EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1196298
Filing Year: 2021
Filename: 1196298_10-K_2021_0001493152-21-005090.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1. Business
Overview
We are a commercial-stage company that develops and sells high performance water solutions to the medical and commercial markets.
In medical markets, we sell water filtration products and waterborne pathogen detection products. Our medical water filters, mostly classified as ultrafilters, are used primarily by hospitals for the prevention of infection from waterborne pathogens, such as legionella and pseudomonas, and in dialysis centers for the removal of biological contaminants from water and bicarbonate concentrate. Because our ultrafilters capture contaminants as small as 0.005 microns in size, they minimize exposure to a wide variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and endotoxins.
In commercial markets, we manufacture and sell water filters that improve the taste and odor of water and reduce biofilm, bacteria, and scale build-up in downstream equipment. Marketed under both the Nephros and AETHER brands, our products are marketed primarily to the food service, hospitality, convenience store, and health care markets.
Our pathogen detection systems are portable, near real-time systems designed to provide actionable data for infection control teams, biomedical engineers in dialysis clinics, and water quality teams in building management organizations.
We also have a subsidiary, Specialty Renal Products, Inc. (“SRP”), a development-stage medical device company, focused primarily on developing hemodiafiltration (“HDF”) technology. SRP is developing a second-generation of the Nephros OLpūr H2H Hemodiafiltration System, the FDA 510(k)-cleared medical device that enables nephrologists to provide HDF treatment to patients with end stage renal disease (“ESRD”).
We were founded in 1997 by healthcare professionals affiliated with Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital to develop and commercialize an alternative method to hemodialysis. We have extended our filtration technologies to meet the demand for liquid purification in other areas, in particular, water purification.
COVID-19 Pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted nearly every business in the United States and around the world. To date, we have fully maintained operations through the crisis, supporting our customers and strategic partners. Our warehouse and laboratory teams have integrated disinfection procedures into their activities, while our office teams have worked primarily from home. Our manufacturing and sterilization facilities have been operational, our supply chain has not been materially impacted, and our warehouses are shipping product on normal schedules.
During the pandemic, the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted our business in several ways, including:
● We have seen decreased demand for our hospital filtration products, particularly in emergency pathogen outbreak response. We believe this decreased demand is due primarily to our customers temporarily shifting their focus to matters related to the COVID-19 pandemic and de-prioritizing unrelated matters, including both proactive and reactive efforts to detect and reduce waterborne pathogens.
● Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, we experienced some delays in expected orders from existing customers. However, customer re-orders appear to have returned to prior levels.
● The inability of our sales personnel to meet with new potential customers due to policies implemented to address the spread of COVID-19 has also hindered demand for our products, including both water filters and our pathogen detection products, PluraPath™, SequaPath®, and DialyPath™, all of which were launched in calendar year 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic.
● Our commercial filtration products, which are primarily targeted at the hospitality and food service markets, have seen a decrease in demand, due to the closure of many hotels and restaurants.
● We increased our cash usage in the first nine months of the year to purchase extra inventory from our Italian manufacturer as a hedge against the risk of COVID-19-related supply chain interruptions.
During the month of April 2020, we applied for and received a $0.5 million loan from the U.S. Small Business Administration’s Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”), to help us offset potential adverse effects on our results of operations and financial condition caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. On January 14, 2021, we received notice that this loan was fully forgiven.
We believe that, as the COVID-19 pandemic subsides, we may experience - over the medium-to-long-term - a net positive impact on demand for all of our products, due especially to increased global awareness of infectious pathogens and the serious problems they cause. Specifically, we expect that:
● Purchase decisions for infection control filtration that had been deferred, both in new and existing customer organizations, may be re-prioritized.
● Demand for our pathogen detection products may increase as unoccupied buildings, including office buildings and hotels, are readied for re-occupation. Extended periods of low, or no, water flow through building piping creates opportunities for biofilm propagation - a problem our strategic partners are trained to eradicate.
● Demand for our commercial filtration products may increase as and to the extent that hotels, casinos, and restaurants re-open.
● Sales meetings at new potential customers may resume.
In summary, the COVID-19 pandemic adds uncertainty to our business plans in the short term, while we believe that our medium-to-long-term prospects remain strong. At this time, we cannot predict the specific extent or duration of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our condition, resources and results.
Our Products
Water Filtration Products
We develop and sell water filtration products used in both medical and commercial applications. Our water filtration products employ multiple filtration technologies, as described below.
In medical markets, our primary filtration mechanism is to pass liquids through the pores of polysulfone hollow fiber. Our filters’ pores are significantly smaller than those of competing products, resulting in highly effective elimination of waterborne pathogens, including legionella bacteria (the cause of Legionnaires disease) and viruses, which are not eliminated by most other microbiological filters on the market. Additionally, the fiber structure and pore density in our hollow fiber enables significantly higher flow rates than in other polysulfone hollow fiber.
Our primary sales strategy in medical markets is to sell through value-added resellers (“VARs”). Leveraging VARs has enabled us to expand rapidly our access to target customers without significant sales staff expansion. In addition, while we are currently focused in medical markets, the VARs that support these customers also support a wide variety of commercial and industrial customers. We believe that our VAR relationships will facilitate growth in filter sales outside of the medical industry.
In commercial markets, we develop and sell our Nephros- and AETHER-branded filters, for which carbon-based absorption is the primary filtration mechanism. Aether products allow us to improve water’s odor and taste, to reduce scale and heavy metals, and to reduce other water contaminants for customers who are primarily in the food service, convenience store, and hospitality industries.
Our Aether filter offerings have the potential to generate accretive revenue growth in at least three ways. First, we expect the business to continue its organic growth. Second, cross-selling opportunities are generated by offering taste/odor-focused products to the medical markets, as well as pathogen-focused filtration to the commercial markets. Finally, as part of the more substantial Nephros organization, Aether may be able to compete for larger filtration contracts than may have been available to it as a smaller, independent firm. Since we acquired the AETHER brand, we have seen some promising results in each of these strategies, but it is still too early to judge the likelihood or magnitude of their long-term success.
In commercial markets, our model combines both direct and indirect sales. Our sales staff have sold products directly to a number of convenience stores, hotels, casinos, and restaurants. We are also pursuing large corporate contracts through partnerships.
Target Markets
Our ultrafiltration products currently target the following markets:
● Hospitals and Other Healthcare Facilities: Filtration of water for washing and drinking as an aid in infection control. The filters produce water that is suitable for wound cleansing, cleaning of equipment used in medical procedures, and washing of surgeons’ hands.
● Dialysis Centers: Filtration of water or bicarbonate concentrate used in hemodialysis.
● Commercial Facilities: Filtration and purification of water for consumption, including for use in ice machines and soft drink dispensers.
● Military and Outdoor Recreation: Individual water purification devices used by soldiers and backpackers to produce drinking water in the field, as well as filters customized to remote water processing systems.
Hospitals and Other Healthcare Facilities. Nephros filters are a leading tool used to provide proactive protection to patients in high-risk areas (e.g., ice machines, surgical rooms, NICUs) and reactive protection to patients in broader areas during periods of water pathogen outbreaks. Our products are used in hundreds of medical facilities to aid in infection control, both proactively and reactively.
According to the American Hospital Association, approximately 6,200 hospitals, with approximately 931,000 beds, treated over 36 million patients in the United States in 2017. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that healthcare associated infections (“HAI”) occurred in approximately 1 out of every 31 hospital patients, or about 687,000 patients in 2015. HAIs affect patients in hospitals or other healthcare facilities and are not present or incubating at the time of admission. They also include infections acquired by patients in the hospital or facility, but appearing after discharge, and occupational infections among staff. Many HAIs are caused by waterborne bacteria and viruses that can thrive in aging or complex plumbing systems often found in healthcare facilities.
In June 2017, the Center for Clinical Standards and Quality at the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (“CMS”) announced the addition of requirements for facilities to develop policies and procedures that inhibit the growth and spread of legionella and other opportunistic pathogens in building water systems. Going forward, CMS surveyors will review policies, procedures, and reports documenting water management implementation results to verify that facilities are compliant with these requirements. We believe that these CMS regulations may have a positive impact on the sale of our HAI-inhibiting ultrafilters.
We currently have FDA 510(k) clearance on the following portfolio of medical device products for use in the hospital setting to aid in infection control:
● The DSU-H and SSU-H are in-line, 0.005-micron ultrafilters that provide dual- and single-stage protection, respectively, from waterborne pathogens. They are primarily used to filter potable water feeding ice machines, sinks, and medical equipment, such as endoscope washers and surgical room humidifiers. The DSU-H has an up to 6-month product life in a typical hospital setting, while the SSU-H has an up to 3-month life.
● The S100 is a point-of-use, 0.01-micron microfilter that provides protection from waterborne pathogens. The S100 is primarily used to filter potable water feeding sinks and showers. The S100 has an up to 3-month product life when used in a hospital setting.
● The HydraGuardTM and HydraGuardTM - Flush are 0.005-micron cartridge ultrafilters that provide single-stage protection from waterborne pathogens. The HydraGuard ultrafilters are primarily used to filter potable water feeding ice machines and medical equipment, such as endoscope washers and surgical room humidifiers. The HydraGuard has an up to 6-month product life and the HydraGuard - Flush has an up to 12-month product life when used in a hospital setting.
Our complete hospital infection control product line, including in-line, point-of-use, and cartridge filters, can be viewed on our website at http://www.nephros.com/infection-control/. We are not including the information on our website as a part of, nor incorporating it by reference into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Dialysis Centers - Water/Bicarbonate. In the dialysis water market, Nephros ultrafiltration products are among the highest performing products on the market. The DSU-D, SSU-D and the SSUmini have become the standard endotoxin filter in many portable reverse osmosis systems. The EndoPur®, our large-format ultrafilter targeted at dialysis clinic water systems, provides the smallest pore size available. Following a long pilot project at a major dialysis provider, we are now seeing growth in the use of this product. In addition, we aim to expand EndoPur’s usage into heat-disinfected water systems, which will further open the market for this product.
To perform hemodialysis, all dialysis clinics have dedicated water purification systems to produce water and bicarbonate concentrate, two essential ingredients for making dialysate, the liquid that removes waste material from the blood. According to the American Journal of Kidney Diseases, there are approximately 6,500 dialysis clinics in the United States servicing approximately 468,000 patients annually. We estimate that there are over 100,000 hemodialysis machines in operation in the United States.
Medicare is the main payer for dialysis treatment in the United States. To be eligible for Medicare reimbursement, dialysis centers must meet the minimum standards for water and bicarbonate concentrate quality set by the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (“AAMI”), the American National Standards Institute (“ANSI”) and the International Standards Organization (“ISO”). We anticipate that the stricter standards approved by these organizations in 2009 will be adopted by Medicare in the near future.
We currently have FDA 510(k) clearance on the following portfolio of medical device products for use in the dialysis setting to aid in bacteria, virus, and endotoxin retention:
● The DSU-D, SSU-D and SSUmini are in-line, 0.005-micron ultrafilters that provide protection from bacteria, viruses, and endotoxins. All of these products have an up to 12-month product life in the dialysis setting and are used to filter water following treatment with a reverse osmosis (“RO”) system, and to filter bicarbonate concentrate. These ultrafilters are primarily used in the water lines and bicarbonate concentrate lines leading into dialysis machines, and as a polish filter for portable RO machines.
● The EndoPur is a 0.005-micron cartridge ultrafilter that provides single-stage protection from bacteria, viruses, and endotoxins. The EndoPur has an up to 12-month product life in the dialysis setting, and is used to filter water following treatment with an RO system. More specifically, the EndoPur is used primarily to filter water in large RO systems designed to provide ultrapure water to an entire dialysis clinic. The EndoPur is a cartridge-based, “plug and play” market entry that requires no plumbing at installation or replacement. The EndoPur is available in 10” and 20” configurations, and is validated for both cold- and hot-water disinfection procedures.
Commercial and Industrial Facilities. Our commercial NanoGuard® product line accomplishes ultrafiltration via small pore size (0.005 micron) technology, filtering bacteria and viruses from water. In addition, the AETHER brand expands our product line to include water filtration and purification technologies that are primarily focused on improving odor and taste and on reducing scale and heavy metals from filtered water.
We purchased the AETHER brand to expedite our access to commercial markets and to expand our filtration expertise and capabilities. Our commercial market focus is in the hotel, restaurant, and convenience store markets. In the first year post-acquisition, we upgraded Aether facilities to increase production and logistics capacity, integrated Aether products into the Nephros infection control product portfolio, and initiated sales efforts with a number of large commercial customers. We have recently added to our commercial sales team and, going forward, hope to close on one or more large contracts that may result in step-change increases in commercial market revenue.
Over time, we believe that the same water safety management programs currently underway at medical facilities may migrate to commercial markets. As the epidemiology of waterborne pathogens expands, links to contamination sources will become more efficient and the data more readily available. In cases where those sources are linked to restaurants, hotels, office buildings and residential complexes, the corporate owners of those facilities will likely face increasing liability exposure. We expect that building owners will come to understand ASHRAE-188, which outlines risk factors for buildings and their occupants, and provides water safety management guidelines. We believe, in time, most commercial buildings will need to follow the basic requirements of ASHRAE-188: create a water management plan, perform routine testing, and establish a plan to treat the building in the event of a positive test.
As demand for water testing and microbiological filtration grows, we will be ready to deploy our expertise and solutions based on years of experience servicing the medical market. We believe that we have an opportunity to offer unique expertise and products to the commercial market, and that our future revenue from the commercial market could even surpass our infection control revenue.
We currently market the following portfolio of proprietary products for use in the commercial, industrial, and food service settings:
● The NanoGuard set of products are in-line, 0.005-micron ultrafilters that provide dual-stage retention of any organic or inorganic particle larger than 15,000 Daltons. NanoGuard products are designed to fit a variety of existing plumbing configurations, including 10” and 20” standard housings, and AETHER and Everpure® manifolds. Included in the NanoGuard product line are both conventional and flushable filters.
● The AETHER line of commercial filters, which are also sold under the Nephros brand, provide a variety of technology solutions that improve water quality in food service, convenience store, hospitality, and industrial applications. AETHER filters improve water taste and odor, and reduce sediment, dirt, rust particles and other solids, chlorine and heavy minerals, lime scale build-up, and both particulate lead and soluble lead.
AETHER products combine effectively with NanoGuard ultrafiltration technologies to offer full-featured solutions to the commercial water market, including to existing users of Everpure filter manifolds.
Military and Outdoor Recreation. We developed our individual water treatment device (“IWTD”) in both in-line and point-of-use configurations. Our IWTD allows a soldier in the field to derive drinking water from any freshwater source. This enables the soldier to remain hydrated, to help maintain mission effectiveness and unit readiness, and to extend mission reach. Our IWTD has been validated by the military to meet the NSF Protocol P248 standard. It has also been approved by the U.S. Army Public Health Command and the U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command for deployment.
In May 2015, we entered into a Sublicense Agreement (the “Sublicense Agreement”) with CamelBak Products, LLC (“CamelBak”). Under this Sublicense Agreement, we granted CamelBak an exclusive, non-transferable, worldwide (with the exception of Italy) sublicense and license, in each case solely to market, sell, distribute, import and export the IWTD. In exchange for the rights granted to CamelBak, CamelBak agreed, through December 31, 2022, to pay us a percentage of the gross profit on any sales made to a branch of the U.S. military, subject to certain exceptions, and to pay us a fixed per-unit fee for any other sales made. CamelBak was also required to meet or exceed certain minimum annual fees payable to us, and, if such fees are not met or exceeded, we were able to convert the exclusive sublicense to a non-exclusive sublicense with respect to non-U.S. military sales. In the first quarter of 2019, the Sublicense Agreement was amended to eliminate the minimum fee obligations starting May 6, 2018 and, as such, CamelBak has no further minimum fee obligations. There was no royalty revenue recognized during the year ended December 31, 2020 related to this Sublicense Agreement. Royalty revenue of approximately $16,000 was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2019 related to the Sublicense Agreement. CamelBak product sales have been slower than originally hoped. However, military contracts often take years to close, and we remain optimistic about these products and markets.
Pathogen Detection Systems
We recently expanded our portfolio of solutions with the introduction of our PluraPath™, SequaPath™, and DialyPath™ pathogen detection systems, which we believe represent significant growth opportunities for Nephros.
PluraPath: Pathogen Detection in Infection Control. We developed the PluraPath pathogen detection system to provide real-time data to infection control teams executing their water management plans. We integrated our ultrafilter technology with emerging, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technology and real-time analytics. We chose a portable, open-source qPCR platform that allows us to parallel-processes up to 15 different bacteria and virus assays. We worked with industry experts to select and develop DNA- and RNA-based assays that could meet our goals of providing quantitative precision within one hour. We also developed a mobile application to extract and process the data real-time. Furthermore, we designed the system so that anyone can perform qPCR testing, not just someone with training in microbiological laboratory techniques.
With the PluraPath system, it is possible to map and track the changes to levels of multiple bacterial and viral pathogens in a building’s water system on a real-time basis, at cost levels equivalent to assays that currently take 24-72 hours or more and typically provide data on only a single pathogen. Using PluraPath, we expect that infection control teams will be able to quickly assess approximate levels of a broad array of pathogens in their water systems, and optimally focus their secondary disinfection efforts and point-of-use filtration; services and products offered by our strategic partners.
The PluraPath system does not replace culture-based assays, which are the current regulatory requirements for confirmation in testing for waterborne pathogens. Rather, we believe PluraPath will become a valuable tool in the arsenal of defense, permitting faster decision making about a larger target population of pathogens. Our objective is to provide our customers and strategic partners with a user-friendly system that delivers dependable, actionable data to infection control teams in less than an hour.
SequaPath: Facility-Wide Pathogen Detection. Bacterial contaminants in water systems can originate from thousands of different bacterial families. The technology now exists to map the water system biome in real-time, on-site, using an enhanced form of the portable PluraPath system and a bioinformatics database. The SequaPath system provides the capability to screen water for over 20,000 different bacterial genera (families), including genera of the 40+ pathogenic bacteria listed by the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) in their “Opportunistic Pathogens of Premise Plumbing.” The system incorporates our proprietary filtration technology and a DNA sequencing step that makes it possible to screen rapidly for genera of waterborne pathogens. Like PluraPath, the SequaPath platform is portable, allowing for same-day on-site analysis.
The SequaPath technology was used to perform a recent academic study that found far more bacteria in buildings unoccupied during the COVID-19 pandemic than in occupied buildings. The potential for building biome mapping is enormous. We are developing the technology, processes, and procedures to perform as many as 96 tests in a single run. Our plan is to first provide SequaPath as a service, and then as a product that we can support with partners who have the in-house technical capabilities to manage this system.
While this service could be of value to the management of any water system in any building in any part of the world, we will first focus on the hospital customers of our strategic partners. Once proven in the hospital space, we believe that SequaPath has the potential to shift the building water testing paradigm across multiple markets and geographies.
DialyPath: Endotoxin Detection in Dialysis Facilities. We have also been investigating pathogen detection efforts in the dialysis space. The LAL (limulus amebocyte lysate) test is a dialysis industry standard assay that identifies the presence of potential endotoxins, agnostic to the source species. The source of endotoxins are gram-negative bacteria. LAL testing routinely takes 48-72 hours to provide results from the time of shipping the sample to a central laboratory. When dialysis clinics have urgent contamination or severely elevated endotoxin issues, they may have to shut down for extended periods of time creating enormous logistical issues for patients and increasing the cost of care.
To provide a real-time solution for this testing paradigm, we launched the DialyPath pathogen detection and endotoxin estimation system on October 13, 2020. The DialyPath system mirrors PluraPath, but includes a gram-negative DNA marker test and tests for six different gram-negative bacteria. The DialyPath system is designed to provide data on two test samples in one run in about an hour. The system provides an estimate of the overall endotoxin in the sample, as well as estimated levels of six specific endotoxin-generating bacteria known to be frequent invaders of dialysis clinic water systems, and to cause inflammation in dialysis patients.
Specialty Renal Products: HDF System
Introduction to HDF
The current standard of care in the United States for patients with chronic renal failure is hemodialysis (“HD”), a process in which toxins are cleared via diffusion. Patients typically receive HD treatments at least 3 times weekly for 3-4 hours per treatment. HD is most effective in removing smaller, easily diffusible toxins. For patients with acute renal failure, the current standard of care in the United States is hemofiltration (“HF”), a process where toxins are cleared via convection. HF offers a much better removal of larger sized toxins when compared to HD; however, HF treatment is more challenging for patients, as it is performed on a daily basis, and typically takes 12-24 hours per treatment.
Hemodiafiltration (“HDF”) is an alternative dialysis modality that combines the benefits of HD and HF into a single therapy by clearing toxins using both diffusion and convection. Though not widely used in the United States, HDF is prevalent in Europe and is performed for a growing number of patients. Clinical experience and literature show the following clinical and patient benefits of HDF:
● Enhanced clearance of middle and large molecular weight toxins
● Improved survival - up to a 35% reduction in mortality risk
● Reduction in the occurrence of dialysis-related amyloidosis
● Reduction in inflammation
● Reduction in medication such as EPO and phosphate binders
● Improved patient quality of life
● Reduction in number of hospitalizations and overall length of stay
However, like HD, HDF can be resource-intensive and can require a significant amount of time to deliver one course of treatment.
Nephros HDF Background
Over the course of our history, we originally developed a medical device that enabled a standard HD machine to perform HDF. We refer to our approach as an on-line mid-dilution hemodiafiltration (“mid-dilution HDF”) system. Our original solution included an OLpūr H2H Hemodiafiltration Module (“H2H Module”), an OLpūr MD 220 Hemodiafilter (“HDF Filter”) and an H2H Substitution Filter (“Dialysate Filter”).
Our H2H Module attaches to a standard HD machine to perform on-line HDF therapy. The HD machine controls and monitors the basic treatment functions, as it would normally when providing HD therapy. The H2H Module is a free-standing, movable device that is placed next to either side of an HD machine. The H2H Module connects to the clinic’s water supply, drain, and electricity.
The H2H Module utilizes the HDF Filter, and is very similar to a typical hollow fiber dialyzer assembled with a single hollow fiber bundle made with a high-flux (or high-permeability) membrane. The fiber bundle is separated into two discrete, but serially connected, blood paths. Dialysate flows in one direction that is counter-current to blood flow in Stage 1 and co-current to blood flow in Stage 2.
In addition to the HDF Filter, the H2H Module also utilizes a Dialysate Filter during patient treatment. The Dialysate Filter is a hollow fiber, ultrafilter device that consists of two sequential (redundant) ultrafiltration stages in a single housing. During on-line HDF with the H2H Module, fresh dialysate is redirected by the H2H Module’s hydraulic (substitution) pump and passed through this dual-stage ultrafilter before being infused as substitution fluid into the extracorporeal circuit. Providing ultrapure dialysate is crucial for the success of on-line HDF treatment.
Our original HDF system conformed with current ANSI/AAMI/ISO standards and was cleared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) for the treatment of patients with chronic renal failure in 2012. To date, our HDF System is the only HDF system cleared by the FDA.
Over the last four years, DaVita Healthcare Partners, the Renal Research Institute (a research division of Fresenius Medical Care), and Vanderbilt University conducted post-market evaluations of our hemodiafiltration system in their clinics. We gathered direct feedback from these evaluations to develop a better understanding of how our system best fits into the current clinical and economic ESRD treatment paradigm. The ultimate goal of the evaluations was to better understand the potential for HDF in the U.S. clinical setting in order to (a) improve the quality of life for the patient, (b) reduce overall expenditure compared to other dialysis modalities, (c) minimize the impact on nurse work flow at the clinic, and (d) demonstrate the pharmacoeconomic benefit of the HDF technology to the U.S. healthcare system, as has been done in Europe with other HDF systems. The last evaluation was concluded at Vanderbilt in the first quarter of 2018.
Specialty Renal Products, Inc. (SRP)
Over the past three years, we have dramatically simplified and redesigned our HDF device. Our updates have made the system significantly easier to use. By shifting from a reusable substitution ultrafilter to a disposable substitution ultrafilter, we were able to simplify the set-up process and substantially reduce the time required between patient treatments - two of the key complaints from our first-generation system. We used real-time user feedback to aid in the fine-tuning of our changes to the system that impacted usability. We believe our second generation HDF system will meet the needs of both clinicians and patients.
In 2018, we spun-off the development of the HDF device into SRP. We raised $3 million of outside capital directly into SRP to fund the second-generation development described above while Nephros maintains a 62.5% ownership stake in SRP. On October 9, 2020, Nephros and SRP entered into a formal loan agreement, in which Nephros agreed to lend up to $1.3 million of operating funds to SRP, including the $1.0 million borrowed by SRP during the year ended December 31, 2020. These funds are expected to be sufficient to fund SRP through the planned FDA 510(k) clearance process of SRP’s second-generation hemodiafiltration system, which is expected to be initially submitted to the FDA in early 2021.
Once we have obtained FDA clearance for our second-generation device, we intend to launch it at clinics that have previous experience with our device. We plan to then expand our efforts, on a measured basis, to clinics that wish to provide HDF therapy to their patients. At this time, we do not believe making a rapid and broad push into the market would be optimal; nephrologists in the United States are not trained on HDF therapy. However, many nephrologists want to explore the option and we believe that early adopters will want to perform studies to better understand the technology. We intend to support these investigator-initiated studies.
While a number of studies have been performed in Europe, the body of evidence for optimal use of HDF needs to be built in the U.S. treatment setting. According to European data from Fresenius, over 15% of dialysis treatments are HDF. That could translate to over 10 million individual treatments if HDF achieved that level of penetration in the United States. We do not believe that the United States will instantaneously mirror Europe. However, we do believe that HDF therapy has a place in the treatment landscape for patients with ESRD in the United States, and we look forward to enabling this pathway.
Corporate Information
We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in April 1997. Our principal executive offices are located at 380 Lackawanna Place, South Orange, New Jersey 07079, and our telephone number is (201) 343-5202. We also have offices in Las Vegas and Reno, Nevada and in Dublin, Ireland. For more information about Nephros, please visit our website at www.nephros.com. We are not including the information on our website as a part of, nor incorporating it by reference into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Manufacturing and Suppliers
We do not, and do not intend to in the near future, manufacture any of our medical device filtration products. We do manufacture some of our commercial filtration products in our Aether facility in Las Vegas, Nevada. In addition, we plan to manufacture some pathogen detection products in our Reno, Nevada facility.
With regard to the OLpūr MD190 and MD220, on June 27, 2011, we entered into a License Agreement (the “License Agreement”), effective July 1, 2011, as amended by the first amendment dated February 19, 2014, with Bellco S.r.l. (“Bellco”), an Italy-based supplier of hemodialysis and intensive care products, for the manufacturing, marketing and sale of our patented mid-dilution dialysis filters. Under the License Agreement, as amended, we granted Bellco a license to manufacture, market and sell the covered products under its own name, label, and CE mark in certain countries on an exclusive basis, and to do the same on a non-exclusive basis in certain other countries.
On April 23, 2012, we entered into a License and Supply Agreement (the “License and Supply Agreement”) with Medica S.p.A. (“Medica”), an Italy-based medical product manufacturing company, for the marketing and sale of certain filtration products based upon Medica’s proprietary Medisulfone ultrafiltration technology in conjunction with our filtration products, and for an exclusive supply arrangement for the filtration products. Under the License and Supply Agreement, as amended, Medica granted to us an exclusive license, with right of sublicense, to market, promote, distribute, offer for sale and sell the filtration products worldwide, with certain limitations on territory, during the term of the License and Supply Agreement. In addition, we granted to Medica an exclusive license under our intellectual property to make the filtration products during the term of the License and Supply Agreement. The filtration covered under the License and Supply Agreement include both certain products based on Medica’s proprietary Versatile microfiber technology and certain filtration products based on Medica’s proprietary Medisulfone ultrafiltration technology. The term of the License and Supply Agreement with Medica expires on December 31, 2025, unless earlier terminated by either party in accordance with the terms of the License and Supply Agreement.
In exchange for the rights granted, we agreed to make minimum annual aggregate purchases from Medica throughout the term of the License and Supply Agreement. As part of the License and Supply Agreement, we granted to Medica 300,000 options to purchase our common stock, which vested over the first three years of the agreement. We currently have an understanding with Medica whereby we have agreed to pay interest to Medica at a 12% annual rate calculated on the principal amount of any outstanding invoices that are not paid pursuant to the original payment terms.
Sales and Marketing
Under the Bellco License Agreement, as discussed above, we granted Bellco a license to manufacture, market and sell the covered products under its own name, label and CE mark in the territory, as defined in the License Agreement. In addition, if requested by us, Bellco will be required to sell the covered products to our distributors in the stated territory.
Our New Jersey headquarters oversees global sales and marketing activity of our ultrafilter products. We work with multiple distributors for our ultrafilter products in the hospital and dialysis water markets. For the food service and hospitality markets, our Aether division leads global sales and marketing activity. For other prospective markets for our ultrafilter products, we are pursuing alliance opportunities for joint product development and/or distribution. Our ultrafilter manufacturer in Europe shares certain intellectual property rights with us for one of our dual stage ultrafilter designs.
Research and Development
Our research and development efforts continue on several fronts directly related to our current product lines. For the ultrafiltration systems business, we are continually working with existing and potential distributors of ultrafilter products to develop solutions to meet customer needs. Our pathogen detection systems organization is driving the development of PluraPath and other related systems planned for the future. Our SRP subsidiary is driving the development of our second-generation HDF system.
Major Customers
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the following customers accounted for the following percentages of our revenues, respectively:
Customer
A 16 % 19 %
B 14 % 17 %
C 11 % 10 %
D 2 % 10 %
Total 43 % 56 %
As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the following customers accounted for the following percentages of our accounts receivable, respectively:
Customer
A 19 % 26 %
E 12 % - %
B 5 % 11 %
Total 36 % 37 %
Competition
With respect to the water filtration market, we compete with companies that are well-entrenched in the water filtration domain. These companies include Pall Corporation (now wholly owned by Danaher Corporation), which manufactures point-of-use microfiltration products, as well as 3M and Pentair, who manufacture the Cuno® and Everpure® brands of water filtration and purification products respectively. Our methods of competition in the water filtration domain include:
● developing and marketing products that are designed to meet critical and specific customer needs more effectively than competitive devices;
● offering unique attributes that illustrate our product reliability, “user-friendliness,” and performance capabilities;
● selling products to specific customer groups where our unique product attributes are mission-critical; and
● pursuing alliance and/or acquisition opportunities for joint product development and distribution.
The PluraPath pathogen detection system will compete in the $8 billion global water testing market. Portable, real-time water testing, however, is a relatively new market, with few competitors, including Spartan Bioscience.
The dialyzer and renal replacement therapy market is subject to intense competition. Accordingly, our future success will depend on our ability to meet the clinical goals of nephrologists, improve patient outcomes and remain cost-effective for payers.
We also compete with other suppliers of ESRD therapies, supplies and services. These suppliers include Fresenius Medical Care AG and Baxter International, Inc., currently two of the primary machine manufacturers in hemodialysis. Fresenius Medical Care AG and Baxter International, Inc. also manufacture HDF machines that are not currently approved in the United States.
The markets in which we sell our dialysis products are highly competitive. Our competitors in the sale of hemodialysis products include Baxter International Inc., Fresenius Medical Care AG, Asahi Kasei Medical Co. Ltd., B. Braun Melsungen AG, Nipro Medical Corporation Ltd., Nikkiso Co., Ltd., Terumo Medical Corporation and Toray Medical Co., Ltd.
Other competitive considerations include pharmacological and technological advances in preventing the progression of ESRD in high-risk patients, such as those with diabetes and hypertension, technological developments by others in the area of dialysis, the development of new medications designed to reduce the incidence of kidney transplant rejection, and progress in using kidneys harvested from genetically-engineered animals as a source of transplants.
We are not aware of any other companies using technology similar to ours in the treatment of ESRD. Our competition would increase, however, if companies that currently sell ESRD products, or new companies that enter the market, develop technology that is more efficient than ours. We believe that in order to become competitive in this market, we will need to develop and maintain competitive products and take and hold sufficient market share from our competitors. Therefore, we expect our methods of competing in the ESRD marketplace to include:
● continuing our efforts to develop, manufacture, and sell products that, when compared to competitive products, perform more efficiently, and are available at prices that are acceptable to the market;
● displaying our products and providing associated literature at major industry trade shows in the United States;
● initiating discussions with dialysis clinic medical directors, as well as representatives of dialysis clinical chains, to develop interest in our products;
● pursuing alliance opportunities in certain territories for distribution of our products and possible alternative manufacturing facilities; and
● entering into license agreements similar to our License Agreement with Bellco to expand market share.
Intellectual Property
Patents
We protect our technology and products through patents and patent applications. In addition to the United States, we also apply for patents in other jurisdictions, such as the European Patent Office, Canada and Japan, to the extent we deem appropriate. We have built a portfolio of patents and applications covering our products, including their hardware design and methods of hemodiafiltration.
We believe that our patent strategy will provide a competitive advantage in our target markets, but our patents may not be broad enough to cover our competitors’ products, and may be subject to invalidation claims. Our U.S. patents for the “Method and Apparatus for Efficient Hemodiafiltration” and for the “Dual-Stage Filtration Cartridge” have claims that cover the OLpūr MDHDF filter series and the method of hemodiafiltration employed in the operation of the products. Technological developments in ESRD therapy could reduce the value of our intellectual property. Any such reduction could be rapid and unanticipated. We have issued patents on our water filtration products and applications in process to cover various applications in residential, commercial, and remote environments.
As of December 31, 2020, we had six U.S. patents, three Mexican patents, one Chinese patent, one French patent, one German patent, one Italian patent, one United Kingdom patent, and one Canadian patent. In addition, we had three pending patent applications in the United States. Our pending patent applications relate to a range of filter technologies, including liquid purification filter systems and portable systems for detecting waterborne pathogens by rapid filtration, concentration and detection of the waterborne pathogens.
Trademarks
As of December 31, 2020, in the United States, we secured registrations of the trademarks HYDRAGUARD, NANOGUARD, ENDOPUR, FILPATH, and SEQUAPATH. We have also filed trademark applications for PLURAPATH and DIALYPATH in the United States. In Canada, we filed trademark applications for PLURAPATH and SEQUAPATH.
Governmental Regulation
The research and development, manufacturing, promotion, marketing and distribution of our ESRD therapy products in the United States, Europe and other regions of the world are subject to regulation by numerous governmental authorities, including the FDA, the European Union and analogous agencies.
United States
The FDA regulates the manufacture and distribution of medical devices in the United States pursuant to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetics (FDC) Act. All of our ESRD therapy products are regulated in the United States as medical devices by the FDA under the FDC Act. Under the FDC Act, medical devices are classified in one of three classes, namely Class I, II or III, on the basis of the controls deemed necessary by the FDA to reasonably ensure their safety and effectiveness.
● Class I devices are medical devices for which general controls are deemed sufficient to ensure their safety and effectiveness. General controls include provisions related to (1) labeling, (2) producer registration, (3) defect notification, (4) records and reports and (5) quality service requirements (“QSR”).
● Class II devices are medical devices for which the general controls for the Class I devices are deemed not sufficient to ensure their safety and effectiveness and require special controls in addition to the general controls. Special controls include provisions related to (1) performance and design standards, (2) post-market surveillance, (3) patient registries and (4) the use of FDA guidelines.
● Class III devices are the most regulated medical devices and are generally limited to devices that support or sustain human life or are of substantial importance in preventing impairment of human health or present a potential, unreasonable risk of illness or injury. Pre-market approval by the FDA is the required process of scientific review to ensure the safety and effectiveness of Class III devices.
Before a new medical device can be introduced to the market, Section 510(k) and Section 515 of the FDC Act require a manufacturer who intends to market a medical device to submit a premarket notification (Section 510(k)) or a request for premarket approval (Section 515), to the FDA.
A 510(k) clearance will be granted if the submitted information establishes that the proposed device is “substantially equivalent” to a legally marketed Class I or Class II medical device or to a Class III medical device for which the FDA has not called for premarket approval under Section 515. The 510(k) clearance process is generally faster and simpler than the premarket approval process.
Premarket approval (PMA) is the FDA’s process of scientific and regulatory review to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of Class III medical devices. Class III devices are those that support or sustain human life, are of substantial importance in preventing impairment of human health, or which present a potential, unreasonable risk of illness or injury, or are new and present unknown safety or effectiveness issues or risks. PMA is the most stringent type of device marketing application required by the FDA. To gain approval, the manufacturer must present adequate scientific evidence to assure that the device is safe and effective for its intended use(s).
For any devices cleared through the 510(k) clearance process, modifications or enhancements that could significantly affect the safety or effectiveness of the device or that constitute a major change to the intended use of the device will require a new 510(k) clearance submission. Accordingly, if we do obtain Section 510(k) clearance for any of our ESRD therapy and/or filtration products, we will need to submit another Section 510(k) notification if we significantly affect that product’s safety or effectiveness through subsequent modifications or enhancements.
All of our products have been cleared by the FDA as Class II devices, such as:
● DSU Dual Stage UltraFilter: In June 2009, we received FDA 510(k) clearance of the DSU to be used to filter biological contaminants from water and bicarbonate concentrate used in hemodialysis procedures.
● SSU-D/DSU-D Dual Stage UltraFilter: In July 2011, we received FDA 510(k) clearance of the SSU/DSU to be used to filter water or bicarbonate concentrate used in hemodialysis procedures.
● OLpūr H2H Module and OLpūr MD 220 Hemodiafilter: In April 2012, we received FDA 510(k) clearance of the OLpūr H2H Module and OLpūr MD 220 Hemodiafilter for use with a UF controlled hemodialysis machine that provides ultrapure dialysate in accordance with current ANSI/AAMI/ISO standards, for the treatment of patients with chronic renal failure in the United States.
● DSU-H/SSU-H: In October 2014, we received FDA 510(k) clearance of the DSU-H and SSU-H ultrafilters to be used to filter EPA quality drinking water. The filters retain bacteria, viruses and endotoxin. By providing ultrapure water for patient washing and drinking, the filters aid in infection control.
● S100 Point of Use Filter: In April 2016, we received FDA 510(k) clearance of the S100 point-of-use filter to be used to filter EPA quality drinking water. The filters retain bacteria. By retaining bacteria in water for washing and drinking, the filter may aid in infection control.
● HydraGuard: In December 2016, we received FDA 510(k) clearance of the HydraGuard 10” ultrafilter intended to be used to filter EPA quality drinking water. The filter retains bacteria, viruses and endotoxin. By providing ultrapure water for patient washing and drinking, the filter aids in infection control.
● EndoPur: In March 2017, we received FDA 510(k) clearance of the EndoPur ultrafilter intended to be used to filter water used in hemodialysis devices. It assists in providing hemodialysis quality water. The device is not a complete water treatment system but serves to remove biological contaminants. Therefore, it must be used in conjunction with other water treatment equipment (Reverse Osmosis, Deionization, etc.).
The FDC Act requires that medical devices be manufactured in accordance with the FDA’s current QSR regulations which require, among other things, that:
● the design and manufacturing processes be regulated and controlled by the use of written procedures;
● the ability to produce medical devices which meet the manufacturer’s specifications be validated by extensive and detailed testing of every aspect of the process;
● any deficiencies in the manufacturing process or in the products produced be investigated;
● detailed records be kept, and a corrective and preventative action plan be in place; and
● manufacturing facilities be subject to FDA inspection on a periodic basis to monitor compliance with QSR regulations.
In addition to the requirements described above, the FDC Act requires that:
● all medical device manufacturers and distributors register with the FDA annually and provide the FDA with a list of those medical devices which they distribute commercially;
● information be provided to the FDA on death or serious injuries alleged to have been associated with the use of the products, as well as product malfunctions that would likely cause or contribute to death or serious injury if the malfunction were to recur; and
● certain medical devices not cleared with the FDA for marketing in the United States meet specific requirements before they are exported.
We and our contract manufacturers are required to manufacture our products in compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) requirements set forth in the QSR. The QSR requires a quality system for the design, manufacture, packaging, labeling, storage, installation and servicing of marketed devices, and it includes extensive requirements with respect to quality management and organization, device design, buildings, equipment, purchase and handling of components or services, production and process controls, packaging and labeling controls, device evaluation, distribution, installation, complaint handling, servicing, and record keeping. The FDA evaluates compliance with the QSR through periodic unannounced inspections that may include the manufacturing facilities of our subcontractors. If the FDA believes that we or any of our contract manufacturers, or regulated suppliers, are not in compliance with these requirements, there may be a material adverse effect on our manufacturing operations, effecting our ability to sell.
European Union
The European Union began to harmonize national regulations comprehensively for the control of medical devices in member nations in 1993, when it adopted its Medical Devices Directive 93/42/EEC. The European Union directive applies to both the manufacturer’s quality assurance system and the product’s technical design and discusses the various ways to obtain approval of a device (dependent on device classification), how to properly CE mark a device, and how to place a device on the market.
In 2017, the European Union (EU) adopted the EU Medical Device Regulation (Council Regulations 2017/745) which imposes stricter requirements for the marketing and sale of medical devices, including new quality system and post-market surveillance requirements. The regulation has a three-year implementation period to May 2020 and will replace the existing directives on medical devices in the EU. After May 2020, medical devices marketed in the EU require certification according to these new requirements, except that devices with valid CE certificates, issued pursuant to the Medical Device Directive before May 2020, may be placed on the market until 2024. Complying with this new regulation will require us to incur significant costs and failure to meet the requirements of the regulation could adversely impact our business in the European Union and other countries that utilize or rely on European Union requirements for medical device registrations.
As defined in Medical Devices Directive 93/42/EEC, the regulatory approach necessary to demonstrate to the European Union that the organization has the ability to provide medical devices and related services that consistently meet customer requirements and regulatory requirements applicable to medical devices requires the certification of a full quality management system by a notified body. Initially, we engaged TÜV Rheinland of North America, Inc. (“TÜV Rheinland”) as the notified body to assist us in obtaining certification to ISO 13485/2003 standard, which demonstrates the presence of a quality management system that can be used by an organization for design and development, production, installation and servicing of medical devices and the design, development and provision of related services.
European Union requirements for products are set forth in harmonized European Union standards and include conformity to safety requirements, physical and biological properties, construction and environmental properties, and information supplied by the manufacturer. A company demonstrates conformity to these requirements, with respect to a product, by pre-clinical tests, biocompatibility tests, qualification of products and packaging, risk analysis and well-conducted clinical investigations approved by ethics committees.
Once a manufacturer’s full quality management system is determined to be in compliance with ISO 13485/2003 and other statutory requirements, and the manufacturer’s products conform to harmonized European standards, the notified body will recommend and document such conformity. The manufacturer will receive a CE marking and ISO certifications, and then may place a CE mark on the relevant products. The CE mark, which stands for Conformité Européene, demonstrates compliance with the relevant European Union requirements. Products subject to these provisions that do not bear the CE mark cannot be imported to, or sold or distributed within, the European Union.
Medical Devices sold in Europe/ anticipated to be sold in Europe, shall be examined and classified as:
● Class I: Provided non-sterile or do not have a measuring functions; Low Risk
● Class I: Provided sterile and/or have a measuring function; Low/medium risk
● Class IIa: Medium risk
● Class IIb: Medium/high risk
● Class III: High risk
In July 2003, we received a certification from TÜV Rheinland that our quality management system conforms to the requirements of the European Community. At the same time, TÜV Rheinland approved our use of the CE marking with respect to the design and production of high permeability hemodialyzer products for ESRD therapy. In April 2010, we changed our notified body from TÜV Rheinland to BSI America, Inc. and expanded our scope to include design and development and production of water filters.
Under the License Agreement with Bellco, as discussed above, we granted Bellco a license to manufacture, market and sell the covered products under its own name, label and CE mark in the stated territory. In addition, if requested by us, Bellco will be required to sell the covered products to our distributors in the stated territory.
The following products have been certified by BSI America for CE marking and adherence to ISO13485 standards as Class IIa (Rule 3) medical devices:
● SSU-D/DSU-D Dual Stage Ultrafilter: Intended to be used to filter water or bicarbonate concentrate used in hemodialysis procedures.
Regulatory Authorities in Regions Outside of the United States and the European Union
In November 2007 and May 2011, the Therapeutic Products Directorate of Health Canada, the Canadian health regulatory agency, approved our OLpūr MD220 Hemodiafilter and our DSU, respectively, for marketing in Canada. Other than the Canadian approval of our OLpūr MD220 Hemodiafilter and DSU products, we have not obtained any regulatory approvals to sell any of our products outside of the United States and the European Union and there is no assurance that any such clearance or certification will be issued.
Requirements pertaining to medical devices vary widely from country to country, ranging from no health regulations to detailed submissions such as those required by the FDA. Our manufacturing facilities are subject to audits and have been certified to be ISO 13485:2016 and Medical Device Directive 93/42/EEC, which allows us to sell our products in the United States, Canada and Europe.
Currently we are in the process to seek approval for MDSAP compliance. The Medical Device Single Audit Program (MDSAP) is a program that allows the conduct of a single regulatory audit of a medical device manufacturer’s quality management system that satisfies the requirements of multiple regulatory jurisdictions. Audits are conducted by Auditing Organizations authorized by the participating Regulatory Authorities to audit under MDSAP requirements. The MDSAP is a way that medical device manufacturers can be audited once for compliance with the standard and regulatory requirements of up to five different medical device markets: Australia, Brazil, Canada, Japan and the United States.
Following the completion of MDSAP, this certification will allow us to sell our products in the United States, Canada, Europe, and other territories around the world, while maintaining our current approvals. The time and cost of obtaining new, and maintaining existing, market authorizations from countries outside of North America, and the requirements for licensing products in these countries may differ significantly from FDA requirements.
Reimbursement
In both domestic markets and markets outside of the United States, sales of our ESRD therapy products will depend in part, on the availability of reimbursement from third-party payers. In the United States, ESRD providers are reimbursed through Medicare, Medicaid and private insurers. In countries other than the United States, ESRD providers are also reimbursed through governmental insurers. In countries other than the United States, the pricing and profitability of our products generally will be subject to government controls. Despite the continually expanding influence of the European Union, national healthcare systems in its member nations, including reimbursement decision-making, are neither regulated nor integrated at the European Union level. Each country has its own system, often closely protected by its corresponding national government.
Product Liability and Insurance
The production, marketing and sale of our products have an inherent risk of liability in the event of product failure or claim of harm caused by product operation. We have acquired product liability insurance for our products in the amount of $2 million. A successful claim in excess of our insurance coverage could materially deplete our assets. Moreover, any claim against us could generate negative publicity, which could decrease the demand for our products, our ability to generate revenues and our profitability.
Some of our existing and potential agreements with manufacturers of our products and components of our products do or may require us (1) to obtain product liability insurance or (2) to indemnify manufacturers against liabilities resulting from the sale of our products. If we are not able to maintain adequate product liability insurance, we will be in breach of these agreements, which could materially adversely affect our ability to produce our products. Even if we are able to obtain and maintain product liability insurance, if a successful claim in excess of our insurance coverage is made, then we may have to indemnify some or all of our manufacturers for their losses, which could materially deplete our assets.
Employees
As of December 31, 2020, we employed a total of 27 full-time employees, including 12 employed in sales/marketing/customer support, 8 in general and administrative, and 7 in research and development. None of our employees are currently represented by a labor union or covered by a collective bargaining agreement and we believe that our relations with our employees are good. During 2020, we had limited voluntary turnover and focused on maintaining our workforce throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Going forward, we intend to focus on maintaining our current good relations with our employees and continuing to develop and explore ways to collaborate with our employees and create a well-regarded workplace.
Available Information
We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). The Exchange Act requires us to file periodic reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. These materials may be obtained electronically by accessing the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Risks Related to Our Overall Business and Operations
We have a history of operating losses and a significant accumulated deficit, and we may not achieve or maintain profitability in the future.
As of December 31, 2020, we had an accumulated deficit of $132.0 million as a result of historical operating losses. While we believe that the revenues following the launch of our new products will help us achieve profitability, there can be no guarantee of this. We may continue to incur additional losses in the future depending on the timing and marketplace acceptance of our products and as a result of operating expenses being higher than our gross margin from product sales. We began sales of our first product in March 2004, and we may never realize sufficient revenues from the sale of our products or be profitable. Each of the following factors, among others, may influence the timing and extent of our profitability, if any:
● the market acceptance of our technologies and products in each of our target markets;
● our ability to effectively and efficiently manufacture, market and distribute our products;
● our ability to sell our products at competitive prices that exceed our per unit costs; and
● our ability to continue to develop products and maintain a competitive advantage in our industry.
The COVID-19 pandemic may continue to adversely impact our sales and revenues.
There is uncertainty with respect to our projections regarding the availability of sufficient cash resources as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the economic conditions it has caused. During the pandemic, we have seen decreased demand for our hospital filtration products, particularly in emergency pathogen outbreak response. In addition, sales to new customers - including water filtration and pathogen detection products - have been hindered by pandemic-related travel restrictions. Also, our commercial filtration products, which are primarily targeted at the hospitality and food service markets, have seen a decrease in demand, due to the closure of many hotels and restaurants. If these decreases in demand continue and we are unable to achieve our revenue plan, we may cut budgeted expenditures as appropriate to preserve our available capital resources, which could slow our revenue growth plans.
We face significant challenges in obtaining market acceptance of our products, which could adversely affect our potential sales and revenues.
We do not yet have an established market or customer base for our products. Our failure to achieve sufficient market acceptance and sell our products at competitive prices will limit our ability to generate revenue and be profitable. Our water filtration products and technologies may not achieve expected reliability, performance and endurance standards. Our water filtration products and technologies may not achieve market acceptance, including among hospitals, or may not be deemed suitable for other commercial, military, industrial or retail applications. Factors that may affect our ability to achieve acceptance of our water filtration products and technologies in the marketplace include whether such products will be safe for use, whether they will be effective and whether they will be cost-effective.
Further, acceptance of our chronic renal failure therapy products in the marketplace by both potential users, including chronic renal failure patients, and potential purchasers, including nephrologists, dialysis clinics and other health care providers, is uncertain. Market acceptance will require substantial marketing efforts and the expenditure of significant funds by us to inform dialysis patients and nephrologists, dialysis clinics and other health care providers of the benefits of using our products. We may encounter significant clinical and market resistance to our products and our products may never achieve market acceptance. We may not be able to build key relationships with physicians, clinical groups and government agencies, pursue or increase sales opportunities in Europe or elsewhere, or be the first to introduce HDF therapy in the United States. Product orders may be cancelled, patients or customers currently using our products may cease to do so and patients or customers expected to begin using our products may not. Additionally, acceptance in the marketplace will depend on whether we will be able to demonstrate product safety, efficacy and cost-effectiveness, whether there are unexpected side effects, complications or other safety issues associated with such products, and whether government or third-party reimbursement for the cost of such products is available at reasonable rates, if at all.
If we are not able to successfully scale-up production of our products, then our sales and revenues will suffer.
In order to commercialize our products, we need to be able to produce them in a cost-effective way on a large scale to meet commercial demand, while maintaining extremely high standards for quality and reliability. The extent to which we fail to successfully commercialize our products will limit our ability to be profitable.
We expect to rely on a limited number of independent manufacturers to produce our products. Our manufacturers’ systems and procedures may not be adequate to support our operations and may not be able to achieve the rapid execution necessary to exploit the market for our products. Our manufacturers could experience manufacturing and control problems as they begin to scale-up our future manufacturing operations, if any, and we may not be able to scale-up manufacturing in a timely manner or at a commercially reasonable cost to enable production in sufficient quantities. If we experience any of these problems with respect to our manufacturers’ initial or future scale-ups of manufacturing operations, then we may not be able to have our products manufactured and delivered in a timely manner. Our products are new and evolving, and our manufacturers may encounter unforeseen difficulties in manufacturing them in commercial quantities or at all.
If we cannot develop adequate distribution, customer service and technical support networks, then we may not be able to market and distribute our products effectively and/or customers may decide not to order our products. In either case, our sales and revenues will suffer.
Our strategy requires us to distribute our products and provide a significant amount of customer service and maintenance and other technical service. To provide these services, we have begun, and will need to continue, to develop a network of distribution and a staff of employees and independent contractors in each of the areas in which we intend to operate. We cannot assure that we will be able to organize and manage this network on a cost-effective basis. If we cannot effectively organize and manage this network, then it may be difficult for us to distribute our products and to provide competitive service and support to our customers, in which case customers may be unable, or decide not, to order our products and our sales and revenues will suffer.
We have limited experience selling our products to healthcare facilities, and we might be unsuccessful in increasing our sales.
Our business strategy depends in part on our ability to sell our products to hospitals and other healthcare facilities, including dialysis clinics. We have limited experience with respect to sales and marketing. If we are unsuccessful at manufacturing, marketing and selling our products, our operations and potential revenues will be materially adversely affected.
Product liability associated with the production, marketing and sale of our products, and/or the expense of defending against claims of product liability, could materially deplete our assets and generate negative publicity which could impair our reputation.
The production, marketing and sale of kidney dialysis and water-filtration products have inherent risks of liability in the event of product failure or claim of harm caused by product operation. Voluntary recalls could subject us to claims or proceedings by consumers, the FDA or other regulatory authorities which may adversely impact our sales and revenues. Furthermore, even meritless claims of product liability may be costly to defend against. Although we have acquired product liability insurance for our products, we may not be able to maintain or obtain this insurance on acceptable terms or at all. Because we may not be able to obtain insurance that provides us with adequate protection against all potential product liability claims, a successful claim in excess of our insurance coverage could materially deplete our assets. Moreover, even if we are able to obtain adequate insurance, any claim against us could generate negative publicity, which could impair our reputation and adversely affect the demand for our products, our ability to generate sales and our profitability.
Some of the agreements that we may enter into with manufacturers of our products and components of our products may require us to obtain product liability insurance; or to indemnify manufacturers against liabilities resulting from the sale of our products. For example, the agreement with our contract manufacturer (“CM”) requires that we obtain and maintain certain minimum product liability insurance coverage and that we indemnify our CM against certain liabilities arising out of our products that they manufacture, provided they do not arise out of our CM’s breach of the agreement, negligence or willful misconduct. If we are not able to obtain and maintain adequate product liability insurance, then we could be in breach of these agreements, which could materially adversely affect our ability to produce our products and generate revenues. Even if we are able to obtain and maintain product liability insurance, if a successful claim in excess of our insurance coverage is made, then we may have to indemnify some or all of our manufacturers for their losses, which could materially deplete our assets.
We cannot assure you that our products will be safe or that there will not be product-related deaths, serious injuries or product malfunctions. Further, we are required under applicable law to report any circumstances relating to our medically approved products that could result in deaths or serious injuries. These circumstances could trigger recalls, class action lawsuits and other events that could cause us to incur expenses and may also limit our ability to generate revenues from such products.
We cannot assure you that our products will prove to be safe or that there will not be product-related deaths or serious injuries or product malfunctions, which could trigger recalls, class action lawsuits and other events that could cause us to incur significant expenses, limit our ability to market our products and generate revenues from such products or cause us reputational harm. Under the FDC Act, we are required to submit medical device reports (“MDRs”) to the FDA to report device-related deaths, serious injuries and malfunctions of medically approved products that could result in death or serious injury if they were to recur. Depending on their significance, MDRs could trigger events that could cause us to incur expenses and may also limit our ability to generate revenues from such products. Additionally, any of the following could occur:
● information contained in the MDRs could trigger FDA regulatory actions such as inspections, recalls and patient/physician notifications;
● because the reports are publicly available, MDRs could become the basis for private lawsuits, including class actions; and
● if we fail to submit a required MDR to the FDA, the FDA could take enforcement action against us.
If any of these events occur, then we could incur significant expenses and it could become more difficult for us to market and sell our products and to generate revenues from sales. Other countries may impose analogous reporting requirements that could cause us to incur expenses and may also limit our ability to generate revenues from sales of our products.
We may face significant risks associated with international operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We expect to manufacture and to market our products globally. Our international operations are subject to a number of risks, including the following:
● fluctuations in exchange rates of the U.S. dollar could adversely affect our results of operations;
● we may face difficulties in enforcing and collecting accounts receivable under some countries’ legal systems;
● local regulations may restrict our ability to sell our products, have our products manufactured or conduct other operations;
● political instability could disrupt our operations;
● some governments and customers may have longer payment cycles, with resulting adverse effects on our cash flow; and
● some countries could impose additional taxes or restrict the import of our products.
Any one or more of these factors could increase our costs, reduce our revenues, or disrupt our operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Related to Government Regulation
If we violate any provisions of the FDC Act or any other statutes or regulations, then we could be subject to enforcement actions by the FDA or other governmental agencies.
We face a significant compliance burden under the FDC Act and other applicable statutes and regulations which govern the testing, labeling, storage, record keeping, distribution, sale, marketing, advertising and promotion of our medically approved products. If we violate the FDC Act or other regulatory requirements (either with respect to our ultrafilters or otherwise) at any time during or after the product development and/or approval process, we could be subject to enforcement actions by the FDA or other agencies, including:
● fines;
● injunctions;
● civil penalties;
● recalls or seizures of products;
● total or partial suspension of the production of our products;
● withdrawal of any existing approvals or pre-market clearances of our products;
● refusal to approve or clear new applications or notices relating to our products;
● recommendations that we not be allowed to enter into government contracts; and
● criminal prosecution.
Any of the above could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We cannot sell our products, including certain modifications thereto, until we obtain the requisite regulatory approvals and clearances in the countries in which we intend to sell our products. If we fail to receive, or experience a significant delay in receiving, such approvals and clearances, then we may not be able to get our products to market and enhance our revenues.
Our business strategy depends in part on our ability to get our products into the market as quickly as possible. We have obtained a Conformité Européene (“CE”) mark, which demonstrates compliance with the relevant European Union requirements and is a regulatory prerequisite for selling our products in the European Union and certain other countries that recognize CE marking (collectively, “European Community”), for our OLpūr MD 220 Hemodiafilter and our DSU. We have not yet obtained a CE mark for any of our other products. We previously received clearance from the FDA to market our OLpūr MD220 Hemodiafilter and OLpūr H2H Module for use with a hemodialysis machine that provides ultrapure dialysate in accordance with current ANSI/AAMI/ISO standards, for the treatment of chronic renal failure patients. We have not begun to broadly market these products and are actively seeking a commercialization partner in the United States.
We cannot ensure that any existing products that have not yet been approved, or any new products developed by us in the future, will be approved for marketing. The clearance and/or approval processes can be lengthy and uncertain, and each requires substantial commitments of our financial resources and our management’s time and effort. We may not be able to obtain further CE marking or regulatory approval for any of our existing or new products in a timely manner or at all. Even if we do obtain regulatory approval, approval may be only for limited uses with specific classes of patients, processes or other devices. Our failure to obtain, or delays in obtaining, the necessary regulatory clearance and/or approvals would prevent us from selling our affected products in the applicable regions. If we cannot sell some of our products in such regions, or if we are delayed in selling while waiting for the necessary clearance and/or approvals, our ability to generate revenues from these products will be limited.
Over time, we intend to market our products globally. Requirements pertaining to the sale of our products vary widely from country to country. It may be very expensive and difficult for us to meet the requirements for the sale of our products in many countries. As a result, we may not be able to obtain the required approvals in a timely manner, if at all. If we cannot sell our products in a particular region, then the size of our potential market could be reduced, which would limit our potential sales and revenues.
Significant additional governmental regulation could subject us to unanticipated delays that would adversely affect our sales and revenues.
Our business strategy depends in part on our ability to get our products into the market as quickly as possible. Additional laws and regulations, or changes to existing laws and regulations that are applicable to our business may be enacted or promulgated, and the interpretation, application or enforcement of the existing laws and regulations may change. We cannot predict the nature of any future laws, regulations, interpretations, applications or enforcements or the specific effects any of these might have on our business. Any future laws, regulations, interpretations, applications or enforcements could delay or prevent regulatory approval or clearance of our products and our ability to market our products. Moreover, changes that result in our failure to comply with the requirements of applicable laws and regulations could result in enforcement actions by the FDA and/or other agencies, all of which could impair our ability to have manufactured and to sell the affected products.
If we are not able to maintain sufficient quality controls, then the approval or clearance of our products by the European Union, the FDA or other relevant authorities could be withdrawn, delayed or denied and our sales and revenues will suffer.
Approval or clearance of our products could be withdrawn, delayed or denied by the European Union, the FDA and the relevant authorities of other countries if our manufacturing facilities do not comply with their respective manufacturing requirements. The European Union imposes requirements on quality control systems of manufacturers, which are inspected and certified on a periodic basis and may be subject to additional unannounced inspections. Failure by our manufacturers to comply with these requirements could prevent us from marketing our products in the European Community. The FDA also imposes requirements through quality system requirements regulations, which include requirements for good manufacturing practices. Failure by our manufacturers to comply with these requirements could prevent us from obtaining FDA pre-clearance or approval of our products and from marketing such products in the United States. Although the manufacturing facilities and processes that we use to manufacture our OLpūr MD HDF filter series have been inspected and certified by a worldwide testing and certification agency (also referred to as a notified body) that performs conformity assessments to European Union requirements for medical devices, they have not been inspected by the FDA. A “notified body” is a group accredited and monitored by governmental agencies that inspects manufacturing facilities and quality control systems at regular intervals and is authorized to carry out unannounced inspections. We cannot be sure that any of the facilities or processes we use will comply or continue to comply with their respective requirements on a timely basis or at all, which could delay or prevent our obtaining the approvals we need to market our products in the European Community and the United States.
To market our products in the European Community, the United States and other countries, where approved, manufacturers of such products must continue to comply or ensure compliance with the relevant manufacturing requirements. Although we cannot control the manufacturers of our products, we may need to expend time, resources and effort in product manufacturing and quality control to assist with their continued compliance with these requirements. If violations of applicable requirements are noted during periodic inspections of the manufacturing facilities of our manufacturers, then we may not be able to continue to market the products manufactured in such facilities and our revenues may be materially adversely affected.
Clinical studies that may be required for our products are costly and time-consuming, and their outcome is uncertain.
Before obtaining regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of any of our products, other than those for which we have already received marketing approval in the United States and elsewhere, we must demonstrate through clinical studies that our products are safe and effective.
For products other than those for which we have already received marketing approval, if we do not prove in clinical trials that our products are safe and effective, we will not obtain marketing approvals from the applicable regulatory authorities. In particular, one or more of our products may not exhibit the expected medical benefits, may cause harmful side effects, may not be effective in treating dialysis patients, or may have other unexpected characteristics that preclude regulatory approval for any or all indications of use or limit commercial use if approved. The length of time necessary to complete clinical trials varies significantly and is difficult to predict. Factors that can cause delay or termination of our clinical trials include:
● slower than expected patient enrollment due to the nature of the protocol, the proximity of subjects to clinical sites, the eligibility criteria for the study, competition with clinical trials for similar devices or other factors;
● lower than expected retention rates of subjects in a clinical trial;
● inadequately trained or insufficient personnel at the study site to assist in overseeing and monitoring clinical trials;
● delays in approvals from a study site’s review board, or other required approvals;
● longer treatment time required to demonstrate effectiveness;
● lack of sufficient supplies of the product;
● adverse medical events or side effects in treated subjects; and
● lack of effectiveness of the product being tested.
Even if we obtain positive results from clinical studies for our products, we may not achieve the same success in future studies of such products. Data obtained from clinical studies is susceptible to varying interpretations that could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. In addition, we may encounter delays or rejections based upon changes in regulatory policy for device approval during the period of product development and regulatory review of each submitted new device application. Moreover, regulatory approval may entail limitations on the indicated uses of the device. Failure to obtain requisite governmental approvals or failure to obtain approvals of the scope requested will delay or preclude our licensees or marketing partners from marketing our products or limit the commercial use of such products and will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, some or all of the clinical trials we undertake may not demonstrate sufficient safety and efficacy to obtain the requisite regulatory approvals, which could prevent or delay the creation of marketable products. Our product development costs will increase if we have delays in testing or approvals, if we need to perform more, larger or different clinical trials than planned or if our trials are not successful. Delays in our clinical trials may harm our financial results and the commercial prospects for our products. Additionally, we may be unable to complete our clinical trials if we are unable to obtain additional capital.
Risks Related to our Intellectual Property
Protecting our intellectual property in our technology through patents may be costly and ineffective. If we are not able to adequately secure or enforce protection of our intellectual property, then we may not be able to compete effectively and we may not be profitable.
Our future success depends in part on our ability to protect the intellectual property for our technology through patents. We will only be able to protect our products and methods from unauthorized use by third parties to the extent that our products and methods are covered by valid and enforceable patents or are effectively maintained as trade secrets. Our 12 granted U.S. patents will expire at various times from 2021 to 2040, assuming they are properly maintained.
The protection provided by our patents, and patent applications if issued, may not be broad enough to prevent competitors from introducing similar products into the market. Our patents, if challenged or if we attempt to enforce them, may not necessarily be upheld by the courts of any jurisdiction. Numerous publications may have been disclosed by, and numerous patents may have been issued to, our competitors and others relating to methods and devices for dialysis of which we are not aware and additional patents relating to methods and devices for dialysis may be issued to our competitors and others in the future. If any of those publications or patents conflict with our patent rights, or cover our products, then any or all of our patent applications could be rejected and any or all of our granted patents could be invalidated, either of which could materially adversely affect our competitive position.
Litigation and other proceedings relating to patent matters, whether initiated by us or a third party, can be expensive and time-consuming, regardless of whether the outcome is favorable to us, and may require the diversion of substantial financial, managerial and other resources. An adverse outcome could subject us to significant liabilities to third parties or require us to cease any related development, product sales or commercialization activities. In addition, if patents that contain dominating or conflicting claims have been or are subsequently issued to others and the claims of these patents are ultimately determined to be valid, then we may be required to obtain licenses under patents of others in order to develop, manufacture, use, import and/or sell our products. We may not be able to obtain licenses under any of these patents on terms acceptable to us, if at all. If we do not obtain these licenses, we could encounter delays in, or be prevented entirely from using, importing, developing, manufacturing, offering or selling any products or practicing any methods, or delivering any services requiring such licenses.
If we file for or obtain additional patents in foreign countries, we will be subject to laws and procedures that differ from those in the United States. Such differences could create additional uncertainty about the level and extent of our patent protection. Moreover, patent protection in foreign countries may be different from patent protection under U.S. laws and may not be as favorable to us. Many non-U.S. jurisdictions, for example, prohibit patent claims covering methods of medical treatment of humans, although this prohibition may not include devices used for such treatment.
If we are not able to secure and enforce protection of our trade secrets through enforcement of our confidentiality and non-competition agreements, then our competitors may gain access to our trade secrets, we may not be able to compete effectively, and we may not be profitable. Such protection may be costly and ineffective.
We attempt to protect our trade secrets, including the processes, concepts, ideas and documentation associated with our technologies, through the use of confidentiality agreements and non-competition agreements with our current employees and with other parties to whom we have divulged such trade secrets. If these employees or other parties breach our confidentiality agreements and non-competition agreements, or if these agreements are not sufficient to protect our technology or are found to be unenforceable, then our competitors could acquire and use information that we consider to be our trade secrets and we may not be able to compete effectively. Policing unauthorized use of our trade secrets is difficult and expensive and, in the event we further expand our operations, the laws of other countries may not adequately protect our trade secrets.
Risks Related to Owning Our Common Stock
Our common stock could be further diluted as a result of the issuance of additional shares of common stock, warrants or options.
In the past we have issued common stock and warrants in order to raise money. We have also issued stock options and restricted stock as compensation for services and incentive compensation for our employees, directors and consultants. We have shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon the exercise of certain of these securities and may increase the shares reserved for these purposes in the future. Our issuance of additional common stock, options and warrants could affect the rights of our stockholders, could reduce the market price of our common stock, or could obligate us to issue additional shares of common stock.
Market sales of large amounts of our common stock, or the potential for those sales even if they do not actually occur, may have the effect of depressing the market price of our common stock, the supply of common stock available for resale could be increased which could stimulate trading activity and cause the market price of our common stock to drop, even if our business is doing well. Furthermore, the issuance of any additional shares of our common stock or securities convertible into our common stock could be substantially dilutive to holders of our common stock if they do not invest in future offerings.
The prices at which shares of the common stock trade have been and will likely continue to be volatile.
During the two years ended December 31, 2020, our common stock has traded at prices ranging from a high of $11.69 to a low of $3.69 per share. Due to the lack of an active trading market for our common stock, we expect the prices at which our common stock might trade to continue to be highly volatile. The expected volatile price of our stock will make it difficult for investors to predict the value of an investment in our common stock, to sell shares at a profit at any given time, or to plan purchases and sales in advance. A variety of other factors might also affect the market price of our common stock. These include, but are not limited to:
● achievement or rejection of regulatory approvals by our competitors or us;
● publicity regarding actual or potential clinical or regulatory results relating to products under development by our competitors or us;
● delays or failures in initiating, completing or analyzing clinical trials or the unsatisfactory design or results of these trials;
● announcements of technological innovations or new commercial products by our competitors or us;
● developments concerning proprietary rights, including patents;
● regulatory developments in the United States and foreign countries;
● economic or other crises and other external factors;
● period-to-period fluctuations in our results of operations;
● threatened or actual litigation;
● changes in financial estimates by securities analysts; and
● sales of our common stock.
We are not able to control many of these factors, and we believe that period-to-period comparisons of our financial results will not necessarily be indicative of our future performance.
We have never paid dividends and do not intend to pay cash dividends.
We have never paid dividends on our common stock and currently do not anticipate paying cash dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future. Consequently, any returns on an investment in our common stock in the foreseeable future will have to come from an increase in the value of the stock itself. As noted above, the lack of an active trading market for our common stock will make it difficult to value and sell our common stock. While our dividend policy will be based on the operating results and capital needs of our business, we anticipate that all earnings, if any, will be retained to finance our future operations.
Several provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our fourth amended and restated certificate of incorporation, as amended, and our second amended and restated bylaws could discourage, delay or prevent a merger or acquisition, which could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
Several provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our fourth amended and restated certificate of incorporation, as amended, and our second amended and restated bylaws could discourage, delay or prevent a merger or acquisition that stockholders may consider favorable, and the market price of our common stock could be reduced as a result. These provisions include:
● authorizing our board of directors to issue “blank check” preferred stock without stockholder approval;
● providing for a classified board of directors with staggered, three-year terms;
● prohibiting us from engaging in a “business combination” with an “interested stockholder” for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder unless certain provisions are met;
● prohibiting cumulative voting in the election of directors;
● limiting the persons who may call special meetings of stockholders; and
● establishing advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted on by stockholders at stockholder meetings.
As a smaller reporting company with little or no name recognition and with several risks and uncertainties that could impair our business operations, we are not likely to generate widespread interest in our common stock. Without widespread interest in our common stock, our common stock price may be highly volatile and an investment in our common stock could decline in value.
Unlike many companies with publicly traded securities, we have little or no name recognition in the investment community. We are a relatively new company and very few investors are familiar with either our company or our products. We do not have an active trading market in our common stock, and one might never develop, or if it does develop, might not continue.
Additionally, the market price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to many factors, many of which are beyond our control. Risks and uncertainties, including those described elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section could impair our business operations or otherwise cause our operating results or prospects to be below expectations of investors and market analysts, which could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
As a result, investors in our common stock may not be able to resell their shares at or above their purchase price and could lose all of their investment.
Securities class action litigation is often brought against public companies following periods of volatility in the market price of such company’s securities. We may become subject to this type of litigation in the future. Litigation of this type could be extremely expensive and divert management’s attention and resources from running our company.
Our directors, executive officers and Wexford Capital LP (“Wexford”) control a significant portion of our stock and, if they choose to vote together, could have sufficient voting power to control the vote on substantially all corporate matters.
As of March 1, 2021, Wexford, our largest stockholder, beneficially owned approximately 38% of our outstanding common stock. Collectively, Wexford, our directors and our executive officers beneficially owned approximately 44% of our outstanding common stock. As a result of this ownership, Wexford has the ability to exert significant influence over our policies and affairs, including the election of directors. Wexford, whether acting alone or acting with other stockholders, could have the power to elect all of our directors and to control the vote on substantially all other corporate matters without the approval of other stockholders. Furthermore, such concentration of voting power could enable Wexford, whether acting alone or acting with other stockholders, to delay or prevent another party from taking control of our company even where such change of control transaction might be desirable to other stockholders. The interests of Wexford in any matter put before the stockholders may differ from those of any other stockholder.
Future sales of our common stock could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.
The market price of our common stock could decline due to sales of a large number of shares in the market, including sales of shares by Wexford or any other large stockholder, or the perception that such sales could occur. These sales could also make it more difficult or impossible for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and price that we deem appropriate to raise funds through future offerings of common stock. Future sales of our common stock by stockholders could depress the market price of our common stock.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
Not required.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Item 2. Properties
Our U.S. facilities are located at 380 Lackawanna Place, South Orange, New Jersey 07079; 3221 Polaris Avenue, Las Vegas, Nevada 89102; and 1015 Telegraph Street, Unit B, Reno, Nevada 89502. We use these facilities to house our corporate headquarters, research, manufacturing, and distribution facilities.
Our office in Europe is currently located at Ulysses House, Foley Street, Dublin, Ireland.
We believe our current facilities will be adequate to meet our needs. We do not own any real property for use in our operation or otherwise.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
There are no currently pending legal proceedings and, as far as we are aware, no governmental authority is contemplating any proceeding to which we are a party or to which any of our properties is subject.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Common Stock Information
Our common stock is quoted on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “NEPH”. Our common stock commenced trading on August 14, 2019.
As of December 31, 2020, there were approximately 53 holders of record and approximately 1,800 beneficial holders of our common stock.
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
Except as previously reported in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and our Current Reports on Form 8-K, we have not sold any equity securities during the year ended December 31, 2020 that were not registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
Issuer Repurchases of Equity Securities
There were no repurchases of our common stock during the fourth quarter of 2020.
Equity Compensation Plan Information
See Part III, Item 12, under the heading “Equity Compensation Plan Information,” which is incorporated by reference herein.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Item 6. Selected Financial Data
Not required for smaller reporting companies.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion includes forward-looking statements about our business, financial condition and results of operations including discussions about management’s expectations for our business. These statements represent projections, beliefs and expectations based on current circumstances and conditions and in light of recent events and trends, and these statements should not be construed either as assurances of performances or as promises of a given course of action. Instead, various known and unknown factors are likely to cause our actual performance and management’s actions to vary, and the results of these variances may be both material and adverse. A list of the known material factors that may cause our results to vary, or may cause management to deviate from its current plans and expectations, is included in Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following discussion should also be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes included in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplemental Data,” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Business Overview
We are a commercial-stage company that develops and sells high performance water solutions to the medical and commercial markets.
In medical markets, we sell water filtration products and waterborne pathogen detection products. Our medical water filters, mostly classified as ultrafilters, are used primarily by hospitals for the prevention of infection from waterborne pathogens, such as legionella and pseudomonas, and in dialysis centers for the removal of biological contaminants from water and bicarbonate concentrate. Because our ultrafilters capture contaminants as small as 0.005 microns in size, they minimize exposure to a wide variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and endotoxins.
In commercial markets, we manufacture and sell water filters that improve the taste and odor of water and reduce biofilm, bacteria, and scale build-up in downstream equipment. Marketed under both the Nephros and AETHER brands, our products are marketed primarily to the food service, hospitality, convenience store, and health care markets.
Our pathogen detection systems are portable, near real-time systems designed to provide actionable data for infection control teams, biomedical engineers in dialysis clinics, and water quality teams in building management organizations.
We also have a subsidiary, Specialty Renal Products, Inc. (“SRP”), a development-stage medical device company, focused primarily on developing hemodiafiltration (“HDF”) technology. SRP is developing a second-generation of the Nephros OLpūr H2H Hemodiafiltration System, the FDA 510(k)-cleared medical device that enables nephrologists to provide HDF treatment to patients with end stage renal disease (“ESRD”).
We were founded in 1997 by healthcare professionals affiliated with Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital to develop and commercialize an alternative method to hemodialysis. We have extended our filtration technologies to meet the demand for liquid purification in other areas, in particular, water purification.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
We are subject to recently issued accounting standards, accounting guidance and disclosure requirements. For a description of these new accounting standards, see “Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires application of management’s subjective judgments, often requiring estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain and may change in subsequent periods. Our actual results may differ substantially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. While our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in “Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we believe that the following accounting policies require the application of significant judgments and estimates.
Revenue Recognition
Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) 606 prescribes a five-step model for recognizing revenue, which includes (i) identifying contracts with customers; (ii) identifying performance obligations; (iii) determining the transaction price; (iv) allocating the transaction price; and (v) recognizing revenue.
We recognize revenue related to product sales when product is shipped via external logistics provider and the other criteria of ASC 606 are met. Product revenue is recorded net of returns and allowances. In addition to product revenue, we recognize revenue related to license, royalty and other agreements in accordance with the five-step model in ASC 606.
Stock-Based Compensation
The fair value of stock options is recognized as stock-based compensation expense in net loss. We calculate employee stock-based compensation expense in accordance with ASC 718. The fair value of our stock option awards is estimated using a Black-Scholes option valuation model. This model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions including expected stock price volatility and the estimated life of each award. The fair value of stock-based awards is amortized over the vesting period of the award. For stock awards that vest based on performance conditions (e.g., achievement of certain milestones), expense is recognized when it is probable that the condition will be met.
Warrants
We account for stock warrants as either equity instruments or derivative liabilities depending on the specific terms of the warrant agreement.
Accounts Receivable
We provide credit terms to our customers in connection with purchases of our products. We periodically review customer account activity in order to assess the adequacy of the allowances provided for potential collection issues and returns. Factors considered include economic conditions, each customer’s payment and return history and credit worthiness. Adjustments, if any, are made to reserve balances following the completion of these reviews to reflect our best estimate of potential losses.
Inventory Reserves
Our inventory reserve requirements are based on various factors including product expiration date and estimates for the future sales of the product. If estimated sales levels do not materialize, we will reevaluate our assumptions for inventory reserve requirements.
Accrued Expenses
We are required to estimate accrued expenses as part of our process of preparing financial statements. This process involves identifying services that have been performed on our behalf, the level of service performed, and the associated cost incurred for such service as of each balance sheet date in our consolidated financial statements. Examples of areas in which subjective judgments may be required include costs associated with services provided by contract organizations for the preclinical development of our products, the manufacturing of clinical materials, and clinical trials, as well as legal and accounting services provided by professional organizations. In connection with such service fees, our estimates are primarily affected by our understanding of the status and timing of services provided relative to the actual levels of services incurred by such service providers. The majority of our service providers invoice us monthly in arrears for services performed. In the event that we do not identify certain costs, which have begun to be incurred, or we under- or over-estimate the level of services performed or the costs of such services, our reported expenses for such period would be too low or too high. The date on which certain services commence, the level of services performed on or before a given date and the cost of such services are often determined based on subjective judgments. We make these judgments based upon the facts and circumstances known to us in accordance with GAAP.
Noncontrolling Interest
We present the noncontrolling interest in SRP held by outside stockholders as stockholders’ equity on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet, as the noncontrolling interest is redeemable only upon the occurrence of events that are solely within our control.
Segment Reporting
We have three reportable segments: Water Filtration, Pathogen Detection and Renal Products. The Water Filtration segment primarily develops and sells high performance water purification filters. The Pathogen Detection segment develops and sells portable, real-time water testing systems designed to provide actionable data on waterborne pathogens in approximately one hour. The Renal Products segment is focused on the development of medical device products for patients with renal disease, including a 2nd generation hemodiafiltration system for the treatment of patients with ESRD.
Our chief operating decision maker evaluates the financial performance of our segments based on revenues, gross margin (where applicable), research and development expenses, and sales, general, and administrative expenses. The accounting policies for our segments are the same as those described in “Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Results of Operations
Fluctuations in Operating Results
Our results of operations have fluctuated significantly from period to period in the past and are likely to continue to do so in the future. We anticipate that our annual results of operations will be impacted for the foreseeable future by several factors, including the progress and timing of expenditures related to our research and development efforts, marketing expenses related to product launches, timing of regulatory approval of our various products and market acceptance of our products. Due to these fluctuations, we believe that the period-to-period comparisons of our operating results are not a good indication of our future performance.
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2020 Compared to the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2019
The following table sets forth our summarized, consolidated results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands except percentages):
Years Ended
December 31,
$
Increase
%
Increase
(Decrease)
(Decrease)
Total net revenues $ 8,561 $ 10,334 $ (1,773 ) (17 )%
Cost of goods sold 3,648 4,250 (602 ) (14 )%
Gross margin 4,913 6,084 (1,171 ) (19 )%
Gross margin % 57 % 59 % - (2 )%
Research and development expenses 2,759 3,090 (331 ) (11 )%
Depreciation and amortization expenses 3 %
Selling, general and administrative expenses 6,466 6,119 7 %
Change in fair value of contingent consideration (229 ) (156 ) 47 %
Loss from operations (4,275 ) (3,155 ) 1,120 35 %
Interest expense (110 ) (195 ) (85 ) (44 )%
Interest income - 100 %
Other expense, net (152 ) (54 ) 181 %
Loss before income taxes (4,526 ) (3,404 ) 1,122 33 %
Income tax benefit - (225 ) (100 )%
Net loss (4,526 ) (3,179 ) 1,347 42 %
Less: Undeclared deemed dividend attributable to noncontrolling interest (240 ) (241 ) (1 ) (1 )%
Net loss attributable to Nephros, Inc. shareholders $ (4,766 ) $ (3,420 ) $ 1,346 39 %
Net Revenues
Total net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2020 were $8.5 million compared to $10.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease of $1.8 million, or 17%, was driven by the COVID-19 pandemic, which negatively impacted revenues, primarily with respect to new accounts, the hospitality and food service market, and our emergency response business. We believe, however, that our operating results also reflect underlying business strengths, especially within our install base. For example, recurring revenue from existing customers increased 24% from 2019 to 2020. In addition, customer retention rates remained high in 2020, averaging 89%, measured quarterly.
Cost of Goods Sold
Cost of goods sold was $3.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $4.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease of $0.6 million, or 14%, was due to $0.7 million in decreased direct product costs as a result of decreased revenue, partially offset by increases of $0.1 million in inventory reserves for expiring items and physical count inventory adjustments.
Gross Margin
Gross margin was approximately 57% for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to approximately 59% for the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease of approximately 2 percentage points is primarily due to increases of $0.1 million in inventory reserves for expiring items and physical count inventory adjustments.
Research and Development Expenses
Research and development expenses were $2.8 and $3.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. This decrease of $0.3 million, or 11%, was driven by decreases in headcount expenses including stock-based compensation expense, partially offset by increases expenditures in filter research and development.
Depreciation and Amortization Expense
Depreciation and amortization expenses were $0.2 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Selling, general and administrative expenses were $6.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $6.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, representing an increase of $0.4 million or 7%. The increase was due to several factors, including increased headcount-related expenses of $0.9 million, partially offset by a decrease in travel and marketing related expenses of $0.3 million as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and a decrease in stock-based compensation expense of $0.2 million.
Change in Fair Value of Contingent Consideration
Change in fair value of contingent consideration of $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 was due to settlement of the contingent consideration liability. Change in fair value of contingent consideration of $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 was due to lower-than-planned revenue performance of commercial filtration products.
Interest Expense
Interest expense was $0.1 million and $0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and is primarily related to interest on our secured note payable, interest on our secured revolving credit facility that was terminated on May 26, 2020 and accretion of contingent consideration.
Interest Income
Interest income was approximately $11,000 for the year ended December 31, 2020. There was no interest income for the year ended December 31, 2019.
Other Expense, net
Other expense was approximately $152,000 and $54,000 for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, as a result of losses on foreign currency transactions.
Income Tax Benefit
There was no income tax benefit recognized in the year ended December 31, 2020. In the year ended December 31, 2019, income tax benefit of $0.2 million was recorded due to the sale of net operating loss and research and development credit carryforwards under the New Jersey Economic Development Authority Technology Business Tax Certificate Transfer Program.
Water Filtration
The following table sets forth results of operations for the Water Filtration segment for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands except percentages):
Years Ended
December 31,
$
Increase
%
Increase
(Decrease)
(Decrease)
Total net revenues $ 8,532 $ 10,334 $ (1,802 ) (17 )%
Cost of goods sold 3,632 4,250 (618 ) (15 )%
Gross margin 4,900 6,084 (1,184 ) (19 )%
Gross margin % 57 % 59 % - (2 )%
Research and development expenses 1,240 1,126 10 %
Depreciation and amortization expenses 3 %
Selling, general and administrative expenses 5,693 5,960 (267 ) (4 )%
Change in fair value of contingent consideration (229 ) (156 ) 47 %
Loss from operations $ (1,996 ) $ (1,032 ) $ 964 93 %
Net Revenues
Total net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2020 were $8.5 million compared to $10.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease of $1.8 million, or 17%, was driven by the COVID-19 pandemic, which negatively impacted revenues, primarily with respect to new accounts, the hospitality and food service market, and our emergency response business. We believe, however, that our operating results also reflect underlying business strengths, especially within our install base. For example, recurring revenue from existing customers increased 24% from 2019 to 2020. In addition, customer retention rates remained high in 2020, averaging 89%, measured quarterly.
Cost of Goods Sold
Cost of goods sold was $3.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $4.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease of $0.6 million, or 15%, was due to $0.7 million in decreased direct product costs as a result of decreased revenue, partially offset by increases of $0.1 million in inventory reserves for expiring items and physical count inventory adjustments.
Gross Margin
Gross margin was approximately 57% for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to approximately 59% for the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease of approximately 2 percentage points is primarily due to increases of $0.1 million in inventory reserves for expiring items and physical count inventory adjustments.
Research and Development Expenses
Research and development expenses were $1.2 and $1.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. This increase of $0.1 million, or 11%, was driven by increases in expenditures in filter research and development, partially offset by decreases in headcount expenses including stock-based compensation expense.
Depreciation and Amortization Expense
Depreciation and amortization expenses were $0.2 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Selling, general and administrative expenses were $5.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $6.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, representing a decrease of $0.2 million, or 3%. The decrease was primarily due to decreased stock-based compensation expense of $0.2 million and a decrease in travel-related and marketing expenses of $0.3 million as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, partially offset by an increase in professional expenses of $0.2 million.
Change in Fair Value of Contingent Consideration
Change in fair value of contingent consideration of $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 was due to settlement of the contingent consideration liability. Change in fair value of contingent consideration of $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 was due to lower-than-planned revenue performance of commercial filtration products.
Pathogen Detection
The following table sets forth results of operations for the Pathogen Detection segment for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands except percentages):
Years Ended
December 31,
$
Increase
%
Increase
(Decrease)
(Decrease)
Total net revenues $ 29 $ - $ 29 100 %
Cost of goods sold - 100 %
Gross margin - 100 %
Gross margin % 45 % - % - 100 %
Research and development expenses (329 ) (56 )%
Selling, general and administrative expenses - 100 %
Loss from operations $ (717 ) $ (591 ) $ 126 21 %
Net Revenues
Total net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2020 were approximately $29,000. Our pathogen detection products were launched during the year ended December 31, 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, which impacted our ability to gain revenue traction.
Cost of Goods Sold
Cost of goods sold was approximately $16,000 for the year ended December 31, 2020.
Gross Margin
Gross margin was approximately 45% for the year ended December 31, 2020.
Research and Development Expenses
Research and development expenses were $0.3 million and $0.6 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Selling, general and administrative expenses were $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 and were due to the sales efforts that began during the year ended December 31, 2020.
Renal Products
The following table sets forth results of operations for the Renal Products segment for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands except percentages):
Years Ended
December 31, 2020
$
Increase (Decrease)
%
Increase
(Decrease)
Research and development expenses $ 1,257 $ 1,373 $ (116 ) (8 )%
Selling, general and administrative expenses 92 %
Loss from operations $ (1,562 ) $ (1,532 ) $ 30 2 %
Research and Development Expenses
Research and development expenses were $1.3 million and $1.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, a decrease of $0.1 million due to decreased investment in the second-generation HDF product.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Selling, general and administrative expenses were $0.3 million and $0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, an increase of $0.1 million primarily due to an increased investment in operational management.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2020.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
The following table summarizes our liquidity and capital resources as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 and is intended to supplement the more detailed discussion that follows. The amounts stated are expressed in thousands.
December 31,
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Cash $ 8,249 $ 4,166
Other current assets 6,905 4,133
Working capital 13,829 5,871
Stockholders’ equity 15,573 7,689
We operate under an Investment, Risk Management and Accounting Policy adopted by our Board of Directors. Such policy limits the types of instruments or securities in which we may invest our excess funds: U.S. Treasury Securities; Certificates of Deposit issued by money center banks; Money Funds by money center banks; Repurchase Agreements; and Eurodollar Certificates of Deposit issued by money center banks. This policy provides that our primary objectives for investments are the preservation of principal and achieving sufficient liquidity to meet our forecasted cash requirements. In addition, provided that such primary objectives are met, we may seek to achieve the maximum yield available under such constraints.
At December 31, 2020, we had an accumulated deficit of $132.0 million, and we expect to incur additional operating losses from operations until such time, if ever, that we are able to increase product sales and/or licensing revenue to achieve profitability.
Based on cash that is available for our operations and projections of our future operations, we believe that our cash balances will be sufficient to fund our current operating plan through at least the next 12 months from the date of issuance of the consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Additionally, our operating plans are designed to help control operating costs, to increase revenue and to raise additional capital until such time as we generate sufficient cash flows from operations. If there were a decrease in the demand for our products due to either economic or competitive conditions, or we are unable to achieve our plan, there could be a significant reduction in liquidity due to our possible inability to cut costs sufficiently.
Our future liquidity sources and requirements will depend on many factors, including:
● the market acceptance of our products, and our ability to effectively and efficiently produce and market our products;
● the continued progress in, and the costs of, clinical studies and other research and development programs;
● the costs involved in filing and enforcing patent claims and the status of competitive products; and
● the cost of litigation, including potential patent litigation and any other actual or threatened litigation.
We expect to put our current capital resources to the following uses:
● the development, marketing, and sales of our water-filtration and water diagnostics product;
● the development of our second-generation HDF product; and
● working capital purposes.
Net cash used in operating activities was $6.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $2.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, an increase of $4.6 million. The increase of $4.6 million is due primarily to increased expenditures on inventory, which were incurred in the first half of fiscal year 2020 to reduce the risk of possible supply chain interruptions early in the COVID-19 pandemic, and a decrease in revenue for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the year ended December 31, 2019.
Net cash used in investing activities was $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 due to equipment purchases.
Net cash used in investing activities was approximately $151,000 for the year ended December 31, 2019 due to a working capital adjustment of approximately $137,000 related to the Aether Acquisition and an equipment purchase of approximately $14,000.
Net cash provided by financing activities of $11.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 resulted from net proceeds from the issuance of common stock of $11.5 million, proceeds from a PPP loan of $0.5 million and proceeds from the exercise of warrants and stock options of $0.2 million, partially offset by net payments on our secured revolving credit facility of $0.6 million, payments on our secured note payable of $0.2 million and payment of contingent consideration related to the Aether Acquisition of $0.1 million.
Net cash provided by financing activities of $2.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 resulted from net proceeds from the issuance of common stock of $2.0 million and proceeds from the exercise of warrants and stock options of $0.8 million, partially offset by net payments on our secured revolving credit facility of $0.4 million, payments on our secured note payable of $0.2 million and payment of contingent consideration related to the Aether Acquisition of $0.1 million.
Contractual Obligations and Commercial Commitments
The following table summarizes our approximate minimum contractual obligations and commercial commitments as of December 31, 2020 (in thousands):
Payments Due in Period
Total Within
Year Years
2 - 3 Years
4 - 5 More than 5
Years
Minimum Purchase Commitments1 $ 21,700 $ 3,900 $ 8,400 $ 9,400 $ -
Leases2
1,231 -
Total $ 22,931 $ 4,303 $ 9,071 $ 9,557 $ -
Reflects minimum purchase commitments pursuant to our License and Supply agreement with Medica.
In addition to lease obligations for office space, these obligations include a lease for various office equipment which expires in 2023 and an automobile lease which expires in 2021.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Not required for smaller reporting companies.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of
Nephros, Inc.
South Orange, New Jersey
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Nephros, Inc. and Subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the two year period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the two year period ended December 31, 2020, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
Critical audit matters are matters arising from the current-period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the Audit Committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. We determined that there are no critical audit matters.
/s/ Moody, Famiglietti & Andronico, LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2015.
Tewksbury, Massachusetts
March 1, 2021
NEPHROS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)
December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 8,249 $ 4,166
Accounts receivable, net 1,364 1,045
Inventory, net 5,304 2,562
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
Total current assets 15,154 8,299
Property and equipment, net
Lease right-of-use assets 1,037 1,106
Intangible assets, net
Goodwill
License and supply agreement, net
Other assets
TOTAL ASSETS $ 18,510 $ 11,629
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Secured revolving credit facility $ - $ 560
Current portion of secured note payable
Accounts payable
Accrued expenses
Current portion of contingent consideration -
Current portion of lease liabilities
Total current liabilities 1,325 2,428
Secured note payable, net of current portion
PPP loan -
Equipment financing, net of current portion
Lease liabilities, net of current portion
TOTAL LIABILITIES 2,937 3,940
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Note 19)
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY:
Preferred stock, $.001 par value; 5,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2020 and 2019; no shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2020 and 2019 - -
Common stock, $.001 par value; 40,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2020 and 2019; 9,873,006 and 8,058,850 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively
Additional paid-in capital 144,296 131,934
Accumulated other comprehensive income
Accumulated deficit (131,858 ) (127,332 )
Subtotal 12,522 4,675
Noncontrolling interest 3,051 3,014
TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY 15,573 7,689
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY $ 18,510 $ 11,629
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
NEPHROS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Years Ended December 31,
Net revenue:
Product revenues $ 8,453 $ 10,182
Royalty and other revenues
Total net revenues 8,561 10,334
Cost of goods sold 3,648 4,250
Gross margin 4,913 6,084
Operating expenses:
Research and development 2,759 3,090
Depreciation and amortization
Selling, general and administrative 6,466 6,119
Change in fair value of contingent consideration (229 ) (156 )
Total operating expenses 9,188 9,239
Loss from operations (4,275 ) (3,155 )
Other income (expense):
Interest expense (110 ) (195 )
Interest income -
Other expense, net (152 ) (54 )
Loss before income taxes (4,526 ) (3,404 )
Income tax benefit -
Net loss (4,526 ) (3,179 )
Less: Undeclared deemed dividend attributable to noncontrolling interest (240 ) (241 )
Net loss attributable to Nephros, Inc. shareholders $ (4,766 ) $ (3,420 )
Net loss per common share, basic and diluted $ (0.52 ) $ (0.45 )
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted 9,078,549 7,542,299
Comprehensive loss:
Net loss $ (4,526 ) $ (3,179 )
Other comprehensive gain (loss), foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax (6 )
Comprehensive loss (4,517 ) (3,185 )
Comprehensive loss attributable to noncontrolling interest (240 ) (241 )
Comprehensive loss attributable to Nephros, Inc. shareholders $ (4,757 ) $ (3,426 )
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
NEPHROS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(In thousands, except share amounts)
Accumulated
Additional Other
Total
Common Stock Paid-in Comprehensive Accumulated
Noncontrolling Stockholders’
Shares Amount Capital Income Deficit Subtotal Interest Equity
Balance, December 31, 2018 7,134,719 $ 7 $ 127,873 $ 71 $ (124,153 ) $ 3,798 $ 3,000 $ 6,798
Net loss
(3,179 ) (3,179 )
(3,179 )
Net unrealized losses on foreign currency translation, net of tax
(6 )
(6 )
(6 )
Issuance of common stock, net of equity issuance costs of $8 493,827 1,991
1,992
1,992
Issuance of vested restricted stock 44,270
Exercise of warrants 327,351
Exercise of stock options 4,166
Aggregate fractional shares cancelled due to reverse stock split (594 )
Noncash stock-based compensation
1,318
1,318 1,332
Balance, December 31, 2019 8,003,739 $ 8 $ 131,934 $ 65 $ (127,332 ) $ 4,675 $ 3,014 $ 7,689
Net loss
(4,526 ) (4,526 )
(4,526 )
Net unrealized gains on foreign currency translation, net of tax
Issuance of common stock, net of equity issuance costs of $1,048 1,770,833 11,450
11,452
11,452
Issuance of vested restricted stock 55,111
Exercise of warrants 40,012
Exercise of stock options 2,556
Cashless exercise of options
Noncash stock-based compensation
Balance, December 31, 2020 9,873,006 $ 10 $ 144,296 $ 74 $ (131,858 ) $ 12,522 $ 3,051 15,573
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
NEPHROS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
Years Ended December 31,
OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net loss $ (4,526 ) $ (3,179 )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation of property and equipment
Amortization of intangibles and license and supply agreement
Non-cash stock-based compensation, including stock options and restricted stock 1,332
Inventory reserve
Provision for bad debt expense
Change in fair value of contingent consideration (229 ) (156 )
Change in right of use asset
Accretion of contingent consideration
Loss on foreign currency transactions
(Increase) decrease in operating assets:
Accounts receivable (333 )
Inventory (2,762 ) (735 )
Prepaid expenses and other current assets (265 )
Other assets (57 ) (21 )
Increase (decrease) in operating liabilities:
Accounts payable (538 )
Accrued expenses (121 )
Lease liabilities (299 ) (255 )
Net cash used in operating activities (6,903 ) (2,276 )
INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchase of equipment (239 ) (14 )
Acquisition of Biocon, net of cash acquired - (137 )
Net cash used in investing activities (239 ) (151 )
FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock 11,452 1,992
Proceeds from PPP loan -
Net payments from secured revolving credit facility (560 ) (431 )
Proceeds from equipment financing -
Principal payments on finance lease (6 ) -
Principal payments on equipment financing debt (3 ) (2 )
Payments on secured note payable (231 ) (214 )
Payment of contingent consideration (85 ) (94 )
Proceeds from exercise of warrants
Proceeds from exercise of stock options
Net cash provided by financing activities 11,216 2,017
Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents (5 )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 4,083 (415 )
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year 4,166 4,581
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year $ 8,249 $ 4,166
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information
Cash paid for interest expense $ 93 $ 139
Cash paid for income taxes $ 22 $ 5
Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing activities
Right-of-use asset obtained in exchange for operating lease liability $ 201 $ 800
Right-of-use asset obtained in exchange for finance lease liability $ 17 $ -
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
NEPHROS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 1 - Organization and Nature of Operations
Nephros, Inc. (“Nephros” or the “Company”) was incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware on April 3, 1997. The Company was founded by health professionals, scientists and engineers affiliated with Columbia University to develop advanced end stage renal disease (“ESRD”) therapy technology and products.
Beginning in 2009, Nephros introduced high performance liquid purification filters to meet the demand for water purification in certain medical markets. The Company’s filters, generally classified as ultrafilters, are primarily used in hospitals for the prevention of infection from waterborne pathogens, such as legionella and pseudomonas, and in dialysis centers for the removal of biological contaminants from water and bicarbonate concentrate. The Company also develops and sells water filtration products for commercial applications, focusing on the hospitality and food service markets. The water filtration business is a reportable segment, referred to as the Water Filtration segment.
The Company’s pathogen detection systems are portable, near real-time systems designed to provide actionable data for infection control teams and other organizations. The pathogen detection systems business is a reportable segment, referred to as the Pathogen Detection segment.
In July 2018, the Company formed a new subsidiary, Specialty Renal Products, Inc. (“SRP”), to drive the development of its second-generation hemodiafiltration system and other products focused on improving therapies for patients with renal disease. The Company transferred three patents to SRP, which were carried at zero book value. SRP is a reportable segment, referred to as the Renal Products segment.
The Company’s primary U.S. facilities are located at 380 Lackawanna Place, South Orange, New Jersey 07079, 3221 Polaris Avenue, Las Vegas, Nevada 89102 and 1015 Telegraph Street, Unit B, Reno, Nevada 89502. These locations house the Company’s corporate headquarters, research, manufacturing, and distribution facilities. In addition, the Company maintains small administrative offices in various locations in the United States and Ireland.
Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Nephros, Inc. and its subsidiaries, including SRP, in which a controlling interest is maintained by the Company. Outside stockholders’ interest in SRP of 37.5% is shown on the consolidated balance sheet as noncontrolling interest. All intercompany accounts and transactions were eliminated in the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amount of revenues and expenses, during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. Included in these estimates are assumptions about the collection of accounts receivable, value of inventories, useful life of fixed assets and intangible assets, the assessment of expected cash flows used in evaluating goodwill and other long-lived assets, value of contingent consideration, the assessment of the ability to continue as a going concern and assumptions used in determining stock compensation such as expected volatility and risk-free interest rate.
Liquidity
The Company has sustained operating losses and expects such losses to continue over the next several quarters. In addition, net cash from operations has been negative since inception, generating an accumulated deficit of $132.0 million as of December 31, 2020.
On October 20, 2020, the Company completed a registered direct offering of 833,333 shares of its common stock at a price of $6.00 per share with net proceeds of $4.7 million.
On September 5, 2018, SRP completed a private placement transaction whereby SRP sold preferred shares equivalent to 37.5% of its outstanding equity interests for aggregate proceeds of $3.0 million. As of approximately July 1, 2020, SRP had fully spent the proceeds from this private placement. On October 9, 2020, Nephros and SRP entered into a formal loan agreement, in which Nephros agreed to lend up to $1.3 million of operating funds to SRP, including the $1.0 million borrowed during the year ended December 31, 2020. These funds are expected to be sufficient to fund SRP through the planned FDA 510(k) clearance process of SRP’s second-generation hemodiafiltration system, which is expected to be initially submitted to the FDA in early 2021. As of December 31, 2020, the outstanding balance, including accrued interest, was $1.0 million.
Based on cash that is available for the Company’s operations and projections of future Company operations, the Company believes that its cash balances will be sufficient to fund its current operating plan - including the potential negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic - through at least the next 12 months from the date of issuance of the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Additionally, the Company’s operating plans are designed to help control operating costs and to increase revenue until such time as the Company generates sufficient cash flows from operations.
There is uncertainty, however, with respect to our projections regarding the availability of sufficient cash resources as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the economic conditions it has caused. During the pandemic, we have seen decreased demand for our hospital filtration products, particularly in emergency pathogen outbreak response. In addition, sales to new customers - including water filtration and pathogen detection products - have been hindered by pandemic-related travel restrictions. Also, our commercial filtration products, which are primarily targeted at the hospitality and food service markets, have seen a decrease in demand, due to the closure of many hotels and restaurants. If these decreases in demand continue and we are unable to achieve our revenue plan, we may cut budgeted expenditures as appropriate to preserve our available capital resources, which could slow our revenue growth plans.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In January 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2017-04, “Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment,” which simplifies the test for goodwill impairment. The guidance is effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of fiscal year 2020. Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairments tests after January 1, 2017. The Company adopted this guidance as of January 1, 2020 and the guidance did not have an impact on its consolidated financial statements.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, “Disclosure Framework-Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for the Fair Value Measurement,” which modifies the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements. The guidance is effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of fiscal year 2020. The Company adopted this guidance as of January 1, 2020 and the guidance did not have an impact on its consolidated financial statements.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, “Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That is a Service Contract,” which aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. The guidance is effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of fiscal year 2020. The Company adopted this guidance as of January 1, 2020 and the guidance did not have an impact on its consolidated financial statements.
In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-18, “Collaborative Arrangements: Clarifying the Interaction Between Topic 808 and Topic 606.” This guidance clarifies that, when the collaborative arrangement participant is a customer in the context of a unit-of-account, revenue from contracts with customers guidance should be applied, adds unit-of-account guidance to collaborative arrangements guidance, and precludes, in a transaction with a collaborative arrangement participant who is not a customer, presenting the transaction together with revenue recognized under contracts with customers. The guidance is effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of fiscal year 2020. The Company adopted this guidance as of January 1, 2020 and the guidance did not have an impact on its consolidated financial statements.
In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-08, “Codification Improvements - Share-Based Consideration Payable to a Customer,” which requires that an entity measure and classify share-based payment awards granted to a customer by applying the guidance in Topic 718. The guidance is effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of fiscal year 2020. The Company adopted this guidance as of January 1, 2020 and the guidance did not have an impact on its consolidated financial statements.
Concentration of Credit Risk
The Company deposits its cash in financial institutions. At times, such deposits may be in excess of insured limits. To date, the Company has not experienced any impairment losses on its cash. The Company also limits its credit risk with respect to accounts receivable by performing credit evaluations when deemed necessary.
Major Customers
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the following customers accounted for the following percentages of the Company’s revenues, respectively:
Customer
A 16 % 19 %
B 14 % 17 %
C 11 % 10 %
D 2 % 10 %
Total 43 % 56 %
As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the following customers accounted for the following percentages of the Company’s accounts receivable, respectively:
Customer
A 19 % 26 %
E 12 % -
B 5 % 11 %
Total 36 % 37 %
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid money market instruments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. At December 31, 2020 and 2019, cash and cash equivalents were deposited in financial institutions and consisted entirely of immediately available fund balances. The Company maintains its cash deposits and cash equivalents with financial institutions it believes to be well-known and stable.
Accounts Receivable
The Company provides credit terms to customers in connection with purchases of the Company’s products. Management periodically reviews customer account activity in order to assess the adequacy of the allowances provided for potential collection issues and returns. Factors considered include economic conditions, each customer’s payment and return history and credit worthiness. Adjustments, if any, are made to reserve balances following the completion of these reviews to reflect management’s best estimate of potential losses. The allowance for doubtful accounts was approximately $11,000 and $25,000 as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Write-offs of accounts receivable were approximately $25,000 for the year ended December 31, 2020 which were reserved for in a prior period. An increase of approximately $11,000 to the allowance for doubtful accounts during the year ended December 31, 2020 was due to provision for bad debt expense of approximately $11,000. For the year ended December 31, 2019, provision for bad debt expense was approximately $15,000.
Inventory
For all medical device products and some commercial products, the Company engages third parties to manufacture and package its finished goods, which are shipped to the Company for warehousing, until sold to distributors or end customers. As a result of the Aether Acquisition, some commercial products are manufactured at Company facilities. Inventory consists of finished goods and raw materials and is valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value using the first-in, first-out method.
The Company’s inventory reserve requirements are based on factors including product expiration dates and estimates for future sales of the product. If estimated sales levels do not materialize, the Company will make adjustments to its assumptions for inventory reserve requirements.
License and Supply Rights
The Company’s rights under the License and Supply Agreement with Medica are capitalized and stated at cost, less accumulated amortization, and are amortized using the straight-line method over the term of the License and Supply Agreement, which is from April 23, 2012 through December 31, 2025. The Company determines amortization periods for licenses based on its assessment of various factors impacting estimated useful lives and cash flows of the acquired rights. Such factors include the expected launch date of the product, the strength of the intellectual property protection of the product and various other competitive, developmental and regulatory issues, and contractual terms. See Note 9 - License and Supply Agreement, net for further discussion.
Patents
The Company has filed numerous patent applications with the United States Patent and Trademark Office and in foreign countries. All costs and direct expenses incurred in connection with patent applications have been expensed as incurred and are included in selling, general and administrative expenses on the accompanying consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.
Leases
The Company determines if an arrangement contains a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and operating lease liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet.
Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. The operating lease ROU asset includes any lease payments made and initial direct costs incurred and excludes lease incentives. The Company’s lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
The Company has elected as an accounting policy not to apply the recognition requirements in ASC 842 to short-term leases. Short-term leases are leases that have a term of 12 months or less and do not include an option to purchase the underlying asset that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise. The Company recognizes the lease payments for short-term leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
The Company has also elected, as a practical expedient, by underlying class of asset, not to separate lease components from nonlease components and, instead, account for them as a single component.
Property and Equipment, net
Property and equipment, net is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. These assets are depreciated over their estimated useful lives of three to seven years using the straight-line method.
The Company adheres to ASC 360 and periodically evaluates whether current facts or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of its depreciable assets to be held and used may not be recoverable. If such circumstances are determined to exist, an estimate of undiscounted future cash flows produced by the long-lived assets, or the appropriate grouping of assets, is compared to the carrying value to determine whether impairment exists. If an asset is determined to be impaired, the loss is measured based on the difference between the asset’s fair value and its carrying value. For long-lived assets, the estimate of fair value is based on various valuation techniques, including a discounted value of estimated future cash flows. The Company reports an asset to be disposed of at the lower of its carrying value or its fair value less costs to sell. There were no impairment losses for long-lived assets recorded for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.
Intangible Assets
The Company’s intangible assets include finite lived assets. Finite lived intangible assets, consisting of customer relationships, tradenames, service marks and domain names are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets.
Finite lived intangible assets are tested for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. Impairment testing requires management to estimate the future undiscounted cash flows of an intangible asset using assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are unpredictable and inherently uncertain. Actual future cash flows may differ from the estimates used in the impairment testing.
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired. In accordance with ASC 350, “Goodwill and Other Intangibles,” rather than recording periodic amortization, goodwill is subject to an annual assessment for impairment by applying a fair value-based test. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the reporting unit’s carrying value, including goodwill, then goodwill is considered not impaired, making further analysis not required. The Company reviews goodwill for possible impairment annually during the fourth quarter, or whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable.
Fair Value Measurements
The Company measures certain financial instruments and other items at fair value.
To determine the fair value, the Company uses the fair value hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs market participants would use to value an asset or liability and are developed based on market data obtained from independent sources. Unobservable inputs are inputs based on assumptions about the factors market participants would use to value an asset or liability.
To measure fair value, the Company uses the following fair value hierarchy based on three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable:
Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 - Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.
Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Value is determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques and also includes instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant judgment or estimation.
Revenue Recognition
The Company recognizes revenue under ASC 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers.” ASC 606 prescribes a five-step model for recognizing revenue, which includes (i) identifying contracts with customers; (ii) identifying performance obligations; (iii) determining the transaction price; (iv) allocating the transaction price; and (v) recognizing revenue. See Note 3 - Revenue Recognition for further discussion.
Shipping and Handling Costs
Shipping and handling costs charged to customers are recorded as cost of goods sold and were approximately $47,000 and $90,000 for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Research and Development Costs
Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.
Stock-Based Compensation
The fair value of stock options is recognized as stock-based compensation expense in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company calculates stock-based compensation expense in accordance with ASC 718. The fair value of the Company’s stock option awards is estimated using a Black-Scholes option valuation model. This model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions and elections including expected stock price volatility and the estimated life of each award. The fair value of stock-based awards is amortized over the vesting period of the award. For stock awards that vest based on performance conditions (e.g., achievement of certain milestones), expense is recognized when it is probable that the condition will be met.
Warrants
The Company accounts for stock warrants as either equity instruments or derivative liabilities depending on the specific terms of the warrant agreement.
Amortization of Debt Issuance Costs and Debt Discounts
The Company accounts for debt issuance costs in accordance with ASC 835 which requires that costs paid directly to the issuer of a recognized debt liability be reported in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. The Company amortizes the debt discount, including debt issuance costs, in accordance with ASC 835 over the term of the associated debt.
Other Expense, net
Other expense, net, of approximately $152,000 and $54,000 for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, is primarily due to foreign currency transaction losses.
Income Taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, which requires accounting for deferred income taxes under the asset and liability method. Deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences of temporary differences by applying enacted statutory tax rates applicable in future years to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of existing assets and liabilities.
For financial reporting purposes, the Company has incurred a loss in each period since its inception. Based on available objective evidence, including the Company’s history of losses, management believes it is more likely than not that the net deferred tax assets will not be fully realizable. Accordingly, the Company provided for a full valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets at December 31, 2020 and 2019.
ASC 740 prescribes, among other things, a recognition threshold and measurement attributes for the financial statement recognition and measurement of uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a company’s income tax return. ASC 740 utilizes a two-step approach for evaluating uncertain tax positions. Step one, or recognition, requires a company to determine if the weight of available evidence indicates a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. Step two, or measurement, is based on the largest amount of benefit that is more likely than not to be realized on settlement with the taxing authority. The Company is subject to income tax examinations by major taxing authorities for all tax years subsequent to 2016. During the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company recognized no adjustments for uncertain tax positions. However, management’s conclusions regarding this policy may be subject to review and adjustment at a later date based on factors including, but not limited to, on-going analyses of and changes to tax laws, regulation and interpretations, thereof.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company did not sell any net operating loss or research and development credit carryforwards under the New Jersey Economic Development Authority Technology Business Tax Certificate Transfer Program. The Company recognized an income tax benefit of $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 from the sale of net operating loss and research and development credit carryforwards under the New Jersey Economic Development Authority Technology Business Tax Certificate Transfer Program. These amounts are recorded on the consolidated financial statements as income tax benefit in the year they are earned.
The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the CARES Act) was enacted into law on March 27, 2020. The act contains several tax relief and economic stimulus provisions. The enactment of the CARES Act did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.
See Note 15 - Income Taxes for further discussion.
Net Loss per Common Share
Basic net loss per common share is calculated by dividing net loss available to common stockholders by the number of weighted average common shares issued and outstanding. Diluted net loss per common share is calculated by dividing net loss available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares issued and outstanding for the period, plus amounts representing the dilutive effect from the exercise of stock options and warrants, as applicable. The Company calculates dilutive potential common shares using the treasury stock method, which assumes the Company will use the proceeds from the exercise of stock options and warrants to repurchase shares of common stock to hold in its treasury stock reserves.
The following securities have been excluded from the dilutive per share computation as they are antidilutive:
December 31,
Shares underlying options outstanding 1,265,660 1,011,082
Shares underlying warrants outstanding 260,597 378,924
Unvested restricted stock - 55,111
Foreign Currency Translation
Foreign currency translation is recognized in accordance with ASC 830. The functional currency of Nephros International Limited, the Company’s Irish subsidiary is the Euro and its translation gains and losses are included in accumulated other comprehensive income. The balance sheet is translated at the year-end rate. The consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss are translated at the weighted average rate for the year.
Comprehensive Loss
Comprehensive loss, as defined in ASC 220, is the total of net loss and all other non-owner changes in equity (or other comprehensive loss). The Company’s other comprehensive loss consists only of foreign currency translation adjustments.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements, Not Yet Effective
In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, “Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes,” which removes certain exceptions to the general principles of the accounting for income taxes and also improves consistent application of and simplification of other areas when accounting for income taxes. The guidance is effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of fiscal year 2021. Early adoption is permitted. The Company has assessed the impact of adopting this guidance and the adoption on January 1, 2021 will not have an impact on its consolidated financial statements.
Note 3 - Revenue Recognition
The Company recognizes revenue related to product sales when product is shipped via external logistics provider and the other criteria of ASC 606 are met. Product revenue is recorded net of returns and allowances. There was no allowance for sales returns at December 31, 2020 or 2019. In addition to product revenue, the Company recognizes revenue related to royalty and other agreements in accordance with the five-step model in ASC 606. Royalty and other revenues recognized for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 is comprised of:
(in thousands) Years Ended
December 31,
Royalty revenue under the License Agreement with Bellco $ 68 $ 59
Other revenue
Royalty revenue under the Sublicense Agreement with CamelBak (1) -
Total royalty and other revenues $ 108 $ 152
(1) In May 2015, the Company entered into a Sublicense Agreement (the “Sublicense Agreement”) with CamelBak Products, LLC (“CamelBak”). Under the Sublicense Agreement, the Company granted CamelBak an exclusive, non-transferable, worldwide (with the exception of Italy) sublicense and license, in each case solely to market, sell, distribute, import and export the Company’s individual water treatment device. In exchange for the rights granted to CamelBak, CamelBak agreed, through December 31, 2022, to pay the Company a percentage of the gross profit on any sales made to a branch of the U.S. military, subject to certain exceptions, and to pay a fixed per-unit fee for any other sales made. CamelBak was also required to meet or exceed certain minimum annual fees payable to the Company, and if such fees were not met or exceeded, the Company was able to convert the exclusive sublicense to a non-exclusive sublicense with respect to non-U.S. military sales. In the first quarter of 2019, the Sublicense Agreement was amended to eliminate the minimum fee obligations starting May 6, 2018 and, as such, Camelbak has no further minimum fee obligation.
Bellco License Agreement
With regard to the OLpūr MD190 and MD220, on June 27, 2011, the Company entered into a License Agreement (the “License Agreement”), effective July 1, 2011, with Bellco S.r.l. (“Bellco”), an Italy-based supplier of hemodialysis and intensive care products, for the manufacturing, marketing and sale of the Company’s patented mid-dilution dialysis filters (the “Products”). Under the License Agreement, as amended, the Company granted Bellco a license to manufacture, market and sell the Products under its own name, label, and CE mark in certain countries on an exclusive basis, and to do the same on a non-exclusive basis in certain other countries. Under the License Agreement with Bellco, the Company received upfront payments which were previously deferred and subsequently recognized as license revenue over the term of the License Agreement.
The License Agreement, as amended, also provides minimum sales targets which, if not satisfied, will, at the discretion of the Company, result in conversion of the license to non-exclusive status. Beginning on January 1, 2015 through and including December 31, 2021, Bellco will pay the Company a royalty based on the number of units of Products sold per year in the covered territory as follows: for the first 125,000 units sold in total, €1.75 (approximately $2.10) per unit; thereafter, €1.25 (approximately $1.50) per unit. The License Agreement also provides for a fixed royalty payment payable to the Company for the period beginning on January 1, 2015 through and including December 31, 2021 if the minimum sales targets are not met.
The Company recognized royalty revenue from Bellco pursuant to the License Agreement for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 of approximately $68,000 and $59,000, respectively.
Note 4 - Fair Value Measurements
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The Company evaluates its financial assets and liabilities subject to fair value measurements on a recurring basis to determine the appropriate level of classification for each reporting period.
The following table sets forth the Company’s financial assets and liabilities that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2020 (in thousands):
Quoted prices in
active markets
for
identical assets
(Level 1)
Significant
other
observable
inputs
(Level 2)
Significant
unobservable
inputs
(Level 3)
Total
Cash $ 4,238 $ - $ - $ 4,238
Money market funds 4,011 - - 4,011
Cash and cash equivalents $ 8,249 $ - $ - $ 8,249
The following table sets forth the Company’s financial assets and liabilities that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2019 (in thousands ):
Quoted prices in
active markets
for
identical assets
(Level 1)
Significant
other
observable
inputs
(Level 2)
Significant
unobservable
inputs
(Level 3)
Total
Cash $ 4,166 $ - $ - $ 4,166
Contingent consideration liability $ - $ - $ 300 $ 300
The following table summarizes the change in fair value, as determined by Level 3 inputs, for the contingent consideration liability using unobservable Level 3 inputs for the year ended December 31, 2020 (in thousands):
Contingent
Consideration
Balance as of December 31, 2019 $ 300
Payments against contingent consideration (85 )
Change in fair value of contingent consideration liability (229 )
Accretion of contingent consideration liability
Balance as of December 31, 2020 $ -
For the year ended December 31, 2020 the change in fair value of contingent consideration of $0.2 million was due to the settlement of the contingent consideration liability. In October 2020, the Company entered into a Second Amendment to the Membership Interest Purchase Agreement dated December 31, 2018 related to the acquisition of the Aether business, in which the Company agreed to pay a lump sum of $0.1 million in full consideration for the Company’s obligation to make payments of contingent consideration under the Membership Interest Purchase Agreement. Approximately $94,000 of the remaining obligation as a result of the lump sum settlement was paid out of amounts remaining in escrow.
For the year ended December 31, 2019 the change in fair value of contingent consideration of $0.2 million was due to lower-than-planned revenue performance of commercial filtration products.
Consideration paid in a business combination may include potential future payments that are contingent upon the acquired business achieving certain levels of earnings in the future (“contingent consideration”). Contingent consideration liabilities are measured at their estimated fair value as of the date of acquisition, with subsequent changes in fair value recorded in the consolidated statements of operations. Fair value as of the date of acquisition is estimated based on projections of expected future cash flows of the acquired business. The Company estimated the contingent consideration liability using the income approach (discounted cash flow method), which requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions regarding the future cash flows and profits. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could have a significant impact on the amounts recognized.
There were no transfers between levels in the fair value hierarchy during the year ended December 31, 2020.
Assets and Liabilities Not Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, secured revolving credit facility, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate fair value due to the short-term maturity of these instruments.
The carrying amounts of the secured long-term note payable, lease liabilities and equipment financing approximate fair value as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 because those financial instruments bear interest at rates that approximate current market rates for similar agreements with similar maturities and credit.
The carrying amount of the U.S. Small Business Administration’s Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) loan does not include interest imputed at a market rate as the PPP loan is a transaction whereby the interest rate is prescribed by a government agency.
Note 5 - Inventory, net
The Company’s inventory components as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 were as follows (in thousands):
December 31,
Finished goods $ 4,397 $ 2,248
Raw material
Less: inventory reserve (57 ) (45 )
Total inventory, net $ 5,304 $ 2,562
Note 6- Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets
Prepaid expenses and other current assets as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 were as follows (in thousands):
December 31,
Prepaid insurance premiums $ 49 $ 40
Deposit for future services
Receivable related to the sale of net operating loss and research and development credit carryforwards -
Other
Prepaid expenses and other current assets $ 237 $ 526
Note 7 - Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 was as follows (in thousands):
December 31,
Life
Manufacturing and research equipment 3-7 years $ 1,045 $ 819
Computer equipment 3-4 years
Furniture and fixtures years
Leasehold improvements years -
Property and equipment, gross
1,138
Less: accumulated depreciation
(843 ) (818 )
Property and equipment, net
$ 295 $ 81
Depreciation related to equipment utilized in the manufacturing process is recognized in cost of goods sold on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was approximately $25,000 and $24,000, respectively. Approximately $16,000 of depreciation expense has been recognized in cost of goods sold for the year ended December 31, 2020. Approximately $14,000 of depreciation expense has been recognized in cost of goods sold for the year ended December 31, 2019.
Note 8 - Intangible Assets and Goodwill
Intangible Assets
The following table shows the gross carrying values and accumulated amortization of the Company’s intangible assets by type as of December 31, 2020 and 2019:
December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
Cost Accumulated Amortization Net Cost Accumulated Amortization Net
(in thousands)
Tradenames, service marks and domain names $ 50 $ (20 ) $ 30 $ 50 $ (10 ) $ 40
Customer relationships (64 ) (32 )
Total intangible assets $ 590 $ (84 ) $ 506 $ 590 $ (42 ) $ 548
The Company recognized amortization expense of approximately $42,000 for each of the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 in selling, general and administrative expenses on the accompanying consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.
As of December 31, 2020, future amortization expense for the next five years is estimated to be:
$ 42,000
$ 42,000
$ 42,000
$ 32,000
$ 32,000
The Company did not recognize any intangible asset impairment charges during the years ended December 31, 2020 or 2019.
Goodwill
Goodwill had a carrying value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets of $0.8 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Goodwill has been allocated to the Water Filtration segment. The Company concluded the carrying value of goodwill was not impaired as of December 31, 2020 or 2019 as the Company determined that it was not more likely than not that the fair value of goodwill was less than its carrying value.
Note 9 - License and Supply Agreement, net
On April 23, 2012, the Company entered into a License and Supply Agreement (as thereafter amended, the “License and Supply Agreement”) with Medica S.p.A. (“Medica”), an Italy-based medical product manufacturing company, for the marketing and sale of certain filtration products based upon Medica’s proprietary Medisulfone ultrafiltration technology in conjunction with the Company’s filtration products, and for an exclusive supply arrangement for the filtration products. Under the License and Supply Agreement Medica granted to the Company an exclusive license, with right of sublicense, to market, promote, distribute, offer for sale and sell the filtration products worldwide, with certain limitations on territory, during the term of the License and Supply Agreement. In addition, the Company granted to Medica an exclusive license under the Company’s intellectual property to make the filtration products during the term of the License and Supply Agreement. The filtration products covered under the License and Supply Agreement include both certain products based on Medica’s proprietary Versatile microfiber technology and certain filtration products based on Medica’s proprietary Medisulfone ultrafiltration technology. The term of the License Agreement with Medica expires on December 31, 2025, unless earlier terminated by either party in accordance with the terms of the License and Supply Agreement.
In exchange for the license, the gross value of the intangible asset capitalized was $2.3 million. License and supply agreement, net, on the consolidated balance sheet is $0.7 million and $0.8 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Accumulated amortization is $1.6 million and $1.5 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The intangible asset is being amortized as an expense over the life of the License and Supply Agreement. Amortization expense of $0.1 million was recognized in each of the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.
As of September 2013, the Company has an understanding with Medica whereby the Company has agreed to pay interest to Medica at a 12% annual rate calculated on the principal amount of any outstanding invoices that are not paid pursuant to the original payment terms. There was no interest recognized for the years ended December 31, 2020 or 2019.
In addition, for the period beginning April 23, 2014 through December 31, 2025, the Company will pay Medica a royalty rate of 3% of net sales of the filtration products sold, subject to reduction as a result of a supply interruption pursuant to the terms of the License and Supply Agreement. Royalty expense of $0.2 million and $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, was recognized and is included in cost of goods sold on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. Approximately $68,000 and $83,000 of this royalty expense was included in accounts payable as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Note 10 - Secured Revolving Credit Facility
On August 17, 2017, the Company entered into the Loan and Security Agreement (the “Loan Agreement”) with Tech Capital, LLC (“Tech Capital”). The Loan Agreement initially provided for a secured asset-based revolving credit facility (the “Revolver”) of up to $1.0 million, which the Company drew upon and repaid from time to time during the term of the Loan Agreement. On December 20, 2019, the Company and Tech Capital entered into a First Modification to the Loan Agreement (“the Amendment”). The Amendment increased the Revolver from $1.0 million to $2.5 million. The Company used these proceeds for working capital and general corporate purposes.
On May 26, 2020, the Company terminated the Revolver and, as a result, recognized fees of approximately $7,000, which are included in interest expense on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2020. Although the Revolver was terminated, the Loan Agreement, as amended on May 26, 2020 to reflect this termination, remains in place for purposes of specifying obligations related to the Secured Note Payable (see Note 11 - Secured Note Payable).
For the year ended December 31, 2020, excluding approximately $7,000 related to the termination of the Revolver, approximately $25,000 was recognized as interest expense on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.
For the year ended December 31, 2019, approximately $67,000 was recognized as interest expense on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. Included in interest expense was approximately $14,000 of fees related to the Amendment. As of December 31, 2019, approximately $7,000 of the $67,000 of interest expense incurred for the year ended December 31, 2019 is included in accrued expenses on the consolidated balance sheet.
Note 11 - Secured Note Payable
On March 27, 2018, the Company entered into a Secured Promissory Note Agreement (the “Secured Note”) with Tech Capital for a principal amount of $1.2 million. The Secured Note was amended and restated on May 26, 2020 to reflect the then-current balance on the Secured Note. There were no other changes to the terms and conditions of the Secured Note. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the principal balance of the Secured Note was $0.6 million and $0.8 million, respectively.
The Secured Note has a maturity date of April 1, 2023. The unpaid principal balance accrues interest at a rate of 8% per annum. Principal and interest payments are due on the first day of each month commencing on May 1, 2018.
The Secured Note is subject to the terms and conditions of and is secured by security interests granted by the Company in favor of Tech Capital under the Loan Agreement (see Note 10 - Secured Revolving Credit Facility). An event of default under such Loan Agreement will be an event of default under the Secured Note and vice versa. In the event the principal balance under the Loan Agreement is due, all amounts due under the Secured Note will also be due.
In addition, Nephros International Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, unconditionally guaranteed the Company’s obligations under the Loan Agreement.
During each of the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company made payments under the Secured Note of $0.3 million. Included in the total payments made, approximately $58,000 and $75,000 was recognized as interest expense on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
As of December 31, 2020, future principal maturities are as follows (in thousands):
$ 229
Total $ 593
Note 12 - Paycheck Protection Program Loan
On April 24, 2020, the Company was granted a PPP loan in the amount of $0.5 million. The PPP, established as part of the CARES Act, provides for loans to qualifying businesses for amounts up to 2.5 times of the average monthly payroll expenses of the qualifying business. In connection with the PPP loan, the Company issued a promissory note dated April 24, 2020, in the principal amount of $0.5 million. The loan matures on April 24, 2022 and bears interest at a rate of 1.0% per annum, payable monthly commencing November 24, 2020. The note may be prepaid at any time prior to maturity with no prepayment penalties. Funds from the loan may only be used for payroll costs, benefits, rent, utilities and interest on other debt obligations incurred prior to February 15, 2020. The Company used the entire amount for such qualifying expenses. Under the terms of the PPP, certain amounts of the loan may be forgiven if they are used for qualifying expenses during the first 24 weeks of the loan. For the year ended December 31, 2020, approximately $3,000, respectively, was recognized as interest expense on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. See Note 21- Subsequent Event for forgiveness of PPP loan.
Note 13 - Leases
The Company has operating leases for corporate offices, an automobile and office equipment. The leases have remaining lease terms of approximately 1 year to 4 years.
The Company entered into an operating lease that began in December 2017 for 380 Lackawanna Place, South Orange, New Jersey 07079, which consists of approximately 7,700 square feet of space. The rental agreement expires in November 2022 with a monthly cost of approximately $11,000. Approximately $11,000 related to a security deposit for this U.S. office facility is classified as other assets on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2020 and 2019. The Company uses this facility to house its corporate headquarters and research facilities.
The Company entered into an operating lease that began in February 2019 for 211 Donelson Pike, Nashville, Tennessee 37214, for office space. The rental agreement, which expired on February 28, 2021, carried a monthly cost of approximately $850. Approximately $1,000 related to a security deposit for this office facility is classified as prepaid expenses and other current assets on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2020 and 2019. The Company closed this office in February 2021, consolidating its operations into the New Jersey headquarters location.
The Company entered into an operating lease in March 2019 for approximately 16,000 total square feet of office space at 3221 Polaris Avenue, Las Vegas, Nevada 89118. The rental agreement commenced in June 2019 and expires in August 2024 with a monthly cost of approximately $15,000. The Company recognized a ROU asset and lease liability of approximately $800,000 as a result of this lease. Approximately $20,000 related to a security deposit for this office facility is classified as other assets on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2020 and 2019.
The Company entered into a finance lease in February 2020 for office equipment. The rental agreement commenced in February 2020 and expires in January 2023 with a monthly cost of approximately $1,000.
The Company entered into an operating lease in March 2020 for 1015 Telegraph Street, Unit B, Reno, Nevada 89502. The rental agreement commenced in March 2020 and expires in February 2022 with an option to extend for two additional years that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise. The monthly cost is approximately $5,000. Approximately $5,000 related to a security deposit for this office facility is classified as other assets on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2020.
The Company entered into an operating lease in June 2020 for 923 Incline Way, #37, Incline Village, Nevada 89451. The rental agreement commenced in March 2020 and expired in January 2021. The monthly cost was approximately $2,000. The Company adopted the short-term lease practical expedient and, as such, will recognize the lease payments on a straight-lease basis over the lease term. The Company closed this office in February 2021, consolidating its operations into the Reno, Nevada office location.
Operating lease cost, as presented below, includes costs associated with leases for which ROU assets have been recognized as well as short-term leases. As of August 31, 2019, the Company terminated its rental agreement for 591 East Sunset Road, Henderson, Nevada 89011, which consisted of approximately 8,000 total square feet of space. In connection with the lease termination, the Company and the lessor agreed to a lease termination penalty of $27,000. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company paid a lease termination liability of $20,000, consisting of the $27,000 lease termination penalty offset partially by a security deposit of $7,000. The $20,000 loss on lease termination is included in selling, general and administrative expenses on the accompanying consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2019.
The Company also has lease agreements for an automobile and office equipment.
The components of total lease costs were as follows (in thousands):
Year ended
December 31, 2020
Year ended
December 31, 2019
Operating lease cost $ 402 $ 98
Finance lease cost:
Amortization of right-of-use assets -
Interest on lease liabilities -
Total finance lease cost -
Variable lease cost -
Total lease cost $ 454 $ 98
Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows (in thousands):
Year ended
December 31, 2020
Year ended
December 31, 2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases $ 392 $ 251
Financing cash flows from finance leases $ 13 $ -
ROU assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations:
Operating leases $ 201 $ 800
Finance leases $ 17 $ -
Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows (in thousands except years):
December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
Operating lease right-of-use assets $ 1,002 $ 1,106
Finance lease right-of-use assets $ 35 $ -
Current portion of operating lease liabilities $ 321 $ 262
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion
Total operating lease liabilities $ 1,056 $ 1,151
Current portion of finance lease liabilities $ 11 $ -
Finance lease liabilities, net of current portion -
Total finance lease liabilities $ 35 $ -
Weighted average remaining lease term
Operating leases 3.1 years years
Finance leases 3.3 years -
Weighted average discount rate
Operating leases 8.0 % 8.0 %
Finance leases 8.0 % -
As of December 31, 2020, maturities of lease liabilities were as follows (in thousands):
Operating Leases Finance Leases
(in thousands)
$ 389 $ 14
Total future minimum lease payments 1,191
Less imputed interest (135 ) (5 )
Total $ 1,056 $ 35
Note 14 - Accrued Expenses
Accrued expenses as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 were as follows (in thousands):
December 31,
Accrued directors’ fees $ 169 $ -
Accrued bonus -
Accrued legal -
Accrued sales commission
Accrued interest -
Accrued other
$ 341 $ 136
Note 15 - Income Taxes
The income tax benefit attributable to loss before income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 is as follows (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
Current:
State $ - $ (225 )
Total current tax benefit
(225 )
Total deferred tax benefit - -
Income tax benefit $ - $ (225 )
A reconciliation of the income tax benefit computed at the statutory tax rate to the Company’s effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 is as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
U.S. federal statutory rate 21.00 21.00 %
State taxes 1.31 (8.30 )%
Sale of NJ NOLS and credits - 5.22 %
Expired NOLs and credits (31.40 )% (31.19 )%
Stock-based compensation (2.40 )% (3.21 )%
Federal research and development credits 3.38 % 4.93 %
Other 2.98 % (2.96 )%
Valuation allowance 4.98 % 21.12 %
Effective tax rate (0.15 )% 6.61 %
Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 are as follows (in thousands):
December 31,
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carry forwards $ 17,922 $ 18,060
Research and development credits 1,348 1,459
Nonqualified stock option compensation expense
Lease liabilities -
Other temporary book - tax differences
Total deferred tax assets 20,082 20,062
Deferred tax liabilities:
Lease right-of-use assets (244 ) -
Fixed and intangible asset basis difference (76 ) (134 )
Total deferred tax liabilities (320 ) (134 )
Deferred tax assets, net 19,762 19,928
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets (19,762 ) (19,928 )
Deferred tax assets, net after valuation allowance $ - $ -
During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company recorded an income tax benefit of approximately $225,000 due to the sale of net operating loss and research and development credit carryforwards under the New Jersey Economic Development Authority Technology Business Tax Certificate Transfer Program. Sales of net operating loss and research and development credit carryforwards under the New Jersey Economic Development Authority Technology Business Tax Certificate Transfer Program are recorded in the consolidated financial statements as an income tax benefit in the year they are earned. As a result of the sale of net operating loss and research and development credit carryforwards during the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company’s deferred tax assets decreased by approximately $239,000, . The gross amount of the net operating loss and research and development credit carryforwards that were sold during the year ended December 31, 2019 was $2.2 million and $41,000, respectively.
A valuation allowance has been recognized to offset the Company’s net deferred tax asset as it is more likely than not that such net asset will not be realized. The Company primarily considered its historical loss and potential Internal Revenue Code Section 382 limitations to arrive at its conclusion that a valuation allowance was required. The Company’s valuation allowance decreased approximately $166,000 from December 31, 2019 to December 31, 2020.
At December 31, 2020, the Company had Federal income tax net operating loss carryforwards of $79.5 million and State income tax net operating loss carryforwards of $3.7 million. Foreign income tax net operating loss carryforwards were $7.8 million as of December 31, 2020. The Company had Federal research and development tax credit carryforwards of $1.3 million and $1.3 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company also had state research and development tax credit carryforwards of approximately $111,000 and $78,000 at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company’s net operating losses and research and development tax credits may ultimately be limited by Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code and, as a result, the Company may be unable to offset future taxable income (if any) with losses, or its tax liability with credits, before such losses and credits expire. Included in the Federal net operating loss carryforwards are $9.7 million of losses generated from 2018 onward that have an indefinite carryover period. The remaining Federal and New Jersey net operating loss carryforwards and Federal and New Jersey tax credit carryforwards will expire at various times between 2020 and 2038 unless utilized.
The Company has analyzed the tax positions taken or expected to be taken in its tax returns and concluded it has no liability related to uncertain tax positions. The Company is subject to income tax examinations by major taxing authorities for all tax years subsequent to 2016 and does not anticipate a change in its uncertain tax positions within the next twelve months. The Company’s policy is to report interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense.
Note 16 - Stock Plans and Share-Based Payments
The fair value of stock options and restricted stock is recognized as stock-based compensation expense in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company calculates stock-based compensation expense in accordance with ASC 718. The fair value of stock-based awards is amortized over the vesting period of the award.
Stock Plans
In 2015, the Board of Directors adopted the Nephros, Inc. 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (“2015 Plan”) and reserved and authorized 777,777 shares of common stock for issuance pursuant to stock options, restricted stock and other equity incentive awards to the Company’s employees, directors and consultants. In 2017, the Board of Directors approved an amendment to the 2015 Plan increasing the number of shares of common stock authorized thereunder to 1,111,110 shares and in 2019, the Board of Directors approved an amendment to the 2015 Plan increasing the number of shares of common stock authorized thereunder to 1,333,332. In 2020, the Board of Directors approved amendments to the 2015 Plan increasing the number of shares of common stock authorized thereunder to 1,998,116 shares. The maximum contractual term for stock options granted under the 2015 Plan is 10 years.
As of December 31, 2020, options to purchase 1,155,713 shares of common stock had been issued to employees under the 2015 Plan and were outstanding. The options issued to employees expire on various dates between April 15, 2025 and November 2, 2030. As of December 31, 2020, options to purchase 1,334 shares of common stock issued to non-employees under the 2015 Plan were outstanding and will expire on May 31, 2021. Taking into account all options and restricted stock granted under the 2015 Plan, there are 426,049 shares available for future grant under the 2015 Plan. Options currently outstanding are fully vested or will vest upon a combination of the following: immediate vesting or straight-line vesting of two or four years.
The Company’s previously adopted and approved plan, the 2004 Stock Incentive Plan (“2004 Plan”), expired in the year ended December 31, 2014. As of December 31, 2020, options to purchase 58,888 shares of common stock had been issued to employees under the 2004 Plan and were outstanding. The options expire on various dates between March 24, 2021 and March 26, 2024. As of December 31, 2020, 49,725 options had been issued to non-employees under the 2004 Plan and were outstanding. Such options expire at various dates between March 24, 2021 and November 17, 2024. No shares are available for future grants under the 2004 Plan. Options currently outstanding are fully vested.
Stock Options
The Company has elected to recognize forfeitures as they occur. Stock-based compensation expense recognized for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was $0.7 million and $0.9 million, respectively.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, $0.6 million and approximately $55,000 are included in selling, general and administrative expenses and research and development expenses, respectively, on the accompanying consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. For the year ended December 31, 2019, $0.8 million and approximately $65,000 are included in selling, general and administrative expenses and research and development expenses, respectively, on the accompanying consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.
The following table summarizes the option activity for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:
Shares Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
Outstanding at December 31, 2018 826,061 $ 5.04
Options granted 218,290 7.26
Options forfeited or expired (29,103 ) 6.72
Options exercised (4,166 ) 5.13
Outstanding at December 31, 2019 1,011,082 $ 5.51
Options granted 291,648 7.01
Options forfeited or expired (33,402 ) 8.60
Options exercised (3,668 ) 2.84
Outstanding at December 31, 2020 1,265,660 $ 5.78
The following table summarizes the options exercisable and vested and expected to vest as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands except per share prices):
Shares Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
Exercisable at December 31, 2019 551,948 $ 5.20
Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2019 984,452 $ 5.50
Exercisable at December 31, 2020 814,160 $ 5.21
Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2020 1,239,473 $ 5.76
The fair value of each option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the below assumptions for the risk-free interest rates, expected dividend yield, expected lives and expected stock price volatility.
Option Pricing Assumptions
Grant Year
Stock Price Volatility 71.88 % 81.73 %
Risk-Free Interest Rates 0.41 % 1.93 %
Expected Life (in years) 6.23
6.13
Expected Dividend Yield 0 % 0 %
Expected volatility is based on historical volatility of the Company’s common stock at the time of grant. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yields in effect at the time of grant for periods corresponding with the expected life of the options. For the expected life, the Company is using the simplified method as described in the SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin 107. This method assumes that stock option grants will be exercised based on the average of the vesting periods and the option’s life.
The weighted-average fair value of options granted in 2020 and 2019 is $4.45 and $5.05, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic values of stock options outstanding and stock options vested or expected to vest as of December 31, 2020 were $3.6 million and $3.5 million, respectively. A stock option has intrinsic value, at any given time, if and to the extent that the exercise price of such stock option is less than the market price of the underlying common stock at such time. The weighted-average remaining contractual life of options vested or expected to vest as of December 31, 2020 was 6.8 years.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, stock options to purchase 2,556 shares of the Company’s common stock were exercised in a cash exercise for proceeds of approximately $7,000, resulting in the issuance of 2,556 shares of the Company’s common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2020, stock options to purchase 1,112 shares of the Company’s common stock were exercised in a cashless exercise, resulting in the issuance of 755 shares of the Company’s common stock.
The aggregate intrinsic values of stock options outstanding and stock options vested or expected to vest as of December 31, 2019 were $4.5 million and $4.4 million, respectively. The weighted-average remaining contractual life of options vested or expected to vest as of December 31, 2019 was 6.89 years.
During the year ended December 31, 2019, stock options to purchase 4,166 shares of the Company’s common stock were exercised by a member of management for proceeds of approximately $21,000, resulting in the issuance of 4,166 shares of the Company’s common stock.
As of December 31, 2020, there was $1.9 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested share-based compensation awards granted under the equity compensation plans which will be amortized over the weighted average remaining requisite service period of 3.1 years.
Restricted Stock
The Company has issued restricted stock as compensation for the services of certain employees and non-employee directors. The grant date fair value of restricted stock is based on the fair value of the common stock on the date of grant, and compensation expense is recognized based on the period in which the restrictions lapse.
The following table summarizes restricted stock activity for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:
Shares Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Nonvested at December 31, 2018 49,890 $ 5.58
Granted 55,111 8.57
Vested (45,160 ) 5.58
Forfeited (4,730 ) 5.58
Nonvested at December 31, 2019 55,111 8.57
Vested (55,111 ) 8.57
Nonvested at December 31, 2020 - $ -
The total fair value of restricted stock that vested during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was $0.5 million and $0.3 million, respectively.
Total stock-based compensation expense for the restricted stock granted to employees and non-employee directors was approximately $52,000 and $451,000 for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Approximately $42,000 and $367,000 is included in selling, general and administrative expenses on the accompanying consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Approximately $10,000 and $84,000 is included in research and development expenses on the accompanying consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, there was no unrecognized compensation expense related to the restricted stock awards.
SRP Equity Incentive Plan
SRP’s 2019 Equity Incentive Plan was approved on May 7, 2019 under which 150,000 shares of SRP’s common stock are reserved for the issuance of options and other awards. There were no SRP stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2020. SRP stock options are being expensed over the respective vesting period, which is based on a service condition.
Shares Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
Outstanding at December 31, 2018 - $ -
Options granted 23,040 5.00
Outstanding at December 31, 2019 23,040 $ 5.00
Options forfeited or expired (8,587 ) 5.00
Outstanding at December 31, 2020 14,453 $ 5.00
Stock-based compensation expense related to the SRP stock options was approximately $37,000 for the year ended December 31, 2020. For the year ended December 31, 2020, approximately $16,000 and $21,000 are included in selling, general and administrative expenses and research and development expenses, respectively, on the accompanying consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. Stock-based compensation expense related to the SRP stock options was approximately $14,000 for the year ended December 31, 2019. For the year ended December 31, 2019, approximately $4,000 and $10,000 are included in selling, general and administrative expenses and research and development expenses, respectively, on the accompanying consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.
Stock-based compensation expense related to the SRP stock options is presented by the Company as noncontrolling interest on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2020.
Note 17 - Stockholders’ Equity
October 2020 Common Stock Issuance
On October 20, 2020, the Company issued 833,333 shares of the Company’s common stock in a registered direct offering, resulting in gross proceeds to the Company of $5.0 million. The purchase price for each share was $6.00. Proceeds, net of equity issuance costs of $0.3 million, recorded as a result of the offering were $4.7 million. Of the 833,333 shares of the Company’s common stock issued, 166,667 shares, resulting in proceeds of approximately $1.0 million, were sold to the Company’s largest stockholder.
February 2020 Common Stock Issuance
On February 4, 2020, the Company issued 937,500 shares of common stock through a confidentially marketed underwritten public offering resulting in gross proceeds to the Company of $7.5 million. The purchase price for each share was $8.00. Proceeds, net of equity issuance costs of $0.7 million, recorded as a result of the offering were $6.8 million.
May 2019 Private Placement
On May 15, 2019, the Company entered into a stock purchase agreement with certain accredited investors identified therein pursuant to which the Company issued and sold in a private placement 493,827 shares of the Company’s common stock resulting in gross proceeds to the Company of $2.0 million. The purchase price for each share was $4.05. Proceeds, net of equity issuance costs of $8,000, recorded as a result of the private placement were $2.0 million. Of the 493,827 shares of the Company’s common stock issued, 12,346 shares, resulting in proceeds of approximately $50,000, were sold to a member of management.
Noncontrolling Interest
On September 5, 2018, SRP entered into a Series A Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement with certain purchasers pursuant to which SRP sold 600,000 shares of its Series A Preferred Stock (“Series A Preferred”) for $5.00 per share. The aggregate purchase price was $3.0 million. SRP incurred transaction-related expenses of approximately $30,000, which were included in selling, general and administrative expenses on the Company’s consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2018. The net proceeds from the issuance of the Series A Preferred are restricted to SRP expenses, and may not be used for the benefit of the Company or other affiliated entities, except to reimburse for expenses directly attributable to SRP. Following the Series A Preferred transaction, the Company retained a 62.5% ownership interest in SRP, holding 100% of the outstanding common shares, and holders of Series A Preferred retained a 37.5% interest in SRP on a fully diluted basis, holding 100% of the outstanding preferred shares. Of the 600,000 shares of Series A Preferred issued, the shares purchased by related parties comprised of persons controlled by members of management and by the Company’s largest stockholder amounted to 18,000 and 400,000 shares, respectively.
Each share of Series A Preferred is initially convertible into one share of SRP common stock, subject to adjustment for stock splits and recapitalization events. Subject to customary exempt issuances, in the event SRP issues additional shares of its common stock or securities convertible into common stock at a per share price that is less than the original Series A Preferred price, the conversion price of the Series A Preferred will automatically be reduced to such lower price.
In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of SRP, the holders of the Series A Preferred are entitled to be paid out of the assets of SRP available for distribution to its stockholders or, in the case of a deemed liquidation event, out of the consideration payable to stockholders in such deemed liquidation event or the available proceeds, before any payment shall be made to the holders of SRP common stock by reason of their ownership thereof, an amount per share equal to one times (1x) the Series A Preferred original issue price, plus any accruing dividends accrued but unpaid thereon, whether or not declared, together with any other dividends declared but unpaid thereon (the “Series A Liquidation Preference”). If upon any such liquidation, dissolution or winding up of SRP or deemed liquidation event, the assets of SRP available for distribution to its stockholders shall be insufficient to pay the Series A Liquidation Preference in full, the holders of Series A Preferred shall share ratably in any distribution of the assets available for distribution in proportion to the respective amounts which would otherwise be payable in respect of the shares held by them upon such distribution if all amounts payable on or with respect to such shares were paid in full. After the full payment of the Series A Liquidation Preference, the holders of the Series A Preferred and the holders of common stock will share ratably in any remaining proceeds available for distribution on an as-converted to common stock basis.
Each share of Series A Preferred accrues dividends at the rate per annum of $0.40 per share. The accruing dividends shall accrue from day to day, whether or not declared, and shall be cumulative and shall be payable only when, as, and if declared by the Board.
Holders of Series A Preferred shall be entitled to cast the number of votes equal to the number of whole shares of common stock into which the shares of Series A Preferred held by such holder are convertible as of the record date for determining stockholders entitled to vote. Except as provided by law or by the other provisions, the holders of Series A Preferred vote together with the holders of common stock as a single class. Notwithstanding the foregoing, for as long as at least 150,000 shares of Series A Preferred are outstanding, SRP is required to obtain the affirmative vote or written consent of a majority of the Series A Preferred in order to effect certain corporate transactions, including without limitation, the issuance of any securities senior to or on parity with the Series A Preferred, a liquidation or deemed liquidation of SRP, amendments to SRP’s charter documents, the issuance of indebtedness in excess of $250,000, any annual budget for the Company’s operations, and the hiring or firing of any executive officers of SRP. In addition, the holders of the Series A Preferred are entitled to elect two members of SRP’s board of directors.
The noncontrolling interest in SRP held by holders of the Series A Preferred has been classified as equity on the accompanying consolidated interim balance sheet, as the noncontrolling interest is redeemable only upon the occurrence of events that are within the control of the Company.
Warrants
The Company accounts for stock warrants as either equity instruments or derivative liabilities depending on the specific terms of the warrant agreement. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, all of the Company’s outstanding warrants are classified as equity.
The following table summarizes certain terms of all of the Company’s outstanding warrants at December 31, 2020 and 2019:
Exercise Total Common
Shares Issuable as of
December 31,
Title of Warrant Date Issued Expiry Date Price
Equity-classified warrants
May 2015 - private placement warrants 5/18/2015 5/18/2020 $ 7.65 - 89,438
June 2016 - Note and Warrant Agreement 6/7/2016 6/7/2021 $ 2.70 127,121 127,121
March 2017 - private placement warrants 3/22/2017 3/22/2022 $ 2.70 143,476 162,365
Total
270,597 378,924
The weighted average exercise price of the outstanding warrants was $2.70 as of December 31, 2020 and $3.87 as of December 31, 2019.
Warrants Exercised During 2020 and 2019
During the year ended December 31, 2020, warrants to purchase 40,012 shares of the Company’s common stock were exercised, resulting in proceeds of $0.2 million and the issuance of 40,012 shares of the Company’s common stock. Of the warrants exercised during the year ended December 31, 2020, warrants to purchase 4,344 shares of the Company’s common stock were exercised by members of management, resulting in proceeds of approximately $33,000.
During the year ended December 31, 2019, warrants to purchase 359,146 shares of the Company’s common stock were exercised, resulting in proceeds of $0.7 million and the issuance of 327,351 shares of the Company’s common stock. Of the warrants exercised during the year ended December 31, 2019, warrants to purchase 111,114 shares of the Company’s common stock were exercised in a cashless exercise, resulting in the issuance of 79,316 shares of the Company’s common stock. Of the warrants exercised during the year ended December 31, 2019, warrants to purchase 4,444 shares of the Company’s common stock were exercised by members of management, resulting in proceeds of approximately $12,000.
Note 18 - Savings Incentive Match Plan
On January 1, 2017, the Company established a Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees Individual Retirement Account (SIMPLE IRA), which covers all employees. The SIMPLE IRA Plan provides for voluntary employee contributions up to statutory IRA limitations. The Company matches 100% of employee contributions to the SIMPLE IRA Plan, up to 3% of each employee’s salary. The Company contributed and expensed approximately $89,000 and $69,000 to the SIMPLE IRA in 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Note 19 - Commitments and Contingencies
Purchase Commitments
In exchange for the rights granted under the License and Supply Agreement with Medica (see Note 9 - License and Supply Agreement, net), the Company agreed to make certain minimum annual aggregate purchases from Medica over the term of the License and Supply Agreement. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company agreed to make minimum annual aggregate purchases from Medica of €3.2 million (approximately $3.8 million). For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company’s aggregate purchase commitments totaled €4.4 million (approximately $5.2 million).
Contractual Obligations and Commercial Commitments
The following table summarizes the Company’s approximate minimum contractual obligations and commercial commitments as of December 31, 2020:
Payments Due in Period
(in thousands)
Total Within
Year Years
2 - 3 Years
4 - 5 More than 5
Years
Minimum Purchase Commitments1 $ 21,700 $ 3,900 $ 8,400 $ 9,400 $ -
Leases2 1,231 -
Total $ 22,931 $ 4,303 $ 9,071 $ 9,557 $ -
Reflects minimum purchase commitments pursuant to the License and Supply Agreement with Medica.
In addition to lease obligations for office space, these obligations include a lease for various office equipment which expires in 2020 and an automobile lease which expires in 2021. See Note 13 - Leases for further discussion.
Note 20 - Segment Reporting
On January 1, 2020, the Company began reporting the results of its pathogen detection systems business as a new segment, known as the Pathogen Detection segment. Prior to the additional reporting of Pathogen Detection as a reporting segment, the Company had two operating segments, Water Filtration and Renal Products. The Company reflected the new segment measures beginning in the three months ended March 31, 2020, and prior periods have been restated for comparability.
The Company has defined three reportable segments: Water Filtration, Pathogen Detection and Renal Products. The Water Filtration segment primarily develops and sells high performance water purification filters. The Pathogen Detection segment develops and sells portable, real-time water testing systems designed to provide actionable data on waterborne pathogens in approximately one hour. The Renal Products segment is focused on the development of medical device products for patients with renal disease, including a 2nd generation hemodiafiltration system for the treatment of patients with ESRD.
The Company’s chief operating decision maker evaluates the financial performance of the Company’s segments based upon segment revenues, gross margin and operating expenses which include research and development and selling, general and administrative expenses. Items below loss from operations are not reported by segment, since they are excluded from the measure of segment profitability reviewed by the Company’s chief operating decision maker. The Company does not report balance sheet information by segment since it is not reviewed by the Company’s chief operating decision maker.
The accounting policies for the Company’s segments are the same as those described in Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.
The tables below present segment information reconciled to total Company loss from operations, with segment operating loss including gross profit less direct research and development expenses and direct selling, general and administrative expenses to the extent specifically identified by segment:
Year Ended December 31, 2020
(in thousands)
Water
Filtration
Pathogen
Detection
Renal
Products
Nephros, Inc.
Consolidated
Total net revenues $ 8,532 $ 29 $ - $ 8,561
Gross margin 4,900 - 4,913
Research and development expenses 1,240 1,257 2,759
Depreciation and amortization expense - -
Selling, general and administrative expenses 5,693 6,466
Change in fair value of contingent consideration (229 ) - - (229 )
Total operating expenses 6,896 1,562 9,188
Loss from operations $ (1,996 ) $ (717 ) $ (1,562 ) $ (4,475 )
Year Ended December 31, 2019
(in thousands)
Water
Filtration
Pathogen
Detection
Renal
Products
Nephros, Inc.
Consolidated
Total net revenues $ 10,334 $ - $ - $ 10,334
Gross margin 6,084 - - 6,084
Research and development expenses 1,126 1,373 3,090
Depreciation and amortization expense - -
Selling, general and administrative expenses 5,960 - 6,119
Change in fair value of contingent consideration (156 ) - - (156 )
Total operating expenses 7,116 1,532 9,239
Loss from operations $ (1,032 ) $ (591 ) $ (1,532 ) $ (3,155 )
As of December 31, 2020, $0.2 million of total assets were in the Renal Products segment. The $0.2 million consisted primarily of $0.1 million of remaining cash received from the sale of Series A Preferred during the year ended December 31, 2018 and prepaid expenses and other current assets of $0.1 million.
As of December 31, 2019, $1.0 million of total assets were in the Renal Products segment. The $1.0 million consisted primarily of $0.7 million of remaining cash received from the sale of Series A Preferred during the year ended December 31, 2018 and prepaid expenses and other current assets of $0.2 million.
Note 21 - Subsequent Event
On January 14, 2021, the U.S. Small Business Administration notified the Company that the Company’s PPP loan was forgiven in full, including all principal and interest outstanding as of the date of the forgiveness.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
There were no disagreements with our accountants during 2020 or 2019.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in company reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
As required by Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2020. Based upon this evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer has concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2020. Accordingly, management believes that the financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K present fairly in all material respects our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the period presented.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Under the supervision of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020 based on the framework set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in “Internal Control-Integrated Framework”. Based on our assessment, management concluded that as of December 31, 2020, our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2020.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our most recent fiscal quarter that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 9B. Other Information
None.
PART III

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
The information set forth under the captions “Proposal No. 1 - Election of Directors,” “Corporate Governance” and “Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports” in the 2021 Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information set forth under the caption “Compensation Matters” in the 2021 Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The information set forth under the captions “Stock Ownership of Management and Principal Stockholders” and “Compensation Matters” in the 2021 Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information set forth under the captions “Corporate Governance” and “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions” in the 2021 Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
The information set forth under the caption “Proposal No. 2 - Ratification of Selection of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” in the 2021 Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules
(a) Documents filed as part of this report:
(1) Consolidated Financial Statements of Nephros, Inc.
Report of independent registered public accounting firm.
Consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2020 and 2019.
Consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.
Consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.
Consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.
Notes to consolidated financial statements.
(2) Exhibits:
Exhibit
No.
Description
3.1
Conformed Copy of the Fourth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, incorporating those Certificates of Amendment dated June 4, 2007; June 29, 2007; November 13, 2007; October 23, 2009; March 10, 2011; March 11, 2011 and July 8, 2019, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Nephros, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-K for the quarter ended June 30, 2019, filed with the SEC on August 7, 2019.
3.2
Second Amended and Restated By-Laws of the Registrant, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Nephros, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on December 3, 2007.
4.1
Specimen of Common Stock Certificate of the Registrant, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Nephros, Inc.’s Amendment No. 1 to Registration Statement on Form S-1/A (Reg. No. 333-116162), filed with the SEC on July 20, 2004.
4.2
Form of Common Stock Purchase Warrant issued June 3 and 9, 2016, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Nephros, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on June 14, 2016.
4.3
Form of Warrant, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Nephros, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on March 23, 2017.
4.4
Description of Capital Stock, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to Nephros, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the SEC on February 27, 2020.
10.1
Nephros, Inc. 2004 Stock Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Nephros, Inc.’s Amendment No. 1 to Registration Statement on Form S-1/A (Reg. No. 333-116162), filed with the SEC on July 20, 2004. †
10.2
Amendment No. 1 to Nephros, Inc. 2004 Stock Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Nephros, Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (Reg. No. 333-127264), filed with the SEC on August 5, 2005. †
10.3
Amendment No. 2 to Nephros, Inc. 2004 Stock Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to Nephros, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-QSB for the quarter ended September 30, 2007, filed with the SEC on November 13, 2007. †
10.4
Amendment No. 3 to Nephros, Inc. 2004 Stock Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.51 to Nephros, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008, filed with the SEC on March 31, 2009 †
10.5
Amendment No. 4 to Nephros, Inc. 2004 Stock Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit A to Nephros, Inc.’s Definitive Proxy Statement, filed with the SEC on December 2, 2010. †
10.6
Amendment No. 5 to Nephros, Inc. 2004 Stock Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Appendix A to Nephros, Inc.’s Definitive Proxy Statement, filed with the SEC on April 11, 2013. †
10.7
Amendment No. 6 to Nephros, Inc. 2004 Stock Incentive Plan, dated June 14, 2013, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Nephros, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2013, filed with the SEC on August 13, 2013. †
10.8
Nephros, Inc. 2015 Equity Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Nephros, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2015, filed with the SEC on May 15, 2015. †
10.9
Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement under the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Nephros, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2015, filed with the SEC on May 15, 2015. †
10.10
Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement under the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Nephros, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2015, filed with the SEC on May 15, 2015. †
10.11
Form of Restricted Stock Agreement under the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to Nephros, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2015, filed with the SEC on May 15, 2015. †
10.12
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to Nephros, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2015, filed with the SEC on May 15, 2015. †
10.13
Nephros, Inc. Director Compensation Policy, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to Nephros, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, filed with the SEC on February 26, 2018.
10.14
License Agreement, dated October 1, 2007, between the Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York, and the Registrant incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.41 to Nephros, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-KSB for the year ended December 31, 2007, filed with the SEC on March 31, 2008.
10.15
License Agreement, dated July 1, 2011, between the Registrant and Bellco S.r.l., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.62 to Nephros, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on June 27, 2011.
10.16
First Amendment to License Agreement, dated February 19, 2014, between the Registrant and Bellco S.r.l., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Nephros, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on February 25, 2014.
10.17
License and Supply Agreement, dated April 23, 2012, between the Registrant and Medica S.p.A., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Nephros, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on April 26, 2012.
10.18
Second Amendment to License and Supply Agreement, dated May 4, 2015, between the Registrant and Medica S.p.A., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Nephros, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2015, filed with the SEC on August 10, 2015.
10.19
Third Amendment to License and Supply Agreement, dated May 5, 2017, between the Registrant and Medica S.p.A., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Nephros, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2017, filed with the SEC on May 9, 2017.
10.20
Fourth Amendment to License and Supply Agreement, dated September 26, 2017, between the Registrant and Medica S.p.A., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Nephros, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on September 27, 2017.
10.21
Sublicense Agreement, dated May 6, 2015, between the Registrant and CamelBak Products, LLC, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to Nephros, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2015, filed with the SEC on August 10, 2015.+
10.22
Second Amendment to Sublicense Agreement, dated January 30, 2019, between the Registrant and CamelBak Products, LLC, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to Nephros, Inc’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the SEC on March 12, 2019.
10.23
Registration Rights Agreement, dated September 19, 2007, among the Registrant and the Holders, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Nephros, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on September 25, 2007.
10.24
Form of Registration Rights Agreement, between the Registrant and Wexford Capital LP, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.57 to Nephros, Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Reg. No. 333-169728), filed with the SEC on October 1, 2010.
10.25
Registration Rights Agreement, dated February 4, 2013, between the Registrant and Wexford Capital LP, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.68 to Nephros, Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Reg. No. 333-187036), filed with the SEC on March 4, 2013.
10.26
First Amendment to Registration Rights Agreement, dated May 23, 2013, between the Registrant and Wexford Capital LP, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Nephros, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2013, filed with the SEC on August 13, 2013.
10.27
Registration Rights Agreement, dated November 12, 2013, between the Registrant and Wexford Capital LP, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Nephros, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on November 14, 2013.
10.28
First Amendment to Registration Rights Agreement, dated April 14, 2014, between the Registrant and Wexford Capital LP, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Nephros, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2014, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 14, 2014.
10.29
Registration Rights Agreement, dated August 29, 2014, between the Registrant and Wexford Capital LP, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Nephros, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on September 3, 2014.
10.30
First Amendment to Registration Rights Agreement, dated September 23, 2014, between the Registrant and Wexford Capital LP, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to Nephros, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2014, filed with the SEC on November 13, 2014.
10.31
Form of Note and Warrant Purchase Agreement entered into on June 3, 2016, between the Registrant and the purchasers of the Notes and Warrants sold by the Registrant on June 3 and 9, 2016, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Nephros, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on June 14, 2016.
10.32
Registration Rights Agreement dated March 17, 2017, among the Registrant and the Purchasers identified therein, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Nephros, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on March 23, 2017.
10.33
Form of Stock Purchase Agreement, dated April 10, 2018, among the Registrant and the Purchasers identified therein, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Nephros, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on April 11, 2018.
10.34
Series A Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement, dated September 5, 2018, among Specialty Renal Products, Inc. and the Purchasers identified therein, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Nephros, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2018, filed with the SEC on November 8, 2018.
10.35
Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation for Specialty Renal Products, Inc., dated September 5, 2018, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Nephros, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2018, filed with the SEC on November 8, 2018.
10.36
Amendment dated December 10, 2018, to Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Specialty Renal Products, Inc., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Nephros, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on December 10, 2018.
10.37
Investor Rights Agreement, dated September 5, 2018, among Specialty Renal Products, Inc. and the Purchasers identified therein, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Nephros, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2018, filed with the SEC on November 8, 2018.
10.38
Voting Agreement, dated September 5, 2018, among Specialty Renal Products, Inc. and the Purchasers identified therein, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Nephros, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2018, filed with the SEC on November 8, 2018.
10.39
Right of First Refusal and Co-Sale Agreement, dated September 5, 2018, among Specialty Renal Products, Inc. and the Purchasers identified therein, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to Nephros, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2018, filed with the SEC on November 8, 2018.
10.40
Membership Interest Purchase Agreement, dated December 31, 2018, by and among the Registrant, Biocon 1, LLC, Aether Water Systems, LLC, and Gregory Lucas, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.48 to Nephros, Inc’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the SEC on March 12, 2019.+
10.41
First Amendment to Membership Interest Purchase Agreement, dated June 24, 2020 by and between the Registrant and Gregory Lucas, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Nephros, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2020, filed with the SEC on August 5, 2020.
10.42
Second Amendment to Membership Interest Purchase Agreement, between the Registrant and Gregory Lucas, dated October 15, 2020, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Nephros, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 20, 2020.
10.43
Stock Purchase Agreement dated May 15, 2019, among the Registrant and the purchasers identified therein, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Nephros, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on May 16, 2019.
10.44
Underwriting Agreement dated January 31, 2020 between Nephros, Inc. and Craig-Hallum Capital Group LLC, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to Nephros, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on January 1, 2020.
10.45
Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement, dated May 26, 2020, by and between Tech Capital, LLC and the Registrant, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Nephros Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2020, filed with the SEC on August 5, 2020.
10.46
Amended and Restated Secured Promissory Note (Single Advance - Non-Revolving), dated May 26, 2020, issued by the Registrant, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Nephros, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2020, filed with the SEC on August 5, 2020.
10.47
U.S. Small Business Administration Paycheck Protection Program Note dated April 22, 2020, between the Registrant and First Republic Bank, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Nephros, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2020, filed with the SEC on August 5, 2020.
10.48
Employment Agreement between the Registrant and Andrew Astor, dated August 23, 2020, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Nephros, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, filed with the SEC on November 5, 2020. †
10.49
Consulting Agreement between the Registrant and Daron Evans, dated August 23, 2020, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Nephros, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, filed with the SEC on November 5, 2020.
10.50
Consulting Agreement between Specialty Renal Products, Inc. and Daron Evans, dated August 26, 2020, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Nephros, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, filed with the SEC on November 5, 2020.
10.51
Loan Agreement between the Registrant and Specialty Renal Products, dated October 7, 2020, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Nephros, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 13, 2020.
10.52
8% Convertible Promissory Note, from Specialty Renal Products, Inc. to the Registrant, dated October 7, 2020, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Nephros, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on October 13, 2020.
10.53
Form of Securities Purchase Agreement dated October 15, 2020, between the Registrant and the Purchasers, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Nephros, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 16, 2020.
10.54
Letter Agreement dated September 22, 2020, between Dan D’Agostino and the Registrant, Inc., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Nephros, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 5, 2020. †
10.55
Letter Agreement, dated November 30, 2020, between Wesley S. Lobo and the Registrant.*
21.1
List of Subsidiaries of Nephros, Inc. *
23.1
Consent of Moody Famiglietti & Andronico, LLP Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. *
24.1
Power of Attorney (included on the signature page). *
31.1
Certification by the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. *
32.1
Certification by the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. *
Interactive Data File. *
* Filed herewith.
† Management contract or compensatory plan arrangement.
+ Confidential treatment has been granted for certain portions omitted from this exhibit pursuant to Rule 24b-2 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.