EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1645873
Filing Year: 2021
Filename: 1645873_10-K_2021_0001645873-21-000080.json

---

ITEM 1. BUSINESS
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Overview
Modiv is a Maryland corporation, incorporated on May 14, 2015, that elected to be treated as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes beginning with its taxable year ended December 31, 2016 and intends to continue to qualify to be taxed as a REIT. Modiv is a pioneer in the direct-to-consumer commercial real estate product industry, having created one of the largest non-listed REITs to raise capital via crowd funding technology. Modiv is a company that leads with an innovative, investor-first focus designed to increase access to non-listed commercial real estate products and to reduce the costs of owning those products. Additionally, Modiv continuously strives to have best-in-class corporate governance and has assembled distinguished executives, with decades of institutional real estate industry experience, on both its board of directors and executive management team. In 2021, the Company will continue to seek opportunities to be an aggregator within the non-listed real estate product industry, utilizing the combination of its deep understanding of both the crowd funding and real estate markets and the strength of its stockholder-owned, self-managed business model. The Company plans to invest in a diversified portfolio of real estate and real estate-related investments.
Modiv was originally incorporated under the name Rich Uncles Real Estate Investment Trust, Inc., and changed its name on October 19, 2015 to Rich Uncles NNN REIT, Inc., changed its name again on August 14, 2017 to RW Holdings NNN REIT, Inc. and again to Modiv Inc. on January 22, 2021. As used herein, the terms “Modiv,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” refer to Modiv Inc. and, as required by context, Modiv Operating Partnership, LP (formerly known as RW Holdings NNN REIT Operating Partnership, LP and Rich Uncles NNN Operating Partnership, LP), a Delaware limited partnership (our “Operating Partnership” or “Modiv OP”), and Katana Merger Sub, LP, a Delaware limited partnership and wholly-owned subsidiary of Modiv (“Merger Sub”), and their subsidiaries. Merger Sub was merged into Modiv OP on December 31, 2020, resulting in all of the Company's real estate properties being owned by Modiv OP.
Since December 31, 2019, the Company has been internally managed following its December 31, 2019 acquisition of the business of BrixInvest, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and the Company’s former sponsor (“BrixInvest” or the “Former Sponsor”), and the Company’s merger with Rich Uncles Real Estate Investment Trust I (“REIT I”) as further described below. During 2020, the Company acquired the intellectual property of buildingbits.com (“BuildingBITs”), an innovative online real estate crowd funding platform, and the REITless investment platform (“REITless”), an online investment platform for commercial real estate investment offerings. As of December 31, 2020, Modiv’s publicly registered, non-listed portfolio consisted of (i) 40 commercial real estate properties (including four properties held for sale) in 14 states including 15 retail properties, 14 office properties and 11 industrial properties, (ii) one parcel of land, which currently serves as an easement to one of the Company’s office properties and (iii) a 72.7% tenant-in-common interest in an office property in Santa Clara, California, with more than 2.3 million square feet of aggregate leasable space.
To further our mission of being the leading provider of alternative real estate-related products, and to capitalize on the current opportunity in today’s public marketplace, we are sponsoring Modiv Acquisition Corp. (“MACS”), a special purpose acquisition company (“SPAC”). Modiv Venture Fund, LLC (“MVF”), an indirect subsidiary of Modiv TRS, LLC, our taxable REIT subsidiary, is the sponsor of MACS. MVF formed MACS on January 15, 2021 with the intention of completing an initial public offering (“IPO”) of MACS as a SPAC. On January 29, 2021, MVF subscribed for 2,875,000 shares of common stock of MACS for $25,000, with 375,000 shares being cancellable if the underwriters’ over-allotment option is not exercised, which will result in MVF owning 20% of MACS upon completion of the IPO.
MACS publicly filed its registration statement on Form S-1 with the SEC on March 24, 2021 and plans to raise $100,000,000, or $115,000,000 if the over-allotment option is exercised, in its IPO. In connection with the public filing of the Form S-1, MVF deposited $4,500,000 in escrow with the attorneys for MACS. The $4,500,000 will be released from escrow upon completion of the IPO and used to purchase 9,000,000 warrants to purchase additional shares of MACS. Each warrant has the right to purchase 0.5 share of MACS common stock and can be exercised at a strike price of $11.50 per share.
MACS was formed for the purpose of entering into a business combination with one or more businesses or entities, and intends to focus on targets located in North America that are focused on fintech and proptech, with a focus on companies whose core purpose is related to the real estate industry. Within those parameters, MACS intends to pursue a business combination with companies that use technology driven platforms and solutions to disrupt or revolutionize the real estate capital markets, transactional marketplaces and investment management industry.
There is no assurance that our SPAC will be successful in raising capital in its IPO or in completing a business combination, or that any business combination will be successful. We can lose our entire investment in the SPAC if a business combination is not completed within 24 months of the SPAC's IPO or if the business combination is not successful, which may adversely impact our stockholder value.
To date, we have invested primarily in single tenant, income-producing properties, leased to creditworthy tenants under long-term net leases. Although we are not limited as to the form our investments may take, our investments in real estate will primarily constitute acquiring fee title or interests in entities that own and operate real estate. We will make acquisitions of our real estate investments directly through our Operating Partnership or indirectly through limited liability companies or limited partnerships, including through other REITs, or through investments in joint ventures, partnerships, tenants-in-common, co-tenancies or other co-ownership arrangements with other owners of properties. We also plan to continue to invest in fintech and crowd funding businesses similar to our investments in REITless and BuildingBits.
We consider our Company to be a perpetual-life investment vehicle because we have no finite date for liquidation. While our charter does not require us to list the shares of our common stock for trading on a national securities exchange or other over-the-counter trading market, we may consider such a listing in the future if we determine it is in the best interest of our stockholders. This perpetual-life structure is aligned with our overall objective of investing in real estate and real estate-related assets with a long-term view towards making regular cash distributions and generating capital appreciation.
We conduct our business substantially through our Operating Partnership, of which we are the sole general partner. Until December 31, 2019, our business was externally managed by Rich Uncles NNN REIT Operator, LLC (our “Former Advisor”), a formerly wholly-owned subsidiary of BrixInvest. Our Former Advisor managed our operations and our portfolio of core real estate properties and real estate-related assets and provided asset management and other administrative services pursuant to our second amended and restated advisory agreement (the “Advisory Agreement”) with our Former Advisor. BrixInvest also served as the sponsor and advisor for REIT I through December 31, 2019 and for BRIX REIT, Inc. (“BRIX REIT”) through October 28, 2019. Pursuant to the Advisory Agreement, our Former Advisor was paid certain fees through December 31, 2019 as set forth in Note 10. Commitments and Contingencies to our consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
On December 31, 2019, pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger dated September 19, 2019 (the “Merger Agreement”), REIT I merged with and into Merger Sub, with Merger Sub surviving as a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (the “Merger”). At such time, the separate existence of REIT I ceased. In addition, on December 31, 2019, a self-management transaction was completed, whereby the Company, Modiv OP, BrixInvest and Daisho OP Holdings, LLC, a formerly wholly-owned subsidiary of BrixInvest (“Daisho”), effectuated a Contribution Agreement dated September 19, 2019 (the “Contribution Agreement”) pursuant to which the Company acquired substantially all of the assets of BrixInvest in exchange for 657,949.5 units of Class M limited partnership interest (the “Class M OP Units”) in Modiv OP (the “Self-Management Transaction”). As a result of the completion of the Merger and the Self-Management Transaction, the Company became self-managed. For a more detailed discussion of the Merger and the Self-Management Transaction, please see the Completion of the Merger and the Self-Management Transaction and Amendments to Operating Partnership Agreement sections below.
On February 1, 2021, we effected a 1:3 reverse stock split of our Class C common stock and Class S common stock and, following the implementation of the reverse stock split, decreased the par value of each share of our Class C common stock and Class S common stock to $0.001 per share from $0.003 per share. We have reflected the effect of the reverse stock split in this Annual Report on Form 10-K as if it had occurred at the beginning of the earliest period presented.
Under our charter, we have the authority to issue 450,000,000 shares of stock, consisting of 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share, 300,000,000 shares of Class C common stock, $0.001 par value per share, and 100,000,000 shares of Class S common stock, $0.001 par value per share. On June 24, 2015, BrixInvest purchased 3,333.3 shares (adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) of our Class C common stock for $100,000 and became our initial stockholder. On December 31, 2015, BrixInvest purchased another 3,333.3 shares (adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) of our Class C common stock for $100,000 for total holdings of 6,666.7 shares (adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) of Class C common stock as of December 31, 2015. Upon completing the Self-Management Transaction, BrixInvest’s remaining 3,580 shares (adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) of our Class C common stock held as of the date of the Self-Management Transaction were canceled.
On July 15, 2015, we filed a registration statement on Form S-11 with the SEC to register an initial public offering of a maximum of $900,000,000 in shares of common stock for sale to the public (the “Primary Offering”). We also registered a maximum of $100,000,000 of common stock pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan (the “Initial DRP Offering” and, together with the Primary Offering, the “Initial Registered Offering”). The SEC declared our registration statement effective on June 1, 2016 and, on July 20, 2016, we began offering shares of common stock to the public. Pursuant to the Initial Registered Offering, we sold shares of our Class C common stock directly to investors, with a minimum investment of $500. Commencing in August 2017, we began selling shares of Class C common stock to U.S. persons only, as defined under Rule 903 promulgated under the Securities Act, and began selling shares of Class S common stock as a result of the commencement of the Class S Offering (as defined below) to non-U.S. Persons, as discussed below.
On August 11, 2017, we began offering up to 33,333,333 shares (adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) of Class S common stock exclusively to non-U.S. Persons as defined under Rule 903 promulgated under the Securities Act, pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act, and in accordance with Regulation S of the Securities Act (the “Class S Offering” and, together with the Registered Offerings (as defined below), the “Offerings”). The Class S common stock has similar features and rights as the Class C common stock, including with respect to voting and liquidation, except that the Class S common stock offered in the Class S Offering may be sold only to non-U.S. Persons and may be sold through brokers or other persons who may be paid upfront and deferred selling commissions and fees.
On December 23, 2019, we commenced a follow-on offering pursuant to a new registration statement on Form S-11 (File No. 333-231724) (the “Follow-on Offering” and, together with the Initial Registered Offering and the 2021 DRP Offering (as defined below), the “Registered Offerings”), which registered the offer and sale of up to $800,000,000 in share value of Class C common stock, including $725,000,000 in share value of Class C common stock pursuant to the primary portion of the Follow-on Offering and $75,000,000 in share value of Class C common stock pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan. In connection with our entry into the Merger Agreement on September 19, 2019, as further described below, our board of directors temporarily suspended our Offerings, as well as our distribution reinvestment plan for the Class C common stock and our dividend reinvestment plan for the Class S common stock (collectively, the “DRPs”) and our share repurchase programs for Class C common stock and Class S common stock (collectively, the “SRPs”). On December 26, 2019, our board of directors approved the reinstatement of the DRPs effective as of December 26, 2019, and the reopening of the Follow-on Offering and the SRPs effective January 2, 2020. Commencing December 26, 2019, participants in the DRPs had their distributions reinvested in accordance with the terms of the DRPs and repurchase requests submitted on or after January 2, 2020 have been processed in accordance with the terms of the SRPs.
In response to the significant economic impacts of the novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”) pandemic, effective as of the close of business on May 7, 2020, our board of directors temporarily suspended the primary portion of our Follow-on Offering and Class S Offering until such time as the board of directors approved and established an updated estimated net asset value (“NAV”) per share of our common stock and determined to resume such primary offerings. On May 20, 2020, our board of directors approved and established an updated estimated NAV per share of our common stock as of April 30, 2020 of $21.01 (unaudited and adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) from $30.81 (unaudited and adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) as of December 31, 2019 to reflect the valuation of our real estate assets, debt and other assets and liabilities as of April 30, 2020.
Commencing on June 1, 2020, our board of directors resumed the primary portions of the Follow-on Offering and the Class S Offering. The purchase price per share in the primary portion of the Follow-on Offering was decreased from $30.81 (unaudited and adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) to $21.01 (unaudited and adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split), and the purchase price per share in the primary portion of the Class S Offering was decreased to $21.01 plus the amount of any applicable upfront commissions and fees. The NAV per share used for purposes of future repurchases pursuant to the SRPs was also decreased from $30.81 (unaudited and adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) to $21.01 (unaudited and adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split).
On January 22, 2021, with the authorization of our board of directors, we amended and restated our DRP with respect to our shares of Class C common stock in order to reflect our corporate name change and to remove the ability of our stockholders to elect to reinvest only a portion of their cash distributions in shares through the DRP so that investors who elect to participate in the amended and restated DRP must reinvest all cash distributions in shares. In addition, the amended and restated DRP provides for determinations by our board of directors of the NAV per share more frequently than annually. The amended and restated DRP was effective with respect to distributions that were paid in February 2021.
On January 22, 2021, we filed a registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-252321) to register a maximum of $100,000,000 of additional shares of Class C common stock to be issued pursuant to the amended and restated DRP (the “2021 DRP Offering” and, collectively with the Initial DRP Offering, the “Registered DRP Offering”). We commenced offering shares of Class C common stock pursuant to the 2021 DRP Offering upon termination of the Follow-on Offering, as discussed below.
Effective January 27, 2021, with the approval of the board of directors, we terminated our Follow-on Offering. In connection with the termination of the Follow-on Offering, we stopped accepting investor subscriptions on January 22, 2021.
On January 27, 2021, our board of directors approved and established an updated NAV per share of our Class C common stock and Class S common stock of $23.03 (unaudited and adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) as of December 31, 2020. Additional information on the determination of our updated estimated NAV per share, including the process used to determine our estimated NAV per share, can be found in our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on January 29, 2021.
Effective January 31, 2021, we and North Capital Private Securities Corporation (“NCPS”) terminated their Dealer Manager Agreement, dated January 2, 2020, pursuant to which NCPS had agreed to act as dealer manager in connection with the Follow-on Offering. Effective January 31, 2021, with the authorization of our board of directors, we entered into a new Dealer Manager Agreement with NCPS pursuant to which NCPS has agreed to act as dealer manager in connection with investments in us by accredited investors.
On February 1, 2021, with the authorization of our board of directors, we amended and restated our Class C common stock share repurchase program (the “Class C SRP”) in order to (i) revise the minimum holding period before a stockholder may participate in the Class C SRP from 90 days to six months, (ii) revise the limitations on the share repurchase price so that shares held for less than two years will be repurchased at 98% of the most recently published NAV per share and shares held for at least two years will be repurchased at 100% of the most recently published NAV per share (as opposed to a repurchase price of 97% of the most recently published NAV per share for shares held less than one year, 98% of the most recently published NAV per share for shares held for more than one year but less than two years, 99% of the most recently published NAV per share for shares held for more than two years but less than three years, and 100% of the most recently published NAV per share for shares held for at least three years), (iii) increase the minimum share value (based on the most recently published NAV per share) at which we have the right to repurchase all of a stockholder’s shares, if as a result of a repurchase request a stockholder holds less than the minimum share value, from $500 to $1,000, and (iv) include language that provides that the Class C SRP will automatically terminate if our shares of common stock are listed on any national securities exchange. The minimum holding period before a stockholder may participate in the Class C SRP for shares purchased prior to February 1, 2021 will remain at 90 days.
With the authorization of our board of directors, we also amended and restated our Class S common stock share repurchase program (the “Class S SRP”) on February 1, 2021 in order to (i) allow us to waive the minimum one year holding period before a holder of Class S shares may participate in the Class S SRP in the event of extraordinary circumstances which would place undue hardship on a stockholder, (ii) increase the minimum Class S share value (based on the most recently published NAV per Class S share) at which we have the right to repurchase all of a stockholder’s shares, if as a result of a repurchase request a stockholder holds less than the minimum Class S share value, from $500 to $1,000, and (iii) include language that provides that the Class S SRP will automatically terminate if our shares of common stock are listed on any national securities exchange.
Through December 31, 2020, we had sold 6,627,934 shares (adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) of Class C common stock in the Offerings, including 790,479 shares (adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) of Class C common stock sold under the DRP applicable to Class C common stock, for aggregate gross offering proceeds of $197,527,817, and 63,711 shares (adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) of Class S common stock in the Class S Offering, including 2,056 shares (adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) of Class S common stock sold under our DRP applicable to Class S common stock, for aggregate gross offering proceeds of $1,932,065.
We intend to continue to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. If we continue to meet the qualification requirements for taxation as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the income that we distribute to our stockholders each year. If we fail to maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT in any year, our income will be taxed at regular corporate rates, and we may be precluded from qualifying for taxation as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which we failed to qualify. Such an event could materially and adversely affect our net income and cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
Completion of the Merger and the Self-Management Transaction
Merger
On September 19, 2019, we, the Operating Partnership, REIT I and Merger Sub entered into the Merger Agreement.
Our stockholders approved the Merger contemplated by the Merger Agreement at our Annual Meeting of Stockholders held on December 17, 2019 (the “Annual Meeting”). The shareholders of REIT I approved the Merger contemplated by the Merger Agreement at REIT I’s Special Meeting of Shareholders, also held on December 17, 2019. On December 31, 2019, REIT I merged with and into Merger Sub, with Merger Sub surviving as our direct, wholly-owned subsidiary. At such time, the separate existence of REIT I ceased.
At the effective time of the Merger, each REIT I common share (the “REIT I Common Shares”) issued and outstanding immediately prior to the effective time of the Merger (other than REIT I Common Shares we owned or any REIT I Common Shares wholly owned by our subsidiary) was automatically canceled and retired, and converted into the right to receive one share of Class C common stock, with any fractional REIT I Common Shares converted into a corresponding number of fractional shares of Class C common stock. As a result, the Company issued 2,680,740.5 shares (adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) of its Class C common stock to shareholders of REIT I on December 31, 2019. Shareholders of REIT I who were enrolled in REIT I’s distribution reinvestment plan were automatically enrolled in our DRP, unless such shareholder withdrew their participation in our DRP.
The Merger is intended to qualify as a “reorganization” under, and within the meaning of, Section 368(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Internal Revenue Code”).
Self-Management Transaction
To effect the Self-Management Transaction, on September 19, 2019, we, the Operating Partnership, BrixInvest and Daisho entered into the Contribution Agreement pursuant to which we agreed to acquire substantially all of the assets of BrixInvest in exchange for 657,949.5 Class M OP Units in the Operating Partnership and assume certain liabilities. On December 31, 2019, the Self-Management Transaction was completed.
Prior to the closing of the Self-Management Transaction: (i) substantially all of BrixInvest’s assets and liabilities were contributed to Daisho’s wholly-owned subsidiary, modiv, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“modiv, LLC”); and (ii) BrixInvest spun off Daisho to the BrixInvest members (the “Spin Off”). Pursuant to the Self-Management Transaction, Daisho contributed to the Operating Partnership all of the membership interests in modiv, LLC in exchange for the Class M OP Units. As a result of these transactions and the Self-Management Transaction, BrixInvest, through its subsidiary, Daisho, transferred all of its operating assets, including but not limited to: (i) all personal property used in or necessary for the conduct of BrixInvest’s business; (ii) intellectual property, goodwill, licenses and sublicenses granted and obtained with respect thereto and certain domain names; (iii) all continuing employees; and (iv) certain other assets and liabilities, to modiv, LLC and distributed 100% of the ownership interests in Daisho to the members of BrixInvest in the Spin Off.
BrixInvest had been engaged in the business of serving as the sponsor platform supporting the operations of our Company, REIT I and, prior to October 28, 2019, BRIX REIT, including serving, directly or indirectly, as advisor and property manager to our Company, REIT I and, until October 28, 2019, BRIX REIT.
As a result of the Merger and the Self-Management Transaction, effective December 31, 2019, we, our Former Advisor and BrixInvest, which wholly owned our Former Advisor, mutually agreed to terminate the Advisory Agreement, and the Company became self-managed. Accordingly, disclosures with regard to the Advisory Agreement elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K pertain only to transactions with our Former Advisor through December 31, 2019.
Amendments to Operating Partnership Agreement
On December 31, 2019, we, the Operating Partnership and Rich Uncles NNN LP, LLC (“NNN LP”) entered into the Second Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership (the “Amended OP Agreement”), which amended the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Operating Partnership dated August 11, 2017. The amendments included, among other things, amending the name of the Operating Partnership from “Rich Uncles NNN Operating Partnership, LP” to “RW Holdings NNN REIT Operating Partnership, LP” and providing the terms of the Class M OP Units issued in the Self-Management Transaction and the terms of the units of Class P limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership (the “Class P OP Units”) described below.
The Class M OP Units are non-voting, non-dividend accruing, and were not able to be transferred or exchanged prior to the one-year anniversary of the completion of the Self-Management Transaction. Following the one-year anniversary of the completion of the Self-Management Transaction, the Class M OP Units are convertible into units of Class C limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership (“Class C OP Units”) at a conversion rate of 1.6667 Class C OP Units (adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) for each one Class M OP Unit, subject to a reduction in the conversion ratio (which reduction may vary depending upon the amount of time held) if the exchange occurs prior to the four-year anniversary of the completion of the Self-Management Transaction.
The Class M OP Units are eligible for an increase in the conversion ratio if our Company achieves both of the targets for assets under management (“AUM”) and adjusted funds from operations (“AFFO”) in a given year as set forth below and as adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split:
Hurdles
AUM AFFO Per Share Class M
($) ($)(1) Conversion Ratio (1)
Initial Conversion Ratio 1:1.6667
Fiscal Year 2021 $ 860,000,000 $ 1.770 1:1.9167
Fiscal Year 2022 $ 1,175,000,000 $ 1.950 1:2.5000
Fiscal Year 2023 $ 1,551,000,000 $ 2.100 1:3.0000
(1) Adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split.
The Class P OP Units are intended to be treated as “profits interests” in the Operating Partnership, which are non-voting, non-dividend accruing, and are not able to be transferred or exchanged prior to the earlier of (1) March 31, 2024, (2) a change of control (as defined in the Amended OP Agreement), or (3) the date of the employee’s involuntary termination (as defined in the relevant award agreement for the Class P OP Units) (collectively, the “Lockup Period”). Following the expiration of the Lockup Period, the Class P OP Units are convertible into Class C OP Units at a conversion ratio of 1.6667 Class C OP Units (adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) for each one Class P OP Unit; provided, however, that the foregoing conversion ratio shall be subject to increase on generally the same terms and conditions as the Class M OP Units, as set forth above.
Under the Amended OP Agreement, the Class C OP Units will continue to be exchangeable for cash or our shares of Class C common stock on a one for one basis, as determined by our Company.
On February 1, 2021, the Company, the Operating Partnership and the limited partners of the Operating Partnership entered into the Third Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership, which further amended the Amended OP Agreement dated December 31, 2019. The amendments included amending the name of the Operating Partnership from “RW Holdings NNN REIT Operating Partnership, LP” to “Modiv Operating Partnership, LP” and providing the terms of the units of Class R limited partnership interest (the “Class R OP Units”) granted to employees as further described in Note 11 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Registration Rights Agreement
On December 31, 2019, we, the Operating Partnership and Daisho entered into a Registration Rights Agreement pursuant to which Daisho (or any successor holder) has the right, after one year from the date of the Self-Management Transaction, to request that we register for resale under the Securities Act shares of our Class C common stock issued or issuable to such holder in exchange for the Class C OP Units as described above.
Investment Objectives and Strategies
Overview
We expect to use substantially all of the net proceeds from our offerings to acquire and manage a diversified portfolio of real estate and real estate-related investments. We plan to diversify our portfolio by geography, investment size, investment risk, tenant and lease term with the goal of acquiring a portfolio of income-producing real estate investments that provides attractive and stable returns to our stockholders. Our investment objectives and policies may be amended or changed at any time by our board of directors. Although we have no plans at this time to change any of our investment objectives, our board of directors may change any and all such investment objectives if it believes such changes are in the best interests of our stockholders. We intend to notify our stockholders of any change to our investment policies by disclosing such changes in a public filing, as appropriate. There can be no assurance that our policies or investment objectives will be attained or that the value of our common stock will not decrease.
Primary Investment Objectives
Our primary investment objectives are:
•to provide our stockholders with attractive and regular cash distributions;
•to preserve and return stockholder capital contributions;
•to realize appreciation in NAV from proactive investment selection and management;
•to provide future opportunities for growth and value creation; and
•to provide an investment alternative for stockholders seeking to allocate a portion of their long-term investment portfolios to commercial real estate with lower volatility than public real estate companies.
We will also seek to realize growth in the value of our investment by acquiring our target investments at attractive pricing and timing the sale of our properties to maximize asset value.
While purchases of our properties will be funded with funds received from the proceeds of our offerings, we anticipate incurring mortgage debt (not to exceed 55% of the total value of all of our properties) against individual properties and/or pools of individual properties and pledging such properties as security for that debt to obtain funds to acquire additional properties.
Investment Strategy
Commercial Real Estate
We will seek to primarily acquire a diversified portfolio of income-generating commercial real estate investments throughout the United States diversified by corporate credit, physical geography, product type, and lease duration. These may include multifamily, retail, office, hotel and industrial assets, as well as others, including, without limitation, healthcare, student housing, senior living, data centers, manufactured housing and storage properties. Although we have no current intention to do so, we may also invest in commercial real estate properties outside the United States. We intend to acquire assets consistent with our acquisition philosophy by focusing primarily on properties located in primary, secondary and certain select tertiary markets and leased to tenants, at the time we acquire them, with strong financial statements, including investment grade credit quality, and typically subject to long-term leases with defined rental rate increases. We may also acquire assets that require some amount of capital investment in order to be renovated or repositioned. We generally will limit investment in new developments on a standalone basis, but may consider development that is ancillary to an overall investment. We do not designate specific geography or sector allocations for the portfolio; rather we intend to invest in regions or asset classes where we see the best opportunities that support our investment objectives.
To a lesser extent, we may also invest in real estate debt and equity securities and other real estate-related investments to provide current income, portfolio diversification and a source of liquidity for our SRPs, cash management and other purposes.
Other Non-Listed REITs and Real Estate Products or Managers
We believe there will be opportunities to acquire other non-listed REITs and real estate products or managers given the current fragmented nature of the industry. There are many smaller non-listed REITs that have not been able to raise sufficient capital to grow their investment portfolio and provide liquidity to their stockholders. Given their limited alternatives, some of these non-listed REITs may be receptive to potential acquisitions by us. There are also other non-listed real estate products and managers that face similar challenges and may also be receptive to potential acquisitions by us.
Fintech and Proptech Commercial Real Estate Capital Markets & Investment Management
We will also seek to make real estate-related investments in fintech and proptech sectors that enhance real estate capital markets. Within the fintech and proptech sectors, which have garnered significant investment interest in today’s marketplace, we intend to focus on those companies whose core purpose is related to the commercial real estate industry, particularly companies using technology driven platforms and solutions to disrupt or revolutionize the commercial real estate capital markets as well as investment management firms or companies tied to transactional marketplace processes of the industry. We believe these sectors are attractive for multiple reasons:
Large Addressable Commercial Real Estate Market Opportunity. Professionally managed commercial real estate investment represents a significant segment of the global economy, estimated at $9.6 trillion in 2019. Despite the scale of the industry opportunity, commercial real estate has been slower to accept technological change and innovation than almost any other major asset class. We believe this slow adaptation by the industry leaves significant growth potential for technology-driven companies to disrupt the sector and replace its luddite incumbents.
Accelerating Proptech Market Growth. The total global investment in proptech businesses has grown substantially in the recent past, with approximately $66 billion invested in proptech since 2010, of which approximately $63 billion has been invested since 2015 and approximately $43 billion since 2018. We expect this growth to continue over the years to come, given the increased rates of technology adoption we are seeing in the real estate industry.
Accelerating Pace of Technological Innovation. Real estate technology is penetrating the commercial real estate asset class, driving innovation across capital raising, investment management, transactions, and work processes, while also disrupting the middle-man and external-manager heavy laden businesses that currently dominate the real estate industry. We further believe that the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the real estate industry have accelerated the adoption of technology, which we expect will have lasting, transformational effects on the real estate industry.
Crowd Funding
Within the fintech and proptech sectors, we expect crowd funding platforms to be a potential area of focus given our management team’s experience, expertise and operational skills in the crowd funding industry. We define the crowd funding sector as those U.S.-based companies which use an online platform to raise pools of equity or debt capital directly from investors to acquire or lend against a certain asset or company, whether the asset or company be real estate-related or another alternative asset class.
We will seek to provide our stockholders the following benefits:
•a cohesive management team experienced in all aspects of real estate investment with a track record of acquiring and managing a diversified portfolio of real estate properties;
•stable cash flow backed by a portfolio of single tenant net leased real estate assets;
•contractual rental rate increases enabling higher potential distributions and a hedge against inflation;
•insulation from short-term economic cycles resulting from the long-term nature of the tenant leases;
•enhanced stability resulting from strong credit characteristics of tenants; and
•portfolio stability promoted through geographic and product type investment diversification.
There can be no assurance that any of the properties we acquire will result in the benefits discussed above. See Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks Related to Investments in Single Tenant Real Estate.
General Acquisition and Investment Policies
We seek to make investments that satisfy the primary investment objective of providing regular cash distributions to our stockholders. In addition, because a significant factor in the valuation of income-producing real property is its potential for future appreciation, we anticipate that some properties we acquire may have the potential both for appreciation in value and for providing regular cash distributions to our stockholders.
Although this is our current focus, we may make adjustments to our target portfolio based on real estate market conditions and investment opportunities. We will not forgo an investment opportunity because it does not precisely fit our expected portfolio composition. We believe that we are most likely to meet our investment objectives through the careful selection of assets. When making an acquisition, we will emphasize the performance and risk characteristics of that investment, how that investment will fit with our portfolio-level performance objectives, the other assets in our portfolio and how the returns and risks of that investment compare to the returns and risks of available investment alternatives. Thus, our portfolio composition may vary from what we initially expect. We will attempt to construct a portfolio that produces stable and attractive returns by spreading risk across different real estate investments.
Our management has substantial discretion with respect to the selection of specific properties. However, acquisition parameters have been established by our board of directors. In selecting a potential property for acquisition, we consider a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the following:
•tenant creditworthiness;
•lease terms, including length of lease term, scope of landlord responsibilities, if any, and frequency of contractual rental increases;
•projected demand in the area;
•a property’s geographic location and type;
•proposed purchase price, terms and conditions;
•historical financial performance;
•a property’s physical location, visibility, curb appeal and access;
•construction quality and condition;
•potential for capital appreciation;
•demographics of the area, neighborhood growth patterns, economic conditions, and local market conditions;
•potential capital reserves required to maintain the property;
•potential for the construction of new properties in the area;
•evaluation of title and ability to obtain satisfactory title insurance;
•evaluation of any reasonable ascertainable risks such as environmental contamination; and
•replacement use of the property in the event of loss of existing tenant (limited special use properties).
There is no limitation on the number, size or type of properties that we may acquire or on the percentage of net offering proceeds that may be invested in any particular property type or single property. The number and mix of properties will depend upon real estate market conditions and other circumstances existing at the time of acquisition and the amount of proceeds from our offerings.
Creditworthiness of Tenants
In the course of making a real estate investment decision, we assess the creditworthiness of the tenant that leases the property we intend to purchase. Tenant creditworthiness is an important investment criterion, as it provides a barometer of relative risk of tenant default, but tenant creditworthiness analysis is just one element of due diligence which we perform when considering a property purchase, and the weight we intend to ascribe to tenant creditworthiness is a function of the results of other elements of due diligence.
Some of the properties we intend to acquire will be leased to public companies. Many public companies have their creditworthiness analyzed by bond rating firms such as Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s. These firms issue credit rating reports, which segregate public companies into what are commonly called “investment grade” companies and “non-investment grade” companies. We expect that our portfolio of properties will contain a mix of properties that are leased to investment grade public companies, non-investment grade public companies, and non-public companies (or individuals).
The creditworthiness of investment grade public companies is generally regarded as very high. As to prospective property acquisitions leased to other than investment grade tenants, we intend to analyze publicly available information and/or information regarding tenant creditworthiness provided by the sellers of such properties and then make a determination in each instance as to whether we believe the subject tenant has the financial fortitude to honor its lease obligations.
We do not intend to systematically analyze tenant creditworthiness on an ongoing basis, post-acquisition. Many leases will limit our ability as landlord to demand on recurring bases non-public tenant financial information. It is our policy and practice, however, to monitor public announcements regarding our tenants, as applicable, and tenant payment histories.
Description of Leases
We have historically acquired single tenant properties with existing net leases. “Net” leases typically require tenants to pay all or a majority of the operating expenses, including real estate taxes, special assessments and sales and use taxes, utilities, insurance, common area maintenance charges, and building repairs related to the property, in addition to the lease payments. There are various forms of net leases, typically classified as triple-net or double-net. Under most commercial leases, tenants are obligated to pay a predetermined annual base rent. Most of the leases also will contain provisions that increase the amount of base rent payable at points during the lease term. Triple-net leases typically require the tenant to pay common area maintenance, insurance, and taxes associated with a property in addition to the base rent and percentage rent, if any. Double-net leases typically require the landlord to be responsible for structural and capital elements of the leased property. We anticipate that most of our acquisitions will have remaining lease terms of five to 15 years at the time of the property acquisition, and we may acquire properties under which the lease term has partially expired. We also may acquire properties with shorter lease terms if the property is located in a desirable location, is difficult to replace, or has other significant favorable real estate attributes. Generally, the leases require each tenant to procure, at its own expense, commercial general liability insurance, as well as property insurance covering the building for the full replacement value and naming the ownership entity and the lender, if applicable, as the additional insured on the policy. We may elect to obtain, to the extent commercially available, contingent liability and property insurance, flood insurance, environmental contamination insurance, as well as loss of rent insurance that covers one or more years of annual rent in the event of a rental loss. However, the coverage and amounts of our insurance policies may not be sufficient to cover our entire risk.
Tenants are required to provide proof of insurance by furnishing a certificate of insurance to us on an annual basis. We will track and review the insurance certificates for compliance.
Our Borrowing Strategy and Policies
We may incur indebtedness in the form of bank borrowings, purchase money obligations to the sellers of properties, and publicly or privately placed debt instruments or financing from institutional investors or other lenders. We may obtain a credit facility or separate loans for each acquisition. Our indebtedness may be unsecured or may be secured by mortgages or other interests in our properties. We may use borrowing proceeds to finance acquisitions of new properties, to pay for capital improvements, repairs or build-outs, to refinance existing indebtedness, to fund repurchases of our shares or to provide working capital. To the extent we borrow on a short-term basis, we may refinance such short-term debt into long-term, amortizing mortgages once a critical mass of properties has been acquired and to the extent such debt is available at terms that are more favorable than the existing debt.
There is no limitation on the amount we may borrow for the purchase of any single asset. Our aggregate borrowings, secured and unsecured, must be reasonable in relation to our tangible assets. Our charter limits the amount we may borrow to 300% of our net assets, unless any excess borrowing is approved by a majority of our independent directors and disclosed to our stockholders in our next quarterly report, along with a justification for such increase; however, historically we have limited borrowings to 50% of the value of our tangible assets unless any excess borrowing is approved by a majority of our independent directors and is disclosed to our stockholders in our next quarterly report, along with the justification for such excess. On March 27, 2020, our independent directors approved an increase in our maximum leverage from 50% to 55% in order to allow us to take advantage of the current low interest rate environment, the relative cost of debt and equity capital, and strategic borrowing advantages potentially available to us. Our borrowings on one or more individual properties may exceed 55% of their individual cost, so long as our overall leverage does not exceed 55% of the aggregate value of our tangible assets. We may exceed this limit only if any excess borrowing is approved by a majority of our independent directors and is disclosed to our stockholders in our next quarterly report, along with the justification for such excess. When calculating our use of leverage, we will not include borrowings relating to the initial acquisition of properties and that are outstanding under a revolving credit facility (or similar agreement).
Except as set forth in our charter, we may re-evaluate and change our debt strategy and policies in the future without a stockholder vote. Factors that we could consider when re-evaluating or changing our debt strategy and policies include then-current economic and market conditions, the relative cost of debt and equity capital, any acquisition opportunities, the ability of our properties to generate sufficient cash flow to cover debt service requirements and other similar factors. Further, we may increase or decrease our ratio of debt to equity in connection with any change of our borrowing policies.
Acquisition Structure
Although we are not limited as to the form our investments may take, our investments in real estate will generally constitute acquiring fee title in real property or interests in entities that own and operate real estate. Our investments in crowd funding companies or platforms and other non-listed real estate and real estate-related companies will generally involve acquiring the assets of, or a controlling interest (whether by the way of share purchase, merger, partnership, joint venture or otherwise) in such entities. We may also purchase real estate-related debt and equity securities.
We will generally make acquisitions of our real estate investments directly through our Operating Partnership or indirectly through limited liability companies or limited partnerships, or through investments in joint ventures, partnerships, tenants-in-common, co-tenancies or other co-ownership arrangements with other owners of properties. See Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors - General Risks Related to Investments in Real Estate.
Real Property Investments
We will continually evaluate various potential property investments and engage in discussions and negotiations with sellers regarding our purchase of properties. We expect to have adequate insurance coverage for all properties in which we invest. Most of our leases will require that our tenants procure insurance for both commercial general liability and property damage. In such instances, the policy will list us an additional insured. However, lease terms may provide that tenants are not required to, and we may decide not to, obtain any or adequate earthquake or similar catastrophic insurance coverage because the premiums are too high, even in instances where it may otherwise be available. See Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors - General Risks Related to Investments in Real Estate.
Conditions to Closing Acquisitions
We perform a diligence review on each property that we purchase. As part of this review, we typically obtain an environmental site assessment for each proposed acquisition (which at a minimum includes a Phase I environmental assessment). We will not close the purchase of any property unless we are generally satisfied with the environmental status of the property. We will also generally seek to condition our obligation to close the purchase of any investment on the delivery of certain documents from the seller. Such documents include, where available and appropriate:
•property surveys and site audits;
•building plans and specifications, if available;
•soil reports, seismic studies and flood zone studies, if available;
•licenses, permits, maps and governmental approvals;
•tenant leases and estoppel certificates;
•tenant financial statements and information, as permitted;
•historical financial statements and tax statement summaries of the properties;
•proof of marketable title, subject to such liens and encumbrances as are acceptable to us; and
•liability and title insurance policies.
Co-Ownership Investments
We may acquire some of our properties in the form of a co-ownership, including but not limited to tenants-in-common and joint ventures, some of which may be with affiliates. Among other reasons, we may want to acquire properties through a co-ownership structure with third parties or affiliates in order to diversify our portfolio of properties in terms of geographic region or property type. Co-ownership structures may also allow us to acquire an interest in a property without requiring that we fund the entire purchase price. In addition, certain properties may be available to us only through co-ownership structures. In determining whether to recommend a particular co-ownership structure, our management will evaluate the subject real property under the same criteria described elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We may enter into joint ventures with affiliates for the acquisition of properties, but only provided that:
•a majority of our directors, including a majority of our independent directors, not otherwise interested in the transaction, approve the transaction as being fair and reasonable to us; and
•the investments by us and such affiliate are on substantially the same terms and conditions.
To the extent possible and if approved by our board of directors, including a majority of our independent directors, we will attempt to obtain a right of first refusal or option to buy the property held by the co-ownership structure and allow such co-owners to exchange their interest for our Operating Partnership’s units or to sell their interest to us in its entirety. Entering into joint ventures with affiliates will result in certain conflicts of interest. See Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks Related to Conflicts of Interest.
Real Estate Properties and Investments
As of December 31, 2020, we owned 36 operating properties, four properties held for sale, a 72.7% tenant-in-common interest in a Santa Clara, California office property (the “TIC Interest”) and one parcel of land, which currently serves as an easement to one of our office properties. For more information about our real estate investments, see Part I, Item 2. Properties of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Investment Highlights
Due the significant economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, primarily significant other demands upon our cash flow including requests for repurchases of stock, as well as tempered demand for commercial real estate property leases during 2020 brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic, we did not acquire any operating properties during the year ended December 31, 2020.
Real Estate Property Dispositions
We generally intend to hold real estate properties we acquire for an extended period, generally in excess of 10 years. Regardless of intended holding periods, circumstances might arise that could cause us to determine to sell a real estate property before the end of the expected holding period if we believe the sale of the real estate property would be in the best interests of our stockholders.
The determination of whether a particular real estate property should be sold or otherwise disposed of will generally be made after consideration of relevant factors, including prevailing and projected economic conditions, rent rolls and tenant creditworthiness, whether we could apply the proceeds from the sale of the real estate property to acquire other assets, whether disposition of the real estate property would increase cash flows, and whether the sale of the real estate property would be a prohibited transaction under the Internal Revenue Code or otherwise impact our status as a REIT for federal income tax purposes.
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, our primary sources of cash for share repurchase requests from our stockholders, namely cash flow from our operations, net proceeds that result from financing or refinancing our properties and, in limited circumstances, proceeds from our offerings were negatively impacted. To augment these sources of cash for distributions to stockholders and to service our debts, we sold five real estate properties for gross proceeds of $31,096,403 and net proceeds of $13,530,968 after commissions, closing costs and repayments of the related mortgages, resulting in a net gain of $4,139,749 during the year ended December 31, 2020.
Competitive Market Factors
The U.S. commercial real estate investment and leasing markets are competitive. We face competition from various entities for investment opportunities for prospective tenants and to retain our current tenants, including other REITs, pension funds, insurance companies, private equity and other investment funds and companies, partnerships and developers. Many of these entities have substantially greater financial resources than we do and may be able to accept more risk than we can prudently manage, including risks with respect to the creditworthiness of a tenant or the geographic location of their investments. Competition from these entities may reduce the number of suitable investment opportunities offered to us or increase the bargaining power of property owners seeking to sell. Further, as a result of their greater resources, those entities may have more flexibility than we do in their ability to offer rental concessions to attract and retain tenants. This could put pressure on our ability to maintain or raise rents and could adversely affect our ability to attract or retain tenants. As a result, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and ability to pay distributions to our stockholders may be adversely affected.
Although we believe that we are well-positioned to compete effectively, there is significant competition in our market sector and there can be no assurance that we will compete effectively or that we will not encounter increased competition in the future that could limit our ability to conduct our business effectively.
Compliance with Federal, State and Local Environmental Law
Our business is subject to many laws and governmental regulations. Changes in these laws and regulations, or their interpretation by agencies and courts, occur frequently.
Americans with Disabilities Act
Our properties are subject to regulation under federal laws, such as the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, as amended (“ADA”), pursuant to which all public accommodations must meet certain federal requirements related to access and use by disabled persons. Although we believe that our properties substantially comply with present requirements of the ADA, we have not conducted an audit or investigation of all of our properties to determine our compliance. If one or more of our properties or future properties are not in compliance with the ADA, we might be required to take remedial action, which would require us to incur additional costs to bring the property into compliance. Failing to comply could result in the imposition of fines by the federal government or an award of damages to private litigants. In addition, a number of additional federal, state and local laws may require us to modify or restrict our ability to renovate our properties or properties we may purchase. Additional legislation could impose financial obligations or restrictions with respect to access by disabled persons. Although we believe that these costs will not have a material adverse effect on us, if required changes involve a greater amount of expenditures than we currently anticipate, our ability to make expected distributions could be adversely affected. See Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors - General Risks Related to Investments in Real Estate.
Environmental Matters
All real property and the operations conducted on real property are subject to federal, state and local laws, ordinances and regulations relating to environmental protection and human health and safety. These laws and regulations generally govern wastewater discharges, air emissions, the operation and removal of underground and above-ground storage tanks, the use, storage, treatment, transportation and disposal of solid and hazardous materials, the presence and release of hazardous substances and the remediation of any associated contamination.
Under various federal, state and local laws, ordinances and regulations, a current or previous owner or operator of real property may be held liable for the costs of removing or remediating hazardous or toxic substances. These laws often impose clean-up responsibility and liability without regard to whether the owner or operator was responsible for, or even knew of, the presence of the hazardous or toxic substances. The costs of investigating, removing or remediating these substances may be substantial, and the presence of these substances may adversely affect our ability to rent or sell properties or to borrow using the property as collateral and may expose us to liability resulting from any release of or exposure to these substances. If we arrange for the disposal or treatment of hazardous or toxic substances at another location, we may be liable for the costs of removing or remediating these substances at the disposal or treatment facility, whether or not the facility is owned or operated by us.
We may be subject to common law claims by third parties based on damages and costs resulting from environmental contamination emanating from a site that we own or operate. Certain environmental laws also impose liability in connection with the handling of or exposure to asbestos-containing materials, pursuant to which third parties may seek recovery from owners or operators of real properties for personal injury associated with asbestos-containing materials and other hazardous or toxic substances. We maintain a pollution insurance policy for all of our properties to insure against the potential liability of remediation and exposure risk. See Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors - General Risks Related to Investments in Real Estate.
Other Regulations
The properties we acquire will be subject to various federal, state and local regulatory requirements, such as zoning and state and local fire and life safety requirements. Failure to comply with these requirements could result in the imposition of fines by governmental authorities or awards of damages to private litigants. We intend to acquire properties that are in material compliance with all such regulatory requirements. However, we cannot assure investors that these requirements will not change or that new requirements will not be imposed which would require significant unanticipated expenditures and could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Industry Segments
Our current business consists of owning, managing, operating, leasing, acquiring, investing in and disposing of commercial real estate assets. All of our consolidated revenues are derived from our consolidated real estate properties. We internally evaluate operating performance on an individual property level and view all of our real estate assets as one industry segment, and, accordingly, all of our properties are aggregated into one reportable segment.
Employees
As of December 31, 2020, we had 19 total and full-time employees.
Principal Executive Offices
Our principal executive offices are located at 120 Newport Center Drive, Newport Beach, California 92660. Our telephone number and website address are (888) 686-6348 and http://www.Modiv.com, respectively.
Available Information
Access to copies of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, Proxy Statements and other filings with the SEC, including amendments to such filings, may be obtained free of charge from the following website, http://www.Modiv.com, and/or through a link to the SEC’s website, http://www.sec.gov. These filings are available promptly after we file them with, or furnish them to, the SEC.

---

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Risk Factor Summary
Our business, financial condition and results of operations are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties. Below is a summary of the principal factors that make an investment in our common stock speculative or risky. This summary does not address all of the risks that we face and should be read in conjunction with the full risk factors contained below in this “Risk
Factors” section in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Risks Related to the Limited Operating History of our Business
•We have only a limited operating history and limited sources of financing, and the prior performance of real estate investment programs sponsored by our Former Sponsor or its affiliates may not be an indication of our future results.
•Because our stockholders will not have the opportunity to evaluate the investments we may make before we make them, we are considered to be a blind pool. We may make investments with which our stockholders do not agree.
•Failure to continue to qualify as a REIT would reduce our net earnings available for investment or distribution.
Risks Related to an Investment in Our Common Stock
•We may be unable to pay or maintain cash distributions or increase distributions over time.
•We face significant competition for real estate investment opportunities, which may limit our ability to acquire suitable investments and achieve our investment objectives or pay distributions.
•If we fail to diversify our investment portfolio, downturns relating to certain geographic regions, industries or business sectors may have a more significant adverse impact on our assets and our ability to pay distributions than if we had a diversified investment portfolio.
•The loss of or the inability to retain or obtain key real estate professionals could delay or hinder implementation of our investment strategies, which could limit our ability to make distributions and decrease the value of an investment in our shares.
•The estimated NAV per share of our common stock may not reflect the value that stockholders will receive for their investment.
Risks Related to Conflicts of Interest
•Our officers, directors and our real estate, debt finance, management and accounting professionals face competing demands on their time, and this may cause our operations and stockholders’ investment in us to suffer.
Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure
•Our charter limits the number of shares a person may own and permits our board of directors to authorize the issuance of stock with terms that may subordinate the rights of our common stockholders or discourage a third party from acquiring us in a manner that could result in a premium price to stockholders.
•Our stockholders may not be able to immediately sell their shares of common stock under our share repurchase program.
•Our investors’ interest in us will be diluted if we issue additional shares, which could reduce the overall value of their investment.
General Risks Related to Investments in Real Estate
•Pandemics or other health crises, such as the recent outbreak of COVID-19, may adversely affect our business and/or operations, our tenants’ financial condition and the profitability of our retail properties.
•Economic, market and regulatory changes that impact the real estate market generally may decrease the value of our investments and weaken our operating results.
•We depend on tenants for our revenue generated by our real estate investments and, accordingly, our revenue generated by our real estate investments and our ability to make distributions to stockholders are dependent upon the success and economic viability of our tenants and our ability to retain and attract tenants. Non-renewals, terminations or lease defaults could reduce our net income and limit our ability to make distributions to stockholders.
Risks Related to Investments in Single Tenant Real Estate
•Our current properties will depend upon a single tenant for their rental income, and our financial condition and ability to make distributions may be adversely affected by the bankruptcy or insolvency, a downturn in the business, or a tenant’s lease termination.
•If a tenant declares bankruptcy, we may be unable to collect balances due under relevant leases.
Risks Associated with Debt Financing
•We obtain lines of credit, mortgage indebtedness and other borrowings, which increases our risk of loss due to potential foreclosure.
•Lenders may require us to enter into restrictive covenants relating to our operations, which could limit our ability to pay distributions to stockholders.
•Subject to certain restrictions in our charter, we have broad authority to incur debt, and debt levels could hinder our ability to make distributions and decrease the value of stockholders’ investment in us.
Federal Income Tax Risks
•Failure to qualify as a REIT would subject us to U.S. federal income tax, which would reduce the cash available for distribution to stockholders.
•REIT distribution requirements could adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan.
•To maintain our REIT status, we may be forced to forgo otherwise attractive business or investment opportunities, which may delay or hinder our ability to meet our investment objectives and reduce stockholders’ overall return.
•Distributions payable by REITs do not qualify for the reduced tax rates available to individuals under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.
Risks Related to the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Our Business
•Measures intended to prevent the spread of COVID-19 have disrupted our ability to operate our business.
•The current COVID-19 pandemic, and any future outbreak of other highly infectious or contagious diseases, could materially and adversely impact or disrupt our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and performance.
Risks Related to Our Sponsorship of a SPAC
•Our SPAC may not be successful in completing an IPO of its shares.
•If our SPAC successfully completes its IPO, it may not be successful in completing a business combination within 24 months, or it may complete a business combination that is not successful, and we could lose all of our investment in the SPAC.
Risks Related to the Limited Operating History of our Business
We have only a limited operating history and limited sources of financing, and the prior performance of real estate investment programs sponsored by our Former Sponsor or its affiliates may not be an indication of our future results.
We were incorporated in the State of Maryland on May 15, 2015. As of December 31, 2020, we have only: (i) 36 operating properties (14 of the operating properties were part of the 20 operating properties acquired through the Merger with REIT I on December 31, 2019); (ii) one parcel of land, which currently serves as an easement to one of our office properties; and (iii) one tenant-in-common real estate investment (an approximate 72.7% interest in a 91,740 square foot industrial property located in Santa Clara, California). As of December 31, 2020, based on historical costs, we held $339,459,007 in real estate investments, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization, and $24,585,739 in real estate investments held for sale. The prior performance of our real estate investment programs may not be indicative of our future results. We plan to invest in a diversified portfolio of real estate and real estate-related investments. We also plan to seek to acquire other crowd funding companies or platforms and other non-listed real estate and real estate-related companies or portfolios.
Investors should consider our prospects in light of the risks, uncertainties and difficulties frequently encountered by companies that are, like us, in their early stage of operations. To be successful in this market, we must, among other things:
•identify and acquire investments that further our investment objectives;
•increase awareness of the brand within the investment products market;
•attract, integrate, motivate and retain qualified personnel to manage our day-to-day operations;
•respond to competition for our targeted real estate properties and other investments as well as for potential investors; and
•continue to build and expand our operational structure to support our business.
We cannot guarantee that we will succeed in achieving these goals, and our failure to do so could cause our investors to lose money.
If we are unable to raise substantial funds, we will be limited in the number and type of investments we may make, and the value of stockholders' investment will fluctuate with the performance of the specific properties we acquire.
If we are unable to raise substantial funds, we will make fewer investments, resulting in less diversification in terms of the number of investments owned, the types of investments that we make, and the geographic regions in which our investments are located. In such event, the likelihood of our profitability being affected by the performance of any one of our investments will increase. Additionally, we are not limited in the number or size of investments or the percentage of net proceeds we may dedicate to a single investment. Stockholders' investments in the Company will be subject to greater risk to the extent that we lack a diversified portfolio of investments. Further, we will have certain relatively fixed third party expenses such as legal, tax and audit, regardless of whether we are able to raise substantial funds. Our inability to raise substantial funds could increase our fixed third-party expenses as a percentage of gross income, potentially reducing our net income and cash flow and potentially limiting our ability to make distributions.
Because our stockholders will not have the opportunity to evaluate the investments we may make before we make them, we are considered to be a blind pool. We may make investments with which our stockholders do not agree.
Other than our current properties and real estate investment, we are not able to provide stockholders with any information to assist them in evaluating the merits of any specific assets that we may acquire. We will seek to invest substantially all of the funds we raise, after the payment of fees and expenses, in a diversified portfolio of real estate and real estate-related investments. Our board of directors and management have broad discretion when identifying, evaluating and making such investments. Stockholders will have no opportunity to evaluate the transaction terms or other financial or operational data concerning specific investments before we invest in them. Furthermore, our board of directors will have broad discretion in implementing policies regarding tenant creditworthiness and stockholders will likewise have no opportunity to evaluate potential tenants. As a result, stockholders must rely on our board of directors and our management to identify and evaluate our investment opportunities, and our board of directors and management may not be able to achieve our business objectives, may make unwise decisions or may make investments with which stockholders do not agree.
Failure to continue to qualify as a REIT would reduce our net earnings available for investment or distribution.
Our continued qualification as a REIT will depend upon our ability to meet requirements regarding our organization and ownership, distributions of our income, the nature and diversification of our income and assets and other tests imposed by the Internal Revenue Code. If we fail to qualify as a REIT for any taxable year, we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income at corporate rates. In addition, we would generally be disqualified from treatment as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year in which we lost our REIT status. Losing our REIT status would reduce our net earnings available for investment or distribution to stockholders because of the additional tax liability. In addition, distributions would no longer qualify for the dividends-paid deduction and we would no longer be required to make distributions. If this occurs, we might be required to borrow funds or liquidate some investments in order to pay the applicable tax.
We face risks associated with security breaches through cyber-attacks, cyber intrusions or otherwise, as well as other significant disruptions of our information technology (“IT”) networks and related systems.
The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attack or cyber intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. Our proprietary online investment platform, www.modiv.com, our IT networks and related systems are essential to the operation of our business and our ability to perform day-to-day operations. Although we make efforts to maintain the security and integrity of these types of IT networks and related systems, and we have implemented various measures to manage the risk of a security breach or disruption, there can be no assurance that our security efforts and measures will be effective or that attempted security breaches or disruptions would not be successful or damaging. Even the most well protected information, networks, systems and facilities remain potentially vulnerable because the techniques used in such attempted security breaches evolve and generally are not recognized until launched against a target, and in some cases are designed not to be detected and, in fact, may not be detected. Accordingly, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate security barriers or other preventative measures, and thus it is impossible for us to entirely mitigate this risk.
A security breach or other significant disruption involving our IT networks and related systems could:
•disrupt the proper functioning of our networks and systems and therefore our operations;
•result in misstated financial reports, violations of loan covenants and/or missed reporting deadlines to the SEC;
•result in our inability to properly monitor our compliance with the rules and regulations regarding our qualification as a REIT;
•result in the unauthorized access to, and destruction, loss, theft, misappropriation or release of, proprietary, confidential, sensitive or otherwise valuable information of ours or others, which others could use to compete against us or which could expose us to damage claims by third-parties for disruptive, destructive or otherwise harmful purposes and outcomes;
•require significant management attention and resources to remedy any damages that result;
•subject us to claims for breach of contract, damages, credits, penalties or termination of leases or other agreements; or
•damage our reputation among investors.
Any or all of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
Risks Related to an Investment in Our Common Stock
We may be unable to pay or maintain cash distributions or increase distributions over time.
There are many factors that can affect the availability and timing of cash distributions to stockholders. Distributions will be based principally on cash available from our operations. The amount of cash available for distribution will be affected by many factors, such as our ability to buy properties as offering proceeds become available and our operating expense levels, as well as many other variables. Actual cash available for distribution may vary substantially from estimates. We cannot assure stockholders that we will be able to pay or maintain distributions or that distributions will increase over time, nor can we give any assurance that rents from the properties will increase, or that future acquisitions of real properties will increase our cash available for distribution to stockholders. Because we have paid, and may continue to pay, distributions from sources other than our cash flow from operations, distributions at any point in time may not reflect the current performance of our properties or our current operating cash flows. In addition, if we pay distributions from sources other than our cash flow from operations, we may have less cash available for investments and stockholders' overall return may be reduced.
We face significant competition for real estate investment opportunities, which may limit our ability to acquire suitable investments and achieve our investment objectives or pay distributions.
We face competition from various entities for real estate investment opportunities, including other REITs, pension funds, banks and insurance companies, private equity and other investment funds and companies, partnerships and developers. Many of these entities have substantially greater financial resources than we do and may be able to accept more risk than we can prudently manage, including risks with respect to the creditworthiness of a tenant or the geographic location of their investments. Competition from these entities may reduce the number of suitable investment opportunities offered to us or increase the bargaining power of property owners seeking to sell. Additionally, disruptions and dislocations in the credit markets could impact the cost and availability of debt to finance real estate investments, which is a key component of our acquisition strategy. A downturn in the credit markets and a potential lack of available debt could limit our ability to pursue suitable investment opportunities and create a competitive advantage for other entities that have greater financial resources than we do. In addition, the number of entities and the amount of funds competing for suitable investments may increase. If we acquire investments at higher prices and/or by using less-than-ideal capital structures, our returns will be lower, and the value of our respective assets may not appreciate or may decrease significantly below the amount we paid for such assets. If such events occur, stockholders may experience a lower return on their investment.
If we are unable to complete acquisitions of suitable investments, we may not be able to achieve our investment objectives or pay distributions.
Our ability to achieve our investment objectives and to pay distributions depends upon our performance in the acquisition of investments, including the determination of any financing arrangements. We expect to use a substantial amount of the funds we raise to primarily invest, directly or indirectly through investments in affiliated and non-affiliated entities, in a diversified portfolio of real estate and real estate-related investments. We will also seek to acquire other crowd funding companies or platforms and other non-listed real estate and real estate-related companies or portfolios.
Our investors must rely entirely on our management abilities and the oversight of our board of directors. We can give no assurance that we will be successful in obtaining suitable investments on financially attractive terms or that we will achieve our objectives. In the event we are unable to timely locate suitable investments, we may be unable or limited in our ability to pay distributions and we may not be able to meet our investment objectives.
We are an “emerging growth company” under the federal securities laws and will be subject to reduced public company reporting requirements.
In April 2012, the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act, or the JOBS Act, was signed into law. We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and are eligible to take advantage of certain exemptions from, or reduced disclosure obligations relating to, various reporting requirements that are normally applicable to public companies. We could remain an “emerging growth company” for up to five years, or until the earliest of (1) the last day of the first fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of $1.07 billion or more, (2) December 31 of the fiscal year that we become a “large accelerated filer” as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act (which would occur if the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million, measured as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter, and we have been publicly reporting for at least 12 months) or (3) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt during the preceding three year period. Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies are not required to (1) provide an auditor’s attestation report on management’s assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, (2) comply with new requirements adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, which require mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report in which the auditor must provide additional information about the audit and the issuer’s financial statements, (3) comply with new audit rules adopted by the PCAOB after April 5, 2012 (unless the SEC determines otherwise), (4) provide certain disclosures relating to executive compensation generally required for larger public companies or (5) hold stockholder advisory votes on executive compensation. If we take advantage of any of these exemptions, we do not know if some investors will find our common stock less attractive as a result.
Additionally, the JOBS Act provides that an “emerging growth company” may take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies. This means an “emerging growth company” can delay adopting certain accounting standards until such standards are otherwise applicable to private companies. However, we are electing to “opt out” of such extended transition period and will therefore comply with new or revised accounting standards on the applicable dates on which the adoption of such standards are required for non-emerging growth companies. Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that our decision to opt out of such extended transition period for compliance with new or revised accounting standards is irrevocable.
Disruptions in the financial markets and uncertain economic conditions could adversely affect market rental rates, commercial real estate values and our ability to secure debt financing, service future debt obligations, or pay distributions to stockholders.
Currently, both the investing and leasing environments are highly competitive. While there has been an increase in the amount of capital flowing into the U.S. real estate markets, which resulted in an increase in real estate values in certain markets, the uncertainty regarding the economic environment has made businesses reluctant to make long-term commitments or changes in their business plans. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant disruptions in financial markets, business shutdowns and uncertainty about how the economy will perform over the next year.
Volatility in global markets and changing political environments can cause fluctuations in the performance of the U.S. commercial real estate markets. Economic slowdowns of large economies outside the United States are likely to negatively impact growth of the U.S. economy. Political uncertainties both home and abroad may discourage business investment in real estate and other capital spending. Possible future declines in rental rates and expectations of future rental concessions, including free rent to renew tenants early, to retain tenants who are up for renewal or to attract new tenants, or requests from tenants for rent abatements during periods when they are severely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, may result in decreases in cash flows from investment properties. Increases in the cost of financing due to higher interest rates may cause difficulty in refinancing debt obligations prior to maturity at terms as favorable as the terms of existing indebtedness. Market conditions can change quickly, potentially negatively impacting the value of real estate investments. Management continuously reviews our investment and debt financing strategies to optimize our portfolio and the cost of our debt exposure.
We plan to rely on debt financing to finance our real estate properties and we may have difficulty refinancing some of our debt obligations prior to or at maturity, or we may not be able to refinance these obligations at terms as favorable as the terms of our current indebtedness and we also may be unable to obtain additional debt financing on attractive terms or at all. If we are not able to refinance our current indebtedness on attractive terms at the various maturity dates, we may be forced to dispose of some of our assets.
The debt market remains sensitive to the macro environment, such as Federal Reserve policy, market sentiment or regulatory factors affecting the banking and commercial mortgage backed securities (“CMBS”) industries and the COVID-19 pandemic. We may experience more stringent lending criteria, which may affect our ability to finance certain property acquisitions or refinance any debt at maturity. Additionally, for properties for which we are able to obtain financing, the interest rates and other terms on such loans may be unacceptable. We expect to manage the current mortgage lending environment by considering alternative lending sources, including securitized debt, fixed rate loans, short-term variable rate loans, assumed mortgage loans in connection with property acquisitions, interest rate lock or swap agreements, or any combination of the foregoing.
Disruptions in the financial markets and uncertain economic conditions could adversely affect the values of our investments. Furthermore, declining economic conditions could negatively impact commercial real estate fundamentals and result in lower occupancy, lower rental rates and declining values in our real estate portfolio, which could have the following negative effects on us:
•the values of our investments in commercial properties could decrease below the amounts paid for such investments; and/or
•revenues from our properties could decrease due to fewer tenants and/or lower rental rates, making it more difficult for us to pay distributions or meet our debt service obligations on debt financing.
All of these factors could reduce stockholders’ return and decrease the value of an investment in us.
If we fail to diversify our investment portfolio, downturns relating to certain geographic regions, industries or business sectors may have a more significant adverse impact on our assets and our ability to pay distributions than if we had a diversified investment portfolio.
While we intend to diversify our portfolio of investments in the manner described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we are not required to observe specific diversification criteria. Therefore, our investments may at times be concentrated in a limited number of geographic locations, or secured by assets concentrated in a limited number of geographic locations. To the extent that our portfolio is concentrated in limited geographic regions, industries or business sectors, downturns relating generally to such region, industry or business sector may result in defaults on a number of our investments within a short time period, which may reduce our net income and the value of our common stock and accordingly limit our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders. As a result of the Merger with REIT I, 12 of our 36 operating properties, as well as our 72.7% tenant-in-common interest, are located in California, which makes the performance of our properties highly dependent on the health of the California economy.
Any adverse economic or real estate developments in our target markets could adversely affect our operating results and our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders.
The loss of or the inability to retain or obtain key real estate professionals could delay or hinder implementation of our investment strategies, which could limit our ability to make distributions and decrease the value of an investment in our shares.
Our success depends to a significant degree upon the contributions of Messrs. Aaron Halfacre, Ray Pacini and Ray Wirta, our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors, respectively, each of whom would be difficult to replace. Neither we nor our affiliates have employment agreements with these individuals. If any of these persons were to cease their association with us, we may be unable to find suitable replacements and our operating results could suffer as a result. We believe that our future success depends, in large part, upon our ability to attract and retain highly skilled managerial, operational and marketing professionals. Competition for such professionals is intense, and we may be unsuccessful in attracting and retaining such skilled professionals. If we lose or are unable to obtain the services of highly skilled professionals, our ability to implement our investment strategies could be delayed or hindered.
Maryland law and our organizational documents limit our rights and the rights of stockholders to recover claims against our directors and officers, which could reduce their and our recovery against them if they cause us to incur losses.
Maryland law provides that a director will not have any liability as a director so long as he or she performs his or her duties in accordance with the applicable standard of conduct. Moreover, our bylaws generally require us to indemnify and advance expenses to our directors and officers for losses they may incur by reason of their service in those capacities if the director or officer: (a) conducted himself in good faith; (b) reasonably believed, in the case of conduct in his official capacity, that his conduct was in our best interests and, in all other cases, that his conduct was at least not opposed to our best interests; and (c) in the case of any criminal proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe that his conduct was unlawful; provided, however, that in the event that he is found liable to us or is found liable on the basis that personal benefit was improperly received by him, the indemnification (i) is limited to reasonable expenses actually incurred by him in connection with the proceeding and (ii) shall not be made in respect of any proceeding in which he shall have been found liable for willful or intentional misconduct in the performance of his or her duty to us. As a result, stockholders and we may have more limited rights against our directors or officers than might otherwise exist under common law, which could reduce their and our recovery from these persons if they act in a manner that causes us to incur losses.
We may change our targeted investments without stockholder consent.
We intend to invest in single-tenant income-producing properties that are leased to creditworthy tenants under long-term net leases; however, we may make adjustments to our target portfolio based on real estate market conditions and investment opportunities, and we may change our targeted investments and investment guidelines at any time without the consent of stockholders, which could result in our making investments that are different from, and possibly riskier than, the investments described herein. A change in our targeted investments or investment guidelines may increase our exposure to interest rate risk, default risk and real estate market fluctuations, all of which could adversely affect the value of our common stock and our ability to make distributions to stockholders. We will not forgo an investment opportunity because it does not precisely fit our expected portfolio composition. We believe that we are most likely to meet our investment objectives through the careful selection and underwriting of assets. When making an acquisition, we will analyze the performance and risk characteristics of that investment, how that investment will fit with our portfolio-level performance objectives, the other assets in our portfolio and how the returns and risks of that investment compare to the returns and risks of available investment alternatives. Thus, our portfolio composition may vary from what we initially expect. However, we will attempt to construct a portfolio that produces stable and attractive returns by spreading risk across different real estate investments.
The estimated NAV per share of our common stock may not reflect the value that stockholders will receive for their investment.
As with any valuation methodology, the methodologies we use are based upon a number of estimates and assumptions that may not be accurate or complete. Different parties using different assumptions and estimates could derive a different estimated NAV per share of our common stock, and these differences could be significant. The estimated NAV per share is not audited and does not represent the fair value of our assets less the fair value of our liabilities according to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”), nor does it represent a liquidation value of our assets and liabilities or the price at which our shares of common stock would trade on a national securities exchange. The estimated NAV per share does not reflect a real estate portfolio premium/discount versus the sum of the individual property values. The estimated NAV per share also does not take into account estimated disposition costs and fees for real estate properties that are not held for sale, debt prepayment penalties that could apply upon the prepayment of certain of our debt obligations, the impact of restrictions on the assumption of debt or swap breakage fees that may be incurred upon the termination of certain of our swaps prior to expiration.
Accordingly, with respect to our estimated NAV per share, we can give no assurance that:
•a stockholder would ultimately realize distributions per share equal to our estimated NAV per share upon a sale of our company;
•our shares of common stock would trade at our estimated NAV per share on a national securities exchange;
•a third party would offer our estimated NAV per share in an arm’s-length transaction to purchase all or substantially all of our shares of common stock;
•another independent third-party appraiser or third-party valuation firm would agree with our estimated NAV per share; or
•the methodology used to determine our estimated NAV per share would be acceptable for compliance with Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ERISA”), reporting requirements.
The NAV of our shares will fluctuate over time in response to developments related to the capital raised, future investments, the performance of individual assets in our portfolio, the management of those assets, and the real estate and financial markets.
We have made an investment in, and are sponsoring, a SPAC that may not be successful.
Through MVF, an indirect subsidiary of our taxable REIT subsidiary, we are sponsoring MACS, a SPAC. On January 29, 2021, MVF subscribed for 2,875,000 shares of common stock of MACS for $25,000, with 375,000 shares being cancellable if the underwriters’ over-allotment option is not exercised, which will result in MVF owning 20% of MACS upon completion of the IPO.
MACS publicly filed its registration statement on Form S-1 with the SEC on March 24, 2021 and plans to raise $100,000,000, or $115,000,000 if the over-allotment option is exercised, in its IPO. In connection with the public filing of the Form S-1, MVF deposited $4,500,000 in escrow with the attorneys for MACS. The $4,500,000 will be released from escrow upon completion of the IPO and used to purchase 9,000,000 warrants to purchase additional shares of MACS. Each warrant has the right to purchase 0.5 share of MACS common stock and can be exercised at a strike price of $11.50 per share.
MACS was formed for the purpose of entering into a business combination with one or more businesses or entities, and intends to focus on targets located in North America that are focused on fintech and proptech, with a focus on companies whose core purpose is related to the real estate industry. Within those parameters, MACS intends to pursue a business combination with companies that use technology driven platforms and solutions to disrupt or revolutionize the real estate capital markets, transactional marketplaces and investment management industry.
There is no assurance that the SPAC will be successful in raising capital in its IPO or in completing a business combination for which it seeks to raise capital in the IPO, or that any business combination will be successful. We could lose our entire investment in the SPAC if a business combination is not completed within 24 months of the SPAC's IPO or if the business combination is not successful, which may adversely impact our value.
Risks Related to Conflicts of Interest
Our officers and our real estate, debt finance, management and accounting professionals face competing demands on their time, and this may cause our operations and stockholders’ investment in us to suffer.
We rely on our officers and our real estate, debt finance, management and accounting professionals, including Messrs. Halfacre, Pacini and Wirta, to provide services to us for the day-to-day operation of our business. Our indirect subsidiary, Modiv Advisors, LLC, is the advisor to BRIX REIT and Modiv Divisibles, Inc. (“Modiv Divisibles”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of ours which has not yet begun operations. Messrs. Halfacre and Wirta are also directors of BRIX REIT and Messrs. Halfacre and Pacini are managers of Modiv Divisibles. Our Chief Investment Officer, Mr. Broms, is also the Chief Executive Officer of BRIX REIT, Mr. Pacini is also the Chief Financial Officer of BRIX REIT and Modiv Divisibles, Ms. Sciutto, our Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer, is also the Chief Accounting Officer of BRIX REIT and Modiv Divisibles and Mr. Raney, our Chief Legal and General Counsel, is also the Chief Legal Officer and General Counsel of Modiv Divisibles. These individuals face conflicts of interest in allocating their time among us, BRIX REIT and Modiv Divisibles, as well as other business activities in which they may be involved. During times of intense activity in other programs and ventures, these individuals may devote less time and fewer resources to our business than are necessary or appropriate to manage our business. If these events occur, the returns on our investments, and the value of stockholders' investment in us, may decline.
Our directors' duties to BRIX REIT and Modiv Divisibles could influence their judgment, resulting in actions that may not be in the stockholders’ best interest or that result in a disproportionate benefit to these other programs at our expense.
Our affiliated directors, Messrs. Halfacre and Wirta, are also directors of BRIX REIT and Messrs. Halfacre and Pacini are managers of Modiv Divisibles. The duties of our directors serving on the board of directors of BRIX REIT and Modiv Divisibles may influence their judgment as members of our board of directors when considering issues for us that also may affect the other programs, such as the following:
•We could enter into transactions with BRIX REIT and/or Modiv Divisibles, such as property acquisitions, sales of properties or sales of interests in special purpose entities that own property. Decisions of our board of directors regarding the terms of those transactions may be influenced by our board of directors’ responsibilities to such other programs;
•We could seek to acquire the same or similar assets that Modiv Divisibles is seeking to acquire and be in competition with Modiv Divisibles for investment opportunities;
•We could enter into options or rights of first offer or rights of first refusal with Modiv Divisibles to acquire some of its properties;
•A decision of our board of directors regarding the timing of a debt or equity offering could be influenced by concerns that the offering would compete with offerings of other programs advised by our affiliates; and
•A decision of our board of directors regarding whether and when we seek to list our common stock on a national securities exchange could be influenced by concerns that such listing could adversely affect the sales efforts of other programs advised by our affiliates, depending on the price at which our shares trade.
Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure
Our charter limits the number of shares a person may own and permits our board of directors to authorize the issuance of stock with terms that may subordinate the rights of our common stockholders or discourage a third party from acquiring us in a manner that could result in a premium price to stockholders.
Our charter, with certain exceptions, authorizes our directors to take such actions as are necessary and desirable to preserve our qualification as a REIT. To help us comply with the REIT ownership requirements of the Internal Revenue Code, among other purposes, our charter prohibits a person from directly or constructively owning more than 9.8% of our outstanding shares of common stock, unless exempted by our board of directors. In addition, our board of directors may classify or reclassify any unissued common stock or preferred stock and establish the preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to distributions, qualifications and terms or conditions of repurchase of any such stock. Thus, our board of directors could authorize the issuance of preferred stock with priority as to distributions and amounts payable upon liquidation over the rights of the holders of our Class C common stock and Class S common stock. These provisions may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us, including an extraordinary transaction (such as a merger, tender offer or sale of all or substantially all of our assets) that might provide a premium price to holders of our Class C common stock or Class S common stock.
Our stockholders’ investment return may be reduced if we are required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940; if we or our subsidiaries become an unregistered investment company, we could not continue our business.
Neither we nor any of our subsidiaries currently intend to register as investment companies under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”). If we or our subsidiaries were obligated to register as investment companies, we would have to comply with a variety of substantive requirements under the Investment Company Act that impose, among other things:
•limitations on capital structure;
•restrictions on specified investments;
•prohibitions on transactions with affiliates; and
•compliance with reporting, record keeping, voting, proxy disclosure and other rules and regulations that would significantly increase our operating expenses.
Under the relevant provisions of Section 3(a)(1) of the Investment Company Act, an investment company is any issuer that:
•is or holds itself out as being engaged primarily, or proposes to engage primarily, in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities (the “primarily engaged test”); or
•is engaged or proposes to engage in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities and owns or proposes to acquire “investment securities” having a value exceeding 40% of the value of such issuer’s total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis (the “40% test”). “Investment securities” excludes U.S. government securities and securities of majority-owned subsidiaries that are not themselves investment companies and are not relying on the exception from the definition of investment company under Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) (relating to private investment companies).
We believe that neither we nor our Operating Partnership will be required to register as an investment company based on the following analysis. With respect to the 40% test, the entities through which we and our Operating Partnership intend to own our assets will be majority-owned subsidiaries that are not themselves investment companies and are not relying on the exceptions from the definition of investment company under Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7).
With respect to the primarily engaged test, we and our Operating Partnership are holding companies and do not intend to invest or trade in securities ourselves. Rather, through the majority-owned subsidiaries of our Operating Partnership, we and our Operating Partnership are primarily engaged in the non-investment company businesses of these subsidiaries, namely the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring real estate and real estate-related assets.
We believe that most of the subsidiaries of our Operating Partnership will be able to rely on Section 3(c)(5)(c) of the Investment Company Act for an exception from the definition of an investment company (any other subsidiaries of our Operating Partnership should be able to rely on the exceptions for private investment companies pursuant to Section 3(c)(1) and Section 3(c)(7) of the Investment Company Act). As reflected in no-action letters, the SEC staff’s position on Section 3(c)(5)(c) generally requires that an issuer maintain at least 55% of its assets in “mortgages and other liens on and interests in real estate,” or qualifying assets; at least 80% of its assets in qualifying assets plus real estate-related assets; and no more than 20% of the value of its assets in other than qualifying assets and real estate-related assets, which we refer to as miscellaneous assets. To constitute a qualifying asset under this 55% requirement, a real estate interest must meet various criteria based on no-action letters. We expect that each of the subsidiaries of our Operating Partnership relying on Section 3(c)(5)(c) will invest at least 55% of its assets in qualifying assets, and approximately an additional 25% of its assets in other types of real estate-related assets. We expect to rely on guidance published by the SEC staff or on our analyses of guidance published with respect to types of assets to determine which assets are qualifying real estate assets and real estate-related assets.
To maintain compliance with the Investment Company Act, our subsidiaries may be unable to sell assets we would otherwise want them to sell and may need to sell assets we would otherwise wish them to retain. In addition, our subsidiaries may have to acquire additional assets that they might not otherwise have acquired or may have to forgo opportunities to make investments that we would otherwise want them to make and would be important to our investment strategy. Moreover, the SEC or its staff may issue interpretations with respect to various types of assets that are contrary to our views and current SEC staff interpretations are subject to change, which increases the risk of non-compliance and the risk that we may be forced to make adverse changes to our portfolio. In this regard, we note that in 2011 the SEC issued a concept release indicating that the SEC and its staff were reviewing interpretive issues relating to Section 3(c)(5)(c) and soliciting views on the application of Section 3(c)(5)(c) to companies engaged in the business of acquiring mortgages and mortgage-related instruments. If we were required to register as an investment company but failed to do so, we would be prohibited from engaging in our business and criminal and civil actions could be brought against us. In addition, our contracts would be unenforceable unless a court required enforcement and a court could appoint a receiver to take control of us and liquidate our business.
Rapid changes in the values of our assets may make it more difficult for us to maintain our qualification as a REIT or our exception from the definition of an investment company under the Investment Company Act.
If the market value or income potential of our qualifying real estate assets changes as compared to the market value or income potential of our non-qualifying assets, or if the market value or income potential of our assets that are considered “real estate-related assets” under the Investment Company Act or REIT qualification tests changes as compared to the market value or income potential of our assets that are not considered “real estate-related assets” under the Investment Company Act or REIT qualification tests, whether as a result of increased interest rates, prepayment rates or other factors, we may need to modify our investment portfolio in order to maintain our REIT qualification or exception from the definition of an investment company. If the decline in asset values or income occurs quickly, this may be especially difficult, if not impossible, to accomplish. This difficulty may be exacerbated by the illiquid nature of many of the assets that we may own. We may have to make investment decisions that we otherwise would not make absent REIT and Investment Company Act considerations.
Our stockholders will have limited control over changes in our policies and operations, which increases the uncertainty and risks stockholders face.
Our board of directors determines our major policies, including our policies regarding financing, growth, debt capitalization, REIT qualification and distributions. Our board of directors may amend or revise these and other policies without a vote of the stockholders. Under the Maryland General Corporation Law and our charter, stockholders have a right to vote only on limited matters. Our board’s broad discretion in setting policies and stockholders’ inability to exert control over those policies increases the uncertainty and risks stockholders face.
Our stockholders may not be able to immediately sell their shares of common stock under our share repurchase program.
We do not expect that a secondary market for resale of our shares of common stock will develop, and our ability to repurchase shares of our common stock depends upon the levels of our cash reserves (including distribution reinvestment proceeds), availability under any line of credit that we might have, the pace of new sales of shares of common stock, and our ability to sell properties. There can be no assurance that we will have sufficient cash reserves for share repurchases at all times. In addition, we may not repurchase shares if the repurchase would violate restrictions on the distributions under Maryland law, which prohibit distributions that would cause a corporation to fail to meet statutory tests of solvency.
If we must sell properties in order to honor repurchase requests, the repurchase of shares tendered for repurchase could be delayed until we have sold sufficient properties to honor such requests. We expect that the property sale process, if required to honor repurchase requests, could take several months, and we cannot be sure how long it might take to raise sufficient capital from property sales and other sources to honor all such requests. Under the terms of the SRPs, we would honor such repurchase requests on a pro rata basis to the extent that we have cash available for such repurchase requests.
Further, share repurchases under our SRPs for any 12-month period cannot exceed 2% of our aggregate NAV per month, 5% of our aggregate NAV per quarter, or 20% of our aggregate NAV per year. However, we will only repurchase shares if, among other conditions, we have sufficient reserves with which to repurchase such shares and at the same time maintain our then-current plan of operations. In addition, shares of our Class S common stock must be held for one year after they have been issued before we will accept requests for repurchase, and shares of our Class C common stock must be held for six months after they have been issued before we will accept requests for repurchase, except for shares acquired pursuant to our DRP if the stockholder submitting the repurchase request has held its initial investment for at least six months. Upon such presentation, we may, subject to the conditions and limitations described below, repurchase the shares presented to us for cash to the extent we have sufficient funds available to us to fund such repurchase.
The repurchase price for shares of Class C common stock held by the stockholder for less than two years is 98% of the most recent NAV per share. The repurchase price for shares of Class C common stock held by the stockholder for at least two years is the most recent NAV per share. The repurchase price for shares of Class S common stock held by the stockholder for at least one year is the most recent NAV per share.
Stockholders who wish to avail themselves of the SRP for shares of our Class C common stock or Class S common stock must notify us as provided on their on-line dashboard at www.modiv.com. All requests for repurchase must be received by us at least two business days before the end of a month in order for the repurchase to be considered in the following month. Share repurchase requests may be withdrawn, provided that such withdrawal requests are received by us at least two business days prior to the end of a month. Shares will generally be repurchased by the third business day of the following month. Pursuant to our current SRP, share repurchases may be funded by (a) distribution reinvestment proceeds, (b) the prior or future sale of shares, (c) operating cash flow not intended for distributions, (d) indebtedness, including a line of credit and traditional mortgage financing, and (e) asset sales.
Our board of directors may amend, suspend or terminate our SRPs upon 10 days’ notice to our stockholders if: (a) the board of directors believes such action is in our and such stockholders’ best interests, including because share repurchases place an undue burden on our liquidity, adversely affect our operations, adversely affect stockholders whose shares are not repurchased, or if the board of directors determines that the funds otherwise available to fund our share repurchases are needed for other purposes; (b) due to changes in law or regulation; or (c) the board of directors becomes aware of undisclosed material information that it believes should be publicly disclosed before shares are repurchased.
We may, at some future date, seek to list our shares of common stock on a national securities exchange to create a secondary market for our stock, but we have no current plan to do so, and for the foreseeable future stockholders should assume that the only available avenue to sell their shares will be our SRPs described above.
Our investors’ interest in us will be diluted if we issue additional shares, which could reduce the overall value of their investment.
Our stockholders do not have preemptive rights to any shares we issue in the future. Our charter currently authorizes us to issue 450,000,000 shares of capital stock, of which 400,000,000 shares are designated as common stock with 300,000,000 shares being designated as Class C common stock and 100,000,000 shares being designated as Class S common stock. In August 2017, our board of directors increased the number of authorized shares of common stock without stockholder approval to facilitate an offering by us of up to 100,000,000 shares of Class S common stock exclusively to non-U.S. persons as defined under Rule 903 promulgated under the Securities Act pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act under and in accordance with Regulation S thereunder. In the future, our board of directors may further increase the number of authorized shares of common stock without stockholder approval. For example, our board of directors may authorize us to: (i) sell additional shares in future public offerings, including through our DRP; (ii) issue equity interests in private offerings; (iii) issue shares of our common stock to sellers of properties or assets we acquire in connection with an exchange of limited partnership interests of the Operating Partnership; (iv) issue shares of our common stock in connection with the acquisition of another company or its assets; (v) issue units of limited partnership interests of the Operating Partnership, which are convertible into shares of our Class C common stock in connection with a long term incentive plan; or (vi) otherwise issue additional shares of our capital stock. To the extent we issue additional equity interests after our investors purchase shares, our investors’ percentage ownership interest in us would be diluted. In addition, depending upon the terms and pricing of any additional issuance of shares, the use of the proceeds and the value of our real estate investments, our investors could also experience dilution in the book value and NAV of their shares and in the earnings and distributions per share.
If we are unable to obtain funding for future capital needs, cash distributions to stockholders and the value of our investments could decline.
When tenants do not renew their leases or otherwise vacate their space, we will often need to expend substantial funds for improvements to the vacated space in order to attract replacement tenants. Even when tenants do renew their leases, we may agree to make improvements to their space as part of our negotiations. If we need additional capital in the future to improve or maintain our properties or for any other reason, we may have to obtain funding from sources other than our cash flow from operations or proceeds from our DRP, such as borrowings or future equity offerings. These sources of funding may not be available on attractive terms, or at all. If we cannot procure additional funding for capital improvements, our investments may generate lower cash flows or decline in value, or both, which would limit our ability to make distributions to stockholders and could reduce the value of stockholders’ investment in us.
Our board of directors may, in the future, adopt certain measures under Maryland law without stockholder approval that may have the effect of making it less likely that a stockholder would receive a “control premium” for his or her shares.
Corporations organized under Maryland law with a class of registered securities and at least three independent directors are permitted to elect to be subject, by a charter or bylaw provision or a board of directors resolution and notwithstanding any contrary charter or bylaw provision, to any or all of five provisions:
•staggering the board of directors into three classes;
•requiring a two-thirds vote of stockholders to remove directors;
•providing that only the board of directors can fix the size of the board;
•providing that all vacancies on the board, regardless of how the vacancy was created, may be filled only by the affirmative vote of a majority of the remaining directors in office and for the remainder of the full term of the class of directors in which the vacancy occurred; and
•providing for a majority requirement for the calling of a special meeting of stockholders.
These provisions may discourage an extraordinary transaction, such as a merger, tender offer or sale of all or substantially all of our assets, all of which might provide a premium price for stockholders’ shares. In our charter, we have elected that vacancies on our board of directors be filled only by the remaining directors and for the remainder of the full term of the directorship in which the vacancy occurred. Through other provisions in our charter and bylaws, we vest in our board of directors the exclusive power to fix the number of directorships, provided that the number is not less than three or more than 15. We have not elected to be subject to any of the other provisions described above, but our charter does not prohibit our board of directors from opting into any of these provisions in the future.
Further, under the Maryland Business Combination Act, we may not engage in any merger or other business combination with an “interested stockholder” (which is defined as (1) any person who beneficially owns, directly or indirectly, 10% or more of the voting power of our outstanding voting stock and (2) an affiliate or associate of ours who, at any time within the two-year period prior to the date in question, was the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly, of 10% or more of the voting power of our then outstanding voting stock) or any affiliate of that interested stockholder for a period of five years after the most recent date on which the interested stockholder became an interested stockholder. A person is not an interested stockholder if our board of directors approved in advance the transaction by which he, she or it would otherwise have become an interested stockholder. In approving a transaction, our board of directors may provide that its approval is subject to compliance, at or after the time of approval, with any terms or conditions determined by our board of directors. After the five-year period ends, any merger or other business combination with the interested stockholder or any affiliate of the interested stockholder must be recommended by our board of directors and approved by the affirmative vote of at least:
•80% of all votes entitled to be cast by holders of outstanding shares of our voting stock; and
•two-thirds of all of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of outstanding shares of our voting stock other than those shares owned or held by the interested stockholder with whom or with whose affiliate the business combination is to be effected or held by an affiliate or associate of the interested stockholder.
These super-majority voting requirements do not apply if, among other things, stockholders receive a minimum payment for their common stock equal to the highest price paid by the interested stockholder for his, her or its shares.
Maryland law limits, in some cases, the ability of a third party to vote shares acquired in a “control share acquisition.”
The Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act provides that “control shares” of a Maryland corporation acquired in a “control share acquisition” have no voting rights except to the extent approved by stockholders by a vote of two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter. Shares of stock owned by the acquirer, by officers or by employees who are directors of the corporation, are excluded from shares entitled to vote on the matter. “Control shares” are voting shares of stock which, if aggregated with all other shares of stock owned by the acquirer or in respect of which the acquirer can exercise or direct the exercise of voting power (except solely by virtue of a revocable proxy), would entitle the acquirer to exercise voting power in electing directors within specified ranges of voting power. Control shares do not include shares the acquiring person is then entitled to vote as a result of having previously obtained stockholder approval or shares acquired directly from the corporation. A “control share acquisition” means the acquisition of issued and outstanding control shares. The control share acquisition statute does not apply: (1) to shares acquired in a merger, consolidation or share exchange if the Maryland corporation is a party to the transaction; or (2) to acquisitions approved or exempted by the charter or bylaws of the Maryland corporation.
We are subject to risks relating to litigation and regulatory liability.
We face legal risks in our businesses, including risks related to the securities laws and regulations across various state and federal jurisdictions. Non-traded REITs have been the subject of increased scrutiny by regulators and media outlets resulting from inquiries and investigations initiated by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) and the SEC.
In March, April and May 2016, our affiliate, REIT I, sold shares of its stock in excess of the amount which it had registered for sale in California, resulting in a violation of the registration requirements of the California Securities Law of 1968. To remedy this, REIT I reported the sales in excess of the California permit to the Department of Business Oversight and made a repurchase offer pursuant to the California securities law to those investors who had purchased shares in excess of the permit.
In addition, beginning in 2017, the SEC conducted an investigation related to, among other things, the advertising and sale of securities in connection with the Offerings and compliance with broker-dealer regulations. BrixInvest proposed a settlement of the investigation with the SEC and, on September 26, 2019, the SEC accepted the settlement and entered an order (the “Order”) instituting proceedings against BrixInvest pursuant to Section 8A of the Securities Act and Section 21C of the Exchange Act. Under the settlement, BrixInvest, without denying or admitting any substantive findings in the Order, consented to entry of the Order, finding violations by it of Section 5(b)(1) of the Securities Act and Section 15(a) of the Exchange Act.
Under the terms of the Order, BrixInvest agreed to: (i) cease and desist from committing or causing any future violations of Section 5(b) of the Securities Act and Section 15(a) of the Exchange Act; (ii) pay, and has paid, to the SEC a civil money penalty in the amount of $300,000; and (iii) undertake that any REIT that is or was formed, organized or advised by it, including our Company, will not distribute securities except through a registered broker-dealer. We engaged NCPS as our registered broker-dealer commencing January 2, 2020.
Violations of state and federal securities registration laws may result in contingent liabilities to purchasers for sales of unregistered securities and may also subject the seller to fines and penalties by securities regulatory agencies. It is possible that we and our affiliates could be subject to sanctions or to similar liabilities in the future, should another violation of securities registration requirements occur. A finding of such a violation could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.
General Risks Related to Investments in Real Estate
Pandemics or other health crises, such as the recent outbreak of COVID-19, may adversely affect our business and/or operations, our tenants’ financial condition and the profitability of our retail properties.
Our business and/or operations and the businesses of our tenants could be materially and adversely affected by the risks, or the public perception of the risks, related to a pandemic or other health crisis, such as the recent outbreak of COVID-19. The profitability of our retail properties depends, in part, on the willingness of customers to visit our tenants’ businesses. The risk, or public perception of the risk, of a pandemic or media coverage of infectious diseases could cause employees or customers to avoid our properties, which could adversely affect foot traffic to our tenants’ businesses and our tenants’ ability to adequately staff their businesses. Most of the states in which we operate have issued orders to close certain retail establishments. Such events have adversely impacted tenants’ sales and/or caused the temporary closure or slowdown of our tenants’ businesses, which has severely disrupted their operations and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Similarly, the potential effects of quarantined employees of office tenants may adversely impact their businesses and affect their ability to pay rent on a timely basis.
Economic, market and regulatory changes that impact the real estate market generally may decrease the value of our investments and weaken our operating results.
Our operating results and the performance of the properties we acquire are subject to the risks typically associated with real estate, any of which could decrease the value of our investments and could weaken our operating results, including:
•downturns in national, regional and local economic conditions, particularly a likely recession in response to the COVID-19 virus;
•competition from other commercial developments;
•adverse local conditions, such as oversupply or reduction in demand for commercial buildings and changes in real estate zoning laws that may reduce the desirability of real estate in an area;
•vacancies, changes in market rental rates and the need to periodically repair, renovate and re-let space;
•changes in interest rates and the availability of permanent mortgage financing, which may render the sale of a property or loan difficult or unattractive;
•changes in tax (including real and personal property tax), real estate, environmental and zoning laws;
•material failures, inadequacy, interruptions or security failures of the technology on which our operations rely;
•natural disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes and floods;
•acts of war or terrorism, including the consequences of terrorist attacks;
•a pandemic or other public health crisis (such as the recent COVID-19 virus outbreak);
•the potential for uninsured or underinsured property losses; and
•periods of high interest rates and tight money supply.
Any of the above factors, or a combination thereof, could result in a decrease in our cash flow from operations and a decrease in the value of our investments, which would have an adverse effect on our operations, on our ability to pay distributions to stockholders and on the value of stockholders’ investment.
We may finance properties with lock-out provisions, which may prohibit us from selling a property, or may require us to maintain specified debt levels for a period of years on some properties.
Lock-out provisions are provisions that generally prohibit repayment of a loan balance for a certain number of years following the origination date of a loan. Such provisions are typically provided by the terms of the agreement underlying a loan. Lock-out provisions could materially restrict us from selling or otherwise disposing of or refinancing properties. These provisions would affect our ability to turn our investments into cash and thus affect cash available for share repurchases or distributions to stockholders. Lock-out provisions may prohibit us from reducing the outstanding indebtedness with respect to any properties, refinancing such indebtedness on a non-recourse basis at maturity, or increasing the amount of indebtedness with respect to such properties.
Lock-out provisions could impair our ability to take actions during the lock-out period that would otherwise be in the stockholders’ best interests and, therefore, may have an adverse impact on the value of their shares, relative to the value that would result if the lock-out provisions did not exist. In particular, lock-out provisions could preclude us from participating in major transactions that could result in a disposition of our assets or a change in control even though that disposition or change in control might be in the stockholders’ best interests.
We intend to purchase properties with (or enter into, as necessary) long-term leases with tenants, which may not result in fair market rental rates over time.
These leases would provide for rent to increase over time; however, if we do not accurately judge the potential for increases in market rental rates, we may set the terms of these long-term leases at levels such that, even after contractual rent increases, the rent under our long-term leases is less than then-current market rates. Further, we may have no ability to terminate those leases or to adjust the rent to then-prevailing market rates. As a result, our cash available for distribution could be lower than if we did not purchase properties with, or enter into, long-term leases.
We depend on tenants for our revenue generated by our real estate investments and, accordingly, our revenue generated by our real estate investments and our ability to make distributions to stockholders are dependent upon the success and economic viability of our tenants and our ability to retain and attract tenants. Non-renewals, terminations or lease defaults could reduce our net income and limit our ability to make distributions to stockholders.
The success of our real estate investments materially depends upon the financial stability of the tenants leasing the properties we own. The inability of a single major tenant or a significant number of smaller tenants to meet their rental obligations would significantly lower our net income. A non-renewal after the expiration of a lease term, termination or default by a tenant on its lease payments to us would cause us to lose the revenue associated with such lease and require us to find an alternative source of revenue to meet mortgage payments and prevent a foreclosure if the property is subject to a mortgage. In the event of a tenant default or bankruptcy, we may experience delays in enforcing our rights as landlord of a property and may incur substantial costs in protecting our investment and re-leasing the property. Tenants may have the right to terminate their leases upon the occurrence of certain customary events of default and, in other circumstances, may not renew their leases or, because of market conditions, may only be able to renew their leases on terms that are less favorable to us than the terms of their initial leases. Further, some of our assets may be outfitted to suit the particular needs of the tenants. We may have difficulty replacing the tenants of these properties if the outfitted space limits the types of businesses that could lease that space without major renovation. If a tenant does not renew, terminates or defaults on a lease, we may be unable to lease the property for the rent previously received or sell the property without incurring a loss. These events could cause us to reduce distributions to stockholders.
The bankruptcy or insolvency of our tenants or delays by our tenants in making rental payments (including bankruptcies and insolvencies caused by the recent COVID-19 pandemic) could seriously harm our operating results and financial condition.
Any bankruptcy filings by or relating to any of our tenants could bar us from collecting pre-bankruptcy debts from that tenant (including tenants whose business and operations are severely impacted by the recent COVID-19 pandemic), unless we receive an order permitting us to do so from the bankruptcy court. A tenant bankruptcy could delay our efforts to collect past due balances under the relevant leases, and could ultimately preclude full collection of these sums. If a lease is rejected by a tenant in bankruptcy, we would have only a general unsecured claim for damages. Any unsecured claim we hold against a bankrupt entity may be paid only to the extent that funds are available and only in the same percentage as is paid to all other holders of unsecured claims. We may recover substantially less than the full value of any unsecured claims, which would harm our financial condition.
Actions of our potential future tenants-in-common could reduce the returns on tenants-in-common investments and decrease stockholders’ overall return.
We may enter into tenants-in-common or other joint ownership structures with third parties to acquire properties and other assets. Such investments may involve risks not otherwise present with other methods of investment, including, for example, the following risks:
•our co-owner in an investment could become insolvent or bankrupt;
•our co-owner may at any time have economic or business interests or goals that are or that become inconsistent with our business interests or goals;
•our co-owner may be in a position to take action contrary to our instructions or requests or contrary to our policies or objectives; or
•disputes between us and our co-owner may result in litigation or arbitration that would increase our expenses and prevent our officers and directors from focusing their time and effort on our operations.
While we intend that any co-ownership investment that we enter into will be subject to a co-ownership contractual arrangement that will address some or all of the above issues, any of the above might still subject a property to liabilities in excess of those contemplated and thus reduce our returns on that investment and the value of stockholders’ investment in us.
Costs imposed pursuant to laws and governmental regulations may reduce our net income and our cash available for distribution to stockholders.
Real property and the operations conducted on real property are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to protection of the environment and human health. We could be subject to liability in the form of fines, penalties or damages for noncompliance with these laws and regulations. These laws and regulations generally govern wastewater discharges, air emissions, the operation and removal of underground and above-ground storage tanks, the use, storage, treatment, transportation and disposal of solid and hazardous materials, the remediation of contamination associated with the release or disposal of solid and hazardous materials, the presence of toxic building materials and other health and safety-related concerns.
Some of these laws and regulations may impose joint and several liability on the tenants, owners or operators of real property for the costs to investigate or remediate contaminated properties, regardless of fault, whether the contamination occurred prior to purchase, or whether the acts causing the contamination were legal. Activities of our tenants, the condition of properties at the time we buy them, operations in the vicinity of our properties, such as the presence of underground storage tanks, or activities of unrelated third parties may affect our properties.
The presence of hazardous substances, or the failure to properly manage or remediate these substances, may hinder our ability to sell, rent or pledge such property as collateral for future borrowings. Any material expenditures, fines, penalties or damages we must pay will reduce our ability to pay distributions to stockholders and may reduce the value of stockholders’ investment in us.
The costs of defending against claims of environmental liability, of complying with environmental regulatory requirements, of remediating any contaminated property or of paying personal injury or other damage claims could reduce our cash available for distribution to stockholders.
Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, ordinances and regulations, a current or previous real property owner or operator may be liable for the cost of removing or remediating hazardous or toxic substances on, under or in such property. These costs could be substantial. Such laws often impose liability whether or not the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of such hazardous or toxic substances. Environmental laws also may impose liens on property or restrictions on the manner in which property may be used or businesses may be operated, and these restrictions may require substantial expenditures or prevent us from entering into leases with prospective tenants that may be impacted by such laws. Environmental laws provide for sanctions for noncompliance and may be enforced by governmental agencies or, in certain circumstances, by private parties. Certain environmental laws and common law principles could be used to impose liability for the release of and exposure to hazardous substances, including asbestos-containing materials and lead-based paint. Third parties may seek recovery from real property owners or operators for personal injury or property damage associated with exposure to released hazardous substances and governments may seek recovery for natural resource damage. The costs of defending against claims of environmental liability, of complying with environmental regulatory requirements, of remediating any contaminated property, or of paying personal injury, property damage or natural resource damage claims could reduce our cash available for distribution to stockholders.
We intend that most if not all of our real estate acquisitions be subject to Phase I environmental assessments prior to the time they are acquired; however, such assessments may not provide complete environmental histories due, for example, to limited available information about prior operations at the properties or other gaps in information at the time we acquire the property. A Phase I environmental assessment is an initial environmental investigation to identify potential environmental liabilities associated with the current and past uses of a given property. If any of our properties were found to contain hazardous or toxic substances after our acquisition, the value of our investment could decrease below the amount paid for such investment.
Uninsured losses relating to real property could reduce our cash flow from operations and the return on stockholders’ investment in us.
We expect that most of the properties we acquire will be subject to leases requiring the tenants thereunder to be financially responsible for property liability and casualty insurance. However, there are types of losses, generally catastrophic in nature, such as losses due to pandemics such as the COVID-19 pandemic, wars, acts of terrorism, earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, pollution or environmental matters that are uninsurable and/or for which the tenants are not contractually obligated to provide insurance. In such instances, we may be required to provide other financial support, either through financial assurances or self-insurance, to cover potential losses.
We may not have adequate coverage for such losses. If any of our properties incurs a casualty loss that is not fully insured, the value of our assets will be reduced by any such uninsured loss, which will reduce the value of stockholders' investment in us. In addition, other than any working capital reserve and other reserves we may establish, we have limited sources of funding to repair or reconstruct any uninsured property.
Changes in accounting pronouncements may materially and adversely affect our tenants’ credit quality and our ability to secure long-term leases and renewal options.
The FASB issued a new accounting standard, effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 for public business entities and December 15, 2019 for non-public business entities, that requires companies to capitalize all leases on their balance sheets by recognizing a lessee’s rights and obligations. Many companies that accounted for certain leases on an ‘‘off balance sheet’’ basis are now required to account for such leases ‘‘on balance sheet.’’ This change removed many of the differences in the way companies account for owned property and leased property, and could have a material effect on various aspects of our tenants’ businesses, including their credit quality and the factors they consider in deciding whether to own or lease properties. The new standard could cause companies that lease properties to prefer shorter lease terms, in an effort to reduce the leasing liability required to be recorded on their balance sheets. The new standard could also make lease renewal options less attractive, as, under certain circumstances, the rule would require a tenant to assume that a renewal right will be exercised and accrue a liability relating to the longer lease term.
Risks Related to Investments in Single Tenant Real Estate
Our current properties will depend upon a single tenant for their rental income, and our financial condition and ability to make distributions may be adversely affected by the bankruptcy or insolvency, a downturn in the business, or a tenant’s lease termination.
While we plan to expand our investment criteria to include a diversified portfolio of real estate and real estate-related investments, we initially expect that most of our properties will be occupied by only one tenant or will derive a majority of their rental income from one tenant and, therefore, the success of those properties will be materially dependent on the financial stability of such tenants. Lease payment defaults by tenants could cause us to reduce the amount of distributions we pay. A default of a tenant on its lease payments to us and the potential resulting vacancy would cause us to lose the revenue from the property and force us to find an alternative source of revenue to meet any mortgage payment and prevent a foreclosure if the property is subject to a mortgage. In the event of a default, we may experience delays in enforcing our rights as landlord and may incur substantial costs in protecting our investment and re-letting the property. If a lease is terminated or an existing tenant elects not to renew a lease upon its expiration, there is no assurance that we will be able to lease the property for the rent previously received or sell the property without incurring a loss. A default by a tenant, the failure of a guarantor to fulfill its obligations or other premature termination of a lease, or a tenant’s election not to extend a lease upon its expiration, could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and our ability to pay distributions.
If a tenant declares bankruptcy, we may be unable to collect balances due under relevant leases.
Any of our tenants, or any guarantor of a tenant’s lease obligations, could be subject to a bankruptcy proceeding pursuant to Title 11 of the bankruptcy laws of the United States. Such a bankruptcy filing would bar all efforts by us to collect pre-bankruptcy debts from these entities or their properties, unless we receive an enabling order from the bankruptcy court. Post-bankruptcy debts would be paid currently. If a lease is assumed, all pre-bankruptcy balances owing under it must be paid in full. If a lease is rejected by a tenant in bankruptcy, we would have a general unsecured claim for damages. If a lease is rejected, it is unlikely we would receive any payments from the tenant because our claim is capped at the rent reserved under the lease, without acceleration, for the greater of one year or 15% of the remaining term of the lease, but not greater than three years, plus rent already due but unpaid. This claim could be paid only in the event funds were available, and then only in the same percentage as that realized on other unsecured claims.
A tenant or lease guarantor bankruptcy could delay efforts to collect past due balances under the relevant leases, and could ultimately preclude full collection of these sums. Such an event could cause a decrease or cessation of rental payments that would mean a reduction in our cash flow and the amount available for distributions to stockholders. In the event of a bankruptcy, we cannot assure stockholders that the tenant or its trustee will assume our lease. If a given lease, or guaranty of a lease, is not assumed, our cash flow and the amounts available for distributions to stockholders may be adversely affected. Further, our lenders may have a first priority claim to any recovery under the leases, any guarantees and any credit support, such as security deposits and letters of credit.
Net leases may not result in fair market lease rates over time.
We expect most of our rental income to come from net leases. Net leases typically contain: (i) longer lease terms; (ii) fixed rental rate increases during the primary term of the lease; and (iii) fixed rental rates for initial renewal options, and, thus, there is an increased risk that these contractual lease terms will fail to result in fair market rental rates if fair market rental rates increase at a greater rate than the fixed rental rate increases.
Our real estate investments may include special use single tenant properties that may be difficult to sell or re-lease upon tenant defaults or early lease terminations.
We focus our investments on commercial properties, a number of which will be special use, single tenant properties. With these properties, if the current lease is terminated or not renewed, we may be required to renovate the property or to make rent concessions in order to lease the property to another tenant or sell the property. In addition, in the event we are forced to sell the property, we may have difficulty selling it to a party other than the tenant or borrower due to the special purpose for which the property may have been designed. These and other limitations may affect our ability to sell or re-lease properties and adversely affect returns to stockholders.
If a sale-leaseback transaction is recharacterized in a tenant’s bankruptcy proceeding, our financial condition could be adversely affected.
We may enter into sale-leaseback transactions, whereby we would purchase a property and then lease the same property back to the person from whom we purchased it. In the event of the bankruptcy of a tenant, a transaction structured as a sale-leaseback may be recharacterized as either a financing or a joint venture, either of which outcomes could adversely affect our business. If the sale-leaseback were recharacterized as a financing, we might not be considered the owner of the property, and as a result would have the status of a creditor in relation to the tenant. In that event, we would no longer have the right to sell or encumber our ownership interest in the property. Instead, we would have a claim against the tenant for the amounts owed under the lease, with the claim arguably secured by the property. The tenant/debtor might have the ability to propose a plan restructuring the term, interest rate and amortization schedule of its outstanding balance. If confirmed by the bankruptcy court, we could be bound by the new terms, and prevented from foreclosing our lien on the property. If the sale-leaseback were recharacterized as a joint venture, our lessee and we could be treated as co-venturers with regard to the property. As a result, we could be held liable, under some circumstances, for debts incurred by the lessee relating to the property. Either of these outcomes could adversely affect our cash flow and the amount available for distributions to stockholders.
Risks Associated with Debt Financing
We obtain lines of credit, mortgage indebtedness and other borrowings, which increases our risk of loss due to potential foreclosure.
We obtain lines of credit and long-term financing that may be secured by our properties and other assets. In most instances, we acquire real properties by financing a portion of the price of the properties and mortgaging or pledging some or all of the properties purchased as security for that debt. We may also incur mortgage debt on properties that we already own in order to obtain funds to acquire additional properties, to fund property improvements and other capital expenditures, to pay distributions and for other purposes. In addition, we may borrow as necessary or advisable to ensure that we maintain our qualification as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, including borrowings to satisfy the REIT requirement that we distribute at least 90% of our annual REIT taxable income to stockholders (computed without regard to the dividends-paid deduction and excluding net capital gain). However, we can give stockholders no assurance that we will be able to obtain such borrowings on satisfactory terms or at all.
If we do mortgage a property and there is a shortfall between the cash flow generated by that property and the cash flow needed to service mortgage debt on that property, then the amount of cash available for distribution to stockholders may be reduced. In addition, incurring mortgage debt increases the risk of loss of a property since defaults on indebtedness secured by a property may result in lenders initiating foreclosure actions. In that case, we could lose the property securing the loan that is in default, reducing the value of stockholders’ investment in us. For tax purposes, a foreclosure of any of our properties would be treated as a sale of the property for a purchase price equal to the outstanding balance of the debt secured by the mortgage. If the outstanding balance of the debt secured by the mortgage exceeds our tax basis in the property, we would recognize taxable income on foreclosure even though we would not necessarily receive any cash proceeds. We may give full or partial guarantees to lenders of mortgage or other debt on behalf of the entities that own our properties. When we give a guaranty on behalf of an entity that owns one of our properties, we will be responsible to the lender for satisfaction of all or a part of the debt or other amounts related to the debt if it is not paid by such entity. If any mortgages contain cross-collateralization or cross-default provisions, a default on a mortgage secured by a single property could affect mortgages secured by other properties.
We may utilize repurchase agreements as a component of our financing strategy. Repurchase agreements economically resemble short-term, variable-rate financing and usually require the maintenance of specific loan-to-collateral value ratios. If the market value of the assets subject to a repurchase agreement declines, we may be required to provide additional collateral or make cash payments to maintain the required loan-to-collateral value ratios. If we are unable to provide such collateral or cash repayments, we may lose our economic interest in the underlying assets.
We may also obtain recourse debt to finance our acquisitions and meet our REIT distribution requirements. If we have insufficient income to service our recourse debt obligations, our lenders could institute proceedings against us to foreclose upon our assets. If a lender successfully forecloses upon any of our assets, our ability to pay cash distributions to stockholders will be limited and the value of our shares could decrease.
Increases in mortgage rates or changes in underwriting standards may make it difficult for us to finance or refinance properties, which could reduce the number of properties we can acquire, our cash flow from operations and the amount of cash available for distribution to stockholders.
If mortgage debt is unavailable at reasonable rates, we may not be able to finance the purchase of properties. If we place mortgage debt on a property, we run the risk of being unable to refinance part or all of the debt when it becomes due or of being unable to refinance on favorable terms. If interest rates are higher when we refinance properties subject to mortgage debt, our income could be reduced. We may be unable to refinance or may only be able to partly refinance properties if underwriting standards, including loan to value ratios and yield requirements, among other requirements, are stricter than when we originally financed the properties. If any of these events occurs, our cash flow could be reduced and/or we might have to pay down existing mortgages. This, in turn, would reduce cash available for distribution to stockholders, could cause us to require additional capital and may hinder our ability to raise capital by issuing more stock or by borrowing more money.
We may use leverage in connection with any real estate investments we make, which increases the risk of loss associated with this type of investment.
We may finance the acquisition of certain real estate-related investments with warehouse lines of credit and repurchase agreements. Although the use of leverage may enhance returns and increase the number of investments that we can make, it may also substantially increase the risk of loss. There can be no assurance that leveraged financing will be available to us on favorable terms or that, among other factors, the terms of such financing will parallel the maturities of the leases in underlying assets acquired. If alternative financing is not available, we may have to liquidate assets at unfavorable prices to pay off such financing. The return on our investments and cash available for distribution to stockholders may be reduced to the extent that changes in market conditions cause the cost of our financing to increase relative to the income that we can derive from the assets we acquire.
Our debt service payments will reduce our cash available for distribution. We may not be able to meet our debt service obligations and, to the extent that we cannot, we risk the loss of some or all of our assets to foreclosure or sale to satisfy our debt obligations. If we utilize repurchase financing and if the market value of the assets subject to a repurchase agreement declines, we may be required to provide additional collateral or make cash payments to maintain the required loan-to-collateral value ratio. If we are unable to provide such collateral or cash repayments, we may lose our economic interest in the underlying assets. Further, credit facility providers and warehouse facility providers may require us to maintain a certain amount of cash reserves or to set aside unleveraged assets sufficient to maintain a specified liquidity position that would allow us to satisfy our collateral obligations. As a result, we may not be able to leverage our assets as fully as we would choose, which could reduce our return on assets. In the event that we are unable to meet these collateral obligations, our financial condition could deteriorate rapidly.
We may not be able to access financing sources on attractive terms, which could adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan.
We may finance our assets over the long-term through a variety of means, including repurchase agreements, credit facilities, issuances of commercial mortgage-backed securities and other structured financings. Our ability to execute this strategy will depend on various conditions in the markets for financing in this manner that are beyond our control, including lack of liquidity and greater credit spreads. We cannot be certain that these markets will remain an efficient source of long-term financing for our assets. If our strategy is not viable, we will have to find alternative forms of long-term financing for our assets, as secured revolving credit facilities and repurchase agreements may not accommodate long-term financing. This could subject us to more recourse indebtedness and the risk that debt service on less efficient forms of financing would require a larger portion of our cash flow, thereby reducing cash available for distribution to stockholders and funds available for operations as well as for future business opportunities.
Lenders may require us to enter into restrictive covenants relating to our operations, which could limit our ability to pay distributions to stockholders.
When providing financing, a lender may impose restrictions on us that affect our distribution and operating policies and our ability to incur additional debt. Loan agreements into which we enter may contain covenants that limit our ability to further mortgage a property or that prohibit us from discontinuing insurance coverage. These or other limitations would decrease our operating flexibility and our ability to achieve our operating objectives and limit our ability to pay distributions to stockholders.
Subject to certain restrictions in our charter, we have broad authority to incur debt and debt levels could hinder our ability to make distributions and decrease the value of stockholders’ investment in us.
Our charter limits the amount we may borrow to 300% of our net assets. In March 2020, our board of directors approved an increase in our maximum leverage from 50% to 55% to allow us to take advantage of the current low interest rate environment, the relative cost of debt and equity capital, and strategic borrowing advantages potentially available to us. Our borrowings on one or more individual properties may exceed 55% of their individual cost, so long as our overall leverage does not exceed 55%. We may exceed this limit only if any excess borrowing is approved by a majority of our independent directors and is disclosed to stockholders in our next quarterly report, along with the justification for such excess. When calculating our use of leverage, we will not include borrowings relating to the initial acquisition of properties that are outstanding under a revolving credit facility (or similar agreement). There is no limitation on the amount we may borrow for the purchase of any single asset.
To hedge against interest rate fluctuations, we may use derivative financial instruments that may be costly and ineffective.
From time to time, we may use derivative financial instruments to hedge exposures to changes in interest rates on loans secured by our assets. Derivative instruments may include interest rate swap contracts, interest rate cap or floor contracts, futures or forward contracts, options or repurchase agreements. Our actual hedging decisions will be determined in light of the facts and circumstances existing at the time of the hedge and may differ from our currently anticipated hedging strategy. There is no assurance that our hedging strategy will achieve our objectives. We may be subject to costs, such as transaction fees or breakage costs, if we terminate these arrangements.
To the extent that we use derivative financial instruments to hedge against interest rate fluctuations, we will be exposed to credit risk, basis risk and legal enforceability risks. In this context, credit risk is the failure of the counterparty to perform under the terms of the derivative contract. If the fair value of a derivative contract is positive, the counterparty owes us, which creates credit risk for us. Basis risk occurs when the index upon which the contract is based is more or less variable than the index upon which the hedged asset or liability is based, thereby making the hedge less effective. Legal enforceability risks encompass general contractual risks including the risk that the counterparty will breach the terms of, or fail to perform its obligations under, the derivative contract. There is a risk that counterparties could fail, shut down, file for bankruptcy or be unable to pay out contracts. The failure of a counterparty that holds collateral that we post in connection with an interest rate swap agreement could result in the loss of that collateral.
Federal Income Tax Risks
Failure to qualify as a REIT would subject us to U.S. federal income tax, which would reduce the cash available for distribution to stockholders.
We expect to operate in a manner that will allow us to continue to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. However, the federal income tax laws governing REITs are extremely complex, and interpretations of the federal income tax laws governing qualification as a REIT are limited. Qualifying as a REIT requires us to meet various tests regarding the nature of our assets and our income, the ownership of our outstanding stock, and the amount of our distributions on an ongoing basis. While we intend to continue to operate so that we will qualify as a REIT, given the highly complex nature of the rules governing REITs, the ongoing importance of factual determinations, including the tax treatment of certain investments we may make, and the possibility of future changes in our circumstances, no assurance can be given that we will so qualify for any particular year. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any calendar year and we do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, we would be required to pay U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income. We might need to borrow money or sell assets to pay that tax. Our payment of income tax would decrease the amount of our income available for distribution to stockholders. Furthermore, if we fail to maintain our qualification as a REIT and we do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, we no longer would be required to distribute substantially all of our REIT taxable income to stockholders. Unless our failure to qualify as a REIT were excused under federal tax laws, we would be disqualified from taxation as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which qualification was lost.
In addition, as a result of the Merger, if REIT I is determined to have lost its REIT status or not qualified as a REIT prior to the Merger, we will face serious tax consequences that would substantially reduce cash available for distribution, including cash available to pay dividends to our stockholders, because:
•REIT I would be subject to U.S. federal income tax on its net income at regular corporate rates for the years it did not qualify for taxation as a REIT (and, for such years, would not be allowed a deduction for dividends paid to stockholders in computing its taxable income);
•REIT I could be subject to the federal alternative minimum tax and possibly increased state and local taxes for such periods;
•we would inherit any such liability, including any interest and penalties that have accrued on such federal income tax liabilities;
•we, if we were considered a “successor corporation” under the Internal Revenue Code and applicable Treasury Regulations, could not elect to be taxed as a REIT until the fifth taxable year following the year during which REIT I was disqualified; and
•for up to 5 years following re-election of REIT status, upon a taxable disposition of an asset owned as of such re-election, we could be subject to corporate level tax with respect to any built-in gain inherent in such asset at the time of re-election.
Moreover, if REIT I failed to qualify as a REIT prior to the Merger, but we nevertheless qualified as a REIT, in the event of a taxable disposition of a former REIT I asset during the five years following the Merger, we would be subject to corporate tax with respect to any built-in gain inherent in such asset as of the Merger. The failure of REIT I to qualify as a REIT prior to the Merger could impair our ability to remain qualified as a REIT, could impair our business and ability to raise capital, and would materially adversely affect the value of our stock.
Certain of our business activities are potentially subject to the prohibited transaction tax, which could reduce the return on our stockholders’ investment.
Our ability to dispose of a property during the first few years following its acquisition is restricted to a substantial extent as a result of our REIT status. Whether property is inventory or otherwise held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business depends on the particular facts and circumstances surrounding each property. Properties we own, directly or through any subsidiary entity, including our Operating Partnership, but generally excluding our taxable REIT subsidiaries, may, depending on how we conduct our operations, be treated as inventory or property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business. Under applicable provisions of the Internal Revenue Code regarding prohibited transactions by REITs, we would be subject to a 100% tax on any gain recognized on the sale or other disposition of any property (other than foreclosure property) that we own, directly or through any subsidiary entity, including our Operating Partnership, but generally excluding our taxable REIT subsidiaries, that is deemed to be inventory or property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of trade or business. Any taxes we pay would reduce our cash available for distribution to our stockholders. Our concern over paying the prohibited transactions tax may cause us to forgo disposition opportunities that would otherwise be advantageous if we were not a REIT.
Our stockholders may have current tax liability on distributions they elect to reinvest in our common stock.
If our stockholders participate in our DRP, they will be deemed to have received, and for U.S. federal income tax purposes will be taxed on, the amount reinvested in shares of our common stock to the extent the amount reinvested was not a tax-free return of capital. In addition, our stockholders will be treated for U.S. federal tax purposes as having received an additional distribution to the extent the shares are purchased at a discount to fair market value, if any. As a result, unless our stockholders are tax-exempt entities, they may have to use funds from other sources to pay their tax liability on the value of the shares of common stock received.
Even if we qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we may be subject to other tax liabilities that reduce our cash flow and our ability to make distributions to stockholders.
Even if we qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we may be subject to some federal, state and local taxes on our income or property. For example:
•In order to qualify as a REIT, we must distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income to stockholders (which is determined without regard to the dividends-paid deduction or net capital gain). To the extent that we satisfy the distribution requirement but distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income, we will be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on the undistributed income.
•We will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the amount, if any, by which distributions we pay in any calendar year are less than the sum of 85% of our ordinary income, 95% of our capital gain net income and 100% of our undistributed income from prior years.
•If we elect to treat property that we acquire in connection with certain leasehold terminations as ‘‘foreclosure property,’’ we may avoid the 100% tax on the gain from a resale of that property, but the income from the sale or operation of that property may be subject to corporate income tax at the highest applicable rate.
•If we sell an asset, other than foreclosure property, that we hold primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business, our gain would be subject to the 100% ‘‘prohibited transaction’’ tax unless such sale were made by one of our taxable REIT subsidiaries or the sale met certain ‘‘safe harbor’’ requirements under the Internal Revenue Code.
REIT distribution requirements could adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan.
We generally must distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, subject to certain adjustments and excluding any net capital gain, in order for U.S. federal corporate income tax not to apply to earnings that we distribute. To the extent that we satisfy this distribution requirement but distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income, we will be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on our undistributed REIT taxable income. In addition, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax if the actual amount that we pay out to our stockholders in a calendar year is less than a minimum amount specified under federal tax laws. We intend to make distributions to our stockholders to comply with the REIT requirements of the Internal Revenue Code.
From time-to-time, we may generate taxable income greater than our income for financial reporting purposes, or our taxable income may be greater than our cash flow available for distribution to stockholders. If we do not have other funds available in these situations we could be required to borrow funds, sell investments at disadvantageous prices or find another alternative source of funds to make distributions sufficient to enable us to pay out enough of our taxable income to satisfy the REIT distribution requirements and to avoid corporate income tax and the 4% excise tax in a particular year. These alternatives could increase our costs or reduce our equity. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our ability to operate solely on the basis of maximizing profits.
To maintain our REIT status, we may be forced to forgo otherwise attractive business or investment opportunities, which may delay or hinder our ability to meet our investment objectives and reduce stockholders’ overall return.
To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must satisfy certain tests on an ongoing basis concerning, among other things, the sources of our income, nature of our assets and the amounts we distribute to stockholders. We may be required to make distributions to stockholders at times when it would be more advantageous to reinvest cash in our business or when we do not have funds readily available for distribution. Compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our ability to operate solely on the basis of maximizing profits and reduce the value of stockholders’ investment.
Distributions to tax-exempt stockholders may be classified as unrelated business taxable income.
Neither ordinary nor capital gain distributions with respect to the shares of our common stock nor gain from the sale of the shares of our common stock should generally constitute unrelated business taxable income (“UBTI”) to a tax-exempt stockholder. However, there are certain exceptions to this rule. In particular:
•part of the income and gain recognized by certain qualified employee pension trusts with respect to our common stock may be treated as UBTI if the shares of our common stock are predominately held by qualified employee pension trusts, and we are required to rely on a special look-through rule for purposes of meeting one of the REIT share ownership tests, and we are not operated in a manner to avoid treatment of such income or gain as UBTI;
•part of the income and gain recognized by a tax-exempt stockholder with respect to the shares of our common stock would constitute UBTI if the stockholder incurs debt in order to acquire the shares of our common stock;
•part or all of the income or gain recognized with respect to the shares of our common stock by social clubs, voluntary employee benefit associations, supplemental unemployment benefit trusts and qualified group legal services plans which are exempt from U.S. federal income taxation under Sections 501(c)(7), (9), (17) or (20) of the Internal Revenue Code may be treated as UBTI; and
•part or all of the income and gain recognized by a tax-exempt stockholder with respect to the shares of our common stock would constitute UBTI if we directly or indirectly acquire a residual interest in certain mortgage loan securitization structures (i.e., a “taxable mortgage pool” or a residual interest in a real estate mortgage investment conduit (“REMIC”)).
Complying with REIT requirements may force us to liquidate otherwise attractive investments.
To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must ensure that at the end of each calendar quarter, at least 75% of the value of our assets consists of cash, cash items, government securities and qualified REIT real estate assets, including investments in certain mortgage loans and residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities. The remainder of our investment in securities (other than government securities and qualified real estate assets) generally cannot include more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer or more than 10% of the total value of the outstanding securities of any one issuer. In addition, in general, no more than 5% of the value of our assets (other than government securities and qualified real estate assets) can consist of the securities of any one issuer, and no more than 20% of the value of our total assets can be represented by securities of one or more taxable REIT subsidiaries. If we fail to comply with these requirements at the end of any calendar quarter, we must correct the failure within 30 days after the end of the calendar quarter or qualify for certain statutory relief provisions to avoid losing our REIT qualification and suffering adverse tax consequences. As a result, we may be required to liquidate from our portfolio otherwise attractive investments. These actions could have the effect of reducing our income and amounts available for distribution to our stockholders.
Liquidation of assets may jeopardize our REIT qualification.
To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must comply with requirements regarding our assets and our sources of income. If we are compelled to liquidate our investments to repay obligations to our lenders, we may be unable to comply with these requirements, ultimately jeopardizing our qualification as a REIT, or we may be subject to a 100% tax on any resultant gain if we sell assets that are treated as dealer property or inventory.
Characterization of any repurchase agreements we enter into to finance our investments as sales for tax purposes rather than as secured lending transactions would adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT.
We may enter into repurchase agreements with a variety of counterparties to achieve our desired amount of leverage for the assets in which we invest. When we enter into a repurchase agreement, we generally sell assets to our counterparty to the agreement and receive cash from the counterparty. The counterparty is obligated to resell the assets back to us at the end of the term of the transaction. We believe that for U.S. federal income tax purposes we will be treated as the owner of the assets that are the subject of repurchase agreements and that the repurchase agreements will be treated as secured lending transactions notwithstanding that such agreement may transfer record ownership of the assets to the counterparty during the term of the agreement. It is possible, however, that the Internal Revenue Service could successfully assert that we did not own these assets during the term of the repurchase agreements, in which case we could fail to qualify as a REIT if tax ownership of these assets was necessary for us to meet the income and/or asset tests.
Complying with REIT requirements may limit our ability to hedge effectively.
The REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code may limit our ability to hedge our assets and operations. Under these provisions, any income that we generate from transactions intended to hedge our interest rate, inflation and/or currency risks will be excluded from gross income for purposes of the REIT 75% and 95% gross income tests if the instrument hedges (i) interest rate risk on liabilities incurred to carry or acquire real estate or (ii) risk of currency fluctuations with respect to any item of income or gain that would be qualifying income under the REIT 75% or 95% gross income tests, and such instrument is properly identified under applicable Treasury Regulations. Income from hedging transactions that do not meet these requirements will generally constitute nonqualifying income for purposes of both the REIT 75% and 95% gross income tests. As a result of these rules, we may have to limit our use of hedging techniques that might otherwise be advantageous, which could result in greater risks associated with interest rate or other changes than we would otherwise incur.
Ownership limitations may restrict change of control or business combination opportunities in which stockholders might receive a premium for their common stock.
In order for us to qualify as a REIT for each taxable year, no more than 50% in value of our outstanding capital stock may be owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals during the last half of any calendar year. ‘‘Individuals’’ for this purpose include natural persons, and some entities such as private foundations. To preserve our REIT qualification, among other purposes, our charter generally prohibits any person from directly or indirectly owning more than 9.8% of our common stock. This ownership limitation could have the effect of discouraging a takeover or other transaction in which the stockholders might receive a premium for their shares over the then prevailing market price or which the stockholders might believe to be otherwise in their best interests.
Our ownership of and relationship with our taxable REIT subsidiaries will be limited and a failure to comply with the limits would jeopardize our REIT status and may result in the application of a 100% excise tax.
A REIT may own up to 100% of the stock of one or more taxable REIT subsidiaries. A taxable REIT subsidiary may earn income that would not be qualifying income if earned directly by the parent REIT. Both the subsidiary and the REIT must jointly elect to treat the subsidiary as a taxable REIT subsidiary. A corporation of which a taxable REIT subsidiary directly or indirectly owns more than 35% of the voting power or value of the stock will automatically be treated as a taxable REIT subsidiary. Overall, no more than 20% of the value of a REIT’s assets may consist of stock or securities of one or more taxable REIT subsidiaries. A domestic taxable REIT subsidiary will pay federal, state and local income tax at regular corporate rates on any income that it earns. In addition, the taxable REIT subsidiary rules limit the deductibility of interest paid or accrued by a taxable REIT subsidiary to its parent REIT to assure that the taxable REIT subsidiary is subject to an appropriate level of corporate taxation. The rules also impose a 100% excise tax on certain transactions between a taxable REIT subsidiary and its parent REIT that are not conducted on an arm’s-length basis. We cannot assure stockholders that we will be able to comply with the 20% value limitation on ownership of taxable REIT subsidiary stock and securities on an ongoing basis so as to maintain REIT status or to avoid application of the 100% excise tax imposed on certain non-arm’s length transactions.
We may be subject to adverse legislative or regulatory tax changes.
At any time, the federal income tax laws or regulations governing REITs or the administrative interpretations of those laws or regulations may be amended. We cannot predict when or if any new federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation, or any amendment to any existing federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation, will be adopted, promulgated or become effective and any such law, regulation or interpretation may take effect retroactively. We and our stockholders could be adversely affected by any such change in, or any new, federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which was signed into law on December 22, 2017, made significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations. In the case of individuals, the tax brackets were adjusted, the top federal income rate was reduced to 37%, special rules reduce taxation of certain income earned through pass-through entities and reduce the top effective rate applicable to ordinary dividends from REITs to 29.6% (through a 20% deduction for ordinary REIT dividends received that are not ‘‘capital gain dividends’’ or ‘‘qualified dividend income,’’ subject to complex limitations) and various deductions were eliminated or limited, including limiting the deduction for state and local taxes to $10,000 per year. Most of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and apply only to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. The top corporate income tax rate was reduced to 21%, and the corporate alternative minimum tax was repealed. The deduction of net interest expense is limited for all businesses, other than certain electing businesses, including certain real estate businesses. There are only minor changes to the REIT rules (other than the 20% deduction applicable to individuals for ordinary REIT dividends received).
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act makes numerous other large and small changes to the tax rules that do not affect REITs directly but may affect our stockholders and may indirectly affect us. For example, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act amended the rules for accrual of income so that income is taken into account no later than when it is taken into account on applicable financial statements, even if financial statements take such income into account before it would accrue under the original issue discount rules, market discount rules or other rules in the Internal Revenue Code. Such rules may cause us to recognize income before receiving any corresponding receipt of cash, which may make it more likely that we could be required to borrow funds or take other action to satisfy the REIT distribution requirements for the taxable year in which such income is recognized, although the precise application of this rule is unclear at this time. In addition, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act reduced the limit for individual’s mortgage interest expense to interest on $750,000 of mortgages and does not permit deduction of interest on home equity loans (after grandfathering all existing mortgages). Such change and the reduction in deductions for state and local taxes (including property taxes) may adversely affect the residential mortgage markets in which we may invest.
Prospective stockholders are urged to consult with their tax advisors with respect to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and any other regulatory or administrative developments and proposals and their potential effect on investment in our stock.
Distributions payable by REITs do not qualify for the reduced tax rates available to individuals under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.
The maximum tax rate for certain qualified dividends payable to U.S. stockholders that are individuals, trusts and estates is 20%. Distributions payable by REITs, however, are generally not eligible for the reduced rates. While this tax treatment does not adversely affect the taxation of REITs or distributions paid by REITs, the more favorable rates applicable to regular corporate distributions could cause investors who are individuals, trusts or estates to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in stock of non-REIT corporations that pay distributions, which could adversely affect the value of the stock of REITs, including our common stock. However, under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, ordinary dividends from REITs are treated as income from a “pass-through” entity and are generally eligible for a 20% deduction against those same ordinary dividends. As a result, the top marginal federal tax rate on REIT dividends is reduced from 37% to 29.6% for individual and trust/estate stockholders.
Dividend income received in respect of our shares and gain from the sale of our shares could be treated as effectively connected income.
Subject to certain exceptions, distributions received from us will be treated as dividends of ordinary income to the extent of our current or accumulated earnings and profits. Such dividends ordinarily will be subject to U.S. withholding tax at a 30% rate, or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty, unless the distributions are treated as “effectively connected” with the conduct by the non-U.S. stockholder of a U.S. trade or business. Pursuant to the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act of 1980 (“FIRPTA”), capital gain distributions attributable to sales or exchanges of U.S. real property interests (“USRPIs”) generally will be taxed to a non-U.S. stockholder as if such gain were effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business. However, a capital gain distribution will not be treated as effectively connected income if (1) the distribution is received with respect to a class of shares that is regularly traded on an established securities market located in the United States and (2) the non-U.S. stockholder does not own more than 10% of the class of our shares at any time during the one-year period ending on the date the distribution is received. We do not anticipate that our shares will be “regularly traded” on an established securities market, and, therefore, this exception is not expected to apply.
Gain recognized by a non-U.S. stockholder upon the sale or exchange of our shares generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxation unless such shares constitute a USRPI within the meaning of FIRPTA. Our shares will not constitute a USRPI so long as we are a “domestically-controlled qualified investment entity.” A domestically-controlled qualified investment entity includes a REIT if at all times during a specified testing period, less than 50% in value of such REIT’s shares is held directly or indirectly by non-U.S. stockholders. There can be no assurances that we will be a domestically-controlled qualified investment entity.
Even if we do not qualify as a domestically-controlled qualified investment entity at the time a non-U.S. stockholder sells or exchanges our shares, gain arising from such a sale or exchange would not be subject to U.S. taxation under FIRPTA as a sale of a USRPI if: (1) our shares are “regularly traded,” as defined by applicable Treasury Regulations, on an established securities market, and (2) such non-U.S. stockholder owned, actually and constructively, 10% or less of our shares at any time during the five-year period ending on the date of the sale. However, as noted above, we do not anticipate that our shares will be “regularly traded” on an established securities market. We encourage our non-U.S. stockholders to consult an independent tax advisor to determine the tax consequences applicable to them.
If our Operating Partnership fails to maintain its status as a partnership, its income may be subject to taxation, which would reduce the cash available for distribution to stockholders and likely result in a loss of our REIT status.
We intend to maintain the status of our Operating Partnership as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. However, if the Internal Revenue Service were to successfully challenge the status of the Operating Partnership as a partnership for such purposes, it would be taxable as a corporation. In such event, this would reduce the amount of distributions that the Operating Partnership could make to us. This would also likely result in our losing REIT status, and, if so, becoming subject to a corporate level tax on our own income. This would substantially reduce any cash available to pay distributions. In addition, if any of the partnerships or limited liability companies through which the Operating Partnership owns its properties, in whole or in part, loses its characterization as a partnership and is otherwise not disregarded for U.S. federal income tax purposes, it would be subject to taxation as a corporation, thereby reducing distributions to the Operating Partnership. Such a recharacterization of an underlying property owner could also threaten our ability to maintain our status as a REIT.
Retirement Plan Risks
If the fiduciary of an employee benefit plan subject to ERISA (such as a profit sharing, Section 401(k) or pension plan) or an owner of a retirement arrangement subject to Section 4975 of the Internal Revenue Code (such as an individual retirement account (“IRA”)) fails to meet the fiduciary and other standards under ERISA or the Internal Revenue Code as a result of an investment in our stock, the fiduciary could be subject to penalties and other sanctions.
There are special considerations that apply to employee benefit plans subject to ERISA (such as profit sharing, Section 401(k) or pension plans) and other retirement plans or accounts subject to Section 4975 of the Internal Revenue Code (such as an IRA, annuity described in Section 408 or 408A of the Internal Revenue Code, health savings accounts described in Section 223(d) of the Internal Revenue Code, and Coverdell education savings accounts described in Section 530 of the Internal Revenue Code) that are investing in our shares. Fiduciaries and IRA owners investing the assets of such a plan or account in our Class C common stock should satisfy themselves that:
•the investment is consistent with their fiduciary and other obligations under ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code;
•the investment is made in accordance with the documents and instruments governing the plan or IRA, including the plan’s or account’s investment policy;
•the investment satisfies the prudence and diversification requirements of Sections 404(a)(1)(B) and 404(a)(1)(C) of ERISA and other applicable provisions of ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code;
•the investment in our shares, for which no public market currently exists, is consistent with the liquidity needs of the plan or IRA, including liquidity needs to satisfy minimum and other distribution requirements and tax withholding requirements that may be applicable;
•the investment will not produce an unacceptable amount of “unrelated business taxable income” for the plan or IRA;
•stockholders will be able to comply with the requirements under ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code to value the assets of the plan or IRA annually;
•the investment will not be treated as “plan assets” of its plan or account under ERISA and Department of Labor regulations; and
•the investment will not constitute a prohibited transaction under Section 406 of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Internal Revenue Code or similar applicable law.
With respect to the annual valuation requirements described above, we will provide an estimated value for our shares annually. We can make no claim whether such estimated value will or will not satisfy the applicable annual valuation requirements under ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code. The Department of Labor or the IRS may determine that a plan fiduciary or an IRA custodian is required to take further steps to determine the value of our common stock. In the absence of an appropriate determination of value, a plan fiduciary or an IRA custodian may be subject to damages, penalties or other sanctions. An investor should ensure that this approach to valuation is acceptable to the trustee or custodian of any plan or account before any investment in our shares is made by such plan or account.
Investment in our shares is intended to qualify for an exemption from the plan asset rules under ERISA and the Department of Labor regulations and thus, our assets should not be “plan assets” of the investing plan or account. No assurances, however, can be made that our assets are not treated as “plan assets” of an investing plan or account under ERISA, Section 4975 of the Internal Revenue Code, or similar applicable law. Fiduciaries of plans and accounts should consult with counsel before making an investment in our shares.
Failure to satisfy the fiduciary standards of conduct and other applicable requirements of ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code may result in the imposition of civil and criminal penalties and could subject the fiduciary to claims for damages or for equitable remedies, including liability for investment losses. In addition, if an investment in our shares constitutes a prohibited transaction under ERISA or the Internal Revenue Code, the fiduciary or IRA owner who authorized or directed the investment may be subject to the imposition of excise taxes with respect to the amount invested.
In addition, the investment transaction must be undone. In the case of a prohibited transaction involving an IRA owner, the IRA may be disqualified as a tax-exempt account and all of the assets of the IRA may be deemed distributed and subjected to tax.
Risks Related to the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Our Business
Measures intended to prevent the spread of COVID-19 have disrupted our ability to operate our business.
In response to the outbreak of COVID-19 and the federal and state mandates implemented to control its spread, most of our employees are working remotely. If our employees are unable to work effectively as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, including because of illness, quarantines, office closures, ineffective remote work arrangements or technology failures or limitations, our operations would be adversely impacted. Further, remote work arrangements may increase the risk of cybersecurity incidents, data breaches or cyber-attacks, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations, due to, among other things, the loss of proprietary data, interruptions or delays in the operation of our business, damage to our reputation and any government imposed penalty.
The current COVID-19 pandemic, and any future outbreak of other highly infectious or contagious diseases, could materially and adversely impact or disrupt our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and performance.
The COVID-19 pandemic has had, and any other pandemics in the future could have, repercussions across regional, national and global economies and financial markets. The outbreak of COVID-19 in the United States and in many countries has adversely impacted global economic activity and has contributed to significant volatility and negative pressure in the financial markets. The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak has been rapidly evolving and has continued to affect more countries. Many countries, including the United States, have responded by instituting quarantines for some period of time, mandating business and school closures and restrictions on their re-openings, banning group gatherings and restricting travel, among others.
Certain states and cities, including where we own properties, have also reacted by instituting quarantines, restrictions on travel, “shelter in place” rules and restrictions to only essential businesses that may continue to operate. As a result, the COVID-19 pandemic is negatively impacting almost every industry directly or indirectly, including the real estate industry in which we and our tenants operate.
Many of our tenants have announced temporary closures of their stores or facilities and various tenants have requested rent deferral or rent abatement during this pandemic. In addition, in response to state and local government orders, all of our company personnel are currently working remotely. The effects of the state and local government orders, including an extended period of remote work arrangements, could strain our business continuity plans, introduce operational risk and impair our ability to manage our business. The COVID-19 pandemic may have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows, including among other factors:
•a partial or complete closure of, or other operational issues at, some or all of our properties resulting from government or tenant action;
•reduced economic activity severely impacts our tenants' business operations, financial condition and liquidity and may cause one or more of our tenants to be unable to meet their obligations to us in full, or at all, or to otherwise seek modifications of such obligations;
•reduced economic activity could result in a prolonged recession, which could negatively impact consumer discretionary spending and in return could severely impact our tenants' business operations, financial condition and liquidity;
•difficulty accessing debt and equity on attractive terms, or at all, impacts to our credit ratings, and a severe disruption and instability in the global financial markets or deteriorations in credit and financing conditions may affect our access to capital necessary to fund our business operations or address maturing liabilities on a timely basis and our tenants' ability to fund their business operations and meet their obligations to us;
•the COVID-19 pandemic could negatively impact our future compliance with financial covenants of our mortgage notes payable and credit facilities and could result in a default or potential acceleration of payment of our debt obligations, which non-compliance could negatively impact our ability to make additional future borrowings;
•significant impairment in the value of our intangible assets as a result of weaker economic conditions;
•general decline in business activity and demand for real estate transactions has adversely affected our ability to grow our portfolio of properties;
•broad acceptance and success of working from home could negatively impact the demand for office space;
•the deterioration in our or our tenants' ability to operate in affected areas or delays in the supply of products or services to us or our tenants from vendors that are needed for our or our tenants' efficient operations has adversely affected our operations and those of our tenants; and
•potential negative impact on the health of our personnel and staff, particularly if a significant number of them are impacted, could result in a deterioration in our ability to ensure business continuity during this disruption.
The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic impacts our business operations and those of our tenants will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence; including the scope, severity and duration of the pandemic; the success of actions or measures taken to contain or treat COVID-19, or mitigate its impact; and the direct and indirect economic effects of the pandemic, among others. Extended closures by our tenants of their stores and any early terminations by our tenants of their leases could reduce our cash flows, which could impact our ability to continue paying distributions to our stockholders at expected levels, or at all.
The rapid development and fluidity of the COVID-19 pandemic precludes us from making any prediction as to the full adverse impact of the pandemic. Nevertheless, the pandemic presents material uncertainty and risk with respect to our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and performance.

---

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.

---

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Properties:
As of December 31, 2020, we owned 36 operating properties, excluding four properties held for sale and the 72.7% TIC Interest, located in 14 states as follows:
Property and Location (1) Rentable
Square
Feet Property
Type Investment
in Real
Property,
Net, Plus
Above-/Below-
Market
Lease Intangibles, Net Mortgage
Financing
(Principal) Annualized
Base Lease
Revenue (2) Acquisition
Fee (3) Lease
Expiration
(4) Renewal Options (Number/Years) (4)
Accredo Health, Orlando, FL 63,000 Office $ 8,903,818 $ 8,538,000 $ 982,170 $ 5,796 12/31/2024 2/5-yr
Dollar General, Litchfield, ME 9,026 Retail 1,232,108 622,884 (5) 92,960 40,008 9/30/2030 3/5-yr
Dollar General, Wilton, ME 9,100 Retail 1,471,978 627,992 (5) 112,439 48,390 7/31/2030 3/5-yr
Dollar General, Thompsontown, PA 9,100 Retail 1,147,089 627,992 (5) 85,998 37,014 10/31/2030 3/5-yr
Dollar General, Mt. Gilead, OH 9,026 Retail 1,133,110 622,884 (5) 85,924 36,981 6/30/2030 3/5-yr
Dollar General, Lakeside, OH 9,026 Retail 1,056,780 622,884 (5) 81,036 34,875 5/31/2035 (6) 3/5-yr
Dollar General, Castalia, OH 9,026 Retail 1,036,002 622,884 (5) 79,320 34,140 5/31/2035 (6) 3/5-yr
Dana, Cedar Park, TX 45,465 Industrial 5,498,515 4,466,865 780,000 274,200 7/31/2022 (7) 2/5-yr
Northrop Grumman, Melbourne, FL 107,419 Office 10,755,205 5,518,589 1,269,693 398,100 5/31/2026 (6) 1/5-yr
exp US Services, Maitland, FL 33,118 Office 5,986,521 3,321,931 779,805 200,837 11/30/2026 2/5-yr
Wyndham, Summerlin, NV 41,390 Office 9,905,493 5,607,000 (8) 889,804 390,906 2/28/2025 1/5-yr
Williams Sonoma, Summerlin, NV 35,867 Office 7,452,628 4,438,200 (8) 681,955 239,880 10/31/2022 None
Omnicare, Richmond, VA 51,800 Industrial 6,711,715 4,193,171 579,974 217,678 5/31/2026 1/5-yr
EMCOR, Cincinnati, OH 39,385 Office 5,583,804 2,811,539 491,712 177,210 2/28/2027 2/5-yr
Husqvarna, Charlotte, NC 64,637 Industrial 11,024,418 6,379,182 855,637 348,000 6/30/2027 (9) 2/5-yr
AvAir, Chandler, AZ 162,714 Industrial 25,246,766 19,950,000 2,228,536 795,000 12/31/2032 2/5-yr
3M, DeKalb, IL 410,400 Industrial 13,137,126 8,166,000 1,186,056 456,000 7/31/2022 1/5-yr
Cummins, Nashville, TN 87,230 Office 13,850,551 8,332,200 1,420,213 465,000 2/28/2023 3/5-yr
Northrop Grumman Parcel, Melbourne, FL - Land 329,410 - - 9,000 - -
Texas Health, Dallas, TX 38,794 Office 7,008,583 4,363,203 545,894 222,750 12/31/2025 None
Bon Secours, Richmond, VA 72,890 Office 10,210,772 5,180,552 800,644 313,293 8/31/2026 None
Costco, Issaquah, WA 97,191 Office 27,441,604 18,850,000 2,186,798 870,000 7/31/2025 (10) 1/5-yr
Taylor Fresh Foods, Yuma, AZ 216,727 Industrial 24,964,055 12,350,000 1,584,858 741,000 9/30/2033 None
Levins, Sacramento, CA 76,000 Industrial 4,449,897 2,032,332 299,220 - 8/20/2023 2/5-yr
Dollar General, Bakersfield, CA 18,827 Retail 4,977,336 2,268,922 328,250 - 7/31/2028 3/5-yr
PMI Preclinical, San Carlos, CA 20,800 Industrial 9,971,393 4,020,418 620,052 - 10/31/2025 2/5-yr
GSA (MHSA), Vacaville, CA 11,014 Office 3,130,381 1,752,092 340,987 - 8/24/2026 None
PreK Education, San Antonio, TX 50,000 Retail 12,285,285 5,037,846 825,000 - 7/31/2021 2/8-yr
Dollar Tree, Morrow, GA 10,906 Retail 1,331,111 - 103,607 - 7/31/2025 3/5-yr
Solar Turbines, San Diego, CA 26,036 Office 7,066,559 2,777,552 534,179 - 7/31/2023 None
Wood Group, San Diego, CA 37,449 Industrial 9,599,435 3,397,371 733,396 - 2/28/2026 2/5-yr
ITW Rippey, El Dorado Hills, CA 38,500 Industrial 7,051,102 3,039,777 528,615 - 7/31/2022 1/3-yr
Dollar General, Big Spring, TX 9,026 Retail 1,191,935 599,756 86,041 - 6/30/2030 3/5-yr
Gap, Rocklin, CA 40,110 Office 8,212,736 3,569,990 582,397 - 2/28/2023 1/5-yr
L-3 Communications, Carlsbad, CA 46,214 Industrial 11,515,683 5,185,929 787,789 - 4/30/2022 2/3-yr
Sutter Health, Rancho Cordova, CA 106,592 Office 30,163,857 13,879,655 2,112,777 - 10/31/2025 3/5-yr
Walgreens, Santa Maria, CA 14,490 Retail 5,676,983 3,172,846 369,000 - 3/31/2032 8/5-yr
2,128,295 $ 317,711,744 $ 176,948,438 $ 26,052,736 $ 6,356,058
(1)Each of the properties was 100% occupied by a single tenant at the time of acquisition and has remained 100% occupied by that tenant through December 31, 2020, except for the Dana property, which is currently vacant.
(2)Annualized base lease revenue is calculated based on the contractual monthly base rent, excluding rent abatements, at December 31, 2020, multiplied by 12.
(3)The acquisition fee was paid to our Former Advisor in connection with the acquisition of a property. The fee was equal to 3.0% of the contract purchase price of a property, as defined in the Advisory Agreement.
(4)Represents the end of the non-cancelable lease term, assuming no early termination rights or renewals are exercised unless otherwise noted.
(5)There is one loan for these six Dollar General properties and the amounts shown in this schedule are based on the pro-rata investment in the six properties. The deeds of trust contain cross-collateralization and cross-default provisions.
(6)Reflects extension of lease subsequent to December 31, 2020 (see Notes 4 and 11 to our consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K).
(7)Effective August 1, 2020, we executed an amendment for the early termination of the Dana lease changing the expiration from July 31, 2024 to July 31, 2022 in exchange for an early termination payment of $1,381,767 due on July 31, 2022 and continued rent payments of $65,000 per month from August 1, 2020 through July 1, 2022. In the event that we are able to re-lease or sell the Dana property prior to July 31, 2022, Dana is obligated to continue paying rent of $65,000 per month through July 1, 2022 or may elect to pay a cash lump sum to us equal to the net present value of the remaining rent payments.
(8)The loans for each of the Wyndham and Williams Sonoma properties located in Summerlin, Nevada were originated by Nevada State Bank (“Bank”). The loans are collateralized by a deed of trust and a security agreement with assignment of rents and fixture filing; in addition, the individual loans are subject to a cross-collateralization and cross-default agreement whereby any default under, or failure to comply with the terms of any one loan is an event of default under the terms of both loans. The value of the property must be in an amount sufficient to maintain a loan to value ratio of no more than 60%. If the loan to value ratio is ever more than 60%, the borrower shall, upon the Bank’s written demand, reduce the principal balance of the loans so that the loan to value ratio is no more than 60%.
(9) The tenant’s right to cancel the lease on June 30, 2025 was not determined to be probable for financial accounting purposes.
(10) The tenant’s right to cancel the lease on July 31, 2023 was not determined to be probable for financial accounting purposes.
Lease Expirations:
The following tables reflect lease expirations with respect to our properties as of December 31, 2020:
Year Number of Leases Expiring Leased Square Footage Expiring Percentage of Leased Square Footage Expiring Cumulative Percentage of Leased Square Footage Expiring Annualized Base Rent Expiring (1) Percentage of Annualized Base Rent Expiring Cumulative Percentage of Annualized Base Rent Expiring
2021 1 50,000 7.4 % 7.4 % $ 825,000 3.1 % 3.1 %
2022 4 530,232 24.9 % 32.3 % 3,176,626 12.2 % 15.3 %
2023 4 229,376 10.8 % 43.1 % 2,836,009 10.9 % 26.2 %
2024 1 63,000 3.0 % 46.1 % 982,170 3.8 % 30.0 %
2025 6 315,673 14.8 % 60.9 % 6,458,931 24.8 % 54.8 %
2026 6 313,690 9.7 % 70.6 % 4,504,498 17.3 % 72.1 %
2017 2 104,022 4.9 % 75.5 % 1,347,349 5.2 % 77.3 %
2028 1 18,827 0.9 % 76.4 % 328,250 1.2 % 78.5 %
2029 - - - % 76.4 % - - % 78.5 %
2030 6 91,492 5.1 % 81.5 % 1,251,152 4.8 % 83.3 %
Thereafter 5 411,983 18.5 % 100.0 % 4,342,751 16.7 % 100.0 %
Total
36 2,128,295 100.0 % $ 26,052,736 100.0 %
(1)Annualized lease revenue is calculated based on the contractual monthly base rent at December 31, 2020 multiplied by 12.
Investments:
As of December 31, 2020, we had the following other real estate investment:
TIC Interest Investment
Balance
Santa Clara Property - an approximate 72.7% TIC Interest (1)
$ 10,002,368
(1)This office property was acquired in 2017 and has approximately 91,740 rentable square feet. The purchase price was $29,625,075, including closing costs. The annualized base lease revenue is $1,981,584. The acquisition fee was $861,055, of which $626,073 was paid by us and the balance was paid by the other tenant-in-common owners of the property. The tenant's lease expiration date is March 16, 2026 and the lease provides for three five-year renewal options.
Additional information about our other real estate investments is included in Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

---

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
For information regarding legal proceedings, see Note 10 - Commitments and Contingencies - Legal Matters to our consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

---

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
PART II

---

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Stockholder Information
As of February 28, 2021, we had 7,659,424 shares (adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) of Class C common stock outstanding held by a total of 7,668 stockholders of record and 63,029 shares (adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) of Class S common stock outstanding held by nine stockholders.
Market Information
No public market currently exists for our shares of common stock, and we currently have no plans to list our shares on a national securities exchange. Until our shares are listed, if ever, our stockholders may not sell their shares unless the buyer meets the applicable suitability and minimum purchase requirements. Any sale must comply with applicable state and federal securities laws. In addition, our charter as supplemented by actions of our board of directors prohibits the ownership of more than 9.8% of our stock by a single person, unless exempted by our board of directors. Consequently, there is the risk that our stockholders may not be able to sell their shares at a time or price acceptable to them.
Estimated NAV Per Share
Overview
On January 27, 2021, the audit committee of our board of directors recommended, and our board of directors unanimously approved and established, an updated estimated NAV per share of our Class C common stock and Class S common stock of $23.03 (unaudited and adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) based on the estimated market value of our assets less the estimated market value of our liabilities, divided by the number of fully-diluted Class C and Class S shares outstanding as of December 31, 2020, adjusted to reflect the Company’s 1:3 reverse stock split which was effective on February 1, 2021. The updated estimated NAV per share as of December 31, 2020 first appeared on investor dashboards on February 1, 2021. Our board of directors previously approved an estimated NAV per share of our common stock of $21.01 (unaudited and adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) as of April 30, 2020 and $30.48 (unaudited and adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) as of December 31, 2019. We intend to begin to publish an updated estimated NAV per share on at least quarterly basis within 45 days after the end of each quarter, barring extenuating circumstances. Additional information on the determination of our estimated NAV per share, including the process used to determine our estimated NAV per share, can be found in our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on January 29, 2021.
Class C Common Stock (Registered Offerings)
All subscriptions that were received in good order and fully funded by the close of business on January 27, 2021 (prior to the most recent estimated per share NAV established by our board of directors) were processed using the $21.01 per share (unaudited and adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) offering price. Effective January 27, 2021, the board of directors terminated the Follow-on Offering.
Class S Common Stock (Class S Offering)
Commencing on February 1, 2021, the offering price for shares of our Class S common stock offered exclusively to non-US persons pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act, under and in accordance with Regulation S of the Securities Act, is $23.03 per share (unaudited and adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split), plus the amount of any applicable upfront commissions and fees. Our board of directors will adjust the offering price during the course of the Class S Offering on a quarterly basis to equal our most recently published NAV per share, plus the amount of any applicable upfront commissions and fees.
Historical Estimated NAVs per Share (Unaudited)
The historical reported estimated NAVs per share of our common stock (unaudited) approved by the board of directors is set forth below (adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split):
Estimated NAV per Share (Unaudited) Effective Date of Valuation Filing with the SEC
$23.03 December 31, 2020 January 29, 2021
$21.01 April 30, 2020 May 22, 2020
$30.81 December 31, 2019 January 31, 2020
$30.48 December 31, 2018 January 14, 2019
Use of Proceeds from Sales of Registered Securities and Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities
Use of Proceeds from Sales of Registered Securities
On June 1, 2016, the Initial Registered Offering was declared effective by the SEC, and on July 20, 2016, we began offering shares of common stock to the public. Pursuant to the Initial Registered Offering, we sold shares of our Class C common stock directly to investors. Commencing in August 2017, we began selling shares of Class C common stock to U.S. persons only, as defined under the Securities Act, as a result of the commencement of the Class S Offering to non-U.S. Persons. Under applicable SEC rules, the registration statement for the Initial Registered Offering was scheduled to terminate on June 1, 2019, but remained effective because the Company filed a new registration statement on Form S-11 for the Follow-on Offering with the SEC on May 24, 2019 to extend the Initial Registered Offering in accordance with Rule 415 of the Securities Act. The Company’s initial registration statement on Form S-11 terminated when the Follow-on Offering was declared effective by the SEC on December 23, 2019. Effective January 27, 2021, the board of directors terminated the Follow-on Offering. In connection with the termination of the Follow-on Offering, the Company stopped accepting investor subscriptions on January 22, 2021. In connection with the termination of the Follow-on Offering, we stopped accepting investor subscriptions on January 22, 2021. On January 22, 2021, we filed a registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-252321) to register a maximum of $100,000,000 of additional shares of Class C common stock to be issued pursuant to the 2021 DRP Offering. We commenced offering shares of Class C common stock pursuant to the 2021 DRP Offering upon termination of the Follow-on Offering.
Through December 31, 2020, we had sold 6,627,934 shares (adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) of Class C common stock in the Registered Offerings, including 790,479 shares (adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) of Class C common stock sold under our Registered DRP Offering, for aggregate gross offering proceeds of $197,527,817.
Through December 31, 2019, we had paid a total of $5,371,195 to our Former Sponsor as reimbursement for organizational and offering costs for the Class C common stock, which reimbursement was subject to a limit of 3% of gross offering proceeds. Pursuant to an amendment of the Advisory Agreement, the Company agreed to pay all future organizational and offering costs, and to no longer be reimbursed by the Former Sponsor for investor relations personnel costs after September 30, 2019, in exchange for the Former Sponsor's agreement to terminate its right to receive 3% of all offering proceeds as reimbursement for organizational and offering costs paid by the Former Sponsor.
Effective January 27, 2021, our board of directors terminated the Follow-on Offering. In connection with the termination of the Follow-on Offering, we stopped accepting investor subscriptions on January 22, 2021.
Substantially all of these proceeds, along with proceeds from the Class S Offering and debt financing, were used to make approximately $287,732,000 of investments in real estate properties, including the purchase price of our investments, deposits paid for future acquisitions, acquisition fees and expenses, and costs of leveraging each real estate investment. Of the use of the offering proceeds described in the prior statement, $7,666,690 and $696,150 were used to pay acquisition fees and financing coordination fees to our Former Advisor, respectively. Our Former Sponsor was reimbursed for $5,429,105 of organizational and offering costs, including $57,910 of organizational and offering costs related to our Class S common stock. See Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for details about fees paid to affiliates.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities
During the three months ended December 31, 2020, we issued 3,810 shares (adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) of Class C common stock to our directors for their services as board members. Such issuance was made in reliance on the exemption from registration under Rule 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act.
During the three months ended December 31, 2020, we also issued 257 shares (adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) of Class S common stock in the Class S Offering for aggregate gross offering proceeds of $5,407. Such issuances were made in reliance on an exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act under and in accordance with Regulation S of the Securities Act.
Distribution Information
We intend to pay distributions on a monthly basis, and we paid our first distribution on July 11, 2016. The rate is determined by our board of directors based on our financial condition and such other factors as our board of directors deems relevant. Our board of directors has not pre-established a percentage range of return for distributions to stockholders. We have not established a minimum distribution level, and our charter does not require that we make distributions to our stockholders other than as necessary to meet REIT qualification requirements.
Subject to stockholder approval of planned amendments to our charter, we plan to pay a 13th distribution if our AFFO exceeds 100% of distributions declared for the year ending December 31, 2021. Any 13th distribution would be declared by our board of directors during January 2022 and be based on the outstanding shares held by stockholders on the declaration date using the following formula: (i) the daily amount of the 13th distribution divided by 365 days (ii) multiplied by the number of days such shares were held by such stockholder from January 1, 2021 through December 31, 2021. Stockholders will only be eligible for any 13th distribution declared by the board of directors if they hold such shares on the declaration date in January 2022.
During our offering stage, when we may raise capital more quickly than we acquire income-producing assets, and from time- to-time during our operational state, we may not pay distributions solely from operations. Historically, the sources of cash used to pay our distributions have been from net rental income received and deferral of management fees, if so elected by our Former Advisor through December 31, 2019. The leases for certain of our real estate acquisitions may provide for rent abatements. These abatements are an inducement for the tenant to enter into or extend the term of its lease. In connection with the acquisition of some properties, we may be able to negotiate a reduced purchase price for the acquired property in an amount that equals the previously agreed-upon rent abatement. In connection with the extension of the lease term of some existing properties, we may agree to pay a lease extension fee. During the period of any rent abatement on properties that we acquire or in relation to lease extension fees we pay, we may be unable to fully fund our distributions from net rental income received. In that event, we may expand the sources of cash used to fund our stockholder distributions to include proceeds from the sale of our common stock, but only during the periods, and up to the amounts, of any rent abatements where we are able to negotiate a reduced purchase price or pay lease extension fees.
Distributions declared, distributions paid out, cash flows from operations and our sources of distribution payments were as follows for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:
Cash Flows
Provided by
(Used in) Operating
Activities Sources of Distribution Payment
Period (1) Total
Distributions
Declared Distributions
Declared Per
Share Net Rental
Income
Received Waived
Advisor
Asset
Management
Fees Deferred
Advisor Asset
Management
Fees Offering
Proceeds (10)
Distributions Paid
Cash Reinvested
2020:
First Quarter 2020 (2) $ 4,189,102 $ 0.523018 $ 1,379,751 $ 2,360,514 $ 1,947,505 (*) $ 4,189,102 (11) (11) $ -
Second Quarter 2020 (3) 3,270,291 0.407691 1,710,514 2,304,199 (774,533) (*) 3,270,291 (11) (11) -
Third Quarter 2020 (4) 2,135,815 0.264656 981,432 1,150,452 2,638,676 2,135,815 (11) (11) -
Fourth Quarter 2020 (5) 2,106,620 0.264656 947,519 1,143,369 1,765,192 2,106,620 (11) (11) -
2020 Totals $ 11,701,828 $ 1.460021 $ 5,019,216 $ 6,958,534 $ 5,576,840 (*) $ 11,701,828 $ -
2019:
First Quarter 2019 (6) $ 2,388,694 $ 0.527625 $ 552,134 $ 1,763,630 $ 773,736 $ 2,388,694 $ - $ - $ -
Second Quarter 2019 (7) 2,605,268 0.527625 630,184 1,900,893 2,112,395 2,605,268 - - -
Third Quarter 2019 (8) 2,784,235 0.527625 719,257 2,020,768 1,677,064 (*) 2,784,235 - - -
Fourth Quarter 2019 (9) 2,807,322 0.527625 2,116,411 667,391 185,709 (*) 2,807,322 - - -
2019 Totals $ 10,585,519 $ 2.110500 $ 4,017,986 $ 6,352,682 $ 4,748,904 (*) $ 10,585,519 $ - $ - $ -
(*) Includes non-recurring Merger costs of $201,920 included in general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2020 ($193,460 during the quarter ended March 31, 2020 and $8,460 during the quarter ended June 30, 2020) and $1,468,913 for the year ended December 31, 2019 ($800,359 during the quarter ended September 30, 2019 and $668,554 during the quarter ended December 31, 2019).
(1)The distribution paid per share of Class S common stock is net of deferred selling commissions.
(2)The distribution of $1,415,328 for the month of March 2020 was declared in January 2020 and paid on April 27, 2020. The amount was recorded as a liability as of March 31, 2020.
(3)The distribution of $691,443 for the month of June 2020 was declared in May 2020 and paid on July 27, 2020. The amount was recorded as a liability as of June 30, 2020.
(4)The distribution of $674,837 for the month of September 2020 was declared in May 2020 and paid on October 26, 2020. The amount was recorded as a liability as of September 30, 2020.
(5)The distribution of $690,569 for the month of December 2020 was declared in September 2020 and paid on January 22, 2021. The amount was recorded as a liability as of December 31, 2020.
(6)The distribution of $821,300 for the month of March 2019 was declared in February 2019 and paid on April 25, 2019. The amount was recorded as a liability as of March 31, 2019.
(7)The distribution of $896,291 for the month of June 2019 was declared in February 2019 and paid on July 25, 2019. The amount was recorded as a liability as of June 30, 2019.
(8)The distribution of $937,863 for the month of September 2019 was declared in August 30, 2019 and paid on October 25, 2019. The amount was recorded as a liability as of September 30, 2019.
(9)The distribution of $966,491 for the month of December 2019 was declared in August 30, 2019 and paid on January 25, 2020. The amount was recorded as a liability as of December 31, 2019.
(10)In connection with the acquisition of some properties, we may negotiate a reduced purchase price for the acquired property in an amount that equals an agreed-upon rent abatement. During the period of any rent abatement on properties that we acquire, we may be unable to fully fund our distributions from net rental income received and waivers or deferrals of Advisor asset management fees. In connection with the extension of the lease term of some existing properties, we may agree to pay a lease extension fee. In those events, we may expand the sources of cash used to fund our stockholder distributions to include proceeds from the sale of our common stock, but only during the periods, and up to the amounts, of any rent abatements where we are able to negotiate a reduced purchase price or the amounts extend a lease term by payment of an extension fee.
(11)Subsequent to the Self-Management Transaction on December 31, 2019, asset management fees are not applicable.
Distributions are paid on a monthly basis. For the year ended December 31, 2020, distributions paid to our stockholders were 0% ordinary income, 0% capital gain and 100% return of capital/non-dividend distribution. For the year ended December 31, 2019, distributions paid to our stockholders were 18.1% ordinary income, 0% capital gain and 81.9% return of capital/non-dividend distribution. The following presents the U.S. federal income tax characterization of the distributions paid in 2020 and 2019 (adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split):
Years Ended December 31,
2020 2019
Ordinary income $ - $ 0.3825
Non-taxable distribution 1.4600 1.7280
Total $ 1.4600 $ 2.1105
Distributions to stockholders were declared and paid based on daily record dates at rates per share per day. The distribution rate details are as follows:
Distribution Period Rate Per Share
Per Day (1)(2) Declaration Date Payment Date
2021:
January 1-31 $ 0.00287670 December 9, 2020 February 25, 2021
February 1-28 $ 0.00287670 January 27, 2021 March 25, 2021
March 1-31 $ 0.00287670 January 27, 2021 April 26, 2021 (3)
April 1-30 $ 0.00287670 March 25, 2021 May 25, 2021 (3)
May 1-31 $ 0.00287670 March 25, 2021 June 25, 2021 (3)
June 1-30 $ 0.00287670 March 25, 2021 July 26, 2021 (3)
2020:
January 1-31 $ 0.00576630 December 18, 2019 February 25, 2020
February 1-29 $ 0.00573771 January 24, 2020 March 25, 2020
March 1-31 $ 0.00573771 January 24, 2020 April 27, 2020
April 1-30 $ 0.00573771 January 24, 2020 May 26, 2020
May 1-31 $ 0.00481479 May 20, 2020 June 25, 2020
June 1-30 $ 0.00287670 May 20, 2020 July 27, 2020
July 1-31 $ 0.00287670 May 20, 2020 August 25, 2020
August 1-31 $ 0.00287670 May 20, 2020 September 25, 2020
September 1-30 $ 0.00287670 May 20, 2020 October 26, 2020
October 1-31 $ 0.00287670 September 30, 2020 November 25, 2020
November 1-30 $ 0.00287670 September 30, 2020 December 28, 2020
December 1-31 $ 0.00287670 September 30, 2020 January 22, 2021
(1)Adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split.
(2)The distribution paid per share of Class S common stock is net of deferred selling commissions.
(3)Expected payment date of distribution.
To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we must make aggregate annual distributions to our stockholders of at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (which is computed without regard to the dividends-paid deduction or net capital gain and which does not necessarily equal net income as calculated in accordance with GAAP). If we meet the REIT qualification requirements, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the income that we distribute to our stockholders each year. Our board of directors may authorize distributions in excess of those required for us to maintain REIT status depending on our financial condition and such other factors as our board of directors deems relevant.
Our operating performance cannot be accurately predicted and may deteriorate in the future due to numerous factors, including those discussed under Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors. Those factors include: (a) our ability to continue to raise capital to make additional investments; (b) the future operating performance of our current and future real estate investments in the existing real estate and financial environment; (c) our ability to identify additional real estate investments that are suitable to execute our investment objectives; (d) the success and economic viability of our tenants; (e) our ability to refinance existing indebtedness at comparable terms; (f) changes in interest rates on any variable rate debt obligations we incur; and (g) the level of participation in our DRPs. In the event our cash flow from operations decreases in the future, the level of our distributions may also decrease.
Distribution Reinvestment Plans
Pursuant to the terms of our DRPs, distributions (excluding those our board of directors designates as ineligible for reinvestment through the DRPs) will be reinvested in shares of our Class C and Class S common stock at a price equal to the most recently disclosed estimated NAV per share, as determined by our board of directors. Accordingly, shares of our Class C and Class S common stock issued pursuant to the DRPs were issued for $30.48 per share (unaudited and adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) from February 1, 2019 until January 31, 2020, $30.81 per share (unaudited and adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) commencing February 1, 2020 until May 31, 2020, and $21.01 (unaudited and adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) from June 1, 2020 to January 31, 2021, and will be issued for $23.03 per share (unaudited and adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) commencing on February 1, 2021.
On January 22, 2021, we filed a registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-252321) to register a maximum of $100,000,000 of additional shares of Class C common stock to be issued pursuant to the amended and restated DRP. We commenced offering shares of Class C common stock pursuant to the 2021 DRP Offering upon termination of the Follow-on Offering.
A participant may terminate participation in the DRP at any time by delivering electronic notice on their personal on-line dashboard or written notice to us. To be effective for any monthly distribution, such termination notice must be received by us at least 10 business days prior to the last day of the month to which the distribution relates. Any termination must include the investor's bank account information necessary for Automated Clearing House deposits directly in their bank account.
Stockholders who presently participate in the DRP do not need to take any action to continue their participation in the DRP.
Share Repurchase Programs
In accordance with the Class C SRP, prior to February 1, 2021, the per share repurchase price for shares of Class C common stock depended on the length of time the redeeming stockholder had held such shares as follows:
(i)less than one year from the purchase date, 97% of the most recently published NAV per share;
(ii)after at least one year but less than two years from the purchase date, 98% of the most recently published NAV per share;
(iii)after at least two years but less than three years from the purchase date, 99% of the most recently published NAV per share; and
(iv)after three years from the purchase date, 100% of the most recently published NAV per share.
Effective February 1, 2021, the per share repurchase price for shares of Class C common stock depends on the following length of time the redeeming stockholder has held such shares:
(i) less than two years from the purchase date, 98% of the most recently published NAV per share; and
(ii) after at least two years from the purchase date, 100% of the most recently published NAV per share.
Repurchase requests submitted on or prior to January 22, 2021 were processed using the NAV of $21.01 per share (unaudited and adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split). For repurchase requests submitted after February 1, 2021, the estimated NAV of $23.03 per share (unaudited and adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) shall serve as the most recently published NAV per share for purposes of the SRP applicable to shares of Class C common stock.
Shares of Class S common stock are not eligible for repurchase unless they have been held for at least one year. After this holding period has been met, shares of Class S common stock can be repurchased at the most recently published NAV per share. Therefore, repurchase requests submitted on or prior to January 22, 2021 were processed using the NAV of $21.01 per share (unaudited and adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split). For repurchase requests submitted after February 1, 2021, the estimated NAV of $23.03 per share (unaudited and adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) shall serve as the most recently published NAV per share for purposes of the SRP applicable to shares of Class S common stock.
Limitations on Repurchase
We may, but are not required to, use available cash not otherwise dedicated to a particular use to pay the repurchase price, including cash proceeds generated from the DRP, securities offerings, operating cash flow not intended for distributions, debt financing and asset sales. We cannot guarantee that we will have sufficient available cash to accommodate all repurchase requests made in any given month.
In addition, we may not repurchase shares in an amount that would violate the restrictions on distributions under Maryland law, which prohibits distributions that would cause a corporation to fail to meet statutory tests of solvency.
Additional limitations on share repurchases under the SRPs are discussed below.
•Repurchases per month are limited to no more than 2% of our most recently determined aggregate NAV, which we currently intend to calculate on a quarterly basis within 45 days after the end of each quarter, barring any extenuating circumstances (and calculated as of the last day of the immediately preceding quarter). Repurchases for any calendar quarter will be limited to no more than 5% of our most recently determined aggregate NAV, which means we will be permitted to repurchase shares with a value of up to an aggregate limit of approximately 20% of our aggregate NAV in any 12-month period.
•The foregoing repurchase limitations will be based on “net repurchases” during a quarter or month, as applicable. The term “net repurchases” means the excess of our share repurchases (capital outflows) over the proceeds from the sale of our shares (capital inflows) for a given period. Thus, for any given calendar quarter or month, the maximum amount of repurchases during that quarter or month will be equal to (1) 5% or 2% (as applicable) of our most recently determined aggregate NAV, plus (2) proceeds from sales of new shares in the current offering (including purchases pursuant to our DRPs) since the beginning of a current calendar quarter or month, less (3) repurchase proceeds paid since the beginning of the current calendar quarter or month.
•While we currently intend to calculate the foregoing repurchase limitations on a net basis, our board of directors may choose whether the 5% quarterly limit will be applied to “gross repurchases,” meaning that amounts paid to repurchase shares would not be netted against capital inflows. If repurchases for a given quarter are measured on a gross basis rather than on a net basis, the 5% quarterly limit could limit the number of shares repurchased in a given quarter despite us receiving a net capital inflow for that quarter.
•In order for our board of directors to change the basis of repurchases from net to gross, or vice versa, we will provide notice to our stockholders in a current or periodic report filed with the SEC, as well as in a press release or on our website, at least 10 days before the first business day of the quarter for which the new test will apply. The determination to measure repurchases on a gross or net basis, or vice versa, will only be made for an entire quarter, and not particular months within a quarter.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, we received valid repurchase requests under our SRPs totaling approximately 2,689,138 shares of common stock (adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split), including resubmitted requests which were previously declined when we honored partial requests, of which we repurchased approximately 690,869 shares (adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) as of December 31, 2020 for approximately $17,576,261 (at an average repurchase price of $25.44 per share, as adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split). From inception of the Initial Registered Offering through December 31, 2020, we repurchased 1,482,188 shares (adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) of common stock for approximately $41,074,457.
During the period October 2020 to December 2020, the Company received share repurchase requests and repurchased shares as follows:
Value of Share Repurchase Requests Received Repurchase Date Value of Shares Repurchased (1)
October 2020 $ 5,907,195 November 4, 2020 $ 1,537,198
November 2020 $ 6,169,549 December 3, 2020 $ 1,491,664
December 2020 $ 4,304,962 January 6, 2021 $ 2,980,560
(1) Included extraordinary circumstance repurchases and after applicable administrative fees for shares held less than three years.
The following table summarizes our repurchase activity under our SRPs for our common stock for the three months ended December 31, 2020, including shares of our Class S common stock in September 2020.
Repurchases (1)(2)(3) Total Number of
Shares
Repurchased
During the
Quarter Average Price
Paid per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased As Part of Publicly Announced Plan or Program Dollar Value of
Shares Available
That May
Be Repurchased
Under the
Program
October 2020 66,552 $ 20.94 65,115 (4)
November 2020 73,200 $ 21.00 73,200 (4)
December 2020 71,429 $ 20.88 71,429 (4)
Total 211,181 $ 20.94 209,743 (4)
(1)We generally repurchase shares within three business days following the end of the applicable month in which requests were received and not withdrawn.
(2)The shares of common stock repurchased in each month were requested for repurchase in the prior month.
(3)Adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split on February 1, 2021.
(4)A description of the maximum number of shares that may be purchased under our SRPs is included in the narrative preceding this table.
Procedures for Repurchase
Qualifying stockholders who desire to have their shares repurchased by us would have to give notice as provided on their personal on-line dashboard at www.modiv.com. All requests for repurchase must be received by us at least two business days prior to the end of a month in order for the repurchase to be considered in the following month. Stockholders may also withdraw a previously made request to have shares repurchased but must do so at least two business days prior to the end of a month. We will generally repurchase shares on the third business day after the end of a month in which a request for repurchase was received and not withdrawn. We cannot guarantee that we will have sufficient available cash to accommodate any or all repurchase requests made in any given month.
If, as a result of a request for repurchase, a stockholder will own shares of our Class C common stock or our Class S common stock having a value of less than $1,000 (based on our most recently-published offering price per share), we reserve the right to repurchase all of the shares of Class C common stock or Class S common stock owned by such stockholder.
As noted above, we may use cash not otherwise dedicated to a particular use to fund repurchases under the SRPs. However, our management has the discretion to repurchase fewer shares than have been requested to be repurchased in a particular month or quarter, or to repurchase no shares at all, in the event that we lack readily available funds to do so due to market conditions beyond our control, our need to main liquidity for our operations or because our management determines that investing in real property or other illiquid investments is a better use of our capital than repurchasing our shares. Any determination to repurchase fewer shares than have been requested to be repurchased may be made immediately prior to the applicable date of repurchase.
In the event that we repurchase some but not all of the shares submitted for repurchase in a given period, shares submitted for repurchase during such period will be repurchased on a pro-rata basis. If, in each of the first two months of a quarter, the 2% monthly repurchase limit is reached and repurchases are reduced pro-rata for such months, then in the third and final month of that quarter, the applicable limit for such month will be less than 2% of our aggregate NAV because repurchases for that month, combined with repurchases for the two previous months, cannot exceed 5% of our aggregate NAV.
If we do not repurchase all shares presented for repurchase in a given period, then all unsatisfied repurchase requests must be resubmitted at the start of the next month or quarter, or upon the recommencement of the SRP (in the event of its suspension), as applicable, to be eligible for repurchase in a later month. Within three business days after a stockholder repurchase request becomes fully or partially unsatisfied, we will notify the stockholder by email that the unsatisfied portion of the request must be resubmitted.
Amendment, Suspension or Termination of Program and Notice
Our board of directors may amend, suspend or terminate the SRPs without stockholder approval upon 10 days’ notice, if our directors believe such action is in our and our stockholders’ best interests, including because share repurchases place an undue burden on our liquidity, adversely affect our operations, adversely affect stockholders whose shares are not repurchased, or if board of directors determines that the funds otherwise available to fund our SRPs are needed for other purposes. The SRPs will immediately terminate if our shares are listed on any national securities exchange. In addition, our board of directors may amend, suspend or terminate the SRPs due to changes in law or regulation, or if the board of directors becomes aware of undisclosed material information that it believes should be publicly disclosed before shares are repurchased. Material modifications, including any reduction to the monthly or quarterly limitations on repurchases, and suspensions of the SRPs, will be promptly disclosed (i) in a supplement or amendment to our prospectus or private placement memorandum, if applicable, (ii) in a current or periodic report filed with SEC, and (iii) on our website.

---

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The following is selected financial data as of and for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017 and 2016, which should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto and Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations:
December 31,
Balance sheet data 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016
Real estate investments, net (1) $ 339,459,007 $ 413,924,282 $ 238,924,160 $ 149,759,638 $ 36,275,665
Real estate investment held for sale, net (1) 24,585,739 - - - -
Goodwill, net (2) 17,320,857 50,588,000 - - -
Intangible assets, net (2) 5,127,788 7,700,000 - - -
Total assets 407,433,014 490,917,263 252,425,902 157,073,447 41,302,560
Mortgage notes payable, net (3) 9,088,438 194,039,207 122,709,308 60,487,303 7,113,701
Mortgage notes payable related to real estate investments held for sale, net (3) 175,925,918 - - - -
Unsecured credit facility, net 5,978,276 7,649,861 8,998,000 12,000,000 10,156,685
Total liabilities 217,180,778 236,675,009 143,332,182 77,777,232 18,874,794
Redeemable common stock (4) 7,365,568 14,069,692 6,000,951 46,349 196,660
Total equity 182,886,668 240,172,562 103,092,769 79,249,866 22,231,106
(1) During the year ended December 31, 2020, we sold five real estate investments with an aggregate carrying value of $24,067,388 for a net gain of $4,139,749 and recorded impairment charges of $10,267,625 to six of our real estate investments primarily as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic as described in Notes 1, 3 and 4 to our consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. On December 31, 2019, we completed the Merger with REIT I resulting in the acquisition of 20 properties, primarily in California.
(2) During the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded impairment charges of $33,267,143 to goodwill and $1,305,260 to intangible assets as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic as described in Notes 1, 3 and 4 to our consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
(3) Changes from prior year relate primarily to notes payable on the five real estate investments sold as discussed in (1) above.
(4) Redeemable common stock as of the balance sheet date is a contingent obligation which reflects the maximum amount of common stock that could be repurchased during the first quarter following the balance sheet date.
Years Ended December 31,
Operating data 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016
Total revenues $ 38,903,430 $ 24,544,958 $ 17,984,625 $ 7,390,206 $ 861,744
Net loss (1) $ (49,141,910) $ (4,415,992) $ (1,801,724) $ (868,484) $ (1,237,441)
Other data:
Cash flows provided by (used in) operations $ 5,576,840 $ 4,748,904 $ 5,881,889 $ 3,790,837 $ (672,132)
Cash flows provided by (used in) investing activities $ 24,778,295 $ (29,602,469) $ (92,019,684) $ (115,593,935) $ (37,155,065)
Cash flows (used in) provided by financing activities $ (28,914,535) $ 23,034,567 $ 90,710,968 $ 112,308,480 $ 41,303,755
Per share data:
Distributions declared per common share per the period:
Class C common stock $ 1.4600 $ 2.1105 $ 2.1105 $ 2.1000 $ 0.9600
Class S common stock (2) $ 1.4600 $ 2.1105 $ 2.1105 $ 0.5250 $ -
Net loss per common share - basic and diluted (see Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements) (3)
$ (6.14) $ (0.88) $ (0.48) $ (0.45) $ (8.67)
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding, basic and diluted (3) 8,006,276 5,012,158 3,689,955 1,994,310 142,752
(1)Included impairment charges of $10,267,625, $33,267,143 and $1,305,260 related to our real estate investments, goodwill and intangible assets, respectively, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, net gain of $4,139,749 on sale of five real estate investments and lease termination expense of $1,039,648.
(2)The distribution paid per share of Class S common stock is net of deferred selling commissions.
(3)Adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split.

---

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the “Selected Financial Data” above and our accompanying consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto. Also, see “Forward-Looking Statements” preceding Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors herein.
Overview
Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations are based upon our audited consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires our management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On a regular basis, we evaluate these estimates. These estimates are based on management’s historical industry experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
The following are some, but not all, of the assumptions, risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those presented in our forward-looking statements:
•We have only a limited prior operating history, and the prior performance of our real estate investments may not be indicative of our future results.
•We are subject to risks associated with deteriorating economic conditions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and related disruptions in the real estate markets.
•The magnitude and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on our tenants, operations and liquidity is uncertain as of the filing date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and may continue to have an adverse impact on our business and results of operations.
•We may be considered a “blind pool” because we have not identified additional properties to be acquired, and any potential acquisitions cannot be considered probable. As a result, stockholders will not be able to evaluate the economic merits of our future investments prior to their purchase. We may be unable to invest stockholders’ capital on acceptable terms to investors, or at all.
•We may be unable to renew leases, lease vacant space or re-lease space as leases expire on favorable terms or at all.
•We are subject to risks associated with tenant, geographic and industry concentrations with respect to our properties.
•Our properties, intangible assets and other assets may be subject to further impairment charges.
•We are subject to competition in the acquisition and disposition of properties and in the leasing of our properties, and we may be unable to acquire or dispose of, or lease, our properties on advantageous terms.
•We could be subject to risks associated with bankruptcies or insolvencies of tenants or from tenant defaults generally.
•We have substantial indebtedness, and may incur additional secured or unsecured debt, which may affect our ability to pay distributions, expose us to interest rate fluctuation risk, impose limitations on how we operate and expose us to the risk of default under our debt obligations.
•We may not be able to extend or refinance existing indebtedness before it becomes due.
•We may not be able to attain or maintain profitability.
•The only sources of cash for distributions to investors will be cash flow from our operations (including sales of properties) or any net proceeds that result from financing or refinancing our properties or proceeds from capital we raise.
•We may not generate cash flows sufficient to pay distributions to stockholders or meet our debt service obligations.
•We may be affected by risks resulting from losses in excess of insured limits.
•We may fail to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
•There are significant restrictions and limitations on our stockholders' ability to have any of their shares of our common stock repurchased under our SRPs and, if stockholders are able to have their shares repurchased by us, the stated purchase price under the SRPs, which is based on our most recently published NAV per share, could be less than the then-current fair market value of the shares.
•Risks of security breaches through cyber-attacks, cyber intrusions or otherwise, as well as other significant disruptions of our information technology networks and related systems, could adversely affect our business and results of operations.
We were formed on May 14, 2015 as a Maryland corporation and elected to be treated as a REIT for federal income tax purposes beginning with the taxable year ended December 31, 2016, and we intend to continue to operate so as to remain qualified as a REIT for federal income tax purposes thereafter. To date, we have invested primarily in single tenant income-producing properties that are leased to creditworthy tenants under long-term net leases. During 2020, we acquired the intellectual property of BuildingBITs, an innovative online real estate crowd funding platform, and the REITless investment platform, an online investment platform for commercial real estate investment offerings. In 2021, we will continue to seek opportunities to be an aggregator within the non-listed real estate product industry, utilizing the combination of our deep understanding of both the crowd funding and real estate markets and the strength of our stockholder-owned, self-managed business model. We plan to invest in a diversified portfolio of real estate and real estate-related investments.
Although we are not limited as to the form our investments may take, our investments in real estate will generally constitute acquiring fee title or interests in entities that own and operate real estate. We intend to make substantially all acquisitions of our real estate investments through our Operating Partnership either directly or indirectly through limited liability companies or limited partnerships, including through other REITs, or through investments in joint ventures, partnerships, tenants-in-common, co-tenancies or other co-ownership arrangements with other owners of properties, some of which may be affiliated with us or our executive officers or directors. We also plan to continue to invest in fintech and crowd funding businesses similar to our investments in REITless and BuildingBits.
We consider the Company to be a perpetual-life investment vehicle because we have no finite date for liquidation and no intention to list our shares of common stock for trading on a national securities exchange or other over-the-counter trading market. While our charter does not require us to list the shares of our common stock for trading on a national securities exchange or other over-the-counter trading market, we may consider such a listing in the future if we determine it is in the best interest of our stockholders. This perpetual-life structure is aligned with our overall objective of investing in real estate and related assets with a long-term view towards making regular distributions and generating capital appreciation.
Until December 31, 2019, our business was externally managed by our Former Advisor, a limited liability company wholly-owned by our Former Sponsor, pursuant to the Advisory Agreement, which was terminated on December 31, 2019. Our Former Advisor managed our operations and our portfolio of core real estate properties and real estate-related assets. Our Former Advisor also provided asset-management and other administrative services on our behalf and was paid certain fees as set forth in Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Effective December 31, 2019, we became self-managed as a result of the completion of the Self-Management Transaction.
Through September 30, 2019, we reimbursed our Former Sponsor for organizational and offering costs incurred on our behalf, up to an amount equal to 3% of gross offering proceeds, pursuant to the Advisory Agreement. Through September 30, 2019, expenses associated with investor relations personnel employed by us were reimbursed by our Former Sponsor since investor relations services were included within the scope of organizational and offering services our Former Sponsor was to provide to us. In connection with our Former Sponsor’s September 2019 settlement with the SEC, whereby all offerings of our common stock must be made through a registered broker-dealer, we agreed to be directly responsible for all organizational and offering costs, including our investor relations personnel, in exchange for our Former Sponsor’s agreement to terminate its right to receive up to 3% of gross offering proceeds pursuant to an October 2019 amendment to the Advisory Agreement.
Following the completion of the Self-Management Transaction, we, including NNN LP, owned an approximately 87%
partnership interest in the Operating Partnership. Daisho, a formerly wholly-owned subsidiary of BrixInvest which was spun off from BrixInvest on December 31, 2019, was issued and held 657,949.5 Class M OP Units, or an approximate 12% limited partnership interest, in the Operating Partnership as of December 31, 2019. The Class M OP Units were distributed to the members of Daisho during 2020. In connection with the Self-Management Transaction, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer were issued an aggregate of 56,029 Class P OP Units in the Operating Partnership and thereby owned the remaining approximate 1% limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership as of December 31, 2019. Following the grant of 360,000 Class R OP Units (adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) in the Operating Partnership to the Company’s employees, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, on January 25, 2021, as further described in Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the Company owns an approximately 83% partnership interest, the Daisho members hold an approximately 12% limited partnership interest and the Company's employees hold an approximately 5% limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership.
From inception through December 31, 2020, we had sold 6,627,934 shares (adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) of our Class C common stock pursuant to the Registered Offerings for aggregate gross offering proceeds of $197,527,817 and 63,711 shares (adjusted for the 1:3 reverse stock split) of our Class S common stock pursuant to the Class S Offering for aggregate gross offering proceeds of $1,932,065.
As we accept subscriptions for shares, we will transfer substantially all of the net proceeds of such subscriptions to our Operating Partnership as a capital contribution in exchange for units of general partnership; however, we will be deemed to have made capital contributions to the Operating Partnership in the amount of the gross offering proceeds received from investors.
We expect to use substantially all of the net capital we raise to acquire and manage a portfolio of real estate investments. While our focus to date has been on single tenant net leased properties, going forward we plan to invest in a diversified portfolio of real estate and real estate-related investments, including fintech and crowd funding businesses. We plan to diversify our portfolio by geography, investment size and investment risk with the goal of acquiring a portfolio of income-producing real estate investments that provides attractive and stable returns to our stockholders. Our investment objectives and policies may be amended or changed at any time by our board of directors. Although we have no plans at this time to change any of our investment objectives and policies, our board of directors may change any and all such investment objectives and policies, including our focus on the properties and investments described above, if it believes such changes are in the best interests of our stockholders.
We hold our investments in real property through special purpose limited liability companies which are wholly-owned subsidiaries of our Operating Partnership or Merger Sub, which is described below and was merged into the Operating Partnership on December 31, 2020. Because we plan to conduct substantially all of our operations through the Operating Partnership, we are considered an Umbrella Partnership Real Estate Investment Trust, or UPREIT. Using an UPREIT structure may give us an advantage in acquiring properties from persons who might not otherwise sell their properties because of unfavorable tax results. Generally, a sale of property directly to a REIT, or a contribution in exchange for REIT shares, is a taxable transaction to the selling property owner. However, in an UPREIT structure, a seller of a property who desires to defer taxable gain on the sale of property may transfer the property to the Operating Partnership in exchange for partnership interests in the Operating Partnership without recognizing gain for tax purposes.
On January 22, 2021, we filed a registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-252321) to register a maximum of $100,000,000 of additional shares of Class C common stock to be issued pursuant to the amended and restated DRP. We commenced offering shares of Class C common stock pursuant to the 2021 DRP Offering upon termination of the Follow-on Offering, as discussed below.
Effective January 27, 2021, we, with the approval of our board of directors, terminated our public offering of up to $800,000,000 of our shares which was being conducted pursuant to the Follow-on Offering. In connection with the termination of the Follow-on Offering, we stopped accepting investor subscriptions on January 22, 2021. As of January 27, 2021, we had $600,547,672 of unsold shares in the Follow-on Offering, which were deregistered with the SEC.
Effective January 31, 2021, the Company and NCPS terminated their Dealer Manager Agreement, dated January 2, 2020, pursuant to which NCPS had agreed to act as dealer manager in connection with the Follow-on Offering. Effective January 31, 2021, with the authorization of the board of Directors, NCPS and the Company entered into a new Dealer Manager Agreement pursuant to which NCPS has agreed to act as dealer manager in connection with investments in the Company by accredited investors.
We intend to present our financial statements on a consolidated basis, including the Operating Partnership and Merger Sub. All items of income, gain, deduction (including depreciation), loss and credit of the Operating Partnership and Merger Sub flow to us as all subsidiary entities are disregarded for federal tax purposes. These tax items do not generally flow through us to our stockholders. Rather, our net income and net capital gain effectively flow through us to our stockholders as and when we pay distributions.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Proceeds from the sale of our shares of common stock have been, and will continue to be, primarily used to invest in real estate and real estate-related investments or to re-lease and reposition our properties in accordance with our investment strategy and policies, including costs and fees associated with such investments. We also expect to use a portion of the proceeds from the sale of our shares of common stock for payment of principal on our outstanding indebtedness; capital expenditures, tenant improvement costs and leasing costs related to our real estate investments; reserves required by financings of our real estate investments; to provide liquidity to our stockholders pursuant to our SRPs; and for general corporate purposes.
Generally, our cash requirements for property acquisitions, debt payments, capital expenditures, and other investments will be funded by the sale of shares of our common stock and bank borrowings from financial institutions and mortgage indebtedness on our properties, and to a lesser extent, by loans from affiliates and internally generated funds. Our cash requirements for operating and interest expenses, and distributions will generally be funded by internally generated funds. Proceeds from the sale of our common stock and debt financings may also be used to fund repurchases of common stock. When available, sources of capital include proceeds from the sale of properties, proceeds from the sale of shares of our common stock and secured or unsecured borrowings from banks or other lenders, as well as undistributed funds from operations.
The New Credit Facility (as defined below) provides a $10,000,000 increase in our line of credit from $12,000,000 to $22,000,000. After our initial draw of $6,000,000 to fund the repayment of our Unsecured Credit Facility (as defined below) on March 31, 2021, we have $11,000,000 available to finance real estate acquisitions and $5,000,000 available for working capital purposes.
To further our mission of being the leading provider of alternative real estate-related products, and to capitalize on the current opportunity in today’s public marketplace, we are sponsoring MACS, a SPAC. MACS publicly filed its registration statement on Form S-1 with the SEC on March 24, 2021 and plans to raise $100,000,000, or $115,000,000 if the over-allotment option is exercised, in its IPO. In connection with the public filing of the Form S-1, MVF deposited $4,500,000 in escrow with the attorneys for MACS. The $4,500,000 will be released from escrow upon completion of the IPO and used to purchase 9,000,000 warrants to purchase additional shares of MACS. Each warrant has the right to purchase 0.5 share of MACS common stock and can be exercised at a strike price of $11.50 per share.
MACS was formed for the purpose of entering into a business combination with one or more businesses or entities, and intends to focus on targets located in North America that are focused on fintech and proptech, with a focus on companies whose core purpose is related to the real estate industry. Within those parameters, MACS intends to pursue a business combination with companies that use technology driven platforms and solutions to disrupt or revolutionize the real estate capital markets, transactional marketplaces and investment management industry.
There is no assurance that our SPAC will be successful in raising capital in its IPO or in completing a business combination, or that any business combination will be successful. We can lose our entire investment in the SPAC if a business combination is not completed within 24 months of the SPAC's IPO or if the business combination is not successful, which may adversely impact our stockholder value.
Our aggregate borrowings, secured and unsecured, must be reasonable in relation to our tangible assets. Our charter limits the amount we may borrow to 300% of our net assets; however, historically we have limited borrowings to 50% of the value of our tangible assets unless any excess borrowing is approved by a majority of our independent directors and is disclosed to our stockholders in our next quarterly report, along with the justification for such excess. On March 27, 2020, our conflicts committee and board of directors approved an increase in our maximum leverage from 50% to 55% in order to allow us to take advantage of the current low interest rate environment, the relative cost of debt and equity capital, and strategic borrowing advantages potentially available to us. Our borrowings on one or more individual properties may exceed 55% of their individual cost, so long as our overall leverage does not exceed 55% of the aggregate value of our tangible assets. We may exceed this limit only if any excess borrowing is approved by a majority of our independent directors and is disclosed to our stockholders in our next quarterly report, along with the justification for such excess. When calculating our use of leverage, we will not include borrowings relating to the initial acquisition of properties that are outstanding under a revolving credit facility (or similar agreement). There is no limitation on the amount we may borrow for the purchase of any single asset. As of December 31, 2020, our leverage ratio was 47%.
Debt financing for acquisitions and investments may be obtained at the time an asset is acquired or an investment is made or at such later time as determined to be appropriate. In addition, debt financing may be used from time-to-time for property improvements, lease inducements, tenant improvements and other working capital needs.
As of December 31, 2020, the outstanding principal balance of our mortgage notes payable, including mortgage notes payable related to real estate investments held for sale, and our unsecured revolving credit facility were $185,014,356 and $6,000,000, respectively. The portion of our mortgage notes payable due during 2021 is $17,091,541, of which $10,073,764 was refinanced on March 5, 2021, as described below.
On December 19, 2019, we, NNN LP, Merger Sub, BrixInvest and modiv, LLC entered into a Loan and Security Agreement (the “Unsecured Credit Facility”) with Pacific Mercantile Bank (“PMB”). The Unsecured Credit Facility is a line of credit for a maximum principal amount of $12,000,000, consisting of two facilities: a purchase contract and other loans facility (the “Purchase Contract and Other Loans Facility”), and as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Unsecured Credit Facility had an outstanding balance of $6,000,000 and $7,740,000, respectively.
On March 13, 2020, we amended the Unsecured Credit Facility to extend the maturity date of $6,940,000 of outstanding borrowings under the Unsecured Credit Facility from March 31, 2020 to July 31, 2020, and to extend the maturity date of $3,060,000 of the outstanding borrowings under the Unsecured Credit Facility from May 4, 2020 to August 31, 2020.
On August 13, 2020, we amended the Unsecured Credit Facility to extend the maturity date of $6,000,000 of the outstanding borrowings under the Unsecured Credit Facility to September 1, 2020 and the maturity date of the remaining $6,000,000 of the outstanding borrowings under the Unsecured Credit Facility to October 15, 2021. We repaid $6,000,000 of the $12,000,000 then outstanding borrowings under the Unsecured Credit Facility with proceeds generated by property refinancings and asset sales in August 2020. Under the August 13, 2020 amendment, there is a moratorium on new borrowings under the Unsecured Credit Facility until the remaining $6,000,000 is fully repaid. We paid PMB $25,000 for loan extension and modification fees in connection with the August 13, 2020 amendment.
In connection with the August 13, 2020 amendment to the Unsecured Credit Facility, our Chairman, Mr. Wirta, and the Wirta Family Trust (the "Wirta Trust") guaranteed our obligations under the Unsecured Credit Facility. On July 30, 2020, we entered into an indemnification agreement with Mr. Wirta and the Wirta Trust with respect to their guarantees of our $12,000,000 Unsecured Credit Facility with PMB pursuant to which we agreed to indemnify Mr. Wirta and the Wirta Trust if they are required to make payments to PMB pursuant to such guarantees.
Under the terms of the Unsecured Credit Facility, we pay a variable rate of interest on outstanding amounts equal to one percentage point over the prime rate published in The Wall Street Journal, provided that the interest rate in effect on any one day shall not be less than 5.50% per annum. The interest rate was 5.50% and 5.75% as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The current interest rate is 5.50%, which is the minimum rate.
To secure the payment and performance of all obligations under the Unsecured Credit Facility, each of modiv, LLC and BrixInvest granted to PMB a security interest in all of their right, title and interest in their accounts, inventory, equipment, deposit accounts, intellectual property, general intangibles, investment property and other property.
On March 29, 2021, we entered into a new credit facility with Banc of California (the “New Credit Facility”) for an aggregate line of credit of $22,000,000 with a maturity date of March 30, 2023, which replaced our Unsecured Credit Facility. We borrowed $6,000,000 under the New Credit Facility and repaid the $6,000,000 that was owed to PMB on March 31, 2021. The New Credit Facility provides us with a $17,000,000 revolving line of credit for real estate acquisitions (including the $6,000,000 borrowed to repay PMB) and an additional $5,000,000 revolving line of credit for working capital. Under the terms of the New Credit Facility, we will pay a variable rate of interest on outstanding amounts equal to one percentage point over the prime rate published in The Wall Street Journal, provided that the interest rate in effect on any one day shall not be less than 4.75% per annum. We paid Banc of California origination fees of $77,000 in connection with the New Credit Facility and will pay an unused commitment fee of 0.15% per annum of the unused portion of the New Credit Facility, charged quarterly in arrears based on the average unused commitment available under the New Credit Facility. The New Credit Facility is secured by substantially all of our tangible and intangible assets, including intellectual property. The New Credit Facility requires us to maintain a minimum debt service coverage ratio of 1.25 to 1.00 and minimum tangible NAV (as defined in the loan agreement) of $120,000,000, measured quarterly. Mr. Wirta, our Chairman has guaranteed our $6,000,000 initial borrowing, which guarantee will expire upon repayment of the $6,000,000 which is due by September 30, 2021. Mr. Wirta has also guaranteed our $5,000,000 revolving line of credit for working capital. On March 29, 2021, we entered into an updated indemnification agreement with Mr. Wirta and the Wirta Trust with respect to their guarantees of borrowings under the New Credit Facility.
The New Credit Facility contains customary representations, warranties and covenants, which are substantially similar to those in our Unsecured Credit Facility. Our ability to borrow under the New Credit Facility will be subject to our ongoing compliance with various affirmative and negative covenants, including with respect to indebtedness, guaranties, mergers and asset sales, liens, corporate existence and financial reporting obligations. The New Credit Facility also contains customary events of default, including, without limitation, nonpayment of principal, interest, fees or other amounts when due, violation of covenants, breaches of representations or warranties and change of ownership. Upon the occurrence of an event of default, Banc of California may accelerate the repayment of amounts outstanding under the New Credit Facility, take possession of any collateral securing the New Credit Facility and exercise other remedies subject, in certain instances, to the expiration of an applicable cure period.
On April 20, 2020, our subsidiary, modiv, LLC, entered into a loan agreement and promissory note evidencing an unsecured loan in the aggregate amount of $517,000 made to our subsidiary under the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”). The PPP is administered by the U.S. Small Business Administration (the “SBA”). Under the terms of the CARES Act, PPP loan recipients can apply for and be granted forgiveness for all or a portion of the loan granted under the PPP. Such forgiveness will be determined, subject to limitations, based on the use of loan proceeds for payment of payroll costs and any payments of mortgage interest, rent, and utilities. Modifications to the PPP by the U.S. Treasury and the Paycheck Protection Program Flexibility Act of 2020 extended the time period for loan forgiveness beyond the original eight-week period to 24 weeks, making it possible for our subsidiary to apply for forgiveness of 100% of the PPP loan prior to December 31, 2020 and the deadline was later extended to February 15, 2021.
The PPP loan was made through PMB. In December 2020, our subsidiary submitted its application for forgiveness of the total amount of the loan to PMB. After PMB’s review, our subsidiary updated the forgiveness application on February 10, 2021, PMB submitted the application to the SBA on February 10, 2021, and on February 16, 2021, our subsidiary was notified by PMB that the application for forgiveness of the PPP loan had been approved by the SBA.
In connection with the Self-Management Transaction, we assumed from BrixInvest its unsecured short-term notes payable (formerly known as “Convertible Promissory Notes”) of $4,800,000 on December 31, 2019. The notes represented private party notes and bore interest at a fixed rate of 8% with all interest and principal due on the maturity date. Except for a portion of six notes from one borrower aggregating $1,024,750 for which the maturity date was extended to April 30, 2020, all notes were repaid prior to March 31, 2020. In exchange for the maturity date extension, we agreed to pay 2% of the principal and accrued interest, or $24,845, as an extension fee and agreed to an increase in the interest rate from 8% to 10% per annum during the extension period. The maturity date for the $490,000 of the extended short-term notes was subsequently accelerated to April 6, 2020 in exchange for a $10,000 reduction in the extension fee to $14,845 and these notes were repaid on April 6, 2020.
As of December 31, 2020, our pro-rata share (approximately 72.7%) of the TIC Interest’s mortgage note payable was $9,923,391.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, we sold five properties for net proceeds of $13,530,968 (see Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more details). From January 1, 2021 through the date of this report, we sold an additional three properties for net proceeds of $10,515,344 (see Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more details).
During the year ended December 31, 2020, we refinanced three mortgages that generated net proceeds of $6,904,178 (see Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on From 10-K), and in March 2021, we refinanced four mortgages aggregating $10,073,764 that generated net proceeds of $1,975,184 as further described below:
December 31, 2020 New Original New
Properties Principal Amount Principal Amount Prior Interest Rate New Interest Rate Maturity Date Maturity Date
Levins $ 2,032,332 $ 2,700,000 3.74 % 3.75 % 3/5/2021 3/16/2026
Dollar General Bakersfield $ 2,268,922 $ 2,280,000 3.38 % 3.65 % 3/5/2021 3/16/2028
PMI Preclinical $ 4,020,418 $ 5,400,000 3.38 % 3.75 % 3/5/2021 3/16/2026
GSA (MSHA) $ 1,752,092 $ 1,756,000 3.13 % 3.65 % 8/5/2021 3/16/2026
We are also in discussions with a prospective lender regarding two additional property mortgage refinancings. However, there can be no assurance that such refinancing will be available in the near term or at all.
We entered into interest rate swaps as a fixed rate payer to mitigate our exposure to rising interest rates on our variable rate notes payable (Level 2 measurement). We do not enter into derivatives for speculative purposes. None of our derivatives at December 31, 2020 or 2019 were designated as hedging instruments; therefore, the net unrealized losses recognized on interest rate swaps of $770,898 and $820,496, respectively, was recorded as an addition to loss on interest rate swaps. In connection with the Merger with REIT I, we acquired eight additional interest rate swaps on December 31, 2019 (see Notes 7 and 8 to our consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more details) and had a total of twelve interest rate swaps as of December 31, 2019. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we terminated four of our interest rate swaps and as of December 31, 2020, we had eight remaining interest rate swaps. An additional four swaps were terminated or expired subsequent to December 31, 2020.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, we repurchased 690,869 shares of Class C common stock and Class S common stock for an aggregate of $17,576,261 utilizing proceeds from the Registered Offerings, debt financings and net proceeds from sales of properties. From January 1, 2021 through March 6, 2021, we repurchased 481,939 shares of Class C common stock and no shares of Class S common stock for an aggregate of $10,375,064. From January 1, 2021 through February 28, 2021, we received cash proceeds of $1,560,703 from the Offerings (excluding distribution reinvestments).
Generally, we expect to make payments of principal and interest on any indebtedness we incur from our cash flows from operating activities, including the proceeds from the sale of assets. We expect that our cash flows from normal operations, along with the potential sale of assets will be sufficient to make regularly scheduled payments of principal and interest. We will seek to structure our financing for acquisitions of assets such that any balloon payments or maturity dates involving extraordinary payments of principal are timed to match our expected receipt of funds from ownership and operation of the assets or the disposition by us of such assets. If cash flow from ownership and operation of an asset is not expected to be sufficient to make such payments of principal, and we do not anticipate that we will sell the asset at the time the principal payment comes due, we intend to make payments of principal out of proceeds from the refinancing of such indebtedness or out of cash flow from the operations of our other assets or from our reserves. We may also use proceeds from the sale of shares of our common stock to pay down principal on indebtedness, including any balloon or monthly mortgage payments.
Our management will establish working capital reserves from net offering proceeds, out of cash flow generated by operating assets or out of proceeds from the sale of assets. Working capital reserves are typically utilized to fund tenant improvements, leasing commissions and major capital expenditures. Our lenders also may require working capital reserves. We continue to monitor the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent mutations of the virus into several variants, and its impact on our tenants, operating partners and the economy as a whole. The magnitude and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic which includes the mutations of the virus into several variants, and its impact on our operations and liquidity, are still uncertain and continue to evolve in the United States and globally. If the COVID-19 pandemic cannot be contained at its current trajectory, such impacts could be material. To the extent that our tenants and operating partners continue to be impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, or by the other risks disclosed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, it could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and capital resources.
Funds from Operations and Adjusted Funds from Operations
In order to provide a more complete understanding of the operating performance of a REIT, the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“Nareit”) promulgated a measure known as Funds from Operations (“FFO”). FFO is defined as net income or loss computed in accordance with GAAP, excluding extraordinary items, as defined by GAAP, and gains and losses from sales of depreciable operating property, adding back asset impairment write-downs, plus real estate-related depreciation and amortization (excluding amortization of deferred financing costs and depreciation of non-real estate assets), and after adjustment for unconsolidated partnerships, joint ventures and preferred distributions. Because FFO calculations adjust for such items as depreciation and amortization of real estate assets and gains and losses from sales of operating real estate assets (which can vary among owners of identical assets in similar conditions based on historical cost accounting and useful-life estimates), they facilitate comparisons of operating performance between periods and between other REITs. As a result, we believe that the use of FFO, together with the required GAAP presentations, provides a more complete understanding of our performance relative to our competitors and a more informed and appropriate basis on which to make decisions involving operating, financing, and investing activities. It should be noted, however, that other REITs may not define FFO in accordance with the current Nareit definition or may interpret the current Nareit definition differently than we do, making comparisons less meaningful.
Additionally, we use AFFO as a non-GAAP financial measure to evaluate our operating performance. AFFO excludes non-routine and certain non-cash items such as revenues in excess of cash received, amortization of stock-based compensation net, deferred rent, amortization of in-place lease valuation intangibles, acquisition-related costs, deferred financing fees, gain or loss from the extinguishment of debt, unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments, write-off transaction costs and other one-time transactions.
We also believe that AFFO is a recognized measure of sustainable operating performance by the REIT industry. Further, we believe AFFO is useful in comparing the sustainability of our operating performance with the sustainability of the operating performance of other real estate companies.
Management believes that AFFO is a beneficial indicator of our ongoing portfolio performance and ability to sustain our current distribution level. More specifically, AFFO isolates the financial results of our operations. AFFO, however, is not considered an appropriate measure of historical earnings as it excludes certain significant costs that are otherwise included in reported earnings. Further, since the measure is based on historical financial information, AFFO for the period presented may not be indicative of future results or our future ability to pay our dividends. By providing FFO and AFFO, we present information that assists investors in aligning their analysis with management’s analysis of long-term operating activities.
For all of these reasons, we believe the non-GAAP measures of FFO and AFFO, in addition to income (loss) from operations, net income (loss) and cash flows from operating activities, as defined by GAAP, are helpful supplemental performance measures and useful to investors in evaluating the performance of our real estate portfolio. However, a material limitation associated with FFO and AFFO is that they are not indicative of our cash available to fund distributions since other uses of cash, such as capital expenditures at our properties and principal payments of debt, are not deducted when calculating FFO and AFFO. AFFO is useful in assisting management and investors in assessing our ongoing ability to generate cash flow from operations and continue as a going concern in future operating periods. However, FFO and AFFO are not useful measures in evaluating NAV because impairments are taken into account in determining NAV but not in determining FFO and AFFO. Therefore, FFO and AFFO should not be viewed as a more prominent measure of performance than income (loss) from operations, net income (loss) or cash flows from operating activities and each should be reviewed in connection with GAAP measurements.
Neither the SEC, Nareit, nor any other applicable regulatory body has opined on the acceptability of the adjustments contemplated to adjust FFO in order to calculate AFFO and its use as a non-GAAP performance measure. In the future, the SEC or Nareit may decide to standardize the allowable exclusions across the REIT industry, and we may have to adjust the calculation and characterization of this non-GAAP measure.
Furthermore, as described in Notes 3 and 11 to our consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the conversion ratios for Class M OP Units, Class P OP Units and Class R OP Units can increase if the specified performance hurdles are achieved. The following are the calculations of FFO and AFFO (as defined in the Operating Partnership Agreement) for the year ended December 31, 2020.
Years Ended December 31,
2020 2019
Net loss $ (49,141,910) $ (4,415,992)
FFO adjustments:
Add: Depreciation and amortization 15,759,199 9,848,130
Amortization of lease incentives 61,204 61,203
Impairment of real estate investment properties 10,267,625 -
Impairment of goodwill and intangible assets 34,572,403 -
Depreciation and amortization for investment in TIC 727,048 1,001,751
Less: Gain on sale of real estate investments, net (4,139,749) -
FFO 8,105,820 6,495,092
AFFO adjustments:
Add: Amortization of corporate intangibles 1,833,054 -
Stock compensation 712,217 372,500
Financing costs 1,025,093 638,200
Amortization of above-market intangible leases 169,857 97,045
Unrealized losses on interest rate swaps 770,898 820,496
Acquisition fees and due diligence expenses, including abandoned pursuit costs 94,043 46,681
Merger expenses - 1,468,914
Less: Deferred rents (958,779) (1,309,272)
Amortization of below-market intangible leases (1,541,313) (646,745)
Other adjustments for unconsolidated entities (90,803) (165,865)
AFFO $ 10,120,087 $ 7,817,046
Weighted average shares outstanding - fully diluted 9,196,240 5,012,158
Weighted average shares outstanding - basic 8,006,276 5,012,158
FFO Per Share, Fully Diluted $ 0.88 $ 1.30
AFFO Per Share, Basic $ 1.26 $ 1.56
Distributions
During our offering stage, when we may raise capital more quickly than we acquire income-producing assets, and from time-to-time during our operational stage, we may not pay distributions solely from cash flow from operations. Historically, the sources of cash used to pay our distributions have been from net rental income received and the waiver and deferral of management fees by our Former Advisor through December 31, 2019. The leases for certain of our real estate acquisitions may provide for rent abatements. These abatements are an inducement for the tenant to enter into or extend the term of its lease. In connection with the acquisition of some properties, we may be able to negotiate a reduced purchase price for the acquired property in an amount that equals the previously agreed-upon rent abatement. During the period of any rent abatement on properties that we acquire, we may be unable to fully fund our distributions from net rental income received. In connection with the extension of the lease term of some properties, we may agree to pay a lease extension fee. In those events, we may expand the sources of cash used to fund our stockholder distributions to include proceeds from the sale of our common stock, but only during the periods, and up to the amounts, of any rent abatements where we are able to negotiate a reduced purchase price or pay lease extension fees.
A table of distributions declared, distributions paid out, the impact on cash flows from operations and the source of distribution payments is disclosed in Part II, Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities - Distribution Information.
Going forward, we expect that our board of directors will to continue to declare distributions based on daily record dates and to pay the distributions on a monthly basis, and after our offering period, to continue to declare stock distributions based on a single record date as of the end of the month, and to pay these distributions on a monthly basis. Distributions will be determined by our board of directors based on our financial condition and such other factors as our board of directors deems relevant. We have not established a minimum dividend or distribution level, and our charter does not require that we make dividends or distributions to our stockholders other than as necessary to meet REIT qualification standards.
Subject to stockholder approval of planned amendments to our charter, we plan to pay a 13th distribution if our AFFO exceeds 100% of distributions declared for the year ending December 31, 2021. Any 13th distribution would be declared by our board of directors during January 2022 and be based on the outstanding shares held by stockholders on the declaration date using the following formula: (i) the daily amount of the 13th distribution divided by 365 days (ii) multiplied by the number of days such shares were held by such stockholder from January 1, 2021 through December 31, 2021. Stockholders will only be eligible for any 13th distribution declared by the board of directors if they hold such shares on the declaration date in January 2022.
Cash Flow Summary
The following table summarizes our cash flow activity for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:
2020 2019
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 5,576,840 $ 4,748,904
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities $ 24,778,295 $ (29,602,469)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities $ (28,914,535) $ 23,034,567
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities was $5,576,840 and $4,748,904 for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
The cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily reflects adjustments to our net loss of $49,141,910 for distributions from an investment in an unconsolidated entity of $683,000; non-cash charges for impairment of goodwill, intangible assets and impairment of real estate investment property aggregating $44,840,028 due to the COVID-19 pandemic; and net non-cash charges of $12,762,668 primarily related to depreciation and amortization, unrealized loss on interest rate swap valuation, amortization of deferred financing costs, stock issued as compensation expense, and amortization of above-market lease intangibles, partially offset by gain on sale of real estate investments, amortization of deferred rents, amortization of below-market lease intangibles and income from investment in unconsolidated entities. In addition, the net non-cash charges were partially offset by use of cash resulting from a net change in operating assets and liabilities of $3,566,946 during the year ended December 31, 2020 due primarily to increases in prepaid expenses and other assets and decreases in accounts payable, accrued and other liabilities and amounts due to affiliates, offset in part by a decrease in tenant receivables.
The cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2019 primarily reflects adjustments to our net loss of $4,415,992 for distributions from investments in unconsolidated entities of $1,029,786 and net non-cash charges of $9,647,509 primarily related to depreciation and amortization, amortization of deferred financing costs, stock compensation expense, unrealized loss on interest rate swap valuation and amortization of lease incentives and above-market lease intangibles, partially offset by deferred rents, income from investment in unconsolidated entities, and amortization of below-market lease intangibles. Cash was also provided by the net change in operating assets and liabilities of $1,512,399 during the year ended December 31, 2019 due to increases in accounts payable, accrued and other liabilities and amounts due to affiliates and decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets, partially offset by an increase in tenant receivables.
We expect that our cash flows from operating activities will be positive in the next twelve months. We believe that the efforts by the government to vaccinate a significant portion of the population from the COVID-19 virus will result in improvements in the business environment we operate in, coupled with our plan to expand our existing lines of business in 2021.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Net cash provided by investing activities was $24,778,295 for the year ended December 31, 2020 and consisted primarily of the following:
•$27,008,028 from proceeds from sales of real estate investments; partially offset by
•$673,631 for additions to existing real estate properties;
•$566,102 for additions to intangible assets; and
•$990,000 for payments to lease incentives.
Net cash used in investing activities was $29,602,469 for the year ended December 31, 2019 and consisted primarily of the following:
•$24,820,410 for the acquisition of one operating property;
•$1,665,180 for capitalized costs and improvements to existing real estate investments;
•$3,486,927 for payment of tenant improvements; and
•$746,459 for payment of acquisition fees to affiliate; offset in part by
•$1,016,507 for cash acquired from acquisitions of affiliates; and
•$100,000 collection of refunded purchase deposit for a prospective acquisition property.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities was $28,914,535 for the year ended December 31, 2020 and consisted primarily of the following:
•$10,908,856 of proceeds from issuance of common stock, partially offset by payments for offering costs and commissions of $1,204,581;
•$35,705,500 of proceeds from refinanced mortgage notes payable, more than offset by principal payments of $45,299,688 primarily related to refinancings and property sales and deferred financing cost payments of $387,341 to third parties;
•$4,260,000 of proceeds from borrowings on our Unsecured Credit Facility and $517,000 borrowed under the PPP;
•these proceeds were more than offset by $6,000,000 of repayments under our Unsecured Credit Facility, $4,800,000 for repayments of short-term notes payable, $17,576,261 used for repurchases of shares under the SRPs, $5,019,216 of distributions paid to common stockholders and $18,804 of refundable loan deposits.
Net cash provided by financing activities was $23,034,567 for the year ended December 31, 2019 and consisted primarily of the following:
•$34,555,691 of proceeds from issuance of common stock and investor deposits, partially offset by payments for offering costs and commissions of $1,715,370;
•$23,100,000 of proceeds from mortgage notes payable, partially offset by principal payments of $14,879,217, deferred financing cost payments of $495,148 to third parties and $107,500 to an affiliate; and
•$12,609,000 of proceeds from borrowings on our Unsecured Credit Facility; these proceeds were more than offset by $13,869,000 of repayments on our former unsecured credit facility; $12,145,903 used for repurchases of shares under the SRPs; and $4,017,986 of distributions paid to common stockholders.
Results of Operations
As of December 31, 2020, we owned (i) 36 operating properties (excluding four operating properties held for sale as of December 31, 2020) including 14 of the 20 operating properties which were acquired through the Merger on December 31, 2019; (ii) one parcel of land which currently serves as an easement to one of our office properties; and (iii) the TIC Interest. We acquired no operating properties in 2020 primarily as a result of the COVID -19 pandemic and 21 operating properties in 2019 (one property during October 2019 and 20 properties resulting from the Merger on December 31, 2019). Primarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we sold five operating properties in 2020 to support share repurchase payments to our stockholders and provide additional liquidity. We expect that rental income, tenant reimbursements, depreciation and amortization expense and interest expense will be less on a quarter-over-quarter basis due to recent asset sales until we execute property acquisitions and initiatives for our growth strategy. Our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020 are not indicative of those expected in future periods as we expect to continue to raise capital through the sale of shares of our common stock and acquire additional operating properties.
However, due to the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic in the United States and globally and the subsequent mutations of the COVID-19 virus into several variants, our tenants and operating partners will continue to be impacted. The impact of the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent mutations of the virus into several variants could continue to significantly affect our future results. The severity of the effect will depend largely on future developments, which continue to be uncertain and cannot be predicted, including the success of the COVID-19 global vaccination, the duration of protection against the virus from the vaccines, the speed of inventing new vaccines to contain the variants, and the reactions by consumers, companies, governmental entities and capital markets.
Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2020 to the Year Ended December 31, 2019
Rental Income
Rental income, including tenant reimbursements, was $38,903,430 and $24,544,958 for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The 2021 annualized rental income of the 36 operating properties owned as of December 31, 2020, excluding four retail properties held for sale as of December 31, 2020, was $26,052,736. We owned 45 operating properties as of December 31, 2019, which included 20 operating properties acquired through the Merger on December 31, 2019, and 36 operating properties as of December 31, 2020, excluding the four operating properties held for sale as of December 31, 2020. We sold five operating properties in 2020 (four retail properties and one industrial property). The $14,358,472, or 58%, year-over-year increase in rental income primarily reflects rental income from the 20 operating properties acquired through the Merger on December 31, 2019 and one operating property acquired in October 2019.
Fees to Affiliates
Fees to affiliates, or asset management fees to affiliates, were $3,305,021 for the year ended December 31, 2019 for our investments in operating properties. The fee was equal to 0.1% of the total investment value of our properties on a monthly basis through December 31, 2019, when the Advisory Agreement was terminated in connection with the Self-Management Transaction. The fees for the year ended December 31, 2019 correspond to the 25 operating properties owned during that year. In addition, we incurred asset management fees to the Former Advisor of $191,907 related to our approximate 72.7% TIC Interest during the year ended December 31, 2019, which amounts were reflected as a reduction of income recognized from investments in unconsolidated entities. The Advisory Agreement with the entities that own the TIC Interest property was assigned to our taxable REIT subsidiary following the Self-Management Transaction and we earn a monthly management fee equal to 0.1% of the total investment value of the property from this entity, which resulted in a management fee of $263,971 for the year ended December 31, 2020, of which our portion of expense relating to the TIC Interest was $191,933.
General and Administrative
General and administrative expenses were $10,399,194 and $2,711,573 for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The increase of $7,687,621, or 284%, year-over-year primarily reflects the costs of self-management of all 36 operating properties owned, four properties held for sale as of December 31, 2020 and five operating properties sold during the second half of 2020, including personnel, occupancy and technology services costs, compared with the costs of the Advisory Agreement for the 25 operating properties owned during the prior year period, along with increases in directors and officers insurance, audit fees, third party consulting costs and post-closing legal costs related to the Self-Management Transaction.
Merger Costs
Merger costs or self-management transaction expenses for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 were $201,920 and $1,468,913, respectively, primarily reflecting an allocation of the fees of the financial advisor to the special committee of our board of directors, along with legal fees for the special committee's legal counsel.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization expenses for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 were $17,592,253 and $9,848,130, respectively. The purchase price of the acquired properties was allocated to tangible assets, identifiable intangibles and assumed liabilities and depreciated or amortized over their estimated useful lives. The increase of $7,744,123, or 79%, year-over-year primarily reflects the expenses of all 36 operating properties owned, five properties sold during the current year period and four properties held for sale as of December 31, 2020, which included the 20 operating properties acquired through the Merger on December 31, 2019, and the amortization of intangibles of $1,833,054 primarily acquired in the Self-Management Transaction, as compared with expenses for the 25 operating properties owned during the prior year period.
Interest Expense
Interest expense was $11,460,747 and $7,382,610 for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The increase of $4,078,137, or 55%, year-over-year primarily reflects an increase in the average principal balance of mortgage notes payable from approximately $127,931,000 for the year ended December 31, 2019 to approximately $201,863,000 for the year ended December 31, 2020, including $9,088,000 of mortgage notes payable related to real estate investments held for sale as of December 31, 2020. Average Unsecured Credit Facility borrowings were approximately $3,110,000 for the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to approximately $8,748,000 for the year ended December 31, 2020.
Property Expenses
Property expenses were $6,999,178 and $4,877,658 for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. These expenses primarily relate to property taxes as well as insurance, utilities, and repairs and maintenance expenses. The increase of $2,121,520, or 43%, year-over-year primarily reflects the expenses of all 36 operating properties owned, four properties held for sale as of December 31, 2020 and five operating properties sold during the second half of 2020, including the 20 operating properties acquired on December 31, 2019 in the Merger, as compared with expenses for the 25 operating properties owned during the prior year period, which excluded the 20 operating properties acquired through the Merger on December 31, 2019.
Impairment of Investments in Real Estate Properties
Impairment charges aggregating $10,267,625 recorded during the year ended December 31, 2020 relates to the impairments on the sale of our three properties located in Lake Elsinore, California, Morgan Hill, California and Las Vegas Nevada, one vacant property located in Cedar Park, Texas and one held for sale property located in San Jose, California. These impairment charges were primarily due to the negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic as discussed further in Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Impairment of Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Impairment charges of $34,572,403 recorded during the year ended December 31, 2020 consisted of goodwill impairment of $33,267,143 (approximates 66% of goodwill) and intangible assets impairment of $1,305,260 (approximates 16% of intangible assets) related to our investor list. These impairments were recorded in the first quarter of 2020 and reflect the negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic to the carrying values of goodwill and intangible assets (see Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for impairment details).
Expenses Reimbursed by Former Sponsor or Affiliates
Expenses reimbursed by Former Sponsor or affiliates were $332,337 for the year ended December 31, 2019, reflecting the amounts reimbursed by the Former Sponsor for investor relations payroll costs of $373,252, partially offset by a $40,915 refund to the Former Sponsor of employment related legal fees. Concurrent with the closing of the Self-Management Transaction on December 31, 2019, the Advisory Agreement was terminated.
Total Operating Expenses
Total operating expenses, excluding depreciation and amortization, interest expense, non-cash stock compensation expense and acquisition expenses (“Total Operating Expenses”), were 4.3% and 3.2% of average invested assets for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Total Operating Expenses were 34% and 238% of the net loss for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Gain on Sale of Real Estate Investments, net
The gain on sale of real estate investments, net of $4,139,749 for the year ended December 31, 2020 reflects the net gain on sale of five retail properties during the current year (see Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more details).
Other (Expense) Income, Net
The lease termination expense of $(1,039,648) for the year ended December 31, 2020 reflects the fee for early termination of our Costa Mesa, California office lease following the surrender of the leased premises to the lessor during the second quarter of 2020 (see Note 10 to our consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more details).
Interest income was $4,923 and $66,570 for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Income from investments in unconsolidated entities was $296,780 and $234,048 for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 , respectively. This represents our approximate 72.7% TIC Interest in the Santa Clara, California property for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and includes the results of our approximate 4.8% interest in REIT I's results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2019. We acquired REIT I in the Merger on December 31, 2019.
Organizational and Offering Costs
Our organizational and offering costs were paid by our Former Sponsor on our behalf through September 30, 2019, at which point in an amendment to the Advisory Agreement we agreed to pay all future organizational and offering costs, and to no longer be reimbursed by our Former Sponsor for investor relations personnel costs after September 30, 2019, in exchange for our Former Sponsor's agreement to terminate its right to receive 3% of gross offering proceeds as reimbursement for organizational and offering costs paid by our Former Sponsor. Offering costs include all expenses incurred in connection with the Offerings, including investor relations compensation costs. Other organizational and offering costs include all expenses incurred in connection with our formation, including, but not limited to legal fees, federal and state filing fees, and other costs to incorporate.
During the Offerings though the amendment of the Advisory Agreement described above, we were obligated to reimburse our Former Sponsor for organizational and offering costs related to the Offerings paid by our Former Sponsor on our behalf provided such reimbursement did not exceed 3% of gross offering proceeds raised in the Offerings as of the date of the reimbursement.
Following the October 2019 amendment to the Advisory Agreement with our Former Sponsor, from October 1, 2019 through December 31, 2019, we incurred $509,791 of direct organizational and offering costs related to the Offerings, including primarily legal fees, FINRA, SEC and blue sky filing and personnel costs for investor relations personnel. As a result, the organizational and offering costs related to the Offerings recorded in our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2019 include the $509,791 of direct costs that we incurred plus $1,206,881 in reimbursements we made to our Former Sponsor to the extent of 3.0% of the gross offering proceeds through September 30, 2019. Through September 30, 2019, our Former Sponsor had incurred organizational and offering costs on our behalf in connection with the Offerings in excess of 3.0% of the gross offering proceeds received by the Company. As of December 31, 2019, we had recorded $5,429,105 of organizational and offering costs paid to our Former Sponsor or affiliates and $509,791 which we incurred directly for an aggregate of $5,938,896.
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the costs of raising equity capital were 6.7% and 4.2%, respectively, of the equity capital raised.
Properties
Portfolio Information
As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, we owned real estate investments (excluding four assets held for sale as of December 31, 2020) as follows:
December 31,
2020 2019 (1)
Number of properties:
Retail 11 19
Office 14 14
Industrial 11 12
Total operating properties 36 45
Parcel of land 1 1
Total properties 37 46
Leasable square feet:
Retail 220,553 362,764
Office 853,963 904,499
Industrial 1,053,779 1,093,539
Total leasable square feet 2,128,295 2,360,802
(1) Includes 20 properties acquired through the Merger with REIT I on December 31, 2019 as follows: (i) 11 retail properties with an aggregate leasable square feet of 177,380; (ii) six office properties with an aggregate leasable square feet of 183,752; and (iii) three industrial properties with an aggregate leasable square feet of 246,259. During 2020, one industrial property and two retail properties were sold and three retail properties were classified as held for sale.
The above table does not include an approximate 72.7% TIC Interest in a 91,740 square foot office property located in Santa Clara, California.
We have a limited operating history. As of December 31, 2020, we own: (i) 36 operating properties; (ii) four properties held for sale; (iii) one parcel of land, which currently serves as an easement to one of our office properties; and (iv) the TIC Interest. In evaluating these properties as potential acquisitions, including the determination of an appropriate purchase price to be paid for the properties, we considered a variety of factors, including the condition and financial performance of the properties, the terms of the existing leases and the creditworthiness of the tenants, property location, visibility and access, age of the properties, physical condition and curb appeal, neighboring property uses, local market conditions, including vacancy rates, area demographics, including trade area population and average household income and neighborhood growth patterns and economic conditions.
Sales of Real Estate Investments
During 2020, we sold the following real estate investments:
Property Location Disposition Date Property Type Rentable Square Feet Contract Sales Price Net Proceeds After Debt Repayment
Rite Aid Lake Elsinore, CA 8/3/2020 Retail 17,272 $ 7,250,000 $ 3,299,016
Walgreens Stockbridge, GA 8/27/2020 Retail 15,120 5,538,462 5,296,356
Island Pacific Elk Grove, CA 9/16/2020 Retail 13,963 3,155,000 1,124,016
Dinan Cars Morgan Hill, CA 10/28/2020 Industrial 27,296 6,100,000 3,811,580
24 Hour Fitness (1) Las Vegas, NV 12/16/2020 Retail 45,000 9,052,941 -
118,651 $ 31,096,403 13,530,968
(1) On December 16, 2020, we completed the sale of our Las Vegas, Nevada retail property which was formerly leased to 24 Hour Fitness for $9,052,941, which is expected to generate net proceeds of $1,324,383 upon collection of the receivable from the buyer and after assignment of the existing mortgage to the buyer, payment of commissions and closing costs, and reserves for tenant improvements and free rent.
Subsequent to December 31, 2020, we completed the sale of three of the four real estate investments classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2020.
On January 7, 2021, we completed the sale of our Roseville, California retail property which was leased to the operator of a Chevron gas station for $4,050,000, which generated net proceeds of $3,914,909 after payment of commissions and closing costs.
On January 29, 2021, we completed the sale of our Sacramento, California retail property which was leased to EcoThrift for $5,375,300, which generated net proceeds of $2,684,225 after repayment of the existing mortgage, commissions and closing costs.
On February 12, 2021, we completed the sale of our San Jose, California retail property which was leased to the operator of a Chevron gas station for $4,288,888, which generated net proceeds of $4,055,657 after payment of commissions and closing costs.
Extension of Leases
During December 2019 and January 2020, we amended lease agreements to extend the lease terms for three of our properties. The lease for the Walgreens property in Stockbridge, Georgia was extended for 10 years to February 28, 2031 in exchange for an incentive payment of $500,000 payable in four installments of $125,000 each, commencing January 10, 2020 with the final installment paid April 1, 2020. The lease for the Walgreens property in Santa Maria, California was extended for 10 years to March 31, 2032 in exchange for an incentive payment of $490,000 payable in four installments of $122,500 each, commencing January 15, 2020 with the final installment paid April 1, 2020. The lease for the Accredo property in Orlando, Florida was extended for 3 1/2 years to December 31, 2024 and we paid a leasing commission of $215,713 to the tenant’s broker in February 2020.
Effective August 1, 2020, we executed an amendment for the early termination of the Dana lease from July 31, 2024 to July 31, 2022 in exchange for an early termination payment of $1,381,767 due on July 31, 2022 and continued rent payments of $65,000 per month from August 1, 2020 through July 1, 2022. In the event that we are able to re-lease or sell the Dana property prior to July 31, 2022, Dana would be obligated to continue paying rent of $65,000 per month through July 1, 2022, along with the early termination payment, or may elect to pay a cash lump sum payment to us equal to the net present value of the remaining rent payments.
Effective October 23, 2020, the Company extended the lease term of its Wood Group property located in San Diego, California for the five year period from February 28, 2021 to February 28, 2026 for minimum annual rents increasing annually. The Company paid an aggregate leasing commission of $146,679 to the broker, of which 50% was paid in November 2020 and the remaining 50% was paid in March 2021, in connection with this extension.
Effective December 15, 2020, the Company extended the lease term of its Solar Turbines property located in San Diego, California for an additional two years from July 31, 2021 to July 31, 2023 with minimum annual rents continuing at the rate in effect.
Effective January 21, 2021, the Company extended the lease terms of two of its Dollar General properties located in Lakeside, Ohio and in Castalia, Ohio for the five year period from June 1, 2030 to May 31, 2035 for an increased minimum annual rent for the extension period in exchange for one month of free rent, which amounted to $6,753 and $6,610 for the Lakeside and Castalia properties, respectively. In addition, the amendments provide for three five-year extension periods at the option of the tenant, each at an increased minimum rental amount.
Effective March 1, 2021, the Company also extended the lease term of its Northrop Grumman property located in Melbourne, Florida for the five year period from May 31, 2021 to May 31, 2026 for minimum annual rents increasing annually. The amendment includes both an early termination option at the end of the third year of the extension and an option for an additional extension of five years. The Company paid a leasing commission of $128,538 to the tenant's brokers and $128,538 to Northrop Grumman as a credit for additional tenant improvement costs in connection with this extension of the Northrop Grumman lease term. The Company also agreed to provide tenant improvements (including roof, HVAC and other improvements) that it estimates will cost approximately $1,150,000 in connection with this extension.
We are continuing to explore potential lease extensions for many of our properties.
Other than as discussed below, we do not have other plans to incur any significant costs to renovate, improve or develop our properties. We believe that our properties are adequately insured. We have one tenant with a lease that provides for a tenant improvement allowance which has a remainder of $63,000. We expect that the related improvements will be completed during the 2021 calendar year. As of December 31, 2020, there are restricted cash deposits of $92,684 that are available to be used to pay for these improvements. The remainder will be funded from operating cash flow or offering proceeds.
In addition, we have identified approximately $2,596,000 of roof replacement, exterior painting and sealing and parking lot repairs/restriping that are expected to be completed in 2021, including approximately $900,000 of the Northrop Grumman tenant improvements discussed above. Approximately $629,000 of these improvements are expected to be recoverable from tenants through their operating expense reimbursements. In addition, there are no restricted cash deposits that were reserved to pay for these improvements. We will have to pay for the improvements and the recoveries will be billed over an extended period of time according to the terms of the lease. The remaining costs of approximately $1,967,000 are not recoverable from tenants. These improvements will be funded from operating cash flows, debt financings or proceeds from the sale of shares of our common stock.
More information on our properties and investments can be found in Part I, Item 2. Properties of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Recent Market Conditions
We continue to face significant uncertainties due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Both the investing and leasing environments are highly competitive. Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, uncertainty regarding the economic and political environment had made businesses reluctant to make long-term commitments or changes in their business plans. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant disruptions in financial markets, business shutdowns and uncertainty about how the U.S. and global economy will perform over the next several months. The ongoing trade war between the U.S. and China has also increased the level of uncertainty and resulted in reductions in business investments.
Possible future declines in rental rates and expectations of future rental concessions, including free rent to renew tenants early, to retain tenants who are up for renewal or to attract new tenants, or rent abatements for tenants severely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, may result in decreases in cash flows from investment properties. We have one retail lease with a leasable area of 50,000 square feet scheduled to expire July 31, 2021, representing approximately 0.4% of projected 2021 net operating income from properties. We also have nine leases scheduled to expire in either 2022 or 2023, which comprise an aggregate of 805,822 leasable square feet and representing approximately 24.5% of projected 2021 net operating income from properties. The tenants of these properties could reevaluate their use of such properties in light of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, including their ability to have workers succeed from working at home, and determine not to renew these leases or to seek rent or other concessions as a condition of renewing their leases. Potential declines in economic conditions could negatively impact commercial real estate fundamentals and result in lower occupancy, lower rental rates and declining values in our real estate portfolio, which could have the following negative effects on us: the values of our investments in commercial properties could decrease below the amounts paid for such investments; and/or revenues from our properties could decrease due to fewer tenants and/or lower rental rates, making it more difficult for us to make distributions or meet our debt service obligations.
While we have had success during 2020 and the first quarter of 2021 with refinancing certain properties, uncertainties in the capital markets may cause difficulty in refinancing debt obligations prior to maturity at terms as favorable as the terms of existing indebtedness. Market conditions can change quickly, potentially negatively impacting the value of real estate investments. Management continuously reviews our investment and debt financing strategies to optimize our portfolio and the cost of our debt exposure.
We plan to rely on debt financing to finance our real estate properties and we may have difficulty refinancing some of our debt obligations prior to or at maturity, or we may not be able to refinance these obligations at terms as favorable as the terms of our initial indebtedness and we also may be unable to obtain additional debt financing on attractive terms or at all. If we are not able to refinance our indebtedness on attractive terms at the various maturity dates, we may be forced to dispose of some of our assets.
The debt market remains sensitive to the macro environment, such as impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, Federal Reserve policy, market sentiment or regulatory factors affecting the banking and commercial mortgage-backed securities industries. While we have been able to successfully refinance seven of our properties over the last nine months, economic conditions have deteriorated during the last year as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and we may experience more stringent lending criteria in the future, which may affect our ability to finance certain property acquisitions or refinance any debt at maturity. Additionally, for properties for which we are able to obtain financing, the interest rates and other terms on such loans may be unacceptable. We expect to manage the current mortgage lending environment by considering alternative lending sources, including securitized debt, fixed rate loans, borrowings on a line of credit, short-term variable rate loans, or any combination of the foregoing.
Critical Accounting Policies
The discussion below is regarding the accounting policies that management believes are or will be critical to our operations. We consider these policies critical in that they involve significant management judgments and assumptions, require estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain and because they are important for understanding and evaluating our reported financial results. These judgments affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and our disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the dates of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. With different estimates or assumptions, materially different amounts could be reported in our consolidated financial statements. Additionally, other companies may have utilized different estimates that may impact the comparability of our results of operations to those of companies in similar businesses.
Revenue Recognition
We adopted FASB Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU No. 2014-09”), effective January 1, 2018. Our sources of revenue impacted by ASU No. 2014-09 included revenue generated by sales of real estate, other operating income and tenant reimbursements for substantial services earned at our properties. Such revenues are recognized when the services are provided and the performance obligations are satisfied. Tenant reimbursements, consisting of amounts due from tenants for common area maintenance, property taxes and other recoverable costs, are recognized in rental income subsequent to the adoption of Topic 842, as defined and discussed below, in the period the recoverable costs are incurred.
Effective January 1, 2019, we adopted FASB ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) and the related FASB ASU Nos. 2018-10, 2018-11, 2018-20 and 2019-01, which provide practical expedients, technical corrections and improvements for certain aspects of ASU 2016-02, on a modified retrospective basis (collectively “Topic 842”). Topic 842 established a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for leases and supersedes the existing leasing guidance. Topic 842 applied to all entities that enter into leases. Lessees are required to report assets and liabilities that arise from leases. Lessor accounting has largely remained unchanged; however, certain refinements were made to conform with revenue recognition guidance, specifically related to the allocation and recognition of contract consideration earned from lease and non-lease revenue components. Topic 842 impacts our accounting for leases primarily as a lessor. However, Topic 842 also impacted our accounting as a lessee for an operating lease acquired as a result of the Self-Management Transaction, which was completed on December 31, 2019.
As a lessor, our leases with tenants generally provide for the lease of real estate properties, as well as common area maintenance, property taxes and other recoverable costs. Under Topic 842, the lease of space is considered a lease component while the common area maintenance, property taxes and other recoverable costs billings are considered nonlease components, which fall under revenue recognition guidance in ASU No. 2014-09. However, upon adopting the guidance in Topic 842, we determined that our tenant leases met the criteria to apply the practical expedient provided by ASU No. 2018-11 to recognize the lease and non-lease components together as one single component. This conclusion was based on the consideration that (1) the timing and pattern of transfer of the nonlease components and associated lease component are the same, and (2) the lease component, if accounted for separately, would be classified as an operating lease. As the lease of properties is the predominant component of our leasing arrangements, we accounted for all lease and nonlease components as one-single component under Topic 842.
We recognize rental income from tenants under operating leases on a straight-line basis over the noncancelable term of the lease when collectability of such amounts is reasonably assured. Recognition of rental income on a straight-line basis includes the effects of rental abatements, lease incentives and fixed and determinable increases in lease payments over the lease term. If the lease provides for tenant improvements, our management determines whether the tenant improvements, for accounting purposes, are owned by the tenant or by us.
When we are the owner of the tenant improvements, the tenant is not considered to have taken physical possession or have control of the physical use of the leased asset until the tenant improvements are substantially completed. When the tenant is the owner of the tenant improvements, any tenant improvement allowance (including amounts that the tenant can take in the form of cash or a credit against its rent) that is funded is treated as a lease incentive and amortized as a reduction of revenue over the lease term. Tenant improvement ownership is determined based on various factors including, but not limited to:
•whether the lease stipulates how a tenant improvement allowance may be spent;
•whether the amount of a tenant improvement allowance is in excess of market rates;
•whether the tenant or landlord retains legal title to the improvements at the end of the lease term;
•whether the tenant improvements are unique to the tenant or general-purpose in nature; and
•whether the tenant improvements are expected to have any residual value at the end of the lease.
Tenant reimbursements of real estate taxes, insurance, repairs and maintenance, and other operating expenses are recognized as revenue in the period the expenses are incurred and presented gross if we are the primary obligor and, with respect to purchasing goods and services from third-party suppliers, has discretion in selecting the supplier and bears the associated credit risk. In instances where the operating lease agreement has an early termination option, the termination penalty is based on a predetermined termination fee or based on the unamortized tenant improvements and leasing commissions.
Gain or Loss on Sale of Real Estate Property
We recognize gain or loss on sale of real estate property when we have executed a contract for sale of the property, transferred controlling financial interest in the property to the buyer and determined that it is probable that we will collect substantially all of the consideration for the property. Operating results of the property that is sold remain in continuing operations, and any associated gain or loss from the disposition is included in gain or loss on sale of real estate investments in our accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
Bad Debts and Allowances for Tenant and Deferred Rent Receivables
We evaluate the collectability of rents and other receivables on a regular basis based on factors including, among others, payment history, credit rating, the asset type, and current economic conditions. If our evaluation of these factors indicates we may not recover the full value of the receivable, we provide an allowance against the portion of the receivable that we estimate may not be recovered. This analysis requires us to determine whether there are factors indicating a receivable may not be fully collectible and to estimate the amount of the receivable that may not be collected.
Our determination of the adequacy of our allowances for tenant receivables includes a binary assessment of whether or not the amounts due under a tenant’s lease agreement are probable of collection. For such amounts that are deemed probable of collection, revenue continues to be recorded on a straight-line basis over the lease term. For such amounts that are deemed not probable of collection, revenue is recorded as the lesser of (i) the amount which would be recognized on a straight-line basis or (ii) cash that has been received from the tenant, with any tenant and deferred rent receivable balances charged as a direct write-off against rental income in the period of the change in the collectability determination. In addition, for tenant and deferred rent receivables deemed probable of collection, we also may record an allowance under other authoritative GAAP depending upon our evaluation of the individual receivables, specific credit enhancements, current economic conditions, and other relevant factors. Such allowances are recorded as increases or decreases through rental income in our consolidated statements of operations.
With respect to tenants in bankruptcy, management makes estimates of the expected recovery of pre-petition and post-petition claims in assessing the estimated collectability of the related receivable. In some cases, the ultimate resolution of these claims can exceed one year. When a tenant is in bankruptcy, we will record a bad debt allowance for the tenant’s receivable balance and generally will not recognize subsequent rental revenue until cash is received or until the tenant is no longer in bankruptcy and has the ability to make rental payments.
Income Taxes
We elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes under Section 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code beginning with our taxable year ended December 31, 2016. We expect to operate in a manner that will allow us to continue to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. To qualify as a REIT, we must meet certain organizational and operational requirements, including meeting various tests regarding the nature of our assets and our income, the ownership of our outstanding stock and distribution of at least 90% of our annual REIT taxable income to our stockholders (which is computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction or net capital gain and which does not necessarily equal net income as calculated in accordance with GAAP). As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax to the extent we distribute qualifying dividends to our stockholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate income tax rates and generally will not be permitted to qualify for treatment as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes for the four taxable years following the year during which qualification is lost unless the Internal Revenue Service grants us relief under certain statutory provisions.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The fair value hierarchy, which is based on three levels of inputs, the first two of which are considered observable and the last unobservable, that may be used to measure fair value, is as follows:
Level 1: quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
Level 2: inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities; and
Level 3: unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.
The fair value for certain financial instruments is derived using a combination of market quotes, pricing models, and other valuation techniques that involve significant management judgment. The price transparency of financial instruments is a key determinant of the degree of judgment involved in determining the fair value of our financial instruments. Financial instruments for which actively quoted prices or pricing parameters are available and for which markets contain orderly transactions will generally have a higher degree of price transparency than financial instruments for which markets are inactive or consist of non-orderly trades. We evaluate several factors when determining if a market is inactive or when market transactions are not orderly. The following is a summary of the methods and assumptions used by management in estimating the fair value of each class of financial instrument for which it is practicable to estimate the fair value:
Cash and cash equivalents; restricted cash; tenant receivables; prepaid expenses and other assets; accounts payable, accrued and other liabilities; and due to affiliates: These balances approximate their fair values due to the short maturities of these items.
Derivative instruments: Our derivative instruments are presented at fair value on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The valuation of these instruments is determined using a proprietary model that utilizes observable inputs. As such, we classify these inputs as Level 2 inputs. The proprietary model uses the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity, as well as observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves and volatility. The fair values of interest rate swaps are estimated using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted fixed cash payments and the discounted expected variable cash receipts. The variable cash receipts are based on an expectation of interest rates (forward curves) derived from observable market interest rate curves. In addition, credit valuation adjustments, which consider the impact of any credit risks to the contracts, are incorporated in the fair values to account for potential nonperformance risk.
Goodwill and Intangible Assets: The fair value measurements of goodwill and intangible assets are considered Level 3 nonrecurring fair value measurements. For goodwill, fair value measurement involves the determination of fair value of a reporting unit. We use a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of our real estate assets, which requires the use of capitalization rates and discount rates. We use a Monte Carlo simulation model to estimate future performance, generating the fair value of the reporting unit's business. For intangible assets, fair value measurements include assumptions with inherent uncertainty, including projected securities offering volumes and related projected revenues and long-term growth rates, among others. The carrying value of intangible assets is at risk of impairment if future projected offering proceeds, revenues or long-term growth rates are lower than those currently projected.
Unsecured credit facility: The fair value of our Unsecured Credit Facility approximates its carrying value as the interest rates are variable and the balances approximate their fair values due to the short maturities of this facility.
Mortgage notes payable: The fair value of our mortgage note payable is estimated using a discounted cash flow analysis based on management’s estimates of current market interest rates for instruments with similar characteristics, including remaining loan term, loan-to-value ratio, type of collateral and other credit enhancements. Additionally, when determining the fair value of liabilities in circumstances in which a quoted price in an active market for an identical liability is not available, we measure fair value using (i) a valuation technique that uses the quoted price of the identical liability when traded as an asset or quoted prices for similar liabilities or similar liabilities when traded as assets or (ii) another valuation technique that is consistent with the principles of fair value measurement, such as the income approach or the market approach. We classify these inputs as Level 3 inputs.
Related party transactions: We have concluded that it is not practical to determine the estimated fair value of related party transactions. Disclosure rules for fair value measurements require that for financial instruments for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, information pertinent to those instruments be disclosed. Further information as to these financial instruments with related parties is included in Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Real Estate
Real Estate Acquisition Valuation
We record acquisitions that meet the definition of a business as a business combination. If the acquisition does not meet the definition of a business, we record the acquisition as an asset acquisition. Under both methods, all assets acquired and liabilities assumed are measured based on their acquisition-date fair values. Transaction costs that are related to a business combination are charged to expense as incurred. Transaction costs that are related to an asset acquisition are capitalized as incurred.
We assess the acquisition date fair values of all tangible assets, identifiable intangibles, and assumed liabilities using methods similar to those used by independent appraisers, generally utilizing a discounted cash flow analysis that applies appropriate discount and/or capitalization rates and available market information. Estimates of future cash flows are based on a number of factors, including historical operating results, known and anticipated trends, and market and economic conditions. The fair value of tangible assets of an acquired property considers the value of the property as if it were vacant.
We record above-market and below-market in-place lease values for acquired properties based on the present value (using a discount rate that reflects the risks associated with the leases acquired) of the difference between (i) the contractual amounts to be paid pursuant to the in-place leases and (ii) management’s estimate of fair market lease rates for the corresponding in-place leases, measured over a period equal to the remaining non-cancelable term of above-market in-place leases plus any extended term for any leases with below-market renewal options. We amortize any recorded above-market or below-market lease values as a reduction or increase, respectively, to rental income over the remaining non-cancelable terms of the respective lease, including any below-market renewal periods.
We estimate the value of tenant origination and absorption costs by considering the estimated carrying costs during hypothetical expected lease-up periods, considering current market conditions. In estimating carrying costs, we include real estate taxes, insurance and other operating expenses and estimates of lost rentals at market rates during the expected lease up periods.
We amortize the value of tenant origination and absorption costs to depreciation and amortization expense over the remaining non-cancelable term of the respective lease.
Estimates of the fair values of the tangible assets, identifiable intangibles and assumed liabilities require us to make significant assumptions to estimate market lease rates, property-operating expenses, carrying costs during lease-up periods, discount rates, market absorption periods, and the number of years the property will be held for investment. The use of inappropriate assumptions would result in an incorrect valuation of our acquired tangible assets, identifiable intangibles and assumed liabilities, which would impact the amount of our net income (loss).
Depreciation and Amortization
Real estate costs related to the acquisition and improvement of properties are capitalized and depreciated or amortized over the expected useful life of the asset on a straight-line basis. Repair and maintenance costs include all costs that do not extend the useful life of the real estate asset and are expensed as incurred. Significant replacements and betterments are capitalized. We anticipate the estimated useful lives of our assets by class to be generally as follows:
. Buildings 10-48 years
. Site improvements Shorter of 15 years or remaining lease term
. Tenant improvements Shorter of 15 years or remaining lease term
. Tenant origination and absorption costs, and above-/below-market lease intangibles Remaining lease term
Impairment of Real Estate and Related Intangible Assets
We regularly monitor events and changes in circumstances that could indicate that the carrying amounts of real estate and related intangible assets may not be recoverable. When indicators of potential impairment are present that indicate that the carrying amounts of real estate and related intangible assets may not be recoverable, management assesses whether the carrying value of the assets will be recovered through the future undiscounted operating cash flows expected from the use of and eventual disposition of the property. If, based on the analysis, we do not believe that we will be able to recover the carrying value of the asset, we will record an impairment charge to the extent the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value of the asset.
Real Estate Investments Held for Sale
We consider a real estate investment to be “held for sale” when the following criteria are met: (i) management commits to a plan to sell the property, (ii) the property is available for sale immediately, (iii) the property is actively being marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current fair value, (iv) the sale of the property within one year is considered probable and (v) significant changes to the plan to sell are not expected. Real estate that is held for sale and its related assets are classified as “real estate investment held for sale, net” and “assets related to real estate investment held for sale,” respectively, in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Mortgage notes payable and other liabilities related to real estate investments held for sale are classified as “mortgage notes payable related to real estate investments held for sale, net” and “liabilities related to real estate investments held for sale,” respectively, in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Real estate investments classified as held for sale are no longer depreciated and are reported at the lower of their carrying value or their estimated fair value less estimated costs to sell. Operating results of properties that were classified as held for sale in the ordinary course of business are included in continuing operations in our accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
We record goodwill when the purchase price of a business combination exceeds the estimated fair value of net identified tangible and intangible assets acquired. We evaluate goodwill and other intangible assets for possible impairment in accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other, on an annual basis, or more frequently when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the fair value of a reporting unit has more likely than not declined below its carrying value. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment charge is recognized.
When testing goodwill for impairment, we may first assess qualitative factors. The qualitative testing analyzes current economic indicators associated with a reporting unit. If an initial qualitative assessment indicates a stable or improved fair value, no further testing is required. If an initial qualitative assessment identifies that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, additional quantitative testing is performed. We may also elect to skip the qualitative testing and proceed directly to the quantitative testing. If the quantitative testing indicates that goodwill is impaired, an impairment charge is recognized based on the difference between the reporting unit's carrying value and its fair value. We primarily will utilize a discounted cash flow methodology to calculate the fair value of reporting units.
In assessing goodwill impairment, we have the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. Our qualitative assessment of the recoverability of goodwill considers various macro-economic, industry-specific and company-specific factors. These factors include: (i) severe adverse industry or economic trends; (ii) significant company-specific actions, including exiting an activity in conjunction with restructuring of operations; (iii) current, historical or projected deterioration of our financial performance; or (iv) a sustained decrease in our market capitalization below its net book value. If, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, we determine it is unlikely that the fair value of such reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then a quantitative analysis is unnecessary.
However, if we concluded otherwise, or if we elect to bypass the qualitative analysis, then it is required that we perform a quantitative analysis that compares the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill is not considered impaired; otherwise, a goodwill impairment loss is recognized for the lesser of: (a) the amount that the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value; or (b) the amount of the goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.
Intangible assets consist of purchased customer-related intangible assets, marketing related intangible assets, developed technology and other intangible assets. Intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method ranging from three to five years. No significant residual value is estimated for intangible assets. An asset is considered impaired if its carrying amount exceeds the future net cash flow the asset is expected to generate. We evaluate long-lived assets (including intangible assets) for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of a long-lived asset may not be recoverable.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of December 31, 2020, we had no off-balance sheet arrangements that had or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity or capital resources.

---

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Not applicable as the Company is a smaller reporting company.

---

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
See the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements at page of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

---

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
Not applicable.

---

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to us, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, we recognize that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, as ours are designed to do, and we necessarily were required to apply our judgment in evaluating whether the benefits of the controls and procedures that we adopt outweigh their costs.
As required by Rules 13a-15(b) and 15d-15(b) of the Exchange Act, an evaluation as of December 31, 2020 was conducted under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures, as of December 31, 2020, were effective at the reasonable assurance level.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act. Under Rule 13a-15(c), management must evaluate, with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness, as of the end of each fiscal year, of our internal control over financial reporting. The term internal control over financial reporting is defined as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the issuer’s principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by the issuer’s board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP and includes those policies and procedure that:
1) Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the issuer;
2) Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the issuer are being made only in accordance with the authorization of management and trust managers of the issuer; and
3) Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisitions, use or disposition of the issuer’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions of that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In the course of preparing this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the consolidated financial statements included herein, our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020 using the criteria issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commissions (COSO) in the Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). Based on that evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2020.
This Annual Report on Form 10-K does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm as we are an emerging growth company as of December 31, 2020, as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act, and such report is not required for emerging growth companies.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Other than our internal controls instituted related to the outsourcing of certain accounting functions and employees working remotely, there were no other changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2020 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures
Our disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. We recognize that any control system, no matter how well designed and operated, is based upon certain judgments and assumptions and cannot provide absolute assurances that its objectives will be met. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs. Similarly, an evaluation of controls cannot provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected.

---

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
On March 29, 2021, we entered into the New Credit Facility with Banc of California for an aggregate line of credit of $22,000,000 with a maturity date of March 30, 2023, which replaced our Unsecured Credit Facility. We borrowed $6,000,000 under the New Credit Facility and repaid the $6,000,000 that was owed to PMB on March 31, 2021. The New Credit Facility provides us with a $17,000,000 revolving line of credit for real estate acquisitions (including the $6,000,000 borrowed to repay PMB) and an additional $5,000,000 revolving line of credit for working capital. Under the terms of the New Credit Facility, we will pay a variable rate of interest on outstanding amounts equal to one percentage point over the prime rate published in The Wall Street Journal, provided that the interest rate in effect on any one day shall not be less than 4.75% per annum. We paid Banc of California origination fees of $77,000 in connection with the New Credit Facility and will pay an unused commitment fee of 0.15% per annum of the unused portion of the New Credit Facility, charged quarterly in arrears based on the average unused commitment available under the New Credit Facility. The New Credit Facility is secured by substantially all of our tangible and intangible assets, including intellectual property. The New Credit Facility requires us to maintain a minimum debt service coverage ratio of 1.25 to 1.00 and minimum tangible NAV (as defined in the loan agreement) of $120,000,000, measured quarterly. Mr. Wirta, our Chairman, has guaranteed our $6,000,000 initial borrowing, which guarantee will expire upon repayment of the $6,000,000 which is due by September 30, 2021. Mr. Wirta has also guaranteed our $5,000,000 revolving line of credit for working capital. On March 29, 2021, we entered into an updated indemnification agreement with Mr. Wirta and the Wirta Trust with respect to their guarantees of borrowings under the New Credit Facility.
The New Credit Facility contains customary representations, warranties and covenants, which are substantially similar to those in our Unsecured Credit Facility. Our ability to borrow under the New Credit Facility will be subject to our ongoing compliance with various affirmative and negative covenants, including with respect to indebtedness, guaranties, mergers and asset sales, liens, corporate existence and financial reporting obligations. The New Credit Facility also contains customary events of default, including, without limitation, nonpayment of principal, interest, fees or other amounts when due, violation of covenants, breaches of representations or warranties and change of ownership. Upon the occurrence of an event of default, Banc of California may accelerate the repayment of amounts outstanding under the New Credit Facility, take possession of any collateral securing the New Credit Facility and exercise other remedies subject, in certain instances, to the expiration of an applicable cure period.
PART III

---

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement to be filed within 120 days of December 31, 2020 and delivered to stockholders in connection with our 2021 annual meeting of stockholders.

---

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement to be filed within 120 days of December 31, 2020 and delivered to stockholders in connection with our 2021 annual meeting of stockholders.

---

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement to be filed within 120 days of December 31, 2020 and delivered to stockholders in connection with our 2021 annual meeting of stockholders.

---

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement to be filed within 120 days of December 31, 2020 and delivered to stockholders in connection with our 2021 annual meeting of stockholders.

---

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement to be filed within 120 days of December 31, 2020 and delivered to stockholders in connection with our 2021 annual meeting of stockholders.
PART IV

---

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a)(1) Financial Statements:
See Index to Consolidated Financial Statements at page of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
(a)(2) Financial Statement Schedule:
The following financial statement schedule is included herein at pages through of this Annual Report on Form 10-K: Schedule III - Real Estate Assets and Accumulated Depreciation and Amortization.
(a)(3) Exhibits:
The exhibits listed in this section are included, or incorporated by reference, in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
(b) Exhibits:
See (a)(3) above.
(c) Financial Statements Schedule:
See (a)(2) above.
EXHIBITS LIST
Exhibit Description
2.1 Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of September 19, 2019, by and among RW Holdings NNN REIT, Inc., Rich Uncles NNN REIT Operating Partnership, LP, Rich Uncles Real Estate Investment Trust I and Katana Merger Sub (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-55776) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 20, 2019)
2.2 Contribution Agreement dated as of September 19, 209 by and among Rich Uncles NNN Operating Partnership, LP, RW Holdings NNN REIT, Inc., BrixInvest, LLC and Daisho OP Holdings, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-55776) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 20, 2019)
3.1 Articles of Amendment and Restatement of RW Holdings NNN REIT, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-55776) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 31, 2019)
3.2 Articles of Amendment of RW Holdings NNN REIT, Inc. changing its name to Modiv Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to our Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-252321) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 22, 2021)
3.3 Articles of Amendment of Modiv Inc. effecting a 1:3 reverse stock split on February 1, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-55776) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 1, 2021)
3.4 Amended and Restated Bylaws of Modiv Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to our Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-252321) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 22, 2021)
4.1 Amended and Restated Distribution Reinvestment Plan (Class C common stock) (incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Company's Prospectus filed with its Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-252321) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 22, 2021)
4.2 Amended and Restated Share Repurchase Program (Class C common stock) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-55776) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 1, 2021)
4.3 Distribution Reinvestment Plan (Class S common stock) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-55776) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 17, 2017)
4.4 Amended and Restated Share Repurchase Program (Class S common stock) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-55776) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 1, 2021)
4.5 Registration Rights Agreement by and among RW Holdings NNN REIT, Inc., Rich Uncles NNN REIT Operating Partnership, LP, and Daisho OP Holdings, LLC, dated December 31, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-55776) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 31, 2019)
4.6 Description of Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-55776) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 6, 2020)
10.1 Third Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Modiv Operating Partnership, LP, dated February 1, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-55776) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 1, 2021)
10.2 Director and Officer Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019 (File No. 000-55776) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 13, 2019)
10.3 Agreement for Purchase and Sale of 2210-2260 Martin Avenue, Santa Clara, California, dated August 25, 2017, between San Tomas Income Partners LLC and Rich Uncles NNN Operating Partnership, LP (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-55776) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 4, 2017)
10.4 Purchase Agreement, dated December 18, 2017, between Reasons Aviation, LLC and Rich Uncles NNN Operating Partnership, LP (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K/A (File No. 000-55776) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 8, 2018)
10.5 Business Loan Agreement, dated as of February 1, 2018 and executed on February 28, 2018, by and between RW Holdings NNN REIT, Inc., Rich Uncles NNN Operating Partnership, L.P., Rich Uncles NNN LP, LLC and Pacific Mercantile Bank (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-55776) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 5, 2018)
10.6.1 Change in Terms Agreement dated January 15, 2019 to the Business Loan Agreement, dated as of February 1, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5.1 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-55776) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 29, 2019)
10.6.2 Change in Terms Agreement dated March 26, 2019 to the Business Loan Agreement, dated as of February 1, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5.2 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-55776) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 29, 2019)
10.7 Promissory Note, dated February 1, 2018, made by RW Holdings NNN REIT, Inc., Rich Uncles NNN Operating Partnership, L.P. and Rich Uncles NNN LP, LLC and payable to the order of Pacific Mercantile Bank (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-55776) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 5, 2018)
10.8 Loan Agreement executed on April 30, 2019 by and between RW Holdings NNN REIT, Inc., Rich Uncles NNN Operating Partnership, L.P., Rich Uncles NNN LP, LLC and Pacific Mercantile Bank (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-55776) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 2, 2019
10.9 Loan and Security Agreement dated December 19, 2019 between Pacific Mercantile Bank and the RW Holdings NNN REIT, Inc., Rich Uncles NNN LP, LLC, Rich Uncles NNN Operating Partnership, LP, Katana Merger Sub, LP, BrixInvest, LLC and Modiv, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-55776) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 23, 2019)
10.10 First Amendment to Loan Agreement dated March 13, 2020 between Pacific Mercantile Bank and RW Holdings NNN REIT, Inc., RW Holdings NNN REIT Operating Partnership, LP, Rich Uncles NNN LP, LLC, Katana Merger Sub, LP, and Modiv, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-55776) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2020)
10.11 Third Amendment to Loan Agreement dated August 13, 2020 between Pacific Mercantile Bank and RW Holdings NNN REIT, Inc., Rich Uncles NNN LP, LLC, RW Holdings NNN REIT Operating Partnership, LP, BrixInvest, LLC, Katana Merger Sub, LP, and Modiv, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-55776) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 14, 2020)
10.12* Loan and Security Agreement dated March 29, 2021 between Banc of California and Modiv Inc., Modiv Operating Partnership, LP and modiv, LLC
10.13 Restricted Units Award Agreement dated as of December 31, 2019 between RW Holdings NNN REIT Operating Partnership, LP, and Aaron S. Halfacre (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-55776) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 31, 2019)
10.14 Restricted Units Award Agreement dated as of December 31, 2019 between RW Holdings NNN REIT Operating Partnership, LP, and The Raymond J. Pacini Trust u/a/d 5/3/01, Raymond J. Pacini, Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-55776) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 31, 2019)
10.15* Restricted Units Award Agreement dated as of January 25, 2021 between Modiv Operating Partnership, LP and Aaron S. Halfacre
10.16* Restricted Units Award Agreement dated as of January 25, 2021 between Modiv Operating Partnership, LP and the Raymond J. Pacini Trust u/a/d May 3, 2001, Raymond J. Pacini, Trustee
10.17 Dealer Manager Agreement, effective January 31, 2021, by and between Modiv Inc. and North Capital Private Securities Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-55776) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 1, 2021)
16.1 Letter from Squar Milner LLP dated November 2, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 16.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-55776) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 2, 2020)
21.1* Subsidiaries of Modiv Inc.
23.1* Consent of Baker Tilly US, LLP
31.1* Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2* Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1** Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C., Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS* XBRL INSTANCE DOCUMENT
101.SCH* XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION SCHEMA DOCUMENT
101.CAL* XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION CALCULATION LINKBASE
101.DEF* XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION DEFINITION LINKBASE
101.LAB* XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION LABELS LINKBASE
101.PRE* XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION PRESENTATION LINKBASE
104* COVER PAGE INTERACTIVE DATA FILE (FORMATTED AS INLINE XBRL AND CONTAINED IN EXHIBIT 101)
* Filed herewith.
** Furnished herewith. In accordance with Item 601(b)(32) of Regulation S-K, this Exhibit is not deemed “filed” for
purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section. Such certifications
will not be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or
the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that the registrant specifically incorporates it by
reference.