EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1179929
Filing Year: 2024
Filename: 1179929_10-K_2024_0001179929-24-000033.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1. BUSINESS
OVERVIEW
ABOUT MOLINA HEALTHCARE
Molina Healthcare, Inc., a FORTUNE 500 company, provides managed healthcare services under the Medicaid and Medicare programs, and through the state insurance marketplaces (the “Marketplace”). Molina was founded in 1980 as a provider organization serving low-income families in Southern California and reincorporated in Delaware in 2002. We served approximately 5.0 million members as of December 31, 2023, located across 20 states.
Our business footprint, as of December 31, 2023, is illustrated below.
FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022
(In millions, except per-share amounts)
Premium Revenue $ 32,529 $ 30,883
Total Revenue $ 34,072 $ 31,974
Medical Care Ratio (“MCR”) (1)
88.1 % 88.0 %
Net Income $ 1,091 $ 792
Net Income per Diluted Share $ 18.77 $ 13.55
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(1)Medical care ratio represents medical care costs as a percentage of premium revenue.
OUR SEGMENTS
We currently have four reportable segments consisting of: 1) Medicaid; 2) Medicare; 3) Marketplace; and 4) Other.
The Medicaid, Medicare, and Marketplace segments represent the government-funded or sponsored programs under which we offer managed healthcare services. The Other segment, which is insignificant to our consolidated results of operations, includes long-term services and supports consultative services in Wisconsin.
Refer to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 16, “Segments,” for further information, including segment revenue and profit information.
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SEGMENT MEMBERSHIP
The following table summarizes our membership by segment as of the dates indicated:
As of December 31,
2023 2022
Medicaid 4,542,000 4,754,000
Medicare 172,000 156,000
Marketplace 281,000 348,000
Total 4,995,000 5,258,000
SEGMENT PREMIUM REVENUE
The following table presents our consolidated premium revenue by segment for the periods indicated:
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022
(In millions)
Medicaid $ 26,327 $ 24,827
Medicare 4,179 3,795
Marketplace 2,023 2,261
Total $ 32,529 $ 30,883
MISSION
We improve the health and lives of our members by delivering high-quality healthcare.
VISION
We will distinguish ourselves as the low-cost, most effective and reliable health plan delivering government-sponsored care.
STRATEGY
Our long-term growth strategy remains unchanged, as we continue to be a pure-play government-sponsored healthcare business, which provides us with opportunities to compete in high-growth, synergistic market segments with attractive and sustainable margins. Our strategic priorities include:
•Organic growth of our core businesses by growing with new state procurement opportunities, retaining existing contracts, increasing market share in current service areas and pursuing carve-in and/or adjacent opportunities;
•Inorganic growth through accretive mergers and acquisitions (“M&A”);
•Strong MCR and general and administrative (“G&A”) management to drive attractive and sustainable margins; and
•Reinvesting excess capital in the business or returning it to shareholders (e.g., share repurchases).
Our 2023 strategy refresh analyzed our changing environment to identify the largest opportunities and risks within our portfolio and the adequacy of our capabilities.
Landscape. We operate in highly competitive environment as our markets are attractive. Public policy and demographics continue to be positive catalysts for growth. The convergence of Medicaid and low-income Medicare poses an opportunity and a threat. Managed care rates are pressured in the near-term, but the Marketplace risk pool is likely stabilized. Medicaid redetermination will continue to play out after resuming in 2023.
Retrospective. We have successfully executed our strategic plan and have confidence that we can continue to do so. We have achieved 20% revenue growth and 26% earnings per share growth from 2020 to 2023. We have achieved a 75% new contract win rate, and 100% re-procurement win rate for Medicaid requests for proposal (“RFPs”). We have completed acquisitions totaling $11 billion of revenue since 2020, purchased at an average 22% of premium. We have achieved industry leading margins at approximately 5% pre-tax.
The Plan. We see multiple paths to achieve our target 13% to 15% revenue growth rate through 2026. We plan to maintain our balanced approach to growth, including market share gains, new state contracts, and M&A. We will
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continue to focus on driving market share gains through improved execution of enrollment and retention. Approximately $20 billion of current revenue will be up for state re-procurement over the 2024-2026 planning horizon; however, our proven track record of RFP success makes us confident in our ability to retain current revenue and pursue the majority of new state opportunities with a continued high win rate. We plan to continue executing on our M&A pipeline at attractive prices with strong integrations.
How We Will Execute. To enable the achievement of our growth strategy, we will continue providing low-cost health plans, high quality and appropriate access to care, reliable service and seamless experience, evolving capabilities in value-based contracting, operating efficiencies and clinical operations, enhancing the operating model, management processes and organization design, maintaining a strong capital foundation, harnessing the full capabilities of our people, and seeking continual talent upgrades. Our synergistic market segments provide the opportunity for member continuity and leverage common capabilities.
KEY DEVELOPMENTS
We are pleased with the continued success of our profitable growth strategy. We believe our performance on Medicaid state procurements in 2023 was exceptional. The acquisitions component of our growth strategy produced the My Choice Wisconsin acquisition that we closed on September 1, 2023. Collectively, these RFP successes and acquisitions represent $7 billion of incremental annual premium revenue, which was partially realized in 2023, is expected to be mostly realized in 2024 and is expected to be fully realized in 2025. Presented below is more detail on the recent developments and accomplishments relating to our growth strategy:
California Acquisition-Medicare. Effective January 1, 2024, we closed on our acquisition of 100% of the issued and outstanding capital stock of Brand New Day and Central Health Plan of California (“Bright Health Medicare”), which added approximately 109,000 members.
California Procurement- Medicaid. Our new contract with the California Department of Health Care Services (“DHCS”) commenced on January 1, 2024, which enables us to continue servicing Medi-Cal members in most of our existing counties and expand our footprint in Los Angeles County.
Nebraska Procurement- Medicaid. Our new contract with the Nebraska Department of Health and Human services commenced on January 1, 2024.
Wisconsin Acquisition-Medicaid and Medicare. On September 1, 2023, we closed on our acquisition of substantially all the assets of My Choice Wisconsin, which added approximately 40,000 mostly managed long term services and supports (“LTSS”) members.
New Mexico Procurement-Medicaid. In August 2023, we confirmed that the New Mexico Human Services Department (“HSD”) has announced its intention to award a Medicaid managed care contract to Molina Healthcare of New Mexico. The announcement by HSD follows its rescission of the cancellation of the Turquoise Care Request for Proposals made on January 30, 2023. The go-live date for the new Medicaid contract is expected to be July 1, 2024. The new contract is expected to have a duration of three years, with potential extensions adding a further five years to the term.
Texas Procurement-Medicaid. In July 2023, we finalized our contract for the Texas STAR+PLUS program, retaining our entire existing footprint and expecting to grow our market share. The start of operations for the new contract is expected to begin in September 2024.
Iowa Procurement-Medicaid. Our new contract with the Iowa Department of Health and Human Services commenced on July 1, 2023, and offers health coverage to TANF, CHIP, ABD, LTSS and Medicaid Expansion beneficiaries serving approximately 180,000 new members. This new contract has a term of four-years, with a potential for two, two-year extensions.
Mississippi Procurement-Medicaid. In August 2022, we announced that our Mississippi health plan had been notified by the Mississippi Division of Medicaid (“DOM”) of its intent to award a Medicaid Coordinated Care Contract for its Mississippi Coordinated Access Program and Mississippi Children’s Health Insurance Program pursuant to the Request for Qualifications issued by DOM in December 2021. The four-year contract was expected to begin on July 1, 2023, but in the second quarter of 2023, DOM extended the existing contracts by an additional year. We now expect the four-year contract to commence July 1, 2024, and DOM has discretion to extend the new awards for an additional two years. The award enables us to continue serving Medicaid members across the state.
Indiana Procurement-Medicaid. In September 2023, the Indiana Family and Social Services Administration notified us that the state does not intend to offer an LTSS contract to Molina to serve in the state’s Pathways for Aging program effective July 1, 2024. The state deemed Molina not to have met the readiness review requirements. Molina was required to have a dual eligible special needs plan (“D-SNP”) product available in Indiana by January 1,
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2024, but was unable to do so due to an administrative requirement of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”). Molina would have had a D-SNP in Indiana on January 1, 2025 through the normal course of action with CMS.
CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
Continued management of our cash, investments, and capital structure is enabling us to meet the short- and long-term objectives and obligations of our business while maintaining liquidity and financial flexibility. We have continued to execute a capital plan that has produced a strong and stable balance sheet, with a simplified capital structure, which resulted in the following accomplishments in 2023:
•Our regulated health plans paid $705 million in total dividends to the parent company, representing cash in excess of their capital needs.
•Investment income increased $251 million in 2023, due to higher levels of invested assets and increased interest rates.
•In September 2023, our board of directors authorized the purchase of up to $750 million of our common stock. This new program supersedes the stock purchase program previously approved by our board of directors in November 2022 and extends through December 31, 2024.
OUR BUSINESS
MEDICAID
Overview
Medicaid was established in 1965 under the U.S. Social Security Act to provide healthcare and long-term services and support to low-income Americans. Although jointly funded by federal and state governments, Medicaid is a state-operated and state-implemented program. Subject to federal laws and regulations, states have significant flexibility to structure their own programs in terms of eligibility, benefits, delivery of services, and provider payments. As a result, there are 56 separate Medicaid programs-one for each U.S. state, each U.S. territory, and the District of Columbia.
The federal government guarantees matching funds to states for qualifying Medicaid expenditures based on each state’s federal medical assistance percentage (“FMAP”). A state’s FMAP is calculated annually and varies inversely with average personal income in the state. The approximate average FMAP across all jurisdictions is currently 60%, and currently ranges from a federally established FMAP floor of 50% to as high as 77%. Most states have contracted with managed care plans to provide Medicaid services to beneficiaries, seeking to increase budget predictability, constrain spending, improve access to care and value, and meet other objectives.
We expect Medicaid enrollment to increase by approximately 12% in 2024, to a total of 5.1 million members by the end of the year, despite additional, expected losses from redetermination. In 2024, we anticipate a benefit from our recent RFP successes in California, Nebraska, New Mexico and Texas, as well as organic growth.
We participate in the following Medicaid programs:
•Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (“TANF”) - This is the most common Medicaid program. It primarily covers low-income families with children.
•Medicaid Aged, Blind or Disabled (“ABD”) - ABD programs cover low-income persons with chronic physical disabilities or behavioral health impairments. ABD beneficiaries typically use more services than those served by other Medicaid programs because of their critical health issues.
•Children’s Health Insurance Program (“CHIP”) - CHIP is a joint federal and state matching program that provides healthcare coverage to children whose families earn too much to qualify for Medicaid coverage. States have the option of administering CHIP through their Medicaid programs.
•Medicaid Expansion - In states that have elected to participate, Medicaid Expansion provides eligibility to nearly all low-income individuals under age 65 with incomes at or below 138% of the federal poverty line.
•LTSS - LTSS programs cover a range of medical and personal care assistance that people may need - for several weeks, months, or years - when they experience difficulty completing self-care tasks as a result of aging, chronic illness, or disability. Such services include, but are not limited to, nursing facility care, adult daycare programs, home health aide services, personal care services, transportation, and supported employment as well as assistance provided by a family caregiver.
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Contracts
Our state Medicaid contracts typically have terms of three to five years, contain renewal options exercisable by the state Medicaid agency, and allow either the state or the health plan to terminate the contract with or without cause. Such contracts are subject to risk of loss in states that issue RFPs open to competitive bidding by other health plans. If one of our health plans is not a successful responsive bidder to a state RFP, its contract may not be renewed.
In addition to contract renewal, our state Medicaid contracts may be periodically amended to include or exclude certain health benefits (such as pharmacy services, behavioral health services, or long-term care services); populations such as the ABD; and regions or service areas.
Status of Significant Contracts
Our Medicaid premium revenue constituted 81% of our consolidated premium revenue in the year ended December 31, 2023. Our Medicaid contracts with each of the states of New York, Texas and Washington accounted for approximately 10% or more of our consolidated Medicaid premium revenues in the year ended December 31, 2023. Our Medicaid contract with the state of California accounted for slightly below 10% in 2023, but we expect that it will be above 10% in 2024, following the commencement of the new Medi-Cal contracts. The current status of each of these contracts is described below.
New York. Our presence in New York has increased substantially after completion of the Magellan Complete Care acquisition in December 2020, the Affinity Health Plan acquisition in October 2021 and the AgeWell New York acquisition in 2022. Affinity Health Plan is a Medicaid managed care organization serving members in New York City, Westchester, Orange, Nassau, Suffolk, and Rockland counties in New York. AgeWell is a specialty managed care organization that provides long-term care services at home or in the community for those who are chronically ill or disabled in The Bronx, New York (Manhattan), Queens, Kings (Brooklyn), Nassau, Westchester, and Suffolk counties. Our New York Medicaid contracts represented premium revenue of approximately $3,695 million, or 14%, of our consolidated Medicaid premium revenue in 2023.
Texas. In July 2023, we finalized our contract for the Texas STAR+PLUS program, retaining our entire existing footprint in each of Bexar, Dallas, El Paso, Harris, Hidalgo, Jefferson, Northeast Texas, and Tarrant Service Areas. The start of operations for the new contract is expected to begin in September 2024. Further, in December 2022, the RFP was posted for the TANF and CHIP programs (known as the STAR & CHIP programs, and both existing contracts for Molina), with awards expected in February 2024 and the start of operations in February 2025. Our Texas Medicaid contracts represented approximately $3,587 million, or 14%, of consolidated Medicaid premium revenue in 2023.
Washington. Our managed care contract with the Washington State Health Care Authority (“HCA”) covers all ten regions of the state’s Apple Health Integrated Managed Care program, and was effective through December 31, 2023. HCA exercised its renewal option for at least one year, through December 31, 2024. HCA is expected to re-procure for Medicaid with an anticipated release of an RFP no earlier than mid-2025, and contract effective date of January 1, 2027. Our Washington Medicaid contract represented approximately $3,952 million, or 15%, of consolidated Medicaid premium revenue in 2023.
California. Our Medi-Cal managed care contracts with DHCS for 2023 covered six county regions in northern and southern California (including Los Angeles County, California, as a subcontractor to another health plan holding a direct contract with the state). These contracts were effective through December 31, 2023. In December 2022, we were notified by DHCS of its confirmation to award a Medi-Cal contract in each of Los Angeles, Riverside, San Bernardino, Sacramento, and San Diego Counties. The five Medi-Cal contracts commenced on January 1, 2024, which enables us to continue serving Medi-Cal members in most of our existing counties and expand our footprint in Los Angeles County. Our California Medicaid contracts represented premium revenue of approximately $2,227 million, or 8%, of our consolidated Medicaid premium revenue in 2023.
A loss of any of our significant Medicaid contracts could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations.
Basis for Premium Rates
Under our Medicaid contracts, state government agencies pay our health plans per-member per-month (“PMPM”) rates that vary by state, line of business, demographics and, in most instances, health risk factors. CMS requires these rates to be actuarially sound. In exchange for the payment received, Molina arranges, pays for, and manages healthcare services provided to Medicaid beneficiaries. Therefore, our health plans are at risk for the medical costs associated with their members’ healthcare. Premium rates under our Medicaid contracts are subject to each state’s
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annual appropriation process. The premium rates paid to our health plans may vary substantially between states and among various government programs. For the year ended December 31, 2023, Medicaid program PMPM premium rates ranged from $270 to $1,100.
Member Enrollment and Marketing
Most states allow eligible Medicaid members to select the Medicaid plan of their choice. This opportunity to choose a plan is typically afforded to the member at the time of first enrollment and, at a minimum, annually thereafter. In some of the states in which we operate, a substantial majority of new Medicaid members voluntarily select a plan with the remainder subject to the auto-assignment process described below, while in other states less than half of new members voluntarily choose a plan.
Our Medicaid health plans may benefit from auto-assignment of individuals who do not choose a plan, but for whom participation in managed care programs is mandatory. Each state differs in its approach to auto-assignment, but one or more of the following criteria is typical in auto-assignment algorithms: a Medicaid beneficiary's previous enrollment with a health plan or experience with a particular provider contracted with a health plan, enrolling family members in the same plan, a plan's quality or performance status, a plan’s network and enrollment size, awarding all auto-assignments to a plan with the lowest bid in a county or region, and equal assignment of individuals who do not choose a plan in a specified county or region.
Our Medicaid marketing efforts are regulated by the states in which we operate, each of which imposes different requirements for, or restrictions on, Medicaid sales and marketing. These requirements and restrictions are revised from time to time. None of the jurisdictions in which we operate permit direct sales by Medicaid health plans.
MEDICARE
Overview
Medicare is a federal program that provides eligible persons age 65 and over, and some disabled persons, with a variety of hospital, medical insurance, and prescription drug benefits. Medicare is funded by Congress, and administered by CMS. Medicare beneficiaries may enroll in a Medicare Advantage plan, under which managed care plans contract with CMS to provide benefits that are comparable to original Medicare. Since 2006, Medicare beneficiaries have had the option of selecting a prescription drug benefit from an existing Medicare Advantage plan. The drug benefit, available to beneficiaries for a monthly premium, is subject to cost-sharing depending upon the specific benefit design of the selected plan.
Over 12 million low-income elderly and disabled people qualify for both the Medicare and Medicaid programs (“dual eligible” individuals). These beneficiaries are more likely than other Medicare beneficiaries to be frail, live with multiple chronic conditions, and have functional and cognitive impairments. Medicare is their primary source of health insurance coverage. Medicaid supplements Medicare by paying for services not covered by Medicare, such as dental care and long-term care services and supports, and by helping to cover Medicare’s premiums and cost-sharing requirements. Together, these two programs help to shield very low-income Medicare beneficiaries from potentially unaffordable out-of-pocket medical and long-term care costs.
We expect Medicare enrollment to increase by approximately 58% in 2024, to a total of 270,000 members by the end of the year, including the 109,000 members we added as a result of the Bright Health Medicare acquisition. In 2024, we are participating in Medicare in all our markets except Florida, Iowa, Mississippi, New Mexico and Nebraska.
We participate in the following Medicare programs:
•Medicare Advantage-Part D (“MAPD”) - We contract with CMS under the Medicare Advantage program to provide benefits in excess of original Medicare, including cost-sharing and enhanced prescription drug benefits under Part D, that are targeted towards low-income beneficiaries;
•Dual Eligible Special Needs Plan (“D-SNP”) - We contract with CMS to provide benefits in excess of original Medicare, including care coordination complex case management and care management;
•Fully-Integrated Dual Special Needs Plans (“FIDE”) - We contract with CMS and state Medicaid agencies to fully integrate care for dually eligible beneficiaries under a single managed care plan;
•Medicare-Medicaid Plans (“MMP”) - To coordinate care and deliver services in a more financially efficient manner, some states have undertaken demonstration programs to integrate Medicare and Medicaid services for dual-eligible individuals. We operate MMPs in five states, as described further below.
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Contracts
We enter into MAPD contracts with CMS annually, and for D-SNP, FIDE and MMP (collectively, “dual-eligible programs”), we enter into contracts with CMS, in partnership with each state’s department of health and human services. Such contracts typically have terms of one to three years.
Status of MMP Contracts
In May 2022, CMS published a Final Rule that addressed the termination of the Financial Alignment Initiative Demonstration. Under a provision within the Final Rule, states can maintain their existing MMP through a two-year extension until December 31, 2025, so long as the applicable state provided CMS with a transition plan by October 1, 2022. In the proposed rule for contract year 2025, CMS has further provided states with a process for identifying a pathway to an integrative D-SNP.
Our California MMP members were transitioned to Molina’s California EAE-SNP products early in 2023.
Our Illinois, Ohio, Michigan, South Carolina, and Texas MMP contracts were effective through December 31, 2023, which represented aggregate premium revenue of approximately $1,929 million in 2023. Based on the transition plans submitted by those states to CMS, we expect these plans to continue through December 31, 2025. On January 1, 2026, we expect to transition these members to our integrated D-SNP, if all regulatory requirements are met and we are successful with applicable RFPs.
Basis for Premium Rates
Under Medicare Advantage, managed care plans contract with CMS, and for the dual-eligible programs with CMS and state governments, to provide benefits in exchange for a PMPM premium payment that varies based on health plan Star rating and member demographics, including county of residence and health risk factors. The premium payment considers inflation, non-benefit expense requirements, other Medicare Advantage bids submitted to CMS, changes in utilization patterns and average per capita fee-for-service Medicare costs in the calculation of the PMPM premium payment. Amounts payable to us under the dual-eligible programs and Medicare Advantage contracts are subject to annual revision by CMS, including any federal budget cuts or tax changes applicable to Medicare. We elect to participate in each Medicare service area or region on an annual basis.
CMS developed the Medicare Advantage Star ratings system to help beneficiaries choose among competing plans, awarding between 1.0 and 5.0 stars to Medicare Advantage plans based on performance in certain measures of quality. The Star ratings are used by CMS to award quality bonus payments to Medicare Advantage plans. Beginning with the 2014 Star ratings, Medicare Advantage plans were required to achieve a minimum of 4.0 Stars to qualify for a quality bonus payment. In addition, a Medicare Advantage plan will be determined to be low-performing if it receives fewer than three stars for three consecutive years. Beginning in 2016, those Medicare plans that achieve less than a three-star rating for three consecutive years will be issued a notice of non-renewal of their contract for the following year.
Medicare Advantage premiums are subject to retroactive increase or decrease based on the health status of our Medicare members, as measured by member risk scores determined pursuant to the CMS risk adjustment model. The data we provide to CMS to determine risk scores is subject to audit by CMS at the contract level, by plan year on an on-going basis. Such risk adjustment data validation (“RADV”) audits can result in retroactive and prospective premium adjustments. We record the estimated impact of audit settlements as a reduction to premium revenues, based upon available information, in the year that CMS determines repayment is required. On January 30, 2023, CMS finalized its approach to RADV audits, including its decision to extrapolate the results of audit samples when calculating payment errors, but without comparison of the audit results to a similar audit of the government’s original Medicare program. CMS will apply extrapolation to audits for the 2018 plan year with payment recoveries for those RADV audits expected in 2025, and will settle payment errors identified in RADV audits for plan years 2011 through 2017 on a non-extrapolated basis. CMS also announced the removal of the fee-for-service adjuster from the risk adjustment data validation audit methodology beginning for audit year 2018. On March 31, 2023, CMS issued its final 2024 Medicare Advantage Rate Announcement, which implements a three-year phase-in of certain changes to the methodology CMS will use to perform risk adjustment for plan years 2024 through 2026. Under the new risk adjustment model that was implemented in 2024, CMS has changed the manner by which over 2,000 diagnosis codes, across a range of disease and condition categories, are considered for purposes of patient risk scoring, with certain of these codes no longer impacting risk scoring.
Compared with our Medicaid programs, Medicare programs generate higher average PMPM revenues and healthcare costs. For the year ended December 31, 2023, Medicare program PMPM premium rates ranged from $910 to $4,080.
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Member Enrollment and Marketing
Our Medicare members may be enrolled through auto-assignment, as described above in “Medicaid-Member Enrollment and Marketing,” or by enrolling in our plans with the assistance of insurance agents employed by Molina, outside brokers, or via the Internet. Generally, the enrollment period occurs between mid-October and early December for coverage that begins on the following January 1.
Our Medicare marketing and sales activities are regulated by CMS and the states in which we operate. CMS has oversight over all marketing materials used by Medicare Advantage plans, and in some cases has imposed advance approval requirements. CMS generally limits sales activities to those conveying information regarding benefits, describing the operations of our managed care plans, and providing information about eligibility requirements.
We employ our own insurance agents and contract with independent, licensed insurance agents to market our Medicare Advantage products. We have continued to expand our use of independent agents because the cost of these agents is largely variable and we believe the use of independent, licensed agents is more conducive to the shortened Medicare selling season and the open enrollment period. The activities of our independent, licensed insurance agents are also regulated by CMS. We also use direct mail, mass media and the Internet to market our Medicare Advantage products.
MARKETPLACE
Overview
The ACA authorized the creation of Marketplace insurance exchanges, allowing individuals and small groups to purchase federally subsidized health insurance effective January 1, 2014. Marketplace plans must be ACA-compliant, meeting standards established by the federal government, including a requirement to cover certain essential health benefits. Certain beneficiaries qualify for premium tax credits and cost-sharing reductions based on annual household income. Plans are categorized by metal tiers (Platinum, Gold, Silver or Bronze), which determine how beneficiaries and the plan share costs (e.g., premiums, out-of-pocket costs and deductibles). We offer Marketplace plans in many of the states where we offer Medicaid health plans. Our plans allow our Medicaid members to stay with their providers as they transition between Medicaid and the Marketplace. Additionally, our plans remove financial barriers to quality care and seek to minimize members' out-of-pocket expenses. In 2024, we are participating in the Marketplace in all our markets except Arizona, Iowa, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New York, and Virginia.
We expect Marketplace enrollment to increase by approximately 31% in 2024, to a total of 370,000 members by the end of the year. This would represent an estimated Marketplace premium revenue increase of approximately 17% in 2024, as this business is now positioned to grow modestly and maintain our target margins.
Contracts
We enter into contracts with CMS annually for the state Marketplace programs. These contracts have a one-year term ending on December 31, and must be renewed annually.
Basis for Premium Rates
For Marketplace, we develop each state’s premium rates during the spring of each year for policies effective in the following calendar year. Premium rates are based on our estimates of utilization of services and unit costs, anticipated member risk acuity and related federal risk adjustment transfer amounts, and non-benefit expenses such as administrative costs, taxes, and fees. The premium rates are filed for approval with the various state and federal authorities in accordance with the rules and regulations applicable to the ACA individual market, including, but not limited to, minimum loss ratio thresholds and adjustments for permissible rate variations by age, geographic area, and variations in plan design. In the year ended December 31, 2023, Marketplace program PMPM premium rates ranged from $270 to $1,140.
Member Enrollment and Marketing
Our Marketplace members enroll in our plans with the assistance of insurance agents employed by Molina, outside brokers, vendors, direct to consumer marketing, and via the Internet.
While our Marketplace sales activities are regulated by CMS (such as eligibility determinations), our marketing activities are regulated by the individual states in which we operate. Some states require us to obtain prior approval of our marketing materials, others simply require us to provide them with copies of our marketing materials, and some states do not request our marketing materials. We are able to freely contact our members and provide them with marketing materials as long as those materials are fair and do not discriminate.
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Our Marketplace sales and marketing strategy is to provide high quality, affordable, compliant and consumer-centric Marketplace products through a variety of distribution channels. Our Marketplace products are displayed on the Federally Facilitated Marketplace (“FFM”) and the State Based Marketplace (“SBM”) in the states in which we participate in the Marketplace. We also contract with independent, licensed insurance agents to market our Marketplace products. The activities of our independently licensed insurance agents are also regulated by both CMS and the departments of insurance in the states in which we participate. Our sales cycle typically peaks during the annual Open Enrollment Period (“OEP”) as defined and regulated by CMS and the applicable FFM and SBM.
TRENDS AND UNCERTAINTIES
REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTS AND RELATED TRENDS
Federal Economic Stabilization and Other Programs
The COVID-19 pandemic was the worst public health crisis of the last 100 years, and a national public health emergency (“PHE”) was declared. The surge of COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and testing requirements put increased pressure on medical costs in 2020 and 2021. The increases were more than offset by a reduction in non-COVID related costs, including the postponement and cancellation of elective procedures; however, many of our state Medicaid partners implemented medical cost risk corridors, which resulted in increased rebate payments back to the states. The impact of the pandemic began to decrease in 2022, as the high levels of vaccination, widespread population immunity, and available treatments significantly reduced the risk of severe COVID-19 disease, hospitalization, and death.
The Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2023 authorized states to resume redeterminations and terminate coverage for ineligible enrollees starting on April 1, 2023, irrespective of the status of the PHE. Consequently, all states in which we operate had begun disenrolling members, resulting in a loss of members that were gained due to the suspension of redetermination for Medicaid eligibility during the PHE.
The PHE officially ended on May 11, 2023. There are several healthcare programs tied to the PHE which are impacted by this change in policy. These include coverage of COVID-19 testing and vaccines, changes to the Medicare fee schedule for COVID-related treatments, and free coverage of at-home COVID-19 diagnostic tests. Per federal statutory and regulatory requirements, some of these programs concluded with the end of the PHE, while some will continue for the rest of 2023 or through 2024, and some will remain in place permanently.
Operations
Enrollment and Premium Revenue
Excluding acquisitions and our exit from Puerto Rico, we estimate we added approximately one million new Medicaid members since March 31, 2020, when we first began to report on the impacts of the pandemic. We believe this membership increase was mainly due to the suspension of redeterminations for Medicaid eligibility. The Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2023 authorized states to resume redeterminations and terminate coverage for ineligible enrollees starting on April 1, 2023, irrespective of the status of the PHE. Consequently, during the third quarter of 2023, all states in which we operate had begun disenrolling members. In 2023, we estimate we lost approximately 500,000 members due to redeterminations, offset by new enrollment and expect to lose an additional 100,000 members in 2024. Given the high number of procedural terminations and increasing interventions by CMS and various states, we expect reconnects will likely continue, decreasing currently reported losses. Although the medical cost profile of members who have been disenrolled is more favorable than the Medicaid segment average, when combined with the beneficial impact of corridor offsets in several states, our Medicaid MCR for the year ended December 31, 2023 was within our expectations. Based on the experience to date, we expect that we will ultimately retain approximately 40% of the membership gained since March 31, 2020.
LEGISLATIVE AND POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT
PRESSURES ON FUNDING
Due to states’ budget challenges and political agendas at both the state and federal levels, there are a number of different legislative proposals being considered, some of which would involve significantly reduced federal or state spending on the Medicaid and Medicare programs, constitute a fundamental change to the federal role in healthcare and, if enacted, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations. These proposals include elements such as the following, as well as numerous other potential changes and reforms:
•Changes in the entitlement nature of Medicaid (and perhaps Medicare as well) by capping future increases in federal health spending for these programs, and shifting much more of the risk for health costs in the
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future to states and consumers;
•Reversing the ACA’s expansion of Medicaid that enables states to cover low-income childless adults;
•Changing Medicaid to a state block grant program, including potentially capping spending on a per-enrollee basis;
•Requiring Medicaid beneficiaries to work;
•Limiting the amount of lifetime benefits for Medicaid beneficiaries; and
•Raising Medicare eligibility to age 67.
Recently, members of the U.S. House of Representatives have started to weigh a series of legislative proposals targeting Medicaid, Medicare and other entitlement programs as part of a broader campaign to reduce federal spending and, to maximize their leverage, they have pursued these spending cuts in exchange for their support to raise the debt ceiling, the legal cap that allows the U.S. government to borrow money to pay its bills.
AFFORDABLE CARE ACT
In addition to past proposals calling for the full repeal of the Affordable Care Act - proposals which could be renewed again in the future - proposed changes and reforms to the ACA have included, or may include, the following:
•Prohibiting the federal government from operating Marketplaces;
•Eliminating the advanced premium tax credits and cost sharing reductions for low-income individuals who purchase their health insurance through the Marketplaces;
•Expanding and encouraging the use of private health savings accounts;
•Providing for insurance plans that offer fewer and less extensive health insurance benefits than under the ACA’s essential health benefits package, including broader use of catastrophic coverage plans, or short-term health insurance;
•Establishing and funding high risk pools or reinsurance programs for individuals with chronic or high-cost conditions; and
•Allowing insurers to sell insurance across state lines.
The passage of any of these changes or other reforms could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.
CORPORATE TAX REFORM
Recent proposals related to corporate tax reform propose raising corporate taxes, among other things. Some proposed reforms could have a material impact on our future results of operations. We will continue to monitor developments.
On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act was signed into law. The Inflation Reduction Act includes various tax provisions, which became effective for tax years beginning on January 1, 2023 and thereafter. Such tax provisions did not and are not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial results.
OPERATIONS
QUALITY
Our long-term success depends, to a significant degree, on the quality of the services we provide. We are focused on providing our members effective and appropriate access to care at the right time and in the right setting, including preventive health and wellness and care management. We offer our government customers, members and providers reliable service and a seamless experience.
As of December 31, 2023, 17 of our health plans were accredited by the National Committee for Quality Assurance (“NCQA”), and 12 of our health plans have earned NCQA’s Health Equity Accreditation, which is awarded to organizations that lead the market in providing culturally and linguistically sensitive services and work to reduce disparities in health care. Additionally, seven health plans earned NCQA’s Long Term Services and Supports Distinction. We believe that these objective measures of quality are important to state Medicaid agencies, as a growing number of states link reimbursement and patient assignment to quality scores.
In October 2022, CMS published its updated Medicare 2023 Star Ratings based on plan year 2021 data. For the 2023 Star Ratings, five of our plans had a decrease of 0.5 Stars, two of our plans had a decrease of 1 Star, one plan had a decrease of 1.5 Stars, and two plans either maintained or increased Star Ratings by 0.5. The decreases to the 2023 Star Ratings impact the 2024 bonus year payments.
In October 2023, CMS published its updated Medicare 2024 Star Ratings based on plan year 2022 data. For the 2024 Star Ratings, three of our plans had a decrease of 0.5 Stars, one of our plans had a decrease of 1 Star, four
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plans maintained, and one plan had an increase of 0.5 Stars. The decreases to the 2024 Star Ratings impact the 2025 bonus year payments.
Approximately one-third of our Medicare premium revenue is not impacted by Star Ratings. We are actively working on improvement plans and remain committed to invest in these programs to improve our quality Star scores with a focus on member experience and access measures.
For the states where our health plans are accredited by the NCQA and/or have Medicare Star Ratings, the table below presents such health plans’ NCQA status, as well as their current scores as part of the Medicare Star Ratings, which measures the quality of Medicare plans across the country using a 5-star rating system.
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Note: The California Medicare Star Ratings in the table above reflect Molina’s legacy business. The 2024 Star Ratings for Brand New Day and Central Health Plan of California are 2.5 and 3.5, respectively.
PROVIDERS
We arrange healthcare services for our members through contracts with a vast network of providers, including independent physicians and physician groups, hospitals, ancillary providers, and pharmacies. We strive to ensure that our providers have the appropriate expertise and cultural and linguistic experience.
The quality, depth and scope of our provider network are essential if we are to ensure quality, cost-effective care for our members. In partnering with quality, cost-effective providers, we utilize clinical and financial information derived by our medical informatics function, as well as the experience we have gained in serving Medicaid members, to gain
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insight into the needs of both our members and our providers.
Physicians
We contract with both primary care physicians and specialists, many of whom are organized into medical groups or independent practice associations. Primary care physicians provide office-based primary care services. Primary care physicians may be paid under capitation or fee-for-service contracts and may receive additional compensation by providing certain preventive care services. Under capitation payment arrangements, healthcare providers receive fixed, pre-arranged monthly payments per enrolled member, whereas under fee-for-service payment arrangements, healthcare providers are paid a fee for each particular service rendered. Our specialists care for patients for a specific episode or condition, usually upon referral from a primary care physician, and are usually compensated on a fee-for-service basis. When we contract with groups of physicians on a capitated basis, we monitor their solvency.
Hospitals
We generally contract with hospitals that have significant experience dealing with the medical needs of the Medicaid population. We reimburse hospitals under a variety of payment methods, including fee-for-service, per diems, diagnostic-related groups, capitation, and case rates.
Ancillary Providers
Our ancillary agreements provide coverage of medically-necessary care, including laboratory services, home health, physical, speech and occupational therapy, durable medical equipment, radiology, ambulance and transportation services, and are reimbursed on a capitation and fee-for-service basis.
Pharmacy
We outsource pharmacy benefit management services, including claims processing, pharmacy network contracting, rebate processing and mail and specialty pharmacy fulfillment services. Via a “Market Check” provision in the agreement with our long-standing pharmacy benefit management (“PBM”) company, CVS Caremark (“Caremark”), we re-negotiated network and administrative costs (for calendar years 2024 through 2026) to Molina’s benefit. The benefit was largely driven by improvements in network rates, partially offset by higher administrative costs.
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Our mission is to improve the health outcomes and lives of our members by delivering high-quality healthcare. We believe our singular focus on government-sponsored healthcare enables us to identify and implement efficiencies that distinguish us as the low-cost, high-quality health plan of choice. We emphasize primary care physicians as the central point of delivery for routine and preventive care, coordination of referrals to specialists, and appropriate assessment of the need for hospital care. This model has proved to be an effective method of coordinating medical care for our members.
Utilization Management
Our goal is to optimize access to low-cost, high-quality care. This is achieved by sound clinical policy based on current evidence-based practices. Additionally, we continuously monitor utilization patterns and strive to identify new opportunities to reduce cost and improve quality of care. Our utilization management process serves as a bridge to identify at-risk members for referral into internally developed case management programs such as “Transitions of Care,” which facilitates post-discharge safety and appropriate outcomes.
Population Management
We believe high-quality, affordable care is achieved through a variety of programs tailored to our members’ emerging needs. Individuals are identified for interventions, and programs are customized, based on predictive analytics and our member assessment process. These tools ensure that the appropriate level of services and support are provided to address physical health, behavioral health, and social determinants of health. This comprehensive and customized approach is designed to help members achieve their goals and improve their overall quality of life.
Pharmacy Management
Our pharmacy programs are designed to make us a trusted partner in improving member health and healthcare affordability. We strategically partner with physicians and other healthcare providers who treat our members. This collaboration results in drug formularies and clinical initiatives that promote improved patient care. We employ full-time pharmacists and pharmacy technicians who work closely with providers to educate them about our formulary products, clinical programs, and the importance of cost-effective care.
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Medical Cost Management
We use various strategies to mitigate the negative effects of healthcare cost inflation. Specifically, our health plans try to control medical care costs through contracts with independent providers of healthcare services. Through these contracted providers, our health plans emphasize preventive healthcare and appropriate use of specialty and hospital services. There can be no assurance, however, that our strategies to mitigate medical care cost inflation will be successful. Competitive pressures, new healthcare and pharmaceutical product introductions, demands from healthcare providers and customers, applicable regulations, or other factors may affect our ability to control medical care costs.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Our business is dependent on effective and secure information systems that assist us in processing provider claims, monitoring utilization and other cost factors, supporting our medical management techniques, providing data to our regulators, and implementing our data security measures. Our members and providers also depend upon our information systems for enrollment, premium processing, primary care and specialist physician roster access, membership verifications, claims status, provider payments, and other information.
We have partnered with third parties to support our information technology systems. This makes our operations vulnerable to adverse effects if such third parties fail to perform adequately. In 2019, we entered into an agreement with a third-party vendor who manages certain of our information technology services including, among other things, our infrastructure operations, end-user services, data centers, public cloud and application management. In 2022 we extended our agreement for an additional seven years. As a result of the agreement, we were able to reduce our administrative expenses, while improving the reliability of our information technology functions, and maintain targeted levels of service and operating performance. A portion of these services are provided on our premises, while other portions of the services are performed at the vendor’s facilities.
Our information systems require an ongoing commitment of significant resources to maintain, protect, and enhance existing systems and develop new systems to keep pace with continuing changes in information processing technology, evolving systems and regulatory standards, changing customer preferences, acquisitions and increased security risks.
CENTRALIZED SERVICES
We provide certain centralized medical and administrative services to our subsidiaries pursuant to administrative services agreements that include, but are not limited to, information technology, product development and administration, underwriting, claims processing, customer service, certain care management services, human resources, marketing, purchasing, risk management, actuarial, finance, accounting, compliance, legal and public relations.
COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS AND ENVIRONMENT
We face varying levels of competition. Healthcare reform proposals may cause organizations to enter or exit the market for government-sponsored health programs. However, the licensing requirements and bidding and contracting procedures in some states may present partial barriers to entry into our industry.
We compete for government contracts, renewals of those government contracts, members, and providers. State agencies consider many factors in awarding contracts to health plans. Among such factors are the health plan’s provider network, quality scores, medical management, degree of member satisfaction, timeliness of claims payment, and financial resources. Potential members typically choose a health plan based on a specific provider being a part of the network, the quality of care and services available, accessibility of services, and reputation or name recognition of the health plan. We believe factors that providers consider in deciding whether to contract with a health plan include potential member volume, payment methods, timeliness and accuracy of claims payment, and administrative service capabilities.
Medicaid
The Medicaid managed care industry is subject to ongoing changes as a result of healthcare reform, business consolidations and new strategic alliances. We compete with national, regional, and local Medicaid service providers, principally on the basis of size, location, quality of the provider network, quality of service, and reputation. Our primary competitors in the Medicaid managed care industry include Centene Corporation, CVS Health Corporation, Elevance Health, Inc., UnitedHealth Group Inc., and other large not-for-profit healthcare organizations. Competition can vary considerably from state to state.
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Medicare
The Medicare market is highly competitive across the country, with large competitors, such as CVS Health Corporation, Humana Inc., and UnitedHealth Group Inc.
Marketplace
Low-income members who receive government subsidies comprise the vast majority of Marketplace membership, which is served by a limited number of health plans. Our primary competitor for low-income Marketplace membership is Centene Corporation.
REGULATION
Our health plans are highly regulated by both state and federal government agencies. Regulation of managed care products and healthcare services varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and changes in applicable laws and rules occur frequently. Regulatory agencies generally have discretion to issue regulations and interpret and enforce laws and rules. Compliance with such laws and rules may lead to additional costs related to the implementation of additional systems, procedures and programs that we have not yet identified. Such agencies have become increasingly active in recent years in their review and scrutiny of health insurers and managed care organizations, including those operating in the Medicaid and Medicare programs.
HIPAA AND THE HITECH ACT
In 1996, Congress enacted the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (“HIPAA”). All health plans are subject to HIPAA, including ours. HIPAA generally requires health plans to:
•Establish the capability to receive and transmit electronically certain administrative healthcare transactions, such as claims payments, in a standardized format;
•Afford privacy to patient health information; and
•Protect the privacy of patient health information through physical and electronic security measures.
In 2009, the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (“HITECH”) imposed requirements on uses and disclosures of health information; included requirements for HIPAA business associate agreements; extended parts of HIPAA privacy and security provisions to business associates; added data breach notification requirements for covered entities and business associates and reporting requirements to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”) and, in some cases, to the media; strengthened enforcement; and imposed higher financial penalties for HIPAA violations. In the conduct of our business, depending on the circumstances, we may act as either a covered entity and/or a business associate. HIPAA privacy regulations do not preempt more stringent state laws and regulations that may apply to us.
We maintain a HIPAA compliance program, which we believe complies with HIPAA privacy and security regulations, and have dedicated resources to monitor compliance with this program.
Healthcare reform created additional tools for fraud prevention, including increased oversight of providers and suppliers participating or enrolling in Medicaid, CHIP, and Medicare. Those enhancements included mandatory licensure for all providers, and site visits, fingerprinting, and criminal background checks for higher risk providers.
FRAUD AND ABUSE LAWS AND THE FALSE CLAIMS ACT
Because we receive payments from federal and state governmental agencies, we are subject to various laws commonly referred to as “fraud and abuse” laws, including federal and state anti-kickback statutes, prohibited referrals, and the federal False Claims Act, which permit agencies and enforcement authorities to institute a suit against us for violations and, in some cases, to seek treble damages, criminal and civil fines, penalties, and assessments. Violations of these laws can also result in exclusion, debarment, temporary or permanent suspension from participation in government healthcare programs, or the institution of corporate integrity agreements. Liability under such federal and state statutes and regulations may arise if we know, or it is determined that we should have known, that information we provide to form the basis for a claim for government payment is false or fraudulent, and some courts have permitted False Claims Act suits to proceed if the claimant was out of compliance with program requirements.
Fraud, waste and abuse prohibitions encompass a wide range of operating activities, including kickbacks or other inducements for referral of members or for the coverage of products (such as prescription drugs) by a plan, billing for unnecessary medical services by a provider, upcoding, payments made to excluded providers, improper marketing, and the violation of patient privacy rights. In particular, there has recently been increased scrutiny by the Department of Justice on health plans’ risk adjustment practices, particularly in the Medicare program. Companies
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involved in government healthcare programs such as Medicaid and Medicare are required to maintain compliance programs to detect and deter fraud, waste and abuse, and are often the subject of fraud, waste and abuse investigations and audits.
The federal government has taken the position that claims presented in violation of the federal anti-kickback statute may be considered a violation of the federal False Claims Act. In addition, under the federal civil monetary penalty statute, the HHS Office of Inspector General has the authority to impose civil penalties against any person who, among other things, knowingly presents, or causes to be presented, certain false or otherwise improper claims. Qui tam actions under federal and state law are brought by a private individual, known as a relator, on behalf of the government. A relator who brings a successful qui tam lawsuit can receive 15 to 30 percent of the damages the government recovers from the defendants, which damages are trebled under the False Claims Act. Because of these financial inducements offered to plaintiffs, qui tam actions have increased significantly in recent years, causing greater numbers of healthcare companies to incur the costs of having to defend false claims actions, many of which are spurious and without merit. In addition, meritorious false claims actions could result in fines, or debarment from the Medicare, Medicaid, or other state or federal healthcare programs.
LICENSING AND SOLVENCY
Our health plans are generally licensed by the insurance departments in the states in which they operate, except the following: our California health plan is licensed by the California Department of Managed Health Care; one of our New York health plans is licensed as a prepaid health services plan by the New York State Department of Health; and our Massachusetts health plan is regulated as a risk-bearing entity by the Massachusetts Executive Office of Health and Human Services.
Our health plans are subject to stringent requirements to maintain a minimum amount of statutory capital determined by statute or regulation, and restrictions that limit their ability to pay dividends to us. For further information, refer to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 15, “Commitments and Contingencies-Regulatory Capital Requirements and Dividend Restrictions.”
HUMAN CAPITAL
As of December 31, 2023, we had just over 18,000 employees. Our diverse employee population reflects the diversity of the members and communities we serve.
We continue to focus on providing opportunities for our employees that are intellectually stimulating and emotionally fulfilling, and programs and benefits that are financially rewarding. We are also focused on attracting and retaining top talent in a competitive market.
Consistent with those commitments, this year, we launched flexible work schedules, which will be offered to the majority of our employees and implemented paid paternal leave for all eligible employees.
Additionally, we continue to introduce improvements focused on employee development, hiring strategies, diversity, equity and inclusion and human capital policies and practices. We believe these improvements help us to achieve our goal to become a destination employer in the government-sponsored healthcare industry.
Annually, we invite all employees to participate in our engagement survey. The purpose of our survey is to obtain honest, comprehensive feedback on what is going well, and which strategic, operational or cultural concerns are top of mind for our employees. Our results demonstrate year-over-year improvement and exceed industry benchmark.
Succession planning and managing our talent pipelines continue to be key to our human capital strategy. We regularly monitor high performer retention and development. Our performance management practices and pay and recognition programs are aligned with meeting and exceeding our corporate objectives. The board of directors has purview to our employee engagement survey results, key executive performance, and succession planning.
We offer formal leadership development programs including new leader orientation, executive onboarding, front-line leadership essentials, and experienced leader training. We have targeted development plans for critical roles with an emphasis on leadership and business acumen. To further support career development and growth, we launched a new learning management system, enabling employees to expand their skills and career paths, and empowering employees to explore career opportunities within the organization.
We invest in our workforce through market competitive total rewards including, pay, benefits and time-off. Our pay and recognition programs are designed to engage, motivate and reward top performers and attract new talent. To foster ownership and align the interests of employees with shareholders, we offer an Employee Stock Purchase Plan and grant equity-based compensation under our long-term incentive plan to eligible employees.
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We also offer a comprehensive suite of benefits to all eligible employees, including, among others:
•Comprehensive health insurance coverage for employees working 30 hours or more per week, with no increase in employee contributions for 2023 and 2024;
•401(k) employer matching contributions of up to 100% on the first 4% contributed by the employee;
•Personal time off that provides employees with paid time away from work, combining vacation and sick leave;
•Volunteer time off that provides employees with paid time away from work to build strong community partnerships and connect with the people we serve;
•Employee wellness programs that provide tools and incentives to live a healthy life focusing on physical, emotional, financial and work well-being;
•Up to ten dependent-care back-up visits per year for a low co-pay, and five hours of homework and tutoring support per child per month at no cost;
•Employee discount and other programs, including tuition reimbursement; and
•Employee assistance program benefits that provide up to six confidential counseling sessions per rolling 12-month period and includes assistance with physical, emotional, and financial related matters.
AVAILABLE INFORMATION
Our principal executive offices are located at 200 Oceangate, Suite 100, Long Beach, California 90802, and our telephone number is (562) 435-3666.
You can access our website at www.molinahealthcare.com to learn more about our Company. From that site, you can download and print copies of our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, and Current Reports on Form 8-K, along with amendments to those reports. You can also download our Corporate Governance Guidelines, board of directors’ committee charters, Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and Environmental, Social and Governance Report. We make periodic reports and amendments available, free of charge, as soon as reasonably practicable after we file or furnish these reports to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). We will also provide a copy of any of our corporate governance policies published on our website free of charge, upon request. To request a copy of any of these documents, please submit your request to: Molina Healthcare, Inc., 200 Oceangate, Suite 100, Long Beach, California 90802, Attn: Investor Relations. Information on or linked to our website is neither part of nor incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K or any other SEC filings.
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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Item 1A. RISK FACTORS
Our business involves significant risks. You should carefully consider the risks described below and all of the other information set forth in this Form 10-K, including our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. These risks and other factors may affect our forward-looking statements, including those we make in this Form 10-K or elsewhere, such as in press releases, presentations to securities analysts or investors, or other communications made by or with the approval of one of our executive officers.
The risks described in the following section are not the only risks facing our Company. Additional risks that we are unaware of, or that we currently believe are not material, may also become important factors that adversely affect our business. In addition to the risks relating to the COVID-19 pandemic that are specifically described in these risk factors, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic may also have the effect of significantly heightening many of the other risks associated with our business, including those described below. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and future prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In that event, among other effects, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment.
RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS
If the responsive bids of our health plans for new or renewed Medicaid contracts are not successful, or if our government contracts are terminated or are not renewed on favorable terms, our premium revenues could be materially reduced and our operating results could be negatively impacted.
We currently derive our premium revenues from health plans that operate in 20 states. Our Medicaid premium revenue constituted 81% of our consolidated premium revenue in the year ended December 31, 2023. Measured by Medicaid premium revenue by health plan, our top four health plans were in California, New York, Texas, and Washington, with aggregate Medicaid premium revenue of $13.5 billion, or approximately 51% of total Medicaid premium revenue, in the year ended December 31, 2023. If we are unable to continue to operate in any of our existing jurisdictions, or if our current operations in those jurisdictions or any portions of those jurisdictions are significantly curtailed or terminated entirely, our revenues could decrease materially.
Many of our government contracts are effective only for a fixed period of time and will only be extended for an additional period of time if the contracting entity elects to do so. When our government contracts expire, they may be opened for bidding by competing health plans, and there is no guarantee that the contracts will be renewed or extended. Even if our contracts are renewed or extended, there can be no assurance that they will be renewed or extended on the same terms or without a reduction in the applicable service areas.
Even if our responsive bids are successful, the bids may be based upon assumptions regarding enrollment, utilization, medical costs, or other factors which could result in the contract being less profitable than we had expected or could result in a net loss. Furthermore, our contracts contain certain provisions regarding, among other things, eligibility, enrollment and dis-enrollment processes for covered services, eligible providers, periodic financial and information reporting, quality assurance and timeliness of claims payment, and are subject to cancellation if we fail to perform in accordance with the standards set by regulatory agencies.
Our Marketplace business has been volatile and has suffered significant losses in the past.
We offer Marketplace plans in many of the states where we offer Medicaid health plans. In 2024, we are participating in the Marketplace in all our markets except for Arizona, Iowa, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New York, and Virginia. Our Marketplace plans allow our Medicaid members to stay with their providers as they transition between Medicaid and the Marketplace. Additionally, our plans remove financial barriers to quality care and seek to minimize members' out-of-pocket expenses. We develop each state’s Marketplace premium rates during the spring of each year for policies effective in the following calendar year. Premium rates are based on our estimates of utilization of services and unit costs, anticipated member risk acuity and related federal risk adjustment transfer amounts, and non-benefit expenses such as administrative costs, taxes, and fees. In the year ended December 31, 2023, Marketplace program PMPM premium rates ranged from $270 to $1,140. Marketplace plan selection by members is highly price sensitive, and the Marketplace markets in general are highly volatile and unpredictable from year to year. Any variation from our cost expectations regarding acuity, enrollment levels, adverse selection, or other assumptions utilized in setting premium rates, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position, and cash flows.
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We are subject to risks associated with outsourcing services and functions to third parties.
We contract with third party vendors and service providers who provide services to us and our subsidiaries or to whom we delegate selected functions. Some of these third parties have direct access to our systems. Our arrangements with third party vendors and service providers may make our operations vulnerable if those third parties fail to satisfy their obligations to us, including their obligations to maintain and protect the security and confidentiality of our information and data or the information and data relating to our members or customers. We are also at risk of a data security incident involving a vendor or third party, which could result in a breakdown of such third party’s data protection processes or cyber-attackers gaining access to our infrastructure through the third party. To the extent that a vendor or third party suffers a data security incident that compromises its operations, we could incur significant costs and possible service interruption. Any contractual remedies and/or indemnification obligations we may have for vendor or service provider failures or incidents may not be adequate to fully compensate us for any losses suffered as a result of any vendor’s failure to satisfy its obligations to us or under applicable law. Violations of, or noncompliance with, laws and/or regulations governing our business or noncompliance with contract terms by third party vendors and service providers could increase our exposure to liability to our members, providers, or other third parties, or could result in sanctions and/or fines from the regulators that oversee our business. In turn, this could increase the costs associated with the operation of our business or have an adverse impact on our business and reputation. Moreover, if these vendor and service provider relationships were terminated for any reason, we may not be able to find alternative partners in a timely manner or on acceptable financial terms. We may incur significant costs and/or experience significant disruption to our operations in connection with any such vendor or service provider transition. As a result, we may not be able to meet the full demands of our members or customers and, in turn, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be harmed.
If we or one of our significant vendors sustain a cyber-attack or suffer data privacy or security breaches that disrupt our information systems or operations, or result in the dissemination of sensitive personal or confidential information, we could suffer increased costs, exposure to significant liability, reputational harm, loss of business, and other serious negative consequences.
As part of our normal operations, we routinely collect, process, store, and transmit large amounts of data, including sensitive personal information as well as proprietary or confidential information relating to our business or third parties. To ensure information security, we have implemented controls designed to protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of this data and the systems that store and transmit such data. However, our information technology systems and safety control systems are subject to a growing number of threats from computer programmers, hackers, and other adversaries that may be able to penetrate our network security and misappropriate our confidential information, create system disruptions, or cause damage, security issues, or shutdowns. They also may be able to develop and deploy viruses, worms, and other malicious software programs that attack our systems or otherwise exploit security vulnerabilities. We may also face increased cybersecurity risks due to our reliance on internet technology and our fully remote working environment, which may create additional opportunities for cybercriminals to exploit vulnerabilities. All of these risks are also faced by our significant vendors who are also in possession of sensitive confidential information. Because the techniques used to circumvent, gain access to, or sabotage security systems can be highly sophisticated and change frequently, they often are not recognized until launched against a target, and may originate from less regulated and remote areas around the world. We may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventive measures, resulting in potential data loss and damage to our systems. Our systems are also subject to compromise from internal threats such as improper action by employees, including malicious insiders, or by vendors, counterparties, and other third parties with otherwise legitimate access to our systems. Our policies, employee training (including phishing prevention training), procedures and technical safeguards may not prevent all improper access to our network or proprietary or confidential information by employees, vendors, counterparties, or other third parties. Our facilities may also be vulnerable to security incidents or security attacks, acts of vandalism or theft, misplaced or lost data, human errors, or other similar events that could negatively affect our systems and our and our members’ data.
Moreover, we face the ongoing challenge of managing access controls in a complex environment. The process of enhancing our protective measures can itself create a risk of systems disruptions and security issues. Given the breadth of our operations and the increasing sophistication of cyberattacks, a particular incident could occur and persist for an extended period of time before being detected. The extent of a particular cyberattack and the steps that we may need to take to investigate the attack may take a significant amount of time before such an investigation could be completed and full and reliable information about the incident is known. During such time, the extent of any harm or how best to remediate it might not be known, which could further increase the risks, costs, and consequences of a data security incident. In addition, our systems must be routinely updated, patched, and upgraded to protect against known vulnerabilities. The volume of new software vulnerabilities has increased substantially, as has the importance of patches and other remedial measures. In addition to remediating newly
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identified vulnerabilities, previously identified vulnerabilities must also be updated. We are at risk that cyber attackers exploit these known vulnerabilities before they have been addressed. The complexity of our systems and platforms, the increased frequency at which vendors are issuing security patches to their products, our need to test patches and, in some instances, coordinate with third parties before they can be deployed, all could further increase our risks.
Where doing so is necessary in order to conduct our business, we also provide sensitive personal member information, as well as proprietary or confidential information relating to our business, to our third-party service providers. Although we obtain assurances from those third parties that they have systems and processes in place to protect such data, and that they will take steps to assure the protection of such data by other third parties, those third-party service providers may also be subject to data intrusion or data breach. Any compromise of the confidential data of our members, employees, or business, or the failure to prevent or mitigate the loss of or damage to this data through breach, could result in operational, reputational, competitive, or other business harm, as well as financial costs and regulatory action. The Company maintains cybersecurity insurance in the event of an information security or cyber incident. However, the coverage may not be sufficient to cover all financial losses.
In the future, we may be subject to litigation and governmental investigations related to cyber-attacks and security breaches. Any such future litigation or governmental investigation could divert the attention of management from the operation of our business, result in reputational damage, and have a material adverse impact on our business, cash flows, financial condition, and results of operations. Moreover, our programs to detect, contain, and respond to data security incidents as well as contingency plans and insurance coverage for potential liabilities of this nature may not be sufficient to cover all claims and liabilities.
Noncompliance with any privacy, security or data protection laws and regulations, or any security breach, cyber-attack or cyber-security breach, and any incident involving the misappropriation, theft, loss or other unauthorized disclosure or use of, or access to, sensitive or confidential information, whether by us or by one of our third-party service providers, could require us to expend significant resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures and to remediate any damage. In addition, this could negatively affect our operations, cause system disruptions, damage our reputation, cause membership losses and contract breaches, and could also result in regulatory enforcement actions, material fines and penalties, litigation or other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flows, financial condition, and results of operations.
We may be unable to successfully integrate our acquisitions or realize the anticipated benefits of such acquisitions.
Our growth strategy includes the pursuit of targeted inorganic growth opportunities that we believe will provide a strategic fit, leverage operational synergies, and lead to incremental earnings accretion. For example, in September 2023 we closed on our acquisition of My Choice Wisconsin and in January 2024 we closed on the acquisition of Bright Health Medicare. The integration of acquired businesses with our existing business is a complex, costly and time-consuming process. The success of acquisitions we make will depend, in part, on our ability to successfully combine our existing business with such acquired businesses and realize the anticipated benefits, including synergies, cost savings, growth in earnings, innovation, and operational efficiencies, from the combinations. If we are unable to achieve these objectives within the anticipated time frame, or at all, the anticipated benefits may not be fully realized, or may take longer to realize than expected.
Our acquisitions and the related integration activities involve a number of risks, including the following:
•The transition services that a seller may have agreed to provide following the closing may not be provided in a timely or efficient manner, or certain necessary transition services may not be provided at all;
•Unforeseen expenses or delays associated with the acquisition and/or integration;
•The assumptions underlying our expectations regarding the integration process or the expected benefits to be achieved from an acquisition may prove to be incorrect;
•Maintaining employee morale and retaining key management and other employees;
•Difficulties retaining the business and operational relationships of the acquired business, and attracting new business and operational relationships;
•Unanticipated attrition in the membership of the acquired business pending the completion of the proposed transaction or after the closing of the transaction;
•Unanticipated difficulties or costs in integrating information technology, communications and other systems, consolidating corporate and administrative infrastructures, and eliminating duplicative operations;
•Attention to integration activities may divert management’s attention from ongoing business concerns, which could result in performance shortfalls;
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•Successfully addressing the challenges inherent in managing a larger company and coordinating geographically separate organizations; and
•Delays in obtaining, or inability to obtain, necessary state or federal regulatory approvals, or such approvals may impose conditions that were not anticipated.
Many of these factors are outside of our control, and any one of them could result in delays, increased costs, decreases in the amount of expected revenues, and diversion of management's time and energy, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations. There can be no assurances that we will be successful in managing our expanded operations as a result of acquisitions or that we will realize the expected growth in earnings, operating efficiencies, cost savings, or other benefits.
We may be unable to sustain our projected rate of growth due to a lack of merger and acquisition opportunities.
Over the last five years we have closed on eight merger and acquisition transactions generating approximately $11 billion in premium revenue. Many of the targets of such transaction have been non-profit entities. If the number of health care entities willing and able to enter into consolidation transactions with us declines in the future, we may be unable to fully achieve our growth strategy, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.
Failure to attain profitability in any newly acquired health plans or new start-up operations could negatively affect our results of operations.
Start-up costs associated with a new business can be substantial. For example, to obtain a certificate of authority to operate as a health maintenance organization in most jurisdictions, we must first establish a provider network, develop and establish infrastructure and required systems, and demonstrate our ability to process claims. In 2023, we incurred substantial one-time contract implementation costs related to our expansions in Los Angeles County, Iowa, and Nebraska. Often, we are also required to contribute significant capital to fund mandated net worth requirements, performance bonds or escrows, or contingency guaranties. If we are unsuccessful in obtaining a certificate of authority, winning the bid to provide services, building out our provider network, or attracting and retaining members in sufficient numbers to cover our start-up costs, the new business could fail, or the losses we incur could impact our results of operations. The expenses associated with starting up a health plan in a new jurisdiction, expanding a health plan in an existing jurisdiction, or acquiring a new health plan, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.
If we lose contracts that constitute a significant amount of our premium revenue, we will lose the administrative cost efficiencies or cost leverage that is inherent in a larger revenue base. In such circumstances, we may not be able to reduce fixed costs proportionally with our lower revenue, and the financial impact of lost contracts may exceed the net income ascribed to those contracts.
We currently spread the cost of centralized services over a large revenue base. Many of our administrative costs are fixed in nature and will be incurred at the same level regardless of the size of our revenue base. If we lose contracts that constitute a significant amount of our revenue, we may not be able to reduce the expense of centralized services in a manner that is proportional to that loss of revenue. In such circumstances, not only will our total dollar margins decline, but our percentage margins, measured as a percentage of revenue, will also decline. This loss of cost efficiency or cost leverage, and the resulting stranded administrative costs, could have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.
Our health plans are subject to risk associated with various contractual provisions and regulations establishing medical cost expenditure floors, profit ceilings, risk corridors, and quality withholds.
A substantial portion of our premium revenue is subject to contract provisions pertaining to medical cost expenditure floors and corridors, administrative cost and profit ceilings, premium stabilization programs, and cost-plus and performance-based reimbursement programs. Many of these contract provisions are complex, or are poorly or ambiguously drafted, and thus are subject to differing interpretations by us and the relevant government agency with whom we contract. If the applicable government agency disagrees with our interpretation or implementation of a particular contract provision, we could be required to adjust the amount of our obligation under that provision. Any such adjustment could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.
In addition, many of our contracts contain provisions pertaining to at-risk premiums that require us to meet certain quality performance measures to earn all of our contract revenues. If we are unsuccessful in achieving the stated
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performance measure, we will be unable to recognize the revenue associated with that measure, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.
Our Medicaid premium revenues could be adversely impacted by retroactive adjustments or states’ delays in processing rate changes.
The complexity of some of our Medicaid contract provisions, imprecise language in those contracts, the desire of state Medicaid agencies in some circumstances to retroactively adjust for the acuity of the medical needs of our members, and state delays in processing rate changes, can create uncertainty around the amount of revenue we should recognize. Any circumstance such as those described above could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.
If, in the interest of long-term profitability, we decide to exit certain state contractual arrangements, make changes to our provider networks, or make changes to our administrative infrastructure, we may incur disruptions to our business that could in the short term materially reduce our premium revenues and our net income.
Decisions that we make with regard to retaining or exiting our portfolio of state or federal contracts, and changes to the manner in which we serve the members of those contracts, could generate substantial expenses associated with the run out of existing operations and the restructuring of those operations that remain. Such expenses could include, but would not be limited to, goodwill and intangible asset impairment charges, restructuring costs, additional medical costs incurred due to the inability to leverage long-term relationships with medical providers, and costs incurred to finish the run out of businesses that have ceased to generate revenue, all of which could materially reduce our premium revenues and net income. For example, following our exit from Puerto Rico in October 2020, significant accounts receivable under our Puerto Rico Medicaid contract remain uncollected, which we ultimately may never recover.
A failure to accurately estimate incurred but not paid medical care costs may negatively impact our results of operations.
Because of the lag in time between when medical services are actually rendered by our providers and when we receive, process, and pay a claim for those medical services, we must continually estimate our medical claims liability at particular points in time and establish claims reserves related to such estimates. Our estimated reserves for such incurred but not paid, or IBNP, medical care costs are based on numerous assumptions. We estimate our medical claims liabilities using actuarial methods based on historical data adjusted for claims receipt and payment experience (and variations in that experience), changes in membership, provider billing practices, healthcare service utilization trends, cost trends, product mix, seasonality, prior authorization of medical services, benefit changes, known incidence of disease, including COVID-19, or increased incidence of illness such as the flu, provider contract changes, changes to Medicaid fee schedules, and the incidence of high dollar or catastrophic claims. Our ability to accurately estimate claims for our newer lines of business or populations is negatively impacted by the more limited experience we have had with those newer lines of business or populations.
The IBNP estimation methods we use and the resulting reserves that we establish are reviewed and updated, and adjustments, if deemed necessary, are reflected in the current period. Given the numerous uncertainties inherent in such estimates, our actual claims liabilities for a particular quarter or other period could differ significantly from the amounts estimated and reserved for that quarter or period. Our actual claims liabilities have varied and will continue to vary from our estimates, particularly in times of significant changes in utilization, medical cost trends, and populations and markets served.
If our actual liability for claims payments is higher than previously estimated, our earnings in any particular quarter or annual period could be negatively affected. Our estimates of IBNP may be inadequate in the future, which would negatively affect our results of operations for the relevant time period. Furthermore, if we are unable to accurately estimate IBNP, our ability to take timely corrective actions may be limited, further exacerbating the extent of the negative impact on our results.
If we fail to accurately predict and effectively manage our medical care costs, our operating results could be materially and adversely affected.
Our profitability depends to a significant degree on our ability to accurately predict and effectively manage our medical care costs. Historically, our medical care ratio, meaning our medical care costs as a percentage of our premium revenue, has fluctuated substantially, and has varied across our health plans. Because the premium payments we receive are generally fixed in advance and we operate with a narrow profit margin, relatively small changes in our medical care ratio can create significant changes in our overall financial results. For example, if our overall medical care ratio of 88.1% for the year ended December 31, 2023, had been one percentage point higher,
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or 89.1%, our net income per diluted share for the year ended December 31, 2023 would have been approximately $14.51 rather than our actual net income per diluted share of $18.77, a difference of $4.26.
Many factors may affect our medical care costs, including:
•the level of utilization of healthcare services;
•changes in the underlying risk acuity of our membership;
•unexpected patterns in the annual flu season;
•increases in hospital costs;
•increased incidences or acuity of high dollar claims related to catastrophic illnesses or medical conditions for which we do not have adequate reinsurance coverage;
•increased maternity costs;
•changes in state eligibility certification methodologies;
•relatively low levels of hospital and specialty provider competition in certain geographic areas;
•increases in the cost of pharmaceutical products and services;
•changes in healthcare regulations and practices;
•epidemics or pandemics, such as COVID-19;
•new medical technologies; and
•other various external factors.
Many of these factors are beyond our control. The inability to forecast and manage our medical care costs or to establish and maintain a satisfactory medical care ratio, either with respect to a particular health plan or across the consolidated entity, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.
If we are unable to deliver quality care, and maintain good relations with the physicians, hospitals, and other providers with whom we contract, or if we are unable to enter into cost-effective contracts with such providers, our profitability could be adversely affected.
We contract with physicians, hospitals, and other providers as a means to ensure access to healthcare services for our members, to manage medical care costs and utilization, and to better monitor the quality of care being delivered. We compete with other health plans to contract with these providers. We believe providers select plans in which they participate based on criteria including reimbursement rates, timeliness and accuracy of claims payment, potential to deliver new patient volume and/or retain existing patients, effectiveness of resolution of calls and complaints, and other factors. There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully attract and retain providers to maintain a competitive network in the geographic areas we serve. In addition, in any particular market, providers could refuse to contract with us, demand higher payments, or take other actions which could result in higher medical care costs, disruption to provider access for current members, a decline in our growth rate, or difficulty in meeting regulatory or accreditation requirements.
The Medicaid program generally pays doctors and hospitals at levels well below those of Medicare and private insurance. Large numbers of doctors, therefore, do not accept Medicaid patients. In the face of fiscal pressures, some states may reduce rates paid to providers, which may further discourage participation in the Medicaid program.
In some markets, certain providers, particularly hospitals and some specialists, may have significant market positions or even monopolies. If these providers refuse to contract with us or utilize their market position to negotiate favorable contracts which are disadvantageous to us, our profitability in those areas could be adversely affected.
Some providers that render services to our members are not contracted with our health plans. In those cases, there is no pre-established understanding between the provider and our health plan about the amount of compensation that is due to the provider. If providers claim they are underpaid for their services, they may either litigate or arbitrate their dispute with our health plan. State and federal laws intended to prevent or limit “surprise billing,” such as the No Surprises Act, define the compensation that must be paid to out-of-network providers in certain scenarios and require rate disputes between payors and out-of-network providers to be resolved through independent dispute resolution (“IDR”). There have been lawsuits challenging portions of the No Surprises Act in federal courts, particularly related to the use of the qualifying payment amount (“QPA”) in the IDR process, which may result in an increase in rates we must pay to out-of-network providers. Federal agencies have continued to issue guidance regarding the implementation of the No Surprises Act, and we expect the agencies’ interpretations of law’s requirements will continue to evolve. The impact that federal and state surprise billing laws will have on our business is uncertain and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.
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We rely on the accuracy of eligibility lists provided by state governments. Inaccuracies in those lists would negatively affect our results of operations.
Premium payments to our health plans are based upon eligibility lists produced by state governments. From time to time, states require us to reimburse them for premiums paid to us based on an eligibility list that a state later discovers contains individuals who are not in fact eligible for a government sponsored program or are eligible for a different premium category or a different program. Alternatively, a state could fail to pay us for members for whom we are entitled to payment. Our results of operations would be adversely affected as a result of such reimbursement to the state if we make or have made related payments to providers and are unable to recoup such payments from the providers. Further, when a state implements new programs to determine eligibility, establishes new processes to assign or enroll eligible members into health plans, or chooses new subcontractors, there is an increased potential for an unanticipated impact on the overall number of members assigned to managed care health plans. Whenever a state effects an eligibility redetermination for any reason, there is generally an associated reduction in Medicaid membership, which could have an adverse effect on our premium revenues and results of operations.
The insolvency of a delegated provider could obligate us to pay its referral claims, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.
Many of our primary care physicians and a small portion of our specialists and hospitals are paid on a capitated basis. Under capitation arrangements, we pay a fixed amount per member per month to the provider without regard to the frequency, extent, or nature of the medical services actually furnished. Due to insolvency or other circumstances, such providers may be unable or unwilling to pay claims they have incurred with third parties in connection with referral services provided to our members. The inability or unwillingness of delegated providers to pay referral claims presents us with both immediate financial risk and potential disruption to member care, as well as potential loss of members. Depending on states’ laws, we may be held liable for such unpaid referral claims even though the delegated provider has contractually assumed such risk. Additionally, competitive pressures or practical regulatory considerations may force us to pay such claims even when we have no legal obligation to do so; or we have already paid claims to a delegated provider and such payments cannot be recouped when the delegated provider becomes insolvent. Liabilities incurred or losses suffered as a result of provider insolvency or other circumstances could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.
Receipt of inadequate or significantly delayed premiums could negatively affect our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.
Our premium revenues consist of fixed monthly payments per member, and supplemental payments for other services such as maternity deliveries. These premiums are fixed by contract, and we are obligated during the contract periods to provide healthcare services as established by the state governments. We use a large portion of our revenues to pay the costs of healthcare services delivered to our members. If premiums do not increase when expenses related to healthcare services rise, our medical margins will be compressed, and our earnings will be negatively affected. A state could increase hospital or other provider rates without making a commensurate increase in the rates paid to us, could lower our rates without making a commensurate reduction in the rates paid to hospitals or other providers, or could delay the processing of rate changes. In addition, if the actuarial assumptions made by a state in implementing a rate or benefit change are incorrect or are at variance with the particular utilization patterns of the members of one or more of our health plans, our medical margins could be reduced. Any of these rate adjustments in one or more of the states in which we operate could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.
If a state fails to renew its federal waiver application for mandated Medicaid enrollment into managed care or such application is denied, our membership in that state will likely decrease.
States may only mandate Medicaid enrollment into managed care under federal waivers or demonstrations. Waivers and programs under demonstrations are approved for two- to five-year periods and can be renewed on an ongoing basis if the state applies and the waiver request is approved or renewed by CMS. We have no control over this renewal process. If a state in which we operate does not renew its mandated program or the federal government denies the state’s application for renewal, our business would suffer as a result of a likely decrease in membership.
Our business depends on our information and medical management systems, and our inability to effectively integrate, manage, update, and keep secure our information and medical management systems could disrupt our operations.
Our business is dependent on effective and secure information systems that assist us in processing provider claims, monitoring utilization and other cost factors, supporting our medical management techniques, providing data to our
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regulators, and implementing our data security measures. Our members and providers also depend upon our information systems for enrollment, premium processing, primary care and specialist physician roster access, membership verifications, claims status, provider payments, and other information. If we experience a reduction in the performance, reliability, or availability of our information and medical management systems, our operations, ability to pay claims, ability to produce timely and accurate reports, and ability to maintain proper security measures could be adversely affected.
We have partnered with third parties to support our information technology systems. This makes our operations vulnerable to adverse effects if such third parties fail to perform adequately. For example, in February 2019, we entered into a master services agreement with a third party vendor who manages certain of our information technology infrastructure services including, among other things, our information technology operations, end-user services, and data centers. If any licensor or vendor of any technology which is integral to our operations were to become insolvent or otherwise fail to support the technology sufficiently, our operations could be negatively affected. Additionally, our operations are vulnerable to adverse effects if such third parties are unable to perform due to forces outside of their control, such as a natural disaster or serious weather event. For example, in 2021, our third party call center, located in the province of Cebu in the Philippines, suffered significant disruptions as a result of the destruction caused by Super Typhoon Rai.
Our encounter data, or the encounter data of the health plans we acquire, may be inaccurate or incomplete, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and ability to bid for, and continue to participate in, certain programs.
Our contracts require the submission of complete and correct encounter data. The accurate and timely reporting of encounter data is increasingly important to the success of our programs because more states are using encounter data to determine compliance with performance standards and to set premium rates. We have been, and continue to be, exposed to operating sanctions and financial fines and penalties for noncompliance. In some instances, our government clients have established retroactive requirements for the encounter data we must submit. There also may be periods of time in which we are unable to meet existing requirements. In either case, it may be prohibitively expensive or impossible for us to collect or reconstruct this historical data. Moreover, these same issues may also apply to the health plans we acquire, and we may be required to expend significant costs or pay fines to correct these deficiencies.
In the past, we have experienced challenges in obtaining complete and accurate encounter data due to difficulties with providers and third-party vendors submitting claims in a timely fashion in the proper format, and with state agencies in coordinating such submissions. As states increase their reliance on encounter data, these difficulties could adversely affect the premium rates we receive and how membership is assigned to us and subject us to financial penalties, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations, and on our ability to bid for, and continue to participate in, certain programs.
We may not be successful in our artificial intelligence (“AI”) administrative and operational initiatives, which could adversely affect our business, reputation, or financial results.
As part of our operating efficiencies, we are making appreciable investments in certain AI administrative tools and initiatives to enhance our operations and to save costs. There are risks associated with the development and deployment of AI, and there can be no assurance that the usage of AI will enhance our operations or reduce our operational costs. Our AI-related efforts may give rise to risks related to accuracy, bias, discrimination, intellectual property infringement, data privacy, and cybersecurity, among others. In addition, these risks include the possibility of new or enhanced governmental or regulatory scrutiny, litigation, or other legal liability, ethical concerns, negative consumer perceptions as to automation and AI, or other complications that could adversely affect our business, reputation, or financial results. The development and use of AI technologies is still in its early stages. Thus, it is not possible to predict all of the risks and potentially unintended consequences related to the use of AI by vendors, third-party developers, or the Company.
An impairment charge with respect to our recorded goodwill, or our finite-lived intangible assets, could have a material impact on our financial results.
As of December 31, 2023, the carrying amount of goodwill was $1,241 million, and intangible assets, net, were $208 million.
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase consideration over the fair value of net assets acquired in business combinations. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment on an annual basis and more frequently if impairment indicators are present. Impairment indicators may include experienced or expected operating cash-flow deterioration or losses, significant losses of membership, loss of state funding, loss of state contracts, and other
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factors. Goodwill is impaired if the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value. This excess is recorded as an impairment loss and adjusted if necessary for the impact of tax-deductible goodwill. The loss recognized may not exceed the total goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.
An event could occur that would cause us to revise our estimates and assumptions used in analyzing the value of our goodwill, and intangible assets, net. For example, if the responsive bid of one or more of our health plans is not successful, we will lose a contract in the applicable state or states and such loss may be an indicator of impairment. If an event or events occur that would cause us to revise our estimates and assumptions used in analyzing the value of our goodwill and other intangible assets, such revision could result in a non-cash impairment charge that could have a material impact on our results of operations in the period in which the impairment occurs.
The May 2020 contract award to our Kentucky Medicaid plan is the subject of a pending appeal before the Kentucky Supreme Court.
On September 4, 2020, Anthem Kentucky Managed Care Plan, Inc. brought an action in Franklin County Circuit Court against the Kentucky Finance and Administration Cabinet, the Kentucky Cabinet for Health and Family Services, and all of the five winning bidder health plans, including our Kentucky health plan. This matter is now pending before the Kentucky Supreme Court, and no assurances can be given regarding the ultimate outcome. In the event the contract award to our Kentucky health plan is overturned, the business and revenue of our Kentucky health plan may be materially and adversely affected.
The value of our investments is influenced by varying economic and market conditions, and a decrease in value may result in a loss charged to income.
We maintain a significant investment portfolio of cash equivalents and short-term and long-term investments in a variety of securities, which are subject to general credit, liquidity, market and interest rate risks. As a result, we may experience a reduction in value or loss of our investments, which may have a negative adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition. Changes in the economic environment, including periods of increased volatility in the securities markets and recent increases in inflation and interest rates, can increase the difficulty of assessing investment impairment and increase the risk of potential impairment of these assets. There is continuing risk that declines in the fair value of our investments may occur and material impairments may be charged to income in future periods, resulting in recognized losses.
RISKS RELATED TO OUR INDUSTRY
Our Medicaid enrollees continue to be subject to eligibility redeterminations and potential disenrollments on a state by state basis, and the number and health acuity level of Medicaid enrollees we retain may be lower than our current estimates.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Medicaid enrollment across the country, as well as our enrollment, grew substantially compared to before the pandemic. Beginning April 1, 2023, Medicaid eligibility redeterminations commenced, and are expected to be concluded by June 2024. The total number of Medicaid enrollees who may be disenrolled during the unwinding period is uncertain. In 2023, we estimate we lost approximately 500,000 members due to redeterminations (offset by new enrollment), and we expect to lose an additional 100,000 members in 2024. Based on our experience to date, we expect that we will retain approximately 40% of the new Medicaid enrollees who joined our health plans during the pendency of the PHE. However, this expectation is subject to a number of uncertain variables and assumptions. Moreover, actuarial assumptions related to the health acuity of the remaining members may become more difficult to predict or may be inaccurate, resulting in inaccurate rates to be paid to health plans. Errors in our estimates related to redeterminations and disenrollment, and actuarial errors related to the acuity of Medicaid members may materially impact our business, financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations.
CMS will end the current MMP program no later than December 2025, which could impact premium revenue.
To coordinate care for those who qualify to receive both Medicare and Medicaid services (the “dual eligibles”), under the direction of CMS some states implemented demonstration pilot programs to integrate Medicare and Medicaid services for the dual eligibles. The health plans participating in such demonstrations are referred to as MMPs. Pursuant to the 2023 CMS Medicare Final Rule, which requires MMP plans to end no later than December 2025, the five states in which we operate MMPs - Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, South Carolina, and Texas - have filed transition plans with CMS to move to D-SNPs by January 1, 2026. Illinois and Ohio have included plans to transition to Fully Integrated D-SNPs. Michigan, South Carolina, and Texas are electing to transition to Highly Integrated D-SNPs. We anticipate states to release procurements to contract with D-SNPs in 2024. The economic impact of such transitions to D-SNP on our premium revenue is uncertain at this point.
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Moreover, both states and CMS are requiring increasing integration of Medicare and Medicaid programmatic and compliance obligations. Medicare requirements developed by CMS, which were formerly entirely federal in nature, are now being extended to or incorporated into state-administered Medicaid programs. These new state-based requirements could impact our readiness status or eligibility under certain state Medicaid programs or contracts.
Further, the Star Rating System utilized by CMS to evaluate Medicare plans may have a significant effect on our revenue, as higher-rated plans tend to experience increased enrollment and plans with a Star rating of 4.0 or higher are eligible for quality-based bonus payments. Beginning in 2016, those Medicare plans that achieve less than a 3.0 Star rating for three consecutive years will be issued a notice of non-renewal of their contract for the following year. If we do not maintain our Star ratings above 3.0 or continue to improve our Star ratings, fail to meet or exceed our competitors’ Star ratings, or if quality-based bonus payments are reduced or eliminated, we may experience a negative impact on our revenues and the benefits that our plans can offer, which could materially and adversely affect the marketability of our plans, our membership levels, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows. Similarly, if we fail to meet or exceed any performance standards imposed by state Medicaid programs in which we participate, we may not receive performance-based bonus payments, may incur penalties, or lose our Medicaid contract.
We are periodically subject to government audits, including CMS RADV audits of our Medicare D-SNP plans to validate diagnostic data, patient claims, and financial reporting. These audits could result in significant adjustments in payments made to our health plans, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. If we fail to report and correct errors discovered through our own auditing procedures or during a RADV audit, or otherwise fail to comply with applicable laws and regulations, we could be subject to fines, civil penalties or other sanctions, which could have a material adverse effect on our ability to participate in these programs, and on our financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. In addition, if a D-SNP or MMP plan pays minimum MLR rebates for three consecutive years, such plan will become ineligible to enroll new members.
Our health plans operate with very low profit margins, and small changes in operating performance or slight changes to our accounting estimates could have a disproportionate impact on our reported net income.
Although most of our health plans over the last several years have generally operated with profit margins higher than those of our direct competitors, nevertheless the profit margins in our industry are low (in the single digits) compared to the profit margins in most other industries. Given these low profit margins, small changes in operating performance or slight changes to our accounting estimates could have a disproportionate impact on our reported net income and adversely affect our business.
If state regulators do not approve payments of dividends and distributions by our subsidiaries, it may negatively affect our ability to meet our debt service and other obligations.
We are a corporate parent holding company and hold most of our assets in, and conduct most of our operations through, our direct subsidiaries. As a holding company, our results of operations depend on the results of operations of our subsidiaries. Moreover, we are dependent on dividends or other intercompany transfers of funds from our subsidiaries to meet our debt service and other obligations. The ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other payments or advances to us depends on their operating results and is subject to applicable laws and restrictions contained in agreements governing the debt of such subsidiaries. In addition, our health plan subsidiaries are subject to laws and regulations that limit the amount of ordinary dividends and distributions that they can pay to us without prior approval of, or notification to, state regulators. In general, our health plans must give thirty days’ advance notice and the opportunity to disapprove “extraordinary” dividends to the respective state departments of insurance for amounts that exceed either (a) ten percent of surplus or net worth at the prior year end or (b) the net income for the prior year, depending on the respective state statute. The discretion of the state regulators, if any, in approving or disapproving a dividend is not clearly defined. Our health plans generally must provide notice to the applicable state regulator prior to paying a dividend or other distribution to us. Our parent company received $705 million and $668 million in dividends from our regulated health plan subsidiaries during 2023 and 2022, respectively. If the regulators were to deny or significantly restrict our subsidiaries’ requests to pay dividends to us, the funds available to our Company as a whole would be limited, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.
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Our use and disclosure of personally identifiable information and other non-public information, including protected health information, is subject to federal and state privacy and security regulations, and our failure or the failure of our vendors to comply with those regulations or to adequately secure the information we hold could result in significant liability or reputational harm.
State and federal laws and regulations including, but not limited to, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, and all regulations promulgated thereunder (collectively, “HIPAA”), the California Consumer Privacy Act (the “CCPA”), the California Privacy Rights Act (the “CPRA”), and the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, govern the collection, dissemination, use, privacy, confidentiality, security, availability, and integrity of personally identifiable information (“PII”), including protected health information (“PHI”). HIPAA establishes basic national privacy and security standards for protection of PHI by covered entities and business associates, including health plans such as ours. HIPAA requires covered entities like us to develop and maintain policies and procedures regarding PHI, and to adopt administrative, physical, and technical safeguards to protect PHI.
HIPAA violations may result in significant civil penalties. HIPAA authorizes state attorneys general to file suit under HIPAA on behalf of state residents. Courts can award damages, costs, and attorneys’ fees related to violations of HIPAA in such cases. We have experienced HIPAA breaches in the past, including breaches affecting over 500 individuals.
Even when HIPAA does not apply, according to the Federal Trade Commission (the “FTC”), failing to take appropriate steps to keep consumers’ personal information secure constitutes unfair acts or practices in or affecting commerce in violation of Section 5(a) of the Federal Trade Commission Act, 15 U.S.C § 45(a). The FTC expects a company’s data security measures to be reasonable and appropriate in light of the sensitivity and volume of consumer information it holds, the size and complexity of its business, and the cost of available tools to improve security and reduce vulnerabilities. Individually identifiable health information is considered sensitive data that merits stronger safeguards. The FTC’s guidance for appropriately securing consumers’ personal information is similar to what is required by the HIPAA security regulations.
In addition, certain state laws govern the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways, thus complicating compliance efforts. For example, California enacted the CCPA, which became effective on January 1, 2020. The CCPA, among other things, creates new data privacy obligations for covered companies and provides new privacy rights to California residents, including the right to opt out of certain disclosures of their information. The CCPA also creates a private right of action with statutory damages for certain data breaches, thereby potentially increasing risks associated with a data breach. On January 1, 2023, the CPRA, which is the successor legislation to the CCPA, became effective. The CPRA amends and expands the CCPA, creating new privacy obligations, consumer privacy rights and enforcement mechanisms.
If we or one or more of our significant vendors do not comply with existing or new laws and regulations related to PHI, PII, or non-public information, we could be subject to criminal or civil sanctions. Any security breach involving the misappropriation, loss, or other unauthorized disclosure or use of confidential member information, whether by us or by our vendors, could subject us to civil and criminal penalties, divert management’s time and energy, and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.
Unforeseen changes in pharmaceutical regulations or market conditions may impact our revenues and adversely affect our results of operations.
Pharmaceutical products and services are a significant component of our healthcare costs. Evolving regulations and state and federal mandates regarding coverage may impact the ability of our health plans to continue to receive existing price discounts on pharmaceutical products for our members. Other factors affecting our pharmaceutical costs include, but are not limited to, the price of pharmaceuticals, geographic variation in utilization of new and existing pharmaceuticals, and changes in discounts. The unpredictable nature of these factors may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.
Increases in our pharmaceutical costs could have a material adverse effect on the level of our medical costs and our results of operations.
Introduction of new high cost specialty drugs and sudden cost spikes for existing drugs increase the risk that the pharmacy cost assumptions used to develop our capitation rates are not adequate to cover the actual pharmacy costs, which jeopardizes the overall actuarial soundness of our rates. Bearing the high costs of new specialty drugs or the high cost inflation of generic drugs without an appropriate rate adjustment or other reimbursement mechanism would have an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, evolving regulations and state and federal mandates regarding coverage may impact the ability of our health plans to
Molina Healthcare, Inc. 2023 Form 10-K | 29
continue to receive existing price discounts on pharmaceutical products for our members. Other factors affecting our pharmaceutical costs include, but are not limited to, geographic variation in utilization of new and existing pharmaceuticals, changes in discounts, civil investigations, and litigation. Some of our competitors have been subject to substantial sanctions related to allegations of improper transfer pricing practices. Further, our principal pharmacy benefit manager, or PBM, CVS Caremark (“CVS”), is party to certain lawsuits and putative class actions regarding its drug pricing practices and its rebate arrangements with drug manufacturers. The ultimate outcome of these complaints may have an adverse impact on our pharmaceutical costs, or potentially could result in our becoming involved or impleaded into similar or related costly litigation. Although we will continue to work with state Medicaid agencies in an effort to ensure that we receive appropriate and actuarially sound reimbursement for all new drug therapies and pharmaceuticals trends, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in that regard.
Large-scale medical emergencies in one or more states in which we operate our health plans could significantly increase utilization rates and medical costs.
Large-scale medical emergencies can take many forms and be associated with widespread illness or medical conditions. For example, natural disasters, such as a major earthquake or wildfire in California, or a major hurricane affecting Florida, South Carolina or Texas, could have a significant impact on the health of a large number of our covered members. Other conditions that could impact our members include a virulent flu season or epidemic, such as a resurgence of COVID-19, or new viruses for which vaccines may not exist, are not effective, or have not been widely administered.
In addition, federal and state law enforcement officials have issued warnings about potential terrorist activity involving biological or other weapons of mass destruction. All of these conditions, and others, could have a significant impact on the health of the population of wide-spread areas. If one of the states in which we operate were to experience a large-scale natural disaster, a significant terrorist attack, or some other large-scale event affecting the health of a large number of our members, our covered medical expenses in that state would rise, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.
We face various risks inherent in the government contracting process that could materially and adversely affect our business and profitability, including periodic routine and non-routine reviews, audits, and investigations by government agencies.
We are subject to various risks inherent in the government contracting process. These risks include routine and non-routine governmental reviews, audits, and investigations, and compliance with government reporting requirements. Violation of the laws, regulations, or contract provisions governing our operations, or changes in interpretations of those laws and regulations, could result in the imposition of civil or criminal penalties, the cancellation of our government contracts, the suspension or revocation of our licenses, the exclusion from participation in government sponsored health programs, or the revision and recoupment of past payments made based on audit findings. If we are unable to correct any noted deficiencies, or become subject to material fines or other sanctions, we could suffer a substantial reduction in profitability, and could also lose one or more of our government contracts. In addition, government receivables are subject to government audit and negotiation, and government contracts are vulnerable to disagreements with the government. The final amounts we ultimately receive under government contracts may be different from the amounts we initially recognize in our financial statements.
Any changes to the laws and regulations governing our business, or the interpretation and enforcement of those laws or regulations, could require us to modify our operations and could negatively impact our operating results.
Our business is extensively regulated by the federal government and the states in which we operate. The laws and regulations governing our operations are generally intended to benefit and protect health plan members and providers rather than managed care organizations. The government agencies administering these laws and regulations have broad latitude in interpreting and applying them. Changes in the interpretation or application of our contracts could reduce our profitability if we have detrimentally relied on a prior interpretation or application. These laws and regulations, along with the terms of our government contracts, regulate how we do business, what services we offer, and how we interact with our members and the public. For instance, some states mandate minimum medical expense levels as a percentage of premium revenues. These laws and regulations, and their interpretations, are subject to frequent change. The interpretation of certain contract provisions by our governmental regulators may also change. Changes in existing laws or regulations, or their interpretations, or the enactment of new laws or regulations, could reduce our profitability by imposing additional capital requirements, increasing our liability, increasing our administrative and other costs, increasing mandated benefits, forcing us to restructure our
Molina Healthcare, Inc. 2023 Form 10-K | 30
relationships with providers, requiring us to implement additional or different programs and systems, or making it more difficult to predict future results. Thus, any significant changes in existing health care laws or regulations could materially impact our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.
We are subject to extensive fraud and abuse laws that may give rise to lawsuits and claims against us, the outcome of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.
Because we receive payments from federal and state governmental agencies, we are subject to various laws commonly referred to as “fraud and abuse” laws, including federal and state anti-kickback statutes, prohibited referrals, and the federal False Claims Act, which permit agencies and enforcement authorities to institute a suit against us for violations and, in some cases, to seek treble damages, criminal and civil fines, penalties, and assessments. Violations of these laws can also result in exclusion, debarment, temporary or permanent suspension from participation in government healthcare programs, or the institution of corporate integrity agreements. Liability under such federal and state statutes and regulations may arise if we know, or it is determined that we should have known, that information we provide to form the basis for a claim for government payment is false or fraudulent, and some courts have permitted False Claims Act suits to proceed if the claimant was out of compliance with program requirements.
Fraud, waste and abuse prohibitions encompass a wide range of operating activities, including kickbacks or other inducements for referral of members or for the coverage of products (such as prescription drugs) by a plan, billing for unnecessary medical services by a provider, upcoding, payments made to excluded providers, improper marketing, and the violation of patient privacy rights. In particular, there has recently been increased scrutiny by the Department of Justice on health plans’ risk adjustment practices, particularly in the Medicare program. Companies involved in government healthcare programs such as Medicaid and Medicare are required to maintain compliance programs to detect and deter fraud, waste and abuse, and are often the subject of fraud, waste and abuse investigations and audits.
The federal government has taken the position that claims presented in violation of the federal anti-kickback statute may be considered a violation of the federal False Claims Act. In addition, under the federal civil monetary penalty statute, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ Office of Inspector General has the authority to impose civil penalties against any person who, among other things, knowingly presents, or causes to be presented, certain false or otherwise improper claims. Qui tam actions under federal and state law are brought by a private individual, known as a relator, on behalf of the government. A relator who brings a successful qui tam lawsuit can receive 15 to 30 percent of the damages the government recovers from the defendants, which damages are trebled under the False Claims Act. Because of these financial inducements offered to plaintiffs, qui tam actions have increased significantly in recent years, causing greater numbers of healthcare companies to incur the costs of having to defend false claims actions, many of which are spurious and without merit. In addition, meritorious false claims actions could result in fines, or debarment from the Medicare, Medicaid, or other state or federal healthcare programs. If we are subject to liability under a qui tam or other actions, our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations could be adversely affected. Even if we are successful in defending qui tam actions against us, the fact that these actions were filed against us, even if ultimately determined to be without merit, could result in expensive defense costs, and also could have an adverse impact on our reputation and our ability to obtain regulatory approval for acquisitions that we may pursue.
Adverse credit market conditions may have a material adverse effect on our liquidity or our ability to obtain credit on acceptable terms.
In the past, the securities and credit markets have experienced extreme volatility and disruption. The availability of credit, from virtually all types of lenders, has at times been restricted. In the event we need access to additional capital to pay our operating expenses, fund subsidiary surplus requirements, make payments on or refinance our indebtedness, pay capital expenditures, or fund acquisitions, our ability to obtain such capital may be limited and the cost of any such capital may be significant, particularly if we are unable to access our existing revolving credit facility.
Our access to additional financing will depend on a variety of factors such as prevailing economic and credit market conditions, the general availability of credit, the overall availability of credit to our industry, our credit ratings and credit capacity, and perceptions of our financial prospects. Similarly, our access to funds may be impaired if regulatory authorities or rating agencies take negative actions against us. If one or any combination of these factors were to occur, our internal sources of liquidity may prove to be insufficient, and in such case, we may not be able to successfully obtain sufficient additional financing on favorable terms, within an acceptable time, or at all.
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We are party to a credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) which includes a revolving credit facility (“Credit Facility”) of $1.0 billion, among other provisions. Our Credit Agreement, and the indentures governing our notes, require us to comply with various covenants that impose restrictions on our operations, including our ability to incur additional indebtedness, create liens, pay dividends, make certain investments or other restricted payments, sell or otherwise dispose of substantially all of our assets and engage in other activities. Our Credit Agreement also requires us to comply with a maximum consolidated net leverage ratio and a minimum consolidated interest coverage ratio. These restrictive covenants could limit our ability to pursue our business strategies. In addition, any failure by us to comply with these restrictive covenants could result in an event of default under the Credit Agreement and, in some circumstances, under the indentures governing our notes, which, in any case, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.
GENERAL RISK FACTORS
We are dependent on the leadership of our chief executive officer and other executive officers and key employees.
The success of our business and the ability to execute our strategy are highly dependent on the efforts of Mr. Zubretsky, our chief executive officer, and our other key executive officers and employees. The loss of their leadership, expertise, and experience could negatively impact our operations. Our ability to replace them or any other key employee may be difficult and may take an extended period of time because of the limited number of individuals in the healthcare industry who have the breadth and depth of skills and experience necessary to operate and lead a business such as ours. Competition to hire from this limited pool is intense, and we may be unable to hire, train, retain, or motivate these personnel. If we are unsuccessful in recruiting, retaining, managing, and motivating such personnel, our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations could be adversely affected.
We face risks related to litigation.
We are subject to a variety of legal actions that may affect our business, including but not limited to provider claims, employment related disputes and employee benefit claims, breach of contract actions, qui tam or False Claims Act actions, administrative matters before government agencies, tort claims, intellectual property-related litigation, and class actions of various kind. These actions or proceedings could result in substantial costs to us, require management to spend substantial time focused on litigation, result in negative media attention, and may adversely affect our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. If we incur liability materially in excess of the amount for which we have insurance coverage, our profitability would suffer.
Failure to maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and stock price, and could subject us to sanctions by regulatory authorities.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting in the past, which have subsequently been remediated. If additional material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting are discovered or occur in the future, the risk of material misstatements in our consolidated financial statements may increase and we could be required to restate our financial results.
Because our corporate headquarters are located in Southern California, our business operations may be disrupted as a result of a major earthquake or wildfire.
Our corporate headquarters are located in Long Beach, California. In addition, some of our health plans’ claims are processed in Long Beach, California. Southern California is exposed to a statistically greater risk of a major earthquake and wildfires than most other parts of the United States. If a major earthquake or wildfire were to strike Southern California, our corporate functions and claims processing could be impaired for an unforeseen period of time. If there is a major Southern California earthquake or wildfire, there can be no assurances that our disaster recovery plan will be successful or that the business operations of our health plans, including those that are remote from any such event, would not be impacted.
Molina Healthcare, Inc. 2023 Form 10-K | 32

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Item 2. PROPERTIES
We own and lease certain real properties to support the business operations of our reportable segments. In 2022, we completed a plan to reduce the real estate footprint used in our business operations to accommodate our move to a permanent remote work environment, a model we have been working under successfully for over three years. Our remaining office space is being reconfigured and optimized for utilization and efficiency. While we believe our current and anticipated facilities are adequate to meet our operational needs in the near term, we continually evaluate the adequacy of our properties for our anticipated future needs.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
For information regarding legal proceedings, see the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 15, “Commitments and Contingencies-Legal Proceedings.”
PART II

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
Item 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
STOCK REPURCHASE PROGRAMS
In September 2023, our board of directors authorized the purchase of up to $750 million of our common stock. This new program supersedes the stock purchase program previously approved by our board of directors in November 2022 and extends through December 31, 2024. The exact timing and amount of any repurchase is determined by management based on market conditions and share price, in addition to other factors, and subject to the restrictions relating to volume, price, and timing under applicable law.
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Purchases of common stock made by us, or on our behalf, during the fourth quarter of 2023, including shares withheld by us to satisfy our employees’ income tax obligations, are set forth below:
Total Number
of Shares
Purchased (1)
Average Price Paid per Share Total Number of Shares
Purchased as Part of
Publicly
Announced
Plans or
Programs Approximate Dollar Value
of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (2)
October 1 - October 31 1,700 $ 328.24 - $ 750,000,000
November 1 - November 30 - $ - - $ 750,000,000
December 1 - December 31 - $ - - $ 750,000,000
Total 1,700 $ 328.24 -
_______________________
(1)During the fourth quarter of 2023, we withheld approximately 1,700 shares of common stock to settle employee income tax obligations for releases of awards granted under the Molina Healthcare, Inc. 2019 Equity Incentive Plan.
(2)For further information on our stock repurchase programs, refer to the accompanying Notes to Financial Statements, Note 13, “Stockholders' Equity.”
STOCK PERFORMANCE GRAPH
The following graph and related discussion are being furnished solely to accompany this Form 10-K pursuant to Item 201(e) of Regulation S-K and shall not be deemed to be “soliciting materials” or to be “filed” with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) (other than as provided in Item 201) nor shall this information be incorporated by reference into any future filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language contained therein, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate it by reference into a filing.
The following line graph compares the percentage change in the cumulative total return on our common stock against the cumulative total return of the Standard & Poor’s Corporation Composite 500 Index (the “S&P 500”) and a peer group index for the five-year period from December 31, 2018 to December 31, 2023. The comparison assumes $100 was invested on December 31, 2018, in our common stock and in each of the foregoing indices and assumes reinvestment of dividends. The stock performance shown on the graph below represents historical stock price performance and is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.
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The peer group index consists of Acadia Healthcare Company, Inc. (ACHC), Elevance Health, Inc. (ELV), Centene Corporation (CNC), Cigna Corporation (CI), Community Health Systems, Inc. (CYH), HCA Healthcare, Inc. (HCA), Humana, Inc. (HUM), Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (LH), Quest Diagnostics Incorporated (DGX), Tenet Healthcare Corporation (THC) and Universal Health Services, Inc. (UHS).
STOCK TRADING SYMBOL AND DIVIDENDS
Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the trading symbol “MOH.” As of February 9, 2024, there were 14 registered holders of record of our common stock, including Cede & Co. To date we have not paid cash dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings to fund our projected business operations. However, we intend to periodically evaluate our cash position to determine whether to pay a cash dividend in the future. Any future determination to pay dividends will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon, among other factors, our results of operations, financial condition, capital requirements and contractual and regulatory restrictions. For more information regarding restrictions on the ability of our regulated subsidiaries to pay dividends to us, please see the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 15, “Commitments and Contingencies-Regulatory Capital Requirements and Dividend Restrictions.”
UNREGISTERED SALES OF SECURITIES
None.
Molina Healthcare, Inc. 2023 Form 10-K | 36

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (“MD&A”)
Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, are presented in the sections that follow. Our MD&A as of and for the year ended December 31, 2021, may be found in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, which prior disclosure is incorporated by reference herein. The following discussion and analysis does not include certain items related to the year ended December 31, 2021, including year-to-year comparisons between the year ended December 31, 2022 and the year ended December 31, 2021. For a comparison of our results of operations for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, see “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on February 13, 2022.
OVERVIEW
Molina Healthcare, Inc., a FORTUNE 500 company, provides managed healthcare services under the Medicaid and Medicare programs, and through the state insurance marketplaces (the “Marketplace”). We served approximately 5.0 million members as of December 31, 2023, located across 20 states.
2023 HIGHLIGHTS
Highlights of our full-year 2023 results included the following:
•Net income of $1,091 million, or $18.77 per diluted share, compared to $792 million, or $13.55 per diluted share in 2022;
•Membership of 5.0 million at December 31, 2023, mainly reflects the impact of our growth initiatives, which partially offset the impact of Medicaid redeterminations;
•Total revenue of $34.1 billion, which increased 7% compared to 2022;
•Premium revenue of $32.5 billion, which increased 5% compared to 2022;
•Consolidated medical care ratio (“MCR”) of 88.1%, compared to 88.0% in 2022;
•General and administrative expense ratio (“G&A ratio”) of 7.2%, equal to 7.2% in 2022;
•Investment income of $394 million, which more than doubled compared to 2022; and
•After-tax margin of 3.2%, which improved compared to 2.5% in 2022.
Growth Initiatives
In addition to delivering strong 2023 financial results, we continued to execute on our profitable growth strategy. To recap the growth milestones achieved in 2023 and early 2024:
•In January, we successfully re-procured our contract in Texas for the state’s STAR+PLUS program, retaining all eight regions and expecting to grow our market share;
•In July, we successfully launched our Iowa Medicaid plan which we won in a highly competitive process in late 2022;
•In August, we announced that we were awarded a contract to once again serve Medicaid beneficiaries in the state of New Mexico;
•In September, we closed on the My Choice Wisconsin acquisition, further expanding on our market leading LTSS franchise;
•Effective January 1, 2024, we closed our acquisition of Bright Health’s California Medicare business (Brand New Day and Central Health Plan of California);
•On January 1, 2024, we successfully launched our Nebraska health plan; and finally,
•On January 1, 2024, we launched our expanded California Medicaid platform, including Los Angeles county, which approximately doubled the size of our business in the state.
Collectively, these acquisitions and requests for proposal (“RFP”) successes represent $7 billion of annual premium, which was partially realized in 2023, is expected to be mostly realized in 2024 and is expected to be fully realized in 2025.
Molina Healthcare, Inc. 2023 Form 10-K | 37
FINANCIAL RESULTS SUMMARY
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022
(In millions, except per-share amounts)
Premium revenue $ 32,529 $ 30,883
Less: medical care costs 28,669 27,175
Medical margin 3,860 3,708
MCR (1)
88.1 % 88.0 %
Other revenues:
Premium tax revenue 1,069 873
Investment income 394 143
Other revenue 80 75
General and administrative expenses 2,462 2,311
G&A ratio (2)
7.2 % 7.2 %
Premium tax expenses 1,069 873
Depreciation and amortization 171 176
Impairment - 208
Other 128 58
Operating income 1,573 1,173
Interest expense 109 110
Income before income tax expense 1,464 1,063
Income tax expense 373 271
Net income $ 1,091 $ 792
Net income per diluted share $ 18.77 $ 13.55
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding 58.1 58.5
Other Key Statistics:
Ending Membership 5.0 5.3
Effective income tax rate 25.5 % 25.5 %
After-tax margin (3)
3.2 % 2.5 %
__________________
(1)MCR represents medical care costs as a percentage of premium revenue.
(2)G&A ratio represents general and administrative expenses as a percentage of total revenue.
(3)After-tax margin represents net income as a percentage of total revenue.
CONSOLIDATED RESULTS
NET INCOME AND OPERATING INCOME
Net income amounted to $1,091 million, or $18.77 per diluted share in 2023, compared with net income of $792 million, or $13.55 per diluted share, in 2022.
Operating income was $1,573 million in 2023, compared with $1,173 million in 2022. The increase in operating income was mainly due to higher premium revenues and medical margin, increased investment income, and the impact of the real estate impairment recognized in 2022.
Molina Healthcare, Inc. 2023 Form 10-K | 38
PREMIUM REVENUE
Premium revenue increased $1.6 billion, or 5%, in 2023, when compared with 2022, driven by the impact of our growth initiatives and changes in business and membership mix in our Medicaid and Medicare segments, which partially offset the impacts of Medicaid redetermination and the expected decline in the Marketplace segment.
MEDICAL CARE RATIO
The consolidated MCR increased to 88.1% in 2023, compared with 88.0% in 2022. The results include an increase in the Medicaid and Medicare segments, including a modest acuity impact from Medicaid redetermination and the impact of changes in business mix, partially offset by certain rate actions, a decrease in the Marketplace MCR, and continued strong operating performance and medical cost management. See further discussion in “Reportable Segments-Segment Financial Performance,” below.
Prior year reserve development has been favorable for 2023, but its impact on earnings has been mostly absorbed by minimum MLRs and medical cost corridors.
PREMIUM TAX REVENUE AND EXPENSES
The premium tax ratio increased to 3.2% in 2023, compared with 2.7% in 2022, due mainly to the reinstatement of the California managed care organization (“MCO”) tax by the state’s Department of Health Care Services in the fourth quarter of 2023, on a retroactive basis effective April 1, 2023. Accordingly, we recorded $376 million of premium tax expense and corresponding premium tax revenue in the fourth quarter of 2023. The California MCO tax was previously in effect for the entire year ended 2022.
INVESTMENT INCOME
Investment income increased to $394 million in 2023, compared with $143 million in 2022. The increase was mainly driven by higher levels of invested assets and higher interest rates.
OTHER REVENUE
Other revenue increased slightly to $80 million in 2023, compared with $75 million in 2022. Other revenue mainly includes service revenue associated with long-term services and supports consultative services we provide in Wisconsin.
GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE (“G&A”) EXPENSES
The G&A ratio was 7.2% in 2023, which is equal to 7.2% in 2022. The G&A ratio in 2023 reflects deployment costs for new business implementation associated with the Iowa Medicaid contract win that started in July 2023, and the Nebraska and California Medicaid contract wins that started in January 2024, and was partially offset by the benefits of scale produced by our growth and continued disciplined cost management.
DEPRECIATION AND AMORTIZATION
Depreciation and amortization was $171 million in 2023, compared with $176 million in 2022. The decrease was due to the impairment discussed below offset by intangible assets recorded from recent acquisitions.
IMPAIRMENT
In 2022, we recognized an impairment of $208 million on right-of-use (“ROU”) lease assets and related property and equipment in connection with the reduction in leased space to accommodate the move to a permanent remote work environment. Approximately $192 million of the impairment is directly associated with the reduction in leased space used in our business operations. We assessed ROU assets for impairment based on a valuation and recoverability analysis, which was determined with the assistance of a third-party real estate specialist. The remaining $16 million of the impairment relates to leasehold improvements and other property and equipment associated with the reduction in leased space.
OTHER OPERATING EXPENSES
Other operating expenses totaled $128 million in 2023, compared with $58 million in 2022. The increase in 2023 reflects a $41 million credit loss on 2022 Marketplace risk adjustment receivables due to the insolvency of an issuer in the Texas risk pool, and expense related to litigation dating back to 2013. See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 15, “Commitments and Contingencies,” for additional information. Other operating expenses also include service costs associated with long-term services and supports consultative services we provide in Wisconsin, as noted above.
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INTEREST EXPENSE
Interest expense was $109 million in 2023, compared with $110 million in 2022.
INCOME TAXES
Income tax expense amounted to $373 million in 2023, or 25.5% of pretax income, compared with income tax expense of $271 million in 2022, or 25.5% of the pretax income.
REPORTABLE SEGMENTS
As of December 31, 2023, we served approximately 5.0 million members eligible for Medicaid, Medicare, and other government-sponsored healthcare programs for low-income families and individuals, including Marketplace members, most of whom receive government premium subsidies.
We currently have reportable segments consisting of: 1) Medicaid; 2) Medicare; 3) Marketplace; and 4) Other.
The Medicaid, Medicare, and Marketplace segments represent the government-funded or sponsored programs under which we offer managed healthcare services. The Other segment, which is insignificant to our consolidated results of operations, includes long-term services and supports consultative services in Wisconsin.
See "Item 1. Business,” for further description of our segments.
HOW WE ASSESS PERFORMANCE
We derive our revenues primarily from health insurance premiums. Our primary customers are state Medicaid agencies and the federal government.
The key metrics used to assess the performance of our Medicaid, Medicare, and Marketplace segments are premium revenue, medical margin and medical care ratio (“MCR”). MCR represents the amount of medical care costs as a percentage of premium revenue. Therefore, the underlying medical margin, or the amount earned by the Medicaid, Medicare, and Marketplace segments after medical costs are deducted from premium revenue, represents the most important measure of earnings reviewed by management, and is used by our chief executive officer to review results, assess performance, and allocate resources. The key metric used to assess the performance of our Other segment is service margin. The service margin is equal to service revenue minus cost of service revenue.
Management’s discussion and analysis of the change in medical margin is discussed below under “Segment Financial Performance.” For more information, see Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 16, “Segments.”
TRENDS AND UNCERTAINTIES
For a discussion of the trends, uncertainties and other developments that affected our reportable segments, refer to “Item 1. Business-Our Business,” “-Trends and Uncertainties,” “-Legislative and Political Environment,” “-Operations-Medical Management,” and “-Regulation.”
SEGMENT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
The following table summarizes our membership by segment as of the dates indicated:
As of December 31,
2023 2022
Medicaid 4,542,000 4,754,000
Medicare 172,000 156,000
Marketplace 281,000 348,000
Total 4,995,000 5,258,000
Molina Healthcare, Inc. 2023 Form 10-K | 40
The tables below summarize premium revenue, medical margin, and MCR by segment for the periods indicated (dollars in millions):
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022
Premium Revenue Medical Margin MCR Premium Revenue Medical Margin MCR
Medicaid $ 26,327 $ 2,973 88.7 % $ 24,827 $ 2,981 88.0 %
Medicare 4,179 388 90.7 3,795 437 88.5
Marketplace 2,023 499 75.3 2,261 290 87.2
Total $ 32,529 $ 3,860 88.1 % $ 30,883 $ 3,708 88.0 %
Medicaid
Key factors affecting results for this segment include:
•Our growth initiatives, including acquisitions and expansion into new states, drove an increase in member months during the year, despite the impact of redeterminations, and changes in membership mix;
•Impact of redetermination, including the loss of approximately 500,000 members, and a moderate impact from the effect of acuity shifts, net of the beneficial impact of risk corridors; and
•Improved operating performance, including medical cost management, and prospective and retrospective rates.
Medicaid premium revenue increased $1.5 billion, or 6% in 2023, when compared with 2022. The increase was mainly due to the impact of our growth initiatives, changes in business and membership mix, and the beneficial impact of risk corridors in several states. We benefited from membership growth related to the suspension of redeterminations through the end of the first quarter of 2023. Additionally, membership increased due to the AgeWell acquisition that closed in the fourth quarter of 2022, the commencement of the Iowa Medicaid contract in July 2023, and the impact from the My Choice Wisconsin acquisition that closed on September 1, 2023. These increases were partially offset by the net membership impact of redetermination. By the end of the third quarter of 2023, all states within our Medicaid footprint had begun disenrolling members, which is expected to continue through the first half of 2024.
The medical margin of our Medicaid program decreased $8 million in 2023, when compared with 2022. The year-over-year change was driven by an increase in MCR, partially offset by the increased premium revenues discussed above.
The Medicaid MCR increased 70 basis points to 88.7% in 2023, from 88.0% in 2022. The increase was mainly attributable to changes in business and membership mix, including acquisitions and commencement of the Iowa contract, and a modest acuity impact from redetermination, partially offset by prospective and retrospective rates, the beneficial impact of risk corridor offsets in several states, and improved operating performance. The Medicaid MCR for the year ended December 31, 2023 is consistent with our long-term target range.
Medicare
Key factors affecting results for this segment include:
•Increased utilization of supplemental benefits, in-home services, and high-cost drugs;
•Our continued expansion in MAPD and D-SNP membership; and
•The impact of lower risk-adjusted premiums associated with the new MAPD and D-SNP members, partially offset by higher risk scores on renewing members.
Medicare premium revenue increased $384 million, or 10%, in 2023 compared to 2022. The increase was primarily due to the impact of MAPD and D-SNP membership expansion, including organic membership growth in existing states and the closing of My Choice Wisconsin on September 1, 2023.
The medical margin for Medicare decreased $49 million in 2023 compared to 2022. The year-over-year decrease was mainly due to the increase in MCR discussed below, partially offset by the increase in the premium revenues.
The Medicare MCR increased to 90.7% in 2023, from 88.5% in 2022, or 220 basis points. The MCR increase was primarily driven by increased utilization of supplemental benefits, in-home services, and high-cost drugs, and the impact of lower risk-adjusted premiums associated with new MAPD and D-SNP members, partially offset by higher
Molina Healthcare, Inc. 2023 Form 10-K | 41
risk scores on renewing members that more closely reflect the acuity of our membership. The Medicare MCR for the year ended December 31, 2023 is above our long-term target range.
Marketplace
Key factors affecting results for this segment include:
•Execution of our product and pricing strategy, which resulted in an overall reduction in membership, repositioning in the metallic tier membership mix, and returning the business to target margins; and
•Achievement of member risk scores and associated risk-adjusted premium that are commensurate with the health status, or acuity, of our Marketplace members.
Marketplace premium revenue decreased $238 million in 2023 compared to 2022. The decrease was mainly due to an expected decrease in membership in line with our product and pricing strategy, partially offset by an increase in premium revenue PMPM. Our Marketplace membership as of December 31, 2023, amounted to 281,000 members, representing a decrease of 67,000 members compared to December 31, 2022. The increase in premium revenue PMPM was due to higher silver metal tier product mix consistent with the product and pricing strategy and higher risk adjustment premiums.
The Marketplace medical margin increased $209 million in 2023, primarily due to the decrease in MCR discussed below, partially offset by the decrease in membership and premiums.
The Marketplace MCR decreased to 75.3% in 2023, compared to 87.2% in 2022, or 1,190 basis points. The decrease in 2023 resulted mainly from our product and pricing strategy to achieve our target margins, including higher risk adjustment premium on silver metal tier and renewal members, commensurate with the acuity profile of those members. In addition, the comparison reflects a favorable change in the 2022 risk adjustment payable recognized in 2023 compared to an unfavorable change in the 2021 risk adjustment payable recognized in 2022. Silver metal tier products incur less MCR seasonality than bronze metal tier products due to lower deductibles. These impacts were partially offset by changes in membership mix discussed above. Our 2023 Marketplace MCR was well below our long-term target range.
Other
The Other segment includes service revenues and costs associated with the long-term services and supports consultative services we provide in Wisconsin, and also includes certain corporate amounts not allocated to the Medicaid, Medicare, or Marketplace segments. Such amounts were immaterial to our consolidated results of operations for 2023 and 2022.
LIQUIDITY, FINANCIAL CONDITION AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
LIQUIDITY
We manage our cash, investments, and capital structure to meet the short- and long-term obligations of our business while maintaining liquidity and financial flexibility. We forecast, analyze, and monitor our cash flows to enable prudent investment management and financing within the confines of our financial strategy.
We maintain liquidity at two levels: 1) the regulated health plan subsidiaries; and 2) the parent company.
Our regulated health plan subsidiaries’ primary liquidity requirements include payment of medical claims and other health care services; payment of certain settlements with our state and federal customers, such as minimum medical loss ratio and risk corridors and Marketplace risk transfers on behalf of CMS; general and administrative costs directly incurred or paid through an administrative services agreement to the parent company; and federal tax payments to the parent company under an intercompany tax sharing agreement. Our regulated health plan subsidiaries meet their liquidity needs by generating cash flows from operating activities, primarily from premium revenue; cash flows from investing activities, including investment income and sales of investments; and capital contributions received from our parent company.
Our regulated health plan subsidiaries are each subject to applicable state regulations that, among other things, require the maintenance of minimum levels of capital and surplus. We continue to maintain levels of aggregate excess statutory capital and surplus in our regulated health plan subsidiaries that we believe are appropriate. See further discussion under “Regulatory Capital and Dividend Restrictions” below. When available and as permitted by applicable regulations, cash in excess of the capital needs of our regulated health plan subsidiaries is generally paid in the form of dividends to our parent company to be used for general corporate purposes. The regulated health plan subsidiaries paid dividends to the parent company amounting to $705 million in 2023 and $668 million in 2022.
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Parent company liquidity requirements generally consist of payment of administrative costs not directly incurred by our regulated operations, including, but not limited to, staffing costs, lease payments, branding and certain information technology services; capital contributions paid to our regulated health plan subsidiaries, including funding for newer health plans; capital expenditures; debt service; funding for common stock purchases, acquisitions and other growth-related activities; and federal tax payments. The parent company contributed capital of $221 million and $159 million in 2023 and 2022, respectively, to our regulated health plan subsidiaries to satisfy statutory capital and surplus requirements. The higher contributions in 2023 were mainly attributed to fund growth in our Wisconsin and Iowa health plans. Our parent company normally meets its liquidity requirements from administrative services fees earned under administrative services agreements; dividends received from our regulated subsidiaries; federal tax payments collected from the regulated subsidiaries; proceeds received from the issuance of debt and equity securities; and cash flows from investing activities, including investment income and sales of investments.
Cash, cash equivalents and investments at the parent company amounted to $742 million and $375 million as of December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively. The increase in 2023 was primarily due to the dividends received from our regulated health plan subsidiaries, partially offset by the timing of corporate payments, capital contributions to regulated health plan subsidiaries and net cash paid for acquisitions. On January 1, 2024, we closed on our acquisition of 100% of the issued and outstanding capital stock of Brand New Day and Central Health Plan of California for $441 million. See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 4, “Business Combinations,” for further information.
Investments
After considering expected cash flows from operating activities, we generally invest cash of regulated subsidiaries that exceeds our expected short-term obligations in longer term, investment-grade, and marketable debt securities to improve our overall investment return. These investments are made pursuant to board-approved investment policies which conform to applicable state laws and regulations.
Our investment policies are designed to provide liquidity, preserve capital, and maximize total return on invested assets, all in a manner consistent with state requirements that prescribe the types of instruments in which our subsidiaries may invest. These investment policies require that our investments have final maturities of less than 15 years, or less than 15 years average life for structured securities. Professional portfolio managers operating under documented guidelines manage our investments and a portion of our cash equivalents. Our portfolio managers must obtain our prior approval before selling investments where the loss position of those investments exceeds certain levels.
The overall rating of our portfolio is A+. Our investment policy has directives in conjunction with state guidelines to minimize risks and exposures in volatile markets. Additionally, our portfolio managers assist us in navigating the current volatility in the capital markets.
Our restricted investments are invested principally in cash, cash equivalents, U.S. Treasury securities, and corporate debt securities; we have the ability to hold such restricted investments until maturity. All of our unrestricted investments are classified as current assets.
Cash Flow Activities
Our cash flows are summarized as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 Change
(In millions)
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 1,662 $ 773 $ 889
Net cash used in investing activities (744) (790) 46
Net cash used in financing activities (58) (441) 383
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents $ 860 $ (458) $ 1,318
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Operating Activities
We typically receive capitation payments monthly, in advance of payments for medical claims; however, government payors may adjust their payment schedules, positively or negatively impacting our reported cash flows from operating activities in any given period. For example, government payors may delay our premium payments, or they may prepay the following month’s premium payment.
Net cash provided by operations was $1,662 million in 2023, compared with $773 million in 2022. The $889 million increase in 2023 cash flow was due to the growth in operations and net earnings from organic and new RFP starts and acquisitions, accompanied by the net impact of timing differences in government receivables and payables.
Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities was $744 million in 2023, compared with $790 million in 2022. The change in cash flow was primarily due to the net activity of proceeds and purchases of investments, which were net purchases of $661 million in 2023 and net purchases of $515 million in 2022. In 2023 and 2022, net cash outflow related to acquisitions was $3 million and $134 million, respectively.
Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities was $58 million in 2023, compared with $441 million in 2022, an increase in year-over-year cash flow of $383 million. In 2023, cash outflows included $60 million for common stock withheld to settle employee tax obligations. In 2022, cash outflows included common stock purchases of $400 million and $54 million for common stock withheld to settle employee tax obligations. Additionally, we paid $20 million in 2022 to settle contingent consideration liabilities.
FINANCIAL CONDITION
We believe that our cash resources, borrowing capacity available under our Credit Agreement as discussed further below in “Future Sources and Uses of Liquidity-Future Sources,” and internally generated funds will be sufficient to support our operations, regulatory requirements, debt repayment obligations and capital expenditures for at least the next 12 months.
On a consolidated basis, as of December 31, 2023, our working capital was $4.4 billion compared with $3.2 billion as of December 31, 2022. At December 31, 2023, our cash and investments amounted to $9.4 billion, compared with $7.7 billion of cash and investments at December 31, 2022. A significant portion of our portfolio is held in cash and cash equivalents and we do not anticipate the fluctuations in the aggregate fair value of our financial assets to have a material impact on our liquidity or capital position since we intend to hold our securities to maturity. Net unrealized losses on our investments classified as current and available for sale decreased to $108 million at December 31, 2023 compared to $210 million at December 31, 2022. We have determined that the unrealized losses primarily resulted from fluctuating interest rates, rather than a deterioration of the creditworthiness of the issuers.
Because of the statutory restrictions that inhibit the ability of our health plan subsidiaries to transfer net assets to us, the amount of retained earnings readily available to pay dividends to our stockholders is generally limited to cash, cash equivalents and investments held by our unregulated parent. For more information, see the “Liquidity” discussion presented above.
Regulatory Capital and Dividend Restrictions
Each of our regulated, wholly owned subsidiaries must maintain a minimum amount of statutory capital determined by statute or regulations. Such statutes, regulations and capital requirements also restrict the timing, payment and amount of dividends and other distributions, loans or advances that may be paid to us as the sole stockholder. To the extent our subsidiaries must comply with these regulations, they may not have the financial flexibility to transfer funds to us. Based upon current statutes and regulations, the minimum capital and surplus requirement for these subsidiaries was estimated to be approximately $2.3 billion at both December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The aggregate capital and surplus of our wholly owned subsidiaries was in excess of these minimum capital requirements as of both dates.
Under applicable regulatory requirements, the amount of dividends that may be paid by our wholly owned subsidiaries without prior approval by regulatory authorities as of December 31, 2023, was approximately $380 million in the aggregate. The subsidiaries may pay dividends over this amount, but only after approval is granted by the regulatory authorities.
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Based on our cash and investments balances as of December 31, 2023, management believes that our regulated wholly owned subsidiaries remain well capitalized and exceed their regulatory minimum requirements. We have the ability, and have committed to provide, additional capital to each of our health plans as necessary to ensure compliance with minimum statutory capital and surplus requirements.
Capital Structure
In September 2023, our board of directors authorized the purchase of up to $750 million of our common stock. This new program supersedes the stock purchase program previously approved by our board of directors in November 2022 and extends through December 31, 2024.
As debt held by the parent company comes due, we typically engage in a new private offering of debt to retire and replace the prior issuance. For several years we saw a continued decline in interest rates, which benefited our overall cost of capital during that time. However, interest rates have increased since we issued our 3.875% Notes due 2032 in 2021. Accordingly, future refinancing may occur at a higher rate than those we have achieved historically. This would increase our cost of capital in the future or may cause us to pursue alternative financing sources, should the need arise.
We are not a party to any off-balance sheet financing arrangements.
Debt Ratings
Each of our senior notes is rated “BB-” by Standard & Poor’s, and “Ba3” by Moody’s Investor Service, Inc. A downgrade in our ratings could adversely affect our borrowing capacity and increase our borrowing costs.
Financial Covenants
The Credit Agreement contains customary non-financial and financial covenants, including a net leverage ratio and an interest coverage ratio. Such ratios are computed as defined by the terms of the Credit Agreement.
In addition, the indentures governing each of our outstanding senior notes contain cross-default provisions that are triggered upon default by us or any of our subsidiaries on any indebtedness in excess of the amount specified in the applicable indenture. As of December 31, 2023, we were in compliance with all financial and non-financial covenants under the Credit Agreement and other long-term debt.
FUTURE SOURCES AND USES OF LIQUIDITY
Future Sources
Our regulated subsidiaries generate significant cash flows from premium revenue, which is generally received a short time before related healthcare services are paid. Premium revenue is our primary source of liquidity. Thus, any decline in the receipt of premium revenue, and our profitability, could have a negative impact on our liquidity.
Regulatory Developments. Excluding acquisitions and our exit from Puerto Rico, we estimate we added approximately one million new Medicaid members since March 31, 2020, when we first began to report on the impacts of the pandemic. We believe this membership increase was mainly due to the suspension of redeterminations for Medicaid eligibility. The Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2023 authorized states to resume redeterminations and terminate coverage for ineligible enrollees starting on April 1, 2023, irrespective of the status of the PHE. Consequently, during the third quarter of 2023, all states in which we operate had begun disenrolling members. In 2023, we estimate we lost approximately 500,000 members due to redeterminations, offset by new enrollment and expect to lose an additional 100,000 members in 2024. Given the high number of procedural terminations and increasing interventions by CMS and various states, we expect reconnects will likely continue, decreasing currently reported losses. Although the medical cost profile of members who have been disenrolled is more favorable than the Medicaid segment average, when combined with the beneficial impact of corridor offsets in several states, our Medicaid MCR for the year ended December 31, 2023 was within our expectations. Based on the experience to date, we expect that we will ultimately retain approximately 40% of the membership gained since March 31, 2020.
Dividends from Subsidiaries. When available and as permitted by applicable regulations, cash in excess of the capital needs of our regulated health plans is generally paid in the form of dividends to our unregulated parent company to be used for general corporate purposes. For more information on our regulatory capital requirements and dividend restrictions, refer to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 15, “Commitments and Contingencies-Regulatory Capital Requirements and Dividend Restrictions,” and Note 17, “Condensed Financial Information of Registrant-Note C - Dividends and Capital Contributions.”
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Credit Agreement Borrowing Capacity. As of December 31, 2023, we had available borrowing capacity of $1 billion under the Credit Facility. In addition, the Credit Agreement provides for a $15 million swingline sub-facility and a $100 million letter of credit sub-facility, as well as incremental term loans available to finance certain acquisitions up to $500 million, plus an unlimited amount of such term loans as long as we maintain a minimum consolidated net leverage ratio. See further discussion in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 11, “Debt.”
Future Uses
Common Stock Purchases. In September 2023, our board of directors authorized the purchase of up to $750 million of our common stock. This new program supersedes the stock purchase program previously approved by our board of directors in November 2022 and extends through December 31, 2024. The exact timing and amount of any repurchase is determined by management based on market conditions and share price, in addition to other factors, and subject to the restrictions relating to volume, price, and timing under applicable law. As of February 13, 2024, $750 million remained available to purchase our common stock under this program through December 31, 2024. See further information in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 13, “Stockholders' Equity.”
Acquisitions. We have a disciplined and steady approach to growth. Organic growth, which includes leveraging our existing health plan portfolio and winning new territories, is our highest priority. In addition to organic growth, we will consider targeted acquisitions that are a strategic fit that we believe will leverage operational synergies, and lead to incremental earnings accretion. For further information on our acquisitions, refer to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 4, “Business Combinations.”
On January 1, 2024, we closed on our acquisition of 100% of the issued and outstanding capital stock of Brand New Day and Central Health Plan of California for $441 million.
Regulatory Capital Requirements and Dividend Restrictions. We have the ability, and have committed to provide, additional capital to each of our health plans as necessary to ensure compliance with minimum statutory capital requirements.
The Molina Healthcare Charitable Foundation. In 2020, we announced our commitment of $150 million to fund The Molina Healthcare Charitable Foundation (the “Foundation”), an independent not-for-profit charitable foundation. We have contributed $20 million to the Foundation on a cumulative basis as of December 31, 2023. In the first three years of its existence, our Charitable Foundation funded nearly 700 grants to local community organizations in 25 states that address social determinants of health, disaster relief, mental health, maternal child health and other health-related concerns afflicting our communities in need.
Contractual Obligations. We are party to various contractual obligations that we will be required to satisfy over the short and long term. The majority are discussed in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and primarily include the following:
•Medical claims and benefits payable. See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies,” and Note 10, “Medical Claims and Benefits Payable,” for further detail.
•Amounts due government agencies. See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Notes 2, “Significant Accounting Policies,” for further detail.
•Debt obligations. See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 11, “Debt,” for further detail of our long-term debt and the timing of expected future payments. Interest payments are paid semi-annually.
•Leases. See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 8, “Leases,” for further detail of our finance and operating lease obligations and the timing of expected future payments.
Some items are based on management’s estimates and assumptions about obligations, including duration, the possibility of renewal, anticipated actions by third parties, and other factors. Because these estimates and assumptions are necessarily subjective, the contractual obligations we will actually pay in future periods may vary. Additionally, we have a variety of other contractual agreements related to acquiring services used in our operations. However, we believe these other agreements do not contain material non-cancelable commitments.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
When we prepare our consolidated financial statements, we use estimates and assumptions that may affect reported amounts and disclosures. Actual results could differ from these estimates, and some differences could be material. Our most significant accounting estimates, which include a higher degree of judgment and/or complexity, include the following:
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•Medical costs, claims and benefits payable. See discussion below, and refer to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies,” and Note 10, “Medical Claims and Benefits Payable” for more information.
•Premium Revenue Recognition and Amounts Due Government Agencies: Risk Adjustment. For a discussion of this topic, including amounts recorded in our consolidated financial statements, refer to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies.”
•Business Combinations, and Goodwill and intangible assets, net. For a comprehensive discussion of this topic, including amounts recorded in our consolidated financial statements, refer to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies,” Note 4, “Business Combinations,” and Note 9, “Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net.”
MEDICAL CARE COSTS, MEDICAL CLAIMS AND BENEFITS PAYABLE
Medical care costs are recognized in the period in which services are provided and include fee-for-service claims, pharmacy benefits, capitation payments to providers, and various other medically-related costs. Under fee-for-service claims arrangements with providers, we retain the financial responsibility for medical care provided and incur costs based on actual utilization of hospital and physician services. Such medical care costs include amounts paid by us as well as estimated medical claims and benefits payable for costs that were incurred but not paid as of the reporting date (“IBNP”). Pharmacy benefits represent payments for members' prescription drug costs, net of rebates from drug manufacturers. We estimate pharmacy rebates based on historical and current utilization of prescription drugs and contractual provisions. Capitation payments represent monthly contractual fees paid to providers, who are responsible for providing medical care to members, which could include medical or ancillary costs like dental, vision and other supplemental health benefits. Such capitation costs are fixed in advance of the periods covered and are not subject to significant accounting estimates. Other medical care costs include all medically-related administrative costs, amounts due to providers pursuant to risk-sharing or other incentive arrangements, provider claims, and other healthcare expenses. Examples of medically-related administrative costs include expenses relating to health education, quality assurance, case management, care coordination, disease management, and 24-hour on-call nurses. Additionally, we include an estimate for the cost of settling claims incurred through the reporting date in our medical claims and benefits payable liability.
The following table illustrates consolidated medical care costs by type for the periods indicated:
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022
Amount PMPM % of
Total Amount PMPM % of
Total
(In millions, except PMPM amounts)
Fee-for-service $ 21,415 $ 342.25 74.7 % $ 19,703 $ 318.55 72.5 %
Pharmacy 3,987 63.72 13.9 4,346 70.26 16.0
Capitation 1,651 26.39 5.8 1,637 26.47 6.0
Other 1,616 25.84 5.6 1,489 24.07 5.5
Total $ 28,669 $ 458.20 100.0 % $ 27,175 $ 439.35 100.0 %
Medical claims and benefits payable consist mainly of fee-for-service IBNP, unpaid pharmacy claims, capitation costs, other medical costs, including amounts payable to providers pursuant to risk-sharing or other incentive arrangements and amounts payable to providers on behalf of certain state agencies for certain state assessments in which we assume no financial risk. IBNP includes the costs of claims incurred as of the balance sheet date which have been reported to us, and our best estimate of the cost of claims incurred but not yet reported to us. When more complete claims payment information and healthcare cost trend data becomes available, we reflect changes in these estimates as an increase or decrease to medical care costs in the consolidated results of operations in the period in which they are determined.
The estimation of the IBNP liability requires a significant degree of judgment in applying actuarial methods, determining the appropriate assumptions and considering numerous factors. Of those factors, we consider estimated completion factors (measures the cumulative percentage of claims expense that will ultimately be paid for a given month of service based on historical payment patterns) and the assumed healthcare cost trend (the year-over-year change in per-member per-month medical care costs) to be the most critical assumptions. Other relevant factors also include, but are not limited to, healthcare service utilization trends, claim inventory levels, changes in
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membership, product mix, seasonality, benefit changes or changes in fee schedules, provider contract changes, prior authorizations and the incidence of catastrophic or pandemic cases.
For claims incurred more than three months before the financial statement date, we mainly use estimated completion factors to estimate the ultimate cost of those claims. Completion factors measure the cumulative percentage of claims expense that will ultimately be paid for a given month of service based on historical claims payment patterns. We analyze historical claims payment patterns by comparing claim incurred dates to claim payment dates to estimate completion factors. The estimated completion factors are then applied to claims paid through the financial statement date to estimate the ultimate claims cost for a given month’s incurred claim activity. The difference between the estimated ultimate claims cost and the claims paid through the financial statement date represents our estimate of claims remaining to be paid as of the financial statement date and is included in our IBNP liability.
For claims incurred within three months before the financial statement date, actual claims paid are a less reliable measure of our ultimate cost since a large portion of medical claims are not submitted to us until several months after services have been submitted. Accordingly, we estimate our IBNP liability for claims incurred during these months based on a blend of estimated completion factors and assumed medical care cost trend. The assumed medical care cost trend represents the year-over-year change in per-member per-month medical care costs, which can be affected by many factors including, but not limited to, our ability and practices to manage medical and pharmaceutical costs, changes in level and mix of services utilized, mix of benefits offered, including the impact of co-pays and deductibles, changes in medical practices, changes in member demographics, catastrophes and epidemics, and other relevant factors.
Actuarial standards of practice generally require a level of confidence such that our overall best estimate of the IBNP liability has a greater probability of being adequate versus being insufficient, where the liability is sufficient to account for moderately adverse conditions. Accordingly, our reserving practice is to consistently recognize the actuarial best estimate including a provision for moderately adverse conditions for each current period. This provision is reported as part of “Components of medical care costs related to: Current year” in the table presented in Note 10, “Medical Claims and Benefits Payable.” Adverse conditions are situations that may cause actual claims to be higher than the otherwise estimated value of such claims at the time of the estimate, such as changes in the magnitude or severity of claims, uncertainties related to our entry into new geographical markets or provision of services to new populations, changes in state-controlled fee schedules, and modifications or upgrades to our claims processing systems and practices. Therefore, in many situations, the claim amounts ultimately settled will be less than the estimate that satisfies the actuarial standards of practice.
When subsequent actual claims payments are less than we estimated, we recognize a benefit for favorable prior period development that is reported as part of “Components of medical care costs related to: Prior years” in the table presented in Note 10. Assuming stability in the size of our membership, the use of this consistent methodology, during any given period, usually results in the replenishment of reserves at a level that generally offsets the benefit of favorable prior period development in that period. In the case of material growth or decline of membership, replenishment can exceed or fall short of the favorable development, assuming all other factors remain unchanged.
Because of the significant degree of judgment involved in estimation of our IBNP liability, there is considerable variability and uncertainty inherent in such estimates. The following table reflects the hypothetical change in our estimate of claims liability as of December 31, 2023 that would result if we change our completion factors for the fourth through the twelfth months preceding December 31, 2023, by the percentages indicated. A reduction in the completion factor results in an increase in medical claims liabilities. Dollar amounts are in millions.
Increase (Decrease) in Estimated Completion Factors Increase
(Decrease)
in Medical Claims
and
Benefits Payable
(6)% $ 982
(4)% 654
(2)% 327
2% (327)
4% (654)
6% (982)
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The following table reflects the hypothetical change in our estimate of claims liability as of December 31, 2023 that would result if we alter our assumed medical care cost trend factors by the percentages indicated. An increase in the PMPM costs results in an increase in medical claims liabilities. Dollar amounts are in millions.
(Decrease) Increase in Trended Per Member Per Month Cost Estimates (Decrease)
Increase
in Medical Claims
and
Benefits Payable
(6)% $ (342)
(4)% (228)
(2)% (114)
2% 114
4% 228
6% 342
There are many related factors working in conjunction with one another that determine the accuracy of our estimates, some of which are qualitative in nature rather than quantitative. Therefore, we are seldom able to quantify the impact that any single factor has on a change in estimate. Given the variability inherent in the reserving process, we will only be able to identify specific factors if they represent a significant departure from expectations. As a result, we do not expect to be able to fully quantify the impact of individual factors on changes in estimates.
RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
Refer to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies,” for a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements that affect us.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Our earnings and financial position are exposed to financial market risk relating to changes in interest rates, and the resulting impact on investment income and interest expense.
Substantially all of our investments and restricted investments are subject to interest rate risk and will decrease in value if market interest rates increase. Assuming a hypothetical and immediate 1% increase in market interest rates at December 31, 2023, the fair value of our fixed income investments would decrease by approximately $104 million. Declines in interest rates over time will reduce our investment income.
For further information on fair value measurements and our investment portfolio, please refer to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 5, “Fair Value Measurements,” and Note 6, “Investments.”
Borrowings under the Credit Agreement bear interest based, at our election, on a base rate or other defined rate, plus, in each case, the applicable margin. For further information, see Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 11, “Debt.”
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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Audited Consolidated Financial Statements:
Consolidated Statements of Income
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
Consolidated Balance Sheets
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Molina Healthcare, Inc.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Molina Healthcare, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 13, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Incurred but not paid (IBNP) claims reserves
Description of the Matter As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s liability for fee-for-service claims incurred but not paid (“IBNP”), comprised $2,901 million of the $4,204 million of Medical Claims and Benefits Payable. The Company’s IBNP liability is determined using actuarial methods that include a number of factors and assumptions, including completion factors, which seek to measure the cumulative percentage of claims expense that will have been paid for a given month of service as of the reporting date, based on historical payment patterns, and assumed health care cost trend factors, which represent an estimate of claims expense based on recent claims expense levels and healthcare cost levels. There is significant uncertainty inherent in determining management’s best estimate of completion and trend factors, which are used to calculate actuarial estimates of incurred but not paid claims.
Molina Healthcare, Inc. 2023 Form 10-K | 51
How we addressed the matter in our audit We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design, and tested the operating effectiveness of the Company’s controls over the process for estimating the IBNP liability. This included testing management review controls over completion and trend factor assumptions, and management’s review and approval of actuarial methods used to calculate IBNP liability, including the data inputs and outputs of those models.
To test the IBNP liability, our audit procedures included, among others, testing the completeness and accuracy of data used in the calculation by testing reconciliations of underlying claims and membership data recorded in source systems to the actuarial reserving calculations, and comparing a sample of claims to source documentation. With the assistance of EY actuarial specialists, we evaluated the Company’s selection and weighting of actuarial methods by comparing the weightings used in the current estimate to those used in prior periods and those used in the industry for the specific types of insurance. To evaluate significant assumptions used by management in the actuarial methods, we compared assumptions to current and historical claims trends, to those used historically and to current industry benchmarks. We also compared management’s recorded IBNP liability to a range of reasonable IBNP estimates calculated independently by our EY actuarial specialists. Additionally, we performed a review of the prior period estimates using subsequent claims development, and we reviewed and evaluated management’s disclosures surrounding fee-for-service claims IBNP.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2000.
Los Angeles, California
February 13, 2024
Molina Healthcare, Inc. 2023 Form 10-K | 52
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In millions, except per-share data)
Revenue:
Premium revenue $ 32,529 $ 30,883 $ 26,855
Premium tax revenue 1,069 873 787
Investment income 394 143 52
Other revenue 80 75 77
Total revenue 34,072 31,974 27,771
Operating expenses:
Medical care costs 28,669 27,175 23,704
General and administrative expenses 2,462 2,311 2,068
Premium tax expenses 1,069 873 787
Depreciation and amortization 171 176 131
Impairment - 208 -
Other 128 58 61
Total operating expenses 32,499 30,801 26,751
Operating income 1,573 1,173 1,020
Other expenses, net:
Interest expense 109 110 120
Other expenses, net - - 25
Total other expenses, net 109 110 145
Income before income tax expense 1,464 1,063 875
Income tax expense 373 271 216
Net income $ 1,091 $ 792 $ 659
Net income per share:
Basic $ 18.91 $ 13.72 $ 11.40
Diluted $ 18.77 $ 13.55 $ 11.25
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic 57.7 57.8 57.8
Diluted 58.1 58.5 58.6
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In millions)
Net income $ 1,091 $ 792 $ 659
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized investment income (loss) 102 (204) (55)
Less: effect of income taxes
24 (49) (13)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax 78 (155) (42)
Comprehensive income $ 1,169 $ 637 $ 617
See accompanying notes.
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CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
December 31,
2023 2022
(Dollars in millions,
except per-share amounts)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 4,848 $ 4,006
Investments 4,259 3,499
Receivables 3,104 2,302
Prepaid expenses and other current assets 331 277
Total current assets 12,542 10,084
Property, equipment, and capitalized software, net 270 259
Goodwill and intangible assets, net 1,449 1,390
Restricted investments 261 238
Deferred income taxes, net 227 220
Other assets 143 123
Total assets $ 14,892 $ 12,314
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Medical claims and benefits payable $ 4,204 $ 3,528
Amounts due government agencies 2,294 2,079
Accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other 1,252 889
Deferred revenue 418 359
Total current liabilities 8,168 6,855
Long-term debt 2,180 2,176
Finance lease liabilities 205 215
Other long-term liabilities 124 104
Total liabilities 10,677 9,350
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, $0.001 par value per share; 150 million shares authorized; outstanding: 58 million shares at each of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022
- -
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share; 20 million shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding
- -
Additional paid-in capital 410 328
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (82) (160)
Retained earnings 3,887 2,796
Total stockholders’ equity 4,215 2,964
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 14,892 $ 12,314
See accompanying notes.
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Common Stock Additional
Paid-in
Capital Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive (Loss) Income Retained
Earnings Total
Outstanding Amount
(In millions)
Balance at December 31, 2020 59 $ - $ 199 $ 37 $ 1,860 $ 2,096
Net income - - - - 659 659
Common stock purchases (1) - (2) - (120) (122)
Other comprehensive loss, net - - - (42) - (42)
Share-based compensation - - 39 - - 39
Balance at December 31, 2021 58 - 236 (5) 2,399 2,630
Net income - - - - 792 792
Common stock purchases (1) - (5) - (395) (400)
Other comprehensive loss, net - - - (155) - (155)
Share-based compensation 1 - 97 - - 97
Balance at December 31, 2022 58 - 328 (160) 2,796 2,964
Net income - - - - 1,091 1,091
Other comprehensive income, net - - - 78 - 78
Share-based compensation - - 82 - - 82
Balance at December 31, 2023 58 $ - $ 410 $ (82) $ 3,887 $ 4,215
See accompanying notes.
Molina Healthcare, Inc. 2023 Form 10-K | 55
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In millions)
Operating activities:
Net income $ 1,091 $ 792 $ 659
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization 171 176 131
Deferred income taxes (31) (66) (24)
Share-based compensation 115 103 72
Loss on debt repayment - - 25
Impairment - 208 -
Other, net 2 8 33
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of the effect of acquisitions:
Receivables (778) (95) (415)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets (69) (124) (19)
Medical claims and benefits payable 580 153 471
Amounts due government agencies 196 (428) 1,046
Accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other 328 55 138
Deferred revenue 59 (11) (5)
Income taxes (2) 2 7
Net cash provided by operating activities 1,662 773 2,119
Investing activities:
Purchases of investments (1,433) (1,913) (2,713)
Proceeds from sales and maturities of investments 772 1,398 1,329
Net cash paid in business combinations (3) (134) (129)
Purchases of property, equipment and capitalized software (84) (91) (77)
Other, net 4 (50) (63)
Net cash used in investing activities (744) (790) (1,653)
Financing activities:
Common stock purchases
- (400) (128)
Common stock withheld to settle employee tax obligations (60) (54) (53)
Contingent consideration liabilities settled - (20) (20)
Proceeds from senior notes offerings, net of issuance costs - - 740
Repayment of senior notes - - (723)
Other, net 2 33 1
Net cash used in financing activities (58) (441) (183)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents 860 (458) 283
Cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period
4,048 4,506 4,223
Cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents at end of period
$ 4,908 $ 4,048 $ 4,506
See accompanying notes.
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(continued)
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In millions)
Supplemental cash flow information:
Cash paid during the period for:
Income taxes, net $ 405 $ 340 $ 235
Interest $ 108 $ 108 $ 127
See accompanying notes.
Molina Healthcare, Inc. 2023 Form 10-K | 57
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Organization and Basis of Presentation
Organization and Operations
Molina Healthcare, Inc. provides managed healthcare services under the Medicaid and Medicare programs, and through the state insurance marketplaces (the “Marketplace”). Molina was founded in 1980 as a provider organization serving low-income families in Southern California and reincorporated in Delaware in 2002. We currently have four reportable segments consisting of: 1) Medicaid; 2) Medicare; 3) Marketplace; and 4) Other. Our reportable segments are consistent with how we currently manage the business and view the markets we serve.
As of December 31, 2023, we served approximately 5.0 million members eligible for government-sponsored healthcare programs, located across 20 states.
Our state Medicaid contracts typically have terms of three to five years, contain renewal options exercisable by the state Medicaid agency, and allow either the state or the health plan to terminate the contract with or without cause. Such contracts are subject to risk of loss in states that issue requests for proposal (“RFP”) open to competitive bidding by other health plans. If one of our health plans is not a successful responsive bidder to a state RFP, its contract may not be renewed.
In addition to contract renewal, our state Medicaid contracts may be periodically amended to include or exclude certain health benefits (such as pharmacy services, behavioral health services, or long-term care services); populations such as the aged, blind or disabled (“ABD”); and regions or service areas.
In Medicare, we enter into Medicare Advantage-Part D contracts with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (“CMS”) annually, and for dual-eligible programs, we enter into contracts with CMS, in partnership with each state’s department of health and human services. Such contracts typically have terms of one to three years.
In Marketplace, we enter into contracts with CMS, which end on December 31 of each year, and must be renewed annually.
Consolidation and Presentation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Molina Healthcare, Inc., and its subsidiaries. All significant inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Financial information related to subsidiaries acquired during any year is included only for periods subsequent to their acquisition. We have reclassified certain 2022 amounts in the deferred tax asset and liabilities table in Note 12, “Income Taxes,” to conform to the 2023 presentation. In the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for a fair presentation of the results as of the date and for the periods presented have been included; such adjustments consist of normal recurring adjustments.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities. Estimates also affect the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from these estimates.
2. Significant Accounting Policies
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and short-term, highly liquid investments that are both readily convertible into known amounts of cash and have a maturity of three months or less on the date of purchase. The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents reported within the accompanying consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts presented in the accompanying consolidated statements of cash flows. The restricted cash and cash equivalents presented below are included in “Restricted investments” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
Molina Healthcare, Inc. 2023 Form 10-K | 58
December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In millions)
Cash and cash equivalents $ 4,848 $ 4,006 $ 4,438
Restricted cash and cash equivalents 60 42 68
Total cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows
$ 4,908 $ 4,048 $ 4,506
Investments
Our investments are principally held in debt securities, which are grouped into two separate categories for accounting and reporting purposes: available-for-sale securities and held-to-maturity securities. Available-for-sale (“AFS”) securities are recorded at fair value and unrealized gains and losses, if any, are recorded in stockholders’ equity as other comprehensive income, net of applicable income taxes. Held-to-maturity (“HTM”) securities are recorded at amortized cost, which approximates fair value, and unrealized holding gains or losses are not generally recognized. Realized gains and losses and unrealized losses arising from credit-related factors with respect to AFS and HTM securities are included in the determination of net income. The cost of securities sold is determined using the specific-identification method.
Our investment policy requires that all of our investments have final maturities of less than 15 years, or less than 15 years average life for structured securities. Investments and restricted investments are subject to interest rate risk and will decrease in value if market rates increase. Declines in interest rates over time will reduce our investment income.
In general, our AFS securities are classified as current assets without regard to the securities’ contractual maturity dates because they may be readily liquidated. We monitor our investments for credit-related impairment. For comprehensive discussions of the fair value and classification of our investments, see Note 5, “Fair Value Measurements,” and Note 6, “Investments.”
Accrued interest receivable relating to our AFS and HTM securities is presented within “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, and amounted to $53 million and $35 million at December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively. We do not measure an allowance for credit losses on accrued interest receivable. Instead, we write off accrued interest receivable that has not been collected within 90 days of the interest payment due date. We recognize such write-offs as a reversal of investment income. No accrued interest was written off during the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Receivables
Receivables consist primarily of premium amounts due from government agencies, which are subject to potential retroactive adjustments. We apply the current expected credit loss model to measure expected credits losses on our receivables based on available information about past events and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Because substantially all of our receivable amounts are readily determinable and substantially all of our creditors are governmental authorities, our allowance for credit losses is insignificant. Any amounts determined to be uncollectible are charged to expense when such determination is made.
December 31,
2023 2022
(In millions)
Government receivables $ 2,354 $ 1,702
Pharmacy rebate receivables 330 291
Other 420 309
Total receivables $ 3,104 $ 2,302
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Business Combinations
We account for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting, which requires us to recognize the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at their acquisition date fair values. As discussed below, the excess of the purchase consideration transferred over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. While we use our best estimates and assumptions to accurately value assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date, our estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. As a result, during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, we may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Measurement period adjustments are recorded in the period in which they are determined, as if they had been completed at the acquisition date. Upon the conclusion of the final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, or one year after the date of acquisition, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded within our consolidated results of operations.
Refer to Note 4, “Business Combinations,” and Note 9, “Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net,” for further details.
Long-Lived Assets, including Intangible Assets
Long-lived assets consist primarily of property, equipment, capitalized software (see Note 7, “Property, Equipment, and Capitalized Software, Net”), and intangible assets resulting from acquisitions. Long-lived assets are subject to impairment tests when events or circumstances indicate that the asset’s (or asset group’s) carrying value may not be recoverable. Finite-lived, separately-identified intangible assets acquired in business combinations are assets that represent future expected benefits but lack physical substance (such as purchased contract rights and provider contracts). Intangible assets are initially recorded at fair value and are then amortized on a straight-line basis over their expected useful lives, generally between five and 16 years.
Determining the fair value of separately identifiable intangible assets requires management to make estimates, which are based on all available information and in some cases assumptions with respect to the timing and amount of future revenues and expenses associated with an asset. Determining the useful life of an intangible asset also requires judgment, as different types of intangible assets will have different useful lives. The most significant intangible asset we typically record in a business combination is contract rights associated with membership acquired. In determining the estimated fair value of the intangible assets, we typically apply the income approach, which discounts the projected future net cash flows using an appropriate discount rate that reflects the risk associated with such projected future cash flows. The most critical assumptions used in determining the fair value of contract rights include forecasted operating margins and the weighted average cost of capital.
Our intangible assets are subject to impairment tests when events or circumstances indicate that a finite-lived intangible asset’s (or asset group’s) carrying value may not be recoverable. Consideration is given to a number of potential impairment indicators, including the ability of our health plan subsidiaries to obtain the renewal by amendment of their contracts in each state prior to the actual expiration of their contracts. However, there can be no assurance that these contracts will continue to be renewed. Following the identification of any potential impairment indicators, to determine whether an impairment exists, we would compare the carrying amount of a finite-lived intangible asset with the greater of the undiscounted cash flows that are expected to result from the use of the asset or related group of assets, or its value under the asset liquidation method. If it is determined that the carrying amount of the asset is not recoverable, the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value is recorded as an impairment. Refer to Note 9, “Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net,” for further details.
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase consideration over the fair value of net assets acquired in business combinations. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment on an annual basis and more frequently if impairment indicators are present. Impairment indicators may include experienced or expected operating cash-flow deterioration or losses, significant losses of membership, loss of state funding, loss of state contracts, and other factors. Goodwill is impaired if the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value. This excess is recorded as an impairment loss and adjusted if necessary for the impact of tax-deductible goodwill. The loss recognized may not exceed the total goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.
When testing goodwill for impairment, we may first assess qualitative factors, such as industry and market factors, the dynamic economic and political environments in which we operate, cost factors, and changes in overall performance, to determine if it is more likely than not that the carrying value of our reporting units exceed their estimated fair values. If our qualitative assessment indicates that it is more likely than not that the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, we perform the quantitative assessment. We may also elect to bypass the qualitative assessment and proceed directly to the quantitative assessment. We performed a qualitative
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goodwill assessment of our reporting units in the fourth quarter of 2023, and did not identify any factors indicating that the carrying value of our reporting units exceeded their estimated fair values.
If performing a quantitative assessment, we generally estimate the fair values of our reporting units by applying the income approach, using discounted cash flows. The base year in the reporting units’ discounted cash flows is derived from the annual financial planning cycle, which commences in the fourth quarter of the year. As part of a quantitative assessment, we may also apply the asset liquidation method to estimate the fair value of individual reporting units, which is computed as total assets minus total liabilities, excluding intangible assets and deferred taxes. Finally, we apply a market approach to reconcile the value of our reporting units to our consolidated market value. Under the market approach, we consider publicly-traded comparable company information to determine revenue and earnings multiples which are used to estimate our reporting units’ fair values. The assumptions used are consistent with those used in our long-range business plan and annual planning process. However, if these assumptions differ from actual results, the outcome of our goodwill impairment tests could be adversely affected.
Leases
Right-of-use (“ROU”) assets represent our right to use the underlying assets over the lease term, and lease liabilities represent our obligation for lease payments arising from the related leases. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when we believe it is reasonably certain that we will exercise such options. If applicable, we account for lease and non-lease components within a lease as a single lease component.
Because most of our leases do not provide an implicit interest rate, we generally use our incremental borrowing rate to determine the present value of lease payments. Lease expenses for operating lease payments are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, and the related ROU assets and liabilities are reduced to the present value of the remaining lease payments at the end of each period. Finance lease payments reduce finance lease liabilities, the related ROU assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, and interest expense is recognized using the effective interest method.
The significant majority of our operating leases consist of long-term operating leases for office space. Short-term leases (those with terms of 12 months or less) are not recorded as ROU assets or liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. For certain leases that represent a portfolio of similar assets, such as a fleet of vehicles, we apply a portfolio approach to account for the related ROU assets and liabilities, rather than account for such assets and the related liabilities individually. A nominal number of our lease agreements include rental payments that adjust periodically for inflation. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. Refer to Note 8, “Leases,” for further details.
Medical Claims and Benefits Payable
Medical care costs are recognized in the period in which services are provided and include fee-for-service claims, pharmacy benefits, capitation payments to providers, and various other medically-related costs. Under fee-for-service claims arrangements with providers, we retain the financial responsibility for medical care provided and incur costs based on actual utilization of hospital and physician services. Such medical care costs include amounts paid by us as well as estimated medical claims and benefits payable for costs that were incurred but not paid as of the reporting date (“IBNP”). Pharmacy benefits represent payments for members' prescription drug costs, net of rebates from drug manufacturers. We estimate pharmacy rebates based on historical and current utilization of prescription drugs and contractual provisions. Capitation payments represent monthly contractual fees paid to providers, who are responsible for providing medical care to members, which could include medical or ancillary costs like dental, vision and other supplemental health benefits. Such capitation costs are fixed in advance of the periods covered and are not subject to significant accounting estimates. Other medical care costs include all medically-related administrative costs, amounts due to providers pursuant to risk-sharing or other incentive arrangements, provider claims, and other healthcare expenses. Examples of medically-related administrative costs include expenses relating to health education, quality assurance, case management, care coordination, disease management, and 24-hour on-call nurses. Additionally, we include an estimate for the cost of settling claims incurred through the reporting date in our medical claims and benefits payable liability.
Medical claims and benefits payable consist mainly of fee-for-service IBNP, unpaid pharmacy claims, capitation costs, other medical costs, including amounts payable to providers pursuant to risk-sharing or other incentive arrangements and amounts payable to providers on behalf of certain state agencies for certain state assessments in which we assume no financial risk. IBNP includes the costs of claims incurred as of the balance sheet date which have been reported to us, and our best estimate of the cost of claims incurred but not yet reported to us. When more complete claims payment information and healthcare cost trend data becomes available, we reflect changes
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in these estimates as an increase or decrease to medical care costs in the consolidated results of operations in the period in which they are determined.
The estimation of the IBNP liability requires a significant degree of judgment in applying actuarial methods, determining the appropriate assumptions and considering numerous factors. Of those factors, we consider estimated completion factors and the assumed healthcare cost trend to be the most critical assumptions. Other relevant factors also include, but are not limited to, healthcare service utilization trends, claim inventory levels, changes in membership, product mix, seasonality, benefit changes or changes in Medicaid fee schedules, provider contract changes, prior authorizations and the incidence of catastrophic or pandemic cases.
Because of the significant degree of judgment involved in estimation of our IBNP liability, there is considerable variability and uncertainty inherent in such estimates. Each reporting period, the recognized IBNP liability represents our best estimate of the total amount of unpaid claims incurred as of the balance sheet date using a consistent methodology in estimating our IBNP liability, including a provision for moderately adverse conditions for each current period. We believe our current estimates are reasonable and adequate; however, the development of our estimate is a continuous process that we monitor and update as more complete claims payment information and healthcare cost trend data becomes available. Actual medical care costs may be less than we previously estimated (favorable development) or more than we previously estimated (unfavorable development), and any differences could be material. Any adjustments to reflect favorable development would be recognized as a decrease to medical care costs, and any adjustments to reflect unfavorable development would be recognized as an increase to medical care costs, in the period in which the adjustments are determined.
Refer to Note 10, “Medical Claims and Benefits Payable,” for a table presenting the components of the change in our medical claims and benefits payable, for all periods presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.
Premium Revenue Recognition and Amounts Due Government Agencies
Premium revenue is generated from our contracts with state and federal agencies, in connection with our participation in the Medicaid, Medicare, and Marketplace programs. Premium revenue is generally received based on per member per month (“PMPM”) rates established in advance of the periods covered. These premium revenues are recognized in the month that members are entitled to receive healthcare services, and premiums collected in advance are deferred. Many of our contracts contain provisions that may adjust or limit revenue or profit. Consequently, we recognize premium revenue as it is earned under such provisions. Liabilities accrued for premiums to be returned under such provisions are reported in the aggregate as “Amounts due government agencies” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. State Medicaid programs and the federal Medicare program periodically adjust premium rates, including certain components of premium revenue that are subject to accounting estimates further discussed below.
Minimum MLR, Medical Cost Corridors and Profit Sharing. A portion of our Medicaid premium revenue may be returned if certain minimum amounts are not spent on defined medical care costs as a percentage of premium revenue, or minimum medical loss ratio (“Minimum MLR”). Under certain medical cost corridor provisions, the health plans may receive additional premiums if amounts spent on medical care costs exceed a defined maximum threshold. This includes remaining risk corridors that were enacted by various states in 2020 in response to the reduced demand for medical services stemming from COVID-19. Our contracts with certain states contain profit sharing provisions under which we refund amounts to the states if our health plans generate profit above a certain specified percentage. In some cases, we are limited in the amount of administrative costs that we may deduct in calculating the refund, if any. We recorded aggregate liabilities under the terms of such contract provisions of $1,344 million and $1,145 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, to amounts due government agencies.
The Affordable Care Act (“ACA”) established a Minimum MLR of 85% for Medicare. Federal regulations define what constitutes medical costs and premium revenue. If the Minimum MLR is not met, we may be required to pay rebates to the federal government. Our dual-eligible plans may also be subject to state-specific Minimum MLRs, medical cost corridors, and profit-sharing provisions. We recognize estimated rebates as an adjustment to premium revenue in our consolidated statements of income. We recorded a liability under the terms of such contract provisions of $64 million and $84 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, to amounts due government agencies.
The ACA established a Minimum MLR of 80% for the Marketplace. If the Minimum MLR is not met, we may be required to pay rebates to our Marketplace policyholders. The Marketplace risk adjustment program discussed below is taken into consideration when computing the Minimum MLR. We recognize estimated rebates under the Minimum MLR as an adjustment to premium revenue in our consolidated statements of income. The amounts were insignificant at December 31, 2023 and 2022.
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Risk Adjustment. Our Medicare premiums are subject to retroactive increase or decrease based on the health status of our Medicare members (as measured by member risk score). We estimate our members’ risk scores and the related amount of Medicare revenue that will ultimately be realized for the periods presented based on our knowledge of our members’ health status, risk scores and CMS practices. We also estimate amounts owed to CMS for Part D settlements. We recorded a liability under the terms of such contract provisions of $66 million and $76 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, to amounts due government agencies.
Under this program for our Marketplace business, our health plans’ composite risk scores are compared with the overall average risk score for the relevant state and market pool. Generally, our health plans will make a risk adjustment payment into the pool if their composite risk scores are below the average risk score (risk adjustment payable), and will receive a risk adjustment payment from the pool if their composite risk scores are above the average risk score (risk adjustment receivable). We estimate our ultimate premium based on insurance policy year-to-date experience, and recognize estimated premiums relating to the risk adjustment program as an adjustment to premium revenue in our consolidated statements of income. As of December 31, 2023, Marketplace risk adjustment payables amounted to $201 million and related receivables amounted to $241 million, for a net receivable of $40 million. Marketplace risk adjustment receivables at December 31, 2023 are net of a $41 million credit loss allowance resulting from a credit loss recognized in the third quarter of 2023 on 2022 Marketplace risk adjustment receivables due to the insolvency of an issuer in the Texas risk pool. This charge is included in other operating expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of income. As of December 31, 2022, Marketplace risk adjustment payables amounted to $230 million and related receivables amounted to $135 million, for a net payable of $95 million.
Other Premium Adjustments. State Medicaid programs periodically adjust premium revenues on a retroactive basis for rate changes and changes in membership and eligibility data. In certain states, adjustments are made based on the health status of our members (as measured through a risk score). In these cases, we adjust our premium revenue in the period in which we determine that the adjustment is probable and reasonably estimable, based on our best estimate of the ultimate premium we expect to realize for the period being adjusted.
Quality Incentives
At many of our health plans, revenue ranging from approximately 1% to 4% of certain health plan premiums is earned only if certain performance measures are met. Such performance measures are generally found in our Medicaid and MMP contracts. Quality incentive premium revenue is recognized when it is earned under such provisions.
Reinsurance
We bear underwriting and reserving risks associated with our health plan subsidiaries. In certain cases, we limit our risk of significant catastrophic losses by maintaining high deductible reinsurance coverage with a highly-rated, unaffiliated insurance company (the “third-party reinsurer”). Because we remain liable for losses in the event the third-party reinsurer is unable to pay its portion of the losses, we continually monitor the third-party reinsurer’s financial condition, including its ability to maintain high credit ratings. Intercompany transactions with our captive are eliminated in consolidation.
We report reinsurance premiums as a reduction to premium revenue, while related reinsurance recoveries are reported as a reduction to medical care costs. In certain cases, we participate in state-run reinsurance programs for which no reinsurance premium is paid. Reinsurance premiums amounted to $11 million, $2 million, and $2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Reinsurance recoveries amounted to $21 million, $35 million, and $33 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Reinsurance recoverable of $28 million, and $27 million, as of December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively, is included in “Receivables” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
Premium Deficiency Reserves on Loss Contracts
We assess the profitability of our contracts to determine if it is probable that a loss will be incurred in the future by reviewing current results and forecasts. For purposes of this assessment, contracts are grouped in a manner consistent with our method of acquiring, servicing and measuring the profitability of such contracts. A premium deficiency reserve (“PDR”) is recognized if anticipated future medical care and administrative costs exceed anticipated future premium revenue, investment income and reinsurance recoveries.
Income Taxes
We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates expected to be in effect during the year in which the basis differences reverse. Valuation allowances are
Molina Healthcare, Inc. 2023 Form 10-K | 63
established when management determines it is more likely than not that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. For further discussion and disclosure, see Note 12, “Income Taxes.”
Taxes Based on Premiums
Premium and Use Tax. Certain of our health plans are assessed a tax based on premium revenue collected. The premium revenues we receive from these states include reimbursement for the premium tax assessment. We have reported these taxes on a gross basis, as premium tax revenue and as premium tax expenses in the consolidated statements of income.
Concentrations of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, investments, receivables, and restricted investments. Our investments and a portion of our cash equivalents are managed by professional portfolio managers operating under documented investment guidelines. Our portfolio managers must obtain our prior approval before selling investments where the loss position of those investments exceeds certain levels. Our investments consist primarily of investment-grade debt securities with final maturities of less than 15 years, or less than 15 years average life for structured securities. Restricted investments are invested principally in cash, cash equivalents, U.S. Treasury securities, and corporate debt securities. Concentration of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable is limited because our payors consist principally of the federal government, and governments of each state in which our health plan subsidiaries operate.
Risks and Uncertainties
Our profitability depends in large part on our ability to accurately predict and effectively manage medical care costs. We continually review our medical costs in light of our underlying claims experience and revised actuarial data. However, several factors could adversely affect medical care costs. These factors, which include changes in healthcare practices, inflation, new technologies, major epidemics, natural disasters, and malpractice litigation, are beyond our control and may have an adverse effect on our ability to accurately predict and effectively control medical care costs. Costs in excess of those anticipated could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.
We operate health plans primarily as a direct contractor with the states, and in Los Angeles County, California, as a subcontractor to another health plan holding a direct contract with the state. We are therefore dependent upon a relatively small number of contracts to support our revenue. The loss of any one of those contracts could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. In addition, our ability to arrange for the provision of medical services to our members is dependent upon our ability to develop and maintain adequate provider networks. Our inability to develop or maintain such networks might, in certain circumstances, have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.
Significant Customers
We receive the majority of our revenues under contracts or subcontracts with state Medicaid managed care programs, which are considered individual external customers. Instances where these contracts were at least 10% of our total premium revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 were Washington with 14.0%, Texas with 13.9%, and New York with 11.4%.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-07, Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which will require disclosure of incremental segment information on an annual and interim basis for all public entities. The amendments do not change how a public entity identifies its operating segments, aggregates those operating segments, or applies the quantitative thresholds to determine its reportable segments. ASU 2023-07 is effective for annual reporting beginning with the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024, and for interim periods thereafter. We are currently evaluating the incremental disclosures that will be required in the footnotes to our consolidated financial statements.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which will require incremental income tax disclosures on an annual basis for all public entities. The amendments require that public business entities disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items meeting a quantitative threshold. The amendments also require disclosure of income taxes paid to be disaggregated by jurisdiction, and disclosure of income tax expense disaggregated by federal, state, and foreign. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual reporting beginning with the fiscal year ending December 31, 2025. We are currently evaluating the incremental disclosures that will be required in our consolidated financial statements.
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Other recent accounting pronouncements issued by the FASB (including its Emerging Issues Task Force), the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, and the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) did not have, nor does management expect such pronouncements to have, a significant impact on our present or future consolidated financial statements.
3. Net Income Per Share
The following table sets forth the calculation of basic and diluted net income per share:
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In millions, except net income per share)
Numerator:
Net income $ 1,091 $ 792 $ 659
Denominator:
Shares outstanding at the beginning of the period 57.4 57.9 58.0
Weighted-average number of shares issued:
Stock purchases - (0.5) (0.5)
Stock-based compensation 0.3 0.4 0.3
Denominator for basic net income per share 57.7 57.8 57.8
Effect of dilutive securities: (1)
Stock-based compensation 0.4 0.7 0.8
Denominator for diluted net income per share 58.1 58.5 58.6
Net income per share - Basic (2)
$ 18.91 $ 13.72 $ 11.40
Net income per share - Diluted (2)
$ 18.77 $ 13.55 $ 11.25
_______________________________
(1) The dilutive effect of all potentially dilutive common shares is calculated using the treasury stock method. Certain potentially dilutive common shares issuable are not included in the computation of diluted net income per share because to do so would have been anti-dilutive.
(2) Source data for calculations in thousands.
4. Business Combinations
In 2023, we closed on one business combination in the Medicaid and Medicare segments, consistent with our growth strategy. For this transaction, we applied the acquisition method of accounting, where the total purchase price was allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, based on their fair values as of the acquisition date. The pro forma effects of this acquisition for prior periods were not material to our consolidated results of operations. Costs to complete acquisitions amounted to $4 million in the aggregate for the year ended December 31, 2023, and were recorded as “General and administrative expenses” in the accompanying consolidated statements of income.
My Choice. On September 1, 2023, we closed on our acquisition of My Choice Wisconsin for preliminary purchase consideration of approximately $74 million. Finalization of purchase price adjustments, as provided in the definitive asset purchase agreement governing the transaction, is expected to occur in the first half of 2024.
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Goodwill is calculated as the excess of the consideration transferred over the net assets recognized and represents the estimated future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired that could not be individually identified and separately recognized. Such assets include synergies we expect to achieve as a result of the transaction, such as the use of our existing infrastructure to support the added membership, and future economic benefits arising from the assembled workforce. We allocated goodwill in the amounts of $95 million to the Medicaid segment and $31 million to the Medicare segment. The goodwill is entirely deductible for income tax purposes. The following table summarizes the provisional fair values assigned to assets acquired and liabilities assumed, in millions.
Assets acquired:
Current assets $ 96
Goodwill 126
Intangible assets 18
Other long-term assets 7
Liabilities assumed:
Medical claims and benefits payable (96)
Amounts due government agencies (19)
Accounts payable, accrued and other long-term liabilities (58)
Net consideration transferred $ 74
The table below presents intangible assets acquired, by major class, for the My Choice acquisition. The weighted-average amortization period, in the aggregate, is 6.5 years.
Fair Value Life
(In millions) (Years)
Contract rights - member list $ 13 7
Trade Name 3 2
Provider network 2 10
$ 18
Bright Health Medicare. We closed on this acquisition effective January 1, 2024 for $441 million, which will be part of our Medicare segment. The initial accounting for this transaction is incomplete.
5. Fair Value Measurements
We consider the carrying amounts of current assets and current liabilities to approximate their fair values because of the relatively short period of time between the origination of these instruments and their expected realization or payment. For our financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis, we prioritize the inputs used in measuring fair value according to a three-tier fair value hierarchy as follows:
Level 1 - Observable Inputs. Level 1 financial instruments are actively traded and therefore the fair value for these securities is based on quoted market prices for identical securities in active markets.
Level 2 - Directly or Indirectly Observable Inputs. Fair value for these investments is determined using a market approach based on quoted prices for similar securities in active markets or quoted prices for identical securities in inactive markets.
Level 3 - Unobservable Inputs. Level 3 financial instruments are valued using unobservable inputs that represent management’s best estimate of what market participants would use in pricing the financial instrument at the measurement date. As of December 31, 2022, our Level 3 financial instruments consisted of contingent consideration liabilities.
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Our financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2023, were as follows:
Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
(In millions)
Corporate debt securities $ 2,732 $ - $ 2,732 $ -
Mortgage-backed securities 911 - 911 -
Asset-backed securities 365 - 365 -
Municipal securities 166 - 166 -
U.S. Treasury notes 40 - 40 -
Other
45 - 45 -
Total assets $ 4,259 $ - $ 4,259 $ -
Our financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2022, were as follows:
Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
(In millions)
Corporate debt securities $ 2,184 $ - $ 2,184 $ -
Mortgage-backed securities 731 - 731 -
Asset-backed securities 288 - 288 -
Municipal securities 149 - 149 -
U.S. Treasury notes 105 - 105 -
Other
42 - 42 -
Total assets $ 3,499 $ - $ 3,499 $ -
Contingent consideration liabilities $ 8 $ - $ - $ 8
Total liabilities $ 8 $ - $ - $ 8
Level 3 Contingent Consideration Liabilities
The net changes in fair value of Level 3 financial instruments are reported in “Other” operating expenses in our consolidated statements of income. In the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized a loss of $4 million, primarily for the increase in the fair value of the contingent consideration liability described below.
In the year ended December 31, 2023, we paid the seller $8 million in connection with our 2020 acquisition of certain assets of Passport Health Plan, Inc., which represented the final payment of the consideration due relating to an operating income guarantee. The amount paid in the year ended December 31, 2023, has been presented in “Operating activities” in the accompanying consolidated statements of cash flows.
Fair Value Measurements - Disclosure Only
The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of our notes payable are classified as Level 2 financial instruments. Fair value for these securities is determined using a market approach based on quoted market prices for similar securities in active markets or quoted prices for identical securities in inactive markets.
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Carrying
Amount Fair Value Carrying
Amount Fair Value
(In millions)
4.375% Notes due 2028
$ 794 $ 757 $ 792 $ 729
3.875% Notes due 2030
644 583 643 554
3.875% Notes due 2032
742 654 741 629
Total $ 2,180 $ 1,994 $ 2,176 $ 1,912
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6. Investments
Available-for-Sale
We consider all of our investments classified as current assets to be available-for-sale. The following tables summarize our current investments as of the dates indicated:
December 31, 2023
Amortized
Cost Gross
Unrealized Estimated
Fair Value
Gains Losses
(In millions)
Corporate debt securities $ 2,781 $ 16 $ 65 $ 2,732
Mortgage-backed securities 951 4 44 911
Asset-backed securities 376 1 12 365
Municipal securities 172 - 6 166
U.S. Treasury notes
40 - - 40
Other 47 - 2 45
Total $ 4,367 $ 21 $ 129 $ 4,259
December 31, 2022
Amortized
Cost Gross
Unrealized Estimated
Fair Value
Gains Losses
(In millions)
Corporate debt securities $ 2,303 $ 2 $ 121 $ 2,184
Mortgage-backed securities 787 - 56 731
Asset-backed securities 308 - 20 288
Municipal securities 160 - 11 149
U.S. Treasury notes
106 - 1 105
Other 45 - 3 42
Total $ 3,709 $ 2 $ 212 $ 3,499
Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. The contractual maturities of our current investments as of December 31, 2023 are summarized below:
Amortized
Cost Estimated
Fair Value
(In millions)
Due in one year or less $ 538 $ 530
Due after one year through five years 2,437 2,384
Due after five years through ten years 406 405
Due after ten years 986 940
Total $ 4,367 $ 4,259
In the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, maturities and redemptions of available-for-sale securities amounted to $513 million, $1,069 million, and $948 million, respectively, and sales amounted to $259 million, $329 million, and $381 million, respectively. Gross realized gains and losses from sales of available-for-sale securities are calculated under the specific identification method and are included in investment income. Gross realized investment gains amounted to $1 million, $1 million and $10 million in the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and were reclassified into earnings from other comprehensive income on a net-of-tax basis. Gross realized investment losses amounted to $11 million and $7 million in the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and were reclassified into earnings from other comprehensive income on a net-of-tax basis. Gross realized investment losses were insignificant in the year ended December 31, 2021.
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We have determined that unrealized losses at December 31, 2023 and 2022 primarily resulted from fluctuating interest rates, rather than a deterioration of the creditworthiness of the issuers. Therefore, we determined that an allowance for credit losses was not necessary. So long as we maintain the intent and ability to hold these securities to maturity, we are unlikely to experience realized losses. In the event that we dispose of these securities before maturity, we expect that realized losses, if any, will be insignificant.
The following table segregates those available-for-sale investments that have been in a continuous loss position for less than 12 months, and those that have been in a continuous loss position for 12 months or more as of December 31, 2023:
In a Continuous Loss Position
for Less than 12 Months In a Continuous Loss Position
for 12 Months or More
Estimated
Fair
Value Unrealized
Losses Total Number of Positions Estimated
Fair
Value Unrealized
Losses Total Number of Positions
(Dollars in millions)
Corporate debt securities $ 263 $ 1 160 $ 1,553 $ 64 754
Mortgage-backed securities
123 2 98 549 42 283
Asset-backed securities - - - 195 12 91
Municipal securities - - - 117 6 116
Other
- - - 17 2 17
Total $ 386 $ 3 258 $ 2,431 $ 126 1,261
The following table segregates those available-for-sale investments that have been in a continuous loss position for less than 12 months, and those that have been in a continuous loss position for 12 months or more as of December 31, 2022:
In a Continuous Loss Position
for Less than 12 Months In a Continuous Loss Position
for 12 Months or More
Estimated
Fair
Value Unrealized
Losses Total Number of Positions Estimated
Fair
Value Unrealized
Losses Total Number of Positions
(Dollars in millions)
Corporate debt securities $ 1,124 $ 45 683 $ 887 $ 76 371
Mortgage-backed securities
395 20 220 319 36 131
Asset-backed securities 161 6 108 118 14 59
Municipal securities 75 4 83 57 7 57
U.S. Treasury notes 88 1 6 - - -
Other
15 1 16 17 2 6
Total $ 1,858 $ 77 1,116 $ 1,398 $ 135 624
Restricted Investments Held-to-Maturity
Pursuant to the regulations governing our state health plan subsidiaries, we maintain statutory deposits and deposits required by government authorities primarily in cash, cash equivalents, U.S. Treasury securities, and corporate debt securities. We also maintain restricted investments as protection against the insolvency of certain capitated providers. The use of these funds is limited as required by regulations in the various states in which we operate, or as needed in the event of insolvency of capitated providers. Therefore, such investments are reported as “Restricted investments” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
We have the ability to hold these restricted investments until maturity, and as a result, we would not expect the value of these investments to decline significantly due to a sudden change in market interest rates. Our held-to-maturity restricted investments are carried at amortized cost, which approximates fair value, of which $190 million will mature in one year or less, $65 million will mature in one through five years, and $6 million will mature after five years.
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The following table presents the balances of restricted investments:
December 31,
2023 2022
(In millions)
Cash and cash equivalents $ 60 $ 42
U.S. Treasury notes 167 159
Corporate debt securities 34 37
Total restricted investments $ 261 $ 238
7. Property, Equipment, and Capitalized Software, Net
Property and equipment are stated at historical cost. Replacements and major improvements are capitalized, and repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred. Software developed for internal use is capitalized. Property and equipment are generally depreciated using the straight-line method over estimated useful lives ranging from three to seven years. Software is generally amortized over its estimated useful life of three years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the term of the lease, or over their useful lives from five to 10 years, whichever is shorter. Buildings are depreciated over their estimated useful lives of 31.5 to 40 years.
The Company recognized an impairment on property and equipment of $16 million associated with our reduction in leased space used in our business operations in the year ended December 31, 2022.
A summary of property, equipment, and capitalized software is as follows:
December 31,
2023 2022
(In millions)
Capitalized software $ 687 $ 615
Property and equipment 199 221
Building and improvements 41 41
Land 5 5
Total cost 932 882
Less: accumulated amortization - capitalized software (537) (482)
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization - property, equipment, building, and improvements
(192) (213)
Total accumulated depreciation and amortization (729) (695)
ROU assets - finance leases 67 72
Property, equipment, and capitalized software, net $ 270 $ 259
The following table presents all depreciation and amortization recognized in our consolidated statements of income:
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In millions)
Recorded in depreciation and amortization:
Amortization of intangible assets $ 85 $ 77 $ 49
Amortization of capitalized software 58 54 41
Amortization of finance leases 18 28 25
Depreciation and amortization of property, equipment, building, and improvements 10 17 16
Total depreciation and amortization recognized $ 171 $ 176 $ 131
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8. Leases
We are a party to operating and finance leases primarily for our corporate and health plan offices. Our operating leases have remaining lease terms up to 12 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to 10 years. As of December 31, 2023, the weighted average remaining operating lease term is 8 years.
Our finance leases have remaining lease terms up to 15 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to 25 years. As of December 31, 2023, the weighted average remaining finance lease term is 12 years.
In the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized $192 million of ROU asset impairments associated with our reduction in leased space used in our business operations to accommodate our move to a remote work environment.
As of December 31, 2023, the weighted-average discount rate used to compute the present value of lease payments was 4.8% for operating lease liabilities, and 6.4% for finance lease liabilities. The components of lease expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 are presented in the following table.
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In millions)
Operating lease expense $ 15 $ 31 $ 34
Finance lease expense:
Amortization of ROU assets $ 18 $ 28 $ 25
Interest on lease liabilities 15 15 15
Total finance lease expense $ 33 $ 43 $ 40
Supplemental consolidated cash flow information related to leases follows:
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In millions)
Cash used in operating activities:
Operating leases $ 28 $ 31 $ 33
Finance leases 15 15 15
Cash used in financing activities:
Finance leases 24 15 18
ROU assets recognized in exchange for lease obligations:
Operating leases 12 10 86
Finance leases 13 18 18
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Supplemental information related to leases, including location of amounts reported in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, follows:
December 31,
2023 2022
(In millions)
Operating leases:
ROU assets
Other assets $ 43 $ 43
Lease liabilities
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (current) $ 20 $ 41
Other long-term liabilities (non-current) 85 77
Total operating lease liabilities $ 105 $ 118
Finance leases:
ROU assets
Property, equipment, and capitalized software, net $ 67 $ 72
Lease liabilities
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (current) $ 21 $ 22
Finance lease liabilities (non-current) 205 215
Total finance lease liabilities
$ 226 $ 237
Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2023, were as follows:
Operating Finance
Leases Leases
(In millions)
2024 $ 24 $ 34
2025 20 30
2026 14 26
2027 11 24
2028 9 25
Thereafter 50 194
Subtotal - undiscounted lease payments 128 333
Less imputed interest (23) (107)
Total $ 105 $ 226
9. Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net
Goodwill
The following table presents the changes in the carrying amounts of goodwill by segment, for the periods presented.
Medicaid Medicare Other Consolidated
(In millions)
Balance, December 31, 2021
$ 769 $ 169 $ 44 $ 982
Acquisitions and measurement period adjustments 130 3 - 133
Balance, December 31, 2022
899 172 44 1,115
Acquisitions and measurement period adjustments 95 31 - 126
Balance, December 31, 2023
$ 994 $ 203 $ 44 $ 1,241
The changes in the carrying amounts of both goodwill and intangible assets, net, in 2023, were due to the
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acquisition described in Note 4, “Business Combinations.”
Intangible Assets, Net
The following table provides the details of identified intangible assets, by major class, for the periods presented.
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Cost Accumulated
Amortization Carrying Amount Cost Accumulated
Amortization Carrying Amount
(In millions)
Contract rights and licenses $ 520 $ 357 $ 163 $ 507 $ 279 $ 228
Provider networks 59 29 30 57 24 33
Trade names 22 7 15 19 5 14
Total $ 601 $ 393 $ 208 $ 583 $ 308 $ 275
As of December 31, 2023, we estimate that our intangible asset amortization will be approximately $71 million in 2024, $67 million in 2025, $27 million in 2026, $15 million in 2027, and $8 million in 2028.
10. Medical Claims and Benefits Payable
The following table provides the details of our medical claims and benefits payable as of the dates indicated.
December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In millions)
Fee-for-service claims incurred but not paid (“IBNP”) $ 2,901 $ 2,597 $ 2,486
Pharmacy payable 202 206 219
Capitation payable 100 94 82
Other 1,001 631 576
Total $ 4,204 $ 3,528 $ 3,363
“Other” medical claims and benefits payable includes amounts payable to certain providers for which we act as an intermediary on behalf of various government agencies without assuming financial risk. Such receipts and payments do not impact our consolidated statements of income. Non-risk provider payables amounted to $481 million, $228 million and $226 million, as of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
The following tables present the components of the change in our medical claims and benefits payable for the periods indicated.
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Medicaid Medicare Marketplace Consolidated
(In millions)
Medical claims and benefits payable, beginning balance $ 2,815 $ 452 $ 261 $ 3,528
Components of medical care costs related to:
Current year 23,749 3,802 1,545 29,096
Prior years (395) (11) (21) (427)
Total medical care costs 23,354 3,791 1,524 28,669
Payments for medical care costs related to:
Current year 20,999 3,293 1,323 25,615
Prior years 2,069 431 234 2,734
Total paid 23,068 3,724 1,557 28,349
Acquired balances, net of post-acquisition adjustments 82 14 - 96
Change in non-risk and other provider payables 261 (1) - 260
Medical claims and benefits payable, ending balance $ 3,444 $ 532 $ 228 $ 4,204
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Year Ended December 31, 2022
Medicaid Medicare Marketplace Consolidated
(In millions)
Medical claims and benefits payable, beginning balance $ 2,580 $ 404 $ 379 $ 3,363
Components of medical care costs related to:
Current year 22,097 3,390 1,972 27,459
Prior years (251) (32) (1) (284)
Total medical care costs 21,846 3,358 1,971 27,175
Payments for medical care costs related to:
Current year 19,655 2,944 1,746 24,345
Prior years 1,966 361 343 2,670
Total paid 21,621 3,305 2,089 27,015
Acquired balances, net of post-acquisition adjustments 12 - - 12
Change in non-risk and other provider payables (2) (5) - (7)
Medical claims and benefits payable, ending balance $ 2,815 $ 452 $ 261 $ 3,528
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Medicaid Medicare Marketplace Consolidated
(In millions)
Medical claims and benefits payable, beginning balance $ 2,129 $ 392 $ 175 $ 2,696
Components of medical care costs related to:
Current year 18,321 2,970 2,652 23,943
Prior years (182) (39) (18) (239)
Total medical care costs 18,139 2,931 2,634 23,704
Payments for medical care costs related to:
Current year 16,284 2,573 2,291 21,148
Prior years 1,601 340 139 2,080
Total paid 17,885 2,913 2,430 23,228
Acquired balances, net of post-acquisition adjustments 205 (8) - 197
Change in non-risk and other provider payables (8) 2 - (6)
Medical claims and benefits payable, ending balance $ 2,580 $ 404 $ 379 $ 3,363
The amounts presented for “Components of medical care costs related to: Prior years” represent the amount by which our original estimate of medical claims and benefits payable at the beginning of the year varied from the actual liabilities, based on information (principally the payment of claims) developed since those liabilities were first reported.
Our estimates of medical claims and benefits payable recorded at December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 developed favorably by approximately $427 million, $284 million and $239 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The favorable prior year development recognized in 2023 was primarily due to lower than expected utilization of medical services by our members and improved operating performance, mainly in the Medicaid segment. Consequently, the ultimate costs recognized in 2023, as claims payments were processed, were lower than our estimates in 2022.
The favorable prior year development recognized in 2022 was primarily due to lower than expected utilization of medical services by our members and improved operating performance, mainly in the Medicaid segment. Consequently, the ultimate costs recognized in 2022, as claims payments were processed, were lower than our estimates in 2021, which was not discernible until additional information was provided, and as claims payments were processed.
The favorable prior year development recognized in 2021 was primarily due to lower than expected utilization of medical services by our Medicaid members, and to a lesser extent our Medicare and Marketplace members, and improved operating performance. Consequently, the ultimate costs recognized in 2021 were lower than our original estimates in 2020, which was not discernible until additional information was provided, and as claims payments were processed.
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The following tables provide information about our consolidated incurred and paid claims development as of December 31, 2023, as well as cumulative claims frequency and the total of incurred but not paid claims liabilities. The pattern of incurred and paid claims development is consistent across each of our segments. The cumulative claim frequency is measured by claim event, and includes claims covered under capitated arrangements.
Incurred Claims and Allocated Claims Adjustment Expenses Total IBNP Cumulative number of reported claims
Benefit Year 2021 2022 2023
(Unaudited) (Unaudited)
(In millions)
2021 $ 24,167 $ 23,979 $ 23,912 $ 18 133
2022 27,459 27,128 77 163
2023 29,096 2,803 153
$ 80,136 $ 2,898
Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claims Adjustment Expenses
Benefit Year 2021 2022 2023
(Unaudited) (Unaudited)
(In millions)
2021 $ 21,148 $ 23,871 $ 23,894
2022 24,345 27,051
2023 25,615
$ 76,560
The following table represents a reconciliation of claims development to the aggregate carrying amount of the liability for medical claims and benefits payable.
(In millions)
Incurred claims and allocated claims adjustment expenses $ 80,136
Less: cumulative paid claims and allocated claims adjustment expenses (76,560)
All outstanding liabilities before 2021 3
Acquired balances 96
Non-risk and other provider payables 529
Medical claims and benefits payable $ 4,204
11. Debt
Contractual maturities of debt, as of December 31, 2023, are illustrated in the following table. All amounts represent the principal amounts of the debt instruments outstanding.
Total 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Thereafter
(In millions)
4.375% Notes due 2028
$ 800 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 800 $ -
3.875% Notes due 2030
650 - - - - - 650
3.875% Notes due 2032
750 - - - - - 750
Total $ 2,200 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 800 $ 1,400
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The following table summarizes our outstanding debt obligations, all of which are non-current as of the dates reported below:
December 31,
2023 2022
(In millions)
Non-current long-term debt:
4.375% Notes due 2028
$ 800 $ 800
3.875% Notes due 2030
650 650
3.875% Notes due 2032
750 750
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs (20) (24)
Total $ 2,180 $ 2,176
Credit Agreement
We are party to a credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) which includes a revolving credit facility (“Credit Facility”) of $1.0 billion, among other provisions. The Credit Agreement has a term of five years, and all amounts outstanding will be due and payable on June 8, 2025. Borrowings under the Credit Agreement bear interest based, at our election, on a base rate or other defined rate, plus in each case, the applicable margin. In addition to interest payable on the principal amount of indebtedness outstanding from time to time under the Credit Agreement, we are required to pay a quarterly commitment fee.
Effective April 26, 2023, we amended the Credit Agreement to transition from the use of the London Interbank Offered Rate, or LIBOR, to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate, or SOFR, as a benchmark interest rate used in the Credit Agreement.
We have other relationships, including financial advisory and banking, with some parties to the Credit Agreement.
The Credit Agreement contains customary non-financial and financial covenants. As of December 31, 2023, we were in compliance with all financial and non-financial covenants under the Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2023, no amounts were outstanding under the Credit Facility.
Senior Notes
Our senior notes are described below. Each of these notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Parent corporation, Molina Healthcare, Inc., and rank equally in right of payment with all existing and future senior debt, and senior to all existing and future subordinated debt of Molina Healthcare, Inc. In addition, each of the indentures governing the senior notes contain customary non-financial covenants and change of control provisions. As of December 31, 2023, we were in compliance with all non-financial covenants in the indentures governing the senior notes.
The indentures governing the senior notes contain cross-default provisions that are triggered upon default by us or any of our subsidiaries on any indebtedness in excess of the amount specified in the applicable indenture.
4.375% Notes due 2028. We have $800 million aggregate principal amount of senior notes (the “4.375% Notes”) outstanding as of December 31, 2023, which are due June 15, 2028, unless earlier redeemed. Interest, at a rate of 4.375% per annum, is payable semiannually in arrears on June 15 and December 15.
3.875% Notes due 2030. We have $650 million aggregate principal amount of senior notes (the “3.875% Notes due 2030”) outstanding as of December 31, 2023, which are due November 15, 2030, unless earlier redeemed. Interest, at a rate of 3.875% per annum, is payable semiannually in arrears on May 15 and November 15.
3.875% Notes due 2032. We have $750 million aggregate principal amount of senior notes (the “3.875% Notes due 2032”) outstanding as of December 31, 2023, which are due May 15, 2032, unless earlier redeemed. Interest, at a rate of 3.875% per annum, is payable semiannually in arrears on May 15 and November 15.
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12. Income Taxes
Income tax expense for continuing operations consisted of the following:
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In millions)
Current:
Federal $ 349 $ 297 $ 209
State 55 40 31
Total current 404 337 240
Deferred:
Federal (28) (66) (17)
State (3) - (7)
Total deferred (31) (66) (24)
Income tax expense $ 373 $ 271 $ 216
A reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to the combined effective income tax rate for continuing operations is as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Statutory federal tax (benefit) rate 21.0 % 21.0 % 21.0 %
State income provision (benefit), net of federal benefit 2.8 3.0 2.2
Nondeductible compensation 1.4 1.8 1.5
Other 0.3 (0.3) -
Effective tax expense rate 25.5 % 25.5 % 24.7 %
Our effective tax rate is based on expected income, statutory tax rates, and tax planning opportunities available to us in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. Management estimates and judgments are required in determining our effective tax rate. We are routinely under audit by federal, state, or local authorities regarding the timing and amount of deductions, nexus of income among various tax jurisdictions, and compliance with federal, state, foreign, and local tax laws.
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Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current. Significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:
December 31,
2023 2022
(In millions)
Accrued expenses and reserve liabilities $ 94 $ 77
Other accrued medical costs 26 24
Net operating losses 7 9
Unearned premiums 19 16
Lease liabilities 87 88
Unrealized losses 26 49
Fixed assets and intangibles 24 9
Tax credit carryover 5 5
Other 6 5
Valuation allowance (24) (18)
Total deferred income tax assets, net of valuation allowance 270 264
Right-of-use assets (29) (29)
Prepaid expenses (14) (15)
Total deferred income tax liabilities (43) (44)
Net deferred income tax asset $ 227 $ 220
At December 31, 2023, we had state net operating loss carryforwards of $53 million, which begin expiring in 2036.
At December 31, 2023, we had foreign net operating loss carryforwards of $11 million, which begin expiring in 2031.
At December 31, 2023, we had foreign tax credit carryovers of $5 million, which expire in 2030.
We evaluate the need for a valuation allowance taking into consideration the ability to carry back and carry forward tax credits and losses, available tax planning strategies and future income, including reversal of temporary differences. We have determined that as of December 31, 2023, $24 million of deferred tax assets did not satisfy the recognition criteria. Therefore, we increased our valuation allowance by $6 million, from $18 million at December 31, 2022, to $24 million as of December 31, 2023.
We recognize tax benefits only if the tax position is more likely than not to be sustained. We are subject to income taxes in the United States, Puerto Rico, and numerous state jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in evaluating our tax positions and determining our provision for income taxes. During the ordinary course of business, there are many transactions and calculations for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. We establish reserves for tax-related uncertainties based on estimates of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. These reserves are established when we believe that certain positions might be challenged despite our belief that our tax return positions are fully supportable. We adjust these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the outcome of tax audits. The provision for income taxes includes the impact of reserve provisions and changes to reserves that are considered appropriate.
The roll forward of our unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In millions)
Gross unrecognized tax benefits at beginning of period $ (5) $ (15) $ (20)
Settlements - - 5
Lapse in statute of limitations - 10 -
Gross unrecognized tax benefits at end of period $ (5) $ (5) $ (15)
The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 that, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rates is $5 million, $5 million, and $15 million, respectively. We expect that during the next 12 months it is reasonably possible that unrecognized tax benefit liabilities may decrease by $5 million due to
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resolution of a state refund claim. The state refund claim will not result in a cash payment for income taxes if our claim is denied.
Our continuing practice is to recognize interest and/or penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. Amounts accrued for the payment of interest and penalties as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were insignificant.
We may be subject to examination by the IRS for calendar years after 2019. With a few exceptions, which are immaterial in the aggregate, we no longer are subject to state, local, and Puerto Rico tax examinations for years before 2019.
13. Stockholders' Equity
Stock Purchase Programs
In September 2023, our board of directors authorized the purchase of up to $750 million of our common stock. This new program supersedes the stock purchase program previously approved by our board of directors in November 2022 and extends through December 31, 2024. The exact timing and amount of any repurchase is determined by management based on market conditions and share price, in addition to other factors, and subject to the restrictions relating to volume, price, and timing under applicable law. No shares were purchased in 2023 and through February 9, 2024.
Share-Based Compensation
In connection with our employee stock plans, approximately 442,000 shares and 755,000 shares of common stock were issued, net of shares used to settle employees’ income tax obligations, during the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Total share-based compensation expense is reported in “General and administrative expenses” in the accompanying consolidated statements of income, and summarized below.
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In millions)
Pretax
Charges Net-of-Tax
Amount Pretax
Charges Net-of-Tax
Amount Pretax
Charges Net-of-Tax
Amount
RSAs and PSUs (defined below) $ 108 $ 102 $ 97 $ 90 $ 66 $ 62
Employee stock purchase plan and stock options
7 7 6 6 6 6
Total $ 115 $ 109 $ 103 $ 96 $ 72 $ 68
Equity Incentive Plan
At December 31, 2023, we had employee equity incentives outstanding under our 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2019 EIP”). The 2019 EIP provides for awards, in the form of restricted stock awards (“RSAs”), performance units (“PSUs”), stock options, and other stock- or cash-based awards, to eligible persons who perform services for us. The 2019 EIP provides for the issuance of up to 2.9 million shares of our common stock.
Stock-based awards. RSAs and PSUs are granted with a fair value equal to the market price of our common stock on the date of grant, and generally vest in equal annual installments over periods up to four years from the date of grant. PSUs vest in their entirety at the end of three-year performance periods, if their performance conditions are met. We generally recognize expense for RSAs and PSUs on a straight-line basis. The weighted-average grant date fair value of our RSAs was $277.37 in 2023, $312.27 in 2022, and $224.63 in 2021. The weighted-average grant date fair value of our PSUs was $233.50 in 2023, $214.94 in 2022, and $74.52 in 2021. Activity for stock-based awards in the year ended December 31, 2023, is summarized below.
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RSAs Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value PSUs Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Unvested balance, December 31, 2022
511,105 $ 237.10 312,830 $ 193.09
Granted 294,604 277.37 470,284 233.50
Vested (224,269) 210.22 (328,998) 124.98
Forfeited (45,993) 261.71 (43,742) 261.01
Unvested balance, December 31, 2023
535,447 $ 268.41 410,374 $ 286.77
As of December 31, 2023, total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested RSAs and PSUs was $88 million, and $52 million, respectively, which we expect to recognize over a remaining weighted-average period of 2.1 years, and 1.1 years, respectively. This unrecognized compensation cost assumes an estimated forfeiture rate of 8% for non-executive employees as of December 31, 2023, based on actual forfeitures over the last 4 years.
The total fair value of awards vested is presented in the following table.
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In millions)
RSAs $ 62 $ 70 $ 53
PSUs 90 69 71
Total vested $ 152 $ 139 $ 124
Stock Options. Stock option awards generally have an exercise price equal to the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant, vest in equal annual installments over periods up to four years from the date of grant, and have a maximum term of ten years from the date of grant. Stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2023, is summarized below.
Number of Shares Weighted Average Exercise Price Aggregate Intrinsic Value Weighted Average Remaining Contractual term
(Per share) (In millions) (Years)
Stock options outstanding as of December 31, 2022
5,000 $ 33.02
Exercised (5,000) 33.02
Stock options outstanding, vested, and exercisable as of December 31, 2023
- - $ - 0.0
No stock options were granted in 2023, 2022, or 2021. As of December 31, 2023, there was no unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock options.
Employee Stock Purchase Plans (“ESPP”)
Under our ESPP, eligible employees may purchase common shares at 85% of the lower of the fair market value of our common stock on either the first or last trading day of each six-month offering period. Each participant is limited to a maximum purchase of $25,000 (as measured by the fair value of the stock acquired) per year through payroll deductions. We estimate the fair value of the stock issued using a standard option pricing model. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the inputs to this model were as follows: risk-free interest rates of approximately 0.1% to 5.4%; expected volatility of approximately 28% to 54%, dividend yields of 0%, and an average expected life of 0.5 years.
14. Employee Benefit Plans
We sponsor defined contribution 401(k) plans that cover substantially all employees of our company and its subsidiaries. Eligible employees are permitted to contribute up to the maximum amount allowed by law. We match up to the first 4% of compensation contributed by employees. Expense recognized in connection with our contributions to the 401(k) plans amounted to $54 million, $45 million, and $41 million in the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
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We also have a non-qualified deferred compensation plan for certain key employees. Under this plan, eligible participants may defer portions of their base salary and bonus to provide tax-deferred growth. The deferrals are distributable based upon termination of employment or other periods, as elected under the plan and were $39 million and $26 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
15. Commitments and Contingencies
Regulatory Capital Requirements and Dividend Restrictions
Our health plans, which are generally operated by our respective wholly owned subsidiaries in those states in which our health plans operate, are subject to state laws and regulations that, among other things, require the maintenance of minimum levels of statutory capital, as defined by each state. The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”), has adopted model rules which, if implemented by the states, set minimum capitalization requirements for insurance companies, HMOs, and other entities bearing risk for healthcare coverage. The requirements take the form of risk-based capital (“RBC”) rules which may vary from state to state. Regulators in some states may also enforce capital requirements that require the retention of net worth in excess of amounts formally required by statute or regulation.
All of our health plans except California, Florida, Massachusetts and New York, are subject to the RBC rules. The minimum statutory capital requirements in these states are based on a percentage of annualized premium revenue, a percentage of annualized health care costs, a percentage of certain liabilities, or other financial ratios. If our California, Florida, Massachusetts or New York health plans became subject to RBC rules, minimum capital required for those states could increase. Our Massachusetts health plan maintains a $35 million performance bond, effective through December 31, 2024, to partially satisfy minimum net worth requirements in that state.
Statutes, regulations and informal capital requirements also restrict the timing, payment, and amount of dividends and other distributions that may be paid to us as the sole stockholder. To the extent our subsidiaries must comply with these regulations, they may not have the financial flexibility to transfer funds to us. Based on current statutes and regulations, the net assets in these subsidiaries, which may not be transferable to us in the form of loans, advances, or cash dividends was approximately $3.7 billion at December 31, 2023. Because of the statutory restrictions that inhibit the ability of our health plans to transfer net assets to us, the amount of retained earnings readily available to pay dividends to our stockholders is generally limited to cash, cash equivalents and investments held by the parent company-Molina Healthcare, Inc. Such cash, cash equivalents and investments amounted to $742 million and $375 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
As of December 31, 2023, our health plans had aggregate statutory capital and surplus of approximately $4.1 billion, which was in excess of the required minimum aggregate statutory capital and surplus of approximately $2.3 billion. We have the ability and commitment to provide additional capital to each of our health plans when necessary to ensure that statutory capital and surplus continues to meet regulatory requirements.
Legal Proceedings
The healthcare industry is subject to numerous laws and regulations of federal, state, and local governments, as well as various contractual provisions, governing our operations. Compliance with these laws, regulations, and contractual provisions can be subject to government audit, review, and interpretation, as well as regulatory actions. Penalties associated with violations of these laws, regulations, and contractual provisions can include significant fines and penalties, temporary or permanent exclusion from participating in publicly funded programs, a limitation on our ability to market or sell products, the repayment of previously billed and collected revenues, and reputational damage.
We are involved in legal actions in the ordinary course of business including, but not limited to, various employment claims, vendor disputes and provider claims. Some of these legal actions seek monetary damages, including claims for punitive damages, which may not be covered by insurance. We review legal matters and update our estimates, or range of estimates, of reasonably possible losses and related disclosures, as necessary. We have accrued liabilities for legal matters for which we deem the loss to be both probable and reasonably estimable. These liability estimates could change as a result of further developments. The outcome of these legal actions are inherently uncertain. An adverse determination in one or more of these pending matters could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.
Kentucky RFP. On September 4, 2020, Anthem Kentucky Managed Care Plan, Inc. (“Anthem”) brought an action in Franklin County Circuit Court against the Kentucky Finance and Administration Cabinet, the Kentucky Cabinet for
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Health and Family Services, and all of the five winning bidder health plans, including our Kentucky health plan. On September 9, 2022, the Kentucky Court of Appeals ruled that, with regard to the earlier Circuit Court ruling granting Anthem relief, the Circuit Court should not have invalidated the 2020 procurement and thus should not have awarded a contract to Anthem. Anthem sought discretionary review by the Kentucky Supreme Court (“KSC”) of the ruling by the Court of Appeals. On April 19, 2023, KSC granted Anthem’s request for discretionary review and ordered legal briefing, which the parties completed in September 2023. KSC has scheduled oral arguments on March 7, 2024. Pending further KSC order, our Kentucky health plan will continue to operate for the foreseeable future under its current Medicaid contract. At this time, the Company cannot predict the outcome, or provide a reasonable estimate or range of estimates of the possible outcome or loss, if any, in this matter.
Puerto Rico. On August 13, 2021, Molina Healthcare of Puerto Rico, Inc. (“MHPR”) filed a complaint with the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Court of First Instance, San Juan (State Court) asserting, among other claims, breach of contract against Puerto Rico Health Insurance Administration (“ASES”). On September 13, 2021, ASES filed a counterclaim and a third-party complaint against MHPR and the Company. The parties are engaged in settlement conversations. A status hearing was held on September 28, 2023, in which ASES and Molina informed the Court of the ongoing settlement conversations. On January 15, 2024, ASES and Molina informed the court that they had reached an agreement in principle, and the Court has scheduled a status conference on March 5, 2024. The Company cannot predict the outcome, or provide a reasonable estimate or range of estimates of the possible outcome or loss, if any, in this matter.
Texas Qui Tam Litigation. On May 7, 2013, a relator filed under seal a qui tam action in Texas state court against Molina Healthcare, Inc. and Molina Healthcare of Texas, Inc., asserting claims under the Texas Medicaid Fraud Prevention Act (“TMFPA”) on behalf of the State of Texas. The original petition alleged that Molina Healthcare of Texas knowingly failed to assess its STAR+PLUS members in accordance with the terms of its Medicaid contract with the State and made false statements to the State concerning those assessments that permitted Molina Healthcare of Texas to receive from the State unnecessary payments. As required by the TMFPA, the original petition was filed in camera and under seal, and without Molina’s awareness, to permit the State to decide whether to intervene and assume responsibility for prosecuting the lawsuit. In 2019, the State declined to intervene. In June 2019, as a result of the State’s election to decline intervention, the trial court unsealed the original petition, at which time Molina became aware of the lawsuit. The relator amended her original petition and served Molina in July 2019.
In September 2019, Molina filed a motion to dismiss the relator’s claims under the Texas Citizens Participation Act. After the trial court denied the motion, and following extended appellate proceedings which automatically stayed all trial court proceedings, discovery in the lawsuit commenced in late 2021. The relator’s third amended petition was filed on January 19, 2024. The petition alleges that, during the periods in question some ten years ago, Molina failed to assess STAR+PLUS members for personal attendant services, failed to provide those members with contractually required health care benefits, and misrepresented to the State Molina’s capacity to perform the assessments and the status of the assessments. Based on these allegations, the relator contends that Molina is liable to the State under the TMFPA for statutorily defined civil remedies, disgorgement of previous capitation payments, and interest. Molina denies the relator’s allegations as well as any liability in the lawsuit, and intends to defend against the relator’s allegations vigorously. The lawsuit is currently in the discovery phase, with trial set before the Texas District Court, Travis County in late September 2024. The case remains subject to significant additional proceedings, and due to numerous factors of uncertainty presented in the case, we are currently unable to make a reasonable estimate, or range of estimates, with regard to the ultimate outcome of this matter.
Professional Liability Insurance
We carry medical professional liability insurance for healthcare services rendered in our primary care locations and throughout the communities we serve. In addition, we carry managed care errors and omissions insurance for all managed care services that we provide.
16. Segments
We currently have four reportable segments consisting of: 1) Medicaid; 2) Medicare; 3) Marketplace; and 4) Other. Our reportable segments are consistent with how we currently manage the business and view the markets we serve.
The Medicaid, Medicare, and Marketplace segments represent the government-funded or sponsored programs under which we offer managed healthcare services. The Other segment, which is insignificant to our consolidated results of operations, includes long-term services and supports consultative services in Wisconsin.
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The key metrics used to assess the performance of our Medicaid, Medicare, and Marketplace segments are premium revenue, medical margin and medical care ratio (“MCR”). MCR represents the amount of medical care costs as a percentage of premium revenue. Therefore, the underlying medical margin, or the amount earned by the Medicaid, Medicare, and Marketplace segments after medical costs are deducted from premium revenue, represents the most important measure of earnings reviewed by management, and is used by our chief executive officer to review results, assess performance, and allocate resources. The key metric used to assess the performance of our Other segment is service margin. The service margin is equal to service revenue minus cost of service revenue. We do not report total assets by segment since this is not a metric used to assess segment performance or allocate resources.
The following table presents total revenue by segment. Inter-segment revenue was insignificant for all periods presented.
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In millions)
Total revenue:
Medicaid $ 27,707 $ 25,783 $ 21,231
Medicare 4,227 3,824 3,379
Marketplace 2,062 2,296 3,091
Other 76 71 70
Consolidated $ 34,072 $ 31,974 $ 27,771
The following table reconciles margin by segment to consolidated income before income tax expense:
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In millions)
Margin:
Medicaid $ 2,973 $ 2,981 $ 2,322
Medicare 388 437 430
Marketplace 499 290 399
Other 9 11 14
Total margin 3,869 3,719 3,165
Add: other operating revenues (1)
1,467 1,020 846
Less: other operating expenses (2)
(3,763) (3,566) (2,991)
Operating income 1,573 1,173 1,020
Less: other expenses, net (3)
109 110 145
Income before income tax expense $ 1,464 $ 1,063 $ 875
______________________
(1)Other operating revenues include premium tax revenue, investment income and certain other revenue.
(2)Other operating expenses include general and administrative expenses, premium tax expenses, depreciation and amortization, impairment, and certain other operating expenses.
(3)Other expenses, net include interest expense and non-operating other expenses.
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17. Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
The condensed balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related condensed statements of income, comprehensive income and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023 for our parent company Molina Healthcare, Inc. (the “Registrant”), are presented below.
Condensed Balance Sheets
December 31,
2023 2022
(In millions, except per-share data)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 694 $ 329
Investments 48 46
Due from affiliates 174 143
Prepaid expenses and other current assets 133 106
Total current assets 1,049 624
Property, equipment, and capitalized software, net 234 224
Goodwill and intangible assets, net 825 731
Investments in subsidiaries 4,911 4,142
Deferred income taxes, net 57 37
Advances to related parties and other assets 94 78
Total assets $ 7,170 $ 5,836
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other $ 527 $ 448
Total current liabilities 527 448
Long-term debt 2,180 2,176
Finance lease liabilities 205 215
Other long-term liabilities 43 33
Total liabilities 2,955 2,872
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 150 million shares authorized; outstanding: 58 million shares at each of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022
- -
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 20 million shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding
- -
Additional paid-in capital 410 328
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (82) (160)
Retained earnings 3,887 2,796
Total stockholders’ equity 4,215 2,964
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 7,170 $ 5,836
See accompanying notes.
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Condensed Statements of Income
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In millions)
Revenue:
Administrative services fees $ 2,038 $ 1,826 $ 1,496
Investment income and other revenue 27 8 11
Total revenue 2,065 1,834 1,507
Expenses:
General and administrative expenses 1,952 1,721 1,424
Depreciation and amortization 131 141 98
Impairment - 138 -
Other 20 - 5
Total operating expenses 2,103 2,000 1,527
Operating loss (38) (166) (20)
Interest expense 109 110 120
Other expenses, net - - 25
Total other expenses, net 109 110 145
Loss before income tax benefit and equity in net earnings of subsidiaries (147) (276) (165)
Income tax benefit (7) (42) (21)
Net loss before equity in net earnings of subsidiaries (140) (234) (144)
Equity in net earnings of subsidiaries 1,231 1,026 803
Net income $ 1,091 $ 792 $ 659
Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In millions)
Net income $ 1,091 $ 792 $ 659
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized investment income (loss) 102 (204) (55)
Less: effect of income taxes 24 (49) (13)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax 78 (155) (42)
Comprehensive income $ 1,169 $ 637 $ 617
See accompanying notes.
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Condensed Statements of Cash Flows
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(In millions)
Operating activities:
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 81 $ 119 $ 60
Investing activities:
Capital contributions to subsidiaries (221) (159) (440)
Dividends received from subsidiaries 705 668 564
Purchases of investments (2) (29) (27)
Proceeds from sales and maturities of investments 1 49 21
Purchases of property, equipment and capitalized software (79) (86) (70)
Net cash paid in business combinations (74) - (263)
Change in amounts due to/from affiliates 5 (69) 40
Other, net 7 3 (3)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities 342 377 (178)
Financing activities:
Common stock purchases
- (400) (128)
Common stock withheld to settle employee tax obligations (60) (54) (53)
Contingent consideration liabilities settled - (20) (20)
Proceeds from senior notes offering, net of issuance costs - - 740
Repayment of senior notes - - (723)
Other, net 2 33 1
Net cash used in financing activities (58) (441) (183)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 365 55 (301)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period
329 274 575
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period
$ 694 $ 329 $ 274
See accompanying notes.
Notes to Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
Note A - Basis of Presentation
The Registrant was incorporated in 2002. Prior to that date, Molina Healthcare of California (formerly known as Molina Medical Centers) operated as a California health plan and as the parent company for three other state health plans. In June 2003, the employees and operations of the corporate entity were transferred from Molina Healthcare of California to the Registrant.
The Registrant’s investment in subsidiaries is stated at cost plus equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries since the date of acquisition. The accompanying condensed financial information of the Registrant should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes.
Note B - Transactions with Subsidiaries
The Registrant provides certain centralized medical and administrative services to our subsidiaries pursuant to administrative services agreements that include, but are not limited to, information technology, product development and administration, underwriting, claims processing, customer service, certain care management services, human resources, marketing, purchasing, risk management, actuarial, finance, accounting, compliance, legal and public relations. Fees are based on the fair market value of services rendered and are recorded as operating revenue. Payment is subordinated to the subsidiaries’ ability to comply with minimum capital and other restrictive financial requirements of the states in which they operate. Charges in 2023, 2022, and 2021 for these services amounted to $2,038 million, $1,826 million, and $1,496 million, respectively, and are included in operating revenue.
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The Registrant and its subsidiaries are included in the consolidated federal and state income tax returns filed by the Registrant. Income taxes are allocated to each subsidiary in accordance with an intercompany tax allocation agreement. The agreement allocates income taxes in an amount generally equivalent to the amount which would be expensed by the subsidiary if it filed a separate tax return. Net operating loss benefits are paid to the subsidiary by the Registrant to the extent such losses are utilized in the consolidated tax returns.
Note C - Dividends and Capital Contributions
When the Registrant receives dividends from its subsidiaries, such amounts are recorded as a reduction to the investments in the respective subsidiaries.
For all periods presented, the Registrant made capital contributions to certain subsidiaries primarily to comply with minimum net worth requirements and to fund business combinations. Such amounts have been recorded as an increase in investment in the respective subsidiaries.
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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
MANAGEMENT’S EVALUATION OF DISCLOSURE CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of any possible controls and procedures.
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, we carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-K pursuant to Rule 13a-15(b) and Rule 15d-15(b) of the Exchange Act. Based on this evaluation, our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2023, at the reasonable assurance level. In addition, management concluded that our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are fairly stated in all material respects in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for each of the periods presented herein.
MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements.
Internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements prepared for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management concluded that we maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria described in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”).
On September 1, 2023, we completed our acquisition of My Choice Wisconsin (“My Choice”). We are in the process of evaluating the existing controls and procedures of My Choice, and integrating them into our internal controls over financial reporting. In accordance with SEC Staff guidance permitting a company to exclude an acquired business from management’s assessment of effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting for the year in which the acquisition is completed, we have excluded the business that we acquired in the My Choice acquisition from our assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. The business that we acquired in the My Choice acquisition constituted 1% of both our total and net assets, as of December 31, 2023, and 1% of both our revenues and net income, for the year ended December 31, 2023. The scope of management’s assessment of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2023, includes all of our consolidated operations except for those disclosure controls and procedures of My Choice that are subsumed by internal control over financial reporting.
Ernst & Young, LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm who audited our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K, has issued a report on our internal control over financial reporting, which is included herein.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended December 31, 2023, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Molina Healthcare, Inc.
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Molina Healthcare, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the “COSO criteria”). In our opinion, Molina Healthcare, Inc. (the “Company”) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on the COSO criteria.
As indicated in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting, management’s assessment of and conclusion on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting did not include the internal controls of My Choice Wisconsin, which is included in the 2023 consolidated financial statements of the Company and constituted 1% of both total and net assets, respectively, as of December 31, 2023 and 1% of both revenues and net income, respectively, for the year then ended. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of the Company also did not include an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of My Choice Wisconsin.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes and our report dated February 13, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
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Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
Los Angeles, California
February 13, 2024
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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
(a) None.
(b) No director or officer (as defined in 17 CFR § 240.16a-1(f)) of the Company adopted or terminated (i) any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of securities of the Company intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c), or (ii) any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” (as defined in 17 CFR § 229.408(c)) during the three months ended December 31, 2023.
PART III

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Item 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Information required by Item 10 of Part III will be included in our Proxy Statement relating to our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “2024 Proxy Statement”), and is incorporated herein by reference. This information will be included in the following sections of the 2024 Proxy Statement:
•PROPOSAL 1 - Election of Directors
•Information About Director Nominees
•Information About Directors Continuing in Office
•Additional Information About Directors
•Corporate Governance and Board of Directors Matters
•Information About the Executive Officers of the Company
•Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance
Information relating to our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and compliance with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act will be set forth in the 2024 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. We intend to disclose on our website any amendments to or waivers of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics as required by law or NYSE rules, under the heading “Investor Information-Corporate Governance” at molinahealthcare.com.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Item 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Information required by Item 11 of Part III will be included in the 2024 Proxy Statement in the section entitled “Executive Compensation,” and is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
Item 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS
Information required by Item 12 of Part III will be included in the 2024 Proxy Statement in the section entitled “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management,” and is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Item 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
Information required by Item 13 of Part III will be included in the 2024 Proxy Statement in the sections entitled “Related Party Transactions,” and “Corporate Governance and Board of Directors Matters-Director Independence,” and is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Item 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
Our independent registered public accounting firm is Ernst & Young LLP, Los Angeles, CA, Auditor Firm ID: 42.
Information required by Item 14 of Part III will be included in the 2024 Proxy Statement in the section entitled “Fees Paid to Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm,” and is incorporated herein by reference.
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PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
(1) The consolidated financial statements are included in this report in the section entitled “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
(2) Financial Statement Schedules:
Schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulations of the SEC are not required under the related instructions, are inapplicable, or the required information is included in the consolidated financial statements, and therefore have been omitted.
EXHIBITS
Reference is made to the accompanying “Index to Exhibits.”
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