EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 4977
Filing Year: 2021
Filename: 4977_10-K_2021_0000004977-21-000047.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
OVERVIEW
Aflac Incorporated (the Parent Company) was incorporated in 1973 under the laws of the state of Georgia. The Parent Company and its subsidiaries (collectively, the Company) provide financial protection to more than 50 million people worldwide. The Company’s principal business is supplemental health and life insurance products with the goal to provide customers the best value in supplemental insurance products in the United States (U.S.) and Japan. When a policyholder or insured gets sick or hurt, the Company pays cash benefits fairly and promptly for eligible claims. Throughout its 65 year history, the Company’s supplemental insurance policies have given policyholders the opportunity to focus on recovery, not financial stress. Given the acquisitions completed by Aflac U.S. in 2019 and 2020, the Company is expanding its U.S. product offerings to network dental and vision and employer paid group life and disability.
The Company has continued to evolve and innovate throughout its 65 year history. In recent years, the Company has been investing in new distribution opportunities through acquisitions and partnerships. During 2020, in response to the onset and development of the global COVID-19 pandemic, the Company pivoted to digital sales methods and accelerated related digital investments. For information on the Company’s response to COVID-19, see the Executive Summary section of Item 7. Management Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A).
The Company is authorized to conduct insurance business in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, several U.S. territories and Japan. The Company’s website is: www.aflac.com. Information included on the Company’s website is not incorporated by reference into this filing. The Company makes available free of charge through its website, its annual report on Form 10-K, its quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after they have been electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
REVENUE-GENERATING ACTIVITIES
The Company's strategy for growth in the U.S. and Japan has remained straightforward and consistent for many years. The Company develops relevant supplemental insurance products and sells them through expanded distribution channels. To help promote its insurance products, the Company’s marketing campaigns feature the Aflac Duck.
LONG-TERM GROWTH STRATEGY
In 1999, the Company had been running commercials for nearly a decade, but its brand awareness was hovering at about 10%. An innovative marketing campaign with something unique and memorable that would build brand awareness was needed. The Aflac Duck’s first commercial in the U.S., “Park Bench,” aired on January 1, 2000 and taught consumers how to pronounce “Aflac.” The Aflac Duck made his international debut in Japan in 2003. In the two decades since his U.S. debut, the Aflac Duck has become one of the most familiar advertising icons in the world, appearing in several
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commercials and countless print ads in both the U.S. and Japan. Today, the Aflac Duck is a helpmate who increases brand knowledge and connection.
The Company's insurance business consists of two reporting segments: Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. The primary insurance subsidiary in the Aflac Japan segment is Aflac Life Insurance Japan Ltd. Aflac U.S includes the insurance subsidiaries American Family Life Assurance Company of Columbus (Aflac); Continental American Insurance Company (CAIC), branded as Aflac Group Insurance (AGI); American Family Life Assurance Company of New York (Aflac New York); and Tier One Insurance Company (TOIC); as well as Argus Dental & Vision, Inc. (Argus), which is licensed as a third party administrator in most U.S. jurisdictions and as a pre-paid limited health service organization in Florida.
In November 2020, the Company, through its insurance subsidiaries Aflac and Aflac New York, acquired Zurich North America’s U.S. Corporate Life and Pensions business, which consists of group life, disability and absence management products. Aflac and Aflac New York agreed to reinsure on an indemnity basis Zurich North America’s U.S. in-force group life and disability policies with annualized earned premium of over $100 million. Aflac also acquired assets needed to support the group life and disability business, along with an absence management platform.
In November 2019, the Company acquired Argus Holdings, LLC and its subsidiary Argus Dental & Vision, Inc. (Argus), a benefits management organization and national network dental and vision company, which provides a platform for Aflac Dental and Vision. Argus is an addition to the Aflac U.S. segment.
Aflac Japan is the principal contributor to the Parent Company’s consolidated earnings. Aflac Japan's revenues, including realized gains and losses on its investment portfolio, accounted for 68% of the Company's total revenues in 2020, compared with 69% in 2019 and 70% in 2018. The percentage of the Company's total assets attributable to Aflac Japan was 83% at both December 31, 2020 and 2019.
For information on the Company's results of operations and financial information by segment, see Item 7. MD&A and Note 2 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this report.
AFLAC JAPAN
Aflac Japan is the largest insurer in Japan in terms of cancer and medical (third sector insurance products) policies in force. As of December 31, 2020, Aflac Japan exceeded 24 million individual policies in force in Japan. Aflac Japan continued to be the number one seller of cancer insurance policies in Japan throughout 2020, with more than 15 million cancer policies in force as of December 31, 2020.
Insurance Products
Aflac Japan's third sector insurance products are designed to help consumers pay for medical and nonmedical costs that are not reimbursed under Japan's national health insurance system. Changes in Japan's economy and an aging population have put increasing pressure on Japan's national health care system. As a result, more costs have been shifted to Japanese consumers, who in turn have become increasingly interested in insurance products that help them manage those costs. Aflac Japan has responded to this consumer need by enhancing existing products and developing new products. The focus at Aflac Japan remains on maintaining leadership in third sector insurance products that are less interest rate sensitive and have strong and stable margins. At the same time, Aflac Japan complements this core business with similarly profitable first sector protection products as outlined below.
THIRD SECTOR INSURANCE FIRST SECTOR INSURANCE
Life insurance products include:
▪Cancer
Protection type: Savings type:
▪Medical
▪Term Life
▪WAYS
▪Income Support
▪Whole Life
▪Child Endowment
▪GIFT
Cancer Insurance Aflac Japan pioneered the cancer insurance market in Japan in 1974, and remains the number one provider of cancer insurance in Japan today. Aflac Japan's cancer insurance products provide a lump-sum benefit upon initial diagnosis of cancer and fixed daily benefits for subsequent hospitalization and outpatient treatments due to cancer, as well as cancer-related surgical and convalescent care benefits.
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Medical Insurance Aflac Japan's medical insurance products provide benefits for hospitalization, surgeries and outpatient treatment of various illnesses, as well as lump sum benefits related to three critical illnesses: cancer, heart attack, and stroke.
Income Support Insurance Aflac Japan's Income Support Insurance provides fixed-benefit amounts in the event that a policyholder is unable to work due to significant illness or injury and was developed to supplement the disability coverage within Japan’s social security system.
Whole Life Aflac Japan launched Prepare Smart Whole-Life Insurance in 2018, a whole life insurance product with low cash surrender value, which offers non-smoking policyholders further discounted premiums, and it provides beneficiaries, typically a designated family member, with a pre-determined benefit payment upon the death of the insured.
GIFT GIFT is a term life insurance product that provides a designated family member with a fixed amount of money every month upon a breadwinner’s death or serious disability as family support.
WAYS and Child Endowment WAYS is an insurance product which has features that allow policyholders to convert a portion of their life insurance to medical, nursing care or fixed annuity benefits at a predetermined age. Aflac Japan's child endowment insurance product offers a death benefit until a child reaches age 18. This product also pays a lump-sum at the time of the child's entry into high school, as well as an educational annuity for each of the four years during his or her college education. Beginning in 2013, Aflac Japan began to curtail sales of WAYS and Child Endowment, first sector savings-type products, due to persistent low interest rates in Japan and, in particular, the relatively large capital commitment required by such products and their lower profitability, in such an environment.
Distribution Channels
Traditional Sales Channel This distribution channel includes individual agencies, independent corporate agencies and affiliated corporate agencies. Aflac Japan was represented by more than 8,500 sales agencies at the end of 2020, with approximately 112,000 licensed sales associates employed by those agencies, including individual agencies.
Banks Consumers in Japan rely on banks to provide not only traditional bank services, but also as one key source to provide insurance solutions and other services. By the end of 2020, Aflac Japan had agreements with approximately 90% of the total number of banks in Japan to sell its products.
Dai-ichi Life Aflac Japan's alliance with Dai-ichi Life was launched in 2001, and approximately 40,000 Dai-ichi Life representatives offer Aflac's cancer products.
Japan Post Group Aflac Japan's alliance with Japan Post Group was launched in 2008. After the alliance strengthened in 2013, the number of postal outlets of Japan Post Co. Ltd. (JPC) selling Aflac Japan's cancer product increased to more than 20,000 since 2015. Japan Post Insurance Co., Ltd. (JPI) offers Aflac Japan cancer products through its 76 directly managed offices. In 2018, the Company entered a strategic alliance with Japan Post Holdings Co., Ltd. (Japan Post Holdings), the parent company of Japan Post Co. Ltd (JPC) and Japan Post Insurance Co., Ltd. (JPI). See the "Aflac Japan Segment" subsection of MD&A for more about this alliance.
Daido Life In 2013, Aflac Japan and Daido Life Insurance entered into an agreement for Daido to sell Aflac Japan's cancer insurance products specifically to the Hojinkai market, which is an association of small businesses. Currently, Daido also sells Aflac Japan's cancer insurance products to the market in the tax payment association, which is a not-for-profit association for small businesses to support tax related matters.
Competitive Markets
The Company competes with other insurance carriers through policyholder service, price, product design and sales efforts, as the number of insurance companies offering stand-alone cancer and medical insurance has more than doubled since the deregulation of the Japan market in 2001. However, based on Aflac Japan's size of annualized premiums in force and diversified distribution network, the Company does not believe that Aflac Japan's market-leading position has been significantly impacted by increased competition. Furthermore, the Company believes the continued development and maintenance of operating efficiencies will allow Aflac Japan to offer affordable products that appeal to consumers. The Company believes Aflac Japan will remain a leading provider of cancer and medical insurance coverage in Japan, principally due to its experience in the market, well-known brand, low-cost operations, expansive marketing system and product expertise.
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Government Regulation
Financial Services Agency (FSA) The financial and business affairs of Aflac Japan are subject to examination by Japan's FSA. Aflac Japan files annual reports and financial statements for the Japanese insurance operations based on a March 31 fiscal year end, prepared in accordance with Japanese regulatory accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the FSA. Japanese regulatory basis earnings are determined using accounting principles that differ materially from U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP). Capital and surplus of Aflac Japan, based on Japanese regulatory accounting practices, was $9.0 billion at December 31, 2020, compared with $7.8 billion at December 31, 2019. Two FSA regulations applicable to Aflac Japan are outlined below.
▪Privacy and Cybersecurity
With regard to personal information obtained from policyholders, the insured, or others, Aflac Japan is regulated in Japan by the Act on the Protection of Personal Information (APPI) and guidelines issued by FSA and other governmental authorities. The FSA updated its guidelines regarding cybersecurity in October 2018.
•FSA Solvency Standard
The FSA maintains a solvency standard, the solvency margin ratio (SMR), which is used by Japanese regulators to monitor the financial strength of insurance companies. Aflac Japan's SMR is sensitive to interest rate, credit spread and foreign exchange rate changes. See the Liquidity and Capital Resources section of Item 7. MD&A for additional information on SMR, including a discussion of measures the Company has taken to mitigate the sensitivity of Aflac Japan's SMR.
Japan Companies Act After the conversion of Aflac Japan to a subsidiary structure on April 1, 2018 and starting in the fourth quarter of 2018, Aflac Japan distributes dividends to the Parent Company. Such dividends are subject to permitted dividend capacity under the Japanese Corporate Law.
Policyholder Protection The Japanese insurance industry has a policyholder protection corporation that provides funds for the policyholders of insolvent insurers. For additional information, see the policyholder protection section of the MD&A.
For additional information regarding Aflac Japan's operations and regulations, see the "Aflac Japan Segment" subsection of the MD&A and Notes 2 and 13 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this report.
AFLAC U.S.
The Company designs its U.S. insurance products to provide supplemental coverage for people who already have major medical or primary insurance coverage, as Aflac U.S. insurance policies pay benefits regardless of other insurance. Aflac U.S. products are distributed in the individual and group supplemental insurance markets. Aflac's individual policies are portable, meaning that individuals may retain their full insurance coverage upon separation from employment or affiliation with a group, generally at the same premium. Individual policies are typically guaranteed-renewable for the lifetime of the policyholder (to age 75 for short-term disability policies).
Insurance Products
▪Cancer
▪Critical Illness
▪Vision
▪Accident
▪Hospital Indemnity
▪Life
▪Disability
▪Dental
Cancer Insurance Aflac U.S.'s cancer insurance products provide a lump-sum benefit upon initial diagnosis of cancer and subsequent benefits for treatment received due to cancer. Aflac U.S. offers cancer insurance on an individual basis.
Accident Insurance Aflac U.S. offers accident coverage on both an individual and group basis. These policies pay cash benefits in the event of a covered injury. The accident portion of the policy includes lump-sum benefits for accidental death, dismemberment and specific injuries as well as fixed benefits for hospital confinement. Additional benefits are also available for home modifications, wellness and increased benefits for injuries related to participation in an organized sporting activity.
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Disability Insurance Aflac U.S. offers short-term disability benefits on both an individual and group basis and long-term disability benefits on a group basis. The individual short-term disability product offers an Aflac Value Rider that pays a benefit, less claims, for every consecutive five-year term that the policy is in force.
Critical Illness Insurance Aflac U.S. offers coverage for critical illness plans on both an individual and group basis. These policies are designed to pay cash benefits in the event of critical illnesses such as heart attack, stroke or cancer.
Hospital Indemnity Insurance Aflac U.S. offers hospital indemnity coverage on both an individual and group basis. Hospital indemnity products provide policyholders fixed dollar benefits triggered by hospitalization due to accident or sickness. Indemnity benefits for inpatient and outpatient surgeries, as well as various other diagnostic events, are also available. Aflac U.S. also offers a lump sum rider for a range of critical illness events that can be added to its individual accident, short-term disability and hospital indemnity products.
Dental and Vision Insurance Aflac U.S. offers network dental and vision products on a group basis. Aflac U.S. offers fixed-benefit dental coverage on both an individual and group basis. Aflac U.S. offers Vision NowSM, an individually issued policy which provides benefits for serious eye health conditions and loss of sight as well as coverage for corrective eye materials and exam benefits.
Life Aflac U.S. offers term- and whole-life policies on both an individual and group basis.
Seasonality
In recent years, new annualized premium sales are generally higher in the fourth quarter for Aflac U.S. group business due to the timing of open enrollment for many employers. As a result, approximately half of total new annualized premium sales for Aflac U.S. are generated in the fourth quarter.
Distribution Channels
Independent Associates/Career Agents The career agent channel in Aflac U.S. focuses on marketing Aflac to the small business market, defined as employers of between three and 99 employees. Sales associates in the U.S. are independent contractors and are paid commissions and other variable compensation based on first-year and renewal premiums from their sales of insurance products.
Brokers The broker channel of Aflac U.S. focuses on selling to the mid- and large-case market, which is comprised of employers with 100 or more employees and typically an average size of 1,000 employees or more. Brokers in the U.S. are independent contractors and are paid commissions based on first-year and renewal premiums from their sales of insurance products.
Consumer Markets While Aflac U.S. primarily markets its insurance products at the worksite, Aflac U.S. is also expanding its distribution strategy to directly reach consumers outside of the traditional worksite through digital lead generation.
Competitive Markets
Aflac U.S. competes against several supplemental insurance carriers on a national and regional basis. Aflac U.S. believes its policies, premium rates, platforms, value-added services and sales commissions are competitive by product type. Moreover, Aflac U.S. believes that its products are distinct from competitive offerings given its product focus (including features, benefits and claims service model), distribution capabilities and brand awareness.
Since Aflac products provide an additional level of financial protection for policyholders, the Company believes the increased financial exposure some employees may face creates a favorable opportunity for Aflac U.S. products. However, given the profitability erosion some major medical carriers are facing in their core lines of business, the Company has seen a more competitive landscape as these carriers seek entry into Aflac's supplemental product segments and leverage their core benefit offerings by bundling and discounting products in order to gain market share.
Government Regulation
Insurance Regulation The Parent Company and its U.S. insurance subsidiaries, Aflac, CAIC, TOIC (Nebraska-domiciled insurance companies), Aflac New York (a New York-domiciled insurance company) are subject to state regulations in the U.S. as an insurance holding company system and Argus, which is licensed as a third party
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administrator in most U.S. jurisdictions and as a pre-paid limited health service organization in Florida. Such regulations generally provide that certain transactions between companies within the holding company system must be fair and equitable. In addition, transfers of assets among such affiliated companies, certain dividend payments from insurance subsidiaries and certain transactions between companies within the system, including management fees, loans and advances are subject to prior notice to, or approval by, state regulatory authorities. These laws generally require, among other things, the insurance holding company and each insurance company directly owned by the holding company to register with the insurance departments of their respective domiciliary states and to furnish annually financial and other information about the operations of companies within the holding company system.
Like all U.S. insurance companies, Aflac, CAIC, TOIC and Aflac New York are subject to regulation and supervision in the jurisdictions in which they do business. In general, the insurance laws of the various jurisdictions establish supervisory agencies with broad administrative powers relating to, among other things:
•granting and revoking licenses to transact business
•regulating trade and claims practices
•licensing of insurance agents and brokers
•approval of policy forms and premium rates
•standards of solvency and maintenance of specified policy benefit reserves and minimum loss ratio requirements
•capital requirements
•limitations on dividends to shareholders
•the nature of and limitations on investments
•deposits of securities for the benefit of policyholders
•filing of financial statements prepared in accordance with statutory insurance accounting practices prescribed or permitted by regulatory authorities
•periodic examinations of the market conduct, financial, and other affairs of insurance companies
The insurance laws of Nebraska that govern Aflac's activities provide that the acquisition or change of “control” of a domestic insurer or of any person that controls a domestic insurer cannot be consummated without the prior approval of the Nebraska Department of Insurance (NDOI). A person seeking to acquire control, directly or indirectly, of a domestic insurance company or of any person controlling a domestic insurance company (in the case of Aflac, CAIC and TOIC, the Parent Company) must generally file with the NDOI an application for change of control containing certain information required by statute and published regulations and provide a copy to Aflac. In Nebraska, control is generally presumed to exist if any person, directly or indirectly, acquires 10% or more of an insurance company or of any other person or entity controlling the insurance company. The 10% presumption is not conclusive and control may be found to exist at less than 10%. Similar laws apply in New York, the domiciliary jurisdiction of Aflac's New York insurance subsidiary.
State insurance departments conduct periodic examinations of the books and records, financial reporting, policy filings and market conduct of insurance companies domiciled in their states, generally once every three to five years. Examinations are generally carried out in cooperation with the insurance departments of other states under guidelines promulgated by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC). In 2016, full-scope, risk-focused financial examinations were conducted by the NDOI, New York State Department of Financial Services (NYSDFS), and the South Carolina Department of Insurance (SCDOI) on their state domiciled insurance entities Aflac, Aflac New York, and CAIC, respectively. There were no material findings contained in the final exam reports. CAIC redomiciled to Nebraska as of December 2016 and TOIC redomiciled to Nebraska effective March 11, 2019. The NDOI and NYSDFS are currently conducting full-scope comprehensive financial examinations covering years 2016-2019. The current examinations are expected to close by March 31, 2021.
NAIC Risk-Based Capital The NAIC continually reviews regulatory matters, such as risk-based capital (RBC) modernization, group capital calculations and liquidity risk assessment. The NAIC uses an RBC formula relating to insurance risk, business risk, asset risk and interest rate risk to facilitate identification by insurance regulators of inadequately capitalized insurance companies based upon the types and mix of risk inherent in the insurer's operations. The formulas for determining the amount of RBC specify various weighting factors that are applied to financial balances or various levels of activity based on the perceived degree of risk. Regulatory compliance is determined by a ratio of a company's regulatory total adjusted capital to its authorized control level RBC as defined by the NAIC. Companies below specific trigger points or ratios are classified within certain levels, each of which requires specified corrective action. The levels are company action, regulatory action, authorized control, and mandatory control. See Note 13 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Liquidity and Capital Resources section of MD&A for additional information on RBC.
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Guaranty Association and Similar Arrangements Under state insurance guaranty association laws and similar laws in international jurisdictions, the Company is subject to assessments, based on the share of business the Company writes in the relevant jurisdiction, for certain obligations of insolvent insurance companies to policyholders and claimants. In the U.S., some states permit member insurers to recover assessments paid through full or partial premium tax offsets. The Company's policy is to accrue assessments when the entity for which the insolvency relates has met its state of domicile's statutory definition of insolvency, the amount of the loss is reasonably estimable and the related premium upon which the assessment is based is written. In most states, the definition is met with a declaration of financial insolvency by a court of competent jurisdiction.
Federal Regulation Federal legislation and administrative policies in several areas, including health care reform legislation, financial services reform legislation, securities regulation, pension regulation, privacy, tort reform legislation and taxation, can significantly and adversely affect insurance companies. Certain federal regulations applicable to Aflac U.S. are outlined below.
•Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Heath Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (collectively, the ACA), federal health care reform legislation, gave the U.S. federal government direct regulatory authority over the business of health insurance. The ACA, as enacted, does not require material changes in the design of the Company's insurance products. However, indirect consequences of, or changes to, the legislation and regulations could present challenges that could potentially have an impact on the Company's sales model, financial condition and results of operations. Certain provisions of the ACA have been and may continue to be subject to challenge through litigation, the ultimate effects of which on the ACA are uncertain. See the risk factor entitled, "Extensive regulation and changes in legislation can impact profitability and growth" for more information.
•Dodd-Frank Act
Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (Dodd-Frank) and regulations issued thereunder, in particular rules to require central clearing for certain types of derivatives, may have an impact on the Company's derivative activity, including activity on behalf of Aflac Japan.
The Dodd-Frank Act also established a Federal Insurance Office (FIO) under the U.S. Treasury Department to monitor all aspects of the insurance industry and of lines of business other than certain health insurance, certain long-term care insurance and crop insurance.
•Privacy and Cybersecurity
The collection, maintenance, use, protection, disclosure and disposal of individually identifiable data by the Company's businesses are regulated at the international, federal and state levels. These laws and rules are subject to change by legislation or administrative or judicial interpretation. Various state laws address the unauthorized access and acquisition of personal information and the use and disclosure of individually identifiable health data to the extent they are more restrictive than those contained in the privacy and security provisions in the federal Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 (GLBA) and in the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act became effective January 1, 2020 and requires businesses to provide California consumers the right to access, delete, and restrict certain uses of their personal information. HIPAA also requires that the Company imposes privacy and security requirements on its business associates (as such term is defined in the HIPAA regulations).
Cybersecurity also continues to be an area of evolving focus for U.S. legislation and regulatory activity. In March 2017, new cybersecurity regulation issued by the NYDFS went into effect that requires covered entities, including Aflac New York, to maintain an information security program meeting certain security, data disposal, audit, activity monitoring, and data encryption requirements. In October 2017, the NAIC adopted an Insurance Data Security Model Law that may be adopted in whole or in part by U.S. states in which the Company’s subsidiaries are licensed. Other states have adopted and, the Company expects, will continue to pass legislation and issue regulations related to cybersecurity.
The Company anticipates, assesses and if necessary modifies its information security program to accommodate changes and comply with regulatory regulations concerning privacy and cybersecurity.
For further information concerning Aflac U.S. operations, see the "Aflac U.S. Segment" subsection of the MD&A and Notes 2 and 13 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this report.
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CORPORATE AND OTHER
The Company's other operations include the Parent Company, Aflac Global Ventures LLC and its subsidiaries, asset management subsidiaries, results of reinsurance retrocession activities and a printing subsidiary.
In October 2020, the Company entered into an agreement to purchase approximately $200 million in newly issued common stock of Trupanion, Inc., a provider of medical insurance for pets in the United States and Canada. The Company closed on approximately $60 million of this transaction in October 2020. The Company closed on the remaining approximately $140 million of this transaction in November 2020 which resulted in the Company owning approximately 9% of the outstanding common stock of Trupanion, Inc. The shares were registered for resale and, pursuant to the Shareholder Agreement, subject to certain exceptions, the Company has agreed that it will not transfer its shares of Trupanion, Inc. common stock during a restricted period ending on November 13, 2023.The Company also announced that it has entered into an alliance agreement with Trupanion, Inc. to sell pet insurance in worksites in the U.S., subject to certain exceptions, and to explore on an exclusive basis potential distribution opportunities for pet insurance in Japan.
Effective January 1, 2018, investments of Aflac U.S. as well as certain sub-advised assets of Aflac Japan, are managed by the Company’s U.S. asset management subsidiary, Aflac Asset Management LLC (AAM), and investments of Aflac Japan are managed pursuant to an investment advisory agreement between Aflac Japan and the Company's asset management subsidiary in Japan, Aflac Asset Management Japan Ltd. (AAMJ). AAMJ is licensed as a discretionary asset manager under the Japan Financial Instruments and Exchange Act and is subject to rules of the Japan Investment Advisors Association, a self-regulatory organization with mandatory membership for Japan investment managers. Effective January 19, 2021, AAM is registered with the SEC as an investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. AAM and AAMJ are reported in the Corporate and other segment category; however, the assets that they manage are reported in the respective Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. business segments.
For additional information on the Company's other operations, see the "Corporate and Other" subsection of the MD&A and Note 8 in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
HUMAN CAPITAL
The Company’s overarching human capital philosophy is, “If you take care of your employees, your employees will take care of the business.” As of December 31, 2020, Aflac Japan had 6,239 employees, Aflac U.S. had 4,906 employees, and the Company's other operations had 858 employees. The Company's compensation and benefit expense totaled approximately $2.0 billion in 2020 and $1.8 billion in 2019. The Company believes its employee relations are generally satisfactory.
Talent
The Company uses internal and external resources to attract, retain and develop talent across a variety of backgrounds and demographics.
Aflac Japan seeks diverse talent through annual recruitment of new university graduates as well as mid-career recruitment of those with specialty skills or expertise. For its employees, Aflac Japan implements standard and unified training and development programs focusing on a range of business skills. For example, Aflac Japan’s Leadership Program allows select managers to participate in a comprehensive training program to learn about innovation and the global business environment. Aflac Japan is implementing a human capital management system, beginning in January 2021 with managers and more senior leadership positions. Under the new system, employees will have access to descriptions and necessary skills for all job positions across the Company and will be able to more proactively design their careers.
Aflac U.S. recruiting efforts include partnerships with colleges and universities, including historically black colleges and universities, and civic organizations to attract diverse talent. Aflac U.S. also offers a variety of internships, co-operative opportunities and transitional programs to allow emerging talent to develop. Educational opportunities are available for self-development and growth to help employees further enhance their technical and professional skills.
Compensation
The Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. Human Resources divisions operate as centralized internal compensation functions to provide oversight and input to the respective management teams with the objective of providing compensation that is consistent with job scope, duties and responsibilities. The compensation function evaluates new-hire job offers, promotions and compensation adjustments with the goal of consistent and equitable compensation. Defined salary
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structures are reviewed regularly and updated utilizing market data. Job levels and associated compensation are determined based on annually updated market data, job scope, duties and responsibilities. Employee performance reviews are conducted annually and are factored into employee bonuses and salaries.
Health and Wellness
Aflac Japan is certified as a Health and Productivity Management Organization by Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. This certification is awarded for best practices in employee health management, strategically focused work style and development of a socially appreciative work environment. Aflac Japan has also developed a program to promote healthy lifestyles for employees at home and the office, with benefits including women’s health programs, healthy meal options in the cafeteria, fitness programs and smoking cessation support.
Aflac U.S. Health and Wellness, a training and service program works to enhance organizational health, encourage healthy lifestyles among all U.S. employees, provide diverse wellness programs to meet a wide range of personal health needs, recognize employees for participating in healthier lifestyles activities, and support a positive corporate culture that is focused on celebrating and improving the quality of life for all U.S.employees.
Diversity & Inclusion
The Company’s corporate culture reflects its commitment to diversity and inclusion at all levels of the Company. For example:
•As of December 31, 2020, women account for 52% of Aflac Japan employees and 32% of those in leadership positions including managers and assistant managers. Women also held 22.5% of senior officer roles including vice presidents, senior vice presidents and executive vice presidents. Aflac Japan's goal is to further increase the percentage of women in line manager positions by 2025.
•As of December 31, 2020, nearly 50% of Aflac U.S. and the Parent Company employees located in the U.S. were minorities and approximately 66% were women. Women also occupied approximately 55% of leadership roles located in the U.S. including officers, directors, senior managers, managers and supervisors, and 30% of officer roles, including vice presidents, senior vice presidents, executive vice presidents and other officer positions. In 2020, 45% of new hires located in the U.S. were minorities and 56% were women.
•Established in 2009, Aflac Heartful Services Co., Ltd. (Aflac Heartful Services), a subsidiary of Aflac Japan, promotes the hiring of employees with disabilities. Aflac Heartful Services has established a barrier-free work environment and provides, among other things, specialized training, specially-trained supervisors and development opportunities to support those with disabilities. Of Aflac Heartful Services’ 146 employees as of December 31, 2020, 116 have a disability. Aflac Heartful Services supports these employees with the assistance of advisors for long-term career support.
•Both Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. have created diversity councils that include employees from various levels that meet regularly to discuss activities and initiatives. The councils are designed to create avenues in which employees can communicate and appreciate one another’s cultural differences.
•Females and minorities comprise approximately 64% of the Parent Company’s board of directors.
Employee Engagement and Culture
The Company strives to have an engaged employee culture by developing programs including career development support and programs emphasizing work life balance. Aflac Japan provides an annual survey to employees to assess their work styles, and in 2021 Aflac Japan plans to conduct a more comprehensive employee survey. Aflac U.S. provides an annual survey to employees to gather their views on company culture, and works with its leadership to monitor continuous improvements and enhance the employee experience. In response to the COVID-19 global pandemic, Aflac Japan is implementing paperless initiatives in order to promote a flexible working style not limited by time or place, and Aflac U.S. announced actions taken for its employees including a commitment to cover the costs of COVID-19 testing and extended paid leave in certain circumstances.
For more information on the effects of the COVID-19 global pandemic on the Company’s human capital management, see the Executive Summary section of Item 7. MD&A.
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Information about the Company's Executive Officers
NAME PRINCIPAL OCCUPATION(1)
AGE
Daniel P. Amos Chairman, Aflac Incorporated and Aflac, since 2001; Chief Executive Officer, Aflac Incorporated and Aflac, since 1990; President, Aflac, from 2017 until 2018; President, Aflac Incorporated, from 2018 until 2020 69
Steven K. Beaver Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Aflac U.S., since 2019; Senior Vice President, Financial Planning and Analysis, Aflac Incorporated, from 2018 until 2019; Senior Vice President, Global Strategic Projects, Corporate Financial Planning and Analysis, Aflac Incorporated, from 2017 until 2018; Vice President, Deputy Chief Accounting Officer, Tax Department, Aflac Incorporated, from 2015 until 2016 56
Max K. Brodén Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Aflac Incorporated, since 2020; Senior Vice President and Treasurer, Aflac Incorporated, from 2017 until 2020; Senior Portfolio Manager, Norges Bank, from 2007 until 2017 42
Frederick J. Crawford President and Chief Operating Officer, Aflac Incorporated, since 2020; Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Aflac Incorporated, from 2015 until 2020; Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, CNO Financial Group, from 2012 until 2015 57
J. Todd Daniels Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Aflac Japan, since 2018; Executive Vice President, Global Chief Risk Officer and Chief Actuary, Aflac Incorporated, from 2016 until 2018; Senior Vice President, Global Chief Risk Officer and Chief Actuary, Aflac, from 2015 until 2016; Senior Vice President, Deputy Corporate Actuary and Global Chief Risk Officer, Aflac, from 2014 until 2015 50
June Howard Chief Accounting Officer, Aflac Incorporated and Aflac, since 2010; Senior Vice President, Financial Services, Aflac Incorporated and Aflac, since 2010; Treasurer, Aflac, from 2011 until 2015 54
Eric M. Kirsch Executive Vice President, Global Chief Investment Officer, Aflac, since 2012; President, Aflac Asset Management LLC, since 2017 60
Masatoshi Koide President and Chief Operating Officer, Aflac Japan since 2017; Deputy President, Aflac Japan from 2016 until 2017; Executive Vice President, Aflac Japan from 2015 until 2016; First Senior Vice President, Aflac Japan, from 2013 until 2015 60
Charles D. Lake, II President, Aflac International, since 2014; Chairman, Aflac Japan, since 2008 59
Albert A. Riggieri Senior Vice President, Global Chief Risk Officer and Chief Actuary, Aflac Incorporated, since 2018; Senior Vice President, Corporate Actuary, Aflac, from 2016 until 2018; Group Chief Actuary, Unum Group, until 2016 65
Audrey B. Tillman Executive Vice President, General Counsel, Aflac Incorporated and Aflac, since 2014 56
Teresa L. White President, Aflac U.S., since 2014 54
(1) Unless specifically noted, the respective executive officer has held the occupation(s) set forth in the table for at least the last five years. Each executive officer is appointed annually by the board of directors and serves until his or her successor is chosen and qualified, or until his or her death, resignation or removal.
Item 1A. Risk Factors

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
The Company faces a wide range of risks, and its continued success depends on its ability to identify, prioritize and appropriately manage enterprise risk exposures. Readers should carefully consider each of the following risks and all of the other information set forth in this Form 10-K. These risks and other factors may affect forward-looking statements, including those in this document or made by the Company elsewhere, such as in earnings release webcasts, investor conference presentations or press releases. The risks and uncertainties described herein may not be the only ones facing the Company. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to the Company or that the Company currently believes to be immaterial may also adversely affect its business. If any of the following risks and uncertainties develops into actual events, there could be a material impact on the Company.
Investment and Markets Risk Factors
Difficult conditions in global capital markets and the economy, including those caused by the novel coronavirus COVID-19, could have a material adverse effect on the Company's investments, capital position, revenue, profitability, and liquidity and harm the Company's business.
The Company's results of operations are materially affected by conditions in the global capital markets and the global economy generally, including in its two primary operating markets of the U.S. and Japan. Shifts in global trade policies could result in tariffs and a downturn in the global economy that could negatively impact the Company. A new U.S. presidential administration took office in January 2021, which adds further uncertainty around U.S. trade policies. Weak global financial markets impact the value of the Company's existing investment portfolio, influence opportunities for new investments, and may contribute to generally weak economic fundamentals, which can have a negative impact on its results of operations and financial positions.
Global capital markets experienced extreme volatility in early 2020 due to the effects of the COVID-19 global pandemic, but have since stabilized due to central bank and government intervention. Initial volatility triggered dramatic declines in investment values, constrained liquidity, and significantly reduced interest rates. The Company's investment portfolio, including the creditworthiness and valuation of investment assets and availability of new investments, has been, and may continue to be, adversely affected as a result of market developments related to the COVID-19 pandemic and uncertainty regarding its ultimate severity and duration. While conditions have improved, the Company's investments remain vulnerable to extreme asset price volatility, lack of market liquidity, credit rating downgrades, payment defaults, asset restructurings, increased losses, and other risks as the world experiences an unprecedented shock to economic activity.
The Company has evaluated its holdings and identified those investments most exposed to the negative impacts of an economic downturn as a result of COVID-19, including but not limited to investments in businesses facing an immediate and severe impact such as travel and lodging, leisure, non-emergency medical, energy, and others involving large gatherings of people. These investments are experiencing and may continue to experience higher credit losses, credit rating downgrades and/or defaults and the Company has examined in each case whether a reduction in size of the holding is appropriate. In addition, volatility in oil prices and reduction in global energy demand could have a continued adverse impact on issuers in the energy sector. While the Company has identified assets impacted or expected to be impacted by COVID-19 and its consequences, other investments not identified to date may also be impacted. The availability of new investments in certain private market asset classes, such as middle market loans, commercial mortgages and transitional real estate, has been and may continue to be limited. Interest rates have declined in response to the pandemic, and a prolonged reduction in interest rates globally could result in new investments generating lower yields than in prior periods. The Company may need to adjust its investment strategy and/or be forced to liquidate investments to pay claims. Actions of governments and central banks in response to COVID-19 may not be adequate to fully address its impact. COVID-19 has resulted in unprecedented disruption of markets and business activity globally, and the Company is not able to predict the duration of such disruption or the ultimate impact of COVID-19 on the Company’s investments and hedging programs. See the risk factor below entitled, “The Company is exposed to significant interest rate risk, which may adversely affect its results of operations, financial condition and liquidity” for more information. See the “Investments” and “Results of Operations by Segment” sections of Item 7, MD&A, for more information.
As the Company holds a significant amount of fixed maturity securities issued by borrowers located in many different parts of the world, its financial results are directly influenced by global financial markets. Recent weakness in global capital markets could adversely affect the Company's financial condition, including its capital position and overall profitability. Market volatility and recessionary pressures could result in significant realized or unrealized losses due to severe price declines driven by increases in interest rates or credit spreads, defaults in payment of principal or interest, or credit rating downgrades.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Japan is the largest market for the Company's insurance products, and the Company owns substantial holdings in Japan Government Bonds (JGBs). Government actions to stimulate the economy affect the value of the Company's existing holdings, its reinvestment rate on new investments in JGBs or other yen-denominated assets, and consumer behavior relative to the Company's suite of insurance products. The additional government debt from fiscal stimulus actions could adversely impact the Japan sovereign credit profile, which could in turn lead to volatility in Japanese capital and currency markets.
Should investors become concerned with any of the Company's investment holdings, including the concentration in JGBs, its access to market sources of funding could be negatively impacted. It is possible that lenders or debt investors may also become concerned if the Company incurs large investment losses or if the level of the Company's business activity decreases due to a market downturn or there are further adverse economic trends in the U.S. or Japan, specifically, or generally in developed markets.
The Company needs liquidity to pay its operating expenses, dividends on its common stock, interest on its debt, and liabilities. See the "Liquidity and Capital Resources" Item 7, MD&A, for more information. In the event the Company's current resources do not meet its needs, the Company may need to seek additional financing. The Company's access to additional financing will depend on a variety of factors such as market conditions, the general availability of credit within the financial services industry and its credit rating. See the risk factor below entitled, “Any decrease in the Company's financial strength or debt ratings may have an adverse effect on its competitive position and access to liquidity and capital” for more information.
Broad economic factors such as consumer spending, business investment, government spending, the volatility and strength of the capital markets, and inflation all affect the business and economic environment and, indirectly, the amount and profitability of the Company's business. In an economic downturn characterized by higher unemployment, lower family income, lower corporate earnings, lower business investment and lower consumer spending, the demand for financial and insurance products could be adversely affected. This adverse effect could be particularly significant for companies such as Aflac that distribute supplemental, discretionary insurance products primarily through the worksite in the event that economic conditions result in a decrease in the number of new hires and total employees. Adverse changes in the economy could potentially lead the Company's customers to be less inclined to purchase supplemental insurance coverage or to decide to cancel or modify existing insurance coverage, which could adversely affect the Company's premium revenue, results of operations and financial condition. The Company is unable to predict the course of the global financial markets or the recurrence, duration or severity of disruptions in such markets.
See the risk factor entitled "Major public health issues, and specifically the novel coronavirus COVID-19 and any resulting economic effects could have an adverse impact on the Company's financial condition and results of operations and other aspects of its business" for more information.
Defaults, downgrades, widening credit spreads or other events impairing the value of the fixed maturity securities and loan receivables in the Company's investment portfolio may reduce the Company's earnings and capital position.
The Company is subject to the risk that the issuers and/or guarantors of fixed maturity securities and loan receivables the Company owns may default on principal or interest. A significant portion of the Company's portfolio represents an unsecured obligation of the issuer, including some that may be subordinated to other debt in the issuer’s capital structure. In these cases, many factors can influence the overall creditworthiness of the issuer and ultimately its ability to service and repay the Company's holdings. This can include changes in the global economy, the company's assets, strategy, or management, shifts in the dynamics of the industries in which they compete, their access to additional funding, and the overall health of the credit markets. Factors unique to the Company's securities including contractual protections such as financial covenants or relative position in the issuer's capital structure also influence the value of the Company's holdings.
Most of the Company's investments carry a rating by one or more of the nationally recognized statistical rating organizations (NRSROs or rating agencies). Any change in the rating agencies' approach to evaluating credit and assigning an opinion could negatively impact the fair value of the Company's portfolio. Any expected or sustained credit deterioration of the Company's investments will negatively impact the Company's net income and capital position through credit impairment and other credit related losses. Credit related losses that are not temporary in nature would also affect the Company's solvency ratios in the U.S. and Japan. Aflac Japan has certain regulatory accounting requirements for realizing impairments that could be triggered by credit-related losses, which may be different from U.S. GAAP and statutory requirements. These impairment losses could negatively impact Aflac Japan's earnings, and the corresponding dividends and capital deployment.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
The Company is also subject to the risk that any collateral providing credit enhancement to the Company's investments could deteriorate.
The Company is also exposed to the general movement in credit market spreads. A widening of credit spreads could reduce the value of the Company's existing portfolio, create unrealized losses on its investment portfolio, and reduce the Company's adjusted capital position which is used in determining SMR in Japan. A tightening of credit spreads could reduce the net investment income available to the Company on new credit investments. Increased market volatility also makes it difficult to value certain of the Company's investment holdings. For more information, see the "Critical Accounting Estimates" section of Item 7, MD&A, and the "Credit Risk" subsection of Item 7A, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.
The Company is exposed to significant interest rate risk, which may adversely affect its results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.
The Company has substantial investment portfolios that support its policy liabilities. Interest rate risk is an inherent portfolio, business and capital risk for the Company, and significant changes in interest rates could have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated results of operations, financial condition or cash flows through realized losses, impairments, changes in unrealized positions, and liquidity. Changes in interest rates could also result in the Company having to recognize gains or losses because the Company disposes of some or all of its investments prior to their maturity.
The Company's exposure to interest rate risk relates primarily to the ability to invest future cash flows to support the interest rate assumption made at the time the Company's products were priced and the related reserving assumptions were established. Low levels of interest rates on investments experienced in Japan and the U.S. over the last decade have also reduced the level of investment income earned by the Company, and the Company's overall level of investment income will continue to be negatively impacted in a persistent low-interest-rate environment. While the Company generally seeks to maintain a diversified portfolio of fixed-income investments that reflects the cash flow and duration characteristics of the liabilities it supports, the Company may not be able to fully mitigate the interest rate risk of its assets relative to its liabilities. Prolonged periods of low interest rates also heighten the risk associated with future increases in interest rates because an increasing proportion of the Company's investment portfolio include investments that bear lower rates of return than the embedded book yield of the investment portfolio. A rise in interest rates could decrease the fair value of the Company's debt securities.
A sustained decline in interest rates could hinder the Company's ability to earn the returns assumed in the pricing and the reserving for its insurance products at the time they were sold and issued and may also influence the Company's ability to develop and price attractive new products and could impact its overall sales levels. The Company's first sector products are more interest rate sensitive than third sector products. As discussed in Item 1, Business, beginning in 2013, Aflac Japan began to curtail sales of first sector savings-type products due to persistent low interest rates in Japan. The continuing negative interest rate imposed by the Bank of Japan (BoJ) on excess bank reserves could continue to have a negative impact on the distribution and pricing of these products.
Conversely, a rise in interest rates could improve the Company's ability to earn higher rates of return on future investments, as well as floating rate investments held in its investment portfolio. However, an increase in the differential of short-term U.S. and Japan interest rates would also increase the cost of hedging a portion of the U.S. dollar-denominated assets in the Aflac Japan segment into yen, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, results of operations or financial condition. Further, some of the insurance products that Aflac sells in the U.S. and Japan provide cash surrender values, and a rise in interest rates could trigger significant policy surrenders, which might require the Company to sell investment assets and recognize unrealized losses. Rising interest rates also negatively impact SMR because unrealized losses on the available-for-sale investment portfolio factor into the ratio. For regulatory accounting purposes for Aflac Japan, there are also certain requirements for realizing impairments that could be triggered by rising interest rates, negatively impacting Aflac Japan's earnings and corresponding dividends and capital deployment.
The Company’s floating rate investments typically bear interest based on the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR). Regulatory and industry initiatives to eliminate LIBOR as an interest rate benchmark may create uncertainty in the valuation of LIBOR-based loans, derivatives, and other financial contracts. The Company is unable to predict with certainty how LIBOR elimination may impact markets, pricing, liquidity and other factors or the Company's activities.
See the "Interest Rate Risk" subsection of Item 7A, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk for more information.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
The Company's concentration of business in Japan poses risks to its operations and financial condition.
The Company's operations in Japan, including net investment gains and losses on Aflac Japan's investment portfolio, accounted for 68% of the Company's total revenues in 2020, 69% in 2019 and 70% 2018. The Japanese operations accounted for 83% of the Company's total assets at both December 31, 2020 and 2019.
Any potential deterioration in Japan's credit quality or access to markets, the overall economy of Japan, or an increase in Japanese market volatility could adversely impact Aflac Japan's operations and its financial condition and thereby Aflac's overall financial performance. Further, because of the concentration of the Company's business in Japan and its need for long-dated yen-denominated assets, the Company has a substantial concentration of JGBs in its investment portfolio. The NRSROs, credit rating agencies registered with the SEC, have increased scrutiny of JGBs, resulting in downgrades. See the risk factor entitled “Any decrease in the Company's financial strength or debt ratings may have an adverse effect on its competitive position and access to liquidity and capital” for more information.
The Company seeks to match investment currency and interest rate risk to its yen liabilities. The low interest rates on yen-denominated securities has a negative effect on overall net investment income. A large portion of the cash available for reinvestment each year is deployed in yen-denominated instruments and subject to the low level of yen interest rates.
Lack of availability of acceptable yen-denominated investments could adversely affect the Company's results of operations, financial position or liquidity.
The Company aims to match both the duration and currency of its assets with its liabilities. This is very difficult for Aflac Japan due to the lack of available long-dated yen-denominated fixed income instruments beyond JGBs.
Aflac Japan’s investment strategy includes U.S. dollar-denominated investments for which a portion of dollar currency risk is mitigated by entering into currency hedges. This program includes public investment-grade bonds as well as U.S. dollar-denominated investment-grade commercial mortgage loans, middle market loans, infrastructure debt, collateralized loan obligations and other loan types, high yield bond and public and private equities. The Company plans to continue adding other instruments denominated in U.S. dollars, including floating rate investments, to improve the portfolio diversification and/or return profile. Some of the U.S. dollar-denominated asset classes that the Company has added, and anticipates continuing to add, have less liquidity than investment-grade corporate bonds. Further, in recent years the Company has reduced the proportion of U.S. dollar-denominated investments that are subject to a currency hedge, and this proportion continues to be subject to change at the Company’s discretion. These strategies will continue to increase the Company's exposure to U.S. interest rates, credit spreads and other risks. The Company has increased U.S. dollar risk exposure in Japan as the comprehensive hedging program may not always correlate to the underlying U.S. dollar-denominated assets, thereby increasing earnings volatility. These risks can significantly impact the Company's consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.
Investing in U.S. dollar-denominated investments in Aflac Japan also creates an unmatched foreign currency exposure and related SMR volatility, as Aflac Japan’s insurance liabilities are yen-denominated. Although the Company engages in certain foreign exchange hedging activities to partially mitigate this risk, and such hedged assets may be used to satisfy yen-denominated insurance liabilities and other business obligations, important risks remain.
Foreign exchange derivatives used for hedging are periodically settled, which results in cash receipt or payment at maturity or early termination. Cumulative net cash settlements on derivatives hedging currency exposure of Aflac Japan's U.S. dollar-denominated investments are associated with existing U.S. dollar-denominated investments that continue to be hedged, previously hedged investments that continue to be held but are no longer hedged, and investments previously hedged that have since been sold, matured or redeemed and may or may not have not been converted to yen. The Company’s foreign exchange derivatives are typically shorter-dated than the underlying U.S. dollar-denominated investments being hedged, which creates roll-over risks within the hedging program that could increase the cost of such derivatives. If the Company reduces the notional amount of foreign exchange derivatives prior to the maturity of the hedged U.S. dollar-denominated investments, the foreign exchange gains or losses on the U.S. dollar-denominated investments remain economically unrealized. These foreign currency gains or losses on the investments are only economically realized, or monetized, through sale, maturity or redemption of the investments and concurrent conversion to yen. However, the Company may not realize the benefit of offsetting adverse cash settlements on hedging derivatives with cash receipts on the U.S. dollar-denominated investments if the currency exchange rates move in an adverse direction before the investments are converted to yen, or if the investments are never converted to yen. As an example of the latter, if the Company’s actual insurance risk experience in Japan is as expected or more favorable than expected, the need for yen to pay expenses and claims would correspondingly remain at or below expected levels, thereby diminishing operational requirements to convert U.S. dollar-denominated investments to yen. The settlement of the foreign exchange
Item 1A. Risk Factors
derivatives is reported in the investing activities section of the Company’s consolidated statements of cash flows in the line item “Settlement of derivatives, net.”
See the risk factor entitled “The Company is exposed to foreign currency fluctuations in the yen/dollar exchange rate”, the "Hedging Activities" subsection of Item 7, MD&A, and the "Currency Risk" subsection of Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk for more information.
The Company is exposed to foreign currency fluctuations in the yen/dollar exchange rate.
Due to the size of Aflac Japan, where functional currency is the Japanese yen, fluctuations in the exchange rate between the yen and the U.S. dollar can have a significant effect on the Company's reported financial position and results of operations. Aflac Japan's premiums and approximately half of its investment income are received in yen, and its claims and most expenses are paid in yen. Aflac Japan purchases yen-denominated assets and U.S. dollar-denominated assets, which may be hedged to yen, to support yen-denominated policy liabilities. Certain unhedged U.S. dollar denominated assets and liabilities held by Aflac Japan are re-measured to yen with the volatility reported in earnings. Furthermore, the yen-denominated balance sheet of Aflac Japan is translated into U.S. dollars for financial reporting purposes with foreign exchange impact reflected in equity. Accordingly, fluctuations in the yen/dollar exchange rate can have a significant effect on the Company's reported financial position and results of operations. Yen weakening has the effect of suppressing current year results in relation to the prior year, while yen strengthening has the effect of magnifying current year results in relation to the prior year. In addition, the weakening of the yen relative to the U.S. dollar will generally adversely affect the value of the Company's yen-denominated investments in U.S. dollar terms. Further, unhedged U.S. dollar-denominated securities held by Aflac Japan are exposed to foreign exchange fluctuations, which impact SMR. As a result, periods of unusually volatile currency exchange rates could result in limitations on dividends available to the Parent Company.
The Company engages in certain foreign currency hedging activities to hedge the exposure to yen from its net investment in Japanese operations. These hedging activities are limited in scope, and the Company cannot provide assurance that these activities will be effective.
As indicated in the MD&A, the Company has determined that the unhedged U.S. dollar-denominated investment portfolio acts as a natural economic currency hedge of a portion of the Company’s investment in Aflac Japan against erosion of economic value. At the same time, the unhedged U.S. dollar-denominated investment portfolio creates an unmatched foreign currency exposure and subjects Aflac Japan to volatility in regulatory capital, including SMR, and earnings, which may adversely impact Aflac Japan’s ability to pay dividends to the Parent Company. The Company has historically maintained and currently maintains the size of the unhedged portfolio at levels below the economic equity surplus in Aflac Japan, but there can be no assurance that this strategy will be successful.
For regulatory accounting purposes, there are certain requirements for realizing impairments that could be triggered by changes in the rate of exchange between the yen and U.S. dollar and could negatively impact Aflac Japan's earnings and the corresponding dividends and capital deployment.
Additionally, the Company is exposed to currency risk when yen cash flows are converted into U.S. dollars, resulting in changes in the Company's U.S. dollar-denominated cash flows and earnings when exchange gains or losses, respectively, are realized. This primarily occurs when Aflac Japan pays dividends in yen to the Parent Company, but it also has an impact when cash in the form of yen is converted to U.S. dollars for investment into U.S. dollar-denominated assets. The exchange rates prevailing at the time of dividend payment may differ from the exchange rates prevailing at the time the yen profits were earned. The Parent Company utilizes forward contracts to accomplish a dual objective of hedging foreign currency exchange rate risk related to dividend payments by Aflac Japan, and reducing enterprise-wide hedge costs. However, if the markets experience a significant strengthening of yen, this could cause cash strain at the Parent Company as a result of cash collateral and potentially cash settlement requirements. Based on the timing and severity of exchange rate fluctuations combined with the level of outstanding activity in this program, the cash strain at the Parent Company could be significant.
For more information regarding unhedged U.S. dollar-denominated securities, see the risk factor above entitled, “Lack of availability of acceptable yen-denominated investments could adversely affect the Company’s results of operations, financial position or liquidity”. See the "Currency Risk" subsection of Item 7A, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk for more information .
The valuation of the Company's investments and derivatives includes methodologies, estimations and assumptions that are subject to differing interpretations and could result in changes to investment valuations that may adversely affect the Company's results of operations or financial condition.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
The Company reports a significant amount of its fixed maturity securities and other financial instruments at fair value. As such, valuations may include inputs and assumptions that are less observable or require greater estimation and valuation methods that are more sophisticated, thereby resulting in values that may be greater or less than the value at which the investments may be ultimately sold. Rapidly changing and unprecedented credit and equity market conditions could materially impact the valuation of securities as reported within the Company's consolidated financial statements and the period-to-period changes in value could vary significantly.
Valuations of the Company's derivatives fluctuate with changes in underlying market variables, such as interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. During periods of market turbulence created by political instability, economic uncertainty, government interventions or other factors, the Company may experience significant changes in the volatility of its derivative valuations. Extreme market conditions can also affect the liquidity of such instruments creating marked differences in transaction levels and counterparty valuations. Depending on the severity and direction of the movements in its derivative valuations, the Company will face increases in the amount of collateral required to be posted with its counterparties. Liquidity stresses to the Company may also occur if the required collateral amounts increase significantly over a very short period of time. Conversely, the Company may be exposed to an increase in counterparty credit risk for short periods of time while calling collateral from its counterparties.
Where valuation and interest rates are based on LIBOR, elimination of LIBOR as an interest rate benchmark may create uncertainty in valuation of loans, derivatives and other assets in the pricing of such assets in markets for their sale and disposition.
See the "Critical Accounting Estimates" section of Item 7, MD&A, and Notes 1, 3, 4, and 5 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.
The determination of the amount of expected credit losses recorded on the Company's investments is based on significant valuation judgments and could materially impact its results of operations or financial position.
The Company estimates an expected lifetime credit loss on investments measured at amortized cost including held-to-maturity fixed maturity securities, loan receivables and loan commitments. For the Company’s available-for-sale fixed maturity securities, the Company evaluates estimated credit losses only when the fair value of the available-for-sale fixed maturity security is below its amortized cost basis.
The Company’s approach to estimating credit losses is complex and incorporates significant judgments. In addition to a security, or an asset class, or issuer-specific credit fundamentals, it considers relevant historical information (e.g. loss statistics), current market conditions and reasonable and supportable micro and macroeconomic forecasts.
The Company's management updates its expected credit loss assumptions regularly as conditions change and as new information becomes available and reflects expected credit losses in the Company's earnings when considered necessary. Furthermore, additional credit losses may need to be taken in the future. Historical trends may not be indicative of future expectations of credit losses.
See Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this report for more information.
The Company cannot provide assurance that these evaluations will be accurate and effective. If the Company’s estimates of credit losses are not accurate and actual credit losses are higher than the Company’s estimates, the Company’s net income and capital position will be negatively impacted.
These higher losses would also negatively affect the Company's solvency ratios in the U.S. and Japan. For regulatory accounting purposes for Aflac Japan, there are certain requirements for realizing impairments that could be triggered by rising interest rates, credit-related losses, or changes in foreign exchange, negatively impacting Aflac Japan's earnings and corresponding dividend and capital deployment.
Any decrease in the Company's financial strength or debt ratings may have an adverse effect on its competitive position and access to liquidity and capital.
NRSROs may change their ratings or outlook on an insurer's ratings due to a variety of factors including but not limited to competitive position; profitability; cash generation and other sources of liquidity; capital levels; quality of the investment portfolio; and perception of management capabilities.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
The ratings assigned to the Company by the NRSROs are important factors in the Company's ability to access liquidity and capital from the bank market, debt capital markets or other available sources, such as reinsurance transactions. Downgrades of the Company's credit ratings could give its derivative counterparties the right to require early termination of derivatives transactions or delivery of additional collateral, thereby adversely affecting the Company's liquidity.
Downgrades of the Company's ratings could also have a material adverse effect on agent recruiting and retention, sales, competitiveness and the marketability of its products, all of which could negatively impact the Company's liquidity, operating results and financial condition. Additionally, sales through the bank channel in Japan could be adversely affected as a result of their reliance on and sensitivity to ratings levels.
The Company cannot predict what actions rating agencies may take, or what actions the Company may take in response to the actions of rating agencies. As with other companies in the financial services industry, the Company's ratings could be downgraded at any time and without any notice by any NRSRO.
A decline in the creditworthiness of other financial institutions could adversely affect the Company.
The Company has exposure to and routinely executes transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, including broker dealers, derivative counterparties, commercial banks and other institutions.
The Company uses derivative instruments to mitigate various risks associated with its investment portfolio, notes payable, and subsidiary dividends. The Company's use of derivatives results in financial exposure to derivative counterparties. If the Company's counterparties fail or refuse to honor their obligations under derivative instruments, the Company's hedges of the risks will be ineffective, and the Company's financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
The Company engages in derivative transactions directly with unaffiliated third parties under International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (ISDA) agreements and other documentation. Most of the ISDA agreements also include Credit Support Annexes (CSAs) provisions, which generally provide for two-way collateral postings at the first dollar of exposure. In addition, a significant portion of the derivative transactions have provisions that give the counterparty the right to terminate the transaction upon a downgrade of Aflac’s financial strength rating. The actual amount of payments that the Company could be required to make depends on market conditions, the fair value of outstanding affected transactions, and other factors prevailing at and after the time of the downgrade. If the Company is required to post collateral to support derivative contracts and/or pay cash to settle the contracts at maturity, the Company's liquidity could be strained. In addition, the Company's cleared swaps result in counterparty exposure to clearing brokers and central clearinghouses; while this exposure is mitigated in part by clearinghouse and clearing broker capital and regulation, no assurance can be provided that these counterparties will fulfill their obligations. The Company also has exposure to counterparties to securities lending transactions in the event they fail to return loaned securities. The Company is also exposed to the risk that there may be a decline in value of securities posted as collateral for securities lending programs or a decline in value of investments made with cash posted as collateral for such programs.
Further, the Company has agreements with various Japanese financial institutions for the distribution of its insurance products. For example, at December 31, 2020, the Company had agreements with 361 banks to market Aflac's products in Japan. Sales through these banks represented 5.1% of Aflac Japan's new annualized premium sales in 2020. Any material adverse effect on these or other financial institutions could also have an adverse effect on the Company's sales.
The Company has entered into significant reinsurance transactions with large, highly rated counterparties. Negative events or developments affecting any one of these counterparties could have an adverse effect on the Company's financial position or results of operations.
All of these risks related to exposure to other financial institutions could adversely impact the Company's consolidated results of operations and financial condition.
The concentration of the Company's investment portfolios in any particular single-issuer or sector of the economy may have an adverse effect on the Company's financial position or results of operations.
Negative events or developments affecting any particular single issuer, industry, group of related industries, asset class or geographic sector may have an adverse impact on a particular holding or set of holdings, which may increase risk of loss from defaults due to non-payment of interest or principal. To the extent the Company has concentrated positions, it could have an adverse effect on the Company's results of operations and financial position.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
See the "Investments" section of Item 7, MD&A, and the "Credit Risk" section of Item 7A, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk, for more information.
Operational-Related Risk Factors
Major public health issues, and specifically the novel coronavirus COVID-19 and any resulting economic effects could have an adverse impact on the Company's financial condition and results of operations and other aspects of its business.
The Company continues to closely monitor developments related to the COVID-19 pandemic to assess its impact on the Company's business. Due to the evolving and highly uncertain nature of this event, including fluctuations in infection and death rates in the United States, Japan and other regions of the world, and global efforts to develop and distribute a vaccine, the COVID-19 pandemic could impact the Company's business, financial condition, results of operations, capital position, liquidity or prospects in a number of ways. The pandemic may cause changes to estimates of future earnings, capital deployment and other guidance the Company has provided to the markets in the "2021 Outlook" section of Item 7, MD&A.
There can be no assurance that governmental interventions in the U.S. and Japan will be effective to mitigate adverse impacts on financial markets and the Company’s investment portfolio, and the effects of the pandemic and the response of governmental entities, public health authorities and private entities on the U.S., Japan and global economies cannot be predicted. The pace and magnitude of changes to levels of unemployment, the significant government responses to date, and the continuing effort to contain the impact of COVID-19 in the U.S., among other factors, introduces significant uncertainty about the severity and duration of the pandemic’s effects on the U.S. economy. The Company also cannot predict how legal and regulatory responses to concerns about COVID-19 and related public health issues will affect its business. The extent to which the pandemic will impact the Company's business, results of operations, financial condition, capital position, liquidity or prospects, as well as those of its customers, agents, brokers and other distribution partners, vendors and counterparties, will depend on future developments that are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including new information that may emerge concerning the severity of COVID-19 and the actions taken to contain or treat its impact.
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company may face increased costs associated with claims under its policies, customers experiencing difficulty paying premiums or policies being designated as “no lapse” for periods of time. In particular, Aflac U.S. may experience higher lapses because a higher concentration of its policies in force are associated with small business and the correlation of lapse rates to unemployment. These small businesses may be disproportionately negatively impacted by the economic uncertainty surrounding COVID-19. The cost of reinsurance to the Company for these policies could increase, and the Company may encounter decreased availability of such reinsurance.
Policies issued by Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. are primarily sold and enrolled in person through face-to-face interaction. Likewise, recruiting of new agents and brokers largely occurs through in-person contact. The ability of individual agents and agencies, strategic alliance partners, brokers and other distribution partners to make sales in Japan and the U.S. and the ability to conduct agent and broker recruiting has been significantly reduced by efforts to mitigate the effects of the pandemic, including social distancing guidelines issued by public health authorities and/or other authorities, government shelter in place orders or requirements, and requests or orders by employers that their employees work remotely. Further, in both Japan and the U.S., a significant amount of sales have historically been made to individuals and businesses who may, in light of the economic and social effects of the pandemic and for an indeterminate amount of time, lack the certainty or financial resources to purchase the Company’s products or maintain premium payments on policies already purchased. Further, independent of whether government and public health authorities impose or withdraw shelter in place orders or requirements and social distancing guidelines issued to date, businesses and individuals may voluntarily continue to exercise social distancing techniques, which may hinder sales of the Company’s products in Japan and the U.S. The Company cannot predict with certainty the impact of these events on its distribution channels and financial results, but the impact to date has been more acute for Aflac U.S. due to the higher number of confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths in the U.S. to date compared with Japan, both in absolute terms and in proportion to national populations, as well as the historically lower rate of persistency in the Aflac U.S. business. The Company also considers that most Aflac U.S. business customers, and most of the independent agents in its agency channel, are small businesses who may lack the financial resources to weather an economic downturn, which may impact sales beyond 2020. For example, as of December 31, 2020, over 400,000 of the Aflac U.S. business accounts are small businesses with under 100 employees. See the risk factors entitled “Sales of the Company's products and services are dependent on its ability to attract, retain and support a network of qualified sales associates, brokers and employees in the U.S. and sales associates and other distribution partners in Japan” and “Difficult conditions in global capital markets and the economy, including those caused
Item 1A. Risk Factors
by the novel coronavirus COVID-19, could have a material adverse effect on the Company's investments, capital position, revenue, profitability, and liquidity and harm the Company's business” for more information.
Further, the Company's operations, as well as those of its vendors, service providers and counterparties, may also be adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic or the mitigation efforts outlined above. The business and operational impacts of extended periods of working from home cannot be predicted with certainty and may have an adverse impact on the Company’s ability to conduct its business. In the U.S. and Japan, the Company has approximately 95% and 50%, respectively, of its employees working remotely. The Company expects to ultimately implement return to work plans for Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. that will be based upon multiple factors including government mandates, guidelines issued by public health authorities, the location and job responsibilities of specific Company personnel, and the availability and efficacy of one or more therapies or vaccines for use by the Company’s workforce. Such plans may be implemented in stages over an extended period of time, but the Company may nevertheless experience operational disruptions when employees return to work.
The assumptions and estimates that the Company uses in establishing premiums and reserves depend on the Company's judgment regarding the likelihood of future events and are inherently uncertain, including without limitation in regard to the effects of COVID-19. See the risk factor entitled “If future policy benefits, claims or expenses exceed those anticipated in establishing premiums and reserves, the Company's financial results would be adversely affected” and the "Executive Summary" section of Item 7, MD&A, for more information.
For more information on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on markets and investments, see the risk factor entitled, “Difficult conditions in global capital markets and the economy, including those caused by the novel coronavirus COVID-19, could have a material adverse effect on the Company's investments, capital position, revenue, profitability, and liquidity and harm the Company's business.”
Sales of the Company's products and services are dependent on its ability to attract, retain and support a network of qualified sales associates, brokers and employees in the U.S. and sales associates and other distribution partners in Japan.
The Company's sales, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected if its sales networks deteriorate or if the Company does not adequately provide support, training and education for its existing network of sales associates, brokers, other distribution partners and employees. In the U.S., competition exists for sales associates and brokers with demonstrated ability. In Japan, the Company's sales results are dependent upon its relationship with sales associates and other distribution partners, including its strategic partner, Japan Post.
The Company competes with other insurers and financial institutions primarily on the basis of its products, compensation, support services and financial rating. The Company's sales associates, brokers and other distribution partners are independent contractors and may sell products of its competitors. If the Company's competitors offer products that are more attractive, or pay higher commissions than the Company does, any or all of these distribution partners may concentrate their efforts on selling the Company's competitors' products instead of the Company's. In addition to the Company's commissioned sales force in the U.S., Aflac has expanded its sales leadership team to include a salaried sales force of over 200 market directors and broker sales professionals. The Company's inability to attract and retain qualified sales associates, brokers and other distribution partners, including its alliance partners in Japan, could have a material adverse effect on the Company's sales, results of operations and financial condition.
Additionally, as the Japan and U.S. employment markets continue to evolve, there is risk that the Company's practices regarding attracting, developing, and retaining employees may not be fully effective. Failure to successfully meet and maintain sufficient levels of employees may diminish the Company's ability to achieve its financial and compliance objectives, both of which are time consuming and personnel-intensive.
For more information on the strategic partnership with Japan Post, see the risk factor entitled "Events related to the ongoing Japan Post investigation and other matters regarding sales of Japan Post Insurance products could negatively impact the Company’s sales and results of operations." For more information on the effects of COVID, see the risk factor entitled, “Major public health issues, and specifically the novel coronavirus COVID-19 and any resulting economic effects could have an adverse impact on the Company's financial condition and results of operations and other aspects of its business.”
Item 1A. Risk Factors
If future policy benefits, claims or expenses exceed those anticipated in establishing premiums and reserves, the Company's financial results would be adversely affected.
The assumptions and estimates that the Company uses in establishing premiums and reserves depend on the Company's judgment regarding the likelihood of future events and are inherently uncertain. Many factors can cause actual outcomes to deviate from these assumptions and estimates, such as changes in incidence rates, economic conditions, changes in government healthcare policy, advances in medical technology, changes in treatment patterns, and changes in average lifespan. Accordingly, the Company cannot determine with precision the ultimate amounts that it will pay for, or the timing of payment of, actual benefits and claims or whether the assets supporting the policy liabilities will grow to the level the Company assumes prior to payment of benefits or claims. If the Company's actual experience is different from its assumptions or estimates, the Company's premiums and reserves may prove inadequate. As a result, the Company would incur a charge to earnings in the period in which it determines such a shortfall exists, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition.
The success of the Company's business depends in part on effective information technology systems and on continuing to develop and implement improvements in technology.
The Company's business depends in large part on its technology systems for interacting with employers, policyholders, sales associates, and brokers, and the Company's business strategy involves providing customers with easy-to-use products to meet their needs and ensuring employees have the technology in place to support those needs. Some of the Company's information technology systems and software are older, legacy-type systems that are less efficient and require an ongoing commitment of significant resources to maintain or upgrade to current standards including adequate business continuity procedures. The Company is in a continual state of upgrading and enhancing its business systems and has increased the pace of such enhancements in recent years, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, given the growing importance of virtual sales to both Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. These changes tend to be accompanied by large expenditures and challenge the Company's complex integrated environment. If the Company does not maintain the effectiveness of its systems and continue to develop and enhance information systems that support its business processes in a cost-efficient manner, the Company's sales, business retention, operations and reputation could be adversely affected and it could be exposed to litigation, regulatory proceedings and fines or penalties.
Interruption in telecommunication, information technology and other operational systems, or a failure to maintain the security, confidentiality, integrity or privacy of sensitive data residing on such systems, could harm the Company's business.
The Company stores confidential policyholder, employee, agent, and other proprietary information on its information technology systems. The Company also depends heavily on its telecommunication, information technology and other operational systems and on the integrity and timeliness of data it uses to run its businesses and service its customers. The Company’s information technology and other systems, as well as those of third party providers and participants in the Company’s distribution channels, have been and will likely continue to be subject to physical or electronic break-ins, unauthorized tampering, security breaches, social engineering, phishing, web application attacks, computer viruses or other malicious codes, or other cyber-attacks, that may result in the failure to adequately maintain the security, confidentiality, integrity, or privacy of sensitive data, including personal information relating to customers and prospective customers, or in the misappropriation of the Company's intellectual property or proprietary information. Although the Company attempts to manage its exposure to such events through the purchase of cyber liability insurance, such events are inherently unpredictable and insurance may not be sufficient to protect the Company against all losses. As a result, events such as these could adversely affect the Company's financial condition or results of operation. Although the minor data leakage issues the Company has experienced to date have not had a material effect on its business, there is no assurance that the Company's security systems or processes will prevent or mitigate future break-ins, tampering, security breaches or other cyber-attacks.
Interruption in telecommunication, information technology and other operational systems, or a failure to maintain the security, confidentiality or privacy of sensitive data residing on such systems, whether due to actions by the Company or others, including third party providers and participants in the company’s distribution channels, could delay or disrupt the Company's ability to do business and service its customers, seriously harm the Company's brand, reputation, and ability to compete effectively, subject it to regulatory sanctions and other claims, lead to a loss of customers and revenues and otherwise adversely affect the Company's business. In addition, the costs to address or remediate system interruptions or security threats and vulnerabilities, whether before or after an incident, could be significant.
As a holding company, the Parent Company depends on the ability of its subsidiaries to transfer funds to it to meet its debt service and other obligations and to pay dividends on its common stock.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
The Parent Company is a holding company and has no direct operations, and its most significant assets are the stock of its subsidiaries. Because the Parent Company conducts its operations through its operating subsidiaries, the Parent Company depends on those entities for dividends and other payments to generate the funds necessary to meet its debt service and other obligations, to pay dividends on and conduct repurchases of its common stock, and to make investments into its subsidiaries or external opportunities.
Aflac is domiciled in Nebraska and is subject to insurance regulations that impose certain limitations and restrictions on payments of dividends, management fees, loans and advances by Aflac to the Parent Company. The Nebraska insurance statutes require prior approval for dividend distributions that exceed the greater of the net income from operations, which excludes net realized investment gains, for the previous year determined under statutory accounting principles, or 10% of statutory capital and surplus as of the previous year-end. The Nebraska insurance department also must approve service arrangements and other transactions within the affiliated group of companies. After the Japan branch conversion, the Nebraska insurance department and the FSA approved their respective domiciled insurance company service arrangements and transactions. The FSA does not allow dividends or other payments from Aflac Japan unless it meets certain financial criteria as governed by Japanese corporate law. Under these criteria, dividend capacity at the Japan subsidiary will be defined as retained earnings plus other capital reserve less net after-tax net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities.
The ability of Aflac and Aflac Japan to pay dividends or make other payments to the Parent Company could also be constrained by the Company's dependency on financial strength ratings from independent rating agencies. The Company's ratings from these agencies depend to a large extent on Aflac's capitalization level. Any inability of Aflac to pay dividends or make other payments to the Parent Company could have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition and results of operations.
For the foregoing reasons, there is no assurance that the earnings from, or other available assets of, the Parent Company's operating subsidiaries will be sufficient to make distributions to enable the Company to operate.
The Company's risk management policies and procedures may prove to be ineffective and leave the Company exposed to unidentified or unanticipated risk, which could adversely affect the Company's businesses or result in losses.
The Company has developed an enterprise-wide risk management and governance framework to mitigate risk and loss to the Company. The Company maintains policies, procedures and controls intended to identify, measure, monitor, report and analyze the risks to which the Company is exposed.
However, there are inherent limitations to risk management strategies because risk may exist, or emerge in the future, that the Company has not appropriately anticipated or identified. If the Company's risk management framework proves ineffective, the Company may suffer unexpected losses and could be materially adversely affected. As the Company's businesses change and the markets in which it operates evolve, the Company's risk management framework may not evolve at the same pace as those changes, and risks may not be appropriately identified, monitored or managed. In times of market stress, unanticipated market movements or unanticipated claims experience resulting from greater than expected morbidity, mortality, longevity, or persistency, the effectiveness of the Company's risk management strategies may be limited, resulting in losses to the Company. Under difficult or less liquid market conditions, the Company's risk management strategies may be ineffective or more difficult or expensive to execute because other market participants may be using the same or similar strategies to manage risk.
Many of the Company's risk management strategies or techniques are based upon historical customer and market behavior and all such strategies and techniques are based to some degree on management’s subjective judgment. The Company cannot provide assurance that its risk management framework, including the underlying assumptions or strategies, will be accurate and effective.
Management of operational, legal and regulatory risks requires, among other things, policies, procedures and controls to record properly and verify a large number of transactions and events, and these policies, procedures and controls may not be fully effective. The Company's businesses and corporate areas primarily use models to project future cash flows associated with pricing products, calculating reserves and valuing assets, and evaluating risk and determining capital requirements, among other uses. These models are utilized under a risk management policy approved by the Company's executive risk management committees, however, the models may not operate properly and rely on assumptions and projections that are inherently uncertain. As the Company's businesses continue to grow and evolve, the number and complexity of models the Company utilizes expands, increasing the Company's exposure to error in the design, implementation or use of models, including the associated input data and assumptions.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Past or future misconduct by the Company's employees or employees of third parties (suppliers which are cost-based relationships and alliance partners which are revenue-generating relationships) could result in violations of law by the Company, regulatory sanctions and/or serious reputational or financial harm, and the precautions the Company takes to prevent and detect this activity may not be effective in all cases. Despite the Company's published Supplier Code of Conduct, due diligence of the Company's alliance partners, and rigorous contracting procedures (including financial, legal, IT security, and risk reviews), there can be no assurance that controls and procedures that the Company employs will be effective. Additionally, the use of third parties also poses operational risks that could result in financial loss, operational disruption, brand damage, or compliance issues. Inadequate oversight of Aflac’s third party suppliers due to the lack of policies, procedures, training and governance may lead to financial loss or damage to the Aflac brand.
Regulatory Risk Factors
Events related to the ongoing Japan Post investigation and other matters regarding sales of Japan Post Insurance products could negatively impact the Company’s sales and results of operations
As previously disclosed, in July 2019 Japan Post Insurance Co., LTD (JPI) and Japan Post Co., LTD (JPC), each an affiliate of Japan Post Holdings (together with JPI and JPC, the Japan Post Group) announced that they had established a Special Investigative Committee to determine whether JPC and JPI sales practices with respect to JPI products had caused disadvantages to customers holding such policies that were not otherwise the result of honoring such customers’ intentions.
While the sale of Aflac Japan cancer insurance products was not within the scope of the JPI investigation or the business suspension orders, beginning in August 2019 the Company has experienced a material decrease of sales in the Japan Post Group channel. This decline continued into 2020 and the Company believes it was exacerbated by the effects of COVID-19. The Company further believes that sales of Aflac Japan cancer insurance through JPC and JPI are unlikely to return to 2018 levels in the near term. After the issuance of a three month business suspension order by the FSA in December 2019, JPI announced on September 11, 2020 that it would resume operations aimed at regaining customers' trust on October 5, 2020, but the timeline for resumption of normal sales remains unclear. It is uncertain what long-term effect these developments will have on the Company’s results of operations or financial condition, but any such effects could be material. See the "Aflac Japan Segment" section of Item 7. MD&A for more information.
Tax rates applicable to the Company may change.
The Company is subject to taxation in Japan, and in the U.S. under federal and numerous state and local tax jurisdictions. In preparing the Company's financial statements, the Company estimates the amount of tax that will become payable, but the Company's effective tax rate may be different than estimates due to numerous factors including accounting for income taxes, the mix of earnings from Japan and the U.S., the results of tax audits, adjustments to the value of uncertain tax positions, changes to estimates and other factors. Further, changes in U.S. or Japan tax laws or interpretations of such laws could increase the Company's corporate taxes and reduce earnings.
In addition, it remains difficult to predict the timing and effect that future tax law changes could have on the Company's earnings both in the U.S. and in foreign jurisdictions, including in connection with a new presidential administration in the United States in 2021. Any of these factors could cause the Company to experience an effective tax rate significantly different from previous periods or the Company's current estimates. If the Company's effective tax rate were to increase, the Company's financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
If the Company fails to comply with restrictions on customer privacy and information security, including taking steps to ensure that its third-party service providers and business associates who access, store, process or transmit sensitive customer information maintain its security, integrity, confidentiality and availability, the Company's reputation and business operations could be materially adversely affected.
The collection, maintenance, use, protection, disclosure and disposal of individually identifiable data by the Company's businesses are regulated at the international, federal and state levels. These laws and rules are subject to change by legislation or administrative or judicial interpretation. With regard to personal information obtained from policyholders, the insured, or others, Aflac Japan is regulated in Japan by the APPI and guidelines issued by FSA and other governmental authorities.
Various state laws in the U.S. address the unauthorized access and acquisition of personal information and the use and disclosure of individually identifiable health data. HIPAA requires the Company to impose privacy and security requirements on its business associates (as such term is defined in the HIPAA regulations). The U.S. Congress and many
Item 1A. Risk Factors
states are considering new privacy and security requirements that would apply to the Company's business. Compliance with new privacy and security laws, requirements, and new regulations may result in cost increases due to necessary systems changes, new limitations or constraints on the Company's business models, the development of new administrative processes, and the effects of potential noncompliance by the Company's business associates. They also may impose further restrictions on the Company's collection, disclosure and use of customer identifiable data that are housed in one or more of the Company's administrative databases. Noncompliance with any privacy laws or any security breach involving the misappropriation, loss, theft or other unauthorized disclosure of sensitive or confidential customer information, whether by the Company or by one of its third parties, could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, reputation, brand and results of operations, including: material fines and penalties; compensatory, special, punitive and statutory damages; consent orders regarding the Company's privacy and security practices; adverse actions against the Company's licenses to do business; and injunctive relief.
In addition, under Japanese laws and regulations, including the APPI, if a leak or loss of personal information by Aflac Japan or its business associates should occur, depending on factors such as the volume of personal data involved and the likelihood of other secondary damage, Aflac Japan may be required to file reports to the FSA; issue public releases explaining such incident to the public; or become subject to an FSA business improvement order, which could pose a risk to the Company's reputation.
Although the Company provides for appropriate protections through its contracts and performs information security risk assessments of its third-party service providers and business associates, the Company still has limited control over their actions and practices. In addition, despite the security measures the Company has in place to ensure compliance with applicable laws and rules, the Company's facilities and systems, and those of the Company's third-party providers and participants in its distribution channels may be vulnerable to security breaches, acts of vandalism or theft, computer viruses, misplaced or lost data, programming and/or human errors or other similar events. From time to time, the Company, its third party providers and participants in the Company’s distribution channels have experienced and will likely continue to experience such events. In such cases, notification to affected individuals, state and federal regulators, state attorneys general and media may be required, depending upon the number of affected individuals and whether personal information including health or financial data was subject to unauthorized access.
Extensive regulation and changes in legislation can impact profitability and growth.
Aflac's insurance subsidiaries are subject to complex laws and regulations that are administered and enforced by a number of governmental authorities, that exercise a degree of interpretive latitude, including the FSA and Ministry of Finance (MOF) in Japan, and state insurance regulators, the SEC, the NAIC, the FIO, the U.S. Department of Justice, state attorneys general, the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission, and the U.S. Treasury, including the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), in the U.S. The Company is subject to the risk that compliance with any particular regulator's or enforcement authority's interpretation of a legal or regulatory issue may result in non-compliance with another regulator's or enforcement authority's interpretation of the same issue, particularly when compliance is judged in hindsight. There is also a risk that any particular regulator's or enforcement authority's interpretation of a legal or regulatory issue may change over time to the Company's detriment. In addition, changes in the overall legal or regulatory environment may, even absent any particular regulator's or enforcement authority's interpretation of an issue changing, cause the Company to change its views regarding the actions it needs to take from a legal or regulatory risk management perspective. This may necessitate changes to the Company's practices that may, in some cases, limit its ability to grow or otherwise negatively impact the profitability of the Company's business.
Regulatory authorities periodically re-examine existing laws and regulations applicable to insurance companies and their products. Changes in these laws and regulations, or in interpretations thereof, could have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition and results of operations. If the Company's subsidiaries fail to meet the minimum capital or operational requirements established by its respective regulators, they could be subject to examination or corrective action, or the Company's financial strength ratings could be downgraded, or both.
Compliance with applicable laws and regulations is time consuming and personnel-intensive, and changes in these laws and regulations may materially increase the Company's direct and indirect compliance and other expenses of doing business, thus having a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition and results of operations. See the “Government Regulation” subsections of Item 1, Business, for more information.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
General Risk Factors
Competition could adversely affect the Company's ability to increase or maintain its market share or profitability.
The Company operates in a competitive environment and in an industry that is subject to ongoing changes from market pressures brought about by customer demands, legislative reform, marketing practices and changes to health care and health insurance delivery. These factors require the Company to anticipate market trends and make changes to differentiate the Company's products and services from those of its competitors. The Company also faces potential competition from existing or new companies in the U.S. and Japan that have not historically been active in the supplemental health insurance industry, but some of which have greater financial, marketing and management resources than the Company. Further, some of these potential competitors could introduce new means of product development and delivery that disrupt the Company’s business model. Failure to anticipate market trends and/or to differentiate the Company's products and services can affect the Company's ability to retain or grow profitable lines of business. Further, as employers and brokers are increasingly requesting a full suite of products from one insurance provider, a failure to react and adapt to these demands could result in decreased sales or market share.
The insurance market is undergoing rapid changes with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. The Company's future success will depend, in part, on its ability to keep pace with the technological changes and to use technology to satisfy and grow customer demand for the Company's products and services and to create additional efficiencies in its operations. The Company expects that it will need to continue making substantial investments in its technology and information systems to compete effectively and to stay current with technological changes. The Company may not be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services or be successful in marketing these products and services to its customers. A failure to meet evolving customer demands through innovative product development, effective distribution channels, and continuous investment in the Company's technology could result in lower revenues and less favorable policy terms and conditions, which could adversely affect the Company's operating results. As a result, the Company's ability to effectively compete to retain or acquire new business may be impaired, and its business, financial condition or results of operations may be adversely affected.
Catastrophic events, including as a result of climate change, could adversely affect the Company's financial condition and results of operations as well as the availability of the Company’s infrastructure and systems.
The Company's insurance operations are exposed to the risk of catastrophic events including, but not necessarily limited to, epidemics, pandemics, tornadoes, hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunamis, war or other military action, and terrorism or other acts of violence. Claims resulting from natural or man-made catastrophic events could cause substantial volatility in the Company's financial results for any fiscal quarter or year and could materially reduce its profitability or harm the Company's financial condition, as well as affect its ability to write new business. In addition, such events may lead to periods of voluntary or required premium grace periods, which may lead to volatility in lapse rates and premium persistency.
Additionally, the Company's business operations may be adversely affected by such catastrophic events to the extent they disrupt the Company's physical infrastructure, human resources or systems that support its businesses and customers. Although the Company has a global crisis management framework to minimize the business disruption from a catastrophic event, such framework may not be effective to avoid an adverse impact to the Company from such an event.
Climate change may increase the frequency and severity of natural disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, floods and forest fires. Further, the Company cannot predict the effects that any legal or regulatory changes made in response to climate change concerns would have on the Company’s business. In addition, while assessment of risks related to climate change are part of the Company's credit review process, climate change-related risks may adversely impact the value of the securities that the Company holds.
Events, including those external to the Company's operations, could damage the Company's reputation.
The Company has made significant investments in the Aflac brand over a long period of time. Because insurance products are intangible, the Company's ability to compete for and maintain policyholders relies to a large extent on consumer trust in the Company's business, including its alliance partners, sales associates and other distribution partners. The perception of unfavorable business practices, lack of commitment to sustainability efforts and attention to societal impacts, or financial weakness with respect to the Company, its alliance partners, sales associates or other distribution partners could create doubt regarding the Company's ability to honor the commitments it has made to its policyholders. Such a perception could also negatively impact the Company’s ability to attract and retain qualified sales associates, brokers and other distribution partners, including its alliance partners in Japan, and could have a material adverse effect on the
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Company's sales, results of operations and financial condition. Maintaining the Company's stature as a trustworthy insurer and responsible corporate citizen, which helps support the strength of the Company's brand, is critical to the Company's reputation and the failure or perceived failure to do so could adversely affect the Company's brand value, financial condition and results of operations.
The Company depends heavily on key management personnel, and the loss of services of one or more of its key executives could harm the Company's business.
The Company’s success depends to a significant extent upon the efforts and abilities of its key management personnel. The loss of the services of one or more of the Company's senior executives could significantly undermine its management expertise, and the Company's business could be adversely affected.
Changes in accounting standards issued by the Financial Accounting Standard Boards (FASB) or other standard-setting bodies may adversely affect the Company's financial statements.
The Company's financial statements are subject to the application of U.S. GAAP, which is periodically revised and/or expanded. Accordingly, from time to time the Company is required to adopt new or revised accounting standards issued by recognized authoritative bodies, including the FASB. Changes to accounting standards could have a material adverse effect on the Company's results of operations and financial condition. See Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.
The Company faces risks related to litigation, regulatory investigations and inquiry and other matters.
The Company is a defendant in various lawsuits considered to be in the normal course of business. The final results of any litigation cannot be predicted with certainty, and plaintiffs may seek very large amounts in class actions or other litigation. Although some of this litigation is pending in states where large punitive damages, bearing little relation to the actual damages sustained by plaintiffs, have been awarded in recent years, the Company believes the outcome of pending litigation will not have a material adverse effect on its financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. However, a substantial legal liability or a significant federal, state or other regulatory action against the Company, as well as regulatory inquiries or investigations, could harm the Company's reputation, result in changes in operations, result in material fines or penalties, result in significant costs due to legal fees, settlements or judgments against the Company, or otherwise have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations. Without limiting the foregoing, the litigation and regulatory matters the Company is, has been, or may become, subject to include matters related to sales agent recruiting, policy sales practices, claim payments and procedures including denial or delay of benefits, material misstatements or omissions in the Company's financial reports or other public statements, and/or corporate governance, corporate culture or business ethics matters. Further, the Company may be subject to claims of or litigation regarding sexual or other forms of misconduct or harassment, or discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, gender, or other bases, notwithstanding that the Company's Code of Business Conduct and Ethics prohibits such harassment and discrimination by its employees, the Company has ongoing training programs and provides opportunities to report claims of noncompliant conduct, and it investigates and may take disciplinary action regarding alleged harassment or discrimination. Any violations of or deviation from laws, regulations, internal or external codes or standards of normative behavior, or perceptions of such violations or deviations, by the Company's employees or by independent sales agents could adversely impact the Company's reputation and brand value, financial condition and results of operations.
Allegations or determinations of agent misclassification could adversely affect the Company’s results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.
A majority of the Company's U.S. sales force is, and has historically been, comprised of independent agents. While the Company believes that it has properly classified such agents as independent contractors, the Company may be subject to claims, regulatory action by state or federal departments of labor or tax authorities, changes in state or federal law, or litigation asserting that such agents are employees. The laws and regulations governing the classification of workers in the U.S. may be changed or interpreted differently compared to past interpretations, including in states where the Company generates significant sales through independent agents. An allegation or determination that independent agents in the Company’s U.S. sales force have been misclassified as independent contractors could result in changes in the Company’s operations and U.S. business model, result in material fines or penalties, result in significant costs due to legal fees, settlements or judgments against the Company, or otherwise have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, results of operation, financial condition and liquidity.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Not applicable.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
In the U.S., the Company owns land and buildings that comprise two primary campuses located in Columbus, Georgia. These campuses include buildings that serve as the Company's worldwide headquarters and house administrative support and information technology functions for U.S. operations. The Company leases office space in Columbia, South Carolina, which houses the Company's CAIC subsidiary (branded as Aflac Group Insurance). The Company also leases office space in New York that houses the Company's Global Investment division. The Company also leases administrative office space throughout the U.S., Puerto Rico and the United Kingdom.
In Tokyo, Japan, the Company has two primary campuses. The first campus includes a building, owned by the Company, for the customer call center, the claims department, the information technology departments, and training facility. This campus also includes a leased property, which houses the Company's policy administration and customer service departments. The second campus comprises leased space, which serves as the Company's headquarters and houses administrative and investment support functions. The Company also leases additional office space in Tokyo, along with regional offices located throughout the country.
The Company believes its properties are adequate and suitable for its business as currently conducted and are adequately maintained.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
The Company is a defendant in various lawsuits considered to be in the normal course of business. Members of the Company's senior legal and financial management teams review litigation on a quarterly and annual basis. The final results of any litigation cannot be predicted with certainty. Although some of this litigation is pending in states where large punitive damages, bearing little relation to the actual damages sustained by plaintiffs, have been awarded in recent years, the Company believes the outcome of pending litigation will not have a material adverse effect on its financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER
PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Market Information
Aflac Incorporated's common stock is principally traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol AFL.
Holders
As of February 17, 2021, there were 86,569 holders of record of the Company's common stock.
Dividends
For a summary of dividends paid to shareholders in 2020 and 2019 and potential restrictions on the Company's ability to pay future dividends, see the Liquidity and Capital Resources section of Item 7. MD&A.
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Stock Performance Graph
The following graph compares the five-year performance of the Company's common stock to the Standard & Poor's 500 Index (S&P 500) and the Standard & Poor's Life and Health Insurance Index (S&P Life and Health). The Standard & Poor's Life and Health Insurance Index includes: Aflac Incorporated, Globe Life Inc., Lincoln National Corporation, MetLife Inc., Principal Financial Group Inc., Prudential Financial Inc. and Unum Group.
Performance Graphic Index
December 31,
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Aflac Incorporated 100.00 119.11 153.65 163.20 193.48 167.21
S&P 500 100.00 111.96 136.40 130.42 171.49 203.04
S&P Life & Health Insurance 100.00 124.86 145.37 115.17 141.88 128.43
Copyright© 2021 Standard & Poor’s, a division of S&P Global. All rights reserved.
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company repurchased shares of Aflac common stock as follows:
Period Total
Number of
Shares
Purchased Average
Price Paid
Per Share Total
Number
of Shares
Purchased
as Part of
Publicly
Announced
Plans or
Programs Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
January 1 - January 31 3,906,085 $ 52.61 3,906,085 33,147,528
February 1 - February 29 2,870,531 50.93 2,367,300 30,780,228
March 1 - March 31 3,715,439 33.46 3,710,430 27,069,798
April 1 - April 30 1,890,000 35.74 1,890,000 25,179,798
May 1 - May 31 1,721,653 34.95 1,720,900 23,458,898
June 1 - June 30 1,609,905 37.48 1,597,741 21,861,157
July 1 - July 31 2,045,100 35.76 2,045,100 19,816,057
August 1 - August 31 3,929,149 36.98 3,913,300 115,903,549
September 1 - September 30 4,961,219 36.79 4,957,427 110,946,122
October 1 - October 31 2,533,700 36.83 2,533,700 108,412,422
November 1 - November 30 3,206,400 42.72 3,206,400 105,206,022
December 1 - December 31 6,051,715 44.62 6,050,404 99,155,618
Total 38,440,896 (1)
$ 40.72 37,898,787 99,155,618
(1)During the year ended December 31, 2020, 542,109 shares were purchased in connection with income tax withholding obligations related to the vesting of restricted-share-based awards during the period.
Item 6. Selected Financial Data

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries
Years Ended December 31,
(In millions, except for share and per-share amounts) 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016
Revenues:
Net premiums, principally supplemental
health insurance $ 18,622 $ 18,780 $ 18,677 $ 18,531 $ 19,225
Net investment income 3,638 3,578 3,442 3,220 3,278
Net investment gains (losses) (270) (135) (430) (151) (14)
Other income 157 84 69 67 70
Total revenues 22,147 22,307 21,758 21,667 22,559
Benefits and expenses:
Benefits and claims, net 11,796 11,942 12,000 12,181 12,919
Expenses 6,192 5,920 5,775 5,468 5,573
Total benefits and expenses 17,988 17,862 17,775 17,649 18,492
Pretax earnings 4,159 4,445 3,983 4,018 4,067
Income taxes (619) 1,141 1,063 (586) 1,408
Net earnings $ 4,778 $ 3,304 $ 2,920 $ 4,604 $ 2,659
Share and Per-Share Amounts
Net earnings (basic) $ 6.69 $ 4.45 $ 3.79 $ 5.81 $ 3.23
Net earnings (diluted) 6.67 4.43 3.77 5.77 3.21
Cash dividends paid 1.12 1.08 1.04 .87 .83
Cash dividends declared 1.45 1.08 1.04 .87 .83
Weighted-average common shares used for basic
EPS (In thousands) 713,702 742,414 769,588 792,042 822,942
Weighted-average common shares used for diluted
EPS (In thousands) 716,192 746,430 774,650 797,861 827,841
Supplemental Data
Yen/dollar exchange rate at year-end (yen) 103.50 109.56 111.00 113.00 116.49
Weighted-average yen/dollar exchange rate (yen) 106.86 109.07 110.39 112.16 108.70
Item 6. Selected Financial Data
Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries
December 31,
(In millions) 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016
Assets:
Investments and cash $ 149,753 $ 138,091 $ 126,243 $ 123,659 $ 116,361
Other 15,333 14,677 14,163 13,558 13,458
Total assets $ 165,086 $ 152,768 $ 140,406 $ 137,217 $ 129,819
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity:
Policy liabilities $ 114,391 $ 106,554 $ 103,188 $ 99,147 $ 93,726
Income taxes 4,661 5,370 4,020 4,745 5,387
Notes payable and lease obligations (1)
7,899 6,569 5,778 5,289 5,360
Other liabilities 4,576 5,316 3,958 3,438 4,864
Shareholders’ equity 33,559 28,959 23,462 24,598 20,482
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity $ 165,086 $ 152,768 $ 140,406 $ 137,217 $ 129,819
(1) See Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the adoption of accounting guidance on January 1, 2019 related to leases.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF
OPERATIONS
Certain statements included in this section constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are made based on management’s current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects upon the Company. The Company’s actual results may differ, possibly materially, from expectations or estimates reflected in such forward-looking statements. Certain important factors that could cause actual results to differ, possibly materially, from expectations or estimates reflected in such forward-looking statements can be found in the “Risk Factors” and “Forward-Looking Statements” sections herein.
MD&A OVERVIEW
The following financial review provides a discussion of the Company’s results of operations and financial condition, as well as a summary of the Company’s critical accounting estimates. This section should be read in conjunction with Part I - Item 1. Business and the audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in Part II - Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this report. This MD&A is divided into the following sections:
Page
Executive Summary
Industry Trends
Outlook
Results of Operations
Investments
Policy Liabilities
Benefit Plans
Policyholder Protection
Off Balance Sheet Arrangements
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Critical Accounting Estimates
The Company elected to omit discussion on the earliest of the three years covered by the consolidated financial statements presented in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. Readers should refer to Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations located in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed on February 21, 2020, for reference to discussion of the year ended December 31, 2018, the earliest of the three years presented. Amounts reported in this MD&A may not add due to rounding.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
COVID-19
The impact of the COVID-19 global pandemic on the Company continues to evolve, and its future effects remain uncertain. At the onset of the pandemic, the majority of the Company’s employees in Japan and the U.S. shifted to remote working environments, with returns to office undertaken throughout the year as warranted by local conditions. Both Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. took measures to address employee health and safety and increase employees’ ability to develop and maintain more flexible working conditions. The Company established command centers to monitor and communicate on developments, and operations remained stable throughout the year. The Company also took prompt action at the beginning of the pandemic to strengthen its capital and liquidity position, and it continued to undertake de-risking activity in its investment portfolios and to adjust to market conditions throughout the year. Both Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. also accelerated investments in digital initiatives to improve productivity, efficiency and customer service over the long term.
In 2020, both Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. experienced a significant decrease in sales due to the effects of the pandemic and related government responses. Pandemic-related claims and associated reserve increases in both Japan and the U.S. have not materially impacted 2020 results and were more than offset by a reduction in claims related to routine medical needs. The pandemic’s impact on economic conditions have contributed to sales declines, pressuring premium growth rates. This, in turn, has been partially offset by lower lapse rates in the U.S. Economic conditions in the U.S. have resulted in lower interest rates having an impact on net investment income. The Company did not experience material realized losses or impairments and credit losses associated with the pandemic. The Company continues to closely monitor the effects and risks of COVID-19 to assess its impact on economic conditions in Japan and the U.S. and on the Company's business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and capital position. Those impacts may cause changes to estimates of future earnings, capital deployment, regulatory capital position, segment dividend payout ratios and other measures the Company provides in this MD&A.
The Company’s efforts and other developments are outlined below.
•Liquidity and Capital Resources
The Company entered the crisis in a strong capital and liquidity position, having maintained capital ratios in Japan and the U.S. at a level designed to absorb a degree of market volatility. To further support liquidity and capital resources, the Parent Company, in March 2020, issued four series of senior notes totaling ¥57.0 billion and, in April 2020, issued $1.0 billion in senior notes through public debt offerings under its U.S. shelf registration statement. Accordingly, as of December 31, 2020 the Company held approximately $5.1 billion in cash and cash equivalents for stress conditions, which includes the Parent Company's target minimum amount of $2.0 billion held to provide a capital buffer and liquidity support at the holding company. Even after these debt offerings, the Company’s leverage ratio remains at levels that the Company believes are adequate to maintain current ratings and leave capacity for further debt issuances. The Company has available liquidity in its unsecured revolving credit facilities of $1.0 billion and ¥100.0 billion, respectively, and currently has no borrowings under either of these facilities. In April 2020, Aflac increased its internal limit for Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta (FHLB) borrowings to $800 million, $300 million of which the Company has designated to be used for short-term liquidity needs of the U.S. insurance subsidiaries and subject to qualified collateral availability and other conditions. The Company has the ability to adjust cash flow management from other sources of liquidity including reinvestment cash flows and selling investments.
The Company remains committed to prudent liquidity and capital management and is taking a tactical approach to capital allocation. In terms of repurchases, the Company remains in the market and is being tactical in its approach to repurchasing its stock. The Company believes that this approach will allow it to increase or decrease repurchase activity depending on how the pandemic and market conditions evolve.
The Company is committed to maintaining a strong Aflac Japan solvency margin ratio (SMR) and Aflac U.S. risk-based capital (RBC) ratios. While the SMR is particularly sensitive to market volatility resulting from widening of credit spreads, both SMR and RBC are sensitive to credit downgrades and defaults. The Company has capital tools available to increase SMR and RBC including the reduction of subsidiary dividends paid to the Parent Company by its insurance subsidiaries and Parent Company capital contributions to insurance subsidiaries sourced through cash on hand, proceeds from debt issuances or by drawing on the revolving credit facilities noted above. For example, the Parent Company made a capital contribution of $150 million to CAIC in May 2020 and, pursuant to surplus notes, loaned $50 million to CAIC in December 2020 and $130 million to Aflac in September 2020, the latter of which was used toward the acquisition of Zurich North America's U.S. Corporate Life and
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Pensions business in November 2020. The Company also has a committed reinsurance facility in the amount of approximately ¥120 billion of reserves that could be deployed to support SMR. Additionally, Aflac Japan reduced the dividends it provides to the Parent Company in 2020 by ¥75 billion compared to initial 2020 plans. The Company intends to maintain a target minimum SMR of 500% for Aflac Japan and a target minimum RBC of approximately 400% for Aflac, consistent with the Company's risk management practices.
As a result of market volatility, the Company has made tactical adjustments to its existing foreign currency-hedging program in Aflac Japan to mitigate hedging cost and settlement risk while maintaining a strong SMR. Prior to and continuing through the pandemic, Aflac Japan has maintained a collar program on a portion of its U.S. dollar program to mitigate against more extreme moves in foreign exchange rates and therefore support SMR. In the first quarter of 2020, the Company reduced the size of the collar program by approximately $3 billion. In December 2020, the Company reduced the total size of the forward and collar programs by approximately $5 billion and purchased foreign currency options to hedge approximately $5 billion of U.S. dollar-denominated assets. While these adjustments will moderately increase the Company's exposure to SMR volatility, the Company believes that they will also reduce its exposure to pricing volatility and the related risk of negative settlements should there be a material weakening in the yen. Depending on further developments, including the possibility of further market volatility, there may be additional costs associated with maintaining the collar program. The Company is continually evaluating other adjustments, including the possibility of changing the level of hedging employed with the U.S. dollar-denominated investments. See the Liquidity and Capital Resources section of this MD&A for additional information regarding other potential sources of liquidity and capital resources.
•Investment Portfolio
The Company's investment portfolio was well-positioned entering the crisis, and the Company continues to follow its strategy of investing primarily in fixed maturity securities to generate a reliable stream of income. Fundamental credit analysis and de-risking activity in prior periods contributed to the current quality of the Company’s investments. The Company continued with de-risking activity in 2020, reducing positions in the portfolios seen as more vulnerable in the current environment. Although economic and market conditions improved in the second half of 2020, the Company remains cautious about the continued path of the recovery and the potential longer term impacts on certain sectors most vulnerable to the impacts of the pandemic. The Company continues seeking ways to improve the health of the portfolio through de-risking and other repositioning actions. Certain investments have been adversely impacted with credit rating downgrades and increased price volatility, including investments in issuers that faced an immediate and severe impact such as those in travel and lodging, leisure, non-emergency medical and energy sectors. The Company continues working with certain issuers to provide temporary relief of terms by providing payment deferrals and other modifications or waivers where the Company believes it improves its overall position. For additional information on these loan modifications, see Notes 1 and 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Markets have stabilized from the extreme volatility seen at the outset of the crisis, although issuers continue to be affected by reduced business activity and consumer demand. Volatility in oil prices and reduction in global energy demand continue to adversely impact issuers in the energy sector. U.S. interest rates declined, and availability of new investments in certain private asset classes such as middle market loans, commercial mortgages and transitional real estate remain below pre-crisis levels. As a result, net investment income may be adversely impacted over time from lower reinvestment rates for fixed maturity investments and lower interest on floating rate assets. The Company continues to make tactical adjustments to its investment portfolios in response to the crisis, and continues to assess its investment strategy and asset allocation to identify additional tactical adjustments that may be necessary due to the continuing effects of the pandemic.
•Crisis Management
The Company has crisis command centers set up in Japan and the U.S. These command centers are generally utilized for any type of crisis, including natural disasters and cybersecurity events. The command centers participate in regular updates to the Company's leadership regarding developments in Japan and the U.S., including government and regulatory actions, operations, employee policies and conditions and distribution status. In addition, capital market, central bank and government stimulus updates are provided, as well as updates on cybersecurity, including with respect to the Company's remote workforce. Moreover, the Company's financial leadership group meets more frequently and has focused on the capital markets, capital and liquidity position, stress testing and any defensive actions that may be necessary as the crisis unfolds.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
•Aflac Japan initiatives
In February 2020, Aflac Japan began to implement actions such as working from home, staggered work hours, limitations on the number of personnel attending in-person meetings and restrictions on traveling between buildings and floors in Aflac Japan worksites. In response to the state of emergency and requests made by the Japan government in April 2020, over 70% of Aflac Japan employees were working from home as of mid-April. The state of emergency was lifted nationwide in May 2020; however, in January 2021, the state of emergency was reinstated in certain prefectures experiencing elevated rates of infection. As of December 31, 2020, Aflac Japan had approximately 50% of its workforce working remotely. Aflac Japan is evaluating return to the office measures; however, throughout the development of the pandemic in 2020, including the increase in COVID-19 cases in Japan during the fourth quarter, Aflac Japan has evaluated its operational capabilities and anticipates that the remote configuration could remain for an indefinite period of time without materially impacting operations.
Aflac Japan has announced several additional actions taken for its employees including travel restrictions and extended paid leave.
Aflac Japan remains focused on generating new business through direct mail made to existing and prospective customers. In addition, Aflac Japan is promoting digital and web-based sales to groups and introduced a new system that enables smart device-based insurance application by allowing the customer and an Aflac Japan operator to see the same screen through their smart devices. Further, in October 2020, Aflac Japan implemented a new virtual sales tool that enables online consultations and policy applications to be completed entirely online. During 2020, Aflac Japan also accelerated investments in digital and paperless initiatives designed to increase long term productivity, efficiency, customer service and business continuity. Face-to-face sales have been challenged and are having an impact on sales results. In 2020, Aflac Japan experienced a sales decline of 36.2% on a yen basis, compared to 2019, primarily due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the continuing effects of the Japan Post investigation. See the Aflac Japan Segment of this MD&A for additional information regarding sales in the Japan Post channel and the strategic alliance with Japan Post.
Aflac Japan has also followed the guidance of the FSA in terms of treating customers with care, ensuring ease and timeliness of claims payments and extended coverage for temporary medical facilities and telemedicine in certain circumstances, and waiver of interest on certain policyholder loans. In March 2020, Aflac Japan extended the grace period on premium payments for six months up to September 30, 2020 and it was re-extended to April 30, 2021 in certain cases. In January 2021, the grace period was extended to July 31, 2021 for the policyholders who live in areas under the state of emergency and in February 2021, the scope was expanded to all regions in Japan. Policyholders are required to file for relief through this extension. In April 2020, Aflac Japan announced that it will pay certain accidental death and disability benefits in the event of a death directly caused by COVID-19.
To assist with the COVID-19 pandemic, Aflac Japan has donated ¥500 million to the Japan Medical Associations and to identified municipalities where Aflac Japan has operations.
•Aflac U.S. and Corporate and Other initiatives
The Parent Company and Aflac U.S. began to implement Company mandates including restrictions on travel and in-person meetings applicable to U.S. employees beginning in February 2020 and required work from home directives across their U.S. work force in March 2020. As of December 31, 2020, approximately 95% of U.S. employees were working remotely. The Company currently anticipates that a return to the worksite for U.S. based employees of the Parent Company and Aflac U.S. will be conducted in phases beginning no sooner than the second half of 2021, subject to factors including the availability of treatments and vaccines, the return schedule of school systems and the availability of child care, the number of COVID-19 cases and the COVID-19 replication rate in areas of the U.S. where the Company has significant operations. However, Aflac U.S. anticipates that the remote configuration could remain for an indefinite period of time without materially impacting operations. The Parent Company and Aflac U.S. continue to maintain employee and worksite safety measures including travel restrictions, building access restrictions and in-person meeting restrictions.
Aflac U.S. has announced several actions taken for its employees. These include a commitment to cover the costs of COVID-19 testing and extended paid leave in certain circumstances.
Aflac U.S. is focused on supporting its agency channel, most of which are small businesses, by offering zero-interest loans and cash stipends in lieu of canceled recognition trips.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Aflac U.S. policy sales, enrollment and agent recruiting functions are highly dependent upon face-to-face interaction between independent agents and brokers with prospective and new customers and agents. Opportunities for such interaction have been significantly reduced by reactions to the pandemic, such as social distancing, shelter in place orders and work from home initiatives. In addition, licensure of newly recruited agents has been delayed in some states due to the unavailability or difficulty of temporary licenses or online training. Further, despite government stimulus measures, the long-term economic effects of the pandemic on prospective and existing customers is still largely unknown. Similar to Aflac Japan, the Aflac U.S. sales team has worked to adjust its sales approach given the reduction in face-to-face sales. Key elements to this approach include realizing sales at the worksite through an enrollment call center, video enrollment through co-browsing and self-enrollment. The traditional agent sales team is also using virtual recruiting and training through video conferencing in order to maintain or increase the recruiting pipeline. The Aflac U.S. broker sales team is focused on product enhancements due to COVID-19 as well as leveraging technology based solutions to drive enrollment. Further, during 2020 Aflac U.S. also accelerated investments in digital initiatives designed to improve long term productivity, efficiency and customer service. Aflac U.S. is in its second year of the build-out of the Consumer Markets business for the digital direct-to-consumer sale of insurance and sales made through that platform have continued to grow.
Face-to-face sales have been challenged and are having an impact on sales results. In 2020, Aflac U.S. experienced a sales decline of 30.8%, compared to 2019, reflecting the impacts of the pandemic. The Aflac U.S. benefit ratio decreased in 2020, as compared to 2019; however, the ratio began to recover in the second half of 2020, which management believes may indicate the beginning of a return to levels seen over the past several years. The Company expanded a previously piloted wellness initiative beginning in the third quarter of 2020, using digital and direct account engagement to raise awareness among policyholders as to the availability of valuable wellness benefits. The Company estimates this effort had an impact on incurred claims of approximately $19 million since September 2020.
Aflac U.S. is encouraging policyholders who are displaying COVID-19 symptoms to seek treatment and is paying wellness benefits on applicable policies for COVID-19 tests, when completed claims are submitted. Aflac U.S. is also providing coverage for treatment in temporary facilities and by telemedicine in certain circumstances.
Throughout 2020, Aflac U.S. has taken steps to comply with COVID-19-related directives issued by state regulatory authorities, including those requiring or requesting premium grace periods. As of December 31, 2020, premium grace periods remained in effect in 10 states and Puerto Rico. Although aggregate policy lapses decreased from the prior year, Aflac U.S. experienced an increase in policy lapses in the second half of 2020 in certain states where premium grace periods expired and government stimulus measures discussed below were not renewed or initiated. If the premium grace periods continue to expire in 2021, Aflac U.S. would expect an increase in lapse rates.
In September 2020, the Company announced a voluntary separation program for certain U.S. employees. The program provided eligible employees with a severance package, including twelve months of salary, the employee's targeted bonus payout for 2020 and one year of Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA) or retiree medical, if eligible. Employees accepted into this program were notified in October 2020 and most transitions were completed by December 31, 2020, with a small number continuing into the first quarter of 2021. The Company recorded a one-time severance charge of $43 million in the fourth quarter of 2020 related to the program.
In 2020, the Parent Company contributed $6 million to organizations that are providing assistance for health care workers assisting with the COVID-19 pandemic.
•Major government initiatives
Government authorities in Japan and the U.S. have implemented several initiatives in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, including actions designed to mitigate the adverse health effects of the virus and those designed to provide broad-based relief and economic support to all aspects of the economy.
In Japan, initial emergency orders declared by the Japan government were lifted; however, emergency orders have been reinstated in certain prefectures that include Tokyo and surrounding areas experiencing elevated rates of infection.
The FSA has requested that financial service providers in Japan respond appropriately while continuing their
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
essential operations. This request includes insurance companies, which have been asked to continue essential operations such as benefits and claims payment, including policyholder loans. Moreover, following the expansion of the impact of COVID-19, the FSA requested insurance companies to consider flexible interpretation and application of insurance policy provisions and measures required for products from the standpoint of protecting policyholders. In accordance with the FSA’s request, Aflac Life Insurance Japan Ltd. implemented a measure to pay accidental death benefits and accidental serious disability benefits under its accidental death benefit rider, etc. in cases of death or specified serious disabilities from COVID-19.
In April 2020, the Cabinet of Japan approved ¥117 trillion or more than 20% of GDP in emergency stimulus measures, including various tax measures. In May 2020, the Cabinet of Japan approved a second ¥117 trillion stimulus package. The Diet passed a supplementary budget to fund the package in June 2020. The second stimulus package was intended to help small and mid-sized businesses fund leave allowances for furloughed workers and provides rent assistance for business operations.
In the U.S., initial statewide shelter in place or stay at home orders were lifted although reopening plans have been paused or reversed in certain states experiencing an increase in cases, and shelter in place orders have been reinstated in some areas.
The U.S. government took action in response to the COVID-19 pandemic by providing broad-based relief and economic support to all aspects of the economy.
The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act, was signed into law in March 2020 and was designed to provide approximately $2 trillion in financial stimulus in the form of financial aid to individuals, businesses, nonprofits, states, and municipalities. Among other measures, the CARES Act provided for $260 billion in expanded unemployment benefits and $290 billion of direct payments to individuals, and established a $349 billion Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) providing for loans to small businesses, nonprofits, and veteran’s organizations with 500 or fewer employees. In April 2020, an additional $320 billion was allocated to the PPP, including $10 billion for administrative costs and $60 billion allocated to small lenders and community banks. In December 2020, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (CAA) was signed into law. Among other measures, the CAA allocated an additional $284 billion to the PPP, extended the program to March 31, 2021, and provided for expanded unemployment benefits and direct payments to individuals. The CARES Act also included a five-year net operating loss (NOL) carryback, payroll tax relief and other significant provisions for businesses. Section 4013 of the CARES Act gives entities temporary relief from certain accounting and disclosure requirements for troubled debt restructurings (TDRs). The Company has applied GAAP relief with respect to certain qualifying loan modifications. See Notes 1 and 3 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional details.
The Federal Reserve has also taken various actions in an effort to support the economy and markets in response to heightened volatility and uncertainty. These actions include reducing by 1.5% each the rate that it charges for direct loans to banks, as well as the target for the rate banks charge each other for overnight funds (federal funds rate); initiating quantitative easing with no stated cap on purchases; committing to purchase U.S. Treasury securities, agency mortgage-backed and agency commercial mortgaged-backed securities; re-establishing the Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility (TALF) originally launched in 2009, through which it will lend to holders of AA-rated asset-backed securities; and establishing facilities to support purchase of corporate bonds from large investment-grade companies.
Performance Highlights
For the full year of 2020, total revenues were down .7% to $22.1 billion, compared with $22.3 billion for the full year of 2019. Net earnings were $4.8 billion, or $6.67 per diluted share, compared with $3.3 billion, or $4.43 per diluted share, for the full year of 2019. The increase in net earnings and net earnings per diluted share in 2020 primarily reflects a $1.4 billion benefit from the release of valuation allowances on deferred foreign tax credits, which were allowed due to newly released U.S. tax regulations. The Company recorded a one-time severance charge of $43 million in the fourth quarter of 2020 related to the voluntary separation program.
Results for 2020 included pretax net investment losses of $270 million, compared with net investment losses of $135 million in 2019. Net investment losses in 2020 included $200 million of credit losses primarily driven by increases in credit losses; $169 million of net losses from certain derivative and foreign currency gains or losses; $184 million of net gains on equity securities; and $85 million of net losses from sales and redemptions.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The average yen/dollar exchange rate(1) in 2020 was 106.86, or 2.1% stronger than the rate of 109.07 in 2019.
Adjusted earnings(2) for the full year of 2020 were $3.6 billion, or $4.96 per diluted share, compared with $3.3 billion, or $4.44 per diluted share, in 2019. The stronger yen/dollar exchange rate impacted adjusted earnings per diluted share by $.04.
Total investments and cash at the December 31, 2020 were $149.8 billion, compared with $138.1 billion at December 31, 2019. In 2020, Aflac Incorporated repurchased $1.5 billion, or 37.9 million of its common shares. At December 31, 2020, the Company had 99.2 million remaining shares authorized for repurchase.
Shareholders’ equity was $33.6 billion, or $48.46 per share, at December 31, 2020, compared with $29.0 billion, or $39.84 per share, at December 31, 2019. Shareholders’ equity at December 31, 2020 included a net unrealized gain on investment securities and derivatives of $10.3 billion, compared with a net unrealized gain of $8.5 billion at December 31, 2019. Shareholders’ equity at December 31, 2020 also included an unrealized foreign currency translation loss of $1.1 billion, compared with an unrealized foreign currency translation loss of $1.6 billion at December 31, 2019. The annualized return on average shareholders’ equity in 2020 was 15.3%, driven primarily by a benefit from new tax regulations.
Shareholders’ equity excluding accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI)(2) (adjusted book value) was $24.6 billion, or $35.56 per share at December 31, 2020, compared with $22.3 billion, or $30.74 per share, at December 31, 2019. The annualized adjusted return on equity excluding foreign currency impact(2) in 2020 was 15.0%.
(1) Yen/U.S. dollar exchange rates are based on the published MUFG Bank, Ltd. telegraphic transfer middle rate (TTM).
(2) See the Results of Operations section of this MD&A for a definition of this non-U.S. GAAP financial measure.
INDUSTRY TRENDS
The Company is impacted by financial markets, economic conditions, regulatory oversight and a variety of trends that affect the industries where it competes.
Financial and Economic Environment
The Company’s business and results of operations are materially affected by conditions in the global capital markets and the economy generally. Stressed conditions, volatility and disruptions in global capital markets, particular markets, or financial asset classes can have an adverse effect on the Company, in part because the Company has a large investment portfolio and its insurance liabilities and derivatives are sensitive to changing market factors. See Item 1A. Risk Factors for the risk factor entitled, "Difficult conditions in global capital markets and the economy, including those caused by the novel coronavirus COVID-19, could have a material adverse effect on the Company's investments, capital position, revenue, profitability, and liquidity and harm the Company's business."
Demographics
Aflac Japan
With Japan’s aging population and the rise in healthcare costs, supplemental health care insurance products remain attractive. However, due to the aging population and decline in birthrate, new opportunities for customer demographics are not as readily available. Japan’s existing customers and potential customers seek products that are easily understood, cost-effective and can be accessed through technology-enabled devices.
Aflac U.S.
Customer demographics continue to evolve and new opportunities present themselves in different customer segments such as the millennial and multicultural markets. Customer expectations and preferences are changing. Trends indicate existing customers and potential customers seek cost-effective solutions that are easily understood and can be accessed through technology-enabled devices. Additionally, income protection and the health needs of retiring baby boomers are continuing to shape the insurance industry.
Regulatory Environment
See Item 1. Business - Aflac Japan Government Regulation and Aflac U.S. Government Regulation for a discussion of regulatory developments that may impact the Company and the associated risks.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Competitive Environment
See Item 1. Business - Aflac Japan Competitive Markets and Aflac U.S. Competitive Markets for a discussion of the competitive environment and the basis on which the Company competes in each of its segments.
2021 OUTLOOK
The Company’s strategy to drive long-term shareholder value is to pursue growth through product development, distribution expansion and digital advancements to improve the customer experience.
The Company's objectives in 2021 are to navigate the COVID-19 pandemic while maintaining strong pre-tax margins in its Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. segments, continuing to accelerate the pace of investment in its digital technology, and integrating and building upon recent acquisitions. The Company believes that its strategy of positioning itself for future growth and efficiency while defending and leveraging its market-leading position, powerful brand recognition and diverse distribution in Japan and the U.S. will provide support toward these objectives.
The Company announced a 17.9% increase in the first quarter 2021 dividend compared to the prior quarter, and it intends to maintain strong capital ratios in Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. in support of its commitment to shareholder dividends while remaining tactical in its deployment of capital in the form of share repurchases and opportunistic investments. The Company intends to maintain a target minimum SMR of 500% for Aflac Japan and a target minimum RBC of approximately 400% for Aflac, consistent with the Company's risk management practices.
Aflac Japan Segment
In Japan, the Company anticipates that the shift in earned premium from first sector savings products to third sector cancer and medical products and first sector protection products, will continue to result in moderately lower benefit ratios in the Aflac Japan segment. The Company expects expenses to be elevated in 2021 as Aflac Japan’s investments in its paperless initiative and other digital projects are being accelerated. The Company also anticipates that benefit and expense ratios will continue to experience some level of revenue pressure due to the impact of paid up policies and reduced sales in 2020. For the 2020 through 2022 period, the Company expects a decline in Aflac Japan revenue in the range of 2.0% to 3.0% on a compound annual growth rate basis.
Aflac U.S. Segment
The Company expects the profit margins for the Aflac U.S. segment to decline in 2021 as benefit ratios stabilize, expense ratios continue to be elevated in light of investments into U.S. platforms and revenues face pressure due to the impact of the global pandemic on sales. For the 2020 through 2022 period, the Company expects Aflac U.S. revenue to range from a decline of 1.0% to a growth of 1.5% on a compound annual growth rate basis.
Corporate and Other Segment
The Company expects corporate segment results to reflect stable net investment income in 2021 compared to 2020, assuming that U.S. interest rates remain stable.
For important disclosures applicable to statements made in this 2021 Outlook, please see the Risk Factors section and the statement on Forward-Looking Information at the beginning of Item 1. Business, the Risk Factors identified in Item 1A. and Item 7. Management Discussion and Analysis.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The Company earns its revenues principally from insurance premiums and investments. The Company’s operating expenses primarily consist of insurance benefits provided and reserves established for anticipated future insurance benefits, general business expenses, commissions and other costs of selling and servicing its products. Profitability for the Company depends principally on its ability to price its insurance products at a level that enables the Company to earn a margin over the costs associated with providing benefits and administering those products. Profitability also depends on, among other items, actuarial and policyholder behavior experience on insurance products, and the Company's ability to attract and retain customer assets, generate and maintain favorable investment results, effectively deploy capital and utilize tax capacity, and manage expenses.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Yen-denominated income statement accounts are translated to U.S. dollars using a weighted average Japanese yen/U.S. dollar foreign exchange rate, except realized gains and losses on security transactions which are translated at the exchange rate on the trade date of each transaction. Yen-denominated balance sheet accounts are translated to U.S. dollars using a spot Japanese yen/U.S. dollar foreign exchange rate.
The following discussion includes references to the Company's performance measures, adjusted earnings, adjusted earnings per diluted share, and amortized hedge costs/income, which are not calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP (non-U.S. GAAP). These measures exclude items that the Company believes may obscure the underlying fundamentals and trends in the Company's insurance operations because they tend to be driven by general economic conditions and events or related to infrequent activities not directly associated with its insurance operations. The Company's management uses adjusted earnings and adjusted earnings per diluted share to evaluate the financial performance of its insurance operations on a consolidated basis, and the Company believes that a presentation of these measures is vitally important to an understanding of its underlying profitability drivers and trends of its insurance business. The Company believes that amortized hedge costs/income, which are a component of adjusted earnings, measure the periodic currency risk management costs/income related to hedging certain foreign currency exchange risks and are an important component of net investment income.
The Company defines the non-U.S. GAAP financial measures included in this filing as follows:
•Adjusted earnings are the profits derived from operations. The most comparable U.S. GAAP measure is net earnings. Adjusted earnings are adjusted revenues less benefits and adjusted expenses. The adjustments to both revenues and expenses account for certain items that cannot be predicted or that are outside management’s control. Adjusted revenues are U.S. GAAP total revenues excluding net investment gains and losses, except for amortized hedge costs/income related to foreign currency exposure management strategies and net interest cash flows from derivatives associated with certain investment strategies. Adjusted expenses are U.S. GAAP total acquisition and operating expenses including the impact of interest cash flows from derivatives associated with notes payable but excluding any nonrecurring or other items not associated with the normal course of the Company’s insurance operations and that do not reflect the Company's underlying business performance.
•Adjusted earnings per share (basic or diluted) are adjusted earnings for the period divided by the weighted average outstanding shares (basic or diluted) for the period presented. The most comparable U.S. GAAP measure is net earnings per share.
•Amortized hedge costs/income represent costs/income incurred or recognized as a result of using foreign currency-derivatives to hedge certain foreign exchange risks in the Company's Japan segment or in the Corporate and Other segment. These amortized hedge costs/income are estimated at the inception of the derivatives based on the specific terms of each contract and are recognized on a straight line basis over the term of the hedge. There is no comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure for amortized hedge costs/income.
•Adjusted earnings excluding current period foreign currency impact are computed using the average foreign currency exchange rate for the comparable prior-year period, which eliminates fluctuations driven solely by foreign currency exchange rate changes. The most comparable U.S. GAAP measure is net earnings.
•Adjusted earnings per diluted share excluding current period foreign currency impact are adjusted earnings excluding current period foreign currency impact divided by the weighted average outstanding diluted shares for the period presented. The most comparable U.S. GAAP measure is net earnings per share.
•U.S. dollar-denominated investment income excluding foreign currency impact is determined using the average foreign currency exchange rate for the comparable prior year period.
•Adjusted book value is the U.S. GAAP book value (representing total shareholders' equity), less AOCI as recorded on the U.S. GAAP balance sheet. The most comparable U.S. GAAP measure is total book value. The Company considers adjusted book value important as it excludes AOCI, which fluctuates due to market movements that are outside management's control.
•Adjusted return on equity (ROE) excluding foreign currency impact is calculated using adjusted earnings excluding current period foreign currency impact divided by average shareholders’ equity, excluding AOCI. The most comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure is return on average equity as determined using net earnings and average total shareholders’ equity.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following table is a reconciliation of items impacting adjusted earnings and adjusted earnings per diluted share to the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measures of net earnings and net earnings per diluted share, respectively, for the years ended December 31.
Reconciliation of Net Earnings to Adjusted Earnings(1)
In Millions Per Diluted Share
2020 2019 2020 2019
Net earnings $ 4,778 $ 3,304 $ 6.67 $ 4.43
Items impacting net earnings:
Net investment (gains) losses (2),(3),(4),(5)
229 15 .32 .02
Other and non-recurring (income) loss 28 1 .04 .00
Income tax (benefit) expense on items
excluded from adjusted earnings (72) (3) (.10) .00
Tax reform adjustment (6)
0 (4) .00 (.01)
Tax valuation allowance release (7)
(1,411) 0 (1.97) .00
Adjusted earnings 3,552 3,314 4.96 4.44
Current period foreign currency impact (8)
(31) N/A (.04) N/A
Adjusted earnings excluding current period
foreign currency impact $ 3,521 $ 3,314 $ 4.92 $ 4.44
(1) Amounts may not foot due to rounding.
(2) Amortized hedge costs of $206 in 2020 and $257 in 2019, related to certain foreign currency exposure management strategies have been reclassified from net investment gains (losses) and included in adjusted earnings as a decrease to net investment income. See "Hedge Costs/Income" discussion below for further information.
(3) Amortized hedge income of $97 in 2020 and $89 in 2019, related to certain foreign currency exposure management strategies have been reclassified from net investment gains (losses) and included in adjusted earnings as an increase to net investment income. See "Hedge Costs/Income" discussion below for further information.
(4) Net interest cash flows from derivatives associated with certain investment strategies of $12 in 2020 and $(17) in 2019 have been reclassified from net investment gains (losses) and included in adjusted earnings as a component of net investment income.
(5) A gain of $56 in 2020 and $66 in 2019 related to the interest rate component of the change in fair value of foreign currency swaps on notes payable have been reclassified from net investment gains (losses) and included in adjusted earnings as a component of interest expense.
(6) The impact of tax reform was adjusted in 2019 as a result of additional guidance released by the IRS.
(7) One-time tax benefit recognized in 2020 representing the release of valuation allowances on deferred foreign tax credits due to new tax regulations.
(8) Prior period foreign currency impact reflected as “N/A” to isolate change for current period only.
Reconciling Items
Net Investment Gains and Losses
The Company's investment strategy is to invest primarily in fixed maturity securities to provide a reliable stream of investment income, which is one of the drivers of the Company’s growth and profitability. This investment strategy incorporates asset-liability matching (ALM) to align the expected cash flows of the portfolio to the needs of the Company's liability structure. The Company does not purchase securities with the intent of generating investment gains or losses. However, investment gains and losses may be realized as a result of changes in the financial markets and the creditworthiness of specific issuers, tax planning strategies, and/or general portfolio management and rebalancing. The realization of investment gains and losses is independent of the underwriting and administration of the Company's insurance products. Net investment gains and losses include securities transactions, credit losses, derivative and foreign currency activities and changes in fair value of equity securities.
Securities Transactions, Credit Losses and Gains (Losses) on Equity Securities
Securities transactions include gains and losses from sales and redemptions of investments where the amount received is different from the amortized cost of the investment. Prior to January 1, 2020, impairments include other-than-temporary impairment losses on investment securities as well as changes in loan loss reserves for loan receivables. Effective January 1, 2020, credit losses include losses for held-to-maturity fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale fixed maturity securities, loan receivables, loan commitments and reinsurance recoverables.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Certain Derivative and Foreign Currency Gains (Losses)
The Company's derivative activities include:
•foreign currency forwards and options used in hedging foreign exchange risk on U.S. dollar-denominated investments in Aflac Japan's portfolio
•foreign currency forwards and options used to economically hedge certain portions of forecasted cash flows denominated in yen and hedge the Company's long term exposure to a weakening yen
•cross-currency interest rate swaps, also referred to as foreign currency swaps, associated with certain senior notes and subordinated debentures
•foreign currency swaps that are associated with variable interest entity (VIE) bond purchase commitments, and investments in special-purpose entities, including VIEs where the Company is the primary beneficiary
•interest rate swaps used to economically hedge interest rate fluctuations in certain variable-rate investments
•interest rate swaptions used to hedge changes in the fair value associated with interest rate fluctuations for certain U.S. dollar-denominated available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities
•bond purchase commitments at the inception of investments in consolidated VIEs.
Gains and losses are recognized as a result of valuing these derivatives, net of the effects of hedge accounting. The Company also excludes from adjusted earnings the accounting impacts of remeasurement associated with changes in the foreign currency exchange rate. Amortized hedge costs/ income related to certain foreign currency exposure management strategies (see Amortized Hedge Cost/Income section below), and net interest cash flows from derivatives associated with certain investment strategies and notes payable are reclassified from net investment gains (losses) and included in adjusted earnings.
Amortized hedge costs/income can fluctuate based upon many factors, including the derivative notional amount, the length of time of the derivative contract, changes in both U.S. and Japan interest rates, and supply and demand for dollar funding. Amortized hedge costs and income have fluctuated in recent periods due to changes in the previously mentioned factors. For additional information regarding foreign currency hedging, refer to Hedging Activities in the Investments section of this MD&A.
For additional information regarding net investment gains and losses, including details of reported amounts for the periods presented, see Notes 3 and 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Other and Non-recurring Items
The U.S. insurance industry has a policyholder protection system that provides funds for the policyholders of insolvent insurers. The system can result in periodic charges to the Company as a result of insolvencies/bankruptcies that occur with other companies in the life insurance industry. Some states permit member insurers to recover assessments paid through full or partial premium tax offsets. These charges neither relate to the ordinary course of the Company’s business nor reflect the Company’s underlying business performance, but result from external situations not controlled by the Company. The Company excludes any charges associated with U.S. guaranty fund assessments and the corresponding tax benefit or expense from adjusted earnings.
In Japan, the government also requires the insurance industry to contribute to a policyholder protection corporation that provides funds for the policyholders of insolvent insurers; however, these costs are calculated and administered differently than in the U.S. In Japan, these costs are not directly related to specific insolvencies or bankruptcies, but are rather a regular operational cost for an insurance company. Based on this structure, the Company does not remove the Japan policyholder protection expenses from adjusted earnings.
In 2020, other items also included integration costs related to the Company's acquisition of Zurich North America's U.S. Corporate Life and Pensions business; these costs primarily consist of expenditures for legal, accounting, consulting, integration of systems and processes and other similar services. These integration costs amounted to $13 million for the year ended December 31, 2020.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Income Taxes
The Company's combined U.S. and Japanese effective income tax rate on pretax earnings was (14.9)% in 2020 and 25.7% in 2019. In 2020, the combined effective tax rate differs from the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to the release of certain valuation allowances established on the Company's deferred foreign tax credit benefits. The release of these valuation allowances was a result of the issuance of Final and Proposed Regulations by the U.S. Treasury and Internal Revenue Service in September 2020, and resulted in a one-time income tax benefit of $1.4 billion in the third quarter of 2020. Total income taxes were $(.6) billion in 2020 and $1.1 billion in 2019. Japanese income taxes on Aflac Japan's results account for most of the Company's consolidated income tax expense.
For additional information, see Note 10 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Critical Accounting Estimates - Income Taxes section of this MD&A.
The Company expects that its effective tax rate for future periods will be approximately 20%. The effective tax rate continues to be subject to future tax law changes both in the U.S. and in foreign jurisdictions. See the risk factor entitled "Tax rates applicable to the Company may change" in Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors for more information.
Foreign Currency Translation
Aflac Japan’s premiums and a significant portion of its investment income are received in yen, and its claims and most expenses are paid in yen. Aflac Japan purchases yen-denominated assets and U.S. dollar-denominated assets, which may be hedged to yen, to support yen-denominated policy liabilities. These and other yen-denominated financial statement items are, however, translated into dollars for financial reporting purposes. The Company translates Aflac Japan’s yen-denominated income statement into dollars using the average exchange rate for the reporting period, and the Company translates its yen-denominated balance sheet using the exchange rate at the end of the period.
Due to the size of Aflac Japan, whose functional currency is the Japanese yen, fluctuations in the yen/dollar exchange rate can have a significant effect on the Company's reported results. In periods when the yen weakens, translating yen into dollars results in fewer dollars being reported. When the yen strengthens, translating yen into dollars results in more dollars being reported. Consequently, yen weakening has the effect of suppressing current period results in relation to the comparable prior period, while yen strengthening has the effect of magnifying current period results in relation to the comparable prior period. Management evaluates the Company's financial performance both including and excluding the impact of foreign currency translation to monitor, respectively, cumulative currency impacts on book value and the currency-neutral operating performance over time.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS BY SEGMENT
U.S. GAAP financial reporting requires that a company report financial and descriptive information about operating segments in its annual and interim period financial statements. Furthermore, the Company is required to report a measure of segment profit or loss, certain revenue and expense items, and segment assets. The Company's insurance business consists of two segments: Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. Aflac Japan is the principal contributor to consolidated earnings. Businesses that are not individually reportable, such as the Parent Company, asset management subsidiaries and business activities, including reinsurance retrocession activities are included in the Corporate and other segment. See the Item 1. Business section of this Form 10-K for a summary of each segment's products and distribution channels.
In 2020, Aflac Japan sales for protection-type first sector and third sector products decreased 36.9% and total sales decreased 36.2% on a yen basis, compared to 2019, primarily due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the continuing effects of the Japan Post investigation. Sales from Aflac U.S. were down 30.8% in 2020, as compared to 2019, due to social distancing efforts, which eliminated face-to-face sales opportunities beginning in mid-March 2020. The respective Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. platforms and distribution partners continue to work to adapt to the new environment. The Company continues to monitor the effects of COVID-19 on its operating results and has taken several steps to mobilize its resources to ensure adequate liquidity, a strong capital position, business continuity and employee safety during this pandemic. See the Executive Summary subsection of this MD&A for additional information.
Consistent with U.S. GAAP guidance for segment reporting, pretax adjusted earnings is the Company's U.S. GAAP measure of segment performance. The Company believes that a presentation of this measure is vitally important to an understanding of the underlying profitability drivers and trends of its business. Additional performance measures used to evaluate the financial condition and performance of the Company's segments are listed below.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
•Operating Ratios
•Expense Ratio
•New Annualized Premium Sales
•New Money Yield
•Return on Average Invested Assets
•Average Weekly Producer
For additional information on the Company’s performance measures included in this MD&A, see the Glossary of Selected Terms found directly following Part II. Other Information. See Note 2 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the reconciliation of segment results to the Company's consolidated U.S. GAAP results and additional information.
AFLAC JAPAN SEGMENT
Aflac Japan Pretax Adjusted Earnings
Changes in Aflac Japan's pretax adjusted earnings and profit margins are primarily affected by morbidity, mortality, expenses, persistency and investment yields. The following table presents a summary of operating results for Aflac Japan for the years ended December 31.
Aflac Japan Summary of Operating Results
(In millions) 2020 2019
Net premium income $ 12,670 $ 12,772
Net investment income: (1)
Yen-denominated investment income 1,296 1,307
U.S. dollar-denominated investment income 1,569 1,446
Net investment income 2,865 2,753
Amortized hedge costs related to certain foreign currency
exposure management strategies 206 257
Adjusted net investment income 2,659 2,496
Other income (loss) 42 45
Total adjusted revenues 15,371 15,313
Benefits and claims, net 8,851 8,877
Adjusted expenses:
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs 644 709
Insurance commissions 740 731
Insurance and other expenses 1,873 1,734
Total adjusted expenses 3,257 3,174
Total benefits and adjusted expenses 12,108 12,051
Pretax adjusted earnings $ 3,263 $ 3,261
Weighted-average yen/dollar exchange rate 106.86 109.07
In Dollars In Yen
Percentage change over previous period: 2020 2019 2020 2019
Net premium income (.8) % .1 % (2.8) % (1.1) %
Adjusted net investment income 6.5 % 3.9 4.4 % 2.2
Total adjusted revenues .4 .7 (1.7) (.6)
Pretax adjusted earnings .1 % 1.7 (2.0) .2
(1) Net interest cash flows from derivatives associated with certain investment strategies of $9 and $(17) in 2020 and 2019, respectively, have been reclassified from net investment gains (losses) and included in adjusted earnings as a component of net investment income.
In yen terms, Aflac Japan's net premium income decreased in 2020, primarily due to an anticipated decrease in first sector premiums as savings products reached premium paid-up status and constrained sales from the impact of pandemic
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
conditions. Adjusted net investment income increased in 2020 primarily due to higher income from U.S. dollar-denominated assets and lower hedge costs.
Annualized premiums in force at December 31, 2020, were ¥1.43 trillion, compared with ¥1.49 trillion in 2019. The decrease in annualized premiums in force in yen of 4.2% in 2020 and 2.5% in 2019 was driven primarily by limited-pay products reaching paid up status. Annualized premiums in force, translated into dollars at respective year-end exchange rates, were $13.8 billion in 2020 and $13.6 billion in 2019.
Aflac Japan's investment portfolios include U.S. dollar-denominated securities and reverse-dual currency securities (yen-denominated debt securities with dollar coupon payments). In years when the yen strengthens in relation to the dollar, translating Aflac Japan's U.S. dollar-denominated investment income into yen lowers growth rates for net investment income, total adjusted revenues, and pretax adjusted earnings in yen terms. In years when the yen weakens, translating U.S. dollar-denominated investment income into yen magnifies growth rates for net investment income, total adjusted revenues, and pretax adjusted earnings in yen terms.
The following table illustrates the effect of translating Aflac Japan's U.S. dollar-denominated investment income and related items into yen by comparing certain segment results with those that would have been reported had foreign currency exchange rates remained unchanged from the prior year. Amounts excluding foreign currency impact on U.S. dollar-denominated investment income were determined using the average foreign currency exchange rate for the comparable prior year period. See non-U.S. GAAP financial measures defined above.
Aflac Japan Percentage Changes Over Prior Year
(Yen Operating Results)
For the Years Ended December 31,
Including Foreign
Currency Changes Excluding Foreign
Currency Changes
2020 2019 2020 2019
Adjusted net investment income 4.4 % 2.2 % 5.7 % 2.9 %
Total adjusted revenues (1.7) (.6) (1.5) (.5)
Pretax adjusted earnings (2.0) .2 (1.0) .7
The following table presents a summary of operating ratios in yen terms for Aflac Japan for the years ended December 31.
Ratios to total adjusted revenues: 2020 2019
Benefits and claims, net 57.6 % 58.0 %
Adjusted expenses:
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs 4.2 4.6
Insurance commissions 4.8 4.8
Insurance and other expenses 12.2 11.3
Total adjusted expenses 21.2 20.7
Pretax adjusted earnings 21.2 21.3
Ratios to total premiums:
Benefits and claims, net 69.9 % 69.5 %
Adjusted expenses:
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs 5.1 5.5
In 2020, the benefit ratio to total premiums increased, compared to the prior year, primarily due to higher persistency, resulting in an increase in future policy benefit reserves, partially offset by the continued change in mix of first and third sector business as first sector products become paid-up. In 2020, the adjusted expense ratio increased mainly due to the decrease in total revenues and an increase in expenses related to the paperless and COVID-19 initiatives, which include the expansion of and enhancements to virtual desktops and telework terminals to support a remote workforce, partially offset by lower DAC amortization due to higher persistency. In total for 2020, the pretax adjusted profit margin decreased slightly as compared to 2019. For 2021, the Company will continue to monitor the situation with respect to COVID-19, and potential impacts on the pretax adjusted profit margin and benefit ratio.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Aflac Japan Sales
The following table presents Aflac Japan's new annualized premium sales for the years ended December 31.
In Dollars In Yen
(In millions of dollars and billions of yen) 2020 2019 2020 2019
New annualized premium sales $ 477 $ 731 ¥ 50.9 ¥ 79.7
Increase (decrease) over prior period (34.8) % (15.9) % (36.2) % (16.9) %
The following table details the contributions to Aflac Japan's new annualized premium sales by major insurance product for the years ended December 31.
2020 2019
Cancer 56.6 % 59.2 %
Medical 31.2 31.0
Income support 1.0 1.2
Ordinary life:
WAYS .7 .5
Child endowment .4 .2
Other ordinary life (1)
9.5 7.4
Other .6 .5
Total 100.0 % 100.0 %
(1) Includes term and whole life
The foundation of Aflac Japan's product portfolio has been, and continues to be, third sector products, which include cancer, medical and income support insurance products. Aflac Japan has been focusing more on promotion of cancer and medical insurance products in this low-interest-rate environment. These products are less interest-rate sensitive and more profitable compared to first sector savings products. With continued cost pressure on Japan’s health care system, the Company expects the need for third sector products will continue to rise in the future and that the medical and cancer insurance products Aflac Japan provides will continue to be an important part of its product portfolio.
Sales of protection-type first sector and third sector products on a yen basis decreased 36.9% in 2020, compared with 2019. The decline in sales primarily reflects the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the continuing effects of the Japan Post investigation.
Sales of Aflac Japan cancer products in the Japan Post Group channel experienced a material decline beginning in August 2019 and continued in 2020. For additional information, see the risk factor entitled "Events related to the ongoing Japan Post investigation and other matters regarding sales of Japan Post Insurance products could negatively impact the Company’s sales and results of operations," in Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors. Aflac Japan experienced a sharp drop-off in total sales, beginning in the second quarter of 2020 and continuing into 2021, due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and continuing effects of the Japan Post investigation.
The following table details the contributions to Aflac Japan's new annualized premium sales by agency type for the years ended December 31.
2020 2019
Independent corporate and individual 52.3 % 45.7 %
Affiliated corporate (1)
42.6 50.0
Bank 5.1 4.3
Total 100.0 % 100.0 %
(1) Includes Japan Post
In 2020, Aflac Japan recruited 48 new sales agencies. At December 31, 2020, Aflac Japan was represented by more than 8,500 sales agencies, with approximately 112,000 licensed sales associates employed by those agencies. The number of sales agencies has declined in recent years due to Aflac Japan's focus on supporting agencies with strong management frameworks, high productivity and more producing agents.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Japan Post offers Aflac's cancer insurance products in more than 20,000 postal outlets. Notwithstanding the recent reduction in sales of Aflac Japan's cancer products in the Japan Post channel, the Company believes this alliance with Japan Post has benefited and will continue to benefit its cancer insurance sales over the long term.
At December 31, 2020, Aflac Japan had agreements to sell its products at 361 banks, approximately 90% of the total number of banks in Japan.
Strategic Alliance with Japan Post Holdings
On December 19, 2018, the Parent Company and Aflac Japan entered into a Basic Agreement with Japan Post Holdings a Japanese corporation. Pursuant to the terms of the Basic Agreement, Japan Post Holdings agreed to form a capital relationship with the Parent Company, and Japan Post Holdings and Aflac Japan agreed to reconfirm existing initiatives regarding cancer insurance and to consider new joint initiatives, including leveraging digital technology in various processes, cooperation in new product development to promote customer-centric business management, cooperation in domestic and/or overseas business expansion and joint investment in third party entities and cooperation regarding asset management.
On February 28, 2019, the Parent Company entered a Shareholders Agreement with Japan Post Holdings, J&A Alliance Holdings Corporation, a Delaware corporation, solely in its capacity as trustee of J&A Alliance Trust, a New York voting trust (Trust), and General Incorporated Association J&A Alliance, a Japanese general incorporated association. Pursuant to the Shareholders Agreement, Japan Post Holdings agreed to cause the Trust to use commercially reasonable efforts to acquire, through open market or private block purchases in the U.S., beneficial ownership of approximately 7% of the Common Stock in connection with the Basic Agreement. According to a Schedule 13G/A filed by Japan Post Holdings with the SEC on January 6, 2021, the Trust had beneficially acquired 7.45% of the outstanding Common Shares as of December 31, 2020. Japan Post Holdings is the sole beneficiary of the Trust.
On May 1, 2020, the Parent Company filed a registration statement on Form S-3 that registered the sale of its common stock from time to time by J&A Alliance Holdings Corporation in its capacity as trustee of the Trust. The filing was made strictly pursuant to a contractual requirement contained in the Shareholders Agreement. Notwithstanding the contractual commitment and filing of the Form S-3, the Trust continues to be subject to a lockup period for a period expiring four years after the Trust acquired 7% of the Parent Company's outstanding shares, under the terms of the Shareholders Agreement.
The Trust has agreed not to own more than 10% of the Parent Company’s outstanding shares for a period expiring four years after the Trust acquired 7% of such shares, five years after it acquires 5% of such shares, or ten years after the Trust begins acquiring the Parent Company’s stock. After expiration of such period, the Trust has agreed not to own more than the greater of 10% of the Parent Company’s outstanding shares or such shares representing 22.5% of the voting rights in the Parent Company.
In light of the fact that the shares acquired by the Trust, like all Aflac Incorporated common shares, will be eligible for 10-for-1 voting rights after being held for 48 consecutive months, the Shareholders Agreement further provides for voting restrictions that effectively limit the trustee’s voting rights to no more than 20% of the voting rights in the Parent Company and further restrict the trustee’s voting rights with respect to certain change in control transactions. Japan Post Holdings will not have a Board seat on the Parent Company’s Board of Directors and will not have rights to control, manage or intervene in the management of the Parent Company.
As of December 31, 2019, all regulatory approvals expressly set forth in the Shareholders Agreement have been obtained. The Shareholders Agreement requires the parties to use reasonable best efforts to cooperate in connection with any ongoing regulatory matters related to or arising from the Trust’s acquisition or ownership or control of the shares of Company Common Stock, including any applications or filings in connection with a direct or indirect acquisition of control of or merger with an insurer by the Company or its affiliates. The foregoing is subject to and qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Shareholders Agreement, a copy of which is attached as Exhibit 10.50 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed April 26, 2019, and the terms of which exhibit are incorporated herein by reference.
Aflac Japan Investments
The level of investment income in yen is affected by available cash flow from operations, the timing of investing the cash flow, yields on new investments, the effect of yen/dollar exchange rates on U.S. dollar-denominated investment income, and other factors.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
As part of the Company's portfolio management and asset allocation process, Aflac Japan invests in yen and U.S. dollar-denominated investments. Yen-denominated investments primarily consist of JGBs and public and private fixed maturity securities. Aflac Japan's U.S. dollar-denominated investments include fixed maturity investments and growth assets, including public equity securities and alternative investments in limited partnerships or similar investment vehicles. Aflac Japan has been investing in both publicly-traded and privately originated U.S. dollar-denominated investment-grade and below-investment-grade fixed maturity securities and loan receivables, and has entered into foreign currency forwards and options to hedge the currency risk on the fair value of a portion of the U.S. dollar investments.
The following table details the investment purchases for Aflac Japan for the years ended December 31.
(In millions) 2020 2019
Yen-denominated:
Fixed maturity securities:
Japan government and agencies $ 736 $ 583
Private placements 574 1,122
Other fixed maturity securities 385 542
Equity securities 276 212
Total yen-denominated $ 1,971 $ 2,459
U.S. dollar-denominated:
Fixed maturity securities:
Other fixed maturity securities $ 1,393 $ 2,767
Infrastructure debt 101 66
Collateralized loan obligations 300 0
Equity securities 0 58
Commercial mortgage and other loans:
Transitional real estate loans 688 1,846
Commercial mortgage loans 12 565
Middle market loans 2,215 1,442
Other investments 279 145
Total dollar-denominated $ 4,988 $ 6,889
Total Aflac Japan purchases $ 6,959 $ 9,348
See the Investments section of this MD&A for further discussion of these investment programs, and see Notes 1, 3 and 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding loans and loan receivables.
Funds available for investment include cash flows from operations, investment income, and funds generated from maturities, redemptions, securities lending, and other securities transactions. Securities lending is also used from time to time to accelerate the availability of funds for investment. Purchases of securities from period to period are determined based on multiple objectives including appropriate portfolio diversification, the relative value of a potential investment and availability of investment opportunities, liquidity, credit and other risk factors while adhering to the Company's investment policy guidelines.
The following table presents the results of Aflac Japan's investment yields for the years ended and as of December 31.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
2020 2019
Total purchases for the period (in millions) (1)
$ 6,680 $ 9,203
New money yield (1),(2)
3.75 % 3.83 %
Return on average invested assets (3)
2.38 2.33
Portfolio book yield, including U.S. dollar-denominated investments, end of period (1)
2.59 % 2.64 %
(1) Includes fixed maturity securities, commercial mortgage and other loans, equity securities, and excludes alternative investments in limited partnerships
(2) Reported on a gross yield basis; excludes investment expenses, external management fees, and amortized hedge costs
(3) Net of investment expenses and amortized hedge costs, year-to-date number reflected on a quarterly average basis
The decrease in the Aflac Japan new money yield in 2020 was primarily due to lower yields on floating rate asset classes.
See Notes 3, 4 and 5 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Investments section of this MD&A for additional information on the Company's investments and hedging strategies.
AFLAC U.S. SEGMENT
Aflac U.S. Pretax Adjusted Earnings
Changes in Aflac U.S. pretax adjusted earnings and profit margins are primarily affected by morbidity, mortality, expenses, persistency and investment yields. The following table presents a summary of operating results for Aflac U.S. for the years ended December 31.
Aflac U.S. Summary of Operating Results
(In millions) 2020 2019
Net premium income $ 5,758 $ 5,808
Adjusted net investment income (1)
705 720
Other income 102 22
Total adjusted revenues 6,565 6,550
Benefits and claims 2,765 2,871
Adjusted expenses:
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs 570 573
Insurance commissions 576 590
Insurance and other expenses 1,386 1,244
Total adjusted expenses 2,532 2,407
Total benefits and adjusted expenses 5,297 5,279
Pretax adjusted earnings $ 1,268 $ 1,272
Percentage change over previous period:
Net premium income (.9) % 1.8 %
Net investment income (2.1) (1.0)
Total adjusted revenues .2 1.7
Pretax adjusted earnings (.3) (1.0)
(1) Net interest cash flows from derivatives associated with certain investment strategies of $3 for the year ended December 31, 2020 have been reclassified from net investment gains (losses) and included in adjusted earnings as a component of net investment income.
Annualized premiums in force decreased 3.2% in 2020 and increased 1.1% in 2019. Annualized premiums in force at December 31 were $6.1 billion in 2020, compared with $6.3 billion in 2019.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following table presents a summary of operating ratios for Aflac U.S. for the years ended December 31.
Ratios to total adjusted revenues: 2020 2019
Benefits and claims 42.1 % 43.8 %
Adjusted expenses:
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs 8.7 8.7
Insurance commissions 8.8 9.0
Insurance and other expenses 21.1 19.0
Total adjusted expenses 38.6 36.7
Pretax adjusted earnings
19.3 19.4
Ratios to total premiums:
Benefits and claims 48.0 49.4
Adjusted expenses:
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs 9.9 9.9
The benefit ratio decreased in 2020, compared with 2019, reflecting reduced accidents, wellness medical visits and routine procedures due to shelter-in-place orders and heightened social distancing due to COVID-19. The adjusted expense ratio increased in 2020, compared with 2019, primarily due to anticipated spending increases reflecting ongoing investments in the U.S. platform, distribution, and customer experience, TPA related expenses from the acquisition of Argus, the Voluntary Separation Plan, and lower unit cost capitalization reflecting a decline in sales. The pretax adjusted profit margin decreased slightly in 2020 when compared with 2019, due to higher expense ratios, offset somewhat by lower benefit ratios. For 2021, the Company will continue to monitor the situation with respect to COVID-19, and potential impacts on the pretax adjusted profit margin and benefit ratio.
Aflac U.S. Sales
The following table presents Aflac's U.S. new annualized premium sales for the years ended December 31.
(In millions) 2020 2019
New annualized premium sales $ 1,093 $ 1,580
Increase (decrease) over prior period (30.8) % (1.3) %
The following table details the contributions to Aflac's U.S. new annualized premium sales by major insurance product category for the years ended December 31.
2020 2019
Accident 26.1 % 28.5 %
Short-term disability 22.3 22.5
Critical care (1)
22.2 21.9
Hospital indemnity 18.0 16.6
Dental/vision 4.1 4.4
Life 7.3 6.1
Total 100.0 % 100.0%
(1) Includes cancer, critical illness and hospital intensive care products
New annualized premium sales for accident insurance, the Aflac U.S. leading product category, decreased 36.6%, short-term disability sales decreased 31.5%, critical care insurance sales (including cancer insurance) decreased 30.1%, and hospital indemnity insurance sales decreased 25.2% in 2020, compared with 2019. Overall sales decreased in 2020 as well net earned premium decreased .9%. Primarily, the decline in sales for Aflac U.S. is attributable COVID-19 social distancing efforts, which limited face-to-face sales opportunities beginning in mid-March 2020. See the Executive Summary section entitled "COVID-19" of this MD&A for additional information.
In 2020, the Aflac U.S. sales forces included an average of approximately 6,500 U.S. agents, including brokers, who were actively producing business on a weekly basis. The Company believes that this average weekly producer equivalent
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
metric allows sales management to monitor progress and needs, as well as serve as a leading indicator of future production capacity.
In November 2020, the Company, through its insurance subsidiaries Aflac and Aflac New York, acquired Zurich North America’s U.S. Corporate Life and Pensions business, which consists of group life, disability and absence management products. Aflac and Aflac New York agreed to reinsure on an indemnity basis Zurich North America’s U.S. in-force group life and disability policies with annualized earned premium of over $100 million. Aflac also acquired assets needed to support the group life and disability business, along with an absence management platform.
In November 2019, the Company acquired Argus Holdings, LLC and its subsidiary Argus Dental & Vision, Inc., a benefits management organization and national network dental and vision company, which provides a platform for Aflac Dental and Vision. Argus is an addition to the Aflac U.S. segment.
Aflac U.S. Investments
The level of investment income is affected by available cash flow from operations, the timing of investing the cash flow, yields on new investments, and other factors.
As part of the Company's portfolio management and asset allocation process, Aflac U.S. invests in fixed maturity investments and growth assets, including public equity securities and alternative investments in limited partnerships. Aflac U.S. has been investing in both publicly traded and privately originated investment-grade and below-investment-grade fixed maturity securities and loan receivables.
The following table details the investment purchases for Aflac U.S. as of December 31.
(In millions) 2020 2019
Fixed maturity securities:
Other fixed maturity securities $ 573 $ 1,032
Infrastructure debt 45 119
Collateralized loan obligations 150 0
Equity securities 8 58
Commercial mortgage and other loans:
Transitional real estate loans 143 423
Commercial mortgage loans 52 104
Middle market loans 79 99
Other investments 31 16
Total Aflac U.S. Purchases $ 1,081 $ 1,851
Funds available for investment include cash flows from operations, investment income, and funds generated from maturities, redemptions, and other securities transactions. Purchases of securities from period to period are determined based on multiple objectives, including appropriate portfolio diversification, the relative value of a potential investment and availability of investment opportunities, liquidity, credit and other risk factors while adhering to the Company's investment policy guidelines.
The following table presents the results of Aflac's U.S. investment yields for the years ended and as of December 31.
2020 2019
Total purchases for period (in millions) (1)
$ 1,050 $ 1,835
New money yield (1), (2)
3.04 % 4.51 %
Return on average invested assets (3)
4.90 5.07
Portfolio book yield, end of period (1)
5.18 % 5.40 %
(1) Includes fixed maturity securities, commercial mortgage and other loans, equity securities, and excludes alternative investments in limited partnerships
(2) Reported on a gross yield basis; excludes investment expenses and external management fees
(3) Net of investment expenses, year-to-date number reflected on a quarterly average basis
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The decrease in the Aflac U.S. new money yield for the year ended December 31, 2020 was primarily due to lower U.S. interest rates.
See Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Market Risks of Financial Instruments - Credit Risk subsection of Item 7A. for more information regarding the sector concentrations of the Company's investments.
CORPORATE AND OTHER
Changes in the pretax adjusted earnings of Corporate and other are primarily affected by investment income. The following table presents a summary operating results for Corporate and other for the years ended December 31.
Corporate and Other Summary of Operating Results
(In millions) 2020 2019
Premium income $ 194 $ 200
Net investment income 80 88
Amortized hedge income related to certain foreign currency
management strategies 97 89
Adjusted net investment income 177 177
Other income 13 15
Total adjusted revenues 384 393
Benefits and claims, net 180 194
Adjusted expenses:
Interest expense 164 133
Other adjusted expenses 155 137
Total adjusted expenses 319 270
Total benefits and adjusted expenses 499 464
Pretax adjusted earnings $ (115) $ (72)
Adjusted net investment income benefited from the Company’s enterprise corporate hedging program for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Beginning in 2020, net investment income also includes the Company's portion of earnings from its strategic equity investment in an asset management company. See the Hedging Activities subsection of this MD&A for further information on the enterprise corporate hedging program. The increase in interest expense in 2020 is primarily due to the issuance of additional senior notes in the first and second quarter of 2020. See Note 9 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on these senior notes.
In October 2020, the Company entered into an agreement to purchase approximately $200 million in newly issued common stock of Trupanion, Inc., a provider of medical insurance for pets in the United States and Canada. The Company closed on approximately $60 million of this transaction in October 2020. The Company closed on the remaining approximately $140 million of this transaction in November 2020 which resulted in the Company owning approximately 9% of the outstanding common stock of Trupanion, Inc. The Company also announced that it has entered into an alliance agreement with Trupanion, Inc. to sell pet insurance on an exclusive basis in the United States, subject to certain exceptions, and to explore on an exclusive basis potential distribution opportunities for pet insurance in Japan.
INVESTMENTS
The Company’s investment strategy utilizes disciplined asset and liability management while seeking long-term risk-adjusted investment returns and the delivery of stable income within regulatory and capital objectives, and preserving shareholder value. In attempting to optimally balance these objectives, the Company seeks to maintain on behalf of Aflac Japan a diversified portfolio of yen-denominated investment assets, U.S. dollar-denominated investment portfolio hedged back to yen and a portfolio of unhedged U.S. dollar-denominated assets. As part of the Company's portfolio management and asset allocation process, Aflac U.S. invests in fixed maturity investments and growth assets, including public equity securities and alternative investments in limited partnerships. Aflac U.S. invests in both publicly traded and privately originated investment-grade and below-investment-grade fixed maturity securities and loans.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
For additional information concerning the Company's investments, see Notes 3, 4, and 5 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
The following tables detail investments by segment as of December 31.
Investment Securities by Segment
(In millions) Aflac Japan Aflac U.S. Corporate and Other Total
Available for sale, fixed maturity securities,
at fair value $ 88,757 $ 15,133 $ 1,992 $ 105,882
Held to maturity, fixed maturity securities,
at amortized cost (1)
24,464 0 0 24,464
Equity securities 674 66 543 1,283
Commercial mortgage and other loans:
Transitional real estate loans (1)
4,331 900 0 5,231
Commercial mortgage loans (1)
1,268 420 0 1,688
Middle market loans (1)
3,365 270 0 3,635
Other investments:
Policy loans 242 18 0 260
Short-term investments (2)
449 242 448 1,139
Limited partnerships 828 91 85 1,004
Other 0 26 0 26
Total investments 124,378 17,166 3,068 144,612
Cash and cash equivalents 2,001 785 2,355 5,141
Total investments and cash $ 126,379 $ 17,951 $ 5,423 $ 149,753
(1) Net of allowance for credit losses
(2) Includes securities lending collateral
(In millions) Aflac Japan Aflac U.S. Corporate and Other Total
Available for sale, fixed maturity securities,
at fair value $ 75,780 $ 13,703 $ 1,779 $ 91,262
Held to maturity, fixed maturity securities,
at amortized cost 30,085 0 0 30,085
Equity securities 657 67 78 802
Commercial mortgage and other loans:
Transitional real estate loans 4,507 943 0 5,450
Commercial mortgage loans 1,308 399 0 1,707
Middle market loans 2,141 271 0 2,412
Other investments:
Policy loans 234 16 0 250
Short-term investments (1)
386 242 1 629
Limited partnerships 496 55 17 568
Other 0 30 0 30
Total investments 115,594 15,726 1,875 133,195
Cash and cash equivalents 1,674 417 2,805 4,896
Total investments and cash $ 117,268 $ 16,143 $ 4,680 $ 138,091
(1) Includes securities lending collateral
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The ratings of the Company's securities referenced in the table below are based on the ratings designations provided by major rating organizations such as Moody's, Standard & Poor's and Fitch or, if not rated, are determined based on the Company's internal analysis of such securities. When the ratings issued by the rating agencies differ, the Company utilizes the second lowest rating when three or more rating agency ratings are available or the lowest rating when only two rating agency ratings are available.
The distributions of fixed maturity securities the Company owns, by credit rating, as of December 31 were as follows:
Composition of Fixed Maturity Securities by Credit Rating
2020 2019
Amortized
Cost Fair
Value Amortized
Cost Fair
Value
AAA 1.0 % .9 % 1.1 % 1.0 %
AA 4.5 4.6 4.3 4.4
A 69.3 69.5 68.6 69.8
BBB 21.9 21.9 23.1 22.1
BB or lower 3.3 3.1 2.9 2.7
Total 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 %
As of December 31, 2020, the Company's direct and indirect exposure to securities in its investment portfolio that were guaranteed by third parties was immaterial both individually and in the aggregate.
The following table presents the 10 largest unrealized loss positions in the Company's portfolio as of December 31, 2020.
(In millions) Credit
Rating Amortized
Cost Fair
Value Unrealized Loss
Transocean Inc. CCC $ 50 $ 16 $ (34)
Diamond Offshore Drilling Inc. D 28 7 (21)
KLM Royal Dutch Airlines B 153 134 (19)
Grenke Finance PLC BBB 68 56 (12)
Chevron Corp. AA 145 135 (10)
Intesa Sanpaolo Spa BBB 151 141 (10)
National Football League A 156 147 (9)
Kommunal Landspensjonskasse (KLP) BBB 145 137 (8)
Heathrow Funding Ltd. BBB 97 89 (8)
Lloyds Banking Group PLC A 222 216 (6)
Generally, declines in fair values can be a result of changes in interest rates, yen/dollar exchange rate, and changes in net spreads driven by a broad market move or a change in the issuer's underlying credit quality. The Company believes these issuers have the ability to continue making timely payments of principal and interest, with the exception of Diamond Offshore Drilling Inc. which has declared bankruptcy. See the Unrealized Investment Gains and Losses section in Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussions of unrealized losses related to financial institutions and other corporate investments.
Below-Investment-Grade Securities
The Company's portfolio of below-investment-grade securities includes debt securities purchased while the issuer was rated investment grade plus other loans and bonds purchased as part of an allocation to that segment of the market. The following is the Company's below-investment-grade exposure.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Below-Investment-Grade Investments
December 31, 2020
(In millions) Par
Value Amortized
Cost (1)
Fair
Value Unrealized
Gain
(Loss)
Investcorp Capital Limited $ 407 $ 407 $ 459 $ 52
Commerzbank 386 262 431 169
Pemex Project Funding Master Trust 290 290 294 4
KLM Royal Dutch Airlines 193 153 134 (19)
Autostrade Per Litalia Spa 193 192 205 13
Telecom Italia SpA 193 193 250 57
Barclays Bank PLC 193 127 169 42
Apache Corporation 138 130 154 24
Ovintiv Inc. 134 138 155 17
IKB Deutsche Industriebank AG 126 56 89 33
Other Issuers 1,017 875 1,006 131
Subtotal (2)
3,270 2,823 3,346 523
Senior secured bank loans 214 235 207 (28)
High yield corporate bonds 675 703 712 9
Middle market loans 3,757 3,636 3,640 4
Grand Total $ 7,916 $ 7,397 $ 7,905 $ 508
(1) Net of allowance for credit losses
(2) Securities initially purchased as investment grade, but have subsequently been downgraded to below investment grade
The Company invests in senior secured bank loans and middle market loans primarily to U.S. corporate borrowers, most of which have below-investment-grade ratings. The objectives of these programs include enhancing the yield on invested assets, achieving further diversification of credit risk, and mitigating the risk of rising interest rates and hedge costs through the acquisition of floating rate assets.
The Company maintains an allocation to higher yielding corporate bonds within the Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. portfolios. Most of these securities were rated below-investment-grade at the time of purchase, but the Company also purchased several that were rated investment grade which, because of market pricing, offer yields commensurate with below-investment-grade risk profiles. The objective of this allocation was to enhance the Company's yield on invested assets and further diversify credit risk. All investments in this program must have a minimum rating at purchase of low BB using the Company's above described rating methodology and are managed by the Company's internal credit portfolio management team.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Fixed Maturity Securities by Sector
The Company maintains diversification in investments by sector to avoid concentrations to any one sector, thus managing exposure risk. The following table shows the distribution of fixed maturities by sector classification as of December 31.
(In millions) Amortized
Cost (1)
Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value % of
Total
Government and agencies $ 56,649 $ 9,822 $ (52) $ 66,419 48.9 %
Municipalities 2,855 668 (7) 3,517 2.5
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities 1,009 35 (6) 1,038 .9
Public utilities 8,837 2,057 (16) 10,879 7.6
Electric 7,131 1,683 (13) 8,803 6.1
Natural Gas 318 63 0 381 .3
Other 615 133 0 747 .5
Utility/Energy 773 178 (3) 948 .7
Sovereign and Supranational 1,784 337 (3) 2,113 1.5
Banks/financial institutions 10,525 1,644 (109) 12,062 9.0
Banking 6,299 1,041 (37) 7,305 5.4
Insurance 2,007 404 (36) 2,375 1.7
Other 2,219 199 (36) 2,382 1.9
Other corporate 34,397 6,143 (288) 40,253 29.6
Basic Industry 3,309 720 (15) 4,013 2.9
Capital Goods 3,388 566 (20) 3,934 2.9
Communications 4,096 940 (33) 5,003 3.5
Consumer Cyclical 3,159 573 (29) 3,703 2.7
Consumer Non-Cyclical 7,209 1,256 (44) 8,423 6.2
Energy 4,130 641 (57) 4,715 3.6
Other 1,565 210 (6) 1,769 1.3
Technology 3,514 341 (38) 3,816 3.0
Transportation 4,027 896 (46) 4,877 3.5
Total fixed maturity securities $ 116,056 $ 20,706 $ (481) $ 136,281 100.0 %
(1) Net of allowance for credit losses
Securities by Type of Issuance
The Company has investments in both publicly and privately issued securities. The Company's ability to sell either type of security is a function of overall market liquidity which is impacted by, among other things, the amount of outstanding securities of a particular issuer or issuance, trading history of the issue or issuer, overall market conditions, and idiosyncratic events affecting the specific issue or issuer.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following table details investment securities by type of issuance as of December 31.
Investment Securities by Type of Issuance
2020 2019
(In millions) Amortized
Cost (1)
Fair
Value Amortized
Cost Fair
Value
Publicly issued securities:
Fixed maturity securities $ 95,545 $ 111,479 $ 89,625 $ 105,557
Equity securities 740 740 717 717
Total publicly issued 96,285 112,219 90,342 106,274
Privately issued securities: (2)
Fixed maturity securities (3)
20,511 24,802 19,831 23,299
Equity securities 543 543 85 85
Total privately issued 21,054 25,345 19,916 23,384
Total investment securities $ 117,339 $ 137,564 $ 110,258 $ 129,658
(1) Net of allowance for credit losses
(2) Primarily consists of securities owned by Aflac Japan
(3) Excludes Rule 144A securities
The following table details the Company's reverse-dual currency securities as of December 31.
Reverse-Dual Currency Securities(1)
(Amortized cost, in millions) 2020 2019
Privately issued reverse-dual currency securities $ 5,300 $ 4,993
Publicly issued collateral structured as reverse-dual currency securities 1,775 1,678
Total reverse-dual currency securities $ 7,075 $ 6,671
Reverse-dual currency securities as a percentage of total investment
securities 6.0 % 6.1 %
(1)Principal payments in yen and interest payments in dollars
Aflac Japan has a portfolio of privately issued securities to better match liability characteristics and secure higher yields than those available on Japanese government or other public corporate bonds. Aflac Japan’s investments in yen-denominated privately issued securities consist primarily of non-Japanese issuers, are rated investment grade at purchase and have longer maturities, thereby allowing the Company to improve asset/liability matching and overall investment returns. These securities are generally either privately negotiated arrangements or issued under medium-term note programs and have standard documentation commensurate with credit ratings of the issuer, except when internal credit analysis indicates that additional protective and/or event-risk covenants were required. Many of these investments have protective covenants appropriate to the specific investment. These may include a prohibition of certain activities by the borrower, maintenance of certain financial measures, and specific conditions impacting the payment of the Company's notes.
HEDGING ACTIVITIES
The Company uses derivative contracts to hedge foreign currency exchange rate risk and interest rate risk. The Company uses various strategies, including derivatives, to manage these risks. See item “7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” for more information about market risk and the Company’s use of derivatives.
Derivatives are designed to reduce risk on an economic basis while minimizing the impact on financial results. The Company’s derivatives programs vary depending on the type of risk being hedged. See Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for:
•A description of the Company's derivatives, hedging strategies and underlying risk exposure.
•Information about the notional amount and fair market value of the Company's derivatives.
•The unrealized and realized gains and losses impact on adjusted earnings of derivatives in cash flow, fair value, net investments in foreign operations, or non-qualifying hedging relationships.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk Hedge Program
The Company has deployed the following hedging strategies to mitigate exposure to foreign currency exchange rate risk:
•Aflac Japan hedges U.S. dollar-denominated investments back to yen (see Aflac Japan’s U.S. Dollar-Denominated Hedge Program below).
•Aflac Japan maintains certain unhedged U.S. dollar-denominated securities, which serve as an economic currency hedge of a portion of the Company's investment in Aflac Japan (see Aflac Japan’s U.S. Dollar-Denominated Hedge Program below).
•The Parent Company designates yen-denominated liabilities (notes payable and loans) as non-derivative hedging instruments and designates certain foreign currency forwards and options as derivative hedges of the Company’s net investment in Aflac Japan (see Enterprise Corporate Hedging Program below).
•The Parent Company enters into forward and option contracts to accomplish a dual objective of hedging foreign currency exchange rate risk related to dividend payments by its subsidiary, ALIJ, and reducing enterprise-wide hedge costs. (see Enterprise Corporate Hedging Program below).
Aflac Japan’s U.S. Dollar-Denominated Hedge Program
Aflac Japan buys U.S. dollar-denominated investments, typically corporate bonds, and hedges them back to yen with foreign currency forwards and options to hedge foreign currency exchange rate risk. This economically creates yen assets that match yen liabilities during the life of the derivative and provides capital relief. The currency risk being hedged is generally based on fair value of hedged investments. The following table summarizes the U.S. dollar-denominated investments held by Aflac Japan as of December 31.
2020 2019
(In millions) Amortized
Cost (1)
Fair
Value Amortized
Cost Fair
Value
Available-for-sale securities:
Fixed maturity securities (excluding bank loans) $ 19,249 $ 21,108 $ 18,012 $ 19,542
Fixed maturity securities - bank loans (floating rate) 319 283 677 649
Equity securities 20 20 19 19
Commercial mortgage and other loans:
Transitional real estate loans (floating rate) 4,331 4,298 4,507 4,543
Commercial mortgage loans 1,268 1,365 1,308 1,319
Middle market loans (floating rate) 3,365 3,377 2,141 2,153
Other investments 828 828 496 496
Total U.S. Dollar Program 29,380 31,279 27,160 28,721
Available-for-sale securities:
Fixed maturity securities - economically converted to yen 2,085 3,094 1,700 2,608
Total U.S. dollar-denominated investments in Aflac Japan $ 31,465 $ 34,373 $ 28,860 $ 31,329
(1) Net of allowance for credit losses
U.S. Dollar Program includes all U.S. dollar-denominated investments in Aflac Japan other than the investments in certain consolidated VIEs where the instrument is economically converted to yen as a result of a derivative in the consolidated VIE. Aflac Japan maintains a collar program on a portion of its US dollar program to mitigate against more extreme moves in foreign exchange and therefore support SMR. In the first quarter of 2020, the Company reduced the size of the collar program by approximately $3 billion. In December 2020, the Company reduced the total size of the forward and collar programs by approximately $5 billion and purchased foreign currency options to hedge approximately $5 billion of U.S. dollar-denominated assets. While these adjustments will moderately increase the Company's exposure to SMR volatility, the Company believes that they will also reduce its exposure to pricing volatility and the related risk of negative settlements should there be a material weakening in the yen. Depending on further developments, including the possibility of further market volatility, there may be additional costs associated with maintaining the collar program. The Company is continually evaluating other adjustments, including the possibility of changing the level of hedging employed with the U.S dollar-denominated investments.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
As of December 31, 2020, Aflac Japan had $6.4 billion outstanding notional amounts of foreign currency forwards and $13.1 billion outstanding notional amounts of foreign currency options, of which none were in-the-money, hedging the U.S. dollar-denominated investments. The fair value of Aflac Japan's unhedged U.S. dollar-denominated portfolio was $9.4 billion (excluding certain U.S. dollar-denominated assets shown in the table above as a result of consolidation that have been economically converted to yen using derivatives).
Foreign exchange derivatives used for hedging are periodically settled, which results in cash receipt or payment at maturity or early termination. The Company had net cash outflows of $21 million in 2020 and net cash outflows of $20 million in 2019, associated with the currency derivatives used for hedging Aflac Japan’s U.S. dollar-denominated investments.
Enterprise Corporate Hedging Program
The Company has designated certain yen-denominated liabilities and foreign currency forwards and options of the Parent Company as accounting hedges of its net investment in Aflac Japan. The Company's consolidated yen-denominated net asset position was partially hedged at $9.9 billion as of December 31, 2020, compared with $9.1 billion as of December 31, 2019.
The Company makes its accounting designation of net investment hedge at the beginning of each quarter. If the total of the designated Parent Company non-derivative and derivative notional is equal to or less than the Company's net investment in Aflac Japan, the hedge is deemed to be effective, and the currency exchange effect on the yen-denominated liabilities and the change in estimated fair value of the derivatives are reported in the unrealized foreign currency component of other comprehensive income. The Company's net investment hedge was effective during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. For additional information on the Company's net investment hedging strategy, see Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
In order to economically mitigate risks associated with the enterprise-wide exposure to the yen and the level and volatility of hedge costs, the Parent Company enters into foreign exchange forward and option contracts. By buying U.S. dollars and selling yen, the Parent Company is effectively lowering its overall economic exposure to the yen, while Aflac Japan's U.S dollar exposure remains reduced as a result of Aflac Japan's U.S. dollar-denominated hedge program that economically creates yen assets. Among other objectives, this strategy is intended to offset the enterprise-wide amortized hedge costs by generating amortized hedge income. The portion of the enterprise-wide amortized hedge income contributed by this strategy was $97 million in 2020 and $89 million in 2019. This activity is reported in Corporate and Other. As this program evolves, the Company will continue to evaluate the program’s efficacy. See the Results of Operations section of this MD&A for the Company's definition of amortized hedge costs/income.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following table presents metrics related to Aflac Japan amortized hedge costs and the Parent Company amortized hedge income for the years ended December 31.
Hedge Cost/Income Metrics(1)
2020 2019
Aflac Japan:
FX Forwards
FX forward (sell USD, buy yen) notional at end of period (in billions) (2)
$6.4 $8.8
Weighted average remaining tenor (in months) (3)
12.7 8.5
Amortized hedge income (cost) for period (in millions) $(197) $(256)
FX Options
FX option notional at the end of period (in billions) (2)
$13.1 $9.2
Weighted average remaining tenor (in months) (3)
5.3 1.9
Amortized hedge income (cost) for period (in millions) $(9) $(1)
Corporate and Other (Parent Company):
FX Forwards
FX forward (buy USD, sell yen) notional at end of period (in billions)(2)
$5.0 $4.9
Weighted average remaining tenor (in months)(3)
12.1 13.7
Amortized hedge income (cost) for period (in millions) $102 $90
FX Options
FX option notional at the end of period (in billions) (2)
$2.0 $2.0
Weighted average remaining tenor (in months) (3)
7.2 8.4
Amortized hedge income (cost) for period (in millions) $(5) $(1)
(1) See the Results of Operations section of this MD&A for the Company's definition of amortized hedge costs/income.
(2) Notional is reported net of any offsetting positions within Aflac Japan or the Parent Company, respectively.
(3) Tenor based on period reporting date to settlement date
Interest Rate Risk Hedge Program
Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. use interest rate swaps from time to time to mitigate the risk of investment income volatility for certain variable-rate investments. Additionally, to manage interest rate risk associated with its U.S. dollar-denominated investments held by Aflac Japan, from time to time the Company utilizes interest rate swaptions.
For additional discussion of the risks associated with the foreign currency exposure refer to the Currency Risk section in Item 7A., Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risks, and Item 1A, specifically to the Risk Factors titled “The Company is exposed to foreign currency fluctuations in the yen/dollar exchange rate“ and “Lack of availability of acceptable yen-denominated investments could adversely affect the Company's results of operations, financial position or liquidity."
See Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Company's hedging activities.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
POLICY LIABILITIES
The following table presents policy liabilities by segment and in total for the years ended December 31.
(In millions) 2020 2019
Japan segment:
Future policy benefits $ 88,652 $ 81,462
Unpaid policy claims 3,177 2,879
Other policy liabilities 11,299 11,452
Total Japan policy liabilities 103,128 95,793
U.S. segment:
Future policy benefits 9,674 9,405
Unpaid policy claims 2,010 1,779
Other policy liabilities 126 111
Total U.S. policy liabilities 11,810 11,295
Consolidated:
Future policy benefits 97,783 90,335
Unpaid policy claims 5,187 4,659
Other policy liabilities 11,421 11,560
Total consolidated policy liabilities (1)
$ 114,391 $ 106,554
(1) The sum of the Japan and U.S. segments exceeds the total due to reinsurance and retrocession activity.
See Note 7 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Company's policy liabilities.
BENEFIT PLANS
Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. have various benefit plans. For additional information on the Company's Japanese and U.S. plans, see Note 14 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
POLICYHOLDER PROTECTION
Policyholder Protection Corporation
The Japanese insurance industry has a policyholder protection system that provides funds for the policyholders of insolvent insurers. Legislation enacted regarding the framework of the Life Insurance Policyholder Protection Corporation (LIPPC) included government fiscal measures supporting the LIPPC. In November 2016, Japan's Diet passed legislation that again extends the government's fiscal support of the LIPPC through March 2022. Effective April 2014, the annual LIPPC contribution amount for the total life industry was lowered from ¥40 billion to ¥33 billion. Aflac Japan recognized an expense of ¥1.9 billion for LIPPC assessments in each of the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.
Guaranty Fund Assessments
Under U.S. state guaranty association laws, certain insurance companies can be assessed (up to prescribed limits) for certain obligations to the policyholders and claimants of impaired or insolvent insurance companies that write the same line or similar lines of business. The amount of the guaranty fund assessment that an insurer is assessed is based on its proportionate share of premiums in that state. See Note 15 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on guaranty fund assessments.
OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS
See Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for details on certain investment commitments.
As of December 31, 2020, the Company had no material letters of credit, standby letters of credit, guarantees or standby repurchase obligations. See Note 15 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information on material unconditional purchase obligations that are not recorded on the Company's balance sheet.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Liquidity refers to the ability to generate sufficient cash resources to meet the payment obligations of the Company. Capital refers to the long-term financial resources available to support the operations of the businesses, fund business growth and provide for an ability to withstand adverse circumstances. Financial leverage (leverage) refers to an investment strategy of using debt to increase the potential return on equity. The Company targets and actively manages liquidity, capital and leverage in the context of a number of considerations, including:
•business investment and growth needs
•strategic growth objectives
•financial flexibility and obligations
•capital support for hedging activity
•a constantly evolving business and economic environment
•a balanced approach to capital allocation and shareholder deployment.
The governance framework supporting liquidity, capital and leverage includes global senior management and board committees that review and approve all significant capital related decisions.
The Company's cash and cash equivalents include unrestricted cash on hand, money market instruments, and other debt instruments with a maturity of 90 days or less when purchased, all of which has minimal market, settlement or other risk exposure. The target minimum amount for the Parent Company’s cash and cash equivalents is approximately $2.0 billion to provide a capital buffer and liquidity support at the holding company. Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company remains committed to prudent liquidity and capital management. At December 31, 2020, the Company held $5.1 billion in cash and cash equivalents for stress conditions, which includes the Parent Company's target minimum amount of $2.0 billion. For additional information on the Company’s liquidity and capital resources in response to COVID-19, see the Executive Summary section of this MD&A.
Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. provide the primary sources of liquidity to the Parent Company through management fees and dividends. To maintain a strong capital position during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, dividends paid to the Parent Company by Aflac Japan were reduced. For additional information on the impact to subsidiary dividends paid to the Parent Company as a result of COVID-19, see the Executive Summary section of this MD&A.
The following table presents the amounts provided to the Parent Company for the years ended December 31.
Liquidity Provided by Subsidiaries to Parent Company
(In millions) 2020 2019
Dividends declared or paid by subsidiaries $ 2,068 $ 3,466
Management fees paid by subsidiaries 131 151
The following table details Aflac Japan remittances for the years ended December 31.
Aflac Japan Remittances
(In millions of dollars and billions of yen) 2020 2019
Aflac Japan management fees paid to Parent Company $ 71 $ 75
Expenses allocated to Aflac Japan (in dollars) 0 4
Aflac Japan profit remittances to the Parent Company (in dollars) 1,215 2,070
Aflac Japan profit remittances to the Parent Company (in yen) ¥ 129.8 ¥ 225.2
The Company intends to maintain higher than historical levels of liquidity and capital at the Parent Company for stress conditions and with the goals of addressing the Company’s hedge costs and related potential need for collateral and mitigating against long-term weakening of the Japanese yen. Further, the Company plans to continue to maintain a portfolio of unhedged U.S. dollar based investments at Aflac Japan and consider whether the amount of such investments should be increased or decreased relative to the Company’s view of economic equity surplus in Aflac Japan in light of potentially rising hedge costs and other factors. See the Hedging Activity subsection in this MD&A for more information.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
In addition to cash and equivalents, the Company also maintains credit facilities, both intercompany and with external partners, and a number of other available tools to support liquidity needs on a global basis. In September 2018, the Parent Company filed a shelf registration statement with the SEC that allows the Company to issue an indefinite amount of debt securities, in one or more series, from time to time until September 2021. The Company believes outside sources for additional debt and equity capital, if needed, will continue to be available. Additionally, as of December 31, 2020, the Parent Company and Aflac had four lines of credit with third parties and seven intercompany lines of credit. For additional information, see Note 9 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
The primary uses of cash by the Parent Company are shareholder dividends, the repurchase of its common stock and interest on its outstanding indebtedness and operating expenses.
Major Contractual Obligations
The following table presents the estimated payments by period of the Company's major contractual obligations as of December 31, 2020. The Company translated its yen-denominated obligations using the December 31, 2020, exchange rate. Actual future payments as reported in dollars will fluctuate with changes in the yen/dollar exchange rate.
Distribution of Payments by Period
(In millions) Total
Liability(1)
Total
Payments Less
Than
One Year One to
Three Years Three to
Five
Years After
Five Years
Future policy benefits liability (Note 7)(2)
$ 97,783 $ 256,340 $ 10,057 $ 19,724 $ 19,661 $ 206,898
Unpaid policy claims liability (Note 7)(3)
5,187 5,187 3,343 1,090 432 322
Other policyholders' funds (Note 7)(3)
7,824 10,219 373 477 868 8,501
Long-term debt - principal (Note 9)
7,745 7,804 0 700 1,320 5,784
Long-term debt - interest (Note 9)
49 2,984 221 426 345 1,992
Cash collateral on loaned securities (Note 3)
964 964 964 0 0 0
Operating service agreements (Note 15)
N/A (4)
407 195 168 44 0
Operating lease obligations (Note 9)
143 152 52 51 21 28
Finance lease obligations (Note 9)
11 11 4 5 2 0
Total contractual obligations $ 119,706 $ 284,068 $ 15,209 $ 22,641 $ 22,693 $ 223,525
Liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits in the amount of $19 have been excluded from the tabular disclosure above because the timing of cash payment is not reasonably estimable.
(1) Liability amounts are those reported on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2020.
(2) The estimated payments due by period reflect future estimated cash payments to be made to policyholders and others for future policy benefits. These projected cash outflows are based on assumptions for future policy persistency, mortality, morbidity, and other assumptions comparable with the Company's experience, consider future premium receipts on current policies in force, and assume market growth and interest crediting consistent with assumptions used in amortizing deferred acquisition costs. These cash outflows are undiscounted with respect to interest and, as a result, the sum of the cash outflows shown for all years in the table of $256,340 exceeds the corresponding liability amount of $97,783. The Company has made significant assumptions to determine the future estimated cash outflows related to the underlying policies and contracts. Due to the significance of the assumptions used, actual cash outflow amounts and timing will differ, possibly materially, from these estimates.
(3) Includes assumptions as to the timing of policyholders reporting claims for prior periods and the amount of those claims. Actual amounts and timing of unpaid policy claims payments may differ significantly from the estimates above.
(4) Not applicable
For more information on the Company's major contractual obligations, see the applicable Note in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements as indicated in the line items in the table above.
The Company's consolidated financial statements convey its financing arrangements during the periods presented. The Company has not engaged in material intra-period short-term financings during the periods presented that are not otherwise reported in its balance sheet or disclosed therein. The Company was in compliance with all of the covenants of its notes payable and lines of credit at December 31, 2020. The Company has not entered into transactions involving the transfer of financial assets with an obligation to repurchase financial assets that have been accounted for as a sale under applicable accounting standards, including securities lending transactions. See Notes 1, 3, and 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on the Company's securities lending and derivative activities. With the exception of disclosed activities in those referenced footnotes and the Risk Factors entitled, "The Company is exposed to foreign currency fluctuations in the yen/dollar exchange rate" and "Lack of availability of acceptable yen-denominated investments could adversely affect the Company's results of operations, financial position or liquidity," the
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Company is not aware of a trend, demand, commitment, event or uncertainty that would likely result in its liquidity increasing or decreasing by a material amount.
Consolidated Cash Flows
The Company translates cash flows for Aflac Japan's yen-denominated items into U.S. dollars using weighted-average exchange rates. In years when the yen weakens, translating yen into dollars causes fewer dollars to be reported. When the yen strengthens, translating yen into dollars causes more dollars to be reported.
The following table summarizes consolidated cash flows by activity for the years ended December 31.
(In millions) 2020 2019
Operating activities $ 5,958 $ 5,455
Investing activities (4,619) (3,171)
Financing activities (1,115) (1,713)
Exchange effect on cash and cash equivalents 21 (12)
Net change in cash and cash equivalents $ 245 $ 559
Operating Activities
The principal cash inflows for the Company's insurance activities come from insurance premiums and investment income. The principal cash outflows are the result of policy claims, operating expenses, income tax, as well as interest expense. As a result of policyholder aging, claims payments are expected to gradually increase over the life of a policy. Therefore, future policy benefit reserves are accumulated in the early years of a policy and are designed to help fund future claims payments.
The Company expects its future cash flows from premiums and investment portfolios to be sufficient to meet its cash needs for benefits and expenses. Consolidated cash flow from operations increased 9.2% in 2020, compared with 2019.
Investing Activities
The Company's investment objectives provide for liquidity primarily through the purchase of publicly traded investment-grade debt securities. Prudent portfolio management dictates that the Company attempts to match the duration of its assets with the duration of its liabilities. Currently, when the Company's fixed maturity securities mature, the proceeds may be reinvested at a yield below that required for the accretion of policy benefit liabilities on policies issued in earlier years. However, the long-term nature of the Company's business and its strong cash flows provide the Company with the ability to minimize the effect of mismatched durations and/or yields identified by various asset adequacy analyses. From time to time or when market opportunities arise, the Company disposes of selected fixed maturity securities that are available for sale to improve the duration matching of assets and liabilities, improve future investment yields, and/or re-balance its portfolio. As a result, dispositions before maturity can vary significantly from year to year.
As part of its overall corporate strategy, the Company has committed $400 million to Aflac Ventures, LLC (Aflac Ventures), as opportunities emerge. Aflac Ventures is a subsidiary of Aflac Global Ventures, LLC (Aflac Global Ventures) which is reported in the Corporate and Other segment. The central mission of Aflac Global Ventures is to support the organic growth and business development needs of Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S. with an emphasis on digital applications designed to improve the customer experience, gain efficiencies, and develop new markets in an effort to enhance and defend long-term shareholder value. Investments are included in equity securities or the other investments line in the consolidated balance sheets.
As part of an arrangement with FHLB, Aflac U.S. obtains low-cost funding from FHLB supported by acceptable forms of collateral pledged by Aflac U.S. In 2020, Aflac U.S. borrowed and repaid $299 million under this program. As of December 31, 2020, Aflac U.S. had outstanding borrowings of $301 million reported in its balance sheet. To further support liquidity and capital resources amid the pandemic, in April 2020, Aflac U.S. increased its internal limit for borrowings under this program to $800 million, $300 million of which the Company has designated to be used for short-term liquidity needs only and subject to qualified collateral availability and other conditions.
See Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for details on certain investment commitments.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Financing Activities
Consolidated cash used by financing activities was $1.1 billion in 2020 and $1.7 billion in 2019.
In April 2020, the Parent Company issued $1.0 billion of senior notes through a U.S. public debt offering. The notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 3.60% per annum, payable semi-annually, and will mature in April 2030. These notes are redeemable at the Parent Company's option in whole at any time or in part from time to time at a redemption price equal to the greater of: (i) the aggregate principal amount of the notes to be redeemed or (ii) the amount equal to the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments for principal of and interest on the notes to be redeemed, not including any portion of the payments of interest accrued as of such redemption date, discounted to such redemption date on a semiannual basis at the yield to maturity for a U.S. Treasury security with a maturity comparable to the remaining term of the notes, plus 45 basis points, plus in each case, accrued and unpaid interest on the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed to, but excluding, such redemption date.
In March 2020, the Parent Company issued four series of senior notes totaling ¥57.0 billion through a public debt offering under its U.S. shelf registration statement. The first series, which totaled ¥12.4 billion, bears interest at a fixed rate of .300% per annum, payable semiannually and will mature in September 2025. The second series, which totaled ¥13.3 billion, bears interest at a fixed rate of .550% per annum, payable semi-annually, and will mature in March 2030. The third series, which totaled ¥20.7 billion, bears interest at a fixed rate of .750% per annum, payable semiannually and will mature in March 2032. The fourth series, which totaled ¥10.6 billion, bears interest at a fixed rate of .830% per annum, payable semi-annually, and will mature in March 2035. These notes may only be redeemed before maturity, in whole but not in part, upon the occurrence of certain changes affecting U.S. taxation, as specified in the indenture governing the terms of the issuance.
In January 2020, the Parent Company used the net proceeds from senior notes issued in December 2019 to redeem $350 million of its 4.00% fixed-rate senior notes due February 2022.
In December 2019, the Parent Company issued four series of senior notes totaling ¥38.0 billion through a public debt offering under its U.S. shelf registration statement. The first series, which totaled ¥12.6 billion, bears interest at a fixed rate of .500% per annum, payable semi-annually, and will mature in December 2029. The second series, which totaled ¥9.3 billion, bears interest at a fixed rate of .843% per annum, payable semi-annually, and will mature in December 2031. The third series, which totaled ¥9.8 billion, bears interest at a fixed rate of .934% per annum, payable semi-annually, and will mature in December 2034. The fourth series, which totaled ¥6.3 billion, bears interest at a fixed rate of 1.122% per annum, payable semi-annually, and will mature in December 2039. These notes may only be redeemed before maturity, in whole but not in part, upon the occurrence of certain changes affecting U.S. taxation, as specified in the indenture governing the terms of the issuance.
In September 2019, the Parent Company renewed a ¥30.0 billion senior term loan facility. The first tranche of the facility, which totaled ¥5.0 billion, bears interest at a rate per annum equal to the Tokyo interbank market rate (TIBOR), or alternate TIBOR, if applicable, plus the applicable TIBOR margin and will mature in September 2026. The applicable margin ranges between .30% and .70%, depending on the Parent Company's debt ratings as of the date of determination. The second tranche, which totaled ¥25.0 billion, bears interest at a rate per annum equal to the TIBOR, or alternate TIBOR, if applicable, plus the applicable TIBOR margin and will mature in September 2029. The applicable margin ranges between .45% and 1.00%, depending on the Parent Company's debt ratings as of the date of determination.
In April 2019, ALIJ issued ¥30.0 billion (par value) of perpetual subordinated bonds. These bonds bear interest at a fixed rate of .963% per annum and then at six-month Euro Yen LIBOR plus an applicable spread on and after the day immediately following April 18, 2024. The bonds will be callable on each interest payment date on and after April 18, 2024. In November 2019, ALIJ amended the bonds to change their duration from perpetual to a stated maturity date of April 16, 2049 and to remove provisions that permitted ALIJ to defer payments of interest under certain circumstances.
See Note 9 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on the debt issuances discussed above.
The Company was in compliance with all of the covenants of its notes payable and lines of credit at December 31, 2020.
Cash returned to shareholders through treasury stock purchases and dividends was $2.3 billion in 2020, compared with $2.4 billion in 2019.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following tables present a summary of treasury stock activity during the years ended December 31.
Treasury Stock Purchased
(In millions of dollars and thousands of shares) 2020 2019
Treasury stock purchases $ 1,537 $ 1,627
Number of shares purchased:
Share repurchase program 37,899 31,994
Other 542 592
Total shares purchased 38,441 32,586
Treasury Stock Issued
(In millions of dollars and thousands of shares) 2020 2019
Stock issued from treasury:
Cash financing $ 34 $ 49
Noncash financing 54 50
Total stock issued from treasury $ 88 $ 99
Number of shares issued 2,393 2,324
Under share repurchase authorizations from the Company's board of directors, the Company purchased 37.9 million shares of its common stock in 2020, compared with 32.0 million shares in 2019. In August 2020, the Company's board of directors authorized the purchase of 100 million shares of its common stock. As of December 31, 2020, a remaining balance of 99.2 million shares of the Company's common stock was available for purchase under share repurchase authorizations by its board of directors. See Note 11 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. For information on the impact of COVID-19 on the Company's share repurchase program, see the Executive Summary section of this MD&A.
Cash dividends paid to shareholders in 2020 of $1.12 per share increased 3.7% over 2019. The following table presents the dividend activity for the years ended December 31.
Dividends Paid to Shareholders
(In millions) 2020 2019
Dividends paid in cash $ 769 $ 771
Dividends through issuance of treasury shares 29 30
Total dividends to shareholders $ 798 $ 801
In November 2020, the board of directors announced a 17.9% increase in the quarterly cash dividend, effective with the first quarter of 2021. The first quarter 2021 cash dividend of $.33 per share is payable on March 1, 2021, to shareholders of record at the close of business on February 17, 2021.
Regulatory Restrictions
Aflac Japan
Aflac Japan is required to meet certain financial criteria as governed by Japanese corporate law in order to provide dividends to the Parent Company. Under these criteria, dividend capacity at the Japan subsidiary is basically defined as total equity excluding common stock, accumulated other comprehensive income amounts, capital reserves (representing statutorily required amounts in Japan) but reduced for net after-tax unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities. These dividend capacity requirements are generally aligned with the SMR. Japan's FSA maintains its own solvency standard which is quantified through the SMR. Aflac Japan's SMR is sensitive to interest rate, credit spread, and foreign exchange rate changes, therefore the Company continues to evaluate alternatives for reducing this sensitivity, including the reduction of subsidiary dividends paid to the Parent Company and Parent Company capital contributions. In the event of a rapid change in market risk conditions causing SMR to decline, the Company has one senior unsecured revolving credit facility in the amount of ¥100 billion and a committed reinsurance facility in the amount of approximately ¥120 billion
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
as a capital contingency plan. Additionally, the Company could take action to enter into derivatives on unhedged U.S. dollar-denominated investments with foreign currency options or forwards. See Notes 8 and 9 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
The Company has already undertaken various measures to mitigate the sensitivity of Aflac Japan's SMR. For example, the Company employs policy reserve matching (PRM) investment strategies, which is a Japan-specific accounting treatment that reduces SMR interest rate sensitivity since PRM-designated investments are carried at amortized cost consistent with corresponding liabilities. In order for a PRM-designated asset to be held at amortized cost, there are certain criteria that must be maintained. The primary criterion relates to maintaining the duration of designated assets and liabilities within a specified tolerance range. If the duration difference is not maintained within the specified range without rebalancing, then a certain portion of the assets must be re-classified as available for sale and held at fair value with any associated unrealized gain or loss recorded in surplus. To rebalance, assets may need to be sold in order to maintain the duration with the specified range, resulting in realizing a gain or loss from the sale. For U.S. GAAP, PRM investments are categorized as available for sale. The Company also uses foreign currency derivatives to hedge a portion of its U.S. dollar-denominated investments. See Notes 3, 4 and 8 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Company's investment strategies, hedging activities, and reinsurance, respectively.
Aflac Japan's SMR ratio remains high and reflects a strong capital and surplus position. As of December 31, 2020, Aflac Japan's SMR was 960%, compared with 1,043% at December 31, 2019. The Company is committed to maintaining strong capital levels throughout the pandemic, consistent with maintaining current insurance financial strength and credit ratings. For additional information see the Executive Summary COVID-19 section of this MD&A.
The FSA is considering the introduction of an economic value-based solvency regime based on the Insurance Capital Standards (ICS) for insurance companies in Japan. The FSA is currently conducting field testing with insurance companies in Japan for the purpose of investigating the impact of the introduction of regulations. Provisional specifications are expected to be decided in 2022, and a new capital regime to replace the current solvency regime may be introduced as early as 2025.
Aflac U.S.
A life insurance company’s statutory capital and surplus is determined according to rules prescribed by the NAIC, as modified by the insurance department in the insurance company’s state of domicile. Statutory accounting rules are different from U.S. GAAP and are intended to emphasize policyholder protection and company solvency. The continued long-term growth of the Company's business may require increases in the statutory capital and surplus of its insurance operations. The Company's insurance operations may secure additional statutory capital through various sources, such as internally generated statutory earnings, reduced dividends paid to the Parent Company, capital contributions by the Parent Company from funds generated through debt or equity offerings, or reinsurance transactions. The NAIC’s RBC formula is used by insurance regulators to help identify inadequately capitalized insurance companies. The RBC formula quantifies insurance risk, business risk, asset risk and interest rate risk by weighing the types and mixtures of risks inherent in the insurer’s operations.
The combined RBC ratio for Aflac U.S. as of December 31, 2020 was 550%. The Company calculates its combined RBC ratio to include all U.S. regulated life insurance entities as if a single combined U.S. RBC entity net of intercompany items related to capital resources and risk.
The table below presents RBC ratios for the Company’s U.S. life insurance subsidiaries as of December 31, the most recently statutory fiscal year-end for the subsidiaries for which RBC was filed. The Company intends to maintain a target minimum RBC of approximately 400% for Aflac, consistent with the Company's risk management practices.
Aflac 508 %
CAIC 975
TOIC 6,964
Aflac New York 1,077
The NAIC completed its Solvency Modernization Initiative (SMI) process relating to updating the U.S. insurance solvency regulation framework. The SMI focused on key issues such as capital requirements, governance and risk management, group supervision, reinsurance, statutory accounting and financial reporting matters. The NAIC still has some ongoing
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
initiatives related to SMI, such as monitoring the international efforts on group capital requirements as well as RBC. In 2020, the NAIC formally adopted a group capital calculation (GCC) that conceptually uses an RBC aggregation methodology for all entities within the insurance company holding system. The GCC is intended to be a regulatory tool used by regulators as a means to standardize group capital requirements. In addition, the NAIC has also proposed changes to investment risk factors for fixed maturity securities which are expected to be adopted for 2021 RBC filings. Any negative developments by the NAIC in these areas could result in increased capital requirements for the Company.
Aflac is subject to the NAIC’s Own Risk and Solvency Assessment (ORSA) reporting requirement. Through the ORSA requirements, Aflac is expected to regularly, no less than annually, conduct an ORSA to assess the adequacy of its risk management framework, and its current and projected future solvency position; internally document the process and results of the assessment; and provide a confidential high-level ORSA Summary Report annually to the lead state commissioner. In November 2020, Aflac filed its ORSA report with the Nebraska Department of Insurance.
Aflac, CAIC and TOIC are domiciled in Nebraska and are subject to its regulations. The Nebraska Department of Insurance imposes certain limitations and restrictions on payments of dividends, management fees, loans and advances to the Parent Company. Under Nebraska insurance law, prior approval of the Nebraska Department of Insurance is required for dividend distributions that exceed the greater of the net income from operations, which excludes net investment gains, for the previous year determined under statutory accounting principles, or 10% of statutory capital and surplus as of the previous year-end. Dividends declared by Aflac during 2021 in excess of $872 million would be considered extraordinary and require such approval. Similar laws apply in New York, the domiciliary jurisdiction of Aflac New York.
Privacy and Cybersecurity Governance
The Company’s Board of Directors has adopted an information security policy directing management to establish and operate a global information security program with the goals of monitoring existing and emerging threats and ensuring that the Company’s information assets and data, and the data of its customers, are appropriately protected from loss or theft. The Board has delegated oversight of the Company’s information security program to the Audit and Risk Committee. The Company’s senior officers, including its Global Security and Chief Information Security Officer, are responsible for the operation of the global information security program and communicates quarterly with the Audit and Risk Committee on the program, including with respect to the state of the program, compliance with applicable regulations, current and evolving threats, and recommendations for changes in the information security program. The global information security program also includes a cybersecurity incident response plan that is designed to provide a management framework across Company functions for a coordinated assessment and response to potential security incidents. This framework establishes a protocol to report certain incidents to the Global Security and Chief Information Security Officer and other senior officers, with the goal of timely assessing such incidents, determining applicable disclosure requirements and communicating with the Audit and Risk Committee. The incident response plan directs the executive officers to report certain incidents immediately and directly to the Lead Non-Management Director.
Other
For information regarding commitments and contingent liabilities, see Note 15 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Additional Information
Investors should note that the Company announces material financial information in its SEC filings, press releases and public conference calls. In accordance with SEC guidance, the Company may also use the Investor Relations section of the Company's website (http://investors.aflac.com) to communicate with investors about the Company. It is possible that the financial and other information the Company posts there could be deemed to be material information. The information on the Company's website is not part of this document. Further, the Company's references to website URLs are intended to be inactive textual references only.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
The Company prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. These principles are established primarily by the FASB. In this MD&A, references to U.S. GAAP issued by the FASB are derived from the FASB Accounting Standards Codification™ (ASC). The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires the Company to make estimates based on currently available information when recording transactions resulting from business operations. The estimates that the Company deems to be most critical to an understanding of Aflac’s results of operations
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
and financial condition are those related to the valuation of investments and derivatives, DAC, liabilities for future policy benefits and unpaid policy claims, and income taxes. The preparation and evaluation of these critical accounting estimates involve the use of various assumptions developed from management’s analyses and judgments. The application of these critical accounting estimates determines the values at which 94% of the Company's assets and 82% of its liabilities are reported as of December 31, 2020, and thus has a direct effect on net earnings and shareholders' equity. Subsequent experience or use of other assumptions could produce significantly different results.
Valuation of Investments, Including Derivatives, and Recognition of Current Expected Credit Losses
Aflac's investments, primarily consisting of debt and equity securities, include both publicly issued and privately issued securities. For publicly issued securities, the Company determines the fair values from quoted market prices readily available from public exchange markets and price quotes and valuations from third party pricing vendors. For the majority of privately issued securities within the Company's investment portfolio, a third party pricing vendor has developed valuation models that the Company utilizes to determine fair values. For the remaining privately issued securities, the Company uses non-binding price quotes from outside brokers. In September 2020, the Company refined its valuation model for private placements to explicitly incorporate currency basis swap adjustments (market observable data) to assumed interest rate curves where appropriate as noted in Note 5 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
The Company estimates the fair values of its securities on a monthly basis. The Company monitors the estimated fair values obtained from its pricing vendors and brokers for consistency from month to month, while considering current market conditions. The Company also periodically discusses with its pricing brokers and vendors the pricing techniques they use to monitor the consistency of their approach and periodically assess the appropriateness of the valuation level assigned to the values obtained from them. If a fair value appears unreasonable, the Company will re-examine the inputs and assess the reasonableness of the pricing data with the vendor. Additionally, the Company may compare the inputs to relevant market indices and other performance measurements. Based on management's analysis, the valuation is confirmed or may be revised if there is evidence of a more appropriate estimate of fair value based on available market data. The Company has performed verification of the inputs and calculations in any valuation models to confirm that the valuations represent reasonable estimates of fair value. Inputs used to value derivatives include, but are not limited to, interest rates, credit spreads, foreign currency forward and spot rates, and interest volatility.
The Company estimates an expected lifetime credit loss on investments measured at amortized cost including held-to-maturity fixed maturity securities, loan receivables and loan commitments on a quarterly basis. For the Company’s available-for-sale fixed maturity securities, the Company evaluates estimated credit losses only when the fair value of the available-for-sale fixed maturity security is below its amortized cost basis
The Company’s approach to estimating credit losses is complex and incorporates significant judgments. In addition to a security, or an asset class, or an issuer-specific credit fundamentals, it considers past events, current economic conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions. The Company's estimates are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available.
See Notes 1, 3, 4 and 5 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs and Policy Liabilities
Insurance premiums for most of the Company's health and life policies, including cancer, accident, hospital, critical illness, dental, vision, term life, whole life, long-term care and disability, are recognized as revenue over the premium-paying periods of the contracts when due from policyholders. When revenues are reported, the related amounts of benefits and expenses are charged against such revenues, so that profits are recognized in proportion to premium revenues during the period the policies are expected to remain in force. This association is accomplished by means of annual additions to the liability for future policy benefits and the deferral and subsequent amortization of policy acquisition costs.
Premiums from the Company's products with limited-pay features, including term life, whole life, WAYS, and child endowment, are collected over a significantly shorter period than the period over which benefits are provided. Premiums for these products are recognized as revenue over the premium-paying periods of the contracts when due from policyholders. Any gross premium in excess of the net premium is deferred and recorded in earnings, such that profits are recognized in a constant relationship with insurance in force. Benefits are recorded as an expense when they are incurred. A liability for future policy benefits is recorded when premiums are recognized using the net premium method.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs
The calculation of DAC and the liability for future policy benefits requires the use of estimates based on sound actuarial valuation techniques. For new policy issues, the Company reviews its actuarial assumptions and deferrable acquisition costs each year and revise them when necessary to more closely reflect recent experience and studies of actual acquisition costs. For policies in force, the Company evaluates DAC by major product groupings to determine that they are recoverable from future revenues, and any amounts determined not to be recoverable are charged against net earnings. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a detail of the DAC activity for the past two years.
Policy Liabilities
The Company's policy liabilities, which are determined in accordance with applicable guidelines as defined under U.S. GAAP and Actuarial Standards of Practice, include two components that involve analysis and judgment: future policy benefits and unpaid policy claims, which accounted for 85% and 5% of total policy liabilities as of December 31, 2020, respectively.
Future policy benefits provide for claims that will occur in the future and are generally calculated as the present value of future expected benefits to be incurred less the present value of future expected net benefit premiums. The Company calculates future policy benefits based on assumptions of morbidity, mortality, persistency and interest. These assumptions are generally established at the time a policy is issued. The assumptions used in the calculations are closely related to those used in developing the gross premiums for a policy. As required by U.S. GAAP, the Company also includes a provision for adverse deviation, which is intended to accommodate adverse fluctuations in actual experience.
Unpaid policy claims include those claims that have been incurred and are in the process of payment as well as an estimate of those claims that have been incurred but have not yet been reported to the Company. The Company computes unpaid policy claims on a non-discounted basis using statistical analyses of historical claims payments, adjusted for current trends and changed conditions. The Company updates the assumptions underlying the estimate of unpaid policy claims regularly and incorporates its historical experience as well as other data that provides information regarding the Company's outstanding liability.
The Company's insurance products provide fixed-benefit amounts per occurrence that are not subject to medical-cost inflation. Furthermore, the Company's business is widely dispersed in both the U.S. and Japan. This geographic dispersion and the nature of the Company's benefit structure mitigate the risk of a significant unexpected increase in claims payments due to localized epidemics and events of a catastrophic nature. Claims incurred under Aflac's policies are generally reported and paid in a relatively short time frame. The unpaid claims liability is sensitive to morbidity assumptions, in particular, severity and frequency of claims. Severity is the ultimate size of a claim, and frequency is the number of claims incurred. The Company's claims experience is primarily related to the demographics of its policyholders.
As a part of its established financial reporting and accounting practices and controls, the Company performs detailed annual actuarial reviews of its policyholder liabilities (gross premium valuation analysis) and reflects the results of those reviews in its results of operations and financial condition as required by U.S. GAAP. For Aflac Japan, the Company’s annual reviews in 2020 and 2019 indicated no need to strengthen liabilities associated with policies in Japan. For Aflac U.S., the Company's annual reviews in 2020 and 2019 indicated no need to strengthen liabilities associated with policies in the U.S.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The table below reflects the growth of the future policy benefits liability for the years ended December 31.
Future Policy Benefits
(In millions of dollars and billions of yen) 2020 2019
Aflac U.S. $ 9,674 $ 9,405
Growth rate 2.9 % 2.9 %
Aflac Japan $ 88,652 $ 81,462
Growth rate 8.8 % 4.7 %
Consolidated $ 97,783 $ 90,335
Growth rate 8.2 % 4.6 %
Yen/dollar exchange rate (end of period) 103.50 109.56
Aflac Japan ¥ 9,176 ¥ 8,925
Growth rate 2.8 % 3.3 %
The growth of the future policy benefits liability in yen for Aflac Japan and in dollars for Aflac U.S. has been due to the aging of the Company's in-force block of business and the addition of new business.
In computing the estimate of unpaid policy claims, the Company considers many factors, including the benefits and amounts available under the policy; the volume and demographics of the policies exposed to claims; and internal business practices, such as incurred date assignment and current claim administrative practices. The Company monitors these conditions closely and makes adjustments to the liability as actual experience emerges. Claim levels are generally stable from period to period; however, fluctuations in claim levels may occur. In calculating the unpaid policy claim liability, the Company does not calculate a range of estimates. The following table shows the expected sensitivity of the unpaid policy claims liability as of December 31, 2020, to changes in severity and frequency of claims.
Sensitivity of Unpaid Policy Claims Liability
(In millions) Total Severity
Total Frequency Decrease
by 2% Decrease
by 1% Unchanged Increase
by 1% Increase
by 2%
Increase by 2% $ (1) $ 26 $ 54 $ 81 $ 109
Increase by 1% (27) 0 27 54 81
Unchanged (54) (27) 0 27 54
Decrease by 1% (80) (54) (27) 0 26
Decrease by 2% (107) (80) (54) (27) (1)
Other policy liabilities, which accounted for 10% of total policy liabilities as of December 31, 2020, consisted primarily of annuity and unearned premium reserves, and discounted advance premiums on deposit from policyholders in conjunction with their purchase of certain Aflac Japan insurance products. These advanced premiums are deferred upon collection and recognized as premium revenue over the contractual premium payment period. Advanced premiums represented 19% and 24% of the December 31, 2020 and 2019 other policy liabilities balances, respectively. See the Aflac Japan segment subsection of this MD&A for further information.
Income Taxes
Income tax provisions are generally based on pretax earnings reported for financial statement purposes, which differ from those amounts used in preparing the Company's income tax returns. Deferred income taxes are recognized for temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and income tax basis of assets and liabilities, based on enacted tax laws and statutory tax rates applicable to the periods in which the Company expects the temporary differences to reverse. The evaluation of a tax position in accordance with U.S. GAAP is a two-step process. Under the first step, the enterprise determines whether it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. The second step is measurement, whereby a tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is measured to determine the amount of benefit to recognize in the financial statements. A valuation allowance is established for deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that an amount will not be realized. The determination of a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets requires management to make certain judgments and assumptions.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
In evaluating the ability to recover deferred tax assets, the Company's management considers all available evidence, including taxable income in open carry back years, the existence of cumulative losses in the most recent years, forecasted earnings, future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards, future taxable temporary difference reversals, and prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. In the event the Company determines it is not more likely than not that it will be able to realize all or part of its deferred tax assets in the future, a valuation allowance would be charged to earnings in the period such determination is made. Likewise, if it is later determined that it is more likely than not that those deferred tax assets would be realized, the previously provided valuation allowance would be reversed. Future economic conditions and market volatility, including increases in interest rates or widening credit spreads, can adversely impact the Company’s tax planning strategies and in particular the Company’s ability to utilize tax benefits on previously recognized capital losses. The Company's judgments and assumptions are subject to change given the inherent uncertainty in predicting future performance and specific industry and investment market conditions.
In September 2020, the U.S. Treasury and Internal Revenue Service issued Final and Proposed Regulations. Under the guidance of these regulations, the Company recognized a one-time income tax benefit of $1.4 billion due to the release of previously established valuation allowances related to deferred foreign tax credit benefits. The Company believes this will also reduce the effective tax rate in future periods, subject to any future changes in the U.S. tax policy.
For additional information on income tax, see Note 10 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements presented in this report.
Future Adoption of Accounting Standard for Long-Duration Insurance Contracts
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-12, “Financial Services - Insurance, Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts” (The ASU). The update significantly changes how insurers account for long-duration contracts, amends existing recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure requirements applicable to the Company. Issues addressed in the new guidance include: 1) a requirement to review and, if there is a change, update cash flow assumptions for the liability for future policy benefits at least annually, and to update the discount rate assumption quarterly, 2) accounting for market risk benefits at fair value, 3) simplified amortization for deferred acquisition costs, and 4) enhanced financial statement presentation and disclosures.
Since the initial issuance, the FASB has deferred the ASU effective date for two years, such that the amendments are now effective for the Company for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2022. Early application of the amendments is permitted, however, the Company does not expect to early adopt the updated standard. The Company plans to use the additional time to educate investors and analysts on the adoption impact, conduct robust testing and analysis, enhance the control environment, and perform parallel financial reporting.
The Company expects that the ASU's adoption will have a significant impact on the Company’s reported financial position, results of operations, and disclosures. The Company anticipates that the requirement to update assumptions for liability for future policy benefits will have a significant impact on its results of operations, systems, processes and controls while the requirement to update the discount rate will have a significant impact on its AOCI and equity. The Company currently has no products with market risk benefits.
There are two permitted transition methods upon adoption and the Company has selected the modified retrospective transition method. Under the modified retrospective method, the opening reserve balance at the transition date (January 1, 2021, assuming January 1, 2023 adoption), would generally be the same as the closing balance before transition; however, it would be updated for changes in the discount rate required under the new guidance with the difference impacting AOCI.
The new guidance requires that discount rates used for the discounting of insurance liabilities be initially adjusted on the adoption date and subsequently at each reporting period to the market levels for the upper-medium-grade (low credit risk) fixed income instrument yields (single-A in the currency of the underlying insurance contract) reflecting the duration of the Company’s insurance liabilities. The update of the discount rate will be recognized in AOCI.
The Company expects that the impact to its reported financial statements under U.S. GAAP will be greatly influenced by the nature of the Company’s business model. Adoption of the new guidance will reflect the Company’s concentration in Japan third-sector business, in particular cancer insurance, with respect to which the duration of liabilities is materially longer than asset durations, while Japan’s aggregate block of business continues to see favorable experience from mortality, morbidity, and expenses. The long duration of the Company’s third-sector insurance liabilities in Japan coupled with limited-to-no-liquidity of the Japanese long-dated fixed-income market creates challenges in application of the market-based discount rate guidance and will require the Company to apply significant judgments in designing discount
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
rate methodologies for its Japanese third-sector liabilities. Under the modified retrospective method, the impact of a low discount rate applied to long-duration third sector liabilities is recognized at adoption, while associated favorable morbidity margins are recognized over time thus driving a pronounced timing impact to U.S. GAAP equity. In addition, with respect to the Japan segment, the Company maintains a large portfolio of assets designated as held-to-maturity (HTM) as a strategy to reduce capital (solvency margin ratio or SMR) volatility. In a low interest rate environment, such as presently exists in Japan, assets designated as HTM that were purchased in a higher interest rate environment have significant embedded gains not reflected in AOCI (HTM securities are carried at amortized cost under U.S. GAAP), which serves as an economic offset to a low discount rate applied to policy liabilities. At December 31, 2020, the Company’s HTM portfolio was $24.5 billion at amortized cost and had $5.9 billion in net unrealized gains. After adoption of ASU 2018-12, the Company also expects net earnings and net earnings per share (which were $4.8 billion and $6.67 per diluted share, respectively, in 2020) to reflect larger quarterly fluctuations due to the new requirement to update assumptions for liability for future policy benefits.
As an example of the potential impact of the new guidance, and for illustrative purposes only, under the modified retrospective method and in a low interest rate environment, the Company would expect AOCI (which was $8.9 billion at December 31, 2020) to significantly decline upon adoption and to thereafter reflect larger quarterly fluctuations due to the new requirement to adjust discount rates quarterly. Conversely, in a higher interest rate environment, the Company would expect AOCI to decline less or even increase (depending on the specifics of the interest rate environment), as well as to reflect quarterly fluctuations.
The ultimate impact on these items from the Company’s implementation of the updated standard is subject to assessments that are dependent on many variables, including but not limited to (i) how certain aspects of the new standard will be interpreted and implemented by the Company and other similar companies, such as (but not limited to) amortization of deferred acquisition costs and selection of discounting methodologies and inputs, as well as establishment of policies, processes and controls for setting, monitoring and periodically updating reserve assumptions, and (ii) changes in the interest rate environment in the US and Japan. The impact on transition under the modified retrospective method will be driven by updating discount rates that will increase reserves and lower AOCI by the corresponding amount.
The Company has created a robust governance framework and a detailed implementation plan to support timely implementation of the ASU. As part of the implementation, the Company has made significant progress on key accounting policy decisions (discount rate, cash flow assumptions, deferred acquisition costs amortization, and disclosures), and is working toward modernization of its actuarial platform to increase automation of key reporting and analytical processes and optimize a control framework around new technologies, data sourcing and maintenance solutions. The Company has also begun to incorporate into its ASU implementation project other functional areas not directly associated with U.S. GAAP reporting that nonetheless will be impacted by the accounting changes.
The Company expects that while the adoption of this new accounting guidance will affect the Company’s financial statements under U.S. GAAP, it will not impact financial statements for Aflac Japan under FSA requirements or for Aflac U.S. under applicable statutory requirements. Therefore, the Company does not expect adoption of the updated standard to impact its overall cash flows, subsidiaries’ dividend capacity or their ability to meet applicable regulatory capital standards, nor does the Company anticipate adoption to affect its existing debt covenants or strategies for capital deployment.
New Accounting Pronouncements
During the last three years, various accounting standard-setting bodies have been active in soliciting comments and issuing statements, interpretations and exposure drafts. For information on new accounting pronouncements and the impact, if any, on the Company's financial position or results of operations, see Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
The Company is exposed primarily to the following types of market risks: currency risk, interest rate risk, credit risk and equity risk. Fluctuations in these factors could impact the Company’s consolidated results of operations or financial condition. The Company regularly monitors its market risks and uses a variety of strategies to manage its exposure
to these market risks.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Currency Risk
Aflac Japan
The functional currency of Aflac Japan's insurance operations is the Japanese yen. Aflac Japan’s premiums and a significant portion of its investment income are received in yen, and its claims and most expenses are paid in yen. Aflac Japan purchases yen-denominated assets and U.S. dollar-denominated assets, which may be hedged to yen, to support yen-denominated policy liabilities. These and other yen-denominated financial statement items are, however, translated into U.S. dollars for financial reporting purposes. Most of Aflac Japan's cash and liabilities are yen-denominated.
The Company engages in hedging activities to mitigate certain currency risks from holding U.S. dollar-denominated investments in Aflac Japan. However, this hedging program in turn poses a countervailing long-term risk of loss on hedging currency derivatives under the long-term scenario of weakening yen, and related derivative rollover risk that could amplify hedge cost in unfavorable market conditions and significantly increase liquidity requirements to support negative derivative settlements. Additionally, as discussed in detail in the Risk Factors section titled “Lack of availability of acceptable yen-denominated investments could adversely affect the Company’s results of operations, financial position or liquidity,” there is a risk that losses realized on derivative settlements during periods of weakening yen may not be recouped through realization of the corresponding holding currency gains on the hedged U.S. dollar-denominated investments if these investments are not ultimately sold and converted to yen.
The Company has taken steps to refine the strategy to mitigate currency exposure of Aflac Japan from U.S. dollar-denominated investments while balancing the consideration of the economic equity surplus in Aflac Japan. This refinement in strategy resulted in an increased amount of the unhedged U.S. dollar-denominated investments held in Aflac Japan while at the same time mitigating hedge cost increases. Generally, Aflac Japan’s exposure to the currency risk increases when its portfolio of unhedged U.S. dollar-denominated investments increases. As the value of the U.S. dollar-denominated investment portfolio in Aflac Japan fluctuates and the Company’s business model evolves, the Company periodically reevaluates this size of the unhedged portfolio and may accordingly adjust up or down its currency hedging targets. See additional discussion in the Risk Factors section titled "The Company is exposed to foreign currency fluctuations in the yen/dollar exchange rate."
The Parent Company
The Company is exposed to currency risk as an economic event when yen funds are actually converted into U.S. dollars. This occurs when yen-denominated funds are paid as dividends and management fees from Aflac Japan to the Parent Company and with quarterly settlements of its reinsurance retrocession transactions. The exchange rates prevailing at the time of yen payments will differ from the exchange rates prevailing at the time the yen profits were earned. The Company may use a portion of the yen dividend and management fee payments to service Aflac Incorporated's yen-denominated notes payable with the remainder converted into U.S. dollars.
In addition to yen payments and the reinsurance retrocessions, certain investment activities for Aflac Japan expose the Company to economic currency risk when yen are converted into U.S. dollars. As noted above, the Company invests a portion of its yen cash flows in U.S. dollar-denominated assets. This requires that the Company convert the yen cash flows to U.S. dollars before investing. As previously discussed, for certain of its U.S. dollar-denominated securities, the Company enters into foreign currency forward and option contracts to hedge the currency risk on the fair value of hedged investments. In 2018, the Parent Company entered into forward contracts to accomplish a dual objective of hedging foreign currency rate risk to dividend payments by Aflac Japan, and reducing enterprise-wide hedge costs. The Company also balances the volume of hedging instruments between forwards and options in an attempt to manage and balance the risks associated with collateral, hedge costs and cash settlements. If the markets experience a significant strengthening of yen, this could cause cash strain at the Parent Company as a result of cash collateral and potentially cash settlement requirements. Based on the timing and severity of exchange rate fluctuations combined with the level of outstanding activity in this program, the cash strain at the Parent Company could be significant.
Aside from the activities discussed above, the Company generally does not convert yen into U.S. dollars; however, it does translate financial statement amounts from yen into U.S. dollars for financial reporting purposes. Therefore, reported amounts are affected by foreign currency fluctuations. The Company reports unrealized foreign currency translation gains and losses in AOCI. In periods when the yen weakens against the dollar, translating yen into dollars causes fewer dollars to be reported. When the yen strengthens, translating yen into U.S. dollars causes more U.S. dollars to be reported. The weakening of the yen relative to the U.S. dollar will generally adversely affect the value of the Company's yen-denominated investments in U.S. dollar terms. The Company also considers the economic equity surplus in Aflac Japan and related exposure to foreign currency. The Company manages this currency risk by investing a portion of Aflac Japan's
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
investment portfolio in U.S. dollar-denominated securities and by the Parent Company's issuance of yen-denominated debt. As a result, the effect of currency fluctuations on the Company's net assets is reduced.
The following table demonstrates the effect of foreign currency fluctuations by presenting the dollar values of the Company's yen-denominated assets and liabilities, and its consolidated yen-denominated net asset exposure at selected exchange rates as of December 31.
Dollar Value of Yen-Denominated Assets and Liabilities
at Selected Exchange Rates
(In millions) 2020 2019
Yen/dollar exchange rates 88.50 103.50 (1)
118.50 94.56 109.56(1)
124.56
Yen-denominated financial instruments:
Assets:
Securities available for sale: (2)
Fixed maturity securities (3)
$ 74,094 $ 63,356 $ 55,336 $ 60,391 $ 52,123 $ 45,846
Fixed maturity securities - consolidated
variable interest entities (4)
1,071 915 800 995 858 755
Securities held to maturity: (2)
Fixed maturity securities 28,610 24,464 21,367 34,858 30,085 26,462
Equity securities 795 680 594 763 658 579
Cash and cash equivalents 1,273 1,088 950 1,296 1,119 984
Derivatives 3,854 583 2,514 2,718 482 2,457
Other financial instruments 290 248 216 271 234 205
Subtotal 109,987 91,334 81,777 101,292 85,559 77,288
Liabilities:
Notes payable 3,796 3,242 2,835 2,968 2,558 2,253
Derivatives 3,181 697 2,971 1,807 586 3,463
Subtotal 6,977 3,939 5,806 4,775 3,144 5,716
Net yen-denominated financial instruments 103,010 87,395 75,971 96,517 82,415 71,572
Other yen-denominated assets 10,675 9,128 7,972 10,304 8,893 7,822
Other yen-denominated liabilities 126,159 107,875 94,220 118,869 102,595 90,240
Consolidated yen-denominated net assets
(liabilities) subject to foreign currency
fluctuation(2)
$ (12,474) $ (11,352) $ (10,277) $ (12,048) $ (11,287) $ (10,846)
(1) Actual period-end exchange rate
(2) Net of allowance for credit losses
(3) Does not include the U.S. dollar-denominated corporate bonds for which the Company has entered into foreign currency derivatives as discussed in the Aflac Japan Investment subsection of MD&A
(4) Does not include U.S. dollar-denominated bonds that have corresponding cross-currency swaps in consolidated VIEs
The Company is required to consolidate certain VIEs. Some of the consolidated VIEs in Aflac Japan's portfolio use foreign currency swaps to convert foreign denominated cash flows to yen, the functional currency of Aflac Japan, in order to minimize cash flow fluctuations. Foreign currency swaps exchange an initial principal amount in two currencies, agreeing to re-exchange the currencies at a future date, at an agreed upon exchange rate. There may also be periodic exchanges of payments at specified intervals based on the agreed upon rates and notional amounts. Prior to consolidation, the Company's beneficial interest in these VIEs was a yen-denominated available-for-sale fixed maturity security. Upon consolidation, the original yen-denominated investment was derecognized and the underlying fixed maturity securities and cross-currency swaps were recognized. The combination of a U.S. dollar-denominated investment and cross-currency swap economically creates a yen-denominated investment and has no impact on the Company's net investment hedge position.
Similarly, the combination of the U.S. corporate bonds and the foreign currency forwards and options that the Company has entered into, as discussed in the Aflac Japan Investment subsection of MD&A, economically creates a yen-
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
denominated investment that qualifies for inclusion as a component of the Company's investment in Aflac Japan for net investment hedge purposes.
For additional information regarding the Company's Aflac Japan net investment hedge, see the Hedging Activities subsection of MD&A.
Interest Rate Risk
The Company's primary interest rate exposure is to the impact of changes in interest rates on the fair value of its investments in debt securities. The Company monitors its investment portfolio on a quarterly basis utilizing a full valuation methodology, measuring price volatility, and sensitivity of the fair values of its investments to interest rate changes on the debt securities the Company owns. For example, if the current duration of a debt security is 10 years, then the fair value of that security will increase by approximately 10% if market interest rates decrease by 100 basis points, assuming all other factors remain constant. Likewise, the fair value of the debt security will decrease by approximately 10% if market interest rates increase by 100 basis points, assuming all other factors remain constant.
The estimated effect of potential increases in interest rates on the fair values of debt securities the Company owns; derivatives, excluding credit default swaps, and notes payable as of December 31 follows:
Sensitivity of Fair Values of Financial Instruments
to Interest Rate Changes
2020 2019
(In millions) Fair
Value +100
Basis
Points Fair
Value +100
Basis
Points
Assets:
Debt securities:
Fixed maturity securities:
Yen-denominated $ 94,670 $ 82,339 $ 90,575 $ 78,193
Dollar-denominated 41,611 37,925 38,281 35,013
Total debt securities $ 136,281 $ 120,264 $ 128,856 $ 113,206
Commercial mortgage and other loans $ 10,655 $ 10,546 $ 9,648 $ 9,540
Derivatives $ 583 $ 746 $ 482 $ 527
Liabilities:
Notes payable (1)
$ 8,684 $ 8,030 $ 6,935 $ 6,065
Derivatives 697 650 586 463
(1) Excludes lease obligations
There are various factors that affect the fair value of the Company's investment in debt securities. Included in those factors are changes in the prevailing interest rate environment, which directly affect the balance of unrealized gains or losses for a given period in relation to a prior period. Decreases in market yields generally improve the fair value of debt securities, while increases in market yields generally have a negative impact on the fair value of the Company's debt securities. However, the Company does not expect to realize a majority of any unrealized gains or losses. For additional information on unrealized losses on debt securities, see Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
The Company attempts to match the duration of its assets with the duration of its liabilities. The following table presents the approximate duration of Aflac Japan's yen-denominated assets and liabilities, along with premiums, as of December 31.
(In years) 2020 2019
Yen-denominated debt securities 15 15
Policy benefits and related expenses to be paid in future years 14 14
Premiums to be received in future years on policies in force 10 10
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
The following table presents the approximate duration of Aflac U.S. dollar-denominated assets and liabilities, along with premiums, as of December 31.
(In years) 2020 2019
Dollar-denominated debt securities 9 9
Policy benefits and related expenses to be paid in future years 8 8
Premiums to be received in future years on policies in force 7 6
The following table shows a comparison of average required interest rates for future policy benefits and investment yields, based on amortized cost, for the years ended December 31.
Comparison of Interest Rates for Future Policy Benefits
and Investment Yields
(Net of Investment Expenses)
2020 2019
U.S. Japan U.S. Japan
Policies issued during year:
Required interest on policy reserves 3.00 % .98 % (1)
3.68 % .96 % (1)
New money yield on investments 2.83 3.59 4.33 3.70
Policies in force at year-end:
Required interest on policy reserves 5.19 3.12 (1)
5.26 3.20 (1)
Portfolio book yield, end of period 4.97 2.43 5.22 2.51
(1)Represents investments for Aflac Japan that support policy obligations and therefore excludes Aflac Japan’s annuity products
Aflac Japan investment yields above includes U.S. dollar-denominated investment yields prior to factoring in amortized hedge costs. The Company continues to monitor the spread between its new money yield and the required interest assumption for newly issued products in both the U.S. and Japan and will re-evaluate those assumptions as necessary. Currently, when investments the Company owns mature, the proceeds may be reinvested at a yield below that of the interest required for the accretion of policy benefit liabilities on policies issued in earlier years. Overall, adequate profit margins exist in Aflac Japan's aggregate block of business because of changes in the mix of business and favorable experience from mortality, morbidity and expenses.
The Company holds investments and has issued debt with interest rates based on LIBOR, and also holds derivatives that reference LIBOR. Regulatory and industry initiatives to eliminate LIBOR as an interest rate benchmark may create uncertainty in the valuation of LIBOR-based loans, as well as for other LIBOR-based derivatives and assets. This may adversely impact both pricing and liquidity in such instruments. The Company is preparing for the expected discontinuation of LIBOR by identifying, assessing and monitoring risks associated with LIBOR transition. Preparation includes taking steps to update operational processes (including to support alternative reference rates) and models, as well as evaluating legacy contracts for any changes that may be required, including the determination of applicable fallbacks.
Periodically, the Company may enter into derivative transactions to hedge interest rate risk, depending on general economic conditions. For additional information on interest rate derivatives, see the Hedging Activities subsection of MD&A and Note 4 of the accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Credit Risk
A significant portion of the Company's investment portfolio consists of debt securities and loans that expose it to the credit risk of the underlying issuer or borrower. The Company carefully evaluates this risk on every new investment and closely monitors the credit risk of its existing investment portfolio. The Company incorporates the needs of its products and liabilities, the overall requirements of the business, and other factors in addition to its underwriting of the credit risk for each investment in the portfolio.
Evaluating the underlying risks in the Company's credit portfolio involves a multitude of factors including but not limited to its assessment of the issuer's or borrower's business activities, assets, products, market position, financial condition, and future prospects. The Company incorporates the assessment of the NRSROs in assigning credit ratings and incorporates
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
the rating methodologies of its external managers in assigning loan ratings to portfolio holdings. The Company performs extensive internal assessments of the credit risks for all its portfolio holdings and potential new investments, which includes using analyses provided by the Company's specialist external managers. For assets managed by external asset managers, the Company provides investment and credit risk parameters that must be used when making investment decisions and requires ongoing monitoring and reporting from the asset managers on significant changes in credit risks within the portfolio.
Investment Concentrations
The Company's 15 largest fixed-maturity security global investment exposures were as follows:
Largest Global Fixed Maturity Security Investment Positions
(In millions)
December 31, 2020
Total % of Total
No. Consolidated Corporate/Sovereign Exposure Consolidated Fixed Maturity Credit
Book Value Securities Rating
1 Japan National Government (1)
$ 55,153 47.50 % A+
2 Bank of America NA 440 .38
Bank of America Corp 247 .21 A
Bank of America Corp 193 .17 BBB+
3 Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd. 435 .37
Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd. 290 .25 A
Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd. 145 .12 A-
4 Investcorp SA 407 .35 BB
5 E.On International Finance BV 407 .35 BBB
6 Banobras 357 .31 BBB
7 Walt Disney Co. 342 .29 A-
8 Nordea Bank AB 327 .28 A-
9 Japan Expressway Holding and Debt 312 .27 A+
10 Deutsche Telekom AG 310 .27 BBB+
11 AXA 310 .27 BBB+
12 CFE 308 .27 BBB
13 AT&T Inc. 293 .25 BBB
14 Raytheon Technologies Corporation 292 .25 BBB+
15 Czech (Republic of) 290 .25 AA-
Subtotal $ 59,983 51.66 %
Total fixed maturity securities $ 116,104 100.00 %
(1)JGBs or JGB-backed securities
As previously disclosed, the Company owns long-dated debt instruments in support of its long-dated policyholder obligations. Some of the Company's largest global investment holdings are positions that were purchased many years ago and increased in size due to merger and consolidation activity among the issuing entities. In addition, many of the Company's largest holdings are yen-denominated, therefore strengthening of the yen can increase its position in dollars, and weakening of the yen can decrease its position in dollars. The Company's global investment guidelines establish concentration limits for its investment portfolios.
Geographical Exposure
The following table indicates the geographic exposure of the Company's debt securities as of December 31.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
2020 2019
(In millions) Amortized Cost % of
Total Amortized Cost % of
Total
Japan $ 60,010 51.6 % $ 56,020 51.2 %
United States and Canada (1)
32,350 27.9 30,321 27.7
United Kingdom 3,666 3.2 3,371 3.1
Germany 2,568 2.2 2,441 2.2
France 2,266 2.0 2,261 2.1
Peripheral Eurozone 2,026 1.7 1,788 1.6
Portugal 97 .1 91 .1
Italy 1,211 1.0 1,108 1.0
Ireland 109 .1 12 .0
Spain 609 .5 577 .5
Nordic Region 1,960 1.7 1,878 1.7
Sweden 1,003 .9 972 .9
Norway 403 .3 383 .3
Denmark 352 .3 333 .3
Finland 202 .2 190 .2
Other Europe 2,907 2.5 2,699 2.5
Netherlands 1,361 1.2 1,276 1.2
Switzerland 499 .4 417 .4
Czech Republic 512 .4 484 .4
Austria 135 .1 127 .1
Belgium 198 .2 189 .2
Poland 193 .2 183 .2
Luxembourg 9 .0 23 .0
Asia excluding Japan 2,561 2.2 2,671 2.5
Africa and Middle East 1,461 1.3 1,801 1.6
Latin America 2,296 2.0 2,183 2.0
Australia 1,764 1.5 1,774 1.6
All Others 269 .2 248 .2
Total fixed maturity securities $ 116,104 100.0 % $ 109,456 100.0 %
(1) Includes total exposure to Puerto Rico of $1 million of deposits at December 31, 2019, of which 100% had principal and interest insurance.
The primary factor considered when determining the domicile of investment exposure is the legal country risk location of the issuer. However, other factors such as the location of the parent guarantor, the location of the company's headquarters or major business operations (including location of major assets), location of primary market (including location of revenue generation) and specific country risk publicly recognized by rating agencies can influence the assignment of the country (or geographic) risk location. When the issuer is a special financing vehicle or a branch or subsidiary of a global company, then the Company considers any guarantees and/or legal, regulatory and corporate relationships of the issuer relative to its ultimate parent in determining the proper assignment of country risk.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Derivative Counterparties
The Company is a direct counterparty to the majority of derivative instruments and is exposed to credit risk in the event of nonperformance by the counterparties in those contracts. For the foreign currency swaps associated with the Company's VIE investments for which it is the primary beneficiary, the Company bears the risk of foreign exchange and/or credit loss due to counterparty default even though it is not a direct counterparty to those contracts. The risk of counterparty default for the Company's VIE and senior note and subordinated debenture swaps, foreign currency swaps, certain foreign currency forwards, foreign currency options and interest rate swaptions is mitigated by collateral posting requirements that counterparties to those transactions must meet. If collateral posting agreements are not in place, the counterparty risk associated with foreign currency forwards and foreign currency options is the risk that at expiry of the contract, the counterparty is unable to deliver the agreed upon amount of yen at the agreed upon price or delivery date, thus exposing the Company to additional unhedged exposure to U.S. dollars in the Aflac Japan investment portfolio. See Note 4 of the accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.
Equity Risk
Market prices for equity securities are subject to fluctuation and consequently the amount realized in the subsequent sale of an investment may significantly differ from the reported market value. Fluctuation in the market price of a security may result from the relative price of alternative investments and general market conditions. The Company’s largest equity exposure as of December 31, 2020 is the investment in Trupanion, Inc., which has a cost basis of $200 million and a fair value of $435 million. Excluding Trupanion, the Company's three largest equity exposures had a fair value of $289 million or 22% of its total investment in equity securities as of December 31, 2020. If equity prices experienced a hypothetical broad-based decline of 10%, the fair value of the Company's equity investments would decline by approximately $128 million.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Consolidated Financial Statements
Consolidated Statements of Earnings
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Consolidated Balance Sheets
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Note 2. Business Segment and Foreign Information
Note 3. Investments
Note 4. Derivative Instruments
Note 5. Fair Value Measurements
Note 6. Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs and Insurance Expenses
Note 7. Policy Liabilities
Note 8. Reinsurance
Note 9. Notes Payable and Lease Obligations
Note 10. Income Taxes
Note 11. Shareholders' Equity
Note 12. Share-Based Compensation
Note 13. Statutory Accounting and Dividend Restrictions
Note 14. Benefit Plans
Note 15. Commitments and Contingent Liabilities
Note 16. Unaudited Consolidated Quarterly Financial Data
Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Under the supervision and with the participation of the Company's management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, the Company conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in 2013. Based on the Company's evaluation under this framework, management has concluded that the Company's internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2020.
KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, which is included herein.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
Aflac Incorporated:
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Aflac Incorporated and subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in 2013. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in 2013.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive income (loss), shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes and financial statement schedules II, III, and IV (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 23, 2021 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Atlanta, Georgia
February 23, 2021
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
Aflac Incorporated:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Aflac Incorporated and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive income (loss), shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes and financial statement schedules II, III, and IV (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2020, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in 2013, and our report dated February 23, 2021 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Assessment of the measurement of fair value of certain investments and derivatives
As discussed in Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has certain privately issued securities and derivative instruments associated with variable interest entities (VIEs) that require significant judgment in the estimation of fair value. The fair value of privately issued securities are estimated using valuation models developed by a third party pricing vendor and require judgment to determine the inputs and assumptions used in the valuation models, such as credit default swap (CDS) spreads and the selection of comparable securities, when appropriate. The fair value of the Company’s derivatives associated with VIEs are also estimated using valuation models developed by a third party pricing vendor. Given the long duration of derivatives associated with VIEs, the estimate of the fair value requires judgment to extrapolate short-term observable data into long-term inputs for use in the valuation models. As of December 31, 2020, the value of privately issued securities are included within the financial statement captions of fixed maturity securities available for sale, at fair value; fixed maturity securities available for sale - consolidated variable interest entities, at fair value; and, fixed maturity securities held to maturity, at amortized cost, which totaled $101,286 million, $4,596 million, and $24,464 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, the fair value of derivatives associated with VIEs are included within the financial statement captions of other assets and other liabilities, which totaled $2,715 million and $3,612 million, respectively.
We identified the assessment of the measurement of fair value of certain privately issued securities and derivative instruments associated with VIEs as a critical audit matter. Due to the complexity of the valuation models, specialized valuation skills and knowledge and subjective auditor judgment were needed to evaluate the valuation models and the inputs and assumptions used in the models to estimate fair value.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls, with the involvement of valuation professionals when appropriate, over the Company’s process to estimate the fair value of such securities and derivative instruments. This included controls over the Company’s evaluation of the inputs, assumptions and estimates of fair value obtained from its third party pricing vendor. We involved valuation professionals with specialized skills and knowledge to assist in assessing the estimated fair values of such securities and derivative instruments, which included:
-Evaluating the inputs and assumptions used in the models to estimate the fair value of the privately issued securities, including an assessment of the determination of comparable securities and/or CDS spreads used by the third party pricing vendor for a selection of privately issued securities.
-Assessing the internal models used by the Company to evaluate the fair values for privately issued securities and derivatives associated with VIEs obtained from the third party pricing vendor. We observed that differences, if any, in fair value between the Company and the third party pricing vendor above pre-established tolerances were investigated by the Company.
-Developing an independent estimate of the fair value for a selection of privately issued securities and derivative instruments associated with VIEs and comparing our independent estimate to the fair value measurement recorded by the Company.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Assessment of the estimate of unpaid policy claims
As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, unpaid policy claims are estimates computed primarily on an undiscounted basis using statistical analyses of historical claims experience adjusted for current trends and changed conditions. The estimates are evaluated by the Company and, as new claim experience emerges, the estimates are adjusted as necessary. As of December 31, 2020, the Company recorded a liability for unpaid policy claims of $5,187 million.
We identified the assessment of the estimate of unpaid policy claims as a critical audit matter. Specialized actuarial skills and knowledge and subjective auditor judgment were needed to evaluate the actuarial methodologies and assumptions used to estimate the unpaid policy claims liability and determine that the Company’s methodologies are consistent with generally accepted actuarial methodologies.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness, with the involvement of actuarial professionals when appropriate, certain internal controls over the Company’s process to estimate the unpaid policy claims liability. This included controls related to the evaluation of the actuarial methodologies and assumptions used in the calculation of the unpaid policy claims liability. We involved actuarial professionals with specialized skills and knowledge to assist in assessing the unpaid policy claims liability, which included:
-Assessing the actuarial methodologies and assumptions utilized by the Company by comparing them to generally accepted actuarial methodologies and historical results.
-Evaluating the Company’s estimate of the unpaid policy claims liability by comparing to historical results and our expectations of changes in the estimate.
-Developing an independent range for the estimate of unpaid policy claims for certain products to evaluate the Company’s recorded liability and assessing any movement of the recorded liability within our range.
-Evaluating the Company’s historical ability to estimate unpaid policy claims by comparing the unpaid policy claims liability for certain products recorded by the Company at various historical periods to an independent range developed using claims paid through December 31, 2020.
/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1963.
Atlanta, Georgia
February 23, 2021
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Earnings
Years Ended December 31,
(In millions, except for share and per-share amounts) 2020 2019 2018
Revenues:
Net premiums, principally supplemental health insurance $ 18,622 $ 18,780 $ 18,677
Net investment income 3,638 3,578 3,442
Net investment gains (losses) (270) (135) (430)
Other income (loss) 157 84 69
Total revenues 22,147 22,307 21,758
Benefits and expenses:
Benefits and claims, net 11,796 11,942 12,000
Acquisition and operating expenses:
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs 1,214 1,282 1,245
Insurance commissions 1,316 1,321 1,320
Insurance and other expenses (1)
3,420 3,089 2,988
Interest expense 242 228 222
Total acquisition and operating expenses 6,192 5,920 5,775
Total benefits and expenses 17,988 17,862 17,775
Earnings before income taxes 4,159 4,445 3,983
Income tax expense:
Current 794 806 1,379
Deferred (1,413) 335 (316)
Income taxes (619) 1,141 1,063
Net earnings $ 4,778 $ 3,304 $ 2,920
Net earnings per share:
Basic $ 6.69 $ 4.45 $ 3.79
Diluted 6.67 4.43 3.77
Weighted-average outstanding common shares used in
computing earnings per share (In thousands):
Basic 713,702 742,414 769,588
Diluted 716,192 746,430 774,650
(1) Includes expense of $15 in 2020 for the early extinguishment of debt
See the accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Years Ended December 31,
(In millions) 2020 2019 2018
Net earnings $ 4,778 $ 3,304 $ 2,920
Other comprehensive income (loss) before income taxes:
Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) during
period 510 252 232
Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities:
Unrealized holding gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities
during period 1,061 5,870 (3,155)
Reclassification adjustment for (gains) losses on
fixed maturity securities included in net earnings 159 (18) 46
Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives during period (1) (12) 2
Pension liability adjustment during period (7) (85) (25)
Total other comprehensive income (loss) before income taxes 1,722 6,007 (2,900)
Income tax expense (benefit) related to items of other comprehensive
income (loss) 251 1,543 (797)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes 1,471 4,464 (2,103)
Total comprehensive income (loss) $ 6,249 $ 7,768 $ 817
See the accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Balance Sheets
December 31,
(In millions, except for share and per-share amounts) 2020 2019
Assets:
Investments and cash:
Fixed maturity securities available for sale, at fair value, (allowance for credit losses of $38 in
2020, amortized cost $88,143 in 2020 and $76,063 in 2019)
$ 101,286 $ 86,950
Fixed maturity securities available for sale - consolidated variable interest entities, at fair value
(amortized cost $3,487 in 2020 and $3,308 in 2019)
4,596 4,312
Fixed maturity securities held to maturity, at amortized cost, net of allowance
for credit losses of $10 in 2020 (fair value $30,399 in 2020 and $37,594 in 2019)
24,464 30,085
Equity securities, at fair value 1,283 802
Commercial mortgage and other loans, net of allowance for credit losses of $180 in 2020
(includes $8,964 in 2020 and $7,956 in 2019 of consolidated variable interest entities)
10,554 9,569
Other investments
(includes $826 in 2020 and $494 in 2019 of consolidated variable interest entities)
2,429 1,477
Cash and cash equivalents 5,141 4,896
Total investments and cash 149,753 138,091
Receivables 796 828
Accrued investment income 780 772
Deferred policy acquisition costs 10,441 10,128
Property and equipment, at cost less accumulated depreciation 601 581
Other 2,715 2,368
Total assets $ 165,086 $ 152,768
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity:
Liabilities:
Policy liabilities:
Future policy benefits $ 97,783 $ 90,335
Unpaid policy claims 5,187 4,659
Unearned premiums 3,597 4,243
Other policyholders’ funds 7,824 7,317
Total policy liabilities 114,391 106,554
Income taxes 4,661 5,370
Payables for return of cash collateral on loaned securities 964 1,876
Notes payable and lease obligations 7,899 6,569
Other 3,612 3,440
Total liabilities 131,527 123,809
Commitments and contingent liabilities (Note 15)
Shareholders’ equity:
Common stock of $.10 par value. In thousands: authorized 1,900,000
shares in 2020 and 2019; issued 1,351,018 shares in 2020 and 1,349,309 shares in 2019
135 135
Additional paid-in capital 2,410 2,313
Retained earnings 37,984 34,291
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) (1,109) (1,623)
Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities 10,361 8,548
Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives (34) (33)
Pension liability adjustment (284) (277)
Treasury stock, at average cost (15,904) (14,395)
Total shareholders’ equity 33,559 28,959
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity $ 165,086 $ 152,768
See the accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity
(In millions, except for per share amounts) Common Stock Additional Paid-in Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Treasury Stock Total
Shareholders'
Equity
Balance at December 31, 2017 $ 135 $ 2,052 $ 29,895 $ 4,028 $ (11,512) $ 24,598
Cumulative effect of change in accounting
principle - Accounting Standards
Update (ASU) 2016-01, net of income tax (1)
0 0 148 (148) 0 0
Cumulative effect of change in accounting
principle - ASU 2018-02, net of income tax (1)
0 0 (374) 374 0 0
Balance at January 1, 2018 135 2,052 29,669 4,254 (11,512) 24,598
Net earnings 0 0 2,920 0 0 2,920
Unrealized foreign currency translation
gains (losses) during period, net of
income tax 0 0 0 228 0 228
Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity
securities during period, net of income
taxes and reclassification adjustments 0 0 0 (2,316) 0 (2,316)
Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives
during period, net of income taxes 0 0 0 2 0 2
Pension liability adjustment during period,
net of income taxes 0 0 0 (17) 0 (17)
Dividends to shareholders
($1.04 per share)
0 0 (801) 0 0 (801)
Exercise of stock options 0 34 0 0 0 34
Share-based compensation 0 54 0 0 0 54
Purchases of treasury stock 0 0 0 0 (1,317) (1,317)
Treasury stock reissued 0 37 0 0 40 77
Balance at December 31, 2018 135 2,177 31,788 2,151 (12,789) 23,462
Net earnings 0 0 3,304 0 0 3,304
Unrealized foreign currency translation
gains (losses) during period, net of
income tax 0 0 0 224 0 224
Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity
securities during period, net of income
taxes and reclassification adjustments 0 0 0 4,314 0 4,314
Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives
during period, net of income taxes 0 0 0 (9) 0 (9)
Pension liability adjustment during period,
net of income taxes 0 0 0 (65) 0 (65)
Dividends to shareholders
($1.08 per share)
0 0 (801) 0 0 (801)
Exercise of stock options 0 29 0 0 0 29
Share-based compensation 0 54 0 0 0 54
Purchases of treasury stock 0 0 0 0 (1,656) (1,656)
Treasury stock reissued 0 53 0 0 50 103
Balance at December 31, 2019 $ 135 $ 2,313 $ 34,291 $ 6,615 $ (14,395) $ 28,959
(1) See Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the adoption of accounting guidance on January 1, 2018.
See the accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
(continued)
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity (continued)
(In millions, except for per share amounts) Common Stock Additional Paid-in Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Treasury Stock Total
Shareholders'
Equity
Balance at December 31, 2019 $ 135 $ 2,313 $ 34,291 $ 6,615 $ (14,395) $ 28,959
Cumulative effect of change in accounting
principle - ASU 2016-13, net of income tax (1)
0 0 (56) 0 0 (56)
Cumulative effect of change in accounting
principle - ASU 2019-04, net of income taxes (1)
0 0 0 848 0 848
Balance at January 1, 2020 135 2,313 34,235 7,463 (14,395) 29,751
Net earnings 0 0 4,778 0 0 4,778
Unrealized foreign currency translation
gains (losses) during period, net of
income tax 0 0 0 514 0 514
Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity
securities during period, net of income
taxes and reclassification adjustments 0 0 0 965 0 965
Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives
during period, net of income taxes 0 0 0 (1) 0 (1)
Pension liability adjustment during period,
net of income taxes 0 0 0 (7) 0 (7)
Dividends to shareholders
($1.45 per share)
0 0 (1,029) 0 0 (1,029)
Exercise of stock options 0 12 0 0 0 12
Share-based compensation 0 53 0 0 0 53
Purchases of treasury stock 0 0 0 0 (1,565) (1,565)
Treasury stock reissued 0 32 0 0 56 88
Balance at December 31, 2020 $ 135 $ 2,410 $ 37,984 $ 8,934 $ (15,904) $ 33,559
(1) See Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the adoption of accounting guidance on January 1, 2020.
See the accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Years Ended December 31,
(In millions) 2020 2019 2018
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net earnings $ 4,778 $ 3,304 $ 2,920
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash provided (used) by operating activities:
Change in receivables and advance premiums 52 (32) (55)
Capitalization of deferred policy acquisition costs (1,142) (1,452) (1,504)
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs 1,214 1,282 1,245
Increase in policy liabilities 2,023 2,104 2,343
Change in income tax liabilities (1,419) (244) 64
Net investment (gains) losses 270 135 430
Other, net 182 358 571
Net cash provided (used) by operating activities 5,958 5,455 6,014
Cash flows from investing activities:
Proceeds from investments sold or matured:
Available-for-sale fixed maturity securities 3,725 5,284 7,888
Equity securities 234 650 429
Held-to-maturity fixed maturity securities 4 622 1,670
Commercial mortgage and other loans 2,085 1,814 936
Costs of investments acquired:
Available-for-sale fixed maturity securities (4,772) (6,934) (9,086)
Equity securities (498) (347) (440)
Commercial mortgage and other loans (3,263) (4,401) (4,848)
Other investments, net (860) (653) (414)
Settlement of derivatives, net 18 (9) (241)
Cash received (pledged or returned) as collateral, net (1,027) 926 348
Other, net (265) (123) 176
Net cash provided (used) by investing activities (4,619) (3,171) (3,582)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Purchases of treasury stock (1,537) (1,627) (1,301)
Proceeds from borrowings 1,545 615 1,020
Principal payments under debt obligations (350) 0 (550)
Dividends paid to shareholders (769) (771) (793)
Change in investment-type contracts, net (11) (1) (31)
Treasury stock reissued 34 49 58
Other, net (27) 22 (19)
Net cash provided (used) by financing activities (1,115) (1,713) (1,616)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents 21 (12) 30
Net change in cash and cash equivalents 245 559 846
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period 4,896 4,337 3,491
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period $ 5,141 $ 4,896 $ 4,337
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Income taxes paid $ 800 $ 1,384 $ 998
Interest paid 210 190 181
Noncash interest 32 37 41
Noncash financing activities:
Lease obligations 56 132 11
Treasury stock issued for:
Associate stock bonus 19 15 7
Shareholder dividend reinvestment 29 30 8
Share-based compensation grants 6 5 2
See the accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Description of Business
Aflac Incorporated (the Parent Company) and its subsidiaries (collectively, the Company) primarily sell supplemental health and life insurance in the United States (U.S.) and Japan. The Company's insurance business is marketed and administered through American Family Life Assurance Company of Columbus (Aflac) in the U.S. and, effective April 1, 2018, through Aflac Life Insurance Japan Ltd. (ALIJ) in Japan. Prior to April 1, 2018, the Company's insurance business was marketed in Japan as a branch of Aflac. The Company’s operations consist of two reportable business segments: Aflac U.S., which includes Aflac, and Aflac Japan, which includes ALIJ. American Family Life Assurance Company of New York (Aflac New York) is a wholly owned subsidiary of Aflac. Most of Aflac's policies are individually underwritten and marketed through independent agents. Additionally, Aflac U.S. markets and administers group products through Continental American Insurance Company (CAIC), branded as Aflac Group Insurance. The Company's insurance operations in the U.S. and Japan service the two markets for the Company's insurance business. Aflac Japan's revenues, including realized gains and losses on its investment portfolio, accounted for 68% of the Company's total revenues in 2020, compared with 69% in 2019 and 70% in 2018. The percentage of the Company's total assets attributable to Aflac Japan was 83% at both December 31, 2020 and 2019.
In November 2019, the Company acquired Argus Holdings, LLC and its subsidiary Argus Dental & Vision, Inc. (Argus), a benefits management organization and national network dental and vision company, which provides a platform for Aflac Dental and Vision. The Company paid $75 million at closing and made an additional commitment of up to $21 million in contingent consideration payable over three years based on the achievement by Argus of certain performance targets. The contingent consideration was completed in 2020 with a payment of approximately $14 million. Argus is an addition to the Aflac U.S. segment.
In November 2020, the Company, through its insurance subsidiaries Aflac and Aflac New York, acquired Zurich North America’s U.S. Corporate Life and Pensions business (Zurich), which consists of group life, disability and absence management products for total consideration of $140 million. Aflac and Aflac New York will reinsure on an indemnity basis Zurich's in-force group life and disability policies. Aflac also acquired assets needed to support the group life and disability business, along with an absence management platform.
Basis of Presentation
The Company prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP). These principles are established primarily by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). In these Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, references to U.S. GAAP issued by the FASB are derived from the FASB Accounting Standards CodificationTM (ASC). The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires the Company to make estimates based on currently available information when recording transactions resulting from business operations. The most significant items on the Company's balance sheet that involve a greater degree of accounting estimates and actuarial determinations subject to changes in the future are the valuation of investments and derivatives, deferred policy acquisition costs (DAC), liabilities for future policy benefits and unpaid policy claims, and income taxes. These accounting estimates and actuarial determinations are sensitive to market conditions, investment yields, mortality, morbidity, commission and other acquisition expenses, and terminations by policyholders. As additional information becomes available, or actual amounts are determinable, the recorded estimates are revised and reflected in operating results. Although some variability is inherent in these estimates, the Company believes the amounts provided are adequate.
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Parent Company, its subsidiaries, and those entities required to be consolidated under applicable accounting standards. All material intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.
COVID-19: The impact of the COVID-19 global pandemic on the Company continues to evolve, and its future effects remain uncertain. The Company continues to closely monitor the effects and risks of COVID-19 to assess its impact on economic conditions in Japan and the U.S. and on the Company's business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and capital position.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Liquidity and Capital Resources
The Company entered the crisis having maintained capital ratios in Japan and the U.S. at a level designed to absorb a degree of market volatility. To further support liquidity and capital resources, the Parent Company, in March 2020, issued four series of senior notes totaling ¥57.0 billion and, in April 2020, issued $1.0 billion in senior notes through public debt offerings under its U.S. shelf registration statement. The Company has available liquidity in its unsecured revolving credit facilities of $1.0 billion and ¥100.0 billion and currently has no borrowings under either of these facilities. In April 2020, Aflac increased its internal limit for Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta (FHLB) borrowings to $800 million, $300 million of which the Company has designated to be used for short-term liquidity needs of the U.S. insurance subsidiaries and subject to qualified collateral availability and other conditions. The Company has the ability to adjust cash flow management from other sources of liquidity including reinvestment cash flows and selling investments.
Loan Modifications
In March 2020, the Coronavirus, Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act, which provides relief from certain requirements under GAAP, was signed into law. Section 4013 of the CARES Act gives entities temporary relief from the accounting and disclosure requirements for troubled debt restructurings (TDRs) under ASC 310-40 in certain situations. In April 2020, certain regulatory banking agencies, in consultation with the FASB, issued the Interagency Statement on Loan Modifications and Reporting for Financial Institutions Working with Customers Affected by the Coronavirus (Interagency statement) applicable for all entities, which offers practical expedients for evaluating whether loan modifications in response to the COVID-19 pandemic are treated as TDRs. The relief provided by the CARES Act applies to loan modifications made between March 1, 2020 and December 31, 2020, whereas the Interagency statement does not specify a time horizon. In December 2020, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (CAA) was signed into law. The CAA extends certain provisions of the CARES Act, provides additional funding for others and contains new relief provisions. The CAA modifies a number of existing loan programs. The relief from TDR accounting will apply to modifications executed between March 1, 2020 and the earlier of (1) 60 days after the end of the COVID-19 national emergency as determined by the Executive Branch and (2) January 1, 2022. The Company applies relief granted under Section 4013 of the CARES Act and the Interagency statement with respect to certain qualifying loan modifications. For loan modifications that qualify under the CARES Act, TDR accounting and reporting is suspended through the period of the modification; however, the Company will continue to apply its existing non-accrual policies including consideration of the loan's past due status which is determined on the basis of the contractual terms of the loan. Once a loan has been contractually modified, the past due status is generally based on the updated terms including payment deferrals. See Note 3 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional details.
Significant Accounting Policies
Foreign Currency Translation: The functional currency of Aflac Japan is the Japanese yen. The Company translates its yen-denominated financial statement accounts into U.S. dollars as follows. Assets and liabilities are translated at end-of-period exchange rates. Realized gains and losses on security transactions are translated at the exchange rate on the trade date of each transaction. Other revenues, expenses, and cash flows are translated using average exchange rates for the period. The resulting currency translation adjustments are reported in accumulated other comprehensive income. The Company includes in earnings the realized currency exchange gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions.
The Parent Company has designated a majority of its yen-denominated liabilities (notes payable and yen-denominated loans) as non-derivative hedges and from time-to-time may designate certain foreign currency forwards and options as derivative hedges of the foreign currency exposure of the Company's net investment in Aflac Japan. Outstanding principal and related accrued interest on these Parent Company liabilities and the fair value of these derivatives are translated into U.S. dollars at end-of-period exchange rates. Currency translation adjustments and changes in the fair value of these derivatives are recorded as unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) in other comprehensive income and are included in accumulated other comprehensive income.
Insurance Revenue and Expense Recognition: Substantially all of the supplemental health and life insurance policies the Company issues are classified as long-duration contracts. The contract provisions generally cannot be changed or canceled during the contract period; however, the Company may adjust premiums for supplemental health policies issued in the U.S. within prescribed guidelines and with the approval of state insurance regulatory authorities.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Insurance premiums for most of the Company's health and life policies, including cancer, accident, hospital, critical illness, dental, vision, term life, whole life, long-term care and disability, are recognized as revenue over the premium-paying periods of the contracts when due from policyholders. When revenues are reported, the related amounts of benefits and expenses are charged against such revenues, so that profits are recognized in proportion to premium revenues during the period the policies are expected to remain in force. This association is accomplished by means of annual additions to the liability for future policy benefits and the deferral and subsequent amortization of policy acquisition costs.
Premiums from the Company's products with limited-pay features, including term life, whole life, WAYS, and child endowment, are collected over a significantly shorter period than the period over which benefits are provided. Premiums for these products are recognized as revenue over the premium-paying periods of the contracts when due from policyholders. Any gross premium in excess of the net premium is deferred and recorded in earnings, such that profits are recognized in a constant relationship with insurance in force. Benefits are recorded as an expense when they are incurred. A liability for future policy benefits is recorded when premiums are recognized using the net premium method.
At the policyholder's option, customers can also pay discounted advanced premiums for certain of the Company's products. Advanced premiums are deferred and recognized when due from policyholders over the regularly scheduled premium payment period.
The calculation of DAC and the liability for future policy benefits requires the use of estimates based on sound actuarial valuation techniques. For new policy issues, the Company reviews its actuarial assumptions and deferrable acquisition costs each year and revises them when necessary to more closely reflect recent experience and studies of actual acquisition costs. For policies in force, the Company evaluates DAC by major product groupings to determine that they are recoverable from future revenues, and any amounts determined not to be recoverable are charged against net earnings. The Company has not had any material charges to earnings for DAC that was determined not to be recoverable in any of the years presented in this Form 10-K.
Advertising expense is reported as incurred in insurance expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings.
Cash and Cash Equivalents: Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, money market instruments, and other debt instruments with a maturity of 90 days or less when purchased.
Investments: The Company's debt securities consist of fixed maturity securities, which are classified as either held to maturity or available for sale. Securities classified as held to maturity are securities that the Company has the ability and intent to hold to maturity or redemption and are carried at amortized cost. All other fixed maturity debt securities are classified as available for sale and are carried at fair value. If the fair value is higher than the amortized cost for debt securities, the excess is an unrealized gain, and if lower than cost, the difference is an unrealized loss. The net unrealized gains and losses on securities available for sale, less related deferred income taxes, are recorded through other comprehensive income and included in accumulated other comprehensive income.
Amortized cost of debt securities is based on the Company's purchase price adjusted for accrual of discount, or amortization of premium, and recognition of impairment charges, if any. The amortized cost of debt securities the Company purchases at a discount or premium will equal the face or par value at maturity or the call date, if applicable. Interest is reported as income when earned and is adjusted for amortization of any premium or discount.
The Company has investments in marketable equity securities which are carried at fair value. Changes in the fair value of equity securities are recorded in earnings as a component of realized investment gains and losses.
The Company has investments in variable interest entities (VIEs). Criteria for evaluating VIEs for consolidation focuses on identifying which enterprise has the power to direct the activities of a variable interest entity that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance and (1) the obligation to absorb losses of the entity or (2) the right to receive benefits from the entity. The Company is the primary beneficiary of certain VIEs, and therefore consolidates these entities in its financial statements. While the consolidated VIEs generally operate within a defined set of contractual terms, there are certain powers that are retained by the Company that are considered significant in the conclusion that the Company is the primary beneficiary. These powers vary by structure but generally include the initial selection of the underlying collateral; the ability to obtain the underlying collateral in the event of default; and, the ability to appoint or dismiss key parties in the structure. In particular, the Company's powers surrounding the underlying collateral were considered to be the most significant powers because those most significantly impact the economics of the VIE. The Company has no obligation to provide any continuing financial support to any of the entities in which it is the primary beneficiary. The Company's maximum loss is limited to its original investment. Neither the Company nor any of its creditors have the ability to obtain the underlying collateral, nor does the Company have control over the instruments held in the VIEs, unless there is an
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
event of default. For those entities where the Company is the primary beneficiary, the consolidated entity's assets are segregated on the balance sheet by the caption "consolidated variable interest entities," and consist of fixed maturity securities, equity securities, loan receivables, limited partnerships and derivative instruments.
For the mortgage- and asset-backed securities held in the Company's fixed maturity portfolio, the Company recognizes income using a constant effective yield, which is based on anticipated prepayments and the estimated economic life of the securities. When estimates of prepayments change, the effective yield is recalculated to reflect actual payments to date and anticipated future payments. The net investment in mortgage- and asset-backed securities is adjusted to the amount that would have existed had the new effective yield been applied at the time of acquisition. This adjustment is reflected in net investment income.
The Company uses the specific identification method to determine the gain or loss from securities transactions and report the realized gain or loss in the consolidated statements of earnings. Securities transactions are accounted for based on values as of the trade date of the transaction.
The Company lends fixed maturity and public equity securities to financial institutions in short-term security-lending transactions. These securities continue to be carried as investment assets on the Company's balance sheet during the terms of the loans and are not reported as sales. The Company receives cash or other securities as collateral for such loans. For loans involving unrestricted cash or securities as collateral, the collateral is reported as an asset with a corresponding liability for the return of the collateral. For loans where the Company receives as collateral securities that the Company is not permitted to sell or repledge, the collateral is not reported as an asset.
Commercial mortgage and other loans include transitional real estate loans (TREs), commercial mortgage loans (CMLs) and middle market loans (MMLs). The Company's investments in TREs, CMLs, and MMLs are accounted for as loan receivables and are recorded at amortized cost on the acquisition date. The Company has the intent and ability to hold these loan receivables for the foreseeable future or until they mature and therefore, they are considered held for investment and are carried at amortized cost in the commercial mortgage and other loans line in its consolidated balance sheets. The amortized cost of the loan receivables reflects allowances for expected lifetime losses estimated as of each reporting date.
Other investments include policy loans, limited partnerships, and short-term investments with maturities at the time of purchase of one year or less, but greater than 90 days. Limited partnerships are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method of accounting, the Company reports its portion of partnership earnings as a component of net investment income in its consolidated statements of earnings. The underlying investments held by the Company’s limited partnerships primarily consist of private equity and real estate. Short-term investments are stated at amortized cost, which approximates fair value.
Credit Losses: Effective January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASC 326: Financial Instruments - Credit Losses. The newly adopted accounting standard requires the Company to estimate an expected lifetime credit loss on financial assets measured at amortized cost including short-term receivables including premiums receivable, held-to-maturity fixed maturity securities, loan receivables, loan commitments and reinsurance recoverables. For the Company’s available-for-sale fixed maturity securities, the newly adopted guidance requires an entity to evaluate estimated credit losses only when the fair value of the available-for-sale fixed maturity security is below its amortized cost basis. Credit loss changes are recorded as a component of net investment gains and losses for the Company’s held-to-maturity and available-for-sale securities, loan receivables, loan commitments and reinsurance recoverables, whereas credit losses on premium receivables are recorded in net premiums. The Company’s off-balance sheet credit exposure is primarily attributable to loan commitments that are not unconditionally cancellable. The Company considers the contractual period of exposure to credit risk, the likelihood that funding will occur, the risk of loss, and the current conditions and expectations of future economic conditions to develop the estimate of expected credit losses. The Company records the estimate of expected credit losses for certain loan commitments within other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet.
Write-offs and partial write-offs are recorded as a reduction to the amortized cost of the loan or fixed maturity security balance and a corresponding reduction to the credit allowance.
The Company has elected not to measure an allowance on accrued interest income for all asset types, because the uncollectible accrued interest receivable is written off in a timely manner. The Company writes off accrued interest when it is more than ninety days past due by reducing interest income, which is a component of net investment income, in the consolidated statement of earnings.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
The Company records due premium receivable net of current expected credit losses in the receivables line item in the consolidated balance sheet, utilizing an aging methodology based on historical loss information, adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Changes in the estimated credit losses related to premium receivable are recorded in net premiums in the consolidated statement of earnings.
Prior to January 1, 2020, the Company presented losses in accordance with the then effective guidance, where the Company primarily evaluated the financial instrument’s and issuer’s creditworthiness to determine whether an impairment in value of the Company's fixed maturity securities was other-than-temporary.
For fixed maturity securities, if, after monitoring and analyses, management believed that fair value would not recover to amortized cost, the Company recognized an other-than-temporary impairment. Once a security was considered to be other-than-temporarily impaired, the impairment loss was separated into two components: the portion of the impairment related to credit and the portion of the impairment related to factors other than credit. The Company recognized a charge to earnings for the credit-related portion of other-than-temporary impairments. Impairments related to factors other than credit were recorded in earnings in the event the Company intended to sell the security prior to the recovery of its amortized cost or if it was more likely than not that the Company would be required to dispose of the security prior to recovery of its amortized cost; otherwise, non-credit-related other-than-temporary impairments were recorded in other comprehensive income.
For loans receivable, the amortized cost of the loan receivables reflected allowances for incurred losses estimated based on past events and current economic conditions as of each reporting date.
Derivatives and Hedging: Freestanding derivative instruments are reported in the consolidated balance sheet at fair value and are reported in other assets and other liabilities, with changes in value reported in earnings and/or other comprehensive income. These freestanding derivatives are foreign currency forwards, foreign currency options, foreign currency swaps, interest rate swaps and interest rate swaptions. The Company does not use derivatives for trading purposes, nor does the Company engage in leveraged derivative transactions.
From time to time, the Company purchases certain investments that contain an embedded derivative. The Company assesses whether this embedded derivative is clearly and closely related to the asset that serves as its host contract. If the Company deems that the embedded derivative's terms are not clearly and closely related to the host contract, and a separate instrument with the same terms would qualify as a derivative instrument, the derivative is separated from that contract, held at fair value, and reported with the host instrument in the consolidated balance sheet, with changes in fair value reported in earnings. If the Company has elected the fair value option, the embedded derivative is not bifurcated, and the entire investment is held at fair value with changes in fair value reported in earnings.
See Note 5 for a discussion on how the Company determines the fair value of its derivatives. Accruals on derivatives are typically recorded in other assets or within other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.
To qualify for hedge accounting treatment, a derivative must be highly effective in mitigating the designated risk attributable to the hedged item. At the inception of hedging relationships the Company formally documents all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as its risk-management objectives and strategies for undertaking the respective hedging relationship, and the methodology that will be used to assess the effectiveness of the hedge relationship at and subsequent to hedge inception. The Company documents the designation of each hedge as either (i) a hedge of the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability or the hedge of a forecasted transaction ("cash flow hedge"); (ii) a hedge of the estimated fair value of a recognized asset or liability ("fair value hedge"); or (iii) a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation. The documentation process includes linking derivatives and non-derivative financial instruments that are designated as hedges to specific assets or groups of assets or liabilities in the statement of financial position or to specific forecasted transactions and defining the effectiveness testing methods to be used. At the hedge inception and on an ongoing quarterly basis, the Company also formally assesses whether the derivatives and non-derivative financial instruments used in hedging activities have been, and are expected to continue to be, highly effective in offsetting their designated risk. Hedge effectiveness is assessed using qualitative and quantitative methods. The assessment of hedge effectiveness determines the accounting treatment of changes in fair value.
For assessing hedge effectiveness, qualitative methods may include the comparison of critical terms of the derivative to the hedged item, and quantitative methods may include regression, dollar offset, or other statistical analysis of changes in fair value or cash flows associated with the hedge relationship.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges, the gain or loss on the derivative is reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) and reclassified into earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. In cash flow hedges, all components of each derivative's gain or loss are included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness.
For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as fair value hedges, the gain or loss on the hedged item and the portion of the hedging instrument included in the assessment of effectiveness are recorded in the line item of the consolidated statements of earnings in which gain or loss on the hedged item is recorded. When assessing the effectiveness of the Company's fair value hedges, the Company excludes the changes in fair value related to the difference between the spot and the forward rate on its foreign currency forwards, the fair value not resulting from fluctuations in spot currency rates on the final notional exchange on cross currency swaps, and the time value of money of foreign exchange options and interest rate swaptions. For interest rate swaptions and cross-currency interest rate swaps designated under fair value hedges of interest rate risk, the change in the time value of money is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) and amortized into earnings (net investment income) over its legal term.
As discussed in Note 4, from time to time the Company designates net investment hedges of its net investment in Aflac Japan. The Company makes its net investment hedge designation at the beginning of each quarter. For derivative hedging instruments designated as net investment hedges, Aflac follows the spot-rate method. According to that method, the change in fair value of the hedging instrument due to fluctuations in the spot exchange rate is recorded in the unrealized foreign currency component of other comprehensive income and reclassified to earnings only when the hedged net investment is sold, or when a liquidation of the respective net investment in the foreign entity is substantially completed. If and when a sale or liquidation occurs, the changes in fair value of the derivative deferred in the unrealized foreign currency component of other comprehensive income will be released in the same income statement line item where the gain (loss) on the hedged net investment would be recorded upon sale. All other changes in fair value of the hedging instrument are considered the “excluded component” and are accounted for in net investment gains (losses). Should these designated net investment hedge positions exceed the Company's net investment in Aflac Japan, the foreign exchange effect on the portion that exceeds its investment in Aflac Japan would be recognized in current earnings within net investment gains (losses).
The Company discontinues hedge accounting prospectively when (1) it is determined that the derivative is no longer highly effective in offsetting changes in the estimated cash flows or fair value of a hedged item; (2) the derivative is de-designated as a hedging instrument; or (3) the derivative expires or is sold, terminated or exercised.
When hedge accounting is discontinued on a cash flow hedge or fair value hedge, the derivative is carried in the consolidated balance sheets at its estimated fair value, with changes in estimated fair value recognized in current period earnings. For discontinued cash flow hedges, including those where the derivative is sold, terminated or exercised, amounts previously deferred in other comprehensive income (loss) are reclassified into earnings when earnings are impacted by the cash flow of the hedged item.
If a derivative is not designated as an accounting hedge or its use in managing risk does not qualify for hedge accounting, changes in the estimated fair value of the derivative are generally reported within other gains (losses), which is a component of net investment gains (losses). The fluctuations in estimated fair value of derivatives that have not been designated for hedge accounting can result in volatility in net earnings.
The Company receives and pledges cash or other securities as collateral on open derivative positions. Cash received as collateral is reported as an asset with a corresponding liability for the return of the collateral. Cash pledged as collateral is recorded as a reduction to cash, and a corresponding receivable is recognized for the return of the cash collateral. The Company generally can repledge or resell collateral obtained from counterparties, although the Company does not typically exercise such rights. Securities received as collateral are not recognized unless the Company was to exercise its right to sell that collateral or exercise remedies on that collateral upon a counterparty default. Securities that the Company has pledged as collateral continue to be carried as investment assets on its balance sheet.
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs: Certain direct and incremental costs of acquiring insurance contracts are deferred and amortized with interest over the premium payment periods in proportion to the ratio of annual premium income to total anticipated premium income. Anticipated premium income is estimated by using the same mortality, persistency and interest assumptions used in computing liabilities for future policy benefits. In this manner, the related acquisition expenses are matched with revenues. Deferred costs include the excess of current-year commissions over ultimate renewal-year commissions and certain incremental direct policy issue, underwriting and sales expenses. All of these incremental costs are directly related to successful policy acquisition.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
For some products, policyholders can elect to modify product benefits, features, rights or coverages by exchanging a contract for a new contract or by amendment, endorsement, or rider to a contract, or by the election of a feature or coverage within a contract. These transactions are known as internal replacements. The Company performs a two-stage analysis of the internal replacements to determine if the modification is substantive to the base policy. The stages of evaluation are as follows: 1) determine if the modification is integrated with the base policy, and 2) if it is integrated, determine if the resulting contract is substantially changed.
For internal replacement transactions where the resulting contract is substantially unchanged, the policy is accounted for as a continuation of the replaced contract. Unamortized deferred acquisition costs from the original policy continue to be amortized over the expected life of the new policy, and the costs of replacing the policy are accounted for as policy maintenance costs and expensed as incurred. Examples include conversions of same age bands, certain family coverage changes, pricing era changes (decrease), and ordinary life becomes reduced paid-up and certain reinstatements.
An internal replacement transaction that results in a policy that is substantially changed is accounted for as an extinguishment of the original policy and the issuance of a new policy. Unamortized deferred acquisition costs on the original policy are immediately expensed, and the costs of acquiring the new policy are capitalized and amortized in accordance with the Company's accounting policies for deferred acquisition costs. Further, the policy reserves are evaluated based on the new policy features, and any change (up or down) necessary is recognized at the date of contract change/modification. Examples include conversions to higher age bands, certain family coverage changes, pricing era changes (increase), lapse & re-issue, certain reinstatements and certain other contract conversions.
Riders can be considered internal replacements that are either integrated or non-integrated resulting in either substantially changed or substantially unchanged treatment. Riders are evaluated based on the specific facts and circumstances of the rider and are considered an expansion of the existing benefits with additional premium required. Non-integrated riders to existing contracts do not change the Company's profit expectations for the related products and are treated as a new policy establishment for incremental coverage.
The Company measures the recoverability of DAC and the adequacy of its policy reserves annually by performing gross premium valuations on its business. (See the following discussion for further information regarding policy reserves.)
Goodwill: Goodwill is an asset representing the future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired in a business combination that are not individually identified and separately recognized. The amount of goodwill recognized is also impacted by measurement differences resulting from certain assets and liabilities not recorded at fair value (e.g. income taxes, employee benefits). Goodwill is not amortized, but is tested for impairment at a level of a reporting unit at least annually, in the same reporting period each year. Goodwill is included in the line item “Other” assets in the consolidated balance sheets and was $269 million as of December 31, 2020, compared with $140 million at December 31, 2019. A significant majority of the goodwill balance is attributable to the following business combinations within the Aflac U.S. segment, which represents the reporting unit for goodwill impairment testing: (i) CAIC acquisition in 2009, (ii) Empowered Benefits acquisition in 2015, (iii) Argus acquisition in 2019, and (iv) acquisition of Zurich's business in the fourth quarter of 2020.
Policy Liabilities: Future policy benefits represent insurance claims that are expected to occur in the future and are computed following a net level premium method using estimated future investment yields, persistency and recognized morbidity and mortality tables modified to reflect the Company's experience, including a provision for adverse deviation. These assumptions are generally established and considered locked at policy inception. These assumptions may only be unlocked in certain circumstances based on the results of periodic DAC recoverability and premium deficiency testing.
Unpaid policy claims are estimates computed primarily on an undiscounted basis using statistical analyses of historical claims experience adjusted for current trends and changed conditions. The ultimate liability may vary significantly from such estimates. The Company regularly adjusts these estimates as new claims experience emerges and reflects the changes in operating results in the year such adjustments are made.
Unearned premiums consist primarily of discounted advance premiums on deposit from policyholders in conjunction with their purchase of certain Aflac Japan limited-pay insurance products. These advanced premiums are deferred upon collection and recognized as premium revenue over the contractual premium payment period.
Other policyholders’ funds liability consists primarily of the fixed annuity line of business in Aflac Japan which has fixed benefits and premiums.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
For internal replacements that are determined to not be substantially unchanged, policy liabilities related to the original policy that was replaced are immediately released, and policy liabilities are established for the new insurance contract; however, for internal replacements that are considered substantially unchanged, no changes to the reserves are recognized.
Reinsurance: The Company enters into reinsurance agreements with other companies in the normal course of business. For each reinsurance agreement, the Company determines if the agreement provides indemnification against loss or liability relating to insurance risk in accordance with applicable accounting standards. Reinsurance premiums and benefits paid or provided are accounted for on bases consistent with those used in accounting for the original policies issued and the terms of the reinsurance contracts. Premiums, benefits and DAC are reported net of insurance ceded.
Income Taxes: Income tax provisions are generally based on pretax earnings reported for financial statement purposes, which differ from those amounts used in preparing the Company's income tax returns. Deferred income taxes are recognized for temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and income tax basis of assets and liabilities, based on enacted tax laws and statutory tax rates applicable to the periods in which the Company expects the temporary differences to reverse. The Company records deferred tax assets for tax positions taken based on its assessment of whether the tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. A valuation allowance is established for deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that an amount will not be realized.
Policyholder Protection Corporation and State Guaranty Association Assessments: In Japan, the government has required the insurance industry to contribute to a policyholder protection corporation. The Company recognizes a charge for its estimated share of the industry's obligation once it is determinable. The Company reviews the estimated liability for policyholder protection corporation contributions on an annual basis and reports any adjustments in Aflac Japan's expenses.
In the U.S., each state has a guaranty association that supports insolvent insurers operating in those states. The Company's policy is to accrue assessments when the entity for which the insolvency relates has met its state of domicile's statutory definition of insolvency, the amount of the loss is reasonably estimable and the related premium upon which the assessment is based is written. See Note 15 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of the guaranty fund assessments charged to the Company.
Treasury Stock: Treasury stock is reflected as a reduction of shareholders' equity at cost. The Company uses the weighted-average purchase cost to determine the cost of treasury stock that is reissued. The Company includes any gains and losses in additional paid-in capital when treasury stock is reissued.
Share-Based Compensation: The Company measures compensation cost related to its share-based payment transactions at fair value on the grant date, and the Company recognizes those costs in the financial statements over the vesting period during which the employee provides service in exchange for the award. The Company has formalized its entity-wide accounting policy election to estimate the number of awards that are expected to vest and the corresponding forfeitures.
Earnings Per Share: The Company computes basic earnings per share (EPS) by dividing net earnings by the weighted-average number of unrestricted shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net earnings by the weighted-average number of shares outstanding for the period plus the shares representing the dilutive effect of share-based awards.
Reclassifications: Certain reclassifications have been made to prior-year amounts to conform to current-year reporting classifications. These reclassifications had no impact on net earnings or total shareholders' equity.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
New Accounting Pronouncements
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
Standard Description Date of Adoption Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters
Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2020-04
Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting
as clarified and amended by:
ASU 2021-01
Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Relief Extended to Derivatives Impacted by Discounting Transition
In March 2020, the FASB issued amendments that provide optional expedients and exceptions for applying U.S. GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by the reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. The amendments in this ASU only apply to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform.
An entity may elect to apply the amendments as of any date from the beginning of an interim period that includes or is subsequent to March 12, 2020, or prospectively from a date within an interim period that includes or is subsequent to March 12, 2020, up to the date that the financial statements are available to be issued.
The amendments generally expire on December 31 2022, i.e., they do not apply to contract modifications made after December 31, 2022, new hedging relationships entered into after December 31, 2022, and hedging relationships evaluated for periods after December 31, 2022.
In January 2021, the FASB issued a standard to permit entities to apply optional expedients in ASC 848 to derivative instruments modified because of discounting transition. Discounting transition refers to the changing of interest rates used for margining, discounting, or contract price alignment of derivative instruments to transition to alternative rates.The amendment is effective immediately.
April 1, 2020
The adoption of the new guidance did not have an impact on the Company’s financial statements.
The Company will continue to evaluate the impacts of reference rate reform on contract modifications and hedging relationships through December 31, 2022.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Standard Description Date of Adoption Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters
ASU 2019-04
Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments
In April 2019, the FASB issued Codification improvements to clarify and correct certain areas of guidance amended as part of ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities; ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments; and ASU 2017-12, Derivative and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities.
The most significant of these improvements to the Company was related to the Codification improvement to ASU 2017-12 and the clarification that a one-time reclassification of assets that are eligible to be hedged under the last-of-layer method (i.e., certain pre-payable securities) from held-to-maturity to available-for-sale is allowed under the new hedge accounting guidance and would not impact the Company’s ability to continue to classify other bonds as held-to-maturity.
The other amendments related to ASU 2017-12 and 2016-01 are either not significant, or were previously implemented as part of the related ASU adoptions.
Applicable amendments related to ASU 2016-13 are discussed within the recent adoption of that update below.
January 1, 2020
The adoption of this guidance resulted in a reclassification of $6.9 billion (at amortized cost) of pre-payable fixed-maturity securities from the held-to-maturity to the available-for-sale category. The reclassification resulted in recording in beginning 2020 accumulated other comprehensive income a net unrealized gain of $848 million on an after-tax basis, based on the securities’ fair values on the reclassification date. The reclassification impacted the adoption of ASU 2016-13 (see ASU 2016-13 below for additional details).
ASU 2018-17
Consolidation: Targeted Improvements to Related Party Guidance for Variable Interest Entities
In October 2018, the FASB issued targeted improvements which provide that indirect interests held through related parties under common control should be considered on a proportional basis for determining whether fees paid to decision makers and service providers are variable interests.
January 1, 2020
The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or disclosures.
ASU 2018-16
Derivatives and Hedging Inclusion of the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) Overnight Index Swap (OIS) Rate as a Benchmark Interest Rate for Hedge Accounting Purposes
In October 2018, the FASB issued amendments to permit use of the Overnight Index Swap (OIS) rate based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) as a U.S. benchmark interest rate for hedge accounting purposes under Topic 815 in addition to the Treasury obligations of the U.S. government (UST), the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) swap rate, the OIS rate based on the Fed Funds Effective Rate, and the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (SIFMA) Municipal Swap Rate. Early adopted as of October 1, 2018 The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or disclosures.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Standard Description Date of Adoption Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters
ASU 2018-15
Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software, Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract
In August 2018, the FASB issued amendments to align the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. Early adopted as of January 1, 2019
The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or disclosures.
ASU 2018-14
Compensation - Retirement Benefits - Defined Benefit Plans - General, Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans
In August 2018, the FASB issued amendments to modify the disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension or other postretirement plans. Accordingly, six disclosures requirements were removed, two added and two clarified. Early adopted as of December 31, 2019 The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or disclosures.
ASU 2018-13
Fair Value Measurement, Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement
In August 2018, the FASB issued amendments to the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements. The amendments remove, modify, and add certain disclosures. January 1, 2020 The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, or disclosures.
ASU 2018-03
Technical Corrections and Improvements to Financial Instruments - Overall Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities
In February 2018, the FASB issued amendments to clarify certain aspects of the guidance issued in the original Financial Instruments - Overall - Recognition and Measurement pronouncement summarized below. Specifically, for entities who have chosen the measurement alternative approach for equity securities without readily determinable fair values, the amendments clarify that entities may change from a measurement alternative approach to a fair value method through an irrevocable election that would apply to a specific equity security and all identical or similar investments of the same issuer; entities should use an observable price at the date of the transaction rather than reporting date for the measurement alternative calculation; and insurance companies should use a prospective transition method when applying the measurement alternative.
Early adopted as of January 1, 2018 The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, or disclosures.
ASU 2018-02
Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income: Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
In February 2018, the FASB issued amendments which allow a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) to retained earnings of the effects of the change in the U.S. federal income tax rate resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (Tax Act) on the gross deferred tax amounts and the corresponding valuation allowances related to items remaining in AOCI. The amendments eliminate the stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Act and also require certain disclosures about the reclassified tax effects. Early adopted as of January 1, 2018 The amounts reclassified from AOCI to retained earnings include the income tax effects of the change in the federal corporate tax rate enacted by the Tax Act. The Company’s policy is to follow the portfolio approach for releasing income tax effects from AOCI. The adoption of this guidance resulted in an increase to beginning 2018 AOCI of $374 million with a corresponding decrease to beginning 2018 retained earnings as of January 1, 2018.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Standard Description Date of Adoption Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters
ASU 2017-12
Derivatives and Hedging: Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities
In August 2017, the FASB issued guidance which improves and simplifies the accounting rules around hedge accounting and creates more transparency around how economic results are presented in financial statements. Issues addressed in this new guidance include: 1) risk component hedging, 2) accounting for the hedged item in fair value hedges of interest rate risk, 3) recognition and presentation of the effects of hedging instruments, and 4) amounts excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness. Early adopted as of October 1, 2018 The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or disclosures.
ASU 2017-09 Compensation - Stock Compensation: Scope of Modification Accounting
In May 2017, the FASB issued amendments to provide guidance clarifying when changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award must be accounted for as modifications. An entity should apply modification accounting if the fair value, vesting conditions or classification of the award (as an equity instrument or liability instrument) changes as a result of the change in terms or conditions of the award. January 1, 2018 The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or disclosures.
ASU 2017-08
Receivables - Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs: Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities
In March 2017, the FASB issued amendments to shorten the amortization period for certain callable debt securities held at a premium. Specifically, the amendments require the premium to be amortized to the earliest call date. The amendments do not require an accounting change for securities held at a discount. Early adopted as of July 1, 2018 The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, or disclosures.
ASU 2017-07
Compensation - Retirement Benefits: Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost
In March 2017, the FASB issued amendments requiring that an employer report the service cost component of net periodic pension cost and net periodic postretirement benefit cost in the same line item or items as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by the pertinent employees during the period. The other components of net periodic pension cost and net periodic postretirement benefit cost are required to be presented in the income statement separately from the service cost component and outside a subtotal of income from operations, if one is presented. If a separate line item or items are used to present the other components of net benefit cost, that line item or items must be appropriately described. If a separate line item or items are not used, the line item or items used in the income statement to present the other components of net benefit cost must be disclosed. The amendments in this update also allow only the service cost component to be eligible for capitalization when applicable. January 1, 2018 The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or disclosures.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Standard Description Date of Adoption Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters
ASU 2017-05
Other Income - Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets: Clarifying the Scope of Asset Derecognition Guidance and Accounting for Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets
In February 2017, the FASB issued amendments that clarify the scope and accounting guidance for the derecognition of a nonfinancial asset or a financial asset that meets the definition of an "in substance nonfinancial asset." The amendments define an "in substance nonfinancial asset" and provide additional accounting guidance for partial sales of nonfinancial assets. January 1, 2018 The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or disclosures.
ASU 2017-04
Intangibles - Goodwill and Other: Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment
In January 2017, the FASB issued amendments simplifying the subsequent measurement of goodwill. An entity, under this update, is no longer required to perform a hypothetical purchase price allocation to measure goodwill impairment. Instead, the entity should perform its annual or interim goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. January 1, 2020 The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or disclosures.
ASU 2017-01
Business Combinations: Clarifying the Definition of a Business
In January 2017, the FASB issued amendments clarifying when a set of assets and activities is a business. The amendments provide a screen to exclude transactions where substantially all the fair value of the transferred set is concentrated in a single asset, or group of similar assets, from being evaluated as a business. January 1, 2018 The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or disclosures.
ASU 2016-18
Statement of Cash Flows: Restricted Cash
In November 2016, the FASB issued amendments requiring that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. January 1, 2018 The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, statements of cash flows, or disclosures.
ASU 2016-16
Income Taxes: Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory
In October 2016, the FASB issued amendments that require an entity to recognize the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs. January 1, 2018 The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or disclosures.
ASU 2016-15 Statement of Cash Flows: Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments
In August 2016, the FASB issued amendments that provide guidance on eight specific statement of cash flow classification issues, including distributions received from equity method investees. January 1, 2018 The Company elected nature of distribution for distributions received from equity method investees. The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, statement of cash flows, results of operations, or disclosures.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Standard Description Date of Adoption Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters
ASU 2016-13
Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments
as clarified and amended by:
ASU 2019-04, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments,
ASU 2019-05, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326), Targeted Transition Relief
and
ASU 2019-11, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments- Credit Losses
In June 2016, the FASB issued amendments that require a financial asset (or a group of financial assets) measured at amortized cost to be presented net of an allowance for credit losses (Credit Losses ASU) in order to reflect the amount expected to be collected on the financial asset(s). The measurement of expected credit losses is amended by replacing the incurred loss impairment methodology with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information. Credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities is measured in a manner similar to prior U.S. GAAP; however, the amendments require that credit losses be presented as an allowance rather than as a write-down. Other amendments include changes to the balance sheet presentation and interest income recognition of purchased financial assets with a more-than-insignificant credit deterioration since origination (PCD financial assets). January 1, 2020 The Company recorded a cumulative effect adjustment with a decrease to beginning 2020 retained earnings of $56 million, net of taxes. See Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for credit loss disclosures. The following line items in the consolidated balance sheets were most significantly impacted by the adoption of the new accounting standard:
•Fixed maturity securities held to maturity, at amortized cost
•Commercial mortgage and other loans
•Reinsurance recoverable, included within Other assets
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Standard Description Date of Adoption Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters
ASU 2016-02
Leases
as clarified and amended
by:
ASU 2018-01, Leases: Land Easement Practical Expedient for Transition to Topic 842,
ASU 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases,
ASU 2018-11, Leases, Targeted Improvements, and
ASU 2018-20, Leases: Narrow-Scope Improvements for Lessors
In February 2016, the FASB issued updated guidance for accounting for leases (“Leases Update”). Per the Leases Update, lessees are required to recognize all leases on the balance sheet with the exception of short-term leases. A lease liability will be recorded for the obligation of a lessee to make lease payments arising from a lease. Leases will be classified as finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern and classification of expense recognition in the income statement. The Leases Update provided a number of optional practical expedients. The Company elected the "package of practical expedients," which permits the Company not to reassess under the new standard its prior conclusions about lease identification, lease classification and initial direct costs. Under the Leases Update, lessor accounting is unchanged.
In January 2018, an amendment was issued to the Leases Update which provided an entity with the option to elect a transition practical expedient to not evaluate land easements that exist or expired before the entity's adoption of the Leases Update and that were not previously accounted for as leases.
In July 2018, the FASB issued two amendments to the Leases Update which clarified, corrected errors in, or made minor improvements to the Leases Update and provided entities with an optional transition method to adopt the Leases Update by recording a cumulative-effect adjustment to beginning retained earnings. Additionally, the amendments provided lessors with a practical expedient to not separate nonlease components from associated lease components and instead account for those components as a single component under certain conditions.
In December 2018, an amendment to the Leases Update was issued to clarify: 1) lessor accounting for all sales (and other similar) taxes; 2) the handling of certain lessor costs when the amount of those costs is not readily determinable; and 3) lessor allocation of certain variable payments to the lease and non-lease components. January 1, 2019 The Company has operating and finance leases for office space and equipment. The Company elected the short-term lease exemption for all classes of leases which allows the Company to not recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet and allows the Company to recognize the lease expense for short-term leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company elected the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components and applied it to all classes of leases where the non-lease components are not significant. Some of the Company's leases include options to extend or terminate the lease and the lease terms may include such options when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Certain leases also include options to purchase the leased property. The leases within scope of the leases update increased the Company's right-of-use assets and lease liabilities recorded in its beginning 2019 consolidated balance sheet by $134 million.
As of January 1, 2019, the Company did not have land easements, but has elected the practical expedient as a safe harbor.
The Company elected the optional transition method and as a safe harbor, the practical expedient provided to lessors.
The Company has made an accounting policy election to exclude amounts collected from customers for all sales (and other similar) taxes from the transaction price.
The adoption of the Leases Update and related amendments did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or disclosures.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Standard Description Date of Adoption Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters
ASU 2016-01
Financial Instruments - Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities
In January 2016, the FASB issued guidance to address certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of financial instruments. The main provisions of this guidance require certain equity investments to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net earnings; separate presentation in other comprehensive income for changes in fair value of financial liabilities measured under the fair value option that are due to instrument-specific credit risk; and changes in disclosures associated with the fair value of financial instruments. The guidance also clarifies that entities should evaluate the need for a valuation allowance on a deferred tax asset (DTA) related to available-for-sale (AFS) securities in combination with the entity's other DTAs. January 1, 2018 The Company recorded a cumulative effect adjustment with an increase to beginning 2018 retained earnings and a decrease to beginning 2018 AOCI of $148 million, net of taxes.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Accounting Pronouncements Pending Adoption
Standard Description Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters
ASU 2020-01
Clarifying the interactions between Topic 321, Topic 323, and Topic 815
In January 2020, the FASB issued amendments clarifying that an entity should consider observable transactions that require it to either apply or discontinue the equity method of accounting for the purposes of applying the measurement alternative in accordance with Topic 321 immediately before applying or upon discontinuing the equity method.
In addition, the amendments clarify that for the purpose of applying certain derivative guidance in Topic 815, an entity should not consider whether, upon the settlement of the forward contract or exercise of the purchased option, individually or with existing investments, the underlying securities would be accounted for under the equity method in Topic 323 or the fair value option in accordance with the financial instruments guidance in Topic 825. An entity also would evaluate the remaining characteristics in Topic 815 to determine the accounting for those forward contracts and purchased options.
The amendments are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or disclosures.
ASU 2018-12
Financial Services - Insurance, Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts
as clarified and amended by:
ASU No. 2019-09, Financial Services Insurance (Topic 944)- Effective Date
ASU 2020-11
Financial Services - Insurance (Topic 944): Effective Date and Early Application
In August 2018, the FASB issued amendments that will significantly change how insurers account for long-duration contracts. The amendments will change existing recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure requirements. Issues addressed in the new guidance include: 1) a requirement to review and, if there is a change, update assumptions for the liability for future policy benefits at least annually, and to update the discount rate assumption quarterly, 2) accounting for market risk benefits at fair value, 3) simplified amortization for deferred acquisition costs, and 4) enhanced financial statement presentation and disclosures.
In November 2019, the FASB issued an amendment extending the effective date for public business entities that meet the definition of an SEC filer, excluding entities eligible to be small reporting companies as defined by the SEC, by one year.
In November 2020, the FASB issued an amendment providing an additional year deferral for all insurance entities due to the impact of COVID-19. The amendments are now effective for the Company for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2022. Early application of the amendments is permitted.
The Company is thoroughly evaluating the impact of adoption and expects that the adoption will have a significant impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, and disclosures. The Company anticipates that the requirement to update assumptions for liability for future policy benefits will have a significant impact on its results of operations, systems, processes and controls while the requirement to update the discount rate will have a significant impact on its equity. The Company has no products with market risk benefits. The Company does not expect to early adopt the updated standard and has selected a modified retrospective transition method.
Recent accounting guidance not discussed above is not applicable, did not have, or is not expected to have a material impact to the Company's business.
2. BUSINESS SEGMENT AND FOREIGN INFORMATION
The Company consists of two reportable insurance business segments: Aflac Japan and Aflac U.S., both of which sell supplemental health and life insurance. In addition, operating business units that are not individually reportable and business activities, including reinsurance retrocession activities, not included in Aflac Japan or Aflac U.S. are included in Corporate and other.
The Company does not allocate corporate overhead expenses to business segments. Consistent with U.S. GAAP accounting guidance for segment reporting, the Company evaluates and manages its business segments using a financial performance measure called pretax adjusted earnings. Adjusted earnings are adjusted revenues less benefits and
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
adjusted expenses. The adjustments to both revenues and expenses account for certain items that cannot be predicted or that are outside management’s control. Adjusted revenues are U.S. GAAP total revenues excluding net investment gains and losses, except for amortized hedge costs/income related to foreign currency exposure management strategies and net interest cash flows from derivatives associated with certain investment strategies. Adjusted expenses are U.S. GAAP total acquisition and operating expenses including the impact of interest cash flows from derivatives associated with notes payable but excluding any nonrecurring or other items not associated with the normal course of the Company’s insurance operations and that do not reflect Aflac’s underlying business performance. The Company excludes income taxes related to operations to arrive at pretax adjusted earnings. Information regarding operations by reportable segment and Corporate and other for the years ended December 31 follows:
(In millions) 2020 2019 2018
Revenues:
Aflac Japan:
Net earned premiums:
Cancer $ 6,119 $ 6,031 $ 5,849
Medical and other health 3,596 3,582 3,516
Life insurance 2,955 3,159 3,397
Adjusted net investment income (1),(2)
2,659 2,496 2,403
Other income 42 45 41
Total adjusted revenue Aflac Japan 15,371 15,313 15,206
Aflac U.S.:
Net earned premiums:
Accident/disability 2,614 2,665 2,611
Cancer 1,275 1,309 1,311
Other health 1,571 1,548 1,508
Life insurance 298 286 278
Adjusted net investment income (3)
705 720 727
Other income 102 22 8
Total adjusted revenue Aflac U.S. 6,565 6,550 6,443
Corporate and other (4)
384 393 339
Total adjusted revenues 22,320 22,256 21,988
Net investment gains (losses) (1),(2),(3),(4)
(173) 51 (230)
Total revenues $ 22,147 $ 22,307 $ 21,758
(1) Amortized hedge costs of $206, $257 and $236 in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, related to certain foreign currency exposure management strategies have been reclassified from net investment gains (losses) and reported as a deduction from net investment income when analyzing operations.
(2) Net interest cash flows from derivatives associated with certain investment strategies of $9 and $(17) in 2020 and 2019, respectively, and an immaterial amount in 2018, have been reclassified from net investment gains (losses) and included in adjusted earnings as a component of net investment income.
(3) Net interest cash flows from derivatives associated with certain investment strategies of $3 in 2020 have been reclassified from net investment gains (losses) and included in adjusted earnings as a component of net investment income.
(4) Amortized hedge income of $97, $89 and $36 in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, related to certain foreign currency exposure management strategies has been reclassified from net investment gains (losses) and reported as an increase to net investment income when analyzing operations.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
(In millions) 2020 2019 2018
Pretax earnings:
Aflac Japan (1),(2)
$ 3,263 $ 3,261 $ 3,208
Aflac U.S. (3)
1,268 1,272 1,285
Corporate and other (4),(5)
(115) (72) (139)
Pretax adjusted earnings (6)
4,416 4,461 4,354
Net investment gains (losses) (1),(2),(3),(4),(5)
(229) (15) (297)
Other income (loss) (28)
(1) (74)
Total earnings before income taxes $ 4,159 $ 4,445 $ 3,983
Income taxes applicable to pretax adjusted earnings $ 864 $ 1,147 $ 1,129
Effect of foreign currency translation on after-tax
adjusted earnings 31 15 28
(1) Amortized hedge costs of $206, $257 and $236 in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, related to certain foreign currency exposure management strategies have been reclassified from net investment gains (losses) and reported as a deduction from net investment income when analyzing operations.
(2) Net interest cash flows from derivatives associated with certain investment strategies of $9 and $(17) in 2020 and 2019, respectively, and an immaterial amount in 2018, have been reclassified from net investment gains (losses) and included in adjusted earnings as a component of net investment income.
(3) Net interest cash flows from derivatives associated with certain investment strategies of $3 in 2020 have been reclassified from net investment gains (losses) and included in adjusted earnings as a component of net investment income.
(4) Amortized hedge income of $97, $89 and $36 in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, related to certain foreign currency exposure management strategies has been reclassified from net investment gains (losses) and reported as an increase to net investment income when analyzing operations.
(5) A gain of $56, $66 and $67 in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, related to the interest rate component of the change in fair value of foreign currency swaps on notes payable have been reclassified from net investment gains (losses) and included in adjusted earnings when analyzing operations.
(6) Includes $167, $135 and $122 of interest expense on debt in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Assets as of December 31 were as follows:
(In millions) 2020 2019
Assets:
Aflac Japan $ 137,271 $ 127,523
Aflac U.S. 22,864 20,945
Corporate and other 4,951 4,300
Total assets $ 165,086 $ 152,768
Yen-Translation Effects: The following table shows the yen/dollar exchange rates used for or during the periods ended December 31. Exchange effects were calculated using the same yen/dollar exchange rate for the current year as for each respective prior year.
2020 2019 2018
Statements of Earnings:
Weighted-average yen/dollar exchange rate (1)
106.86 109.07 110.39
Yen percent strengthening (weakening) 2.1 % 1.2 % 1.6 %
Exchange effect on pretax adjusted earnings (in millions) $ 38 $ 20 $ 38
2020 2019
Balance Sheets:
Yen/dollar exchange rate at December 31(1)
103.50 109.56
Yen percent strengthening (weakening) 5.9 % 1.3 %
Exchange effect on total assets (in millions) $ 7,970 $ 1,225
Exchange effect on total liabilities (in millions) 7,870 1,533
(1) Rates are based on the published MUFG Bank, Ltd. telegraphic transfer middle rate (TTM)
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Transfers of funds from Aflac Japan: Aflac Japan makes payments to the Parent Company for management fees, allocated expenses and remittances of earnings. Prior to the Aflac Japan branch conversion on April 1, 2018, Aflac Japan paid allocated expenses and profit remittances to Aflac U.S. Information on transfers for each of the years ended December 31 is shown below. See Note 13 for information concerning restrictions on transfers from Aflac Japan.
(In millions) 2020 2019 2018
Management fees $ 71 $ 75 $ 136
Allocated expenses 0 4 24
Profit remittances 1,215 2,070 808
Total transfers from Aflac Japan $ 1,286 $ 2,149 $ 968
Property and Equipment: The costs of buildings, furniture and equipment are depreciated principally on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives (maximum of 50 years for buildings and 20 years for furniture and equipment). Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred; expenditures for betterments are capitalized and depreciated. Classes of property and equipment as of December 31 were as follows:
(In millions) 2020 2019
Property and equipment:
Land $ 168 $ 168
Buildings 523 473
Equipment and furniture 566 549
Total property and equipment 1,257 1,190
Less accumulated depreciation 656 609
Net property and equipment $ 601 $ 581
Receivables: Receivables consist primarily of monthly insurance premiums due from individual policyholders or their employers for payroll deduction of premiums, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. At December 31, 2020, $201 million, or 25.2% of total receivables, were related to Aflac Japan's operations, compared with $258 million, or 31.2%, at December 31, 2019.
3. INVESTMENTS
Net Investment Income
The components of net investment income for the years ended December 31 were as follows:
(In millions) 2020 2019 2018
Fixed maturity securities $ 3,113 $ 3,141 $ 3,142
Equity securities 29 37 38
Commercial mortgage and other loans 545 468 333
Other investments 145 53 36
Short-term investments and cash equivalents 18 56 41
Gross investment income 3,850 3,755 3,590
Less investment expenses 212 177 148
Net investment income $ 3,638 $ 3,578 $ 3,442
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Investment Holdings
The amortized cost for the Company's investments in fixed maturity securities, the cost for equity securities and the fair values of these investments at December 31 are shown in the following tables.
(In millions)
Amortized
Cost Allowance for Credit Losses Gross
Unrealized
Gains Gross
Unrealized
Losses Fair
Value
Securities available for sale, carried at fair
value through other comprehensive income:
Fixed maturity securities:
Yen-denominated:
Japan government and agencies $ 32,959 $ 0 $ 4,182 $ 52 $ 37,089
Municipalities 1,324 0 374 5 1,693
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities 342 0 27 1 368
Public utilities 4,777 0 1,096 1 5,872
Sovereign and supranational 981 0 108 0 1,089
Banks/financial institutions 7,552 0 886 102 8,336
Other corporate 8,114 0 1,747 37 9,824
Total yen-denominated 56,049 0 8,420 198 64,271
U.S. dollar-denominated:
U.S. government and agencies 245 0 16 0 261
Municipalities 1,154 0 173 2 1,325
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities 667 0 8 5 670
Public utilities 4,013 0 947 15 4,945
Sovereign and supranational 232 0 64 3 293
Banks/financial institutions 2,973 0 758 7 3,724
Other corporate 26,297 38 4,385 251 30,393
Total U.S. dollar-denominated 35,581 38 6,351 283 41,611
Total securities available for sale $ 91,630 $ 38 $ 14,771 $ 481 $ 105,882
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
(In millions)
Amortized
Cost Gross
Unrealized
Gains Gross
Unrealized
Losses Fair
Value
Securities available for sale, carried at fair value
through other comprehensive income:
Fixed maturity securities:
Yen-denominated:
Japan government and agencies $ 30,929 $ 5,169 $ 0 $ 36,098
Municipalities 516 116 3 629
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities 229 25 0 254
Public utilities 1,855 406 0 2,261
Sovereign and supranational 680 50 0 730
Banks/financial institutions 6,152 700 86 6,766
Other corporate 5,323 944 24 6,243
Total yen-denominated 45,684 7,410 113 52,981
U.S dollar-denominated:
U.S. government and agencies 293 9 0 302
Municipalities 1,077 141 0 1,218
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities 149 7 0 156
Public utilities 3,804 725 10 4,519
Sovereign and supranational 239 73 0 312
Banks/financial institutions 2,879 646 4 3,521
Other corporate 25,246 3,255 248 28,253
Total U.S. dollar-denominated 33,687 4,856 262 38,281
Total securities available for sale $ 79,371 $ 12,266 $ 375 $ 91,262
(In millions)
Amortized
Cost Allowance for Credit Losses Net Carrying Amount Gross
Unrealized
Gains Gross
Unrealized
Losses Fair
Value
Securities held to maturity, carried at
amortized cost:
Fixed maturity securities:
Yen-denominated:
Japan government and agencies $ 23,448 $ 3 $ 23,445 $ 5,625 $ 0 $ 29,070
Municipalities 377 0 377 122 0 499
Public utilities 48 1 47 14 0 61
Sovereign and supranational 577 6 571 165 0 736
Other corporate 24 0 24 9 0 33
Total yen-denominated 24,474 10 24,464 5,935 0 30,399
Total securities held to maturity $ 24,474 $ 10 24,464 $ 5,935 $ 0 $ 30,399
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
(In millions)
Amortized
Cost Gross
Unrealized
Gains Gross
Unrealized
Losses Fair
Value
Securities held to maturity, carried at
amortized cost:
Fixed maturity securities:
Yen-denominated:
Japan government and agencies $ 22,241 $ 6,050 $ 0 $ 28,291
Municipalities 821 262 0 1,083
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities 16 1 0 17
Public utilities 2,535 419 0 2,954
Sovereign and supranational 1,123 197 0 1,320
Banks/financial institutions 916 105 3 1,018
Other corporate 2,433 485 7 2,911
Total yen-denominated 30,085 7,519 10 37,594
Total securities held to maturity $ 30,085 $ 7,519 $ 10 $ 37,594
2020 2019
(In millions) Fair Value Fair Value
Equity securities, carried at fair value through net earnings:
Equity securities:
Yen-denominated $ 680 $ 658
U.S. dollar-denominated 603 144
Total equity securities $ 1,283 $ 802
The methods of determining the fair values of the Company's investments in fixed maturity securities and equity securities are described in Note 5.
During 2020, as a result of the adoption of ASU 2019-04 discussed in Note 1, the Company reclassified $6.9 billion (at amortized cost) of pre-payable fixed-maturity securities from the held-to-maturity category to the available-for-sale category. This reclassification resulted in recording in accumulated other comprehensive income a net unrealized gain of $848 million on an after-tax basis. During 2019 and 2018, the Company did not reclassify any investments from the held-to-maturity category to the available-for-sale category.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Contractual and Economic Maturities
The contractual and economic maturities of the Company's investments in fixed maturity securities at December 31, 2020, were as follows:
(In millions) Amortized
Cost (1)
Fair
Value
Available for sale:
Due in one year or less $ 1,130 $ 1,125
Due after one year through five years 8,750 9,020
Due after five years through 10 years 13,752 15,945
Due after 10 years 66,951 78,754
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities 1,009 1,038
Total fixed maturity securities available for sale $ 91,592 $ 105,882
Held to maturity:
Due in one year or less $ 0 $ 0
Due after one year through five years 0 0
Due after five years through 10 years 2,212 2,594
Due after 10 years 22,252 27,805
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities 0 0
Total fixed maturity securities held to maturity $ 24,464 $ 30,399
(1) Net of allowance for credit losses
Economic maturities are used for certain debt instruments with no stated maturity where the expected maturity date is based on the combination of features in the financial instrument such as the right to call or prepay obligations or changes in coupon rates.
Investment Concentrations
The Company's process for investing in credit-related investments begins with an independent approach to underwriting each issuer's fundamental credit quality. The Company evaluates independently those factors that it believes could influence an issuer's ability to make payments under the contractual terms of the Company's instruments. This includes a thorough analysis of a variety of items including the issuer's country of domicile (including political, legal, and financial considerations); the industry in which the issuer competes (with an analysis of industry structure, end-market dynamics, and regulation); company specific issues (such as management, assets, earnings, cash generation, and capital needs); and contractual provisions of the instrument (such as financial covenants and position in the capital structure). The Company further evaluates the investment considering broad business and portfolio management objectives, including asset/liability needs, portfolio diversification, and expected income.
Investment exposures that individually exceeded 10% of shareholders' equity as of December 31 were as follows:
2020 2019
(In millions) Credit
Rating Amortized
Cost Fair
Value Credit
Rating Amortized
Cost Fair
Value
Japan National Government(1)
A+ $55,153 $64,657 A+ $51,726 $62,584
(1)Japan Government Bonds (JGBs) or JGB-backed securities
Net Investment Gains and Losses
Information regarding pretax net gains and losses from investments for the years ended December 31 follows:
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
(In millions) 2020 2019 2018
Net investment gains (losses):
Sales and redemptions:
Fixed maturity securities available for sale:
Gross gains from sales $ 31 $ 115 $ 101
Gross losses from sales (47) (68) (156)
Foreign currency gains (losses) on sales and redemptions (69) (16) 73
Total sales and redemptions (85) 31 18
Equity securities 184 101
(131)
Loan loss reserves (1)
0 (18) (19)
Credit losses:
Fixed maturity securities available for sale (2)
(75) (13) (64)
Fixed maturity securities held to maturity 1 0 0
Commercial mortgage and other loans (103) 0 0
Loan commitments (21) 0 0
Reinsurance recoverables and other (2) 0 0
Total credit losses (200) (13) (64)
Derivatives and other:
Derivative gains (losses) 399 (174) (224)
Foreign currency gains (losses) (568) (62) (10)
Total derivatives and other (169) (236) (234)
Total net investment gains (losses) $ (270) $ (135) $ (430)
(1) U.S. GAAP guidance adopted as of January 1, 2020 has superseded these losses, included for comparative purposes only
(2) Includes other-than-temporary impairment losses for prior year
The unrealized holding gains, net of losses, recorded as a component of net investment gains and losses for the year ended December 31, 2020, that relates to equity securities still held at the December 31, 2020, reporting date was $210 million.
Unrealized Investment Gains and Losses
Information regarding changes in unrealized gains and losses from investments recorded in AOCI for the years ended December 31 follows:
(In millions) 2020 2019 2018
Changes in unrealized gains (losses):
Fixed maturity securities, available for sale $ 2,399 $ 5,852 $ (3,142)
Total change in unrealized gains (losses) $ 2,399 $ 5,852 $ (3,142)
Effect on Shareholders' Equity
The net effect on shareholders' equity of unrealized gains and losses from fixed maturity securities at December 31 was as follows:
(In millions) 2020 2019
Unrealized gains (losses) on securities available for sale $ 14,290 $ 11,891
Deferred income taxes (3,929) (3,343)
Shareholders’ equity, unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities $ 10,361 $ 8,548
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Gross Unrealized Loss Aging
The following tables show the fair values and gross unrealized losses of the Company's available-for-sale investments for the period ended December 31, 2020 and available-for-sale and held-to-maturity investments for prior periods that were in an unrealized loss position, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position that were in an unrealized loss position.
Total Less than 12 months 12 months or longer
(In millions) Fair
Value Unrealized
Losses Fair
Value Unrealized
Losses Fair
Value Unrealized
Losses
Fixed maturity securities available
for sale:
Japan government and
agencies:
Yen-denominated $ 2,604 $ 52 $ 2,604 $ 52 $ 0 $ 0
Municipalities:
U.S. dollar-denominated 94 2 94 2 0 0
Yen-denominated 183 5 169 4 14 1
Mortgage- and asset-
backed securities:
U.S. dollar-denominated 360 5 360 5 0 0
Yen-denominated 37 1 37 1 0 0
Public utilities:
U.S. dollar-denominated 326 15 208 7 118 8
Yen-denominated 135 1 135 1 0 0
Sovereign and supranational:
U.S. dollar-denominated 39 3 39 3 0 0
Banks/financial institutions:
U.S. dollar-denominated 82 7 44 1 38 6
Yen-denominated 1,809 102 765 36 1,044 66
Other corporate:
U.S. dollar-denominated 4,499 251 2,157 59 2,342 192
Yen-denominated 613 37 290 13 323 24
Total $ 10,781 $ 481 $ 6,902 $ 184 $ 3,879 $ 297
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Total Less than 12 months 12 months or longer
(In millions) Fair
Value Unrealized
Losses Fair
Value Unrealized
Losses Fair
Value Unrealized
Losses
Fixed maturity securities:
Municipalities:
Yen-denominated $ 80 $ 3 $ 80 $ 3 $ 0 $ 0
Public utilities:
U.S. dollar-denominated 306 10 69 2 237 8
Banks/financial institutions:
U.S. dollar-denominated 79 4 18 0 61 4
Yen-denominated 1,828 89 1,828 89 0 0
Other corporate:
U.S. dollar-denominated 4,261 248 792 53 3,469 195
Yen-denominated 636 31 636 31 0 0
Total $ 7,190 $ 385 $ 3,423 $ 178 $ 3,767 $ 207
Analysis of Securities in Unrealized Loss Positions
The unrealized losses on the Company's fixed maturity securities investments have been primarily related to general market changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and/or the levels of credit spreads rather than specific concerns with the issuer's ability to pay interest and repay principal.
For any significant declines in fair value of its fixed maturity securities, the Company performs a more focused review of the related issuers' credit profile. For corporate issuers, the Company evaluates their assets, business profile including industry dynamics and competitive positioning, financial statements and other available financial data. For non-corporate issuers, the Company analyzes all sources of credit support, including issuer-specific factors. The Company utilizes information available in the public domain and, for certain private placement issuers, from consultations with the issuers directly. The Company also considers ratings from Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations (NRSROs), as well as the specific characteristics of the security it owns including seniority in the issuer's capital structure, covenant protections, or other relevant features. From these reviews, the Company evaluates the issuers' continued ability to service the Company's investment through payment of interest and principal.
Assuming no credit-related factors develop, unrealized gains and losses on fixed maturity securities are expected to diminish as investments near maturity. Based on its credit analysis, the Company believes that the issuers of its fixed maturity investments in the sectors shown in the table above have the ability to service their obligations to the Company, and the Company does not intend to sell the investments and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost bases, which may be at maturity.
However, the Company has identified certain available-for-sale fixed maturity securities where the amortized cost basis exceeds the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected due to credit related factors and as a result, a credit allowance has been calculated. As of December 31, 2020, the Company held an allowance of $38 million. Refer to the Credit Losses section below for additional information.
Commercial Mortgage and Other Loans
The Company classifies its TREs, CMLs and MMLs as held-for-investment and includes them in the commercial mortgage and other loans line on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company carries them on the balance sheet at amortized cost less an estimated allowance for credit losses.
The table below reflects the composition of the carrying value for commercial mortgage and other loans by property type as of December 31.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
(In millions) 2020 2019
Amortized Cost % of Total Amortized Cost % of Total
Commercial Mortgage and other loans
Transitional real estate loans:
Office $ 2,115 19.7 % $ 1,800 18.7 %
Retail 125 1.2 131 1.4
Apartments/Multi-Family 1,782 16.6 2,085 21.7
Industrial 85 .8 256 2.7
Hospitality 1,106 10.3 1,036 10.8
Other 81 .7 164 1.7
Total transitional real estate loans 5,294 49.3 5,472 57.0
Commercial mortgage loans:
Office 401 3.7 410 4.3
Retail 340 3.2 348 3.5
Apartments/Multi-Family 588 5.5 569 5.9
Industrial 391 3.6 383 4.0
Total commercial mortgage loans 1,720 16.0 1,710 17.7
Middle market loans 3,720 34.7 2,432 25.3
Total commercial mortgage and other loans $ 10,734 100.0 % $ 9,614 100.0 %
Allowance for credit losses (180) (45) (1)
Total net commercial mortgage and other loans $ 10,554 $ 9,569
(1) U.S. GAAP guidance adopted as of January 1, 2020 has superseded these losses, included for comparative purposes only.
Commercial mortgage and transitional real estate loans were secured by properties entirely within the U.S. (with the largest concentrations in California (21%), Texas (14%) and Florida (11%)). Middle market loans are issued only to companies domiciled within the U.S. and Canada.
Transitional Real Estate Loans
Transitional real estate loans are commercial mortgage loans that are typically relatively short-term floating rate instruments secured by a first lien on the property. These loans provide funding for properties undergoing a change in their physical characteristics and/or economic profile and do not typically require any principal repayment prior to the maturity date. This loan portfolio is generally considered to be investment grade. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had $601 million in outstanding commitments to fund transitional real estate loans. These commitments are contingent on the final underwriting and due diligence to be performed.
Commercial Mortgage Loans
Commercial mortgage loans are typically fixed rate loans on commercial real estate with partial repayment of principal over the life of the loan with the remaining outstanding principal being repaid upon maturity. This loan portfolio is generally considered higher quality investment grade loans. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had $32 million of outstanding commitments to fund commercial mortgage loans. These commitments are contingent on the final underwriting and due diligence to be performed.
Middle Market Loans
Middle market loans are typically first lien senior secured cash flow loans to small to mid-size companies for working capital, refinancing, acquisition, and recapitalization. These loans are generally considered to be below investment grade. The carrying value for middle market loans included $25 million and $99 million for a short term credit facility that is reflected in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, as of December 31, 2020, and 2019, respectively.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
As of December 31, 2020, the Company had commitments of approximately $2.2 billion of which $2.0 billion was a result of a new agreement with an external manager during the first quarter of 2020 to fund future middle market loans. These commitments are contingent upon the availability of middle market loans that meet the Company's underwriting criteria.
Credit Quality Indicators
For TREs, the Company’s key credit quality indicator is loan-to-value (LTV). Given that TRE loans involve properties undergoing renovation or construction, loan-to-value provides the most insight into the credit risk of the loan. The Company monitors the performance of the loans periodically, but not less frequently than quarterly.
For CMLs, the Company’s key credit quality indicators include LTV and debt service coverage ratios (DSCR). LTV is calculated by dividing the current outstanding loan balance by the most recent estimated property value. DSCR is the most recently available operating income of the underlying property compared to the required debt service of the loan.
For MMLs and held-to-maturity fixed maturity securities, the Company’s key credit quality indicator is credit ratings. The Company’s held-to-maturity portfolio is composed of investment grade securities that are senior unsecured instruments, while its MMLs generally have below-investment-grade ratings but are typically senior secured instruments. The Company monitors the credit ratings periodically, but not less frequently than quarterly.
For the Company’s reinsurance recoverable balance, the key credit quality indicator is the credit rating of the Company’s reinsurance counterparty. The Company uses external credit ratings focused on the reinsurer’s financial strength and credit worthiness. The Company's counterparties are rated A+. The Company monitors the credit ratings periodically, but not less frequently than quarterly.
The following tables present as of December 31, 2020 the amortized cost basis of TREs, CMLs and MMLs by year of origination and credit quality indicator.
Transitional Real Estate Loans
(In millions) 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 Prior Total
Loan-to-Value Ratio:
0%-59.99% $ 79 $ 670 $ 397 $ 159 $ 20 $ 29 $ 1,354
60%-69.99% 214 857 722 372 0 0 2,165
70%-79.99% 84 754 673 224 14 0 1,749
80% or greater 26 0 0 0 0 0 26
Total $ 403 $ 2,281 $ 1,792 $ 755 $ 34 $ 29 $ 5,294
Commercial Mortgage Loans
(In millions) 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 Total Weighted-Average DSCR
Loan-to-Value Ratio:
0%-59.99% $ 31 $ 400 $ 100 $ 69 $ 554 $ 1,154 2.59
60%-69.99% 31 223 70 0 161 485 1.94
70%-79.99% 0 33 0 0 22 55 1.76
80% or greater 0 0 0 0 26 26 1.66
Total $ 62 $ 656 $ 170 $ 69 $ 763 $ 1,720 2.37
Weighted Average DSCR 2.00 2.52 2.21 2.58 2.27
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Middle Market Loans
(In millions) 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 Prior Revolving Loans Total
Credit Ratings:
BBB $ 36 $ 71 $ 51 $ 33 $ 4 $ 0 $ 20 $ 215
BB 269 247 211 93 37 15 90 962
B 483 615 325 219 127 23 170 1,962
CCC 95 89 97 89 31 27 84 512
CC 0 0 0 39 3 0 1 43
C and lower 8 0 18 0 0 0 0 26
Total $ 891 $ 1,022 $ 702 $ 473 $ 202 $ 65 $ 365 $ 3,720
Allowance for Credit Losses
The Company calculates its allowance for credit losses for held-to-maturity fixed maturity securities, loan receivables, loan commitments and reinsurance recoverable by grouping assets with similar risk characteristics when there is not a specific expectation of a loss for an individual asset. For held-to-maturity fixed maturity securities, MMLs, and MML commitments, the Company groups assets by credit ratings, industry, and country. The Company groups CMLs and TREs and respective loan commitments by property type, property location and the property’s loan-to-value and debt service coverage ratios. The credit allowance for the reinsurance recoverable balance is estimated using a probability-of-default (PD) / loss-given-default (LGD) method.
The credit allowance for held-to-maturity fixed maturity securities and loan receivables is estimated using a PD / LGD method, discounted for the time value of money. For held-to-maturity fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale fixed maturity securities and loan receivables, the Company includes the change in present value due to the passage of time in the change in the allowance for credit losses. The Company’s methodology for estimating credit losses utilizes the contractual maturity date of the financial asset, adjusted when necessary to reflect the expected timing of repayment (such as prepayment options, renewal options, call options, or extension options). The Company applies reasonable and supportable forecasts of macroeconomic variables that impact the determination of PD/LGD over a two-year period for held-to-maturity fixed maturity securities and MMLs. The Company reverts to historical loss information over one year, following the two-year forecast period. For the CML and TRE portfolio, the Company applies reasonable and supportable forecasts of macroeconomic variables as well as national and local real-estate market factors to estimate future credit losses where the market factors revert back to historical levels over time with the period being dependent on current market conditions, projected market conditions and difference in the current and historical market levels for each factor. The Company continuously monitors the estimation methodology, due to changes in portfolio composition, changes in underwriting practices and significant events or conditions and makes adjustments as necessary.
The Company’s held-to-maturity fixed maturity portfolio includes Japan Government and Agency securities of $23.3 billion amortized cost as of December 31, 2020 that meet the requirements for zero-credit-loss expectation and therefore these asset classes have been excluded from the current expected credit loss measurement.
An investment in an available-for-sale fixed maturity security is impaired if the fair value falls below amortized cost. The Company regularly reviews its fixed maturity security investments portfolio for declines in fair value. The Company's debt impairment model focuses on the ultimate collection of the cash flows from its investments and whether the Company has the intent to sell or if it is more likely than not the Company would be required to sell the security prior to recovery of its amortized cost. The determination of the amount of impairments under this model is based upon the Company's periodic evaluation and assessment of known and inherent risks associated with the respective securities. Such evaluations and assessments are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available.
When determining the Company's intention to sell a security prior to recovery of its fair value to amortized cost, the Company evaluates facts and circumstances such as, but not limited to, future cash flow needs, decisions to reposition its security portfolio, and risk profile of individual investment holdings. The Company performs ongoing analyses of its liquidity needs, which includes cash flow testing of its policy liabilities, debt maturities, projected dividend payments, and other cash flow and liquidity needs.
The Company’s methodology for estimating credit losses for available-for-sale fixed maturity securities utilizes the discounted cash flow model, based on past events, current market conditions and future economic conditions, as well as
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
industry analysis and credit ratings of the fixed maturity securities. In addition, the Company evaluates the specific issuer’s probability of default and expected recovery of its position in the event of default based on the underlying financial condition and assets of the borrower as well as seniority and/or security of other debt holders in the issuer when developing management’s best estimate of expected cash flows.
The Company granted certain loan modifications in its MML and TRE portfolios due to COVID-19 during the year ended December 31, 2020. As of December 31, 2020 loan modifications did not have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations. The nature of the modifications varied in scope and significance, but generally a small proportion of modifications qualified as TDR, which is a situation where a Company grants a concession to a borrower that a Company would not otherwise have considered due to the borrower’s financial difficulties. Additionally, in accordance with the FASB’s published response to a COVID-19 Pandemic technical inquiry, the Company continues to accrue interest income on such loans that have deferred payment. The Company continues to evaluate loan modifications in its MML and TRE portfolios. As of December 31, 2020, the amortized cost of modified loans where Section 4013 of the CARES Act, as extended by the CAA, or the Interagency statement is applicable was immaterial.
The Company had an immaterial amount of TDRs during the year ended December 31, 2020. The Company had no TDRs during 2019. For certain TDRs, modifications resulted in write-offs for certain loans where the modified loan resulted in a forgiveness of existing principal and are included in the rollforward of the allowance for credit losses below.
The Company designates nonaccrual status for a nonperforming debt security or a loan that is not generating its stated interest rate because of nonpayment of periodic interest by the borrower. The Company applies the cash basis method to record any payments received on non-accrual assets. The Company resumes the accrual of interest on fixed maturity securities and loans that are currently making contractual payments or for those that are not current where the borrower has paid timely (less than 30 days outstanding).
As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company had an immaterial amount (cost basis) of loans and fixed maturities on nonaccrual status.
The following table presents the roll forward of the allowance for credit losses by portfolio segment for the year ended December 31, 2020.
(In millions) Transitional Real Estate Loans Commercial Mortgage Loans Middle Market Loans Held to Maturity Securities Available for Sale Securities Reinsurance Recoverables
Balance at December 31, 2019 (1)
$ (22) $ (3) $ (20) $ 0 $ 0 $ 0
Transition impact to retained earnings (2) (8) (33) (10) 0 (11)
(Addition to) release of allowance for credit
losses (39) (21) (41) 0 (75) (1)
Write-offs, net of recoveries 0 0 9 0 37 0
Balance at December 31, 2020 $ (63) $ (32) $ (85) $ (10) $ (38) $ (12)
(1) U.S. GAAP guidance adopted as of January 1, 2020 has superseded these losses, included for comparative purposes only.
For assets that are subject to the credit loss measurement, the change in credit loss allowance will be significantly impacted by purchases and sales in those assets during the period as well as entering into new non-cancelable loan commitments. During the first quarter of 2020, the Company entered into a loan commitment with an external manager that met the requirements to recognize a credit loss on over $2.2 billion of loan commitments over the next few years. The estimate of credit losses for loan commitments as of December 31, 2020 was $35 million.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Other Investments
The table below reflects the composition of the carrying value for other investments as of December 31.
(In millions) 2020 2019
Other investments:
Policy loans $ 260 $ 250
Short-term investments (1)
1,139 628
Limited partnerships 1,004 569
Other 26 30
Total other investments $ 2,429 $ 1,477
(1) Includes securities lending collateral
As of December 31, 2020, the Company had $1.6 billion in outstanding commitments to fund alternative investments in limited partnerships.
Variable Interest Entities (VIEs)
As a condition of its involvement or investment in a VIE, the Company enters into certain protective rights and covenants that preclude changes in the structure of the VIE that would alter the creditworthiness of the Company's investment or its beneficial interest in the VIE.
For those VIEs other than certain unit trust structures, the Company's involvement is passive in nature. The Company has not, nor has it been, required to purchase any securities issued in the future by these VIEs.
The Company's ownership interest in VIEs is limited to holding the obligations issued by them. The Company has no direct or contingent obligations to fund the limited activities of these VIEs, nor does it have any direct or indirect financial guarantees related to the limited activities of these VIEs. The Company has not provided any assistance or any other type of financing support to any of the VIEs it invests in, nor does it have any intention to do so in the future. For those VIEs in which the Company holds debt obligations, the weighted-average lives of the Company's notes are very similar to the underlying collateral held by these VIEs where applicable.
The Company's risk of loss related to its interests in any of its VIEs is limited to the carrying value of the related investments held in the VIE.
VIEs - Consolidated
The following table presents the cost or amortized cost, fair value and balance sheet caption in which the assets and liabilities of consolidated VIEs are reported as of December 31.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Investments in Consolidated Variable Interest Entities
2020 2019
(In millions) Amortized
Cost (1)
Fair
Value Amortized
Cost Fair
Value
Assets:
Fixed maturity securities, available for sale $ 3,487 $ 4,596 $ 3,308 $ 4,312
Commercial mortgage and other loans 8,964 9,040 7,956 8,015
Other investments (2)
826 826 494 494
Other assets (3)
133 133 169 169
Total assets of consolidated VIEs $ 13,410 $ 14,595 $ 11,927 $ 12,990
Liabilities:
Other liabilities (3)
$ 231 $ 231 $ 126 $ 126
Total liabilities of consolidated VIEs $ 231 $ 231 $ 126 $ 126
(1) Net of allowance for credit losses
(2) Consists entirely of alternative investments in limited partnerships
(3) Consists entirely of derivatives
The Company is substantively the only investor in the consolidated VIEs listed in the table above. As the sole investor in these VIEs, the Company has the power to direct the activities of a variable interest entity that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance and is therefore considered to be the primary beneficiary of the VIEs that it consolidates. The Company also participates in substantially all of the variability created by these VIEs. The activities of these VIEs are limited to holding invested assets and foreign currency swaps, as appropriate, and utilizing the cash flows from these securities to service its investment. Neither the Company nor any of its creditors are able to obtain the underlying collateral of the VIEs unless there is an event of default or other specified event. For those VIEs that contain a swap, the Company is not a direct counterparty to the swap contracts and has no control over them. The Company's loss exposure to these VIEs is limited to its original investment. The Company's consolidated VIEs do not rely on outside or ongoing sources of funding to support their activities beyond the underlying collateral and swap contracts, if applicable. With the exception of its investment in unit trust structures, the underlying collateral assets and funding of the Company's consolidated VIEs are generally static in nature.
Investments in Unit Trust Structures
The Company also utilizes unit trust structures in its Aflac Japan segment to invest in various asset classes. As the sole investor of these VIEs, the Company is required to consolidate these trusts under U.S. GAAP.
VIEs - Not Consolidated
The table below reflects the amortized cost, fair value and balance sheet caption in which the Company's investment in VIEs not consolidated are reported as of December 31.
Investments in Variable Interest Entities Not Consolidated
2020 2019
(In millions) Amortized
Cost Fair
Value Amortized
Cost Fair
Value
Assets:
Fixed maturity securities, available for sale $ 5,477 $ 6,767 $ 4,129 $ 4,884
Fixed maturity securities, held to maturity 0 0 1,848 2,236
Other investments (1)
178 178 75 74
Total investments in VIEs not consolidated $ 5,655 $ 6,945 $ 6,052 $ 7,194
(1) Consists entirely of alternative investments in limited partnerships
The Company holds alternative investments in limited partnerships that have been determined to be VIEs. These partnerships invest in private equity and structured investments. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss on these investments is limited to the amount of its investment. The Company is not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs and is
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
therefore not required to consolidate them. The Company classifies these investments as Other investments in the consolidated balance sheets.
Certain investments in VIEs that the Company is not required to consolidate are investments that are in the form of debt obligations from the VIEs that are irrevocably and unconditionally guaranteed by their corporate parents or sponsors. These VIEs are the primary financing vehicles used by their corporate sponsors to raise financing in the capital markets. The variable interests created by these VIEs are principally or solely a result of the debt instruments issued by them. The Company does not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance, nor does it have the obligation to absorb losses of the entity or the right to receive benefits from the entity. As such, the Company is not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs and is therefore not required to consolidate them.
Securities Lending and Pledged Securities
The Company lends fixed maturity and public equity securities to financial institutions in short-term security-lending transactions. These short-term security-lending arrangements increase investment income with minimal risk. The Company receives cash or other securities as collateral for such loans. The Company's security lending policy requires that the fair value of the securities received as collateral be 102% or more of the fair value of the loaned securities and that unrestricted cash received as collateral be 100% or more of the fair value of the loaned securities. The securities loaned continue to be carried as investment assets on the Company's balance sheet during the terms of the loans and are not reported as sales. For loans involving unrestricted cash or securities as collateral, the collateral is reported as an asset with a corresponding liability for the return of the collateral. For loans where the Company receives as collateral securities that the Company is not permitted to sell or repledge, the collateral is not reflected on the consolidated financial statements.
Details of collateral by loaned security type and remaining maturity of the agreements as of December 31 were as follows:
Securities Lending Transactions Accounted for as Secured Borrowings
Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
2020 2019
(In millions) Overnight
and
Continuous(1)
Up to 30
days Total Overnight
and
Continuous(1)
Up to 30
days Total
Securities lending transactions:
Fixed maturity securities:
Japan government and
agencies $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 1,013 $ 1,013
Public utilities 57 0 57 35 0 35
Sovereign and supranational 3 0 3 2 0 2
Banks/financial institutions 63 0 63 48 0 48
Other corporate 841 0 841 778 0 778
Total borrowings $ 964 $ 0 $ 964 $ 863 $ 1,013 $ 1,876
Gross amount of recognized liabilities for securities
lending transactions $ 964 $ 1,876
(1) The related loaned security, under the Company's Aflac U.S. securities lending program, can be returned to the Company at the transferee's discretion; therefore, they are classified as Overnight and Continuous.
In connection with securities lending, in addition to cash collateral received, the Company received from counterparties securities collateral of $6,654 million and $4,759 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, which may not be sold or re-pledged, unless the counterparty is in default. Such securities collateral is not reflected on the consolidated financial statements.
The Company did not have any repurchase agreements or repurchase-to-maturity transactions outstanding as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Certain fixed maturity securities can be pledged as collateral as part of derivative transactions, or pledged to support state deposit requirements on certain investment programs. For additional information regarding pledged securities related to derivative transactions, see Note 4.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
At December 31, 2020, debt securities with a fair value of $18 million were on deposit with regulatory authorities in the U.S. (including U.S. territories). The Company retains ownership of all securities on deposit and receives the related investment income.
For general information regarding the Company's investment accounting policies, see Note 1.
4. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS
The Company's freestanding derivative financial instruments have historically consisted of:
•foreign currency forwards and options used in hedging foreign exchange risk on U.S. dollar-denominated investments in Aflac Japan's portfolio
•foreign currency forwards and options used to economically hedge certain portions of forecasted cash flows denominated in yen and hedge the Company's long term exposure to a weakening yen
•cross-currency interest rate swaps, also referred to as foreign currency swaps, associated with certain senior notes and subordinated debentures
•foreign currency swaps that are associated with VIE bond purchase commitments, and investments in special-purpose entities, including VIEs where the Company is the primary beneficiary
•interest rate swaps used to economically hedge interest rate fluctuations in certain variable-rate investments
•interest rate swaptions used to hedge changes in the fair value associated with interest rate fluctuations for certain U.S. dollar-denominated available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities
•bond purchase commitments at the inception of investments in consolidated VIEs.
Some of the Company's derivatives are designated as cash flow hedges, fair value hedges or net investment hedges; however, other derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting or the Company elects not to designate them as accounting hedges.
Derivative Types
Foreign currency forwards and options are executed for the Aflac Japan segment in order to hedge the currency risk on the carrying value of certain U.S. dollar-denominated investments. The average maturity of these forwards and options can change depending on factors such as market conditions and types of investments being held. In situations where the maturity of the forwards and options is shorter than the underlying investment being hedged, the Company may enter into new forwards and options near maturity of the existing derivative in order to continue hedging the underlying investment. In forward transactions, Aflac Japan agrees with another party to buy a fixed amount of yen and sell a corresponding amount of U.S. dollars at a specified future date. Aflac Japan also executes foreign currency option transactions in a collar strategy, where Aflac Japan agrees with another party to simultaneously purchase put options and sell call options. In the purchased put transactions, Aflac Japan obtains the option to buy a fixed amount of yen and sell a corresponding amount of U.S. dollars at a specified future date. In the sold call transaction, Aflac Japan agrees to sell a fixed amount of yen and buy a corresponding amount of U.S. dollars at a specified future date. The combination of purchasing the put option and selling the call option results in no net premium being paid (i.e. a costless or zero-cost collar). In the first quarter of 2020, the Company reduced the size of the collar program by approximately $3 billion. In December 2020, the Company reduced the total size of the forward and collar programs by approximately $5 billion and purchased foreign currency options to hedge approximately $5 billion of U.S. dollar-denominated assets.
From time to time, the Company may also enter into foreign currency forwards and options to hedge the currency risk associated with the net investment in Aflac Japan. In these forward transactions, Aflac agrees with another party to buy a fixed amount of U.S. dollars and sell a corresponding amount of yen at a specified price at a specified future date. In the option transactions, the Company may use a combination of foreign currency options to protect expected future cash flows by simultaneously purchasing yen put options (options that protect against a weakening yen) and selling yen call options (options that limit participation in a strengthening yen). The combination of these two actions create a zero-cost collar. Additionally, the Company enters into purchased options to hedge cash flows from the net investment in Aflac Japan.
The Company enters into foreign currency swaps pursuant to which it exchanges an initial principal amount in one currency for an initial principal amount of another currency, with an agreement to re-exchange the principal amounts at a future date. There may also be periodic exchanges of payments at specified intervals based on the agreed upon rates and
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
notional amounts. Foreign currency swaps are used primarily in the consolidated VIEs in the Company's Aflac Japan portfolio to convert foreign-denominated cash flows to yen, the functional currency of Aflac Japan, in order to minimize cash flow fluctuations. The Company also uses foreign currency swaps to economically convert certain of its U.S. dollar-denominated senior note and subordinated debenture principal and interest obligations into yen-denominated obligations.
In order to reduce investment income volatility from its variable-rate investments, the Company enters into receive-fixed, pay-floating interest rate swaps. These derivatives are cleared and settled through a central clearinghouse.
Swaptions are used to mitigate the adverse impact resulting from significant changes in the fair value of U.S. dollar-denominated available-for-sale securities due to fluctuation in interest rates. In a payer swaption, the Company pays a premium to obtain the right, but not the obligation, to enter into a swap contract where it will pay a fixed rate and receive a floating rate. Interest rate swaption collars are combinations of two swaption positions. In order to maximize the efficiency of the collars while minimizing cost, a collar strategy is used whereby the Company purchases a long payer swaption (the Company purchases an option that allows it to enter into a swap where the Company will pay the fixed rate and receive the floating rate of the swap) and sells a short receiver swaption (the Company sells an option that provides the counterparty with the right to enter into a swap where the Company will receive the fixed rate and pay the floating rate of the swap). The combination of purchasing the long payer swaption and selling the short receiver swaption results in no net premium being paid (i.e. a costless or zero-cost collar).
Bond purchase commitments result from repackaged bond structures that are consolidated VIEs whereby there is a delay in the trade date and settlement date of the bond within the structure to ensure completion of all necessary legal agreements to support the consolidated VIE that issues the repackaged bond. Since the Company has a commitment to purchase the underlying bond at a specified price, the agreement meets the definition of a derivative where the value is derived based on the current market value of the bond compared to the fixed purchase price to be paid on the settlement date.
Derivative Balance Sheet Classification
The table below summarizes the balance sheet classification of the Company's derivative fair value amounts, as well as the gross asset and liability fair value amounts, at December 31. The fair value amounts presented do not include income accruals. Derivative assets are included in “Other Assets,” while derivative liabilities are included in “Other Liabilities” within the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. The notional amount of derivative contracts represents the basis upon which pay or receive amounts are calculated and are not reflective of exposure or credit risk.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
2020 2019
(In millions) Asset
Derivatives Liability
Derivatives Asset
Derivatives Liability
Derivatives
Hedge Designation/ Derivative
Type Notional
Amount Fair Value Fair Value Notional
Amount Fair Value Fair Value
Cash flow hedges:
Foreign currency swaps - VIE $ 18 $ 0 $ 1 $ 75 $ 0 $ 8
Total cash flow hedges 18 0 1 75 0 8
Fair value hedges:
Foreign currency forwards 64 2 0 964 0 38
Foreign currency options 8,865 0 0 11,573 0 5
Interest rate swaptions 0 0 0 243 0 0
Total fair value hedges 8,929 2 0 12,780 0 43
Net investment hedge:
Foreign currency forwards 5,010 14 84 4,952 72 2
Foreign currency options 2,027 1 0 2,000 0 0
Total net investment hedge 7,037 15 84 6,952 72 2
Non-qualifying strategies:
Foreign currency swaps 2,250 47 81 2,800 72 78
Foreign currency swaps - VIE 2,857 133 230 2,587 169 118
Foreign currency forwards 26,528 386 301 19,821 166 337
Foreign currency options 11,037 0 0 9,553 0 0
Interest rate swaps 0 0 0 7,120 3 0
Interest rate swaptions 0 0 0 7 0 0
Total non-qualifying
strategies 42,672 566 612 41,888 410 533
Total derivatives $ 58,656 $ 583 $ 697 $ 61,695 $ 482 $ 586
Cash Flow Hedges
For certain variable-rate U.S. dollar-denominated available-for-sale securities held by Aflac Japan via consolidated VIEs, foreign currency swaps are used to swap the USD variable rate interest and principal payments to fixed rate JPY interest and principal payments. The Company has designated foreign currency swaps as a hedge of the variability in cash flows of a forecasted transaction or of amounts to be received or paid related to a recognized asset (“cash flow” hedge). The remaining maximum length of time for which these cash flows are hedged is six years. The derivatives in the Company's consolidated VIEs that are not designated as accounting hedges are discussed in the "non-qualifying strategies" section of this note.
Fair Value Hedges
The Company designates and accounts for certain foreign currency forwards, options, and interest rate swaptions as fair value hedges when they meet the requirements for hedge accounting. The Company recognizes gains and losses on these derivatives as well as the offsetting gain or loss on the related hedged items in current earnings.
Foreign currency forwards and options hedge the foreign currency exposure of certain U.S. dollar-denominated available-for-sale fixed-maturity investments held in Aflac Japan. The change in the fair value of the foreign currency forwards related to the changes in the difference between the spot rate and the forward price is excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness. The change in fair value of the foreign currency option related to the time value of the option is recognized in current earnings and is excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness.
Interest rate swaptions hedge the interest rate exposure of certain U.S. dollar-denominated available-for-sale securities held in Aflac Japan. For these hedging relationships, the Company excludes time value from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and recognizes changes in the intrinsic value of the swaptions in current earnings within net investment
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
income. The change in the time value of the swaptions is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) and amortized into earnings (net investment income) over its legal term.
The following table presents the gains and losses on derivatives and the related hedged items in fair value hedges for the years ended December 31.
Fair Value Hedging Relationships
(In millions) Hedging Derivatives Hedged Items
Hedging Derivatives Hedged Items Total
Gains
(Losses) Gains (Losses)
Excluded from Effectiveness Testing(1)
Gains (Losses)
Included in Effectiveness Testing(2)
Gains (Losses)(2)
Net Investment Gains (Losses) Recognized for Fair Value Hedge
2020:
Foreign currency
forwards Fixed maturity securities $ (14) $ (8) $ (6) $ 7 $ 1
Foreign currency
options Fixed maturity securities (9) (8) (1) 1 0
Total gains (losses) $ (23) $ (16) $ (7) $ 8 $ 1
2019:
Foreign currency forwards Fixed maturity securities $ (50) $ (64) $ 14 $ (12) $ 2
Foreign currency options Fixed maturity securities (7) (7) 0 0 0
Interest rate
swaptions Fixed maturity securities (9) (9) 0 0 0
Total gains (losses) $ (66) $ (80) $ 14 $ (12) $ 2
2018:
Foreign currency forwards Fixed maturity and equity securities $ 126 $ (104) $ 230 $ (242) $ (12)
Foreign currency options Fixed maturity securities 4 4 0 0 0
Interest rate
swaptions Fixed maturity securities (1) (1) 0 0 0
Total gains (losses) $ 129 $ (101) $ 230 $ (242) $ (12)
(1) Gains (losses) excluded from effectiveness testing includes the forward point on foreign currency forwards and time value change on foreign currency options which are reported in the consolidated statement of earnings as realized investment gains (losses). It also includes the change in the fair value of the interest rate swaptions related to the time value of the swaptions which is recognized as a component of other comprehensive income (loss).
(2) Gains and losses on foreign currency forwards and options and related hedged items are reported in the consolidated statement of earnings as net investment gains (losses). For interest rate swaptions and related hedged items, gains and losses included in the hedge assessment, premium amortization and time value amortization while the hedge items are still outstanding are reported within net investment income. The time value gains and losses for interest rate swaptions when the related hedged items are redeemed are reported in net investment gains and losses consistent with the impact of the hedged item. For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, gains and losses included in the hedge assessment on interest rate swaptions and related hedged items were immaterial.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
The following table shows the carrying amounts of assets designated and qualifying as hedged items in fair value hedges of interest rate risk and the related cumulative hedge adjustment included in the carrying amount as of December 31.
(In millions) Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)(1)
Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount of Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)
2020 2019 2020 2019
Fixed maturity securities $ 4,331 $ 4,633 $ 237 $ 256
(1) The balance includes hedging adjustment on discontinued hedging relationships of $237 in 2020 and $256 in 2019.
The total notional amount of the Company's interest rate swaptions was $0 in 2020 and $243 in 2019. The hedging adjustment related to these derivatives was immaterial.
Net Investment Hedge
The Company's investment in Aflac Japan is affected by changes in the yen/dollar exchange rate. To mitigate this exposure, the Parent Company's yen-denominated liabilities (see Note 9) have been designated as non-derivative hedges. Beginning in July 2019, certain foreign currency forwards and options were designated as derivative hedges of the foreign currency exposure of the Company's net investment in Aflac Japan.
The Company's net investment hedge was effective during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018.
Non-qualifying Strategies
For the Company's derivative instruments in consolidated VIEs that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment, all changes in their fair value are reported in current period earnings within net investment gains (losses). The amount of gain or loss recognized in earnings for the Company's VIEs is attributable to the derivatives in those investment structures. While the change in value of the swaps is recorded through current period earnings, the change in value of the available-for-sale fixed maturity securities associated with these swaps is recorded through other comprehensive income.
As of December 31, 2020, the Parent Company had $2.3 billion notional amount of cross-currency interest rate swap agreements related to certain of its U.S. dollar-denominated senior notes to effectively convert a portion of the interest on the notes from U.S dollar to Japanese yen. Changes in the values of these swaps are recorded through current period earnings. For additional information regarding these swaps, see Note 9.
The Company uses foreign exchange forwards and options to economically mitigate the currency risk of some of its U.S. dollar-denominated loan receivables held within the Aflac Japan segment. These arrangements are not designated as accounting hedges, as the foreign currency remeasurement of the loan receivables impacts current period earnings, and generally offsets gains and losses from foreign exchange forwards within net investment gains (losses). The Company also has certain foreign exchange forwards on U.S. dollar-denominated available-for-sale securities where hedge accounting is not being applied.
Prior to July 2019, in order to economically mitigate currency risk of future yen dividends from Aflac Japan while lowering consolidated hedge costs associated with Aflac Japan's U.S. dollar investment hedging, the Parent Company entered into offsetting hedge positions using foreign exchange forwards. This activity is reported in the Corporate and other segment. As of July 1, 2019, the Parent Company designates these foreign exchange forward contracts as accounting hedges of its net investment in Aflac Japan.
The Company uses interest rate swaps to economically convert the variable rate investment income to a fixed rate on certain variable-rate investments.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Impact of Derivatives and Hedging Instruments
The following table summarizes the impact to earnings and other comprehensive income (loss) from all derivatives and hedging instruments for the years ended December 31.
2020 2019 2018
(In millions) Net Investment Income (1)
Net Investment
Gains (Losses) Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)(2)
Net Investment Income (1)
Net Investment
Gains (Losses) Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)(2)
Net Investment Income (1)
Net Investment
Gains (Losses) Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)(2)
Qualifying hedges:
Cash flow hedges:
Foreign currency swaps - VIE $ (1) $ 0 $ (2) $ (2) $ (1) $ (4) $ 0 $ 0 $ 3
Total cash flow hedges (1) 0 (3)
(2) (2) (1) (3)
(4) 0 0 (3)
Fair value hedges:
Foreign currency forwards (3)
(7) (62) (116)
Foreign currency options (3)
(8) (7) 4
Interest rate swaptions (3)
(1) 0 1 (1) 0 (8) 0 0 (1)
Total fair value hedges (1) (15) 1 (1) (69) (8) 0 (112) (1)
Net investment hedge:
Non-derivative hedging
instruments 0 (135) 0 (24) 0 (32)
Foreign currency forwards 149 (282) 10 83 0 0
Foreign currency options (5) 0 (4) 0 0 (8)
Total net investment hedge 144 (417) 6 59 0 (40)
Non-qualifying strategies:
Foreign currency swaps 29 90 (40)
Foreign currency swaps - VIE (122) (68) 60
Foreign currency forwards 311 (148) (135)
Foreign currency options (3) 0 0
Interest rate swaps 49 17 3
Forward bond purchase
commitment - VIE 6 0 0
Total non-qualifying strategies 270 (110) (112)
Total $ (2) $ 399 $ (418) $ (3) $ (174) $ 47 $ 0 $ (224) $ (38)
(1) Interest expense/income on cash flow hedges are recorded in net investment income. For interest rate swaptions classified as fair value hedges, the change in the time value of the swaptions is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) and amortized into net investment income over its legal term. If the swaption is early terminated but the hedge item is still outstanding, the amortization of disposal amount of the swaptions is recorded in net investment income over the remaining life of the hedged items.
(2) Gains and losses on cash flow hedges and the change in the fair value of interest rate swaptions related to the time value of the swaptions in fair value hedges are recorded as unrealized gains (losses). Gains and losses on net investment hedges related to change in foreign currency spot rates are recorded in the unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) line in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss).
(3) Impact of cash flow hedges reported as net investment gains (losses) includes an immaterial amount of gains or losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings. It also includes an immaterial amount excluded from effectiveness testing during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Impact shown net of effect of hedged items (see Fair Value Hedges section of this Note 4 for further detail)
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
As of December 31, 2020, $5 million of deferred losses on derivative instruments recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income are expected to be reclassified into earnings during the next twelve months.
Credit Risk Assumed through Derivatives
For the foreign currency and credit default swaps associated with the Company's VIE investments for which it is the primary beneficiary, the Company bears the risk of loss due to counterparty default even though it is not a direct counterparty to those contracts.
The Company is a direct counterparty to the foreign currency swaps that it has entered into in connection with certain of its senior notes and subordinated debentures; foreign currency forwards; and foreign currency options, and therefore the Company is exposed to credit risk in the event of nonperformance by the counterparties in those contracts. The risk of counterparty default for the Company's foreign currency swaps, certain foreign currency forwards, and foreign currency options is mitigated by collateral posting requirements that counterparties to those transactions must meet.
As of December 31, 2020, all of the Company's derivative agreement counterparties were investment grade.
The Company engages in over-the-counter (OTC) bilateral derivative transactions directly with unaffiliated third parties under International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (ISDA) agreements and other documentation. Most of the ISDA agreements also include Credit Support Annexes (CSAs) provisions, which generally provide for two-way collateral postings at the first dollar of exposure. The Company mitigates the risk that counterparties to transactions might be unable to fulfill their contractual obligations by monitoring counterparty credit exposure and collateral value while generally requiring that collateral be posted at the outset of the transaction. In addition, a significant portion of the derivative transactions have provisions that give the counterparty the right to terminate the transaction upon a downgrade of Aflac’s financial strength rating. The actual amount of payments that the Company could be required to make depends on market conditions, the fair value of outstanding affected transactions, and other factors prevailing at and after the time of the downgrade.
The Company also engages in OTC cleared derivative transactions through regulated central clearing counterparties. These positions are marked to market and margined on a daily basis (both initial margin and variation margin), and the Company has minimal exposure to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance by counterparties to these derivatives.
Collateral posted by the Company to third parties for derivative transactions can generally be repledged or resold by the counterparties. The aggregate fair value of all derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features that were in a net liability position by counterparty was approximately $268 million and $301 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. If the credit-risk-related contingent features underlying these agreements had been triggered on December 31, 2020, the Company estimates that it would be required to post a maximum of $156 million of additional collateral to these derivative counterparties. The Company is generally allowed to sell or repledge collateral obtained from its derivative counterparties, although it does not typically exercise such rights. (See the Offsetting tables below for collateral posted or received as of the reported balance sheet dates.)
Offsetting of Financial Instruments and Derivatives
Most of the Company's derivative instruments are subject to enforceable master netting arrangements that provide for the net settlement of all derivative contracts between the Parent Company or its subsidiaries and the respective counterparty in the event of default or upon the occurrence of certain termination events. Collateral support agreements with the master netting arrangements generally provide that the Company will receive or pledge financial collateral at the first dollar of exposure.
The Company has securities lending agreements with unaffiliated financial institutions that post collateral to the Company in return for the use of its fixed maturity and public equity securities (see Note 3). When the Company has entered into securities lending agreements with the same counterparty, the agreements generally provide for net settlement in the event of default by the counterparty. This right of set-off allows the Company to keep and apply collateral received if the counterparty failed to return the securities borrowed from the Company as contractually agreed. For additional information on the Company's accounting policy for securities lending, see Note 1.
The tables below summarize the Company's derivatives and securities lending transactions as of December 31, and as reflected in the tables, in accordance with U.S. GAAP, the Company's policy is to not offset these financial instruments in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Offsetting of Financial Assets and Derivative Assets
Gross Amounts Not Offset
in Balance Sheet
(In millions) Gross Amount of Recognized Assets Gross Amount Offset in Balance Sheet Net Amount of Assets Presented
in Balance Sheet Financial Instruments Securities
Collateral Cash Collateral Received Net
Amount
Derivative
assets:
Derivative
assets subject to a
master netting
agreement or
offsetting
arrangement
OTC - bilateral $ 450 $ 0 $ 450 $ (295) $ (73) $ (76) $ 6
Total derivative
assets subject to a
master netting
agreement or
offsetting
arrangement 450 0 450 (295) (73) (76) 6
Derivative
assets not subject
to a master netting
agreement or
offsetting
arrangement
OTC - bilateral 133 133 133
Total derivative
assets not subject
to a master netting
agreement or
offsetting
arrangement 133 133 133
Total derivative
assets 583 0 583 (295) (73) (76) 139
Securities lending
and similar
arrangements 940 0 940 0 0 (940) 0
Total $ 1,523 $ 0 $ 1,523 $ (295) $ (73) $ (1,016) $ 139
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Gross Amounts Not Offset
in Balance Sheet
(In millions) Gross Amount of Recognized Assets Gross Amount Offset in Balance Sheet Net Amount of Assets Presented in Balance Sheet Financial
Instruments Securities Collateral Cash Collateral Received Net
Amount
Derivative
assets:
Derivative
assets subject to a
master netting
agreement or
offsetting
arrangement
OTC - bilateral $ 310 $ 0 $ 310 $ (190) $ (7) $ (113) $ 0
OTC - cleared 3 0 3 0 0 0 3
Total derivative
assets subject to a
master netting
agreement or
offsetting
arrangement 313 0 313 (190) (7) (113) 3
Derivative
assets not subject
to a master netting
agreement or
offsetting
arrangement
OTC - bilateral 169 169 169
Total derivative
assets not subject
to a master netting
agreement or
offsetting
arrangement 169 169 169
Total derivative
assets 482 0 482 (190) (7) (113) 172
Securities lending
and similar
arrangements 1,860 0 1,860 0 0 (1,860) 0
Total $ 2,342 $ 0 $ 2,342 $ (190) $ (7) $ (1,973) $ 172
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Offsetting of Financial Liabilities and Derivative Liabilities
Gross Amounts Not Offset
in Balance Sheet
(In millions) Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities Gross Amount Offset in Balance Sheet Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in Balance Sheet Financial Instruments Securities Collateral Cash Collateral Pledged Net
Amount
Derivative
liabilities:
Derivative
liabilities subject
to a master netting
agreement or
offsetting
arrangement
OTC - bilateral $ 466 $ 0 $ 466 $ (295) $ (43) $ (69) $ 59
Total derivative
liabilities subject
to a master netting
agreement or
offsetting
arrangement 466 0 466 (295) (43) (69) 59
Derivative
liabilities not
subject to a
master netting
agreement or
offsetting
arrangement
OTC - bilateral 231 231 231
Total derivative
liabilities not
subject to a
master netting
agreement or
offsetting
arrangement 231 231 231
Total derivative
liabilities 697 0 697 (295) (43) (69) 290
Securities lending
and similar
arrangements 964 0 964 (940) 0 0 24
Total $ 1,661 $ 0 $ 1,661 $ (1,235) $ (43) $ (69) $ 314
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Gross Amounts Not Offset
in Balance Sheet
(In millions) Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities Gross Amount Offset in Balance Sheet Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in Balance Sheet Financial Instruments Securities Collateral Cash Collateral Pledged Net
Amount
Derivative
liabilities:
Derivative
liabilities subject
to a master netting
agreement or
offsetting
arrangement
OTC - bilateral $ 459 $ 0 $ 459 $ (190) $ (222) $ (32) $ 15
OTC - cleared 1 0 1 0 0 (1) 0
Total derivative
liabilities subject
to a master netting
agreement or
offsetting
arrangement 460 0 460 (190) (222) (33) 15
Derivative
liabilities not
subject to a
master netting
agreement or
offsetting
arrangement
OTC - bilateral 126 126 126
Total derivative
liabilities not
subject to a
master netting
agreement or
offsetting
arrangement 126 126 126
Total derivative
liabilities 586 0 586 (190) (222) (33) 141
Securities lending
and similar
arrangements 1,876 0 1,876 (1,860) 0 0 16
Total $ 2,462 $ 0 $ 2,462 $ (2,050) $ (222) $ (33) $ 157
For additional information on the Company's financial instruments, see the accompanying Notes 1, 3 and 5.
5. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
Fair Value Hierarchy
U.S. GAAP specifies a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the inputs to those valuation techniques are observable or unobservable. These two types of inputs create three valuation hierarchy levels. Level 1 valuations reflect quoted market prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. Level 2 valuations reflect quoted market prices for similar assets or liabilities in an active market, quoted market prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in non-active markets or model-derived valuations in which all significant valuation inputs are observable in active markets. Level 3 valuations reflect valuations in which one or more of the significant inputs are not observable in an active market.
The following tables present the fair value hierarchy levels of the Company's assets and liabilities that are measured and carried at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
(In millions) Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1) Significant
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2) Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3) Total
Fair
Value
Assets:
Securities available for sale, carried at
fair value:
Fixed maturity securities:
Government and agencies $ 36,032 $ 1,318 $ 0 $ 37,350
Municipalities 0 3,018 0 3,018
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities 0 814 224 1,038
Public utilities 0 10,395 422 10,817
Sovereign and supranational 0 1,334 48 1,382
Banks/financial institutions 0 12,036 24 12,060
Other corporate 0 39,918 299 40,217
Total fixed maturity securities 36,032 68,833 1,017 105,882
Equity securities 1,095 86 102 1,283
Other investments 1,139 0 0 1,139
Cash and cash equivalents 5,141 0 0 5,141
Other assets:
Foreign currency swaps 0 47 133 180
Foreign currency forwards 0 402 0 402
Foreign currency options 0 1 0 1
Total other assets 0 450 133 583
Total assets $ 43,407 $ 69,369 $ 1,252 $ 114,028
Liabilities:
Other liabilities:
Foreign currency swaps $ 0 $ 81 $ 231 $ 312
Foreign currency forwards 0 385 0 385
Total liabilities $ 0 $ 466 $ 231 $ 697
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
(In millions) Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1) Significant
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2) Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3) Total
Fair
Value
Assets:
Securities available for sale, carried at
fair value:
Fixed maturity securities:
Government and agencies $ 34,878 $ 1,522 $ 0 $ 36,400
Municipalities 0 1,847 0 1,847
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities 0 232 178 410
Public utilities 0 6,556 224 6,780
Sovereign and supranational 0 1,042 0 1,042
Banks/financial institutions 0 10,264 23 10,287
Other corporate 0 34,234 262 34,496
Total fixed maturity securities 34,878 55,697 687 91,262
Equity securities 642 80 80 802
Other investments 628 0 0 628
Cash and cash equivalents 4,896 0 0 4,896
Other assets:
Foreign currency swaps 0 72 169 241
Foreign currency forwards 0 238 0 238
Interest rate swaps 0 3 0 3
Total other assets 0 313 169 482
Total assets $ 41,044 $ 56,090 $ 936 $ 98,070
Liabilities:
Other liabilities:
Foreign currency swaps $ 0 $ 78 $ 126 $ 204
Foreign currency forwards 0 377 0 377
Foreign currency options 0 5 0 5
Total liabilities $ 0 $ 460 $ 126 $ 586
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
The following tables present the carrying amount and fair value categorized by fair value hierarchy level for the Company's financial instruments that are not carried at fair value as of December 31.
(In millions) Carrying
Value Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1) Significant
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2) Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3) Total
Fair
Value
Assets:
Securities held to maturity,
carried at amortized cost:
Fixed maturity securities:
Government and agencies $ 23,445 $ 28,810 $ 260 $ 0 $ 29,070
Municipalities 377 0 499 0 499
Public utilities 47 0 61 0 61
Sovereign and
supranational 571 0 736 0 736
Other corporate 24 0 33 0 33
Commercial mortgage and
other loans 10,554 0 0 10,655 10,655
Other investments (1)
26 0 26 0 26
Total assets $ 35,044 $ 28,810 $ 1,615 $ 10,655 $ 41,080
Liabilities:
Other policyholders’ funds $ 7,824 $ 0 $ 0 $ 7,709 $ 7,709
Notes payable
(excluding leases) 7,745 0 8,396 288 8,684
Total liabilities $ 15,569 $ 0 $ 8,396 $ 7,997 $ 16,393
(1) Excludes policy loans of $260 and equity method investments of $1,004, at carrying value
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
(In millions) Carrying
Value Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1) Significant
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2) Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3) Total
Fair
Value
Assets:
Securities held to maturity,
carried at amortized cost:
Fixed maturity securities:
Government and agencies $ 22,241 $ 27,937 $ 354 $ 0 $ 28,291
Municipalities 821 0 1,083 0 1,083
Mortgage and asset-backed
securities 16 0 7 10 17
Public utilities 2,535 0 2,954 0 2,954
Sovereign and
supranational 1,123 0 1,320 0 1,320
Banks/financial institutions 916 0 1,018 0 1,018
Other corporate 2,433 0 2,911 0 2,911
Commercial mortgage and
other loans 9,569 0 0 9,648 9,648
Other investments (1)
30 0 30 0 30
Total assets $ 39,684 $ 27,937 $ 9,677 $ 9,658 $ 47,272
Liabilities:
Other policyholders’ funds $ 7,317 $ 0 $ 0 $ 7,234 $ 7,234
Notes payable
(excluding leases) 6,408 0 6,663 272 6,935
Total liabilities $ 13,725 $ 0 $ 6,663 $ 7,506 $ 14,169
(1) Excludes policy loans of $250 and equity method investments of $569, at carrying value
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Fixed maturity and equity securities
The Company determines the fair values of fixed maturity securities and public and privately-issued equity securities using the following approaches or techniques: price quotes and valuations from third party pricing vendors (including quoted market prices readily available from public exchange markets) and non-binding price quotes the Company obtains from outside brokers.
A third party pricing vendor has developed valuation models to determine fair values of privately issued securities. These models are discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation models, but also use information from related markets, specifically the credit default swaps (CDS) market to estimate expected cash flows. These models take into consideration any unique characteristics of the securities and make various adjustments to arrive at an appropriate issuer-specific loss adjusted credit curve. This credit curve is then used with the relevant recovery rates to estimate expected cash flows and modeling of additional features, including illiquidity adjustments, if necessary, to price the security by discounting those loss adjusted cash flows. In cases where a credit curve cannot be developed from the specific security features, the valuation methodology takes into consideration other market observable inputs, including:
1) the most appropriate comparable security(ies) of the issuer
2) issuer-specific CDS spreads
3) bonds or CDS spreads of comparable issuers with similar characteristics such as rating, geography, or sector
4) bond indices that are comparative in rating, industry, maturity and region.
The pricing data and market quotes the Company obtains from outside sources, including third party pricing services, are reviewed internally for reasonableness. If a fair value appears unreasonable, the Company will re-examine the inputs and assess the reasonableness of the pricing data with the vendor. Additionally, the Company may compare the inputs to relevant market indices and other performance measurements. Based on management's analysis, the valuation is
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
confirmed or may be revised if there is evidence of a more appropriate estimate of fair value based on available market data. Beginning in the third quarter of 2020, the Company refined these valuation models to explicitly incorporate currency basis swap adjustments (market observable data) to assumed interest rate curves where appropriate. The Company has performed verification of the inputs and calculations in any valuation models to confirm that the valuations represent reasonable estimates of fair value.
For the periods presented, the Company has not adjusted the quotes or prices it obtains from the pricing services and brokers it uses.
The following tables present the pricing sources for the fair values of the Company's fixed maturity and equity securities as of December 31.
(In millions) Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets
(Level 1) Significant Observable Inputs
(Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3) Total
Fair
Value
Securities available for sale, carried at fair value:
Fixed maturity securities:
Government and agencies:
Third party pricing vendor $ 36,032 $ 1,318 $ 0 $ 37,350
Total government and agencies 36,032 1,318 0 37,350
Municipalities:
Third party pricing vendor 0 3,018 0 3,018
Total municipalities 0 3,018 0 3,018
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities:
Third party pricing vendor 0 364 0 364
Broker/other 0 450 224 674
Total mortgage- and asset-backed securities 0 814 224 1,038
Public utilities:
Third party pricing vendor 0 10,395 0 10,395
Broker/other 0 0 422 422
Total public utilities 0 10,395 422 10,817
Sovereign and supranational:
Third party pricing vendor 0 1,334 0 1,334
Broker/other 0 0 48 48
Total sovereign and supranational 0 1,334 48 1,382
Banks/financial institutions:
Third party pricing vendor 0 12,036 0 12,036
Broker/other 0 0 24 24
Total banks/financial institutions 0 12,036 24 12,060
Other corporate:
Third party pricing vendor 0 39,886 0 39,886
Broker/other 0 32 299 331
Total other corporate 0 39,918 299 40,217
Total securities available for sale $ 36,032 $ 68,833 $ 1,017 $ 105,882
Equity securities, carried at fair value:
Third party pricing vendor $ 1,095 $ 86 $ 0 $ 1,181
Broker/other 0 0 102 102
Total equity securities $ 1,095 $ 86 $ 102 $ 1,283
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
(In millions) Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets
(Level 1) Significant Observable Inputs
(Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3) Total
Fair
Value
Securities held to maturity, carried at amortized cost:
Fixed maturity securities:
Government and agencies:
Third party pricing vendor $ 28,810 $ 260 $ 0 $ 29,070
Total government and agencies 28,810 260 0 29,070
Municipalities:
Third party pricing vendor 0 499 0 499
Total municipalities 0 499 0 499
Public utilities:
Third party pricing vendor 0 61 0 61
Total public utilities 0 61 0 61
Sovereign and supranational:
Third party pricing vendor 0 736 0 736
Total sovereign and supranational 0 736 0 736
Other corporate:
Third party pricing vendor 0 33 0 33
Total other corporate 0 33 0 33
Total securities held to maturity $ 28,810 $ 1,589 $ 0 $ 30,399
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
(In millions) Quoted Prices in Active Markets
for Identical Assets
(Level 1) Significant Observable
Inputs
(Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3) Total
Fair
Value
Securities available for sale, carried at fair value:
Fixed maturity securities:
Government and agencies:
Third party pricing vendor $ 34,878 $ 1,522 $ 0 $ 36,400
Total government and agencies 34,878 1,522 0 36,400
Municipalities:
Third party pricing vendor 0 1,847 0 1,847
Total municipalities 0 1,847 0 1,847
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities:
Third party pricing vendor 0 232 0 232
Broker/other 0 0 178 178
Total mortgage- and asset-backed securities 0 232 178 410
Public utilities:
Third party pricing vendor 0 6,556 0 6,556
Broker/other 0 0 224 224
Total public utilities 0 6,556 224 6,780
Sovereign and supranational:
Third party pricing vendor 0 1,042 0 1,042
Total sovereign and supranational 0 1,042 0 1,042
Banks/financial institutions:
Third party pricing vendor 0 10,264 0 10,264
Broker/other 0 0 23 23
Total banks/financial institutions 0 10,264 23 10,287
Other corporate:
Third party pricing vendor 0 34,234 0 34,234
Broker/other 0 0 262 262
Total other corporate 0 34,234 262 34,496
Total securities available for sale $ 34,878 $ 55,697 $ 687 $ 91,262
Equity securities, carried at fair value:
Third party pricing vendor $ 642 $ 80 $ 0 $ 722
Broker/other 0 0 80 80
Total equity securities $ 642 $ 80 $ 80 $ 802
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
(In millions) Quoted Prices in Active Markets
for Identical Assets
(Level 1) Significant Observable
Inputs
(Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3) Total
Fair
Value
Securities held to maturity, carried at amortized cost:
Fixed maturity securities:
Government and agencies:
Third party pricing vendor $ 27,937 $ 354 $ 0 $ 28,291
Total government and agencies 27,937 354 0 28,291
Municipalities:
Third party pricing vendor 0 1,083 0 1,083
Total municipalities 0 1,083 0 1,083
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities:
Third party pricing vendor 0 7 0 7
Broker/other 0 0 10 10
Total mortgage- and asset-backed securities 0 7 10 17
Public utilities:
Third party pricing vendor 0 2,954 0 2,954
Total public utilities 0 2,954 0 2,954
Sovereign and supranational:
Third party pricing vendor 0 1,320 0 1,320
Total sovereign and supranational 0 1,320 0 1,320
Banks/financial institutions:
Third party pricing vendor 0 1,018 0 1,018
Total banks/financial institutions 0 1,018 0 1,018
Other corporate:
Third party pricing vendor 0 2,911 0 2,911
Total other corporate 0 2,911 0 2,911
Total securities held to maturity $ 27,937 $ 9,647 $ 10 $ 37,594
The following is a discussion of the determination of fair value of the Company's remaining financial instruments.
Derivatives
The Company uses derivative instruments to manage the risk associated with certain assets. However, the derivative instrument may not be classified in the same fair value hierarchy level as the associated asset. The significant inputs to pricing derivatives are generally observable in the market or can be derived by observable market data. When these inputs are observable, the derivatives are classified as Level 2.
The Company uses present value techniques to value non-option based derivatives. It also uses option pricing models to value option based derivatives. Key inputs are as follows:
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Instrument Type Level 2 Level 3
Interest rate derivatives Swap yield curves
Basic curves
Interest rate volatility (1)
Not applicable
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives - Non-VIES (forwards, swaps and options) Foreign currency forward rates
Swap yield curves
Basis curves
Foreign currency spot rates
Cross foreign currency basis curves
Foreign currency volatility (1)
Not applicable
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives - VIEs (swaps) Foreign currency spot rates Swap yield curves (2)
Credit default swap curves (2)
Basis curves (2)
Recovery rates
Foreign currency forward rates (2)
Foreign cross currency basis curves (2)
(1) Option-based only
(2) Extrapolation beyond the observable limits of the curve(s).
The fair values of the foreign currency forwards and options are based on observable market inputs, therefore they are classified as Level 2.
The Parent Company has cross-currency swap agreements related to certain of its U.S. dollar-denominated senior notes to effectively convert a portion of the interest on the notes from U.S dollar to Japanese yen. Their fair values are based on observable market inputs, therefore they are classified as Level 2.
To determine the fair value of its interest rate derivatives, the Company uses inputs that are generally observable in the market or can be derived from observable market data. Interest rate swaps are cleared trades. In a cleared swap contract, the clearinghouse provides benefits to the counterparties similar to contracts listed for investment traded on an exchange since it maintains a daily margin to mitigate counterparties credit risk. These derivatives are priced using observable inputs, accordingly, they are classified as Level 2. For its interest rate swaptions, the Company estimates their fair values using observable market data, including interest rate curves and volatilities. Their fair values are also classified as Level 2.
For derivatives associated with VIEs where the Company is the primary beneficiary, the Company is not the direct counterparty to the swap contracts. As a result, the fair value measurements incorporate the credit risk of the collateral associated with the VIE. Based on an analysis of these derivatives and a review of the methodology employed by the pricing vendor, the Company determined that due to the long duration of these swaps and the need to extrapolate from short-term observable data to derive and measure long-term inputs, certain inputs, assumptions and judgments are required to value future cash flows that cannot be corroborated by current inputs or current observable market data. As a result, the derivatives associated with the Company's consolidated VIEs are classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
For forward bond purchase commitments with VIEs, the fair value of the derivative is based on the difference in the fixed purchase price and the current market value of the related bond prior to the settlement date. Since the bond is typically a public bond with readily available pricing, the derivatives associated with the forward purchase commitment are classified as Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
Commercial mortgage and other loans
Commercial mortgage and other loans include transitional real estate loans, commercial mortgage loans and middle market loans. The Company's loan receivables do not have readily determinable market prices and generally lack market liquidity. Fair values for loan receivables are determined based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the applicable U.S. Treasury or London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) yield plus an appropriate spread that considers other risk factors, such as credit and liquidity risk. The spreads are a significant component of the pricing inputs and are generally considered unobservable. Therefore, these investments have been assigned a Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Other investments
Other investments includes short-term investments that are measured at fair value where amortized cost approximates fair value.
Other policyholders' funds
The largest component of the other policyholders' funds liability is the Company's annuity line of business in Aflac Japan. The Company's annuities have fixed benefits and premiums. For this product, the Company estimates the fair value to be equal to the cash surrender value. This is analogous to the value paid to policyholders on the valuation date if they were to surrender their policy. The Company periodically checks the cash value against discounted cash flow projections for reasonableness. The Company considers its inputs for this valuation to be unobservable and have accordingly classified this valuation as Level 3.
Notes payable
The fair values of the Company's publicly issued notes payable are determined by utilizing available sources of observable inputs from third party pricing vendors and are classified as Level 2. The fair values of the Company's yen-denominated loans approximate their carrying values and are classified as Level 3.
Transfers between Hierarchy Levels and Level 3 Rollforward
The following tables present the changes in fair value of the Company's investments and derivatives carried at fair value classified as Level 3 as of December 31.
Fixed Maturity Securities Equity
Securities Derivatives(1)
(In millions) Mortgage-
and
Asset-
Backed
Securities Public
Utilities Sovereign
and
Supranational Banks/
Financial
Institutions Other
Corporate Foreign
Currency
Swaps Total
Balance, beginning of period $ 178 $ 224 $ 0 $ 23 $ 262 $ 80 $ 43 $ 810
Net investment gains (losses)
included in earnings 0 (1) 0 0 0 16 (139) (124)
Unrealized gains (losses)
included in other
comprehensive income (loss) 9 19 0 0 12 0 (2) 38
Purchases, issuances, sales
and settlements:
Purchases 30 174 48 1 39 14 0 306
Issuances 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sales 0 0 0 0 0 (6) 0 (6)
Settlements (2) (9) 0 0 (1) 0 0 (12)
Transfers into Level 3 9 (2)
15 (3)
0 0 2 0 0 26
Transfers out of Level 3 0 0 0 0 (15) (3)
(2) 0 (17)
Balance, end of period $ 224 $ 422 $ 48 $ 24 $ 299 $ 102 $ (98) $ 1,021
Changes in unrealized gains
(losses) relating to Level 3
assets and liabilities still held
at the end of the period
included in earnings $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ (139) $ (139)
(1) Derivative assets and liabilities are presented net
(2) Transfer due to reclassification of level 3 securities from HTM to AFS
(3) Transfer due to sector classification change
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Fixed Maturity Securities Equity
Securities Derivatives(1)
(In millions) Mortgage-
and
Asset-
Backed
Securities Public
Utilities Banks/
Financial
Institutions Other
Corporate Foreign
Currency
Swaps Total
Balance, beginning of period $ 177 $ 109 $ 23 $ 213 $ 46 $ 80 $ 648
Net investment gains (losses) included in
earnings 0 0 0 (1) 0 (33) (34)
Unrealized gains (losses) included in other
comprehensive income (loss) 1 6 1 8 0 (4) 12
Purchases, issuances, sales and settlements:
Purchases 0 48 0 165 34 0 247
Issuances 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sales 0 (24) 0 (17) 0 0 (41)
Settlements 0 (6) 0 0 0 0 (6)
Transfers into Level 3 0 116 (2)
0 26 (2)
0 0 142
Transfers out of Level 3 0 (25) (2)
(1) (132) (2),(3)
0 0 (158)
Balance, end of period $ 178 $ 224 $ 23 $ 262 $ 80 $ 43 $ 810
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) relating
to Level 3 assets and liabilities still held at
the end of the period included in earnings $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ (33) $ (33)
(1) Derivative assets and liabilities are presented net
(2) Transfer due to sector classification change
(3) Transfer due to availability of observable market inputs
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Fair Value Sensitivity
Level 3 Significant Unobservable Input Sensitivity
The following tables summarize the significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of the Company's Level 3 investments and derivatives carried at fair value as of December 31. Included in the tables are the inputs or range of possible inputs that have an effect on the overall valuation of the financial instruments.
(In millions) Fair Value Valuation Technique(s) Unobservable Input Range
(Weighted Average)
Assets:
Securities available for sale, carried at fair value:
Fixed maturity securities:
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities $ 224 Consensus pricing Offered quotes N/A (a)
Public utilities 422 Discounted cash flow Credit spreads N/A (a)
Sovereign and supranational 48 Discounted cash flow Historical volatility N/A (a)
Banks/financial institutions 24 Consensus pricing Offered quotes N/A (a)
Other corporate 299 Discounted cash flow Credit spreads N/A (a)
Equity securities 102 Net asset value Offered quotes N/A (a)
Other assets:
Foreign currency swaps 69 Discounted cash flow Interest rates (USD) .93% - 1.40% (b)
Interest rates (JPY) .05% - .43% (c)
CDS spreads 22 bps - 128 bps
64 Discounted cash flow Interest rates (USD) .93% - 1.40% (b)
Interest rates (JPY) .05% - .43% (c)
Total assets $ 1,252
Liabilities:
Other liabilities:
Foreign currency swaps $ 160 Discounted cash flow Interest rates (USD) .93% - 1.12% (b)
Interest rates (JPY) .05% - .35% (c)
CDS spreads 41 bps - 140 bps
71 Discounted cash flow Interest rates (USD) .93% - 1.12% (b)
Interest rates (JPY) .05% - .35% (c)
Total liabilities $ 231
(a) N/A represents securities where the Company receives unadjusted broker quotes and for which there is no transparency into the providers' valuation techniques or unobservable inputs.
(b) Inputs derived from U.S. long-term rates to accommodate long maturity nature of the Company's swaps
(c) Inputs derived from Japan long-term rates to accommodate long maturity nature of the Company's swaps
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
(In millions) Fair Value Valuation Technique(s) Unobservable Input Range
(Weighted Average)
Assets:
Securities available for sale, carried at fair value:
Fixed maturity securities:
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities $ 178 Consensus pricing Offered quotes N/A (a)
Public utilities 224 Discounted cash flow Credit spreads N/A (a)
Banks/financial institutions 23 Consensus pricing Offered quotes N/A (a)
Other corporate 262 Discounted cash flow Credit spreads N/A (a)
Equity securities 80 Net asset value Offered quotes N/A (a)
Other assets:
Foreign currency swaps 106 Discounted cash flow Interest rates (USD) 1.89% - 2.09% (b)
Interest rates (JPY) .12% - .43% (c)
CDS spreads 10 bps - 100 bps
63 Discounted cash flow Interest rates (USD) 1.89% - 2.09% (b)
Interest rates (JPY) .12% - .43% (c)
Total assets $ 936
Liabilities:
Other liabilities:
Foreign currency swaps $ 118 Discounted cash flow Interest rates (USD) 1.89% - 2.09% (b)
Interest rates (JPY) .12% - .43% (c)
CDS spreads 13 bps - 159 bps
8 Discounted cash flow Interest rates (USD) 1.89% - 2.09% (b)
Interest rates (JPY) .12% - .43% (c)
Total liabilities $ 126
(a) N/A represents securities where the Company receives unadjusted broker quotes and for which there is no transparency into the providers' valuation techniques or unobservable inputs.
(b) Inputs derived from U.S. long-term rates to accommodate long maturity nature of the Company's swaps
(c) Inputs derived from Japan long-term rates to accommodate long maturity nature of the Company's swaps
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
The following is a discussion of the significant unobservable inputs or valuation techniques used in determining the fair value of securities and derivatives classified as Level 3.
Net Asset Value
The Company holds certain unlisted equity securities whose fair value is derived based on the financial statements published by the investee. These securities do not trade on an active market and the valuations derived are dependent on the availability of timely financial reporting of the investee. Net asset value is an unobservable input in the determination of fair value of equity securities.
Offered Quotes
In circumstances where the Company's valuation model price is overridden because it implies a value that is not consistent with current market conditions, the Company will solicit bids from a limited number of brokers. The Company also receives unadjusted prices from brokers for its mortgage and asset-backed securities. These quotes are non-binding but are reflective of valuation best estimates at that particular point in time. Offered quotes are an unobservable input in the determination of fair value of mortgage- and asset-backed securities, certain banks/financial institutions, certain other corporate, and equity securities investments.
Interest Rates and CDS Spreads
The significant drivers of the valuation of the foreign exchange swaps are interest rates and CDS spreads. Some of the Company's swaps have long maturities that increase the sensitivity of the swaps to interest rate fluctuations. For the Company's foreign exchange or cross currency swaps that are in a net asset position, an increase in yen interest rates (all other factors held constant) will decrease the present value of the yen final settlement receivable (receive leg), thus decreasing the value of the swap as long as the derivative remains in a net asset position.
Foreign exchange swaps also have a lump-sum final settlement of foreign exchange principal amounts at the termination of the swap. Assuming all other factors are held constant, an increase in yen interest rates will decrease the receive leg and decrease the net value of the swap. Likewise, holding all other factors constant, an increase in U.S. dollar interest rates will increase the swap's net value due to the decrease in the present value of the dollar final settlement payable (pay leg).
The extinguisher feature in most of the Company's VIE swaps results in a cessation of cash flows and no further payments between the parties to the swap in the event of a default on the referenced or underlying collateral. To price this feature, the Company applies the survival probability of the referenced entity to the projected cash flows. The survival probability uses the CDS spreads and recovery rates to adjust the present value of the cash flows. For extinguisher swaps with positive values, an increase in CDS spreads decreases the likelihood of receiving the final exchange payments and reduces the value of the swap.
For additional information on the Company's investments and financial instruments, see the accompanying Notes 1, 3 and 4.
6. DEFERRED POLICY ACQUISITION COSTS AND INSURANCE EXPENSES
Consolidated policy acquisition costs deferred were $1.2 billion in 2020, compared with $1.5 billion in both 2019 and 2018. The following table presents a rollforward of deferred policy acquisition costs by segment for the years ended December 31.
2020 2019
(In millions) Japan U.S. Japan U.S.
Deferred policy acquisition costs:
Balance, beginning of year $ 6,584 $ 3,544 $ 6,384 $ 3,491
Capitalization 665 486 825 626
Amortization (644) (570) (709) (573)
Foreign currency translation and other 386 (10) 84 0
Balance, end of year $ 6,991 $ 3,450 $ 6,584 $ 3,544
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Commissions deferred as a percentage of total acquisition costs deferred were 77% in 2020, compared with 74% in 2019 and 72% in 2018.
Personnel, compensation and benefit expenses as a percentage of insurance expenses were 59% in 2020, compared with 57% in 2019 and 54% in 2018. Advertising expense, which is included in insurance expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings, was as follows for the years ended December 31:
(In millions) 2020 2019 2018
Advertising expense:
Aflac Japan $ 72 $ 101 $ 108
Aflac U.S. 112 118 110
Total advertising expense $ 184 $ 219 $ 218
Depreciation and other amortization expenses, which are included in insurance expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings, were as follows for the years ended December 31:
(In millions) 2020 2019 2018
Depreciation expense $ 36 $ 40 $ 48
Other amortization expense 5 1 1
Total depreciation and other amortization expense $ 41 $ 41 $ 49
7. POLICY LIABILITIES
Policy liabilities consist of future policy benefits, unpaid policy claims, unearned premiums, and other policyholders' funds, which accounted for 85%, 5%, 3% and 7% of total policy liabilities at December 31, 2020, respectively. The Company regularly reviews the adequacy of its policy liabilities in total and by component.
The liability for future policy benefits as of December 31 consisted of the following:
Liability Amounts Interest Rate Assumptions
(In millions) 2020 2019
Health insurance
Japan $ 54,659 $ 50,941 0.6 - 6.75
%
U.S. 8,834 8,646 3.0 - 8.0
Intercompany eliminations (1)
(545) (532) 2.0
Life insurance
Japan 33,993 30,520 0.6 - 4.5
U.S. 842 760 2.5 - 6.0
Total $ 97,783 $ 90,335
(1) Elimination entry necessary due to recapture of a portion of policy liabilities ceded externally, as a result of the reinsurance retrocession transaction as described in Note 8 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
The weighted-average interest rates reflected in the consolidated statements of earnings for future policy benefits for Japanese policies were 3.1% in 2020, compared with 3.2% in 2019 and 3.3% in 2018; and for U.S. policies, 5.2% in 2020, compared with 5.3% in 2019 and 2018.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Changes in the liability for unpaid policy claims were as follows for the years ended December 31:
(In millions) 2020 2019 2018
Unpaid supplemental health claims, beginning of period $ 3,968 $ 3,952 $ 3,884
Less reinsurance recoverables 30 27 30
Net balance, beginning of period 3,938 3,925 3,854
Add claims incurred during the period related to:
Current year 7,179 7,216 7,101
Prior years (540) (552) (563)
Total incurred 6,639 6,664 6,538
Less claims paid during the period on claims incurred during:
Current year 4,488 4,715 4,612
Prior years 1,966 1,965 1,898
Total paid 6,454 6,680 6,510
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on unpaid claims 128 29 43
Zurich acquisition 99 0 0
Net balance, end of period 4,350 3,938 3,925
Add reinsurance recoverables 39 30 27
Unpaid supplemental health claims, end of period 4,389 3,968 3,952
Unpaid life claims, end of period 798 691 632
Total liability for unpaid policy claims $ 5,187 $ 4,659 $ 4,584
The incurred claims development related to prior years reflects favorable claims experience compared to previous estimates. The favorable claims development of $540 million for 2020 comprises approximately $334 million from Japan and $206 million from the U.S., representing approximately 62% and 38% of the total, respectively. Excluding the impact of foreign exchange of a gain of approximately $7 million from December 31, 2019 to December 31, 2020, the favorable claims development in Japan would have been approximately $327 million, representing approximately 61% of the total.
The Company has experienced continued favorable claim trends in 2020 for its core health products in Japan. During the year, there were impacts from lower utilization of healthcare services, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This impacted both cancer and medical products, as the Japan population was avoiding doctor and hospital visits, and was staying home more. This resulted in lower sickness, accident, and cancer incurred claims. Also, the Company's experience in Japan related to the average length of stay in the hospital for cancer treatment has shown continued decline in the current period. In addition, cancer treatment patterns in Japan are continuing to be influenced by significant advances in early-detection techniques and by the increased use of pathological diagnosis rather than clinical exams. Additionally, follow-up radiation and chemotherapy treatments are occurring more often on an outpatient basis. Such changes in treatment not only increase the quality of life and initial outcomes for the patients, but also decrease the average length of each hospital stay, resulting in favorable claims development.
For the majority of the Company's major U.S. accident and health lines of business, including accident, hospital indemnity, cancer, critical illness and short-term disability, the incurred claims development related to prior years reflects favorable claims experience compared to previous estimates.
The decrease in current year incurred claims in 2020 primarily reflects a decrease in Aflac U.S. claims as a result of reduced accidents, wellness medical visits and routine procedures due to shelter-in-place orders and heightened social distancing due to COVID-19, offset somewhat by COVID-19 claims.
As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, unearned premiums consisted primarily of discounted advance premiums on deposit. Discounted advance premiums are premiums on deposit from policyholders in conjunction with their purchase of certain Aflac Japan limited-pay insurance products. These advanced premiums are deferred upon collection and recognized as premium revenue over the contractual premium payment period. These advanced premiums represented 60% of the December 31, 2020 and 64% of the December 31, 2019 unearned premiums balances.
As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the largest component of the other policyholders' funds liability was the Company's annuity line of business in Aflac Japan. The Company's annuities have fixed benefits and premiums. These annuities represented 97% of other policyholders' funds liability at December 31, 2020 and 2019.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
8. REINSURANCE
The Company periodically enters into fixed quota-share coinsurance agreements with other companies in the normal course of business. For each of its reinsurance agreements, the Company determines whether the agreement provides indemnification against loss or liability relating to insurance risk in accordance with applicable accounting standards. Reinsurance premiums and benefits paid or provided are accounted for on bases consistent with those used in accounting for the original policies issued and the terms of the reinsurance contracts. Premiums and benefits are reported net of insurance ceded.
The Company has recorded a deferred profit liability related to reinsurance transactions. The remaining deferred profit liability of $1.0 billion, as of December 31, 2020, is included in future policy benefits in the consolidated balance sheet and is being amortized into income over the expected lives of the policies. The Company has also recorded a reinsurance recoverable for reinsurance transactions, which is included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheet and had a remaining balance of $1.0 billion and $970 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The increase in the reinsurance recoverable balance was driven by two aggregating factors: yen strengthening and the growth in reserves related to the business that has been reinsured as the policies age. The spot yen/dollar exchange rate strengthened by approximately 5.9% and ceded reserves increased approximately 8.9% from December 31, 2019 to December 31, 2020.
The following table reconciles direct premium income and direct benefits and claims to net amounts after the effect of reinsurance which also includes the elimination of inter-segment amounts associated with affiliated reinsurance for the years ended December 31.
(In millions) 2020 2019 2018
Direct premium income $ 18,955 $ 19,122 $ 19,018
Ceded to other companies:
Ceded Aflac Japan closed blocks (466) (478) (497)
Other (87) (69) (58)
Assumed from other companies:
Retrocession activities 195 200 208
Other 25 5 6
Net premium income $ 18,622 $ 18,780 $ 18,677
Direct benefits and claims $ 12,080 $ 12,237 $ 12,293
Ceded benefits and change in reserves for future benefits:
Ceded Aflac Japan closed blocks (419) (433) (450)
Eliminations 39 41 43
Other (63) (57) (44)
Assumed from other companies:
Retrocession activities 180 194 209
Eliminations (39) (41) (53)
Other 18 1 2
Benefits and claims, net $ 11,796 $ 11,942 $ 12,000
These reinsurance transactions are indemnity reinsurance that do not relieve the Company from its obligations to policyholders. In the event that the reinsurer is unable to meet their obligations, the Company remains liable for the reinsured claims.
As a part of its capital contingency plan, the Company entered into a committed reinsurance facility agreement on December 1, 2015, with reserves of approximately ¥120 billion as of December 31, 2020. This reinsurance facility agreement was renewed in 2020 and is effective until December 31, 2021. There are also additional commitment periods of a one-year duration each of which are automatically extended unless notification is received from the reinsurer within 60 days prior to the expiration. The reinsurer can withdraw from the committed facility if Aflac‘s Standard and Poor's (S&P) rating drops below BBB-. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had not executed a reinsurance treaty under this committed reinsurance facility.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
9. NOTES PAYABLE AND LEASE OBLIGATIONS
A summary of notes payable and lease obligations as of December 31 follows:
(In millions) 2020 2019
4.00% senior notes paid January 2020
$ 0 $ 348
3.625% senior notes due June 2023
698 698
3.625% senior notes due November 2024
747 747
3.25% senior notes due March 2025
448 448
2.875% senior notes due October 2026
298 298
3.60% senior notes due April 2030
990 0
6.90% senior notes due December 2039
221 220
6.45% senior notes due August 2040
254 254
4.00% senior notes due October 2046
394 394
4.750% senior notes due January 2049
541 541
Yen-denominated senior notes and subordinated debentures:
.300% senior notes due September 2025 (principal amount ¥12.4 billion)
119 0
.932% senior notes due January 2027 (principal amount ¥60.0 billion)
578 545
.500% senior notes due December 2029 (principal amount ¥12.6 billion)
121 114
.550% senior notes due March 2030 (principal amount ¥13.3 billion)
127 0
1.159% senior notes due October 2030 (principal amount ¥29.3 billion)
282 266
.843% senior notes due December 2031 (principal amount ¥9.3 billion)
90 84
.750% senior notes due March 2032 (principal amount ¥20.7 billion)
198 0
1.488% senior notes due October 2033 (principal amount ¥15.2 billion)
146 138
.934% senior notes due December 2034 (principal amount ¥9.8 billion)
94 88
.830% senior notes due March 2035 (principal amount ¥10.6 billion)
101 0
1.750% senior notes due October 2038 (principal amount ¥8.9 billion)
85 81
1.122% senior notes due December 2039 (principal amount ¥6.3 billion)
61 57
2.108% subordinated debentures due October 2047 (principal amount ¥60.0 billion)
575 543
.963% subordinated bonds due April 2049 (principal amount ¥30.0 billion)
289 272
Yen-denominated loans:
Variable interest rate loan due September 2026 (.43% in 2020 and .42% in 2019,
principal amount ¥5.0 billion)
48 45
Variable interest rate loan due September 2029 (.58% in 2020 and .57% in 2019,
principal amount ¥25.0 billion)
240 227
Finance lease obligations payable through 2027 11 12
Operating lease obligations payable through 2049 143 149
Total notes payable and lease obligations $ 7,899 $ 6,569
Amounts in the table above are reported net of debt issuance costs and issuance premiums or discounts, if applicable, that are being amortized over the life of the notes.
In April 2020, the Parent Company issued $1.0 billion of senior notes through a U.S. public debt offering. The notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 3.60% per annum, payable semi-annually, and will mature in April 2030. These notes are redeemable at the Parent Company's option in whole at any time or in part from time to time at a redemption price equal to the greater of: (i) the aggregate principal amount of the notes to be redeemed or (ii) the amount equal to the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments for principal of and interest on the notes to be redeemed, not including any portion of the payments of interest accrued as of such redemption date, discounted to such redemption date on a semiannual basis at the yield to maturity for a U.S. Treasury security with a maturity comparable to the remaining term of the notes, plus 45 basis points, plus in each case, accrued and unpaid interest on the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed to, but excluding, such redemption date.
In March 2020, the Parent Company issued four series of senior notes totaling ¥57.0 billion through a public debt offering under its U.S. shelf registration statement. The first series, which totaled ¥12.4 billion, bears interest at a fixed rate
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
of .300% per annum, payable semiannually and will mature in September 2025. The second series, which totaled ¥13.3 billion, bears interest at a fixed rate of .550% per annum, payable semi-annually, and will mature in March 2030. The third series, which totaled ¥20.7 billion, bears interest at a fixed rate of .750% per annum, payable semiannually and will mature in March 2032. The fourth series, which totaled ¥10.6 billion, bears interest at a fixed rate of .830% per annum, payable semi-annually, and will mature in March 2035. These notes may only be redeemed before maturity, in whole but not in part, upon the occurrence of certain changes affecting U.S. taxation, as specified in the indenture governing the terms of the issuance.
In December 2019, the Parent Company issued four series of senior notes totaling ¥38.0 billion through a public debt offering under its U.S. shelf registration statement. The first series, which totaled ¥12.6 billion, bears interest at a fixed rate of .500% per annum, payable semi-annually, and will mature in December 2029. The second series, which totaled ¥9.3 billion, bears interest at a fixed rate of .843% per annum, payable semi-annually, and will mature in December 2031. The third series, which totaled ¥9.8 billion, bears interest at a fixed rate of .934% per annum, payable semi-annually, and will mature in December 2034. The fourth series, which totaled ¥6.3 billion, bears interest at a fixed rate of 1.122% per annum, payable semi-annually, and will mature in December 2039. These notes may only be redeemed before maturity, in whole but not in part, upon the occurrence of certain changes affecting U.S. taxation, as specified in the indenture governing the terms of the issuance.
In September 2019, the Parent Company renewed a ¥30.0 billion senior term loan facility. The first tranche of the facility, which totaled ¥5.0 billion, bears interest at a rate per annum equal to the Tokyo interbank market rate (TIBOR), or alternate TIBOR, if applicable, plus the applicable TIBOR margin and will mature in September 2026. The applicable margin ranges between .30% and .70%, depending on the Parent Company's debt ratings as of the date of determination. The second tranche, which totaled ¥25.0 billion, bears interest at a rate per annum equal to the TIBOR, or alternate TIBOR, if applicable, plus the applicable TIBOR margin and will mature in September 2029. The applicable margin ranges between .45% and 1.00%, depending on the Parent Company's debt ratings as of the date of determination.
In April 2019, ALIJ issued ¥30.0 billion (par value) of perpetual subordinated bonds. These bonds bear interest at a fixed rate of .963% per annum and then at six-month Euro Yen LIBOR plus an applicable spread on and after the day immediately following April 18, 2024. The bonds will be callable on each interest payment date on and after April 18, 2024. In November 2019, ALIJ amended the bonds to change their duration from perpetual to a stated maturity date of April 16, 2049 and to remove provisions that permitted ALIJ to defer payments of interest under certain circumstances.
In October 2018, the Parent Company issued $550 million of senior notes through a U.S. public debt offering. The notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 4.750% per annum, payable semi-annually, and will mature in January 2049. These notes are redeemable at the Parent Company's option in whole at any time or in part from time to time at a redemption price equal to the greater of: (i) the aggregate principal amount of the notes to be redeemed or (ii) the amount equal to the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments for principal of and interest on the notes to be redeemed, not including any portion of the payments of interest accrued as of such redemption date, discounted to such redemption date on a semiannual basis at the yield to maturity for a U.S. Treasury security with a maturity comparable to the remaining term of the notes, plus 25 basis points, plus in each case, accrued and unpaid interest on the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed to, but excluding, such redemption date.
In October 2018, the Parent Company issued three series of senior notes totaling ¥53.4 billion through a public debt offering under its U.S. shelf registration statement. The first series, which totaled ¥29.3 billion, bears interest at a fixed rate of 1.159% per annum, payable semi-annually, and will mature in October 2030. The second series, which totaled ¥15.2 billion, bears interest at a fixed rate of 1.488% per annum, payable semi-annually, and will mature in October 2033. The third series, which totaled ¥8.9 billion, bears interest at a fixed rate of 1.750% per annum, payable semi-annually, and will mature in October 2038. These notes may only be redeemed before maturity, in whole but not in part, upon the occurrence of certain changes affecting U.S. taxation, as specified in the indenture governing the terms of the issuance.
In October 2017, the Parent Company issued ¥60.0 billion of subordinated debentures through a U.S. public debt offering. The debentures bear interest at an initial rate of 2.108% per annum through October 22, 2027, or earlier redemption. Thereafter, the rate of the interest of the debentures will be reset every five years at a rate of interest equal to the then-current JPY 5-year Swap Offered Rate plus 205 basis points. The debentures are payable semi-annually in arrears and will mature in October 2047. The debentures are redeemable (i) at any time, in whole but not in part, upon the occurrence of certain tax events or certain rating agency events, as specified in the indenture governing the terms of the debentures or (ii) on or after October 23, 2027, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to their principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the date of redemption.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
In January 2017, the Parent Company issued ¥60.0 billion of senior notes through a U.S. public debt offering. The notes bear interest at a fixed rate of .932% per annum, payable semi-annually, and will mature in January 2027. These notes may only be redeemed before maturity, in whole but not in part, upon the occurrence of certain changes affecting U.S. taxation, as specified in the indenture governing the terms of the issuance.
In September 2016, the Parent Company issued two series of senior notes totaling $700 million through a U.S. public debt offering. The first series, which totaled $300 million, bears interest at a fixed rate of 2.875% per annum, payable semi-annually and will mature in October 2026. The second series, which totaled $400 million, bears interest at a fixed rate of 4.00% per annum, payable semi-annually, and will mature in October 2046.
In March 2015, the Parent Company issued $450 million of senior notes through a U.S. public debt offering. The notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 3.25% per annum, payable semi-annually, and will mature in March 2025. The Parent Company entered into cross-currency swaps that convert the U.S. dollar-denominated principal and interest on the senior notes into yen-denominated obligations which results in lower nominal net interest rates on the debt. By entering into these cross-currency swaps, the Parent Company economically converted its $450 million liability into a ¥55.0 billion yen liability and reduced the interest rate on this debt from 3.25% in dollars to .82% in yen.
In November 2014, the Parent Company issued $750 million of senior notes through a U.S. public debt offering. The notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 3.625% per annum, payable semi-annually, and will mature in November 2024. These notes are redeemable at the Parent Company's option in whole at any time or in part from time to time at a redemption price equal to the greater of: (i) the aggregate principal amount of the notes to be redeemed or (ii) the amount equal to the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments for principal of and interest on the notes to be redeemed, not including any portion of the payments of interest accrued as of such redemption date, discounted to such redemption date on a semiannual basis at the treasury rate plus 20 basis points, plus in each case, accrued and unpaid interest on the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed to, but excluding, such redemption date. The Parent Company entered into cross-currency interest rate swaps to reduce interest expense by converting the U.S. dollar-denominated principal and interest on the senior notes it issued into yen-denominated obligations. By entering into the swaps, the Parent Company economically converted its $750 million liability into an ¥85.3 billion liability and reduced the interest rate on this debt from 3.625% in dollars to 1.00% in yen.
In June 2013, the Parent Company issued $700 million of senior notes through a U.S. public debt offering. The notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 3.625% per annum, payable semi-annually, and will mature in June 2023. These notes are redeemable at the Parent Company's option in whole at any time or in part from time to time at a redemption price equal to the greater of: (i) the aggregate principal amount of the notes to be redeemed or (ii) the amount equal to the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments for principal of and interest on the notes to be redeemed, not including any portion of the payments of interest accrued as of such redemption date, discounted to such redemption date on a semiannual basis at the treasury rate plus 20 basis points, plus in each case, accrued and unpaid interest on the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed to, but excluding, such redemption date. The Parent Company had entered into cross-currency interest rate swaps to reduce interest expense by converting the U.S. dollar-denominated principal and interest on the senior notes it issued into yen-denominated obligations. By entering into these swaps, the Parent Company economically converted its $700 million liability into a ¥69.8 billion liability and reduced the interest rate on this debt from 3.625% in dollars to 1.50% in yen.
In February 2012, the Parent Company issued $350 million of senior notes through a U.S. public debt offering. The notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 4.00% per annum, payable semiannually, and will mature in February 2022. These notes are redeemable at the Parent Company's option in whole at any time or in part from time to time at a redemption price equal to the greater of: (i) the principal amount of the notes or (ii) the present value of the remaining scheduled payments of principal and interest to be redeemed, discounted to the redemption date, plus accrued and unpaid interest. The Parent Company entered into cross-currency interest rate swaps to reduce interest expense by converting the U.S. dollar-denominated principal and interest on the senior notes it issued into yen-denominated obligations. By entering into these swaps, the Parent Company economically converted its $350 million liability into a ¥27.0 billion liability and reduced the interest rate on this debt from 4.00% in dollars to 2.07% in yen. In January 2020, the Parent Company used the net proceeds from senior notes issued in December 2019 to redeem $350 million of its 4.00% fixed-rate senior notes due February 2022.
In 2010 and 2009, the Parent Company issued senior notes through U.S. public debt offerings; the details of these notes are as follows. In August 2010, the Parent Company issued $450 million of senior notes that will mature in August 2040. In December 2009, the Parent Company issued $400 million of senior notes that will mature in December 2039. These senior notes pay interest semiannually and are redeemable at the Parent Company's option in whole at any time or in part from time to time at a redemption price equal to the greater of: (i) the principal amount of the notes or (ii) the present value
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
of the remaining scheduled payments of principal and interest to be redeemed, discounted to the redemption date, plus accrued and unpaid interest. In December 2016, the Parent Company completed a tender offer in which it extinguished $176 million principal of its 6.90% senior notes due December 2039 and $193 million principal of its 6.45% senior notes due August 2040. The pretax loss due to the early redemption of these notes was $137 million.
For the Company's yen-denominated notes and loans, the principal amount as stated in dollar terms will fluctuate from period to period due to changes in the yen/dollar exchange rate. The Company has designated the majority of its yen-denominated notes payable as a nonderivative hedge of the foreign currency exposure of the Company's investment in Aflac Japan.
The aggregate contractual maturities of notes payable during each of the years after December 31, 2020, are as follows:
(In millions) Total
Notes
Payable
2021 $ 0
2022 0
2023 700
2024 750
2025 570
Thereafter 5,784
Total $ 7,804
The following table presents the contractual maturities and present value of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2020.
(In millions) Operating Leases Finance Leases Total
2021 $ 52 $ 4 $ 56
2022 40 3 43
2023 11 2 13
2024 11 1 12
2025 10 1 11
Thereafter 28 0 28
Total lease payments $ 152 $ 11 $ 163
Less: Interest 9 0 9
Present value of lease liabilities $ 143 $ 11 $ 154
The following table presents the weighted average remaining lease term and weighted average discount rate for lease liabilities as of December 31.
2020 2019
Weighted average remaining lease term (years):
Operating leases 6.7 6.8
Finance leases 3.5 3.7
Weighted average discount rate:
Operating leases 2.0% 2.1%
Finance leases 1.5% 1.5%
Operating lease costs, included in insurance expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings, were $56 million, $54 million and $73 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Operating cash outflows for operating leases were $54 million and $52 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
A summary of the Company's lines of credit as of December 31, 2020 follows:
Borrower Type Original Term Expiration Date Capacity Amount Outstanding Interest Rate on Borrowed Amount Maturity Period Commitment Fee Business Purpose
Aflac Incorporated
and Aflac uncommitted bilateral 364 days December 17, 2021 $100 million
$0 million
The rate quoted by the bank and agreed upon at the time of borrowing Up to 3 months
None General corporate purposes
Aflac Incorporated unsecured revolving 5 years March 29,
2024, or the date commitments are terminated pursuant to an event of default ¥100.0 billion
¥0.0 billion
A rate per annum equal to (a) Tokyo interbank market rate (TIBOR) plus, the alternative applicable TIBOR margin during the availability period from the closing date to the commitment termination date or (b) the TIBOR rate offered by the agent to major banks in yen for the applicable period plus, the applicable alternative TIBOR margin during the term out period No later than
March 29, 2024 .30% to .50%, depending on the Parent Company's debt ratings as of the date of determination
General corporate purposes, including a capital contingency plan for the operations of the Parent Company
Aflac Incorporated
and Aflac unsecured revolving 5 years November 18, 2024, or the date commitments are terminated pursuant to an event of default $1.0 billion
$0.0 billion
A rate per annum equal to, at the Company's option, either, (a) LIBOR adjusted for certain costs or (b) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (1) the federal funds rate plus 1/2 of 1%, (2) the rate of interest for such day announced by Mizuho Bank, Ltd. as its prime rate, or (3) the eurocurrency rate for an interest period of one month plus 1.00%, in each case plus an applicable margin No later than November 18, 2024 .085% to
.225%, depending on the Parent Company's debt ratings as of the date of determination
General corporate purposes, including a capital contingency plan for the operations of the Parent Company
Aflac Incorporated
and Aflac uncommitted bilateral None specified None specified $50 million
$0 million
A rate per annum equal to, at the Parent Company's option, either (a) a eurocurrency rate determined by reference to the agent's LIBOR for the interest period relevant to such borrowing or (b) the base rate determined by reference to the greater of (i) the prime rate as determined by the agent, and (ii) the sum of 0.50% and the federal funds rate for such day Up to 3 months
None General corporate purposes
Aflac(1)
uncommitted revolving 364 days November 30, 2021 $250 million
$0 million
USD three-month LIBOR plus 75 basis points per annum 3 months
None General corporate purposes
Aflac Incorporated(1)
uncommitted revolving 364 days April 2, 2021 ¥50.0 billion
¥0.0 billion
Three-month TIBOR plus 70 basis points per annum 3 months
None General corporate purposes
Aflac Incorporated(1)
uncommitted revolving 364 days November 25, 2021 ¥50.0 billion
¥0.0 billion
Three-month TIBOR plus 70 basis points per annum 3 months
None General corporate purposes
Aflac New York(1)
uncommitted revolving 364 days April 7, 2021 $25 million
$0 million
USD three-month LIBOR plus 75 basis points per annum 3 months
None General corporate purposes
CAIC(1)
uncommitted revolving 364 days March 20, 2021 $15 million
$0 million
USD three-month LIBOR plus 75 basis points per annum 3 months
None General corporate purposes
Tier One Insurance Company(1)
uncommitted revolving 364 days March 20, 2021 $0.3 million
$0 million
USD three-month LIBOR plus 75 basis points per annum 3 months
None General corporate purposes
AGV Management Services Japan K.K.(1)
uncommitted revolving 364 days May 1, 2021 ¥500 million
¥350 million
A rate per annum equal to the short-term prime lending rates of banks appearing on the website for the Bank of Japan on the first day of the applicable period No later than
May 1, 2021 None General corporate purposes
(1) Intercompany credit agreement
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
The Parent Company was in compliance with all of the covenants of its notes payable and lines of credit at December 31, 2020. No events of default or defaults occurred during 2020 and 2019.
10. INCOME TAXES
The components of income tax expense (benefit) applicable to pretax earnings for the years ended December 31 were as follows:
(In millions) Foreign U.S. Total
2020:
Current $ 822 $ (28) $ 794
Deferred (28) (1,385) (1,413)
Total income tax expense $ 794 $ (1,413) $ (619)
2019:
Current $ 737 $ 69 $ 806
Deferred 183 152 335
Total income tax expense $ 920 $ 221 $ 1,141
2018:
Current $ 771 $ 608 $ 1,379
Deferred 93 (409) (316)
Total income tax expense $ 864 $ 199 $ 1,063
The Japan income tax rate for the fiscal years 2018, 2019 and 2020 was 28.0%.
For the U.S., the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (Tax Act) was signed into law on December 22, 2017. Effective January 1, 2018, the Tax Act imposed a broad number of changes in tax law, including permanently reducing the U.S. federal statutory corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, eliminating or reducing certain deductions and credits and limiting the deductibility of interest expense and executive compensation.
In March 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act was signed into law and includes certain income tax provisions relevant to businesses. The Company was required to recognize the effect on the consolidated financial statements in the period the law was enacted, which was the period ended March 31, 2020. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the CARES Act did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
In September 2020, the U.S. Treasury and Internal Revenue Service issued Final and Proposed Regulations which address, among other items, the allocation of insurance expenses in the calculation of the foreign tax credit limitation. These regulations clarify how insurance related expenses are allocated and apportioned for this purpose. The Company had previously established valuation allowances on deferred foreign tax credits due to the uncertainty that previously existed. Under the guidance of these regulations, the Company recognized a one-time income tax benefit of $1.4 billion due to the release of these valuation allowances which were predominantly established on the Company’s deferred foreign tax credit benefits. The Company has determined that this will also reduce its effective tax rate in future periods, subject to any future changes in U.S. tax policy.
Income tax expense in the accompanying statements of earnings varies from the amount computed by applying the expected U.S. tax rate of 21% in 2020, 2019 and 2018 to pretax earnings. The principal reasons for the differences and the related tax effects for the years ended December 31 were as follows:
(In millions) 2020 2019 2018
Income taxes based on U.S. statutory rates $ 873 $ 933 $ 836
Foreign rate differential 0 229 220
Valuation allowance release (1,411) 0 0
Other, net (81) (21) 7
Income tax expense $ (619) $ 1,141 $ 1,063
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Total income tax expense for the years ended December 31 was allocated as follows:
(In millions) 2020 2019 2018
Statements of earnings $ (619) $ 1,141 $ 1,063
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) during
period (3) 27 10
Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities:
Unrealized holding gains (losses) on fixed maturity
securities during period 223 1,532 (787)
Reclassification adjustment for (gains) losses
on fixed maturity securities included in net earnings 33 5 (12)
Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives during period 0 (3) 0
Pension liability adjustment during period (2) (18) (8)
Total income tax expense (benefit) related to items of
other comprehensive income (loss) 251 1,543 (797)
Total income taxes $ (368) $ 2,684 $ 266
The income tax effects of the temporary differences that gave rise to deferred income tax assets and liabilities as of December 31 were as follows:
(In millions) 2020 2019
Deferred income tax liabilities:
Deferred policy acquisition costs $ 3,663 $ 3,492
Unrealized gains and other basis differences on investments 5,227 4,485
Foreign currency gain on Aflac Japan 70 0
Premiums receivable 112 152
Policy benefit reserves 3,834 3,442
Total deferred income tax liabilities 12,906 11,571
Deferred income tax assets:
Unfunded retirement benefits 9 8
Other accrued expenses 37 36
Policy and contract claims 868 781
Foreign currency loss on Aflac Japan 0 16
Deferred compensation 137 162
Capital loss carryforwards 12 34
Depreciation 202 164
Anticipatory foreign tax credit 5,972 5,487
Deferred foreign tax credit 647 605
Other 326 204
Total deferred income tax assets before valuation allowance 8,210 7,497
Valuation allowance 0 (1,340)
Total deferred income tax assets after valuation allowance 8,210 6,157
Net deferred income tax liability 4,696 5,414
Current income tax (asset) liability (35) (44)
Total income tax liability $ 4,661 $ 5,370
The application of U.S. GAAP requires the Company to evaluate the recoverability of deferred tax assets and establish a valuation allowance if necessary to reduce the deferred tax asset to an amount that is more likely than not expected to be realized. The Company has determined no valuation allowance against its anticipatory foreign tax credits is necessary. The anticipatory foreign tax credit represents the foreign tax credit the Company will generate from the reversal of Japan deferred tax liabilities in the future. The release of the valuation allowance on the anticipatory foreign tax credit is due to the regulations addressing the allocation of insurance expenses in the calculation of the foreign tax credit released September 29, 2020. The Company has also determined no valuation allowance against its deferred foreign tax credits is
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
necessary. Deferred foreign tax credits are foreign tax credits generated in the current tax year by the Japanese life company, but are unable to be utilized until 2021 due to Japan's current tax year not closing until March 31, 2021. The release of the valuation allowance on the deferred foreign tax credit is also due to the foreign tax credit regulations released September 29, 2020. Based upon a review of the Company's anticipated future taxable income, and including all other available evidence, both positive and negative, the Company's management has concluded that, notwithstanding the items noted above, it is more likely than not that all other deferred tax assets will be realized.
Under U.S. income tax rules, only 35% of non-life operating losses can be offset against life insurance taxable income each year. For current U.S. income tax purposes, as of December 31, 2020, there were non-life operating loss carryforwards of $298 million available to offset against future taxable income, all of which do not expire. The Company has capital loss carryforwards of $55 million available to offset capital gains, all of which expire in 2025. The Company has foreign tax credit carryforwards of $22 million available to offset against future excess foreign taxes paid, all of which expire in 2031.
The Company files federal income tax returns in the U.S. and Japan as well as state or prefecture income tax returns in various jurisdictions in the two countries. The Company is currently under audit by the IRS for the 2013-2018 amended federal income tax returns. There are currently no other open Federal, State, or local U.S. income tax audits. U.S. federal income tax returns for years before 2016 are no longer subject to examination. Japan corporate income tax returns for years before 2016 are no longer subject to examination. Management believes it has established adequate tax liabilities and final resolution of all open audits is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows for the years ended December 31:
(In millions) 2020 2019
Balance, beginning of year $ 17 $ 15
Additions for tax positions of prior years 2 2
Balance, end of year $ 19 $ 17
Included in the balance of the liability for unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2020, are $15 million of tax positions for which the ultimate deductibility is highly certain, but for which there is uncertainty about the timing of such deductibility, compared with $15 million at December 31, 2019. Because of the impact of deferred tax accounting, other than interest and penalties, the disallowance of the shorter deductibility period would not affect the annual effective tax rate, but would accelerate the payment of cash to the taxing authority to an earlier period. The Company has accrued approximately $4 million as of December 31, 2020, for permanent uncertainties, which if reversed would not have a material effect on the annual effective rate.
The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. The Company recognized approximately $1 million in interest and penalties in 2020, compared with $1 million in 2019 and $1 million in 2018. The Company has accrued approximately $3 million for the payment of interest and penalties as of December 31, 2020, compared with $2 million at December 31, 2019.
As of December 31, 2020, there were no material uncertain tax positions for which the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits will significantly increase or decrease within the next 12 months.
11. SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
The following table is a reconciliation of the number of shares of the Company's common stock for the years ended December 31.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
(In thousands of shares) 2020 2019 2018
Common stock - issued:
Balance, beginning of period 1,349,309 1,347,540 1,345,762
Exercise of stock options and issuance of restricted shares 1,709 1,769 1,778
Balance, end of period 1,351,018 1,349,309 1,347,540
Treasury stock:
Balance, beginning of period 622,516 592,254 564,852
Purchases of treasury stock:
Share repurchase program 37,899 31,994 28,949
Other 542 592 392
Dispositions of treasury stock:
Shares issued to AFL Stock Plan (2,021) (1,610) (1,306)
Exercise of stock options (121) (418) (519)
Other (251) (296) (114)
Balance, end of period 658,564 622,516 592,254
Shares outstanding, end of period 692,454 726,793 755,286
Outstanding share-based awards are excluded from the calculation of weighted-average shares used in the computation of basic EPS. The following table presents the approximate number of share-based awards to purchase shares, on a weighted-average basis, that were considered to be anti-dilutive and were excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS at December 31:
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Anti-dilutive share-based awards 687 6 44
The weighted-average shares used in calculating EPS for the years ended December 31 were as follows:
(In thousands of shares) 2020 2019 2018
Weighted-average outstanding shares used for calculating basic EPS 713,702 742,414 769,588
Dilutive effect of share-based awards 2,490 4,016 5,062
Weighted-average outstanding shares used for calculating diluted EPS 716,192 746,430 774,650
Share Repurchase Program: During 2020, the Company repurchased 37.9 million shares of its common stock in the open market for $1.5 billion. The Company repurchased 32.0 million shares for $1.6 billion in 2019 and 28.9 million shares for $1.3 billion in 2018. In August 2020, the Company's board of directors authorized the purchase of an additional 100 million shares of its common stock. As of December 31, 2020, a remaining balance of 99.2 million shares of the Company's common stock was available for purchase under share repurchase authorizations by its board of directors.
Voting Rights: In accordance with the Parent Company's articles of incorporation, shares of common stock are generally entitled to one vote per share until they have been held by the same beneficial owner for a continuous period of 48 months, at which time they become entitled to 10 votes per share.
Reclassifications from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
The tables below are reconciliations of accumulated other comprehensive income by component for the years ended December 31.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
(In millions) Unrealized Foreign
Currency Translation
Gains (Losses) Unrealized
Gains (Losses)
on Fixed Maturity Securities Unrealized
Gains (Losses)
on Derivatives Pension
Liability
Adjustment Total
Balance at December 31, 2019 $ (1,623) $ 8,548 $ (33) $ (277) $ 6,615
Cumulative effect of change
in accounting principle -
ASU 2019-04 0 848 0 0 848
Balance at January 1, 2020 $ (1,623) $ 9,396 $ (33) $ (277) $ 7,463
Other comprehensive
income (loss) before
reclassification 514 839 (1) (30) 1,322
Amounts reclassified from
accumulated other
comprehensive income
(loss) 0 126 0 23 149
Net current-period other
comprehensive
income (loss) 514 965 (1) (7) 1,471
Balance at December 31, 2020 $ (1,109) $ 10,361 $ (34) $ (284) $ 8,934
All amounts in the table above are net of tax.
(In millions) Unrealized Foreign
Currency Translation
Gains (Losses) Unrealized
Gains (Losses)
on Fixed Maturity Securities Unrealized
Gains (Losses)
on Derivatives Pension Liability Adjustment Total
Balance at December 31, 2018 $ (1,847) $ 4,234 $ (24) $ (212) $ 2,151
Other comprehensive
income (loss) before
reclassification 224 4,327 (9) (76) 4,466
Amounts reclassified from
accumulated other
comprehensive income
(loss) 0 (13) 0 11 (2)
Net current-period other
comprehensive
income (loss) 224 4,314 (9) (65) 4,464
Balance at December 31, 2019 $ (1,623) $ 8,548 $ (33) $ (277) $ 6,615
All amounts in the table above are net of tax.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
(In millions) Unrealized Foreign
Currency Translation
Gains (Losses) Unrealized
Gains (Losses)
on Fixed Maturity Securities Unrealized
Gains (Losses)
on Derivatives Pension Liability Adjustment Total
Balance at December 31, 2017 $ (1,750) $ 5,964 $ (23) $ (163) $ 4,028
Cumulative effect of change
in accounting principle -
ASU 2016-01 0 (148) 0 0 (148)
Cumulative effect of change
in accounting principle -
ASU 2018-02 (325) 734 (3) (32) 374
Balance at January 1, 2018 $ (2,075) $ 6,550 $ (26) $ (195) $ 4,254
Other comprehensive
income (loss) before
reclassification 228 (2,350) 2 (30) (2,150)
Amounts reclassified from
accumulated other
comprehensive income
(loss) 0 34 0 13 47
Net current-period other
comprehensive
income (loss) 228 (2,316) 2 (17) (2,103)
Balance at December 31, 2018 $ (1,847) $ 4,234 $ (24) $ (212) $ 2,151
All amounts in the table above are net of tax.
For the year ended December 31, 2018, see Note 1 for discussion of the amounts reclassified between AOCI and retained earnings upon the adoption of new accounting pronouncements.
The tables below summarize the amounts reclassified from each component of accumulated other comprehensive income based on source for the years ended December 31.
Reclassifications Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
(In millions) 2020
Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Components Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Affected Line Item in the
Statements of Earnings
Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale
securities $ (159) Net investment gains (losses)
33 Tax (expense) or benefit(1)
$ (126) Net of tax
Amortization of defined benefit pension items:
Actuarial gains (losses) $ (32) Acquisition and operating expenses(2)
Prior service (cost) credit 3 Acquisition and operating expenses(2)
6 Tax (expense) or benefit(1)
$ (23) Net of tax
Total reclassifications for the period $ (149) Net of tax
(1) Based on 21% tax rate
(2) These accumulated other comprehensive income components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost (see Note 14 for additional details).
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
(In millions) 2019
Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Components Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Affected Line Item in the
Statements of Earnings
Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale
securities $ 18 Net investment gains (losses)
(5) Tax (expense) or benefit(1)
$ 13 Net of tax
Amortization of defined benefit pension items:
Actuarial gains (losses) $ (15) Acquisition and operating expenses(2)
Prior service (cost) credit 0 Acquisition and operating expenses(2)
4 Tax (expense) or benefit(1)
$ (11) Net of tax
Total reclassifications for the period $ 2 Net of tax
(1) Based on 26% blended tax rate
(2) These accumulated other comprehensive income components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost (see Note 14 for additional details).
(In millions) 2018
Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Components Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Affected Line Item in the
Statements of Earnings
Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale
securities $ (46) Net investment gains (losses)
12 Tax (expense) or benefit(1)
$ (34) Net of tax
Amortization of defined benefit pension items:
Actuarial gains (losses) $ (18) Acquisition and operating expenses(2)
Prior service (cost) credit 0 Acquisition and operating expenses(2)
5 Tax (expense) or benefit(1)
$ (13) Net of tax
Total reclassifications for the period $ (47) Net of tax
(1) Based on 27% blended tax rate
(2) These accumulated other comprehensive income components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost (see Note 14 for additional details).
12. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
In June 2020, the Company transitioned from E*Trade Financial Corporate Services, Inc. to Fidelity Management Trust Company as the trustee and recordkeeper of the Company's long-term share-based compensation plans.
As of December 31, 2020, the Company has outstanding share-based awards under the Aflac Incorporated Long-Term Incentive Plan (the Plan). Share-based awards are designed to reward employees for their long-term contributions to the Company and provide incentives for them to remain with the Company. The number and frequency of share-based awards are based on competitive practices, operating results of the Company, government regulations, and other factors.
The Plan, as amended on February 14, 2017, allows for a maximum number of shares issuable over its term of 75 million shares including 38 million shares that may be awarded in respect of awards other than options or stock appreciation rights. If any awards granted under the Plan are forfeited or are terminated before being exercised or settled for any reason other than tax forfeiture, then the shares underlying the awards will again be available under the Plan.
The Plan allows awards to Company employees for incentive stock options (ISOs), non-qualifying stock options (NQSOs), restricted stock, restricted stock units, and stock appreciation rights. Non-employee directors are eligible for grants of NQSOs, restricted stock, and stock appreciation rights. As of December 31, 2020, approximately 38.0 million shares were available for future grants under this plan. The ISOs and NQSOs have a term of 10 years, and the share-based awards generally vest upon time-based conditions or time and performance-based conditions. Time-based vesting generally
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
occurs after three years. Performance-based vesting conditions generally include the attainment of goals related to Company financial performance. As of December 31, 2020, the only performance-based awards issued and outstanding were restricted stock awards and units.
Stock options and stock appreciation rights granted under the amended Plan have an exercise price of at least the fair market value of the underlying stock on the grant date and have an expiration date no later than 10 years from the grant date. Time-based restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and stock options granted after January 1, 2017 generally vest on a ratable basis over three years, and awards granted prior to the amendment vest on a three-year cliff basis. The Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors has the discretion to determine vesting schedules.
Share-based awards granted to U.S.-based grantees are settled with authorized but unissued Company stock, while those issued to Japan-based grantees are settled with treasury shares.
Summary of Share-Based Compensation Expense
Share-based compensation expense consists primarily of expenses for stock options, restricted stock awards (including performance based restricted stock awards), and restricted stock units granted to employees.
The following table presents the impact of the expense recognized in connection with share-based awards for the periods ended December 31.
(In millions, except for per-share amounts) 2020 2019 2018
Impact on earnings from continuing operations $ 61 $ 59 $ 57
Impact on earnings before income taxes 61 59 57
Impact on net earnings 48 46 45
Impact on net earnings per share:
Basic $ .07 $ .06 $ .06
Diluted .07 .06 .06
Stock Options
The following table summarizes stock option activity under the employee stock option plan.
(In thousands of shares) Stock
Option
Shares Weighted-Average
Exercise Price
Per Share
Outstanding at December 31, 2017 7,304 $ 28.03
Granted in 2018 67 44.59
Canceled in 2018 (167) 32.11
Exercised in 2018 (1,874) 26.78
Outstanding at December 31, 2018 5,330 28.54
Granted in 2019 0 0.00
Canceled in 2019 (40) 27.28
Exercised in 2019 (1,584) 25.97
Outstanding at December 31, 2019 3,706 29.65
Granted in 2020 59 35.75
Canceled in 2020 (82) 26.31
Exercised in 2020 (638) 27.82
Outstanding at December 31, 2020 3,045 $ 30.25
(In thousands of shares) 2020 2019 2018
Shares exercisable, end of year 2,986 3,553 3,917
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
The Company estimates the fair value of each stock option granted using the Black-Scholes-Merton multiple option approach. Expected volatility is based on historical periods generally commensurate with the estimated terms of the options. The Company uses historical data to estimate option exercise and termination patterns within the model. Separate groups of employees that have similar historical exercise patterns are stratified and considered separately for valuation purposes. The expected term of options granted is derived from the output of the Company's option model and represents the weighted-average period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding. The Company bases the risk-free interest rate on the Treasury note rate with a term comparable to that of the estimated term of the options. The weighted-average fair value of options at their grant date was $6.33 in 2020 and $8.81 in 2018. There were no options granted in 2019. The following table presents the assumptions used in valuing options granted during the years ended December 31.
2020 2019 2018
Expected term (years) 6.0 7.0 7.0
Expected volatility 24.4 % 18.0 % 22.0 %
Annual forfeiture rate 3.9 3.9 3.6
Risk-free interest rate 2.0 2.9 2.5
Dividend yield 3.3 2.2 2.4
The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2020.
(In thousands of shares) Options Outstanding Options Exercisable
Range of
Exercise Prices
Per Share Stock Option
Shares
Outstanding Wgtd.-Avg.
Remaining
Contractual
Life (Yrs.) Wgtd.-Avg.
Exercise
Price
Per Share Stock Option
Shares
Exercisable Wgtd.-Avg.
Exercise
Price
Per Share
$ 0.00 - $ 24.75 633 1.6 $ 23.73 633 $ 23.73
24.75 - 28.97 640 3.6 28.84 640 28.84
28.97 - 31.21 902 3.7 30.77 902 30.77
31.21 - 36.21 721 5.7 34.42 662 34.30
36.21 - 44.59 149 6.8 40.57 149 40.57
$ 0.00 - $ 44.59 3,045 3.9 $ 30.25 2,986 $ 30.14
The aggregate intrinsic value in the following table represents the total pretax intrinsic value, and is based on the difference between the exercise price of the stock options and the quoted closing common stock price of $44.47 as of December 31, 2020, for those awards that have an exercise price currently below the closing price. As of December 31, 2020, the aggregate intrinsic value of stock options outstanding was $43 million, with a weighted-average remaining term of 3.9 years. The total number of in-the-money stock options exercisable as of December 31, 2020, was 3.0 million shares. The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercisable at that same date was $43 million, with a weighted-average remaining term of 3.8 years.
The following table summarizes stock option activity during the years ended December 31.
(In millions) 2020 2019 2018
Total intrinsic value of options exercised $ 11 $ 38 $ 34
Cash received from options exercised 18 40 48
Tax benefit realized as a result of options exercised and
restricted stock releases 18 34 25
Performance-Based Restricted Stock Awards and Units
Under the Plan, the Company grants selected executive officers performance-based restricted stock awards (PBRS) each February whose vesting is contingent upon meeting various performance goals. PBRS are generally granted at-the-money and contingently cliff vest over a period of three years, generally subject to continued employment. In February 2020, the Company granted 409 thousand performance-based stock awards, which are contingent on the achievement of the Company's financial performance metrics and its market-based conditions. On the date of grant, the Company
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
estimated the fair value of restricted stock awards with market-based conditions using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The model discounts the value of the stock at the assumed vesting date based on a risk-free interest rate. Based on estimates of actual performance versus the vesting thresholds, the calculated fair value percentage pay-out estimate will be updated each quarter. Actual performance, including modification for relative total shareholder return, may result in the ultimate award of 0% to 200% percent of the initial number of PBRS issued, with the potential for no award if company performance goals are not achieved during the three-year period. PBRS subject to accelerated vesting at the date of retirement eligibility is recognized over the implicit service period.
The Company also granted selected executive officers performance-based restricted stock units (PSUs) throughout the year whose vesting is contingent upon meeting various performance goals. PSUs are generally granted at-the-money and contingently cliff vest over a period of three years, generally subject to continued employment. In November 2020, the Company granted 9 thousand performance-based stock units, which are contingent on the achievement of certain Company determined metrics. Based on estimates of actual performance versus the vesting thresholds, the calculated fair value percentage pay-out estimate will be updated each quarter. Actual performance may result in the ultimate award of 0% to 200% percent of the initial number of PSUs issued, with the potential for no award if the Company determined metrics are not achieved during the three-year period. PSUs subject to accelerated vesting at the date of retirement eligibility is recognized over the implicit service period.
The Company uses third-party analyses to assist in developing the assumptions used in, as well as calibrating, a Monte Carlo simulation model. The Company is responsible for determining the assumptions used in estimating the fair value of its share-based payment awards.
Key assumptions used to value PBRS granted during 2020 follows:
(In millions) 2020
Expected volatility (based on Aflac Inc. and peer group historical daily stock price) 16.13 %
Expected life from grant date (years) 2.9
Risk-free interest rate (based on U.S. Treasury yields at the date of grant) 1.42 %
Restricted Stock Awards and Units
The value of restricted stock awards and restricted stock units is based on the fair market value of the Company's common stock at the date of grant. The following table summarizes restricted stock activity during the years ended December 31.
(In thousands of shares) Shares Weighted-Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value
Per Share
Restricted stock at December 31, 2017 3,634 $ 32.40
Granted in 2018 1,121 44.27
Canceled in 2018 (105) 34.39
Vested in 2018 (1,243) 31.64
Restricted stock at December 31, 2018 3,407 36.52
Granted in 2019 (1)
1,070 49.68
Canceled in 2019 (1)
(39) 41.60
Vested in 2019 (1)
(1,723) 32.50
Restricted stock at December 31, 2019 (1)
2,715 43.74
Granted in 2020 1,544 45.88
Canceled in 2020 (119) 49.27
Vested in 2020 (1,560) 35.23
Restricted stock at December 31, 2020 2,580 $ 48.57
(1) This balance has been adjusted to include dividends
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
As of December 31, 2020, total compensation cost not yet recognized in the Company's financial statements related to restricted stock awards and restricted stock units was $36 million, of which $15 million (1.1 million shares) was related to restricted stock awards with a performance-based vesting condition. The Company expects to recognize these amounts over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.6 years. There are no other contractual terms covering restricted stock awards once vested.
13. STATUTORY ACCOUNTING AND DIVIDEND RESTRICTIONS
The Company's insurance subsidiaries are required to report their results of operations and financial position to insurance regulatory authorities on the basis of statutory accounting practices prescribed or permitted by such authorities.
Aflac Japan must report its results of operations and financial position to the Japanese Financial Services Agency (FSA) on a Japanese regulatory accounting basis as prescribed by the FSA. Japanese regulatory accounting practices differ in many respects from U.S. GAAP. Under Japanese regulatory accounting practices, policy acquisition costs are expensed immediately; policy benefit and claim reserving methods and assumptions are different; premium income is recognized on a cash basis; different consolidation criteria apply to VIEs; reinsurance is recognized on a different basis; and investments can have a separate accounting classification and treatment referred to as policy reserve matching bonds (PRM). Capital and surplus of Aflac Japan, based on Japanese regulatory accounting practices, was $9.0 billion at December 31, 2020, compared with $7.8 billion at December 31, 2019.
Aflac, CAIC and TOIC report statutory financial statements that are prepared on the basis of accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the Nebraska Department of Insurance (NDOI). The NDOI recognizes statutory accounting principles and practices prescribed or permitted by the state of Nebraska for determining and reporting the financial condition and results of operations of an insurance company, and for determining a company's solvency under Nebraska insurance law.
Aflac New York reports statutory financial statements that are prepared on the basis of accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the New York State Department of Financial Services (NYDFS). The NYDFS recognizes statutory accounting principles and practices prescribed or permitted by the state of New York for determining and reporting the financial condition and results of operations of an insurance company, and for determining a company's solvency under New York insurance law.
Statutory Accounting Principles (SAP) as detailed by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners' (NAIC) Accounting Practices and Procedures Manual has been adopted by both the state of Nebraska and the state of New York as a component of those prescribed or permitted practices. Statutory accounting practices primarily differ from U.S. GAAP by charging policy acquisition costs to expense as incurred, establishing future policy benefit liabilities using different actuarial assumptions as well as valuing investments and certain assets and accounting for deferred taxes on a different basis. Additionally, the Director of the NDOI and the Superintendent of the NYDFS each have the right to permit other specific practices which deviate from prescribed practices. Aflac, CAIC, TOIC and Aflac New York had no permitted practices as of December 31, 2020 and 2019.
The table below represents statutory capital and surplus based on statutory accounting practices for the Company’s U.S. life insurance subsidiaries as of December 31.
(In millions) 2020 2019
Aflac $ 2,088 $ 2,122
CAIC 271 128
TOIC 61 12
Aflac New York 352 320
As of December 31, 2020, the capital and surplus for each of the Company's U.S. life insurance subsidiaries exceeded the required company action level capital and surplus.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
The table below represents net income (loss) based on statutory accounting practices for the Company’s U.S. life insurance subsidiaries as of December 31.
(In millions) 2020 2019 2018
Aflac $ 872 $ 864 $ 1,331
CAIC 1 (16) 6
TOIC (24) (2) 0
Aflac New York 75 75 67
The Parent Company depends on its subsidiaries for cash flow, primarily in the form of dividends and management fees. Consolidated retained earnings in the accompanying financial statements largely represent the undistributed earnings of the Company's insurance subsidiary. Amounts available for dividends, management fees and other payments to the Parent Company by its insurance subsidiaries may fluctuate due to different accounting methods required by regulatory authorities. These payments are also subject to various regulatory restrictions and approvals related to safeguarding the interests of insurance policyholders. The company's U.S. life insurance entities must maintain adequate RBC for U.S. regulatory authorities, and Aflac Japan must maintain adequate solvency margins for Japanese regulatory authorities.
The maximum amount of dividends that can be paid to the Parent Company by Aflac, CAIC and TOIC without prior approval of Nebraska's director of insurance is the greater of the net income from operations, which excludes net investment gains, for the previous year determined under statutory accounting principles, or 10% of statutory capital and surplus as of the previous year-end. In 2020, Aflac declared dividends of $853 million. Dividends declared by Aflac during 2021 in excess of $872 million would require such approval. CAIC and TOIC did not declare dividends during 2020.
From time to time, Aflac New York pays dividends to Aflac, the parent company of Aflac New York. Aflac New York may not pay dividends to Aflac without the prior approval of the NYDFS. Aflac New York declared dividends of $30 million in 2020, which were authorized by the NYDFS.
After the Japan branch conversion as of April 1, 2018, Aflac Japan is required to meet certain financial criteria as governed by Japanese corporate law in order to provide dividends to the Parent Company. Under these criteria, dividend capacity at Aflac Japan is basically defined as retained earnings excluding capital reserves, which represent equity generated by capital profits that are statutorily required in Japan, less net after-tax unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities based on the previous fiscal year-end. Prior to April 1, 2018, a portion of Aflac Japan earnings, as determined on a Japanese regulatory accounting basis, could be remitted each year to Aflac U.S. after complying with solvency margin provisions and satisfying various conditions imposed by Japanese regulatory authorities for protecting policyholders. Profit remittances to the U.S. could fluctuate due to changes in the amounts of Japanese regulatory earnings. Among other items, factors affecting regulatory earnings include Japanese regulatory accounting practices and fluctuations in currency translation of Aflac Japan's U.S. dollar-denominated investments and related investment income into yen. Profits remitted by Aflac Japan to the Parent Company, after April 1, 2018, and to Aflac U.S., prior to April 1, 2018, were as follows for the years ended December 31:
In Dollars In Yen
(In millions of dollars and billions of yen) 2020 2019 2018 2020 2019 2018
Profit remittances $ 1,215 $ 2,070 $ 808 ¥ 129.8 ¥ 225.2 ¥ 89.7
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
14. BENEFIT PLANS
Pension and Other Postretirement Plans
The Company has funded defined benefit plans in Japan and the U.S., however the U.S. plan was frozen to new participants effective October 1, 2013. The Company also maintains non-qualified, unfunded supplemental retirement plans that provide defined pension benefits in excess of limits imposed by federal tax law for certain Japanese, U.S. and former employees, however the U.S. plan was frozen to new participants effective January 1, 2015. U.S. employees who are not participants in the defined benefit plan receive a nonelective 401(k) employer contribution.
The Company provides certain health care benefits for eligible U.S. retired employees, their beneficiaries and covered dependents (other postretirement benefits). The health care plan is contributory and unfunded. Effective January 1, 2014, employees eligible for benefits included the following: (1) active employees whose age plus service, in years, equaled or exceeded 80 (rule of 80); (2) active employees who were age 55 or older and have met the 15 years of service requirement; (3) active employees who would meet the rule of 80 in the next five years; (4) active employees who were age 55 or older and who would meet the 15 years of service requirement within the next five years; and (5) current retirees. For certain employees and former employees, additional coverage is provided for all medical expenses for life.
Information with respect to the Company's benefit plans' assets and obligations as of December 31 was as follows:
Pension Benefits Other
Japan U.S. Postretirement Benefits
(In millions) 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020 2019
Projected benefit obligation:
Benefit obligation, beginning of year $ 436 $ 396 $ 1,058 $ 875 $ 39 $ 37
Service cost 24 22 29 23 0 0
Interest cost 5 7 34 20 1 1
Actuarial (gain) loss (6) 17 106 163 6 4
Benefits and expenses paid (12) (11) (23) (23) (4) (3)
Effect of foreign exchange
rate changes 26 5 0 0 0 0
Benefit obligation, end of year 473 436 1,204 1,058 42 39
Plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets,
beginning of year 344 289 644 465 0 0
Actual return on plan assets 21 24 96 98 0 0
Employer contributions 41 38 107 104 4 3
Benefits and expenses paid (12) (11) (23) (23) (4) (3)
Effect of foreign exchange
rate changes 22 4 0 0 0 0
Fair value of plan assets,
end of year 416 344 824 644 0 0
Funded status of the plans(1)
$ (57) $ (92) $ (380) $ (414) $ (42) $ (39)
Amounts recognized in accumulated other
comprehensive income:
Net actuarial (gain) loss $ 74 $ 92 $ 278 $ 259 $ 15 $ 12
Prior service (credit) cost (1) (2) (2) (4) 0 0
Total included in accumulated
other comprehensive income $ 73 $ 90 $ 276 $ 255 $ 15 $ 12
Accumulated benefit obligation $ 425 $ 390 $ 1,017 $ 886 N/A (2)
N/A (2)
(1) Recognized in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets
(2) Not applicable
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Information for Pension Plans with an Accumulated Benefit Obligation in Excess of Plan Assets
Pension Benefits
Japan U.S.
(In millions) 2020 2019 2020 2019
Accumulated benefit obligation $ 425 $ 390 $ 1,017 $ 886
Fair value of plan assets
416 344 824 644
Information for Pension Plans with a Projected Benefit Obligation in Excess of Plan Assets
Pension Benefits
Japan (1)
U.S.(2)
(In millions) 2020 2019 2020 2019
Projected benefit obligation $ 473 $ 436 $ 1,204 $ 1,058
Fair value of plan assets
416 344 824 644
(1) The net amount of projected benefit obligation and plan assets for the underfunded (including unfunded) Japan pension plan was $57 and $92 at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and was classified as liabilities on the statement of financial position.
(2) The net amount of projected benefit obligation and plan assets for the underfunded (including unfunded) U.S. pension plan was $380 and $414 at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and was classified as liabilities on the statement of financial position.
Information for other postretirement benefit plans with an accumulated postretirement benefit obligation in excess of plan assets has been disclosed in the note on “Obligations and Funded Status” because all the other postretirement benefit plans are unfunded or underfunded.
Pension Benefits Other
Japan U.S. Postretirement Benefits
2020 2019 2018 2020 2019 2018 2020 2019 2018
Weighted-average
actuarial assumptions:
Discount rate - net periodic benefit cost .75% 1.25% 1.25% 3.25% 4.25% 3.75% 3.25% 4.25% 3.75%
Discount rate - benefit
obligations .75 .75 1.25 2.68 3.25 4.25 2.68 3.25 4.25
Expected long-term return
on plan assets 2.00 2.00 2.00 6.00 6.25 6.50 N/A (1)
N/A (1)
N/A (1)
Rate of compensation
increase N/A (1)
N/A (1)
N/A (1)
4.00 4.00 4.00 N/A (1)
N/A (1)
N/A (1)
Health care cost trend rates N/A (1)
N/A (1)
N/A (1)
N/A (1)
N/A (1)
N/A (1)
6.30 (2)
7.50 (2)
7.40 (2)
(1) Not applicable
(2)For the years 2020, 2019 and 2018, the health care cost trend rates are expected to trend down to 3.7% in 53 years, 3.8% in 54 years, and 4.1% in 61 years, respectively.
The Company determines its discount rate assumption for its pension retirement obligations based on indices for AA corporate bonds with an average duration of approximately 20 years for the Japan pension plans and 17 years for the U.S. pension plans, and determination of the U.S. pension plans discount rate utilizes the 85-year extrapolated yield curve. In Japan, participant salary and future salary increases are not factors in determining pension benefit cost or the related pension benefit obligation.
The Company bases its assumption for the long-term rate of return on assets on historical trends (10-year or longer historical rates of return for the Japanese plan assets and 15-year historical rates of return for the U.S. plan assets), expected future market movement, as well as the portfolio mix of securities in the asset portfolio including, but not limited to, style, class and equity and fixed income allocations. In addition, the Company's consulting actuaries evaluate its assumptions for long-term rates of return under Actuarial Standards of Practice (ASOP). Under the ASOP, the actual portfolio type, mix and class is modeled to determine a best estimate of the long-term rate of return. The Company in turn use those results to further validate its own assumptions.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost
Pension and other postretirement benefit expenses are included in acquisition and operating expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings, which includes $30 million, $8 million and $25 million of other components of net periodic pension cost and postretirement costs (other than services costs) for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Total net periodic benefit cost includes the following components:
Pension Benefits Other
Japan U.S. Postretirement Benefits
(In millions) 2020 2019 2018 2020 2019 2018 2020 2019 2018
Service cost $ 24 $ 22 $ 19 $ 29 $ 23 $ 27 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0
Interest cost 5 7 7 34 20 31 1 1 1
Expected return on plan assets (7) (6) (6) (35) (29) (26) 0 0 0
Amortization of net actuarial loss 4 4 1 26 10 16 2 1 1
Amortization of prior service cost (1) 0 0 (2) 0 0 0 0 0
Net periodic (benefit) cost $ 25 $ 27 $ 21 $ 52 $ 24 $ 48 $ 3 $ 2 $ 2
Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
The following table summarizes the amounts recognized in other comprehensive loss (income) for the years ended December 31:
Pension Benefits Other
Japan U.S. Postretirement Benefits
(In millions) 2020 2019 2018 2020 2019 2018 2020 2019 2018
Net actuarial loss (gain) $ (14) $ 1 $ 52 $ 45 $ 95 $ (13) $ 5 $ 4 $ 4
Amortization of net actuarial loss (4) (4) (1) (26) (10) (16) (2) (1) (1)
Amortization of prior
service cost 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0
Total $ (17) $ (3) $ 51 $ 21 $ 85 $ (29) $ 3 $ 3 $ 3
No transition obligations arose during 2020.
Benefit Payments
The following table provides expected benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, as appropriate.
Pension Benefits Other
(In millions) Japan U.S. Postretirement Benefits
2021 $ 13 $ 30 $ 6
2022 17 31 5
2023 15 32 5
2024 16 34 5
2025 18 35 4
2026-2030 87 223 13
Funding
The Company plans to make contributions of $37 million to the Japanese funded defined benefit plan in 2021. The Company does not plan to make any contributions to the U.S. funded defined benefit plan in 2021. The Company funded contributions of $100 million to the U.S. funded defined benefit plan in 2020. The funding policy for the Company's non-qualified supplemental defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement benefits plan is to contribute the amount of the benefit payments made during the year.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Plan Assets
The investment objective of the Company's Japanese and U.S. funded defined benefit plans is to preserve the purchasing power of the plan's assets and earn a reasonable inflation-adjusted rate of return over the long term. Furthermore, the Company seeks to accomplish these objectives in a manner that allows for the adequate funding of plan benefits and expenses. In order to achieve these objectives, the Company's goal is to maintain a conservative, well-diversified and balanced portfolio of high-quality equity, fixed-income and money market securities. As a part of its strategy, the Company has established strict policies covering quality, type and concentration of investment securities. For the Company's Japanese plan, these policies include limitations on investments in derivatives including futures, options and swaps, and low-liquidity investments such as real estate, venture capital investments, and privately issued securities. For the Company's U.S. plan, these policies prohibit investments in precious metals, limited partnerships, venture capital, and direct investments in real estate. The Company is also prohibited from trading on margin.
The plan fiduciaries for the Company's funded defined benefit plans have developed guidelines for asset allocations reflecting a percentage of total assets by asset class, which are reviewed on an annual basis. Asset allocation targets as of December 31, 2020 were as follows:
Japan Pension U.S. Pension
Domestic equities 5 % 40 %
International equities 21 20
Fixed income securities 65 40
Other 9 0
Total 100 % 100 %
The U.S. Pension Plan had $169 million in cash at December 31, 2020. The plan fiduciaries authorized investing contributions made to the Plan in 2019 and 2020 on a graduated basis over a period of time.
The following table presents the fair value of Aflac Japan's pension plan assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31. All of these assets are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.
(In millions) 2020 2019
Japan pension plan assets:
Equities:
Japanese equity securities $ 20 $ 17
International equity securities 88 67
Fixed income securities:
Japanese bonds 23 20
International bonds 249 207
Insurance contracts 36 33
Total $ 416 $ 344
The following table presents the fair value of Aflac U.S.'s pension plan assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31. All of these assets are classified as Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
(In millions) 2020 2019
U.S. pension plan assets:
Mutual funds:
Large cap equity funds $ 234 $ 179
Mid cap equity funds 24 22
Real estate equity funds 19 16
International equity funds 136 112
Fixed income bond funds 237 209
Aflac Incorporated common stock 5 6
Cash and cash equivalents 169 100
Total $ 824 $ 644
The fair values of the Company's pension plan investments categorized as Level 1, consisting of mutual funds and common stock, are based on quoted market prices for identical securities traded in active markets that are readily and regularly available to the Company. The fair values of the Company's pension plan investments classified as Level 2 are based on quoted prices for similar assets in markets that are not active, other inputs that are observable, such as interest rates, yield curves, volatilities, prepayment speeds, loss severities, credit risks, and default rates, or other market-corroborated inputs.
401(k) Plan
The Company sponsors a 401(k) plan in which it matches a portion of U.S. employees' contributions. The plan provides for salary reduction contributions by employees and provides for matching contributions which, starting January 1, 2018, the Company increased to 100% of each employee's contributions which were not in excess of 4% of the employee's annual cash compensation as a result of tax reform. The Company also provides a nonelective contribution to the 401(k) plan of 2% of annual cash compensation for employees who opted out of the future benefits of the U.S. defined benefit plan and for new U.S. employees. Effective January 1, 2021, the Company increased this nonelective contribution to 4% of annual compensation.
The 401(k) contributions by the Company, included in acquisition and operating expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings, were $20 million in 2020 and $18 million in both 2019 and 2018. The plan trustee held approximately 2.5 million shares of the Company's common stock for plan participants at December 31, 2020.
Stock Bonus Plan
Aflac U.S. maintains a stock bonus plan for eligible U.S. sales associates. Plan participants receive shares of Aflac Incorporated common stock based on their new annualized premium sales and their first-year persistency of substantially all new insurance policies. The cost of this plan, which was capitalized as deferred policy acquisition costs, amounted to $24 million in 2020 and $31 million in both 2019 and 2018.
Voluntary Separation Program
In September 2020, the Company announced a voluntary separation program for certain U.S. employees. The program provides eligible employees with a severance package, including twelve months of salary, the employee's targeted bonus payout for 2020 and one year of Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA) or retiree medical, if eligible. Employees accepted into this program were notified in October 2020 and most transitions were completed by December 31, 2020, with a small number continuing into the first quarter of 2021. The Company recorded a one-time severance charge of $43 million in the fourth quarter of 2020 related to the program.
15. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
The Company has two outsourcing agreements with a technology and consulting corporation. The first agreement provides mainframe computer operations, distributed mid-range server computer operations, and related support for Aflac Japan. It has a remaining term of two years and an aggregate remaining cost of ¥17.5 billion ($169 million using the December 31, 2020, exchange rate). The second agreement provides application maintenance and development services for Aflac Japan. It has a remaining term of three years and an aggregate remaining cost of ¥4.6 billion ($45 million using the December 31, 2020, exchange rate).
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
The Company has one outsourcing agreement with a management consulting and technology services company to provide application maintenance and development services for its Japanese operation. The agreement has a remaining term of one year with an aggregate remaining cost of ¥3.3 billion ($32 million using the December 31, 2020, exchange rate).
The Company has two outsourcing agreements with information technology and data services companies to provide application maintenance and development services for its Japanese operation. The first agreement has a remaining term of two years with an aggregate remaining cost of ¥3.0 billion ($29 million using the December 31, 2020, exchange rate). The second agreement has a remaining term of five years with an aggregate remaining cost of ¥13.7 billion ($133 million using the December 31, 2020, exchange rate).
The Company is a defendant in various lawsuits considered to be in the normal course of business. Members of the Company's senior legal and financial management teams review litigation on a quarterly and annual basis. The final results of any litigation cannot be predicted with certainty. Although some of this litigation is pending in states where large punitive damages, bearing little relation to the actual damages sustained by plaintiffs, have been awarded in recent years, the Company believes the outcome of pending litigation will not have a material adverse effect on its financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.
See Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for details on certain investment commitments.
Guaranty Fund Assessments
The U.S. insurance industry has a policyholder protection system that is monitored and regulated by state insurance departments. These life and health insurance guaranty associations are state entities (in all 50 states as well as Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia) created to protect policyholders of an insolvent insurance company. All insurance companies (with limited exceptions) licensed to sell life or health insurance in a state must be members of that state’s guaranty association. Under state guaranty association laws, certain insurance companies can be assessed (up to prescribed limits) for certain obligations to the policyholders and claimants of impaired or insolvent insurance companies that write the same line or similar lines of business.
In 2009, the Pennsylvania Insurance Commissioner placed long-term care insurer Penn Treaty Network America Insurance Company and its subsidiary American Network Insurance Company (collectively referred to as Penn Treaty), neither of which is affiliated with Aflac, in rehabilitation and petitioned a state court for approval to liquidate Penn Treaty. A final order of liquidation was granted by a recognized judicial authority on March 1, 2017, and as a result, Penn Treaty is in the process of liquidation. The Company estimated and recognized the impact of its share of guaranty fund assessments resulting from the liquidation using a discounted rate of 4.25%. The Company recognized a discounted liability for the assessments of $62 million (undiscounted $94 million), offset by discounted premium tax credits of $48 million (undiscounted $74 million), for a net $14 million impact to net income in the quarter ended March 31, 2017. The Company paid a majority of these assessments by December 31, 2020. The Company used the cost estimate provided as of the liquidation date by the National Organization of Life and Health Guaranty Associations (NOLHGA) to calculate its estimated assessments and tax credits. Other guaranty fund assessments for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018 were immaterial.
16. UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA
In management's opinion, the following quarterly financial information fairly presents the results of operations for such periods and is prepared on a basis consistent with the Company's annual audited financial statements.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
(In millions, except for per-share amounts) March 31,
2020 June 30,
2020 September 30,
2020 December 31,
Net premium income $ 4,681 $ 4,664 $ 4,623 $ 4,653
Net investment income 904 870 896 968
Net investment gains (losses) (463) (170) 108 256
Other income (loss) 40 43 38 36
Total revenues 5,162 5,407 5,665 5,913
Total benefits and expenses 4,442 4,337 4,512 4,697
Earnings before income taxes 720 1,070 1,153 1,216
Total income tax 154 265 (1,303) 265
Net earnings $ 566 $ 805 $ 2,456 $ 951
Net earnings per basic share $ .78 $ 1.12 $ 3.45 $ 1.36
Net earnings per diluted share .78 1.12 3.44 1.35
Quarterly amounts may not agree in total to the corresponding annual amounts due to rounding.
(In millions, except for per-share amounts) March 31,
2019 June 30,
2019 September 30,
2019 December 31,
Net premium income $ 4,691 $ 4,681 $ 4,736 $ 4,671
Net investment income 878 878 936 886
Net investment gains (losses) 71 (66) (153) 12
Other income (loss) 17 18 17 34
Total revenues 5,657 5,511 5,536 5,603
Total benefits and expenses 4,415 4,402 4,500 4,545
Earnings before income taxes 1,242 1,109 1,036 1,058
Total income tax 314 292 259 276
Net earnings $ 928 $ 817 $ 777 $ 782
Net earnings per basic share $ 1.23 $ 1.10 $ 1.05 $ 1.07
Net earnings per diluted share 1.23 1.09 1.04 1.06
Quarterly amounts may not agree in total to the corresponding annual amounts due to rounding.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL
DISCLOSURE
There have been no changes in, or disagreements with, accountants on accounting and financial disclosure matters during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
The Company's management, with the participation of the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this annual report (the “Evaluation Date”). Based on such evaluation, the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the Evaluation Date, the Company's disclosure controls and procedures are effective.
Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
(a) Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting is incorporated herein by reference from Part II, Item 8 of this report.
(b) Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm
The Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm on the Company's internal control over financial reporting is incorporated herein by reference from Part II, Item 8 of this report.
(c) Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There have not been any changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the last fiscal quarter of 2020 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Not applicable.
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
PART III
Pursuant to General Instruction G to Form 10-K, Items 10 through 14 are incorporated by reference from the Company's definitive Notice and Proxy Statement relating to the Company's 2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on or about March 18, 2021, pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act. The Audit Committee Report and Compensation Committee Report to be included in such proxy statement shall be deemed to be furnished in this report and shall not be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 as a result of such furnishing in Items 10 and 11, respectively.
Refer to the Information Contained in the Proxy
Statement under Captions (filed electronically)

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Information about the Company's Executive Officers -see Part I, Item 1 herein
1. Election of Directors; Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports; Audit and Risk Committee; Audit and Risk Committee Report; Director Nominating Process; and Code of Business Conduct and Ethics

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION Director Compensation; Compensation Committee; Compensation Committee Report; Compensation Discussion and Analysis; 2020 Summary Compensation Table; 2020 Grants of Plan-Based Awards; 2020 Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End; 2020 Option Exercises and Stock Vested; Pension Benefits; Nonqualified Deferred Compensation; Potential Payments Upon Termination or Change-In-Control; and Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS Principal Shareholders; Election of Directors (Proposal 1); Security Ownership of Management; and Equity Compensation Plan Information

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE Related Person Transactions; and Director Independence

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (Proposal 3); and Audit and Risk Committee
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a) 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Page(s)
Included in Part II, Item 8, of this report:
Aflac Incorporated and Subsidiaries:
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 83
Consolidated Statements of Earnings for each of the years in the three-
year period ended December 31, 2020
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for each of the
years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2020
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2020 and 2019
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity for each of the years
in the three-year period ended December 31, 2020
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for each of the years in the
three-year period ended December 31, 2020
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements 93
Unaudited Consolidated Quarterly Financial Data 177
2. FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Included in Part IV of this report:
Schedule II - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2020
Schedule III - Supplementary Insurance Information as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2020
Schedule IV - Reinsurance for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2020
3. EXHIBIT INDEX
An “Exhibit Index” has been filed as part of this Report beginning on the following page and is incorporated herein by this reference.
Schedules other than those listed above are omitted because they are not required, are not material, are not applicable, or the required information is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto.
In reviewing the agreements included as exhibits to this annual report, please remember they are included to provide you with information regarding their terms and are not intended to provide any other factual or disclosure information about the Company or the other parties to the agreements. The agreements contain representations and warranties by each of the parties to the applicable agreement. These representations and warranties have been made solely for the benefit of the other parties to the applicable agreement and:
•should not in all instances be treated as categorical statements of fact, but rather as a way of allocating the risk to one of the parties if those statements prove to be inaccurate;
•have been qualified by disclosures that were made to the other party in connection with the negotiation of the applicable agreement, which disclosures are not necessarily reflected in the agreement;
•may apply standards of materiality in a way that is different from what may be viewed as material to you or other investors; and
•were made only as of the date of the applicable agreement or such other date or dates as may be specified in the agreement and are subject to more recent developments.
Accordingly, these representations and warranties may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date they were made or at any other time.
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary