EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 888981
Filing Year: 2025
Filename: 888981_10-K_2025_0001079973-25-000476.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1. Business
Background
Nocopi Technologies, Inc. develops and markets specialty reactive inks for multiple applications across various industries. Our specialty inks are used by our customers for a range of purposes from bringing entertainment products to life with a variety of color activations to providing document and brand authentication for security purposes aimed at reducing losses caused by fraudulent document reproduction or by product counterfeiting and/or diversion. Our primary markets are the large educational and toy products industry and the document and product authentication industry. We derive our revenues primarily from licensing our technologies on an exclusive or non-exclusive basis to licensees who incorporate our technologies into their product offering and from selling products incorporating our technologies to the licensees or to their licensed printers.
Unless the context otherwise requires, all references to the “Company,” “we,” “our” or “us” and other similar terms means Nocopi Technologies, Inc., a Maryland corporation. Our website address is www.nocopi.com. Also, this report on Form 10-K includes the trade names of other companies. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the use or display by us of such other parties’ names and trade names in this report is not intended to and does not imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any of these other parties.
Industry Overview and Market Trends
The key ingredients to an ink are pigments, dyes, resins, surfactants, dryers, oils, solvents, water, waxes, and various other additives. There are many different types of both printing processes and print applications, so the mixing or preparation of formulations for these quantities widely vary. Pigments and dyes are the key ingredient that comprise the ink’s color and are formulated from substances with certain characteristics that make them suitable for use on printed products.
The printing inks market is seeing a shift as companies transition from manufacturing petroleum-based printing inks to manufacturing environmentally friendly, more sustainable printing inks. “Green” printing inks are based on sustainable materials such as soy and other plant-based sources and do not contain the heavy metals or other dangerous and toxic substances that petroleum-based printing inks do; thus they do not cause excessive pollution in the landfill. Examples of more environmentally friendly printing inks include water-based and oil-based printing inks. The use of “green” printing inks also reduces emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) associated with the printing process.
In 2023, the global printing ink industry consumed 3.295 billion tons of printing ink according to Smithers report “The Future of Water-based vs Solvent Printing to 2028”. The water-based printing inks market consists of sales of water-based printing inks and related services used for printing on fabric and paper. Water-based printing inks are referred to as aqueous inks and are dye and pigment inks and can be segmented by type into acrylic water-based inks, maleic water-based inks, and shellac water-based inks.
Our Company does not produce commodity base pigments. Rather, we source various pigments, dyes and other raw materials for ink, and then employ additional chemistry in formulating those materials into a highly engineered, specialty ink for a specific use. We are a specialty ink formulator within the ink industry that custom formulates, tests, and produces specialty inks that best meet our customer’s product needs and color demands. Our customers’ demands appear to be shifting with the trend towards utilizing more “green” printing inks. In 2024, approximately 38.3% of our ink sales were “green” printing inks, compared to 36% in 2023. As the “green” printing ink market continues to grow, we expect to continue to transition towards manufacturing environmentally friendly, more sustainable printing inks and away from manufacturing petroleum-based printing inks. We do not expect the “green” printing ink trend to adversely affect any aspects of our operations.
Products and Technology
We are a niche formulator of specialty inks and our specialty ink portfolio is backed by years of research and development efforts, trade secrets, and several patents we have been granted in the United States, Canada, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, France, the United Kingdom, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, Luxembourg, and Liechtenstein. We currently have patent protection on substantially all our of security inks including our Rub & Reveal system and our Rub-It & Color technology.
Our goal is to provide our customers with specialized ink formulations with rapid design, test and production capabilities. We aim to serve our customers demand for unique product needs and security needs from our specialty inks through applying our industry knowledge, our technical expertise, our raw material procurement leverage, our product breadth, and our manufacturing operations capabilities to deliver ink formulations both domestically and internationally. We believe that our role in our customer’s value chain remains an essential component of their product offering as our customers continually rely upon supplier partners, such as our Company, that provide advanced solutions to improve their products’ appeal, marketability, differentiation, performance, and overall competitive advantage.
We currently serve end markets that include children entertainment and toy products and anti-counterfeiting, anti-diversion segments that include industrial marking, security packaging for cosmetics and consumer products, and point of sales protection. We derive our revenues primarily from product sales of our inks as well as from licensing and royalty fees of our technologies on an exclusive or non-exclusive basis to licensees who incorporate our technologies into their product offering and from selling products incorporating our technologies to the licensees or to their licensed printers. We are currently seeking to expand into other markets.
Entertainment and Toy Technologies and Products
Across the Entertainment and Toy Products category, we market our Rub-it & Color technology which consists of specialty inks that are produced in a variety of colors and can be revealed by rubbing with a fingernail or other firm object such as a plastic pen cap. Rub-it & Color ink technology can be used for coloring books, activity kits, play sheets, single use place mats, greeting cards, board games, promotional products, or any other paper-based application that needs some “fun” factor added. Two key features of our Rub-it & Color ink technology is that it’s safe and non-toxic, conforms to ASTM D4236 and and other toxicology tests.
Our customers in the Entertainment and Toy Technologies and Products category capitalize on our mess free and non-toxic features of our ink products. Our patented, revolutionary, and award-winning Rub-it & Color technology can be utilized across a variety of products and applications needing some “fun” factor while still providing safe and non-toxic conditions that conform to ASTM D4236 and and other toxicology tests.
We license our Rub-it & Color technology through various license agreements that can be for exclusive and non-exclusive uses. These agreements cover both domestic and international geographies and can include specific distribution channels and specific lines of products and applications. Historically our license agreements have ranged anywhere from two to four years, but can also vary depending on the customer, use, and geography of the agreement. Certain of our license agreements with licensees contain renewal options and/or guaranteed minimum royalties, while others do not. We cannot assure you that any of our existing licenses will be renewed or will generate significant operating revenues for our Company in the future. In each of the years 2024 and 2023, we derived approximately 95% and 91%, respectively, of our total revenues from our licensees and their licensed printers in the entertainment and toy products market. We continue to pursue additional licensing opportunities for our Rub-it & Color ink technology in the large worldwide entertainment and toy products market and we also seek to renew our existing license agreements that are near expiration for extension terms.
Anti-Counterfeiting and Anti-Diversion Technologies and Products
Continuing developments in copying and printing technologies makes it easier than ever before to counterfeit a wide variety of documents. Counterfeit products are increasingly problematic for consumers, governments, and corporations. According to The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) data on counterfeiting and international trade, the total value of counterfeit and pirated goods was $1.023 trillion in 2023. And according to Corsearch, the value is set to reach approximately $1.79 trillion in 2030. Product labels and packaging, retail receipts, event and transportation tickets and the like are all susceptible to counterfeiting, causing economic losses to manufacturers of brand name products. With improvements in the copying and printing technologies making it easier to counterfeit labeling and packaging and increasing the losses to businesses from such counterfeiting activities.
Our Copimark and Rub & Reveal technologies provide proprietary document authentication systems that are useful to businesses and brand owners desiring to authenticate a wide variety of printed materials and products. Our Copimark system enables businesses to print invisibly on certain areas of a document or packaging. When authentication of certain document or packaging is required, the invisible printing can be activated or revealed by use of a special highlighter pen. Other variations of our Copimark technology involve multiple color responses from a common pen, visible marks of one color that turn another color with the pen or visible and invisible marks that turn into a multicolored image. Our Rub & Reveal system permits the invisible printing of an authenticating symbol or code that can be revealed by rubbing a fingernail over the printed area.
Our technologies provide users with the ability to authenticate documents and detect counterfeit documents. Applications include the authentication of documents having intrinsic value, such as merchandise receipts, checks, travelers’ checks, gift certificates and event tickets, and the authentication of product labeling and packaging. When applied to product labels and packaging, our systems allow detection of counterfeit products, the labels and packaging of which would not contain the authenticating marks invisibly printed on the packaging or labels of the legitimate product.
Our marketing efforts for these technologies are focused on specific industries we believe may be affected by product counterfeiting. These technologies also combat product diversion (i.e. sale of legitimate products through unauthorized distribution channels or in unauthorized markets). Another of our related technologies, our invisible inkjet technology, permits manufacturers and distributors to track the movement of products from production to ultimate consumption when coupled with proprietary software. The “track and trace” capability provided by this technology is an attractive capability to brand owners. Our ink technology is also utilized in retail receipt and document fraud markets through licensing arrangements with four printers and distributors in the United States and Canada who provide loss prevention products to retailers and other outlets. We market these technologies through the use of licensed printers and distributors.
Contrast Technologies, formerly known as Euro-Nocopi, S.A., is a former affiliate of our Company that, since June 2003, has held a perpetual royalty-free license to utilize certain of our anti-counterfeiting and anti-diversion technologies in Europe.
Product Revenue
The following table illustrates the approximate percentage of our Company’s total revenues accounted for by each type of its products for each of the two last fiscal years:
Year Ended December 31,
Product Type
Entertainment and Toy Technologies and Products 95 % 91 %
Anti-Counterfeiting and Anti-Diversion Technologies and Products 5 % 9 %
Marketing
Our current marketing efforts are focused on commercializing our developed technologies across current and new geographic and market areas. We sell products through both multiyear license agreements with our existing customers as well as direct sales to a range of end customers through the Company’s sales staff. We primarily use truck carriers and freight service providers to transport our products to customers from our manufacturing facility. Our marketing approach utilizes our dynamic production capabilities of our products and technologies.
Acquisition Strategy
Our growth strategy includes expanding our business through acquisitions of other companies with competing or complementary services, technologies or businesses in order to expand our product and service offerings to grow our free cash flow. We are currently actively engaged in the process to identify acquisition candidates and negotiate transactions. As of the date of this report on Form 10-K, we have no agreements to make any acquisition. We expect to fund our business expansion through the issuance of debt or equity securities, the payment of cash, the exchange of services, or any combination thereof.
Major Customers
During 2024, we made sales or obtained revenues equal to 10% or more of our Company’s 2024 total revenues from two non-affiliated customers who individually accounted for approximately 18% and 70%, respectively, of 2024 revenues of our Company. During 2023, we made sales or obtained revenues equal to 10% or more of our Company’s 2023 total revenues from two non-affiliated customers who individually accounted for approximately 19% and 64%, respectively, of 2023 revenues of our Company.
Additional information concerning our major customers is contained in Note 13 to our Financial Statements, attached as Appendix A to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Manufacturing
Our Company operates a manufacturing facility located at our corporate headquarters at 480 Shoemaker Road, Suite 104, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406. At this location, we also have product development, sales, and administrative operations located adjacent to our production floor area. Our formulation and production methodologies aim to consistently achieve the highest technical standards while simultaneously reaching fast lead times of production and delivery for our customers.
We have established a quality control program that currently entails laboratory analysis of developed technologies; and when warranted, our specially trained technicians travel to third party production facilities to train client staff and monitor the manufacturing process. We also strive to improve our production efficiencies and data controls to target less material waste as well as attempt more sustainable sourcing of raw materials.
Patents
Our Company has been granted various patents in the United States, Canada, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, France, the United Kingdom, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, Luxembourg, and Liechtenstein. Patents may exist for 20 years from filing date and we actively monitor the marketplace to employ management processes designed to rigorously enforce our legal ownership of intellectual property. We currently have patent protection on substantially all of our security inks including the RUB & REVEAL system, and on our Rub-it & Color technology. Our latest patent protects our newly developed technology that may have applications in the entertainment and toy products market.
In the United States and some other countries, patent applications are automatically published at a specified time after filing. Since we are obligated pay annuities from time to time on our patents to keep them in force, we annually evaluate our patent portfolio to determine which patents we will continue to maintain. In Europe, annuities for European patents are paid by Contrast Technologies, formerly known as Euro-Nocopi, S.A., since Europe is where they hold a perpetual royalty-free license to exploit certain of our anti-counterfeiting and anti-diversion technologies.
Research and Development
Our research and development activities are primarily focused on advancing our portfolio of ink technologies. We aim to successfully develop new chemistry formulations, new market-changing technologies and new customer driven solutions. Our research and development efforts support our commercial development activities while also attempting to improve our manufacturing operations.
We are presently conducting research and development activities in the following three areas: (1) refining our present product portfolio, (2) developing specific customer applications, and (3) expanding our technology into new areas of implementation. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we expended approximately $178,200 and $163,400, respectively, on research and development. We continue to focus our research and development activities to develop and market additional new products and applications.
Competition
Nocopi Technologies competes in the fragmented specialty ink industry which is highly competitive. Competition is based on several key criteria which include quality, price, service, performance, product innovation, product recognition, speed, and delivery. Our competitors range from large, publicly owned international companies with broad product offerings to local, privately held independent specialty producers offering a specific market niche or product. Overall, many participants tend to offer a varied and broad array of product lines designed to meet specific customer requirements.
The ink industry has become increasingly global as participants have focused on establishing and maintaining leadership positions outside of their home markets. Many of these participant’s product lines face increasing competition due to industry consolidation, pricing pressures and competing technologies. Nonetheless, we believe our patented and proprietary technologies provide a unique and cost-effective solution for our customers. To improve our competitive position, Nocopi Technologies is building and leveraging our corporate brand as a differentiator to create value and better communicate our specialty production capabilities which we believe make it easier to introduce new product lines and applications to provide scale to our operations and ultimately enable us to successfully compete in the market.
Employees and Human Capital
We currently have seven full-time employees and believe that we have good relations with our employees.
We are committed to providing a healthy environment and safe workplace by operating in accordance with established health and safety protocols within our facility and maintaining a strong health and safety compliance program. We prioritize, manage, and carefully track safety performance at our facility and integrate sound safety practices in every aspect of our operations.
Regulation of our Business
We are subject to common business, tax and regulations pertaining to the operation of our business. We believe that we are in compliance with all applicable governmental regulations.
Financial Information about Foreign and Domestic Operations
We conduct our business operations solely within the United States; however, we have licensees and customers in Europe, South America, Asia and Australia. These licensees and customers accounted for approximately 77% of our gross revenues in 2024 and approximately 72% of our gross revenues in 2023. Additional information concerning our foreign and domestic operations is contained in Note 13 to our Financial Statements, attached as Appendix A to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Available Information
We are required to file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Information that we file with the SEC is available at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. We also make available free of charge on or through our website, at www.nocopi, our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with the SEC. The information on our website is not, and shall not be deemed to be, a part hereof or incorporated into this or any of our other filings with the SEC.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Our Company’s operating results, financial condition and stock price are subject to certain risks, some of which are beyond its control. These risks could cause our Company’s actual operating and financial results to differ materially from those expressed in its forward-looking statements, including the risks described below and the risks identified in other documents which are filed and furnished with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.
We are dependent upon major customers.
We are dependent on our licensees to develop new products and markets that will generate increases in its licensing and product revenues. The inability of our licensees to maintain at least current levels of sales of products utilizing our technologies could adversely affect our operating results and cash flow. To the extent that our licensees are adversely affected by negative economic conditions, our revenues may also be negatively impacted. We derive a significant percentage of our revenues through licensing relationships with two major customers. Revenues obtained directly from these customers and indirectly, through the customers’ third party licensed printers, equaled approximately 22% of our Company’s revenues in 2024. Receivables from these two licensees and their third party authorized printers were approximately 84% of our Company’s net accounts receivable at December 31 2024. One of the license agreements expires in 2028 and contains guaranteed minimum royalties, which historically are met. The other license agreement expires in 2027. Both license agreements contain renewal options; but there can be no assurances that one or both of the licenses will continue in force at the same or more favorable terms beyond their current termination dates, nor can there be any assurances that the relationships with these two licensees will generate increased revenues for our Company in the future.
We may be unable to develop new business.
Our management believes that any significant improvement in our Company’s cash flow must result from increases in revenues from traditional sources and from new revenue sources, potentially including acquired businesses. Our Company’s ability to develop new revenues may depend on the extent of its marketing activities, acquisition activities and its research and development activities, all of which are limited. We cannot assure you that the resources that our Company can devote to marketing, finding suitable acquisitions and to research and development will be sufficient to increase its revenues to levels that will enable it to maintain positive operating cash flow in the future.
Our inability to successfully acquire and integrate other businesses, assets, products or technologies could harm our operating results.
We are actively evaluating business acquisitions that we believe could complement or expand our existing product and service offerings. From time to time, we may enter into letters of intent with companies with which we are negotiating potential acquisitions or as to which we are conducting due diligence. Although we are currently not a party to any binding definitive agreement with respect to potential business acquisitions, we may enter into these types of arrangements in the future, which could materially decrease the amount of our available cash or require us to seek additional equity or debt financing. We have limited experience in successfully acquiring and integrating businesses, products and technologies. We may not be successful in negotiating the terms of any potential acquisition, conducting thorough due diligence, financing the acquisition or effectively integrating the acquired business, product or technology into our existing business and operations. Our due diligence may fail to identify all of the problems, liabilities or other shortcomings or challenges of an acquired business, product or technology, including issues related to intellectual property, product quality regulatory compliance practices, revenue recognition or other accounting practices, or employee or customer issues. We may encounter difficulties retaining key employees of the acquired company or integrating diverse business cultures.
Additionally, in connection with any business acquisitions we complete, we may not achieve the synergies or other benefits we expected to achieve, and we may incur write-downs, impairment charges or unforeseen liabilities that could negatively affect our operating results or financial position or could otherwise harm our business. If we finance acquisitions using existing cash, the reduction of our available cash could cause us to face liquidity issues or cause other unanticipated problems in the future. If we finance acquisitions by issuing equity securities, the ownership interest of our existing stockholders may be diluted, which could adversely affect the market price of our stock. Further, contemplating or completing an acquisition and integrating an acquired business could divert management and employee time and resources from other matters.
We may be unable to obtain raw materials and products for resale.
We use a large volume or raw materials. From time to time, the Company is required to pay cash in advance of shipment to certain of its suppliers. The inability to obtain materials on a timely basis and the possibility that certain vendors may permanently discontinue supplying our Company with needed products and services may result in delayed shipments to customers and further impact our Company’s ability to service its customers, thereby adversely affecting our Company’s relationships with its customers and licensees. We cannot assure you that our Company will be able to maintain its vendor relationships in an acceptable manner.
We may experience uneven patterns of quarterly and annual operating results.
Our Company’s revenues, which are derived primarily from licensing and sales of products incorporating its technologies as well as royalties from these products, are difficult to forecast; such forecasting difficulty is due to, among other reasons, the long sales cycle of our Company’s technologies, the potential for customer delay or deferral of implementation of our Company’s technologies, the size and timing of inception of individual license agreements, the success of our Company’s licensees and strategic partners in exploiting the market for the licensed products, modifications of customer budgets, and uneven patterns of royalty revenue and product orders. As our revenue base is not substantial, delays in the finalization of license contracts, the implementation of the technology to initiate the revenue stream and the ordering decisions of customers can have a material adverse effect on our Company’s quarterly and annual revenue expectations. As our operating expenses are substantially fixed, income expectations will be subject to a similar adverse outcome. As licensees for the entertainment and toy products markets are added, the predictability of our Company’s revenue stream may be further impacted.
Other important factors that could cause our revenue and operating results to fluctuate from quarter to quarter include:
· our ability to retain existing customers, attract new customers and satisfy our customers’ requirements;
· general economic conditions;
· changes in our pricing policies;
· our ability to expand our business;
· our ability to successfully integrate our acquired businesses;
· new product and service introductions;
· technical difficulties or interruptions in our services;
· costs associated with future acquisitions of businesses; and
· extraordinary expenses such as litigation or other dispute-related settlement payments.
Some of these factors are not within our control, and the occurrence of one or more of them may cause our operating results to vary widely. As such, we believe that quarter-to-quarter comparisons of our revenue and operating results may not be meaningful and should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance.
Our intellectual property rights may not be fully protected.
Our Company relies on a combination of protections as may be available under applicable domestic, foreign or international patent, trademark and trade secret laws. We also rely on confidentiality, non-analysis and licensing agreements to establish and protect our rights in its proprietary technologies. While we attempt to protect these rights, our technologies may be compromised through reverse engineering, independent invention or other means. In addition, our ability to enforce our intellectual property rights through appropriate legal action has been and will continue to be limited by its tight liquidity. We cannot assure you that our Company will be able to protect the basis of its technologies from discovery by third parties or to preclude third parties from conducting activities that infringe on our Company’s rights. We cannot assure you that we will be able to continue to prosecute new patents and maintain issued patents. As a result, our customer and licensee relationships could be adversely affected, and the value of our technologies and intellectual property (including their value upon liquidation) could be substantially diminished.
Our Company’s revenue is susceptible to changes in general economic conditions.
Our Company’s revenue is susceptible to changes in general economic conditions. Our sales, liquidity and overall results of operations may be negatively affected by decreasing consumer confidence, slowdowns in consumer spending or other downturns in the U.S. economy as a whole or in any geographic markets from which we derive revenue. In addition, these factors may result in decreased customer and licensee demand for our products and may negatively impact our ability to develop new customers and licensees. Due to uncertainties surrounding the worldwide economy, including the Russia-Ukraine war and related supply chain disruptions, we are unable to predict the effect of such conditions on our customers and licensees. Consequently, we cannot predict the scope or magnitude of the negative effect resulting from ongoing global financial uncertainties or economic slowdowns.
We are subject to regulatory compliance related to our operations.
We are subject to various U.S. governmental regulations related to occupational safety and health, labor and business practices. Failure to comply with current or future regulations could result in the imposition of substantial fines, suspension of production, alterations of our production processes, cessation of operations, or other actions, which could harm our business.
We currently, and may in the future, have assets held at financial institutions that may exceed the insurance coverage offered by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the loss of such assets would have a severe negative effect on our operations and liquidity.
We currently maintain, and may in the future maintain, our cash assets at certain financial institutions in the U.S. in amounts that are, and in the future may be, in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance limit of $250,000. At December 31, 2024, our Company’s deposits and short-term investments with a financial institution were 10,589,700 in excess of the FDIC deposit insurance coverage of $250,000. In the event of a failure of any financial institutions where we maintain our deposits or other assets, we may incur a loss to the extent such loss exceeds the FDIC insurance limitation, which could have a material adverse effect upon our liquidity, financial condition and our results of operations.
We may incur liability arising from the use of hazardous materials.
Our business and our facilities are subject to a number of federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to the generation, handling, treatment, storage and disposal of certain toxic or hazardous materials and waste products that we use or generate in our operations. Many of these environmental laws and regulations subject current or previous owners or occupiers of land to liability for the costs of investigation, removal or remediation of hazardous materials. In addition, these laws and regulations typically impose liability regardless of whether the owner or occupier knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of any hazardous materials and regardless of whether the actions that led to the presence were taken in compliance with the law. In our business, we use hazardous materials that are stored on site. We use various chemicals in our manufacturing process that may be toxic and covered by various environmental controls. An unaffiliated waste hauler transports the waste created by use of these materials off-site. Many environmental laws and regulations require generators of waste to take remedial actions at an off-site disposal location even if the disposal was conducted lawfully. The requirements of these laws and regulations are complex, change frequently and could become more stringent in the future. Failure to comply with current or future environmental laws and regulations could result in the imposition of substantial fines, suspension of production, alteration of our production processes, cessation of operations or other actions, which could severely harm our business.
We may be unable to protect our information systems from cybersecurity attacks or incidents, or if our information systems are otherwise disrupted.
We depend on information technology, including public websites and cloud-based services, for many activities important to our business. If we do not allocate and effectively manage the resources necessary to build and sustain our information technology infrastructure, if we fail to timely identify or appropriately respond to cybersecurity incidents, or if our information systems are damaged, destroyed or shut down (whether as a result of natural disasters, fires (either directly or through smoke damage), power outages, acts of terrorism or other catastrophic events, network outages, software, equipment or telecommunications failures, user errors, or from deliberate cyberattacks such as malicious or disruptive software, denial of service attacks, malicious social engineering, hackers or otherwise), our business could be disrupted and we could be subject to: transaction errors; processing inefficiencies; the loss of, or failure to attract, new customers; the loss of revenues from unauthorized use, acquisition or disclosure of or access to confidential information; the loss of or damage to intellectual property or trade secrets, including the loss or unauthorized disclosure of sensitive data, confidential information or other assets; damage to our reputation; litigation; regulatory enforcement actions; violation of data privacy, security or other laws and regulations; and remediation costs.
We conduct significantly all of our business and manufacturing activities at our King of Prussia, PA facility, and circumstances beyond our control may result in considerable business interruptions.
We conduct all of our operations activities at our King of Prussia, PA facility. Our operations are vulnerable to interruption by fire, earthquake, floods or other natural disaster, quarantines or other disruptions associated with infectious diseases, national catastrophe, terrorist activities, war, disruptions in our computing and communications infrastructure due to power loss, telecommunications failure, human error, physical or electronic security breaches and computer viruses, and other events beyond our control. We do not have a detailed disaster recovery plan.
Changes in accounting principles and guidance, or their interpretation, could result in unfavorable accounting charges or effects, including changes to our previously filed financial statements, which could cause our stock price to decline.
We prepare our financial statements in accordance with GAAP. These principles are subject to interpretation by the SEC and various bodies formed to interpret and create appropriate accounting principles and guidance. A change in these principles or guidance, or in their interpretations, may have a significant effect on our reported results and retroactively affect previously reported results.
We are a small public company and the requirements of being a public company are a strain on our systems and resources, are a diversion to management’s attention, and are costly.
As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exchange Act) the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Sarbanes-Oxley Act), and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act). The requirements of these rules and regulations increase our legal, accounting and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming and costly and may also place strain on our personnel, systems and resources.
The Exchange Act requires, among other things, that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and operating results. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. We are continuing the costly process of implementing and testing our systems to report our results as a public company, to continue to manage our growth and to implement internal controls. We are and will continue to be required to implement and maintain various other control and business systems related to our equity, finance, treasury, information technology, other recordkeeping systems and other operations. As a result of this implementation and maintenance, management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns, which could adversely affect our business.
In addition, changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure are creating uncertainty for public companies, increasing legal and financial compliance costs and making some activities more time consuming. These laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. We intend to invest resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations and standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management’s time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. If our efforts to comply with new laws, regulations and standards differ from the activities intended by regulatory or governing bodies due to ambiguities related to their application and practice, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us and our business may be adversely affected.
We expect these laws, rules and regulations to make it more difficult and more expensive for us to continue to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to incur substantial costs to maintain appropriate levels of coverage. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified members of our board of directors, particularly to serve on our audit committee, and qualified executive officers.
As a result of being a public company, our business and financial condition is more visible, which we believe may result in threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors and other third parties. If such claims are successful, our business and operating results could be adversely affected, and even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert the time and resources of our management and adversely affect our business and operating results.
As a smaller reporting company that is not an accelerated filer, we are subject to scaled disclosure requirements that may make it more challenging for investors to analyze our results of operations and financial prospects.
As a smaller reporting company that is not an accelerated filer we (i) are able to provide simplified executive compensation disclosures in our filings, (ii) are exempt from the provisions of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requiring that independent registered public accounting firms provide an attestation report on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting and (iii) have certain other decreased disclosure obligations in our filings with the SEC, including being required to provide only two years of audited financial statements in annual reports. Consequently, it may be more challenging for investors to analyze our results of operations and financial prospects.
If we fail to maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be impaired.
As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exchange Act) the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Sarbanes-Oxley Act), and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act). We expect that compliance with these rules and regulations will continue to increase our legal, accounting and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time consuming and costly, and place significant strain on our personnel, systems and resources.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we assess the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting annually and the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures quarterly. In particular, Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, (Section 404), requires us to perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal control over financial reporting to allow management to report on, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Our compliance with applicable provisions of Section 404 requires that we incur substantial accounting expense and expend significant management time on compliance-related issues as we implement additional corporate governance practices and comply with reporting requirements. Moreover, if we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 applicable to us in a timely manner, or if we or our independent registered public accounting firm identifies deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses, the market price of our stock could decline and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which would require additional financial and management resources. Furthermore, investor perceptions of our Company may suffer if deficiencies are found, and this could cause a decline in the market price of our stock. Irrespective of compliance with Section 404, any failure of our internal control over financial reporting could have a material adverse effect on our stated operating results and harm our reputation. If we are unable to implement these requirements effectively or efficiently, it could harm our operations, financial reporting, or financial results.
We may have undetected material weakness in internal controls.
Our annual report does not include an attestation report of our Company’s independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by our Company’s registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission that permit our Company to provide only management’s attestation in this annual report. As a result, a material weakness in our internal controls may remain undetected for a longer period.
Our common stock is subject to volatility.
We cannot assure you that the market price for our common stock will remain at its current level, and a decrease in the market price could result in substantial losses for investors. The market price of our common stock may be significantly affected by one or more of the following factors:
· announcements or press releases relating to our industry or to our own business or prospects;
· regulatory, legislative, or other developments affecting us or our industry generally;
· sales by holders of restricted securities pursuant to effective registration statements or exemptions from registration; and
· market conditions specific to our Company, our industry and the stock market generally.
Future sales of our shares could depress the market price of our common stock.
The market price of our common stock could decline as a result of sales of a large number of shares of our common stock in the market or the perception that these sales could occur. These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate. Any disposition by any of our large shareholders of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that such dispositions could occur, could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock.
We do not intend to pay any cash dividends on our securities, so you will not be able to receive a return on your investment unless you sell your shares.
We intend to retain any future earnings to finance the development and expansion of our business. We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our securities. Unless we pay dividends, our security holders will not be able to receive a return on their securities unless they sell them.
There is a limited market for our common stock, which may make it more difficult for you to sell your stock.
Our Company’s common stock is quoted on the OTC Market (OTCQB) under the symbol “NNUP.” The trading market for our common stock is limited, accordingly, there can be no assurance as to the liquidity of any markets that may develop for our common stock, your ability to sell our common stock, or the prices at which you may be able to sell our common stock.
Our common stock may be subject to the “penny stock” rules in the future. It may be more difficult to resell securities classified as “penny stock.”
The SEC has adopted regulations that generally define “penny stock” to be an equity security that has a market price of less than $5.00 per share, subject to specific exemptions. While our common stock is presently exempt from being considered a “penny stock” because our net tangible assets exceed $2 million and we have been in continuous operations for at least (3) years, if we are unable to continue to qualify for this exemption, or any other available exemption from the definition of “penny stock,” our common stock will become a “penny stock.” These rules impose additional sales practice requirements on broker-dealers that recommend the purchase or sale of penny stocks to persons other than those who qualify as “established customers” or “accredited investors.” For example, broker-dealers must determine the appropriateness for non-qualifying persons of investments in penny stocks. Broker-dealers must also provide, prior to a transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from the rules, a standardized risk disclosure document that provides information about penny stocks and the risks in the penny stock market. The broker-dealer also must provide the customer with current bid and offer quotations for the penny stock, disclose the compensation of the broker-dealer and its salesperson in the transaction, furnish monthly account statements showing the market value of each penny stock held in the customer’s account, provide a special written determination that the penny stock is a suitable investment for the purchaser, and receive the purchaser’s written agreement to the transaction.
Legal remedies available to an investor in “penny stocks” may include the following:
· If a “penny stock” is sold to the investor in violation of the requirements listed above, or other federal or states securities laws, the investor may be able to cancel the purchase and receive a refund of the investment.
· If a “penny stock” is sold to the investor in a fraudulent manner, the investor may be able to sue the persons and firms that committed the fraud for damages.
These requirements may have the effect of reducing the level of trading activity, if any, in the secondary market for a security that becomes subject to the penny stock rules. The additional burdens imposed upon broker-dealers by such requirements may discourage broker-dealers from effecting transactions in our securities, which could severely limit the market price and liquidity of our securities. These requirements may restrict the ability of broker-dealers to sell our common stock and may affect your ability to resell our common stock.
Many brokerage firms will discourage or refrain from recommending investments in penny stocks. Most institutional investors will not invest in penny stocks. In addition, many individual investors will not invest in penny stocks due, among other reasons, to the increased financial risk generally associated with these investments.
For these reasons, penny stocks may have a limited market and, consequently, limited liquidity. We can give no assurance at what time, if ever, our common stock or will not be classified as a “penny stock” in the future.
FINRA sales practice requirements may limit a stockholder’s ability to buy and sell our stock.
In addition to the “penny stock” rules described above, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”), has adopted rules that require that in recommending an investment to a customer, a broker-dealer must have reasonable grounds for believing that the investment is suitable for that customer. Prior to recommending speculative, low-priced securities to their non-institutional customers, broker-dealers must make reasonable efforts to obtain information about the customer’s financial status, tax status, investment objectives and other information. The FINRA requirements may make it more difficult for broker-dealers to recommend that their customers buy our common stock, which may have the effect of reducing the level of trading activity in our common stock. As a result, fewer broker-dealers may be willing to make a market in our common stock, reducing a stockholder’s ability to resell shares, as well as overall liquidity, of our common stock.
Provisions in the Company’s charter and bylaws may delay or prevent an acquisition of the Company by a third party.
The Company’s charter, bylaws and Maryland law contain provisions that could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire the Company without the consent of our Board. Additionally, these provisions could lower the price that future investors might be willing to pay for shares of our common stock. These anti-takeover provisions:
· authorize our board of directors to create and issue, without stockholder approval, preferred stock, thereby increasing the number of outstanding shares, which can deter or prevent a takeover attempt;
· prohibit cumulative voting in the election of directors, which would otherwise allow less than a majority of stockholders to elect director candidates;
· provide that any vacancy on the board of directors of the Company be filled only by the affirmative vote of a majority of the remaining directors then in office even if remaining directors do not constitute a quorum;
· provide that our board of directors be divided into three classes, with approximately one-third of the directors to be elected each year;
· provide that our board of directors is expressly authorized to adopt, amend or repeal our bylaws;
· provide that the Company’s stockholders may only remove any member of the Board by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of all the votes entitled to be cast by the stockholders generally in the election of directors and, such removal is required to be for cause; and
· provide that the number of directors of the Company shall be fixed only by vote of the board of directors;
Also, under Maryland law, business combinations, including mergers, consolidations, share exchanges, or, in circumstances specified in the statute, asset transfers or issuances or reclassifications of equity securities, between the Company and any interested stockholder, generally defined as any person who beneficially owns, directly or indirectly, 10% or more of the Company’s common stock, or any affiliate of an interested stockholder are prohibited for a five-year period, beginning on the most recent date such person became an interested stockholder. After this period, a combination of this type must be approved by two super-majority stockholder votes, unless common stockholders receive a minimum price, as defined under Maryland law, for their shares in the form of cash or other consideration in the same form as previously paid by the interested stockholder for its shares. The statute permits various exemptions from its provisions, including business combinations that are exempted by our Board prior to the time that the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder.
Our bylaws designate the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland as the sole and exclusive forum for certain actions, including derivative actions, which could limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with the Company and its directors, officers, other employees, or the Company’s stockholders and may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims.
Unless the Company consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland (the “Maryland Circuit Court”) (or, if the Maryland Circuit Court does not have jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Maryland) (the “Exclusive Forum”) shall be the sole and exclusive forum for (a)(i) any action asserting an Internal Corporate Claim, as such term is defined in the MGCL (other than any action arising under federal securities laws), including, without limitation, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of the applicable standard of conduct or any duty owed by any director or officer or other employee of the Company to the Company or to the stockholders of the Company or (iii) any action asserting a claim against the Company or any director or officer or other employee of the Company arising pursuant to any provision of the MGCL, the Charter or these Bylaws, or (b) any other action asserting a claim against the Company or any director or officer or other employee of the Company that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. Further, notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the foregoing, unless the Company consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district court for the District of Maryland (the “Securities Act Exclusive Forum”) shall be the sole and exclusive forum for resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act of 1933.
Although we believe these exclusive forum provisions benefit us by providing increased consistency in the application of Maryland law for the specified types of actions and proceedings, these provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with the Company and its directors, officers, or other employees and may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Item 2. Properties
Our corporate headquarters, research and ink production facilities are located at 480 Shoemaker Road, Suite 104, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406. These premises consist of approximately 6,100 square feet of leased space. Our lease commenced in January 2014 and expires in May 2025.
On March 21, 2025, the Company and NE IND OWNER-1 LLC (the “Landlord”) entered into a second amendment (the “2025 Lease Amendment”) to the lease agreement, dated December 12, 2013 (as previously amended, the “Lease Agreement”), by and between the Company and the Landlord relating to premises at 480 Shoemaker Road, King of Prussia, PA 19406. The Amendment provides for an extension of the term to December 31, 2027, and for monthly rent payments of, initially, $7,147.00, escalating annually by 3.5%.
Other than as set forth above, the terms of the Lease Agreement remain unchanged.
The foregoing summary is qualified in its entirety by reference to the 2025 Lease Amendment, which is filed as exhibit 10.12 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. See disclosure in Item 9B - Other Information.
Current monthly rent under this lease is $7,147. In addition to rent, we are also responsible for our pro-rata share of the operating costs of the building.
We incurred leasehold improvement expenditures of approximately $81,500 through July 26, 2023, and we believe that additional leasehold improvement expenditures will not be significant. We consider this space adequate for our current needs and additional space is available as needed.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
None.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
Item 5. Market For Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Market Information
Our common stock is traded on the OTCQB tier of the over-the-counter (“OTC”) market under the symbol “NNUP”. Investors can find Real-Time quotes and market information on our Company on www.otcmarkets.com. Any over-the-counter market quotations reflect inter-dealer prices, without retail mark-up, mark-down or commission and may not necessarily represent actual transactions.
Shareholders
As of March 14, 2025 , we have a total of 10,792,913 shares of common stock issued and outstanding, held of record by approximately 385 holders of our common stock, including The Depository Trust Company, which holds shares of our common stock on behalf of an indeterminate number of beneficial owners.
Dividends
Our Company does not pay any cash dividends on its common stock.
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
None.
Issuer Repurchases of Equity Securities
None.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Item 6. [Reserved]
Not Applicable.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The information in this report contains forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical fact made in this report are forward looking. In particular, the statements herein regarding industry prospects and future results of operations or financial position are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of words such as “believes,” “estimates,” “could,” “possibly,” “probably,” anticipates,” “projects,” “expects,” “may,” “will,” or “should” or other variations or similar words. No assurances can be given that the future results anticipated by the forward-looking statements will be achieved. Forward-looking statements reflect management’s current expectations and are inherently uncertain. Our actual results may differ significantly from management’s expectations.
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our financial statements, included herewith. This discussion should not be construed to imply that the results discussed herein will necessarily continue into the future, or that any conclusion reached herein will necessarily be indicative of actual operating results in the future. Such discussion represents only the best present assessment of our management.
Background Overview
Nocopi Technologies, Inc. develops and markets specialty reactive inks for multiple applications across various industries. Our specialty inks are used by our customers for a range of purposes from bringing entertainment products to life with a variety of color activations to providing document and brand authentication for security purposes aimed at reducing losses caused by fraudulent document reproduction or by product counterfeiting and/or diversion. Our primary markets are the large educational and toy products industry and the document and product authentication industry. We derive our revenues primarily from licensing our technologies on an exclusive or non-exclusive basis to licensees who incorporate our technologies into their product offering and from selling products incorporating our technologies to the licensees or to their licensed printers.
Unless the context otherwise requires, all references to the “Company,” “we,” “our” or “us” and other similar terms means Nocopi Technologies, Inc., a Maryland corporation.
Results of Operations
Our Company’s revenues are derived from (a) royalties paid by licensees of our technologies, (b) fees for the provision of technical services to licensees and (c) from the direct sale of (i) products incorporating our technologies, such as inks, security paper and pressure sensitive labels, and (ii) equipment used to support the application of our technologies, such as ink-jet printing systems. Royalties consist of guaranteed minimum royalties payable by our licensees in certain cases and additional royalties which typically vary with the licensee’s sales or production of products incorporating the licensed technology. Service fees and sales revenues vary directly with the number of units of service or product provided.
Our Company recognizes revenue on its lines of business as follows:
a. License fees for the use of our technology and royalties with guaranteed minimum amounts are recognized at a point in time when the term begins;
b. Product sales are recognized at the time of the transfer of goods to customers at an amount that our Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for these goods, which is at the time of shipment; and
c. Fees for technical services are recognized at the time of the transfer of services to customers at an amount that our Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for the services, which is when the service has been rendered.
We believe that, as fixed cost reductions beyond those we have achieved in recent years may not be achievable, our operating results are substantially dependent on revenue levels. Because revenues derived from licenses and royalties carry a much higher gross profit margin than other revenues, operating results are also substantially affected by changes in revenue mix.
Both the absolute amount of our Company’s revenues and the mix among the various sources of revenue are subject to substantial fluctuation. We have a relatively small number of substantial customers rather than a large number of small customers. Accordingly, changes in the revenue received from a significant customer can have a substantial effect on our Company’s total revenue, revenue mix and overall financial performance. Such changes may result from a substantial customer’s product development delays, engineering changes, changes in product marketing strategies, production requirements and the like. . In addition, certain customers have, from time to time, sought to renegotiate certain provisions of their license agreements and, when our Company agrees to revise such terms, revenues from the customer may be adversely affected.
Comparison of the Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023
Revenues for 2024 were $2,117,800, an increase of approximately 2%, or $33,900, from $2,083,900 in 2023.
Licenses, royalties and fees decreased in 2024 by approximately 9%, or $51,700, to $511,500 from $563,200 in 2023. The decrease in licenses, royalties and fees in 2024 compared to 2023 is due primarily to lower royalties from our Company’s licensees in entertainment and toy products market. Additionally, our Company negotiated a renewal of a license in the fourth quarter of 2024, commencing January 1, 2025 and terminating December 31, 2026 . We cannot assure you that the marketing and product development activities of our Company’s licensees or other businesses in the entertainment and toy products market will produce a significant increase in revenues for our Company beyond those achieved in 2024, nor can the timing of any potential revenue increases be predicted, particularly given the uncertain economic conditions presently being experienced.
Product and other sales increased by $85,600, or approximately 6%, to $1,606,300 in 2024 from $1,520,700 in 2023. The higher level of ink sales in 2024 compared to 2023 is due primarily to higher ink shipments to the third party authorized printer used by two of our Company’s major licensees in the entertainment and toy products market. Sales of ink to the licensed printers of its licensees in the entertainment and toy products market were approximately $119,200 higher in 2024 compared to 2023. Sales of security ink in 2024 to our Company’s licensees in the retail receipt and document fraud market decreased by approximately $22,700 compared to 2023.
Our Company derived $2,008,700, or approximately 95% of total revenues, from licensees and their licensed printers in the entertainment and toy products market in 2024 compared to $1,906,300, or approximately 91% of total revenues, in 2023. The increase in revenues from our licensees and their authorized printers in the entertainment and toy products market in 2024 compared to 2023 is due primarily to the higher ink shipments to the third party authorized printer used by two of our Company’s major licensees in the entertainment and toy products market. Our Company’s licensees in the entertainment and toy products market continue to develop new products for this market and improve their current offerings; however, their sales will be affected by marketplace reaction to the new and improved products, economic conditions that influence this market segment and the economy as a whole. Revenues that the Company derives from these licensees will be similarly affected. We cannot assure you that the marketing and product development activities of licensees in the entertainment and toy products market will produce increased revenues for the Company in future periods, nor can the timing of any potential revenue increases be predicted, particularly given the uncertain economic conditions presently being experienced.
Our Company’s gross profit decreased to $1,100,300, or approximately 52% of revenues, in 2024 from $1,101,900, or approximately 53%, in 2023. The lower gross profit in 2024 compared to 2024 results primarily from lower gross revenues from licenses, royalties and fees offset in part by higher product and other sales in 2024 compared 2023.
Licenses, royalties and fees have historically carried a higher gross profit than product sales, which generally consist of supplies or other manufactured products that incorporate the Company’s technologies or equipment used to support the application of its technologies. These items (except for inks which are manufactured by our Company) are generally purchased from third-party vendors and resold to the end-user or licensee and carry a lower gross profit than licenses, royalties and fees. The lower gross profit in 2024 compared to 2023 reflects lower gross revenues from licenses, royalties and fees offset in part by higher gross revenues from product and other sales in 2024 compared to 2023.
As the variable component of cost of revenues related to licenses, royalties and fees is a low percentage of these revenues and the fixed component is not substantial, period to period changes in revenues from licenses, royalties and fees can significantly affect both gross profit from licenses, royalties and fees as well as overall gross profit. Due primarily to the lower revenues from licenses, royalties and fees in 2024 compared to 2023, the gross profit from licenses, royalties and fees decreased to approximately 57% of revenues from licenses, royalties and fees in 2024 from approximately 62% in 2023.
The gross profit, expressed as a percentage of revenues, of product and other sales is dependent on both the overall sales volumes of product and other sales and on the mix of the specific goods produced and/or sold. The gross profit from product and other sales was approximately 50% of revenues in 2024 and 2023.
Research and development expenses were $178,200 in 2024 compared to $163,400 in 2023. The increase in 2024 compared to 2023 resulted primarily from higher employee related expenses and rent & occupancy expenses in 2024 compared to 2023.
Sales and marketing expenses were $322,400 in 2024 compared to $270,800 in 2023. The increase in 2024 compared to 2023 is due primarily to higher commission expense on the higher level of revenues in 2024 as well as an increase in rent & occupancy expenses.
General and administrative expenses increased to $3,900,000 in 2024 from $2,538,300 in 2023. The increase in 2024 compared to 2023 is due primarily to higher stock-based compensation and employee related expenses and higher public company related expenses,
There was no income tax expense (benefit) reflected in the results of operations for 2024. Income tax benefit in 2023 resulted from reversing tax accruals. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had federal net operating loss carry forwards of $707,000 and $126,000 respectively, and state net operating loss carryforwards of $2,568,000 and $1,757,000, respectively, which may be used to offset future taxable income. The remaining federal NOL's will not expire but will be limited to 80% of taxable income. Pennsylvania NOL's started to to expire in 2024, with $1,307,000 expiring by 2032. The remaining Pennsylvania NOL's expire in 20 years. Florida NOL's will not expire.
Our net (loss) of $2,678,900 in 2024 compared to the net (loss) of $1,435,900 in 2023 resulted primarily from a lower gross profit on a lower level of licenses, royalties and fees and by higher overhead expenses in 2024 compared to 2023.
Our management does not believe that inflation and changing prices have had a significant effect on our revenues and results of operations during the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
Plan of Operation, Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our Company’s cash increased to $10,839,700 at December 31, 2024 from $2,269,200 at December 31, 2023. During 2024, our Company provided $594,800 in its operating activities, provided $7,985,600 in its investing activities and used $9,900 for capital expenditures.
Our Company’s revenues increased approximately 2% to $2,117,800 in 2024 from $2,083,900 in 2023 primarily as a result of lower licensing revenue from the Company’s licensees in the entertainment and toy products market. Our Company’s gross profit decreased approximately 1% to $1,100,300 in 2024 from $1,101,900 in 2023 primarily as a result of lower license fees from our licensees in the entertainment and toy products market.
Our Company’s total overhead expenses increased in 2024 compared to 2023, our Company’s net interest income increased in 2024 compared to 2023 and our Company’s income tax benefit decreased in 2024 compared to 2023. As a result of these factors, our Company generated a net loss of $2,678,900 in 2024 compared to a net loss of $1,435,900 in 2023. Our Company had positive operating cash flow of $594,800 in 2024. At December 31, 2024, our Company had working capital of $12,388,300 and stockholders’ equity of $13,639,800. For the full year of 2023, our Company had a net loss of $1,435,900 and had negative operating cash flow of $19,300. At December 31, 2023, our Company had working capital of $10,618,500 and stockholders’ equity of $12,382,500.
In November 2018, our Company negotiated a $150,000 revolving line of credit (“Line of Credit”) with a bank to provide a source of working capital, if required. The Line of Credit is secured by all the assets of our Company and bears interest at the bank’s prime rate for a period of one year and its prime rate plus 1.5% thereafter. The Line of Credit is subject to an annual review and quiet period. There have been no borrowings under the Line of Credit since its inception and the Line of Credit was terminated on July 13, 2023.
We may need to obtain additional capital in the future to further support the working capital requirements associated with our existing revenue base and to develop new revenue sources. We cannot assure you that we will be successful in obtaining such additional capital, if needed.
Our plan of operation for the twelve months beginning with the date of this annual report consists of concentrating available human and financial resources to continue to capitalize on the specific business relationships our Company has developed in the entertainment and toy products market. This includes two licensees that have been marketing products incorporating the Company’s technologies since 2012. These two licensees maintain a significant presence in the entertainment and toy products market and are well known and highly regarded participants in this market. We anticipate that these two licensees will expand their current offerings that incorporate our technologies and will introduce and market new products that will incorporate our technologies available to them under their license agreements with our Company. We will continue to develop various applications for these licensees. We also plan to expand our licensee base in the entertainment and toy market. We currently have additional licensees marketing or developing products incorporating our technologies in certain geographic and niche markets of the overall entertainment and toy products market.
Our Company maintains its presence in the retail loss prevention market and believes that revenue growth in this market can be achieved through increased security ink sales to its licensees in this market. We will continue to adjust our production and technical staff as necessary and, subject to available financial resources, invest in capital equipment needed to support potential growth in ink production requirements beyond our current capacity. Additionally, we will pursue opportunities to market our current technologies in specific security and non-security markets. There can be no assurances that these efforts will enable our Company to generate additional revenues and positive cash flow.
Our Company has received, and may in the future seek, additional capital in the form of debt, equity or both, to support our working capital requirements and to provide funding for other business opportunities. We cannot assure you that if we require additional capital, that we will be successful in obtaining such additional capital, or that such additional capital, if obtained, will enable our Company to generate additional revenues and positive cash flow.
As previously stated, we generate a significant portion of our total revenues from licensees in the entertainment and toy products market. These licensees generally sell their products through retail outlets. In the future, such sales may be adversely affected by changes in consumer spending that may occur as a result of an uncertain economic environment in 2025 and beyond and its effect on the global economy, including geopolitical instability such as the Russia-Ukraine war and the related supply chain disruptions as the record inflation, lower demand and significantly higher interest rates currently being experienced in the United States along with the probability of an economic recession both in the United States and globally. As a result, our revenues, results of operations and liquidity may be negatively impacted in future periods.
Contractual Obligations
We conduct our operations in leased facilities under a non-cancelable operating lease expiring in May 2025. Future minimum lease payments under this operating lease at December 31, 2024 are: $35,700. Total rental expense under operating leases was $70,500 and $53,300 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In June 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The amendments in this Update affect loans, debt securities, trade receivables, and any other financial assets that have the contractual right to receive cash. The ASU requires an entity to recognize expected credit losses rather than incurred losses for financial assets. The amendments in this Update were extended by ASU No. 2019-10 and are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. The Company adopted this new guidance effective January 1, 2023 utilizing the modified retrospective transition method. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements, but did change how the allowance for credit losses is determined.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
None.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Not Applicable.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Our Financial Statements are attached as Appendix A (following Exhibits) and included as part of this Form 10-K Report. A list of our Financial Statements is provided in response to Item 15 of this Form 10-K Report.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
Item 9. Changes In And Disagreements With Accountants On Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of the end of the period covered by this report, our Company evaluated the effectiveness and design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures. Our Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are the controls and other procedures that we designed to ensure that our Company records, processes, summarizes, and reports in a timely manner the information that it must disclose in reports that our Company files with or submits to the Securities and Exchange Commission. Our principal executive officer and principal financial officer reviewed and participated in this evaluation. Based on this evaluation, our Company made the determination that its disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). Based on this evaluation, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024.
Our Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes policies and procedures that (1) pertain to maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect transactions and dispositions of the assets of our Company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of our Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of our Company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Internal control over financial reporting is a process that involves human diligence and compliance and is subject to lapses in judgment and breakdowns resulting from human failures. In addition, the design of any system of controls is based in part on certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and controls may become inadequate if conditions change. There can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions.
This Annual Report on Form 10-K does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by our registered public accounting firm pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, which permits us to provide only management’s report in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Changes in Company Internal Controls
No change in our Company’s internal control over financial reporting occurred during our fourth fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 9B. Other Information
From time to time, certain of our executive officers and directors have, and we expect they will in the future, enter into, amend or terminate written trading arrangements pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities and Exchange Act or otherwise.
For the quarter ended December 31, 2024, none of our officers or directors adopted or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of our securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act and/or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K.
On March 21, 2025, the Company and NE IND OWNER-1 LLC (the “Landlord”) entered into a second amendment (the “2025 Lease Amendment”) to the lease agreement, dated December 12, 2013 (as previously amended, the “Lease Agreement”), by and between the Company and the Landlord relating to premises at 480 Shoemaker Road, King of Prussia, PA 19406. The Amendment provides for an extension of the term to December 31, 2027, and for monthly rent payments of, initially, $7,147.00, escalating annually by 3.5%.
Other than as set forth above, the terms of the Lease Agreement remain unchanged.
The foregoing summary is qualified in its entirety by reference to the 2025 Lease Amendment, which is filed as exhibit 10.12 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from the information contained within our Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.
We have adopted a code of business conduct and ethics, called the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, that applies to all of our directors, officers, including our principal executive, financial and accounting officers, and employees. We intend to provide amendments or waivers to our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for any of our directors and principal officers on our website. The reference to our website address does not constitute incorporation by reference of any of the information contained on the website, and such information is not a part of this Report on Form 10-K.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from the information contained within our Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from the information contained within our Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from the information contained within our Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from the information contained within our Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15. Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules
(a) The following Audited Financial Statements are filed as part of this Form 10-K Report:
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Balance Sheets
Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Statement of Stockholders’ Equity
Statements of Cash Flows
Notes to Financial Statements
(b) The following exhibits are filed as part of this report.
See Exhibit Index.