EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 794323
Filing Year: 2024
Filename: 794323_10-K_2024_0000794323-24-000004.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Overview
We are a facilities-based technology and communications company that provides a broad array of integrated products and services to our domestic and global business customers. As a part of Lumen Technologies, we operate one of the world's most interconnected networks. Our platform empowers our customers to swiftly adjust digital programs to meet immediate demands, create efficiencies, accelerate market access and reduce costs, which allows our customers to rapidly evolve their IT programs to address dynamic changes. Our specific products and services are detailed below under the heading "Operations - Products and Services."
Our fiber optic long-haul network throughout North America and Asia Pacific connects to metropolitan fiber networks that we operate. We believe our and Lumen's secure global platform plays a central role in facilitating communications worldwide.
We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in 1941. Our principal executive offices are located at 1025 Eldorado Boulevard, Broomfield, CO 80021 and our telephone number is (720) 888-1000.
On August 1, 2022, certain of our affiliates sold our Latin American business. On November 1, 2023, certain of our affiliates sold our business conducted in Europe, Middle East and Africa ("EMEA"), to Colt Technology Services Group Limited, a portfolio company of Fidelity Investments, for pre-tax cash proceeds of $1.7 billion after certain closing adjustments and transaction costs. This consideration is further subject to other post-closing adjustments and indemnities set forth in the purchase agreement, as amended and supplemented to date.
See Note 2-Divestitures of the Latin American and EMEA Businesses to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report.
For a discussion of certain risks applicable to our business, see "Risk Factors" in Item 1A of Part I of this report. The summary financial information in this Item 1 should be read in conjunction with, and is qualified by reference to, our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto in Item 8 of Part II of this report and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in Item 7 of Part II of this report.
Financial Highlights
The following table summarizes the results of our consolidated operations:
Years Ended December 31,
2023(1)
2022(1)
(Dollars in millions)
Operating revenue $ 7,037 7,493 7,952
Operating expenses 8,662 11,741 6,920
Operating (loss) income $ (1,625) (4,248) 1,032
Net (loss) income $ (2,004) (4,793) 586
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(1)During 2023 and 2022, we recorded non-cash, non-tax-deductible goodwill impairment charges of $2.0 billion and $4.6 billion, respectively. For additional information, see Note 3-Goodwill, Customer Relationships and Other Intangible Assets to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report.
The following table summarizes certain selected financial information from our consolidated balance sheets:
As of December 31,
2023 2022
(Dollars in millions)
Total assets $ 17,253 19,759
Total long-term debt (1)
8,983 8,096
Total member's equity 3,616 6,775
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(1)For additional information on our long-term debt, see Note 7-Long-Term Debt to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report. For information on our total obligations, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Liquidity and Capital Resources-Future Contractual Obligations" in Item 7 of Part II of this report.
We estimate that during 2023, approximately 10% of our consolidated revenue was derived from providing telecommunications, colocation and hosting services outside the United States.
Operations
Products and Services
While most of our customized interactions with customers involve multiple integrated technologies and services, we organize our products and services to reflect product life cycles and our go to market approach. At December 31, 2023, we categorized our services among the following categories:
Grow
•Colocation. We provide different options for organizations’ data center needs. Our data center services range from dedicated hosting and cloud services to more complex managed solutions, including disaster recovery, business continuity, applications management support and security services to manage mission critical applications;
•Dark Fiber. We control an extensive array of unlit optical fiber known as “dark fiber,” which has been laid but not yet been equipped with the equipment necessary for it to transmit data. We provide access to this unlit optical fiber to customers who are interested in building their networks with this high-bandwidth, highly secure optical technology. We also provide professional services to engineer these networks, and in some cases, manage them for customers;
•Edge Cloud Services. We provide access to both public and private cloud solutions that allow our customers to optimize cost and performance by offloading workloads. Lumen’s cloud access products are designed to leverage our network edge to provide low-latency secure services for our customers. Additionally, we provide cloud orchestration tools that allow customers to shift work between cloud environments dynamically;
•Internet Protocol ("IP"). Our IP services provide global internet access over a high performance, diverse network;
•Managed Security Services. We provide enterprise security solutions that help our customers secure networks, mitigate malicious attacks and identify potential security threats. These services include DDoS mitigation, remote and premise-based firewalls, professional consulting and management services, and threat intelligence services;
•Unified Communications and Collaboration ("UC&C"). We provide access to various unified communications platforms. This offering includes both individual, license-based service models and more robust options that transform a customer’s inbound and outbound calling platform; and
•Optical Services. We deliver high bandwidth optical wavelength networks to customers requiring an end-to-end solution with ethernet technology for a scalable amount of bandwidth connecting sites or providing high-speed access to cloud computing resources.
Nurture
•Ethernet. We deliver a robust array of networking services built on ethernet technology. Ethernet services include point-to-point and multi-point equipment configurations that facilitate data transmissions across metropolitan areas and larger enterprise-class wide area networks. Our ethernet technology is also used by wireless service providers for data transmission via our fiber-optic cables connected to their towers; and
•VPN Data Networks. Leveraging our extensive fiber-optic network, we create private networks tailored to our customers’ needs. These technologies enable service providers, enterprises and government entities to streamline multiple networks into a single, cost-effective solution that simplifies the transmission of voice, video, and data over a single secure network.
Harvest
•Voice Services. We offer our customers a complete portfolio of traditional Time Division Multiplexing ("TDM") voice services including primary rate interference service, local inbound service, switched one-plus, toll free, long distance and international services;
•Private Line. We deliver private line services, a direct circuit or channel specifically dedicated for connecting two or more organizational sites. Private line service offers a high-speed, secure solution for frequent transmission of large amounts of data between sites, including wireless backhaul transmissions; and
•Other Legacy Services. We continue to provide certain services based on older platforms to support our customers as they transition to newer technology. These services include Synchronous Optical Network ("SONET") based ethernet, legacy data hosting services, and conferencing services.
Other
•IT Solutions. We craft technology solutions for our customers and often manage these solutions on an ongoing basis. These services frequently enhance equipment or networks owned, acquired, or controlled by the customer and often include our consulting or software development services.
Affiliate Services
•Affiliate Services. We provide our affiliates certain communication services that we also provide to external customers. Please see our products and services listed above for further description of these services.
From time to time, we may change the categorization of our products and services.
Our Network
Our and Lumen's network, through which we provide most of our products and services, primarily consists of fiber-optic cables and other supporting equipment. We operate part of our network with leased assets, and a substantial portion of our equipment with licensed software.
We created our communications network by constructing our own assets and through a combination of purchasing other companies and purchasing or leasing facilities from others. We designed our network to provide communications services that employ and take advantage of rapidly improving underlying optical, Internet Protocol, computing and storage technologies.
We and Lumen view our network as one of our most critical assets. We and Lumen have devoted, and plan to continue to devote, substantial resources to (i) simplify and modernize our network and legacy systems (ii) retire aging or obsolete systems and (iii) expand our network to address demand for enhanced or new products.
Although we or Lumen own most of our network, we lease a substantial portion of our core fiber network from several other communication companies under arrangements that will periodically need to be renewed or replaced to support our current network operations.
As a critical infrastructure provider, we are a constant target of cyber-attacks from a wide range of intruders, including advanced persistent threat actors. From time to time in the ordinary course of our business, we experience security incidents and disruption in our services. We develop and maintain systems and programs designed to protect against cyber-attacks and network outages. The development, maintenance and operation of these systems and programs is costly and requires ongoing monitoring and updating as technologies change and efforts to bypass security measures become more sophisticated and evolve rapidly.
For additional information regarding our systems, network assets, network risks, capital expenditure requirements and reliance upon third parties, see "Risk Factors" in Item 1A of Part I of this report.
Sales and Marketing
Our enterprise sales and marketing approach revolves around solving complex customer problems with advanced technology and network solutions - striving to make core networks services compatible with digital tools. We also rely on our call center personnel and a variety of channel partners to promote sales of services that meet the needs of our customers. To meet the needs of different customers, our offerings include both stand-alone services and bundled services designed to provide a complete offering of integrated services.
Our business customers range from small business offices to the world’s largest global enterprises customers. Our marketing plans include marketing our products and services primarily through direct sales representatives, inbound call centers, telemarketing and third parties, including telecommunications agents, system integrators, value-added resellers and other telecommunications firms. We support our distribution through digital advertising, events, television advertising, website promotions and public relations. Either we or Lumen maintain local offices in most major and secondary markets within the U.S. and many of the primary markets of the other countries in which we provide services.
We generally market our business services to members of in-house IT departments or other highly-sophisticated customers with deep technological experience. These individuals typically satisfy their IT requirements by contracting with us or a rapidly evolving group of competitors, or by deploying in-house solutions.
Competition
We compete in a dynamic and highly competitive market in which demand for high-speed, secure data service continues to grow. We expect continued intense competition from a wide variety of sources under these evolving market conditions. In addition to competition from large international communications providers, we are facing competition from additional sources, including systems integrators, cloud service providers, software networking companies, infrastructure companies, cable companies, device providers, resellers and smaller niche providers.
Our ability to compete hinges upon effectively enhancing and better integrating our existing products, introducing new products on a timely and cost-effective basis, meeting changing customer needs, providing high-quality information security to build customer confidence and combat cyber-attacks, extending our core technology into new applications and anticipating emerging standards, business models, software delivery methods and other technological changes. Depending on the applicable market and requested services, competition can be intense, especially if one or more competitors in the market have network assets better suited to the customer’s needs, are offering faster transmission speeds or lower prices, or in certain overseas markets, are national or regional incumbent communications providers that have a longer history of providing service in the market.
We compete to provide services to business customers based on a variety of factors, including the comprehensiveness and reliability of our network, our data transmission speeds, price, the latency of our available intercity and metro routes, the scope of our integrated offerings, the reach and peering capacity of our IP network, and customer service. Competition from large communications providers, systems integrators, hyperscalers and
others have increased pricing pressures with respect to several key products and services that we offer to our
enterprise and wholesale business customers. In particular, several hyperscalers have recently built their own data
transmission facilities, which has reduced demand for our network services.
Additional information about competitive pressures is located under the heading “Risk Factors-Business Risks” in Item 1A of Part I of this report.
Research, Development & Intellectual Property
As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately 1,700 patents and patent applications in the U.S. and other countries. We have also received licenses to use patents held by others. Patent licenses give us the freedom to operate our business without the risk of interruption from the holder of the patented technology. We plan to continue to file new patent applications as we enhance and develop products and services, and we plan to continue to seek opportunities to expand our patent portfolio through strategic acquisitions and licensing.
In addition to our patent rights, we have rights in various trade names, trademarks, copyrights and other intellectual property that we use to conduct our business. Our services often use the intellectual property of others, including licensed software. We also occasionally license our intellectual property to others as we deem appropriate.
For information on various litigation risks associated with owning and using intellectual property rights, see “Risk Factors-Business Risks” in Item 1A of Part I of this report, and Note 16-Commitments, Contingencies and Other Items to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report.
Regulation of Our Business
Our domestic operations are regulated by the Federal Communications Commission (the “FCC”), by various state regulatory commissions and occasionally by local agencies. Our non-domestic operations are regulated by supranational groups (such as the European Union, or EU), national agencies and, frequently, state, provincial or local bodies. Generally, we must obtain and maintain operating licenses from these bodies in most areas where we offer regulated services.
Changes in the composition and leadership of the FCC, state regulatory commissions and other agencies that regulate our business could have significant impacts on our revenue, expenses, competitive position and prospects. Changes in the composition and leadership of these agencies are often difficult to predict, which makes future planning more difficult.
The following description discusses some of the major regulations affecting our operations, but others could have a substantial impact on us as well. For additional information, see “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of Part 1 of this report.
Federal Regulation of Domestic Operations
General
The FCC regulates the interstate services we provide, including the business data service charges we bill for wholesale network transmission and intercarrier compensation. Additionally, the FCC regulates several aspects of our business related to international communications services, privacy, public safety and network infrastructure, including (i) our access to and use of local telephone numbers, (ii) our provision of emergency 911 services and (iii) our use or removal (potentially on a reimbursable basis) of equipment produced by certain vendors deemed to cause potential national security risks. We could incur substantial penalties if we fail to comply with the FCC's applicable regulations.
Many of the FCC’s regulations adopted in recent years remain subject to judicial review and additional rulemakings, thus increasing the difficulty of determining the ultimate impact of these changes on us and our competitors.
Broadband Regulation
In February 2015, the FCC adopted an order regulating broadband internet access services (“BIAS”) as a Title II of utility service under the Communications Act of 1934. In December 2017, the FCC voted to repeal the classification of BIAS as a Title II utility service and to preempt states from imposing substantial regulations on broadband services. Opponents of this change appealed this action in federal court. Several states have also opposed the change and have proposed, implemented or enacted laws or orders focused on state-specific Internet service regulation. In October 2019, the federal court upheld the FCC’s classification decision but vacated a part of its preemption ruling. Various courts are considering or have ruled upon the issue of the enforceability of state broadband regulation, and additional litigation and appeals are expected with respect to this issue. In addition, members of the current administration and various consumer interest groups have advocated in favor of reclassifying BIAS as a Title II utility service. The ultimate impact of these pending judicial matters and calls for additional regulation are currently unknown to us, although the imposition of heightened regulation of our Internet operations could potentially hamper our ability to operate our data networks efficiently, restrict our ability to implement network management practices necessary to ensure quality service, increase the cost of operating, maintaining and upgrading our network and otherwise negatively impact our current operations.
State Regulation of Domestic Operations
State regulatory agencies have jurisdiction when our facilities and services are used to provide intrastate telecommunications services. Level 3 provides competitive services that are generally not subject to state regulation to the same degree as incumbent local exchange carriers ("ILECs").
Data Privacy Laws and Regulations
Various foreign, federal and state laws govern our storage, maintenance and use of customer data, including a wide range of consumer protection, data protection, privacy, intellectual property and similar laws. Data privacy regulations are complex and vary across jurisdictions. As a company providing global services, we must comply with various jurisdictional data privacy regulations, including the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) in the EU and similar laws adopted by various other jurisdictions in certain of our domestic and overseas markets. Domestically, the number of state privacy laws continues to increase. The application, interpretation and enforcement of these laws are often uncertain, and may be interpreted and applied inconsistently from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. These regulations require careful handling of personal and customer data and could have a significant impact on our business, especially if we violate any of those regulations.
Anti-Bribery and Corruption Regulations
As a provider of global services, we must comply with complex foreign and U.S. laws and regulations governing business ethics and practices, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act and other local laws prohibiting corrupt payments to governmental officials, and anti-competition regulations. We have compliance policies, programs and training designed to prevent non-compliance with such anti-corruption regulations in the U.S. and other jurisdictions.
Regulation of International Operations
Our subsidiaries operating outside of the U.S. are subject to various regulations in the markets where service is provided. The scope of regulation varies from country to country. The communications regulatory regimes in certain of our non-domestic markets are in the process of development. Many issues, including the pricing of services, have not been addressed fully, or even at all.
Our overseas operations are also subject to various other domestic or non-domestic laws or regulations, including various laws or regulations governing exports and imports of various goods or technologies and certain sanctioned business activities.
In 2020, the United Kingdom (“UK”) terminated its membership in the EU (“Brexit”) and has entered into related separation agreements with the EU regarding data sharing, financial services and other matters. Following the sale of our EMEA operations on November 1, 2023, we conduct only limited operations within the UK and EU. Consequently, we do not anticipate Brexit will have a substantial impact on our business.
Other Regulations
Our networks and properties are subject to numerous federal, state and local laws and regulations, including laws and regulations governing the use, storage and disposal of hazardous materials, the release of pollutants into the environment and the remediation of contamination. Our contingent liabilities under these laws are further described in Note 16-Commitments, Contingencies and Other Items. Certain federal and state agencies, including attorneys general, monitor and exercise oversight related to consumer protection issues. We are also subject to codes that regulate our trenching and construction operations or that require us to obtain permits, licenses or franchises to operate. Such regulations are enacted by municipalities, counties, state, federal or other regional governmental bodies, and can vary widely from jurisdiction to jurisdiction as a result. Such regulations may also require us to pay substantial fees.
Seasonality
Overall, our business is not materially impacted by seasonality. Our network-related operating expenses are, however, generally higher in the second and third quarters of the year. From time to time, weather related problems have resulted in increased costs to repair our network and respond to service calls in some of our markets. The amount and timing of these costs are subject to the weather patterns of any given year, but have generally been highest during the third quarter and have been related to damage from severe storms, including hurricanes, tropical storms and tornadoes in our markets along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coastlines.
Employees
As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately 8,000 employees.
Additional Information
For further information on regulatory, technological and competitive factors that could impact our revenue, see "Regulations" and "Competition" under this Item 1, above, and "Risk Factors" under Item 1A below. For more information on the financial contributions of our various services, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in Item 7 of Part II of this report. For additional information about us and our ultimate parent, Lumen Technologies, please refer to the periodic reports filed by Lumen Technologies with the SEC, which can be accessed by visiting the websites listed below under “Website Access and Important Investor Information.”
Website Access and Important Investor Information
Lumen's and our website is www.lumen.com. We routinely post important investor information in the "Investor Relations" section of our website at ir.lumen.com. The information contained on, or that may be accessed through, our website is not part of this report or any other periodic reports that we file with the SEC. Any references to our website in this report or any other periodic reports that we file with the SEC are provided for convenience only, and are not intended to make any of our website information a part of this or such other reports. You may obtain free electronic copies of annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed by us or our ultimate parent, Lumen Technologies, in the "Investor Relations" section of our website (ir.lumen.com) under the heading "FINANCIALS" and subheading "SEC Filings." These reports are also available on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. From time to time we also use our website to webcast our earnings calls and certain of our meetings with investors or other members of the investment community.
In connection with filing this report, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer made the certifications regarding our financial disclosures required under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and its related regulations.
As a large complex organization, we are from time to time subject to litigation, disputes, governmental or internal investigations, consent decrees, service outages, security breaches or other adverse events. We typically publicly disclose these occurrences (and their ultimate outcomes) only when we determine these disclosures to be material to investors or otherwise required by applicable law.
We typically disclose material non-public information by disseminating press releases, making public filings with the SEC, or disclosing information during publicly accessible meetings or conference calls. Nonetheless, from time to time we have used, and intend to continue to use, our website and social media accounts to augment our disclosures.
Although at various times, we answer questions raised by securities analysts, it is against our policy to disclose to them selectively any material non-public information or other confidential information. Accordingly, you should not assume that we agree with any statement or report issued by an analyst with respect to our past or projected performance. To the extent that reports issued by securities analysts contain any projections, forecasts or opinions, such reports are not our responsibility.
Unless otherwise indicated, information contained in this report and other documents filed by us under the federal securities laws concerning our views and expectations regarding the technology or communications industries are based on estimates made by us using data from industry sources and on assumptions made by us based on our management’s knowledge and experience in the markets in which we operate and our industry generally. You should be aware that we have not independently verified data from industry or other third-party sources and cannot guarantee its accuracy or completeness.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
The following discussion identifies material factors that could (i) materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects or (ii) cause our actual results to differ materially from our anticipated results, projections or other expectations. The following information should be read in conjunction with the other portions of this annual report, including “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements”, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Item 7 and our consolidated financial statements and related notes in Item 8. All references to "Notes" in this Item 1A of Part I refer to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this report. Please note the following discussion is not intended to comprehensively list all risks or uncertainties faced by us. Our operations or actual results could also be similarly impacted by additional risks and uncertainties that are not currently known to us, that we currently deem to be immaterial, that arise in the future or that are not specific to us. In addition, certain of the risks described below apply only to a part or segment of our business.
Business Risks
Challenges with integrating or modernizing our existing applications and systems could harm our performance.
To succeed, we need to integrate, update and upgrade our existing applications and systems, including many legacy systems from past acquisitions. We cannot assure you we will be able to integrate our legacy IT systems, modernize our infrastructure, timely retire aging or obsolete systems or deploy a master data management platform. These modernization efforts will require efficient allocation of resources, development capacity, greater use of artificial intelligence ("AI") and other emerging technologies, access to subject-matter experts, development of a sustainable operating model and successful collaboration between legal, privacy and security personnel. Any failure to timely accomplish these initiatives may negatively affect our (i) customer and employee experiences, (ii) ability to meet regulatory, legal or contractual obligations, (iii) network stability, (iv) ability to realize anticipated efficiencies, (v) ability to timely repair infrastructure and respond to service outages, or (vi) ability to deliver services to our customers at required speed and scale.
We may not be able to create the global digital experience expected by customers.
Our customers expect us to create and maintain a global digital experience, including (i) automation and simplification of our offerings and (ii) digital self-service access to our products, services and customer support. To do so, we must timely and successfully complete the digital transformation of our operations that is currently underway. Effective digital transformation is a complex, dynamic process requiring efficient allocation and prioritization of resources, simplification of our product portfolio, faster product deployments, retirement of obsolete systems, migration of data and corresponding workforce and system development. We cannot assure you we will be able to timely effect the successful digital transformation necessary to develop or deliver a global digital experience expected by our customers. If we are unable to do so, we could lose existing customers or fail to attract new ones, either of which could prevent us from attaining our financial goals.
We operate in an intensely competitive industry and existing and future competitive pressures could harm our performance.
Each of our business offerings faces increasingly intense competition, with increased pressure to timely offer digitally integrated services, from a wide range of sources under evolving market conditions that have increased the number and variety of companies that compete with us. Some of our current and potential competitors: (i) offer products or services that are substitutes for our traditional network services, including wireless broadband, wireless voice and non-voice communication services, (ii) offer a more comprehensive range of communications products and services, (iii) operate systems that enable them to provision services easier and faster, (iv) have greater financial, provisioning, technical, engineering, research, development, marketing, customer relations or other resources, (v) conduct operations or raise capital at a lower cost than we do, (vi) are subject to less regulation than we are, (vii) have stronger brand names, (viii) have deeper or more long-standing relationships with key customers, or (ix) have larger operations than ours, any of which may enable them to compete more successfully for customers, strategic partners and acquisitions. In recent years, competitive pressures have commoditized pricing for some of our products and services and lowered market prices for many of our other products and services. Continued competitive pressures will likely place further downward pressure on market pricing.
Our ability to successfully compete could be hampered if we fail to timely develop and market innovative technology solutions that address changing customer demands.
The technology and communications industry has been and continues to be impacted by significant technological changes, which are enabling an increasing variety of companies to compete with us. Many of these technological changes are (i) displacing or reducing demand for certain of our services, (ii) enabling the development of competitive products or services, (iii) enabling customers to reduce or bypass use of our networks or (iv) reducing our profit margins. For example, as service providers continue to invest in 5G and low earth orbit satellite networks and services, their services could reduce demand for our network services. Increasingly, customers are demanding more technologically advanced products that suit their evolving needs, including traditional and generative AI services. As we note below, several of our competitors have dedicated substantially more resources to their development. If we fail to develop competitive AI services, our business and financial performance could be adversely impacted.
To remain competitive, we will need to accurately predict and respond to changes in technology, to continue developing products and services attractive to our customers, to timely provision our products and services, to maintain and expand our network to enable it to support customer demands for greater transmission capacity and speeds, and to discontinue outdated products and services on a cost-effective basis. Our ability to do so could be restricted by various factors, including limitations of our existing network, technology, capital or personnel. If we fail at that, we could lose customers or fail to attract new ones.
We may be unable to attract, develop and retain leaders and employees with the right skillsets and technical expertise.
We may be unable to attract and retain skilled and motivated leaders and employees who possess the right skillsets and technical, managerial and development expertise to execute our plans for transformation, innovation and strategic growth. We operate in a highly competitive and expanding industry, where competition for highly-skilled employees has grown increasingly intense, and competitors have targeted hiring our employees. We have experienced, and may continue to experience, higher than anticipated levels of employee attrition. Further, the increased availability of remote working arrangements, largely driven by the COVID-19 pandemic, has expanded the pool of companies that can compete for our employees and employee candidates. We believe some of our competitors with greater resources and fewer cost constraints than us have from time to time been able to offer compensation, benefits or accommodations in excess of what we are able to offer. These risks to attracting and retaining key personnel may have been exacerbated by the impacts of the low trading price of Lumen's common stock, which, as discussed below, restricted Lumen's ability in 2023 to offer competitive equity incentive compensation to our key employees. Our failure to successfully attract and retain key personnel could materially adversely impact our business or financial performance.
Under our current work guidelines implemented in 2022, nearly half of our employees work fully from home and a substantial portion of the remainder work partly from home under “hybrid” work schedules. These work arrangements may impair our ability to maintain our collaborative and innovative culture, and may cause disruptions among our employees, including decreases in productivity, challenges in collaboration between on-site and off-site employees and, potentially, employee dissatisfaction and attrition. If our attempts to operate under a hybrid working environment are not successful, our business could be adversely impacted.
The pandemic, inflation and other events over the past couple years have increased employees’ expectations regarding compensation, workplace flexibility and work-home balance. These developments have intensified certain of our above-described challenges and made it relatively more difficult for us to attract and retain top talent.
Uncertainty regarding our future prospects could adversely impact our ability to maintain satisfactory relations with our employees, customers, vendors and others.
Developments related to our negotiations with creditors, coupled with concerns regarding continued declines in our revenues and increased leverage, have (i) created uncertainties about our future ability to improve our financial performance and refinance or extend our upcoming debt maturities and (ii) placed downward pressure on the per share trading price of Lumen's common stock.
These uncertainties coupled with Lumen's low stock trading price could adversely impact our ability to attract, retain and motivate our employees. Lumen grants equity-based incentive awards to key personnel, the value of which is tied to Lumen's stock price, its financial performance or both. During 2023, the low trading price of Lumen's stock limited its ability under its 2018 equity incentive plan to grant equity incentive awards in aggregate amounts consistent with its prior practices. Our ability to attract, retain and motivate our employees could be weakened if (i) the anticipated value of such equity-based incentive awards does not materialize, (ii) Lumen's equity-based compensation otherwise ceases to be viewed as a valuable benefit, (iii) Lumen's total compensation package is not viewed as being competitive, or (iv) Lumen does not obtain the shareholder approval needed to continue granting equity-based incentive awards in the amounts we believe are necessary.
Similarly, customers, vendors, landlords, banks or other third parties may be less willing to transact business with us if they believe our future is uncertain, any of which could adversely impact our business, financial performance, financial position or future prospects.
We could be harmed if our reputation is damaged.
We believe the Lumen and Level 3 brand names and our reputation are important corporate assets that help us attract and retain customers and talented employees. However, our corporate reputation is susceptible to material damage by events such as disputes with customers or competitors, cyber-attacks or service outages, internal control deficiencies, delivery failures, compliance violations, government investigations or legal proceedings. Similar events impacting one of our competitors could result in negative publicity for our entire industry that indirectly harms our business. We may also experience reputational damage if customers, vendors, employees, advocacy groups, regulators, investors, the media, social media influencers or others criticize our services, operations or public positions. For instance, we could be harmed if our customer experience scores, as measured by "NPS" (Net Promoter Score) and "CHS" (Customer Health Score), for our products and services are low or declining relative to our competitors. In addition, the reputational risk of unauthorized disclosure of confidential company or customer data could increase to the extent our employees inappropriately use social networking sites or other emerging technologies, such as generative AI tools.
There is a risk that negative or inaccurate information about us, even if based on rumor or misunderstanding, could adversely affect our business. Damage to our reputation could be difficult, expensive and time-consuming to repair. Damage to our reputation could also reduce the value and effectiveness of the Lumen brand name and could reduce investor confidence in us, having a material adverse impact on the value of our securities.
We could be harmed by cyber-attacks.
Our vulnerability to cyber-attacks is heightened by several features of our operations, including (i) our material reliance on our owned and leased networks to conduct our operations, (ii) our transmission of large amounts of data over our systems and (iii) our processing and storage of sensitive customer data.
As further described in Item 1C of this annual report, cyber-attacks on our systems may stem from a variety of sources and take many forms. Cyber-attacks can put at risk personally identifiable customer data or protected health information, thereby implicating stringent domestic and foreign data protection laws. These threats may also arise from failure or intrusions of systems owned, operated or controlled by other unaffiliated operators, upon whom we are materially reliant to operate our business. Various other factors could intensify these risks, including (i) our maintenance of information in digital form stored on servers connected to the Internet, (ii) our use of open and software-defined networks, (iii) the challenges of operating and maintaining our complex multi-continent network composed of legacy and acquired properties, which is more difficult to safeguard than newer fully-integrated networks, (iv) growth in the size and sophistication of our customers and their service requirements, (v) increased use of our network due to greater demand for data services, (vi) our increased incidence of employees working from remote locations and (vii) the increased difficulty of defending against attacks that use AI-generated social engineering, increasingly malicious code and increasingly sophisticated phishing techniques.
As a critical infrastructure service provider, we and our customers are constant targets of cyber-attacks. The number of these attacks against us increased in 2023. Despite our efforts to prevent these events, some of these attacks have resulted in security incidents. On March 27, 2023, we filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission a Current Report on Form 8-K announcing two cybersecurity incidents, including one that involved a sophisticated threat actor that had accessed our internal information technology systems. Since filing that report, we have taken the measures described therein to assess, contain and remediate both incidents, including working with outside forensic firms. Based on information known to us at this time, we continue to believe that these incidents have neither had nor are likely to have a material adverse impact on our ability to serve our customers or our business, operations or financial results.
We believe the importance of our network to global internet data flows will continue to make it a target to a wide range of threat actors, including nation state actors and other advanced persistent threat actors. Moreover, the risk of incidents is likely to continue to increase due to several factors, including (i) the increasing sophistication of cyber-attacks, (ii) the wider accessibility of cyber-attack tools and (iii) growing threats from Chinese, Russian and other state actors due to heightened geopolitical tensions. It should also be noted that defenses against cyber-attacks currently available to us and others are unlikely to prevent intrusions by a highly-determined, highly-sophisticated threat actor. Consequently, you should assume that we will continue to experience cyber incidents in the future. Thus far, none of our past security incidents have had a material adverse effect on us, and we continue to take steps designed to limit our cyber risks. Nonetheless, we cannot assure you that future cyber incidents or events will not ultimately have a material adverse impact on our ability to serve our customers or our business, operations or financial results.
Although Lumen Technologies maintains insurance coverage that may, subject to policy terms and conditions (including self-insured deductibles, coverage restrictions and monetary coverage caps), cover certain aspects of our cyber risks, such insurance coverage may be unavailable or insufficient to cover our losses.
Cyber-attacks could (i) disrupt the proper functioning of our networks and systems, which could in turn disrupt the operations of our customers, (ii) result in the destruction, loss, theft, misappropriation or release of proprietary, confidential, sensitive, classified or otherwise valuable information of ours, our employees, our customers or our customers’ end users, (iii) require us to notify customers, regulatory agencies or the public of data incidents, (iv) damage our reputation or result in a loss of business, (v) require us to provide credits for future service to our customers or to offer expensive incentives to retain customers, (vi) subject us to claims by our customers or regulators for damages, fines, penalties, license or permit revocations or other remedies, (vii) result in the loss of industry certifications, or (viii) require significant management attention or financial resources to remedy the resulting damages or to change our systems. Any or all of the foregoing developments could have a material adverse impact on us.
We could be harmed by outages in our network or various platforms, or other failures of our services.
From time to time in the ordinary course of our business, we experience outages in our network, hosting, cloud or IT platforms, or failures of our products or services to perform in the manner anticipated. These disruptions expose us to several of the same risks listed above for cyber-attacks, including the loss of customers, the issuance of credits or refunds, and regulatory fines. We remain vulnerable to future disruptions due to several factors, including the challenges of maintaining and replacing aging or obsolete network elements, human error, continuous changes in our network, the introduction of new products or technologies, vulnerabilities in our vendors or supply chain, aberrant employees and hardware and software limitations. The process for remediating any interruptions, outages, delays or cessations of service could be more expensive, time-consuming, disruptive and resource intensive than planned. Delayed sales, lower margins, fines or lost customers resulting from future disruptions could have a material adverse impact on our business, reputation, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.
Market prices for many of our services have decreased in the past, and any similar price decreases in the future will adversely affect our revenue and margins.
Over the past several years, a range of competitive and technological factors, including robust network construction and intense competition, have lowered market prices for many of our products and services. If these market conditions persist, we may need to continue to reduce prices to retain customers and revenue. If future price reductions are necessary, our operating results will suffer unless we are able to offset these reductions by reducing our operating expenses or increasing our sales volumes.
Our operations, financial performance and liquidity are materially reliant on key suppliers, vendors and other third parties.
Our ability to conduct our operations could have a material adverse impact on us if certain of our arrangements with third parties were terminated, including those further described below.
Reliance on other communications providers. To offer certain services in certain of our markets, we must either purchase services or lease network capacity from, or interconnect our network with, the infrastructure of other communications carriers or cloud companies who typically compete against us in those markets. Our reliance on these supply or interconnection arrangements limits our control over the delivery and quality of our services. In addition, we are exposed to the risk that other companies may be unwilling or unable to continue or renew these arrangements in the future. Those risks are heightened when the other company is a competitor who may benefit from terminating the agreement or imposing price increases. Additionally, several companies rely on our network to transmit their data or voice traffic. Their reliance on our network exposes us to the risk that they may transfer all or a portion of this traffic from our network to alternative networks owned, constructed or leased by them, thereby reducing our revenue. Certain of our hyperscaler customers have built infrastructure that has reduced their reliance on us.
Reliance on key suppliers and vendors. We depend on a limited number of suppliers and vendors to provide us, directly or through other suppliers, with equipment and services relating to our network infrastructure, including fiber optic cable, software, optronics, transmission electronics, digital switches, routing equipment, customer premise equipment, and related components. We also rely on software and service vendors or other parties to assist us with operating, maintaining and administering our business, including billing, security, provisioning and general operations. Our operations could be adversely affected if any of these vendors experience business interruptions, security incidents, litigation or other issues that interfere with their ability to deliver their products or services on a timely basis.
Reliance on key licensors. We rely on key technologies licensed from third parties to deliver certain of our products and services. Our agreements with these licensors may expire or be terminated, and some of the licenses may not be available to us in the future on terms acceptable to us or at all. Moreover, if we incorporate licensed technology into our network, we may have limited flexibility to deploy different technologies from alternative licensors.
Reliance on key customer contracts. We have several complex high-value national and global customer contracts. These contracts are frequently impacted by a variety of factors that could reduce or eliminate the profitability of these contracts. Moreover, we would be adversely impacted if we fail to renew major contracts upon their expiration.
Reliance on landowners. We rely on rights-of-way, colocation agreements, franchises and other authorizations granted by governmental bodies, railway companies, utilities, carriers and other third parties to locate a portion of our network equipment over, on or under their respective properties. A significant number of these authorizations are scheduled to lapse over the next five to ten years, unless we are able to extend or renew them. Further, some of our operations are subject to licensing and franchising requirements imposed by municipalities or other governmental authorities. Our operations could be adversely affected if any of these authorizations are cancelled, or otherwise terminate or lapse, or if the landowner requests price increases. Similarly, our buildout plans can be delayed if we cannot receive necessary landowner authorizations or governmental permits. We cannot assure you we will be able to successfully extend these arrangements when their terms expire, or to enter into new arrangements that may be necessary to implement our network expansion opportunities.
Climate change could disrupt our operations, cause us to incur substantial additional capital and operating costs or negatively affect our business.
A substantial number of our facilities are located in coastal areas, which subjects them to the risks associated with severe tropical storms, hurricanes and tornadoes, and many other of our facilities are subject to the risk of earthquakes, floods, fires, tornadoes or other similar casualty events. From time to time these events have disrupted the operations of us or our affiliates, and similar future events could cause substantial damages, including downed transmission lines, flooded facilities, power outages, fuel shortages, network delays or failures, damaged or destroyed property and equipment, and work interruptions. Due to substantial deductibles, coverage limits and exclusions, and limited availability, we have typically recovered only a portion of our losses through insurance. Our system redundancy and other measures we take to protect our infrastructure and operations from the impacts of such events may be ineffective or inadequate to sustain our operations following such events. Any of these occurrences could result in lost revenues from business interruption, damage to our reputation and reduced profits.
Climate change may increase the frequency or severity of natural disasters and other extreme weather events in the future, which would increase our exposure to the above-cited risks and could disrupt our supply chain from our key suppliers and vendors.
Our environmental, social and governance (ESG) commitments, programs and disclosures may expose us to reputational, legal and business risks.
Our reputation and brands could be impacted by our public commitments to various corporate environmental, social and governance (ESG) initiatives, including our political contributions, our advocacy positions, and our goals for sustainability, inclusion and diversity. These initiatives, goals, or commitments could be difficult to achieve and costly to implement. To the extent that our required and voluntary disclosures about ESG matters increase, we could be criticized for their accuracy, adequacy, or completeness. We could fail to achieve, or be perceived to fail to achieve, our ESG-related initiatives, goals, or commitments. In addition, we could be criticized for the timing, scope or nature of these initiatives, goals, commitments, or for any revisions to them. Our actual or perceived failure to achieve our ESG-related initiatives, goals, commitments or to meet evolving stakeholder expectations or standards could adversely impact us by resulting in legal or regulatory proceedings against us, customer or employee attrition, reputational damage, or other negative impacts on our business.
Adverse developments impacting our non-consolidated affiliates could indirectly impact us.
Our consolidated operations constitute only a portion of the consolidated operations of our corporate parent, Lumen. We engage in various intercompany transactions with affiliates of Lumen that are not members of our consolidated group of companies. Events or developments that adversely impact these non-consolidated affiliates will not directly impact our consolidated financial position or performance as reported under GAAP, but could nonetheless indirectly adversely impact us to the extent such developments interfere with the ability of such non-consolidated affiliates to provide services or pay amounts to which we or our subsidiaries are entitled. For these reasons, you are urged to review the risk factor disclosures contained in Item 1A of Lumen’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
We face other business risks.
We face other business risks, including among others, (i) the difficulties of managing and administering an organization that offers a complex set of products to a diverse range of customers across several continents and (ii) the adverse effects of terrorism, rioting, vandalism or social unrest.
Legal and Regulatory Risks
We are subject to an extensive, evolving regulatory framework that could create operational or compliance costs.
As explained in greater detail elsewhere in this annual report, (i) our domestic operations are regulated by the FCC and other federal, state and local agencies and (ii) our international operations are regulated by a wide range of various foreign and international bodies. We cannot assure you we will be successful in obtaining or retaining all regulatory licenses necessary to carry out our business in our various markets. Even if we are, the prescribed service standards and conditions imposed on us under these licenses and related laws may increase our costs, limit our operational flexibility or result in third-party claims.
While Level 3 provides competitive services that are generally not subject to state regulation to the same degree as ILECs, we are subject to numerous requirements and interpretations under various international, federal, state and local laws, rules and regulations, which are often quite detailed and occasionally in conflict with each other. Accordingly, we cannot ensure we will always be considered to be in compliance with all these requirements at any single point in time.
Various governmental agencies, including state attorneys general, with jurisdiction over our operations have routinely in the past investigated our business practices either in response to customer complaints or on their own initiative, and are expected to continue to do the same in the future. Certain of these investigations have resulted in substantial fines in the past. On occasion, we have resolved such matters by entering into consent decrees, which are court orders that frequently restrict our future conduct. If breached by us, these consent decrees expose us not only to contractual remedies, but also to judicial enforcement via contempt of court proceedings, any of which could have material adverse consequences. Additionally, future investigations can potentially result in enforcement actions, litigation, fines, settlements or reputational harm, or could cause us to change our sales practices or operations.
We provide products or services to various federal, state and local agencies. Our failure to comply with complex governmental regulations and laws applicable to these programs, or the terms of our governmental contracts, could result in us suffering substantial negative publicity or penalties, being suspended or debarred from future governmental programs or contracts for a significant period of time and in certain instances could lead to the revocation of our FCC licenses. Moreover, certain governmental agencies frequently reserve the right to terminate their contracts for convenience or if funding is unavailable. If our governmental contracts are terminated for any reason, or if we are suspended or debarred from governmental programs or contracts, it could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition.
A variety of state, national, foreign and international laws and regulations apply to the collection, use, retention, protection, security, disclosure, transfer and other processing of personal and other data. The European Union and other international regulators, as well as some state governments, have recently enacted or enhanced data privacy legal requirements, and other governments are considering establishing similar or stronger protections. Many of these laws are complex and change frequently and often conflict with the laws in other jurisdictions. Some of our customers impose similar requirements on us that are equally or more demanding. If we fail to comply with any of these governmental or contractual requirements, we could incur potential substantial penalties and reputational damage.
Adapting and responding to changing regulatory requirements has historically materially impacted our operations. We believe evolving regulatory developments and regulatory uncertainty could continue to have a material impact on our business. In particular, our business could be materially impacted if the U.S. Congress amends or eliminates current federal law limitations on the liability of private network providers, such as us, against claims related to third party content stored or transmitted on private networks, as currently proposed by certain governmental officials, legislative leaders and consumer interest groups. We could also be materially affected if currently pending proposals to increase the regulation of internet service providers or to further strengthen data privacy laws are implemented. The variability of these laws could also hamper the ability of us and our customers to plan for the future or establish long-term strategies.
Third-party content stored or transmitted on our networks could result in liability or otherwise damage our reputation.
While we disclaim liability for third-party content in most of our service contracts, as a private network provider we potentially could be exposed to legal claims relating to third-party content stored or transmitted on our networks. Such claims could involve, among others, allegations of defamation, invasion of privacy, copyright infringement, or aiding and abetting restricted activities such as online gambling or pornography. Although we believe our liability for these types of claims is limited under current law, suits against other carriers have been successful and we cannot assure you that our defenses will prevail. Such third-party content could also result in adverse publicity and damage our reputation. Moreover, as noted above, pending proposals to change the law could materially heighten our legal exposure.
Pending legal proceedings against us or our affiliates could have a material adverse impact on us.
There are several potentially material proceedings pending against us and our affiliates. Results of these legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty. As of any given date we could have exposure to losses under proceedings in excess of our accrued liability. For each of these reasons, any of the proceedings described in Note 16-Commitments, Contingencies and Other Items, as well as current litigation not described therein or future litigation, could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial position, operating results, the trading price of our debt securities and our ability to access the capital markets. We can give you no assurances as to the ultimate impact of these matters on us.
We may not be successful in protecting and enforcing our intellectual property rights.
We rely on various patents, copyrights, trade names, trademarks, service marks, trade secrets and other similar intellectual property rights, as well as confidentiality agreements and procedures, to establish and protect our proprietary rights. For a variety of reasons, however, these steps may not fully protect us, including due to inherent limitations on the ability to enforce these rights. If we are unsuccessful in protecting or enforcing our intellectual property rights, our business, competitive position, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.
Issues related to the development and use of artificial intelligence (AI) could give rise to legal or regulatory actions, damage our reputation or otherwise materially harm our business.
We currently incorporate AI technology in certain of our products and services and in our business operations. AI is currently being developed in a highly competitive and rapidly evolving environment by a wide variety of technology companies, many of which are dedicating substantially more resources than we are to research and development initiatives. Due to the complexity of its design and algorithms, AI presents various risks and challenges, and its use could have unintended adverse consequences. While we aim to develop and use AI responsibly and attempt to identify and mitigate ethical and legal issues presented by its use, we may be unsuccessful in identifying or resolving issues before they arise. The Company's use of AI may give rise to risks related to harmful content, inaccurate output, bias, intellectual property infringement or misappropriation, defamation, privacy incidents, and cybersecurity vulnerabilities, among others. The United States, the European Union and other governmental bodies have taken initial steps to regulate AI, which could ultimately increase AI’s legal risks or decrease its usefulness. For all these reasons, we cannot assure you that our use of AI will not harm our business, operations or reputation.
We have been accused of infringing the intellectual property rights of others and will likely face similar accusations in the future.
We routinely receive notices from third parties or are named in lawsuits filed by third parties claiming we have infringed or are infringing their intellectual property rights. We are currently responding to several of these notices and claims and expect this industry-wide trend will continue. If these claims succeed, we could be required to pay significant monetary damages, to cease using the applicable technology or to make royalty payments to continue using the applicable technology. If we are required to take one or more of these actions, our revenues or profit margins may decline, our operations could be materially impaired or we may be required to stop selling or redesign one or more of our products or services, any of which could have a material adverse impact on our business. Similarly, from time to time, we may need to obtain the right to use certain patents or other intellectual property from third parties to be able to offer new products and services. If we cannot obtain rights to use any required technology from a third party on reasonable terms, our ability to offer new products and services may be prohibited, restricted, made more costly or delayed.
Our international operations expose us to various regulatory, currency, tax, legal and other risks.
Our international operations are subject to U.S. and non-U.S. laws and regulations regarding operations in international jurisdictions in which we provide services, either directly or indirectly through our contractual arrangements with other carriers. These numerous and sometimes conflicting laws and regulations include anti-corruption laws, anti-competition laws, trade restrictions, economic sanctions, tax laws, immigration laws, environmental laws, privacy laws and accounting requirements. Many of these laws are complex and change frequently. There is a risk that these laws or regulations may materially restrict our ability to deliver services in various international jurisdictions or expose us to the risk of fines, penalties or license revocations if we are determined to have violated applicable laws or regulations. Additionally, these laws or regulations may potentially impact our customers and result in foregone business or penalties to us if we fail to comply with any applicable sanctions or restrictions on our activities.
Many non-U.S. laws and regulations relating to communications services are more restrictive than U.S. laws and regulations. We are subject to the GDPR of the European Union and the United Kingdom, as well as various other laws governing privacy rights, data protection and cybersecurity laws in other regions. These laws and regulations continue to proliferate and evolve, are becoming more complex and increasingly conflict among the various countries in which we operate, which has resulted in greater compliance risk and cost for us. Moreover, many countries are still in the early stages of providing for and adapting to a liberalized telecommunications market, which could make it more difficult for us to obtain licenses and conduct our operations.
In addition to these international regulatory risks, some of the other risks inherent in conducting business internationally include: economic, social and political instability, with the attendant risks of terrorism, kidnapping, extortion, civic unrest, potential seizure or nationalization of assets; currency and exchange controls, repatriation restrictions and fluctuations in currency exchange rates, problems collecting accounts receivable; the difficulty or inability in certain jurisdictions to enforce contract or intellectual property rights; reliance on certain third parties with whom we lack extensive experience; supply chain challenges; and challenges in securing and maintaining the necessary physical and telecommunications infrastructure.
Our operations and financial results could be impacted by changes in multilateral conventions, treaties, tariffs or other arrangements between or among sovereign nations , including most recently Brexit.
Financial Risks
Our significant debt levels expose us to a broad range of risks.
As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately $4.8 billion of outstanding consolidated secured indebtedness and $3.9 billion of outstanding consolidated unsecured indebtedness (excluding (i) finance leases and other obligations, (ii) unamortized premiums, net, (iii) unamortized debt issuance costs and (iv) intercompany debt.)
Our significant levels of debt and related debt service obligations could adversely affect us in several respects, including:
•requiring us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to the payment of interest and principal on our debt, thereby reducing the funds available to us for other purposes, including acquisitions, capital expenditures, strategic initiatives and dividends to our direct parent company;
•hindering our ability to capitalize on business opportunities and to plan for or react to changing market, industry, competitive or economic conditions;
•making us more vulnerable to economic or industry downturns, including interest rate increases (especially with respect to our variable rate debt);
•placing us at a competitive disadvantage compared to less leveraged companies;
•adversely impacting other parties’ perception of Lumen, including but not limited to existing or potential customers, vendors, employees or creditors;
•making it more difficult or expensive for us to obtain any necessary future financing or refinancing, including the risk that this could force us to sell assets or take other less desirable actions to raise capital; and
•increasing the risk that we may not meet the financial or non-financial covenants contained in our debt agreements or timely make all required debt payments, either of which could result in the acceleration of some or all of our outstanding indebtedness.
The effects of each of these factors could be intensified if we increase our borrowings or experience any downgrade in our credit ratings or those of our affiliates. Subject to certain limitations and restrictions, the current terms of our debt instruments and our subsidiaries’ debt instruments permit us or them to incur additional indebtedness.
We expect to periodically require financing, and we cannot assure you we will be able to obtain such financing on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all.
We expect to periodically require financing in the future to refinance existing indebtedness and potentially for other purposes. Our ability to arrange additional financing will depend on, among other factors, our financial position, performance, credit ratings, and debt covenants. Prior allegations that we have breached covenants in our credit documents could dissuade potential lenders from extending credit to us, unless and until we satisfactorily address these concerns through the execution of additional credit agreements, the receipt of waivers or other similar actions. Our ability to obtain additional financing could also depend on prevailing market conditions, which could be adversely affected by (i) general market conditions, such as disruptions in domestic or overseas sovereign or corporate debt markets, geo-political instabilities, trade restrictions, pandemics, contractions or limited growth in the economy or other similar adverse economic developments in the U.S. or abroad, and (ii) specific conditions in the communications industry. Instability in the domestic or global financial markets has from time to time resulted in periodic volatility and disruptions in capital markets that have partially or severely limited the ability of leveraged companies like us to obtain debt financing. For these and other reasons, we can give no assurance additional financing for any of these purposes will be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all.
If we are unable to make required debt payments or refinance our debt, we would likely have to consider other options, such as selling assets, cutting or delaying costs or otherwise reducing our cash requirements, or negotiating with our lenders to restructure our applicable debt. The current and future debt instruments of us or our affiliates may restrict, or market or business conditions may limit, our ability to complete some of these actions on favorable terms, or at all. For these and other reasons, we cannot assure you we could implement these steps in a sufficient or timely manner, or at all. Nor can we assure you that these steps, even if successfully implemented, would not be detrimental to our operations, financial performance or future prospects.
We are part of a highly complex debt structure, which could impact the rights of our investors.
Over half of the debt of our subsidiary Level 3 Financing is (i) secured by a pledge of substantially all of its assets and (ii) guaranteed on a secured basis by certain of its affiliates. The remainder of the debt of Level 3 Financing is not secured by any of its assets, but is guaranteed by certain of its affiliates, including us. Lumen Technologies, Inc. and various of its subsidiaries owe substantial sums pursuant to various debt and financing arrangements, certain of which are guaranteed by other principal subsidiaries. Over half of the debt of Lumen Technologies, Inc. is guaranteed by certain of its principal domestic subsidiaries, some of which have pledged substantially all of their assets (including certain of their respective subsidiaries) to secure their guarantees. The remainder of the debt of Lumen Technologies, Inc. is neither guaranteed nor secured. Substantial amounts of debt are also owed by two direct or indirect subsidiaries of Qwest Communications International Inc. Most of the over 200 subsidiaries of Lumen Technologies, Inc. have neither borrowed money nor guaranteed any of the debt of Lumen Technologies, Inc. or its affiliates. As such, investors in our consolidated debt instruments should be aware that (i) determining the priority of their rights as creditors is a complex matter which is substantially dependent upon the assets and earning power of the entities that issued or guaranteed (if any) the applicable debt and (ii) a substantial portion of such debt is structurally subordinated to all liabilities of the non-guarantor subsidiaries of Lumen Technologies, Inc. to the extent of the value of those subsidiaries that are obligors.
Our and our affiliates' various debt agreements include restrictions and covenants that could (i) limit our ability to conduct operations or borrow additional funds, (ii) restrict our ability to engage in inter-company transactions, and (iii) lead to the acceleration of our repayment obligations in certain instances.
Under our and our affiliates' consolidated debt and financing arrangements, the issuer of the debt is subject to various covenants and restrictions, the most restrictive of which pertain to the debt of Lumen Technologies, Inc. and Level 3 Financing, Inc.
Lumen’s senior secured credit facilities and notes contain several significant limitations restricting the ability of it and its subsidiaries to, among other things, borrow additional money or issue guarantees; pay dividends or other distributions to shareholders; make loans; create liens on assets; sell assets; transact with its affiliates and engage in mergers, consolidations or other similar transactions. These restrictive covenants could have a material adverse impact on our and our affiliates' ability to operate or reconfigure our respective businesses, to issue additional priority debt, to pursue acquisitions, divestitures or strategic transactions, or to otherwise pursue our respective plans and strategies.
The debt and financing arrangements of Level 3 Financing, Inc. contain substantially similar limitations that restrict our operations on a standalone basis as a separate restricted group. Consequently, certain of these covenants may significantly restrict our ability to distribute cash to other of our affiliated entities or to enter into other transactions among our wholly-owned entities.
Lumen’s senior secured credit facilities contain financial maintenance covenants.
The failure of us or our affiliates to comply with the above-described restrictive or financial covenants could result in an event of default, which, if not cured or waived, could accelerate our debt repayment obligations. Certain of our debt instruments have cross-default or cross-acceleration provisions. When present, these provisions could have a wider impact on liquidity than might otherwise arise from a default or acceleration of a single debt instrument.
Certain of our debtholders may seek to claim that our use of proceeds following the sale of the Latin American business resulted in potential defaults under our credit documents.
On July 25, 2023, Lumen received a letter from representatives purporting to act on behalf of holders of approximately 37% of Lumen Technologies, Inc.’s funded debt and 56% of Level 3's funded debt requesting a meeting to discuss our upcoming debt maturities as well as what the letter referred to as an apparent event of default by Level 3 relating to our use of proceeds from the divestiture of our Latin American business.
If the transactions contemplated by the TSA are consummated, the participating creditors would waive and release us from any claims or remedies arising out of any such breaches to the extent permitted under the Company's debt agreements and applicable law. However, there can be no assurance that these transactions will be consummated, or that other creditors will not seek to assert claims against us. If the transactions contemplated by the TSA are not consummated, there can be no assurance that participating creditors would not attempt to deliver purported notices of default, or seek to declare the principal amount of their debt holdings due and payable, together with accrued interest. Any such acceleration also could allow lenders under our senior secured credit facilities to declare all funds borrowed to be due and payable, to terminate their commitments thereunder, and to cease making further loans. Secured debtholders could also institute foreclosure proceedings against their collateral. Although the Company would vigorously dispute any and all such actions, any such actions may result in an outcome that could have a material adverse impact on our business, operations and financial condition, and any such actions could force us to seek bankruptcy protection. In addition, responding to or defending against any claims of default, including through litigation, may require us to expend significant funds and management time and attention, and could adversely impact our ability to obtain financing in the future or to refinance our existing indebtedness.
The transactions contemplated by the TSA may not be consummated as contemplated, on the currently expected timeline or at all, and even if such transactions are consummated, we may not achieve their anticipated benefits.
We expect that the completion of the transactions contemplated by the TSA will enhance our liquidity and extend our debt maturities. However, the completion of these transactions is subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions and the TSA permits certain specified lender groups and Lumen to terminate the agreement under various specified circumstances.
As a result, any or all of the transactions may not be consummated as originally contemplated, on the currently expected timeline, or at all. Accordingly, we may not be able to realize the expected benefits from these transactions on a timely basis or at all. Even if we are successful in completing the transactions contemplated by the TSA, we may not realize some or all of the expected benefits from such transactions. We have incurred, and will continue to incur, significant costs, expenses and fees for professional services and other transaction costs in connection with the transactions contemplated by the TSA, and these fees and costs are payable by us regardless of whether such transactions are consummated.
If we are successful in completing the transactions contemplated by the TSA, Lumen will be subject to higher levels of interest, which could have important consequences, including, (i) limiting our ability to obtain additional financing to fund future working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or other general corporate requirements, and increasing our cost of borrowing; (ii) requiring a substantial portion of our cash flows to be dedicated to payments on our obligations instead of for other purposes; and (iii) each of the other factors specified above under the heading "“-Our significant debt levels expose us to a broad range of risks.”
In addition, the agreements that will govern Lumen’s indebtedness to be executed in connection with the consummation of the transactions contemplated by the TSA will contain significant additional restrictions that could limit Lumen’s ability to engage in activities that may be in our long-term best interest, including certain restrictions on our ability to incur indebtedness, incur liens, enter into mergers or consolidations, dispose of assets, enter into affiliate transactions, pay dividends, make acquisitions and make investments, loans and advances. These restrictions may affect Lumen’s ability to execute on our business strategy, limit our ability to raise additional debt or equity financing needed to operate our business, including during economic or business downturns, and limit our ability to compete effectively or take advantage of new business opportunities. Our failure to comply with those covenants could result in an event of default which, if not cured or waived, could result in the acceleration of all our debt.
Our cash flows may not adequately fund all of our cash requirements.
Our business is very capital intensive. We expect to continue to require significant capital to maintain, upgrade and expand our network infrastructure and product offerings, based on several factors, including (i) changes in customers’ service requirements; (ii) our need to replace aging or obsolete infrastructure; (iii) our continuing need to expand and improve our network to remain competitive and meet customer demand; and (iv) our regulatory commitments. Any failure to make appropriate capital expenditures could adversely impact our financial performance or prospects. We will also continue to need substantial amounts of cash to meet our fixed commitments and other business objectives, including without limitation debt repayments, funding our operating costs, maintenance expenses, tax obligations, periodic pension contributions and other benefits payments. As discussed elsewhere in this annual report, competitive pressures and divestitures, coupled with asset divestitures and other factors, have reduced our cash flows. For all these reasons, we cannot assure you our future cash flows from operating activities will be sufficient to fund all of our cash requirements in the manner currently contemplated.
We rely on payments from our operating companies to meet our obligations.
Because both we and Level 3 Financing are holding companies, substantially all of our income and operating cash flow is dependent upon the earnings of our respective subsidiaries and their distribution of those earnings to us in the form of dividends, loans or other payments. As a result, we rely upon our subsidiaries to generate cash flows in amounts sufficient to fund our obligations, including the payment of our long-term debt. Our respective subsidiaries are separate and distinct legal entities and have no obligation to pay any amounts owed by us, except to the extent they have guaranteed such payments. Similarly, subject to limited exceptions, our non-guarantor subsidiaries have no obligation to make any funds available to us to repay our obligations, whether by dividends, loans or other payments. Moreover, our rights to receive assets of our respective non-guarantor subsidiaries upon their liquidation or reorganization will be effectively subordinated to the claims of creditors of that subsidiary, including trade creditors. In addition, the laws under which our subsidiaries were organized typically restrict the amount of dividends they may pay. The ability of our subsidiaries to transfer funds could be further restricted under applicable state or federal tax laws, regulatory orders or regulations. For all these reasons, you should not assume our respective subsidiaries will be able in the future to generate and distribute to us cash in amounts sufficient to fund our respective cash requirements.
We periodically transfer our cash to our controlling equity owner, which exposes us to certain risks.
We are controlled by Lumen Technologies, our ultimate parent company.
As of December 31, 2023, Lumen Technologies owed us approximately $1.5 billion on the affiliate note receivable. Developments that adversely impact Lumen Technologies could adversely impact our ability to collect this debt.
There are no limitations on the ability of Level 3 Financing to transfer assets to us, and we intend to continue to distribute to our direct equity holder a substantial portion of our consolidated cash flow, thereby reducing our capital resources for debt repayments or other purposes. These and other risks of investing in our debt securities are more fully described in the disclosure documents distributed at the time of issuance.
We may not be able to fully utilize our NOLs.
As of December 31, 2023, we had substantial gross federal net operating loss carryforwards ("NOLs"), net of uncertain tax positions, some of which remain subject to limitations under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code and related regulations ("Section 382"). These limitations could restrict our ability to use these NOLs under our separate return method in the amounts we project.
As of December 31, 2023, we also had substantial state NOLs which we believe are subject to legal and practical limitations on our ability to realize their full benefit. We cannot assure you we will be able to utilize these NOLs as projected or at all.
Lapses in our disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting could materially and adversely affect us.
We maintain (i) disclosure controls and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurances regarding the accuracy and completeness of our SEC reports and (ii) internal control over financial reporting designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability and compliance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) of our financial statements. We cannot assure you these measures will be effective. Our and Lumen's management previously identified a material weakness related to our accounting for revenue transactions. Although we successfully remediated this material weakness during 2019, the deficiency was costly to remediate and delayed the filing of our parent company's annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.
If we are required to record additional intangible asset impairments, we will be required to record a significant charge to earnings and reduce our members' equity.
As of December 31, 2023, approximately 25% of our total consolidated assets reflected on the consolidated balance sheet included in this annual report consisted of customer relationships and other intangible assets. From time to time, including most recently in the second quarter of 2023 and fourth quarter of 2022, we have recorded large non-cash charges to earnings in connection with required reductions of the value of our intangible assets. If our intangible assets are determined to be impaired in the future, we may be required to record additional significant, non-cash charges to earnings during the period in which the impairment is determined to have occurred. Any such charges could, in turn, have a material adverse effect on our results of operation or financial condition.
High inflation could continue to adversely impact us.
Although inflation has recently been declining, during the past three years our operations were impacted by the highest domestic inflation rates in decades. If inflation rates remain elevated, our operations will likely continue to be impacted. Potential impacts of high inflation include (i) lower revenue if inflationary pressures cause customers to defer, decrease or cancel their expenditures on our products and services, (ii) lower margins if we cannot offset the higher cost of our labor and supplies by raising our prices or reducing our other expenses, (iii) higher interest costs to the extent inflation places upwards pressure on prevailing interest rates and (iv) as noted above, potential difficulties retaining personnel if we do not match the salary increase expectations of our workforce.
We face other financial risks.
We face other financial risks, including among others the risk that:
•downgrades in our credit ratings or unfavorable financial analyst reports regarding us, our affiliates or our industry could adversely impact the liquidity or market prices of our outstanding debt securities;
•a change of control of us or certain of our affiliates could accelerate a substantial portion of our outstanding indebtedness in an amount that we might not be able to repay; and
•ongoing attempts of the United States, various foreign countries and supranational or international organizations to reform taxes or identify new tax sources could materially impact our taxes, or that one or more of our ongoing tax audits or examinations could result in tax liabilities that differ materially from those we have recognized in our consolidated financial statements.
Divestiture Risks
We may be unable to realize the anticipated benefits of our recently-completed divestitures.
In connection with divesting, our Latin American and EMEA businesses in 2022 and 2023 we completed internal restructurings and entered into multi-year agreements with the purchasers to provide certain transitional services and to provide or receive certain commercial services.
We anticipate that it will be challenging and time-consuming to continue providing transition services to the purchasers of our divested operations. We may incur or experience (i) greater tax or other costs or realize fewer benefits than anticipated under our post-closing agreements with the purchasers, (ii) operational or commercial difficulties segregating the divested assets from our retained assets, (iii) disputes with the purchasers regarding the nature and sufficiency of the transition services we provide or the terms and conditions of our commercial agreements with the purchasers, (iv) potential disputes with creditors concerning the transactions or use of the proceeds therefrom, (v) higher vendor costs due to reduced economies of scale or other similar dis-synergies, (vi) weaker performance to the extent segregation and support of the divested businesses distracts or diverts personnel and resources from the operation, digitization, and transformation of our retained business, (vii) losses or increased inefficiencies from stranded or underutilized assets, (viii) the loss of any customers dissatisfied with our services post-closing, (ix) challenges in retaining and attracting personnel or (x) the loss of vendors or customers due to our inability to assign contracts with their consent.
The divestitures will reduce our future cash flows. If our remaining business fails to perform as expected, the divestitures could exacerbate certain of the other financial risks specified in this Item 1A, including our ability to fund all of our current cash requirements.
General Risk Factors
Unfavorable general economic, societal, health or environmental conditions could negatively impact us.
Unfavorable general economic, societal, health or environmental conditions, including unstable economic and credit markets, or depressed economic activity caused by trade wars, epidemics, pandemics, wars, societal unrest, rioting, civic disturbances, natural disasters, terrorist attacks, environmental disasters, political instability or other factors, could negatively affect our business or operations in a variety of ways.
An outbreak of disease or similar public health threat, such as the recent COVID-19 pandemic, could have a material adverse impact on us.
An outbreak of disease or similar public health threat, such as the recent COVID-19 pandemic and its attendant detrimental impact on the worldwide economy, could have a material adverse impact on our operating results and financial condition. New variants of COVID-19 could continue to cause outbreaks and uncertainties, and any future epidemics, pandemics or similar public health crises could adversely impact our business.
Shareholder or debtholder activism efforts could cause a material disruption to our business.
While we always welcome constructive input from stakeholders, activist shareholders at the Lumen level may from time to time engage in proxy solicitations, advance shareholder proposals or otherwise attempt to effect changes or acquire control over Lumen and its affiliates, including us. Responding to these actions can be costly and time-consuming and may disrupt Lumen’s and our operations and divert the attention of our board and management. These adverse impacts could be intensified if activist shareholders advocate actions that are not supported by other shareholders, Lumen’s board or management. The recent increase in the activism of debtholders could increase the risk of claims being made under the debt agreements of us or our affiliates.
We face other general risks.
As a large multinational business with complex operations, we face various other general risks, including among others, the risk that one or more of our ongoing tax audits or examinations could result in tax liabilities that differ materially from those we have recognized in our consolidated financial statements.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Our property, plant and equipment consists principally of land, fiber, conduit and other outside plant, central office and other network electronics and support assets. Our gross values of property, plant and equipment consisted of the following components:
As of December 31,
2022(5)
Land 2 % 2 %
Fiber, conduit and other outside plant (1)
40 % 41 %
Central office and other network electronics (2)
31 % 29 %
Support assets (3)
20 % 21 %
Construction in progress (4)
7 % 7 %
Gross property, plant and equipment 100 % 100 %
_______________________________________________________________________________
(1)Fiber, conduit and other outside plant consists of fiber and metallic cable, conduit, poles and other supporting structures.
(2)Central office and other network electronics consists of circuit and packet switches, routers, transmission electronics and electronics providing service to customers.
(3)Support assets consist of buildings, data centers, computers and other administrative and support equipment.
(4)Construction in progress includes inventory held for construction and property of the aforementioned categories that is under construction and has not yet been placed in service.
(5)These values exclude assets classified as held for sale.
We own or lease properties to house and operate our fiber optic backbone and distribution network facilities, our point-to-point distribution capacity, as well as our switching equipment and connecting lines between other carriers’ equipment and facilities and the equipment and facilities of our customers. Our Gateway facilities are designed to house local sales staff, operational staff, our transmission and IP routing/switching facilities and technical space to accommodate colocation of equipment by high-volume Level 3 customers. We operate approximately 7 million square feet of space for our Gateway and technical or transmission facilities.
We have entered into various agreements regarding our unused office and technical space to reduce our ongoing operating expenses regarding such space.
Substantial portions of our property, plant and equipment are pledged to secure the long-term debt of Level 3 Financing, Inc. or the obligations of the affiliate guarantors of such debt.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
For information regarding legal proceedings in which we are involved, see Note 16-Commitments, Contingencies and Other Items to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this report.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
ITEM 4. MINING SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
Part II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Not Applicable.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
ITEM 6. [Reserved]

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this report to “Level 3 Communications, Inc.,” "Level 3," “we,” “us,” "its," the “Company” and “our” refer to Level 3 Parent, LLC and its consolidated subsidiaries. References to "Lumen Technologies" or "Lumen" refer to our ultimate parent company, Lumen Technologies, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.
All references to "Notes" in this Item 7 of Part II refer to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this annual report.
Certain statements in this report constitute forward-looking statements. See "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" appearing at the beginning of this report and "Risk Factors" set forth or referenced in Item 1A of Part I of this report or other of our filings with the SEC for a discussion of certain factors that could cause our actual results to differ from our anticipated results or otherwise impact our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity or prospects.
Overview
We are a facilities-based technology and communications company that provides a broad array of integrated products and services to our domestic and global business customers.
For the reasons noted in Note 1-Background and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies we have determined that we have one reportable segment.
Divestiture of the Latin American and EMEA Businesses
On August 1, 2022, certain of our affiliates sold our Latin American business to an affiliate of a fund advised by Stonepeak Partners LP in exchange for pre-tax cash proceeds of approximately $2.7 billion.
On November 1, 2023, affiliates of Level 3 Parent, LLC completed the sale of its operations in EMEA business to Colt Technology Services Group Limited, a portfolio company of Fidelity Investments, for pre-tax cash proceeds of $1.7 billion after certain closing adjustments and transaction costs. This consideration is further subject to other post-closing adjustments and indemnities set forth in the Purchase Agreement, as amended and supplemented to date.
For more information on these transactions, see Note 2-Divestitures of the Latin American and EMEA Businesses to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report and (ii) the risk factors included in Item 1A of Part I of this report.
Changes in the Macroeconomic, Industry and Work Environments
Societal, governmental, and macroeconomic changes have impacted us, our customers and our business in several ways since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S. in March 2020. Beginning in the second half of 2020 and continuing into 2023, we rationalized our lease footprint and ceased using 13 underutilized leased property locations. These lease cancellations resulted in accelerated lease costs, but will lower our future operating costs. In conjunction with our plans to continue to reduce costs, we expect to continue our real estate rationalization efforts and expect to incur additional accelerated real estate costs in future periods.
Additionally, as discussed further elsewhere herein, the pandemic and macroeconomic changes arising therefrom have resulted in (i) increases in certain revenue streams and decreases in others, (ii) operational challenges resulting from inflation and, to a lesser extent, shortages of certain components and other supplies that we use in our business, (iii) delays in our cost transformation initiatives, and (iv) delayed decision-making by certain of our customers. None of these effects, individually or in the aggregate, have to date materially impacted our financial performance or financial position.
Continued inflationary pressures, supply constraints or business uncertainty could materially impact our financial results in a variety of ways, including by increasing our expenses, decreasing our revenues, further delaying our network expansion plans or otherwise interfering with our ability to deliver products and services. For additional information on the impacts of the pandemic and the macroeconomic changes arising therefrom, see (i) the remainder of this item and (ii) Item 1A of this report.
Trends Impacting Our Operations
In addition to the above-described impact of the pandemic and its aftermath, our consolidated operations have been, and will continue to be, impacted by the following company-wide trends:
•Customers' demand for automated products and services and competitive pressures will require that we continue to invest in new technologies and automated processes to improve the customer experience and reduce our operating expenses.
•The increased use of digital applications, online video, gaming and artificial intelligence has substantially increased demand for robust, scalable network services. We are continuing to enhance our product capabilities and simplify our product portfolio based on demand and profitability to enable customers to have access to greater bandwidth.
•Businesses continue to adopt distributed, global operating models. We are expanding and enhancing our fiber network, connecting more buildings to our network to generate revenue opportunities and reducing our reliance upon other carriers.
•Changes in customer preferences and in the regulatory, technological and competitive environment are (i) significantly reducing demand for our more mature service offerings, commoditizing certain of our other offerings, or resulting in volume or rate reductions for other of our offerings and (ii) also creating certain opportunities for us arising out of increased demand for lower latency provided by Edge computing and for faster and more secure data transmissions.
•The operating margins of several of our newer, more technologically advanced services, some of which may connect to customers through other carriers, are lower than the operating margins on our traditional, on-net wireline services.
•Uncertainties regarding our financial performance, leverage and debt covenant compliance have caused, and may continue to cause, certain of our customers and other third parties to reduce or cease transacting business with us.
•Our expenses will be impacted by higher vendor costs, reduced economies of scale and other dis-synergies due to our completed 2022 and 2023 divestitures and any future divestitures.
•Declines in our traditional wireline services and other more mature offerings have necessitated right-sizing our cost structures to remain competitive.
Inflation during has placed downward pressure on our margins and macroeconomic uncertainties have likely contributed to delayed decision-making by certain of our customers, which are trends that will likely continue to impact us as long as inflation rates remain elevated. These and other developments and trends impacting our operations are discussed elsewhere in this Item 7.
Results of Operations
Our analysis presented below is organized to provide the information we believe will be useful for understanding the relevant trends affecting our business. This discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto in Item 8 of this report.
Results in this section include the results of our Latin American and EMEA businesses prior to their sale on August 1, 2022 and November 1, 2023, respectively.
The following table summarizes the results of our consolidated operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022
(Dollars in millions)
Operating revenue $ 7,037 7,493
Operating expenses 8,662 11,741
Operating loss (1,625) (4,248)
Other expense, net (381) (289)
Loss before income taxes (2,006) (4,537)
Income tax expense (2) 256
Net loss $ (2,004) (4,793)
Operating Revenue
We categorize our products and services and related revenue among the following categories:
•Grow, which includes products and services that we anticipate will grow, including our colocation, dark fiber, Edge Cloud services, IP, managed security, Unified Communications and Collaboration ("UC&C") and wavelengths services;
•Nurture, which includes our more mature offerings, including ethernet and VPN data network services;
•Harvest, which includes our legacy services managed for cash flow, including Time Division Multiplexing ("TDM") voice, private line and other legacy services;
•Other, which includes primarily IT solutions; and
•Affiliate Services, which include communications services provided to our affiliates that we also provide to our external customers.
From time to time, we may change the categorization of our products and services.
For more information, see "Products and Services" in Item I of Part I of this report.
The following table summarizes our consolidated operating revenue recorded under our revenue categories described above:
Years Ended December 31, % Change
2023 2022
(Dollars in millions)
Grow $ 3,890 3,960 (2) %
Nurture 1,704 1,905 (11) %
Harvest 1,068 1,283 (17) %
Other 151 118 28 %
Affiliate Services 224 227 (1) %
Total operating revenue $ 7,037 7,493 (6) %
Our total operating revenue decreased by $456 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. Approximately $512 million of this decrease was due to the sale of our Latin American business in the second half of 2022 and the sale of our EMEA business on November 1, 2023. More specifically, within each revenue category:
•Grow decreased by $70 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in Grow revenue was primarily driven by a decrease of approximately $358 million associated with the sale of the divested businesses. This decline was partially offset by growth in most products, primarily due to an increase of $276 million in products such as IP, VoIP, dark fiber and wavelengths for the year ended December 31, 2023.
•Nurture decreased $201 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in Nurture revenue is primarily driven by a decrease of approximately $118 million associated with the sale of the Latin American business. The remainder of the decline is principally attributable to declines in Ethernet services of $62 million and VPN data network services of $27 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.
•Harvest decreased $215 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to the decline in legacy voice services of $132 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease in Harvest revenue additionally includes a decline of approximately $31 million associated with the sale of the Latin American business.
•Other increased $33 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to a $37 million increase in IT Solutions, primarily during the fourth quarter of 2023.
The following table summarizes our consolidated operating expenses:
Years Ended December 31, % Change
2023 2022
(Dollars in millions)
Cost of services and products (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) $ 3,028 3,229 (6) %
Selling, general and administrative 1,360 1,188 14 %
Net loss on sale of businesses 123 493 (75) %
Operating expenses - affiliates 781 659 19 %
Depreciation and amortization 1,400 1,534 (9) %
Goodwill impairment 1,970 4,638 (58) %
Total operating expenses $ 8,662 11,741 (26) %
Cost of Services and Products (Exclusive of depreciation and amortization)
Cost of services and products (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) decreased by $201 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily due to a decrease of $214 million associated with the sale of the Latin American business in the second half of 2022, as well as a decrease of $81 million associated with the sale of the EMEA business on November 1, 2023, partially offset by increases of $36 million in each equipment and maintenance and facilities expenses and an increase of $28 million in real estate and power costs.
Selling, General and Administrative
Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $172 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily due to an increase of $164 million in employee-related expenses and an increase of $26 million in marketing and advertising expenses a $73 million net loss as a result of the sale of select CDN contracts. These increases were partially offset by decreases of $73 million and $16 million, due to the sales of the Latin American and EMEA businesses, respectively.
Net Loss on Sale of Businesses
For a discussion of the loss on the sale of the EMEA business and the gain on the sale of the Latin American business sale that we recognized for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, see Note 2-Divestitures of the Latin American and EMEA Businesses.
Operating Expenses - Affiliates
Operating expenses - affiliates increased by $122 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily due to $80 million of increased allocated corporate expense, which was partially offset by an increase in allocated revenue of $30 million, both of which were due to Lumen's 2022 ILEC divestiture. Additionally, operating expenses - affiliates increased $51 million due to higher pricing and use of direct access and government services provided by affiliates.
Depreciation and Amortization
The following tables provide detail regarding depreciation and amortization expense:
Years Ended December 31, % Change
2023 2022
(Dollars in millions)
Depreciation $ 686 790 (13) %
Amortization 714 744 (4) %
Total depreciation and amortization $ 1,400 1,534 (9) %
Depreciation expense decreased by $104 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily due to discontinuation during the fourth quarter of 2022 of the depreciation of the tangible EMEA assets we divested, resulting in a decrease of $150 million of depreciation expense during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. This decrease was partially offset by higher depreciation expense of $47 million associated with net growth in depreciable assets.
Amortization expense decreased by $30 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was due to discontinuation during the fourth quarter of 2022 of the amortization of the intangible EMEA assets we divested, resulting in a decrease of $30 million of amortization expense during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.
Goodwill Impairments
Prior to becoming fully impaired in the second quarter of 2023, we were required to assess our goodwill for impairment annually, or more frequently if an event occurred or circumstances changed that indicated it was more likely than not the fair value of our reporting unit was less than our carrying value.
When we performed impairment tests during the second quarter of 2023 and the fourth quarter of 2022, we concluded the estimated fair value of our reporting unit was less than our carrying value of equity as of our testing dates. As a result, we recorded non-cash, non-tax-deductible goodwill impairment charges aggregating to $2.0 billion and $4.6 billion in the second quarter of 2023 and the fourth quarter of 2022, respectively. When we performed our annual impairment test in the fourth quarter of 2021, we concluded it was more likely than not that the fair value of our reporting unit exceeded the carrying value of equity. Therefore, we concluded no impairment existed as of our annual assessment date in the fourth quarter of 2021.
See Note 3-Goodwill, Customer Relationships and Other Intangible Assets to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for further details on these tests and impairment charges.
Other Consolidated Results
The following table summarizes other expense, net and income tax expense:
Years Ended December 31, % Change
2023 2022
(Dollars in millions)
Interest expense $ (458) (374) 22 %
Interest income - affiliate 62 62 - %
Other income, net 15 23 (35) %
Total other expense, net $ (381) (289) 32 %
Income tax (benefit) expense $ (2) 256 (101) %
Interest Expense
Interest expense increased by $84 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily due to an increase in the average interest rate from 4.08% to 4.78%, partially offset by the decline in average outstanding long-term debt of approximately $720 million.
Interest Income - Affiliate
Interest income - affiliate remained flat at $62 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.
Other Income, Net
The following table summarizes our total other income, net:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022
(Dollars in millions)
Gain on extinguishment of debt $ - 8
Foreign currency (loss) gain (8) 13
Interest income
22 6
Other 1 (4)
Total other income, net $ 15 23
Income Tax Expense
For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, our effective income tax rate was 0.1% and (5.6)%, respectively. The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2023 includes a $389 million unfavorable impact of a non-deductible goodwill impairment charge recorded in the second quarter of 2023.The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2022 includes a $969 million unfavorable impact of a non-deductible goodwill impairment and a $256 million unfavorable impact as a result of the sale of our Latin American business. See Note 13-Income Taxes and "Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates-Income Taxes" below for additional information.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles that are generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of our assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses. We have identified certain policies and estimates as critical to our business operations and the understanding of our past or present results of operations related to (i) goodwill, customer relationships and other intangible assets; (ii) loss contingencies and litigation reserves; (iii) affiliate transactions; and (iv) income taxes. These policies and estimates are considered critical because they had a material impact, or they have the potential to have a material impact, on our consolidated financial statements and because they require us to make significant judgments, assumptions or estimates. We believe that the estimates, judgments and assumptions made when accounting for the items described below were reasonable, based on information available at the time they were made. However, actual results may differ from those estimates, and these differences may be material.
Goodwill, Customer Relationships and Other Intangible Assets
Intangible assets arising from business combinations, such as goodwill, customer relationships, capitalized software, trademarks and tradenames, are initially recorded at estimated fair value. We amortize customer relationships primarily over an estimated life of 7 to 14 years, using the straight-line method. We amortize capitalized software using the straight-line method primarily over estimated lives ranging up to 7 years. We amortized our other intangible assets over an estimated life of 5 years prior to becoming fully amortized in the fourth quarter of 2022. We annually review the estimated lives and methods used to amortize our other intangible assets. The amount of future amortization expense may differ materially from current amounts, depending on the results of our annual reviews. At December 31, 2023, our definite-lived intangible assets totaled $4.2 billion, or 25% of our total assets and we had no goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets.
Our goodwill was derived from Lumen's acquisition of us where the purchase price exceeded the fair value of the net assets acquired. Prior to becoming fully impaired in the second quarter of 2023, we were required to assess our goodwill for impairment annually, or more frequently if an event occurred or circumstances changed that indicate it is more likely than not the fair value of our reporting unit was less than our carrying value. In assessing goodwill for impairment, we would first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it was more likely than not that the fair value of our reporting unit was less than our carrying value.
Our annual impairment assessment date for goodwill was October 31, at which date we compared our estimated fair value of equity of our reporting unit to the carrying value of equity. If the estimated fair value was greater than the carrying value, we concluded no impairment exists. If the estimated fair value was less than the carrying value, we recorded a non-cash impairment charge equal to the excess amount. Depending on the facts and circumstances, we typically estimated the fair value by considering either or both of (i) a discounted cash flow method, which was based on the present value of projected cash flows over a discrete projection period and a terminal value, which was based on the expected normalized cash flows following the discrete projection period, and (ii) a market approach, which included the use of multiples of publicly-traded companies whose services were comparable to ours. With respect to our analysis using the discounted cash flow method, the timing and amount of projected cash flows under these forecasts required estimates developed from our long-range plan, which is informed by wireline industry trends, the competitive landscape, product lifecycles, operational initiatives, capital allocation plans and other company-specific and external factors that influence our business. These projected cash flows considered recent historical results and are consistent with the Company's short-term financial forecasts and long-term business strategies. The development of these projected cash flows, and the discount rate applied to such cash flows, was subject to inherent uncertainties, and actual results could vary significantly from such estimates. Our determination of the discount rate was based on a weighted average cost of capital approach, which used a market participant’s cost of equity and after-tax cost of debt and reflects certain risks inherent in the projected cash flows. With respect to our analysis using the market approach, the fair value was estimated based upon a market multiple applied to revenue and earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA"), adjusted for an appropriate control premium based on recent market transactions. The fair value of our reporting unit was estimated under the market approach, using revenue and EBITDA market multiples weighted depending on the characteristics of the reporting unit. We performed sensitivity analyses that considered a range of discount rates and a range of EBITDA market multiples and we believe the estimates, judgments, assumptions and allocation methods used by us were reasonable.
For additional information on our goodwill balances and results of our impairment analyses, see Note 3-Goodwill, Customer Relationships and Other Intangible Assets for additional information.
Loss Contingencies and Litigation Reserves
We are involved in several potentially material legal proceedings, as described in more detail in Note 16-Commitments, Contingencies and Other Items. On a quarterly basis, we assess potential losses in relation to these and other pending or threatened tax and legal matters. For matters not related to income taxes, if a loss is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated, we recognize an expense for the estimated loss. To the extent these estimates are more or less than the actual liability incurred upon resolving these matters, our earnings will be increased or decreased accordingly. If the differences are material, our consolidated financial statements could be materially impacted.
For matters related to income taxes, if we determine in our judgment that the impact of an uncertain tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon audit by the relevant taxing authority, then we recognize in our financial statements a benefit for the largest amount that is more likely than not to be sustained. We do not recognize any portion of an uncertain tax position if we determine in our judgment that the position has less than a 50% likelihood of being sustained. Though the validity of any tax position is a matter of tax law, the body of statutory, regulatory and interpretive guidance on the application of the law is complex and often ambiguous. As such, our tax position may not be sustained, which could materially impact our consolidated financial statements.
Affiliate Transactions
We provide to and receive from Lumen Technologies and its subsidiaries ("our affiliates") various communications and other services. We recognize intercompany charges for the amounts billed to us by our affiliates and we recognize intercompany revenue for services we bill to our affiliates.
Because of the significance of the services we provide to our affiliates and our other affiliate transactions, and the services our affiliates provide to us, the results of operations, financial position and cash flows presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations, financial position and cash flows we would have achieved had we operated as a stand-alone entity during the periods presented. See Note 15-Affiliate Transactions for additional information.
Income Taxes
We are included in the consolidated federal income tax return of Lumen Technologies. Lumen Technologies treats our consolidated results as if we were a separate taxpayer. We are required to pay our tax liabilities to Lumen Technologies based upon our separate return taxable income. We are also included in the combined state tax returns filed by Lumen Technologies.
Our provision for income taxes includes amounts for tax consequences deferred to future periods. We record deferred income tax assets and liabilities reflecting future tax consequences attributable to (i) tax credit carryforwards (ii) differences between the financial statement carrying value of assets and liabilities and the tax basis of those assets and liabilities, and (iii) tax NOLs. Deferred taxes are computed using enacted tax rates expected to apply in the year in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. The effect on deferred income tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rate is recognized in earnings in the period that includes the enactment date.
The measurement of deferred taxes often involves the exercise of considerable judgment related to the realization of tax basis. Our deferred tax assets and liabilities reflect our assessment that tax positions taken in filed tax returns and the resulting tax basis, are more likely than not to be sustained if they are audited by taxing authorities. Assessing tax rates that we expect to apply and determining the years when the temporary differences are expected to affect taxable income requires judgment about the future apportionment of our income among the states in which we operate. Any changes in our practices or judgments involved in the measurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities could materially impact our financial condition or results of operations.
In connection with recording deferred income tax assets and liabilities, we establish valuation allowances when necessary to reduce deferred income tax assets to amounts that we believe are more likely than not to be realized. We evaluate our deferred tax assets quarterly to determine whether adjustments to our valuation allowances are appropriate in light of changes in facts or circumstances, such as changes in tax law, interactions with taxing authorities and developments in case law. In making this evaluation, we rely on our recent history of pre-tax earnings. We also rely on our forecasts of future earnings and the nature and timing of future deductions and benefits represented by the deferred tax assets, all of which involve the exercise of significant judgment. As of December 31, 2023, we established a valuation allowance of $248 million primarily related to state NOLs, as it is more likely than not that these NOLs will expire unused. If forecasts of future earnings and the nature and estimated timing of future deductions and benefits change in the future, we may determine that a valuation allowance for certain deferred tax assets is appropriate, which could materially impact our financial condition or results of operations. See Note 13-Income Taxes for additional information.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview
We are a wholly-owned subsidiary of Lumen Technologies, Inc. As such, factors relating to, or affecting, Lumen's liquidity and capital resources could have material impacts on us, including impacts on our credit ratings, our access to capital markets and changes in the financial market's perception of us.
As of December 31, 2023, we had $1.5 billion of outstanding notes receivable-affiliate under a revolving credit facility that we extended to Lumen Technologies. The principal amount outstanding under such facility currently bears interest at 4.250% per annum, subject to certain adjustments as set forth in the facility. This principal amount is payable upon demand by us and prepayable by Lumen Technologies at any time, but no later than October 15, 2025, which maturity date may be extended for two additional one-year periods. The facility has covenants, including a maximum total leverage ratio, and is subject to other limitations. A significant component of our liquidity is dependent upon Lumen's ability to repay its obligation to us.
As of December 31, 2023, we held cash and cash equivalents of $2.0 billion, of which $40 million were held in foreign bank accounts for funding our foreign operations. Due to various factors, our access to foreign cash is generally more restricted than our access to domestic cash.
We anticipate that any future liquidity needs will be met through (i) our cash provided by operating activities, (ii) amounts due to us from Lumen Technologies, (iii) proceeds from our recently completed divestitures, (iv) our ability to refinance our debt obligations to the extent permitted under applicable debt covenants and (v) capital contributions, advances or loans from Lumen Technologies or its affiliates if and to the extent they have available funds or access to funds that they are willing and able to contribute, advance or loan.
For additional information, see "Risk Factors-Financial Risks" in Item 1A of Part I of this report.
Impact of the Divestiture of our Latin American and EMEA Businesses
As discussed in Note 2-Divestitures of the Latin American and EMEA Businesses to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report, we sold our Latin American business on August 1, 2022 and our EMEA business on November 1, 2023. As further described elsewhere herein, these transactions have provided us with a substantial amount of cash proceeds, but ultimately will reduce our base of income-generating assets that generate our recurring cash from operating activities.
Debt Instruments and Financing Arrangements
Our long-term debt (including current maturities and finance leases) outstanding totaled $9.0 billion as of December 31, 2023. Pursuant to exchange offers commenced on March 16, 2023 (the “Exchange Offers”), on March 31, 2023, Level 3 Financing issued $915 million of its 10.500% Senior Secured Notes due 2030 in exchange for $1.535 billion of Lumen’s outstanding senior unsecured notes. On April 17, 2023, Level 3 Financing issued an additional $9 million of its 10.500% Senior Secured Notes due 2030 in exchange for $19 million aggregate principal amount of Lumen’s senior unsecured notes. See Note 7-Long-Term Debt to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for additional information.
On January 22, 2024, Lumen, Level 3 Financing and Qwest entered into a TSA with a group of creditors representing over $12.5 billion of their combined outstanding indebtedness to, among other things, extend maturities of the debt instruments of Lumen and Level 3 Financing and provide Lumen with access to a new revolving credit facility in an amount expected to be approximately $1.0 billion. In addition, the creditors have committed to provide $1.325 billion of financing to Lumen through new long-term debt. The consummation of the transactions contemplated by the TSA is subject to the satisfaction of various closing conditions. For more information, see Note 19-Subsequent Event to our consolidated financial statements included under Item 8 of Part II of this annual report.
Subject to market conditions and to the extent permitted under applicable debt covenants, from time to time we expect to continue to issue term debt or senior notes to refinance our maturing debt. The availability, interest rate and other terms of any new borrowings will be impacted by the ratings assigned us by the three major credit rating agencies, among other factors. As of the filing date of this report, the credit ratings for the senior secured and unsecured debt of Level 3 Financing were as follows:
Borrower Moody's Investors Service, Inc. Standard & Poor's Fitch Ratings
Level 3 Financing, Inc.
Unsecured Caa2 CC CCC+
Secured B3 B B-
Our credit ratings are reviewed and adjusted from time to time by the rating agencies. Any future changes in the senior unsecured or secured debt ratings of us or our subsidiaries. could impact our access to capital or borrowing costs. With the recent downgrades of our credit ratings, we may find it more difficult to borrow on favorable terms, or at all. See "Risk Factors-Financial Risks" in Item 1A of Part I of this report.
From time to time over the past couple of years, we have engaged in various refinancings, redemptions, tender offers, open market purchases and other transactions designed to reduce our consolidated indebtedness, improve our financial flexibility or otherwise enhance our debt profile. Subject to market conditions restrictions under our debt covenants, and other limitations, we may pursue similar transactions in the future to the extent feasible. We may not disclose these transactions in advance, unless required by applicable law or material in nature or amount. We may not disclose these transactions in advance, unless required by applicable law or material in nature or amount. See Note 7-Long-Term Debt to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for additional information.
Letters of Credit
It is customary for us to use various financial instruments in the normal course of business. These instruments include letters of credit. Letters of credit are conditional commitments issued on our behalf in accordance with specified terms and conditions. As of December 31, 2023, we had outstanding letters of credit or other similar obligations of approximately $2 million, all of which were collateralized by restricted cash.
Future Contractual Obligations
Our estimated future obligations as of December 31, 2023 include both current and long term obligations. These amounts include liabilities that have been classified as liabilities held for sale on our consolidated balance sheet. For our long-term debt as noted in Note 7-Long-Term Debt, we have a current obligation of $31 million and a long-term obligation of $9.0 billion of long-term debt (excluding unamortized premiums, net and unamortized debt issuance costs). Under our operating leases as noted in Note 5-Leases, we have a current obligation of $348 million and a long-term obligation of $1.1 billion. As noted in Note 16-Commitments, Contingencies and Other Items, we have a current obligation related to right-of-way agreements and purchase commitments of $180 million and a long-term obligation of $552 million. Additionally, we have a current asset retirement obligation of $17 million and a long-term obligation of $77 million.
Capital Expenditures
We incur capital expenditures on an ongoing basis in order to enhance and modernize our networks, compete effectively in our markets and expand our service offerings. These amounts include liabilities that have been classified as liabilities held for sale on our consolidated balance sheet. Lumen Technologies and we evaluate capital expenditure projects based on a variety of factors, including expected strategic impacts (such as forecasted impact on revenue growth, productivity, expenses, service levels and customer retention) and the expected return on investment. The amount of Lumen's consolidated capital investment is influenced by, among other things, demand for Lumen's services and products, cash flow generated by operating activities, cash required for other purposes and the availability of requisite supplies, labor and permits. For more information on our capital spending, see "Business" and "Risk Factors" in Items 1 and 1A, respectively, of Part I of this report.
Distributions
From time to time we make distributions to our controlling parent company, which reduce our capital resources for debt repayments and other purposes. For additional information, see our consolidated statements of member’s equity and consolidated statements of cash flows.
Cash Flow Activities
The following table summarizes our consolidated cash flow activities:
Years Ended December 31, Increase/(Decrease)
2023 2022
(Dollars in millions)
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 1,621 2,251 (630)
Net cash provided by investing activities 872 1,536 664
Net cash used in financing activities (637) (3,814) (3,177)
Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities decreased by $630 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to lower net income adjusted for non-cash expenses and gains, partially driven by the sale of the Latin American business in the second half of 2022 and the EMEA business on November 1, 2023. Cash provided by operating activities is subject to variability period over period as a result of timing, including the collection of receivables and payments of interest, accounts payable, and bonuses.
Investing Activities
Net cash provided by investing activities decreased by $664 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to pre-tax proceeds of $2.7 billion from the sale of our Latin American business in the year ended December 31, 2022, partially offset by the pre-tax proceeds of $1.7 billion from the sale of the EMEA business and lower capital expenditures in the year ended December 31, 2023.
Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities decreased by $3.2 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease in distributions paid to our parent and a decrease in debt repayments from the prior year period.
Other Matters
We are subject to various legal proceedings and other contingent liabilities that individually or in the aggregate could materially affect our financial condition, future results of operations or cash flows. See Note 16-Commitments, Contingencies and Other Items for additional information.
Lumen Technologies is involved in several legal proceedings to which we are not a party that, if resolved against it, could have a material adverse effect on its business and financial condition. As a wholly owned subsidiary of Lumen Technologies, our business and financial condition could be similarly affected. You can find descriptions of these legal proceedings in Lumen's quarterly and annual reports filed with the SEC. Because we are not a party to any of the matters, we have not accrued any liabilities for these matters.
Federal officials have proposed changes to current programs and laws that could impact us, including proposals designed to increase broadband access, increase competition among broadband providers, lower broadband costs and re-adopt "net neutrality" rules similar to those adopted under a prior administration. In November 2021, the U.S. Congress enacted legislation that appropriated $65 billion to improve broadband affordability and access, primarily through federally funded state grants. As of the date of this report, various state and federal agencies are continuing to take steps to make this funding available to eligible applicants, including us. It remains premature to speculate on the potential impact of this legislation on us.
Market Risk
As of December 31, 2023, we were exposed to market risk from changes in interest rates on our variable rate long-term debt obligations.
As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately $8.8 billion (excluding unamortized premiums, net, unamortized debt issuance costs and finance leases) of long-term debt outstanding, 73% of which bears interest at fixed rates and is therefore not exposed to interest rate risk. We also held approximately $2.4 billion of unhedged floating rate debt based on the secured overnight financing rate ("SOFR"). A hypothetical increase of 100 basis points in SOFR relative to this debt would decrease our annual pre-tax earnings by approximately $24 million.
We conduct a portion of our business in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, the currency in which our consolidated financial statements are reported. Our European subsidiaries use, and prior to the August 1, 2022 divestiture of our Latin American business, certain of our former Latin American subsidiaries used the local currency as their functional currency, as the majority of their sales and purchases are or were transacted in their local currencies. Although we continue to evaluate strategies to mitigate risks related to the effect of fluctuations in currency exchange rates, we will likely recognize gains or losses from international transactions. Accordingly, changes in foreign currency rates relative to the U.S. dollar could positively or negatively impact our operating results.
Certain shortcomings are inherent in the method of analysis presented in the computation of exposures to market risks. Actual values may differ materially from those disclosed by us from time to time if market conditions vary from the assumptions used in the analyses performed. These analyses only incorporate the risk exposures that existed at December 31, 2023.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
The information in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Market Risk" in Item 7 of this report is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8. CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Member
Level 3 Parent, LLC:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Level 3 Parent, LLC and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive (loss) income, cash flows, and member’s equity for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to those charged with governance and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Testing of revenue
As discussed in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company recorded $7.0 billion of operating revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023. The processing and recording of revenue are reliant upon multiple information technology (IT) systems.
We identified the evaluation of the sufficiency of audit evidence over revenue as a critical audit matter. Complex auditor judgment was required in evaluating the sufficiency of audit evidence over revenue due to the large volume of data and the number and complexity of the revenue accounting systems. Specialized skills and knowledge were needed to test the IT systems used for the processing and recording of revenue.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We applied auditor judgment to determine the nature and extent of procedures to be performed over the processing and recording of revenue, including the IT systems tested. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the processing and recording of revenue. This included manual and automated controls over the IT systems used for the processing and recording of revenue. For a selection of transactions, we compared the amount of revenue recorded to a combination of Company internal data, executed contracts, and other relevant third-party data. In addition, we involved IT professionals with specialized skills and knowledge who assisted in the design and performance of audit procedures related to certain IT systems used by the Company for the processing and recording of revenue. We evaluated the sufficiency of audit evidence obtained by assessing the results of procedures performed, including the relevance and reliability of evidence obtained.
Goodwill impairment
As discussed in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $2.0 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company assesses goodwill for impairment at least annually, or more frequently, if events or circumstances indicate the carrying value of a reporting unit likely exceeds its fair value. During the second quarter of 2023, the Company determined circumstances existed indicating it was more likely than not that the carrying value of their reporting unit exceeded its fair value. The Company estimated the fair value of its reporting unit using a market approach. The second quarter impairment test determined the carrying value of the Company's reporting unit exceeded its estimated fair value.
We identified the assessment of the Company’s second quarter goodwill impairment of its reporting unit as a critical audit matter. Subjective auditor judgment was required in evaluating the earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (“EBITDA”) market multiple assumption used to estimate the fair value of the reporting unit. The evaluation of this assumption was challenging as differences in judgment used to determine this assumption could have had a significant effect on the reporting unit’s estimated fair value. Specialized skills and knowledge were required in the assessment of the EBITDA market multiple assumption.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the goodwill impairment test. This included controls related to the Company’s determination of the EBITDA market multiple assumption. We involved valuation professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in evaluating the EBITDA market multiple assumption by:
•comparing to an EBITDA market multiple range developed using publicly available market data for comparable entities
•performing sensitivity analysis that considered a range of EBITDA market multiples.
/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2002.
Denver, Colorado
February 22, 2024
LEVEL 3 PARENT, LLC
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(Dollars in millions)
OPERATING REVENUE
Operating revenue $ 6,813 7,266 7,729
Operating revenue - affiliates 224 227 223
Total operating revenue 7,037 7,493 7,952
OPERATING EXPENSES
Cost of services and products (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) 3,028 3,229 3,525
Selling, general and administrative 1,360 1,188 1,181
Net loss on sale of businesses 123 493 -
Operating expenses - affiliates 781 659 497
Depreciation and amortization 1,400 1,534 1,717
Goodwill impairment 1,970 4,638 -
Total operating expenses 8,662 11,741 6,920
OPERATING (LOSS) INCOME (1,625) (4,248) 1,032
OTHER (EXPENSE) INCOME
Interest expense (458) (374) (361)
Interest income - affiliate 62 62 65
Other income, net 15 23 47
Total other expense, net (381) (289) (249)
(LOSS) INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES (2,006) (4,537) 783
Income tax (benefit) expense (2) 256 197
NET (LOSS) INCOME $ (2,004) (4,793) 586
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
LEVEL 3 PARENT, LLC
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(Dollars in millions)
NET (LOSS) INCOME $ (2,004) (4,793) 586
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
Reclassification of realized loss on foreign currency translation to net loss on sale of businesses, net of $-, $-, and $- tax
350 112 -
Defined benefit pension plan adjustment, net of $-, $- and $- tax
- 18 16
Reclassification of net actuarial loss to net loss on the sale of businesses, net of $-, $- and $- tax
(22) - -
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of $(3), $58 and $30 tax
(12) (123) (133)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax 316 7 (117)
COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME $ (1,688) (4,786) 469
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
LEVEL 3 PARENT, LLC
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
As of December 31,
2023 2022
(Dollars in millions)
ASSETS
CURRENT ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents $ 2,017 118
Accounts receivable, less allowance of $13 and $19
545 517
Note receivable - affiliate 1,466 1,468
Assets held for sale 12 1,853
Other 232 197
Total current assets 4,272 4,153
Property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation $3,665 and $2,875
7,398 7,303
GOODWILL AND OTHER ASSETS
Goodwill - 1,970
Other intangible assets, net 4,237 4,973
Other, net 1,346 1,360
Total goodwill and other assets 5,583 8,303
TOTAL ASSETS $ 17,253 19,759
LIABILITIES AND MEMBER'S EQUITY
CURRENT LIABILITIES
Current maturities of long-term debt $ 31 26
Accounts payable 392 388
Accounts payable - affiliates 37 70
Accrued expenses and other liabilities
Salaries and benefits 195 146
Income and other taxes 105 86
Current operating lease liabilities 288 326
Interest 82 70
Other 78 39
Liabilities held for sale - 446
Current portion of deferred revenue 300 274
Total current liabilities 1,508 1,871
LONG-TERM DEBT 8,952 8,070
DEFERRED REVENUE AND OTHER LIABILITIES
Deferred revenue 1,623 1,420
Operating lease liabilities 845 922
Other 709 701
Total deferred revenue and other liabilities 3,177 3,043
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Note 16)
MEMBER'S EQUITY
Member's equity 3,644 7,119
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (28) (344)
Total member's equity 3,616 6,775
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND MEMBER'S EQUITY $ 17,253 19,759
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
LEVEL 3 PARENT, LLC
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(Dollars in millions)
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
NET (LOSS) INCOME $ (2,004) (4,793) 586
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization 1,400 1,534 1,717
Net loss on sale of businesses 123 493 -
Goodwill impairment 1,970 4,638 -
Deferred income taxes (10) 209 166
Changes in current assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable (23) 10 (72)
Accounts payable 6 (19) (37)
Other assets and liabilities, net (39) (131) (97)
Other assets and liabilities, affiliate (26) 73 (846)
Changes in other noncurrent assets and liabilities, net 315 143 150
Other, net (91) 94 3
Net cash provided by operating activities 1,621 2,251 1,570
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Capital expenditures (998) (1,198) (1,218)
Proceeds from sale of business 1,746 2,732 -
Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment and other assets 136 2 52
Other, net (12) - -
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities 872 1,536 (1,166)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Net proceeds from issuance of long-term debt - - 891
Distributions (586) (1,425) (365)
Payments of long-term debt (38) (2,387) (943)
Other (13) (2) (1)
Net cash used in financing activities (637) (3,814) (418)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash 1,856 (27) (14)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period 164 191 205
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period $ 2,020 164 191
Supplemental cash flow information:
Income taxes paid, net $ (8) (10) (27)
Interest paid (net of capitalized interest of $22, $16 and $15)
(433) (387) (368)
Supplemental non-cash information regarding financing activities:
Issuance of senior secured notes as part of exchange offers (Note 7) $ 924 - -
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 2,017 118 146
Cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash included in assets held for sale - 44 39
Restricted cash included in Other current assets 1 - 2
Restricted cash included in Other, net noncurrent assets 2 2 4
Total $ 2,020 164 191
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
LEVEL 3 PARENT, LLC
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF MEMBER'S EQUITY
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(Dollars in millions)
MEMBER'S EQUITY
Balance at beginning of period $ 7,119 13,337 13,116
Net (loss) income (2,004) (4,793) 586
Distributions (1,510) (1,425) (365)
Other 39 - -
Balance at end of period 3,644 7,119 13,337
ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
Balance at beginning of period (344) (351) (234)
Other comprehensive income (loss) 316 7 (117)
Balance at end of period (28) (344) (351)
TOTAL MEMBER'S EQUITY $ 3,616 6,775 12,986
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
LEVEL 3 PARENT, LLC
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this report to "Level 3," “we,” “us,” "its," the “Company” and “our”, refer to Level 3 Parent, LLC and its predecessor, Level 3 Communications, Inc. and their respective subsidiaries. References to "Lumen Technologies" or "Lumen" refer to our ultimate parent company, Lumen Technologies, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.
(1) Background and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
General
We are a facilities-based technology and communications company that provides a broad array of integrated products and services to our domestic and global business customers. We operate one of the world’s most interconnected networks. Our platform empowers our customers to swiftly adjust digital programs to meet immediate demands, create efficiencies, accelerate market access and reduce costs, which allows our customers to rapidly evolve their IT programs to address dynamic changes. Our specific products and services are detailed in Note 4-Revenue Recognition.
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include our accounts and the accounts of our subsidiaries in which we have a controlling interest. Intercompany amounts and transactions with our consolidated subsidiaries have been eliminated. Transactions with our non-consolidated affiliates (Lumen Technologies and its other subsidiaries, referred to herein as affiliates) have not been eliminated.
We reclassified certain prior period amounts to conform to the current period presentation, including our revenue by product and service categories. See Note 4-Revenue Recognition for additional information. These changes had no impact on total operating revenue, total operating expenses or net (loss) income for any period.
Segments
Our operations are integrated into and reported as part of Lumen Technologies. Lumen's chief operating decision maker ("CODM") is our CODM but reviews our financial information on an aggregate basis only in connection with our quarterly and annual reports that we file with the SEC. Consequently, we do not provide our discrete financial information to the CODM on a regular basis. As such, we have one reportable segment.
Operating Expenses
Our current definitions of operating expenses are as follows:
•Cost of services and products (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) are expenses incurred in providing products and services to our customers. These expenses include: employee-related expenses directly attributable to operating and maintaining our network (such as salaries, wages, benefits and professional fees); facilities expenses (which include third-party telecommunications expenses we incur for using other carriers' networks to provide services to our customers); rents and utilities expenses; equipment sales expenses; and other expenses directly related to our operations; and
•Selling, general and administrative expenses are corporate overhead and other operating expenses. These expenses include: employee-related expenses (such as salaries, wages, internal commissions, benefits and professional fees) directly attributable to selling products or services and employee-related expenses for administrative functions; marketing and advertising; property and other operating taxes and fees; external commissions; legal expenses associated with general matters; bad debt expense; and other selling, general and administrative expenses.
These expense classifications may not be comparable to those of other companies.
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Use of Estimates
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. These accounting principles require us to make certain estimates, judgments and assumptions. We believe that the estimates, judgments and assumptions we make when accounting for specific items and matters are reasonable, based on information available at the time they are made. These estimates, judgments and assumptions can materially affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and components of member's equity as of the dates of the consolidated balance sheets, as well as the reported amounts of revenue, expenses and components of cash flows during the periods presented in our other consolidated financial statements. We also make estimates in our assessments of potential losses in relation to threatened or pending tax and legal matters. See Note 13-Income Taxes and Note 16-Commitments, Contingencies and Other Items for additional information.
For matters not related to income taxes, if a loss is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated, we recognize an expense for the estimated loss. If we have the potential to recover a portion of the estimated loss from a third party, we make a separate assessment of recoverability and reduce the estimated loss if recovery is also deemed probable.
For matters related to income taxes, if we determine the impact of an uncertain tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon audit by the relevant taxing authority, then we recognize a benefit for the largest amount that is more likely than not to be sustained. We do not recognize any portion of an uncertain tax position if the position has less than a 50% likelihood of being sustained. We recognize interest is recognized on the amount of unrecognized benefit from uncertain tax positions.
For all of these and other matters, actual results could differ materially from our estimates.
Revenue Recognition
We earn most of our consolidated revenue from contracts with customers, primarily through the provision of communications and other services. Revenue from contracts with customers is accounted for under Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 606. We also earn revenue from leasing arrangements (primarily fiber capacity and colocation agreements) which are not accounted for under ASC 606.
Revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to receive in exchange for those goods or services. Revenue is recognized based on the following five-step model:
•Identification of the contract with a customer;
•Identification of the performance obligations in the contract;
•Determination of the transaction price;
•Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and
•Recognition of revenue when, or as, we satisfy a performance obligation.
We provide an array of communications services, including local voice, VPN, Ethernet, data, broadband, private line (including special access), network access, transport, voice, information technology ("IT"), video and other ancillary services. We provide these services to a wide range of businesses, including global, enterprise, wholesale, government, and small and medium business customers. Certain contracts also include the sale of equipment, which is not significant to our business.
We recognize revenue for services when we provide the applicable service or when control of a product is transferred. Recognition of certain payments received in advance of services being provided is deferred. These advance payments may include certain activation and certain installation charges. If the activation and installation charges are not separate performance obligations, we recognize them as revenue over the actual or expected contract term using historical experience, which typically ranges from one to five years depending on the service. In most cases, termination fees or other fees on existing contracts that are negotiated in conjunction with new contracts are deferred and recognized over the new contract term.
For access services, we generally bill fixed monthly charges one month in advance to customers and recognize revenue as service is provided over the contract term in alignment with the customer's receipt of service. For usage and other ancillary services, we generally bill in arrears and recognize revenue as usage or delivery occurs. In most cases, the amount invoiced for our service offerings constitutes the price that would be billed on a standalone basis.
Customer contracts are evaluated to determine whether the performance obligations are separable. If the performance obligations are deemed separable and separate earnings processes exist, the total transaction price that we expect to receive with the customer is allocated to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. The revenue associated with each performance obligation is then recognized as earned.
We periodically sell transmission capacity on our network. These transactions are generally structured as indefeasible rights of use, commonly referred to as IRUs, which are the exclusive right to use a specified amount of capacity or fiber for a specified term, typically 20 years. In most cases, we account for the cash consideration received on transfers of transmission capacity as ASC 606 revenue, which is adjusted for the time value of money and is recognized ratably over the term of the agreement. Cash consideration received on transfers of dark fiber is accounted for as non-ASC 606 lease revenue, which we also recognize ratably over the term of the agreement. We do not recognize revenue on any contemporaneous exchanges of our transmission capacity assets for other non-owned optical capacity assets.
In connection with offering products and services provided to the end user by third-party vendors, we review the relationship between us, the vendor and the end user to assess whether revenue should be reported on a gross or net basis. In assessing whether revenue should be reported on a gross or net basis, we consider whether we act as a principal in the transaction and control the goods and services used to fulfill the performance obligations associated with the transaction.
We have service level commitments pursuant to contracts with certain of our customers. To the extent that we determine such service levels were not achieved or may not have been achieved, we estimate the amount of credits to be issued and record a corresponding reduction to revenue in the period that the service level commitment was not met or may not be met.
Customer payments are made based on billing schedules included in our customer contracts, which is typically on a monthly basis.
We defer (or capitalize) incremental contract acquisition and fulfillment costs and recognize (or amortize) such costs over the average contract life. Our deferred contract costs for our customers have average amortization periods of approximately 35 months. These deferred costs are periodically monitored to reflect any significant change in assumptions.
See Note 4-Revenue Recognition for additional information.
Affiliate Transactions
We provide services to our affiliates that we also provide to external customers. These services are recognized as operating revenue-affiliates in our consolidated statements of operations. Services provided to us from our affiliates are recognized as operating expenses-affiliates on our consolidated statements of operations. Because of the significance of the services we provide to our affiliates and our affiliates provide to us, the results of operations, financial position and cash flows presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations, financial position and cash flows we would have achieved had we operated as a stand-alone entity during the periods presented.
We recognize intercompany charges at the amounts billed to us by our affiliates and we recognize intercompany revenue for services we bill to our affiliates. The resulting net balance for transactions between us and our affiliates at the end of each period is reported as accounts receivables - affiliates or accounts payable - affiliates on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
From time to time we make distributions to our parent, which reduce our capital resources for debt repayments or other purposes. Distributions are reflected on our consolidated statements of member's equity and our consolidated statements of cash flows reflects distributions made as financing activities.
Our ultimate parent company, Lumen Technologies, is currently indebted to us under a revolving credit facility.
For additional information, see Note 15-Affiliate Transactions.
Legal Costs
In the normal course of our business, we incur costs to hire and retain external legal counsel to advise us on regulatory, litigation and other matters. Subject to certain exceptions, we expense these costs as the related services are received.
Income Taxes
Lumen Technologies treats our consolidated results as if we were a separate taxpayer. Our reported deferred tax assets and liabilities, as discussed below and in Note 13-Income Taxes, are primarily determined as a result of the application of the separate return method and therefore the settlement of these amounts is dependent upon our parent, Lumen Technologies, rather than tax authorities. We are required to pay our tax liabilities based upon our separate return taxable income. We are also included in the combined state tax returns filed by Lumen Technologies. The provision for income taxes consists of an amount for taxes currently payable, an amount for tax consequences deferred to future periods and adjustments to our liabilities for uncertain tax positions. We record deferred income tax assets and liabilities reflecting future tax consequences attributable to tax NOLs, tax credit carryforwards and differences between the financial statement carrying value of assets and liabilities and the tax basis of those assets and liabilities. Deferred taxes are computed using enacted tax rates expected to apply in the year in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. The effect on deferred income tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rate is recognized in earnings in the period that includes the enactment date.
We establish valuation allowances when necessary to reduce deferred income tax assets to the amounts that we believe are more likely than not to be recovered. Each quarter we evaluate the need to retain all or a portion of the valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets. See Note 13-Income Taxes for additional information.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into cash and are not subject to significant risk from fluctuations in interest rates. As a result, the value at which cash and cash equivalents are reported in our consolidated financial statements approximates their fair value. In evaluating investments for classification as cash equivalents, we require that individual securities have original maturities of ninety days or less and that individual investment funds have dollar-weighted average maturities of ninety days or less. To preserve capital and maintain liquidity, we invest with financial institutions we deem to be of sound financial condition and in high quality and relatively risk-free investment products. Our cash investment policy limits the concentration of investments with specific financial institutions or among certain products and includes criteria related to credit worthiness of any particular financial institution.
Book overdrafts occur when we have issued checks but they have not yet been presented to our controlled disbursement bank accounts for payment. Disbursement bank accounts allow us to delay funding of issued checks until the checks are presented for payment. Until the issued checks are presented for payment, the book overdrafts are included in accounts payable on our consolidated balance sheet. This activity is included in the operating activities section in our consolidated statements of cash flows. There were no book overdrafts included in accounts payable at December 31, 2023 or 2022.
Restricted Cash
Restricted cash and securities consist primarily of cash and investments that serve to collateralize our outstanding letters of credit and certain performance and operating obligations. Restricted cash and securities are recorded as current or non-current assets in the consolidated balance sheets depending on the duration of the restriction and the purpose for which the restriction exists. Restricted securities are stated at cost which approximates fair value as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses
Accounts receivable are recognized based upon the amount due from customers for the services provided or at cost for other receivables, less an allowance for credit losses. We use a loss rate method to estimate our allowance for credit losses. For more information on our methodology for estimating our allowance for credit losses, see Note 6-Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.
We generally consider our accounts past due if they are outstanding over 30 days. Our past due accounts are written off against our allowance for credit losses when collection is considered to be not probable. Any recoveries of accounts previously written off are generally recognized as a reduction in bad debt expense in the period received. The carrying value of accounts receivable net of the allowance for credit losses approximates fair value.
Concentration of Credit Risk
We provide communications services to a wide range of wholesale and enterprise customers, ranging from well capitalized global enterprises to small early stage companies primarily in the United States. Credit risk with respect to accounts receivable is generally diversified due to the large number of entities comprising our customer base and their dispersion across many different industries and geographical regions. We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers' financial condition and generally require no collateral from our customers, although letters of credit and deposits are required in certain limited circumstances. We have, from time to time, entered into agreements with value added resellers and other channel partners to reach enterprise markets for voice services. We have policies and procedures in place to evaluate the financial condition of these resellers prior to initiating service to the final customer. We are not able to predict changes in the financial stability of our customers. Any material changes in the financial status of any one or a particular group of customers may cause us to adjust our estimate of the recoverability of receivables and could have a material effect on our results of operation.
Assets Held for Sale
We classify assets and related liabilities as held for sale when: (i) management has committed to a plan to sell the assets, (ii) the net assets are available for immediate sale, (iii) there is an active program to locate a buyer and (iv) the sale and transfer of the net assets is probable within one year. Assets and liabilities held for sale are presented separately on our consolidated balance sheets with a valuation allowance, if necessary, to recognize the net carrying amount at the lower of cost or fair value, less costs to sell. Depreciation of property, plant and equipment and amortization of finite-lived intangible assets and right-of-use assets are not recorded while these assets are classified as held for sale. For each period that assets are classified as being held for sale, they are tested for recoverability. Unless otherwise specified, the amounts and information in the notes presented do not include assets and liabilities that were classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2023. See Note 2-Divestitures of the Latin American and EMEA Businesses for additional information.
Property, Plant and Equipment
We record purchased and constructed property, plant and equipment at cost, plus the estimated value of any associated legally or contractually required retirement obligations. We depreciate our property, plant and equipment using the straight-line method. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the useful lives of the assets or the expected lease term. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. During the construction phase of network and other internal-use capital projects, we capitalize related employee and interest costs. Property, plant and equipment supplies used internally are carried at average cost, except for significant individual items which are carried at actual cost.
We perform annual internal reviews to evaluate the reasonableness of the depreciable lives for our property, plant and equipment. Our reviews take into account actual usage, the physical condition of our property, plant, and equipment, industry data, and other relevant factors. Our remaining useful life assessments evaluate the possible loss in service value of assets that may precede the physical retirement. Assets shared among many customers may lose service value as those customers reduce their use of the asset. However, the asset is not retired until all customers no longer utilize the asset and we determine there is not alternative use for the asset.
We have asset retirement obligations associated with the legally or contractually required removal of a limited group of property, plant and equipment assets from leased properties and the disposal of certain hazardous materials present in our owned properties. When an asset retirement obligation is identified, usually in association with the acquisition of the asset, we record the fair value of the obligation as a liability. The fair value of the obligation is also capitalized as property, plant and equipment and then amortized over the estimated remaining useful life of the associated asset. Where the removal obligation is not legally binding, the net cost to remove assets is expensed in the period in which the costs are actually incurred.
We review long-lived tangible assets for impairment whenever facts and circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of the assets may not be recoverable. For assessment purposes, long-lived assets are grouped with other assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities, absent a material change in operations. An impairment loss is recognized only if the carrying amount of the asset group is not recoverable and exceeds its estimated fair value. Recoverability of the asset group to be held and used is assessed by comparing the carrying amount of the asset group to the estimated undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset group. If the asset group's carrying value is not recoverable, we recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds its estimated fair value.
Goodwill, Customer Relationships and Other Intangible Assets
Intangible assets arising from business combinations, such as goodwill, customer relationships, capitalized software, trademarks and trade names, are initially recorded at estimated fair value. We amortize customer relationships primarily over an estimated life of 7 to 14 years, using the straight-line method, depending on the type of customer. We amortize capitalized software using the straight-line method over estimated lives ranging up to 7 years. We amortized our other intangible assets over an estimated life of 5 years prior to becoming fully amortized in the fourth quarter of 2022. Other intangible assets not arising from business combinations are initially recorded at cost. Where there are no legal, regulatory, contractual or other factors that would reasonably limit the useful life of an intangible asset, we classify the intangible asset as indefinite-lived and such intangible assets are not amortized.
Internally used software, whether purchased or developed by us, is capitalized and amortized using the straight-line method over its estimated useful life. We have capitalized certain costs associated with software such as costs of employees devoted to software development and external direct costs for materials and services. Costs associated with software to be used for internal purposes are expensed until the point at which the project has reached the development stage. Subsequent additions, modifications or upgrades to internal-use software are capitalized only to the extent that they allow the software to perform a task it previously did not perform. Software maintenance, data conversion and training costs are expensed in the period in which they are incurred. We review the remaining economic lives of our capitalized software annually. Capitalized software is included in other intangible assets, net, in our consolidated balance sheets.
Prior to becoming fully impaired in the second quarter of 2023, we were required to assess our goodwill for impairment annually, or more frequently if an event occurred or circumstances changed that would indicate it was more likely than not the fair value of our reporting unit was less than the carrying value. The impairment assessment was performed at the reporting unit level. We have determined that our operations consist of one reporting unit, consistent with our determination that our business consists of one operating segment. We were required to write-down the value of goodwill in periods in which the carrying amount of our reporting unit's equity exceeded the estimated fair value of the equity of the reporting unit, limited to the goodwill balance.
For more information, see Note 3-Goodwill, Customer Relationships and Other Intangible Assets.
Foreign Currency
Local currencies of our foreign subsidiaries are the functional currencies for financial reporting purposes except for certain foreign subsidiaries, primarily in Latin America prior to the August 1, 2022 sale of our Latin American business. For operations outside the United States that have functional currencies other than the U.S. dollar, assets and liabilities are translated to U.S. dollars at period-end exchange rates, and revenue, expenses and cash flows are translated using average monthly exchange rates. Prior to the November 1, 2023 sale of our EMEA business and the August 1, 2022 sale of our Latin American business, a significant portion of our non-United States subsidiaries used the British pound, the Euro or the Brazilian Real, as their functional currency, each of which experienced significant fluctuations against the U.S. dollar during the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. We recognize foreign currency translation gains and losses as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in member's equity in our consolidated balance sheet and in our consolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income in accordance with accounting guidance for foreign currency translation. We consider the majority of our investments in our foreign subsidiaries to be long-term in nature. Our foreign currency transaction gains (losses), including where transactions with our non-United States subsidiaries are not considered to be long-term in nature, are included within other income (expense) in "Other, net" on our consolidated statements of operations.
Correction of Immaterial Errors
During 2023, we identified errors in our previously reported consolidated financial statements related to accounts receivable and accounts payable. The errors are the result of understated network expenses for periods prior to 2021. We have completed a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the errors individually and in aggregate, and concluded the errors are immaterial to our previously issued consolidated financial statements. Notwithstanding this evaluation, we have revised certain line items on our December 31, 2022 consolidated balance sheet for these errors. The net effect of these adjustments was an increase of accounts payable and total liabilities of $23 million on our December 31, 2022 consolidated balance sheet. In addition, we recorded an adjustment to increase our January 1, 2021 member's equity by $23 million, which represents the cumulative correction of the immaterial errors prior to January 1, 2021. The errors did not have an impact on our previously issued consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive (loss) income, or cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2022 or 2021, and did not, and are not expected to, have an impact on the economics of the Company's existing or future commercial arrangements.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
Supplier Finance Programs
On January 1, 2023, we adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2022-04, “Liabilities-Supplier Finance Program (Subtopic 405-50): Disclosure of Supplier Finance Program Obligations” (“ASU 2022-04”). These amendments require that a company that uses a supplier finance program in connection with the purchase of goods or services disclose sufficient information about the program to allow a user of financial statements to understand the program’s nature, program activity during the period, changes from period to period and the potential magnitude of program transactions. The adoption of ASU 2022-04 did not have a material impact to our consolidated financial statements.
Credit Losses
On January 1, 2023, we adopted ASU 2022-02, “Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings (“TDR”) and Vintage Disclosures” (“ASU 2022-02”). The ASU eliminates the TDR recognition and measurement guidance, enhances existing disclosure requirements and introduces new requirements related to certain modifications of receivables made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The adoption of ASU 2022-02 did not have a material impact to our consolidated financial statements.
Leases
On January 1, 2022, we adopted ASU 2021-05, "Leases (Topic 842)" Lessors - Certain Leases with Variable Lease Payments" ("ASU 2021-05"). This ASU (i) amends the lease classification requirements for lessors to align them with practice under ASC Topic 840, (ii) provides criteria for lessors to classify and account for a lease with variable lease payments that do not depend on a reference index or a rate as an operating lease; and (iii) provides guidance with respect to net investments by lessors under operating leases and other related topics. The adoption of ASU 2021-05 did not have a material impact to our consolidated financial statements.
Debt
On January 1, 2021, we adopted ASU 2020-09, Debt (Topic 470) Amendments to SEC Paragraphs
Pursuant to SEC Release No. 33-10762" ("ASU 2020-09"). This ASU amends and supersedes various SEC guidance to reflect SEC Release No. 33-10762, which includes amendments to the financial disclosure requirements applicable to registered debt offerings that include credit enhancements, such as subsidiary guarantees. The adoption of ASU 2020-09 did not have a material impact to our consolidated financial statements.
Investments
On January 1, 2021, we adopted ASU 2020-01, "Investments - Equity Securities (Topic 321),
Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323), and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) - Clarifying
the Interactions between Topic 321, Topic 323, and Topic 815)" ("ASU 2020-01"). This ASU, among other things, clarifies that a company should consider observable transactions that require a company to either apply or discontinue the equity method of accounting under Topic 323, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures, for the purposes of applying the measurement alternative in accordance with Topic 321 immediately before applying or upon discontinuing the equity method. As of December 31, 2023, we determined there was no application or discontinuation of the equity method during the reporting periods covered in this report. The adoption of ASU 2020-01 did not have an impact to our consolidated financial statements.
Income Taxes
On January 1, 2021, we adopted ASU 2019-12, "Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (Topic
740)" ("ASU 2019-12"). This ASU removes certain exceptions for investments, intra-period allocations and interim calculations, and adds guidance to reduce complexity in accounting for income taxes. The adoption of ASU 2019-12 did not have a material impact to our consolidated financial statements.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-09”). This ASU requires that public business entities must annually “(1) disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and (2) provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold (if the effect of those reconciling items is equal to or greater than 5 percent of the amount computed by multiplying pretax income or loss by the applicable statutory income tax rate).” ASU 2023-09 will become effective for us in the annual period of fiscal 2025 and early adoption is permitted. We have chosen not to early adopt this ASU.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-08, “Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Crypto Assets (Subtopic 350-60): Accounting for and Disclosure of Crypto Assets” (“ASU 2023-08”). This ASU is intended to improve the accounting for certain crypto assets by requiring an entity to measure those crypto assets at fair value each reporting period with changes in fair value recognized in net income. The amendments also improve the information provided to investors about an entity’s crypto asset holdings by requiring disclosure about significant holdings, contractual sale restrictions, and changes during the reporting period. This ASU will become effective for us in the first quarter of fiscal 2025 and early adoption is permitted. As of December 31, 2023, we do not hold crypto assets and do not expect ASU 2023-08 will have any impact to our consolidated financial statements.
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-07”). This ASU is intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. This ASU will become effective for us in annual period fiscal 2024 and early adoption is permitted. As of December 31, 2023, we are evaluating its impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06, “Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative” (“ASU 2023-06”). This ASU incorporates certain SEC disclosure requirements into the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“Codification”). The amendments in the ASU are expected to clarify or improve disclosure and presentation requirements of a variety of Codification Topics, allow users to more easily compare entities subject to the SEC’s existing disclosures with those entities that were not previously subject to the requirements, and align the requirements in the Codification with the SEC’s regulations. ASU 2023-06 will become effective for each amendment on the effective date of the SEC's corresponding disclosure rule changes. As of December 31, 2023, we do not expect ASU 2023-06 will have any impact to our consolidated financial statements.
In August 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-05, “Business Combinations - Joint Venture Formations (Subtopic 805-60): Recognition and initial Measurement” (“ASU 2023-05”). This ASU applies to the formation of entities that meet the definition of a joint venture (or a corporate joint venture). The amendments in the ASU require that a joint venture apply a new basis of accounting upon formation. ASU 2023-05 will become effective for us in the first quarter of fiscal 2025 and early adoption is permitted. As of December 31, 2023, we do not expect ASU 2023-05 will have any impact to our consolidated financial statements.
In August 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-04, “Liabilities (Topic 405): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 121” (“ASU 2023-04”). This ASU amends and adds various SEC paragraphs to the FASB Codification to reflect guidance regarding the accounting for obligations to safeguard crypto assets an entity holds for platform users. This ASU does not provide any new guidance. ASU 2023-04 became effective for us once the addition to the FASB Codification was made available. As of December 31, 2023, we do not expect ASU 2023-04 will have any impact to our consolidated financial statements.
In July 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-03, “Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 205), Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220), Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (Topic 480), Equity (Topic 505), and Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 120, SEC Staff Announcement at the March 24, 2022 EITF Meeting, and Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 6.B, Accounting Series Release 280-General Revision of Regulation S-X: Income or Loss Applicable to Common Stock” (“ASU 2023-03”). This ASU amends or supersedes various SEC paragraphs within the applicable codification to conform to past SEC staff announcements. This ASU does not provide any new guidance. ASU 2023-03 became effective for us once the addition to the FASB Codification was made available. As of December 31, 2023, we do not expect ASU 2023-03 will have any impact to our consolidated financial statements.
In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-02, “Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method” (“ASU 2023-02”). These amendments allow reporting entities to elect to account for qualifying tax equity investments using the proportional amortization method, regardless of the program giving rise to the related income tax credits. ASU 2023-02 will become effective for us in the first quarter of fiscal 2024 and early adoption is permitted. As of December 31, 2023, we do not expect ASU 2023-02 will have any impact to our consolidated financial statements.
In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-01, “Leases (Topic 842): Common Control Arrangements” (“ASU 2023-01”). These amendments require all entities to amortize leasehold improvements associated with common control leases over the useful life to the common control group. ASU 2023-01 will become effective for us in the first quarter of fiscal 2024 and early adoption is permitted. As of December 31, 2023, we do not expect ASU 2023-01 will have any impact to our consolidated financial statements.
In December 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2022-06, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) - Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848" ("ASU 2022-06"). These amendments extend the period of time preparers can utilize the reference rate reform relief guidance in Topic 848, which defers the sunset date from December 31, 2022, to December 31, 2024, after which entities will no longer be permitted to apply the relief in Topic 848. ASU 2022-06 is effective upon issuance. Based on our review of our key material contracts through December 31, 2023, ASU 2022-06 does not have a material impact to our consolidated financial statements.
In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions” (“ASU 2022-03”). These amendments clarify that a contractual restriction on the sales of an investment in an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring its fair value. ASU 2022-03 will become effective for us in the first quarter of fiscal 2024 and early adoption is permitted. As of December 31, 2023, we do not expect ASU 2022-03 will have any impact to our consolidated financial statements.
In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope" ("ASU 2021-01"), which clarifies that certain optional expedients and exceptions in Topic 848 for contract modifications and hedge accounting apply to derivatives that are affected by the discounting transition. ASU 2021-01 also amends the expedients and exceptions in Topic 848 to capture the incremental consequences of the scope clarification and to tailor the existing guidance to derivative instruments affected by the discounting transition. These amendments may be applied prospectively to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated on or before December 31, 2022. ASU 2021-01 provides optional expedients for a limited time to ease the potential burden in accounting for reference rate reform. Based on our review of our key material contracts through December 31, 2023, ASU 2021-01 will not have a material impact to our consolidated financial statements.
(2) Divestitures of the Latin American and EMEA Businesses
Latin American Business
On August 1, 2022, affiliates of Level 3 Parent, LLC sold its Latin American business pursuant to a definitive agreement dated July 25, 2021 for pre-tax cash proceeds of approximately $2.7 billion.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded a $123 million net pre-tax gain on disposal associated with the sale of our Latin American business. This gain is reflected as operating income within the consolidated statements of operations.
In connection with the sale, Lumen entered into a transition services agreement under which it provides to the purchaser various support services. In addition, Lumen and the purchaser entered into commercial agreements whereby they provide each other various network and other commercial services. Lumen also agreed to indemnify the purchaser for certain matters for which future cash payments by Lumen could be required. Lumen has estimated the fair value of these indemnifications to be $86 million, which is included in other long-term liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet and has reduced our gain on the sale accordingly.
The pre-tax net income of the Latin American business is estimated to be and reported as follows in the table below:
Years Ended December 31,
2022(1)
(Dollars in millions)
Latin American business pre-tax net income
$ 197 214
_______________________________________________________________________________
(1)The pre-tax net income includes operating results prior to the close of the sale of the Latin American business on August 1, 2022
The Latin American business was included in our continuing operations and classified as assets and liabilities held for sale on our consolidated balance sheets through the closing of the transaction on August 1, 2022. As a result of closing the transaction, we derecognized $2.4 billion of net assets, the principal components of which were as follows:
August 1, 2022
(Dollars in millions)
Assets held for sale
Cash and cash equivalents $ 40
Accounts receivable, less allowance of $3
Other current assets 86
Property, plant and equipment, net accumulated depreciation of $447
1,703
Goodwill (1)
Customer relationships and other intangibles, net 140
Other non-current assets 70
Total assets held for sale $ 2,863
Liabilities held for sale
Accounts payable $ 105
Income and other taxes 42
Other current liabilities 59
Deferred income taxes 154
Other non-current liabilities 122
Total liabilities held for sale $ 482
______________________________________________________________________
(1) The assignment of goodwill was based on the relative fair value of the disposal group and the portion of the remaining reporting unit.
EMEA Business
On November 1, 2023, affiliates of Level 3 Parent, LLC completed the sale of its operations in EMEA business to Colt Technology Services Group Limited, a portfolio company of Fidelity Investments, for pre-tax cash proceeds of $1.7 billion after certain closing adjustments and transaction costs. This consideration is further subject to other post-closing adjustments and indemnities set forth in the Purchase Agreement, as amended and supplemented to date. In connection with the sale, we entered into a transition services agreement under which we provide the purchaser various support services. In addition, Lumen and the purchaser entered into commercial agreements whereby they provide each other various network and other commercial services.
The pre-tax net income (loss) of the EMEA business is reported as follows in the table below:
Years Ended December 31,
2023(1)
2022 2021
(Dollars in millions)
EMEA business pre-tax net income (loss)
$ 145 (226) (98)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(1)The pre-tax net income includes operating results prior to the close of the sale of the EMEA business on November 1, 2023
The classification of the EMEA business as held for sale was considered an event or change in circumstance which required an assessment of our goodwill for impairment. We performed a pre-classification and post-classification goodwill impairment test as described further in Note 3-Goodwill, Customer Relationships and Other Intangible Assets. As a result of our impairment tests, we determined the EMEA business disposal group was impaired resulting in a non-cash, non-tax-deductible goodwill impairment charge of $224 million in the fourth quarter of 2022. As a result of our evaluation of the recoverability of the carrying value of the assets and liabilities held for sale relative to the agreed upon sales price, adjusted for costs to sell, we recorded an estimated loss on disposal of $616 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 in the consolidated statement of operations and a valuation allowance included in assets held for sale on the consolidated balance sheet. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded a $104 million net loss on disposal associated with the sale of our EMEA business. This loss is reflected as operating expense within the consolidated statements of operations.
The EMEA business was included in our continuing operations and classified as assets and liabilities held for sale on our consolidated balance sheets through the closing of the transaction on November 1, 2023. As a result of closing the transaction, we derecognized $1.4 billion of net assets, the principal components of which were as follows:
November 1, 2023
EMEA Business
(Dollars in millions)
Assets held for sale
Cash and cash equivalents $ 12
Accounts receivable, less allowance of $4
Other current assets 59
Property, plant and equipment, net accumulated depreciation of $1,019
1,957
Customer relationships and other intangible assets, net 107
Operating lease assets 208
Valuation allowance on assets held for sale(1)
(720)
Deferred tax assets 144
Other non-current assets 37
Total assets held for sale $ 1,874
Liabilities held for sale
Accounts payable $ 69
Salaries and benefits 20
Current portion of deferred revenue 25
Current operating lease liabilities 42
Other current liabilities 30
Deferred income taxes 60
Asset retirement obligations 32
Deferred revenue, non-current 102
Operating lease liabilities, non-current 93
Total liabilities held for sale $ 473
______________________________________________________________________
(1) Includes the impact of $350 million realized loss on foreign currency translation, net of tax, reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive loss as of December 31, 2023 to the valuation allowance and loss on sale of the EMEA business.
We do not believe these divestitures represent a strategic shift for us. Therefore, the divested Latin American and EMEA businesses did not meet the criteria to be classified as discontinued operations. As a result, we continued to report our operating results for the Latin American and EMEA businesses in our consolidated operating results through the disposal dates of August 1, 2022 and November 1, 2023, respectively.
(3) Goodwill, Customer Relationships and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill, customer relationships and other intangible assets consisted of the following:
As of December 31,
2022(1)
(Dollars in millions)
Goodwill(2)
$ - 1,970
Customer relationships(3), less accumulated amortization of $3,896 and $3,265
$ 3,810 4,563
Capitalized software, less accumulated amortization of $419 and $387
427 410
Trade names, less accumulated amortization of - and $130(4)
- -
Total other intangible assets, net $ 4,237 4,973
______________________________________________________________________
(1)These values exclude assets classified as held for sale.
(2)We recorded a non-cash, non-tax-deductible goodwill impairment charge of $2.0 billion during the second quarter of 2023.
(3)For the year ended December 31, 2023, customer relationships decreased $121 million in conjunction with the sale of select CDN customer contracts in the fourth quarter of 2023 that resulted in a net loss of $73 million included in selling, general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statement of operations.
(4)Trade names with a gross carrying value of $130 million became fully amortized during 2022 and were retired during the first quarter of 2023.
As of December 31, 2023, the gross carrying amount of customer relationships, capitalized software and other intangible assets was $8.6 billion.
Our goodwill was derived from Lumen's acquisition of us where the purchase price exceeded the fair value of the net assets acquired.
Prior to becoming fully impaired in the second quarter of 2023, we were required to assess our goodwill for impairment annually, or, under certain circumstances, more frequently, such as when events or changes in circumstances indicate there may be impairment. We were required to write down the value of goodwill only when our assessment determines the carrying value of equity of our reporting unit exceeds its fair value. Our annual impairment assessment date for goodwill was October 31, at which date we assessed goodwill at our reporting unit. In reviewing the criteria for reporting units, we determined that our operations consisted of one reporting unit.
Second Quarter 2023 Goodwill Impairment Analysis
During the second quarter of 2023, the Company determined circumstances existed indicating it was more likely than not that the carrying value of our reporting unit exceeded its fair value. Given the continued erosion in Lumen's market capitalization, we determined our quantitative impairment analysis would estimate the fair value of our reporting unit using only the market approach. Applying this approach, we utilized company comparisons and analyst reports within the telecommunications industry which supported a range of fair values derived from annualized revenue and Earnings Before Interest, Tax, Depreciation and Amortization ("EBITDA") multiples between 1.5x and 4.3x and 4.6x and 10.5x, respectively. The revenue and EBITDA multiples were below these comparable market multiples. For the three months ended June 30, 2023, based on our assessment performed as described above, we concluded the estimated fair value was less than our carrying value of equity. As a result, our goodwill became fully impaired and we recorded a non-cash, non-tax-deductible goodwill impairment charge of $2.0 billion for the three months ended June 30, 2023.
The market approach that we used in the quarter ended June 30, 2023 incorporated estimates and assumptions related to the forecasted results for the remainder of the year, including revenues, expenses, and the achievement of certain strategic initiatives. In developing the market multiples, we considered observed trends of our industry participants. Our assessment included many factors that required significant judgment. Alternative interpretations of these factors could have resulted in different conclusions regarding the size of our impairments.
2022 Goodwill Impairment Analyses
As of October 31, 2022, we estimated the fair value of equity of our reporting unit by considering both a market approach and a discounted cash flow method. We discounted the projected cash flows using a rate that represented weighted average cost of capital of 9.4% as of the assessment date, which comprised an after-tax cost of debt of 4.8% and a cost of equity of 14.0%. We utilized company comparisons and analyst reports within the telecommunications industry which at the time of assessment supported a range of fair values derived from annualized revenue and EBITDA multiples between 1.8x and 4.6x and 4.7x and 10.8x, respectively, resulting in an overall company revenue and EBITDA multiple of 2.5x and 7.1x, respectively. The market approach method includes the use of comparable multiples of publicly traded companies whose services are comparable to ours. The discounted cash flow method is based on the present value of projected cash flows and a terminal value equal to the present value of all normalized cash flows after the projection period. As of October 31, 2022, based on our assessment performed, the carrying value of our equity exceeded our fair value of equity and as a result, we recorded a non-cash, non-tax-deductible goodwill impairment charge of approximately $4.4 billion at October 31, 2022.
The classification of held for sale related to the EMEA business as described in Note 2-Divestitures of the Latin American and EMEA Businesses, was considered an event or change in circumstance which required an assessment of our goodwill for impairment as of October 31, 2022. We performed a pre-announcement goodwill impairment test described above to determine whether there was an impairment prior to the classification of these assets as held for sale and to determine the November 2, 2022 fair values to be utilized for goodwill allocation regarding the disposal group to be classified as assets held for sale. We also performed a post-announcement goodwill impairment test using our estimated post-divestiture cash flows and carrying value of equity to evaluate whether the fair value that will remain following the divestiture exceeds the carrying value of the equity after classification of assets held for sale. We concluded no impairment existed following the divestiture.
Separate from the annual, pre-announcement and post-announcement goodwill assessments discussed above, we performed an assessment of our EMEA business disposal group for impairment using the purchase price compared to the carrying value of the EMEA business net assets. As a result, we concluded the EMEA business disposal group was impaired, resulting in a non-cash, non-tax-deductible goodwill impairment charge of $224 million. See Note 2-Divestitures of the Latin American and EMEA Businesses for additional information regarding the purchase price, carrying value, and impairment for goodwill of the EMEA business.
2021 Goodwill Impairment Analyses
At October 31, 2021, we estimated the fair value of equity by considering both a market approach and a discounted cash flow method. As of October 31, 2021, based on our assessment performed, the estimated fair value of our equity exceeded our carrying value of equity by approximately 14%. We concluded the goodwill was not impaired as of October 31, 2021.
The classification of held for sale assets, as described in Note 2-Divestitures of the Latin American and EMEA Businesses, was considered an event or change in circumstance which required an assessment of our goodwill for impairment as of July 31, 2021. We performed a pre-classification goodwill impairment test to determine whether there was an impairment prior to the reclassification and to determine the July 31, 2021 fair values to be utilized for goodwill allocation to the Latin American business to be reclassified as assets held for sale. We concluded it is more likely than not that the fair value of our reporting unit exceeded the carrying value of equity of our reporting unit at July 31, 2021. We also performed a post-reclassification goodwill impairment test using our estimated post-divestiture cash flows and carrying value of equity to evaluate whether the fair value of our reporting unit that will remain following the divestiture exceeds the carrying value of the equity of the reporting unit after reclassification of assets held for sale.
At July 31, 2021, we estimated the fair value of equity by considering both a market approach and a discounted cash flow methodology. The market approach includes the use of comparable multiples of publicly traded companies whose services are comparable to ours. The discounted cash flow methodology is based on the present value of projected cash flows and a terminal value equal to the present value of all normalized cash flows after the projection period. As of July 31, 2021, based on our assessment performed, the estimated fair value of our equity exceeded our carrying value of equity by approximately 17%. We concluded we did not have any impairment as of July 31, 2021.
The following table shows the rollforward of goodwill from December 31, 2021 through December 31, 2023:
(Dollars in millions)
As of December 31, 2021 (1)
$ 6,666
Effect of foreign currency exchange rate changes and other (58)
Impairment (4,638)
As of December 31, 2022 (1)
1,970
Impairment (1,970)
As of December 31, 2023 (1)
$ -
_______________________________________________________________________________
(1)Goodwill at December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, December 31, 2021 is net of accumulated impairment loss of $10.2 billion, $8.2 billion and $3.6 billion, respectively.
Total amortization expense for finite-lived intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $714 million, $744 million and $843 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the weighted average remaining useful lives of our finite-lived intangible assets was approximately 7 years in total; 7 years for customer relationships, and 4 years for capitalized software.
We estimate that total amortization expense for intangible assets for the years ending 2024 through 2028 will be as provided in the table below.
(Dollars in millions)
2024 $ 669
2025 650
2026 637
2027 596
2028 553
(4) Revenue Recognition
We categorize our products and services and related revenue among the following categories:
•Grow, which includes products and services that we anticipate will grow, including our colocation, dark fiber, Edge Cloud services, IP, managed security, Unified Communications and Collaboration ("UC&C") and wavelengths services;
•Nurture, which includes our more mature offerings, including ethernet and VPN data network services;
•Harvest, which includes our legacy services managed for cash flow, including Time Division Multiplexing ("TDM") voice, private line and other legacy services;
•Other, which includes primarily IT solutions; and
•Affiliate Services, which include communications services provided to our affiliates that we also provide to our external customers.
From time to time, we may change the categorization of our products and services.
Disaggregated Revenue by Service Offering
The following tables provide disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers based on service offering for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. It also shows the amount of revenue that is not subject to ASC 606, but is instead governed by other accounting standards. The amounts in the tables below include the Latin American and EMEA businesses revenues prior to being sold on August 1, 2022 and November 1, 2023, respectively:
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Total Revenue Adjustments for Non-ASC 606 Revenue (1)
Total Revenue from Contracts with Customers
(Dollars in millions)
Grow $ 3,890 (595) 3,295
Nurture 1,704 (15) 1,689
Harvest 1,068 - 1,068
Other 151 - 151
Affiliate Services 224 (224) -
Total Revenue $ 7,037 (834) 6,203
Timing of revenue:
Goods transferred at a point in time $ -
Services performed over time 6,203
Total revenue from contracts with customers $ 6,203
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Total Revenue Adjustments for Non-ASC 606 Revenue (1)
Total Revenue from Contracts with Customers
(Dollars in millions)
Grow $ 3,960 (665) 3,295
Nurture 1,905 (15) 1,890
Harvest 1,283 - 1,283
Other 118 - 118
Affiliate Services 227 (227) -
Total Revenue $ 7,493 (907) 6,586
Timing of revenue:
Goods transferred at a point in time $ 4
Services performed over time 6,582
Total revenue from contracts with customers $ 6,586
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Total Revenue Adjustments for Non-ASC 606 Revenue (1)
Total Revenue from Contracts with Customers
(Dollars in millions)
Grow $ 4,021 (724) 3,297
Nurture 2,087 (12) 2,075
Harvest 1,440 - 1,440
Other 181 - 181
Affiliate Services 223 (223) -
Total Revenue $ 7,952 (959) 6,993
Timing of revenue:
Goods transferred at a point in time $ 13
Services performed over time 6,980
Total revenue from contracts with customers $ 6,993
_______________________________________________________________
(1) Includes lease revenue which is not within the scope of ASC 606.
We do not have any single external customer that comprises more than 10% of our total consolidated operating revenue. Substantially all of our consolidated revenue comes from customers located in the United States.
Customer Receivables and Contract Balances
The following table provides balances of customer receivables, contract assets and contract liabilities, net of amounts classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
(Dollars in millions)
Customer receivables (1)
$ 544 515
Contract assets (2)
8 13
Contract liabilities (3)
222 222
_______________________________________________________________________________
(1)Reflects gross customer receivables of $557 million and $534 million, net of allowance for credit losses of $13 million and $19 million, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. At December 31, 2022 amounts exclude customer receivables, net, classified as held for sale of $76 million related to the EMEA business which was sold November 1, 2023.
(2)At December 31, 2022 these amounts exclude contract assets classified as held for sale of $16 million at related to the EMEA business which was sold November 1, 2023.
(3)At December 31, 2022 these amounts exclude contract liabilities classified as held for sale of $59 million related to the EMEA business which was sold November 1, 2023.
Contract liabilities are consideration we have received from our customers or billed in advance of providing the goods or services promised in the future. We defer recognizing this consideration until we have satisfied the related performance obligation to the customer. Contract liabilities include recurring services billed one month in advance and installation and maintenance charges that are deferred and recognized over the actual or expected contract term, which typically ranges from one to five years depending on the service. Contract liabilities are included within deferred revenue and liabilities held for sale in our consolidated balance sheets. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recognized $139 million and $148 million, respectively, of revenue that was included in contract liabilities of $281 million and $305 million as of January 1, 2023 and 2022, respectively, including contract liabilities that were classified as held for sale.
Performance Obligations
As of December 31, 2023, we expect to recognize approximately $4.0 billion of revenue in the future related to performance obligations associated with existing customer contracts that are partially or wholly unsatisfied. As of December 31, 2023, the transaction price related to unsatisfied performance obligation that are expected to be recognized in 2024, 2025 and thereafter was $1.8 billion, $1.2 billion and $1.0 billion, respectively.
These amounts exclude (i) the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts for which we recognize revenue at the amount to which we have the right to invoice for services performed (for example, uncommitted usage or non-recurring charges associated with professional or technical services to be completed) and (ii) contracts that are classified as leasing arrangements that are not subject to ASC 606.
Contract Costs
The following tables provide changes in our contract acquisition costs and fulfillment costs for the years ended:
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Acquisition Costs Fulfillment Costs
(Dollars in millions)
Beginning of period balance $ 76 106
Costs incurred 55 87
Amortization (57) (69)
Change in contract costs held for sale (4) (27)
End of period balance $ 70 97
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Acquisition Costs Fulfillment Costs
(Dollars in millions)
Beginning of period balance $ 76 99
Costs incurred 61 83
Amortization (55) (76)
Classified as held for sale(1)
(6) -
End of period balance $ 76 106
_____________________________________________________________________
(1) Represents the amounts classified as held for sale related to the divestiture of our Latin American and EMEA businesses on August 1, 2022 and November 1, 2023, respectively. See Note 2-Divestitures of the Latin American and EMEA Businesses.
Acquisition costs include commission fees paid to employees as a result of obtaining contracts. Fulfillment costs include third party and internal costs associated with the provision, installation and activation of services to customers, including labor and materials consumed for these activities.
We amortize deferred acquisition and fulfillment costs based on the transfer of services on a straight-line basis over the average expected contract life of approximately 35 months for our business customers. We include amortized fulfillment costs in cost of services and products and amortized acquisition costs in selling, general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of operations. We include the amount of deferred costs that are anticipated to be amortized in the next 12 months in other current assets on our consolidated balance sheets. The amount of deferred costs expected to be amortized beyond 12 months is included in other non-current assets on our consolidated balance sheets. We assess deferred acquisition and fulfillment costs for impairment on a quarterly basis.
(5) Leases
We primarily lease to or from third parties various office facilities, colocation facilities, equipment and transmission capacity. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet; we recognize lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception and whether that lease meets the classification criteria of a finance or operating lease. Lease-related assets, or right-of-use assets, are recognized at the lease commencement date at amounts equal to the respective lease liabilities. Lease-related liabilities are recognized at the present value of the remaining contractual fixed lease payments, discounted using our incremental borrowing rates. As part of the present value calculation for the lease liabilities, we use an incremental borrowing rate as the rates implicit in the leases are not readily determinable. The incremental borrowing rates used for lease accounting are based on our unsecured rates, adjusted to approximate the rates at which we could borrow on a collateralized basis over a term similar to the recognized lease term. We apply the incremental borrowing rates to lease components using a portfolio approach based upon the length of the lease term and the reporting entity in which the lease resides. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, while variable lease payments are expensed as incurred. Operating lease assets are included in other, net under goodwill and other assets on our consolidated balance sheets.
Some of our lease arrangements contain lease components, non-lease components (including common-area maintenance costs) and executory costs (including real estate taxes and insurance costs). We generally account for each component separately based on the estimated standalone price of each component. For colocation leases, we account for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component.
Many of our lease agreements contain renewal options; however, we do not recognize right-of-use assets or lease liabilities for renewal periods unless it is determined that we are reasonably certain of renewing the lease at inception or when a triggering event occurs. Certain leases also include options to purchase the leased property. The depreciable life of assets and leasehold improvements are limited by the expected lease term, unless there is a transfer of title or purchase option reasonably certain to be exercised. Our lease agreements do not generally contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.
Lease expense consisted of the following:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(Dollars in millions)
Operating and short-term lease cost $ 384 348 368
Finance lease cost:
Amortization of right-of-use assets 23 25 24
Interest on lease liability 10 11 12
Total finance lease cost 33 36 36
Total lease cost $ 417 384 404
We lease various equipment, office facilities, retail outlets, switching facilities and other network sites or components. These leases, with few exceptions, provide for renewal options and rent escalations that are either fixed or based on the consumer price index. Any rent abatements, along with rent escalations, are included in the computation of rent expense calculated on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The lease term for most leases includes the initial non-cancelable term plus any term under renewal options that are reasonably assured.
Beginning in the second half of 2020 and continuing into 2023, we rationalized our leased footprint and ceased using 13 leased property locations that were underutilized. We determined that we no longer needed the leased space and, due to the limited remaining term on the contracts, concluded that we had neither the intent nor ability to sublease the properties. For the year ended December 31, 2021 we incurred accelerated lease costs of approximately $15 million. We did not further rationalize our lease footprint or incur material accelerated lease costs during the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2023. However, in conjunction with our plans to continue to reduce costs, we expect to continue our real estate rationalization efforts and expect to incur additional accelerated lease costs in future periods.
For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, our gross rental expense, including the accelerated lease costs discussed above, was $417 million, $384 million and $404 million, respectively. We also received sublease rental income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 of $14 million, $14 million and $12 million, respectively.
Supplemental consolidated balance sheet information and other information related to leases:
Years Ended December 31,
Leases Classification on the Balance Sheet 2023 2022
(Dollars in millions)
Assets
Operating lease assets Other, net(1)
$ 1,056 1,168
Finance lease assets Property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation 191 241
Total leased assets $ 1,247 1,409
Liabilities
Current
Operating Current operating lease liabilities(2)
$ 288 326
Finance Current maturities of long-term debt 14 14
Noncurrent
Operating Operating lease liabilities(3)
845 922
Finance Long-term debt 190 210
Total lease liabilities $ 1,337 1,472
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years)
Operating leases 7.1 6.7
Finance leases 10.0 10.9
Weighted-average discount rate
Operating leases 6.63 % 5.23 %
Finance leases 4.97 % 4.97 %
_______________________________________________________________________________
(1) Includes affiliate operating lease assets of $311 million and $391 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
(2) Includes current portion of affiliate operating lease liabilities of $129 million and $125 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
(3) Includes noncurrent portion of affiliate operating lease liabilities of $201 million and $286 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
At December 31, 2022, we classified certain operating and finance lease assets and liabilities related to the EMEA business, which was sold as of November 1, 2023, as held for sale and discontinued recording amortization on the related right-of-use assets upon this classification. These operating and finance lease assets and liabilities held for sale are not reflected in the above or throughout the disclosures within this note. See Note 2-Divestitures of the Latin American and EMEA Businesses for more information.
Supplemental unaudited consolidated cash flow statement information related to leases:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022
(Dollars in millions)
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows for operating leases $ 384 346
Operating cash flows for finance leases 10 11
Financing cash flows for finance leases 23 84
Supplemental lease cash flow disclosures:
Operating lease right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities $ 104 381
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities 8 70
As of December 31, 2023, maturities of lease liabilities were as follows:
Operating Leases Finance Leases
(Dollars in millions)
2024 $ 348 24
2025 258 25
2026 197 25
2027 124 26
2028 86 26
Thereafter 454 135
Total lease payments 1,467 261
Less: interest (334) (57)
Total 1,133 204
Less: current portion (288) (14)
Long-term portion $ 845 190
As of December 31, 2023, we had no material operating or finance leases that had not yet commenced.
Operating Lease Income
We lease various office facilities, colocation facilities and dark fiber to third parties under operating leases. Lease and sublease income are included in operating revenue in the consolidated statements of operations. See "Revenue Recognition" in Note 1-Background and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.
For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 our gross rental income was $676 million, $746 million and $802 million, respectively, which represents 10% of our operating revenue for each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.
(6) Credit Losses on Financial Instruments
To assess our expected credit losses on financial instruments, we aggregate financial assets with similar risk characteristics to monitor their credit quality or deterioration over the life of such assets. We periodically monitor certain risk characteristics within our aggregated financial assets and revise their composition accordingly, to the extent internal and external risk factors change. We separately evaluate financial assets that do not share risk characteristics with other financial assets. Our financial assets measured at amortized cost primarily consist of accounts receivable.
We use a loss rate method to estimate our allowance for credit losses. Our determination of the current expected credit loss rate begins with our review of historical loss experience as a percentage of accounts receivable. We measure our historical loss period based on the average days to recognize accounts receivable as credit losses. When asset specific characteristics and current conditions change from those in the historical period, due to changes in our credit and collections strategy, certain classes of aged balances, or credit loss and recovery policies, we perform a qualitative and quantitative assessment to adjust our historical loss rate. We use regression analysis to develop an expected loss rate using historical experience and economic data over a forecast period. We measure our forecast period based on the average days to collect payment on billed accounts receivable. To determine our current allowance for credit losses, we combine the historical and expected credit loss rates and apply them to our period end accounts receivable.
If there is an unexpected deterioration of a customer's financial condition or an unexpected change in economic conditions, including macroeconomic events, we assess the need to adjust the allowance for credit losses. Any such resulting adjustments would affect earnings in the period that adjustments are made.
The assessment of the correlation between historical observed default rates, current conditions and forecasted economic conditions requires judgment. Alternative interpretations of these factors could have resulted in different conclusions regarding our allowance for credit losses. The amount of credit loss is sensitive to changes in circumstances and forecasted economic conditions. Our historical credit loss experience, current conditions and forecast of economic conditions may also not be representative of the customers' actual default experience in the future and we may use methodologies that differ from those used by other companies.
The following table presents the activity of our allowance for credit losses for our accounts receivable portfolio:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(Dollars in millions)
Balance at beginning of period $ 19 39 45
Provision for expected losses 8 4 19
Write-offs charged against the allowance (19) (22) (27)
Recoveries collected 4 3 5
Change in allowance in assets held for sale(1)
1 (5) (3)
Balance at end of period $ 13 19 39
______________________________________________________________________
(1) Represents the amounts classified as held for sale related to the divestitures of our Latin American and EMEA businesses prior to the divestitures on August 1, 2022 and November 1, 2023, respectively. See Note 2-Divestitures of the Latin American and EMEA Businesses.
For the year ended December 31, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022, we decreased our allowance for credit losses primarily due to higher write-off activity.
(7) Long-Term Debt
The following table reflects our consolidated long-term debt, including finance leases and other obligations, unamortized discounts and premiums, net and unamortized debt issuance costs, but excluding intercompany debt:
Interest Rates (1)
Maturities (1)
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
(Dollars in millions)
Level 3 Financing, Inc.
Senior Secured Debt: (2)
Senior notes 3.400% - 10.500%
2027 - 2030
$ 2,425 1,500
Tranche B 2027 Term Loan (3)
SOFR + 1.75%
2,411 2,411
Senior Notes and Other Debt:
Senior notes (4)
3.625% - 4.625%
2027 - 2029
3,940 3,940
Finance leases and other obligations Various Various 259 291
Unamortized premiums, net 2 3
Unamortized debt issuance costs (54) (49)
Total long-term debt 8,983 8,096
Less current maturities (31) (26)
Long-term debt, excluding current maturities $ 8,952 8,070
_______________________________________________________________________________
(1)As of December 31, 2023.
(2)See the remainder of this Note for a description of certain affiliate guarantees and liens securing this debt.
(3)The Tranche B 2027 Term Loan had an interest rate of 7.220% and 6.134% as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
(4)See the remainder of this Note for a description of guarantees provided by certain affiliates of Level 3 Financing, Inc.
New Issuances
On January 13, 2021, Level 3 Financing, Inc. issued $900 million aggregate principal amount of its 3.750% Sustainability-Linked Senior Notes due 2029 (the "Sustainability-Linked Notes"). The net proceeds were used, together with cash on hand, to redeem certain of its outstanding senior note indebtedness. See "-Redemption of Senior Notes" below. The Sustainability-Linked Notes are guaranteed by Level 3 Parent, LLC and Level 3 Communications, LLC.
Pursuant to exchange offers commenced on March 16, 2023 (the “Exchange Offers”), on March 31, 2023, Level 3 Financing, Inc. issued $915 million of its 10.500% Senior Secured Notes due 2030 (the “Initial Notes”) in exchange for $1.535 billion of Lumen’s outstanding senior unsecured notes.
On April 17, 2023, in connection with the Exchange Offers, Level 3 Financing, Inc. issued an additional $9 million of its 10.500% Senior Secured Notes due 2030 in exchange for $19 million aggregate principal amount of Lumen’s senior unsecured notes.
Repayments
During 2022, we used available cash to repay the following aggregate principal amounts of indebtedness through a combination of tender offers, redemptions and repayments. These transactions resulted in a net gain of $8 million.
Debt Period of Repayment (Dollars in millions)
Tranche B 2027 Term Loan Q3 2022 $ 700
5.375% Senior Notes due 2025
Q3 2022 800
5.250% Senior Notes due 2026
Q3 2022 775
Total debt repayments
$ 2,275
Interest Expense
Interest expense includes interest on total long-term debt. The following table presents the amount of gross interest expense, net of capitalized interest:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(Dollars in millions)
Interest expense:
Gross interest expense $ 480 390 376
Capitalized interest (22) (16) (15)
Total interest expense $ 458 374 361
Senior Secured Term Loan
As of December 31, 2023, Level 3 Financing, Inc. owed $2.4 billion under a senior secured Tranche B 2027 Term Loan, which matures on March 1, 2027. The Tranche B 2027 Term Loan carries an interest rate, in the case of base rate borrowings, equal to (i) the greater of the Prime Rate, the Federal Funds Effective Rate plus 50 basis points, or SOFR plus 100 basis points (with all such terms and calculations as defined or further specified in the credit agreement) plus (ii) 0.75% per annum. Any Eurodollar borrowings under the Tranche B 2027 Term Loan bear interest at SOFR plus 1.75% per annum.
The Tranche B 2027 Term Loan requires certain specified mandatory prepayments in connection with certain asset sales and other transactions, subject to certain significant exceptions. The obligations of Level 3 Financing, Inc. under the Tranche B 2027 Term Loan were, subject to certain exceptions, secured by certain assets of Level 3 Parent, LLC and certain of its material domestic subsidiaries. Also, Level 3 Parent, LLC and certain of its subsidiaries have guaranteed the obligations of Level 3 Financing, Inc. under the Tranche B 2027 Term Loan. Additional secured term loans or revolving credit may in the future be extended to Level 3 Financing, Inc. under its credit agreement dated as of March 13, 2007, as amended on November 29, 2019.
Senior Notes
All of the notes of Level 3 Financing, Inc. reflected in the table above pay interest at fixed rates semiannually and allow for the redemption of the notes at the option of the issuer, in whole or in part, (i) pursuant to a fixed schedule of pre-established redemption prices, (ii) pursuant to a “make whole” redemption price or (iii) under certain other specified limited circumstances in connection with certain sales of equity securities. For purposes of early redemption, all of the notes reflected in the table above allow for the redemption of the notes at the option of the issuer upon not less than 10 or more than 60 days prior notice. For specific details of these features and requirements, including the applicable premiums and timing, refer to the indentures setting forth the specific terms of each respective series of the senior notes of Level 3 Financing, Inc.
The Level 3 Financing, Inc. secured senior notes are secured by a pledge of substantially all of its assets and guaranteed on a secured basis by the same domestic subsidiaries that guarantee its Term B 2027 Term Loan. The remaining senior notes issued by Level 3 Financing, Inc. are guaranteed on an unsecured basis by its parent, Level 3 Parent, LLC, and one of its subsidiaries.
Long-Term Debt Maturities
Set forth below is the aggregate principal amount of our long-term debt as of December 31, 2023 (excluding unamortized premiums, net, unamortized debt issuance costs and intercompany debt) maturing during the following years:
(Dollars in millions)
2024 $ 31
2025 36
2026 35
2027 4,180
2028 1,219
2029 and thereafter 3,534
Total long-term debt $ 9,035
Letters of Credit
It is customary for us to use various financial instruments in the normal course of business. These instruments include letters of credit. Letters of credit are conditional commitments issued on our behalf in accordance with specified terms and conditions. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had outstanding letters of credit or other similar obligations of approximately $2 million and $3 million, respectively, of which $2 million and $3 million were collateralized by restricted cash. None of our conditional commitments under our outstanding letters of credit are reflected as debt on our balance sheets.
Supplier Finance Program
Pursuant to our purchase of network equipment under a supplier finance program implemented in 2021 with one of our key equipment vendors, we are obligated to make quarterly installment payments over a 5-year period and pay annual interest of 1.25% on unpaid balances. The first unsecured quarterly payment was due April 27, 2022, with remaining quarterly payments due through the end of the term on July 1, 2026. The supplier also agreed to certain milestone performance and other provisions that could result in us earning credits to be applied by us towards future equipment purchases. During 2023 , we have received approximately $15 million of credits. We received no significant credits during 2022. Our outstanding obligations under the plan were $55 million and $67 million, respectively, of which $16 million and $12 million were included in current maturities of long-term debt and the remaining balances were reflected as the long-term debt.
Covenants
The term loan and senior notes of Level 3 Financing, Inc. contain extensive affirmative and negative covenants. Such covenants include, among other things and subject to certain significant exceptions, restrictions on their ability to declare or pay dividends, repay certain other indebtedness, create liens, incur additional indebtedness, make investments, dispose of assets and merge or consolidate with any other person. Also, in connection with a "change of control" of Level 3 Parent, LLC, or Level 3 Financing, Inc., Level 3 Financing will be required to offer to repurchase or repay certain of its long-term debt at a price of 101% of the principal amount of debt repurchased or repaid, plus accrued and unpaid interest.
The debt covenants applicable to us and our subsidiaries could have a material adverse effect on their ability to operate or expand their respective businesses, to pursue strategic transactions, to transfer cash to or engage in transactions with their unconsolidated affiliates, or to otherwise pursue their plans and strategies.
Certain of Lumen's and our debt instruments contain cross acceleration provisions. When present, these provisions could have a wider impact on liquidity than might otherwise arise from a default or acceleration of a single debt instrument.
Our ability to comply with the financial covenants in our debt instruments could be adversely impacted by a wide variety of events, including unforeseen contingencies, many of which are beyond our control.
Compliance
As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we believe we were in compliance with the provisions and financial covenants contained in our debt agreements in all material respects.
Subsequent Event
See Note 19-Subsequent Event for information regarding certain debt restructuring transactions contemplated under our amended and restated transaction support agreement dated as of January 22, 2024.
(8) Accounts Receivable
The following table presents details of our accounts receivable balances:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022
(Dollars in millions)
Trade receivables $ 435 440
Earned and unbilled receivables 122 94
Other 1 2
Total accounts receivable 558 536
Less: allowance for credit losses (13) (19)
Accounts receivable, less allowance $ 545 517
We are exposed to concentrations of credit risk from our customers and other telecommunications service providers. We generally do not require collateral to secure our receivable balances.
(9) Property, Plant and Equipment
Net property, plant and equipment is composed of the following:
Depreciable Lives As of December 31,
2023 2022(5)
(Dollars in millions)
Land N/A $ 202 202
Fiber conduit and other outside plant (1)
15-45 years
4,380 4,133
Central office and other network electronics (2)
7-10 years
3,467 2,977
Support assets (3)
3-30 years
2,252 2,145
Construction-in-progress (4)
N/A 762 721
Gross property, plant and equipment 11,063 10,178
Accumulated depreciation (3,665) (2,875)
Net property, plant and equipment $ 7,398 7,303
_______________________________________________________________________________
(1)Fiber, conduit and other outside plant consists of fiber and metallic cable, conduit, poles and other supporting structures.
(2)Central office and other network electronics consists of circuit and packet switches, routers, transmission electronics and electronics providing service to customers.
(3)Support assets consist of buildings, data centers, computers and other administrative and support equipment.
(4)Construction in progress includes construction and property of the aforementioned categories that has not been placed in service as it is still under construction.
(5)At December 31, 2022, we had $1.9 billion of certain property, plant and equipment, net related to our EMEA business which was classified as held for sale at this date and which was sold on November 1, 2023. See Note 2-Divestitures of the Latin American and EMEA Businesses for more information.
Depreciation expense was $686 million, $790 million and $874 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Asset Retirement Obligations
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, our asset retirement obligations consisted primarily of restoration requirements for leased facilities. We recognize our estimate of the fair value of our asset retirement obligations in the period incurred in other long-term liabilities. The fair value of the asset retirement obligation is also capitalized as property, plant and equipment and then depreciated over the estimated remaining useful life of the associated asset.
The following table provides asset retirement obligation activity:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022
(Dollars in millions)
Balance at beginning of period $ 85 121
Accretion expense 4 5
Liabilities settled (6) (7)
Change in estimate 11 (4)
Classified as held for sale (1)
- (30)
Balance at end of period $ 94 85
_______________________________________________________________________________
(1)Represents the amounts classified as held for sale related to our EMEA business as of December 31, 2022. See Note 2-Divestitures of the Latin American and EMEA Businesses.
The changes in estimate referred to in the table above was offset against gross property, plant and equipment.
(10) Employee Benefits
Defined Contribution Plans
Lumen Technologies sponsors a qualified defined contribution plan covering substantially all of our employees. Under this plan, employees may contribute a percentage of their annual compensation up to certain maximums, as defined by the plan and by the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS"). Currently, we match a percentage of our employee's contributions in cash. We recognized $32 million in expense related to this plan for the year ended December 31, 2023 and $31 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Other defined contribution plans we sponsored were individually and in aggregate not material.
Defined Benefit Plans
We have certain contributory and non-contributory employee pension plans, which are not significant to our financial position or operating results. We recognize in our balance sheet the funded status of our defined benefit post-retirement plans, which is measured as the difference between the fair value of the plan assets and the plan benefit obligations. We are also required to recognize changes in the funded status within accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax, to the extent such changes are not recognized in earnings as components of periodic net benefit cost. The fair value of the plan assets was $40 million and $112 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The total plan benefit obligations were $39 million and $102 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Therefore, the plans were fully funded as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The decrease in these balances is primarily the result of the sale of our EMEA business.
(11) Stock-based Compensation
Stock-based compensation expenses are included in cost of services and products, and selling, general, and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of operations.
For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we recorded stock-based compensation expense of approximately $22 million, $43 million and $47 million, respectively.
(12) Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Our financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, note receivable-affiliate and long-term debt (excluding finance leases and other obligations) and certain indemnification obligations. Due to their short-term nature, the carrying amounts of our cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, note receivable-affiliate and accounts payable approximate their fair values.
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between independent and knowledgeable parties who are willing and able to transact for an asset or liability at the measurement date. We use valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when determining fair value and then we rank the estimated values based on the reliability of the inputs used following the fair value hierarchy.
We determined the fair values of our long-term debt, including the current portion, based primarily on inputs other than quoted market prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable such as discounted future cash flows using current market interest rates.
The three input levels in the hierarchy of fair value measurements are defined by the FASB are generally as follows:
Input Level Description of Input
Level 1 Observable inputs such as quoted market prices in active markets.
Level 2 Inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable.
Level 3 Unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists.
The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of our financial liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, as well as the input level used to determine the fair values indicated below:
As of December 31,
2023 2022
Input Level Carrying Amount Fair Value Carrying Amount Fair Value
(Dollars in million)
Liabilities-Long-term debt, excluding finance leases and other obligations 2 $ 8,724 6,418 7,805 6,581
Indemnifications related to the sale of the Latin American business(1)
3 86 86 86 86
_______________________________________________________________________________
(1)Nonrecurring fair value is measured as of August 1, 2022.
(13) Income Taxes
The components of the income tax expense are as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(Dollars in millions)
Federal
Current $ (1) - -
Deferred (9) 271 125
State and local
Current 8 21 12
Deferred (11) 4 28
Foreign
Current 1 26 16
Deferred 10 (66) 16
Total income tax (benefit) expense $ (2) 256 197
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(Dollars in millions)
Income tax (benefit) expense was allocated as follows:
Income tax (benefit) expense in the consolidated statements of operations:
Attributable to income $ (2) 256 197
Member's equity:
Tax effect of the change in accumulated other comprehensive loss $ 3 (58) (30)
The following is a reconciliation from the statutory federal income tax rate to our effective income tax rate:
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(Percentage of pre-tax income)
Statutory federal income tax rate 21.0 % 21.0 % 21.0 %
State income taxes, net of federal income tax benefit 0.3 % (0.3) % 4.1 %
Goodwill impairment (19.4) % (21.4) % - %
Divestiture of business(1)
(2.5) % (5.1) % - %
Net foreign income tax - % 0.2 % 1.6 %
Research and development credits 0.1 % 0.1 % (0.4) %
Other, net 0.6 % (0.1) % (1.1) %
Effective income tax rate 0.1 % (5.6) % 25.2 %
_______________________________________________________________________________
(1)Includes Global Intangible Low-Taxes Income ("GILTI") incurred as a result of the sale of our Latin American business.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, the effective tax rate is 0.1% compared to (5.6)% and 25.2% for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2023 includes a $389 million unfavorable impact of a non-deductible goodwill impairment charge recorded in the second quarter of 2023.The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2022 includes a $969 million unfavorable impact of non-deductible goodwill impairment and a $256 million unfavorable impact related to incurring GILTI as a result of the sale of our Latin American business.
The tax effects of temporary differences that gave rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities were as follows:
As of December 31,
2023 2022
(Dollars in millions)
Deferred tax assets
Deferred revenue $ - 261
Net operating loss carry forwards 1,598 1,680
Property, plant and equipment - 92
Other 575 448
Gross deferred tax assets 2,173 2,481
Less valuation allowance (248) (303)
Net deferred tax assets 1,925 2,178
Deferred tax liabilities
Deferred revenue - (5)
Property, plant and equipment (1,189) (1,142)
Intangible assets (1,063) (1,328)
Other (9) (58)
Gross deferred tax liabilities (2,261) (2,533)
Net deferred tax liabilities $ (336) (355)
Of the $336 million and $355 million net deferred tax liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, $375 million and $387 million is reflected as a long-term liability, in other on our consolidated balance sheets and $39 million and $32 million is reflected as a net noncurrent deferred tax asset, in other, net on our consolidated balance sheets.
As of December 31, 2023, we had gross federal NOLs net of uncertain tax positions of $6.3 billion, which will expire between 2026 and 2037 if unused, and state NOLs net of uncertain tax positions of $6.1 billion. Our deferred tax asset balance is based on our historical balance and subsequent standalone activity since we were acquired by Lumen in 2017 and does not correspond to the amount of NOLs that are available for use by Lumen.
We establish valuation allowances when necessary to reduce the deferred tax assets to amounts we expect to realize. As of December 31, 2023, a valuation allowance of $248 million was recorded as it is more likely than not that this amount of net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards will not be utilized prior to expiration. Our valuation allowance as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 is primarily related to federal capital loss carry forwards and state NOL carryforwards.
A reconciliation of the change in our gross unrecognized tax benefits (excluding both interest and any related federal benefit) from January 1 to December 31 for 2023 and 2022 is as follows:
2023 2022
(Dollars in millions)
Unrecognized tax benefits at beginning of period $ 813 876
Decrease in tax positions of current year netted against deferred tax assets (50) (34)
Increase in tax positions of prior periods netted against deferred tax assets 43 -
Decrease in tax positions taken in the prior period - (2)
Increase in tax positions taken in the current period - 3
Decreases related to divestitures of businesses (2) (30)
Decrease from the lapse of statute of limitations (5) -
Unrecognized tax benefits at end of period $ 799 813
As of December 31, 2023 the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would impact the effective income tax rate was $3 million. The unrecognized tax benefits also includes tax positions that, if recognized, would result in adjustments to other tax accounts, primarily deferred taxes, that would not impact the effective tax rate but could impact cash tax amounts payable to taxing authorities.
Our policy is to reflect interest expense associated with unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. We had accrued interest (presented before related tax benefits) of approximately $1 million as of both December 31, 2023 and 2022.
We, or at least one of our affiliates, file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various states and foreign jurisdictions. With few exceptions, we are no longer subject to U.S. federal, state and local, or non-U.S. income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2004. The Internal Revenue Service and state and local taxing authorities reserve the right to audit any period where net operating loss carry forwards are available.
Based on our current assessment of various factors, including (i) the potential outcomes of these ongoing examinations, (ii) the expiration of statute of limitations for specific jurisdictions, (iii) the negotiated settlement of certain disputed issues, and (iv) the administrative practices of applicable taxing jurisdictions, it is reasonably possible that the related unrecognized tax benefits for uncertain tax positions previously taken may increase by up to $174 million within the next 12 months. The actual amount of such increase, if any, will depend on several future developments and events, many of which are outside our control.
In August 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act was signed into law and which, among other things, implemented a corporate alternative minimum tax (“CAMT”) on adjusted financial statement income effective for tax periods occurring after December 31, 2022. The CAMT had no material impact on our financial results as of December 31, 2023. In addition, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development has issued Pillar Two model rules introducing a new global minimum tax of 15% intended to be effective on January 1, 2024. While the US has not yet adopted the Pillar Two rules, various other governments around the world are enacting legislation, some of which are effective for tax periods after December 31, 2023. While the global minimum tax will increase our administrative and compliance burdens, it is expected to have an immaterial impact to our financial statements.
(14) Geographic and Customer Concentrations
The following tables present total assets as of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 as well as operating revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 by geographic region:
Total Assets
As of December 31,
2023 2022
(Dollars in millions)
North America $ 17,253 18,061
Europe, Middle East and Africa - 1,698
Total $ 17,253 19,759
Revenue
Years Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(Dollars in millions)
North America $ 6,345 6,256 6,365
Europe, Middle East and Africa(2)
628 734 805
Latin America(1)
64 503 782
Total $ 7,037 7,493 7,952
_______________________________________________________________________________
(1)Includes revenue prior to closing the sale of the Latin American business on August 1, 2022, revenue recognized through post-closing commercial agreements subsequent to the sale and revenue related to servicing our customers in those regions.
(2)Includes revenue prior to closing the sale of the EMEA business on November 1, 2023.
A relatively small number of customers account for a significant percentage of our revenue. Our top ten customers accounted for approximately 18%, 15% and 17% of our total operating revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(15) Affiliate Transactions
We provide competitive local exchange carrier telecommunications services to our affiliates that we also provide to external customers. We believe these services are priced consistent with non-regulated rates charged to external customers. These services are billed directly to our affiliates and recognized as affiliate revenue on our consolidated statements of operations.
Costs are incurred directly by our affiliates for the services they use whenever possible. When such costs are not directly incurred, they are allocated among all affiliates based upon the most reasonable method, first using cost causative measures, or, if no cost causative measure is available, using a general allocator. Unlike other affiliates of Lumen, we do not operate as a service company to our affiliates and therefore any allocated affiliate revenue we earn reduces the affiliate charges incurred by us and is presented on a net basis within Operating expenses - affiliates on our consolidated statements of operations. From time to time, we may adjust the basis for allocating the costs of a shared service among affiliates. Any such changes in allocation methodologies are generally applied prospectively.
We also purchase services from our affiliates, including telecommunication services, insurance, flight services and other support services such as legal, regulatory, finance, administration and executive support. Our affiliates charge us for those services using the allocation methodology described above.
We have a revolving credit facility that we extended to Lumen Technologies, Inc. under which we had $1.5 billion of outstanding affiliate notes receivable as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. As of December 31, 2023, the interest rate for this facility was 4.250% per annum and is subject to certain adjustments as set forth in the facility. The principal amount is payable upon demand by us and prepayable by Lumen Technologies at any time, but no later than October 15, 2025, which maturity date may be extended for two additional one-year periods. The facility has covenants, including a maximum total leverage ratio, and is subject to other limitations.
(16) Commitments, Contingencies and Other Items
We are subject to various claims, legal proceedings and other contingent liabilities, including the matters described below, which individually or in the aggregate could materially affect our financial condition, future results of operations or cash flows. As a matter of course, we are prepared to both litigate these matters to judgment as needed, as well as to evaluate and consider reasonable settlement opportunities.
We review our litigation accrual liabilities on a quarterly basis, but in accordance with applicable accounting guidelines only establish accrual liabilities when losses are deemed probable and reasonably estimable and only revise previously established accrual liabilities when warranted by changes in circumstances, in each case based on then-available information. As such, as of any given date we could have exposure to losses under proceedings as to which no liability has been accrued or as to which the accrued liability is inadequate. Subject to these limitations, at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had accrued $38 million and $40 million, respectively, in the aggregate for our litigation and non-income tax contingencies, which is included in other current liabilities or other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet as of such date. We cannot at this time estimate the reasonably possible loss or range of loss in excess of this $38 million accrual due to the inherent uncertainties and speculative nature of contested proceedings. The establishment of an accrual does not mean that actual funds have been set aside to satisfy a given contingency. Thus, the resolution of a particular contingency for the amount accrued could have no effect on our results of operations but nonetheless could have an adverse effect on our cash flows.
Latin American Tax Litigation and Claims
In connection with the 2022 divestiture of our Latin American business, the purchaser assumed responsibility for the Peruvian tax litigation and Brazilian tax claims described in our prior periodic reports filed with the SEC. We agreed to indemnify the purchaser for amounts paid in respect to the Brazilian tax claims. The value of this indemnification is included in the indemnification amount as disclosed in Note 12-Fair Value of Financial Instruments.
Huawei Network Deployment Investigations
Lumen has received requests from the following federal agencies for information relating to the use of equipment manufactured by Huawei Technologies Company ("Huawei") in Lumen’s networks.
•DOJ. Lumen has received a civil investigative demand from the U.S. Department of Justice in the course of a False Claims Act investigation alleging that Lumen Technologies, Inc. and Lumen Technologies Government Solutions, Inc. failed to comply with the requirements in federal contracts concerning their use of Huawei equipment. 
•FCC. The FCC’s Enforcement Bureau issued a Letter of Inquiry to Lumen Technologies, Inc. regarding its written certifications to the FCC that Lumen has complied with FCC rules governing the use of resources derived from the High Cost Program, Lifeline Program, Rural Health Care Program, E-Rate Program, Emergency Broadband Benefit Program, and the Affordable Connectivity Program. Under these programs, federal funds may not be used to facilitate the deployment or maintenance of equipment or services provided by Huawei, a company that the FCC has determined poses a national security threat to the integrity of communications networks or the communications supply chain.
•Team Telecom. The Committee for the Assessment of Foreign Participation in the United States Telecommunications Service Sector (comprised of the U.S. Attorney General, and the Secretaries of the Department of Homeland Security, and the Department of Defense), commonly referred to as Team Telecom, issued questions and requests for information relating to Lumen’s FCC licenses and its use of Huawei equipment.
We are cooperating with the investigations.
Other Proceedings, Disputes and Contingencies
From time to time, we are involved in other proceedings incidental to our business, including patent infringement allegations, regulatory hearings relating primarily to our rates or services, actions relating to employee claims, various tax issues, environmental law issues, grievance hearings before labor regulatory agencies and miscellaneous third-party tort actions.
We are currently defending several patent infringement lawsuits asserted against us by non-practicing entities, many of which are seeking substantial recoveries. These cases have progressed to various stages and one or more may go to trial within the next twelve months if they are not otherwise resolved. Where applicable, we are seeking full or partial indemnification from our vendors and suppliers. As with all litigation, we are vigorously defending these actions and, as a matter of course, are prepared to litigate these matters to judgment, as well as to evaluate and consider all reasonable settlement opportunities.
We are subject to various foreign, federal, state and local environmental protection and health and safety laws. From time to time, we are subject to judicial and administrative proceedings brought by various governmental authorities under these laws. Several such proceedings are currently pending, but none is reasonably expected to exceed $300,000 in fines and penalties. In addition, in the past we acquired companies that operated certain manufacturing companies in the first part of the 1900s. Under applicable environmental laws, we could be named as a potentially responsible party for a share of the remediation of environmental conditions arising from the historical operations of our predecessors.
The outcome of these other proceedings described under this heading is not predictable. However, based on current circumstances, we do not believe that the ultimate resolution of these other proceedings, after considering available defenses and any insurance coverage or indemnification rights, will have a material adverse effect on us.
The matters listed in this Note do not reflect all of our contingencies. The ultimate outcome of the above-described matters may differ materially from the outcomes anticipated, estimated, projected or implied by us in certain of our statements appearing above in this Note, and proceedings currently viewed as immaterial by us may ultimately materially impact us.
Right-of-Way
As of December 31, 2023, our future rental commitments and right-of-way ("ROW") agreements were as follows:
Future Rental Commitments and ROW Agreements
(Dollars in millions)
2024 $ 104
2025 36
2026 34
2027 33
2028 28
2029 and thereafter 277
Total future minimum payments $ 512
Purchase Commitments
We have several commitments primarily for marketing activities and support services from a variety of vendors to be used in the ordinary course of business totaling $220 million as of December 31, 2023. Of this amount, we expect to purchase $76 million in 2024, $70 million in 2025 through 2026, $28 million in 2027 through 2028 and $46 million in 2029 and thereafter. These amounts do not represent our entire anticipated purchases in the future, but represent only those items for which we were contractually committed as of December 31, 2023.
(17) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
The table below summarizes changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss recorded on our consolidated balance sheet by component for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2023:
Pension Plans Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments and Other Total
(Dollars in millions)
Balance at December 31, 2021 $ 3 (354) (351)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
18 (123) (105)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
- 112 112
Net other comprehensive income (loss)
18 (11) 7
Balance at December 31, 2022 $ 21 (365) (344)
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax - (12) (12)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
(22) 350 328
Net other comprehensive (loss) income
(22) 338 316
Balance at December 31, 2023 $ (1) (27) (28)
The table below present further information about our reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income by component for the year ended December 31, 2023:
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Affected line item in Consolidated Balance Sheets and Consolidated Statement of Operations
(Dollars in millions)
Reclassification of realized loss on foreign currency translation to valuation allowance within assets held for sale(2)
$ 353 Assets held for sale
Reclassification of realized loss on foreign currency translation to loss on sale of business(3)
(3) Net loss (gain) on sale of businesses
Subtotal reclassification of realized loss on foreign currency
Reclassification of net actuarial loss to valuation allowance within assets held for sale(2)
(24) Assets held for sale
Reclassification of net actuarial gain to loss on sale of business(3)
2 Net loss (gain) on sale of businesses
Subtotal reclassification of net actuarial loss
(22)
Income tax benefit - Income tax expense
Net of tax $ 328
The table below present further information about our reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income by component for the year ended December 31, 2022:
Year Ended December 31, 2022 Decrease (Increase)
in Net Income Affected Line Item in Consolidated Statement of Operations
(Dollars in millions)
Reclassification of realized loss on foreign currency translation to net loss on sale of businesses
$ 112 Net loss on sale of businesses
Income tax benefit - Income tax expense
Net of tax $ 112
(18) Other Financial Information
Other Current Assets
The following table presents details of other current assets reflected in our consolidated balance sheets:
As of December 31,
2023 2022(1)
(Dollars in millions)
Prepaid expenses $ 123 99
Contract fulfillment costs 50 44
Contract acquisition costs 40 42
Contract assets 6 10
Other 13 2
Total other current assets
$ 232 197
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(1)Excludes $56 million of other current assets related to the EMEA business sold on November 1, 2023 that were classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2022.
(19) Subsequent Event
On January 22, 2024, the Lumen, Level 3 Financing, Qwest and a group of creditors holding a majority of Lumen's consolidated debt (the "TSA Parties") amended and restated the transaction support agreement that we originally entered into with a subset of the TSA Parties on October 31, 2023 (as amended and restated, the "Transaction Support Agreement").
The Transaction Support Agreement defines the parties’ commitments to effect a series of transactions (the “TSA Transactions”) set forth in the term sheet attached thereto (the “Term Sheet”). Among other things and subject to the terms and conditions set forth therein, the Transaction Support Agreement, including the Term Sheet, contemplates:
•the incurrence by Level 3 Financing of $1.325 billion in new money long term senior secured first lien indebtedness, which indebtedness will be backstopped by certain of the consenting lenders;
•a new Lumen revolving credit facility in an amount expected to be approximately $1 billion;
•the extension of maturities, covenant modifications and rate increases of certain secured and unsecured indebtedness at Lumen and Level 3 Financing through a series of exchanges and other debt transactions with certain consenting lenders as set forth in the Term Sheet; and
•the repayment of certain indebtedness of the Company and Qwest.
The outside date for completion of the TSA Transactions under the Transaction Support Agreement is February 29, 2024, which Lumen may unilaterally extend at its discretion to March 31, 2024. The Company expects to consummate the TSA Transactions in the first quarter of 2024, subject to the satisfaction of remaining closing conditions.
Following consummation of the TSA Transactions, Level 3 Financing and our other affiliates may assess potential follow-on transactions with respect to non-participating creditors.
Additional information about the Transaction Support Agreement and the TSA Transactions is available in our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 25, 2024, and Exhibit 10.10 to this annual report.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”)) designed to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or furnish under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. These include controls and procedures designed to ensure this information is accumulated and communicated to our senior management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management, with the participation of our President and Chief Executive Officer, Kate Johnson, and our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Chris Stansbury, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2023. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded our disclosure controls and procedures were effective, as of December 31, 2023, in providing reasonable assurance the information required to be disclosed by us in this report was accumulated and communicated in the manner provided above.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Other than the implementation of controls over accounting and reporting for the completed divestiture of our EMEA business, there have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act) that occurred during the fourth quarter of 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Inherent Limitations of Internal Controls
The effectiveness of our or any system of disclosure controls and procedures is subject to certain limitations, including the exercise of judgment in designing, implementing and evaluating the controls and procedures, the assumptions used in identifying the likelihood of future events and the inability to eliminate misconduct completely. As a result, there can be no assurance that our disclosure controls and procedures will detect all errors or fraud. By their nature, our or any system of disclosure controls and procedures can provide only reasonable assurance regarding management's control objectives.
Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act), a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). Based on our evaluation under the framework of COSO, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023.
Management’s Report on the Consolidated Financial Statements
Management has prepared and is responsible for the integrity and objectivity of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023. The consolidated financial statements included in this report have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States and necessarily include amounts determined using our best judgments and estimates.
Our consolidated financial statements have been audited by KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, who have expressed an unqualified opinion on the consolidated financial statements. Their audit was conducted in accordance with standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States).

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Not applicable.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
We have omitted this information pursuant to General Instruction I.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
We have omitted this information pursuant to General Instruction I.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
We have omitted this information pursuant to General Instruction I.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
We have omitted this information pursuant to General Instruction I.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures
The Audit Committee of Lumen's Board of Directors is responsible for the appointment, compensation and oversight of the work of our independent registered public accounting firm. Under the Audit Committee's charter, the Audit Committee pre-approves all audit and permissible non-audit services provided by our independent registered public accounting firm. The approval may be given as part of the Audit Committee's approval of the scope of the engagement of our independent registered public accounting firm or on an individual basis. The pre-approval of non-audit services may be delegated to one or more of the Audit Committee's members, but the decision must be reported to the full Audit Committee. Our independent registered public accounting firm may not be retained to perform the non-audit services specified in Section 10A(g) of the Exchange Act.
Fees Paid to the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Level 3 Parent, LLC first engaged KPMG LLP to be our independent registered public accounting firm in 2002. The aggregate fees billed or allocated to us were $2.2 million and $2.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, for professional accounting services, including KPMG's audit of our annual consolidated financial statements.
Audit fees are fees billed for the year shown for professional services performed for the audit of the consolidated financial statements included in our Form 10-K filing for that year, the review of condensed consolidated financial statements included in our Form 10-Q filings made during that year, comfort letters, consents and assistance with and review of documents filed with the SEC. Audit fees for each year shown include amounts that have been billed through the date of this filing and any additional amounts that are expected to be billed thereafter.
The Audit Committee of Lumen Technologies, Inc. approved in advance all of the services performed by KPMG described above.
Part IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Exhibits identified in parentheses below are on file with the SEC and are incorporated herein by reference. All other exhibits are provided as part of this electronic submission.
Exhibit
Number Description
3.1 Certificate of Formation of Level 3 Parent, LLC (formerly named WWG Merger Sub LLC) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (file No. 001-35134) dated November 1, 2017).
3.2 Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Level 3 Parent, LLC, effective as of November 1, 2017 (formerly named WWG Merger Sub LLC) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (file No. 001-35134) dated November 1, 2017).
4.1(i)
Indenture, dated as of September 25, 2019, among Level 3 Parent, LLC, as Guarantor, Level 3 Financing, Inc., as Issuer, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee, relating to the 4.625% Senior Notes due 2027 of Level 3 Financing, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (file no. 001-35134) dated September 25, 2019).
4.1(ii)
First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 2, 2020, among Level 3 Parent, LLC, as guarantor, Level 3 Communications, LLC, as guarantor, Level 3 Financing, Inc., as issuer, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee, relating to Level 3 Communications, LLC’s unsecured guarantee of the 4.625% Senior Notes due 2027 of Level 3 Financing, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8(d)(i) to Lumen Technologies, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-07784) for the year ended December 31, 2020 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 25, 2021).
4.1(iii)
Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 2, 2020, among Level 3 Parent, LLC, as guarantor, Level 3 Communications, LLC, as guarantor, Level 3 Financing, Inc., as issuer, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee, relating to the subordination in any bankruptcy, liquidation or winding up proceeding of the guarantee by Level 3 Communications, LLC of the 4.625% Senior Notes due 2027 of Level 3 Financing, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8(d)(ii) to Lumen Technologies, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-07784) for the year ended December 31, 2020 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 25, 2021).
4.2(i)
Indenture, dated as of November 29, 2019, among Level 3 Parent, LLC and the other guarantors party thereto, Level 3 Financing, Inc., as Issuer, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee and Notes Collateral Agent, relating to the 3.400% Senior Secured Notes due 2027 of Level 3 Financing, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (file no. 001-35134) dated November 29, 2019).
4.2(ii)
Supplemental Indenture, dated as of April 15, 2020, among Level 3 Financing, Inc., as issuer, The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee, and Level 3 Parent, LLC and several of its subsidiaries, as guarantors, designating and outlining the terms and conditions of the secured guarantees of the 3.400% Senior Secured Notes due 2027 of Level 3 Financing, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8(e)(i) to Lumen Technologies, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-07784) for the year ended December 31, 2020 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 25, 2021).
4.2(iii)
Supplement, dated as of October 26, 2023, to the Supplemental Indenture dated as of April 15, 2020, among Level 3 Financing, Inc., as Issuer, The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee and Notes Collateral Agent, and Level 3 Parent, LLC and several of its subsidiaries, as guarantors, clarifying which subsidiaries are guarantors of the 3.400% Senior Secured Notes due 2027 of Level 3 Financing, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Level 3 Parent, LLC’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-35134) for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023).
4.2(iv)*
Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 29, 2023, among Level 3 Financing, Inc., on behalf of itself as issuer and certain specified existing guarantors, The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee and collateral agent, Level 3 Parent, LLC, as guarantor, and several subsidiaries thereof, designating such subsidiaries as additional guarantors of Level 3 Financing, Inc.’s 3.400% Senior Secured Notes due 2027.
4.3(i)
Indenture, dated as of November 29, 2019, among Level 3 Parent, LLC and the other guarantors party thereto, Level 3 Financing, Inc., as Issuer, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee and Notes Collateral Agent, relating to the 3.875% Senior Secured Notes due 2029 of Level 3 Financing, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (file no. 001-35134) dated November 29, 2019).
4.3(ii)
Supplemental Indenture, dated as of April 15, 2020, among Level 3 Financing, Inc., as issuer, The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee, and Level 3 Parent, LLC and several of its subsidiaries, as guarantors, designating and outlining the terms and conditions of the secured guarantees of the 3.875% Senior Secured Notes due 2029 of Level 3 Financing, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8(f)((i) to Lumen Technologies, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-07784) for the year ended December 31, 2020 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 25, 2021).
4.3(iii)
Supplement, dated as of October 26, 2023, to the Supplemental Indenture dated as of April 15, 2020, among Level 3 Financing, Inc., as Issuer, The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee and Notes Collateral Agent, and Level 3 Parent, LLC and several of its subsidiaries, as guarantors, clarifying which subsidiaries are guarantors of the 3.875% Senior Secured Notes due 2029 of Level 3 Financing, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Level 3 Parent, LLC’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-35134) for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023).
4.3(iv)*
Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 29, 2023, among Level 3 Financing, Inc., on behalf of itself as issuer and certain specified existing guarantors, The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee and collateral agent, Level 3 Parent, LLC, as guarantor, and several subsidiaries thereof, designating such subsidiaries as additional guarantors of Level 3 Financing, Inc.’s 3.875% Senior Secured Notes due 2029.
4.4(i)
Indenture, dated as of June 15, 2020, among Level 3 Parent, LLC, as Guarantor, Level 3 Financing, Inc., as Issuer, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee, relating to the 4.250% Senior Notes due 2028 of Level 3 Financing, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (file no. 001-35134) dated June 15, 2020).
4.4(ii)
First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 21, 2020, among Level 3 Parent LLC, as guarantor, Level 3 Communications, LLC, as guarantor, Level 3 Financing, Inc., as issuer, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee, relating to Level 3 Communications, LLC’s unsecured guarantee of the 4.250% Senior Notes due 2028 of Level 3 Financing, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8(g)(i) to Lumen Technologies, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-07784) for the year ended December 31, 2020 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 25, 2021).
4.4(iii)
Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 21, 2020, among Level 3 Parent LLC, as guarantor, Level 3 Communications, LLC, as guarantor, Level 3 Financing, Inc., as issuer, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee, relating to the subordination in any bankruptcy, liquidation or winding up proceeding of the guarantee by Level 3 Communications, LLC of the 4.250% Senior Notes due 2028 of Level 3 Financing, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8(g)(ii) to Lumen Technologies, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-07784) for the year ended December 31, 2020 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 25, 2021).
4.5(i)
Indenture, dated as of August 12, 2020, among Level 3 Parent, LLC, as Guarantor, Level 3 Financing, Inc., as Issuer, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee, relating to the 3.625% Senior Notes due 2029 of Level 3 Financing, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (file no. 001-35134) dated August 12, 2020).
4.5(ii)
First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 21, 2020, among Level 3 Parent LLC, as guarantor, Level 3 Communications, LLC, as guarantor, Level 3 Financing, Inc., as issuer, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee, relating to Level 3 Communications, LLC’s unsecured guarantee of the 3.625% Senior Notes due 2029 of Level 3 Financing, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8(h)(i) to Lumen Technologies, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-07784) for the year ended December 31, 2020 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 25, 2021).
4.5(iii)
Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 21, 2020, among Level 3 Parent LLC, as guarantor, Level 3 Communications, LLC, as guarantor, Level 3 Financing, Inc., as issuer, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee, relating to the subordination in any bankruptcy, liquidation or winding up proceeding of the guarantee by Level 3 Communications, LLC of the 3.625% Senior Notes due 2029 of Level 3 Financing, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8(h)(ii) to Lumen Technologies, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-07784) for the year ended December 31, 2020 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 25, 2021).
4.6(i)
Indenture, dated as of January 13, 2021, among Level 3 Parent, LLC, as Guarantor, Level 3 Financing, Inc., as Issuer, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee, relating to the 3.750% Sustainability-Linked Senior Notes due 2029 of Level 3 Financing, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (file no. 001-35134) dated January 13, 2021).
4.6(ii)
First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 7, 2021, among Level 3 Parent, LLC, as guarantor, Level 3 Communications, LLC, as guarantor, Level 3 Financing, Inc., as issuer, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee, designating and outlining the terms and conditions of Level 3 Communications, LLC’s unsecured guarantee of the 3.750% Sustainability-Linked Senior Notes due 2029 of Level 3 Financing, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8.2 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 (File No. 001-35134) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 24, 2022).
4.6(iii)
Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 7, 2021, among Level 3 Parent, LLC, as guarantor, Level 3 Communications, LLC, as guarantor, Level 3 Financing, Inc., as issuer, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee, relating to the subordination in any bankruptcy, liquidation or winding up proceeding of the guarantee by Level 3 Communications, LLC of the 3.750% Sustainability-Linked Senior Notes due 2029 of Level 3 Financing, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8.3 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 (File No. 001-35134) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 24, 2022).
4.7(i)
Indenture dated March 31, 2023, among Level 3 Financing, Inc., as Issuer, Level 3 Parent, LLC, as Guarantor, the subsidiary guarantors party thereto, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, as Trustee and Note Collateral Agent, designating and outlining the terms and conditions of Level 3 Financing, Inc.’s 10.500% Senior Secured Notes due 2030 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Level 3 Parent, LLC’s Current Report on Form 8 K (File No. 001-35134) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 31, 2023).
4.7(ii)
Supplemental Indenture, dated as of October 23, 2023, among Level 3 Financing, Inc., as Issuer, The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee and Notes Collateral Agent, and Level 3 Parent, LLC and several of its subsidiaries, as guarantors, designating and outlining the terms and conditions of certain specified secured guarantees of the 10.500% Senior Secured Notes due 2030 of Level 3 Financing, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Level 3 Parent, LLC’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-35134) for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023).
4.7(iii)*
Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 29, 2023, among Level 3 Financing, Inc., on behalf of itself as issuer and certain specified existing guarantors, The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee and collateral agent, Level 3 Parent, LLC, as guarantor, and several subsidiaries thereof, designating such subsidiaries as additional guarantors of Level 3 Financing, Inc.’s 10.500% Senior Secured Notes due 2030.
10.1 Credit Agreement, dated as of March 13, 2007, among Level 3 Communications, Inc., Level 3 Financing, Inc. and Merrill Lynch Capital Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (file no. 000-15658) dated March 16, 2007).
10.2 Guarantee Agreement, dated as of March 13, 2007, among Level 3 Communications, Inc., the Subsidiaries of Level 3 Communications, Inc. and Merrill Lynch Capital Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (file no. 000-15658) dated March 16, 2007).
10.3 Collateral Agreement, dated as of March 13, 2007, among Level 3 Communications, Inc., Level 3 Financing, Inc., the Subsidiaries of Level 3 Communications, Inc. and Merrill Lynch Capital Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (file no. 000-15658) dated March 16, 2007).
10.4 Indemnity, Subrogation and Contribution Agreement, dated as of March 13, 2007, among Level 3 Communications, Inc., Level 3 Financing, Inc., the Subsidiaries of Level 3 Communications, Inc. and Merrill Lynch Capital Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (file no. 000-15658) dated March 16, 2007).
10.5 Omnibus Offering Proceeds Note Subordination Agreement, dated as of March 13, 2007, among Level 3 Communications, Inc., Level 3 Financing, Inc., Level 3 Communications, LLC and the Subsidiaries party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (file no. 000-15658) dated March 16, 2007).
10.6 Supplement No. 1 to Omnibus Offering Proceeds Note Subordination Agreement, dated as of March 13, 2007, among Level 3 Communications, Inc., Level 3 Communications, LLC, Level 3 Financing, Inc. and the Subsidiaries party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (file no. 000-15658) dated March 16, 2007).
10.7 Amended and Restated Loan Proceeds Note Collateral Agreement, dated as of March 13, 2007, as amended and restated as of April 16, 2009, among Level 3 Financing, Inc., Level 3 Communications, LLC and Merrill Lynch Capital Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (file no. 000-15658) dated April 17, 2009).
10.8 Thirteenth Amendment Agreement to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of November 29, 2019, among Level 3 Parent, LLC, Level 3 Financing, Inc., the Lenders party thereto and Merrill Lynch Capital Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (file no. 001-35134) dated November 29, 2019).
10.9 Assumption Agreement, dated as of November 1, 2017, between Level 3 Parents, LLC (f/k/a WWG Merger Sub LLC) and Merrill Lynch Capital Corporation, as administrative agent and collateral agent, with respect to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, amended as of February 22, 2017, among Level 3 Communications, Inc., Level 3 Financing, Inc., as borrower, the lenders party thereto and Merrill Lynch Capital Corporation, as administrative agent and collateral agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.9 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (file no. 001-35134) dated November 1, 2017).
10.10 Amended and Restated Transaction Support Agreement by and among Lumen Technologies, Inc., Level 3 Financing, Inc., Qwest Corporation, and the Consenting Parties identified therein, dated January 22, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Level 3 Parent, LLC’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-35134) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 25, 2024).
31.1* Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2* Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1* Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2* Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101* The following materials from the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Level 3 Parent, LLC for the year ended December 31, 2023, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Consolidated Statements of Operations, (ii) Consolidated Statements Of Comprehensive (Loss) Income, (iii) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, (v) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Member's Equity and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
104* Cover page formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101.
_______________________________________________________________________________
* Exhibit filed herewith.