EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1728205
Filing Year: 2023
Filename: 1728205_10-K_2023_0001728205-23-000030.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1. BUSINESS
Overview
Piedmont Lithium Inc. (“Piedmont Lithium,” “we,” “us,” “our,” “Company”) is a development stage company advancing a multi-asset, integrated lithium business in support of a clean energy economy and United States (“U.S.” or “America”) and global energy security. We plan to supply lithium hydroxide to the electric vehicle and battery manufacturing supply chains in North America by processing spodumene concentrate produced from assets we own or in which we have an economic interest. Our portfolio of projects includes our proposed Tennessee Lithium Project and our proposed, fully-integrated Carolina Lithium Project, which are currently under development in the southeastern U.S., and our strategic investments in lithium assets in Quebec, Canada and Ghana, West Africa.
We currently expect spodumene concentrate production to come online in Quebec in the first half of 2023 and first commercial shipments are anticipated in the third quarter of 2023. Subject to obtaining permits, approvals, and financing, we plan to obtain spodumene concentrate through our offtake agreement in Ghana beginning in late 2024 or 2025, produce lithium hydroxide in Tennessee beginning in 2025 or 2026, and to produce spodumene concentrate and lithium hydroxide in North Carolina beginning in 2026 or 2027.
Piedmont Lithium is incorporated in the State of Delaware. We maintain executive offices at 42 E. Catawba Street, Belmont, NC, 28012, and our telephone number is (704) 461-8000. Our website address is www.piedmontlithium.com. Shares of our common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, are traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol “PLL” and our chess depository interests (“CDIs”), each representing 1/100th of a share of our common stock, are traded on the Australian Securities Exchange (“ASX”), also under the symbol “PLL.”
Change in Fiscal Year End
Effective January 1, 2022, we changed our fiscal year end from June 30 to December 31. The six-month period from July 1, 2021 to December 31, 2021, served as a transition period. Our fiscal year for 2022 commenced on January 1, 2022, and ended on December 31, 2022. See our Transition Report on Form 10-KT (“Transition Report”) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on February 28, 2022. References to years ended prior to December 31, 2021, are for a twelve-month period ended June 30.
Foreign Currencies
Our consolidated financial statements have been presented in our reporting currency, U.S. dollars. Prior to June 30, 2020, our functional currency was the Australian dollar. The change in functional currency was triggered by our increased exposure to the U.S. dollar and our expectation that future operating and capital costs will be predominantly in U.S. dollars. The change in functional currency was applied prospectively from June 30, 2020, in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”).
Gains and losses arising from translations or settlements of foreign currency denominated transactions or balances are included in the determination of income. Foreign currency translation adjustments resulting from the change in functional currency are included in “Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax,” and gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions are presented in “Foreign currency translation adjustments” in the consolidated financial statements.
Unless otherwise indicated, all references to “$” are to U.S. dollars, all references to “AUD” are to Australian dollars, and all references to “CAD” are to Canadian dollars.
Redomiciliation
The Company acquired all of the issued and outstanding ordinary shares of Piedmont Lithium Pty Ltd (formerly named Piedmont Lithium Limited) (“Piedmont Australia”), our Australian predecessor and now a wholly-owned subsidiary, pursuant to a Scheme of Arrangement under Australian law, which was approved by Piedmont Australia’s shareholders on February 26, 2021, and the Federal Court of Australia on May 5, 2021 (collectively referred to as “Redomiciliation”). As part of the Redomiciliation, we changed our place of domicile from Australia to the State of Delaware in the U.S., effective May 17, 2021.
Prior to the Redomiciliation, Piedmont Australia’s ordinary shares were listed on the ASX, and Piedmont Australia’s American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”), each representing 100 of Piedmont Australia’s ordinary shares, were traded on Nasdaq. Following the
approval of the Redomiciliation, we moved our primary listing from the ASX to Nasdaq and retained an ASX listing via CDIs, each representing 1/100th of a share of common stock of Piedmont Lithium Inc.
Pursuant to the Redomiciliation, holders of Piedmont Australia’s ordinary shares received one (1) CDI in Piedmont Lithium Inc. for each ordinary share held in Piedmont Australia on the Redomiciliation record date; and holders of ADSs in Piedmont Australia, each of which represented 100 Piedmont Australia ordinary shares, received one (1) share of common stock of Piedmont Lithium Inc. for each ADS held in Piedmont Australia on the Redomiciliation record date.
All issued and outstanding shares of our common stock have been retroactively adjusted in these consolidated financial statements to reflect the 100:1 ratio and share consolidation as if these events had occurred on July 1, 2018.
Our Segment
We have one operating segment, which is also our reportable segment. Our chief operating decision maker, who is also our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”), manages our operations on a consolidated basis for purposes of allocating resources.
Strategy
Our strategic goal is to become a leading producer of lithium hydroxide in North America, supplied by geographically diverse and sustainable spodumene assets. North American demand for large vehicles and the custom of driving relatively long distances, combined with automakers’ plans for and commitments to electric vehicle production, should continue to expand the demand for North American manufactured lithium hydroxide. We believe our global portfolio of hard rock lithium assets should support a level of estimated lithium hydroxide production that will dramatically increase current production of lithium hydroxide in North America.
Our plan is to produce battery-grade lithium hydroxide from spodumene concentrate. We believe spodumene concentrate represents the lowest-risk and most commercially scalable raw material source for the production of lithium hydroxide. Within our production process, we expect to use the innovative Metso:Outotec alkaline pressure leach process (“Metso:Outotec Pressure Leach Technology”) as well as a number of manufacturing processes commonly used in the lithium industry today. We plan, as part of our sustainability goals within our overall environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) strategy, to develop our greenfield operations in Tennessee and North Carolina as two of the most sustainable lithium hydroxide production operations in the world.
Our portfolio of projects and strategic equity investments are being developed on a measured timeline to provide the potential for both near-term cash flow and long-term value maximization. At production, we expect to have an estimated lithium hydroxide manufacturing capacity of 60,000 metric tons per year, as compared to the current total estimated U.S. lithium hydroxide production capacity of 15,000 metric tons per year. In support of our strategy, we continue to evaluate opportunities to further expand our resource base and production capacity.
Developing an Integrated Lithium Production Business-Key Projects
Quebec
Piedmont Lithium owns an equity interest of 25% in Sayona Quebec Inc. (“Sayona Quebec”), which owns full interests in North American Lithium (“NAL”), the Authier Lithium Project, and the Tansim Lithium Project. These projects are located in the Abitibi region of Quebec, Canada. Additionally, we own an equity interest of approximately 14% in Sayona Mining Limited (“Sayona Mining”), which in turn owns 75% of Sayona Quebec. We also hold an offtake agreement with Sayona Quebec for the greater of 113,000 metric tons per year or 50% of spodumene concentrate production at market prices, subject to a price floor of $500 per metric ton and a price ceiling of $900 per metric ton, on a life-of-mine basis.
The restart of NAL is proceeding as the necessary permits have been transferred or acquired, all operational leadership has been hired, a four-year mining contract has been awarded for the operation of NAL’s open pit mine, and initial commissioning activities have commenced. While potential delays in restart activities could defer the start date of production, we expect NAL to begin spodumene concentrate production in the first half of 2023.
Depending upon the successful commencement of production and ability to produce nominal 6% spodumene concentrate, shipments of spodumene concentrate from NAL could commence in 2023. We have entered into offtake agreements with two customers to provide them with spodumene concentrate from NAL. Both of these offtake agreements contain market-based pricing mechanisms.
In addition to spodumene mining and concentrate production, NAL’s complex also includes a partially completed lithium carbonate
facility, which was developed by a prior operator of NAL. In the event Piedmont Lithium and Sayona Mining decide to jointly construct and operate a lithium conversion plant through their jointly-owned entity, Sayona Quebec, then spodumene concentrate produced from NAL would be preferentially delivered to that conversion plant upon commencement of conversion operations. Any remaining spodumene concentrate not delivered to a jointly-owned conversion plant would first be delivered to Piedmont Lithium up to our offtake right and then to third parties.
Sayona Quebec previously announced the commencement of a prefeasibility study for the completion NAL’s lithium carbonate facility. Study results are expected in the first half of 2023. Further evaluation of the production of lithium carbonate or lithium hydroxide in Quebec may follow completion of the prefeasibility study. For Sayona Quebec to proceed with the construction and operation of a lithium carbonate conversion plant or lithium hydroxide conversion plant, approvals are required from both Piedmont Lithium and Sayona Mining.
Ghana
We own an equity interest of approximately 9% in Atlantic Lithium Limited (“Atlantic Lithium”) and have the ability to earn a 50% equity interest in Atlantic Lithium’s spodumene projects in Ghana, West Africa. This interest includes an offtake agreement for 50% of annual production of spodumene concentrate from the Ewoyaa Lithium project (“Ewoyaa”), at market prices on a life-of-mine basis. Ewoyaa is Atlantic Lithium’s flagship project in the Cape Coast region of Ghana and located approximately 70 miles from a major port via a national highway. We anticipate the development of the Ewoyaa project to be key for delivering spodumene concentrate to our planned Tennessee Lithium plant for conversion to lithium hydroxide.
In September 2022, Atlantic Lithium announced the successful completion of a prefeasibility study for Ewoyaa, demonstrating the potential of Ewoyaa to produce low-cost spodumene concentrate using a dense medium only processing technique.
In October 2022, Atlantic Lithium announced it had submitted the mining lease application for Ewoyaa to the Minerals Commission of Ghana. Subject to the receipt of the mining lease, approval of environmental studies, and other statutory requirements, construction may begin at Ewoyaa between the end of 2023 and the first half of 2024 with first spodumene concentrate production between the end of 2024 and the first half of 2025.
Tennessee Lithium
Our proposed Tennessee Lithium project (“Tennessee Lithium”) is expected to be a world-class lithium hydroxide production facility located within McMinn County near Etowah, Tennessee. With first production targeted by the end of 2025 or the first half of 2026, the facility is expected to produce 30,000 metric tons per year of lithium hydroxide, doubling the current estimated U.S. production capacity of 15,000 metric tons per year. The plant is expected to be one of the most sustainable lithium hydroxide operations in the world utilizing the innovative Metso:Outotec Pressure Leach Technology. Use of this technology is expected to reduce solid waste, create fewer emissions, lower carbon intensity, and improve capital and operating costs relative to incumbent technologies.
In October 2022, Piedmont Lithium was selected for a $141.7 million grant from the U.S. Department of Energy (“DOE”) to construct Tennessee Lithium. The grant is expected to support project development on a cost-sharing basis. Tennessee Lithium was included among the initial projects funded by the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law to expand domestic manufacturing of batteries for electric vehicles and the electrical grid and for materials and components currently imported from other countries. The grant will not be final until Piedmont Lithium and the DOE have agreed to specific terms and conditions of the grant. Once terms and conditions are finalized, funding of the grant will remain subject to satisfaction of conditions set forth in those terms.
In August 2022, we awarded a front-end engineering design (“FEED”) contract to Kiewit Engineering Group Inc. (“Kiewit”), a leading U.S. based engineer, procure, and construct (“EPC”) firm. Kiewit is working with Primero USA Inc. (“Primero”), an EPC firm specializing in lithium projects. We expect FEED, which commenced shortly after the contract award, to be completed in the first half of 2023. Permit applications for Tennessee Lithium are progressing, and subject to receipt of all material required permits, completion of FEED, and project financing, we expect to sign an EPC contract for the construction of Tennessee Lithium. Contingent upon the timely receipt and completion of items discussed above, we expect to begin construction in 2023 or the first half of 2024 with first production of lithium hydroxide targeted by the end of 2025 or the first half of 2026.
Carolina Lithium
Our proposed, fully-integrated Carolina Lithium project (“Carolina Lithium”) is a development stage, hard rock lithium project located within the Carolina Tin-Spodumene Belt of North Carolina and in close proximity to lithium markets. Carolina Lithium is expected to consist of a mining operation, concentrator, and lithium hydroxide conversion plant. In December 2021, we completed a feasibility
study, which estimated a project capital investment requirement of approximately $1 billion, inclusive of potential recovery of byproduct mineral resources. The project is expected to produce 30,000 metric tons of lithium hydroxide per year at full capacity. Due to the expected quality of this hard rock lithium asset, integration of the operation, existing infrastructure, and proximity to lithium and byproduct markets, we believe Carolina Lithium will be one of the lowest cost lithium hydroxide manufacturing operations in the world.
We are currently engaged in permitting activities with state and local agencies for Carolina Lithium. In August 2021, we submitted a mining permit application to the North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality’s (“NCDEQ”) Division of Energy, Minerals, and Land Resources (“DEMLR”). We are currently in the process of responding to additional information requests made by DEMLR in connection with our mining permit application, and we have until May 2023 to respond. A Prevention of Significant Deterioration - Title V Air Permit application has been submitted to the NCDEQ Division of Air Quality and was deemed complete in February 2023.
Our goal in 2023 is to obtain the necessary material state permits for the project. After we receive the requisite permits, we will apply for a rezoning of our project followed by a special use permit from Gaston County, NC. Once we have received the rezoning and special use permit approvals, we expect to commence construction and begin production of lithium hydroxide by the end of 2026 or the first half of 2027.
Strengths
We believe that we are well-positioned to successfully execute our business strategies primarily due to our following competitive strengths:
•U.S.-based company-With our Redomiciliation to the U.S. in 2021, Piedmont Lithium can benefit from America’s policies aimed at supporting growth in the domestic battery supply chain and reducing reliance on foreign nations. These policies include the Inflation Reduction Acts’s (“IRA”) Advanced Manufacturing Production Credit (Section 45X), which is available only to U.S. taxpayers and is expected to provide a credit equal to 10% of annual production costs. The IRA’s Clean Vehicle Tax Credit (Section 30D) for qualifying light electric vehicle purchases requires escalating usage of domestic critical minerals, which we expect to supply. These credits are in addition to the grant and loan opportunities available through the DOE, including our $141.7 million grant selection for Tennessee Lithium and the Advanced Technology Vehicle Manufacturing loan program to which we have applied.
•Potential for near-term production from past-producing assets-Through our equity investment in Sayona Quebec, we established an offtake agreement and successfully acquired an interest in the past-producing NAL operation. Sayona Quebec is actively working toward first production at NAL. We believe NAL will restart spodumene concentrate production in the first half of 2023, begin commercial shipments in the second half of 2023, and achieve full production by the end of 2023 or the first half of 2024.
•Scale and diversification of resources-Today, we own or hold equity investments in three significant spodumene resources located in Quebec, Ghana, and North Carolina. Our Carolina Lithium project is located within the Carolina Tin-Spodumene Belt. Since January 2021, we have made investments in key spodumene resources and have established strategic partnerships with Sayona Mining and Atlantic Lithium. We continue to pursue opportunities to complement our business through additional acquisitions, joint ventures, strategic alliances, and investments.
•Advantageous locations and infrastructure-NAL is located in the Abitibi region of Quebec, a well-established mining district. The region provides access to infrastructure and is geopolitically advantageous. NAL is near the major mining town of Val-d’Or, Quebec, with access to rail, hydropower, and a skilled labor workforce. NAL also has an existing spodumene mine, concentrator and other substantial on-site infrastructure already in place. The Ewoyaa project is located in the Cape Coast region of Ghana with available power infrastructure nearby and direct highway access to Accra (approximately 60 miles). Ewoyaa also is approximately 70 miles from the deep-water Port of Takoradi, providing reasonable transport of spodumene concentrate as the feedstock for our planned Tennessee Lithium operation. Tennessee Lithium is located within the North Etowah Industrial Park in McMinn County, Tennessee. The region is home to a manufacturing workforce as well as power infrastructure, rail, highways, and nearby riverways. Carolina Lithium is well situated in a historical lithium region within the developing Battery Belt. The area features access to road and rail infrastructure, a highly skilled labor force, low-cost and low-carbon sources of baseload grid power, and research and development centers for lithium manufacturing.
•Strategic funding-We are evaluating a variety of funding options to support development objectives aimed at maintaining shareholder value in the capital markets. In February 2023, we received $75 million from LG Chem, Ltd (“LG Chem”) in exchange for common shares in Piedmont Lithium in conjunction with a multi-year spodumene concentrate offtake agreement. We were selected for a $141.7 million DOE grant for Tennessee Lithium, and we have submitted Advanced Technology Vehicle Manufacturing loan applications for both Tennessee Lithium and Carolina Lithium. The grant will not
be final until Piedmont Lithium and the DOE have agreed to the specific terms of the grant. Once the terms have been finalized, funding of the grant will remain subject to satisfaction of conditions set forth in those terms. Strategic partnerships, offtake prepayments, mineral royalties, and other opportunities are also being considered to support the development of our projects and equity investments.
•Greenfield opportunities-Tennessee Lithium and Carolina Lithium are being designed as new operations, which offers the opportunity to leverage modern technologies, systems, and procedures. We expect to utilize the innovative Metso:Outotec Pressure Leach Technology to convert spodumene concentrate to lithium hydroxide at both U.S. projects. This technology is expected to provide a relative advantage in capital and operating costs and supports our ESG strategy to create a more sustainable operating profile as compared to other hard rock lithium conversion methods.
•Highly experienced management team-Our leadership team includes professionals with core skills and experience in the management, operations, sales, and marketing of lithium manufacturing. The team has broad backgrounds and a long history of acquiring, developing, financing, and operating mining, energy, lithium, and chemical projects.
Marketing, Sales, and Principal Markets
On July 31, 2020, we entered into a strategic partnership with Ion Carbon & Mineral, LLC to form Pronto Minerals, LLC, for the purpose of marketing and selling byproducts, specifically quartz, feldspar, and mica, produced by our proposed Carolina Lithium project. We continue to explore potential strategic partnership and sales, offtake, and marketing agreements that will benefit the development of the Company’s assets as well as the U.S. electric vehicle supply chain.
Customers
While we are not yet in production, we have begun to sign offtake agreements with customers.
On January 2, 2023, we entered into an amended offtake agreement with Tesla, Inc. (“Tesla”) to provide spodumene concentrate from NAL in Quebec. The agreement commits us to sell 125,000 metric tons of spodumene concentrate from our offtake agreement with Sayona Quebec. The term of the agreement is three years, beginning on January 2, 2023, with the start-of-production in the second half of 2023 through the end of 2025, and pricing is determined by a market-based mechanism. The three-year term can be extended for an additional three years upon mutual agreement.
On February 16, 2023 we entered into a spodumene concentrate offtake agreement with LG Chem. The agreement commits us to sell 200,000 metric tons of spodumene concentrate from our offtake agreement with Sayona Quebec. The term of the agreement expires four years from the date of first shipment, which is anticipated to occur by the third quarter of 2023, with the final shipment expected in the third quarter of 2027. Pricing is determined by a market-based mechanism.
Competition and Market Barriers
We compete with other mineral and chemical processing companies in connection with the acquisition of suitable exploration properties and the engagement of qualified personnel. Many of our competitors possess greater financial resources and technical facilities than we do. Although we aspire to be a leading lithium hydroxide producer in North America, the lithium mining and chemical industries are fragmented. We are one of many participants in these sectors. Many of our competitors, as compared to us, have been in business longer, have established more strategic partnerships and relationships, and have greater financial accessibility.
While we compete with other exploration companies in acquiring suitable properties, we believe there will be readily available purchasers of lithium chemical products or other industrial minerals if they are produced from any of our owned or leased properties. The price of our planned products may be affected by factors beyond our control, including fluctuations in the market prices for lithium, supplies of lithium, demand for lithium, and mining activities of others.
If we identify lithium mineralization that is determined to be of economic grade and in sufficient quantity to justify production, additional capital would be required to develop, mine, and sell that production. Our strategic partnerships, in which we have equity investments, face similar challenges as discussed above.
Government Regulations
Overview
Exploration and development activities for our projects are subject to extensive laws and regulations, which are overseen and enforced by multiple U.S. federal, state, and local authorities as well as foreign jurisdictions. These applicable laws govern exploration, development, production, exports, various taxes, labor standards, occupational and mine health and safety, waste disposal, protection and remediation of the environment, protection of endangered and protected species, and other matters. Various permits from government bodies are required for drilling, mining, or manufacturing operations to be undertaken, and we cannot be assured such permits will be received. Environmental laws and regulations may also, among other things:
•require notice to stakeholders of proposed and ongoing exploration, drilling, environmental studies, mining, or production activities;
•require the installation of pollution control equipment;
•restrict the types, quantities and concentrations of various substances that can be released into the environment in connection with exploration, drilling, mining, lithium hydroxide manufacturing, or other production activities;
•limit or prohibit drilling, mining, lithium manufacturing or other production activities on lands located within wetlands, areas inhabited by endangered species and other protected areas, or otherwise restrict or prohibit activities that could impact the environment, including water resources;
•impose substantial liabilities for pollution resulting from current or former operations on or for any preexisting environmental impacts from our projects;
•require significant reclamation obligations in the future as a result of our mining and chemical operations; and
•require preparation of an environmental assessment or an environmental impact statement.
Compliance with environmental laws and regulations may impose substantial costs on us, subject us to significant potential liabilities, and have an adverse effect on our capital expenditures, results of operations, or competitive position. Violations and liabilities with respect to these laws and regulations could result in significant administrative, civil, or criminal penalties, remedial clean-ups, natural resource damages, permit modifications and/or revocations, operational interruptions and/or shutdowns, and other liabilities, as well as reputational harm, including damage to our relationships with customers, suppliers, investors, governments or other stakeholders. The costs of remedying such conditions may be significant, and remediation obligations could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Federal, state, and local legislative bodies and agencies frequently revise environmental laws and regulations, and any changes in these regulations, or the interpretations thereof, could require us to expend significant resources to comply with new laws or regulations or changes to current requirements and could have a material adverse effect on our business operations. As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, other than with respect to the permitting activities of Carolina Lithium and Tennessee Lithium, we have not been required to spend material amounts on compliance regarding environmental regulations.
Permits
Obtaining and renewing governmental permits is a complex and time-consuming process and involves numerous jurisdictions, public hearings, and possibly costly undertakings. The timeliness and success of permitting efforts are contingent upon many variables not within our control, including the interpretation of permit approval requirements administered by the applicable permitting authority. We may not be able to obtain or renew permits that are necessary for our planned operations, or the cost and time required to obtain or renew such permits may exceed our expectations. Any unexpected delays or costs associated with the permitting process could delay the exploration, development and/or operation of our projects. See “Risk Factors-We will be required to obtain governmental permits in order to conduct development and mining operations, a process which is often costly and time-consuming, and there is no certainty that all necessary permits for our operations will be granted.”
Tennessee Lithium
In October 2022, we submitted a Conditional Major Non-Title V air permit application to Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (“TDEC”) Air Pollution Control for the proposed lithium hydroxide site to be located in the North Etowah Industrial Park in McMinn County, Tennessee. We received a request for additional information in November 2022. The response to this request was provided in December 2022. Our application was deemed completed in January 2023 and is subject to ongoing review.
Additional permits for our Tennessee Lithium project will be required, including, but not limited to, a U.S. Army Corp of Engineers 404 jurisdictional determination, construction stormwater permit, a municipal wastewater permit by Etowah Utilities, various
driveway permits issued by McMinn County, and waste disposal permits. The building permit process will include design reviews by the McMinn County Economic Development Authority.
Carolina Lithium
In November 2019, we were granted a Clean Water Act Section 404 Standard Individual Permit from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (“USACE”) for our integrated Carolina Lithium project.
In July 2022, we received an updated Clean Water Act Section 401 Individual Water Quality Certificate from the NCDEQ Division of Water Resources for the Carolina Lithium project.
In August 2021, we submitted a mining permit application to NCDEQ’s DEMLR, and have subsequently received two requests for additional information. We responded to the first request for additional information in December 2021, and we are currently in the process of responding to the second request for additional information, which is due in May 2023.
In September 2021, Gaston County updated its Unified Development Ordinance (“UDO”) which, in part, defined operational requirements for new mines and quarries in the county. As required by the UDO updates, new mines and quarries must operate on industrially-zoned property within the county and obtain a Special Use Permit approved by the Gaston County Board of Commissioners. At this time, we remain in pre-application consultation with Gaston County and have not submitted a rezoning application or a special use application.
We hold a Synthetic Minor Construction and Operation Permit issued by the NCDEQ’s Division of Air Quality (“DAQ”) for our property in Kings Mountain, NC. In June 2022, we submitted an application to modify the received air permit to incorporate the use of Metso:Outotec Pressure Leach Technology. Our application is currently on hold as further refinements to the process are being made.
In January 2022, we submitted a determination request to DAQ in connection with Carolina Lithium. In March 2022, we received a response to this request informing us that Carolina Lithium would require a Title V Prevention of Significant Deterioration permit (“Title V Permit”). In August 2022, we submitted our Title V Permit application and our application was deemed complete in February 2023 and is subject to ongoing review.
In January 2022, we received guidance that Carolina Lithium was not eligible for a North Carolina General Stormwater Permit. After further evaluation and testing, it was determined that the site would be covered by a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (“NPDES”) permit. In December 2022, we submitted applications for two permits covering the mine and concentration operations, and the lithium hydroxide conversion plant to the NCDEQ Division of Water Resources. Both permits applications are currently under review.
Exploration and evaluation activities for our Carolina Lithium project included drilling, which is authorized under a general permit initially approved in 2017 by the NCDEQ and updated in April 2019, October 2019 and June 2021. We have reclamation obligations under this permit, pursuant to which we will be obligated to reclaim all disturbed drill pads and temporary roads to the approximate original contours, and will seed with grass and straw to stabilize any disturbances. Generally, we are required to affect such reclamation within 14 days following drilling. We have concluded that these reclamation obligations are immaterial.
We may be required to obtain additional permits and approvals for Carolina Lithium including, but not limited to, a municipal wastewater permit by the City of Gastonia Wastewater Treatment, a road abandonment approved by the North Carolina Department of Transportation (“NCDOT”) and Gaston County under North Carolina General Statute 136-63, an encroachment permit for an at-grade rail crossing issued by NCDOT, various driveway permits issued by NCDOT, a Gaston County Watershed Permit approved by the Gaston County Planning Department, various building permits approved by the Gaston County Planning Department, explosives permits approved by the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, and hazardous chemical permits issued by Gaston County Fire Officials.
U.S. Federal Legal Framework
Carolina Lithium and Tennessee Lithium will be required to comply with applicable environmental protection laws and regulations and licensing and permitting requirements. The material environmental, health, and safety laws and regulations that we must comply with include, among others, the following U.S. federal laws and regulations:
•National Environmental Protection Act (“NEPA”), which requires careful evaluation of the environmental impacts of mining and lithium manufacturing operations that require federal approvals;
•Clean Air Act (“CAA”) and its amendments, which governs air emissions;
•Clean Water Act (“CWA”), which governs discharges to and excavations within the waters of the U.S.;
•Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (“RCRA”), which governs the management of solid waste;
•Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (“CERCLA”), which imposes liability where hazardous substances have been released into the environment (commonly known as Superfund); and
•Federal Mine Safety and Health Act, which established the primary safety and health standards regarding working conditions of employees engaged in mining, related operations, and preparation and milling of the minerals extracted, as well as the Occupation Safety and Health Act, which regulates the protection of the health and safety of workers in lithium manufacturing operations.
Our operations will also be subject to state environmental laws and regulations, including but not limited to, laws and regulations related to the reclamation of mined lands, which may require reclamation bonds to be acquired prior to the commencement of mining operations and may require substantial financial guarantees to cover the cost of future reclamation activities.
Solid and Hazardous Waste
RCRA, and comparable state statutes, affect our operations by imposing regulations on the generation, transportation, treatment, storage, disposal, and cleanup of hazardous wastes and on the disposal of non-hazardous wastes. Under the auspices of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”), the individual states administer some or all of the provisions of RCRA, sometimes in conjunction with their own, more stringent requirements.
In addition, CERCLA can impose joint and several liability without regard to fault or legality of conduct on classes of persons who are statutorily responsible for the release of a hazardous substance into the environment. These persons can include the current and former owners, lessees, or operators of a site where a release occurs, and anyone who disposes or arranges for the disposal of a hazardous substance. Under CERCLA, such persons may be subject to strict, joint, and several liability for the entire cost of cleaning up hazardous substances that have been released into the environment and for other costs, including response costs, alternative water supplies, damage to natural resources and for the costs of certain health studies. Moreover, it is not uncommon for neighboring landowners, workers, and other third parties to file claims for personal injury and property damage allegedly caused by hazardous substances released into the indoor or outdoor environment. Each state also has environmental cleanup laws analogous to CERCLA. Hazardous wastes may have been previously handled, disposed of, or released on or under properties currently or formerly owned or leased by us or on or under other locations to which we sent waste for disposal. These properties and any materials disposed or released on them may subject us to liability under CERCLA, RCRA, and analogous state laws. Under such laws, we could be required to remove or remediate disposed wastes or property contamination, contribute to remediation costs, or perform remedial activities to prevent future environmental harm.
Air Emissions
The federal CAA and comparable state laws restrict the emission of air pollutants from numerous sources through the issuance of permits and the imposition of other requirements. Major sources of air pollutants are subject to more stringent, federally imposed permitting requirements. Air pollution regulations may require us to obtain pre-approval for the construction or modification of certain projects or facilities expected to produce or significantly increase air emissions, obtain air permits, and comply with stringent permit requirements or utilize specific equipment or technologies to control emissions of certain pollutants. The need to obtain permits has the potential to delay our operations, and we may be required to incur capital expenditures for air pollution control equipment or other air emissions related obligations. Administrative enforcement actions for failure to comply strictly with air pollution regulations or permits are generally resolved by payment of monetary fines and correction of any identified deficiencies. Alternatively, regulatory agencies could require us to forego construction, modification, or operation of certain air emission sources.
Clean Water Act
The CWA imposes restrictions and strict controls regarding the pollution of protected waters, including mineral processing wastes, into waters of the U.S., a term broadly defined to include, among other things, certain wetlands. Permits must be obtained to discharge pollutants into federal waters. The CWA provides for civil, criminal, and administrative penalties for unauthorized discharges, both routine and accidental, of pollutants. It imposes substantial potential liability for the costs of removal or remediation associated with discharges of oil or hazardous substances. State laws governing discharges to water also provide varying civil, criminal, and administrative penalties, and impose liabilities in the case of a discharge of petroleum or its derivatives, or other hazardous substances, into state waters. In addition, the EPA has promulgated regulations that require permits to discharge storm water runoff, including
discharges associated with construction activities. In the event of an unauthorized discharge of wastes, we may be liable for penalties and costs.
Pursuant to these laws and regulations, we may also be required to develop and implement spill prevention, control, and countermeasure plans in connection with on-site storage of significant quantities of oil. Some states also maintain groundwater protection programs that require permits for discharges or operations that may impact groundwater conditions. The CWA also prohibits the discharge of fill materials to regulated waters, including wetlands, without a permit from the USACE.
In May 2015, the EPA issued a final rule that attempted to clarify the federal jurisdictional reach over waters of the U.S., The agency repealed this rule in September 2019 and replaced it with the Navigable Water Protection Rule in April 2020, which narrowed federal jurisdictional reach relative to the 2015 rule. The repeal and replacement of the 2015 rule is currently subject to litigation, and the scope of the jurisdictional reach of the CWA may, therefore, remain uncertain for several years, with a patchwork of legal guidelines applicable to various states potentially developing. We could incur increased costs and delays with respect to obtaining permits for dredge and fill activities in wetland areas to the extent they are required.
NEPA
NEPA requires federal agencies to evaluate major agency actions having the potential to significantly impact the environment. The NEPA process involves public input through comments, which can alter the nature of a proposed project either by limiting the scope of the project or requiring resource-specific mitigation. NEPA decisions can be appealed through the court system by process participants. This process may result in delaying the permitting and development of projects or increase the costs of permitting and developing some facilities.
Endangered Species Act
The federal Endangered Species Act (“ESA”) restricts activities that may affect endangered and threatened species or their habitats. Some of our operations may be located in areas that are designated as habitats for endangered or threatened species. A critical habitat designation could result in further material restrictions to federal and private land use and could delay or prohibit land access or development. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service continues its effort to make listing decisions and critical habitat designations where necessary. To date, the ESA has not had a significant impact on our operations. However, the designation of previously unprotected species as being endangered or threatened could cause us to incur additional costs or become subject to operating restrictions in areas where the species are known to exist.
Foreign Legal Framework
Our proposed projects with Sayona Mining and Atlantic Lithium will be required to comply with all environmental laws and regulations in Quebec, Canada and Ghana, West Africa, respectively.
Human Capital Management
Our core values exhibited by our employees include care for our people, humility in the way we operate, creativity in the way we innovate, respect for the communities in which we operate, and integrity in how we conduct business.
Our guiding principles define how we are to live our core values each day; deliver best-in-class safety, environment and health (“SEH”) performance; operate sustainably and in compliance with applicable laws and regulations; focus on customers in all we do; empower our teams and enable lean decision making; deliver operational excellence that exceeds customer expectations; drive process technology excellence and continuous improvement; and create a culture of learning and development.
Employees
As of December 31, 2022, we had 40 employees. All our employees are located in the U.S. None of our employees are subject to any union or collective bargaining agreement. We believe that we have a good relationship with our employees.
Contractors
We rely on specialized skills and knowledge to gather, interpret and process geological and geophysical data; successfully permit, design, build, and operate production facilities; and engage in numerous additional activities required as part of the mine-to-lithium hydroxide process. We have employed, and expect to continue to employ, a strategy of contracting consultants and other service
providers who have specialized skills and knowledge to supplement the skills and knowledge of our permanent workforce to undertake our lithium operations effectively.
Safety, Environment, and Health
SEH is a cornerstone of our Company. Our commitment to the health and welfare of every person involved in our projects is built into every aspect of our organization and is engrained in our Company’s culture. We endeavor to implement safety programs and develop risk management processes covering our project activities to promote a behavior-based safety culture, ensure compliance with applicable environmental regulations and international standards, and raise environmental awareness among our employees and partners. Our SEH vision is to conduct operations with safety and the environment as a top priority. We work to promote the “Piedmont Promise” which recognizes our obligation to our employees, neighbors, stakeholders, and the communities in which we live, work, and play.
Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Diversity, equity, and inclusion are embedded in our values and integrated into our strategies. Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (“Code of Conduct”) commits us to fair treatment and non-discrimination. Our policy is to treat each employee and job applicant without regard to race, color, age, sex, religion, national origin, citizenship, sexual orientation, gender identity, ancestry, veteran status, or any other category protected by law. We believe in allocating resources and establishing, in an equitable manner, policies and procedures that are fair, impartial, and just. We believe we will become better and achieve growth by intentionally creating a culture through acquiring and retaining a diverse workforce. We recognize it takes unique gifts, talents, varied perspectives, backgrounds, and experiences to deliver innovative, high-quality products and services. To provide a diverse and inclusive workplace, we focus our efforts on creating a culture where all employees can contribute their skills and talents and be themselves.
Compensation and Benefits
Our compensation and benefits program is designed to attract and retain talented employees in the industry by offering competitive compensation and benefits. We use a combination of fixed and variable compensation that includes base salary, incentive bonuses with a pay for performance elements, and merit increases. As part of our long-term incentive plan for executives and certain key employees, we provide long-term equity awards tied to the value of our stock price, some of which are performance-based. Additionally, all employees are eligible for an annual discretionary cash bonus and a long-term equity grant. We are also focused on the health and wellness of our employees. As such, we offer eligible employees comprehensive medical plans, dental and vision coverage, short-term and long-term disability insurance, term life insurance, flexible work schedules, an employee assistance program, remote and hybrid work options, paid time off, new parent leave, and a 401(k) plan.
Commitment to Values and Ethics
In connection with our core values, we act in accordance with our Code of Conduct. Our Code of Conduct requires a commitment from employees, officers and directors of Piedmont Lithium to conduct business honestly and ethically. Our Code of Conduct discusses the responsibility team members have to each other, the Company, stockholders, our customers, and communities in which we operate. We have an anonymous hotline for employees to call in the event of ethical concerns or suspected instances of misconduct.
Protecting the Rights of Workers
We are an Equal Opportunity Employer committed to providing its employees with a safe, non-discriminatory work environment that promotes open and honest communication and embraces dignity, respect, and diversity in all aspects of its business operations. We expect our partners, suppliers, and contractors to uphold the same commitments. We maintain policies designed to support the elimination of all forms of forced labor including prison labor, forcibly indentured labor, bonded labor, slavery, and servitude. We condemn all forms of child exploitation. We do not recruit child labor and we support the standard covering the prohibition on child labor in accordance with the International Labor Organization Minimum Age Convention. We also support laws enacted to prevent and punish the crime of sexual exploitation of children, and we will cooperate fully with law enforcement authorities in these matters. We will work with our partners at Atlantic Lithium and Sayona Mining to ensure appropriate policies are in place within the businesses and projects we have invested in.
Anti-Human Trafficking
We are committed to a work environment that is free from human trafficking and slavery, which includes forced labor and unlawful child labor. We will not tolerate or condone human trafficking or slavery in any part of our global organization.
Human Rights and Relationships with Indigenous People
We are committed to respecting human rights and providing a positive contribution in the communities where we plan to operate. We expect our partners, suppliers, and contractors to uphold the same commitment. We respect the cultures, customs, and values of people in the communities where we plan to operate and take into account their needs, concerns, and aspirations.
Equal Opportunity and Zero Discrimination
We recognize, respect, and embrace the cultural differences found in the worldwide marketplace. Our goal is to attract, develop, promote, and retain the best people from all cultures and segments of the population, based on ability. We maintain a policy of zero tolerance for discrimination or harassment of any kind. We have implemented policies regarding the reporting and investigation of discrimination, harassment, sexual harassment, retaliation, and abusive behavior.
Community Involvement
We are committed to making a measurable impact in the communities related to our project and equity investments through our charitable giving. In December, 2021, we created Piedmont Lithium Foundation - Power for Life, Inc., to provide scholarships to science, technology, engineering and mathematics students and financial support to our schools and communities.
We have devoted tremendous time and effort to engaging community stakeholders regarding Carolina Lithium. We have begun similar engagement with stakeholders surrounding Tennessee Lithium and look forward to working with our new neighbors in a similar fashion.
Through in-person meetings, phone calls, social media, and information shared with the media via press releases and interviews, we work to keep the community residents and local businesses informed of our plans and activities. Our goal is to develop relationships with residents near the sites of Carolina Lithium and Tennessee Lithium and communicate our commitment to responsibly developing two of the world’s most sustainable lithium hydroxide operations. Further, we are committed to working with our investment partners, Sayona Mining and Atlantic Lithium, both of whom have several mechanisms in place for engaging with the local communities regarding their projects, including addressing concerns and sharing information about employment opportunities.
Sustainability
We are committed not only to contributing to the transition to a net zero carbon world and the creation of a clean energy economy in North America by the products we sell, but also in the way we produce products, operate our business, and work with our customers, vendors, and stakeholders. As we are currently in the design phase for Tennessee Lithium, we have incorporated equipment and technology to reduce our carbon footprint from the onset of our operations. We are also evaluating our emission profiles in a pre-operational state while establishing systems and tools to allow us to manage data easily and efficiently as we continue to grow.
Governance
Audit Committee
The primary responsibilities of our Audit Committee are to monitor the integrity of our consolidated financial statements, the independence and qualifications of our independent auditors, the performance of our accounting staff and independent auditors, our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements and the effectiveness of our internal controls. The Audit Committee is also responsible for selecting, retaining (subject to stockholder approval), evaluating, setting the compensation of and, if appropriate, recommending the termination of our independent auditors.
Leadership and Compensation Committee
The primary purpose of our Leadership and Compensation Committee is to assist our Board of Directors (“Board”) in discharging its responsibilities relating to compensation of the Company’s executive officers and directors, and overseeing the Company’s overall compensation philosophy, policies, and programs.
Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee
The primary purpose of our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is to identify individuals qualified to become members of the Company’s Board, make recommendations on candidates for election at the annual meeting of stockholders, and perform a leadership role in shaping the Company’s corporate governance, including the implementation of our ESG principles. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is also responsible for preparing the report required by the SEC for the Company’s annual proxy statement.
Corporate Information
Our principal executive offices are located at 42 E Catawba Street, Belmont, NC, 28012, and our telephone number is (704) 461-8000. We file electronically with the SEC our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. We make available on our website at www.piedmontlithium.com, under “Investors,” free of charge, copies of these reports as soon as reasonably practicable after filing or furnishing these reports to the SEC.
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Our Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Annual Report”) contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties and includes statistical data, market data and other industry data and forecasts, which we obtained from market research, publicly available information and independent industry publications and reports that we believe to be reliable sources.
Certain information included or incorporated by reference in our Annual Report may be deemed to be “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of applicable securities laws. Such forward-looking statements concern our anticipated results and progress of our operations in future periods, planned exploration and development of our properties and plans related to our business and other matters that may occur in the future. These statements relate to analyses and other information that are based on forecasts of future results, estimates of amounts not yet determinable and assumptions of management. All statements contained herein that are not clearly historical in nature are forward-looking, and the words “anticipate,” “believe,” “expect,” “estimate,” “may,” “might,” “will,” “could,” “can,” “shall,” “should,” “would,” “leading,” “objective,” “intend,” “contemplate,” “design,” “predict,” “potential,” “plan,” “target” and similar expressions are generally intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are subject to a variety of known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which could cause actual events or results to differ from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements in our Annual Report include, but are not limited to, statements with respect to risks related to:
•our operations being further disrupted and our financial results being adversely affected by public health threats, including the novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”) pandemic;
•our limited operating history in the lithium industry;
•our status as a development stage issuer, including our ability to identify lithium mineralization and achieve commercial lithium mining;
•mining, exploration and mine construction, if warranted, on our properties, including timing and uncertainties related to acquiring and maintaining mining, exploration, environmental and other licenses, permits, zoning, rezoning, access rights or approvals in Gaston County, North Carolina (including the Carolina Lithium project, as defined above), McMinn County, Tennessee (including the Tennessee Lithium project, as defined above), the Province of Quebec, Canada and Ghana, West Africa as well as properties that we may acquire or obtain an equity interest in the future;
•our ability to achieve and maintain profitability and to develop positive cash flows from our mining and processing activities;
•our estimates of mineral resources and whether mineral resources will ever be developed into mineral reserves;
•investment risk and operational costs associated with our exploration and development activities;
•our ability to develop and achieve production on our properties;
•our ability to enter into and deliver products under offtake agreements;
•the pace of adoption and cost of developing electric transportation and storage technologies dependent upon lithium batteries;
•our ability to access capital and the financial markets;
•recruiting, training, developing and retaining employees, including our senior management team;
•possible defects in title of our properties;
•compliance with government regulations;
•environmental liabilities and reclamation costs;
•estimates of and volatility in lithium prices or demand for lithium;
•our common stock price and trading volume volatility; and
•our failure to successfully execute our growth strategy, including any delays in our planned future growth.
All forward-looking statements reflect our beliefs and assumptions based on information available at the time the assumption was made. These forward-looking statements are not based on historical facts but rather on management’s expectations regarding future activities, results of operations, performance, future capital and other expenditures, including the amount, nature and sources of funding thereof, competitive advantages, business prospects and opportunities. By its nature, forward-looking information involves numerous assumptions, inherent risks and uncertainties, both general and specific, known and unknown, that contribute to the possibility that the predictions, forecasts, projections or other forward-looking statements will not occur. Although we have attempted to identify important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in forward-looking statements, there may be other factors that cause results not to be as anticipated, estimated or intended. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those anticipated, believed, estimated, or expected. We caution readers not to place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date made. Except as otherwise required by the securities laws of the U.S., we disclaim any obligation to subsequently revise any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements or to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events. We qualify all the forward-looking statements contained in our Annual Report by the foregoing cautionary statements.
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING DISCLOSURE OF MINERAL PROPERTIES
We are subject to the periodic reporting requirements of both U.S. and Australian securities laws with respect to mining matters. In the U.S., we are governed by the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”), including Regulation S-K, Subpart 1300 (“S-K 1300”) thereunder. In Australia, we are governed by the 2012 Edition of the Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves (“JORC Code”). Both sets of reporting standards have similar goals in terms of conveying an appropriate level of confidence in the disclosures being reported but may at times embody different approaches or definitions.
On October 21, 2021, we announced an inaugural mineral resources estimate for our Carolina Lithium project. On December 14, 2021, we announced the completion of a bankable feasibility study (“BFS”) for our Carolina Lithium project, which included an initial estimation of mineral reserves. These estimates of mineral resources and mineral reserves are compatible with both S-K 1300 and JORC Code. A Technical Report Summary with respect to our estimated mineral reserves was filed as exhibit to our Transition Report for the period ending December 31, 2021. This Technical Report Summary was amended to include certain information as required by Item 1300 of Regulation S-K . The Amended Technical Report Summary dated February 27, 2023 is included as Exhibit 96.1 and filed with our Annual Report.
PART I

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Item 1A. RISK FACTORS.
You should carefully consider the risks described below, together with all the other information in our Annual Report. If any of the following risks occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be seriously harmed, and you could lose all or part of your investment. Further, if we fail to meet the expectations of the public market in any given period, the market price of our common stock could decline. We operate in a competitive environment that involves significant risks and uncertainties, some of which are outside of our control. If any of these risks actually occurs, our business and financial condition could suffer and the price of our stock could decline. We caution you that the risks, uncertainties and other factors referred to below and elsewhere in our Annual Report may not contain all the risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may affect our future results and operations. Our future results and operations could also be affected by factors, events, or uncertainties that are not presently known to us or that we currently do not consider to present a material risk. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks.
Business Risks
Our future performance is difficult to evaluate because we have a limited operating history in the lithium industry.
We began to implement our current business strategy in the lithium industry in 2016. We have not realized any revenues to date from the sale of lithium, and our operating cash flow needs have been financed primarily through issuances of common stock and not through cash flows derived from our operations. As a result, we have little historical financial and operating information available to help you evaluate our performance.
We are a development stage company, and there is no guarantee that our development will result in the commercial extraction of mineral deposits.
We are engaged in the business of exploring and developing mineral properties with the intention of locating economic deposits of minerals. We have declared mineral reserves but have not yet begun to extract mineral from our property interests. Accordingly, we cannot assure you that we will realize profits in the medium to long term. Any profitability in the future from our business will be dependent upon the development of an economic deposit of minerals and further exploration and development of other economic deposits of minerals, each of which is subject to numerous risk factors. Further, we cannot assure you that any of our property interests can be commercially mined or that our ongoing exploration programs will result in profitable commercial mining operations. The exploration and development of mineral deposits involves a high degree of financial risk over a significant period of time, which may or may not be reduced or eliminated through a combination of careful evaluation, experience, and skilled management. While discovery of additional ore-bearing deposits may result in substantial rewards, few properties that are explored are ultimately developed into producing mines. Major expenses may be required to construct mining and processing facilities and to establish additional reserves. The profitability of our operations will be, in part, directly related to the cost and success of our exploration and development programs, which may be affected by a number of factors. Additional expenditures are required to construct, complete, and install mining and processing facilities in those properties that are actually mined and developed.
In addition, exploration and development projects like ours have no operating history upon which to base estimates of future operating costs and capital requirements. Exploration project items, such as any future estimates of reserves, metal recoveries or cash operating costs will, to a large extent, be based upon the interpretation of geologic data, obtained from a limited number of drill holes and other sampling techniques, as well as future feasibility studies. Actual operating costs and economic returns of any and all exploration projects may materially differ from the costs and returns estimated, and accordingly, our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows may be negatively affected.
Some of our current or future properties may not contain any reserves, and any funds spent on exploration and evaluation may be lost.
We are a development stage mining company. We cannot assure you that our exploration programs will identify economically extractable mineralization, nor can we assure you about the quantity or grade of any mineralization we seek to extract. Our exploration prospects may not contain any reserves and any funds spent on evaluation and exploration may be lost. Even for the mineral reserves we have reported for our properties, any quantity or grade of reserves we indicate must be considered as estimates only until such reserves are actually mined. We do not know with certainty that economically recoverable lithium exists on our properties. In addition, the quantity of any reserves may vary depending on commodity prices. Any material change in the quantity or grade of reserves may affect the economic viability of our properties.
We face risks related to mining, exploration, mine construction, and plant construction, if warranted, on our properties.
Our level of profitability, if any, in future years will depend to a great degree on lithium prices and whether our exploration-stage properties can be brought into production. Exploration and development of lithium resources are highly speculative in nature, and it is impossible to ensure that the current and future exploration programs and/or feasibility studies on our existing properties will establish reserves. Whether it will be economically feasible to extract lithium depends on a number of factors, including, but not limited to: the particular attributes of the deposit, such as size, grade, and proximity to infrastructure; lithium prices; mining, processing and transportation costs; the willingness of lenders and investors to provide project financing; labor costs and possible labor strikes; and governmental regulations, including, without limitation, regulations relating to prices, taxes, royalties, land tenure, land use, importing and exporting materials, foreign exchange, environmental protection, employment, worker safety, transportation, and reclamation and closure obligations. We could be adversely affected by a failure to complete our plant construction projects on time or on budget, and a substantial delay in the progress of construction due to adverse weather, work stoppages, shortages of materials, non-issuances of permits, nonperformance of suppliers or contractors, or other factors could result in a material increase in the overall cost of such projects. The exact effect of these factors cannot be accurately predicted, but the combination of these factors may result in us receiving an inadequate return on invested capital. In addition, we are subject to the risks normally encountered in the mining industry, such as:
•the discovery of unusual or unexpected geological formations;
•accidental fires, floods, earthquakes, severe weather, or other natural disasters;
•unplanned power outages and water shortages;
•construction delays and higher than expected capital costs due to, among other things, supply chain disruptions, higher transportation costs, and inflation;
•controlling water and other similar mining hazards;
•explosions and mechanical failure of equipment;
•operating labor disruptions and labor disputes;
•shortages in materials or equipment and energy and electrical power supply interruptions or rationing;
•seismic activity;
•the ability to obtain suitable or adequate machinery, equipment, or labor;
•our liability for pollution or other hazards; and
•other unknown risks involved in the conduct of exploration and operation of mines.
The nature of these risks is such that liabilities could exceed any applicable insurance policy limits or could be excluded from coverage. There are also risks against which we cannot insure or against which we may elect not to insure. The potential costs, which could be associated with any liabilities not covered by insurance or in excess of insurance coverage, or compliance with applicable laws and regulations may cause substantial delays and require significant capital outlays, adversely affecting our future earnings, competitive position, and potentially our financial viability.
Our long-term success will depend ultimately on our ability to generate revenues, achieve and maintain profitability, and develop positive cash flows from our mining activities.
Our ability to (i) recover carrying values of our assets, (ii) acquire additional lithium projects, (iii) continue with exploration, development, commissioning, mining, and (iv) manufacture lithium hydroxide, ultimately depends on our ability to generate revenues, achieve and maintain profitability, and generate positive cash flow from our operations. The economic viability of our future mining activities has many risks and uncertainties including, but not limited to:
•a significant, prolonged decrease in the market price of lithium or lithium hydroxide;
•difficulty in marketing and/or selling lithium or lithium hydroxide;
•significantly higher than expected capital costs to construct our mine;
•significantly higher than expected extraction costs;
•significantly lower than expected lithium extraction;
•significant delays, reductions, or stoppages of lithium extraction activities;
•shortages of adequate and skilled labor or a significant increase in labor costs;
•the introduction of significantly more stringent regulatory laws and regulations; and
•delays in the availability of construction equipment.
We are concurrently overseeing the advancement of several major lithium projects, including Carolina Lithium, which is in the development planning stage, and Tennessee Lithium, which is currently in the FEED stage and we are managing through a partnership with Kiewit. Work to advance these projects requires the dedication of considerable time and resources by us and our management team. The advancement of several major resource projects concurrently brings with it the associated risk of strains on managerial, human and other resources. Our ability to successfully manage each of these processes will depend on a number of factors, including our ability to manage competing demands on time and other resources, financial or otherwise, and successfully retain personnel and recruit new personnel to support our growth and the advancement of our projects.
In addition, our plan is to produce battery-grade lithium hydroxide from spodumene concentrate at Tennessee Lithium using the innovative Metso:Outotec Pressure Leach Technology as well as a number of processes commonly used in the lithium industry today. We may encounter difficulties or unforeseen expenditures in integrating new, unproven technologies.
It is common for a new mining operation to experience unexpected costs, problems and delays during construction, commissioning and mine start-up. Most mining projects suffer delays during these periods due to numerous factors, including the factors listed above. Any of these factors could result in changes to economic returns or cash flow estimates of the project or have other negative impacts on our financial position. There is no assurance that our projects will commence commercial production on schedule, or at all, or will result in profitable mining operations. If we are unable to develop our projects into a commercial operating mine, our business and financial condition will be materially adversely affected. Moreover, even if the feasibility study continues to support a commercially viable project, there are many additional factors that could impact the project’s development, including terms and availability of financing, cost overruns, litigation or administrative appeals concerning the project, delays in development, and any permitting changes, among other factors.
Our future mining and lithium manufacturing activities may change as a result of any one or more of these risks and uncertainties. We cannot assure you that any ore body from which we extract mineralized materials will result in achieving and maintaining profitability and developing positive cash flows.
Our long-term success depends on our ability to enter into and deliver product under offtake agreements.
We may encounter difficulty entering and fulfilling offtake agreements for our products. We may fail to deliver the product required by such agreements or may experience production costs in excess of the price to be paid to us under such agreements. As of the date of this filing, we have entered into two offtake agreements for our lithium products.
On January 2, 2023, we entered into an amended offtake agreement with Tesla to provide spodumene concentrate from NAL in Quebec. The agreement commits us to sell 125,000 metric tons of spodumene concentrate from our offtake agreement with Sayona Quebec. The term of the agreement is three years, from the second half of 2023 until the end of 2025, and pricing is determined by a market-based mechanism. The three-year term can be extended for an additional three years upon mutual agreement.
On February 16, 2023 we entered into a spodumene concentrate offtake agreement with LG Chem. That agreement commits us to sell 200,000 metric tons of spodumene concentrate from our offtake agreement with Sayona Quebec. The term of the agreement is four years, beginning in the third quarter of 2023 until the third quarter of 2027 or until we have delivered 200,000 metric tons of spodumene concentrate. Pricing is determined by a market-based mechanism.
Our business, results of operations, and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected if we are unable to enter into similar agreements with other buyers, deliver the products required by such agreements, or incur costs in excess of the price set forth in such agreements.
We depend on our ability to successfully access the capital and financial markets. Any inability to access the capital or financial markets may limit our ability to meet our liquidity needs and long-term commitments, fund our ongoing operations, execute our business plan or pursue investments that we may rely on for future growth.
Until commercial production is achieved from our planned projects, we will continue to incur operating and investing net cash outflows associated with including, but not limited to, maintaining and acquiring exploration properties, undertaking ongoing exploration activities, the development of our planned Tennessee Lithium and Carolina Lithium projects, and our funding obligations
to develop the assets of our joint ventures with Sayona Mining, including the NAL project, and Atlantic Lithium’s Ewoyaa project. As a result, we rely on access to capital markets as a source of funding for our capital and operating requirements. We require additional capital to meet our liquidity needs related to expenses for our various corporate activities, including the costs related to our status as a publicly traded company, fund our ongoing operations, explore and define lithium mineralization, and establish any future mining or lithium manufacturing operations. We cannot assure you that such additional funding will be available to us on satisfactory terms, or at all.
To finance our future ongoing operations, and future capital needs, we may require additional funds through the issuance of additional equity or debt securities. Depending on the type and terms of any financing we pursue, stockholders’ rights and the value of their investment in our common stock could be reduced. Any additional equity financing will dilute shareholdings. If the issuance of new securities results in diminished rights to holders of our common stock, the market price of our common stock could be negatively impacted. New or additional debt financing, if available, may involve restrictions on financing and operating activities. In addition, if we issue secured debt securities, the holders of the debt would have a claim to our assets that would be prior to the rights of stockholders until the debt is paid. Interest on such debt securities would increase costs and negatively impact operating results.
We have a shelf registration statement on file with the SEC to provide us with capacity to publicly offer common stock, preferred stock, warrants, debt, convertible or exchangeable securities, depositary shares, or units, or any combination thereof. We may, from time to time, raise capital under our shelf registration statement in amounts, at prices, and on terms to be announced when and if any securities are offered. The shelf registration statement expires on September 24, 2024.
If we are unable to obtain additional financing, as needed, at competitive rates, our ability to fund our current operations and implement our business plan and strategy will be affected. These circumstances may require us to reduce the scope of our operations and scale back our exploration, development and mining programs. There is, however, no guarantee that we will be able to secure any additional funding or be able to secure funding to provide us with sufficient funds to meet our objectives, which may adversely affect our business and financial position. Certain market disruptions may increase our cost of borrowing or affect our ability to access one or more financial markets. Such market disruptions could result from, but are not limited to:
•adverse economic conditions;
•adverse general capital market conditions;
•poor performance and health of the lithium or mining industries in general;
•bankruptcy or financial distress of unrelated lithium companies or marketers;
•significant decrease in the demand for lithium products;
•significant decrease in the price of lithium products; or
•adverse regulatory actions that affect our exploration and construction plans or the use of lithium generally.
Our ability to manage growth will have an impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Future growth may place strains on our financial, technical, operational, and administrative resources and cause us to rely more on project partners and independent contractors, thus, potentially adversely affecting our financial position and results of operations. Our ability to grow will depend on a number of factors, including, but not limited to:
•our ability to purchase, obtain leases on, or obtain options on properties;
•our ability to identify and acquire new exploratory prospects;
•our ability to develop existing prospects;
•our ability to continue to retain and attract skilled personnel;
•our ability to maintain or enter into new relationships with project partners and independent contractors;
•the results of our exploration programs;
•the market price for lithium products;
•our ability to successfully complete construction projects on schedule, and within budget;
•our access to capital; and
•our ability to enter into agreements for the sale of lithium products.
We may not be successful in upgrading our technical, operational, and administrative resources or increasing our internal resources sufficiently to provide certain services currently provided by third parties. Our inability to achieve or manage growth may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
We may acquire additional businesses or assets, form joint ventures, or make investments in other companies that may be unsuccessful and harm our operating results and prospects.
As part of our business strategy, we may pursue additional acquisitions of complementary businesses or assets or seek to enter into joint ventures. We also may pursue strategic alliances, such as our Sayona Mining investment and our Atlantic Lithium investment, in an effort to leverage our existing operations and industry experience, increase our product offerings, expand our distribution, and make investments in other companies.
The success of any acquisitions, joint ventures, strategic alliances, or investments, including our Sayona Mining investment and Atlantic Lithium investment, will depend on our ability to identify, negotiate, complete and, in the case of acquisitions, integrate those transactions and, if necessary, obtain satisfactory debt or equity financing to fund those transactions. We may not realize the anticipated benefits of any acquisition, joint venture, strategic alliance or investments. We may not be able to integrate acquisitions successfully into our existing business, maintain the key business relationships of businesses we acquire, or retain key personnel of an acquired business. We could assume unknown or contingent liabilities or incur unanticipated expenses. Integration of acquired companies or businesses also may require management resources that otherwise would be available for ongoing development of our existing business. Any acquisitions or investments made by us also could result in significant write-offs or the incurrence of debt and contingent liabilities, any of which could harm our operating results. In addition, if we choose to issue equity as consideration for any acquisition, our stockholders may experience dilution.
We are dependent upon key management employees.
The responsibility of overseeing the day-to-day operations and the strategic management of our business depends substantially on our senior management and key personnel. Loss of any such personnel may have an adverse effect on our performance. The success of our operations will depend upon numerous factors, many of which, in part, are beyond our control, including our ability to attract and retain additional key personnel in sales, marketing, technical support, and finance. Certain areas in which we operate are highly competitive and competition for qualified personnel is significant. We may be unable to hire suitable field personnel for our technical team or there may be periods of time where a particular position remains vacant while a suitable replacement is identified and appointed. We may not be successful in attracting and retaining the personnel required to grow and operate our business profitably.
Our growth will require new personnel, which we will be required to recruit, hire, train, and retain.
Members of our management team possess significant experience and have previously carried out or been exposed to exploration, development, and production activities. However, we have limited operating history with respect to lithium projects and our ability to achieve our objectives depends on the ability of our directors, officers, and management to implement current plans and respond to any unforeseen circumstances that require changes to those plans. The execution of our exploration, development, and production plans will place demands on us and our management. Thus, our ability to recruit and assimilate new personnel will be critical to our performance. We will be required to recruit additional personnel and to train, motivate, and manage employees, which may adversely affect our plans.
Lawsuits may be filed against us and an adverse ruling in any such lawsuit may adversely affect our business, financial condition, or liquidity or the market price of our common stock.
We may become involved in, named as a party to, or be the subject of, various legal proceedings, including regulatory proceedings, tax proceedings, and legal actions relating to personal injuries, property damage, property taxes, land rights, the environment, and contract disputes. For additional information, refer to Part I, Item 3, “Legal Proceedings.”
The outcome of outstanding, pending, or future proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty and may be determined adversely to us and as a result, could have a material adverse effect on our assets, liabilities, business, financial condition, or results of operations. Even if we prevail in any such legal proceeding, the proceedings could be costly, time-consuming, and may divert the attention of management and key personnel from our business operations, which could adversely affect our financial condition.
Our mineral properties may be subject to defects in title.
Title to the majority of our properties for Carolina Lithium are derived from option agreements with local landowners in North Carolina, which, upon exercise, allow us to purchase, or in certain cases, long-term lease the real property and associated mineral rights from the local landowners. If we exercise the option to purchase a property, we will pay cash consideration, approximating the fair market value of the real property, excluding the value of any minerals, plus a premium (at a negotiated fixed price or percentage premium). If we exercise the option for a long-term lease, we will pay annual advanced royalty payments per acre. Some landowners also retain a production royalty payable on production of ore from the property.
The ownership and title to unpatented mining claims and concessions are often uncertain and may be contested. We also may not have, or may not be able to obtain, all necessary rights to develop a property. Although we have obtained title opinions with respect to certain of our properties and have taken reasonable measures to ensure proper title to our properties, there is no guarantee that title to any of our properties will not be challenged or impugned. Title insurance is generally not available for mineral properties and our ability to ensure that we have obtained “clear title” to individual mineral properties or mining concessions may be severely constrained. Our mineral properties may be subject to prior unregistered agreements, transfers or claims, and title may be affected by, among other things, undetected defects. We may incur significant costs related to defending the title to our properties. A successful claim contesting our title to a property may cause us to compensate other persons or perhaps reduce our interest in the affected property or lose our rights to explore and develop that property. This could result in our not being compensated for our prior expenditures relating to the property. Also, in any such case, the investigation and resolution of title issues would divert our management’s time from ongoing exploration and, if warranted, development programs. Any impairment or defect in title could negatively affect us.
Our directors may be in a position of conflict of interest.
Some of our directors and officers currently serve as directors and officers of other companies involved in natural resource exploration, development and production, and any of our directors may serve in such positions in the future. As of the date of this Annual Report, none of our directors or officers serves as an officer or director of a lithium exploration, development or producing company nor possess a conflict of interests with our business, other than as follows: (i) pursuant to our agreements related to our Sayona Mining investment, Keith Phillips, our President and Chief Executive Officer, was appointed as a board member of Sayona Quebec, and (ii) pursuant to our agreements related to our Atlantic Lithium investment, Patrick Brindle, our Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, was appointed as a member of the technical committee of Atlantic Lithium. However, there exists the possibility that they may be in a position of conflict of interest in the future. Any decision made by such persons involving us will be made in accordance with their duties and obligations to deal fairly and in good faith with us and such other companies. In addition, any such directors will declare, and refrain from voting on, any matter in which such directors may have a material interest.
Our business is subject to cybersecurity risks.
Our operations depend on effective and secure information technology systems. Threats to information technology systems, such as cyberattacks and cyber incidents, continue to increase. Cybersecurity risks include, but are not limited to, malicious software, attempts to gain unauthorized access to our data and the unauthorized release, corruption or loss of our data and personal information, as well as interruptions in communication and operations.
It is possible that our business, financial, and other systems could be compromised, which could go unnoticed for a prolonged period of time. We have not experienced a material breach of our information technologies. Nevertheless, we continue to take steps to mitigate these risks by employing a variety of measures, including employee training, technical security controls, and maintenance of backup and protective systems. Despite these mitigation efforts, cybersecurity attacks and other threats exist and continue to increase, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.
We do not control our equity method investments.
We apply the equity method to investments when we have the ability to exercise significant influence over the operational decision-making authority and financial policies of the investee, but we do not exercise control. Our equity method investees are governed by their own board of directors, whose members have fiduciary duties to the investees’ shareholders. While we have certain rights to appoint representatives to the investees’ boards of directors, the interests of the investees’ shareholders may not align with our interests or the interests of our shareholders.
In addition, we are generally dependent on the management team of our investees to operate and control such projects or businesses. While we may exert influence pursuant to our positions, as applicable, on the boards of directors and through certain limited
governance or oversight roles, such influence may be limited. The management teams of our investees may not have the level of experience, technical expertise, human resources, management, and other attributes necessary to operate their projects or businesses optimally, and they may not share our business priorities. This could have a material adverse effect on the value of such investments as well as our growth, business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.
In order to manage our growth effectively and support our future operations, we expect to improve our financial and operations systems.
To manage our growth and support our future manufacturing operations, we will need to upgrade our operational and financial systems and procedures. This requires management time and may result in significant expense. In 2022, we replaced our legacy Enterprise Resource Planning system to improve financial reporting controls and accommodate our expanding operations. We cannot be certain that we will institute, in a timely or efficient manner or at all, the improvements to our managerial, operational, and financial systems and procedures necessary to support our anticipated increased levels of operations. Problems associated with, or disruptions resulting from, any improvement or expansion of our operational and financial systems could adversely affect our relationships with our suppliers and customers, inhibit our ability to expand or take advantage of market opportunities, cause harm to our reputation, result in errors in our financial and other reporting, and affect our ability to maintain an effective internal control environment and meet our external reporting obligations, any of which could harm our business and operating results and affect our stock price.
If we do not satisfy the terms of our DOE grant, we may not receive the entire amount or any of the grant funding we were pre-awarded.
We have been selected to receive a $141.7 million grant under the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law to advance the expansion of domestic manufacturing of batteries for electric vehicles. As part of the Company’s selection for this DOE grant, we have been invited to negotiate the specific terms of the grant, including timing and any co-funding. Any final grant award is subject to these negotiations. Once the grant agreement has been finalized, funding of the grant will remain subject to satisfaction, from time to time, of conditions and financial reporting requirements set forth in the final grant agreement. If we are unable to meet the obligation of the grant agreement, we may be unable to take advantage of all or part of the entire award, and/or be subject to penalties in the grant agreement, such as ineligibility for continued participation in the grant program. We cannot assure that we will have the ability to meet any or all grant requirements necessary to receiving grant funding and/or the grant agreement will not be terminated prior to receiving any or all the grant funds.
Regulatory and Industry Risks
We will be required to obtain governmental permits and approvals in order to conduct development and mining operations, a process that is often costly and time-consuming. There is no certainty that all necessary permits and approvals for our planned operations will be granted.
We are required to obtain and renew governmental permits and approvals for our exploration and development activities and, prior to mining any mineralization we discover, we will be required to obtain additional governmental permits and approvals that we do not currently possess. Obtaining and renewing any of these governmental permits is a complex, time consuming and uncertain process involving numerous jurisdictions, public hearings, and possibly costly undertakings. The timeliness and success of permitting efforts are contingent upon many variables not within our control, including the interpretation of approval requirements administered by the applicable governmental authority.
We may not be able to obtain or renew permits or approvals that are necessary to our planned operations, or we may discover that the cost and time required to obtain or renew such permits and approvals exceeds our expectations. Any unexpected delays, costs or conditions associated with the governmental approval process could delay our planned exploration, development and mining operations, which in turn could materially adversely affect our prospects, revenues, and profitability. In addition, our prospects may be adversely affected by the revocation or suspension of permits or by changes in the scope or conditions to use of any permits obtained.
For example, in addition to the permits that we have been issued to date, we are required to obtain other permits and approvals before construction or operations of Carolina Lithium, including approvals related to zoning, rezoning, mining, mineral concentration, and chemical manufacturing. Such permits include a state mining permit that would be issued by the North Carolina DEMLR, an air permit that would be issued by the DAQ, rezoning that would be approved by the Gaston County Board of Commissioners, and, potentially, a Special Use or Conditional Permit that would be approved by the Gaston County Board. The following permits have been submitted for Carolina Lithium: (1) Mine Permit to DEMLR on August 30, 2021, (2) Prevention of Significant Deterioration (“PSD”) Title V Air Permit to the DAQ on August 31, 2022, and NPDES permits to the NCDEQ Division of Water Resources on December 28, 2022.
Private parties, such as environmental activist organizations, frequently attempt to intervene in the permitting process to persuade regulators to deny necessary permits or seek to overturn permits that have been issued. These third-party actions can materially increase the costs, cause delays in the permitting process, and could cause us to not proceed with the development or operation of a property. In addition, our ability to successfully obtain key permits and approvals to explore for, develop, operate, and expand operations will likely depend on our ability to undertake such activities in a manner consistent with the creation of social and economic benefits in the surrounding communities, which may or may not be required by law. Our ability to obtain permits and approvals and to successfully operate in particular communities may be adversely affected by real or perceived detrimental events associated with our activities.
Certain members of the Gaston County Board have indicated opposition to the granting of approvals necessary for Carolina Lithium. In September 2021, the Gaston County Board approved updates to the Gaston County Unified Development Ordinance which, in part, established certain operating limitations for new mines and quarries within the county. It also established that new mines and quarries must be located on industrially-zoned property and require a Special Use Permit approved by the Gaston County Board. While we have initiated a dialog with the Gaston County Board, we are unable to predict the duration, scope, result, or related costs or conditions associated with the Boards’ review, nor can we assure you that we will be successful in obtaining required local approvals.
Tennessee Lithium, which was announced on September 1, 2022, is being designed as a lithium hydroxide manufacturing facility in the city of Etowah, McMinn County, Tennessee. Similar to Carolina Lithium, we are required to obtain governmental permits and approvals, which we do not currently possess, prior to constructing and operating this project. We have also submitted our Conditional Major non-Title V Air Permit to TDEC for our Tennessee Lithium project on October 31, 2022. Other permits to be obtained include a construction stormwater permit from TDEC, a municipal wastewater permit form the City of Etowah, as well as permits for post construction stormwater controls.
The proposed Carolina Lithium project will be subject to significant governmental regulations, including the U.S. Federal Mine Safety and Health Act.
Mining activities in the U.S. are subject to extensive foreign, federal, state, and local laws and regulations governing environmental protection, natural resources, prospecting, development, production, post-closure reclamation, taxes, labor standards, and occupational health and safety laws and regulations, including mine safety, toxic substances, and other matters. The costs associated with compliance with such laws and regulations are substantial. In addition, changes in such laws and regulations, or more restrictive interpretations of current laws and regulations by governmental authorities, could result in unanticipated capital expenditures, expenses, or restrictions on or suspensions of our operations and delays in the development of our properties.
The planned Tennessee Lithium project will be dependent upon our ability to source spodumene concentrate feedstock to be converted to lithium hydroxide at the facility.
Tennessee Lithium will depend upon sourcing spodumene concentrate to produce lithium hydroxide. We intend to provide spodumene concentrate to Tennessee Lithium from our international assets, primarily Ewoyaa in Ghana. However, we cannot guarantee our ability to source spodumene concentrate, and our inability to do so would negatively impact our ability to produce lithium hydroxide in Tennessee.
Compliance with environmental regulations and litigation based on environmental regulations could require significant expenditures.
Environmental regulations mandate, among other things, the maintenance of air and water quality standards, land development, and land reclamation, and set forth limitations on the generation, transportation, storage, and disposal of solid and hazardous waste. Environmental legislation is evolving in a manner that may require stricter standards and enforcement, increased fines and penalties for non-compliance, more stringent environmental assessments of proposed projects, and a heightened degree of responsibility for mining companies and their officers, directors, and employees. In connection with our current exploration activities or in connection with our prior mining operations, we may incur environmental costs that could have a material adverse effect on financial condition and results of operations. Any failure to remedy an environmental problem could require us to suspend operations or enter into interim compliance measures pending completion of the required remedy.
Moreover, governmental authorities and private parties may bring lawsuits based upon damage to property and injury to persons resulting from the environmental, health, and safety impacts of prior and current operations, including operations conducted by other mining companies many years ago at sites located on properties that we currently own or formerly owned. These lawsuits could lead to the imposition of substantial fines, remediation costs, penalties, and other civil and criminal sanctions, as well as reputational harm,
including damage to our relationships with customers, suppliers, investors, governments or other stakeholders. Such laws, regulations, enforcement, or private claims may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.
Lithium and lithium byproduct prices are subject to unpredictable fluctuations.
We expect to derive revenues, if any, from the extraction and sale of lithium and lithium byproducts. The prices of lithium and lithium byproducts may fluctuate widely and are affected by numerous factors beyond our control, including international, economic, and political trends, expectations of inflation, currency exchange fluctuations, interest rates, global or regional consumptive patterns, speculative activities, increased production due to new extraction developments and improved extraction and production methods and technological changes in the markets for the end products. The effect of these factors on the prices of lithium and lithium byproducts, and therefore the economic viability of any of our exploration properties, cannot accurately be predicted.
Additionally, new production of lithium hydroxide or lithium carbonate from current or new competitors in the lithium markets could adversely affect prices. In recent years, new and existing competitors have increased the supply of lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate, which has affected pricing. Further production increases could negatively affect prices. There is limited information on the status of new lithium hydroxide production capacity expansion projects being developed by current and potential competitors and, as such, we cannot make accurate projections regarding the capacities of possible new entrants into the market and the dates on which they could become operational. If these potential projects are completed in the short term, they could adversely affect market lithium prices, thereby resulting in a material adverse effect on the economic feasibility of extracting any mineralization we discover and reducing or eliminating any reserves we identify.
Changes in technology or other developments could adversely affect demand for lithium compounds or result in preferences for substitute products.
Lithium and its derivatives are preferred raw materials for certain industrial applications, such as rechargeable batteries. For example, current and future high energy density batteries for use in electric vehicles will rely on lithium compounds as a critical input. The pace of advancements in current battery technologies, development and adoption of new battery technologies that rely on inputs other than lithium compounds, or a delay in the development and adoption of future high nickel battery technologies that utilize lithium hydroxide could significantly impact our prospects and future revenues. Many materials and technologies are being researched and developed with the goal of making batteries lighter, more efficient, faster charging, and less expensive, some of which could be less reliant on lithium hydroxide or other lithium compounds. Some of these technologies, such as commercialized battery technologies that use no, or significantly less, lithium compounds, could be successful and could adversely affect demand for lithium batteries in personal electronics, electric and hybrid vehicles, and other applications. We cannot predict which new technologies may ultimately prove to be commercially viable and on what time horizon. In addition, alternatives to industrial applications dependent on lithium compounds may become more economically attractive as global commodity prices shift. Any of these events could adversely affect demand for and market prices of lithium, thereby resulting in a material adverse effect on the economic feasibility of extracting any mineralization we discover and reducing or eliminating any reserves we identify.
Our growth depends upon the continued growth in demand for electric vehicles with high performance lithium compounds.
We plan to be one of a few producers of performance lithium compounds that are a critical input in current and next generation high energy density batteries used in electric vehicle applications. Our growth is dependent upon the continued adoption of electric vehicles by consumers. If the market for electric vehicles does not develop as we expect, or develops more slowly than we expect, our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations will be affected. The market for electric vehicles is relatively new, rapidly evolving, and could be affected by numerous external factors, such as:
•government regulations and automakers’ responses to these regulations;
•tax and economic incentives;
•rates of consumer adoption, which is driven in part by perceptions about electric vehicle features (including range per charge), quality, safety, performance, cost, and charging infrastructure;
•competition, including from other types of alternative fuel vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and high fuel-economy internal combustion engine vehicles;
•volatility in the cost of battery materials, oil, and gasoline;
•rates of customer adoption of higher performance lithium compounds; and
•rates of development and adoption of next generation high nickel battery technologies.
Our operations may be further disrupted, and our financial results may be adversely affected by the novel coronavirus pandemic.
The COVID-19 pandemic has the potential to continue to pose a material risk to our business and operations. If a significant portion of our workforce or consultants become unable to work or travel to our operations due to illness or state or federal government restrictions (including travel restrictions and “shelter-in-place” and similar orders restricting certain activities that may be issued or extended by authorities), we may be forced to reduce or suspend our exploration and development activities.
The COVID-19 pandemic had a broad impact globally and may materially affect us economically, although progress has been made in the development and distribution of vaccines. The scope and duration of COVID-19’s economic impact may be difficult to assess or predict, but COVID-19 has negatively impacted global economic conditions, which, in turn, could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, a recession or market correction resulting from COVID-19 could materially affect our business and the value of our common stock.
It is not possible to estimate the full and complete impact that COVID-19 could have on our business, results of operations and financial condition. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic will impact our financial condition will depend on future developments that are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including new government actions or restrictions, new information that may emerge concerning the severity, longevity and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on economic activity.
As of December 31, 2022, the effects from the COVID-19 pandemic have not had a material impact on our financial results or operations. However, the effects from the COVID-19 pandemic could have a material impact on our operations, and we will continue to closely monitor the COVID-19 situation.
Risks Related to an Investment in Our Common Stock
The market price and trading volume of our common stock may be volatile and may be affected by economic conditions beyond our control.
The market price of our common stock may be highly volatile and subject to wide fluctuations. In addition, the trading volume of our common stock may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. If the market price of our common stock declines significantly, you may be unable to resell your shares of our common stock at or above the purchase price, if at all. We cannot assure you that the market price of our common stock will not fluctuate or significantly decline in the future.
Some specific factors that could negatively affect the price of our common stock or result in fluctuations in their price and trading volume include:
•actual or expected fluctuations in our prospects or operating results;
•changes in the demand for, or market price of lithium, lithium hydroxide, or lithium-ion batteries;
•additions to or departures of our key personnel;
•changes or proposed changes in laws and regulations;
•changes in trading volume of our common stock on Nasdaq;
•sales or perceived potential sales of our common stock by us, our directors, senior management, or our stockholders in the future;
•announcement or expectation of additional financing efforts;
•conditions in the financial markets or changes in general economic and political conditions and events;
•market conditions or investor sentiment in the broader stock market, or in our industry in particular;
•introduction of new products and services by us or our competitors;
•issuance of new or changed securities analysts’ reports or recommendations;
•litigation and governmental investigations; and
•changes in investor perception of our market positions based on third-party information.
In addition, when the market price of a stock is volatile, certain holders of that stock may institute securities class action litigation against the company that issued the stock. If any of our stockholders brought a lawsuit against us, we could incur substantial costs defending the lawsuit or any future securities class litigation that may be brought against us.
We incur significant costs as a result of being publicly traded in the U.S. and Australia.
As a company whose common stock is publicly traded in both the U.S. and Australia, we incur significant legal, accounting, insurance, and other expenses related to compliance with applicable regulations. Our management and other personnel devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives, and we may need to continue to add additional personnel and build our internal compliance infrastructure.
Our common stock is publicly traded on the ASX in the form of CDIs. As a result, we must comply with the ASX Listing Rules. We have policies and procedures that we believe are designed to provide reasonable assurance of our compliance with the ASX Listing Rules. If, however, we do not follow those procedures and policies, or they are not sufficient to prevent non-compliance, we could be subject to liability, fines, and lawsuits. These laws, regulations, and standards are subject to varying interpretations and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. We intend to invest resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations, and standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management’s time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. If, notwithstanding our efforts to comply with new laws, regulations, and standards, we fail to comply, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us and our business may be harmed.
Some provisions of Delaware law and our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may deter third parties from acquiring us or limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.
Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws provide for, among other things:
•a staggered board and restrictions on the ability of our stockholders to fill a vacancy on the Board;
•the authorization of undesignated preferred stock, the terms of which may be established and shares of which may be issued without stockholder approval;
•advance notice requirements for stockholder proposals;
•a requirement that, except as otherwise provided for or fixed with respect to actions required or permitted to be taken by holders of preferred stock, no action that is required or permitted to be taken by the stockholders may be affected by consent of stockholders in lieu of a meeting of stockholders;
•permit the Board to establish the number of directors;
•a provision that the Board is expressly authorized to adopt, amend, or repeal our amended and restated bylaws;
•a provision that stockholders can remove directors only for cause and only upon the approval of not less than 66 2/3 of all outstanding shares of our voting stock;
•a requirement that the approval of not less than 66 2/3 of all outstanding shares of our voting stock to adopt, amend, or repeal certain provisions of our bylaws and certificate of incorporation; and
•limit the jurisdictions in which certain stockholder litigation may be brought.
These anti-takeover defenses could discourage, delay, or prevent a transaction involving a change in control of our company. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for stockholders to elect directors of their choosing and cause us to take other corporate actions than desired.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for any complaint asserting any internal corporate claims (including claims in the right of the Company that are based upon a violation of a duty by current or former director, officer, employee, or stockholder in such capacity, or as to which the Delaware General Corporation Law confers jurisdiction upon the Court of Chancery) or a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. This provision shall not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act. This choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees. If a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business. For example, under the Securities Act, federal courts have concurrent jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act, and investors cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.
We do not anticipate paying dividends in the foreseeable future.
We have not declared any dividends during the year ended December 31, 2022, the six months ended December 31, 2021 or for the years ended June 30, 2021 or 2020, and do not anticipate that we will do so in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain future earnings, if any, to finance the development of our business. Dividends, if any, on our outstanding shares of common stock will be declared by and subject to the discretion of the Board on the basis of our earnings, financial requirements and other relevant factors. As a result, a return on your investment will only occur if our common stock price appreciates. We cannot assure you that our common stock will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which you purchase shares of our common stock. You may not realize a return on your investment in our common stock, and you may even lose your entire investment in our common stock. Therefore, you should not rely on an investment in our common stock as a source for any future dividend income.
If U.S. securities or industry analysts do not publish research reports about our business, or if they issue an adverse opinion about our business, the market price and trading volume of our common stock could decline.
The trading market for our common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that U.S. securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. Securities and industry analysts may discontinue research on us, to the extent such coverage currently exists, or in other cases, may never publish research on us. If no or too few U.S. securities or industry analysts commence coverage of our Company, the trading price for our common stock would likely be negatively affected. In the event securities or industry analysts initiate coverage, if one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our common stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the market price of our common stock would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our common stock could decrease, which might cause our price and trading volume to decline. In addition, research and reports that Australian securities or industry analysts publish about us, our business or our common stock may impact the market price of our common stock.
Unstable market and economic conditions may have serious adverse consequences on our business and financial condition.
Global credit and financial markets have experienced extreme disruptions at various points over the last few decades, characterized by diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates, and uncertainty about economic stability. If another such disruption in credit and financial markets and deterioration of confidence in economic conditions occurs, our business may be adversely affected. If the equity and credit markets were to deteriorate significantly in the future, it may make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult to complete, more costly, and more dilutive. Failure to secure any necessary financing in a timely manner and on favorable terms could have a material adverse effect on our growth strategy, financial performance, and share price and could require us to delay or abandon development or commercialization plans. In addition, there is a risk that one or more of our service providers, manufacturers, or other partners would not survive or be able to meet their commitments to us under such circumstances, which could directly affect our ability to attain our operating goals on schedule and on budget.
Sales of our common stock, or the perception that such sales may occur, could depress the price of our common stock.
Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales may occur, could depress the market price of our common stock. We have filed a registration statement registering under the Securities Act the shares of our common stock reserved for issuance under our Stock Incentive Plan, including shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding options. These shares can be freely sold in the public market upon issuance, subject to volume limitations applicable to affiliates. Further, as opportunities present themselves, we may enter into financing or similar arrangements in the future, including the issuance of debt or equity securities. If we issue common stock or securities convertible into our common stock, our common stockholders would experience additional dilution and, as a result, the price of our common stock may decline.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.
Not Applicable.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Item 2. PROPERTIES.
We lease our corporate headquarters in Belmont, North Carolina, and we may lease additional office space in Belmont, North Carolina to accommodate our growing workforce. We also lease office space in Cherryville, North Carolina. We own and lease properties in Gaston County, North Carolina, primarily for the principal use of current development activities for Carolina Lithium. We expect to further our principal use to include mining, development and production of lithium hydroxide and other lithium products and byproducts.
In connection with Tennessee Lithium, we hold a contractual option to purchase property, subject to due diligence, located in the North Etowah Industrial Park in the City of Etowah in McMinn County, Tennessee, which is approximately 62 miles southwest of Knoxville, Tennessee and 60 miles northeast of Chattanooga, Tennessee. We have no ownership interest in the property at this time. If purchased, the property would be the site for our planned planned lithium hydroxide conversion plant as well as local office space.
We classify our mineral properties into three categories: “Operating Properties,” “Development Properties,” and “Exploration Properties.” Operating Properties are properties with material extraction of mineral reserves. Development Properties are properties that have mineral reserves disclosed but no material extraction. Exploration Properties are properties that have no mineral reserves disclosed. As of the date of this report we did not own any operating or exploration properties. We have no properties in the production stage and no other properties are considered material under S-K 1300. In addition to our wholly-owned properties, our equity method investments have various projects in multiple stages of development. For a discussion of our non-material properties associated with our equity method investments, see “Equity Method Investment Projects” below.
Tennessee Lithium
Tennessee Lithium is expected to be a world-class lithium hydroxide production facility located within McMinn County in Etowah, Tennessee. With first production targeted by the end of 2025 or 2026, the facility is expected to produce 30,000 metric tons per year of lithium hydroxide, doubling the current estimated U.S. production capacity of 15,000 metric tons per year. The plant is expected to be one of the most sustainable lithium hydroxide operations in the world and among the first to use the innovative Metso:Outotec Pressure Leach Technology. As of December 31, 2022, we did not own any property associated with Tennessee Lithium.
Carolina Lithium
Overview
Carolina Lithium is a development stage project for the mining, development and production of lithium products. The property is located in a rural area of Gaston County, North Carolina, approximately 25 miles northwest of the City of Charlotte. The property is centered at approximately 35°23’20”N 81°17’20”W. The property currently has no known encumbrances. In addition to the information summarized below, you can learn more about Carolina Lithium by reading the Amended Technical Report Summary dated February 27, 2023 (“TRS” or “Amended TRS”) that is attached as Exhibit 96.1 to our Annual Report.
Spodumene Concentrate Operation
The TRS for Carolina Lithium is based on a mine life of 11 years of mineral reserves, with an estimated average annual production of 242,000 metric tons of spodumene concentrate at steady-state.
We believe there is significant opportunity to increase the mineral reserve life of Carolina Lithium beyond 11 years by conversion of existing mineral resources to mineral reserves or by discovery of additional resources within the Carolina Tin-Spodumene Belt within a reasonable trucking or conveying distance to the proposed spodumene concentrator.
Lithium Hydroxide Conversion Operation
The TRS for Carolina Lithium assumes a lithium hydroxide conversion plant, also referred to as a chemical plant, that will be supported with spodumene concentrate produced from our mineral reserves. The lithium hydroxide chemical plant has an estimated production rate of 30,000 metric tons of lithium hydroxide per year.
Our business plan is, upon depletion of our mineral reserves, to continue lithium hydroxide production at Carolina Lithium using spodumene concentrate sourced from offtake agreements, which will allow us to secure spodumene concentrate from alternate sources or from our own mineral reserves if our estimation of mineral reserves was increased in the future.
Operating and Capital Costs
According to the TRS results, our integrated Carolina Lithium project is projected to have an average cash operating cost of approximately $4,844 per metric ton of lithium hydroxide at steady state during the first 10 years of operations, including royalties and exclusive of any byproduct credits, thereby potentially positioning Piedmont Lithium as one of the industry’s lowest-cost producers. The TRS estimates, in accordance with the Association the Advancement of Cost Engineering class 3 level of detail, total capital costs of approximately $1 billion for the construction of the fully integrated Carolina Lithium project, inclusive of potential recovery of byproduct mineral resources.
Ownership and Location
We hold a 100% interest in Carolina Lithium which is located approximately 25 miles north west of Charlotte, North Carolina in the U.S.
History
Carolina Lithium lies within the Carolina Tin-Spodumene Belt. Mining in the belt began in the 1950s with the Kings Mountain Mine, currently owned by Albemarle Corporation, and the Hallman-Beam Mine near Bessemer City, North Carolina, which is currently owned by Martin Marietta Corporation. Both former mines are located within approximately 12 miles of Carolina Lithium to the south, near Bessemer City, North Carolina, and Kings Mountain, North Carolina, respectively. Portions of the project area were explored and excavated to shallow depths in the 1950s as the Murphy-Houser Mine, owned by the Lithium Corporation of America. In 2009, Vancouver based North Arrow Minerals Inc. commenced exploration at the property. In 2016, we began optioning surface and mineral rights at the property and subsequently commenced a renewed exploration effort at the site.
Present Condition, Work Completed, and Exploration Plans
General access to Carolina Lithium is via a network of primary and secondary roads. Interstate highway I-85 lies 6 miles to the south of the project area and provides easy access to Charlotte Douglas International Airport, which is approximately 19 miles to the east. A rail line borders the property to the northwest. Transport links provide access to Charlotte, which is the largest city based on size and population in North Carolina, within approximately 25 miles from Carolina Lithium. Extensive exploration supports our resource estimate and is comprised of surface mapping and extensive subsurface drilling. Between 2017 and 2021, we completed five phases of exploratory drilling which included a total of 542 core holes amounting to approximately 50 miles to define the Core property deposit. The exploration of Carolina Lithium has been performed by professional geologists in adherence to established operating procedures that have been verified by the qualified person (“QP”). Through the date of this report, exploration has been concentrated on the Core, Central, and Huffstetler deposit areas detailed in Figure 2 below.
Properties
Figure 1
As of December 31, 2022, Carolina Lithium, was comprised of real property and associated mineral rights totaling approximately 3,245 acres, of which approximately:
•162 parcels consisting of 2,277 acres are owned with a book value of $53.2 million;
•1 parcel consisting of 113 acres is subject to long-term leases with a book value of $0.2 million;
•1 parcel consisting of 10 acres is subject to lease-to-own agreements with a book value of $0.5 million; and
•110 parcels consisting of 1,096 acres are subject to exclusive option agreements with a book value of $2.3 million. These exclusive option agreements, upon exercise, allow us to purchase or, in some cases, enter into long-term lease agreements for the real property and associated mineral rights. Our option agreements provide for annual option payments, bonus payments during periods when we conduct drilling, and royalty payments during periods when we conduct mining. Our option agreements generally provide us with an option to purchase the optioned property at a specified premium over fair market value. Upon exercise of our purchase option, our obligation to make annual option payments and bonus payments terminates.
We generally control all the surface and mineral rights for Carolina Lithium under applicable agreements. We also own real property totaling 5 acres in Bessemer City, North Carolina, where we lease a warehouse for core samples from Carolina Lithium, and 61 acres in Kings Mountain, North Carolina, where we hold a synthetic minor air permit and which was the subject of prior technical studies for a planned lithium hydroxide conversion facility.
Figure 2
Mineral Reserves
A “mineral reserve” is an estimate of tonnage and grade or quality of indicated and measured mineral resources that, in the opinion of the QP, can be the basis of an economically viable project. Specifically, mineral reserve is the economically mineable part of a measured or indicated mineral resource, which in our case excludes diluting materials and allowances for losses that may occur when the material is mined or extracted. The term “economically viable,” as used in the definition of reserve, means that the QP has analytically determined that extraction of the mineral reserve is economically viable under reasonable investment and market assumptions.
The term “proven reserves” means the economically mineable part of a measured mineral resource and can only result from conversion of a measured mineral resource. The term “probable reserves” means mineral reserves for which quantity and grade are computed from information similar to that used for proven reserves, but the sites for sampling are farther apart or are otherwise less closely spaced. The degree of assurance, although lower than that for proven reserves, is high enough to assume continuity between points of observation.
Proven and probable mineral reserves are based on extensive drilling, sampling, mine modeling, and metallurgical testing from which we determined economic feasibility. The reference point for mineral reserves is the undiluted ore, excluding dilution material, delivered to our spodumene concentrator. The price sensitivity of mineral reserves depends upon several factors including grade, metallurgical recovery, operating cost, and waste-to-ore ratio. The mineral reserves table below lists the estimated metallurgical recovery rate for Carolina Lithium, which includes the estimated recovery of both spodumene concentrate and conversion to lithium hydroxide. The cut-off grade, or lowest grade of mineralization considered economic to process, depends upon prevailing economic conditions, estimated mineability of our deposit, and amenability of the mineral reserve to spodumene concentration and conversion to lithium hydroxide.
Carolina Lithium does not contain any proven mineral reserves at this time. The probable reserve figures presented herein are estimates based on information available at the time of calculation. No assurance can be given that the estimated levels of
metallurgical recovery of lithium minerals will be realized. Metric tons of ore containing lithium minerals included in the proven and probable reserves are those contained prior to losses during metallurgical treatment. Reserve estimates may require revision based on actual production. Market fluctuations in the price of lithium hydroxide, as well as increased production costs or reduced metallurgical recovery rates, could render certain proven and probable reserves containing higher cost reserves uneconomic to exploit and might result in a reduction of mineral reserves.
We have reported mineral reserves, prepared in accordance with S-K 1300, as part of our exploration and evaluation activities. As of December 31, 2022, we have reported 18.3 million metric tons of probable mineral reserves at a grade of 1.10% Li2O. We issued our first mineral resource estimate on October 21, 2021 and have not finalized any new estimates. The proven and probable reserve figures presented herein are estimates based on information available at the time of calculation. Mineral resources disclosed in the prior year have been updated to conform with S-K 1300 disclosure requirements. and we have amended the estimated mineral reserve tables below to present resources exclusive of reserves.
A Technical Report Summary with respect to our estimated mineral reserves was filed as an exhibit to our Transition Report for the six-month period ending December 31, 2021. This Technical Report Summary was amended to include certain information as required by Item 1300 of Regulation S-K. The Amended Technical Report Summary dated February 27, 2023, is filed as Exhibit 96.1 to this Form 10-K. We publish reserves annually, and will recalculate reserves if any new significant changes are expected, taking into account metal prices, changes, if any, to future production and capital costs, divestments and depletion as well as any acquisitions and additions during the period.
Probable mineral reserves have been estimated and based on the consideration of pertinent modifying factors, inclusive of geological, environmental, regulatory and legal factors, in converting a portion of the mineral resources to mineral reserves. All converted mineral resources were classified as probable mineral reserves. There were no measured mineral resources defined that could be converted into proven mineral reserves, and no inferred mineral resources were included in the estimation of mineral reserves. A cutoff grade of 0.4% Li2O was used in creation of the block model. An open pit mining method was selected due to the ore body outcropping in several places along the surface. No other mining method was evaluated as part of the mineral reserves estimation. Mine design parameters include overburden batter angle in unconsolidated material of 27 degrees, face batter angle of 75 degrees, inter-ramp slope of 57 degrees, overall slope of 51 degrees, berm width of 31 feet, berm height working 39 feet, berm height final wall of 78 feet, ramp width of 98 feet, ramp grade of 10%, mine dilution of 10%, process recovery for spodumene concentrate of 77%, and minimum mining width of 164 feet.
Operating costs were established using budget pricing from mining contractors based on a request for proposal issued by our third-party consultant, Marshall Miller and Associates, combined with first principles estimates for utilities including electrical service from Duke Energy. Royalties of $1.00 per run-of-mine metric ton are based on the average land option agreement.
Mineral reserves include tonnage estimates for Li2O, Lithium Carbonate Equivalent (“LCE”), whereby one metric ton of Li2O is equivalent to 2.473 metric tons of LCE, and lithium hydroxide monohydrate (“LiOH·H2O”) tonnage, whereby one metric ton of Li2O is equivalent to 2.81 metric tons of LiOH·H2O.
The following tables detail proven and probable reserves reflecting only those reserves attributable to our ownership or economic interest as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and have been prepared in accordance with S-K 1300.
Carolina Lithium - Estimate of Mineral Reserves (undiluted)
Mineral Reserves Category Li2O
(metric tons)(1)
Grade
(Li2O%)
Li2O
(metric tons)
LCE
(metric tons) LiOH·H2O
(metric tons)
Cut-Off Grade
(% Li2O)
Metallurgical Recovery Concentrator (%)(2)
Metallurgical Recovery Conversion Plant (%)(3)
Proven - - - - - 0.4 77 91
Probable 18.26 1.10 200,000 495,000 562,000
(1) Reserves are expressed as tonnages effectively delivered to a run-of-mine (“ROM”) pad, prior to the application of losses and recovery factors (i.e., metallurgical recovery as expressed above) incurred during concentration and conversion. Pricing to support mineral reserve economics is based upon the sale of lithium hydroxide, after the processing of ROM reserves in the Company’s planned spodumene concentrator and lithium hydroxide conversion facilities. Mineral reserves estimated exclusive of the mineral resources (in millions).
(2) Metallurgical recovery of 77-percent for lithium ore is associated with the production of a 6-percent spodumene concentrate.
(3) Metallurgical recovery of 91-percent is associated with the production of lithium hydroxide. Revenue streams for financial modeling assume the production and sale of lithium hydroxide at $18,000/ metric ton via the processing of spodumene concentrate derived from ROM mineral reserves.
Mineral Resources
The mineral resource figures presented herein are estimates based on information available at the time of calculation and are exclusive of reserves. A “mineral resource” is a concentration or occurrence of solid material of economic interest in or on the Earth’s crust in such form, grade, or quality and quantity that there are reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction. The location, quantity, grade or quality, continuity and other geological characteristics of a mineral resource are known, estimated or interpreted from specific geological evidence and knowledge, including sampling. The reference point for mineral resources is in situ. Mineral resources are subdivided in order of increasing geological confidence into inferred, indicated and measured categories. Metric tons of mineral resources containing spodumene, quartz, feldspar and mica, included in the measured, indicated, and inferred resources, are those contained prior to losses during metallurgical treatment. The terms “measured resource,” “indicated resource,” and “inferred resource” mean the part of a mineral resource for which quantity and grade or quality are estimated on the basis of geological evidence and sampling that is considered to be comprehensive, adequate, or limited, respectively.
Market fluctuations in the price of lithium hydroxide as well as increased production costs or reduced metallurgical recovery rates, could change future estimates of resources. We have reported mineral resources, prepared in accordance with S-K 1300, as part of our exploration and evaluation activities. As of December 31, 2022, we have reported 25.89 million metric tons of mineral resources, exclusive of mineral reserves, at a grade of 1.06% Li2O.
The resource figures presented herein do not include that part of our resources that have been converted to proven and probable reserves as shown above, as they are reported exclusive of reserves, and have been estimated based on information available at the time of calculation. Key assumptions and parameters relating to the mineral reserves and resources are discussed in Sections 1.9 and 1.10 of the Carolina Lithium project TRS filed as Exhibit 96.1 in this Form 10-K.
Resource models are constrained by a conceptual pit shell derived from a Whittle optimization using estimated block value and mining parameters appropriate for determining reasonable prospects of economic extraction. These parameters include: maximum pit slope of 51° and strip ratio of 12, mining cost of US$2.50/per ton, spodumene concentration cost of US$25/per ton, a commodity value of US$1,893/per ton of SC6 and with appropriate recovery and dilution factors.
The following table details indicated and inferred resources which have been prepared in accordance with S-K 1300 and are solely attributable to our ownership or economic interest as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Carolina Lithium - Summary of Mineral Resources Estimate Exclusive of Mineral Reserves
Li2O%
Quartz Feldspar Mica
Cut-Off Grade (% Li2O)(1)
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
Metallurgical Recovery (%)
77(2)
50.8 51.1 35.5
Category Deposit Metric Tons(3)
Grade (%) Metric Tons(3)
Grade
(%) Metric Tons(3)
Grade
(Li2O%)
Metric Tons(3)
Grade
(%) Metric Tons(3)
Indicated All properties 9.96 1.14 0.112 29.42 2.93 45.96 4.58 3.96 0.39
Inferred All properties 15.93 1.02 0.162 29.22 4.66 45.67 7.28 4.03 0.64
(1) Based on long-term pricing of $1,893/per ton of SC6, $101/per ton of quartz, $54/per ton of feldspar, and $80/per ton of mica. Byproduct mineral resources are estimated only from the spodumene bearing pegmatites which comprise the mineral resource estimate. The Carolina Lithium project does not have byproduct mineral reserves.
(2) The overall metallurgical recovery from spodumene concentration.
(3) Mineral resources estimated exclusive of the mineral reserve (in millions).
Comparison of Resources and Reserves as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 and June 30, 2021, and 2020.
We issued our first mineral resource estimate on our North Carolina property in October 2021. No mineral resource estimates were conducted during the current reporting period. We did not have mineral resources estimates or mineral reserves estimates as of June 30, 2021, or 2020. As a result, we are not providing an analysis of changes in estimates for mineral resources and mineral reserves for those periods.
Internal Controls
We have internal controls for reviewing and documenting the information supporting the mineral reserve and mineral resource estimates, describing the methods used, and ensuring the validity of the estimates. These internal control processes were not materially impacted by the adoption of S-K 1300. Information that is utilized to compile mineral reserves and mineral resources is prepared and
certified by appropriate QPs and is subject to our internal review process, which includes review by a QP. The QP and management agree on the reasonableness of the criteria for the purposes of estimating resources and reserves. Calculations using these criteria are reviewed and validated by the QP. We recognize the risks inherent in mineral resource and reserve estimates, such as the geological complexity, interpretation and extrapolation of data, changes in operating approach, macroeconomic conditions and new data, among others. Overestimated resources and reserves resulting from these risks could have a material effect on future profitability.
Equity Method Investment Projects
Sayona Mining
We own an equity interest of approximately 14% in Sayona Mining. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we paid $1.4 million to Sayona Mining to acquire additional shares as part of equity offerings by Sayona Mining. As of December 31, 2022, we have invested a total of $20.2 million in Sayona Mining.
Sayona Mining’s lithium assets in Quebec Canada include a 75% equity interest in Sayona Quebec, a 60% equity interest in Northern Hub’s Moblan project, and a 100% equity interest in Lac Albert. Sayona Mining also holds a 100% equity interest in assets in Western Australian including Western Australia Lithium, Western Australia gold projects, and Kimberley Graphite.
Sayona Quebec
We own a 25% equity interest in Sayona Quebec, with Sayona Mining holding the remaining 75% equity interest as discussed above. Sayona Quebec owns the past-producing NAL project, the Authier Lithium project, and the Tansim Lithium project. Through our strategic partnership, Sayona Quebec is prioritizing the manufacturing of lithium products in Quebec and capitalizing on Quebec’s competitive advantages, which include access to skilled labor, strong infrastructure, governmental mining support and zero-carbon, low-cost hydropower. As of December 31, 2022, our investments in Sayona Quebec totaled $44.9 million.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we made additional cash investments in Sayona Quebec totaling $19.6 million as part of our 25% equity interest contribution for expenditures incurred by Sayona Quebec related to exploration and evaluation activities and NAL for restart activities.
Revenue and expenses of Sayona Quebec and Sayona Mining are not consolidated into our financial statements; rather, our proportionate share of the income or loss of each investee is reported as “Loss from equity method investments in unconsolidated affiliates” in our consolidated statements of operations.
Offtake Agreement
In January 2021, we entered into a long-term offtake agreement with Sayona Quebec. Under the terms of the offtake supply agreement, Sayona Quebec will supply Piedmont Lithium the greater of 113,000 metric tons per year or 50% of Sayona Quebec’s spodumene concentrate production from the combination of NAL and the Authier project. Under the agreement, spodumene concentrate is priced on a market price basis with a floor price of $500 per metric ton and a ceiling price of $900 per metric ton.
Atlantic Lithium
We own an equity interest of approximately 9% in and have a strategic partnership with Atlantic Lithium. As of December 31, 2022, we have invested $16.0 million in Atlantic Lithium.
Atlantic Lithium owns a 100% ownership in Atlantic Lithium Ghana, which owns the Ewoyaa project in Ghana, Africa. Atlantic Lithium Ghana is consolidated by Atlantic Lithium. Revenue and expenses of Atlantic Lithium are not consolidated into our financial statements; rather, our proportionate share of the income or loss of Atlantic Lithium is reported as “Loss from equity method investment in unconsolidated affiliates” in our consolidated statements of operations.
Offtake Agreement
On August 2021, we entered into a long-term offtake agreement for spodumene concentrate with Atlantic Lithium, whereby we can acquire a 50% equity interest in Atlantic Lithium Ghana, and the right to purchase 50% of Atlantic Lithium Ghana’s life-of-mine production of spodumene concentrate by funding over time the exploration and evaluation activities (Phase 1) and development
activities (Phase 2) for the Ewoyaa project. We currently estimate our total funding requirement to be approximately $98 million through late 2024 or 2025. Our funding requirement in the Ewoyaa project is split between two phases:
•Phase 1-We have the ability to acquire a 22.5% equity interest in Atlantic Lithium Ghana by funding our share of exploration, evaluation and technical study expenditures currently estimated to be $19 million and, making the election to proceed with Phase 2. We have a cost sharing arrangement with Atlantic Lithium whereby we will pay all costs up to $17.0 million. We will share equally with Atlantic Lithium and costs savings below $17.0 million and any cost overruns above $17.0 million. In the event we do not fully fund our required amount for Phase 1 and make the election to proceed with Phase 2, we will forfeit all cash advances paid to date and lose our ability to acquire a 22.5% equity interest in Atlantic Lithium Ghana.
•Phase 2-We have ability to acquire an additional 27.5% equity interest in Atlantic Lithium Ghana by funding our share of development expenditures, currently estimated to be $98 million. We will share equally with Atlantic Lithium any cost savings below $70.0 million and any cost overruns above $70.0 million. In the event we do not fully fund our required amount for Phase 2, we will forfeit all cash advances paid to date for Phase 1 and Phase 2 and all equity interests in Atlantic Lithium Ghana.
As of December 31, 2022, cash payments to Atlantic Lithium for Phase 1 of the Ewoyaa project totaled $17.0 million and are reported as “Non-current assets” in the consolidated balance sheets (See Note 5-Other Assets).
Pricing for the offtake supply of spodumene concentrate will be at market rates at the time of purchase. Under the offtake agreement, spodumene concentrate is priced on a CIF, China market price basis less ocean freight and insurance on a net back basis to free on-board vessel (Incoterms 2020) at the Port of Takoradi, Ghana.
Equity Method Investment Properties
The information provided below was derived from information publicly disclosed by each such investee company.
Quebec Properties
Sayona Quebec’s assets are comprised of three wholly-owned projects as follows: NAL which is in the development stage, the Authier project (“Authier”) which is in the development stage, and the Tansim project (“Tansim”) which is in the exploration stage.
Figure 3
North American Lithium
NAL was acquired by Sayona Quebec in August 2021. NAL is comprised of 19 contiguous claims covering 1,438 acres and one mining lease covering approximately 1,729 acres. NAL is situated in La Corne township in Quebec’s Abitibi region. The project is located approximately 20 miles from Authier near Val-d’Or, a major mining city in Quebec.
NAL is a brownfield open pit mining operation with a concentrator and a carbonate plant. Prior to acquisition by Sayona Quebec, more than CAD $400 million was invested in NAL. NAL receives most of its power from hydroelectricity and is well serviced by provincial highways and an all-weather secondary road. Restart activities have commenced at NAL with the expectation of commencing spodumene concentrate production in the first half of 2023. NAL holds all of the material permits required to restart operations.
Authier
Authier is located approximately 28 miles northwest of the city of Val-d’Or. Val-d’Or is located approximately 290 miles northwest of the city of Montreal. Authier is easily accessible by a rural road network that is connected to a national highway a few miles east of the project site. The project area comprises 19 mineral claims totaling 1,613 acres and directionally extends 2 miles east-west and 2 miles north-south. The mineral claims are located over Crown Lands, which is land owned by the Province of Quebec.
Figure 4
The deposit is hosted in a spodumene-bearing pegmatite intrusion. The deposit is 2,707 feet long, striking east-west, with an average thickness of 82 feet, minimum 13 feet and maximum 180 feet, dipping at 40 degrees to the north. The current pit optimization has the mineralization extending down to 656 feet depth but the deposit remains open in all directions.
Authier has been subject to more than 19 miles of drilling. Between 2010 and 2012 Glen Eagle, the previous tenement holder, completed over 6 miles of diamond drilling in 69 diamond drill holes (“DDH”) of which 5 miles were drilled on the Authier deposit; 1,998 feet (five DDH) were drilled on the northwest and 1,385 feet on the south-southwest of the property. Sayona Quebec announced the completion of three phases of drilling totaling more than 6.5 miles in 81 DDH. All the holes completed by Sayona Quebec have used standard DDH diameter size, using a standard tube and bit.
Sayona Quebec continues to closely engage with all stakeholders concerning Authier’s development by, among other things, holding information sessions and consultations with local municipalities, landowners, First Nations communities, nongovernmental organizations and other stakeholders.
Sayona Quebec progressed a revised Environmental Impact Study (“EIS”) in accordance with Québec’s regulatory requirements. The EIS is a rigorous scientific study containing all the necessary documentation to satisfy the necessary legal and regulatory requirements. In January 2020, Sayona Quebec submitted the revised EIS to Québec’s Ministry of the Environment and the Fight against Climate Change (“MELCC”). The plan for NAL to process ore from Authier may impact the requirements for approvals under the Quebec Bureau d’Audiences Publiques Sur l’Environnement (“BAPE”) process. Regardless, Sayona Quebec will continue the development of the Authier project under strict guidelines to minimize impacts on the environment, including reducing wind and water erosion, promoting revegetation and optimizing water management practices.
Tansim
Tansim is situated 51 miles south-west of Authier. Tansim comprises 355 mineral claims spanning 50,749 acres and is prospective for lithium, tantalum, and beryllium.
Mineralization is hosted within spodumene-bearing pegmatite intrusions striking east-west, dipping to the north, and hosted by metasedimentary - metavolcanic rocks of the Pontiac sub-province. The main prospects are Viau-Dallaire, Viau and Vezina. The potential quantity and grade of the exploration target is uncertain as there has been insufficient exploration to estimate a mineral resource, and it is uncertain if further exploration will result in the estimation of a mineral resource.
Northern Hub Properties
Sayona Mining’s Northern Hub assets include the jointly-owned Moblan project (“Moblan”) and wholly-owned Lac Albert project (“Lac Albert”), in which we have an equity interest through our approximate 14% ownership in Sayona Mining, as noted above.
Figure 5
Moblan
Moblan is jointly-owned by through a 60% equity interest by Sayona Mining and a 40% equity interest by SOQUEM Inc, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Investissement Québec. Moblan is in the development stage, and is located in the Eeyou-Istchee James Bay region of northern Québec, a proven lithium mining province that hosts established, world-class lithium resources, including Nemaska Lithium’s Whabouchi Mine. The area is well serviced by key infrastructure and transport and has access to low-cost, environmentally friendly hydropower.
Moblan is host to high-grade spodumene mineralization in a well-studied proven deposit with more than 10 miles of diamond drilling. The project covers approximately 1,070 acres for a total of 20 claims. In January 2022, Sayona Mining announced the opportunity to expand the mineralization outside the existing proven resource envelope and the commencement of a major drilling program at the project in partnership with SOQUEM. In April 2022, Sayona Mining announced the discovery of a significant new southern lithium pegmatite zone, the Moblan South Discovery. The following month Sayona Mining announced the discovery of multiple new mineralized lithium pegmatites at Moblan South, South East Extension, Moleon and extensions to the Main Moblan lithium deposit. As of October 2022, Sayona Mining had completed approximately 17 miles of drilling at the project.
In October 2022, Sayona Mining launched a pre-feasibility study (“PFS”) for Moblan, targeting the development of a lithium mine and a concentrator. The PFS will be conducted by InnovExplo, a Quebec company, with a target completion date in May 2023, followed by a definitive feasibility study expected by September 2023.
Figure 6
Lac Albert
In January 2022, Sayona Mining announced the acquisition of 121 new claims in the vicinity of Moblan known as Lac Albert, which is in the exploration stage. Located 2 miles west of the Moblan project and within the same proven lithium mining province, the new claims span 16,282 acres.
Past work has been limited and the geology of the new claim area at Lac Albert is poorly understood. Glacial moraines obscure a significant portion of the area. In May 2022, a till and soil sampling program was undertaken at Lac Albert and mapping of outcrops and boulders was completed. The identified pegmatite occurrences are located in an area with favorable access and proximity to the Route Du Nord, an all-weather regional highway. The area of the new claims is displayed in Figure 6 above.
Western Australia Properties
We have an equity interest of approximately 14% in Sayona Mining’s Western Australian exploration stage properties via our equity stake in Sayona Mining as noted above.
Sayona Mining owns a 100% economic interest in certain properties in Western Australia. Sayona Mining’s leases in Western Australia cover 264,895 acres and comprise lithium, gold and graphite tenure in the Pilbara, Yilgarn and East Kimberley regions. All of Sayona Mining’s Western Australia projects are in the exploration stage.
The Pilbara projects comprise 12 lithium leases totaling 230,548 acres in the Pilgangoora lithium district of Western Australia, with 10 of the tenements also having associated gold rights. These are proximal to the De Grey Mining’s Mallina Gold project, which includes the Hemi gold discovery.
Of the 12 Pilbara tenements with lithium rights, nine are subject to an earn-in agreement, whereby Morella Corporation Limited (“Morella”), listed on the Australian stock exchange and previously known as Altura Mining, is carrying out exploration to earn an equity interest. The three remaining tenements are held within Sayona Mining’s wholly-owned lithium exploration portfolio.
Figure 7
Pilbara Lithium Tenements
In 2021, Morella commenced an earn-in agreement with Sayona Mining covering eight tenements including the Mallina, Tabba East, and Strelley areas, all in the Pilgangoora lithium district, and two tenements in the South Murchison. Morella is required to fund AUD $1.5 million for exploration activities within three years to earn a 51% equity interest.
Mallina Project (E47/2983)-The Mallina Project is the most advanced of Sayona Mining’s Pilbara portfolio. Multiple zones of spodumene pegmatites have been identified within a 6,178 acre zone. The pegmatites occur in three main swarms: the western Discovery prospect, the central Area C prospect and the Eastern Group pegmatites. Mapping has confirmed the pegmatites can be extensive, with the Eastern No.2 pegmatite being over 4,265 feet in strike extent and up to 66 feet in thickness.
During Sayona Mining’s fiscal year ended June 30, 2022, Morella reported significant progress at the Mallina Project with the completion of a targeted deep drilling program. In total, three reverse circulation (“RC”) holes for 1,411 feet and four diamond core holes, including two core tail extensions to RC drilling, were completed for 2,728 feet. Fine grained spodumene quartz intergrowths within aplite intrusive intervals were observed in the drill core. RC chips and drill core were logged on site and samples have been prepared for mineralogical studies and geochemical assay work to be completed at a laboratory in Perth, Australia. Results are pending.
Mt. Edon Project (E59/2092)-The Mt. Edon Project is located in the South Murchison covers the southern portion of the Payne’s Find greenstone belt and hosts an extensive swarm of pegmatites. During Sayona Mining’s fiscal year ended June 30, 2022, Morella commenced exploration activities, mapping a total of 53 pegmatite outcrops. Rock chip assay results indicate the potential of the area for lithium mineralization.
Pilbara Gold Tenements
Sayona Mining’s Pilbara gold leases are prospective for intrusion related gold mineralization, similar in style to that identified at the Hemi gold discovery. This style of mineralization is hosted within altered late stage high-magnesium diorites. Sayona Mining’s tenement portfolio remains effectively untested for its gold potential with large areas masked by superficial cover.
Figure 8
Mt. Dove Project (E47/3950)-The Mt. Dove project is within 3 miles of De Grey’s greater Hemi project area, a 19-mile trend which includes Hemi and adjacent intrusions. During the year, airborne magnetic surveys and geological mapping were undertaken which identified magnetic features for drill testing.
Sayona Pilbara Lithium Exploration
Sayona Mining holds the lithium rights at the Deep Well, Tabba Tabba, and Red Rock tenements which cover a total of 82,533 acres.
Deep Well Project (E47/3829)-The Deep Well project covers an area of 29,405 acres to the west of Port Hedland. Interpretation of new high resolution geophysical data, covering the entire lease area, has identified 11 discrete magnetic anomalies. A 60-hole air-core drilling program, completed a total of 60 DDH for 5,502 feet. Drill samples have been submitted for gold, lithium and multi-element analysis. Results are pending. Drilling targeted magnetic features that display similarities to the Hemi style of intrusion-related gold mineralization. The T1, T2, T3, T7, T12a and T12b targets were tested. Planning for follow up reverse circulation drilling is underway.
Tabba Tabba Project (E45/2364)-The Tabba Tabba project is located north of the Pilgangoora lithium mining area in a region of historic tin and tantalum mining. It comprises six tenements covering 145,297 acres, located 25 miles to the north of the Pilgangoora lithium mining area. The main Tabba Tabba tenement, E45/2364 (lithium rights only), is centered in an area of historic tin and tantalum mining. Spodumene pegmatite has been identified in adjacent tenure and the Tabba Tabba project provides exposure to the area’s emerging lithium prospectivity. Soil geochemistry and geological mapping has identified pegmatite and geochemical anomalies and planning for drill testing of these features in the 2022 season are advanced.
Red Rock Project, (E45/4716)-During Sayona Mining’s fiscal year ended June 30, 2022, a geological and regolith terrain mapping study was undertaken over the tenements area, identifying a north-east trading structural corridor extending from Pilgangoora in the south. As a first pass test for lithium and gold mineralization, a soil geochemical sampling program was completed over a 6 mile extent to this target zone. Once results are returned they will be assessed for potential targets for drill testing.
Kimberley Graphite Project
Past exploration by Sayona Mining has identified graphite mineralization within an 16 mile strike extent of the Corkwood geochemical and geophysical anomaly. The target is structurally deformed, higher grade graphite portions of the stratigraphy with the potential to host coarse flake, high purity graphite mineralization.
Sayona Mining is planning further drill testing of the mineralization to obtain samples for metallurgical and beneficiation testwork.
Figure 9
Ghana
Ewoyaa
Ewoyaa is an exploration stage project for the mining, development and production of spodumene concentrate located on the south coast of Ghana and covers an area of approximately 348 square miles. As noted above, we can acquire an equity interest of 50% in Ewoyaa via Atlantic Lithium Ghana through future staged investments.
Ewoyaa includes the Ewoyaa, Abonko, and Kaampakrom deposits, and is located in Ghana, West Africa, approximately 62 miles southwest of the capital of Accra. The project area is immediately north of Saltpond, in the Central Region, and falls within the Mfantseman Municipality where Saltpond is the district capital. See Figure 10 below.
Access to the site from Accra is along the asphalt N1 Accra-Cape Coast-Takoradi Highway which runs along the southern coastal boundary of the project. Several laterite roads extend northwards from the highway and link communities in the project area. The deep-sea Port of Takoradi is within 68 miles west of the Ewoyaa site and accessible via the same highway. See Figure 10 below.
Figure 10: Ewoyaa location and tenure, showing proximity to Takoradi Port, highway and grid power.
The topography of the project varies with steep hills surrounding low-lying valleys throughout the proposed mining area. The terrain of the project area rises sharply from a narrow coastal plane to an undulating peneplane where elevation ranges from 66 feet to 394 feet above mean sea level.
Ghana is a republic within the Commonwealth. Ghana gained independence from colonial Britain in 1957, being the first sub-Saharan African country in colonial Africa to do so. Despite some turbulent history in the first decades following independence, Ghana has emerged since the 1990s as a stable, multi-party democracy.
Figure 11: High voltage power transmission lines, bitumen highway and deep-sea Takoradi port close to project site.
Ewoyaa covers two contiguous exploration licenses, the Mankessim (RL 3/55) and Mankessim South (RL PL3/109) licenses. The Mankessim is a joint-venture, with the license in the name of the joint-venture party, Barari DV Ghana; document number 0853652-18. The Mineral Prospecting License was renewed on July 27, 2021 for a further three-year period valid through July 26, 2024. Mankessim South is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Green Metals Resources. A Mineral Prospecting License was renewed on February 19, 2020 for a further three-year period through February 18, 2023. The tenement is in good standing with no known impediments. Ewoyaa is the subject of a mining lease application submitted to the Minerals Commission of Ghana and announced by Atlantic Lithium on October 13, 2022.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.
Information regarding legal proceedings is contained in Note 14-Commitments and Contingencies of the consolidated financial statements contained in this Annual Report and is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.
Not applicable because we do not currently operate any mines subject to the U.S. Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977.
Part II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
Item 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.
Market Information
Our common stock is traded on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “PLL,” and our CDIs are listed on the ASX also under the symbol “PLL.”
Based on information known to us, as of February 24, 2023, we had outstanding 19,182,063 shares of our common stock held by 9 stockholders of record in the U.S. Of such shares 3,978,919 were held in Australia in the form of CDIs.
Stock Performance Graph
The following graph depicts the total return to shareholders of PLL for the last three years to the performance of the Russell 2000 (“RUT-RUX”) and the Global X Lithium & Battery Tech ETF (“LIT”). The graph assumes an investment of $100 in our common stock and each index on December 31, 2019. The stock performance shown in the graph is not necessarily indicative of future price performance.
Equity Compensation Plans
See Part III, Item 12, “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters” for the information required by Item 201(d) of S-K 1300 regarding equity compensation plans.
Dividends
We have not declared any dividends during the year ended December 31, 2022, the six months ended December 31, 2021, or years ended June 30, 2021 or 2020, and we do not anticipate that we will do so in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain future earnings, if any, to finance the development of our business. Dividends, if any, on outstanding shares of our common stock will be declared by and subject to the discretion of the Board on the basis of our earnings, financial requirements, and other relevant factors.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Item 6. [Reserved].
Not applicable.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Item 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in our Annual Report. The following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates, and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in our Annual Report particularly those in the sections entitled “Risk Factors,” “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” and “Cautionary Note Regarding Disclosure of Mineral Properties.”
This management’s discussion and analysis is a supplement to our financial statements, including notes, referenced elsewhere in our Annual Report and is provided to enhance your understanding of our operations and financial condition. This discussion is presented in millions, and due to rounding, may not sum or calculate precisely to the totals and percentages provided in the tables.
Cautionary Note to Investors
In the U.S., we are governed by the Exchange Act, including Regulation S-K 1300 thereunder. Sayona Mining and Atlantic Lithium, however, are not governed by the Exchange Act and from time-to-time report estimates of “measured,” “indicated,” and “inferred” mineral resources as such terms are used in the JORC Code. In March 2022, our partner, Atlantic Lithium, published a JORC Code mineral resource estimate update for Ewoyaa. Also in March 2022, our partner, Sayona Mining, published a JORC Code mineral resource estimate update for Authier and NAL. Although S-K 1300 and the JORC Code have similar goals in terms of conveying an appropriate level of confidence in the disclosures being reported, they at times embody different approaches or definitions. Consequently, investors are cautioned that public disclosures by Sayona Mining, Atlantic Lithium, or us of measures prepared in accordance with the JORC Code may not be comparable to similar information made public by companies subject to S-K 1300 and the other reporting and disclosure requirements under the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.
Executive Overview & Strategy
Piedmont Lithium is a U.S. development stage company whose aim is to become one of the leading producers of lithium hydroxide in North America. As the world, the American government, and industries mobilize to support global decarbonization through the electrification of transportation, we are poised to become a critical contributor to the U.S. electric vehicle and battery manufacturing supply chains.
Since 2021, electric vehicle and battery companies have announced commitments to new or expanded manufacturing operations across the U.S., which exponentially and rapidly drove the domestic demand for lithium over the next decade, far beyond current or projected capacity. Piedmont Lithium, as a U.S. based company, is well positioned to benefit from federal policies and funding established to facilitate the expedited development of the domestic supply chain and clean energy economy, while strengthening national energy security. A challenge faced by the industry is that while manufacturing facilities for electric vehicles, batteries, and related components typically can be constructed in 2-3 years, the development of lithium resources, from exploration to production is often a much longer time-frame. We believe that time, specifically this development timeline disparity, is the greatest risk to the emerging electrification industry.
We have spent the past six years developing a portfolio of four projects, including wholly-owned Tennessee Lithium and Carolina Lithium, and strategic investments in Quebec with Sayona Mining and Sayona Quebec, and in Ghana with Atlantic Lithium, to support growing U.S. lithium demand. Our strategic investments in Sayona Mining and Sayona Quebec offer the potential for near-term supply of spodumene concentrate to the market with first shipments from NAL expected in the second half of 2023. Our investment in Ewoyaa in Ghana is expected to produce spodumene concentrate by the end of 2024 or the first half of 2025 and we anticipate that this will serve as the primary feedstock for Tennessee Lithium. Our operation in Tennessee is being designed to produce 30,000 metric tons of lithium hydroxide annually with planned production commencing in either later 2025 or the first half of 2026. Carolina Lithium is located within a world-class, historic lithium resource in North Carolina. This integrated spodumene-to-hydroxide project is being developed to produce 30,000 metric tons of lithium hydroxide commencing in late 2026 or in the first half of 2027. Altogether, Piedmont Lithium is currently positioned to produce an estimated 60,000 metric tons of lithium hydroxide annually, which would be significantly accretive to today’s total estimated U.S. annual production capacity of just 15,000 metric tons.
The Company’s lithium hydroxide capacity and revenue generation is expected to be supported by production and offtake rights of approximately 500,000 metric tons of spodumene concentrate.
Our projects and strategic investments are being developed on a measured timeline to provide the potential for near-term cash flow and long-term value maximization as we continue to evaluate opportunities to further expand our resource base and production capacity. The timelines described above are subject to obtaining permits, approvals, and funding.
As we continue to advance our goal of becoming one of the leading producers of lithium resources in North America, we expect to capitalize on our competitive strengths, including the potential for significant near-term offtake and revenue generation, scale and diversification of lithium resources, advantageous locations of projects and assets, access to a variety of potential funding options, opportunities to leverage our greenfield projects, and a highly experienced management team. Advancements that have been made in this effort are highlighted below.
Highlights of Corporate and Project Advancements
Corporate
We continue to engage in activities to strengthen our financial position and business strategy, including support for the development and expansion of our portfolio of projects, strategic investments, and corporate operations.
Recent highlights include:
•In February 2023, we received $75 million from LG Chem as a part of their strategic investment in Piedmont Lithium. In exchange LG Chem received 1,096,535 newly issued shares of Piedmont Lithium’s common stock at an approximate price of $68.40 per share. Upon closing, LG Chem owned approximately 5.7% of Piedmont Lithium’s common shares.
•In March 2022, we raised $122.1 million in net proceeds through the issuance of 2,012,500 shares of common stock under our shelf registration statement primarily for purposes of supporting continued growth of our corporate structure, and advancing each of our projects and strategic investments including:
◦Sayona Quebec’s restart of NAL in Quebec, Canada;
◦Atlantic Lithium’s continued progress towards the completion of a definitive feasibility study and final investment decision for Ewoyaa;
◦Tennessee Lithium’s continued FEED and permitting activities; and
◦Land acquisitions, permitting activities, and local approvals for Carolina Lithium.
Quebec
We own an equity interest of approximately 14% in Sayona Mining and are a 25% equity partner in Sayona Quebec with the remaining 75% equity interest owned by Sayona Mining. Sayona Quebec owns a portfolio of projects, which include NAL, Authier, and Tansim. We hold an offtake agreement with Sayona Quebec for the greater of 113,000 metric tons per year of SC6 or 50% of production from NAL purchased at a price ceiling of $900 per metric ton. First shipments are targeted for the second half of 2023. We believe opportunity exists for our investments in Quebec to generate revenue in 2023 through production and offtake of spodumene concentrate to LG Chem and Tesla.
Recent highlights include:
•In February 2023, we entered into a spodumene concentrate offtake agreement with LG Chem, which commits us to sell 200,000 metric tons of spodumene concentrate from our offtake agreement with Sayona Quebec. The term of the agreement expires four years from the date of first shipment which is expected to occur in the third quarter of 2023 with final shipment expected in the third quarter of 2027. Pricing for the agreement is determined by a market-based mechanism.
•In January 2023, we entered into an amended offtake agreement with Tesla to provide spodumene concentrate from NAL in Quebec. The agreement commits us to sell 125,000 metric tons of spodumene concentrate from our offtake agreement with Sayona Quebec. The three-year agreement commences in the second half of 2023 and can be extended for an additional three years upon mutual agreement. Pricing for the agreement is determined by a market-based mechanism.
•In December 2022, NAL received the final material permit required to restart operations, paving the way for an expected restart in the first half of 2023. The restart project is entirely funded from pro-rata cash contributions by Sayona Mining and Piedmont Lithium, with each party having completed significant capital raises in the first half of 2022.
•In June 2022, Piedmont Lithium and Sayona Mining formalized restart plans for NAL in Quebec, including approximately $80 million in operational upgrades aimed at improving product quality and plant utilization. Long-lead equipment was ordered, and detailed design engineering commenced in late 2021 based on our jointly planned timeline.
•In May 2022, our partner, Sayona Mining, published a pre-feasibility study for the restart of spodumene concentrate operations for NAL.
•In February 2022, we completed a preliminary economic assessment for a proposed merchant lithium hydroxide conversion plant (Tennessee Lithium) to expand our planned manufacturing capacity in the U.S. to 60,000 metric tons of lithium hydroxide per year. The results of our preliminary economic assessment demonstrate the potential for us to expand our lithium hydroxide manufacturing business from our existing spodumene concentrate offtake agreement with Atlantic Lithium and Sayona Quebec as well as from market sources.
Ghana
We own an equity interest of approximately 9% in Atlantic Lithium and we are earning a 50% equity interest in Atlantic Lithium’s Ghana’s spodumene projects in Ghana, West Africa, which includes Ewoyaa, their flagship project located approximately 70 miles from the Port of Takoradi. We hold an offtake agreement with Atlantic Lithium for 50% of annual production of spodumene concentrate at market prices on a life-of-mine basis from Ewoyaa. Atlantic Lithium is expected to produce a definitive feasibility study in the first half of 2023. As part of our strategy, we expect to transport our 50% offtake of spodumene concentrate from Ewoyaa to the U.S. to serve as the primary feedstock lithium hydroxide conversion at Tennessee Lithium.
Recent highlights include:
•In October 2022, Atlantic Lithium announced it had submitted the mining lease application for Ewoyaa to the Minerals Commission of Ghana. We expect construction of the mine and concentrator to begin in 2023 and production of spodumene concentrate to begin in late 2024 or the first half of 2025, subject to receipt of the mining lease, approval of environmental studies, and other statutory requirements.
•In September 2022, Atlantic Lithium announced the successful completion of a prefeasibility study for Ewoyaa, demonstrating spodumene concentrate production using dense medium processing technology.
Tennessee Lithium
Tennessee Lithium is being designed as a world-class lithium hydroxide facility in America’s emerging “Battery Belt” and is expected to add 30,000 metric tons per year of lithium hydroxide production capacity to the U.S. supply chain.
Recent highlights include:
•In October 2022, Piedmont Lithium was selected for a $141.7 million grant from the DOE to expand domestic manufacturing of batteries for electric vehicles and the electrical grid and for materials and components currently imported from other countries. The funding is tied specifically to the construction of Tennessee Lithium.
•In October 2022, we submitted our construction and operating conditional major Non-Title V Air Permit application for Tennessee Lithium to the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (“TDEC”). The TDEC Air Pollution Control Division notified us in February 2023 that our application had been deemed complete.
•In September 2022, we selected Etowah, Tennessee in McMinn County as the location for our lithium hydroxide merchant plant (Tennessee Lithium). Also in September 2022, we awarded Tennessee Lithium’s FEED contract to Kiewit, a leading U.S. based EPC firm. Kiewit is supported by Primero, an EPC firm specialized in lithium projects. We expect FEED, which commenced shortly after the contract award, to be completed in the first half of 2023. Permit applications for Tennessee Lithium are progressing, and subject to receipt of all material required permits as well as the completion of FEED and project financing, we expect to sign an EPC contract for the construction of Tennessee Lithium. Contingent upon the timely receipt and completion of items discussed above, we expect to begin construction in 2023 with first production of lithium hydroxide targeted in late 2025 or the first half of 2026.
Carolina Lithium
Carolina Lithium is located within a world-class resource in the Carolina Tin-Spodumene Belt and is being designed as a fully integrated project with mining, spodumene concentrate production, and lithium hydroxide conversion on a single site in Gaston County, North Carolina. Carolina Lithium is expected to produce 30,000 metric tons per year of lithium hydroxide. We are currently engaged in permitting activities with state and local representatives and our goal is to obtain the necessary permits in 2023, with rezoning to follow receipt of a mine permit, commence construction following rezoning and necessary local approvals, and begin production of lithium hydroxide in late 2026 or the first half of 2027.
Recent highlights include:
•We submitted our mining permit application to the NCDEQ DEMLR in August 2021. In January 2022, DEMLR requested additional information from the Company in connection with our mining permit application. We have received an extension of time request until May 2023 to allow Long Creek Wastewater Treatment Facility the necessary time to complete their background study regarding proposed treatment of water flow from Carolina Lithium.
•A Prevention of Significant Deterioration-Title V Air Permit application has been submitted to the NCDEQ Division of Air Quality and was deemed complete in February 2023.
•We continue to engage with neighbors, community members, leaders, and organizations to communicate with them about the proposed project and to support the communities in which we live, work, and play. We have contributed approximately $300,000 since 2020 and have contributed extensive volunteer time to Gaston County local organizations and non-profits.
Market Outlook
The demand for electric vehicles continues to accelerate as many jurisdictions around the world have legislated to shifting new car fleets away from internal combustion engines and toward electric vehicles. These electric vehicles will use batteries, nearly all of which are expected to be lithium-based batteries. Our strategy is to develop resources and processing capabilities that support the opportunity to meet the demands of our customers across the electric vehicle supply chain. Car manufacturers have committed significant capital investments totaling more than $1 trillion across the electric vehicle supply chain to electrify their fleets by 2030. Many of the major car manufacturers have plans to build facilities in the U.S. to produce both lithium-ion batteries and electric vehicles that will require a supply of lithium products.
Lithium products are expected to be in a supply deficit in the coming years due to the projected adaption to electric vehicles as presented in the graph below:
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Source: Benchmark Mineral Intelligence Q4 Forecast - January 2023.
The outlook for global sales of new electric vehicles (units in millions) and the global penetration rate of new electric vehicles sold compared to total new vehicles sold are presented in the table below:
2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032
Sales of new electric vehicles 14.4 18.5 22.5 26.4 30.3 34.4 39.0 44.1 48.5 52.6
Penetration rate 17% 20% 23% 26% 29% 33% 36% 40% 43% 47%
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Source: Rho Motion Electric Vehicle Battery Outlook as of January 2023.
Note: Periods in the tables above are calendar year periods.
COVID-19 Response
To protect the health and safety of our employees, contractors, visitors and communities, we implemented a comprehensive plan in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Our plan included policies and protocols governing issues such as close contact exposure and contraction of COVID-19 and other communicable diseases, providing employees with additional personal protective equipment, and allowing our employees to work remotely. We have provided paid time off for employees impacted by COVID-19, reimbursed employees for costs associated with COVID-19 testing, provided time for employees to get vaccinated, and encouraged flexible work schedules to accommodate personal and family needs. While the outbreak recently appeared to be trending downward, particularly as vaccination rates increased, new variants of COVID-19 continue emerging, including the Omicron variants, spreading throughout the U.S. and globally and causing significant disruptions. While our business has not been materially impacted, the global economy, and our markets have been, and may continue to be, materially and adversely affected by COVID-19. Though availability of vaccines and reopening of state and local economies has improved the outlook for recovery from COVID-19's impacts, the impact of new, more contagious or lethal variants that may emerge, and the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against variants and the related responses by governments, including reinstated government-imposed lockdowns or other measures, cannot be predicted at this time. Both the health and economic aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic remain highly fluid and the future course of each is uncertain. We cannot foresee whether the outbreak of COVID-19 will be effectively contained on a sustained basis, nor can we predict the severity and duration of its impact. If the impact of COVID-19 is not effectively and timely controlled on a sustained basis going forward, our business operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected by factors that we cannot foresee. Any of these factors and other factors beyond our control could have an adverse effect on the overall business environment, cause uncertainties in the regions where we conduct business, cause our business to suffer in ways that we cannot predict and materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. We will continue to monitor guidelines and recommendations from the U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization as well as from local, state and federal governments.
Change in Fiscal Year End
Effective January 1, 2022, we changed our fiscal year end from June 30 to December 31. The six-month period from July 1, 2021 to December 31, 2021 served as a transition period. Our fiscal year 2022 commenced on January 1, 2022 and ended on December 31, 2022.
Components of our Results of Operations
Exploration and Mine Development Costs
We incur costs in resource exploration, evaluation and development during the different phases of our resource development projects. Exploration costs incurred before the declaration of proven and probable mineral reserves, which primarily include exploration, drilling, engineering, metallurgical test-work, site-specific reclamation, and compensation for employees associated with exploration activities, are expensed as incurred. We have also expensed as incurred engineering costs attributable to the evaluation of land for our future concentrator and chemical plants, development project management costs, feasibility studies and other project expenses that do not qualify for capitalization. After proven and probable mineral reserves are declared, exploration and mine development costs necessary to bring the property to commercial capacity or increase the capacity or useful life will be capitalized.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses relate to overhead costs, such as employee compensation and benefits for corporate management and office staff including accounting, legal, human resources and other support personnel, professional service fees, insurance, and
costs associated with maintaining our corporate headquarters. Included in employee compensation costs are cash and stock-based compensation expenses.
Loss from Equity Investments in Unconsolidated Affiliates
Loss from equity investments in unconsolidated affiliates reflects our proportionate share of the net loss resulting from our investments in Sayona Mining, Sayona Quebec, and Atlantic Lithium. These investments are recorded under the equity method and adjusted each period, on a one-quarter lag, for our share of each investee’s loss. Our equity method investments are an integral and integrated part of our ongoing operations. We have determined this justifies a more meaningful and transparent presentation of our proportional share of income in our equity method investments as a component of our loss from operations. In the third quarter of 2022, we reclassified our share of loss in equity method investments to operating income for all periods presented. See Note 4-Equity Investments in Unconsolidated Affiliates for further discussion.
Other Income (Expense)
Other income (expense) consists of interest income (expense), foreign currency exchange gain (loss), and gain on dilution of equity method investments in unconsolidated affiliates. Interest income consists of interest earned on our cash and cash equivalents. Interest expense consists of interest incurred on long-term debt related to noncash acquisitions of mining interests financed by the seller as well as interest incurred for lease liabilities. Foreign currency exchange gain (loss) relates to our foreign bank accounts and marketable securities denominated in Australian dollars. Gain on dilution of equity method investments in unconsolidated affiliates relates to our reduction in ownership of Sayona Mining and Atlantic Lithium due to their issuance of additional shares through public offerings and employee stock compensation grants.
Results of Operations
The unaudited information for the twelve-months ended December 31, 2021 in the table below has been derived by calculating the six months ended June 30, 2021 derived from our audited consolidated financial statements previously filed on Form 10-K and adding financial information to the audited consolidated financial statements previously filed on Form 10-KT for the six-month transition period ended December 31, 2021.
Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2022 Compared to Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2021
Twelve Months Ended
December 31,
2022 2021
(unaudited) $ Change % Change
Exploration and mine development costs $ 1,939,498 $ 16,931,139 $ (14,991,641) (88.5)%
General and administrative expenses 29,448,567 17,643,436 11,805,131 66.9%
Total operating expenses 31,388,065 34,574,575 (3,186,510) (9.2)%
Loss from equity investments in unconsolidated affiliates (8,352,290) (706,761) (7,645,529) *
Loss from operations (39,740,355) (35,281,336) (4,459,019) 12.6%
Other income (expense) 29,904,945 (276,029) 30,180,974 *
Tax expense 3,139,264 - 3,139,264 100.0%
Net loss $ (12,974,674) $ (35,557,365) $ 22,582,691 (63.5%)
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* Not meaningful.
Exploration and Mine Development Costs
Carolina Lithium entered the development stage in December 2021. As such, direct costs incurred in the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 were capitalized and recorded to “Property, plant, and mine development, net” in our consolidated balance sheets. Direct costs incurred in the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 related to costs incurred prior to the declaration of proven and probable mineral reserves, and as such, were recorded as expense to “Exploration and mine development costs” in our consolidated statements of operations.
Exploration and mine development costs decreased $15.0 million, or 88.5%, to $1.9 million in the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 compared to $16.9 million in the twelve months ended December 31, 2021. The decrease was driven by the capitalization of direct costs totaling $13.7 million in the twelve months ended December 31, 2022.
Excluding the impact of capitalizing direct costs of $13.7 million noted above, costs decreased $1.2 million, or 7.4%, to $15.7 million in the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 compared to $16.9 million in the twelve months ended December 31, 2021. The decrease in costs was primarily driven by a decline in drilling activities, partially offset by an increase in engineering and permitting activities and an increase in employee compensation expenses primarily related to additional headcount in the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 compared to the twelve months ended December 31, 2021.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses increased $11.8 million, or 66.9%, to $29.4 million in the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 compared to $17.6 million in the twelve months ended December 31, 2021. The increase in general and administrative expenses was primarily due to increased professional fees, including legal and accounting services, consulting services, and insurance expense as we became subject to U.S. public company requirements as part of our Redomiciliation on May 17, 2021. Employee compensation costs also contributed to higher general and administrative expenses due to the hiring of additional management and support staff at our headquarters in Belmont, North Carolina. Stock-based compensation expense included in general and administrative expenses was $3.3 million and $1.9 million in the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Loss from Equity Investments in Unconsolidated Affiliates
Loss from equity investments in unconsolidated affiliates was $8.4 million in the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 compared to $0.7 million in the twelve months ended December 31, 2021. The loss reflects our proportionate share of the net loss resulting from our investments in Sayona Mining, Sayona Quebec, and Atlantic Lithium. For purposes discussed above, we had only one quarter of loss from our equity investment in Atlantic Lithium and a half year of loss from our equity investment in Sayona Quebec in the twelve months ended December 31, 2021. See Note 4-Equity Method Investments in Unconsolidated Affiliates for further information regarding our equity method investments.
Other Income (Expense)
Other income increased $30.2 million to other income of $29.9 million in the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 compared to $0.3 million of expense in the twelve months ended December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily due to our gain on dilution of equity method investments of $29.0 million, primarily related to Sayona Mining, in the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 and to a lesser extent an increase in interest income of $1.1 million in the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 compared to December 31, 2021.
Income Tax Expense
Income tax expense was $3.1 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 compared to $0 in the twelve months ended December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily related to deferred tax expense of $7.4 million associated with the gain on dilution of equity method investments of $29.0 million in the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, partially offset by a $3.9 million deferred tax benefit for a release in valuation allowance against certain deferred tax assets (“DTA”) in the twelve months ended December 31, 2022. Taxable temporary difference in equity method investments provide a source of income for realizing deferred tax assets, causing the $3.9 million deferred tax benefit for a release in valuation allowance against certain deferred tax assets in the twelve months ended December 31, 2022.
We recorded a valuation allowance against a material component of our DTA as of December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021. We intend to continue maintaining a valuation allowance on our DTA until there is sufficient evidence to support the reversal of all or some portion of these allowances. However, given our anticipated future earnings, we believe that there is a reasonable possibility that within the next 12 months, sufficient positive evidence may become available to allow us to reach a conclusion that a significant portion of the valuation allowance will no longer be needed. Release of the valuation allowance would result in the recognition of certain DTA and a decrease to income tax expense for the period the release is recorded. However, the exact timing and amount of the valuation allowance release are subject to change on the basis of the level of profitability that we are able to actually achieve.
Six Months Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020
Six Months Ended
December 31,
2021 2020 (unaudited) $ Change % Change
Exploration and mine development costs $ 9,628,803 $ 3,572,166 $ 6,056,637 169.6%
General and administrative expenses 10,956,005 2,174,023 8,781,982 404.0%
Total operating expenses 20,584,808 5,746,189 14,838,619 258.2%
Loss from equity investments in unconsolidated affiliates (642,135) - (642,135) *
Loss from operations (21,226,943) (5,746,189) (15,480,754) 269.4%
Other expense (121,412) (38,649) (82,763) 214.1%
Net loss $ (21,348,355) $ (5,784,838) $ (15,563,517) 269.0%
__________________________
* Not meaningful.
Exploration and Mine Development Costs
Exploration and mine development costs increased $6.1 million, or 169.6%, to $9.6 million in the six months ended December 31, 2021 compared to $3.6 million in the six months ended December 31, 2020. The increase in exploration and mine development costs was primarily due to an increase in engineering expenses and, to a lesser extent, permitting expenses, testing expenses, and employee compensation expenses related to additional headcount. Employee compensation expenses included stock-based compensation expense of $0.7 million and $0.1 million in the six months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Partially offsetting the increase in exploration and mine development costs was a decrease in drilling expenses. Our drilling activities declined leading up to and following the completion of our mineral resource estimate in October 2021.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses increased $8.8 million, or 404.0%, to $11.0 million in the six months ended December 31, 2021 compared to $2.2 million in the six months ended December 31, 2020. The increase in general and administrative expenses was primarily due to an increase in employee compensation expenses related to additional management and support headcount at our headquarters in Belmont, North Carolina, professional fees including legal and accounting services, consulting services, and insurance expense. Employee compensation expenses included stock-based compensation expense of $1.3 million and $0.2 million in the six months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Other Expense
Other expense was $0.1 million in the six months ended December 31, 2021 compared to less than $0.1 million in the six months ended December 31, 2020. The slight increase in other expense was due to an increase in foreign currency exchange loss, partially offset by a decrease in interest expense.
Loss from Equity Investments in Unconsolidated Affiliates
Loss from equity investments in unconsolidated affiliates was $0.6 million in the six months ended December 31, 2021 compared to $0 in the six months ended December 31, 2020. The loss reflects our proportionate share of the net loss resulting from our investments in Sayona Mining, Sayona Quebec, and Atlantic Lithium. We did not have equity investments in unconsolidated affiliates in 2020.
Years Ended June 30, 2021 and 2020
Years Ended June 30,
2021 2020 $ Change % Change
Exploration and mine development costs
$ 10,874,502 $ 3,125,784 $ 7,748,718 247.9%
General and administrative expenses 8,861,454 3,440,161 5,421,293 157.6%
Total operating expenses 19,735,956 6,565,945 13,170,011 200.6%
Loss from equity investments in unconsolidated affiliates (64,626) - (64,626) *
Loss from operations (19,800,582) (6,565,945) (13,234,637) 201.6%
Other income (expense) (193,266) 686,793 (880,059) (128.1)%
Net loss $ (19,993,848) $ (5,879,152) $ (14,114,696) 240.1%
_________________________
* Not meaningful.
Exploration and Mine Development Costs
Exploration and mine development costs increased $7.7 million, or 247.9%, to $10.9 million in the year ended June 30, 2021 compared to $3.1 million in the year ended June 30, 2020. The increase in exploration and mine development costs was primarily due to an increase in contract labor costs and consulting fees associated with increased drilling, engineering, and metallurgical testing activities for Carolina Lithium.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses increased $5.4 million, or 157.6%, to $8.9 million in the year ended June 30, 2021 compared to $3.4 million in the year ended June 30, 2020. The increase in general and administrative expenses was primarily due to an increase in professional and consulting fees, including legal, accounting, recruiting and other professional costs associated with our Redomiciliation. Employee compensation expenses also contributed to higher general and administrative expenses due to the hiring of key management personnel and support staff at our headquarters in Belmont, North Carolina in 2021. Employee compensation expenses included stock-based compensation expense of $0.8 million and $0.3 million in the years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Other Income (Expense)
Other income (expense) decreased $0.9 million, or 128.1%, to a $0.2 million expense in the year ended June 30, 2021 compared to $0.7 million income in the year ended June 30, 2020. The decrease in other income (expense) was due to gains in foreign exchange, a decrease in interest income and an increase in interest expense.
Loss from Equity Investments in Unconsolidated Affiliates
Loss from equity investments in unconsolidated affiliates was $0.1 million in the year ended June 30, 2021 compared to zero in the year ended June 30, 2020. The loss was generated from our investment in Sayona Mining. We did not have equity investments in unconsolidated affiliates in 2020.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview
As of December 31, 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of $99.2 million compared to $64.2 million as of December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2022, our cash balances held in the U.S. totaled $97.8 million, or 98.6%, and the remaining $1.4 million, or 1.4%, of our cash balances were held in Australia. Our cash balances in Australia can be repatriated to the U.S. with inconsequential tax consequences.
Our predominant source of cash has been generated through equity financing from issuances of our common stock. Prior to 2022, we had entered into noncash seller financed debt agreements to acquire land for Carolina Lithium. Since our inception, we have not
generated revenues, and as such, have principally relied on equity financing to fund our operating and investing activities and to fund our debt payments.
Our primary uses of cash during the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 consisted of: (i) equity investments in Sayona Quebec mainly for the operational restart of NAL totaling $19.6 million; (ii) purchases of real property and associated mining interests of $16.8 million and exploration and development expenditures of $6.2 million for Carolina Lithium; (iii) advances to Atlantic Lithium for exploration and evaluation activities related to Phase 1 of Ewoyaa totaling $13.0 million; (iv) capital expenditures primarily related to engineering costs of $1.8 million for Tennessee Lithium, and (v) working capital. As of December 31, 2022, we had working capital of $88.4 million.
As of December 31, 2022, we had long-term debt of $0.2 million, net of the current portion of $0.4 million, related to seller financed debt, as discussed above.
In October 2022, Piedmont Lithium was selected for a $141.7 million grant from the DOE Office of Manufacturing and Energy Supply Chains and the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy under the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law-Battery Materials Processing and Battery Manufacturing to expand domestic manufacturing of batteries for electric vehicles and components currently imported from other countries. Funding from the grant is solely in support for the construction of Tennessee Lithium. The final details of the project grant are subject to negotiations. The grant will not be final until Piedmont Lithium and the DOE have agreed to the specific terms of the grant. Once the terms have been finalized, funding of the grant will remain subject to satisfaction of conditions set forth in those terms.
In March 2022, we issued 2,012,500 shares of our common stock at $65.00 per share for $130.8 million. We received cash proceeds of $122.1 million, which is net of $8.7 million in share issuance costs associated with the U.S. public offering under our shelf registration statement. As of December 31, 2022, we had $369.2 million remaining under our shelf registration statement, which expires on September 24, 2024.
Liquidity Outlook
We expect our current cash balances to fund cash expenditures in 2023 primarily related to: (i) continued equity investments in Sayona Quebec primarily for the restart and working capital of NAL, (ii) continued cash advances to Atlantic Lithium for Ewoyaa, (iii) real property acquisition costs and engineering and permitting activities associated with Tennessee Lithium, (iv) real property and associated mineral rights acquisition costs and continued permitting, engineering and testing activities associated with Carolina Lithium, and (v) working capital requirements.
In February 2023, we received $75.0 million from LG Chem in exchange for 1,096,535 newly issued shares of our common stock for approximately $68.40 per share. Also in February 2023, we entered at into an offtake agreement with LG Chem to sell 200,000 metric tons of spodumene concentrate from production at NAL over a four-year period. We believe there is an opportunity to generate revenue and cash collections from the offtake agreement beginning in the second half of 2023.
As of December 31, 2022, we had entered into land acquisition contracts in North Carolina totaling $38.8 million, of which we expect to close and fund $21.0 million in 2023, $16.3 million in 2024, and $1.5 million in 2025. These amounts do not include closing costs such as attorney’s fees, taxes and commissions. We are not obligated to exercise our land option agreements, and we are able to cancel our land acquisition contracts, at our option and with de minimis cancellation costs, during the contract due diligence period. Certain land option agreements and land acquisition contracts become binding upon commencement of construction for Carolina Lithium.
We believe our current cash balances are sufficient to fund our cash requirements for at least the next 12 months. In the event costs were to exceed our planned expenditures, we will reduce or eliminate current and/or planned discretionary spending. If further reductions are required, we will reduce certain non-discretionary expenditures.
We have submitted loan applications to the Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program (“ATVM”) of the Loan Programs Office of the DOE for potential funding of program eligible capital costs associated with a concentrator and lithium hydroxide conversion facilities for Carolina Lithium and a lithium hydroxide conversion facility for Tennessee Lithium. We cannot be certain that our loan applications will be approved or will have terms acceptable to us. Additionally, as a result of our $141.7 million grant award from the DOE, our eligibility for an ATVM loan for Tennessee Lithium may be reduced or we may elect to stop pursuit of an ATVM loan for Tennessee Lithium.
Historically, we have been successful raising cash through equity financing; however, no assurances can be given that additional financing will be available in amounts sufficient to meet our needs or on terms that are acceptable to us. If we issue additional shares
of our common stock, it would result in dilution to our existing shareholders. There are many factors that could significantly impact our ability to raise funds through equity and debt financing as well as influence the timing of future cash flows. These factors include, but are not limited to, permitting and approvals for our projects, our ability to access capital markets, stock price volatility, commodity price volatility, uncertain economic conditions, and access to labor. See Part I, Item1A “Risk Factors.” in this Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Cash Flows
The unaudited information for the twelve-months ended December 31, 2021 in the table below has been derived by calculating the six months ended June 30, 2021 derived from our audited consolidated financial statements previously filed on Form 10-K and adding financial information to the audited consolidated financial statements previously filed on Form 10-KT for the six month transition period ended December 31, 2021.
The following table is a condensed schedule of cash flows provided as part of the discussion of liquidity and capital resources:
Twelve Months Ended
December 31,
2022 2021
(unaudited)
Net cash used in operating activities $ (26,448,527) $ (30,397,618)
Net cash used in investing activities (59,800,271) (89,908,616)
Net cash provided by financing activities 121,250,778 113,614,223
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents $ 35,001,980 $ (6,692,011)
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Operating activities used $26.4 million and $30.4 million in the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, resulting in an decrease in cash used in operating activities of $3.9 million. The decrease was primarily due to changes in working capital totaling $1.0 million, partially offset by a decrease in net loss of $5.0 million after adjusting for noncash items, including gain on dilution, loss from equity method investments, stock compensation expense, and deferred taxes.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Investing activities used $59.8 million and $89.9 million in the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, resulting in a decrease in cash used in investing activities of $30.1 million. The decrease was mainly due to a decrease in investments in equity investments of $38.9 million relating to: (1) Sayona Mining and Atlantic Lithium totaling $17.3 million and $16.0 million, respectively, related to reduction in purchases of common stock, and (2) Sayona Quebec totaling $5.7 million, related to reductions in additional investments to fund the NAL restart. These decreases were partially offset by increases in cash advances to Atlantic Lithium totaling $8.7 million, for exploration and evaluation activities related to Phase 1 of Ewoyaa.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Financing activities provided $121.3 million and $113.6 million in the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, resulting in an increase in cash of $7.6 million. The increase in cash from financing activities was mainly due to a $7.5 million increase in net cash proceeds from issuances of our common stock and cash exercises of stock options in the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 compared to December 31, 2021. The increase in cash was partially offset by an increase in debt payments totaling $0.2 million.
Contractual Obligations and Other Commitments
The following table summarizes our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2022, that we believe will affect cash over the next five years and thereafter:
Total Less than
1 year 1-3 years 3-5 years Thereafter
Contractual obligations
Long-term debt obligations $ 588,612 $ 425,187 $ 163,425 $ - $ -
Lease liabilities 1,807,322 249,060 520,760 552,475 485,027
$ 2,395,934 $ 674,247 $ 684,185 $ 552,475 $ 485,027
Although we have entered into certain offtake supply agreements, purchase obligations from our customers are defined as purchase agreements that are enforceable and legally binding and specify all significant terms, including quantity, price, and the approximate timing of the transaction. Our obligations to fulfill supply agreements do not meet these criteria and are therefore not reflected in the table above.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that is material to investors.
Critical Accounting Polices and Estimates
Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported expenses incurred during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
While our significant accounting policies are described in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in our Annual Report, we believe that the following critical accounting policy is the most important to understanding and evaluating our reported financial results.
Stock-based Compensation
The Leadership and Compensation Committee generally grants stock-based awards in the first quarter of each year. The Leadership and Compensation Committee does not have any programs, plans, or practices of timing these awards in coordination with the release of material non-public information. We have never backdated, re-priced, or spring-loaded any of our stock-based awards.
Equity-settled, share-based payments are provided to officers, employees, consultants and other advisors. These share-based payments are measured at the fair value of the equity instrument at the grant date. Fair value of share options is determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, taking into account the terms and conditions upon which the instruments were granted, and are disclosed in Note 9-Stock Based Compensation, to the audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in our Annual Report. We record stock-based compensation expense within both exploration and mine development costs, and general and administrative expenses in the statements of operations. Costs are allocated among those receiving the benefit based upon job function. There are certain employees who serve both functions, and therefore, their stock-based compensation expense is split between both financial statement lines in the consolidated statements of operations.
Estimating fair value for share-based payment transactions requires determination of the most appropriate valuation model, which depends on the terms and conditions of the grant. This estimate also requires determination of the most appropriate inputs to the valuation model including the expected life of the share option, volatility, dividend yield and risk-free interest rate and making assumptions about them.
Changes to these inputs would impact the consequent valuation for each equity instrument valued in this manner, and consequently, the value of each grant would vary in a different manner depending on the change to the respective inputs.
The fair value determined at the grant date is expensed on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, based on our estimate of equity instruments that will eventually vest. At each reporting date, we revise our estimate of the number of equity instruments expected to vest. The impact of the revision of the original estimates, if any, is recognized in profit or loss over the remaining vesting period, with a corresponding adjustment to the share-based payments reserve.
Investments in Unconsolidated Entities
We strategically invest in unconsolidated entities that we believe will provide us access to hard rock lithium assets as well as projects with the potential for scale, low-cost, sustainable production practices and that are strategically located to our proposed lithium hydroxide manufacturing sites.
Our unconsolidated entities are accounted for by the equity method of accounting because we have a significant influence, but not control, in the investee. We record our investments in these entities in our consolidated balance sheets as “Equity investments in unconsolidated affiliates” and our pro-rata share of the entities’ earnings or losses in our consolidated statements of operations as “Loss from equity investments in unconsolidated affiliates.”
We look at specific criteria and use our judgment when determining if we have a controlling interest in a less than wholly-owned entity. Factors considered in determining whether we have significant influence, or we have control, include, but are not limited to, ownership percentage, the ability to appoint individuals to the investee’s board of directors, operational decision-making authority, and participation in policy-making decisions. The accounting policy relating to the use of the equity method of accounting is a critical accounting policy due to the judgment required in determining whether we have significant influence over the entity.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.
Our exposure to the risk of changes in market interest rates relates primarily to our cash and short-term deposits with a floating interest rate. These financial assets do not expose us to material cash flow interest rate risk. All other financial assets and liabilities, in the form of payables, lease liabilities, and long-term debt, are non-interest bearing. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had $99.2 million, and $64.2 million, respectively, of cash and short-term deposits. We currently do not engage in any hedging or derivative transactions to manage interest rate risk.
Foreign Currency Risk
We currently do not enter into hedging or derivative transactions to manage foreign currency risk as our exposure to foreign currency risk is not material.
Commodity Price Risk
We are exposed to commodity price risk because commodity prices affect the economic feasibility of mining on our properties, the value of such properties and the potential timing of construction for our concentrator and chemical plant in North Carolina. These commodity prices can be volatile and are influenced by factors beyond our control. We currently do not enter into hedging or derivative transactions to manage commodity price risk.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
See “Index to Consolidated Financial Statements” beginning on page of our Annual Report.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
Item 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE.
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, under supervision and with the participation of our CEO (our Principal Executive Officer) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) (our Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer), evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2022. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, our CEO and CFO have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2022.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. This rule defines internal control over financial reporting as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, a company’s CEO and CFO and effected by our board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. This assessment was performed under the direction and supervision of our CEO and CFO and based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). Our management’s assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting included testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of our internal controls. Based on this assessment, management has concluded that we maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in the COSO 2013 framework.
Deloitte & Touche LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. Their report is included below.
Inherent Limitations of Internal Controls
Our management, including our CEO and CFO, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal controls will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the control. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and we cannot assure you that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements due to error or fraud.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires us to evaluate annually the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting as of the end of each fiscal year, and to include a management report assessing the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in all annual reports. There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Piedmont Lithium Inc.,
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Piedmont Lithium Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022, of the Company and our report dated March 1, 2023, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP
Charlotte, North Carolina
March 1, 2023

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 9B. OTHER INFORMATION.
None.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Item 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE.
The information required by this item with respect to our executive officers appears in Part I of our Annual Report under the heading, “Executive Officers of the Registrant.” The other information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our definitive Proxy Statement for our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on or about June 15, 2023, which will be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the year ended December 31, 2022, covered by our Annual Report (“Proxy Statement”).

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Item 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION.
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Proxy Statement.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
Item 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS.
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Proxy Statement.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Item 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE.
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Proxy Statement.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Item 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES.
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Proxy Statement.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15. EXHIBITS.
1. Financial Statements
See Part II, Item 8, “Index to Consolidated Financial Statements” in our Annual Report.
2. Financial Statement Schedules
Financial statement schedules have not been included because they are not applicable, or the information is included in financial statements or notes thereto.
3. Exhibits
The exhibits listed on the accompanying Exhibit Index are filed or incorporated by reference as part of our Annual Report and such Exhibit Index is incorporated herein by reference
Exhibit Index
Exhibit
Number Description
3.1
Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Piedmont Lithium Inc. (filed with the SEC as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K12B filed on May 18, 2021)
3.2
Amended and Restated Bylaws of Piedmont Lithium Inc. (filed with the SEC as Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K12B filed on May 18, 2021)
4.1
Description of Securities (filed with the SEC as Exhibit 4.1 the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on September 24, 2021)
10.1+
Piedmont Lithium Inc. 2021 Stock Incentive Plan (filed with the SEC as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 18, 2021)
10.2+
Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of September 22, 2021, by and between Keith Phillips, Piedmont Lithium Inc. and Piedmont Lithium Carolinas, Inc. (filed with the SEC as Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on September 24, 2021)
10.3+
Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of June 4, 2021, by and between Michael White and Piedmont Lithium Inc. (filed with the SEC as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 4, 2021)
10.4+
Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of September 22, 2021, by and between Bruce Czachor and Piedmont Lithium Inc. and Piedmont Lithium Carolinas, Inc. (filed with the SEC as Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on September 24, 2021)
10.5+
Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of September 22, 2021, by and between Patrick Brindle and Piedmont Lithium Inc. and Piedmont Lithium Carolinas, Inc. (filed with the SEC as Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on September 24, 2021)
10.6+*
Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of December 8, 2022, by and between Krishna Y. McVey and Piedmont Lithium Inc. and Piedmont Lithium Carolinas, Inc.
10.7+*
Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of December 8, 2022, by and between Austin D. Devaney and Piedmont Lithium Inc.
21.1*
Subsidiaries of the Registrant
23.1*
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, Deloitte & Touche, LLP
23.2*
Consent of BDO Audit Pty Ltd
23.3*
Consent of Nexia Brisbane Audit Pty Ltd
23.4*
Consent of Qualified Person (Dr. Steven Keim, Marshall, Miller & Associates)
23.5*
Consent of Qualified Person (Leon McGarry)
23.6*
Consent of Qualified Person (Peter Grigsby, Primero Americas Inc.)
31.1*
Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2*
Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1*
Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2*
Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
96.1
Technical Report Summary, dated January 25, 2022 (filed with the SEC as Exhibit 96.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed on February 1, 2022)
96.2*
Technical Report Summary, dated February 27, 2023
99.1*
Consolidated Financial Statements of Atlantic Lithium Lithium and its subsidiaries, for the year ended June 30, 2022 and 2021
99.2*
Consolidated Financial Statements of Sayona Mining Limited and its controlled entities, for the year ended June 30, 2022 and 2021
101.INS* XBRL Instance Document - - embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104* Cover page Interactive Data file (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).
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*Filed herewith.
+ Indicates management contract or compensatory plan.