EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 749251
Filing Year: 2024
Filename: 749251_10-K_2024_0000749251-24-000006.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
ITEM 1. BUSINESS.
GENERAL
Gartner, Inc. (NYSE: IT) delivers actionable, objective insight that drives smarter decisions and stronger performance on an organization’s mission-critical priorities.
We are a trusted advisor and an objective resource for close to 15,000 enterprises in approximately 90 countries and territories- across all major functions, in every industry and enterprise size.
Gartner delivers its products and services globally through three business segments - Research, Conferences and Consulting, as described below.
Research equips executives and their teams from every function and across all industries with actionable, objective insight, guidance and tools. Our experienced experts deliver all this value informed by a combination of practitioner-sourced and data-driven research to help our clients address their mission critical priorities.
Conferences provides executives and teams across an organization the opportunity to learn, share and network. From our Gartner Symposium/Xpo series, to industry-leading conferences focused on specific business roles and topics, to peer-driven sessions, our offerings enable attendees to experience the best of Gartner insight and guidance.
Consulting serves senior executives leading technology-driven strategic initiatives leveraging the power of Gartner’s actionable, objective insight. Through custom analysis and on-the-ground support we enable optimized technology investments and stronger performance on our clients’ mission critical priorities.
The fiscal year of Gartner is the twelve-month period from January 1 through December 31. All references to 2023, 2022 and 2021 herein refer to the fiscal year unless otherwise indicated. When used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the terms “Gartner,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” refer to Gartner, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.
MARKET OVERVIEW
Enterprise leaders face enormous pressure to stay ahead and grow profitably amidst constant changes. Whether it is a digital transformation, a global health crisis, large-scale regulatory changes, or other unique challenges, business leaders today are facing significant disruptive changes. We believe that enterprises cannot be operationally effective unless they incorporate the right strategy, management and technology decisions into every part of their business. This requirement affects all business levels, functions and roles. Executives and their teams turn to Gartner for decision-making and execution guidance to achieve their mission-critical priorities.
OUR SOLUTION
We believe our combination of expert-led, practitioner-sourced and data-driven research steers clients toward the right decisions and actions on the issues that matter most. Organizations are overrun with data and information. Gartner helps eliminate this information chaos and provides clarity with actionable, objective insight. We employ a diversified business model that utilizes and leverages the breadth and depth of our differentiated intellectual capital. The foundation of our business model is our ability to create and distribute our proprietary research content as broadly as possible via published reports, interactive tools, facilitated peer networking, briefings and direct communications with executives and their teams; our conferences, including the Gartner Symposium/Xpo series; and consulting and advisory services.
PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
Our diversified business model provides multiple entry points and sources of value for our clients that lead to increased client spending on our research and advisory services, conferences and consulting services. A critical part of our long-term strategy is to increase business volume and penetration with our most valuable clients, identifying relationships with the greatest sales potential and expanding those relationships by offering strategically relevant research and insight. We also seek to extend the Gartner brand name to develop new client relationships, augment our sales capacity and expand into new markets around the world. These initiatives have created additional revenue streams through more effective packaging, campaigning and cross-selling of our products and services. In addition, we seek to increase our revenue and operating cash flow through more effective pricing of our products and services.
Our principal products and services are delivered through our three business segments, as described below.
•RESEARCH. Gartner delivers independent, objective insight to leaders across an enterprise through subscription services that include on-demand access to published research content, data and benchmarks, and direct access to a network of approximately 2,500 research experts located around the globe. Gartner research is the fundamental building block for all Gartner products and services. We combine our proprietary research methodologies with extensive industry and academic relationships to create Gartner products and services that address each role across an enterprise. Within the Research segment, Global Technology Sales (“GTS”) sells products and services to users and providers of technology, while Global Business Sales (“GBS”) sells products and services to all other functional leaders, such as human resources, supply chain, finance, and marketing.
Our research agenda is defined by clients’ needs, focusing on the critical issues, opportunities and challenges they face every day. We are in steady contact with close to 15,000 distinct client enterprises worldwide. We publish tens of thousands of pages of original research annually, and our research experts had more than 490,000 direct client interactions in 2023. Our size and scale enable us to commit vast resources toward broader and deeper research coverage and to deliver insight to our clients based on what they need and where they are. The ongoing interaction of our research experts with our clients enables us to identify the most pertinent topics to them and develop relevant product and service enhancements to meet the evolving needs of users of our research. Our proprietary research content, presented in the form of reports, briefings, updates and related tools, is delivered directly to the client’s computer or mobile device via our website and/or product-specific portals.
Clients normally sign subscription contracts that provide access to our research content and advisory services for individual users over a defined period. We typically have a minimum contract period of twelve months for our research and advisory subscription contracts and, at December 31, 2023, over 70% of our contracts were multi-year.
•CONFERENCES. Gartner conferences are designed for information technology (“IT”) and business executives as well as decision makers looking to adapt and evolve their organizations through disruption and uncertainty, navigate risks and prioritize investments. Attendees experience sessions led by Gartner research experts, and the sessions include cutting-edge technology solutions, peer exchange workshops, one-on-one analyst and advisor meetings, consulting diagnostic workshops, keynotes and more. Our conferences also provide attendees with an opportunity to interact with IT and business executives from the world’s leading companies. In addition to role-specific summits and workshop-style seminars, Gartner hosts the Gartner Symposium/Xpo series, including its unique, flagship IT Symposium/Xpo®, which is held at several locations worldwide annually. During 2023, Gartner successfully held 47 in-person conferences with more than 75,500 attendees, including eight Symposiums/Xpos. In addition, during 2023 we hosted 300+ peer networking meetings, and through the Evanta brand we hosted 350+ exclusive C-level meetings with more than 200 in-person.
•CONSULTING. Through its experienced consultants, Gartner Consulting serves chief information officers and other senior executives who are driving technology-related strategic initiatives to optimize technology investments and drive business impact. Gartner Consulting combines the power of Gartner’s market-leading research with custom analysis and on-the-ground support to help clients to turn insight and advice into action and impact.
Consulting solutions capitalize on Gartner assets that are invaluable to IT decision-making, including: (1) our extensive research, which ensures that our consulting analyses and advice are based on a deep understanding of the IT environment and the business of IT; (2) our market independence, which keeps our consultants focused on our clients’ success; and (3) our market-leading benchmarking capabilities, which provide relevant comparisons and best practices to assess and improve performance. Additionally, we provide actionable solutions for a range of IT-related priorities, including IT cost optimization, digital transformation and IT sourcing optimization.
COMPETITION
We believe that the principal factors that differentiate us from our competitors are as follows:
•Superior research content - We believe that we create the broadest, highest-quality and most relevant research coverage across all major functional roles in an enterprise. Our independent operating model and research analysis generates unbiased insight that we believe is timely, thought-provoking and comprehensive, and that is known for its high quality, independence and objectivity.
•Our leading brand name - We have provided critical, trusted insight under the Gartner name for more than 40 years.
•Our global footprint and established customer base - We have a global presence with clients in approximately 90 countries and territories on six continents. A substantial portion of our revenue is derived from sales outside of the United States.
•Insight that creates connections - Our global community of experts, analysts and peers help provide the deep relationships that help clients stay ahead of the curve.
•Experienced management team - Our management team is comprised of research veterans and experienced industry executives with long tenure at Gartner.
•Substantial operating leverage in our business model - We can distribute our intellectual property and expertise across multiple platforms, including research and advisory subscription and membership programs, conferences and consulting engagements, to derive incremental revenue and profitability.
•Vast network of research experts and consultants - As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately 2,500 research experts and 950 experienced consultants located around the world. Our research experts are located in more than 30 countries and territories, enabling us to cover vast aspects of business and technology on a global basis.
Notwithstanding these differentiating factors, we face competition from a significant number of independent providers of information products and services. We compete indirectly with consulting firms and other data and information providers, including electronic and print media companies. These indirect competitors could choose to compete directly with us in the future. In addition, we face competition from free sources of information that are available to our clients through the internet. Limited barriers to entry exist in the markets in which we do business. As a result, new competitors may emerge and existing competitors may start to provide additional or complementary services. While we believe the breadth and depth of our research positions us well versus our competition, increased competition could result in loss of market share, diminished value in our products and services, reduced pricing, and increased sales and marketing expenditures.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
Our success has resulted in part from proprietary methodologies, software, reusable knowledge capital and other intellectual property rights. We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark, trade secret, confidentiality, non-compete and other contractual provisions to protect our intellectual property rights. We have policies related to confidentiality, ownership, and the use and protection of Gartner’s intellectual property. We also enter into agreements with our employees and third parties as appropriate that protect our intellectual property, and we enforce these agreements if necessary. We recognize the value of our intellectual property in the marketplace and vigorously identify, create and protect it. Additionally, we actively monitor and enforce contract compliance by our end users.
HUMAN CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
We believe our people are our most valuable asset, enabling our sustained track record of growth. From attracting diverse talent through our recruitment process, to cultivating that talent with learning and development opportunities and rewards for strong performers, to supporting overall wellness with meaningful benefits and engagement, we strive to put our people first. At December 31, 2023, we had 20,237 employees globally, 9,514 of which were outside of the U.S., and the overwhelming majority of our employees were full time.
Gartner is committed to providing equal employment opportunities to all applicants and employees without regard to any legally protected status. This commitment is formalized in our global and U.S. equal employment opportunity policies. We continually renew this commitment by seeking to optimize our recruitment and professional development processes, create networking and educational opportunities, celebrate heritage and history, celebrate community service, and create safe spaces for all employees. Our human capital management strategies are developed by executive management and overseen by the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors.
Diversity, Equity and Inclusion
Gartner is committed to creating a culture of inclusion - which is critical to the objectivity and independence we provide our clients. We celebrate diversity of thought and we welcome and encourage diverse perspectives. We embed Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (“DEI”) concepts into our culture and our critical people processes. Our vision is to help build a high-performing organization with a culture of equity and inclusion, enabling Gartner to guide the leaders who shape the world. Our DEI
Executive Council, composed of our CEO, Chief Human Resources Officer, CFO, General Counsel, head of DEI, and other selected leaders, drives diversity, equity and inclusion as an imperative at all levels of the organization. In addition, the DEI Center of Excellence operationalizes strategy and establishes goals against key metrics to drive greater transparency and accountability. Our teams of employees are composed of individuals from different geographies, cultures, religions, ethnicities, races, genders, sexual orientations, abilities and generations working together to solve problems. Currently, 33% of our Board of Directors and 23% of our executive management team identifies as female, and 25% of our Board of Directors identifies as racially or ethnically diverse. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 47% of our employees worldwide identified as female and 24% of employees in the U.S. identified as racially or ethnically diverse. Our employees work in 39 different countries and territories. As we continue to invest in employee self-identification and reporting efforts, we determined our employees were represented by more than 130 self-identified nationalities.
We emphasize the importance of inclusion to leaders and managers and the value of fostering a sense of belonging within their teams. We continue to invest in learning opportunities to develop DEI at Gartner through training modules on important topics such as bias, empathy, equity, equality and individual identity. Our learning resources provide Gartner associates with awareness and clarity of expectations, equip managers with knowledge and skills to lead inclusively and support team effectiveness, inclusion and belonging.
The Company supports a number of employee-driven Employee Resource Groups (“ERGs”) that bring employees together to foster a diverse, inclusive and supportive workplace. Gartner currently has seven formal ERGs supporting underrepresented racial, ethnic and multicultural backgrounds, women, the LGBTQ+ community, veterans, and people with disabilities. Participation in ERGs is voluntary and open to all employees. In 2023, over 6,000 Gartner associates were members of at least one ERG.
Total Rewards
We seek to invest in meaningful, innovative and inclusive compensation and benefit programs that support physical, financial and emotional well-being of our employees. In addition to salaries, these programs (which vary by country/region) include annual bonuses, stock awards, an employee stock purchase plan, 401(k) matching, healthcare and insurance benefits, tax savings programs, such as health and dependent care flexible spending accounts, health savings account and pretax commuter benefits, generous paid time off, paid parental leave, life and disability insurance, business travel accident insurance, charity matching, employee assistance programs, tuition assistance and on-site services, such as fitness centers, among others.
We also provide a number of free mental and behavioral health resources, including access to the Employee Assistance Program for employees and their dependents. We believe our total rewards programs facilitate associate retention and also encourage high performance.
Talent Development, Retention and Training
Gartner aims to foster a culture of lifelong learning, getting feedback and evolving. In addition to helping employees unlock their full potential through mechanisms like continuous feedback and performance appraisals, we have dedicated programs designed to develop effective leaders. We also offer rotational programs and an online learning experience platform for employees called GartnerYou. In 2023, GartnerYou offered approximately 39,000 learning resources, with over 375,000 completions globally. Since our Sales and Research & Advisory teams make up approximately 45% of total employees worldwide, we also have formal, dedicated programs to help train and onboard new hires as well as more experienced managers and leaders within Sales and Research & Advisory. In 2023, Gartner continued to transform and refine how we onboard new sales associates, so they more quickly develop the core competencies tied to sales success. Rooted in learning and development best practices, the refined training program operates in a scalable model that provides new sales associates in their first year with access to approximately 2,800 well-paced, just-in-time learning assets. In 2023 more than 6,500 sales associates participated. Through these programs, we believe our teams develop role-specific knowledge and skills, increase productivity and improve performance.
We also strive to develop an inclusive and engaging environment that makes Gartner a vibrant, exciting place to work. We believe the greatest catalyst to engagement comes from leadership - particularly their efforts to set direction, allocate resources, and build individual and organizational capability. We embed our associate survey efforts across the enterprise so that the insight we glean can help leaders at various levels understand the opportunities for effecting organizational growth. Survey results are used for a number of enterprise-wide and business-unit-specific initiatives targeting key areas of engagement and retention, such as leadership effectiveness, career development, business process improvement, and more. In 2023, associate turnover continued to decrease as compared with the prior year. Our average tenure increased slightly from 4.5 years
in 2022 to 5.0 years, primarily due to a decrease in associate turnover and a heavy focus on growth through Gartner internal mobility initiatives.
Our Communities and the Environment
Our associates have a long history of individual and team volunteering. Gartner facilitates a charity match program. In 2023, over 17% of associates made matched donations to more than 4,100 nonprofits, amounting to over $7.6 million donated by Gartner and its associates. In 2023, Gartner associates also logged approximately 15,000 volunteer hours supporting communities around the world. Finally, in 2023, the Science Based Targets initiative validated our near-term emissions targets. Gartner's commitment is to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2035 in accordance with the Science Based Targets initiative’s Net-Zero Standard. We provide associates an opportunity to engage on environmental sustainability topics and help advance our Net-Zero strategy through the Gartner Green Team, a voluntary, associate-driven group. In 2023, the Green Team had over 750 members. Additionally, we introduced a sustainability training module available to all associates interested in learning more about Gartner’s sustainability efforts.
We encourage you to review our Corporate Responsibility Report located on our website at gartner.com, under the “Corporate Responsibility” link in the “About” tab for more detailed information regarding our Human Capital programs and initiatives. Nothing on our website, including our Corporate Responsibility Report or sections thereof, shall be deemed incorporated by reference into this Annual Report, or any other filing we make with the SEC.
GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS
Our U.S. government contracts are subject to the approval of appropriations by the U.S. Congress to fund the agencies contracting for our products and services. Additionally, our contracts at the state and local levels, as well as foreign government contracts, are subject to various governmental authorizations and funding approvals and mechanisms. Certain of these contracts may be terminated at any time by the government entity without cause or penalty.
AVAILABLE INFORMATION
Our internet address is gartner.com and the Investor Relations section of our website is at investor.gartner.com. We make available free of charge, on or through the Investor Relations section of our website, printable copies of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Unless expressly noted, the information on our website or any other website is not incorporated by reference in this Form 10-K and should not be considered part of this Form 10-K or any other filing we make with the SEC.
Also available at investor.gartner.com, under the “Governance” link, are printable and current copies of our: (i) CEO and CFO Code of Ethics, which applies to our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Controller and other financial managers; (ii) Global Code of Conduct, which applies to all Gartner officers, directors and employees, wherever located; (iii) Principles and Practices of the Board of Directors of Gartner, Inc., the corporate governance principles that have been adopted by our Board; and (iv) charters for each of the Board’s standing committees: Audit, Compensation and Governance/Nominating. We will disclose any waiver we grant to an executive officer or director under our Code of Ethics, or certain amendments to the Code of Ethics, on our website at investor.gartner.com, under the “Governance” link.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.
We operate in a highly competitive and rapidly changing environment that involves numerous risks and uncertainties, some of which are beyond our control. In addition, we and our clients are affected by global economic conditions and trends. The following sections address significant factors, events and uncertainties that make an investment in our securities risky. We urge you to consider carefully the factors described below and the risks that they present for our operations, as well as the risks addressed in other reports and materials that we file with the SEC and the other information, included or incorporated by reference in this Form 10-K. When the factors, events and contingencies described below or elsewhere in this Form 10-K materialize, there could be a material adverse impact on our business, prospects, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows, and therefore have a potential negative effect on the trading price of our common stock. Additional risks not currently known to us or that we now deem immaterial may also harm us and negatively affect your investment. In addition to the effects of the global economic and geopolitical climate on our business and operations discussed in Item 7 of this Form 10-K and in the risk factors below, additional or unforeseen effects from the global economic and geopolitical climate may give
rise to or amplify many of these risks discussed below. Risks in this section are grouped in the following categories: (1) strategic and operational risks; (2) macroeconomic and industry risks; and (3) legal and regulatory risks. Many risks affect more than one category, and the risks are not in order of significance or probability of occurrence because they have been grouped by categories.
Strategic and Operational Risks
We may not be able to maintain the quality of our existing products and services. We operate in a rapidly evolving market, and our success depends on our ability to deliver high quality and timely research and analysis to our clients. Any failure to continue to provide credible and reliable information and insight that is useful to our clients could have a material adverse effect on future business and operating results. Further, if our published data, opinions or viewpoints are considered to be wrong, lack independence, or are not substantiated by appropriate research, our reputation will suffer and demand for our products and services may decline. In addition, we must continue to improve our methods for delivering our products and services in a cost-effective manner via the internet and mobile applications in an inflationary economic environment. Failure to maintain state of the art electronic delivery capabilities could materially adversely affect our future business and operating results.
We may not be able to enhance and develop our existing products and services or introduce the new products and services that are needed to remain competitive. The market for our products and services is characterized by rapidly changing needs for information and analysis. The development of new products is a complex and time-consuming process. Nonetheless, to maintain our competitive position, we must continue to anticipate the needs of our clients, develop, enhance, protect, and improve our existing products, as well as new products and services to address those needs, deliver all products and services in a timely, user-friendly and state of the art manner, and appropriately position and price new products and services relative to the marketplace and our costs of developing them. Any failure to achieve successful client acceptance of new products and services could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial position. Additionally, significant delays in new product or service releases or significant problems in creating new products or services could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial position.
Technology is rapidly evolving, and if we do not continue to develop new product and service offerings in response to these changes, our business could suffer. Disruptive technologies, including in areas of artificial intelligence (“AI”) and machine learning, are rapidly changing the environment in which we, our clients, and our competitors operate and could affect the nature of how we generate revenue. We will need to continue to respond to and anticipate these changes by enhancing our product and service offerings to maintain our competitive position. However, we may not be successful in responding to these forces and enhancing our product and service offerings on a timely basis or in a cost-efficient manner, and any enhancements we develop may not adequately address the changing needs of our clients. Our future success will depend upon our ability to develop and introduce in a timely manner new or enhance existing offerings that address the changing needs of this constantly evolving marketplace. Failure to develop products that meet the needs of our clients in a timely manner could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial position.
In addition, some of our content is exposed to Internet search engines, which help generate website traffic. Search engines often update their proprietary algorithms, which affects the placement of links to our websites. Some search engines also provide substantive content in search results, which, if expanded to the areas in which we operate, could reduce the need to enter our websites. When a major search engine changes its algorithms in a manner that negatively affects our placement in search results or makes it less likely for our target audience to enter our websites, our business, results of operations and financial position may be harmed. Similarly, some of our content is exposed to the datasets leveraged by AI chatbots, and these chatbots may provide substantive content, either with or without contribution, in query responses to users which could reduce the need to enter our websites.
Uncertainty in the development, deployment, and use of AI in our platform and products and by our customers and competitors may result in harm to our business and reputation. We use, and may expand our use of, machine learning and AI technologies in some of our products, services, and processes. Developing, testing, and deploying AI systems will require additional investment and increase our costs. If we fail to keep pace with rapidly evolving AI technological developments, our competitive position and business results may be negatively impacted. Moreover, the development, adoption, and use of generative AI technologies are still in their early stages, and ineffective or inadequate AI development or deployment practices by Gartner or third-party developers or vendors could result in unintended consequences. For example, AI algorithms that we use may be flawed or may be based on datasets that are biased or insufficient. Third parties may also be able to use AI to create technology that could reduce demand for our products. Although prohibited, clients or others may load our proprietary information into large language models, which could reduce the value of our offerings. In addition, the introduction of AI technologies, particularly generative AI, into new or existing offerings may result in new or expanded risks and liabilities, due to enhanced
governmental or regulatory scrutiny, litigation, compliance issues, ethical concerns, confidentiality, data privacy or security risks, as well as other factors that could adversely affect our business, reputation, and financial results.
Our Research business depends on renewals of subscription-based services and sales of new subscription-based services for a significant portion of our revenue, and our failure to renew at historical rates or generate new sales of such services will lead to a decrease in our revenues. A large portion of our success depends on our ability to generate renewals of our subscription-based research products and services and new sales of such products and services, both to new clients and existing clients. These products and services constituted approximately 76% of total revenues from our operations for both 2023 and 2022. Generating new sales of our subscription-based products and services, both to new and existing clients, is a challenging, costly, and often time-consuming process. If we are unable to generate new sales, due to competition or other factors, our revenues will be adversely affected.
Our research subscription contracts are typically for twelve months or longer. Our ability to maintain contract renewals is subject to numerous factors, including the following:
•delivering high-quality and timely analysis and insight to our clients;
•understanding and anticipating market trends and the changing needs of our clients; and
•providing products and services of the quality and timeliness necessary to withstand competition.
Additionally, as we continue to adjust our products and service offerings to meet our clients’ continuing needs, we may shift the type and pricing of our products which may impact client renewal rates. While our Research client retention rate was 84% and 86.3% for 2023 and 2022, respectively, there can be no guarantee that we will continue to maintain this rate of client renewals.
The profitability and success of our conferences and other meetings are subject to external factors beyond our control. The market for desirable dates and locations for our activities has historically been highly competitive. If we cannot secure desirable dates and suitable venues for our conferences the profitability for these conferences will suffer, and our financial position and results of operations may be adversely affected. In addition, because our conferences are scheduled in advance and held at specific locations, the success of these activities can be affected by circumstances outside of our control, such as the occurrence of or concerns related to communicable diseases (such as COVID-19), labor strikes, transportation shutdowns and travel restrictions, economic slowdowns, reductions in government spending, geopolitical crises, terrorist attacks, war, weather, natural disasters, and other occurrences impacting the global, regional, or national economies, the occurrence of any of which could negatively impact the success of the conference or meeting. We also face the challenge of procuring venues that are sizeable enough at a reasonable cost to accommodate some of our major activities.
We also face risks related to insurance coverage for our cancelled 2020 and 2021 conferences. Our event cancellation insurance included a two-year policy covering destination conferences during 2020 and 2021 and a policy covering Evanta conferences during 2020. This insurance included coverage for cancellations due to communicable diseases and enabled us to receive an amount up to the lost contribution margin per conference plus incurred expenses, as more specifically set forth in the policies’ provisions for calculating the amount of recoverable loss, and subject to the policies’ limits of liability. These policies provided up to $170 million in coverage for 2020 cancellations with the right to reinstate the policy limits for the payment of additional premium if those limits are utilized, for a maximum recovery of $340 million. The insurer has accepted and paid claims on the initial $170 million of 2020 coverage. However, the insurer has contested our right to reinstate the limits and use the reinstated limits to cover additional losses resulting from 2020 conferences cancelled due to COVID-19. Gartner's two-year event cancellation policy also covered events that were planned for 2021 but cancelled, with limits of $150 million with the right to reinstate up to that amount if the initial limits are inadequate to cover the loss. The insurer has contested all coverage for events that were planned for 2021 but were cancelled due to COVID-19, as well as Gartner’s right to reinstate the policy limits. Our insurance coverage for 2023 (and likely beyond) excludes coverage for cancellations due to communicable diseases. We are the plaintiff in litigation with the insurer and are seeking to reinstate the policy limits pursuant to the policies’ reinstatements of limits clause and recover up to an additional $170 million for events cancelled in 2020. Gartner is also seeking $150 million in initial limits for events cancelled in 2021 and to reinstate those limits up to an additional $150 million. We are also the plaintiff in litigation with the insurance broker that negotiated and procured our event cancellation insurance. Although document discovery in our cases against the insurer and insurance broker is continuing, we cannot predict how long it will take to resolve these lawsuits, whether we will be successful or the impact the resolution could have on our financial results.
Our Consulting business depends on non-recurring engagements and our failure to secure new engagements could lead to a decrease in our revenues. Consulting segment revenues constituted approximately 9% of total revenues from our on-going operations in both 2023 and 2022. Consulting engagements typically are project-based and non-recurring. In addition, revenue
from our contract optimization business can fluctuate significantly from period to period and is not predictable. Our ability to replace consulting engagements is subject to numerous factors, including the following:
•delivering consistent, high-quality consulting services to our clients;
•tailoring our consulting services to the changing needs of our clients; and
•our ability to match the skills and competencies of our consulting staff to the skills required for the fulfillment of existing or potential consulting engagements.
A material decline in our ability to replace consulting engagements will have an adverse impact on our revenues and our financial condition.
We may not be able to attract and retain qualified personnel which could jeopardize the quality of our products and services and our future growth plans. Our success is based on attracting and retaining talented employees and we depend heavily upon the quality of our senior management, research analysts, consultants, sales and other key personnel. The market for highly skilled workers and leaders in our industry is extremely competitive. We face competition for qualified professionals from, among others, technology companies, market research firms, consulting firms, financial services companies and electronic and print media companies, some of which have significant financial resources and a willingness to deploy those resources to attract and compensate these professionals. Moreover, increasing wage inflation may affect our profit margin as we strive to provide compensation packages that are competitive. We face risks related to global and industry-specific labor shortages, and competitive markets can increase attrition throughout our sector. Additionally, some of the personnel that we attempt to hire are subject to non-compete agreements that could impede our short-term recruitment efforts. Our employee hiring and retention also depend on our brand and reputation as well as our ability to build and maintain a diverse and inclusive workplace culture that enables our employees to thrive. We may also be limited in our ability to recruit internationally by restrictive domestic immigration laws, and changes to policies that restrain the flow of technical and professional talent could inhibit our ability to adequately staff our research and development and other efforts.
An inability to retain key personnel or to hire and train additional qualified personnel could materially adversely affect the quality of our products and services, as well as our future business and operating results. In addition, effective succession planning is important to our long-term success, and failure to ensure effective transfer of knowledge and smooth transitions involving key employees could hinder our strategic planning and execution.
If we are unable to enforce and protect our intellectual property rights, our competitive position may be harmed. We rely on a combination of copyright, trademark, trade secret, patent, confidentiality, non-compete and other contractual provisions to protect our intellectual property rights. Despite our efforts to protect our intellectual property rights, third parties may obtain unauthorized access to our intellectual property, technology or other information that we regard as proprietary. Our intellectual property rights may not survive a legal challenge to their validity or provide significant protection for us. Additionally, the laws and enforcement mechanisms to protect our intellectual property from unauthorized use in new technologies like AI and machine learning are evolving and may be inadequate. Further, the laws and enforcement mechanisms of certain countries, particularly in emerging markets, do not protect our proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. Conducting business in certain foreign jurisdictions may require accepting compromised protections or yielding of rights to technology, data or intellectual property in order to access those markets. Accordingly, we may not be able to protect our intellectual property against unauthorized or undesired third-party copying or use, which could adversely affect our competitive position.
From time to time third parties have asserted, and may continue to assert, intellectual property claims that our products infringe the rights of others. Such claims can be expensive and time-consuming to defend, regardless of their merit. The inability to obtain rights to use third-party intellectual property on commercially reasonable terms could also have an adverse impact on our business. We may face claims based on the theft or unauthorized use or disclosure of third-party trade secrets and other confidential business information. Any such incidents and claims could harm our business and reputation, cause us to incur significant expenses, and prevent us from selling certain products, all of which could negatively impact our business and results of operations.
Additionally, our employees are subject to restrictive covenant agreements (which include provisions related to employees’ ability to compete and solicit customers and employees) and assignment of invention agreements, to the extent permitted under applicable law. When the period expires relating to their particular restrictions, former employees may compete against us. If a former employee violates the provisions of the restrictive covenant agreement, we seek to enforce the restrictions but there is no assurance that we will be successful in our efforts, and enforceability of certain restrictive covenants may decrease significantly
due to recent regulatory scrutiny in the U.S. If the laws change to provide greater rights to employees, that could further reduce the effectiveness and enforceability of our restrictive covenant agreements.
Privacy concerns could damage our reputation and deter current and potential clients from using our products and services. Concerns relating to global data privacy have the potential to damage our reputation and deter current and prospective clients from using our products and services or attending our conferences. In the ordinary course of our business and in accordance with applicable laws, we collect personal information (i) from our employees, (ii) from the users of our products and services, including conference attendees, and (iii) from prospective clients. We collect only basic personal information from our clients and prospects. While we believe our overall data privacy procedures are adequate, the theft or loss of such data, or concerns about our practices, even if unfounded, with regard to the collection, use, disclosure, or security of this personal information or other data protection related matters could damage our reputation and materially adversely affect our operating results. Any system or process failure, or compromise of our security that results in the disclosure of our users’ personal data, could seriously limit the consumption of our products and services and the attendance at our conferences, as well as harm our reputation and brand and, therefore, our business.
We are exposed to risks related to cybersecurity. A significant portion of our business is conducted over the internet and we rely on the secure processing, storage and transmission of confidential, sensitive, proprietary and other types of information relating to our business operations and confidential and sensitive information about our customers and employees in our computer systems and networks, and in those of our third-party vendors. Individuals, groups, and state-sponsored organizations may take steps that pose threats to our operations, our computer systems, our employees, and our customers. The cybersecurity risks we face range from cyber attacks common to most industries, such as the development and deployment of malicious software to gain access to our networks and attempt to steal confidential information, launch distributed denial of service attacks, or attempt other coordinated disruptions, to more advanced threats that target us because of our prominence in the global research and advisory field.
Like many multinational corporations, we, and some third parties upon which we rely, have experienced cyber attacks on our computer systems and networks in the past and may experience them in the future, likely with more frequency and sophistication, and involving a broader range of devices and modes of attack, all of which will increase the difficulty of detecting and successfully defending against them. To date, none have resulted in any material adverse impact to our business, operations, products, services or customers. We have implemented various security controls to meet our security obligations, while also defending against constantly evolving security threats. Our security controls help to secure our information systems, including our computer systems, intranet, proprietary websites, email and other telecommunications and data networks, and we scrutinize the security of outsourced website and service providers prior to retaining their services. However, the security measures implemented by us or by our outside service providers may not be effective and our systems (and those of our outside service providers) are vulnerable to theft, loss, damage and interruption from a number of potential sources and events, including unauthorized access or security breaches, cyber attacks, computer viruses, power loss, or other disruptive events. As a result of operating in a hybrid work environment, most of our employees are working virtually for a period of time, which magnifies the importance of the integrity of our remote access security measures.
Cyber criminals use artificial intelligence tools to increase the effectiveness, speed and complexity of attacks, requiring increased vigilance and threat defense. Additionally, the security compliance landscape continues to evolve, requiring us to stay apprised of changes in cybersecurity and data privacy laws, regulations, and security requirements required by our clients, such as the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) and California Privacy Rights Act (CPRA), the Brazilian General Data Protection Law (LGPD), the Chinese Cybersecurity, Data Security and Personal Information Protection laws (and other new and proposed data protection laws), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Recent well-publicized security breaches at other companies have led to enhanced government and regulatory scrutiny of the measures taken by companies to protect against cyber attacks, and may in the future result in heightened cybersecurity requirements, including additional regulatory expectations for oversight of vendors and service providers.
A cyber attack, widespread internet failure or internet access limitations, or disruption of our critical information technology systems through denial of service, viruses, or other events could cause delays in initiating or completing sales, impede delivery of our products and services to our clients, disrupt other critical client-facing or business processes or dislocate our critical internal functions. Additionally, any material breaches of cybersecurity or other technology-related catastrophe, or media reports of perceived security vulnerabilities to our systems or those of our third parties, even if no breach has been attempted or occurred, could cause us to experience reputational harm, loss of customers and revenue, fines, regulatory actions and scrutiny, sanctions or other statutory penalties, litigation, liability for failure to safeguard our customers’ information, or financial losses that are either not insured against or not fully covered through any insurance maintained by us.
Any of the foregoing may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.
We may experience outages and disruptions of our online services if we fail to maintain an adequate operations infrastructure. Our increasing user traffic and complexity of our products and services demand more computing power. We have invested substantial amounts and expect to continue investing (as necessary) in access to data centers and equipment and in moving more of our workload into cloud services, upgrading our technology and network infrastructure to handle increased traffic on our websites, and delivering our products and services through emerging channels, such as mobile applications. However, any inefficiencies or operational failures could diminish the quality of our products, services, and user experience, resulting in damage to our reputation and loss of current and potential users, subscribers, and advertisers, potentially harming our financial condition and operating results.
Our acquisitions, dispositions, and strategic investments, involve substantial risks. We have made and may continue to make acquisitions of, or significant investments in, businesses that offer complementary products and services or otherwise support our growth objectives. The risks involved in each acquisition or investment include the possibility of paying more than the value we derive from the acquisition, dilution of the interests of our current stockholders should we issue stock in the acquisition, decreased working capital, increased indebtedness, the assumption of undisclosed liabilities and unknown and unforeseen risks, the ability to retain key personnel of the acquired company, the inability to complete the transaction due to regulatory review, the inability to integrate the business of the acquired company, increase revenue or fully realize anticipated synergies, the time to train the sales force to market and sell the products of the acquired business, the potential disruption of our ongoing business and the distraction of management from our day to day business. Additionally, we face competition in identifying acquisition targets and consummating acquisitions. Our dispositions involve additional risks and uncertainties, such as ability to sell such businesses on satisfactory price and terms and in a timely manner, or at all, disruption to other parts of the businesses and distraction of management, allocation of internal resources that would otherwise be devoted to completing strategic acquisitions, loss of key employees or customers, and exposure to unanticipated liabilities or ongoing obligations to support the businesses following such dispositions, and other adverse financial impacts. The realization of any of these risks could adversely affect our business.
We face risks related to leased office space. We lease all the properties used for our ongoing business operations. In several locations, we have consolidated our operations and sublet substantially all the excess space. Through our real estate consolidations and other related activities, we seek to secure quality subtenants with appropriate sublease terms. However, if we fail to secure quality subtenants, or subtenants default on their sublease obligations with us or otherwise terminate their subleases with us, we may experience a loss of planned sublease rental income, which could result in a material charge against our operating results.
To accommodate our growth going forward, we have moved to a global hoteling model to better manage our footprint and operating expenses, and will secure new space when the opportunities and needs arise. If the new spaces are not completed on schedule, or if the landlord defaults on its commitments and obligations pursuant to the new leases, we may incur additional expenses. In addition, unanticipated difficulties in initiating operations in a new space, including construction delays, natural disasters, IT system interruptions, or other infrastructure support problems, could result in a delay in moving into the new space, resulting in a potential loss of employee and operational productivity and a loss of revenue and/or additional expenses, which could also have an adverse, material impact on our operating results.
Our sales to governments are subject to appropriations and some may be terminated early. We derive significant revenues from research and consulting contracts with the United States government and its respective agencies, numerous state and local governments and their respective agencies, and foreign governments and their agencies. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, approximately $1.0 billion and $932 million, respectively, of our outstanding revenue contracts were attributable to government entities. Our U.S. government contracts are subject to the approval of appropriations by the U.S. Congress to fund the agencies contracting for our services. Additionally, our contracts at the state and local levels, as well as foreign government contracts, are subject to various governmental authorizations and funding approvals and mechanisms. Certain of these contracts may be terminated at any time by the government entity without cause or penalty (“termination for convenience”). In addition, contracts with U.S. federal, state and local, and foreign governments and their respective agencies are subject to increasingly complex bidding procedures and compliance requirements, as well as intense competition. Failure to adequately abide by these procedures and compliance requirements could result in an inability to contract with governments or their agencies, termination of existing contracts, or even suspension and disbarment from doing future business with a government or agency. Moreover, while terminations by governments for lack of funding have not been significant historically, should appropriations for the various governments and agencies that contract with us be curtailed, or should our government contracts be terminated for convenience, we may experience a significant loss of revenues.
We may not be able to maintain the equity in our brand name. We believe that our “Gartner” brand, in particular our independence, is critical to our efforts to attract and retain clients and top talent, and that the importance of brand recognition will increase as competition increases. We may also discover that our brand, though recognized, is not perceived to be relevant by new market segments we have targeted. We may expand our marketing activities to promote and strengthen the Gartner brand and may need to increase our marketing budget, hire additional marketing and public relations personnel, and expend additional sums to protect our brand and otherwise increase expenditures to create and maintain client brand loyalty. If we fail to effectively promote, maintain, and protect the Gartner brand, or incur excessive expenses in doing so, our future business and operating results could be materially adversely impacted.
Our outstanding debt obligations could negatively impact our financial condition and future operating results. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had outstanding debt of $274 million under its 2020 term loan and revolving credit facility (the “2020 Credit Agreement”), $800 million of Senior Notes due 2028 (the “2028 Notes”), $600 million of Senior Notes due 2029 (the “2029 Notes”) and $800 million of Senior Notes due 2030 (the “2030 Notes”). Additional information regarding the 2020 Credit Agreement, the 2028 Notes, the 2029 Notes and the 2030 Notes is included in Note 6 - Debt in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
The debt service requirements of these borrowings could impair our future financial condition and operating results. In addition, the affirmative, negative and financial covenants of the 2020 Credit Agreement, as well as the covenants related to the Senior Notes, could limit our future financial flexibility. A failure to comply with these covenants could result in acceleration of all amounts outstanding, which could materially impact our financial condition unless accommodations could be negotiated with our lenders and noteholders. No assurance can be given that we would be successful in doing so, or that any accommodations that we were able to negotiate would be on terms as favorable as those currently in place. The outstanding debt may limit the amount of cash or additional credit available to us, which could restrain our ability to expand or enhance products and services, respond to competitive pressures or pursue future business opportunities requiring substantial investments of additional capital.
We may require additional cash resources which may not be available on favorable terms or at all. We may require additional cash resources due to changed business conditions, implementation of our strategy and stock repurchase program, to repay indebtedness or to pursue future business opportunities requiring substantial investments of additional capital, including acquisitions. If our existing financial resources are insufficient to satisfy our requirements, we may seek additional borrowings or issue debt. Prevailing credit and debt market conditions may negatively affect debt availability and cost, and, as a result, financing may not be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. In addition, the incurrence of additional indebtedness would result in increased debt service obligations and could require us to agree to operating and financial covenants that would further restrict our operations.
Natural disasters, pandemics, terrorist acts, war, actions by governments, and other geopolitical activities could disrupt our operations. We operate in numerous U.S. and international locations, and we have offices in a number of major cities across the globe. The occurrence of, or concerns related to, a major weather event, earthquake, hurricane, flood, drought, volcanic activity, disease or pandemic, or other natural disaster could significantly disrupt our operations. In addition, acts of civil unrest, failure of critical infrastructure, terrorism, armed conflict (including in the Middle East), war (including the war in Ukraine), and abrupt political change, as well as responses by various governments and the international community to such acts, can have a negative effect on our business. Such events could cause delays in initiating or completing sales, impede delivery of our products and services to our clients, disrupt or shut down the internet or other critical client-facing and business processes, impede the travel of our personnel and clients, dislocate our critical internal functions and personnel, and in general harm our ability to conduct normal business operations, any of which can negatively impact our financial condition and operating results. Such events could also impact the timing and budget decisions of our clients, which could materially adversely affect our business.
Macroeconomic and Industry Risks
We are subject to risks from operating globally. We have clients in approximately 90 countries and territories and a substantial amount of our revenue is earned outside of the United States. Our operating results are subject to all of the risks typically inherent in international business activities, including general political and economic conditions in each country, challenges in staffing and managing foreign operations, changes in regulatory requirements, compliance with numerous and complex foreign laws and regulations, currency restrictions and fluctuations, the difficulty of enforcing client agreements, collecting accounts receivable and protecting intellectual property rights including against economic espionage in international jurisdictions. Further, we rely on local distributors or sales agents in some international locations. If any of these arrangements are terminated by our agent or us, we may not be able to replace the arrangement on beneficial terms or on a timely basis, or clients of the local distributor or sales agent may not want to continue to do business with us or our new agent. Additionally, tariffs, trade barriers
and restrictions, and other acts by governments to protect domestic markets or to retaliate against the trade tariffs and restrictions of other nations could negatively affect our business operations.
Our operating results could be negatively impacted by global economic conditions. Our business is impacted by general economic conditions and trends in the United States and abroad, including without limitation inflation, slowing growth, rising interest rates and recession. In its recent report, Global Economics Prospects, January 2024, the World Bank reported that global growth is projected to slow to 2.4% in 2024-the third consecutive year of deceleration-reflecting the lagged and ongoing effects of tight monetary policies to rein in decades-high inflation, restrictive credit conditions, and anemic global trade and investment. The report also notes that downside risks to the outlook predominate. The recent conflict in the Middle East, coming on top of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, has heightened geopolitical risks. Conflict escalation could lead to surging energy prices, with broader implications for global activity and inflation. Other risks highlighted in the report include financial stress related to elevated real interest rates, persistent inflation, weaker-than-expected growth in China, further trade fragmentation, and climate change-related disasters. The World Bank predicts that global growth is expected to tick up to 2.7% in 2025. The World Bank notes that the expected growth rates for 2024 and 2025 would be far below the 3.1% average of the 2010s. A downturn in growth could negatively and materially affect future demand for our products and services in general, in certain geographic regions, in particular countries, or industry sectors, or could reduce demand for our in-person conferences. In addition, U.S. federal, state and local government spending limits may reduce demand for our products and services from those governmental agencies as well as organizations that receive funding from those agencies and could negatively affect macroeconomic conditions in the United States, which could further reduce demand for our products and services. Such difficulties could negatively impact our ability to maintain or improve the various business measurements we utilize (which are defined in this Annual Report), such as contract value and consulting backlog growth, client retention, wallet retention, consulting utilization rates, and the number of attendees and exhibitors at our conferences and other meetings. Failure to achieve acceptable levels of these indicators or improve them will negatively impact our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.
We face significant competition and our failure to compete successfully could materially adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows. The markets for our products and services are characterized by intense competition and we face direct competition from a significant number of independent providers of information products and services, including information available on the internet free of charge. We also compete indirectly against consulting firms and other information providers, including electronic and print media companies, some of which have greater financial, information gathering and marketing resources than we do. These indirect competitors could also choose to compete directly with us in the future. In addition, low barriers to entry exist in the markets in which we do business. As a result, new competitors may emerge, and existing competitors may start to provide additional or complementary services. Additionally, technological advances may provide increased competition from a variety of sources.
There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully compete against current and future competitors and our failure to do so will result in loss of market share, diminished value in our products and services, reduced pricing and increased marketing expenditures. Furthermore, we will not be successful if we cannot compete effectively on quality of research and analysis, timely delivery of information, customer service, the ability to offer products to meet changing market needs for information and analysis, or price.
We are exposed to volatility in foreign currency exchange rates from our international operations. A significant portion of our revenues are typically derived from sales outside of the United States. Revenues earned outside the United States are typically transacted in local currencies, which may fluctuate significantly against the U.S. dollar. While we use forward exchange contracts to a limited extent to seek to mitigate foreign currency risk, our revenues and results of operations could be adversely affected by unfavorable foreign currency fluctuations.
Our business could be negatively impacted by climate change. While we seek to mitigate the business risks associated with climate change for our operations, there are inherent climate-related risks wherever business is conducted. Access to clean water and reliable energy in the communities where we conduct our business, whether for our offices, clients, vendors or other stakeholders is a priority. We have large offices in Connecticut, Florida, India, the United Kingdom, Spain and Australia, and other locations that are vulnerable to climate change effects. Additionally, scarcity of fuel and/or rising green energy costs may increase our operations costs or affect client travel to our Conferences. Changing market dynamics, global policy developments, and the increasing frequency and impact of extreme weather events on critical infrastructure in the U.S. and elsewhere have the potential to disrupt our business, the business of our vendors, and the business clients, and may cause us to experience higher attrition, losses and additional costs to maintain or resume operations.
Failure to achieve ESG commitments or meet stakeholder expectations in ESG could harm our reputation. We have committed to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2035 in accordance with the SBTi's Net-Zero Standard. The SBTi has
approved Gartner’s near-term science-based emissions reductions targets. Our ability to achieve these and other ESG goals is subject to numerous risks outside of our control. In addition, standards and processes for measuring and reporting carbon emissions and other sustainability metrics may change over time, and may result in inconsistent data, or could result in significant revisions to our strategies and targets, or our ability to achieve them. Our failure to achieve them or continue practices that meet evolving, and sometimes conflicting, stakeholder expectations in ESG could harm our reputation, adversely affect our ability to attract and retain employees or clients and expose us to increased scrutiny from investors and regulatory authorities.
Legal and Regulatory Risks
Our failure to comply with complex U.S. and foreign laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on our operations or financial condition. Our business and operations may be conducted in countries where corruption has historically penetrated the economy. It is our policy to comply, and to require our local partners, distributors, agents, and those with whom we do business to comply, with all applicable anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the UK Bribery Act, regulations established by the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) and with applicable local laws of the foreign countries in which we operate. There can be no assurance that all of our employees, contractors and agents will comply with the Company’s policies that mandate compliance with these laws. Any determination that we have violated or are responsible for violations of these laws, even if inadvertent, could be costly and disrupt our business, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, liquidity and cash flows, as well as on our reputation. For example, during the second half of 2018 we fully cooperated with a South African government commission established to review a wide range of issues related to the country’s revenue service, including the procurement and fulfillment of consulting agreements we entered into with the revenue service through a sales agent from late 2014 through early 2017. In parallel, we commenced an internal investigation regarding this matter. We voluntarily disclosed the matter to the SEC and Department of Justice (DOJ) in November 2018 and cooperated fully with their review. In May 2023, Gartner entered into a settlement agreement with the SEC, without admitting or denying the SEC’s allegations, which fully resolved this matter.
In addition, continuously evolving data protection laws and regulations, such as the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) and California Privacy Rights Act (CPRA), the Brazilian General Data Protection Law (LGPD), the Chinese Cybersecurity, Data Security and Personal Information laws and other new and proposed data protection laws, pose increasingly complex compliance challenges. We have implemented GDPR, CCPA, CPRA and LGPD compliance programs, as well as policies and processes to comply with the applicable Chinese data protection laws. In the meantime, Gartner will continue to maintain and rely upon our comprehensive global data protection compliance program, which includes administrative, technical, and physical controls to safeguard our associates’ and clients’ personal data. The interpretation and application of these laws in the United States, the EU, China and elsewhere are often uncertain, inconsistent and ever changing. Complying with these various laws could cause us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices in a manner adverse to our business.
We face risks related to litigation. We are, and in the future may be, subject to a variety of legal actions, such as employment, breach of contract, intellectual property-related, and business torts, including claims of unfair trade practices and misappropriation of trade secrets. Given the nature of our business, we are also subject to defamation (including libel and slander), negligence, or other claims relating to the information we publish. Regardless of the merits of any claim and despite vigorous efforts to defend any such claim, claims can affect our reputation, and responding to any such claim could be time consuming, result in costly litigation and require us to enter into settlements, royalty and licensing agreements which may not be offered or available on reasonable terms. If a claim is made against us that we cannot defend or resolve on reasonable terms, our business, brand, and financial results could be materially adversely affected.
We face risks related to taxation. We are a global company and a substantial amount of our earnings is generated outside of the United States and taxed at rates other than the U.S. statutory federal income tax rate. Our effective tax rate, financial position and results of operations could be adversely affected by earnings being higher than anticipated in jurisdictions with higher statutory tax rates and, conversely, lower than anticipated in jurisdictions that have lower statutory tax rates, by changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and/or by changes in tax laws or accounting principles and their interpretation by relevant authorities. Corporate tax reform, base-erosion efforts and tax transparency continue to be high priorities in many countries. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (“the OECD”) has issued various proposals that would change long-standing global tax principles. These proposals include a two-pillar approach to global taxation (BEPS 2.0/ Pillar Two), focusing on global profit allocation and a 15% global corporate minimum tax rate. In December 2022, the European Union adopted a directive requiring member states to incorporate similar provisions into their domestic laws, to be effective as of January 2024 and January 2025. In 2023, the OECD issued administrative guidance providing transition and safe harbor rules that may effectively delay the application of these legislative changes in certain countries until January 2027. Several countries in which Gartner does business have proposed or enacted new laws or are actively considering changes to their tax laws to align
with OECD proposals. Significant details around the provisions are still uncertain as the OECD and participating countries continue to work on defining the underlying rules and administrative procedures. Enactment of this and similar legislation could significantly increase our tax obligations in countries where we do business. These actual, potential, and other changes, both individually and collectively, could materially increase our effective tax rate and negatively impact our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. We will continue to monitor and reflect the impact of such legislative changes in future financial statements as appropriate.
In addition, our tax filings for various years are subject to examination by domestic and international taxing authorities and, during the ordinary course of business, we are under audit by various tax authorities. Recent and future actions on the part of the OECD and various governments have increased scrutiny of our tax filings. Although we believe that our tax filings and related accruals are reasonable, the final resolution of tax audits may be materially different from what is reflected in our historical tax provisions and accruals and could have a material adverse effect on our effective tax rate, financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.
Our corporate compliance program cannot guarantee that we are in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations. We operate in a number of countries, including emerging markets, and as a result we are required to comply with numerous, and in many cases, changing international and U.S. federal, state and local laws and regulations, including regulations relating to the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war. Accordingly, we have a corporate compliance program that includes the creation of appropriate policies defining employee behavior that mandate adherence to laws, employee training, annual affirmations, monitoring and enforcement. However, failure of any employee to comply with any of these laws, regulations or our policies, could result in a range of liabilities for the employee and for the Company, including, but not limited to, significant penalties and fines, sanctions and/or litigation, and the expenses associated with defending and resolving any of the foregoing, any of which could have a negative impact on our reputation and business.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES.
As of December 31, 2023, we leased approximately 15 domestic and 60 international office properties for our ongoing business operations. These offices, which exclude certain properties that we sublease to others, support our executive and administrative activities, research and consulting, sales, systems support, operations, and other functions. Our corporate office is based in Stamford, Connecticut. We also maintain an important presence in: Fort Myers, Florida; Arlington, Virginia; Egham, the United Kingdom; London, the United Kingdom; Gurgaon, India; Irving, Texas; and Barcelona, Spain. The Company does not own any real property.
Our Stamford corporate headquarters is comprised of leased office space in two buildings located on the same campus. Our lease for the Stamford headquarters facility expires in 2027 and contains three five-year renewal options at fair value.
In early 2022, we began to operate under a hybrid working environment, meaning that most of our employees have the option to work remotely at least some of the time for the foreseeable future. As a result, we believe our current real estate footprint is sufficient to support future growth.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.
We are involved in legal and administrative proceedings and litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. We believe that the potential liability, if any, in excess of amounts already accrued from all proceedings, claims and litigation will not have a material effect on our financial position, cash flows or results of operations when resolved in a future period.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.
Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “IT”. As of February 2, 2024, there were 923 holders of record of our common stock.
SECURITIES AUTHORIZED FOR ISSUANCE UNDER EQUITY COMPENSATION PLANS
The equity compensation plan information set forth in Part III, Item 12 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is hereby incorporated by reference into this Part II, Item 5.
SHARE REPURCHASES
In May 2015, our Board of Directors (the “Board”) authorized a share repurchase program to repurchase up to $1.2 billion of our common stock. The Board authorized incremental share repurchases of up to an additional $1.6 billion, $1.0 billion and $0.9 billion of the Company’s common stock during 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively. The Company adopted its Share Repurchase Plan with the goal of returning excess capital to shareholders in accordance with its capital allocation policy. The Company may repurchase its common stock from time-to-time in amounts, at prices and in the manner that the Company deems appropriate, subject to the availability of stock, prevailing market conditions, the trading price of the stock, the Company’s financial performance and other conditions. Repurchases may be made through open market purchases (which may include repurchase plans designed to comply with Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended), accelerated share repurchases, private transactions or other transactions and will be funded by cash on hand and borrowings. Repurchases may also be made from time-to-time in connection with the settlement of the Company’s stock-based compensation awards. The table below summarizes the repurchases of our common stock during the three months ended December 31, 2023 pursuant to our share repurchase program and the settlement of stock-based compensation awards.
Period Total Number of Shares Purchased
(#) Average Price Paid Per Share
($) Total Number of Shares Purchased Under Announced Programs
(#) Maximum Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
(in thousands)
October 1, 2023 to October 31, 2023 (1)
298,097 $ 338.40 297,247 $ 1,010,159
November 1, 2023 to November 30, 2023 107,493 370.36 65,148 987,098
December 1, 2023 to December 31, 2023 6,039 457.60 - $ 987,098
Total for the quarter (2)
411,629 $ 348.49 362,395
(1)On October 31, 2023, the Company's Board of Directors authorized incremental share repurchases of up to an additional $500.0 million of Gartner's common stock.
(2)The repurchased shares during the three months ended December 31, 2023 included purchases for both the settlement of stock-based compensation awards and open market purchases. All amounts presented are exclusive of the excise tax accrual.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.
The purpose of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) is to facilitate an understanding of significant factors influencing the operating results, financial condition and cash flows of Gartner, Inc. Additionally, the MD&A conveys our expectations of the potential impact of known trends, events or uncertainties that may impact future results. You should read this discussion in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Historical results and percentage relationships are not necessarily indicative of operating results for future periods. References to “Gartner,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” in this MD&A are to Gartner, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.
This MD&A provides an analysis of our consolidated financial results, segment results and cash flows for 2023 and 2022 under the headings “Results of Operations,” “Segment Results” and “Liquidity and Capital Resources.” For a similar detailed discussion comparing 2022 and 2021, refer to those headings under Item 7., “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
In addition to GAAP results, we provide foreign currency neutral dollar amounts and percentages for our revenues, certain expenses, contract values and other metrics. These foreign currency neutral dollar amounts and percentages eliminate the effects of exchange rate fluctuations and thus provide a more accurate and meaningful trend in the underlying data being measured. We calculate foreign currency neutral dollar amounts by converting the underlying amounts in local currency for different periods into U.S. dollars by applying the same foreign exchange rates to all periods presented.
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
In addition to historical information, this Annual Report on Form 10-K contains certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Forward-looking statements are any statements other than statements of historical fact, including statements regarding our expectations, beliefs, hopes, intentions, projections or strategies regarding the future. In some cases, forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of words such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “should,” “could,” “believe,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “continue” or other words of similar meaning.
We operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment that involves numerous known and unknown risks and uncertainties, some of which are beyond our control. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in any of our forward-looking statements are reasonable, actual results could differ materially from those projected or assumed in any of our forward-looking statements. Our future quarterly and annual revenues, operating income, results of operations and cash flows, as well as any forward-looking statement, are subject to change and to inherent risks and uncertainties, such as those disclosed or incorporated by reference in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Important factors that could cause our actual results, performance and achievements, or industry results to differ materially from estimates or projections contained in our forward-looking statements include, among others, the following: the impact of general economic conditions, including inflation (and related monetary policy by governments in response to inflation), on economic activity and our operations; changes in macroeconomic and market conditions and market volatility, including interest rates and the effect on the credit markets and access to capital; the impact of global economic and geopolitical conditions, including inflation, and recession; our ability to carry out our strategic initiatives and manage associated costs; our ability to recover potential claims under our event cancellation insurance; the timing of conferences and meetings, in particular our Gartner Symposium/Xpo series that normally occurs during the fourth quarter; our ability to achieve and effectively manage growth, including our ability to integrate our acquisitions and consummate and integrate future acquisitions; our ability to pay our debt obligations; our ability to maintain and expand our products and services; our ability to expand or retain our customer base; our ability to grow or sustain revenue from individual customers; our ability to attract and retain a professional staff of research analysts and consultants as well as experienced sales personnel upon whom we are dependent, especially in light of labor competition; our ability to achieve continued customer renewals and achieve new contract value, backlog and deferred revenue growth in light of competitive pressures; our ability to successfully compete with existing competitors and potential new competitors; our ability to enforce and protect our intellectual property rights; our ability to keep pace with technological developments in artificial intelligence; additional risks associated with international operations, including foreign currency fluctuations; the impact on our business resulting from changes in international conditions, including those resulting from the conflict in the Middle East, the war in Ukraine and current and future sanctions imposed by governments or other authorities; the impact of restructuring and other charges on our businesses and operations; cybersecurity incidents; risks associated with the creditworthiness, budget cuts, and shutdown of governments and agencies; our ability to meet ESG commitments; the impact of changes in tax policy (including global minimum tax legislation) and heightened scrutiny from various taxing authorities globally; changes to laws and regulations; and other risks and uncertainties. The potential fluctuations in our operating income could cause period-to-period comparisons of operating results not to be meaningful and could provide an unreliable indication of future operating results. A description of the risk factors associated with our business is included under “Risk Factors” in Item 1A. of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Forward-looking statements are subject to risks, estimates and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those discussed in, or implied by, the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such a difference include, but are not limited to, those listed above or described under “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition, historical, current and forward-looking sustainability-related statements may be based on standards for measuring progress that are still developing, internal controls and processes that continue to evolve, and assumptions that are subject to change in the future. Readers should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which reflect management’s opinion only as of the date on which they were made. Forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K speak
only as of the date hereof, and forward-looking statements in documents attached that are incorporated by reference speak only as of the date of those documents. Except as required by law, we disclaim any obligation to review or update these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances as they occur.
BUSINESS OVERVIEW
Gartner, Inc. (NYSE: IT) delivers actionable, objective insight that drives smarter decisions and stronger performance on an organization’s mission-critical priorities.
We are a trusted advisor and an objective resource for close to 15,000 enterprises in approximately 90 countries and territories - across all major functions, in every industry and enterprise size.
Gartner delivers its products and services globally through three business segments - Research, Conferences and Consulting, as described below.
•Research equips executives and their teams from every function and across all industries with actionable, objective insight, guidance and tools. Our experienced experts deliver all this value informed by a combination of practitioner-sourced and data-driven research to help our clients address their mission critical priorities.
•Conferences provides executives and teams across an organization the opportunity to learn, share and network. From our Gartner Symposium/Xpo series, to industry-leading conferences focused on specific business roles and topics, to peer-driven sessions, our offerings enable attendees to experience the best of Gartner insight and guidance.
•Consulting serves senior executives leading technology-driven strategic initiatives leveraging the power of Gartner’s actionable, objective insight. Through custom analysis and on-the-ground support we enable optimized technology investments and stronger performance on our clients’ mission critical priorities.
Recent Event
In February 2023, we completed the sale of a non-core business, TalentNeuron, for approximately $161.1 million after considerations of post-close adjustments. TalentNeuron was included in the Company’s Research segment. $161.1 million cash was received from the sale during the year ended December 31, 2023. We recognized a pre-tax gain of $135.4 million on the sale of TalentNeuron, which is included in Gain from sale of divested operation in the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2023.
BUSINESS MEASUREMENTS
We believe that the following business measurements are important performance indicators for our business segments:
BUSINESS SEGMENT BUSINESS MEASUREMENT
Research Contract value represents the dollar value attributable to all of our subscription-related contracts. It is calculated as the annualized value of all contracts in effect at a specific point in time, without regard to the duration of the contract. Contract value primarily includes Research deliverables for which revenue is recognized on a ratable basis, as well as other deliverables (primarily Conferences tickets) for which revenue is recognized when the deliverable is utilized. Comparing contract value year-over-year not only measures the short-term growth of our business, but also signals the long-term health of our Research subscription business since it measures revenue that is highly likely to recur over a multi-year period. Our contract value consists of Global Technology Sales contract value, which includes sales to users and providers of technology, and Global Business Sales contract value, which includes sales to all other functional leaders.
Client retention rate represents a measure of client satisfaction and renewed business relationships at a specific point in time. Client retention is calculated on a percentage basis by dividing our current clients, who were also clients a year ago, by all clients from a year ago. Client retention is calculated at an enterprise level, which represents a single company or customer.
Wallet retention rate represents a measure of the amount of contract value we have retained with clients over a twelve-month period. Wallet retention is calculated on a percentage basis by dividing the contract value of our current clients, who were also clients a year ago, by the contract value from a year ago, excluding the impact of foreign currency exchange. When wallet retention exceeds client retention, it is an indication of retention of higher-spending clients, or increased spending by retained clients, or both. Wallet retention is calculated at an enterprise level, which represents a single company or customer.
Conferences Number of destination conferences represents the total number of hosted virtual or in-person conferences completed during the period. Single day, local meetings are excluded.
Number of destination conferences attendees represents the total number of people who attend virtual or in-person conferences. Single day, local meetings are excluded.
Consulting Consulting backlog represents future revenue to be derived from in-process consulting and benchmark analytics engagements.
Utilization rate represents a measure of productivity of our consultants. Utilization rates are calculated for billable headcount on a percentage basis by dividing total hours billed by total hours available to bill.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS AND FINANCIAL POSITION
The fundamentals of our strategy include a focus on creating actionable insights for executive leaders and their teams, delivering innovative and highly differentiated product offerings, building a strong sales capability, providing world class client service with a focus on client engagement and retention, and continuously improving our operational effectiveness.
We had total revenues of $5.9 billion in 2023, an increase of 8% compared to 2022 on both a reported basis and excluding the foreign currency impact. Net income increased to $882.5 million in 2023 from $807.8 million in 2022 and diluted earnings per share was $11.08 in 2023 compared to $9.96 in 2022.
Research revenues increased to $4.9 billion in 2023, an increase of 6% compared to 2022 on both a reported basis and excluding the foreign currency impact. The Research gross contribution margin was 74% in both 2023 and 2022. Contract value was $4.8 billion at December 31, 2023, an increase of 8% compared to December 31, 2022 on a foreign currency neutral basis.
Conferences revenues increased to $505.2 million in 2023, an increase of 30% compared to 2022 on a reported basis and 29% excluding the foreign currency impact. The Conferences gross contribution margin was 50% and 54% in 2023 and 2022, respectively. We held 47 in-person conferences in 2023, and 25 in-person and 16 virtual conferences in 2022.
Consulting revenues increased to $514.7 million in 2023, an increase of 7% compared to 2022 on a reported basis and 8% excluding the foreign currency impact. The Consulting gross contribution margin was 35% and 39% in 2023 and 2022, respectively. Backlog was $162.1 million at December 31, 2023.
Cash provided by operating activities was $1.2 billion and $1.1 billion during 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, we had $1.3 billion of cash and cash equivalents and approximately $1.0 billion of available borrowing capacity on our revolving credit facility. During 2023, we repurchased 1.8 million shares of the Company’s common stock for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $0.6 billion.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES
The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires the application of appropriate accounting policies and the use of estimates. Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 - Business and Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Management considers the policies discussed below to be critical to an understanding of our consolidated financial statements because their application requires complex and subjective management judgments and estimates. Specific risks for these critical accounting policies are also described below.
The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions about future events. We develop our estimates using both current and historical experience, as well as other factors, including the general economic environment and actions we may take in the future. We adjust such estimates when facts and circumstances dictate. However, our estimates may involve significant uncertainties and judgments and cannot be determined with precision. In addition, these estimates are based on our best judgment at a point in time and, as such, they may ultimately differ materially from actual results. Ongoing changes in our estimates could be material and would be reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements in future periods.
Our critical accounting policies and estimates are described below.
Revenue recognition - Our revenue by significant source is accounted for as follows:
•Research revenues are mainly derived from subscription contracts for research products. The related revenues are deferred and recognized ratably over the applicable contract term. Fees derived from assisting organizations in selecting the right business software for their needs are recognized when the leads are provided to vendors.
•Conferences revenues are deferred and recognized upon the completion of the related conference or meeting.
•Consulting revenues are principally generated from fixed fee or time and materials engagements. Revenues from fixed fee contracts are recognized as we work to satisfy our performance obligations. Revenues from time and materials engagements are recognized as work is delivered and/or services are provided. Revenues related to contract optimization engagements are contingent in nature and are only recognized upon satisfaction of all conditions related to their payment.
The majority of our Research contracts are billable upon signing, absent special terms granted on a limited basis from time to time. Research contracts are generally non-cancelable and non-refundable, except for government contracts that may have cancellation or fiscal funding clauses. It is our policy to record the amount of a subscription contract that is billable as a fee receivable at the time the contract is signed with a corresponding amount as deferred revenue because the contract represents a legally enforceable claim.
Note 1 - Business and Significant Accounting Policies and Note 9 - Revenue and Related Matters in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements provide additional information regarding our revenues.
Accounting for income taxes - We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. We estimate our income taxes in each of the jurisdictions where we operate. This process involves estimating our current tax expense or benefit together with assessing temporary differences resulting from differing treatment of items for tax and accounting purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which are included in our consolidated balance sheets. When assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, we consider if it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. In making this assessment, we consider the availability of loss carryforwards, projected reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. The Company recognizes the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained based on the technical merits of the position. Recognized tax positions are measured at the largest amount of benefit with greater than a 50% likelihood of being realized. We use estimates in determining the amount of unrecognized tax benefits associated with uncertain tax positions. Significant judgment is required in evaluating tax law and measuring the benefits likely to be realized. Uncertain tax positions are periodically re-evaluated and adjusted as more information about their ultimate realization becomes available.
Accounting for stock-based compensation - We account for stock-based compensation awards in accordance with FASB ASC Topics 505 and 718 and SEC Staff Accounting Bulletins No. 107 and No. 110. We recognize stock-based compensation expense, which is based on the fair value of the award on the date of grant, over the related service period. Note 10 - Stock-Based Compensation in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements provides additional information regarding stock-based compensation. Determining the appropriate fair value model and calculating the fair value of stock-based compensation awards requires the use of certain subjective assumptions, including the expected life of a stock-based compensation award and our common stock price volatility. In addition, determining the appropriate periodic stock-based compensation expense requires management to estimate the likelihood of the achievement of certain performance targets. The assumptions used in calculating the fair values of stock-based compensation awards and the related periodic expense represent management’s best estimates, which involve inherent uncertainties and the application of judgment. As a result, if circumstances change and we deem it necessary in the future to modify the assumptions we made or to use different assumptions, or if the quantity and nature of our stock-based compensation awards changes, then the amount of expense may need to be adjusted and future stock-based compensation expense could be materially different from what has been recorded in the current period.
A change in any of the terms or conditions of stock-based compensation awards is accounted for as a modification of the award. Incremental compensation cost is measured as the excess, if any, of the fair value of the modified award over the fair value of the original award immediately before its terms are modified, measured based on the fair value of the awards at the modification date. For vested awards, we recognize incremental compensation cost in the period the modification occurs. For unvested awards, we recognize any incremental compensation expense at the modification date or ratably over the requisite remaining service period, as appropriate. If the fair value of the modified award is lower than the fair value of the original award immediately before modification, the minimum compensation cost we recognize is the cost of the original award.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Consolidated Results
The table below presents an analysis of selected line items and year-over-year changes in our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years indicated (in thousands).
Year Ended December 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Increase (Decrease) Percentage Increase
(Decrease)
Total revenues $ 5,906,956 $ 5,475,846 $ 431,110 8 %
Costs and expenses:
Cost of services and product development 1,903,240 1,693,771 209,469 12
Selling, general and administrative 2,701,542 2,480,944 220,598 9
Depreciation 98,645 93,410 5,235 6
Amortization of intangibles 92,458 98,536 (6,078) (6)
Acquisition and integration charges 9,587 9,079 508 6
Gain from sale of divested operation (135,410) - (135,410) nm
Operating income 1,236,894 1,100,106 136,788 12
Interest expense, net (94,246) (121,323) (27,077) (22)
Gain on event cancellation insurance claims 3,077 - 3,077 nm
Other income, net 1,404 48,412 (47,008) (97)
Less: Provision for income taxes 264,663 219,396 45,267 21
Net income $ 882,466 $ 807,799 $ 74,667 9 %
nm = not meaningful
Total revenues for 2023 were $5.9 billion, an increase of $431.1 million compared to 2022, or 8% on both a reported basis and excluding the foreign currency impact. The tables below present (i) revenues by geographic region (based on where the sale is fulfilled) and (ii) revenues by segment for the years indicated (in thousands).
Primary Geographic Market Year Ended December 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Increase Percentage Increase
United States and Canada $ 3,911,042 $ 3,619,382 $ 291,660 8 %
Europe, Middle East and Africa 1,332,070 1,234,659 97,411 8
Other International 663,844 621,805 42,039 7
Total revenues $ 5,906,956 $ 5,475,846 $ 431,110 8 %
Segment Year Ended December 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Increase Percentage Increase
Research $ 4,887,046 $ 4,604,791 $ 282,255 6 %
Conferences 505,164 389,273 115,891 30
Consulting 514,746 481,782 32,964 7
Total revenues $ 5,906,956 $ 5,475,846 $ 431,110 8 %
Refer to the section of this MD&A below entitled “Segment Results” for a discussion of revenues and results by segment.
Cost of services and product development was $1.9 billion in 2023, an increase of $209.5 million compared to 2022, or 12% on both a reported basis and excluding the foreign currency impact. The increase in Cost of services and product development was primarily due to increased compensation costs as a result of higher headcount, as well as increased conference related expenses, due to the return to in-person destination conferences, partially offset by decreased research program expenses. Cost of services and product development as a percent of revenues was 32% and 31% for 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expense was $2.7 billion in 2023, an increase of $220.6 million compared to 2022, or 9% on both a reported basis and excluding the foreign currency impact. The increase in SG&A during the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior fiscal year, was primarily due to higher personnel costs in the current year, including higher salary expense due to increased headcount. These increases were partially offset by a reduction in facilities expense, related to a reduction of our real estate footprint. We expect to continue to evaluate our real estate footprint globally. If we determine there is any additional excess property, there is no assurance that we will be able to sublease any such excess properties or that we will not incur costs in connection with such exit activities, which may be material. During 2023, we incurred charges associated with the impairment of right-of-use assets and other long-lived assets, related to certain office locations we no longer intend to use, of $20.4 million, compared to $54.0 million in 2022.
The number of quota-bearing sales associates in Global Technology Sales increased slightly to 3,641 and in Global Business Sales increased by 8% to 1,188, compared to December 31, 2022. On a combined basis, the total number of quota-bearing sales associates increased by 2% when compared to December 31, 2022. SG&A expense as a percent of revenues was 46% and 45% during 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Depreciation increased by 6% during 2023 compared to 2022. The increase for the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily due to increased computer equipment and software additions in 2022 and 2023, partially offset by a reduction in leasehold improvements depreciation as a result of the impairment losses recorded during 2022 and 2023.
Amortization of intangibles decreased by 6% during 2023 compared to 2022 primarily due to intangible assets divested as part of the sale of our TalentNeuron business.
Acquisition and integration charges increased by $0.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022.
Gain from sale of divested operation was attributable to the sale of our TalentNeuron business in February 2023. We recognized a pre-tax gain of $135.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2023.
Operating income was $1.2 billion and $1.1 billion during 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in operating income was primarily due to the gain from sale of divested operation, as well as increased revenue, partially offset by an increase in cost of services and product development and selling, general and administrative expenses.
Interest expense, net decreased by $27.1 million during 2023 compared to 2022. The decrease in interest expense, net was primarily due to increased interest income, as well as lower interest expense due to the maturation of $700.0 million in fixed-for-floating interest rate swap contracts in March 2022, partially offset by higher interest expense on our term loan.
Gain on event cancellation insurance claims of $3.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 reflected proceeds related to the 2020 conference cancellation insurance claims.
Other income, net for the years presented herein included the net impact of foreign currency gains and losses from our hedging activities, as well as sales of certain state tax credits and the recognition of other tax incentives. During 2023 and 2022, Other income, net included a $3.9 million and a $52.3 million gain on de-designated interest rate swaps, respectively.
Provision for income taxes was $264.7 million and $219.4 million during 2023 and 2022, respectively, with an effective income tax rate of 23.1% and 21.4% for 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in the effective income tax rate in 2023 was primarily the result of changes in unrecognized tax benefits year over year. Note 12 - Income Taxes in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements provides additional information regarding the Company’s income taxes.
Net income was $882.5 million and $807.8 million during 2023 and 2022, respectively. Additionally, our diluted net income per share increased by $1.12 in 2023 compared to 2022. The increase in net income during 2023 was primarily the result of the gain from sale of divested operations, as well as increased revenue and interest income, partially offset by increased operating expenses, a lower gain from de-designated interest rate swaps and higher income tax expense.
SEGMENT RESULTS
We evaluate reportable segment performance and allocate resources based on gross contribution margin. Gross contribution is defined as operating income or loss excluding certain Cost of services and product development expenses, SG&A expenses,
Depreciation, Amortization of intangibles, and Acquisition and integration charges. Gross contribution margin is defined as gross contribution as a percent of revenues.
Reportable Segments
The sections below present the results of the Company’s three business segments - Research, Conferences and Consulting, as described below.
Research
The Year Ended December 31, 2023 The Year Ended December 31, 2022 Increase
(Decrease) Percentage
Increase
(Decrease)
Financial Measurements:
Revenues (1) $ 4,887,046 $ 4,604,791 $ 282,255 6 %
Gross contribution (1) $ 3,600,143 $ 3,414,574 $ 185,569 5 %
Gross contribution margin 74 % 74 % - point -
Business Measurements:
Contract Value (1), (3)
$ 4,838,600 $ 4,490,700 $ 347,900 8 %
Global Technology Sales (2):
Contract value (1), (3) $ 3,747,600 $ 3,524,000 $ 223,600 6 %
Client retention 83 % 86 % (3) points -
Wallet retention 101 % 105 % (4) points -
Global Business Sales (2):
Contract value (1), (3) $ 1,091,000 $ 966,700 $ 124,300 13 %
Client retention 87 % 89 % (2) points -
Wallet retention 107 % 112 % (5) points -
(1)Dollars in thousands.
(2)Global Technology Sales includes sales to users and providers of technology. Global Business Sales includes sales to all other functional leaders.
(3)Contract values are on a foreign exchange neutral basis. Contract values as of December 31, 2022 have been calculated using the same foreign currency rates as 2023.
Research revenues increased by $282.3 million during 2023 compared to 2022, or 6% on both a reported basis and excluding the foreign currency impact. The increase in revenues during 2023 was primarily due to strong Research contract value growth in 2022. The gross contribution margin was 74% in both 2023 and 2022, as the increase in revenue and decreased research program expenses were offset by an increase in personnel expenses to support future growth.
Contract value increased to $4.8 billion at December 31, 2023, or 8% compared to December 31, 2022 on a foreign currency neutral basis. All industry sectors grew at least high single-digit rates, other than technology and media. The fastest growth was in the public, energy and manufacturing sectors. Global Technology Sales (“GTS”) contract value increased by 6% at December 31, 2023 when compared to December 31, 2022. The increase in GTS contract value was primarily due to new business from existing clients. GTS contract value increased by at least mid single-digits for the majority of enterprise sizes and sectors. Global Business Sales (“GBS”) contract value increased by 13% year-over-year, also primarily driven by new business from existing clients. The majority of our GBS practices achieved double-digit growth rates, with the majority of enterprise sizes and sectors also growing double-digits year-over-year.
GTS client retention was 83% and 86% as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, while wallet retention was 101% and 105%, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. GBS client retention was 87% and 89% as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, while wallet retention was 107% and 112% as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The decrease in GTS and GBS wallet retention was largely due to lower levels of incremental spending by existing clients compared to the same period in 2022.
Conferences
The Year Ended December 31, 2023 The Year Ended December 31, 2022 Increase
(Decrease) Percentage
Increase
(Decrease)
Financial Measurements:
Revenues (1) $ 505,164 $ 389,273 $ 115,891 30 %
Gross contribution (1) $ 253,739 $ 210,726 $ 43,013 20 %
Gross contribution margin 50 % 54 % (4) points -
Business Measurements:
Number of destination conferences (2) 47 41 6 15 %
Number of destination conferences attendees (2) 75,569 60,104 15,465 26 %
(1)Dollars in thousands.
(2)Includes both virtual and in-person conferences. Single day, local meetings are excluded.
Conferences revenues increased by $115.9 million during 2023 compared to 2022, or 30% on a reported basis and 29% excluding the foreign currency impact. We re-launched in-person destination conferences during the second quarter of 2022. We held 47 in-person destination conferences during the year ended December 31, 2023. We held 25 in-person conferences and 16 virtual conferences during the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily due the increase in in-person destination conferences. The segment gross contribution margin was 50% and 54% in 2023 and 2022, respectively. The lower gross contribution margin during 2023 was also primarily due to the increase in in-person destination conferences.
Consulting
As Of And For The Year Ended December 31, 2023 As Of And For The Year Ended December 31, 2022 Increase
(Decrease) Percentage
Increase
(Decrease)
Financial Measurements:
Revenues (1) $ 514,746 $ 481,782 $ 32,964 7 %
Gross contribution (1) $ 181,501 $ 189,834 $ (8,333) (4) %
Gross contribution margin 35 % 39 % (4) points -
Business Measurements:
Backlog (1), (2) $ 162,100 $ 134,500 $ 27,600 21 %
Average billable headcount 934 827 107 13 %
Consultant utilization 65 % 70 % (5) points -
(1)Dollars in thousands.
(2)Backlog is on a foreign currency neutral basis. Backlog as of December 31, 2022 has been calculated using the same foreign currency rates as 2023.
Consulting revenues increased 7% during 2023 compared to 2022 on a reported basis and 8% excluding the foreign currency impact. The increase in revenues on a reported basis was due to a 6% increase in labor-based consulting, and a 10% increase in contract optimization. Contract optimization revenue may vary significantly and, as such, 2023 revenues may not be indicative of future results. The segment gross contribution margin was 35% and 39% in 2023 and 2022, respectively. The decrease in gross contribution margin during 2023 was primarily due to increased personnel expense related to higher headcount, partially offset by the increase in revenue.
Backlog increased by $27.6 million, or 21%, from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
We finance our operations through cash generated from our operating activities and borrowings. Note 6 - Debt in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements provides additional information regarding the Company’s outstanding debt obligations. At December 31, 2023, we had $1.3 billion of cash and cash equivalents and approximately $1.0 billion of available borrowing capacity on the revolving credit facility under our 2020 Credit Agreement. We believe that the Company has adequate liquidity and access to capital markets to meet its currently anticipated needs for both the next twelve months and the foreseeable future.
We have historically generated significant cash flows from our operating activities, benefiting from the favorable working capital dynamics of our subscription-based business model in our Research segment, which is our largest business segment and historically has constituted a significant portion of our total revenues. The majority of our Research customer contracts are paid in advance and, combined with a strong customer retention rate and high incremental margins, our subscription-based business model has resulted in continuously strong operating cash flow. Cash flow generation has also benefited from our ongoing efforts to improve the operating efficiencies of our businesses as well as a focus on the optimal management of our working capital as we increase sales.
Our cash and cash equivalents are held in numerous locations throughout the world with 55% held overseas at December 31, 2023. The Company intends to reinvest substantially all of its accumulated undistributed foreign earnings, except in instances where repatriation would result in minimal additional tax.
The table below summarizes the changes in the Company’s cash balances for the years indicated (in thousands).
Year Ended December 31, Increase
(Decrease)
2023 2022
Cash provided by operating activities $ 1,155,737 $ 1,101,422 $ 54,315
Cash provided by (used in) investing activities 54,157 (117,558) 171,715
Cash used in financing activities (588,881) (1,027,442) 438,561
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash 621,013 (43,578) 664,591
Effects of exchange rates (13) (18,425) 18,412
Beginning cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash 698,599 760,602 (62,003)
Ending cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash $ 1,319,599 $ 698,599 $ 621,000
Operating
Cash provided by operating activities was $1.2 billion and $1.1 billion in 2023 and 2022, respectively. The year-over-year increase was primarily due to increased operating income, excluding the gain from sale of divested operation, and strong collections, partially offset by increased income tax payments, in part as a result of the gain from sale of divested operation in 2023.
Investing
Cash provided by (used in) investing activities was $54.2 million and $(117.6) million in 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase from 2022 to 2023 was primarily the result of the proceeds received from the sale of our TalentNeuron business in February 2023.
Financing
Cash used in financing activities was $0.6 billion and $1.0 billion in 2023 and 2022, respectively. During the 2023 period, we used $0.6 billion of cash for share repurchases and paid a net $7.8 million in debt principal repayments. During the 2022 period, we used $1.0 billion for share repurchases and paid a net $5.9 million in debt principal repayments.
OBLIGATIONS AND COMMITMENTS
Debt
As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $2.5 billion of principal amount of debt outstanding. Note 6 - Debt in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements provides additional information regarding the Company’s outstanding debt obligations. From time to time, the Company may seek to retire or repurchase its outstanding debt through various methods including open
market repurchases, negotiated block transactions, or otherwise, all or some of which may be effected through Rule 10b5-1 plans. Such transactions, if any, depend on prevailing market conditions, our liquidity and capital requirements, contractual restrictions, and other factors, and may involve material amounts.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
Through December 31, 2023, the Company has not entered into any material off-balance sheet arrangements or transactions with unconsolidated entities or other persons.
Contractual Cash Commitments
The table below summarizes the Company’s future contractual cash commitments as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands).
Commitment Description Due In Less Than
1 Year Due In 2-3
Years Due In 4-5
Years Due In More Than
5 Years Total
Debt - principal, interest, and commitment fees (1) $ 100,181 $ 457,317 $ 979,341 $ 1,471,355 $ 3,008,194
Operating leases (2) 142,636 235,333 176,035 237,440 791,444
Deferred compensation arrangements (3) 8,893 17,261 14,345 81,209 121,708
Other (4) 34,121 114,129 155,395 49,002 352,647
Totals $ 285,831 $ 824,040 $ 1,325,116 $ 1,839,006 $ 4,273,993
(1)Principal repayments of the Company’s debt obligations were classified in the above table based on the contractual repayment dates. Interest payments were based on the effective interest rates as of December 31, 2023. Commitment fees were based on unused balances and commitment rates as of December 31, 2023. Note 6 - Debt in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements provides information regarding the Company’s debt obligations and interest rate swap contracts.
(2)The Company leases various facilities, automobiles, computer equipment and other assets under non-cancelable operating lease agreements expiring between 2024 and 2038. The total commitment excludes approximately $207.6 million of estimated future cash receipts from the Company’s subleasing arrangements. Note 1 - Business and Significant Accounting Policies and Note 7 - Leases in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements provide additional information regarding the Company’s leases.
(3)The Company has supplemental deferred compensation arrangements with certain of its employees. Amounts payable with known payment dates have been classified in the above table based on those scheduled payment dates. Amounts payable whose payment dates are unknown have been included in the Due In More Than 5 Years category because the Company cannot determine when the amounts will be paid. Note 15 - Employee Benefits in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements provides additional information regarding the Company’s supplemental deferred compensation arrangements.
(4)Other includes: (i) contractual commitments (a) for software, telecom and other services and (b) to secure sites for our Conferences business; and (ii) projected cash contributions to the Company’s defined benefit pension plans. Note 15 - Employee Benefits in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements provides additional information regarding the Company’s defined benefit pension plans.
In addition to the contractual cash commitments included in the above table, the Company has other payables and liabilities that may be legally enforceable but are not considered contractual commitments. Information regarding the Company’s payables and liabilities is included in Note 5 - Accounts Payable and Accrued and Other Liabilities and Note 12 - Income Taxes in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
The FASB has issued accounting standards that had not yet become effective as of December 31, 2023 and may impact the Company’s consolidated financial statements or its disclosures in future periods. Note 1 - Business and Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements provides information regarding those accounting standards.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.
INTEREST RATE RISK
As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $2.5 billion in total debt principal outstanding. Note 6 - Debt in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements provides additional information regarding the Company’s outstanding debt obligations.
Approximately $274.0 million of the Company’s total debt outstanding as of December 31, 2023 was based on a floating base rate of interest, which potentially exposes the Company to increases in interest rates. However, we reduce our overall exposure to interest rate increases through our interest rate swap contract, which effectively converts the floating base interest rates on all of our variable rate borrowings to fixed rates.
FOREIGN CURRENCY RISK
A significant portion of our revenues are typically derived from sales outside of the United States. Among the major foreign currencies in which we conduct business are the Euro, the British Pound, the Japanese Yen, the Australian dollar and the Canadian dollar. The reporting currency of our Consolidated Financial Statements is the U.S. dollar. As the values of the foreign currencies in which we operate fluctuate over time relative to the U.S. dollar, the Company is exposed to both foreign currency translation and transaction risk.
Translation risk arises as our foreign currency assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars because the functional currencies of our foreign operations are generally denominated in the local currency. Adjustments resulting from the translation of these assets and liabilities are deferred and recorded as a component of stockholders’ equity. A measure of the potential impact of foreign currency translation can be determined through a sensitivity analysis of our cash and cash equivalents. At December 31, 2023, we had $1.3 billion of cash and cash equivalents, with a substantial portion denominated in foreign currencies. If the exchange rates of the foreign currencies we hold all changed in comparison to the U.S. dollar by 10%, the amount of cash and cash equivalents we would have reported on December 31, 2023 could have increased or decreased by approximately $79.3 million. The translation of our foreign currency revenues and expenses historically has not had a material impact on our consolidated earnings because movements in and among the major currencies in which we operate tend to impact our revenues and expenses fairly equally. However, our earnings could be impacted during periods of significant exchange rate volatility, or when some or all of the major currencies in which we operate move in the same direction against the U.S. dollar.
Transaction risk arises when we enter into a transaction that is denominated in a currency that may differ from the local functional currency. As these transactions are translated into the local functional currency, a gain or loss may result, which is recorded in current period earnings. We typically enter into foreign currency forward exchange contracts to mitigate the effects of some of this foreign currency transaction risk. Our outstanding foreign currency forward exchange contracts as of December 31, 2023 had an immaterial net unrealized gain.
CREDIT RISK
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of short-term, highly liquid investments classified as cash equivalents, fees receivable, interest rate swap contracts and foreign currency forward exchange contracts. The majority of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents, interest rate swap contracts and foreign currency forward exchange contracts are with large investment grade commercial banks. Fees receivable balances deemed to be collectible from customers have limited concentration of credit risk due to our diverse customer base and geographic dispersion.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA.
Our financial statements for 2023, 2022 and 2021, together with the reports of KPMG LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, are included herein in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE.
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.
DISCLOSURE CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
We have established disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that the information we are required to disclose in our reports filed or submitted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, and such information is accumulated and communicated to our executive management team, including our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Management conducted an evaluation, as of December 31, 2023, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, under the supervision and with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer. Based upon that evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer have concluded that, as of December 31, 2023, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective..
MANAGEMENT’S ANNUAL REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
Gartner management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Gartner’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. In addition, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions and that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth in the Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Management’s assessment was reviewed with the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors.
Based on its assessment of internal control over financial reporting, management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2023, Gartner’s internal control over financial reporting was effective. The effectiveness of management’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 has been audited by KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report, which is included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K in Part IV, Item 15.
CHANGES IN INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
There have been no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION.
No director or Section 16 officer adopted or terminated a trading arrangement intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) or a non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement during the three months ended December 31, 2023.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE.
The information required to be furnished pursuant to this item is incorporated by reference from the information set forth under the captions “The Board of Directors,” “Proposal One: Election of Directors,” “Executive Officers,” “Corporate Governance,” “Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports” (if necessary) and “Proxy and Voting Information - Available Information” in the Company’s 2024 Proxy Statement. See also Item 1. Business - Available Information.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION.
The information required to be furnished pursuant to this item is incorporated by reference from the information set forth under the captions “Compensation Discussion & Analysis,” “Compensation Tables and Narrative Disclosures,” “Compensation Committee Report,” “The Board of Directors - Compensation of Directors,” “The Board of Directors - Director Compensation Table,” “Corporate Governance - Risk Oversight - Risk Assessment of Compensation Policies and Practices,” and “Corporate Governance - Compensation Committee” in the Company’s 2024 Proxy Statement.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS.
The information required to be furnished pursuant to this item is incorporated by reference from the information set forth under the captions “Compensation Tables and Narrative Disclosures - Equity Compensation Plan Information” and “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” in the Company’s 2024 Proxy Statement.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE.
The information required to be furnished pursuant to this item is incorporated by reference from the information set forth under the captions “Transactions With Related Persons” and “Corporate Governance - Director Independence” in the Company’s 2024 Proxy Statement.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES.
The information required to be furnished pursuant to this item is incorporated by reference from the information set forth under the caption “Proposal Three: Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” in the Company’s 2024 Proxy Statement.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES.
(a) 1. and 2. Financial Statements and Schedules
The reports of our independent registered public accounting firm and financial statements listed in the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements herein are filed as part of this report.
All financial statement schedules not listed in the Index have been omitted because the information required is not applicable or is shown in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.
3. Exhibits
EXHIBIT NUMBER DESCRIPTION OF DOCUMENT
3.1(1)
Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company.
3.2(2)
By-laws of Gartner, Inc. (as amended through April 29, 2021).
4.1(3)
Indenture (including form of Notes), dated as of June 22, 2020, among Gartner, Inc., the guarantors named therein and U.S. Bank National Association, as a trustee, relating to the $800,000,000 aggregate principal amount of 4.500% Senior Notes due 2028.
4.2(4)
Indenture (including form of Notes), dated as of September 28, 2020, among Gartner, Inc., the guarantors named therein and U.S. Bank National Association, as a trustee, relating to the $800,000,000 aggregate principal amount of 3.750% Senior Notes due 2030.
4.3(4)
Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of September 28, 2020, among Gartner, Inc., the Lenders party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent.
4.4(4)
Amended and Restated Guarantee and Collateral Agreement, dated as of September 28, 2020, among Gartner, Inc. each subsidiary guarantor party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.
4.5(5)
Indenture (including form of Notes), dated as of June 18, 2021, among Gartner, Inc., the guarantors named therein and U.S. Bank National Association, as a trustee, relating to the $600,000,000 aggregate principal amount of 3.625% Senior Notes due 2029.
4.6(6)+
Description of Gartner, Inc.’s Common Stock.
10.1(7)+
2011 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended and restated, as of September 1, 2021.
10.2(12)+
Long-Term Incentive Plan, June 1, 2023 Amendment and Restatement.
10.3(8)+
Second Amended and Restated Employment Agreement between Eugene A. Hall and the Company dated as of February 14, 2019.
10.4(2)+
Amendment to Employment Agreement between Eugene A. Hall and the Company dated as of April 29, 2021.
10.5(9)+
Company Deferred Compensation Plan, effective January 1, 2009.
10.6(10)+
Form of 2021 Stock Appreciation Right Agreement for executive officers.
10.7(10)+
Form of 2021 Performance Stock Unit Agreement for executive officers.
10.8(6)+
Form of 2022 Stock Appreciation Right Agreement for executive officers.
10.9(6)+
Form of 2022 Performance Stock Unit Agreement for executive officers.
10.10(13)+
Form of 2023 Stock Appreciation Right Agreement for executive officers.
10.11(13)+
Form of 2023 Performance Stock Unit Agreement for executive officers.
10.12+*
Form of 2024 Stock Appreciation Right Agreement for executive officers.
10.13+*
Form of 2024 Performance Stock Unit Agreement for executive officers.
10.14+*
Form of 2024 Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for executive officers.
10.15(11)+
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for non-employee directors.
10.16+*
Enhanced Executive Rewards Policy.
21.1*
Subsidiaries of Registrant.
23.1*
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
24.1*
Power of Attorney (see Signature Page).
31.1*
Certification of chief executive officer under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2*
Certification of chief financial officer under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32*
Certification under Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
97+*
Gartner, Inc. Compensation Recoupment (Clawback) Policy.
101.INS* XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.LAB* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
104* Cover Page Interactive Data File, formatted in Inline XBRL (included as Exhibit 101).
* Filed with this document.
+ Management compensation plan or arrangement.
(1) Incorporated by reference from the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 6, 2005.
(2) Incorporated by reference from the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 5, 2021.
(3) Incorporated by reference from the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 23, 2020.
(4) Incorporated by reference from the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 28, 2020.
(5) Incorporated by reference from the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 21, 2021.
(6) Incorporated by reference from the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 23, 2022.
(7) Incorporated by reference from the Company’s Proxy Statement (Schedule 14A) filed on April 19, 2021.
(8) Incorporated by reference from the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 22, 2019.
(9) Incorporated by reference from the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 20, 2009.
(10) Incorporated by reference from the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 24, 2021.
(11) Incorporated by reference from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 1, 2018.
(12) Incorporated by reference from the Company’s Proxy Statement (Schedule 14A) filed on April 17, 2023.
(13) Incorporated by reference from the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 16, 2023.
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
GARTNER, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (KPMG LLP, New York, NY, Auditor Firm ID: 185)
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three-Year Period Ended December 31, 2023
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Three-Year Period Ended December 31, 2023
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Three-Year Period Ended December 31, 2023
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three-Year Period Ended December 31, 2023
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
All financial statement schedules have been omitted because the information required is not applicable or is shown in the Consolidated Financial Statements or notes thereto.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
Gartner, Inc.:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Gartner, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Unrecognized tax benefits
As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company recognizes the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position when it believes such position is more likely than not of being sustained if challenged. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has recorded gross unrecognized tax benefits of $148.4 million. Recognized tax positions are measured at the largest amount of benefit with greater than a 50 percent likelihood of being realized. The Company uses estimates and assumptions in determining the amount of unrecognized tax benefits.
We identified the assessment of unrecognized tax benefits related to transfer pricing as a critical audit matter. Complex auditor judgment was required in evaluating the Company’s interpretation of tax law and its estimate of the ultimate resolution of its tax positions.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls over the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits process, including transfer pricing. We involved tax and transfer pricing professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in assessing unrecognized tax benefits by:
•evaluating the Company’s interpretation of tax laws and income tax consequences of intercompany transactions
•assessing transfer pricing practices for compliance with relevant tax laws and regulations
•analyzing the Company’s tax positions and determination of unrecognized tax benefits, including the associated effect in other jurisdictions
In addition, we evaluated the Company’s ability to estimate its unrecognized tax benefits by comparing historical unrecognized tax benefits to actual results upon conclusion of examinations by applicable taxing authorities.
/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1996.
New York, New York
February 15, 2024
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
Gartner, Inc.:
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Gartner, Inc. and subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 15, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ KPMG LLP
New York, New York
February 15, 2024
GARTNER, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT SHARE DATA)
December 31,
2023 2022
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 1,318,999 $ 697,999
Fees receivable, net of allowances of $9,000 for both periods
1,601,228 1,556,786
Deferred commissions 380,479 363,079
Prepaid expenses and other current assets 127,180 119,207
Assets held-for-sale - 49,036
Total current assets 3,427,886 2,786,107
Property, equipment and leasehold improvements, net 262,718 264,581
Operating lease right-of-use assets 366,809 436,592
Goodwill 2,937,260 2,930,211
Intangible assets, net 501,958 584,714
Other assets 339,288 297,531
Total Assets $ 7,835,919 $ 7,299,736
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $ 1,127,604 $ 1,115,198
Deferred revenues 2,640,515 2,443,762
Current portion of long-term debt 9,600 7,800
Liabilities held-for-sale - 30,840
Total current liabilities 3,777,719 3,597,600
Long-term debt, net of deferred financing fees 2,448,696 2,453,607
Operating lease liabilities 513,406 597,267
Other liabilities 415,464 423,464
Total Liabilities 7,155,285 7,071,938
Stockholders’ Equity:
Preferred stock:
$0.01 par value, authorized 5,000,000 shares; none issued or outstanding
- -
Common stock:
$0.0005 par value, 250,000,000 shares authorized; 163,602,067 shares issued for both periods
82 82
Additional paid-in capital 2,320,289 2,179,604
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net (76,331) (101,610)
Accumulated earnings 4,739,292 3,856,826
Treasury stock, at cost, 85,264,526 and 84,428,513 common shares, respectively
(6,302,698) (5,707,104)
Total Stockholders’ Equity 680,634 227,798
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity $ 7,835,919 $ 7,299,736
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
GARTNER, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Revenues:
Research $ 4,887,046 $ 4,604,791 $ 4,101,392
Conferences 505,164 389,273 214,449
Consulting 514,746 481,782 418,121
Total revenues 5,906,956 5,475,846 4,733,962
Costs and expenses:
Cost of services and product development 1,903,240 1,693,771 1,444,093
Selling, general and administrative 2,701,542 2,480,944 2,155,658
Depreciation 98,645 93,410 102,802
Amortization of intangibles 92,458 98,536 109,603
Acquisition and integration charges 9,587 9,079 6,055
Gain from sale of divested operation (135,410) - -
Total costs and expenses 4,670,062 4,375,740 3,818,211
Operating income 1,236,894 1,100,106 915,751
Interest income 38,526 4,880 1,893
Interest expense (132,772) (126,203) (118,513)
Gain on event cancellation insurance claims 3,077 - 152,310
Other income, net 1,404 48,412 18,429
Income before income taxes 1,147,129 1,027,195 969,870
Provision for income taxes 264,663 219,396 176,310
Net income $ 882,466 $ 807,799 $ 793,560
Net income per share:
Basic $ 11.17 $ 10.08 $ 9.33
Diluted $ 11.08 $ 9.96 $ 9.21
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic 79,004 80,178 85,026
Diluted 79,680 81,067 86,177
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
GARTNER, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(IN THOUSANDS)
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Net income $ 882,466 $ 807,799 $ 793,560
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments 11,677 (39,679) (6,621)
Interest rate swaps - net change in deferred gain or loss 15,086 17,075 21,781
Pension plans - net change in deferred actuarial gain or loss (1,484) 2,425 2,637
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax 25,279 (20,179) 17,797
Comprehensive income $ 907,745 $ 787,620 $ 811,357
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
GARTNER, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(IN THOUSANDS)
Common
Stock Additional
Paid-In
Capital Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Loss, Net Accumulated
Earnings Treasury
Stock Total
Stockholders’
Equity
Balance at December 31, 2020 $ 82 $ 1,968,930 $ (99,228) $ 2,255,467 $ (3,034,823) $ 1,090,428
Net income - - - 793,560 - 793,560
Other comprehensive income - - 17,797 - - 17,797
Issuances under stock plans - 7,396 - - 10,854 18,250
Common share repurchases - - - - (1,647,547) (1,647,547)
Stock-based compensation expense - 98,570 - - - 98,570
Balance at December 31, 2021 82 2,074,896 (81,431) 3,049,027 (4,671,516) 371,058
Net income - - - 807,799 - 807,799
Other comprehensive loss - - (20,179) - - (20,179)
Issuances under stock plans - 14,142 - - 8,154 22,296
Common share repurchases - - - - (1,043,742) (1,043,742)
Stock-based compensation expense - 90,566 - - - 90,566
Balance at December 31, 2022 82 2,179,604 (101,610) 3,856,826 (5,707,104) 227,798
Net income - - - 882,466 - 882,466
Other comprehensive income - - 25,279 - - 25,279
Issuances under stock plans - 10,844 - - 14,368 25,212
Common share repurchases (including excise tax) - - - - (609,962) (609,962)
Stock-based compensation expense - 129,841 - - - 129,841
Balance at December 31, 2023 $ 82 $ 2,320,289 $ (76,331) $ 4,739,292 $ (6,302,698) $ 680,634
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
GARTNER, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(IN THOUSANDS)
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Operating activities:
Net income $ 882,466 $ 807,799 $ 793,560
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization 191,103 191,946 212,405
Stock-based compensation expense 129,841 90,566 98,570
Deferred taxes (64,173) (30,702) (41,567)
Gain from sale of divested operation (135,410) - -
Loss on impairment of lease related assets, net 20,368 53,970 49,537
Reduction in the carrying amount of operating lease right-of-use assets 70,207 70,086 75,125
Amortization and write-off of deferred financing fees 4,689 4,574 4,162
Gain on de-designated swaps (3,925) (52,308) (20,204)
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures:
Fees receivable, net (24,662) (240,696) (145,346)
Deferred commissions (13,716) 5,574 (124,874)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets (7,893) (3,039) (15,913)
Other assets (34,528) 8,440 (18,287)
Deferred revenues 169,917 297,124 324,059
Accounts payable and accrued and other liabilities (28,547) (101,912) 121,243
Cash provided by operating activities 1,155,737 1,101,422 1,312,470
Investing activities:
Additions to property, equipment and leasehold improvements (103,124) (108,050) (59,834)
Acquisitions - cash paid (net of cash acquired) (3,800) (9,508) (22,939)
Proceeds from sale of divested operation 161,081 - -
Other - - 2,306
Cash provided by (used in) investing activities 54,157 (117,558) (80,467)
Financing activities:
Proceeds from employee stock purchase plan 25,107 22,231 18,173
Proceeds from borrowings - - 600,000
Payments for deferred financing fees - - (7,320)
Payments on revolving credit facility - - (5,000)
Payments on borrowings (7,800) (5,931) (107,915)
Purchases of treasury stock (606,188) (1,043,742) (1,655,547)
Cash used in financing activities (588,881) (1,027,442) (1,157,609)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash 621,013 (43,578) 74,394
Effects of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash (13) (18,425) (26,375)
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of year 698,599 760,602 712,583
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of year $ 1,319,599 $ 698,599 $ 760,602
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash paid during the year for:
Interest $ 119,038 $ 112,825 $ 101,885
Income taxes, net of refunds received $ 306,682 $ 174,802 $ 253,379
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
GARTNER, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 1 - Business and Significant Accounting Policies
Business. Gartner, Inc. (NYSE: IT) delivers actionable, objective insight that drives smarter decisions and stronger performance on an organization’s mission-critical priorities.
We are a trusted advisor and an objective resource for nearly 15,000 enterprises in approximately 90 countries and territories - across all major functions, in every industry and enterprise size.
Segments. Gartner delivers its products and services globally through three business segments - Research, Conferences and Consulting. Note 9 - Revenue and Related Matters and Note 16 - Segment Information describe the products and services offered by each of our segments and provide additional financial information for those segments.
Basis of presentation. The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”), as defined in the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”), for financial information and with the applicable instructions of U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) Regulation S-X.
The fiscal year of Gartner is the twelve-month period from January 1 through December 31. All references to 2023, 2022 and 2021 herein refer to the fiscal year unless otherwise indicated. When used in these notes, the terms “Gartner,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” refer to Gartner, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.
Principles of consolidation. The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.
Use of estimates. The preparation of the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future events. These estimates and the underlying assumptions affect the amounts of assets and liabilities reported, disclosures about contingent assets and liabilities, and reported amounts of revenues and expenses. Such estimates include the valuation of fees receivable, goodwill, intangible assets and other long-lived assets, as well as tax accruals and other liabilities. In addition, estimates are used in revenue recognition, income tax expense or benefit, performance-based compensation charges, depreciation and amortization. Management believes its use of estimates in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements to be reasonable.
Management continually evaluates and revises its estimates using historical experience and other factors, including the general economic environment and actions it may take in the future. Management adjusts these estimates when facts and circumstances dictate. However, these estimates may involve significant uncertainties and judgments and cannot be determined with precision. In addition, these estimates are based on management’s best judgment at a point in time. As a result, differences between our estimates and actual results could be material and would be reflected in the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements in future periods.
Business acquisitions. The Company accounts for business acquisitions in accordance with the acquisition method of accounting as prescribed by FASB ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations. The acquisition method of accounting requires the Company to record the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date, with certain exceptions. Any excess of the consideration transferred over the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired, including identifiable intangible assets, is recorded as goodwill. Under the acquisition method, the operating results of acquired companies are included in the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements beginning on the date of acquisition. The Company completed business acquisitions in both 2022 and 2021. Note 2 - Acquisitions and Divestiture provides additional information regarding those business acquisitions.
The determination of the fair values of intangible and other assets acquired in an acquisition requires management judgment and the consideration of a number of factors, including the historical financial performance of acquired businesses and their projected future performance, and estimates surrounding customer turnover, as well as assumptions regarding the level of competition and the costs necessary to reproduce certain assets. Establishing the useful lives of intangible assets also requires management judgment and the evaluation of a number of factors, including the expected use of an asset, historical client retention rates, consumer awareness and trade name history, as well as any contractual provisions that could limit or extend an asset’s useful life.
Charges that are directly related to the Company’s acquisitions and divestitures are expensed as incurred and classified as Acquisition and integration charges in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Note 2 - Acquisitions and Divestiture provides additional information regarding the Company’s Acquisition and integration charges.
Revenue recognition. The Company’s revenue by significant source is accounted for as follows:
•Research revenues are mainly derived from subscription contracts for research products. The related revenues are deferred and recognized ratably over the applicable contract term. Fees derived from assisting organizations in selecting the right business software for their needs are recognized when the leads are provided to vendors.
•Conferences revenues are deferred and recognized upon the completion of the related conference or meeting.
•Consulting revenues are principally generated from fixed fee or time and materials engagements. Revenues from fixed fee contracts are recognized as the Company works to satisfy its performance obligations. Revenues from time and materials engagements are recognized as work is delivered and/or services are provided. Revenues related to contract optimization engagements are contingent in nature and are only recognized upon satisfaction of all conditions related to their payment.
The majority of the Company’s Research contracts are billable upon signing, absent special terms granted on a limited basis from time to time. Research contracts are generally non-cancellable and non-refundable, except for government contracts that may have cancellation or fiscal funding clauses. It is the Company’s policy to record the amount of a subscription contract that is billable as a fee receivable at the time the contract is signed with a corresponding amount as deferred revenue because the contract represents a legally enforceable claim.
Note 9 - Revenue and Related Matters provides additional information regarding the Company’s business and revenues.
Allowance for losses. The Company estimates uncollectible amounts on its fees receivable using a historical loss rate method.
Cost of services and product development (“COS”). COS expense includes the direct costs incurred in the creation and delivery of the Company’s products and services. These costs primarily relate to personnel.
Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”). SG&A expense includes direct and indirect selling costs, general and administrative costs, facility costs and bad debt expense.
Commission expense. The Company records deferred commissions upon signing a customer contract and amortizes the deferred amount over a period that aligns with the transfer to the customer of the services to which the commissions relate. Note 9 - Revenue and Related Matters provides additional information regarding deferred commissions and the amortization of such costs.
Stock-based compensation expense. The Company accounts for stock-based compensation awards in accordance with FASB ASC Topics 505 and 718 and SEC Staff Accounting Bulletins No. 107 and No. 110. Stock-based compensation expense for equity awards is based on the fair value of the award on the date of grant. The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense over the period that the related service is performed, which is generally the same as the vesting period of the underlying award. Forfeitures are recognized as they occur. A change in any of the terms or conditions of stock-based compensation awards is accounted for as a modification of the award. Incremental compensation cost is measured as the excess, if any, of the fair value of the modified award over the fair value of the original award immediately before its terms are modified, measured based on the fair value of the awards at the modification date. For vested awards, the Company recognizes incremental compensation cost in the period the modification occurs. For unvested awards, the Company recognizes any incremental compensation expense at the modification date or ratably over the requisite remaining service period, as appropriate. If the fair value of the modified award is lower than the fair value of the original award immediately before modification, the minimum compensation cost the Company recognizes is the cost of the original award. Note 10 - Stock-Based Compensation provides additional information regarding the Company’s stock-based compensation activity.
Income taxes. The Company uses the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. The Company estimates its income taxes in each of the jurisdictions where it operates. This process involves estimating the Company’s current tax expense or benefit together with assessing temporary differences resulting from differing treatment of items for tax and accounting purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which are included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. When assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, the Company considers if it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. In making this assessment, the Company considers the availability of loss carryforwards, projected reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, and ongoing prudent and feasible
tax planning strategies. The Company recognizes the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained based on the technical merits of the position. Recognized tax positions are measured at the largest amount of benefit with greater than a 50% likelihood of being realized. The Company uses estimates in determining the amount of unrecognized tax benefits associated with uncertain tax positions. Significant judgment is required in evaluating tax law and measuring the benefits likely to be realized. Uncertain tax positions are periodically re-evaluated and adjusted as more information about their ultimate realization becomes available. Note 12 - Income Taxes provides additional information regarding the Company’s income taxes.
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash. Cash and cash equivalents includes cash and all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less, which are considered to be cash equivalents. The carrying value of cash equivalents approximates fair value due to the short-term maturity of such instruments. Investments with maturities of more than three months are classified as marketable securities. Interest earned is recorded in Interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
U.S. GAAP requires that amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents be presented with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts presented on an entity’s statement of cash flows. Below is a table presenting the beginning-of-period and end-of-period cash amounts from the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and the total cash amounts presented in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (in thousands).
December 31,
2023 2022 2021 2020
Cash and cash equivalents $ 1,318,999 $ 697,999 $ 756,493 $ 712,583
Restricted cash classified in (1):
Prepaid expenses and other current assets 600 - 4,109 -
Other assets - 600 - -
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash per the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows $ 1,319,599 $ 698,599 $ 760,602 $ 712,583
(1)Restricted cash consists of escrow accounts established in connection with certain of the Company’s business acquisitions. Generally, such cash is restricted to use due to provisions contained in the underlying acquisition agreement. The Company will disburse the restricted cash to the sellers of the businesses upon satisfaction of any contingencies described in such agreements (e.g., potential indemnification claims, etc.).
Leases. ASC 842 requires accounting for leases under a right-of-use model whereby a lessee must record a right-of-use asset and a related lease liability on its balance sheet for most of its leases. Under ASC 842, leases are classified as either operating or finance arrangements, with such classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in an entity’s income statement. For operating leases, ASC 842 requires recognition in an entity’s income statement of a single lease cost, calculated so that the cost of the lease is allocated over the lease term, generally on a straight-line basis. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, as a result and in consideration of the changing nature of the Company’s use of office space for its workforce and the transitioning to a hybrid work environment, the Company evaluated its existing real estate lease portfolio. As a result of the evaluation, the Company recognized impairment losses of $20.4 million, $54.0 million, and $49.5 million during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Note 7 - Leases provides additional information regarding the Company’s leases.
Property, equipment and leasehold improvements. Equipment, leasehold improvements and other fixed assets owned by the Company are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Fixed assets, other than leasehold improvements, are depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the underlying asset. Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the improvement or the remaining term of the related lease. Depreciation and amortization expense for fixed assets was $98.6 million, $93.4 million and $102.8 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Property, equipment and leasehold improvements, net are presented in the table below (in thousands).
Useful Life December 31,
Category (Years) 2023 2022
Computer equipment and software 2 - 7
$ 320,136 $ 258,843
Furniture and equipment 3 - 8
83,551 89,559
Leasehold improvements 2 - 15
213,205 220,509
Total cost 616,892 568,911
Less - accumulated depreciation and amortization (354,174) (304,330)
Property, equipment and leasehold improvements, net $ 262,718 $ 264,581
The Company incurs costs to develop internal-use software used in its operations. Certain of those costs that meet the criteria in FASB ASC Topic 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other are capitalized and amortized over future periods. Net capitalized internal-use software development costs were $105.2 million and $84.0 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and are included in Computer equipment and software in the table above. Amortization expense for capitalized internal-use software development costs, which is included with Depreciation in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, totaled $47.8 million, $39.6 million and $34.6 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Goodwill. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of acquired businesses over the estimated fair values of the tangible and identifiable intangible net assets acquired. Evaluations of the recoverability of goodwill are performed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 350, which requires an annual assessment of potential goodwill impairment at the reporting unit level and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of goodwill may not be recoverable.
When performing the annual assessment of the recoverability of goodwill, the Company initially performs a qualitative analysis evaluating whether any events or circumstances occurred or exist that provide evidence that it is more likely than not that the fair value of any of the Company’s reporting units is less than the related carrying amount. If the Company does not believe that it is more likely than not that the fair value of any of the Company’s reporting units is less than the related carrying amount, then no quantitative impairment test is performed. However, if the results of the qualitative assessment indicate that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its respective carrying amount, then the Company performs a quantitative impairment test. Evaluating the recoverability of goodwill requires judgments and assumptions regarding future trends and events. As a result, both the precision and reliability of management estimates are subject to uncertainty.
The Company’s most recent annual impairment test of goodwill was a qualitative analysis conducted during the quarter ended September 30, 2023 that indicated no impairment. Subsequent to completing the 2023 annual impairment test, no events or changes in circumstances were noted that required an interim goodwill impairment test. Note 3 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets provides additional information regarding the Company’s goodwill.
Finite-lived intangible assets. The Company has finite-lived intangible assets that are amortized using the straight-line method over the expected useful life of the underlying asset. Note 3 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets provides additional information regarding the Company’s finite-lived intangible assets.
Impairment of long-lived assets. The Company’s long-lived assets primarily consist of intangible assets other than goodwill, right-of-use assets and property, equipment and leasehold improvements. The Company reviews its long-lived asset groups for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or an asset group may not be recoverable. Such evaluation may be based on a number of factors, including current and projected operating results and cash flows, and changes in management’s strategic direction as well as external economic and market factors. The Company evaluates the recoverability of assets and asset groups by determining whether their carrying values can be recovered through undiscounted future operating cash flows. If events or circumstances indicate that the carrying values might not be recoverable based on undiscounted future operating cash flows, an impairment loss may be recognized. The amount of impairment is measured based on the difference between the projected discounted future operating cash flows, using a discount rate reflecting the Company’s average cost of funds, and the carrying value of the asset or asset group.
Debt. The Company presents amounts borrowed in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, net of deferred financing fees. Interest accrued on amounts borrowed is recorded as Interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Note 6 - Debt provides additional information regarding the Company’s debt arrangements.
Foreign currency exposure. The functional currency of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries is typically the local currency. All assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Income and expense items are translated at average exchange rates throughout the year. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded as foreign currency translation adjustments, a component of Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net within Stockholders’ Equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Currency transaction gains or losses arising from transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of a subsidiary are recognized in results of operations as part of Other income, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company had net currency transaction (losses) / gains of $(6.0) million, $25.6 million and $(3.7) million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company enters into foreign currency forward exchange contracts to mitigate the effects of adverse fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates on certain transactions. Those contracts generally have short durations and are recorded at fair value with both realized and unrealized gains and losses recorded in Other income, net. The net gain / (loss) from foreign currency forward exchange contracts was $1.9 million, $(31.9) million and $(1.4) million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Note 13 - Derivatives and Hedging provides additional information regarding the Company’s foreign currency forward exchange contracts.
Fair value disclosures. The Company has a limited number of assets and liabilities that are adjusted to fair value at each balance sheet date. The Company’s required fair value disclosures are provided at Note 14 - Fair Value Disclosures.
Concentrations of credit risk. Assets that may subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of short-term, highly liquid investments classified as cash equivalents, fees receivable, contract assets, interest rate swaps and a pension reinsurance asset. The majority of the Company’s cash equivalent investments and its interest rate swap contracts are with investment grade commercial banks. Fees receivable and contract asset balances deemed to be collectible from customers have limited concentration of credit risk due to the Company’s diverse customer base and geographic dispersion. The Company’s pension reinsurance asset (see Note 15 - Employee Benefits) is maintained with a large international insurance company that was rated investment grade as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Stock repurchase programs. The Company records the cost to repurchase shares of its own common stock as treasury stock. Shares repurchased by the Company are added to treasury shares and are not retired. Note 8 - Stockholders’ Equity provides additional information regarding the Company’s common stock repurchase activity.
Gain on event cancellation insurance claims. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2021, the Company received $3.1 million and $166.9 million, respectively, of proceeds related to 2020 event cancellation insurance claims and recorded pre-tax gains of $3.1 million and $152.3 million, respectively. The Company does not record any gain on insurance claims in excess of expenses incurred until the receipt of the insurance proceeds is deemed to be realizable.
Adoption of new accounting standards. The Company adopted the accounting standard described below during 2023.
Reference Rate Reform - In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform-Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting (“ASU No. 2020-04”). ASU No. 2020-04 provides that an entity can elect not to apply certain required modification accounting in U.S. GAAP to contracts where all changes to the critical terms relate to reference rate reform (e.g., the expected discontinuance of LIBOR and the transition to an alternative reference interest rate, etc.). In addition, the rule provides optional expedients and exceptions that enable entities to continue to apply hedge accounting for hedging relationships where one or more of the critical terms change due to reference rate reform. The rule became effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020 and, after the issuance of ASU 2022-06, will generally no longer be available to apply after December 31, 2024. During 2023, the Company adopted the practical expedient provided under ASU 2020-04 related to its debt and interest rate swap arrangements and as such, the amendments in the second quarter of 2023 are treated as a continuation of the existing agreements and no gain or loss on the modification was recorded.
Accounting standards issued but not yet adopted. The FASB has issued an accounting standard that has not yet become effective as of December 31, 2023 and may impact the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements or related disclosures in future periods. The standard and its potential impact are discussed below.
Income Taxes- In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU No. 2023-09”). The amendments in this ASU are expected to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. ASU 2023-09 requires entities to enhance income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. Companies will need to disaggregate the disclosure of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) by federal, state, and foreign taxes on an annual basis. Additionally, on an annual basis, companies would disclose income taxes paid disaggregated by individual jurisdiction using a quantitative threshold of 5% of total income taxes paid.
Public business entities would also be required to provide, on an annual basis, rate reconciliation information by specific categories, including state and local income tax, the effect of cross-border tax laws, foreign tax effects, changes in prior year unrecognized tax benefits, and tax credits, among others. Additionally, some categories would then require disaggregation based on a quantitative threshold of 5%. The foreign tax effect category requires disaggregation by both jurisdiction and nature. The ASU also requires additional qualitative disclosures. All public entities will be required to report income tax information in accordance with the new guidance starting in annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company expects this ASU to only impact its disclosures with no impacts to the Company's results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.
Segment Reporting- In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting: Improvements in Reportable Segment Disclosures (“ASU No. 2023-07”). The amendments in the ASU are expected to improve disclosures about a public entity’s reportable segments and addresses requests from investors and other allocators or capital for additional, more detailed information about a reportable segment’s expenses. ASU 2023-07 requires public companies to disclose, on an annual and interim basis, significant expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (CODM) and included within each reported measure of segment profit and loss. The amendments in the ASU require that a public company provide all annual disclosures about a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets currently required under ASC 280 in interim periods. The amendments in the ASU also require that a public entity disclose, on an annual and interim basis, and amount for other segment items by reportable segment and a description of its composition. The other segment items category is the difference between segment revenue less the significant expenses disclosed and each reported measure of segment profit or loss. The amendments in the ASU, among other items, also requires that a public company disclose the title and position of the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. The ASU applies to all public entities that are required to report segment information in accordance with Topic 280. All public entities will be required to report segment information in accordance with the new guidance starting in annual periods beginning after December 15, 2023. The Company expects this ASU to only impact its disclosures with no impacts to the Company's results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.
Note 2 - Acquisitions and Divestiture
Acquisitions
Year Ended December 31, 2023
In September 2023, the Company acquired 100% of a formerly independent sales agent of Gartner research products in the Czech Republic for an aggregate purchase price of $7.9 million, including cash acquired and deferred consideration. The allocation of the purchase price is preliminary with respect to certain tax matters.
Year Ended December 31, 2022
In October 2022, the Company acquired 100% of the outstanding capital stock of UpCity, Inc. (“UpCity”), a privately-held company based in Chicago, Illinois, for an aggregate purchase price of $6.4 million. UpCity’s online marketplace helps small businesses by connecting them to ratings and reviews of more than 50,000 B2B service providers.
Year Ended December 31, 2021
In June 2021, the Company acquired 100% of the outstanding capital stock of Pulse Q&A Inc. (“Pulse”), a privately-held company based in San Francisco, California, for an aggregate purchase price of $29.9 million. Pulse is a technology-enabled community platform.
During 2021, the Company paid $22.9 million in cash for Pulse after considering the cash acquired with the business, amounts held in escrow and certain other purchase price adjustments. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company paid $4.1 million of deferred consideration held in escrow. In addition to the purchase price, the Company may also be required to pay up to $4.5 million in cash based on the continuing employment of certain key employees. Such amounts are recognized as compensation expense over three years post-acquisition and reported in Acquisition and integration charges in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The Company recorded $31.0 million of goodwill and finite-lived intangible assets and $1.1 million of liabilities on a net basis for the Pulse acquisition.
Divestiture
In February 2023, the Company completed the sale of a non-core business, TalentNeuron, for approximately $161.1 million after consideration of post-close adjustments. The Company recorded a pre-tax gain of $135.4 million on the sale of TalentNeuron, which is included in Gain from sale of divested operation in the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2023. TalentNeuron was included in the Company’s Research segment. The principal components of the assets divested included goodwill, intangible assets, net, property, equipment and leasehold improvements, net, and accounts receivable, with carrying amounts of $16.0 million, $9.5 million, $4.5 million and $11.8 million, respectively, while the liabilities transferred with the sale primarily consisted of deferred revenue with a carrying amount of $24.4 million. Such assets and liabilities were included in Assets held-for-sale and Liabilities held-for-sale, respectively, on the Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2022 at their respective carrying values at that date.
Acquisition and Integration Charges
The Company recognized $9.6 million, $9.1 million and $6.1 million of Acquisition and integration charges during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Acquisition and integration charges reflect additional costs and expenses resulting from the Company’s acquisitions and divestitures and include, among other items, professional fees and personnel related expenses.
During 2021, the Company received $2.3 million cash proceeds from deferred consideration related to a 2018 divestiture.
Note 3 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill. The table below presents changes to the carrying amount of goodwill by segment during the two-year period ended December 31, 2023 (in thousands).
Research Conferences Consulting Total
Balance at December 31, 2021 (1) $ 2,670,934 $ 184,021 $ 96,362 $ 2,951,317
Additions due to an acquisition (2) 4,617 - - 4,617
Reclassified as held-for-sale (3) (16,000) - - (16,000)
Foreign currency translation impact (8,358) (70) (1,295) (9,723)
Balance at December 31, 2022 (1) 2,651,193 183,951 95,067 2,930,211
Additions due to an acquisition (2) 4,176 - - 4,176
Foreign currency translation impact 2,180 46 647 2,873
Balance at December 31, 2023 (1) $ 2,657,549 $ 183,997 $ 95,714 $ 2,937,260
(1)The Company does not have any accumulated goodwill impairment losses.
(2)The additions were due to the acquisition of UpCity in October 2022 and an independent sales agent in September 2023 See Note 2 - Acquisitions and Divestiture for additional information.
(3)Represents amounts reclassified to Assets held-for-sale due to the divestiture of the Company’s TalentNeuron business in February 2023. See Note 2 - Acquisitions and Divestiture for additional information. The amount of goodwill allocated to the divestiture was determined using a relative fair value approach.
Finite-lived intangible assets. Changes in finite-lived intangible assets during the two-year period ended December 31, 2023 are presented in the tables below (in thousands).
December 31, 2023 Customer
Relationships Technology-related Other Total
Gross cost at December 31, 2022 1,060,541 11,200 10,436 $ 1,082,177
Additions due to an acquisition (1) 990 - - 990
Intangible assets fully amortized (987) (39) (236) (1,262)
Foreign currency translation impact 16,639 39 - 16,678
Gross cost 1,077,183 11,200 10,200 1,098,583
Accumulated amortization (3) (580,937) (9,333) (6,355) (596,625)
Balance at December 31, 2023 $ 496,246 $ 1,867 $ 3,845 $ 501,958
December 31, 2022 Customer
Relationships Technology-related Other Total
Gross cost at December 31, 2021 $ 1,096,358 $ 61,216 $ 10,436 $ 1,168,010
Reclassified as held-for-sale (2) - (49,487) - (49,487)
Foreign currency translation impact (35,817) (529) - (36,346)
Gross cost 1,060,541 11,200 10,436 1,082,177
Accumulated amortization (3) (486,260) (5,600) (5,603) (497,463)
Balance at December 31, 2022 $ 574,281 $ 5,600 $ 4,833 $ 584,714
(1)The additions were due to the acquisition of an independent sales agent in September 2023. See Note 2 - Acquisitions and Divestiture for additional information.
(2)Represents amounts reclassified to Assets held-for-sale due to the divestiture of the Company’s TalentNeuron business in February 2023. See Note 2 - Acquisitions and Divestiture for additional information.
(3)Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized using the straight-line method over the following periods: Customer relationships-6 to 13 years; Technology-related-3 to 7 years; and Other -4 to 11 years.
Amortization expense related to finite-lived intangible assets was $92.5 million, $98.5 million and $109.6 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The estimated future amortization expense by year for finite-lived intangible assets is presented in the table below (in thousands).
2024 $ 90,138
2025 81,471
2026 78,796
2027 78,188
2028 76,716
2029 and thereafter 96,649
$ 501,958
Note 4 - Other Assets
The Company’s other assets are summarized in the table below (in thousands).
December 31,
2023 2022
Benefit plan-related assets $ 124,298 $ 99,527
Non-current deferred tax assets 144,714 138,318
Other 70,276 59,686
Total other assets $ 339,288 $ 297,531
Note 5 - Accounts Payable and Accrued and Other Liabilities
The Company’s Accounts payable and accrued liabilities are summarized in the table below (in thousands).
December 31,
2023 2022
Accounts payable $ 63,139 $ 83,225
Payroll and employee benefits payable 243,338 221,242
Bonus payable 279,482 254,675
Commissions payable 165,898 168,042
Income tax payable 72,181 76,383
VAT payable 60,709 43,187
Current portion of operating lease liabilities 98,493 99,717
Other accrued liabilities 144,364 168,727
Total accounts payable and accrued liabilities $ 1,127,604 $ 1,115,198
The Company’s Other liabilities are summarized in the table below (in thousands).
December 31,
2023 2022
Non-current deferred revenues $ 33,490 $ 39,115
Long-term taxes payable 114,467 92,812
Benefit plan-related liabilities 157,033 124,378
Non-current deferred tax liabilities 86,550 139,531
Other 23,924 27,628
Total other liabilities $ 415,464 $ 423,464
Note 6 - Debt
The Company’s total outstanding borrowings are summarized in the table below (in thousands).
December 31,
Description 2023 2022
2020 Credit Agreement - Term loan facility (1) $ 274,400 $ 282,200
2020 Credit Agreement - Revolving credit facility (1), (2) - -
Senior Notes due 2028 (“2028 Notes”) (3)
800,000 800,000
Senior Notes due 2029 (“2029 Notes”) (4)
600,000 600,000
Senior Notes due 2030 (“2030 Notes”) (5)
800,000 800,000
Other (6) 5,000 5,000
Principal amount outstanding (7) 2,479,400 2,487,200
Less: deferred financing fees (8) (21,104) (25,793)
Net balance sheet carrying amount $ 2,458,296 $ 2,461,407
(1)The contractual annualized interest rate as of December 31, 2023 on the 2020 Credit Agreement Term loan facility and the Revolving credit facility was 6.73%, which consisted of Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) of 5.375% plus a margin of 1.350%. However, the Company has an interest rate swap contracts that effectively converts the floating SOFR on outstanding amounts to a fixed base rate.
(2)The Company had approximately $1.0 billion of available borrowing capacity on the 2020 Credit Agreement revolver (not including the expansion feature) as of December 31, 2023.
(3)Consists of $800.0 million principal amount of 2028 Notes outstanding. The 2028 Notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 4.50% and mature on July 1, 2028.
(4)Consists of $600.0 million principal amount of 2029 Notes outstanding. The 2029 Notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 3.625% and mature on June 15, 2029.
(5)Consists of $800.0 million principal amount of 2030 Notes outstanding. The 2030 Notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 3.75% and mature on October 1, 2030.
(6)Consists of a State of Connecticut economic development loan originated in 2019 with a 10-year maturity and bears interest at a fixed rate of 1.75%. This loan may be repaid at any time by the Company without penalty.
(7)The weighted average annual effective rate on the Company’s outstanding debt for 2023, including the effects of its interest rate swaps discussed below, was 5.00%.
(8)Deferred financing fees are being amortized to Interest expense over the term of the related debt obligation.
2029 Notes
On June 18, 2021, the Company issued $600.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.625% Senior Notes due 2029. The 2029 Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture, dated as of June 18, 2021 (the “2029 Note Indenture”), among the Company, the guarantors party thereto and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee.
The 2029 Notes were issued at an issue price of 100.0% and bear interest at a rate of 3.625% per annum. Interest on the 2029 Notes is payable on June 15 and December 15 of each year, beginning on December 15, 2021. The 2029 Notes will mature on June 15, 2029. The Company may redeem some or all of the 2029 Notes at any time on or after June 15, 2024 for cash at the redemption prices set forth in the 2029 Notes Indenture, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date. Prior to June 15, 2024, the Company may redeem up to 40% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2029 Notes in connection with certain equity offerings, or some or all of the 2029 Notes with a “make-whole” premium, in each case subject to the terms set forth in the 2029 Note Indenture.
2030 Notes
On September 28, 2020, the Company issued $800.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.75% Senior Notes due 2030. The 2030 Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture, dated as of September 28, 2020 (the “2030 Note Indenture”), among the Company, the guarantors party thereto and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee.
The 2030 Notes were issued at an issue price of 100.0% and bear interest at a rate of 3.75% per annum. Interest on the 2030 Notes is payable on April 1 and October 1 of each year, beginning on April 1, 2021. The 2030 Notes will mature on October 1, 2030.
The Company may redeem some or all of the 2030 Notes at any time on or after October 1, 2025 for cash at the redemption prices set forth in the 2030 Note Indenture, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date. Prior to October 1, 2025, the Company may redeem up to 40% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2030 Notes in connection with certain equity offerings, or some or all of the 2030 Notes with a “make-whole” premium, in each case subject to the terms set forth in the 2030 Note Indenture.
2028 Notes
On June 22, 2020, the Company issued $800.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.50% Senior Notes due 2028. The 2028 Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture, dated as of June 22, 2020 (the “2028 Note Indenture”), among the Company, the guarantors party thereto and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee.
The 2028 Notes were issued at an issue price of 100.0% and bear interest at a rate of 4.50% per annum. Interest on the 2028 Notes is payable on January 1 and July 1 of each year, beginning on January 1, 2021. The 2028 Notes will mature on July 1, 2028.
The Company may redeem some or all of the 2028 Notes at any time on or after July 1, 2023 for cash at the redemption prices set forth in the 2028 Note Indenture, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date. Prior to July 1, 2023, the Company may redeem up to 40% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2028 Notes in connection with certain equity offerings, or some or all of the 2028 Notes with a “make-whole” premium, in each case subject to the terms set forth in the 2028 Note Indenture.
2020 Credit Agreement
The Company has a credit facility that currently provides for a $400.0 million Term loan facility and a $1.0 billion Revolving credit facility (the “2020 Credit Agreement”). The 2020 Credit Agreement contains certain customary restrictive loan covenants, including, among others, financial covenants that apply a maximum consolidated leverage ratio and a minimum consolidated interest expense coverage ratio. The Company was in compliance with all financial covenants as of December 31, 2023.
The Term loan is being repaid in consecutive quarterly installments that commenced on December 31, 2020, plus a final payment to be made on September 28, 2025. The Company used a portion of the net proceeds from the issuance of the 2029 Notes to repay $100.0 million of the outstanding borrowings under the term loan facility in June 2021. The Revolving credit facility may be borrowed, repaid and re-borrowed through September 28, 2025, at which all then-outstanding amounts must be repaid.
In May 2023, the Company entered into an amendment of the 2020 Credit Agreement that replaced the interest rate benchmark from LIBOR to Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”). After the amendment, interest is accrued on outstanding balances under the credit facility and payable monthly at a rate of the one month Term SOFR plus 10 basis points and the applicable margin. Prior to the amendment, interest was accrued at a rate of the one month LIBOR plus the applicable margin.
Interest Rate Swaps
As of December 31, 2023, the Company had one fixed-for-floating interest rate swap contract with a total notional value of $350.0 million that matures in 2025. In May 2023, in conjunction with the amendment of the 2020 credit agreement, the Company entered into an amendment of its interest rate swap contract. Under the amended agreement, the Company pays a base fixed rate of 2.98% and in return receives a floating Term SOFR base rate on 30-day notional borrowings. Prior to the amendment, the Company paid a base fixed rate of 3.04% and in return received a floating Eurodollar base rate on 30-day notional borrowings.
Effective June 30, 2020, the Company de-designated all of its interest rate swaps and discontinued hedge accounting. Accordingly, subsequent changes to the fair value of the interest rate swaps are recorded in Other income, net. The amounts previously recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive loss are amortized into Interest expense over the terms of the hedged forecasted interest payments. As of December 31, 2023, $32.3 million is remaining in Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net. See Note 14 - Fair Value Disclosures for the determination of the fair values of Company’s interest rate swaps.
Note 7 - Leases
The Company’s leasing activities are primarily for facilities under cancelable and non-cancelable lease agreements expiring during 2024 and through 2038. These facilities support the Company’s executive and administrative activities, research and consulting, sales, systems support, operations, and other functions. The Company also has leases for office equipment and other assets, which are not significant. Certain of the Company’s lease agreements include (i) renewal options to extend the lease term for up to ten years and/or (ii) options to terminate the agreement within one year. Additionally, certain of the Company’s lease agreements provide standard recurring escalations of lease payments for, among other things, increases in a lessor’s maintenance costs and taxes. Under some lease agreements, the Company may be entitled to allowances, free rent, lessor-financed tenant improvements and other incentives. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.
The Company subleases certain office space that it does not intend to occupy. Such sublease arrangements expire during 2024 and through 2032 and primarily relate to facilities in Arlington, Virginia. Certain of the Company’s sublease agreements: (i) include renewal and termination options; (ii) provide for customary escalations of lease payments in the normal course of business; and (iii) grant the subtenant certain allowances, free rent, Gartner-financed tenant improvements and other incentives.
Lease Accounting under ASC 842
Under ASC 842, a lease is a contract or an agreement, or a part of another arrangement, between two or more parties that, at its inception, creates enforceable rights and obligations that conveys the right to control the use of identified property, plant or equipment for a period of time in exchange for consideration.
Right-of-use assets represent a right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and the related lease liability represents an obligation to make lease payments pursuant to the contractual terms of the lease agreement. Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are initially recognized on the lease commencement date based on the present value of the lease payments over the lease term. For all of the Company’s facilities leases, the Company accounts for both lease components and nonlease components (e.g., common area maintenance charges, etc.) as a single lease component when determining the present value of the Company’s lease payments. Variable lease payments that are not dependent on an index or a rate are excluded from the determination of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities and such payments are recognized as expense in the period when the related obligation is incurred.
The Company’s lease agreements do not provide implicit interest rates. Instead, the Company uses an incremental borrowing rate determined on the lease commencement date to calculate the present value of future lease payments. The incremental borrowing rate is calculated for each individual lease and represents the rate of interest that the Company would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis (in the currency that the lease is denominated) over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. Right-of-use assets also include initial direct costs incurred by the Company and lease payments made to a lessor on or before the related lease commencement date, less any lease incentives received directly from the lessor.
Certain of the Company’s facility lease agreements include options to extend or terminate the lease. When it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise a renewal or termination option, the present value of the lease payments for the affected lease is adjusted accordingly. Leases with a term of twelve months or less are accounted for in the same manner as long-term lease arrangements, including any related disclosures. Lease expense for operating leases is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, unless the related right-of-use asset was previously impaired.
All of the Company’s existing sublease arrangements have been classified as operating leases with sublease income recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the sublease arrangement. To measure the Company’s periodic sublease income, the Company elected to use a practical expedient under ASC 842 to aggregate nonlease components with the related lease components when (i) the timing and pattern of transfer for the nonlease components and the related lease components are the same and (ii) the lease components, if accounted for separately, would be classified as an operating lease. This practical expedient applies to all of the Company’s existing sublease arrangements.
When the projected lease cost for the term of a sublease exceeds the anticipated sublease income for that same period, the Company treats that circumstance as an indicator that the carrying amount of the related right-of-use asset may not be fully recoverable. In those situations, the Company performs an impairment analysis and, if indicated, the Company records a charge against earnings to reduce the right-of-use asset to the amount deemed to be recoverable in the future.
On the Consolidated Balance Sheet, right-of-use assets are classified and reported in Operating lease right-of-use assets, and the related lease liabilities are included in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (current) and Operating lease liabilities (long-term). On the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows, the reduction in the carrying amount of right-of-use assets is presented separately and the change in operating lease liabilities is included under Accounts payable and accrued and other liabilities in the reconciliation of net income to cash provided by operating activities.
All of the Company’s leasing and subleasing activities are recognized in Selling, general and administrative expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The table below presents the Company’s net lease cost and certain other information related to the Company’s leasing activities as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in thousands).
Year Ended December 31,
Description 2023 2022 2021
Operating lease cost (1) $ 112,948 $ 117,750 $ 130,383
Variable lease cost (2) 22,254 15,209 17,940
Sublease income (53,377) (46,698) (42,801)
Total lease cost, net (3) (4) $ 81,825 $ 86,261 $ 105,522
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease
liabilities $ 145,226 $ 137,399 $ 140,571
Cash receipts from sublease arrangements $ 51,968 $ 46,159 $ 42,374
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities $ 12,715 $ 20,597 $ 33,113
As of December 31, 2023 2022 2021
Weighted average remaining lease term for operating leases (in years) 7.3 7.9 8.7
Weighted average discount rate for operating leases 6.6 % 6.6 % 6.5 %
(1)Included in operating lease cost was $43.1 million, $41.9 million and $42.3 million of costs for subleasing activities during 2023, 2022, and 2021 respectively.
(2)These amounts are primarily variable lease and nonlease costs that were not fixed at the lease commencement date or are dependent on something other than an index or a rate.
(3)The Company did not capitalize any initial direct costs for operating leases during 2023, 2022, or 2021.
(4)Amount excludes impairment charges of $20.4 million, $54.0 million, and $49.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 respectively, as discussed below.
As of December 31, 2023, the (i) maturities of operating lease liabilities under non-cancelable arrangements and (ii) estimated future sublease cash receipts from non-cancelable arrangements were as follows (in thousands):
Operating Sublease
Lease Cash
Period ending December 31, Payments Receipts
2024 $ 135,707 $ 47,311
2025 117,552 44,442
2026 113,494 44,243
2027 109,493 45,120
2028 65,257 8,139
Thereafter 237,439 18,392
Total future minimum operating lease payments and estimated sublease cash receipts (1) 778,942 $ 207,647
Imputed interest (167,043)
Total operating lease liabilities per the Consolidated Balance Sheet $ 611,899
(1)Approximately 79% of the operating lease payments pertain to properties in the United States.
The table below indicates where the discounted operating lease payments from the above table are classified in the Consolidated Balance Sheet (in thousands).
December 31,
Description 2023 2022
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $ 98,493 $ 99,717
Operating lease liabilities 513,406 597,267
Total operating lease liabilities per the Consolidated Balance Sheet $ 611,899 $ 696,984
As of December 31, 2023, the Company had additional operating leases for facilities that have not yet commenced. These operating leases, which aggregated $3.2 million of undiscounted lease payments, are scheduled to commence during 2024 with lease terms of up to 5 years.
As a result and in consideration of the changing nature of the Company’s use of office space, the Company continues to evaluate its existing real estate lease portfolio. In connection with this evaluation, the Company reviewed certain of its right-of-use assets and related other long-lived assets for impairment under ASC 360.
As a result of the evaluation, the Company recognized an impairment loss of $20.4 million, $54.0 million and $49.5 million during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, which is included as a component of Selling, general and administrative expenses in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. The impairment loss for the year ended December 31, 2023 includes $14.7 million related to right-of-use assets and $5.7 million related to other long-lived assets, primarily leasehold improvements. The impairment loss for the year ended December 31, 2022 includes $40.7 million related to right-of-use assets and $13.3 million related to other long-lived assets, primarily leasehold improvements. The impairment loss for the year ended December 31, 2021 includes $50.9 million related to right-of-use assets and $17.9 million related to other long-lived assets, primarily leasehold improvements and a $19.3 million reduction in lease liabilities.
The fair values for the asset groups relating to the impaired long-lived assets were estimated primarily using discounted cash flow models (income approach) with Level 3 inputs. The significant assumptions used in estimating fair value include the expected downtime prior to the commencement of future subleases, projected sublease income over the remaining lease periods and discount rates that reflect the level of risk associated with receiving future cash flows.
Note 8 - Stockholders’ Equity
Common stock. Holders of Gartner’s common stock, par value $0.0005 per share, are entitled to one vote per share on all matters to be voted by stockholders. The Company does not currently pay cash dividends on its common stock. Also, the 2020 Credit Agreement contains a negative covenant that may limit the Company’s ability to pay dividends. The table below summarizes transactions relating to the Company’s common stock for the three years ended December 31, 2023.
Issued
Shares Treasury
Stock
Shares
Balance at December 31, 2020 163,602,067 74,759,985
Issuances under stock plans - (807,320)
Purchases for treasury (1) - 7,252,839
Balance at December 31, 2021 163,602,067 81,205,504
Issuances under stock plans - (599,081)
Purchases for treasury (1) - 3,822,090
Balance at December 31, 2022 163,602,067 84,428,513
Issuances under stock plans - (975,745)
Purchases for treasury (1) - 1,811,758
Balance at December 31, 2023 163,602,067 85,264,526
(1)The Company used a total of $0.6 billion, $1.0 billion and $1.7 billion in cash for share repurchases during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Share repurchase authorization. In 2015, the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) authorized a share repurchase program to repurchase up to $1.2 billion of the Company’s common stock. The Board authorized incremental share repurchases of up to an additional $1.6 billion, $1.0 billion and $0.9 billion of the Company’s common stock during 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively. $987 million remained available as of December 31, 2023. The Company may repurchase its common stock from time-to-time in amounts, at prices and in the manner that the Company deems appropriate, subject to the availability of stock, prevailing market conditions, the trading price of the stock, the Company’s financial performance and other conditions. Repurchases may be made through open market purchases (which may include repurchase plans designed to comply with Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended), accelerated share repurchases, private transactions or other transactions and will be funded by cash on hand and borrowings. Repurchases may also be made from time-to-time in connection with the settlement of the Company’s stock-based compensation awards.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), net (“AOCI/L”)
The tables below provide information about the changes in AOCI/L by component and the related amounts reclassified out of AOCI/L to income during the years indicated (net of tax, in thousands) (1).
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Interest Rate Swaps Defined Benefit Pension Plans Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments Total
Balance - December 31, 2022 $ (39,248) $ (4,247) $ (58,115) $ (101,610)
Other comprehensive income (loss) activity during the year:
Change in AOCI/L before reclassifications to income - (1,616) 11,677 10,061
Reclassifications from AOCI/L to income (2), (3) 15,086 132 - 15,218
Other comprehensive income (loss), net for the year 15,086 (1,484) 11,677 25,279
Balance - December 31, 2023 $ (24,162) $ (5,731) $ (46,438) $ (76,331)
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Interest Rate Swaps Defined Benefit Pension Plans Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments Total
Balance - December 31, 2021 $ (56,323) $ (6,672) $ (18,436) $ (81,431)
Other comprehensive income (loss) activity during the year:
Change in AOCI/L before reclassifications to income - 2,244 (39,679) (37,435)
Reclassifications from AOCI/L to income (2), (3) 17,075 181 - 17,256
Other comprehensive income (loss), net for the year 17,075 2,425 (39,679) (20,179)
Balance - December 31, 2022 $ (39,248) $ (4,247) $ (58,115) $ (101,610)
(1)Amounts in parentheses represent debits (deferred losses).
(2)$20.1 million and $22.6 million of the reclassifications related to interest rate swaps (cash flow hedges) were recorded in Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. See Note 6 - Debt and Note 13 - Derivatives and Hedging for information regarding the cash flow hedges.
(3)The reclassifications related to defined benefit pension plans were primarily recorded in Selling, general and administrative expense, net of tax effect. See Note 15 - Employee Benefits for information regarding the Company’s defined benefit pension plans.
The estimated net amount of the existing losses on the Company’s interest rate swaps that are reported in Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net at December 31, 2023 that is expected to be reclassified into earnings within the next 12 months is $19.1 million.
Note 9 - Revenue and Related Matters
Our Business and Revenues
Gartner delivers its products and services globally through three business segments - Research, Conferences and Consulting, as described below.
Research
Research equips executives and their teams from every function and across all industries with actionable, objective insight, guidance and tools. Our experienced experts deliver all this value informed by a combination of practitioner-sourced and data-driven research to help our clients address their mission critical priorities.
Research revenues are mainly derived from subscription contracts for research products, representing approximately 92% of the segment’s revenue. The related revenues are deferred and recognized ratably over the applicable contract term (i.e., as services are provided over the contract period). Fees derived from assisting organizations in selecting the right business software for their needs are recognized at a point in time (i.e., when the lead is provided to the vendor).
The Company enters into subscription contracts for research products that generally are for twelve-month periods or longer. Approximately 80% to 85% of the Company’s annual and multi-year Research subscription contracts provide for billing of the first full service period upon signing. In subsequent years, multi-year subscription contracts are normally billed prior to the contract’s anniversary date. Other Research subscription contracts are usually invoiced in advance, commencing with the contract signing, on (i) a quarterly, monthly or other recurring basis or (ii) in accordance with a customized invoicing schedule. Research contracts are generally non-cancelable and non-refundable, except for government contracts that may have cancellation or fiscal funding clauses, which have not historically resulted in material cancellations. It is the Company’s policy to record the amount of a subscription contract that is billable as a fee receivable at the time the contract is signed with a corresponding amount as deferred revenue because the contract represents a legally enforceable claim.
Conferences
Conferences provides executives and teams across an organization the opportunity to learn, share and network. From our Gartner Symposium/Xpo series, to industry-leading conferences focused on specific business roles and topics, to peer-driven sessions, our offerings enable attendees to experience the best of Gartner insight and guidance.
The Company earns revenues from both the attendees and exhibitors at Gartner conferences and meetings. Attendees are generally invoiced for the full attendance fee upon their completion of an online registration form or their signing of a contract, while exhibitors typically make several individual payments commencing with the signing of a contract. Almost all of the invoiced amounts are collected in advance of the related activity, resulting in the recording of deferred revenue. Both the attendee and exhibitor revenues are recognized as the related performance obligations are satisfied (i.e., when the related conference is held).
The Company defers certain costs directly related to specific conferences and meetings and expenses those costs in the period during which the related activity occurs. The Company’s policy is to defer only those costs that are incremental and directly attributable to a specific activity, primarily prepaid site and production services costs. Other costs of organizing and producing conference activities, primarily Company personnel and non-conference specific expenses, are expensed in the period incurred.
Consulting
Consulting serves senior executives leading technology-driven strategic initiatives leveraging the power of Gartner’s actionable, objective insight. Through custom analysis and on-the-ground support we enable optimized technology investments and stronger performance on our clients’ mission critical priorities.
Consulting revenues, primarily derived from custom consulting and measurement services, are principally generated from fixed fee or time and materials engagements. Revenues from fixed fee engagements are recognized as the Company works to satisfy its performance obligations, while revenues from time and materials engagements are recognized as work is delivered and/or services are provided. In both of these circumstances, performance obligations are satisfied and control of the services are passed to customers over time (i.e., during the duration of the contract or consulting engagement). On a contract-by-contract basis, the Company typically uses actual labor hours incurred compared to total expected labor hours to measure the Company’s performance in respect of fixed fee engagements. If labor and other costs on an individual contract are expected to exceed the total contract value or the contract’s funded ceiling amount, the Company reflects an adjustment to the contract’s overall profitability in the period determined. Revenues related to contract optimization engagements are contingent in nature and are only recognized at the point in time when all of the conditions related to their payment have been satisfied.
Consulting customers are invoiced based on the specific terms and conditions in their underlying contracts. They are typically invoiced after the Company has satisfied some or all of the related performance obligations and the related revenue has been recognized. The Company records fees receivable for amounts that are billed or billable. Contract assets are also recorded representing amounts for which the Company has recognized revenue but lacks the unconditional right to payment as of the balance sheet date due to the required continued performance under the relevant contract, progress billing milestones or other billing-related restrictions.
Disaggregated Revenue
Disaggregated revenue by reportable segment is presented in the tables below for the years indicated (in thousands).
By Primary Geographic Market (1)
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Primary Geographic Market Research Conferences Consulting Total
United States and Canada $ 3,275,866 $ 317,531 $ 317,645 $ 3,911,042
Europe, Middle East and Africa 1,060,959 140,640 130,471 1,332,070
Other International 550,221 46,993 66,630 663,844
Total revenues $ 4,887,046 $ 505,164 $ 514,746 $ 5,906,956
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Primary Geographic Market Research Conferences Consulting Total
United States and Canada $ 3,056,096 $ 263,165 $ 300,121 $ 3,619,382
Europe, Middle East and Africa 1,017,860 88,979 127,820 1,234,659
Other International 530,835 37,129 53,841 621,805
Total revenues $ 4,604,791 $ 389,273 $ 481,782 $ 5,475,846
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Primary Geographic Market Research Conferences Consulting Total
United States and Canada $ 2,655,534 $ 146,707 $ 246,661 $ 3,048,902
Europe, Middle East and Africa 958,339 47,883 124,757 1,130,979
Other International 487,519 19,859 46,703 554,081
Total revenues $ 4,101,392 $ 214,449 $ 418,121 $ 4,733,962
(1)Revenue is reported based on where the sale is fulfilled.
The Company’s revenue is generated primarily through direct sales to clients by domestic and international sales forces and a network of independent international sales agents. Most of the Company’s products and services are provided on an integrated worldwide basis and, because of this integrated delivery approach, it is not practical to precisely separate Company’s revenue by geographic location. Accordingly, revenue information presented in the above tables is based on internal allocations, which involve certain management estimates and judgments.
By Timing of Revenue Recognition
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Timing of Revenue Recognition Research Conferences Consulting Total
Transferred over time (1) $ 4,506,621 $ - $ 400,171 $ 4,906,792
Transferred at a point in time (2) 380,425 505,164 114,575 1,000,164
Total revenues $ 4,887,046 $ 505,164 $ 514,746 $ 5,906,956
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Timing of Revenue Recognition Research Conferences Consulting Total
Transferred over time (1) $ 4,182,747 $ - $ 378,062 $ 4,560,809
Transferred at a point in time (2) 422,044 389,273 103,720 915,037
Total revenues $ 4,604,791 $ 389,273 $ 481,782 $ 5,475,846
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Timing of Revenue Recognition Research Conferences Consulting Total
Transferred over time (1) $ 3,740,694 $ - $ 334,945 $ 4,075,639
Transferred at a point in time (2) 360,698 214,449 83,176 658,323
Total revenues $ 4,101,392 $ 214,449 $ 418,121 $ 4,733,962
(1)Research revenues were recognized in connection with performance obligations that were satisfied over time using a time-elapsed output method to measure progress. Consulting revenues were recognized over time using labor hours as an input measurement basis.
(2)The revenues in this category were recognized in connection with performance obligations that were satisfied at the point in time that the contractual deliverables were provided to the customer.
Determining a measure of progress for performance obligations that are satisfied over time and when control transfers for performance obligations that are satisfied at a point in time requires management to make judgments that affect the timing of revenue recognition. A key factor in this determination is when the customer can direct the use of, and can obtain substantially all of the benefits from, the deliverable.
For performance obligations recognized in accordance with a time-elapsed output method, the Company’s efforts are expended consistently throughout the contractual period and the Company transfers control evenly by providing stand-ready services. For performance obligations satisfied under Consulting fixed fee or time and materials engagements, the Company believes that labor hours are the best measure of depicting the Company’s progress because labor output corresponds directly to the value of the Company’s performance to date as control is transferred.
For customer contracts that are greater than one year in duration, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) as of December 31, 2023 was approximately $5.6 billion. The Company expects to recognize $3.3 billion, $1.8 billion and $0.5 billion of this revenue (most of which pertains to Research) during the year ending December 31, 2024, the year ending December 31, 2025 and thereafter, respectively. The Company applies a practical expedient allowed in ASC 606 and, accordingly, it does not disclose such performance obligation information for customer contracts that have original durations of one year or less. The Company’s performance obligations for contracts meeting this ASC 606 disclosure exclusion primarily include: (i) stand-ready services under Research subscription contracts; (ii) holding conferences and meetings where attendees and exhibitors can participate; and (iii) providing customized Consulting solutions for clients under fixed fee or time and materials engagements. The remaining duration of these performance obligations is generally less than one year, which aligns with the period that the parties have enforceable rights and obligations under the affected contracts.
Customer Contract Assets and Liabilities
The payment terms and conditions in the Company’s customer contracts vary. In some cases, customers prepay and, in other cases, after the Company conducts a credit evaluation, payment may be due in arrears. Because the timing of the Company’s service delivery typically differs from the timing of customer payments, the Company recognizes either a contract asset (the Company performs either fully or partially under the contract but a contingency remains) or a contract liability (upfront customer payments precede the Company’s performance, resulting in deferred revenue). Amounts recorded as contract assets are reclassified to fees receivable when all of the outstanding conditions have been resolved and the Company’s right to payment becomes unconditional. Contracts with payments due in arrears are also recognized as fees receivable. As contractual performance obligations are satisfied, the Company correspondingly relieves its contract liabilities and records the associated revenue.
The table below provides information regarding certain of the Company’s balance sheet accounts that pertain to its contracts with customers (in thousands).
December 31,
2023 2022
Assets:
Fees receivable, gross (1) $ 1,610,228 $ 1,565,786
Contract assets recorded in Prepaid expenses and other current assets (2) $ 28,791 $ 21,183
Contract liabilities:
Deferred revenues (current liability) (3) $ 2,640,515 $ 2,443,762
Non-current deferred revenues recorded in Other liabilities (3) 33,490 39,115
Total contract liabilities $ 2,674,005 $ 2,482,877
(1)Fees receivable represent an unconditional right of payment from the Company’s customers and include both billed and unbilled amounts.
(2)Contract assets represent recognized revenue for which the Company does not have an unconditional right to payment as of the balance sheet date because the project may be subject to a progress billing milestone or some other billing restriction.
(3)Deferred revenues represent amounts (i) for which the Company has received an upfront customer payment or (ii) that pertain to recognized fees receivable. Both situations occur before the completion of the Company’s performance obligation(s).
The Company recognized revenue of $2.0 billion, $1.9 billion and $1.6 billion during 2023, 2022 and 2021 respectively, which was attributable to deferred revenues that were recorded at the beginning of each such year. Those amounts primarily consisted of (i) Research revenues and (ii) Conferences revenues pertaining to conferences and meetings that occurred during the reporting periods. During 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company did not record any material impairments related to its contract assets.
Costs of Obtaining and Fulfilling a Customer Contract
When the Company concludes that a liability should be recognized for the costs of obtaining a customer contract and determines how such liability should be measured, certain commissions are capitalized as a recoverable direct incremental cost of obtaining the underlying contract. No other amounts are capitalized as a cost of obtaining or fulfilling a customer contract because no expenditures have been identified that meet the requisite capitalization criteria. For Research and Consulting, the Company amortizes deferred commissions on a systematic basis that aligns with the transfer to customers of the services to which the commissions relate. For Conferences, deferred commissions are expensed during the period when the related conference or meeting occurs.
During 2023, 2022 and 2021, deferred commission amortization expense was $550.5 million, $562.1 million and $472.5 million, respectively, and was included in Selling, general and administrative expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company classifies Deferred commissions as a current asset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at both December 31, 2023 and 2022 because those costs were, or will be, amortized over the twelve months following the respective balance sheet dates.
Note 10 - Stock-Based Compensation
The Company grants stock-based compensation awards as an incentive for employees and directors to contribute to the Company’s long-term success. The Company currently awards stock-settled stock appreciation rights, service-based and performance-based restricted stock units, and common stock equivalents. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had 5.9 million shares of its common stock, par value $0.0005 per share, (the “Common Stock”) available for stock-based compensation awards under its Long-Term Incentive Plan as amended and restated in June 2023 (the “Plan”). Currently, the Company issues treasury shares upon the exercise, release or settlement of stock-based compensation awards.
Determining the appropriate fair value model and calculating the fair value of stock-based compensation awards requires the use of certain subjective assumptions, including the expected life of a stock-based compensation award and Common Stock price volatility. In addition, determining the appropriate periodic stock-based compensation expense requires management to estimate the likelihood of the achievement of certain performance targets. The assumptions used in calculating the fair values of stock-based compensation awards and the related periodic expense represent management’s best estimates, which involve inherent uncertainties and the application of judgment. As a result, if circumstances change and the Company deems it necessary in the future to modify the assumptions it made or to use different assumptions, or if the quantity and nature of the Company’s stock-based compensation awards changes, then the amount of expense may need to be adjusted and future stock-based compensation expense could be materially different from what has been recorded in the current year.
Stock-Based Compensation Expense
The tables below summarize the Company’s stock-based compensation expense by award type and expense category line item during the years ended December 31 (in millions).
Award type 2023 2022 2021
Stock appreciation rights $ 10.5 $ 8.8 $ 8.2
Restricted stock units (1) 118.2 81.0 89.6
Common stock equivalents 1.1 0.8 0.8
Total (2) (3)
$ 129.8 $ 90.6 $ 98.6
Expense category line item 2023 2022 2021
Cost of services and product development $ 53.3 $ 32.7 $ 35.0
Selling, general and administrative 76.5 57.9 63.6
Total (1) (2) (3)
$ 129.8 $ 90.6 $ 98.6
(1)On February 5, 2020, prior to the COVID-19 related shutdown in the U.S., the Compensation Committee (“Committee”) of the Board of Directors of the Company established performance measures for the performance-based restricted stock units (the “PSUs”) awarded to the Company’s executive officers in 2020 under the Plan. Based on preliminary corporate performance results for the 2020 performance measures, the 2020 PSUs would have been earned at 50% of target. However, on February 3, 2021, the Committee determined to use its discretion under the Plan to approve a payout at 95% of target. In deciding to exercise this discretion to adjust the performance-based RSU payout, the Committee considered the Company’s strong overall performance in 2020 despite the significant negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result of the modification, the Company recognized $6.5 million of incremental compensation cost during the year ended December 31, 2021.
(2)The increase in stock-based compensation expense during 2023 was primarily due to changes in retirement-eligible provisions for certain stock-based compensation awards.
(3)Includes charges of $55.5 million, $32.2 million and $41.2 million during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, for awards to retirement-eligible employees. Those awards vest on an accelerated basis.
As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $142.7 million of total unrecognized stock-based compensation cost, which is expected to be expensed over the remaining weighted average service period of approximately 1.6 years.
Stock-Based Compensation Awards
The disclosures presented below provide information regarding the Company’s stock-based compensation awards, all of which have been classified as equity awards in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 505.
Stock Appreciation Rights
Stock-settled stock appreciation rights (“SARs”) permit the holder to participate in the appreciation of the value of the Common Stock. After the applicable vesting criteria have been satisfied, SARs are settled in shares of Common Stock upon exercise by the employee. SARs vest ratably over a four-year service period and expire seven years from the date of grant. The fair value of a SARs award is recognized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over four years. SARs have only been awarded to the Company’s executive officers.
When SARs are exercised, the number of shares of Common Stock issued is calculated as follows: (1) the total proceeds from the exercise of the SARs award (calculated as the closing price of the Common Stock as reported on the New York Stock Exchange on the date of exercise less the exercise price of the SARs award, multiplied by the number of SARs exercised) is divided by (2) the closing price of the Common Stock on the date of exercise. Upon exercise, the Company withholds a portion of the shares of the Common Stock to satisfy statutory tax withholding requirements. SARs recipients do not have any stockholder rights until the shares of Common Stock are issued in respect of the award, which is subject to the prior satisfaction of the vesting and other criteria relating to such grants.
The table below summarizes changes in SARs outstanding during the year ended December 31, 2023.
Units of SARs
(in millions) Per Share
Weighted
Average
Exercise Price Per Share
Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value Weighted Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term (Years)
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 0.8 $ 168.16 $ 42.99 3.89
Granted 0.1 348.47 126.04 5.78
Exercised (0.3) 129.05 29.60 n/a
Outstanding at December 31, 2023 (1) (2) 0.6 $ 216.40 $ 62.85 3.92
Vested and exercisable at December 31, 2023 (2) 0.3 $ 170.63 $ 42.88 3.25
n/a = not applicable
(1)As of December 31, 2023, 0.3 million of the total SARs outstanding were unvested. The Company expects that substantially all of those unvested awards will vest in future periods.
(2)As of December 31, 2023, the total SARs outstanding had an intrinsic value of $139.9 million. On such date, SARs vested and exercisable had an intrinsic value of $81.3 million.
The fair value of a SARs award is determined on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton valuation model with the following weighted average assumptions for the years ended December 31:
2023 2022 2021
Expected dividend yield (1) - % - % - %
Expected stock price volatility (2) 35 % 33 % 31 %
Risk-free interest rate (3) 3.9 % 1.8 % 0.4 %
Expected life in years (4) 4.71 4.59 4.74
(1)The expected dividend yield assumption was based on both the Company’s historical and anticipated dividend payouts. Historically, the Company has not paid cash dividends on its Common Stock.
(2)The determination of expected stock price volatility was based on both historical Common Stock prices and implied volatility from publicly traded options in the Common Stock.
(3)The risk-free interest rate was based on the yield of a U.S. Treasury security with a maturity similar to the expected life of the award.
(4)The expected life represents the Company’s estimate of the weighted average period of time the SARs are expected to be outstanding (that is, the period between the service inception date and the expected exercise date).
Restricted Stock Units
Restricted stock units (“RSUs”) give the awardee the right to receive shares of Common Stock when the vesting conditions are met and certain restrictions lapse. Each RSU that vests entitles the awardee to one share of Common Stock. RSU awardees do not have any of the rights of a Gartner stockholder, including voting rights and the right to receive dividends and distributions, until the shares are released. The fair value of an RSU award is determined on the date of grant based on the closing price of the Common Stock as reported on the New York Stock Exchange on that date. Service-based RSUs vest ratably over four years and are expensed on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. Performance-based RSUs are subject to the satisfaction of both performance and service conditions, vest ratably over four years and are expensed on an accelerated basis over the vesting period.
The table below summarizes the changes in RSUs outstanding during the year ended December 31, 2023.
Units of RSUs
(in millions) Per Share
Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 1.0 $ 211.25
Granted (1) 0.5 348.02
Vested and released (0.5) 193.30
Outstanding at December 31, 2023 (2) (3) 1.0 $ 275.81
(1)The 0.5 million of RSUs granted during 2023 consisted of 0.1 million of performance-based RSUs awarded to executives and 0.4 million of service-based RSUs awarded to non-executive employees and non-management board members. The performance-based awards include RSUs in final adjustments of 2022 grants and approximately 0.1 million of RSUs representing the target amount of the grant for 2023 that is tied to an increase in Gartner’s contract value for such year. The number of performance-based RSUs for 2023 that holders could receive ranges from 0% to 200% of the target amount based on the extent to which the corresponding performance goals have been achieved and subject to certain other conditions. Any adjustments in the number of performance-based RSUs under the 2023 grant will be made in 2024.
(2)The Company expects that substantially all of the RSUs outstanding will vest in future periods.
(3)As of December 31, 2023, the weighted average remaining contractual term of the RSUs outstanding was approximately 1.1 years.
Common Stock Equivalents
Common stock equivalents (“CSEs”) are convertible into Common Stock. Each CSE entitles the holder to one share of Common Stock. Members of the Company’s Board of Directors receive their directors’ fees in CSEs unless they opt to receive up to 50% of those fees in cash. Generally, CSEs have no defined term and are converted into shares of Common Stock when service as a director terminates unless the director has elected an accelerated release. The fair value of a CSE award is
determined on the date of grant based on the closing price of the Common Stock as reported on the New York Stock Exchange on that date. CSEs vest immediately and, as a result, they are recorded as expense on the date of grant.
The table below summarizes the changes in CSEs outstanding during the year ended December 31, 2023.
Units of CSEs Per Share
Weighted Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 115,279 $ 33.35
Granted 3,196 359.23
Converted to shares of Common Stock upon grant and termination
(12,125) 100.86
Outstanding at December 31, 2023 106,350 $ 35.45
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
The Company has an employee stock purchase plan (the “ESP Plan”) wherein eligible employees are permitted to purchase shares of Common Stock through payroll deductions, which may not exceed 10% of an employee’s compensation, or $23,750 in any calendar year, at a price equal to 95% of the closing price of the Common Stock as reported on the New York Stock Exchange at the end of each offering period. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had 3.2 million shares available for purchase under the ESP Plan. The ESP Plan is considered non-compensatory under FASB ASC Topic 718 and, as a result, the Company does not record stock-based compensation expense for employee share purchases. The Company received $25.1 million, $22.2 million and $18.2 million in cash from employee share purchases under the ESP Plan during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Note 11 - Computation of Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares of Common Stock outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution of securities that could share in earnings. Potential shares of common stock are excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share when their effect would be anti-dilutive.
The table below sets forth the calculation of basic and diluted income per share for the years ended December 31 (in thousands, except per share data).
2023 2022 2021
Numerator:
Net income used for calculating basic and diluted income per share $ 882,466 $ 807,799 $ 793,560
Denominator:
Weighted average common shares used in the calculation of basic income per share 79,004 80,178 85,026
Dilutive effect of outstanding awards associated with stock-based compensation plans 676 889 1,151
Shares used in the calculation of diluted income per share 79,680 81,067 86,177
Income per share (1):
Basic $ 11.17 $ 10.08 $ 9.33
Diluted $ 11.08 $ 9.96 $ 9.21
(1)Both basic and diluted income per share for 2021 included a tax benefit of approximately $0.63 per share related to intercompany sales of certain intellectual property (see Note 12 - Income Taxes).
The table below presents the number of outstanding awards associated with stock-based compensation plans that were not included in the computations of diluted income per share in the above table because the effect would have been anti-dilutive. During years with net income, the outstanding awards were anti-dilutive because their exercise prices were greater than the average market price per share of Common Stock during such year.
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
Anti-dilutive outstanding awards associated with stock-based compensation plans (in millions) (1) 0.1 0.1 -
Average market price per share of Common Stock during the year $ 351.31 $ 289.73 $ 252.07
(1)The number of anti-dilutive common stock equivalents for 2021 was de minimis.
Note 12 - Income Taxes
Below is a summary of the components of the Company’s income before income taxes for the years ended December 31 (in thousands).
2023 2022 2021
U.S. $ 574,458 $ 560,193 $ 485,472
Non-U.S. 572,671 467,002 484,398
Income before income taxes $ 1,147,129 $ 1,027,195 $ 969,870
The components of the expense (benefit) for income taxes on the above income are summarized in the table below (in thousands).
2023 2022 2021
Current tax expense:
U.S. federal $ 171,917 $ 122,191 $ 117,024
State and local 51,441 48,482 36,266
Foreign 107,421 91,596 64,835
Total current 330,779 262,269 218,125
Deferred tax (benefit) expense:
U.S. federal (35,457) (21,337) (4,640)
State and local (13,475) (10,108) 3,156
Foreign (12,845) (4,232) (33,389)
Total deferred (61,777) (35,677) (34,873)
Total current and deferred 269,002 226,592 183,252
Expense relating to interest rate swaps used to increase equity
(4,976) (5,569) (7,281)
Benefit from stock transactions with employees used to increase equity 105 66 78
Benefit (expense) relating to defined-benefit pension adjustments used to increase equity
532 (1,693) 261
Total tax expense $ 264,663 $ 219,396 $ 176,310
The components of long-term deferred tax assets (liabilities) are summarized in the table below (in thousands).
December 31,
2023 2022
Accrued liabilities $ 85,328 $ 72,610
Operating leases 59,160 63,289
Intangible assets 92,612 35,803
Property, equipment and leasehold improvements 9,631 -
Loss and credit carryforwards 31,454 37,978
Assets relating to equity compensation 29,128 19,299
Other assets 13,126 16,638
Gross deferred tax assets 320,439 245,617
Valuation allowance (177,132) (152,808)
Net deferred tax assets 143,307 92,809
Property, equipment and leasehold improvements - (1,856)
Prepaid expenses (69,556) (69,230)
Other liabilities (15,587) (22,936)
Gross deferred tax liabilities (85,143) (94,022)
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)
$ 58,164 $ (1,213)
Net deferred tax assets and net deferred tax liabilities were $144.7 million and $86.6 million as of December 31, 2023, respectively, and $138.3 million and $139.5 million as of December 31, 2022, respectively. These amounts are reported in Other assets and Other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Management has concluded it is more likely than not that the reversal of deferred tax liabilities and results of future operations will generate sufficient taxable income to realize the deferred tax assets, net of the valuation allowance at December 31, 2023.
In 2023, the Company increased deferred tax assets by approximately $38.4 million for tax basis in intangible assets due to the intercompany transfer of certain intellectual property. The Company recorded an offsetting increase in the valuation allowance. No net tax benefit was recognized on the transfer, consistent with the Company’s continued expectation that no benefit will be recovered from the tax basis.
The valuation allowances of $177.1 million and $152.8 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, primarily related to tax basis in certain intangible assets and loss and credit carryovers that are not likely to be realized.
As of December 31, 2023, the Company had state and local tax net operating loss carryforwards of $16.3 million, of which $0.1 million expires within one to five years. $7.4 million expires within six to fifteen years, and $8.8 million expires within sixteen years to twenty years. The Company also had state tax credits of $7.7 million, a majority of which will expire in five to six years. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had non-U.S. net operating loss carryforwards of $3.6 million, of which $2.4 million expires over the next 20 years and $1.2 million can be carried forward indefinitely. In addition, the Company also had foreign tax credit carryforwards of $19.2 million, all of which will expire between 2029 and 2033. These amounts have been reduced for associated unrecognized tax benefits, consistent with ASC 740, Income Taxes.
The items comprising the differences between the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate and the Company’s effective tax rate on income before income taxes for the years ended December 31 are summarized in the table below.
2023 2022 2021
Statutory tax rate 21.0 % 21.0 % 21.0 %
State income taxes, net of federal benefit 2.1 2.4 2.8
Effect of non-U.S. operations (0.4) (2.0) (3.4)
Intercompany sale of intellectual property - - (5.6)
Net activity in unrecognized tax benefits
1.3 (1.1) 1.3
Law changes - - 1.3
Stock-based compensation expense (3.1) (2.0) (2.0)
Limitation on executive compensation 2.3 1.4 1.7
Global intangible low-taxed income, net of foreign tax credits 1.2 1.9 1.7
Foreign-derived intangible income (0.3) (0.4) (0.3)
Change in the valuation allowance (1.2) 0.3 0.4
Other items, net 0.2 (0.1) (0.7)
Effective tax rate 23.1 % 21.4 % 18.2 %
The Company completed intercompany transfers of certain intellectual property in both 2023 and 2021. The 2023 transfer resulted in the recognition of net deferred tax assets of $38.4 million representing tax basis in the acquiring jurisdiction less tax basis in the selling jurisdiction. Full valuation allowances have been established for these assets. No net tax benefit was recognized on the transfer, consistent with the Company's continued expectation that no benefit will be recovered from the tax basis.
The 2021 transfer resulted in recognition of approximately $54.1 million net tax benefits during 2021. These benefits represent the value of future tax deductions for amortization of the assets in the acquiring jurisdiction, net of any tax recognized in the selling jurisdiction. The Company’s intellectual property footprint continues to evolve and may result in tax rate volatility in the future.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had gross unrecognized tax benefits of $148.4 million and $137.2 million, respectively. The increase is primarily due to positions taken with respect to certain intercompany transactions. The gross unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2023 related primarily to transfer pricing on intercompany transactions, the exclusion of stock-based compensation expense from the Company’s cost sharing agreement, and the ability to realize certain refund claims. It is reasonably possible that gross unrecognized tax benefits will decrease by approximately $8.6 million within the next twelve months due to the anticipated closure of audits and the expiration of certain statutes of limitation.
Included in the balance of gross unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2023 are potential benefits of $139.1 million that, if recognized, would reduce our effective tax rate on income from continuing operations. Also included in the balance of gross unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2023 are potential benefits of $9.3 million that, if recognized, would result in adjustments to other tax accounts, primarily deferred taxes.
The table below is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of gross unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and penalties, for the years ended December 31 (in thousands).
2023 2022
Beginning balance $ 137,227 $ 150,024
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year 22,822 10,989
Additions for tax positions of prior years 4,361 12,153
Reductions for tax positions of prior years (14) (485)
Reductions for expiration of statutes (15,625) (30,817)
Settlements (441) (2,177)
Change in foreign currency exchange rates 60 (2,460)
Ending balance $ 148,390 $ 137,227
The Company accrues interest and penalties related to gross unrecognized tax benefits in its income tax provision. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had $17.4 million and $16.3 million, respectively, of accrued interest and penalties
related to gross unrecognized tax benefits. These amounts are in addition to the gross unrecognized tax benefits disclosed above. The total amount of interest and penalties recognized in the income tax provision during 2023 and 2022 was $1.8 million and $2.4 million, respectively.
The number of years with open statutes of limitation varies depending on the tax jurisdiction. The Company’s statutes are open with respect to the U.S. federal jurisdiction for 2020 and forward, India for 2006 and forward, and Ireland for 2019 and forward. For other major taxing jurisdictions, including U.S. states, the United Kingdom, Canada, Japan, Cyprus, and France, the Company’s statutes vary and are open as far back as 2013.
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (“the OECD”) has issued various proposals that would change long-standing global tax principles. These proposals include a two-pillar approach to global taxation, focusing on global profit allocation and a 15% global corporate minimum tax rate.
Several countries in which Gartner does business have proposed or enacted new laws or are actively considering changes to their tax laws to align with OECD proposals. Significant details around the provisions are still uncertain as the OECD and participating countries continue to work on defining the underlying rules and administrative procedures. Enactment of this and similar legislation could significantly increase our tax obligations in countries where we do business. We will continue to monitor and reflect the impact of such legislative changes in future financial statements as appropriate.
Under U.S. GAAP, no provision for income taxes that may result from the remittance of earnings held overseas is required if the Company has the ability and intent to indefinitely reinvest such funds overseas. The Company continues to assert its intention to reinvest all accumulated undistributed foreign earnings in its non-U.S. operations, except in instances where the repatriation of those earnings would result in minimal additional tax. Consequently, the Company has not recognized income tax expense that would result from the remittance of those earnings. The accumulated undistributed earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries that have not been previously taxed were approximately $109.1 million as of December 31, 2023.
Note 13 - Derivatives and Hedging
The Company enters into a limited number of derivative contracts to mitigate the cash flow risk associated with changes in interest rates on variable-rate debt and changes in foreign exchange rates on forecasted foreign currency transactions. The Company accounts for its outstanding derivative contracts in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 815, which requires all derivatives, including derivatives designated as accounting hedges, to be recorded on the balance sheet at fair value. The tables below provide information regarding the Company’s outstanding derivative contracts as of the dates indicated (in thousands, except for number of contracts).
December 31, 2023
Derivative Contract Type Number of
Contracts Notional
Amounts Fair Value
Asset
(Liability), Net (3) Balance Sheet
Line Item Unrealized
Loss Recorded in AOCI/L
Interest rate swap (1) 1 $ 350,000 $ 1,097 Other assets $ (24,162)
5,962 Other current assets
Foreign currency forwards (2) 111 525,719 180 Other current assets -
Total 112 $ 875,719 $ 7,239 $ (24,162)
December 31, 2022
Derivative Contract Type Number of
Contracts Notional
Amounts Fair Value
Asset
(Liability), Net (3) Balance Sheet
Line Item Unrealized
Loss Recorded in AOCI/L
Interest rate swaps (1) 1 $ 350,000 $ 3,952 Other assets $ (39,248)
6,346 Other current assets
Foreign currency forwards (2) 138 687,763 625 Other current assets -
Total 139 $ 1,037,763 $ 10,923 $ (39,248)
(1)As a result of the payment under the then outstanding 2016 Credit Agreement term loan and revolving credit facility, the Company de-designated all of its interest rate swaps effective June 30, 2020. Accordingly, hedge accounting is not applicable, and subsequent changes to fair value of the interest rate swaps are recorded in Other income, net. The amounts previously recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive loss are amortized into Interest expense over the terms of the hedged forecasted interest payments. Note 6 - Debt provides additional information regarding the Company’s interest rate swap contracts.
(2)The Company has foreign exchange transaction risk because it typically enters into transactions in the normal course of business that are denominated in foreign currencies that differ from the local functional currency. The Company enters into short-term foreign currency forward exchange contracts to mitigate the cash flow risk associated with changes in foreign currency rates on forecasted foreign currency transactions. These contracts are accounted for at fair value with realized and unrealized gains and losses recognized in Other income, net because the Company does not designate these contracts as hedges for accounting purposes. All of the outstanding foreign currency forward exchange contracts at December 31, 2023 matured before January 31, 2024.
(3)See Note 14 - Fair Value Disclosures for the determination of the fair values of these instruments.
At December 31, 2023, all of the Company’s derivative counterparties were investment grade financial institutions. The Company did not have any collateral arrangements with its derivative counterparties and none of the derivative contracts contained credit-risk related contingent features. The table below provides information regarding amounts recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for derivative contracts for the years ended December 31 (in thousands).
Amount Recorded In 2023 2022 2021
Interest expense (1)
$ 20,062 $ 22,643 $ 29,061
Other income, net (2)
(5,836) (20,397) (18,844)
Total expense, net $ 14,226 $ 2,246 $ 10,217
(1)Consists of interest expense from interest rate swap contracts.
(2)Consists of net realized and unrealized gains and losses on foreign currency forward contracts, gains and losses on de-designated interest rate swaps.
.
Note 14 - Fair Value Disclosures
The Company’s financial instruments include cash equivalents, fees receivable from customers, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, all of which are normally short-term in nature. The Company believes that the carrying amounts of these financial instruments reasonably approximate their fair values due to their short-term nature. The Company’s financial instruments also include its outstanding variable-rate borrowings under the 2020 Credit Agreement. The Company believes that the carrying amounts of its variable-rate borrowings reasonably approximate their fair values because the rates of interest on those borrowings reflect current market rates of interest for similar instruments with comparable maturities.
The Company enters into a limited number of derivatives transactions but does not enter into repurchase agreements, securities lending transactions or master netting arrangements. Receivables or payables that result from derivatives transactions are recorded gross in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
FASB ASC Topic 820 provides a framework for the measurement of fair value and a valuation hierarchy based on the transparency of inputs used in the valuation of assets and liabilities. Classification within the valuation hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the resulting fair value measurement. The valuation hierarchy contains three levels. Level 1 measurements consist of quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 measurements include significant other observable inputs such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; identical assets or liabilities in inactive markets; observable inputs such as interest rates and yield curves; and other market-corroborated inputs. Level 3 measurements include significant unobservable inputs such as internally-created valuation models. Generally, the Company does not utilize Level 3 valuation inputs to remeasure any of its assets or liabilities. However, Level 3 inputs may be used by the Company when certain long-lived assets, including identifiable intangible assets, goodwill, and right-of-use assets are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis when there are indicators of impairment. Additionally, Level 3 inputs may be used by the Company in its required annual impairment review of goodwill. Information regarding the periodic assessment of the Company’s goodwill is included in Note 1 - Business and Significant Accounting Policies. The Company does not typically transfer assets or liabilities between different levels of the valuation hierarchy.
The table below presents the fair value of certain financial assets and liabilities that are recorded at fair value and measured on a recurring basis in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets (in thousands).
December 31,
Description 2023 2022
Assets:
Values based on Level 1 inputs:
Deferred compensation plan assets (1) $ 10,290 $ 6,065
Total Level 1 inputs 10,290 6,065
Values based on Level 2 inputs:
Deferred compensation plan assets (1) 104,555 84,318
Foreign currency forward contracts (2) 1,646 3,236
Interest rate swap contract (3) 7,059 10,298
Total Level 2 inputs 113,260 97,852
Total Assets $ 123,550 $ 103,917
Liabilities:
Values based on Level 2 inputs:
Deferred compensation plan liabilities (1) $ 121,708 $ 96,641
Foreign currency forward contracts (2) 1,466 2,611
Total Level 2 inputs 123,174 99,252
Total Liabilities $ 123,174 $ 99,252
(1)The Company has a deferred compensation plan for the benefit of certain highly compensated officers, managers and other key employees (see Note 15 - Employee Benefits). The assets consist of investments in money market funds, mutual funds and company-owned life insurance contracts. The money market funds consist of cash equivalents while the mutual fund investments consist of publicly-traded and quoted equity shares. The Company considers the fair values of these assets to be based on Level 1 inputs, and such assets had fair values of $10.3 million and $6.1 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The carrying amounts of the life insurance contracts equal their cash surrender values. Cash surrender value represents the estimated amount that the Company would receive upon termination of a contract, which approximates fair value. The Company considers life insurance contracts to be valued based on Level 2 inputs, and such assets had fair values of $104.6 million and $84.3 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The related deferred compensation plan liabilities are recorded at fair value, or the estimated amount needed to settle the liability, which the Company considers to be a Level 2 input.
(2)The Company enters into foreign currency forward exchange contracts to hedge the effects of adverse fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates (see Note 13 - Derivatives and Hedging). Valuation of these contracts is based on observable foreign currency exchange rates in active markets, which the Company considers to be a Level 2 input.
(3)The Company has interest rate swap contracts that hedge the risk of variability from interest payments on its borrowings (see Note 6 - Debt). The fair values of interest rate swaps are based on mark-to-market valuations prepared by a third-party broker. Those valuations are based on observable interest rates from recently executed market transactions and other observable market data, which the Company considers to be Level 2 inputs. The Company independently corroborates the reasonableness of the valuations prepared by the third-party broker by using an electronic quotation service.
The table below presents the carrying amounts (net of deferred financing costs) and fair values of financial instruments that are not recorded at fair value in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets (in thousands). The estimated fair value of the financial instruments was derived from quoted market prices provided by an independent dealer, which the Company considers to be a Level 2 input.
Carrying Amount Fair Value
December 31, December 31,
Description 2023 2022 2023 2022
2028 Notes $ 794,088 $ 792,934 $ 759,040 $ 740,864
2029 Notes 594,794 593,951 543,408 523,842
2030 Notes 793,189 792,324 709,600 688,856
Total $ 2,182,071 $ 2,179,209 $ 2,012,048 $ 1,953,562
Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
The Company’s certain long-lived assets, including identifiable intangible assets, goodwill, and right-of-use assets assets are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis when there are indicators of impairment. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded impairment charges of $20.4 million, $54.0 million, and $49.5 million, respectively, on right-of-use assets and other long-lived assets primarily related to certain office leases that the Company determined will no longer be used, net of a reduction in the related lease liabilities. The impairment was derived by comparing the fair value of the impacted assets to the carrying value of those assets as of the impairment measurement date, as required under ASC Topic 360 using Level 3 inputs. See Note 7 - Leases for additional discussion related to these impairment charges.
Additionally, see Note 2 - Acquisitions and Divestiture for fair value measurements of certain assets and liabilities acquired in business combinations that are recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis.
Note 15 - Employee Benefits
Defined contribution plans. The Company has savings and investment plans (the “401(k) Plans”) covering substantially all U.S. employees. Company contributions are based on the level of employee contributions, up to a maximum of 4% of an employee’s eligible salary, subject to an annual maximum. For 2023, the maximum Company match was $7,200. Amounts expensed in connection with the 401(k) Plans totaled $56.0 million, $50.4 million and $44.1 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Deferred compensation plans. The Company has supplemental deferred compensation plans for the benefit of certain highly compensated officers, managers and other key employees. The plans’ investment assets are recorded at fair value in Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The value of those assets was $114.8 million and $90.4 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (see Note 14 - Fair Value Disclosures for fair value information). The related deferred compensation plan liabilities, which were $121.7 million and $96.6 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, are carried at fair value and are adjusted with a corresponding charge or credit to compensation expense to reflect the fair value of the amount owed to the employees. Deferred compensation plan liabilities are recorded in Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Compensation expense recognized for all of the Company’s deferred compensation plans was $2.8 million, $0.4 million and $1.3 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Defined benefit pension plans. The Company has defined benefit pension plans at several of its international locations. Benefits earned and paid under those plans are generally based on years of service and level of employee compensation. The Company’s vested benefit obligation is the actuarial present value of the vested benefits to which an employee is entitled based on the employee’s expected date of separation or retirement. The Company’s defined benefit pension plans are accounted for in accordance with FASB ASC Topics 715 and 960. The table below presents the components of the Company’s defined benefit pension plan expense for the years ended December 31 (in thousands). The components of pension expense, other than service cost, are recorded in Other income, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
2023 2022 2021
Service cost $ 5,363 $ 4,173 $ 4,511
Interest cost 2,173 709 605
Expected return on plan assets (1,132) (459) (350)
Recognition of actuarial loss 171 264 576
Recognition of loss due to settlements - - 286
Other (638) 501 -
Total defined benefit pension plan expense $ 5,937 $ 5,188 $ 5,628
The table below presents the key assumptions used in the computation of pension expense for the years ended December 31.
2023 2022 2021
Weighted average discount rate (1) 3.67 % 1.24 % 0.94 %
Expected return on plan assets 3.90 % 1.58 % 1.19 %
Average compensation increase 3.37 % 2.57 % 2.58 %
Cash balance interest credit rate 3.60 % 1.20 % 0.80 %
(1)Discount rates are typically determined by using the yields on long-term corporate or government bonds in the relevant country with a duration consistent with the expected term of the underlying pension obligations.
The table below provides information regarding changes in the projected benefit obligation of the Company’s defined benefit pension plans for the years ended December 31 (in thousands).
2023 2022 2021
Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year $ 55,311 $ 57,973 $ 62,297
Service cost 5,363 4,173 4,511
Interest cost 2,173 709 605
Actuarial loss (gain) due to assumption changes and plan experience (1) 2,527 (7,318) (2,230)
Benefits payments (2) (1,974) (1,225) (1,198)
Plan amendments - - 269
Settlements - - (1,606)
Acquisition/Business Combination/Divestiture (268) - -
Other 4,628 5,685 -
Foreign currency impact 643 (4,686) (4,675)
Projected benefit obligation at end of year (3) $ 68,403 $ 55,311 $ 57,973
The table below presents the key assumptions used in determining the projected benefit obligations at December 31.
2023 2022 2021
Weighted average discount rate (4) 3.48 % 3.67 % 1.24 %
Average compensation increase 3.29 % 3.37 % 2.57 %
Cash balance interest credit rate 3.10 % 3.60 % 1.20 %
(1)The actuarial (gain) losses were primarily due to changes in the weighted average discount rate assumption.
(2)The Company projects benefit payments will be made in future years directly to plan participants as follows: $3.5 million in 2024; $3.6 million in 2025; $4.0 million in 2026; $4.6 million in 2027; $5.8 million in 2028; and $32.6 million in total in the five years thereafter.
(3)Measured as of December 31.
(4)Discount rates are typically determined by using the yields on long-term corporate or government bonds in the relevant country with a duration consistent with the expected term of the underlying pension obligations.
The tables below provide information regarding the funded status of the Company’s defined benefit pension plans and the related amounts recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31 (in thousands).
Funded status of the plans 2023 2022 2021
Projected benefit obligation $ 68,403 $ 55,311 $ 57,973
Pension plan assets at fair value (1) (33,034) (27,798) (29,737)
Funded status - shortfall (2) $ 35,369 $ 27,513 $ 28,236
Accumulated benefit obligation $ 61,713 $ 50,335 $ 54,701
Amounts recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for the plans
Other liabilities - accrued pension obligation (2) $ 35,369 $ 27,513 $ 28,236
Stockholders’ equity - deferred actuarial loss (3) $ (5,731) $ (4,247) $ (6,672)
(1)The pension plan assets are held by third-party trustees and are invested in a diversified portfolio of equities, high-quality government and corporate bonds, and other investments. The assets are primarily valued based on Level 1 and Level 2 inputs under the fair value hierarchy in FASB ASC Topic 820, with the majority of the invested assets considered to be of low-to-medium investment risk. The Company projects a future long-term rate of return on these plan assets of 3.59%, which it believes is reasonable based on the composition of the assets and both current and projected market conditions. Additional information regarding pension plan asset activity is provided below.
(2)Funded status - shortfall represents the amount of the projected benefit obligation that the Company has not funded with a third-party trustee. These liabilities of the Company are recorded in Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The level of future contributions by the Company will vary and is dependent on a number of factors including investment returns, interest rate fluctuations, plan demographics, funding regulations and the results of the final actuarial valuation.
(3)The deferred actuarial loss as of December 31, 2023 is recorded in AOCI/L and will be reclassified out of AOCI/L and recognized as pension expense over approximately 11 years, subject to certain limitations set forth in FASB ASC Topic 715.
The table below provides a rollforward of the Company’s defined benefit pension plans assets for the years ended December 31 (in thousands).
2023 2022 2021
Pension plan assets at the beginning of the year $ 27,798 $ 29,737 $ 28,636
Company contributions 5,022 4,450 4,865
Benefit payments (1,974) (1,225) (1,198)
Actual return on plan assets 1,516 (3,072) 1,066
Settlements - - (1,606)
Foreign currency impact 672 (2,092) (2,026)
Pension plan assets at the end of the year $ 33,034 $ 27,798 $ 29,737
The Company also has a reinsurance asset arrangement with a large international insurance company that is intended to fund benefit payments for one of its plans. The reinsurance asset is not a pension plan asset but is an asset of the Company. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the reinsurance asset was recorded at its cash surrender value of $9.5 million and $9.1 million, respectively, and recorded in Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company believes that cash surrender value approximates fair value and is equivalent to a Level 2 input under the FASB’s fair value hierarchy in FASB ASC Topic 820.
Note 16 - Segment Information
The Company’s products and services are delivered through three business segments - Research, Conferences and Consulting, as described below.
•Research equips executives and their teams from every function and across all industries with actionable, objective insight, guidance and tools. Our experienced experts deliver all this value informed by a combination of practitioner-sourced and data-driven research to help our clients address their mission critical priorities.
•Conferences provides executives and teams across an organization the opportunity to learn, share and network. From our Gartner Symposium/Xpo series, to industry-leading conferences focused on specific business roles and topics, to peer-driven sessions, our offerings enable attendees to experience the best of Gartner insight and guidance.
•Consulting serves senior executives leading technology-driven strategic initiatives leveraging the power of Gartner’s actionable, objective insight. Through custom analysis and on-the-ground support we enable optimized technology investments and stronger performance on our clients’ mission critical priorities.
The Company evaluates segment performance and allocates resources based on gross contribution margin. Gross contribution, as presented in the table below, is defined as operating income or loss excluding certain Cost of services and product development expenses, Selling, general and administrative expenses, Depreciation, Amortization of intangibles, and Acquisition and integration charges. Certain bonus and fringe benefit costs included in consolidated Cost of services and product development are not allocated to segment expense. The accounting policies used by the reportable segments are the same as those used by the Company. There are no intersegment revenues. The Company does not identify or allocate tangible assets, including capital expenditures, by reportable segment. Accordingly, tangible assets are not reported by segment because the information is not available by segment and is not reviewed in the evaluation of segment performance or in making decisions regarding the allocation of resources.
The Company earns revenue from clients in many countries. Other than the United States, there is no individual country where revenues from external clients represent 10% or more of the Company’s consolidated revenues. Additionally, no single client accounted for 10% or more of the Company’s consolidated revenues and the loss of a single client, in management’s opinion, would not have a material adverse effect on revenues.
The tables below present information about the Company’s reportable segments for the years ended December 31 (in thousands).
Research Conferences Consulting Consolidated
Revenues $ 4,887,046 $ 505,164 $ 514,746 $ 5,906,956
Gross contribution 3,600,143 253,739 181,501 4,035,383
Corporate and other expenses (2,798,489)
Operating income $ 1,236,894
Revenues $ 4,604,791 $ 389,273 $ 481,782 $ 5,475,846
Gross contribution 3,414,574 210,726 189,834 3,815,134
Corporate and other expenses (2,715,028)
Operating income $ 1,100,106
Revenues $ 4,101,392 $ 214,449 $ 418,121 $ 4,733,962
Gross contribution 3,036,925 133,748 158,843 3,329,516
Corporate and other expenses (2,413,765)
Operating income $ 915,751
The table below provides a reconciliation of total segment gross contribution to net income for the years ended December 31 (in thousands).
2023 2022 2021
Total segment gross contribution $ 4,035,383 $ 3,815,134 $ 3,329,516
Costs and expenses:
Cost of services and product development - unallocated (1) 31,667 33,059 39,647
Selling, general and administrative 2,701,542 2,480,944 2,155,658
Depreciation and amortization 191,103 191,946 212,405
Acquisition and integration charges 9,587 9,079 6,055
Gain from sale of divested operation (135,410) - -
Operating income 1,236,894 1,100,106 915,751
Interest expense and other, net (92,842) (72,911) (98,191)
Gain on event cancellation insurance claims 3,077 - 152,310
Less: Provision for income taxes 264,663 219,396 176,310
Net income $ 882,466 $ 807,799 $ 793,560
(1)The unallocated amounts consist of certain bonus and fringe costs recorded in consolidated Cost of services and product development that are not allocated to segment expense. The Company’s policy is to allocate bonuses to segments at 100% of a segment employee’s target bonus. Amounts above or below 100% are absorbed by corporate.
Disaggregated revenue information by reportable segment for the three years ended December 31, 2023 is presented in Note 9 - Revenue and Related Matters. Long-lived asset information by geographic location as of December 31 is summarized in the table below (in thousands).
2023 2022
Long-lived assets (1):
United States and Canada $ 625,269 $ 622,993
Europe, Middle East and Africa 233,272 252,573
Other International 110,274 123,138
Total long-lived assets $ 968,815 $ 998,704
(1)Excludes goodwill and intangible assets for all dates.
Note 17 - Contingencies
Legal Matters. The Company is involved in legal proceedings and litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. The Company records a provision for pending litigation in its consolidated financial statements when it is determined that an unfavorable outcome is probable and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company believes that the potential liability, if any, in excess of amounts already accrued from all proceedings, claims and litigation will not have a material effect on its financial position, cash flows or results of operations when resolved in a future period.
Indemnifications. The Company has various agreements that may obligate it to indemnify the other party with respect to certain matters. Generally, these indemnification clauses are included in contracts arising in the normal course of business under which the Company customarily agrees to hold the other party harmless against losses arising from a breach of representations related to matters such as title to assets sold and licensed or certain intellectual property rights. It is not possible to predict the maximum potential amount of future payments under these indemnification agreements due to the conditional nature of the Company’s obligations and the unique facts of each particular agreement. Historically, payments made by the Company under these agreements have not been material. As of December 31, 2023, the Company did not have any material payment obligations under any such indemnification agreements.
Note 18 - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
The Company maintains an allowance for bad debt. The table below summarizes the activity in the Company’s allowance for losses for the years ended December 31 (in thousands).
Balance at
Beginning
of Year Additions
Charged to
Expense Deductions
from the
Reserve Balance at
End
of Year
2023 $ 9,000 $ 7,200 $ (7,200) $ 9,000
2022 $ 6,500 $ 7,800 $ (5,300) $ 9,000
2021 $ 10,000 $ 2,800 $ (6,300) $ 6,500