EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1524223
Filing Year: 2022
Filename: 1524223_10-K_2022_0001524223-22-000014.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1. Business.
Overview
Manning & Napier, Inc. is an independent investment management firm that provides our clients with a broad range of financial solutions and investment strategies for both wealth and asset management. Founded in 1970 and headquartered in Fairport, New York, we serve a diversified client base of high-net-worth individuals and institutions. The institutions we serve include 401(k) plans, pension plans, Taft-Hartley multi-employer plans, endowments and foundations. We serve clients through our Wealth and Asset Management divisions. Our Wealth Management private clients are primarily composed of individual investors and families, small businesses and business owners, and small- to mid-sized non-profit organizations, endowments, and foundations. Our Asset Management division includes our Intermediary Distribution Group, focused on delivering our investment strategies and expertise to third-party financial advisors, our dedicated Taft-Hartley team, and our Institutional and Consultant Relations teams, serving 401(k) plans, pension plans, large organizations, institutional investors, and third-party investment consultants.
Our objective is to create and provide financial solutions to help our clients meet their needs. We believe our differentiation is based on delivering comprehensive solutions, high-touch service, and effective investment strategies in a custom-tailored, highly integrated manner.
We have built a diverse client base of high-net-worth individuals, small business owners, middle market institutions, larger institutions, defined contribution plans, and unions, as well as clients via investment consultants and other intermediaries. Although our client base is national, we are primarily focused in certain targeted geographic regions, including the northeastern and southeastern regions of the United States. Clients access our solutions and strategies via separately managed accounts, mutual funds, and collective investment trusts.
Our investment strategies are powered by multiple research engines, employing fundamental and quantitative approaches, and are offered as both single- and multi-asset class portfolios. While the mechanics of these processes may differ depending on the strategy, all of our strategies work from the underlying belief that active management is the best investment approach for meeting long-term client objectives. All of our multi-asset strategies fully incorporate dynamic asset allocation processes, and most strategies deliver active security selection as well.
We believe personalized financial advice is necessary to retain existing relationships and attract new clients. Our service approach is centered around our financial and advisor consultants, who manage the relationship and leverage internal subject matter experts for specific areas including financial planning, endowment and foundation consulting, qualified plan and pension plan services, and custody and trust advice and administration, depending on client need. We believe this team-based client service approach, value-added consultative services, and competitive long-term investment performance have allowed us to achieve a high average annual separate account retention rate.
The consistent philosophy and disciplined processes of our team-based, client-centric approach to investing has been central to delivering excellent investment outcomes to our clients for over 50 years. As of December 31, 2021, we have 20 publicly-available mutual fund share classes rated with four or five stars by Morningstar, and a number of our investment strategies have built value-added track records over multiple decades.
At times, our active approach to investment management can cause material deviations in portfolio positioning versus competitors and/or popular benchmarks. Over the long-term, we fervently believe our independent, truly active investment disciplines add value for clients, but over the short-run, periods of underperformance can occur. These short-term performance deviations, coupled with challenging industry trends, especially among institutional investors, can lead to changes in assets under management ("AUM") trends over time. The following chart reflects our AUM for each of the last 10 years:
As of December 31, 2021, our investment management offerings include 38 distinct separate account composites and 32 mutual funds and collective investment trusts. We believe we have cultivated a robust menu of actively managed strategies that allow us to address client needs.
Our AUM as of December 31, 2021 by sales channel and portfolio were as follows:
The following table summarizes the annualized returns for several of our key investment strategies and relevant benchmarks. Since inception and over long-term periods, we believe our strategies have generated attractive returns on both an absolute and relative basis. These key strategies are used across separate account, mutual fund and collective investment trust vehicles, and represent approximately 78% of our AUM as of December 31, 2021. This table is provided for illustrative purposes only. The performance reflected in the table below is not necessarily indicative of the future results of our investment strategies.
Key Strategies AUM as of December 31, 2021 (in millions) Inception Date Annualized Returns as of December 31, 2021 (1)
One Year Three Year Five Year Ten Year Inception
Long-Term Growth (30%-80% Equity Exposure)
$ 6,179.9 1/1/1973 11.7% 16.3% 11.8% 9.4% 9.7%
Blended Index (3)
10.3% 14.5% 10.4% 9.0% 9.0%
Core Non-U.S. Equity $ 805.2 10/1/1996 12.0% 21.4% 12.9% 8.7% 8.2%
Benchmark: ACWIxUS Index 7.8% 13.2% 9.6% 7.3% 5.6%
Growth with Reduced Volatility (20%-60% Equity Exposure) $ 3,012.4 1/1/1973 8.3% 13.3% 9.6% 7.6% 8.8%
Blended Index (4)
7.2% 11.6% 8.4% 7.3% 8.4%
Equity-Oriented (70%-100% Equity Exposure) $ 1,634.7 1/1/1993 18.4% 22.9% 16.9% 12.8% 10.8%
Blended Benchmark: 65% Russell 3000® / 20% ACWIxUS / 15% Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond 17.7% 20.1% 14.2% 12.6% 9.3%
Equity-Focused Blend (50%-90% Equity Exposure) $ 1,273.1 4/1/2000 14.4% 18.9% 13.7% 10.7% 8.1%
Blended Benchmark: 53% Russell 3000/ 17% ACWIxUS/ 30% Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond 14.0% 17.4% 12.4% 10.9% 6.6%
Core Equity-Unrestricted (90%-100% Equity Exposure) $ 741.9 1/1/1995 20.9% 24.8% 18.5% 14.5% 12.0%
Blended Benchmark: 80% Russell 3000® / 20% ACWIxUS 21.9% 23.2% 16.3% 14.5% 10.1%
Core U.S. Equity $ 324.5 7/1/2000 25.7% 27.7% 20.7% 15.9% 9.8%
Benchmark: Russell 3000® Index 25.7% 25.8% 18.0% 16.3% 8.0%
Conservative Growth (5%-35% Equity Exposure) $ 626.8 4/1/1992 3.3% 8.3% 6.0% 4.7% 6.0%
Blended Benchmark:15% Russell 3000/ 5% ACWIxUS/ 80% Bloomberg U.S. Intermediate Aggregate Bond 2.9% 7.4% 5.5% 4.8% 6.1%
Aggregate Fixed Income $ 204.2 1/1/1984 (1.8)% 5.2% 3.7% 3.0% 6.9%
Benchmark: Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond (1.5)% 4.8% 3.6% 2.9% 6.8%
Rainier International Small Cap $ 1,269.5 3/28/2012 13.9% 26.1% 18.3% N/A (2) 14.6%
Benchmark: MSCI ACWIxUS Small Cap Index 12.9% 16.5% 11.2% 9.5% 8.2%
Disciplined Value US $ 1,440.3 1/1/2013 22.5% 16.1% 13.0% 13.2% 14.2%
Benchmark: Russell 1000 Value 25.2% 17.6% 11.2% 13.0% 14.0%
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(1)Key investment strategy returns are presented net of fees. Benchmark returns do not reflect any fees or expenses.
(2)Performance not available given the product's inception date.
(3)Benchmark shown uses the 55/45 Blended Index from 01/01/1973-12/31/1987 and the 40/15/45 Blended Index from 01/01/1988-12/31/2021. The 55/45 Blended Index is represented by 55% S&P 500 Total Return Index ("S&P 500") and 45% Bloomberg U.S. Government/Credit Bond Index ("BGCB"). The 40/15/45 Blended Index is 40% Russell 3000 Index ("Russel 3000"), 15% MSCI ACWI ex USA Index ("ACWxUS"), and 45% Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond Index ("BAB").
(4)Benchmark shown uses the 40/60 Blended Index from 01/01/1973-12/31/1987, the 30/10/60 Blended Index from 01/01/1988-12/31/2019, and the 30/10/30/30 Blended Index from 01/01/2020 to 12/31/2021. The 40/60 Blended Index is represented by 40% S&P 500 and 60% BGCB. The 30/10/60 Blended Index is represented by 30% Russell 3000, 10% ACWxUS, and 60% BAB. The 30/10/30/30 Blended Index is represented by 30% Russell 3000, 10% ACWxUS, 30% BAB, and 30% Intermediate Aggregate Bond Index.
Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic
See "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis" in this Annual Report for a discussion of the impact of COVID-19 on our business operations.
Our Strategy
Our mission is to provide financial solutions that enable clients to achieve their long-term goals and objectives. Our success will be measured by the success of our clients. We must effectively execute in delivering investment results, financial advice, and a superior client experience in order to retain business and attract new business.
Our strategy is focused on continuous refinement and improvement. Our industry is continuously evolving, and we must relentlessly adapt our capabilities, talent, and culture to clients’ ever increasing expectations. This includes the performance of our investment strategies, the comprehensiveness of our financial advice, and the quality of our client service. These three areas form the foundation of our business and require constant evolution.
To meet these goals, our firm has a number of strategic initiatives in place that we believe are designed to position our firm for sustainable, lasting success. For more detail on where we stand with our ongoing strategic initiatives, see "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis" in this Annual Report for this discussion.
Investments
We believe that skillfully deployed active management, in all of its many forms, is an effective investment approach to achieving client goals across changing market environments. Whether investing in a country, industry, or individual company, we hold a strong belief that price matters across all of our strategies. We are focused on helping our clients avoid permanent loss of capital over long time horizons, which is different than managing day-to-day volatility.
All of our research engines deploy investment processes that are team-based in nature. By focusing on research teams instead of individuals, we believe we are better able to emphasize repeatable processes instead of star personalities, while helping protect clients from staff turnover. Our investment processes are designed to allow teams to collaborate and combine top-down, bottom-up, and quantitative research.
Additionally, we view environmental, social and governance ("ESG") integration as necessary for the future success of any investment manager. We have consistently considered ESG factors in our research analyses and risk assessments, and during 2021 we fully implemented ESG analysis throughout our fundamental, core investment processes for equities and credits. ESG integration is also part of our quantitative strategies, including our ESG multi-asset class exchange-traded fund ("ETF") strategies. We believe that in-depth insights on ESG factors, coupled with active engagement with companies and thoughtful voting in shareholder meetings, can be helpful in generating the investment outcomes our clients desire.
We believe our research department of several dozen primarily home-grown investment professionals enhance the consistency of our investment processes. As warranted, we may add to or supplement our research teams with additional investment professionals.
Dynamic financial markets result in a fast-changing industry, and we recognize the need for our investment strategies to continuously evolve. We regularly review seeded portfolios to ensure that we are supporting competitive strategies that resonate with clients, while simultaneously closing portfolios that are no longer viable. As of December 31, 2021, we have approximately $7.6 million invested in seed capital with our research teams in new strategy concepts and expect to continue to deploy capital to support innovation in the future.
Client Experience
Our business is based on confidence and trust. We believe we must deliver a client experience that communicates clearly, is collaborative, and is accountable to clients. We view our clients as our partners, and we recognize that building successful client-partner relationships leads to a natural expansion of our business.
As of December 31, 2021, we have approximately 50 client-facing professionals, who are responsible for maintaining existing relationships and cultivating new business. Referrals are also a key source of new business, further highlighting the importance of our comprehensive client service and solutions. Our clients and client-facing professionals are supported by our client service and custody teams who provide ongoing administrative support and are an important component to maintaining relationships.
Our client-facing professionals focus on specific areas of expertise. Our Wealth Management group specializes in individuals and middle market relationships, including non-profits, small businesses, and other organizations, using a team-approach organized by region. In Asset Management, our Intermediary and Institutional teams cover wider territories and concentrate on larger institutions, consultants, and Taft-Hartley relationships, as well as third-party intermediaries.
Alongside these professionals, our Advisory Services team of internal subject-matter experts provide consultative advice tailored to individual client needs. For example, our experts have capabilities ranging from estate plan and trust review for families, retirement plan design analysis for employers, and donor relations and planned giving services for endowments and foundations.
Our marketing strategy is focused on finding new ways to connect and engage with clients and prospects via targeted content on products, services, and topics that are most relevant to our various audiences. We have dedicated resources creating engaging and relevant content that positions Manning & Napier as a thought leader and a trusted resource. This content strategy focuses on educating investors, and it mirrors the consultative nature of our firm. We disseminate content in various ways, including through print publications, email, webinars, live events, our website, and social media.
In order for our investment teams and client-centric personnel to be most effective, we believe we must also have excellence in our middle- and back-office functions. These include our technology, operations, human resources, and compliance functions, each of which play a critical role in forming the foundation of business success.
In particular, our technological strategy is focused on using software-as-a-service solutions while retaining in-house capabilities as needed. We believe that by leveraging the robust expertise of external providers, we can improve the nimbleness and efficiency of our organization. This approach provides the most up-to-date technology enabling a superior client experience, improving the employee experience, and streamlining operational processes.
Competition
Historically, we have competed to attract business on the basis of:
•the breadth of financial solutions we offer clients in an integrated manner;
•the investment excellence and long-term track records of our strategies;
•the consultative advice we provide addressing clients’ unique challenges and needs;
•the quality of the client experience and the duration of our relationships with them; and
•the pricing of our solutions compared to competitors.
Our ability to continue to compete effectively will depend upon our ability to retain our current investment and client-facing professionals and employees, as well as to attract highly qualified new professionals and employees. We compete in all aspects of our business with a large number of investment management firms, commercial banks, broker-dealers, insurance companies and other financial institutions.
Structure
The Company was incorporated in 2011 as a Delaware corporation, and is the sole managing member of Manning & Napier Group, LLC and its subsidiaries (“Manning & Napier Group”), a holding company for the investment management businesses conducted by its operating subsidiaries. The diagram below depicts our organizational structure as of December 31, 2021. The Company completed the exchange of 1,562,959 Class A units held by M&N Group Holdings, LLC ("M&N Group Holdings") and 30,010 Class A units held by Manning & Napier Capital Company, LLC ("MNCC"), the entirety of its ownership in Manning & Napier Group, on June 30, 2021 through the issuance of 1,592,969 shares of Class A Common Stock of the Company. As a result, Manning & Napier acquired an equivalent number of Class A units of Manning & Napier Group and its ownership of Manning & Napier Group increased from approximately 89.0% to 97.7%. The diagram below depicts the Company's organizational structure as of December 31, 2021.
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(1)The consolidated operating subsidiaries of Manning & Napier Group include Manning & Napier Advisors, LLC ("MNA"), Manning & Napier Investor Services, Inc., Exeter Trust Company and Rainier Investment Management, LLC ("Rainier").
As of December 31, 2021, we had 279 employees, 270 of which are full-time, most of whom are based in our Fairport, New York office. During the COVID-19 pandemic almost all of our employees have been working remotely.
Regulation
Our business is subject to extensive regulation in the United States at the federal level and, to a lesser extent, the state level and by self-regulatory organizations. We are also subject to regulations outside of the United States. Under certain of these laws and regulations, agencies that regulate our business have broad administrative powers, including the power to limit, restrict or prohibit regulated entities from carrying on business in the event that they fail to comply with such laws and regulations. Possible sanctions that may be imposed include the suspension of individual employees, limitations on engaging in certain lines of business for specified periods of time, revocation of registrations, censures and fines.
SEC Regulation
MNA and Rainier are registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, (the "SEC"), as an investment adviser under the U.S. Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended, (the "Advisers Act"). The Manning & Napier Fund, Inc., (the "Fund"), which is managed by MNA except for the Rainier International Discovery Series, for which Rainier serves as the sub-advisor, is registered under the U.S. Investment Company Act of 1940, (the "1940 Act"). Additionally, Manning & Napier Investor Services, Inc. (“MNBD”), distributor for the Fund, is registered with the SEC, as a broker-dealer under the Exchange Act.
The Advisers Act, the 1940 Act and the Exchange Act, together with the SEC’s regulations and interpretations thereunder, impose substantive and material restrictions and requirements on the operations of advisers, mutual funds and broker-dealers. The SEC is authorized to institute proceedings and impose sanctions for violations of the Advisers Act, the 1940 Act, and the Exchange Act, ranging from fines and censures to termination of registration.
As an investment adviser, we have fiduciary duties to our clients that are broad and apply to our entire relationship with our clients. These duties require us to serve the best interest of our clients and not subordinate the client's interest to our own. The SEC has interpreted these duties to impose standards, requirements and limitations on, among other things:
•trading for proprietary, personal and client accounts;
•allocations of investment opportunities among clients;
•use of soft dollars;
•execution of transactions; and
•recommendations to clients.
We manage accounts for a majority of our clients on a discretionary basis, which typically affords us the authority to buy and sell securities for each portfolio, select broker-dealers to execute trades and negotiate brokerage commission rates. In connection with designated trade executions, we receive soft dollar credits from broker-dealers, which effectively reduces certain of our expenses. We believe all of our soft dollar arrangements comply with the safe harbor provided by Section 28(e) of the Exchange Act. Constraints on our ability to use soft dollars as a result of statutory amendments or new regulations would increase our operating expenses and potentially hamper our investment process by limiting or eliminating access to vital research.
As a registered adviser, we are subject to many additional requirements that cover, among other things:
•disclosure of information about our business to clients;
•maintenance of formal policies and procedures;
•maintenance of extensive books and records;
•restrictions on the types of fees we may charge;
•custody of client assets;
•client privacy;
•advertising; and
•solicitation of clients.
The SEC has authority to inspect any investment adviser and typically inspects a registered adviser periodically to determine whether the adviser is conducting its activities (i) in accordance with applicable laws, (ii) consistent with disclosures made to clients and (iii) with adequate policies, procedures and systems to ensure compliance.
For the year ended December 31, 2021, 15% of our revenues were derived from our advisory services to investment companies registered under the 1940 Act, including 15% derived from our advisory services to the Fund. The 1940 Act imposes significant requirements and limitations on a registered fund, including with respect to its capital structure, investments and transactions. While we exercise broad discretion over the day-to-day management of the business and affairs and investment portfolios of the Fund and the investment portfolios of the funds we sub-advise, our own operations are subject to oversight and management by each fund’s board of directors. Under the 1940 Act, a majority of the directors must not be “interested persons” with respect to us (sometimes referred to as the “independent director” requirement). The responsibilities of the board include, among other things, approving our investment management agreement with the Fund; approving other service providers; determining the method of valuing assets; and monitoring transactions involving affiliates. Our investment management agreements with the Fund may be terminated by the funds on not more than 60 days’ notice, and are subject to annual renewal by the Fund board after their initial term.
The 1940 Act also imposes on the investment adviser to a mutual fund a fiduciary duty with respect to the receipt of the adviser’s investment management fees. That fiduciary duty may be enforced by the SEC through administrative action or litigation by investors in the fund pursuant to a private right of action.
Under the Advisers Act, our investment management agreements may not be assigned without the client’s consent. Under the 1940 Act, investment management agreements with registered funds (such as the mutual funds we manage) terminate automatically upon assignment. The term “assignment” is broadly defined and includes direct assignments as well as assignments that may be deemed to occur upon the transfer, directly or indirectly, of a controlling interest in us.
MNBD as an SEC-registered broker-dealer and distributor for the Fund, is subject to SEC rules and regulations, including the Uniform Net Capital Rule, which requires MNBD to maintain a certain level of liquid assets. MNBD complied with its net capital requirements during the year ended December 31, 2021.
As a limited purpose broker-dealer, MNBD primarily acts as distributor of the Fund and offers only limited brokerage services to certain customers of the Fund. MNBD does not offer or sell securities, other than the Fund, provide investment advice or carry customer accounts. While MNBD and its financial professionals do not act in a fiduciary capacity, they are subject to the full scope of Regulation Best Interest. Under Regulation Best Interest, MNBD and its financial professionals must adhere to a higher standard of care and act in a customer’s best interest when making security, strategy or account type recommendations, including recommendations to invest in the Fund.
FINRA Regulation
MNBD is a member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority ("FINRA") and as such is subject to the various industry and professional regulations, standards, and reporting requirements established by FINRA.
ERISA-Related Regulation
We are a fiduciary under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended ("ERISA"), with respect to assets that we manage for benefit plan clients subject to ERISA. ERISA, regulations promulgated thereunder and applicable provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "IRC"), impose certain duties on persons who are fiduciaries under ERISA, prohibit certain transactions involving ERISA plan clients and provide monetary penalties for violations of these prohibitions.
The fiduciary duties under ERISA may be enforced by the U.S. Department of Labor by administrative action or litigation and by our benefit plan clients pursuant to a private right of action. The IRS may also assess excise taxes against us if we engage in prohibited transactions on behalf of or with our benefit plan clients.
New Hampshire Banking Regulation
Exeter Trust Company is a state-chartered non-depository trust company subject to the laws of the State of New Hampshire and the regulations promulgated thereunder by the New Hampshire Bank Commissioner.
Non-U.S. Regulation
Our sales and trading practices also subject us to certain foreign regulations. We have claimed an exemption from registration in Canada but are subject to those provincial regulations that apply to our limited operations in select Canadian provinces. Additionally, we invest globally and must adhere to country specific equity ownership reporting requirements in those foreign jurisdictions in which we invest. Our relationship with foreign domiciled clients or our sales and marketing efforts also could subject us to certain foreign regulations. We expect this trend to persist as such regulations increasingly have transnational application.
Human Capital Management
We believe that our employees are the lifeblood of our business, and the long-term success of our clients and shareholders is highly dependent on the accomplishments of our people. To that end, we are heavily invested in the success of our people and work to ensure that there is strong economic alignment between our people and our clients and shareholders.
We believe deeply that character matters and that firms with great cultures and strongly held values stand a better chance of delivering excellent results for all stakeholders. We are fiduciaries, and for over 50 years, we have always understood in the most profound ways what it means to put clients' interests first.
As of December 31, 2021, we had 279 employees, the majority of whom are based in Fairport, New York. Women represented 42% of our workforce, while people of color represented 10%. The Executive Committee that is responsible for day-to-day operations of the firm is comprised of 33% female members, while 22% are people of color. Increasing the diversity of our firm, its leadership and its board is a stated objective for our management team and the board.
We are committed to a workplace of belonging, and our Committee for Diversity and Inclusion is a critical component in setting a tone where diversity is embraced, celebrated and utilized to drive better decision making and outcomes for all stakeholders. Our long-term goal is to have a workforce and a leadership team whose makeup is similar to the demographics of our country and the communities in which we do business. This will take time, but we are committed to making consistent progress. To that end, we have established goals against which we can measure our progress, specifically that 20% of new employees hired annually will be racially or ethnically diverse, and 50% will be women.
Our goal is to foster a creative and innovative workplace that is a reflection of our values and the communities in which we operate. We are committed to attracting, developing and retaining a diverse team of highly talented and engaged employees to deliver superior solutions and provide excellent service to our clients. We want to be a destination of choice for the most capable and promising talent.
We devote significant resources to ensure that we have a deep bench of talented employees that have the necessary training to perform their duties, including firm-sponsored training and development activities, assistance for continuing professional education and tuition assistance for academic programs.
We strive for high levels of employee engagement to support our values-based culture. We provide employees with the tools and flexibility to maintain a healthy work-life balance. We are committed to frequent and meaningful communication with employees, and solicit regular feedback from them, both informally and via survey data. We employ a comprehensive objective setting and performance review process to ensure clear feedback is given and people know what is expected and how they are doing. Consistent with our values, we encourage openness and healthy debate.
Our compensation philosophy is designed to achieve alignment between our employees' interests and those of our clients and shareholders. Our investment professionals receive incentive compensation that is directly tied to the results they achieve for clients. While substantial outperformance allows our research personnel to earn more than their target bonuses, as they did in 2020, substantial underperformance yields a negative bonus that must be earned back in future years. Beginning in 2021, for our more highly compensated personnel, those making more than $150,000 in total compensation, a portion of their incentive compensation is deferred and invested in Manning & Napier mutual funds, ensuring that we are investing alongside our clients. We also award long term incentive compensation to about a third of our employees in the form of investments in Manning & Napier mutual funds that vest over 5 years. We utilize competitive benchmarking data to ensure that our compensation packages are fair and competitive.
We are committed to the communities in which we operate. We strongly encourage engagement of our staff in their efforts to give back and support our communities, providing them with paid days off for volunteering. Our corporate giving supports philanthropies delivering essential services to the most vulnerable, focusing on education, housing, food, and healthcare.
Available Information
All annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports, we file or furnish with the SEC pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act are available free of charge from the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov/.
We also make the documents listed above available without charge through the Investor Relations section of our website at http://ir.manning-napier.com/. Such documents are available as soon as reasonably practicable after the electronic filing of the material with the SEC. The contents of, or information that can be accessed through, our website are not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
Risks Related to our Business
Our revenues are dependent on the market value and composition of our AUM, which are subject to significant fluctuations and have been impacted by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and its effect on the U.S. and global economy.
We derive the majority of our revenue from investment management fees, typically calculated as a percentage of the market value of our AUM. As a result, our revenues are dependent on the value and composition of our AUM, all of which are subject to fluctuation due to many factors, including:
•Declines in prices of securities in our portfolios. The prices of the securities held in the portfolios we manage may decline due to any number of factors beyond our control, including, among others, the impacts of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on the companies whose securities are held in the portfolios we manage, political instability and uncertainty, including the Russian invasion of Ukraine, inflation, declining stock or commodities markets, changes in interest rates, a general economic downturn, U.S. and global export controls and sanctions, pandemics or other health crises, or acts of terrorism. The U.S. and global financial markets continue to be subject to uncertainty and instability. Such factors could cause an unusual degree of volatility and price declines for securities in the portfolios we manage;
•Redemptions and other withdrawals. Our clients generally may withdraw their funds at any time, on very short notice and without any significant penalty. A substantial portion of our revenue is derived from investment advisory agreements that are terminable by clients upon short notice or no notice and investors in the mutual funds we advise can redeem their investments in those funds at any time without prior notice. Also, new clients and portfolios may not have the same client retention characteristics as we have experienced in the past. In a declining stock market, the pace of redemptions could accelerate;
•Investment performance. Our ability to deliver strong investment performance depends in large part on our ability to identify appropriate investment opportunities in which to invest client assets. If we are unable to identify sufficient appropriate investment opportunities for existing and new client assets on a timely basis, our investment performance could be adversely affected. The risk that sufficient appropriate investment opportunities may be unavailable is influenced by a number of factors including general market conditions. If our portfolios perform poorly, even over the short-term, as compared with our competitors or applicable third-party benchmarks, or the rankings of mutual funds we manage decline, we may lose existing AUM and have difficulty attracting new assets; and
•Competition from passive strategies. There has been an increasing preference for passive investment products, such as index and ETFs over active strategies managed by asset managers. If this market preference continues, existing and prospective clients may choose to invest in passive investment products, our growth strategy may be impaired and our AUM may be negatively impacted.
The market disruption caused by COVID-19 may continue for as long or longer than the restrictions on in-person interactions imposed by federal, state and local governments. The acts of war in Ukraine and impact of sanctions on Russia and Russian companies may impact global markets and cause a decline in our AUM, which would result in lower investment management revenues. If this period of economic disruption and volatility continues or worsens, our AUM could be reduced, and if we are unable to reduce expenses, our net income will be reduced in the near term. Should the war in Ukraine and collateral effects of the COVID-19 pandemic continue for an extended period of time, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows may likewise be materially adversely impacted for an extended period of time.
If any of the factors described above cause a decline in our AUM, it would result in lower investment management revenues. If our revenues decline without a commensurate reduction in our expenses, our net income will be reduced and our business will be adversely affected.
We derive substantially all of our revenues from contracts and relationships that may be terminated upon short or no notice.
We derive substantially all of our revenues from investment advisory and sub-advisor agreements, all of which are terminable by clients upon short notice or no notice and without any significant penalty.
Our mutual fund and collective investment trust relationships may be terminated or not renewed for any number of reasons. Our investment management agreements with mutual funds, as required by law, are generally terminable by the funds’ board of directors or a vote of the majority of the funds’ outstanding voting securities on not more than 60 days’ written notice. After an initial term, each fund’s investment management agreement must be approved and renewed annually by such fund’s board, including by its independent members. Similarly, our investment management agreements with the collective investment trusts may be terminated at any time by Exeter Trust Company's board of directors, which includes independent members. As of December 31, 2021, mutual fund and collective investment trust relationships represent 28% of our AUM and 23% of our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2021.
To the extent that there is continued economic uncertainty, or significant volatility in the stock or bond markets, clients may withdraw their funds from our investment solutions. Regardless of the performance of our products, if similar products offered by competitors perform poorly, our clients could lose confidence in our products and withdraw their funds from our investment solutions. If a significant proportion of our clients withdraw their funds, our AUM and results of operations could be materially adversely impacted.
The decrease in revenues that could result from the termination of a material client relationship or group of client relationships could have an adverse effect on our business. During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, other than our relationship with the Fund, there were no customers that provided over 10 percent of our total revenue.
We may not realize the expected benefits from our operational improvement initiatives relating
to our strategic review of our business.
We commenced a strategic review of our business upon the appointment of our new Chief Executive, Marc Mayer, in early 2019. Our comprehensive review resulted in changes to our overall distribution strategy, our suite of investment offerings, and our operational platform. The objective of this review was to improve financial results for stockholders and investment results for clients by more clearly prioritizing our strengths, eliminating distractions and sub-scale offerings, and increasing productivity across the firm through improved technology. There can be no assurance that the costs of undertaking our operational improvement initiatives will be offset by future earnings that may result from the improvements, and it is possible that we will not realize the expected benefits from our operational improvement initiatives to the extent we anticipate or at all.
Our portfolios may not obtain attractive returns under certain market conditions or at all.
The goal of our investment process is to provide competitive absolute returns over full market cycles. Accordingly, our portfolios may not perform well compared to benchmarks or other investment managers’ strategies during certain periods of time, under certain market conditions, or after specific market shocks. Underperformance may negatively affect our ability to retain clients and attract new clients. We are likely to be most out of favor when the markets are running on positive or negative price momentum and market prices become disconnected from underlying investment fundamentals. During and shortly following such periods of relative under performance, we are likely to see our highest levels of client turnover, even if our absolute returns are positive. Loss of client assets and the failure to attract new clients could adversely affect our revenues and growth.
Difficult market conditions, like those during the current COVID-19 pandemic and related to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, can adversely affect our strategies in many ways, including by negatively impacting their performance and reducing their ability to raise or deploy capital, which could materially reduce our revenues and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Significant disruptions and volatility in the global financial markets and economies, like the current conditions caused by the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the COVID-19 pandemic, could impair the investment performance of our strategies. Although we seek to generate consistent, positive, absolute returns across all market cycles, our strategies have been and may be materially affected by conditions in the global financial markets and economic conditions. The global market and economic climate may become increasingly uncertain due to numerous factors beyond our control, including but not limited to, the effectiveness and acceptance of vaccines to prevent COVID-19, impacts on business operations in the U.S. related to the COVID-19 pandemic, such as supply chain disruptions and inflation, concerns related to unpredictable global market and economic factors, uncertainty in U.S. federal fiscal, tax, trade or regulatory policy and the fiscal, tax, trade or regulatory policy of foreign governments, rising interest rates, inflation or deflation, the availability of credit, performance of financial markets, terrorism, natural or biological catastrophes, public health emergencies, or political uncertainty.
A general market downturn, a specific market dislocation or deteriorating economic conditions may cause a material reduction in our revenues and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations by causing:
•A decline in AUM, resulting in lower management fees and incentive income.
•An increase in the cost of financial instruments, executing transactions or otherwise doing business.
•Lower or negative investment returns, which may reduce AUM and potential incentive income.
•Reduced demand for assets held by our funds, which would negatively affect our funds’ ability to realize value from such assets.
•Increased investor redemptions or greater demands for enhanced liquidity or other terms, resulting in a reduction in AUM, lower revenues and potential increased difficulty in raising new capital.
During the first quarter of 2020 when the COVID-19 pandemic began, there was a global market downturn which caused a decline in our AUM primarily due to market depreciation. While there has been significant market volatility since the COVID-19 pandemic began, our AUM as of December 31, 2021 has since increased by $5.5 billion since March 31, 2020, driven by market appreciation of approximately $8.0 billion. However, if conditions causing a widespread market downturn were to occur again, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows may be materially adversely impacted for an extended period of time.
Furthermore, while difficult market and economic conditions and other factors can potentially increase investment opportunities over the long term, such conditions and factors also increase the risk of increased investment losses and additional regulation, which may impair our business model and operations. Our strategies may also be adversely affected by difficult market conditions if we fail to assess the adverse effect of such conditions, which would likely result in significant reductions in the returns of those strategies. Moreover, challenging market conditions may prompt industry-wide reductions in fees. In response to competitive pressures or for any other reason, we may reduce or change our fee structures, which could reduce the amount of fees and income that we may earn relative to AUM.
An investment in our Class A common stock is not an alternative to investing in our strategies, and the returns of our strategies should not be considered as indicative of any returns expected on our Class A common stock, although if our strategies perform poorly, our revenue could be materially adversely impacted, which may in turn impact the returns on our Class A common stock.
The returns on our Class A common stock are not directly linked to the historical or future performance of our investment strategies. Even if our strategies experience positive performance and our AUM increases, holders of our Class A common stock may not experience a corresponding positive return on their Class A common stock.
However, poor performance of our strategies could cause a decline in our revenues, and may therefore have a negative effect on our performance and the returns on our Class A common stock. If we fail to meet the expectations of our clients or otherwise experience poor performance, whether due to difficult economic and financial conditions or otherwise, our ability to retain existing AUM and attract new clients could be materially adversely affected. In turn, the fees that we would earn would be reduced and our business, financial condition or results of operations would suffer, thus negatively impacting the price of our Class A common stock. Furthermore, even if the investment performance of our strategies is positive, our business, financial condition or results of operations and the price of our Class A common stock could be materially adversely affected if we are unable to attract and retain additional AUM consistent with our past experience, industry trends or investor and market expectations.
The loss of key investment and sales professionals, members of our senior management team, or difficulty integrating new executives, could have an adverse effect on our business.
We depend on the skills, expertise and institutional knowledge of our key employees, including qualified investment and sales professionals and members of our senior management team, and our success depends on our ability to retain such key employees. Our investment professionals possess substantial experience in investing and have been primarily responsible for the historically attractive investment performance we have achieved. We particularly depend on our executive officers as well as senior members of our research department. We may not be able to recruit, retain and motivate the investment professionals necessary for our success given the extremely competitive market for these professionals over the last year, and we may experience upward pressure on compensation packages because of the competitive environment for talent. If we are unable to retain our current employees or to recruit talented professionals, we may lose expertise and institutional knowledge,which could adversely affect our business.
In addition, difficulty integrating new executives, or the loss of key individuals could limit our ability to successfully execute our business strategy and could have an adverse effect on our overall financial condition.
Competition for qualified investment, sales and top level management professionals is intense. Attracting qualified personnel, including top level management, may take time and we may fail to attract and retain qualified personnel including top level management in the future. Our ability to attract and retain our executive officers and other key employees will depend heavily on our business strategy, corporate culture and the amount and structure of compensation. We have historically utilized a compensation structure that uses a combination of cash and long-term incentives as appropriate. However, our compensation may not be effective to recruit and retain the personnel we need if our overall compensation packages are not competitive in the marketplace. Any cost-reduction initiative or adjustments or reductions to compensation could negatively impact our ability to retain key personnel, as could changes to our management structure, corporate culture and corporate governance arrangements.
We may be required to reduce the fees we charge, or our fees may decline due to changes in our AUM composition, which could have an adverse effect on our profit margins and results of operations.
Our current fee structure may be subject to downward pressure due to a variety of factors, including a trend in recent years toward lower fees in the investment management industry. We may be required to reduce fees with respect to both the separate accounts we manage and the mutual funds and collective trust funds we advise. We may charge lower fees in order to attract future new business, which may result in us having to also reduce our fees with respect to our existing business. Any further fee reductions on existing or future new business could have an adverse effect on our profit margins and results of operations.
Our AUM may be concentrated in certain strategies or in certain geographic areas.
Client purchase and redemption activity may result in AUM concentrations with certain of our investment strategies. As a result, a substantial portion of our operating results may depend upon the performance of these strategies. If we sustain poor investment performance or adverse market conditions, clients may withdraw their investments or terminate their investment management agreements. To the extent any of these strategies is concentrated in an industry or geographic area that is disproportionately negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the concentration of our AUM in those strategies will likely have a disproportionately negative impact on our revenues. These conditions would result in a reduction in our revenues from these strategies, which could have an adverse effect on our earnings and financial condition.
Our business is primarily focused in certain targeted geographic regions making us vulnerable to risks associated with having geographically concentrated operations.
Although our client base is national, we are primarily focused in certain targeted geographic regions, including the northeastern and southeastern regions of the United States. Furthermore, our review of our intermediary and institutional distribution strategy resulted in changes to our territory coverage and servicing efforts in order to more effectively service our existing clients with our team, while concentrating on geographies with the greatest chances for growth. This could have the effect of increasing the risks associated with having geographically concentrated operations, including increasing the risk that our business will be negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic if its impacts are concentrated in any of these geographic
areas. Our business, financial condition and results of operations may be susceptible to regional economic downturns and other regional factors.
Several of our portfolios involve investing principally in the securities of non-U.S. companies, which involve foreign currency exchange risk, and tax, political, social and economic uncertainties and risks.
As of December 31, 2021, approximately 21% of our AUM across all of our portfolios was invested in securities of non-U.S. companies. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could negatively affect the returns of our clients who are invested in these strategies. An increase in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to non-U.S. currencies is likely to result in a decrease in the U.S. dollar value of our AUM, which, in turn, could result in lower revenue since we report our financial results in U.S. dollars.
Investments in non-U.S. issuers may also be affected by tax positions taken in countries or regions in which we are invested as well as political, social and economic uncertainty. Declining tax revenues may cause governments to assert their ability to tax the local gains and/or income of foreign investors (including our clients), which could adversely affect clients’ interests in investing outside their home markets. Many financial markets are not as developed, or as efficient, as the U.S. financial markets, and as a result, those markets may have limited liquidity and higher price volatility and may lack established regulations. Liquidity may also be adversely affected by political or economic events, government policies, social or civil unrest within a particular country, and our ability to dispose of an investment may also be adversely affected if we increase the size of our investments in smaller non-U.S. issuers. Non-U.S. legal and regulatory environments, including financial accounting standards and practices, may also be different, and there may be less publicly available information about such companies. These risks could adversely affect the performance of our strategies that are invested in securities of non-U.S. issuers and may be particularly acute in the emerging or less developed markets in which we invest.
The historical returns of our existing portfolios may not be indicative of their future results or of the portfolios we may develop in the future.
The historical returns of our portfolios and the ratings and rankings we or the mutual funds that we advise have earned in the past should not be considered indicative of the future results of these portfolios or of any other portfolios that we may develop in the future. The investment performance we achieve for our clients varies over time and the variance can be wide. The ratings and rankings we or the mutual funds we advise have earned are typically revised monthly. The historical performance and ratings and rankings included in this report are as of December 31, 2021 and for periods then ended except where otherwise stated. The performance we have achieved and the ratings and rankings earned at subsequent dates and for subsequent periods may be higher or lower and the difference could be material. Our portfolios’ returns have benefited during some periods from investment opportunities and positive economic and market conditions. In other periods, general economic and market conditions have negatively affected our portfolios’ returns. These negative conditions may occur again, and in the future we may not be able to identify and invest in profitable investment opportunities within our current or future portfolios.
Support provided to new products may reduce fee income, increase expenses and expose us to potential loss on invested capital.
We may support the development of new investment products by waiving all or a portion of the fees we receive for managing such products, by subsidizing expenses or by making seed capital investments. Seed investments in new products utilize Company capital that would otherwise be available for general corporate purposes and expose us to capital losses to the extent that realized investment losses are not offset by hedging gains. The risk of loss may be greater for seed capital investments that are not hedged, or if an intended hedge does not perform as expected. Failure to have or devote sufficient capital to support new products could have on adverse impact on our future growth.
Assets influenced by third-party intermediaries have a higher risk of redemption and are subject to changes in fee structures, which could reduce our revenues.
Investments in our mutual funds made through third-party intermediaries, as opposed to mutual fund investments resulting from sales by our own representatives can be more easily moved to investments in funds other than ours. Third-party intermediaries are attractive to investors because of the ease of accessibility to a variety of funds, but this causes the investments to be more sensitive to fluctuations in performance, especially in the short-term. If we were unable to retain the assets of our mutual funds held through third-party intermediaries, our AUM would be reduced. As a result, our revenues could decline and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.
We may elect to pursue growth in the United States and abroad through acquisitions or joint ventures, which would expose us to risks inherent in assimilating new operations, expanding into new jurisdictions, and making non-controlling minority investments in other entities.
In order to maintain and enhance our competitive position, we may review and pursue acquisition and joint venture opportunities. We cannot assure we will identify and consummate any such transactions on acceptable terms or have sufficient resources to accomplish such a strategy. Any strategic transaction can involve a number of risks, including:
•additional demands on our staff;
•unanticipated problems regarding integration of investor account and investment security recordkeeping, operating facilities and technologies, and new employees;
•adverse effects in the event acquired intangible assets or goodwill become impaired;
•the existence of liabilities or contingencies not disclosed to or otherwise known by us prior to closing such a transaction; and
•dilution to our public stockholders if we issue shares of our Class A common stock, or units of Manning & Napier Group with exchange rights, in connection with future acquisitions.
A portion of our separate account business, mutual funds, and collective investment trusts are distributed through intermediaries, platforms, and consultants. Changes in key distribution relationships could reduce our revenues and adversely affect our profitability.
Given that a portion of our product offerings are distributed through intermediaries, platforms, and investment consultants, a share of our success is dependent on access to these various distribution systems. These distributors are not contractually required to distribute or consider our products for placement within advisory programs, on platforms’ approved lists, or in active searches conducted by investment consultants. Additionally, these intermediaries typically offer their clients various investment products and services, in addition to and in competition with our products and services. If we are unable to cultivate and build strong relationships within these distribution channels, the sales of our products could lead to a decline in revenues and profitability. Additionally, increasing competition for these distribution channels could cause our distribution costs to rise, which could have an adverse effect on our profitability.
Our efforts to establish new portfolios or new products or services may be unsuccessful and could negatively impact our results of operations and our reputation.
As part of our growth strategy, we may seek to take advantage of opportunities to develop new portfolios consistent with our philosophy of managing portfolios to meet our clients’ objectives and using a team-based investment approach. The initial costs associated with establishing a new portfolio likely will exceed the revenues that the portfolio generates. If any such new portfolio performs poorly or fails to attract sufficient assets to manage, our results of operations could be negatively impacted. Further, a new portfolio’s poor performance may negatively impact our reputation and the reputation of our other portfolios within the investment community. We have developed and may seek from time to time to develop new products and services to take advantage of opportunities involving technology, insurance, participant and plan sponsor education and other products beyond investment management. The development of these products and services could involve investment of financial and management resources and may not be successful in developing client relationships, which could have an adverse effect on our business. The cost to develop these products initially will likely exceed the revenue they generate and additional investment in these products could negatively impact short term financial results. If establishing new portfolios or offering new products or services requires hiring new personnel, to the extent we are unable to recruit and retain sufficient personnel, we may not be successful in further diversifying our portfolios, client assets and business, which could have an adverse effect on our business and future prospects.
Our failure to comply with investment guidelines set by our clients and limitations imposed by applicable law, could result in damage awards against us and a loss of our AUM, either of which could adversely affect our reputation, results of operations or financial condition.
When clients retain us to manage assets on their behalf, they generally specify certain guidelines regarding investment allocation that we are required to follow in managing their portfolios. We are also required to invest the mutual funds’ assets in accordance with limitations under the 1940 Act, and applicable provisions of the IRC. Other clients, such as plans subject to ERISA, or non-U.S. funds, require us to invest their assets in accordance with applicable law. Our failure to comply with any of these guidelines and other limitations could result in losses to clients or investors in our products which, depending on the circumstances, could result in our obligation to make clients whole for such losses. If we believed that the circumstances did not justify a reimbursement, or clients believed the reimbursement we offered was insufficient, clients could seek to recover damages from us, withdraw assets from our products or terminate their investment management agreement with us. Any of these events could harm our reputation and adversely affect our business.
A change of control of our company could result, and in the past has resulted, in termination of our investment advisory agreements.
Under the 1940 Act, each of the investment advisory agreements for SEC registered mutual funds that our affiliate, MNA, advises automatically terminates in the event of its assignment, as defined under the 1940 Act. If such an assignment were to occur, MNA could continue to act as adviser to any such fund only if that fund’s board of directors and stockholders approved a new investment advisory agreement, except in the case of certain of the funds that we sub-advise for which only board approval would be necessary. Under the Advisers Act each of the investment advisory agreements for the separate accounts we manage may not be assigned without the consent of the client. An assignment may occur under the 1940 Act and the Advisers Act if, among other things, MNA undergoes a change of control, such as in 2020, when we redeemed Class A Units of Manning & Napier Group, increasing our ownership of Manning & Napier Group from 19.5% to 88.2%. In certain other cases, the investment advisory agreements for the separate accounts we manage require the consent of the client for any assignment. If such an assignment occurs, we cannot be certain that MNA will be able to obtain the necessary approvals from the boards and stockholders of the mutual funds that it advises or the necessary consents from separate account clients.
New Hampshire banking laws applicable to our trust company include change in control restrictions.
Our subsidiary, Exeter Trust Company (“ETC”), is established under the laws of New Hampshire. The New Hampshire Revised Statutes Annotated require that an application be filed with the Bank Commissioner for prior approval in the event of a change of ownership or a change of control. If any person intends to acquire directly or indirectly 10 percent or more of the voting shares of the Company, then a “change of ownership” of ETC will occur. Likewise, the direct or indirect transfer of ownership of more than 50 percent of the voting shares of the Company will result in a “change of control” of ETC. Approval of the application by the Bank Commissioner may take 90 days or longer.
Operational risks may disrupt our business, result in losses or limit our growth.
We are heavily dependent on the capacity and reliability of the communications, information and technology systems supporting our operations, whether developed, owned and operated by us or by third parties. Operational risks such as trading or operational errors or interruption of our financial, accounting, trading, compliance and other data processing systems, whether caused by fire, natural disaster or pandemic, power or telecommunications failure, political or civil unrest, act of terrorism or war or otherwise, could result in a disruption of our business, liability to clients, regulatory intervention or reputational damage, and thus adversely affect our business. Some types of operational risks, including, for example, trading errors, may be increased in periods of increased volatility, which can magnify the cost of an error. Although we have back-up systems in place, our back-up procedures and capabilities in the event of a failure or interruption may not be adequate, and the fact that we operate our business out of multiple physical locations may make such failures and interruptions difficult to address on a timely and adequate basis.
We depend on our headquarters in Fairport, New York, where a majority of our employees, administration and technology resources are located, for the continued operation of our business. During the COVID-19 pandemic almost all of our employees are working remotely, which may impact the level of service that is provided to our clients. Any significant disruption to our headquarters could have an adverse effect on our business.
A failure to effectively maintain, enhance and modernize our information technology systems, and effectively develop and deploy new technologies, could adversely affect our business.
Our success depends on our ability to maintain effective information technology systems, to enhance those systems to better support our business in an efficient and cost-effective manner and to develop new technologies and capabilities in pursuit of our long-term strategy. Some technology development initiatives, such as implementing portfolio accounting, performance, customer relationship management and order management applications as part of our business processes, are long-term in nature, may negatively impact our financial results as we invest in the initiatives, may cost more than anticipated to complete, or may not be completed. Additionally, our technology initiatives may be more costly or time-consuming than anticipated, may not deliver the expected benefits upon completion, and may need to be replaced or become obsolete more quickly than expected, which could result in accelerated recognition of expenses. If we fail to maintain or enhance our existing information technology systems or if we were to experience failure in developing and implementing new technologies, our relationships, reputation, ability to do business with our clients and our competitive position may be adversely affected. We could also experience other adverse consequences, including additional costs or write-offs of capitalized costs, unfavorable underwriting and reserving decisions, internal control deficiencies, and information security breaches resulting in loss or inappropriate disclosure of data. We have been required to make significant capital expenditures to update our technology infrastructure, and we may incur the costs described above as we deploy this new technology.
Failure to implement effective information and cyber security policies, procedures and capabilities, or cybersecurity breaches of software applications and other technologies on which we rely, could disrupt operations and cause financial losses that could result in a decrease in earnings and reputational harm.
We are dependent on the effectiveness of our, and third party software vendors', information and cybersecurity policies, procedures and capabilities to protect our computer and telecommunications systems and the data that reside on or are transmitted through them. As part of our normal operations, we maintain and transmit confidential information about our clients and employees as well as proprietary information relating to our business operations. We maintain a system of internal controls designed to provide reasonable assurance that fraudulent activity, including misappropriation of assets, fraudulent financial reporting and unauthorized access to sensitive or confidential data is either prevented or detected on a timely basis. Nevertheless, all technology systems remain vulnerable to unauthorized access and may be corrupted by cyberattacks, computer viruses or other malicious software code, the nature of which threats are constantly evolving and becoming increasingly sophisticated. In addition, we are currently facing heightened operational risk, including heightened cybersecurity risk, because more of our employees are working remotely. Remote working environments may be less secure and more susceptible to cyber-attacks, including phishing and social engineering attempts that seek to exploit the COVID-19 pandemic.
Breach or other failure of our technology systems, including those of third parties with which we do business, or failure to timely and effectively identify and respond to any such breach or failure, could result in the loss of valuable information, liability for stolen assets or information, remediation costs to repair damage caused by the incident, additional security costs to mitigate against future incidents, increased insurance premiums, and litigation costs resulting from the incident. Moreover, loss of confidential customer information could harm our reputation, result in the termination of contracts by our existing customers and subject us to liability under laws that protect confidential personal data, resulting in increased costs or loss of revenues. Ultimately, a cyberattack can damage our competitiveness, stock price and long-term stockholder value. Recent well-publicized security breaches at other companies have led to enhanced government and regulatory scrutiny of the measures taken by companies to protect against cyberattacks, and may in the future result in heightened cybersecurity requirements, including additional regulatory expectations for oversight of vendors and service providers.
We depend on third-party service providers for services that are important to our business, and an interruption or cessation of such services by any such service providers could have an adverse effect on our business.
We depend on a number of service providers, including custodial and clearing firms, and vendors of communications and networking products and services. We cannot assure that these providers will be able to continue to provide these services in an efficient manner or that they will be able to adequately expand their services to meet our needs. An interruption or malfunction in or the cessation of an important service by any third-party and our inability to make alternative arrangements in a timely manner, or at all, could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and operating results.
Employee misconduct could expose us to significant legal liability and reputational harm.
We operate in an industry in which integrity and the confidence of our clients are of critical importance. Accordingly, if any of our employees engage in illegal or suspicious activities or other misconduct, we could be subject to regulatory sanctions and suffer serious harm to our reputation, financial condition, client relationships and ability to attract new clients. For example, our business often requires that we deal with confidential information. If our employees were to improperly use or disclose this information, even if inadvertently, we could suffer serious harm to our reputation, financial condition and current and future business relationships. It is not always possible to deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not always be effective. Misconduct by our employees, or even unsubstantiated allegations of misconduct, could result in an adverse effect on our reputation and our business.
Failure to properly address conflicts of interest could harm our reputation, business and results of operations.
We must monitor and address any conflicts between our interests and those of our clients. The SEC and other regulators scrutinize potential conflicts of interest, and we have implemented procedures and controls that we believe are reasonably designed to address these issues. However, appropriately dealing with conflicts of interest is complex, and if we fail, or appear to fail, to deal appropriately with conflicts of interest, we could face reputational damage, litigation or regulatory proceedings or penalties, any of which could adversely affect our reputation, business and results of operations.
If our techniques for managing risk are ineffective, we may be exposed to material unanticipated losses.
In order to manage the significant risks inherent in our business, we must maintain effective policies, procedures and systems that enable us to identify, monitor and control our exposure to operational, legal and reputational risks. Our risk management methods may prove to be ineffective due to their design or implementation, or as a result of the lack of adequate, accurate or timely information or otherwise. If our risk management efforts are ineffective, we could suffer losses that could have an adverse effect on our financial condition or operating results. Additionally, we could be subject to litigation, particularly from our clients, and sanctions or fines from regulators. Our techniques for managing risks in client portfolios may
not fully mitigate the risk exposure in all economic or market environments, or against all types of risk, including risks that we might fail to identify or anticipate.
The cost of insuring our business is substantial and may increase.
While we carry insurance in amounts and under terms that we believe are appropriate, we cannot guarantee that our insurance will cover all liabilities and losses to which we may be exposed or, if covered, that such liabilities and losses will not exceed the limits of available insurance coverage, or that our insurers will remain solvent and meet their obligations. We cannot guarantee that our insurance policies will continue to be available at current terms and fees.
We believe our insurance costs are reasonable but they could fluctuate significantly from year to year. Certain insurance coverage may not be available or may only be available at prohibitive costs. As we renew our insurance policies, we may be subject to additional costs resulting from rising premiums, the assumption of higher deductibles or co-insurance liability and, to the extent certain of our mutual funds purchase separate director and officer or errors and omissions liability coverage, an increased risk of insurance companies disputing responsibility for joint claims. Higher insurance costs and incurred deductibles, as with any expense, would reduce our net income.
Risks Related to our Industry
The regulatory environment in which we and our clients operate is subject to continual change, and regulatory developments designed to increase oversight could adversely affect our business.
The legislative and regulatory environment in which we operate undergoes continuous change, subjecting industry participants to additional, more costly and potentially more punitive regulation. New laws or regulations, or changes in the enforcement of existing laws or regulations, applicable to us and our clients could adversely affect our business subjecting us to additional costs. Any or all of the regulators who oversee us could adopt new rules or rule amendments that could substantially impact how we operate and may necessitate significant expenditures in order to adapt and comply.
Our ability to function in an uncertain and ever-changing regulatory environment will depend on our ability to constantly monitor and promptly react to legislative and regulatory changes, which inevitably result in intangible costs and resource drains. The compliance burden resulting from regulatory changes and uncertainty is likely to increase, particularly as regulators grow more technologically advanced and more reliant on data analytics. As a result, we may be forced to divert resources and expenditures to information technology in order to analyze data and risk in the same manner as regulators and to be able to provide regulators with the data output they may expect going forward.
Regulations may accelerate industry trends towards passive or lower cost investment options, centralized due diligence and shrinking platform ability, making access to intermediary decision-makers more challenging. Mutual fund intermediaries may be forced to eliminate or curtail the availability of certain mutual fund share classes, which may hamper our distribution efforts and reduce assets in the mutual fund. Similarly, platform consolidations may prevent our separate account intermediaries from supporting our products, which could result in AUM declines and fewer distribution channels.
There have been a number of highly publicized regulatory inquiries that have focused on the investment management industry. These inquiries have resulted in increased scrutiny of the industry and new rules and regulations for mutual funds and investment managers. This regulatory scrutiny may limit our ability to engage in certain activities that might be beneficial to our stockholders. Further, adverse results of regulatory investigations of mutual fund, investment advisory and financial services firms could tarnish the reputation of the financial services industry generally and mutual funds and investment advisers more specifically, causing investors to avoid further fund investments or redeem their account balances. Redemptions would decrease our AUM, which would reduce our advisory revenues and net income.
Further, due to acts of serious fraud in the investment management industry and perceived lapses in regulatory oversight, U.S. and non-U.S. governmental and regulatory authorities may continue to increase regulatory oversight of our business.
The investment management industry is intensely competitive.
The investment management industry is intensely competitive, with competition based on a variety of factors, including investment performance, investment management fee rates, recent trend towards favor for passive investment products, continuity of investment professionals and client relationships, the quality of services provided to clients, corporate positioning and business reputation, continuity of selling arrangements with intermediaries and differentiated products. A number of factors, including the following, serve to increase our competitive risks:
•some competitors, including those with passive investment products and exchange traded funds, charge lower fees for their investment services than we do;
•a number of our competitors have greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources, more comprehensive name recognition and more personnel than we do;
•potential competitors have a relatively low cost of entering the investment management industry;
•the recent trend toward consolidation in the investment management industry, and the securities business in general, has served to increase the size and strength of a number of our competitors;
•some investors may prefer to invest with an investment manager that is not publicly traded based on the perception that a publicly traded asset manager may focus on the manager’s own growth to the detriment of investment performance for clients;
•some investors may prefer to invest using a robo-advisor or through self-directed investing or trading applications;
•some competitors may invest according to different investment styles or in alternative asset classes that the markets may perceive as more attractive than the portfolios we offer;
•some competitors may have more attractive investment returns;
•some competitors may operate in a different regulatory environment than we do, which may give them certain competitive advantages in the investment products and portfolio structures that they offer; and
•other industry participants, hedge funds and alternative asset managers may seek to recruit our investment professionals.
If we are unable to compete effectively, our revenues could be reduced and our business could be adversely affected.
Our industry is increasingly becoming subject to rapid changes in technology that may alter historical methods of doing business.
The financial industry continues to be impacted by innovation, technological changes, and changing customer preferences, including the emergence of “FinTech” companies and the deployment of new technologies based on artificial intelligence and machine learning that are becoming increasing competitive with and may disrupt more traditional business models. If we do not effectively anticipate and adapt to these changes it could limit our ability to compete, decrease the value of our products to clients, and adversely affect our business and results of operations.
Our business could also be affected by technological changes in the industries that represent our target markets, including tasks/roles that are currently performed by people being replaced by automation, artificial intelligence, or other advances outside of our control, which could impact national brokerage firm representatives or independent financial advisors, upon which a portion of our revenues are based, and adversely affect our business and results of operations.
The investment management industry faces substantial litigation risks, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations or cause significant reputational harm to us.
We depend to a large extent on our network of relationships and on our reputation to attract and retain client assets. If a client is not satisfied with our services, its dissatisfaction may be more damaging to our business than client dissatisfaction would be to other types of businesses. We make investment decisions on behalf of our clients that could result in substantial losses to them. If our clients suffer significant losses, or are otherwise dissatisfied with our services, we could be subject to the risk of legal liabilities or actions alleging negligent misconduct, breach of fiduciary duty, breach of contract, unjust enrichment and/or fraud. These risks are often difficult to assess or quantify and their existence and magnitude often remain unknown for substantial periods of time, even after an action has been commenced. We may incur significant legal expenses in defending against litigation whether or not we engaged in conduct as a result of which we might be subject to legal liability. Substantial legal liability or significant regulatory action against us could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations or cause significant reputational harm to us.
Risks Related to Our Structure
Our ability to pay regular dividends to our stockholders or repurchase stock is subject to the discretion of our board of directors and may be limited by our structure and applicable provisions of Delaware law.
Due to the market volatility and resulting earnings volatility stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic, the Board of Directors did not approve any cash dividends on our Class A common stock between April 2020 and June 2021, but resumed paying dividends in August 2021. Our board of directors has sole discretion over the amount or frequency of any dividends, and may discontinue the payment of dividends entirely. Because of our structure, we will be dependent upon the ability of our subsidiaries to generate earnings and cash flows and distribute them to us so that we may pay dividends, if declared by the board of directors, to our stockholders or to fund share repurchases. Manning & Napier Group’s ability to make distributions to its members, including us, in an amount sufficient for us to pay dividends, if any, will be subject to its and its subsidiaries’ operating results, cash requirements and financial condition, the applicable laws of the State of Delaware, which may limit the amount of funds available for distribution, and its compliance with covenants and financial ratios related to any indebtedness it may incur in the future. In addition, as described elsewhere, under the terms of its operating agreement, Manning & Napier
Group is obligated to make tax distributions to holders of its units, including us. As a consequence of these various limitations and restrictions, we may not be able to make, or may have to reduce or eliminate the payment of dividends on our Class A common stock. Any change in the level of our dividends or the suspension of the payment thereof could adversely affect the market price of our Class A common stock.
We depend on distributions from Manning & Napier Group to fund share repurchases and to pay taxes and expenses, including payments under the tax receivable agreement, but Manning & Napier Group’s ability to make such distributions will be subject to various limitations and restrictions.
We have no material assets other than our ownership of Class A units of Manning & Napier Group and have no independent means of generating revenue. Manning & Napier Group is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes and, as such, is not subject to U.S. federal income tax. Instead, taxable income is allocated to holders of its units, including us. Accordingly, we incur income taxes on our allocable share of any net taxable income of Manning & Napier Group. Under the terms of its operating agreement, Manning & Napier Group is obligated to make tax distributions to holders of its units, including us. We also incur expenses related to our operations, including expenses under the tax receivable agreement, which we expect to be significant. We intend, as its managing member, to cause Manning & Napier Group to make distributions in an amount sufficient to allow us to pay our taxes and operating expenses, including any payments due under the tax receivable agreement. However, Manning & Napier Group’s ability to make such distributions is subject to various limitations and restrictions including, but not limited to, restrictions on distributions that would violate any contract or agreement to which Manning & Napier Group is then a party or any applicable law or that would have the effect of rendering Manning & Napier Group insolvent. If we do not have sufficient funds to pay tax or other liabilities to fund our operations, we may have to borrow funds, which could adversely affect our liquidity and financial condition and subject us to various restrictions imposed by any such lenders.
Furthermore, by paying cash distributions rather than investing in our business, we might not have sufficient cash to fund operations or new growth initiatives that will support the growth of our business.
We are required to pay holders of units of Manning & Napier Group for certain tax benefits we may claim as a result of the tax basis step up we realize in connection with the future purchases or exchanges of those units for shares of our Class A common stock, and the amounts we may pay could be significant.
Our former employee owners indirectly hold a minority ownership interest of 2.3% in Manning & Napier Group. Any future purchases or exchanges of their units of Manning & Napier Group for cash or, at our election, shares of our Class A common stock may produce favorable tax attributes for us. When we acquire such units, both the existing basis and the anticipated basis adjustments may increase, for tax purposes, depreciation and amortization deductions allocable to us from Manning & Napier Group and therefore reduce the amount of income tax we would otherwise be required to pay in the future. This increase in tax basis may also decrease gain, or increase loss, on future dispositions of certain capital assets to the extent the increased tax basis is allocated to those capital assets.
We entered into a tax receivable agreement with the other holders of Class A units of Manning & Napier Group, pursuant to which we are required to pay to holders of such Class A units 85% of the applicable cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state, local and foreign income tax that we actually realize, or are deemed to realize in certain circumstances, as a result of any step-up in tax basis in Manning & Napier Group’s assets as a result of (i) certain tax attributes of our purchase of such Class A units or exchanges (for shares of Class A common stock) and that are created as a result of the sales or exchanges and payments under the tax receivable agreement and (ii) payments under the tax receivable agreement, including any tax benefits related to imputed interest deemed to be paid by us as a result of such agreement.
We expect that the payments we will be required to make under the tax receivable agreement will be substantial. We have recorded the estimated impacts of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act on the liability under the tax receivable agreement. Assuming no new material changes in the relevant tax law, the purchase or exchange of Class A units would result in depreciable or amortizable basis and that we earn sufficient taxable income to realize all tax benefits that are subject to the tax receivable agreement, we have recorded a deferred tax asset of $15.9 million as of December 31, 2021, which we expect will result in future reduction in tax payments for us. Under such scenario, and that we receive anticipated federal and various state tax refunds, we would be required to pay the holders of such Class A units 85% of such amount, or approximately $17.8 million. The actual amounts may materially differ from these estimated amounts, as potential future reductions in tax payments for us and tax receivable agreement payments by us will be calculated using the market value of our Class A common stock and the prevailing tax rates at the time of purchase or exchange and will be dependent on us generating sufficient future taxable income to realize the benefit. In general, increases in the market value of our shares or in prevailing tax rates will increase the amounts we pay under the tax receivable agreement.
The actual increase in tax basis, as well as the amount and timing of any payments under the tax receivable agreement, will vary depending upon a number of factors, including:
•the timing of exchanges by the holders of units of Manning & Napier Group, the number of units purchased or exchanged, or the price of our Class A common stock, as the case may be, at the time of the purchase or exchange;
•the amount and timing of the taxable income we generate in the future and the tax rate then applicable; and
•the portion of our payments under the tax receivable agreement constituting imputed interest and whether the purchases or exchanges result in depreciable or amortizable basis.
There is a possibility that not all of the 85% of the applicable cash savings will be paid to the selling or exchanging holder of Class A units at the time described above. If we determine that all or a portion of such applicable tax savings is in doubt, we will pay to the holders of such Class A units the amount attributable to the portion of the applicable tax savings that we determine is not in doubt and pay the remainder at such time as we determine the actual tax savings or that the amount is no longer in doubt.
Payments under the tax receivable agreement, if any, will be made pro rata among all tax receivable agreement holders entitled to payments on an annual basis to the extent we have sufficient taxable income to utilize the increased depreciation and amortization expense. The availability of sufficient taxable income to utilize the increased depreciation and amortization expense will not be determined until such time as the financial results for the year in question are known and tax estimates prepared. To the extent that we are unable to make payments under the tax receivable agreement for any reason, such payments will be deferred and in some instances, will accrue interest until paid.
In certain cases, payments under the tax receivable agreement to holders of Manning & Napier Group units may be accelerated and/or significantly exceed the actual benefits we realize in respect of the tax attributes subject to the tax receivable agreement.
The tax receivable agreement provides that upon certain mergers, asset sales, other forms of business combinations or other changes of control, or if, at any time, we elect an early termination of the tax receivable agreement, our obligations under the tax receivable agreement with respect to all Class A units of Manning & Napier Group, whether or not such units have been purchased or exchanged before or after such transaction, would be based on certain assumptions, including that we would have sufficient taxable income to fully utilize the deductions arising from the increased tax deductions and tax basis and other benefits related to entering into the tax receivable agreement. As a result, (i) we could be required to make payments under the tax receivable agreement that are greater than or less than the specified percentage of the actual benefits we realize in respect of the tax attributes subject to the tax receivable agreement and (ii) if we elect to terminate the tax receivable agreement early, we would be required to make an immediate payment equal to the present value of the anticipated future tax benefits, which payment may be made significantly in advance of the actual realization of such future benefits. In these situations, our obligations under the tax receivable agreement could have a substantial negative impact on our liquidity and could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing certain mergers, asset sales, other forms of business combinations or other changes of control. There can be no assurance that we will be able to finance our obligations under the tax receivable agreement. If we were to elect to terminate the tax receivable agreement immediately as of December 31, 2021, we estimate that we could be required to pay up to approximately $17.9 million in the aggregate, which assumes the exchange of 428,812 units of Manning & Napier Group held by those other than us under the tax receivable agreement.
If we were deemed an investment company under the 1940 Act as a result of our ownership of Manning & Napier Group, applicable restrictions could make it impractical for us to continue our business as contemplated and could have an adverse effect on our business.
We do not believe that we are an “investment company” under the 1940 Act. Because we, as the sole managing member of Manning & Napier Group, control the management of and operations of Manning & Napier Group, we believe that our interest in Manning & Napier Group is not an “investment security” as such term is used in the 1940 Act. If we were to cease participation in the management of Manning & Napier Group or not be deemed to control Manning & Napier Group, our interest in Manning & Napier Group could be deemed an “investment security” for purposes of the 1940 Act. A person may be an “investment company” if it owns investment securities having a value exceeding 40% of the value of its total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items). Our sole asset is our equity investment in Manning & Napier Group. A determination that such investment is an investment security could cause us to be deemed an investment company under the 1940 Act and to become subject to the registration and other requirements of the 1940 Act. We do not believe that we are an investment company under Section 3(b)(1) of the 1940 Act because we are not primarily engaged in a business that causes us to fall within the definition of “investment company.” The 1940 Act and the rules thereunder contain detailed prescriptions for the organization and operations of investment companies. Among other things, the 1940 Act and the rules thereunder limit or prohibit transactions with affiliates, impose limitations on the issuance of debt and equity securities, prohibit the issuance of stock options, and impose certain governance requirements. We and Manning & Napier Group intend to conduct our operations so that we will not be deemed an investment company. However, if we nevertheless were to be deemed an investment company, restrictions imposed by the 1940 Act, including limitations on our capital structure and our ability to transact with affiliates, could make it impractical for us to continue our business as contemplated and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Related to Our Class A Common Stock
The market price and trading volume of our Class A common stock may be volatile, which could result in rapid and substantial losses for our stockholders.
The market price of our Class A common stock may be highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations. The trading volume of our Class A common stock may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. If the market price of our Class A common stock declines significantly, investors may be unable to sell shares of Class A common stock at or above their purchase price, if at all. The market price of our Class A common stock may fluctuate or decline significantly in the future. Some of the factors that could negatively affect the price of our Class A common stock, or result in fluctuations in the price or trading volume of our Class A common stock, include:
•an extended period of U.S. economic hardship as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic;
•actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly operating results, including changes in our quarterly dividend;
•failure to meet the market’s earnings expectations;
•publication of negative research reports about us or the investment management industry, or the failure of securities analysts to cover our Class A common stock;
•a limited float and low average daily trading volume, which may result in illiquidity as investors try to buy and sell and thereby exacerbating positive or negative pressure on our stock;
•departures of any members of our senior management team or additions or departures of other key personnel;
•adverse market reaction to any indebtedness we may incur or securities we may issue in the future;
•changes in market valuations of similar companies;
•actual or anticipated poor performance in one or more of the portfolios we offer or in similar portfolios offered by our competitors;
•changes or proposed changes in laws or regulations, or differing interpretations thereof, affecting our business, or enforcement of these laws and regulations, or announcements relating to these matters;
•adverse publicity about the investment management industry generally, or particular scandals, specifically;
•litigation and governmental investigations;
•consummation by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships or divestitures;
•actions by stockholders, including any activist stockholders;
•exchange of units of Manning & Napier Group for shares of our Class A common stock or the expectation that such conversions or exchanges may occur; and
•general market and economic conditions.
Our Class A common stockholders may experience dilution in the future as a result of future acquisitions, additional capital raising, exchanges pursuant to the Exchange Agreement and/or equity grants under our equity compensation plans
If we issue shares of Class A common stock or units of Manning & Napier Group in future acquisitions or capital raising activity, the ownership interest of our Class A common stockholders will be diluted. If we grant exchange rights with respect to the issuance of the units of Manning & Napier Group that allow its holder to exchange such units for shares of our Class A common stock, stockholders will incur dilution in the percentage of the issued and outstanding shares of Class A common stock that are owned at such time. Our stockholders will also be diluted to the extent the current holders of Class A units of Manning & Napier Group exchange their units pursuant to the Exchange Agreement and we settle that exchange in shares of our Class A common stock. We also may issue shares of our Class A common stock or units of Manning & Napier Group in connection with grants under our equity compensation plans, which will dilute our Class A common stockholders. Any such future sales, issuances or exchanges of our Class A common stock or rights to purchase our Class A common stock could result in substantial dilution to our existing stockholders.
If we fail to comply with our public company financial reporting and other regulatory obligations our business and stock price could be adversely affected.
As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, have implemented specific corporate governance practices and adhere to a variety of reporting requirements under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the related rules and regulations of the SEC, as well as the rules of the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”).
Our management is required to conduct an annual assessment of the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting and include a report on our internal controls in our annual reports on Form 10-K pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. We are also required to have our independent registered public accounting firm attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting. If our management identifies one or more material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, we will be unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective. If we are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, market perception of our financial condition and the trading price of our stock may be adversely affected and customer perception of our business may suffer.
Our corporate documents and Delaware law contain provisions that could discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of the Company that our stockholders might consider to be in their best interests.
Provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, could impede attempts by our stockholders to remove or replace our management and could discourage others from initiating a potential merger, takeover or other change of control transaction, including a potential transaction at a premium over the market price of our Class A common stock, that our stockholders might consider to be in their best interests. These provisions:
•authorize the issuance of undesignated preferred stock, the terms of which may be established and the shares of which may be issued without stockholder approval, and which may include voting, special approval, dividend, or other rights or preferences superior to the rights of the holders of our Class A common stock;
•prohibit stockholder action by written consent and instead require all stockholder actions to be taken at a meeting of our stockholders;
•provide that the board of directors is expressly authorized to make, alter, or repeal our amended and restated bylaws; and
•establish advance notice requirements for nominations for elections to our board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by stockholders at stockholder meetings.
These anti-takeover provisions and other provisions under Delaware law could discourage, delay or prevent a transaction involving a change in control of our company, even if doing so would benefit the holders of our Class A common stock.
A proxy contest for the election of directors at our annual meeting or proposals arising out of stockholder initiatives could cause us to incur substantial costs and negatively affect our business.
We may be subject to proxy contests and other forms of stockholder activism. In the event that any significant investor makes proposals concerning our operations, governance or other matters, or seeks to change our board of directors, our review and consideration of such proposals may require the devotion of a significant amount of time by our management and
employees and could require us to expend significant resources. Further, if our board of directors, in exercising its fiduciary duties, disagrees with or determines not to pursue the strategic direction suggested by an activist stockholder, our business could be adversely affected by responding to a costly and time-consuming proxy contest or other actions from an activist stockholder that will divert the attention of our management and employees, interfere with our ability to execute our strategic plan, result in the loss of business opportunities and clients, and make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified personnel and business partners.
Any issuance of preferred stock could make it difficult for another company to acquire us or could otherwise adversely affect holders of our Class A common stock, which could depress the price of our Class A common stock.
Our board of directors has the authority to issue preferred stock and to determine the preferences, limitations and relative rights of shares of preferred stock and to fix the number of shares constituting any series and the designation of such series, without any further vote or action by our stockholders. Our preferred stock could be issued with voting, liquidation, dividend and other rights superior to the rights of our Class A common stock. The potential issuance of preferred stock may delay or prevent a change in control of us, discouraging bids for our Class A common stock at a premium over the market price, and adversely affect the market price and the voting and other rights of the holders of our Class A common stock.
General Risk Factors
Catastrophic and unpredictable events, like the COVID-19 pandemic, could have an adverse effect on our business.
The COVID-19 pandemic and any terrorist attack, war, power failure, cyber-attack, natural disaster, public health emergency or pandemic or other catastrophic or unpredictable event could adversely affect our future revenues, expenses and earnings by:
•decreasing investment valuations in, and returns on, the assets that we manage;
•causing disruptions in national or global economies that decrease investor confidence and make investment products generally less attractive;
•interrupting our normal business operations;
•sustaining employee casualties, including loss of our key members of our senior management team or our investment team;
•requiring substantial expenditures and expenses to repair, replace and restore normal business operations; and
•reducing investor confidence.
We have a disaster recovery plan to address certain contingencies, but we cannot be assured that this plan will be sufficient in responding or ameliorating the effects of all disaster scenarios. If our employees or the vendors we rely upon for support in a catastrophic event are unable to respond adequately or in a timely manner, we may lose clients resulting in a decrease in AUM which may have an adverse effect on revenues and net income.
We are subject to extensive regulation.
We are subject to extensive regulation for our investment management business and operations, including regulation by the SEC under the 1940 Act and the Advisers Act, by the U.S. Department of Labor under ERISA, and by FINRA. The U.S. mutual funds we advise are registered with and regulated by the SEC as investment companies under the 1940 Act. The Advisers Act imposes numerous obligations on investment advisers including record keeping, advertising and operating requirements, disclosure obligations and prohibitions on fraudulent activities. The 1940 Act imposes similar obligations, as well as additional detailed operational requirements, on registered investment companies, which must be adhered to by their investment advisers. The U.S. mutual funds that we advise and our broker-dealer subsidiary are each subject to the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, which requires them to know certain information about their clients and to monitor their transactions for suspicious financial activities, including money laundering. The U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control, ("OFAC"), has issued regulations requiring that we refrain from doing business, or allow our clients to do business through us, in certain countries or with certain organizations or individuals on a list maintained by the U.S. government.
Our failure to comply with applicable laws or regulations could result in fines, censure, suspensions of personnel or other sanctions, including revocation of our registration as an investment adviser. Even if a sanction imposed against us or our personnel is small in monetary amount, the adverse publicity arising from the imposition of sanctions against us by regulators could harm our reputation, result in withdrawal by our clients from our products and impede our ability to retain clients and develop new client relationships, which may reduce our revenues.
We face the risk of significant intervention by regulatory authorities, including extended investigation and surveillance activity, adoption of costly or restrictive new regulations and judicial or administrative proceedings that may result in substantial penalties. Among other things, we could be fined or be prohibited from engaging in some of our business activities. The requirements imposed by our regulators are designed to ensure the integrity of the financial markets and to protect customers and other third parties who deal with us, and are not designed to protect our stockholders. Accordingly, these
regulations often serve to limit our activities, including through net capital, customer protection and market conduct requirements.
If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our Class A common stock depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our stock or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of us or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our stock could decrease, which could cause our stock price and trading volume to decline.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Item 2. Properties.
We conduct our principal operations through leased offices located in Fairport, New York; St. Petersburg, Florida; Dublin, Ohio; Seattle, Washington; and Portsmouth, New Hampshire. We do not own any facilities. Most of our business operations are based in our corporate headquarters in Fairport.
We believe our properties are in good operating condition and adequately serve our current business operations. We also anticipate suitable additional or alternative space will be available at commercially reasonable terms to replace existing facilities at lease terminations to the extent necessary.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
As an investment adviser to a variety of investment products, we are subject to routine reviews and inspections by the SEC and FINRA. From time to time we may also be involved in various legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. We do not believe that the outcome of any of these reviews, inspections or other legal proceedings will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements; however, litigation is subject to many uncertainties, and the outcome of individual litigated matters is not predictable with assurance.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases and Equity Securities.
Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity
Our Class A common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “MN”. There are no outstanding shares of our Class B common stock.
Holders
As of March 10, 2022 there were 25 holders of record of our Class A common stock. A substantial number of holders of our Class A common stock are held in “street name” and thereby held of record by depositories, banks, brokers, and other financial institutions.
Dividends
We have funded our historical quarterly cash dividends on our Class A common stock, and we believe any future dividends would be funded from our portion of distributions made by Manning & Napier Group, from its available cash generated from operations. Due to the market volatility and corresponding earnings volatility that could have occurred stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic, the Board of Directors did not approve any cash dividends on our Class A common stock after the dividend paid on May 1, 2020 until July 2021. Given the continued strength of our balance sheet, along with the renewed stability of our earnings, our Board of Directors reinstated the cash dividends on our Class A common stock in July 2021 while continuing our share repurchase program.
On July 20, 2021, the Board of Directors declared a $0.05 per share dividend to the holders of Class A common stock. The dividend was paid on August 16, 2021 to shareholders of record as of August 2, 2021.
On October 22, 2021, the Board of Directors declared a $0.05 per share dividend to the holders of Class A common stock. The dividend was paid on November 22, 2021 to shareholders of record as of November 8, 2021.
On March 2, 2022, the Company's Board of Directors declared a $0.05 per share dividend to the holders of Class A common stock. The dividend is payable on or about March 30, 2022 to shareholders of record as of March 16, 2022.
We have no material assets other than our ownership of Class A units of Manning & Napier Group and, accordingly, will depend on distributions from Manning & Napier Group to fund any dividends we may pay. As managing member of Manning & Napier Group, we will determine the timing and amount of any distributions to be paid to its members. We intend to cause Manning & Napier Group to distribute cash to its members, including us, in an amount sufficient to cover dividends, if any, declared by us. If we do cause Manning & Napier Group to make such distributions, M&N Group Holdings and any other holders of units of Manning & Napier Group will be entitled to receive equivalent distributions on a pari passu basis.
On March 2, 2021, the Board of Directors approved a $2.5 million distribution from Manning & Napier Group to Manning & Napier and the noncontrolling interests of Manning & Napier Group, of which approximately $0.3 million was paid to the noncontrolling members of Manning & Napier Group.
On April 19, 2021, the Board of Directors approved a $2.5 million distribution from Manning & Napier Group to Manning & Napier and the noncontrolling interests of Manning & Napier Group, of which approximately $0.3 million was paid to the noncontrolling members of Manning & Napier Group.
On July 20, 2021, the Board of Directors approved a $3.5 million distribution from Manning & Napier Group to Manning & Napier and the noncontrolling interests of Manning & Napier Group, of which approximately $0.1 million was paid to the noncontrolling members of Manning & Napier Group.
On December 20, 2021, the Board of Directors approved a $2.0 million distribution from Manning & Napier Group to Manning & Napier and the noncontrolling interests of Manning & Napier Group, of which approximately $0.1 million was paid to the noncontrolling members of Manning & Napier Group.
On March 2, 2022, the Company's Board of Directors approved a $2.0 million distribution from Manning & Napier Group to Manning & Napier and the noncontrolling interests of Manning & Napier Group, of which less than $0.1 million was paid to the noncontrolling members of Manning & Napier Group.
The declaration and payment of all future dividends, if any, will be at the sole discretion of our Board of Directors. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Item 6. [RESERVED]

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Overview
Our Business
Manning & Napier, Inc. is an independent investment management firm that provides our clients with a broad range of financial solutions and investment strategies. Founded in 1970 and headquartered in Fairport, New York, we serve a diversified client base of high-net-worth individuals and institutions, including 401(k) plans, pension plans, Taft-Hartley plans, endowments and foundations. Our investment strategies offer equity, fixed income and a range of blended asset portfolios, including life cycle funds.
Impact of COVID-19
We are continuing to address the challenges of COVID-19 by protecting the health and well-being of our employees, while servicing our clients remotely where possible, and leveraging technology to fully support our business needs in a primarily digital manner.
We are closely monitoring the impact related to the COVID-19 pandemic on our investment performance, financial statements, capital and liquidity, and our business operations. Our financial condition is stable, which we believe will allow us to effectively manage the financial impacts of COVID-19. We believe our balance sheet should provide us with more than sufficient resources and flexibility to meet our present and future cash needs, as well as to continue investing in key strategic initiatives.
For further discussion regarding the potential future impacts of COVID-19 and related economic conditions on the Company's financial statements, capital and liquidity, and business operations, see the "Risk Factors" section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Market Developments
U.S. equities finished the year strongly, closing out the fourth quarter notably higher and again materially outperforming international peers. Both large-caps and growth-style equities outperformed small-caps and value-style equities, respectively, a continuation of a multi-year trend. Internationally, developed markets again outperformed emerging markets, and they finished the year having delivered significantly better results. Fixed income performance was flat as interest rates finished the quarter largely where they began. Credit spreads remain compressed, and the yield environment continues to be challenging.
Economic growth continues to sustain in a healthy manner despite a series of heightened challenges to start the year, including sharply higher inflation, the strong likelihood for substantial interest rate increases ahead, and a surge in geopolitical uncertainty. Business activity is still vibrant, and consumer spending remains robust. With that said, we believe pockets of systematic risk are beginning to build, and the economy has moved into a mid-to-later cycle phase. We expect this to continue through the rest of the cycle. Longer-term, we believe economic growth is likely to slow back toward lower, more sustainable levels.
Market valuations across equities and fixed income have held in place or mildly contracted throughout the year, giving fundamentals some opportunity to ‘grow into’ to what had been particularly elevated valuations. With that said, both remain historically elevated. Equity market valuations appear stretched by most metrics, and bond market spreads are still very compressed. Given our economic outlook, and considering the state of financial market valuations, we believe investors would be wise to have muted return expectations for the short- to intermediate-term.
Corporate Structure
On March 15, 2021, the Company received notice that 1,592,969 of Class A units of Manning & Napier Group, LLC ("Manning & Napier Group") were tendered for redemption or exchange. The independent directors, on behalf of the Company, decided that such exchange would be settled in 1,592,969 shares of unregistered Class A Common Stock of the Company. The Company completed the exchange on June 30, 2021 and as a result, Manning & Napier acquired an equivalent number of Class A units of Manning & Napier Group and its ownership of Manning & Napier Group increased from 89.0% to 97.7%.
Share Repurchase Program
On February 3, 2021, the Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program authorizing the purchase of up to $10.0 million of Manning & Napier Inc. Class A common shares. Given the strength of our balance sheet and cash position, the Company planned to use the approved share repurchase program to help offset dilution created from the awards issued under the Company’s long-term incentive plan to our employees during the first quarter of 2021. These equity awards were valued at approximately $6.0 million and will vest over the next 5 years. The authority to repurchase shares under this program expired on December 31, 2021. We funded the program through cash on hand and cash flow. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, we purchased a total of 749,005 Class A common shares using approximately $5.7 million in cash.
On February 6, 2022, the Board of Directors reauthorized a share repurchase program authorizing the purchase of up to $10.0 million of Manning & Napier Inc. Class A common shares. The authority to repurchase shares will be exercised from time to time as market conditions warrant, is subject to regulatory considerations and will expire on December 31, 2022. The timing, amount, and other terms and conditions of any repurchases will be determined by management at its discretion based on a variety of factors, including the market price of shares, general market and economic conditions, and legal requirements. It is possible that no shares will be repurchased. The repurchase program may be modified, discontinued or suspended at any time. The Company currently intends to fund the program through cash on hand and future cash flow.
Our Solutions
We derive substantially all of our revenues from investment management fees earned from providing advisory services to separately managed accounts and to mutual funds and collective investment trusts-including those offered by Manning & Napier Advisors, LLC ("MNA"), the Manning & Napier Fund, Inc.(the "Fund"), Exeter Trust Company, and Rainier Investment Management, LLC ("Rainier").
Our separate accounts are primarily distributed through our wealth management sales channel, where our financial consultants form relationships with high-net-worth individuals, endowments, foundations, and retirement plans. To a lesser extent, we also obtain a portion of our separate account distribution via third parties, either through our intermediary sales channel where national brokerage firm representatives or independent financial advisors select our separate account strategies for their clients, through our platform/sub-advisor relationships, where unaffiliated registered investment advisors approve our strategies for their product platforms, or through institutional consultants. Our separate account strategies are a primary driver of our blended asset portfolios for high-net-worth, middle market institutional clients and financial intermediaries. In contrast, larger institutions and unaffiliated registered investment advisor platforms are a driver of our separate account equity portfolios.
Our mutual funds and collective investment trusts are primarily distributed through financial intermediaries, including brokers, financial advisors, retirement plan advisors and platform relationships. We also distribute our mutual fund and collective investment trusts through our institutional representatives, particularly within the defined contribution, Taft-Hartley, and institutional marketplace. Our mutual fund and collective investment trust strategies are an important driver of our blended asset class and single asset class portfolios.
Assets Under Management
Our sales efforts distinctly separate the Wealth Management clients to which we deliver holistic solutions, including high-net-worth families, endowments and foundations, and small and mid-sized business, from our Institutional and Intermediary clients, including third party advisors, platforms and consultants, as well as larger institutions and Taft-Hartley clients. The table below reflects the estimated composition of our assets under management as of December 31, 2021, by sales channel and investment portfolio:
December 31, 2021
Blended
Asset Equity Fixed Income Total
(dollars in millions)
Total AUM
Wealth Management $ 8,513.0 $ 1,023.3 $ 240.6 $ 9,776.9
Institutional and Intermediary $ 6,561.1 $ 5,351.1 $ 853.5 $ 12,765.7
Total $ 15,074.1 $ 6,374.4 $ 1,094.1 $ 22,542.6
Percentage of AUM
Wealth Management 37 % 5 % 1 % 43 %
Institutional and Intermediary 29 % 24 % 4 % 57 %
Total 66 % 29 % 5 % 100 %
Percentage of portfolio by channel
Wealth Management 56 % 16 % 22 % 43 %
Institutional and Intermediary 44 % 84 % 78 % 57 %
Total 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 %
Percentage of channel by portfolio
Wealth Management 88 % 10 % 2 % 100 %
Institutional and Intermediary 51 % 42 % 7 % 100 %
Our wealth management channel represented 43% of our total AUM as of December 31, 2021. Blended portfolios are the most significant portion of wealth management assets, representing 88%. Equity and fixed income portfolios represent 10% and 2% respectively, of wealth management AUM.
Our institutional and intermediary channel represented 57% of our total AUM as of December 31, 2021. Blended portfolios are also the largest portion of institutional and intermediary assets at 51% of AUM, followed by equity and fixed income portfolios at 42% and 7%, respectively.
As of December 31, 2021, blended portfolios account for 66% of our total AUM at $15.1 billion, an increase of $1.5 billion from blended portfolio AUM of $13.6 billion at December 31, 2020. Blended portfolio AUM is similar across both distribution channels, with 56% in wealth management and 44% in institutional and intermediary. Equity portfolios account for 29% of our total AUM, at $6.4 billion, an 15% increase from December 31, 2020, when equity portfolios were at $5.5 billion. Of equity portfolio AUM, 84% is in the institutional and intermediary channel, and 16% is in the wealth management channel. Fixed income portfolios account for 5% of total AUM at $1.1 billion, an 8% increase from December 31, 2020, when fixed income portfolios were at $1.0 billion. Consistent with equity portfolio AUM, the majority of fixed income assets come through the institutional and intermediary channel at 78%, and 22% of fixed income AUM is in the wealth management channel.
During the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, our wealth management sales channel contributed 32% of our total gross client inflows, while our institutional and intermediary channel contributed 68%. Of the $2.7 billion in gross client inflows, blended asset portfolios represented 66%, while equity and fixed income portfolios represented 24% and 10%, respectively.
Results of Operations
Below is a discussion of our consolidated results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.
Components of Results of Operations
Overview
One of the most significant factors influencing net flows and AUM is the investment performance of our various strategies. As an active manager, it is typical for our investment strategies to exhibit portfolio positioning that is notably divergent from benchmarks and common market indices. We believe this is a strength of our investment approach, although it can cause substantial performance deviations, both positive and negative, versus common benchmarks. In general, our investment processes have a preference for risk management, focusing heavily on fundamentals and valuations. Historically, we have tended to provide a degree of downside protection in adverse markets, while having participated somewhat less than fully in bull markets. Broadly speaking, we expect our investment approach to reduce volatility and create a smoother performance pattern over time, and we believe these characteristics are desirable and an attractive differentiator in our industry. As a result, the overall performance of our suite of investment strategies often differs from many others in the industry, potentially causing the results of our operations to, at times, also diverge.
Other components impacting our operating results include:
•asset-based fee rates and changes in those rates;
•the composition of our AUM among various portfolios, sales channels and client types;
•changes in our variable costs, including incentive compensation and distribution, servicing and custody expenses, which are affected by our investment performance, level of our AUM and revenue; and
•fixed costs, including changes to base compensation, vendor-related costs and investment spending on new products.
Assets Under Management and Investment Performance
The following tables reflect the indicated components of our AUM for our sales channels for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:
Sales Channel (4)
Wealth Management Institutional and Intermediary Total Wealth Management Institutional and Intermediary Total
(in millions)
As of December 31, 2020 $ 8,906.4 $ 11,213.0 $ 20,119.4 44% 56% 100 %
Gross client inflows (1)
876.3 1,835.3 2,711.6
Gross client outflows (1)
(1,133.5) (2,201.2) (3,334.7)
Market appreciation/(depreciation) & other (2)(3)
1,127.7 1,918.6 3,046.3
As of December 31, 2021 $ 9,776.9 $ 12,765.7 $ 22,542.6 43% 57% 100%
Average AUM for the period $ 9,429.6 $ 12,293.8 $ 21,723.4
As of December 31, 2019 $ 8,716.4 $ 10,763.7 $ 19,480.1 45% 55% 100%
Gross client inflows (1)
936.7 1,483.7 2,420.4
Gross client outflows (1)
(1,473.8) (3,267.0) (4,740.8)
Market appreciation/(depreciation) & other (2)
727.1 2,232.6 2,959.7
As of December 31, 2020 $ 8,906.4 $ 11,213.0 $ 20,119.4 44% 56% 100%
Average AUM for the period $ 8,392.3 $ 10,565.8 $ 18,958.1
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(1)Transfers of client assets between portfolios are included in gross client inflows and gross client outflows.
(2)Market appreciation/(depreciation) and other includes investment gains/(losses) on assets under management, the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates and net flows from non-sales related activities including net reinvested dividends.
(3)Beginning in March 2021, AUM includes assets associated with our model-delivery business, previously classified as assets under advisement. These assets totaled $429.9 million at December 31, 2020, comprised of $62.5 million in our wealth management channel and $367.4 million in our institutional and intermediary channel. These amounts are included above in market appreciation (depreciation) and other for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021.
(4)AUM and gross client flows between sales channels have been estimated based upon preliminary data. For a limited portion of our mutual fund AUM, reporting by sales channel is not available at the time of this report. Such estimates have no impact on total AUM, total cash flows, or AUM by investment portfolio reported in the table above.
The following tables reflect the indicated components of our AUM for our portfolios for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:
Portfolio
Blended
Asset Equity Fixed
Income Total Blended
Asset Equity Fixed
Income Total
(in millions)
As of December 31, 2020 $ 13,558.8 $ 5,545.3 $ 1,015.3 $ 20,119.4 67% 28% 5% 100%
Gross client inflows (1)
1,805.2 644.2 262.2 2,711.6
Gross client outflows (1)
(2,177.9) (949.7) (207.1) (3,334.7)
Market appreciation/(depreciation) & other (2)(3)
1,888.0 1,134.6 23.7 3,046.3
As of December 31, 2021 $ 15,074.1 $ 6,374.4 $ 1,094.1 $ 22,542.6 67% 28% 5% 100%
Average AUM for period $ 14,518.8 $ 6,147.9 $ 1,056.7 $ 21,723.4
As of December 31, 2019 $ 13,473.3 $ 4,988.8 $ 1,018.0 $ 19,480.1 69% 26% 5% 100%
Gross client inflows (1)
1,633.8 639.8 146.8 2,420.4
Gross client outflows (1)
(3,581.8) (951.6) (207.4) (4,740.8)
Market appreciation/(depreciation) & other (2)
2,033.5 868.3 57.9 2,959.7
As of December 31, 2020 $ 13,558.8 $ 5,545.3 $ 1,015.3 $ 20,119.4 67% 28 % 5% 100%
Average AUM for period $ 13,177.6 $ 4,769.1 $ 1,011.4 $ 18,958.1
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(1)Transfers of client assets between portfolios are included in gross client inflows and gross client outflows.
(2)Market appreciation/(depreciation) and other includes investment gains/(losses) on assets under management, the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates and net flows from non-sales related activities including net reinvested dividends.
(3)Beginning in March 2021, AUM includes assets associated with our model-delivery business, previously classified as assets under advisement. These assets totaled $429.9 million at December 31, 2020. These amounts are included above in market appreciation (depreciation) and other for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021.
Revenues
Our revenues primarily consist of investment management fees earned from managing our clients’ AUM. We earn our investment management fees as a percentage of our clients’ AUM either as of a specified date or on a daily basis. Our investment management fees can fluctuate based on the average fee rate for our investment management products, which are affected by the composition of our AUM among various portfolios and investment vehicles.
We serve as the investment adviser for the Fund, Exeter Trust Company Collective Investment Trusts and Rainier Multiple Investment Trust. The mutual funds are open-end mutual funds designed to meet the needs of a range of institutional and other investors. The collective investment trusts are for qualified retirement plans, including 401(k) plans. These mutual funds and collective investment trusts comprised $6.2 billion, or 28%, of our AUM as of December 31, 2021. We also serve as the investment advisor to all of our separately managed accounts, managing $16.3 billion, or 72% of our AUM as of December 31, 2021, including assets managed as a sub-advisor to pooled investment vehicles. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, our revenue earned from clients located in the United States was 98% and 98%, respectively.
We earn distribution and servicing fees for providing services to our affiliated mutual funds. Revenue is computed and earned daily based on a percentage of AUM.
We earn custodial service fees for administrative and safeguarding services performed by Exeter Trust Company, our New Hampshire-chartered trust company. Fees are calculated as a percentage of the client's market value with additional fees for certain transactions.
Operating Expenses
Our largest operating expenses are employee compensation and related costs, discussed further below, with a significant portion of these expenses varying in a direct relationship to our absolute and relative investment management performance, as well as AUM and revenues. We review our operating expenses in relation to the investment market environment and changes in our revenues. However, we are generally willing to make expenditures as necessary, even when faced with declining rates of growth in revenues in order to support our investment products, our client service levels, strategic initiatives and our long-term value.
•Compensation and related costs. Employee compensation and related costs represent our largest expense, including employee salaries and benefits, incentive compensation to investment and sales professionals, compensation issued under our long-term incentive plan as well as equity compensation. These costs are affected by changes in the employee headcount, the mix of existing job descriptions, competitive factors, the addition of new skill sets and variations in the level of our AUM and revenues. These costs are also impacted by the number of awards granted under our equity plan and the amount of deferred cash awards granted under our long-term incentive plan, including the appreciation or depreciation of the mutual funds the awards are invested in. Incentive compensation for our research team considers the cumulative impact of both absolute and relative investment performance over historical time periods, with more weight placed on the recent periods. As such, incentive compensation paid to our research team will vary, in part, based on absolute and relative investment performance.
•Distribution, servicing and custody expenses. Distribution, servicing and custody expenses represent amounts paid to various intermediaries for distribution, shareholder servicing, administrative servicing and custodial services. These expenses generally increase or decrease in line with changes in our mutual fund and collective investment trust AUM or services performed by these intermediaries.
•Other operating costs. Other operating costs include accounting, legal and other professional service fees, technology, occupancy and facility costs, travel and entertainment expenses, insurance, market data service expenses and all other miscellaneous costs associated with managing the day-to-day operations of our business.
Non-Operating Income (Loss)
Non-operating income (loss) includes interest expense, interest and dividend income, changes in liability under the tax receivable agreement ("TRA") entered into between Manning & Napier and the other holders of Class A units of Manning & Napier Group, gains (losses) related to investment securities sales and changes in values of those investment securities designated as equity investments, at fair value and gain on sale of business.
We expect the interest and investment components of non-operating income (loss) to fluctuate based on market conditions, the performance of our investments and the overall amount of our investments held by the Company to provide initial cash seeding for product development purposes and short-term investment for cash management opportunities.
Provision for Income Taxes
The Company is comprised of entities that have elected to be treated as either a limited liability company ("LLC") or a “C-Corporation.” As such, the entities functioning as LLC’s are not liable for or able to benefit from U.S. federal or most state and local income taxes on their earnings, and their earnings (losses) will be included in the personal income tax returns of each entity’s unit holders. The entities functioning as C-Corporations are liable for or able to benefit from U.S. federal and state and local income taxes on their earnings and losses, respectively.
Noncontrolling Interests
Manning & Napier, Inc. holds an economic interest of approximately 97.7% in Manning & Napier Group as of December 31, 2021, and as managing member controls all of the business and affairs of Manning & Napier Group. As a result, the Company consolidates the financial results of Manning & Napier Group and records a noncontrolling interest in our consolidated financial statements. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests on the consolidated statements of operations represents the portion of earnings attributable to the economic interest in Manning & Napier Group held by the noncontrolling interests.
Accounting Policies and Estimates
The consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("GAAP") and the related rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates or assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the periods presented. Accordingly, actual results could differ from these estimates or assumptions and may have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.
Accounting policies are an integral part of our financial statements. A thorough understanding of these accounting policies is essential when reviewing our reported results of operations and our financial condition. Our management has identified the following significant accounting policies that are critical to understanding our business and prospects for future performance, as these policies affect the reported amounts of revenue and other significant areas that involve management’s judgment and estimates.
These policies and our procedures related to these policies are described in detail below. Please also refer to the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for further discussion of our accounting policies.
Revenue Recognition
Investment Management: Investment management fees are computed as a percentage of AUM. Our performance obligation is a series of services that form part of a single performance obligation satisfied over time.
Separately managed accounts are paid in advance, typically for a semi-annual or quarterly period, or in arrears, typically for a monthly or quarterly period. When investment management fees are paid in advance, we defer the revenue as a contract liability and recognize it over the applicable period. When investment management fees are paid in arrears, we estimate revenue and record a contract asset (accrued accounts receivable) based on AUM as of the most recent month end date.
Mutual funds and collective investment trust investment management revenue is calculated and earned daily based on AUM. Revenue is presented net of cash rebates and fees waived pursuant to contractual expense limitations of the funds. We also have agreements with third parties who provide recordkeeping and administrative services for employee benefit plans participating in the collective investment trusts. We are acting as an agent on behalf of the employee benefit plan sponsors, therefore, investment management revenue is recorded net of fees paid to third party service providers.
Distribution and shareholder servicing: We receive distribution and servicing fees for providing services to our affiliated mutual funds. Revenue is computed and earned daily based on a percentage of AUM. The performance obligation is a series of services that form part of a single performance obligation satisfied over time. We have agreements with third parties who provide distribution and administrative services for our mutual funds. The agreements are evaluated to determine whether revenue should be reported gross or net of payments to third-party service providers. We control the services provided and act as a principal in the relationship. Therefore, distribution and shareholder servicing revenue is recorded gross of fees paid to third parties.
Custodial services: Custodial service fees are calculated as a percentage of the client’s market value with additional fees charged for certain transactions. For the safeguarding and administrative services that are subject to a percentage of market value fee, our performance obligation is a series of services that form part of a single performance obligation satisfied over time. Revenue for transactions assigned a stand-alone selling price is recognized in the period which the transaction is executed. Custodial service fees are billed monthly in arrears. We have agreements with third parties who provide safeguarding, record keeping and administrative services for their clients. We control the services provided and act as a principal in the relationship. Therefore, custodial service revenue is recorded gross of fees paid to third parties.
Because the majority of our revenues are earned based on AUM that has been determined using fair value methods and since market appreciation/depreciation has a significant impact on our revenue, we have presented our AUM using the GAAP framework for measuring fair value. A fair value hierarchy is provided that gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). The following three-tier fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value:
•Level 1-observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets for identical securities;
•Level 2-other significant observable inputs (including but not limited to quoted prices for similar securities, interest rates, prepayment rates, credit risk, etc.); and
•Level 3-significant unobservable inputs (including our own assumptions in determining the fair value of investments).
The table below summarizes the approximate amount of AUM for the periods indicated for which fair value is measured based on Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3:
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
(in millions)
December 31, 2021 AUM $ 14,059 $ 8,483 $ - $ 22,542
December 31, 2020 AUM $ 12,578 $ 7,541 $ - $ 20,119
Substantially all our AUM is valued by independent pricing services based upon observable market prices or inputs, and we believe market risk is the most significant risk underlying valuation of our AUM, as discussed in this Annual Report under “Part I-Item 1A. Risk Factors”.
All other revenue earned by us is recognized on a GAAP accounting basis as earned per the terms of the specific contract.
Consolidation
We assess each legal entity in which we hold a variable interest to determine whether consolidation is appropriate at the onset of the relationship and upon certain reconsideration events. We determine whether we have a controlling financial interest in the entity by evaluating whether the entity is a voting interest entity ("VOE") or a variable interest entity ("VIE") under GAAP. Assessing whether an entity is a VOE or VIE and if it requires consolidation involves judgment and analysis. Factors considered in this assessment include an entity’s purpose and design, a company’s ability to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance, and whether a company is obligated to absorb losses or receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the entity. The standard also requires ongoing assessments of whether a company is the primary beneficiary of a VIE. When utilizing the VOE model, controlling financial interest is generally defined as majority ownership of voting interests.
We serve as the investment adviser for the Fund, Exeter Trust Company Collective Investment Trusts (“CIT”) and Rainier Multiple Investment Trust, which are legal entities, the business and affairs of which are managed by their respective boards of directors. As a result, each of these entities is a VOE. We hold, in limited cases, direct investments in a fund (which are made on the same terms as are available to other investors) and consolidate each of these entities where it has a controlling financial interest or a majority voting interest.
We make initial seed investments in sponsored investment portfolios to develop new products and services for our clients. The original seed investment may be held in a separately managed account, comprised solely of our investments, or within a mutual fund, where our investment may represent all or only a portion of the total equity invested in the mutual fund. We evaluate our seed investments on a regular basis and consolidate such mutual funds for which we hold a controlling financial interest. When we no longer hold a financial controlling interest, we deconsolidate the fund and classify the remaining investment as either an equity method investment or as equity investments, at fair value, as applicable.
As of December 31, 2021, Manning & Napier holds an economic interest of approximately 97.7% in Manning & Napier Group, and as managing member controls all of the business and affairs of Manning & Napier Group. As a result, we consolidate the financial results of Manning & Napier Group and record a noncontrolling interest on our consolidated statements of financial condition with respect to the remaining economic interest in Manning & Napier Group held by M&N Group Holdings.
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of our investment in net assets of acquired companies over the fair value of the underlying identifiable net assets at the dates of acquisition. We attribute all goodwill associated with past acquisitions to our single reporting unit. Goodwill is tested for impairment by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit associated with the goodwill to the reporting unit's recorded value. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its recorded value an impairment loss will be recorded.
The annual test of goodwill indicated that there were no facts or circumstances occurring in 2021 suggesting possible impairment. The impairment tests included certain underlying key assumptions regarding future overall market trends and our operating performance. If actual future market results and our operating performance vary unfavorably to those included in our financial forecast, we may be subject to impairment charges related to its goodwill.
Income Tax Provision
Management judgment is required in developing our provision for income taxes, including the determination of deferred tax assets and liabilities and any valuation allowance that might be required against deferred tax assets. As of December 31, 2021, we have not recorded a valuation allowance on deferred tax assets. In the event that sufficient taxable income does not result in future years, among other things, a valuation allowance for certain of our deferred tax assets may be required. Because
the determination of our annual income tax provision is subject to judgments and estimates, it is likely that the actual results will vary from those recorded in our financial statements. Hence, we recognize additions to and reductions in income tax expense during a reporting period that pertains to prior period provisions as our estimated liabilities are revised and our actual tax returns and tax audits are completed.
We recognize tax benefits from uncertain tax positions only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such positions are then measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized.
Payments Pursuant to the Tax Receivable Agreement
As a result of Manning & Napier's purchase of Class A units of Manning & Napier Group or exchange for Class A common stock of Manning & Napier for Class A units of Manning & Napier Group and Manning & Napier Group's election under Section 754 of the Internal Revenue Code, we expect to benefit from depreciation and amortization deductions from an increase in tax basis of tangible and intangible assets of Manning & Napier Group. Those deductions allocated to us will be taken into account in reporting our taxable income.
In connection with our initial public offering ("IPO"), the TRA was entered into between Manning & Napier and the holders of Manning & Napier Group, pursuant to which Manning & Napier is required to pay to such holders 85% of the applicable cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state, local and foreign income tax that Manning & Napier actually realizes, or is deemed to realize in certain circumstances, as a result of (i) certain tax attributes of their units sold to Manning & Napier or exchanged (for shares of Class A common stock) and that are created as a result of the sales or exchanges and payments under the TRA and (ii) tax benefits related to imputed interest.
At December 31, 2021, we have recorded a total liability of $17.8 million, representing the payments due to the selling unit holders under the TRA. Payments are anticipated to be made annually commencing from the date of each event that gives rise to the TRA benefits. The actual amount and timing of any payments may vary from this estimate due to a number of factors, including a material change in the relevant tax law or our failure to earn sufficient taxable income to realize all estimated tax benefits. The expected payment obligation assumes no additional uncertain tax positions that would impact the TRAs.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Recent accounting pronouncements," included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report.
Summary of Presentation Changes
Beginning with the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company revised its presentation of investment management revenue within its consolidated statements of operations. Investment management revenue, previously presented by sales channel, is now presented in the aggregate as "investment management fees". Amounts for the comparative prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications had no impact on previously reported net income and do not represent a restatement of any previously published financial results.
Year Ended December 31, 2021 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2020
Assets Under Management
The following table reflects changes in our AUM for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:
Year Ended December 31, Period-to-Period
2021 2020 $ %
(in millions)
Wealth Management (4)
Beginning assets under management $ 8,906.4 $ 8,716.4 $ 190.0 2 %
Gross client inflows (1)
876.3 936.7 (60.4) (6) %
Gross client outflows (1)
(1,133.5) (1,473.8) 340.3 (23) %
Market appreciation (depreciation) & other (2) (3)
1,127.7 727.1 400.6 55 %
Ending assets under management $ 9,776.9 $ 8,906.4 $ 870.5 10 %
Average AUM for period $ 9,429.6 $ 8,392.3
Institutional and Intermediary (3)
Beginning assets under management $ 11,213.0 $ 10,763.7 $ 449.3 4 %
Gross client inflows (1)
1,835.3 1,483.7 351.6 24 %
Gross client outflows (1)
(2,201.2) (3,267.0) 1,065.8 (33) %
Market appreciation (depreciation) & other (2) (3)
1,918.6 2,232.6 (314.0) (14) %
Ending assets under management $ 12,765.7 $ 11,213.0 $ 1,552.7 14 %
Average AUM for period $ 12,293.8 $ 10,565.8
Total assets under management
Beginning assets under management $ 20,119.4 $ 19,480.1 $ 639.3 3 %
Gross client inflows (1)
2,711.6 2,420.4 291.2 12 %
Gross client outflows (1)
(3,334.7) (4,740.8) 1,406.1 (30) %
Market appreciation (depreciation) & other (2) (3)
3,046.3 2,959.7 86.6 3 %
Ending assets under management $ 22,542.6 $ 20,119.4 $ 2,423.2 12 %
Average AUM for period $ 21,723.4 $ 18,958.1
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(1)Transfers of client assets between portfolios are included in gross client inflows and gross client outflows.
(2)Market appreciation/(depreciation) and other includes investment gains/(losses) on AUM, the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates and net flows from non-sales related activities including net reinvested dividends.
(3)Beginning in March 2021, AUM includes assets associated with our model-delivery business, previously classified as assets under advisement. These assets totaled $429.9 million at December 31, 2020, comprised of $62.5 million in our wealth management channel and $367.4 million in our institutional and intermediary channel. These amounts are included above in market appreciation (depreciation) and other for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021.
(4)AUM and gross client flows between sales channels have been estimated based upon preliminary data. For a limited portion of our mutual fund AUM, reporting by sales channel is not available at the time of this report. Such estimates have no impact on total AUM, total cash flows, or AUM by investment portfolio reported in the table above.
The total AUM increase of $2.4 billion, or 12%, to $22.5 billion at December 31, 2021 from $20.1 billion at December 31, 2020 was attributable to $3.0 billion of market appreciation, partially offset by net client outflows of $0.6 billion and other changes. Net client outflows consisted of approximately $0.3 billion of net outflows from the wealth management channel and $0.4 billion from the institutional and intermediary channel. The blended investment appreciation was 12.7% in wealth management and 17.1% in institutional and intermediary. By portfolio, our $2.4 billion AUM increase was derived from increases of $0.8 billion, or 15%, in our equity portfolio, $1.5 billion, or 11%, in our blended asset portfolio and $78.8 million, or 8%, in our fixed income portfolio.
We have experienced a decrease in the overall rate of outflows with gross outflows of approximately $3.3 billion during the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, a 30% improvement from the same period through December 31, 2020. Gross client inflows were approximately $2.7 billion during the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, a 12% increase compared to the same period in 2020. We believe that by demonstrating stability in client AUM and in our organization, along with
continuing to improve long-term track records and modernizing our platform, we will provide a foundation from which we can grow.
The composition of our AUM was 43% in wealth management and 57% in institutional and intermediary as of December 31, 2021, a slight shift from 44% in wealth management and 56% in institutional and intermediary at December 31, 2020. The composition of our AUM across portfolios at December 31, 2021 was 67% in blended assets, 28% in equity, and 5% in fixed income, consistent with December 31, 2020.
With regard to our wealth management channel, gross client inflows of $0.9 billion were offset by approximately $1.1 billion of gross client outflows during the year ended December 31, 2021. The $0.9 billion of gross client inflows included $0.8 billion into our blended asset portfolios, $0.1 billion into our equity portfolios and less than $0.1 billion into our fixed income portfolios. Our blended asset and equity portfolios experienced gross client outflows of approximately $1 billion and $0.1 billion, respectively, with the remainder in outflows coming from fixed income.
Net client outflows of $0.4 billion from our institutional and intermediary channel included gross client inflows of $1.8 billion offset by gross client outflows of $2.2 billion during the year ended December 31, 2021. Gross client inflows included $1.0 billion, or 57% into our blended asset portfolios, $0.6 billion or 30% into equity and $0.2 billion or 13% into fixed income during the year ended December 31, 2021. With regard to institutional and intermediary client outflows, $1.2 billion, or 55%, were from blended asset portfolios, $0.8 billion, or 38%, were from our equity and $0.2 billion, or 7%, was from our fixed income during the twelve months ended December 31, 2021.
The following table sets forth our results of operations and other data for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:
Year Ended December 31, Period-to-Period
2021 2020 $ %
(in thousands, except share data)
Revenues
Investment management fees $ 126,353 $ 108,503 $ 17,850 16 %
Distribution and shareholder servicing 8,917 9,274 (357) (4) %
Custodial services 6,860 6,217 643 10 %
Other revenue 3,451 3,040 411 14 %
Total revenue 145,581 127,034 18,547 15 %
Expenses
Compensation and related costs 73,889 74,397 (508) (1) %
Distribution, servicing and custody expenses 9,818 10,239 (421) (4) %
Other operating costs 29,348 28,586 762 3 %
Total operating expenses 113,055 113,222 (167) - %
Operating income 32,526 13,812 18,714 135 %
Non-operating income (loss)
Non-operating income (loss), net 578 8 570 7,125 %
Income before provision (benefit from) for income taxes 33,104 13,820 19,284 140 %
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes 6,032 (106) 6,138 (5,791) %
Net income attributable to controlling and noncontrolling interests
27,072 13,926 13,146 94 %
Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests
1,967 3,922 (1,955) (50) %
Net income attributable to Manning & Napier, Inc.
$ 25,105 $ 10,004 $ 15,101 151 %
Per Share Data
Net income per share available to Class A common stock
Basic
$ 1.41 $ 0.61
Diluted
$ 1.19 $ 0.29
Weighted average shares of Class A common stock outstanding
Basic
17,752,854 16,147,469
Diluted
21,072,140 41,611,219
Cash dividends declared per share of Class A common stock $ 0.10 $ 0.02
Other financial and operating data
Economic income (1)
$ 35,942 $ 16,659 $ 19,283 116 %
Economic net income (1)
$ 28,933 $ 14,449 $ 14,484 100 %
Economic net income per adjusted share (1)
$ 1.24 $ 0.33
Weighted average adjusted Class A common stock outstanding (1)
23,247,330 43,376,345
________________________
(1)See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Supplemental Non-GAAP Financial Information” for Manning & Napier’s reasons for including these non-GAAP measures in this report and for a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to GAAP measures for the periods indicated.
Revenues
Our total investment management fee revenue increased by $17.9 million, or 16%, to $126.4 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 from $108.5 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2020. This increase was driven primarily by a 15% increase in our average AUM to $21.7 billion for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 from $19.0 billion for the twelve months ended December 31, 2020. Investment management fee revenue and AUM increased year over year within each of our sales channels as discussed below.
For our wealth management sales channel, investment management fee revenue increased by $8.2 million, or 15%, to $64.5 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 from $56.3 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2020. This increase was driven primarily by a $1.0 billion, or 12% increase in our average wealth management AUM for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 compared to the twelve months ended December 31, 2020. As of December 31, 2021, the concentration of investments in our wealth management channel assets was 88% blended assets, 10% equity and 2% fixed income, compared to 87% blended assets, 10% equity and 3% fixed income as of December 31, 2020.
For our institutional and intermediary sales channel, investment management fee revenue increased by $9.7 million, or 19%, to $61.8 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 from $52.2 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2020. This increase was driven primarily by a $1.7 billion, or 16%, increase in our average institutional and intermediary AUM for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 compared to the twelve months ended December 31, 2020. As of December 31, 2021, the concentration of investments in our institutional and intermediary channel was 51% blended assets, 42% equity and 7% fixed income, compared to 52% blended assets, 41% equity and 7% fixed income as of December 31, 2020.
Distribution and shareholder servicing revenue decreased by $0.4 million, or 4%, to $8.9 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 from $9.3 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2020. This decrease was driven primarily by a change in business mix within our mutual funds.
Custodial services revenue increased by $0.6 million, or 10%, to $6.9 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 from $6.2 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2020. The increase primarily relates to increases in our collective investment trust AUM.
Operating Expenses
Our operating expenses decreased by $0.2 million to $113.1 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 from $113.2 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2020.
Compensation and related costs decreased by $0.5 million, or 1%, to $73.9 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 from $74.4 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2020. This change was driven by the impacts from the newly implemented deferred compensation plan in 2021 whereby a fraction of incentive compensation for our most highly compensated employees will be invested in our investment products and vested over a multi-year period. This decrease was partially offset by higher incentive compensation accruals based on increases in both sales and year to date performance in 2021. When considered as a percentage of revenue, compensation and related costs was 51% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 and 59% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2020.
Distribution, servicing and custody expenses decreased by $0.4 million, or 4%, to $9.8 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 from $10.2 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2020. The expense decreased despite an 8% increase in mutual fund and collective investment trust average AUM for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 compared to the twelve months ended December 31, 2020. AUM increases were concentrated in fund share classes where the company does not incur distribution and servicing fees. As a percentage of mutual fund and collective investment trust average AUM, distribution, servicing and custody expense was 0.17% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, compared to 0.19% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2020.
Other operating costs increased by $0.8 million to $29.3 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 from $28.6 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2020. The change in the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 compared to 2020 is driven primarily by increased professional fees and other costs incurred to support our digital transformation coupled with the recognition of a $1.2 million gain during 2020, which offset other operating costs, related to the reimbursement of prior expenses paid on behalf of our affiliated mutual funds and collective investment trusts ("the Funds and CITs") upon the settlement of the Funds and CITs claim against a third party. This increase was partially offset by an impairment loss of long-lived assets of approximately $0.7 million recognized in the twelve months ended December 31, 2020 resulting from a downturn in the commercial real estate market during 2020. As a percentage of revenue, other operating costs for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 was 20% compared to 23% for twelve months ended December 31, 2020.
Non-Operating Income (Loss)
Non-operating income for the year ended December 31, 2021 was $0.6 million, an increase of $0.6 million, from non-operating income of less than $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The following table reflects the components of non-operating income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:
Year Ended December 31, Period-to-Period
2021 2020 $ %
(in thousands)
Non-operating income (loss)
Interest expense $ (23) $ (11) $ (12) (109) %
Interest and dividend income (1)
401 934 (533) (57) %
Change in liability under tax receivable agreement (2)
(620) (1,803) 1,183 66 %
Net gains (losses) on investments (3)
820 888 (68) (8) %
Total non-operating income (loss) $ 578 $ 8 $ 570 7,125 %
__________________________
(1)The decrease in interest and dividend income for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 compared to 2020 is attributable to a decrease in investments, including U.S. Treasury notes and bills, corporate bonds and other short-term investments to optimize cash management opportunities, coupled with a decrease in interest rates.
(2)The change in the liability under the tax receivable agreement for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 is driven by an increase in the Company's expected tax benefits under the tax receivable agreement with the other holders of units of Manning & Napier Group and the corresponding changes in the payment of such benefits. The change during the twelve months ended December 31, 2020 is driven by the tax benefits realized with the enactment of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act ("CARES Act") on March 27, 2020.
(3)The amount of net gain on investments held by us, to provide initial cash seeding for product development purposes and to hedge economic exposure to market movements on our deferred compensation plan, will vary depending on the performance and overall amount of our investments.
Provision for (Benefit from) Income Taxes
Our provision for income taxes was $6.0 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, compared to a benefit of $0.1 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2020. The expense increase is attributed primarily to an increase in income before provision for incomes taxes, coupled with the 2020 enactment of the CARES Act which includes, among other things, the elimination of certain restrictions on recognizing net operating losses. As a result, during the twelve months ended December 31, 2020, we recognized an income tax benefit of $1.9 million related to the favorable rate applied to our net operating losses. Further, for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, a higher portion of Manning & Napier Group's earnings is subject to taxation at the C-Corporation level when compared to the same period in 2020. Manning & Napier Inc.'s weighted ownership of Manning & Napier Group was 94.1% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, compared to 72.6% during the same period of 2020. This increase is primarily the result of the annual exchange process between the Company and the holders of its non-controlling interests. In addition, during the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, we reached a settlement with a certain state related to our 2016, 2017 and 2018 corporate income tax returns. As a result, we recognized approximately $0.3 million within the provision for income taxes during the twelve months ended December 31, 2021.
Supplemental Non-GAAP Financial Information
To provide investors with greater insight into operating results, promote transparency, facilitate comparison of period-to-period results, and to allow a more comprehensive understanding of information used by management in its financial and operational decision-making, we supplement our consolidated statements of operations presented on a GAAP basis with non-GAAP financial measures of earnings. We use economic income, economic net income and economic net income per adjusted share as financial measures to evaluate the profitability and efficiency of our business as a whole in the ordinary, ongoing and customary course of its operations. Economic income, economic net income and economic net income per adjusted share are not presented in accordance with GAAP.
Economic income presents a non-GAAP financial measure of the controlling and non-controlling interests of Manning & Napier Group and excludes from income before provision for income taxes strategic restructuring and transaction costs, net. We define strategic restructuring and transaction costs, net, as items related to our ongoing strategic review focused on the
evolution of our distribution strategy and technology initiatives. These costs include severance-related costs, certain consulting and other professional service fees, lease and other contract termination costs, and gain or loss on sale of a business.
Economic net income is a non-GAAP measure of after-tax operating performance for the controlling and non-controlling interests of Manning & Napier Group and equals the Company’s income before provision for (benefit from) income taxes less adjusted income taxes. Adjusted income taxes are estimated assuming the exchange of all outstanding units of Manning & Napier Group into Class A common stock on a one-to-one basis. Therefore, all income of Manning & Napier Group allocated to the units of Manning & Napier Group is treated as if it were allocated to Manning & Napier and represents an estimate of income tax expense at an effective rate of 19.5% and 13.3% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, reflecting assumed federal, state and local income taxes.
Economic net income per adjusted share is equal to economic net income divided by the total number of adjusted Class A common shares outstanding. The number of adjusted Class A common shares outstanding for all periods presented is determined by assuming the weighted average exchangeable units of Manning & Napier Group, weighted average unvested restricted stock unit, weighted average unvested restricted stock awards and weighted average vested stock options are converted into the Company’s outstanding Class A common stock as of the respective reporting date, on a one-to-one basis. The Company’s management uses economic net income, among other financial data, to determine the earnings available to distribute as dividends to holders of its Class A common stock and to the holders of the units of Manning & Napier Group.
Investors should consider the non-GAAP financial measures in addition to, and not as a substitute for, financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP. Additionally, our non-GAAP measures may differ from similar measures used by other companies, even if similar terms are used to identify such measures.
The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, our other financial and operating data:
Year Ended December 31,
2021 2020
(in thousands, except share data)
Economic income (Non-GAAP)
$ 35,942 $ 16,659
Economic net income (Non-GAAP)
$ 28,933 $ 14,449
Economic net income per adjusted share (Non-GAAP)
$ 1.24 $ 0.33
Weighted average adjusted Class A common stock outstanding (Non-GAAP) 23,247,330 43,376,345
The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to GAAP measures:
Year Ended December 31,
2021 2020
(in thousands, except share data)
Net income attributable to Manning & Napier, Inc.
$ 25,105 $ 10,004
Add back: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests
1,967 3,922
Add back: Provision for (benefit from) income taxes 6,032 (106)
Income before provision for (benefit from) income taxes 33,104 13,820
Add back: strategic restructuring and transaction costs, net (1)
2,838 2,839
Economic income (Non-GAAP) 35,942 16,659
Adjusted income taxes (Non-GAAP) 7,009 2,210
Economic net income (Non-GAAP) $ 28,933 $ 14,449
Weighted average shares of Class A common stock outstanding - Basic 17,752,854 16,147,469
Assumed vesting, conversion or exchange of:
Weighted average Manning & Napier Group units outstanding (noncontrolling interest)
1,214,386 23,501,636
Weighted average unvested restricted stock units and stock awards
3,840,377 3,348,864
Weighted average vested stock options
439,713 378,376
Weighted average adjusted shares (Non-GAAP)
23,247,330 43,376,345
Economic net income per adjusted share (Non-GAAP)
$ 1.24 $ 0.33
__________________________
(1) Strategic restructuring and transaction costs, net, are included in the following financial statement line items of our consolidated statements of operations:
Year Ended December 31,
2021 2020
(in thousands)
Compensation and related costs
$ 1,403 $ 1,403
Other operating costs
1,435 1,436
Total strategic restructuring and transaction costs $ 2,838 $ 2,839
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Historically, our cash and liquidity needs have been met primarily through cash generated by our operations and cash and cash equivalents on hand. Our financial condition at December 31, 2021 was highly liquid, with a significant amount of our assets comprised of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and investment securities held by us for the purpose of optimizing short-term cash management and providing initial cash seeding for product development purposes.
The following table sets forth certain key financial data relating to our liquidity and capital resources as of December 31, 2021 and 2020:
Year Ended December 31,
2021 2020
(in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents $ 73,489 $ 57,635
Accounts receivable $ 13,851 $ 11,915
Investment securities $ 24,608 $ 23,497
Amounts payable under tax receivable agreement (1)
$ 17,772 $ 18,979
__________________________
(1)In light of numerous factors affecting our obligation to make such payments, the timing and amounts of any such actual payments are based on our best estimate as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, including our ability to realize the expected tax benefits. Actual payments may significantly differ from estimated payments.
We have no material assets other than our ownership of Class A units of Manning & Napier Group and, accordingly, will depend on distributions from Manning & Napier Group to pay taxes and operating expenses, as well as any dividends we may pay. As managing member of Manning & Napier Group, we will determine the timing and amount of any distributions to be paid to its members. We intend to cause Manning & Napier Group to distribute cash to its members, including us, in an amount sufficient to cover taxes and operating expenses, including dividends, if any, declared by us. If we do cause Manning & Napier Group to make such distributions, Manning & Napier Group Holdings, LLC ("M&N Group Holdings"), the only other holder of units of Manning & Napier Group not held by Manning & Napier, Inc., will be entitled to receive equivalent distributions on a pari-passu basis.
In determining the sufficiency of liquidity and capital resources to fund our business, we regularly monitor our liquidity position, including among other things, cash, working capital, long-term liabilities, lease commitments and operating company distributions.
On February 3, 2021, the Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program authorizing the purchase of up to $10.0 million of Manning & Napier Inc. Class A common shares. Given the strength of our balance sheet and cash position, the Company intended to use the approved share repurchase program to help offset dilution created from the awards issued under the Company’s long-term incentive plan to our employees during the first quarter of 2021. These equity awards were valued at approximately $6.0 million and will vest over 5 years from the date of grant. The authority to repurchase shares under this program expired on December 31, 2021. We funded the program through cash on hand and cash flow. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, Manning & Napier Inc. purchased a total of 749,005 Class A common shares using approximately $5.7 million in cash.
On February 6, 2022, the Board of Directors reauthorized a share repurchase program authorizing the purchase of up to $10.0 million of Manning & Napier Inc. Class A common shares. The authority to repurchase shares will be exercised from time to time as market conditions warrant, is subject to regulatory considerations and will expire on December 31, 2022. The timing, amount, and other terms and conditions of any repurchases will be determined by management at its discretion based on a variety of factors, including the market price of shares, general market and economic conditions, and legal requirements. It is possible that no shares will be repurchased. The repurchase program may be modified, discontinued or suspended at any time. The Company currently intends to fund the program through cash on hand and future cash flow.
Given the continued strength of our balance sheet during the six months ended June 30, 2021, along with the renewed stability of our earnings, our Board of Directors reinstated the cash dividends on our Class A common stock while continuing our share repurchase program. As such, on July 20, 2021, the Board of Directors declared a $0.05 per share dividend to the holders of Class A common stock. The dividend was paid on August 16, 2021 to shareholders of record as of August 2, 2021. On October 22, 2021, the Board of Directors declared a $0.05 per share dividend to the holders of Class A common stock. The dividend was paid on November 22, 2022 to shareholders of record as of November 8, 2022. On March 2, 2022, the Company's Board of Directors declared a $0.05 per share dividend to the holders of Class A common stock. The dividend is payable on or about March 30, 2022 to shareholders of record as of March 16, 2022. These cash dividends on our Class A common stock
were, and any future dividends would be, funded from our portion of distributions made by Manning & Napier Group, from its available cash generated from operations.
The Company is nearing the completion of the 2022 exchange period whereby 428,812 eligible Class A units of Manning & Napier Group held by M&N Group Holdings may be tendered for redemption or exchange. In connection with the exchange, the Company has the ability to pay an amount of cash equal to the number of units tendered multiplied by the 15 day average closing price of one share of the Company's Class A common stock less a market discount and expected expenses, or at the Company's election issue shares of Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis for each unit tendered.
With approximately $98.1 million in cash and investment securities on hand as of December 31, 2021, we expect that we have sufficient liquidity available to meet our needs for the foreseeable future. We believe cash on hand and cash generated from operations will be sufficient over the next twelve months to meet our working capital requirements.
Cash Flows
The following table sets forth our cash flows for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. Operating activities consist primarily of net income subject to adjustments for changes in operating assets and liabilities, equity-based compensation expense, changes in the liability under the TRA, deferred income taxes and depreciation and amortization. Investing activities consist primarily of the purchase and sale of investments for the purpose of providing initial cash seeding for product development and cash management purposes and purchases of property and equipment. Financing activities consist primarily of distributions to noncontrolling interests, purchases of treasury stock, dividends paid on our Class A common stock, payment of shares withheld to satisfy withholding requirements and purchases of Class A units held by noncontrolling interests of Manning & Napier Group.
Years Ended December 31,
2021 2020
(in thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 31,327 $ 17,613
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities (762) 67,357
Net cash used in financing activities (14,711) (94,423)
Net change in cash flows $ 15,854 $ (9,453)
Operating Activities
Operating activities provided $31.3 million and $17.6 million of net cash for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. This overall $13.7 million increase in net cash provided by operating activities for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 compared to 2020 was attributed to an increase in net income after adjustment for non-cash items of approximately $15.9 million during the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 compared to the same period of 2020. The increase in net income after adjustment for non-cash items of $36.5 million during the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 compared to $20.7 million during the same period in 2020 was driven by higher revenues resulting from an increase in our average AUM. This increase in net cash was partially offset by changes in operating assets and operating liabilities of approximately $2.1 million, driven by the timing and amount of payments of accrued incentive compensation and an increase in payments pursuant to the TRA with approximately $3.5 million and $0.3 million paid during the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Investing Activities
Investing activities used $0.8 million and provided $67.4 million of net cash for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. This change was driven by a decrease in cash from investing activities of $68.0 million due to our funding of and timing of activity within our investment securities. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, we received approximately $0.4 million, net, from the purchase, sale and maturity of investment securities compared to receiving $67.6 million in the same period of 2020, primarily related to the sale of investment securities in order help fund the redemption of Class A units during the six months ended June 30, 2020. We used approximately $0.4 million and $0.2 million of cash for the purchases of property and equipment during the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Financing Activities
Financing activities used $14.7 million and $94.4 million of net cash for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. This overall $79.7 million decrease in net cash used in financing activities was primarily the result of cash used for the redemption of Class A units of Manning & Napier Group pursuant to the annual exchange process, existing since the time of our IPO, of $90.8 million in 2020, whereas the Company settled the exchange in 2021 utilizing 1,592,969 Class A common shares of the Company. This decrease in cash used was partially offset by an increase in cash used for the
payment of shares withheld to satisfy withholding requirements in connection with the vesting of restricted stock units and exercise of stock options and the purchase of treasury shares during the twelve months ended December 31, 2021. The increase in cash used for the payment of shares withheld to satisfy withholding requirements on equity awards of $4.1 million compared to 2020 is attributed to the timing and amount of stock options exercised during the twelve months ended December 31, 2021. In addition, during the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 we used cash of $5.7 million for the purchase of treasury shares under the 2021 share repurchase program. We used cash of approximately $1.8 million and $0.6 million during the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, for dividends paid on Class A common stock.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide this information.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
Our consolidated financial statements listed in Item 15 are filed as part of this report on pages through and are incorporated by reference in this Item 8.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2021 pursuant to Rule 13a-15 under the Exchange Act. Based on that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that, as of December 31, 2021, our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) were effective to ensure that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as the term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended December 31, 2021 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over our financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, has assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013).
Based on the assessment using those criteria, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2021, our internal control over financial reporting was effective.
The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report appearing on page of this Annual Report, which expresses an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 9B. Other Information.
None.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
Information required by this item will be in our definitive Proxy Statement for our 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which will be filed within 120 days of the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 (our “Proxy Statement”) and is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Item 11. Executive Compensation
Information required by this item will be set forth in our Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
Information required by this item will be set forth in our Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
Information required by this item will be set forth in our Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
Our independent registered public accounting firm is PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, Rochester, NY, Auditor Firm ID: 238.
Information required by this item will be set forth in our Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.
(a)The following documents are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:
(1)Financial Statements
(i)Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as of December 31, 2021 and 2020
(ii)Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020
(iii)Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020
(iv)Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020
(v)Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020
(vi)Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(2)Financial Statement Schedules
There are no Financial Statement Schedules filed as part of this Annual Report on 10-K, as the required information is included in our consolidated financial statements and in the notes thereto.
(b)Exhibit Index:
Exhibit No. Description
3.1 Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Manning & Napier, Inc. is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 28, 2012.
3.2 Amended and Restated Bylaws of Manning & Napier, Inc. are incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 30, 2020.
4.1 Form of specimen certificate representing Manning & Napier, Inc.’s Class A common stock is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Amendment No. 4 of the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-175309) of the Company, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 7, 2011.
4.2 Description of Securities.
4.3 Rights Agreement between Manning & Napier, Inc. and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC, including Form of Right Certificate as Exhibit A, dated as of April 14, 2020, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 14, 2020.
10.1 Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Manning & Napier Group, LLC. is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 28, 2012.
10.2 Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of M&N Group Holdings, LLC. is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 28, 2012.
10.3 Exchange Agreement, dated as of November 23, 2011, by and among Manning & Napier, Inc. and the other parties thereto is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 28, 2012.
10.4 Tax Receivable Agreement, dated as of November 23, 2011, by and among Manning & Napier, Inc. and the other parties thereto is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 28, 2012.
10.5 Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of November 23, 2011, by and among Manning & Napier, Inc. and the other parties thereto is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 28, 2012.
10.6* Manning & Napier, Inc. 2011 Equity Compensation Plan is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 28, 2012.
10.8* Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement, as amended December 1, 2018, under the Manning & Napier, Inc. 2011 Equity Compensation Plan is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the Securities Exchange Commission on March 27, 2019.
10.9* Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement, as amended February 1, 2020, under the Manning & Napier, Inc. 2011 Equity Compensation Plan is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the Securities Exchange Commission on March 13, 2020.
10.10* Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement, as amended January 13, 2021, under the Manning & Napier, Inc. 2011 Equity Compensation Plan is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, filed with the Securities Exchange Commission on March 17, 2021.
10.11* Manning & Napier 2018 Long-Term Incentive Plan is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the Securities Exchange Commission on March 27, 2019.
10.12* Form of LTIP Award Agreement under the Manning & Napier 2018 Long-Term Incentive Plan - Manning & Napier Fund, Inc. Investment.
10.13* Form of LTIP Award Agreement under the Manning & Napier 2018 Long-Term Incentive Plan - Deferred Incentive Compensation Program.
10.14* Form of Stock Option Agreement under the Manning & Napier, Inc. 2011 Equity Compensation Plan is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to Amendment No. 2 of the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-175309) of the Company, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 23, 2011.
10.15 Form of Indemnification Agreement is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to Amendment No. 2 of the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-175309) of the Company, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 26, 2011.
10.16* Employment Agreement, dated January 30, 2019, of Marc Mayer is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the Securities Exchange Commission on March 27, 2019.
10.17* Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement, dated January 30, 2019, by and between Manning & Napier, Inc., and Marc Mayer is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the Securities Exchange Commission on March 27, 2019.
10.18* Time-Vesting Stock Option Agreement, dated January 30, 2019, by and between Manning & Napier, Inc., and Marc Mayer is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the Securities Exchange Commission on March 27, 2019.
10.19* Performance-Vesting Stock Option Agreement, dated January 30, 2019, by and between Manning & Napier, Inc., and Marc Mayer is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the Securities Exchange Commission on March 27, 2019.
10.20 First Amendment to Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of M&N Group Holdings, LLC is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.23 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 15, 2013.
10.21 Amendment to Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Manning & Napier Group, LLC is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 16, 2015.
10.22 Amendment to Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of M&N Group Holdings, LLC is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 16, 2015.
10.23 Purchase Agreement, dated June 28, 2019, by and between Manning & Napier Group, LLC, Manning Partners, LLC and Perspective Partners, LLC is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 13, 2019.
10.24 Third Amendment to the Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of M&N Group Holdings, LLC dated as of March 3, 2020 by and among the Members of M&N Group Holdings, LLC is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 15, 2020.
10.25 Fourth Amendment to the Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of M&N Group Holdings, LLC dated as of January 1, 2021, by and among the Members of M&N Group Holdings, LLC.
10.26 Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Manning & Napier Group, LLC dated as of March 3, 2020 by and among the members of Manning & Napier Group, LLC is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 15, 2020.
10.27* First Amendment to Employment Agreement of Marc Mayer, effective December 31, 2020, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities Exchange Commission on January 7, 2021.
10.28 Share Redemption and Exchange Agreement by and among Manning & Napier, Inc., M&N Group Holdings, LLC and Manning & Napier Group, LLC, dated June 30, 2021, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 6, 2021.
10.29 Share Redemption and Exchange Agreement between M&N Group Holdings, LLC and MNA Advisors, Inc., dated June 30, 2021, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 6, 2021.
10.30 Share Redemption and Exchange Agreement by and among Manning & Napier, Inc., Manning & Napier Group, LLC and Manning & Napier Capital Company, LLC, dated June 30, 2021, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 6, 2021.
10.31 Form of Share Redemption and Exchange Agreement between Manning & Napier Capital Company, LLC and unitholders of Manning & Napier Capital Company, LLC, dated June 30, 2021, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 6, 2021.
10.32 Substitution and Assumption Agreement and Release between Manning & Napier, Inc., M&N Group Holdings, LLC, MNA Advisors, Inc., Manning & Napier Capital Company, LLC, and each of the other parties thereto, dated as of December 31, 2021.
10.33 Form of Joinder Agreement
21.1 Subsidiaries of Manning & Napier, Inc.
23.1 Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP
31.1 Certification of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 Certification of the Company’s Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1 Certification of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2 Certification of the Company’s Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101 Materials from the Manning & Napier, Inc. Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, formatted in Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL); (i) Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity, (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (iv) related Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (included in Exhibit 101)
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* Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement