EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 29002
Filing Year: 2025
Filename: 29002_10-K_2025_0000950170-25-021400.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1.	Business.
GENERAL
Diodes Incorporated, together with its subsidiaries (collectively the “Company,” “we,” or “our” (Nasdaq: DIOD)), a Standard and Poor’s SmallCap 600 and Russell 3000 Index company, delivers high-quality semiconductor products to the world’s leading companies in the automotive, industrial, computing, consumer electronics, and communications markets. We leverage our expanded product portfolio of analog and discrete power solutions combined with leading-edge packaging technology to meet customers’ needs. Our broad range of application-specific products and solutions-focused sales, coupled with global operations including engineering, testing, manufacturing, and customer service, enable us to be a premier provider for high-volume, high-growth markets. For more information, visit www.diodes.com.
We operate from the following locations, with additional support offices throughout the world:
•Corporate Headquarters
Plano, Texas, United States
•Design, Engineering, and Marketing
Shanghai, Yangzhou, Shenzhen, and Hong Kong, China
Oldham, England
New Taipei City, Hsinchu, and Tainan, Taiwan
Milpitas, California, and Plano, Texas, United States
•Wafer Fabrication
Shanghai and Wuxi, China
Oldham, England
Greenock, Scotland
Hsinchu, Taiwan
South Portland, Maine, United States
•Assembly and Test
Shanghai, Chengdu, and Wuxi, China
Neuhaus am Rennweg, Germany
Chongli, Taiwan
•Sales, Warehouse, and Logistics
Hong Kong, Shanghai, Beijing, Shenzhen, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Qingdao, and Xiamen, China
Oldham, England
Frankfurt and Munich, Germany
Milan, Italy
Tokyo, Japan
Singapore
Seongnam-si, South Korea
New Taipei City, Taiwan
Milpitas, California and Plano, Texas, United States
The Company’s manufacturing facilities have achieved certifications in the internationally recognized standards of ISO 9001:2015, ISO 14001:2015, and, for automotive products, IATF 16949:2016 and the Company is also C-TPAT certified. We believe these quality awards reflect the superior quality-control techniques established at the Company and further enhance our credibility as a vendor-of-choice to original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) increasingly concerned with quality and consistency.
Our market focus is on high-growth, end-user applications in the following areas:
•Industrial: embedded systems, precision controls, medical, clean energy, machine to machine, robotics, motor control, and Artificial Intelligence of Things (“AIoT”);
•Automotive: connected driving, comfort/style/safety, and electrification/powertrain;
•Computing: cloud computing: server, Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) server, storage, data centers, and edge AI;
•Communications: smart phones, 5G networks, and enterprise networking; and
•Consumer: Internet of things (“IoT”): wearables, home automation, home appliances, smart infrastructure, and charging solutions.
From 2020 to 2024, our annual net sales grew from $1.2 billion to $1.3 billion, representing a compound annual growth rate of approximately 1.6%. Our product line includes over 28,000 products, and we shipped approximately 39 billion units in 2024, 42 billion units in 2023, and 50 billion units in 2022. The decrease in units shipped in 2024 was driven by softness in demand and inventory adjustments by our customers that serve the key end markets in which we participate.
2024 SUMMARY AND BUSINESS OUTLOOK
In 2024 the Company’s net sales decreased 21.1% compared to 2023. This decrease was the result of the combined effect of demand softness in the end markets that we participate in and inventory adjustments by the customers that we serve.
We continue to work towards our previously stated goal of $1.0 billion in gross profit based upon $2.5 billion in revenue and a gross margin of 40%. At a high level, tactics we intend to use to accomplish these goals include:
•Offering total systems solutions, in which we provide a wide range of products that work together in a system which drives growth by simplifying the design process for our customers, the sales approach, and content expansion driving growth:
•Increasing focus on high margin market segments (i.e. automotive and industrial) and analog & power discrete product lines which are included in all the market segments that we serve;
•Investing in technology leadership in target products, fab processes, and advanced packaging; and
•Pursuing selective strategic acquisitions of technologies, product lines, or companies to enhance our product portfolio and accelerate our new product offerings.
We have a solid pipeline of designs and expanded customer relationships across all regions and product lines. The success of our business depends on, among other factors, the strength of the global economy and the stability of the financial markets, our customers’ demand for our products, the ability of our customers to meet their payment obligations, the likelihood of customers not canceling or deferring existing orders, and the strength of consumers’ demand for items containing our products in the end-markets we serve. We believe the long-term outlook for our business remains generally favorable, despite the uncertainties in the global economy, as we continue to execute on the strategy that has proven successful for us over the years. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Business Outlook” in Part II, Item 7 and “Risk Factors - The success of our business depends on the strength of the global economy and the stability of the financial markets, and any weaknesses in these areas may have a material adverse effect on our net sales, operating results and financial condition.” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report for additional information.
SEGMENT INFORMATION AND ENTERPRISE-WIDE DISCLOSURES
For financial reporting purposes, we operate in a single segment, standard semiconductor products, through our various design, manufacturing, and distribution facilities. We sell product primarily through our operations in Asia, the Americas, and Europe. See Note 16 of “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” of this Annual Report for additional information.
OUR INDUSTRY
Semiconductors are critical components used to manufacture a broad range of electronic products and systems. Since the invention of the transistor in 1948, continuous improvements in semiconductor processes and design technologies have led to smaller, more complex, and more reliable devices at a lower cost per function. The availability of low-cost semiconductors, together with increased consumer demand for sophisticated electronic systems, has led to the proliferation of semiconductors in diverse end-use applications.
OUR COMPETITIVE STRENGTHS
We believe our competitive strengths include the following:
Flexible, scalable, and cost-effective manufacturing - Our manufacturing operations are a core element of our success, and we have designed our manufacturing base to allow us to respond quickly to changes in demand trends in the end-markets we serve. For example, we have structured our assembly and test facilities to enable us to rapidly and efficiently add capacity and adjust product mix to meet shifts in customer demand and overall market trends. Our manufacturing facilities provide us with access to a workforce at a relatively low overall cost base while enabling us to better serve our leading customers, many of which are located in Asia. See “Risk Factors - During times of difficult market conditions, our fixed costs combined with lower net sales and lower profit margins may have a negative impact on our business, operating results, and financial condition.” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report for additional information.
Integrated packaging expertise - Our expertise in designing and manufacturing innovative and proprietary packaging solutions enables us to package a variety of different device functions into an assortment of packages ranging from miniature chip-scale packaging to packages that integrate multiple separate discrete and/or analog chips into a single semiconductor product called an array. Our ability to design and manufacture multi-chip semiconductor solutions as well as advanced integrated devices provides our customers with products of equivalent functionality with fewer individual parts, and at lower overall cost, than alternative products. This combination of integration, functionality and miniaturization makes our products well suited for the industrial, automotive, computing, communications, and consumer markets.
Broad customer base and diverse end-markets - Our customers are comprised of leading direct sales customers as well as major electronic manufacturing services (“EMS”) providers. We serve over 50,000 customers worldwide. The majority or our customers are served through our distribution network and some are direct customers who purchase directly from the Company. Our products are ultimately used in end-products in a number of markets served by our broad customer base, which we believe makes us less susceptible to market fluctuations driven by either specific customers or specific end-user applications.
Customer-focused product development - Effective collaboration with our customers and a commitment to customer service are essential elements of our business. We believe focusing on dependable delivery and support tailored to specific end-user applications and solution-selling approach has fostered deep customer relationships and created a key competitive advantage for us in the highly fragmented discrete, logic, analog, and mixed-signal semiconductor marketplace. We believe our close relationships with our customers have provided us with keener insight into our customers’ product needs. This results in a stronger demand for our product designs and often provides us with insight into additional opportunities for new design wins in our customers’ products. See “Risk Factors - We are and will continue to be under continuous pressure from our customers and competitors to reduce the price of our products, which could adversely affect our growth, and profit margins.” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report for additional information.
Management experience - The experience possessed by each member of the Company’s executive team has created significant institutional insight into our markets, customers and operations. See “Risk Factors - We may fail to attract or retain the qualified technical, sales, marketing, finance and management/executive personnel required to operate our business successfully, which could adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report for additional information.
OUR STRATEGY
Our next key goal is to reach $1.0 billion in gross profit based upon $2.5 billion in revenue and a gross margin of 40%. At a high level, we intend to accomplish this goal by continuing to enhance our position as a leading global designer, manufacturer, and supplier of high-quality application-specific standard semiconductor products, using our innovative and cost-effective assembly (packaging) and test technology and leveraging our process expertise and design excellence to achieve above-market growth in profitability.
The principal elements of our strategy include the following:
Continue to rapidly introduce innovative analog and discrete power solutions semiconductor products - We intend to maintain our rapid pace of new product introductions across all our markets with continued emphasis in AI applications for computer market, the industrial market, and the automotive market. We will also continue to focus on the high-volume, high-growth applications with short design cycles, such as: IoT, wearables, home automation, and smart infrastructure; portables such as smartphones, tablets, notebooks, and edge AI devices; other consumer electronics and computing devices. During 2024 and 2023, we continued to achieve many significant new design wins with our direct sales customers. Although a design win from a customer does not necessarily guarantee future sales to that customer, we believe that continued introduction of new and well-defined product solutions is critically important in maintaining and extending our market share in the highly competitive semiconductor marketplace. See “Risk Factors - Obsolete inventories as a result of changes in demand for our products and change in life cycles of our products could adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report for additional information.
Expand our available market opportunities - We believe we have many paths to increasing our addressable market opportunities. From a product perspective, we intend to continue expanding our product portfolio by developing derivative and enhanced performance devices that target adjacent markets and end-equipment. We will continue to cultivate new and emerging customers within our targeted markets, further increasing our already broad customer base. As we focus on new customers, we try to expand our product portfolio penetration within these new, as well as existing, customers. As we expand our extensive range of high power efficiency and small form factor packages, we plan to introduce new and existing product functions in these new packages to allow an even greater market coverage.
Maintain intense customer focus - We intend to continue to strengthen and deepen our customer relationships. We believe that continued focus on customer service is important and will help to increase our net sales, operating performance, and market share. To accomplish this, we intend to continue our close collaboration with our customers to design products that meet their specific needs. A critical element of this strategy is to further reduce our design cycle time in order to quickly provide our customers with innovative products. Additionally, to support our customer-focused strategy, we continue to expand our sales force and field application engineers, particularly in Asia and Europe, during periods of growth. See “Risk Factors - We are and will continue to be under continuous pressure from our customers and competitors to reduce the price of our products, which could adversely affect our growth and profit margins.” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report for additional information.
Enhance cost competitiveness and manufacturing flexibility - A key element of our success is our overall low-cost manufacturing base and our hybrid manufacturing model. While we believe our manufacturing facilities are among the most efficient in the industry, we will continue to refine our proprietary manufacturing processes and technology to achieve additional cost efficiencies. We have continued to make capital expenditures to enhance our existing manufacturing capabilities. We continue to leverage a hybrid manufacturing model which allows our revenue to be supported with both internally and externally sourced manufacturing. This allows more flexibility to support customer growth while continuing to enhance cost competitiveness.
Pursue selective strategic acquisitions - As part of our strategy to expand our semiconductor product offerings and to maximize our market opportunities, we may acquire technologies, product lines, or companies in order to enhance our product portfolio and accelerate our new product offerings. Examples of recent acquisitions include:
•In October 2024, we completed our acquisition of Fortemedia, Inc. (“Fortemedia”), a global company that focuses on developing high quality solutions and semiconductor products that provide advanced voice processing technologies to enhance human-to-human and human-to-machine voice communication quality and efficiencies. The Company acquired Fortemedia to expand its product portfolio and enhance the Company’s footprint in advanced voice processing technologies, primarily targeted at the automotive and computer markets.
•In June 2022, the Company completed the acquisition of onsemi’s wafer fabrication facility and operations located in South Portland, Maine (“SPFAB”). We purchased SPFAB to provide additional 200mm wafer fabrication capacity for analog products to accelerate the Company’s growth initiatives in the automotive and industrial end-markets. This U.S.-based facility, together with the Company’s existing wafer fabrication facilities in Asia and Europe, further enhances the Company’s global manufacturing operations;
•In 2020, we acquired Lite-On Semiconductor (“LSC”) and its subsidiaries. The acquisition of LSC broadened our discrete product offerings, including providing us with a leadership position in glass-passivated bridges and rectifiers that allows us to further extend our position in the automotive and industrial markets consistent with our overall growth strategy. Further, the acquisition expands our wafer fabrication and assembly and test capacity; and
•In 2019, we acquired from Texas Instruments a 200mm wafer fabrication facility and operations located in Greenock, Scotland (“GFAB”). The acquisition of GFAB added to our existing global footprint and provided expanded wafer capacity to support our product growth, in particular for the automotive market.
See “Risk Factors - A significant part of our growth strategy involves acquiring companies and businesses. We may be unable to identify suitable acquisition candidates or consummate desired acquisitions and, if we do make any acquisitions, we may be unable to successfully integrate any acquired companies with our operations, which could adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.” in Part I, Item 1A and Note 20 of “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” of this Annual Report for additional information.
OUR PRODUCTS
Our market focus is on high-growth, end-user applications in the following areas:
Discrete semiconductor products, including: MOSFETs, and SiC MOSFETs; protection devices: data line protection, power line protection, thyristers, USB Type-C protection, and transient voltage suppressors; diodes; Schottky diodes, small signal switching diodes, Zener diodes, and SiC diodes; rectifiers: bridges, super barrier rectifiers, Schottky rectifiers, Schottky bridge rectifiers, and fast/ultra-fast rectifiers; and bipolar transistors: Avalanche transistors, gate driver transistors, and pre-bias transistors;
Analog products, including: power management devices such as AC-DC and DC-DC converters, USB power switches, low dropout, photocoupler, and linear voltage regulators; standard linear devices such as operational amplifiers and comparators, current monitors, voltage references, and reset generators; LED lighting drivers; audio amplifiers; and sensor products including Hall-effect sensors and motor drivers;
Mixed-signal products, including: high speed mux/demux, digital switches, interface, redrivers, universal level shifters/voltage translators, clock ICs, and packet switches;
Standard logic products, including: low-voltage complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (“CMOS”) and advanced high-speed CMOS devices; ultra-low power CMOS logic; and analog switches;
Multichip products and co-packaged discrete, analog, and mixed-signal silicon in miniature packages;
Silicon and silicon epitaxial wafers used in manufacturing these products;
Frequency Control Products (“FCP”) used in many of today’s advanced electronic systems. FCPs are electronic components that provide frequency references such as crystals and crystal oscillators for automotive, industrial, computing, communication, and consumer electronic products; and
Contact Image Sensor (CIS), an input device widely applied on, among other things, high-speed copy machines, check scanners, banknote identification validators (ATM, banknote detectors) and industrial inspection equipment (AOI/AVI). We offer integrated sensor IC, illumination, and rod lenses to form the CIS module.
The following table lists the end-markets, some of the applications in which our products are used, and the percentage of product revenue for each end-market for the last three years:
End-Markets
End product applications
Industrial
23%
27%
27%
Lighting, power supplies, DC-DC conversion, security systems, motor controls, DC fans, proximity sensors, solenoid and relay driving, solar panel, HVAC/LED lighting, retrofit bulb, smart meters, and embedded computers
Automotive
19%
19%
15%
ADAS (advanced driver assistance systems), telematics, infotainment, lighting, BLDC motor control, electrification and powertrain, and battery management
Computing
25%
23%
24%
Notebooks, tablets, LCD monitors, printers, solid state and hard disk drive, artificial intelligence servers, storage, cloud computing, and data center applications
Consumer
19%
18%
19%
Digital audio players and cameras, set-top boxes, LCD and LED TV’s, game consoles, portable GPS, fitness and health monitors, action cameras, smart watches, wearable IoT, home automation, and smart infrastructure
Communications
14%
13%
15%
5G networks, smartphones, IP gateways, routers, switches, hubs, fiber optics, and charging solutions
PRODUCT PACKAGING
Our device packaging technology includes a wide variety of innovative surface-mounted packages. Our focus on the development of smaller, more thermally efficient, and increasingly integrated packaging, is a critical component of our product development. We provide a comprehensive offering of miniature high power density packaging, enabling us to fit our components into smaller and more efficient packages, while maintaining the same device functionality and power handling capabilities. Smaller packaging provides a reduction in the height, weight and board space required for our components. Our products are well suited for broad applications in the industrial, automotive, computing, communications and consumer applications as highlighted in the table above.
CUSTOMERS
We serve over 50,000 customers worldwide. The majority of our customers are served through our distribution network and some are direct customers who purchase directly from the Company. Our customers represent leading direct sales customers representing a broad range of industries, leading EMS providers and leading distributors. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, our direct sales and EMS customers together accounted for 37%, 32%, and 30%, respectively, of our net sales. In addition, for information concerning our business with related parties, see “Business - Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions.”
We believe that our close relationships with our customers have provided us with deeper insight into our customers’ product needs. In addition to seeking to expand relationships with our existing customers, our strategy is to pursue new customers and diversify our customer base by focusing on leading global consumer electronics companies and their EMS providers and distributors. See “Risk Factors - Our customers may require our products to undergo a lengthy and expensive qualification process without any assurance of product sales and may audit our operations from time to time. A failure to qualify a product or a negative audit finding could adversely affect our net sales, operating results, and financial condition.” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report for additional information.
We generally warrant that products sold to our customers will, at the time of shipment, be free from defects in workmanship and materials and conform to our approved specifications. Subject to certain exceptions, our standard warranty extends for a period of one year from the date of shipment. Warranty expense has not been significant. Generally, our customers may cancel orders on short notice without incurring a penalty. See “Risk Factors - Our customer orders are subject to cancellation or modification usually with no penalty. High volumes of order cancellation or reduction in quantities ordered could adversely affect our net sales, operating results, and financial condition.” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report for additional information.
The tables below set forth net sales for the Company disaggregated into geographic locations based on shipment and by type (direct sales or distributor) for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022:
Net Sales by Region
Asia
$
1,020,256
$
1,181,519
$
1,480,191
Europe
188,402
287,549
283,900
Americas
102,462
192,671
236,489
Total net sales
$
1,311,120
$
1,661,739
$
2,000,580
Net Sales by Type
Direct sales
$
479,845
$
530,446
$
590,173
Distributor sales
831,275
1,131,293
1,410,407
Total net sales
$
1,311,120
$
1,661,739
$
2,000,580
Many of our customers are based in Asia or have manufacturing facilities in Asia. Net sales from products shipped to China for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, was $589.5 million, $704.8 million, and $941.3 million, respectively. The decline in sales in China is reflective of the overall decrease in demand for semiconductors, inventory adjustments by our customers, as well as de-emphasizing the lower margin deep commodity products.
SALES AND MARKETING
We market and sell our products worldwide through a combination of direct sales and marketing personnel, independent sales representatives, and distributors. Our marketing group focuses on our product strategy, product development roadmap, new product introduction process, demand assessment, and competitive analysis. Our marketing programs include participation in industry tradeshows, technical conferences and technology seminars, online marketing including our website, email and social media, sales training, and public relations. Our marketing group works closely with our sales and research and development teams to align our product development roadmap. Our marketing group coordinates its efforts with our product development, operations and sales groups, as well as with our customers, sales representatives and distributors. We support our customers through our global field application engineering and customer support organizations.
Our website, www.diodes.com, features an extensive online product catalog with advanced search capabilities. This, coupled with a comprehensive product selector guides, keyword search, cross-reference search, and system solution diagrams facilitate quick and thorough product selection. Our website also provides easy access to our worldwide sales contacts and customer support and incorporates a distributor-inventory check to provide component inventory availability. We have included our website address in this Annual Report solely as an inactive textual reference. We do not incorporate the information on, or accessible through, our website into this Annual Report, and you should not consider any information on or accessible through our website as part of this Annual Report.
MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS AND FACILITIES
We operate assembly and test facilities located in China, Taiwan, and Germany. We operate wafer fabrication facilities located in China, Great Britain, Taiwan, and the United States. For the years ending December 31, 2024 and 2023, our total cash capital expenditures were approximately $73.0 million and $150.8 million, respectively.
Our manufacturing processes use many raw materials, including silicon wafers, aluminum and copper lead frames, gold and copper wire and other metals, molding compounds, and various chemicals and gases. We also rely on equipment and finished product suppliers. We are continuously evaluating our raw material costs in order to reduce our consumption while protecting and maintaining product performance. We have no material agreements with any of our suppliers that impose minimum or continuing supply obligations. From time to time, suppliers may extend lead-times, limit supplies or increase prices due to capacity constraints or other factors. Although we believe that supplies of the raw materials we use are currently and will continue to be available, shortages could occur in various essential materials due to interruption of supply or increased demand in the industry. See “Risk Factors - We depend on third-party suppliers for timely deliveries of raw materials, manufacturing services, product and process development, parts and equipment, as well as finished products from other manufacturers, and our reputation with customers, operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected if we are unable to obtain adequate supplies in a timely manner.” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report for additional information.
Our corporate headquarters is located in a facility we own in Plano, Texas. We also lease or own properties around the world for use as sales and administrative offices, research and development centers, manufacturing facilities, warehouses, and logistics centers. The size or location of these properties can change from time to time based on our business requirements. See “Properties” in Part I, Item 2 of this Annual Report for additional information.
BACKLOG
Backlog, defined as the amount of product to be shipped during any period, is dependent upon various factors, and orders are subject to cancellation or modification, usually with no penalty to the customer. Orders are generally booked from one month to greater than twelve months in advance of delivery. The rate of booking of new orders can vary significantly from month to month. We, and the
industry as a whole, continue to experience a trend towards shorter customer-requested lead-times, and we expect this trend to continue. The amount of backlog at any date depends upon various factors, including the timing of the receipt of orders, fluctuations in orders of existing product lines, and the introduction of new product lines. Accordingly, we believe that the amount of our backlog at any date is not an accurate measure of our future sales. We strive to maintain proper inventory levels to support our customers’ just-in-time order expectations.
PATENTS, TRADEMARKS, COPYRIGHTS, AND OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND LICENSES
We generally rely on a combination of patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, confidentiality agreements, license agreements, and policies to protect our intellectual property rights and proprietary technology, and to maintain our competitive position. Despite these measures, we may not always succeed in protecting our intellectual property or preventing misappropriation of our intellectual property rights. Other companies may independently develop similar technologies or seek to challenge, invalidate or circumvent our intellectual property rights. We acquired, licensed or sublicensed numerous intellectual property rights in connection with our acquisitions over the years. Several of our trademarks are registered in the U.S. and other countries, and we continually seek to strengthen our brand to distinguish our products in the marketplace. We maintain a patent portfolio comprised of both U.S. and foreign patents and have patent applications pending in the U.S. and other countries. We expect to continue to file patent applications in the U.S. and abroad covering technologies and products considered important to our business. We do not believe any individual patent, group of patents, or the expiration thereof would materially affect the operation of our business. We seek to protect our proprietary technology or related knowledge that is not covered by our patent strategy as trade secrets through contracts and policies to maintain their secrecy and confidentiality.
In the ordinary course of business, we may become party to disputes involving intellectual property rights. When we become aware of companies infringing our intellectual property rights, we seek to enforce our rights through appropriate actions. We may receive claims of infringement or inquiries regarding possible infringement of the intellectual property rights of others, demands seeking royalty payments or other remedies, or cease and desist letters. Depending on the situation, we may defend our position, seek to negotiate a license, or engage in other acceptable resolution that is appropriate to our business.
We provide limited intellectual property indemnification for certain customers and may experience financial exposure related to intellectual property indemnity claims. In certain situations, there are limits on our potential indemnification liability; however, we cannot reasonably estimate the amount of potential payments, if any. Although to date we have not paid any significant amounts for intellectual property indemnity claims, there can be no assurance that we will not face significant exposure in the future.
From time to time, we may license our intellectual property rights in connection with the development or sale of our products. We may license certain product technology from other companies, but we do not consider any particular licensed technology to be material to our operations or royalties paid by us to be material. We believe the duration and other terms of the licenses are appropriate for our current needs. See “Risk Factors - We may be subject to claims of infringement of third-party intellectual property rights or demands that we license third-party technology, which could result in significant expense, reduction in our intellectual property rights and a negative impact on our business, operating results, and financial condition.” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report for additional information.
Our foreign operations expose us to unique intellectual property technology risks compared to a company with fewer or no international operations. For example, we are exposed to potential cyber security breaches that may target our employees or infrastructure outside the United States. See “Risk Factors - Risks Related to Our International Operations.” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report for a more detailed summary of the intellectual property technology risks associated with our international business operations.
This Annual Report may include trade names and trademarks of other companies. Our use or display of other parties’ trade names, trademarks or products is not intended to, and does not, imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, the trade name or trademark owners. All trademarks appearing in this Annual Report not owned by us are the property of their holders.
COMPETITION
Numerous semiconductor manufacturers and distributors serve the discrete, logic, analog, and mixed-signal semiconductor components market, making competition intense. Some of our larger competitors include Infineon Technologies A.G., Epson, Kyocera, Nexperia, NXP Semiconductors N.V., ON Semiconductor Corporation, Renesas Electronics Corporation, Texas Instruments, and Vishay Intertechnology, Inc., many of which have greater financial, marketing, distribution, brand name recognition, research and development, manufacturing, and other resources than we do. Accordingly, we, from time to time, may reposition product lines or decrease prices, which may affect our sales of, and profit margins on, such product lines. The price, features, availability, and quality of our products, and our ability to design products and deliver customer service in keeping with our customers’ needs, determine the competitiveness of our products. We believe that our product focus, packaging expertise and our flexibility and quick adaptability to customer needs affords us competitive advantages. See “Risk Factors - The semiconductor business is highly competitive, and increased competition may harm our business, operating results, and financial condition.” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report for additional information.
ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Our engineering and research and development groups consist of applications, circuit design, and product development engineers who assist in determining the direction of our future product lines. One of their key functions is to work closely with market-leading customers to further refine, expand and improve our product portfolio within our target product types and packages. In addition, we assess customer requirements and acceptance of new package types, and we seek to develop new, higher-density and more energy-efficient packages to satisfy customers’ needs.
Product development engineers work directly with our semiconductor circuit design and layout engineers to develop and design products that match our customers’ requirements. We seek to capture the customers’ electrical and packaging requirements, translate those requirements into product specifications, and design and manufacture a qualified product to support the customers’ end-system applications.
HUMAN CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
As an international semiconductor company with a global footprint, the Company recognizes the important role its human capital plays in a talent-based economy, and what the impact of effective and efficient human capital management has on its long-term strategic success and sustainable growth. Our employees are our most critical asset - they contribute to our financial success for the benefit of all our stakeholders and they are collaborators and contributors to the success of the communities in which we live and work. Human capital management affects many aspects of our operations, including recruitment and talent acquisition, retention, training and development, workforce optimization, performance management, workplace safety, employee health and wellness, employee engagement, and diversity and inclusion.
Employee Communication - Developing two-way communications and deploying effective feedback mechanisms are critical components in our employee engagement process. We have an open door policy and encourage employees to have regular conversations with their managers to share feedback and express concerns. We also solicit employee feedback informally through regular employee interactions. We hold our managers accountable for setting clear expectations and goals with their teams, for providing coaching, as well as identifying professional development opportunities for their teams, and for engaging in periodic performance reviews. We assist our managers with performance management tools as needed to help them effectively manage their teams and optimize workforce productivity.
Employee Retention, Training, and Coaching - Employee retention is a critical element in our sustainable success. To maintain a stable workforce, we provide skill advancement training and coaching, where appropriate, to help our employees enhance their existing skillsets. With our support and preparation, our employees can continue to grow in their current role and maximize the value they contribute to their current teams. Where a suitable rotation opportunity arises, we provide skill expansion training to equip employees for these new positions. By honing their skills, our employees can leverage their institutional knowledge and experience to contribute to the overall success of the organization. The availability of rotational opportunities can also help keep our employees motivated and engaged.
Employee Safety - As an employer with a global workforce, we seek to provide safe working conditions and encourage our employees to engage in safe behaviors while completing their assigned job duties. We have programs to enhance the occupational health and safety of our employees and to promote employee wellness. These programs are designed to yield positive business outcomes, such as less absenteeism, more motivated and engaged workforce, higher productivity, more consistent quality performance, and a better corporate image in our local communities. The positive outcomes of these programs should help us attract talent and maintain a stable workforce.
Employee Demographics - We regularly review our workforce demographics and organizational structure to ensure that we have an efficient organization positioned to deliver cost-effective, high-quality products to our customers and to serve the markets in which we operate.
Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion - Our diversity, equity and inclusion (“DEI”) principles supplement our values and are ingrained into how we operate as a business. We work to create an inclusive culture and environment where technical and scientific minds from different backgrounds can innovate, collaborate, and flourish. Our people-focused policies and procedures are aligned to our commitment to being an open, inclusive, and caring employer, and assist us in supporting our colleagues throughout their career at Diodes. Our commitment to DEI practices includes clear guidelines and accountability measures to ensure we attract and retain a diverse workforce.
As of December 31, 2024, we employed 8,593 employees (including approximately 764 temporary labor or independent contractors). 7,259 of our employees were in Asia, 453 were in the Americas, and 881 were in Europe. None of our employees in Asia or the U.S. are subject to a collective bargaining agreement. In Europe all our employees are covered by individual employment agreements with some collective bargaining agreements in place. We consider our relations with our employees to be satisfactory. See “Risk Factors - We may fail to attract or retain the qualified technical, sales, marketing, finance and management/executive personnel required to operate our business successfully, which could adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report for additional information.
ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS
We are subject to a variety of U.S. federal, state, local, and foreign governmental laws, rules, and regulations related to the use, storage, handling, discharge, or disposal of certain toxic, volatile or otherwise hazardous chemicals used in our manufacturing process in China, Taiwan, the U.K., and the U.S. where our wafer fabrication facilities are located, and in China, Taiwan, and Germany where our assembly and test facilities are located. Any of these regulations could require us to acquire equipment or to incur substantial other costs to comply with environmental regulations or remediate problems. For the twelve month periods ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, our capital expenditures for environmental controls have not been material. See “Risk Factors - We are subject to many environmental laws and regulations that could result in significant expenses and could adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report for additional information.
CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
We conduct business with the following related parties: Keylink International (B.V.I.) Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates (“Keylink”), Nuvoton Technology Corporation (“Nuvoton”), Jiyuan Crystal Photoelectric Frequency Technology Ltd. (“JCP”) and Atlas Magnetics (“Atlas”).
Keylink is a 5% joint venture partner in our Shanghai assembly and test facilities. We sell products to, and purchase inventory from, companies owned by Keylink. In addition, our subsidiaries in China lease their manufacturing facilities in Shanghai from, and subcontract a portion of our manufacturing process (metal plating and environmental services) to, Keylink. We also pay a consulting fee to Keylink.
Warren Chen, a member of the Company’s board of directors serves as a member of Nuvoton’s board of directors. We purchase wafers from Nuvoton for use in our production process.
JCP is an FCP manufacturing company from which we purchase material and in which we have made an equity investment. We account for this investment using the equity method of accounting.
Atlas is an early stage privately held fabless wafer design company in which the Company holds a majority equity interest. The Company determined that Atlas is a variable interest entity (“VIE”) and that Atlas is a related party. While the Company does own more than 50% of Atlas, the Company does not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact Atlas, including obtaining control of the board of directors, and therefore, has determined that the Company is not the primary beneficiary. For additional information related to Atlas see Note 19 - Equity Investments - Variable Interest Entities, below.
We consider our relationships with Keylink, Nuvoton, JCP, and Atlas to be mutually beneficial and plan to continue these strategic alliances.
The Audit Committee of our Board of Directors reviews all related party transactions for potential conflict of interest situations on an ongoing basis. We believe that all related party transactions are on terms no less favorable to us than would be obtained from unaffiliated third parties.
OTHER INFORMATION
We were incorporated in 1959 in California and reincorporated in Delaware in 1968.
SEASONALITY
Historically, our net sales have been affected by the cyclical nature of the semiconductor industry, whereby typically the fourth quarter is the quarter of the calendar year with the smallest revenue. In addition, our net sales have been subject to some additional seasonal variation with weaker net sales in the first quarter.
AVAILABLE INFORMATION
Our website address is https://www.diodes.com. We make available, free of charge through our website, our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).
The SEC maintains an Internet site (https://www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file with the SEC.
Our website also provides investors access to financial and corporate governance information including our corporate governance guidelines, Code of Business Conduct, whistleblower hotline, and press releases. The contents of our website and any other information accessible through our website are not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Cautionary Statement for Purposes of the “Safe Harbor” Provision of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995
Many of the statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K contain forward-looking statements and forward-looking information relating to the Company. We generally identify forward-looking statements by the use of terminology such as “may,” “will,” “could,” “should,” “potential,” “continue,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “estimate,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “project,” or similar phrases or the negatives of such terms. We base these statements on our management’s beliefs as well as assumptions we made using information currently available to us. Such statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those identified in the “Risk Factors” section of this Annual Report and the “Risk Factors” section of other documents we file with the SEC, as well as other matters not yet known to us or not currently considered material by us. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those anticipated, estimated or projected. Given these risks and uncertainties, prospective investors are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements do not guarantee future performance and should not be considered as statements of fact.
You should not unduly rely on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Unless required by law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect new information or future events or otherwise. The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the “Act”) provides certain “safe harbor” provisions for forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements, set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, are made pursuant to the Act.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
Investing in our Common Stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following risks and other information in this Annual Report before you make any trading decisions regarding our Common Stock. Our business, financial condition, or operating results may suffer if any of the following risks are realized. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us may also adversely affect our business, financial condition, or operating results. If any of these risks or uncertainties occurs, the trading price of our Common Stock could decline and you could lose part or all of your investment.
Summary
RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS
The impact of tariffs assessed or contemplated to be assessed by various governments could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
The impact of pandemics may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
During times of difficult market conditions, our fixed costs combined with lower net sales and lower profit margins may have a negative impact on our business, operating results, and financial condition.
Downturns in the highly cyclical semiconductor industry or changes in end-market demand could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.
The semiconductor business is highly competitive, and increased competition may harm our business, operating results, and financial condition.
Delays in initiation of production at facilities due to implementing new production techniques or resolving problems associated with technical equipment malfunctions could adversely affect our manufacturing efficiencies, operating results, and financial condition.
We are and will continue to be under continuous pressure from our customers and competitors to reduce the price of our products, which could adversely affect our growth and profit margins.
Our customers may require our products to undergo a lengthy and expensive qualification process without any assurance of product sales and may audit our operations from time to time. A failure to qualify a product or a negative audit finding could adversely affect our net sales, operating results, and financial condition.
Our customer orders are subject to cancellation or modification usually with no penalty. High volumes of order cancellation or reduction in quantities ordered could adversely affect our net sales, operating results, and financial condition.
Production at our manufacturing facilities could be disrupted for a variety of reasons, including natural disasters and other extraordinary events, which could prevent us from producing enough of our products to maintain our sales and satisfy our customers’ demands and could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.
New technologies could result in the development of new products by our competitors and a decrease in demand for our products, and we may not be able to develop new products to satisfy changes in demand, which would adversely affect our net sales, market share, operating results, and financial condition.
We may be subject to claims of infringement of third-party intellectual property rights or demands that we license third-party technology, which could result in significant expense, reduction in our intellectual property rights and a negative impact on our business, operating results, and financial condition.
We depend on third-party suppliers for timely deliveries of raw materials, manufacturing services, product and process development, parts, and equipment, as well as finished products from other manufacturers, and our reputation with customers, operating results, and financial condition could be adversely affected if we are unable to obtain adequate supplies in a timely manner.
A significant part of our growth strategy involves acquiring companies and businesses. We may be unable to identify suitable acquisition candidates or consummate desired acquisitions and, if we do make any acquisitions, we may be unable to successfully integrate any acquired companies with our operations, which could adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.
We are subject to many environmental laws and regulations that could result in significant expenses and could adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.
We may incur additional costs and face emerging risks associated with environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) factors impacting our operations.
Our products, or products we purchase from third parties for resale, may be found to be defective and, as a result, warranty claims and product liability claims may be asserted against us and we may not have recourse against our suppliers, which may harm our business, reputation with our customers, operating results, and financial condition.
We may fail to attract or retain the qualified technical, sales, marketing, finance, and management/executive personnel required to operate our business successfully, which could adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.
We may not be able to achieve future growth, and any such growth may place a strain on our management and on our systems and resources, which could adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.
Obsolete inventories as a result of changes in demand for our products and change in life cycles of our products could adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.
If our direct sales customers or our distributors’ customers do not design our products into their applications, our net sales may be adversely affected.
We are subject to interest rate risk that could have an adverse effect on our cost of working capital and interest expenses, which could adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.
Our hedging strategies may not be successful in mitigating our risks associated with interest rates or foreign exchange exposure or our counterparties might not perform as agreed.
We may have a significant amount of debt with various financial institutions worldwide. Any indebtedness could adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and our ability to meet payment obligations under such debt.
Restrictions in our credit facilities may limit our business and financial activities, including our ability to obtain additional capital in the future.
Our business benefits from certain Chinese government incentives. Expiration of, or changes to, these incentives could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.
We operate a global business through numerous foreign subsidiaries, and there is a risk that tax authorities will challenge our transfer pricing methodologies or legal entity structures, which could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.
Certain of our employees in the U.K. participate in a company-sponsored defined benefit plan which subjects the Company to risks associated with the estimates and assumptions used in calculating expense and funding requirements recorded in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Inaccuracies or changes in these estimates could require material changes in the expense and funding required.
Compliance with government regulations and customer demands regarding the use of “conflict minerals” may result in increased costs and may have a negative impact on our business, operating results, and financial condition.
If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls or discover material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to report our financial results accurately or detect fraud, which could harm our business and the trading price of our Common Stock.
RISKS RELATED TO OUR INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS
Our international operations subject us to risks that could adversely affect our operations.
A slowdown in the Chinese economy could limit the growth in demand for electronic devices containing our products, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and prospects.
Economic regulation in China could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, and prospects.
We could be adversely affected by violations of the United States’ Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K.’s Bribery Act 2010, China’s anti-corruption campaign and similar worldwide anti-bribery laws.
We are subject to foreign currency risk as a result of our international operations.
China is experiencing rapid social, political and economic change, which has increased labor costs and other related costs that could make doing business in China less advantageous than in prior years. Increased labor costs in China could adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.
We may not continue to receive preferential tax treatment in Asia, thereby increasing our income tax expense and reducing our net income.
The distribution of any earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries may be subject to foreign income taxes, thus reducing our net income.
We could be adversely affected by the compromise or theft of our technology, know-how, data, or intellectual property or a requirement that we yield rights in technology, know-how, data stored in foreign jurisdictions, or intellectual property that we use in such foreign jurisdictions.
RISKS RELATED TO OUR COMMON STOCK
Variations in our quarterly operating results may cause our stock price to be volatile.
We may enter into future acquisitions and take certain actions in connection with such acquisitions that could adversely affect the price of our Common Stock.
Anti-takeover effects of certain provisions of Delaware law and our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws, may hinder a take-over attempt.
GENERAL RISK FACTORS
The continued hostilities between Ukraine and Russia could negatively impact our business.
The success of our business depends on the strength of the global economy and the stability of the financial markets, and any weaknesses in these areas may have a material adverse effect on our net sales, operating results, and financial condition.
Production at our manufacturing facilities could be disrupted for a variety of reasons, including natural disasters and other extraordinary events, which could prevent us from producing enough of our products to maintain our sales and satisfy our customers’ demands and could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.
We may be adversely affected by any disruption in our information technology systems, which could adversely affect our cash flows, operating results, and financial condition.
Terrorist attacks, or threats or occurrences of other terrorist activities, whether in the U.S. or internationally, may affect the markets in which our Common Stock trades, the markets in which we operate and our operating results and financial condition.
System security risks, data protection breaches, cyber-attacks and other related cybersecurity issues could disrupt our internal operations, and any such disruption could reduce our expected net sales, increase our expenses, damage our reputation, and adversely affect our stock price.
RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS
The impact of tariffs assessed or contemplated to be assessed by various governments could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
The imposition of tariffs and other trade barriers by government authorities on imported goods, including raw materials and components essential to our manufacturing processes, could have significant adverse effects on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. These tariffs may disrupt our supply chain, increase our production costs, and reduce our competitiveness in the global market.
Tariffs could cause delays and disruptions in our supply chain, as suppliers face increased costs and logistical challenges, which could result in delays in product delivery and increased inventory costs. Tariffs on imported raw materials and components could lead to higher production costs that we are unable to pass on to customers, negatively affecting our margins. Any attempts by us to pass on these increased costs to our customers through higher prices for our products may lead to reduced demand from our customers, adversely affecting our sales and market share. Additionally, tariffs may place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to foreign competitors who are not subject to similar trade barriers, which could impact our ability to compete effectively in the global market. The impact of tariffs can create economic uncertainty, which may negatively affect our customers’ purchasing decisions and overall market conditions.
We are actively monitoring changes in trade policies and tariffs and are implementing measures to mitigate these risks where feasible. Nevertheless, we cannot guarantee the success of these efforts, and the imposition of tariffs may significantly impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
The impact of tariffs assessed or contemplated to be assessed by various governments could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
The company may be subject to tariffs imposed by various government authorities. Any tariff implemented may not be recoverable from customers and could could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
The impact of pandemics may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
National, state, and local governments have responded to pandemics in a variety of ways including by declaring states of emergency, restricting people from gathering in groups or interacting within a certain physical distance (i.e., social distancing), ordering businesses to close or limit operations and ordering people to stay at home (i.e., shelter in place), and imposing travel restrictions (including quarantine requirements).
Given these governmental actions, there is no assurance that we will be permitted to operate under every current or future government order or other restriction and in every location where we maintain operations. Any long-term limitations on, or long-term closures of, our manufacturing facilities in the U.S., Asia, or Europe would have a negative adverse impact on our ability to manufacture,
sell, and ship products and service customers and would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
During times of difficult market conditions, our fixed costs combined with lower net sales and lower profit margins may have a negative impact on our business, operating results, and financial condition.
The semiconductor industry is characterized by high fixed costs. Notwithstanding our utilization of third-party manufacturing capacity, most of our production requirements are met by our own manufacturing facilities. In difficult economic environments, we could be faced with a decline in the utilization rates of our manufacturing facilities due to decreases in product demand. During such periods, the costs associated with this excess capacity are expensed immediately and not capitalized into inventory, and we generally experience lower gross margins. The market conditions in the future may adversely affect our utilization rates and consequently our future gross margins and this, in turn, could have a material negative impact on our business, operating results, and financial condition.
Downturns in the highly cyclical semiconductor industry or changes in end-market demand could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.
The semiconductor industry is highly cyclical, and periodically experiences significant economic downturns characterized by diminished product demand, production overcapacity and excess inventory, which can result in rapid erosion in average selling prices and significant net sales declines, which may harm our operating results and financial condition.
In addition, we operate in a few narrow markets of the semiconductor market and, as a result, cyclical fluctuations may affect these segments to a greater extent than they affect the broader semiconductor market. This may cause us to experience greater fluctuations in our operating results and financial condition than some of our broad line semiconductor competitors. In addition, we may experience significant changes in our profitability as a result of variations in sales, changes in product mix, changes in end-user markets, and the costs associated with the introduction of new products. The markets for our products depend on continued demand in the industrial, automotive, computing, communications, and consumer sectors. These end-user markets also tend to be cyclical and may also experience changes in demand that could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.
The semiconductor business is highly competitive, and increased competition may harm our business, operating results, and financial condition.
The semiconductor industry in which we operate is highly competitive. We expect intensified competition from existing competitors and new entrants. Competition is based on price, product performance, product availability, quality, reliability, technological innovation, and customer service. We compete in various markets with companies of various sizes, many of which are larger and have greater resources or capabilities as it relates to financial, marketing, distribution, brand name recognition, research and development, manufacturing, and other resources than we have. As a result, they may be better able to develop new products, market their products, pursue acquisition candidates, and withstand adverse economic or market conditions. Most of our current major competitors are broad line semiconductor manufacturers who often have a wider range of product types and technologies than we do. In addition, companies not currently in direct competition with us may introduce competing products in the future. Some of our current major competitors are Infineon Technologies A.G., Epson, Kyrocera, Nexperia, NXP Semiconductors N.V., ON Semiconductor Corporation, Renesas Electronics Corporation, Texas Instruments, and Vishay Intertechnology, Inc. We may not be able to compete successfully in the future, and competitive pressures may harm our business, operating results, and financial condition.
Delays in initiation of production at facilities due to implementing new production techniques or resolving problems associated with technical equipment malfunctions could adversely affect our manufacturing efficiencies, operating results, and financial condition.
Our manufacturing efficiency has been and will be an important factor in our future profitability, and we may not be able to maintain or increase our manufacturing efficiency. Our manufacturing and testing processes are complex, require advanced and costly equipment, and are continually being modified in our efforts to improve product performance and cost. Difficulties in the manufacturing process can lower yields. Technical or other problems could lead to production delays, order cancellations, and lost net sales. In addition, any problems in achieving acceptable yields, construction delays, or other problems in upgrading or expanding existing facilities, building new facilities, bringing new manufacturing capacity to full production, or changing our process technologies could also result in capacity constraints, production delays, and a loss of future net sales and customers. Our operating results also could be adversely affected by any increase in fixed costs and operating expenses related to increases in production capacity if net sales do not increase proportionately, or in the event of a decline in demand for our products. Any disruption at any of our wafer fabrication facilities or assembly and test facilities could have a material adverse effect on our manufacturing efficiencies, operating results, and financial condition.
We are and will continue to be under continuous pressure from our customers and competitors to reduce the price of our products, which could adversely affect our growth and profit margins.
Prices for our products tend to decrease over their life cycle. There is substantial and continuing pressure from customers to reduce the total cost of purchasing our products. To remain competitive and retain our customers and gain new ones, we must continue to reduce our costs through design, product, and manufacturing improvements. We must also strive to minimize our customers’ shipping and
inventory financing costs and to meet their other goals for rationalization of supply and production. Our net sales growth and profit margins will suffer if we cannot effectively continue to reduce our costs and keep our product prices competitive.
Our customers may require our products to undergo a lengthy and expensive qualification process without any assurance of product sales and may audit our operations from time to time. A failure to qualify a product or a negative audit finding could adversely affect our net sales, operating results and financial condition.
Prior to purchasing our products, our customers may require our products to undergo an extensive qualification process, which involves rigorous reliability testing. This qualification process may continue for six months or longer. However, qualification of a product by a customer does not ensure any sales of the product to that customer. In addition, we are focusing more on the automotive and industrial markets. These markets, automotive in particular, require higher quality standards. Although we are working to ensure our organization and products meet the more rigorous quality standards, there can be no assurances we will succeed. Even after successful qualification and sales of a product to a customer, a subsequent revision to the product, changes in the product’s manufacturing process or the selection of a new supplier by us may require a requalification process, which may result in delayed net sales, foregone sales and excess or obsolete inventory. After our products are qualified, it can take an additional six months or more before the customer commences volume production of components or devices that incorporate our products. Despite these uncertainties, we devote substantial resources, including design, engineering, sales, marketing, and management efforts, toward qualifying our products with customers in anticipation of sales. If we are unsuccessful or delayed in qualifying any of our products with a customer, such failure or delay would preclude or delay sales of such product to the customer, which may adversely affect our net sales, operating results, and financial condition.
In addition, from time to time, our customers may audit of our records, product manufacturing, qualification, and packaging processes, business practices, and other related items to verify that we have complied with our business obligations, standard processes and procedures, product specifications, and governing laws and regulations related to our business practices, and performed in accordance with the agreed terms and conditions of our business agreements. If the audit shows any deficiency in any of these categories, our customers may require us to implement extensive protocols to remedy the deficiency, assess us significant penalties, refuse shipments of our products, return existing inventory, cancel orders, or terminate our business relationship, each of which will adversely affect our net sales, operating results, and financial condition.
Our customer orders are subject to cancellation or modification usually with no penalty. High volumes of order cancellation or reduction in quantities ordered could adversely affect our net sales, operating results, and financial condition.
All of our customer orders are subject to cancellation or modification, usually with no penalty to the customer. Orders are generally made on a purchase order basis, rather than pursuant to long-term supply contracts, and are booked from immediate delivery to twelve months or more in advance of delivery. The rate of booking new orders can vary significantly from month to month. We, and the semiconductor industry as a whole, are experiencing a trend towards shorter customer-requested lead times, which is the amount of time between the date a customer places an order and the date the customer requires shipment. Furthermore, our industry is subject to rapid changes in customer outlook and periods of excess inventory due to changes in demand in the end-markets our industry serves. As a result, many of our purchase orders are revised, and may be cancelled, with little or no penalty and with little or no notice. However, we must still commit production and other resources to fulfilling these purchase orders even though they may ultimately be cancelled. If a significant number of purchase orders are cancelled or product quantities ordered are reduced, and we are unable to timely generate replacement orders, we may build up excess inventory and our net sales, operating results, and financial condition may suffer.
Production at our manufacturing facilities could be disrupted for a variety of reasons, including natural disasters and other extraordinary events, which could prevent us from producing enough of our products to maintain our sales and satisfy our customers’ demands and could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.
A disruption in production at our manufacturing facilities could have a material adverse effect on our business. Disruptions could occur for many reasons, including fire, floods, hurricanes, typhoons, droughts, tsunamis, volcanoes, earthquakes, disease or other similar natural disasters, unplanned maintenance or other manufacturing problems, labor shortages, power outages or shortages, telecommunications failures, strikes, transportation interruption, government regulation, terrorism or other extraordinary events, including pandemics and epidemics (such as the outbreak of the COVID-19 virus or human metapneumovirus), and related travel restrictions. Such disruptions may cause direct injury or damage to our employees and property and related internal controls with significant indirect consequences. Alternative facilities with sufficient capacity or capabilities may not be available, may cost substantially more or may take a significant time to start production, each of which could negatively affect our business and financial performance. If one of our key manufacturing facilities is unable to produce our products for an extended period of time, our sales may be reduced by the shortfall caused by the disruption, and we may not be able to meet our customers’ needs, which could cause our customers to seek other suppliers. Such disruptions could have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.
New technologies could result in the development of new products by our competitors and a decrease in demand for our products, and we may not be able to develop new products to satisfy changes in demand, which would adversely affect our net sales, market share, operating results, and financial condition.
Our product range and new product development program are focused on low pin count semiconductor devices with one or more active or passive components. Our failure to develop new technologies, or anticipate or react to changes in existing technologies, either within or outside of the semiconductor market, could materially delay development of new products, which could result in a decrease in our net sales and a loss of market share. The semiconductor industry is characterized by rapidly changing technologies and industry standards, together with frequent new product introductions. Our financial performance depends on our ability to design, develop, manufacture, assemble, test, market, and support new products and product enhancements on a timely and cost-effective basis. We may not successfully identify new product opportunities or develop and bring new products to market or succeed in selling them into new customer applications in a timely and cost-effective manner.
Products or technologies developed by other companies may render our products or technologies obsolete or noncompetitive, and since we operate primarily in a narrow segment of the broader semiconductor industry, this may have a greater effect on us than it would if we were a broad-line semiconductor supplier with a wider range of product types and technologies. Many of our competitors are larger and more established international companies with greater engineering and research and development resources than us. Our failure to identify or capitalize on any fundamental shifts in technologies in our product markets, relative to our competitors, could harm our business, have a material adverse effect on our competitive position within our industry and harm our relationships with our customers. In addition, to remain competitive, we must continue to reduce package sizes, improve manufacturing costs and expand our sales. We may not be able to accomplish these goals, which would adversely affect our net sales, market share, operating results, and financial condition.
We may be subject to claims of infringement of third-party intellectual property rights or demands that we license third-party technology, which could result in significant expense, reduction in our intellectual property rights, and a negative impact on our business, operating results, and financial condition.
The semiconductor industry is characterized by vigorous protection and pursuit of intellectual property rights. From time to time, third parties have asserted, and may in the future assert, patent, copyright, trademark, and other intellectual property rights to technology that is important to our business and have demanded, and may in the future demand, that we license their patents and technology. Any litigation to determine the validity of allegations that our products infringe or may infringe these rights, including claims arising through our contractual indemnification of our customers, or claims challenging the validity of our patents, regardless of its merit or resolution, could be costly and divert the efforts and attention of our management and technical personnel. We may not prevail in litigation given the complex technical issues and inherent uncertainties in intellectual property litigation. If litigation results in an adverse ruling, we could be required to:
•pay substantial damages for past, present, and future use of the infringing technology;
•cease manufacture, use, or sale of infringing products;
•discontinue the use of infringing technology;
•expend significant resources to develop non-infringing technology;
•pay substantial damages to our customers or end-users to discontinue use or replace infringing technology with non-infringing technology;
•license technology from the third party claiming infringement, which license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all; or
•relinquish intellectual property rights associated with one or more of our patent claims, if such claims are held invalid or otherwise unenforceable.
We depend on third-party suppliers for timely deliveries of raw materials, manufacturing services, product and process development, parts, and equipment, as well as finished products from other manufacturers, and our reputation with customers, operating results, and financial condition could be adversely affected if we are unable to obtain adequate supplies in a timely manner.
Our manufacturing operations depend upon obtaining adequate supplies of raw materials, manufacturing services, product and process development, parts, and equipment on a timely basis from third parties. In some instances, a supplier may be our sole-source supplier. Any interruption in, or change in the cost or quality of, the supply of raw materials, manufacturing services, product and process development, parts or equipment needed to manufacture our products could adversely affect our reputation with customers, operating results and financial condition.
In addition, we sell finished products from other manufacturers. Our business could also be adversely affected if there are quality problems with the finished products we sell. From time to time, various suppliers may extend lead-times, limit supplies, or increase prices due to capacity constraints or other factors. We have no long-term purchase contracts with any of these manufacturers and, therefore, have no contractual assurances of continued supply, pricing, or access to finished products that we sell, and any such manufacturer could discontinue supplying to us at any time. Additionally, some of our suppliers of finished products or wafers compete directly with us and may, in the future, choose not to supply products to us.
A significant part of our growth strategy involves acquiring companies and businesses. We may be unable to identify suitable acquisition candidates or consummate desired acquisitions and, if we do make any acquisitions, we may be unable to successfully integrate any acquired companies with our operations, which could adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.
A significant part of our growth strategy involves acquiring companies and businesses. We may be unsuccessful in identifying suitable acquisition candidates, or we may be unable to consummate a desired acquisition. To the extent we do make acquisitions, if we are unsuccessful in integrating these companies or businesses or their operations or product lines with our operations, or if integration is more difficult than anticipated, we may experience disruptions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition. In addition, we may not realize all of the benefits we anticipate from any such acquisitions. Some of the risks that may affect our ability to integrate or realize any anticipated benefits from acquisitions that we may make include those associated with:
•higher than anticipated acquisition costs and expenses;
•use a significant portion of our cash and incur additional debt;
•issue equity securities, which would dilute current stockholders’ percentage ownership;
•incur or assume contingent liabilities, known or unknown;
•incur amortization expenses related to intangibles;
•incur large, immediate accounting write-offs;
•incur substantial expense and diversion of management attention, regardless of the success of the acquisition;
•create goodwill and other intangible assets that may require impairment charges in the future;
•unexpected losses of key employees or customers of the acquired companies or businesses;
•delays in obtaining customer qualification of acquired facilities;
•bringing the acquired company’s standards and processes, including disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, into conformance with our operations;
•coordinating our new product and process development;
•hiring additional management and other critical personnel;
•increasing the scope, geographic diversity and complexity of our operations;
•difficulties in consolidating facilities and transferring processes and know-how;
•difficulties in reducing costs of the acquired entity’s business; and
•adverse effects on existing business relationships with customers.
We may ultimately not be successful in overcoming these risks or any other problems encountered in connection with acquisitions.
We are subject to many environmental laws and regulations that could result in significant expenses and could adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.
We are subject to a variety of U.S. federal, state, local, and foreign governmental laws, rules, and regulations related to the use, storage, handling, discharge, or disposal of certain toxic, volatile, or otherwise hazardous chemicals used in manufacturing our products throughout the world. Any of these regulations could require us to acquire equipment or to incur substantial other expenses to comply with environmental regulations. Any failure to comply with present or future environmental laws, rules and regulations could result in fines, suspension of production or cessation of operations, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition.
We may incur additional costs and face emerging risks associated with environmental, social, and governance (“ESG”) factors impacting our operations.
Stakeholders such as investors, employees, and the communities in which we operate have increased their focus on our ESG and sustainability related activities, specifically in the corporate, social, and environmental responsibility (“CSER”) areas. Some investors and customers may use our ESG and sustainability related information as well as third party ESG ratings and metrics to guide their investment strategies and product purchases. If our ESG or CSER policies and practices are perceived to be inadequate, we could face reputational damages or loss of sales and our financial results may be adversely affected.
Our products, or products we purchase from third parties for resale, may be found to be defective and, as a result, warranty claims and product liability claims may be asserted against us and we may not have recourse against our suppliers, which may harm our business, reputation with our customers, operating results, and financial condition.
Our products, or products we purchase from third parties for resale, are typically sold at prices that are an insignificant portion of the overall value of the equipment or other goods in which they are incorporated. Since a defect or failure in our products could give rise to failures in the end-products that incorporate them (and consequential claims for damages against our customers from their customers), we may face claims for damages that are disproportionate to the net sales and profits we receive from the products involved and we may not have recourse against our suppliers. Even in cases where we do not believe we have legal liability for such claims, we may choose to pay for them to retain a customer’s business or goodwill or to settle claims to avoid protracted litigation. Our operating results and business could be adversely affected as a result of a significant quality or performance issue in our products, if we are required or choose to pay for the damages that result. We may choose not to carry liability insurance, may not have sufficient insurance coverage, or may not have sufficient resources, to satisfy all possible warranty claims and product liability claims. In addition, any perception that our products are defective would likely result in reduced sales of our products, loss of customers and harm to our business, reputation, operating results, and financial condition.
We may fail to attract or retain the qualified technical, sales, marketing, finance and management/executive personnel required to operate our business successfully, which could adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.
Our future success depends, in part, upon our ability to attract and retain highly qualified technical, sales, marketing, finance, and managerial personnel. Personnel with the necessary expertise are scarce and competition for personnel with these skills is intense. We may not be able to retain existing key technical, sales, marketing, finance, and managerial employees or be successful in attracting, assimilating or retaining other highly qualified technical, sales, marketing, finance, and managerial/executive personnel in the future. For example, we have faced, and continue to face, intense competition for qualified technical and other personnel in China, where our assembly and test facilities are located. A number of U.S. and multi-national corporations, both in the semiconductor industry and in other industries, have recently established and are continuing to establish factories and plants in China, and the competition for qualified personnel has increased significantly as a result. If we are unable to retain existing key employees or are unsuccessful in attracting new highly qualified employees, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.
We may not be able to achieve future growth, and any such growth may place a strain on our management and on our systems and resources, which could adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.
Our ability to successfully grow our business requires effective planning and management. Our past growth, and our targeted future growth, may place a significant strain on our management and on our systems and resources, including our financial and managerial controls, reporting systems, and procedures. In addition, we will need to continue to train and manage our workforce worldwide. If we are unable to effectively plan and manage our growth effectively, our business and prospects will be harmed and we will not be able to maintain our profitable growth, which could adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.
Obsolete inventories as a result of changes in demand for our products and change in life cycles of our products could adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.
The life cycles of some of our products depend heavily upon the life cycles of the end-products into which our products are designed. End-market products with short life cycles require us to manage closely our production and inventory levels. Inventory may also become obsolete because of adverse changes in end-market demand. We may in the future be adversely affected by obsolete or excess inventories, which may result from unanticipated changes in the estimated total demand for our products or the estimated life cycles of the end-products into which our products are designed. In addition, some customers restrict how far back the date of manufacture for our products can be and certain customers may stop ordering products from us and go out of business due to adverse economic conditions; therefore, some of our product inventory may become obsolete and, thus, adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.
If our direct sales customers or our distributors’ customers do not design our products into their applications, our net sales may be adversely affected.
We expect an increasingly significant portion of net sales will come from products we design specifically for our customers. However, we may be unable to achieve these design wins. In addition, a design win from a customer does not guarantee future sales to that customer.
We are subject to interest rate risk that could have an adverse effect on our cost of working capital and interest expenses, which could adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.
We currently have a floating rate debt that is subject to interest rate changes. See “Liquidity and Capital Resources” below and Note 8 of “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” of this Annual Report for additional information. A rise in interest rates could have an adverse impact upon our cost of working capital and our interest expense. Based on our debt balances at December 31, 2024,
an increase or decrease in interest rates by 1.0% for the year on our long-term debt would increase or decrease our annual interest rate expense by approximately $0.2 million.
Our hedging strategies may not be successful in mitigating our risks associated with interest rates or foreign exchange exposure or our counterparties might not perform as agreed.
We use interest rate swaps and foreign exchange forward contracts to provide a level of protection against interest rate risks and foreign exchange exposure, but no hedging strategy can protect us completely. The nature and timing of hedging transactions influence the effectiveness of these strategies. Poorly designed strategies, improperly executed and documented transactions, or inaccurate assumptions could actually increase our risks and losses. In addition, hedging strategies involve transaction and other costs. The hedging strategies and the derivatives that we use may not be able to adequately offset the risks of interest rate volatility and our hedging transactions may result in or magnify losses. Furthermore, interest rate and foreign exchange derivatives may not be available on favorable terms or at all, particularly during economic downturns. Any of the foregoing risks could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. We are exposed to counterparty credit risk in the event of non-performance by counterparties to the interest rate swaps and foreign exchange contracts.
We may have a significant amount of debt with various financial institutions worldwide. Any indebtedness could adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and our ability to meet payment obligations under such debt.
We may have a significant amount of debt and substantial debt service requirements on our borrowings, including our credit facilities with various financial institutions worldwide. As of December 31, 2024, $20.7 million in long-term debt was outstanding. In addition we have short-term foreign credit facilities with borrowing capacities of approximately $146.0 million with an unused amount of $114.0 million.
Our outstanding debt could have significant consequences on our future operations, including:
•making it more difficult for us to meet our payment and other obligations under our outstanding debt agreements;
•resulting in one or more events of default if we fail to comply with the financial and other restrictive covenants contained in our debt agreements, which events of default could result in all of our debt becoming immediately due and payable and, in the case of an event of default under our secured debt could permit the lenders to foreclose on our assets securing that debt;
•reducing the availability of our cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, and other general corporate purposes, and limiting our ability to obtain additional financing for these purposes;
•subjecting us to the risks of increased sensitivity to interest rate increases on our indebtedness with variable interest rates;
•limiting our flexibility in planning for, reacting to, and increasing our vulnerability to, changes in our business, the industry in which we operate, and the general economy; and
•placing us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less debt or are less leveraged.
Any of the above-listed factors could have an adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition, and our ability to meet our payment obligations under our debt agreements.
Restrictions in our credit facilities may limit our business and financial activities, including our ability to obtain additional capital in the future.
Our U.S. credit facility contains covenants imposing various restrictions on our business and financial activities. These restrictions may affect our ability to operate our business and undertake certain financial activities and may limit our ability to take advantage of potential business or financial opportunities as they arise. The restrictions these covenants place on us include limitations on our ability to incur liens, incur indebtedness, make investments, dissolve or merge or consolidate with or into another entity, dispose of certain property, make restricted payments (including dividends and share repurchases), issue or sell equity interests, engage in different material lines of business, conduct related party transactions, enter into certain burdensome contractual obligations, and use proceeds from our credit facility to purchase or carry margin stock or to extend credit to others for the same purpose. Our U.S. credit facility also requires us to meet certain financial ratios, including a minimum consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio and a maximum consolidated leverage ratio.
Our ability to comply with the U.S. credit facility may be affected by events beyond our control, including prevailing economic, financial, and industry conditions. The breach of any of these covenants or restrictions could result in an event of default under the facility. An event of default under the facility would permit the lenders under the facility to declare all amounts owed under such facility to be immediately due and payable in full. Upon acceleration of our indebtedness, we may be unable to repay the accelerated amount of principal and interest on the credit facilities that would then be due. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Financial Condition-Debt instruments” in Part II, Item 7 of this Annual Report for additional information.
Our business benefits from certain Chinese government incentives. Expiration of, or changes to, these incentives could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.
The Chinese government has provided various incentives to technology companies, including our manufacturing facilities located in Chengdu and Shanghai, China, in order to encourage development of the high-tech industry. These incentives include reduced tax rates and other measures. As a result, we are entitled to a preferential enterprise income tax rate of 15% so long as our manufacturing facilities continue to maintain their High and New Technology Enterprise (“HNTE”) status. If we were to no longer meet the HNTE requirements, our statutory tax rate for our approved Shanghai facilities would increase to 25% for any period in which an audit shows we were not compliant, which could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. Two of our manufacturing facilities and one of our wafer fabrication facilities located in Shanghai were approved for HNTE status for the tax years 2024-2026 and continue to qualify for the 15% tax rate. The Company expects to continue to meet HNTE requirements in future years. HNTE qualification requires, but is not limited to, metrics based on China research and development expenditures as well as research and development headcount and overall college-degreed headcount. Any prior years that have already been approved are subject to audit requirements. If we were to no longer meet the HNTE requirements, our statutory tax rate for our approved Shanghai facilities would increase to 25% for any period in which an audit shows we were not compliant, which could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.
We have qualified for tax incentives offered in the Go West Initiative (“Go West”), where companies are entitled to a preferential income tax rate of 15% for doing business in western China. If we were to no longer meet the Go West requirements, our statutory tax rate for this joint venture would increase to 25%, which could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.
The impact of our HNTE and Go West status, collectively called tax holidays, decreased our tax expense by approximately $1.1 million, $0.7 million, and $0.2 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. The benefit of the tax holidays on basic and diluted earnings per share for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 was approximately $0.02, $0.02, and $0.00, respectively.
We operate a global business through numerous foreign subsidiaries, and there is a risk that tax authorities will challenge our transfer pricing methodologies or legal entity structures, which could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.
We conduct operations worldwide through our foreign subsidiaries and are, therefore, subject to complex transfer pricing regulations in the jurisdictions in which we operate. Transfer pricing regulations generally require that, for tax purposes, transactions between related parties be priced on a basis that would be comparable to an arm’s length transaction between unrelated parties. There is uncertainty and inherent subjectivity in complying with these rules. To the extent that any foreign tax authorities disagree with our transfer pricing policies, we could become subject to significant tax liabilities and penalties. Based on our current knowledge and probability assessment of potential outcomes, we believe that we have provided for all tax exposures. However, the ultimate outcome of a tax examination could differ materially from our provisions and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results, and cash flows.
Our legal organizational structure could result in unanticipated unfavorable tax or other consequences which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and operational results. In some countries, we maintain multiple entities for tax or other purposes. Changes in tax laws, regulations, future jurisdictional profitability of us and our subsidiaries, and related regulatory interpretations in the countries in which we operate may impact the taxes we pay or tax provision we record, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results. In addition, any challenges to how our entities are structured or realigned or their business purpose by taxing authorities could result in us becoming subject to significant tax liabilities and penalties which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows.
Certain of our employees in the U.K. participate in a company-sponsored defined benefit plan (the “Plan”), which subjects the Company to risks associated with the estimates and assumptions used in calculating expense and funding requirements recorded in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Inaccuracies or changes in these estimates could require material changes in the expense and funding required.
In accounting for the Plan, we are required to make actuarial assumptions that are used to calculate the earning value of the related assets, where applicable, and liabilities and the amount of expenses to be recorded in our consolidated financial statements. Assumptions include, but are not limited to, the expected return on plan assets, discount rates, and mortality rates. While we believe the underlying assumptions are appropriate, the carrying value of the related assets and liabilities and the actual amount of expenses recorded in the consolidated financial statements could differ materially from the assumptions used.
The Plan’s obligation to pay pensions is estimated by using actuarial assumptions. To the extent that the Plan’s assets are not sufficient to meet the estimated amount of the Plan’s obligations, further funding of the Plan will be required by the Plan's sponsoring employers, Diodes Zetex Limited and Diodes Zetex Semiconductors Limited, over an agreed upon deficit recovery period.
As of December 31, 2024, the benefit obligation of the Plan was approximately $95.6 million and the total assets in the Plan were approximately $88.3 million. Therefore, the Plan was underfunded by approximately $7.3 million. The difference between Plan obligations and assets, or the funded status of the Plan, is a significant factor in determining the net periodic benefit costs of the Plan and the ongoing funding requirements of the Plan.
The Plan’s trustees are required to review the funding position every three years. An actuarial valuation was performed as of March 31, 2022, resulting in a deficit of approximately GBP 20 million (approximately $24 million based on a GBP: USD exchange rate of 1:1.2). As a result of this valuation we have agreed to a revised schedule of contributions of GBP 2.0 million (approximately $2.4 million based on a GBP: USD exchange rate of 1:1.2) to be paid annually with effect from January 1, 2023 to address the deficit revealed by the valuation (with the first payment made by December 31, 2023 through December 31, 2028). A final payment of GBP 1.5 million (approximately $1.8 million based on a GBP: USD rate of 1:1.2) will be made by December 31, 2029. These contributions, together with the assumed asset outperformance, are expected to eliminate the deficit by December 31, 2029.
The Plan’s trustees appoint fund managers to carry out the day-to-day functions relating to management of the fund and its administration. The fund managers must invest their portion of the Plan’s assets in accordance with their investment manager agreement agreed by the trustees. The trustees are responsible for complying with these investment manager agreements and for deciding on the portion of the Plan’s assets that will be invested with each fund manager. When making decisions, the trustees take advice from experts including the Plan’s actuary and also have the option to consult with the Company.
Compliance with government regulations and customer demands regarding the use of “conflict minerals” may result in increased costs and may have a negative impact on our business, operating results, and financial condition.
The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 imposes disclosure requirements regarding the use of certain minerals, which are mined from the Democratic Republic of Congo and adjoining countries, known as conflict minerals. These requirements affect the pricing, sourcing and availability of minerals used in the manufacture of semiconductor devices (including our products). We are incurring additional costs associated with complying with the disclosure requirements, such as costs related to determining the source of any conflict minerals used in our products. Our supply chain is complex, and we may be unable to verify the origins for all metals used in our products. Customers may demand that the products they purchase be free of conflict minerals. Therefore, we may encounter challenges with our customers and stockholders if we are unable to certify that our products are conflict free. This requirement could affect the sourcing and availability of products we purchase from suppliers. This may reduce the number of suppliers that may be able to provide conflict-free products, and may affect our ability to obtain products in sufficient quantities to meet customer demand or at competitive prices.
If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls or discover material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to report our financial results accurately or detect fraud, which could harm our business and the trading price of our Common Stock.
Effective internal controls are necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports and are important in our effort to prevent financial fraud. We are required to periodically evaluate the effectiveness of the design and operation of our internal controls. These evaluations may result in the conclusion that enhancements, modifications, or changes to our internal controls are necessary or desirable. While management evaluates the effectiveness of our internal controls on a regular basis, these controls may not always be effective. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls or if management or our independent registered public accounting firm were to discover material weaknesses in our internal controls, we may be unable to produce reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, which could harm our financial condition and operating results, and could result in a loss of investor confidence and a decline in our stock price.
RISKS RELATED TO OUR INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS
Our international operations subject us to risks that could adversely affect our operations.
The majority of our manufacturing facilities are located in China. For the twelve months ended 2024, 2023 and 2022 our Asian and European subsidiaries represented approximately 72%, 68%, and 68%, respectively, of our net sales. There are risks inherent in doing business internationally, including the following, any of which could cause harm to our business:
•changes in, or impositions of, legislative or regulatory requirements, including income tax or value added tax laws in the U.S. and in the countries in which we manufacture or sell our products;
•compliance with trade or other laws in a variety of jurisdictions;
•trade restrictions, transportation delays, work stoppages, and economic and political instability;
•changes in import/export regulations, tariffs and freight rates, environmental regulations, and land use rights;
•difficulties in collecting receivables and enforcing contracts;
•currency exchange rate fluctuations;
•restrictions on the transfer of funds from foreign subsidiaries to the U.S.;
•the possibility of international conflict, including the ongoing conflict between Ukraine and Russia, and between or among China, the U.K., Germany, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the U.S.;
•legal, regulatory, political, and cultural differences among the countries in which we do business;
•longer customer payment terms; and
•changes in U.S. or foreign tax regulations.
We believe that our operations are in compliance with all applicable legal and regulatory requirements in all material respects. However, changes in the political environment or government policies in those jurisdictions could result in revisions to laws or regulations or their interpretation and enforcement. In addition, a significant destabilization of relations between or among China, the U.K., Germany, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the U.S. could result in restrictions on our operations or the sale of our products or the forfeiture of our assets in these jurisdictions.
In addition to the ongoing issues regarding tariffs, China has been stepping up efforts to design and manufacture semiconductors itself rather than buy from U.S. companies, amid fears that sanctions might cripple its high-tech industry. U.S. restrictions on exports to Chinese telecom equipment makers have sharpened Beijing’s focus on semiconductor self-sufficiency. China’s ministry of finance announced tax breaks “to support the development of integrated circuit design and the software industry,” canceling corporate taxes for some domestic Chinese companies for two years. Although the outcome of these efforts is uncertain, the development of such capacity in China would likely have a material adverse effect on our profitability and results of operations.
A slowdown in the Chinese economy could limit the growth in demand for electronic devices containing our products, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and prospects.
We believe that an increase in demand in China for electronic devices that include our products will be an important factor in our future growth. Weakness in the Chinese economy could result in a decrease in demand for electronic devices containing our products and, thereby, materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, and prospects.
Economic regulation in China could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, and prospects.
We have a significant portion of our manufacturing capacity in mainland China. In addition, in 2024 approximately 45% of our total sales were shipped to customers in China. In recent years, the Chinese economy has experienced periods of rapid expansion and wide fluctuations in the rate of inflation. In response to these factors, the Chinese government has, from time to time, adopted measures to regulate growth and contain inflation, including measures designed to restrict credit or control prices. Such actions in the future could increase the cost of doing business in China or decrease the demand for our products in China and, thereby, have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and prospects.
We could be adversely affected by violations of the United States’ Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K.’s Bribery Act 2010, China’s anti-corruption campaign, and similar worldwide anti-bribery laws.
The United States’ Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”), the United Kingdom’s Bribery Act 2010 (the “U.K. Bribery Act”), China’s anti-corruption campaign, and similar anti-bribery laws in other jurisdictions generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to government officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. Our policies mandate compliance with these anti-bribery laws. We operate in many parts of the world that may have experienced governmental corruption to some degree and, in certain circumstances, strict compliance with anti-bribery laws may conflict with local customs and practices. We train our staff concerning FCPA, the U.K. Bribery Act, and related anti-bribery laws. We have established procedures and controls to monitor internal and external compliance. There can be no assurance that our internal controls and procedures will protect us from reckless or criminal acts committed by our employees or agents, and we have no third-party attestation to the effectiveness of our internal controls related to fraud and corruption. If we are found to be liable for FCPA, the U.K. Bribery Act, and other anti-bribery law violations (either due to our own acts or inadvertence, or due to the acts or inadvertence of others), we could incur criminal or civil penalties or other sanctions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.
We are subject to foreign currency risk as a result of our international operations.
We face exposure to adverse movements in foreign currency exchange rates, principally the Chinese Yuan, the Taiwanese dollar, the Euro, and the British Pound Sterling and, to a lesser extent, the Japanese Yen and the Hong Kong dollar. Our income and expenses are based on a mix of currencies and a decline in one currency relative to the other currencies could adversely affect our operating results. Furthermore, our operating results are reported in U.S. dollars, which is our reporting currency. In the event the U.S. dollar weakens against a foreign currency, we will experience a currency transaction loss, which could adversely affect our operating results. Also, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates may have an adverse impact and be increasingly influential to our overall sales, profits and operating results as amounts that are measured in foreign currency are translated back to U.S. dollars for reporting purposes. Our foreign currency risk may change over time as the level of activity in foreign markets grows and could have an adverse impact upon our financial results, especially if the portion of our sales attributable to Europe increases. We have taken, and plan to continue to take, efforts to mitigate some of our foreign currency exposure by entering into foreign exchange hedging agreements with financial institutions to reduce exposures to some of the principal currencies in countries in which we conduct sales, acquire raw materials, build products, and make capital investments, but these efforts may not be successful. In this regard, these hedging agreements do not cover all currencies in which we do business, do not eliminate foreign currency risk entirely for the currencies that they do cover, and involve costs and risks of their own in the form of transaction costs, credit requirements, and counterparty risk.
China is experiencing rapid social, political, and economic change, which has increased labor costs and other related costs that could make doing business in China less advantageous than in prior years. Increased labor costs in China could adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.
Historically, labor in China has been readily available at a lower cost compared to other countries. However, because China is experiencing rapid social, political, and economic change, there can be no assurance that labor will continue to be available in China at costs consistent with historical levels. Any future increase in labor cost in China is likely to be higher than historical and projected amounts and may occur multiple times in any given year. As a result of experiencing such rapid social, political, and economic change, China is also likely to enact new, and/or revise its existing, labor laws and regulations on employee compensation and benefits. These changes in Chinese labor laws and regulations will likely have an adverse effect on product manufacturing costs in China. Furthermore, if China workers go on strike to demand higher wages, our operations could be disrupted. Many of our suppliers are currently dealing with labor shortages in China, which may result in future supply delays and disruptions and may drive a substantial increase in their labor costs that is likely to be shared by us in the form of price increases to us. New or revised government labor laws or regulations, strikes, or labor shortages could cause our product costs to rise and/or could cause manufacturing partners on whom we rely to exit the business. These events could have a material adverse impact on our product availability and quality, which would affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.
We may not continue to receive preferential tax treatment in Asia, thereby increasing our income tax expense and reducing our net income.
As an incentive for establishing our manufacturing subsidiaries in China, we receive preferential tax treatment. Governmental changes in foreign tax law may cause us not to be able to continue receiving these preferential tax treatments in the future, which may cause an increase in our income tax expense, thereby reducing our net income.
The distribution of any earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries may be subject to foreign income taxes, thus reducing our net income.
Our undistributed foreign earnings continue to be indefinitely reinvested in foreign operations, with limited exceptions related to earnings of European and Asian subsidiaries. Any future distributions of foreign earnings will not be subject to additional U.S. income tax, but may be subject to foreign withholding taxes. As of December 31, 2024, we had undistributed earnings from non-U.S. operations of approximately $1.3 billion (including approximately $93.6 million of restricted earnings, which are not available for dividends). Undistributed earnings of our China subsidiaries comprise $437.6 million of this total. Additional Chinese withholding taxes of approximately $50.1 million would be required should the $437.6 million of such earnings be distributed out of China as dividends.
We could be adversely affected by the compromise or theft of our technology, know-how, data, or intellectual property or a requirement that we yield rights in technology, know-how, data stored in foreign jurisdictions, or intellectual property that we use in such foreign jurisdictions.
In general, we rely on intellectual property and unfair competition laws and contractual restrictions to protect our technology, know-how, data, and intellectual property in the foreign jurisdictions in which we operate. We believe our technology, know-how, data and other intellectual property rights are important to our success. Any unauthorized use of our technology, know-how, data, and other intellectual property rights could harm our competitive advantages and business. For example, some jurisdictions have not protected intellectual property rights to the same extent as the United States, and infringement of intellectual property rights continues to pose a serious risk of doing business in such jurisdictions. The measures we take to protect our intellectual property rights may not be adequate. Furthermore, the application of laws governing intellectual property rights in certain foreign jurisdictions is uncertain and evolving, and could involve substantial risks to us. Infringement of our patents or required technology or know-how transfers to foreign entities could create competition for us, and such competition could have a material adverse effect on our longer-term profitability and success.
RISKS RELATED TO OUR COMMON STOCK
Variations in our quarterly operating results may cause our stock price to be volatile.
We have experienced substantial variations in net sales, gross profit margin, and operating results from quarter to quarter. We believe that the factors that influence this variability of quarterly results include:
•strength of the global economy and the stability of the financial markets;
•general economic conditions in the countries where we sell our products;
•seasonality and variability in the industrial, automotive, computing, communications, and consumer markets;
•the timing of our and our competitors’ new product introductions;
•product obsolescence;
•the scheduling, rescheduling, and cancellation of large orders by our customers;
•the cyclical nature of the demand for our customers’ products;
•our ability to develop new process technologies and achieve volume production at our fabrication facilities;
•changes in manufacturing yields;
•adverse movements in exchange rates, interest rates, or tax rates; and
•the availability of adequate supply commitments from our outside suppliers or subcontractors.
Accordingly, a comparison of our operating results from period to period is not necessarily meaningful to investors and our operating results for any period do not necessarily indicate future performance. Variations in our quarterly results may trigger volatile changes in our stock price.
We may enter into future acquisitions and take certain actions in connection with such acquisitions that could adversely affect the price of our Common Stock.
As part of our growth strategy, we expect to acquire businesses, products, or technologies in the future. In the event of future acquisitions, we could:
•use a significant portion of our available cash;
•issue equity securities, which would dilute current stockholders’ percentage ownership;
•incur substantial debt;
•incur or assume contingent liabilities, known or unknown;
•incur amortization expenses related to intangibles;
•incur large, immediate accounting write-offs;
•incur substantial expense and diversion of management attention, regardless of the success of the acquisition; and
•create goodwill and other intangible assets that may require impairment charges in the future.
Such actions by us could harm our operating results and adversely affect the price of our Common Stock.
Anti-takeover effects of certain provisions of Delaware law and our Certificate of Incorporation, may hinder a take-over attempt.
Some provisions of Delaware law and our certificate of incorporation may delay or prevent a tender offer or takeover attempt, including those attempts that might result in a premium over the market price for the shares held by stockholders.
Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law prohibits certain transactions, including business combinations, between a Delaware corporation and an “interested stockholder” for a period of three years after the date the stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. An “interested stockholder” is defined as a person who, together with any affiliates or associates, beneficially owns, directly or indirectly, 15.0% or more of the outstanding voting shares of a Delaware corporation.
Our certificate of incorporation authorizes our Board of Directors to issue, without further action by the stockholders, up to 1.0 million shares of preferred stock with rights and preferences, including voting rights, designated from time to time by the Board of Directors. The existence of authorized but unissued shares of preferred stock enables our Board of Directors to render it more difficult or to discourage an attempt to obtain control of us by means of a merger, tender offer, proxy contest, or otherwise.
GENERAL RISK FACTORS
The continued hostilities between Ukraine and Russia could negatively impact our business.
Russia’s military invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 has led to, and may lead to, additional sanctions being levied by the United States, European Union, and other countries against Russia. Russia’s military invasion and the resulting sanctions have had an adverse effect on global markets. We cannot predict the progress or outcome of the situation in Ukraine, as the conflict and governmental reactions are rapidly developing and beyond our control. Prolonged unrest, intensified military activities, or more extensive sanctions impacting the region could have a material adverse effect on the global economy, and such effect could in turn have a material adverse effect on the operations, results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, and business outlook of our business.
The success of our business depends on the strength of the global economy and the stability of the financial markets, and any weaknesses in these areas may have a material adverse effect on our net sales, operating results, and financial condition.
Weaknesses in the global economy and financial markets can lead to lower consumer discretionary spending and demand for items that incorporate our products in the industrial, automotive, computing, communications, and consumer sectors. A decline in end-user demand can affect our customers’ demand for our products, the ability of our customers to meet their payment obligations, and the likelihood of customers canceling or deferring existing orders. Our net sales, operating results, and financial condition could be negatively affected by such actions.
Production at our manufacturing facilities could be disrupted for a variety of reasons, including natural disasters and other extraordinary events, which could prevent us from producing enough of our products to maintain our sales and satisfy our customers’ demands and could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.
A disruption in production at our manufacturing facilities could occur for many reasons, including fire, floods, hurricanes, typhoons, droughts, tsunamis, volcanoes, earthquakes, disease or other similar natural disasters, unplanned maintenance or other manufacturing problems, labor shortages, power outages or shortages, telecommunications failures, strikes, transportation interruption, government regulation, terrorism or other extraordinary events, including pandemics and epidemics (such as outbreaks of the COVID-19 virus or the human metapneumovirus), and related travel restrictions. Alternative facilities with sufficient capacity or capabilities may not be available, may cost substantially more or may take a significant time to start production. Such disruptions could have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.
We may be adversely affected by any disruption in our information technology systems, which could adversely affect our cash flows, operating results, and financial condition.
Our operations are dependent upon our information technology systems, which encompass all of our major business functions. We rely upon such information technology systems to manage and replenish inventory, to fill and ship customer orders on a timely basis, to coordinate our sales activities across all of our products and services and to coordinate our administrative activities. Our systems might be damaged or interrupted by natural or man-made events or by computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins, and similar disruptions affecting the Internet generally. There can be no assurance that such delays, problems, or costs will not have a material adverse effect on our cash flows, operating results, and financial condition.
Terrorist attacks, or threats or occurrences of other terrorist activities, whether in the U.S. or internationally, may affect the markets in which our Common Stock trades, the markets in which we operate, and our operating results and financial condition.
Terrorist attacks, or threats or occurrences of other terrorist or related activities, whether in the U.S. or internationally, may affect the markets in which our Common Stock trades, the markets in which we operate, and our profitability. Future terrorist or related activities could affect our domestic and international sales, disrupt our supply chains, and impair our ability to produce and deliver our products. Such activities could affect our physical facilities or those of our suppliers or customers. Such terrorist attacks could cause seaports or airports, to or through which we ship, to be shut down, thereby preventing the delivery of raw materials and finished goods to or from our manufacturing facilities in China, Taiwan, and Germany and our wafer fabrication facilities in China, the U.S., and the U.K., or to our regional sales offices. Due to the broad and uncertain effects that terrorist attacks have had on financial and economic markets generally, we cannot provide any estimate of how these activities might negatively affect our future operating results and financial condition.
System security risks, data protection breaches, cyber-attacks, and other related cybersecurity issues could disrupt our internal operations, and any such disruption could reduce our expected net sales, increase our expenses, damage our reputation, and adversely affect our stock price.
Experienced computer programmers and hackers may be able to penetrate our security controls and misappropriate or compromise our confidential information or those of third parties, create system disruptions, compromise physical assets or intellectual property, or misappropriate monetary assets or cause shutdowns. Computer programmers and hackers also may be able to develop and deploy viruses, worms, and other malicious software programs that attack our websites or exploit any security vulnerabilities of our websites and information systems.
Such problems could impede our sales, manufacturing, distribution, or other critical functions or result in the loss, encryption, or disclosure of such proprietary information and sensitive or confidential data relating to our business or third-party business or the unauthorized transfer of monetary assets as a result of fraud, trickery, or other forms of deception, and could materially adversely affect our operating results, stock price, and reputation.

---

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
None

---

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Item 2.	Properties.
Our corporate headquarters are located in Plano, Texas. As of December 31, 2024, we own approximately 3.7 million square feet of property and lease approximately 5.3 million square feet of property, with leases expiring at various times between 2025 and 2029 and with land rights expiring in 2061. We also own and lease properties around the world for use as sales offices, design centers, research and development labs, warehouses, logistic centers, and manufacturing support. The size and/or location of these properties change from time to time based on business requirements. The table below sets forth the largest of the properties either owned or leased by the Company.
We believe our current facilities are adequate for the foreseeable future.
Primary use
Location
Sq. Ft.
Headquarters/R&D center
USA - Plano, Texas
41,835
Regional sales office/Administrative office/R&D center/apartment
USA - Milpitas, California
86,321
Manufacturing facility/office/chemical warehouse/wellness building
USA - South Portland, Maine
323,462
Regional sales office/RD Center/Administrative Office/Marketing Office
USA-San Jose, California
10,253
Manufacturing facilities/Administrative office/R&D center/Logistics
China - Chengdu
1,660,963
Regional sales office
China - Hong Kong
9,113
Administrative office/Land use right/manufacturing facility/R&D center
China - Shandong
1,058,324
Marketing Office/R&D center/Logistics/Sales/Administrative office
China - Shanghai
2,542,853
Regional sales office/RD Center/Administrative Office/Marketing Office
China - Shenzhen
23,062
Manufacturing facility
China - Wuxi
1,166,347
Regional Sales Office
China-Xiamen
1,507
R&D center
China - Yangzhou
6,085
Regional Sales Office
China - Guangzhou
1,646
Regional sales office/RD Center
China, Beijing
2,925
Regional sales office
China, WuHan
1,265
Regional Sales Office
China, QingDao
1,469
RD Center/Administrative office
China-Nanjing
11,155
Administrative office/Logistics/Manufacturing/R&D center
England - Oldham
156,076
Sales office
Germany - Munich
6,297
Manufacturing facility/R&D center
Germany - Neuhaus
52,508
Regional Sales Office
Germany-Eltvile
Regional Sales Office
Japan - Milnato-ku
11,525
Regional sales office/RD Center/Administrative Office/Marketing Office
Korea - Seongnam-si
21,616
Manufacturing facility/R&D center/Logistics/Administrative office
Scotland - Greenock
1,001,873
Regional sales office/RD Center/Administrative Office
Singapore, Singapore City
1,766
Regional sales office/Administrative office/Logistics/Manufacturing Facility
Taiwan - Chongli
78,781
Manufacturing facility/R&D center/Logistics/Administrative office
Taiwan - Hsinbei
68,825
Manufacturing facility/R&D center/Production/Administrative office
Taiwan - Hsinchu
571,156
R&D center/Regional Sales Office/Administrative Office/Marketing Office/Production
Taiwan - Tainan
26,581
Regional sales office/Administrative office/Logistics/R&D/Marketing Office
Taiwan - Taipei
35,613

---

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 3.	 Legal Proceedings.
From time to time, we are involved in various legal proceedings that arise in the normal course of business. While we intend to defend any lawsuit vigorously, we presently believe that the ultimate outcome of any current pending legal proceeding will not have any material adverse effect on our financial position, cash flows, or operating results. However, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, and unfavorable rulings could occur. An unfavorable ruling could include monetary damages, which could impact our business and operating results for the period in which the ruling occurs or future periods. In addition, our foreign operations expose us to unique intellectual property technology risks compared to a company with fewer or no international operations. Such risks could lead to litigation or other disputes that would not be applicable to a company with limited or no international operations and could have a material and adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. See “Risk Factors - Risks Related to Our International Operations.” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report for a more detailed summary of the intellectual property technology risks associated with our international business operations.

---

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not Applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
Market Information
Our Common Stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “DIOD.”
Holders
As of February 3, 2025, there were approximately 192 registered holders of record of the Company’s common stock. A substantially greater number of holders of the Company’s common stock are “street name” or beneficial holders, whose shares of record are held by banks, brokers, and other financial institutions.
Dividends
We have never declared or paid dividends on our Common Stock, and currently do not intend to pay dividends in the foreseeable future as we intend to retain any earnings for future use in our business. Our U.S. banking facility permits us to pay dividends up to $75.0 million per fiscal year to our stockholders so long as we have not defaulted at the time of such dividend and no default would result from declaring and paying such dividend. The payment of dividends is within the discretion of our Board of Directors, and will depend upon, among other things, our earnings, financial condition, capital requirements, and general business conditions.
Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans
The information regarding our equity compensation plans required to be disclosed by Item 201(d) of Regulation S-K is incorporated by reference from our 2025 definitive proxy statement, which we expect to file with the SEC in April 2025, in Item 12 of Part III of this Annual Report.
Performance Graph
The following graph compares the yearly percentage change in the cumulative total stockholder return of our Common Stock against the cumulative total return of the Nasdaq Composite and the Nasdaq Industrial Index for the five calendar years ending December 31, 2024. The graph is not necessarily indicative of future price performance.
The graph shall not be deemed incorporated by reference by any general statement incorporating by reference this Annual Report into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, except to the extent that the Company specifically incorporates this information by reference, and shall not otherwise be deemed filed under such Acts.
Prepared by Zacks Investment Research, Inc. Used with permission. All rights reserved. Copyright 1980-2025.
Index Data: Copyright NASDAQ OMX, Inc. Used with permission. All rights reserved.
The graph assumes $100 invested on December 31, 2019 in our Common Stock, the stock of the companies in the Nasdaq Composite Index and the stock of companies in the Nasdaq Industrial Index, and that all dividends received within a quarter, if any, were reinvested in that quarter.
December 2024
Diodes Incorporated
Return %
25.07
55.76
(30.67
)
5.74
(23.42
)
Cum $
125.07
194.80
135.05
142.80
109.36
NASDAQ Industrial Index
Return %
52.72
8.81
(35.05
)
28.93
25.67
Cum $
152.72
166.18
107.93
139.16
174.89
NASDAQ Composite-Total Returns
Return %
44.92
22.18
(32.54
)
44.64
29.57
Cum $
144.92
177.06
119.45
172.77
223.87
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
There were no repurchases of our Common Stock during the fourth quarter of 2024.

---

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Item 6. Reserved.

---

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The following section discusses management’s view of the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of Diodes Incorporated and its subsidiaries (collectively, “the Company,” “our Company,” “we,” “our,” “ours,” or “us”) and should be read together with the consolidated financial statements and the notes to consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
The following discussion contains forward-looking statements and information relating to our Company. We generally identify forward-looking statements by the use of terminology such as “may,” “will,” “could,” “should,” “potential,” “continue,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “estimate,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “project,” or similar phrases or the negatives of such terms. We base these statements on our beliefs as well as assumptions we made using information currently available to us. Such statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those identified in Part I, Item 1A.“Risk Factors,” as well as other matters not yet known to us or not currently considered material by us. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those anticipated, estimated or projected. Given these risks and uncertainties, prospective investors are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements do not guarantee future performance and should not be considered as statements of fact.
You should not unduly rely on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Unless required by law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect new information or future events or otherwise. The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the “Act”) provides certain “safe harbor” provisions for forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are made pursuant to the Act.
A discussion of our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023 is included below. For a discussion and comparison of the results of our operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 with the year ended December 31, 2022, refer to “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations” in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 filed with the SEC on February 9, 2024.
General
Diodes Incorporated, together with its subsidiaries (collectively the “Company,” “we,” or “our” (Nasdaq: DIOD)), a Standard and Poor’s Smallcap 600 and Russell 3000 Index company, is a leading global manufacturer and supplier of high-quality application-specific standard products within the broad discrete, logic, analog, and mixed-signal semiconductor markets. The Company serves the industrial, automotive, computing, communications, and consumer markets.
The Company’s products include diodes; rectifiers; transistors; MOSFETs; SiC diodes and MOSFETs; protection devices; logic; voltage translators; amplifiers and comparators; sensors; and power management devices such as AC-DC converters, DC-DC switching, photocoupler, linear voltage regulators, voltage references, LED drivers, power switches, and voltage supervisors. We also have timing and connectivity solutions including clock ICs, crystal oscillators, PCIe packet switches, multi-protocol switches, interface products, and signal integrity solutions for high-speed signals.
We operate from the following locations, with additional support offices throughout the world:
•Corporate Headquarters
Plano, Texas, United States
•Design, Engineering, and Marketing
Shanghai, Yangzhou, Shenzhen, and Hong Kong, China
Oldham, England
New Taipei City, Hsinchu, and Tainan, Taiwan
Milpitas, California, and Plano, Texas, United States
•Wafer Fabrication
Shanghai and Wuxi, China
Oldham, England
Greenock, Scotland
Hsinchu, Taiwan
South Portland, Maine, United States
•Assembly and Test
Shanghai, Chengdu, and Wuxi, China
Neuhaus am Rennweg, Germany
Chongli, Taiwan
•Sales, Warehouse, and Logistics
Hong Kong, Shanghai, Beijing, Shenzhen, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Qingdao, and Xiamen, China
Oldham, England
Frankfurt and Munich, Germany
Milan, Italy
Tokyo, Japan
Singapore
Seongnam-si, South Korea
New Taipei City, Taiwan
Milpitas, California and Plano, Texas, United States
The Company’s manufacturing facilities have achieved certifications in the internationally recognized standards of ISO 9001:2015, ISO 14001:2015, and, for automotive products, IATF 16949:2016 and the Company is also C-TPAT certified. We believe these quality awards reflect the superior quality-control techniques established at the Company and further enhance our credibility as a vendor-of-choice to original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) increasingly concerned with quality and consistency.
Our market focus is on high-growth, end-user applications in the following areas:
•Industrial: embedded systems, precision controls, medical, clean energy, machine to machine, robotics, motor control, and AIoT;
•Automotive: connected driving, comfort/style/safety, and electrification/powertrain;
•Computing: cloud computing: server, AI server, storage, data centers, and edge AI;
•Communications: smart phones, 5G networks, and enterprise networking; and
•Consumer: IoT: wearables, home automation, home appliances, smart infrastructure, and charging solutions.
This discussion summarizes the significant factors affecting the consolidated operating results, financial condition, and liquidity of the Company for the twelve months ended December 31 2024. This discussion should be read in conjunction with Item 8, the consolidated financial statements and the notes to consolidated financial statements.
Summary for the Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2024
•Net sales were $1.3 billion, a decrease of 21.1% over the $1.7 billion in 2023;
•Gross profit was $435.9 million, a 33.8% decrease from $658.2 million in 2023;
•Gross profit margin was 33.2% compared to 39.6% in 2023;
•Operating income decreased 79.9% to $50.4 million, or 3.8% of revenue, compared to $250.6 million, or 15.1% of revenue, in 2023;
•Net income was $44.0 million, a decrease of 80.6% from the $227.2 million in 2023;
•Earnings per share was $0.95 per diluted share, an 80.7% decrease from the $4.91 per diluted share in 2023;
•We achieved $119.4 million of cash flow from operations. We had cash capital expenditures of $73.0 million, or 5.6% of net sales. Net cash flow was a negative $3.8 million, which includes the net pay-down of $7.6 million of total debt.
Summary for the Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2023
•Net sales were $1.7 billion, a decrease of 16.9% over the $2.0 billion in 2022;
•Gross profit was $658.2 million, a 20.4% decrease from $827.2 million in 2022;
•Gross profit margin declined 170 basis points to 39.6% compared to 41.3% in 2022;
•Operating income decreased 38.6% to $250.6 million, or 15.1% of revenue, compared to $408.2 million, or 20.4% of revenue, in 2022;
•Net income was $227.2 million, a decrease of 31.4% from the $331.3 million last year;
•Earnings per share was $4.91 per diluted share, a 31.8% decrease from the $7.20 per diluted share in 2022;
•We achieved $280.9 million of cash flow from operations. We had cash capital expenditures of $150.8 million, or 9.1% of net sales. Net cash flow was a negative $22.6 million, which includes the net pay-down of $124.3 million of total debt.
Business Outlook and Factors Relevant to Our Results of Operations
Fiscal year 2024 continued to be challenging as overall global demand environment remains challenging, especially in Europe and North America. In 2024 we were able to maintain our automotive and industrial mix percentage at 42 percent of total product revenue, which is a testament to the progress we have made on our new product and content expansion initiatives.
Diodes enters the new year having strong POS in Asia for 2024, improved levels of channel inventory and a solid balance sheet combined with a committed focus on expanding growth in our target markets, especially the automotive and industrial markets, and capitalizing on new opportunities in AI-related applications. Based on current data available, we expect 2025 to be a stronger year for Diodes than 2024. Additionally, with our past efforts to lower manufacturing costs and further develop our process technology and capabilities, combined with our hybrid manufacturing model, we have the available capacity to support future expected growth. Our focus remains on prioritizing investments in the automotive and industrial markets, emphasizing our development of our analog and power discrete products that support all of the market segments we serve, and continuing to improve the quality and mix of our portfolio. With our revenue contribution from auto and industrial remaining consistently above our target model, we are well positioned for growth and margin expansion as the market recovery broadens across our end markets in 2025 and beyond.
The success of our business depends on, among other factors, the strength of the global economy and the stability of the financial markets, our customers’ demand for our products, the ability of our customers to meet their payment obligations, customers not canceling or deferring existing orders, and the strength of consumers’ demand for items containing our products in the end-markets we serve. We believe the long-term outlook for our business remains generally favorable despite the uncertainties in the global economy as we continue to execute on the strategy that has proven successful for us over the years. See “Risk Factors - The success of our business depends on the strength of the global economy and the stability of the financial markets, and any weaknesses in these areas may have a material adverse effect on our net sales, operating results, and financial condition.” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report for additional information.
Description of Sales and Expenses
Net sales
The principal factors that have affected or could affect our net sales from period to period are:
•The condition of the economy in general and of the semiconductor industry in particular;
•The continued hostilities between Ukraine and Russia, the conflict in the Middle East, and the resulting and continuing global impact;
•Political tension, including the implementation of tariffs, among and between the countries in which we do business;
•Our customers’ adjustments in their order levels;
•Changes in our pricing policies or the pricing policies of our competitors or suppliers;
•The addition or termination of key supplier relationships;
•The rate of introduction and acceptance by our customers of new products;
•Our ability to compete effectively with our current and future competitors;
•Our ability to enter into and renew key corporate and strategic relationships with our customers, vendors, and strategic alliances;
•Changes in foreign currency exchange rates;
•A major disruption of our information technology infrastructure;
•Unforeseen catastrophic events, such as pandemics, armed conflict, terrorism, fires, typhoons, and earthquakes;
•Any other disruptions, such as change in the political or governmental policies, labor shortages, unplanned maintenance, or other manufacturing problems; and
•Other risks, uncertainties, and assumptions identified in item 1A, “Risk Factors,” of this Annual Report and risks, uncertainties, and assumptions reflected in other documents we file with the SEC.
Cost of goods sold
Cost of goods sold includes manufacturing costs for our semiconductors and our wafers. These costs include raw materials used in our manufacturing processes as well as labor costs and overhead expenses. Cost of goods sold is also impacted by yield improvements, capacity utilization, and manufacturing efficiencies. In addition, cost of goods sold includes the cost of products that we purchase from other manufacturers and sell to our customers. Cost of goods sold is also affected by inventory obsolescence if our inventory management is not efficient.
Selling, general, and administrative
Selling, general, and administrative expenses relate primarily to compensation and associated expenses for personnel in general management, sales and marketing, information technology, engineering, human resources, procurement, planning and finance, and sales commissions, as well as outside legal, investor relations, accounting, consulting and other operating expenses. Also included in selling, general, and administrative expenses are acquisition costs from business combinations.
Research and development
Research and development expenses consist of compensation and associated costs of employees engaged in research and development projects, as well as materials and equipment used for new product development and technology qualification. Research and development expenses are executed on a global basis and are primarily associated with where the engineering talent is located, as well as the location of manufacturing sites participating in any required technology or process development. All research and development expenses are expensed as incurred.
Amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets
Amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets consists of assets such as developed technologies and customer relationships.
Interest income / expense
Interest income consists of interest earned on our cash and investment balances. Interest expense consists of interest payable on our outstanding credit facilities and other debt instruments.
Foreign currency (loss) gain, net
This income account is used to show the amount gained or lost as a result of foreign currency transactions.
Unrealized (loss) gain on investments
We hold investments in the form of common stock or some other similar equivalent accounted for under fair-value accounting. This account is used to show the necessary mark-to-market adjustments.
Income tax provision
Our global presence requires us to pay income taxes in a number of jurisdictions. See Note 12 of “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” for additional information.
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest
This represents the minority investors’ share of our subsidiaries’ earnings.
Net income attributable to common stockholders
Net income attributable to common stockholders is net income less net income attributable to noncontrolling interest.
Results of Operations
The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the percentage that certain items in the statements of income bear to net sales:
Percent of Net Sales
Twelve Months Ended December 31,
Net sales
100.0
%
100.0
%
Cost of goods sold
(66.8
)
(60.4
)
Gross profit
33.2
39.6
Total operating expense
(29.4
)
(24.5
)
Income from operations
3.8
15.1
Interest income
1.4
0.8
Interest expense
(0.2
)
(0.3
)
Foreign currency (loss) gain, net
(0.5
)
(0.3
)
Unrealized (loss) gain on investments
(0.0
)
1.1
Other income
0.2
0.4
Income before income taxes and noncontrolling interest
4.8
16.7
Income tax provision
(0.9
)
(2.8
)
Net income
3.9
13.9
Net (income) attributable to noncontrolling interest
(0.5
)
(0.2
)
Net income attributable to common stockholders
3.4
13.7
The following discussion explains in greater detail our consolidated operating results and financial condition. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report (in thousands).
Twelve Months Ended December 31,
Increase/(Decrease)
% Change
Net sales
$
1,311,120
$
1,661,739
$
(350,619
)
(21.1
%)
Cost of goods sold
875,258
1,003,557
(128,299
)
(12.8
%)
Gross profit
435,862
658,182
(222,320
)
(33.8
%)
Total operating expense
385,412
407,611
(22,199
)
(5.4
%)
Interest income
18,303
13,338
4,965
37.2
%
Interest expense
(2,334
)
(5,700
)
(3,366
)
(59.1
%)
Foreign currency (loss) gain, net
(6,308
)
(5,264
)
1,044
(19.8
%)
Unrealized (loss) gain on investments
(321
)
18,267
(18,588
)
101.8
%
Other income
2,892
6,721
(3,829
)
(57.0
%)
Income tax provision
11,840
47,285
(35,445
)
(75.0
%)
Net Sales
Our net sales decreased approximately $350.6 million, or 21.1%, for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, compared to the prior year, due to widespread decreased demand for our semiconductor products and the continued inventory adjustments by the customers that we serve. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, weighted-average sales price of the Company’s products decreased 14.9% and volumes decreased 7.3% when compared to the prior year. The decline in weighted-average sales price was primarily due to weaker end-user demand in the automotive and industrial markets which collectively comprised 42% and 46% of product revenue for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
The table below sets forth our revenue as a percentage of product revenue by end-user market:
Twelve Months Ended December 31,
End-Markets
Industrial
23%
27%
27%
Automotive
19%
19%
15%
Computing
25%
23%
24%
Consumer
19%
18%
19%
Communications
14%
13%
15%
Gross profit
For the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, gross profit decreased approximately 33.8% when compared to the prior year, reflective of the lower revenue in 2024. Gross profit margin for the twelve month periods ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, was 33.2% and 39.6%, respectively. The decrease in gross profit margin was primarily due to the overall reduction in end-market demand driving our overall revenue down, continued inventory reductions by our customers, decreased customer demand in the automotive and
industrial markets which lowers the mix of our automotive and industrial revenue as a percentage of the total and lower utilization in our factories. This decrease in gross profit margin includes an decrease in cost of goods sold related to a change in accounting estimate of $4.5 million, however cost of goods sold increased approximately $5.6 million related to total inventory reserves. Average unit cost decreased 6.0% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, compared to the same period last year, due to the mix of the product being on lower margin/lower cost products, cost decreases from various foundries, as well as cost reductions from our own factories.
Operating expenses
Operating expenses for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024 decreased approximately $22.2 million, or 5.4%, compared to the same period last year. Selling, general, and administrative expenses (“SG&A”) decreased approximately $24.0 million or 9.3%, compared to the same period last year. The decrease in SG&A was due to cost-containment efforts by the Company especially related to control of wages and benefits, which were lower by $24.8 million and lower selling expense of $1.8 million, partially offset by a $2.7 million increase in repairs and maintenance and an increase of $2.2 million in bad debt expense, when compared to the same period last year. SG&A, as a percentage of net sales, was 17.8% and 15.5% for the twelve-month periods ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Research and development expenses (“R&D”) was relatively flat compared to the previous year, declining $0.8 million. R&D, as a percentage of net sales, was 10.2% and 8.1% for the twelve-month periods ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. R&D is a priority of the company and new products and new technologies are a life blood, so these were held as consistent as possible. Amortization of acquisition-related intangibles increased approximately 8.0% reflecting the increase in the balance of intangible assets subject to amortization.
Other (expense)/income
Interest income increased $5.0 million or 37.2% when compared to 2023 due to increased interest rates on our short-term investments and income from cross-currency swaps. The decrease in interest expense is due to lower debt levels. Unrealized gain on investments decreased from 2023 due to mark-to-market adjustments on investments recorded in 2023 and not repeated in 2024.
Income tax provision
We recognized income tax expense of approximately $11.8 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, and income tax expense of approximately $47.3 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, resulting in effective income tax rates of 18.9% and 17.0%, respectively. The increase in the effective tax rate for 2024 compared to 2023 is primarily attributable to a decrease in overall pre-tax book income, the impact of the geographical mix of pre-tax income and the impact of changes to the outside basis difference in foreign subsidiaries where the Company does not assert permanent reinvestment. Our undistributed foreign earnings continue to be indefinitely reinvested in foreign operations, with limited exceptions related to earnings of European and Asian subsidiaries. Any future distributions of foreign earnings will not be subject to additional U.S. income tax but may be subject to foreign withholding taxes. The Company has recorded outside basis differences in the limited instances where they do not assert permanent reinvestment. As of December 31, 2024, our foreign subsidiaries held approximately $236.3 million of cash, cash equivalents and investments, of which approximately $76.7 million would be subject to foreign withholding tax if distributed outside the country in which the related earnings were generated.
Financial Condition
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our primary sources of liquidity are cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, funds from operations, and, if necessary, borrowings under our credit facilities.
Liquidity requirements
Our primary liquidity requirements have been to meet our capital expenditure needs and to fund ongoing operations. For 2024 and 2023 our working capital was $848.6 million and $793.9 million, respectively. In 2024, our working capital increased primarily due to increases in accounts receivable and inventories, and a decrease in our short-term debt and accounts payable. We expect cash generated by our operations together with existing cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments and available credit facilities to be sufficient to satisfy our working capital needs, capital asset purchases, outstanding commitments, and other liquidity requirements associated with our existing operations for at least the next 12 months.
The Company‘s restricted cash primarily consisted of the cash required to be on deposit under contractual agreements with banks to support outstanding loan and import/export guarantees. As of December 31, 2024, restricted cash of $6.1 million was pledged as collateral for issuance of bank loans, bank acceptance notes, letters of credit, and funds held in escrow related to the Fortemedia acquisition.
Short-term investments
As of December 31, 2024, we had short-term investments of approximately $7.5 million. These investments are highly liquid with maturity dates greater than three months at the date of purchase. We generally can access these investments in a relatively short amount of time but in doing so we generally forfeit a portion of interest income.
Short-term debt
Our Asia subsidiaries maintain credit facilities with several financial institutions through our foreign entities worldwide totaling $146.0 million. Other than two Taiwanese credit facilities that are collateralized by assets, our foreign credit lines are unsecured, uncommitted and contain no restrictive covenants. These credit facilities bear interest at the Taipei Interbank Offered Rate (or similar indices) plus a specified margin. Interest payments are due monthly on outstanding amounts under the credit lines. The unused and available credit under the various facilities as of December 31, 2024, was approximately $114.0 million, net of $31.4 million advanced under our foreign credit lines and $0.6 million credit used for import and export guarantee.
Long-term debt
The Company maintains a long-term credit facility (“Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement consists of a Revolving Credit Facility in the amount of $225.0 million, including a swing line sublimit equal to the lesser of $50.0 million and the Revolving Credit Facility, a letter of credit sublimit equal to the lesser of $100.0 million and the Revolving Credit Facility, and an alternative currency sublimit equal to the lesser of $40.0 million and the Revolving Credit Facility. The Company has the option to increase the Revolving Credit Facility and/or incur Incremental Term Loans in an aggregate principal amount of up to $350.0 million. The Credit Agreement bears interest at Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) or similar other indices plus a specified margin and matures in May 2028. There was no outstanding balance under the Credit Agreement at December 31, 2024.
Because some of our outstanding debt is subject to variable interest rates, the recent rise in interest rates will potentially increase our overall debt service cost. If interest rates continue to rise globally, our cost of capital may increase in the future.
Capital expenditures and investments
In 2024 and 2023, our total cash capital expenditures were approximately $73.0 million and $150.8 million, respectively. Our capital expenditures for these periods were primarily related to manufacturing expansion in both our assembly/test and wafer fabrication facilities. Cash capital expenditures in 2024 were approximately 5.6% of our net sales, inline with the Company’s target model of 5% to 9% of net sales. Going forward, over the long term, the Company expects capital expenditures to continue to be within the 5% to 9% of net sales target model range.
Our foreign operations expose us to unique intellectual property technology and other risks compared to a company with fewer or no international operations. For example, we are exposed to potential cyber security breaches that may target our employees or infrastructure outside the United States. These risks may result in material and adverse impacts on our financial condition and results of operations. See “Risk Factors - Risks Related to Our International Operations” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report for a more detailed summary of the intellectual property technology risks and other associated with our international business operations.
Discussion of Cash Flows
Cash and cash equivalents, including restricted cash, decreased approximately $3.8 million to $314.7 million in 2024 from $318.5 million in 2023. The table below sets forth summary information from our statements of cash flows:
Twelve Months Ended December 31,
Net cash and cash equivalents from operating activities
$
119,435
$
280,914
Net cash and cash equivalents from investing activities
(118,040
)
(158,322
)
Net cash and cash equivalents from financing activities
(19,344
)
(144,723
)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents
14,190
(485
)
Change in cash and cash equivalents, including restricted cash
$
(3,759
)
$
(22,616
)
Operating Activities
Net cash flows from operating activities for 2024 was approximately $119.4 million, due primarily to $50.8 million of net income, $137.1 million in depreciation expense and amortization of intangible assets expense and $22.8 million from non-cash share-based compensation expense. The increases were partially offset by a net decrease in operating assets and liabilities of $70.6 million, interest income from forward and collars of $10.4 million, gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment of $7.6 million, non-cash gains on investments of $0.3 million, and a decrease in deferred income taxes of $1.0 million.
Investing Activities
Net cash flows from investing activities for 2024 was approximately ($118.0) million. The Company invested approximately $73.0 million in property, plant, and equipment, primarily at its production facilities in Asia. In its continued growth efforts, the
Company invested approximately $56.7 million in acquisitions, net of cash received. These investing cash outflows are partially offset by the receipt of government subsidies of $8.7 million, insurance recoveries from previous damage to property, plant, and equipment of $4.8 million, and net proceeds from the sale of short-term investments of $2.3 million.
Financing Activities
Net cash flows from financing activities for 2024 was approximately ($19.3) million, due primarily to the net reduction in our outstanding indebtedness of $7.6 million, taxes on net share settlements of $9.6 million, and net changes in noncontrolling interests of $2.1 million.
Contractual Obligations
Our estimated future obligations consist of debt, interest on long-term debt, leases, defined benefit obligation and purchase obligations. See Note 8-“Bank Credit Agreements and Other Short-term and Long-term Debt, Note 9-“Leases”, Note 13- “Employee Benefit Plans”, and Note 17-“Commitments and Contingencies” of the notes to consolidated financial statements” included elsewhere in this Annual Report for additional information.
We cannot make reasonable estimates of the amount and period in which our tax liabilities will be paid. See “Accounting for income taxes” below and Note 12 of “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” of this Annual Report for additional information.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) requires that management make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of net sales and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, which are based upon historical experiences, market trends, and financial forecasts and projections, and upon various assumptions that management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances at that certain point in time. Actual results may differ, significantly at times, from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
We believe the following critical accounting policies and estimates affect the significant estimates and judgments we use in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements, and may involve a higher degree of judgment and complexity than others.
Revenue recognition
In relation to our revenue recognition, we record estimated allowances/reserves for the following items;
•Ship and debit reserves, which arise when we, from time to time based on market conditions, issue credit to certain distributors upon their shipments to their end customers;
•Stock rotation reserves, which are contractual obligations that permit certain distributors, up to four times a year, to return a portion of their inventory based on historical shipments to them in exchange for an equal and offsetting order;
•Price protection reserves, which arise when market conditions cause average selling prices to decrease and we issue credit to certain distributors on their inventory;
•Accounts receivable reserves related to our customer’s ability to pay; and
•Product returns, distributor price adjustments, and other allowances.
Our reserve estimates are based upon historical data as well as projections of sales, distributor inventories, price adjustments, average selling prices, and market conditions. Actual returns and adjustments could be significantly different from our estimates and provisions, resulting in an adjustment to net sales. Based on the allowance/reserve balance as of December 31, 2024, a 1% change would increase or decrease the estimated allowance/reserve and net revenue by approximately $0.8 million.
Inventories
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined principally by the first-in, first-out method. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our inventory for salability, obsolescence and any other available applicable information. If our review indicates a reduction in utility below carrying value, we reduce our inventory to a new cost basis. If future demand or market conditions are different than our current estimates, an inventory adjustment may be required, and would be reflected in cost of goods sold in the period the revision is made.
Accounting for income taxes
As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate our income taxes in each of the tax jurisdictions in which we operate. This process involves using an asset and liability approach whereby deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded for differences in the financial reporting bases and tax bases of our assets and liabilities. A valuation allowance
is provided against deferred tax assets unless it is more likely than not that such deferred tax assets will be realized. This analysis requires considerable judgment and is subject to change to reflect future events and changes in the tax laws.
The benefit of a tax position is recognized only if it is more likely than not that the tax position would be sustained based on its technical merits in a tax examination, using the presumption the tax authority has full knowledge of all relevant facts regarding the position. The amount of benefit recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on ultimate settlement with the tax authority. For tax positions not meeting the more likely than not test, no tax benefit is recorded.
Business Combinations
Significant judgment is often required in estimating the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The Company makes estimates and assumptions about conditions of the assets, other costs not captured in the base costs, and consideration for entrepreneurial profit, depreciation, functional obsolescence, and economic obsolescence allocated to the various property, plant, and equipment categories considering the perspective of marketplace participants.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 1 of “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” of this Annual Report for additional information regarding the status of recently issued accounting pronouncements.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Foreign Currency Risk
We face exposure to adverse movements in foreign currency exchange rates, primarily in Asia and Europe. Our foreign currency risk may change over time as the level of activity in foreign markets grows and could have a material adverse impact upon our financial results. Certain of our assets, including certain bank accounts and accounts receivable, and liabilities exist in non-U.S. dollar denominated currencies, which are sensitive to foreign currency exchange fluctuations. These currencies are principally the Chinese Yuan, the Taiwanese dollar, the Euro, and the British Pound Sterling and, to a lesser extent, the Japanese Yen and the Hong Kong dollar. We have entered into hedging arrangements designed to mitigate foreign currency fluctuations. See “Risk Factors - We are subject to foreign currency risk as a result of our international operations.” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report for additional information.
Foreign Currency Transaction Risk
We are subject to foreign currency risk arising from intercompany transactions that are expected to be settled in cash in the near term where the cash balances are held in denominations other than our subsidiaries’ functional currency. If exchange rates weaken against the functional currency, we would incur a remeasurement gain in the value of the cash balances, and if the exchange rates strengthen against the functional currency, we would incur a remeasurement loss in the value of the cash balances, assuming the net monetary asset balances remained constant. Our ultimate realized gain or loss with respect to currency fluctuations will generally depend on the size and type of transaction, the size and currencies of the net monetary assets and the changes in the exchange rates associated with these currencies. Based on balances at December 31, 2024, if the Chinese Yuan, the Taiwanese dollar, the Euro, and the British Pound Sterling were to weaken (or strengthen) by 1.0% against the U.S. dollar, we would experience currency transaction gain (or loss) of approximately $3.7 million (partially offset by any foreign currency hedges). Net foreign exchange transaction gains (or losses) are included in other income and expense.
Foreign Currency Translation Risk
For our subsidiaries that maintain their books in a foreign currency, fluctuations in that foreign currency will impact the amount of total assets and liabilities that we report for our foreign subsidiaries upon the translation of these amounts into U.S. dollars. All elements of the subsidiaries’ financial statements, except for stockholders’ equity accounts, are translated using a currency exchange rate. Assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the exchange rate on the balance sheet date. Income and expense accounts denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the weighted-average exchange rate during the period presented. Resulting translation adjustments are recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss within stockholders’ equity in the consolidated balance sheets, which are accumulated in this account until sale or liquidation of the foreign entity investment, at which time they are reported as adjustments to the gain or loss on sale of investment.
Foreign Currency Denominated Defined Benefit Plans
We have a contributory defined benefit plan that covers certain employees in the U.K., which is closed to new entrants and frozen with respect to future benefit accruals. The retirement benefit is based on the final average compensation and service of each eligible employee. December 31 is our annual measurement date, and on the measurement date, defined benefit plan assets are determined based on fair value. Defined benefit plan assets consist primarily of high quality corporate bonds and stocks that are denominated in the currency in which the benefits will be paid and that have terms to maturity approximating to the terms of the related pension liability. The net pension and supplemental retirement benefit obligations and the related periodic costs are based on, among other things, assumptions of the discount rate, estimated return on plan assets and mortality rates. These obligations and related periodic costs are measured using actuarial techniques and assumptions. The projected unit credit method is the actuarial cost method used to compute the pension liabilities and related expenses. 	
As of December 31, 2024, the plan was underfunded and a liability of approximately $7.3 million was reflected in our consolidated financial statements as a noncurrent liability. The amount recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income was a net loss of $40.8 million. If the British Pound Sterling were to (weaken) or strengthen by 1.0% against the U.S. dollar, we would experience currency translation liability (decrease) or increase of less than $0.2 million. The weighted-average discount rate assumption used to determine benefit obligations as of December 31, 2024, was 4.7%. A 0.2% increase/(decrease) in the discount rate used to calculate the net period benefit cost for the year would reduce/increase annual benefit cost by less than $0.5 million. A 0.2% increase/(decrease) in the discount rate used to calculate the year-end projected benefit obligation would (decrease)increase the year end projected benefit obligation by approximately $2.1 million. The expected return on plan assets is determined based on historical and expected future returns of the various assets classes and as such, each 1.0% increase/(decrease) in the expected rate of return assumption would increase/(decrease) the net-period benefit cost by approximately $1.0 million. The asset value of the defined benefit plan has been volatile in recent years due primarily to wide fluctuations in the U.K. equity markets and bond markets. See “Risk Factors - Changes in actuarial assumptions for our defined benefit plan could increase the volatility of the plan’s asset value, require us to increase cash contributions to the plan and have a negative impact on our cash flows, operating results and financial condition” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report for additional information.
Interest Rate Risk
We have credit facilities with financial institutions in the U.S., Asia, and Europe as well as other debt instruments with interest rates equal to SOFR or similar indices plus a negotiated margin. A rise in interest rates could have an adverse impact upon our cost of working capital and our interest expense. As of December 31, 2024, our outstanding principal long-term debt was $20.7 and outstanding short-term debt was $31.4 million. Based on our debt balances at December 31, 2024, an increase or decrease in interest rates by 1.0% for the year on our credit facilities would increase or decrease our annual interest rate expense by approximately $0.5 million, net of the amounts realized from our interest rate swaps. See “Risk Factors, - We are subject to interest rate risk that could have an adverse effect on our cost of working capital and interest expenses, which could adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report for additional information.
Political Risk
We have a significant portion of our assets in mainland China, Taiwan, and the U.K. The possibility of political conflict between any of these countries or with the U.S. could have a material adverse impact upon our ability to transact business through these important business channels and to generate profits. See “Risk Factors - Risks Related to our International Operations” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report for additional information.
Inflation Risk
Inflation did not have a material effect on net sales or net income in fiscal year 2024. A significant increase in inflation could affect future performance.
Credit Risk
The success of our business depends, among other factors, on the strength of the global economy and the stability of the financial markets, which in turn affect our customers’ demand for our products, the ability of our customers to meet their payment obligations, the likelihood of customers canceling or deferring existing orders and the strength of consumer demand for items containing our products in the end-markets we serve. We provide credit to customers in the ordinary course of business and perform ongoing credit evaluations, while at times providing extended terms. We believe that our exposure to concentrations of credit risk with respect to trade receivables is largely mitigated by dispersion of our customers over various geographic areas, operating primarily in electronics manufacturing and distribution. We believe our allowance for doubtful accounts is sufficient to cover customer credit risks.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
See Part IV, Item 15 “Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules” for our consolidated financial statements and the notes and schedules thereto filed as part of this Annual Report.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
Item 9.	Changes In and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
Not Applicable.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures.
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our Chief Executive Officer, Keh-Shew Lu, and Chief Financial Officer, Brett R. Whitmire, with the participation of our management, carried out an evaluation as of December 31, 2024, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended). Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer believe that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective at the reasonable assurance level to ensure that information required to be included in this report is:
•recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time period specified in the Commission’s rules and forms and
•accumulated and communicated to our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding disclosure.
Disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and implemented, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving an entity’s disclosure objectives. The likelihood of achieving such objectives is affected by limitations inherent in disclosure controls and procedures. These include the fact that human judgment in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns in internal control can occur because of human failures such as simple errors, mistakes, or intentional circumvention of the established processes.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer
and implemented by our Board of Directors, management, and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of ours are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework and criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). This evaluation included review of the documentation of controls, testing of operating effectiveness of controls, and a conclusion on this evaluation.
Based on this evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024.
The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, has been audited by Moss Adams LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting, known to the Chief Executive Officer or the Chief Financial Officer, that occurred during the last fiscal quarter covered by this report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 9B.	Other Information.
None.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
The information concerning our directors, executive officers, and corporate governance is incorporated herein by reference from the section entitled “Proposal One - Election of Directors” contained in our definitive proxy statement to be filed pursuant to Section 14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 within 120 days after our fiscal year end of December 31, 2024, for our annual stockholders’ meeting for 2025 (the “Proxy Statement”).
We have adopted a code of ethics that applies to our Chief Executive Officer and senior financial officers. The code of ethics has been posted on our website under the Corporate Governance portion of the Investor Relations section at www.diodes.com. We intend to satisfy disclosure requirements regarding amendments to, or waivers from, any provisions of our code of ethics on our website.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Item 11.	Executive Compensation.
The information concerning executive compensation is incorporated herein by reference from the sections entitled “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” “Executive Compensation,” and “Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation” contained in the Proxy Statement.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
The information concerning the security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management and related stockholder matters is incorporated herein by reference from the sections entitled “General Information - Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” and “Executive Compensation - Equity Compensation Plan Information” contained in the Proxy Statement.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Item 13.	Certain Relationships, Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
The information concerning certain relationships, related transactions and director independence is incorporated herein by reference from the sections entitled “Corporate Governance - Certain Relationships and Related Person Transactions,” “Corporate Governance - Director Independence,” and “Proposal One - Election of Directors” contained in the Proxy Statement.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services.
The information concerning our principal accountant’s fees and services is incorporated herein by reference from the section entitled “Ratification of the Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” contained in the Proxy Statement.
The Company’s independent registered accounting firm is Moss Adams LLP, Los Angeles, California. PCAOB ID: 659.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15.	Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.
(a)	Financial Statements and Schedules
Our consolidated financial statements are as set forth under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
(1) Financial statements:
Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2024, and 2023
Consolidated Statements of Income for the Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022
Consolidated Statements of Equity for the Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(2) Schedules:
None
Schedules not listed above have been omitted because the information required to be set forth therein is not applicable or is shown in the financial statements and note thereto.
(b)	Exhibits
The exhibits listed on the Index to Exhibits are filed as exhibits or incorporated by reference to this Annual Report.
(c)	Financial Statements of Unconsolidated Subsidiaries and Affiliates
Not Applicable.