EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1395942
Filing Year: 2022
Filename: 1395942_10-K_2022_0001395942-22-000009.json

---

ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1. Business
Overview
We are a leading provider of used vehicle auctions and related vehicle remarketing services in North America and Europe. We leverage technology to facilitate an efficient marketplace by providing auction services for sellers of used, or "whole car," vehicles through our digital marketplaces supported by more than 70 vehicle logistics center locations across North America at December 31, 2021. In 2021, we facilitated the sale of approximately 2.6 million used vehicles. Our revenues are generated through auction fees from both vehicle buyers and sellers, as well as by providing value-added ancillary services, including transportation, reconditioning, inspections, marshalling, titling, collateral recovery services and floorplan financing. We facilitate the transfer of ownership directly from seller to buyer and generally we do not take title to or ownership of vehicles sold through our auctions.
Our end-to-end platform serves the remarketing needs of OEMs, dealers, fleet operators, rental companies and financial institutions. We are an auction company that provides advanced and integrated mobile, digital and on-premise marketplaces. We are a technology company that delivers next generation tools to accelerate and simplify remarketing. We also leverage data to inform and empower our customers with clear, actionable insights.
ADESA, our whole car auction services business, is the second largest provider of used vehicle auction services in North America. Vehicles at ADESA's auctions are typically sold by used vehicle dealers, vehicle manufacturers and their captive finance companies, financial institutions, commercial fleet operators and rental car companies to franchised and independent used vehicle dealers. Through ADESA.com, ADESA provides a comprehensive remarketing solution to automobile manufacturers, captive finance companies, lease and daily rental car companies and financial institutions. The Company operates BacklotCars, CARWAVE and TradeRev digital auction platforms to serve wholesale transactions between automotive dealers. An important component of ADESA's services to its buyers is providing short-term inventory-secured financing, known as floorplan financing, primarily to independent used vehicle dealers through our wholly-owned subsidiary, AFC, which has approximately 100 locations throughout North America.
At December 31, 2021, the Company provided ADESA Simulcast and Simulcast+ digital auction platforms through a North American network of more than 70 vehicle logistics center locations. ADESA also includes ADESA Remarketing Limited, an online whole car vehicle remarketing business in the United Kingdom and ADESA Europe (formerly known as CarsOnTheWeb), an online wholesale vehicle auction marketplace in Continental Europe. We believe our extensive geographic network and diverse product offerings enable us to leverage relationships with providers and buyers of used vehicles.
Our Corporate History
KAR Auction Services, Inc., doing business as KAR Global, was incorporated in 2006 and commenced operations in 2007. ADESA entered the vehicle remarketing industry in 1989 and first became a public company in 1992. In 1994, ADESA acquired AFC. ADESA remained a public company until 1995 when ALLETE, Inc. purchased a majority of its outstanding equity interests. In 2004, ALLETE, Inc. sold 20% of ADESA to the public and then spun off their remaining 80% interest to shareholders. ADESA was acquired by the Company in 2007. At that time the Company also acquired Insurance Auto Auctions, Inc. ("IAA"), a North American salvage auction business. In a series of transactions between 2012 and 2013, our former owners (private equity investors) sold all of their common stock in secondary offerings. In 2019, IAA was separated from KAR Auction Services through a tax-free spin-off and now operates as a separate entity (NYSE: IAA).
Our Industry
Auctions are the hub of the remarketing system for used vehicles, bringing professional sellers and buyers together and creating a marketplace for the sale of these vehicles. Whole car auction vehicles include vehicles from dealers turning their inventory, off-lease vehicles, vehicles repossessed by financial institutions and rental and other fleet vehicles that have reached a predetermined age or mileage. The following are key industry highlights:
Whole Car Auction Industry Volumes
Whole car auction volumes in North America, including off-premise volumes and mobile application volumes, were approximately 10.3 million in 2020. Data for the whole car auction industry is collected by the National Auto Auction Association ("NAAA") through an annual survey. NAAA industry volumes for 2021 have not yet been released, but we expect that volumes in 2021 were lower than in 2020. The NAAA industry volumes collected by the annual survey do not include off-premise volumes or mobile application volumes (e.g., Openlane, BacklotCars, CARWAVE, TradeRev and their respective competitors), but we have included estimates of these volumes in our industry totals. The COVID-19 pandemic and current
market conditions facing the automotive industry, including the disruption of new vehicle production, have had a material impact on the whole car auction industry and we are unable to estimate future volumes.
Whole Car Market
The North American used vehicle auction market is largely consolidated. Manheim, a subsidiary of Cox Enterprises, Inc. and ADESA are the two largest auction providers in the North American whole car auction market. The remaining providers in the market are substantially smaller in size.
Floorplan Financing
An important component of the whole car auction industry is providing short-term inventory-secured financing, known as floorplan financing. By providing buyers (primarily independent used vehicle dealers) access to capital, the independent used vehicle dealers are able to place inventory on their lots. AFC and its competitors play a significant role in the whole car auction industry by providing liquidity in the auction lanes.
Our Business Strategy
KAR’s strategy is to be the world’s leading digital marketplace for used vehicles. This progressive strategy reflects the shifting landscape of the remarketing industry and automotive sector, the evolving needs and expectations of our customers and the opportunities that emerged and accelerated with the onset of the global COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. The strategy builds on KAR’s integrated technology and data analytics capabilities while leveraging the Company’s broad geographic footprint and physical infrastructure.
We are committed to the digital transformation of wholesale remarketing. We believe digital platforms benefit sellers by attracting a larger buyer-base, providing greater flexibility around when and where to launch sales, and enabling more advanced and targeted marketing techniques. We believe buyers benefit from digital platforms through greater transparency, access to inventory beyond their local auction market and the ability to browse, bid and buy safely and conveniently from any location, on any device, at any time. For KAR, going digital enables a faster, more agile and efficient operating model, which should in turn deliver greater value to our stakeholders.
KAR has identified four strategic priorities that we believe will advance this strategy and continue to position our company for the future. Those priorities are:
•Digital transformation;
•Growing dealer consignment;
•Expanding our commercial business; and
•Improve the customer experience.
Digital transformation: The cornerstone of digital transformation is technology, so we intend to continue to invest in new digital platforms, data analytics capabilities and digital talent to power our marketplaces. We are transforming our operating model and enabling functions to support KAR’s digital future.
•Physical locations & operations: ADESA’s physical locations across North America provide comprehensive services to on-premise and off-premise customers, including inspection, reconditioning, mechanical work, storage and logistics. We intend to continue to invest in new technology and processes to transform how we approach the work performed at these locations to reduce cycle time, improve the services offered and create new opportunities for revenue generation.
•Enabling capabilities: We also understand that as transactions become more digital, our capabilities need to evolve to meet the increased customer needs and expectations in a digital marketplace. We are enhancing our imaging, inspection and vehicle representation capabilities to more closely simulate seeing and touching a vehicle on-premise. We also intend to continue to build on and diversify our data and analytics capabilities to provide our customers with actionable information to help them make better buying and selling decisions.
•Talent: The Company’s shift to a digital model has enabled us to become a more efficient organization. We are reducing on-premise labor while increasing resource levels in our technology, engineering, analytics and product teams. We will continue to evaluate our talent pool and seek new talent where necessary.
Growing dealer consignment: The dealer consignment business represents approximately one-third of the Company’s historical transaction portfolio and we believe an area with significant opportunity for growth. Over the past several years, KAR has completed three strategic acquisitions to capture greater share in this space: BacklotCars, CARWAVE and TradeRev. The platforms provide dealers with fast, easy mobile-app solutions to sell and source inventory from other dealers. They provide comprehensive vehicle condition reports, greater transparency into bidding activity, and real-time market price discovery on listed vehicles. The Company is integrating and leveraging technology, capabilities and staff from BacklotCars, CARWAVE, TradeRev and ADESA to deliver what we believe will be the best digital dealer-to-dealer solution in the market.
Expanding our commercial business: The commercial consignment business represents approximately two-thirds of the Company’s historical transactional volume, and growing our share in this area remains a strategic priority. The Company's commercial offerings include Openlane, ADESA Simulcast and Simulcast+. The foundation of KAR’s commercial offering is Openlane, the digital platform powering more than 40 private label websites for our OEM and financial institution consignor customers. We continue to invest in staff and technology to enhance the digital experience for our commercial customers using any of our multiple platforms.
Improve the customer experience: Ultimately, the transition to a fully digital business requires an exceptional customer experience. We are developing and improving our offerings to deliver a more simplified, intuitive and customer-centric user experience. We are also working towards centralizing many key customer support and administrative functions to ensure a faster, more predictable and consistent experience for our customers.
Our Business Segments
We operate as two reportable business segments: ADESA Auctions and AFC. Our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2021 were distributed as follows: ADESA 87% and AFC 13%.
ADESA
Overview
We are the second largest provider of whole car auctions and related services to the vehicle remarketing industry in North America. We serve our customer base through digital marketplaces and strategically located vehicle logistics centers that are developed to draw professional sellers and buyers together and allow the buyers to inspect and compare vehicles remotely via ADESA.com or in person. Our online service offerings allow us to offer vehicles for sale from any location. On-premise marketplace sales are initiated online for vehicles at one of our locations across North America and include ADESA Simulcast, Simulcast+ and DealerBlock sales. Off-premise marketplace sales are initiated online and include Openlane, BacklotCars, CARWAVE, TradeRev and ADESA Europe sales.
Vehicles available at our auctions include vehicles from commercial customers such as off-lease vehicles, repossessed vehicles, rental vehicles and other fleet vehicles that have reached a predetermined age or mileage, as well as vehicles from used vehicle dealers turning their inventory. The number of vehicles offered for sale at auction is the key driver of our costs incurred in the whole car auction process, and the number of vehicles sold is the key driver of the related fees generated by the remarketing process.
We offer both on-premise and off-premise marketplaces, as well as value-enhancing ancillary services in an effective and efficient manner to maximize returns for the sellers of used vehicles. We quickly transfer the vehicles and ownership to the buyer and the net funds to the seller. Vehicles are typically offered for sale at on-premise marketplaces on at least a weekly basis at most ADESA locations and the auctions are simulcast over the Internet with streaming audio and video (ADESA Simulcast) so that remote bidders can participate via our online products. Our online auctions (DealerBlock, BacklotCars, CARWAVE and TradeRev) function 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, providing our customers with maximum exposure for their vehicles and the flexibility to offer vehicles at "buy now" prices or in auctions that last for a few hours, days or even weeks. We also provide customized "private label" selling systems (including "buy now" functionality as well as online auctions) for our customers.
We generate revenue from auction fees paid by vehicle buyers and sellers, as well as fees from related services. Generally, we do not take title to or bear the risk of loss for vehicles sold at whole car auctions. Our buyer fees are typically based on a tiered structure with fees increasing with the sale price of the vehicle, while seller fees are typically fixed. We add buyer fees to the gross sales price paid by buyers for each vehicle, and generally customers do not receive title or possession of vehicles after purchase until payment is received, proof of floorplan financing is provided or credit is approved. We generally deduct seller fees and other ancillary service fees to sellers from the gross sales price of each vehicle before remitting the net amount to the seller. ADESA also sells vehicles that have been purchased, which represent approximately 1% of total vehicles sold.
Customers
Suppliers of vehicles to our whole car auctions primarily include (i) large institutions, such as vehicle manufacturers and their captive finance subsidiaries, vehicle rental companies, financial institutions, and commercial fleets and fleet management companies (collectively "commercial customers"); and (ii) franchised and independent used vehicle dealers (collectively "dealer customers"). Buyers of vehicles on our auction platforms primarily include franchised and independent used vehicle dealers.
Services
Our whole car auctions also provide a full range of innovative and value-added services to sellers and buyers that enable us to serve as a "one-stop shop." Many of these services may be provided or purchased independently from the auction process, including:
Services Description
Auction Related Services ADESA provides marketing and advertising for the vehicles to be auctioned, dealer registration, storage and security of consigned inventory, auction vehicle registration, condition report processing, photo services, pre-sale lineups, auctioning of vehicles by licensed auctioneers, arbitration of disputes, post-sale inspections, title processing, clearing of funds and sales results reports.
Transportation Services We provide both inbound (pickup) and outbound (delivery) transportation services utilizing our own equipment and personnel as well as licensed and insured third party carriers. Through our subsidiary, CarsArrive, and its Internet-based system which provides automated vehicle shipping services, customers can instantly review price quotes and delivery times, and vehicle transporters can check available loads and also receive instant notification of available shipments. The same system is utilized at our auctions; however, CarsArrive also arranges transportation for non-auction vehicles.
Reconditioning Services Our vehicle logistics centers provide detailing, body work, paintless dent repair ("PDR"), light mechanical work, glass repair, tire and key replacement and upholstery repair. Key replacement services are primarily provided by our subsidiary, High Tech Locksmiths ("HTL").
Inspection Services AutoVIN provides vehicle condition reporting, inventory verification auditing, program compliance auditing and facility inspections. Field managers are equipped with handheld computers and digital cameras to record all inspection and audit data on-site. The same technology is utilized at our vehicle logistics center locations and we believe that the expanded utilization of comprehensive vehicle condition reports with pictures facilitates dealers sourcing vehicles via the Internet.
Title and Repossession Administration and Remarketing Services PAR provides end-to-end management of the remarketing process including titling, repossession administration, inventory management, auction selection, pricing and representation of the vehicles at auction for those customers seeking to outsource all or just a portion of their remarketing needs. Recovery Database Network, Inc. ("RDN") is a specialized provider of B2B software and data solutions for automotive lenders and repossession companies. Clearplan is closely integrated with RDN, providing users with convenient data-flows and access to its recovery management platform.
Vehicle Research Services Autoniq provides dealers real-time vehicle information such as pricing, history reports and market guides. Its mobile app allows used car dealers to scan VINs on mobile devices, view auction run lists and access vehicle history reports and market value reports instantly. Autoniq offers access to valued resources such as CARFAX and AutoCheck, as well as Black Book Daily, NADA guides, Kelley Blue Book and Galves pricing guide information. It also includes a comprehensive wholesale and retail market report for all markets in the United States.
KAR Global Analytical Services KAR Global Analytical Services provides value-added market analysis to our customers and the media. These services include access to publications and custom analysis of wholesale market trends for KAR's customers, including peer group and market benchmarking studies, analysis of the benefits of reconditioning, site selection for optimized remarketing of vehicles, portfolio analysis of auction sales and computer-generated mapping and buyer analysis.
Data as a Service Our Data as a Service team aggregates automotive retail, pricing, registration and other market and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources. The insights generated from that data are deployed through predictive pricing, inventory management and vehicle matching tools that help customers buy, sell and source vehicles.
Sales and Marketing
Our sales and marketing approach at ADESA is to develop strong relationships and interactive dialogue with our customers. We have relationship managers for the various commercial customers, including vehicle manufacturers, fleet companies, rental car companies, finance companies and others. These relationship managers focus on current trends and customer needs for their respective customers in order to better coordinate our sales effort and service offerings.
Managers of individual auction locations are ultimately responsible for providing services to the commercial customers whose vehicles are directed to the auctions by the corporate sales team. Developing and servicing the largest possible population of buying dealers for the vehicles consigned for sale at each auction is integral to maximizing value for our vehicle suppliers.
We have local sales representatives who have experience in the used vehicle business and an intimate knowledge of local markets. These local representatives focus on the dealer segment and are complemented by a centralized team of inventory consultants matching buyers and inventory. Both the local sales representatives and the inventory consultants are managed by a corporate-level team focused on developing and implementing standard best practices and expanding relationships with major dealer groups. We believe this combination of a centralized structure with decentralized resources enhances relationships with the dealer community and may further increase dealer consignment business at our auctions.
Through our KAR Global Analytical Services department, we also provide market analysis to our customers, as they use analytical techniques in making their remarketing decisions.
Online Solutions
Our current online solutions include:
ADESA Technology Description
ADESA Simulcast® / Simulcast+® Our live auction Internet bidding solution, ADESA Simulcast®, operates in concert with our on-premise marketplaces and provides registered buyers with the opportunity to participate in live auctions. Potential buyers bid online in real time along with the live local bidders and other Internet bidders via a simple, web-based interface. ADESA Simulcast® provides real-time streaming audio and video from the live auction and still images of vehicles and other data. Buyers inspect and evaluate the vehicle and listen to the live call of the auctioneer while viewing the on-premise marketplace that is underway.
Simulcast+ is a fully digital auction operated remotely with an automated auctioneer, sequential sales, audio and visual cues to simulate the live auction experience and all buyers and sellers interacting virtually through the Simulcast platform.
ADESA.com, ADESA.eu, ADESA.co.uk and ADESA DealerBlock® This platform provides for either real-time or "bulletin-board" online auctions of consigned inventory at on-premise marketplace locations. We also utilize this platform to provide certain selling capabilities for our consignors that facilitate the sale of vehicles prior to their arrival at an on-premise marketplace site. Auctions can be either closed (restricted to certain eligible dealers) or open (available to all eligible dealers) and inventory feeds of vehicles are automated with many customers' systems as well as third party providers that are integrated with various dealer management systems. Oftentimes, the vehicles offered for sale prior to their arrival at an on-premise marketplace site are "private-labeled" for the consignors.
BacklotCars This mobile app and web-based dealer-to-dealer wholesale platform is utilized in the United States and features a 24/7 "bid-ask" marketplace offering vehicles with comprehensive inspections performed by automobile mechanics.
CARWAVE An online dealer-to-dealer marketplace in the United States featuring certified mechanical inspections, buyer guarantees and a 24/7, direct offer trading format with live auctions.
TradeRev This mobile app is utilized in Canada and replicates the on-premise marketplace setting, enabling dealers to launch and participate in live, real-time auctions directly from their smartphone, tablet or desktop.
ADESA Run List® Provides a summary of consigned vehicles offered for auction sale, allowing dealers to preview inventory and vehicle condition reports prior to an auction event.
ADESA Market Guide® Provides wholesale auction prices, auction sales results, market data and vehicle condition information.
Competition
In the North American whole car auction industry, we compete with Manheim, a subsidiary of Cox Enterprises, Inc., OVE.com (Manheim's "Online Vehicle Exchange"), RMS Automotive (a subsidiary of Cox Enterprises, Inc.), SmartAuction (a subsidiary of Ally Bank), as well as several smaller chains of auctions, independent auctions and a number of digital auction platforms, including Auction Edge, ACV and EBlock auctions. In addition, used car retailers, such as CarMax and Carvana, have developed proprietary auction platforms for selling vehicles to other dealers. In the United States, competition is strongest with Manheim for the supply of used vehicles from national commercial customers. In Canada, we are the largest provider of whole car vehicle auction services. The supply of vehicles from dealers is dispersed among all of the auctions in the used vehicle market.
The whole car auction industry is highly fragmented in Europe where we compete primarily with British Car Auctions and Manheim. There are also a number of small independent auction operations throughout Europe.
In the dealer-to-dealer auction market, our mobile applications, BacklotCars, CARWAVE and TradeRev, currently compete with ACV Auctions, EBlock, Manheim Express, TradeHelper and others.
AFC
Overview
We are a leading provider of floorplan financing to independent used vehicle dealers. We provide short-term inventory-secured financing, known as floorplan financing, to independent used vehicle dealers through locations throughout North America. In 2021, AFC serviced approximately 1.4 million loan transactions, which includes both loans paid off and loans extended, or curtailed. We sell the majority of our U.S. dollar-denominated finance receivables without recourse to a wholly-owned bankruptcy remote special purpose entity, which sells an undivided participation interest in such finance receivables to a group of bank purchasers on a revolving basis. We also securitize the majority of our Canadian dollar denominated finance receivables through a separate third-party facility. We generate a significant portion of our revenues from fees. These fees include origination, floorplan, curtailment and other related program fees. When the loan is extended or paid in full, AFC collects all accrued fees and interest.
Customers and Locations
Floorplan financing supports independent used vehicle dealers in North America who purchase vehicles from our auctions, other auctions and non-auction purchases. In 2021, approximately 90% of the vehicles floorplanned by AFC were vehicles purchased by dealers at any auction. Our ability to provide floorplan financing facilitates the growth of vehicle sales at auction. As of December 31, 2021, we serviced auctions through approximately 100 locations which are conveniently located at or within close proximity of auctions held by ADESA and other auctions, which allows dealers to reduce transaction time by providing immediate payment for vehicles purchased at auction. We provide availability lists on behalf of our customers to auction representatives regarding the financing capacity of our customers, thereby increasing the purchasing potential at auctions. In addition, we normally have the ability to send finance representatives on-site to most approved independent auctions during auction sale-days, as well as maintaining a presence at the ADESA auctions. Geographic proximity to the customers gives our employees the ability to stay in close contact with outstanding accounts, thereby better enabling them to manage credit risk.
As of December 31, 2021, AFC had approximately 11,400 active dealers with an average line of credit of approximately $350,000 and no one dealer representing greater than 1.5% of our portfolio. An average of approximately 14 vehicles per active dealer were floorplanned with an approximate average value outstanding of $15,300 per vehicle as of December 31, 2021.
Sales and Marketing
AFC approaches and seeks to expand its share of the independent dealer floorplan market through a number of methods and channels. We target and solicit new dealers through both direct sales efforts at the dealer's place of business as well as auction-based sales and customer service representatives, who service our dealers at auctions where they replenish and rotate vehicle inventory. These largely local efforts are handled by field personnel. AFC's corporate-level team and Business Development Center also provide sales and marketing support to AFC field personnel by helping to identify new dealer opportunity and coordinating promotional activity with auctions and other vehicle supply sources. AFC also relies on the utilization of actionable data to drive the business forward (predictive modeling from historical and real-time data).
Credit
Our procedures and proprietary computer-based system enable us to manage our credit risk by tracking each vehicle from origination to payoff, while expediting services through our field network. Typically, we assess a floorplan fee at the inception of a loan and we collect all accrued fees and interest when the loan is extended or repaid in full. In addition, AFC generally holds the title or other evidence of ownership to all vehicles which are floorplanned. Typical loan terms are 30 to 90 days, each with a possible loan extension. For an additional fee, this loan extension allows the dealer to extend the duration of the loan beyond the original term for another 30 to 90 days if the dealer makes payment towards principal and pays accrued fees and interest.
The extension of a credit line to a dealer starts with the underwriting process. Credit lines up to $600,000 are extended using a proprietary scoring model developed internally by AFC. Credit lines in excess of $600,000 may be extended using underwriting guidelines which generally require dealership and personal financial statements, monthly bank statements, sales reports and tax returns. The underwriting of each line of credit requires an analysis, write-up and recommendation by the credit department and, in case of credit lines in excess of $600,000, final review by a credit committee.
Collateral Management
Collateral management is an integral part of daily operations at each AFC location, including our corporate headquarters. AFC's proprietary computer-based system facilitates this daily collateral management by providing real-time access to dealer information and enables field and corporate personnel to assess and manage potential collection issues. Restrictions are automatically placed on customer accounts in the event of a delinquency, payments by dealers from bank accounts with insufficient funds or poor audit results. Field personnel are proactive in managing collateral by monitoring loans and notifying dealers that payments are coming due. In addition, approximately 50,000 routine audits, or inventory audits, are performed annually on the dealers' lots through our AutoVIN subsidiary. The audit reconciliation process is now centralized in order to better mitigate risk and free up field personnel time to focus on the customer. Poor results from inventory audits typically require personnel to take actions to determine the status of missing collateral, including visiting the dealer personally, verifying units held off-site and collecting payments for units sold. Audits also identify troubled accounts, triggering the involvement of AFC's collections department.
AFC operates two divisions which are organized into ten regions in North America. Each division and region is monitored by managers who oversee daily operations. At the corporate level, AFC employs full-time collection specialists and collection attorneys who are assigned to specific regions and monitor collection activity for these areas. Collection specialists work closely with the field offices to track trends before an account becomes a troubled account and to determine, together with collection attorneys, the best strategy to secure the collateral once a troubled account is identified.
Securitization
AFC sells the majority of its U.S. dollar denominated finance receivables on a revolving basis and without recourse to a wholly-owned, bankruptcy remote, consolidated, special purpose subsidiary ("AFC Funding Corporation"), established for the purpose of purchasing AFC's finance receivables. A securitization agreement allows for the revolving sale by AFC Funding Corporation to a group of bank purchasers of undivided interests in certain finance receivables subject to committed liquidity. AFC's securitization facility has been in place since 1996. AFC Funding Corporation had a committed facility of $1.70 billion from a third-party facility for U.S. finance receivables at December 31, 2021. The agreement expires on January 31, 2024.
We also have an agreement in place for the securitization of Automotive Finance Canada Inc.'s ("AFCI") receivables. This securitization facility provides up to C$225 million in financing for eligible finance receivables through a third-party conduit (separate from the U.S. facility). The agreement expires on January 31, 2024. The receivables sold pursuant to both the U.S. and Canadian securitization agreements are accounted for as secured borrowings.
Competition
AFC primarily provides short-term dealer floorplan financing of wholesale vehicles to independent vehicle dealers in North America. At the national level, AFC's competition includes NextGear Capital, a subsidiary of Cox Enterprises, Inc., other specialty lenders, banks and financial institutions. At the local level, AFC faces competition from banks, credit unions and independent auctions who may offer floorplan financing to local auction customers. Such entities typically service only one or a small number of auctions.
Some of our industry competitors who operate whole car auctions on a national scale may endeavor to capture a larger portion of the floorplan financing market. AFC competes primarily on a relationship basis, focusing on quality of service, convenience of payment, scope of services offered to solve customer pain points and consistent commitment to the sector. This and our long-term relationships with customers have been established over time and act as a competitive strength for us.
Seasonality
The volume of vehicles sold through our auctions generally fluctuates from quarter to quarter. This seasonality is caused by several factors including weather, the timing of used vehicles available for sale from selling customers, holidays and the seasonality of the retail market for used vehicles, which affects the demand side of the auction industry. Used vehicle auction volumes tend to decline during prolonged periods of winter weather conditions. As a result, revenues and operating expenses related to volume will fluctuate accordingly on a quarterly basis. The fourth calendar quarter typically experiences lower used vehicle auction volume as well as additional costs associated with the holidays and winter weather.
Government Regulation
Our operations are subject to regulation, supervision and licensing under various federal, state, provincial, local and foreign authorities, agencies, statutes and ordinances, which, among other things, require us to obtain and maintain certain licenses, permits and qualifications, provide certain disclosures and notices, limit interest rates, fees and other charges and protect personal data. Some examples of the regulations and laws that impact our company are included in Item 1A. "Risk Factors" under the risk: "We are subject to a complex framework of federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations, including vehicle brokerage and auction laws and currency reporting obligations, which have in the past, and could in the future, subject us to claims, challenge our business model, or otherwise harm our business." Changes in government regulations or interpretations of existing regulations could result in increased costs, reduced vehicle prices and decreased profitability for us. In addition, failure to comply with present or future regulations or changes in existing regulations or in their interpretation could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.
Environmental Regulation
Our operations are subject to various foreign, federal, state and local environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing the emission or discharge of pollutants into the air or water, the generation, treatment, storage and release of hazardous materials and wastes and the investigation and remediation of contamination. Our failure to comply with current or future environmental, health or safety laws or to obtain and comply with permits required under such laws, could subject us to liability, damage our reputation and require costly investigative, remedial or corrective actions.
In the used vehicle remarketing industry, large numbers of vehicles are stored and/or refurbished at auction facilities and during that time releases of fuel, motor oil and other materials may occur. We have investigated or remediated, or are currently investigating or remediating, contamination resulting from various sources, including gasoline, fuel additives (such as methyl tertiary butyl ether, or MTBE), motor oil, petroleum products and other hazardous materials released from aboveground or underground storage tanks or in connection with current or former operations conducted at our facilities. Some of the facilities on which we operate are impacted by recognized environmental concerns and pollution conditions. We have incurred and may in the future incur expenditures relating to compliance and risk mitigation efforts, releases of hazardous materials, investigative, remedial or corrective actions, claims by third parties and other environmental issues, and such expenditures, individually or in the aggregate, could be significant.
Management considers the likelihood of loss or the incurrence of a liability, as well as the ability to reasonably estimate the amount of loss, in determining loss contingencies. We accrue an estimated loss contingency when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss (or range of possible losses) can be reasonably estimated. Management regularly evaluates current information available to determine whether accrual amounts should be adjusted. Accruals for contingencies including environmental matters are included in "Other accrued expenses" at undiscounted amounts and exclude claims for recoveries from insurance or other third parties. These accruals are adjusted periodically as assessment and remediation efforts progress, or as additional technical or legal information becomes available. If the amount of an actual loss is greater than the amount accrued, this could have an adverse impact on our operating results in that period.
Employees and Human Capital
At December 31, 2021, we had approximately 9,600 employees, of which approximately 7,100 were located in the U.S. and approximately 2,500 were located in Canada, Europe, Mexico, Uruguay and the Philippines. Approximately 86% of our workforce consists of full-time employees. Currently, less than 1% of our employees participate in collective bargaining agreements. We have also established a works council in Belgium pursuant to local law. In addition to the employee workforce, we utilize independent contractors and temporary labor services to provide certain services.
Our people have been critical to our digital transformation. Led by our Chief People Officer, we have programs and practices in place to onboard, support and retain our talent, and to source new talent in a highly competitive environment. We recognize the importance of our workforce and the employee experience, and strive to offer competitive compensation and benefits while fostering a culture of open dialogue, inclusion and belonging. Additionally, we enable support functions and people managers that are dedicated to the growth and development of our teams.
Available Information
Our web address is www.karglobal.com. Our electronic filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") (including all Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and if applicable, amendments to those reports) are available free of charge on the website as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. In addition, our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Code of Conduct and Ethics, Code of Ethics for Principal Executive and Senior Financial Officers and charters of the audit committee, the nominating and corporate governance committee, the risk committee and the compensation committee of our board of directors are available on our website and available in print to any shareholder who requests it. The information posted on our website is not incorporated into this Annual Report.
The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy statements and other information about issuers, like us, that file electronically with the SEC. The address of that site is www.sec.gov.

---

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Investing in our Company involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following risk factors, as well as all of the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, before deciding to invest in our Company. The occurrence of any of the following risks could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, prospects, results of operations and cash flows. In such case, the trading price of our common stock could decline and you could lose all or part of your investment. These risks are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also materially affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
Risks Related to Our Business and Operations
We may not properly leverage or make the appropriate investment in technology advancements, which could result in the loss of any sustainable competitive advantage in products, services and processes.
Our business is dependent on information technology, particularly as we execute our digital transformation strategy. Robust information technology systems, platforms and products are critical to our operating environment, digital online products and competitive position. It is strategically significant that we lead the digital transformation occurring in our industry. We may not be successful in structuring our technology or developing, acquiring or implementing technology systems which are competitive and responsive to the needs of our customers. We might lack sufficient resources to continue to make the significant technology investments to effectively compete with our competitors. Certain technology initiatives that management considers important to our long-term success will require capital investment, have significant risks associated with their execution, and could take several years to implement. If we are unable to develop and implement these initiatives in a cost-effective, timely manner or at all, it could damage our relationships with our customers and negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations. There can be no assurance that others will not acquire similar or superior technologies sooner than we do or that we will acquire technologies on an exclusive basis or at a significant price advantage. If we do not accurately predict, prepare and respond to new kinds of technology innovations, market developments and changing customer needs, our revenues, profitability and long-term competitiveness could be materially adversely affected.
We operate in a highly competitive industry. If we are not successful in competing with our known competitors and/or disruptive new entrants, then our market position or competitive advantage could be threatened and our business and results of operations could be adversely impacted.
We face significant competition for the supply of used vehicles, the buyers of those vehicles and the floorplan financing of these vehicles. Our principal sources of competition historically have come from: (1) direct competitors (e.g., Manheim and NextGear Capital), (2) new entrants, including new vehicle remarketing venues and dealer financing services, and (3) other participants in the automotive industry with vehicle remarketing capabilities (e.g., rental car companies, automobile retailers and wholesalers). Due to the increasing use of the Internet and other technology as marketing and distribution channels, we also face increasing competition from online wholesale and retail marketplaces (generally without any meaningful physical presence) and from our own customers when they sell directly to end users through such platforms rather than remarket vehicles through our marketplaces. Increased competition could result in price reductions, reduced margins or loss of market share.
Our future success also depends on our ability to respond to evolving industry trends, changes in customer requirements and new technologies. One potentially adverse trend would be a market shift towards the simultaneous listing and selling of vehicles on multiple online sales platforms in North America. Were such a trend to take hold, the vehicle remarketing industry's economics could significantly change. For example, we might need to incur additional costs or otherwise alter our business model to adapt to these changes. In such case, the volume of vehicles supplied to us and our overall revenues and fees per vehicle sold could decrease. Participants in the North American whole car industry continue to discuss the development of a multiple platform bidding system. This could cause us to lose vehicle volume and market share, and our business, revenues and profitability could be negatively impacted.
Some of our competitors may have greater financial and marketing resources than we do, may be able to respond more quickly to evolving industry dynamics and changes in customer requirements, or may be able to devote greater resources to the development, promotion and sale of new or emerging services and technologies. If we are unable to compete successfully or to successfully adapt to industry changes, our business, revenues and profitability could be materially adversely affected.
In addition, if one or more of our competitors were to merge or partner with another of our competitors, the change in the competitive landscape could adversely affect our ability to compete effectively. Our competitors may also establish or strengthen cooperative relationships with our current or future data providers, technology partners, or other parties with whom we have relationships, thereby limiting our ability to develop, improve, and promote our solutions. We may not be able to compete successfully against current or future competitors, and competitive pressures may harm our revenue, business, and financial results.
ADESA, through its on-premise and off-premise wholesale vehicle platforms, currently competes with online wholesale and retail vehicle selling platforms, including OVE.com and RMS Automotive (both affiliated with Cox Enterprises, Inc.), SmartAuction, mobile applications (e.g., ACV Auctions and EBlock) and others. With the exception of OVE.com, these online selling platforms generally do not have any meaningful physical presence and may cause the volume of vehicles sold through our on-premise and off-premise marketplaces to decrease. If the number of vehicles sold through our auctions decreases due to these competitors or other industry changes, our revenue and profitability may be negatively impacted. In addition, our long-lived assets could also become subject to impairment.
In the dealer-to-dealer auction market, our mobile applications, BacklotCars, CARWAVE and TradeRev, currently compete with ACV Auctions, EBlock, Manheim Express, TradeHelper and others. The dealer-to-dealer space is experiencing a digital disruption as competitors and new market participants introduce new technologies. If BacklotCars, CARWAVE and TradeRev are unable to compete and gain market share in the dealer-to-dealer space, our business and revenues may be negatively impacted.
At the national level, AFC's competition includes NextGear Capital, a subsidiary of Cox Enterprises, Inc., other specialty lenders, banks and financial institutions. At the local level, AFC faces competition from banks, credit unions and independent auctions who may offer floorplan financing to local auction customers. Such entities typically service only one or a small number of auctions. Some of our industry competitors who operate whole car auctions on a national scale may endeavor to capture a larger portion of the floorplan financing market. AFC offers its customers competitive rates and fees and competes primarily on the basis of quality of service, convenience of payment, scope of services offered to solve customer pain points and historical and consistent commitment to the sector. In addition, AFC offers a workforce in close proximity to its customers. If the number of loans originated and serviced decreases due to these competitors, our revenue and profitability may be negatively impacted.
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to create significant risk and uncertainty and has had, and is expected to continue to have, an adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
The extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, results of operations and financial results will continue to depend on future developments that are uncertain and unpredictable, including the duration, spread and intensity of the COVID-19 pandemic and actions taken by government authorities and other third parties in response to the pandemic. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic implicates and exacerbates many of the other risks described in this Item 1A. "Risk Factors,” including but not limited to risks relating to general economic conditions. Due to the unprecedented nature of the pandemic and responses thereto, we cannot identify all of the risks we face from the pandemic and its aftermath.
Although governmental restrictions that were imposed at the outset of the pandemic to reduce the spread of COVID-19 have since been lifted or scaled back in many jurisdictions, increases in new COVID-19 cases, including new variants, have resulted in the reimposition of restrictions in certain jurisdictions, and may lead to other restrictions being imposed. These measures have not only negatively impacted consumer spending and business spending habits, they have also adversely impacted and are expected to continue to impact our workforce and operations and the operations of our customers, suppliers and business partners. The duration and extent of these measures is unknown and they are likely to continue to adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
The automotive industry has experienced unprecedented market conditions during the pandemic, including a decline in new vehicle production resulting from the shortage of semiconductors. This reduction in supply of new vehicles has caused increased new and used vehicle prices, as well as increased demand for used vehicles. More lessees and dealers are therefore purchasing vehicles at residual value, thus decreasing the number of off-lease vehicles coming to auction. Further, government support and loan accommodations have resulted in fewer repossessed vehicles coming to auction. These factors have contributed to a decline in commercial vehicle volumes at auction and this trend is expected to continue for the foreseeable future.
COVID-19 has caused and may continue to cause us to modify our business practices. While we have developed and implemented and continue to develop and implement health and safety protocols, business continuity plans and crisis management protocols in an effort to try to mitigate the negative impact of COVID-19 on our employees and our business, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in our efforts. Further, our increased reliance on remote access to our information systems continues to increase our exposure to cybersecurity attacks or data security incidents, along with other risks related to the reliability of technology to support remote operations.
The broader implications for our business and results of operations remain uncertain and will depend on many factors outside our control, including, without limitation, the duration and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic, the degree to which governmental restrictions are relaxed or reimposed, the length of time it takes for normal economic and operating conditions to resume, the impact of vaccines and numerous other uncertainties. Even after the COVID-19 outbreak has subsided, we may continue to experience materially adverse impacts to our business.
If we are unable to successfully execute on our business strategy, if our strategy proves to be ineffective, or if we improperly align new strategies with our vision, our business, financial performance and growth could be adversely affected.
Our business, results of operations and financial condition depend on our ability to execute our business strategy. See “Our Business Strategy” under “Item 1. Business” included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. There are significant risks involved with the execution of these initiatives, including significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties, many of which are outside of our control. Accordingly, we cannot predict whether we will succeed in implementing these strategic initiatives, and even if we do succeed, we may not realize the expected benefits of our strategy. It could take several years to realize any direct financial benefits from these initiatives, if any direct financial benefits from these initiatives are achieved at all.
Unsuccessful implementation of business initiatives to reduce costs and align our business to our digital operating model, or unintended consequences of the implementation of such initiatives, may adversely affect our business.
We have taken certain steps, including reductions in force, internal reorganizations and reallocation of resources from physical to digital channels to reduce the cost of our operations, improve efficiencies, and realign our organization and staffing to better match our market opportunities and digital initiatives. We have shifted and continue to shift resources from our physical channels to efforts focused on digital channels and technologies, and we continue our efforts to reduce overhead and manage our variable and fixed-cost structure. We expect to continue to take similar steps in the future as we seek to realize operating synergies, achieve our target operating model and profitability objectives, and more closely reflect changes in the strategic direction of our business. For example, during the third quarter of 2021 we initiated a multi-year cost management project focused on making permanent changes in our operating model and our cost structure, reengineering the way we do business and ultimately reducing our costs to provide services. These changes could be disruptive to our business, and we may experience a loss of accumulated knowledge, loss of continuity and inefficiency, adverse effects on employee morale, loss of key personnel and other retention issues during transitional periods. These initiatives can require a significant amount of time and focus, which may divert attention from operating and growing our business. In addition, certain of our competitors continue to offer a traditional physical channel auction environment. If our efforts to focus on digital channels and technologies do not engage customers at the same level as in the past, or if we fail to achieve some or all of the expected benefits of our cost reduction and business alignment initiatives, it could have an adverse effect on our competitive position and market share, business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may be unable to meet our customers’ expectations, which could impact customer retention and adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.
We believe our future success depends in part on our ability to respond to changes in customer requirements and our ability to meet regulatory requirements for our customers. Our customers include vehicle manufacturers and their captive finance arms, vehicle leasing and rental companies, financial institutions, fleet management companies, franchised and independent used vehicle dealers, automotive wholesalers, insurance companies, non-profit organizations, automotive body shops, rebuilders, exporters and brokers. We work to develop strong relationships and interactive dialogue with our customers to better understand current trends and customer needs. If we are not successful in meeting our customers' expectations, our customer relationships could be negatively affected and result in a loss of future business, which would adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.
ADESA’s agreements with its largest commercial suppliers of used vehicles are generally subject to cancellation by either party upon 30 to 90 days’ notice. In addition, it is common that commercial suppliers regularly review their relationships with whole car auctions through written requests for proposals. Such suppliers may from time to time require us to make changes to the way we do business as part of the request for proposal process or provide services on less favorable terms. There can be no assurance that our existing agreements will not be canceled or that we will be able to enter into future agreements with these or other suppliers on similar terms, or at all, and our ability to grow and sustain profitability could be impaired.
If we fail to effectively identify, value, manage, complete and integrate acquisitions, our operating results, financial condition and growth prospects could be adversely affected.
Acquisitions have been a significant part of our growth strategy and have enabled us to further broaden and diversify our service offerings. Our strategy generally includes acquisitions of companies, products, services and technologies to expand our online, digital and mobile capabilities and the acquisition and integration of additional facilities. Acquisition of businesses requires substantial time and attention of management personnel and may also require additional equity or debt financings. Further, integration of newly established or acquired businesses is often disruptive. There can be no assurance that we will identify appropriate targets, will acquire such businesses on favorable terms, will be able to successfully integrate such organizations into our business or will be able to realize anticipated benefits. Because these new ventures are inherently risky, no assurance can be given that such strategies and offerings will be successful and they could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Acquisitions may also have unanticipated tax, legal, regulatory and accounting ramifications, including as a result of recording goodwill that is subject to impairment testing on a regular basis and potential periodic impairment charges. Another accounting ramification includes the valuation of contingent consideration at
the acquisition date which is subject to remeasurement each reporting period and could result in additional expense. In addition, we expect to compete against existing and new competitors for suitable acquisitions. If we are able to consummate acquisitions, such acquisitions could be dilutive to earnings, and we could overpay for such acquisitions.
Additional risks and challenges we face in connection with acquisitions include, but not limited to:
•incurring significantly higher capital expenditures, operating expenses and operating losses of the business acquired;
•coordination of technology, research and development, and sales and marketing functions, along with integration of the acquired business’s accounting, management information, human resources, and other administrative systems;
•incurring liability for pre-acquisition activities of the acquired business;
•implementing or remediating the controls, procedures, and policies of the acquired business;
•incorporating acquired technology and rights into our offerings and unanticipated expenses related to such integration;
•retaining and integrating acquired employees, including cultural challenges associated with integrating employees from the acquired business into our organization;
•maintaining important business relationships and contracts of the acquired business; and
•integrating the acquired business onto our systems and ensuring the acquired business meets our financial reporting requirements and timelines.
Any of these risks, if realized, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our expansion into markets outside the U.S. and our non-U.S. based operations subject us to unique operational, competitive and regulatory risks.
Acquisitions and other strategies to expand our operations beyond North America subject us to significant risks and uncertainties. As a result, we may not be successful in realizing anticipated synergies or we may experience unanticipated integration expenses. As we continue to expand our business internationally, we will need to develop policies and procedures to manage our business on a global scale. There can be no assurance that we will identify appropriate international targets, acquire such businesses on favorable terms, or be able to successfully grow and integrate such organizations into our business. Operationally, acquired businesses typically depend on key relationships and our failure to maintain those relationships could have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.
In addition, we anticipate that our non-U.S. based operations will continue to subject us to risks associated with operating on an international basis, including:
•exposure to foreign currency exchange rate risk, which may have an adverse impact on our revenues and profitability;
•exposure to the principal or purchase auction model rather than the agency or consignment model, which may have an adverse impact on our margins and expose us to inventory risks;
•restrictions on our ability to repatriate funds, as well as repatriation of funds currently held in foreign jurisdictions, which may result in higher effective tax rates;
•tariffs and trade barriers and other regulatory or contractual limitations on our ability to operate in certain foreign markets;
•compliance with anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the U.K. Bribery Act;
•compliance with various privacy regulations, including the General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR");
•dealing with unfamiliar regulatory agencies and laws, including those favoring local competitors;
•dealing with political and/or economic instability, including the exit of the U.K. from the E.U. (“Brexit”);
•the difficulty of managing and staffing foreign offices, as well as the increased travel, infrastructure, legal and compliance costs associated with international operations;
•localizing our product offerings; and
•adapting to different business cultures and market structures.
As we continue to expand globally, our success will depend on our ability to anticipate and effectively manage these and other risks associated with operating on an international basis. Our failure to manage these risks could have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.
Significant disruptions of information technology systems could adversely affect our business and reputation.
We rely on information technology systems, some of which are managed by third parties, to process, transmit and store electronic information, and to manage or support a variety of our business processes and activities. The secure operation of these systems, and the processing, maintenance, enhancement and reliability of these systems, are critical to our business operations and strategy. The technology to operate some of our businesses is provided, in whole or in part, by third-party service providers, and we do not own or control the operation of third party facilities. Information technology systems and operations are vulnerable to damage or interruption from fire, flood, power loss, telecommunications failure, terrorist attacks, acts of war, electronic and physical break-ins, computer viruses, earthquakes and similar events. The occurrence of any of these events could damage information technology systems or hardware and cause them to fail. In addition, any financial difficulties, up to and including bankruptcy, faced by our service providers or any of their subcontractors, may have negative effects on our business, the nature and extent of which are difficult to predict. Information technology risks (including the confidentiality, integrity and availability of digital assets) have significantly increased as new technologies have proliferated, and as organized criminals, hackers, terrorists and other bad actors have become more sophisticated. These threats, which may be external or internal may be malicious, or may result from human or computer error. Our customers also rely on our information technology systems to conduct their operations. In addition, our customers increasingly use personal equipment and mobile devices that may be beyond our control. Any significant disruptions of our information technology systems could negatively impact our business and customers, damage our reputation and materially adversely affect our consolidated financial position and results of operations.
Data security concerns relating to our technology or breaches of information technology systems, could adversely affect our business and reputation.
We have experienced cyber-attacks and security incidences of varying degrees and believe we will continue to be a potential target of such threats and attacks, particularly as we execute our digital transformation strategy. The technology infrastructure and systems of our suppliers, vendors, service providers and partners have also in the past experienced and may in the future experience such threats and attacks. Continuous cyber-attacks or a sustained attack could lead to service interruptions, malfunctions or other failures in the technology that supports our businesses and customers, as well as the operations of our customers or other third parties. Continuous cyber-attacks could also damage our reputation with our customers and other parties and the market, additional costs (such as repairing systems, adding personnel or security technologies or compliance costs), regulatory penalties, financial losses to both us and our customers and partners and the loss of customers and business opportunities. If such attacks are not detected in a timely manner, their effect could be compounded.
Although we have technology and information security policies and processes and disaster recovery plans in place, these measures may not be adequate to ensure that our operations will not be compromised or disrupted should such an event occur. If our information technology systems are compromised, become inoperable for extended periods of time or cease to function properly, we may have to make a significant investment to fix or replace the information technology and our ability to provide many of our electronic and online solutions to our customers may be impaired, which would have a material adverse effect on our consolidated operating results and financial position. In addition, as cyber-threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to modify or enhance our protective measures or to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities. Any of the risks described above could result in the loss or misuse of proprietary, confidential or sensitive information, disrupt our business, damage our reputation, expose us to legal liability and materially adversely affect our consolidated financial position and results of operations.
Compliance with U.S. and global privacy and data security requirements could result in additional costs and liabilities or inhibit our ability to collect, transmit and/or store data, and the failure to comply with such requirements could subject us to significant fines and penalties, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and reputation.
Aspects of our operations and businesses are subject to certain privacy regulations in the United States, including the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”) and around the globe, including the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (the “GDPR”). We collect, process and store sensitive data, including proprietary business and customer information, as well as personally identifiable information of our customers, their consumers and our employees. A growing number of legislative and regulatory bodies have adopted consumer notification and other requirements in the event that consumer information is accessed and/or acquired by unauthorized persons, and additional regulations regarding the use, access, accuracy, security and retention of such data are expected. Our compliance with global laws and regulations relating to privacy, data protection and information security may materially increase our costs or otherwise limit our ability to continue or pursue certain business activities. Our failure to comply with applicable laws or regulations could also result in fines, sanctions, private litigation, government enforcement, business disruption, credit reporting and other expenses, damage to our reputation and loss of customers. We maintain cyber risk insurance, but this insurance may not be sufficient to cover all losses from any future disruption, security incident or breach.
Decreases in the supply of used vehicles coming to auction has impacted and may continue to impact auction sales volumes, which has adversely affected and may continue to adversely affect our revenues and profitability. In addition, a decrease in the number of used vehicles sold at on-premise marketplaces could adversely affect our revenue growth, operating results and financial condition.
The number of new and used vehicles that are leased by consumers affects the supply of vehicles coming to auction in future periods as the leases mature. If manufacturers and other lenders decrease the number of new vehicle lease originations and extend the terms of some of the existing leases, the number of off-lease vehicles available at auction for the industry would decline. Our industry is currently facing such a decline in off-lease vehicles available at auction, as further described below. As the supply of off-lease vehicles coming to auction declines, our revenues and profitability are adversely affected.
Volumes of off-lease vehicles in subsequent periods will be affected by total new vehicle sales and the future leasing behavior of manufacturers and lenders; therefore, we may not be able to accurately predict the volume of vehicles coming to auction. The supply of off-lease vehicles coming to auction is also affected by the market value of used vehicles compared to the residual value of those vehicles per the lease terms. In most cases, the lessee and the dealer have the ability to purchase the vehicle at the residual price at the end of the lease term. Generally, as market values of used vehicles rise, the number of vehicles purchased at residual value by the lessees and dealers increases, thus decreasing the number of off-lease vehicles available at auction. The used vehicle auction industry is currently experiencing such supply challenges resulting from the disruption of (decline in) new vehicle production. In order for the volumes of off-lease vehicles available at auction to increase, there needs to be an increase in new vehicle production sufficient to reduce used vehicle market values and allow more off-lease vehicles to come to auction. The demand for and increased prices of used vehicles is expected to continue for the foreseeable future. As a result, a lower volume of off-lease vehicles coming to auction is expected to continue and will likely continue to adversely affect our revenues and profitability.
In addition, the supply of vehicles coming to auction could be impacted by initiatives to switch from vehicles with internal combustion engines to electric vehicles. The sale of electric vehicles is dependent on consumer adoption, which could be impacted by numerous factors, including perceptions about electric vehicle features, quality, safety, performance and cost; perceptions about the range over which electric vehicles may be driven on a single battery charge; high fuel-economy internal combustion engine vehicles; volatility in the cost of fuel; government regulations and economic incentives; and access to charging facilities. If consumer behavior and vehicle ownership trends move from vehicles with internal combustion engines to electric vehicles, the number of vehicles coming to auction could decline, the ancillary services we provide could decline or change, we could incur expenses associated with the purchase and installation of charging stations at our facilities and our revenues and profitability may be adversely affected.
Furthermore, off-premise marketplace platforms were utilized for the sale of approximately 51% of vehicles sold in North America by ADESA in 2021, compared with approximately 49% in 2020. If sellers and buyers increase the number of vehicles transacted on off-premise marketplace platforms, our revenue per vehicle will likely decline. In connection with online auctions, ADESA offers on-premise marketplaces, which allow buyers to physically inspect and compare vehicles. In addition, our cost structure includes a significant fixed cost component, including occupancy costs and land, that cannot be readily reduced if revenue per vehicle declines. If a shift in the percentage of used vehicles sold on off-premise marketplace platforms as compared with used vehicles sold at on-premise marketplaces occurs, and we are unable to generate new sources of revenue, our operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected.
Our business and operating results would be adversely affected if we lose one or more significant customers.
Loss of business from, or changes in the consignment patterns of, our key customers could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results. Generally, commercial and dealer customers make no binding long-term commitments to us regarding consignment volumes. Any such customer could reduce its overall supply of vehicles for our auctions or otherwise seek to materially change the terms of its business relationship with us at any time. Any such change could harm our business and operating results. While no single customer accounted for 10% or more of our consolidated revenues in 2021, the loss of, or material reduction in business from, our key customers could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.
If we fail to attract and retain key personnel, or have inadequate succession planning, we may not be able to execute our business strategies and our financial results could be negatively affected.
Our success depends in large part on the talents and efforts of our executives and other key employees, including those with digital capabilities. Our future success will depend upon our ability to continue to identify, hire, develop, motivate and retain talented personnel. If we lose the services of one or more of our key personnel, or if one or more key personnel joins a competitor or otherwise competes with us, we may not be able to effectively implement our business strategies and our business could be materially adversely affected. Many of our key personnel have extensive experience with our business and have established business relationships with customers and suppliers and, as a result, if we lose key personnel, we may have
difficulty in executing our business plan and strategy, retaining and attracting customers on favorable terms and providing acceptable levels of customer service.
In addition, our failure to put in place adequate succession plans for key roles or the failure of key personnel to successfully transition into new roles could have an adverse effect on our business and operating results. The unexpected or abrupt departure of one or more of our key personnel and the failure to effectively transfer knowledge and effect smooth key personnel transitions may have an adverse effect on our business resulting from the loss of such person’s skills, knowledge of our business, and years of industry experience.
Further, leadership changes have occurred and will continue to occur from time to time and we cannot predict whether significant resignations will occur or whether we will effectively manage leadership transitions. We may face risks related to these and other transitions in our leadership team. If we cannot effectively manage leadership transitions and management changes in the future, our reputation and future business prospects could be adversely affected.
Used vehicle prices impact fee revenue per unit and may impact the supply of used vehicles, loan losses at AFC and could adversely affect our profitability.
The volume of new vehicle production, accuracy of lease residual estimates, interest rate fluctuations, customer demand and changes in regulations, among other things, all potentially affect the pricing of used vehicles. Used vehicle prices may affect the volume of vehicles entered for sale at our auctions and the demand for those used vehicles, the fee revenue per unit, loan losses for our dealer financing business and our ability to retain customers. When used vehicle prices are high, used vehicle dealers may retail more of their trade-in vehicles on their own rather than selling them at auction. A sustained reduction in used vehicle pricing could result in a potential loss of consignors, an increase in loan losses at AFC and decreased profitability.
ADESA also sells vehicles that have been purchased (e.g., inherited vehicles, vehicles returned under the ADESA Assurance program or vehicles purchased by ADESA Europe and others). The number of vehicles purchased by ADESA continues to grow. When a vehicle is purchased and then resold, rather than sold on a consignment basis, we are exposed to inventory risks, including losses from theft, damage and obsolescence. In addition, when vehicles are purchased, we are subject to changes in vehicle values, which could adversely affect our revenue and profitability.
Adverse economic conditions may negatively affect our business and results of operations.
Adverse economic conditions, including those resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic or otherwise, could increase our exposure to several risks, including:
•Fluctuations in the supply of used vehicles. We are dependent on the supply of used vehicles coming to auction, and our financial performance depends, in part, on conditions in the automotive industry. Currently, disruptions in new vehicle production are resulting in fewer vehicles coming to auction. During the past global economic downturn and credit crisis, there was an erosion of retail demand for new and used vehicles that led many lenders to cut back on originations of new loans and leases and led to significant manufacturing capacity reductions by automakers selling vehicles in the United States and Canada. Capacity reductions or disruptions in new vehicle production could depress the number of vehicles received at auction in the future and could lead to reduced numbers of vehicles from various suppliers, negatively impacting auction volumes. In addition, weak growth in or declining new vehicle sales negatively impacts used vehicle trade-ins to dealers and auction volumes. These factors have and could continue to adversely affect our revenues and profitability.
•Decline in the demand for used vehicles. We may experience a decrease in demand for used vehicles from buyers due to factors including the lack of availability of consumer credit and declines in consumer spending and consumer confidence. Adverse credit conditions also affect the ability of dealers to secure financing to purchase used vehicles at auction, which further negatively affects buyer demand. In addition, a reduction in the number of franchised and independent used car dealers may reduce dealer demand for used vehicles.
•Decrease in consumer spending. Consumer purchases of new and used vehicles may be adversely affected by economic conditions such as employment levels, wage and salary levels, trends in consumer confidence and spending, reductions in consumer net worth, interest rates, inflation, the availability of consumer credit and taxation policies. Consumer purchases in general may decline during recessions, periods of prolonged declines in the equity markets or housing markets and periods when disposable income and perceptions of consumer wealth are lower. Changes to U.S. federal tax policy may negatively affect consumer spending. In addition, the increased use of vehicle sharing and alternate methods of transportation, including autonomous vehicles, could lead to a decrease in consumer purchases of new and used vehicles and a decrease in vehicle rentals. To the extent retail and rental car company demand for new and used vehicles decreases, negatively impacting our auction volumes, our results of operations and financial position could be materially and adversely affected.
•Volatility in the asset-backed securities market. Volatility and disruption in the asset-backed commercial paper market could lead to a narrowing of interest rate spreads at AFC in certain periods. In addition, any volatility and disruption has affected, and could affect, AFC’s cost of financing related to its securitization facility.
•Ability to service and refinance indebtedness. Uncertainty in the financial markets may negatively affect our ability to service our existing debt, access additional financing or to refinance our existing indebtedness on favorable terms or at all. If economic weakness exists, it may affect our cash flow from operations and results of operations, which may affect our ability to service payment obligations on our debt or to comply with our debt covenants.
•Increased counterparty credit risk. Any market deterioration could increase the risk of the failure of financial institutions party to our Credit Agreement and other counterparties with which we do business to honor their obligations to us. Our ability to replace any such obligations on the same or similar terms may be limited if challenging credit and general economic conditions exist.
AFC is exposed to credit risk with our dealer borrowers, which could adversely affect our profitability and financial condition.
AFC is subject to credit risk resulting from defaults in payment by our dealer customers on our floorplan loans. Furthermore, a weak economic environment, decreased demand for used vehicles, disruptions in pricing of used vehicle inventory or consumers’ lack of access to financing could exert pressure on our dealer customers resulting in higher delinquencies, bankruptcies, repossessions and credit losses. There can be no assurances that our monitoring of our credit risk as it affects the collectability of these loans and our efforts to mitigate credit risk through appropriate underwriting policies and loss-mitigation strategies are, or will be, sufficient to prevent an adverse impact in our profitability and financial condition.
If we are unable to protect our intellectual property, the value of our brand and other intangible assets may be diminished, and our business may be adversely affected.
We rely and expect to continue to rely on a combination of confidentiality, assignment and license agreements with our employees, consultants and third parties with whom we have relationships, as well as trademark, copyright, patent, trade secret, and domain name protection laws, to protect our proprietary rights. In the United States and internationally, we have filed various applications for protection of certain aspects of our intellectual property, and we currently hold issued patents in the United States and Canada. However, third parties may knowingly or unknowingly infringe our proprietary rights, third parties may challenge proprietary rights held by us, and pending and future trademark and patent applications may not be approved. In addition, effective intellectual property protection may not be available in every country in which we operate or intend to operate our business. In any or all of these cases, we may be required to expend significant time and expense in order to prevent infringement or to enforce our rights. Although we have taken measures to protect our proprietary rights, there can be no assurance that such measures will be adequate or that others will not offer products or concepts that are substantially similar to ours and compete with our business. Changes in laws and regulations or adverse court rulings may also negatively affect our ability to protect our proprietary rights or prevent others from using our intellectual property and technology. If the protection of our proprietary rights is inadequate to prevent unauthorized use or appropriation by third parties, the value of our brand and other intangible assets may be diminished and competitors may be able to more effectively mimic our service and methods of operations. Any of these events could have an adverse effect on our business and financial results.
We rely on third-party technology for key components of our business, and if these or other third parties do not perform adequately or terminate their relationships with us, our business and results of operations could be harmed.
We rely on third-party technology for certain of our critical business functions, including certain inspection and marketplace technologies. If these technologies fail, or if such third party service providers or strategic partners were to cease operations, temporarily or permanently, face financial distress or other business disruptions, increase their fees, or if our relationships with these providers or partners deteriorate or terminate, we could suffer increased costs and we may be unable to provide similar services until an equivalent provider could be found or we could develop replacement technology or operations. In addition, if we are unsuccessful in identifying or finding high-quality partners, if we fail to negotiate cost-effective relationships with them, or if we ineffectively manage these relationships, it could have an adverse impact on our business and financial results.
We may be subject to patent or other intellectual property infringement claims, which could have an impact on our business or operating results due to a disruption in our business operations, the incurrence of significant costs and other factors.
From time to time, we may receive notices from others claiming that we infringed or otherwise violated their patent or intellectual property rights, and the number of these claims could increase in the future. Claims of intellectual property infringement or other intellectual property violations could require us to enter into licensing agreements on unfavorable terms, incur substantial monetary liability or be enjoined preliminarily or permanently from further use of the intellectual property in question, which could require us to change business practices and limit our ability to compete effectively. Even if we believe that the claims are without merit, the claims can be time-consuming and costly to defend and may divert management’s
attention and resources away from our businesses. If we are required to take any of these actions, it could have an adverse impact on our business and operating results.
A portion of our net income is derived from our international operations, primarily Canada, which exposes us to foreign exchange risks that may impact our financial statements. In addition, increases in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to certain foreign currencies may negatively impact foreign buyer participation in our marketplaces.
Fluctuations between U.S. and foreign currency values may adversely affect our results of operations and financial position, particularly fluctuations with Canadian currency values. In addition, there may be tax inefficiencies in repatriating cash from our foreign subsidiaries. Approximately 27% of our revenues were attributable to our foreign operations for the year ended December 31, 2021. Changes in the value of foreign currencies, particularly the Canadian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar could negatively affect our profits from foreign operations and the value of the net assets of our foreign operations when reported in U.S. dollars in our financial statements. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations as reported in U.S. dollars.
In addition, fluctuations in exchange rates may make it more difficult to perform period-to-period comparisons of our reported results of operations. For purposes of accounting, the assets and liabilities of our foreign operations are translated using period-end exchange rates; such translation gains and losses are reported in “Accumulated other comprehensive income/loss” as a component of stockholders’ equity. The revenues and expenses of our foreign operations are translated using average exchange rates during each period.
Likewise, we have a significant number of non-U.S. based buyers who participate in our marketplaces. Increases in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to these buyers’ local currencies may reduce the prices they are willing to pay at auction, which may negatively affect our revenues.
Environmental, health and safety risks could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.
Our operations are subject to various foreign, federal, state and local environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing the emission or discharge of pollutants into the air or water, the generation, treatment, storage and release of hazardous materials and wastes and the investigation and remediation of contamination. Our failure to comply with current or future environmental, health or safety laws or to obtain and comply with permits required under such laws, could subject us to liability, damage our reputation and require costly investigative, remedial or corrective actions.
In the used vehicle remarketing industry, large numbers of vehicles are stored and/or refurbished at auction facilities and during that time releases of fuel, motor oil and other materials may occur. We have investigated or remediated, or are currently investigating or remediating, contamination resulting from various sources, including gasoline, fuel additives (such as methyl tertiary butyl ether, or MTBE), motor oil, petroleum products and other hazardous materials released from aboveground or underground storage tanks or in connection with current or former operations conducted at our facilities. Some of the facilities on which we operate are impacted by recognized environmental concerns and pollution conditions. We have incurred and may in the future incur expenditures relating to compliance and risk mitigation efforts, releases of hazardous materials, investigative, remedial or corrective actions, claims by third parties and other environmental issues, and such expenditures, individually or in the aggregate, could be significant.
We have a substantial amount of debt, which could impair our financial condition and adversely affect our ability to react to changes in our business.
As of December 31, 2021, our total corporate debt was approximately $1.9 billion, exclusive of liabilities related to our securitization facilities which are not secured by the general assets of KAR, and we had $325.0 million of borrowing capacity under our senior secured credit facilities. In addition, we had related outstanding letters of credit in the aggregate amount of $27.6 million at December 31, 2021, which would reduce the $325.0 million available for borrowings under the credit facilities.
Our indebtedness could have important consequences including:
•limiting our ability to borrow additional amounts to fund working capital, capital expenditures, debt service requirements, execution of our business strategy, acquisitions and other purposes;
•requiring us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to pay principal and interest on debt, which would reduce the funds available for other purposes, including funding future expansion;
•making us more vulnerable to adverse changes in general economic, industry and competitive conditions, in government regulation and in our business by limiting our flexibility in planning for, and making it more difficult to react quickly to, changing conditions; and
•exposing us to risks inherent in interest rate fluctuations because a portion of our indebtedness is at variable rates of interest, which could result in higher interest expenses in the event of increases in interest rates.
In addition, if we are unable to generate sufficient cash from operations to service our debt and meet other cash needs, we may be forced to reduce or delay capital expenditures, suspend or eliminate dividends, sell assets or operations, seek additional capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. We may not be able to refinance our debt or sell additional debt or equity securities or our assets on favorable terms, if at all, particularly because of our high levels of debt and the restrictions imposed by the agreement governing our Credit Facility and the indenture governing our senior notes on our ability to incur additional debt and use the proceeds from asset sales. If we must sell certain of our assets, it may negatively affect our ability to generate revenue. The inability to obtain additional financing could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.
If we cannot make scheduled payments on our debt, we would be in default and, as a result, our debt holders could declare all outstanding principal and interest to be due and payable, the lenders under our Credit Facility could terminate their commitments to lend us money and foreclose against the assets securing their borrowings and we could be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation.
Furthermore, the agreement governing our Credit Facility and the indenture governing our senior notes include, and future debt instruments may include, certain restrictive covenants which could limit our ability to enter into certain transactions in the future and may adversely affect our ability to operate our business.
Changes in interest rates or market conditions could adversely impact our profitability and business.
Rising interest rates may have the effect of depressing the sales of new and used vehicles because many consumers finance their vehicle purchases and rising auto loan rates increase the cost of purchasing a vehicle. Likewise, when interest rates increase, the subprime borrowing market often tightens, making interest rates even higher for those with lower credit scores. If increased interest rates depress the sales of new and/or used vehicles, then used vehicle trade-ins to dealers and auction volumes could be negatively impacted. These factors could adversely affect ADESA’s revenues and profitability.
In addition, AFC securitizes a majority of its finance receivables on a revolving basis. Volatility and/or market disruption in the asset-backed securities market in the United States or Canada can impact AFC’s cost of financing related to, or its ability to arrange financing on acceptable terms through, its securitization facility, which could negatively affect AFC’s business and our financial condition and operations.
As noted elsewhere, a portion of our indebtedness is at variable rates of interest. As such, increases in interest rates could also result in higher interest expenses.
We assume the settlement risk for vehicles sold through our marketplaces.
Typically, following the sale of a vehicle, we do not release the vehicle to a buyer until we have received full payment from the buyer or confirmation of arrangement for such payment. We may be obligated, however, to remit payment to a seller before receiving payment from a buyer, and, in those circumstances, we may not have recourse against sellers for any buyer’s failure to satisfy its payment obligations. Revenue for a vehicle consigned to us for sale typically includes only the applicable buyer and seller fees associated with the transaction and not the vehicle sale proceeds. As a result, any failure to collect a receivable from the buyer in full may result in a loss up to the amount of the vehicle sale proceeds plus the applicable buyer fees and any collection related expenses. If we are unable to collect the vehicle sale price plus applicable buyer fees from buyers on a large number of vehicles, our revenue and cash flows may be negatively impacted resulting in a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
We are subject to a complex framework of federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations, including vehicle brokerage and auction laws and currency reporting obligations, which have in the past, and could in the future, subject us to claims, challenge our business model, or otherwise harm our business.
Our operations are subject to regulation, supervision and licensing under various federal, state, provincial, local and foreign authorities, agencies, statutes and ordinances, which, among other things, require us to obtain and maintain certain licenses, permits and qualifications, provide certain disclosures and notices and limit interest rates, fees and other charges. The regulations and laws that impact our company include, without limitation, the following:
•The sale of used vehicles is regulated by various state and local motor vehicle departments and regulators.
•Some of the transport vehicles used at our facilities are regulated by the U.S. Department of Transportation or similar regulatory agencies in the other locations in which we operate.
•AFC is subject to laws in certain states and provinces which regulate commercial lending activities and interest rates and, in certain jurisdictions, require AFC or one of its subsidiaries to be licensed.
•We are subject to various local zoning requirements with regard to the location of our auction and storage facilities, which requirements vary from location to location.
•We are subject to federal, state and international laws, directives and regulations relating to the collection, use, retention, disclosure, security and transfer of personally identifiable information (e.g., GDPR and CCPA). These laws, directives, regulations and their interpretation and enforcement continue to evolve and may be inconsistent from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.
•Certain of the Company’s subsidiaries may be deemed subject to the regulations of the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010 due to their vendor relationships with financial institutions.
•PAR is subject to laws in certain states which regulate repossession administration activities and, in certain jurisdictions, require PAR to be licensed.
•We deal with significant amounts of cash in our operations and are subject to various reporting and anti-money laundering regulations.
Changes in law or governmental regulations or interpretations of existing law or regulations could result in increased costs, reduced vehicle prices and decreased profitability for us. In addition, failure to comply with present or future laws and regulations or changes in existing laws or regulations or in their interpretation could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.
We are subject to risks associated with legal and regulatory proceedings. If the outcomes of these proceedings are adverse to us, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We have in the past been, are currently, and may in the future become, subject to a variety of legal actions relating to our current and past business operations, including but not limited to litigation claims and legal proceedings related to environmental, intellectual property, labor and employment, privacy, regulatory compliance, securities, tax, and tort laws. Such claims may be asserted against us by individuals, either individually or through class actions, by governmental entities in civil or criminal investigations and proceedings or by other entities. These actions could expose us to adverse publicity and to substantial monetary damages and legal defense costs, injunctive relief and criminal and civil fines and penalties, including but not limited to suspension or revocation of licenses to conduct business. There is no guarantee that we will be successful in defending ourselves in legal and administrative actions or in asserting our rights under various laws. In addition, we could incur substantial costs in defending ourselves or in asserting our rights in such actions. Any claims against us, whether meritorious or not, could be time consuming, costly, and harmful to our reputation, and could require significant amounts of management time and corporate resources. If any of these legal proceedings were to be determined adversely to us, or we were to enter into a settlement arrangement, we could be exposed to monetary damages or be forced to change the way in which we operate our business, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.
We are partially self-insured for certain losses.
We self-insure a portion of employee medical benefits under the terms of our employee health insurance program, as well as a portion of our automobile, general liability and workers’ compensation claims. We record an accrual for the claims expense related to our employee medical benefits, automobile, general liability and workers’ compensation claims based upon the expected amount of all such claims. If actual trends, including the severity of claims and medical cost inflation above expectations were to occur, our self-insured costs would increase, which could have an adverse impact on our results of operations and financial position.
Risks Related to the IAA Spin-Off
If the IAA spin-off does not qualify as a tax-free transaction for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the Company and its stockholders could be subject to substantial tax liabilities.
In connection with the spin-off of IAA, we received a private letter ruling from the Internal Revenue Service (the "IRS Ruling") and an opinion from our tax counsel on the basis of certain facts, representations, covenants and assumptions, substantially to the effect that, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the distribution of IAA common shares in the spin-off qualified as a transaction that generally is tax-free to us and our stockholders, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, under Sections 368(a)(1)(D) and 355 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). The IRS Ruling and the opinion of tax counsel relied on, among other things, various assumptions and representations as to factual matters made by the Company and IAA, which, if inaccurate or incomplete in any material respect, could jeopardize the conclusions reached in the IRS Ruling and opinion. The opinion is not binding on the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”), or the courts, and notwithstanding the tax opinion, there can be no assurance that the qualification of the spin-off as a transaction under Sections 368(a)(1)(D) or 355 or other provisions of the Code will not be challenged by the IRS or by others in court, or that any such challenge would not prevail. Notwithstanding the IRS Ruling and the opinion, the IRS could determine on audit that the spin-off should be treated as a taxable transaction if it determines that any of the facts, assumptions, representations or covenants set forth in the tax opinion is not correct or has been violated, or that the spin-off should be taxable for other reasons, including as a result of a significant change in stock or asset ownership after the distribution, or if the IRS were to disagree with the conclusions of the tax opinion.
If the spin-off fails to qualify for tax-free treatment, we would, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, be treated as if we had sold the IAA common stock in a taxable sale for its fair market value, and our stockholders would be treated as receiving a taxable distribution in an amount equal to the fair market value of the IAA common stock received in the distribution. In addition, we and/or IAA could incur significant U.S. federal income tax liabilities or tax indemnification obligations, whether under applicable law or a tax matters agreement that we entered into with IAA, if it is ultimately determined that certain related transactions undertaken in anticipation of the spin-off are taxable.
We may be exposed to claims and liabilities as a result of the IAA spin-off, and IAA’s indemnification obligations may not fully protect us.
In connection with the spin-off, IAA agreed to indemnify the Company for certain liabilities. However, there can be no assurance that the indemnity will be sufficient to protect us against the full amount of any liabilities that may arise, or that IAA will be able to fully satisfy its indemnification obligations. The failure to receive amounts for which we are entitled to indemnification could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.
Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock
The market price and trading volume of our common stock may be volatile, which could result in rapid and substantial losses for our stockholders and could expose us to securities class action litigation.
You should consider an investment in our common stock to be risky, and you should invest in our common stock only if you can withstand a significant loss and wide fluctuations in the market value of your investment. Many factors could cause the market price of our common stock to rise and fall, including but not limited to the following:
•our announcements or our competitors’ announcements regarding new products or services, enhancements, significant contracts, acquisitions or strategic investments;
•changes in earnings estimates or recommendations by securities analysts, if any, who cover our common stock;
•results of operations that are below our announced guidance or below securities analysts’ or consensus estimates or expectations;
•fluctuations in our quarterly financial results or the quarterly financial results of companies perceived to be similar to us;
•changes in our capital structure, such as future issuances of securities, sales of large blocks of common stock by our stockholders or our incurrence of additional debt;
•repurchases of our common stock pursuant to our share repurchase program;
•investors’ general perception of us and our industry;
•changes in general economic and market conditions (including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic);
•changes in industry conditions (including industry-wide volume challenges tied to the disruption of new vehicle production); and
•changes in regulatory and other dynamics.
In addition, if the market for stocks in our industry, or the stock market in general, experiences a loss of investor confidence, the trading price of our common stock could decline for reasons unrelated to our business, financial condition or results of operations. If any of the foregoing occurs, it could cause our stock price to fall and may expose us to lawsuits that, even if successfully defended, could be costly to defend and a distraction to management. Likewise, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company's securities, securities class action litigation could be initiated. If such litigation were introduced against us, it could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our attention and resources, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
The issuance of shares of our Series A Preferred Stock reduces the relative voting power of holders of our common stock, and the conversion and sale of those shares would dilute the ownership of such holders and may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
As of December 31, 2021, 612,676 shares of our Series A Preferred Stock were outstanding, representing approximately 22% of our outstanding common stock, including the Series A Preferred Stock on an as-converted basis. Holders of Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to a cumulative dividend at the rate of 7% per annum, payable quarterly in arrears. Dividends will be payable in kind through the issuance of additional shares of Series A Preferred Stock for the first eight dividend payment dates, and thereafter, in cash or in kind, or any combination thereof, at our option. Because holders of our Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to vote, on an as-converted basis, together with holders of our common stock on all matters submitted to a vote of the holders of our common stock, the issuance of the Series A Preferred Stock, and the subsequent issuance of
additional shares of Series A Preferred Stock through the payment of in kind dividends, effectively reduces the relative voting power of the holders of our common stock. In addition, the conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock into common stock would dilute the ownership interest of existing holders of our common stock. Furthermore, any sales in the public market of the common stock issuable upon conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock would increase the number of shares of our common stock available for public trading, and could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock. Pursuant to customary registration rights agreements, we are required to register for resale the shares of Series A Preferred Stock and the shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock. This registration facilitates the resale of such securities into the public market, and any such resale would increase the number of shares of our common stock available for public trading. Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales might occur, could have a material adverse effect on the price of our common stock.
Apax and the other holders of our Series A Preferred Stock may exercise influence over us.
As of December 31, 2021, the outstanding shares of our Series A Preferred Stock represented approximately 22% of our outstanding common stock, including the Series A Preferred Stock on an as-converted basis. The terms of the Series A Preferred Stock require the approval of a majority of our Series A Preferred Stock by a separate class vote for us to:
•amend our organizational documents in a manner that would have an adverse effect on the Series A Preferred Stock; or
•issue securities that are senior to, or equal in priority with, the Series A Preferred Stock.
In addition, under our investment agreement, dated as of May 26, 2020 (the “Apax Investment Agreement”), with an affiliate of Apax Partners, L.P. (“Apax”), for so long as Apax and its affiliates beneficially own shares of Series A Preferred Stock (and/or shares of common stock issued upon conversion of Series A Preferred Stock) that represent, on an as-converted basis, at least 50% of Apax’s initial shares of Series A Preferred Stock on an as-converted basis, Apax and its affiliates will have the right to designate one director to our board of directors. Circumstances may occur in which the interests of Apax and its affiliates could diverge from, or even conflict with, the interests of our other stockholders. For example, the existence of Apax as a significant stockholder and Apax’s board designation rights may have the effect of delaying or preventing changes in control or management or limiting the ability of our other stockholders to approve transactions that they may deem to be in the best interests of the Company. Apax and its affiliates may seek to cause us to take courses of action that, in their judgment, could enhance its investment in the Company but which might involve risks to our other stockholders or adversely affect us or our other stockholders.
Our Series A Preferred Stock has rights, preferences and privileges that are not held by, and are preferential to, the rights of our common stockholders, which could adversely affect our liquidity and financial condition, and may result in the interests of the holders of our Series A Preferred Stock differing from those of our common stockholders.
The Series A Preferred Stock ranks senior to the shares of our common stock with respect to dividend rights and rights on the distribution of assets on any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs. The holders of Series A Preferred Stock have the right to receive a liquidation preference entitling them to be paid out of our assets available for distribution to stockholders before any payment may be made to holders of any other class or series of capital stock, an amount equal to the greater of (a) the sum of the original liquidation preference plus all accrued but unpaid dividends or (b) the amount that such holder would have been entitled to receive upon our liquidation, dissolution and winding up if all outstanding shares of such series of Series A Preferred Stock had been converted into common stock immediately prior to such liquidation, dissolution or winding up. In addition, the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to a cumulative dividend at the rate of 7% per annum, payable quarterly in arrears (dividends are payable in kind for the first eight dividend payments, and thereafter in cash or in kind). The holders of the Series A Preferred Stock are also entitled to participate in dividends declared or paid on our common stock on an as-converted basis. The holders of our Series A Preferred Stock also have the right, subject to certain exceptions, to require us to repurchase all or any portion of the Series A Preferred Stock upon certain change of control events at the greater of (a) the consideration the holders would have received if they had converted their shares of Series A Preferred Stock into common stock immediately prior to the change of control event and (b) 105% of the sum of i) the liquidation preference thereof and ii) all accrued but unpaid dividends.
These dividend and share repurchase obligations could impact our liquidity and reduce the amount of cash flows available for general corporate purposes. Our obligations to the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock could also limit our ability to obtain additional financing or increase our borrowing costs, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition. These preferential rights could also result in divergent interests between the holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock and holders of our common stock.
Future offerings of debt or equity securities, which would rank senior to our common stock, may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
If, in the future, we decide to issue debt or equity securities that rank senior to our common stock, it is likely that such securities will be governed by an indenture or other instrument containing covenants restricting our operating flexibility. Additionally, any convertible or exchangeable securities that we issue in the future may have rights, preferences and privileges more favorable than those of our common stock and may result in dilution to owners of our common stock. We and, indirectly, our stockholders, will bear the cost of issuing and servicing such securities. Because our decision to issue debt or equity securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. Thus, holders of our common stock will bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the market price of our common stock and diluting the value of their stock holdings in us.
The market price of our common stock could be negatively affected by sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market.
Future sales by us or by our existing stockholders of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that these sales may occur, could cause the market price of our common stock to decline. These sales also could impede our ability to raise future capital. Under our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, we are authorized to issue up to 400,000,000 shares of common stock, of which 121,163,050 shares of common stock were outstanding as of December 31, 2021. In addition, pursuant to a registration statement under the Securities Act, we have registered shares of common stock reserved for issuance in respect of stock options and other incentive awards granted to our officers and certain of our employees. If any of these holders cause a large number of securities to be sold in the public market, including common stock issuable upon conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock, the sales could reduce the trading price of our common stock. We cannot predict the size of future sales of shares of our common stock or the effect, if any, that future sales, or the perception that such sales may occur, would have on the market price of our common stock.
Provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and by-laws, and of Delaware law, may prevent or delay an acquisition of us, which could decrease the trading price of our common stock.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and by-laws contain, and Delaware law contains, provisions that may be considered to have an anti-takeover effect and may delay or prevent a tender offer or other corporate transaction that a stockholder might consider to be in its best interest, including those transactions that might result in a premium over the market price for our shares.
These provisions include:
•rules regarding how our stockholders may present proposals or nominate directors for election at stockholder meetings;
•permitting our board of directors to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval;
•granting to the board of directors, and not the stockholders, the sole power to set the number of directors;
•authorizing vacancies on our board of directors to be filled only by a vote of the majority of the directors then in office and specifically denying our stockholders the right to fill vacancies in the board;
•authorizing the removal of directors only upon the affirmative vote of holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of our common stock entitled to vote for the election of directors; and
•prohibiting stockholder action by written consent.
These provisions apply even if an offer may be considered beneficial by some stockholders.
You may not receive any future dividends on our common stock.
Holders of our common stock are only entitled to receive such dividends as our board of directors may declare out of funds legally available for such payments. We are not required to declare cash dividends on our common stock. Future dividend decisions will be based on and affected by a variety of factors, including our financial condition and results of operations, contractual restrictions, including restrictive covenants contained in our Credit Agreement, the indenture governing our senior notes and AFC’s securitization facilities, capital requirements and other factors that our board of directors deems relevant. Therefore, no assurance can be given as to whether any future dividends may be declared by our board of directors or the amount thereof.
Our share repurchase program could affect the price of our common stock and increase volatility. In addition, it may be suspended or discontinued at any time, which could result in a decrease in the trading price of our common stock.
In October 2019, our board of directors authorized a repurchase of up to $300 million of the Company’s outstanding common stock through October 30, 2021. In October 2021, the board of directors authorized an extension of the October 2019 share repurchase program through December 31, 2022. Repurchases of our common stock pursuant to our share repurchase program, or any future share repurchase program, could affect our stock price and increase its volatility. The existence of a share repurchase program could also cause our stock price to be higher than it would be in the absence of such a program and could potentially reduce the market liquidity for our stock. There can be no assurance that any share repurchases will enhance stockholder value because the market price of our common stock may decline below the levels at which we repurchased the shares of common stock. Although our share repurchase program is intended to enhance long-term stockholder value, short-term stock price fluctuations could reduce the program's effectiveness. Furthermore, the program does not obligate the Company to repurchase any dollar amount or number of shares of common stock, and may be suspended or discontinued at any time, which could cause the market price of our stock to decline.

---

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Item 1b. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.

---

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Item 2. Properties
The corporate headquarters of KAR Auction Services, ADESA and AFC are located in Carmel, Indiana. The facilities are leased properties, with office space being leased through 2034. At December 31, 2021, properties utilized by the ADESA business segment include more than 70 vehicle logistics center locations in North America, which are either owned or leased. Each vehicle logistics center may have additional buildings for reconditioning, registration, maintenance, bodywork, and other ancillary and administrative services. Each vehicle logistics center also has secure parking areas to store vehicles. The ADESA facilities in North America consist on average of approximately 75 acres of land per site.
Of AFC's approximately 100 locations in North America at December 31, 2021, 69 are physically located at auction facilities (including 55 at ADESA vehicle logistics center locations). Each of the remaining AFC offices is strategically located in close proximity to at least one of the auctions that it serves. AFC generally leases its branches.
We regularly evaluate our capacity in all our markets and where appropriate, seek to increase capacity through the acquisition of additional land and facilities. Capacity at our facilities varies from period to period and by region as a result of various factors.

---

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
We are involved in litigation and disputes arising in the ordinary course of business, such as actions related to injuries; property damage; handling, storage or disposal of vehicles; environmental laws and regulations; and other litigation incidental to the business such as employment matters and dealer disputes. Such litigation is generally not, in the opinion of management, likely to have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

---

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
PART II

---

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Market Information and Holders of Record
KAR Auction Services' common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") under the symbol "KAR" and has been traded on the NYSE since December 11, 2009. As of February 15, 2022, there were 11 stockholders of record. Because many shares of our common stock are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of stockholders represented by the holders of record.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities
The information required by Item 701 of Regulation S-K was previously disclosed (for the sale of Series A Preferred Stock) in the Company's Current Reports on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on June 10, 2020 and June 30, 2020.
On November 12, 2020, we issued 857,630 shares of our common stock to three individuals and one trust in connection with the BacklotCars acquisition in the fourth quarter of 2020. We received $15 million as consideration for the sale of such securities. On October 14, 2021, we issued 1,953,124 shares of our common stock to two individuals and one trust in connection with the CARWAVE acquisition in the fourth quarter of 2021. We received $30 million as consideration for the sale of such securities. The issuance of these securities was exempt from registration under the Securities Act, in reliance upon Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering and/or the private offering safe harbor provision of Rule 506 of Regulation D promulgated under the Securities Act.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table provides information about purchases by KAR Auction Services of its shares of common stock during the quarter ended December 31, 2021:
Period Total Number of Shares Purchased
Average Price Paid per Share
Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs
Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (1)
(Dollars in millions)
October 1 - October 31 - $ - - $ 109.0
November 1 - November 30 - - - 109.0
December 1 - December 31 - - - 109.0
Total - $ - -
(1) In October 2019, the board of directors authorized a repurchase of up to $300 million of the Company’s outstanding common stock, par value $0.01 per share, through October 30, 2021. In October 2021, the board of directors authorized an extension of the Company's share repurchase program through December 31, 2022. Repurchases may be made in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions, in accordance with applicable securities laws and regulations, including pursuant to repurchase plans designed to comply with Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The timing and amount of any repurchases is subject to market and other conditions.
Stock Price Performance Graph
The graph below shows the cumulative total stockholder return, assuming an investment of $100 and dividend reinvestment (and taking into account the value of the IAA, Inc. common shares distributed in the spin-off), for the period beginning on December 31, 2016 and ending on December 31, 2021, on each of KAR Auction Services' common stock, the Standard & Poor's 400 Midcap Index and the Standard and Poor's 500 Index. Our stock price performance shown in the following graph is not indicative of future stock price performance.
Company/Index Base Period
12/31/2016 12/31/2017 12/31/2018 12/31/2019 12/31/2020 12/31/2021
KAR Auction Services, Inc. $ 100 $ 121.94 $ 118.17 $ 146.87 $ 127.29 $ 106.84
S&P 400 Midcap Index $ 100 $ 116.24 $ 103.36 $ 130.44 $ 148.26 $ 184.97
S&P 500 Index $ 100 $ 121.83 $ 116.49 $ 153.17 $ 181.35 $ 233.41

---

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Item 6. [Reserved]

---

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Forward-Looking Statements
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and which are subject to certain risks, trends and uncertainties. In particular, statements made in this report on Form 10-K that are not historical facts (including, but not limited to, expectations, estimates, assumptions and projections regarding the industry, business, future operating results, potential acquisitions and anticipated cash requirements) may be forward-looking statements. Words such as "should," "may," "will," "can," "of the opinion," "confident," "anticipates," "expects," "intends," "plans," "believes," "seeks," "estimates" "continues," "outlook," initiatives," "goals," "opportunities," and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements. Such statements, including statements regarding the potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic; our future growth; anticipated cost savings, revenue increases, credit losses and capital expenditures; dividend declarations and payments; common stock repurchases; tax rates and assumptions; strategic initiatives, greenfields and acquisitions; our competitive position and retention of customers; and our continued investment in information technology, are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results projected, expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in Item 1A. "Risk Factors" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and those described from time to time in our future reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Many of these risk factors are outside of our control, and as such, they involve risks which are not currently known that could cause actual results to differ materially from those discussed or implied herein. The forward-looking statements in this document are made as of the date on which they are made and we do not undertake to update our forward-looking statements.
Impact of COVID-19
In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic. Although governmental restrictions that were imposed at the outset of the pandemic to reduce the spread of COVID-19 have since been lifted or scaled back in many jurisdictions, increases in new COVID-19 cases, including new variants, have resulted in the reimposition of restrictions in certain jurisdictions, and may lead to other restrictions being imposed. The COVID-19 pandemic and the related preventative measures taken to help slow the spread have caused, and may continue to cause, significant volatility, uncertainty and economic disruption.
In response to these measures and for the protection of our employees and customers, during 2020 we implemented several measures to help secure our business, including but not limited to furloughs, prohibiting non-essential business travel, suspending non-essential services provided by certain third parties at our locations, delaying or canceling capital projects at our on-premise marketplace locations and suspending the Company's quarterly dividend.
In addition, on March 20, 2020, we temporarily suspended on-premise sale operations across North America, including Simulcast-only sales, and resumed operation of Simulcast-only sales in select markets on April 6, 2020. We subsequently continued to expand the locations offering vehicles for sale via ADESA Simulcast, DealerBlock and Simulcast+, with all ADESA auction locations in the U.S. and Canada offering vehicles for sale by the end of the second quarter of 2020.
We also took advantage of legislation introduced to assist companies during the pandemic. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we recorded a total of approximately $5.8 million claimed under the Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy. These credits partially offset salaries paid in Canada. We will continue to monitor and assess the impact the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act ("CARES Act") and similar legislation in other countries may have on our business and financial results.
The automotive industry has experienced unprecedented market conditions during the pandemic, including a decline in new vehicle production resulting from the shortage of semiconductors. This reduction in supply of new vehicles has caused increased new and used vehicle prices, as well as increased demand for used vehicles. More lessees and dealers are therefore purchasing vehicles at residual value, thus decreasing the number of off-lease vehicles coming to auction. Further, government support and loan accommodations have resulted in fewer repossessed vehicles coming to auction. These factors have contributed to our commercial vehicle volumes declining in 2021 and are expected to continue for the foreseeable future.
While we continue to develop and implement health and safety and return-to-workplace protocols, business continuity plans and crisis management protocols in an effort to try to mitigate the negative impact of COVID-19 on our employees, customers and our business, the extent of the impact of the pandemic on our business and financial results will continue to depend on future developments that are uncertain and unpredictable.
The broader implications for our business and results of operations remain uncertain and will depend on many factors outside our control, including, without limitation, the duration and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic, the degree to which governmental restrictions are relaxed or reimposed, the length of time it takes for normal economic and operating conditions to resume, the impact of vaccines and numerous other uncertainties. Even after the COVID-19 outbreak has subsided, we may continue to experience materially adverse impacts to our business.
Overview
We provide whole car auction services in North America and Europe. Our business is divided into two reportable business segments, each of which is an integral part of the vehicle remarketing industry: ADESA Auctions and AFC.
•The ADESA Auctions segment serves a domestic and international customer base through digital marketplaces for wholesale vehicles supported by more than 70 vehicle logistics center locations across North America that are developed and strategically located to draw professional sellers and buyers together and allow the buyers to inspect and compare vehicles remotely or in person. Through ADESA.com, ADESA offers comprehensive private label remarketing solutions to automobile manufacturers, captive finance companies and other institutions to offer vehicles via the Internet prior to arrival at on-premise marketplaces. Vehicles sold on ADESA's digital platforms are typically sold by commercial fleet operators, financial institutions, rental car companies, new and used vehicle dealers and vehicle manufacturers and their captive finance companies to franchise and independent used vehicle dealers. ADESA also provides value-added ancillary services including inbound and outbound transportation logistics, reconditioning, vehicle inspection and certification, titling, administrative and collateral recovery services. ADESA also includes BacklotCars, an app and web-based dealer-to-dealer wholesale vehicle platform utilized in the United States, CARWAVE, an online dealer-to-dealer marketplace in the United States, TradeRev, an online automotive remarketing platform in Canada where dealers can launch and participate in real-time vehicle auctions at any time, ADESA Remarketing Limited, an online whole car vehicle remarketing business in the United Kingdom and ADESA Europe (formerly known as CarsOnTheWeb), an online wholesale vehicle auction marketplace in Continental Europe.
•The AFC segment provides short-term, inventory-secured financing, known as floorplan financing, primarily to independent used vehicle dealers throughout the United States and Canada. Prior to December 2020, the Company also sold vehicle service contracts through Preferred Warranties, Inc. ("PWI").
Due to the spin-off of IAA in 2019 and the Company's transition from physical marketplaces to digital marketplaces, the Company has simplified its business and operations. Corporate expenses, previously reported as holding company expenses, are now included in the segments. Certain known expenses (e.g., information technology costs) were recorded directly to the ADESA and AFC segments. Interest expense previously reported by the holding company has been recorded in the ADESA segment. The residual shared services expenses were recorded at ADESA and allocated to AFC based on revenue and employee headcount.
Industry Trends
Whole Car
Used vehicles sold in North America through whole car auctions, including off-premise volumes and mobile application volumes, were approximately 10.3 million and 12.0 million in 2020 and 2019, respectively. Data for the whole car auction industry is collected by the NAAA through an annual survey. NAAA industry volumes for 2021 have not yet been released, but we expect that volumes in 2021 were lower than in 2020. The NAAA industry volumes collected by the annual survey do not include off-premise volumes or mobile application volumes (e.g., Openlane, BacklotCars, CARWAVE, TradeRev and their respective competitors), but we have included estimates of these volumes in our industry totals. In addition to the traditional whole car auction market and off-premise venues described above, we believe mobile applications, such as BacklotCars, CARWAVE and TradeRev, may provide an opportunity to expand our total addressable market for dealer-to-dealer transactions to as much as 15 million units from approximately 5 million units in 2019. BacklotCars, CARWAVE and TradeRev sold approximately 550,000 vehicles in the North American digital dealer-to-dealer marketplace for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared with approximately 398,000 vehicles for the year ended December 31, 2020. For the three months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, vehicles sold by these companies in the North American digital dealer-to-dealer marketplace were approximately 135,000 and 111,000, respectively. This volume data includes vehicles sold by CARWAVE prior to its acquisition in October 2021 and vehicles sold by BacklotCars prior to its acquisition in November 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic and current market conditions facing the automotive industry, including the disruption of new vehicle production, have had a material impact on the whole car auction industry and we are unable to estimate future volumes.
Automotive Finance
AFC works with independent used vehicle dealers to improve their results by providing a comprehensive set of business and financial solutions that leverage its local presence of branches and in-market representatives, industry experience and scale, as well as KAR affiliations. AFC's North American dealer base was comprised of approximately 14,500 dealers in 2021, and loan transactions, which includes both loans paid off and loans curtailed, were approximately 1.4 million in 2021.
Key challenges for the independent used vehicle dealer include demand for used vehicles, disruptions in pricing of used vehicle inventory, access to consumer financing and increased used car retail activity of franchise and public dealerships (most of which do not utilize AFC or its competitors for floorplan financing), as well as the ability to operate in locations experiencing pandemic shelter-in-place orders. These same challenges, to the extent they occur, could result in a material negative impact on AFC's results of operations. A significant decline in used vehicle sales would result in a decrease in consumer auto loan originations and an increased number of dealers defaulting on their loans. In addition, volatility in wholesale vehicle pricing impacts the value of recovered collateral on defaulted loans and the resulting severity of credit losses at AFC. A decrease in wholesale used car pricing could lead to increased losses if dealers are unable to satisfy their obligations.
Seasonality
The volume of vehicles sold through our auctions generally fluctuates from quarter-to-quarter. This seasonality is caused by several factors including weather, the timing of used vehicles available for sale from selling customers, holidays, and the seasonality of the retail market for used vehicles, which affects the demand side of the auction industry. Used vehicle auction volumes tend to decline during prolonged periods of winter weather conditions. As a result, revenues and operating expenses related to volume will fluctuate accordingly on a quarterly basis. The fourth calendar quarter typically experiences lower used vehicle auction volume as well as additional costs associated with the holidays and winter weather.
Sources of Revenues and Expenses
Our revenue is derived from auction fees and various on-premise and off-premise services, and from dealer financing fees, interest income and other revenue at AFC. Although auction revenues primarily include the auction services and related fees, our related receivables and payables include the gross value of the vehicles sold.
Our operating expenses consist of cost of services, selling, general and administrative and depreciation and amortization. Cost of services is composed of payroll and related costs, subcontract services, the cost of vehicles purchased, supplies, insurance, property taxes, utilities, service contract claims, maintenance and lease expense related to the auction sites and loan offices. Cost of services excludes depreciation and amortization. Selling, general and administrative expenses are composed of payroll and related costs, sales and marketing, information technology services and professional fees.
Results of Operations
Overview of Results of KAR Auction Services, Inc. for the Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:
Year Ended
December 31,
(Dollars in millions except per share amounts) 2021 2020
Revenues
Auction fees $ 877.8 $ 887.7
Service revenue 707.2 737.4
Purchased vehicle sales 377.4 295.0
Finance-related revenue 289.2 267.6
Total revenues 2,251.6 2,187.7
Cost of services* 1,299.9 1,284.8
Gross profit* 951.7 902.9
Selling, general and administrative 558.1 545.4
Depreciation and amortization 183.0 191.3
Goodwill and other intangibles impairment - 29.8
Operating profit 210.6 136.4
Interest expense 126.6 128.9
Other (income) expense, net (17.5) 2.1
Income before income taxes 101.5 5.4
Income taxes 35.0 4.9
Net income $ 66.5 $ 0.5
Net income (loss) per share
Basic $ 0.16 $ (0.16)
Diluted $ 0.16 $ (0.16)
* Exclusive of depreciation and amortization
Overview
For the year ended December 31, 2021, we had revenue of $2,251.6 million compared with revenue of $2,187.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, an increase of 3%. Businesses acquired since the fourth quarter of 2020 accounted for an increase in revenue of $139.1 million or 6% of revenue. For a further discussion of revenues, gross profit and selling, general and administrative expenses, see the segment results discussions below.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization decreased $8.3 million, or 4%, to $183.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared with $191.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease in depreciation and amortization was primarily the result of fixed assets that have become fully depreciated and a reduction in assets placed in service.
Goodwill and Other Intangibles Impairment
In the second quarter of 2020 a $25.5 million non-cash goodwill impairment charge and a $4.3 million non-cash customer relationship impairment charge were recorded in our ADESA Remarketing Limited reporting unit (doing business as ADESA U.K.). The impairments resulted from the changes in economic circumstances which caused the outlook for the business to be significantly reduced.
Interest Expense
Interest expense decreased $2.3 million, or 2%, to $126.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared with $128.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease in the weighted average interest rate on corporate debt and a decrease of approximately $9.2 million in the average outstanding balance of corporate debt for the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared with the year ended December 31, 2020. This was partially offset by an increase in interest expense at AFC of $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared with the year ended December 31, 2020.
Other (Income) Expense, Net
The Company invests in certain early-stage automotive companies and funds that relate to the automotive industry. We believe these investments have resulted in the expansion of relationships in the vehicle remarketing industry. Realized gains on these investments were $32.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The Company had net unrealized gains of $1.4 million at December 31, 2021, as a result of a recent public offering for one of these investment securities. Any future changes in the fair value of these investment securities will be reflected as unrealized gains or losses until these securities are sold.
For the year ended December 31, 2021, we had other income of $17.5 million compared with other expenses of $2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase in other income was primarily attributable to an increase in realized and unrealized gains on investment securities of approximately $33.4 million, a decrease in foreign currency losses of $1.1 million and an increase in other miscellaneous items aggregating $4.7 million, partially offset by an increase in contingent consideration valuation adjustments of $19.6 million.
Income Taxes
We had an effective tax rate of 34.5% for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared with an effective tax rate of 90.7% for the year ended December 31, 2020. The 2021 rate was unfavorably impacted by the expense for the increase in the estimated value of contingent consideration for which no tax benefits have been recorded, partially offset by the benefit of discrete items. The 2020 rate was unfavorably impacted by the goodwill and other intangibles impairment charge and expense for the increase in the estimated value of contingent consideration for which no tax benefits have been recorded, as well as significantly reduced earnings and a greater proportion of earnings in higher tax jurisdictions. These were partially offset by the tax benefit from law changes, deductions related to stock-based compensation expenses and other discrete benefits.
Impact of Foreign Currency
For the year ended December 31, 2021, fluctuations in the Canadian exchange rate increased revenue by $20.0 million, operating profit by $6.7 million and net income by $3.6 million. For the year ended December 31, 2021, fluctuations in the European exchange rate increased revenue by $7.7 million, operating profit by $0.4 million and decreased net income by $0.3 million.
Impact of COVID-19 on Our Operations
The Company has been subject to numerous orders and directives that have impacted our ability to operate our business throughout North America and in Europe. As a result of these COVID-19 related restrictions on our operations, we have adjusted our business processes so that we can continue to meet the needs of our customers while complying with the various laws, regulations, mandates and directives in each of the markets in which we operate. In many cases, we have had to limit the number of employees and customers at our physical locations at any given time and modify the delivery of services to our customers. However, these adjustments have also resulted in improvements in our operations.
During this challenging time, the Company has worked to meet the needs of the wholesale used car marketplace with its technology-based auction platforms throughout North America and in Europe. The Company believes that certain changes to its business processes that were necessitated by the COVID-19 outbreak are sustainable going forward. For example, the Company has reduced the labor required to process wholesale auction transactions and reduced its selling, general and administrative expenses (excluding acquisitions).
ADESA Results
Year Ended
December 31,
(Dollars in millions, except per vehicle amounts) 2021 2020
Auction fees $ 877.8 $ 887.7
Service revenue 707.2 737.4
Purchased vehicle sales 377.4 295.0
Total ADESA revenue 1,962.4 1,920.1
Cost of services* 1,244.5 1,205.7
Gross profit* 717.9 714.4
Selling, general and administrative 522.9 508.8
Depreciation and amortization 173.6 178.8
Goodwill and other intangibles impairment - 29.8
Operating profit (loss) $ 21.4 $ (3.0)
Commercial vehicles sold 1,503,000 2,265,000
Dealer consignment vehicles sold 1,090,000 797,000
Total vehicles sold 2,593,000 3,062,000
Auction fees per vehicle sold $ 339 $ 290
Gross profit per vehicle sold* $ 277 $ 233
Gross profit percentage, excluding purchased vehicles* 45.3% 44.0%
On-premise mix 47% 49%
Off-premise mix 53% 51%
* Exclusive of depreciation and amortization
Revenue
Revenue from ADESA increased $42.3 million, or 2%, to $1,962.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared with $1,920.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase in revenue was the result of an increase in average revenue per vehicle sold, partially offset by a decrease in the number of vehicles sold. Businesses acquired since the fourth quarter of 2020 accounted for an increase in revenue of $139.1 million. The change in revenue included the impact of an increase in revenue of $18.5 million due to fluctuations in the Canadian exchange rate and an increase of $7.7 million due to fluctuations in the European exchange rate.
On-premise marketplace sales are initiated online for vehicles at any of our locations across North America and include ADESA Simulcast, Simulcast+ and DealerBlock sales. Off-premise marketplace sales are initiated online and include Openlane, BacklotCars, CARWAVE, TradeRev and ADESA Europe sales. The 15% decrease in the number of vehicles sold was comprised of a decline in both on-premise and off-premise commercial volumes aggregating 34%, partially offset by an increase in both on-premise and off-premise dealer consignment volumes aggregating 37%. The decrease in the number of vehicles sold was driven by a lack of supply caused by high vehicle values.
Auction fees per vehicle sold for the year ended December 31, 2021 increased $49, or 17%, reflecting higher vehicle values and a smaller mix of lower-fee commercial off-premise vehicles.
Service revenue for the year ended December 31, 2021 decreased $30.2 million, or 4%, primarily as a result of a decrease in transportation revenue resulting from the decrease in vehicles sold. Typically consigned vehicles located at our facilities utilize our service offerings at a higher rate than off-premise vehicles.
Gross Profit
For the year ended December 31, 2021, gross profit for ADESA increased $3.5 million, or less than 1%, to $717.9 million, compared with $714.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. Gross profit for ADESA was 36.6% of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared with 37.2% of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2020. We have taken measures to reduce expenses to help protect our business and vehicles sold online require less labor. In 2021 we also recorded a benefit of $3.7 million taken under the Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy as compared with an aggregate of $14.2 million taken under the CARES Act and the Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy in 2020. On March 20, 2020 our on-premise auctions were shut down in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. While revenue decreased during the closure, cost of services remained consistent, as all non-essential auction employees were paid during the closure. In addition, our gross profit as a percentage of revenue is impacted by purchased vehicles. Excluding purchased vehicle sales, gross profit as a percentage of revenue was 45.3% and 44.0% for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The entire selling and purchase price of the vehicle is recorded as revenue and cost of services for purchased vehicles sold. Businesses acquired since the fourth quarter of 2020 accounted for an increase in cost of services of $80.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Selling, General and Administrative
Selling, general and administrative expenses for the ADESA segment increased $14.1 million, or 3%, to $522.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared with $508.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily due to increases in selling, general and administrative expenses associated with acquisitions of $77.3 million, fluctuations in the Canadian exchange rate of $4.6 million, stock-based compensation of $1.2 million and information technology costs of $1.1 million, partially offset by decreases in compensation expense of $35.9 million, incentive-based compensation of $10.9 million, professional fees of $6.4 million, telecom expenses of $4.2 million, severance of $3.8 million, marketing costs of $3.1 million, bad debt expense of $3.0 million, supplies expense of $1.8 million, travel expenses of $1.8 million and other miscellaneous expenses aggregating $1.4 million. In addition, the Employee Retention Credit provided under the CARES Act and the Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy was $7.7 million less for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared with the year ended December 31, 2020. Likewise, there were net gains on the sales of assets aggregating $4.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared with net losses on the sales of assets aggregating $1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2020.
Goodwill and Other Intangibles Impairment
In the second quarter of 2020 a $25.5 million non-cash goodwill impairment charge and a $4.3 million non-cash customer relationship impairment charge were recorded in our ADESA Remarketing Limited reporting unit (doing business as ADESA U.K.). The impairments resulted from the changes in economic circumstances which caused the outlook for the business to be significantly reduced.
AFC Results
Year Ended
December 31,
(Dollars in millions except volumes and per loan amounts) 2021 2020
Finance-related revenue
Interest and fee income $ 284.1 $ 266.1
Other revenue 8.6 8.7
Provision for credit losses (3.5) (38.6)
Warranty contract revenue - 31.4
Total AFC revenue 289.2 267.6
Cost of services* 55.4 79.1
Gross profit* 233.8 188.5
Selling, general and administrative 35.2 36.6
Depreciation and amortization 9.4 12.5
Operating profit $ 189.2 $ 139.4
Loan transactions 1,421,000 1,519,000
Revenue per loan transaction, excluding Warranty contract revenue $ 204 $ 156
* Exclusive of depreciation and amortization
Revenue
For the year ended December 31, 2021, AFC revenue increased $21.6 million, or 8%, to $289.2 million, compared with $267.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase in revenue was primarily the result of a 31% increase in revenue per loan transaction, largely as a result of a decrease in the provision for credit losses, partially offset by a 6% decrease in loan transactions and the elimination of Warranty contract revenue as a result of the sale of PWI in December 2020.
Revenue per loan transaction, which includes both loans paid off and loans curtailed, increased $48, or 31%, primarily as a result of a decrease in provision for credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2021, an increase in loan values and an increase in interest yields, partially offset by a decrease in average portfolio duration.
The provision for credit losses decreased to 0.2% of the average managed receivables for the year ended December 31, 2021 from 2.1% for the year ended December 31, 2020.
Gross Profit
For the year ended December 31, 2021, gross profit for the AFC segment increased $45.3 million, or 24%, to $233.8 million, or 80.8% of revenue, compared with $188.5 million, or 70.4% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2020. Excluding PWI for the year ended December 31, 2020, AFC's gross profit as a percent of revenue was 76.3%. The increase in gross profit as a percent of revenue was primarily the result of a 30% decrease in cost of services. The decrease in cost of services was primarily the result of decreases in PWI expenses of $23.1 million, compensation expense of $2.1 million and lot check expenses of $0.6 million, partially offset by increases in incentive-based compensation of $1.1 million, rent expense of $0.5 million, collection expenses of $0.4 million and other miscellaneous expenses aggregating $0.1 million.
Selling, General and Administrative
Selling, general and administrative expenses at AFC decreased $1.4 million, or 4%, to $35.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared with $36.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily as a result of decreases in PWI expenses of $2.7 million and other miscellaneous expenses aggregating $0.5 million, partially offset by increases in information technology costs of $1.3 million and compensation expense of $0.5 million.
Overview of Results of KAR Auction Services, Inc. for the Year Ended December 31, 2019:
An overview of the results of KAR Auction Services, Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2019 was included in Part II, Item 7 "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, as filed with the SEC on February 18, 2021.
Overview of Results of KAR Auction Services, Inc. for the Three Months Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:
Three Months Ended
December 31,
(Dollars in millions except per share amounts) 2021 2020
Revenues
Auction fees $ 207.4 $ 207.0
Service revenue 168.2 173.5
Purchased vehicle sales 94.6 83.7
Finance-related revenue 79.2 65.4
Total revenues 549.4 529.6
Cost of services* 323.2 325.4
Gross profit* 226.2 204.2
Selling, general and administrative 134.8 139.7
Depreciation and amortization 45.9 50.6
Operating profit 45.5 13.9
Interest expense 32.3 30.5
Other (income) expense, net 4.6 3.9
Income (loss) before income taxes 8.6 (20.5)
Income taxes 3.5 (3.4)
Net income (loss) $ 5.1 $ (17.1)
Net income (loss) per share
Basic $ (0.04) $ (0.21)
Diluted $ (0.04) $ (0.21)
* Exclusive of depreciation and amortization
Overview
For the three months ended December 31, 2021, we had revenue of $549.4 million compared with revenue of $529.6 million for the three months ended December 31, 2020, an increase of 4%. Businesses acquired since the fourth quarter of 2020 accounted for an increase in revenue of $35.4 million or 6% of revenue. For a further discussion of revenues, gross profit and selling, general and administrative expenses, see the segment results discussions below.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization decreased $4.7 million, or 9%, to $45.9 million for the three months ended December 31, 2021, compared with $50.6 million for the three months ended December 31, 2020. The decrease in depreciation and amortization was primarily the result of fixed assets that have become fully depreciated and a reduction in assets placed in service.
Interest Expense
Interest expense increased $1.8 million, or 6%, to $32.3 million for the three months ended December 31, 2021, compared with $30.5 million for the three months ended December 31, 2020. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in interest expense at AFC of $1.7 million, which resulted from an increase in the average finance receivables balance for the three months ended December 31, 2021, as compared with the three months ended December 31, 2020.
Other (Income) Expense, Net
The Company invests in certain early-stage automotive companies and funds that relate to the automotive industry. We believe these investments have resulted in the expansion of relationships in the vehicle remarketing industry. Realized gains on these
investments were $4.8 million for the three months ended December 31, 2021. The Company had a net reduction in unrealized gains of $9.3 million for the three months ended December 31, 2021, as a result of the change in fair value for one of these investment securities which had a recent public offering. Any future changes in the fair value of these investment securities will be reflected as unrealized gains or losses until these securities are sold.
For the three months ended December 31, 2021, we had other expenses of $4.6 million compared with $3.9 million for the three months ended December 31, 2020. The increase in other expense was primarily attributable to a net reduction in unrealized gains on investment securities of approximately $9.3 million, partially offset by increases in realized gains on investment securities of approximately $4.8 million, a decrease in foreign currency losses of $0.6 million, a decrease in contingent consideration valuation adjustments of $0.5 million and other miscellaneous items aggregating $2.7 million.
Income Taxes
We had an effective tax rate of 40.7% for the three months ended December 31, 2021, compared with an effective tax rate of 16.6% on a pre-tax loss for the three months ended December 31, 2020. The effective tax rate for the three months ended December 31, 2021 was unfavorably impacted by the expense for the increase in the estimated value of contingent consideration for which no tax benefits have been recorded, partially offset by the benefit of discrete items. The effective tax rate for the three months ended December 31, 2020 was unfavorably impacted by expense for the increase in the estimated value of contingent consideration for which no tax benefit has been recorded, as well as a greater proportion of earnings in higher tax jurisdictions. These were partially offset by the tax benefit from deductions related to stock-based compensation expenses and other discrete benefits.
Impact of Foreign Currency
For the three months ended December 31, 2021, fluctuations in the Canadian exchange rate increased revenue by $3.2 million, operating profit by $1.1 million and net income by $0.7 million. For the three months ended December 31, 2021, fluctuations in the European exchange rate decreased revenue by $2.4 million, operating profit by $0.1 million and net loss by $0.1 million.
ADESA Results
Three Months Ended
December 31,
(Dollars in millions, except per vehicle amounts) 2021 2020
Auction fees $ 207.4 $ 207.0
Service revenue 168.2 173.5
Purchased vehicle sales 94.6 83.7
Total ADESA revenue 470.2 464.2
Cost of services* 308.8 308.4
Gross profit* 161.4 155.8
Selling, general and administrative 125.7 130.6
Depreciation and amortization 43.6 47.7
Operating profit (loss) $ (7.9) $ (22.5)
Commercial vehicles sold 266,000 474,000
Dealer consignment vehicles sold 277,000 207,000
Total vehicles sold 543,000 681,000
Auction fees per vehicle sold $ 382 $ 304
Gross profit per vehicle sold* $ 297 $ 229
Gross profit percentage, excluding purchased vehicles* 43.0% 40.9%
On-premise mix 47% 48%
Off-premise mix 53% 52%
* Exclusive of depreciation and amortization
Revenue
Revenue from ADESA increased $6.0 million, or 1%, to $470.2 million for the three months ended December 31, 2021, compared with $464.2 million for the three months ended December 31, 2020. The increase in revenue was the result of an increase in average revenue per vehicle sold, partially offset by a decrease in the number of vehicles sold. Businesses acquired since the fourth quarter of 2020 accounted for an increase in revenue of $35.4 million. The change in revenue included the impact of an increase in revenue of $2.9 million due to fluctuations in the Canadian exchange rate and a decrease of $2.4 million due to fluctuations in the European exchange rate.
On-premise marketplace sales are initiated online for vehicles at any of our locations across North America and include ADESA Simulcast, Simulcast+ and DealerBlock sales. Off-premise marketplace sales are initiated online and include Openlane, BacklotCars, CARWAVE, TradeRev and ADESA Europe sales. The 20% decrease in the number of vehicles sold was comprised of a decline in both on-premise and off-premise commercial volumes aggregating 44%, partially offset by an increase in both on-premise and off-premise dealer consignment volumes aggregating 34%. The decrease in the number of vehicles sold was driven by a lack of supply caused by high vehicle values.
Auction fees per vehicle sold for the three months ended December 31, 2021 increased $78, or 26%, reflecting higher vehicle values and a smaller mix of lower-fee commercial off-premise vehicles.
Service revenue for the three months ended December 31, 2021 decreased $5.3 million, or 3%, primarily as a result of a decrease in inspection service revenue and transportation revenue resulting from the decrease in vehicles sold, partially offset by an increase in reconditioning revenue. Typically consigned vehicles located at our facilities utilize our service offerings at a higher rate than off-premise vehicles.
Gross Profit
For the three months ended December 31, 2021, gross profit for ADESA increased $5.6 million, or 4%, to $161.4 million, compared with $155.8 million for the three months ended December 31, 2020. Cost of services increased less than 1% for the three months ended December 31, 2021, while revenue increased 1% during the same period. Gross profit for ADESA was 34.3% of revenue for the three months ended December 31, 2021, compared with 33.6% of revenue for the three months ended December 31, 2020. Excluding purchased vehicle sales, gross profit as a percentage of revenue was 43.0% and 40.9% for the three months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The entire selling and purchase price of the vehicle is recorded as revenue and cost of services for purchased vehicles sold. Businesses acquired since the fourth quarter of 2020 accounted for an increase in cost of services of $20.0 million for the three months ended December 31, 2021.
Selling, General and Administrative
Selling, general and administrative expenses for the ADESA segment decreased $4.9 million, or 4%, to $125.7 million for the three months ended December 31, 2021, compared with $130.6 million for the three months ended December 31, 2020, primarily due to decreases in incentive-based compensation of $14.0 million, compensation expense of $6.9 million, professional fees of $2.5 million, telecom expenses of $1.1 million and stock-based compensation of $1.0 million, partially offset by increases in selling, general and administrative expenses associated with acquisitions of $14.2 million, bad debt expense of $2.4 million, medical expenses of $2.1 million, travel expenses of $0.6 million, fluctuations in the Canadian exchange rate of $0.6 million and other miscellaneous expenses aggregating $1.3 million. In addition, the Employee Retention Credit provided under the Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy was $0.6 million less for the three months ended December 31, 2021, compared with the three months ended December 31, 2020. Likewise, there were net gains on the sales of assets aggregating $1.0 million for the three months ended December 31, 2021, compared with net losses on the sales of assets aggregating $0.2 million for the three months ended December 31, 2020.
AFC Results
Three Months Ended
December 31,
(Dollars in millions except volumes and per loan amounts) 2021 2020
Finance-related revenue
Interest and fee income $ 76.1 $ 61.4
Other revenue 2.2 1.9
Net recovery (provision) for credit losses 0.9 (2.7)
Warranty contract revenue - 4.8
Total AFC revenue 79.2 65.4
Cost of services* 14.4 17.0
Gross profit* 64.8 48.4
Selling, general and administrative 9.1 9.1
Depreciation and amortization 2.3 2.9
Operating profit $ 53.4 $ 36.4
Loan transactions 342,000 327,000
Revenue per loan transaction, excluding Warranty contract revenue $ 232 $ 186
* Exclusive of depreciation and amortization
Revenue
For the three months ended December 31, 2021, AFC revenue increased $13.8 million, or 21%, to $79.2 million, compared with $65.4 million for the three months ended December 31, 2020. The increase in revenue was primarily the result of a 25% increase in revenue per loan transaction and a 5% increase in loan transactions, partially offset by the elimination of Warranty contract revenue as a result of the sale of PWI in December 2020.
Revenue per loan transaction, which includes both loans paid off and loans curtailed, increased $46, or 25%, primarily as a result of an increase in loan values, a decrease in provision for credit losses for the three months ended December 31, 2021, an increase in floorplan fee and other fee income per unit and an increase in average portfolio duration.
For the three months ended December 31, 2021, recoveries and the decrease in the allowance for credit losses exceeded write-offs, resulting in the provision for credit losses decreasing to (0.2%) of the average managed receivables for the three months ended December 31, 2021 from 0.6% for the three months ended December 31, 2020.
Gross Profit
For the three months ended December 31, 2021, gross profit for the AFC segment increased $16.4 million, or 34%, to $64.8 million, or 81.8% of revenue, compared with $48.4 million, or 74.0% of revenue, for the three months ended December 31, 2020. Excluding PWI for the three months ended December 31, 2020, AFC's gross profit as a percent of revenue was 78.7%. The increase in gross profit as a percent of revenue was primarily the result of a 15% decrease in cost of services. The decrease in cost of services was primarily the result of a decrease in PWI expenses of $4.1 million, partially offset by increases in compensation expense of $0.5 million, incentive-based compensation of $0.4 million and other miscellaneous expenses aggregating $0.6 million.
Selling, General and Administrative
Selling, general and administrative expenses at AFC were $9.1 million for both the three months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. Fluctuations between the periods included an increase in compensation expense of $1.0 million, an increase in other miscellaneous expenses aggregating $0.1 million, a decrease in incentive-based compensation of $0.6 million and a decrease in PWI expenses of $0.5 million.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
We believe that the significant indicators of liquidity for our business are cash on hand, cash flow from operations, working capital and amounts available under our Credit Facility. Our principal sources of liquidity consist of cash generated by operations and borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility.
December 31,
(Dollars in millions) 2021 2020
Cash and cash equivalents $ 190.0 $ 752.1
Restricted cash 25.8 60.2
Working capital 382.5 924.6
Amounts available under the Revolving Credit Facility* 325.0 325.0
Cash flow from operations for the year ended 413.2 384.4
* There were related outstanding letters of credit totaling approximately $27.6 million and $28.5 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, which reduced the amount available for borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility.
In 2021, we used approximately $522 million of cash for business acquisitions. This includes CARWAVE and Auction Frontier. We regularly evaluate alternatives for our capital structure and liquidity given our expected cash flows, growth and operating capital requirements as well as capital market conditions. The COVID-19 pandemic has had, and is continuing to have, an adverse impact on our business. As a result, during 2020 we implemented several measures that we believe will enhance liquidity for the foreseeable future. Some of these measures included furloughs, prohibiting non-essential business travel, suspending non-essential services provided by certain third parties at our locations, delaying or canceling capital projects at our on-premise marketplace locations and suspending the Company's quarterly dividend.
We also took advantage of legislation introduced to assist companies during the pandemic. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we recorded a total of approximately $5.8 million claimed under the Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy. These credits partially offset salaries paid in Canada. We will continue to monitor and assess the impact similar legislation in other countries may have on our business and financial results. As the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economy and our operations evolves, we will continue to assess our liquidity needs. A continued disruption could materially affect our liquidity.
Working Capital
A substantial amount of our working capital is generated from the payments received for services provided. The majority of our working capital needs are short-term in nature, usually less than a week in duration. Most of the financial institutions place a temporary hold on the availability of the funds deposited that generally can range up to two business days, resulting in cash in our accounts and on our balance sheet that is unavailable for use until it is made available by the various financial institutions. There are outstanding checks (book overdrafts) to sellers and vendors included in current liabilities. Because a portion of these outstanding checks for operations in the U.S. are drawn upon bank accounts at financial institutions other than the financial institutions that hold the cash, we cannot offset all the cash and the outstanding checks on our balance sheet. Changes in working capital vary from quarter-to-quarter as a result of the timing of collections and disbursements of funds to consignors from auctions held near period end.
Approximately $84.7 million of available cash was held by our foreign subsidiaries at December 31, 2021. If funds held by our foreign subsidiaries were to be repatriated, we expect any applicable taxes to be minimal.
AFC offers short-term inventory-secured financing, also known as floorplan financing, to independent used vehicle dealers. Financing is primarily provided for terms of 30 to 90 days. AFC principally generates its funding through the sale of its receivables. The receivables sold pursuant to the securitization agreements are accounted for as secured borrowings. For further discussion of AFC's securitization arrangements, see "Securitization Facilities."
Credit Facilities
On September 2, 2020, we entered into the Fifth Amendment Agreement (the "Fifth Amendment") to the Credit Agreement. The Fifth Amendment (1) eliminated the financial covenant “holiday” provided by the Fourth Amendment Agreement, dated as of May 29, 2020 (the “Fourth Amendment”); (2) eliminated the changes to the calculation of Consolidated EBITDA for the purposes of the financial covenant compliance for the fiscal quarters ending September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2021, as provided by the Fourth Amendment; (3) removed the monthly minimum liquidity covenant provided by the Fourth Amendment; and (4) eliminated the limitations imposed by the Fourth Amendment on the Company’s ability to make certain investments, junior debt repayments, acquisitions and restricted payments and to incur additional secured indebtedness.
On May 29, 2020, we entered into the Fourth Amendment to the Credit Agreement (the "Fourth Amendment"). The Fourth Amendment (1) provided a financial covenant “holiday” through and including June 30, 2021; (2) for purposes of determining compliance with the financial covenant for the fiscal quarters ending September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2021, permitted the Consolidated EBITDA for the applicable test period to be calculated on an annualized basis, excluding results prior to April 1, 2021; (3) established a monthly minimum liquidity covenant of $225.0 million through and including September 30, 2021; and (4) effectively placed certain limitations on the ability to make certain investments, junior debt repayments, acquisitions and restricted payments and to incur additional secured indebtedness until October 1, 2021.
On September 19, 2019, we entered into the Third Amendment Agreement (the "Third Amendment") to the Credit Agreement. The Third Amendment provided for, among other things, (1) the refinancing of the existing Term Loan B-4 and Term Loan B-5 with the new Term Loan B-6, (2) repayment of the 2017 Revolving Credit Facility and (3) the $325 million Revolving Credit Facility.
The Credit Facility is available for letters of credit, working capital, permitted acquisitions and general corporate purposes. The Revolving Credit Facility also includes a $50 million sub-limit for issuance of letters of credit and a $60 million sub-limit for swingline loans.
Term Loan B-6 was issued at a discount of $2.4 million and the discount is being amortized using the effective interest method to interest expense over the term of the loan. Term Loan B-6 is payable in quarterly installments equal to 0.25% of the original aggregate principal amount, with the balance payable at the maturity date.
As set forth in the Credit Agreement, Term Loan B-6 bears interest at an adjusted LIBOR rate plus 2.25% or at the Company’s election, Base Rate (as defined in the Credit Agreement) plus 1.25%. Loans under the Revolving Credit Facility will bear interest at a rate calculated based on the type of borrowing (either adjusted LIBOR or Base Rate) and the Company’s Consolidated Senior Secured Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement), with such rate ranging from 2.25% to 1.75% for adjusted LIBOR loans and from 1.25% to 0.75% for Base Rate loans. The Company also pays a commitment fee between 25 to 35 basis points, payable quarterly, on the average daily unused amount of the Revolving Credit Facility based on the Company’s Consolidated Senior Secured Net Leverage Ratio, from time to time. The interest rate applicable to Term Loan B-6 was 2.38% at December 31, 2021.
On December 31, 2021, $928.6 million was outstanding on Term Loan B-6 and there were no borrowings on the Revolving Credit Facility. We had related outstanding letters of credit in the aggregate amount of $27.6 million and $28.5 million at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, which reduce the amount available for borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility. Our European operations have lines of credit aggregating $34.1 million (€30 million) of which $6.8 million was drawn at December 31, 2021.
The obligations of the Company under the Credit Facility are guaranteed by certain of our domestic subsidiaries (the "Subsidiary Guarantors") and are secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company and the Subsidiary Guarantors, including but not limited to: (a) pledges of and first priority security interests in 100% of the equity interests of certain of the Company's and the Subsidiary Guarantors' domestic subsidiaries and 65% of the equity interests of certain of the Company's and the Subsidiary Guarantors' first tier foreign subsidiaries and (b) first priority security interests in substantially all other tangible and intangible assets of the Company and each Subsidiary Guarantor, subject to certain exceptions.
Certain covenants contained within the Credit Agreement are critical to an investor’s understanding of our financial liquidity, as the failure to maintain compliance with these covenants could result in a default and allow the lenders under the Credit Agreement to declare all amounts borrowed immediately due and payable. The Credit Agreement contains a financial covenant requiring compliance with a Consolidated Senior Secured Net Leverage Ratio not to exceed 3.5 as of the last day of each fiscal quarter if revolving loans are outstanding. The Consolidated Senior Secured Net Leverage Ratio is calculated as consolidated total debt (as defined in the Credit Agreement) divided by the last four quarters consolidated Adjusted EBITDA. Consolidated total debt includes term loan borrowings, revolving loans, finance lease liabilities and other obligations for borrowed money less unrestricted cash as defined in the Credit Agreement. Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA is EBITDA (earnings before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization) adjusted to exclude among other things (a) gains and losses from asset sales; (b) unrealized foreign currency translation gains and losses in respect of indebtedness; (c) certain non-recurring gains and losses; (d) stock-based compensation expense; (e) certain other non-cash amounts included in the determination of net income; (f) charges and revenue reductions resulting from purchase accounting; (g) minority interest; (h) consulting expenses incurred for cost reduction, operating restructuring and business improvement efforts; (i) expenses realized upon the termination of employees and the termination or cancellation of leases, software licenses or other contracts in connection with the operational restructuring and business improvement efforts; (j) expenses incurred in connection with permitted acquisitions; (k) any impairment charges or write-offs of intangibles; and (l) any extraordinary, unusual or non-recurring charges, expenses or losses. Our Consolidated Senior Secured Net Leverage Ratio was 1.8 at December 31, 2021.
In addition, the Credit Agreement and the indenture governing our senior notes (see Note 12, "Long-Term Debt" for additional information) contain certain limitations on our ability to pay dividends and other distributions, make certain acquisitions or investments, grant liens and sell assets, and the Credit Agreement contains certain limitations on our ability to incur indebtedness. The applicable covenants in the Credit Agreement affect our operating flexibility by, among other things, restricting our ability to incur expenses and indebtedness that could be used to grow the business, as well as to fund general corporate purposes. We were in compliance with the covenants in the Credit Agreement and the indenture governing our senior notes at December 31, 2021.
We believe our sources of liquidity from our cash and cash equivalents on hand, working capital, cash provided by operating activities, and availability under our Credit Facility are sufficient to meet our operating needs for the foreseeable future. In addition, we believe the previously mentioned sources of liquidity will be sufficient to fund our capital requirements and debt service payments for the foreseeable future. A lack of recovery in market conditions, or further deterioration in market conditions, could materially affect the Company's liquidity.
Senior Notes
On May 31, 2017, we issued $950 million of 5.125% senior notes due June 1, 2025. The Company pays interest on the senior notes semi-annually in arrears on June 1 and December 1 of each year, which commenced on December 1, 2017. We may redeem the senior notes, in whole or in part, at a premium that declines ratably to par in 2023. The senior notes are guaranteed by the Subsidiary Guarantors.
Securitization Facilities
AFC sells the majority of its U.S. dollar denominated finance receivables on a revolving basis and without recourse to AFC Funding Corporation. A securitization agreement allows for the revolving sale by AFC Funding Corporation to a group of bank purchasers of undivided interests in certain finance receivables subject to committed liquidity. The agreement expires on January 31, 2024. In December 2021, AFC Funding Corporation's committed liquidity was increased from $1.60 billion to $1.70 billion for U.S. finance receivables.
In September 2020, AFC and AFC Funding Corporation entered into the Ninth Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement (the "Receivables Purchase Agreement"). The Receivables Purchase Agreement decreased AFC Funding's U.S. committed liquidity from $1.70 billion to $1.60 billion and extended the facility's maturity date from January 28, 2022 to January 31, 2024. In addition, provisions designed to provide additional credit enhancement to the purchasers upon the occurrence of the certain events related to the payment rate and net spread on the receivables portfolio were added, certain portfolio performance metrics that could result in a requirement to increase the cash reserve or constitute a termination event were amended to the benefit of AFC Funding and provisions providing for a mechanism for determining an alternative rate of interest were added. We capitalized approximately $12.3 million of costs in connection with the Receivables Purchase Agreement.
We also have an agreement for the securitization of AFCI's receivables. AFCI's committed facility is provided through a third-party conduit (separate from the U.S. facility) and was increased from C$175 million to C$225 million on December 31, 2021. In September 2020, AFCI entered into the Fifth Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement (the "Canadian Receivables Purchase Agreement"). The Canadian Receivables Purchase Agreement extended the facility's maturity date from January 28, 2022 to January 31, 2024. In addition, provisions designed to provide additional credit enhancement to the purchasers upon the occurrence of the certain events related to the payment rate and net spread on the receivables portfolio were added, certain portfolio performance metrics that could result in a requirement to increase the cash reserve or constitute a termination event were amended to the benefit of AFC Funding and provisions providing for a mechanism for determining an alternative rate of interest were added. We capitalized approximately $1.0 million of costs in connection with the Canadian Receivables Purchase Agreement. The receivables sold pursuant to both the U.S. and Canadian securitization agreements are accounted for as secured borrowings.
AFC managed total finance receivables of $2,529.0 million and $1,911.0 million at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. AFC's allowance for losses was $23.0 million and $22.0 million at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
As of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, $2,482.2 million and $1,865.3 million, respectively, of finance receivables and a cash reserve of 1 or 3 percent of the obligations collateralized by finance receivables served as security for the $1,692.3 million and $1,261.2 million of obligations collateralized by finance receivables at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. The amount of the cash reserve depends on circumstances which are set forth in the securitization agreements. There were unamortized securitization issuance costs of approximately $15.1 million and $21.6 million at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. After the occurrence of a termination event, as defined in the U.S. securitization agreement, the banks may, and could, cause the stock of AFC Funding Corporation to be transferred to the bank facility, though
as a practical matter the bank facility would look to the liquidation of the receivables under the transaction documents as their primary remedy.
Proceeds from the revolving sale of receivables to the bank facilities are used to fund new loans to customers. AFC, AFC Funding Corporation and AFCI must maintain certain financial covenants including, among others, limits on the amount of debt AFC and AFCI can incur, minimum levels of tangible net worth, and other covenants tied to the performance of the finance receivables portfolio. The securitization agreements also incorporate the financial covenants of our Credit Facility. At December 31, 2021, we were in compliance with the covenants in the securitization agreements.
EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA
EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA, as presented herein, are supplemental measures of our performance that are not required by, or presented in accordance with, generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or GAAP. They are not measurements of our financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered substitutes for net income (loss) or any other performance measures derived in accordance with GAAP.
EBITDA is defined as net income (loss), plus interest expense net of interest income, income tax provision (benefit), depreciation and amortization. Adjusted EBITDA is EBITDA adjusted for the items of income and expense and expected incremental revenue and cost savings, as described above in the discussion of certain restrictive loan covenants under "Credit Facilities."
Management believes that the inclusion of supplementary adjustments to EBITDA applied in presenting Adjusted EBITDA is appropriate to provide additional information to investors about one of the principal measures of performance used by our creditors. In addition, management uses EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA to evaluate our performance. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA have limitations as analytical tools, and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of the results as reported under GAAP. These measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies.
The following tables reconcile EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA to net income (loss) for the periods presented:
Three Months Ended December 31, 2021
(Dollars in millions) ADESA AFC Consolidated
Net income (loss) $ (23.9) $ 29.0 $ 5.1
Add back:
Income taxes (5.9) 9.4 3.5
Interest expense, net of interest income 21.5 10.5 32.0
Depreciation and amortization 43.6 2.3 45.9
Intercompany interest - - -
EBITDA 35.3 51.2 86.5
Non-cash stock-based compensation 1.6 0.3 1.9
Acquisition related costs 2.4 - 2.4
Securitization interest - (8.3) (8.3)
(Gain)/Loss on asset sales (0.8) - (0.8)
Severance 1.4 0.2 1.6
Foreign currency (gains)/losses 1.1 - 1.1
Contingent consideration adjustment 4.2 - 4.2
Net change in unrealized gains on investment securities - 9.3 9.3
Other 0.1 (0.1) -
Total addbacks/(deductions) 10.0 1.4 11.4
Adjusted EBITDA $ 45.3 $ 52.6 $ 97.9
Three Months Ended December 31, 2020
(Dollars in millions) ADESA AFC Consolidated
Net income (loss) $ (38.5) $ 21.4 $ (17.1)
Add back:
Income taxes (9.7) 6.3 (3.4)
Interest expense, net of interest income 21.5 8.8 30.3
Depreciation and amortization 47.7 2.9 50.6
Intercompany interest 0.1 (0.1) -
EBITDA 21.1 39.3 60.4
Non-cash stock-based compensation 2.5 0.5 3.0
Acquisition related costs 4.1 - 4.1
Securitization interest - (6.2) (6.2)
Loss on asset sales 0.2 - 0.2
Severance 0.9 - 0.9
Foreign currency (gains)/losses 1.7 - 1.7
Contingent consideration adjustment 4.7 - 4.7
Other (1.7) 0.4 (1.3)
Total addbacks/(deductions) 12.4 (5.3) 7.1
Adjusted EBITDA $ 33.5 $ 34.0 $ 67.5
Year Ended December 31, 2021
(Dollars in millions) ADESA AFC Consolidated
Net income (loss) $ (58.9) $ 125.4 $ 66.5
Add back:
Income taxes (6.5) 41.5 35.0
Interest expense, net of interest income 86.2 39.5 125.7
Depreciation and amortization 173.6 9.4 183.0
Intercompany interest 0.2 (0.2) -
EBITDA 194.6 215.6 410.2
Non-cash stock-based compensation 14.5 2.2 16.7
Acquisition related costs 8.1 - 8.1
Securitization interest - (29.8) (29.8)
(Gain)/Loss on asset sales (3.6) (0.8) (4.4)
Severance 4.8 0.4 5.2
Foreign currency (gains)/losses 3.8 - 3.8
Contingent consideration adjustment 24.3 - 24.3
Net change in unrealized gains on investment securities - (1.4) (1.4)
Other 1.8 (0.3) 1.5
Total addbacks/(deductions) 53.7 (29.7) 24.0
Adjusted EBITDA $ 248.3 $ 185.9 $ 434.2
Year Ended December 31, 2020
(Dollars in millions) ADESA AFC Consolidated
Net income (loss) $ (79.1) $ 79.6 $ 0.5
Add back:
Income taxes (17.0) 21.9 4.9
Interest expense, net of interest income 88.3 39.0 127.3
Depreciation and amortization 178.8 12.5 191.3
Intercompany interest 1.1 (1.1) -
EBITDA 172.1 151.9 324.0
Non-cash stock-based compensation 12.8 2.3 15.1
Acquisition related costs 8.8 - 8.8
Securitization interest - (27.3) (27.3)
Loss on asset sales 1.3 - 1.3
Severance 11.1 0.4 11.5
Foreign currency (gains)/losses 4.9 - 4.9
Goodwill and other intangibles impairment 29.8 - 29.8
Contingent consideration adjustment 4.7 - 4.7
Other 2.1 0.4 2.5
Total addbacks/(deductions) 75.5 (24.2) 51.3
Adjusted EBITDA $ 247.6 $ 127.7 $ 375.3
Certain of our loan covenant calculations utilize financial results for the most recent four consecutive fiscal quarters. The following table reconciles EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA to net income (loss) for the periods presented:
Three Months Ended Twelve
Months
Ended
(Dollars in millions) March 31,
2021 June 30,
2021 September 30,
2021 December 31,
2021 December 31, 2021
Net income (loss) $ 50.9 $ 11.5 $ (1.0) $ 5.1 $ 66.5
Add back:
Income taxes 23.6 9.1 (1.2) 3.5 35.0
Interest expense, net of interest income 30.7 31.0 32.0 32.0 125.7
Depreciation and amortization 47.0 45.4 44.7 45.9 183.0
EBITDA 152.2 97.0 74.5 86.5 410.2
Non-cash stock-based compensation 5.6 4.9 4.3 1.9 16.7
Acquisition related costs 1.5 1.8 2.4 2.4 8.1
Securitization interest (6.8) (6.8) (7.9) (8.3) (29.8)
(Gain)/Loss on asset sales 0.2 - (3.8) (0.8) (4.4)
Severance 0.7 1.2 1.7 1.6 5.2
Foreign currency (gains)/losses 2.2 0.4 0.1 1.1 3.8
Contingent consideration adjustment 11.2 4.5 4.4 4.2 24.3
Net change in unrealized gains on investment securities (43.5) 11.9 20.9 9.3 (1.4)
Other (0.1) 1.6 - - 1.5
Total addbacks/(deductions) (29.0) 19.5 22.1 11.4 24.0
Adjusted EBITDA $ 123.2 $ 116.5 $ 96.6 $ 97.9 $ 434.2
Summary of Cash Flows
Year Ended
December 31,
(Dollars in millions) 2021 2020
Net cash provided by (used by):
Operating activities $ 413.2 $ 384.4
Investing activities (1,218.6) (326.6)
Financing activities 210.4 194.8
Effect of exchange rate on cash (1.5) (1.2)
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash $ (596.5) $ 251.4
Cash flow provided by operating activities was $413.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared with $384.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase in operating cash flow was primarily attributable to increased profitability and changes in operating assets and liabilities as a result of the timing of collections and the disbursement of funds to consignors for auctions held near period-ends, partially offset by a net decrease in non-cash item adjustments.
Net cash used by investing activities was $1,218.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared with $326.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase in net cash used by investing activities was primarily attributable to:
•an increase in the additional finance receivables held for investment of approximately $789.2 million;
•an increase in cash used for acquisitions of approximately $100.8 million;
•an increase in investment in securities of approximately $22.5 million; and
•a decrease in the proceeds from the sale of businesses of $22.1 million;
partially offset by:
•proceeds from sale of investments of approximately $38.5 million; and
•an increase in proceeds from the sale of property and equipment of approximately $11.2 million.
Net cash provided by financing activities was $210.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared with $194.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase in net cash provided by financing activities was primarily attributable to:
•an increase in the additional obligations collateralized by finance receivables of approximately $615.5 million;
•a decrease in dividends paid to stockholders of approximately $49.0 million;
•a decrease in payments for debt issuance costs of approximately $17.9 million;
•an increase in proceeds from the issuance of common stock (private placement) of approximately $15.0 million; and
•a net increase in book overdrafts of approximately $10.2 million;
partially offset by:
•a decrease in net proceeds from Series A Preferred Stock of approximately $528.2 million; and
•an increase in the repurchase of common stock of approximately $170.7 million.
Capital Expenditures
Capital expenditures for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 approximated $108.5 million and $101.4 million, respectively. Capital expenditures were funded from internally generated funds. We continue to invest in our core information technology capabilities and our service locations. Capital expenditures are expected to be approximately $115 million for fiscal year 2022. Future capital expenditures could vary substantially based on capital project timing, the opening of new facilities, capital expenditures related to acquired businesses and the initiation of new information systems projects to support our business strategies.
Contractual Obligations
To provide a clear picture of matters potentially impacting our liquidity position, the table below sets forth a summary of our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2021. Some of the figures included in this table are based on management's estimates and assumptions about these obligations, including their duration, the possibility of renewal and other factors. Because these estimates and assumptions are necessarily subjective, the obligations we may actually pay in future periods could vary from those reflected in the table. This table does not include the obligations related to our Series A Preferred Stock discussed in Note 15 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following summarizes our contractual cash obligations as of December 31, 2021 (in millions):
Payments Due by Period
Contractual Obligations Total 1 year or Less More than 1 Year
Long-term debt
$325 million Revolving Credit Facility $ - $ - $ -
Term Loan B-6 (a) 928.6 9.5 919.1
Senior notes (a) 950.0 - 950.0
European lines of credit 6.8 6.8 -
Finance lease obligations (b) 11.3 5.9 5.4
Interest payments relating to long-term debt (c) 270.7 71.5 199.2
Operating leases (d) 460.1 57.9 402.2
Contingent consideration related to acquisitions (e) 45.6 30.6 15.0
Total contractual cash obligations $ 2,673.1 $ 182.2 $ 2,490.9
________________________________________
(a)The table assumes the long-term debt is held to maturity.
(b)We have entered into finance leases for furniture, fixtures, equipment and software. The amounts include the interest portion of the finance leases. Future finance lease obligations would change if we entered into additional finance lease agreements.
(c)Interest payments on long-term debt are projected based on the contractual rates of the debt securities. Interest rates for the variable rate term debt instruments were held constant at rates as of December 31, 2021.
(d)Operating leases are entered into in the normal course of business. We lease most of our auction facilities, as well as other property and equipment under operating leases. Some lease agreements contain options to renew the lease or purchase the leased property. Future operating lease obligations would change if the renewal options were exercised and/or if we entered into additional operating lease agreements.
(e)Contingent consideration related to acquisitions represents the maximum amount of contingent payments.
Dividends
The Series A Preferred Stock ranks senior to the shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share, with respect to dividend rights and rights on the distribution of assets on any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the affairs of the Company. The holders of the Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to a cumulative dividend at the rate of 7% per annum, payable quarterly in arrears. Dividends are payable in kind through the issuance of additional shares of Series A Preferred Stock for the first eight dividend payments, and thereafter, in cash or in kind, or in any combination of both, at the option of the Company. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock received dividends in kind with a value in the aggregate of approximately $41.1 million and $21.6 million, respectively. The holders of the Series A Preferred Stock are also entitled to participate in dividends declared or paid on our common stock on an as-converted basis.
The Company has temporarily suspended its quarterly common stock dividend in light of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on its operations. Future dividend decisions will be based on and affected by a variety of factors, including our financial condition and results of operations, contractual restrictions, including restrictive covenants contained in our Credit Agreement and AFC's securitization facilities and the indenture governing our senior notes, capital requirements and other factors that our board of directors deems relevant. No assurance can be given as to whether any future dividends may be declared by our board of directors or the amount thereof.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of December 31, 2021, we had no off-balance sheet arrangements pursuant to Item 303 of Regulation S-K under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), that we believe are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.
Acquisitions
CARWAVE Holdings LLC
In October 2021, ADESA acquired CARWAVE Holdings LLC (“CARWAVE”). CARWAVE is an online dealer-to-dealer marketplace featuring certified mechanical inspections, buyer guarantees and a 24/7, direct offer trading format with live auctions. The acquisition is expected to build on KAR’s growth in the dealer-to-dealer space, enhance KAR’s position in the highly fragmented wholesale used vehicle market and accelerate the Company’s overall transformation to a digital marketplace company.
The purchased assets included accounts receivable, other current assets, software, customer relationships and tradenames. Financial results for CARWAVE have been included in our consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition.
The purchase price for CARWAVE, net of cash acquired, was approximately $442.0 million. The acquired assets and assumed liabilities of CARWAVE were recorded at fair value, including $67.5 million to intangible assets, representing the fair value of acquired customer relationships of $62.5 million, software of $4.6 million and tradenames of $0.4 million, which are being amortized over their expected useful lives. The acquired software and tradenames are reported in "Other intangible assets" in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. The excess earnings method was used to value the customer relationships and the relief from royalty method was used to value the software and tradenames. Both of these methods require forward looking estimates to determine fair value, including among other assumptions, forecasted revenue growth, estimated customer attrition rates and estimated royalty and license rates. The acquisition resulted in $373.4 million of goodwill. The factors contributing to the recognition of goodwill were strategic and synergistic benefits that are expected to be realized from the acquisition. The goodwill is recorded in the ADESA Auctions reportable segment and most of it is expected to be deductible for tax purposes. The financial impact of this acquisition, including pro forma financial results, was immaterial to the Company's consolidated results for the year ended December 31, 2021. Acquisition costs are included in the consolidated statement of income within "Selling, general and administrative."
Auction Frontier, LLC
In May 2021, ADESA acquired Auction Frontier, LLC (“Auction Frontier”). Auction Frontier is the owner and operator of the cloud-based auction simulcast solution Velocicast®. The acquisition is aligned with KAR’s strategy, as Velocicast powers ADESA Simulcast and Simulcast+ technologies, as well as other wholesale and retail auctions across North America and Australia.
The purchased assets included accounts receivable, software, customer relationships and tradenames. The purchase agreement also included additional payments contingent on certain terms and conditions. Financial results for Auction Frontier have been included in our consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition.
The purchase price for Auction Frontier, net of cash acquired, was approximately $92.2 million, which included a net cash payment of $79.8 million and estimated contingent payments with a fair value of $12.4 million based on a probability model (based on Level 3 inputs). The maximum amount of undiscounted contingent payment related to this acquisition could approximate $15.0 million. The acquired assets and assumed liabilities of Auction Frontier were recorded at fair value, including $17.9 million to intangible assets, representing the fair value of acquired customer relationships of $10.0 million, software of $7.6 million and tradenames of $0.3 million, which are being amortized over their expected useful lives. The acquired software and tradenames are reported in "Other intangible assets" in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. The excess earnings method was used to value the customer relationships and the relief from royalty method was used to value the software and tradenames. Both of these methods require forward looking estimates to determine fair value, including among other assumptions, forecasted revenue growth and estimated royalty and license rates. A probability model, based on the expected retention of significant customers, was used to value the estimated contingent consideration. The acquisition resulted in $73.8 million of goodwill. The factors contributing to the recognition of goodwill were strategic and synergistic benefits that are expected to be realized from the acquisition. The goodwill is recorded in the ADESA Auctions reportable segment and all of it is expected to be deductible for tax purposes. The financial impact of this acquisition, including pro forma financial results, was immaterial to the Company's consolidated results for the year ended December 31, 2021. Acquisition costs are included in the consolidated statement of income within "Selling, general and administrative."
Critical Accounting Estimates
In preparing the financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, management must often make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and related disclosures at the date of the financial statements and during the reporting period. Some of those judgments can be subjective and complex. Consequently, actual results could differ from those estimates. Accounting measurements that management believes are most critical to the reported results of our operations and financial condition include: (1) allowance for credit losses; (2) business combinations; (3) goodwill and other intangible assets; and (4) legal proceedings and other loss contingencies.
In addition to the critical accounting estimates, there are other items used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements that require estimation, but are not deemed critical. Changes in estimates used in these and other items could have a material impact on our financial statements.
We continually evaluate the accounting policies and estimates used to prepare the consolidated financial statements. In cases where management estimates are used, they are based on historical experience, information from third-party professionals, and various other assumptions believed to be reasonable. In addition, our most significant accounting policies are discussed in Note 2 and elsewhere in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021, which are included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Allowance for Credit Losses
We maintain an allowance for credit losses for estimated losses resulting from the inability of customers to make required payments. Delinquencies and losses are monitored on an ongoing basis and this historical experience provides the primary basis for estimating the allowance. The allowance for credit losses is also based on management's evaluation of the receivables portfolio under current economic conditions, the size of the portfolio, overall portfolio credit quality, review of specific collection matters and such other factors which, in management's judgment, deserve recognition in estimating losses. Specific collection matters can be impacted by the outcome of negotiations, litigation and bankruptcy proceedings with individual customers.
AFC controls credit risk through credit approvals, credit limits, underwriting and collateral management monitoring procedures, including approximately 50,000 lot audits and holding vehicle titles where permitted. The estimates are based on management’s evaluation of many factors, including AFC’s historical credit loss experience, the value of the underlying collateral, delinquency trends and economic conditions. The estimates are based on information available as of each reporting date and reflect the expected credit losses over the entire expected term of the receivables. Actual losses may differ from the original estimates due to actual results varying from those assumed in our estimates.
As a measure of sensitivity, if we had experienced a 10% increase in net charge-offs of finance receivables for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, our provision for credit losses would have increased by approximately $0.2 million and $3.7 million in 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Business Combinations
When we acquire businesses, we estimate and recognize the fair values of tangible assets acquired, liabilities assumed and identifiable intangible assets acquired. The excess of the purchase consideration over the fair values of identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. The purchase accounting process requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions in determining the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, especially with respect to intangible assets and contingent consideration.
Critical estimates are often developed using valuation models that are based on historical experience and information obtained from the management of the acquired companies. These estimates can include, but are not limited to, the cash flows that an asset is expected to generate in the future, growth rates, the appropriate weighted-average cost of capital and the cost savings expected to be derived from acquiring an asset. These estimates are inherently uncertain and unpredictable. In addition, unanticipated events and circumstances may occur which could affect the accuracy or validity of such estimates. Depending on the facts and circumstances, we may engage an independent valuation expert to assist in valuing significant assets and liabilities.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
We assess goodwill for impairment annually during the second quarter or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that impairment may exist. Important factors that could trigger an impairment review include significant under-performance relative to historical or projected future operating results; significant negative industry or economic trends; and our market valuation relative to our book value. When evaluating goodwill for impairment, we may first perform a qualitative
assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that a reporting unit is impaired. If we do not perform a qualitative assessment, or if we determine that a reporting unit’s fair value is not more likely than not greater than its carrying value, then we calculate the estimated fair value of the reporting unit using discounted cash flows and market approaches.
When assessing goodwill for impairment, our decision to perform a qualitative impairment assessment for a reporting unit in a given year is influenced by a number of factors, including the size of the reporting unit’s goodwill, the significance of the excess of the reporting unit’s estimated fair value over carrying value at the last quantitative assessment date, the amount of time in between quantitative fair value assessments and the date of acquisition. If we perform a quantitative assessment of a reporting unit’s goodwill, our impairment calculations contain uncertainties because they require management to make assumptions and apply judgment when estimating future cash flows and earnings, including projected revenue growth and operating expenses related to existing businesses, as well as utilizing valuation multiples of similar publicly traded companies and selecting an appropriate discount rate based on the estimated cost of capital that reflects the risk profile of the related business. Estimates of revenue growth and operating expenses are based on internal projections considering the reporting unit’s past performance and forecasted growth, strategic initiatives and changes in economic conditions. These estimates, as well as the selection of comparable companies and valuation multiples used in the market approach are highly subjective, and our ability to realize the future cash flows used in our fair value calculations is affected by factors such as the success of strategic initiatives, changes in economic conditions, changes in our operating performance and changes in our business strategies. In 2021, we performed a qualitative impairment assessment for our reporting units and based on our assessment, the Company has not identified a reporting unit for which the goodwill was impaired in 2021. In 2020, we performed a quantitative impairment assessment for our reporting units and this assessment resulted in the impairment of goodwill totaling $25.5 million in our ADESA Remarketing Limited reporting unit (doing business as ADESA U.K.). For additional information, see Note 9 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based on our previous goodwill assessments, the Company did not identify a reporting unit for which the goodwill was impaired in 2019.
As with goodwill, we assess indefinite-lived tradenames for impairment annually during the second quarter or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that impairment may exist. When assessing indefinite-lived tradenames for impairment using a qualitative assessment, we evaluate if changes in events or circumstances have occurred that indicate that impairment may exist. If we do not perform a qualitative impairment assessment or if changes in events and circumstances indicate that a quantitative assessment should be performed, management is required to calculate the fair value of the tradename asset group. The fair value calculation includes estimates of revenue growth, which are based on past performance and internal projections for the tradename asset group's forecasted growth, and royalty rates, which are adjusted for our particular facts and circumstances. The discount rate is selected based on the estimated cost of capital that reflects the risk profile of the related assets. These estimates are highly subjective, and our ability to achieve the forecasted cash flows used in our fair value calculations is affected by factors such as the success of strategic initiatives, changes in economic conditions, changes in our operating performance and changes in our business strategies.
We review other intangible assets for possible impairment whenever circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. If it is determined that the carrying amount of an other intangible asset exceeds the total amount of the estimated undiscounted future cash flows from that asset, we would recognize a loss to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the asset. Management judgment is involved in both deciding if testing for recovery is necessary and in estimating undiscounted cash flows. Our impairment analysis is based on the current business strategy, expected growth rates and estimated future economic conditions. In 2020, this analysis resulted in the impairment of customer relationships of approximately $4.3 million in our ADESA Remarketing Limited reporting unit (doing business as ADESA U.K.). For additional information, see Note 9 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Legal Proceedings and Other Loss Contingencies
We are subject to the possibility of various legal proceedings and other loss contingencies, many involving litigation incidental to the business and a variety of environmental laws and regulations. Litigation and other loss contingencies are subject to inherent uncertainties and the outcomes of such matters are often very difficult to predict and generally are resolved over long periods of time. We consider the likelihood of loss or the incurrence of a liability, as well as the ability to reasonably estimate the amount of loss, in determining loss contingencies. Estimating probable losses requires the analysis of multiple possible outcomes that often are dependent on the judgment about potential actions by third parties. Contingencies are recorded in the consolidated financial statements, or otherwise disclosed, in accordance with ASC 450, Contingencies. We accrue for an estimated loss contingency when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. Management regularly evaluates current information available to determine whether accrual amounts should be adjusted. If the amount of an actual loss is greater than the amount accrued, this could have an adverse impact on our operating results in that period.
New Accounting Standards
For a description of new accounting standards that could affect the Company, reference the "New Accounting Standards" section of Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

---

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Foreign Currency
Our foreign currency exposure is limited and arises from transactions denominated in foreign currencies, particularly intercompany loans, as well as from translation of the results of operations from our Canadian and, to a much lesser extent, United Kingdom, Continental Europe and Mexican subsidiaries. However, fluctuations between U.S. and non-U.S. currency values may adversely affect our results of operations and financial position. We have not entered into any foreign exchange contracts to hedge changes in the Canadian dollar, British pound, euro or Mexican peso. Foreign currency losses on intercompany loans were approximately $3.8 million and $4.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Canadian currency translation positively affected net income by approximately $3.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 and negatively affected net income by approximately $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. A 1% change in the month-end Canadian exchange rate for the year ended December 31, 2021 would have impacted foreign currency losses on intercompany loans by $0.7 million and net income by $0.5 million. A 1% change in the average Canadian exchange rate for the year ended December 31, 2021 would have impacted net income by approximately $0.7 million. Currency exposure of our U.K., Continental Europe and Mexican operations is not material to the results of operations.
Interest Rates
We are exposed to interest rate risk on our variable rate borrowings. Accordingly, interest rate fluctuations affect the amount of interest expense we are obligated to pay. We currently use interest rate swap agreements to manage our exposure to interest rate changes. We have designated the interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges for accounting purposes. Accordingly, the earnings impact of the derivatives designated as cash flow hedges are recorded upon the recognition of the interest related to the hedged debt.
In January 2020, we entered into three pay-fixed interest rate swaps with an aggregate notional amount of $500 million to swap variable rate interest payments under our term loan for fixed interest payments bearing a weighted average interest rate of 1.44%. The interest rate swaps have a five-year term, each maturing on January 23, 2025.
Taking our interest rate swaps into account, a sensitivity analysis of the impact on our variable rate corporate debt instruments to a hypothetical 100 basis point increase in short-term rates (LIBOR) for the year ended December 31, 2021 would have resulted in an increase in interest expense of approximately $4.3 million.

---

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Page
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting 55
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (KPMG LLP, Indianapolis, IN, Auditor Firm ID: 185) 56
Consolidated Statements of Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 59
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Years Ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 60
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 61
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 63
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 64
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 65
Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed under the supervision of our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer, and effected by our Board of Directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP and include those policies and procedures that:
•Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect our transactions and the dispositions of our assets;
•Provide reasonable assurance that our transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and Board of Directors; and
•Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer, we assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, using the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). Based on our assessment, we have concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2021. During our assessment, we did not identify any material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting.
We have excluded the Auction Frontier, LLC and CARWAVE Holdings LLC acquisitions ("2021 acquisitions") from our assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021 because we are continuing to integrate the acquisitions into our corporate processes. The total assets of the 2021 acquisitions represent 8.7% and the total revenues of the 2021 acquisitions represent 0.9% of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2021. No potential internal control changes due to the new acquisitions would be considered material to, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
KPMG LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021, also audited the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021 as stated in their report included in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
/s/ PETER J. KELLY
Peter J. Kelly
Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ ERIC M. LOUGHMILLER
Eric M. Loughmiller
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)
/s/ SCOTT A. ANDERSON
Scott A. Anderson
Chief Accounting Officer
(Principal Accounting Officer)
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
KAR Auction Services, Inc.:
Opinions on the Consolidated Financial Statements and Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of KAR Auction Services, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2021, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021 based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
The Company acquired Auction Frontier, LLC and CARWAVE Holdings LLC (“2021 acquisitions”) during 2021, and management excluded from its assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, internal control over financial reporting associated with the 2021 acquisitions with total assets of 8.7% and total revenues of 0.9% of the related amounts included in the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2021. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of the Company also excluded an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of the 2021 acquisitions.
Change in Accounting Principle
As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has changed its method of accounting for credit losses as of January 1, 2020 due to the adoption of Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standard Codification Topic 326: Financial Instruments - Credit Losses.
Basis for Opinions
The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Assessment of qualitative risk factors in the allowance for credit losses
As discussed in Notes 2 and 7 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2021 was $23 million (the ACL). The Company estimates the ACL using a methodology that first considers quantitative models that calculate historical loss rates using recorded charge-offs and recoveries over a historical period as well as identified potential loss events as the primary quantitative factors. The Company’s methodology is also based on management’s evaluation of the receivables portfolio under current economic conditions, the size of the portfolio, overall portfolio credit quality, review of specific collection matters and such other factors which, in management’s judgment, deserve recognition in estimating losses (qualitative risk factors).
We identified the assessment of qualitative risk factors used in the ACL estimate as a critical audit matter. Due to significant measurement uncertainty, such assessment required complex and subjective auditor judgment, including specialized skill and knowledge. This assessment involved evaluating the qualitative framework and related risk factors, including the impacts of vehicle supply and vehicle pricing. These factors increase the likelihood that qualitative risk factors were necessary in order to capture estimated credit losses not captured through the quantitative models.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address the critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the measurement of the ACL estimate, including controls over the (1) development and approval of the overall allowance for credit losses methodology, which includes the qualitative framework and related risk factors and (2) determination of the qualitative risk factors. We evaluated the Company’s process to develop the qualitative framework and related risk factors including testing the sources of data, factors, and assumptions that the Company used and considering whether they are relevant and reliable. We evaluated credit metric trends impacting the ACL estimate, including the qualitative risk factors, for consistency with trends in the Company’s historical loan portfolio growth and credit performance. We involved credit risk professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in evaluating (1) the Company’s ACL methodology, which included the qualitative framework and related risk factors, for compliance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and (2) the qualitative risk factors and their relationship to the quantitative models and whether additional or alternative sources of data, factors or assumptions should be used.
Fair value measurement of certain customer relationship intangible assets in the acquisition of CARWAVE Holdings LLC
As discussed in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company acquired CARWAVE Holdings, LLC (CARWAVE) in October 2021 for a purchase price of $442 million, net of cash acquired. As a result of the transaction the Company acquired certain intangible assets, including the related acquired customer relationships of CARWAVE amounting to $62.5 million at fair value on the date of the acquisition.
We identified the assessment of the acquisition-date fair value of the CARWAVE acquired customer relationships as a critical audit matter. Subjective and complex auditor judgment was required to evaluate the fair value of the acquired customer relationships, including the significant assumptions related to forecasted revenue growth rates and estimated customer attrition rates. The forecasted revenue growth rates and estimated customer attrition rates used to estimate the fair value of the acquired customer relationships was based on unobservable information and the fair value estimate was sensitive to these inputs, such that minor changes in the assumptions could cause significant changes in the estimated fair value.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address the critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to Company’s acquisition-date valuation process for acquired customer relationships. This included internal controls related to the development of the forecasted revenue growth rates and estimated customer attrition rates. We evaluated the relevance and reliability of the underlying inputs and data used to develop the forecasted revenue growth rates and estimated customer attrition rates. We assessed the forecasted revenue growth rates by comparing the financial projections to current industry and economic trends, the historic financial performance of the acquired business, and the Company’s history with other acquisitions. We involved valuation professionals with specialized skills and knowledge who assisted in evaluating the estimated customer attrition rates, which included a comparison of the Company’s assumption against the historical performance of the acquired business, the Company’s history with other acquisitions, and the average useful life of customer relationships at comparable public companies.
/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2007.
Indianapolis, Indiana
February 23, 2022
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Income
(In millions, except per share data)
Year Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
Operating revenues
Auction fees $ 877.8 $ 887.7 $ 1,115.3
Service revenue 707.2 737.4 1,018.2
Purchased vehicle sales 377.4 295.0 295.5
Finance-related revenue 289.2 267.6 352.9
Total operating revenues 2,251.6 2,187.7 2,781.9
Operating expenses
Cost of services (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) 1,299.9 1,284.8 1,617.1
Selling, general and administrative 558.1 545.4 662.0
Depreciation and amortization 183.0 191.3 188.7
Goodwill and other intangibles impairment - 29.8 -
Total operating expenses 2,041.0 2,051.3 2,467.8
Operating profit 210.6 136.4 314.1
Interest expense 126.6 128.9 189.5
Other (income) expense, net (17.5) 2.1 (7.7)
Loss on extinguishment of debt - - 2.2
Income from continuing operations before income taxes 101.5 5.4 130.1
Income taxes 35.0 4.9 37.7
Income from continuing operations $ 66.5 $ 0.5 $ 92.4
Income from discontinued operations, net of income taxes - - 96.1
Net income $ 66.5 $ 0.5 $ 188.5
Net income (loss) per share - basic
Income (loss) from continuing operations $ 0.16 $ (0.16) $ 0.70
Income from discontinued operations - - 0.73
Net income (loss) per share - basic $ 0.16 $ (0.16) $ 1.43
Net income (loss) per share - diluted
Income (loss) from continuing operations $ 0.16 $ (0.16) $ 0.70
Income from discontinued operations - - 0.72
Net income (loss) per share - diluted $ 0.16 $ (0.16) $ 1.42
Dividends declared per common share $ - $ 0.19 $ 1.08
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(In millions)
Year Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
Net income $ 66.5 $ 0.5 $ 188.5
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
Foreign currency translation gain (loss) (5.8) 17.8 19.9
Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate derivatives, net of tax 13.8 (19.5) -
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax 8.0 (1.7) 19.9
Comprehensive income (loss) $ 74.5 $ (1.2) $ 208.4
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(In millions)
December 31,
2021 2020
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents $ 190.0 $ 752.1
Restricted cash 25.8 60.2
Trade receivables, net of allowances of $14.2 and $12.1
527.0 367.2
Finance receivables, net of allowances of $23.0 and $22.0
2,506.0 1,889.0
Other current assets 109.5 106.7
Total current assets 3,358.3 3,175.2
Other assets
Goodwill 2,578.4 2,140.2
Customer relationships, net of accumulated amortization of $708.7 and $668.6
243.3 211.3
Other intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $450.0 and $362.0
275.9 290.2
Operating lease right-of-use assets 325.7 350.6
Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $602.1 and $596.4
579.2 589.9
Other assets 56.4 40.8
Total other assets 4,058.9 3,623.0
Total assets $ 7,417.2 $ 6,798.2
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(In millions, except share and per share data)
December 31,
2021 2020
Liabilities, Temporary Equity and Stockholders' Equity
Current liabilities
Accounts payable $ 1,023.5 $ 688.9
Accrued employee benefits and compensation expenses 59.6 81.3
Accrued interest 6.1 6.5
Other accrued expenses 169.9 185.2
Income taxes payable 8.1 3.2
Obligations collateralized by finance receivables 1,692.3 1,261.2
Current maturities of long-term debt 16.3 24.3
Total current liabilities 2,975.8 2,250.6
Non-current liabilities
Long-term debt 1,849.7 1,853.8
Deferred income tax liabilities 138.4 128.6
Operating lease liabilities 317.1 344.2
Other liabilities 32.3 55.4
Total non-current liabilities 2,337.5 2,382.0
Commitments and contingencies (Note 19)
Temporary equity
Series A convertible preferred stock (Note 15) 590.9 549.8
Stockholders' equity
Common stock, $0.01 par value:
Authorized shares: 400,000,000
Issued and outstanding shares:
121,163,050 (2021)
129,700,156 (2020)
1.2 1.3
Additional paid-in capital 910.8 1,046.5
Retained earnings 625.7 600.7
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (24.7) (32.7)
Total stockholders' equity 1,513.0 1,615.8
Total liabilities, temporary equity and stockholders' equity $ 7,417.2 $ 6,798.2
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity
(In millions)
Common
Stock
Shares Common
Stock
Amount Additional
Paid-In
Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Loss Total
Balance at December 31, 2018 132.9 $ 1.3 $ 1,131.9 $ 392.3 $ (61.3) $ 1,464.2
Cumulative effect adjustment for adoption of
ASC Topic 842, net of tax 1.1 1.1
Net income 188.5 188.5
Other comprehensive income 19.9 19.9
Issuance of common stock under stock plans 0.9 4.3 4.3
Surrender of RSUs for taxes (0.2) (10.8) (10.8)
Stock-based compensation expense 21.4 21.4
Repurchase and retirement of common stock (4.8) (119.7) (119.7)
Distribution of IAA 213.2 10.4 223.6
Dividends earned under stock plans 1.8 (1.8) -
Cash dividends declared to stockholders ($1.08 per share)
(142.3) (142.3)
Balance at December 31, 2019 128.8 1.3 1,028.9 651.0 (31.0) 1,650.2
Cumulative effect adjustment for adoption of
ASC Topic 326, net of tax (3.8) (3.8)
Net income 0.5 0.5
Other comprehensive loss (1.7) (1.7)
Issuance of common stock under stock plans 0.8 2.1 2.1
Issuance of common stock - private placement 0.9 15.0 15.0
Surrender of RSUs for taxes (0.2) (4.0) (4.0)
Stock-based compensation expense 14.0 14.0
Repurchase and retirement of common stock (0.6) (10.2) (10.2)
Dividends earned under stock plans 0.7 (0.9) (0.2)
Cash dividends declared to stockholders ($0.19 per share)
(24.5) (24.5)
Dividends on preferred stock (21.6) (21.6)
Balance at December 31, 2020 129.7 1.3 1,046.5 600.7 (32.7) 1,615.8
Net income 66.5 66.5
Other comprehensive income 8.0 8.0
Issuance of common stock under stock plans 0.5 1.5 1.5
Issuance of common stock - private placement 2.0 30.0 30.0
Surrender of RSUs for taxes (0.2) (2.2) (2.2)
Stock-based compensation expense 15.6 15.6
Repurchase and retirement of common stock (10.8) (0.1) (180.8) (180.9)
Dividends earned under stock plans 0.2 (0.4) (0.2)
Dividends on preferred stock (41.1) (41.1)
Balance at December 31, 2021 121.2 $ 1.2 $ 910.8 $ 625.7 $ (24.7) $ 1,513.0
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(In millions)
Year Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
Operating activities
Net income $ 66.5 $ 0.5 $ 188.5
Net income from discontinued operations - - (96.1)
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization 183.0 191.3 188.7
Provision for credit losses 8.8 43.8 40.1
Deferred income taxes 7.8 (7.2) (3.3)
Amortization of debt issuance costs 12.1 11.7 12.2
Stock-based compensation 15.6 14.0 19.6
Contingent consideration adjustment 24.3 4.7 -
Net decrease in unrealized gain on investment securities (1.4) - -
Goodwill and other intangibles impairment - 29.8 -
Loss on extinguishment of debt - - 2.2
Other non-cash, net (1.9) 5.0 12.1
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions:
Trade receivables and other assets (94.1) 117.9 (3.0)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses 192.5 (27.1) 19.8
Net cash provided by operating activities - continuing operations 413.2 384.4 380.8
Net cash provided by operating activities - discontinued operations - - 161.2
Investing activities
Net (increase) decrease in finance receivables held for investment (618.6) 170.6 (132.7)
Acquisition of businesses (net of cash acquired) (521.8) (421.0) (120.7)
Purchases of property, equipment and computer software (108.5) (101.4) (161.6)
Investments in securities (22.5) - -
Proceeds from sale of investments 38.5 - -
Proceeds from the sale of PWI 2.2 24.3 -
Proceeds from the sale of property and equipment 12.1 0.9 -
Net cash used by investing activities - continuing operations (1,218.6) (326.6) (415.0)
Net cash used by investing activities - discontinued operations - - (37.4)
Financing activities
Net increase (decrease) in book overdrafts 3.3 (6.9) (4.7)
Net (decrease) increase in borrowings from lines of credit (8.0) (14.0) 19.3
Net increase (decrease) in obligations collateralized by finance receivables 424.4 (191.1) 3.8
Proceeds from issuance of Series A Preferred Stock - 550.1 -
Payments for issuance costs of Series A Preferred Stock - (21.9) -
Proceeds from long-term debt - - 947.6
Payments for debt issuance costs/amendments (0.6) (18.5) (14.1)
Payments on long-term debt (9.5) (9.5) (1,749.0)
Payments on finance leases (10.5) (16.1) (15.9)
Payments of contingent consideration and deferred acquisition costs (37.1) (31.2) (9.4)
Issuance of common stock under stock plans 1.5 2.1 4.3
Issuance of common stock - private placement 30.0 15.0 -
Tax withholding payments for vested RSUs (2.2) (4.0) (10.8)
Repurchase and retirement of common stock (180.9) (10.2) (119.7)
Dividends paid to stockholders - (49.0) (164.3)
Cash transferred to IAA - - (50.9)
Net cash provided by (used by) financing activities - continuing operations 210.4 194.8 (1,163.8)
Net cash provided by financing activities - discontinued operations - - 1,317.6
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash (1.5) (1.2) 12.8
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash (596.5) 251.4 256.2
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period 812.3 560.9 304.7
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period $ 215.8 $ 812.3 $ 560.9
Cash paid for interest, net of proceeds from interest rate derivatives $ 112.7 $ 116.6 $ 170.0
Cash paid for taxes, net of refunds - continuing operations $ 26.0 $ 16.6 $ 37.8
Cash paid for taxes, net of refunds - discontinued operations $ - $ - $ 41.4
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
Note 1-Organization and Other Matters
KAR Auction Services, Inc., doing business as KAR Global, was organized in the State of Delaware on November 9, 2006. The KAR group of companies is comprised of ADESA, Inc., Automotive Finance Corporation and additional business units.
Defined Terms
Unless otherwise indicated or unless the context otherwise requires, the following terms used herein shall have the following meanings:
•"we," "us," "our," "KAR" and "the Company" refer, collectively, to KAR Auction Services, Inc. and all of its subsidiaries;
•"ADESA" or "ADESA Auctions" refer, collectively, to ADESA, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of KAR Auction Services, and ADESA, Inc.'s subsidiaries, including Openlane, Inc. (together with Openlane, Inc.'s subsidiaries, "Openlane"), BacklotCars, Inc. ("BacklotCars"), CARWAVE Holdings LLC ("CARWAVE"), Nth Gen Software Inc. ("TradeRev"), ADESA Remarketing Limited (formerly known as GRS Remarketing Limited ("GRS" or "ADESA Remarketing Limited")) and ADESA Europe (formerly known as CarsOnTheWeb ("COTW"));
•"AFC" refers, collectively, to Automotive Finance Corporation, a wholly-owned subsidiary of ADESA, and Automotive Finance Corporation's subsidiaries and other related entities, including PWI Holdings, Inc. (which was sold on December 1, 2020);
•"Credit Agreement" refers to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated March 11, 2014 (as amended, amended and restated, modified or supplemented from time to time), among KAR Auction Services, Inc., as the borrower, the several banks and other financial institutions or entities from time to time parties thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A., as administrative agent;
•"Credit Facility" refers to the $950 million, senior secured term loan B-6 facility due September 19, 2026 ("Term Loan B-6") and the $325 million, senior secured revolving credit facility due September 19, 2024 (the "Revolving Credit Facility"), the terms of which are set forth in the Credit Agreement;
•"IAA" refers, collectively, to Insurance Auto Auctions, Inc., formerly a wholly-owned subsidiary of KAR Auction Services, and Insurance Auto Auctions, Inc.'s subsidiaries and other related entities, including HBC Vehicle Services Limited ("HBC"). See Note 4;
•"KAR Auction Services" refers to KAR Auction Services, Inc. and not to its subsidiaries;
•"Senior notes" refers to the 5.125% senior notes due 2025 ($950 million aggregate principal was outstanding at December 31, 2021);
•"Series A Preferred Stock" refers to the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share (612,676 and 571,606 shares of Series A Preferred Stock were outstanding at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively);
•"Term Loan B-4" refers to the senior secured term loan B-4 facility, the terms of which are set forth in the Credit Agreement;
•"Term Loan B-5" refers to the senior secured term loan B-5 facility, the terms of which are set forth in the Credit Agreement; and
•"2017 Revolving Credit Facility" refers to the $350 million senior secured revolving credit facility existing under the Credit Agreement prior to September 19, 2019.
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
Business and Nature of Operations
ADESA is a leading provider of wholesale vehicle auctions and related vehicle remarketing services for the automotive industry. As of December 31, 2021, the ADESA Auctions segment serves a domestic and international customer base through digital marketplaces supported by more than 70 vehicle logistics center locations across North America. ADESA also includes BacklotCars, an app and web-based dealer-to-dealer wholesale vehicle platform utilized in the United States, CARWAVE, an online dealer-to-dealer marketplace in the United States, TradeRev, an online automotive remarketing platform in Canada where dealers can launch and participate in real-time vehicle auctions at any time, ADESA Remarketing Limited, an online whole car vehicle remarketing business in the United Kingdom and ADESA Europe (formerly known as CarsOnTheWeb), an online wholesale vehicle auction marketplace in Continental Europe. Our auctions facilitate the sale of used vehicles through on-premise and off-premise marketplaces. ADESA's online service offerings include customized private label solutions powered with software developed by its wholly-owned subsidiary, Openlane, that allow our commercial consignors (automobile manufacturers, captive finance companies and other institutions) to offer vehicles via the Internet prior to arrival at on-premise marketplaces. Remarketing services include a variety of activities designed to transfer used vehicles between sellers and buyers throughout the vehicle life cycle. ADESA facilitates the exchange of these vehicles through an auction marketplace, which aligns sellers and buyers. As an agent for customers, the Company generally does not take title to or ownership of vehicles sold at the auctions. Generally, fees are earned from the seller and buyer on each successful auction transaction in addition to fees earned for ancillary services.
ADESA has the second largest used vehicle auction network in North America, based upon the number of used vehicles sold through auctions annually, and also provides services such as inbound and outbound transportation logistics, reconditioning, vehicle inspection and certification, titling, administrative and collateral recovery services. ADESA is able to serve the diverse and multi-faceted needs of its customers through the wide range of services offered.
AFC is a leading provider of floorplan financing to independent used vehicle dealers and this financing is provided through approximately 100 locations throughout the United States and Canada as of December 31, 2021. Floorplan financing supports independent used vehicle dealers in North America who purchase vehicles at ADESA, BacklotCars, CARWAVE, TradeRev, other used vehicle and salvage auctions and non-auction purchases.
Prior to December 2020, in addition to floorplan financing, AFC also provided independent used vehicle dealers with vehicle service contracts. In October 2020, a subsidiary of ADESA signed a definitive agreement to sell all of the issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of PWI Holdings, Inc., the Company's extended vehicle service contract business ("PWI"), to certain subsidiaries of Kingsway Financial Services Inc. for a purchase price of approximately $24.3 million in cash and deferred payments of approximately $2.2 million. The sale was completed on December 1, 2020.
Note 2-Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of KAR Auction Services and all of its majority owned subsidiaries. Significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. requires management to make estimates based in part on assumptions about current, and for some estimates, future economic and market conditions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. Although the current estimates contemplate current conditions and expected future changes, as appropriate, it is reasonably possible that future conditions could differ from these estimates, which could materially affect our results of operations and financial position. Among other effects, such changes could result in future impairments of goodwill, intangible assets and long-lived assets, incremental losses on finance receivables, additional allowances on accounts receivable and deferred tax assets and changes in litigation and other loss contingencies.
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
Business Segments
Our operations are grouped into two operating segments: ADESA Auctions and AFC. The two operating segments also serve as our reportable business segments. Operations are measured through detailed budgeting and monitoring of contributions to consolidated income by each business segment.
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activity
We recognize all derivative financial instruments in the consolidated financial statements at fair value in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 815, Derivatives and Hedging. We currently use interest rate swaps that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges to manage the variability of cash flows to be paid due to interest rate movements on our variable rate debt. The fair values of the interest rate derivatives are based on quoted market prices for similar instruments from commercial banks. The fair value of the derivatives is recorded in "Other liabilities" on the consolidated balance sheet. Changes in the fair value of the interest rate derivatives designated as cash flow hedges are recorded as a component of "Accumulated other comprehensive income." The earnings impact of the interest rate derivatives designated as cash flow hedges is recorded upon the recognition of the interest related to the hedged debt.
Foreign Currency Translation
The local currency is the functional currency for each of our foreign entities. Revenues and expenses denominated in foreign currencies are translated into U.S. dollars at average exchange rates in effect during the year. Assets and liabilities of foreign operations are translated using the exchange rates in effect at year end. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in the consolidated statements of income within "Other (income) expense, net" and resulted in a loss of $3.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, a loss of $4.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 and a gain of $0.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. Adjustments arising from the translation of net assets located outside the U.S. (gains and losses) are shown as a component of "Accumulated other comprehensive income."
Cash Equivalents
All highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less are considered to be cash equivalents. These investments are valued at cost, which approximates fair value.
Restricted Cash
AFC Funding Corporation, a wholly-owned, bankruptcy remote, consolidated, special purpose subsidiary of AFC, is required to maintain a minimum cash reserve of 1 or 3 percent of total receivables sold to the group of bank purchasers as security for the receivables sold. Automotive Finance Canada Inc. ("AFCI") is also required to maintain a minimum cash reserve of 1 or 3 percent of total receivables sold to its securitization facilities. The amount of the cash reserve depends on circumstances which are set forth in the securitization agreements. Such reserves are presented as "Restricted cash" on the consolidated balance sheets.
Receivables
Trade receivables include the unremitted purchase price of vehicles purchased by third parties at the auctions, fees to be collected from those buyers and amounts due for services provided by us related to certain consigned vehicles in our possession. The amounts due with respect to the consigned vehicles are generally deducted from the sales proceeds upon the eventual auction or other disposition of the related vehicles.
Finance receivables include floorplan receivables created by financing dealer purchases of vehicles in exchange for a security interest in those vehicles and special purpose loans. Floorplan receivables become due at the earlier of the dealer subsequently selling the vehicle or a predetermined time period (generally 30 to 90 days). Special purpose loans relate to loans that are either line of credit loans or working capital loans that can be either secured or unsecured based on the facts and circumstances of the specific loans.
Due to the nature of our business, substantially all trade and finance receivables are due from vehicle dealers and commercial sellers. We have possession of vehicles or vehicle titles collateralizing a significant portion of the trade and finance receivables.
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
Trade receivables are reported net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based on management's evaluation of the receivables under current conditions, the aging of the receivables, review of specific collection issues and such other factors which in management's judgment deserve recognition in estimating losses.
We also maintain an allowance for credit losses for estimated losses resulting from the inability of customers to make required payments. AFC’s finance receivables represent revolving line of credit arrangements extended to used car dealers and are secured by collateral which is a key credit quality indicator monitored by the Company. Delinquencies and losses are monitored on an ongoing basis and this historical experience provides the primary basis for estimating the allowance which is estimated using a loss-rate method. We estimate the allowance for credit losses using a methodology that first considers historical loss rates calculated using recorded charge-offs and recoveries over a historical period as well as identified potential loss events as the primary quantitative factors. The allowance for credit losses is also based on management's evaluation of the receivables portfolio under current economic conditions, the size of the portfolio, overall portfolio credit quality, review of specific collection matters and such other factors which, in management's judgment, deserve recognition in estimating losses. Specific collection matters can be impacted by the outcome of negotiations, litigation and bankruptcy proceedings with individual customers.
AFC controls credit risk through credit approvals, credit limits, underwriting and collateral management monitoring procedures, including lot audits and holding vehicle titles where permitted. The estimates are based on management’s evaluation of many factors, including AFC’s historical credit loss experience, the value of the underlying collateral, delinquency trends and economic conditions. The estimates are based on information available as of each reporting date and reflect the expected credit losses over the entire expected term of the receivables. Actual losses may differ from the original estimates due to actual results varying from those assumed in our estimates.
Credit Losses
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The update changed the methodology for measuring credit losses on financial instruments and the timing of when such losses are recorded. We adopted Topic 326 in the first quarter of 2020 and the change in methodology for measuring credit losses resulted in an increase in the allowance for credit losses of approximately $5.0 million. The cumulative effect of this change was recognized, net of tax, as a $3.8 million adjustment to retained earnings on January 1, 2020.
Other Current Assets
Other current assets consist of inventories, prepaid expenses, taxes receivable and other miscellaneous assets. The inventories, which consist of vehicles, supplies and parts, are accounted for on the specific identification method and are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value.
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of cost over fair value of identifiable net assets of businesses acquired. Goodwill is tested for impairment annually in the second quarter, or more frequently as impairment indicators arise. ASC 350, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other, permits an entity to assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount before applying the goodwill impairment model. If it is determined through the qualitative assessment that a reporting unit's fair value is more likely than not greater than its carrying value, the remaining impairment steps would be unnecessary. The qualitative assessment is optional, allowing companies to go directly to the quantitative assessment. Under the quantitative assessment for goodwill impairment, the fair value of each reporting unit is compared with its carrying value (including goodwill). If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, an impairment loss is recognized for any excess of the carrying amount of the reporting unit's goodwill over the fair value of that goodwill, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. Fair value of the reporting unit is determined using a discounted cash flow analysis.
Customer Relationships and Other Intangible Assets
Customer relationships are amortized on a straight-line basis over the life determined at the time of acquisition. Other intangible assets generally consist of tradenames, computer software and non-compete agreements, which if amortized, are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives. Tradenames with indefinite lives are not amortized. Costs incurred related to software developed or obtained for internal use are capitalized during the application development stage of
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
software development and amortized over their estimated useful lives. The non-compete agreements are amortized over the life of the agreements. The amortization periods of finite-lived intangible assets are re-evaluated periodically when facts and circumstances indicate that revised estimates of useful lives may be warranted. Indefinite-lived tradenames are assessed for impairment, in accordance with ASC 350, annually in the second quarter or more frequently as impairment indicators arise. At the end of each assessment, a determination is made as to whether the tradenames still have an indefinite life.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are stated at historical cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method at rates intended to depreciate the costs of assets over their estimated useful lives. Upon retirement or sale of property and equipment, the cost of the disposed assets and related accumulated depreciation is removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is credited or charged to selling, general and administrative expenses. Expenditures for normal repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred. Additions and expenditures for improving or rebuilding existing assets that extend the useful life are capitalized. Leasehold improvements made either at the inception of the lease or during the lease term are amortized over the shorter of their economic lives or the lease term including any renewals that are reasonably assured.
Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs
Debt issuance costs reflect the expenditures incurred in conjunction with term loan debt, the revolving credit facility, the senior notes and the U.S. and Canadian receivables purchase agreements. The debt issuance costs are being amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method or the straight-line method, as applicable, over the lives of the related debt issues. Debt issuance costs are presented as a direct reduction from the carrying amount of the related debt liability.
Other Assets
Other assets consist of investments, deposits, notes receivable, foreign deferred taxes and other long-term assets.
Long-Lived Assets
Management reviews our property and equipment, customer relationships and other intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. The determination includes evaluation of factors such as current market value, future asset utilization, business climate and future cash flows expected to result from the use of the related assets. If the carrying amount of a long-lived asset exceeds the total amount of the estimated undiscounted future cash flows from that asset, a loss is recognized in the period to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the asset. The impairment analysis is based on our current business strategy, expected growth rates and estimated future economic and regulatory conditions.
Leases
In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which replaces the existing lease guidance in Topic 840. The ASU is intended to provide enhanced transparency and comparability by requiring lessees to record right-of-use ("ROU") assets and corresponding lease liabilities on the balance sheet, with an exception for leases that meet the definition of a short-term lease. The new guidance continues to classify leases as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the statement of income.
We adopted Topic 842 in the first quarter of 2019 and as permitted by ASU 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements, we applied the new standard at the adoption date and recognized the cumulative-effect of initially applying the new standard as an increase of $1.1 million to the opening balance of retained earnings. The cumulative-effect adjustment related to the derecognition of existing fixed assets for which we were determined to be the accounting owner under Topic 840 and related liabilities associated with certain sale leaseback transactions in build-to-suit arrangements that did not qualify for sale accounting under Topic 840. Depreciation related to these fixed assets was recorded consistently with owned property and equipment in depreciation expense. In accordance with Topic 842, the lease agreements associated with the derecognized fixed assets and related liabilities generated ROU assets and lease liabilities that will be amortized to lease expense over the lease term. In addition, we recognized additional operating liabilities for continuing operations of approximately $342 million with related ROU assets of approximately $314 million based on the present value of the remaining minimum rental payments for existing operating leases.
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in "Operating lease right-of-use assets," "Other accrued expenses" and "Operating lease liabilities" in our consolidated balance sheets. Finance leases are included in "Property and equipment, net," "Other accrued expenses" and "Other liabilities" in our consolidated balance sheets.
ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of the lease payments over the lease term. We use the implicit rate when readily determinable. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit interest rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The operating lease ROU assets also include any lease payments made and exclude lease incentives and initial direct costs incurred. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
We have lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are generally accounted for separately. For certain equipment leases, we account for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component.
Accounts Payable
Accounts payable include amounts due sellers from the proceeds of the sale of their consigned vehicles less any fees, as well as trade payables and outstanding checks to sellers and vendors. Book overdrafts, representing outstanding checks in excess of funds on deposit, are recorded in "Accounts payable" and amounted to $85.1 million and $81.8 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Self-Insurance Reserves
We self-insure our employee medical benefits, as well as a portion of our automobile, general liability and workers' compensation claims. We have insurance coverage that limits the exposure on individual claims. The cost of the insurance is expensed over the contract periods. We record an accrual for the claims related to our employee medical benefits, automobile, general liability and workers' compensation claims based upon the expected amount of all such claims. Accrued medical benefits and workers' compensation expenses are included in "Accrued employee benefits and compensation expenses" while accrued automobile and general liability expenses are included in "Other accrued expenses."
Environmental Liabilities
Accruals for environmental matters are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the liability can be reasonably estimated, based on current law and existing technologies. These accruals are adjusted periodically as assessment and remediation efforts progress, or as additional technical or legal information becomes available. Accruals for environmental liabilities are included in "Other accrued expenses" at undiscounted amounts and exclude claims for recoveries from insurance or other third parties.
Temporary Equity
The Company records shares of convertible preferred stock at their respective fair values on the date of issuance, net of issuance costs. The convertible preferred stock is recorded outside of stockholders' equity on the consolidated balance sheet because the shares contain liquidation features that are not solely within the Company's control. The Company has elected not to adjust the carrying values of the convertible preferred stock to the liquidation preferences of such shares because of the uncertainty of whether or when such an event would occur. Subsequent adjustments to increase the carrying value to the liquidation preferences will be made only when it becomes probable that such a liquidation event will occur. See Note 15 for a discussion of the convertible preferred stock.
Revenue Recognition
The Company accounts for revenue under ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, except for AFC interest and fee income, which is described under AFC below. Revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. The Company generates its revenues from contracts with customers. In contracts with multiple performance obligations, the Company identifies each performance obligation and evaluates whether the performance obligations are distinct within the context of the contract at contract inception. Performance obligations that are not distinct at contract inception are
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
combined. The Company allocates the transaction price to each distinct performance obligation proportionately based on the estimated standalone selling price for each performance obligation. The Company then determines how the goods or services are transferred to the customer in order to determine the timing of revenue recognition.
There were no material contract assets, contract liabilities or deferred contract costs recorded on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2021. For each of our primary revenue streams, cash flows are consistent with the timing of revenue recognition.
For the year ended December 31, 2021, revenue recognized from performance obligations related to prior periods was not material. Revenue expected to be recognized in any future year related to remaining performance obligations, excluding revenue pertaining to contracts that have an original expected duration of one year or less and contracts where revenue is recognized as invoiced, is not material.
ADESA
The performance obligation contained within the ADESA auction contracts for sellers is facilitating the remarketing of vehicles, including titling, administration and sale at auction. The remarketing performance obligation is satisfied at the point in time the vehicle is sold through the auction process. The ADESA ancillary services contracts include services such as inbound and outbound transportation logistics, reconditioning, vehicle inspection and certification and collateral recovery services. The performance obligations related to these services are subject to separate contracts and are satisfied at the point in time the services are completed.
Contracts with buyers are generally established via purchase at auction, subject to standard terms and conditions. These contracts contain a single performance obligation, which is satisfied at a point in time when the vehicle is purchased through the auction process.
Most of the vehicles that are sold through auctions are consigned to ADESA by the seller and held at ADESA’s facilities or third-party locations. ADESA does not take title to these consigned vehicles and records only its auction fees as revenue ("Auction fees" in the consolidated statement of income) because it has no influence on the vehicle auction selling price agreed to by the seller and the buyer at the auction. ADESA does not record the gross selling price of the consigned vehicles sold at auction as revenue. Our buyer fees are typically based on a tiered structure with fees increasing with the sale price of the vehicle, while seller fees are typically fixed. ADESA generally enforces its rights to payment for seller transactions through net settlement provisions following the sale of a vehicle. ADESA services such as inbound and outbound transportation logistics, reconditioning, vehicle inspection and certification and collateral recovery services are generally recognized at the time of service ("Service revenue" in the consolidated statement of income). ADESA also sells vehicles that have been purchased, which represent approximately 1% of total vehicles sold. For these types of sales, ADESA does record the gross selling price of purchased vehicles sold at auction as revenue ("Purchased vehicle sales" in the consolidated statement of income) and the gross purchase price of the vehicles as "Cost of services."
AFC
AFC's revenue ("Finance-related revenue" in the consolidated statement of income) is comprised of interest and fee income, provision for credit losses and other revenues associated with our finance receivables, as well as warranty contract revenue prior to 2021. The following table summarizes the primary components of AFC's finance-related revenue:
Year Ended December 31,
AFC Revenue (in millions) 2021 2020 2019
Interest and fee income $ 284.1 $ 266.1 $ 342.1
Other revenue 8.6 8.7 10.9
Provision for credit losses (3.5) (38.6) (35.3)
Warranty contract revenue - 31.4 35.2
$ 289.2 $ 267.6 $ 352.9
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
Interest and fee income
Revenues associated with interest and fee income are accounted for in accordance with ASC 310-20, Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs, and therefore are not subject to evaluation under Topic 606. Interest on finance receivables is recognized based on the number of days the vehicle remains financed. AFC ceases recognition of interest on finance receivables when the loans become delinquent, which is generally 31 days past due. Dealers are also charged a fee to floorplan a vehicle ("floorplan fee"), to extend the terms of the receivable ("curtailment fee") and a document processing fee. AFC fee income including floorplan and curtailment fees is recognized over the estimated life of the finance receivable.
Other revenue
Other revenue includes lot check fees, filing fees, lien holder payoff services and other related program fees, each of which are charged to and collected from AFC's customers.
Warranty contract revenue
Warranty contract revenue represents the revenue generated by Preferred Warranties, Inc. PWI receives advance payments for vehicle service contracts and unearned revenue is deferred and recognized over the terms of the contracts utilizing a historical earnings curve. PWI was sold on December 1, 2020.
Income Taxes
We file federal, state and foreign income tax returns in accordance with the applicable rules of each jurisdiction. We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes. The provision for income taxes includes federal, foreign, state and local income taxes payable, as well as deferred taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable amounts in periods in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. If it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized, a valuation allowance is recognized.
We recognize the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs.
Net Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations per Share
Prior to 2020, basic net income from continuing operations per share was computed by dividing net income from continuing operations by the weighted average common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted net income from continuing operations per share represents net income from continuing operations divided by the sum of the weighted average common shares outstanding plus potential dilutive instruments related to our stock-based employee compensation program. The effect of stock options and restricted stock on net income from continuing operations per share-diluted is determined through the application of the treasury stock method, whereby net proceeds received by the Company based on assumed exercises are hypothetically used to repurchase our common stock at the average market price during the period. Stock options that would have an anti-dilutive effect on net income from continuing operations per diluted share, unexercisable market options and performance-based restricted stock units ("PRSUs") subject to performance conditions which have not yet been satisfied are excluded from the calculations.
Beginning in 2020, the Company also includes participating securities (Series A Preferred Stock) in the computation of net income (loss) from continuing operations per share pursuant to the two-class method. The two-class method of calculating net income (loss) from continuing operations per share is an allocation method that calculates earnings per share for common stock and participating securities. Under the two-class method, total dividends provided to the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities are subtracted from net income from continuing operations in determining net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders.
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation
The Company accounts for stock-based compensation under ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation. We recognize all stock-based compensation as expense in the financial statements over the vesting period and that cost is measured as the fair value of the award at the grant date for equity-classified awards. We also recognize the impact of forfeitures as they occur and excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies related to employee stock-based compensation within income tax expense.
New Accounting Standards
In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, Debt - Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging - Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity, which simplifies the accounting for convertible debt instruments and convertible preferred stock by reducing the number of accounting models and the number of embedded conversion features that could be recognized separately from the primary contract. The update also requires the application of the if-converted method to calculate the impact of convertible instruments on diluted earnings per share. The new guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2021, including interim periods within those fiscal years. This update can be adopted on either a fully retrospective or a modified retrospective basis. We do not expect the adoption of ASU 2020-06 will have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.
In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes, which simplifies the accounting for income taxes, eliminates certain exceptions within Topic 740 and clarifies certain aspects of the current guidance to promote consistency among reporting entities. The new guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoption of ASU 2019-12 did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.
Note 3-Acquisitions
2021 Acquisitions
CARWAVE Holdings LLC
In October 2021, ADESA acquired CARWAVE Holdings LLC (“CARWAVE”). CARWAVE is an online dealer-to-dealer marketplace featuring certified mechanical inspections, buyer guarantees and a 24/7, direct offer trading format with live auctions. The acquisition is expected to build on KAR’s growth in the dealer-to-dealer space, enhance KAR’s position in the highly fragmented wholesale used vehicle market and accelerate the Company’s overall transformation to a digital marketplace company.
The purchased assets included accounts receivable, other current assets, property and equipment, software, customer relationships and tradenames. Financial results for CARWAVE have been included in our consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition.
The purchase price for CARWAVE, net of cash acquired, was approximately $442.0 million. The acquired assets and assumed liabilities of CARWAVE were recorded at fair value, including $67.5 million to intangible assets, representing the fair value of acquired customer relationships of $62.5 million, software of $4.6 million and tradenames of $0.4 million, which are being amortized over their expected useful lives. The acquired software and tradenames are reported in "Other intangible assets" in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. The excess earnings method was used to value the customer relationships and the relief from royalty method was used to value the software and tradenames. Both of these methods require forward looking estimates to determine fair value, including among other assumptions, forecasted revenue growth, estimated customer attrition rates and estimated royalty and license rates. The acquisition resulted in $373.4 million of goodwill. The factors contributing to the recognition of goodwill were strategic and synergistic benefits that are expected to be realized from the acquisition. The goodwill is recorded in the ADESA Auctions reportable segment and most of it is expected to be deductible for tax purposes. The financial impact of this acquisition, including pro forma financial results, was immaterial to the Company's consolidated results for the year ended December 31, 2021. Acquisition costs are included in the consolidated statement of income within "Selling, general and administrative."
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
Auction Frontier, LLC
In May 2021, ADESA acquired Auction Frontier, LLC (“Auction Frontier”). Auction Frontier is the owner and operator of the cloud-based auction simulcast solution Velocicast®. The acquisition is aligned with KAR’s strategy, as Velocicast powers ADESA Simulcast and Simulcast+ technologies, as well as other wholesale and retail auctions across North America and Australia.
The purchased assets included accounts receivable, software, customer relationships and tradenames. The purchase agreement also included additional payments contingent on certain terms and conditions. Financial results for Auction Frontier have been included in our consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition.
The purchase price for Auction Frontier, net of cash acquired, was approximately $92.2 million, which included a net cash payment of $79.8 million and estimated contingent payments with a fair value of $12.4 million based on a probability model (based on Level 3 inputs). The maximum amount of undiscounted contingent payment related to this acquisition could approximate $15.0 million. The acquired assets and assumed liabilities of Auction Frontier were recorded at fair value, including $17.9 million to intangible assets, representing the fair value of acquired customer relationships of $10.0 million, software of $7.6 million and tradenames of $0.3 million, which are being amortized over their expected useful lives. The acquired software and tradenames are reported in "Other intangible assets" in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. The excess earnings method was used to value the customer relationships and the relief from royalty method was used to value the software and tradenames. Both of these methods require forward looking estimates to determine fair value, including among other assumptions, forecasted revenue growth and estimated royalty and license rates. A probability model, based on the expected retention of significant customers, was used to value the estimated contingent consideration. The acquisition resulted in $73.8 million of goodwill. The factors contributing to the recognition of goodwill were strategic and synergistic benefits that are expected to be realized from the acquisition. The goodwill is recorded in the ADESA Auctions reportable segment and all of it is expected to be deductible for tax purposes. The financial impact of this acquisition, including pro forma financial results, was immaterial to the Company's consolidated results for the year ended December 31, 2021. Acquisition costs are included in the consolidated statement of income within "Selling, general and administrative."
Deferred and Contingent Payments Related to Prior Year Acquisitions
Some of the purchase agreements related to prior year acquisitions included additional payments over a specified period, including deferred and contingent payments based on certain conditions and performance. At December 31, 2021, we had estimated contingent consideration with a fair value and maximum potential payment of approximately $30.6 million (based on Level 3 inputs), which is reported in "Other accrued expenses" in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we made contingent consideration and deferred acquisition payments related to the CarsOnTheWeb and TradeRev acquisitions of $37.1 million. For the year ended December 31, 2021 adjustments to estimated contingent consideration associated with the CarsOnTheWeb and TradeRev acquisitions increased contingent consideration and impacted "Other (income) expense, net" by approximately $24.3 million in the aggregate.
2020 Acquisition
In November 2020, ADESA completed the acquisition of BacklotCars for approximately $421.0 million, net of cash acquired. BacklotCars is an app and web-based dealer-to-dealer wholesale platform featuring a 24/7 “bid-ask” marketplace offering vehicles with comprehensive inspections performed by automobile mechanics. The acquisition is expected to further diversify the Company's broad portfolio of digital capabilities and accelerate the Company’s strategy to be a leading digital dealer-to-dealer marketplace provider.
The purchased assets included accounts receivable, property and equipment, software, customer relationships and tradenames. Financial results for BacklotCars have been included in our consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition. In addition, as part of the acquisition of BacklotCars, we assumed line-of-credit debt of approximately $9.5 million which was paid off in the fourth quarter of 2020.
The acquired assets and assumed liabilities of BacklotCars were recorded at fair value, including $78.8 million to intangible assets, representing the fair value of acquired customer relationships of $66.4 million, software of $8.3 million and tradenames of $4.1 million, which are being amortized over their expected useful lives. The multi-period excess earnings method was used to value the customer relationships and the relief from royalty method was used to value the software and tradenames. Both of these methods require forward looking estimates to determine fair value, including among other assumptions, forecasted
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
revenue growth and estimated royalty rates. The acquisition resulted in $354.8 million of goodwill. The goodwill is recorded in the ADESA Auctions reportable segment. The financial impact of this acquisition, including pro forma financial results, was immaterial to the Company's consolidated results for the year ended December 31, 2020. Acquisition costs are included in the consolidated statement of income within "Selling, general and administrative."
2019 Acquisitions
In January 2019, the Company completed the acquisition of Dent-ology. Dent-ology enhances our mobile reconditioning capabilities and bolsters our offerings to include wheel repair and hail catastrophe response services.
In January 2019, the Company completed the acquisition of CarsOnTheWeb. COTW is an online auction company serving the wholesale vehicle sector in Continental Europe that seamlessly connects OEMs, fleet owners, wholesalers and dealers. The acquisition advances KAR's international strategy and extends its strong North American and U.K.-based portfolio of on-premise, online and digital auction marketplaces.
Certain of the purchase agreements included additional payments over a specified period contingent on certain terms, conditions and performance. The purchased assets included accounts receivable, inventory, property and equipment, customer relationships, tradenames and software. Financial results for each acquisition have been included in our consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition.
The aggregate purchase price for the businesses acquired in 2019, net of cash acquired, was approximately $169.2 million, which included net cash payments of $120.7 million, deferred payments with a fair value of $19.2 million and estimated contingent payments with a fair value of $29.3 million based on an option pricing valuation model. The maximum amount of undiscounted deferred payments and undiscounted contingent payments related to these acquisitions could approximate $77.0 million. The purchase price for the acquired businesses was allocated to acquired assets and liabilities based upon fair values, including $32.7 million to intangible assets, representing the fair value of acquired customer relationships of $26.4 million, software of $4.3 million and tradenames of $2.0 million, which are being amortized over their expected useful lives. The acquisitions resulted in aggregate goodwill of $142.6 million. The goodwill is recorded in the ADESA Auctions reportable segment. The financial impact of these acquisitions, including pro forma financial results, was immaterial to the Company's consolidated results for the year ended December 31, 2019. Acquisition costs are included in the consolidated statement of income within "Selling, general and administrative."
Note 4-IAA Separation and Discontinued Operations
In February 2018, the Company announced that its board of directors had approved a plan to pursue the separation ("Separation") of its salvage auction business, IAA, through a spin-off. On June 28, 2019, the Company completed the spin-off, creating a new independent publicly traded company, IAA, Inc. ("IAA"). The Separation provided KAR stockholders with equity ownership in both KAR and IAA. On June 28, 2019, the Company’s stockholders received one share of IAA common stock for every share of Company common stock they held as of the close of business on June 18, 2019, the record date for the distribution. In addition to the shares of IAA common stock, KAR received a cash distribution of approximately $1,278.0 million from IAA, which was used to prepay a portion of KAR's term loans. In connection with the spin-off, the Company and IAA entered into various agreements to effect the Separation and provide a framework for their relationship after the Separation, including a separation and distribution agreement, a transition services agreement, an employee matters agreement and a tax matters agreement. These agreements provide for the allocation between the Company and IAA of assets, employees, liabilities and obligations (including investments, property, environmental and tax-related assets and liabilities) attributable to periods prior to, at and after IAA's Separation from the Company and will govern certain relationships between IAA and the Company after the Separation.
The financial results of IAA have been accounted for as discontinued operations in the comparable 2019 results presented. IAA was formerly presented as one of the Company’s reportable segments. Discontinued operations included one-time transaction costs in "Selling, general and administrative" of approximately $31.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, in connection with the Separation of the two companies. These costs consisted of consulting and professional fees associated with preparing for and executing the spin-off.
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
The following table presents the results of operations for IAA that have been reclassified to discontinued operations for all periods presented:
Year Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
Operating revenues $ - $ - $ 723.6
Operating expenses
Cost of services (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) - - 446.1
Selling, general and administrative - - 94.5
Depreciation and amortization - - 43.9
Total operating expenses - - 584.5
Operating profit - - 139.1
Interest expense - - 2.7
Other income, net - - -
Income from discontinued operations before income taxes - - 136.4
Income taxes - - 40.3
Income from discontinued operations $ - $ - $ 96.1
Note 5-Stock and Stock-Based Compensation Plans
Our stock-based compensation expense has included expense associated with KAR Auction Services, Inc. service-based options ("service options"), market-based options ("market options"), performance-based restricted stock units ("PRSUs") and service-based restricted stock units ("RSUs"). We have determined that the KAR Auction Services, Inc. service options, market options, PRSUs and RSUs should be classified as equity awards. In addition, as further discussed below, holders of some of these awards received an equivalent number of PRSUs, RSUs and options in IAA as they had in KAR at June 28, 2019. These awards are scheduled to vest over the period from February 2020 to February/March 2022.
In connection with the spin-off of IAA, the Company modified its stock-based compensation awards under the "equitable adjustments" clause in the Omnibus Plan, which provides anti-dilution protection. Generally, the award adjustments were intended to maintain the economic value of the awards before and after the Separation date. The post-spin KAR awards and post-spin IAA awards are generally subject to the same terms and conditions, and will continue to vest on the same schedule as the pre-spin KAR awards, except as noted in the equity-conversion related provisions of the employee matters agreement. There was no incremental compensation expense recorded as a result of these modifications. The post-spin expense is comprised of the combined KAR and IAA awards held by KAR employees and did not change as a result of the spin-off.
The compensation cost that was charged against income for all stock-based compensation plans was $15.6 million, $14.0 million and $19.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and the total income tax benefit recognized in the consolidated statement of income for options, PRSUs and RSUs was approximately $2.0 million, $2.0 million and $2.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. We did not capitalize any stock-based compensation cost in the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 or 2019.
The following table summarizes our stock-based compensation expense by type of award (in millions):
Year Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
PRSUs $ 2.0 $ 4.8 $ 10.0
RSUs 6.4 9.2 9.6
Service options 1.1 - -
Market options 6.1 - -
Total stock-based compensation expense $ 15.6 $ 14.0 $ 19.6
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
KAR Auction Services, Inc. 2009 Omnibus Stock and Incentive Plan - PRSUs, RSUs, Service Options and Market Options
We adopted the KAR Auction Services, Inc. 2009 Omnibus Stock and Incentive Plan in December 2009, which was approved by shareholders and amended and restated in June 2014 and further amended and restated in June 2021 ("Omnibus Plan"). The Omnibus Plan is intended to provide equity and/or cash-based awards to our executive officers and key employees. The maximum number of shares of the Company's common stock that may be issued pursuant to awards under the Omnibus Plan is approximately 7.3 million, of which approximately 3.9 million shares remained available for future grants as of December 31, 2021. The Omnibus Plan provides for the grant of stock options, restricted stock, stock appreciation rights, other stock-based awards and cash-based awards. The grants described below were made pursuant to the Company's Policy on Granting Equity Awards.
PRSUs
In the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 we granted a target amount of approximately 0.7 million, 0.4 million and 0.3 million, respectively, PRSUs to certain executive officers and other employees of the Company. Approximately 0.5 million of the PRSUs granted in 2021 and all of the PRSUs granted in 2020 vest if and to the extent that the Company's three-year cumulative operating adjusted net income per share attains certain specified goals. Approximately 0.2 million of the PRSUs granted in 2021 vest if and to the extent that certain operational goals are attained by year-end 2023 or 2024. The weighted average grant date fair value of the PRSUs was $15.37 per share, $22.24 per share and $47.09 per share in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively, which was determined using the closing price of the Company's common stock on the dates of grant. Dividend equivalents accrue on the PRSUs, as applicable, and are subject to the same vesting and forfeiture terms as the PRSUs.
The following table summarizes PRSU activity (held by KAR and IAA employees), including dividend equivalents, under the Omnibus Plan for the year ended December 31, 2021:
Performance Restricted Stock Units Number Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
PRSUs at January 1, 2021 791,158 $ 20.97
Granted 664,680 15.37
Vested (192,884) 20.36
Forfeited (8,322) 21.22
PRSUs at December 31, 2021 1,254,632 $ 18.10
KAR employees hold all of the non-vested PRSUs at December 31, 2021. KAR employees also hold 230,228 of non-vested PRSUs in IAA at December 31, 2021. The fair value of shares that vested during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 was $2.7 million and $5.1 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, an estimated $1.0 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested PRSUs is expected to be recognized over a weighted average term of approximately 2.0 years.
RSUs
In the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, approximately 0.5 million, 0.4 million and 0.3 million RSUs were granted to certain executive officers and management members of the Company. The RSUs are contingent upon continued employment and generally vest in three equal annual installments. The fair value of RSUs is the value of the Company's common stock at the date of grant and the weighted average grant date fair value of the RSUs was $13.93 per share, $22.24 per share and $46.95 per share in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Dividend equivalents accrue on the RSUs, as applicable, and are subject to the same vesting and forfeiture terms as the RSUs.
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
The following table summarizes RSU activity (held by KAR and IAA employees), including dividend equivalents, under the Omnibus Plan for the year ended December 31, 2021:
Restricted Stock Units Number Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
RSUs at January 1, 2021 578,342 $ 21.73
Granted 482,664 13.93
Vested (257,800) 20.61
Forfeited (55,591) 17.71
RSUs at December 31, 2021 747,615 $ 16.81
KAR employees hold 730,412 of the non-vested RSUs at December 31, 2021 and IAA employees hold 17,203 of the non-vested RSUs at December 31, 2021. KAR employees also hold 49,907 of non-vested RSUs in IAA at December 31, 2021. The fair value of shares that vested during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $3.8 million, $6.0 million and $11.8 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, there was approximately $6.6 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested RSUs which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average term of 1.7 years.
Service Options
For the year ended December 31, 2021, we granted approximately 1.1 million service options with a weighted average exercise price of $16.15 per share to certain executive officers of the Company. The service options have a life of ten years and vest in equal annual installments on each of the first four anniversaries of the grant dates.
Service options have been accounted for as equity awards and, as such, compensation expense was measured based on the fair value of the award at the date of grant and is being recognized ratably over the four year service period. The weighted average fair value of the service options granted was $3.98 per share for the year ended December 31, 2021. The fair values of the service options granted were estimated on the dates of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with an expected life of 6.25 years, a weighted average expected volatility of 36.55%, a weighted average expected dividend yield of 3.8% and a weighted average risk free interest rate of 1.06%.
The expected life of the service options was calculated in accordance with Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 107, which allows for the use of a simplified method. Under the simplified method, the expected life is based on the midpoint of the average time to vest and the full contractual term of the time-vested options. The computation of expected volatility was based on historical stock volatility. The expected dividend yield is based upon an anticipated return to historical dividends during the life of the time-vested options. The risk free interest rate is based upon observed interest rates appropriate for the term of the options.
The following table summarizes service option activity under the Omnibus Plan for the year ended December 31, 2021:
Service Options Number Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
(in millions)
Outstanding at January 1, 2021 487,156 $ 10.66
Granted 1,071,609 16.15
Exercised (54,892) 7.99
Forfeited (2,796) 5.39
Canceled 2,250 11.57
Outstanding at December 31, 2021 1,503,327 $ 14.70 7.2 years $ 2.8
Exercisable at December 31, 2021 431,718 $ 11.06 2.0 years $ 2.0
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
The intrinsic value presented in the table above represents the amount by which the market value of the underlying stock exceeds the exercise price of the option at December 31, 2021. The intrinsic value changes continuously based on the fair value of our stock. The market value is based on KAR Auction Services' closing stock price of $15.62 on December 31, 2021. The total intrinsic value of service options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $0.5 million, $2.8 million and $7.1 million, respectively. The fair market value of all vested and exercisable service options at December 31, 2021 and 2020 was $6.7 million and $9.1 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, there was approximately $3.2 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested service options which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average term of 3.5 years.
Market Options
For the year ended December 31, 2021, we granted approximately 4.3 million market options with a weighted average exercise price of $16.15 per share to certain executive officers of the Company. The market options have a life of ten years and have a service component along with an additional market component. The market options become eligible to vest and become exercisable in equal increments, each upon the later to occur of (i) the first four anniversaries of the grant dates, respectively, and (ii) for each respective 25% increment, the attainment of KAR's closing stock price at or above $5, $10, $15 and $20 over each respective exercise price, for 20 consecutive trading days.
The weighted average fair value of the market options granted for the year ended December 31, 2021 was $3.91 per share. The fair value and requisite service period of the market options was developed with a Monte Carlo simulation using a multivariate Geometric Brownian Motion with a drift equal to the risk free rate.
The following table summarizes market option activity under the Omnibus Plan for the year ended December 31, 2021:
Market Options Number Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
(in millions)
Outstanding at January 1, 2021 - N/A
Granted 4,286,426 16.15
Exercised - N/A
Forfeited - N/A
Canceled - N/A
Outstanding at December 31, 2021 4,286,426 $ 16.15 9.4 years $ 3.5
Exercisable at December 31, 2021 - N/A N/A N/A
The intrinsic value presented in the table above represents the amount by which the market value of the underlying stock exceeds the exercise price of the option at December 31, 2021. The intrinsic value changes continuously based on the fair value of our stock. The market value is based on KAR Auction Services' closing stock price of $15.62 on December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2021, there was approximately $10.7 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested market options which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average term of 3.6 years.
KAR Auction Services, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan
We adopted the KAR Auction Services, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP") in December 2009. The ESPP, which was approved by shareholders, is designed to provide an incentive to attract, retain and reward eligible employees and is intended to qualify as an "employee stock purchase plan" under Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. At the Company's annual meeting of stockholders in June 2020, the stockholders approved an amendment to the ESPP. As a result, the maximum number of shares reserved for issuance under the ESPP was increased from 1,000,000 shares to 2,500,000 shares, of which 1,227,298 shares remained available for future ESPP purchases as of December 31, 2021. The ESPP provides for one month offering periods with a 15% discount from the fair market value of a share on the date of purchase. A participant's annual contribution to the ESPP may not exceed $25,000 per year. Unless terminated earlier, the ESPP will terminate on December 31, 2028. In accordance with ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation, the entire 15% purchase discount is recorded as compensation expense.
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
Share Repurchase Programs
In October 2019, the board of directors authorized a repurchase of up to $300 million of the Company's outstanding common stock, par value $0.01 per share, through October 30, 2021. In October 2021, the board of directors authorized an extension of the October 2019 share repurchase program through December 31, 2022. At December 31, 2021, approximately $109.0 million of the Company's outstanding common stock remained available for repurchase under the 2019 share repurchase program. Repurchases may be made in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions, in accordance with applicable securities laws and regulations, including pursuant to repurchase plans designed to comply with Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The timing and amount of any repurchases is subject to market and other conditions. This program does not oblige the Company to repurchase any dollar amount or any number of shares under the authorization, and the program may be suspended, discontinued or modified at any time, for any reason and without notice. In 2021 and 2020, we repurchased and retired 10,847,800 and 585,086 shares of common stock, respectively, in the open market at a weighted average price of $16.66 and $17.50 per share, respectively, under the October 2019 authorization. No shares of common stock were repurchased in 2019 under the October 2019 authorization.
In October 2016, the board of directors authorized a repurchase of up to $500 million of the Company’s outstanding common stock, par value $0.01 per share, through October 26, 2019. Repurchases were made in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions, in accordance with applicable securities laws and regulations, including pursuant to repurchase plans designed to comply with Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The timing and amount of any repurchases was subject to market and other conditions. In 2019, we repurchased and retired 4,753,300 shares of common stock in the open market at a weighted average price of $25.18 per share, under the October 2016 authorization.
Note 6-Net Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations Per Share
The following table sets forth the computation of net income (loss) from continuing operations per share (in millions except per share amounts):
Year Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
Net income from continuing operations $ 66.5 $ 0.5 $ 92.4
Series A Preferred Stock dividends (41.1) (21.6) -
Net income attributable to participating securities (5.5) - -
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders $ 19.9 $ (21.1) $ 92.4
Weighted average common shares outstanding 123.0 129.3 131.6
Effect of dilutive stock options and restricted stock awards 0.6 - 1.3
Weighted average common shares outstanding and potential common shares 123.6 129.3 132.9
Net income (loss) from continuing operations per share
Basic $ 0.16 $ (0.16) $ 0.70
Diluted $ 0.16 $ (0.16) $ 0.70
Prior to 2020, basic net income from continuing operations per share was calculated by dividing net income from continuing operations by the weighted average number of outstanding common shares for the period. Diluted net income from continuing operations per share was calculated consistent with basic net income from continuing operations per share including the effect of dilutive unissued common shares related to our stock-based employee compensation program. The effect of stock options and restricted stock on net income from continuing operations per share-diluted is determined through the application of the treasury stock method, whereby net proceeds received by the Company based on assumed exercises are hypothetically used to repurchase our common stock at the average market price during the period. As a result of the spin-off, there are IAA employees who hold KAR equity awards included in the calculation. Stock options that would have an anti-dilutive effect on net income from continuing operations per diluted share, unexercisable market options and PRSUs subject to performance conditions which have not yet been satisfied are excluded from the calculations. Approximately 0.6 million service options were excluded from the calculation of diluted net income from continuing operations per share for the year ended December 31, 2021. No options were excluded from the calculation of diluted net income from continuing operations per share for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. All of the market options were excluded from the calculation of diluted net income from
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
continuing operations per share for the year ended December 31, 2021. In addition, approximately 1.1 million PRSUs, approximately 0.4 million PRSUs and no PRSUs were excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per share from continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Total options outstanding at December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 were 5.8 million, 0.5 million and 0.7 million, respectively.
Beginning in 2020, the Company also includes participating securities (Series A Preferred Stock) in the computation of net income (loss) from continuing operations per share pursuant to the two-class method. The two-class method of calculating net income (loss) from continuing operations per share is an allocation method that calculates earnings per share for common stock and participating securities. Under the two-class method, total dividends provided to the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities are subtracted from net income from continuing operations in determining net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders. During periods of net loss, no effect is given to the participating securities because they do not share in the losses of the Company.
Note 7-Allowance for Credit Losses and Doubtful Accounts
The following is a summary of the changes in the allowance for credit losses related to finance receivables (in millions):
Year Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
Allowance for Credit Losses
Balance at beginning of period $ 22.0 $ 15.0 $ 14.0
Opening balance adjustment for adoption of ASC Topic 326 - 5.0 -
Provision for credit losses 3.5 38.6 35.3
Recoveries 12.6 10.0 7.7
Less charge-offs (15.1) (46.6) (42.0)
Balance at end of period $ 23.0 $ 22.0 $ 15.0
AFC's allowance for credit losses includes estimated losses for finance receivables currently held on the balance sheet of AFC and its subsidiaries.
The following is a summary of changes in the allowance for doubtful accounts related to trade receivables (in millions):
Year Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
Balance at beginning of period $ 12.1 $ 9.5 $ 8.7
Provision for credit losses 5.3 5.2 4.8
Less net charge-offs (3.2) (2.6) (4.0)
Balance at end of period $ 14.2 $ 12.1 $ 9.5
Recoveries of trade receivables were netted with charge-offs, as they were not material. Changes in the Canadian exchange rate did not have a material effect on the allowance for doubtful accounts.
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
Note 8-Finance Receivables and Obligations Collateralized by Finance Receivables
AFC sells the majority of its U.S. dollar denominated finance receivables on a revolving basis and without recourse to a wholly-owned, bankruptcy remote, consolidated, special purpose subsidiary ("AFC Funding Corporation"), established for the purpose of purchasing AFC's finance receivables. A securitization agreement allows for the revolving sale by AFC Funding Corporation to a group of bank purchasers of undivided interests in certain finance receivables subject to committed liquidity. In December 2021, AFC Funding Corporation's committed liquidity was increased from $1.60 billion to $1.70 billion for U.S. finance receivables.
In September 2020, AFC and AFC Funding Corporation entered into the Ninth Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement (the "Receivables Purchase Agreement"). The Receivables Purchase Agreement decreased AFC Funding's U.S. committed liquidity from $1.70 billion to $1.60 billion and extended the facility's maturity date from January 28, 2022 to January 31, 2024. In addition, provisions designed to provide additional credit enhancement to the purchasers upon the occurrence of the certain events related to the payment rate and net spread on the receivables portfolio were added, certain portfolio performance metrics that could result in a requirement to increase the cash reserve or constitute a termination event were amended to the benefit of AFC Funding and provisions providing for a mechanism for determining an alternative rate of interest were added. We capitalized approximately $12.3 million of costs in connection with the Receivables Purchase Agreement.
We also have an agreement for the securitization of AFCI's receivables. AFCI's committed facility is provided through a third-party conduit (separate from the U.S. facility) and was increased from C$175 million to C$225 million on December 31, 2021. In September 2020, AFCI entered into the Fifth Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement (the "Canadian Receivables Purchase Agreement"). The Canadian Receivables Purchase Agreement extended the facility's maturity date from January 28, 2022 to January 31, 2024. In addition, provisions designed to provide additional credit enhancement to the purchasers upon the occurrence of the certain events related to the payment rate and net spread on the receivables portfolio were added, certain portfolio performance metrics that could result in a requirement to increase the cash reserve or constitute a termination event were amended to the benefit of AFC Funding and provisions providing for a mechanism for determining an alternative rate of interest were added. We capitalized approximately $1.0 million of costs in connection with the Canadian Receivables Purchase Agreement. The receivables sold pursuant to both the U.S. and Canadian securitization agreements are accounted for as secured borrowings.
The following tables present quantitative information about delinquencies, credit loss charge-offs less recoveries ("net credit losses") and components of securitized financial assets and other related assets managed. For purposes of this illustration, delinquent receivables are defined as receivables 31 days or more past due.
December 31, 2021 Net Credit Losses
During 2021
Total Amount of:
(in millions) Receivables Receivables
Delinquent
Floorplan receivables $ 2,519.7 $ 7.3 $ 2.5
Other loans 9.3 - -
Total receivables managed $ 2,529.0 $ 7.3 $ 2.5
December 31, 2020 Net Credit Losses
During 2020
Total Amount of:
(in millions) Receivables Receivables
Delinquent
Floorplan receivables $ 1,892.1 $ 22.9 $ 36.6
Other loans 18.9 - -
Total receivables managed $ 1,911.0 $ 22.9 $ 36.6
AFC's allowance for losses was $23.0 million and $22.0 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, $2,482.2 million and $1,865.3 million, respectively, of finance receivables and a cash reserve of 1 or 3 percent of the obligations collateralized by finance receivables served as security for the obligations collateralized by finance receivables. The amount of the cash reserve depends on circumstances which are set forth in the securitization agreements. Obligations collateralized by finance receivables consisted of the following:
December 31,
2021 December 31,
Obligations collateralized by finance receivables, gross $ 1,707.4 $ 1,282.8
Unamortized securitization issuance costs (15.1) (21.6)
Obligations collateralized by finance receivables $ 1,692.3 $ 1,261.2
Proceeds from the revolving sale of receivables to the bank facilities are used to fund new loans to customers. AFC, AFC Funding Corporation and AFCI must maintain certain financial covenants including, among others, limits on the amount of debt AFC and AFCI can incur, minimum levels of tangible net worth, and other covenants tied to the performance of the finance receivables portfolio. The securitization agreements also incorporate the financial covenants of our Credit Facility. At December 31, 2021, we were in compliance with the covenants in the securitization agreements.
Note 9-Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill consisted of the following (in millions):
ADESA
Auctions AFC Total
Balance at December 31, 2019 $ 1,558.0 $ 263.7 $ 1,821.7
Increase for acquisition activity 354.8 - 354.8
Decrease for disposition activity - (22.8) (22.8)
Impairment (25.5) - (25.5)
Foreign currency 12.0 - 12.0
Balance at December 31, 2020 $ 1,899.3 $ 240.9 $ 2,140.2
Increase for acquisition activity 447.2 - 447.2
Foreign currency (9.0) - (9.0)
Balance at December 31, 2021 $ 2,337.5 $ 240.9 $ 2,578.4
Goodwill represents the excess cost over fair value of identifiable net assets of businesses acquired. Goodwill increased in 2021 and 2020 primarily as a result of acquisitions. Goodwill decreased in the AFC segment in 2020 as a result of the sale of PWI. Most of the goodwill resulting from the businesses acquired in 2021 is expected to be deductible for tax purposes and none of the goodwill resulting from the business acquired in 2020 is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
The Company tests goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level annually in the second quarter, or more frequently as impairment indicators arise. In light of the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic has had on the economy, forecasts for all reporting units were revised in the second quarter of 2020. These economic circumstances contributed to lower sales, operating profits and cash flows at ADESA Remarketing Limited (doing business as ADESA U.K.) through the first part of 2020 as compared to 2019, and the outlook for the business was significantly reduced. As a result of the updated forecasts, an impairment analysis of goodwill and intangibles was conducted. The change in circumstances resulted in the impairment of the goodwill balance totaling $25.5 million in our ADESA Remarketing Limited reporting unit and a non-cash goodwill impairment charge was recorded for this amount in the second quarter of 2020. The fair value of that reporting unit was estimated using the expected present value of future cash flows (Level 3 inputs).
Goodwill was tested for impairment in all of the Company's reporting units in the second quarter of 2021 and no impairment was identified. Future events and changing market conditions, including the impact of COVID-19, may require us to re-evaluate the estimates used in our fair value measurements, which could result in additional impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets in future periods and could have a material effect on our operating results.
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
A summary of customer relationships is as follows (in millions):
December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020
Useful
Lives
(in years) Gross
Carrying
Amount Accumulated
Amortization Carrying
Value Gross
Carrying
Amount Accumulated
Amortization Carrying
Value
Customer relationships 5 - 19
$ 952.0 $ (708.7) $ 243.3 $ 879.9 $ (668.6) $ 211.3
The increase in customer relationships in 2021 and 2020 was primarily related to customer relationships acquired, partially offset by the amortization of existing customer relationships and impairment charges recognized.
As discussed above, ADESA Remarketing Limited has been negatively impacted in light of the COVID-19 pandemic and the economy. As a result, in the second quarter of 2020, a non-cash customer relationship impairment charge of approximately $4.3 million was also recorded in the ADESA Remarketing Limited reporting unit, representing the impairment in the value of this reporting unit’s customer relationships. The fair value of the customer relationships was estimated using the expected present value of future cash flows (Level 3 inputs).
A summary of other intangibles is as follows (in millions):
December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020
Useful Lives
(in years) Gross
Carrying
Amount Accumulated
Amortization Carrying
Value Gross
Carrying
Amount Accumulated
Amortization Carrying
Value
Tradenames 1 - Indefinite
$ 151.4 $ (14.9) $ 136.5 $ 150.8 $ (12.2) $ 138.6
Computer software & technology 3 - 13
574.2 (434.8) 139.4 501.1 (349.5) 151.6
Covenants not to compete 5
0.3 (0.3) - 0.3 (0.3) -
Total $ 725.9 $ (450.0) $ 275.9 $ 652.2 $ (362.0) $ 290.2
Other intangibles increased in 2021 and 2020 primarily as a result of acquisitions and computer software additions, partially offset by the amortization of existing intangibles. The carrying amount of tradenames with an indefinite life was approximately $131.5 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020.
Amortization expense for customer relationships and other intangibles was $128.2 million, $128.2 million and $122.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Estimated amortization expense on existing intangible assets for the next five years is $104.2 million for 2022, $75.1 million for 2023, $42.0 million for 2024, $26.0 million for 2025 and $22.4 million for 2026.
Note 10-Property and Equipment
Property and equipment consisted of the following (in millions):
Useful Lives
(in years) December 31,
2021 2020
Land $ 197.7 $ 205.6
Buildings 5 - 40
252.6 248.3
Land improvements 5 - 20
195.1 191.3
Building and leasehold improvements 3 - 33
165.2 146.4
Furniture, fixtures and equipment 1 - 15
338.4 358.9
Vehicles 3 - 10
16.7 16.8
Construction in progress 15.6 19.0
1,181.3 1,186.3
Accumulated depreciation (602.1) (596.4)
Property and equipment, net $ 579.2 $ 589.9
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $54.8 million, $63.1 million and $65.8 million, respectively.
Note 11-Self-Insurance and Retained Loss Reserves
We self-insure our employee medical benefits, as well as a portion of our automobile, general liability and workers' compensation claims. We have insurance coverage that limits the exposure on individual claims. The cost of the insurance is expensed over the contract periods. Utilizing historical claims experience, we record an accrual for the claims based upon the expected amount of all such claims, which includes the cost of claims that have been incurred but not reported. Accrued medical benefits and workers' compensation expenses are included in "Accrued employee benefits and compensation expenses" while accrued automobile and general liability expenses are included in "Other accrued expenses."
The following is a summary of the changes in the reserves for self-insurance and the retained losses (in millions):
Year Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
Balance at beginning of period $ 35.0 $ 36.7 $ 35.8
Net payments (71.4) (79.4) (66.2)
Expense 64.3 77.7 67.1
Balance at end of period $ 27.9 $ 35.0 $ 36.7
Individual stop-loss coverage for medical benefits was $0.5 million in 2021, 2020 and 2019. There was no aggregate policy limit for medical benefits for the Company in the last three years. The retention for automobile and general liability claims was $1.0 million per occurrence and the retention for workers' compensation claims was $0.5 million per occurrence with a $1.0 million corridor deductible in the 2021, 2020 and 2019 policy years. Once the $1.0 million corridor deductible is met for workers' compensation claims, the deductible reverts back to $0.5 million per occurrence. These retentions are aggregated for workers’ compensation, automobile and general liability claims at approximately $28.5 million in 2021, $35.9 million in 2020 and $35.9 million in 2019. If these aggregates are met, the insurance company would pay the next $7.5 million.
Note 12-Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt consisted of the following (in millions):
December 31,
Interest Rate* Maturity 2021 2020
Term Loan B-6 Adjusted LIBOR + 2.25% September 19, 2026 $ 928.6 $ 938.1
Revolving Credit Facility Adjusted LIBOR + 1.75% September 19, 2024 - -
Senior notes 5.125% June 1, 2025 950.0 950.0
European lines of credit Euribor + 1.25% Repayable upon demand 6.8 14.8
Total debt 1,885.4 1,902.9
Unamortized debt issuance costs/discounts (19.4) (24.8)
Current portion of long-term debt (16.3) (24.3)
Long-term debt $ 1,849.7 $ 1,853.8
*The interest rates presented in the table above represent the rates in place at December 31, 2021. The weighted average interest rate on our variable rate debt was 2.37% and 2.42% at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Credit Facilities
On September 2, 2020, we entered into the Fifth Amendment Agreement (the "Fifth Amendment") to the Credit Agreement. The Fifth Amendment (1) eliminated the financial covenant “holiday” provided by the Fourth Amendment Agreement, dated as of May 29, 2020 (the “Fourth Amendment”); (2) eliminated the changes to the calculation of Consolidated EBITDA for the purposes of the financial covenant compliance for the fiscal quarters ending September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2021, as provided by the Fourth Amendment; (3) removed the monthly minimum liquidity covenant provided by the Fourth
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
Amendment; and (4) eliminated the limitations imposed by the Fourth Amendment on the Company’s ability to make certain investments, junior debt repayments, acquisitions and restricted payments and to incur additional secured indebtedness.
On May 29, 2020, we entered into the Fourth Amendment to the Credit Agreement (the "Fourth Amendment"). The Fourth Amendment (1) provided a financial covenant “holiday” through and including June 30, 2021; (2) for purposes of determining compliance with the financial covenant for the fiscal quarters ending September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2021, permitted the Consolidated EBITDA for the applicable test period to be calculated on an annualized basis, excluding results prior to April 1, 2021; (3) established a monthly minimum liquidity covenant of $225.0 million through and including September 30, 2021; and (4) effectively placed certain limitations on the ability to make certain investments, junior debt repayments, acquisitions and restricted payments and to incur additional secured indebtedness until October 1, 2021.
On September 19, 2019, we entered into the Third Amendment Agreement (the "Third Amendment") to the Credit Agreement. The Third Amendment provided for, among other things, (1) the refinancing of the existing Term Loan B-4 and Term Loan B-5 with the new seven-year, $950 million Term Loan B-6, (2) repayment of the 2017 Revolving Credit Facility and (3) the $325 million, five-year Revolving Credit Facility. No early termination penalties were incurred by the Company; however, we incurred a non-cash loss on the extinguishment of debt of $2.2 million in the third quarter of 2019. The loss was primarily a result of the write-off of unamortized debt issue costs associated with Term Loan B-4 and Term Loan B-5. We capitalized approximately $14.1 million of debt issuance costs in connection with the Third Amendment.
In June 2019, the Company prepaid approximately $518.6 million and $759.4 million of Term Loan B-4 and Term Loan B-5, respectively, with cash received from IAA in connection with the Separation. As a result of the term loan prepayments in the second quarter of 2019, the Company recorded additional interest expense of approximately $1.8 million related to the acceleration of amortization on debt issuance costs.
The Credit Facility is available for letters of credit, working capital, permitted acquisitions and general corporate purposes. The Revolving Credit Facility also includes a $50 million sub-limit for issuance of letters of credit and a $60 million sub-limit for swingline loans.
Term Loan B-6 was issued at a discount of $2.4 million and the discount is being amortized using the effective interest method to interest expense over the term of the loan. Term Loan B-6 is payable in quarterly installments equal to 0.25% of the original aggregate principal amount. Such payments commenced on December 31, 2019, with the balance payable at the maturity date.
The obligations of the Company under the Credit Facility are guaranteed by certain of our domestic subsidiaries (the "Subsidiary Guarantors") and are secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company and the Subsidiary Guarantors, including but not limited to: (a) pledges of and first priority security interests in 100% of the equity interests of certain of the Company's and the Subsidiary Guarantors' domestic subsidiaries and 65% of the equity interests of certain of the Company's and the Subsidiary Guarantors' first tier foreign subsidiaries and (b) first priority security interests in substantially all other tangible and intangible assets of the Company and each Subsidiary Guarantor, subject to certain exceptions. The Credit Agreement contains affirmative and negative covenants that we believe are usual and customary for a senior secured credit agreement. The negative covenants include, among other things, limitations on asset sales, mergers and acquisitions, indebtedness, liens, dividends, investments and transactions with our affiliates. The Credit Agreement also requires us to maintain a Consolidated Senior Secured Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement), not to exceed 3.5 as of the last day of each fiscal quarter, if there are revolving loans outstanding. We were in compliance with the applicable covenants in the Credit Agreement at December 31, 2021.
As set forth in the Credit Agreement, Term Loan B-6 bears interest at an adjusted LIBOR rate plus 2.25% or at the Company’s election, Base Rate (as defined in the Credit Agreement) plus 1.25%. Loans under the Revolving Credit Facility will bear interest at a rate calculated based on the type of borrowing (either adjusted LIBOR or Base Rate) and the Company’s Consolidated Senior Secured Net Leverage Ratio, with such rate ranging from 2.25% to 1.75% for adjusted LIBOR loans and from 1.25% to 0.75% for Base Rate loans. The Company also pays a commitment fee between 25 to 35 basis points, payable quarterly, on the average daily unused amount of the Revolving Facility based on the Company’s Consolidated Senior Secured Net Leverage Ratio, from time to time. The interest rate applicable to Term Loan B-6 was 2.38% at December 31, 2021.
There were no borrowings on the Revolving Credit Facility at December 31, 2021 or 2020. In addition, we had related outstanding letters of credit in the aggregate amount of $27.6 million and $28.5 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, which reduce the amount available for borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility.
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
Senior Notes
On May 31, 2017, we issued $950 million of 5.125% senior notes due June 1, 2025. The Company pays interest on the senior notes semi-annually in arrears on June 1 and December 1 of each year, which commenced on December 1, 2017. We may redeem the senior notes, in whole or in part, at a premium that declines ratably to par in 2023. The senior notes are guaranteed by the Subsidiary Guarantors.
European Lines of Credit
COTW has lines of credit aggregating $34.1 million (€30 million). The lines of credit have an interest rate of Euribor plus 1.25% and had an aggregate $6.8 million and $14.8 million of borrowings outstanding at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The lines of credit are secured by certain inventory and receivables at COTW subsidiaries. In addition, as part of the acquisition of COTW, we assumed debt of approximately $10.7 million which was paid off in the first quarter of 2019.
Future Principal Payments
At December 31, 2021, aggregate future principal payments on long-term debt are as follows (in millions):
2022 $ 16.3
2023 9.5
2024 9.5
2025 959.5
2026 890.6
Thereafter -
$ 1,885.4
Note 13-Financial Instruments
Our derivative activities are initiated within the guidelines of documented corporate risk management policies. We do not enter into any derivative transactions for speculative or trading purposes.
Interest Rate Risk Management
We are exposed to interest rate risk on our variable rate borrowings. Accordingly, interest rate fluctuations affect the amount of interest expense we are obligated to pay. We have used interest rate derivatives with the objective of managing exposure to interest rate movements, thereby reducing the effect of interest rate changes and the effect they could have on future cash flows. Currently, interest rate swap agreements are used to accomplish this objective, and we have used interest rate cap agreements to accomplish this objective in prior years.
•In January 2020, we entered into three pay-fixed interest rate swaps with an aggregate notional amount of $500 million to swap variable rate interest payments under our term loan for fixed interest payments bearing a weighted average interest rate of 1.44%, for a total interest rate of 3.69%. The interest rate swaps have a five-year term, each maturing on January 23, 2025.
•In August 2017, we entered into two interest rate caps with an aggregate notional amount of $800 million to manage our exposure to interest rate movements on our variable rate Credit Facility when three-month LIBOR exceeded 2.0%. The interest rate cap agreements each had an effective date of September 30, 2017 and each matured on September 30, 2019.
•In March 2017, we entered into two interest rate caps with an aggregate notional amount of $400 million to manage our exposure to interest rate movements on our variable rate Credit Facility when three-month LIBOR exceeded 2.0%. The interest rate cap agreements each had an effective date of March 31, 2017 and each matured on March 31, 2019.
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
We have designated the interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges. The changes in the fair value of the interest rate swaps that are included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness are recorded as a component of "Accumulated other comprehensive income." For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recorded an unrealized gain on the interest rate swaps of $13.8 million, net of tax of $4.6 million in "Accumulated other comprehensive income." For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recorded an unrealized loss on the interest rate swaps of $19.5 million, net of tax of $6.4 million in "Accumulated other comprehensive income." The earnings impact of the interest rate derivatives designated as cash flow hedges is recorded upon the recognition of the interest related to the hedged debt.
When derivatives are used, we are exposed to credit loss in the event of non-performance by the counterparties; however, non-performance is not anticipated and was considered immaterial to the fair value estimates. ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, requires companies to recognize all derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities at fair value in the balance sheet. The fair values of the interest rate derivatives are based on quoted market prices for similar instruments from commercial banks (based on significant observable inputs - Level 2 inputs). The following table presents the fair value of our interest rate derivatives included in the consolidated balance sheets for the periods presented (in millions):
Liability Derivatives
December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments Balance Sheet Location Fair Value Balance Sheet Location Fair Value
2020 Interest rate swaps Other liabilities $ 7.5 Other liabilities $ 25.9
We did not designate any of the 2017 interest rate caps as hedges for accounting purposes. Accordingly, changes in the fair value of the interest rate caps were recognized as "Interest expense" in the consolidated statement of income. The following table presents the effect of the interest rate derivatives on our consolidated statements of income for the periods presented (in millions):
Location of Gain / (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivatives Amount of Gain / (Loss)
Recognized in Income on Derivatives
Year Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments
2020 Interest rate swaps Interest expense $ - $ - N/A
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
2017 Interest rate caps Interest expense N/A N/A $ (0.9)
Concentrations of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject us to credit risk consist principally of interest-bearing investments, finance receivables, trade receivables and interest rate derivatives. We maintain cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, and certain other financial instruments with various major financial institutions. We perform periodic evaluations of the relative credit standing of these financial institutions and companies and limit the amount of credit exposure with any one institution. Cash and cash equivalents include interest-bearing investments with maturities of three months or less. Due to the nature of our business, substantially all trade and finance receivables are due from vehicle dealers and commercial sellers. We have possession of vehicles or vehicle titles collateralizing a significant portion of the trade and finance receivables. The risk associated with this concentration is limited due to the large number of accounts and their geographic dispersion. We monitor the creditworthiness of customers to which we grant credit terms in the normal course of business. In the event of non-performance by counterparties to financial instruments we are exposed to credit-related losses, but management believes this credit risk is limited by periodically reviewing the creditworthiness of the counterparties to the transactions.
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
Financial Instruments
The carrying amounts of trade receivables, finance receivables, other current assets, accounts payable, accrued expenses and borrowings under our short-term revolving line of credit facilities approximate fair value because of the short-term nature of those instruments.
As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the estimated fair value of our long-term debt amounted to $1,878.7 million and $1,914.1 million, respectively. The estimates of fair value were based on broker-dealer quotes (Level 2 inputs) for our debt as of December 31, 2021 and 2020. The estimates presented on long-term financial instruments are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that would be realized in a current market exchange.
Note 14-Other (Income) Expense, Net
Other (income) expense, net consisted of the following (in millions):
December 31,
2021 2020 2019
Change in realized and unrealized gains on investment securities $ (33.4) $ - $ -
Contingent consideration valuation (Note 3) 24.3 4.7 -
Foreign currency (gains) losses 3.8 4.9 (0.7)
Other (12.2) (7.5) (7.0)
Other (income) expense, net $ (17.5) $ 2.1 $ (7.7)
Fair Value Measurement of Investments
The Company invests in certain early-stage automotive companies and funds that relate to the automotive industry. We believe these investments have resulted in the expansion of relationships in the vehicle remarketing industry. Realized gains on these investments were $32.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The Company had a net increase in unrealized gains of $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.
ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A small portion of finance receivables for one entity were converted to investment securities during the first quarter of 2021. This entity became publicly traded during the first quarter of 2021 and now has a readily determinable fair value. As of December 31, 2021, the fair value of investment securities are based on quoted market prices for identical assets (Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy) and approximated $7.5 million. The net unrealized gain on these investment securities was $1.4 million at December 31, 2021. The remaining investments held of $22.4 million do not have readily determinable fair values and the Company has elected to apply the measurement alternative to these investments and present them at cost. Investments are reported in "Other assets" in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Realized and unrealized gains and losses are reported in "Other (income) expense, net" in the consolidated statements of income.
Note 15-Convertible Preferred Stock
In June 2020, KAR completed the issuance and sale of an aggregate of 550,000 shares of the Company’s Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Series A Preferred Stock”), in two closings at a purchase price of $1,000 per share (for the second closing, plus accumulated dividends from and including the first closing date to but excluding June 29, 2020) for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $550 million to an affiliate of Ignition Parent LP (“Apax”) and an affiliate of Periphas Capital GP, LLC (“Periphas”).
The Company has authorized 1,500,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock. The Series A Preferred Stock ranks senior to the shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share, with respect to dividend rights and rights on the distribution of assets on any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the affairs of the Company. The Series A Preferred Stock has a liquidation preference of $1,000 per share. The holders of the Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to a cumulative dividend at the rate of 7% per annum, payable quarterly in arrears. Dividends are payable in kind through the issuance of additional shares of Series A Preferred Stock for the first eight dividend payments, and thereafter, in cash or in kind, or in any combination of both, at the option of the Company. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the holders of
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
the Series A Preferred Stock received dividends in kind with a value in the aggregate of approximately $41.1 million and $21.6 million, respectively. The holders of the Series A Preferred Stock are also entitled to participate in dividends declared or paid on our common stock on an as-converted basis.
The Series A Preferred Stock will be convertible at the option of the holders thereof at any time after one year into shares of common stock at a conversion price of $17.75 per share of Series A Preferred Stock and a conversion rate of 56.3380 shares of common stock per share of Series A Preferred Stock, subject to certain anti-dilution adjustments. At any time after three years, if the closing price of the common stock exceeds $31.0625 per share, as may be adjusted pursuant to the Certificate of Designations, for at least 20 trading days in any period of 30 consecutive trading days, at the election of the Company, all or any portion of the Series A Preferred Stock will be convertible into the relevant number of shares of common stock.
The holders of the Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to vote with the holders of the Company's common stock as a single class on all matters submitted to a vote of the holders of the Company's common stock.
At any time after six years, the Company may redeem some or all of the Series A Preferred Stock for a per share amount in cash equal to: (i) the sum of (x) the liquidation preference thereof, plus (y) all accrued and unpaid dividends, multiplied by (ii) (A) 105% if the redemption occurs at any time after the six-year anniversary of June 10, 2020 (the "Initial Closing Date") and prior to the seven-year anniversary of the Initial Closing Date or (B) 100% if the redemption occurs after the seven-year anniversary of the Initial Closing Date.
Upon certain change of control events involving the Company, and subject to certain limitations set forth in the Certificate of Designations, each holder of the Series A Preferred Stock will either (i) receive such number of shares of common stock into which such holder is entitled to convert all or a portion of such holder’s shares of Series A Preferred Stock at the then current conversion price, (ii) receive, in respect of all or a portion of such holder’s shares of Series A Preferred Stock, the greater of (x) the amount per share of Series A Preferred Stock that such holder would have received had such holder, immediately prior to such change of control, converted such share of Series A Preferred Stock into common stock and (y) a purchase price per share of Series A Preferred Stock, payable in cash, equal to the product of (A) 105% multiplied by (B) the sum of the liquidation preference and accrued dividends with respect to such share of Series A Preferred Stock, or (iii) unless the consideration in such change of control event is payable entirely in cash, retain all or a portion of such holder’s shares of Series A Preferred Stock.
For so long as Apax or its affiliates beneficially own a certain percentage of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock purchased in the Apax issuance on an as-converted basis, Apax will continue to have the right to appoint one individual to the board of directors. Additionally, so long as Apax or its affiliates beneficially own a certain percentage of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock purchased in the Apax issuance on an as-converted basis, Apax will have the right to appoint one non-voting observer to the board of directors. Likewise, so long as Periphas beneficially owns a certain percentage of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock purchased in the Periphas issuance on an as-converted basis, Periphas will have the right to appoint one non-voting observer to the board of directors.
Apax is subject to certain standstill restrictions, until the later of three years and the date on which Apax no longer owns 25% of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock purchased in the Apax issuance on an as-converted basis. Periphas is also subject to certain standstill restrictions, until the later of three years and the date on which Periphas no longer owns 50% of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock purchased in the Periphas issuance on an as-converted basis. Subject to certain customary exceptions, Apax and Periphas are restricted from transferring the Series A Preferred Stock for one year.
Apax, its affiliates and Periphas have certain customary registration rights with respect to shares of the Series A Preferred Stock and the shares of the common stock held by it issued upon any future conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock.
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
Note 16-Leases
We lease property, software, automobiles, trucks and trailers pursuant to operating lease agreements. We also lease furniture, fixtures and equipment under finance leases. Our leases have varying remaining lease terms with leases expiring through 2038, some of which include options to extend the leases.
The components of lease expense were as follows (in millions):
Year Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
Operating lease cost $ 60.9 $ 60.5 $ 60.2
Finance lease cost:
Amortization of right-of-use assets $ 10.9 $ 14.3 $ 14.7
Interest on lease liabilities 0.9 1.4 1.3
Total finance lease cost $ 11.8 $ 15.7 $ 16.0
Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows (in millions):
Year Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows related to operating leases $ 60.6 $ 59.1 $ 58.8
Operating cash flows related to finance leases 0.9 1.4 1.3
Financing cash flows related to finance leases 10.5 16.1 15.9
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations:
Operating leases 14.0 21.7 85.9
Finance leases 4.8 5.3 18.1
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows (in millions, except lease term and discount rate):
December 31,
2021 2020
Operating Leases
Operating lease right-of-use assets $ 325.7 $ 350.6
Other accrued expenses $ 39.6 $ 37.1
Operating lease liabilities 317.1 344.2
Total operating lease liabilities $ 356.7 $ 381.3
Finance Leases
Property and equipment, gross $ 102.6 $ 107.0
Accumulated depreciation (90.3) (88.6)
Property and equipment, net $ 12.3 $ 18.4
Other accrued expenses $ 5.6 $ 9.0
Other liabilities 5.1 7.5
Total finance lease liabilities $ 10.7 $ 16.5
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term
Operating leases 9.2 years 9.9 years
Finance leases 1.9 years 2.1 years
Weighted Average Discount Rate
Operating leases 5.5 % 5.9 %
Finance leases 4.8 % 5.1 %
Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2021 were as follows (in millions):
Operating
Leases Finance Leases
2022 $ 57.9 $ 5.9
2023 55.2 3.5
2024 53.6 1.6
2025 50.2 0.2
2026 46.9 0.1
Thereafter 196.3 -
Total lease payments 460.1 11.3
Less imputed interest (103.4) (0.6)
Total $ 356.7 $ 10.7
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
Note 17-Income Taxes
The components of our income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and the provision for income taxes are as follows (in millions):
Year Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes:
Domestic $ 31.4 $ (9.0) $ 100.0
Foreign 70.1 14.4 30.1
Total $ 101.5 $ 5.4 $ 130.1
Income tax expense (benefit):
Current:
Federal $ (2.9) $ (10.6) $ 18.4
Foreign 27.7 20.5 17.4
State 2.4 2.2 5.2
Total current provision 27.2 12.1 41.0
Deferred:
Federal 7.2 0.8 3.8
Foreign 0.4 (4.9) (7.4)
State 0.2 (3.1) 0.3
Total deferred provision 7.8 (7.2) (3.3)
Income tax expense $ 35.0 $ 4.9 $ 37.7
The provision for income taxes was different from the U.S. federal statutory rate applied to income before taxes, and is reconciled as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
Statutory rate 21.0 % 21.0 % 21.0 %
State and local income taxes, net 2.4 % (2.3) % 3.6 %
Reserves for tax exposures (0.2) % (4.1) % (0.5) %
Change in valuation allowance 1.3 % 22.7 % 0.9 %
International operations 7.9 % 78.0 % 3.1 %
Stock-based compensation (1.0) % (93.7) % (2.5) %
Impact of law and rate change 0.2 % (53.6) % (0.2) %
Excess officer's compensation 1.3 % 20.2 % 1.5 %
Transaction costs 0.4 % 9.7 % 0.6 %
Refund claims (3.3) % - % - %
Goodwill and other intangibles impairment - % 116.4 % - %
Impact of acquisition and divestiture adjustments 4.8 % (27.1) % - %
Other, net (0.3) % 3.5 % 1.5 %
Effective rate 34.5 % 90.7 % 29.0 %
Substantially reduced income from continuing operations before income taxes in 2020 resulted in our effective tax rate being more significantly impacted by both recurring and non-recurring items than in prior years.
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. We believe that it is more likely than not that the results of future operations will generate sufficient taxable income to realize the net deferred tax assets. The valuation allowance as of December 31, 2021 primarily relates to net operating losses, tax credits and capital loss carryforwards that are not more likely than not to be utilized prior to their expiration.
We offset all deferred tax assets and liabilities by jurisdiction, as well as any related valuation allowance, and present them as a non-current deferred income tax asset or liability (as applicable). Deferred tax assets (liabilities) are comprised of the following (in millions):
December 31,
2021 2020
Gross deferred tax assets:
Allowances for trade and finance receivables $ 9.2 $ 8.6
Accruals and liabilities 6.5 6.9
Employee benefits and compensation 14.4 16.4
Net operating loss carryforwards 52.8 61.5
Right of use lease liability 87.8 94.3
Other 7.8 12.2
Total deferred tax assets 178.5 199.9
Deferred tax asset valuation allowance (45.7) (42.2)
Total 132.8 157.7
Gross deferred tax liabilities:
Property and equipment (77.2) (79.8)
Goodwill and intangible assets (102.2) (107.3)
Right of use lease asset (80.2) (86.7)
Other (3.0) (2.5)
Total (262.6) (276.3)
Net deferred tax liabilities $ (129.8) $ (118.6)
The tax benefit from state and federal net operating loss carryforwards expires as follows (in millions):
2022 $ 0.3
2023 0.4
2024 0.3
2025 0.6
2026 1.1
2027 to 2041 50.1
$ 52.8
Permanently reinvested undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries were approximately $485.3 million at December 31, 2021. Because these amounts have been or will be permanently reinvested in properties and working capital, we have not recorded the deferred taxes associated with these earnings. If the undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries were to be remitted, state and local income tax expense and withholding tax expense would need to be recognized, net of any applicable foreign tax credits. It is not practical for us to determine the additional tax that would be incurred upon remittance of these earnings.
We made federal income tax payments, net of federal income tax refunds, of $0.0 million, $0.0 million and $9.9 million in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. State and foreign income taxes paid by us, net of refunds, totaled $26.0 million, $16.6 million and $27.9 million in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
We apply the provisions of ASC 740, Income Taxes. ASC 740 clarifies the accounting and reporting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in an enterprise's financial statements. These provisions prescribe a comprehensive model for the financial statement recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken on income tax returns.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in millions):
December 31,
2021 2020
Balance at beginning of period $ 5.4 $ 6.1
Increase in prior year tax positions - -
Decrease in prior year tax positions (0.2) (0.3)
Increase in current year tax positions 0.6 0.3
Lapse in statute of limitations (0.8) (0.7)
Balance at end of period $ 5.0 $ 5.4
The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect our effective tax rate was $4.0 million and $4.2 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
We record interest and penalties associated with the uncertain tax positions within our provision for income taxes on the income statement. We had reserves totaling $0.4 million and $0.5 million at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 associated with interest and penalties, net of tax.
The provision for income taxes involves management judgment regarding interpretation of relevant facts and laws in the jurisdictions in which the Company operates. Future changes in applicable laws, projected levels of taxable income and tax planning could change the effective tax rate and tax balances recorded by us. In addition, U.S. and non-U.S. tax authorities periodically review income tax returns filed by us and can raise issues regarding our filing positions, timing and amount of income or deductions and the allocation of income among the jurisdictions in which we operate. A significant period of time may elapse between the filing of an income tax return and the ultimate resolution of an issue raised by a revenue authority with respect to that return. In the normal course of business we are subject to examination by taxing authorities in the U.S., Canada, Western Europe, United Kingdom, Mexico, Uruguay and the Philippines. In general, the examination of our material tax returns is completed for the years prior to 2018.
Based on the potential outcome of the Company's tax examinations and the expiration of the statute of limitations for specific jurisdictions, it is reasonably possible that the currently remaining unrecognized tax benefits will change within the next 12 months. The associated net tax impact on the reserve balance is estimated to be in the range of a $0.5 million to $1.0 million decrease.
Note 18-Employee Benefit Plans
401(k) Plan
We maintain a defined contribution 401(k) plan that covers substantially all U.S. employees. Participants are generally allowed to make non-forfeitable contributions up to the annual IRS limits. The Company matches 100 percent of the amounts contributed by each individual participant up to 4 percent of the participant's compensation. Participants are 100 percent vested in the Company's contributions. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 we contributed $11.7 million, $11.5 million and $16.3 million, respectively.
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
Note 19-Commitments and Contingencies
We are involved in litigation and disputes arising in the ordinary course of business, such as actions related to injuries; property damage; handling, storage or disposal of vehicles; environmental laws and regulations; and other litigation incidental to the business such as employment matters and dealer disputes. Management considers the likelihood of loss or the incurrence of a liability, as well as the ability to reasonably estimate the amount of loss, in determining loss contingencies. We accrue an estimated loss contingency when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss (or range of possible losses) can be reasonably estimated. Management regularly evaluates current information available to determine whether accrual amounts should be adjusted. Accruals for contingencies including litigation and environmental matters are included in "Other accrued expenses" at undiscounted amounts and exclude claims for recoveries from insurance or other third parties. These accruals are adjusted periodically as assessment and remediation efforts progress, or as additional technical or legal information becomes available. If the amount of an actual loss is greater than the amount accrued, this could have an adverse impact on our operating results in that period. Legal fees are expensed as incurred.
We have accrued, as appropriate, for environmental remediation costs anticipated to be incurred at certain of our auction facilities. There were no liabilities for environmental matters included in "Other accrued expenses" at December 31, 2021 or 2020.
We store a significant number of vehicles owned by various customers that are consigned to us to be auctioned. We are contingently liable for each consigned vehicle until the eventual sale or other disposition, subject to certain natural disaster exceptions. Individual stop loss and aggregate insurance coverage is maintained on the consigned vehicles. These consigned vehicles are not included in the consolidated balance sheets.
In the normal course of business, we also enter into various other guarantees and indemnities in our relationships with suppliers, service providers, customers and others. These guarantees and indemnifications do not materially impact our financial condition or results of operations, but indemnifications associated with our actions generally have no dollar limitations and historically have been inconsequential.
As noted above, we are involved in litigation and disputes arising in the ordinary course of business, such as actions related to injuries; property damage; handling, storage or disposal of vehicles; environmental laws and regulations; and other litigation incidental to the business such as employment matters and dealer disputes. Such litigation is generally not, in the opinion of management, likely to have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
Note 20-Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Accumulated other comprehensive loss consisted of the following (in millions):
December 31,
2021 2020
Foreign currency translation loss $ (19.0) $ (13.2)
Unrealized loss on interest rate derivatives, net of tax (5.7) (19.5)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss $ (24.7) $ (32.7)
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
Note 21-Segment Information
ASC 280, Segment Reporting, requires reporting of segment information that is consistent with the manner in which the chief operating decision maker operates and views the Company. Prior to the spin-off of IAA, our operations were grouped into three operating segments: ADESA Auctions, IAA and AFC, which also served as our reportable business segments. Beginning in the second quarter of 2019, after the completion of the spin-off, the Company began operating under two reportable business segments: ADESA Auctions and AFC. These reportable business segments offer different services and have fundamental differences in their operations. Results of the former IAA segment and spin-related costs are now reported as discontinued operations (see Note 4).
ADESA Auctions encompasses all on-premise and off-premise wholesale marketplaces throughout North America (U.S., Canada and Mexico) and Europe. Beginning in October 2021, the ADESA Auctions segment includes CARWAVE, an online dealer-to-dealer marketplace. Beginning in November 2020, the ADESA Auctions segment includes BacklotCars, an app and web-based dealer-to-dealer wholesale vehicle platform. Beginning in 2019, the ADESA Auctions segment includes COTW, an online auction company serving the wholesale vehicle sector in Continental Europe. ADESA Auctions relates to used vehicle remarketing, including auction services, remarketing, or make ready services and all are interrelated, synergistic elements along the auto remarketing chain.
AFC is primarily engaged in the business of providing short-term, inventory-secured financing to independent, used vehicle dealers. Prior to December 2020, AFC also included providing independent used vehicle dealer customers with vehicle service contracts. AFC conducts business primarily at or near wholesale used vehicle auctions in the U.S. and Canada.
Due to the spin-off of IAA in 2019 and the Company's transition from physical marketplaces to digital marketplaces, the Company has simplified its business and operations. Corporate expenses, previously reported as holding company expenses, are now included in the segments. Certain known expenses (e.g., information technology costs) were recorded directly to the ADESA and AFC segments. Interest expense previously reported by the holding company has been recorded in the ADESA segment. The residual shared services expenses were recorded at ADESA and allocated to AFC based on revenue and employee headcount.
Financial information regarding our reportable segments is set forth below as of and for the year ended December 31, 2021 (in millions):
ADESA
Auctions AFC Consolidated
Operating revenues $ 1,962.4 $ 289.2 $ 2,251.6
Operating expenses
Cost of services (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) 1,244.5 55.4 1,299.9
Selling, general and administrative 522.9 35.2 558.1
Depreciation and amortization 173.6 9.4 183.0
Total operating expenses 1,941.0 100.0 2,041.0
Operating profit (loss) 21.4 189.2 210.6
Interest expense 87.1 39.5 126.6
Other (income) expense, net (0.5) (17.0) (17.5)
Intercompany expense (income) 0.2 (0.2) -
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes (65.4) 166.9 101.5
Income taxes (6.5) 41.5 35.0
Net income (loss) from continuing operations $ (58.9) $ 125.4 $ 66.5
Total assets $ 4,508.3 $ 2,908.9 $ 7,417.2
Capital expenditures $ 103.9 $ 4.6 $ 108.5
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
Financial information regarding our reportable segments is set forth below as of and for the year ended December 31, 2020 (in millions):
ADESA
Auctions AFC Consolidated
Operating revenues $ 1,920.1 $ 267.6 $ 2,187.7
Operating expenses
Cost of services (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) 1,205.7 79.1 1,284.8
Selling, general and administrative 508.8 36.6 545.4
Depreciation and amortization 178.8 12.5 191.3
Goodwill and other intangibles impairment 29.8 - 29.8
Total operating expenses 1,923.1 128.2 2,051.3
Operating profit (loss) (3.0) 139.4 136.4
Interest expense 89.8 39.1 128.9
Other (income) expense, net 2.2 (0.1) 2.1
Intercompany expense (income) 1.1 (1.1) -
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes (96.1) 101.5 5.4
Income taxes (17.0) 21.9 4.9
Net income (loss) from continuing operations $ (79.1) $ 79.6 $ 0.5
Total assets $ 4,515.3 $ 2,282.9 $ 6,798.2
Capital expenditures $ 95.5 $ 5.9 $ 101.4
Financial information regarding our reportable segments is set forth below as of and for the year ended December 31, 2019 (in millions):
ADESA
Auctions AFC Consolidated
Operating revenues $ 2,429.0 $ 352.9 $ 2,781.9
Operating expenses
Cost of services (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) 1,520.7 96.4 1,617.1
Selling, general and administrative 621.1 40.9 662.0
Depreciation and amortization 175.5 13.2 188.7
Total operating expenses 2,317.3 150.5 2,467.8
Operating profit (loss) 111.7 202.4 314.1
Interest expense 125.5 64.0 189.5
Other (income) expense, net (7.3) (0.4) (7.7)
Loss on extinguishment of debt 2.2 - 2.2
Intercompany expense (income) 5.0 (5.0) -
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes (13.7) 143.8 130.1
Income taxes (0.1) 37.8 37.7
Net income (loss) from continuing operations $ (13.6) $ 106.0 $ 92.4
Total assets $ 4,014.2 $ 2,567.0 $ 6,581.2
Capital expenditures $ 150.2 $ 11.4 $ 161.6
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
Geographic Information
Our foreign operations include Canada, Mexico, Continental Europe and the U.K. Approximately 56%, 58% and 62% of our foreign operating revenues were from Canada for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Most of the remaining foreign operating revenues were generated from Continental Europe. Information regarding the geographic areas of our operations is set forth below (in millions):
Year Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
Operating revenues
U.S. $ 1,648.9 $ 1,719.2 $ 2,267.5
Foreign 602.7 468.5 514.4
$ 2,251.6 $ 2,187.7 $ 2,781.9
December 31,
2021 2020
Long-lived assets
U.S. $ 3,666.8 $ 3,198.6
Foreign 392.1 424.4
$ 4,058.9 $ 3,623.0
No single customer accounted for more than ten percent of our total revenues in any fiscal year presented.
KAR Auction Services, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
Note 22-Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)
Information for any one quarterly period is not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year.
2021 Quarter Ended March 31 June 30 Sept. 30 Dec. 31
Operating revenues $ 581.6 $ 585.4 $ 535.2 $ 549.4
Operating expenses
Cost of services (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) 330.4 333.2 313.1 323.2
Selling, general, and administrative 149.0 140.2 134.1 134.8
Depreciation and amortization 47.0 45.4 44.7 45.9
Total operating expenses 526.4 518.8 491.9 503.9
Operating profit 55.2 66.6 43.3 45.5
Interest expense 30.9 31.2 32.2 32.3
Other (income) expense, net (50.2) 14.8 13.3 4.6
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes 74.5 20.6 (2.2) 8.6
Income taxes 23.6 9.1 (1.2) 3.5
Net income (loss) from continuing operations $ 50.9 $ 11.5 $ (1.0) $ 5.1
Net income (loss) from continuing operations per share
Basic $ 0.25 $ 0.01 $ (0.10) $ (0.04)
Diluted $ 0.25 $ 0.01 $ (0.10) $ (0.04)
2020 Quarter Ended March 31 June 30 Sept. 30 Dec. 31
Operating revenues $ 645.5 $ 419.0 $ 593.6 $ 529.6
Operating expenses
Cost of services (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) 394.6 235.1 329.7 325.4
Selling, general, and administrative 162.4 112.3 131.0 139.7
Depreciation and amortization 47.7 46.5 46.5 50.6
Goodwill and other intangibles impairment - 29.8 - -
Total operating expenses 604.7 423.7 507.2 515.7
Operating profit (loss) 40.8 (4.7) 86.4 13.9
Interest expense 38.0 30.9 29.5 30.5
Other (income) expense, net (2.0) 1.3 (1.1) 3.9
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes 4.8 (36.9) 58.0 (20.5)
Income taxes 2.0 (4.6) 10.9 (3.4)
Net income (loss) from continuing operations $ 2.8 $ (32.3) $ 47.1 $ (17.1)
Net income (loss) from continuing operations per share
Basic $ 0.02 $ (0.27) $ 0.23 $ (0.21)
Diluted $ 0.02 $ (0.27) $ 0.23 $ (0.21)

---

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
Not applicable.

---

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e). Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management's report on our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) and the related report of KPMG LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, are included in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data under the headings Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting and Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, respectively, and are incorporated herein by reference.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2021, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

---

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 9B. Other Information
None.

---

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
Information relating to our directors and nominees will be included in our Definitive Proxy Statement for our 2022
Annual Meeting of Stockholders and such information will be incorporated by reference herein. Our executive officers are as follows:
Name Age Position
Peter J. Kelly 53 Chief Executive Officer
Charles S. Coleman 50 Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer and Secretary
James P. Coyle 41 Executive Vice President, Chief Digital Officer
Justin T. Davis 36 President of BacklotCars
Thomas J. Fisher 47 Executive Vice President and Chief Technology Officer
James P. Hallett 68 Executive Chairman and Chairman of the Board of Directors
John C. Hammer 51 Chief Commercial Officer for KAR and President of ADESA
Eric M. Loughmiller 62 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
James E. Money 59 President of AFC
Lisa A. Price 47 Executive Vice President, Chief People Officer
Benjamin Skuy 59 Executive Vice President of International Markets and Strategic Initiatives
Peter J. Kelly, 53, Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Kelly has been Chief Executive Officer of the Company since April 2021. Previously, Mr. Kelly served as the Company’s President from January 2019 to March 2021, the President of Digital Services from December 2014 to January 2019 and the Chief Technology Officer from June 2013 to January 2019. Mr. Kelly was the President and Chief Executive Officer of Openlane from February 2011 to June 2013. Prior to that, Mr. Kelly was President and Chief Financial Officer of Openlane from February 2010 to February 2011. Mr. Kelly was a co-founder of Openlane in 1999 and served in a number of executive roles at Openlane from 1999 to 2010.
Charles S. Coleman, 50, Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer and Secretary. Mr. Coleman has served as the Company’s Executive Vice President and Chief Legal Officer since November 2020, and as Secretary since October 2019. Mr. Coleman previously served as Senior Vice President and General Counsel from October 2017 to October 2020, Assistant Secretary from April 2015 to October 2019, and as Vice President and Assistant General Counsel from April 2015 to October 2017. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Coleman practiced corporate law as an associate attorney and then partner with Krieg DeVault in Indianapolis from 1999 to March 2015 and as an associate attorney with Baker Donelson (formerly Berkowitz, Lefkovits, Isom & Kushner) in Birmingham from 1996 to 1999.
James P. Coyle, 41, Executive Vice President, Chief Digital Officer. Mr. Coyle has served as the Company’s Executive Vice President, Chief Digital Officer since October 2021. Mr. Coyle was the Chief Executive Officer and member of the Board of Directors of RealSelf, Inc. from September 2020 to October 2021 and Chief Operating Officer from April 2019 to September 2020. Prior to that, Mr. Coyle served as Chief Customer Officer of Varsity Tutors LLC from August 2016 to April 2019, President, Home Appliances, Commercial Sales and Monark Appliances of Sears Holdings Corporation from June 2014 to June 2016, and served in several positions at Amazon.com, Inc. from 2007 to 2014, his last role being Director, Category leader of Electronics.
Justin T. Davis, 36, President of BacklotCars. Mr. Davis has served as President of BacklotCars since April 2015. Prior to co-founding BacklotCars, Mr. Davis spent a decade in the wholesale used vehicle industry, including as a remarketing manager at Ally Financial Inc. from March 2013 to April 2014 and as a field sales representative at Manheim, Inc. from December 2009 to March 2013.
Thomas J. Fisher, 47, Executive Vice President and Chief Technology Officer. Mr. Fisher has served as the Company’s Executive Vice President and Chief Technology Officer since October 2021. Mr. Fisher previously served as the Company’s Executive Vice President and Chief Digital Officer from March 2020 to October 2021 and as Executive Vice President and Chief Information Officer from April 2017 to March 2020. Mr. Fisher was the Senior Vice President of Cloud Operations and General Manager, Indianapolis, of Genesys Telecommunications Laboratories, Inc. (“Genesys”) from December 2016 to March 2017. Mr. Fisher was the Chief Services Officer at Interactive Intelligence Group, Inc. (which was acquired by Genesys) from January 2014 to December 2016 and also held other roles including Vice President of Global Sales Operations from May 2012 to January 2014.
James P. Hallett, 68, Executive Chairman and Chairman of the Board of Directors. Mr. Hallett has served as the Executive Chairman since April 2021 and the Chairman of the Board of Directors since December 2014. Mr. Hallett served as the Company’s Chief Executive Officer from September 2009 to March 2021 and President and Chief Executive Officer of ADESA from April 2007 to September 2009. Mr. Hallett served as: Executive Vice President of ADESA, Inc. from May 2004 to May 2005; President of ADESA Corporation, LLC from March 2004 to May 2005; President of ADESA Corporation between August 1996 and October 2001 and again between January 2003 and March 2004; Chief Executive Officer of ADESA Corporation from August 1996 to July 2003; ADESA Corporation's Chairman from October 2001 to July 2003; Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of ALLETE Automotive Services, Inc. from January 2001 to January 2003 and Executive Vice President from August 1996 to May 2004. Mr. Hallett left ADESA in May 2005 and thereafter served as President of the Columbus Fair Auto Auction until April 2007.
John C. Hammer, 51, Chief Commercial Officer for KAR and President of ADESA. Mr. Hammer has been Chief Commercial Officer for KAR since March 2020 and the President of ADESA since February 2018. Prior to ADESA, Mr. Hammer was Chief Executive Officer of U.S. Auto Sales, Inc. and U.S. Auto Finance, Inc. from June 2016 to February 2018, and Chief Executive Officer of Cruz Auto, LLC from June 2017 to February 2018. Mr. Hammer previously served as Chief Executive Officer and President of AFC from March 2014 to June 2016. Mr. Hammer joined AFC in April 2009 as Chief Operating Officer, and assumed the role of President of AFC in May 2013. Prior to AFC, Mr. Hammer held senior management roles for more than a decade at various subsidiaries of GMAC Financial Services. He has also served as a general manager at AutoNation and held management roles at Mercedes Benz Credit Corp. Mr. Hammer has 29 years of experience in the automotive industry.
Eric M. Loughmiller, 62, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Loughmiller has been Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since April 2007. Previously, from 2001 to 2006, Mr. Loughmiller was the Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of ThoughtWorks, Inc., an information technology consulting firm. Prior to that, Mr. Loughmiller served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of May & Speh, Inc. from 1996 to 1998 until May & Speh was acquired by Acxiom Corporation. Mr. Loughmiller was the finance leader of the Outsourcing Division of Acxiom Corporation from 1998 to 2000. Prior to joining May & Speh, Mr. Loughmiller was an audit partner with PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm. Mr. Loughmiller is a certified public accountant.
James E. Money, 59, President of AFC. Mr. Money has been President of AFC since June 2016. Mr. Money joined AFC in 1999 as Controller and was later promoted to Vice President of Finance in 2006 and to Chief Financial Officer in 2009. Prior to joining AFC, Mr. Money served as Chief Financial Officer of Fundex Games, LTD from 1998 to 1999. Mr. Money is a certified public accountant (inactive).
Lisa A. Price, 47, Executive Vice President, Chief People Officer. Ms. Price has served as the Company’s Executive Vice President, Chief People Officer since January 2020. Ms. Price previously served as the Executive Vice President of Human Resources from June 2013 to January 2020. Prior to that, Ms. Price served as the Vice President of Employment and Litigation Counsel of the Company from January 2008 to June 2013 and Senior Corporate Counsel from November 2005 to January 2008. Prior to joining ADESA, Ms. Price practiced employment law with Stewart & Irwin in Indianapolis from November 2000 to November 2005.
Benjamin Skuy, 59, Executive Vice President of International Markets and Strategic Initiatives. Mr. Skuy has been Executive Vice President of International Markets and Strategic Initiatives since September 2009. Mr. Skuy previously served in the following positions between July 1999 and September 2009: Executive Vice President of International Markets and Managing Director of ADESA Canada from January 2008 to September 2009; Managing Director and Chief Operating Officer of ADESA Canada from July 2006 to January 2008; Chief Operating Officer of ADESA Canada from January 2002 to July 2006; and Chief Financial Officer of ADESA Canada from July 1999 to January 2002. Prior to joining ADESA, Mr. Skuy served as Assistant Vice President at Manulife Financial from June 1998 to July 1999. From August 1990 to May 1998 he served as Senior Manager at The Bank of Nova Scotia.
Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference herein from our Definitive Proxy Statement for our 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC as set forth under the caption "Documents Incorporated by Reference."
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
We have adopted the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to all of our employees, officers and directors, including those officers responsible for financial reporting. In addition, we have adopted the Code of Ethics for Principal Executive and Senior Financial Officers that applies to the Company's principal executive officer, principal financial and accounting officer and such other persons who are designated by our board of directors. Both codes are available on our website at www.karglobal.com and available in print to any stockholder who requests it. Information on, or accessible through, our website is not part of this Form 10-K. We expect that any amendments to these codes, or any waivers of their requirements, will be disclosed on our website.

---

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information required by this Item 11 is incorporated by reference herein from our Definitive Proxy Statement for our 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC as set forth under the caption "Documents Incorporated by Reference."

---

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The information required by Item 403 of Regulation S-K will be included in our Definitive Proxy Statement for our 2022 Annual Meeting and such information will be incorporated by reference herein.
Equity Compensation Plan Information
The following table sets forth the aggregate information of our equity compensation plans in effect as of December 31, 2021.
Plan Category Number of
securities to be
issued upon exercise
of outstanding
options, warrants
and rights(1) Weighted-average
exercise price of
outstanding
options,
warrants and
rights(2) Number of securities
remaining available for
future issuance under equity
compensation
plans (excluding securities
reflected in first column)(3)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holder(s) 8,024,539 $ 15.77 5,107,682
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders - - -
Total 8,024,539 $ 15.77 5,107,682
(1)Includes service options, market options, performance-based restricted stock units ("PRSUs") and restricted stock units ("RSUs") issued under the KAR Auction Services, Inc. 2009 Omnibus Stock and Incentive Plan (including dividend equivalents). PRSUs have been included at target.
(2)Option awards issued by KAR Auction Services, Inc. have exercise prices ranging from $6.11 to $18.23. The weighted-average price in the table above only reflects the weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options. The weighted-average exercise price does not include the PRSUs or RSUs.
(3)The number of securities available for future issuance includes (a) 3,880,384 shares of common stock that may be issued under the KAR Auction Services, Inc. 2009 Omnibus Stock and Incentive Plan; and (b) 1,227,298 shares of common stock that may be issued under the KAR Auction Services, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan.

---

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information required by this Item 13 is incorporated by reference herein from our Definitive Proxy Statement for our 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC as set forth under the caption "Documents Incorporated by Reference."

---

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
The information required by this Item 14 is incorporated by reference herein from our Definitive Proxy Statement for our 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC as set forth under the caption "Documents Incorporated by Reference."
PART IV

---

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15. Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules
a)The following documents have been filed as part of this report or, where noted, incorporated by reference:
1)Financial Statements-the consolidated financial statements of KAR Auction Services, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries are filed as part of this report under Item 8.
2)Financial Statement Schedules-all schedules have been omitted because the matter or conditions are not present or the information required to be set forth therein is included in the consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto.
3)Exhibits-the exhibit index below is incorporated herein by reference as the list of exhibits required as part of this report.
In reviewing the agreements included as exhibits to this Form 10-K, please remember they are included to provide you with information regarding their terms and are not intended to provide any other factual or disclosure information about KAR Auction Services, ADESA, AFC or other parties to the agreements.
The agreements included or incorporated by reference as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K contain representations and warranties by each of the parties to the applicable agreement. These representations and warranties were made solely for the benefit of the other parties to the applicable agreement and (i) were not intended to be treated as categorical statements of fact, but rather as a way of allocating the risk to one of the parties if those statements prove to be inaccurate; (ii) may have been qualified in such agreement by disclosures that were made to the other party in connection with the negotiation of the applicable agreement; (iii) may apply contract standards of "materiality" that are different from "materiality" under the applicable securities laws; and (iv) were made only as of the date of the applicable agreement or such other date or dates as may be specified in the agreement.
The Company acknowledges that, notwithstanding the inclusion of the foregoing cautionary statements, it is responsible for considering whether additional specific disclosures of material information regarding material contractual provisions are required to make the statements in this Annual Report not misleading. Additional information about KAR Auction Services may be found elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and KAR Auction Services, Inc.'s other public filings, which are available without charge through the SEC's website at http://www.sec.gov. See Item 1, "Business-Available Information."
EXHIBIT INDEX
Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit No. Exhibit Description Form File No. Exhibit Filing
Date Filed
Herewith
2.1 + Separation and Distribution Agreement, dated as of June 27, 2019, by and between KAR Auction Services, Inc. and IAA, Inc.
8-K 001-34568 2.1 6/28/2019
2.2 Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of September 4, 2020 by and among ADESA, Inc., Showroom Merger Sub, Inc., KAR Auction Services, Inc., BacklotCars, Inc. and Shareholder Representative Services LLC, as the securityholders representative
8-K 001-34568 2.1 9/8/2020
2.3 Securities Purchase Agreement, by and among ADESA, Inc., Carwave Holdings LLC, KKR Chevy Aggregator L.P., John Lauer, William Lauer, Joseph Lauer, Lauer Holdings Inc., KKR Chevy Blocker, LLC, KKR-Milton Strategic Partners L.P., KKR DAF Private Assets Fund Designated Activity Company, KKR NGT II (Chevy) Blocker L.P. and KKR NGT II (Chevy) Blocker Parent L.P.
8-K 001-34568 2.1 8/23/2021
3.1 Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of KAR Auction Services, Inc.
10-Q 001-34568 3.1 8/3/2016
Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit No. Exhibit Description Form File No. Exhibit Filing
Date Filed
Herewith
3.2 Second Amended and Restated By-Laws of KAR Auction Services, Inc.
8-K 001-34568 3.1 11/4/2014
3.3 Certificate of Designations Designating the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock
8-K 001-34568 3.1 6/10/2020
4.1 Indenture, dated as of May 31, 2017, among KAR Auction Services, Inc., the guarantors party thereto and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, including the form of the Notes
8-K 001-34568 4.1 5/31/2017
4.2 Form of common stock certificate
S-1/A 333-161907 4.15 12/10/2009
4.3 Description of the Company's securities
10-K 001-34568 4.3 2/19/2020
10.1a Amendment and Restatement Agreement, dated March 11, 2014, among KAR Auction Services, Inc. and certain of its subsidiaries and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, swingline lender and issuing lender (the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement and the Amended and Restated Guarantee and Collateral Agreement are included as Exhibits A and B thereto, respectively)
8-K 001-34568 10.1 3/12/2014
10.1b Incremental Commitment Agreement and First Amendment, dated as of March 9, 2016, among KAR Auction Services, Inc., JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, certain subsidiaries of the Company party thereto and the several lenders party thereto
8-K 001-34568 10.1 3/9/2016
10.1c Incremental Commitment Agreement and Second Amendment, dated as of May 31, 2017, among KAR Auction Services, Inc., JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, the guarantors party thereto and the several lenders party thereto
8-K 001-34568 10.1 5/31/2017
10.1d Third Amendment Agreement, dated as of September 19, 2019, by and among KAR Auction Services, Inc., JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, certain subsidiaries of KAR Auction Services, Inc. party thereto and the several lenders party thereto
8-K 001-34568 10.1 9/20/2019
10.1e Technical Amendment, dated as of May 28, 2020, by and between KAR Auction Services, Inc., and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent
10-K 001-34568 10.1e 2/18/2021
10.1f Fourth Amendment Agreement, dated as of May 29, 2020, by and among KAR Auction Services, Inc., JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, certain subsidiaries of the Company party thereto and the certain revolving lenders party thereto
8-K 001-34568 10.1 6/1/2020
10.1g Fifth Amendment Agreement, dated September 2, 2020, by and among KAR Auction Services, Inc., JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, certain subsidiaries of KAR Auction Services, Inc. party thereto and the certain revolving lenders party thereto
8-K 001-34568 10.1 9/8/2020
10.2 * Employment Agreement, dated March 1, 2021, between KAR Auction Services, Inc. and James P. Hallett
8-K 001-34568 10.1 3/2/2021
10.3 * Employment Agreement, dated March 9, 2020, between KAR Auction Services, Inc. and Eric M. Loughmiller
8-K 001-34568 10.2 3/13/2020
Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit No. Exhibit Description Form File No. Exhibit Filing
Date Filed
Herewith
10.4 * Employment Agreement, dated March 9, 2020, between KAR Auction Services, Inc. and John C. Hammer
8-K 001-34568 10.1 3/13/2020
10.5a * Employment Agreement, dated March 9, 2020, between KAR Auction Services, Inc. and Peter J. Kelly
10-Q 001-34568 10.9 5/7/2020
10.5b * Amendment No. 1 to Employment Agreement, dated March 1, 2021, between KAR Auction Services Inc. and Peter J. Kelly
8-K 001-34568 10.2 3/2/2021
10.6 * Employment Agreement, dated October 26, 2021, between KAR Auction Services, Inc. and James Coyle
X
10.7 * KAR Auction Services, Inc. Annual Incentive Program Summary of Terms 2021
10-K 001-34568 10.8 2/18/2021
10.8 * KAR Auction Services, Inc. Annual Incentive Program Summary of Terms 2022
X
10.9a ^ Amended and Restated Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated May 31, 2002, between AFC Funding Corporation and Automotive Finance Corporation
S-4 333-148847 10.32 1/25/2008
10.9b Amendment No. 1 to Amended and Restated Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated June 15, 2004
S-4 333-148847 10.33 1/25/2008
10.9c Amendment No. 2 to Amended and Restated Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated January 18, 2007
S-4 333-148847 10.34 1/25/2008
10.9d ^ Amendment No. 3 to Amended and Restated Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated April 20, 2007
S-4 333-148847 10.35 1/25/2008
10.9e Amendment No. 4 to Amended and Restated Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated January 30, 2009
10-K 001-34568 10.19e 2/28/2012
10.9f Amendment No. 5 to Amended and Restated Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated April 25, 2011
10-K 001-34568 10.19f 2/28/2012
10.10a + Ninth Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement, dated September 29, 2020, by and among Automotive Finance Corporation, AFC Funding Corporation, Fairway Finance Company, LLC, Fifth Third Bank, National Association, Chariot Funding LLC, PNC Bank, National Association, Thunder Bay Funding, LLC, Truist Bank, BMO Capital Markets Corp., JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., Royal Bank of Canada and Bank of Montreal
10-Q 001-34568 10.15 11/4/2020
10.10b + Amendment No. 1 to Ninth Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement, dated November 5, 2021
X
10.11a + Fifth Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement, dated September 30, 2020, between Automotive Finance Canada Inc., KAR Auction Services, Inc. and BNY Trust Company of Canada
10-Q 001-34568 10.16 11/4/2020
10.11b + Amendment No. 1 to Fifth Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement, dated November 5, 2021
X
10.11c Amendment No. 2 to Fifth Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement, dated December 31, 2021
X
Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit No. Exhibit Description Form File No. Exhibit Filing
Date Filed
Herewith
10.11d + Amendment No. 3 to Fifth Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement, dated February 17, 2022
X
10.12a Ground Lease, dated September 4, 2008, between ADESA San Diego, LLC and First Industrial L.P. (East 39 Acres at Otay Mesa, California)
8-K 333-148847 10.3 9/9/2008
10.12b Guaranty of Lease, dated September 4, 2008, between KAR Auction Services, Inc. (formerly KAR Holdings, Inc.) and First Industrial L.P. (East 39 Acres at Otay Mesa, California)
8-K 333-148847 10.11 9/9/2008
10.13a Ground Lease, dated September 4, 2008, between ADESA San Diego, LLC and First Industrial L.P. (West 39 Acres at Otay Mesa, California)
8-K 333-148847 10.4 9/9/2008
10.13b Guaranty of Lease, dated September 4, 2008, between KAR Auction Services, Inc. (formerly KAR Holdings, Inc.) and First Industrial L.P. (West 39 Acres at Otay Mesa, California)
8-K 333-148847 10.12 9/9/2008
10.14a Ground Lease, dated September 4, 2008, between ADESA California, LLC and ADESA San Diego, LLC and First Industrial Pennsylvania, L.P. (Sacramento, California)
8-K 333-148847 10.5 9/9/2008
10.14b Guaranty of Lease, dated September 4, 2008, between KAR Auction Services, Inc. (formerly KAR Holdings, Inc.) and First Industrial Pennsylvania, L.P. (Sacramento, California)
8-K 333-148847 10.13 9/9/2008
10.15a Ground Lease, dated September 4, 2008, between ADESA California, LLC and First Industrial Pennsylvania, L.P. (Tracy, California)
8-K 333-148847 10.6 9/9/2008
10.15b Guaranty of Lease, dated September 4, 2008, between KAR Auction Services, Inc. (formerly KAR Holdings, Inc.) and First Industrial Pennsylvania, L.P. (Tracy, California)
8-K 333-148847 10.14 9/9/2008
10.16a Ground Lease, dated September 4, 2008, between ADESA Washington, LLC and First Industrial, L.P. (Auburn, Washington)
8-K 333-148847 10.7 9/9/2008
10.16b Guaranty of Lease, dated September 4, 2008, between KAR Auction Services, Inc. (formerly KAR Holdings, Inc.) and First Industrial, L.P. (Auburn, Washington)
8-K 333-148847 10.15 9/9/2008
10.17a Ground Lease, dated September 4, 2008, between ADESA Texas, Inc. and First Industrial, L.P. (Houston, Texas)
8-K 333-148847 10.8 9/9/2008
10.17b Guaranty of Lease, dated September 4, 2008, between KAR Auction Services, Inc. (formerly KAR Holdings, Inc.) and First Industrial, L.P. (Houston, Texas)
8-K 333-148847 10.16 9/9/2008
10.18a Ground Lease, dated September 4, 2008, between ADESA Florida, LLC and First Industrial Financing Partnership, L.P. (Bradenton, Florida)
8-K 333-148847 10.10 9/9/2008
10.18b Guaranty of Lease, dated September 4, 2008, between KAR Auction Services, Inc. (formerly KAR Holdings, Inc.) and First Industrial Financing Partnership, L.P. (Bradenton, Florida)
8-K 333-148847 10.18 9/9/2008
Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit No. Exhibit Description Form File No. Exhibit Filing
Date Filed
Herewith
10.19a Ground Sublease, dated October 3, 2008, between ADESA Atlanta, LLC and First Industrial, L.P. (Fairburn, Georgia)
10-Q 333-148847 10.21 11/13/2008
10.19b Guaranty of Lease, dated October 3, 2008, between KAR Auction Services, Inc. (formerly KAR Holdings, Inc.) and First Industrial, L.P. (Fairburn, Georgia)
10-Q 333-148847 10.22 11/13/2008
10.20 Form of Indemnification Agreement
8-K 001-34568 10.1 12/17/2013
10.21a * KAR Auction Services, Inc. 2009 Omnibus Stock and Incentive Plan, as Amended June 10, 2014
DEF 14A 001-34568 Appendix A 4/29/2014
10.21b * First Amendment to the KAR Auction Services, Inc. 2009 Omnibus Stock and Incentive Plan
10-K 001-34568 10.24b 2/18/2016
10.21c * KAR Auction Services, Inc. Amended and Restated 2009 Omnibus Stock and Incentive Plan, as Amended and Restated June 4, 2021
DEF 14A 001-34568 Annex I 4/23/2021
10.22 * KAR Auction Services, Inc. Amended and Restated Employee Stock Purchase Plan
10-Q 001-34568 10.27 8/5/2020
10.23a * KAR Auction Services, Inc. Directors Deferred Compensation Plan, effective December 10, 2009
10-Q 001-34568 10.62 8/4/2010
10.23b * Amendment No. 1 to the KAR Auction Services, Inc. Directors Deferred Compensation Plan, dated as of June 28, 2019
10-Q 001-34568 10.28b 11/6/2019
10.24 * Director Restricted Share Agreement
10-Q 001-34568 10.29 8/7/2019
10.25 * Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement
S-1/A 333-161907 10.65 12/4/2009
10.26 * Form of 2018 Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Section 16 Officers
10-K 001-34568 10.33 2/21/2018
10.27 * Form of 2019 Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Section 16 Officers
10-K 001-34568 10.35 2/21/2019
10.28 * Form of 2020 Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Section 16 Officers
10-K 001-34568 10.35 2/19/2020
10.29 * Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Award Agreement
10-K 001-34568 10.30 2/18/2021
10.30 * Form of 2018 and 2019 Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Cumulative Operating Adjusted Net Income Per Share)
10-K 001-34568 10.38 2/24/2017
10.31 * Form of 2020, 2021 and 2022 Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Cumulative Operating Adjusted Net Income Per Share)
10-K 001-34568 10.38 2/19/2020
10.32 Transition Services Agreement, dated as of June 27, 2019, by and between KAR Auction Services, Inc. and IAA, Inc.
8-K 001-34568 10.1 6/28/2019
10.33 Tax Matters Agreement, dated as of June 27, 2019, by and between KAR Auction Services, Inc. and IAA, Inc.
8-K 001-34568 10.2 6/28/2019
10.34 Employee Matters Agreement, dated as of June 27, 2019, by and between KAR Auction Services, Inc. and IAA, Inc.
8-K 001-34568 10.3 6/28/2019
Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit No. Exhibit Description Form File No. Exhibit Filing
Date Filed
Herewith
10.35 Investment Agreement, dated as of May 26, 2020, by and between KAR Auction Services, Inc. and Ignition Parent LP
8-K 001-34568 10.1 5/27/2020
10.36a Investment Agreement, dated as of May 26, 2020, by and between KAR Auction Services, Inc. and Periphas Capital GP, LLC
8-K 001-34568 10.2 5/27/2020
10.36b Assignment and Assumption Agreement, dated as of June 9, 2020, by and between Periphas Capital GP, LLC and Periphas Kanga Holdings, L.P.
10-K 001-34568 10.37b 2/18/2021
10.37 Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of June 10, 2020, by and among KAR Auction Services, Inc. and Ignition Parent LP
8-K 001-34568 10.1 6/10/2020
10.38 Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of June 29, 2020, by and between KAR Auction Services, Inc. and Periphas Kanga Holdings, LP
8-K 001-34568 10.1 6/29/2020
21.1 Subsidiaries of KAR Auction Services, Inc.
X
23.1 Consent of KPMG LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
X
31.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
X
31.2 Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
X
32.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
X
32.2 Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
X
101 The following materials from KAR Auction Services, Inc.'s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 formatted in iXBRL (Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Statements of Income for the year ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019; (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the year ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019; (iii) the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2021 and 2020; (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the year ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019; (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the year ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019; and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. X
104 Cover page Interactive Data File, formatted in iXBRL (contained in Exhibit 101). X
_______________________________________________________________________________
+
Certain information has been excluded from this exhibit because it is not material and would likely cause competitive harm to the registrant if publicly disclosed.
^
Portions of this exhibit have been redacted pursuant to a request for confidential treatment filed separately with the Secretary of the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Rule 406 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
*
Denotes management contract or compensation plan, contract or arrangement.