EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 11544
Filing Year: 2021
Filename: 11544_10-K_2021_0000011544-21-000013.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
W. R. Berkley Corporation is an insurance holding company that is among the largest commercial lines writers in the United States and operates worldwide in two segments of the property casualty insurance business:
•Insurance - predominantly commercial insurance business, including excess and surplus lines, admitted lines and specialty personal lines throughout the United States, as well as insurance business in the United Kingdom, Continental Europe, South America, Canada, Mexico, Scandinavia, Asia and Australia.
•Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - reinsurance business on a facultative and treaty basis, primarily in the United States, the United Kingdom, Continental Europe, Australia, the Asia-Pacific region and South Africa, as well as operations that solely retain risk on an excess basis.
Our two reporting segments are each composed of individual operating units that serve a market defined by geography, products, services or industry served. Each of our operating units is positioned close to its customer base and participates in a niche market requiring specialized knowledge. This strategy of decentralized operations allows each of our units to identify and respond quickly and effectively to changing market conditions and specific customer needs, while capitalizing on the benefits of centralized capital, investment and reinsurance management, and corporate actuarial, financial, enterprise risk management and legal staff support.
Our business approach is focused on meeting the needs of our customers, maintaining a high quality balance sheet, and allocating capital to our best opportunities. New businesses are started when opportunities are identified and when the right talent and expertise are found to lead a business. Of our 53 operating units, 46 have been organized and developed internally and seven have been added through acquisition.
Net premiums written, as reported based on United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), for each of our operating segments for each of the past three years were as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Net premiums written:
Insurance $ 6,347,101 $ 6,086,009 $ 5,791,905
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess 915,336 777,490 641,322
Total $ 7,262,437 $ 6,863,499 $ 6,433,227
Percentage of net premiums written:
Insurance 87.4 % 88.7 % 90.0 %
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess 12.6 11.3 10.0
Total 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 %
Thirty of our insurance company subsidiaries are rated by A.M. Best Company, Inc. ("A.M. Best") and have financial strength ratings of A+ (Superior) (the second highest rating out of 15 possible ratings). A.M. Best's ratings are based upon factors of concern to policyholders, insurance agents and brokers and are not directed toward the protection of investors. A.M. Best states: “The Financial Strength Rating opinion addresses the relative ability of an insurer to meet its ongoing insurance obligations. The ratings are not assigned to specific insurance policies or contracts and do not address any other risk.” A.M. Best reviews its ratings on a periodic basis, and its ratings of the Company's subsidiaries are therefore subject to change.
Our twenty-four insurance company subsidiaries rated by Standard & Poor's (“S&P”) have financial strength ratings of A+ (the seventh highest rating out of twenty-seven possible ratings).
Our Moody's financial strength ratings are A1 for Berkley Insurance Company, Berkley Regional Insurance Company and Admiral Insurance Company (the sixth highest rating out of twenty-one possible ratings).
Our twenty-six insurance company subsidiaries rated by Fitch Ratings ("Fitch") have insurer financial strength ratings of A+ (the seventh highest rating out of twenty-seven possible ratings).
The following sections describe our reporting segments and their operating units in greater detail. These operating units underwrite on behalf of one or more affiliated insurance companies within the group. The operating units are identified by us for descriptive purposes only and are not legal entities, but for marketing purposes may sometimes be referred to individually as "a Berkley company" or collectively as "Berkley companies." Unless otherwise indicated, all references in this Form 10-K to “Berkley,” “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company” or similar terms refer to W. R. Berkley Corporation together with its subsidiaries and operating units. W. R. Berkley Corporation is a Delaware corporation formed in 1970.
Insurance
Our U.S.-based operating units predominantly underwrite commercial insurance business primarily throughout the United States, although many units offer coverage globally, focusing on the following general areas:
Excess & Surplus Lines: A number of our operating units are dedicated to the U.S. excess and surplus lines market. They serve a diverse group of customers that often have complex risk or unique exposures that typically fall outside the underwriting guidelines of the standard insurance market. Lines of business underwritten by our excess and surplus lines operating units include premises operations, commercial automobile, property, products liability, general liability and professional liability lines. Products are generally distributed through wholesale agents and brokers.
Industry Specialty: Certain other operating units focus on providing specialty coverages to customers within a particular industry that are best served by underwriters and claims professionals with specialized knowledge of that industry. They offer multiple lines of business with policies tailored to address these unique exposures, often with the flexibility of providing coverages on either an admitted or a non-admitted basis in the U.S., as well as internationally. Each operating unit delivers its products through one or more distribution channels, including retail and wholesale agents, brokers, and managing general agents (MGAs), depending on the customer and the particular risks insured.
Product Specialty: Other operating units specialize in providing specific lines of insurance coverage, such as workers’ compensation or professional liability, to a wide range of customers. They offer insurance products, analytical tools and risk management services such as loss control and claims management that enable clients to manage their risk appropriately. Business is typically written on an admitted basis, although some units may offer non-admitted products in the U.S. and offer products internationally. Independent agents and brokers are the primary means of distribution.
Regional: Certain operating units offer standard insurance products and services focused on meeting the specific needs of a geographically differentiated customer base. Key clients of these units are small-to-midsized businesses. These regionally focused operating units provide a broad array of commercial insurance products to customers primarily in 45 states and the District of Columbia and have developed expertise in niches that reflect local economies. They are organized geographically in order to provide them with the flexibility to adapt quickly to local market conditions and customer needs.
In addition, through our non-U.S. insurance operating units, we write business in more than 60 countries worldwide, with branches or offices in 29 locations outside the United States, including the United Kingdom, Continental Europe, South America, Canada, Mexico, Scandinavia, Asia and Australia. In each of our operating territories, we have built decentralized structures that allow products and services to be tailored to each regional customer base. Our businesses are managed by teams of professionals with expertise in local markets and knowledge of regional environments.
In addition to providing insurance products, certain operating units also provide a wide variety of fee-based services, including claims, administrative and consulting services.
Operating units comprising the Insurance segment are as follows:
Acadia Insurance is a Northeast regional property casualty underwriter offering a broad portfolio of products exclusively through local independent agents in Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island and Vermont. In addition to its general offerings, Acadia has specialized expertise in insuring regional industries such as construction, service contractors, lumber, and transportation.
Admiral Insurance provides excess and surplus lines coverage for commercial risks that generally consist of hard-to- place, specialized risks that involve moderate to high degrees of hazard. In both general liability and professional lines, Admiral has a broad line of products to meet the needs of existing as well as emerging opportunities. The distribution of products is limited solely to wholesale brokers.
Berkley Accident and Health underwrites accident and health insurance and reinsurance products in four primary areas: medical stop loss, managed care, special risk and group captive. It has a diversified product and service portfolio serving a range of clients from small employers, health care organizations, and membership groups to Fortune 500 companies.
Berkley Agribusiness offers insurance for larger commercial risks across the United States involved in the supply, storage, handling, processing and distribution of commodities related to the agriculture and food industries.
Berkley Alliance Managers offers tailored insurance coverages and comprehensive risk management solutions designed to enhance profitability and reduce susceptibility to loss in four target markets - Design Professionals, Construction Professionals, Accounting Professionals and miscellaneous non-medical Service Professionals.
Berkley Aspire provides excess and surplus lines coverage on a national basis to small to medium-sized insureds with low to moderate insurance risk. Its product lines include general liability, liquor liability and some property and inland marine coverage. It serves a limited distribution channel, including select Berkley member company agents.
Berkley Asset Protection provides specialized insurance coverages for fine arts and jewelry exposures to commercial and individual clients.
Berkley Canada underwrites specialty, casualty and surety lines of business on behalf of the Canadian branch of Berkley Insurance Company. It specializes in commercial casualty and professional liability, and offers a broad portfolio of risk products that include commercial general liability, umbrella, professional liability, directors and officers, commercial property and surety, in addition to niche products for specific industries such as technology, life sciences and travel.
Berkley Custom Insurance focuses on the excess casualty insurance market and offers umbrella and excess liability coverages to clients from the small/middle market to Fortune 1000 companies in target classes of business including construction, manufacturing, retail/wholesale trade, finance, real estate, public entities and oil & gas.
Berkley Cyber Risk Solutions focuses on insurance and risk management products that respond to the changing cyber security vulnerabilities of organizations around the world. It offers specialty commercial cyber insurance coverages on a worldwide basis to clients of all sizes.
Berkley Entertainment underwrites property casualty insurance products, both on an admitted and non-admitted basis, for clients in the entertainment industry and sports-related organizations.
Berkley Environmental underwrites casualty and specialty environmental products for environmental customers including contractors, consultants, property owners and facilities operators.
Berkley FinSecure serves the insurance needs of companies in the financial services sector and beyond. Its Berkley Crime division provides crime and fidelity related insurance products for commercial organizations, financial sector businesses and governmental entities on a primary and excess basis. Its Financial Services segment provides management liability and fidelity products to financial institutions, insurance companies and asset management firms.
Berkley Fire & Marine offers a broad range of preferred inland marine and related property risks and services to customers throughout the United States. Products are distributed through independent agents and brokers.
Berkley Global Product Recall Management provides worldwide insurance protection and technical assistance to help clients with the prevention, management and indemnification of product recall and contamination events.
Berkley Healthcare underwrites customized, comprehensive insurance solutions for the full spectrum of healthcare providers. Through Berkley Healthcare Medical Professional, it offers a wide range of medical professional coverages. Through Berkley Healthcare Financial Lines, it offers a comprehensive suite of financial lines coverages.
Berkley Human Services provides property casualty insurance coverages to human services organizations, including nonprofit and for-profit organizations, public schools, sports and recreational organizations, and special events. Its product offerings include traditional primary coverages and risk purchasing groups, as well as alternative market solutions for clients who wish to retain a larger share of their risks.
Berkley Industrial specializes in writing workers' compensation insurance for diverse high hazard industries in select states. Its products are distributed by a select group of independent retail agents.
Berkley Insurance Asia underwrites specialty commercial insurance coverages to clients in North Asia and Southeast Asia through offices in Hong Kong, Singapore, Labuan and Shanghai.
Berkley Insurance Australia underwrites general insurance business in Australia, including professional indemnity insurance for companies of all sizes.
Berkley Latinoamérica is a leading provider of property, casualty, automobile, surety, group life and workers' compensation products and services in its operating territories of Argentina, Brazil, the Caribbean, Colombia, Mexico and Uruguay.
Berkley Life Sciences offers a comprehensive spectrum of property casualty products to the life sciences industry on a global basis, including both primary and excess product liability coverages. It serves pharmaceutical and biotech companies, medical device companies, dietary supplement companies, medical and research related software developers, contract research and manufacturing organizations, research institutions and organizations, and other related businesses.
Berkley Luxury Group provides commercial package insurance programs for high-end cooperative, condominium, and quality rental apartment buildings and upscale restaurants in the New York, New Jersey, Chicago and Washington, D.C. metropolitan markets, as well as other select markets.
Berkley Mid-Atlantic Group provides commercial property casualty coverages to a wide variety of businesses in Delaware, the District of Columbia, Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Focusing on small and middle market accounts, it complements its standard writings with specialized products in areas such as construction.
Berkley Net Underwriters focuses on small and medium-sized commercial risks, using a web-based system to allow producers to quote, bind and service workers' compensation insurance products on behalf of Berkley member insurance companies.
Berkley North Pacific offers preferred insurance products and services to a broad range of small to medium size commercial entities. It operates through independent agents in Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Utah and Washington.
Berkley Offshore Underwriting Managers is a specialist global underwriter of energy and marine risks. Its three divisions provide specialty insurance products in the energy upstream, energy liability and marine sectors.
Berkley Oil & Gas provides property casualty products and risk services to the United States energy sector. Its customer base includes risks of all sizes that work in the oil patch, including operators, drillers, geophysical contractors, well-servicing contractors, and manufacturers/distributors of oil field products, as well as those in the renewable energy sector.
Berkley One provides a customizable suite of personal lines insurance solutions including home, condo/co-op, auto, liability and collectibles. Berkley One targets high net worth individuals and families with sophisticated risk management needs.
Berkley Professional Liability specializes in professional liability insurance for publicly-traded and private entities on a worldwide basis. Its liability coverages include directors and officers, errors and omissions, fiduciary, employment practices, and sponsored insurance agents' errors and omissions. Berkley Transactional, a division of Berkley Professional Liability, underwrites a full suite of transactional insurance products, including representations and warranties insurance, tax opinion insurance and contingency liability insurance.
Berkley Program Specialists is a program management company offering both admitted and non-admitted insurance support on a nationwide basis for commercial casualty and property program administrators with specialized insurance expertise. Its book is built around blocks of homogeneous business, or programs, allowing for efficient processes, effective oversight of existing programs and sound implementation of new programs.
Berkley Public Entity specializes in providing excess coverage and services to individual governmental and scholastic entities and intergovernmental risk sharing groups. Products include general liability, automobile liability, law enforcement liability, public officials and educator's legal liability, employment practices liability, incidental medical, property and crime.
Berkley Risk provides at-risk and alternative risk insurance program management services for a broad range of groups and individuals including public entity pools, professional associations, captives and self-insured clients. As a third party administrator, it manages workers’ compensation, liability and property claims nationwide.
Berkley Select specializes in underwriting professional liability insurance for law firms and accounting firms, as well as other professional firms and their practices. It also offers executive liability products, including directors and officers liability, employment practices and fiduciary liability, to small to middle market privately held and not for profit customers. Berkley Select provides these insurance products on both an admitted and surplus lines basis.
Berkley Southeast offers a wide array of commercial lines products in six southeastern states: Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee, specializing in small to mid-sized accounts.
Berkley Surety provides a full spectrum of surety bonds for construction, environmental and commercial surety accounts in the U.S. and Canada, through an independent agency and broker platform across 20 field locations.
Berkley Technology Underwriters provides a broad range of first and third-party insurance programs for technology exposures and technology industries on both a local and global basis.
Carolina Casualty is a national provider of primary commercial insurance products and services to the transportation industry. It underwrites on an admitted basis in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
Continental Western Group is a Midwest regional property and casualty insurance operation based in Des Moines, Iowa, providing underwriting and risk management services to a broad array of regional businesses in thirteen Midwest states. In addition to its generalist portfolio, Continental Western offers specialty underwriting solutions for diversified agriculture, construction, light manufacturing, transportation, volunteer fire departments, rural utilities and public entities.
Gemini Transportation is a national provider of excess liability insurance for various domestic surface transportation businesses, including the railroad industry as well as the trucking, busing and other industries that use rubber-wheeled vehicles for over-the-road use. It includes Berkley Prime Transportation, which leverages analytics and technology to provide quality products and responsive service to the commercial transportation industry.
Intrepid Direct provides business insurance coverages through a direct distribution model focused on the franchise market, with specialties in the restaurant, garage and fitness industries.
Key Risk specializes in writing workers' compensation insurance for diverse industries including healthcare, human services, transportation, temporary staffing, professional employer organizations and contractors requiring coverage under the United States Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act (USL&H). Its products are distributed by a select group of independent retail agents and wholesale brokers located throughout the United States.
Nautilus Insurance Group insures excess and surplus lines risks for small to medium-sized commercial risks with low to moderate susceptibility to loss. It writes commercial excess and surplus lines business nationwide and admitted lines commercial business in a limited number of states. A substantial portion of Nautilus' business is written through its close, long-standing network of general agents, who are chosen on a highly selective basis.
Preferred Employers Insurance focuses exclusively on workers' compensation products and services for businesses based in California. It serves over 15,000 customers covering a broad spectrum of industries throughout the state.
Union Standard offers preferred commercial property and casualty insurance products and services to a wide range of small to medium size commercial entities with a focus on the construction, farm/ranch, retail and service industries. It operates through independent agents in Arizona, Arkansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Texas.
Vela Insurance Services specializes in commercial casualty insurance on an excess and surplus lines basis. Its primary focus is on general liability insurance for construction, manufacturing and general casualty clients as well as products liability and miscellaneous professional liability coverages distributed through wholesale insurance brokers.
Verus Underwriting Managers offers general liability, professional liability and property coverages for small to mid-sized commercial risks in the excess and surplus lines insurance market through a select group of appointed wholesale brokers.
W R B Europe is comprised of specialist operating units offering a focused range of insurance products to markets in Continental Europe.
W / R / B Underwriting provides a broad range of leading insurance products to the Lloyd's marketplace, with a concentration in specialist classes of business including property, professional indemnity and crisis management.
The following table sets forth the percentage of gross premiums written by each Insurance operating unit:
Year Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018
Acadia Insurance 6.0% 5.9% 6.7%
Admiral Insurance 5.6 5.9 5.8
Berkley Accident and Health 5.2 5.7 5.7
Berkley Agribusiness 1.2 1.1 1.2
Berkley Alliance Managers 2.8 3.0 2.6
Berkley Aspire 0.5 0.4 0.3
Berkley Asset Protection 0.8 0.6 0.6
Berkley Canada 1.1 1.0 1.0
Berkley Custom Insurance 3.5 3.1 2.7
Berkley Cyber Risk Solutions 0.5 0.3 0.2
Berkley Entertainment 2.1 2.7 2.6
Berkley Environmental 5.4 4.9 5.1
Berkley FinSecure 0.8 0.9 0.9
Berkley Fire & Marine 0.8 0.7 0.6
Berkley Global Product Recall Management 0.4 0.5 0.5
Berkley Healthcare 1.7 1.6 1.2
Berkley Human Services 1.0 0.8 0.8
Berkley Industrial 0.8 0.9 0.9
Berkley Insurance Asia 0.7 0.6 0.4
Berkley Insurance Australia 1.4 1.2 1.2
Berkley Latinoamérica 2.8 3.6 4.2
Berkley Life Sciences 0.5 0.7 0.8
Berkley Luxury Group 1.1 1.3 1.4
Berkley Mid-Atlantic Group 1.2 1.2 1.2
Berkley Net Underwriters 2.2 3.0 5.0
Berkley North Pacific 0.7 0.8 1.2
Berkley Offshore Underwriting Managers 1.5 1.2 1.1
Berkley Oil & Gas 3.2 4.1 3.6
Berkley One 0.7 0.3 0.2
Berkley Professional Liability 4.8 2.9 1.9
Berkley Program Specialists 1.7 1.1 1.1
Berkley Public Entity 0.5 0.4 0.4
Berkley Risk 0.3 0.3 0.2
Berkley Select 2.4 2.8 3.2
Berkley Southeast 2.3 2.0 2.0
Berkley Surety 1.2 1.2 1.3
Berkley Technology Underwriters 0.7 0.7 0.7
Carolina Casualty 0.6 0.7 0.5
Continental Western Group 2.8 2.6 3.5
Gemini Transportation 3.4 2.9 2.3
Intrepid Direct 0.9 0.5 0.3
Key Risk 2.5 2.7 2.9
Nautilus Insurance Group 4.9 4.8 5.0
Preferred Employers Insurance 1.9 2.4 2.5
Union Standard 2.0 2.1 2.7
Vela Insurance Services 2.6 2.8 2.6
Verus Underwriting Managers 0.7 0.8 0.9
WRB Europe 1.0 1.4 1.9
W/R/B Underwriting 4.3 3.9 2.9
Other 2.3 3.0 1.5
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
The following table sets forth percentages of gross premiums written, by line, by our Insurance operations:
Year Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018
Other liability 35.5% 33.9% 32.4%
Short-tail lines (1) 23.3 23.5 23.5
Professional liability 15.1 13.3 12.0
Workers' compensation 14.3 17.8 20.6
Commercial auto 11.8 11.5 11.5
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
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(1)Short-tail lines include commercial multi-peril (non-liability), inland marine, accident and health, fidelity and surety, boiler and machinery and other lines.
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess
We provide other insurance companies and self-insureds with assistance in managing their net risk through reinsurance on either a portfolio basis, through treaty reinsurance, or on an individual basis, through facultative reinsurance. Our monoline excess operations solely retain risk on an excess basis.
Operating units comprising the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment are as follows:
Berkley Re America provides treaty and facultative reinsurance solutions on a variety of product lines through reinsurance brokers to companies whose primary operations are within the United States and Canada.
Berkley Re Asia Pacific provides property and casualty reinsurance to the Asia Pacific marketplace. With offices in Brisbane, Melbourne, Sydney, Beijing, Hong Kong, Labuan and Singapore, each branch focuses on excess of loss reinsurance, targeting both property and casualty treaty and facultative contracts, through multiple distribution channels.
Berkley Re Solutions is a direct casualty facultative reinsurance underwriter serving clients through a nationwide network of regional offices. Its facultative reinsurance products include automatic, semi-automatic and individual risk assumed reinsurance. It also provides its customers with turnkey products such as cyber, employment practices liability insurance ("EPLI"), and liquor liability insurance to help enhance their clients' product offerings, along with underwriting, claims, and actuarial consultation.
Berkley Re UK writes international property casualty treaty and property facultative accounts. Its territorial scope includes reinsured clients domiciled in the United Kingdom, Europe, Africa, the Middle East and the Caribbean.
Lloyd's Syndicate 2791 Participation represents the Company's minority participation in a Lloyd's syndicate that writes a broad range of mainly short-tail classes of business.
Midwest Employers Casualty provides excess workers' compensation insurance products to individual employers, groups and workers' compensation insurance companies across the United States. Its workers' compensation excess of loss products include self-insured excess of loss coverages and large deductible policies. Through its relationship with Berkley Net Underwriters, Midwest Employers Casualty also offers multi-state coverage for group self-insureds. It has developed sophisticated, proprietary analytical tools and risk management services designed to help its insureds lower their total cost of risk.
The following table sets forth the percentages of gross premiums written by each Reinsurance & Monoline Excess operating unit:
Year Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018
Berkley Re America 31.6 % 34.2 % 31.7 %
Berkley Re Asia Pacific 13.5 12.0 11.2
Berkley Re Solutions 14.4 12.2 10.7
Berkley Re UK 14.7 15.3 16.8
Lloyd's Syndicate 2791 Participation 6.0 4.8 5.1
Midwest Employers Casualty 19.8 21.5 24.5
Total 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 %
The following table sets forth the percentages of gross premiums written, by line, by our Reinsurance & Monoline Excess operations:
Year Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018
Casualty 58.1 % 55.7 % 53.0 %
Property 22.1 % 22.8 % 22.5 %
Monoline Excess 19.8 % 21.5 % 24.5 %
Total 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 %
Results by Segment
Summary financial information about our segments is presented on a GAAP basis in the following table:
Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)
2020 2019 2018
Insurance
Revenue $ 6,478,834 $ 6,397,074 $ 6,208,290
Income before income taxes 668,012 814,862 717,154
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess
Revenue 1,009,203 877,551 848,966
Income before income taxes 205,587 189,188 201,001
Other (1)
Revenue 610,888 627,571 634,395
Loss before income taxes (168,797) (151,130) (106,061)
Total
Revenue $ 8,098,925 $ 7,902,196 $ 7,691,651
Income before income taxes $ 704,802 $ 852,920 $ 812,094
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(1)Represents corporate revenues and expenses, net investment gains and losses, and revenues and expenses from non-insurance businesses that are consolidated for financial reporting purposes.
The table below represents summary underwriting ratios on a GAAP basis for our segments. Loss ratio is losses and loss expenses incurred expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned. Expense ratio is underwriting expenses expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned. Underwriting expenses do not include expenses related to insurance services or unallocated corporate expenses. Combined ratio is the sum of the loss ratio and the expense ratio. The combined ratio represents a measure of underwriting profitability, excluding investment income. A number in excess of 100 indicates an underwriting loss; a number below 100 indicates an underwriting profit:
Year Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018
Insurance
Loss ratio 64.9 % 62.4 % 62.5 %
Expense ratio 30.3 31.1 32.6
Combined ratio 95.2 % 93.5 % 95.1 %
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess
Loss ratio 61.3 % 61.5 % 61.0 %
Expense ratio 31.8 35.0 35.8
Combined ratio 93.1 % 96.5 % 96.8 %
Total
Loss ratio 64.5 % 62.3 % 62.4 %
Expense ratio 30.4 31.5 32.9
Combined ratio 94.9 % 93.8 % 95.3 %
Investments
Investment results, before income taxes, were as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Average investments, at cost (1) $ 20,012,182 $ 19,145,567 $ 18,392,297
Net investment income (1) $ 583,821 $ 645,614 $ 674,235
Percent earned on average investments (1) 2.9 % 3.4 % 3.7 %
Net investment gains (2) $ 103,000 $ 120,703 $ 154,488
Change in unrealized investment gains (losses) (3) $ 164,645 $ 261,970 $ (302,737)
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(1)Includes investments, cash and cash equivalents, trading accounts receivable from brokers and clearing organizations, trading account securities sold but not yet purchased and unsettled purchases.
(2)The inclusion of the allowance for expected credit losses on investments commenced January 1, 2020 due to the adoption of ASU 2016-13. See Note 10 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for components of net investment gains.
(3)Represents the change in unrealized investment gains (losses) for available for sale securities recognized in stockholders' equity.
For comparison, the following are the coupon returns for the Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index and the dividend returns for the S&P 500® Index:
Year Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018
Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index 2.8 % 3.2 % 3.0 %
S&P 500® Index
1.8 2.3 2.0
The percentages of the fixed maturity portfolio categorized by contractual maturity, based on fair value, on the dates indicated, are set forth below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain issuers may have the right to call or prepay certain obligations.
Year Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018
1 year or less 11.4 % 6.5 % 6.9 %
Over 1 year through 5 years 38.9 35.9 34.3
Over 5 years through 10 years 25.0 24.7 22.3
Over 10 years 17.4 21.4 24.7
Mortgage-backed securities 7.3 11.5 11.8
Total 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 %
At December 31, 2020, the fixed maturity portfolio had an effective duration of 2.4 years, including cash and cash equivalents, and 2.8 years for both 2019 and 2018.
Loss and Loss Expense Reserves
To recognize liabilities for unpaid losses, either known or unknown, insurers establish reserves, which is a balance sheet account representing estimates of future amounts needed to pay claims and related expenses with respect to insured events which have occurred. Estimates and assumptions relating to reserves for losses and loss expenses are based on complex and subjective judgments, often including the interplay of specific uncertainties with related accounting and actuarial measurements. Such estimates are also susceptible to change as significant periods of time may elapse between the occurrence of an insured loss, the report of the loss to the insurer, the ultimate determination of the cost of the loss and the insurer’s payment of that loss.
In general, when a claim is reported, claims personnel establish a “case reserve” for the estimated amount of the ultimate payment based upon known information about the claim at that time. The estimate represents an informed judgment based on general reserving practices and reflects the experience and knowledge of the claims personnel regarding the nature and value of the specific type of claim. Reserves are also established on an aggregate basis to provide for losses incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) to the insurer, potential inadequacy of case reserves and the estimated expenses of settling claims, including legal and other fees and general expenses of administrating the claims adjustment process. Reserves are established based upon the then current legal interpretation of coverage provided.
In examining reserve adequacy, several factors are considered in estimating the ultimate economic value of losses. These factors include, among others, historical data, legal developments, changes in social attitudes and economic conditions, including the effects of inflation. The actuarial process relies on the basic assumption that past experience, adjusted judgmentally for the effects of current developments and anticipated trends, is an appropriate basis for predicting future outcomes. Reserve amounts are necessarily based on management’s informed estimates and judgments using currently available data. As additional experience and other data become available and are reviewed, these estimates and judgments may be revised. This may result in reserve increases or decreases that would be reflected in our results in periods in which such estimates and assumptions are changed.
The risk and complexity of estimating loss reserves are greater when economic conditions are uncertain. It is especially difficult to estimate the impact of inflation on loss reserves given the current economic environment and related government actions. Whereas a slowing economy would generally lead to lower inflation or even deflation, increased government spending would generally lead to higher inflation. A change in our assumptions regarding inflation would result in reserve increases or decreases that would be reflected in our earnings in periods in which such assumptions are changed.
Reserves do not represent an exact calculation of liability. Rather, reserves represent an estimate of what management expects the ultimate settlement and claim administration will cost. While the methods for establishing the reserves are well tested over time, some of the major assumptions about anticipated loss emergence patterns are subject to unanticipated fluctuation. These estimates, which generally involve actuarial projections, are based on management’s assessment of facts and circumstances then known, as well as estimates of trends in claims severity and frequency, judicial theories of liability and other factors, including the actions of third parties, which are beyond the Company’s control. These variables are affected by external and internal events, such as inflation and economic volatility, judicial and litigation trends, reinsurance coverage, legislative changes and claim handling and reserving practices, which make it more difficult to accurately predict claim costs. The inherent uncertainties of estimating reserves are greater for certain types of liabilities where long periods of time elapse before a definitive determination of liability is made. Although the loss reserves included in the Company’s financial statements represent management’s best estimates, setting reserves is inherently uncertain and the Company cannot provide assurance that its current reserves will prove adequate in light of subsequent events.
The Company discounts its liabilities for certain workers’ compensation reserves. The amount of workers’ compensation reserves that were discounted was $1,655 million and $1,731 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The aggregate net discount for those reserves, after reflecting the effects of ceded reinsurance, was $483 million and $530 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. At December 31, 2020, discount rates by year ranged from 0.7% to 6.5%, with a weighted average discount rate of 3.6%.
Substantially all discounted workers’ compensation reserves (97% of total discounted reserves at December 31, 2020) are excess workers’ compensation reserves. In order to properly match loss expenses with income earned on investment securities supporting the liabilities, reserves for excess workers’ compensation business are discounted using risk-free discount rates determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve. These rates are determined annually based on the weighted average rate for the period. Once established, no adjustments are made to the discount rate for that period, and any increases or decreases in loss reserves in subsequent years are discounted at the same rate, without regard to when any such adjustments are recognized. The expected loss and loss expense payout patterns subject to discounting are derived from the Company’s loss payout experience.
The Company also discounts reserves for certain other long-duration workers’ compensation reserves (representing approximately 3% of total discounted reserves at December 31, 2020), including reserves for quota share reinsurance and reserves related to losses regarding occupational lung disease. These reserves are discounted at statutory rates permitted by the Department of Insurance of the State of Delaware.
To date, known environmental and asbestos claims have not had a material impact on the Company’s operations, because its subsidiaries generally did not insure large industrial companies that are subject to significant environmental or asbestos exposures prior to 1986 when an absolute exclusion was incorporated into standard policy language.
The Company’s net reserves for losses and loss expenses relating to environmental and asbestos claims on policies written before adoption of the absolute exclusion was $19 million at December 31, 2020 and $24 million at December 31, 2019. The estimation of these liabilities is subject to significantly greater than normal variation and uncertainty because it is difficult to make an actuarial estimate of these liabilities due to the absence of a generally accepted actuarial methodology for these exposures and the potential effect of significant unresolved legal matters, including coverage issues, as well as the cost of litigating the legal issues. Additionally, the determination of ultimate damages and the final allocation of such damages to financially responsible parties are highly uncertain.
The table below provides a reconciliation of the beginning of year and end of year property casualty reserves for the indicated years:
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Net reserves at beginning of year $ 10,697,998 $ 10,248,883 $ 10,056,914
Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles (1) 5,927 - -
Restated net reserves at beginning of period 10,703,925 10,248,883 10,056,914
Net provision for losses and loss expenses:
Claims occurring during the current year (2) 4,432,937 4,057,989 3,926,489
Increase in estimates for claims occurring in prior years (3) 627 34,079 6,831
Loss reserve discount amortization 35,142 39,048 41,382
Total 4,468,706 4,131,116 3,974,702
Net payments for claims:
Current year 921,054 985,599 964,808
Prior years 2,677,595 2,673,803 2,700,077
Total 3,598,649 3,659,402 3,664,885
Foreign currency translation 46,411 (22,599) (117,848)
Net reserves at end of year 11,620,393 10,697,998 10,248,883
Ceded reserves at end of year 2,164,037 1,885,251 1,717,565
Gross reserves at end of year $ 13,784,430 $ 12,583,249 $ 11,966,448
Net change in premiums and losses occurring in prior years:
Increase in estimates for claims occurring in prior years (3) $ (627) $ (34,079) $ (6,831)
Retrospective premium adjustments for claims occurring in prior years (4) 16,807 53,511 45,638
Net favorable premium and reserve development on prior years
$ 16,180 $ 19,432 $ 38,807
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(1)The cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principals relates to the allowance for expected credit losses on reinsurance recoverables that commenced on January 1, 2020 due to the adoption of ASU 2016-13. See Note 1 for more details.
(2)Claims occurring during the current year are net of loss reserve discounts of $10 million, $20 million and $24 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
(3)The change in estimates for claims occurring in prior years is net of loss reserve discount. On an undiscounted basis, the estimates for claims occurring in prior years decreased by $21 million in 2020, and increased by $19 million in 2019 and decreased by $4 million in 2018, respectively.
(4)For certain retrospectively rated insurance policies and reinsurance agreements, changes in loss and loss expenses for prior years are offset by additional or return premiums.
Also, see Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and note 13, Reserves for Losses and Loss Expenses included in our audited consolidated financial statements for further information regarding the changes in estimates for claims occurring in prior years.
A reconciliation between the reserves as of December 31, 2020 as reported in the accompanying consolidated GAAP financial statements and those reported on the basis of statutory accounting principles (“SAP”) in the Company’s U.S. regulatory filings is as follows:
(In thousands)
Net reserves reported in U.S. regulatory filings on a SAP basis $ 11,222,730
Reserves for non-U.S. companies 495,565
Loss reserve discounting (1) (104,896)
Ceded reserves 2,164,037
Allowance for expected credit losses on due from reinsurers 6,994
Gross reserves reported in the consolidated GAAP financial statements $ 13,784,430
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(1)For statutory purposes, the Company discounts its workers’ compensation reinsurance reserves at 2.5% as prescribed or permitted by the Department of Insurance of the State of Delaware. In its GAAP financial statements, the Company discounts excess workers’ compensation reserves at the risk-free rate and assumed workers’ compensation reserves at the statutory rate.
Reinsurance
We follow a common industry practice of reinsuring a portion of our exposures and paying to reinsurers a portion of the premiums received on the policies that we write. Reinsurance is purchased principally to reduce net liability on individual risks and to protect against catastrophic losses. Although reinsurance does not legally discharge an insurer from its primary liability for the full amount of the policies, it does make the assuming reinsurer contractually liable to the insurer to the extent of the reinsurance coverage. We monitor the financial condition of our reinsurers and attempt to place our coverages only with substantial, financially sound carriers. As a result, generally the reinsurers who reinsure our casualty insurance must have an A.M. Best rating of “A (Excellent)” or better with at least $1 billion in policyholder surplus and the reinsurers who cover our property insurance must have an A.M. Best rating of “A- (Excellent)” or better with at least $1 billion in policyholder surplus.
Regulation
U.S. Regulation
Our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are subject to varying degrees of regulation and supervision in the jurisdictions in which they do business.
Overview. Our domestic insurance subsidiaries are subject to statutes which delegate regulatory, supervisory and administrative powers to state insurance commissioners. This regulation relates to such matters as the standards of solvency which must be met and maintained; the licensing of insurers and their agents; the nature of and limitations on investments; deposits of securities for the benefit of policyholders; approval of certain policy forms and premium rates; periodic examination of the affairs of insurance companies; annual and other reports required to be filed on the financial condition of insurers or for other purposes; establishment and maintenance of reserves for unearned premiums, loss expenses and losses; and requirements regarding numerous other matters. Our property casualty subsidiaries, other than excess and surplus and reinsurance
subsidiaries, must generally file all rates with the insurance department of each state in which they operate. Our excess and surplus and reinsurance subsidiaries generally operate free of rate and form regulation.
Legislative and Regulatory Activity Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Since March 2020, U.S. state insurance regulators have issued directives and guidance in response to the economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, which have encouraged or directed insurance companies to implement accommodations such as extending grace periods for premium payments and forbearing on the cancellation or non-renewal of policies due to non-payment of premium. In addition, there has been industry and regulatory discussion regarding the appropriate role of pandemic business interruption coverage, which could potentially mandate retroactive coverage of pandemic-related business interruption losses that insurance policies would not otherwise cover and were not priced to cover such losses. In December 2020, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) expressed its view that a federal mechanism is necessary to address the business interruption coverage gap for pandemic risk. Proposals for a prospective federal backstop for pandemic business interruption coverages are currently under development and consideration. These legislative and regulatory initiatives may adversely affect our business.
See “Risk Factors - Risks Related to Our Industry - The COVID-19 pandemic has materially and adversely affected our results of operations, and is expected to continue and therefore may materially and adversely affect, our results of operations, financial position and liquidity.”
Holding Company Statutes. In addition to regulatory supervision of our insurance subsidiaries, we are subject to state statutes governing insurance holding company systems. Under the terms of applicable state statutes, any person or entity desiring to purchase more than a specified percentage (commonly 10%) of our outstanding voting securities would be required to obtain prior regulatory approval of the purchase. Typically, such statutes require that we periodically file information with the appropriate state insurance commissioner, including information concerning our capital structure, ownership, financial condition and general business operations.
In addition, we must annually submit to our lead state regulator an “enterprise risk management report” which identifies the activities and circumstances of any affiliated company that might have a material adverse effect on the financial condition of our group or our U.S. licensed insurers.
Nearly all states have also adopted changes to the holding company act that authorize U.S. insurance regulators to lead or participate in the group-wide supervision of certain international insurance groups. In November 2019, the International Association of Insurance Supervisors (“IAIS”), an international standard setter, adopted a global framework for the supervision of internationally active insurance groups, as discussed below under “- International Regulation.” This framework includes a risk-based, group-wide global insurance capital standard (“ICS”), which will undergo a five-year monitoring period that started in January 2020. In the U.S., the NAIC has developed a group capital calculation tool that uses a risk-based capital aggregation methodology for all entities in an insurance holding company system. The goal is to provide U.S. regulators with a method to aggregate the available capital and the minimum capital of each entity in a group in a way that applies to all companies regardless of their structure. The NAIC adopted the group capital calculation methodology and amendments to the NAIC’s model holding company act and regulation. These amendments, which implement the annual filing requirement for the group capital calculation, now have to be adopted by state legislatures in order to become effective.
Nearly all states have adopted the NAIC's Risk Management and Own Risk and Solvency Assessment Model Act (the “ORSA Model Act”), which requires an insurance holding company system’s chief risk officer to submit annually to its lead state insurance regulator an Own Risk and Solvency Assessment Summary Report (“ORSA”). The ORSA is a confidential internal assessment of the material and relevant risks associated with an insurer’s current business plan and the sufficiency of capital resources to support those risks. Under ORSA, we are required to:
•regularly, no less than annually, conduct an ORSA to assess the adequacy of our risk management framework, and current and estimated projected future solvency position;
•internally document the process and results of the assessment; and
•provide a confidential high-level ORSA Summary Report annually to the Commissioner of Insurance of the State of Delaware (our lead state commissioner).
Cybersecurity Regulations. New York’s cybersecurity regulation for financial services institutions that are authorized by the New York State Department of Financial Services ("Part 500"), including our insurance subsidiaries licensed in New York, became effective on March 1, 2017. The regulation requires these entities to assess risks associated with their information systems and establish and maintain a cybersecurity program designed to protect consumers’ private data and the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the licensee’s information systems. On October 24, 2017, the NAIC adopted the Insurance Data Security Model Law (the “Cybersecurity Model Law”), which establishes standards for data security, the investigation of cybersecurity events involving unauthorized access to, or the misuse of, certain nonpublic information, and reporting to insurance commissioners. The Cybersecurity Model Law imposes significant regulatory burdens intended to protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information systems. Its implementation will be based on adoption by state
legislatures. As of December 31, 2020, the Cybersecurity Model Law had been adopted by 11 states, including one of our domiciliary states. Importantly, a drafting note in the Cybersecurity Model Law states that a licensee’s compliance with the New York cybersecurity regulation is intended to constitute compliance with the Cybersecurity Model Law.
Certain states are developing or have developed regulations related to privacy and data security. For example, in 2018 California enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), which broadly regulates the collection, processing and disclosure of California residents’ personal information, imposes limits on the “sale” of personal information and grants California residents certain rights to, among other things, access and delete data about them in certain circumstances. CCPA also established a private right of action, with potentially significant statutory damages, whereby businesses that fail to implement reasonable security measures to protect against breaches of personal information could be liable to affected consumers. CCPA became effective on January 1, 2020, and compliance with the CCPA may increase the cost of providing our services in California. Other states have considered - and may adopt - similar proposals. We cannot predict the impact, if any, that any proposed or future cybersecurity regulations will have on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Risk-Based Capital Requirements. The NAIC utilizes a Risk-Based Capital (“RBC”) formula that is designed to measure the adequacy of an insurer's statutory surplus in relation to the risks inherent in its business. The RBC formula develops a risk adjusted target level of adjusted statutory capital by applying certain factors to various asset, premium and reserve items. The NAIC RBC Model Law provides for four incremental levels of regulatory attention for insurers whose surplus is below the calculated RBC target. These levels of attention range in severity from requiring the insurer to submit a plan for corrective action to actually placing the insurer under regulatory control. The RBC of each of our domestic insurance subsidiaries was above any RBC action level as of December 31, 2020.
Insurance Regulatory Information System. The NAIC also has developed a set of 13 financial ratios for property and casualty insurers referred to as the Insurance Regulatory Information System (“IRIS”). On the basis of statutory financial statements filed with state insurance regulators, the NAIC annually calculates these IRIS ratios to assist state insurance regulators in monitoring the financial condition of insurance companies. The NAIC has established an acceptable range for each of the IRIS financial ratios.
Guaranty Funds. Our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are also subject to assessment by state guaranty funds when an insurer in a particular jurisdiction has been judicially declared insolvent and the insolvent company's available funds are insufficient to pay policyholders and claimants the amounts to which they are entitled. The protection afforded under a state's guaranty fund to policyholders of the insolvent insurer varies from state to state. Generally, all licensed property casualty insurers are considered to be members of the fund, and assessments are based upon their pro rata share of direct written premiums in that state. The NAIC Post-Assessment Property and Liability Insurance Guaranty Association Model Act, which many states have adopted, limits assessments to an insurer to 2% of its subject premium and permits recoupment of assessments through rate setting. Likewise, several states (or underwriting organizations of which our insurance subsidiaries are required to be members) have limited assessment authority with regard to deficits in certain lines of business.
Additionally, state insurance laws and regulations require us to participate in mandatory property-liability “shared market,” “pooling” or similar arrangements that provide certain types of insurance coverage to individuals or others who otherwise are unable to purchase coverage voluntarily provided by private insurers. Shared market mechanisms include assigned risk plans and fair access to insurance requirement or “FAIR” plans. In addition, some states require insurers to participate in reinsurance pools for claims that exceed specified amounts. Our participation in these mandatory shared market or pooling mechanisms generally is related to the amount of our direct writings for the type of coverage written by the specific arrangement in the applicable state.
Dividends. We receive funds from our insurance company subsidiaries in the form of dividends and management fees for certain management services. Annual dividends in excess of maximum amounts prescribed by state statutes may not be paid without the approval of the insurance commissioner of the state in which an insurance subsidiary is domiciled. See “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Liquidity and Capital Resources.”
Trade Practices. State insurance laws and regulations include numerous provisions governing trade practices and the marketplace activities of insurers, including provisions governing marketing and sales practices, policyholder services, claims management and complaint handling. State regulatory authorities generally enforce these provisions through periodic market conduct examinations.
Investment Regulation. Investments by our domestic insurance companies must comply with applicable laws and regulations which prescribe the kind, quality and concentration of investments. In general, these laws and regulations permit investments in federal, state and municipal obligations, corporate bonds, preferred and common equity securities, mortgage loans, real estate and certain other investments, subject to specified limits and certain other qualifications. Investments that do
not comply with these limits and qualifications are deducted in our insurance subsidiaries' calculation of their statutory capital and surplus.
Terrorism Risk Insurance. The Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002 established a Federal program that provides for a system of shared public and private compensation for insured losses resulting from acts of terrorism. Pursuant to the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2019 (“TRIPRA”), the program was extended until December 31, 2027.
TRIPRA provides a federal backstop to all U.S. based property and casualty insurers for insurance related losses resulting from any act of terrorism on U.S. soil or against certain U.S. air carriers, vessels or foreign missions. TRIPRA is applicable to almost all commercial lines of property and casualty insurance but excludes commercial auto, burglary and theft, surety, professional liability and farm owners' multi-peril insurance. Insurers with direct commercial property and casualty insurance exposure in the United States are required to participate in the program and make available coverage for certified acts of terrorism. TRIPRA's definition of certified acts includes domestic terrorism. Federal participation will be triggered under TRIPRA when the Secretary of Treasury certifies an act of terrorism.
Under the program, the federal government will pay 80% of an insurer's covered losses in excess of the insurer's applicable deductible. The insurer's deductible is based on 20% of earned premium for the prior year for covered lines of commercial property and casualty insurance. Based on our 2020 earned premiums, our aggregate deductible under TRIPRA during 2021 will be approximately $1,014 million. The federal program will not pay losses for certified acts unless such losses exceed $200 million industry-wide for any calendar year after 2020. TRIPRA limits the federal government's share of losses at $100 billion for a program year. In addition, an insurer that has satisfied its deductible is not liable for the payment of losses in excess of the $100 billion cap.
Excess and Surplus Lines. The regulation of our U.S. subsidiaries' excess and surplus lines insurance business differs significantly from the regulation of our admitted business. Our surplus lines subsidiaries are subject to the surplus lines regulation and reporting requirements of the jurisdictions in which they are eligible to write surplus lines insurance. Although the surplus lines business is generally less regulated than admitted business, principally with respect to rates and policy forms, strict regulations apply to surplus lines placements in the laws of every state and the regulation of surplus lines insurance may undergo changes in the future. Federal or state measures may be introduced to increase the oversight of surplus lines insurance in the future.
Climate Change and Financial Risks. In September 2020, the New York State Department of Financial Services (the “NYDFS”) issued a circular letter to New York domestic and foreign insurance companies, which impacts our insurance subsidiaries licensed in New York. The circular letter states that the NYDFS expects insurers to integrate financial risks related to climate change into their governance frameworks, risk management processes and business strategies. For example, the letter states that an insurer should designate a board member or board committee, as well as a senior management function, that oversees the management of the financial risks associated with climate change. The NYDFS will publish guidance on climate-related financial supervision, and it will incorporate questions on this topic into their examinations starting in 2021.
Federal Regulation. Although the federal government and its regulatory agencies generally do not directly regulate the business of insurance, federal initiatives could have an impact on our business in a variety of ways. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) effected sweeping changes to financial services regulation in the United States. The Dodd-Frank Act created two new federal government bodies, the Federal Insurance Office (the “FIO”) and the Financial Stability Oversight Council (the “FSOC”), which may impact the regulation of insurance. Although the FIO has preemption authority over state insurance laws that conflict with certain international agreements, it does not have general supervisory or regulatory authority over the business of insurance. The FIO has authority to represent the United States in international insurance matters and is authorized to monitor the U.S. insurance industry and identify potential regulatory gaps that could contribute to systemic risk. In May 2018, the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act (“Economic Growth Act”) was signed into law. Among other things, the Economic Growth Act addresses the roles played by federal regulators at international insurance standard-setting forums. It directs the Director of the FIO and the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve to support increased transparency at international standard-setting regulatory forums (e.g., the IAIS). These federal regulations also instruct the FIO and the Federal Reserve to achieve consensus positions with the states through the NAIC prior to taking a position on any insurance proposal by a global insurance regulatory forum.
The Dodd-Frank Act authorizes the Secretary of the Treasury and U.S. Trade Representative to enter into international agreements of mutual recognition regarding the prudential regulation of insurance or reinsurance, and in September 2017, the U.S. and the European Union ("EU") signed such a covered agreement (the "EU Covered Agreement").
The EU Covered Agreement addresses three areas of prudential supervision: reinsurance, group supervision and the exchange of information between the U.S. and EU. Under the EU Covered Agreement, reinsurance collateral requirements will no longer apply to qualifying EU reinsurers that sell reinsurance to the U.S. market, and U.S. reinsurers operating in the EU
market will no longer be subject to “local presence” requirements. The EU Covered Agreement establishes group supervision practices that apply only to U.S. and EU insurance groups operating in both territories. For instance, the EU Covered Agreement states that, provided the U.S. has adopted group supervision including worldwide group governance, solvency, capital and reporting, U.S.-headquartered insurance groups with operations in the EU will be supervised at the worldwide level only by U.S. insurance regulators precluding EU insurance supervisors from exercising solvency and capital requirements over the worldwide operations of U.S.-headquartered insurers. Under the Dodd-Frank Act, the FIO has preemption authority over state insurance laws that conflict with the EU Covered Agreement.
In late December 2018, the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative entered into a covered agreement with the U.K. (the “U.K. Covered Agreement”), which will extend the benefits of a covered agreement to the U.K. after Brexit. The agreement between the U.S. and the U.K. largely reflects the provisions of the EU Covered Agreement and incorporates the same timeframes within it.
Under the terms of such EU and U.K. Covered Agreements, beginning September 1, 2022, state credit for reinsurance laws that result in non-U.S. reinsurers subject to the Covered Agreements being treated less favorably than U.S. reinsurers may be preempted by the applicable Covered Agreement. Accordingly, in June 2019, the NAIC adopted amendments to its Credit for Reinsurance Model Law in order to satisfy the substantive and timing requirements of the Covered Agreements and to pave the way for U.S. states to similarly amend their credit for reinsurance laws and avoid potential federal pre-emption of these laws. These amendments will become an NAIC accreditation standard beginning September 1, 2022, with enforcement beginning on January 1, 2023. The newly amended Credit for Reinsurance Model Law also extends the zero reinsurance collateral provisions in the Covered Agreements to U.S. jurisdictions that are accredited by the NAIC and to non-U.S. jurisdictions that have not entered into a covered agreement with the U.S. but the NAIC has identified as “reciprocal jurisdictions” pursuant to the NAIC Qualified Jurisdiction Process. We cannot currently predict the impact of these changes to the law or whether any other covered agreements will be successfully adopted, and cannot currently estimate the impact of these changes to the law and any such adopted covered agreements on our business, financial condition or operating results.
The FIO also can recommend to the FSOC that it designate an insurer as an entity posing risks to the United States’ financial stability in the event of the insurer’s material financial distress or failure, i.e., a “systemically important financial institution” or a “non-bank SIFI.” An insurer so designated by the FSOC will be subject to Federal Reserve supervision and heightened prudential standards. There are currently no such non-bank SIFIs designated by the FSOC. On December 4, 2019, the FSOC approved final guidance related to a revised process for designating non-bank SIFIs, which substantially changed its previous procedures by adopting an activities-based approach and moving away from the entities-based approach. The final guidance became effective on January 29, 2020.
Based upon our current business model and balance sheet, we do not believe that we will be designated by the FSOC as such an institution. Although the potential impact of any future amendments to the Dodd-Frank Act on the U.S. insurance industry is not clear, our business could be affected by changes to the U.S. system of insurance regulation or our designation or the designation of insurers or reinsurers with which we do business as systemically important non-bank financial companies.
International Regulation
Our insurance subsidiaries based in the United Kingdom are regulated by the Prudential Regulation Authority (“PRA”) and/or the Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”). The PRA’s primary objectives with regard to insurers are to promote the safety and soundness of insurers and to contribute to the securing of an appropriate degree of protection for current and future policyholders, while the FCA has three operational objectives: (i) to secure an appropriate degree of protection for consumers, (ii) to protect and enhance the integrity of the United Kingdom’s financial system, and (iii) to promote effective competition in the interests of consumers in the financial services markets. The PRA and FCA employ a variety of regulatory tools to achieve their objectives, including periodic auditing and reporting requirements, risk assessment reviews, minimum solvency margins and individual capital assessment requirements, dividend restrictions, in certain cases, approval requirements governing the appointment of key officers, approval requirements governing controlling ownership interests and various other requirements.
Our Lloyd’s managing agency is also regulated by Lloyd’s, and the Lloyd’s syndicate business is subject to Lloyd’s supervision. Through Lloyd’s, we are licensed to write business in various countries throughout the world by virtue of Lloyd’s international licenses. In each such country, we are subject to the laws and insurance regulation of that country. Our insurance subsidiary based in Liechtenstein is regulated by the Financial Market Authority of Liechtenstein, which has regulatory tools analogous to those of the U.K. regulators noted above.
Additionally, U.K. and Liechtenstein laws and regulations also impact us as “controllers” of our European-regulated subsidiaries, whereby we are required to notify the appropriate authorities about significant events relating to such regulated subsidiaries’ controllers (i.e. persons or entities which have certain levels of direct or indirect voting power or economic interests in the regulated entities) as well as changes of control, and to submit annual reports regarding their controllers. The
PRA/FCA’s Senior Managers and Certification Regime and analogous regulation in Liechtenstein further provide regulatory frameworks for standards of fitness and propriety, conduct and accountability for individuals in positions of responsibility at insurers. In addition, certain employees are individually registered at Lloyd’s.
Following the expiry of the transition period for the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the EU on December 31, 2020, an insurance company with authorization to write insurance business in the U.K. is no longer permitted to provide cross-border services on a “passporting” basis in the remaining member states of the European Economic Area (“EEA”), a group including member states of the EU and Norway, Liechtenstein and Iceland. Instead, U.K. insurance companies are now required to establish either a subsidiary or a branch in an EEA member state and apply for direct authorization with the local regulator in that jurisdiction.
EEA insurers have similarly lost their right to provide cross-border services on a “passporting” basis into the U.K. As a result, the U.K. branch of our Liechtenstein subsidiary has applied for direct authorization to carry on insurance business in the U.K. In the meantime, the branch is currently able to perform regulated insurance business in the U.K. under the supervision of the PRA/FCA pursuant to the U.K. ‘Temporary Permissions Regime’ while the application is being considered.
See below “Risks Relating To Our Business-The United Kingdom leaving the EU could adversely affect our business” for more information.
Our insurance business throughout the EU and EEA is subject to “Solvency II”, an insurance regulatory regime governing, among other things, capital adequacy and risk management which became effective on January 1, 2016. Following the U.K.’s withdrawal from the EU, and the expiry of the transition period on December 31, 2020, our Lloyd’s managing agency (and the U.K. branch of our Liechtenstein subsidiary) are now subject to a separate U.K. prudential regime. This domestic regime is identical to Solvency II from January 1, 2021. However, the two regimes may diverge over time. The U.K. is currently undertaking a review of Solvency II and of the regulatory regime applicable to U.K. authorized insurers and reinsurers. Lloyd’s applies a capital adequacy test to all Lloyd’s syndicates, including our syndicate, that is based on the U.K. prudential regime.
Solvency II provides for the supervision of group solvency. Under Solvency II, it is possible that the U.S. parent of a European Union subsidiary could be subject to certain Solvency II requirements if the U.S. company is not already subject to regulations deemed “equivalent” to Solvency II. Currently, the U.S. system of insurance regulation relating to group supervision is not deemed “equivalent” to Solvency II by European Union authorities. The PRA will also perform separate, but comparable, supervision of group solvency under the U.K.’s own domestic prudential regime where a U.S. holding company is a parent of a subsidiary U.K. insurer or reinsurer.
The Liechtenstein financial services regulator, the Financial Markets Authority, is the group supervisor for our European-regulated subsidiaries. However, both the EU and the U.K. Covered Agreements prohibit any EU supervisor or the PRA (as applicable) from exercising group-wide supervision at any level above the highest company organized in the country of that supervisor.
We must also comply with the EU General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which took effect in May 2018. The regulation’s goal is to impose increased individual rights and protections for all personal data located in or originating from the EU. The U.K. has also implemented the GDPR. Both the GDPR and the U.K. GDPR are extraterritorial in that they apply to all businesses in the EU and the U.K. respectively and any business outside the EU and the U.K. that process EU and/or U.K. personal data of individuals in the EU and/or the U.K.. Moreover, there are significant fines associated with non-compliance. In particular, we need to monitor our compliance with all relevant member states’ laws and regulations, including where permitted derogations from the GDPR and the U.K. GDPR are introduced. The introduction of the GDPR and the U.K. GDPR, and any resultant changes in EU member states’ or U.K. national laws and regulations, has increased our compliance obligations and has necessitated the review and implementation of policies and processes relating to our collection and use of data, and has required us to change our business practices regarding these matters.
In addition, we may be affected by regulatory policies adopted by the IAIS, an international standard setter consisting of supervisors and regulators from more than 200 jurisdictions. The IAIS has been working on several initiatives to consider changes to insurer solvency standards and group supervision of companies in a holding company system in response to the increasing globalization of the insurance sector. In November 2019, the IAIS formally adopted a global framework for the supervision of internationally active insurance groups (“IAIGs”), which is referred to as the Common Framework for the Supervision of Internationally Active Insurance Groups, or “ComFrame.” ComFrame is intended to provide a framework of basic standards for IAIGs and a process for supervisors to cooperate in the supervision of IAIGs. Also in November 2019, the IAIS adopted a risk-based group-wide global insurance capital standard (“ICS”) that will apply to IAIGs and ultimately form a part of ComFrame. The ICS commenced a five-year monitoring period in January 2020 which is being used for confidential reporting and discussion in supervisory colleges to provide feedback to the IAIS on the ICS’s design and performance, but will not trigger any supervisory action. Following this monitoring period, the ICS is expected to be implemented in 2025 as a group-
wide prescribed capital requirement for IAIGs and integrated into the rest of ComFrame. As noted above under “- U.S. Regulation,” it is unclear how the development of the ICS will interact with existing capital requirements for insurance companies in the United States and the NAIC’s development of the GCC.
Our international operations are also subject to varying degrees of regulation in Mexico, Australia and Canada and in certain other countries in Europe, South America, and Southeast Asia. Generally, our subsidiaries must satisfy local regulatory requirements. While each country imposes licensing, solvency, auditing and financial reporting requirements, the type and extent of the requirements differ substantially. Key areas where country regulations may differ include: (i) the type of financial reports to be filed; (ii) a requirement to use local intermediaries; (iii) the amount of reinsurance permissible; (iv) the scope of any regulation of policy forms and rates; and (v) the type and frequency of regulatory examinations.
Competition
The property casualty insurance and reinsurance businesses are highly competitive, with many insurance companies of various sizes, as well as other entities offering risk alternatives such as self-insured retentions or captive programs, transacting business in the United States and internationally. We compete directly with a large number of these companies. Competition in our industry is largely measured by the ability to provide insurance and services at a price and on terms that are reasonable and acceptable to the customer. Our strategy in this highly fragmented industry is to seek specialized areas or geographic regions where our operating units can gain a competitive advantage by responding quickly to changing market conditions. Our operating units establish their own pricing practices based upon a Company-wide philosophy to price products with the intent of making an underwriting profit.
Competition for insurance business within the United States comes from other specialty insurers, regional carriers, large national multi-line companies and reinsurers. Our specialty operating units compete with excess and surplus insurers as well as standard carriers. Other regional units compete with mutual and other regional stock companies as well as national carriers. Additionally, direct writers of property casualty insurance compete with our regional units by writing insurance through their salaried employees, generally at a lower acquisition cost than through independent agents such as those used by the Company. We compete internationally with native insurance operations both large and small, which in some cases are related to government entities, as well as with branches or local subsidiaries of multinational companies.
Competition for reinsurance business, which is especially strong, comes from domestic and foreign reinsurers, which produce their business either on a direct basis or through the broker market. These competitors include Swiss Re, Munich Re, Berkshire Hathaway, Transatlantic Reinsurance, Partner Re and others.
In recent years, various institutional investors have increasingly sought to participate in the property and casualty insurance and reinsurance industries. Well-capitalized new entrants to the property and casualty insurance and reinsurance industries, or existing competitors that receive substantial infusions of capital, provide increasing competition, which may adversely impact our business and profitability. Further, an expanded supply of reinsurance capital may lower costs for insurers that rely on reinsurance and, as a consequence, those insurers may be able to price their products more competitively.
Human Capital Resources
As of January 15, 2021, we employed 7,495 individuals. Of this number, our subsidiaries employed 7,356 persons and the remaining persons were employed at the parent company.
We believe that our people are our greatest asset and that our corporate culture is the most important intangible value driver of our superior long-term risk-adjusted returns and growth in stockholder value.
Human Capital Management: The Company fosters a performance culture. We are focused on creating a respectful, rewarding, diverse, and inclusive work environment that allows our employees to build meaningful and productive careers. The success of these human capital management objectives is essential to our strategy, as it is our people who drive our success. We invest in their growth as individuals and professionals through training and engagement, as well as in their well-being through robust health and wellness programs and a commitment to diversity.
The Company provides developmental opportunities for our employees through formal and informal programs that focus on enabling employees to build skills and thought leadership in specific facets of our business. Our leadership programs cultivate the talent of our high-potential, strong-performing employees as we strive to deepen, enhance and diversify the Company’s leadership team.
We strive to align employee incentives with the risk and performance frameworks of the Company. The Company’s “pay for performance” philosophy connects individual, operating unit and Company results to employee compensation, providing employees with opportunities to share in the Company’s overall growth and success. The Company offers employees a comprehensive benefits package, including health and wellness, financial, educational and life management benefits. In
addition, we support employees in making an impact in their local communities and globally through environmental and social efforts that are meaningful to them.
Our Board of Directors engages with our senior leadership team, including our senior vice president - human resources, on a periodic basis across a range of human capital management issues, including succession planning and development, compensation, benefits, talent recruiting and retention, engagement, diversity and inclusion, and employee feedback.
Culture: The Board of Directors has recognized Accountability, People Oriented Strategy, Responsible Financial Practices, Risk-Adjusted Returns and Transparency as the elements of corporate culture necessary for the Company to achieve success. Our culture is what unifies our employees across our decentralized business model, to serve our diverse clients globally and propels the Company’s continuous evolution.
We are committed to fostering a unifying culture and encouraging innovation across our enterprise. The key drivers of our culture encompass the premises that (i) specialized knowledge and having a customer-centric focus are competitive advantages and (ii) an environment that promotes integrity, embraces the commitment to “always do right,” fosters entrepreneurship and innovation, and values making thoughtful decisions for the long-term benefit of our enterprise. While there is no one “Berkley” way, each of our operating units has a unique culture that embodies a shared set of values that define our enterprise. Our structure, with more than 50 distinct operating units, facilitates the prompt identification of and appropriate action with respect to addressing individual business or cultural issues arising within an operating unit, without significantly affecting the larger enterprise. Furthermore, these operating units are overseen by senior corporate business managers and senior corporate functional managers, including actuarial, claims, underwriting, compliance and finance, providing a unique governance structure that makes it easier to identify such issues. Additionally, our Board of Directors through, among other activities, its regular interactions with corporate senior management, have visibility into and receive timely feedback on cultural issues that may affect our business.
As significant owners of our Company who are required to hold their shares until separation from service, each of our directors and senior executives have a vested interest in cultivating talent and perpetuating a culture that facilitates the execution of our long-term objectives.
Other Information about the Company's Business
We maintain an interest in the acquisition and startup of complementary businesses and continue to evaluate possible acquisitions and new ventures on an ongoing basis. In addition, our operating units develop new coverages or enter lines of business to meet the needs of insureds.
Seasonal weather variations and other events affect the severity and frequency of losses sustained by the insurance and reinsurance operating units. Although the effect on our business of catastrophes such as tornadoes, hurricanes, hailstorms, wildfires, earthquakes and terrorist acts may be mitigated by reinsurance, they nevertheless can have a significant impact on the results of any one or more reporting periods.
We have no customer that accounts for 10 percent or more of our consolidated revenues.
Compliance by W. R. Berkley and its subsidiaries with federal, state and local provisions that have been enacted or adopted regulating the discharge of materials into the environment, or otherwise relating to protection of the environment, has not had a material effect upon our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position.
The Company's internet address is www.berkley.com. The information on our website is not incorporated by reference in this annual report on Form 10-K. The Company's annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act and other reports filed by us or with respect to our securities by others are accessible free of charge through this website as soon as reasonably practicable after they have been electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Our businesses face significant risks. If any of the events or circumstances described as risks below occur, our businesses, results of operations and/or financial condition could be materially and adversely affected. In addition to those described below, our businesses may also be adversely affected by risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently consider immaterial.
Risks Relating to Our Industry
Our results may fluctuate as a result of many factors, including cyclical changes in the insurance and reinsurance industry.
The results of companies in the property casualty insurance industry historically have been subject to significant fluctuations and uncertainties in demand and pricing, causing cyclical changes in the insurance and reinsurance industry. The demand for insurance is influenced primarily by general economic conditions, while the supply of insurance is often directly related to available capacity or the perceived profitability of the business. In recent years, we have faced significant competition in our business, as a result of new entrants and capital providers, as well as existing insurers seeking to gain or maintain market share. Recently, premium rates have increased at an accelerating pace for most lines of business, while they have decreased in others, most notably workers' compensation. The adequacy of premium rates is affected mainly by the severity and frequency of claims, which are influenced by many factors, including natural disasters, regulatory measures and court decisions that define and expand the extent of coverage and the effects of economic or social inflation on the amount of compensation due for injuries or losses. In addition, investment rates of return have impacted rate adequacy, with interest rates remaining at or near historic lows. These factors can have a significant impact on ultimate profitability because a property casualty insurance policy is priced before its costs are known as premiums usually are determined long before claims are reported. These factors could produce results that would have a negative impact on our results of operations and financial condition.
We face significant competitive pressures in our businesses, which have pressured premium rates in certain areas and could harm our ability to maintain or increase our profitability and premium volume in some parts of our business.
We compete with a large number of other companies in our selected lines of business. We compete, and will continue to compete, with major U.S. and non-U.S. insurers and reinsurers, other regional companies, as well as mutual companies, specialty insurance companies, underwriting agencies, diversified financial services companies and insurtech companies. Competitiveness in our businesses is based on many factors, including premium charges, ratings assigned by independent rating agencies, commissions paid to producers, the perceived financial strength of the company, other terms and conditions offered, services provided (including ease of doing business over the internet), speed of claims payment and reputation and experience in the lines to be written. In recent years, the insurance industry has undergone consolidation, which may further increase competition in some parts of our business.
Some of our competitors, particularly in the reinsurance business, have greater financial and/or marketing resources than we do. These competitors within the reinsurance market include Swiss Re, Munich Re, Berkshire Hathaway, Transatlantic Reinsurance, and Partner Re. We expect that perceived financial strength, in particular, will become more important as customers seek high quality reinsurers.
Over the past several years, increased supply has led to significant competition in our business. Our E&S operating units have also encountered competition from admitted companies seeking to increase market share. More recently, insurance prices have generally increased for most lines of business, excluding workers' compensation. However, loss costs have also increased and the duration and magnitude of the improving pricing environment remains uncertain. With the low level of interest rates available, current price levels for certain lines of business may remain below the prices required for us to achieve our long-term return objectives. We expect to continue to face strong competition in some parts of our business.
In recent years, various types of investors have increasingly sought to participate in the property and casualty insurance and reinsurance industries. Well-capitalized new entrants to the property and casualty insurance and reinsurance industries, or existing competitors that receive substantial infusions of capital or access to third-party capital, provide increasing competition, which may adversely impact our business and profitability. Further, an expanded supply of reinsurance capital may lower costs for insurers that rely on reinsurance and, as a consequence, those insurers may be able to price their products more competitively. In addition, technology companies or other third parties have created, and may in the future create, technology-enabled business models, processes, platforms or alternate distribution channels that may adversely impact our competitive position in some parts of our business.
This intense competition could cause the supply and/or demand for insurance or reinsurance to change, which affect our ability to price our products at attractive rates and retain existing business or write new products at adequate rates or on terms and conditions acceptable to us. If we are unable to retain existing business or write new business at adequate rates or on terms and conditions acceptable to us, our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
Our actual claims losses may exceed our reserves for claims, which may require us to establish additional reserves.
Our gross reserves for losses and loss expenses were approximately $13.8 billion as of December 31, 2020. Our loss reserves reflect our best estimates of the cost of settling claims and related expenses with respect to insured events that have occurred.
Reserves do not represent an exact calculation of liability. Rather, reserves represent an estimate of what management expects the ultimate settlement and claims administration will cost for claims that have occurred, whether known or unknown. The major assumptions about anticipated loss emergence patterns are subject to unanticipated fluctuation. These estimates, which generally involve actuarial projections, are based on management's assessment of facts and circumstances then known, as well as estimates of future trends in claims severity and frequency, inflation, judicial theories of liability, reinsurance coverage, legislative changes and other factors, including the actions of third parties, which are beyond our control.
The inherent uncertainties of estimating reserves are greater for certain types of liabilities, where long periods of time elapse before a definitive determination of liability is made and settlement is reached. In periods with increased economic volatility, it becomes more difficult to accurately predict claim costs. It is especially difficult to estimate the impact of inflation on loss reserves given the current economic environment and related government actions. Both inflation overall and medical cost inflation, which has historically been greater than inflation overall, can have an adverse impact.
Reserve estimates are continually refined in an ongoing process as experience develops and further claims are reported and settled. Adjustments to reserves are reflected in the results of the periods in which such estimates are changed. Because setting reserves is inherently uncertain, we cannot assure that our current reserves will prove adequate in light of subsequent events. Should we need to increase our reserves, our pre-tax income for the reporting period would decrease by a corresponding amount.
We discount our reserves for excess and assumed workers' compensation business because of the long period of time over which losses are paid. Discounting is intended to appropriately match losses and loss expenses to income earned on investment securities supporting liabilities. The expected loss and loss expense payout pattern subject to discounting is derived from our loss payout experience. Changes in the loss and loss expense payout pattern are recorded in the period they are determined. If the actual loss payout pattern is shorter than anticipated, the discount will be reduced and pre-tax income will decrease by a corresponding amount.
The effects of emerging claim and coverage issues on our business are uncertain.
As industry practices and economic, legal, judicial, social and other environmental conditions change, unexpected and unintended issues related to claim and coverage may emerge. These issues may adversely affect our business by either extending coverage beyond our underwriting intent or by increasing the number or size of claims. Examples of emerging claims and coverage issues include, but are not limited to:
•judicial expansion of policy coverage and a greater propensity to grant claimants more favorable amounts and the impact of new theories of liability;
•plaintiffs targeting property and casualty insurers, including us, in purported class action litigation relating to claims-handling and other practices;
•social inflation trends, including higher and more frequent claims, more favorable judgments and legislated increases;
•medical developments that link health issues to particular causes, resulting in liability claims;
•claims relating to unanticipated consequences of current or new technologies, including cyber security related risks;
•claims relating to potentially changing climate conditions; and
•increased claims due to third party funding of litigation.
In some instances, these emerging issues may not become apparent for some time after we have issued the affected insurance policies. As a result, the full extent of liability under our insurance policies may not be known until many years after the policies are issued.
In addition, the potential passage of new legislation designed to expand the right to sue, to remove limitations on recovery, to extend the statutes of limitations or otherwise to repeal or weaken tort reforms could have an adverse impact on our business.
The effects of these and other unforeseen emerging claim and coverage issues are difficult to predict and could harm our business and materially and adversely affect our results of operations.
As a property casualty insurer, we face losses from natural and man-made catastrophes.
Property casualty insurers are subject to claims arising out of catastrophes that may have a significant effect on their results of operations, liquidity and financial condition. Catastrophe losses have had a significant impact on our results. For
example, catastrophe losses net of reinsurance recoveries were $340 million in 2020 (including COVID-19 related losses), $90 million in 2019, and $105 million in 2018. Similarly, man-made catastrophes can also have a material impact on our financial results.
Catastrophes can be caused by various events, including hurricanes, windstorms, earthquakes, tsunamis, hailstorms, explosions, severe winter weather and fires, pandemics, as well as terrorist and other man-made activities, including drilling, mining and other industrial accidents, cyber events or terrorist activities. The incidence and severity of catastrophes are inherently unpredictable. The extent of losses from a catastrophe is a function of both the total amount of insured exposure in the area affected by the event and the severity of the event. Some catastrophes are restricted to small geographic areas; however, hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunamis and other disasters may produce significant damage in large, heavily populated areas. Catastrophes can cause losses in a variety of our property and casualty lines, and most of our past catastrophe-related claims have resulted from severe storms. Seasonal weather variations or the impact of climate change may affect the severity and frequency of our losses. Insurance companies are not permitted to reserve for a catastrophe until it has occurred. It is therefore possible that a catastrophic event or multiple catastrophic events could produce significant losses and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
The COVID-19 pandemic has materially and adversely affected our results of operations, and is expected to continue and therefore may materially and adversely affect, our results of operations, financial position and liquidity.
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, including the related impact on the U.S. and global economies, has materially and adversely affected our results of operations. We expect the pandemic and its impact on our business to continue, and potentially even worsen, but we cannot predict the magnitude or duration of its continued impact, particularly given the great uncertainties associated with COVID-19, including regarding the reopening of the U.S. and global economies and the recovery from its devastating economic and other effects. The ultimate impact of COVID-19 on our results of operations, financial position and liquidity is not yet known, and likely will not be known for some time, but includes the following:
Adverse Legislative and Regulatory Action. Legislative and regulatory initiatives taken or which may be taken in response to COVID-19 may adversely affect us, particularly in our workers’ compensation and property coverages businesses. For example, our business may be subject to, certain initiatives, including, but not limited to: legislative and regulatory action that seeks to retroactively mandate coverage for losses that our insurance policies would not otherwise cover and which were not priced to cover; legislative and regulatory action providing for shifting presumptions with respect to the burdens of proof for “essential” workers on workers’ compensation coverages and varying definitions of “essential” workers; actions prohibiting us from cancelling insurance policies in accordance with our policy terms or non-renewing policies at their natural expiration; and/or orders to provide premium refunds, grant extended grace periods for premium payments, and provide extended time to pay past due premiums. Any such action would likely increase both our underwriting losses and our expenses and any legal challenges to any such action could take years to resolve.
Claim Losses Related to COVID-19 May Exceed Reserves. As of December 31, 2020, we recorded approximately $171 million for COVID-19-related losses, net of applicable reinsurance, and reinstatement premiums of approximately $18 million. Of the $171 million of COVID-19-related losses, $95 million are reported losses and $76 million is booked as IBNR. Our reserves do not represent an exact calculation of liability, but represent an estimate of what management expects the ultimate settlement and claims administration will cost for claims that have occurred, whether known or unknown. Given the great uncertainties associated with COVID-19 and its impact and the limited information upon which our current assumptions and assessments have been made, our reserves and the underlying estimated level of claim losses and costs arising from COVID-19 may materially change.
Claim Losses and Adjustment Expenses May Increase. As the effects of COVID-19 on industry practices and economic, legal, judicial, social and other environmental conditions occur, unexpected and unintended issues related to claims and coverages may emerge. These issues may adversely affect our business by extending coverage beyond our underwriting intent (including in the area of property coverages where physical damage requirements and communicable disease exclusions are currently being challenged) or by increasing the number and/or size of claims, each of which could adversely impact our results.
Reinsurance. We purchase reinsurance in order to transfer part of the risk that we have assumed by writing insurance policies to reinsurance companies in exchange for part of the premium we receive in connection with assuming such risk. Although reinsurance makes the reinsurer contractually liable to us to the extent the risk is transferred to the reinsurer, it does not relieve us of our liability to our policyholders. There may be uncertainty surrounding the availability of reinsurance coverage for COVID-19-related losses as our reinsurers may dispute the applicability of reinsurance to such losses (including the application of reinsurance reinstatements) and, as a result, our reinsurers may refuse to pay reinsurance recoverables related thereto or they may not pay them on a timely basis. In addition, we may be unable to renew our current reinsurance coverages
or obtain appropriate new reinsurance covers with respect to certain exposures under our policies, including COVID-19-related exposures, and therefore our net exposures could increase, or if we are unwilling to bear such increase in net exposure, we may reduce our level of underwriting commitments.
Premium Volumes May Be Negatively Impacted. The demand for insurance is significantly influenced by general economic conditions. Consequently, reduced economic activity relating to the COVID-19 pandemic is likely to decrease demand for our insurance products and services and negatively impact our premium volumes (and, in certain cases, may result in return of premiums due to a decrease in exposures). This may continue for an indefinite period, with the magnitude of the impact impossible to predict. In addition, as we continue to evaluate the effects of COVID-19 on the insurance coverages we currently offer, our appetite for providing certain coverages in various jurisdictions may change which could further negatively impact our premium volumes. Any such reduction in our premiums would likely cause our expense ratio to rise.
Investments. Further disruptions in global financial markets due to the continuing impact of COVID-19 could cause us to incur additional unrealized and/or realized investment losses (beyond the investment fund losses incurred to date), including impairments in our fixed maturity portfolio and other investments. In addition, the economic uncertainty resulting from COVID-19 may result in a further decline in interest rates, which may negatively impact our net investment income from future investment activity.
Credit Risk. As credit risk is generally a function of the economy, we face greater credit risk from our policyholders, independent agents and brokers in connection with the payment and remittance of premiums as a result of the economic conditions caused by COVID-19. Similarly, our credit risk related to the reimbursement of deductibles from policyholders and in connection with reinsurance recoverables has increased.
Operational Disruptions and Costs. Our operations could be disrupted if key members of our senior management or a significant percentage of our workforce or the workforce of our agents, brokers, suppliers or other third party service providers are unable to continue to work because of illness, government directives or otherwise. In addition, our agents, brokers, suppliers and other third party service providers, which we rely on for key aspects of our operations, are subject to risks and uncertainties related to the COVID-19 pandemic, which may interfere with their ability to fulfill their respective commitments and responsibilities to us in a timely manner and in accordance with the agreed-upon terms. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we have implemented remote working policies which have resulted in disruptions to our business routines, heightened risk to cybersecurity attacks and data security incidents and a greater dependency on internet and telecommunication access and capabilities.
Changing climate conditions may alter the frequency and increase the severity of catastrophic events and thereby adversely affect our financial condition and results.
Over the past several years, changing weather patterns and climatic conditions, such as global warming, appear to have contributed to the unpredictability, frequency and severity of natural disasters and created additional uncertainty as to future trends and exposures. There is a growing scientific consensus that global warming and other climate change are altering the frequency, severity and/or peril characteristics of catastrophic weather events, such as hurricanes, windstorms, floods and other natural disasters. Such changes make it more difficult for us to predict and model catastrophic events, reducing our ability to accurately price our exposure to such events and mitigate our risks. Any increase in the frequency or severity of natural disasters may adversely affect our financial condition and results.
We, as a primary insurer, may have significant exposure for terrorist acts.
To the extent an act of terrorism, whether a domestic or foreign act, is certified by the Secretary of Treasury, we may be covered under the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2019 (“TRIPRA”), for up to 80% of our covered losses for certain property/casualty lines of insurance. However, any such coverage would be subject to a mandatory deductible based on 20% of earned premium for the prior year for the covered lines of commercial property and casualty insurance. Based on our 2020 earned premiums, our aggregate deductible under TRIPRA during 2021 is approximately $1,014 million. In addition, the coverage provided under TRIPRA does not apply to reinsurance that we write.
We are subject to extensive governmental regulation, which increases our costs and could restrict the conduct of our business.
We are subject to extensive governmental regulation and supervision in both the United States and foreign jurisdictions. Most insurance regulations are designed to protect the interests of policyholders rather than stockholders and other investors. This system of regulation, generally administered in the United States by a department of insurance in each state in which we do business, relates to, among other things:
•standards of solvency, including risk-based capital measurements;
•restrictions on the nature, quality and concentration of investments;
•requirements pertaining to certain methods of accounting;
•evaluating enterprise risk to an insurer;
•rate and form regulation pertaining to certain of our insurance businesses;
•potential assessments for the provision of funds necessary for the settlement of covered claims under certain policies provided by impaired, insolvent or failed insurance companies; and
•involvement in the payment or adjudication of catastrophe or other claims beyond the terms of the policies.
State insurance departments conduct periodic examinations of the affairs of insurance companies and require the filing of annual and other reports relating to the financial condition of insurance companies, holding company issues and other matters. Our Insurance business internationally is also generally subject to a similar regulatory scheme in each of the jurisdictions where we conduct operations outside the United States.
Federal financial services modernization legislation and legislative and regulatory initiatives taken or which may be taken in response to conditions in the financial markets, global insurance supervision and other factors may lead to additional federal regulation of the insurance industry in the coming years.
The Dodd-Frank Act effected sweeping changes to financial services regulation in the United States. The Dodd-Frank Act established the Financial Stability Oversight Council (“FSOC”), which is authorized to recommend that certain systemically significant non-bank financial companies, including insurance companies, be regulated by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve. The Dodd-Frank Act also established a Federal Insurance Office (“FIO”) which is authorized to study, monitor and report to Congress on the U.S. insurance industry and the significance of global reinsurance to the U.S. insurance market. The FIO also can recommend to the FSOC that it designate an insurer as an entity posing risks to the United States financial stability in the event of the insurer's material financial distress or failure. Our business could be affected by changes, whether as a result of potential changes to the Dodd-Frank Act, to the U.S. system of insurance regulation or our designation or the designation of insurers or reinsurers with which we do business as systemically significant non-bank financial companies.
Although state regulation is the primary form of regulation of insurance and reinsurance in the United States, in addition to the changes brought about by the Dodd-Frank Act, Congress has considered various proposals relating to the creation of an optional federal charter and repeal of the insurance company antitrust exemption from the McCarran-Ferguson Act. We may be subject to potentially increased federal oversight as a financial institution. In addition, the change in the U.S. administration and the volatile political environment may increase the chance of other federal legislative and regulatory changes that could affect us in ways we cannot predict.
With respect to international measures, Solvency II, the EU regime concerning the capital adequacy, risk management and regulatory reporting for insurers and reinsurers may affect our insurance businesses. Implementation of Solvency II in EU member states occurred on January 1, 2016, and as the Solvency II regime evolves over time, we may be required to utilize a significant amount of resources to ensure compliance. In particular, the European Commission and European regulators are undertaking a review of Solvency II, which is anticipated to be completed in the third quarter of 2021. In addition, despite the waiver of the Solvency II group capital requirements we received, Solvency II may have the effect of increasing the capital requirements of our EU domiciled insurers. Additionally, our capital requirements and compliance requirements may be adversely affected if the EU Commission does not deem the insurance regulatory regimes of the jurisdictions outside the EU in which we have insurance or reinsurance companies domiciled to be “equivalent” to Solvency II.
Similarly, following the U.K.’s withdrawal from the EU, and the expiry of the transition period on December 31, 2020, our U.K. subsidiaries are now subject to a separate U.K. prudential regime, to which the same considerations will apply. The U.K.’s domestic prudential regime is currently identical to Solvency II, although the two regimes, and their respective requirements, may diverge over time. The U.K. has already declared that it considers the Solvency II regime as “equivalent” to its own. However, the EU is still determining whether to make “equivalency” declarations in respect of the U.K.’s prudential regime. It is also possible that any “equivalency” determinations made by either side could be withdrawn in the future, which would adversely affect our capital and compliance requirements.
If our compliance with Solvency II, the U.K.’s prudential regime or any other regulatory regime is challenged, we may be subject to monetary or other penalties. In addition, in order to ensure compliance with applicable regulatory requirements or as a result of any investigation, including remediation efforts, we could be required to incur significant expenses and undertake additional work, which in turn may divert resources from our business.
We may be unable to maintain all required licenses and approvals and our business may not fully comply with the wide
variety of applicable laws and regulations or the relevant authority's interpretation of the laws and regulations. Also, some regulatory authorities have relatively broad discretion to grant, renew or revoke licenses and approvals. If we do not have the requisite licenses and approvals or do not comply with applicable regulatory requirements, the insurance regulatory authorities could preclude or temporarily suspend us from carrying on some or all of our activities or monetarily penalize us. Also, changes in the level of regulation of the insurance industry, whether federal, state or foreign, or changes in laws or regulations themselves or interpretations by regulatory authorities, may further restrict the conduct of our business.
Risks Relating to Our Business
Our international operations expose us to investment, political and economic risks, including foreign currency and credit risk.
Our expanding international operations in the United Kingdom, Continental Europe, South America, Canada, Mexico, Scandinavia, the Asia-Pacific region, South Africa and Australia expose us to increased investment, political and economic risks, including foreign currency and credit risk. Changes in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
Our investments in non-U.S.-denominated assets are subject to fluctuations in non-U.S. securities and currency markets, and those markets can be volatile. Non-U.S. currency fluctuations also affect the value of any dividends paid by our non-U.S. subsidiaries to their parent companies in the U.S.
The United Kingdom leaving the EU could adversely affect our business.
In accordance with the withdrawal agreement implementing the U.K. leaving the EU (“Brexit”), the U.K. formally left the EU on January 31, 2020. The agreement provided for a transitional period, which ended on December 31, 2020, during which time the U.K. continued to enjoy the same rights and obligations as it had as a member state, though without participating in the EU institutions. During the transitional period, the U.K. and the EU negotiated a long-term agreement covering, among other things, the terms of trade between them, culminating in the execution of the entry into a “Trade and Cooperation Agreement”.
However, notwithstanding the finalization of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the U.K. and the EU, uncertainty remains regarding the impact of Brexit, including the implementation and enforcement of terms and conditions of the agreement, and the U.K.’s future relationship with the EU. Brexit could also lead to legal uncertainty and differing laws and regulations between the U.K. and the EU. Specifically in relation to financial services, under the terms of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement, both EU and U.K. insurers lost their respective passporting rights from January 1, 2021, and it is unclear whether the EU will make “equivalence” determinations in respect of relevant aspects of U.K. financial services regulation. As a result, the U.K. branch of our Liechtenstein subsidiary has applied to be directly authorized to perform insurance business in the U.K., which application remains under consideration.
More generally, barriers to trade resulting from Brexit could affect the attractiveness of the U.K. and impact our U.K. business. We also face risks associated with the potential uncertainty and consequences related to Brexit, including with respect to volatility in financial markets, exchange rates and interest rates. These uncertainties could increase the volatility of, or reduce, our investment results in particular periods or over time. Brexit could adversely affect European or worldwide political, regulatory, economic or market conditions and could contribute to instability in political institutions and regulatory agencies.
Any of these potential effects, and others we cannot anticipate, could adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition.
We may be unable to attract and retain key personnel and qualified employees.
We depend on our ability to attract and retain key personnel, including our President and CEO, Executive Chairman, senior executive officers, presidents of our operating units, experienced underwriters and other skilled employees who are knowledgeable about our business. If the quality of our underwriting team and other personnel decreases, we may be unable to maintain our current competitive position in the specialized markets in which we operate, and be unable to expand our operations into new products and markets.
We cannot guarantee that our reinsurers will pay in a timely fashion, if at all, and, as a result, we could experience losses.
We purchase reinsurance by transferring part of the risk that we have assumed, known as ceding, to a reinsurance company in exchange for part of the premium we receive in connection with the risk. Although reinsurance makes the reinsurer contractually liable to us to the extent the risk is transferred or ceded to the reinsurer, it does not relieve us, the reinsured, of our liability to our policyholders. Our reinsurers may not pay the reinsurance recoverables that they owe to us or they may not pay
such recoverables on a timely basis. Accordingly, we bear credit risk with respect to our reinsurers, and if our reinsurers fail to pay us, our financial results would be adversely affected. Underwriting results and investment returns of some of our reinsurers may affect their future ability to pay claims. As of December 31, 2020, the amount due from our reinsurers was approximately $2,425 million, including amounts due from state funds and industry pools where it was intended that we would bear no risk. Certain of these amounts are secured by letters of credit or by funds held in trust on our behalf.
We are subject to credit risk relating to our policyholders, independent agents and brokers.
In addition to exposure to credit risk related to our reinsurance recoverables and investment portfolio, we are exposed to credit risk in several other areas of our business, including credit risk relating to policyholders, independent agents and brokers. For example our policyholders, independent agents or brokers may not pay a part of or the full amount of premiums owed to us or our brokers or other third party claim administrators may not deliver amounts owed on claims under our insurance and reinsurance contracts for which we have provided funds.
As credit risk is generally a function of the economy, we face a greater credit risk in an economic downturn. While we attempt to manage credit risks through underwriting guidelines, collateral requirements and other oversight mechanisms, our efforts may not be successful. For example, to reduce such credit risk, we require certain third parties to post collateral for some or all of their obligations to us. In cases where we receive pledged securities and the applicable counterparty is unable to honor its obligations, we may be exposed to credit risk on the securities pledged and/or the risk that our access to that collateral may be stayed as a result of bankruptcy. In cases where we receive letters of credit from banks as collateral and one of our counterparties is unable to honor its obligations, we are exposed to the credit risk of the banks that issued the letters of credit.
We are rated by A.M. Best, Standard & Poor's, Moody's, and Fitch, and a decline in these ratings could affect our standing in the insurance industry and cause our sales and earnings to decrease.
Ratings have become an increasingly important factor in establishing the competitive position of insurance companies. Certain of our insurance company subsidiaries are rated by A.M. Best, Standard & Poor's, Moody's and Fitch. Our ratings are subject to periodic review, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to retain our current or any future ratings.
If our ratings are reduced from their current levels by A.M. Best, Standard & Poor's, Moody's or Fitch, our competitive position in the insurance industry could suffer and it would be more difficult for us to market our products. A ratings downgrade could also adversely limit our access to capital markets, which may increase the cost of debt. A significant downgrade could result in a substantial loss of business as policyholders move to other companies with higher financial strength ratings.
If market conditions cause reinsurance to be more costly or unavailable, we may be required to bear increased risks or reduce the level of our underwriting commitments.
As part of our overall risk and capacity management strategy, we purchase reinsurance for certain amounts of risk underwritten by our insurance company subsidiaries, especially catastrophe risks and those risks with relatively high policy limits. We also purchase reinsurance on risks underwritten by others which we reinsure. Market conditions beyond our control determine the availability and cost of the reinsurance protection we seek to purchase, which may affect the level of our business and profitability. Our reinsurance contracts are generally subject to annual renewal, and we may be unable to maintain our current reinsurance contracts or to obtain other reinsurance contracts in adequate amounts and at favorable rates. In addition, we may be unable to obtain reinsurance on terms acceptable to us relating to certain lines of business that we intend to begin writing. If we are unable to renew our expiring contracts or to obtain new reinsurance contracts, either our net exposures would increase or, if we are unwilling to bear an increase in net exposures, we would have to reduce the level of our underwriting commitments, especially catastrophe exposed risks.
Depending on conditions in the financial markets and the general economy, we may be unable to raise debt or equity capital if needed.
If conditions in the financial markets and the general economy are unfavorable, which may result from disruptions, uncertainty or volatility in the capital and credit markets, we may be unable to access debt or equity capital on acceptable terms if needed, which could have a negative impact on our ability to invest in our insurance company subsidiaries and/or to take advantage of opportunities to expand our business, such as possible acquisitions and the creation of new ventures, and inhibit our ability to refinance our existing indebtedness if we desire to do so, on terms acceptable to us.
We may not find suitable acquisition candidates or new insurance ventures and even if we do, we may not successfully integrate any such acquired companies or successfully invest in such ventures.
As part of our present strategy, we continue to evaluate possible acquisition transactions and the start-up of complementary businesses on an ongoing basis, and at any given time we may be engaged in discussions with respect to
possible acquisitions and new ventures. We cannot assure you that we will be able to identify suitable acquisition targets or insurance ventures, that such transactions will be financed and completed on acceptable terms or that our future acquisitions or start-up ventures will be successful. The process of integrating any companies we do acquire or investing in new ventures may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
If we experience difficulties with our information technology, telecommunications or other computer systems, our ability to conduct our business could be negatively or severely impacted.
Our business is highly dependent upon our employees' ability to perform necessary business functions in an efficient and uninterrupted fashion. A shut-down of, or inability to access, one or more of our facilities, a power outage or a failure of one or more of our information technology, telecommunications or other computer systems could significantly impair our employees' ability to perform such functions on a timely basis. In the event of a disaster such as a natural catastrophe, terrorist attack or industrial accident, or the infection of our systems by a malicious computer virus, our systems could be inaccessible for an extended period of time. In addition, because our information technology and telecommunications systems interface with and depend on third-party systems, we could experience service denials or failures of controls if demand for our service exceeds capacity or a third-party system fails or experiences an interruption. If our business continuity plans or system security does not sufficiently address such a business interruption, system failure or service denial, our ability to write and process new and renewal business, provide customer service, pay claims in a timely manner or perform other necessary business functions could be significantly impaired and our business could be harmed.
Failure to maintain the security of our networks and confidential data may expose us to liability.
Our operations rely on the secure processing, storage and transmission of confidential and other information in our computer systems and networks. Computer viruses, hackers, employee misconduct and other external hazards could expose our data systems to security breaches. Our electronic transmission of personal, confidential and proprietary information to third parties with whom we have business relationships and our outsourcing of certain technology and business process functions to third parties may expose us to enhanced risk related to data security. While we attempt to develop secure data transmission capabilities with these third-party vendors and others with whom we do business, our vendors and third parties could still suffer data breaches that could result in the exposure of sensitive data and the infiltration of our computer systems. Our failure to effectively protect sensitive personal and our proprietary information, whether owing to breaches of our own systems or those of our vendors, could result in significant monetary and reputational damages, costly litigation, or other regulatory enforcement actions. These increased risks, and expanding regulatory requirements regarding data security, could expose us to data loss, monetary and reputational damages and significant increases in compliance costs. As a result, our ability to conduct our business could be materially and adversely affected.
We could be adversely affected if our controls to ensure compliance with guidelines, policies and legal and regulatory standards are not effective.
Our business is highly dependent on our ability to engage on a daily basis in a large number of insurance underwriting, claim processing and investment activities, many of which are highly complex. These activities often are subject to internal guidelines and policies, as well as legal and regulatory standards, including those related to privacy, anti-corruption, anti-bribery and global finance and insurance matters. Our continued expansion into new international markets has brought about additional requirements. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance that the control system's objectives will be met. If our controls are not effective, it could lead to financial loss, unanticipated risk exposure (including underwriting, credit and investment risk) or damage to our reputation.
We could be adversely affected by recent and future changes in U.S. Federal income tax laws.
Tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which was signed into law on December 22, 2017, fundamentally overhauled the U.S. tax system by, among other significant changes, reducing the U.S. corporate income tax rate to 21%. In the context of the taxation of U.S. property/casualty insurance companies such as the Company, the Act also modifies the loss reserve discounting rules and the proration rules that apply to reduce reserve deductions to reflect the lower corporate income tax rate. It is possible that other legislation could be introduced and enacted by the current Congress or future Congresses that could have an adverse impact on us. New regulations or pronouncements interpreting or clarifying provisions of the Act may be forthcoming. We cannot predict if, when or in what form such regulations or pronouncements may be provided, whether such guidance will have a retroactive effect or their potential impact on us.
Risks Relating to Our Investments
A significant amount of our assets is invested in fixed maturity securities and is subject to market fluctuations.
Our investment portfolio consists substantially of fixed maturity securities. As of December 31, 2020, our investment in fixed maturity securities was approximately $14.2 billion, or 67.9% of our total investment portfolio, including cash and cash equivalents. As of that date, our portfolio of fixed maturity securities consisted of the following types of securities: U.S. Government securities (4.3%); state and municipal securities (26.0%); corporate securities (32.9%); asset-backed securities (22.6%); mortgage-backed securities (7.3%) and foreign government (6.9%).
The fair value of these assets and the investment income from these assets fluctuate depending on general economic and market conditions. The fair value of fixed maturity securities generally decreases as interest rates rise. If significant inflation or an increase in interest rates were to occur, the fair value of our fixed maturity securities would be negatively impacted. Conversely, if interest rates decline, investment income earned from future investments in fixed maturity securities will be lower. Some fixed maturity securities, such as mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities, also carry prepayment risk as a result of interest rate fluctuations. Additionally, given the low interest rate environment, we may not be able to successfully reinvest the proceeds from maturing securities at yields commensurate with our target performance goals.
The value of investments in fixed maturity securities is subject to impairment as a result of deterioration in the credit worthiness of the issuer, default by the issuer (including states and municipalities) in the performance of its obligations in respect of the securities and/or increases in market interest rates. To a large degree, the credit risk we face is a function of the economy; accordingly, we face a greater risk in an economic downturn or recession. During periods of market disruption, it may be difficult to value certain of our securities, particularly if trading becomes less frequent and/or market data becomes less observable. There may be certain asset classes that were in active markets with significant observable data that become illiquid due to the then current financial environment. In such cases, more securities may require additional subjectivity and management judgment.
Although the historical rates of default on state and municipal securities have been relatively low, our state and municipal fixed maturity securities could be subject to a higher risk of default or impairment due to declining municipal tax bases and revenue. Many states and municipalities operate under deficits or projected deficits, the severity and duration of which could have an adverse impact on both the valuation of our state and municipal fixed maturity securities and the issuer's ability to perform its obligations thereunder. Additionally, our investments are subject to losses as a result of a general decrease in commercial and economic activity for an industry sector in which we invest, as well as risks inherent in particular securities.
Although we attempt to manage these risks through the use of investment guidelines and other oversight mechanisms and by diversifying our portfolio and emphasizing preservation of principal, our efforts may not be successful. Impairments, defaults and/or rate increases could reduce our net investment income and net realized investment gains or result in investment losses. Investment returns are currently, and will likely continue to remain, under pressure due to the continued low inflation, actions by the Federal Reserve, economic uncertainty, more generally, and the shape of the yield curve. As a result, our exposure to the risks described above could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition.
We have invested a portion of our assets in equity securities, merger arbitrage securities, investment funds, private equity, loans and real estate related assets, which are subject to significant volatility and may decline in value.
We invest a portion of our investment portfolio in equity securities, merger arbitrage securities, investment funds, private equity, loans and real estate related assets. At December 31, 2020, our investment in these assets was approximately $4.3 billion, or 20.6%, of our investment portfolio, including cash and cash equivalents.
Merger and arbitrage trading securities were $341.5 million, or 1.6% of our investment portfolio, including cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2020. Merger arbitrage involves investing in the securities of publicly held companies that are the targets in announced tender offers and mergers. Merger arbitrage differs from other types of investments in its focus on transactions and events believed likely to bring about a change in value over a relatively short time period, usually four months or less. Our merger arbitrage positions are exposed to the risk associated with the completion of announced deals, which are subject to regulatory as well as political and other risks.
Real estate related investments, including directly owned, investment funds and loans receivable, were $2.3 billion, or 11.1% of our investment portfolio, including cash and cash equivalents, at December 31, 2020. We also invest in real estate, financial services, energy, transportation and other investment funds. The values of these investments are subject to fluctuation based on changes in the economy and interest rates in general and the related asset valuations in particular. In addition, our investments in real estate related assets and other alternative investments are less liquid than our other investments.
These investments are subject to significant volatility as a result of the conditions in the financial and commodity markets and the global economy.
Risks Relating to Limitations on Dividends from Subsidiaries and Anti-Takeover Provisions
We are an insurance holding company and, therefore, may not be able to receive dividends in needed amounts.
As an insurance holding company, our principal assets are the shares of capital stock of our insurance company subsidiaries. We have to rely on dividends from our insurance company subsidiaries to meet our obligations for paying principal and interest on outstanding debt obligations, paying dividends to stockholders and repurchasing our shares and paying corporate expenses. The payment of dividends by our insurance company subsidiaries is subject to regulatory restrictions and will depend on the surplus and future earnings of these subsidiaries. During 2021, the maximum amount of dividends that can be paid without regulatory approval is approximately $721 million. As a result, in the future we may not be able to receive dividends from these subsidiaries at times and in amounts necessary to meet our obligations, pay dividends or repurchase shares.
Laws and regulations of the jurisdictions in which we conduct business could delay, deter or prevent an attempt to acquire control of us that stockholders might consider to be desirable, and may restrict a stockholder's ability to purchase our common stock.
Generally, United States insurance holding company laws require that, before a person can acquire control of an insurance company, prior written approval must be obtained from the insurance regulatory authorities in the state in which that insurance company is domiciled. Pursuant to applicable laws and regulations, “control” over an insurer is generally presumed to exist if any person, directly or indirectly, owns, controls, holds the power to vote, or holds proxies representing 10% or more of the voting securities of that insurer or any parent company of such insurer. Indirect ownership includes ownership of the shares of our common stock. Thus, the insurance regulatory authorities of the states in which our insurance subsidiaries are domiciled are likely to apply these restrictions on acquisition of control to any proposed acquisition of our common stock. Some states require a person seeking to acquire control of an insurer licensed but not domiciled in that state to make a filing prior to completing an acquisition if the acquirer and its affiliates, on the one hand, and the target insurer and its affiliates, on the other hand, have specified market shares in the same lines of insurance in that state. Additionally, many foreign jurisdictions where we conduct business impose similar restrictions and requirements.
These provisions can also lead to the imposition of conditions on an acquisition that could delay or prevent its consummation. These laws may discourage potential acquisition proposals and may delay, deter or prevent a change in control of us through transactions, and in particular unsolicited transactions, that some or all of our stockholders might consider to be desirable.
Certain provisions in our organizational documents may have the effect of hindering, delaying or preventing third party takeovers and thus may prevent our stockholders from receiving premium prices for their shares in an unsolicited takeover or make it more difficult for third parties to replace our current management.
Provisions of our Restated Certificate of Incorporation and By-Laws, as well as state insurance statutes, may hinder, delay or prevent unsolicited acquisitions or changes of our control. These provisions may also have the effect of making it more difficult for third parties to cause the replacement of our current management without the concurrence of our board of directors.
These provisions include:
•our classified board of directors and the ability of our board to increase its size and to appoint directors to fill newly created directorships;
•the requirement that 80% of our stockholders must approve mergers and other transactions between us and the holder of 5% or more of our shares, unless the transaction was approved by our board of directors prior to such holder's acquisition of 5% of our shares; and
•the need for advance notice in order to raise business or make nominations at stockholders' meetings.
These provisions may discourage potential acquisition proposals and may delay, deter or prevent a change in control of us through transactions, and in particular unsolicited transactions, that some or all of our stockholders might consider to be desirable.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
There are no unresolved written comments that were received from the SEC staff 180 days or more before the end of our fiscal year relating to our periodic or current reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
W. R. Berkley and its subsidiaries own or lease office buildings or office space suitable to conduct their operations. At December 31, 2020, the Company had aggregate office space of 4,217,252 square feet, of which 1,105,205 were owned and 3,112,047 were leased.
Rental expense for the Company's operations was approximately $44,291,000, $44,107,000 and $45,778,000 for 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Future minimum lease payments, without provision for sublease income, are $47,477,000 in 2021, $41,442,000 in 2022 and $149,702,000 thereafter.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
The Company's subsidiaries are subject to disputes, including litigation and arbitration, arising in the ordinary course of their insurance and reinsurance businesses. The Company's estimates of the costs of settling such matters are reflected in its aggregate reserves for losses and loss expenses, and the Company does not believe that the ultimate outcome of such matters will have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
In 2020, the Board declared regular quarterly cash dividends of $0.11 per share in the first quarter, and $0.12 per share in each of the remaining three quarters. Subject to availability, the Board currently expects to continue such regular quarterly cash dividends.
The approximate number of record holders of the common stock on February 11, 2021 was 311.
The chart below shows a comparison of 5 year cumulative total return.
Comparison of 5 Year Cumulative Total Return
Assumes initial investment of $100 on January 1, 2015, with dividends reinvested.
The S&P 500® Property and Casualty Insurance Index consists of Allstate Corporation, Chubb, Ltd., Cincinnati Financial Corporation, Progressive Corporation, The Travelers Companies, Inc., and W. R. Berkley Corporation (added Dec. 2019).
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
W. R. Berkley Corporation Cum $ 100.00 124.75 137.45 143.79 206.81 200.29
S&P 500 Index - Total Returns Cum $ 100.00 111.96 136.40 130.41 171.46 202.98
S&P 500 Property and Casualty Insurance Index Cum $ 100.00 115.71 141.61 134.97 169.88 180.64
Set forth below is a summary of the shares repurchased by the Company during the fourth quarter of 2020 and the remaining number of shares authorized for purchase by the Company during such period.
Total Number of
Shares Purchased Average Price
Paid per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs Maximum Number of Shares that may yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
October 2020
55,636 59.87 55,636 7,221,520
November 2020
354,095 63.89 354,095 6,867,425
December 2020
132,703 64.39 132,703 6,734,722
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Overview
W. R. Berkley Corporation is an insurance holding company that is among the largest commercial lines writers in the United States and operates worldwide in two business segments of the property and casualty business: Insurance and Reinsurance & Monoline Excess. Our decentralized structure provides us with the flexibility to respond quickly and efficiently to local or specific market conditions and to pursue specialty business niches. It also allows us to be closer to our customers in order to better understand their individual needs and risk characteristics. While providing our business units with certain operating autonomy, our structure allows us to capitalize on the benefits of economies of scale through centralized capital, investment, reinsurance and enterprise risk management, and actuarial, financial and corporate legal staff support. The Company's primary sources of revenues and earnings are its insurance operations and its investments.
An important part of our strategy is to form new operating units to capitalize on various business opportunities. Over the years, the Company has formed numerous new operating units that are focused on important parts of the economy in the U.S., including healthcare, cyber security, energy and agriculture, and on growing international markets, including the Asia-Pacific region, South America and Mexico.
The profitability of the Company’s insurance business is affected primarily by the adequacy of premium rates. The ultimate adequacy of premium rates is not known with certainty at the time an insurance policy is issued because premiums are determined before claims are reported. The ultimate adequacy of premium rates is affected mainly by the severity and frequency of claims, which are influenced by many factors, including natural and other disasters, regulatory measures and court decisions that define and change the extent of coverage and the effects of economic or social inflation on the amount of compensation for injuries or losses. General insurance prices are also influenced by available insurance capacity, i.e., the level of capital employed in the industry, and the industry’s willingness to deploy that capital.
The Company’s profitability is also affected by its investment income and investment gains. The Company’s invested assets are invested principally in fixed maturity securities. The return on fixed maturity securities is affected primarily by general interest rates, as well as the credit quality and duration of the securities. Returns available on fixed maturity investments have been at low levels for an extended period.
The Company also invests in equity securities, merger arbitrage securities, investment funds, private equity, loans and real estate related assets. The Company's investments in investment funds and its other alternative investments have experienced, and the Company expects to continue to experience, greater fluctuations in investment income. The Company's share of the earnings or losses from investment funds is generally reported on a one-quarter lag in order to facilitate the timely completion of the Company's consolidated financial statements.
Effective January 1, 2020, the Company adopted new accounting standard ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses. Refer to Note 1 in the financial statements for further information on the accounting guidance and impact of its adoption on the Company's results and financial position.
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, including the related impact on the U.S. and global economies, has materially and adversely affected our results of operations. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recorded approximately $171 million for COVID-19-related losses, net of reinsurance, and reinstatement premiums of approximately $18 million. The ultimate impact of COVID-19 on the economy and on the Company’s results of operations, financial position and liquidity is uncertain and not within the Company’s control. The scope, duration and magnitude of the direct and indirect effects of COVID-19 continue to evolve in ways that are difficult or impossible to anticipate. Despite the effects of COVID-19 to date, the Company’s financial position and liquidity improved commencing in the second quarter.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our results of operations, financial position and liquidity is expected to include, among others:
Adverse Legislative and Regulatory Action. Legislative and regulatory initiatives taken or that may be taken in response to COVID-19, such as those that seek to retroactively mandate or provide a presumption of coverage for losses which our insurance policies would not otherwise cover and were not priced to cover, may adversely affect us, particularly in our workers’ compensation and property coverages businesses.
Claim Losses Related to COVID-19 May Exceed Reserves. Given the great uncertainties associated with COVID-19 and its impact and the limited information upon which our current assumptions and assessments have been made, our reserves and underlying estimated level of claim losses and costs arising from COVID-19 may materially change.
Claim Losses and Adjustment Expenses May Increase. As the effects of COVID-19 on industry practices and economic, legal, judicial, social and other environmental conditions continue to evolve, unexpected and unintended issues related to claims and coverages may emerge (including in the area of property coverages where physical damage requirements and communicable disease exclusions are currently being challenged).
Reinsurance. Reinsurers may dispute the applicability of reinsurance to COVID-19 related losses (including the application of reinsurance reinstatements) and, as a result, our reinsurers may refuse to pay reinsurance recoverables related thereto or they may not pay them on a timely basis. In addition, we may be unable to renew our current reinsurance coverages or purchase new coverages with respect to certain exposures under our policies, including COVID-19-related exposures.
Premium Volumes May Be Negatively Impacted. Reduced economic activity relating to the COVID-19 pandemic will likely decrease demand for our insurance products and services. In addition, we may alter our view on the insurance coverages that are appropriate to offer in various jurisdictions, which could further negatively impact our premium volumes.
Investments. Further disruptions in global financial markets due to the continuing impact of COVID-19 could cause us to incur additional unrealized and/or realized investment losses, including impairments in our fixed income portfolio and other investments.
Credit Risk. As credit risk is generally a function of the economy, we face greater credit risk from our policyholders, independent agents and brokers in connection with the payment and remittance of premiums as a result of the economic conditions caused by COVID-19. Similarly, our credit risk related to the reimbursement of deductibles from policyholders and in connection with reinsurance recoverables has increased.
Operational Disruptions and Costs. Our operations could be disrupted if key members of our senior management or a significant percentage of our workforce or the workforce of our agents, brokers, suppliers or other third party service providers are unable to continue to work because of illness, government directives or otherwise. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we have implemented remote working policies which have resulted in disruptions to our business routines, heightened risk to cybersecurity attacks and data security incidents and a greater dependency on internet and telecommunication access and capabilities.
Critical Accounting Estimates
The following presents a discussion of accounting policies and estimates relating to reserves for losses and loss expenses, assumed reinsurance premiums and other-than-temporary impairments of investments. Management believes these policies and estimates are the most critical to its operations and require the most difficult, subjective and complex judgments.
Reserves for Losses and Loss Expenses. To recognize liabilities for unpaid losses, either known or unknown, insurers establish reserves, which is a balance sheet account representing estimates of future amounts needed to pay claims and related expenses with respect to insured events which have occurred. Estimates and assumptions relating to reserves for losses and loss expenses are based on complex and subjective judgments, often including the interplay of specific uncertainties with related accounting and actuarial measurements. Such estimates are also susceptible to change as significant periods of time may elapse between the occurrence of an insured loss, the report of the loss to the insurer, the ultimate determination of the cost of the loss and the insurer’s payment of that loss.
In general, when a claim is reported, claims personnel establish a “case reserve” for the estimated amount of the ultimate payment based upon known information about the claim at that time. The estimate represents an informed judgment based on general reserving practices and reflects the experience and knowledge of the claims personnel regarding the nature and value of the specific type of claim. Reserves are also established on an aggregate basis to provide for losses incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) to the insurer, potential inadequacy of case reserves and the estimated expenses of settling claims, including legal and other fees and general expenses of administrating the claims adjustment process. Reserves are established based upon the then current legal interpretation of coverage provided.
In examining reserve adequacy, several factors are considered in estimating the ultimate economic value of losses. These factors include, among other things, historical data, legal developments, changes in social attitudes and economic conditions, including the effects of inflation. The actuarial process relies on the basic assumption that past experience, adjusted judgmentally for the effects of current developments and anticipated trends, is an appropriate basis for predicting future outcomes. Reserve amounts are based on management’s informed estimates and judgments using currently available data. As additional experience and other data become available and are reviewed, these estimates and judgments may be revised. This may result in reserve increases or decreases that would be reflected in our results in periods in which such estimates and assumptions are changed.
Reserves do not represent a certain calculation of liability. Rather, reserves represent an estimate of what management expects the ultimate settlement and claim administration will cost. While the methods for establishing reserves are well tested over time, the major assumptions about anticipated loss emergence patterns are subject to uncertainty. These estimates, which generally involve actuarial projections, are based on management’s assessment of facts and circumstances then known, as well as estimates of trends in claims severity and frequency, judicial theories of liability and other factors, including the actions of third parties which are beyond the Company’s control. These variables are affected by external and internal events, such as inflation and economic volatility, judicial and litigation trends, reinsurance coverage, legislative changes and claim handling and reserving practices, which make it more difficult to accurately predict claim costs. The inherent uncertainties of estimating reserves are greater for certain types of liabilities where long periods of time elapse before a definitive determination of liability is made. Because setting reserves is inherently uncertain, the Company cannot provide assurance that its current reserves will prove adequate in light of subsequent events.
Loss reserves included in the Company’s financial statements represent management’s best estimates based upon an actuarially derived point estimate and other considerations. The Company uses a variety of actuarial techniques and methods to derive an actuarial point estimate for each operating unit. These methods include paid loss development, incurred loss development, paid and incurred Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods and frequency and severity methods. In circumstances where one actuarial method is considered more credible than the others, that method is used to set the point estimate. For example, the paid loss and incurred loss development methods rely on historical paid and incurred loss data. For new lines of business, where there is insufficient history of paid and incurred claims data, or in circumstances where there have been significant changes in claim practices, the paid and incurred loss development methods would be less credible than other actuarial methods. The actuarial point estimate may also be based on a judgmental weighting of estimates produced from each of the methods considered. Industry loss experience is used to supplement the Company’s own data in selecting “tail factors” and in areas where the Company’s own data is limited. The actuarial data is analyzed by line of business, coverage and accident or policy year, as appropriate, for each operating unit.
The establishment of the actuarially derived loss reserve point estimate also includes consideration of qualitative factors that may affect the ultimate losses. These qualitative considerations include, among others, the impact of re-underwriting initiatives, changes in the mix of business, changes in distribution sources and changes in policy terms and conditions. Examples of changes in terms and conditions that can have a significant impact on reserve levels are the use of aggregate policy limits, the expansion of coverage exclusions, whether or not defense costs are within policy limits, and changes in deductibles and attachment points.
The key assumptions used to arrive at the best estimate of loss reserves are the expected loss ratios, rate of loss cost inflation, and reported and paid loss emergence patterns. Expected loss ratios represent management’s expectation of losses at the time the business is priced and written, before any actual claims experience has emerged. This expectation is a significant determinant of the estimate of loss reserves for recently written business where there is little paid or incurred loss data to consider. Expected loss ratios are generally derived from historical loss ratios adjusted for the impact of rate changes, loss cost trends and known changes in the type of risks underwritten. Expected loss ratios are estimated for each key line of business within each operating unit. Expected loss cost inflation is particularly important for the long-tail lines, such as excess casualty, and claims with a high medical component, such as workers’ compensation. Reported and paid loss emergence patterns are used to project current reported or paid loss amounts to their ultimate settlement value. Loss development factors are based on the historical emergence patterns of paid and incurred losses, and are derived from the Company’s own experience and industry data. The paid loss emergence pattern is also significant to excess and assumed workers’ compensation reserves because those reserves are discounted to their estimated present value based upon such estimated payout patterns. Management believes the estimates and assumptions it makes in the reserving process provide the best estimate of the ultimate cost of settling claims and related expenses with respect to insured events which have occurred; however, different assumptions and variables could lead to significantly different reserve estimates.
Loss frequency and severity are measures of loss activity that are considered in determining the key assumptions described in our discussion of loss and loss expense reserves, including expected loss ratios, rate of loss cost inflation and reported and paid loss emergence patterns. Loss frequency is a measure of the number of claims per unit of insured exposure, and loss severity is a measure of the average size of claims. Factors affecting loss frequency include the effectiveness of loss controls and safety programs and changes in economic activity or weather patterns. Factors affecting loss severity include changes in policy limits, retentions, rate of inflation and judicial interpretations.
Another factor affecting estimates of loss frequency and severity is the loss reporting lag, which is the period of time between the occurrence of a loss and the date the loss is reported to the Company. The length of the loss reporting lag affects our ability to accurately predict loss frequency (loss frequencies are more predictable for lines with short reporting lags) as well as the amount of reserves needed for incurred but not reported losses (less IBNR is required for lines with short reporting lags). As a result, loss reserves for lines with short reporting lags are likely to have less variation from initial loss estimates. For lines with short reporting lags, which include commercial automobile, primary workers’ compensation, other liability (claims-made) and property business, the key assumption is the loss emergence pattern used to project ultimate loss estimates from known losses paid or reported to date. For lines of business with long reporting lags, which include other liability (occurrence), products liability, excess workers’ compensation and liability reinsurance, the key assumption is the expected loss ratio since there is often little paid or incurred loss data to consider. Historically, the Company has experienced less variation from its initial loss estimates for lines of businesses with short reporting lags than for lines of business with long reporting lags.
The key assumptions used in calculating the most recent estimate of the loss reserves are reviewed each quarter and adjusted, to the extent necessary, to reflect the latest reported loss data, current trends and other factors observed. If the actual level of loss frequency and severity are higher or lower than expected, the ultimate losses will be different than management’s estimate. The following table reflects the impact of changes (which could be favorable or unfavorable) in frequency and severity, relative to our assumptions, on our loss estimate for claims occurring in 2020:
(In thousands) Frequency (+/-)
Severity (+/-) 1% 5% 10%
1% $ 89,102 $ 268,193 $ 492,056
5% 268,193 454,376 687,105
10% 492,056 687,105 930,917
Our net reserves for losses and loss expenses of approximately $11.6 billion as of December 31, 2020 relate to multiple accident years. Therefore, the impact of changes in frequency or severity for more than one accident year could be higher or lower than the amounts reflected above. The impact of such changes would likely be manifested gradually over the course of many years, as the magnitude of the changes became evident.
Approximately $2.6 billion, or 22%, of the Company’s net loss reserves as of December 31, 2020 relate to the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment. There is a higher degree of uncertainty and greater variability regarding estimates of excess workers' compensation and assumed reinsurance loss reserves. In the case of excess workers’ compensation, our policies generally attach at $1 million or higher. The claims which reach our layer therefore tend to involve the most serious injuries and many remain open for the lifetime of the claimant, which extends the claim settlement tail. These claims also occur less frequently but tend to be larger than primary claims, which increases claim variability. In the case of assumed reinsurance our loss reserve estimates are based, in part, upon information received from ceding companies. If information received from ceding companies is not timely or correct, the Company’s estimate of ultimate losses may not be accurate. Furthermore, due to
delayed reporting of claim information by ceding companies, the claim settlement tail for assumed reinsurance is also extended. Management considers the impact of delayed reporting and the extended tail in its selection of loss development factors for these lines of business.
Information received from ceding companies is used to set initial expected loss ratios, to establish case reserves and to estimate reserves for incurred but not reported losses on assumed reinsurance business. This information, which is generally provided through reinsurance intermediaries, is gathered through the underwriting process and from periodic claim reports and other correspondence with ceding companies. The Company performs underwriting and claim audits of selected ceding companies to determine the accuracy and completeness of information provided to the Company. The information received from the ceding companies is supplemented by the Company’s own loss development experience with similar lines of business as well as industry loss trends and loss development benchmarks.
Following is a summary of the Company’s reserves for losses and loss expenses by business segment as of December 31, 2020 and 2019:
(In thousands) 2020 2019
Insurance $ 9,034,969 $ 8,193,381
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess 2,585,424 2,504,617
Net reserves for losses and loss expenses 11,620,393 10,697,998
Ceded reserves for losses and loss expenses 2,164,037 1,885,251
Gross reserves for losses and loss expenses $ 13,784,430 $ 12,583,249
Following is a summary of the Company’s net reserves for losses and loss expenses by major line of business as of December 31, 2020 and 2019:
(In thousands) Reported Case
Reserves Incurred But
Not Reported Total
December 31, 2020
Other liability $ 1,534,514 $ 2,864,760 $ 4,399,274
Workers’ compensation (1) 977,035 873,072 1,850,107
Professional liability 414,104 875,163 1,289,267
Commercial automobile 442,975 398,688 841,663
Short-tail lines (2) 295,313 359,345 654,658
Total Insurance 3,663,941 5,371,028 9,034,969
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess (1) (3) 1,442,099 1,143,325 2,585,424
Total $ 5,106,040 $ 6,514,353 $ 11,620,393
December 31, 2019
Other liability $ 1,421,378 $ 2,522,957 $ 3,944,335
Workers’ compensation (1) 918,619 964,102 1,882,721
Professional liability 399,411 713,433 1,112,844
Commercial automobile 412,036 300,339 712,375
Short-tail lines (2) 271,192 269,914 541,106
Total Insurance 3,422,636 4,770,745 8,193,381
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess (1) (3) 1,469,363 1,035,254 2,504,617
Total $ 4,891,999 $ 5,805,999 $ 10,697,998
____________________
(1)Reserves for excess and assumed workers’ compensation business are net of an aggregate net discount of $483 million and $530 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
(2)Short-tail lines include commercial multi-peril (non-liability), inland marine, accident and health, fidelity and surety, boiler and machinery and other lines.
(3)Reinsurance & Monoline Excess includes property and casualty reinsurance as well as operations that solely retain risk on an excess basis.
The Company evaluates reserves for losses and loss expenses on a quarterly basis. Changes in estimates of prior year losses are reported when such changes are made. The changes in prior year loss reserve estimates are generally the result of ongoing analysis of recent loss development trends. Original estimates are increased or decreased as additional information becomes known regarding individual claims and aggregate claim trends.
Certain of the Company's insurance and reinsurance contracts are retrospectively rated, whereby the Company collects more or less premiums based on the level of loss activity. For those contracts, changes in loss and loss expenses for prior years may be fully or partially offset by additional or return premiums.
Net prior year development (i.e, the sum of prior year reserve changes and prior year earned premiums changes) for each of the last three years ended December 31, are as follows:
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Increase in prior year loss reserves $ (627) $ (34,079) $ (6,831)
Increase in prior year earned premiums 16,807 53,511 45,638
Net favorable prior year development
$ 16,180 $ 19,432 $ 38,807
The ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic has impacted, and will likely continue to impact, the Company’s results through its effect on claim frequency and severity. Loss cost trends have been impacted and will likely be further impacted by COVID-19-related claims in certain lines of business, as well as by other effects of COVID-19 associated with economic conditions, inflation, and social distancing and work from home rules, for example. Although it is still too early to determine the net impact, it appears that the losses incurred due to COVID-19-related claims are being offset, to a certain extent, by lower claim frequency in certain lines of our businesses, including commercial auto, workers’ compensation, and other liability. However, given the continuing nature of the pandemic, the impact of COVID-19 could ultimately increase or decrease overall loss cost trends and is likely to have differing impacts on the Company's different lines of business.
Most of the COVID-19-related claims reported to the Company to date involve certain short-tailed lines of business, including contingency and event cancellation, business interruption, and film production delay. The Company expects additional claims to be reported for these lines of business. The Company has also received COVID-19-related claims for longer-tailed casualty lines of business such as workers’ compensation and other liability; however, the estimated incurred loss impact for these reported claims appears to be modest at this time. Given the continuing uncertainty regarding the pandemic's pervasiveness, the future impact that the pandemic may have on claim frequency and severity remains uncertain at this time. In workers’ compensation, for example, nearly two-thirds of the states have enacted rules, legislation or administrative orders creating a presumption that certain “essential” workers who contract COVID-19 did so through the course of their employment. Several other states are considering similar actions, including varying the definition of “essential” workers. While the ultimate impact of these presumptions are unknown at this time, the Company believes that such state actions will likely increase workers’ compensation claims with respect to workers deemed “essential,” although this impact may be partially offset by lower workers’ compensation claim frequency with respect to non-essential workers.
The Company has estimated the potential COVID-19 impact to its contingency and event cancellation, workers’ compensation, and other lines of business under a number of possible scenarios; however, due to COVID-19’s evolving impact and the still limited amount of available data, there remains a high degree of uncertainty around the Company’s COVID-19 reserves. In addition, several states (and international jurisdictions), through regulation, legislation and/or judicial action, continue to seek to expand policy coverage terms beyond the policy’s intended coverage, including, for example, but not limited to, property coverages, where there are attempts to extend business interruption coverage where there is no physical damage or loss to property, and attempts to disregard policy exclusions for communicable disease. Accordingly, losses arising from these actions, and the other factors described above, could exceed the Company’s reserves established for those related policies.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recognized losses for COVID-19-related claims activity, net of reinsurance, of approximately $171 million, of which $161 million related to the Insurance segment and $10 million related to the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment. Such $171 million of COVID-19-related losses included $95 million of reported losses and $76 million of IBNR.
Favorable prior year development (net of additional and return premiums) was $16 million in 2020.
Insurance - Reserves for the Insurance segment developed favorably by $24 million in 2020 (net of additional and return premiums). Continuing the pattern seen in recent years, the overall favorable development in 2020 resulted from more significant favorable development on workers’ compensation business, which was partially offset by unfavorable development on professional liability, including excess professional liability.
For workers’ compensation, the favorable development was spread across almost all prior accident years, including prior to 2011, but was most significant in accident years 2016 through 2019. The favorable workers’ compensation development reflects a continuation of the benign loss cost trends experienced during recent years, particularly the favorable claim frequency trends (i.e., number of reported claims per unit of exposure). The long term trend of declining workers’ compensation frequency can be attributable to improved workplace safety. Loss severity trends were also aided by our continued investment in claims handling initiatives such as medical case management services and vendor savings through usage of preferred provider networks and pharmacy benefit managers. Reported workers’ compensation losses in 2020 continued to be below our expectations at most of our operating units, and were below the assumptions underlying our initial loss ratio picks and our previous reserve estimates for most prior accident years.
For professional liability business, unfavorable development was driven mainly by large losses reported in the directors and officers (“D&O”), lawyers professional and excess hospital professional liability lines of business. For these lines of
business, we continue to see an increase in the number of large losses reported and a lengthening of the reporting “tail” beyond historical levels. We believe a contributing cause is rising social inflation in the form of, for example, higher jury awards on cases that go to trial, and the corresponding higher demands from plaintiffs and higher values required to reach settlement on cases that do not go to trial. The unfavorable development for professional liability affected mainly accident years 2016 through 2018.
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - Reserves for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment developed unfavorably by $8 million in 2020. The unfavorable development in the segment was driven by non-proportional assumed liability business written in both the U.S. and U.K., and was partially offset by favorable development on excess workers’ compensation business. The unfavorable non-proportional assumed liability development was concentrated in accident years 2014 through 2018, and related primarily to accounts insuring construction projects and professional liability exposures.
Favorable prior year development (net of additional and return premiums) was $19 million in 2019.
Insurance - Reserves for the Insurance segment developed favorably by $21 million in 2019 (net of additional and return premiums). This overall favorable development resulted from more significant favorable development on workers’ compensation business, which was partially offset by unfavorable development on professional liability and general liability business.
For workers’ compensation, the favorable development was spread across many accident years, including prior to 2010, but was most significant in accident years 2014 through 2018, and particularly 2017 and 2018. The favorable workers’ compensation development reflects a continuation during 2019 of the benign loss cost trends experienced during recent years, particularly the favorable claim frequency trends (i.e., number of reported claims per unit of exposure). The long term trend of declining workers’ compensation frequency can be attributable to improved workplace safety. Loss severity trends were also aided by our continued investment in claims handling initiatives such as medical case management services and vendor savings through usage of preferred provider networks and pharmacy benefit managers. Our initial loss ratio “picks” for this line of business over the past few accident years have contemplated an increase in loss cost trends and reflect decreasing premium rates in the marketplace; reported workers’ compensation losses in 2019 continued to be below our expectations at most of our operating units, and were below the assumptions underlying our initial loss ratio picks and our previous reserve estimates.
For professional liability business, the unfavorable development was driven mainly by an increase in the number of large losses reported in the lawyers professional liability and directors and officers (“D&O”) liability lines of business. Many of the lawyers large losses involved claims made against insured law firms relating to work performed on matters stemming from the 2008 financial crisis. These claims affected mainly accident years 2013 through 2016. In addition, for both of these lines of business, we have seen evidence of social inflation in the form of higher jury awards on cases that go to trial, and corresponding higher demands from plaintiffs and higher values required to reach settlement on cases that do not go to trial. The unfavorable development for D&O affected mainly accident years 2014 through 2017.
For general liability business, most of the unfavorable development emanated from our excess and surplus lines (E&S) businesses, and was driven by an increase in the number of large losses reported. Many of these large losses were from construction and contracting classes of business, which have also been impacted by social inflation. The general liability unfavorable development impacted mainly accident years 2015 through 2018.
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - Reserves for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment developed unfavorably by $2 million in 2019. The unfavorable development in the segment was driven by non-proportional assumed liability business in both the U.S. and U.K., and was largely offset by favorable development on excess workers’ compensation business. The unfavorable non-proportional assumed liability development was concentrated in accident years 2015 through 2018, and included an adjustment for the Ogden discount rate in the U.K.
Favorable prior year development (net of additional and return premiums) was $39 million in 2018.
Insurance - Reserves for the Insurance segment developed favorably by $19 million in 2018. The favorable development was primarily attributable to workers’ compensation business, and was partially offset by unfavorable development for professional liability business.
For workers’ compensation, the favorable development was spread across many accident years, but was most significant in accident years 2015 through 2017. The favorable workers’ compensation development reflects a continuation during 2018 of the benign loss cost trends experienced during recent years, particularly the favorable claim frequency trends (i.e., number of reported claims per unit of exposure). The long term trend of declining workers' compensation frequency can be attributable to improved workplace safety. Loss severity trends were also aided by our continued investment in claims handling initiatives such as medical case management services and vendor savings through usage of preferred provider networks. Reported
workers’ compensation losses in 2018 continued to be below our expectations at most of our operating units, and were below the assumptions underlying our previous reserve estimates.
For professional liability business, adverse development was primarily related to unexpected large directors and officers (“D&O”) liability losses at one of our U.S. operating units, as well as lawyers professional liability losses at another operating unit. The adverse development stemmed primarily from accident years 2015 and 2016, and was driven by a higher frequency of large losses than we had experienced in previous years.
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - Reserves for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment developed favorably by $20 million in 2018. The favorable development was primarily due to excess workers’ compensation business, and was spread across many accident years, including years prior to 2009. This favorable excess workers’ compensation development was partially offset by unfavorable development on U.S. casualty facultative assumed business from accident years 2009 and prior related to construction projects.
Reserve Discount. The Company discounts its liabilities for certain workers’ compensation reserves. The amount of workers’ compensation reserves that were discounted was $1,655 million and $1,731 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The aggregate net discount for those reserves, after reflecting the effects of ceded reinsurance, was $483 million and $530 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. At December 31, 2020, discount rates by year ranged from 0.7% to 6.5%, with a weighted average discount rate of 3.6%.
Substantially all discounted workers’ compensation reserves (97% of total discounted reserves at December 31, 2020) are excess workers’ compensation reserves. In order to properly match loss expenses with income earned on investment securities supporting the liabilities, reserves for excess workers’ compensation business are discounted using risk-free discount rates determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve. These rates are determined annually based on the weighted average rate for the period. Once established, no adjustments are made to the discount rate for that period, and any increases or decreases in loss reserves in subsequent years are discounted at the same rate, without regard to when any such adjustments are recognized. The expected loss and loss expense payout patterns subject to discounting are derived from the Company’s loss payout experience.
The Company also discounts reserves for certain other long-duration workers’ compensation reserves (representing approximately 3% of total discounted reserves at December 31, 2020), including reserves for quota share reinsurance and reserves related to losses regarding occupational lung disease. These reserves are discounted at statutory rates prescribed or permitted by the Department of Insurance of the State of Delaware.
Assumed Reinsurance Premiums. The Company estimates the amount of assumed reinsurance premiums that it will receive under treaty reinsurance agreements at the inception of the contracts. These premium estimates are revised as the actual amount of assumed premiums is reported to the Company by the ceding companies. As estimates of assumed premiums are made or revised, the related amount of earned premiums, commissions and incurred losses associated with those premiums are recorded. Estimated assumed premiums receivable were approximately $44 million and $43 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The assumed premium estimates are based upon terms set forth in reinsurance agreements, information received from ceding companies during the underwriting and negotiation of agreements, reports received from ceding companies and discussions and correspondence with reinsurance intermediaries. The Company also considers its own view of market conditions, economic trends and experience with similar lines of business. These premium estimates represent management’s best estimate of the ultimate amount of premiums to be received under its assumed reinsurance agreements.
Allowance for Expected Credit Losses on Investments.
Fixed Maturity Securities - For fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position where the Company intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery in value, the amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through net investment gains (losses). For fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position where the Company does not intend to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will not be required to sell the security before recovery in value, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or all other factors (non-credit factors). In making this assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, an allowance for expected credit losses is recorded for the credit loss through net investment gains (losses), limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Effective January 1, 2020, the allowance is adjusted for any change in expected credit losses and subsequent recoveries through net investment gains (losses). The impairment related to non-credit factors is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) .
The Company’s credit assessment of allowance for expected credit losses uses a third party model for available for sale and held to maturity securities, as well as loans receivable. The allowance for expected credit losses is generally based on the performance of the underlying collateral under various economic and default scenarios that involve subjective judgments and estimates by management. Modeling these securities involves various factors, such as projected default rates, the nature and realizable value of the collateral, if any, the ability of the issuer to make scheduled payments, historical performance and other relevant economic and performance factors. A discounted cash flow analysis is used to ascertain the amount of the allowance for expected credit losses, if any. In general, the model reverts to the rating-level long-term average marginal default rates based on 10 years of historical data, beyond the forecast period. For other inputs, the model in most cases reverts to the baseline long-term assumptions linearly over 5 years beyond the forecast period. The long-term assumptions are based on the historical averages.
The Company classifies its fixed maturity securities by credit rating, primarily based on ratings assigned by credit rating agencies. For purposes of classifying securities with different ratings, the Company uses the average of the credit ratings assigned, unless in limited situations the Company’s own analysis indicates an internal rating is more appropriate. Securities that are not rated by a rating agency are evaluated and classified by the Company on a case-by-case basis.
A summary of the Company’s non-investment grade fixed maturity securities that were in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2020 is presented in the table below.
($ in thousands) Number of
Securities Aggregate
Fair Value Unrealized
Loss
Foreign government 18 $ 75,555 $ 44,310
Corporate 11 26,617 3,025
Mortgage-backed securities 7 1,393 31
Total
36 $ 103,565 $ 47,366
As of December 31, 2020, the Company has recorded an allowance for expected credit losses on fixed maturity securities of $3 million. The Company has evaluated the remaining fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position and believes the unrealized losses are due primarily to temporary market and sector-related factors rather than to issuer-specific factors. None of these securities are delinquent or in default under financial covenants. Based on its assessment of these issuers, the Company expects them to continue to meet their contractual payment obligations as they become due.
Loans Receivable - For loans receivable, the Company estimates an allowance for expected credit losses based on relevant information about past events, including historical loss experience, current conditions and forecasts that affect the expected collectability of the amortized cost of the financial asset. The allowance for expected credit losses is presented as a reduction to amortized cost of the financial asset in the consolidated balance sheet and changes to the estimate for expected credit losses are recognized through net investment gains (losses). Loans receivable are reported net of an allowance for expected credit losses of $5 million and $2 million as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.
Fair Value Measurements. The Company’s fixed maturity available for sale securities, equity securities, and its trading account securities are carried at fair value. Fair value is defined as "the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date". The Company utilizes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date. Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for similar assets in active markets. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. Unobservable inputs may only be used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available. The fair value of the vast majority of the Company’s portfolio is based on observable data (other than quoted prices) and, accordingly, is classified as Level 2.
In classifying particular financial securities in the fair value hierarchy, the Company uses its judgment to determine whether the market for a security is active and whether significant pricing inputs are observable. The Company determines the existence of an active market by assessing whether transactions occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide reliable pricing information. The Company determines whether inputs are observable based on the use of such information by pricing services and external investment managers, the uninterrupted availability of such inputs, the need to make significant adjustments to such inputs and the volatility of such inputs over time. If the market for a security is determined to be inactive or if significant inputs used to price a security are determined to be unobservable, the security is categorized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
Because many fixed maturity securities do not trade on a daily basis, the Company utilizes pricing models and processes which may include benchmark curves, benchmarking of like securities, sector groupings and matrix pricing. Market inputs used to evaluate securities include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers and reference data. Quoted prices are often unavailable for recently issued securities that are infrequently traded or securities that are only traded in private transactions. For publicly traded securities for which quoted prices are unavailable, the Company determines fair value based on independent broker quotations and other observable market data. For securities traded only in private negotiations, the Company determines fair value based primarily on the cost of such securities, which is adjusted to reflect prices of recent placements of securities of the same issuer, financial data, projections and business developments of the issuer and other relevant information.
The following is a summary of pricing sources for the Company's fixed maturity securities available for sale as of December 31, 2020:
(In thousands) Carrying
Value Percent
of Total
Pricing source:
Independent pricing services $ 13,910,209 98.7 %
Syndicate manager 44,612 0.3
Directly by the Company based on:
Observable data 130,774 0.9
Cash flow model 1,000 0.1
Total $ 14,086,595 100.0 %
Independent pricing services - Substantially all of the Company’s fixed maturity securities available for sale were priced by independent pricing services (generally one U.S. pricing service plus additional pricing services with respect to a limited number of foreign securities held by the Company). The prices provided by the independent pricing services are generally based on observable market data in active markets (e.g., broker quotes and prices observed for comparable securities). The determination of whether markets are active or inactive is based upon the volume and level of activity for a particular asset class. The Company reviews the prices provided by pricing services for reasonableness based upon current trading levels for similar securities. If the prices appear unusual to the Company, they are re-examined and the value is either confirmed or revised. In addition, the Company periodically performs independent price tests of a sample of securities to ensure proper valuation and to verify our understanding of how securities are priced. As of December 31, 2020, the Company did not make any adjustments to the prices provided by the pricing services. Based upon the Company’s review of the methodologies used by the independent pricing services, these securities were classified as Level 2.
Syndicate manager - The Company has a 15% participation in a Lloyd’s syndicate, and the Company’s share of the securities owned by the syndicate is priced by the syndicate’s manager. The majority of the securities are liquid, short duration fixed maturity securities. The Company reviews the syndicate manager’s pricing methodology and audited financial statements and holds discussions with the syndicate manager as necessary to confirm its understanding and agreement with security prices. Based upon the Company’s review of the methodologies used by the syndicate manager, these securities were classified as Level 2.
Observable data - If independent pricing is not available, the Company prices the securities directly. Prices are based on observable market data where available, including current trading levels for similar securities and non-binding quotations from brokers. The Company generally requests two or more quotes. If more than one quote is received, the Company sets a price within the range of quotes received based on its assessment of the credibility of the quote and its own evaluation of the security. The Company generally does not adjust quotes obtained from brokers. Since these securities were priced based on observable data, they were classified as Level 2.
Cash flow model - If the above methodologies are not available, the Company prices securities using a discounted cash flow model based upon assumptions as to prevailing credit spreads, interest rates and interest rate volatility, time to maturity and subordination levels. Discount rates are adjusted to reflect illiquidity where appropriate. These securities were classified as Level 3.
Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
Business Segment Results
Following is a summary of gross and net premiums written, net premiums earned, loss ratios (losses and loss expenses incurred expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned), expense ratios (underwriting expenses expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned) and GAAP combined ratios (sum of loss ratio and expense ratio) for each of our business segments for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. The GAAP combined ratio represents a measure of underwriting profitability, excluding investment income. A GAAP combined ratio in excess of 100 indicates an underwriting loss; a number below 100 indicates an underwriting profit.
(In thousands) 2020 2019
Insurance
Gross premiums written $ 7,837,496 $ 7,398,573
Net premiums written 6,347,101 6,086,009
Net premiums earned 6,067,669 5,919,819
Loss ratio 64.9 % 62.4 %
Expense ratio 30.3 31.1
GAAP combined ratio 95.2 93.5
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess
Gross premiums written $ 1,010,151 $ 863,646
Net premiums written 915,336 777,490
Net premiums earned 863,174 713,469
Loss ratio 61.3 % 61.5 %
Expense ratio 31.8 35.0
GAAP combined ratio 93.1 96.5
Consolidated
Gross premiums written $ 8,847,647 $ 8,262,219
Net premiums written 7,262,437 6,863,499
Net premiums earned 6,930,843 6,633,288
Loss ratio 64.5 % 62.3 %
Expense ratio 30.4 31.5
GAAP combined ratio 94.9 93.8
Net Income to Common Stockholders. The following table presents the Company’s net income to common stockholders and net income per diluted share for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.
(In thousands, except per share data) 2020 2019
Net income to common stockholders $ 530,670 $ 681,944
Weighted average diluted shares 188,763 193,521
Net income per diluted share $ 2.81 $ 3.52
The Company reported net income of $531 million in 2020 compared to $682 million in 2019. The $151 million decrease in net income was primarily due to an after-tax decrease in net investment income of $47 million mainly due to reduced investment yields in fixed maturity securities and repositioning a larger portion of the investment portfolio to cash and cash equivalents, an after-tax decrease in underwriting income of $46 million resulted from COVID-19-related losses and other catastrophe losses, a $39 million increase in tax expense due to change in effective tax rate, a $23 million decrease in after-tax foreign currency gains as the U.S. dollar weakened against a wide spectrum of currencies, a decrease in after-tax net investment gains of $13 million, a $6 million debt extinguishment expense on debt redeemed in 2020 and an after-tax decrease in other income of $1 million, partially offset by an after-tax reduction in corporate expenses of $12 million, an after-tax increase in insurance service fee income of $9 million, an after-tax reduction of $2 million from interest expense, and an after-tax increase in income from non-insurance businesses of $1 million. The number of weighted average diluted shares decreased by approximately 5 million for 2020 compared to 2019, mainly reflecting shares repurchased in 2020.
Premiums. Gross premiums written were $8,848 million in 2020, an increase of 7% from $8,262 million in 2019. The increase was due to the growth in the Insurance segment of $439 million and $147 million in the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment. Approximately 79% of premiums expiring in 2020 were renewed, and 80% of premiums expiring in 2019 were renewed.
Average renewal premium rates for insurance and facultative reinsurance increased 11.3% in 2020 and 4.8% in 2019, when adjusted for changes in exposures. Average renewal premium rates for insurance and facultative reinsurance excluding workers' compensation increased 13.6% in 2020 and 6.9% in 2019, when adjusted for changes in exposures.
A summary of gross premiums written in 2020 compared with 2019 by line of business within each business segment follows:
•Insurance gross premiums increased 6% to $7,837 million in 2020 from $7,398 million in 2019. Gross premiums increased $270 million (11%) for other liability, $196 million (20%) for professional liability, and $92 million (5%) for short-tail lines and $74 million (9%) for commercial auto, and decreased $193 million (15%) for workers' compensation.
•Reinsurance & Monoline Excess gross premiums increased 17% to $1,010 million in 2020 from $864 million in 2019. Gross premiums written increased $105 million (22%) for casualty lines, $27 million (14%) for property lines, and $14 million (7%) for monoline excess.
Net premiums written were $7,262 million in 2020, an increase of 6% from $6,863 million in 2019. Ceded reinsurance premiums as a percentage of gross written premiums were 18% in 2020 and 17% in 2019.
Premiums earned increased 4% to $6,931 million in 2020 from $6,633 million in 2019. Insurance premiums (including the impact of rate changes) are generally earned evenly over the policy term, and accordingly recent rate increases will be earned over the upcoming quarters. Premiums earned in 2020 are related to business written during both 2020 and 2019. Audit premiums were $128 million in 2020 compared with $199 million in 2019.
Net Investment Income. Following is a summary of net investment income for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:
Amount Average Annualized
Yield
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2020 2019
Fixed maturity securities, including cash and cash equivalents and loans receivable $ 426,563 $ 517,925 2.7 % 3.4 %
Investment funds 54,253 69,194 4.5 5.2
Arbitrage trading account 77,931 34,585 14.6 7.8
Real estate 24,027 24,218 1.2 1.2
Equity securities 10,172 5,439 2.7 2.0
Gross investment income 592,946 651,361 3.0 3.4
Investment expenses (9,125) (5,747) - -
Total $ 583,821 $ 645,614 2.9 % 3.4 %
Net investment income decreased 10% to $584 million in 2020 from $646 million in 2019 primarily due to a $92 million decrease in income from fixed maturity securities driven by lower investment yields and repositioning a larger portion of the investment portfolio to cash and cash equivalents, a $15 million decrease in income from investment funds and an increase in investment expenses of $3 million, partially offset by a $43 million increase in arbitrage trading account and a $5 million increase in equity securities. Investment funds are reported on a one quarter lag. The average annualized yield for fixed maturity securities was 2.7% in 2020 and 3.4% in 2019. The effective duration of the fixed maturity portfolio was 2.4 years at December 31, 2020 and 2.8 years at December 31, 2019. The Company shortened the duration of its fixed maturity security portfolio, thereby reducing the potential impact of mark-to-market on the portfolio and positioning the Company to react quickly to changes in the current interest rate environment. Average invested assets, at cost (including cash and cash equivalents), were $20.0 billion in 2020 and $19.1 billion in 2019.
Insurance Service Fees. The Company earns fees from an insurance distribution business, a third-party administrator, and as a servicing carrier of workers' compensation assigned risk plans for certain states. Insurance service fees were $89 million in 2020 and $93 million in 2019. The decrease was primarily due to a reduction of assigned risk plan business.
Net Realized and Unrealized Gains on Investments. The Company buys and sells securities and other investment assets on a regular basis in order to maximize its total return on investments. Decisions to sell securities and other investment assets are based on management’s view of the underlying fundamentals of specific investments as well as management’s expectations regarding interest rates, credit spreads, currency values and general economic conditions. Net realized and unrealized gains on investments were $74 million in 2020 compared with $121 million in 2019. In 2020, the gains reflected net realized gains on investment of $99 million, including the sale of a building for a gain of $105 million, and decreased by a change in unrealized
losses on equity securities of $25 million. In 2019, the gains reflected net realized gains on investment sales of $36 million and increased by a change in unrealized gains on equity securities of $85 million.
Change in Allowance for Expected Credit Losses on Investments. Effective January 1, 2020, the Company adopted accounting guidance for credit losses on financial instruments. The cumulative effect adjustment from the change in accounting principle was $25 million after-tax, which decreased opening retained earnings and increased AOCI. Based on credit factors, the allowance for expected credit losses is increased or decreased depending on the percentage of unrealized loss relative to amortized cost by security, changes in rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the pre-tax change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments decreased by $29 million ($23 million after-tax), which is reflected in net investment gains (losses).
Revenues from Non-Insurance Businesses. Revenues from non-insurance businesses were derived from businesses engaged in the distribution of promotional merchandise, world-wide textile solutions, and aviation-related businesses that provide services to aviation markets, including (i) the distribution, manufacturing, repair and overhaul of aircraft parts and components, (ii) the sale of new and used aircraft, and (iii) avionics, fuel, maintenance, storage and charter services. Revenues from non-insurance businesses were $390 million in 2020 and $407 million in 2019. The decrease mainly relates to a reduction in revenues from the aviation-related businesses impacted by COVID-19.
Losses and Loss Expenses. Losses and loss expenses increased to $4,469 million in 2020 from $4,131 million in 2019. The consolidated loss ratio was 64.5% in 2020 and 62.3% in 2019. Catastrophe losses, net of reinsurance recoveries, were $340 million (including losses of approximately $171 million related to COVID-19) in 2020 compared with $90 million in 2019. Favorable prior year reserve development (net of premium offsets) was $16 million in 2020 compared with $19 million in 2019. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development decreased 1.4 points to 59.8% in 2020 from 61.2% in 2019.
A summary of loss ratios in 2020 compared with 2019 by business segment follows:
•Insurance - The loss ratio of 64.9% in 2020 was 2.5 points higher than the loss ratio of 62.4% in 2019. Catastrophe losses were $307 million in 2020 compared with $68 million in 2019. The Company reflected a best estimate (net of reinsurance) based upon available information for COVID-19-related losses of approximately $161 million, which was included in catastrophe losses and primarily related to contingency and event cancellation coverage, workers’ compensation and short-tail lines. Favorable prior year reserve development was $24 million in 2020 compared with $21 million in 2019. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development decreased 1.4 points to 60.2% in 2020 from 61.6% in 2019.
•Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - The loss ratio of 61.3% in 2020 was 0.2 points lower than the loss ratio of 61.5% in 2019. Catastrophe losses were $33 million in 2020 compared with $22 million in 2019. The Company reflected a best estimate (net of reinsurance) based upon available information for COVID-19-related losses of approximately $10 million, which was included in catastrophe losses and primarily related to excess workers’ compensation and short-tail lines. Adverse prior year reserve development was $8 million in 2020 compared with adverse prior year reserve development of $2 million in 2019. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development decreased 1.5 points to 56.6% in 2020 from 58.1% in 2019.
Other Operating Costs and Expenses. Following is a summary of other operating costs and expenses:
(In thousands) 2020 2019
Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses $ 2,111,013 $ 2,090,301
Insurance service expenses 85,724 101,317
Net foreign currency losses (gains) 363 (30,715)
Debt extinguishment costs 8,440 -
Other costs and expenses 184,852 201,179
Total $ 2,390,392 $ 2,362,082
Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses are comprised of commissions paid to agents and brokers, premium taxes and other assessments and internal underwriting costs. Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses increased 1% and net premiums earned increased 4% from 2019. The expense ratio (policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses expressed as a percentage of premiums earned) was 30.4% in 2020 and 31.5% in 2019. The improvement is primarily attributable to higher net premiums earned and lower travel and entertainment expenses due to the global pandemic. However, to the extent our net premiums earned decrease, due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic or otherwise, our expense ratio would be expected to increase.
Service expenses, which represent the costs associated with the fee-based businesses, decreased 15% to $86 million in 2020 from $101 million in 2019. The decrease is primarily due to a reduction of assigned risk plan business.
Net foreign currency losses (gains) result from transactions denominated in a currency other than an operating unit’s functional currency. Net foreign currency losses were $0.4 million in 2020 compared to gains of $31 million in 2019, mainly due to U.S. dollar weakening in relation to a wide spectrum of currencies in 2020.
Debt extinguishment costs of $8 million in 2020 related to the redemption of subordinated debentures that were due in 2053.
Other costs and expenses represent general and administrative expenses of the parent company and other expenses not allocated to business segments, including the cost of certain long-term incentive plans and new business ventures. Other costs and expenses decreased to $185 million in 2020 from $201 million in 2019 primarily due to a reduction in non-recurring performance-based compensation costs which occurred in 2019 and reduced travel-related expenses due to COVID-19 in 2020.
Expenses from Non-Insurance Businesses. Expenses from non-insurance businesses represent costs associated with businesses engaged in the distribution of promotional merchandise, world-wide textile solutions, and aviation-related businesses that include (i) cost of goods sold related to aircraft and products sold and services provided and (ii) general and administrative expenses. Expenses from non-insurance businesses were $384 million in 2020 compared to $403 million in 2019. The decrease mainly relates to a reduction of aviation-related business impacted by COVID-19 in 2020.
Interest Expense. Interest expense was $151 million in 2020 compared with $153 million in 2019. During 2019, the Company repaid at maturity $489 million aggregate principal amount of senior notes and other debt. In December 2019, the Company issued $300 million aggregate principal amount of 5.10% subordinated debentures due 2059. In May 2020, the Company issued $300 million aggregate principal amount of 4.00% senior notes due 2050. In September 2020, the Company issued an additional $170 million aggregate principal amount of 4.00% senior notes due 2050 and issued $250 million aggregate principal amount of 4.25% subordinated debentures due 2060 and repaid $300 million aggregate principal amount of 5.375% senior notes at maturity. In October 2020, the Company redeemed $350 million aggregate principal amount of 5.625% subordinated debentures due 2053. Accordingly, the timing of the repayments of debt at maturity and redemption that took place throughout 2019 and 2020 and issuances in 2019 and 2020 led to the decrease in interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to 2019. The redemption of debentures and issuance of additional debentures in 2021, as described below in "Liquidity and Capital Resources -- Debt," are also expected to impact interest expense in 2021.
Income Taxes. The effective income tax rate was 24.4% in 2020 and 19.8% in 2019. The effective income tax rate differs from the federal income tax rate of 21% principally because the utilization of losses in certain foreign jurisdictions was limited, which was partially offset by tax-exempt investment income and tax benefits related to equity-based compensation. See Note 16 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for a reconciliation of the income tax expense and the amounts computed by applying the Federal and foreign income tax rate of 21%.
The Company has not provided U.S. deferred income taxes on the undistributed earnings of approximately $111 million of its non-U.S. subsidiaries since these earnings are intended to be permanently reinvested in the non-U.S. subsidiaries. In the future, if such earnings were distributed the Company projects that the incremental tax, if any, will be immaterial.
Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018
For a comparison of the Company’s results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2019 to the year ended December 31, 2018, see Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 20, 2020.
Investments
As part of its investment strategy, the Company establishes a level of cash and highly liquid short-term and intermediate-term securities that, combined with expected cash flow, it believes is adequate to meet its payment obligations. Due to the low fixed maturity investment returns, the Company invests in equity securities, merger arbitrage securities, investment funds, private equity, loans and real estate related assets. The Company's investments in investment funds and its other alternative investments have experienced, and the Company expects to continue to experience, greater fluctuations in investment income.
The Company also attempts to maintain an appropriate relationship between the effective duration of the investment portfolio and the approximate duration of its liabilities (i.e., policy claims and debt obligations). The effective duration of the investment portfolio was 2.4 years at December 31, 2020 and 2.8 years at December 31, 2019. The Company’s investment portfolio and investment-related assets as of December 31, 2020 were as follows:
($ in thousands) Carrying
Value Percent
of Total
Fixed maturity securities:
U.S. government and government agencies $ 603,871 2.9 %
State and municipal:
Special revenue 2,252,067 10.8
State general obligation 493,147 2.4
Local general obligation 450,624 2.2
Pre-refunded (1) 276,672 1.3
Corporate backed 214,473 1.0
Total state and municipal 3,686,983 17.7
Mortgage-backed securities:
Agency 630,784 3.0
Residential-Prime 199,481 1.0
Commercial 187,717 0.9
Residential-Alt A 8,803 -
Total mortgage-backed securities 1,026,785 4.9
Asset-backed securities 3,194,586 15.3
Corporate:
Industrial 2,564,475 12.3
Financial 1,575,903 7.6
Utilities 421,165 2.0
Other 110,038 0.5
Total corporate 4,671,581 22.4
Foreign government 975,563 4.7
Total fixed maturity securities 14,159,369 67.9
Equity securities available for sale:
Common stocks 350,181 1.7
Preferred stocks 275,486 1.3
Total equity securities available for sale 625,667 3.0
Cash and cash equivalents 2,372,366 11.4
Real estate 1,960,914 9.4
Investment funds 1,309,430 6.3
Arbitrage trading account 341,473 1.6
Loans receivable 84,913 0.4
Total investments $ 20,854,132 100.0 %
______________
(1)Pre-refunded securities are securities for which an escrow account has been established to fund the remaining payments of principal and interest through maturity. Such escrow accounts are funded almost exclusively with U.S. Treasury and U.S. government agency securities.
Fixed Maturity Securities. The Company’s investment policy with respect to fixed maturity securities is generally to purchase instruments with the expectation of holding them to their maturity. However, management of the available for sale
portfolio is considered necessary to maintain an approximate matching of assets and liabilities as well as to adjust the portfolio as a result of changes in financial market conditions and tax considerations.
The Company’s philosophy related to holding or selling fixed maturity securities is based on its objective of maximizing total return. The key factors that management considers in its investment decisions as to whether to hold or sell fixed maturity securities are its view of the underlying fundamentals of specific securities as well as its expectations regarding interest rates, credit spreads and currency values. In a period in which management expects interest rates to rise, the Company may sell longer duration securities in order to mitigate the impact of an interest rate rise on the fair value of the portfolio. Similarly, in a period in which management expects credit spreads to widen, the Company may sell lower quality securities, and in a period in which management expects certain foreign currencies to decline in value, the Company may sell securities denominated in those foreign currencies. The sale of fixed maturity securities in order to achieve the objective of maximizing total return may result in realized gains; however, there is no reason to expect these gains to continue in future periods.
Equity Securities. Equity securities primarily represent investments in common and preferred stocks in companies with potential growth opportunities in different sectors, mainly in the financial institutions sector.
Investment Funds. At December 31, 2020, the carrying value of investment funds was $1,309 million, including investments in financial services funds of $434 million, real estate funds of $311 million, transportation funds of $190 million, energy funds of $141 million, and other funds of $233 million. Investment funds are primarily reported on a one-quarter lag.
Real Estate. Real estate is directly owned property held for investment. At December 31, 2020, real estate properties in operation included a long-term ground lease in Washington D.C., an office complex in New York City, office buildings in West Palm Beach and Palm Beach, Florida, an office building in London, and the completed portion of a mixed-use project in Washington D.C. In addition, part of the previously mentioned mixed-use project in Washington D.C. is under development. The Company expects to fund further development costs for the project with a combination of its own funds and external financing. During the fourth quarter of 2020, the Company sold an office complex in New York City.
Arbitrage Trading Account. The arbitrage trading account is comprised of direct investments in arbitrage securities. Merger arbitrage is the business of investing in the securities of publicly held companies that are the targets in announced tender offers and mergers.
Loans Receivable. Loans receivable, which are carried at amortized cost (net of allowance for expected credit losses), had an amortized cost of $85 million and an aggregate fair value of $87 million at December 31, 2020. The amortized cost of loans receivable is net of an allowance for expected credit losses of $5 million as of December 31, 2020. Loans receivable include real estate loans of $52 million that are secured by commercial real estate located primarily in New York. Real estate loans receivable generally earn interest at floating LIBOR-based interest rates and have maturities (inclusive of extension options) through August 2025. Loans receivable include commercial loans of $33 million that are secured by business assets and have fixed interest rates and floating LIBOR-based interest rates with varying maturities not exceeding 10 years.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Cash Flow. Cash flow provided from operating activities increased to $1,617 million in 2020 from $1,144 million in 2019, primarily due to an increase in premium receipts, net of reinsurance and commissions settled and the timing of loss and loss expense payments as well as payments to tax authorities.
The Company's insurance subsidiaries' principal sources of cash are premiums, investment income, service fees and proceeds from sales and maturities of portfolio investments. The principal uses of cash are payments for claims, taxes, operating expenses and dividends. The Company expects its insurance subsidiaries to fund the payment of losses with cash received from premiums, investment income and fees. The Company generally targets an average duration for its investment portfolio that is within 1.5 years of the average duration of its liabilities so that portions of its investment portfolio mature throughout the claim cycle and are available for the payment of claims if necessary. In the event operating cash flow and proceeds from maturities and prepayments of fixed maturity securities are not sufficient to fund claim payments and other cash requirements, the remainder of the Company's cash and investments is available to pay claims and other obligations as they become due. The Company's investment portfolio is highly liquid, with approximately 79% invested in cash, cash equivalents and marketable fixed maturity securities as of December 31, 2020. If the sale of fixed maturity securities were to become necessary, a realized gain or loss equal to the difference between the cost and sales price of securities sold would be recognized.
Debt. At December 31, 2020, the Company had senior notes, subordinated debentures and other debt outstanding with a carrying value of $2,725 million and a face amount of $2,743 million, including $300 million aggregate principal amount of its 4.00% senior notes due 2050 issued in May 2020 as well as an additional $170 million aggregate principal amount of its 4.00% senior notes due 2050 and $250 million aggregate principal amount of its 4.25% subordinated debentures due 2060 issued in September 2020. The Company redeemed $350 million aggregate principal amount of its subordinated debentures due 2053 in October 2020. The maturities of the outstanding debt are $3 million in 2021, $427 million in 2022, $6 million in 2025, $102 million in 2028, $250 million in 2037, $350 million in 2044, $470 million in 2050, $400 million in 2056, $185 million in 2058, $300 million in 2059 and $250 million in 2060.
In January 2021, the Company called its $110 million aggregate principal amount of 5.90% subordinated debentures for redemption on March 1, 2021. Additionally in February 2021, the Company issued $300 million aggregate principal amount of 4.125% subordinated debentures due 2061.
Equity. The Company repurchased 6,363,301 and 269,072 shares of its common stock in 2020 and 2019, respectively. The aggregate cost of the repurchases was $346 million in 2020 and $18 million in 2019. In 2020, the Board declared regular quarterly cash dividends of $0.11 per share in the first quarter, and $0.12 per share in each of the remaining three quarters for a total of $84 million in aggregate dividends in 2020. At December 31, 2020, total common stockholders’ equity was $6.3 billion, common shares outstanding were 177,825,150 and stockholders’ equity per outstanding share was $35.49.
Total Capital. Total capitalization (equity, debt and subordinated debentures) was $9.0 billion at December 31, 2020. The percentage of the Company’s capital attributable to senior notes, subordinated debentures and other debt was 30% at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019.
Federal and Foreign Income Taxes
The Company files a consolidated income tax return in the U.S. and foreign tax returns in each of the countries in which it has overseas operations. At December 31, 2020, the Company had a gross deferred tax asset (net of valuation allowance) of $414 million (which primarily relates to loss and loss expense reserves and unearned premium reserves) and a gross deferred tax liability of $427 million (which primarily relates to deferred policy acquisition costs, unrealized investment gains and investment funds). The realization of the deferred tax asset is dependent upon the Company's ability to generate sufficient taxable income in future periods. Based on historical results and the prospects for future operations, management anticipates that it is more likely than not that future taxable income will be sufficient for the realization of this asset.
Reinsurance
The Company follows customary industry practice of reinsuring a portion of its exposures in exchange for paying reinsurers a part of the premiums received on the policies it writes. Reinsurance is purchased by the Company principally to reduce its net liability on individual risks and to protect against catastrophic losses. Although reinsurance does not legally discharge an insurer from its primary liability for the full amount of the policies, it does make the assuming reinsurer liable to the insurer to the extent of the reinsurance coverage. The Company monitors the financial condition of its reinsurers and attempts to place its coverages only with financially sound carriers. Reinsurance coverage and retentions vary depending on the line of business, location of the risk and nature of loss. The Company’s reinsurance purchases include the following:
•Property reinsurance treaties - The Company purchases property reinsurance to reduce its exposure to large individual property losses and catastrophe events. Following is a summary of significant property reinsurance treaties in effect as of January 1, 2021: The Company’s property per risk reinsurance generally covers losses between $2.5 million and $65 million. The Company’s catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance program provides protection for net losses between $17.5 million and $395 million for the majority of business written by its U.S. Insurance segment operating units and Lloyd's Syndicate, excluding offshore energy, but some perils are protected above $15 million. The Company’s catastrophe reinsurance agreements are subject to certain limits, exclusions and reinstatement premiums.
•Casualty reinsurance treaties - The Company purchases casualty reinsurance to reduce its exposure to large individual casualty losses, workers’ compensation catastrophe losses and casualty losses involving multiple claimants or insureds for the majority of business written by its U.S. companies. A significant casualty treaty (casualty catastrophe) in effect as of January 1, 2021 provides significant protection for losses between $5 million and $75 million from single events with claims involving two or more insurable interests or for systemic events involving multiple insureds and/or policy years. The treaty also covers casualty contingency losses in excess of $5 million and up to $100 million. For losses involving two or more claimants for primary workers’ compensation business, coverage is generally in place for losses between $10 million and $270 million. For excess workers’ compensation business, such coverage is generally in place for losses between $25 million and $545 million.
•Facultative reinsurance - The Company also purchases facultative reinsurance on certain individual policies or risks that are in excess of treaty reinsurance capacity.
•Other reinsurance - Depending on the operating unit, the Company purchases specific additional reinsurance to supplement the above programs.
•Effective January 1, 2021, Lifson Re will be a participant on the majority of the Company’s reinsurance placements for a 22.5% share of the placed amounts. This pertains to all traditional treaty reinsurance/retrocessional placements for both property and casualty business where there is more than one open market reinsurer participating. Lifson Re has been capitalized with more than $250 million of equity from a small group of sophisticated global investors with long-term investment horizons, including a minority participation by the Company. Lifson Re will participate on a fully collateralized basis.
The Company places a number of its casualty treaties on a “risk attaching” basis. Under risk attaching treaties, all claims from policies incepting during the period of the reinsurance contract are covered even if they occur after the expiration date of the reinsurance contract. If the Company is unable to renew or replace its existing reinsurance coverage, protection for unexpired policies would remain in place until their expiration. In such case, the Company could revise its underwriting strategy for new business to reflect the absence of reinsurance protection. The casualty catastrophe treaty highlighted above was purchased on a losses discovered basis. Property catastrophe and workers’ compensation catastrophe reinsurance is generally placed on a “losses occurring basis,” whereby only claims occurring during the period are covered. If the Company is unable to renew or replace these reinsurance coverages, unexpired policies would not be protected, though we frequently have the option to purchase run-off coverage in our treaties.
Following is a summary of earned premiums and loss and loss expenses ceded to reinsurers for each of the three years ended December 31, 2020:
Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Earned premiums $ 1,499,948 $ 1,328,843 $ 1,236,049
Losses and loss expenses 955,630 836,831 829,742
Ceded earned premiums increased 12.9% in 2020 to $1,500 million. The ceded losses and loss expenses ratio increased 1 point to 64% in 2020 from 63% in 2019.
The following table presents the credit quality of amounts due from reinsurers as of December 31, 2020. Amounts due from reinsurers are net of reserves for uncollectible reinsurance of $1 million in the aggregate.
(In thousands)
Reinsurer Rating (1) Amount
Amounts due in excess of $20 million:
Munich Re AA- $ 275,841
Lloyd’s of London A+ 255,184
Swiss Re AA- 182,532
Alleghany Group A+ 182,015
Partner Re A+ 164,535
Hannover Re Group AA- 129,752
Berkshire Hathaway AA+ 104,775
Everest Re A+ 102,085
Renaissance Re A+ 101,014
Axis Capital A+ 87,948
Liberty Mutual A 66,263
Korean Re A 56,091
Fairfax Financial A- 37,310
Axa Insurance AA- 35,012
Validus Holdings Ltd. A 29,599
Arch Capital Group A+ 27,739
Qatar Re A 20,321
Other reinsurers:
Rated A- or better 178,473
Secured (2) 122,573
All Others 29,883
Subtotal $ 2,188,945
Residual market pools (3) 243,358
Allowance for expected credit losses (7,801)
Total $ 2,424,502
_________________
(1)S&P rating, or if not rated by S&P, A.M. Best rating.
(2)Secured by letters of credit or other forms of collateral.
(3)Many states require licensed insurers that provide workers' compensation insurance to participate in programs that provide workers' compensation to employers that cannot procure coverage from an insurer on a voluntary basis. Insurers can fulfill this residual market obligation by participating in pools where results are shared by the participating companies. The Company acts as a servicing carrier for workers' compensation pools in certain states. As a servicing carrier, the Company writes residual market business directly and then cedes 100% of this business to the respective pool. As a servicing carrier, the Company receives fee income for its services. The Company does not retain underwriting risk, and credit risk is limited as ceded balances are jointly shared by all the pool members.
Contractual Obligations
Following is a summary of the Company's contractual obligations as of December 31, 2020:
(In thousands)
Estimated Payments By Periods 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Thereafter
Gross reserves for losses $ 3,709,874 $ 2,561,830 $ 1,897,638 $ 1,371,187 $ 991,655 $ 3,753,226
Operating lease obligations 47,477 41,442 37,843 31,283 22,452 58,124
Purchase obligations 132,006 50,629 47,413 44,070 44,478 3,534
Subordinated debentures - - - - - 1,135,000
Senior notes and other debt 2,852 426,503 - - 6,385 1,171,750
Interest payments 120,211 105,461 97,368 97,368 97,368 2,578,101
Other long-term liabilities 2,113 3,049 2,696 2,425 2,169 22,986
Total $ 4,014,533 $ 3,188,914 $ 2,082,958 $ 1,546,333 $ 1,164,507 $ 8,722,721
The estimated payments for reserves for losses and loss expenses in the above table represent the projected (undiscounted) payments for gross loss and loss expense reserves related to losses incurred as of December 31, 2020. The estimated payments in the above table do not consider payments for losses to be incurred in future periods. These amounts include reserves for reported losses and reserves for incurred but not reported losses. Estimated amounts recoverable from reinsurers are not reflected. The estimated payments by year are based on historical loss payment patterns.The actual payments may differ from the estimated amounts due to changes in ultimate loss reserves and in the timing of the settlement of those reserves. In addition, at December 31, 2020, the Company had commitments to invest up to $124 million and $200 million in certain investment funds and real estate construction projects, respectively. These amounts are not included in the above table.
The Company utilizes letters of credit to back certain reinsurance payments and obligations. Outstanding letters of credit were $4 million as of December 31, 2020. The Company has made certain guarantees to state regulators that the statutory capital of certain subsidiaries will be maintained above certain minimum levels.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
An off-balance sheet arrangement is any transaction, agreement or other contractual arrangement involving an unconsolidated entity under which a company has (1) made guarantees, (2) a retained or contingent interest in transferred assets, (3) an obligation under derivative instruments classified as equity or (4) any obligation arising out of a material variable interest in an unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit risk support to the Company, or that engages in leasing, hedging or research and development arrangements with the Company. The Company has no arrangements of these types that management believes may have a material current or future effect on our financial condition, liquidity or results of operations.
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Market Risk. The fair value of the Company’s investments is subject to risks of fluctuations in credit quality and interest rates. The Company uses various models and stress test scenarios to monitor and manage interest rate risk. The Company attempts to manage its interest rate risk by maintaining an appropriate relationship between the effective duration of the investment portfolio and the approximate duration of its liabilities (i.e., policy claims and debt obligations). The effective duration for the fixed maturity portfolio (including cash and cash equivalents) was 2.4 years at December 31, 2020 and 2.8 years at December 31, 2019.
In addition, the fair value of the Company’s international investments is subject to currency risk. The Company attempts to manage its currency risk by matching its foreign currency assets and liabilities where considered appropriate.
The following table outlines the groups of fixed maturity securities and their effective duration at December 31, 2020:
Effective
Duration
($ in thousands) (Years) Fair Value
State and municipal 3.9 $ 3,700,200
Mortgage-backed securities 3.5 1,027,828
Corporate 3.1 4,671,581
Foreign government 3.0 975,563
U.S. government and government agencies 1.9 603,871
Loans receivable 1.0 86,596
Asset-backed securities 0.9 3,194,586
Cash and cash equivalents - 2,372,366
Total 2.4 $ 16,632,591
Duration is a common measure of the price sensitivity of fixed maturity securities to changes in interest rates. The Company determines the estimated change in fair value of the fixed maturity securities, assuming parallel shifts in the yield curve for treasury securities while keeping spreads between individual securities and treasury securities static. The estimated fair value at specified levels at December 31, 2020 would be as follows:
(In thousands) Estimated Fair Value Change in Fair Value
Change in interest rates:
300 basis point rise $ 15,429,092 $ (1,203,499)
200 basis point rise 15,823,862 (808,729)
100 basis point rise 16,226,841 (405,750)
Base scenario 16,632,591 -
100 basis point decline 17,074,947 442,356
200 basis point decline 17,521,813 889,222
300 basis point decline 18,005,098 1,372,507
Arbitrage investing differs from other types of investments in that its focus is on transactions and events believed likely to bring about a change in value over a relatively short time period (usually four months or less). The Company believes that this makes arbitrage investments less vulnerable to changes in general stock market conditions. Potential changes in market conditions are also mitigated by the implementation of hedging strategies, including short sales.
Additionally, the arbitrage positions are generally hedged against market declines by purchasing put options, selling call options or entering into swap contracts. The Company's merger arbitrage securities are primarily exposed to the risk of completion of announced deals, which are subject to regulatory as well as transactional and other risks.
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
W. R. Berkley Corporation:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of W. R. Berkley Corporation and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes and financial statement schedules II to VI (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2020, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 18, 2021 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Reserves for losses and loss expenses
As discussed in Notes 1 and 13 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company estimates the reserves for losses and loss expenses (reserves) using a variety of actuarial techniques and methods. The key assumptions used to arrive at the best estimate of recorded reserves are expected loss ratios, rate of loss cost inflation, reported and paid loss emergence patterns, loss frequency and severity, and the loss reporting lag. Such amounts are adjusted for certain qualitative factors. The reserves as of December 31, 2020 were $13,784 million.
We identified the assessment of the estimate of reserves as a critical audit matter because it involved significant measurement uncertainty, which required complex auditor judgement. Specialized actuarial skills and knowledge were required to evaluate the actuarial method or methods and assumptions used. Assumptions included loss development
factors; the weighting of actuarial methods when more than one was used; the impact of qualitative factors; and whether payments are fixed and reliably determinable for certain reserves subject to discounting.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address the critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls over the Company’s reserving process. This included controls over the Company’s process to develop the Company’s best estimate of reserves based on actuarial methodologies and assumptions employed by the Company’s actuaries. We involved actuarial professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in:
•examining the Company’s actuarial methodologies for compliance with Actuarial Standards of Practice;
•evaluating the Company’s ability to discount certain reserves by comparing the expected payout pattern of claims paid to actual claims paid;
•evaluating the Company’s actuarial point estimate by performing independent actuarial analyses for certain of the larger, more complex operating units;
•evaluating the Company’s actuarial point estimate by examining the Company actuaries’ process, and certain key assumptions for the remaining operating units;
•developing an independent range of reserves based on actuarial methodologies and assumptions and comparing to the Company’s recorded reserves;
•evaluating the Company’s recorded reserves and year-over-year movements of the Company’s reserves relative to, and within, the independently developed range of reserves.
/S/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1972.
New York, New York
February 18, 2021
W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands, except per share data) 2020 2019 2018
REVENUES:
Net premiums written $ 7,262,437 $ 6,863,499 $ 6,433,227
Change in net unearned premiums (331,594) (230,211) (61,722)
Net premiums earned 6,930,843 6,633,288 6,371,505
Net investment income 583,821 645,614 674,235
Net investment gains:
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments 73,514 120,703 160,175
Change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments 29,486 - (5,687)
Net investment gains 103,000 120,703 154,488
Revenues from non-insurance businesses 389,888 406,541 372,985
Insurance service fees 88,777 92,680 117,757
Other income 2,596 3,370 681
Total revenues 8,098,925 7,902,196 7,691,651
OPERATING COSTS AND EXPENSES:
Losses and loss expenses 4,468,706 4,131,116 3,974,702
Other operating costs and expenses 2,390,392 2,362,082 2,383,221
Expenses from non-insurance businesses 384,488 402,669 364,449
Interest expense 150,537 153,409 157,185
Total operating costs and expenses 7,394,123 7,049,276 6,879,557
Income before income taxes 704,802 852,920 812,094
Income tax expense (171,817) (168,935) (163,028)
Net income before noncontrolling interests 532,985 683,985 649,066
Noncontrolling interests (2,315) (2,041) (8,317)
Net income to common stockholders $ 530,670 $ 681,944 $ 640,749
NET INCOME PER SHARE:
Basic $ 2.84 $ 3.58 $ 3.37
Diluted $ 2.81 $ 3.52 $ 3.33
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Net income before noncontrolling interests $ 532,985 $ 683,985 $ 649,066
Other comprehensive gain (loss):
Change in unrealized translation adjustments 29,927 37,166 (112,099)
Change in unrealized investment gains (losses), net of taxes 140,250 215,902 (252,327)
Other comprehensive gain (loss) 170,177 253,068 (364,426)
Comprehensive income 703,162 937,053 284,640
Comprehensive income to the noncontrolling interest (2,313) (2,144) (8,271)
Comprehensive income to common stockholders $ 700,849 $ 934,909 $ 276,369
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
December 31,
(In thousands, except share data) 2020 2019
Assets
Investments:
Fixed maturity securities (amortized cost of $13,755,858 and $13,976,647; allowance for expected credit losses of $2,580 at December 31, 2020)
$ 14,159,369 $ 14,180,961
Investment funds 1,309,430 1,213,535
Real estate
1,960,914 2,105,950
Arbitrage trading account 341,473 400,809
Equity securities 625,667 480,620
Loans receivable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $5,437 at December 31, 2020)
84,913 91,799
Total investments 18,481,766 18,473,674
Cash and cash equivalents 2,372,366 1,023,710
Premiums and fees receivable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $22,883 at December 31, 2020)
2,167,799 1,997,186
Due from reinsurers (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $7,801 at December 31, 2020)
2,424,502 2,133,683
Deferred policy acquisition costs 556,168 517,364
Prepaid reinsurance premiums 648,376 567,595
Trading account receivable from brokers and clearing organizations 524,727 423,543
Property, furniture and equipment 405,930 422,091
Goodwill 169,652 169,652
Accrued investment income 120,464 138,789
Current federal and foreign income taxes 5,893 23,404
Deferred federal and foreign income taxes 29,055 8,710
Other assets 700,215 762,743
Total assets $ 28,606,913 $ 26,662,144
Liabilities and Equity
Liabilities:
Reserves for losses and loss expenses $ 13,784,430 $ 12,583,249
Unearned premiums 4,073,191 3,656,507
Due to reinsurers 426,124 360,314
Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased 10,048 36,143
Current federal and foreign income taxes 41,282 10,006
Deferred federal and foreign income taxes 42,161 26,416
Other liabilities 1,178,546 1,244,888
Senior notes and other debt 1,623,025 1,427,575
Subordinated debentures 1,102,309 1,198,704
Total liabilities 22,281,116 20,543,802
Equity:
Preferred stock, par value $.10 per share:
Authorized 5,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding - none
- -
Common stock, par value $.20 per share:
Authorized 500,000,000 shares, issued and outstanding, net of treasury shares, 177,825,150 and 183,411,907 shares, respectively
70,535 70,535
Additional paid-in capital 1,012,483 1,056,042
Retained earnings 8,348,381 7,932,372
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (62,172) (257,299)
Treasury stock, at cost, 174,851,350 and 169,264,857 shares, respectively
(3,058,425) (2,726,711)
Total common stockholders’ equity 6,310,802 6,074,939
Noncontrolling interests 14,995 43,403
Total equity 6,325,797 6,118,342
Total liabilities and equity
$ 28,606,913 $ 26,662,144
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands, except per share data) 2020 2019 2018
COMMON STOCK:
Beginning and end of period $ 70,535 $ 70,535 $ 70,535
ADDITIONAL PAID IN CAPITAL:
Beginning of period $ 1,056,042 $ 1,039,633 $ 1,024,772
Restricted stock units issued (38,491) (32,370) (19,547)
Restricted stock units expensed 48,567 48,779 34,408
Change in controlling financial interest of a subsidiary (53,635) - -
End of period $ 1,012,483 $ 1,056,042 $ 1,039,633
RETAINED EARNINGS:
Beginning of period $ 7,932,372 $ 7,558,619 $ 6,956,882
Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles (30,514) - 215,939
Net income to common stockholders 530,670 681,944 640,749
Dividends ($0.47, $1.68, and $1.39 per share, respectively)
(84,147) (308,191) (254,951)
End of period $ 8,348,381 $ 7,932,372 $ 7,558,619
ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS:
Unrealized investment gains (losses):
Beginning of period $ 124,514 $ (91,491) $ 375,421
Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles 24,952 - (214,539)
Change in unrealized gains (losses) on securities without an allowance for expected
credit losses 108,244 215,636 (252,241)
Change in unrealized gains (losses) on securities with an allowance for expected credit losses 32,004 369 (132)
End of period 289,714 124,514 (91,491)
Currency translation adjustments:
Beginning of period (381,813) (418,979) (306,880)
Net change in period 29,927 37,166 (112,099)
End of period (351,886) (381,813) (418,979)
Total accumulated other comprehensive loss $ (62,172) $ (257,299) $ (510,470)
TREASURY STOCK:
Beginning of period $ (2,726,711) $ (2,720,466) $ (2,709,386)
Stock exercised/vested 13,917 11,431 12,981
Stock issued 726 549 689
Stock repurchased (346,357) (18,225) (24,750)
End of period $ (3,058,425) $ (2,726,711) $ (2,720,466)
NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS:
Beginning of period $ 43,403 $ 41,947 $ 39,819
Distributions (30,721) (688) (6,143)
Net income 2,315 2,041 8,317
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax (2) 103 (46)
End of period $ 14,995 $ 43,403 $ 41,947
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
CASH FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income to common stockholders $ 530,670 $ 681,944 $ 640,749
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities:
Net investment gains (103,000) (120,703) (154,488)
Depreciation and amortization 135,065 113,387 131,108
Noncontrolling interests 2,315 2,041 8,317
Investment funds (54,253) (69,194) (109,349)
Stock incentive plans 49,658 49,274 36,591
Change in:
Arbitrage trading account (67,943) (26,553) (19,093)
Premiums and fees receivable (173,618) (189,151) (43,813)
Reinsurance accounts (313,525) (165,898) (165,287)
Deferred policy acquisition costs (38,691) (20,057) 7,788
Current income taxes 49,021 (12,530) (11,950)
Deferred income taxes (34,057) 7,130 (74,761)
Reserves for losses and loss expenses 1,176,049 612,254 339,015
Unearned premiums 415,956 301,355 84,142
Other 43,039 (19,506) (48,770)
Net cash from operating activities 1,616,686 1,143,793 620,199
CASH FLOWS FROM (USED) IN INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from sale of fixed maturity securities 3,832,555 2,093,271 3,525,149
Proceeds from sale of equity securities 114,763 79,963 497,989
(Contributions) distributions from investment funds (3,042) 194,663 (79,635)
Proceeds from maturities and prepayments of fixed maturity securities 3,864,327 2,933,980 2,676,455
Purchase of fixed maturity securities (7,551,591) (5,352,886) (6,677,753)
Purchase of equity securities (253,031) (172,978) (85,610)
Real estate sold (purchased) 178,934 (146,752) (514,064)
Change in loans receivable 1,467 3,481 (13,204)
Net additions to property, furniture and equipment (38,171) (60,457) (49,860)
Change in balances due from security brokers (26,515) 2,844 4,262
Cash received in connection with business disposition - - 8,664
Payment for business purchased, net of cash acquired - - (6,637)
Net cash from (used) in investing activities 119,696 (424,871) (714,244)
CASH FLOWS USED IN FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Net proceeds from issuance of debt 741,637 290,974 294,562
Repayment and redemption of debt (652,751) (456,360) (4,524)
Cash dividends to common stockholders (84,147) (308,191) (254,951)
Purchase of common treasury shares (346,357) (18,225) (24,750)
Other, net (56,225) (21,391) (17,740)
Net cash used in financing activities (397,843) (513,193) (7,403)
Net impact on cash due to change in foreign exchange rates 10,117 379 (31,421)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 1,348,656 206,108 (132,869)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 1,023,710 817,602 950,471
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year $ 2,372,366 $ 1,023,710 $ 817,602
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018
(1) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
(A) Principles of consolidation and basis of presentation
The consolidated financial statements, which include the accounts of W. R. Berkley Corporation and its subsidiaries (the "Company"), have been prepared on the basis of U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated. Reclassifications have been made in the 2019 and 2018 financial statements as originally reported to conform to the presentation of the 2020 financial statements.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the revenues and expenses reflected during the reporting period. The most significant items on our balance sheet that involve a greater degree of accounting estimates that are subject to change in the future are the valuation of investments, allowance for expected credit losses on investments, reserves for losses and loss expenses and premium estimates. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
(B) Revenue recognition
Insurance premiums are recognized as written at the inception of the policy. Reinsurance premiums are estimated based upon information received from ceding companies, and subsequent differences from such estimates are recorded in the period they are determined. Insurance and reinsurance premiums are primarily earned on a pro rata basis over the policy term. Fees for services are earned over the period that the services are provided. Premiums and fees receivable are reported net of an allowance for expected credit losses, with the allowance being estimated based on current and future expected conditions, historical loss data and specific identification of collectability concerns where applicable. Changes in the allowance are reported within other operating costs and expenses.
Audit premiums are recognized when they are reliably determinable. The change in accruals for earned but unbilled audit premiums (decreased) increased net premiums written and premiums earned by $(27) million, $4 million and $(4) million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Revenues from non-insurance businesses are derived from businesses engaged in the distribution of promotional merchandise, world-wide textile solutions, and aircraft services provided to the general, commercial and military aviation markets. These aircraft services include (i) the distribution, manufacturing, repair and overhaul of aircraft parts and components, (ii) the sale of new and used aircraft, and (iii) avionics, fuel, maintenance, storage and charter services. Revenue is recognized upon the shipment of products and parts, the delivery of aircraft, the delivery of fuel, and over the completion period of services.
Insurance service fee revenue represents servicing fees for program administration and claims management services provided by the Company, including workers' compensation assigned risk plans, as well as insurance brokerage and risk management services. Fees for program administration, claims management and risk management services are primarily recognized ratably over the related contract period for which the underlying services are rendered. Commissions for insurance brokerage are generally recognized when the underlying insurance policy is effective.
(C) Cash and cash equivalents
Cash equivalents consist of funds invested in money market accounts and investments with an effective maturity of three months or less when purchased.
(D) Investments
Fixed maturity securities classified as available for sale are carried at estimated fair value, with unrealized gains and losses, net of applicable income taxes, excluded from earnings and reported as a component of comprehensive income and a separate component of stockholders' equity. Fixed maturity securities that the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held to maturity and reported at amortized cost. Investment income from fixed maturity securities is recognized based on the constant effective yield method. Premiums and discounts on mortgage-backed securities are adjusted for the effects of actual and anticipated prepayments on a retrospective basis.
Equity securities with readily determinable fair values are measured at fair value, with changes in the fair value recognized in net income within net realized and unrealized gains on investments.
Fixed maturity securities that the Company purchased with the intent to sell in the near-term are classified as trading account securities and are reported at estimated fair value. Realized and unrealized gains and losses from trading activity are reported as net investment income and are recorded at the trade date. Short sales and short call options are presented as trading securities sold but not yet purchased. Unsettled trades and the net margin balances held by the clearing broker are presented as a trading account receivable from brokers and clearing organizations.
Investment funds are carried under the equity method of accounting. The Company's share of the earnings or losses of investment funds is primarily reported on a one-quarter lag in order to facilitate the timely completion of the Company's consolidated financial statements.
Loans receivable primarily represent commercial real estate mortgage loans and bank loans and are carried at amortized cost. The accrual of interest on loans receivable is discontinued if the loan is 90 days past due based on the contractual terms of the loan unless the loan is adequately secured and in process of collection. In general, loans are placed on non-accrual status or charged off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful. Interest on these loans is accounted for on a cash basis until qualifying for return to accrual status. Loans are returned to accrual status when all principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.
Fair value is defined as “the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.” Fair value of investments is determined based on a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the use of observable inputs over the use of unobservable inputs and requires the use of observable inputs when available. (See Note 12 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.)
Realized gains or losses represent the difference between the cost of securities sold and the proceeds realized upon sale and are recorded at the trade date. The Company uses primarily the first-in, first-out method to determine the cost of securities sold.
For available for sale securities in an unrealized loss position where the Company intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery in value, the amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through net investment gains. For available for sale securities in an unrealized loss position where the Company does not intend to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will not be required to sell the security before recovery in value, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or all other factors (non-credit factors). In making this assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, an allowance for expected credit losses is recorded for the credit loss through net investment gains, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. The allowance is adjusted for any change in expected credit losses and subsequent recoveries through net investment gains. The impairment related to non-credit factors is recognized in other comprehensive income.
For financial assets carried at amortized cost, which includes held to maturity securities and loans receivable, the Company estimates an allowance for expected credit losses based on relevant information about past events, including historical loss experience, current conditions and forecasts that affect the expected collectability of the amortized cost of the financial asset. The allowance for expected credit losses is presented as a reduction to amortized cost of the financial asset in the consolidated balance sheet and changes to the estimate for expected credit losses are recognized through net investment gains.
The Company’s credit assessment of allowance for expected credit losses uses a third party model for available for sale and held to maturity securities, as well as loans receivable. The allowance for expected credit losses is generally based on the performance of the underlying collateral under various economic and default scenarios that involve subjective judgments and estimates by management. Modeling these securities involves various factors, such as projected default rates, the nature and realizable value of the collateral, if any, the ability of the issuer to make scheduled payments, historical performance and other relevant economic and performance factors. A discounted cash flow analysis is used to ascertain the amount of the allowance for expected credit losses, if any. In general, the model reverts to the rating-level long-term average marginal default rates based on 10 years of historical data, beyond the forecast period. For other inputs, the model in most cases reverts to the baseline long-term assumptions linearly over 5 years beyond the forecast period. The long-term assumptions are based on the historical averages.
The Company reports accrued investment income separately from fixed maturity securities, and has elected not to measure an allowance for expected credit losses for accrued investment income. Accrued investment income is written off through net investment income at the time the issuer of the bond defaults or is expected to default on payments.
Real estate held for investment purposes is initially recorded at the purchase price, which is generally fair value, and is subsequently reported at cost less accumulated depreciation. Real estate taxes, interest and other costs incurred during development and construction are capitalized. Buildings are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the building. Minimum rental income is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Income and expenses from real estate are reported as net investment income. The carrying value of real estate is reviewed for impairment and an impairment loss is recognized if the estimated undiscounted cash flows from the use and disposition of the property are less than the carrying value of the property.
(E) Per share data
The Company presents both basic and diluted net income per share (“EPS”) amounts. Basic EPS is calculated by dividing net income by weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year (including 7,767,874 common shares held in a grantor trust). The common shares held in the grantor trust are for delivery upon settlement of vested but mandatorily deferred restricted stock units ("RSUs"). Shares held by the grantor trust do not affect diluted shares outstanding since the shares deliverable under vested RSUs were already included in diluted shares outstanding. Diluted EPS is based upon the weighted average number of basic and common equivalent shares outstanding during the year and is calculated using the treasury stock method for stock incentive plans. Common equivalent shares are excluded from the computation in periods in which they have an anti-dilutive effect.
(F) Deferred policy acquisition costs
Acquisition costs associated with the successful acquisition of new and renewed insurance and reinsurance contracts are deferred and amortized ratably over the terms of the related contracts. Ceding commissions received on reinsurance contracts are netted against acquisition costs and are recognized ratably over the life of the contract. Deferred policy acquisition costs are presented net of unearned ceding commissions. Deferred policy acquisition costs are comprised primarily of commissions, as well as employment-related underwriting costs and premium taxes. Deferred policy acquisition costs are reviewed to determine if they are recoverable from future income and, if not, are charged to expense. The recoverability of deferred policy acquisition costs is evaluated separately by each of our operating companies. Future investment income is taken into account in measuring the recoverability of deferred policy acquisition costs.
(G) Reserves for losses and loss expenses
Reserves for losses and loss expenses are an accumulation of amounts determined on the basis of (1) evaluation of claims for business written directly by the Company; (2) estimates received from other companies for reinsurance assumed by the Company; and (3) estimates for losses incurred but not reported (based on Company and industry experience). These estimates are periodically reviewed and, as experience develops and new information becomes known, the reserves are adjusted as necessary. Such adjustments are reflected in the statements of income in the period in which they are determined. The Company discounts its reserves for excess and assumed workers' compensation claims using a risk-free or statutory rate. (See Note 13 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.)
(H) Reinsurance ceded
The unearned portion of premiums ceded to reinsurers is reported as prepaid reinsurance premiums and earned ratably over the policy term. The estimated amounts of reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses are reported as due from reinsurers. To the extent any reinsurer does not meet its obligations under reinsurance agreements, the Company must discharge its liability. Amounts due from reinsurers are reflected net of funds held where the right of offset is present. The Company has provided an allowance for expected credit losses for estimated uncollectible reinsurance. The allowance is estimated based on the composition of the recoverable balance, considering reinsurer credit ratings, collateral received from financial institutions and funds withheld arrangements, length of collection periods, probability of default methodology, and specific identification of collectability concerns. Changes in the allowance are reported within losses and loss expenses.
(I) Deposit accounting
Contracts that do not meet the risk transfer requirements of GAAP are accounted for using the deposit accounting method. Under this method, an asset or liability is recognized at the inception of the contract based on consideration paid or received. The amount of the deposit asset or liability is adjusted at subsequent reporting dates using the interest method with a
corresponding credit or charge to interest income or expense. Deposit liabilities for assumed reinsurance contracts were $38 million and $41 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
(J) Federal and foreign income taxes
The Company files a consolidated income tax return in the U.S. and foreign tax returns in countries where it has overseas operations. The Company's method of accounting for income taxes is the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using tax rates currently in effect or expected to apply in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to reverse. Interest and penalties, if any, are reported as income tax expense. The Company believes there are no tax positions that would require disclosure under GAAP. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
(K) Foreign currency
Gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions (transactions denominated in a currency other than the entity's functional currency) are reported on the statements of income as other operating costs and expenses. Unrealized gains or losses resulting from translating the results of non-U.S. dollar denominated operations are reported in accumulated other comprehensive income. Revenues and expenses denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars are generally translated at the weighted average exchange rate during the year. Assets and liabilities are translated at the rate of exchange in effect at the balance sheet date.
(L) Property, furniture and equipment
Property, furniture and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated using the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. Depreciation expense was $53 million, $54 million and $54 million for 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
(M) Comprehensive income
Comprehensive income encompasses all changes in stockholders' equity (except those arising from transactions with stockholders) and includes net income, net unrealized holding gains or losses on available for sale securities and unrealized foreign currency translation adjustments.
(N) Goodwill and other intangible assets
Goodwill and other intangible assets are tested for impairment on an annual basis and at interim periods where circumstances require. The Company's impairment test as of December 31, 2020 indicated that there were no material impairment losses related to goodwill and other intangible assets. Intangible assets of $93 million and $99 million are included in other assets as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
(O) Restricted stock units
The costs resulting from all share-based payment transactions with employees are recognized in the consolidated financial statements using a fair-value-based measurement method. Compensation cost is recognized for financial reporting purposes over the period in which the employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award (generally the vesting period).
(P) Statements of cash flows
Interest payments were $155 million, $160 million and $155 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Income taxes paid were $103 million, $125 million and $186 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Other non-cash items include unrealized investment gains and losses. (See Note 10 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.)
(Q) Recent accounting pronouncements
Recently adopted accounting pronouncements:
In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses, which amended the accounting guidance for credit losses on financial instruments. The updated guidance amended the current other-than-temporary impairment model for available for sale debt securities by requiring the recognition of impairments relating to expected credit losses through an allowance account and limits
the amount of credit loss to the difference between a security’s amortized cost basis and its fair value. This guidance also applies a new current expected credit loss model for determining credit-related impairments for financial instruments measured at amortized cost, such as reinsurance recoverables. The updated guidance was effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Prior to January 1, 2020, for available for sale securities the portion of the decline in value considered to be a credit loss (i.e., the difference between the present value of cash flows expected to be collected and the amortized cost basis of the security) was recognized in earnings as an other-than-temporary impairment. The portion of the decline in value not considered to be a credit loss (i.e., the difference in the present value of cash flows expected to be collected and the fair value of the security) was recognized in other comprehensive income.
The adoption of this guidance on January 1, 2020 resulted in the recognition of an allowance for expected credit losses in connection with operating assets (premiums and fees receivable and due from reinsurers) of $5.7 million (net of tax) and a corresponding cumulative effect adjustment that decreased common stockholders' equity. Certain investments (primarily fixed maturity securities available for sale) established an allowance for expected credit loss of $24.8 million (net of tax), with a cumulative effect adjustment decreasing retained earnings by $24.8 million (net of tax) and increasing accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income ("AOCI") by $25.0 million (net of tax), resulting in $0.2 million net impact to total common stockholders' equity.
All other accounting and reporting standards that became effective in 2020 were either not applicable to the Company or their adoption did not have a material impact on the Company.
Accounting and reporting standards that are not yet effective:
All recently issued but not yet effective accounting and reporting standards are either not applicable to the Company or are not expected to have a material impact on the Company.
(2) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
The following tables present the components of the changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss as of and for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:
(In thousands)
December 31, 2020 Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses) Currency Translation Adjustments Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Changes in AOCI
Beginning of period $ 124,514 $ (381,813) $ (257,299)
Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles 24,952 - 24,952
Restated beginning of period 149,466 (381,813) (232,347)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications 114,049 29,927 143,976
Amounts reclassified from AOCI 26,201 - 26,201
Other comprehensive income 140,250 29,927 170,177
Unrealized investment loss related to noncontrolling interest (2) - (2)
Ending balance $ 289,714 $ (351,886) $ (62,172)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI
Pre-tax $ 33,166 (1) $ - $ 33,166
Tax effect (6,965) (2) - (6,965)
After-tax amounts reclassified $ 26,201 $ - $ 26,201
Other comprehensive income
Pre-tax $ 164,645 $ 29,927 $ 194,572
Tax effect (24,395) - (24,395)
Other comprehensive income $ 140,250 $ 29,927 $ 170,177
(In thousands)
December 31, 2019 Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses) Currency Translation Adjustments Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Changes in AOCI
Beginning of period $ (91,491) $ (418,979) $ (510,470)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications 224,011 37,166 261,177
Amounts reclassified from AOCI (8,109) - (8,109)
Other comprehensive income 215,902 37,166 253,068
Unrealized investment gain related to non-controlling interest 103 - 103
Ending balance $ 124,514 $ (381,813) $ (257,299)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI
Pre-tax $ (10,265) (1) $ - $ (10,265)
Tax effect 2,156 (2) - 2,156
After-tax amounts reclassified $ (8,109) $ - $ (8,109)
Other comprehensive income
Pre-tax $ 261,970 $ 37,166 $ 299,136
Tax effect (46,068) - (46,068)
Other comprehensive income $ 215,902 $ 37,166 $ 253,068
_______________
(1) Net investment gains in the consolidated statements of income.
(2) Income tax expense in the consolidated statements of income.
(3) Investments in Fixed Maturity Securities
At December 31, 2020 and 2019, investments in fixed maturity securities were as follows:
(In thousands) Amortized
Cost Allowance for Expected Credit Losses (1) Gross Unrealized Fair
Value Carrying
Value
Gains Losses
December 31, 2020
Held to maturity:
State and municipal $ 67,117 $ (798) $ 13,217 $ - $ 79,536 $ 66,319
Residential mortgage-backed 6,455 - 1,043 - 7,498 6,455
Total held to maturity 73,572 (798) 14,260 - 87,034 72,774
Available for sale:
U.S. government and government agency 586,020 - 18,198 (347) 603,871 603,871
State and municipal:
Special revenue 2,137,162 - 96,924 (714) 2,233,372 2,233,372
State general obligation 417,397 - 33,407 - 450,804 450,804
Pre-refunded 250,081 - 21,472 (162) 271,391 271,391
Corporate backed 206,356 - 8,755 (638) 214,473 214,473
Local general obligation 410,583 - 40,596 (555) 450,624 450,624
Total state and municipal 3,421,579 - 201,154 (2,069) 3,620,664 3,620,664
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential 813,187 - 24,664 (5,238) 832,613 832,613
Commercial 181,105 - 6,725 (113) 187,717 187,717
Total mortgage-backed securities 994,292 - 31,389 (5,351) 1,020,330 1,020,330
Asset-backed securities 3,218,048 - 10,035 (33,497) 3,194,586 3,194,586
Corporate:
Industrial 2,456,516 (518) 115,926 (7,449) 2,564,475 2,564,475
Financial 1,513,943 - 62,947 (987) 1,575,903 1,575,903
Utilities 389,267 - 31,931 (33) 421,165 421,165
Other 109,353 - 696 (11) 110,038 110,038
Total corporate 4,469,079 (518) 211,500 (8,480) 4,671,581 4,671,581
Foreign government 993,268 (1,264) 28,007 (44,448) 975,563 975,563
Total available for sale 13,682,286 (1,782) 500,283 (94,192) 14,086,595 14,086,595
Total investments in fixed maturity securities $ 13,755,858 $ (2,580) $ 514,543 $ (94,192) $ 14,173,629 $ 14,159,369
____________________
(1) Represents the amount of impairment that has resulted from credit-related factors. The change in the allowance for expected credit losses, excluding the cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles, is recognized in the consolidated statements of income. Amount excludes unrealized losses relating to non-credit factors.
(In thousands) Amortized
Cost Gross Unrealized Fair
Value Carrying
Value
Gains Losses
December 31, 2019
Held to maturity:
State and municipal $ 70,312 $ 13,000 $ - $ 83,312 $ 70,312
Residential mortgage-backed 8,371 994 - 9,365 8,371
Total held to maturity 78,683 13,994 - 92,677 78,683
Available for sale:
U.S. government and government agency 775,157 13,249 (1,475) 786,931 786,931
State and municipal:
Special revenue 2,343,209 64,586 (4,152) 2,403,643 2,403,643
State general obligation 359,298 22,074 (97) 381,275 381,275
Pre-refunded 364,571 20,342 (128) 384,785 384,785
Corporate backed 255,230 7,232 (903) 261,559 261,559
Local general obligation 432,333 32,684 (647) 464,370 464,370
Total state and municipal 3,754,641 146,918 (5,927) 3,895,632 3,895,632
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential 1,298,145 23,230 (5,155) 1,316,220 1,316,220
Commercial 304,506 5,214 (346) 309,374 309,374
Total mortgage-backed securities 1,602,651 28,444 (5,501) 1,625,594 1,625,594
Asset-backed securities 2,802,588 9,532 (21,490) 2,790,630 2,790,630
Corporate:
Industrial 2,260,073 72,900 (3,800) 2,329,173 2,329,173
Financial 1,447,589 37,681 (4,118) 1,481,152 1,481,152
Utilities 325,762 15,281 (402) 340,641 340,641
Other 5,219 230 - 5,449 5,449
Total corporate 4,038,643 126,092 (8,320) 4,156,415 4,156,415
Foreign government 924,284 16,465 (93,673) 847,076 847,076
Total available for sale 13,897,964 340,700 (136,386) 14,102,278 14,102,278
Total investments in fixed maturity securities $ 13,976,647 $ 354,694 $ (136,386) $ 14,194,955 $ 14,180,961
The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses for held to maturity securities for the year ended December 31, 2020:
State and Municipal
(In thousands)
Allowance for expected credit losses at January 1, 2020 $ -
Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles 69
Provision for expected credit losses 729
Allowance for expected credit losses at December 31, 2020
$ 798
The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses for available for sale securities for the year ended December 31, 2020:
Foreign Government Corporate Total
(In thousands)
Allowance for expected credit losses at January 1, 2020 $ - $ - $ -
Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles 35,645 - 35,645
Expected credit losses on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded 12,590 7,058 19,648
Expected credit losses (gains) on securities for which credit losses were previously recorded 373 (3,841) (3,468)
Reduction due to disposals (47,344) (2,699) (50,043)
Allowance for expected credit losses at December 31, 2020
$ 1,264 $ 518 $ 1,782
During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company decreased the allowance for expected credit losses utilizing its credit loss assessment process and inputs used in its credit loss model, primarily due to the disposition of securities which previously had an allowance recorded.
The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturity securities at December 31, 2020, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations.
(In thousands) Amortized
Cost (1) Fair Value
Due in one year or less $ 1,618,794 $ 1,612,652
Due after one year through five years 5,319,638 5,511,880
Due after five years through ten years 3,382,528 3,550,286
Due after ten years 2,433,353 2,470,983
Mortgage-backed securities 1,000,747 1,027,828
Total $ 13,755,060 $ 14,173,629
________________
(1) Amortized cost is reduced by the allowance for expected credit losses of $798 thousand related to held to maturity securities.
At December 31, 2020 and 2019, there were no investments, other than investments in United States government and government agency securities, which exceeded 10% of common stockholders’ equity. At December 31, 2020, investments with a carrying value of $1,838 million were on deposit in custodial or trust accounts, of which $1,223 million was on deposit with insurance regulators, $576 million was on deposit in support of the Company’s underwriting activities at Lloyd’s, $35 million was on deposit as security for reinsurance clients and $4 million was on deposit as security for letters of credit issued in support of the Company’s reinsurance operations.
(4) Investments in Equity Securities
At December 31, 2020 and 2019, investments in equity securities were as follows:
(In thousands) Cost Gross Unrealized Fair
Value Carrying
Value
Gains Losses
December 31, 2020
Common stocks $ 335,617 $ 28,742 $ (14,178) $ 350,181 $ 350,181
Preferred stocks 180,397 95,581 (492) 275,486 275,486
Total $ 516,014 $ 124,323 $ (14,670) $ 625,667 $ 625,667
December 31, 2019
Common stocks $ 175,928 $ 16,967 $ (26,090) $ 166,805 $ 166,805
Preferred stocks 169,171 148,243 (3,599) 313,815 313,815
Total $ 345,099 $ 165,210 $ (29,689) $ 480,620 $ 480,620
(5) Arbitrage Trading Account
At December 31, 2020 and 2019, the fair value and carrying value of the arbitrage trading account were $341 million and $401 million, respectively. The primary focus of the trading account is merger arbitrage. Merger arbitrage is the business of investing in the securities of publicly held companies which are the targets in announced tender offers and mergers. Arbitrage investing differs from other types of investing in its focus on transactions and events believed likely to bring about a change in value over a relatively short time period (usually four months or less).
The Company uses put options and call options in order to mitigate the impact of potential changes in market conditions on the merger arbitrage trading account. These options are reported at fair value. As of December 31, 2020, the fair value of long option contracts outstanding was zero (notional amount of $12.0 million) and the fair value of short option contracts outstanding was $326 thousand (notional amount of $3.2 million). Other than with respect to the use of these trading account securities, the Company does not make use of derivatives.
(6) Net Investment Income
Net investment income consists of the following:
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Investment income earned on:
Fixed maturity securities, including cash and cash equivalents and loans receivable $ 426,563 $ 517,925 $ 519,269
Investment funds 54,253 69,194 109,349
Arbitrage trading account 77,931 34,585 28,157
Real estate
24,027 24,218 18,591
Equity securities
10,172 5,439 3,230
Gross investment income 592,946 651,361 678,596
Investment expense (9,125) (5,747) (4,361)
Net investment income $ 583,821 $ 645,614 $ 674,235
(7) Investment Funds
The Company evaluates whether it is an investor in a variable interest entity ("VIE"). Such entities do not have sufficient equity at risk to finance their activities without additional subordinated financial support, or the equity investors, as a group, do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest (primary beneficiary). The Company determines whether it is the primary beneficiary of an entity subject to consolidation based on a qualitative assessment of the VIE's capital structure, contractual terms, nature of the VIE's operations and purpose, and the Company's relative exposure to the related risks of the VIE on the date it becomes initially involved in the VIE and on an ongoing basis. The Company is not the primary beneficiary in any of its investment funds, and accordingly, carries its interests in investments funds under the equity method of accounting.
The Company’s maximum exposure to loss with respect to these investments is limited to the carrying amount reported on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet and its unfunded commitments of $124 million as of December 31, 2020.
Investment funds consist of the following:
Carrying Value
as of December 31, Income (Losses)
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2020 2019 2018
Financial services $ 434,437 $ 280,705 $ 34,763 $ 29,005 $ 11,044
Real estate 310,783 412,275 7,543 19,154 61,453
Energy 140,935 156,869 (11,039) (18,136) 7,084
Transportation 190,125 147,034 (616) 14,193 15,390
Other funds 233,150 216,652 23,602 24,978 14,378
Total $ 1,309,430 $ 1,213,535 $ 54,253 $ 69,194 $ 109,349
The Company's share of the earnings or losses of investment funds is primarily reported on a one-quarter lag in order to facilitate the timely completion of the Company's consolidated financial statements.
(8) Real Estate
Investment in real estate represents directly owned property held for investment, as follows:
As of December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019
Properties in operation $ 1,738,144 $ 1,351,249
Properties under development 222,770 754,701
Total $ 1,960,914 $ 2,105,950
In 2020, properties in operation included a long-term ground lease in Washington, D.C., an office complex in New York City, office buildings in West Palm Beach and Palm Beach, Florida, an office building in London, U.K., and the completed portion of a mixed-use project in Washington D.C. Properties in operation are net of accumulated depreciation and amortization of $86,970,000 and $59,832,000 as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Related depreciation expense was $27,090,000 and $15,033,000 for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Future minimum rental income expected on operating leases relating to properties in operation is $66,558,703 in 2021, $68,750,145 in 2022, $62,144,246 in 2023, $59,270,828 in 2024, $55,265,048 in 2025 and $643,109,471 thereafter.
The Company borrowed $101,750,000 through a non-recourse loan secured by the West Palm Beach office building in 2018. The loan matures in November 2028 and carries a fixed interest rate of 4.21%. The carrying value does not reflect the outstanding financing, but rather is reflected in subsidiary debt referenced in Note 15, Indebtedness.
A mixed-use project in Washington, D.C. has been under development in 2020 and 2019, with the completed portion as noted above reported in properties in operation as of December 31, 2020.
During the fourth quarter of 2020, the Company sold an office complex in New York City.
(9) Loans Receivable
At December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, loans receivable are as follows:
As of December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019
Amortized cost (net of allowance for expected credit losses):
Real estate loans $ 51,910 $ 58,541
Commercial loans 33,003 33,258
Total $ 84,913 $ 91,799
Fair value:
Real estate loans $ 53,593 $ 59,853
Commercial loans 33,003 34,760
Total $ 86,596 $ 94,613
The real estate loans are secured by commercial real estate primarily located in New York. These loans generally earn interest at floating LIBOR-based interest rates and have maturities (inclusive of extension options) through August 2025. The commercial loans are with small business owners who have secured the related financing with the assets of the business. Commercial loans primarily earn interest on a fixed basis and have varying maturities generally not exceeding 10 years.
Loans receivable in non-accrual status were $0.2 million as of both December 31, 2020 and 2019.
The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses for loans receivable for the year ended December 31, 2020:
Real Estate Loans Commercial Loans Total
(In thousands)
Allowance for expected credit losses at January 1, 2020 $ 1,502 $ 644 $ 2,146
Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles (905) 548 (357)
Provision for expected credit losses 1,086 2,562 3,648
Allowance for expected credit losses at December 31, 2020
$ 1,683 $ 3,754 $ 5,437
The Company monitors the performance of its loans receivable and assesses the ability of the borrower to pay principal and interest based upon loan structure, underlying property values, cash flow and related financial and operating performance of the property and market conditions.
In evaluating the real estate loans, the Company considers their credit quality indicators, including loan to value ratios, which compare the outstanding loan amount to the estimated value of the property, the borrower’s financial condition and performance with respect to loan terms, the position in the capital structure, the overall leverage in the capital structure and other market conditions.
(10) Net Investment Gains
Net investment gains are as follows:
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Net investment gains:
Fixed maturity securities:
Gains $ 27,819 $ 23,900 $ 26,752
Losses (56,096) (13,636) (13,733)
Equity securities (1):
Net realized gains on investment sales 32,647 23,306 435,150
Change in unrealized (losses) gains (25,868) 85,292 (320,413)
Investment funds 31,481 (2,825) (212)
Real estate (2) 101,554 5,965 27,816
Loans receivable - (970) 2,838
Other (38,023) (329) 1,977
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments in earnings before allowance for expected credit losses 73,514 120,703 160,175
Change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments (3):
Fixed maturity securities 33,134 - (5,687)
Loans receivable (3,648) - -
Change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments 29,486 - (5,687)
Net investment gains 103,000 120,703 154,488
Income tax expense (21,630) (25,348) (32,442)
After-tax net investment gains $ 81,370 $ 95,355 $ 122,046
Change in unrealized investment gains (losses) of available for sales securities:
Fixed maturity securities without allowance for expected credit losses $ 134,129 $ 271,825 $ (297,084)
Fixed maturity securities with allowance for expected credit losses 32,004 369 (132)
Investment funds 2,280 (2,299) (5,672)
Other (3,768) (7,925) 151
Total change in unrealized investment gains (losses) 164,645 261,970 (302,737)
Income tax (expense) benefit (24,395) (46,068) 50,410
Noncontrolling interests (2) 103 (46)
After-tax change in unrealized investment gains (losses) of available for sale securities $ 140,248 $ 216,005 $ (252,373)
____________________
(1) The net realized gains or losses on investment sales represent the total gains or losses from the purchase dates of the equity securities. The change in unrealized gains consists of two components: (i) the reversal of the gain or loss recognized in previous periods on equity securities sold and (ii) the change in unrealized gain or loss resulting from mark-to-market adjustments on equity securities still held.
(2) For 2020, net investment gains on real estate includes an $105 million gain from the sale of a New York City complex that occurred during the fourth quarter.
(3) The inclusion of the allowance for expected credit losses on investments commenced on January 1, 2020 due to the adoption of ASU 2016-13. See Note 1 for more details.
(11) Fixed Maturity Securities in an Unrealized Loss Position
The following tables summarize all fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2020 and 2019 by the length of time those securities have been continuously in an unrealized loss position.
Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or Greater Total
(In thousands) Fair
Value Gross
Unrealized
Losses Fair
Value Gross
Unrealized
Losses Fair
Value Gross
Unrealized
Losses
December 31, 2020
U.S. government and government agency $ 47,649 $ 347 $ 17 $ - $ 47,666 $ 347
State and municipal 147,754 1,165 20,528 904 168,282 2,069
Mortgage-backed securities 212,388 5,121 23,943 230 236,331 5,351
Asset-backed securities 1,389,133 6,563 656,877 26,934 2,046,010 33,497
Corporate 612,177 6,721 39,985 1,759 652,162 8,480
Foreign government 143,729 22,871 6,218 21,577 149,947 44,448
Fixed maturity securities $ 2,552,830 $ 42,788 $ 747,568 $ 51,404 $ 3,300,398 $ 94,192
December 31, 2019
U.S. government and government agency $ 83,837 $ 618 $ 53,089 $ 857 $ 136,926 $ 1,475
State and municipal 365,184 4,245 127,210 1,682 492,394 5,927
Mortgage-backed securities 301,358 2,281 180,148 3,220 481,506 5,501
Asset-backed securities 755,259 2,307 774,508 19,183 1,529,767 21,490
Corporate 307,367 3,148 121,470 5,172 428,837 8,320
Foreign government 164,536 32,028 107,266 61,645 271,802 93,673
Fixed maturity securities $ 1,977,541 $ 44,627 $ 1,363,691 $ 91,759 $ 3,341,232 $ 136,386
Substantially all of the securities in an unrealized loss position are rated investment grade, except for the securities in the foreign government classification. In general, fair value in all classifications were negatively affected by market disruptions caused, in significant part, by COVID-19. A significant amount of the unrealized loss on foreign government securities is the result of changes in currency exchange rates.
Fixed Maturity Securities - A summary of the Company’s non-investment grade fixed maturity securities that were in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2020 is presented in the table below:
($ in thousands) Number of
Securities Aggregate
Fair Value Gross
Unrealized
Loss
Foreign government 18 $ 75,555 $ 44,310
Corporate 11 26,617 3,025
Mortgage-backed securities 7 1,393 31
Total 36 $ 103,565 $ 47,366
For fixed maturity securities that management does not intend to sell or to be required to sell, the portion of the decline in value that is considered to be due to credit factors is recognized in earnings, and the portion of the decline in value that is considered to be due to non-credit factors is recognized in other comprehensive income.
The Company has evaluated its fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position and believes the unrealized losses are due primarily to temporary market and sector-related factors rather than to issuer-specific factors. None of these securities are delinquent or in default under financial covenants. Based on its assessment of these issuers, the Company expects them to continue to meet their contractual payment obligations as they become due.
(12) Fair Value Measurements
The Company’s fixed maturity and equity securities classified as available for sale and its trading account securities are carried at fair value. Fair value is defined as “the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date”. The Company utilizes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels, as follows:
Level 1 - Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.
Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar assets or valuations based on inputs that are observable.
Level 3 - Estimates of fair value based on internal pricing methodologies using unobservable inputs. Unobservable inputs are only used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available.
Substantially all of the Company’s fixed maturity securities were priced by independent pricing services. The prices provided by the independent pricing services are estimated based on observable market data in active markets utilizing pricing models and processes, which may include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, sector groupings, matrix pricing and reference data. The pricing services may prioritize inputs differently on any given day for any security based on market conditions, and not all inputs are available for each security evaluation on any given day. The pricing services used by the Company have indicated that they will only produce an estimate of fair value if objectively verifiable information is available. The determination of whether markets are active or inactive is based upon the volume and level of activity for a particular asset class. The Company reviews the prices provided by pricing services for reasonableness and periodically performs independent price tests of a sample of securities to ensure proper valuation.
If prices from independent pricing services are not available for fixed maturity securities, the Company estimates the fair value. For Level 2 securities, the Company utilizes pricing models and processes which may include benchmark yields, sector groupings, matrix pricing, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, bids, offers and reference data. Where broker quotes are used, the Company generally requests two or more quotes and sets a price within the range of quotes received based on its assessment of the credibility of the quote and its own evaluation of the security. The Company generally does not adjust quotes received from brokers. For securities traded only in private negotiations, the Company determines fair value based primarily on the cost of such securities, which is adjusted to reflect prices of recent placements of securities of the same issuer, financial projections, credit quality and business developments of the issuer and other relevant information.
For Level 3 securities, the Company generally uses a discounted cash flow model to estimate the fair value of fixed maturity securities. The cash flow models are based upon assumptions as to prevailing credit spreads, interest rate and interest rate volatility, time to maturity and subordination levels. Projected cash flows are discounted at rates that are adjusted to reflect illiquidity, where appropriate.
The following tables present the assets and liabilities measured at fair value as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 by level:
(In thousands) Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
December 31, 2020
Assets:
Fixed maturity securities available for sale:
U.S. government and government agency $ 603,871 $ - $ 603,871 $ -
State and municipal 3,620,664 - 3,620,664 -
Mortgage-backed securities 1,020,330 - 1,020,330 -
Asset-backed securities 3,194,586 - 3,194,586 -
Corporate 4,671,581 - 4,670,581 1,000
Foreign government 975,563 - 975,563 -
Total fixed maturity securities available for sale 14,086,595 - 14,085,595 1,000
Equity securities:
Common stocks 350,181 340,966 - 9,215
Preferred stocks 275,486 - 266,155 9,331
Total equity securities 625,667 340,966 266,155 18,546
Arbitrage trading account 341,473 298,359 43,114 -
Total $ 15,053,735 $ 639,325 $ 14,394,864 $ 19,546
Liabilities:
Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased $ 10,048 $ 10,048 $ - $ -
December 31, 2019
Assets:
Fixed maturity securities available for sale:
U.S. government and government agency $ 786,931 $ - $ 786,931 $ -
State and municipal 3,895,632 - 3,895,632 -
Mortgage-backed securities 1,625,594 - 1,625,594 -
Asset-backed securities 2,790,630 - 2,790,630 -
Corporate 4,156,415 - 4,156,415 -
Foreign government 847,076 - 847,076 -
Total fixed maturity securities available for sale 14,102,278 - 14,102,278 -
Equity securities:
Common stocks 166,805 157,752 - 9,053
Preferred stocks 313,815 - 307,310 6,505
Total equity securities 480,620 157,752 307,310 15,558
Arbitrage trading account 400,809 381,061 19,748 -
Total $ 14,983,707 $ 538,813 $ 14,429,336 $ 15,558
Liabilities:
Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased $ 36,143 $ 36,143 $ - $ -
The following tables summarize changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:
Gains (Losses) Included in:
(In thousands) Beginning Balance Earnings (Losses) Other Comprehensive Income (Losses) Impairments Purchases Sales Paydowns/Maturities Transfers In / Out Ending Balance
Year ended December 31, 2020
Assets:
Fixed maturity securities available for sale:
Corporate $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 1,000 $ 1,000
Total - - - - - - - 1,000 1,000
Equity securities:
Common stocks 9,053 1,228 - - - (1,066) - - 9,215
Preferred stocks 6,505 (174) - - 3,000 - - - 9,331
Total 15,558 1,054 - - 3,000 (1,066) - - 18,546
Arbitrage trading account - 19 - - - (19) - - -
Total $ 15,558 $ 1,073 $ - $ - $ 3,000 $ (1,085) $ - $ 1,000 $ 19,546
Year ended December 31, 2019
Assets:
Fixed maturity securities available for sale:
Asset-backed securities $ 99 $ (26) $ 61 $ - $ - $ (134) $ - $ - $ -
Total 99 (26) 61 - - (134) - - -
Equity securities:
Common stocks 8,596 2,005 - - - (1,548) - - 9,053
Preferred stocks 3,945 (42) - - 2,602 - - - 6,505
Total 12,541 1,963 - - 2,602 (1,548) - - 15,558
Arbitrage trading account 17,308 (8,731) - - 14,767 (38,233) - 14,889 -
Total $ 29,948 $ (6,794) $ 61 $ - $ 17,369 $ (39,915) $ - $ 14,889 $ 15,558
Liabilities:
Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased $ 793 $ 133 $ - $ - $ 7,609 $ (8,535) $ - $ - $ -
For the year ended December 31, 2020, a fixed maturity security was transferred from Level 2 into Level 3 as a result of observable valuation inputs no longer being available. For the year ended December 31, 2019, there were two common stocks transferred into Level 3 in the arbitrage trading account where publicly traded prices were no longer available, and both were sold by year end.
(13) Reserves for Losses and Loss Expenses
The Company's reserves for losses and loss expenses are comprised of case reserves and incurred but not reported liabilities (IBNR). When a claim is reported, a case reserve is established for the estimated ultimate payment based upon known information about the claim. As more information about the claim becomes available over time, case reserves are adjusted up or down as appropriate. Reserves are also established on an aggregate basis to provide for IBNR liabilities and expected loss reserve development on reported claims.
Loss reserves included in the Company’s financial statements represent management’s best estimates based upon an actuarially derived point estimate and other considerations. The Company uses a variety of actuarial techniques and methods to derive an actuarial point estimate for each operating unit. These methods may include paid loss development, incurred loss development, paid and incurred Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods and frequency and severity methods. In circumstances where one actuarial method is considered more credible than the others, that method is used to set the point estimate. The actuarial point estimate may also be based on a judgmental weighting of estimates produced from each of the methods considered. Industry loss experience is used to supplement the Company’s own data in selecting “tail factors” in areas where the Company’s own data is limited. The actuarial data is analyzed by line of business, coverage and accident or policy year, as appropriate, for each operating unit.
The establishment of the actuarially derived loss reserve point estimate also includes consideration of qualitative factors that may affect the ultimate losses. These qualitative considerations include, among others, the impact of re-underwriting initiatives, changes in claims handling procedures, changes in the mix of business, changes in distribution sources and changes in policy terms and conditions.
The key assumptions used to arrive at the best estimate of loss reserves are the expected loss ratios, rate of loss cost inflation, and reported and paid loss emergence patterns. Expected loss ratios represent management’s expectation of losses at the time the business is priced and written, before any actual claims experience has emerged. This expectation is a significant determinant of the estimate of loss reserves for recently written business where there is little paid or incurred loss data to consider. Expected loss ratios are generally derived from historical loss ratios adjusted for the impact of rate changes, loss cost trends and known changes in the type of risks underwritten. Expected loss ratios are estimated for each key line of business within each operating unit. Expected loss cost inflation is particularly important for the long-tail lines, such as excess casualty, and claims with a high medical component, such as workers’ compensation. Reported and paid loss emergence patterns are used to project current reported or paid loss amounts to their ultimate settlement value. Loss development factors are based on the historical emergence patterns of paid and incurred losses, and are derived from the Company’s own experience and industry data. The paid loss emergence pattern is also significant to excess and assumed workers’ compensation reserves because those reserves are discounted to their estimated present value based upon such estimated payout patterns.
Loss frequency and severity are measures of loss activity that are considered in determining the key assumptions described in our discussion of loss and loss expense reserves, including expected loss ratios, rate of loss cost inflation and reported and paid loss emergence patterns. Loss frequency is a measure of the number of claims per unit of insured exposure, and loss severity is a measure of the average size of claims. Factors affecting loss frequency include the effectiveness of loss controls and safety programs and changes in economic activity or weather patterns. Factors affecting loss severity include changes in policy limits, retentions, rate of inflation and judicial interpretations.
Another factor affecting estimates of loss frequency and severity is the loss reporting lag, which is the period of time between the occurrence of a loss and the date the loss is reported to the Company. The length of the loss reporting lag affects our ability to accurately predict loss frequency (loss frequencies are more predictable for lines with short reporting lags) as well as the amount of reserves needed for incurred but not reported losses (less IBNR is required for lines with short reporting lags). As a result, loss reserves for lines with short reporting lags are likely to have less variation from initial loss estimates. For lines with short reporting lags, which include commercial automobile, primary workers’ compensation, other liability (claims-made) and property business, the key assumption is the loss emergence pattern used to project ultimate loss estimates from known losses paid or reported to date. For lines of business with long reporting lags, which include other liability (occurrence), products liability, excess workers’ compensation and liability reinsurance, the key assumption is the expected loss ratio since there is often little paid or incurred loss data to consider. Historically, the Company has experienced less variation from its initial loss estimates for lines of businesses with short reporting lags than for lines of business with long reporting lags.
The key assumptions used in calculating the most recent estimate of the loss reserves are reviewed each quarter and adjusted, to the extent necessary, to reflect the latest reported loss data, current trends and other factors observed.
A claim may be defined as an event, as a claimant (number of parties claiming damages from an event) or by exposure type (e.g., an event may give rise to two parties, each claiming loss for bodily injury and property damage).
The most commonly used claim count method is by event. Most of the Company's operating units use the number of events to define and quantify the number of claims. However, in certain lines of business, where it is common for multiple parties to claim damages arising from a single event, an operating unit may quantify claims on the basis of the number of separate parties involved in an event. This may be the case with businesses writing substantial automobile or transportation exposure.
Claim counts for assumed reinsurance will vary based on whether the business is written on a facultative or treaty basis. Further variability as respects treaty claim counts may be reflective of the nature of the treaty, line of business coverage, and type of participation such as quota share or excess of loss contracts. Accordingly, the claim counts have been excluded from the below Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment tables due to this variability.
The claim count information set forth in the tables presented below may not provide an accurate reflection of ultimate loss payouts by product line.
The following tables present undiscounted incurred and paid claims development as of December 31, 2020, net of reinsurance, as well as cumulative claim frequency and the total of incurred but not reported liabilities (IBNR). The information about incurred and paid claims development for the years ended December 31, 2011 to 2019 is presented as supplementary information. To enhance the comparability of the loss development data, the Company has removed the impact of foreign exchange rate movements by using the December 31, 2020 exchange rate for all periods. Beginning with accident year 2012, the Company's U.K. and European insurance business is included in the Insurance segment's tables for Other Liability, Professional Liability, Commercial Automobile and Short-Tail Lines. Prior to 2012, the actuarial analysis for its U.K. and European insurance business was performed on an underwriting year basis and accident year data is not available for those years.
Insurance
Other Liability
(In thousands)
Loss and Loss Expenses Incurred, Net of Reinsurance As of December 31, 2020
For the Year Ended December 31,
Unaudited
Accident Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 IBNR Cumulative Number of Reported Claims
2011 $ 665,626 $ 671,712 $ 657,819 $ 657,143 $ 652,134 $ 647,241 $ 643,358 $ 632,565 $ 643,446 $ 644,565 $ 16,298 24
2012 - 692,549 701,212 702,022 708,805 712,698 722,946 717,453 715,466 713,714 23,827 24
2013 - - 750,993 791,768 784,674 784,487 805,447 811,775 806,348 810,500 41,398 26
2014 - - - 848,658 851,404 849,440 853,826 866,096 872,150 867,239 66,901 27
2015 - - - - 953,198 988,569 963,451 966,872 968,783 979,014 99,480 27
2016 - - - - - 1,019,851 1,012,851 1,021,524 1,032,780 1,046,823 171,325 27
2017 - - - - - - 1,067,556 1,101,376 1,123,930 1,140,639 253,192 27
2018 - - - - - - - 1,106,108 1,133,601 1,123,121 408,131 26
2019 - - - - - - - - 1,243,287 1,240,028 662,084 25
2020 - - - - - - - - - 1,342,065 1,099,126 17
Total $ 9,907,708
Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
For the Year Ended December 31,
Unaudited
Accident Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
2011 $ 48,846 $ 141,216 $ 265,109 $ 377,836 $ 469,123 $ 522,488 $ 554,278 $ 573,364 $ 592,637 $ 604,657
2012 - 57,599 157,499 298,644 416,561 512,283 579,454 621,454 652,178 667,749
2013 - - 63,358 188,411 331,779 472,731 588,650 649,657 695,301 721,879
2014 - - - 79,111 191,320 339,194 481,706 595,794 681,976 732,313
2015 - - - - 82,817 211,212 382,869 539,242 677,386 758,890
2016 - - - - - 69,579 209,217 390,664 559,218 678,209
2017 - - - - - - 80,163 256,345 453,973 639,977
2018 - - - - - - - 86,958 264,629 436,282
2019 - - - - - - - - 88,422 275,803
2020 - - - - - - - - - 72,274
Total $ 5,588,033
Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses before 2011, net of reinsurance 117,290
Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 4,436,965
Workers' Compensation
(In thousands)
Loss and Loss Expenses Incurred, Net of Reinsurance As of December 31, 2020
For the Year Ended December 31,
Unaudited
Accident Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 IBNR Cumulative Number of Reported Claims
2011 $ 413,429 $ 444,887 $ 457,134 $ 470,026 $ 472,087 $ 474,076 $ 475,729 $ 471,471 $ 473,766 $ 472,593 $ 14,609 46
2012 - 501,681 501,810 503,956 503,863 509,167 512,707 508,169 506,730 506,827 19,328 48
2013 - - 552,570 547,295 546,995 543,238 547,000 542,274 541,926 540,322 23,485 53
2014 - - - 639,436 637,307 627,767 617,242 615,435 604,030 600,194 36,001 57
2015 - - - - 712,800 690,525 650,997 641,169 626,432 620,741 50,083 58
2016 - - - - - 702,716 696,339 684,700 660,520 651,278 51,369 58
2017 - - - - - - 762,093 733,505 689,622 673,216 64,176 58
2018 - - - - - - - 778,964 724,697 715,055 80,252 56
2019 - - - - - - - - 784,281 721,018 141,657 53
2020 - - - - - - - - - 725,245 319,131 39
Total $ 6,226,489
Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
For the Year Ended December 31,
Unaudited
Accident Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
2011 $ 106,899 $ 236,207 $ 309,509 $ 355,909 $ 385,759 $ 408,304 $ 420,945 $ 428,811 $ 436,905 $ 442,163
2012 - 115,536 255,063 339,560 387,368 419,588 437,196 451,991 459,119 466,028
2013 - - 117,900 277,538 363,028 414,160 447,894 466,580 479,104 489,075
2014 - - - 148,405 319,743 412,611 471,235 503,915 521,141 531,475
2015 - - - - 139,320 323,744 421,734 477,541 512,933 531,512
2016 - - - - - 142,998 338,835 446,072 504,850 537,861
2017 - - - - - - 153,456 362,299 468,817 525,753
2018 - - - - - - - 171,006 397,464 508,546
2019 - - - - - - - - 184,715 397,376
2020 - - - - - - - - - 172,478
Total $ 4,602,267
Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses before 2011, net of reinsurance 219,529
Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 1,843,751
Professional Liability
(In thousands)
Loss and Loss Expenses Incurred, Net of Reinsurance As of December 31, 2020
For the Year Ended December 31,
Unaudited
Accident Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 IBNR Cumulative Number of Reported Claims
2011 $ 180,508 $ 165,844 $ 187,797 $ 190,849 $ 177,748 $ 174,038 $ 177,335 $ 176,396 $ 176,944 $ 181,874 $ 5,325 4
2012 - 242,530 245,962 268,761 253,146 241,342 247,789 246,478 247,072 249,846 5,919 6
2013 - - 275,051 251,419 245,984 252,024 273,679 282,150 287,310 284,837 10,867 6
2014 - - - 257,442 250,025 263,540 246,983 242,449 261,150 259,892 19,573 7
2015 - - - - 262,459 261,069 278,012 278,868 294,435 285,557 29,712 8
2016 - - - - - 313,365 327,706 364,312 405,390 442,521 49,740 9
2017 - - - - - - 335,565 334,682 340,569 379,408 85,159 10
2018 - - - - - - - 337,865 324,934 335,852 125,091 10
2019 - - - - - - - - 339,825 336,559 176,941 11
2020 - - - - - - - - - 398,429 328,303 10
Total $ 3,154,775
Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
For the Year Ended December 31,
Unaudited
Accident Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
2011 $ 18,803 $ 62,560 $ 103,263 $ 134,862 $ 151,135 $ 159,309 $ 167,595 $ 169,191 $ 170,873 $ 172,294
2012 - 22,269 87,951 129,282 160,243 191,702 216,199 225,442 233,637 236,481
2013 - - 24,893 64,439 120,224 178,579 208,368 250,507 260,023 265,297
2014 - - - 19,773 84,457 139,934 177,575 201,002 218,055 229,615
2015 - - - - 20,565 85,945 140,517 188,608 217,625 234,585
2016 - - - - - 28,833 103,321 202,906 257,221 299,813
2017 - - - - - - 36,839 97,034 163,731 244,396
2018 - - - - - - - 28,432 100,284 156,102
2019 - - - - - - - - 32,081 98,625
2020 - - - - - - - - - 28,474
Total $ 1,965,682
Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses before 2011, net of reinsurance 14,011
Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 1,203,104
Commercial Automobile
(In thousands)
Loss and Loss Expenses Incurred, Net of Reinsurance As of December 31, 2020
For the Year Ended December 31,
Unaudited
Accident Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 IBNR Cumulative Number of Reported Claims
2011 $ 314,028 $ 322,516 $ 329,917 $ 334,816 $ 343,421 $ 344,174 $ 345,044 $ 346,619 $ 346,490 $ 342,581 $ 100 37
2012 - 314,309 326,831 342,588 355,609 364,717 364,966 367,216 366,493 366,649 365 41
2013 - - 327,514 349,136 368,894 377,696 368,106 367,720 366,885 365,820 586 44
2014 - - - 363,996 385,329 420,139 418,150 415,727 415,621 411,158 1,506 47
2015 - - - - 390,002 419,663 425,865 434,254 435,438 433,888 3,111 53
2016 - - - - - 434,582 434,117 445,516 446,521 443,338 8,135 52
2017 - - - - - - 431,504 429,372 431,177 435,099 14,298 47
2018 - - - - - - - 443,045 463,057 479,502 29,712 45
2019 - - - - - - - - 483,483 488,777 74,684 44
2020 - - - - - - - - - 523,753 264,630 28
Total $ 4,290,565
Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
For the Year Ended December 31,
Unaudited
Accident Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
2011 $ 135,350 $ 211,756 $ 262,685 $ 296,370 $ 321,814 $ 333,987 $ 338,325 $ 340,360 $ 340,799 $ 341,781
2012 - 136,844 215,214 273,446 312,342 344,952 356,264 361,342 362,426 363,587
2013 - - 142,929 218,596 267,253 323,227 344,357 354,280 363,038 363,805
2014 - - - 155,614 237,765 329,979 367,283 396,089 404,087 406,795
2015 - - - - 160,237 267,420 327,462 372,587 400,304 413,838
2016 - - - - - 186,867 282,375 344,503 393,509 412,967
2017 - - - - - - 181,317 268,201 327,765 372,689
2018 - - - - - - - 180,306 281,888 350,572
2019 - - - - - - - - 185,488 290,449
2020 - - - - - - - - - 142,826
Total $ 3,459,309
Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses before 2011, net of reinsurance 4,119
Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 835,375
Short-tail lines
(In thousands)
Loss and Loss Expenses Incurred, Net of Reinsurance As of December 31, 2020
For the Year Ended December 31,
Unaudited
Accident Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 IBNR Cumulative Number of Reported Claims
2011 $ 494,704 $ 490,235 $ 472,041 $ 467,989 $ 467,205 $ 461,629 $ 459,369 $ 459,557 $ 463,053 $ 456,106 $ 550 22
2012 - 532,843 540,714 542,017 537,142 508,366 507,344 509,216 508,294 509,058 2,406 24
2013 - - 580,902 591,686 582,666 555,715 554,167 550,604 548,672 547,932 2,160 25
2014 - - - 714,360 719,508 667,627 666,246 667,061 667,278 669,729 2,930 30
2015 - - - - 747,683 734,204 730,251 728,720 720,324 718,820 8,958 32
2016 - - - - - 775,477 778,376 765,311 759,735 754,184 9,360 34
2017 - - - - - - 754,135 754,217 748,399 747,739 12,056 42
2018 - - - - - - - 761,177 750,123 747,396 23,631 48
2019 - - - - - - - - 722,122 702,281 43,842 43
2020 - - - - - - - - - 901,698 244,828 34
Total $ 6,754,943
Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
For the Year Ended December 31,
Unaudited
Accident Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
2011 $ 303,049 $ 417,792 $ 436,787 $ 441,025 $ 445,323 $ 447,016 $ 447,619 $ 450,432 $ 454,991 $ 455,702
2012 - 282,703 456,872 508,333 519,093 499,014 500,181 504,451 505,183 506,308
2013 - - 315,304 491,801 541,563 533,269 540,132 541,400 541,990 543,195
2014 - - - 374,757 604,942 615,833 635,415 650,762 658,053 660,640
2015 - - - - 397,261 613,868 669,706 691,705 701,503 707,349
2016 - - - - - 417,988 672,013 713,634 729,011 734,110
2017 - - - - - - 445,835 690,343 719,286 731,440
2018 - - - - - - - 415,529 662,657 709,202
2019 - - - - - - - - 405,500 616,695
2020 - - - - - - - - - 460,656
Total $ 6,125,297
Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses before 2011, net of reinsurance 1,571
Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 631,217
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess
Casualty
(In thousands)
Loss and Loss Expenses Incurred, Net of Reinsurance As of December 31, 2020
For the Year Ended December 31,
Unaudited
Accident Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 IBNR
2011 $ 293,274 $ 312,321 $ 306,721 $ 301,847 $ 309,235 $ 307,772 $ 299,076 $ 295,376 $ 301,670 $ 298,292 $ 13,368
2012 - 335,187 339,236 334,299 326,934 337,777 340,026 337,901 334,461 337,437 14,927
2013 - - 322,718 273,683 276,688 288,556 297,121 302,768 307,426 305,080 21,094
2014 - - - 323,837 323,920 323,130 334,617 328,741 328,289 339,941 25,778
2015 - - - - 262,448 234,862 233,443 255,400 296,297 306,296 35,570
2016 - - - - - 243,970 256,011 248,367 270,833 304,845 45,117
2017 - - - - - - 234,561 224,835 242,603 265,111 58,308
2018 - - - - - - - 224,640 213,665 234,286 88,934
2019 - - - - - - - - 240,408 234,813 142,399
2020 - - - - - - - - - 305,114 255,936
Total $ 2,931,215
Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
For the Year Ended December 31,
Unaudited
Accident Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
2011 $ 17,976 $ 52,597 $ 98,086 $ 134,814 $ 170,629 $ 194,320 $ 210,245 $ 222,618 $ 234,552 $ 246,140
2012 - 22,516 62,563 112,474 153,950 188,955 221,679 243,586 259,429 279,123
2013 - - 29,122 64,239 111,189 145,508 179,494 207,312 227,884 244,082
2014 - - - 21,441 69,568 116,908 156,495 199,846 229,562 254,532
2015 - - - - 17,952 48,833 91,949 142,334 179,884 206,864
2016 - - - - - 19,998 62,094 100,862 141,301 172,994
2017 - - - - - - 16,498 40,440 70,129 124,641
2018 - - - - - - - 11,187 41,382 78,219
2019 - - - - - - - - 14,641 39,435
2020 - - - - - - - - - 20,845
Total $ 1,666,875
Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses before 2011, net of reinsurance 380,546
Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 1,644,886
Monoline Excess
(In thousands)
Loss and Loss Expenses Incurred, Net of Reinsurance As of December 31, 2020
For the Year Ended December 31,
Unaudited
Accident Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 IBNR
2011 $ 88,650 $ 93,993 $ 98,051 $ 89,031 $ 87,030 $ 83,850 $ 78,246 $ 74,109 $ 72,091 $ 69,205 $ 10,955
2012 - 72,366 73,230 73,670 75,274 72,441 67,878 69,361 67,205 66,269 9,184
2013 - - 63,995 50,355 48,143 42,419 38,551 35,120 31,752 29,758 11,097
2014 - - - 63,561 57,650 49,478 45,758 41,671 42,541 42,618 15,319
2015 - - - - 69,977 57,897 50,099 45,115 39,682 39,781 17,184
2016 - - - - - 72,657 70,281 71,404 64,957 65,485 20,435
2017 - - - - - - 76,701 80,508 70,749 71,025 27,947
2018 - - - - - - - 77,820 72,505 71,448 34,366
2019 - - - - - - - 78,929 77,482 39,832
2020 - - - - - - - - - 84,354 59,854
Total $ 617,425
Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
For the Year Ended December 31,
Unaudited
Accident Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
2011 $ 2,593 $ 4,848 $ 6,395 $ 14,042 $ 15,684 $ 18,638 $ 20,164 $ 21,463 $ 23,686 $ 24,842
2012 - 1,127 6,097 10,815 11,167 13,234 15,738 17,982 20,004 22,528
2013 - - 647 1,897 2,158 3,008 3,396 4,418 5,349 6,476
2014 - - - 377 1,729 3,354 4,175 5,808 7,595 11,154
2015 - - - - 2,069 2,481 3,272 4,099 4,416 5,083
2016 - - - - - 2,498 4,783 5,573 5,928 7,685
2017 - - - - - - 6,282 12,810 15,356 17,327
2018 - - - - - - - 6,141 8,230 9,368
2019 - - - - - - - - 6,241 10,884
2020 - - - - - - - - - 4,869
Total $ 120,216
Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses before 2011, net of reinsurance 735,818
Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 1,233,027
Property
(In thousands)
Loss and Loss Expenses Incurred, Net of Reinsurance As of December 31, 2020
For the Year Ended December 31,
Unaudited
Accident Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 IBNR
2011 $ 95,737 $ 88,345 $ 85,462 $ 86,879 $ 85,304 $ 85,028 $ 84,744 $ 85,160 $ 84,938 $ 84,112 $ 366
2012 - 104,336 95,164 86,809 85,846 84,285 84,286 85,222 85,025 91,342 1,429
2013 - - 142,340 113,201 114,638 112,419 113,053 112,373 110,165 108,017 1,757
2014 - - - 113,962 97,411 97,933 100,640 99,892 99,535 99,924 2,185
2015 - - - - 127,852 118,026 132,399 130,888 130,005 131,669 2,404
2016 - - - - - 168,634 174,935 182,171 181,429 186,786 4,318
2017 - - - - - - 207,096 200,917 199,892 198,529 8,040
2018 - - - - - - - 108,829 112,503 103,751 2,423
2019 - - - - - - - - 103,749 77,618 6,913
2020 - - - - - - - - - 115,116 48,509
Total $ 1,196,864
Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
For the Year Ended December 31,
Unaudited
Accident Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
2011 $ 31,545 $ 59,054 $ 73,601 $ 76,267 $ 78,835 $ 82,038 $ 82,587 $ 83,669 $ 83,750 $ 83,229
2012 - 15,725 51,964 64,489 70,955 77,842 79,407 82,129 83,007 89,194
2013 - - 36,668 74,806 92,968 101,947 104,756 106,483 108,062 104,863
2014 - - - 39,019 67,251 82,646 88,857 92,011 93,723 95,222
2015 - - - - 53,482 89,366 109,378 118,977 123,023 125,939
2016 - - - - - 78,994 133,805 157,834 169,013 176,509
2017 - - - - - - 72,180 141,651 172,100 180,242
2018 - - - - - - - 34,195 65,527 82,815
2019 - - - - - - - - 23,103 54,864
2020 - - - - - - - - - 26,637
Total $ 1,019,514
Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses before 2011, net of reinsurance 1,928
Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 179,278
The reconciliation of the net incurred and paid claims development tables to the reserves for losses and loss expenses in the consolidated balance sheet is as follows:
(In thousands) December 31, 2020
Undiscounted reserves for loss and loss expenses, net of reinsurance:
Other liability $ 4,436,965
Workers' compensation 1,843,751
Professional liability 1,203,104
Commercial automobile 835,375
Short-tail lines 631,217
Other 96,257
Insurance 9,046,669
Casualty 1,644,886
Monoline excess 1,233,027
Property 179,278
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess 3,057,191
Total undiscounted reserves for loss and loss expenses, net of reinsurance $ 12,103,860
(In thousands) December 31, 2020
Due from reinsurers on unpaid claims:
Other liability $ 609,006
Workers' compensation 267,707
Professional liability 644,841
Commercial automobile 32,140
Short-tail lines 352,168
Other 36,070
Insurance 1,941,932
Casualty 104,372
Monoline excess 41,598
Property 76,135
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess 222,105
Total due from reinsurers on unpaid claims $ 2,164,037
(In thousands) December 31, 2020
Loss reserve discount:
Other liability $ -
Workers' compensation (11,700)
Professional liability -
Commercial automobile -
Short-tail lines -
Other -
Insurance (11,700)
Casualty (100,536)
Monoline excess (371,231)
Property -
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess (471,767)
Total loss reserve discount $ (483,467)
Total gross reserves for loss and loss expenses $ 13,784,430
The following is supplementary information regarding average historical claims duration as of December 31, 2020:
Insurance
Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance
Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Other liability 7.5 % 14.4 % 17.7 % 16.6 % 13.4 % 8.7 % 5.6 % 3.5 % 2.6 % 1.9 %
Workers' compensation 23.2 % 29.4 % 15.9 % 9.3 % 5.9 % 3.5 % 2.4 % 1.6 % 1.5 % 1.1 %
Professional liability 8.4 % 20.7 % 19.5 % 16.4 % 10.1 % 8.3 % 4.0 % 2.0 % 2.3 % 0.8 %
Commercial automobile 37.7 % 21.5 % 15.3 % 10.9 % 6.6 % 2.9 % 1.4 % 0.4 % 0.2 % 0.3 %
Short-tail lines 57.0 % 31.7 % 6.0 % 1.6 % 0.4 % 0.5 % 0.4 % 0.3 % 0.6 % 0.2 %
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess
Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance
Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Casualty 6.5 % 11.7 % 14.1 % 14.0 % 11.5 % 8.9 % 6.5 % 4.7 % 4.9 % 3.9 %
Monoline excess 4.9 % 4.5 % 2.8 % 3.1 % 2.4 % 3.5 % 4.3 % 2.9 % 3.5 % 1.7 %
Property 33.3 % 33.2 % 15.4 % 6.0 % 3.9 % 2.2 % 1.6 % 1.2 % 0.8 % 0.6 %
The table below provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending reserve balances:
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Net reserves at beginning of year $ 10,697,998 $ 10,248,883 $ 10,056,914
Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles (1) 5,927 - -
Restated net reserves at beginning of period 10,703,925 10,248,883 10,056,914
Net provision for losses and loss expenses:
Claims occurring during the current year (2) 4,432,937 4,057,989 3,926,489
Increase in estimates for claims occurring in prior years (3) 627 34,079 6,831
Loss reserve discount accretion 35,142 39,048 41,382
Total 4,468,706 4,131,116 3,974,702
Net payments for claims:
Current year 921,054 985,599 964,808
Prior year 2,677,595 2,673,803 2,700,077
Total 3,598,649 3,659,402 3,664,885
Foreign currency translation 46,411 (22,599) (117,848)
Net reserves at end of year 11,620,393 10,697,998 10,248,883
Ceded reserve at end of year 2,164,037 1,885,251 1,717,565
Gross reserves at end of year $ 13,784,430 $ 12,583,249 $ 11,966,448
Net change in premiums and losses occurring in prior years:
Increase in estimates for claims occurring in prior years (3) $ (627) $ (34,079) $ (6,831)
Retrospective premium adjustments for claims occurring in prior years (4) 16,807 53,511 45,638
Net favorable premium and reserve development on prior years
$ 16,180 $ 19,432 $ 38,807
_______________________________________
(1)The cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principals relates to the allowance for expected credit losses on reinsurance recoverables that commenced on January 1, 2020 due to the adoption of ASU 2016-13. See Note 1 for more details.
(2)Claims occurring during the current year are net of loss reserve discounts of $10 million, $20 million and $24 million in 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively.
(3)The change in estimates for claims occurring in prior years is net of loss reserve discount. On an undiscounted basis, the estimates for claims occurring in prior years decreased by $21 million in 2020, increased by $19 million in 2019, and decreased by $4 million in 2018, respectively.
(4)For certain retrospectively rated insurance polices and reinsurance agreements, changes in loss and loss expenses for prior years are offset by additional or return premiums.
The ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic has impacted, and will likely continue to impact, the Company’s results through its effect on claim frequency and severity. Loss cost trends have been impacted and will likely be further impacted by COVID-19-related claims in certain lines of business, as well as by other effects of COVID-19 associated with economic conditions, inflation, and social distancing and work from home rules, for example. Although it is still too early to determine the net impact, it appears that the losses incurred due to COVID-19-related claims are being offset, to a certain extent, by lower claim frequency in certain lines of our businesses, including commercial auto, workers’ compensation, and other liability. However, given the continuing nature of the pandemic, the impact of COVID-19 could ultimately increase or decrease overall loss cost trends and is likely to have differing impacts on the Company's different lines of business.
Most of the COVID-19-related claims reported to the Company to date involve certain short-tailed lines of business, including contingency and event cancellation, business interruption, and film production delay. The Company expects additional claims to be reported for these lines of business. The Company has also received COVID-19-related claims for longer-tailed casualty lines of business such as workers’ compensation and other liability; however, the estimated incurred loss impact for these reported claims appears to be modest at this time. Given the continuing uncertainty regarding the pandemic's pervasiveness, the future impact that the pandemic may have on claim frequency and severity remains uncertain at this time. In workers’ compensation, for example, nearly two-thirds of the states have enacted rules, legislation or administrative orders creating a presumption that certain “essential”
workers who contract COVID-19 did so through the course of their employment. Several other states are considering similar actions, including varying the definition of “essential” workers. While the ultimate impact of these presumptions are unknown at this time, the Company believes that such state actions will likely increase workers’ compensation claims with respect to workers deemed “essential,” although this impact may be partially offset by lower workers’ compensation claim frequency with respect to non-essential workers.
The Company has estimated the potential COVID-19 impact to its contingency and event cancellation, workers’ compensation, and other lines of business under a number of possible scenarios; however, due to COVID-19’s evolving impact and the still limited amount of available data, there remains a high degree of uncertainty around the Company’s COVID-19 reserves. In addition, several states (and international jurisdictions), through regulation, legislation and/or judicial action, continue to seek to expand policy coverage terms beyond the policy’s intended coverage, including, for example, but not limited to, property coverages, where there are attempts to extend business interruption coverage where there is no physical damage or loss to property, and attempts to disregard policy exclusions for communicable disease. Accordingly, losses arising from these actions, and the other factors described above, could exceed the Company’s reserves established for those related policies.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recognized losses for COVID-19-related claims activity, net of reinsurance, of approximately $171 million, of which $161 million related to the Insurance segment and $10 million related to the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment. Such $171 million of COVID-19-related losses included $95 million of reported losses and $76 million of IBNR.
Favorable prior year development (net of additional and return premiums) was $16 million in 2020.
Insurance - Reserves for the Insurance segment developed favorably by $24 million in 2020 net of additional and return premiums). Continuing the pattern seen in recent years, the overall favorable development in 2020 resulted from more significant favorable development on workers’ compensation business, which was partially offset by unfavorable development on professional liability, including excess professional liability.
For workers’ compensation, the favorable development was spread across almost all prior accident years, including prior to 2011, but was most significant in accident years 2016 through 2019. The favorable workers’ compensation development reflects a continuation of the benign loss cost trends experienced during recent years, particularly the favorable claim frequency trends (i.e., number of reported claims per unit of exposure). The long term trend of declining workers’ compensation frequency can be attributable to improved workplace safety. Loss severity trends were also aided by our continued investment in claims handling initiatives such as medical case management services and vendor savings through usage of preferred provider networks and pharmacy benefit managers. Reported workers’ compensation losses in 2020 continued to be below our expectations at most of our operating units, and were below the assumptions underlying our initial loss ratio picks and our previous reserve estimates for most prior accident years.
For professional liability business, unfavorable development was driven mainly by large losses reported in the directors and officers (“D&O”), lawyers professional and excess hospital professional liability lines of business. For these lines of business, we continue to see an increase in the number of large losses reported and a lengthening of the reporting “tail” beyond historical levels. We believe a contributing cause is rising social inflation in the form of, for example, higher jury awards on cases that go to trial, and the corresponding higher demands from plaintiffs and higher values required to reach settlement on cases that do not go to trial. The unfavorable development for professional liability affected mainly accident years 2016 through 2018.
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - Reserves for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment developed unfavorably by $8 million in 2020. The unfavorable development in the segment was driven by non-proportional assumed liability business written in both the U.S. and U.K., and was partially offset by favorable development on excess workers’ compensation business. The unfavorable non-proportional assumed liability development was concentrated in accident years 2014 through 2018, and related primarily to accounts insuring construction projects and professional liability exposures.
Favorable prior year development (net of additional and return premiums) was $19 million in 2019.
Insurance - Reserves for the Insurance segment developed favorably by $21 million in 2019 (net of additional and return premiums). This overall favorable development resulted from more significant favorable development on workers’ compensation business, which was partially offset by unfavorable development on professional liability and general liability business.
For workers’ compensation, the favorable development was spread across many accident years, including prior to 2010, but was most significant in accident years 2014 through 2018, and particularly 2017 and 2018. The favorable workers’ compensation development reflects a continuation during 2019 of the benign loss cost trends experienced during recent years, particularly the favorable claim frequency trends (i.e., number of reported claims per unit of exposure). The long term trend of declining workers’ compensation frequency can be attributable to improved workplace safety. Loss severity trends were also aided by our continued
investment in claims handling initiatives such as medical case management services and vendor savings through usage of preferred provider networks and pharmacy benefit managers. Our initial loss ratio “picks” for this line of business over the past few accident years have contemplated an increase in loss cost trends and reflect decreasing premium rates in the marketplace; reported workers’ compensation losses in 2019 continued to be below our expectations at most of our operating units, and were below the assumptions underlying our initial loss ratio picks and our previous reserve estimates.
For professional liability business, the unfavorable development was driven mainly by an increase in the number of large losses reported in the lawyers professional liability and directors and officers (“D&O”) liability lines of business. Many of the lawyers large losses involved claims made against insured law firms relating to work performed on matters stemming from the 2008 financial crisis. These claims affected mainly accident years 2013 through 2016. In addition, for both of these lines of business, we have seen evidence of social inflation in the form of higher jury awards on cases that go to trial, and corresponding higher demands from plaintiffs and higher values required to reach settlement on cases that do not go to trial. The unfavorable development for D&O affected mainly accident years 2014 through 2017.
For general liability business, most of the unfavorable development emanated from our excess and surplus lines (E&S) businesses, and was driven by an increase in the number of large losses reported. Many of these large losses were from construction and contracting classes of business, which have also been impacted by social inflation. The general liability unfavorable development impacted mainly accident years 2015 through 2018.
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - Reserves for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment developed unfavorably by $2 million in 2019. The unfavorable development in the segment was driven by non-proportional assumed liability business in both the U.S. and U.K., and was largely offset by favorable development on excess workers’ compensation business. The unfavorable non-proportional assumed liability development was concentrated in accident years 2015 through 2018, and included an adjustment for the Ogden discount rate in the U.K.
Favorable prior year development (net of additional and return premiums) was $39 million in 2018.
Insurance - Reserves for the Insurance segment developed favorably by $19 million in 2018. The favorable development was primarily attributable to workers’ compensation business, and was partially offset by unfavorable development for professional liability business.
For workers’ compensation, the favorable development was spread across many accident years, but was most significant in accident years 2015 through 2017. The favorable workers’ compensation development reflects a continuation during 2018 of the benign loss cost trends experienced during recent years, particularly the favorable claim frequency trends (i.e., number of reported claims per unit of exposure). The long term trend of declining workers' compensation frequency can be attributable to improved workplace safety. Loss severity trends were also aided by our continued investment in claims handling initiatives such as medical case management services and vendor savings through usage of preferred provider networks. Reported workers’ compensation losses in 2018 continued to be below our expectations at most of our operating units, and were below the assumptions underlying our previous reserve estimates.
For professional liability business, adverse development was primarily related to unexpected large directors and officers (“D&O”) liability losses at one of our U.S. operating units, as well as lawyers professional liability losses at another operating unit. The adverse development stemmed primarily from accident years 2015 and 2016, and was driven by a higher frequency of large losses than we had experienced in previous years.
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - Reserves for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment developed favorably by $20 million in 2018. The favorable development was primarily due to excess workers’ compensation business, and was spread across many accident years, including years prior to 2009. This favorable excess workers’ compensation development was partially offset by unfavorable development on U.S. casualty facultative assumed business from accident years 2009 and prior related to construction projects.
Environmental and Asbestos - To date, known environmental and asbestos claims have not had a material impact on the Company’s operations, because its subsidiaries generally did not insure large industrial companies that are subject to significant environmental or asbestos exposures prior to 1986 when an absolute exclusion was incorporated into standard policy language.
The Company’s net reserves for losses and loss expenses relating to asbestos and environmental claims on policies written before adoption of the absolute exclusion was $19 million at December 31, 2020 and $24 million at December 31, 2019. The estimation of these liabilities is subject to significantly greater than normal variation and uncertainty because it is difficult to make an actuarial estimate of these liabilities due to the absence of a generally accepted actuarial methodology for these exposures and the potential effect of significant unresolved legal matters, including coverage issues, as well as the cost of litigating the legal issues.
Additionally, the determination of ultimate damages and the final allocation of such damages to financially responsible parties are highly uncertain.
Discounting - The Company discounts its liabilities for certain workers’ compensation reserves. The amount of workers’ compensation reserves that were discounted was $1,655 million and $1,731 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The aggregate net discount for those reserves, after reflecting the effects of ceded reinsurance, was $483 million and $530 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. At December 31, 2020, discount rates by year ranged from 0.7% to 6.5%, with a weighted average discount rate of 3.6%.
Substantially all discounted workers’ compensation reserves (97% of total discounted reserves at December 31, 2020) are excess workers’ compensation reserves. In order to properly match loss expenses with income earned on investment securities supporting the liabilities, reserves for excess workers’ compensation business are discounted using risk-free discount rates determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve. These rates are determined annually based on the weighted average rate for the period. Once established, no adjustments are made to the discount rate for that period, and any increases or decreases in loss reserves in subsequent years are discounted at the same rate, without regard to when any such adjustments are recognized. The expected loss and loss expense payout patterns subject to discounting are derived from the Company’s loss payout experience.
The Company also discounts reserves for certain other long-duration workers’ compensation reserves (representing approximately 3% of total discounted reserves at December 31, 2020), including reserves for quota share reinsurance and reserves related to losses regarding occupational lung disease. These reserves are discounted at statutory rates prescribed or permitted by the Department of Insurance of the State of Delaware.
(14) Premiums and Reinsurance Related Information
The Company reinsures a portion of its insurance exposures in order to reduce its net liability on individual risks and catastrophe losses. Reinsurance coverage and retentions vary depending on the line of business, location of the risk and nature of loss. The Company’s reinsurance purchases include the following: property reinsurance treaties that reduce exposure to large individual property losses and catastrophe events; casualty reinsurance treaties that reduce its exposure to large individual casualty losses, workers’ compensation catastrophe losses and casualty losses involving multiple claimants or insureds; and facultative reinsurance that reduces exposure on individual policies or risks for losses that exceed treaty reinsurance capacity. Depending on the operating unit, the Company purchases specific additional reinsurance to supplement the above programs.
The following is a summary of reinsurance financial information:
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Written premiums:
Direct $ 7,874,050 $ 7,386,759 $ 6,973,216
Assumed 973,597 875,459 729,278
Ceded (1,585,210) (1,398,719) (1,269,267)
Total net written premiums $ 7,262,437 $ 6,863,499 $ 6,433,227
Earned premiums:
Direct $ 7,489,470 $ 7,141,427 $ 6,851,795
Assumed 941,321 820,705 755,759
Ceded (1,499,948) (1,328,844) (1,236,049)
Total net earned premiums $ 6,930,843 $ 6,633,288 $ 6,371,505
Ceded losses and loss expenses incurred $ 955,630 $ 836,831 $ 829,742
Ceded commission earned $ 358,253 $ 314,191 $ 268,037
The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses for premiums and fees receivable for the year ended December 31, 2020:
(In thousands)
Allowance for expected credit losses at January 1, 2020 $ 19,823
Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles 1,270
Provision for expected credit losses 1,790
Allowance for expected credit losses at December 31, 2020
$ 22,883
Estimated amounts due from reinsurers are reported net of an allowance for expected credit losses of $7,800,649, $690,127 and $946,965 as of December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses associated with due from reinsurers for the year ended December 31, 2020:
(In thousands)
Allowance for expected credit losses at January 1, 2020 $ 690
Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles 5,927
Provision for expected credit losses 1,184
Allowance for expected credit losses at December 31, 2020
$ 7,801
The following table presents the amounts due from reinsurers as of December 31, 2020:
(In thousands)
Munich Re $ 275,841
Lloyd’s of London 255,184
Swiss Re 182,532
Alleghany Group 182,015
Partner Re 164,535
Hannover Re Group 129,752
Berkshire Hathaway 104,775
Everest Re 102,085
Renaissance Re 101,014
Axis Capital 87,948
Liberty Mutual 66,263
Korean Re 56,091
Fairfax Financial 37,310
Axa Insurance 35,012
Validus Holdings Ltd. 29,599
Arch Capital Group 27,739
Qatar Re 20,321
Other reinsurers less than $20,000 330,929
Subtotal 2,188,945
Residual market pools 243,358
Allowance for expected credit losses (7,801)
Total $ 2,424,502
(15) Indebtedness
Indebtedness consisted of the following as of December 31, 2020 (the difference between the face value and the carrying value is unamortized discount and debt issuance costs):
Carrying Value
(In thousands) Interest Rate Face Value 2020 2019
Senior notes and other debt due on:
September 15, 2020 5.375% $ - $ - $ 299,756
January 1, 2022 8.700% 76,503 76,419 76,343
March 15, 2022 4.625% 350,000 349,505 349,088
February 15, 2037 6.250% 250,000 248,226 248,116
August 1, 2044 4.750% 350,000 345,652 345,467
May 12, 2050 4.000% 470,000 492,236 -
Subsidiary debt (1) (2) Various 110,987 110,987 108,805
Total senior notes and other debt $ 1,607,490 $ 1,623,025 $ 1,427,575
Subordinated debentures due on:
April 30, 2053 5.625% $ - $ - $ 341,356
March 1, 2056 (3) 5.900% 110,000 106,365 106,262
June 1, 2056 5.750% 290,000 282,003 281,777
March 30, 2058 5.700% 185,000 179,006 178,845
December 30, 2059 5.100% 300,000 290,702 290,464
September 30, 2060 4.250% 250,000 244,233 -
Total subordinated debentures $ 1,135,000 $ 1,102,309 $ 1,198,704
________________
(1) Subsidiary debt is due as follows: $3 million in 2021, $6 million in 2025, and $102 million in 2028.
(2) Includes non-recourse loan in the amount of $102 million secured by an office building. See Note 8, Real Estate, for more details.
(3) In January 2021, the Company called its $110 million aggregate principal amount of 5.900% subordinated debentures for redemption on March 1, 2021. Additionally in February 2021, the Company issued $300 million aggregate principal amount of 4.125% subordinated debentures due 2061.
(16) Income Taxes
Income tax expense (benefit) consists of:
(In thousands) Current
Expense Deferred
Expense (Benefit) Total
December 31, 2020
Domestic $ 162,305 $ 17 $ 162,322
Foreign 23,375 (13,880) 9,495
Total expense (benefit) $ 185,680 $ (13,863) $ 171,817
December 31, 2019
Domestic $ 124,231 $ 27,616 $ 151,847
Foreign 9,030 8,058 17,088
Total expense $ 133,261 $ 35,674 $ 168,935
December 31, 2018
Domestic $ 188,712 $ (63,134) $ 125,578
Foreign 13,963 23,487 37,450
Total expense (benefit) $ 202,675 $ (39,647) $ 163,028
Income before income taxes from domestic operations was $831 million, $739 million and $755 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. (Loss) income before income taxes from foreign operations was ($126) million, $114 million and $57 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
A reconciliation of the income tax expense and the amounts computed by applying the Federal and foreign income tax rate of 21% for 2020, 2019 and 2018 to pre-tax income are as follows:
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Computed “expected” tax expense $ 148,008 $ 179,113 $ 170,540
Tax-exempt investment income (12,770) (14,666) (18,833)
Change in valuation allowance 46,238 (1,945) 18,576
Impact of foreign tax rates 6,753 7,700 7,683
State and local taxes 2,561 4,842 3,901
Impact of change in U.S. tax rate - - (10,950)
Other, net (18,973) (6,109) (7,889)
Total expense $ 171,817 $ 168,935 $ 163,028
At December 31, 2020 and 2019, the tax effects of differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax asset and deferred tax liability are as follows:
(In thousands) 2020 2019
Deferred tax asset:
Loss reserve discounting $ 141,877 $ 136,100
Unearned premiums 134,971 120,246
Net operating losses 64,494 37,147
Other-than-temporary impairments 5,973 8,049
Employee compensation plans 60,551 60,552
Other 85,327 63,633
Gross deferred tax asset 493,193 425,727
Less valuation allowance (79,488) (33,250)
Deferred tax asset 413,705 392,477
Deferred tax liability:
Amortization of intangibles 12,761 12,832
Loss reserve discounting - transition rule 24,747 29,697
Deferred policy acquisition costs 113,084 103,947
Unrealized investment gains 100,241 93,330
Property, furniture and equipment 48,235 47,082
Investment funds 64,944 73,083
Other 62,809 50,212
Deferred tax liability 426,821 410,183
Net deferred tax liability $ 13,116 $ 17,706
The Company had a current tax net payable of $35.4 million and net receivable of $13.4 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. At December 31, 2020, the Company had foreign net operating loss carryforwards of $7.7 million that expire beginning in 2027, and an additional $305.4 million that have no expiration date. At December 31, 2020, the Company had a valuation allowance of $79.5 million, as compared to $33.3 million at December 31, 2019. The Company has provided a valuation allowance against the utilization of foreign tax credits and the future net operating loss carryforward benefits of certain foreign operations. The statute of limitations for the Company’s U.S. Federal tax returns has closed for calendar year 2016 and all years through December 31, 2013.
The realization of the deferred tax asset is dependent upon the Company’s ability to generate sufficient taxable income in future periods. Based on historical results and the prospects for future current operations, management anticipates that it is more likely than not that future taxable income will be sufficient for the realization of this asset.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the "Tax Act") provided for a reduction of the U.S. corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018. The U.S. tax law requires insurance reserves to be discounted for tax purposes. The Tax Act modified this computation. The IRS issued revised discount factors to be applied to the 2017 reserves, which increased the beginning of year 2018 deferred tax asset for loss reserve discounting. Under the related transition rule, a deferred tax liability was established which will be included in taxable income over the eight year period that began in 2018.
The Company has not provided U.S. deferred income taxes on the undistributed earnings of approximately $111 million of its non-U.S. subsidiaries since these earnings are intended to be permanently reinvested in the non-U.S. subsidiaries. In the future, if such earnings were distributed the Company projects that the incremental tax, if any, will be immaterial.
(17) Dividends from Subsidiaries and Statutory Financial Information
The Company’s insurance subsidiaries are restricted by law as to the amount of dividends they may pay without the approval of regulatory authorities. The Company’s lead insurer, Berkley Insurance Company ("BIC"), directly or indirectly owns all of the Company’s other insurance companies. During 2021, the maximum amount of dividends that can be paid by BIC without such approval is approximately $721 million.
BIC’s combined net income and statutory capital and surplus, as determined in accordance with statutory accounting practices ("SAP"), are as follows:
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Net income $ 771,990 $ 601,564 $ 1,099,953
Statutory capital and surplus $ 6,188,121 $ 6,013,062 $ 5,587,930
The significant variances between SAP and GAAP are that for statutory purposes bonds are carried at amortized cost, unrealized gains and losses on equity securities are recorded in surplus, acquisition costs are charged to income as incurred, deferred Federal income taxes are subject to limitations, excess and assumed workers’ compensation reserves are discounted at different discount rates and certain assets designated as “non-admitted assets” are charged against surplus. The Commissioner of Insurance of the State of Delaware has allowed BIC to recognize a non-tabular discount on certain workers' compensation loss reserves, which is a permitted practice that differs from SAP. The effect of using this permitted practice was an increase to BIC’s statutory capital and surplus by $200 million at December 31, 2020.
The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) has risk-based capital (“RBC”) requirements that require insurance companies to calculate and report information under a risk-based formula which measures statutory capital and surplus needs based on a regulatory definition of risk in a company’s mix of products and its balance sheet. This guidance is used to calculate two capital measurements: Total Adjusted Capital and RBC Authorized Control Level. Total Adjusted Capital is equal to the Company’s statutory capital and surplus excluding capital and surplus derived from the use of permitted practices that differ from statutory accounting practices. RBC Authorized Control Level is the capital level used by regulatory authorities to determine whether remedial action is required. Generally, no remedial action is required if Total Adjusted Capital is 200% or more of the RBC Authorized Control Level. At December 31, 2020, BIC’s Total Adjusted Capital of $5.989 billion was 388% of its RBC Authorized Control Level.
See Note 3, Investments in Fixed Maturity Securities, for a description of assets held on deposit as security.
(18) Common Stockholders’ Equity
The weighted average number of shares used in the computation of net income per share was as follows:
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Basic 186,924 190,722 190,048
Diluted 188,763 193,521 192,395
Treasury shares have been excluded from average outstanding shares from the date of acquisition. The weighted average number of basic shares outstanding includes the impact of 7,767,874 common shares held in a grantor trust. The common shares held in the grantor trust are for delivery upon settlement of vested but mandatorily deferred restricted stock units ("RSUs"). Shares held by the grantor trust do not affect diluted shares outstanding since shares deliverable under vested RSUs were already included in diluted shares outstanding. The difference in calculating basic and diluted net income per share is attributable entirely to the dilutive effect of stock-based compensation plans. Changes in shares of common stock outstanding, net of treasury shares, are presented below. Shares of common stock issued and outstanding do not include shares related to unissued restricted stock units (including shares held in the grantor trust).
2020 2019 2018
Balance, beginning of year 183,411,907 182,993,640 182,272,278
Shares issued 776,544 687,339 1,257,762
Shares repurchased (6,363,301) (269,072) (536,400)
Balance, end of year 177,825,150 183,411,907 182,993,640
The amount of dividends paid is dependent upon factors such as the receipt of dividends from our subsidiaries, our results of operations, cash flow, financial condition and business needs, the capital and surplus requirements of our subsidiaries, and applicable insurance regulations that limit the amount of dividends that may be paid by our regulated insurance subsidiaries.
(19) Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments as of December 31, 2020 and 2019:
2020 2019
(In thousands) Carrying Value Fair Value Carrying Value Fair Value
Assets:
Fixed maturity securities $ 14,159,369 $ 14,173,629 $ 14,180,961 $ 14,194,955
Equity securities 625,667 625,667 480,620 480,620
Arbitrage trading account 341,473 341,473 400,809 400,809
Loans receivable 84,913 86,596 91,799 94,613
Cash and cash equivalents 2,372,366 2,372,366 1,023,710 1,023,710
Trading accounts receivable from brokers and clearing organizations 524,727 524,727 423,543 423,543
Due from broker 2,585 2,585 - -
Liabilities:
Due to broker - - 27,116 27,116
Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased 10,048 10,048 36,143 36,143
Senior notes and other debt 1,623,025 1,892,444 1,427,575 1,582,290
Subordinated debentures 1,102,309 1,202,842 1,198,704 1,274,088
The estimated fair values of the Company’s fixed maturity securities, equity securities available for sale and arbitrage trading account securities are based on various valuation techniques that rely on fair value measurements as described in Note 12 above. The fair value of loans receivable is estimated by using current institutional purchaser yield requirements for loans with similar credit characteristics, which is considered a Level 2 input. The fair value of the senior notes and other debt and the subordinated debentures is based on spreads for similar securities, which is considered a Level 2 input.
(20) Commitments, Litigation and Contingent Liabilities
In the ordinary course of business, the Company is subject to disputes, litigation and arbitration arising from its insurance and reinsurance businesses. These matters are generally related to insurance and reinsurance claims and are considered in the establishment of loss and loss expense reserves. In addition, the Company may also become involved in legal actions which seek extra-contractual damages, punitive damages or penalties, including claims alleging bad faith in handling of insurance claims. The Company expects its ultimate liability with respect to such matters will not be material to its financial condition. However, adverse outcomes on such matters are possible, from time to time, and could be material to the Company’s results of operations in any particular financial reporting period.
At December 31, 2020, the Company had commitments to invest up to $124 million and $200 million in certain investment funds and real estate construction projects, respectively.
(21) Leases
Lessees are required to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for leases with terms of more than 12 months on the balance sheet. All leases disclosed within this note are classified as operating leases. Recognized right-of-use asset and lease liability are reported within other assets and other liabilities, respectively, in the consolidated balance sheet. Lease expense is reported in other operating costs and expenses in the consolidated statement of income and accounted for on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
To determine the discount rate used to calculate present value of future minimum lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate during the lease commencement period in line with the respective lease duration. In certain cases, the Company has the option to renew the lease. Lease renewal future payments are included in the present value of the future minimum lease payments when the Company determines it is reasonably certain to renew.
The main leases entered into by the Company are for office space used by the Company’s operating units across the world. Additionally, the Company, to a lesser extent, has equipment leases mainly for office equipment. Further information relating to operating lease expense and other operating lease information is as follows:
For the Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019
Leases:
Lease cost $ 44,291 $ 44,107
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities reported in operating cash flows $ 45,348 $ 40,083
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities $ 8,870 $ 32,881
As of December 31,
($ in thousands) 2020 2019
Right-of-use assets $ 164,476 $ 193,311
Lease liabilities $ 203,643 $ 230,338
Weighted-average remaining lease term 6.82 years 7.11 years
Weighted-average discount rate 5.94 % 5.97 %
Contractual maturities of the Company’s future minimum lease payments are as follows:
(In thousands) December 31, 2020
Contractual Maturities:
2021 $ 47,477
2022 41,442
2023 37,843
2024 31,283
2025 22,452
Thereafter 58,124
Total undiscounted future minimum lease payments 238,621
Less: Discount impact 34,978
Total lease liability $ 203,643
(22) Stock Incentive Plan
Pursuant to the Company's stock incentive plan, the Company may issue restricted stock units ("RSUs") to employees of the Company and its subsidiaries. The RSUs generally vest three to five years from the award date and are subject to other vesting and forfeiture provisions contained in the award agreement. The following table summarizes RSU information for the three years ended December 31, 2020:
2020 2019 2018
RSUs granted and unvested at beginning of period: 4,124,260 5,062,661 5,216,972
Granted 962,453 840,796 1,140,048
Vested (1,111,588) (1,447,522) (900,254)
Canceled (170,789) (331,675) (394,105)
RSUs granted and unvested at end of period: 3,804,336 4,124,260 5,062,661
Upon vesting, shares of the Company’s common stock equal to the number of vested RSUs are issued or deferred to a later date, depending on the terms of the specific award agreement. As of December 31, 2020, 7,519,447 RSUs had been deferred. RSUs that have not yet vested and vested RSUs that have been deferred are not considered to be issued and outstanding shares.
The fair value of RSUs at the date of grant are recorded as unearned compensation, a component of stockholders’ equity, and expensed over the vesting period. Following is a summary of changes in unearned compensation for the three years ended December 31, 2020:
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Unearned compensation at beginning of year $ 128,390 $ 129,669 $ 122,910
RSUs granted, net of cancellations 54,270 53,583 52,204
RSUs expensed (47,108) (47,329) (34,408)
RSUs forfeitures (3,242) (7,533) (11,037)
Unearned compensation at end of year $ 132,310 $ 128,390 $ 129,669
(23) Compensation Plans
The Company and its subsidiaries have profit sharing plans in which substantially all employees participate. The plans provide for minimum annual contributions of 5% of eligible compensation; contributions above the minimum are discretionary and vary with each participating operating unit's profitability. Employees become eligible to participate in the plan on the first day of the calendar quarter following the first full calendar quarter after the employee's date of hire provided the employee has completed 250 hours of service during the calendar quarter. The plans provide that 40% of the contributions vest immediately and that the remaining 60% vest at varying percentages based upon years of service. Profit sharing expense was $48 million, $47 million and $42 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
The Company has a long-term incentive compensation plan ("LTIP") that provides for compensation to key executives based on the growth in the Company's book value per share over a five year period.
The following table summarizes the outstanding LTIP awards as of December 31, 2020:
Units Outstanding Maximum Value Inception to date earned through December 31, 2020 on outstanding units
2016 grant 190,000 19,000,000 17,732,700
2017 grant 202,750 20,275,000 13,509,233
2018 grant 208,750 20,875,000 10,007,475
2019 grant 224,250 22,425,000 5,497,623
2020 grant 225,500 22,550,000 2,271,701
The following table summarizes the LTIP expense for each of the three years ended December 31, 2020:
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
2013 grant $ - $ - $ (1,124)
2014 grant - (558) 3,227
2015 grant (168) 3,319 5,170
2016 grant 3,176 3,548 5,148
2017 grant 2,914 3,432 4,700
2018 grant 2,776 3,310 4,317
2019 grant 2,490 3,068 -
2020 grant 2,276 - -
Total $ 13,464 $ 16,119 $ 21,438
(24) Supplemental Financial Statement Data
Other operating costs and expenses consist of the following:
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs $ 904,955 $ 1,001,611 $ 915,246
Insurance operating expenses 1,206,058 1,088,690 1,183,635
Insurance service expenses 85,724 101,317 118,357
Net foreign currency losses (gains) 363 (30,715) (27,067)
Debt extinguishment costs 8,440 - -
Other costs and expenses 184,852 201,179 193,050
Total $ 2,390,392 $ 2,362,082 $ 2,383,221
(25) Industry Segments
The Company’s reportable segments include the following two business segments, plus a corporate segment:
•Insurance - predominantly commercial insurance business, including excess and surplus lines, admitted lines and specialty personal lines throughout the United States, as well as insurance business in the United Kingdom, Continental Europe, South America, Canada, Mexico, Scandinavia, Asia and Australia.
•Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - reinsurance business on a facultative and treaty basis, primarily in the United States, United Kingdom, Continental Europe, Australia, the Asia-Pacific region and South Africa, as well as operations that solely retain risk on an excess basis.
The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. Income tax expense and benefits are calculated based upon the Company’s overall effective tax rate.
Summary financial information about the Company’s reporting segments is presented in the following table. Income before income taxes by segment includes allocated investment income. Identifiable assets by segment are those assets used in or allocated to the operation of each segment.
Revenues
(In thousands) Earned
Premiums (1) Investment
Income Other Total (2) Pre-Tax
Income
(Loss) Net
Income
(Loss)
to Common Stockholders
Year ended December 31, 2020
Insurance $ 6,067,669 $ 375,554 $ 35,611 $ 6,478,834 $ 668,012 $ 487,125
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess 863,174 146,029 - 1,009,203 205,587 164,655
Corporate, other and eliminations (3) - 62,238 445,650 507,888 (271,797) (214,291)
Net investment gains - - 103,000 103,000 103,000 93,181
Consolidated $ 6,930,843 $ 583,821 $ 584,261 $ 8,098,925 $ 704,802 $ 530,670
Year ended December 31, 2019
Insurance $ 5,919,819 $ 429,405 $ 47,850 $ 6,397,074 $ 814,862 $ 650,510
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess 713,469 164,082 - 877,551 189,188 152,046
Corporate, other and eliminations (3) - 52,127 454,741 506,868 (271,833) (215,967)
Net investment gains - - 120,703 120,703 120,703 95,355
Consolidated $ 6,633,288 $ 645,614 $ 623,294 $ 7,902,196 $ 852,920 $ 681,944
Year ended December 31, 2018
Insurance $ 5,702,073 $ 433,490 $ 72,727 $ 6,208,290 $ 717,154 $ 571,381
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess 669,432 179,534 - 848,966 201,001 160,791
Corporate, other and eliminations (3) - 61,211 418,696 479,907 (260,549) (213,469)
Net investment gains - - 154,488 154,488 154,488 122,046
Consolidated $ 6,371,505 $ 674,235 $ 645,911 $ 7,691,651 $ 812,094 $ 640,749
Identifiable Assets
(In thousands) December 31,
2020 2019
Insurance $ 21,739,360 $ 20,020,455
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess 4,652,074 4,710,445
Corporate, other and eliminations (3) 2,215,479 1,931,244
Consolidated $ 28,606,913 $ 26,662,144
_______________________________________
(1) Certain amounts included in earned premiums of each segment are related to inter-segment transactions.
(2) Revenues for Insurance includes $691.5 million, $725.4 million, and $714.2 million in 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively, from foreign countries. Revenues for Reinsurance & Monoline Excess includes $291.6 million, $249.6 million, and $228.1 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, from foreign countries.
(3) Corporate, other and eliminations represent corporate revenues and expenses and other items that are not allocated to business segments.
Net premiums earned by major line of business are as follows:
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Insurance
Other liability $ 2,237,285 $ 2,063,401 $ 1,912,071
Short-tail lines 1,247,908 1,223,902 1,184,447
Workers' compensation 1,127,487 1,301,980 1,327,206
Commercial automobile 794,171 750,051 722,236
Professional liability 660,818 580,485 556,113
Total Insurance 6,067,669 5,919,819 5,702,073
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess
Casualty 521,559 405,063 362,886
Monoline Excess 171,522 160,071 162,908
Property 170,093 148,335 143,638
Total Reinsurance & Monoline Excess 863,174 713,469 669,432
Total $ 6,930,843 $ 6,633,288 $ 6,371,505
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
The Company's management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, have conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(b) as of the end of the period covered by this annual report. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company has in place effective controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act and the rules thereunder, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Commission's rules and forms.
During the quarter ended December 31, 2020, there have been no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.
Management's Report On Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of Treadway Commission. Based on our evaluation under the framework in Internal Control - Integrated Framework, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2020.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
W. R. Berkley Corporation:
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited W. R. Berkley Corporation and subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes and financial statement schedules II to VI (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 18, 2021 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Managements’ Report On Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/S/ KPMG LLP
New York, New York
February 18, 2021
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Reference is made to the registrant's definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2020, and which is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Reference is made to the registrant's definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2020, and which is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
(a) Security ownership of certain beneficial owners
Reference is made to the registrant's definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2020, and which is incorporated herein by reference.
(b) Security ownership of management
Reference is made to the registrant's definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2020, and which is incorporated herein by reference.
(c) Changes in control
Reference is made to the registrant's definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2020, and which is incorporated herein by reference.
(d) Equity compensation plan information
Reference is made to the registrant's definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2020, and which is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
Reference is made to the registrant's definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2020, and which is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Reference is made to the registrant's definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2020, and which is incorporated herein by reference.
PART IV
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a) Index to Financial Statements
The schedules to the consolidated financial statements listed below should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Financial statement schedules not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K have been omitted because they are not applicable or required information is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto.
Index to Financial Statement Schedules Page
Schedule II - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
Schedule III - Supplementary Insurance Information
Schedule IV - Reinsurance
Schedule V - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
Schedule VI - Supplementary Information Concerning Property - Casualty Insurance Operations
(b) Exhibits
EXHIBITS
Number
(3.1)
The Company’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended through May 10, 2004 (incorporated by reference to Exhibits 3.1 and 3.2 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on August 6, 2003).
(3.2)
Amendment, dated May 11, 2004, to the Company’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Company’s Quarterly report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on August 5, 2004).
(3.3)
Amendment, dated May 16, 2006, to the Company’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on May 17, 2006).
(3.4)
Amendment, dated June 12, 2020, to the Company’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on June 16, 2020).
(3.5)
Amended and Restated By-Laws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3 (ii) of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on August 5, 2015).
(4.1)
Description of Registrant’s Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on February 20, 2020).
(4.2)
Indenture, dated as of February 14, 2003, between the Company and The Bank of New York, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on March 31, 2003).
(4.3)
Fifth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of February 9, 2007, between the Company and The Bank of New York, as Trustee, relating to $250,000,000 principal amount of the Company’s 6.25% Senior Notes due 2037, including form of the Notes as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on March 1, 2007).
(4.4)
Eighth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 16, 2012, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, relating to $350,000,000 principal amount of the Company’s 4.625% Senior Notes due 2022, including form of the Notes as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on March 16, 2012).
(4.5)
Ninth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of August 6, 2014, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, relating to $350,000,000 principal amount of the Company’s 4.75% Senior Notes due 2044, including form of the Notes as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on August 6, 2014).
(4.6)
Indenture, dated as of May 12, 2020, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on May 12, 2020).
(4.7)
First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 12, 2020, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, relating to $470,000,000 principal amount of the Company’s 4.00% Senior Notes due 2050, including form of the Notes as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on May 12, 2020).
(4.8)
Subordinated Indenture, dated as of March 1, 2016, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on March 1, 2016).
(4.9)
First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 1, 2016, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, relating to $110,000,000 principal amount of the Company's 5.9% Subordinated Debentures due 2056, including the form of the Securities as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on March 1, 2016).
(4.10)
Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 25, 2016, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, relating to $290,000,000 principal amount of the Company's 5.75% Subordinated Debentures due 2056, including the form of the Securities as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on May 25, 2016).
(4.11)
Subordinated Indenture, dated as of March 26, 2018, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on March 26, 2018).
(4.12)
First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 26, 2018, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, relating to $185,000,000 principal amount of the Company’s 5.7% Subordinated Debentures due 2058, including the form of the Securities as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on March 26, 2018).
(4.13)
Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 16, 2019, between the Company and the Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, relating to $300,000,000 principal amount of the Company's 5.10% Subordinated Debentures due 2059, including the form of the Securities as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on December 16, 2019).
(4.14)
Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 21, 2020, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, relating to $250,000,000 principal amount of the Company’s 4.25% Subordinated Debentures Notes due 2060, including form of the Securities as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on September 21, 2020).
(4.15)
Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of February 10, 2021, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, relating to $300,000,000 principal amount of the Company’s 4.125% Subordinated Debentures Notes due 2061, including form of the Securities as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on February 10, 2021).
(4.16) The instruments defining the rights of holders of the other long term debt securities of the Company are omitted pursuant to Section (b)(4)(iii)(A) of Item 601 of Regulation S-K. The Company agrees to furnish supplementally copies of these instruments to the Commission upon request.
(10.1)
W. R. Berkley Corporation 2018 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Annex B of the Company’s 2018 Proxy Statement (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on April 19, 2018).
(10.2)
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for grant of April 4, 2003 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on August 6, 2003).
(10.3)
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2003 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on May 3, 2005).
(10.4)
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2003 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on August 6, 2010).
(10.5)
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2012 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on November 8, 2012).
(10.6)
Form of 2014 Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2012 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on November 7, 2014).
(10.7)
Form of 2015 Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2012 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on November 9, 2015).
(10.8)
Form of 2017 Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement Under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2012 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on November 8, 2017).
(10.9)
Form of 2018 Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement Under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2018 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on November 7, 2018).
(10.10)
Form of 2020 Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement Under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2018 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on November 5, 2020).
(10.11)
W. R. Berkley Corporation Deferred Compensation Plan for Officers as amended and restated November 2, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on November 7, 2018).
(10.12)
Amendment to the W. R. Berkley Corporation Deferred Compensation Plan for Officers, effective as of December 31, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on December 16, 2020).
(10.13)
W. R. Berkley Corporation Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors as amended and restated effective December 3, 2007 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on December 19, 2007).
(10.14)
Amendment to the W. R. Berkley Corporation Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors, effective as of December 31, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on December 16, 2020).
(10.15)
W. R. Berkley Corporation Amended and Restated Annual Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on February 25, 2019).
(10.16)
W. R. Berkley Corporation 2014 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Annex A of the Company’s 2014 Proxy Statement (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on April 7, 2014).
(10.17)
Form of 2018 Performance Unit Award Agreement under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2014 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on May 7, 2018).
(10.18)
W. R. Berkley Corporation 2019 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company's current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on February 25, 2019).
(10.19)
Form of 2019 Performance Unit Award Agreement under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2019 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on February 25, 2019).
(10.20)
Form of 2020 Performance Unit Award Agreement under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2019 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on August 3, 2020).
(10.21)
W. R. Berkley Corporation 2009 Directors Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to Annex B of the Company’s 2015 Proxy Statement (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on April 20, 2015).
(10.22)
Supplemental Benefits Agreement between William R. Berkley and the Company as amended and restated as of December 21, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on February 28, 2012).
(14)
Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 14 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on March 14, 2005).
(21)
List of the Company’s subsidiaries.
(23)
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
(31.1)
Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/ 15d-14(a).
(31.2)
Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/ 15d-14(a).
(32.1)
Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
ITEM 16. FORM 10-K Summary
None.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION
By /s/ W. Robert Berkley, Jr.
W. Robert Berkley, Jr.
President and Chief Executive Officer
February 18, 2021
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Signature Title Date
/s/ William R. Berkley Executive Chairman February 18, 2021
William R. Berkley of the Board of Directors
/s/ W. Robert Berkley, Jr. President February 18, 2021
W. Robert Berkley, Jr. Chief Executive Officer and Director
(Principal executive officer)
/s/ Christopher L. Augostini Director February 18, 2021
Christopher L. Augostini
/s/ Ronald E. Blaylock Director February 18, 2021
Ronald E. Blaylock
/s/ Mark E. Brockbank Director February 18, 2021
Mark E. Brockbank
/s/ Mary C. Farrell Director February 18, 2021
Mary C. Farrell
/s/ María Luisa Ferré Director February 18, 2021
María Luisa Ferré
/s/ Leigh Ann Pusey Director February 18, 2021
Leigh Ann Pusey
/s/ Mark L. Shapiro Director February 18, 2021
Mark L. Shapiro
/s/ Jonathan Talisman Director February 18, 2021
Jonathan Talisman
/s/ Richard M. Baio Executive Vice President February 18, 2021
Richard M. Baio Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
(Principal financial officer
and principal accounting officer)
Schedule II
W. R. Berkley Corporation
Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
Balance Sheets (Parent Company)
December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 296,960 $ 389,801
Fixed maturity securities available for sale at fair value (cost $792,752 and $718,642 at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively)
800,263 723,959
Loans receivable 75,789 55,794
Equity securities, at fair value (cost $3,430 in 2020 and 2019 respectively.)
3,430 3,430
Investment in subsidiaries 7,957,501 7,623,639
Current federal income taxes - 18,857
Property, furniture and equipment at cost, less accumulated depreciation 11,412 12,323
Other assets 11,231 13,294
Total assets $ 9,156,586 $ 8,841,097
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity:
Liabilities:
Due to subsidiaries $ 77,860 $ 107,245
Other liabilities 106,064 118,593
Current federal income taxes 15,662 -
Deferred federal income taxes 31,851 22,846
Subordinated debentures 1,102,309 1,198,704
Senior notes 1,512,038 1,318,770
Total liabilities 2,845,784 2,766,158
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock - -
Common stock 70,535 70,535
Additional paid-in capital 1,012,483 1,056,042
Retained earnings (including accumulated undistributed net income of subsidiaries of $5,700,515 and $5,564,980 at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively)
8,348,381 7,932,372
Accumulated other comprehensive income (62,172) (257,299)
Treasury stock, at cost (3,058,425) (2,726,711)
Total stockholders’ equity 6,310,802 6,074,939
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 9,156,586 $ 8,841,097
________________
See Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm and note to condensed financial information.
Schedule II, Continued
W. R. Berkley Corporation
Condensed Financial Information of Registrant, Continued
Statements of Income (Parent Company)
Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)
2020 2019 2018
Management fees and investment income including dividends from subsidiaries of $617,424, $416,027, and $639,477 for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively
$ 654,485 $ 470,773 $ 697,687
Net investment gains (losses) 3,580 850 (1,685)
Other income 568 117 530
Total revenues 658,633 471,740 696,532
Operating costs and expense 166,892 204,812 191,873
Interest expense 145,417 148,282 155,082
Income before federal income taxes 346,324 118,646 349,577
Federal income taxes:
Federal income taxes provided by subsidiaries on a separate return basis 188,490 207,647 409,439
Federal income tax expense on a consolidated return basis (139,679) (141,190) (113,138)
Net federal income tax expense 48,811 66,457 296,301
Income before undistributed equity in net income of subsidiaries 395,135 185,103 645,878
Equity in undistributed net income (loss) of subsidiaries 135,535 496,841 (5,129)
Net income $ 530,670 $ 681,944 $ 640,749
________________
See Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm and note to condensed financial information.
Schedule II, Continued
W. R. Berkley Corporation
Condensed Financial Information of Registrant, Continued
Statements of Cash Flows (Parent Company)
Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income $ 530,670 $ 681,944 $ 640,749
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities:
Net investment (gains) losses (3,580) (850) 1,685
Depreciation and amortization 15,133 7,058 9,441
Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries (135,535) (496,841) 5,129
Tax payments received from subsidiaries 165,495 192,407 282,084
Federal income taxes provided by subsidiaries on a separate return basis (188,489) (207,646) (409,439)
Stock incentive plans 49,599 28,389 28,531
Change in:
Federal income taxes 32,069 11,841 (77,415)
Other assets 1,220 (5,343) 1,348
Other liabilities 3,964 11,866 109,016
Accrued investment income 836 4,395 (2,870)
Net cash from operating activities 471,382 227,220 588,259
Cash (used in) from investing activities:
Proceeds from sales of fixed maturity securities 414,802 619,334 668,447
Proceeds from maturities and prepayments of fixed maturity securities 258,413 435,473 255,528
Cost of purchases of fixed maturity securities (747,713) (459,418) (1,188,821)
Change in loans receivable (20,023) (4,250) 1,475
Investments in and advances to subsidiaries, net (100,704) (36,170) (184,597)
Change in balance due to security broker (245) 245 -
Net additions to real estate, furniture & equipment (81) (112) (264)
Other, net 103 142 -
Net cash (used in) from investing activities (195,448) 555,244 (448,232)
Cash used in financing activities:
Net proceeds from issuance of senior notes 736,609 290,454 178,562
Repayment and redemption of debt (650,000) (440,651) -
Purchase of common treasury shares (346,357) (18,225) (24,750)
Cash dividends to common stockholders (84,147) (308,191) (254,951)
Other, net (24,880) - -
Net cash used in financing activities (368,775) (476,613) (101,139)
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents (92,841) 305,851 38,888
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 389,801 83,950 45,062
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year $ 296,960 $ 389,801 $ 83,950
________________
See Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm and note to condensed financial information.
W. R. Berkley Corporation
Condensed Financial Information of Registrant, Continued
December 31, 2020
Note to Condensed Financial Information (Parent Company)
The accompanying condensed financial information should be read in conjunction with the notes to consolidated financial statements included elsewhere herein. Reclassifications have been made in the 2019 and 2018 financial statements as originally reported to conform them to the presentation of the 2020 financial statements.
The Company files a consolidated federal tax return with the results of its domestic insurance subsidiaries included on a statutory basis. Under present Company policy, federal income taxes payable by subsidiary companies on a separate-return basis are paid to W. R. Berkley Corporation, and the Company pays the tax due on a consolidated return basis.
Schedule III
W. R. Berkley Corporation and Subsidiaries
Supplementary Insurance Information
December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018
(In thousands) Deferred
Policy
Acquisition
Cost Reserve for
Losses and
Loss Expenses Unearned
Premiums Net Premiums
Earned Net
Investment
Income Loss and Loss
Expenses Amortization of
Deferred Policy
Acquisition
Cost Other
Operating Costs
and Expenses Net
Premiums
Written
December 31, 2020
Insurance $ 467,871 $ 10,977,674 $ 3,660,758 $ 6,067,669 $ 375,554 $ 3,939,759 $ 734,062 $ 1,137,002 $ 6,347,101
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess 88,297 2,806,756 412,433 863,174 146,029 528,947 170,893 103,775 915,336
Corporate, other and eliminations - - - - 62,238 - - 244,660 -
Total $ 556,168 $ 13,784,430 $ 4,073,191 $ 6,930,843 $ 583,821 $ 4,468,706 $ 904,955 $ 1,485,437 $ 7,262,437
December 31, 2019
Insurance $ 438,082 $ 9,836,950 $ 3,304,152 $ 5,919,819 $ 429,405 $ 3,692,551 $ 840,333 $ 1,049,328 $ 6,086,009
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess 79,282 2,746,299 352,355 713,469 164,082 438,565 161,278 88,520 777,490
Corporate, other and eliminations - - - - 52,127 - - 222,623 -
Total $ 517,364 $ 12,583,249 $ 3,656,507 $ 6,633,288 $ 645,614 $ 4,131,116 $ 1,001,611 $ 1,360,471 $ 6,863,499
December 31, 2018
Insurance $ 432,568 $ 9,278,729 $ 3,081,433 $ 5,702,073 $ 433,490 $ 3,566,358 $ 788,508 $ 1,136,269 $ 5,791,905
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess 65,061 2,687,719 278,558 669,432 179,534 408,344 126,738 112,885 641,322
Corporate, other and eliminations - - - - 61,211 - - 218,821 -
Total $ 497,629 $ 11,966,448 $ 3,359,991 $ 6,371,505 $ 674,235 $ 3,974,702 $ 915,246 $ 1,467,975 $ 6,433,227
__________________________
See Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
Schedule IV
W. R. Berkley Corporation and Subsidiaries
Reinsurance
Years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018
Premiums Written
(In thousands, other than percentages) Direct
Amount Ceded
to Other
Companies Assumed
from Other
Companies Net
Amount Percentage
of Amount
Assumed
to Net
Year ended December 31, 2020
Insurance $ 7,625,981 $ 1,490,395 $ 211,515 $ 6,347,101 3.3 %
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess 248,069 94,815 762,082 915,336 83.3 %
Total $ 7,874,050 $ 1,585,210 $ 973,597 $ 7,262,437 13.4 %
Year ended December 31, 2019
Insurance $ 7,180,759 $ 1,312,564 $ 217,814 $ 6,086,009 3.6 %
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess 206,000 86,155 657,645 777,490 84.6 %
Total $ 7,386,759 $ 1,398,719 $ 875,459 $ 6,863,499 12.8 %
Year ended December 31, 2018
Insurance $ 6,782,757 $ 1,188,297 $ 197,445 $ 5,791,905 3.4 %
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess 190,459 80,970 531,833 641,322 82.9 %
Total $ 6,973,216 $ 1,269,267 $ 729,278 $ 6,433,227 11.3 %
___________________________
See Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
Schedule V
W. R. Berkley Corporation and Subsidiaries
Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
Years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018
(In thousands) Opening
Balance Cumulative Effect Adjustment - CECL Additions-
Charged to
Expense Deduction-
Amounts
Written Off Ending
Balance
Year ended December 31, 2020
Premiums, fees and other receivables $ 26,546 $ 1,270 $ 6,783 $ (6,744) $ 27,855
Due from reinsurers 690 5,927 1,187 (3) 7,801
Deferred federal and foreign income taxes 33,250 - 46,756 (518) 79,488
Fixed maturity securities - 35,714 16,909 (50,043) 2,580
Loan loss reserves 2,146 (357) 3,648 - 5,437
Total $ 62,632 $ 42,554 $ 75,283 $ (57,308) $ 123,161
Year ended December 31, 2019
Premiums, fees and other receivables $ 39,093 $ - $ (5,549) $ (6,998) $ 26,546
Due from reinsurers 947 - - (257) 690
Deferred federal and foreign income taxes 35,195 - 1,298 (3,243) 33,250
Loan loss reserves 3,383 - - (1,237) 2,146
Total $ 78,618 $ - $ (4,251) $ (11,735) $ 62,632
Year ended December 31, 2018
Premiums, fees and other receivables $ 39,926 $ - $ 6,985 $ (7,817) $ 39,093
Due from reinsurers 1,010 - 65 (128) 947
Deferred federal and foreign income taxes 16,619 - 18,772 (196) 35,195
Loan loss reserves 3,383 - - - 3,383
Total $ 60,938 $ - $ 25,822 $ (8,141) $ 78,618
_______________________
See Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
Schedule VI
W. R. Berkley Corporation and Subsidiaries
Supplementary Information Concerning Property-Casualty Insurance Operations
Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Deferred policy acquisition costs $ 556,168 $ 517,364 $ 497,629
Reserves for losses and loss expenses 13,784,430 12,583,249 11,966,448
Unearned premiums 4,073,191 3,656,507 3,359,991
Net premiums earned 6,930,843 6,633,288 6,371,505
Net investment income 583,821 645,614 674,235
Losses and loss expenses incurred:
Current year 4,432,937 4,057,989 3,926,489
Prior years 627 34,079 6,831
Loss reserve discount accretion 35,142 39,048 41,382
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs 904,955 1,001,611 915,246
Paid losses and loss expenses 3,598,649 3,659,402 3,664,885
Net premiums written 7,262,437 6,863,499 6,433,227
___________________
See Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Overview
W. R. Berkley Corporation is an insurance holding company that is among the largest commercial lines writers in the United States and operates worldwide in two business segments of the property and casualty business: Insurance and Reinsurance & Monoline Excess. Our decentralized structure provides us with the flexibility to respond quickly and efficiently to local or specific market conditions and to pursue specialty business niches. It also allows us to be closer to our customers in order to better understand their individual needs and risk characteristics. While providing our business units with certain operating autonomy, our structure allows us to capitalize on the benefits of economies of scale through centralized capital, investment, reinsurance and enterprise risk management, and actuarial, financial and corporate legal staff support. The Company's primary sources of revenues and earnings are its insurance operations and its investments.
An important part of our strategy is to form new operating units to capitalize on various business opportunities. Over the years, the Company has formed numerous new operating units that are focused on important parts of the economy in the U.S., including healthcare, cyber security, energy and agriculture, and on growing international markets, including the Asia-Pacific region, South America and Mexico.
The profitability of the Company’s insurance business is affected primarily by the adequacy of premium rates. The ultimate adequacy of premium rates is not known with certainty at the time an insurance policy is issued because premiums are determined before claims are reported. The ultimate adequacy of premium rates is affected mainly by the severity and frequency of claims, which are influenced by many factors, including natural and other disasters, regulatory measures and court decisions that define and change the extent of coverage and the effects of economic or social inflation on the amount of compensation for injuries or losses. General insurance prices are also influenced by available insurance capacity, i.e., the level of capital employed in the industry, and the industry’s willingness to deploy that capital.
The Company’s profitability is also affected by its investment income and investment gains. The Company’s invested assets are invested principally in fixed maturity securities. The return on fixed maturity securities is affected primarily by general interest rates, as well as the credit quality and duration of the securities. Returns available on fixed maturity investments have been at low levels for an extended period.
The Company also invests in equity securities, merger arbitrage securities, investment funds, private equity, loans and real estate related assets. The Company's investments in investment funds and its other alternative investments have experienced, and the Company expects to continue to experience, greater fluctuations in investment income. The Company's share of the earnings or losses from investment funds is generally reported on a one-quarter lag in order to facilitate the timely completion of the Company's consolidated financial statements.
Effective January 1, 2020, the Company adopted new accounting standard ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses. Refer to Note 1 in the financial statements for further information on the accounting guidance and impact of its adoption on the Company's results and financial position.
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, including the related impact on the U.S. and global economies, has materially and adversely affected our results of operations. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recorded approximately $171 million for COVID-19-related losses, net of reinsurance, and reinstatement premiums of approximately $18 million. The ultimate impact of COVID-19 on the economy and on the Company’s results of operations, financial position and liquidity is uncertain and not within the Company’s control. The scope, duration and magnitude of the direct and indirect effects of COVID-19 continue to evolve in ways that are difficult or impossible to anticipate. Despite the effects of COVID-19 to date, the Company’s financial position and liquidity improved commencing in the second quarter.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our results of operations, financial position and liquidity is expected to include, among others:
Adverse Legislative and Regulatory Action. Legislative and regulatory initiatives taken or that may be taken in response to COVID-19, such as those that seek to retroactively mandate or provide a presumption of coverage for losses which our insurance policies would not otherwise cover and were not priced to cover, may adversely affect us, particularly in our workers’ compensation and property coverages businesses.
Claim Losses Related to COVID-19 May Exceed Reserves. Given the great uncertainties associated with COVID-19 and its impact and the limited information upon which our current assumptions and assessments have been made, our reserves and underlying estimated level of claim losses and costs arising from COVID-19 may materially change.
Claim Losses and Adjustment Expenses May Increase. As the effects of COVID-19 on industry practices and economic, legal, judicial, social and other environmental conditions continue to evolve, unexpected and unintended issues related to claims and coverages may emerge (including in the area of property coverages where physical damage requirements and communicable disease exclusions are currently being challenged).
Reinsurance. Reinsurers may dispute the applicability of reinsurance to COVID-19 related losses (including the application of reinsurance reinstatements) and, as a result, our reinsurers may refuse to pay reinsurance recoverables related thereto or they may not pay them on a timely basis. In addition, we may be unable to renew our current reinsurance coverages or purchase new coverages with respect to certain exposures under our policies, including COVID-19-related exposures.
Premium Volumes May Be Negatively Impacted. Reduced economic activity relating to the COVID-19 pandemic will likely decrease demand for our insurance products and services. In addition, we may alter our view on the insurance coverages that are appropriate to offer in various jurisdictions, which could further negatively impact our premium volumes.
Investments. Further disruptions in global financial markets due to the continuing impact of COVID-19 could cause us to incur additional unrealized and/or realized investment losses, including impairments in our fixed income portfolio and other investments.
Credit Risk. As credit risk is generally a function of the economy, we face greater credit risk from our policyholders, independent agents and brokers in connection with the payment and remittance of premiums as a result of the economic conditions caused by COVID-19. Similarly, our credit risk related to the reimbursement of deductibles from policyholders and in connection with reinsurance recoverables has increased.
Operational Disruptions and Costs. Our operations could be disrupted if key members of our senior management or a significant percentage of our workforce or the workforce of our agents, brokers, suppliers or other third party service providers are unable to continue to work because of illness, government directives or otherwise. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we have implemented remote working policies which have resulted in disruptions to our business routines, heightened risk to cybersecurity attacks and data security incidents and a greater dependency on internet and telecommunication access and capabilities.
Critical Accounting Estimates
The following presents a discussion of accounting policies and estimates relating to reserves for losses and loss expenses, assumed reinsurance premiums and other-than-temporary impairments of investments. Management believes these policies and estimates are the most critical to its operations and require the most difficult, subjective and complex judgments.
Reserves for Losses and Loss Expenses. To recognize liabilities for unpaid losses, either known or unknown, insurers establish reserves, which is a balance sheet account representing estimates of future amounts needed to pay claims and related expenses with respect to insured events which have occurred. Estimates and assumptions relating to reserves for losses and loss expenses are based on complex and subjective judgments, often including the interplay of specific uncertainties with related accounting and actuarial measurements. Such estimates are also susceptible to change as significant periods of time may elapse between the occurrence of an insured loss, the report of the loss to the insurer, the ultimate determination of the cost of the loss and the insurer’s payment of that loss.
In general, when a claim is reported, claims personnel establish a “case reserve” for the estimated amount of the ultimate payment based upon known information about the claim at that time. The estimate represents an informed judgment based on general reserving practices and reflects the experience and knowledge of the claims personnel regarding the nature and value of the specific type of claim. Reserves are also established on an aggregate basis to provide for losses incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) to the insurer, potential inadequacy of case reserves and the estimated expenses of settling claims, including legal and other fees and general expenses of administrating the claims adjustment process. Reserves are established based upon the then current legal interpretation of coverage provided.
In examining reserve adequacy, several factors are considered in estimating the ultimate economic value of losses. These factors include, among other things, historical data, legal developments, changes in social attitudes and economic conditions, including the effects of inflation. The actuarial process relies on the basic assumption that past experience, adjusted judgmentally for the effects of current developments and anticipated trends, is an appropriate basis for predicting future outcomes. Reserve amounts are based on management’s informed estimates and judgments using currently available data. As additional experience and other data become available and are reviewed, these estimates and judgments may be revised. This may result in reserve increases or decreases that would be reflected in our results in periods in which such estimates and assumptions are changed.
Reserves do not represent a certain calculation of liability. Rather, reserves represent an estimate of what management expects the ultimate settlement and claim administration will cost. While the methods for establishing reserves are well tested over time, the major assumptions about anticipated loss emergence patterns are subject to uncertainty. These estimates, which generally involve actuarial projections, are based on management’s assessment of facts and circumstances then known, as well as estimates of trends in claims severity and frequency, judicial theories of liability and other factors, including the actions of third parties which are beyond the Company’s control. These variables are affected by external and internal events, such as inflation and economic volatility, judicial and litigation trends, reinsurance coverage, legislative changes and claim handling and reserving practices, which make it more difficult to accurately predict claim costs. The inherent uncertainties of estimating reserves are greater for certain types of liabilities where long periods of time elapse before a definitive determination of liability is made. Because setting reserves is inherently uncertain, the Company cannot provide assurance that its current reserves will prove adequate in light of subsequent events.
Loss reserves included in the Company’s financial statements represent management’s best estimates based upon an actuarially derived point estimate and other considerations. The Company uses a variety of actuarial techniques and methods to derive an actuarial point estimate for each operating unit. These methods include paid loss development, incurred loss development, paid and incurred Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods and frequency and severity methods. In circumstances where one actuarial method is considered more credible than the others, that method is used to set the point estimate. For example, the paid loss and incurred loss development methods rely on historical paid and incurred loss data. For new lines of business, where there is insufficient history of paid and incurred claims data, or in circumstances where there have been significant changes in claim practices, the paid and incurred loss development methods would be less credible than other actuarial methods. The actuarial point estimate may also be based on a judgmental weighting of estimates produced from each of the methods considered. Industry loss experience is used to supplement the Company’s own data in selecting “tail factors” and in areas where the Company’s own data is limited. The actuarial data is analyzed by line of business, coverage and accident or policy year, as appropriate, for each operating unit.
The establishment of the actuarially derived loss reserve point estimate also includes consideration of qualitative factors that may affect the ultimate losses. These qualitative considerations include, among others, the impact of re-underwriting initiatives, changes in the mix of business, changes in distribution sources and changes in policy terms and conditions. Examples of changes in terms and conditions that can have a significant impact on reserve levels are the use of aggregate policy limits, the expansion of coverage exclusions, whether or not defense costs are within policy limits, and changes in deductibles and attachment points.
The key assumptions used to arrive at the best estimate of loss reserves are the expected loss ratios, rate of loss cost inflation, and reported and paid loss emergence patterns. Expected loss ratios represent management’s expectation of losses at the time the business is priced and written, before any actual claims experience has emerged. This expectation is a significant determinant of the estimate of loss reserves for recently written business where there is little paid or incurred loss data to consider. Expected loss ratios are generally derived from historical loss ratios adjusted for the impact of rate changes, loss cost trends and known changes in the type of risks underwritten. Expected loss ratios are estimated for each key line of business within each operating unit. Expected loss cost inflation is particularly important for the long-tail lines, such as excess casualty, and claims with a high medical component, such as workers’ compensation. Reported and paid loss emergence patterns are used to project current reported or paid loss amounts to their ultimate settlement value. Loss development factors are based on the historical emergence patterns of paid and incurred losses, and are derived from the Company’s own experience and industry data. The paid loss emergence pattern is also significant to excess and assumed workers’ compensation reserves because those reserves are discounted to their estimated present value based upon such estimated payout patterns. Management believes the estimates and assumptions it makes in the reserving process provide the best estimate of the ultimate cost of settling claims and related expenses with respect to insured events which have occurred; however, different assumptions and variables could lead to significantly different reserve estimates.
Loss frequency and severity are measures of loss activity that are considered in determining the key assumptions described in our discussion of loss and loss expense reserves, including expected loss ratios, rate of loss cost inflation and reported and paid loss emergence patterns. Loss frequency is a measure of the number of claims per unit of insured exposure, and loss severity is a measure of the average size of claims. Factors affecting loss frequency include the effectiveness of loss controls and safety programs and changes in economic activity or weather patterns. Factors affecting loss severity include changes in policy limits, retentions, rate of inflation and judicial interpretations.
Another factor affecting estimates of loss frequency and severity is the loss reporting lag, which is the period of time between the occurrence of a loss and the date the loss is reported to the Company. The length of the loss reporting lag affects our ability to accurately predict loss frequency (loss frequencies are more predictable for lines with short reporting lags) as well as the amount of reserves needed for incurred but not reported losses (less IBNR is required for lines with short reporting lags). As a result, loss reserves for lines with short reporting lags are likely to have less variation from initial loss estimates. For lines with short reporting lags, which include commercial automobile, primary workers’ compensation, other liability (claims-made) and property business, the key assumption is the loss emergence pattern used to project ultimate loss estimates from known losses paid or reported to date. For lines of business with long reporting lags, which include other liability (occurrence), products liability, excess workers’ compensation and liability reinsurance, the key assumption is the expected loss ratio since there is often little paid or incurred loss data to consider. Historically, the Company has experienced less variation from its initial loss estimates for lines of businesses with short reporting lags than for lines of business with long reporting lags.
The key assumptions used in calculating the most recent estimate of the loss reserves are reviewed each quarter and adjusted, to the extent necessary, to reflect the latest reported loss data, current trends and other factors observed. If the actual level of loss frequency and severity are higher or lower than expected, the ultimate losses will be different than management’s estimate. The following table reflects the impact of changes (which could be favorable or unfavorable) in frequency and severity, relative to our assumptions, on our loss estimate for claims occurring in 2020:
(In thousands) Frequency (+/-)
Severity (+/-) 1% 5% 10%
1% $ 89,102 $ 268,193 $ 492,056
5% 268,193 454,376 687,105
10% 492,056 687,105 930,917
Our net reserves for losses and loss expenses of approximately $11.6 billion as of December 31, 2020 relate to multiple accident years. Therefore, the impact of changes in frequency or severity for more than one accident year could be higher or lower than the amounts reflected above. The impact of such changes would likely be manifested gradually over the course of many years, as the magnitude of the changes became evident.
Approximately $2.6 billion, or 22%, of the Company’s net loss reserves as of December 31, 2020 relate to the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment. There is a higher degree of uncertainty and greater variability regarding estimates of excess workers' compensation and assumed reinsurance loss reserves. In the case of excess workers’ compensation, our policies generally attach at $1 million or higher. The claims which reach our layer therefore tend to involve the most serious injuries and many remain open for the lifetime of the claimant, which extends the claim settlement tail. These claims also occur less frequently but tend to be larger than primary claims, which increases claim variability. In the case of assumed reinsurance our loss reserve estimates are based, in part, upon information received from ceding companies. If information received from ceding companies is not timely or correct, the Company’s estimate of ultimate losses may not be accurate. Furthermore, due to
delayed reporting of claim information by ceding companies, the claim settlement tail for assumed reinsurance is also extended. Management considers the impact of delayed reporting and the extended tail in its selection of loss development factors for these lines of business.
Information received from ceding companies is used to set initial expected loss ratios, to establish case reserves and to estimate reserves for incurred but not reported losses on assumed reinsurance business. This information, which is generally provided through reinsurance intermediaries, is gathered through the underwriting process and from periodic claim reports and other correspondence with ceding companies. The Company performs underwriting and claim audits of selected ceding companies to determine the accuracy and completeness of information provided to the Company. The information received from the ceding companies is supplemented by the Company’s own loss development experience with similar lines of business as well as industry loss trends and loss development benchmarks.
Following is a summary of the Company’s reserves for losses and loss expenses by business segment as of December 31, 2020 and 2019:
(In thousands) 2020 2019
Insurance $ 9,034,969 $ 8,193,381
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess 2,585,424 2,504,617
Net reserves for losses and loss expenses 11,620,393 10,697,998
Ceded reserves for losses and loss expenses 2,164,037 1,885,251
Gross reserves for losses and loss expenses $ 13,784,430 $ 12,583,249
Following is a summary of the Company’s net reserves for losses and loss expenses by major line of business as of December 31, 2020 and 2019:
(In thousands) Reported Case
Reserves Incurred But
Not Reported Total
December 31, 2020
Other liability $ 1,534,514 $ 2,864,760 $ 4,399,274
Workers’ compensation (1) 977,035 873,072 1,850,107
Professional liability 414,104 875,163 1,289,267
Commercial automobile 442,975 398,688 841,663
Short-tail lines (2) 295,313 359,345 654,658
Total Insurance 3,663,941 5,371,028 9,034,969
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess (1) (3) 1,442,099 1,143,325 2,585,424
Total $ 5,106,040 $ 6,514,353 $ 11,620,393
December 31, 2019
Other liability $ 1,421,378 $ 2,522,957 $ 3,944,335
Workers’ compensation (1) 918,619 964,102 1,882,721
Professional liability 399,411 713,433 1,112,844
Commercial automobile 412,036 300,339 712,375
Short-tail lines (2) 271,192 269,914 541,106
Total Insurance 3,422,636 4,770,745 8,193,381
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess (1) (3) 1,469,363 1,035,254 2,504,617
Total $ 4,891,999 $ 5,805,999 $ 10,697,998
____________________
(1)Reserves for excess and assumed workers’ compensation business are net of an aggregate net discount of $483 million and $530 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
(2)Short-tail lines include commercial multi-peril (non-liability), inland marine, accident and health, fidelity and surety, boiler and machinery and other lines.
(3)Reinsurance & Monoline Excess includes property and casualty reinsurance as well as operations that solely retain risk on an excess basis.
The Company evaluates reserves for losses and loss expenses on a quarterly basis. Changes in estimates of prior year losses are reported when such changes are made. The changes in prior year loss reserve estimates are generally the result of ongoing analysis of recent loss development trends. Original estimates are increased or decreased as additional information becomes known regarding individual claims and aggregate claim trends.
Certain of the Company's insurance and reinsurance contracts are retrospectively rated, whereby the Company collects more or less premiums based on the level of loss activity. For those contracts, changes in loss and loss expenses for prior years may be fully or partially offset by additional or return premiums.
Net prior year development (i.e, the sum of prior year reserve changes and prior year earned premiums changes) for each of the last three years ended December 31, are as follows:
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Increase in prior year loss reserves $ (627) $ (34,079) $ (6,831)
Increase in prior year earned premiums 16,807 53,511 45,638
Net favorable prior year development
$ 16,180 $ 19,432 $ 38,807
The ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic has impacted, and will likely continue to impact, the Company’s results through its effect on claim frequency and severity. Loss cost trends have been impacted and will likely be further impacted by COVID-19-related claims in certain lines of business, as well as by other effects of COVID-19 associated with economic conditions, inflation, and social distancing and work from home rules, for example. Although it is still too early to determine the net impact, it appears that the losses incurred due to COVID-19-related claims are being offset, to a certain extent, by lower claim frequency in certain lines of our businesses, including commercial auto, workers’ compensation, and other liability. However, given the continuing nature of the pandemic, the impact of COVID-19 could ultimately increase or decrease overall loss cost trends and is likely to have differing impacts on the Company's different lines of business.
Most of the COVID-19-related claims reported to the Company to date involve certain short-tailed lines of business, including contingency and event cancellation, business interruption, and film production delay. The Company expects additional claims to be reported for these lines of business. The Company has also received COVID-19-related claims for longer-tailed casualty lines of business such as workers’ compensation and other liability; however, the estimated incurred loss impact for these reported claims appears to be modest at this time. Given the continuing uncertainty regarding the pandemic's pervasiveness, the future impact that the pandemic may have on claim frequency and severity remains uncertain at this time. In workers’ compensation, for example, nearly two-thirds of the states have enacted rules, legislation or administrative orders creating a presumption that certain “essential” workers who contract COVID-19 did so through the course of their employment. Several other states are considering similar actions, including varying the definition of “essential” workers. While the ultimate impact of these presumptions are unknown at this time, the Company believes that such state actions will likely increase workers’ compensation claims with respect to workers deemed “essential,” although this impact may be partially offset by lower workers’ compensation claim frequency with respect to non-essential workers.
The Company has estimated the potential COVID-19 impact to its contingency and event cancellation, workers’ compensation, and other lines of business under a number of possible scenarios; however, due to COVID-19’s evolving impact and the still limited amount of available data, there remains a high degree of uncertainty around the Company’s COVID-19 reserves. In addition, several states (and international jurisdictions), through regulation, legislation and/or judicial action, continue to seek to expand policy coverage terms beyond the policy’s intended coverage, including, for example, but not limited to, property coverages, where there are attempts to extend business interruption coverage where there is no physical damage or loss to property, and attempts to disregard policy exclusions for communicable disease. Accordingly, losses arising from these actions, and the other factors described above, could exceed the Company’s reserves established for those related policies.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recognized losses for COVID-19-related claims activity, net of reinsurance, of approximately $171 million, of which $161 million related to the Insurance segment and $10 million related to the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment. Such $171 million of COVID-19-related losses included $95 million of reported losses and $76 million of IBNR.
Favorable prior year development (net of additional and return premiums) was $16 million in 2020.
Insurance - Reserves for the Insurance segment developed favorably by $24 million in 2020 (net of additional and return premiums). Continuing the pattern seen in recent years, the overall favorable development in 2020 resulted from more significant favorable development on workers’ compensation business, which was partially offset by unfavorable development on professional liability, including excess professional liability.
For workers’ compensation, the favorable development was spread across almost all prior accident years, including prior to 2011, but was most significant in accident years 2016 through 2019. The favorable workers’ compensation development reflects a continuation of the benign loss cost trends experienced during recent years, particularly the favorable claim frequency trends (i.e., number of reported claims per unit of exposure). The long term trend of declining workers’ compensation frequency can be attributable to improved workplace safety. Loss severity trends were also aided by our continued investment in claims handling initiatives such as medical case management services and vendor savings through usage of preferred provider networks and pharmacy benefit managers. Reported workers’ compensation losses in 2020 continued to be below our expectations at most of our operating units, and were below the assumptions underlying our initial loss ratio picks and our previous reserve estimates for most prior accident years.
For professional liability business, unfavorable development was driven mainly by large losses reported in the directors and officers (“D&O”), lawyers professional and excess hospital professional liability lines of business. For these lines of
business, we continue to see an increase in the number of large losses reported and a lengthening of the reporting “tail” beyond historical levels. We believe a contributing cause is rising social inflation in the form of, for example, higher jury awards on cases that go to trial, and the corresponding higher demands from plaintiffs and higher values required to reach settlement on cases that do not go to trial. The unfavorable development for professional liability affected mainly accident years 2016 through 2018.
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - Reserves for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment developed unfavorably by $8 million in 2020. The unfavorable development in the segment was driven by non-proportional assumed liability business written in both the U.S. and U.K., and was partially offset by favorable development on excess workers’ compensation business. The unfavorable non-proportional assumed liability development was concentrated in accident years 2014 through 2018, and related primarily to accounts insuring construction projects and professional liability exposures.
Favorable prior year development (net of additional and return premiums) was $19 million in 2019.
Insurance - Reserves for the Insurance segment developed favorably by $21 million in 2019 (net of additional and return premiums). This overall favorable development resulted from more significant favorable development on workers’ compensation business, which was partially offset by unfavorable development on professional liability and general liability business.
For workers’ compensation, the favorable development was spread across many accident years, including prior to 2010, but was most significant in accident years 2014 through 2018, and particularly 2017 and 2018. The favorable workers’ compensation development reflects a continuation during 2019 of the benign loss cost trends experienced during recent years, particularly the favorable claim frequency trends (i.e., number of reported claims per unit of exposure). The long term trend of declining workers’ compensation frequency can be attributable to improved workplace safety. Loss severity trends were also aided by our continued investment in claims handling initiatives such as medical case management services and vendor savings through usage of preferred provider networks and pharmacy benefit managers. Our initial loss ratio “picks” for this line of business over the past few accident years have contemplated an increase in loss cost trends and reflect decreasing premium rates in the marketplace; reported workers’ compensation losses in 2019 continued to be below our expectations at most of our operating units, and were below the assumptions underlying our initial loss ratio picks and our previous reserve estimates.
For professional liability business, the unfavorable development was driven mainly by an increase in the number of large losses reported in the lawyers professional liability and directors and officers (“D&O”) liability lines of business. Many of the lawyers large losses involved claims made against insured law firms relating to work performed on matters stemming from the 2008 financial crisis. These claims affected mainly accident years 2013 through 2016. In addition, for both of these lines of business, we have seen evidence of social inflation in the form of higher jury awards on cases that go to trial, and corresponding higher demands from plaintiffs and higher values required to reach settlement on cases that do not go to trial. The unfavorable development for D&O affected mainly accident years 2014 through 2017.
For general liability business, most of the unfavorable development emanated from our excess and surplus lines (E&S) businesses, and was driven by an increase in the number of large losses reported. Many of these large losses were from construction and contracting classes of business, which have also been impacted by social inflation. The general liability unfavorable development impacted mainly accident years 2015 through 2018.
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - Reserves for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment developed unfavorably by $2 million in 2019. The unfavorable development in the segment was driven by non-proportional assumed liability business in both the U.S. and U.K., and was largely offset by favorable development on excess workers’ compensation business. The unfavorable non-proportional assumed liability development was concentrated in accident years 2015 through 2018, and included an adjustment for the Ogden discount rate in the U.K.
Favorable prior year development (net of additional and return premiums) was $39 million in 2018.
Insurance - Reserves for the Insurance segment developed favorably by $19 million in 2018. The favorable development was primarily attributable to workers’ compensation business, and was partially offset by unfavorable development for professional liability business.
For workers’ compensation, the favorable development was spread across many accident years, but was most significant in accident years 2015 through 2017. The favorable workers’ compensation development reflects a continuation during 2018 of the benign loss cost trends experienced during recent years, particularly the favorable claim frequency trends (i.e., number of reported claims per unit of exposure). The long term trend of declining workers' compensation frequency can be attributable to improved workplace safety. Loss severity trends were also aided by our continued investment in claims handling initiatives such as medical case management services and vendor savings through usage of preferred provider networks. Reported
workers’ compensation losses in 2018 continued to be below our expectations at most of our operating units, and were below the assumptions underlying our previous reserve estimates.
For professional liability business, adverse development was primarily related to unexpected large directors and officers (“D&O”) liability losses at one of our U.S. operating units, as well as lawyers professional liability losses at another operating unit. The adverse development stemmed primarily from accident years 2015 and 2016, and was driven by a higher frequency of large losses than we had experienced in previous years.
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - Reserves for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment developed favorably by $20 million in 2018. The favorable development was primarily due to excess workers’ compensation business, and was spread across many accident years, including years prior to 2009. This favorable excess workers’ compensation development was partially offset by unfavorable development on U.S. casualty facultative assumed business from accident years 2009 and prior related to construction projects.
Reserve Discount. The Company discounts its liabilities for certain workers’ compensation reserves. The amount of workers’ compensation reserves that were discounted was $1,655 million and $1,731 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The aggregate net discount for those reserves, after reflecting the effects of ceded reinsurance, was $483 million and $530 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. At December 31, 2020, discount rates by year ranged from 0.7% to 6.5%, with a weighted average discount rate of 3.6%.
Substantially all discounted workers’ compensation reserves (97% of total discounted reserves at December 31, 2020) are excess workers’ compensation reserves. In order to properly match loss expenses with income earned on investment securities supporting the liabilities, reserves for excess workers’ compensation business are discounted using risk-free discount rates determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve. These rates are determined annually based on the weighted average rate for the period. Once established, no adjustments are made to the discount rate for that period, and any increases or decreases in loss reserves in subsequent years are discounted at the same rate, without regard to when any such adjustments are recognized. The expected loss and loss expense payout patterns subject to discounting are derived from the Company’s loss payout experience.
The Company also discounts reserves for certain other long-duration workers’ compensation reserves (representing approximately 3% of total discounted reserves at December 31, 2020), including reserves for quota share reinsurance and reserves related to losses regarding occupational lung disease. These reserves are discounted at statutory rates prescribed or permitted by the Department of Insurance of the State of Delaware.
Assumed Reinsurance Premiums. The Company estimates the amount of assumed reinsurance premiums that it will receive under treaty reinsurance agreements at the inception of the contracts. These premium estimates are revised as the actual amount of assumed premiums is reported to the Company by the ceding companies. As estimates of assumed premiums are made or revised, the related amount of earned premiums, commissions and incurred losses associated with those premiums are recorded. Estimated assumed premiums receivable were approximately $44 million and $43 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The assumed premium estimates are based upon terms set forth in reinsurance agreements, information received from ceding companies during the underwriting and negotiation of agreements, reports received from ceding companies and discussions and correspondence with reinsurance intermediaries. The Company also considers its own view of market conditions, economic trends and experience with similar lines of business. These premium estimates represent management’s best estimate of the ultimate amount of premiums to be received under its assumed reinsurance agreements.
Allowance for Expected Credit Losses on Investments.
Fixed Maturity Securities - For fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position where the Company intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery in value, the amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through net investment gains (losses). For fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position where the Company does not intend to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will not be required to sell the security before recovery in value, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or all other factors (non-credit factors). In making this assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, an allowance for expected credit losses is recorded for the credit loss through net investment gains (losses), limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Effective January 1, 2020, the allowance is adjusted for any change in expected credit losses and subsequent recoveries through net investment gains (losses). The impairment related to non-credit factors is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) .
The Company’s credit assessment of allowance for expected credit losses uses a third party model for available for sale and held to maturity securities, as well as loans receivable. The allowance for expected credit losses is generally based on the performance of the underlying collateral under various economic and default scenarios that involve subjective judgments and estimates by management. Modeling these securities involves various factors, such as projected default rates, the nature and realizable value of the collateral, if any, the ability of the issuer to make scheduled payments, historical performance and other relevant economic and performance factors. A discounted cash flow analysis is used to ascertain the amount of the allowance for expected credit losses, if any. In general, the model reverts to the rating-level long-term average marginal default rates based on 10 years of historical data, beyond the forecast period. For other inputs, the model in most cases reverts to the baseline long-term assumptions linearly over 5 years beyond the forecast period. The long-term assumptions are based on the historical averages.
The Company classifies its fixed maturity securities by credit rating, primarily based on ratings assigned by credit rating agencies. For purposes of classifying securities with different ratings, the Company uses the average of the credit ratings assigned, unless in limited situations the Company’s own analysis indicates an internal rating is more appropriate. Securities that are not rated by a rating agency are evaluated and classified by the Company on a case-by-case basis.
A summary of the Company’s non-investment grade fixed maturity securities that were in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2020 is presented in the table below.
($ in thousands) Number of
Securities Aggregate
Fair Value Unrealized
Loss
Foreign government 18 $ 75,555 $ 44,310
Corporate 11 26,617 3,025
Mortgage-backed securities 7 1,393 31
Total
36 $ 103,565 $ 47,366
As of December 31, 2020, the Company has recorded an allowance for expected credit losses on fixed maturity securities of $3 million. The Company has evaluated the remaining fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position and believes the unrealized losses are due primarily to temporary market and sector-related factors rather than to issuer-specific factors. None of these securities are delinquent or in default under financial covenants. Based on its assessment of these issuers, the Company expects them to continue to meet their contractual payment obligations as they become due.
Loans Receivable - For loans receivable, the Company estimates an allowance for expected credit losses based on relevant information about past events, including historical loss experience, current conditions and forecasts that affect the expected collectability of the amortized cost of the financial asset. The allowance for expected credit losses is presented as a reduction to amortized cost of the financial asset in the consolidated balance sheet and changes to the estimate for expected credit losses are recognized through net investment gains (losses). Loans receivable are reported net of an allowance for expected credit losses of $5 million and $2 million as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.
Fair Value Measurements. The Company’s fixed maturity available for sale securities, equity securities, and its trading account securities are carried at fair value. Fair value is defined as "the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date". The Company utilizes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date. Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for similar assets in active markets. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. Unobservable inputs may only be used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available. The fair value of the vast majority of the Company’s portfolio is based on observable data (other than quoted prices) and, accordingly, is classified as Level 2.
In classifying particular financial securities in the fair value hierarchy, the Company uses its judgment to determine whether the market for a security is active and whether significant pricing inputs are observable. The Company determines the existence of an active market by assessing whether transactions occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide reliable pricing information. The Company determines whether inputs are observable based on the use of such information by pricing services and external investment managers, the uninterrupted availability of such inputs, the need to make significant adjustments to such inputs and the volatility of such inputs over time. If the market for a security is determined to be inactive or if significant inputs used to price a security are determined to be unobservable, the security is categorized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
Because many fixed maturity securities do not trade on a daily basis, the Company utilizes pricing models and processes which may include benchmark curves, benchmarking of like securities, sector groupings and matrix pricing. Market inputs used to evaluate securities include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers and reference data. Quoted prices are often unavailable for recently issued securities that are infrequently traded or securities that are only traded in private transactions. For publicly traded securities for which quoted prices are unavailable, the Company determines fair value based on independent broker quotations and other observable market data. For securities traded only in private negotiations, the Company determines fair value based primarily on the cost of such securities, which is adjusted to reflect prices of recent placements of securities of the same issuer, financial data, projections and business developments of the issuer and other relevant information.
The following is a summary of pricing sources for the Company's fixed maturity securities available for sale as of December 31, 2020:
(In thousands) Carrying
Value Percent
of Total
Pricing source:
Independent pricing services $ 13,910,209 98.7 %
Syndicate manager 44,612 0.3
Directly by the Company based on:
Observable data 130,774 0.9
Cash flow model 1,000 0.1
Total $ 14,086,595 100.0 %
Independent pricing services - Substantially all of the Company’s fixed maturity securities available for sale were priced by independent pricing services (generally one U.S. pricing service plus additional pricing services with respect to a limited number of foreign securities held by the Company). The prices provided by the independent pricing services are generally based on observable market data in active markets (e.g., broker quotes and prices observed for comparable securities). The determination of whether markets are active or inactive is based upon the volume and level of activity for a particular asset class. The Company reviews the prices provided by pricing services for reasonableness based upon current trading levels for similar securities. If the prices appear unusual to the Company, they are re-examined and the value is either confirmed or revised. In addition, the Company periodically performs independent price tests of a sample of securities to ensure proper valuation and to verify our understanding of how securities are priced. As of December 31, 2020, the Company did not make any adjustments to the prices provided by the pricing services. Based upon the Company’s review of the methodologies used by the independent pricing services, these securities were classified as Level 2.
Syndicate manager - The Company has a 15% participation in a Lloyd’s syndicate, and the Company’s share of the securities owned by the syndicate is priced by the syndicate’s manager. The majority of the securities are liquid, short duration fixed maturity securities. The Company reviews the syndicate manager’s pricing methodology and audited financial statements and holds discussions with the syndicate manager as necessary to confirm its understanding and agreement with security prices. Based upon the Company’s review of the methodologies used by the syndicate manager, these securities were classified as Level 2.
Observable data - If independent pricing is not available, the Company prices the securities directly. Prices are based on observable market data where available, including current trading levels for similar securities and non-binding quotations from brokers. The Company generally requests two or more quotes. If more than one quote is received, the Company sets a price within the range of quotes received based on its assessment of the credibility of the quote and its own evaluation of the security. The Company generally does not adjust quotes obtained from brokers. Since these securities were priced based on observable data, they were classified as Level 2.
Cash flow model - If the above methodologies are not available, the Company prices securities using a discounted cash flow model based upon assumptions as to prevailing credit spreads, interest rates and interest rate volatility, time to maturity and subordination levels. Discount rates are adjusted to reflect illiquidity where appropriate. These securities were classified as Level 3.
Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
Business Segment Results
Following is a summary of gross and net premiums written, net premiums earned, loss ratios (losses and loss expenses incurred expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned), expense ratios (underwriting expenses expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned) and GAAP combined ratios (sum of loss ratio and expense ratio) for each of our business segments for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. The GAAP combined ratio represents a measure of underwriting profitability, excluding investment income. A GAAP combined ratio in excess of 100 indicates an underwriting loss; a number below 100 indicates an underwriting profit.
(In thousands) 2020 2019
Insurance
Gross premiums written $ 7,837,496 $ 7,398,573
Net premiums written 6,347,101 6,086,009
Net premiums earned 6,067,669 5,919,819
Loss ratio 64.9 % 62.4 %
Expense ratio 30.3 31.1
GAAP combined ratio 95.2 93.5
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess
Gross premiums written $ 1,010,151 $ 863,646
Net premiums written 915,336 777,490
Net premiums earned 863,174 713,469
Loss ratio 61.3 % 61.5 %
Expense ratio 31.8 35.0
GAAP combined ratio 93.1 96.5
Consolidated
Gross premiums written $ 8,847,647 $ 8,262,219
Net premiums written 7,262,437 6,863,499
Net premiums earned 6,930,843 6,633,288
Loss ratio 64.5 % 62.3 %
Expense ratio 30.4 31.5
GAAP combined ratio 94.9 93.8
Net Income to Common Stockholders. The following table presents the Company’s net income to common stockholders and net income per diluted share for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.
(In thousands, except per share data) 2020 2019
Net income to common stockholders $ 530,670 $ 681,944
Weighted average diluted shares 188,763 193,521
Net income per diluted share $ 2.81 $ 3.52
The Company reported net income of $531 million in 2020 compared to $682 million in 2019. The $151 million decrease in net income was primarily due to an after-tax decrease in net investment income of $47 million mainly due to reduced investment yields in fixed maturity securities and repositioning a larger portion of the investment portfolio to cash and cash equivalents, an after-tax decrease in underwriting income of $46 million resulted from COVID-19-related losses and other catastrophe losses, a $39 million increase in tax expense due to change in effective tax rate, a $23 million decrease in after-tax foreign currency gains as the U.S. dollar weakened against a wide spectrum of currencies, a decrease in after-tax net investment gains of $13 million, a $6 million debt extinguishment expense on debt redeemed in 2020 and an after-tax decrease in other income of $1 million, partially offset by an after-tax reduction in corporate expenses of $12 million, an after-tax increase in insurance service fee income of $9 million, an after-tax reduction of $2 million from interest expense, and an after-tax increase in income from non-insurance businesses of $1 million. The number of weighted average diluted shares decreased by approximately 5 million for 2020 compared to 2019, mainly reflecting shares repurchased in 2020.
Premiums. Gross premiums written were $8,848 million in 2020, an increase of 7% from $8,262 million in 2019. The increase was due to the growth in the Insurance segment of $439 million and $147 million in the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment. Approximately 79% of premiums expiring in 2020 were renewed, and 80% of premiums expiring in 2019 were renewed.
Average renewal premium rates for insurance and facultative reinsurance increased 11.3% in 2020 and 4.8% in 2019, when adjusted for changes in exposures. Average renewal premium rates for insurance and facultative reinsurance excluding workers' compensation increased 13.6% in 2020 and 6.9% in 2019, when adjusted for changes in exposures.
A summary of gross premiums written in 2020 compared with 2019 by line of business within each business segment follows:
•Insurance gross premiums increased 6% to $7,837 million in 2020 from $7,398 million in 2019. Gross premiums increased $270 million (11%) for other liability, $196 million (20%) for professional liability, and $92 million (5%) for short-tail lines and $74 million (9%) for commercial auto, and decreased $193 million (15%) for workers' compensation.
•Reinsurance & Monoline Excess gross premiums increased 17% to $1,010 million in 2020 from $864 million in 2019. Gross premiums written increased $105 million (22%) for casualty lines, $27 million (14%) for property lines, and $14 million (7%) for monoline excess.
Net premiums written were $7,262 million in 2020, an increase of 6% from $6,863 million in 2019. Ceded reinsurance premiums as a percentage of gross written premiums were 18% in 2020 and 17% in 2019.
Premiums earned increased 4% to $6,931 million in 2020 from $6,633 million in 2019. Insurance premiums (including the impact of rate changes) are generally earned evenly over the policy term, and accordingly recent rate increases will be earned over the upcoming quarters. Premiums earned in 2020 are related to business written during both 2020 and 2019. Audit premiums were $128 million in 2020 compared with $199 million in 2019.
Net Investment Income. Following is a summary of net investment income for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:
Amount Average Annualized
Yield
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2020 2019
Fixed maturity securities, including cash and cash equivalents and loans receivable $ 426,563 $ 517,925 2.7 % 3.4 %
Investment funds 54,253 69,194 4.5 5.2
Arbitrage trading account 77,931 34,585 14.6 7.8
Real estate 24,027 24,218 1.2 1.2
Equity securities 10,172 5,439 2.7 2.0
Gross investment income 592,946 651,361 3.0 3.4
Investment expenses (9,125) (5,747) - -
Total $ 583,821 $ 645,614 2.9 % 3.4 %
Net investment income decreased 10% to $584 million in 2020 from $646 million in 2019 primarily due to a $92 million decrease in income from fixed maturity securities driven by lower investment yields and repositioning a larger portion of the investment portfolio to cash and cash equivalents, a $15 million decrease in income from investment funds and an increase in investment expenses of $3 million, partially offset by a $43 million increase in arbitrage trading account and a $5 million increase in equity securities. Investment funds are reported on a one quarter lag. The average annualized yield for fixed maturity securities was 2.7% in 2020 and 3.4% in 2019. The effective duration of the fixed maturity portfolio was 2.4 years at December 31, 2020 and 2.8 years at December 31, 2019. The Company shortened the duration of its fixed maturity security portfolio, thereby reducing the potential impact of mark-to-market on the portfolio and positioning the Company to react quickly to changes in the current interest rate environment. Average invested assets, at cost (including cash and cash equivalents), were $20.0 billion in 2020 and $19.1 billion in 2019.
Insurance Service Fees. The Company earns fees from an insurance distribution business, a third-party administrator, and as a servicing carrier of workers' compensation assigned risk plans for certain states. Insurance service fees were $89 million in 2020 and $93 million in 2019. The decrease was primarily due to a reduction of assigned risk plan business.
Net Realized and Unrealized Gains on Investments. The Company buys and sells securities and other investment assets on a regular basis in order to maximize its total return on investments. Decisions to sell securities and other investment assets are based on management’s view of the underlying fundamentals of specific investments as well as management’s expectations regarding interest rates, credit spreads, currency values and general economic conditions. Net realized and unrealized gains on investments were $74 million in 2020 compared with $121 million in 2019. In 2020, the gains reflected net realized gains on investment of $99 million, including the sale of a building for a gain of $105 million, and decreased by a change in unrealized
losses on equity securities of $25 million. In 2019, the gains reflected net realized gains on investment sales of $36 million and increased by a change in unrealized gains on equity securities of $85 million.
Change in Allowance for Expected Credit Losses on Investments. Effective January 1, 2020, the Company adopted accounting guidance for credit losses on financial instruments. The cumulative effect adjustment from the change in accounting principle was $25 million after-tax, which decreased opening retained earnings and increased AOCI. Based on credit factors, the allowance for expected credit losses is increased or decreased depending on the percentage of unrealized loss relative to amortized cost by security, changes in rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the pre-tax change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments decreased by $29 million ($23 million after-tax), which is reflected in net investment gains (losses).
Revenues from Non-Insurance Businesses. Revenues from non-insurance businesses were derived from businesses engaged in the distribution of promotional merchandise, world-wide textile solutions, and aviation-related businesses that provide services to aviation markets, including (i) the distribution, manufacturing, repair and overhaul of aircraft parts and components, (ii) the sale of new and used aircraft, and (iii) avionics, fuel, maintenance, storage and charter services. Revenues from non-insurance businesses were $390 million in 2020 and $407 million in 2019. The decrease mainly relates to a reduction in revenues from the aviation-related businesses impacted by COVID-19.
Losses and Loss Expenses. Losses and loss expenses increased to $4,469 million in 2020 from $4,131 million in 2019. The consolidated loss ratio was 64.5% in 2020 and 62.3% in 2019. Catastrophe losses, net of reinsurance recoveries, were $340 million (including losses of approximately $171 million related to COVID-19) in 2020 compared with $90 million in 2019. Favorable prior year reserve development (net of premium offsets) was $16 million in 2020 compared with $19 million in 2019. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development decreased 1.4 points to 59.8% in 2020 from 61.2% in 2019.
A summary of loss ratios in 2020 compared with 2019 by business segment follows:
•Insurance - The loss ratio of 64.9% in 2020 was 2.5 points higher than the loss ratio of 62.4% in 2019. Catastrophe losses were $307 million in 2020 compared with $68 million in 2019. The Company reflected a best estimate (net of reinsurance) based upon available information for COVID-19-related losses of approximately $161 million, which was included in catastrophe losses and primarily related to contingency and event cancellation coverage, workers’ compensation and short-tail lines. Favorable prior year reserve development was $24 million in 2020 compared with $21 million in 2019. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development decreased 1.4 points to 60.2% in 2020 from 61.6% in 2019.
•Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - The loss ratio of 61.3% in 2020 was 0.2 points lower than the loss ratio of 61.5% in 2019. Catastrophe losses were $33 million in 2020 compared with $22 million in 2019. The Company reflected a best estimate (net of reinsurance) based upon available information for COVID-19-related losses of approximately $10 million, which was included in catastrophe losses and primarily related to excess workers’ compensation and short-tail lines. Adverse prior year reserve development was $8 million in 2020 compared with adverse prior year reserve development of $2 million in 2019. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development decreased 1.5 points to 56.6% in 2020 from 58.1% in 2019.
Other Operating Costs and Expenses. Following is a summary of other operating costs and expenses:
(In thousands) 2020 2019
Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses $ 2,111,013 $ 2,090,301
Insurance service expenses 85,724 101,317
Net foreign currency losses (gains) 363 (30,715)
Debt extinguishment costs 8,440 -
Other costs and expenses 184,852 201,179
Total $ 2,390,392 $ 2,362,082
Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses are comprised of commissions paid to agents and brokers, premium taxes and other assessments and internal underwriting costs. Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses increased 1% and net premiums earned increased 4% from 2019. The expense ratio (policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses expressed as a percentage of premiums earned) was 30.4% in 2020 and 31.5% in 2019. The improvement is primarily attributable to higher net premiums earned and lower travel and entertainment expenses due to the global pandemic. However, to the extent our net premiums earned decrease, due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic or otherwise, our expense ratio would be expected to increase.
Service expenses, which represent the costs associated with the fee-based businesses, decreased 15% to $86 million in 2020 from $101 million in 2019. The decrease is primarily due to a reduction of assigned risk plan business.
Net foreign currency losses (gains) result from transactions denominated in a currency other than an operating unit’s functional currency. Net foreign currency losses were $0.4 million in 2020 compared to gains of $31 million in 2019, mainly due to U.S. dollar weakening in relation to a wide spectrum of currencies in 2020.
Debt extinguishment costs of $8 million in 2020 related to the redemption of subordinated debentures that were due in 2053.
Other costs and expenses represent general and administrative expenses of the parent company and other expenses not allocated to business segments, including the cost of certain long-term incentive plans and new business ventures. Other costs and expenses decreased to $185 million in 2020 from $201 million in 2019 primarily due to a reduction in non-recurring performance-based compensation costs which occurred in 2019 and reduced travel-related expenses due to COVID-19 in 2020.
Expenses from Non-Insurance Businesses. Expenses from non-insurance businesses represent costs associated with businesses engaged in the distribution of promotional merchandise, world-wide textile solutions, and aviation-related businesses that include (i) cost of goods sold related to aircraft and products sold and services provided and (ii) general and administrative expenses. Expenses from non-insurance businesses were $384 million in 2020 compared to $403 million in 2019. The decrease mainly relates to a reduction of aviation-related business impacted by COVID-19 in 2020.
Interest Expense. Interest expense was $151 million in 2020 compared with $153 million in 2019. During 2019, the Company repaid at maturity $489 million aggregate principal amount of senior notes and other debt. In December 2019, the Company issued $300 million aggregate principal amount of 5.10% subordinated debentures due 2059. In May 2020, the Company issued $300 million aggregate principal amount of 4.00% senior notes due 2050. In September 2020, the Company issued an additional $170 million aggregate principal amount of 4.00% senior notes due 2050 and issued $250 million aggregate principal amount of 4.25% subordinated debentures due 2060 and repaid $300 million aggregate principal amount of 5.375% senior notes at maturity. In October 2020, the Company redeemed $350 million aggregate principal amount of 5.625% subordinated debentures due 2053. Accordingly, the timing of the repayments of debt at maturity and redemption that took place throughout 2019 and 2020 and issuances in 2019 and 2020 led to the decrease in interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to 2019. The redemption of debentures and issuance of additional debentures in 2021, as described below in "Liquidity and Capital Resources -- Debt," are also expected to impact interest expense in 2021.
Income Taxes. The effective income tax rate was 24.4% in 2020 and 19.8% in 2019. The effective income tax rate differs from the federal income tax rate of 21% principally because the utilization of losses in certain foreign jurisdictions was limited, which was partially offset by tax-exempt investment income and tax benefits related to equity-based compensation. See Note 16 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for a reconciliation of the income tax expense and the amounts computed by applying the Federal and foreign income tax rate of 21%.
The Company has not provided U.S. deferred income taxes on the undistributed earnings of approximately $111 million of its non-U.S. subsidiaries since these earnings are intended to be permanently reinvested in the non-U.S. subsidiaries. In the future, if such earnings were distributed the Company projects that the incremental tax, if any, will be immaterial.
Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018
For a comparison of the Company’s results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2019 to the year ended December 31, 2018, see Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 20, 2020.
Investments
As part of its investment strategy, the Company establishes a level of cash and highly liquid short-term and intermediate-term securities that, combined with expected cash flow, it believes is adequate to meet its payment obligations. Due to the low fixed maturity investment returns, the Company invests in equity securities, merger arbitrage securities, investment funds, private equity, loans and real estate related assets. The Company's investments in investment funds and its other alternative investments have experienced, and the Company expects to continue to experience, greater fluctuations in investment income.
The Company also attempts to maintain an appropriate relationship between the effective duration of the investment portfolio and the approximate duration of its liabilities (i.e., policy claims and debt obligations). The effective duration of the investment portfolio was 2.4 years at December 31, 2020 and 2.8 years at December 31, 2019. The Company’s investment portfolio and investment-related assets as of December 31, 2020 were as follows:
($ in thousands) Carrying
Value Percent
of Total
Fixed maturity securities:
U.S. government and government agencies $ 603,871 2.9 %
State and municipal:
Special revenue 2,252,067 10.8
State general obligation 493,147 2.4
Local general obligation 450,624 2.2
Pre-refunded (1) 276,672 1.3
Corporate backed 214,473 1.0
Total state and municipal 3,686,983 17.7
Mortgage-backed securities:
Agency 630,784 3.0
Residential-Prime 199,481 1.0
Commercial 187,717 0.9
Residential-Alt A 8,803 -
Total mortgage-backed securities 1,026,785 4.9
Asset-backed securities 3,194,586 15.3
Corporate:
Industrial 2,564,475 12.3
Financial 1,575,903 7.6
Utilities 421,165 2.0
Other 110,038 0.5
Total corporate 4,671,581 22.4
Foreign government 975,563 4.7
Total fixed maturity securities 14,159,369 67.9
Equity securities available for sale:
Common stocks 350,181 1.7
Preferred stocks 275,486 1.3
Total equity securities available for sale 625,667 3.0
Cash and cash equivalents 2,372,366 11.4
Real estate 1,960,914 9.4
Investment funds 1,309,430 6.3
Arbitrage trading account 341,473 1.6
Loans receivable 84,913 0.4
Total investments $ 20,854,132 100.0 %
______________
(1)Pre-refunded securities are securities for which an escrow account has been established to fund the remaining payments of principal and interest through maturity. Such escrow accounts are funded almost exclusively with U.S. Treasury and U.S. government agency securities.
Fixed Maturity Securities. The Company’s investment policy with respect to fixed maturity securities is generally to purchase instruments with the expectation of holding them to their maturity. However, management of the available for sale
portfolio is considered necessary to maintain an approximate matching of assets and liabilities as well as to adjust the portfolio as a result of changes in financial market conditions and tax considerations.
The Company’s philosophy related to holding or selling fixed maturity securities is based on its objective of maximizing total return. The key factors that management considers in its investment decisions as to whether to hold or sell fixed maturity securities are its view of the underlying fundamentals of specific securities as well as its expectations regarding interest rates, credit spreads and currency values. In a period in which management expects interest rates to rise, the Company may sell longer duration securities in order to mitigate the impact of an interest rate rise on the fair value of the portfolio. Similarly, in a period in which management expects credit spreads to widen, the Company may sell lower quality securities, and in a period in which management expects certain foreign currencies to decline in value, the Company may sell securities denominated in those foreign currencies. The sale of fixed maturity securities in order to achieve the objective of maximizing total return may result in realized gains; however, there is no reason to expect these gains to continue in future periods.
Equity Securities. Equity securities primarily represent investments in common and preferred stocks in companies with potential growth opportunities in different sectors, mainly in the financial institutions sector.
Investment Funds. At December 31, 2020, the carrying value of investment funds was $1,309 million, including investments in financial services funds of $434 million, real estate funds of $311 million, transportation funds of $190 million, energy funds of $141 million, and other funds of $233 million. Investment funds are primarily reported on a one-quarter lag.
Real Estate. Real estate is directly owned property held for investment. At December 31, 2020, real estate properties in operation included a long-term ground lease in Washington D.C., an office complex in New York City, office buildings in West Palm Beach and Palm Beach, Florida, an office building in London, and the completed portion of a mixed-use project in Washington D.C. In addition, part of the previously mentioned mixed-use project in Washington D.C. is under development. The Company expects to fund further development costs for the project with a combination of its own funds and external financing. During the fourth quarter of 2020, the Company sold an office complex in New York City.
Arbitrage Trading Account. The arbitrage trading account is comprised of direct investments in arbitrage securities. Merger arbitrage is the business of investing in the securities of publicly held companies that are the targets in announced tender offers and mergers.
Loans Receivable. Loans receivable, which are carried at amortized cost (net of allowance for expected credit losses), had an amortized cost of $85 million and an aggregate fair value of $87 million at December 31, 2020. The amortized cost of loans receivable is net of an allowance for expected credit losses of $5 million as of December 31, 2020. Loans receivable include real estate loans of $52 million that are secured by commercial real estate located primarily in New York. Real estate loans receivable generally earn interest at floating LIBOR-based interest rates and have maturities (inclusive of extension options) through August 2025. Loans receivable include commercial loans of $33 million that are secured by business assets and have fixed interest rates and floating LIBOR-based interest rates with varying maturities not exceeding 10 years.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Cash Flow. Cash flow provided from operating activities increased to $1,617 million in 2020 from $1,144 million in 2019, primarily due to an increase in premium receipts, net of reinsurance and commissions settled and the timing of loss and loss expense payments as well as payments to tax authorities.
The Company's insurance subsidiaries' principal sources of cash are premiums, investment income, service fees and proceeds from sales and maturities of portfolio investments. The principal uses of cash are payments for claims, taxes, operating expenses and dividends. The Company expects its insurance subsidiaries to fund the payment of losses with cash received from premiums, investment income and fees. The Company generally targets an average duration for its investment portfolio that is within 1.5 years of the average duration of its liabilities so that portions of its investment portfolio mature throughout the claim cycle and are available for the payment of claims if necessary. In the event operating cash flow and proceeds from maturities and prepayments of fixed maturity securities are not sufficient to fund claim payments and other cash requirements, the remainder of the Company's cash and investments is available to pay claims and other obligations as they become due. The Company's investment portfolio is highly liquid, with approximately 79% invested in cash, cash equivalents and marketable fixed maturity securities as of December 31, 2020. If the sale of fixed maturity securities were to become necessary, a realized gain or loss equal to the difference between the cost and sales price of securities sold would be recognized.
Debt. At December 31, 2020, the Company had senior notes, subordinated debentures and other debt outstanding with a carrying value of $2,725 million and a face amount of $2,743 million, including $300 million aggregate principal amount of its 4.00% senior notes due 2050 issued in May 2020 as well as an additional $170 million aggregate principal amount of its 4.00% senior notes due 2050 and $250 million aggregate principal amount of its 4.25% subordinated debentures due 2060 issued in September 2020. The Company redeemed $350 million aggregate principal amount of its subordinated debentures due 2053 in October 2020. The maturities of the outstanding debt are $3 million in 2021, $427 million in 2022, $6 million in 2025, $102 million in 2028, $250 million in 2037, $350 million in 2044, $470 million in 2050, $400 million in 2056, $185 million in 2058, $300 million in 2059 and $250 million in 2060.
In January 2021, the Company called its $110 million aggregate principal amount of 5.90% subordinated debentures for redemption on March 1, 2021. Additionally in February 2021, the Company issued $300 million aggregate principal amount of 4.125% subordinated debentures due 2061.
Equity. The Company repurchased 6,363,301 and 269,072 shares of its common stock in 2020 and 2019, respectively. The aggregate cost of the repurchases was $346 million in 2020 and $18 million in 2019. In 2020, the Board declared regular quarterly cash dividends of $0.11 per share in the first quarter, and $0.12 per share in each of the remaining three quarters for a total of $84 million in aggregate dividends in 2020. At December 31, 2020, total common stockholders’ equity was $6.3 billion, common shares outstanding were 177,825,150 and stockholders’ equity per outstanding share was $35.49.
Total Capital. Total capitalization (equity, debt and subordinated debentures) was $9.0 billion at December 31, 2020. The percentage of the Company’s capital attributable to senior notes, subordinated debentures and other debt was 30% at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019.
Federal and Foreign Income Taxes
The Company files a consolidated income tax return in the U.S. and foreign tax returns in each of the countries in which it has overseas operations. At December 31, 2020, the Company had a gross deferred tax asset (net of valuation allowance) of $414 million (which primarily relates to loss and loss expense reserves and unearned premium reserves) and a gross deferred tax liability of $427 million (which primarily relates to deferred policy acquisition costs, unrealized investment gains and investment funds). The realization of the deferred tax asset is dependent upon the Company's ability to generate sufficient taxable income in future periods. Based on historical results and the prospects for future operations, management anticipates that it is more likely than not that future taxable income will be sufficient for the realization of this asset.
Reinsurance
The Company follows customary industry practice of reinsuring a portion of its exposures in exchange for paying reinsurers a part of the premiums received on the policies it writes. Reinsurance is purchased by the Company principally to reduce its net liability on individual risks and to protect against catastrophic losses. Although reinsurance does not legally discharge an insurer from its primary liability for the full amount of the policies, it does make the assuming reinsurer liable to the insurer to the extent of the reinsurance coverage. The Company monitors the financial condition of its reinsurers and attempts to place its coverages only with financially sound carriers. Reinsurance coverage and retentions vary depending on the line of business, location of the risk and nature of loss. The Company’s reinsurance purchases include the following:
•Property reinsurance treaties - The Company purchases property reinsurance to reduce its exposure to large individual property losses and catastrophe events. Following is a summary of significant property reinsurance treaties in effect as of January 1, 2021: The Company’s property per risk reinsurance generally covers losses between $2.5 million and $65 million. The Company’s catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance program provides protection for net losses between $17.5 million and $395 million for the majority of business written by its U.S. Insurance segment operating units and Lloyd's Syndicate, excluding offshore energy, but some perils are protected above $15 million. The Company’s catastrophe reinsurance agreements are subject to certain limits, exclusions and reinstatement premiums.
•Casualty reinsurance treaties - The Company purchases casualty reinsurance to reduce its exposure to large individual casualty losses, workers’ compensation catastrophe losses and casualty losses involving multiple claimants or insureds for the majority of business written by its U.S. companies. A significant casualty treaty (casualty catastrophe) in effect as of January 1, 2021 provides significant protection for losses between $5 million and $75 million from single events with claims involving two or more insurable interests or for systemic events involving multiple insureds and/or policy years. The treaty also covers casualty contingency losses in excess of $5 million and up to $100 million. For losses involving two or more claimants for primary workers’ compensation business, coverage is generally in place for losses between $10 million and $270 million. For excess workers’ compensation business, such coverage is generally in place for losses between $25 million and $545 million.
•Facultative reinsurance - The Company also purchases facultative reinsurance on certain individual policies or risks that are in excess of treaty reinsurance capacity.
•Other reinsurance - Depending on the operating unit, the Company purchases specific additional reinsurance to supplement the above programs.
•Effective January 1, 2021, Lifson Re will be a participant on the majority of the Company’s reinsurance placements for a 22.5% share of the placed amounts. This pertains to all traditional treaty reinsurance/retrocessional placements for both property and casualty business where there is more than one open market reinsurer participating. Lifson Re has been capitalized with more than $250 million of equity from a small group of sophisticated global investors with long-term investment horizons, including a minority participation by the Company. Lifson Re will participate on a fully collateralized basis.
The Company places a number of its casualty treaties on a “risk attaching” basis. Under risk attaching treaties, all claims from policies incepting during the period of the reinsurance contract are covered even if they occur after the expiration date of the reinsurance contract. If the Company is unable to renew or replace its existing reinsurance coverage, protection for unexpired policies would remain in place until their expiration. In such case, the Company could revise its underwriting strategy for new business to reflect the absence of reinsurance protection. The casualty catastrophe treaty highlighted above was purchased on a losses discovered basis. Property catastrophe and workers’ compensation catastrophe reinsurance is generally placed on a “losses occurring basis,” whereby only claims occurring during the period are covered. If the Company is unable to renew or replace these reinsurance coverages, unexpired policies would not be protected, though we frequently have the option to purchase run-off coverage in our treaties.
Following is a summary of earned premiums and loss and loss expenses ceded to reinsurers for each of the three years ended December 31, 2020:
Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Earned premiums $ 1,499,948 $ 1,328,843 $ 1,236,049
Losses and loss expenses 955,630 836,831 829,742
Ceded earned premiums increased 12.9% in 2020 to $1,500 million. The ceded losses and loss expenses ratio increased 1 point to 64% in 2020 from 63% in 2019.
The following table presents the credit quality of amounts due from reinsurers as of December 31, 2020. Amounts due from reinsurers are net of reserves for uncollectible reinsurance of $1 million in the aggregate.
(In thousands)
Reinsurer Rating (1) Amount
Amounts due in excess of $20 million:
Munich Re AA- $ 275,841
Lloyd’s of London A+ 255,184
Swiss Re AA- 182,532
Alleghany Group A+ 182,015
Partner Re A+ 164,535
Hannover Re Group AA- 129,752
Berkshire Hathaway AA+ 104,775
Everest Re A+ 102,085
Renaissance Re A+ 101,014
Axis Capital A+ 87,948
Liberty Mutual A 66,263
Korean Re A 56,091
Fairfax Financial A- 37,310
Axa Insurance AA- 35,012
Validus Holdings Ltd. A 29,599
Arch Capital Group A+ 27,739
Qatar Re A 20,321
Other reinsurers:
Rated A- or better 178,473
Secured (2) 122,573
All Others 29,883
Subtotal $ 2,188,945
Residual market pools (3) 243,358
Allowance for expected credit losses (7,801)
Total $ 2,424,502
_________________
(1)S&P rating, or if not rated by S&P, A.M. Best rating.
(2)Secured by letters of credit or other forms of collateral.
(3)Many states require licensed insurers that provide workers' compensation insurance to participate in programs that provide workers' compensation to employers that cannot procure coverage from an insurer on a voluntary basis. Insurers can fulfill this residual market obligation by participating in pools where results are shared by the participating companies. The Company acts as a servicing carrier for workers' compensation pools in certain states. As a servicing carrier, the Company writes residual market business directly and then cedes 100% of this business to the respective pool. As a servicing carrier, the Company receives fee income for its services. The Company does not retain underwriting risk, and credit risk is limited as ceded balances are jointly shared by all the pool members.
Contractual Obligations
Following is a summary of the Company's contractual obligations as of December 31, 2020:
(In thousands)
Estimated Payments By Periods 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Thereafter
Gross reserves for losses $ 3,709,874 $ 2,561,830 $ 1,897,638 $ 1,371,187 $ 991,655 $ 3,753,226
Operating lease obligations 47,477 41,442 37,843 31,283 22,452 58,124
Purchase obligations 132,006 50,629 47,413 44,070 44,478 3,534
Subordinated debentures - - - - - 1,135,000
Senior notes and other debt 2,852 426,503 - - 6,385 1,171,750
Interest payments 120,211 105,461 97,368 97,368 97,368 2,578,101
Other long-term liabilities 2,113 3,049 2,696 2,425 2,169 22,986
Total $ 4,014,533 $ 3,188,914 $ 2,082,958 $ 1,546,333 $ 1,164,507 $ 8,722,721
The estimated payments for reserves for losses and loss expenses in the above table represent the projected (undiscounted) payments for gross loss and loss expense reserves related to losses incurred as of December 31, 2020. The estimated payments in the above table do not consider payments for losses to be incurred in future periods. These amounts include reserves for reported losses and reserves for incurred but not reported losses. Estimated amounts recoverable from reinsurers are not reflected. The estimated payments by year are based on historical loss payment patterns.The actual payments may differ from the estimated amounts due to changes in ultimate loss reserves and in the timing of the settlement of those reserves. In addition, at December 31, 2020, the Company had commitments to invest up to $124 million and $200 million in certain investment funds and real estate construction projects, respectively. These amounts are not included in the above table.
The Company utilizes letters of credit to back certain reinsurance payments and obligations. Outstanding letters of credit were $4 million as of December 31, 2020. The Company has made certain guarantees to state regulators that the statutory capital of certain subsidiaries will be maintained above certain minimum levels.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
An off-balance sheet arrangement is any transaction, agreement or other contractual arrangement involving an unconsolidated entity under which a company has (1) made guarantees, (2) a retained or contingent interest in transferred assets, (3) an obligation under derivative instruments classified as equity or (4) any obligation arising out of a material variable interest in an unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit risk support to the Company, or that engages in leasing, hedging or research and development arrangements with the Company. The Company has no arrangements of these types that management believes may have a material current or future effect on our financial condition, liquidity or results of operations.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Market Risk. The fair value of the Company’s investments is subject to risks of fluctuations in credit quality and interest rates. The Company uses various models and stress test scenarios to monitor and manage interest rate risk. The Company attempts to manage its interest rate risk by maintaining an appropriate relationship between the effective duration of the investment portfolio and the approximate duration of its liabilities (i.e., policy claims and debt obligations). The effective duration for the fixed maturity portfolio (including cash and cash equivalents) was 2.4 years at December 31, 2020 and 2.8 years at December 31, 2019.
In addition, the fair value of the Company’s international investments is subject to currency risk. The Company attempts to manage its currency risk by matching its foreign currency assets and liabilities where considered appropriate.
The following table outlines the groups of fixed maturity securities and their effective duration at December 31, 2020:
Effective
Duration
($ in thousands) (Years) Fair Value
State and municipal 3.9 $ 3,700,200
Mortgage-backed securities 3.5 1,027,828
Corporate 3.1 4,671,581
Foreign government 3.0 975,563
U.S. government and government agencies 1.9 603,871
Loans receivable 1.0 86,596
Asset-backed securities 0.9 3,194,586
Cash and cash equivalents - 2,372,366
Total 2.4 $ 16,632,591
Duration is a common measure of the price sensitivity of fixed maturity securities to changes in interest rates. The Company determines the estimated change in fair value of the fixed maturity securities, assuming parallel shifts in the yield curve for treasury securities while keeping spreads between individual securities and treasury securities static. The estimated fair value at specified levels at December 31, 2020 would be as follows:
(In thousands) Estimated Fair Value Change in Fair Value
Change in interest rates:
300 basis point rise $ 15,429,092 $ (1,203,499)
200 basis point rise 15,823,862 (808,729)
100 basis point rise 16,226,841 (405,750)
Base scenario 16,632,591 -
100 basis point decline 17,074,947 442,356
200 basis point decline 17,521,813 889,222
300 basis point decline 18,005,098 1,372,507
Arbitrage investing differs from other types of investments in that its focus is on transactions and events believed likely to bring about a change in value over a relatively short time period (usually four months or less). The Company believes that this makes arbitrage investments less vulnerable to changes in general stock market conditions. Potential changes in market conditions are also mitigated by the implementation of hedging strategies, including short sales.
Additionally, the arbitrage positions are generally hedged against market declines by purchasing put options, selling call options or entering into swap contracts. The Company's merger arbitrage securities are primarily exposed to the risk of completion of announced deals, which are subject to regulatory as well as transactional and other risks.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
W. R. Berkley Corporation:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of W. R. Berkley Corporation and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes and financial statement schedules II to VI (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2020, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 18, 2021 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Reserves for losses and loss expenses
As discussed in Notes 1 and 13 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company estimates the reserves for losses and loss expenses (reserves) using a variety of actuarial techniques and methods. The key assumptions used to arrive at the best estimate of recorded reserves are expected loss ratios, rate of loss cost inflation, reported and paid loss emergence patterns, loss frequency and severity, and the loss reporting lag. Such amounts are adjusted for certain qualitative factors. The reserves as of December 31, 2020 were $13,784 million.
We identified the assessment of the estimate of reserves as a critical audit matter because it involved significant measurement uncertainty, which required complex auditor judgement. Specialized actuarial skills and knowledge were required to evaluate the actuarial method or methods and assumptions used. Assumptions included loss development
factors; the weighting of actuarial methods when more than one was used; the impact of qualitative factors; and whether payments are fixed and reliably determinable for certain reserves subject to discounting.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address the critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls over the Company’s reserving process. This included controls over the Company’s process to develop the Company’s best estimate of reserves based on actuarial methodologies and assumptions employed by the Company’s actuaries. We involved actuarial professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in:
•examining the Company’s actuarial methodologies for compliance with Actuarial Standards of Practice;
•evaluating the Company’s ability to discount certain reserves by comparing the expected payout pattern of claims paid to actual claims paid;
•evaluating the Company’s actuarial point estimate by performing independent actuarial analyses for certain of the larger, more complex operating units;
•evaluating the Company’s actuarial point estimate by examining the Company actuaries’ process, and certain key assumptions for the remaining operating units;
•developing an independent range of reserves based on actuarial methodologies and assumptions and comparing to the Company’s recorded reserves;
•evaluating the Company’s recorded reserves and year-over-year movements of the Company’s reserves relative to, and within, the independently developed range of reserves.
/S/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1972.
New York, New York
February 18, 2021
W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands, except per share data) 2020 2019 2018
REVENUES:
Net premiums written $ 7,262,437 $ 6,863,499 $ 6,433,227
Change in net unearned premiums (331,594) (230,211) (61,722)
Net premiums earned 6,930,843 6,633,288 6,371,505
Net investment income 583,821 645,614 674,235
Net investment gains:
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments 73,514 120,703 160,175
Change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments 29,486 - (5,687)
Net investment gains 103,000 120,703 154,488
Revenues from non-insurance businesses 389,888 406,541 372,985
Insurance service fees 88,777 92,680 117,757
Other income 2,596 3,370 681
Total revenues 8,098,925 7,902,196 7,691,651
OPERATING COSTS AND EXPENSES:
Losses and loss expenses 4,468,706 4,131,116 3,974,702
Other operating costs and expenses 2,390,392 2,362,082 2,383,221
Expenses from non-insurance businesses 384,488 402,669 364,449
Interest expense 150,537 153,409 157,185
Total operating costs and expenses 7,394,123 7,049,276 6,879,557
Income before income taxes 704,802 852,920 812,094
Income tax expense (171,817) (168,935) (163,028)
Net income before noncontrolling interests 532,985 683,985 649,066
Noncontrolling interests (2,315) (2,041) (8,317)
Net income to common stockholders $ 530,670 $ 681,944 $ 640,749
NET INCOME PER SHARE:
Basic $ 2.84 $ 3.58 $ 3.37
Diluted $ 2.81 $ 3.52 $ 3.33
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Net income before noncontrolling interests $ 532,985 $ 683,985 $ 649,066
Other comprehensive gain (loss):
Change in unrealized translation adjustments 29,927 37,166 (112,099)
Change in unrealized investment gains (losses), net of taxes 140,250 215,902 (252,327)
Other comprehensive gain (loss) 170,177 253,068 (364,426)
Comprehensive income 703,162 937,053 284,640
Comprehensive income to the noncontrolling interest (2,313) (2,144) (8,271)
Comprehensive income to common stockholders $ 700,849 $ 934,909 $ 276,369
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
December 31,
(In thousands, except share data) 2020 2019
Assets
Investments:
Fixed maturity securities (amortized cost of $13,755,858 and $13,976,647; allowance for expected credit losses of $2,580 at December 31, 2020)
$ 14,159,369 $ 14,180,961
Investment funds 1,309,430 1,213,535
Real estate
1,960,914 2,105,950
Arbitrage trading account 341,473 400,809
Equity securities 625,667 480,620
Loans receivable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $5,437 at December 31, 2020)
84,913 91,799
Total investments 18,481,766 18,473,674
Cash and cash equivalents 2,372,366 1,023,710
Premiums and fees receivable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $22,883 at December 31, 2020)
2,167,799 1,997,186
Due from reinsurers (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $7,801 at December 31, 2020)
2,424,502 2,133,683
Deferred policy acquisition costs 556,168 517,364
Prepaid reinsurance premiums 648,376 567,595
Trading account receivable from brokers and clearing organizations 524,727 423,543
Property, furniture and equipment 405,930 422,091
Goodwill 169,652 169,652
Accrued investment income 120,464 138,789
Current federal and foreign income taxes 5,893 23,404
Deferred federal and foreign income taxes 29,055 8,710
Other assets 700,215 762,743
Total assets $ 28,606,913 $ 26,662,144
Liabilities and Equity
Liabilities:
Reserves for losses and loss expenses $ 13,784,430 $ 12,583,249
Unearned premiums 4,073,191 3,656,507
Due to reinsurers 426,124 360,314
Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased 10,048 36,143
Current federal and foreign income taxes 41,282 10,006
Deferred federal and foreign income taxes 42,161 26,416
Other liabilities 1,178,546 1,244,888
Senior notes and other debt 1,623,025 1,427,575
Subordinated debentures 1,102,309 1,198,704
Total liabilities 22,281,116 20,543,802
Equity:
Preferred stock, par value $.10 per share:
Authorized 5,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding - none
- -
Common stock, par value $.20 per share:
Authorized 500,000,000 shares, issued and outstanding, net of treasury shares, 177,825,150 and 183,411,907 shares, respectively
70,535 70,535
Additional paid-in capital 1,012,483 1,056,042
Retained earnings 8,348,381 7,932,372
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (62,172) (257,299)
Treasury stock, at cost, 174,851,350 and 169,264,857 shares, respectively
(3,058,425) (2,726,711)
Total common stockholders’ equity 6,310,802 6,074,939
Noncontrolling interests 14,995 43,403
Total equity 6,325,797 6,118,342
Total liabilities and equity
$ 28,606,913 $ 26,662,144
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands, except per share data) 2020 2019 2018
COMMON STOCK:
Beginning and end of period $ 70,535 $ 70,535 $ 70,535
ADDITIONAL PAID IN CAPITAL:
Beginning of period $ 1,056,042 $ 1,039,633 $ 1,024,772
Restricted stock units issued (38,491) (32,370) (19,547)
Restricted stock units expensed 48,567 48,779 34,408
Change in controlling financial interest of a subsidiary (53,635) - -
End of period $ 1,012,483 $ 1,056,042 $ 1,039,633
RETAINED EARNINGS:
Beginning of period $ 7,932,372 $ 7,558,619 $ 6,956,882
Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles (30,514) - 215,939
Net income to common stockholders 530,670 681,944 640,749
Dividends ($0.47, $1.68, and $1.39 per share, respectively)
(84,147) (308,191) (254,951)
End of period $ 8,348,381 $ 7,932,372 $ 7,558,619
ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS:
Unrealized investment gains (losses):
Beginning of period $ 124,514 $ (91,491) $ 375,421
Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles 24,952 - (214,539)
Change in unrealized gains (losses) on securities without an allowance for expected
credit losses 108,244 215,636 (252,241)
Change in unrealized gains (losses) on securities with an allowance for expected credit losses 32,004 369 (132)
End of period 289,714 124,514 (91,491)
Currency translation adjustments:
Beginning of period (381,813) (418,979) (306,880)
Net change in period 29,927 37,166 (112,099)
End of period (351,886) (381,813) (418,979)
Total accumulated other comprehensive loss $ (62,172) $ (257,299) $ (510,470)
TREASURY STOCK:
Beginning of period $ (2,726,711) $ (2,720,466) $ (2,709,386)
Stock exercised/vested 13,917 11,431 12,981
Stock issued 726 549 689
Stock repurchased (346,357) (18,225) (24,750)
End of period $ (3,058,425) $ (2,726,711) $ (2,720,466)
NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS:
Beginning of period $ 43,403 $ 41,947 $ 39,819
Distributions (30,721) (688) (6,143)
Net income 2,315 2,041 8,317
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax (2) 103 (46)
End of period $ 14,995 $ 43,403 $ 41,947
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
CASH FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income to common stockholders $ 530,670 $ 681,944 $ 640,749
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities:
Net investment gains (103,000) (120,703) (154,488)
Depreciation and amortization 135,065 113,387 131,108
Noncontrolling interests 2,315 2,041 8,317
Investment funds (54,253) (69,194) (109,349)
Stock incentive plans 49,658 49,274 36,591
Change in:
Arbitrage trading account (67,943) (26,553) (19,093)
Premiums and fees receivable (173,618) (189,151) (43,813)
Reinsurance accounts (313,525) (165,898) (165,287)
Deferred policy acquisition costs (38,691) (20,057) 7,788
Current income taxes 49,021 (12,530) (11,950)
Deferred income taxes (34,057) 7,130 (74,761)
Reserves for losses and loss expenses 1,176,049 612,254 339,015
Unearned premiums 415,956 301,355 84,142
Other 43,039 (19,506) (48,770)
Net cash from operating activities 1,616,686 1,143,793 620,199
CASH FLOWS FROM (USED) IN INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from sale of fixed maturity securities 3,832,555 2,093,271 3,525,149
Proceeds from sale of equity securities 114,763 79,963 497,989
(Contributions) distributions from investment funds (3,042) 194,663 (79,635)
Proceeds from maturities and prepayments of fixed maturity securities 3,864,327 2,933,980 2,676,455
Purchase of fixed maturity securities (7,551,591) (5,352,886) (6,677,753)
Purchase of equity securities (253,031) (172,978) (85,610)
Real estate sold (purchased) 178,934 (146,752) (514,064)
Change in loans receivable 1,467 3,481 (13,204)
Net additions to property, furniture and equipment (38,171) (60,457) (49,860)
Change in balances due from security brokers (26,515) 2,844 4,262
Cash received in connection with business disposition - - 8,664
Payment for business purchased, net of cash acquired - - (6,637)
Net cash from (used) in investing activities 119,696 (424,871) (714,244)
CASH FLOWS USED IN FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Net proceeds from issuance of debt 741,637 290,974 294,562
Repayment and redemption of debt (652,751) (456,360) (4,524)
Cash dividends to common stockholders (84,147) (308,191) (254,951)
Purchase of common treasury shares (346,357) (18,225) (24,750)
Other, net (56,225) (21,391) (17,740)
Net cash used in financing activities (397,843) (513,193) (7,403)
Net impact on cash due to change in foreign exchange rates 10,117 379 (31,421)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 1,348,656 206,108 (132,869)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 1,023,710 817,602 950,471
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year $ 2,372,366 $ 1,023,710 $ 817,602
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018
(1) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
(A) Principles of consolidation and basis of presentation
The consolidated financial statements, which include the accounts of W. R. Berkley Corporation and its subsidiaries (the "Company"), have been prepared on the basis of U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated. Reclassifications have been made in the 2019 and 2018 financial statements as originally reported to conform to the presentation of the 2020 financial statements.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the revenues and expenses reflected during the reporting period. The most significant items on our balance sheet that involve a greater degree of accounting estimates that are subject to change in the future are the valuation of investments, allowance for expected credit losses on investments, reserves for losses and loss expenses and premium estimates. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
(B) Revenue recognition
Insurance premiums are recognized as written at the inception of the policy. Reinsurance premiums are estimated based upon information received from ceding companies, and subsequent differences from such estimates are recorded in the period they are determined. Insurance and reinsurance premiums are primarily earned on a pro rata basis over the policy term. Fees for services are earned over the period that the services are provided. Premiums and fees receivable are reported net of an allowance for expected credit losses, with the allowance being estimated based on current and future expected conditions, historical loss data and specific identification of collectability concerns where applicable. Changes in the allowance are reported within other operating costs and expenses.
Audit premiums are recognized when they are reliably determinable. The change in accruals for earned but unbilled audit premiums (decreased) increased net premiums written and premiums earned by $(27) million, $4 million and $(4) million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Revenues from non-insurance businesses are derived from businesses engaged in the distribution of promotional merchandise, world-wide textile solutions, and aircraft services provided to the general, commercial and military aviation markets. These aircraft services include (i) the distribution, manufacturing, repair and overhaul of aircraft parts and components, (ii) the sale of new and used aircraft, and (iii) avionics, fuel, maintenance, storage and charter services. Revenue is recognized upon the shipment of products and parts, the delivery of aircraft, the delivery of fuel, and over the completion period of services.
Insurance service fee revenue represents servicing fees for program administration and claims management services provided by the Company, including workers' compensation assigned risk plans, as well as insurance brokerage and risk management services. Fees for program administration, claims management and risk management services are primarily recognized ratably over the related contract period for which the underlying services are rendered. Commissions for insurance brokerage are generally recognized when the underlying insurance policy is effective.
(C) Cash and cash equivalents
Cash equivalents consist of funds invested in money market accounts and investments with an effective maturity of three months or less when purchased.
(D) Investments
Fixed maturity securities classified as available for sale are carried at estimated fair value, with unrealized gains and losses, net of applicable income taxes, excluded from earnings and reported as a component of comprehensive income and a separate component of stockholders' equity. Fixed maturity securities that the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held to maturity and reported at amortized cost. Investment income from fixed maturity securities is recognized based on the constant effective yield method. Premiums and discounts on mortgage-backed securities are adjusted for the effects of actual and anticipated prepayments on a retrospective basis.
Equity securities with readily determinable fair values are measured at fair value, with changes in the fair value recognized in net income within net realized and unrealized gains on investments.
Fixed maturity securities that the Company purchased with the intent to sell in the near-term are classified as trading account securities and are reported at estimated fair value. Realized and unrealized gains and losses from trading activity are reported as net investment income and are recorded at the trade date. Short sales and short call options are presented as trading securities sold but not yet purchased. Unsettled trades and the net margin balances held by the clearing broker are presented as a trading account receivable from brokers and clearing organizations.
Investment funds are carried under the equity method of accounting. The Company's share of the earnings or losses of investment funds is primarily reported on a one-quarter lag in order to facilitate the timely completion of the Company's consolidated financial statements.
Loans receivable primarily represent commercial real estate mortgage loans and bank loans and are carried at amortized cost. The accrual of interest on loans receivable is discontinued if the loan is 90 days past due based on the contractual terms of the loan unless the loan is adequately secured and in process of collection. In general, loans are placed on non-accrual status or charged off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful. Interest on these loans is accounted for on a cash basis until qualifying for return to accrual status. Loans are returned to accrual status when all principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.
Fair value is defined as “the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.” Fair value of investments is determined based on a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the use of observable inputs over the use of unobservable inputs and requires the use of observable inputs when available. (See Note 12 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.)
Realized gains or losses represent the difference between the cost of securities sold and the proceeds realized upon sale and are recorded at the trade date. The Company uses primarily the first-in, first-out method to determine the cost of securities sold.
For available for sale securities in an unrealized loss position where the Company intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery in value, the amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through net investment gains. For available for sale securities in an unrealized loss position where the Company does not intend to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will not be required to sell the security before recovery in value, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or all other factors (non-credit factors). In making this assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, an allowance for expected credit losses is recorded for the credit loss through net investment gains, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. The allowance is adjusted for any change in expected credit losses and subsequent recoveries through net investment gains. The impairment related to non-credit factors is recognized in other comprehensive income.
For financial assets carried at amortized cost, which includes held to maturity securities and loans receivable, the Company estimates an allowance for expected credit losses based on relevant information about past events, including historical loss experience, current conditions and forecasts that affect the expected collectability of the amortized cost of the financial asset. The allowance for expected credit losses is presented as a reduction to amortized cost of the financial asset in the consolidated balance sheet and changes to the estimate for expected credit losses are recognized through net investment gains.
The Company’s credit assessment of allowance for expected credit losses uses a third party model for available for sale and held to maturity securities, as well as loans receivable. The allowance for expected credit losses is generally based on the performance of the underlying collateral under various economic and default scenarios that involve subjective judgments and estimates by management. Modeling these securities involves various factors, such as projected default rates, the nature and realizable value of the collateral, if any, the ability of the issuer to make scheduled payments, historical performance and other relevant economic and performance factors. A discounted cash flow analysis is used to ascertain the amount of the allowance for expected credit losses, if any. In general, the model reverts to the rating-level long-term average marginal default rates based on 10 years of historical data, beyond the forecast period. For other inputs, the model in most cases reverts to the baseline long-term assumptions linearly over 5 years beyond the forecast period. The long-term assumptions are based on the historical averages.
The Company reports accrued investment income separately from fixed maturity securities, and has elected not to measure an allowance for expected credit losses for accrued investment income. Accrued investment income is written off through net investment income at the time the issuer of the bond defaults or is expected to default on payments.
Real estate held for investment purposes is initially recorded at the purchase price, which is generally fair value, and is subsequently reported at cost less accumulated depreciation. Real estate taxes, interest and other costs incurred during development and construction are capitalized. Buildings are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the building. Minimum rental income is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Income and expenses from real estate are reported as net investment income. The carrying value of real estate is reviewed for impairment and an impairment loss is recognized if the estimated undiscounted cash flows from the use and disposition of the property are less than the carrying value of the property.
(E) Per share data
The Company presents both basic and diluted net income per share (“EPS”) amounts. Basic EPS is calculated by dividing net income by weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year (including 7,767,874 common shares held in a grantor trust). The common shares held in the grantor trust are for delivery upon settlement of vested but mandatorily deferred restricted stock units ("RSUs"). Shares held by the grantor trust do not affect diluted shares outstanding since the shares deliverable under vested RSUs were already included in diluted shares outstanding. Diluted EPS is based upon the weighted average number of basic and common equivalent shares outstanding during the year and is calculated using the treasury stock method for stock incentive plans. Common equivalent shares are excluded from the computation in periods in which they have an anti-dilutive effect.
(F) Deferred policy acquisition costs
Acquisition costs associated with the successful acquisition of new and renewed insurance and reinsurance contracts are deferred and amortized ratably over the terms of the related contracts. Ceding commissions received on reinsurance contracts are netted against acquisition costs and are recognized ratably over the life of the contract. Deferred policy acquisition costs are presented net of unearned ceding commissions. Deferred policy acquisition costs are comprised primarily of commissions, as well as employment-related underwriting costs and premium taxes. Deferred policy acquisition costs are reviewed to determine if they are recoverable from future income and, if not, are charged to expense. The recoverability of deferred policy acquisition costs is evaluated separately by each of our operating companies. Future investment income is taken into account in measuring the recoverability of deferred policy acquisition costs.
(G) Reserves for losses and loss expenses
Reserves for losses and loss expenses are an accumulation of amounts determined on the basis of (1) evaluation of claims for business written directly by the Company; (2) estimates received from other companies for reinsurance assumed by the Company; and (3) estimates for losses incurred but not reported (based on Company and industry experience). These estimates are periodically reviewed and, as experience develops and new information becomes known, the reserves are adjusted as necessary. Such adjustments are reflected in the statements of income in the period in which they are determined. The Company discounts its reserves for excess and assumed workers' compensation claims using a risk-free or statutory rate. (See Note 13 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.)
(H) Reinsurance ceded
The unearned portion of premiums ceded to reinsurers is reported as prepaid reinsurance premiums and earned ratably over the policy term. The estimated amounts of reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses are reported as due from reinsurers. To the extent any reinsurer does not meet its obligations under reinsurance agreements, the Company must discharge its liability. Amounts due from reinsurers are reflected net of funds held where the right of offset is present. The Company has provided an allowance for expected credit losses for estimated uncollectible reinsurance. The allowance is estimated based on the composition of the recoverable balance, considering reinsurer credit ratings, collateral received from financial institutions and funds withheld arrangements, length of collection periods, probability of default methodology, and specific identification of collectability concerns. Changes in the allowance are reported within losses and loss expenses.
(I) Deposit accounting
Contracts that do not meet the risk transfer requirements of GAAP are accounted for using the deposit accounting method. Under this method, an asset or liability is recognized at the inception of the contract based on consideration paid or received. The amount of the deposit asset or liability is adjusted at subsequent reporting dates using the interest method with a
corresponding credit or charge to interest income or expense. Deposit liabilities for assumed reinsurance contracts were $38 million and $41 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
(J) Federal and foreign income taxes
The Company files a consolidated income tax return in the U.S. and foreign tax returns in countries where it has overseas operations. The Company's method of accounting for income taxes is the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using tax rates currently in effect or expected to apply in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to reverse. Interest and penalties, if any, are reported as income tax expense. The Company believes there are no tax positions that would require disclosure under GAAP. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
(K) Foreign currency
Gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions (transactions denominated in a currency other than the entity's functional currency) are reported on the statements of income as other operating costs and expenses. Unrealized gains or losses resulting from translating the results of non-U.S. dollar denominated operations are reported in accumulated other comprehensive income. Revenues and expenses denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars are generally translated at the weighted average exchange rate during the year. Assets and liabilities are translated at the rate of exchange in effect at the balance sheet date.
(L) Property, furniture and equipment
Property, furniture and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated using the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. Depreciation expense was $53 million, $54 million and $54 million for 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
(M) Comprehensive income
Comprehensive income encompasses all changes in stockholders' equity (except those arising from transactions with stockholders) and includes net income, net unrealized holding gains or losses on available for sale securities and unrealized foreign currency translation adjustments.
(N) Goodwill and other intangible assets
Goodwill and other intangible assets are tested for impairment on an annual basis and at interim periods where circumstances require. The Company's impairment test as of December 31, 2020 indicated that there were no material impairment losses related to goodwill and other intangible assets. Intangible assets of $93 million and $99 million are included in other assets as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
(O) Restricted stock units
The costs resulting from all share-based payment transactions with employees are recognized in the consolidated financial statements using a fair-value-based measurement method. Compensation cost is recognized for financial reporting purposes over the period in which the employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award (generally the vesting period).
(P) Statements of cash flows
Interest payments were $155 million, $160 million and $155 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Income taxes paid were $103 million, $125 million and $186 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Other non-cash items include unrealized investment gains and losses. (See Note 10 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.)
(Q) Recent accounting pronouncements
Recently adopted accounting pronouncements:
In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses, which amended the accounting guidance for credit losses on financial instruments. The updated guidance amended the current other-than-temporary impairment model for available for sale debt securities by requiring the recognition of impairments relating to expected credit losses through an allowance account and limits
the amount of credit loss to the difference between a security’s amortized cost basis and its fair value. This guidance also applies a new current expected credit loss model for determining credit-related impairments for financial instruments measured at amortized cost, such as reinsurance recoverables. The updated guidance was effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Prior to January 1, 2020, for available for sale securities the portion of the decline in value considered to be a credit loss (i.e., the difference between the present value of cash flows expected to be collected and the amortized cost basis of the security) was recognized in earnings as an other-than-temporary impairment. The portion of the decline in value not considered to be a credit loss (i.e., the difference in the present value of cash flows expected to be collected and the fair value of the security) was recognized in other comprehensive income.
The adoption of this guidance on January 1, 2020 resulted in the recognition of an allowance for expected credit losses in connection with operating assets (premiums and fees receivable and due from reinsurers) of $5.7 million (net of tax) and a corresponding cumulative effect adjustment that decreased common stockholders' equity. Certain investments (primarily fixed maturity securities available for sale) established an allowance for expected credit loss of $24.8 million (net of tax), with a cumulative effect adjustment decreasing retained earnings by $24.8 million (net of tax) and increasing accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income ("AOCI") by $25.0 million (net of tax), resulting in $0.2 million net impact to total common stockholders' equity.
All other accounting and reporting standards that became effective in 2020 were either not applicable to the Company or their adoption did not have a material impact on the Company.
Accounting and reporting standards that are not yet effective:
All recently issued but not yet effective accounting and reporting standards are either not applicable to the Company or are not expected to have a material impact on the Company.
(2) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
The following tables present the components of the changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss as of and for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:
(In thousands)
December 31, 2020 Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses) Currency Translation Adjustments Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Changes in AOCI
Beginning of period $ 124,514 $ (381,813) $ (257,299)
Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles 24,952 - 24,952
Restated beginning of period 149,466 (381,813) (232,347)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications 114,049 29,927 143,976
Amounts reclassified from AOCI 26,201 - 26,201
Other comprehensive income 140,250 29,927 170,177
Unrealized investment loss related to noncontrolling interest (2) - (2)
Ending balance $ 289,714 $ (351,886) $ (62,172)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI
Pre-tax $ 33,166 (1) $ - $ 33,166
Tax effect (6,965) (2) - (6,965)
After-tax amounts reclassified $ 26,201 $ - $ 26,201
Other comprehensive income
Pre-tax $ 164,645 $ 29,927 $ 194,572
Tax effect (24,395) - (24,395)
Other comprehensive income $ 140,250 $ 29,927 $ 170,177
(In thousands)
December 31, 2019 Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses) Currency Translation Adjustments Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Changes in AOCI
Beginning of period $ (91,491) $ (418,979) $ (510,470)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications 224,011 37,166 261,177
Amounts reclassified from AOCI (8,109) - (8,109)
Other comprehensive income 215,902 37,166 253,068
Unrealized investment gain related to non-controlling interest 103 - 103
Ending balance $ 124,514 $ (381,813) $ (257,299)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI
Pre-tax $ (10,265) (1) $ - $ (10,265)
Tax effect 2,156 (2) - 2,156
After-tax amounts reclassified $ (8,109) $ - $ (8,109)
Other comprehensive income
Pre-tax $ 261,970 $ 37,166 $ 299,136
Tax effect (46,068) - (46,068)
Other comprehensive income $ 215,902 $ 37,166 $ 253,068
_______________
(1) Net investment gains in the consolidated statements of income.
(2) Income tax expense in the consolidated statements of income.
(3) Investments in Fixed Maturity Securities
At December 31, 2020 and 2019, investments in fixed maturity securities were as follows:
(In thousands) Amortized
Cost Allowance for Expected Credit Losses (1) Gross Unrealized Fair
Value Carrying
Value
Gains Losses
December 31, 2020
Held to maturity:
State and municipal $ 67,117 $ (798) $ 13,217 $ - $ 79,536 $ 66,319
Residential mortgage-backed 6,455 - 1,043 - 7,498 6,455
Total held to maturity 73,572 (798) 14,260 - 87,034 72,774
Available for sale:
U.S. government and government agency 586,020 - 18,198 (347) 603,871 603,871
State and municipal:
Special revenue 2,137,162 - 96,924 (714) 2,233,372 2,233,372
State general obligation 417,397 - 33,407 - 450,804 450,804
Pre-refunded 250,081 - 21,472 (162) 271,391 271,391
Corporate backed 206,356 - 8,755 (638) 214,473 214,473
Local general obligation 410,583 - 40,596 (555) 450,624 450,624
Total state and municipal 3,421,579 - 201,154 (2,069) 3,620,664 3,620,664
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential 813,187 - 24,664 (5,238) 832,613 832,613
Commercial 181,105 - 6,725 (113) 187,717 187,717
Total mortgage-backed securities 994,292 - 31,389 (5,351) 1,020,330 1,020,330
Asset-backed securities 3,218,048 - 10,035 (33,497) 3,194,586 3,194,586
Corporate:
Industrial 2,456,516 (518) 115,926 (7,449) 2,564,475 2,564,475
Financial 1,513,943 - 62,947 (987) 1,575,903 1,575,903
Utilities 389,267 - 31,931 (33) 421,165 421,165
Other 109,353 - 696 (11) 110,038 110,038
Total corporate 4,469,079 (518) 211,500 (8,480) 4,671,581 4,671,581
Foreign government 993,268 (1,264) 28,007 (44,448) 975,563 975,563
Total available for sale 13,682,286 (1,782) 500,283 (94,192) 14,086,595 14,086,595
Total investments in fixed maturity securities $ 13,755,858 $ (2,580) $ 514,543 $ (94,192) $ 14,173,629 $ 14,159,369
____________________
(1) Represents the amount of impairment that has resulted from credit-related factors. The change in the allowance for expected credit losses, excluding the cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles, is recognized in the consolidated statements of income. Amount excludes unrealized losses relating to non-credit factors.
(In thousands) Amortized
Cost Gross Unrealized Fair
Value Carrying
Value
Gains Losses
December 31, 2019
Held to maturity:
State and municipal $ 70,312 $ 13,000 $ - $ 83,312 $ 70,312
Residential mortgage-backed 8,371 994 - 9,365 8,371
Total held to maturity 78,683 13,994 - 92,677 78,683
Available for sale:
U.S. government and government agency 775,157 13,249 (1,475) 786,931 786,931
State and municipal:
Special revenue 2,343,209 64,586 (4,152) 2,403,643 2,403,643
State general obligation 359,298 22,074 (97) 381,275 381,275
Pre-refunded 364,571 20,342 (128) 384,785 384,785
Corporate backed 255,230 7,232 (903) 261,559 261,559
Local general obligation 432,333 32,684 (647) 464,370 464,370
Total state and municipal 3,754,641 146,918 (5,927) 3,895,632 3,895,632
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential 1,298,145 23,230 (5,155) 1,316,220 1,316,220
Commercial 304,506 5,214 (346) 309,374 309,374
Total mortgage-backed securities 1,602,651 28,444 (5,501) 1,625,594 1,625,594
Asset-backed securities 2,802,588 9,532 (21,490) 2,790,630 2,790,630
Corporate:
Industrial 2,260,073 72,900 (3,800) 2,329,173 2,329,173
Financial 1,447,589 37,681 (4,118) 1,481,152 1,481,152
Utilities 325,762 15,281 (402) 340,641 340,641
Other 5,219 230 - 5,449 5,449
Total corporate 4,038,643 126,092 (8,320) 4,156,415 4,156,415
Foreign government 924,284 16,465 (93,673) 847,076 847,076
Total available for sale 13,897,964 340,700 (136,386) 14,102,278 14,102,278
Total investments in fixed maturity securities $ 13,976,647 $ 354,694 $ (136,386) $ 14,194,955 $ 14,180,961
The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses for held to maturity securities for the year ended December 31, 2020:
State and Municipal
(In thousands)
Allowance for expected credit losses at January 1, 2020 $ -
Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles 69
Provision for expected credit losses 729
Allowance for expected credit losses at December 31, 2020
$ 798
The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses for available for sale securities for the year ended December 31, 2020:
Foreign Government Corporate Total
(In thousands)
Allowance for expected credit losses at January 1, 2020 $ - $ - $ -
Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles 35,645 - 35,645
Expected credit losses on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded 12,590 7,058 19,648
Expected credit losses (gains) on securities for which credit losses were previously recorded 373 (3,841) (3,468)
Reduction due to disposals (47,344) (2,699) (50,043)
Allowance for expected credit losses at December 31, 2020
$ 1,264 $ 518 $ 1,782
During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company decreased the allowance for expected credit losses utilizing its credit loss assessment process and inputs used in its credit loss model, primarily due to the disposition of securities which previously had an allowance recorded.
The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturity securities at December 31, 2020, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations.
(In thousands) Amortized
Cost (1) Fair Value
Due in one year or less $ 1,618,794 $ 1,612,652
Due after one year through five years 5,319,638 5,511,880
Due after five years through ten years 3,382,528 3,550,286
Due after ten years 2,433,353 2,470,983
Mortgage-backed securities 1,000,747 1,027,828
Total $ 13,755,060 $ 14,173,629
________________
(1) Amortized cost is reduced by the allowance for expected credit losses of $798 thousand related to held to maturity securities.
At December 31, 2020 and 2019, there were no investments, other than investments in United States government and government agency securities, which exceeded 10% of common stockholders’ equity. At December 31, 2020, investments with a carrying value of $1,838 million were on deposit in custodial or trust accounts, of which $1,223 million was on deposit with insurance regulators, $576 million was on deposit in support of the Company’s underwriting activities at Lloyd’s, $35 million was on deposit as security for reinsurance clients and $4 million was on deposit as security for letters of credit issued in support of the Company’s reinsurance operations.
(4) Investments in Equity Securities
At December 31, 2020 and 2019, investments in equity securities were as follows:
(In thousands) Cost Gross Unrealized Fair
Value Carrying
Value
Gains Losses
December 31, 2020
Common stocks $ 335,617 $ 28,742 $ (14,178) $ 350,181 $ 350,181
Preferred stocks 180,397 95,581 (492) 275,486 275,486
Total $ 516,014 $ 124,323 $ (14,670) $ 625,667 $ 625,667
December 31, 2019
Common stocks $ 175,928 $ 16,967 $ (26,090) $ 166,805 $ 166,805
Preferred stocks 169,171 148,243 (3,599) 313,815 313,815
Total $ 345,099 $ 165,210 $ (29,689) $ 480,620 $ 480,620
(5) Arbitrage Trading Account
At December 31, 2020 and 2019, the fair value and carrying value of the arbitrage trading account were $341 million and $401 million, respectively. The primary focus of the trading account is merger arbitrage. Merger arbitrage is the business of investing in the securities of publicly held companies which are the targets in announced tender offers and mergers. Arbitrage investing differs from other types of investing in its focus on transactions and events believed likely to bring about a change in value over a relatively short time period (usually four months or less).
The Company uses put options and call options in order to mitigate the impact of potential changes in market conditions on the merger arbitrage trading account. These options are reported at fair value. As of December 31, 2020, the fair value of long option contracts outstanding was zero (notional amount of $12.0 million) and the fair value of short option contracts outstanding was $326 thousand (notional amount of $3.2 million). Other than with respect to the use of these trading account securities, the Company does not make use of derivatives.
(6) Net Investment Income
Net investment income consists of the following:
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Investment income earned on:
Fixed maturity securities, including cash and cash equivalents and loans receivable $ 426,563 $ 517,925 $ 519,269
Investment funds 54,253 69,194 109,349
Arbitrage trading account 77,931 34,585 28,157
Real estate
24,027 24,218 18,591
Equity securities
10,172 5,439 3,230
Gross investment income 592,946 651,361 678,596
Investment expense (9,125) (5,747) (4,361)
Net investment income $ 583,821 $ 645,614 $ 674,235
(7) Investment Funds
The Company evaluates whether it is an investor in a variable interest entity ("VIE"). Such entities do not have sufficient equity at risk to finance their activities without additional subordinated financial support, or the equity investors, as a group, do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest (primary beneficiary). The Company determines whether it is the primary beneficiary of an entity subject to consolidation based on a qualitative assessment of the VIE's capital structure, contractual terms, nature of the VIE's operations and purpose, and the Company's relative exposure to the related risks of the VIE on the date it becomes initially involved in the VIE and on an ongoing basis. The Company is not the primary beneficiary in any of its investment funds, and accordingly, carries its interests in investments funds under the equity method of accounting.
The Company’s maximum exposure to loss with respect to these investments is limited to the carrying amount reported on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet and its unfunded commitments of $124 million as of December 31, 2020.
Investment funds consist of the following:
Carrying Value
as of December 31, Income (Losses)
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2020 2019 2018
Financial services $ 434,437 $ 280,705 $ 34,763 $ 29,005 $ 11,044
Real estate 310,783 412,275 7,543 19,154 61,453
Energy 140,935 156,869 (11,039) (18,136) 7,084
Transportation 190,125 147,034 (616) 14,193 15,390
Other funds 233,150 216,652 23,602 24,978 14,378
Total $ 1,309,430 $ 1,213,535 $ 54,253 $ 69,194 $ 109,349
The Company's share of the earnings or losses of investment funds is primarily reported on a one-quarter lag in order to facilitate the timely completion of the Company's consolidated financial statements.
(8) Real Estate
Investment in real estate represents directly owned property held for investment, as follows:
As of December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019
Properties in operation $ 1,738,144 $ 1,351,249
Properties under development 222,770 754,701
Total $ 1,960,914 $ 2,105,950
In 2020, properties in operation included a long-term ground lease in Washington, D.C., an office complex in New York City, office buildings in West Palm Beach and Palm Beach, Florida, an office building in London, U.K., and the completed portion of a mixed-use project in Washington D.C. Properties in operation are net of accumulated depreciation and amortization of $86,970,000 and $59,832,000 as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Related depreciation expense was $27,090,000 and $15,033,000 for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Future minimum rental income expected on operating leases relating to properties in operation is $66,558,703 in 2021, $68,750,145 in 2022, $62,144,246 in 2023, $59,270,828 in 2024, $55,265,048 in 2025 and $643,109,471 thereafter.
The Company borrowed $101,750,000 through a non-recourse loan secured by the West Palm Beach office building in 2018. The loan matures in November 2028 and carries a fixed interest rate of 4.21%. The carrying value does not reflect the outstanding financing, but rather is reflected in subsidiary debt referenced in Note 15, Indebtedness.
A mixed-use project in Washington, D.C. has been under development in 2020 and 2019, with the completed portion as noted above reported in properties in operation as of December 31, 2020.
During the fourth quarter of 2020, the Company sold an office complex in New York City.
(9) Loans Receivable
At December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, loans receivable are as follows:
As of December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019
Amortized cost (net of allowance for expected credit losses):
Real estate loans $ 51,910 $ 58,541
Commercial loans 33,003 33,258
Total $ 84,913 $ 91,799
Fair value:
Real estate loans $ 53,593 $ 59,853
Commercial loans 33,003 34,760
Total $ 86,596 $ 94,613
The real estate loans are secured by commercial real estate primarily located in New York. These loans generally earn interest at floating LIBOR-based interest rates and have maturities (inclusive of extension options) through August 2025. The commercial loans are with small business owners who have secured the related financing with the assets of the business. Commercial loans primarily earn interest on a fixed basis and have varying maturities generally not exceeding 10 years.
Loans receivable in non-accrual status were $0.2 million as of both December 31, 2020 and 2019.
The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses for loans receivable for the year ended December 31, 2020:
Real Estate Loans Commercial Loans Total
(In thousands)
Allowance for expected credit losses at January 1, 2020 $ 1,502 $ 644 $ 2,146
Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles (905) 548 (357)
Provision for expected credit losses 1,086 2,562 3,648
Allowance for expected credit losses at December 31, 2020
$ 1,683 $ 3,754 $ 5,437
The Company monitors the performance of its loans receivable and assesses the ability of the borrower to pay principal and interest based upon loan structure, underlying property values, cash flow and related financial and operating performance of the property and market conditions.
In evaluating the real estate loans, the Company considers their credit quality indicators, including loan to value ratios, which compare the outstanding loan amount to the estimated value of the property, the borrower’s financial condition and performance with respect to loan terms, the position in the capital structure, the overall leverage in the capital structure and other market conditions.
(10) Net Investment Gains
Net investment gains are as follows:
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Net investment gains:
Fixed maturity securities:
Gains $ 27,819 $ 23,900 $ 26,752
Losses (56,096) (13,636) (13,733)
Equity securities (1):
Net realized gains on investment sales 32,647 23,306 435,150
Change in unrealized (losses) gains (25,868) 85,292 (320,413)
Investment funds 31,481 (2,825) (212)
Real estate (2) 101,554 5,965 27,816
Loans receivable - (970) 2,838
Other (38,023) (329) 1,977
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments in earnings before allowance for expected credit losses 73,514 120,703 160,175
Change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments (3):
Fixed maturity securities 33,134 - (5,687)
Loans receivable (3,648) - -
Change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments 29,486 - (5,687)
Net investment gains 103,000 120,703 154,488
Income tax expense (21,630) (25,348) (32,442)
After-tax net investment gains $ 81,370 $ 95,355 $ 122,046
Change in unrealized investment gains (losses) of available for sales securities:
Fixed maturity securities without allowance for expected credit losses $ 134,129 $ 271,825 $ (297,084)
Fixed maturity securities with allowance for expected credit losses 32,004 369 (132)
Investment funds 2,280 (2,299) (5,672)
Other (3,768) (7,925) 151
Total change in unrealized investment gains (losses) 164,645 261,970 (302,737)
Income tax (expense) benefit (24,395) (46,068) 50,410
Noncontrolling interests (2) 103 (46)
After-tax change in unrealized investment gains (losses) of available for sale securities $ 140,248 $ 216,005 $ (252,373)
____________________
(1) The net realized gains or losses on investment sales represent the total gains or losses from the purchase dates of the equity securities. The change in unrealized gains consists of two components: (i) the reversal of the gain or loss recognized in previous periods on equity securities sold and (ii) the change in unrealized gain or loss resulting from mark-to-market adjustments on equity securities still held.
(2) For 2020, net investment gains on real estate includes an $105 million gain from the sale of a New York City complex that occurred during the fourth quarter.
(3) The inclusion of the allowance for expected credit losses on investments commenced on January 1, 2020 due to the adoption of ASU 2016-13. See Note 1 for more details.
(11) Fixed Maturity Securities in an Unrealized Loss Position
The following tables summarize all fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2020 and 2019 by the length of time those securities have been continuously in an unrealized loss position.
Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or Greater Total
(In thousands) Fair
Value Gross
Unrealized
Losses Fair
Value Gross
Unrealized
Losses Fair
Value Gross
Unrealized
Losses
December 31, 2020
U.S. government and government agency $ 47,649 $ 347 $ 17 $ - $ 47,666 $ 347
State and municipal 147,754 1,165 20,528 904 168,282 2,069
Mortgage-backed securities 212,388 5,121 23,943 230 236,331 5,351
Asset-backed securities 1,389,133 6,563 656,877 26,934 2,046,010 33,497
Corporate 612,177 6,721 39,985 1,759 652,162 8,480
Foreign government 143,729 22,871 6,218 21,577 149,947 44,448
Fixed maturity securities $ 2,552,830 $ 42,788 $ 747,568 $ 51,404 $ 3,300,398 $ 94,192
December 31, 2019
U.S. government and government agency $ 83,837 $ 618 $ 53,089 $ 857 $ 136,926 $ 1,475
State and municipal 365,184 4,245 127,210 1,682 492,394 5,927
Mortgage-backed securities 301,358 2,281 180,148 3,220 481,506 5,501
Asset-backed securities 755,259 2,307 774,508 19,183 1,529,767 21,490
Corporate 307,367 3,148 121,470 5,172 428,837 8,320
Foreign government 164,536 32,028 107,266 61,645 271,802 93,673
Fixed maturity securities $ 1,977,541 $ 44,627 $ 1,363,691 $ 91,759 $ 3,341,232 $ 136,386
Substantially all of the securities in an unrealized loss position are rated investment grade, except for the securities in the foreign government classification. In general, fair value in all classifications were negatively affected by market disruptions caused, in significant part, by COVID-19. A significant amount of the unrealized loss on foreign government securities is the result of changes in currency exchange rates.
Fixed Maturity Securities - A summary of the Company’s non-investment grade fixed maturity securities that were in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2020 is presented in the table below:
($ in thousands) Number of
Securities Aggregate
Fair Value Gross
Unrealized
Loss
Foreign government 18 $ 75,555 $ 44,310
Corporate 11 26,617 3,025
Mortgage-backed securities 7 1,393 31
Total 36 $ 103,565 $ 47,366
For fixed maturity securities that management does not intend to sell or to be required to sell, the portion of the decline in value that is considered to be due to credit factors is recognized in earnings, and the portion of the decline in value that is considered to be due to non-credit factors is recognized in other comprehensive income.
The Company has evaluated its fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position and believes the unrealized losses are due primarily to temporary market and sector-related factors rather than to issuer-specific factors. None of these securities are delinquent or in default under financial covenants. Based on its assessment of these issuers, the Company expects them to continue to meet their contractual payment obligations as they become due.
(12) Fair Value Measurements
The Company’s fixed maturity and equity securities classified as available for sale and its trading account securities are carried at fair value. Fair value is defined as “the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date”. The Company utilizes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels, as follows:
Level 1 - Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.
Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar assets or valuations based on inputs that are observable.
Level 3 - Estimates of fair value based on internal pricing methodologies using unobservable inputs. Unobservable inputs are only used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available.
Substantially all of the Company’s fixed maturity securities were priced by independent pricing services. The prices provided by the independent pricing services are estimated based on observable market data in active markets utilizing pricing models and processes, which may include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, sector groupings, matrix pricing and reference data. The pricing services may prioritize inputs differently on any given day for any security based on market conditions, and not all inputs are available for each security evaluation on any given day. The pricing services used by the Company have indicated that they will only produce an estimate of fair value if objectively verifiable information is available. The determination of whether markets are active or inactive is based upon the volume and level of activity for a particular asset class. The Company reviews the prices provided by pricing services for reasonableness and periodically performs independent price tests of a sample of securities to ensure proper valuation.
If prices from independent pricing services are not available for fixed maturity securities, the Company estimates the fair value. For Level 2 securities, the Company utilizes pricing models and processes which may include benchmark yields, sector groupings, matrix pricing, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, bids, offers and reference data. Where broker quotes are used, the Company generally requests two or more quotes and sets a price within the range of quotes received based on its assessment of the credibility of the quote and its own evaluation of the security. The Company generally does not adjust quotes received from brokers. For securities traded only in private negotiations, the Company determines fair value based primarily on the cost of such securities, which is adjusted to reflect prices of recent placements of securities of the same issuer, financial projections, credit quality and business developments of the issuer and other relevant information.
For Level 3 securities, the Company generally uses a discounted cash flow model to estimate the fair value of fixed maturity securities. The cash flow models are based upon assumptions as to prevailing credit spreads, interest rate and interest rate volatility, time to maturity and subordination levels. Projected cash flows are discounted at rates that are adjusted to reflect illiquidity, where appropriate.
The following tables present the assets and liabilities measured at fair value as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 by level:
(In thousands) Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
December 31, 2020
Assets:
Fixed maturity securities available for sale:
U.S. government and government agency $ 603,871 $ - $ 603,871 $ -
State and municipal 3,620,664 - 3,620,664 -
Mortgage-backed securities 1,020,330 - 1,020,330 -
Asset-backed securities 3,194,586 - 3,194,586 -
Corporate 4,671,581 - 4,670,581 1,000
Foreign government 975,563 - 975,563 -
Total fixed maturity securities available for sale 14,086,595 - 14,085,595 1,000
Equity securities:
Common stocks 350,181 340,966 - 9,215
Preferred stocks 275,486 - 266,155 9,331
Total equity securities 625,667 340,966 266,155 18,546
Arbitrage trading account 341,473 298,359 43,114 -
Total $ 15,053,735 $ 639,325 $ 14,394,864 $ 19,546
Liabilities:
Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased $ 10,048 $ 10,048 $ - $ -
December 31, 2019
Assets:
Fixed maturity securities available for sale:
U.S. government and government agency $ 786,931 $ - $ 786,931 $ -
State and municipal 3,895,632 - 3,895,632 -
Mortgage-backed securities 1,625,594 - 1,625,594 -
Asset-backed securities 2,790,630 - 2,790,630 -
Corporate 4,156,415 - 4,156,415 -
Foreign government 847,076 - 847,076 -
Total fixed maturity securities available for sale 14,102,278 - 14,102,278 -
Equity securities:
Common stocks 166,805 157,752 - 9,053
Preferred stocks 313,815 - 307,310 6,505
Total equity securities 480,620 157,752 307,310 15,558
Arbitrage trading account 400,809 381,061 19,748 -
Total $ 14,983,707 $ 538,813 $ 14,429,336 $ 15,558
Liabilities:
Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased $ 36,143 $ 36,143 $ - $ -
The following tables summarize changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:
Gains (Losses) Included in:
(In thousands) Beginning Balance Earnings (Losses) Other Comprehensive Income (Losses) Impairments Purchases Sales Paydowns/Maturities Transfers In / Out Ending Balance
Year ended December 31, 2020
Assets:
Fixed maturity securities available for sale:
Corporate $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 1,000 $ 1,000
Total - - - - - - - 1,000 1,000
Equity securities:
Common stocks 9,053 1,228 - - - (1,066) - - 9,215
Preferred stocks 6,505 (174) - - 3,000 - - - 9,331
Total 15,558 1,054 - - 3,000 (1,066) - - 18,546
Arbitrage trading account - 19 - - - (19) - - -
Total $ 15,558 $ 1,073 $ - $ - $ 3,000 $ (1,085) $ - $ 1,000 $ 19,546
Year ended December 31, 2019
Assets:
Fixed maturity securities available for sale:
Asset-backed securities $ 99 $ (26) $ 61 $ - $ - $ (134) $ - $ - $ -
Total 99 (26) 61 - - (134) - - -
Equity securities:
Common stocks 8,596 2,005 - - - (1,548) - - 9,053
Preferred stocks 3,945 (42) - - 2,602 - - - 6,505
Total 12,541 1,963 - - 2,602 (1,548) - - 15,558
Arbitrage trading account 17,308 (8,731) - - 14,767 (38,233) - 14,889 -
Total $ 29,948 $ (6,794) $ 61 $ - $ 17,369 $ (39,915) $ - $ 14,889 $ 15,558
Liabilities:
Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased $ 793 $ 133 $ - $ - $ 7,609 $ (8,535) $ - $ - $ -
For the year ended December 31, 2020, a fixed maturity security was transferred from Level 2 into Level 3 as a result of observable valuation inputs no longer being available. For the year ended December 31, 2019, there were two common stocks transferred into Level 3 in the arbitrage trading account where publicly traded prices were no longer available, and both were sold by year end.
(13) Reserves for Losses and Loss Expenses
The Company's reserves for losses and loss expenses are comprised of case reserves and incurred but not reported liabilities (IBNR). When a claim is reported, a case reserve is established for the estimated ultimate payment based upon known information about the claim. As more information about the claim becomes available over time, case reserves are adjusted up or down as appropriate. Reserves are also established on an aggregate basis to provide for IBNR liabilities and expected loss reserve development on reported claims.
Loss reserves included in the Company’s financial statements represent management’s best estimates based upon an actuarially derived point estimate and other considerations. The Company uses a variety of actuarial techniques and methods to derive an actuarial point estimate for each operating unit. These methods may include paid loss development, incurred loss development, paid and incurred Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods and frequency and severity methods. In circumstances where one actuarial method is considered more credible than the others, that method is used to set the point estimate. The actuarial point estimate may also be based on a judgmental weighting of estimates produced from each of the methods considered. Industry loss experience is used to supplement the Company’s own data in selecting “tail factors” in areas where the Company’s own data is limited. The actuarial data is analyzed by line of business, coverage and accident or policy year, as appropriate, for each operating unit.
The establishment of the actuarially derived loss reserve point estimate also includes consideration of qualitative factors that may affect the ultimate losses. These qualitative considerations include, among others, the impact of re-underwriting initiatives, changes in claims handling procedures, changes in the mix of business, changes in distribution sources and changes in policy terms and conditions.
The key assumptions used to arrive at the best estimate of loss reserves are the expected loss ratios, rate of loss cost inflation, and reported and paid loss emergence patterns. Expected loss ratios represent management’s expectation of losses at the time the business is priced and written, before any actual claims experience has emerged. This expectation is a significant determinant of the estimate of loss reserves for recently written business where there is little paid or incurred loss data to consider. Expected loss ratios are generally derived from historical loss ratios adjusted for the impact of rate changes, loss cost trends and known changes in the type of risks underwritten. Expected loss ratios are estimated for each key line of business within each operating unit. Expected loss cost inflation is particularly important for the long-tail lines, such as excess casualty, and claims with a high medical component, such as workers’ compensation. Reported and paid loss emergence patterns are used to project current reported or paid loss amounts to their ultimate settlement value. Loss development factors are based on the historical emergence patterns of paid and incurred losses, and are derived from the Company’s own experience and industry data. The paid loss emergence pattern is also significant to excess and assumed workers’ compensation reserves because those reserves are discounted to their estimated present value based upon such estimated payout patterns.
Loss frequency and severity are measures of loss activity that are considered in determining the key assumptions described in our discussion of loss and loss expense reserves, including expected loss ratios, rate of loss cost inflation and reported and paid loss emergence patterns. Loss frequency is a measure of the number of claims per unit of insured exposure, and loss severity is a measure of the average size of claims. Factors affecting loss frequency include the effectiveness of loss controls and safety programs and changes in economic activity or weather patterns. Factors affecting loss severity include changes in policy limits, retentions, rate of inflation and judicial interpretations.
Another factor affecting estimates of loss frequency and severity is the loss reporting lag, which is the period of time between the occurrence of a loss and the date the loss is reported to the Company. The length of the loss reporting lag affects our ability to accurately predict loss frequency (loss frequencies are more predictable for lines with short reporting lags) as well as the amount of reserves needed for incurred but not reported losses (less IBNR is required for lines with short reporting lags). As a result, loss reserves for lines with short reporting lags are likely to have less variation from initial loss estimates. For lines with short reporting lags, which include commercial automobile, primary workers’ compensation, other liability (claims-made) and property business, the key assumption is the loss emergence pattern used to project ultimate loss estimates from known losses paid or reported to date. For lines of business with long reporting lags, which include other liability (occurrence), products liability, excess workers’ compensation and liability reinsurance, the key assumption is the expected loss ratio since there is often little paid or incurred loss data to consider. Historically, the Company has experienced less variation from its initial loss estimates for lines of businesses with short reporting lags than for lines of business with long reporting lags.
The key assumptions used in calculating the most recent estimate of the loss reserves are reviewed each quarter and adjusted, to the extent necessary, to reflect the latest reported loss data, current trends and other factors observed.
A claim may be defined as an event, as a claimant (number of parties claiming damages from an event) or by exposure type (e.g., an event may give rise to two parties, each claiming loss for bodily injury and property damage).
The most commonly used claim count method is by event. Most of the Company's operating units use the number of events to define and quantify the number of claims. However, in certain lines of business, where it is common for multiple parties to claim damages arising from a single event, an operating unit may quantify claims on the basis of the number of separate parties involved in an event. This may be the case with businesses writing substantial automobile or transportation exposure.
Claim counts for assumed reinsurance will vary based on whether the business is written on a facultative or treaty basis. Further variability as respects treaty claim counts may be reflective of the nature of the treaty, line of business coverage, and type of participation such as quota share or excess of loss contracts. Accordingly, the claim counts have been excluded from the below Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment tables due to this variability.
The claim count information set forth in the tables presented below may not provide an accurate reflection of ultimate loss payouts by product line.
The following tables present undiscounted incurred and paid claims development as of December 31, 2020, net of reinsurance, as well as cumulative claim frequency and the total of incurred but not reported liabilities (IBNR). The information about incurred and paid claims development for the years ended December 31, 2011 to 2019 is presented as supplementary information. To enhance the comparability of the loss development data, the Company has removed the impact of foreign exchange rate movements by using the December 31, 2020 exchange rate for all periods. Beginning with accident year 2012, the Company's U.K. and European insurance business is included in the Insurance segment's tables for Other Liability, Professional Liability, Commercial Automobile and Short-Tail Lines. Prior to 2012, the actuarial analysis for its U.K. and European insurance business was performed on an underwriting year basis and accident year data is not available for those years.
Insurance
Other Liability
(In thousands)
Loss and Loss Expenses Incurred, Net of Reinsurance As of December 31, 2020
For the Year Ended December 31,
Unaudited
Accident Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 IBNR Cumulative Number of Reported Claims
2011 $ 665,626 $ 671,712 $ 657,819 $ 657,143 $ 652,134 $ 647,241 $ 643,358 $ 632,565 $ 643,446 $ 644,565 $ 16,298 24
2012 - 692,549 701,212 702,022 708,805 712,698 722,946 717,453 715,466 713,714 23,827 24
2013 - - 750,993 791,768 784,674 784,487 805,447 811,775 806,348 810,500 41,398 26
2014 - - - 848,658 851,404 849,440 853,826 866,096 872,150 867,239 66,901 27
2015 - - - - 953,198 988,569 963,451 966,872 968,783 979,014 99,480 27
2016 - - - - - 1,019,851 1,012,851 1,021,524 1,032,780 1,046,823 171,325 27
2017 - - - - - - 1,067,556 1,101,376 1,123,930 1,140,639 253,192 27
2018 - - - - - - - 1,106,108 1,133,601 1,123,121 408,131 26
2019 - - - - - - - - 1,243,287 1,240,028 662,084 25
2020 - - - - - - - - - 1,342,065 1,099,126 17
Total $ 9,907,708
Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
For the Year Ended December 31,
Unaudited
Accident Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
2011 $ 48,846 $ 141,216 $ 265,109 $ 377,836 $ 469,123 $ 522,488 $ 554,278 $ 573,364 $ 592,637 $ 604,657
2012 - 57,599 157,499 298,644 416,561 512,283 579,454 621,454 652,178 667,749
2013 - - 63,358 188,411 331,779 472,731 588,650 649,657 695,301 721,879
2014 - - - 79,111 191,320 339,194 481,706 595,794 681,976 732,313
2015 - - - - 82,817 211,212 382,869 539,242 677,386 758,890
2016 - - - - - 69,579 209,217 390,664 559,218 678,209
2017 - - - - - - 80,163 256,345 453,973 639,977
2018 - - - - - - - 86,958 264,629 436,282
2019 - - - - - - - - 88,422 275,803
2020 - - - - - - - - - 72,274
Total $ 5,588,033
Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses before 2011, net of reinsurance 117,290
Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 4,436,965
Workers' Compensation
(In thousands)
Loss and Loss Expenses Incurred, Net of Reinsurance As of December 31, 2020
For the Year Ended December 31,
Unaudited
Accident Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 IBNR Cumulative Number of Reported Claims
2011 $ 413,429 $ 444,887 $ 457,134 $ 470,026 $ 472,087 $ 474,076 $ 475,729 $ 471,471 $ 473,766 $ 472,593 $ 14,609 46
2012 - 501,681 501,810 503,956 503,863 509,167 512,707 508,169 506,730 506,827 19,328 48
2013 - - 552,570 547,295 546,995 543,238 547,000 542,274 541,926 540,322 23,485 53
2014 - - - 639,436 637,307 627,767 617,242 615,435 604,030 600,194 36,001 57
2015 - - - - 712,800 690,525 650,997 641,169 626,432 620,741 50,083 58
2016 - - - - - 702,716 696,339 684,700 660,520 651,278 51,369 58
2017 - - - - - - 762,093 733,505 689,622 673,216 64,176 58
2018 - - - - - - - 778,964 724,697 715,055 80,252 56
2019 - - - - - - - - 784,281 721,018 141,657 53
2020 - - - - - - - - - 725,245 319,131 39
Total $ 6,226,489
Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
For the Year Ended December 31,
Unaudited
Accident Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
2011 $ 106,899 $ 236,207 $ 309,509 $ 355,909 $ 385,759 $ 408,304 $ 420,945 $ 428,811 $ 436,905 $ 442,163
2012 - 115,536 255,063 339,560 387,368 419,588 437,196 451,991 459,119 466,028
2013 - - 117,900 277,538 363,028 414,160 447,894 466,580 479,104 489,075
2014 - - - 148,405 319,743 412,611 471,235 503,915 521,141 531,475
2015 - - - - 139,320 323,744 421,734 477,541 512,933 531,512
2016 - - - - - 142,998 338,835 446,072 504,850 537,861
2017 - - - - - - 153,456 362,299 468,817 525,753
2018 - - - - - - - 171,006 397,464 508,546
2019 - - - - - - - - 184,715 397,376
2020 - - - - - - - - - 172,478
Total $ 4,602,267
Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses before 2011, net of reinsurance 219,529
Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 1,843,751
Professional Liability
(In thousands)
Loss and Loss Expenses Incurred, Net of Reinsurance As of December 31, 2020
For the Year Ended December 31,
Unaudited
Accident Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 IBNR Cumulative Number of Reported Claims
2011 $ 180,508 $ 165,844 $ 187,797 $ 190,849 $ 177,748 $ 174,038 $ 177,335 $ 176,396 $ 176,944 $ 181,874 $ 5,325 4
2012 - 242,530 245,962 268,761 253,146 241,342 247,789 246,478 247,072 249,846 5,919 6
2013 - - 275,051 251,419 245,984 252,024 273,679 282,150 287,310 284,837 10,867 6
2014 - - - 257,442 250,025 263,540 246,983 242,449 261,150 259,892 19,573 7
2015 - - - - 262,459 261,069 278,012 278,868 294,435 285,557 29,712 8
2016 - - - - - 313,365 327,706 364,312 405,390 442,521 49,740 9
2017 - - - - - - 335,565 334,682 340,569 379,408 85,159 10
2018 - - - - - - - 337,865 324,934 335,852 125,091 10
2019 - - - - - - - - 339,825 336,559 176,941 11
2020 - - - - - - - - - 398,429 328,303 10
Total $ 3,154,775
Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
For the Year Ended December 31,
Unaudited
Accident Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
2011 $ 18,803 $ 62,560 $ 103,263 $ 134,862 $ 151,135 $ 159,309 $ 167,595 $ 169,191 $ 170,873 $ 172,294
2012 - 22,269 87,951 129,282 160,243 191,702 216,199 225,442 233,637 236,481
2013 - - 24,893 64,439 120,224 178,579 208,368 250,507 260,023 265,297
2014 - - - 19,773 84,457 139,934 177,575 201,002 218,055 229,615
2015 - - - - 20,565 85,945 140,517 188,608 217,625 234,585
2016 - - - - - 28,833 103,321 202,906 257,221 299,813
2017 - - - - - - 36,839 97,034 163,731 244,396
2018 - - - - - - - 28,432 100,284 156,102
2019 - - - - - - - - 32,081 98,625
2020 - - - - - - - - - 28,474
Total $ 1,965,682
Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses before 2011, net of reinsurance 14,011
Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 1,203,104
Commercial Automobile
(In thousands)
Loss and Loss Expenses Incurred, Net of Reinsurance As of December 31, 2020
For the Year Ended December 31,
Unaudited
Accident Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 IBNR Cumulative Number of Reported Claims
2011 $ 314,028 $ 322,516 $ 329,917 $ 334,816 $ 343,421 $ 344,174 $ 345,044 $ 346,619 $ 346,490 $ 342,581 $ 100 37
2012 - 314,309 326,831 342,588 355,609 364,717 364,966 367,216 366,493 366,649 365 41
2013 - - 327,514 349,136 368,894 377,696 368,106 367,720 366,885 365,820 586 44
2014 - - - 363,996 385,329 420,139 418,150 415,727 415,621 411,158 1,506 47
2015 - - - - 390,002 419,663 425,865 434,254 435,438 433,888 3,111 53
2016 - - - - - 434,582 434,117 445,516 446,521 443,338 8,135 52
2017 - - - - - - 431,504 429,372 431,177 435,099 14,298 47
2018 - - - - - - - 443,045 463,057 479,502 29,712 45
2019 - - - - - - - - 483,483 488,777 74,684 44
2020 - - - - - - - - - 523,753 264,630 28
Total $ 4,290,565
Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
For the Year Ended December 31,
Unaudited
Accident Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
2011 $ 135,350 $ 211,756 $ 262,685 $ 296,370 $ 321,814 $ 333,987 $ 338,325 $ 340,360 $ 340,799 $ 341,781
2012 - 136,844 215,214 273,446 312,342 344,952 356,264 361,342 362,426 363,587
2013 - - 142,929 218,596 267,253 323,227 344,357 354,280 363,038 363,805
2014 - - - 155,614 237,765 329,979 367,283 396,089 404,087 406,795
2015 - - - - 160,237 267,420 327,462 372,587 400,304 413,838
2016 - - - - - 186,867 282,375 344,503 393,509 412,967
2017 - - - - - - 181,317 268,201 327,765 372,689
2018 - - - - - - - 180,306 281,888 350,572
2019 - - - - - - - - 185,488 290,449
2020 - - - - - - - - - 142,826
Total $ 3,459,309
Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses before 2011, net of reinsurance 4,119
Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 835,375
Short-tail lines
(In thousands)
Loss and Loss Expenses Incurred, Net of Reinsurance As of December 31, 2020
For the Year Ended December 31,
Unaudited
Accident Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 IBNR Cumulative Number of Reported Claims
2011 $ 494,704 $ 490,235 $ 472,041 $ 467,989 $ 467,205 $ 461,629 $ 459,369 $ 459,557 $ 463,053 $ 456,106 $ 550 22
2012 - 532,843 540,714 542,017 537,142 508,366 507,344 509,216 508,294 509,058 2,406 24
2013 - - 580,902 591,686 582,666 555,715 554,167 550,604 548,672 547,932 2,160 25
2014 - - - 714,360 719,508 667,627 666,246 667,061 667,278 669,729 2,930 30
2015 - - - - 747,683 734,204 730,251 728,720 720,324 718,820 8,958 32
2016 - - - - - 775,477 778,376 765,311 759,735 754,184 9,360 34
2017 - - - - - - 754,135 754,217 748,399 747,739 12,056 42
2018 - - - - - - - 761,177 750,123 747,396 23,631 48
2019 - - - - - - - - 722,122 702,281 43,842 43
2020 - - - - - - - - - 901,698 244,828 34
Total $ 6,754,943
Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
For the Year Ended December 31,
Unaudited
Accident Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
2011 $ 303,049 $ 417,792 $ 436,787 $ 441,025 $ 445,323 $ 447,016 $ 447,619 $ 450,432 $ 454,991 $ 455,702
2012 - 282,703 456,872 508,333 519,093 499,014 500,181 504,451 505,183 506,308
2013 - - 315,304 491,801 541,563 533,269 540,132 541,400 541,990 543,195
2014 - - - 374,757 604,942 615,833 635,415 650,762 658,053 660,640
2015 - - - - 397,261 613,868 669,706 691,705 701,503 707,349
2016 - - - - - 417,988 672,013 713,634 729,011 734,110
2017 - - - - - - 445,835 690,343 719,286 731,440
2018 - - - - - - - 415,529 662,657 709,202
2019 - - - - - - - - 405,500 616,695
2020 - - - - - - - - - 460,656
Total $ 6,125,297
Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses before 2011, net of reinsurance 1,571
Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 631,217
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess
Casualty
(In thousands)
Loss and Loss Expenses Incurred, Net of Reinsurance As of December 31, 2020
For the Year Ended December 31,
Unaudited
Accident Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 IBNR
2011 $ 293,274 $ 312,321 $ 306,721 $ 301,847 $ 309,235 $ 307,772 $ 299,076 $ 295,376 $ 301,670 $ 298,292 $ 13,368
2012 - 335,187 339,236 334,299 326,934 337,777 340,026 337,901 334,461 337,437 14,927
2013 - - 322,718 273,683 276,688 288,556 297,121 302,768 307,426 305,080 21,094
2014 - - - 323,837 323,920 323,130 334,617 328,741 328,289 339,941 25,778
2015 - - - - 262,448 234,862 233,443 255,400 296,297 306,296 35,570
2016 - - - - - 243,970 256,011 248,367 270,833 304,845 45,117
2017 - - - - - - 234,561 224,835 242,603 265,111 58,308
2018 - - - - - - - 224,640 213,665 234,286 88,934
2019 - - - - - - - - 240,408 234,813 142,399
2020 - - - - - - - - - 305,114 255,936
Total $ 2,931,215
Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
For the Year Ended December 31,
Unaudited
Accident Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
2011 $ 17,976 $ 52,597 $ 98,086 $ 134,814 $ 170,629 $ 194,320 $ 210,245 $ 222,618 $ 234,552 $ 246,140
2012 - 22,516 62,563 112,474 153,950 188,955 221,679 243,586 259,429 279,123
2013 - - 29,122 64,239 111,189 145,508 179,494 207,312 227,884 244,082
2014 - - - 21,441 69,568 116,908 156,495 199,846 229,562 254,532
2015 - - - - 17,952 48,833 91,949 142,334 179,884 206,864
2016 - - - - - 19,998 62,094 100,862 141,301 172,994
2017 - - - - - - 16,498 40,440 70,129 124,641
2018 - - - - - - - 11,187 41,382 78,219
2019 - - - - - - - - 14,641 39,435
2020 - - - - - - - - - 20,845
Total $ 1,666,875
Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses before 2011, net of reinsurance 380,546
Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 1,644,886
Monoline Excess
(In thousands)
Loss and Loss Expenses Incurred, Net of Reinsurance As of December 31, 2020
For the Year Ended December 31,
Unaudited
Accident Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 IBNR
2011 $ 88,650 $ 93,993 $ 98,051 $ 89,031 $ 87,030 $ 83,850 $ 78,246 $ 74,109 $ 72,091 $ 69,205 $ 10,955
2012 - 72,366 73,230 73,670 75,274 72,441 67,878 69,361 67,205 66,269 9,184
2013 - - 63,995 50,355 48,143 42,419 38,551 35,120 31,752 29,758 11,097
2014 - - - 63,561 57,650 49,478 45,758 41,671 42,541 42,618 15,319
2015 - - - - 69,977 57,897 50,099 45,115 39,682 39,781 17,184
2016 - - - - - 72,657 70,281 71,404 64,957 65,485 20,435
2017 - - - - - - 76,701 80,508 70,749 71,025 27,947
2018 - - - - - - - 77,820 72,505 71,448 34,366
2019 - - - - - - - 78,929 77,482 39,832
2020 - - - - - - - - - 84,354 59,854
Total $ 617,425
Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
For the Year Ended December 31,
Unaudited
Accident Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
2011 $ 2,593 $ 4,848 $ 6,395 $ 14,042 $ 15,684 $ 18,638 $ 20,164 $ 21,463 $ 23,686 $ 24,842
2012 - 1,127 6,097 10,815 11,167 13,234 15,738 17,982 20,004 22,528
2013 - - 647 1,897 2,158 3,008 3,396 4,418 5,349 6,476
2014 - - - 377 1,729 3,354 4,175 5,808 7,595 11,154
2015 - - - - 2,069 2,481 3,272 4,099 4,416 5,083
2016 - - - - - 2,498 4,783 5,573 5,928 7,685
2017 - - - - - - 6,282 12,810 15,356 17,327
2018 - - - - - - - 6,141 8,230 9,368
2019 - - - - - - - - 6,241 10,884
2020 - - - - - - - - - 4,869
Total $ 120,216
Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses before 2011, net of reinsurance 735,818
Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 1,233,027
Property
(In thousands)
Loss and Loss Expenses Incurred, Net of Reinsurance As of December 31, 2020
For the Year Ended December 31,
Unaudited
Accident Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 IBNR
2011 $ 95,737 $ 88,345 $ 85,462 $ 86,879 $ 85,304 $ 85,028 $ 84,744 $ 85,160 $ 84,938 $ 84,112 $ 366
2012 - 104,336 95,164 86,809 85,846 84,285 84,286 85,222 85,025 91,342 1,429
2013 - - 142,340 113,201 114,638 112,419 113,053 112,373 110,165 108,017 1,757
2014 - - - 113,962 97,411 97,933 100,640 99,892 99,535 99,924 2,185
2015 - - - - 127,852 118,026 132,399 130,888 130,005 131,669 2,404
2016 - - - - - 168,634 174,935 182,171 181,429 186,786 4,318
2017 - - - - - - 207,096 200,917 199,892 198,529 8,040
2018 - - - - - - - 108,829 112,503 103,751 2,423
2019 - - - - - - - - 103,749 77,618 6,913
2020 - - - - - - - - - 115,116 48,509
Total $ 1,196,864
Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
For the Year Ended December 31,
Unaudited
Accident Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
2011 $ 31,545 $ 59,054 $ 73,601 $ 76,267 $ 78,835 $ 82,038 $ 82,587 $ 83,669 $ 83,750 $ 83,229
2012 - 15,725 51,964 64,489 70,955 77,842 79,407 82,129 83,007 89,194
2013 - - 36,668 74,806 92,968 101,947 104,756 106,483 108,062 104,863
2014 - - - 39,019 67,251 82,646 88,857 92,011 93,723 95,222
2015 - - - - 53,482 89,366 109,378 118,977 123,023 125,939
2016 - - - - - 78,994 133,805 157,834 169,013 176,509
2017 - - - - - - 72,180 141,651 172,100 180,242
2018 - - - - - - - 34,195 65,527 82,815
2019 - - - - - - - - 23,103 54,864
2020 - - - - - - - - - 26,637
Total $ 1,019,514
Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses before 2011, net of reinsurance 1,928
Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 179,278
The reconciliation of the net incurred and paid claims development tables to the reserves for losses and loss expenses in the consolidated balance sheet is as follows:
(In thousands) December 31, 2020
Undiscounted reserves for loss and loss expenses, net of reinsurance:
Other liability $ 4,436,965
Workers' compensation 1,843,751
Professional liability 1,203,104
Commercial automobile 835,375
Short-tail lines 631,217
Other 96,257
Insurance 9,046,669
Casualty 1,644,886
Monoline excess 1,233,027
Property 179,278
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess 3,057,191
Total undiscounted reserves for loss and loss expenses, net of reinsurance $ 12,103,860
(In thousands) December 31, 2020
Due from reinsurers on unpaid claims:
Other liability $ 609,006
Workers' compensation 267,707
Professional liability 644,841
Commercial automobile 32,140
Short-tail lines 352,168
Other 36,070
Insurance 1,941,932
Casualty 104,372
Monoline excess 41,598
Property 76,135
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess 222,105
Total due from reinsurers on unpaid claims $ 2,164,037
(In thousands) December 31, 2020
Loss reserve discount:
Other liability $ -
Workers' compensation (11,700)
Professional liability -
Commercial automobile -
Short-tail lines -
Other -
Insurance (11,700)
Casualty (100,536)
Monoline excess (371,231)
Property -
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess (471,767)
Total loss reserve discount $ (483,467)
Total gross reserves for loss and loss expenses $ 13,784,430
The following is supplementary information regarding average historical claims duration as of December 31, 2020:
Insurance
Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance
Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Other liability 7.5 % 14.4 % 17.7 % 16.6 % 13.4 % 8.7 % 5.6 % 3.5 % 2.6 % 1.9 %
Workers' compensation 23.2 % 29.4 % 15.9 % 9.3 % 5.9 % 3.5 % 2.4 % 1.6 % 1.5 % 1.1 %
Professional liability 8.4 % 20.7 % 19.5 % 16.4 % 10.1 % 8.3 % 4.0 % 2.0 % 2.3 % 0.8 %
Commercial automobile 37.7 % 21.5 % 15.3 % 10.9 % 6.6 % 2.9 % 1.4 % 0.4 % 0.2 % 0.3 %
Short-tail lines 57.0 % 31.7 % 6.0 % 1.6 % 0.4 % 0.5 % 0.4 % 0.3 % 0.6 % 0.2 %
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess
Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance
Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Casualty 6.5 % 11.7 % 14.1 % 14.0 % 11.5 % 8.9 % 6.5 % 4.7 % 4.9 % 3.9 %
Monoline excess 4.9 % 4.5 % 2.8 % 3.1 % 2.4 % 3.5 % 4.3 % 2.9 % 3.5 % 1.7 %
Property 33.3 % 33.2 % 15.4 % 6.0 % 3.9 % 2.2 % 1.6 % 1.2 % 0.8 % 0.6 %
The table below provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending reserve balances:
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Net reserves at beginning of year $ 10,697,998 $ 10,248,883 $ 10,056,914
Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles (1) 5,927 - -
Restated net reserves at beginning of period 10,703,925 10,248,883 10,056,914
Net provision for losses and loss expenses:
Claims occurring during the current year (2) 4,432,937 4,057,989 3,926,489
Increase in estimates for claims occurring in prior years (3) 627 34,079 6,831
Loss reserve discount accretion 35,142 39,048 41,382
Total 4,468,706 4,131,116 3,974,702
Net payments for claims:
Current year 921,054 985,599 964,808
Prior year 2,677,595 2,673,803 2,700,077
Total 3,598,649 3,659,402 3,664,885
Foreign currency translation 46,411 (22,599) (117,848)
Net reserves at end of year 11,620,393 10,697,998 10,248,883
Ceded reserve at end of year 2,164,037 1,885,251 1,717,565
Gross reserves at end of year $ 13,784,430 $ 12,583,249 $ 11,966,448
Net change in premiums and losses occurring in prior years:
Increase in estimates for claims occurring in prior years (3) $ (627) $ (34,079) $ (6,831)
Retrospective premium adjustments for claims occurring in prior years (4) 16,807 53,511 45,638
Net favorable premium and reserve development on prior years
$ 16,180 $ 19,432 $ 38,807
_______________________________________
(1)The cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principals relates to the allowance for expected credit losses on reinsurance recoverables that commenced on January 1, 2020 due to the adoption of ASU 2016-13. See Note 1 for more details.
(2)Claims occurring during the current year are net of loss reserve discounts of $10 million, $20 million and $24 million in 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively.
(3)The change in estimates for claims occurring in prior years is net of loss reserve discount. On an undiscounted basis, the estimates for claims occurring in prior years decreased by $21 million in 2020, increased by $19 million in 2019, and decreased by $4 million in 2018, respectively.
(4)For certain retrospectively rated insurance polices and reinsurance agreements, changes in loss and loss expenses for prior years are offset by additional or return premiums.
The ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic has impacted, and will likely continue to impact, the Company’s results through its effect on claim frequency and severity. Loss cost trends have been impacted and will likely be further impacted by COVID-19-related claims in certain lines of business, as well as by other effects of COVID-19 associated with economic conditions, inflation, and social distancing and work from home rules, for example. Although it is still too early to determine the net impact, it appears that the losses incurred due to COVID-19-related claims are being offset, to a certain extent, by lower claim frequency in certain lines of our businesses, including commercial auto, workers’ compensation, and other liability. However, given the continuing nature of the pandemic, the impact of COVID-19 could ultimately increase or decrease overall loss cost trends and is likely to have differing impacts on the Company's different lines of business.
Most of the COVID-19-related claims reported to the Company to date involve certain short-tailed lines of business, including contingency and event cancellation, business interruption, and film production delay. The Company expects additional claims to be reported for these lines of business. The Company has also received COVID-19-related claims for longer-tailed casualty lines of business such as workers’ compensation and other liability; however, the estimated incurred loss impact for these reported claims appears to be modest at this time. Given the continuing uncertainty regarding the pandemic's pervasiveness, the future impact that the pandemic may have on claim frequency and severity remains uncertain at this time. In workers’ compensation, for example, nearly two-thirds of the states have enacted rules, legislation or administrative orders creating a presumption that certain “essential”
workers who contract COVID-19 did so through the course of their employment. Several other states are considering similar actions, including varying the definition of “essential” workers. While the ultimate impact of these presumptions are unknown at this time, the Company believes that such state actions will likely increase workers’ compensation claims with respect to workers deemed “essential,” although this impact may be partially offset by lower workers’ compensation claim frequency with respect to non-essential workers.
The Company has estimated the potential COVID-19 impact to its contingency and event cancellation, workers’ compensation, and other lines of business under a number of possible scenarios; however, due to COVID-19’s evolving impact and the still limited amount of available data, there remains a high degree of uncertainty around the Company’s COVID-19 reserves. In addition, several states (and international jurisdictions), through regulation, legislation and/or judicial action, continue to seek to expand policy coverage terms beyond the policy’s intended coverage, including, for example, but not limited to, property coverages, where there are attempts to extend business interruption coverage where there is no physical damage or loss to property, and attempts to disregard policy exclusions for communicable disease. Accordingly, losses arising from these actions, and the other factors described above, could exceed the Company’s reserves established for those related policies.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recognized losses for COVID-19-related claims activity, net of reinsurance, of approximately $171 million, of which $161 million related to the Insurance segment and $10 million related to the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment. Such $171 million of COVID-19-related losses included $95 million of reported losses and $76 million of IBNR.
Favorable prior year development (net of additional and return premiums) was $16 million in 2020.
Insurance - Reserves for the Insurance segment developed favorably by $24 million in 2020 net of additional and return premiums). Continuing the pattern seen in recent years, the overall favorable development in 2020 resulted from more significant favorable development on workers’ compensation business, which was partially offset by unfavorable development on professional liability, including excess professional liability.
For workers’ compensation, the favorable development was spread across almost all prior accident years, including prior to 2011, but was most significant in accident years 2016 through 2019. The favorable workers’ compensation development reflects a continuation of the benign loss cost trends experienced during recent years, particularly the favorable claim frequency trends (i.e., number of reported claims per unit of exposure). The long term trend of declining workers’ compensation frequency can be attributable to improved workplace safety. Loss severity trends were also aided by our continued investment in claims handling initiatives such as medical case management services and vendor savings through usage of preferred provider networks and pharmacy benefit managers. Reported workers’ compensation losses in 2020 continued to be below our expectations at most of our operating units, and were below the assumptions underlying our initial loss ratio picks and our previous reserve estimates for most prior accident years.
For professional liability business, unfavorable development was driven mainly by large losses reported in the directors and officers (“D&O”), lawyers professional and excess hospital professional liability lines of business. For these lines of business, we continue to see an increase in the number of large losses reported and a lengthening of the reporting “tail” beyond historical levels. We believe a contributing cause is rising social inflation in the form of, for example, higher jury awards on cases that go to trial, and the corresponding higher demands from plaintiffs and higher values required to reach settlement on cases that do not go to trial. The unfavorable development for professional liability affected mainly accident years 2016 through 2018.
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - Reserves for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment developed unfavorably by $8 million in 2020. The unfavorable development in the segment was driven by non-proportional assumed liability business written in both the U.S. and U.K., and was partially offset by favorable development on excess workers’ compensation business. The unfavorable non-proportional assumed liability development was concentrated in accident years 2014 through 2018, and related primarily to accounts insuring construction projects and professional liability exposures.
Favorable prior year development (net of additional and return premiums) was $19 million in 2019.
Insurance - Reserves for the Insurance segment developed favorably by $21 million in 2019 (net of additional and return premiums). This overall favorable development resulted from more significant favorable development on workers’ compensation business, which was partially offset by unfavorable development on professional liability and general liability business.
For workers’ compensation, the favorable development was spread across many accident years, including prior to 2010, but was most significant in accident years 2014 through 2018, and particularly 2017 and 2018. The favorable workers’ compensation development reflects a continuation during 2019 of the benign loss cost trends experienced during recent years, particularly the favorable claim frequency trends (i.e., number of reported claims per unit of exposure). The long term trend of declining workers’ compensation frequency can be attributable to improved workplace safety. Loss severity trends were also aided by our continued
investment in claims handling initiatives such as medical case management services and vendor savings through usage of preferred provider networks and pharmacy benefit managers. Our initial loss ratio “picks” for this line of business over the past few accident years have contemplated an increase in loss cost trends and reflect decreasing premium rates in the marketplace; reported workers’ compensation losses in 2019 continued to be below our expectations at most of our operating units, and were below the assumptions underlying our initial loss ratio picks and our previous reserve estimates.
For professional liability business, the unfavorable development was driven mainly by an increase in the number of large losses reported in the lawyers professional liability and directors and officers (“D&O”) liability lines of business. Many of the lawyers large losses involved claims made against insured law firms relating to work performed on matters stemming from the 2008 financial crisis. These claims affected mainly accident years 2013 through 2016. In addition, for both of these lines of business, we have seen evidence of social inflation in the form of higher jury awards on cases that go to trial, and corresponding higher demands from plaintiffs and higher values required to reach settlement on cases that do not go to trial. The unfavorable development for D&O affected mainly accident years 2014 through 2017.
For general liability business, most of the unfavorable development emanated from our excess and surplus lines (E&S) businesses, and was driven by an increase in the number of large losses reported. Many of these large losses were from construction and contracting classes of business, which have also been impacted by social inflation. The general liability unfavorable development impacted mainly accident years 2015 through 2018.
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - Reserves for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment developed unfavorably by $2 million in 2019. The unfavorable development in the segment was driven by non-proportional assumed liability business in both the U.S. and U.K., and was largely offset by favorable development on excess workers’ compensation business. The unfavorable non-proportional assumed liability development was concentrated in accident years 2015 through 2018, and included an adjustment for the Ogden discount rate in the U.K.
Favorable prior year development (net of additional and return premiums) was $39 million in 2018.
Insurance - Reserves for the Insurance segment developed favorably by $19 million in 2018. The favorable development was primarily attributable to workers’ compensation business, and was partially offset by unfavorable development for professional liability business.
For workers’ compensation, the favorable development was spread across many accident years, but was most significant in accident years 2015 through 2017. The favorable workers’ compensation development reflects a continuation during 2018 of the benign loss cost trends experienced during recent years, particularly the favorable claim frequency trends (i.e., number of reported claims per unit of exposure). The long term trend of declining workers' compensation frequency can be attributable to improved workplace safety. Loss severity trends were also aided by our continued investment in claims handling initiatives such as medical case management services and vendor savings through usage of preferred provider networks. Reported workers’ compensation losses in 2018 continued to be below our expectations at most of our operating units, and were below the assumptions underlying our previous reserve estimates.
For professional liability business, adverse development was primarily related to unexpected large directors and officers (“D&O”) liability losses at one of our U.S. operating units, as well as lawyers professional liability losses at another operating unit. The adverse development stemmed primarily from accident years 2015 and 2016, and was driven by a higher frequency of large losses than we had experienced in previous years.
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - Reserves for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment developed favorably by $20 million in 2018. The favorable development was primarily due to excess workers’ compensation business, and was spread across many accident years, including years prior to 2009. This favorable excess workers’ compensation development was partially offset by unfavorable development on U.S. casualty facultative assumed business from accident years 2009 and prior related to construction projects.
Environmental and Asbestos - To date, known environmental and asbestos claims have not had a material impact on the Company’s operations, because its subsidiaries generally did not insure large industrial companies that are subject to significant environmental or asbestos exposures prior to 1986 when an absolute exclusion was incorporated into standard policy language.
The Company’s net reserves for losses and loss expenses relating to asbestos and environmental claims on policies written before adoption of the absolute exclusion was $19 million at December 31, 2020 and $24 million at December 31, 2019. The estimation of these liabilities is subject to significantly greater than normal variation and uncertainty because it is difficult to make an actuarial estimate of these liabilities due to the absence of a generally accepted actuarial methodology for these exposures and the potential effect of significant unresolved legal matters, including coverage issues, as well as the cost of litigating the legal issues.
Additionally, the determination of ultimate damages and the final allocation of such damages to financially responsible parties are highly uncertain.
Discounting - The Company discounts its liabilities for certain workers’ compensation reserves. The amount of workers’ compensation reserves that were discounted was $1,655 million and $1,731 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The aggregate net discount for those reserves, after reflecting the effects of ceded reinsurance, was $483 million and $530 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. At December 31, 2020, discount rates by year ranged from 0.7% to 6.5%, with a weighted average discount rate of 3.6%.
Substantially all discounted workers’ compensation reserves (97% of total discounted reserves at December 31, 2020) are excess workers’ compensation reserves. In order to properly match loss expenses with income earned on investment securities supporting the liabilities, reserves for excess workers’ compensation business are discounted using risk-free discount rates determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve. These rates are determined annually based on the weighted average rate for the period. Once established, no adjustments are made to the discount rate for that period, and any increases or decreases in loss reserves in subsequent years are discounted at the same rate, without regard to when any such adjustments are recognized. The expected loss and loss expense payout patterns subject to discounting are derived from the Company’s loss payout experience.
The Company also discounts reserves for certain other long-duration workers’ compensation reserves (representing approximately 3% of total discounted reserves at December 31, 2020), including reserves for quota share reinsurance and reserves related to losses regarding occupational lung disease. These reserves are discounted at statutory rates prescribed or permitted by the Department of Insurance of the State of Delaware.
(14) Premiums and Reinsurance Related Information
The Company reinsures a portion of its insurance exposures in order to reduce its net liability on individual risks and catastrophe losses. Reinsurance coverage and retentions vary depending on the line of business, location of the risk and nature of loss. The Company’s reinsurance purchases include the following: property reinsurance treaties that reduce exposure to large individual property losses and catastrophe events; casualty reinsurance treaties that reduce its exposure to large individual casualty losses, workers’ compensation catastrophe losses and casualty losses involving multiple claimants or insureds; and facultative reinsurance that reduces exposure on individual policies or risks for losses that exceed treaty reinsurance capacity. Depending on the operating unit, the Company purchases specific additional reinsurance to supplement the above programs.
The following is a summary of reinsurance financial information:
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Written premiums:
Direct $ 7,874,050 $ 7,386,759 $ 6,973,216
Assumed 973,597 875,459 729,278
Ceded (1,585,210) (1,398,719) (1,269,267)
Total net written premiums $ 7,262,437 $ 6,863,499 $ 6,433,227
Earned premiums:
Direct $ 7,489,470 $ 7,141,427 $ 6,851,795
Assumed 941,321 820,705 755,759
Ceded (1,499,948) (1,328,844) (1,236,049)
Total net earned premiums $ 6,930,843 $ 6,633,288 $ 6,371,505
Ceded losses and loss expenses incurred $ 955,630 $ 836,831 $ 829,742
Ceded commission earned $ 358,253 $ 314,191 $ 268,037
The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses for premiums and fees receivable for the year ended December 31, 2020:
(In thousands)
Allowance for expected credit losses at January 1, 2020 $ 19,823
Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles 1,270
Provision for expected credit losses 1,790
Allowance for expected credit losses at December 31, 2020
$ 22,883
Estimated amounts due from reinsurers are reported net of an allowance for expected credit losses of $7,800,649, $690,127 and $946,965 as of December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses associated with due from reinsurers for the year ended December 31, 2020:
(In thousands)
Allowance for expected credit losses at January 1, 2020 $ 690
Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles 5,927
Provision for expected credit losses 1,184
Allowance for expected credit losses at December 31, 2020
$ 7,801
The following table presents the amounts due from reinsurers as of December 31, 2020:
(In thousands)
Munich Re $ 275,841
Lloyd’s of London 255,184
Swiss Re 182,532
Alleghany Group 182,015
Partner Re 164,535
Hannover Re Group 129,752
Berkshire Hathaway 104,775
Everest Re 102,085
Renaissance Re 101,014
Axis Capital 87,948
Liberty Mutual 66,263
Korean Re 56,091
Fairfax Financial 37,310
Axa Insurance 35,012
Validus Holdings Ltd. 29,599
Arch Capital Group 27,739
Qatar Re 20,321
Other reinsurers less than $20,000 330,929
Subtotal 2,188,945
Residual market pools 243,358
Allowance for expected credit losses (7,801)
Total $ 2,424,502
(15) Indebtedness
Indebtedness consisted of the following as of December 31, 2020 (the difference between the face value and the carrying value is unamortized discount and debt issuance costs):
Carrying Value
(In thousands) Interest Rate Face Value 2020 2019
Senior notes and other debt due on:
September 15, 2020 5.375% $ - $ - $ 299,756
January 1, 2022 8.700% 76,503 76,419 76,343
March 15, 2022 4.625% 350,000 349,505 349,088
February 15, 2037 6.250% 250,000 248,226 248,116
August 1, 2044 4.750% 350,000 345,652 345,467
May 12, 2050 4.000% 470,000 492,236 -
Subsidiary debt (1) (2) Various 110,987 110,987 108,805
Total senior notes and other debt $ 1,607,490 $ 1,623,025 $ 1,427,575
Subordinated debentures due on:
April 30, 2053 5.625% $ - $ - $ 341,356
March 1, 2056 (3) 5.900% 110,000 106,365 106,262
June 1, 2056 5.750% 290,000 282,003 281,777
March 30, 2058 5.700% 185,000 179,006 178,845
December 30, 2059 5.100% 300,000 290,702 290,464
September 30, 2060 4.250% 250,000 244,233 -
Total subordinated debentures $ 1,135,000 $ 1,102,309 $ 1,198,704
________________
(1) Subsidiary debt is due as follows: $3 million in 2021, $6 million in 2025, and $102 million in 2028.
(2) Includes non-recourse loan in the amount of $102 million secured by an office building. See Note 8, Real Estate, for more details.
(3) In January 2021, the Company called its $110 million aggregate principal amount of 5.900% subordinated debentures for redemption on March 1, 2021. Additionally in February 2021, the Company issued $300 million aggregate principal amount of 4.125% subordinated debentures due 2061.
(16) Income Taxes
Income tax expense (benefit) consists of:
(In thousands) Current
Expense Deferred
Expense (Benefit) Total
December 31, 2020
Domestic $ 162,305 $ 17 $ 162,322
Foreign 23,375 (13,880) 9,495
Total expense (benefit) $ 185,680 $ (13,863) $ 171,817
December 31, 2019
Domestic $ 124,231 $ 27,616 $ 151,847
Foreign 9,030 8,058 17,088
Total expense $ 133,261 $ 35,674 $ 168,935
December 31, 2018
Domestic $ 188,712 $ (63,134) $ 125,578
Foreign 13,963 23,487 37,450
Total expense (benefit) $ 202,675 $ (39,647) $ 163,028
Income before income taxes from domestic operations was $831 million, $739 million and $755 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. (Loss) income before income taxes from foreign operations was ($126) million, $114 million and $57 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
A reconciliation of the income tax expense and the amounts computed by applying the Federal and foreign income tax rate of 21% for 2020, 2019 and 2018 to pre-tax income are as follows:
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Computed “expected” tax expense $ 148,008 $ 179,113 $ 170,540
Tax-exempt investment income (12,770) (14,666) (18,833)
Change in valuation allowance 46,238 (1,945) 18,576
Impact of foreign tax rates 6,753 7,700 7,683
State and local taxes 2,561 4,842 3,901
Impact of change in U.S. tax rate - - (10,950)
Other, net (18,973) (6,109) (7,889)
Total expense $ 171,817 $ 168,935 $ 163,028
At December 31, 2020 and 2019, the tax effects of differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax asset and deferred tax liability are as follows:
(In thousands) 2020 2019
Deferred tax asset:
Loss reserve discounting $ 141,877 $ 136,100
Unearned premiums 134,971 120,246
Net operating losses 64,494 37,147
Other-than-temporary impairments 5,973 8,049
Employee compensation plans 60,551 60,552
Other 85,327 63,633
Gross deferred tax asset 493,193 425,727
Less valuation allowance (79,488) (33,250)
Deferred tax asset 413,705 392,477
Deferred tax liability:
Amortization of intangibles 12,761 12,832
Loss reserve discounting - transition rule 24,747 29,697
Deferred policy acquisition costs 113,084 103,947
Unrealized investment gains 100,241 93,330
Property, furniture and equipment 48,235 47,082
Investment funds 64,944 73,083
Other 62,809 50,212
Deferred tax liability 426,821 410,183
Net deferred tax liability $ 13,116 $ 17,706
The Company had a current tax net payable of $35.4 million and net receivable of $13.4 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. At December 31, 2020, the Company had foreign net operating loss carryforwards of $7.7 million that expire beginning in 2027, and an additional $305.4 million that have no expiration date. At December 31, 2020, the Company had a valuation allowance of $79.5 million, as compared to $33.3 million at December 31, 2019. The Company has provided a valuation allowance against the utilization of foreign tax credits and the future net operating loss carryforward benefits of certain foreign operations. The statute of limitations for the Company’s U.S. Federal tax returns has closed for calendar year 2016 and all years through December 31, 2013.
The realization of the deferred tax asset is dependent upon the Company’s ability to generate sufficient taxable income in future periods. Based on historical results and the prospects for future current operations, management anticipates that it is more likely than not that future taxable income will be sufficient for the realization of this asset.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the "Tax Act") provided for a reduction of the U.S. corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018. The U.S. tax law requires insurance reserves to be discounted for tax purposes. The Tax Act modified this computation. The IRS issued revised discount factors to be applied to the 2017 reserves, which increased the beginning of year 2018 deferred tax asset for loss reserve discounting. Under the related transition rule, a deferred tax liability was established which will be included in taxable income over the eight year period that began in 2018.
The Company has not provided U.S. deferred income taxes on the undistributed earnings of approximately $111 million of its non-U.S. subsidiaries since these earnings are intended to be permanently reinvested in the non-U.S. subsidiaries. In the future, if such earnings were distributed the Company projects that the incremental tax, if any, will be immaterial.
(17) Dividends from Subsidiaries and Statutory Financial Information
The Company’s insurance subsidiaries are restricted by law as to the amount of dividends they may pay without the approval of regulatory authorities. The Company’s lead insurer, Berkley Insurance Company ("BIC"), directly or indirectly owns all of the Company’s other insurance companies. During 2021, the maximum amount of dividends that can be paid by BIC without such approval is approximately $721 million.
BIC’s combined net income and statutory capital and surplus, as determined in accordance with statutory accounting practices ("SAP"), are as follows:
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Net income $ 771,990 $ 601,564 $ 1,099,953
Statutory capital and surplus $ 6,188,121 $ 6,013,062 $ 5,587,930
The significant variances between SAP and GAAP are that for statutory purposes bonds are carried at amortized cost, unrealized gains and losses on equity securities are recorded in surplus, acquisition costs are charged to income as incurred, deferred Federal income taxes are subject to limitations, excess and assumed workers’ compensation reserves are discounted at different discount rates and certain assets designated as “non-admitted assets” are charged against surplus. The Commissioner of Insurance of the State of Delaware has allowed BIC to recognize a non-tabular discount on certain workers' compensation loss reserves, which is a permitted practice that differs from SAP. The effect of using this permitted practice was an increase to BIC’s statutory capital and surplus by $200 million at December 31, 2020.
The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) has risk-based capital (“RBC”) requirements that require insurance companies to calculate and report information under a risk-based formula which measures statutory capital and surplus needs based on a regulatory definition of risk in a company’s mix of products and its balance sheet. This guidance is used to calculate two capital measurements: Total Adjusted Capital and RBC Authorized Control Level. Total Adjusted Capital is equal to the Company’s statutory capital and surplus excluding capital and surplus derived from the use of permitted practices that differ from statutory accounting practices. RBC Authorized Control Level is the capital level used by regulatory authorities to determine whether remedial action is required. Generally, no remedial action is required if Total Adjusted Capital is 200% or more of the RBC Authorized Control Level. At December 31, 2020, BIC’s Total Adjusted Capital of $5.989 billion was 388% of its RBC Authorized Control Level.
See Note 3, Investments in Fixed Maturity Securities, for a description of assets held on deposit as security.
(18) Common Stockholders’ Equity
The weighted average number of shares used in the computation of net income per share was as follows:
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Basic 186,924 190,722 190,048
Diluted 188,763 193,521 192,395
Treasury shares have been excluded from average outstanding shares from the date of acquisition. The weighted average number of basic shares outstanding includes the impact of 7,767,874 common shares held in a grantor trust. The common shares held in the grantor trust are for delivery upon settlement of vested but mandatorily deferred restricted stock units ("RSUs"). Shares held by the grantor trust do not affect diluted shares outstanding since shares deliverable under vested RSUs were already included in diluted shares outstanding. The difference in calculating basic and diluted net income per share is attributable entirely to the dilutive effect of stock-based compensation plans. Changes in shares of common stock outstanding, net of treasury shares, are presented below. Shares of common stock issued and outstanding do not include shares related to unissued restricted stock units (including shares held in the grantor trust).
2020 2019 2018
Balance, beginning of year 183,411,907 182,993,640 182,272,278
Shares issued 776,544 687,339 1,257,762
Shares repurchased (6,363,301) (269,072) (536,400)
Balance, end of year 177,825,150 183,411,907 182,993,640
The amount of dividends paid is dependent upon factors such as the receipt of dividends from our subsidiaries, our results of operations, cash flow, financial condition and business needs, the capital and surplus requirements of our subsidiaries, and applicable insurance regulations that limit the amount of dividends that may be paid by our regulated insurance subsidiaries.
(19) Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments as of December 31, 2020 and 2019:
2020 2019
(In thousands) Carrying Value Fair Value Carrying Value Fair Value
Assets:
Fixed maturity securities $ 14,159,369 $ 14,173,629 $ 14,180,961 $ 14,194,955
Equity securities 625,667 625,667 480,620 480,620
Arbitrage trading account 341,473 341,473 400,809 400,809
Loans receivable 84,913 86,596 91,799 94,613
Cash and cash equivalents 2,372,366 2,372,366 1,023,710 1,023,710
Trading accounts receivable from brokers and clearing organizations 524,727 524,727 423,543 423,543
Due from broker 2,585 2,585 - -
Liabilities:
Due to broker - - 27,116 27,116
Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased 10,048 10,048 36,143 36,143
Senior notes and other debt 1,623,025 1,892,444 1,427,575 1,582,290
Subordinated debentures 1,102,309 1,202,842 1,198,704 1,274,088
The estimated fair values of the Company’s fixed maturity securities, equity securities available for sale and arbitrage trading account securities are based on various valuation techniques that rely on fair value measurements as described in Note 12 above. The fair value of loans receivable is estimated by using current institutional purchaser yield requirements for loans with similar credit characteristics, which is considered a Level 2 input. The fair value of the senior notes and other debt and the subordinated debentures is based on spreads for similar securities, which is considered a Level 2 input.
(20) Commitments, Litigation and Contingent Liabilities
In the ordinary course of business, the Company is subject to disputes, litigation and arbitration arising from its insurance and reinsurance businesses. These matters are generally related to insurance and reinsurance claims and are considered in the establishment of loss and loss expense reserves. In addition, the Company may also become involved in legal actions which seek extra-contractual damages, punitive damages or penalties, including claims alleging bad faith in handling of insurance claims. The Company expects its ultimate liability with respect to such matters will not be material to its financial condition. However, adverse outcomes on such matters are possible, from time to time, and could be material to the Company’s results of operations in any particular financial reporting period.
At December 31, 2020, the Company had commitments to invest up to $124 million and $200 million in certain investment funds and real estate construction projects, respectively.
(21) Leases
Lessees are required to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for leases with terms of more than 12 months on the balance sheet. All leases disclosed within this note are classified as operating leases. Recognized right-of-use asset and lease liability are reported within other assets and other liabilities, respectively, in the consolidated balance sheet. Lease expense is reported in other operating costs and expenses in the consolidated statement of income and accounted for on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
To determine the discount rate used to calculate present value of future minimum lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate during the lease commencement period in line with the respective lease duration. In certain cases, the Company has the option to renew the lease. Lease renewal future payments are included in the present value of the future minimum lease payments when the Company determines it is reasonably certain to renew.
The main leases entered into by the Company are for office space used by the Company’s operating units across the world. Additionally, the Company, to a lesser extent, has equipment leases mainly for office equipment. Further information relating to operating lease expense and other operating lease information is as follows:
For the Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019
Leases:
Lease cost $ 44,291 $ 44,107
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities reported in operating cash flows $ 45,348 $ 40,083
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities $ 8,870 $ 32,881
As of December 31,
($ in thousands) 2020 2019
Right-of-use assets $ 164,476 $ 193,311
Lease liabilities $ 203,643 $ 230,338
Weighted-average remaining lease term 6.82 years 7.11 years
Weighted-average discount rate 5.94 % 5.97 %
Contractual maturities of the Company’s future minimum lease payments are as follows:
(In thousands) December 31, 2020
Contractual Maturities:
2021 $ 47,477
2022 41,442
2023 37,843
2024 31,283
2025 22,452
Thereafter 58,124
Total undiscounted future minimum lease payments 238,621
Less: Discount impact 34,978
Total lease liability $ 203,643
(22) Stock Incentive Plan
Pursuant to the Company's stock incentive plan, the Company may issue restricted stock units ("RSUs") to employees of the Company and its subsidiaries. The RSUs generally vest three to five years from the award date and are subject to other vesting and forfeiture provisions contained in the award agreement. The following table summarizes RSU information for the three years ended December 31, 2020:
2020 2019 2018
RSUs granted and unvested at beginning of period: 4,124,260 5,062,661 5,216,972
Granted 962,453 840,796 1,140,048
Vested (1,111,588) (1,447,522) (900,254)
Canceled (170,789) (331,675) (394,105)
RSUs granted and unvested at end of period: 3,804,336 4,124,260 5,062,661
Upon vesting, shares of the Company’s common stock equal to the number of vested RSUs are issued or deferred to a later date, depending on the terms of the specific award agreement. As of December 31, 2020, 7,519,447 RSUs had been deferred. RSUs that have not yet vested and vested RSUs that have been deferred are not considered to be issued and outstanding shares.
The fair value of RSUs at the date of grant are recorded as unearned compensation, a component of stockholders’ equity, and expensed over the vesting period. Following is a summary of changes in unearned compensation for the three years ended December 31, 2020:
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Unearned compensation at beginning of year $ 128,390 $ 129,669 $ 122,910
RSUs granted, net of cancellations 54,270 53,583 52,204
RSUs expensed (47,108) (47,329) (34,408)
RSUs forfeitures (3,242) (7,533) (11,037)
Unearned compensation at end of year $ 132,310 $ 128,390 $ 129,669
(23) Compensation Plans
The Company and its subsidiaries have profit sharing plans in which substantially all employees participate. The plans provide for minimum annual contributions of 5% of eligible compensation; contributions above the minimum are discretionary and vary with each participating operating unit's profitability. Employees become eligible to participate in the plan on the first day of the calendar quarter following the first full calendar quarter after the employee's date of hire provided the employee has completed 250 hours of service during the calendar quarter. The plans provide that 40% of the contributions vest immediately and that the remaining 60% vest at varying percentages based upon years of service. Profit sharing expense was $48 million, $47 million and $42 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
The Company has a long-term incentive compensation plan ("LTIP") that provides for compensation to key executives based on the growth in the Company's book value per share over a five year period.
The following table summarizes the outstanding LTIP awards as of December 31, 2020:
Units Outstanding Maximum Value Inception to date earned through December 31, 2020 on outstanding units
2016 grant 190,000 19,000,000 17,732,700
2017 grant 202,750 20,275,000 13,509,233
2018 grant 208,750 20,875,000 10,007,475
2019 grant 224,250 22,425,000 5,497,623
2020 grant 225,500 22,550,000 2,271,701
The following table summarizes the LTIP expense for each of the three years ended December 31, 2020:
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
2013 grant $ - $ - $ (1,124)
2014 grant - (558) 3,227
2015 grant (168) 3,319 5,170
2016 grant 3,176 3,548 5,148
2017 grant 2,914 3,432 4,700
2018 grant 2,776 3,310 4,317
2019 grant 2,490 3,068 -
2020 grant 2,276 - -
Total $ 13,464 $ 16,119 $ 21,438
(24) Supplemental Financial Statement Data
Other operating costs and expenses consist of the following:
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs $ 904,955 $ 1,001,611 $ 915,246
Insurance operating expenses 1,206,058 1,088,690 1,183,635
Insurance service expenses 85,724 101,317 118,357
Net foreign currency losses (gains) 363 (30,715) (27,067)
Debt extinguishment costs 8,440 - -
Other costs and expenses 184,852 201,179 193,050
Total $ 2,390,392 $ 2,362,082 $ 2,383,221
(25) Industry Segments
The Company’s reportable segments include the following two business segments, plus a corporate segment:
•Insurance - predominantly commercial insurance business, including excess and surplus lines, admitted lines and specialty personal lines throughout the United States, as well as insurance business in the United Kingdom, Continental Europe, South America, Canada, Mexico, Scandinavia, Asia and Australia.
•Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - reinsurance business on a facultative and treaty basis, primarily in the United States, United Kingdom, Continental Europe, Australia, the Asia-Pacific region and South Africa, as well as operations that solely retain risk on an excess basis.
The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. Income tax expense and benefits are calculated based upon the Company’s overall effective tax rate.
Summary financial information about the Company’s reporting segments is presented in the following table. Income before income taxes by segment includes allocated investment income. Identifiable assets by segment are those assets used in or allocated to the operation of each segment.
Revenues
(In thousands) Earned
Premiums (1) Investment
Income Other Total (2) Pre-Tax
Income
(Loss) Net
Income
(Loss)
to Common Stockholders
Year ended December 31, 2020
Insurance $ 6,067,669 $ 375,554 $ 35,611 $ 6,478,834 $ 668,012 $ 487,125
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess 863,174 146,029 - 1,009,203 205,587 164,655
Corporate, other and eliminations (3) - 62,238 445,650 507,888 (271,797) (214,291)
Net investment gains - - 103,000 103,000 103,000 93,181
Consolidated $ 6,930,843 $ 583,821 $ 584,261 $ 8,098,925 $ 704,802 $ 530,670
Year ended December 31, 2019
Insurance $ 5,919,819 $ 429,405 $ 47,850 $ 6,397,074 $ 814,862 $ 650,510
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess 713,469 164,082 - 877,551 189,188 152,046
Corporate, other and eliminations (3) - 52,127 454,741 506,868 (271,833) (215,967)
Net investment gains - - 120,703 120,703 120,703 95,355
Consolidated $ 6,633,288 $ 645,614 $ 623,294 $ 7,902,196 $ 852,920 $ 681,944
Year ended December 31, 2018
Insurance $ 5,702,073 $ 433,490 $ 72,727 $ 6,208,290 $ 717,154 $ 571,381
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess 669,432 179,534 - 848,966 201,001 160,791
Corporate, other and eliminations (3) - 61,211 418,696 479,907 (260,549) (213,469)
Net investment gains - - 154,488 154,488 154,488 122,046
Consolidated $ 6,371,505 $ 674,235 $ 645,911 $ 7,691,651 $ 812,094 $ 640,749
Identifiable Assets
(In thousands) December 31,
2020 2019
Insurance $ 21,739,360 $ 20,020,455
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess 4,652,074 4,710,445
Corporate, other and eliminations (3) 2,215,479 1,931,244
Consolidated $ 28,606,913 $ 26,662,144
_______________________________________
(1) Certain amounts included in earned premiums of each segment are related to inter-segment transactions.
(2) Revenues for Insurance includes $691.5 million, $725.4 million, and $714.2 million in 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively, from foreign countries. Revenues for Reinsurance & Monoline Excess includes $291.6 million, $249.6 million, and $228.1 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, from foreign countries.
(3) Corporate, other and eliminations represent corporate revenues and expenses and other items that are not allocated to business segments.
Net premiums earned by major line of business are as follows:
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Insurance
Other liability $ 2,237,285 $ 2,063,401 $ 1,912,071
Short-tail lines 1,247,908 1,223,902 1,184,447
Workers' compensation 1,127,487 1,301,980 1,327,206
Commercial automobile 794,171 750,051 722,236
Professional liability 660,818 580,485 556,113
Total Insurance 6,067,669 5,919,819 5,702,073
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess
Casualty 521,559 405,063 362,886
Monoline Excess 171,522 160,071 162,908
Property 170,093 148,335 143,638
Total Reinsurance & Monoline Excess 863,174 713,469 669,432
Total $ 6,930,843 $ 6,633,288 $ 6,371,505

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
The Company's management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, have conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(b) as of the end of the period covered by this annual report. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company has in place effective controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act and the rules thereunder, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Commission's rules and forms.
During the quarter ended December 31, 2020, there have been no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.
Management's Report On Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of Treadway Commission. Based on our evaluation under the framework in Internal Control - Integrated Framework, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2020.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
W. R. Berkley Corporation:
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited W. R. Berkley Corporation and subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes and financial statement schedules II to VI (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 18, 2021 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Managements’ Report On Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/S/ KPMG LLP
New York, New York
February 18, 2021

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
PART III

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Reference is made to the registrant's definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2020, and which is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Reference is made to the registrant's definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2020, and which is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
(a) Security ownership of certain beneficial owners
Reference is made to the registrant's definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2020, and which is incorporated herein by reference.
(b) Security ownership of management
Reference is made to the registrant's definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2020, and which is incorporated herein by reference.
(c) Changes in control
Reference is made to the registrant's definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2020, and which is incorporated herein by reference.
(d) Equity compensation plan information
Reference is made to the registrant's definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2020, and which is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
Reference is made to the registrant's definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2020, and which is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Reference is made to the registrant's definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2020, and which is incorporated herein by reference.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a) Index to Financial Statements
The schedules to the consolidated financial statements listed below should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Financial statement schedules not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K have been omitted because they are not applicable or required information is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto.
Index to Financial Statement Schedules Page
Schedule II - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
Schedule III - Supplementary Insurance Information
Schedule IV - Reinsurance
Schedule V - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
Schedule VI - Supplementary Information Concerning Property - Casualty Insurance Operations
(b) Exhibits
EXHIBITS
Number
(3.1)
The Company’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended through May 10, 2004 (incorporated by reference to Exhibits 3.1 and 3.2 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on August 6, 2003).
(3.2)
Amendment, dated May 11, 2004, to the Company’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Company’s Quarterly report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on August 5, 2004).
(3.3)
Amendment, dated May 16, 2006, to the Company’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on May 17, 2006).
(3.4)
Amendment, dated June 12, 2020, to the Company’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on June 16, 2020).
(3.5)
Amended and Restated By-Laws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3 (ii) of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on August 5, 2015).
(4.1)
Description of Registrant’s Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on February 20, 2020).
(4.2)
Indenture, dated as of February 14, 2003, between the Company and The Bank of New York, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on March 31, 2003).
(4.3)
Fifth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of February 9, 2007, between the Company and The Bank of New York, as Trustee, relating to $250,000,000 principal amount of the Company’s 6.25% Senior Notes due 2037, including form of the Notes as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on March 1, 2007).
(4.4)
Eighth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 16, 2012, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, relating to $350,000,000 principal amount of the Company’s 4.625% Senior Notes due 2022, including form of the Notes as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on March 16, 2012).
(4.5)
Ninth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of August 6, 2014, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, relating to $350,000,000 principal amount of the Company’s 4.75% Senior Notes due 2044, including form of the Notes as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on August 6, 2014).
(4.6)
Indenture, dated as of May 12, 2020, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on May 12, 2020).
(4.7)
First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 12, 2020, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, relating to $470,000,000 principal amount of the Company’s 4.00% Senior Notes due 2050, including form of the Notes as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on May 12, 2020).
(4.8)
Subordinated Indenture, dated as of March 1, 2016, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on March 1, 2016).
(4.9)
First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 1, 2016, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, relating to $110,000,000 principal amount of the Company's 5.9% Subordinated Debentures due 2056, including the form of the Securities as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on March 1, 2016).
(4.10)
Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 25, 2016, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, relating to $290,000,000 principal amount of the Company's 5.75% Subordinated Debentures due 2056, including the form of the Securities as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on May 25, 2016).
(4.11)
Subordinated Indenture, dated as of March 26, 2018, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on March 26, 2018).
(4.12)
First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 26, 2018, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, relating to $185,000,000 principal amount of the Company’s 5.7% Subordinated Debentures due 2058, including the form of the Securities as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on March 26, 2018).
(4.13)
Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 16, 2019, between the Company and the Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, relating to $300,000,000 principal amount of the Company's 5.10% Subordinated Debentures due 2059, including the form of the Securities as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on December 16, 2019).
(4.14)
Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 21, 2020, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, relating to $250,000,000 principal amount of the Company’s 4.25% Subordinated Debentures Notes due 2060, including form of the Securities as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on September 21, 2020).
(4.15)
Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of February 10, 2021, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, relating to $300,000,000 principal amount of the Company’s 4.125% Subordinated Debentures Notes due 2061, including form of the Securities as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on February 10, 2021).
(4.16) The instruments defining the rights of holders of the other long term debt securities of the Company are omitted pursuant to Section (b)(4)(iii)(A) of Item 601 of Regulation S-K. The Company agrees to furnish supplementally copies of these instruments to the Commission upon request.
(10.1)
W. R. Berkley Corporation 2018 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Annex B of the Company’s 2018 Proxy Statement (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on April 19, 2018).
(10.2)
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for grant of April 4, 2003 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on August 6, 2003).
(10.3)
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2003 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on May 3, 2005).
(10.4)
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2003 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on August 6, 2010).
(10.5)
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2012 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on November 8, 2012).
(10.6)
Form of 2014 Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2012 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on November 7, 2014).
(10.7)
Form of 2015 Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2012 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on November 9, 2015).
(10.8)
Form of 2017 Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement Under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2012 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on November 8, 2017).
(10.9)
Form of 2018 Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement Under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2018 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on November 7, 2018).
(10.10)
Form of 2020 Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement Under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2018 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on November 5, 2020).
(10.11)
W. R. Berkley Corporation Deferred Compensation Plan for Officers as amended and restated November 2, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on November 7, 2018).
(10.12)
Amendment to the W. R. Berkley Corporation Deferred Compensation Plan for Officers, effective as of December 31, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on December 16, 2020).
(10.13)
W. R. Berkley Corporation Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors as amended and restated effective December 3, 2007 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on December 19, 2007).
(10.14)
Amendment to the W. R. Berkley Corporation Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors, effective as of December 31, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on December 16, 2020).
(10.15)
W. R. Berkley Corporation Amended and Restated Annual Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on February 25, 2019).
(10.16)
W. R. Berkley Corporation 2014 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Annex A of the Company’s 2014 Proxy Statement (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on April 7, 2014).
(10.17)
Form of 2018 Performance Unit Award Agreement under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2014 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on May 7, 2018).
(10.18)
W. R. Berkley Corporation 2019 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company's current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on February 25, 2019).
(10.19)
Form of 2019 Performance Unit Award Agreement under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2019 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on February 25, 2019).
(10.20)
Form of 2020 Performance Unit Award Agreement under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2019 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on August 3, 2020).
(10.21)
W. R. Berkley Corporation 2009 Directors Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to Annex B of the Company’s 2015 Proxy Statement (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on April 20, 2015).
(10.22)
Supplemental Benefits Agreement between William R. Berkley and the Company as amended and restated as of December 21, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on February 28, 2012).
(14)
Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 14 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on March 14, 2005).
(21)
List of the Company’s subsidiaries.
(23)
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
(31.1)
Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/ 15d-14(a).
(31.2)
Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/ 15d-14(a).
(32.1)
Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.