
Even if we qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we may nonetheless be subject to tax in certain circumstances that reduce our cash flow and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
Even if we qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we may be subject to some federal, state and local taxes on our income or property. For example:
1. In order to qualify as a REIT, we must distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income to stockholders (which is determined without regard to the dividends-paid deduction or net capital gain). To the extent that we satisfy the distribution requirement but distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income, we will be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on the undistributed income.
2. We will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the amount, if any, by which distributions we pay in any calendar year are less than the sum of 85% of our ordinary income, 95% of our capital gain net income and 100% of our undistributed income from prior years.
3. If we elect to treat property that we acquire in connection with certain leasehold terminations as “foreclosure property,” we may avoid the 100% tax on the gain from a resale of that property, but the income from the sale or operation of that property may be subject to corporate income tax at the highest applicable rate.
4. As discussed above, if we sell an asset, other than foreclosure property, that we hold primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business, our gain would be subject to the 100% “prohibited transaction” tax unless such sale were made by one of our taxable REIT subsidiaries or the sale met certain “safe harbor” requirements under the Internal Revenue Code.
REIT distribution requirements could adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan.
We generally must distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, subject to certain adjustments and excluding any net capital gain, in order for U.S. federal corporate income tax not to apply to earnings that we distribute. To the extent that we satisfy this distribution requirement but distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income, we will be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on our undistributed REIT taxable income. In addition, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax if the actual amount that we pay out to our stockholders in a calendar year is less than a minimum amount specified under federal tax laws. We intend to make distributions to our stockholders to comply with the REIT requirements of the Internal Revenue Code.
From time to time, we may generate taxable income greater than our income for financial reporting purposes, or our taxable income may be greater than our cash flow available for distribution to stockholders. If we do not have other funds available in these situations we could be required to borrow funds, sell investments at disadvantageous prices or find another alternative source of funds to make distributions sufficient to enable us to pay out enough of our taxable income to satisfy the REIT distribution requirements and to avoid corporate income tax and the 4% excise tax in a particular year. These alternatives could increase our costs or reduce our equity. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our ability to operate solely on the basis of maximizing profits.
Re-characterization of sale-leaseback transactions may cause us to lose our REIT status.
We may purchase properties and lease them back to the sellers of such properties. We would characterize such a sale-leaseback transaction as a “true lease,” which treats the lessor as the owner of the property for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In the event that any sale-leaseback transaction is challenged by the IRS and re-characterized as a financing transaction or loan for U.S. federal income tax purposes, deductions for depreciation and cost recovery relating to such property would be disallowed. If a sale-leaseback transaction were so re-characterized, we might fail to satisfy the REIT qualification “asset tests” or the “income tests” and, consequently, lose our REIT status effective with the year of re-characterization. Alternatively, such a re-characterization could cause the amount of our REIT taxable income to be recalculated, which might also cause us to fail to meet the distribution requirement for a taxable year and thus lose our REIT status.
To maintain our REIT status, we may be forced to forgo otherwise attractive business or investment opportunities, which may delay or hinder our ability to meet our investment objectives and reduce our stockholders’ investment in us.
To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must satisfy certain tests on an ongoing basis concerning, among other things, the sources of our income, nature of our assets and the amounts we distribute to our stockholders. We may be required to make distributions to stockholders at times when it would be more advantageous to reinvest cash in our business or when we do not have funds readily available for distribution. Compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our ability to operate solely on the basis of maximizing profits and reduce the value of our stockholders’ investment.
Dividends on, and gains recognized on the sale of, our shares by a tax-exempt stockholder may be subject to U.S. federal income tax as unrelated business taxable income.
If (1) we are a “pension-held REIT,” (2) a tax-exempt stockholder has incurred (or is deemed to have incurred) debt to purchase or hold our shares, (3) a holder of shares is a certain type of tax-exempt stockholder, or (4) we directly or indirectly acquire a residual interest in certain mortgage loan securitization structures (i.e., a “taxable mortgage pool” or a residual interest in a real estate mortgage investment conduit (“REMIC”)), dividends on, and gains recognized on the sale of, shares by such tax-exempt stockholder may be subject to U.S. federal income tax as unrelated business taxable income under the Internal Revenue Code.
Complying with REIT requirements may force us to liquidate otherwise attractive investments.
To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must ensure that at the end of each calendar quarter, at least 75% of the value of our assets consists of cash, cash items, government securities and qualified REIT real estate assets, including investments in certain mortgage loans and residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities. The remainder of our investment in securities (other than government securities and qualified real estate assets) generally cannot include more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer or more than 10% of the total value of the outstanding securities of any one issuer. In addition, in general, no more than 5% of the value of our assets (other than government securities and qualified real estate assets) can consist of the securities of any one issuer, and no more than 20% of the value of our total assets can be represented by securities of one or more taxable REIT subsidiaries. If we fail to comply with these requirements at the end of any calendar quarter, we must correct the failure within 30 days after the end of the calendar quarter or qualify for certain statutory relief provisions to avoid losing our REIT qualification and suffering adverse tax consequences. As a result, we may be required to liquidate from our portfolio otherwise attractive investments. These actions could have the effect of reducing our income and amounts available for distribution to our stockholders.
Liquidation of assets may jeopardize our REIT qualification.
To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must comply with requirements regarding our assets and our sources of income. If we are compelled to liquidate our investments to repay obligations to our lenders, we may be unable to comply with these requirements, ultimately jeopardizing our qualification as a REIT, or we may be subject to a 100% tax on any resultant gain if we sell assets that are treated as dealer property or inventory.
Characterization of any repurchase agreements we enter into to finance our investments as sales for tax purposes rather than as secured lending transactions would adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT.
We may enter into repurchase agreements with a variety of counterparties to achieve our desired amount of leverage for the assets in which we invest. When we enter into a repurchase agreement, we generally sell assets to our counterparty to the agreement and receive cash from the counterparty. The counterparty is obligated to resell the assets back to us at the end of the term of the transaction. We believe that for U.S. federal income tax purposes we will be treated as the owner of the assets that are the subject of repurchase agreements and that the repurchase agreements will be treated as secured lending transactions notwithstanding that such agreement may transfer record ownership of the assets to the counterparty during the term of the agreement. It is possible, however, that the IRS could successfully assert that we did not own these assets during the term of the repurchase agreements, in which case we could fail to qualify as a REIT if tax ownership of these assets was necessary for us to meet the income and/or asset tests.
Complying with REIT requirements may limit our ability to hedge effectively.
The REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code may limit our ability to hedge our assets and operations. Under these provisions, any income that we generate from transactions intended to hedge our interest rate, inflation and/or currency risks will be excluded from gross income for purposes of the REIT 75% and 95% gross income tests if the instrument hedges (i) interest rate risk on liabilities incurred to carry or acquire real estate or (ii) risk of currency fluctuations with respect to any item of income or gain that would be qualifying income under the REIT 75% or 95% gross income tests, and such instrument is properly identified under applicable Treasury Regulations. Income from hedging transactions that do not meet these requirements will generally constitute nonqualifying income for purposes of both the REIT 75% and 95% gross income tests. As a result of these rules, we may have to limit our use of hedging techniques that might otherwise be advantageous, which could result in greater risks associated with interest rate or other changes than we would otherwise incur.
Ownership limitations may restrict change of control or business combination opportunities which our stockholders might believe to be in their best interest.
In order for us to qualify as a REIT for each taxable year, no more than 50% in value of our outstanding capital stock may be owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals during the last half of any calendar year. “Individuals” for this purpose include natural persons, and some entities such as private foundations. To preserve our REIT qualification, among other purposes, our charter generally prohibits any person from directly or indirectly owning more than 9.8% in value or in number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding shares of our common stock, or 9.8% in value of the aggregate of the outstanding shares of all classes or series of our stock. This ownership limitation could have the effect of discouraging a takeover or other transaction which our stockholders might believe to be otherwise in their best interests.
Our ownership of and relationship with our taxable REIT subsidiaries will be limited and a failure to comply with the limits would jeopardize our REIT status and may result in the application of a 100% excise tax.
We may own one or more taxable REIT subsidiaries. A taxable REIT subsidiary may earn income that would not be qualifying income if earned directly by the parent REIT. Both the subsidiary and the REIT must jointly elect to treat the subsidiary as a taxable REIT subsidiary. A corporation of which a taxable REIT subsidiary directly or indirectly owns more than 35% of the voting power or value of the stock will automatically be treated as a taxable REIT subsidiary. Overall, no more than 20% of the value of a REIT’s assets may consist of stock or securities of one or more taxable REIT subsidiaries. A domestic taxable REIT subsidiary will pay federal, state and local income tax at regular corporate rates on any income that it earns. In addition, the taxable REIT subsidiary rules limit the deductibility of interest paid or accrued by a taxable REIT subsidiary to its parent REIT to assure that the taxable REIT subsidiary is subject to an appropriate level of corporate taxation. The rules also impose a 100% excise tax on certain transactions between a taxable REIT subsidiary and its parent REIT that are not conducted on an arm’s-length basis. We cannot assure our stockholders that we will be able to comply with the 20% value limitation on ownership of taxable REIT subsidiary stock and securities on an ongoing basis so as to maintain REIT status or to avoid application of the 100% excise tax imposed on certain non-arm’s length transactions.
We may be subject to adverse legislative or regulatory tax changes.
At any time, the federal income tax laws or regulations governing REITs or the administrative interpretations of those laws or regulations may be amended. We cannot predict when or if any new federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation, or any amendment to any existing federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation, will be adopted, promulgated or become effective and any such law, regulation or interpretation may take effect retroactively. We and our stockholders could be adversely affected by any such change in, or any new, federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation.
In particular, on December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) was signed into law. The Tax Act includes sweeping changes to U.S. tax laws and represents the most significant change to the Internal Revenue Code since 1986. In addition to reducing corporate and individual tax rates, the Tax Act eliminates or restricts various deductions. Most of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and apply only to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, and before January 1, 2026. The Tax Act also makes numerous large and small changes to the tax rules that do not affect the REIT qualification rules directly, but may otherwise affect us or our stockholders. In addition, recently enacted legislation intended to support the economy during the COVID-19 pandemic, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”), made technical corrections, or temporary modifications, to certain of the provisions of the Tax Act. Additional changes to tax laws were enacted as part of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA”). Many of the material provisions of the IRA exempt REITs. There may also be future changes in U.S. federal tax laws, regulations, rules, and judicial and administrative interpretations applicable to us, our business and our tenants, the effect of which cannot be predicted. While the changes in the Tax Act, the CARES Act and the IRA generally appear to be favorable with respect to REITs, the extensive changes to non-REIT provisions in the Internal Revenue Code may have unanticipated effects on us or our stockholders.
Additional changes to the tax laws are likely to continue to occur, and we cannot assure stockholders that any such changes will not adversely affect their taxation, the investment in the shares or the market value or the resale potential of our properties. Prospective stockholders are urged to consult with their own tax advisor with respect to the impact of recent legislation, including the Tax Act, on their investment in the shares and the status of legislative, regulatory or administrative developments and proposals and their potential effect on an investment in our shares.
Dividends paid by REITs are generally not eligible for the reduced rates for qualified dividends and therefore could cause investors who are individuals, trusts and estates to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in the shares of non-REIT corporations that pay dividends, which could adversely affect the value of the shares of REITs, including our shares.
Currently, the maximum tax rate applicable to qualified dividend income payable to U.S. stockholders that are individuals, trusts and estates is 20%. Dividends payable by REITs, however, generally are not eligible for the reduced rates for qualified dividends and are taxed at ordinary income rates (but under the Tax Act, U.S. stockholders that are individuals, trusts and estates generally may deduct 20% of ordinary dividends from a REIT for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, and before January 1, 2026). Although this does not adversely affect the taxation of REITs or dividends payable by REITs, the more favorable rates applicable to regular corporate qualified dividends could cause investors who are individuals, trusts and estates to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in the shares of non-REIT corporations that pay dividends, which could adversely affect the value of the shares of REITs, including our shares.
Dividend income received in respect of our shares and gain from the sale of our shares could be treated as effectively connected income.
Subject to certain exceptions, distributions received from us will be treated as dividends of ordinary income to the extent of our current or accumulated earnings and profits. Such dividends ordinarily will be subject to U.S. withholding tax at a 30% rate, or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty, unless the distributions are treated as “effectively connected” with the conduct by the non-U.S. stockholder of a U.S. trade or business. Pursuant to the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act of 1980 (“FIRPTA”), capital gain distributions attributable to sales or exchanges of U.S. real property interests (“USRPIs”) generally will be taxed to a non-U.S. stockholder as if such gain were effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business. However, a capital gain distribution will not be treated as effectively connected income if (1) the distribution is received with respect to a class of shares that is regularly traded on an established securities market located in the United States and (2) the non-U.S. stockholder does not own more than 10% of the class of our shares at any time during the one-year period ending on the date the distribution is received. We anticipate that our common stock will be “regularly traded” on the NYSE. Non-U.S. stockholders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the application of these rules.
Gain recognized by a non-U.S. stockholder upon the sale or exchange of our shares generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxation unless such shares constitute a USRPI within the meaning of FIRPTA. Our shares will not constitute a USRPI so long as we are a “domestically-controlled qualified investment entity.” A domestically-controlled qualified investment entity includes a REIT if at all times during a specified testing period, less than 50% in value of such REIT’s shares is held directly or indirectly by non-U.S. stockholders. There can be no assurances that we will be a domestically-controlled qualified investment entity.
Even if we do not qualify as a domestically-controlled qualified investment entity at the time a non-U.S. stockholder sells or exchanges our shares, gain arising from such a sale or exchange would not be subject to U.S. taxation under FIRPTA as a sale of a USRPI if: (1) our shares are “regularly traded,” as defined by applicable Treasury Regulations, on an established securities market, and (2) such non-U.S. stockholder owned, actually and constructively, 10% or less of our shares at any time during the five-year period ending on the date of the sale. As noted above, we anticipate that our common stock will be “regularly traded” on the NYSE. We encourage our non-U.S. stockholders to consult an independent tax advisor to determine the tax consequences applicable to them.
If our Operating Partnership fails to maintain its status as a partnership, its income may be subject to taxation, which would reduce the cash available for distribution to stockholders and likely result in a loss of our REIT status.
We intend to maintain the status of our Operating Partnership as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. However, if the IRS were to successfully challenge the status of the Operating Partnership as a partnership for such purposes, it would be taxable as a corporation. In such event, this would reduce the amount of distributions that the Operating Partnership could make to us. This would also likely result in our losing REIT status, and, if so, becoming subject to a corporate level tax on our own income. This would substantially reduce any cash available to pay distributions. In addition, if any of the partnerships or limited liability companies through which the Operating Partnership owns its properties, in whole or in part, loses its characterization as a partnership or limited liability company, as applicable, and is otherwise not disregarded for U.S. federal income tax purposes, it would be subject to taxation as a corporation, thereby reducing distributions to the Operating Partnership. Such a recharacterization of an underlying property owner could also threaten our ability to maintain our status as a REIT.
Risks Related to the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Our Business
Measures intended to prevent the spread of COVID-19 have disrupted our ability to operate our business.
In response to the outbreak of COVID-19 and the federal and state mandates implemented to control its spread, most of our employees are working remotely. If our employees are unable to work effectively as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, including because of illness, quarantines, office closures, ineffective remote work arrangements or technology failures or limitations, our operations would be adversely impacted. Further, remote work arrangements may increase the risk of cybersecurity incidents, data breaches or cyber-attacks, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations, due to, among other things, the loss of proprietary data, interruptions or delays in the operation of our business, damage to our reputation and any government imposed penalty.
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant disruption to our tenants' business operations and any future outbreak of other highly infectious or contagious diseases could materially and adversely impact or disrupt our business operations, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and performance.
The COVID-19 pandemic, including the spread of variants and the emergence of any future variants including resistance of variants to currently available vaccines, has had, and any other pandemics in the future could have, repercussions across regional, national and global economies and financial markets. The outbreak of COVID-19 in the United States and in many countries adversely impacted global economic activity and contributed to significant volatility and negative pressure in the financial markets. Many countries, including the United States, responded by instituting quarantines for some period of time, mandating business and school closures and restrictions on their re-openings, banning group gatherings and restricting travel, among others.
Certain states and cities, including where we own properties, also reacted by instituting quarantines, restrictions on travel, “shelter in place” rules and restrictions to only essential businesses that may continue to operate. As a result, the COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted almost every industry directly or indirectly, including the real estate industry in which we and our tenants operate. Non-renewal of leases by our tenants due to reduced demand for office space, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, any other pandemic in the future or otherwise, could reduce our cash flows, which could impact our ability to continue paying distributions to our stockholders at expected levels, or at all.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Properties and Investment:
As of December 31, 2022, we owned a real estate investment portfolio consisting of 46 operating properties located in 17 states comprised of: 27 industrial properties, including our approximate 72.7% TIC Interest in an industrial property in Santa Clara, California, which is not reflected in the table below, 12 retail properties and 7 office properties, including one held for sale, which is not reflected in the table below.
Property and Location (1) Rentable
Square
Feet Property
Type Investment
in Real
Property,
Net, Plus
Above-/Below-
Market
Lease Intangibles, Net Mortgage
Financing
(Principal) (2) Annualized
Base Lease
Revenue (3) Acquisition
Fee (4) Lease
Expiration
(5) Renewal Options (Number/Years) (5)
Northrop Grumman, Melbourne, FL (6) 107,419 Industrial $ 11,065,073 $ - $ 1,274,437 $ 398,100 5/31/2026 1/5-yr
Northrop Grumman Parcel, Melbourne, FL - Land 329,410 - - 9,000 - -
Husqvarna, Charlotte, NC 64,637 Industrial 10,397,247 - 898,954 348,000 6/30/2027 (7) 2/5-yr
AvAir, Chandler, AZ 162,714 Industrial 23,858,620 - 2,318,570 795,000 12/31/2032 2/5-yr
3M, DeKalb, IL 410,400 Industrial 12,193,068 - 1,856,419 456,000 7/31/2034 2/5-yr
Taylor Fresh Foods, Yuma, AZ 216,727 Industrial 23,975,285 12,350,000 1,638,884 741,000 9/30/2033 2/10-yr
Levins, Sacramento, CA 76,000 Industrial 3,994,122 - 209,576 - 8/31/2023 2/5-yr
Labcorp, San Carlos, CA 20,800 Industrial 9,523,310 - 645,899 - 10/31/2025 2/5-yr
WSP USA, San Diego, CA 37,449 Industrial 9,271,893 - 729,198 - 2/28/2026 2/5-yr
ITW Rippey, El Dorado Hills, CA 38,500 Industrial 6,510,717 - 584,719 - 7/31/2029 1/5-yr
L3Harris, Carlsbad, CA 46,214 Industrial 11,047,101 - 852,186 - 4/30/2029 1/5-yr
Arrow Tru-Line, Archbold, OH 206,155 Industrial 11,086,329 - 777,444 - 12/31/2041 2/10-yr
Kalera, Saint Paul, MN 78,857 Industrial 7,793,237 - 578,490 - 2/28/2042 2/5-yr
Lindsay, Colorado Springs 1, CO 23,452 Industrial 2,270,622 - 144,116 - 4/30/2047 2/10-yr
Lindsay, Colorado Springs 2, CO 36,454 Industrial 3,289,821 - 209,127 - 4/30/2047 2/10-yr
Lindsay, Dacono, CO 39,088 Industrial 6,389,255 - 482,203 - 4/30/2047 2/10-yr
Lindsay, Alachua, FL 96,792 Industrial 8,261,274 - 577,309 - 4/30/2047 2/10-yr
Lindsay, Franklinton, NC 69,939 Industrial 7,067,872 - 470,774 - 4/30/2047 2/10-yr
Lindsay, Canal Fulton 1, OH 147,998 Industrial 11,101,976 - 765,368 - 4/30/2047 2/10-yr
Lindsay, Canal Fulton 2, OH 129,112 Industrial 9,843,591 - 707,764 - 4/30/2047 2/10-yr
Lindsay, Rock Hill, SC 75,360 Industrial 6,436,810 - 427,269 - 4/30/2047 2/10-yr
Producto, Endicott, NY 31,262 Industrial 2,326,491 - 168,896 - 7/31/2042 6/5-yr
Producto, Jamestown, NY 41,111 Industrial 3,029,835 - 219,570 - 7/31/2042 6/5-yr
Valtir, Centerville, UT 72,498 Industrial 4,634,945 - 501,065 - 7/31/2037 4/5-yr
Valtir, Orangeburg, SC 54,549 Industrial 5,511,158 - 453,495 - 7/31/2047 4/5-yr
Valtir, Fort Worth, TX 32,887 Industrial 3,247,684 - 223,981 - 7/31/2037 4/5-yr
Valtir, Lima, OH 133,678 Industrial 9,782,712 - 636,306 - 7/31/2047 4/5-yr
Property table continued
Property and Location (1) Rentable
Square
Feet Property
Type Investment
in Real
Property,
Net, Plus
Above-/Below-
Market
Lease Intangibles, Net Mortgage
Financing
(Principal) (2) Annualized
Base Lease
Revenue (3) Acquisition
Fee (4) Lease
Expiration
(5) Renewal Options (Number/Years) (5)
Dollar General, Litchfield, ME 9,026 Retail $ 1,151,621 $ - $ 92,961 $ 40,008 9/30/2030 3/5-yr
Dollar General, Wilton, ME 9,100 Retail 1,368,971 - 112,439 48,390 7/31/2030 3/5-yr
Dollar General, Thompsontown, PA 9,100 Retail 1,069,755 - 85,998 37,014 10/31/2030 2/5-yr and 1/4-yr 11 months
Dollar General, Mt. Gilead, OH 9,026 Retail 1,058,964 - 85,924 36,981 6/30/2030 3/5-yr
Dollar General, Lakeside, OH 9,026 Retail 980,682 - 81,036 34,875 5/31/2035 3/5-yr
Dollar General, Castalia, OH 9,026 Retail 962,067 - 79,320 34,140 5/31/2035 3/5-yr
Dollar General, Bakersfield, CA 18,827 Retail 4,692,797 - 341,972 - 7/31/2028 3/5-yr
Dollar General, Big Spring, TX 9,026 Retail 1,114,243 - 86,041 - 6/30/2030 3/5-yr
Dollar Tree, Morrow, GA 10,906 Retail 1,185,643 - 103,607 - 7/31/2025 3/5-yr
PreK Education, San Antonio, TX 50,000 Retail 11,614,043 - 924,000 - 7/31/2029 1/8-yr
Walgreens, Santa Maria, CA 14,490 Retail 5,366,519 - 369,000 - 3/31/2032 6/5-yr
KIA/Trophy of Carson, Carson, CA 72,623 Retail 68,387,431 - 4,339,941 - 1/14/2047 2/5-yr
exp US Services, Maitland, FL 33,118 Office 5,537,286 - 837,783 204,814 11/30/2026 1/5-yr
Cummins, Nashville, TN 87,230 Office 12,347,219 - 1,520,789 465,000 2/29/2024 1/5-yr
Costco, Issaquah, WA 97,191 Office 25,059,529 18,850,000 2,362,956 870,838 7/31/2025 1/5-yr
GSA (MHSA), Vacaville, CA 11,014 Office 2,883,982 - 336,003 - 8/24/2026 None
Solar Turbines, San Diego, CA 26,036 Office 6,686,377 - 565,643 - 7/31/2025 (8) None
OES, Rancho Cordova, CA (9) 106,592 Office 27,169,246 13,315,009 1,257,139 - 12/31/2034 None
3,081,519 $ 402,875,833 $ 44,515,009 $ 31,934,571 $ 4,519,160
(1)Each of the properties was 100% occupied by a single tenant at the time of acquisition and has remained 100% occupied by that tenant through December 31, 2022.
(2)All of our real estate financing is through our Credit Facility with the exception of mortgage loans secured by the Costco, Taylor Fresh Foods and OES properties. Our Credit Facility is further described in Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Liquidity and Capital Resources below.
(3)As of December 31, 2022, annualized base lease revenue is calculated based on the contractual monthly minimum base rent, excluding rent abatements.
(4)Acquisition fees were paid to our former advisor in connection with the acquisition of properties acquired prior to December 31, 2019. The fee was equal to 3.0% of the contract purchase price of a property, as defined in the former advisory agreement.
(5)Represents the end of the non-cancelable lease term, assuming no early termination rights or renewals are exercised unless otherwise noted.
(6)This property was reclassified on December 31, 2022 to industrial from office to reflect Northrop Grumman's change in use since a majority of the square footage of the property is being used as laboratory space.
(7)The tenant’s right to cancel the lease on June 30, 2025 was not determined to be probable for financial accounting purposes.
(8) On January 23, 2023, the lease term expiration was extended from July 31, 2023 to July 31, 2025.
(9) We and Sutter Health agreed to the early termination of its lease effective December 31, 2022 for payment of an early termination fee of $3,751,984. The early termination fee was recorded as rental income in the accompanying statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The property is leased to the State of California's Office of Emergency Services (“OES”) effective January 4, 2023 for 12 years through December 31, 2034. OES has a purchase option which OES can exercise any time from May 1, 2024 through December 31, 2026. OES also has an early termination option which OES can exercise any time on or after December 31, 2028 by giving written notice at least 120 days prior to the date of early termination. The tenant’s right to cancel the lease on or after December 31, 2028 was not determined to be probable for financial accounting purposes.
Lease Expirations:
The following tables reflect lease expirations with respect to our properties as of December 31, 2022, including the TIC Interest:
Year Number of Leases Expiring Leased Square Footage Expiring Percentage of Leased Square Footage Expiring Cumulative Percentage of Leased Square Footage Expiring Annualized Base Rent Expiring (1) Percentage of Annualized Base Rent Expiring Cumulative Percentage of Annualized Base Rent Expiring
2023 2 116,110 3.7 % 3.7 % $ 311,455 0.9 % 0.9 %
2024 1 87,230 2.8 % 6.5 % 1,520,789 4.5 % 5.4 %
2025 4 154,933 4.9 % 11.4 % 3,678,106 10.9 % 16.3 %
2026 5 280,740 8.8 % 20.2 % 4,808,337 14.3 % 30.6 %
2027 1 64,637 2.0 % 22.2 % 898,954 2.7 % 33.3 %
2028 2 18,827 0.6 % 22.8 % 341,972 1.0 % 34.3 %
2029 3 134,714 4.2 % 27.0 % 2,360,905 7.0 % 41.3 %
2030 5 45,278 1.4 % 28.4 % 463,363 1.4 % 42.7 %
2031 - - - % 28.4 % - - % 42.7 %
2032 2 177,204 5.6 % 34.0 % 2,687,570 8.0 % 50.7 %
Thereafter 21 2,093,586 66.0 % 100.0 % 16,595,915 49.3 % 100.0 %
Total 46 3,173,259 100.0 % $ 33,667,366 100.0 %
(1)Annualized lease revenue is calculated based on the contractual monthly base rent as of December 31, 2022 multiplied by 12.
Investments:
As of December 31, 2022, we had the following other real estate investment:
TIC Interest Investment
Balance
Santa Clara Property - an approximate 72.7% TIC Interest (1)
$ 10,007,420
(1)This industrial property was acquired in 2017 and has approximately 91,740 rentable square feet. The purchase price was $29,625,075, including closing costs. The ABR lease revenue is $1,630,916. The acquisition fee was $861,055, of which $626,073 was paid by us and the balance was paid by the other tenant-in-common owners of the property. The tenant's lease expiration date is March 16, 2026 and the lease provides for three five-year renewal options.
Additional information about our other real estate investments is included in Note 4 to our accompanying consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
For information regarding legal proceedings, see Note 11 - Commitments and Contingencies - Legal Matters to our accompanying consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Stockholder Information
As of February 28, 2023, there were approximately 5,200 holders of record of our Class C Common Stock. However, because many of our shares of Class C Common Stock are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we believe there are considerably more beneficial holders of our Class C Common Stock than record holders.
Market Information
Our Class C Common Stock is listed on the NYSE under the symbol “MDV” and has been trading since February 11, 2022 in connection with our Listed Offering which closed on February 15, 2022 (see Note 9 to our accompanying consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more details).
Estimated Net Asset Value (“NAV”) Per Share and Valuation Procedures
In order to provide additional insight into the value of our real estate portfolio we engaged Cushman & Wakefield, an independent valuation firm (the “Independent Valuation Firm”) to provide a report estimating our NAV per share (unaudited) as of December 31, 2022. We previously engaged this same Independent Valuation Firm to provide a report estimating our pro forma NAV per share (unaudited) as of January 31, 2022 in advance of our Listed Offering.
As a public company, we are required to issue financial statements generally based on historical cost in accordance with GAAP as applicable to our financial statements. To calculate NAV, we have adopted a model, as explained below, which adjusts the value of certain of our assets from their historical cost to fair value. As a result, our NAV differs from the amount reported as stockholders’ equity on the face of our financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. When the fair value of our assets is calculated for the purposes of determining our NAV per share, the calculation is done generally in accordance with the fair value methodologies detailed within the FASB Accounting Standards Codification under Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures. Because these fair value calculations involve significant professional judgment in the application of both observable and unobservable inputs, the calculated fair value of our assets may differ from their actual realizable value or future fair value. In addition, our valuation procedures and our NAV are not subject to GAAP and are not subject to independent audit. Our NAV may differ from equity reflected on our consolidated financial statements, even if we are required to adopt a fair value basis of accounting for our GAAP financial statements in the future. Furthermore, no rule or regulation requires that we calculate NAV in a certain way. While we believe our NAV calculation methodologies are consistent with standard industry practices, there is no rule or regulation that requires we calculate NAV in a certain way and there is no established practice among public REITs, whether listed or not. As a result, other public REITs may use different methodologies or assumptions to determine NAV. In addition, NAV is not a measure used under GAAP and the valuations of and certain adjustments made to our assets and liabilities used in the determination of NAV will differ from GAAP. You should not consider NAV to be equivalent to stockholders’ equity or any other GAAP measure.
Independent Valuation Firm
We engaged Cushman & Wakefield to serve as our Independent Valuation Firm with respect to the valuation of the assets and liabilities associated with our wholly-owned real estate portfolio and our approximate 72.7% TIC Interest, all of which are held, directly or indirectly, by our Operating Partnership. Cushman & Wakefield is a multidisciplinary provider of independent, commercial real estate consulting and advisory services in multiple offices around the world. Cushman & Wakefield is engaged in the business of valuing commercial real estate properties and is not affiliated with us. The compensation we pay to the Independent Valuation Firm is not based on the estimated values of our real estate properties. The Independent Valuation Firm discharges its responsibilities in accordance with our real property valuation procedures described below.
Our Independent Valuation Firm and its affiliates may from time to time in the future perform other commercial real estate and financial advisory services for us, or in transactions related to the properties that are the subjects of valuations being performed for us, or otherwise, so long as such other services do not adversely affect the independence of the applicable appraiser as certified in the applicable valuation report.
Real Property Valuation
The real property valuation, which is the largest component of our NAV calculation, has been provided to us by the Independent Valuation Firm. The Independent Valuation Firm provided a restricted appraisal report for our 46 properties, including the TIC Interest. The value of our properties is determined on an unencumbered basis. The effect of property-level debt on our NAV is discussed further below.
The Independent Valuation Firm collects all reasonably available material information that it deems relevant in valuing our real estate properties. The Independent Valuation Firm relies in part on property-level information provided by management, including (i) physical property attributes such as size, year built, and construction quality and type; (ii) historical and projected operating revenues and expenses of the property; (iii) lease agreements on the property; and (iv) information regarding recent or planned capital expenditures.
The Independent Valuation Firm utilizes standard and accepted appraisal methodology in arriving at its opinions of fair value, and applies only the most appropriate valuation techniques amongst the income capitalization, sales comparison, and cost approaches to value. The reliability of each approach depends on the availability and comparability of market data as well as the motivation and thinking of purchasers. In determining the fair value of the properties, the Independent Valuation Firm utilizes the income capitalization approach as the primary method. A second limited scope sales comparison approach is employed to test the reasonableness of the income capitalization approach.
Because the property valuations involve significant professional judgment in the application of both observable and unobservable attributes, the calculated value of our real property may not reflect the liquidation value or net realizable value of our properties because the valuation performed by the Independent Valuation Firm involves subjective judgments and does not reflect transaction costs associated with property dispositions. However, as discussed below, in some circumstances such as when an asset is anticipated to be acquired or disposed, we may apply a probability-weighted analysis to factor in a portion of potential transaction costs in our NAV calculation.
Our Independent Valuation Firm’s valuation report is not addressed to the public and may not be relied upon by any other person to establish an estimated value of our common stock and will not constitute a recommendation to any person to purchase or sell any shares of our common stock. In preparing its valuation report, our Independent Valuation Firm does not solicit third-party indications of interest for our common stock in connection with possible purchases thereof or the acquisition of all or any part of our Company.
In conducting its investigation and analyses, our Independent Valuation Firm takes into account customary and accepted financial and commercial procedures and considerations as it deems relevant, which may include, without limitation, the review of documents, materials and information relevant to valuing the property that are provided by us. Although our Independent Valuation Firm may review information supplied or otherwise made available by us for reasonableness, it assumes and relies upon the accuracy and completeness of all such information and all information supplied or otherwise made available to it by any other party and does not undertake any duty or responsibility to verify independently any such information. With respect to operating or financial forecasts and other information and data to be provided to or otherwise to be reviewed or discussed with our Independent Valuation Firm, our Independent Valuation Firm assumes such forecasts and other information and data were reasonably prepared in good faith on bases reflecting the best currently available estimates and judgments of our management and relies upon us to advise our Independent Valuation Firm promptly if any material information previously provided becomes inaccurate or was required to be updated during the period of its review.
In performing its analyses, our Independent Valuation Firm is expected to make numerous assumptions with respect to industry performance, general business, economic and regulatory conditions and other matters, many of which are beyond its control and our control, as well as certain factual matters. For example, unless specifically informed to the contrary, our Independent Valuation Firm assumes that we have clear and marketable title to each real estate property valued, that no title defects exist, that improvements were made in accordance with law, that no hazardous materials are present or were present previously, that no deed restrictions exist, and that no changes to zoning ordinances or regulations governing use, density or shape are pending or being considered. Furthermore, our Independent Valuation Firm’s analysis, opinions and conclusions are necessarily based upon market, economic, financial and other circumstances and conditions existing at or prior to the valuation, and any material change in such circumstances and conditions may affect our Independent Valuation Firm’s analysis and conclusions. Our Independent Valuation Firm’s valuation report may contain other assumptions, qualifications and limitations set forth in the respective report that qualify the analysis, opinions and conclusions set forth therein.
The overarching principle is to produce valuations that represent fair and reasonable estimates of the unencumbered values of our real estate or the prices that would be received for our real properties in arm’s length transactions between market participants before considering underlying debt. The valuation of our real properties determined by the Independent Valuation Firm may not always reflect the value at which we would agree to buy or sell assets and the value at which we would buy or sell such assets could materially differ from the Independent Valuation Firm’s estimate of fair value. Further, we do not undertake to disclose the value at which we would be willing to buy or sell our real properties to any prospective or existing investor.
The valuations are performed in accordance with the Code of Ethics and the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practices, or USPAP, the real estate appraisal industry standards created by The Appraisal Foundation. Each valuation must be reviewed, approved and signed by an individual with the Member of Appraisal Institute (“MAI”) professional designation. Real estate valuations are reported on a free-and-clear basis (for example, without factoring in any applicable mortgage(s)), irrespective of any property-level financing that may be in place. Such property-level financings ultimately are factored in and do reduce our NAV in a manner described below.
The analyses performed by our Independent Valuation Firm do not address the market value of our common stock. Furthermore, the prices at which our real estate properties may actually be sold could differ from our Independent Valuation Firm’s analyses.
Valuation of Real Estate-Related Liabilities
Our real estate-related liabilities consist of financing for our real estate assets. Depending on the relationship of a loan’s interest rate and other terms to current market interest rates and other terms, our Independent Valuation Firm may conclude that the value of a loan is more or less than our current loan balance.
Valuation of Non-Real Estate-Related Assets and Liabilities
The Independent Valuation Firm then adds any other assets held by us, including cash and cash equivalents, and any accruals of income, and subtracts our accounts payable and accrued liabilities, including legal, accounting and administrative costs. Our most significant source of net income is property income. We accrue estimated income and expenses. On a periodic basis, our income and expense accruals are adjusted based on information derived from actual operating results.
Our liabilities are included as part of our NAV calculation generally based on GAAP, except for property-level mortgages and interest rate swaps, which are included based on their fair values. Our other liabilities include, without limitation, accounts payable, accrued operating expenses, accrued interest, dividends and distributions payable, and other liabilities.
Process for Determining NAV and NAV Per Share
Changes in the NAV reflect factors including, but not limited to, (1) gains (or losses) on the value of our real estate properties and related liabilities, (2) changes in the value of our interest rate swap derivatives, (3) changes in the value of our liquid assets, and (4) accruals for income and expenses, share repurchases, accrued dividends to preferred stockholders and accrued distributions to common stockholders.
Calculation of Our Estimated NAV Per Share (Unaudited) as of December 31, 2022 and Pro Forma NAV Per Share (Unaudited) as of January 31, 2022
Cushman & Wakefield developed an opinion of fair value of the real estate assets and real estate related liabilities associated with our properties.
Cushman & Wakefield’s scope of work was conducted in conformity with the requirements of the Code of Professional Ethics and Standards of Professional Practice of the Appraisal Institute. Several members of the Cushman & Wakefield engagement team who certified the methodologies and assumptions applied by us hold a MAI designation. Other than (i) its engagement as described herein, (ii) its previous engagements with our Company in connection with the determination of the estimated NAV per share (unaudited) of our common stock as of December 31, 2017, December 31, 2018, December 31, 2019, April 30, 2020, December 31, 2020, March 31, 2021, June 30, 2021, September 30, 2021 and January 31, 2022 and (iii) its previous engagements with REIT I in connection with the determination of the estimated NAV per share (unaudited) of REIT I common stock as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2018, Cushman & Wakefield does not have any direct interests in any transaction with us and has not performed any services for us other than Asset Allocation services pursuant to Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2017-01, Clarifying the Definition of a Business (ASU No. 2017-01) and FASB Accounting Standards Codification Topic 805, Business Combinations (ASC Topic 805) and the real estate financial advisor services it provided on behalf of REIT I in connection with the REIT I Merger with our Company on December 31, 2019.
Valuation Methodology
In preparing its valuation materials and in reaching its conclusions as to the reasonableness of the methodologies and assumptions used by our Company to value our assets, Cushman & Wakefield, among other things:
•
investigated numerous sales in the properties’ relevant markets, analyzed rental data and considered the input of buyers, sellers, brokers, property developers and public officials;
• reviewed and relied upon our Company-provided data regarding the size, year built, construction quality and construction type of the properties in order to understand the characteristics of the existing improvements and underlying land;
• reviewed and relied upon our Company-provided balance sheet items such as cash and other assets, as well as debt, interest rate swap derivatives and other liabilities;
• researched the market by means of publications, public and private databases and other resources to measure current market conditions, supply and demand factors, and growth patterns and their effect on the properties; and
• performed such other analyses and studies, and considered such other factors, as Cushman & Wakefield considered appropriate.
Cushman & Wakefield utilized two approaches in valuing our real estate assets that are commonly used in the commercial real estate industry. The following is a summary of the NAV Methodology and the valuation approaches used by Cushman & Wakefield:
NAV Methodology - The NAV Methodology determines the value of our Company by determining the estimated market value of our entity level assets, including real estate assets, and subtracting the market value of our entity level liabilities, including our debt. The materials provided by Cushman & Wakefield to estimate the value of the real estate assets were prepared using discrete estimations of “as is” market valuations for each of the properties in our portfolio using the income capitalization approach as the primary indicator of value and the sales comparison approach as a secondary approach to value, as discussed in greater detail below. Cushman & Wakefield also estimated the fair value of our real estate related debt. Cushman & Wakefield then added the non-real estate related tangible assets and subtracted non-real estate related liabilities. The resulting amount, which is the estimated NAV of the portfolio, is divided by the number of fully-diluted shares of common stock outstanding to determine the estimated NAV per share.
Determination of Estimated Market Value of Our Real Estate Assets Under the NAV Methodology
Income Capitalization Approach - The income capitalization approach first determines the income-producing capacity of a property by using contract rents on existing leases, or expected rents for leases that are scheduled to expire within the next 12 months if not extended by the tenant, and by estimating market rent from rental activity at competing properties for the vacant space. Deductions are then made for vacancy and collection loss and operating expenses. The net operating income (“NOI”) developed in Cushman & Wakefield’s analysis is the balance of potential income remaining after vacancy and collection loss and operating expenses. This NOI was then capitalized at an appropriate rate to derive an estimate of value (the “Direct Capitalization Method”) or discounted by an appropriate yield rate over a typical projection period in a discounted cash flow analysis. Thus, two key steps were involved: (1) estimating the NOI applicable to the subject property and (2) choosing appropriate capitalization rates and discount rates.
The following summarizes the range of capitalization rates Cushman & Wakefield used to arrive at the estimated market values of our properties valued using the Direct Capitalization Method:
Range Weighted-Average
Capitalization Rate - Pro Forma NAV as of January 31, 2022 5.00% to 7.79% 6.30%
Capitalization Rate - Estimated NAV as of December 31, 2022
5.25% to 11.10% 6.68%
The capitalization rate was weighted based on NOI. An increase in the selected capitalization rate of 0.25% would result in a decrease in net asset value of approximately $20,870,000 as of December 31, 2022 and $19,980,000 as of January 31, 2022. A decrease in the selected capitalization rate of 0.25% would result in an increase in net asset value of approximately $22,550,000 as of December 31, 2022 and $21,670,000 as of January 31, 2022.
Sales Comparison Approach - The sales comparison approach estimates value based on what other purchasers and sellers in the market have agreed to as the price for comparable improved properties. This approach is based upon the principle of substitution, which states that the limits of prices, rents, and rates tend to be set by the prevailing prices, rents, and rates of equally desirable substitutes.
Cushman & Wakefield prepared and provided to our Company a report containing, among other information, the range of net asset values for our Class C Common Stock as of December 31, 2022 (the “Valuation Report”).
Utilizing the NAV Methodology, including use of the two approaches to value our real estate assets noted above, and dividing by the 10,331,042 fully-diluted shares of our common stock outstanding on December 31, 2022, Cushman & Wakefield determined a valuation range of $25.70 to $29.90 per share (unaudited).
Utilizing the NAV Methodology, including use of the two approaches to value our real estate assets noted above, and dividing by the 10,125,412 fully-diluted shares of our common stock outstanding on January 31, 2022, Cushman & Wakefield determined a pro forma valuation range of $26.77 to $30.88 per share (unaudited).
The table below sets forth the calculation of our estimated NAV per share (unaudited) as of December 31, 2022 and pro forma estimated NAV per share (unaudited) as of January 31, 2022:
December 31, 2022
January 31, 2022 (a)
Estimated
Value Estimated
NAV Per Share
Pro Forma
Value Pro Forma
NAV Per Share
Real estate properties $ 503,700,000 $ 48.76 $ 463,054,000 $ 45.73
Investment in unconsolidated entity:
Santa Clara property tenant-in-common interest (b) 19,768,921 1.91 18,894,790 1.87
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash 8,608,649 0.83 65,263,037 6.44
Interest rate swap derivative 4,629,702 0.45 - -
Other assets 3,989,400 0.39 5,878,710 0.58
Total assets 540,696,672 52.34 553,090,537 54.62
Mortgage notes payable 41,293,644 4.00 46,236,403 4.56
Credit facility 153,000,000 14.81 155,775,000 15.39
Accrued interest payable 285,392 0.03 272,481 0.03
Accrued dividends and distributions payable 1,768,068 0.17 1,028,074 0.10
Interest rate swap derivative 498,866 0.05 - -
Other liabilities 7,448,302 0.72 8,731,045 0.86
Total liabilities 204,294,272 19.78 212,043,003 20.94
Series A Preferred Stock 50,000,000 4.84 50,000,000 4.94
Total estimated net asset value $ 286,402,400 $ 27.72 $ 291,047,534 $ 28.74
Fully-diluted shares outstanding (c) 10,331,042 10,125,142
(a) The estimated pro forma NAV per share (unaudited) as of January 31, 2022 reflected (i) the estimated asset values for 35 properties (excluding four assets held for sale) that were in our portfolio on January 31, 2022, including two acquisitions completed in January 2022, (ii) net cash received from four dispositions that were pending as of January 31, 2022 and completed in February 2022, (iii) borrowing under the Credit Facility provided by KeyBank National Association (“KeyBank”) and repayment of 20 mortgages in January 2022, and (iv) the estimated fair value of debt on the three consolidated mortgages remaining after the closing of the Credit Facility provided by KeyBank and the four dispositions completed in February 2022.
(b) Reflects our approximate 72.7% interest in the Santa Clara property which includes real estate valued at $39,010,000 and a mortgage with a fair value of $12,097,225.
(c) Fully-diluted shares outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and January 31, 2022 includes the following:
i) 1,312,382 Class C OP Units issued on January 18, 2022 in connection with the acquisition of the KIA auto dealership property discussed above;
ii) 1,189,964 shares that would result from conversion of 657,949.5 Class M OP Units and 56,029 Class P OP Units assuming a conversion ratio of 1.6667 shares of our Class C Common Stock for each Class M OP Unit and Class P OP Unit outstanding; and
iii) 316,343 shares and 101,855 shares, respectively, that would result from conversion of Class R OP Units.
Exclusions from Estimated NAV
The estimated share value does not reflect any “portfolio premium,” nor does it reflect an enterprise value of our Company, which may include a premium or discount to NAV for:
•
the size of our Company’s portfolio, as some buyers may pay more for a portfolio compared to prices for individual investments;
• the overall geographic and tenant diversity of the portfolio as a whole;
• the characteristics of our Company’s working capital, leverage, credit facilities and other financial structures where some buyers may ascribe different values based on synergies, cost savings or other attributes; or
• certain third-party transaction or other expenses that would be necessary to realize the value.
Limitations of the Estimated Share Value
As with any valuation methodology, the NAV Methodology used by Cushman & Wakefield in reaching an estimate of the value of our shares is based upon a number of estimates, assumptions, judgments and opinions that may, or may not, prove to be correct, and are calculated as of a particular point in time. The use of different valuation methods, estimates, assumptions, judgments or opinions may have resulted in significantly different estimates of the value of our shares. In addition, our estimate of share value is not based on the book values of our real estate, as determined by GAAP, as our book value for most real estate is based on the amortized cost of the property, subject to certain adjustments.
Furthermore, in reaching an estimate of the value of our shares, we did not include a discount for debt that may include a prepayment obligation or a provision precluding assumption of the debt by a third party. In addition, selling costs were not considered by Cushman & Wakefield in the valuation of the properties.
Additional Information Regarding Engagement of Cushman & Wakefield
Cushman & Wakefield’s valuation materials provided to our Company do not constitute a recommendation to purchase or sell any shares of our common stock or other securities. The estimated value of our common stock may vary depending on numerous factors that generally impact the price of securities, the financial condition of our Company and the state of the real estate industry more generally, such as changes in economic or market conditions, changes in interest rates, changes in the supply of and demand for commercial real estate properties and changes in tenants’ financial condition.
In connection with its review, while Cushman & Wakefield reviewed the information supplied or otherwise made available to it by our Company for reasonableness, Cushman & Wakefield assumed and relied upon the accuracy and completeness of all such information and of all information supplied or otherwise made available to it by any other party, and did not undertake any duty or responsibility to verify independently any of such information. With respect to financial forecasts and other information and data provided to or otherwise reviewed by or discussed with Cushman & Wakefield, Cushman & Wakefield assumed that such forecasts and other information and data were reasonably prepared in good faith on bases reflecting the best currently available estimates and judgments of management of our Company, and relied upon our Company to advise Cushman & Wakefield promptly if any information previously provided became inaccurate or was required to be updated during the period of its review.
In preparing its valuation materials, Cushman & Wakefield did not, and was not requested to, solicit third party indications of interest for our Company in connection with possible purchases of our securities or the acquisition of all or any part of our Company.
In performing its analyses, Cushman & Wakefield made numerous assumptions with respect to industry performance, general business, economic and regulatory conditions and other matters, many of which are beyond Cushman & Wakefield’s control and the control of our Company. The analyses performed by Cushman & Wakefield are not necessarily indicative of actual values, trading values or actual future results of our Company’s common stock that might be achieved, all of which may be significantly more or less favorable than suggested by such analyses. The analyses do not reflect the prices at which properties may actually be sold, and such estimates are inherently subject to uncertainty.
Cushman & Wakefield’s materials were necessarily based upon market, economic, financial and other circumstances and conditions existing as of December 31, 2022, and any material change in such circumstances and conditions may have affected Cushman & Wakefield’s analysis, but Cushman & Wakefield does not have, and has disclaimed, any obligation to update, revise or reaffirm its materials as of any date subsequent to December 31, 2022.
For services rendered in connection with and upon the delivery of its valuation materials, we paid Cushman & Wakefield a customary fee. The compensation Cushman & Wakefield received was based on the scope of work and was not contingent on an action or event resulting from analyses, opinions, or conclusions in its valuation materials or from its use. In addition, Cushman & Wakefield’s compensation for completing the valuation was not contingent upon the development or reporting of a predetermined value or direction in value that favors the cause of our Company, the amount of the estimated value, the attainment of a stipulated result, or the occurrence of a subsequent event directly related to the intended use of the valuation materials. We also agreed to reimburse Cushman & Wakefield for its expenses incurred in connection with its services and will indemnify Cushman & Wakefield against certain liabilities arising out of its engagement.
Sales of Registered Distribution Reinvestment Plan Securities
On January 22, 2021, we filed a registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-252321) to register a maximum of $100,000,000 of additional shares of Class C Common Stock to be issued pursuant to the DRP (the “Registered DRP Offering”). We commenced offering shares of Class C Common Stock pursuant to the Registered DRP Offering on January 27, 2021. Through December 31, 2022, we sold 179,502 shares of Class C Common Stock under the Registered DRP Offering, for aggregate gross proceeds of $2,649,434. The proceeds from the Registered DRP Offering were used for general corporate purposes, including investments in real estate properties.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities to Independent Board Members
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we issued 21,791 shares of Class C Common Stock to our independent directors for their services as board members. Such issuance was made in reliance on the exemption from registration under Rule 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act.
Sales Pursuant to Our Private Offering and our Reg A Offering
On February 1, 2021, we commenced a private offering of our Class C Common Stock (the “Private Offering”) to accredited investors only under Regulation D promulgated under the Securities Act. Shares of our Class C Common Stock were sold at a per share offering price equal to the most recently published NAV per share (unaudited) determined by our board of directors. We primarily used the net proceeds from the Private Offering to invest in a diversified portfolio of real estate and real estate-related investments, or to re-lease and reposition our properties in accordance with our investment strategy and policies, including commissions and costs associated with such investments. We also used a portion of the proceeds of the Private Offering for general corporate purposes, including capital expenditures, tenant improvement costs and leasing costs related to our real estate investments; reserves required by financings of our real estate investments; the repayment of debt; the funding of stockholder distributions; and provided liquidity to our stockholders pursuant to our share repurchase program. We terminated the Private Offering on August 12, 2021. During the period from February 1, 2021 to August 11, 2021, we sold 36,207 shares of our Class C Common Stock pursuant to the Private Offering for aggregate proceeds of $851,273.
On June 29, 2021, we filed with the SEC a Regulation A Offering Statement on Form 1-A, including our preliminary offering circular, for a $75,000,000 offering of our Class C Common Stock (the “Reg A Offering”) and filed an amended Form 1-A on August 13, 2021. The SEC qualified the amended Regulation A Offering Statement on Form 1-A on August 16, 2021. The Reg A Offering allowed us to once again accept subscriptions from investors who are not accredited. During the period from August 16, 2021 to November 2, 2021, the termination date of the Reg A Offering, we sold 73,801 shares of our Class C Common Stock pursuant to the Reg A Offering for aggregate proceeds of $1,949,512.
Distribution Information
We intend to pay distributions on a monthly basis, and we paid our first distribution on August 10, 2016. The distribution rate is determined by our board of directors based on our financial condition and such other factors as our board of directors deems relevant. Our board of directors has not pre-established a percentage range of return for distributions to stockholders. We have not established a minimum distribution level, and our charter does not require that we make distributions to our stockholders other than as necessary to meet REIT qualification requirements.
Distributions declared, distributions paid out, cash flows from operations and our sources of distribution payments were as follows for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:
Cash Flows
(Used in) Provided by
Operating
Activities Sources of Distribution Payment
Period Total
Distributions
Declared Distributions
Declared Per
Share Distributions Paid Net Rental
Income
Received Offering
Proceeds Quarter End Accrued Distribution
Cash Reinvested
2022:
First Quarter 2022 (1) $ 2,907,122 $ 0.387499 $ 1,418,783 $ 1,492,404 $ (1,083,310) $ 2,907,122 $ - $ 854,599
Second Quarter 2022 2,142,075 0.287500 2,070,570 711,223 6,159,782 2,142,075 - 844,183
Third Quarter 2022 2,143,444 0.287500 1,856,735 663,219 4,250,291 2,143,444 - 841,510
Fourth Quarter 2022 2,145,770 0.287500 1,895,194 623,313 7,322,058 2,145,770 - 846,070
2022 Totals $ 9,338,411 $ 1.249999 $ 7,241,282 $ 3,490,159 $ 16,648,821 $ 9,338,411 $ -
2021: (2)
First Quarter 2021 $ 1,991,676 $ 0.258903 $ 891,202 $ 1,130,949 $ 102,091 $ 1,991,676 $ - $ 675,221
Second Quarter 2021 1,976,511 0.261780 835,381 1,131,281 2,981,262 1,976,511 - 650,167
Third Quarter 2021 1,981,725 0.264656 838,868 1,137,501 3,299,330 1,981,725 - 643,025
Fourth Quarter 2021 2,161,049 0.289864 907,927 1,200,880 3,346,002 2,161,049 - 730,445
2021 Totals $ 8,110,961 $ 1.075203 $ 3,473,378 $ 4,600,611 $ 9,728,685 $ 8,110,961 $ -
(1)Includes the 13th distribution for 2021 declared on January 5, 2022 for Class C Common Stock only and distributions to Class C OP Units.
(2)The distribution paid per share of Class S Common Stock is net of deferred selling commissions.
Distributions have been and are expected to be paid on a monthly basis. For the year ended December 31, 2022, distributions paid to our stockholders were 66.1% return of capital and 33.9% ordinary income and for the year ended December 31, 2021, distributions paid to our stockholders were 100% ordinary income.
The following presents the U.S. federal income tax characterization of the distributions paid in 2022 and 2021:
Years Ended December 31,
2022 2021
Ordinary taxable income $ 0.4238 $ 1.1685
Capital gain - -
Non-taxable distribution 0.8262 -
Total $ 1.2499 $ 1.1685
Distributions to stockholders were declared and paid based on daily record dates at rates per share per day through 2021. Beginning with distributions to stockholders for 2022, distributions generally are declared during the month or two prior to the beginning of a quarter and paid based on a month end record date and a monthly rate per share. The distribution rate details are as follows:
Distribution Period Rate Per Share
Per Month Declaration Date Payment Date
2022:
January 1-31 (1) $ 0.09583300 January 27, 2022 February 25, 2022
February 1-28 $ 0.09583300 February 17, 2022 March 25, 2022
March 1-31 $ 0.09583300 February 17, 2022 April 25, 2022
April 1-30 $ 0.09583300 March 18, 2022 May 25, 2022
May 1-31 $ 0.09583300 March 18, 2022 June 27, 2022
June 1-30 $ 0.09583300 March 18, 2022 July 25, 2022
July 1-31 $ 0.09583300 June 15, 2022 August 25, 2022
August 1-31 $ 0.09583300 June 15, 2022 September 26, 2022
September 1-30 $ 0.09583300 June 15, 2022 October 25, 2022
October 1-31 $ 0.09583300 August 18, 2022 November 23, 2022
November 1-30 $ 0.09583300 August 18, 2022 December 23, 2022
December 1-31 $ 0.09583300 August 18, 2022 January 25, 2023
Distribution Period Rate Per Share
Per Month Declaration Date Payment Date
2023:
January 1-31 $ 0.09583300 November 7, 2022 February 24, 2023
February 1-28 $ 0.09583300 November 7, 2022 March 24, 2023 (2)
March 1-31 $ 0.09583300 November 7, 2022 April 25, 2022 (2)
April 1-30 $ 0.09583300 March 9, 2023 May 25, 2023 (2)
May 1-31 $ 0.09583300 March 9, 2023 June 26, 2023 (2)
June 1-30 $ 0.09583300 March 9, 2023 July 25, 2023 (2)
(1)On January 5, 2022, our board of directors declared a 13th distribution of $0.000274 rate per share per day to our common stockholders since our AFFO exceeded 110% of distributions declared for the year ended December 31, 2021. The 13th distribution was based on the outstanding shares of common stock held by stockholders on the record date of January 6, 2022 using the following formula: (i) the daily amount of the 13th distribution, divided by 365 days (ii) multiplied by the number of days such shares of common stock were held by such stockholder from January 1, 2021 through December 31, 2021. Stockholders were only eligible for the 13th distribution if they held such shares as of the close of business on the record date.
(2)Reflects the expected payment date since the distribution has not been paid as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we must make aggregate annual distributions to our stockholders of at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (which is computed without regard to the dividends-paid deduction or net capital gain and which does not necessarily equal net income as calculated in accordance with GAAP). If we meet the REIT qualification requirements, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the income that we distribute to our stockholders each year. Our board of directors may authorize distributions in excess of those required for us to maintain REIT status depending on our financial condition and such other factors as our board of directors deems relevant.
Our operating performance cannot be accurately predicted and may deteriorate in the future due to numerous factors, including those discussed under Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors. Those factors include: (a) our ability to continue to raise capital to make additional investments; (b) the future operating performance of our current and future real estate investments in the existing real estate and financial environment; (c) our ability to identify additional real estate investments that are suitable to execute our investment objectives; (d) the success and economic viability of our tenants; (e) our ability to refinance existing indebtedness at maturity on comparable terms; (f) changes in interest rates on any variable rate debt obligations we incur; and (g) the level of participation in our DRP. In the event our cash flow from operations decreases in the future, the level of our distributions may also decrease.
Distribution Reinvestment Plan
On January 22, 2021, we filed a Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-252321) to reflect our amended and restated DRP and register a maximum of $100,000,000 in share value of Class C Common Stock to be issued pursuant to our amended and restated DRP. We commenced offering shares of Class C Common Stock pursuant to the Registered DRP Offering on January 27, 2021. We expect to continue issuing our monthly distributions and maintain the ability for investors to reinvest their distributions under our Registered DRP Offering.
On February 15, 2022, our board of directors amended and restated the DRP (the “Second Amended and Restated DRP”) with respect to the Class C Common Stock to change the purchase price at which the Class C Common Stock is issued to stockholders who elect to participate in the DRP, and we filed a Post-Effective Amendment to our Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-252321). The purpose of this change was to reflect the fact that our Class C Common Stock is now listed on the NYSE and no longer priced based on our most-recently determined estimated NAV per share. As more fully described in the Second Amended and Restated DRP, the purchase price for our Class C Common Stock under the DRP depends on whether we issue new shares to DRP participants or we or any third-party administrator obtains shares to be issued to DRP participants by purchasing them in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions.
The purchase price for the Class C Common Stock issued directly by us is 97%, reflecting a 3% discount (or such other discount as may then be in effect) of the Market Price (as defined in the Second Amended and Restated DRP) of our Class C Common Stock. This discount is subject to change from time to time, in our sole discretion, but will be between 0% to 5% of the Market Price. The purchase price for the Class C Common Stock that we or any third-party administrator purchases from parties other than our Company, either in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, will be 100% of the “average price per share” (as described in the Second Amended and Restated DRP) actually paid for such shares of Class C Common Stock, excluding any processing fees. The Second Amended and Restated DRP also reflects the $0.05 per share processing fee that will be paid by DRP participants for each share of Class C Common Stock purchased through the DRP. The Second Amended and Restated DRP was effective beginning with distributions paid in February 2022. From February 2022 through December 31, 2022, we issued 179,502 shares of Class C Common Stock under the DRP.
Share Repurchase Program
2022 Share Repurchase Program
On February 15, 2022, our board of directors authorized up to $20,000,000 in repurchases of our outstanding shares of common stock through December 31, 2022. Repurchases made pursuant to the program were authorized to be made from time-to-time in the open market, in privately negotiated transactions or in any other manner as permitted by federal securities laws and other legal requirements. The timing, manner, price and amount of any repurchases were determined by us in our discretion and were subject to economic and market conditions, stock price, applicable legal requirements and other factors. From February 15, 2022 through December 31, 2022, we repurchased a total of 250,153 shares of our common stock for a total of $4,161,618 at an average cost of approximately $16.64 per share under this share repurchase program. These shares are held as treasury stock and presented as a component of equity in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet and consolidated statement of equity included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our last share repurchases during the year ended December 31, 2022 were made on December 30, 2022, the last trading day of 2022.
The following table summarizes our repurchase activity under our share repurchase program for our Class C Common Stock for the three months ended December 31, 2022.
Period Total Number of
Shares
Repurchased Average Price
Paid per Share Total Number of Shares Repurchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares That May Yet be Repurchased Under the Plans or Programs
October 2022 - $ - - $ 16,042,248
November 2022 3,736 $ 11.00 3,736 $ 16,001,150
December 2022 13,272 $ 12.26 13,272 $ 15,838,382
Total 17,008 $ 11.99 17,008
2023 Share Repurchase Program
On December 21, 2022, our board of directors authorized up to $15,000,000 in repurchases of our outstanding shares of Class C Common Stock and Series A Preferred Stock from January 1, 2023 through December 31, 2023 (the “2023 Repurchase Program”). Repurchases may be made through open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or other methods of acquiring shares permitted by applicable law, and the amount and timing of any repurchases will be dependent on various factors, including market conditions and corporate and regulatory considerations. Repurchases may also be made pursuant to a plan adopted under Rule 10b5-1 promulgated under the Exchange Act. Repurchases made pursuant to the 2023 Repurchase Program are subject to compliance with covenants and other restrictions set forth in our Credit Agreement with KeyBank and the other lending institutions party thereto. The program expires on December 31, 2023, and it may be suspended or discontinued at any time.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows together with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors. Also, see “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” preceding Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors herein.
Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations are based upon our audited consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires our management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On a regular basis, we evaluate these estimates. These estimates are based on management’s historical industry experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
Overview
We are a Maryland corporation with issued and outstanding stock consisting of Series A Preferred Stock, publicly traded on the NYSE under the symbol “MDV.PA,” and Class C Common Stock, publicly traded on the NYSE under the symbol “MDV.” We currently own and manage single-tenant net-lease industrial, retail and office properties throughout the United States, with a focus on future acquisitions of critical industrial manufacturing properties with long-term leases to tenants that fuel the national economy and strengthen the nation's supply chains, while reducing the number of office and retail properties in our portfolio. We elected to be taxed as a REIT for federal income tax purposes beginning with our taxable year ended December 31, 2016. We believe that we have operated in conformity with the requirements for qualification as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. Through various transactions, including the Merger, we created one of the largest non-listed REITs to be raised via crowdfunding technology. Since December 31, 2019, we have been internally managed, as further described below. Driven by an investor-first focus and an experienced management team, Modiv leveraged its history as a real estate crowdfunding pioneer to create an approximate $535 million (based on estimated fair value) real estate portfolio comprised of approximately 3.2 million square feet of income-producing real estate. As of December 31, 2022, we have a portfolio of 46 commercial real estate properties
in 17 states, comprised of 27 industrial properties, including our approximate 72.7% TIC Interest in a 91,740 square foot Santa Clara, California industrial property, 12 retail properties and 7 office properties (including one held for sale) as discussed in Notes 3 and 4 to our accompanying consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. As of December 31, 2022, after reflecting lease extensions through the filing date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, 48% of our tenants (based on ABR) are investment grade, our ABR was $33,667,366, all of our properties are 100% leased and our WALT was 11.9 years.
Although we are not limited as to the form our investments may take, our investments in real estate will generally constitute acquiring fee title or interests in entities that own and operate real estate. We will make substantially all acquisitions of our real estate investments directly through the Operating Partnership or indirectly through limited liability companies or limited partnerships, including through other REITs, or through investments in joint ventures, partnerships, tenants-in-common, co-tenancies or other co-ownership arrangements with other owners of properties, some of which may be affiliated with us or our executive officers or directors. We are the sole general partner of, and owned an approximate 73% partnership interest in the Operating Partnership on December 31, 2022. The Operating Partnership’s limited partners include holders of several classes of units with various vesting and enhancement terms as further described in Note 12 to our accompanying consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We report with the SEC as a smaller reporting company under Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Self-Management Transaction and Merger on December 31, 2019
Through December 31, 2019, we were externally managed by our former external advisor. On December 31, 2019, we acquired substantially all of the assets and assumed certain liabilities of our former external advisor and our former sponsor in exchange for Class M OP Units. As a result of such acquisition, we became self-managed and eliminated all fees for acquisitions, dispositions and management of our properties, which were previously paid to our former external advisor.
On December 31, 2019, pursuant to the Merger Agreement, REIT I merged with and into Merger Sub, with Merger Sub surviving as our direct, wholly-owned subsidiary. As a result, we issued 2,680,740 shares of our Class C Common Stock to former stockholders of REIT I. On December 31, 2020, Merger Sub was merged into the Operating Partnership and ceased to exist.
Common Stock Offerings and Distribution Reinvestment Plan
Since our initial registered offering of common stock was declared effective by the SEC in 2016,we have raised an aggregate of $212,086,682 pursuant to: (i) non-listed offerings of common stock registered with the SEC, (ii) offerings of common stock exempt from registration pursuant to Regulation S under the Securities Act, (iii) DRP offerings of common stock registered with the SEC, (iv) the Private Offering, (v) the Reg A Offering and (vi) the Listed Offering.
On December 8, 2021, we filed with the SEC a Registration Statement on Form S-11 (File No. 333-261529), and, on February 9, 2022, we filed with the SEC Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-11, in connection with the Listed Offering of our Class C Common Stock, which became effective on February 10, 2021. In connection with and upon the listing on the NYSE, each share of our Class S Common Stock converted into a share of Class C Common Stock. Our Listed Offering of Class C Common Stock closed on February 15, 2022. In connection with our Listed Offering, we sold 40,000 shares of our Class C Common Stock at $25.00 per share to a major stockholder who was formerly a related party.
On January 22, 2021, we filed a Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-252321) to reflect our amended and restated DRP and register a maximum of $100,000,000 in share value of Class C Common Stock to be issued pursuant to our amended and restated DRP. We commenced offering shares of Class C Common Stock pursuant to the Registered DRP Offering on January 27, 2021.
On February 15, 2022, our board of directors approved the Second Amended and Restated DRP to change the purchase price at which the Class C Common Stock is issued to stockholders who elect to participate in the DRP, and we filed a Post-Effective Amendment to the Registration Statement on Form S-3. The purpose of this change was to reflect the fact that our Class C Common Stock is now listed on the NYSE and no longer priced based on our most-recently determined estimated NAV per share. As more fully described in the Second Amended and Restated DRP, the purchase price for our Class C Common Stock under the DRP depends on whether we issue new shares to DRP participants or we or any third-party administrator obtains shares to be issued to DRP participants by purchasing them in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. We expect to continue issuing our monthly distributions and maintain the ability for investors to reinvest their distributions under our Registered DRP Offering.
The purchase price for the Class C Common Stock issued directly by us is 97%, reflecting a 3% discount (or such other discount as may then be in effect) of the Market Price (as defined in the Second Amended and Restated DRP) of our Class C Common Stock. This discount is subject to change from time to time, in our sole discretion, but will be between 0% to 5% of the Market Price. The purchase price for the Class C Common Stock that we or any third-party administrator purchases from parties other than our Company, either in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, will be 100% of the “average price per share” (as described in the Second Amended and Restated DRP) actually paid for such shares of Class C Common Stock, excluding any processing fees. The Second Amended and Restated DRP also reflects the $0.05 per share processing fee that will be paid by DRP participants for each share of Class C Common Stock purchased through the DRP. The Second Amended and Restated DRP was effective beginning with distributions paid in February 2022. From February 2022 through December 31, 2022, we issued 179,502 shares of Class C Common Stock under the DRP.
On March 30, 2022, we filed a Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-263985), and on May 27, 2022, we filed Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-3, to issue and sell from time to time, together or separately, the following securities at an aggregate public offering price that will not exceed $200,000,000: Class C Common Stock, preferred stock, warrants, rights and units. The Form S-3, as amended, became effective on June 2, 2022 and we filed a prospectus supplement for our ATM Offering of up to $50,000,000 of our Class C Common Stock on June 6, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, no shares have been issued in connection with our ATM Offering.
Preferred Stock Offering
On September 14, 2021, we and the Operating Partnership entered into an underwriting agreement (the “Preferred Stock Underwriting Agreement”) with B. Riley Securities, Inc., as representative of the underwriters listed on Schedule I thereto (collectively, the “Preferred Stock Underwriters”), pursuant to which we agreed to issue and sell 1,800,000 shares of our Series A Preferred Stock in an underwritten public offering (the “Preferred Offering”) at a price per share of $25.00. In addition, we granted the Preferred Stock Underwriters a 30-day option to purchase up to an additional 200,000 shares of the Series A Preferred Stock, which the Preferred Stock Underwriters exercised in full on September 16, 2021. The issuance and sale of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock, including the issuance and sale of an additional 200,000 shares pursuant to the Preferred Stock Underwriters’ full exercise of their option to purchase additional shares, closed on September 17, 2021. The gross proceeds from the Preferred Offering were $50,000,000 and the net proceeds were $47,607,309, after deducting the underwriting discount of $1,575,000 and other offering expenses of $817,691, which included the structuring fee of $250,000 (see Note 9 to our accompanying consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information).
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Generally, our cash requirements for property acquisitions, debt payments and refinancings, capital expenditures and other investments will be funded by bank borrowings from financial institutions, mortgage indebtedness on our properties, assets sales and internally generated funds or offerings of shares of Class C Common Stock. Our cash requirements for operating and interest expenses and dividends on our Series A Preferred Stock and distributions on our Class C Common Stock will be funded by internally generated funds.
Credit Facility
On January 18, 2022, our Operating Partnership entered into a $250,000,000 Credit Agreement providing for a $100,000,000 four-year Revolver, which may be extended by up to 12 months subject to certain conditions, and a $150,000,000 five-year Term Loan with KeyBank and the other lending institutions party thereto (collectively, the “Lenders”), including KeyBank as Agent for the Lenders (in such capacity, the “Agent”), BMO Capital Markets, Truist Bank and The Huntington National Bank as Co-Syndication Agents (the “Co-Syndication Agents”) and KeyBanc Capital Markets Inc., BMO Capital Markets, Inc., Truist Securities, Inc. and The Huntington National Bank as Joint-Lead Arrangers (the “Lead Arrangers”). The Credit Facility is available for general corporate purposes, including, but not limited to, acquisitions, repayment of existing indebtedness and capital expenditures. On October 21, 2022, we exercised the accordion feature of our Credit Agreement and increased the Credit Facility from $250,000,000 to $400,000,000 as further described below.
The Credit Facility is priced on a leverage-based grid that fluctuates based on our actual leverage ratio at the end of the prior quarter. With our leverage ratio at 38% as of September 30, 2022, the spread over SOFR, including a 10-basis point credit adjustment, is 165 basis points and the interest rate on the Revolver was 5.96% as of December 31, 2022. We also pay an annual unused fee of up to 25 basis points on the Revolver, depending on the daily amount of the unused commitment, and paid total unused fees of $200,578 for the year ended December 31, 2022. On May 10, 2022, we entered into a swap agreement, effective May 31, 2022, to fix SOFR at 2.258% with respect to our original $150,000,000 Term Loan as described in Note 8 to our accompanying consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which resulted in a fixed interest rate of 3.858% on the first $150,000,000 of our Term Loan based on our leverage ratio of 38%.
On October 21, 2022, we exercised the accordion feature of our Credit Facility and increased the Credit Facility to $400,000,000, comprised of a $150,000,000 Revolver and a $250,000,000 Term Loan. The Credit Facility includes an updated accordion option that allows us to request additional Revolver and Term Loan lender commitments up to a total of $750,000,000 subject to customary conditions, including the receipt of new commitments from the Lenders. On December 20, 2022, the Credit Agreement was amended to allow us to draw on the additional $100,000,000 Term Loan commitment up to five times between December 20, 2022 and April 19, 2023 in exchange for a quarterly unused fee, which amounted to $6,944 during the quarter ended December 31, 2022. The maturities for our Revolver and Term Loan remain unchanged with the Revolver’s maturity in January 2026 with options to extend for a total of 12 months, and the Term Loan’s maturity in January 2027. We paid lender fees of $1,378,125 in connection with the expansion of our Credit Facility.
On October 26, 2022, we entered into a swap agreement, effective November 30, 2022, to fix SOFR at 3.44% with respect to our expanded Term Loan as described in Note 8 to our accompanying consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which would result in a fixed interest rate of 5.04% on the additional $100,000,000 to be borrowed under the Term Loan based on our leverage ratio of 38% as of December 31, 2022.
The Credit Facility includes customary representations, warranties and covenants, including covenants regarding minimum fixed charge coverage of 1.50x, minimum tangible net worth of $208,629,727 plus 85% of net offering proceeds after January 18, 2022, and maximum consolidated leverage of 60%. We were in compliance with these covenants as of December 31, 2022. The Credit Facility is secured by a pledge of all of the Operating Partnership’s equity interests in certain of the single-purpose, property-owning entities (the ‘‘Subsidiary Guarantors’’) that are indirectly owned by us, and various cash collateral owned by the Operating Partnership and the Subsidiary Guarantors. In connection with the Credit Facility, we and each of the Subsidiary Guarantors entered into an Unconditional Guaranty of Payment and Performance in favor of the Agent, pursuant to which we and each of the Subsidiary Guarantors agreed to guarantee the full and prompt payment of the Operating Partnership’s obligations under the Credit Agreement.
While the Credit Facility allows for borrowings of up to 60% of our borrowing base, we are targeting leverage of 40% or lower over the long-term once we achieve scale; however, we will consider higher leverage in the near-term if we identify attractive acquisition opportunities in advance of completing dispositions or raising additional equity. As of December 31, 2022, our leverage ratio was 38%.
Credit Facility Drawdown and Repayments
On January 18, 2022, we borrowed $155,775,000 from our Credit Facility consisting of $100,000,000 under the Term Loan and $55,775,000 under the Revolver. We used a portion of the proceeds from the Credit Facility to pay total commitment and arrangement fees of $2,020,000 to the Agent, the Lenders, the Lead Arrangers and Co-Syndication Agents.
We used a portion of the proceeds from the Credit Facility to repay 20 property mortgages, and related interest aggregating $153,428,764, including the $36,465,449 mortgage on the KIA auto dealership property which was acquired on January 18, 2022, as discussed above, and our prior line of credit outstanding balance of $8,022,000. The 20 mortgages that were paid off were for the following 27 properties: eight Dollar Generals, Northrop Grumman, exp Maitland, Wyndham, Williams Sonoma, EMCOR, Husqvarna, AvAir, 3M, Cummins, Levins, Labcorp, GSA (MHSA), PreK Education, ITW Rippey, Solar Turbines, WSP USA (formerly Wood Group), Gap, L3Harris and Walgreens. After the 20 property mortgages were paid-off, seven property mortgages as of December 31, 2021 remained outstanding, including four property mortgages related to assets held for sale. Those four mortgages were paid-off pursuant to sales of the properties in February 2022 as discussed below under “- Sale of Real Estate Investments.”
On March 8, 2022, we prepaid $35,000,000 of the outstanding balance on the Revolver with cash on hand in order to reduce interest expense, and on April 19, 2022, we drew $44,000,000 on the Revolver to fund the acquisition of the Lindsay properties. On April 25, 2022, we drew the remaining $50,000,000 on the Term Loan for a repayment on the Revolver and we also repaid $8,000,000 on the Revolver on June 22, 2022. We borrowed and repaid $28,000,000 during the three months ended September 30, 2022 in connection with acquisitions completed in July and August 2022 and dispositions completed in August and September 2022. We used proceeds from the Sutter Health early termination fee to prepay $3,775,000 on the Revolver in December 2022 and prepaid the remaining $3,000,000 Revolver balance on January 5, 2023 with the proceeds from the December 30, 2022 sale of our Raising Cane’s property. In January 2023, we borrowed $10,000,000 under the Term Loan to fund our acquisition of the property leased to Plastic Products Company, Inc. and for general corporate purposes. As of February 28, 2023, we had availability under the Credit Facility, prior to any new properties being added to the borrowing base, of approximately $85,000,000 which can be drawn for general corporate purposes, including future acquisitions.
While we intend for the Credit Facility to be our primary source of financing, we may continue to use mortgage debt financing for certain real estate investments and acquisitions. This financing may be obtained at the time an asset is acquired or an investment is made or at such later time as determined to be appropriate. In addition, debt financing may be used from time-to-time for property improvements, lease inducements, tenant improvements and other working capital needs.
As of December 31, 2022, the outstanding principal balance of our mortgage notes payable on our operating properties was $44,515,009, and the outstanding principal balances of our Revolver and Term Loan were $3,000,000 and $150,000,000, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, our approximate 72.7% pro-rata share of the TIC Interest’s mortgage note payable was $9,487,515, which is not included in our consolidated balance sheets in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We had $8,608,649 of cash and no restricted cash as of December 31, 2022, as reported in our accompanying consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Our cash and restricted cash, along with $150,000,000 of available capacity on our Revolver and $90,000,000 of available capacity on our Term Loan as of February 28, 2023, subject to our borrowing base covenant, along with proceeds from any future offerings of shares of Class C Common Stock, will primarily be used to invest in real estate and real estate-related investments or to re-lease and reposition our properties in accordance with our investment strategy and policies, including costs and fees associated with such investments, such as capital expenditures, tenant improvement costs and leasing costs. We also may use a portion of the proceeds from our offerings for payment of principal on our outstanding indebtedness, reserves required by financings of our real estate investments and for general corporate purposes.
Sale of Real Estate Investments
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we sold eight real estate properties as follows:
Property Location Disposition Date Property Type Rentable Square Feet Contract Sale Price Gain on Sale
Bon Secours Richmond, VA 2/11/2022 Office 72,890 $ 10,200,000 $ 28,595
Omnicare Richmond, VA 2/11/2022 Flex 51,800 8,760,000 1,890,624
Texas Health Dallas, TX 2/11/2022 Office 38,794 7,040,000 87,480
Accredo Orlando, FL 2/24/2022 Office 63,000 14,000,000 4,868,387
EMCOR Cincinnati, OH 6/29/2022 Office 39,385 6,525,000 720,071
Williams Sonoma Summerlin, NV 8/26/2022 Office 35,867 9,300,000 1,624,936
Wyndham Summerlin, NV 9/16/2022 Office 41,390 12,900,000 2,307,093
Raising Cane's San Antonio, TX 12/30/2022 Retail 3,853 4,313,045 669,185
Totals 346,979 $ 73,038,045 $ 12,196,371
On February 11, 2022, we completed the sale of two medical office properties in Dallas, Texas and Richmond, Virginia leased to Texas Health and Bon Secours, respectively, and one flex property in Richmond, Virginia leased to Omnicare for an aggregate sales price of $26,000,000, which generated net proceeds of $11,892,305 after payment of commissions, closing costs and existing mortgages.
On February 24, 2022, we completed the sale of a medical office property in Orlando, Florida leased to Accredo for a sales price of $14,000,000, which generated net proceeds of $5,012,724 after payment of commissions, closing costs and repayment of the existing mortgage.
On June 29, 2022, we completed the sale of an office property in Cincinnati, Ohio leased to EMCOR for a sales price of $6,525,000, which generated net proceeds of $6,345,642 after payment of commissions and closing costs.
On August 26, 2022, we completed the sale of an office property in Summerlin, Nevada leased to Williams Sonoma for a sales price of $9,300,000, which generated net proceeds of $8,964,252 after payment of commissions and closing costs.
On September 16, 2022, we completed the sale of an office property in Summerlin, Nevada leased to Wyndham for a sales price of $12,900,000, which generated net proceeds of $12,267,571 after payment of commissions and closing costs.
On December 30, 2022, we completed the sale of a retail property in San Antonio, Texas leased to Raising Cane's for a sales price of $4,313,045, which generated net proceeds of $4,173,283 after payment of commissions and closing costs.
Funds from Operations and Adjusted Funds from Operations
In order to provide a more complete understanding of the operating performance of a REIT, the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“Nareit”) promulgated a measure known as Funds from Operations (“FFO”). FFO is defined as net income or loss computed in accordance with GAAP, excluding extraordinary items, as defined by GAAP, and gains and losses from sales of depreciable operating property, plus real estate-related depreciation and amortization (excluding amortization of deferred financing costs and depreciation of non-real estate assets), and after adjustment for unconsolidated partnerships, joint ventures, preferred dividends and real estate impairments. Because FFO calculations adjust for such items as depreciation and amortization of real estate assets and gains and losses from sales of operating real estate assets (which can vary among owners of identical assets in similar conditions based on historical cost accounting and useful-life estimates), they facilitate comparisons of operating performance between periods and between other REITs. As a result, we believe that the use of FFO, together with the required GAAP presentations, provides a more complete understanding of our performance relative to our competitors and a more informed and appropriate basis on which to make decisions involving operating, financing, and investing activities. It should be noted, however, that other REITs may not define FFO in accordance with the current Nareit definition or may interpret the current Nareit definition differently than we do, making comparisons less meaningful.
Additionally, we use AFFO as a non-GAAP financial measure to evaluate our operating performance. AFFO excludes non-routine and certain non-cash items such as revenues in excess of cash received, amortization of stock-based compensation, deferred rent, amortization of in-place lease valuation intangibles, deferred financing fees, gain or loss from the extinguishment of debt, unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments, write-offs of transaction costs and other one-time transactions. We also believe that AFFO is a recognized measure of sustainable operating performance of the REIT industry. Further, we believe AFFO is useful in comparing the sustainability of our operating performance with the sustainability of the operating performance of other real estate companies. Management believes that AFFO is a beneficial indicator of our ongoing portfolio performance and ability to sustain our current distribution level. More specifically, AFFO isolates the financial results of our operations. AFFO, however, is not considered an appropriate measure of historical earnings as it excludes certain significant costs that are otherwise included in reported earnings. Further, since the measure is based on historical financial information, AFFO for the period presented may not be indicative of future results or our future ability to pay our dividends. By providing FFO and AFFO, we present information that assists investors in aligning their analysis with management’s analysis of long-term operating activities.
For all of these reasons, we believe the non-GAAP measures of FFO and AFFO, in addition to income (loss) from operations, net income (loss) and cash flows from operating activities, as defined by GAAP, are helpful supplemental performance measures and useful to investors in evaluating the performance of our real estate portfolio. However, a material limitation associated with FFO and AFFO is that they are not indicative of our cash available to fund distributions since other uses of cash, such as capital expenditures at our properties and principal payments of debt, are not deducted when calculating FFO and AFFO. AFFO is useful in assisting management and investors in assessing our ongoing ability to generate cash flow from operations and continue as a going concern in future operating periods. However, FFO and AFFO are not useful measures in evaluating NAV because impairments are taken into account in determining NAV but not in determining FFO and AFFO. Therefore, FFO and AFFO should not be viewed as a more prominent measure of performance than income (loss) from operations, net income (loss) or cash flows from operating activities and each should be reviewed in connection with GAAP measurements.
Neither the SEC, Nareit, nor any other applicable regulatory body has opined on the acceptability of the adjustments contemplated to adjust FFO in order to calculate AFFO and its use as a non-GAAP performance measure. In the future, the SEC or Nareit may decide to standardize the allowable exclusions across the REIT industry, and we may have to adjust the calculation and characterization of this non-GAAP measure. Furthermore, as described in Note 12 to our accompanying consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the conversion ratios for Class M OP Units, Class P OP Units and Class R OP Units can increase if the specified performance hurdles are achieved, which would increase the fully-diluted weighted average shares outstanding.
The following are the calculations of FFO and AFFO for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:
Years Ended December 31,
2022 2021
Net loss in accordance with GAAP $ (4,511,318) $ (435,505)
Preferred stock dividends (3,687,500) (1,065,278)
Net loss attributable to common stockholders and Class C OP Unit holders (8,198,818) (1,500,783)
FFO adjustments:
Add: Depreciation and amortization 14,929,574 13,710,588
Amortization of deferred lease incentives 412,098 245,438
Depreciation and amortization for unconsolidated investment in a real estate property 777,041 735,335
Impairment of real estate investment 2,080,727 -
Less: Gain on sale of real estate investments, net (12,196,371) (6,136,588) (1)
Reversal of impairment of real estate investment - (400,999)
FFO attributable to common stockholders and Class C OP Unit holders (2,195,749) 6,652,991
AFFO adjustments:
Add: Amortization of corporate intangibles - 1,556,348
Impairment of goodwill and intangible assets 17,320,857 3,767,190
Non-recurring corporate relocation costs 500,000 -
Stock compensation 2,401,022 2,744,881
Deferred financing costs 1,649,929 369,286
Non-recurring loan prepayment penalties 615,336 -
Swap termination costs 733,000 23,900
Amortization of above-market lease intangibles 197,224 129,823
Due diligence expenses, including abandoned pursuit costs 661,222 696,825
Less: Amortization of deferred rents (3,237,482) (1,478,818)
Unrealized gains on interest rate swaps, net (813,750) (970,039)
Amortization of below-market lease intangibles (1,202,711) (1,462,797)
Gain on forgiveness of economic relief note payable - (517,000)
Other adjustments for unconsolidated investment in a real estate property 5,251 (62,776)
AFFO $ 16,634,149 $ 11,449,814
Weighted average shares outstanding - basic 7,487,204 7,544,834
Weighted average shares outstanding - fully diluted (2) 10,225,850 8,780,131
FFO Per Share:
Basic $ (0.29) $ 0.88
Fully Diluted $ (0.29) $ 0.76
AFFO Per Share:
Basic $ 2.22 $ 1.52
Fully Diluted $ 1.63 $ 1.30
(1) Straight-line rent receivable write-offs related to sale of real estate investments for the year ended December 31, 2021 amounting to $1,667,114 were reclassified from rental income to gain on sale of real estate investments, net to conform with the current year presentation (see Note 2 to our accompanying consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more details on such reclassification).
(2) Includes the Class M, Class P and Class R OP Units to compute the weighted average number of shares.
Distributions
Historically, the sources of cash used to pay our distributions have been from net rental income received and the waiver and deferral of management fees by our former advisor through December 31, 2019.
A table of distributions declared, distributions paid out, the impact on cash flows from operations and the source of distribution payments is disclosed in Part II, Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities - Distribution Information.
We expect that our board of directors will continue to declare distributions based on a single record date as of the end of each month and to pay these distributions on a monthly basis. Distributions will be determined by our board of directors based on our financial condition and such other factors as our board of directors deems relevant. We have not established a minimum dividend or distribution level, and our charter does not require that we make dividends or distributions to our stockholders other than as necessary to meet REIT qualification standards.
Cash Flow Summary
The following table summarizes our cash flow activity for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:
2022 2021
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 16,648,821 $ 9,728,685
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities $ (61,063,193) $ 21,830,288
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities $ (5,384,499) $ 18,471,017
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
The cash provided by operating activities of $16,648,821 for the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily reflects adjustments to our net loss of $4,511,318 to exclude net non-cash charges of $23,209,673 related to depreciation and amortization, impairment of goodwill, impairment of real estate property, stock compensation expense, amortization of deferred financing costs and premium, write-off of purchase deposit, amortization of deferred lease incentives, and amortization of above market lease intangibles, which were partially offset by gain on sale of real estate investments, write-off of unrealized gain on interest rate swaps, amortization of below-market lease intangibles, amortization of deferred rents and undistributed income from our unconsolidated investment in a real estate property. Cash provided by operations also included distributions from our unconsolidated investment in real estate property of $211,921. The cash provided by operations was also offset in part by cash used to fund changes in operating assets and liabilities of $2,261,455 during the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily due to increases in tenant receivables and prepaid expenses and a decrease in accounts payable, accrued and other liabilities.
The cash provided by operating activities of $9,728,685 for the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily reflects adjustments to our net loss of $435,505 to exclude net non-cash charges of $12,948,386 related to depreciation and amortization, impairment of intangible assets, stock compensation expense, amortization of deferred financing incentives, amortization of above-market lease intangibles and amortization of deferred rents, which were partially offset by gain on sale of real estate investments, amortization of below-market lease intangibles, unrealized gain on interest rate swap valuation, gain on forgiveness of economic relief note payable, reversal of impairment of real estate property and undistributed income from our unconsolidated investment in a real estate property. Cash provided by operations also included distributions from our unconsolidated investment in real estate property of $337,072. The cash provided by operations was offset in part by cash used to fund changes in operating assets and liabilities of $3,121,268 during the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily due to increases in note receivable and prepaid expenses and other assets, partially offset by a decrease in tenant receivables and an increase in accounts payable, accrued and other liabilities.
We continue to expect that our cash flows from operating activities will be positive in the next 12 months; however, there can be no assurance that this expectation will be realized.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities was $61,063,193 for the year ended December 31, 2022 and consisted primarily of the following:
•$127,144,030 for acquisitions of 16 real estate properties;
•$4,353,938 for capitalized costs for improvements to existing real estate properties; and
•$2,148,731 for payments of lease incentives.
These uses were partially offset by:
•$70,662,287 of proceeds from sales of eight real estate properties;
•$1,836,767 from collection of receivable for early termination of lease; and
•$84,452 from a refundable purchase deposit.
Net cash provided by investing activities was $21,830,288 for the year ended December 31, 2021 and consisted primarily of the following:
•$37,719,998 of proceeds from sales of five real estate properties; and
•$1,824,383 from collection of a note receivable from the sale of real estate property.
These proceeds were partially offset by:
•$15,162,305 for acquisitions of two real estate properties;
•$1,356,038 for capitalized costs for improvements to existing real estate properties;
•$1,000,000 for a refundable purchase deposit; and
•$195,750 for additions to intangible assets.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities was $5,384,499 for the year ended December 31, 2022 and consisted primarily of the following:
•$130,496,746 of mortgage note principal payments upon entering into the Credit Facility and the sale of four real estate properties;
•$5,857,849 of cash distributions paid to common stockholders;
•$1,383,433 of cash distributions paid to the Class C OP Unit holder;
•$3,830,903 of cash dividends paid to preferred stockholders;
•$4,161,618 used for repurchases of common stock;
•$3,638,229 of deferred financing cost payments; and
•$1,108,221 for payments of offering costs.
These uses were partially offset by:
•$150,000,000 of proceeds from borrowings on our Term Loan;
•$3,000,000 of net proceeds from our Revolver, more than offset by repayment of $8,022,000 on the prior credit facility with Banc of California (the “Prior Credit Facility”); and
•$114,500 of net proceeds from issuance of common stock in the Listed Offering.
Net cash provided by financing activities was $18,471,017 for the year ended December 31, 2021 and consisted primarily of the following:
•$47,607,309 of net proceeds from issuance of preferred stock;
•$4,336,086 of proceeds from issuance of common stock;
•$25,436,000 of proceeds from refinancing of mortgage notes payable;
•$2,022,000 of proceeds from borrowings on our prior credit facility revolver, net; and
•$18,804 of refundable loan deposits made.
These proceeds were partially offset by:
•$36,569,537 of mortgage notes principal payments and deferred financing cost payments of $404,971 to third parties;
•$19,082,962 used for repurchases of shares under our prior share repurchase programs;
•$3,473,378 of cash distributions paid to common stockholders; and
•$1,418,334 for offering costs.
Results of Operations
As of December 31, 2022, we owned (i) 46 operating properties (including one property held for sale); (ii) one parcel of land which currently serves as an easement to one of our industrial properties; and (iii) the TIC Interest. We acquired 16 and two operating properties in 2022 and 2021, respectively. We sold eight and five operating properties in 2022 and 2021, respectively, in accordance with our strategic plan to reduce our exposure to office and retail properties and increase our WALT by acquiring primarily industrial manufacturing properties generally with lease terms of 15+ years. We expect that rental income, depreciation and amortization expense and interest expense will be higher on a year-over-year basis in 2023 due to our planned acquisitions. Our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 are not indicative of those expected in future periods as we have significant unused capacity on our Credit Facility and expect to continue to acquire additional operating properties. We can provide no assurance that our plans for acquisitions, if any, will be successful in the near term.
The COVID-19 pandemic's impact on the economy appears to have diminished and the general commercial real estate market appears to be recovering from COVID-19 impacts except for a continuing impact on commercial office properties due to the prevalence of employees working from home. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused and may continue to cause significant disruption to certain tenants' business operations which may impact our results of operations and cash flows in ways that remain unpredictable in the foreseeable future; for example, increased demand for work-from-home arrangements resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic may adversely impact the operations of our office properties. Additionally, a resurgence of COVID-19, including any future variants and resistance to currently available vaccines, or any future outbreak of other highly infectious or contagious diseases, could materially and adversely impact or disrupt our business operations, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and performance.
We, our tenants and operating partners are also impacted by inflation and rising interest rates. According to the U.S. Labor Department, the annual inflation rate for the U.S. was 6% and 7% for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, the highest increases since June 1982. As a result, the Federal Reserve is expected to continue raising interest rates to try to rein in inflation, which may lead to a recession and will negatively impact our future results due to higher borrowing costs on any floating rate borrowing. However, as of February 28, 2023, 100% of our outstanding debt is at fixed rates as a result of the swap agreements entered into in May 2022 and October 2022. Furthermore, the prolonged Russia-Ukraine conflict, as well as further retaliatory sanctions from the U.S. and its allies to Russia, may also exacerbate the already high inflation, continue to rattle the global economies and markets and worsen the fragile global supply chain.
Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2022 to the Year Ended December 31, 2021
Rental Income
Rental income, including tenant reimbursements, was $46,174,267 and $37,889,831 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Rental income during 2022 and 2021 included early termination fee revenue of $3,751,984 and $1,381,767, respectively. The 2022 early termination fee was related to an office property in Rancho Cordova, California leased to Sutter Health, which was subsequently leased to OES effective January 4, 2023, and the 2021 early termination fee was related to an industrial property in Cedar Park, Texas, leased to Dana Incorporated which was sold on July 7, 2021 (see Note 3 to our accompanying consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more details on such transactions).
Excluding the early termination fee revenue in 2022 and 2021, rental income increased by $5,914,219, or 16%, as compared to 2021 primarily reflecting the rental income contribution from our acquisition of 16 properties during 2022, including the KIA auto dealership property in Carson, California in January 2022, and our acquisition of eight industrial properties leased to Lindsay Precast in April 2022, which contributed approximately 12.4% and 8.0% of our total rental income during 2022, respectively. Rental income from our 16 acquisitions in 2022, together with the rental income contributions of two properties acquired during the second half of 2021, was partially offset by the decrease in rental income from the sale of 13 non-core properties over the last 24 months. Our acquisitions and dispositions are detailed in Note 3 to our accompanying consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Pursuant to most of our lease agreements, tenants are required to pay or reimburse all or a portion of the property operating expenses. Rental income includes tenant reimbursements of $6,596,244 and $5,807,634 in 2022 and 2021, respectively. The ABR of the operating properties owned as of December 31, 2022 was $33,667,366.
General and Administrative
General and administrative expenses were $7,812,057 and $9,715,067 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The decrease of $1,903,010, or 20%, year-over-year primarily reflects personnel reductions and the resulting decrease in compensation to employees, reduced costs for technology services following our exit from the crowdfunding business in the first quarter of 2022 and reduced costs for professional services during the current year.
Stock Compensation Expense
Stock compensation expense was $2,401,022 and $2,744,881 for the years December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The decrease of $343,859, or 13%, as compared with the prior year primarily reflects forfeitures related to employee terminations and resignations during the second half of 2021 and the first and third quarters of 2022.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were $14,929,574 and $15,266,936, respectively. The purchase price of the acquired properties was allocated to tangible assets, identifiable intangibles and assumed liabilities and is being depreciated or amortized over their estimated useful lives. The decrease of $337,362, or 2%, year-over-year primarily reflects the absence of amortization of corporate intangibles of $1,556,347 in 2021. The corporate intangibles were impaired during the fourth quarter of 2021 in connection with our decision to exit the crowdfunding business. The absence of amortization of corporate intangibles during the current year was partially offset by the net increase on depreciation expense for acquisitions in excess of dispositions compared with the prior year.
Interest Expense
Interest expense includes interest paid or payable to lenders on our property mortgages and Credit Facility, related amortization of deferred financing costs and unrealized gains and losses on swap valuations. Interest expense was $8,106,658 and $7,586,197 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (see Note 7 to our accompanying consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the detail of the components of interest expense). On January 18, 2022, we used funds from our initial borrowing from our Credit Facility to pay off 20 existing property mortgages on 27 properties, the $36,465,449 mortgage on the KIA auto dealership property which we acquired on January 18, 2022 and repayment of our Prior Credit Facility and related interest, aggregating $153,428,764. In addition, four interest rate swap agreements related to four property mortgages were terminated in connection with the prepayment of the property mortgages. The increase in interest expense of $520,461, or 7%, year-over-year was primarily due to the year-over-year decrease in gains on interest rate swaps of $821,996, partially offset by the year-over-year decrease in interest expense paid or payable to the lenders and amortization of deferred financing costs. Following the purchase of a second interest rate swap on October 26, 2022, effective November 30, 2022, we have fixed our $250,000,000 Term Loan (including the additional $100,000,000 Term Loan commitment available as a result of our exercise of the accordion feature of our Credit Facility) at a weighted average interest rate of 4.33% when our leverage ratio is no more than 40%. The weighted average interest rate on our total debt outstanding of approximately $204.5 million as of February 28, 2023 is 4.05% based on our leverage ratio of 38% as of December 31, 2022.
Property Expenses
Property expenses were $8,899,626 and $6,880,993 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. These expenses primarily relate to property taxes and repairs and maintenance expenses, the majority of which are reimbursed by tenants, along with write offs of legal and due diligence costs for abandoned pursuits of acquisitions. The increase of $2,018,633, or 29%, year-over-year primarily reflects increases in repairs and maintenance, property management fees and property taxes, the majority of which are reimbursed by tenants.
Impairment (Reversal of Impairment) of Real Estate Investment Property
Impairment of investment in real estate property of $2,080,727 for the year ended December 31, 2022 reflects an impairment charge for a property located in Rocklin, California leased to Gap through February 28, 2023. We determined that the impairment charge was required, based on efforts initiated during the fourth quarter of 2022 to sell the property and its reclassification to asset held for sale as of December 31, 2022 (see Note 3 to our accompanying consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional details). Reversal of impairment of investment in real estate property of $400,999 for the year ended December 31, 2021 reflects an adjustment to reduce the impairment charge recorded in December 2020 for the property located in Bedford, Texas due to its reclassification from held for sale to held for investment and use in June 2021.
Impairment of Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Impairment charges for non-property intangible assets were $17,320,857 and $3,767,190 during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The impairment of goodwill of $17,320,857 for year ended December 31, 2022 reflects the significant decline in the market value of our common stock since it began trading on the NYSE in February 2022. During the first quarter of 2022, management considered the fact that the trading price of our common stock caused our market capitalization to be below the book value of our equity as of March 31, 2022. Our stock price is materially below both our historical net asset value and the book value of our equity, reflecting the negative impacts of rising inflation and interest rates, declining office occupancy rates affecting owners of real estate properties and fears of a potential recession. We, therefore, reduced the carrying value of goodwill to zero as of March 31, 2022 (see Note 5 to our accompanying consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional details). The impairment of intangible assets of $3,767,190 for the year ended December 31, 2021 relates to the unamortized balance of intangible assets used to raise equity capital through our crowdfunding activities which were abandoned when we planned our Listed Offering in the fourth quarter of 2021.
Gain on Sale of Real Estate Investments, Net
The gain on sale of real estate investments, net was $12,196,371 and $6,136,588 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and relates to the sale of eight properties (six office, one flex and one retail) during the year ended December 31, 2022 and five properties (four retail and one industrial) during the year ended December 31, 2021 (see Note 3 to our accompanying consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more details on the gain on sale of real estate investments). Our 2022 and 2021 sales of real estate investments were primarily due to our strategic plan to reduce our exposure to office and retail properties and acquire industrial manufacturing properties with longer lease terms.
Other Income (Expense), Net
Interest income was $21,910 and $21,328 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Income from unconsolidated investment in a real estate property was $278,002 and $276,042 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. This represents our approximate 72.7% TIC Interest in the Santa Clara, California property's results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Gain on forgiveness of economic relief note payable of $517,000 for the year ended December 31, 2021 reflects the forgiveness in February 2021 of our economic relief note payable of $517,000 obtained in April 2020 under the terms of the Paycheck Protection Program of the Small Business Administration. There was no gain on forgiveness of economic relief note payable for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Loss on early extinguishment of debt of $1,725,318 for the year ended December 31, 2022 reflects non-cash charges of $1,164,998 for deferred financing costs and prepayment penalties of $615,336 upon repayment of 20 mortgages on 27 properties, full repayment of our Prior Credit Facility and mortgage repayments related to four asset sales, as well as $733,000 of swap termination fees related to the four mortgage refinancings which were offset by the related write-off of unrealized swap valuation losses of $788,016 (see Notes 7 and 8 to our accompanying consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more details). There was no loss on early extinguishment of debt for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Other income of $93,971 and $283,971 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, primarily reflects our monthly management fee from the entities that own the TIC Interest property which is equal to 0.1% of the total investment value of the property. The total management fee was $263,971 for each of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, of which our portion of expense relating to the TIC Interest was $191,933 for each year and is reflected as a component of income from unconsolidated investment in a real estate property in our accompanying consolidated statements of operations included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Quarterly Data
Our quarterly operating results have fluctuated significantly in the past and will likely continue to do so in the future as a result of ongoing property acquisitions and dispositions and various other factors as more fully described in Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors herein. The following table sets forth certain unaudited quarterly historical financial data for each of the eight quarters in the two years ended December 31, 2022. This unaudited quarterly information has been prepared on the same basis as the annual information presented elsewhere herein and, in our opinion, includes all adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the selected quarterly information. This information should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The operating results for any quarter shown are not necessarily indicative of results for any future period.
Net (Loss) Income Attributable to Common Stockholders Net (Loss) Income Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders Gains on Dispositions of Real Estate (1) AFFO Attributable to Common Stockholders and Class C OP Unit Holder (1) AFFO Per Share
Revenues (1) Basic Diluted Basic Fully Diluted
Quarter Ended: (2)
March 31, 2022 $ 10,174,340 $ (11,067,010) $ (1.47) $ (1.47) $ 6,875,086 $ 2,971,663 $ 0.39 $ 0.29
June 30, 2022 $ 10,676,148 $ 1,249,255 $ 0.17 $ 0.14 $ 720,071 $ 3,594,747 $ 0.48 $ 0.35
September 30, 2022 $ 10,951,673 $ 3,000,352 $ 0.40 $ 0.35 $ 3,932,029 $ 3,127,692 $ 0.42 $ 0.31
December 31, 2022 $ 14,372,106 $ (158,632) $ (0.02) $ (0.02) $ 669,185 $ 6,940,047 $ 0.93 $ 0.68
Quarter Ended: (3)
March 31, 2021 $ 9,025,993 $ (903,648) $ (0.12) $ (0.12) $ 238,519 $ 2,219,856 $ 0.29 $ 0.25
June 30, 2021 $ 9,107,008 $ (1,001,843) $ (0.13) $ (0.13) $ - $ 3,037,996 $ 0.40 $ 0.34
September 30, 2021 $ 10,925,296 $ 3,505,052 $ 0.47 $ 0.40 $ 3,559,165 $ 3,812,513 $ 0.51 $ 0.44
December 31, 2021 $ 8,831,534 $ (3,100,344) $ (0.41) $ (0.41) $ 2,338,904 $ 2,379,449 $ 0.32 $ 0.27
(1) During the fourth quarter of 2022, management determined that straight-line rents receivable write-offs associated with real estate investments previously sold should be reclassified as a component of the related gain on sale of the real estate investments rather than as an offset to rental income as previously presented in our statements of operations. Accordingly, our statements of operations reflect an increase in rental income and a corresponding reduction in the gain on sale of real estate investments for the first three quarters of 2022 and the first, third and fourth quarters of 2021 as follows: first quarter of 2022, $525,691; second quarter of 2022, $282,030; and third quarter of 2022, $739,255; and first quarter of 2021, $51,123; third quarter of 2021, $683,606; and fourth quarter of 2021, $932,385. The reclassifications did not affect net income (loss) or net income (loss) per share in the unaudited quarterly condensed consolidated statements of operations (see Note 2 to our accompanying consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more details on such reclassification).
(2) The first quarter of 2022 includes the impact of the goodwill impairment charge of $17,320,857, non-recurring loan prepayment penalties of $615,336 and swap termination costs of $733,000. The fourth quarter of 2022 includes revenue from early termination fee of $3,751,984, partially offset by impairment of real estate investment property of $2,080,727.
(3) The first quarter of 2021 includes the impact of a gain of $517,000 on forgiveness of economic relief note payable loan. The second quarter of 2021 includes an impairment credit of $400,999 on the reclassification of a real estate investment to held for investment from held for sale in the second quarter of 2021. The third quarter of 2021 includes an early termination fee of $1,381,767. The fourth quarter of 2021 includes the impact of intangible assets impairment charge of $3,767,190.
Organizational and Offering Costs
Organizational and offering costs include all costs incurred in connection with the offerings prior to the Listed Offering, including investor relations' payroll costs and other costs incurred in connection with the offerings of our stock, including, but not limited to legal fees, federal and state filing fees and other costs. Through November 24, 2021, the termination date of the Reg A Offering, we had recorded cumulative organizational and offering costs of $8,298,499, including $5,429,105 paid to our former sponsor or affiliates through December 31, 2019.
In connection with our Listed Offering of Class C Common Stock, we incurred organizational and offering costs in the aggregate of $885,500 in the fourth quarter of 2021 and the first quarter of 2022. We also incurred additional organizational and offering costs of $1,108,221 during the year ended December 31, 2022 related to our Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-263985) that we filed on March 30, 2022, and Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-3 that we filed on May 27, 2022, to issue and sell from time to time, together or separately, the following securities at an aggregate public offering price that will not exceed $200,000,000: Class C Common Stock, preferred stock, warrants, rights and units. The Form S-3, as amended, became effective on June 2, 2022 and we filed a prospectus supplement for our $50,000,000 ATM Offering on June 6, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, no shares were issued in connection with our ATM Offering.
Properties
Portfolio Information
Our wholly-owned investments in real estate properties as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, including one and four properties held for sale as of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and the 91,740 square foot industrial property underlying the TIC Interest for all balance sheet dates presented were as follows:
December 31,
2022 2021
Number of properties: (1) (2)
Industrial (3) 27 12
Retail 12 12
Office (3) 7 14
Total operating properties 46 38
Parcel of land 1 1
Total properties 47 39
Leasable square feet:
Industrial (3) 2,541,792 1,514,876
Retail 230,176 161,406
Office (3) 401,291 800,036
Total leasable square feet 3,173,259 2,476,318
(1) Includes one office property held for sale as of December 31, 2022, which is in escrow and scheduled to be sold by the end of March 2023.
(2) Includes four healthcare related properties held for sale as of December 31, 2021, which consisted of three office properties and one flex property. These held for sale properties were sold in February 2022.
(3)One property was reclassified on December 31, 2022 to industrial from office to reflect the lessee's change in use since a majority of the square footage of the property is being used as laboratory space.
We are a smaller reporting entity and operate in an evolving environment.
Acquisitions of Real Estate Investments
We acquired 16 and two properties during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, as follows:
Property and Location Property Type Area (Square Feet) Lease Terms (Years) Annual Rent Increase Acquisition Price Initial Cap Rate
KIA/Trophy of Carson, Carson, CA (1) Retail 72,623 25 2.0 % $ 69,275,000 5.7 %
Kalera, Saint Paul, MN Industrial 78,857 20 2.5 % 8,079,000 7.0 %
Lindsay Precast, eight properties acquired in Colorado (3), Ohio (2), North Carolina, South Carolina and Florida Industrial 618,195 25 2.0 % 56,150,000 6.7 %
Producto, two properties acquired in Endicott and Jamestown, NY Industrial 72,373 20 2.0 % 5,343,862 7.2 %
Valtir, four properties acquired in Centerville, UT, Orangeburg, SC, Fort Worth, TX and Lima, OH Industrial 293,612 20 (2) 2.3 % 23,375,000 7.7 %
1,135,660 $ 162,222,862
Raising Cane’s, San Antonio, TX
Retail 3,853 7 2.0 % $ 3,607,424 6.3 %
Arrow Tru-Line, Archbold, OH Industrial 206,155 20 2.0 % 11,460,000 6.7 %
210,008 $ 15,067,424
(1) The KIA property was acquired in an ‘‘UPREIT’’ transaction wherein the seller received 1,312,382 Class C OP Units for approximately 47% of the property value and we repaid a $36,465,449 existing mortgage, including accrued interest, on the property.
(2) The South Carolina and Ohio properties have a 25-year master lease and the Texas and Utah properties have a 15-year master lease.
In evaluating the above properties as potential acquisitions, including the determination of an appropriate purchase price to be paid for the properties, we considered a variety of factors, including the condition and financial performance of the properties, the terms of the existing leases and the creditworthiness of the tenants, property location, visibility and access, age of the properties, physical condition and curb appeal, neighboring property uses, local market conditions, including vacancy rates, area demographics, including trade area population and average household income and neighborhood growth patterns and economic conditions.
Sales of Real Estate Investments
We completed the sale of eight and five non-core properties during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, as follows:
Property Location Disposition Date Property Type Rentable Square Feet Contract Sales Price Net Proceeds (1)
Bon Secours (2) Richmond, VA 2/11/2022 Office 72,890 $ 10,200,000 $ -
Omnicare (2) Richmond, VA 2/11/2022 Flex 51,800 8,760,000 -
Texas Health (2) Dallas, TX 2/11/2022 Office 38,794 7,040,000 11,892,305 (3)
Accredo (2) Orlando, FL 2/24/2022 Office 63,000 14,000,000 5,012,724
EMCOR Cincinnati, OH 6/29/2022 Office 39,385 6,525,000 6,345,642
Williams Sonoma Summerlin, NV 8/26/2022 Office 35,867 9,300,000 8,964,252
Wyndham Summerlin, NV 9/16/2022 Office 41,390 12,900,000 12,267,571
Raising Cane's San Antonio, TX 12/30/2022 Retail 3,853 4,313,045 4,173,283
Totals 346,979 $ 73,038,045 $ 48,655,777
Chevron Roseville, CA 1/7/2021 Retail 3,300 $ 4,050,000 $ 3,914,909
EcoThrift Sacramento, CA 1/29/2021 Retail 38,536 5,375,300 2,684,225
Chevron San Jose, CA 2/12/2021 Retail 1,060 4,288,888 4,054,327
Dana Cedar Park, TX 7/7/2021 Industrial 45,465 10,000,000 4,975,334
Harley Davidson Bedford, TX 12/21/2021 Retail 70,960 15,270,000 8,344,708
Totals 159,321 $ 38,984,188 $ 23,973,503
(1) Net of commissions, closing costs paid and repayment of any outstanding mortgages.
(2) Classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2021.
(3) Net proceeds from the combined sale of the Bon Secours, Omnicare and Texas Health properties.
Extension of Leases
Effective January 12, 2022, we extended the lease terms of our Cummins office property located in Nashville, Tennessee from March 1, 2023 to February 28, 2024 with a 2% increase in annual rent commencing March 1, 2023. Cummins accepted the extension of the lease terms and possession of the property on an "AS-IS" basis. We also granted to Cummins an option to extend the lease term for an additional five years commencing March 1, 2024 and paid a leasing commission of $30,000 in connection with this extension.
Effective January 26, 2022, we extended the lease term of our ITW Rippey industrial property located in El Dorado Hills, California from August 1, 2022 to July 31, 2029 with a 6% increase in annual rent commencing August 1, 2022 and 3% annual escalations thereafter. We also agreed to provide a tenant improvements allowance of $481,250 in connection with this extension and granted ITW Rippey an option to extend the lease term for an additional five years commencing August 1, 2029. On July 15, 2022, we agreed to allow ITW Rippey to utilize its tenant improvements allowance for any sums due under the lease.
Effective March 4, 2022, we extended the lease term of our Williams Sonoma office property located in Summerlin, Nevada from October 31, 2022 to October 31, 2025 with a 4% increase in annual rent commencing November 1, 2022 and 2.7% annual escalations thereafter. We also agreed to provide the tenant with one month of free rent, an inducement payment of $100,000 and tenant improvements allowance of $166,450 and paid a leasing commission of $90,383 in connection with this extension. The property leased to Williams Sonoma was sold on August 26, 2022.
On January 23, 2023, we executed a lease extension for the office property leased to Solar Turbines in San Diego, California for an additional two years through July 31, 2025 with a 14.0% increase in rent effective August 1, 2023 and a 3.0% increase in rent effective August 1, 2024. This is the third lease extension executed by Solar Turbines, which has occupied our property located in San Diego, California since 2008.
We are continuing to explore potential lease extensions for certain of our other properties.
Other than as discussed below, we do not have other plans to incur any significant costs to renovate, improve or develop our properties. We believe that our properties are adequately insured. Pursuant to lease agreements, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had obligations to pay $1,789,027 and $189,136, respectively, for on-site and tenant improvements to be incurred by tenants. We expect that the related improvements will be completed during the 2023 calendar year and will be funded from cash on hand, operating cash flow or borrowings under our Credit Facility.
In addition, we have identified approximately $1,181,000 of roof and HVAC replacement, elevator upgrades and sealing and parking lot repairs/restriping that are expected to be completed in the next 12 months. Approximately $217,000 of these improvements are expected to be recoverable from the tenant through operating expense reimbursements. We will initially pay for the improvements, and the recoveries will be billed over an extended period of time according to the terms of the leases. The remaining costs of approximately $964,000 are not recoverable from tenants. These improvements will be funded from cash on hand, operating cash flows, or borrowings under our Credit Facility. More information on our properties and investments can be found in Part I, Item 2. Properties of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Critical Accounting Policies
The discussion below is regarding the accounting policies that management believes are or will be critical to our operations. We consider these policies critical in that they involve significant management judgments and assumptions, require estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain and because they are important for understanding and evaluating our reported financial results. These judgments affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and our disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the dates of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. With different estimates or assumptions, materially different amounts could be reported in our consolidated financial statements. Additionally, other companies may have utilized different estimates that may impact the comparability of our results of operations to those of companies in similar businesses.
Noncontrolling Interest in Consolidated Entities
We account for the noncontrolling interests in our Operating Partnership in accordance with the related accounting guidance. Due to our control of the Operating Partnership through our general partnership interest therein and the limited rights of the limited partners, the Operating Partnership and its wholly-owned subsidiaries are consolidated with us, and the limited partner interests not held by us are reflected as noncontrolling interests in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and statements of equity. Other than the noncontrolling interests related to an “UPREIT” transaction, all other noncontrolling interests currently represent non-voting, non-distribution accruing interests with no allocation of profits or losses, but have various conversion rights to obtain future rights to distributions and allocation of profits and losses.
Revenue Recognition
We account for revenue in accordance with FASB ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU No. 2014-09”), which includes revenue generated by sales of real estate, other operating income and tenant reimbursements for substantial services earned at our properties. Such revenues are recognized when the services are provided and the performance obligations are satisfied. Tenant reimbursements, consisting of amounts due from tenants for common area maintenance, property taxes and other recoverable costs, are recognized in rental income subsequent to the adoption of Topic 842, as discussed below, in the period the recoverable costs are incurred. Tenant reimbursements, for which we pay the associated costs directly to third-party vendors and is reimbursed by the tenants, are recognized and recorded on a gross basis.
We account for leases in accordance with FASB ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) and the related FASB ASU Nos. 2018-10, 2018-11, 2018-20 and 2019-01, which provide practical expedients, technical corrections and improvements for certain aspects of ASU 2016-02 (collectively “Topic 842”). Topic 842 established a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for leases. Topic 842 applies to all entities that enter into leases. Lessees are required to report assets and liabilities that arise from leases. Lessor accounting has largely remained unchanged; however, certain refinements are made to conform with revenue recognition guidance, specifically related to the allocation and recognition of contract consideration earned from lease and non-lease revenue components. Topic 842 impacts our accounting for leases primarily as a lessor. Topic 842 also impacts our accounting as a lessee; however, such impact is not considered material.
As a lessor, our leases with tenants generally provide for the lease of real estate properties, as well as common area maintenance, property taxes and other recoverable costs. To reflect recognition as one lease component, rental income and tenant reimbursements and other lease related property income that meet the requirements of the practical expedient provided by ASU No. 2018-11 have been combined under rental income in our consolidated statements of operations.
We recognize rental income from tenants under operating leases on a straight-line basis over the noncancelable term of the lease when collectability of such amounts is reasonably assured. Recognition of rental income on a straight-line basis includes the effects of rental abatements, lease incentives and fixed and determinable increases in lease payments over the lease term. If the lease provides for tenant improvements, our management determines whether the tenant improvements, for accounting purposes, are owned by the tenant or by us.
When we are the owner of the tenant improvements, the tenant is not considered to have taken physical possession or have control of the physical use of the leased asset until the tenant improvements are substantially completed. When the tenant is the owner of the tenant improvements, any tenant improvement allowance (including amounts that the tenant can take in the form of cash or a credit against its rent) that is funded is treated as a lease incentive and amortized as a reduction of revenue over the lease term. Tenant improvement ownership is determined based on various factors including, but not limited to:
•whether the lease stipulates how a tenant improvement allowance may be spent;
•whether the amount of a tenant improvement allowance is in excess of market rates;
•whether the tenant or landlord retains legal title to the improvements at the end of the lease term;
•whether the tenant improvements are unique to the tenant or general-purpose in nature; and
•whether the tenant improvements are expected to have any residual value at the end of the lease.
Tenant reimbursements of real estate taxes, insurance, repairs and maintenance, and other operating expenses are recognized as revenue in the period the expenses are incurred and presented gross if we are the primary obligor and, with respect to purchasing goods and services from third-party suppliers, has discretion in selecting the supplier and bears the associated credit risk. In instances where the operating lease agreement has an early termination option, the termination penalty is based on a predetermined termination fee or based on the unamortized tenant improvements and leasing commissions.
We evaluate the collectability of rents and other receivables on a regular basis based on factors including, among others, payment history, credit rating, the asset type, and current economic conditions. If our evaluation of these factors indicates we may not recover the full value of the receivable, we provide an allowance against the portion of the receivable that we estimate may not be recovered. This analysis requires us to determine whether there are factors indicating a receivable may not be fully collectible and to estimate the amount of the receivable that may not be collected.
Bad Debts and Allowances for Tenant and Deferred Rent Receivables
Our determination of the adequacy of our allowances for tenant receivables includes a binary assessment of whether or not the amounts due under a tenant’s lease agreement are probable of collection. For such amounts that are deemed probable of collection, revenue continues to be recorded on a straight-line basis over the lease term. For such amounts that are deemed not probable of collection, revenue is recorded as the lesser of (i) the amount which would be recognized on a straight-line basis or (ii) cash that has been received from the tenant, with any tenant and deferred rent receivable balances charged as a direct write-off against rental income in the period of the change in the collectability determination. In addition, for tenant and deferred rent receivables deemed probable of collection, we also may record an allowance under other authoritative GAAP depending upon our evaluation of the individual receivables, specific credit enhancements, current economic conditions, and other relevant factors. Such allowances are recorded as increases or decreases through rental income in our consolidated statements of operations.
With respect to tenants in bankruptcy, management makes estimates of the expected recovery of pre-petition and post-petition claims in assessing the estimated collectability of the related receivable. In some cases, the ultimate resolution of these claims can exceed one year. When a tenant is in bankruptcy, we will record a bad debt allowance for the tenant’s receivable balance and generally will not recognize subsequent rental revenue until either cash is received or until the tenant is no longer in bankruptcy and has the ability to make rental payments.
Gain or Loss on Sale of Real Estate Investments
We recognize gain or loss on sale of real estate property when we have executed a contract for sale of the property, transferred controlling financial interest in the property to the buyer and determined that it is probable that we will collect substantially all of the consideration for the property. When properties are sold, operating results of the properties remain in continuing operations, and any associated gain or loss from the disposition is included in gain or loss on sale of real estate investments in our accompanying consolidated statements of operations included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Income Taxes
We have elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes under Section 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code. We expect to operate in a manner that will allow us to continue to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. To qualify as a REIT, we must meet certain organizational and operational requirements, including meeting various tests regarding the nature of our assets and our income, the ownership of our outstanding stock and distribution of at least 90% of our annual REIT taxable income to our stockholders (which is computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction or net capital gain and which does not necessarily equal net income as calculated in accordance with GAAP). As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax to the extent we distribute qualifying dividends to our stockholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate income tax rates and generally will not be permitted to qualify for treatment as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes for the four taxable years following the year during which qualification is lost unless the Internal Revenue Service grants us relief under certain statutory provisions.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The fair value hierarchy, which is based on three levels of inputs, the first two of which are considered observable and the last unobservable, that may be used to measure fair value, is as follows:
Level 1: quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
Level 2: inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities; and
Level 3: unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.
The fair value for certain financial instruments is derived using valuation techniques that involve significant management judgment. The price transparency of financial instruments is a key determinant of the degree of judgment involved in determining the fair value of our financial instruments. Financial instruments for which actively quoted prices or pricing parameters are available and for which markets contain orderly transactions will generally have a higher degree of price transparency than financial instruments for which markets are inactive or consist of non-orderly trades. We evaluate several factors when determining if a market is inactive or when market transactions are not orderly. The following is a summary of the methods and assumptions used by management in estimating the fair value of each class of financial instrument for which it is practicable to estimate the fair value:
Cash and cash equivalents; restricted cash; receivable from early termination of lease; tenant receivables; prepaid expenses and other assets; accounts payable, accrued and other liabilities: These balances approximate their fair values due to the short maturities of these items.
Derivative instruments: Our derivative instruments are presented at fair value on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The valuation of these instruments is determined using a third-party's proprietary model that utilizes observable inputs. As such, we classify these inputs as Level 2 inputs. The proprietary model uses the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity, as well as observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves and volatility. The fair values of interest rate swaps are estimated using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted fixed cash payments and the discounted expected variable cash receipts. The variable cash receipts are based on an expectation of interest rates (forward curves) derived from observable market interest rate curves. In addition, credit valuation adjustments, which consider the impact of any credit risks to the contracts, are incorporated in the fair values to account for potential nonperformance risk.
Goodwill: The fair value measurements of goodwill is considered Level 3 nonrecurring fair value measurements. For goodwill, fair value measurement involves the determination of fair value of a reporting unit.
Credit facilities: The fair value of our credit facilities approximates their carrying values as their interest rates and other terms are comparable to those available in the market place for similar credit facilities.
Mortgage notes payable: The fair value of our mortgage notes payable is estimated using a discounted cash flow analysis based on management’s estimates of current market interest rates for instruments with similar characteristics, including remaining loan term, loan-to-value ratio, type of collateral and other credit enhancements. Additionally, when determining the fair value of liabilities in circumstances in which a quoted price in an active market for an identical liability is not available, we measure fair value using (i) a valuation technique that uses the quoted price of the identical liability when traded as an asset or quoted prices for similar liabilities or similar liabilities when traded as assets or (ii) another valuation technique that is consistent with the principles of fair value measurement, such as the income approach or the market approach. We classify these inputs as Level 3 inputs.
Related party transactions: We have concluded that it is not practical to determine the estimated fair value of related party transactions. Disclosure rules for fair value measurements require that for financial instruments for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, information pertinent to those instruments be disclosed. Further information as to these financial instruments with related parties is included in Note 10 to our accompanying consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Real Estate Investments
Real Estate Acquisition Valuation
We record acquisitions that meet the definition of a business as a business combination. If the acquisition does not meet the definition of a business, we record the acquisition as an asset acquisition. Under both methods, all assets acquired and liabilities assumed are measured based on their acquisition-date fair values. Transaction costs that are related to a business combination are charged to expense as incurred. Transaction costs that are related to an asset acquisition are capitalized as incurred.
We assess the acquisition date fair values of all tangible assets, identifiable intangibles, and assumed liabilities using methods similar to those used by independent appraisers, generally utilizing a discounted cash flow analysis that applies appropriate discount and/or capitalization rates and available market information. Estimates of future cash flows are based on a number of factors, including historical operating results, known and anticipated trends, and market and economic conditions. The fair value of tangible assets of an acquired property considers the value of the property as if it were vacant.
We record above-market and below-market in-place lease values for acquired properties based on the present value (using a discount rate that reflects the risks associated with the leases acquired) of the difference between (i) the contractual amounts to be paid pursuant to the in-place leases and (ii) management’s estimate of fair market lease rates for the corresponding in-place leases, measured over a period equal to the remaining non-cancelable term of above-market in-place leases plus any extended term for any leases with below-market renewal options. We amortize any recorded above-market or below-market lease values as a reduction or increase, respectively, to rental income over the remaining non-cancelable terms of the respective lease, including any below-market renewal periods.
We estimate the value of tenant origination and absorption costs by considering the estimated carrying costs during hypothetical expected lease-up periods, considering current market conditions. In estimating carrying costs, we include real estate taxes, insurance and other operating expenses and estimates of lost rentals at market rates during the expected lease up periods. We amortize the value of tenant origination and absorption costs to depreciation and amortization expense over the remaining non-cancelable term of the respective lease.
Estimates of the fair values of the tangible assets, identifiable intangibles and assumed liabilities require us to make significant assumptions to estimate market lease rates, property-operating expenses, carrying costs during lease-up periods, discount rates, market absorption periods, and the number of years the property will be held for investment. The use of inappropriate assumptions would result in an incorrect valuation of our acquired tangible assets, identifiable intangibles and assumed liabilities, which would impact the amount of our net income (loss).
Depreciation and Amortization
Real estate costs related to the acquisition and improvement of properties are capitalized and depreciated or amortized over the expected useful life of the asset on a straight-line basis. Repair and maintenance costs include all costs that do not extend the useful life of the real estate asset and are expensed as incurred. Significant replacements and betterments are capitalized. We anticipate the estimated useful lives of our assets by class to be generally as follows:
. Buildings 10-48 years
. Site improvements Shorter of 15 years or remaining lease term
. Tenant improvements Shorter of 15 years or remaining lease term
. Industrial equipment 20 years
. Tenant origination and absorption costs, and above-/below-market lease intangibles Remaining lease term
Impairment of Investment in Real Estate Properties
We monitor events and changes in circumstances that could indicate that the carrying amounts of real estate properties may not be recoverable. When indicators of potential impairment are present that indicate that the carrying amounts of real estate and related intangible assets may not be recoverable, management assesses whether the carrying value of the real estate properties will be recovered through the future undiscounted operating cash flows expected from the use of and eventual disposition of the property. If, based on the analysis, we do not believe that we will be able to recover the carrying value of the real estate properties, we will record an impairment charge to the extent the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value of the real estate properties.
Leasing Costs
We account for leasing costs under Topic 842. Initial direct costs would include only those costs that are incremental to the lease arrangement and would not have been incurred if the lease had not been obtained. We charge to expense internal leasing costs and third-party legal leasing costs as incurred. These expenses are included in general and administrative expense and property expenses, respectively, in our consolidated statements of operations.
Real Estate Investments Held for Sale
We consider a real estate investment to be “held for sale” when the following criteria are met: (i) management commits to a plan to sell the property, (ii) the property is available for sale immediately, (iii) the property is actively being marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current fair value, (iv) the sale of the property within one year is considered probable and (v) significant changes to the plan to sell are not expected. Real estate that is held for sale and its related assets are classified as “real estate investments held for sale, net” and “assets related to real estate investments held for sale,” respectively, in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Mortgage notes payable and other liabilities related to real estate investments held for sale are classified as “mortgage notes payable related to real estate investments held for sale, net” and “liabilities related to real estate investments held for sale,” respectively, in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Real estate investments classified as held for sale are no longer depreciated and are reported at the lower of their carrying value or their estimated fair value less estimated costs to sell. Operating results of properties that were classified as held for sale in the ordinary course of business are included in continuing operations in our accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
Unconsolidated Investment
We account for investments in an entity over which we have the ability to exercise significant influence under the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method of accounting, an investment is initially recognized at cost and is subsequently adjusted to reflect our share of earnings or losses of the investee. The investment is also increased for additional amounts invested and decreased for any distributions received from the investee. Equity method investment is reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the investment might not be recoverable. If an equity method investment is determined to be other-than-temporarily impaired, the investment is reduced to fair value and an impairment charge is recorded as a reduction to earnings.
Goodwill
We record goodwill when the purchase price of a business combination exceeds the estimated fair value of net identified tangible and intangible assets acquired. We evaluate goodwill and other intangible assets for possible impairment in accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other, on an annual basis, or more frequently when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the fair value of a reporting unit has more likely than not declined below its carrying value. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment charge is recognized.
In assessing goodwill impairment, we have the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. Our qualitative assessment of the recoverability of goodwill considers various macro-economic, industry-specific and company-specific factors. These factors include: (i) severe adverse industry or economic trends; (ii) significant company-specific actions, including exiting an activity in conjunction with restructuring of operations; (iii) current, historical or projected deterioration of our financial performance; or (iv) a sustained decrease in our market capitalization below its net book value. If, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, we determine it is unlikely that the fair value of such reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then a quantitative analysis is unnecessary. However, if we concluded otherwise, or if we elect to bypass the qualitative analysis, then it is required that we perform a quantitative analysis that compares the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill is not considered impaired; otherwise, a goodwill impairment loss is recognized for the lesser of: (a) the amount that the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value; or (b) the amount of the goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
We enter into derivative instruments for risk management purposes to hedge our exposure to cash flow variability caused by changing interest rates on our variable rate debt. We do not enter into derivatives for speculative purposes. We record derivative instruments at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to changes in the fair value of an asset, liability, or firm commitment attributable to a particular risk, such as interest rate risk, are considered fair value hedges. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows, or other types of forecasted transactions, are considered cash flow hedges. The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative, whether we have elected to designate a derivative in a hedging relationship and apply hedge accounting and whether the hedging relationship has satisfied the criteria necessary to apply hedge accounting. If the derivative instrument meets the hedge accounting criteria, the change in the fair value of a derivative instrument may be designated as a cash flow hedge where the unrealized holding gain or loss on the interest rate swap is presented in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) and accumulated other comprehensive income in our balance sheets. If the derivative instrument does not meet the hedge accounting criteria, the change in the fair value of the derivative is recorded as a gain or loss on the interest rate swap and included in interest expense in our consolidated statements of operations.
We enter into interest rate swaps as a fixed rate payer to mitigate our exposure to rising interest rates on our variable rate term loan. The value of interest rate swaps is primarily impacted by interest rates, market expectations about interest rates, and the remaining life of the instrument. In general, increases in interest rates, or anticipated increases in interest rates, will increase the value of the fixed rate payer position and decrease the value of the variable rate payer position. As the remaining life of the interest rate swap decreases, the value of both positions will generally move towards zero. We may enter into derivative contracts that are intended to economically hedge certain risks, even though hedge accounting does not apply or we elect not to apply hedge accounting.
Restricted Stock Units and Restricted Stock Unit Awards
Historically, the fair values of the Operating Partnership's units or restricted stock unit awards issued or granted by us were based on the estimated NAV per share (unaudited) of our common stock on the date of issuance or grant, adjusted for an illiquidity discount due to the illiquid nature of the underlying equity prior to the listing of our Class C Common Stock on the NYSE. The fair value of future grants of the Operating Partnership's units or restricted stock unit awards will be determined based on the NYSE's market closing price of our Class C Common Stock on the date of grant. Operating Partnership units issued as purchase consideration in connection with the Self-Management Transaction and UPREIT Transaction (each defined and discussed in Note 12 to our accompanying consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K) are recorded in equity under noncontrolling interest in the Operating Partnership in our accompanying consolidated balance sheets and statements of equity in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. For units granted to our employees that are not included in the purchase consideration, the fair value of the award is amortized using the straight-line method over the requisite service period of the award, which is generally the vesting period. We have elected to record forfeitures as they occur.
We determine the accounting classification of equity instruments (e.g., restricted stock units) that are issued as purchase consideration or part of the purchase consideration in a business combination, as either liability or equity, by first assessing whether the equity instruments meet liability classification in accordance with ASC 480-10, Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Characteristics of both Liabilities and Equity (“ASC 480-10”), and then in accordance with ASC 815-40, Accounting for Derivative Financial Instruments Indexed to, and Potentially Settled in, a Company’s Own Stock (“ASC 815-40”). Under ASC 480-10, equity instruments are classified as liabilities if the equity instruments are mandatorily redeemable, obligate the issuer to settle the equity instruments or the underlying shares by paying cash or other assets, or must or may require an unconditional obligation that must be settled by issuing a variable number of shares.
If equity instruments do not meet liability classification under ASC 480-10, we assess the requirements under ASC 815-40, which states that contracts that require or may require the issuer to settle the contract for cash are liabilities recorded at fair value, irrespective of the likelihood of the transaction occurring that triggers the net cash settlement feature. If the equity instruments do not require liability classification under ASC 815-40, in order to conclude equity classification, we assess whether the equity instruments are indexed to our common stock and whether the equity instruments are classified as equity under ASC 815-40 or other applicable GAAP guidance. After all relevant assessments are made, we conclude whether the equity instruments are classified as liability or equity. Liability classified equity instruments are accounted for at fair value both on the date of issuance and on subsequent accounting period ending dates, with all changes in fair value after the issuance date recorded in the statements of operations as a gain or loss. Equity classified equity instruments are accounted for at fair value on the issuance date with no changes in fair value recognized after the issuance date.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 2 to our accompanying consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of December 31, 2022, we had no off-balance sheet arrangements that had or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity or capital resources.
Recent Market Conditions
There are continuing uncertainties in the market in which we operate related to supply chain disruptions, inflation and increases in interest rates, along with negative impacts associated with the ongoing Russian war against Ukraine and sanctions which have been implemented by the United States and other countries against Russia. Volatility in stock and bond markets, particularly the rise in yields on U.S. Treasury securities during 2022, may negatively impact our operating results.
In addition, although the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economy appear to have diminished and the general commercial real estate market appears to be recovering from such impacts, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant disruptions in utilization of office properties and uncertainty over how tenants of office properties will respond when their leases are scheduled to expire.
Possible future declines in rental rates and expectations of future rental concessions, including free rent to renew tenants early, to retain tenants who are up for renewal or to attract new tenants, may result in decreases in cash flows from investment properties. Excluding the property formerly leased to Gap which is in escrow and scheduled to be sold by the end of March 2023, we have two leases (one industrial and one office) scheduled to expire in the next 12 months, which comprise an aggregate of 163,230 leasable square feet and represent approximately 5.1% of ABR as of December 31, 2022. As tenants, particularly in office properties, reevaluate their use of such properties in light of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, including their ability to have workers succeed in working at home, they may determine not to renew these leases or to seek rent or other concessions as a condition of renewing their leases.
Potential future declines in economic conditions could negatively impact commercial real estate fundamentals and result in lower occupancy, lower rental rates and declining values in our real estate portfolio, which could have the following negative effects on us: the values of our investments in commercial properties could decrease below the amounts paid for such investments; and/or revenues from our properties could decrease due to fewer tenants and/or lower rental rates, making it more difficult for us to make distributions or meet our debt service obligations. However, we successfully negotiated lease extensions for four properties during 2022 and January 2023.
The debt market remains sensitive to the macro environment, such as inflation, Federal Reserve policy, the prolonged impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, market sentiment or regulatory factors affecting the banking and commercial mortgage-backed securities industries. In January 2022, we refinanced all but four of our properties (including the TIC Interest) with proceeds from our Credit Facility which includes floating rates based on SOFR and our leverage ratio as described above. The mortgage on our Rancho Cordova, California property does not mature until March 9, 2024 and the other three mortgages do not mature until after September 2027. All four of these mortgages are at fixed rates. As a result of the interest rate swap agreements entered into during 2022, 100% of our indebtedness as of February 28, 2023 holds a fixed interest rate. The weighted average interest rate on the total debt outstanding of $204.5 million as of February 28, 2023 was 4.05% based on our 38% leverage ratio as of December 31, 2022. Our Revolver does not mature until January 18, 2026 and can be extended for an additional 12 months thereafter, and our Term Loan does not mature until January 18, 2027. On October 21, 2022, our Credit Facility was increased to $400 million and is now comprised of a $150 million Revolver and a $250 million Term Loan. Our Credit Facility includes an updated accordion option that allows us to request additional Revolver and Term Loan lender commitments up to a total of $750 million.
Any future uncertainties in the capital markets may cause difficulty in refinancing debt obligations prior to maturity at terms as favorable as the terms of existing indebtedness. If we are not able to refinance our indebtedness on attractive terms at the various maturity dates, we may be forced to dispose of some of our assets. Market conditions can change quickly, potentially negatively impacting the value of real estate investments.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Not applicable as we are a smaller reporting company.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
See the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements at page of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to us, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, we recognize that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, as ours are designed to do, and we necessarily were required to apply our judgment in evaluating whether the benefits of the controls and procedures that we adopt outweigh their costs.
As required by Rules 13a-15(b) and 15d-15(b) of the Exchange Act, an evaluation as of December 31, 2022 was conducted under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures, as of December 31, 2022, were effective at the reasonable assurance level.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act. Under Rule 13a-15(c), management must evaluate, with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness, as of the end of each fiscal year, of our internal control over financial reporting. The term internal control over financial reporting is defined as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the issuer’s principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by the issuer’s board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP and includes those policies and procedure that:
1) Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the issuer;
2) Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the issuer are being made only in accordance with the authorization of management of the issuer; and
3) Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisitions, use or disposition of the issuer’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In the course of preparing this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the consolidated financial statements included herein, our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 using the criteria issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commissions (COSO) in the Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). Based on that evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2022.
This Annual Report on Form 10-K does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm as we are a smaller reporting company as of December 31, 2022.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures
Our disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. We recognize that any control system, no matter how well designed and operated, is based upon certain judgments and assumptions and cannot provide absolute assurances that its objectives will be met. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs. Similarly, an evaluation of controls cannot provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
On March 9, 2023, our board of directors approved and adopted our Second Amended and Restated Bylaws (as so amended and restated, the “Amended Bylaws”) to, among other things, update provisions relating to stockholder meetings to ensure compliance with federal proxy rules, including Rule 14a-19 under the Exchange Act. The Amended Bylaws became effective upon adoption by our board of directors.
The Amended Bylaws include the following amendments, among other updates:
•Amend language to ensure that any stockholder casting a vote by proxy complies with Maryland law and our Amended Bylaws;
•Reflect the requirement that any stockholder directly or indirectly soliciting proxies from other stockholders must use a proxy card color other than white, with the white proxy card being reserved for exclusive use by our board of directors;
•Update the provisions related to the information required to be included in a stockholder’s notice of nomination of individuals for election as a director and the information required to be included in any notice of other business that the stockholder proposes to bring before a meeting;
•Require a stockholder submitting a director nomination to make a written undertaking that such stockholder intends to solicit the holders of shares of our stock representing at least 67% of the voting power of shares of stock entitled to vote on the election of directors in support of the director nomination;
•Update the accompanying certifications made by a stockholder submitting a notice of nomination of an individual for election as a director;
•Clarify that a stockholder may not nominate more individuals than there are directors to be elected or substitute or replace a proposed director nominee without compliance with the requirements for nomination in the Amended Bylaws, including compliance with any applicable deadlines; and
•Reflect that we will disregard any proxy authority granted in favor, or votes for, any proposed director nominee if the stockholder soliciting proxies in support of such proposed director nominee abandons the solicitation or does not comply with Rule 14a-19 under the Exchange Act.
The amendments also include various conforming and technical changes, including updates to provisions relating to virtual meetings to align with changes to the MGCL statutory language.
The foregoing description of the Amended Bylaws does not purport to be complete and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by, the full text of the Amended Bylaws, a copy of which is filed as Exhibit 3.2 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement to be filed within 120 days of December 31, 2022 and delivered to stockholders in connection with our 2023 annual meeting of stockholders.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement to be filed within 120 days of December 31, 2022 and delivered to stockholders in connection with our 2023 annual meeting of stockholders.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement to be filed within 120 days of December 31, 2022 and delivered to stockholders in connection with our 2023 annual meeting of stockholders.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement to be filed within 120 days of December 31, 2022 and delivered to stockholders in connection with our 2023 annual meeting of stockholders.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement to be filed within 120 days of December 31, 2022 and delivered to stockholders in connection with our 2023 annual meeting of stockholders.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
ITEM 15. EXHIBIT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a)(1) Financial Statements:
See Index to Consolidated Financial Statements at page of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
(a)(2) Financial Statement Schedule:
The following financial statement schedule is included herein at pages through of this Annual Report on Form 10-K: Schedule III - Real Estate Assets and Accumulated Depreciation and Amortization.
(a)(3) Exhibits:
The exhibits listed in this section are included, or incorporated by reference, in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
(b) Exhibits:
See (a)(3) above.
(c) Financial Statements Schedule:
See (a)(2) above.
EXHIBITS LIST
Exhibit Description
3.1 Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Modiv Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-55776) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 8, 2021)
3.2* Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of Modiv Inc., adopted on March 9, 2023
3.3 Articles Supplementary designating 7.375% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock, $0.001 par value per share (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-40814) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 17, 2021)
4.1 Second Amended and Restated Distribution Reinvestment Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-40814) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 15, 2022)
4.2 Description of Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-40814) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 23, 2022)
10.1 Third Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of Modiv Operating Partnership, LP, dated February 1, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-55776) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission of February 1, 2021)
10.2 First Amendment to Third Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of Modiv Operating Partnership, LP (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-40814) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 17, 2021)
10.3* Second Amendment to Third Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of Modiv Operating Partnership, LP, dated December 21, 2022
10.4+ Restricted Units Award Agreement dated as of December 31, 2019 between RW Holdings NNN REIT Operating Partnership, LP, and Aaron S. Halfacre (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-55776) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 31, 2019)
10.5+ Restricted Units Award Agreement dated as of December 31, 2019 between RW Holdings NNN REIT Operating Partnership, LP, and The Raymond J. Pacini Trust u/a/d 5/3/01, Raymond J. Pacini, Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-55776) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 31, 2019)
10.6+ Restricted Units Award Agreement dated as of January 25, 2021 between Modiv Operating Partnership, LP and Aaron S. Halfacre (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-55776) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 31, 2021)
10.7+ Restricted Units Award Agreement dated as of January 25, 2021 between Modiv Operating Partnership, LP and The Raymond J. Pacini Trust u/a/d 5/3/01, Raymond J. Pacini, Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-55776) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 31, 2021)
10.8+ Form of Director and Officer Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-55776) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 2, 2021)
10.9 Contribution Agreement between Trophy of Carson Real Estate LLC and Modiv Operating Partnership, LP dated January 13, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-40814) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 20, 2022)
10.10 First Amendment to Contribution Agreement Between Trophy of Carson Real Estate LLC and Modiv Operating Partnership, LP dated March 22, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-40814) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 23, 2022)
10.11 Kia - Carson, CA Lease Agreement as of January 18, 2022, by and between MDV Trophy Carson CA LLC and Trophy of Carson LLC for the property located at 22020 Recreation Rd., Carson, California (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-40814) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 20, 2022)
10.12 Credit Agreement dated as of January 18, 2022 by and among Modiv Operating Partnership, LP, as the borrower, KeyBank National Association, the other lenders which are parties to the agreement, and other lenders that may become parties to the agreement, KeyBank National Association, as the agent, BMO Capital Markets, Truist Bank and The Huntington Bank, as co-syndication agents, and KeyBanc Capital Markets Inc., BMO Capital Markets, Truist Securities, Inc. and The Huntington Bank, as joint-lead arrangers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-40814) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 20, 2022)
Exhibit Description
10.13* First Amendment to Credit Agreement dated October 21, 2022 between Modiv Operating Partnership, LP, as the borrower, KeyBank National Association, the other lenders which are parties to the agreement, and other lenders that may become parties to the agreement, KeyBank National Association, as the agent, First Financial Bank, Truist Bank and The Huntington Bank, as co-syndication agents, and KeyBanc Capital Markets Inc., First Financial Bank, Truist Securities, Inc. and The Huntington National Bank, as joint-lead arrangers for the expanded Credit Facility
10.14* Second Amendment to Credit Agreement dated December 20, 2022 between Modiv Operating Partnership, LP, as the borrower, KeyBank National Association, the other lenders which are parties to the agreement, and other lenders that may become parties to the agreement, KeyBank National Association, as the agent, First Financial Bank, Truist Bank and The Huntington Bank, as co-syndication agents, and KeyBanc Capital Markets Inc., First Financial Bank, Truist Securities, Inc. and The Huntington National Bank, as joint-lead arrangers for the expanded Credit Facility
10.15 Unconditional Guaranty of Payment and Performance of Modiv Operating Partnership, LP under the Credit Agreement dated January 18, 2022 with KeyBank and other lenders by Modiv Inc. and certain subsidiary guarantors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 to Amendment No. 1 to our Registration Statement on Form S-11 (File No. 333-261529) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 10, 2022)
21.1* Subsidiaries of Modiv Inc.
23.1* Consent of Baker Tilly US, LLP
31.1* Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2* Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1** Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C., Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
99.1* Consent of Cushman & Wakefield Western, Inc.
101.INS* XBRL INSTANCE DOCUMENT
101.SCH* XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION SCHEMA DOCUMENT
101.CAL* XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION CALCULATION LINKBASE
101.DEF* XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION DEFINITION LINKBASE
101.LAB* XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION LABELS LINKBASE
101.PRE* XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION PRESENTATION LINKBASE
104* COVER PAGE INTERACTIVE DATA FILE (FORMATTED AS INLINE XBRL AND CONTAINED IN EXHIBIT 101)
* Filed herewith.
** Furnished herewith. In accordance with Item 601(b)(32) of Regulation S-K, this Exhibit is not deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section. Such certifications will not be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that the registrant specifically incorporates it by reference.
+ Indicates management or compensatory plan.