EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1513363
Filing Year: 2025
Filename: 1513363_10-K_2025_0000950170-25-034612.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1. Business.
GENERAL
Fidus Investment Corporation, a Maryland Corporation, operates as an externally managed business development company (“BDC”) under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (“1940 Act”). FIC completed its initial public offering, or IPO, in June 2011. In addition, FIC has elected, and intends to qualify annually, to be treated as a regulated investment company (“RIC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes under subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). As of December 31, 2024, our shares were listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “FDUS.”
FIC may make investments directly or through its two wholly-owned investment company subsidiaries, Fidus Mezzanine Capital III, L.P. (“Fund III”) and Fidus Mezzanine Capital IV, L.P. (“Fund IV”) (collectively Fund III and Fund IV are referred to as the “SBIC Funds”). Fidus Investment GP, LLC, the general partner of the SBIC Funds, is also a wholly owned subsidiary of FIC. The SBIC Funds are licensed by the U.S. Small Business Administration (the “SBA”) to operate as small business investment companies (“SBICs”). The SBIC Funds utilize the proceeds of the issuance of SBA-guaranteed debentures to enhance returns to our stockholders. Fidus Mezzanine Capital, L.P. (“Fund I”) and Fidus Mezzanine Capital II, L.P. ("Fund II") have both completed their wind-down plans, can no longer issue additional SBA-guaranteed debentures, and relinquished their SBIC licenses on March 20, 2020 and March 7, 2024, respectively. We believe that utilizing both FIC and the SBIC Funds as investment vehicles provides us with access to a broader array of investment opportunities. Given our access to lower cost capital through the SBA’s SBIC debenture program, we expect that we will continue to make investments through the SBIC Funds during the investment period until the SBIC Funds reach their borrowing limit under the program. For two or more SBICs under common control, the maximum amount of outstanding SBA debentures cannot exceed $350.0 million.
Overview
We provide customized debt and equity financing solutions to lower middle-market companies, which we define as U.S. based companies having revenues between $10.0 million and $150.0 million. Our investment objective is to provide attractive risk-adjusted returns by generating both current income from our debt investments and capital appreciation from our equity related investments. Our investment strategy includes partnering with business owners, management teams and financial sponsors by providing customized financing for ownership transactions, recapitalizations, strategic acquisitions, business expansion and other growth initiatives. Although we are classified as a non-diversified investment company within the meaning of the 1940 Act, we maintain the flexibility to operate as a diversified investment company and have done so for an extended period of time. We seek to maintain a diversified portfolio of investments in order to help mitigate the potential effects of adverse economic events related to particular companies, regions or industries.
We invest in companies that possess some or all of the following attributes: predictable revenues; positive cash flows; defensible and/or leading market positions; diversified customer and supplier bases; and proven management teams with strong operating discipline. We target companies in the lower middle-market with annual earnings, before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, or EBITDA, between $5.0 million and $30.0 million; however, we may from time to time opportunistically make investments in larger or smaller companies. Our investments typically range between $5.0 million and $35.0 million per portfolio company.
As of December 31, 2024, we had debt and equity investments in 91 portfolio companies with an aggregate fair value of $1.1 billion. The weighted average yield on our debt investments as of December 31, 2024 was 13.3%. The weighted average yield of our debt investments is not the same as a return on investment for our stockholders but, rather, relates to a portion of our investment portfolio and is calculated before the payment of all of our fees and expenses. The weighted average yield was computed using the effective interest rates for debt investments at cost as of December 31, 2024, including accretion of original issue discount (“OID”) and loan origination fees, but excluding investments on non-accrual status, if any. There can be no assurance that the weighted average yield will remain at its current level. For the year ended December 31, 2024, our total return based on net asset value (“NAV”) per share was 12.4% and our total return based on market value was 20.1%. For the year ended December 31, 2023, our total return based on NAV was 15.1% and our total return based on market value was 17.8%. Total return based on NAV per share equals the change in NAV per share during the period, plus dividends paid per share during the period, less other non-operating changes during the period, and divided by beginning NAV per share for the period. Non-operating changes include any items that affect NAV per share other than increase from investment operations, such as the effects of share issuances and repurchases and other miscellaneous items. Total return based on market value equals the change in the market value of our common stock per share during the period divided by the market value per share at the beginning of the period, and assumes reinvestment of dividends at prices obtained by our dividend reinvestment plan during the period. While these two figures reflect fund expenses, they do not reflect any sales load that may be paid by investors.
Available Information
Our headquarters are in Evanston, Illinois, and our website is www.fdus.com. We are not including the information contained on our website as a part of, or incorporating it by reference into, this Annual Report. We make available free of charge through our website, our proxy statement, annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish such material to, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The SEC maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers, like us, that file electronically with the SEC. Copies of this Annual Report and other reports are also available without charge by contacting us in writing at 1603 Orrington Avenue, Suite 1005, Evanston, Illinois 60201, Attention: Investor Relations.
Our Advisor
Our investment activities are managed by Fidus Investment Advisors, LLC, our investment advisor, and supervised by our board of directors, a majority of whom are not “interested persons” of FIC as defined in section 2(a)(19) of the 1940 Act, and who we refer to hereafter as the Independent Directors. Pursuant to the terms of the investment advisory and management agreement, which we refer to as the Investment Advisory Agreement, between us and our investment advisor, our investment advisor is responsible for determining the composition of our portfolio, including sourcing potential investments, conducting research and diligence on potential investments and equity sponsors, analyzing investment opportunities, structuring our investments and monitoring our investments and portfolio companies on an ongoing basis. Our investment advisor’s investment professionals seek to capitalize on their significant deal origination and sourcing, underwriting, due diligence, investment structuring, execution, portfolio management and monitoring experience. These professionals have developed a broad network of contacts within the investment community, have gained extensive experience investing in assets that constitute our primary focus and have expertise in investing across all levels of the capital structure of lower middle-market companies.
Our relationship with our investment advisor is governed by and dependent on the Investment Advisory Agreement and may be subject to conflicts of interest. We pay our investment advisor a fee for its services under the Investment Advisory Agreement consisting of two components-a base management fee and an incentive fee. The base management fee is calculated at an annual rate of 1.75% of the average value of our total assets (other than cash or cash equivalents but including assets purchased with borrowed amounts). The incentive fee consists of two parts. The first part is calculated and payable quarterly in arrears and equals 20.0% of our “pre-incentive fee net investment income” for the immediately preceding quarter, subject to a 2.0% preferred return, or “hurdle,” and a “catch up” feature. The second part is determined and payable in arrears as of the end of each fiscal year in an amount equal to 20.0% of our realized capital gains, if any, on a cumulative basis from inception through the end of each fiscal year, computed net of all realized capital losses and unrealized capital depreciation on a cumulative basis, less the aggregate amount of any capital gain incentive fees paid in prior years. We accrue, but do not pay, a capital gains incentive fee in connection with any unrealized capital appreciation, as appropriate. For more information about how we compensate our investment advisor, see “Management and Other Agreements-Investment Advisory Agreement.”
Among other things, our board of directors is charged with protecting our interests by monitoring how our investment advisor addresses conflicts of interest associated with its management services and compensation. However, our board of directors periodically reviews our investment advisor’s portfolio management decisions and portfolio performance. In addition, our board of directors at least annually reviews the services provided by and fees paid to our investment advisor. In connection with these reviews, our board of directors, including a majority of our Independent Directors, considers whether the fees and expenses (including those related to leverage) that we pay to our investment advisor are fair and reasonable in relation to the services provided. Renewal of our Investment Advisory Agreement must be approved each year by our board of directors, including a majority of our Independent Directors.
Fidus Investment Advisors, LLC is a Delaware limited liability company that is registered as an investment advisor under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended, or the Advisers Act. In addition, Fidus Investment Advisors, LLC serves as our administrator and provides us with office space, equipment and clerical, book-keeping and record-keeping services pursuant to an administration agreement, which we refer to as the Administration Agreement.
Business Strategy
We intend to accomplish our goal of becoming one of the premier providers of capital to and value-added partner of lower middle-market companies by:
Leveraging the Experience of Our Investment Advisor. Our investment advisor’s investment professionals have significant experience investing in, lending to and advising companies across multiple industries and changing market cycles. These professionals have diverse backgrounds with prior experience in senior management positions at investment banks, specialty finance companies, commercial banks and privately and publicly held companies and have extensive experience investing across all levels of the capital structure of lower middle-market companies. We believe these professionals possess an in-depth understanding of the strategic, financial and operational challenges and opportunities of lower middle-market companies, enabling our investment advisor to effectively identify, assess, structure and monitor our investments.
Capitalizing on Our Strong Transaction Sourcing Network. Our investment advisor’s investment professionals possess an extensive network of long-standing relationships with private equity firms, middle-market senior lenders, junior capital partners, financial intermediaries and management teams of privately owned businesses. We believe that the combination of our investment advisor’s relationships and our reputation as a reliable, responsive and value-added financing partner helps us generate a steady stream of new investment opportunities and proprietary deal flow.
Serving as a Value-Added Partner with Customized Financing Solutions. We follow a partnership-oriented investment approach and focus on opportunities where we believe we can add value to a portfolio company. We primarily concentrate on industries or market niches in which the investment professionals of our investment advisor have prior experience. These professionals also have expertise in structuring securities at all levels of the capital structure, which we believe positions us well to meet the unique financing needs of our portfolio companies. We invest primarily in unitranche or first lien senior secured loans, typically coupled with an equity interest; however, on a selective basis we may invest in second lien and subordinated debt securities. Further, as a publicly-traded BDC, we have a longer investment horizon without the capital return requirements of traditional private investment vehicles. We believe this flexibility enables us to generate attractive risk-adjusted returns on invested capital and enables us to be a better long-term partner for our portfolio companies. We believe that by leveraging the industry and structuring expertise of our investment advisor coupled with our long-term investment horizon, we are well positioned to be a value-added partner for our portfolio companies.
Employing Rigorous Due Diligence and Underwriting Processes Focused on Capital Preservation. Our investment advisor follows a disciplined and credit-oriented approach to evaluating and investing in companies. We focus on companies with proven business models, significant free cash flow, defensible market positions and significant enterprise value cushion for our debt investments. In making investment decisions, we seek to minimize the risk of capital loss without foregoing the opportunity for capital appreciation. Our investment advisor’s investment professionals have developed extensive due diligence and underwriting processes designed to better assess a portfolio company’s prospects and to determine the appropriate investment structure. Our investment advisor thoroughly analyzes each potential portfolio company’s competitive position, financial performance, management team, growth potential and industry attractiveness. As part of this process, our investment advisor also participates in meetings with management, tours of facilities, discussions with industry professionals and third-party reviews. We believe this approach enables us to build and maintain an attractive investment portfolio that meets our return and value criteria over the long term.
Actively Managing our Portfolio. We believe that our investment advisor’s initial and ongoing portfolio review process allows us to effectively monitor the performance and prospects of our portfolio companies. We seek to obtain board observation rights or board seats with respect to our portfolio companies, and we conduct monthly financial reviews and have regular discussions with portfolio company management. We structure our investments with a comprehensive set of financial maintenance covenants, including affirmative and negative covenants. We believe that active monitoring of our portfolio companies’ compliance with covenants provides us with an early warning of any financial difficulty and enhances our ability to protect our invested capital.
Maintaining Portfolio Diversification. We seek to maintain a portfolio of investments that is appropriately diversified among companies, industries, geographic regions and end markets. We have made investments in portfolio companies in the following industries: business services, industrial products and services, value-added distribution, healthcare products and services, consumer products and services (including retail, food and beverage), energy services, aerospace, and defense manufacturing, transportation services, information technology services and niche manufacturing. We believe that investing across various industries helps mitigate the potential effects of negative economic events for particular companies, regions and industries.
Benefiting from Lower Cost of Capital. The SBIC Funds’ SBIC licenses allow us to issue SBA-guaranteed debentures. These SBA debentures carry long-term fixed rates that are generally lower than rates on comparable bank and public debt. Because lower-cost
SBA leverage is a significant part of our funding strategy, our relative cost of debt capital should be lower than many of our competitors. For two or more SBICs under common control, the maximum amount of outstanding SBA debentures cannot exceed $350.0 million.
Investments
We seek to create a diversified investment portfolio that primarily includes debt investments and, to a lesser extent, equity securities. Our investments typically range between $5.0 million to $35.0 million per portfolio company, although this investment size may vary proportionately with the size of our capital base. Our investment objective is to provide attractive risk-adjusted returns by generating both current income from our debt investments and capital appreciation from our equity related investments. We may invest in the equity securities of our portfolio companies, such as preferred stock, common stock, warrants and other equity interests, either directly or in conjunction with our debt investments.
First Lien Debt. We structure some of our investments as senior secured or first lien debt investments. First lien debt investments are secured by a first priority lien on existing and future assets of the borrower and may take the form of term loans or revolving lines of credit. First lien debt is typically senior on a lien basis to other liabilities in the issuer’s capital structure and has the benefit of a first-priority security interest in assets of the issuer. The security interest ranks above the security interest of any second lien lenders in those assets. Our first lien debt may include stand-alone first lien loans, “last out” first lien loans, or “unitranche” loans. Stand-alone first lien loans are traditional first lien loans. All lenders in the facility have equal rights to the collateral that is subject to the first-priority security interest. “Last out” first lien loans have a secondary priority behind super-senior “first out” first lien loans in the collateral securing the loans in certain circumstances. The arrangements for a “last out” first lien loan are set forth in an “agreement among lenders,” which provides lenders with “first out” and “last out” payment streams based on a single lien on the collateral. Since the “first out” lenders generally have priority over the “last out” lenders for receiving payment under certain specified events of default, or upon the occurrence of other triggering events under intercreditor agreements or agreements among lenders, the “last out” lenders bear a greater risk and, in exchange, receive a higher effective interest rate, through arrangements among the lenders, than the “first out” lenders or lenders in stand-alone first lien loans. Agreements among lenders also typically provide greater voting rights to the “last out” lenders than the intercreditor agreements to which second lien lenders often are subject.
Many of our debt investments also include excess cash flow sweep features, whereby principal repayment may be required before maturity if the portfolio company achieves certain defined operating targets. Additionally, our debt investments typically have principal prepayment penalties in the early years of the debt investment. The majority of our debt investments provide for a variable interest rate, generally with a Prime or SOFR floor.
Second Lien Debt. Some of our debt investments take the form of second lien debt, which includes senior subordinated notes. Second lien debt investments obtain security interests in the assets of the portfolio company as collateral in support of the repayment of such loans. Second lien debt typically is senior on a lien basis to other liabilities in the issuer’s capital structure and has the benefit of a security interest over assets of the issuer, though ranking junior to first lien debt secured by those assets. First lien lenders and second lien lenders typically have separate liens on the collateral, and an intercreditor agreement provides the first lien lenders with priority over the second lien lenders’ liens on the collateral. These loans typically provide for no contractual loan amortization, with all amortization deferred until loan maturity, and may include payment-in-kind (“PIK”) interest, which increases the principal balance over the term and, coupled with the deferred principal payment provision, increases credit risk exposure over the life of the loan.
Subordinated Debt. These investments are typically structured as unsecured, subordinated notes. Structurally, subordinated debt usually ranks subordinate in priority of payment to first lien and second lien debt and may not have the benefit of financial covenants common in first lien and second lien debt. Subordinated debt may rank junior as it relates to proceeds in certain liquidations where it does not have the benefit of a lien in specific collateral held by creditors (typically first lien and/or second lien) who have a perfected security interest in such collateral. However, subordinated debt ranks senior to common and preferred equity in an issuer’s capital structure. These loans typically have relatively higher fixed interest rates (often representing a combination of cash pay and PIK interest) and amortization of principal deferred to maturity. The PIK feature (meaning a feature allowing for the payment of interest in the form of additional principal amount of the loan instead of in cash), which effectively operates as negative amortization of loan principal, coupled with the deferred principal payment provision, increases credit risk exposure over the life of the loan.
Equity Securities. Our equity securities typically consist of either a direct minority equity investment in common or preferred stock or membership/partnership interests of a portfolio company, or we may receive warrants to buy a minority equity interest in a portfolio company in connection with a debt investment. Warrants we receive with our debt investments typically require only a nominal cost to exercise, and thus, as a portfolio company appreciates in value, we may achieve additional investment return from this equity interest. Our equity investments are typically not control-oriented investments, and in many cases, we acquire equity securities as part of a group of private equity investors in which we are not the lead investor. We may structure such equity investments to include provisions protecting our rights as a minority-interest holder, as well as a “put,” or right to sell such securities back to the issuer, upon the occurrence of specified events. In many cases, we may also seek to obtain registration rights in connection with these equity interests, which may include demand and “piggyback” registration rights. Our equity investments typically are made in connection with debt investments to the same portfolio companies.
Our Consolidated Portfolio
We generally seek to invest in companies from the broad range of industries in which our investment advisor has direct experience. The following is a representative list of the broad industry segments in which we have invested; however, we may invest in other industries if we are presented with attractive opportunities.
• aerospace & defense;
• infrastructure;
• business services;
• logistics & transportation;
• consumer products / multi-unit;
• niche manufacturing;
• consumer services;
• software & tech-enabled services; and
• healthcare products;
• value-added distribution.
• industrial;
As of December 31, 2024, we had investments in 91 portfolio companies with an aggregate fair value of $1.1 billion. As of December 31, 2023, we had investments in 82 portfolio companies with an aggregate fair value of $957.9 million.
The following table shows the portfolio composition by geographic region at fair value and cost and as a percentage of total investments (dollars in millions). The geographic composition is determined by the location of the corporate headquarters of the portfolio company, which may not be indicative of the primary source of the portfolio company’s business.
Fair Value
Cost
December 31,
December 31,
December 31,
December 31,
United States
Midwest
$
120.5
11.1
%
$
112.6
11.8
%
$
73.6
6.8
%
$
75.4
8.1
%
Southeast
339.7
31.2
292.4
30.6
337.8
31.4
286.3
30.5
Northeast
211.8
19.4
181.4
18.9
202.2
18.8
176.4
18.8
West
194.6
17.8
172.7
18.0
232.3
21.6
191.5
20.5
Southwest
211.4
19.4
186.3
19.4
216.8
20.2
194.5
20.8
Canada
12.5
1.1
12.5
1.3
12.5
1.2
12.5
1.3
Total
$
1,090.5
100.0
%
$
957.9
100.0
%
$
1,075.2
100.0
%
$
936.6
100.0
%
The following table shows the detailed industry segment composition of our portfolio at fair value and cost as a percentage of total investments.
Fair Value
Cost
December 31,
December 31,
December 31,
December 31,
Name
Information Technology Services
34.0
%
33.7
%
37.8
%
36.0
%
Business Services
12.6
11.5
12.4
11.4
Healthcare Products
8.1
8.4
4.6
5.3
Component Manufacturing
7.7
8.0
7.4
8.2
Utilities: Services
4.9
4.7
4.7
4.7
Retail
4.7
4.3
4.5
4.3
Healthcare Services
4.7
3.2
4.0
3.0
Building Products Manufacturing
3.9
4.6
4.5
5.2
Consumer Services
3.3
3.2
3.3
3.2
Specialty Distribution
2.8
2.3
2.8
1.8
Environmental Industries
2.6
2.1
2.8
2.4
Promotional Products
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.2
Transportation Services
2.0
5.1
2.0
5.1
Aerospace & Defense Manufacturing
1.8
2.4
2.2
2.5
Consumer Products
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.9
Industrial Cleaning & Coatings
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.3
Oil & Gas Services
0.9
1.3
0.9
1.4
Industrial Product Services
0.7
-
0.7
-
Restaurants
-
-
(1)
-
0.1
Total
100.0
%
100.0
%
100.0
%
100.0
%
(1) Percentage is less than 0.1% of respective total.
Investment Criteria/Guidelines
We use the following criteria and guidelines in evaluating investment opportunities and constructing our portfolio. However, not all of these criteria and guidelines have been, or will be, met in connection with each of our investments.
Value Orientation / Positive Cash Flow. Our investment advisor places a premium on analysis of business fundamentals from an investor’s perspective and has a distinct value orientation. We focus on companies with proven business models in which we can invest at relatively low multiples of operating cash flow. We also typically invest in portfolio companies with a history of profitability and minimum trailing twelve month EBITDA of $5.0 million. We do not invest in start-up companies, “turn-around” situations or companies that we believe have unproven business plans.
Experienced Management Teams with Meaningful Equity Ownership. We target portfolio companies that have management teams with significant experience and/or relevant industry experience coupled with meaningful equity ownership. We believe management teams with these attributes are more likely to manage the companies in a manner that protects our debt investment and enhances the value of our equity investment.
Niche Market Leaders with Defensible Market Positions. We seek to invest in portfolio companies that have developed defensible and/or leading positions within their respective markets or market niches and are well-positioned to capitalize on growth opportunities. We favor companies that demonstrate significant competitive advantages, which we believe helps to protect their market position and profitability.
Diversified Customer and Supplier Base. We prefer to invest in portfolio companies that have a diversified customer and supplier base. Companies with a diversified customer and supplier base are generally better able to endure economic downturns, industry consolidation and shifting customer preferences.
Significant Equity Value. We believe the existence of significant underlying equity value provides important support to our debt investments. With respect to our debt investments, we look for portfolio companies where management/sponsors have provided significant equity funding and where we believe aggregate enterprise value significantly exceeds aggregate indebtedness, after consideration of our investment.
Viable Exit Strategy. We invest in portfolio companies that we believe will provide steady cash flows to service our debt, ultimately repay our loans and provide working capital for their respective businesses. In addition, we seek to invest in portfolio companies whose business models and expected future cash flows offer attractive exit possibilities for our portfolio equity investments. We expect to exit our investments typically through one of three scenarios: (a) the sale of the portfolio company resulting in repayment of all outstanding debt and monetization of equity; (b) the recapitalization of the portfolio company through which our investments are replaced with debt or equity from a third party or parties; or (c) the repayment of the initial or remaining principal amount of our debt investment from cash flow generated by the portfolio company. In some investments, there may be scheduled amortization of some portion of our debt investment that would result in a partial exit of our investment prior to the maturity of the debt investment.
Investment Committee
Our investment advisor has formed an investment committee to evaluate and approve all of our investments. The investment committee process is intended to bring the diverse experience and perspectives of the committee’s members to the analysis and consideration of each investment. The investment committee also serves to provide investment consistency and adherence to our investment advisor’s core investment philosophy and policies. The investment committee also determines appropriate investment sizing and suggests ongoing monitoring requirements.
The members of the investment committee that evaluate and approve all of our investments are Edward H. Ross, Thomas C. Lauer, John H. Grigg, Robert G. Lesley, Jr., Michael J. Miller, John J. Ross, II, and W. Andrew Worth.
Investment Process Overview
Our investment advisor has developed the following investment process based on the experience of its investment professionals to identify investment opportunities and to structure investments quickly and effectively. Furthermore, our investment advisor seeks to identify those companies exhibiting superior fundamental risk-reward profiles and strong defensible business franchises while focusing on the relative value of the security in the portfolio company’s capital structure. The investment process consists of five distinct phases:
•
Investment Generation/Origination;
•
Initial Evaluation;
•
Due Diligence and Underwriting;
•
Documentation and Closing; and
•
Active Portfolio Management.
Each of the phases is described in more detail below.
Investment Generation/Origination. Our investment origination efforts are focused on leveraging our investment advisor’s extensive network of long-standing relationships with private equity firms, middle-market senior lenders, junior-capital partners, financial intermediaries, service providers and management teams of privately owned businesses. We believe that our investment advisor’s investment professionals have reputations as reliable, responsive and value-added partners for lower middle-market companies. Our investment advisor’s focus and reputation as a value-added partner generates a balanced mix of proprietary deal flow and a steady stream of new deal opportunities.
Initial Evaluation. After a potential transaction is received by our investment advisor, it will conduct an initial review of the transaction materials to determine whether it meets our investment criteria and complies with SBA regulations (with respect to investments by the SBIC Funds) and other regulatory requirements.
If the potential transaction initially meets our investment criteria, at least two members of the investment committee, referred to as the deal team, will conduct a preliminary due diligence review, taking into consideration some or all of the following factors:
•
A comprehensive financial model based on quantitative analysis of historical financial performance, projections and pro forma adjustments to determine a range of estimated internal rates of return.
•
An initial call or meeting with the portfolio company management team, owner, private equity sponsor or other deal partner.
•
A brief industry and market analysis, leveraging direct industry expertise from other investment professionals of our investment advisor.
•
Preliminary qualitative analysis of the portfolio company management team’s competencies and backgrounds.
•
Potential investment structures and pricing terms.
Upon successful completion of the screening process, the deal team prepares a screening memorandum and makes a recommendation to the investment committee. At this time, the investment committee will also consider whether the investment would be made by FIC and/or through the SBIC Funds. If the investment committee supports the deal team’s recommendation, the deal team issues a non-binding term sheet to the potential portfolio company. Such a term sheet will typically include the key economic terms based on our analysis conducted during the screening process. Upon agreement on a term sheet with the potential portfolio company, our investment advisor will begin a formal diligence and underwriting process.
Due Diligence and Underwriting. Our investment advisor has developed a rigorous and disciplined due diligence process that includes a comprehensive understanding of a borrower’s industry, market, operational, financial, organizational and legal positions and prospects. The due diligence review will take into account information that the deal team deems necessary to make an informed decision about the creditworthiness of the borrower and the risks of the investment, which includes some or all of the following:
•
Initial or additional site visits and facility tours with management and key personnel.
•
Review of the business history, operations and strategy.
•
In depth review of industry and competition.
•
Analysis of key customers and suppliers, including review of any concentrations and key contracts.
•
Detailed review of historical and projected financial statements, including a review of at least three years of performance (annual and monthly), key financial ratios, revenue, expenses and profitability drivers and sensitivities to management’s financial projections.
•
Detailed evaluation of company management, including background checks.
•
Third party reviews of accounting, environmental, legal, insurance, material contracts, competition, industry and market studies and interviews with customers and suppliers, (each as appropriate).
•
Financial sponsor diligence, if applicable, including portfolio company and other reference checks.
During the due diligence process, significant attention is given to sensitivity analyses and how the portfolio company might be expected to perform given various scenarios, including downside, “base case” and upside. Upon satisfactory completion of the due diligence review process, the deal team will present their findings and a recommendation to the investment committee. If the investment committee supports the deal team’s recommendation, the deal team will proceed with negotiating and documenting the investment.
Documentation and Closing. Our investment advisor works with the management of a potential portfolio company and its other capital providers, including, as applicable, senior, junior and equity capital providers to structure an investment. Our investment advisor structures each investment with an acute focus on capital preservation and will tailor the terms of each investment to the facts and circumstances of the transaction and the prospective portfolio company. We seek to limit the downside of our investments by:
•
Targeting an optimal total return on our investments (including a combination of current and deferred interest, prepayment penalties and equity participation) that compensates us for credit risk.
•
Negotiating covenants in connection with our investments that afford our portfolio companies as much flexibility in managing their businesses as possible, yet consistent with preservation of our capital. Such restrictions may include affirmative and negative covenants, default penalties, lien protection, change of control provisions and board rights, including either board observation or rights to a seat on the board under some circumstances.
•
Structuring financial covenants and terms in our debt investments that require a portfolio company to reduce leverage over time, thereby mitigating the risk of loss and increasing the likelihood of achieving targeted returns on investment. These methods may include, among others: leverage covenants requiring a decreasing ratio of debt to cash flow; cash flow covenants requiring an increasing ratio of cash flow to interest expense and possibly other cash expenses such as capital expenditures, cash taxes and mandatory principal payments; and debt incurrence prohibitions, or limiting a company’s ability to relever its balance sheet. In addition, limitations on asset sales and capital expenditures prevent a company from changing the nature of its business or capitalization without our consent.
We expect to hold most of our investments to maturity or repayment, but may exit our investments earlier if a liquidity event takes place, such as a sale or recapitalization of a portfolio company, or if we determine that a sale of one or more of our investments is in our best interest.
Active Portfolio Management. Active portfolio monitoring is a vital part of our investment process and we continuously monitor the status and progress of the portfolio companies. The same deal team that was involved in the investment process will continue its involvement in the portfolio company post-investment. This provides for continuity of knowledge and allows the deal team to maintain a strong business relationship with key management of its portfolio companies for post-investment assistance and monitoring purposes.
As part of the monitoring process, the deal team conducts a comprehensive review of the financial and operating results of each portfolio company that includes a review of the monthly/quarterly financials relative to the prior year and budget, a review of the financial projections including cash flow and liquidity needs, meeting with management, attending board meetings and reviewing compliance certificates and covenants. We maintain an ongoing dialogue with the management and any controlling equity holders of a portfolio company that will include discussions about the company’s business plans and growth opportunities and any changes in industry and competitive dynamics. While we maintain limited involvement in the ordinary course operations of our portfolio companies, we may maintain a higher level of involvement in non-ordinary course financing or strategic activities and any non-performing scenarios. Our investment advisor’s portfolio management will also include quarterly portfolio reviews with all investment professionals and investment committee members.
Investment Rating System
In addition to various risk management and monitoring tools, our investment advisor uses an internally developed investment rating system to characterize and monitor the credit profile and our expected level of returns on each investment in our portfolio. We use a five-level numeric rating scale. The following is a description of the conditions associated with each investment rating:
•
Investment Rating 1 is used for investments that involve the least amount of risk in our portfolio. The portfolio company is performing above expectations, the debt investment is expected to be paid in the near term and the trends and risk factors are favorable, and may include an expected capital gain on the equity investment.
•
Investment Rating 2 is used for investments that involve a level of risk similar to the risk at the time of origination. The portfolio company is performing substantially within our expectations and the risks factors are neutral or favorable. Each new portfolio investment enters our portfolio with Investment Rating 2.
•
Investment Rating 3 is used for investments performing below expectations and indicates the investment’s risk has increased somewhat since origination. The portfolio company requires closer monitoring, but we expect a full return of principal and collection of all interest and/or dividends.
•
Investment Rating 4 is used for investments performing materially below our expectations and the risk has increased materially since origination. The investment has the potential for some loss of investment return, but we expect no loss of principal.
•
Investment Rating 5 is used for investments performing substantially below our expectations and the risks have increased substantially since origination. We expect some loss of principal.
The following table shows the distribution of our investments on the 1 to 5 investment rating scale at fair value and cost as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in millions).
Fair Value
Cost
December 31,
December 31,
December 31,
December 31,
Investment Rating
$
100.0
9.2
%
$
85.2
8.9
%
$
27.2
2.5
%
$
29.7
3.2
%
895.9
82.1
774.7
80.9
886.7
82.6
764.0
81.5
83.7
7.7
87.2
9.1
99.4
9.2
97.4
10.4
10.5
1.0
10.5
1.1
34.6
3.2
34.3
3.7
0.4
-
0.3
-
27.3
2.5
11.2
1.2
Total
$
1,090.5
100.0
%
$
957.9
100.0
%
$
1,075.2
100.0
%
$
936.6
100.0
%
Based on our investment rating system, the weighted average rating of our portfolio as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was 2.0 and 2.0, respectively, on a fair value basis and 2.2 and 2.2, respectively, on a cost basis.
Determination of Net Asset Value and Valuation Process
We determine the net asset value per share of our common stock on at least a quarterly basis, and more frequently if we are required to do so in connection with the issuance of shares of our common stock or pursuant to applicable federal laws and regulations. The net asset value per share of common stock is equal to the carrying value of our total assets minus liabilities and any preferred stock outstanding divided by the total number of shares of common stock outstanding. Our business plan calls for us to invest primarily in illiquid securities issued by private companies. These portfolio investments may be subject to restrictions on resale and will generally have no established trading market. Because there is not a readily available market for substantially all of the investments in our portfolio, we value substantially all of our portfolio investments at fair value as determined in good faith by our board of directors using a documented valuation policy and consistently applied valuation process in accordance with authoritative accounting guidelines. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates - Valuation of Portfolio Investments.”
Competition
Our primary competitors in providing financing to lower middle-market companies include public and private funds, other BDCs, SBICs, commercial and investment banks, commercial financing companies and, to the extent they provide an alternative form of financing, private equity and hedge funds. Many of our competitors are substantially larger and have considerably greater financial, technical and marketing resources than we do. For example, we believe some competitors may have access to funding sources that are not available to us. In addition, some of our competitors may have higher risk tolerances or different risk assessments, which could allow them to consider a wider variety of investments and establish more relationships than us. Furthermore, many of our competitors are not subject to the regulatory restrictions that the 1940 Act imposes on us as a BDC or to the distribution and other requirements we must satisfy to maintain our RIC tax treatment.
We use the expertise of the investment professionals of our investment advisor to assess investment risks and determine appropriate pricing for our investments in portfolio companies. In addition, the relationships of the investment professionals of our investment advisor enable us to learn about, and compete effectively for, financing opportunities with attractive lower middle-market companies in the industries in which we seek to invest. For additional information concerning the competitive risks we face, see “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Our Business and Structure - We operate in a highly competitive market for investment opportunities, which could reduce returns and result in losses.”
Employees
We do not have any direct employees, and our day-to-day investment operations are managed by our investment advisor, which is also acting as our administrator. We have a chief executive officer, president, chief financial officer and chief compliance officer and, to the extent necessary, our board of directors may elect to hire additional personnel going forward. Our officers are employees of, and are compensated by, our investment advisor, and our allocable portion of the cost of our chief financial officer and chief compliance officer and their respective staffs are paid by us pursuant to the Administration Agreement. Some of our executive officers are also officers of our investment advisor. See “Management and Other Agreements - Administration Agreement.”
MANAGEMENT AND OTHER AGREEMENTS
Our investment advisor is located at 1603 Orrington Avenue, Suite 1005, Evanston, Illinois 60201. Our investment advisor also maintains additional office space at 4201 Congress Street, Suite 250, Charlotte, North Carolina 28209, and 1140 Avenue of the Americas, 21st Floor, New York, New York 10036. Our investment advisor is registered as an investment adviser under the Advisers Act. Subject to the overall supervision of our board of directors and in accordance with the 1940 Act, our investment advisor manages our day-to-day operations and provides investment advisory services to us. Under the terms of the Investment Advisory Agreement, our investment advisor:
•
determines the composition of our portfolio, the nature and timing of the changes to our portfolio and the manner of implementing such changes;
•
assists us in determining what securities we purchase, retain or sell;
•
identifies, evaluates and negotiates the structure of the investments we make (including performing due diligence on our prospective portfolio companies); and
•
executes, closes, services and monitors the investments we make.
Investment Advisory Agreement
Management Fee
Pursuant to the Investment Advisory Agreement, we pay our investment advisor a fee for investment advisory and management services consisting of two components - a base management fee and an incentive fee.
Base Management Fee
The base management fee is calculated at an annual rate of 1.75% based on the average value of our total assets (other than cash or cash equivalents but including assets purchased with borrowed amounts) at the end of the two most recently completed calendar quarters, and appropriately adjusted for any share issuances or repurchases during the current calendar quarter. Base management fees for any partial quarter are appropriately prorated. The base management fee is payable quarterly in arrears.
Incentive Fee
The incentive fee consists of two parts. The first part is calculated and payable quarterly in arrears based on our pre-incentive fee net investment income for the quarter. Pre-incentive fee net investment income means interest income, dividend income and any other income (including any other fees such as commitment, origination, structuring, diligence and consulting fees or other fees that we receive from portfolio companies but excluding fees for providing managerial assistance) accrued during the calendar quarter, minus operating expenses for the quarter (including the base management fee, any expenses payable under the Administration Agreement (defined below) and any interest expense and dividends paid on any outstanding preferred stock, but excluding the incentive fee and excise taxes on realized gains). Pre-incentive fee net investment income includes, in the case of investments with a deferred interest feature (such as market discount, debt instruments with PIK income, preferred stock with PIK dividends and zero-coupon securities), accrued income we have not yet received in cash. The Investment Advisor is not under any obligation to reimburse us for any part of the incentive fee it receives that was based on accrued interest that we never collect.
Pre-incentive fee net investment income does not include any realized capital gains, taxes associated with such realized capital gains, realized capital losses, unrealized capital appreciation or depreciation or realized losses on extinguishment of debt. Because of the structure of the incentive fee, it is possible that we may pay an incentive fee in a quarter where we incur a loss. For example, if we generate pre-incentive fee net investment income in excess of the hurdle rate (as defined below) for a quarter, we will pay the applicable incentive fee even if we have incurred a loss in that quarter due to a net loss on investments or realized losses on extinguishment of debt.
Pre-incentive fee net investment income, expressed as a rate of return on the value of our weighted average net assets (defined as total assets less indebtedness and before taking into account any incentive fees payable during the period) at the end of the immediately preceding calendar quarter, is compared to a fixed “hurdle rate” of 2.0% per quarter. Under conditions such as the current rising interest rate environment, we may be able to invest our funds in debt instruments that provide for a higher return, which would increase our pre-incentive fee net investment income and make it easier for our investment advisor to surpass the fixed hurdle rate and receive an incentive fee based on such net investment income.
We pay our investment advisor an incentive fee with respect to our pre-incentive fee net investment income earned in each calendar quarter as follows:
•
no incentive fee in any calendar quarter in which the pre-incentive fee net investment income does not exceed the hurdle rate of 2.0%;
•
100% of our pre-incentive fee net investment income with respect to that portion of such pre-incentive fee net investment income, if any, that exceeds the hurdle rate but is less than 2.5% in any calendar quarter. We refer to this portion of our pre-incentive fee net investment income (that exceeds the hurdle rate but is less than 2.5%) as the “catch-up” provision. The catch-up is meant to provide our investment advisor with 20.0% of the pre-incentive fee net investment income as if a hurdle rate did not apply if net investment income exceeds 2.5% in any calendar quarter; and
•
20.0% of the amount of our pre-incentive fee net investment income, if any, that exceeds 2.5% in any calendar quarter.
These calculations are appropriately prorated for any period of less than three months and adjusted for any share issuances or repurchases during the current quarter.
The following is a graphical representation of the calculation of the quarterly income-related portion of the incentive fee:
Quarterly Incentive Fee Based on Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income
Pre-incentive fee net investment income
(expressed as a percentage of the value of net assets)
Percentage of pre-incentive fee net investment income
allocated to income-related portion of incentive fee
The second part of the incentive fee is a capital gains incentive fee that is determined and paid in arrears as of the end of each fiscal year (or upon termination of the Investment Advisory Agreement, as of the termination date), and equals 20.0% of the net capital gains as of the end of the fiscal year. In determining the capital gains incentive fee to be paid in cash to the Investment Advisor, the Company calculates the cumulative aggregate realized capital gains and losses since the IPO (realized capital gains and losses include realized gains and losses on investments, net of income tax provision from realized gains on investments, and realized losses on extinguishment of debt), and the aggregate unrealized capital depreciation on investments as of the date of the calculation. At the end of the applicable year, the amount of capital gains that serves as the basis for the calculation of the capital gains incentive fee to be paid equals the cumulative aggregate realized capital gains on investments, less cumulative aggregate realized capital losses on investments, less aggregate unrealized capital depreciation on investments, and less cumulative aggregate realized losses on extinguishment of debt. If this number is positive at the end of such year, then the capital gains incentive fee to be paid in cash for such year equals 20.0% of such amount, less the aggregate amount of any capital gains incentive fees paid in all prior years. We accrue, but do not pay, a capital gains incentive fee in connection with any unrealized capital appreciation, as appropriate.
Examples of Quarterly Incentive Fee Calculation
Example 1: Income Related Portion of Incentive Fee
Alternative 1
Assumptions
Investment income (including interest, dividends, fees, etc.) = 1.25%
Hurdle rate (1) = 2.0%
Management fee (2) = 0.4375%
Other expenses (administrative service expenses, legal, accounting, custodian, transfer agent, etc.) (3) = 0.2%
Pre-incentive fee net investment income
(investment income - (management fee + other expenses)) = 0.6125%
Pre-incentive fee net investment income does not exceed hurdle rate, therefore there is no income-related incentive fee.
Alternative 2
Assumptions
Investment income (including interest, dividends, fees, etc.) = 2.9%
Hurdle rate (1) = 2.0%
Management fee (2) = 0.4375%
Other expenses (administrative service expenses, legal, accounting, custodian, transfer agent, etc.) (3) = 0.2%
Pre-incentive fee net investment income
(investment income - (management fee + other expenses)) = 2.2625%
Incentive fee
= 100% × pre-incentive fee net investment income (subject to “catch-up”) (4)
= 100% × (2.2625% - 2.0%)
= 0.2625%
Pre-incentive fee net investment income exceeds the hurdle rate, but does not fully satisfy the “catch-up” provision, therefore the income related portion of the incentive fee is 0.2625%.
Alternative 3
Assumptions
Investment income (including interest, dividends, fees, etc.) = 3.5%
Hurdle rate (1) = 2.0%
Management fee (2) = 0.4375%
Other expenses (administrative service expenses, legal, accounting, custodian, transfer agent, etc.) (3) = 0.2%
Pre-incentive fee net investment income
(investment income - (management fee + other expenses)) = 2.8625%
Incentive fee = 100% × pre-incentive fee net investment income (subject to “catch-up”) (4)
Incentive fee = 100% × “catch-up” + (20.0% × (pre-incentive fee net investment income - 2.5%))
“Catch-up”
= 2.5% - 2.0%
= 0.5%
Incentive fee
= (100% × 0.5%) + (20.0% × (2.8625% - 2.5%))
= 0.5% + (20.0% × 0.3625%)
= 0.5% + 0.0725%
= 0.5725%
Pre-incentive fee net investment income exceeds the hurdle rate and fully satisfies the “catch-up” provision, therefore the income related portion of the incentive fee is 0.5725%.
(1)
Represents 8.0% annualized hurdle rate.
(2)
Represents 1.75% annualized base management fee.
(3)
Excludes organizational and offering expenses.
(4)
The “catch-up” provision is intended to provide our investment advisor with an incentive fee of 20.0% on all pre-incentive fee net investment income as if a hurdle rate did not apply when our net investment income exceeds 2.5% in any fiscal quarter.
Example 2: Capital Gains Portion of Incentive Fee (*):
Alternative 1
Assumptions
Year 1 : $5.0 million investment made in Company A (“Investment A”), and $7.5 million investment made in Company B (“Investment B”)
Year 2 : Investment A sold for $12.5 million and fair market value (“FMV”) of Investment B determined to be $8.0 million
Year 3 : FMV of Investment B determined to be $6.25 million
Year 4 : Investment B sold for $7.75 million
The capital gains portion of the incentive fee would be:
Year 1 : None
Year 2 : Capital gains incentive fee of $1.5 million - ($7.5 million realized capital gains on sale of Investment A multiplied by 20.0%)
Year 3 : None - $1.25 million (20.0% multiplied by ($7.5 million cumulative capital gains less $1.25 million cumulative capital depreciation)) less $1.5 million (previous capital gains fee paid in Year 2)
Year 4 : Capital gains incentive fee of $50,000 - $1.55 million ($7.75 million cumulative realized capital gains multiplied by 20.0%) less $1.5 million (capital gains incentive fee taken in Year 2)
Alternative 2
Assumptions
Year 1 : $4.0 million investment made in Company A (“Investment A”), $7.5 million investment made in Company B (“Investment B”) and $6.25 million investment made in Company C (“Investment C”)
Year 2 : Investment A sold for $12.5 million, FMV of Investment B determined to be $6.25 million and FMV of Investment C determined to be $6.25 million
Year 3 : FMV of Investment B determined to be $6.75 million and Investment C sold for $7.5 million
Year 4 : FMV of Investment B determined to be $8.75 million
Year 5 : Investment B sold for $5.0 million
The capital gains incentive fee, if any, would be:
Year 1 : None
Year 2 : $1.45 million capital gains incentive fee - 20.0% multiplied by $7.25 million ($8.5 million realized capital gains on Investment A less $1.25 million unrealized capital depreciation on Investment B)
Year 3 : $0.35 million capital gains incentive fee (1) - $1.8 million (20.0% multiplied by $9.0 million ($9.75 million cumulative realized capital gains less $0.75 million unrealized capital depreciation)) less $1.45 million capital gains incentive fee received in Year 2
Year 4 : None
Year 5 : None - $1.45 million (20.0% multiplied by $7.25 million (cumulative realized capital gains of $9.75 million less realized capital losses of $2.5 million)) is less than $1.8 million cumulative capital gains incentive fee paid in Year 2 and Year 3 (2)
*
The hypothetical amounts of returns shown are based on a percentage of our total net assets and assume no leverage. There is no guarantee that positive returns will be realized and actual returns may vary from those shown in this example. The examples shown pertain to the capital gains portion of the incentive fee payable at the end of the fiscal year. We accrue, but do not pay, a capital gains incentive fee in connection with any unrealized capital appreciation, as appropriate.
(1)
As illustrated in Year 3 of Alternative 2 above, if we were to be dissolved on a date other than our fiscal year end of any year, we may have paid aggregate capital gains incentive fees that are more than the amount of such fees that would be payable if we had been dissolved on our fiscal year end of such year.
(2)
As noted above, it is possible that the cumulative aggregate capital gains fee received by our investment advisor ($1.8 million) is effectively greater than $1.45 million (20.0% of cumulative aggregate realized capital gains less net realized capital losses or net unrealized depreciation ($7.25 million)).
Payment of Our Expenses
All investment professionals of our investment advisor and/or its affiliates, when and to the extent engaged in providing investment advisory and management services to us, and the compensation and routine overhead expenses of personnel allocable to these services to us, are provided and paid for by our investment advisor and not by us. We bear all other out-of-pocket costs and expenses of our operations and transactions. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Overview - Expenses.”
Duration and Termination
Most recently, at a meeting of our board of directors on June 12, 2024, our board of directors, including a majority of the Independent Directors, unanimously voted to approve the continuation of the Investment Advisory Agreement to June 20, 2025. Unless terminated earlier, the Investment Advisory Agreement will automatically renew for successive annual periods if approved annually by our board of directors or by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of our outstanding voting securities (as that term is defined in the 1940 Act), including, in either case, approval by a majority of the Independent Directors.
In reaching a decision to approve the current Investment Advisory Agreement, our board of directors reviewed information comparing our investment performance to other externally managed BDCs with similar investment objectives and to appropriate market indices. The board also reviewed other information and considered, among other things:
•
the nature, quality and extent of the advisory and other services (including administrative services provided under the Administrative Agreement as discussed below) provided to us by our investment advisor;
•
the fee structure of comparable externally managed BDCs with similar investment objectives;
•
any existing and potential sources of indirect income to our investment advisor from its relationship with us and the profitability of that relationship;
•
information about the services to be performed and the personnel performing such services under the Investment Advisory Agreement;
•
the organizational capability and financial condition of our investment advisor and its affiliates; and
•
various other matters.
Our board of directors did not rank or otherwise assign relative weights to the specific factors it considered in connection with its evaluation of the Investment Advisory Agreement, nor did it undertake to make any specific determination as to whether any particular factor, or any aspect of any particular factor, was favorable or unfavorable to the ultimate decision made by our board of directors. Rather, our board of directors based its approval of the Investment Advisory Agreement on the totality of information presented to it. In considering the factors discussed above, individual directors may have given different weights to different factors.
Based on the information reviewed and the factors discussed above, our board of directors (including the Independent Directors) concluded that the terms of the Investment Advisory Agreement, including the fee rates thereunder, are fair and reasonable in relation to the services provided and approved the continuation of the Investment Advisory Agreement as being in the best interests of FIC and our stockholders.
Conflicts of interest may arise if our investment advisor seeks to change the terms of the Investment Advisory Agreement, including, for example, the amount of the base management fee, the incentive fee or other compensation terms. In general, material amendments to the Investment Advisory Agreement must be approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of our outstanding voting securities (as that term is defined in the 1940 Act) and by a majority of our Independent Directors.
See “Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks Relating to our Business and Structure - We are dependent upon our investment advisor’s managing members and our executive officers for our future success. If our investment advisor was to lose any of its managing members or we lose any of our executive officers, our ability to achieve our investment objective could be significantly harmed.”
Indemnification
The Investment Advisory Agreement provides that, absent willful misconduct, bad faith or gross negligence in the performance of its duties under the Investment Advisory Agreement or by reason of the reckless disregard of its duties and obligations under the Investment Advisory Agreement, our investment advisor and its affiliates, and their respective officers, directors, members, managers, partners, stockholders and employees, are entitled to indemnification from us from and against any claims or liabilities, including reasonable legal fees and other expenses reasonably incurred, arising out of or in connection with our investment advisor’s performance of its duties and obligations under the Investment Advisory Agreement or otherwise as our investment advisor.
Administration Agreement
Pursuant to the Administration Agreement, Fidus Investment Advisors, LLC acts as our administrator and furnishes us with office facilities and equipment and clerical, book-keeping and record-keeping services at such facilities. Under the Administration Agreement, our investment advisor performs, or oversees the performance of, our required administrative services, which include being responsible for the financial records that we are required to maintain and preparing reports to our stockholders and reports filed with the SEC. In addition, our investment advisor assists us in determining and publishing our net asset value, overseeing the preparation and filing of our tax returns and the printing and dissemination of reports to our stockholders, and generally overseeing the payment of our expenses and the performance of administrative and professional services rendered to us by others. Under the Administration Agreement, our investment advisor also provides managerial assistance on our behalf to those portfolio companies that have accepted our offer to provide such assistance and we reimburse our Investment Advisor for fees and expenses incurred with providing such services. In addition, we reimburse our Investment Advisor for fees and expenses incurred while performing due diligence on our prospective portfolio companies, including “dead deal” costs for potential investments which are ultimately not pursued. Payments under the Administration Agreement are equal to an amount based upon our allocable portion of our investment advisor’s overhead in performing its obligations under the Administration Agreement, including rent and our allocable portion of the cost of our officers, including our chief financial officer and chief compliance officer and their respective staffs. To the extent that our investment advisor outsources any of its functions, we will pay the fees associated with such functions on a direct basis without profit to our investment advisor.
Most recently, at a meeting of our board of directors on June 12, 2024, our board of directors, including a majority of the Independent Directors, unanimously voted to approve the continuation of the Administration Agreement to June 20, 2025. Unless terminated earlier, the Administration Agreement will automatically renew for successive annual periods if approved annually by our board of directors or by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of our outstanding voting securities (as that term is defined in the 1940 Act), including, in either case, approval by a majority of our Independent Directors. In making the decision to approve the continuation of the Administration Agreement, our board of directors took into account, to the extent relevant, certain information set forth above under “Investment Advisory Agreement - Duration and Termination” with respect to its consideration of the Investment Advisory Agreement.
The Administration Agreement may be terminated by either party without penalty upon 60 days’ written notice to the other party. The holders of a majority of our outstanding voting securities (as that term is defined in the 1940 Act) may also terminate the Administration Agreement without penalty.
Indemnification
The Administration Agreement provides that, absent willful misconduct, bad faith or gross negligence in the performance of its duties under the Administration Agreement or by reason of the reckless disregard of its duties and obligations under the Administration Agreement, our investment advisor and its affiliates, and their respective officers, directors, members, managers, stockholders and employees, are entitled to indemnification from us from and against any claims or liabilities, including reasonable legal fees and other expenses reasonably incurred, arising out of or in connection with our investment advisor’s performance of its duties or obligations under the Administration Agreement or otherwise as our administrator.
License Agreement
We have entered into a license agreement with Fidus Partners, LLC under which Fidus Partners, LLC has agreed to grant us a non-exclusive (provided that there is not a change in control of Fidus Partners, LLC), royalty-free license to use the name “Fidus.” Under this agreement, we have a right to use the “Fidus” name for so long as our investment advisor remains our investment advisor. Other than with respect to this limited license, we have no legal right to the “Fidus” name. This license agreement will remain in effect for so long as the Investment Advisory Agreement with our investment advisor remains in effect.
REGULATION
General
We and Fund I have elected to be regulated as BDCs under the 1940 Act and we have elected, and intend to qualify annually, to be treated as a RIC under subchapter M of the Code. The 1940 Act contains prohibitions and restrictions relating to transactions between BDCs and their affiliates (including any investment advisors), principal underwriters and affiliates of those affiliates or principal underwriters and requires that a majority of the directors be persons other than “interested persons,” as that term is defined in the 1940 Act. In addition, the 1940 Act provides that we may not change the nature of our business so as to cease to be, or to withdraw our election as, a BDC unless approved by a majority of our outstanding voting securities, as that term is defined in the 1940 Act.
We may invest up to 100% of our assets in securities acquired directly from issuers in privately negotiated transactions. With respect to such securities, we may, for the purpose of public resale, be deemed an “underwriter” as that term is defined in the Securities Act. Our intention is to not write (sell) or buy put or call options to manage risks associated with any publicly-traded securities that may from time-to-time be held by our portfolio companies, except that we may enter into hedging transactions to manage the risks associated with interest rate fluctuations. However, we may purchase or otherwise receive warrants to purchase the common stock of our portfolio companies in connection with acquisition financing or other investments. Similarly, in connection with an acquisition, we may acquire rights to require the issuers of acquired securities or their affiliates to repurchase them under certain circumstances. We also do not intend to acquire securities issued by any investment company (including Section 3(c)(1) and Section 3(c)(7) funds for this purpose), except for registered money market funds, that exceed the limits imposed by the 1940 Act. Under these limits, we generally cannot acquire more than 3% of the total outstanding voting stock of any investment company, invest more than 5% of the value of our total assets in securities issued by one investment company or invest more than 10% of the value of our total assets in securities issued by investment companies on an aggregate basis. With regard to that portion of our portfolio invested in securities issued by investment companies, it should be noted that such investments might subject our stockholders to additional expenses. These policies are not fundamental and, as a result, each may be changed by the vote of a majority of our board of directors without stockholder approval.
Qualifying Assets
Under the 1940 Act, a BDC may not acquire any asset other than assets of the type listed in section 55(a) of the 1940 Act, which are referred to as “qualifying assets,” unless, at the time the acquisition is made, qualifying assets represent at least 70% of the company’s total assets. The principal categories of qualifying assets relevant to our business are the following:
(a)
Securities purchased in transactions not involving any public offering from the issuer of such securities, which issuer (subject to certain limited exceptions) is an eligible portfolio company, or from any person who is, or has been during the preceding 13 months, an affiliated person of an eligible portfolio company, or from any other person, subject to such rules as may be prescribed by the SEC. An eligible portfolio company is defined in the 1940 Act as any issuer that:
•
is organized under the laws of, and has its principal place of business in, the U.S.;
•
is not an investment company (other than a small business investment company wholly-owned by the BDC) or a company that would be an investment company but for certain exclusions under the 1940 Act; and
•
satisfies either of the following:
•
does not have any class of securities listed on a national securities exchange or has any class of securities listed on a national securities exchange subject to a $250.0 million market capitalization maximum; or
•
is controlled by a BDC or a group of companies including a BDC, the BDC actually exercises a controlling influence over the management or policies of the eligible portfolio company, and, as a result, the BDC has an affiliated person who is a director of the eligible portfolio company.
(b)
Securities of any eligible portfolio company which we control.
(c)
Securities purchased in a private transaction from a U.S. issuer that is not an investment company or from an affiliated person of the issuer, or in transactions incident to such a private transaction, if the issuer is in bankruptcy and subject to reorganization or if the issuer, immediately prior to the purchase of its securities, was unable to meet its obligations as they came due without material assistance other than conventional lending or financing arrangements.
(d)
Securities of an eligible portfolio company purchased from any person in a private transaction if there is no ready market for such securities and we already own 60% of the outstanding equity of the eligible portfolio company.
(e)
Securities received in exchange for or distributed on or with respect to securities described above, or pursuant to the exercise of warrants or rights relating to such securities.
(f)
Cash, cash equivalents, U.S. government securities or high-quality debt securities that mature in one year or less from the date of investment.
The regulations defining qualifying assets may change over time. We may adjust our investment focus as needed to comply with and/or take advantage of any regulatory, legislative, administrative or judicial actions in this area.
Managerial Assistance to Portfolio Companies
A BDC must be organized and have its principal place of business in the United States and must be operated for the purpose of making investments in the types of securities described in (a), (b) or (c) above. However, in order to count portfolio securities as qualifying assets for the purpose of the 70% requirement, the BDC must either control the issuer of the securities or must offer to make available to the issuer of the securities significant managerial assistance; except that, when the BDC purchases such securities in conjunction with one or more other persons acting together, one of the other persons in the group may make available such managerial assistance. Making available managerial assistance means, among other things, any arrangement whereby the BDC, through its directors, officers or employees, offers to provide, and, if accepted, does so provide, significant guidance and counsel concerning the management, operations or business objectives and policies of a portfolio company. Our investment advisor, in its capacity as our administrator, has agreed to provide such managerial assistance on our behalf to portfolio companies that request this assistance. We may receive fees for these services and will reimburse our investment advisor, in its capacity as our administrator, for its allocated costs in providing such assistance.
Temporary Investments
Pending investment in other types of qualifying assets, as described above, our investments may consist of cash, cash equivalents, U.S. government securities, repurchase agreements and high-quality debt investments that mature in one year or less from the date of investment, which we refer to, collectively, as temporary investments, so that 70% of our assets are invested in qualifying assets or temporary investments. We may from time to time invest in U.S. Treasury bills or in repurchase agreements, so long as the agreements are fully collateralized by cash or securities issued by the U.S. government, including securities issued by certain U.S. government agencies. A repurchase agreement involves the purchase by an investor, such as us, of a specified security and the simultaneous agreement by the seller to repurchase it at an agreed-upon future date and at a price that is greater than the purchase price by an amount that reflects an agreed-upon interest rate. There is no percentage restriction on the proportion of our assets that may be invested in such repurchase agreements. However, if more than 25% of our total assets constitute repurchase agreements from a single counterparty (other than repurchase agreements fully collateralized by U.S. government securities), we would not satisfy the asset diversification requirements detailed in “Taxation as a RIC,” below. Accordingly, we do not intend to enter into any such repurchase agreements that would cause us to fail such asset diversification requirements. Our investment advisor monitors the creditworthiness of the counterparties with which we enter into repurchase agreement transactions.
Senior Securities
We are permitted, under specified conditions, to issue multiple classes of indebtedness and one class of stock senior to our common stock if our asset coverage, as defined in the 1940 Act, is at least equal to 150% immediately after each such issuance (exclusive of the SBA debentures pursuant to our SEC exemptive relief). In addition, while any senior securities remain outstanding, we must make provisions to prohibit any distribution to our stockholders or the repurchase of such securities or shares unless we meet the applicable asset coverage ratios at the time of the distribution or repurchase. We may also borrow amounts up to 5% of the value of our total assets for temporary or emergency purposes without regard to asset coverage. For a discussion of the risks associated with leverage, see “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Our Business and Structure - Regulations governing our operation as a BDC affect our ability to raise, and the way in which we raise, additional capital that may have a negative effect on our growth.”
Pursuant to Rule 18f-4 under the 1940 Act, the Company may use total return swaps for hedging purposes, subject to certain conditions, notwithstanding the restrictions on the issuance of senior securities and the use of leverage imposed by Sections 18 and 61 of the 1940 Act. The requirements of Rule 18f-4 would apply unless the BDC qualifies as a “limited derivatives user,” as defined in Rule 18f-4. A BDC that enters into reverse repurchase agreements or similar financing transactions would need to aggregate the amount of indebtedness associated with the reverse repurchase agreements or similar financing transactions with the aggregate amount of any other senior securities representing indebtedness when calculating the BDC’s asset coverage ratio. Under Rule 18f-4, a BDC may enter into an unfunded commitment agreement that is not a derivatives transaction, such as an agreement to provide financing to a portfolio company, if the BDC has a reasonable belief, at the time it enters into such an agreement, that it will have sufficient cash and cash equivalents to meet its obligations with respect to all of its unfunded commitment agreements, in each case as it becomes due. If the BDC cannot meet this requirement, it is required to treat unfunded commitments as a derivatives transaction subject to the requirements of the rule.
Codes of Ethics
We, Fund I and our investment advisor have adopted a joint code of ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act that establishes procedures for personal investments and restricts certain personal securities transactions. Additionally, our investment advisor has adopted a code of ethics pursuant to Rule 204A-1 under the Advisers Act and in accordance with Rule 17j-1(c). Personnel subject to the code of ethics may invest in securities for their personal investment accounts, including securities that may be purchased or held by us, so long as such investments are made in accordance with the code’s requirements. You may read and copy these codes at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. The joint code of ethics is also available on our website at www.fdus.com. We have also adopted a code of business conduct that is applicable to all officers, directors and employees of Fidus and our investment advisor that is available on our website.
Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures
In light of the types of investments held in our portfolio, it is unlikely that we will be called upon to vote our shares very often. In the event that we receive a proxy statement related to one of our portfolio companies, however, we have delegated our proxy voting responsibility to our investment advisor. The proxy voting policies and procedures of our investment advisor are set out below. The guidelines are reviewed periodically by our investment advisor and our Independent Directors, and, accordingly, are subject to change. For purposes of these proxy voting policies and procedures described below, “we,” “our” and “us” refer to our investment advisor.
Introduction
As an investment adviser registered under the Advisers Act, our investment advisor has a fiduciary duty to act solely in our best interests. As part of this duty, our investment advisor recognizes that it must vote our securities in a timely manner free of conflicts of interest and in our best interests.
Our investment advisor’s policies and procedures for voting proxies for its investment advisory clients are intended to comply with Section 206 of, and Rule 206(4)-6 under, the Advisers Act.
Proxy Policies
Our investment advisor will vote proxies relating to our portfolio securities in what it perceives to be the best interest of our stockholders. Our investment advisor reviews on a case-by-case basis each proposal submitted to a stockholder vote to determine its effect on the portfolio securities we hold. In most cases our investment advisor will vote in favor of proposals that it believes are likely to increase the value of the portfolio securities we hold. Although our investment advisor will generally vote against proposals that may have a negative effect on our portfolio securities, our investment advisor may vote for such a proposal if there exist compelling long-term reasons to do so.
Proxy voting decisions are made by our investment advisor’s senior investment professionals who are responsible for monitoring each of our portfolio investments. To ensure that our investment advisor’s vote is not the product of a conflict of interest, our investment advisor requires that (a) anyone involved in the decision-making process disclose to our chief compliance officer any potential conflict that he or she is aware of and any contact that he or she has had with any interested party regarding a proxy vote; and (b) employees involved in the decision-making process or vote administration are prohibited from revealing how our investment advisor intends to vote on a proposal in order to reduce any attempted influence from interested parties. Where conflicts of interest may be present, our investment advisor will disclose such conflicts to us, including our Independent Directors, and may request guidance from us on how to vote such proxies.
Proxy Voting Records
You may obtain information about how our investment advisor voted proxies for us by making a written request for proxy voting information to: Fidus Investment Corporation, 1603 Orrington Avenue, Suite 1005, Evanston, Illinois 60201, Attention: Investor Relations, or by calling Fidus Investment Corporation collect at (847) 859-3940.
Compliance Policies and Procedures
We, Fund I and our investment advisor have each adopted and implemented written policies and procedures reasonably designed to prevent violation of U.S. federal securities laws and are required to review these compliance policies and procedures annually for their adequacy and the effectiveness of their implementation. Our chief compliance officer is responsible for administering these policies and procedures.
Privacy Principles
We are committed to maintaining the privacy of our stockholders and to safeguarding their nonpublic personal information. The following information is provided to help you understand what personal information we collect, how we protect that information and why, in certain cases, we may share information with select other parties.
From time to time, we may receive nonpublic personal information relating to our stockholders. We do not disclose nonpublic personal information about our stockholders or former stockholders to anyone, except as required by law or as is necessary in order to service stockholder accounts (for example, to a transfer agent or third-party administrator).
We restrict access to nonpublic personal information about our stockholders to employees of our investment advisor, its affiliates or authorized service providers that have a legitimate business need for the information. We maintain physical, electronic and procedural safeguards designed to protect the nonpublic personal information of our stockholders.
Other
Under the 1940 Act, we are required to provide and maintain a bond issued by a reputable fidelity insurance company to protect us against larceny and embezzlement. Furthermore, as a BDC, we are prohibited from protecting any director or officer against any liability to us or our stockholders arising from willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of such person’s office.
We may also be prohibited under the 1940 Act from knowingly participating in certain transactions with our affiliates without the prior approval of our Independent Directors and, in some cases, prior approval by the SEC. On June 30, 2014, we received an exemptive order from the SEC to permit us to exclude the senior securities issued by any SBIC subsidiary of the Company, including the SBIC Funds, from the definition of senior securities in the 150% asset coverage requirement applicable to the Company under the 1940 Act.
Small Business Administration Regulations
The SBIC Funds are licensed by the SBA to operate as SBICs under Section 301(c) of the Small Business Investment Act of 1958. Fund III and Fund IV received their SBIC licenses on March 21, 2019 and September 30, 2024, respectively. We may issue SBA debentures to fund additional investments through the SBIC Funds.
SBICs are designed to stimulate the flow of private equity capital to eligible "small businesses" as defined by the SBA. Under SBA regulations, SBICs can provide financing in the form of debt and/or equity securities and provide consulting and advisory services to “eligible” small businesses. The SBIC Funds have typically invested in senior subordinated debt, acquired warrants and/or made other equity investments in qualifying small businesses.
Under current SBA regulations, eligible small businesses generally include businesses that (together with their affiliates) have a tangible net worth not exceeding $24.0 million and have average annual net income after U.S. federal income taxes not exceeding $8.0 million (average net income to be computed without benefit of any carryover loss) for the two most recent fiscal years. In addition, an SBIC must devote 25% of its investment capital to “smaller enterprises” as defined by the SBA. A smaller enterprise generally includes businesses (including their affiliates) that have a net worth not exceeding $6.0 million and have average annual net income after U.S. federal income taxes not exceeding $2.0 million (average net income to be computed without benefit of any net carryover loss) for the two most recent fiscal years. SBA regulations also provide alternative size standard criteria to determine eligibility for designation as an eligible small business or smaller enterprises, which criteria depend on the industry in which the business (including its affiliates) is engaged and are based on the number of employees and gross revenue. However, once an SBIC has invested in a portfolio company, it may continue to make follow-on investments in the portfolio company, regardless of the size of the portfolio company at the time of the follow-on investment, up to the time of the portfolio company’s initial public offering.
The SBA prohibits an SBIC from providing funds to small businesses for certain purposes, such as relending and investments in businesses with the majority of their employees located outside of the U.S. and in businesses engaged in certain prohibited industries, such as project finance, real estate, or certain “passive” (non-operating) companies. In addition, under SBA regulations, without prior SBA approval, an SBIC may not invest more than 30% of its regulatory capital in any one portfolio company or its affiliates (assuming the SBIC intends to draw leverage equal to twice its regulatory capital).
The SBA places certain limitations on the financing terms of investments by SBICs in portfolio companies (such as limiting the permissible interest rate on debt securities held by an SBIC in a portfolio company). SBA regulations allow an SBIC to exercise control over a small business for a period of seven years from the date on which the SBIC initially acquires its control position. This control period may be extended for an additional period of time with the SBA’s prior written approval.
The SBA restricts the ability of an SBIC to lend money to any of its officers, directors and employees or to invest in affiliates thereof. The SBA also prohibits, without prior SBA approval, a “change of control” of an SBIC or transfers that would result in any person (or a group of persons acting in concert) owning 10% or more of a class of capital stock of a licensed SBIC. A “change of control” is any event that would result in the transfer of the power, direct or indirect, to direct the management and policies of an SBIC, whether through ownership, contractual arrangements or otherwise.
An SBIC (or group of SBICs under common control) may generally have outstanding debentures guaranteed by the SBA in amounts up to two times the amount of the regulatory capital of the SBIC(s). Debentures guaranteed by the SBA have a maturity of ten years, require semi-annual payments of interest, and do not require any principal payments prior to maturity. The amount of SBA-guaranteed debentures that affiliated SBIC funds can have outstanding is limited to $350.0 million, subject to SBA approval.
SBICs must invest idle funds that are not being used to make loans in investments permitted under SBA regulations in the following limited types of securities: (i) direct obligations of, or obligations guaranteed as to principal and interest by, the U.S. government, which mature within 15 months from the date of the investment; (ii) repurchase agreements with federally insured institutions with a maturity of seven days or less (and the securities underlying the repurchase obligations must be direct obligations of or guaranteed by the federal government); (iii) certificates of deposit with a maturity of one year or less, issued by a federally insured institution; (iv) a deposit account in a federally insured institution that is subject to a withdrawal restriction of one year or less; (v) a checking account in a federally insured institution; or (vi) a reasonable petty cash fund.
SBICs are periodically examined and audited by the SBA’s staff to determine their compliance with SBA regulations and are periodically required to file certain forms with the SBA.
Neither the SBA nor the U.S. government or any of its agencies or officers has approved any ownership interest to be issued by us or any obligation that we or any of our subsidiaries may incur.
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, imposes a wide variety of regulatory requirements on publicly held companies and their insiders. Many of these requirements affect us. For example:
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pursuant to Rule 13a-14 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer must certify the accuracy of the financial statements contained in our periodic reports;
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pursuant to Item 307 under Regulation S-K, our periodic reports must disclose our conclusions about the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures;
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pursuant to Rule 13a-15 under the Exchange Act, our management must prepare an annual report regarding its assessment of our internal control over financial reporting; and
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pursuant to Item 308 of Regulation S-K and Rule 13a-15 under the Exchange Act, our periodic reports must disclose whether there were significant changes in our internal controls over financial reporting or in other factors that could significantly affect these controls subsequent to the date of their evaluation, including any corrective actions with regard to significant deficiencies and material weaknesses.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires us to review our current policies and procedures to determine whether we comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the regulations promulgated under such act. We will continue to monitor our compliance with all regulations that are adopted under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and will take actions necessary to ensure that we comply with that act.
The NASDAQ Global Select Market Corporate Governance Regulations
The NASDAQ Global Select Market has adopted corporate governance regulations with which listed companies must comply. We are in compliance with such corporate governance listing standards applicable to BDCs.
Election to Be Taxed as a RIC
We have elected and intend to qualify annually as a RIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes; however, no assurance can be given that we will be able to maintain our RIC tax treatment. To qualify as a RIC, we must, among other things, meet certain source-of-income and asset diversification requirements (as described below). In addition, we generally are required to distribute to our stockholders on a timely basis each year, at least 90% of our “investment company taxable income,” which is our net ordinary income plus the excess, if any, of realized net short-term capital gain over realized net long-term capital loss, or the Annual Distribution Requirement.
Taxation as a RIC
Provided that we maintain our status as a RIC and satisfy the Annual Distribution Requirement, we will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the portion of our investment company taxable income and net capital gain that we timely distribute to stockholders as dividends. We will be subject to U.S. federal income tax imposed at the corporate rates on any income or capital gain not distributed (or deemed distributed) to our stockholders.
In addition we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible U.S. federal excise tax on certain undistributed income unless we distribute in a timely manner an amount at least equal to the sum of (i) 98% of our net ordinary income for each calendar year, (ii) 98.2% of the amount by which our capital gain exceeds our capital loss (adjusted for certain ordinary losses) for the one-year period ending October 31 in that calendar year and (iii) certain undistributed amounts from previous years on which we paid no U.S. federal income tax.
In order to maintain our status as a RIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we must, among other things:
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continue to qualify as a BDC or be registered as a management investment company under the 1940 Act at all times during each taxable year;
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derive in each taxable year at least 90% of our gross income from dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, gains from the sale or other taxable disposition of stock or other securities or foreign currencies, other income derived with respect to our business of investing in such stock, securities or currencies and net income derived from certain “qualified publicly traded partnership” (as defined in the Code), or the 90% Income Test;
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satisfy the Annual Distribution Requirement; and
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diversify our holdings so that at the end of each quarter of the taxable year:
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at least 50% of the value of our assets consists of cash, cash items, U.S. Government securities, securities of other RICs, and other securities if such other securities of any one issuer do not represent more than 5% of the value of our assets or more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of the issuer; and
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no more than 25% of the value of our assets is invested in (i) the securities, other than U.S. Government securities or securities of other RICs, of one issuer, (ii) the securities, other than securities of other RICs, of two or more issuers that are controlled by us and which are determined, under applicable Code rules, to be engaged in the same or similar or related trades or businesses, or (iii) the securities of one or more “qualified publicly traded partnerships,” or the Diversification Tests.
To the extent that we invest in entities treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes (other than a “qualified publicly traded partnership”), we generally must include our allocable share of the items of gross income derived by the partnerships for purposes of the 90% Income Test, and such income generally will be treated as qualifying income for purposes of the 90% Income Test only to the extent that such income would be qualifying income if realized by us directly. In addition, we generally must take into account our proportionate share of the assets held by partnerships (other than a “qualified publicly traded partnership”) in which we are a partner for purposes of the Diversification Tests.
In order to meet the 90% Income Test, we have established several special purpose corporations, and in the future may establish additional corporations, to hold assets from which we do not anticipate earning dividends, interest or other qualifying income under the 90% Income Test (the “Taxable Subsidiaries”). Any investments held through the Taxable Subsidiaries are generally subject to U.S. federal income tax imposed at corporate rates and therefore we can expect to achieve a reduced after-tax yield on such investments.
We may be required to recognize taxable income in circumstances in which we do not receive a corresponding payment in cash. For example, if we hold debt instruments that are treated under applicable tax rules as having OID or debt instruments with PIK interest, we must include in income each year a portion of the OID that accrues over the life of the instrument and PIK interest, regardless of whether cash representing such income is received by us in the same taxable year. We may also have to include in income other amounts that we have not yet received in cash, such as deferred loan origination fees that are paid after origination of the loan or are paid in non-cash compensation such as warrants or stock. We anticipate that a portion of our income may constitute OID or other income required to be included in taxable income prior to our receipt of cash.
Because any OID or other amounts accrued will be included in our investment company taxable income for the year of the accrual, we may be required to make a distribution to our stockholders in order to satisfy the Annual Distribution Requirement, even though we will not have received any corresponding cash amount. As a result, we may have difficulty meeting the Annual Distribution Requirement. We may have to sell some of our investments at times and/or at prices we would not consider advantageous, raise additional debt or equity capital or forgo new investment opportunities for this purpose. If we are not able to obtain cash from other sources, we may fail to qualify as a RIC and thus become subject to U.S. federal income tax.
Furthermore, a portfolio company in which we invest may face financial difficulty that requires us to work-out, modify or otherwise restructure our investment in the portfolio company. Any such restructuring may result in unusable capital losses and future non-cash income. Any restructuring may also result in our recognition of a substantial amount of non-qualifying income for purposes of the 90% Income Test, such as cancellation of indebtedness income in connection with the work-out of a leveraged investment (which, while not free from doubt, may be treated as non-qualifying income) or the receipt of other non-qualifying income.
Gain or loss realized by us from warrants acquired by us, as well as any loss attributable to the lapse of such warrants, generally will be treated as capital gain or loss. Such gain or loss generally will be long-term or short-term, depending on how long we held a particular warrant.
Investments by us in non-U.S. securities may be subject to non-U.S. income, withholding and other taxes, and therefore, our yield on any such securities may be reduced by such non-U.S. taxes. Stockholders will generally not be entitled to claim a credit or deduction with respect to non-U.S. taxes paid by us.
Although we do not presently expect to do so, we are authorized to borrow funds and to sell assets in order to satisfy the Annual Distribution Requirement and to avoid imposition of the 4% U.S. federal excise tax. However, under the 1940 Act, we are not permitted to make distributions to our stockholders while our debt obligations and other senior securities are outstanding unless certain “asset coverage” tests are met. See “Regulation - Qualifying Assets” and “Regulation - Senior Securities.” Moreover, our ability to dispose of assets to satisfy the Annual Distribution Requirement and to avoid imposition of the 4% U.S. federal excise tax may be limited by (1) the illiquid nature of our portfolio and (2) other requirements relating to our status as a RIC, including the Diversification Tests. If we dispose of assets in order to meet the Annual Distribution Requirement or to avoid imposition of the 4% U.S. federal excise tax, we may make such dispositions at times that, from an investment standpoint, are not advantageous.
As a RIC, we are generally limited in our ability to deduct expenses in excess of our “investment company taxable income” (which is generally, ordinary income plus the excess of net short-term capital gains over net long-term capital losses). If our expenses in a given year exceed investment company taxable income, we would experience a net operating loss for that year. However, a RIC is not permitted to carry forward net operating losses to subsequent years. In addition, expenses can be used only to offset investment company taxable income, not net capital gain. A RIC may not use any net capital losses (that is, realized capital losses in excess of realized capital gains) to offset the RIC’s investment company taxable income, but may carry forward such losses indefinitely and use
them to offset capital gains. Due to these limits on the deductibility of expenses, over the course of one or more taxable years we may have, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, aggregate taxable income that we are required to distribute and that is taxable to our shareholders, even if such income is greater than the aggregate net income we actually earned during those years. Such required distributions may be made from our cash assets or by liquidation of investments, if necessary. We may realize gains or losses from such liquidations. In the event we realize net capital gains from such transactions, a shareholder may receive a larger capital gain distribution than we would have received in the absence of such transactions.
Certain of our investment practices may be subject to special and complex U.S. federal income tax provisions that may, among other things, (i) disallow, suspend or otherwise limit the allowance of certain losses or deductions, (ii) convert lower taxed long-term capital gain and qualified dividend income into higher taxed short-term capital gain or ordinary income, (iii) convert an ordinary loss or a deduction into a capital loss (the deductibility of which is more limited), (iv) cause us to recognize income or gain without a corresponding receipt of cash, (v) adversely affect the time as to when a purchase or sale of stock or securities is deemed to occur, (vi) adversely alter the characterization of certain complex financial transactions, and (vii) produce income that will not be qualifying income for purposes of the 90% Income Test. We will monitor our transactions and may make certain tax elections in order to mitigate the effect of these provisions.
As described above, to the extent that we invest in equity securities of entities that are treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the effect of such investments for purposes of the 90% Income Test and the Diversification Tests will depend on whether or not the partnership is a “qualified publicly traded partnership” (as defined in the Code). If the partnership is a “qualified publicly traded partnership,” the net income derived from such investments will be qualifying income for purposes of the 90% Income Test and will be “securities” for purposes of the Diversification Tests. If the partnership, however, is not treated as a “qualified publicly traded partnership,” then the consequences of an investment in the partnership will depend upon the amount and type of income and assets of the partnership allocable to us. The income derived from such investments may not be qualifying income for purposes of the 90% Income Test and, therefore, could adversely affect our tax treatment as a RIC. We intend to monitor our investments in equity securities of entities that are treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes in an effort to prevent our disqualification as a RIC.
We may invest in preferred securities or other securities the U.S. federal income tax treatment of which may not be clear or may be subject to recharacterization by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”). To the extent the tax treatment of such securities or the income from such securities differs from the expected tax treatment, it could affect the timing or character of income recognized, requiring us to purchase or sell securities, or otherwise change our portfolio, in order to comply with the tax rules applicable to RICs.
We may make distributions that are payable in cash or shares of our stock at the election of each stockholder. In accordance with Treasury regulations and published guidance issued by the Internal Revenue Service, a publicly offered RIC may treat distributions of its own stock as counting towards its RIC distribution requirements if each stockholder may elect to receive his, her, or its entire distribution in either cash or stock of the RIC. The IRS has issued a revenue procedure indicating that this rule will apply if the total amount of cash to be distributed is not less than 20% of the total distribution. Under this revenue procedure, if too many stockholders elect to receive their distributions in cash, the cash available for distribution must be allocated among the shareholders electing to receive cash (with the balance of the distribution paid in stock). If we qualify as a publicly offered RIC and decide to make any distributions that are payable in part in shares of our stock, U.S. stockholders receiving such distributions will be required to include the full amount of the distribution (whether received in cash, shares of our stock, or a combination thereof) as ordinary income (or as long-term capital gain to the extent such distribution is properly reported as a capital gain dividend) to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits. As a result, a U.S. stockholder may be required to pay tax with respect to such distributions in excess of any cash received. If a U.S. stockholder sells the stock it receives in order to pay this tax, the sales proceeds may be less than the amount included in income with respect to the distribution, depending on the market price of our stock at the time of the sale. Furthermore, with respect to non-U.S. stockholders, we may be required to withhold U.S. federal tax with respect to such distributions, including in respect of all or a portion of such distributions that are payable in stock. In addition, if a significant number of our stockholders determine to sell shares of our stock in order to pay taxes owed on such distributions, it may put downward pressure on the trading price of shares of our stock.
We may decide to retain some or all of our long-term capital gains in excess of the amount required to satisfy the Annual Distribution Requirement, but designate the retained amount as a “deemed distribution.” In that case, among other consequences, we will pay tax on the retained amount on behalf of the stockholders. Each U.S. stockholder will be required to include his, her or its share of the deemed distribution in income as if it had been actually distributed to the U.S. stockholder, and the stockholder will be entitled to claim a credit equal to his, her or its allocable share of the tax paid thereon by us. Since non-U.S. stockholders generally would not have U.S. tax liability with respect to the deemed capital gain distribution, they would not be entitled to credit the tax paid by us for U.S. tax purposes. Whether non-U.S. stockholders could claim a credit with respect to their non-U.S. tax liability will depend on the foreign tax credit rules of the country in which they are a resident. In order to utilize the deemed distribution approach, we must provide written notice to our stockholders prior to the expiration of 60 days after the close of the relevant taxable year. We cannot treat any of our investment company taxable income as a “deemed distribution.”
Failure to Obtain RIC Tax Treatment
If we were unable to maintain our tax treatment as a RIC, and certain relief provisions are unable to be satisfied (which may, among other things, require us to pay U.S. federal income tax or to dispose of certain assets), we would be subject to U.S. federal income tax on all of our taxable income imposed at corporate rates, regardless of whether we make any distributions to our stockholders. Distributions would not be required, but if such distributions are paid, including distributions of net long-term capital gain, they would be taxable to our stockholders as ordinary dividend income to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits. Subject to certain holding period requirements and other limitations under the Code, corporate stockholders would be eligible to claim a dividends received deduction with respect to such dividend and non-corporate stockholders would generally be able to treat such dividend income as “qualified dividend income,” which is subject to reduced rates of U.S. federal income tax. Distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits would be treated first as a return of capital to the extent of the stockholder’s adjusted tax basis, and any remaining distributions would be treated as a capital gain.
If we fail to qualify as a RIC for a period greater than two taxable years, to requalify as a RIC in a subsequent year we may be subject to U.S. federal income tax imposed at corporate rates on any net built-in gains with respect to certain of our assets (i.e. the excess of the aggregate gains, including items of income, over aggregate losses that would have been realized with respect to such assets if we had been liquidated) that we elect to recognize on requalification or when recognized over the next five years.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
RISK FACTORS
Investing in our securities involves a number of significant risks. You should carefully consider these risk factors, together with all of the other information included in this Annual Report and other reports and documents filed by us with the SEC. The risks set out below are not the only risks we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or not presently deemed material by us may also impair our operations and performance. If any of the following events occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected. In such case, our net asset value and the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.
SUMMARY OF RISK FACTORS
The following is a summary of the principal risks that you should carefully consider before investing in our securities. These and other risk factors are described more fully in this “Item 1A. Risk Factors.”
Risks Relating to Our Business and Structure
•We operate in a highly competitive market for investment opportunities, which could reduce returns and result in losses.
•We may have potential conflicts of interest related to obligations that our investment advisor may have to other clients.
•We may have conflicts related to other arrangements with our investment advisor.
•The SBIC Funds are licensed by the SBA, and, therefore, are subject to SBA regulations.
•SBA regulations limit the amount of SBA-guaranteed debt that may be borrowed by an SBIC.
•Global economic, political and market conditions may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition, including our revenue growth and profitability.
•We are currently operating in a period of capital markets disruption and economic uncertainty, which may have a negative impact on our business, financial condition and operations.
•We may not be able to pay you distributions, our distributions may not grow over time, a portion of distributions paid to you may be a return of capital, and investors in our debt securities may not receive all of the interest income to which they are entitled.
•We may choose to pay dividends in our own stock, in which case you may be required to pay tax in excess of the cash you receive.
•Due to current market conditions, we may reduce or defer our dividends and choose to incur U.S. federal excise tax in order to preserve cash and maintain flexibility.
•The failure of cybersecurity protection systems, as well as the occurrence of events unanticipated in our disaster recovery systems and management continuity planning, could impair our ability to conduct business effectively.
Risks Relating to Our Investments
•Economic recessions or downturns could impair our portfolio companies and harm our operating results.
•Our investments in portfolio companies may be risky, and we could lose all or part of our investment.
•The lack of liquidity in our investments may adversely affect our business.
•We may not have the funds to make additional investments in our portfolio companies that could impair the value of our portfolio.
•Defaults by our portfolio companies will harm our operating results.
•We are a non-diversified investment company within the meaning of the 1940 Act; therefore we are not limited with respect to the proportion of our assets that may be invested in securities of a single issuer.
Risks Relating to Our Common Stock
•Shares of closed-end investment companies, including business development companies, frequently trade at a discount to their net asset value.
•If, in the future, we sell common stock at a discount to our net asset value per share, stockholders who do not participate in such sale will experience immediate dilution in an amount that may be material.
•Our net asset value may have changed significantly since our last valuation.
•The market price of our securities may fluctuate significantly.
•Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock may have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.
Risks Relating to Our Business and Structure
We are dependent upon our investment advisor’s managing members and our executive officers for our future success. If our investment advisor was to lose any of its managing members or we lose any of our executive officers, our ability to achieve our investment objective could be significantly harmed.
We depend on the investment expertise, skill and network of business contacts of the managing members of our investment advisor, who evaluate, negotiate, structure, execute and monitor our investments. Our future success will depend to a significant extent on the continued service and coordination of the investment professionals of our investment advisor and executive officers. Certain investment professionals and executives may not devote all of their business time to our operations and may have other demands on their time as a result of other activities. The departure of any of these individuals could have a material adverse effect on our ability to achieve our investment objective.
Our business model depends, to a significant extent, upon strong referral relationships with financial institutions, sponsors and investment professionals. Any inability of our investment advisor to maintain or develop these relationships, or the failure of these relationships to generate investment opportunities, could adversely affect our business.
We depend upon the investment professionals of our investment advisor to maintain their relationships with financial institutions, sponsors and other investment professionals, and we intend to rely to a significant extent upon these relationships to provide us with potential investment opportunities. If the investment professionals of our investment advisor fail to maintain such relationships, or to develop new relationships with other sources of investment opportunities, we will not be able to grow our investment portfolio. In addition, individuals with whom the investment professionals of our investment advisor have relationships are not obligated to provide us with investment opportunities, and, therefore, we can offer no assurance that these relationships will generate investment opportunities for us in the future.
Any failure to manage our business and our future growth effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our ability to achieve our investment objective and grow depends on our ability to manage our business and deploy our capital effectively. This depends, in turn, on our investment advisor’s ability to identify, evaluate and monitor companies that meet our investment criteria. Accomplishing our investment objectives on a cost-effective basis depends upon our investment advisor’s execution of our investment process, its ability to provide competent, attentive and efficient services to us and, to a lesser extent, our ability to access financing on acceptable terms. Our investment advisor has substantial responsibilities under the Investment Advisory Agreement. In addition, our investment advisor’s investment professionals may be called upon to provide managerial assistance to our portfolio companies. These activities may distract them or slow our rate of investment.
We may suffer credit losses and our investments could be rated below investment grade.
Private debt in the form of second lien, subordinated, and first lien loans (senior secured or unitranche loans) to corporate and asset-based borrowers is highly speculative and involves a high degree of risk of credit loss, and therefore an investment in our shares of common stock may not be suitable for someone with a low tolerance for risk. These risks are likely to increase during an economic downturn or recession.
In addition, investments in our portfolio typically are not rated by any rating agency. We believe that if such investments were rated, the vast majority would be rated below investment grade (which is sometimes referred to as “junk”) due to speculative characteristics of the issuer’s capacity to pay interest and repay principal. Our investments may result in an amount of risk, volatility or potential loss of principal that is greater than that of alternative investments.
Because we borrow money and may in the future issue additional senior securities, including preferred stock and debt securities, the potential for gain or loss on amounts invested in us is magnified and may increase the risk of investing in us.
Borrowings, also known as leverage, magnify the potential for gain or loss on amounts invested and, therefore, increase the risks associated with investing in us. The SBIC Funds borrow from and issue debt securities to the SBA, and we may borrow from banks and other lenders in the future. The SBA has fixed dollar claims on the SBIC Funds’ assets that are superior to the claims of our stockholders. We may also borrow from banks and other lenders or issue additional senior securities including preferred stock and debt securities in the future. If the value of our assets increases, then leveraging would cause the net asset value attributable to our common stock to increase more sharply than it would have had we not used leverage. Conversely, if the value of our assets decreases, leveraging would cause net asset value to decline more sharply than it otherwise would have had we not leveraged. Similarly, any increase in our income in excess of interest payable on the borrowed funds would cause our net income to increase more than it would without the leverage, while any decrease in our income would cause net income to decline more sharply than it would have had we not borrowed. Such a decline could negatively affect our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. Leverage is generally considered a speculative investment technique.
Our ability to achieve our investment objectives may depend in part on our ability to achieve additional leverage on favorable terms by borrowing from the SBA, banks or other lenders, and there can be no assurance that such additional leverage can in fact be achieved.
As a BDC, we are generally required to meet a coverage ratio at least equal to 150% of total assets to total borrowings and other senior securities, which include all of our borrowings (other than the SBIC Funds’ SBA leverage under the terms of SEC exemptive relief) and any preferred stock we may issue in the future. If this ratio declines below 150%, we may not be able to incur additional debt and may need to sell a portion of our investments to repay some debt when it is disadvantageous to do so, and we may not be able to make distributions to our stockholders.
The following table illustrates the effect of leverage on returns from an investment in our common stock assuming various annual returns, net of expenses. The calculations in the table below are hypothetical and actual returns may be higher or lower than those appearing in the table below.
Assumed Return on Our Portfolio
(Net of Expenses)
(10.0
)
%
(5.0
)
%
0.0
%
5.0
%
10.0
%
Corresponding return to common stockholder (1)
(21.1
)
%
(12.3
)
%
(3.4
)
%
5.5
%
14.4
%
(1)
Assumes $1.2 billion in total assets, $175.0 million in outstanding SBA debentures, $45.0 million of borrowings outstanding under the Credit Facility (as defined below), $13.7 million in Secured Borrowings, $250.0 million outstanding of our unsecured notes, $655.7 million in net assets as of December 31, 2024, and a weighted average cost of funds of 4.599%.
Effective April 29, 2020, our asset coverage requirement was reduced from 200% to 150%, which could increase the risk of investing in the Company.
The 1940 Act generally prohibits the Company from incurring indebtedness unless immediately after such borrowing we have an asset coverage for total borrowings of at least 200% (i.e., the amount of debt may not exceed 50% of the value of our assets) or 150% if certain requirements under the 1940 Act are met. On April 29, 2019, our Board, including a majority of the independent directors, approved a minimum asset coverage ratio of 150% as set forth in Section 61(a)(2) of the 1940 Act. As a result, we are subject to the 150% asset coverage ratio, effective as of April 29, 2020. We are required to make certain disclosures on our website and in SEC filings regarding, among other things, the receipt of approval to increase our leverage, our leverage capacity and usage, and risks related to leverage.
Leverage is generally considered a speculative investment technique and increases the risk of investing in our securities. Leverage magnifies the potential for loss on investments in our indebtedness and on invested equity capital. As we use leverage to partially finance our investments, our stockholders will experience increased risks of investing in our securities. If the value of our assets increases, then leveraging would cause the NAV attributable to our common stock to increase more sharply than it would have had we not leveraged. Conversely, if the value of our assets decreases, leveraging would cause NAV to decline more sharply than it otherwise would have had we not leveraged our business. Similarly, any increase in our income in excess of interest payable on the borrowed funds would cause our net investment income to increase more than it would without the leverage, while any decrease in our income would cause net investment income to decline more sharply than it would have had we not borrowed. Such a decline could negatively affect our ability to pay common stock dividends, scheduled debt payments, or other payments related to our securities. Increased leverage may also cause a downgrade of our credit rating. Leverage is generally considered a speculative investment technique.
All of our portfolio investments are recorded at fair value as determined in good faith by our board of directors, and, as a result, there is uncertainty as to the value of our portfolio investments and the valuation process for certain of our portfolio holdings creates a conflict of interest.
All of our portfolio investments take the form of debt and equity securities that are not publicly-traded. The debt and equity securities in which we invest for which market quotations are not readily available are valued at fair value as determined in good faith by our board of directors. As part of the valuation process, we may take into account the following types of factors, if relevant, in determining the fair value of our investments:
•
a comparison of the portfolio company’s securities to comparable publicly-traded securities;
•
the enterprise value of a portfolio company;
•
the nature and realizable value of any collateral;
•
the portfolio company’s ability to make payments and its earnings and discounted cash flow;
•
the markets in which the portfolio company does business; and
•
changes in the interest rate environment and the credit markets generally may affect the price at which similar investments may be made in the future and other relevant factors.
The fair value of each investment in our portfolio is determined quarterly by our board of directors. Any changes in fair value of portfolio securities from the prior period are recorded in our consolidated statement of operations as net change in unrealized appreciation or depreciation.
In connection with that determination, investment professionals from our investment advisor prepare portfolio company valuations based upon the most recent portfolio company financial statements available and projected financial results of each portfolio company. In addition, certain members of our board of directors have a pecuniary interest in our investment advisor. The participation of our investment advisor’s investment professionals in our valuation process, and the pecuniary interest in our investment advisor by certain members of our board of directors, may result in a conflict of interest as the management fees that we pay our investment advisor are based on our total assets (other than cash and cash equivalents but including assets purchased with borrowed amounts).
Our board of directors engages one or more independent third-party valuation firm(s) to conduct independent appraisals of a selection of our portfolio investments for which market quotations are not readily available. Each portfolio company investment is generally appraised by the valuation firm(s) at least once every calendar year and each new portfolio company investment is appraised at least once in the twelve-month period following the initial investment. In certain instances, we may determine that it is not cost-effective, and as a result it is not in our stockholders’ best interest, to request the independent appraisal of certain portfolio company investments. Such instances include, but are not limited to, situations where we determine that the fair value of the portfolio company investment is relatively insignificant to the fair value of the total portfolio. Our board of directors consulted with the independent valuation firm(s) in arriving at our determination of fair value for 21 and 18 of our portfolio company investments representing 27.5% and 29.9% of the total portfolio investments at fair value (exclusive of new portfolio company investments made during the three months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Due to the inherent uncertainty of determining the fair value of investments that do not have a readily available market quotation, the fair value of our investments may differ significantly from the values that would have been used had a readily available market quotation existed for such investments, and the differences could be material. Declines in prices and liquidity in the corporate debt markets may also result in significant net unrealized depreciation in our debt portfolio. Our net asset value could be adversely affected if our determinations regarding the fair value of our investments were materially higher than the values that we ultimately realize upon the disposal of such investments.
We operate in a highly competitive market for investment opportunities, which could reduce returns and result in losses.
A number of entities compete with us to make the types of investments that we make. We compete with public and private funds, other BDCs, SBICs, commercial and investment banks, commercial financing companies and, to the extent they provide an alternative form of financing, private equity and hedge funds. Many of our competitors are substantially larger and have considerably greater financial, technical and marketing resources than we do. For example, we believe some of our competitors may have access to funding sources that are not available to us. In addition, some of our competitors may have higher risk tolerances or different risk assessments. These characteristics could allow our competitors to consider a wider variety of investments, establish more relationships and offer better pricing and more flexible structuring than we offer. We may lose investment opportunities if we do not match our competitors’ pricing, terms and structure. If we match our competitors’ pricing, terms and structure, we may experience a decrease in net investment income or an increase in risk of capital loss. A significant part of our competitive advantage stems from the fact that the lower middle-market is underserved by traditional commercial and investment banks, and generally has less access to capital. A significant increase in the number and/or the size of our competitors in this target market could force us to accept less attractive investment terms.
Furthermore, many of our competitors are not subject to the regulatory restrictions that the 1940 Act imposes on us as a BDC or the source-of-income, asset diversification and distribution requirements we must satisfy to maintain our RIC tax treatment. The competitive pressures we face may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. As a result of this existing and potentially increasing competition, we may not be able to take advantage of attractive investment opportunities from time to time, and we may not be able to identify and make investments that are consistent with our investment objective.
Our management and incentive fee structure may create incentives for our investment advisor that are not fully aligned with the interests of our stockholders and may encourage our investment advisor to make speculative investments.
The management and incentive fees paid to our investment advisor are based on our total assets (other than cash or cash equivalents but including assets purchased with borrowed amounts), and our investor advisor may therefore benefit when we incur debt or use leverage. This fee structure may encourage our investment advisor to cause us to borrow money to finance additional investments. Under certain circumstances, the use of borrowed money may increase the likelihood of default, which would disfavor our stockholders. Our board of directors is charged with protecting our interests by monitoring how our investment advisor addresses these and other conflicts of interests. While our board of directors approves our overall use of leverage and financing arrangements, our board of directors is not expected to review or approve each incurrence of leverage, such as any draw on our credit facility. However, our board of directors periodically reviews our investment advisor’s portfolio management decisions and portfolio performance. In addition, our board of directors at least annually reviews the services provided by and fees paid to our investment advisor. In connection with these reviews, our board of directors, including a majority of our Independent Directors, considers whether the fees and expenses (including those related to leverage) that we pay to our investment advisor are fair and reasonable in relation to the services provided and must approve renewal of our Advisory Agreement.
The part of the incentive fee payable to our investment advisor that relates to our net investment income is computed and paid on income that includes interest income that has been accrued but not yet received in cash. This fee structure may encourage our investment advisor to favor debt financings that provide for deferred interest (PIK interest), rather than current cash payments of interest. Our investment advisor may have an incentive to invest in deferred interest securities in circumstances where it would not have done so but for the opportunity to continue to earn the incentive fee even when the issuers of the deferred interest securities would not be able to make actual cash payments to us on such securities. This risk could be increased because our investment advisor is not obligated to reimburse us for any incentive fees received even if we subsequently incur losses or never receive in cash the deferred interest that was previously accrued.
The incentive fee is based, in part, upon net capital gains realized on our investments. Unlike the portion of the incentive fee based on income, there is no hurdle rate applicable to the portion of the incentive fee based on net capital gains. As a result, our investment advisor may have a tendency to invest more capital in investments that are likely to result in capital gains as compared to income producing securities. Such a practice could result in our investing in more speculative securities than would otherwise be the case, which could result in higher investment losses, particularly during economic downturns.
We may be obligated to pay our investment advisor incentive compensation even if we incur a loss and may pay more than 20% of our net capital gains because we cannot recover payments made in previous years.
Our investment advisor will be entitled to incentive compensation for each fiscal quarter in an amount equal to a percentage of the excess of our pre-incentive fee net investment income for that quarter above a threshold return for that quarter. Our pre-incentive fee net investment income for incentive compensation purposes excludes realized and unrealized capital losses that we may incur in the fiscal quarter, even if such capital losses result in a net loss on our consolidated statement of operations for that quarter. Thus, we may be required to pay our investment advisor incentive compensation for a fiscal quarter even if there is a decline in the value of our portfolio or we incur a net loss for that quarter. Further, if we pay an incentive fee of 20% of our realized capital gains (net of all realized capital losses and unrealized capital depreciation on a cumulative basis) and thereafter experience additional realized capital losses or unrealized capital depreciation, we will not be able to recover any portion of the incentive fee previously paid.
A general increase in interest rates will likely have the effect of making it easier for the investment advisor to receive incentive fees, without necessarily resulting in an increase in our net earnings.
Given the structure of the Investment Advisory Agreement, any general increase in interest rates can be expected to lead to higher interest rates applicable to our debt investments and will likely have the effect of making it easier for the investment advisor to meet the quarterly hurdle rate for payment of income incentive fees under the Investment Advisory Agreement without any additional increase in relative performance on the part of the investment advisor. This may occur without a corresponding increase in distributions to our stockholders. In addition, in view of the catch-up provision applicable to income incentive fees under the Investment Advisory Agreement, the investment advisor could potentially receive a significant portion of the increase in our investment income attributable to such a general increase in interest rates. If that were to occur, our increase in net earnings, if any, would likely be significantly smaller than the relative increase in the investment advisor’s income incentive fee resulting from such a general increase in interest rates.
We may have potential conflicts of interest related to obligations that our investment advisor may have to other clients.
Currently, the Company, the SBIC Funds, Fidus Credit Opportunities, L.P., Fidus Equity Opportunities Fund, L.P., and Fidus Equity Fund I, L.P. are the only investment vehicles managed by our investment advisor. The Investment Advisory Agreement does not limit our investment advisor’s ability to act as an investment advisor to other funds, including other BDCs, or other investment advisory clients. To the extent our investment advisor acts as an investment advisor to other funds or clients, including Fidus Credit Opportunities, L.P., Fidus Equity Opportunities Fund, L.P., and Fidus Equity Fund I, L.P., we may have conflicts of interest with our investment advisor or its other clients that elect to invest in similar types of securities as those in which we invest. Members of our investment advisor’s investment committee serve or may serve as officers, directors or principals of entities that operate in the same or a related line of business as we do, or of investment funds or other investment vehicles managed by our investment advisor. In serving in these multiple capacities, they may have obligations to other clients or investors in those entities, the fulfillment of which may not be in the best interests of us or our stockholders. Our investment advisor will seek to allocate investment opportunities among eligible accounts in a manner that is fair and equitable over time and consistent with an allocation policy approved by our board of directors.
To the extent our investment advisor forms affiliates, including Fidus Credit Opportunities, L.P., Fidus Equity Opportunities Fund, L.P., and Fidus Equity Fund I, L.P., we may co-invest on a concurrent basis with such affiliates, subject to compliance with applicable regulations and regulatory guidance and our allocation procedures. While we may co-invest with investment entities managed by our investment advisor or its affiliates, to the extent permitted by the 1940 Act and the rules and regulations thereunder, the 1940 Act imposes significant limits on co-investment. Our investment advisor and its affiliates have received an exemptive order that expands our ability to co-invest in portfolio companies with certain of our affiliates managed by our investment advisor in a manner consistent with our investment objective, positions, policies, strategies and restrictions as well as regulatory requirements and other pertinent factors, subject to compliance with certain conditions (the “Order”). Pursuant to the Order, we are permitted to co-invest with our affiliates if a “required majority” (as defined in Section 57(o) of the 1940 Act) of our independent directors make certain conclusions in connection with a co-investment transaction, including that (1) the terms of the transactions, including the consideration to be paid, are reasonable and fair to us and our stockholders and do not involve overreaching by us or our stockholders on the part of any person concerned, and (2) the transaction is consistent with the interests of our stockholders and is consistent with our investment objective and strategies. We intend to co-invest, subject to the conditions included in the Order. However, neither we nor our affiliated funds are obligated to invest or co-invest when investment opportunities are referred to us or them.
Our investment advisor or its investment committee may, from time to time, possess material non-public information, limiting our investment discretion.
The investment professionals of our investment advisor may serve as directors of, or in a similar capacity with, companies in which we invest, the securities of which are purchased or sold on our behalf. In the event that material non-public information is obtained with respect to such companies, or we become subject to trading restrictions under the internal trading policies of those companies or as a result of applicable law or regulations, we could be prohibited for a period of time from purchasing or selling the securities of such companies, and this prohibition may have an adverse effect on us.
We may have conflicts related to other arrangements with our investment advisor.
We entered into a license agreement with Fidus Partners, LLC under which Fidus Partners, LLC granted us a non-exclusive (provided that there is not a change in control of Fidus Partners, LLC), royalty-free license to use the name “Fidus.” Some of the members of our investment advisor’s investment committee and the senior origination professionals of our investment advisor are members of Fidus Partners, LLC. See Item 1. “Business - Management and Other Agreements - License Agreement.” In addition, we rent office space from our investment advisor and pay to our investment advisor our allocable portion of overhead and other expenses incurred in performing its obligations under the Administration Agreement, such as our allocable portion of the cost of our chief financial officer and chief compliance officer. This creates conflicts of interest that our board of directors must monitor.
The SBIC Funds are licensed by the SBA, and, therefore, are subject to SBA regulations.
The SBIC Funds are licensed to operate as SBICs and are regulated by the SBA. Under current SBA regulations, a licensed SBIC can provide capital to eligible "small businesses" that have a tangible net worth not exceeding $24.0 million and an average annual net income after U.S. federal income taxes not exceeding $8.0 million for the two most recent fiscal years. In addition, a licensed SBIC must devote 25% of its investment capital to "smaller enterprises" that have a net worth not exceeding $6.0 million and an average annual net income after U.S. federal income taxes not exceeding $2.0 million for the two most recent fiscal years. The SBA regulations also provide alternative size standard criteria to determine eligibility, which depend on the industry in which the business is engaged and are based on either the number of employees or the gross sales of the business. The SBA regulations permit licensed SBICs to make long term loans to small businesses, invest in the equity securities of such businesses and provide them with consulting and advisory services. The SBA also places certain limitations on the financing terms of investments by SBICs in portfolio companies and prohibits SBICs from providing funds for certain purposes or to businesses in certain prohibited industries. Further, the SBA regulations require that a licensed SBIC be periodically examined and audited by the SBA staff to determine its compliance with the relevant SBA regulations. Compliance with these SBA requirements may cause the SBIC Funds to forego attractive investment opportunities that are not permitted under the SBA regulations, and may cause the SBIC Funds to make investments they otherwise would not make in order to remain in compliance with these regulations.
Failure to comply with the SBA regulations could result in the loss of the SBIC licenses and the resulting inability to participate in the SBA debenture program. The SBA prohibits, without prior SBA approval, a “change of control” of an SBIC or transfers that would result in any person (or a group of persons acting in concert) owning 10% or more of a class of capital stock of a licensed SBIC. Current SBA regulations provide the SBA with certain rights and remedies if an SBIC violates their terms. A key regulatory metric for SBA is the extent of “Capital Impairment,” which is the extent of realized (and, in certain circumstances, net unrealized) losses compared with the SBIC’s private capital commitments. Interest payments, management fees, organization and other expenses are included in determining “realized losses.” SBA regulations preclude the full amount of “unrealized appreciation” from portfolio companies from being considered when calculating Capital Impairment in certain circumstances. Remedies for regulatory violations are graduated in severity depending on the seriousness of Capital Impairment or other regulatory violations. For minor regulatory infractions, the SBA issues a warning. For more serious infractions, the use of SBA debentures may be limited or prohibited, outstanding debentures can be declared to be immediately due and payable, restrictions on distributions and making new investments may be imposed and management fees may be required to be reduced. In severe cases, the SBA may require the removal of a general partner of an SBIC or its officers, directors, managers or partners, or the SBA may obtain appointment of a receiver for the SBIC.
SBA regulations limit the amount of SBA-guaranteed debt that may be borrowed by an SBIC.
The SBA regulations currently limit the amount that is available to be borrowed by any SBIC and guaranteed by the SBA to 300.0% of an SBIC’s regulatory capital or $175.0 million, whichever is less. For two or more SBICs under common control, the maximum amount of outstanding SBA debentures cannot exceed $350.0 million. If the SBIC Funds borrow the maximum amount from the SBA and thereafter require additional capital, our cost of capital may increase, and there is no assurance that we will be able to obtain additional financing on acceptable terms.
Moreover, the SBIC Funds’ current status as SBICs does not automatically assure that they will continue to receive funding through the SBA debenture program. Receipt of SBA debenture funding is dependent upon the SBIC Funds’ continuing compliance with SBA regulations and policies and there being funding available. The amount of SBA debenture funding available to SBICs is dependent upon annual Congressional authorizations and in the future may be subject to annual Congressional appropriations. There can be no assurance that there will be sufficient SBA debenture funding available at the times desired by the SBIC Funds.
The debentures issued by the SBIC Funds and guaranteed by the SBA have a maturity of ten years and bear interest semi-annually at fixed rates. Certain of the SBIC Funds’ SBA debentures begin to mature in 2026 and will require repayment on or before the respective maturity dates. The SBIC Funds will need to generate sufficient cash flow to make required debt payments on such debentures. If the SBIC Funds are unable to generate such cash flow, the SBA, as guarantor of the debentures, will have a superior claim to our assets over our stockholders in the event the SBIC Funds liquidate or the SBA exercises its remedies under such debentures as the result of a default by the SBIC Funds.
The SBIC Funds, as SBICs, are limited in their ability to make distributions to us, which could result in us being unable to meet the minimum distribution requirements to maintain our status as a RIC.
In order to maintain our qualification as a RIC, we are required to timely distribute to our stockholders on an annual basis 90% of our investment company taxable income. For this purpose, our investment company taxable income will include the income of the SBIC Funds (and any other entities that are disregarded as separate from us for U.S. federal income tax purposes). The SBIC Funds’ ability to make distributions to us may be limited by the Small Business Investment Act of 1958. As a result, in order to maintain our qualification as a RIC, we may be required to make distributions attributable to the SBIC Funds’ income without receiving any corresponding cash distributions with respect to such income. We can make no assurances that the SBIC Funds will be able to make, or not be limited in making, distributions to us. If we are unable to satisfy the annual distribution requirements, we may fail to qualify as a RIC, which would result in the imposition of U.S. federal income tax imposed at corporate rates on our entire taxable income without regard to any distributions made by us. See “We will be subject to U.S. federal income tax imposed at corporate rates if we are unable to maintain our tax treatment as a RIC under subchapter M of the Code.”
Changes in interest rates will affect our cost of capital and net investment income.
Following a period of elevated interest rates to address inflation concerns, in the third quarter of 2024, the Federal Reserve cut rates for the first time since March 2020 and, most recently, cut rates in the fourth quarter of 2024. The Federal Reserve has indicated that there may be additional rate cuts in the future; however, future reductions to benchmark rates are not certain. Some of our debt investments bear interest at fixed rates and the value of these investments could be negatively affected by increases in market interest rates. In addition, because we have borrowed and to the extent that we borrow additional funds to make investments, an increase in interest rates would make it more expensive for us to use debt to finance our investments and adversely affect our performance if such increases cause our borrowing costs to rise at a rate in excess of the rate that our investments yield. As a result, a significant increase in market interest rates could both reduce the value of our portfolio investments and increase our cost of capital, which would reduce our net investment income. Rising borrowing costs may contribute to the difficulty of companies in servicing their debt obligations and may lead to increases in default rates. Certain changes in interest rates could have a material adverse effect on the Company and its investments. Moreover, changes in interest rates could have a material negative impact on the financial condition of borrowers, the valuations for loans, the unanticipated repayments of loans, and pressure to renegotiate terms on existing loans. Also, an increase in interest rates available to investors could make an investment in shares of our common stock less attractive if we are not able to increase our distribution rate, which could reduce the value of our common stock. It is possible that the Federal Reserve’s tightening cycle also could result in a recession in the United States. Conversely, a decrease in interest rates may have an adverse impact on our returns by requiring us to seek lower yields on our debt investments and by increasing the risk that our portfolio companies will prepay the debt investments, resulting in the need to redeploy capital at potentially lower rates.
Inflation may adversely affect the business, results of operations and financial condition of our portfolio companies, which may, in turn, impact the valuation of such portfolio companies.
Certain of our portfolio companies may be impacted by inflation, which may, in turn, impact the valuation of such portfolio companies. If such portfolio companies are unable to pass any increases in their costs along to their customers, it could adversely affect their results and their ability to pay interest and principal on our loans, particularly if interest rates rise in response to inflation. In addition, any projected future decreases in our portfolio companies’ operating results due to inflation could adversely impact the fair value of those investments. Any decreases in the fair value of our investments could result in future unrealized losses and therefore reduce our net assets resulting from operations.
Our ability to enter into transactions involving derivatives and unfunded commitment transactions may be limited.
In 2020, the SEC adopted Rule 18f-4 under the 1940 Act, which relates to the use of derivatives and other transactions that create future payment or delivery obligations by BDCs (and other funds that are registered investment companies). Under Rule 18f-4, BDCs that use derivatives are subject to a value-at-risk leverage limit, certain derivatives risk management program and testing requirements, and requirements related to board reporting. These requirements apply unless the BDC qualifies as a “limited derivatives user,” as defined in Rule 18f-4. A BDC that enters into reverse repurchase agreements or similar financing transactions could either (i) comply with the asset coverage requirements of Section 18, as modified by Section 61 of the 1940 Act, when engaging in reverse repurchase agreements or (ii) choose to treat such agreements as derivative transactions under Rule 18f-4. In addition, under Rule 18f-4, a BDC may enter into an unfunded commitment agreement that is not a derivatives transaction, such as an agreement to provide financing to a portfolio company, if the BDC has a reasonable belief, at the time it enters into such an agreement, that it will have sufficient cash and cash equivalents to meet its obligations with respect to all of its unfunded commitment agreements, in each case as it becomes due. If the BDC cannot meet this requirement, it is required to treat the unfunded commitment as a derivatives transaction subject to the aforementioned requirements of Rule 18f-4. Collectively, these requirements may limit our ability to use derivatives and/or enter into certain other financial contracts. We qualify as a “limited derivatives user,” and as a result the requirements applicable to us under Rule 18f-4 may limit our ability to use derivatives and enter into certain other financial contracts. However, if we fail to qualify as a limited derivatives user and become subject to the additional requirements under Rule 18f-4, compliance with such requirements may increase cost of doing business, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow.
Global economic, political and market conditions may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition, including our revenue growth and profitability.
We and our portfolio companies are subject to regulation by laws at the U.S. federal, state and local levels. These laws and regulations, as well as their interpretation, could change from time to time, including as the result of interpretive guidance or other directives from the U.S. President and others in the executive branch, and new laws, regulations and interpretations could also come into effect. Following the November 2024 elections in the United States, the Republican Party controls the Presidency, the Senate and the House of Representatives. Any new or changed laws or regulations, executive orders, as well as changes in the positions of regulatory agencies, which may lead to changes in the level of oversight in the financial service industry, could have a material adverse effect on our business, and political uncertainty could increase regulatory uncertainty in the near term. The nature, timing and economic effects of any potential changes to the current legal and regulatory framework affecting the financial service industry remain uncertain.
The effects of legislative and regulatory proposals directed at the financial services industry or affecting taxation could negatively impact the operations, cash flows or financial condition of us and our portfolio companies, impose additional costs on us or our portfolio companies, intensify the regulatory supervision of us or our portfolio companies or otherwise adversely affect our business or the business of our portfolio companies. In addition, if we do not comply with applicable laws and regulations, we could lose any licenses that we then hold for the conduct of business and could be subject to civil fines and criminal penalties.
Over the last several years, there also has been an increase in regulatory attention to the extension of credit outside of the traditional banking sector, raising the possibility that some portion of the non-bank financial sector will be subject to new regulation. While it cannot be known at this time whether any regulation will be implemented or what form it will take, increased regulation of non-bank credit extension could negatively impact our operations, cash flows or financial condition, impose additional costs on us, intensify the regulatory supervision of us or otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Actual and proposed changes to the complex system of laws and regulations governing the banking industry further pose risks to the success of our operations, cash flows or financial conditions. Increases to the asset threshold for designating financial institutions as “systemically important financial institutions,” as well as proposed changes to the Volcker Rule, are just two examples; the effect of these change and any further rules or regulations are and could be complex and far-reaching, and the changes and any future laws or regulations or changes thereto could negatively impact our operations, cash flows or financial condition, impose additional costs on us, intensify the regulatory supervision of us or otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Until we know what policy changes are made and how those changes impact business and the business of our competitors over the long term, we will not know if, overall, it will benefit from them or be negatively affected by them.
We are currently operating in a period of significant capital markets disruption and economic uncertainty, which may have a negative impact on our business, financial condition and operations.
From time to time, capital markets may experience periods of disruption and instability. The U.S. capital markets have experienced extreme volatility and disruption following the global outbreak of COVID-19 that began in December 2019, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine that began in late February 2022, and the ongoing war in the Middle East. Even after the COVID-19 pandemic subsided, the U.S. economy, as well as most other major economies, have continued to experience unpredictable economic conditions, and we anticipate our businesses would be materially and adversely affected by any prolonged economic downturn or recession in the United States and other major markets. In addition, disruptions in the capital markets have increased the spread between the yields realized on risk-free and higher risk securities, resulting in illiquidity in parts of the capital markets.
The current economic conditions have resulted in an adverse impact on the ability of lenders to originate loans, the volume and type of loans originated, the ability of borrowers to make payments and the volume and type of amendments and waivers granted to borrowers and remedial actions taken in the event of a borrower default, each of which could negatively impact the amount and quality of loans available for investment by the Company and returns to the Company, among other things. The U.S. credit markets (in particular for middle-market loans), have experienced the following among other things: (i) increased draws by borrowers on revolving lines of credit and other financing instruments; (ii) increased requests by borrowers for amendments and waivers of their credit agreements to avoid default, increased defaults by such borrowers and/or increased difficulty in obtaining refinancing at the maturity dates of their loans and increased uses of PIK features; and (iii) greater volatility in pricing and spreads and difficulty in valuing loans during periods of increased volatility, and liquidity issues.
These conditions and future market disruptions and/or illiquidity could have an adverse effect on our (and our portfolio companies') business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Ongoing unfavorable economic conditions may increase our funding costs, limit our access to the capital markets or result in a decision by lenders not to extend credit to our portfolio companies and/or us. These events have limited and could continue to limit our investment originations, limit our ability to grow and have a material negative impact on our operating results and the fair values of our debt and equity investments. We may have to access, if available, alternative markets for debt and equity capital, and a severe disruption in the global financial markets, deterioration in credit and financing conditions, continued increase in interest rates or uncertainty regarding U.S. government spending and deficit levels or other global economic conditions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
While we intend to continue to source and invest in new loan transactions to U.S. middle market companies, we cannot be certain that we will be able to do so successfully or consistently. A lack of suitable investment opportunities may impair our ability to make new investments, and may negatively impact our earnings in decreased dividends to our shareholders.
If the current economic conditions continue for an extended period of time, loan delinquencies, loan non-accruals, problem assets, and bankruptcies may increase. In addition, collateral for our loans may decline in value, which could cause loan losses to increase and the net worth and liquidity of loan guarantors could decline, impairing their ability to honor commitments to us. An increase in loan delinquencies and non-accruals or a decrease in loan collateral and guarantor net worth could result in increased costs and reduced income, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. We continue to observe supply chain interruptions, labor difficulties, commodity inflation and elements of economic and financial market instability both globally and in the United States, which could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.
We will need to raise additional capital in the future in order to continue to make investments in accordance with our business and investing strategy and to pursue new business opportunities. Ongoing disruptive conditions in the financial industry and the impact of new legislation in response to those conditions could restrict our business operations and could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.
In addition, we generally are required to distribute at least 90% of our investment company taxable income, if any, to our shareholders to qualify as a RICs. As a result, these earnings will not be available to fund new investments. An inability to access the capital markets successfully could limit our ability to grow our business and execute our business strategy fully and could decrease our earnings, if any, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial performance.
We cannot be certain as to the duration or magnitude of the current markets conditions and corresponding declines in economic activity that may negatively impact the U.S. economy and the markets for the various types of goods and services provided by U.S. middle market companies. Depending on the duration, magnitude and severity of these conditions and their related economic and market impacts, certain of our portfolio companies may suffer declines in earnings and could experience financial distress, which could cause them to default on their financial obligations to us and their other lenders. In consideration of these and related factors, we have downgraded our internal ratings with respect to certain companies and may make additional downgrades with respect to other portfolio companies in the future as conditions warrant and new information becomes available.
Our business is dependent on bank relationships and recent strain on the banking system may adversely impact us.
The financial markets have encountered volatility associated with concerns about the balance sheets of banks, especially small and regional banks that may have significant losses associated with investments that make it difficult to fund demands to withdraw deposits and other liquidity needs. Although the federal government previously announced measures to assist these banks and protect depositors, there is no assurance that similar measures will be implemented during future periods of volatility. Our business is dependent on bank relationships, including small and regional banks, and we are proactively monitoring the financial health of banks with which we (or our portfolio companies) do or may in the future do business. To the extent that our portfolio companies work with banks that are negatively impacted by the foregoing, such portfolio companies’ ability to access their own cash, cash equivalents and investments may be threatened. In addition, such affected portfolio companies may not be able to enter into new banking arrangements or credit facilities, or receive the benefits of their existing banking arrangements or facilities. Any such developments could harm our business, financial condition, and operating results, and prevent us from fully implementing our investment plan. Continued strain on the banking system may adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may experience fluctuations in our quarterly operating results.
We could experience fluctuations in our quarterly operating results due to a number of factors, including our ability or inability to make investments in companies that meet our investment criteria, the interest rate payable on the debt securities we acquire, the default rate on such securities, the level of our expenses, variations in and the timing of the recognition of realized and unrealized gains or losses, the degree to which we encounter competition in our markets and general economic conditions. As a result of these factors, results for any period should not be relied upon as being indicative of performance in future periods.
We will be subject to U.S. federal income tax imposed at corporate rates if we are unable to maintain our tax treatment as a RIC under subchapter M of the Code.
We have elected to be treated and intend to qualify annually as a RIC; however, no assurance can be given that we will be able to maintain our RIC tax treatment. To maintain our tax treatment as a RIC and to avoid the imposition of U.S. federal income tax on income and gains distributed to our stockholders, we must meet certain requirements, including source-of-income, asset diversification and annual distribution requirements. In order to satisfy the source-of-income requirement, we must derive at least 90% of our gross income for each year from dividends, interest, gains from sale of stock or other securities or foreign currencies, other income derived with respect to our business of investing in such stock or securities or income form “qualified publicly traded partnerships.” To maintain our tax treatment as a RIC, we must also meet certain asset diversification requirements at the end of each calendar quarter. Failure to meet these tests in any year in which we intend to be treated as a RIC may result in our having to dispose of certain investments quickly in order to prevent the loss of RIC status. Because most of our investments will be in private or thinly traded public companies, any such dispositions could be made at disadvantageous prices and may result in substantial losses. In addition, in order to satisfy the annual distribution requirement for a RIC , we must timely distribute at least 90% of our net ordinary income and net short-term capital gains in excess of net long-term capital losses, if any, to our stockholders on an annual basis. We will be subject to a 4% nondeductible U.S. federal excise tax to the extent that we do not satisfy certain additional minimum distribution requirements on a calendar-year basis. We will be subject, to the extent we use debt financing, to certain asset coverage ratio requirements under the 1940 Act and financial covenants under loan and credit agreements that could, under certain circumstances, restrict us from making annual distributions necessary to qualify as a RIC. If we are unable to obtain cash from other sources, we may fail to qualify as a RIC and, thus, may be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our entire taxable income without regard to any distributions made by us. If we fail to maintain our tax treatment as a RIC for any reason and become subject to U.S. federal income tax imposed at corporate rates, the resulting tax liability could substantially reduce our net assets, the amount of income available for distributions to stockholders and the amount of our distributions and the amount of funds available for new investments. Such a failure could have a material adverse effect on us and our stockholders.
We may not be able to pay you distributions, our distributions may not grow over time, a portion of distributions paid to you may be a return of capital, and investors in our debt securities may not receive all of the interest income to which they are entitled.
We intend to make distributions on a quarterly basis to our stockholders out of assets legally available for distribution. We cannot assure you that we will achieve investment results that will allow us to make a specified level of cash distributions or year-to-year increases in cash distributions. Our ability to pay distributions might be adversely affected by the impact of one or more of the risk factors described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including current market conditions described herein. If we violate certain covenants under our existing or future credit facilities or other leverage, we may be limited in our ability to make distributions. All distributions will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our earnings, our financial condition, maintenance of RIC tax treatment, compliance with applicable BDC regulations, SBA regulations, state corporate laws affecting the distribution of corporate assets and such other factors as our board of directors may deem relevant from time to time. We cannot assure you that we will make distributions to our stockholders in the future.
The above-referenced restrictions on distributions may also inhibit our ability to make required interest payments to holders of our debt securities, which may cause a default under the terms of our then-existing debt agreements. Such a default could materially increase our cost of raising capital, as well as cause us to incur penalties under the terms of our then-existing debt agreements.
When we make quarterly distributions, we will be required to determine the extent to which such distributions are paid out of current and accumulated earnings and profits, recognized capital gain or capital. To the extent there is a return of capital, an investor receives his or her own invested capital, but reduced by the amount of the Company’s expenses and any sales load he or she may have paid. In addition, investors will be required to reduce their adjusted tax basis in our stock for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
We may choose to pay dividends in our own stock, in which case you may be required to pay tax in excess of the cash you receive.
Under certain applicable provisions of the Code and the Treasury regulations and a revenue procedure issued by the IRS, a RIC may treat a distribution of its own stock as fulfilling its RIC distribution requirements if each stockholder may elect to receive his or her entire distribution in either cash or stock of the RIC, subject to a limitation that the aggregate amount of cash to be distributed to all stockholders must be at least 20% of the aggregate declared distribution. If too many stockholders elect to receive their distributions in cash, we must allocate the cash available for distribution among the shareholders electing to receive cash (with the balance of the distribution paid in shares of our common stock). If we qualify as a publicly offered RIC and decide to make any distributions consistent with this revenue procedure that are payable in part in our stock, taxable stockholders receiving such dividends will be required to include the full amount of the dividend (whether received in cash, our stock, or a combination thereof) as ordinary income (or as long-term capital gain to the extent such distribution is properly reported as a capital gain dividend) to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The value of the shares received by a stockholder is treated as income for U.S. federal income tax purposes. A U.S. stockholder may have income from such dividend in excess of any cash received, and thus may be required to obtain cash from other sources to pay any applicable U.S. federal income tax. If a U.S. stockholder sells the stock it received as a dividend in order to pay this tax, the sales proceeds may be less than the amount included in income with respect to the dividend, depending on the market price of our stock at the time of the sale.
Furthermore, with respect to non-U.S. stockholders, we may be required to withhold U.S. tax with respect to such dividends, including in respect of all or a portion of such dividend that is payable in stock. If a significant number of our stockholders determine to sell shares of our stock in order to pay taxes owed on dividends, it may put downward pressure on the trading price of our stock.
Due to current market conditions, we may reduce or defer our dividends and choose to incur U.S. federal excise tax in order to preserve cash and maintain flexibility.
As a BDC, we are not required to make any distributions to shareholders other than in connection with our election to be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a RIC. In order to qualify as a RIC, we generally must distribute to shareholders for each taxable year at least 90% of our investment company taxable income (i.e., net ordinary income plus realized net short-term capital gains in excess of realized net long-term capital losses). If we qualify for taxation as a RIC, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our investment company taxable income and net capital gains (i.e., realized net long-term capital gains in excess of realized net short-term capital losses) that we timely distribute to shareholders. We will be subject to a 4% US federal excise tax on undistributed earnings of a RIC unless we distribute, each calendar year, at least the sum of (i) 98% of our ordinary income for the calendar year, (ii) 98.2% of the amount by which our capital gain exceeds our capital loss (adjusted for certain ordinary losses) for the one-year period ending October 31 in that calendar year and (iii) certain undistributed amounts from previous years on which we paid no U.S. federal income tax.
Under the Code, we may satisfy certain of our RIC distributions with dividends paid after the end of the current year. In particular, if we pay a distribution in January of the following year that was declared in October, November, or December of the current year and is payable to shareholders of record in the current year, referred to as "spillover dividends", the dividend will be treated for all U.S. federal income tax purposes as if it were paid on December 31 of the current year. In addition, under the Code, we may pay dividends, referred to as “spillback dividends,” that are paid during the following taxable year that will allow us to maintain our qualification for taxation as a RIC and eliminate our liability for U.S. federal income tax imposed at corporate rates. Under these spillover dividend procedures, we may defer distribution of income earned during the current year until December of the following year. For example, we may defer distributions of income earned during 2024 until as late as December 31, 2025. If we choose to pay a spillover dividend, we will incur the 4% U.S. federal excise tax on some or all of the distribution.
Due to current market conditions (as described herein), it is possible that we may take certain actions with respect to the timing and amounts of our distributions in order to preserve cash and maintain flexibility. For example, we may reduce our dividends and/or defer our dividends to the following taxable year. If we defer our dividends, we may choose to utilize the spillover dividend rules discussed above and incur the 4% U.S. federal excise tax on such amounts. To further preserve cash, we may combine these reductions or deferrals of dividends with one or more distributions that are payable partially in our stock as discussed above under “We may choose to pay dividends in our own stock, in which case you may be required to pay tax in excess of the cash you receive.”
We may have difficulty paying our required distributions if we recognize income before, or without, receiving cash representing such income.
For U.S. federal income tax purposes, we are required to include in our income certain amounts that we have not yet received in cash, such as OID, which may arise if we receive warrants in connection with the making of a loan or in other circumstances, and contractual PIK interest, which represents contractual interest added to the loan balance and due at the end of the loan term. Such OID, or increases in loan balances as a result of contracted PIK arrangements, will be included in our income before we receive any corresponding cash payments. We also may be required to include in our income certain other amounts that we will not receive in cash.
Since in certain cases we may be required to recognize income before or without receiving cash representing such income, we may have difficulty meeting the requirement to distribute on an annual basis at least 90% of our net ordinary income and net short-term capital gains in excess of net long-term capital losses, if any, to maintain our tax treatment as a RIC. In such a case, we may have to sell some of our investments at times and/or at prices we would not consider advantageous, raise additional debt or equity capital or forgo new investment opportunities to satisfy the annual distribution requirements. In such circumstances, if we are unable to obtain such cash from other sources, we may fail to maintain our tax treatment as a RIC and thus be subject to U.S. federal income tax. See “We will be subject to U.S. federal income tax imposed at corporate rates if we are unable to maintain our tax treatment as a RIC under subchapter M of the Code.”
If a portfolio company defaults on a loan that is structured to provide accrued interest, it is possible that accrued interest previously used in the calculation of the incentive fee will become uncollectible. Our investment advisor will not be under any obligation to reimburse us for any part of the incentive fee it received that was based on accrued income that we never receive as a result of a default by an entity on the obligation that resulted in the accrual of such income. That part of the incentive fee payable by us that relates to our net investment income will be computed and paid on income that may include interest that has been accrued but not yet received in cash, such as market discount, debt instruments with PIK interest, preferred stock with PIK dividends and zero coupon securities.
To the extent we invest in OID instruments, including PIK loans, zero coupon bonds, and debt securities with attached warrants, investors will be exposed to the risks associated with the inclusion of such non-cash income in taxable and accounting income prior to receipt of cash, including the following risks:
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the interest payments deferred on a PIK loan are subject to the risk that the borrower may default when the deferred payments are due in cash at the maturity of the loan;
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the interest rates on PIK loans are higher to reflect the time-value of money on deferred interest payments and the higher credit risk of borrowers who may need to defer interest payments;
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PIK instruments may have unreliable valuations because the accruals require judgments about ultimate collectability of the deferred payments and the value of the associated collateral;
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an election to defer PIK interest payments by adding them to principal increases our gross assets and, thus, increases future base management fees to the investment advisor and, because interest payments will then be payable on a larger principal amount, the PIK election also increases the investment advisor’s future income incentive fees at a compounding rate;
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market prices of OID instruments are more volatile because they are affected to a greater extent by interest rate changes than instruments that pay interest periodically in cash;
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the deferral of interest on a PIK loan increases its loan-to-value ratio, which is a measure of the riskiness of a loan;
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OID creates the risk of non-refundable cash payments to the investment advisor based on non-cash accruals that may never be realized;
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for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we will be required to make distributions of OID income to shareholders without receiving any cash and such distributions have to be paid from offering proceeds or the sale of assets without investors being given any notice of this fact; and
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the required recognition of OID, including PIK, interest for U.S. federal income tax purposes may have a negative impact on liquidity, because it represents a non-cash component of our taxable income that must, nevertheless, be distributed in cash to investors to avoid it being subject to U.S. federal income tax.
You may have a current tax liability on distributions you elect to reinvest in our common stock but would not receive cash to pay such tax liability.
If you participate in our dividend reinvestment plan, you will be deemed to have received, and for U.S. federal income tax purposes will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on, the amount reinvested in our common stock to the extent the amount reinvested was not a tax-free return of capital. As a result, unless you are a tax-exempt entity, you may have to use funds from other sources to pay your tax liability on the value of our common stock received as a result of the distribution.
Because we expect to distribute substantially all of our net investment income and net realized capital gains to our stockholders, we will need additional capital to finance our growth, and such capital may not be available on favorable terms or at all.
We have elected to be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a RIC. If we continue to meet certain requirements, including source-of-income, asset diversification and distribution requirements, and if we continue to be regulated as a BDC, we will continue to qualify as a RIC and therefore will not have to pay U.S. federal income tax on income that we timely distribute to our stockholders, allowing us to substantially reduce or eliminate our U.S. federal income tax liability. As a BDC, we are generally required to meet a coverage ratio of total assets to total senior securities, which includes all of our borrowings (other than the SBA guaranteed debentures) and any preferred stock we may issue in the future, of at least 150% at the time we issue any debt or preferred stock. This requirement limits the amount of our leverage. Because we will continue to need capital to grow our investment portfolio, this limitation may prevent us from incurring debt or issuing preferred stock and require us to raise additional equity at a time when it may be disadvantageous to do so.
While we expect to be able to borrow and to issue additional debt and equity securities, we cannot assure you that debt and equity financing will be available to us on favorable terms, or at all. If additional funds are not available to us, we could be forced to curtail or cease new investment activities, and our net asset value could decline. In addition, as a BDC, we generally are not permitted to issue equity securities priced below net asset value without stockholder approval. At our 2024 Annual Stockholders Meeting on June 12, 2024, our stockholders voted to allow us to issue common stock at a price below net asset value per share for a period of one year ending on the earlier of June 12, 2025 or the date of our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. We expect to present to our stockholders a similar proposal at our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. The maximum number of shares issuable below net asset value pursuant to the authority granted by our stockholders that could result in such dilution is limited to 25% of FIC’s then outstanding common stock immediately prior to each such sale. We do not intend to issue shares of our common stock below net asset value unless our board of directors determines that it would be in our stockholders’ best interests to do so. The level of net asset value dilution that could result from such an offering is not limited.
Our board of directors may change our investment objective, operating policies and strategies without prior notice or stockholder approval, the effects of which may be adverse.
Our board of directors has the authority, except as otherwise provided by the 1940 Act, to modify or waive certain of our operating policies and strategies without prior notice and without stockholder approval. Under Maryland law, we also cannot be dissolved without prior stockholder approval except by judicial action. In addition, upon approval of a majority of our stockholders, we may elect to withdraw our status as a BDC. If we, or Fund I, decide to withdraw our election, or if we otherwise fail to maintain our qualification, as a BDC, we may be subject to the substantially greater regulation under the 1940 Act as a closed-end investment company. Compliance with such regulations would significantly decrease our operating flexibility, and could significantly increase our costs of doing business. We cannot predict the effect any changes to our current operating policies and strategies would have on our business, operating results or the value of our common stock. Nevertheless, any such changes could adversely affect our business and impair our ability to make distributions.
Regulations governing our operation as a BDC affect our ability to raise, and the way in which we raise, additional capital that may have a negative effect on our growth.
Our business will require capital to operate and grow. We may acquire such additional capital from the following sources:
Senior Securities. Currently we, through the SBIC Funds, issue debentures guaranteed by the SBA and have access to funds under a revolving credit facility. In the future, we may issue debt securities or preferred stock and/or borrow money from banks or other financial institutions, which we refer to collectively as senior securities. As a result of issuing senior securities, we will be exposed to additional risks, including, but not limited to, the following:
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Under the provisions of the 1940 Act, we are permitted, as a BDC, to issue senior securities only in amounts such that our asset coverage, as defined in the 1940 Act, equals at least 150%. If the value of our assets declines, we may be unable to satisfy this requirement. If that happens, we may sell a portion of our investments and, depending on the nature of our leverage, repay a portion of our debt at a time when such sales and/or repayments may be disadvantageous. Further, we will not be permitted to declare or make any distribution to stockholders or repurchase shares until such time as we satisfy this test.
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Any amounts that we use to service our debt or make payments on preferred stock will not be available for distributions to our common stockholders.
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It is likely that any senior securities or other indebtedness we issue will be governed by an indenture or other instrument containing covenants restricting our operating flexibility. Additionally, some of these securities or other indebtedness may be rated by rating agencies, and in obtaining a rating for such securities and other indebtedness, we may be required to abide by operating and investment guidelines that further restrict operating and financial flexibility.
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We and, indirectly, our stockholders will bear the cost of issuing and servicing such securities and other indebtedness.
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Preferred stock or any convertible or exchangeable securities that we issue in the future may have rights, preferences and privileges more favorable than those of our common stock, including separate voting rights and could delay or prevent a transaction or a change in control to the detriment of the holders of our common stock.
Additional Common Stock. Under the provisions of the 1940 Act, we are not generally able to issue and sell our common stock at a price below net asset value per share. We may, however, sell our common stock, warrants, options or rights to acquire our common stock, at a price below the current net asset value of the common stock if our board of directors determines that such sale is in the best interests of our stockholders, and our stockholders approve such sale. At our 2024 Annual Stockholders Meeting on June 12, 2024, our stockholders voted to allow us to issue common stock at a price below net asset value per share for a period of one year ending on the earlier of June 12, 2025 or the date of our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. We expect to present to our stockholders a similar proposal at our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. The maximum number of shares issuable below net asset value pursuant to the authority granted by our stockholders that could result in such dilution is limited to 25% of FIC’s then outstanding common stock immediately prior to each such sale. We do not intend to sell or otherwise issue shares of our common stock below net asset value unless our board of directors determines that it would be in our stockholders’ best interests to do so. The level of net asset value dilution that could result from such an offering is not limited. In any such case, however, the price at which our common stock is to be issued and sold may not be less than a price that, in the determination of our board of directors, closely approximates the market value of such securities (less any distributing commission or discount). We may also make rights offerings to our stockholders at prices per share less than the net asset value per share, subject to applicable requirements of the 1940 Act and the regulations and staff interpretations thereunder. If we raise additional funds by issuing more common stock or senior securities convertible into, or exchangeable for, our common stock, the percentage ownership of our stockholders at that time would decrease, and they may experience dilution. Moreover, we can offer no assurance that we will be able to issue and sell additional equity securities in the future, on favorable terms or at all.
There is uncertainty surrounding potential legal, regulatory and policy changes by the current presidential administration and Congress in the United States that may directly affect financial institutions and the global economy.
Changes in federal policy, including tax policies, and at regulatory agencies are expected to occur over time through policy and personnel changes, which may lead to changes involving the level of oversight and focus on the financial services industry or the tax rates paid by corporate entities. The nature, timing and economic and political effects of potential changes to the current legal and regulatory framework affecting financial institutions remain highly uncertain. Uncertainty surrounding future personnel or policy changes may adversely affect our operating environment and therefore our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.
Changes in laws or regulations governing our operations may adversely affect our business or cause us to alter our business strategy.
We are subject to regulation at the local, state and federal level. New legislation may be enacted or new interpretations, rulings or regulations could be adopted, including those governing the types of investments we are permitted to make, any of which could harm us and our stockholders, potentially with retroactive effect. In addition, any change to the SBA’s current debenture program could have a significant impact on our ability to obtain low-cost leverage and, therefore, our competitive advantage over other funds.
Legal, tax and regulatory changes could occur that may adversely affect us. For example, from time to time the market for private equity transactions has been (and is currently being) adversely affected by a decrease in the availability of senior and subordinated financings for transactions, in part in response to credit market disruptions and/or regulatory pressures on providers of financing to reduce or eliminate their exposure to the risks involved in such transactions.
Additionally, any changes to the laws and regulations governing our operations related to permitted investments may cause us to alter our investment strategy in order to meet our investment objectives. Such changes could result in material differences to the strategies and plans set forth in this Annual Report and may shift our investment focus from the areas of expertise of our investment advisor to other types of investments in which our investment advisor may have little or no expertise or experience. Any such changes, if they occur, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.
We cannot predict how new tax legislation will affect us, our investments, or our stockholders, and any such legislation could adversely affect our business.
Legislative or other actions relating to taxes could have a negative effect on us. Matters pertaining to U.S. federal income taxation are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process and by the Internal Revenue Service and the U.S. Treasury Department. The Trump Administration has proposed significant changes to the Code and existing U.S. Treasury regulations, and there are a number of proposals in Congress that, if enacted would similarly modify the Code. The likelihood of any such legislation being enacted is uncertain, but new legislation and any U.S. Treasury regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions interpreting such legislation could have adverse consequences, including affecting our ability to qualify as a RIC or otherwise impacting the U.S. federal income tax consequences applicable to us and our investors. Investors are urged to consult with their tax advisor regarding tax legislative, regulatory, or administrative developments and proposals and their potential effect on an investment in our shares.
Changes to U.S. tariff and import/export regulations may have a negative effect on our portfolio companies and, in turn, harm us.
There has been ongoing discussion and commentary regarding potential significant changes to U.S. trade policies, treaties and tariffs. The current U.S. presidential administration, along with the U.S. Congress, has created significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United States and certain other countries with respect to trade policies, treaties and tariffs. These developments, or the perception that any of them could occur, may have a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets, and may significantly reduce global trade and, in particular, trade between the impacted nations and the United States. Any of these factors could depress economic activity and restrict our portfolio companies' access to suppliers or customers or the cost of such goods and have a material adverse effect on their business, financial condition and results of operations, which in turn would negatively impact us.
Our ability to enter into and exit investment transactions with our affiliates will be restricted.
Except in those instances where we have received prior exemptive relief from the SEC, we will be prohibited under the 1940 Act from knowingly participating in certain transactions with our affiliates without the prior approval of our Independent Directors. We, our investment advisor, the SBIC Funds, and Fidus Credit Opportunities, L.P. received exemptive relief from the SEC under the 1940 Act, which permits us to co-invest with other funds managed by our investment advisor or its affiliates in a manner consistent with our investment objective, positions, policies, strategies and restrictions as well as regulatory requirements and other pertinent factors. In addition, any person that owns, directly or indirectly, 5% or more of our outstanding voting securities is deemed our affiliate for purposes of the 1940 Act and we are generally prohibited from buying or selling any security from or to such affiliate, absent the prior approval of our Independent Directors. The 1940 Act also prohibits “joint” transactions with an affiliate, which could include investments in the same portfolio company (whether at the same or different times), without prior approval of our Independent Directors. If a person acquires more than 25% of our voting securities, we will be prohibited from buying or selling any security from or to such person, or entering into joint transactions with such person, absent the prior approval of the SEC. These restrictions could limit or prohibit us from making certain attractive investments that we might otherwise make absent such restrictions.
Our investment advisor can resign on 60 days’ notice, and we may not be able to find a suitable replacement within that time, resulting in a disruption in our operations that could adversely affect our financial condition, business and results of operations.
Our investment advisor has the right, under the Investment Advisory Agreement, to resign at any time upon not less than 60 days’ written notice, whether we have found a replacement or not. If our investment advisor resigns, we may not be able to find a new investment advisor and administrator or hire internal management with similar expertise and ability to provide the same or equivalent services on acceptable terms within 60 days, or at all. If we are unable to do so quickly, our operations are likely to experience a disruption, our financial condition, business and results of operations as well as our ability to pay distributions are likely to be adversely affected and the market price of our shares may decline. In addition, investment activities are likely to suffer if we are unable to identify and reach an agreement with a single institution or group of executives having the expertise possessed by our investment advisor and its affiliates. Even if we are able to retain comparable management, whether internal or external, the integration of such management and their lack of familiarity with our investment objective may result in additional costs and time delays that may adversely affect our financial condition, business and results of operations.
Our investment advisor can resign from its role as our administrator under the Administration Agreement, and we may not be able to find a suitable replacement, resulting in a disruption in our operations that could adversely affect our financial condition, business and results of operations.
Our investment advisor also has the right to resign under the Administration Agreement, whether we have found a replacement or not. If our investment advisor resigns as our administrator, we may not be able to find a new administrator or hire internal management with similar expertise and ability to provide the same or equivalent services on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to do so quickly, our operations are likely to experience a disruption, our financial condition, business and results of operations as well as our ability to pay distributions are likely to be adversely affected and the market price of our shares may decline. In addition, administrative activities are likely to suffer if we are unable to identify and reach an agreement with a service provider or individuals with the expertise possessed by our investment advisor. Even if we are able to retain a comparable service provider or individuals to perform such services, whether internal or external, their integration into our business and lack of familiarity with our investment objective may result in additional costs and time delays that may adversely affect our financial condition, business and results of operations.
The failure of cybersecurity protection systems, as well as the occurrence of events unanticipated in our disaster recovery systems and management continuity planning, could impair our ability to conduct business effectively.
We, and others in our industry, are the targets of malicious cyber activity. A successful cyber-attack, whether perpetrated by criminal or state-sponsored actors, against us or our service providers, or an accidental disclosure of non-public information could have an adverse effect on our ability to communicate or conduct business, negatively impacting our operations and financial condition. This adverse effect can become particularly acute if those events affect our electronic data processing, transmission, storage, and retrieval systems, or impact the availability, integrity, or confidentiality of our data, especially personal and other confidential information. If a significant number of the members of our management were unavailable in the event of a disaster, our ability to effectively conduct our business could be severely compromised.
Our investment advisor and our third-party service providers depend heavily upon computer systems to perform necessary business functions. Despite our implementation of a variety of security measures, our computer systems, networks, and data, like those of other companies, could be subject to unauthorized access, acquisition, use, alteration, or destruction, such as from the insertion of malware (including ransomware), physical and electronic break-ins or unauthorized tampering. Our investment advisor may experience threats to their data and systems, including malware and computer virus attacks, unauthorized access, or system failures and disruptions. If one or more of these events occurs, it could potentially jeopardize the confidential, proprietary, personal and other information processed, stored in, and transmitted through our computer systems and networks. Such an attack could cause, among other adverse effects, interruptions or malfunctions in our operations, misstated or unreliable financial data, misappropriation of assets, loss of personal information, liability for stolen information, any of which could result in financial losses, litigation, regulatory enforcement action and penalties, client dissatisfaction or loss, reputational damage, and increased costs associated with mitigation of damages and remediation. We may have to make a significant investment to fix or replace any inoperable or compromised systems or to modify or enhance its cybersecurity controls, procedures and measures. Similarly, the public perception that we or our affiliates may have been the target of a cybersecurity threat, whether successful or not, also could have a material adverse effect on our reputation and lead to financial losses from loss of business, depending on the nature and severity of the threat.
Third parties with which we do business (including vendors that provide us with services) are sources of cybersecurity or other technological risks. We outsource certain functions and these relationships allow for the storage and processing of our information, as well as counterparty, employee, and borrower information. Cybersecurity failures or breaches to our investment advisor and other service providers (including, but not limited to, accountants, custodians, transfer agents and administrators), and the issuers of securities in which we invest, also have the ability to cause disruptions and impact business operations, potentially resulting in financial losses, interference with our ability to calculate its NAV, impediments to trading, the inability of our stockholders to transact business, violations of applicable privacy and other laws, regulatory fines, penalties, reputation damages, reimbursement of other compensation costs, or additional compliance costs. While we engage in actions to reduce our exposure resulting from outsourcing, ongoing threats may result in unauthorized access, acquisition, use, alteration or destruction of data, or other cybersecurity incidents that affects our data, resulting in increased costs and other consequences, as described above. The Company does not control the cybersecurity measures put in place by such third parties, and such third parties could have limited indemnification obligations to the Company and its affiliates. If such a third party fails to adopt or adhere to adequate cybersecurity procedures, or if despite such procedures its networks or systems are breached, information relating to investor transactions and/or personal information of investors may be lost or improperly accessed, used or disclosed. The Company, the Adviser and its affiliates have implemented processes, procedures and internal controls to mitigate cybersecurity risks and cyber intrusions, including in its vendors, but these measures, as well as the Company’s increased awareness of the nature and extent of a risk of a cyber-incident, may be ineffective and do not guarantee that a cyber-incident will not occur or that the Company’s financial results, operations or confidential information will not be negatively impacted by a cybersecurity or cyber intrusion incident. Substantial costs may be incurred in order to prevent any cyber incidents in the future.
Privacy and information security laws and regulatory changes (including regulations to report material cybersecurity incidents to the SEC), and compliance with those changes, may result in cost increases due to system changes and the development of new administrative processes. In addition, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to modify our protective measures and to investigate and remediate vulnerabilities or other exposures arising from operational and security risks.
Environmental, social and governance factors may adversely affect our business or cause us to alter our business strategy.
Our business faces increasing public scrutiny related to environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) activities. We risk damage to our brand and reputation if we fail to act responsibly in a number of areas, such as environmental stewardship, corporate governance and transparency and considering ESG factors in our investment processes. Adverse incidents with respect to ESG activities could impact the value of our brand, the cost of our operations and relationships with investors, all of which could adversely affect our business and results of operations. Additionally, new regulatory initiatives related to ESG could adversely affect our business.
The effect of global climate change may impact the operations and valuations of our portfolio companies, which may, in turn, impact the valuation of such portfolio companies.
Climate change creates physical and financial risk and certain portfolio companies may be adversely affected by climate change. For example, the needs of customers of energy companies vary with weather conditions, primarily temperature and humidity. To the extent weather conditions are affected by climate change, energy use could increase or decrease depending on the duration and magnitude of any changes. Increases in the cost of energy could adversely affect the cost of operations of our portfolio companies if the use of energy products or services is material to their business. A decrease in energy use due to weather changes may affect some of our portfolio companies’ financial condition through, for example, decreased revenues, which may, in turn, impact the valuation of such portfolio companies. Extreme weather events (including wildfires, droughts, hurricanes, and floods) in general require more system backup, adding to costs, and can contribute to increased system stresses, including service interruptions, which, in turn, may impact the business operations of our portfolio companies.
Some of our portfolio companies may periodically become subject to new or strengthened regulations or legislation to address global climate change, which could increase their operating costs and/or decrease their revenues, which may, in turn, impact their ability to make payments on our investments and, in turn, the valuation of such portfolio companies.
Risks Relating to Our Investments
Economic recessions or downturns could impair our portfolio companies and harm our operating results.
Many of our portfolio companies are susceptible to economic slowdowns or recessions (including industry specific downturns), elevated levels of inflation, and an elevated interest rate environment, and may be unable to repay our debt investments during these periods. In the past, instability in the global capital markets resulted in disruptions in liquidity in the debt capital markets, significant write-offs in the financial services sector, the re-pricing of credit risk in the broadly syndicated credit market and the failure of major domestic and international financial institutions. In particular, in past periods of instability, the financial services sector was negatively impacted by significant write-offs as the value of the assets held by financial firms declined, impairing their capital positions and abilities to lend and invest.
Our portfolio companies may be susceptible to economic downturns or recessions. During these periods, the value of our portfolio may decrease if we are required to write down the values of our investments, and we may have non-performing assets or non-performing assets may increase, and the value of our portfolio is likely to decrease during these periods. Adverse economic conditions also may decrease the value of any collateral securing our loans and decrease the value of our equity investments. A severe recession may further decrease the value of such collateral and result in losses of value in our portfolio and a decrease in revenues, net income and assets. Unfavorable economic conditions also could increase our funding costs, limit our access to the capital markets or result in a decision by lenders not to extend credit to us on terms we deem acceptable. In addition, a prolonged economic downturn or recession could extend our investment time horizon by limiting our ability to achieve timely liquidity events, such as a sale, merger or IPO, or the refinancing of our debt investments, and could ultimately impact our ability to realize anticipated investment returns. These events could prevent us from increasing our investments and adversely impact our operating results.
The occurrence of recessionary conditions and/or negative developments in the domestic and international credit markets may significantly affect the markets in which we do business, the value of our investments, and our ongoing operations, costs and profitability. Any such unfavorable economic conditions, including rising interest rates, also may increase our funding costs, limit our access to capital markets or negatively impact our ability to obtain financing, particularly from the debt markets. In addition, any future financial market uncertainty could lead to financial market disruptions and could further impact our ability to obtain financing. These events could limit our investment originations, limit our ability to grow and negatively impact our operating results and financial condition.
Terrorist attacks, acts of war, or natural disasters may affect any market for our common stock, impact the businesses in which we invest and harm our business, operating results and financial condition.
Portfolio investments may be affected by force majeure events (i.e., events beyond the control of the party claiming that the event has occurred, including, without limitation, acts of God, fire, flood, earthquakes, war, terrorism and labor strikes). Some force majeure events may adversely affect the ability of a party (including a portfolio company or a counterparty to us or a portfolio company) to perform its obligations until it is able to remedy the force majeure event. In addition, the cost to a portfolio company of repairing or replacing damaged assets resulting from such force majeure events could be considerable. Additionally, a major governmental intervention into industry, including the nationalization of an industry or the assertion of control over one or more companies or its assets, could result in a loss to us, including if its investment in such issuer is cancelled, unwound or acquired (which could be without what we consider to be adequate compensation). To the extent we are exposed to investments in portfolio companies that as a group are exposed to such force majeure events, the risks and potential losses to us are enhanced.
The continued threat of global terrorism and the impact of military and other action will likely continue to cause volatility in the economies of certain countries, contribute to increased market volatility and economic uncertainties or deterioration in the United States and worldwide and various aspects thereof, including in prices of commodities. Our portfolio investments may involve significant strategic assets having a national or regional profile. The nature of these assets could expose them to a greater risk of being the subject of a terrorist attack than other assets or businesses. Acts of war could similarly lead to such volatility. For example, in response to the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the United States and other countries have imposed sanctions or other restrictive actions against Russia. In addition, the recent outbreak of hostilities in the Middle East and escalating tensions in the region may create volatility and disruption of global markets.
The ramifications of the hostilities and sanctions, however, may not be limited to Russia and the Middle East and Russian and Middle Eastern companies, respectively, but may spill over to and negatively impact other regional and global economic markets (including Europe and the United States), companies in other countries (particularly those that have done business with Russia) and on various sectors, industries and markets for securities and commodities globally, such as oil and natural gas. Any of the above factors, including sanctions, export controls, tariffs, trade wars and other governmental actions, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations, and could cause the market value of our common stock to decline.
In addition, these market and economic disruptions could negatively impact the operating results of our portfolio companies, which may, in turn, impact the valuation of such portfolio companies, and impact our business, operating resulting and financial condition.
Our investments in certain industry sectors, such as the energy sector, may be subject to significant political, economic and capacity risks that may increase the possibility that we lose all or a part of our investment.
The revenues and profitability of certain portfolio companies may be significantly affected by the future prices of and the demand for oil, natural gas liquids and natural gas, which are inherently uncertain. Investments in energy companies may have significant shortfalls in projected cash flow if prices decline from levels projected at the time the investment is made. Various factors beyond our control could affect energy prices, including worldwide supplies, political instability or armed conflicts in oil, natural gas liquids and natural gas producing regions, the price of foreign imports, the level of consumer demand, the price and availability of alternative fuels, capacity constraints and changes in existing government regulation, taxation and price controls. Energy prices have fluctuated greatly during the past, and energy markets may continue to be volatile.
Changes in healthcare laws and other regulations applicable to some of our portfolio companies’ businesses may constrain their ability to offer their products and services.
Changes in healthcare or other laws and regulations applicable to the businesses of some of our portfolio companies may occur that could increase their compliance and other costs of doing business, require significant systems enhancements, or render their products or services less profitable or obsolete, any of which could have a material adverse effect on their results of operations. There has also been an increased political and regulatory focus on healthcare laws in recent years, and new legislation could have a material effect on the business and operations of some of our portfolio companies.
If our portfolio companies are unable to protect their intellectual property rights, our business and prospects could be harmed, and if portfolio companies are required to devote significant resources to protecting their intellectual property rights, the value of our investment could be reduced.
Our future success and competitive position will depend in part upon the ability of our portfolio companies to obtain, maintain and protect proprietary technology used in their products and services. The intellectual property held by our portfolio companies often represents a substantial portion of the collateral securing our investments and/or constitutes a significant portion of the portfolio companies’ value and may be available in a downside scenario to repay our loans. Our portfolio companies will rely, in part, on patent, trade secret, and trademark law to protect that technology, but competitors may misappropriate their intellectual property, and disputes as to ownership of intellectual property may arise. Portfolio companies may, from time to time, be required to institute litigation to enforce their patents, copyrights, or other intellectual property rights; protect their trade secrets; determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others; or defend against claims of infringement. Such litigation could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources. Similarly, if a portfolio company is found to infringe or misappropriate a third-party’s patent or other proprietary rights, it could be required to pay damages to the third party, alter its products or processes, obtain a license from the third-party, and/or cease activities utilizing the proprietary rights, including making or selling products utilizing the proprietary rights. Any of the foregoing events could negatively affect both the portfolio company’s ability to service our debt investment and the value of any related debt and equity securities that we own, as well as any collateral securing our investment.
Cybersecurity risks and cyber incidents may adversely affect our business or the business of our portfolio companies by causing a disruption to our operations or the operations of our portfolio companies, a compromise or corruption of our confidential information or the confidential information of our portfolio companies and/or damage to our business relationships or the business relationships of our portfolio companies, all of which could negatively impact the business, financial condition and operating results of us or our portfolio companies.
A cyber incident is considered to be any adverse event that threatens the confidentiality, integrity or availability of the information resources of us or our portfolio companies. These incidents may be an intentional attack or an unintentional event and could involve gaining unauthorized access to our information systems or those of our portfolio companies for purposes of misappropriating assets, stealing confidential information, corrupting data or causing operational disruption. The result of these incidents may include disrupted operations, misstated or unreliable financial data, liability for stolen assets or information, increased cybersecurity protection and insurance costs, litigation and damage to business relationships. As our and our portfolio companies’ reliance on technology has increased, so have the risks posed to our information systems, both internal and those provided by third-party service providers, and the information systems of our portfolio companies. We have implemented processes, procedures and internal controls to help mitigate cybersecurity risks and cyber intrusions, but these measures, as well as our increased awareness of the nature and extent of a risk of a cyber-incident, do not guarantee that a cyber-incident will not occur and/or that our financial results, operations or confidential information will not be negatively impacted by such an incident.
Our investments in portfolio companies may be risky, and we could lose all or part of our investment.
Investing in lower middle-market companies involves a number of significant risks. Among other things, these companies:
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may have limited financial resources and may be unable to meet their obligations under their debt instruments that we hold, which may be accompanied by a deterioration in the value of any collateral and a reduction in the likelihood of us realizing any guarantees from subsidiaries or affiliates of portfolio companies that we may have obtained in connection with our investment;
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may have shorter operating histories, narrower product lines and smaller market shares, which tend to render them more vulnerable to competitors’ actions and market conditions, as well as general economic downturns, than larger businesses;
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are more likely to depend on the management talents and efforts of a small group of persons; therefore, the death, disability, resignation or termination of one or more of these persons could have a material adverse impact on our portfolio company and, in turn, on us;
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generally have less predictable operating results, may from time to time be parties to litigation, may be engaged in rapidly changing businesses with products subject to a substantial risk of obsolescence, and may require substantial additional capital to support their operations, finance expansion or maintain their competitive position; and
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generally have less publicly available information about their businesses, operations and financial condition. If we are unable to uncover all material information about these companies, we may not make a fully informed investment decision, and may lose all or part of our investment.
In addition, in the course of providing significant managerial assistance to certain portfolio companies, certain of our management and directors may serve as directors on the boards of such companies. To the extent that litigation arises out of investments in these portfolio companies, our management and directors may be named as defendants in such litigation, which could result in an expenditure of funds (through our indemnification of such officers and directors) and the diversion of management time and resources.
The lack of liquidity in our investments may adversely affect our business.
All of our assets may be invested in illiquid securities, and a substantial portion of our investments in leveraged companies will be subject to legal and other restrictions on resale or will otherwise be less liquid than more broadly traded public securities. The illiquidity of these investments may make it difficult for us to sell such investments when desired. In addition, if we are required to liquidate all or a portion of our portfolio quickly, we may realize significantly less than the value at which we have previously recorded these investments. As a result, we do not expect to achieve liquidity in our investments in the near-term. However, to maintain the elections to be regulated as a BDC and as a RIC, we may have to dispose of investments if they do not satisfy one or more of the applicable criteria under the respective regulatory frameworks. We may also face other restrictions on our ability to liquidate an investment in a portfolio company to the extent that we or our investment advisor have material nonpublic information regarding such portfolio company.
We may not have the funds to make additional investments in our portfolio companies that could impair the value of our portfolio.
After our initial investment in a portfolio company, we may be called upon from time to time to provide additional funds to such company or have the opportunity to increase our investment through the exercise of a warrant to purchase common stock. There is no assurance that we will make, or will have sufficient funds to make, follow-on investments. Any decisions not to make a follow-on investment or any inability on our part to make such an investment may have a negative impact on a portfolio company in need of such an investment, may result in a missed opportunity for us to increase our participation in a successful operation or may reduce the expected yield on the investment. Even if we have sufficient capital to make a desired follow-on investment, we may elect not to make a follow-on investment because we may not want to increase our level of risk, because we prefer other opportunities or because we are inhibited by compliance with BDC requirements, SBA regulations or the desire to maintain our RIC tax treatment. Our ability to make follow-on investments may also be limited by our investment advisor’s allocation policy.
Portfolio companies may incur debt that ranks equally with, or senior to, our investments in such companies.
We will invest in second lien and subordinated debt as well as equity issued by lower middle-market companies. The portfolio companies generally have, or may be permitted to incur, other debt that ranks equally with, or senior to, the debt in which we invest. By their terms, such senior debt instruments may entitle the holders to receive payment of interest or principal on or before the dates on which we are entitled to receive payments with respect to the debt instruments in which we invest. Also, in the event of insolvency, liquidation, dissolution, reorganization or bankruptcy of a portfolio company, holders of debt instruments ranking senior to our investment in that portfolio company would typically be entitled to receive payment in full before we receive any distribution. After repaying such senior creditors, such portfolio company may not have any remaining assets to use for repaying its obligation to us. In the case of debt ranking equally with debt instruments in which we invest, we would have to share on an equal basis any distributions with other creditors holding such debt in the event of an insolvency, liquidation, dissolution, reorganization or bankruptcy of the relevant portfolio company.
There may be circumstances where our debt investments could be subordinated to claims of other creditors or could be subject to lender liability claims.
Even though we may have structured certain of our investments as senior loans, if one of our portfolio companies were to go bankrupt, depending on the facts and circumstances, including the extent to which we actually provided managerial assistance to that portfolio company, a bankruptcy court might recharacterize our debt investment and subordinate all or a portion of our claim to that of other creditors. We may also be subject to lender liability claims for actions taken by us with respect to a borrower’s business or instances where we exercise control over the borrower. It is possible that we could become subject to a lender’s liability claim, including as a result of actions taken in rendering significant managerial assistance.
Second priority liens on collateral securing loans that we make to our portfolio companies may be subject to control by senior creditors with first priority liens. If there is a default, the value of the collateral may not be sufficient to repay in full both the first priority creditors and us.
Certain loans we make to portfolio companies are and will be secured on a second priority basis by the same collateral securing senior secured debt of such companies. The first priority liens on the collateral secure the portfolio company’s obligations under any outstanding senior debt and may secure certain other future debt that may be permitted to be incurred by the company under the agreements governing the loans. The holders of obligations secured by the first priority liens on the collateral will generally control the liquidation of and be entitled to receive proceeds from any realization of the collateral to repay their obligations in full before us. In addition, the value of the collateral in the event of liquidation will depend on market and economic conditions, the availability of buyers and other factors. There can be no assurance that the proceeds, if any, from the sale or sales of all of the collateral would be sufficient to satisfy the loan obligations secured by the second priority liens after payment in full of all obligations secured by the first priority liens on the collateral. If such proceeds are not sufficient to repay amounts outstanding under the loan obligations secured by the second priority liens, then we, to the extent not repaid from the proceeds of the sale of the collateral, will only have an unsecured claim against the company’s remaining assets, if any.
The rights we may have with respect to the collateral securing the loans we make to portfolio companies with senior debt outstanding may also be limited pursuant to the terms of one or more intercreditor agreements entered into with the holders of senior debt. Under an intercreditor agreement, at any time that obligations having the benefit of the first priority liens are outstanding, any of the following actions that may be taken in respect to the collateral will be at the direction of the holders of the obligations secured by the first priority liens:
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the ability to cause the commencement of enforcement proceedings against the collateral;
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the ability to control the conduct of such proceedings;
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the approval of amendments to collateral documents;
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releases of liens on the collateral; and
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waivers of past defaults under collateral documents.
We may not have the ability to control or direct such actions, even if our rights are adversely affected.
We may hold the debt securities of leveraged companies that may, due to the significant volatility of such companies, enter into bankruptcy proceedings.
Leveraged companies may experience bankruptcy or similar financial distress. The bankruptcy process has a number of significant inherent risks. Many events in a bankruptcy proceeding are the product of contested matters and adversary proceedings and are beyond the control of the creditors. A bankruptcy filing by an issuer may adversely and permanently affect the issuer. If the proceeding is converted to a liquidation, the value of the issuer may not equal the liquidation value that was believed to exist at the time of the investment. The duration of a bankruptcy proceeding is also difficult to predict, and a creditor’s return on investment can be adversely affected by delays until the plan of reorganization or liquidation ultimately becomes effective. The administrative costs in connection with a bankruptcy proceeding are frequently high and would be paid out of the debtor’s estate prior to any return to creditors. Because the standards for classification of claims under bankruptcy law are vague, our influence with respect to the class of securities or other obligations we own may be lost by increases in the number and amount of claims in the same class or by different classification and treatment. In the early stages of the bankruptcy process, it is often difficult to estimate the extent of, or even to identify, any contingent claims that might be made. In addition, certain claims that have priority by law (for example, claims for taxes) may be substantial.
Any unrealized depreciation we experience on our investment portfolio may be an indication of future realized losses, which could reduce our income available for distribution.
As a BDC, we are required to carry our investments at fair value as determined in good faith by our board of directors. Decreases in the fair values of our investments will be recorded as unrealized depreciation. Any unrealized depreciation in our investment portfolio could be an indication of a portfolio company's inability to meet its repayment obligations to us with respect to the affected investments. This could result in realized losses in the future and ultimately in reductions of our income available for distribution in future periods.
Defaults by our portfolio companies will harm our operating results.
A portfolio company’s failure to satisfy financial or operating covenants imposed by us or other lenders could lead to defaults and, potentially, termination of its loans and foreclosure on its assets. This could trigger cross-defaults under other agreements and jeopardize the portfolio company’s ability to meet its obligations under the debt or equity securities that we hold. We may incur expenses to the extent necessary to seek recovery upon default or to negotiate new terms, which may include the waiver of certain financial covenants, reduced interest and/or loss of principal, with a defaulting portfolio company.
To the extent OID and PIK-interest constitute a portion of our income, we will be exposed to typical risks associated with such income being required to be included in taxable and accounting income prior to receipt of cash representing such income.
Our investments may include original-issue-discount instruments and contractual PIK-interest arrangements. To the extent OID or PIK-interest constitutes a portion of our income, we are exposed to typical risks associated with such income being required to be included in taxable and accounting income prior to receipt of cash, including the following:
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The higher interest rates of OID and PIK instruments reflect the payment deferral, which results in a higher principal amount at the maturity of the instrument as compared to the original principal amount of the instrument, and increased credit risk associated with these instruments, and OID and PIK instruments generally represent a significantly higher credit risk than coupon loans.
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Even if the accounting conditions for income accrual are met, the borrower could still default when our actual collection is supposed to occur at the maturity of the obligation.
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OID and PIK instruments may have unreliable valuations because their continuing accruals require continuing judgments about the collectability of the deferred payments and the value of any associated collateral. OID and PIK-income may also create uncertainty about the source of our cash distributions.
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To the extent we provide loans with interest-only payments or moderate loan amortization, the majority of the principal payment or amortization of principal may be deferred until loan maturity. Because this debt generally allows the borrower to make a large lump-sum payment of principal at the end of the loan term, there is a risk of loss if the borrower is unable to pay the lump sum or refinance the amount owed at maturity.
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For accounting purposes, any cash distributions to stockholders representing OID and PIK-income are not treated as coming from paid-in capital, even though the cash to pay them comes from the offering proceeds. As a result, despite the fact that a distribution representing OID and PIK-income could be paid out of amounts invested by our stockholders, the 1940 Act does not require that stockholders be given notice of this fact by reporting it as a return of capital.
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In certain cases, we may recognize taxable income before or without receiving corresponding cash payments and, as a result, we may have difficulty meeting the annual distribution requirement necessary to maintain our tax qualification as a RIC.
We do not expect to control many of our portfolio companies.
We do not expect to control many of our portfolio companies, even though we may have board representation or board observation rights, and the debt agreements may contain certain restrictive covenants. As a result, we are subject to the risk that a portfolio company in which we invest may make business decisions with which we disagree and the management of such company, as representatives of the holders of the company’s common equity, may take risks or otherwise act in ways that do not serve our interests as debt investors. Due to the lack of liquidity for our investments in private companies in the lower middle-market, we may not be able to dispose of our interests in our portfolio companies as readily as we would like or at an appropriate valuation. As a result, a portfolio company may make decisions that could decrease the value of our portfolio holdings.
We are a non-diversified investment company within the meaning of the 1940 Act; therefore, we are not limited with respect to the proportion of our assets that may be invested in securities of a single issuer.
We are classified as a non-diversified investment company within the meaning of the 1940 Act, which means that we are not limited by the 1940 Act with respect to the proportion of our assets that we may invest in securities of a single issuer. To the extent that we assume large positions in the securities of a small number of issuers, our net asset value may fluctuate to a greater extent than that of a diversified investment company as a result of changes in the financial condition or the market’s assessment of the issuer and the aggregate returns we realize may be significantly adversely affected if a small number of investments perform poorly or if we need to write down the value of any one investment. Additionally, while we are not targeting any specific industries, our investments may be concentrated in relatively few industries. As a result, a downturn in any particular industry in which we are invested could also significantly impact the aggregate returns we realize. We may also be more susceptible to any single economic or regulatory occurrence than a diversified investment company. Beyond the asset diversification requirements applicable to RICs, we do not have fixed guidelines for diversification, and our investments could be concentrated in relatively few portfolio companies.
Prepayments of our debt investments by our portfolio companies could adversely impact our results of operations and reduce our return on equity.
We are subject to the risk that the investments we make in our portfolio companies may be repaid prior to maturity. When this occurs, we will generally reinvest these proceeds in temporary investments (cash equivalents), pending future investments in new portfolio companies. These temporary investments will typically have substantially lower yields than the debt being repaid, and we could experience significant delays in reinvesting these amounts. In addition, any future investment of such amounts in a new portfolio company may also be at lower yields than the investment that was repaid. As a result, our results of operations could be materially adversely affected if one or more of our portfolio companies elect to prepay amounts owed to us. Additionally, prepayments could negatively impact our return on equity, which could result in a decline in the market price of our common stock.
We may not realize gains from our equity investments.
Certain investments that we have made in the past and may make in the future include warrants or other equity or equity-related securities. Typically we make non-control equity investments in portfolio companies. Our goal is to realize gains upon our disposition of such equity interests. However, the equity interests we receive may not appreciate in value and, in fact, may decline in value. We also may be unable to realize any value if a portfolio company does not have a liquidity event, such as a sale of the business, recapitalization or public offering, which would allow us to sell the underlying equity interests. We often seek puts or similar rights to give us the right to sell our equity securities back to the portfolio company issuer. We may be unable to exercise these put rights for the consideration provided in our investment documents if the issuer is in financial distress. Accordingly, we may not be able to realize gains from our equity interests, and any gains that we do realize on the disposition of any equity interests may not be sufficient to offset any other losses we experience.
If our primary investments are deemed not to be qualifying assets, we could be precluded from investing in our desired manner or deemed to be in violation of the 1940 Act.
As a BDC, we may not acquire any assets other than “qualifying assets” unless, at the time of and after giving effect to such acquisition, at least 70% of our total assets are qualifying assets. We believe that most of the investments that we may acquire in the future will constitute qualifying assets. However, we may be precluded from investing in what we believe are attractive investments if such investments are not qualifying assets for purposes of the 1940 Act. If we do not invest a sufficient portion of our assets in qualifying assets, we could violate the 1940 Act provisions applicable to BDCs and be precluded from making follow-on investments in existing portfolio companies (which could result in the dilution of our position) or required to dispose of investments at inappropriate times in order to come into compliance with the 1940 Act. If we need to dispose of such investments quickly, it could be difficult to dispose of such investments on favorable terms. We may not be able to find a buyer for such investments and, even if we do find a buyer, we may have to sell the investments at a substantial loss. Any such outcomes would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Furthermore, any failure to comply with the requirements imposed on BDCs by the 1940 Act could cause the SEC to bring an enforcement action against us and/or expose us to claims of private litigants. If we do not maintain our status as a BDC, we would be subject to regulation as a registered closed-end investment company under the 1940 Act. As a registered closed-end investment company, we would be subject to substantially more regulatory restrictions under the 1940 Act, which would significantly decrease our operating flexibility.
The disposition of our investments may result in contingent liabilities.
A significant portion of our investments involve private securities and we expect that a significant portion of our investments will continue to involve private securities. In connection with the disposition of an investment in private securities, we may be required to make representations about the business and financial affairs of the portfolio company typical of those made in connection with the sale of a business. Additionally, customary terms of such sales agreements generally provide adjustments to the initial purchase price determined on the closing date if the portfolio company's net working capital varies from preliminary amounts utilized in determining the initial purchase price; such adjustments could subsequently result in upward or downward revisions to the initial purchase price and impact our amount of realized gain or loss on sale. We may also be required to indemnify the purchasers of such investment to the extent that any such representations turn out to be inaccurate or with respect to potential liabilities. These arrangements may result in contingent liabilities that ultimately result in funding obligations that we must satisfy through its return of distributions previously made to it.
We may be unable to invest a significant portion of any net proceeds from an offering or from exiting an investment or other capital on acceptable terms, which could harm our financial condition and operating results.
We may be unable to invest the net proceeds of any offering or from exiting an investment or other sources of capital on acceptable terms within the time period that we anticipate or at all. Delays in investing such capital may cause our performance to be worse than that of fully invested BDCs or other lenders or investors pursuing comparable investment strategies.
Depending on market conditions and the amount of the capital involved, it may take us a substantial period of time to invest substantially all the capital in securities meeting our investment objective. During this period, we will invest such capital primarily in
short-term securities consistent with our BDC election and our election to qualify as a RIC, which may produce returns that are significantly lower than the returns which we expect to achieve when our portfolio is fully invested in longer-term investments in pursuit of our investment objective. Any distributions that we pay during such period may be substantially lower than the distributions that we may be able to pay when our portfolio is fully invested. In addition, until such time as the net proceeds of any offering or from exiting an investment or other sources capital are invested in new investments meeting our investment objective, the market price for our common stock may decline.
Our investment advisor’s liability is limited under the Investment Advisory Agreement, and we have agreed to indemnify our investment advisor against certain liabilities, which may lead our investment advisor to act in a riskier manner on our behalf than it would when acting for its own account.
Under the Investment Advisory Agreement, our investment advisor does not assume any responsibility to us other than to render the services called for under that agreement, and it is not responsible for any action of our board of directors in following or declining to follow our investment advisor’s advice or recommendations. Under the terms of the Investment Advisory Agreement, our investment advisor and its officers, directors, members, managers, partners, stockholders and employees are not liable to us, any subsidiary of ours, our directors, our stockholders or any subsidiary’s stockholders or partners for acts or omissions performed in accordance with and pursuant to the Investment Advisory Agreement, except those resulting from acts constituting gross negligence, willful misconduct, bad faith or reckless disregard of our investment advisor’s duties under the Investment Advisory Agreement. In addition, we have agreed to indemnify our investment advisor and its officers, directors, members, managers, partners, stockholders and employees from and against any claims or liabilities, including reasonable legal fees and other expenses reasonably incurred, arising out of or in connection with our business and operations or any action taken or omitted on our behalf pursuant to authority granted by the Investment Advisory Agreement, except where attributable to gross negligence, willful misconduct, bad faith or reckless disregard of such person’s duties under the Investment Advisory Agreement. These protections may lead our investment advisor to act in a riskier manner when acting on our behalf than it would when acting for its own account.
Risks Relating to Our Common Stock
Shares of closed-end investment companies, including business development companies, frequently trade at a discount to their net asset value.
Shares of closed-end investment companies, including BDCs, frequently trade at a discount from net asset value. This characteristic of closed-end investment companies and BDCs is separate and distinct from the risk that our net asset value per share may decline. We cannot predict whether our common stock will trade at, above or below net asset value. In addition, if our common stock trades below net asset value, we will generally not be able to issue additional common stock at the market price without first obtaining the approval of our stockholders and our Independent Directors. On June 12, 2024, our stockholders voted to allow us to sell or otherwise issue common stock at a price below net asset value per share for a period of one year ending on the earlier of June 12, 2025 or the date of our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. We expect to present to our stockholders a similar proposal at our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Selling or otherwise issuing shares of FIC’s common stock below its then current net asset value per share would result in a dilution of FIC’s existing common stockholders. The maximum number of shares issuable below net asset value pursuant to the authority granted by our stockholders that could result in such dilution is limited to 25% of FIC’s then outstanding common stock immediately prior to each such sale. We do not intend to sell or otherwise issue shares of our common stock below net asset value unless our board of directors determines that it would be in our stockholders’ best interests to do so. The level of net asset value dilution that could result from such an offering is not limited.
Market conditions may increase the risks associated with our business and an investment in us.
The current worldwide financial market situation may contribute to increased market volatility, may have long-term effects on the U.S. and worldwide financial markets and may cause economic uncertainties or deterioration in the United States and worldwide. These conditions raised the level of many of the risks described herein and, if repeated or continued, could have an adverse effect on our portfolio companies and on their results of operations, financial conditions, access to credit and capital. The stress in the credit market and upon banks has led other creditors to tighten credit and the terms of credit. In certain cases, senior lenders to our portfolio companies can block payments by our portfolio companies in respect of our loans to such portfolio companies. In turn, these could have adverse effects on our business, financial condition, results of operations, distributions to our stockholders, access to capital, valuation of our assets and our stock price. Notwithstanding any recent gains across either the equity or debt markets, these conditions may continue for a prolonged period of time or worsen in the future.
If, in the future, we sell common stock at a discount to our net asset value per share, stockholders who do not participate in such sale will experience immediate dilution in an amount that may be material.
On June 12, 2024, our stockholders approved our ability to sell or otherwise issue shares of our common stock at a discount from net asset value per share, as long as the cumulative number of shares sold pursuant to such authority does not exceed 25% of our then outstanding common stock immediately prior to each such sale, for a period of one year ending on the earlier of June 12, 2025 or the date of our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Our stockholders will be asked to vote on a similar proposal at our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. If we sell or otherwise issue shares of our common stock at a discount to net asset value, it will pose a risk of dilution to our stockholders. In particular, stockholders who do not purchase additional shares at or below the discounted price in proportion to their current ownership will experience an immediate decrease in net asset value per share (as well as in the aggregate net asset value of their shares if they do not participate at all). These stockholders will also experience a disproportionately greater decrease in their participation in our earnings and assets and their voting power than the increase we experience in our assets, potential earning power and voting interests from such issuances or sale. In addition, such issuances or sales may adversely affect the price at which our common stock trades. For additional information and hypothetical examples of these risks, see “Sales of Common Stock Below Net Asset Value,” and for actual dilution illustrations specific to an offering, see the prospectus supplement pursuant to which such sale is made.
Our net asset value may have changed significantly since our last valuation.
Our board of directors determines the fair value of our portfolio investments on a quarterly basis based on input from our investment advisor, our audit committee and, as to certain of our investments, a third party independent valuation firm. While the board of directors will review our net asset value per share in connection with any offering, it will not always have the benefit of input from the independent valuation firm when it does so. The fair value of various individual investments in our portfolio and/or the aggregate fair value of our investments may change significantly over time. If the fair value of our investment portfolio at December 31, 2024 is less than the fair value was at the time of an offering during 2024, then we may record an unrealized loss on our investment portfolio and may report a lower net asset value per share than was reflected in the Selected Consolidated Financial Data and the financial statements included in the prospectus supplement of that offering. If the fair value of our investment portfolio at December 31, 2024 is greater than the fair value at the time of an offering during 2024, we may record an unrealized gain on our investment portfolio and may report a greater net asset value per share than so reflected in the prospectus supplement of that offering. Upon publication of this information in connection with our announcement of operating results for our fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, the market price of our common stock may fluctuate materially, and may be substantially less than the price per share you pay for our common stock in an offering.
The market price of our securities may fluctuate significantly.
The market price and liquidity of the market for shares of our common stock may be significantly affected by numerous factors, some of which are beyond our control and may not be directly related to our operating performance. These factors include:
•
significant volatility in the market price and trading volume of securities of BDCs or other companies in our sector, which is not necessarily related to the operating performance of these companies;
•
exclusion of our common stock from certain market indices, such as the Russell 2000 Financial Services Index, could reduce the ability of certain institutional investors to own our common stock and could put short term pressure on our common stock;
•
changes in regulatory policies or tax guidelines, particularly with respect to RICs, BDCs or SBICs;
•
failure to maintain our qualification as a RIC;
•
loss of status as an SBIC for the SBIC Funds, or any other SBIC subsidiary we may form;
•
distributions that exceed our net investment income and net income as reported according to U.S. GAAP;
•
changes or perceived changes in earnings or variations in operating results;
•
changes or perceived changes in the value of our portfolio of investments;
•
changes in accounting guidelines governing valuation of our investments;
•
any shortfall in revenue or net income or any increase in losses from levels expected by investors or securities analysts;
•
departure of our investment advisor’s key personnel;
•
operating performance of companies comparable to us;
•
general economic trends and other external factors; and
•
loss of a major funding source.
If any of the above and other factors currently unknown to us were to occur, it could have a material adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.
Investing in our securities may involve an above average degree of risk.
The investments we make in accordance with our investment objective may result in a higher amount of risk than alternative investment options and a higher risk of volatility or loss of principal. Our investments in portfolio companies may be highly speculative; therefore, an investment in our securities may not be suitable for someone with lower risk tolerance.
Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock may have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.
As of March 4, 2025, we had 33,914,652 shares of common stock outstanding. Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock, or the availability of shares for sale, could adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common stock. If this occurs and continues, it could impair our ability to raise additional capital through the sale of equity securities should we desire to do so.
If we issue preferred stock and/or debt securities, the net asset value and market value of our common stock may become more volatile.
We cannot assure you that the issuance of preferred stock and/or debt securities would result in a higher yield or return to the holders of our common stock. The issuance of preferred stock and/or debt securities would likely cause the net asset value and market value of our common stock to become more volatile. If the distribution rate on the preferred stock, or the interest rate on the debt securities, were to approach the net rate of return on our investment portfolio, the benefit of leverage to the holders of our common stock would be reduced. If the distribution rate on the preferred stock, or the interest rate on the debt securities, were to exceed the net rate of return on our portfolio, the use of leverage would result in a lower rate of return to the holders of common stock than if we had not issued the preferred stock and/or debt securities. Any decline in the net asset value of our investment would be borne entirely by the holders of our common stock. Therefore, if the market value of our portfolio were to decline, the leverage would result in a greater decrease in net asset value to the holders of our common stock than if we were not leveraged through the issuance of preferred stock and/or debt securities. This decline in net asset value would also tend to cause a greater decline in the market price for our common stock.
There is also a risk that, in the event of a sharp decline in the value of our net assets, we would be in danger of failing to maintain required asset coverage ratios which may be required by the preferred stock and/or debt securities or of a downgrade in the ratings of the preferred stock and/or debt securities or our current investment income might not be sufficient to meet the distribution requirements on the preferred stock or the interest payments on the debt securities. In order to counteract such an event, we might need to liquidate investments in order to fund redemption of some or all of the preferred stock and/or debt securities. In addition, we would pay (and the holders of our common stock would bear) all costs and expenses relating to the issuance and ongoing maintenance of the preferred stock and/or debt securities. Holders of preferred stock and/or debt securities may have different interests than holders of common stock and may at times have disproportionate influence over our affairs.
Provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law and our charter and bylaws could deter takeover attempts and have an adverse effect on the price of our common stock.
The Maryland General Corporation Law contains provisions that may discourage, delay or make more difficult a change in control of us or the removal of our directors. In addition, our board of directors may, without stockholder action, authorize the issuance of shares of stock in one or more classes or series, including preferred stock. Our charter and bylaws contain provisions that limit liability and provide for indemnification of our directors and officers. These provisions and others also may have the effect of deterring hostile takeovers or delaying changes in control or management. We are generally prohibited from engaging in mergers and other business combinations with stockholders that beneficially own 10% or more of the voting power of our outstanding voting stock, or with their affiliates, for five years after the most recent date on which such stockholders became the beneficial owners of 10% or more of the voting power of our outstanding voting stock and thereafter unless our directors and stockholders approve the business combination in the prescribed manner. Maryland law may discourage third parties from trying to acquire control of us and increase the difficulty of consummating such an offer.
We have also adopted measures that may make it difficult for a third party to obtain control of us, including provisions of our charter authorizing our board of directors to classify or reclassify shares of our stock in one or more classes or series and to cause the issuance of additional shares of our stock, including preferred stock. In addition, we have adopted a classified board of directors. A classified board may render a change in control of us or removal of our incumbent management more difficult. These provisions, as well as other provisions of our charter and bylaws, may delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change in control that might otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders.
Our business and operation could be negatively affected if we become subject to any securities litigation or shareholder activism, which could cause us to incur significant expense, hinder execution of investment strategy and impact our stock price.
In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been brought against that company. Shareholder activism, which could take many forms or arise in a variety of situations, has been increasing in the BDC space recently. While we are currently not subject to any securities litigation or shareholder activism, due to the potential volatility of our stock price and for a variety of other reasons, we may in the future become the target of securities litigation or shareholder activism. Securities litigation and shareholder activism, including potential proxy contests, could result in substantial costs and divert management’s and our board of directors’ attention and resources from our business. Additionally, such securities litigation and shareholder activism could give rise to perceived uncertainties as to our future, adversely affect our relationships with service providers and make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel. Also, we may be required to incur significant legal fees and other expenses related to any securities litigation and activist shareholder matters. Further, our stock price could be subject to significant fluctuation or otherwise be adversely affected by the events, risks and uncertainties of any securities litigation and shareholder activism.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
Not applicable.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Item 2. Properties.
We do not own any real estate or other physical properties materially important to our operation. Our headquarters are located at 1603 Orrington Avenue, Suite 1005, Evanston, Illinois 60201, and are provided by our investment advisor pursuant to the Administration Agreement. Our investment advisor also maintains additional office space at 4201 Congress Street, Suite 250, Charlotte, North Carolina 28209, and 1140 Avenue of the Americas, 21st Floor, New York, New York 10036. We believe that our office facilities are suitable and adequate to our business as we contemplate conducting it.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
We are not, and our investment advisor is not, currently subject to any material legal proceedings.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
Our common stock began trading on June 21, 2011 on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “FDUS.” Effective January 3, 2012, our common stock was included in the Nasdaq Global Select Market. The last reported price for our common stock on March 4, 2025 was $22.53 per share. As of March 4, 2025, we had 16 stockholders of record.
Price Range of Common Stock
The following table lists the high and low closing sale price for our common stock, and the closing sale price as a percentage of net asset value, or NAV, on our common stock for each fiscal quarter during the last two most recently completed fiscal years and each full fiscal quarter since the beginning of the current fiscal year.
Period
NAV(1)
High Closing Sales Price
Low Closing Sales Price
Premium / (Discount) of High Sales Price to NAV(2)
Premium / (Discount) of Low Sales Price to NAV(2)
Year Ended December 31, 2025:
First Quarter (through March 4, 2025)
$
*
$
23.37
$
20.81
*
%
*
%
Year Ended December 31, 2024:
First Quarter
$
19.36
$
20.04
$
18.79
3.5
%
(2.9
)
%
Second Quarter
19.50
20.47
19.26
5.0
(1.2
)
Third Quarter
19.42
20.34
18.76
4.7
(3.4
)
Fourth Quarter
19.33
21.49
19.10
11.2
(1.2
)
Year Ended December 31, 2023:
First Quarter
$
19.39
$
20.90
$
18.29
7.8
%
(5.7
)
%
Second Quarter
19.13
20.08
18.10
5.0
(5.4
)
Third Quarter
19.28
20.98
18.80
8.8
(2.5
)
Fourth Quarter
19.37
20.13
17.69
3.9
(8.7
)
(1)Net asset value per share is determined as of the last day in the relevant quarter and therefore may not reflect the net asset value per share on the date of the high and low sales prices. The net asset values shown are based on outstanding shares at the end of each period.
(2)Calculated as the difference between the respective high or low closing sales price and the quarter end net asset value divided by the quarter end net asset value.
(3)Represents the regular and special, if applicable, distribution declared in the specified quarter. We have adopted an “opt out” dividend reinvestment plan for our common stockholders. As a result, if we declare a distribution, stockholders’ cash distributions will be automatically reinvested in additional shares of our common stock, unless they specifically “opt out” of the dividend reinvestment plan so as to receive cash distributions.
* NAV has not yet been determined.
Shares of BDCs may trade at a market price that is less than the net asset value of those shares. The possibilities that our shares of common stock will trade at a discount from net asset value or at premiums that are unsustainable over the long term are separate and distinct from the risk that our net asset value will decrease. It is not possible to predict whether any common stock offered pursuant to this prospectus supplement will trade at, above, or below net asset value. As of March 4, 2025, our shares of common stock traded at a premium equal to approximately 16.6% of the net assets attributable to those shares based upon our $19.33 net asset value per share as of December 31, 2024. It is not possible to predict whether the shares offered hereby will trade at, above, or below net asset value.
We intend to continue to pay quarterly distributions to our stockholders. Our distributions may include returns of paid-in capital, as well as declared dividends from earnings and profits. Our quarterly distributions, if any, are determined by our board of directors. We have elected, and intend to qualify annually, to be treated as a RIC. As long as we qualify as a RIC, we will not be taxed on our investment company taxable income or net capital gain, to the extent that such income or gain is distributed, or deemed to be distributed, to stockholders on a timely basis.
We may not be able to achieve operating results that will allow us to make distributions at a specific level or to increase the amount of these distributions from time to time. If we do not distribute a certain percentage of our income annually, we will suffer adverse tax consequences, including possible loss of our status as a RIC. We cannot assure stockholders that they will receive any distributions at a particular level.
We have adopted a dividend reinvestment plan that provides for reinvestment of our distributions on behalf of our stockholders, unless a stockholder elects to receive cash. As a result, if our board of directors authorizes, and we declare, a cash distribution, then our stockholders who have not “opted out” of our dividend reinvestment plan will have their cash distribution automatically reinvested in additional shares of our common stock, rather than receiving the cash distribution. Under the terms of our dividend reinvestment plan, dividends will primarily be paid in newly issued shares of common stock. However, we reserve the right to purchase shares in the open market in connection with the implementation of the plan. This feature of the plan means that, under certain circumstances, we may issue shares of our common stock at a price below net asset value per share, which could cause our stockholders to experience dilution.
To maintain our qualification as a RIC, we generally must, among other things, distribute at least 90% of our net ordinary income and our net short-term capital gains in excess of our net long-term capital losses, if any. In order to avoid certain excise taxes imposed on RICs, we currently intend to distribute during each calendar year an amount at least equal to the sum of (i) 98% of our ordinary income for the calendar year, (ii) the amount by which our capital gain exceeds our capital loss (adjusted for certain ordinary losses) for the one-year period ending October 31 in that calendar year. We may retain for investment some or all of our net capital gain (i.e., net long-term capital gains in excess of net short-term capital losses) and treat such amounts as deemed distributions to our stockholders. If we do this, you will be treated as if you received an actual distribution of the capital gain we retain and then reinvested the net after-tax proceeds in our common stock. You also may be eligible to claim a tax credit (or, in certain circumstances, a tax refund) equal to your allocable share of the tax we paid on the capital gain deemed distributed to you. Please refer to “Business - Election to be Taxed as a RIC” for further information regarding the consequences of our retention of net capital gain. We can offer no assurance that we will achieve results that will permit the payment of any cash distributions and, if we issue senior securities, we will be prohibited from making distributions if doing so causes us to fail to maintain the asset coverage ratios stipulated by the 1940 Act or if distributions are limited by the terms of any of our borrowings. See “Business - Regulation” and “Business - Election to be Taxed as a RIC.”
We may make distributions that are payable in cash or shares of our common stock at the election of each stockholder. In accordance with U.S. Treasury regulations and published guidance issued by the Internal Revenue Service, a publicly offered RIC may treat distributions of its own stock as counting towards its RIC distribution requirements if each stockholder may elect to receive his, her, or its entire distribution in either cash or stock of the RIC. The IRS has issued a revenue procedure indicating that this rule will apply if the total amount of cash to be distributed is not less than 20% of the total distribution. Under the revenue procedure, if too many stockholders elect to receive their distributions in cash, the cash available for distribution must be allocated among the shareholders electing to receive cash (with the balance of the distribution paid in stock). If we decide to make any distributions that are payable in part in shares of our stock, U.S. stockholders receiving such distributions generally will be required to include the full amount of the distribution (whether received in cash, shares of our stock, or a combination thereof) as ordinary income (or as long-term capital gain to the extent such distribution is properly reported as a capital gain dividend) to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits. As a result, a U.S. stockholder may be required to pay tax with respect to such distributions in excess of any cash received. If a U.S. stockholder sells the stock it receives in order to pay this tax, the sales proceeds may be less than the amount included in income with respect to the distribution, depending on the market price of our stock at the time of the sale. Furthermore, with respect to non-U.S. stockholders, we may be required to withhold U.S. federal tax with respect to such distributions, including in respect of all or a portion of such distributions that are payable in stock. In addition, if a significant number of our stockholders determine to sell shares of our stock in order to pay taxes owed on such distributions, it may put downward pressure on the trading price of shares of our stock.
Distributions in excess of our current and accumulated profits and earnings would be treated first as a return of capital to the extent of the stockholder’s adjusted tax basis, and any remaining distributions would be treated as a capital gain. The determination of the tax attributes of our distributions will be made annually as of the end of our fiscal year based upon our taxable income for the full year and distributions paid for the full year. Therefore, a determination made on a quarterly basis may not be representative of the actual tax attributes of our distributions for a full year. Each year, a statement on Form 1099-DIV identifying the source of the distribution will be sent to our U.S. stockholders of record. Our board of directors presently intends to declare and pay quarterly dividends. Our ability to pay dividends could be affected by future business performance, liquidity, capital needs, alternative investment opportunities and loan covenants.
The tax character of distributions declared and paid in 2024 is described in Note 12 to our consolidated financial statements.
Stock Performance Graph
This graph compares the stockholder return on our common stock from December 31, 2019 to December 31, 2024 with that of the Russell 2000 Financial Services Index and the Standard & Poor’s 500 Total Return Stock Index. This graph assumes that on December 31, 2019, $100 was invested in our common stock, the Russell 2000 Financial Services Index, and the Standard & Poor’s 500 Total Return Stock Index. The graph also assumes the reinvestment of all cash dividends prior to any tax effect. The graph and other information furnished under this Part II Item 5 of this Annual Report shall not be deemed to be “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC or subject to Regulation 14A or 14C under, or to the liabilities of Section 18 of, the Exchange Act. The stock price performance included in the below graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock performance.
Outstanding Securities
The following table shows our outstanding classes of securities as of December 31, 2024:
(a) Title of Class
(b) Amount Authorized
(c) Amount Held by us or for Our Account
d) Amount Outstanding Exclusive of Amounts Shown Under (c)
Common Stock
100,000,000
70,540
33,914,652
SBA Debentures
$
350.0 million
(1)
-
$
175.0 million
Credit Facility
$
140.0 million
-
$
45.0 million
Notes
$
250.0 million
-
$
250.0 million
(1)For more information regarding our limitations as to SBA debenture issuances, see “Regulation - Small Business Administration Regulations.”
Fees and Expenses
The following table is intended to assist you in understanding the costs and expenses that an investor in an offering will bear directly or indirectly. We caution you that some of the percentages indicated in the table below are estimates and may vary. Except where the context suggests otherwise, whenever there is a reference to fees or expenses paid by “you,” “us,” “the Company” or “Fidus,” or that “we” will pay fees or expenses, stockholders will indirectly bear such fees or expenses as investors in us.
Stockholder transaction expenses:
Sales load (as a percentage of offering price)
-
(1)
Offering Expenses borne by us (as a percentage of offering price)
-
(2)
Dividend reinvestment plan expenses
-
(3)
Total stockholder transaction expenses paid by us (as a percentage of offering price)
-
(4)
Annual expenses (as a percentage of net assets attributable to common stock) (5):
Base management fee
2.98
%
(6)
Incentive fees payable under Investment Advisory Agreement
2.94
%
(7)
Interest payments on borrowed funds
3.61
%
(8)
Other expenses
1.46
%
(9)
Total annual expenses, before base management fee waiver
10.99
%
(10)
Base management fee waiver
(0.04
%)
(11)
Total annual expenses, net of base management fee waiver
10.95
%
(12)
(1)In the event that securities are sold to or through underwriters, a corresponding prospectus supplement will disclose the applicable sales load.
(2)In the event that we conduct an offering of any of our securities, a corresponding prospectus supplement will disclose the estimated offering expenses because they will be ultimately borne by the Company (and indirectly by our stockholders).
(3)The expenses of administering our dividend reinvestment plan are included in other expenses.
(4)Total stockholder transaction expenses may include a sales load and will be disclosed in a future prospectus supplement, if any.
(5)Net assets attributable to common stock equals average net assets, which is calculated as the average of the net assets balances for the year ended December 31, 2024.
(6)Our base management fee is 1.75% of the average value of our total assets (other than cash and cash equivalents but including assets purchased with borrowed amounts). This item represents actual base management fees incurred for the year ended December 31, 2024. We may from time to time decide it is appropriate to change the terms of the Investment Advisory Agreement. Under the 1940 Act, any material change to our Investment Advisory Agreement must be submitted to stockholders for approval. The 2.98% reflected in the table is calculated on our net assets (rather than our total assets). See Item 1. “Business - Management and Other Agreements-Investment Advisory Agreement.”
(7)This item represents actual fees incurred on pre-incentive fee net investment income (income incentive fee) and actual fees payable for the capital gains incentive fee for the year ended December 31, 2024. The capital gains incentive fee payable as of December 31, 2024 was zero. For the year ended December 31, 2024, we accrued capital gains incentive fees (reversal) of $0.7 million in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which equals 0.12% of average net assets attributable to common stock; such amount has not been included in the estimated expenses figure reflected in the table above.
The incentive fee consists of two parts:
The first, payable quarterly in arrears, equals 20.0% of our pre-incentive fee net investment income, expressed as a rate of return on the value of our net assets (including interest that is accrued but not yet received in cash), subject to a 2.0% quarterly (8.0% annualized) hurdle rate and a “catch-up” provision measured as of the end of each calendar quarter. Under this provision, in any calendar quarter, our investment advisor receives no incentive fee until our pre-incentive fee net investment income equals the hurdle rate of 2.0% but then receives, as a “catch-up,” 100.0% of our pre-incentive fee net investment income with respect to that portion of such pre-incentive fee net investment income, if any, that exceeds the hurdle rate but is less than 2.5%. The effect of this provision is that, if pre-incentive fee net investment income exceeds 2.5% in any calendar quarter, our investment advisor will receive 20.0% of our pre-incentive fee net investment income as if a hurdle rate did not apply.
The second part, payable annually in arrears, equals 20.0% of our realized capital gains net of realized capital losses and unrealized capital depreciation, if any, on a cumulative basis from inception through the end of the fiscal year (or upon the termination of the Investment Advisory Agreement, as of the termination date), less the aggregate amount of any previously paid capital gain incentive fees. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, we accrue the capital gains incentive fee in our consolidated financial statements considering the fair value of investments on that date (i.e., the amount of fee which would be payable under a hypothetical liquidation based on the fair value of investments as of that date), which differs from the calculation of the amount payable in cash by the inclusion of unrealized capital appreciation.
See Item 1. “Business - Management and Other Agreements-Investment Advisory Agreement.”
(8)As of December 31, 2024, we had outstanding SBA debentures of $175.0 million; we had $250.0 million outstanding of our Notes; we had secured borrowings outstanding of $13.7 million; we had $45.0 million outstanding borrowings under our senior secured revolving credit agreement with certain lenders party thereto and ING Capital, LLC, as administrative agent (the “Credit Facility”), which has a total commitment of $140.0 million. Interest payments on borrowed funds is based on estimated annual interest and fee expenses on outstanding SBA debentures, the Notes, secured borrowings and outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facility as of December 31, 2024 with a weighted average stated interest rate of 4.599% as of that date. We also pay a commitment fee between 0.5% and 2.675% per annum based the unutilized commitment under our Credit Facility. We have estimated the annual interest expense on borrowed funds and caution you that our actual interest expense will depend on prevailing interest rates and our rate of borrowing, which may be substantially higher than the estimate provided in this table.
(9)Other expenses represent our estimated annual operating expenses, as a percentage of net assets attributable to common shares estimated for the year ended December 31, 2024, including professional fees, directors’ fees, insurance costs, expenses of our dividend reinvestment plan and payments under the Administration Agreement based on our allocable portion of overhead and other expenses incurred by our administrator, expenses incurred in a money market fund, and our income tax provision (benefit) relating to deferred and current tax provision (benefit) for U.S. federal income taxes and excise, state and other taxes. See Item 1. “Business - Management and Other Agreements-Administration Agreement.” Other expenses exclude interest payments on borrowed funds and for issuances of debt securities or preferred stock, interest payments on debt securities and distributions with respect to preferred stock. “Other expenses” are based on actual other expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024.
(10)“Total annual expenses, before base management fee waiver” as a percentage of consolidated net assets attributable to common stock are higher than the total annual expenses percentage would be for a company that is not leveraged. We borrow money to leverage our net assets and increase our total assets.
(11)The Board of Directors accepted a voluntary, non-contractual, and unconditional waiver from the Investment Advisor to exclude any investments recorded as secured borrowings as defined under U.S. GAAP from the base management fee payable as of December 31, 2024. The base management fee waived for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $0.3 million.
(12)The SEC requires that the “total annual expenses, net of base management fee waiver” percentage be calculated as a percentage of net assets (defined as total assets less total liabilities), rather than the total assets, including assets that have been purchased with borrowed amounts. If the “total annual expenses, net of base management fee waiver” percentage were calculated instead as a percentage of average consolidated total assets, our “total annual expenses, net of base management fee waiver” would be 6.12% of average consolidated total assets.
Example
The following example demonstrates the projected dollar amount of total cumulative expenses over various periods with respect to a hypothetical investment in us. In calculating the following expense amounts, we have assumed we would have no additional leverage and that our annual operating expenses would remain at the levels set forth in the table above, including giving effect to the management fee waiver described in the table above. Transaction expenses are not included in the following example.
1 year
3 years
5 years
10 years
You would pay the following expenses on a $1,000 investment, assuming a 5.0% annual return
$ 106
$ 300
$ 472
$ 819
You would pay the following expenses on a $1,000 investment, assuming a 5.0% annual return resulting entirely from net realized capital gains (all of which is subject to our incentive fee on capital gains)
$ 115
$ 323
$ 502
$ 852
The foregoing table is to assist you in understanding the various costs and expenses that an investor in our common stock will bear directly or indirectly. While the example assumes, as required by the SEC, a 5.0% annual return, our performance will vary and may result in a return greater or less than 5.0%. Assuming a 5.0% annual return, the incentive fee under the Investment Advisory Agreement would either not be payable or have an insignificant impact on the expense amounts shown above. If we achieve sufficient returns on our investments, including through the realization of capital gains, to trigger an incentive fee of a material amount, our expenses, and returns to our investors, would be higher. In addition, while the example assumes reinvestment of all distributions at net asset value, if our board of directors authorizes and we declare a cash dividend, participants in our dividend reinvestment plan who have not otherwise elected to receive cash will receive a number of shares of our common stock, determined by dividing the total dollar amount of the distribution payable to a participant by the market price per share of our common stock at the close of trading on the valuation date for the distribution. See “Part II, Item 5” for additional information regarding our dividend reinvestment plan.
These examples and the expenses in the table above should not be considered a representation of our future expenses, and actual expenses (including the cost of debt, if any, and other expenses) may be greater or less than those shown.
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
We did not engage in any sales of unregistered securities during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
We have an open market stock repurchase program (the “Stock Repurchase Program”) under which we may acquire up to $5.0 million of our outstanding common stock. Under the Stock Repurchase Program, we may, but are not obligated to, repurchase outstanding common stock in the open market from time to time provided that we comply with the prohibitions under our insider trading policies and the requirements of Rule 10b-18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, including certain price, market value and timing constraints. The timing, manner, price and amount of any share repurchases will be determined by our management, in its discretion, based upon the evaluation of economic and market conditions, stock price, capital availability, applicable legal and regulatory requirements and other corporate considerations. On October 28, 2024, the Board extended the Stock Repurchase Program through December 31, 2025, or until the approved dollar amount has been used to repurchase shares. The Stock Repurchase Program does not require us to repurchase any specific number of shares and the Company cannot assure that any shares will be repurchased under the Stock Repurchase Program. The Stock Repurchase Program may be suspended, extended, modified, or discontinued at any time. We did not make any repurchases of common stock during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022. Refer to Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information concerning stock repurchases.

---

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Item 6. Reserved

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with “Selected Consolidated Financial Data,” FIC’s consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K (“Annual Report”). The information contained in this section contains forward-looking statements that involve risk and uncertainties. Please see “Risk Factors” and “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” for a discussion of the uncertainties, risks and assumptions associated with these statements.
Except as otherwise specified, references to “we,” “us,” “our,” “Fidus” and “FIC” refer to Fidus Investment Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries.
Overview
General and Corporate Structure
We provide customized debt and equity financing solutions to lower middle-market companies, which we define as U.S. based companies having revenues between $10.0 million and $150.0 million. Our investment objective is to provide attractive risk-adjusted returns by generating both current income from our debt investments and capital appreciation from our equity related investments. Our investment strategy includes partnering with business owners, management teams and financial sponsors by providing customized financing for ownership transactions, recapitalizations, strategic acquisitions, business expansion and other growth initiatives. We seek to maintain a diversified portfolio of investments in order to help mitigate the potential effects of adverse economic events related to particular companies, regions or industries.
FIC was formed as a Maryland corporation on February 14, 2011. We completed our initial public offering, or IPO, in June 2011. On June 20, 2011, FIC acquired all of the limited partnership interests of Fund I and membership interests of Fidus Mezzanine Capital GP, LLC, its general partner, resulting in Fund I becoming our wholly-owned SBIC subsidiary. Immediately following the acquisition, we and Fund I elected to be treated as business development companies, or BDCs, under the 1940 Act and our investment activities have been managed by Fidus Investment Advisors, LLC, our investment advisor, and supervised by our board of directors, a majority of whom are independent of us. On March 29, 2013, we commenced operations of a second wholly-owned subsidiary, Fund II. On April 18, 2018, we commenced operations of a third wholly-owned subsidiary, Fund III. On November 28, 2023, we commenced operations of a fourth wholly-owned subsidiary, Fund IV.
Fund III and Fund IV received their SBIC licenses on March 21, 2019 and September 30, 2024, respectively. We plan to continue to operate Fund III and Fund IV as SBICs, subject to SBA approval, and to utilize the proceeds of the sale of SBA-guaranteed debentures to enhance returns to our stockholders. Fund I and Fund II completed their wind-down plans, can no longer issue additional SBA debentures, and relinquished their SBIC licenses on March 20, 2020 and March 7, 2024, respectively. We have also made, and continue to make, investments directly through FIC. We believe that utilizing FIC and the SBIC Funds as investment vehicles provides us with access to a broader array of investment opportunities.
We have certain wholly-owned subsidiaries (the “Taxable Subsidiaries”), each of which generally holds one or more of our portfolio investments listed on the consolidated schedules of investments, and have elected to be treated as corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes and are thus subject to U.S. federal income tax imposed at corporate rates. The Taxable Subsidiaries are consolidated for financial reporting purposes, such that our consolidated financial statements reflect our investment in the portfolio company investments owned by the Taxable Subsidiaries. The purpose of the Taxable Subsidiaries are to permit us to hold equity investments in portfolio companies that are classified as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes (such as entities organized as limited liability companies (“LLCs”) or other forms of pass through entities) while complying with the “source-of-income” requirements contained in the RIC tax provisions. The Taxable Subsidiaries are not consolidated with us for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and each Taxable Subsidiary will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on its taxable income. Any such income or expense is reflected in the consolidated statements of operations.
Revenues
We generate revenue in the form of interest and fee income on debt investments and dividends, if any, on equity investments. Our debt investments, whether in the form of second lien, subordinated or first lien loans, typically have terms of five to seven years and most bear interest at fixed or variable rates. In some instances, we receive payments on our debt investments based on scheduled amortization of the outstanding balances. In addition, we may receive repayments of some of our debt investments prior to their scheduled maturity dates, which may include prepayment penalties. The frequency or volume of these repayments fluctuates significantly from period to period. Our portfolio activity may reflect the proceeds of sales of securities. In some cases, our investments provide for deferred interest payments or PIK interest. The principal amount of debt investments and any accrued but unpaid interest generally become due at the maturity date. In addition, we may generate revenue in the form of commitment, origination, amendment, or structuring fees and fees for providing managerial assistance. Debt investment origination fees, OID and market discount or premium, if any, are capitalized, and we accrete or amortize such amounts into interest income. We record prepayment penalties on debt investments as fee income when earned. Interest and dividend income is recorded on the accrual basis to the extent that we expect to collect such amounts. Interest is accrued daily based on the outstanding principal amount and the contractual terms of the debt investment. Dividend income is recorded as dividends are declared or at the point an obligation exists for the portfolio company to make a distribution, and is generally recognized when received. Distributions of earnings from portfolio companies are evaluated to determine if the distribution is a distribution of earnings or a return of capital. Distributions of earnings are included in dividend income while a return of capital is recorded as a reduction in the cost basis of the investment. Estimates are adjusted as necessary after the relevant tax forms are received from the portfolio company. Debt investments or preferred equity investments (for which we are accruing PIK dividends) are placed on non-accrual status when principal, interest or dividend payments become materially past due, or when there is reasonable doubt that principal, interest or dividends will be collected. Interest and dividend payments received on non-accrual investments may be recognized as interest or dividend income or may be applied to the investment principal balance based on management’s judgment. Non-accrual investments are restored to accrual status when past due principal, interest or dividends are paid and, in management’s judgment, payments are likely to remain current. See “Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates - Revenue Recognition.”
We recognize realized gains or losses on investments based on the difference between the net proceeds from the disposition and the cost basis of the investment, without regard to unrealized gains or losses previously recognized. We record current period changes in fair value of investments that are measured at fair value as a component of the net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments in the consolidated statements of operations.
Expenses
All investment professionals of the Investment Advisor and/or its affiliates, when and to the extent engaged in providing investment advisory and management services to us, and the compensation and routine overhead expenses allocable to personnel who provide these services to us, are provided and paid for by the Investment Advisor and not by us. We bear all other out-of-pocket costs and expenses of our operations and transactions, including, without limitation, those relating to:
•
organization;
•
calculating our net asset value (including the cost and expenses of any independent valuation firm);
•
fees and expenses incurred by the Investment Advisor under the Investment Advisory Agreement or payable to third parties, including agents, consultants or other advisors, in monitoring financial and legal affairs for us and in monitoring our investments and performing due diligence on our prospective portfolio companies or otherwise relating to, or associated with, evaluating and making investments, including “dead deal” costs;
•
interest payable on debt, if any, incurred to finance our investments;
•
offerings of our common stock and other securities;
•
investment advisory fees and management fees;
•
administration fees and expenses, if any, payable under the Administration Agreement (including payments under the Administration Agreement between us and the Investment Advisor based upon our allocable portion of the Investment Advisor’s overhead in performing its obligations under the Administration Agreement, including rent and the allocable portion of the cost of our officers, including our chief compliance officer, our chief financial officer, and their respective staffs);
•
transfer agent, dividend agent and custodial fees and expenses;
•
federal and state registration fees;
•
all costs of registration and listing our shares on any securities exchange;
•
U.S. federal, state and local taxes;
•
Independent Directors’ fees and expenses;
•
costs of preparing and filing reports or other documents required by the SEC or other regulators including printing costs;
•
costs of any reports, proxy statements or other notices to stockholders, including printing and mailing costs;
•
our allocable portion of any fidelity bond, directors and officers/errors and omissions liability insurance, and any other insurance premiums;
•
direct costs and expenses of administration, including printing, mailing, long distance telephone, copying, secretarial and other staff, independent auditors and outside legal costs;
•
proxy voting expenses; and
•
all other expenses reasonably incurred by us or the Investment Advisor in connection with administering our business.
Portfolio Composition, Investment Activity and Yield
During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we invested $394.5 million and $336.7 million, respectively, in debt and equity investments, including 16 and 16 new portfolio companies, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we received proceeds from sales or repayments, including principal, return of capital dividends and net realized gains (losses), of $276.9 million and $258.8 million, respectively, including exits of ten and twelve portfolio companies, respectively. The following table summarizes investment purchases and sales and repayments of investments by type for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in millions).
Purchases of Investments
Sales and Repayments of Investments
First Lien Debt(1)
$
318.6
80.8
%
$
245.7
73.0
%
$
165.0
59.6
%
$
122.7
47.4
%
Second Lien Debt
33.3
8.4
25.0
7.4
67.4
24.3
81.7
31.6
Subordinated Debt
21.9
5.6
42.0
12.5
19.7
7.1
10.3
4.0
Equity
20.7
5.2
24.0
7.1
24.8
9.0
44.1
17.0
Warrants
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total
$
394.5
100.0
%
$
336.7
100.0
%
$
276.9
100.0
%
$
258.8
100.0
%
(1) For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, includes unitranche securities, which account for 41.3% and 27.1% of purchases, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, includes unitranche securities, which account for 4.9% and 2.6% of repayments, respectively.
As of December 31, 2024, the fair value of our investment portfolio totaled $1.1 billion and consisted of 87 active portfolio companies and four portfolio companies that have sold their underlying operations. As of December 31, 2024, 50 portfolio companies’ debt investments bore interest at a variable rate, which represented $704.0 million, or 74.5%, of our debt investment portfolio on a fair value basis, and the remainder of our debt investment portfolio was comprised of fixed-rate investments. Overall, the portfolio had net unrealized appreciation of $15.3 million as of December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024, our average active portfolio company investment at amortized cost was $12.4 million, which excludes investments in four portfolio companies that have sold their underlying operations.
As of December 31, 2023, the fair value of our investment portfolio totaled $957.9 million and consisted of 81 active portfolio companies and one portfolio company that has sold its underlying operations. As of December 31, 2023, 46 portfolio companies’ debt investments bore interest at a variable rate, which represented $629.3 million, or 75.6%, of our debt investment portfolio on a fair value basis, and the remainder of our debt investment portfolio was comprised of fixed rate investments. Overall, the portfolio had net unrealized appreciation of $21.3 million as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, our average active portfolio company investment at amortized cost was $11.6 million, which excludes an investment in the one portfolio company that has sold its underlying operations.
The weighted average yield on debt investments as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was 13.3% and 14.2%, respectively. The weighted average yield of our debt investments is not the same as a return on investment for our stockholders but, rather, relates to a portion of our investment portfolio and is calculated before the payment of all of our and our subsidiaries’ fees and expenses. The weighted average yields were computed using the effective interest rates for debt investments at cost as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, including the accretion of OID and debt investment origination fees, but excluding investments on non-accrual status.
The following table shows the portfolio composition by investment type at fair value and cost and as a percentage of total investments (dollars in millions):
Fair Value
Cost
December 31,
December 31,
December 31,
December 31,
First Lien Debt(1)
$
718.2
65.8
%
$
578.1
60.3
%
$
729.1
67.8
%
$
577.7
61.6
%
Second Lien Debt
83.5
7.7
119.5
12.5
116.2
10.8
148.8
15.9
Subordinated Debt
142.8
13.1
135.2
14.1
142.1
13.2
135.4
14.5
Equity
138.4
12.7
120.3
12.6
84.8
7.9
71.7
7.7
Warrants
7.6
0.7
4.8
0.5
3.0
0.3
3.0
0.3
Total
$
1,090.5
100.0
%
$
957.9
100.0
%
$
1,075.2
100.0
%
$
936.6
100.0
%
(1) Includes unitranche investments, which account for 39.9% and 40.4% of our portfolio on a fair value and cost basis as of December 31, 2024, respectively. Includes unitranche investments, which account for 37.6% and 38.5% of our portfolio on a fair value and cost basis as of December 31, 2023, respectively.
The following table shows portfolio composition by geographic region at fair value and cost and as a percentage of total investments (dollars in millions). The geographic composition is determined by the location of the corporate headquarters of the portfolio company, which may not be indicative of the primary source of the portfolio company’s business.
Fair Value
Cost
December 31,
December 31,
December 31,
December 31,
United States
Midwest
$
120.5
11.1
%
$
112.6
11.8
%
$
73.6
6.8
%
$
75.4
8.1
%
Southeast
339.7
31.2
292.4
30.6
337.8
31.4
286.3
30.5
Northeast
211.8
19.4
181.4
18.9
202.2
18.8
176.4
18.8
West
194.6
17.8
172.7
18.0
232.3
21.6
191.5
20.5
Southwest
211.4
19.4
186.3
19.4
216.8
20.2
194.5
20.8
Canada
12.5
1.1
12.5
1.3
12.5
1.2
12.5
1.3
Total
$
1,090.5
100.0
%
$
957.9
100.0
%
$
1,075.2
100.0
%
$
936.6
100.0
%
The following table shows the detailed industry composition of our portfolio at fair value and cost as a percentage of total investments:
Fair Value
Cost
December 31,
December 31,
December 31,
December 31,
Name
Information Technology Services
34.0
%
33.7
%
37.8
%
36.0
%
Business Services
12.6
11.5
12.4
11.4
Healthcare Products
8.1
8.4
4.6
5.3
Component Manufacturing
7.7
8.0
7.4
8.2
Utilities: Services
4.9
4.7
4.7
4.7
Retail
4.7
4.3
4.5
4.3
Healthcare Services
4.7
3.2
4.0
3.0
Building Products Manufacturing
3.9
4.6
4.5
5.2
Consumer Services
3.3
3.2
3.3
3.2
Specialty Distribution
2.8
2.3
2.8
1.8
Environmental Industries
2.6
2.1
2.8
2.4
Promotional Products
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.2
Transportation Services
2.0
5.1
2.0
5.1
Aerospace & Defense Manufacturing
1.8
2.4
2.2
2.5
Consumer Products
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.9
Industrial Cleaning & Coatings
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.3
Oil & Gas Services
0.9
1.3
0.9
1.4
Industrial Product Services
0.7
-
0.7
-
Restaurants
-
-
(1)
-
0.1
Total
100.0
%
100.0
%
100.0
%
100.0
%
(1) Percentage is less than 0.1% of respective total.
Portfolio Asset Quality
In addition to various risk management and monitoring tools, the Investment Advisor uses an internally developed investment rating system to characterize and monitor the credit profile and our expected level of returns on each investment in our portfolio. We use a five-level numeric rating scale. The following is a description of the conditions associated with each investment rating:
•
Investment Rating 1 is used for investments that involve the least amount of risk in our portfolio. The portfolio company is performing above expectations, the debt investment is expected to be paid in the near term and the trends and risk factors are favorable, and may include an expected capital gain on the equity investment.
•
Investment Rating 2 is used for investments that involve a level of risk similar to the risk at the time of origination. The portfolio company is performing substantially within our expectations and the risk factors are neutral or favorable. Each new portfolio investment enters our portfolio with Investment Rating 2.
•
Investment Rating 3 is used for investments performing below expectations and indicates the investment’s risk has increased somewhat since origination. The portfolio company requires closer monitoring, but we expect a full return of principal and collection of all interest and/or dividends.
•
Investment Rating 4 is used for investments performing materially below expectations and the risk has increased materially since origination. The investment has the potential for some loss of investment return, but we expect no loss of principal.
•
Investment Rating 5 is used for investments performing substantially below our expectations and the risks have increased substantially since origination. We expect some loss of principal.
We also have observed, and continue to observe, supply chain disruptions, labor and resource shortages, commodity inflation, elements of financial market instability (including elevated interest rates), an uncertain economic outlook for the United States (which may include a recession), and elements of geopolitical instability (including the ongoing war in Ukraine and U.S. and China relations, and ongoing conflict in the Middle East). In the event that the U.S. economy enters into a protracted recession, it is possible that the results of certain U.S. middle market companies could experience deterioration. We are closely monitoring the effect of such market volatility may have on our portfolio companies and our investment activities. We also are maintaining close communications with our portfolio companies and have also increased oversight of credits in vulnerable industries to mitigate any decline in loan performance and reduce credit risk.
The following table shows the distribution of our investments on the 1 to 5 investment rating scale at fair value and cost as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in millions):
Fair Value
Cost
December 31,
December 31,
December 31,
December 31,
Investment Rating
$
100.0
9.2
%
$
85.2
8.9
%
$
27.2
2.5
%
$
29.7
3.2
%
895.9
82.1
774.7
80.9
886.7
82.6
764.0
81.5
83.7
7.7
87.2
9.1
99.4
9.2
97.4
10.4
10.5
1.0
10.5
1.1
34.6
3.2
34.3
3.7
0.4
-
0.3
-
27.3
2.5
11.2
1.2
Total
$
1,090.5
100.0
%
$
957.9
100.0
%
$
1,075.2
100.0
%
$
936.6
100.0
%
Based on our investment rating system, the weighted average rating of our portfolio as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was 2.0 and 2.0, respectively, on a fair value basis and 2.2 and 2.2, respectively, on a cost basis.
Non-Accrual
As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had debt investments in four and three portfolio companies, respectively on non-accrual status (dollars in millions):
December 31, 2024
December 31, 2023
Fair
Fair
Portfolio Company
Value
Cost
Value
Cost
Quantum IR Technologies, LLC
$
-
$
12.0
$
-
(1)
$
-
(1)
US GreenFiber, LLC
-
5.2
-
5.2
Suited Connector LLC
5.5
15.9
4.3
15.9
Virtex Enterprises, LP
4.8
11.3
5.3
10.9
Total
$
10.3
$
44.4
$
9.6
$
32.0
(1) Portfolio company debt investment was not held as of December 31, 2023.
Discussion and Analysis of Results of Operations
Comparison of fiscal years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022
Investment Income
Below is a summary of the changes in total investment income for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, as well as a comparison of those periods year-over-year (dollars in millions, percent change calculated based on underlying dollar amounts in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 vs. 2023
2023 vs. 2022
$ Change
% Change (1)
$ Change
% Change (1)
Interest income
$
123.1
$
109.9
$
82.3
$
13.2
12.0
%
$
27.6
33.5
%
Payment-in-kind interest income
7.8
6.6
1.7
1.2
18.2
%
4.9
298.9
%
Dividend income
2.2
1.2
1.6
1.0
84.5
%
(0.4
)
(24.7
%)
Fee income
9.6
9.5
8.0
0.1
1.3
%
1.5
18.4
%
Interest on idle funds
3.4
2.9
0.5
0.5
16.9
%
2.4
436.3
%
Total investment income
$
146.1
$
130.1
$
94.1
$
16.0
12.3
%
$
36.0
38.2
%
(1) NM = Not meaningful
(2) Percent change calculated based on underlying dollar amounts in thousands as presented on the consolidated statements of operations.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, total investment income was $146.1 million, an increase of $16.0 million or 12.3%, from the $130.1 million of total investment income for the year ended December 31, 2023. As reflected in the table above, the increase is primarily attributable to the following:
•$14.4 million increase in total interest income (which includes a $1.2 million increase in PIK interest income) resulting from an increase in average debt investment balances outstanding, partially offset by a decrease in weighted average yield on debt investment balances outstanding during 2024 as compared to 2023.
•$1.0 million increase in dividend income, during 2024 as compared to 2023, due to increased levels of distributions received from equity investments.
•$0.1 million increase in fee income resulting from an increase in amendment and administrative fees, partially offset by a decrease in origination, management, and prepayment fees during 2024 as compared to 2023.
•$0.5 million increase in interest on idle funds due to an increase in average cash balances outstanding during 2024 as compared to 2023.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, total investment income was $130.1 million, an increase of $36.0 million or 38.2%, from the $94.1 million of total investment income for the year ended December 31, 2022. As reflected in the table above, the increase is primarily attributable to the following:
•$32.5 million increase in total interest income (which includes a $4.9 million increase in PIK interest income) resulting from an increase in average debt investment balances outstanding and a higher weighted average yield on debt investment balances outstanding during 2023 as compared to 2022.
•$0.4 million decrease in dividend income, during 2023 as compared to 2022, due to decreased levels of distributions received from equity investments.
•$1.5 million increase in fee income resulting from an increase in origination, management, and prepayment fee income during 2023 as compared to 2022.
•$2.4 million increase in interest on idle funds due to an increase in average cash balances and the weighted average interest on cash balances outstanding during 2023 as compared to 2022.
Expenses
Below is a summary of the changes in total expenses, including income tax provision, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, as well as a comparison of those periods year-over-year (dollars in millions, percent change calculated based on underlying dollar amounts in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 vs. 2023
2023 vs. 2022
$ Change
% Change (1)
$ Change
% Change (1)
Interest and financing expenses
$
24.4
$
22.7
$
18.7
$
1.7
7.2
%
$
4.0
21.9
%
Base management fee
18.9
16.3
14.6
2.6
15.8
%
1.7
11.8
%
Incentive fee - income
18.5
16.5
8.3
2.0
12.2
%
8.2
98.7
%
Incentive fee - capital gains
0.7
2.4
(0.4
)
(1.7
)
(69.6
%)
2.8
(656.7
%)
Administrative service expenses
2.6
2.4
1.9
0.2
10.4
%
0.5
23.7
%
Professional fees
3.2
3.0
2.5
0.2
10.4
%
0.5
18.0
%
Other general and administrative expenses
1.0
1.0
0.9
-
NM
0.1
3.7
%
Total expenses, before base management fee waiver
69.3
64.3
46.5
5.0
7.9
%
17.8
38.3
%
Base management fee waiver
(0.3
)
(0.3
)
(0.3
)
-
NM
-
NM
Total expenses, net of base management fee waiver before income tax provision
69.1
64.0
46.2
5.1
8.0
%
17.8
38.5
%
Income tax provision
2.4
1.0
1.4
1.4
136.9
%
(0.4
)
(27.1
%)
Total expenses, including income tax provision
$
71.5
$
65.0
$
47.6
$
6.5
10.0
%
$
17.4
36.6
%
(1) NM = Not meaningful
(2) Percent change calculated based on underlying dollar amounts in thousands as presented on the consolidated statements of operations.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, total expenses, including income tax provision, were $71.5 million, an increase of $6.5 million or 10.0%, from the $65.0 million of total expenses, including income tax provision, for the year ended December 31, 2023. As reflected in the table above, the increase is primarily attributable to the following:
•$1.7 million increase in interest and financing expenses due to an increase in the weighted average interest rate of our debt outstanding and an increase in average borrowings outstanding during 2024 as compared to 2023.
•$2.6 million net increase in base management fee, including the base management fee waiver, due to higher average total assets during 2024 as compared to 2023.
•$2.0 million net increase in the income incentive fee due to an increase in pre-incentive fee income during 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023.
•$1.7 million decrease in the capital gains incentive fee due to a $(7.9) million decrease in net gain on investments (net realized gains (losses) plus net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments) during 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023.
•$0.2 million increase in professional fees due to increased legal and audit costs during 2024 as compared to 2023.
•$1.4 million increase in income tax provision resulting from increased distributions received at the Taxable Subsidiaries and an increase in excise tax accrued during 2024 as compared to 2023.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, total expenses, including income tax provision, were $65.0 million, an increase of $17.4 million or 36.6%, from the $47.6 million of total expenses, including income tax provision, for the year ended December 31, 2022. As reflected in the table above, the decrease is primarily attributable to the following:
•$4.0 million increase in interest and financing expenses due an increase in SBA debentures outstanding, during 2023 as compared to 2022.
•$1.7 million net increase in base management fee, including the base management fee waiver, due to higher average total assets during 2023 as compared to 2022.
•$8.2 million net increase in the income incentive fee due to an increase in pre-incentive fee income during 2023, as compared to the same period in 2022.
•$2.8 million increase in the capital gains incentive fee due to a $22.6 million increase in net gain on investments (net realized gains (losses) plus net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments) during 2023, as compared to the same period in 2022.
•$0.5 million increase in professional fees due to increased legal costs related to dead deal expenses and the equity at-the-market offering (the “ATM Program”), as well as increased audit and valuation expenses during 2023 as compared to 2022.
Net Investment Income
Net investment income was $74.6 million, $65.1 million, and $46.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.
Net investment income increased by $9.5 million, or 14.6%, during fiscal 2024 as compared to fiscal 2023, as a result of the $16.0 million increase in total investment income, partially offset by the $6.5 million increase in total expenses, including the base management fee waiver and income tax provision.
Net investment income increased by $18.6 million, or 39.9%, during fiscal 2023 as compared to fiscal 2022, as a result of the $36.0 million increase in total investment income, partially offset by the $17.4 million increase in total expenses, including the base management fee waiver and income tax provision.
Net Gain (Loss) on Investments
For the year ended December 31, 2024, the total net realized gain/(loss) on investments, before income tax (provision)/benefit, was $11.6 million. Income tax (provision)/benefit from realized gains on investments was $(1.5) million for the year ended December 31, 2024. We realize a gain/(loss) on our equity investments primarily when we either sell our equity investment or the underlying portfolio company is sold. Significant realized gains (losses) for the year ended December 31, 2024 are summarized below (dollars in millions):
Net Realized
Portfolio Company
Realization Event (1)
Gains (Losses)
Applied Data Corporation
Exit of portfolio company
$
1.6
Power Grid Components, Inc.
Escrow distribution
0.2
Comply365, LLC
Exit of portfolio company
(0.1
)
Frontline Food Services, LLC
(f/k/a Accent Food Services, LLC)
Escrow distribution
1.3
LifeSpan Biosciences, Inc.
Sale of portfolio company
(0.4
)
Virginia Tile Company, LLC
Sale of portfolio company
1.2
Pool & Electrical Products, LLC
Exit of portfolio company
8.9
Rhino Assembly Company, LLC
Sale of portfolio company
(0.1
)
Magenta Buyer LLC (dba Trellix)
Exit of portfolio company
(5.3
)
Gurobi Optimization, LLC
Exit of portfolio company
5.0
Mirage Trailers LLC
Escrow distribution
0.1
Sonicwall US Holdings, Inc.
Exit of portfolio company
(0.1
)
Xeeva, Inc.
Escrow receivable reduction
(0.2
)
BurgerFi International, LLC (dba BurgerFi)
Exit of portfolio company
(0.5
)
Net realized gain (loss) on investments
11.6
Income tax (provision) benefit from realized gains on investments
(1.5
)
Net realized gain (loss), net of income tax provision, on investments
$
10.1
(1) As it relates to realization events, we define an 'exit' of a portfolio company as situations where we have completely exited our position in all of the portfolio company's securities and no longer carry the portfolio company on our consolidated schedule of investments. We define a 'sale' of a portfolio company, distinguished from an exit, as situations where the underlying operations of a portfolio company have been sold, but where we retain a residual ownership interest in the legacy entity (we generally distinguish these residual portfolio company investments from 'active' portfolio company investments). We define a 'partial sale' of a portfolio company, as situations where the underlying operations of a portfolio company have been sold, but where we retain a residual ownership interest in the new acquiring entity.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, the total net realized gain/(loss) on investments, before income tax (provision)/benefit was $24.1 million. Income tax (provision)/benefit from realized gains on investments was $(1.7) million for the year ended December 31, 2023. We realize a gain/(loss) on our equity investments primarily when we either sell our equity investment or the underlying portfolio company is sold. Significant realized gains (losses) for the year ended December 31, 2023 are summarized below (dollars in millions):
Net Realized
Portfolio Company
Realization Event (1)
Gains (Losses)
The Tranzonic Companies
Escrow distribution
$
0.1
Rhino Assembly Company, LLC
Exit of portfolio company
2.8
ECM Industries, LLC
Exit of portfolio company
2.7
Frontline Food Services, LLC
(f/k/a Accent Food Services, LLC)
Escrow distribution
0.5
EBL, LLC (EbLens)
Exit of portfolio company
(11.5
)
FAR Research Inc.
Escrow distribution
0.1
Ipro Tech, LLC
Exit of portfolio company
0.4
Hallmark Health Care Solutions, Inc.
Partial sale of equity investment
9.2
K2 Merger Agreement Agent, LLC (fka K2 Industrial Services, Inc.)
Exit of portfolio company
(0.8
)
NGT Acquisition Holdings, LLC (dba Techniks Industries)
Exit of portfolio company
(0.4
)
Power Grid Components, Inc.
Exit of portfolio company
9.4
Road Safety Services, Inc.
Exit of portfolio company
3.9
Mirage Trailers LLC
Escrow distribution
0.4
Aeronix Inc.
Exit of portfolio company
4.9
Comply365, LLC
Partial sale of equity investment
2.2
Oaktree Medical Centre, P.C. (dba Pain Management Associates)
Escrow distribution
0.2
Net realized gain (loss) on investments
24.1
Income tax (provision) benefit from realized gains on investments
(1.7
)
Net realized gain (loss), net of income tax provision, on investments
$
22.4
(1) As it relates to realization events, we define an 'exit' of a portfolio company as situations where we have completely exited our position in all of the portfolio company's securities and no longer carry the portfolio company on our consolidated schedule of investments. We define a 'sale' of a portfolio company, distinguished from an exit, as situations where the underlying operations of a portfolio company have been sold, but where we retain a residual ownership interest in the legacy entity (we generally distinguish these residual portfolio company investments from 'active' portfolio company investments). We define a 'partial sale' of a portfolio company, as situations where the underlying operations of a portfolio company have been sold, but where we retain a residual ownership interest in the new acquiring entity.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, the total net realized gain/(loss) on investments, before income tax (provision)/benefit was $65.6 million. Income tax (provision)/benefit from realized gains on investments was $(1.8) million for the year ended December 31, 2022. We realize a gain/(loss) on our equity investments primarily when we either sell our equity investment or the underlying portfolio company is sold. Significant realized gains (losses) for the year ended December 31, 2022 are summarized below (dollars in millions):
Net Realized
Portfolio Company
Realization Event (1)
Gains (Losses)
Pfanstiehl, Inc.
Partial sale of equity investment
24.3
Pinnergy, Ltd.
Sale of equity investment
15.3
SES Investors, LLC (dba SES Foam)
Exit of portfolio company
9.0
SpendMend LLC
Exit of portfolio company
6.3
Bandon Fitness (Texas), Inc.
Exit of portfolio company
3.2
TransGo, LLC
Exit of portfolio company
1.9
Palisade Company, LLC
Exit of portfolio company
1.9
Midwest Transit Equipment, Inc.
Exit of portfolio company
1.5
The Tranzonic Companies
Exit of portfolio company
1.4
AVC Investors, LLC (dba Auveco)
Exit of portfolio company
0.8
OMC Investors, LLC (dba Ohio Medical Corporation)
Exit of portfolio company
0.7
CRS Solutions Holdings, LLC (dba CRS Texas)
Sale of portfolio company
0.4
Mirage Trailers LLC
Exit of portfolio company
0.3
Frontline Food Services, LLC
(f/k/a Accent Food Services, LLC)
Exit of portfolio company
0.2
FDS Avionics Corp.
Escrow liability release
0.2
Mesa Line Services, LLC
Exit of portfolio company
0.2
Revenue Management Solutions, LLC
Exit of portfolio company
0.1
Pool & Electrical Products, LLC
Escrow distribution
0.1
Spectra A&D Acquisition, Inc. (fka FDS Avionics Corp.)
Escrow distribution
(0.1
)
Hilco Plastics Holdings, LLC (dba Hilco Technologies)
Exit of portfolio company
(0.4
)
Xeeva, Inc.
Exit of portfolio company
(1.7
)
Net realized gain (loss) on investments
65.6
Income tax (provision) benefit from realized gains on investments
(1.8
)
Net realized gain (loss), net of income tax provision, on investments
$
63.8
(1) As it relates to realization events, we define an 'exit' of a portfolio company as situations where we have completely exited our position in all of the portfolio company's securities and no longer carry the portfolio company on our consolidated schedule of investments. We define a 'sale' of a portfolio company, distinguished from an exit, as situations where the underlying operations of a portfolio company have been sold, but where we retain a residual ownership interest in the legacy entity (we generally distinguish these residual portfolio company investments from 'active' portfolio company investments). We define a 'partial sale' of a portfolio company, as situations where the underlying operations of a portfolio company have been sold, but where we retain a residual ownership interest in the new acquiring entity.
During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, we recorded a net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments attributable to the following (dollars in millions):
Year Ended December 31,
Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation)
Exit, sale or restructuring of investments
$
(9.5
)
$
(7.5
)
$
(60.1
)
Fair value adjustments to debt investments
(15.4
)
(10.5
)
(20.8
)
Fair value adjustments to equity investments
19.0
7.6
15.2
Net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation)
$
(5.9
)
$
(10.4
)
$
(65.7
)
Net Increase in Net Assets Resulting From Operations
Net increase in net assets resulting from operations was $78.3 million, $77.1 million, and $35.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively, as a result of the events described above.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of December 31, 2024, we had $57.2 million in cash and cash equivalents and our net assets totaled $655.7 million. We believe that our current cash and cash equivalents on hand, our Credit Facility, our continued access to SBA-guaranteed debentures, and our anticipated cash flows from investments will provide adequate capital resources with which to operate and finance our investment business and make distributions to our stockholders for at least the next 12 months. We intend to generate additional cash primarily from the future offerings of debt and equity securities (including the ATM Program) and future borrowings, as well as cash flows from operations, including income earned from investments in our portfolio companies. On both a short-term and long-term basis, our primary use of funds will be investments in portfolio companies and cash distributions to our stockholders. In light of current market conditions, we will continually evaluate our overall liquidity position and take proactive steps to maintain that position based on the current circumstances. This "Financial Liquidity and Capital Resources" section should be read in conjunction with the notes of our consolidated financial statements.
Cash Flows
For the year ended December 31, 2024, we experienced a net decrease in cash and cash equivalents in the amount of $62.0 million. During that period, we used $55.3 million of cash from operating activities, which included proceeds received from sales and repayments of investments of $276.9 million, which were offset by the funding of $394.5 million of investments. During the same period, we received net proceeds from the ATM Program of $66.3 million and net borrowings of $45.0 million under our Credit Facility, made repayments of SBA debentures of $35.0 million relating to Fund II, paid cash dividends to stockholders of $78.4 million, received repayments of $2.2 million on our secured borrowings, and the payment of deferred financing costs related to our debt financings of $2.4 million.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, we experienced a net increase in cash and cash equivalents in the amount of $56.7 million. During that period, we used $29.5 million of cash from operating activities, which included proceeds received from sales and repayments of investments of $258.9 million, which were offset by the funding of $336.7 million of investments. During the same period, we received net proceeds from the ATM Program of $110.3 million and proceeds from the issuances of SBA debentures of $62.0 million, which were partially offset by repayments of SBA debentures of $5.0 million, cash dividends paid to stockholders of $78.3 million, and the payment of deferred financing costs related to our debt financings of $1.8 million.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, we experienced a net decrease in cash and cash equivalents in the amount of $107.1 million. During that period, we used $105.5 million of cash from operating activities, which included proceeds received from sales and repayments of investments of $194.0 million, which were offset by the funding of $333.8 million of investments. During the same period, we received net proceeds from the ATM Program of $5.8 million and proceeds from the issuances of SBA debentures of $76.0 million, which we partially offset by repayments of SBA debentures of $30.0 million, cash dividends paid to stockholders of $49.1 million, and the payment of deferred financing costs related to our debt financings of $3.5 million.
Capital Resources
We anticipate that we will continue to fund our investment activities on a long-term basis through a combination of additional debt and equity capital.
SBA Debentures
Each of Fund III and Fund IV is licensed to operate as an SBIC, and has the ability to issue debentures guaranteed by the SBA at favorable interest rates. Under the SBA regulations, an SBIC can have outstanding at any time debentures guaranteed by the SBA in an amount up to twice its regulatory capital. The SBA regulations currently limit the amount that is available to be borrowed by any SBIC and guaranteed by the SBA to 300.0% of an SBIC’s regulatory capital or $175.0 million, whichever is less. For two or more SBICs under common control, the maximum amount of outstanding SBA debentures cannot exceed $350.0 million. The SBA may limit the amount that may be drawn each year under the SBA debenture commitments, and each issuance of leverage is conditioned on SBIC's full compliance, as determined by the SBA, with the terms and conditions under SBA regulations. SBA debentures have fixed interest rates that approximate prevailing 10-year Treasury Note rates plus a spread and have a maturity of ten years with interest payable semi-annually. The principal amount of the SBA debentures is not required to be paid before maturity but may be pre-paid at any time. Fund II has completed a wind-down plan, relinquished its SBIC license and can no longer issue additional SBA debentures, effective as of March 7, 2024. On September 30, 2024, Fund IV received a license to operate as a SBIC. As of December 31, 2024, Fund III had a total leverage commitment from the SBA of $175.0 million, of which all are outstanding, and Fund IV had a total leverage commitment from the SBA of $175.0 million, of which none is outstanding. Subject to SBA regulatory requirements and approval of SBA debenture commitments, we may access up to $175.0 million of additional SBA debentures under the SBIC debenture program. For more information on the SBA debentures, please refer to Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements.
Credit Facility
On June 16, 2014, we entered into a senior secured revolving credit agreement (the "Credit Agreement" and the senior secured revolving credit facility, the “Credit Facility”) with ING Capital LLC (“ING”), as the administrative agent, collateral agent, and lender. The Credit Facility is secured by certain portfolio investments held by us, but portfolio investments held by the SBIC Funds are not collateral for the Credit Facility. On April 24, 2019, we entered into an Amended & Restated Senior Secured Revolving Credit Agreement (the “Amended Credit Agreement”) among us, as borrower, the lenders party thereto, and ING, as administrative agent. On June 26, 2020, we entered into an amendment to the Amended Credit Agreement that, among other changes, modified certain financial covenants. On August 17, 2022, the Company entered into a second amendment to the Amended Credit Agreement (“Second Amendment”). The Second Amendment, among other things: (i) changed the underlying benchmark used to compute interest under the Amended Credit Agreement to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) from the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR); (ii) reduced the applicable margin from 3.00% to 2.675% on SOFR loans prior to satisfying certain step-down conditions, and from 2.675% to 2.50% after satisfying certain step-down conditions, with commensurate reductions in the applicable margins for base rate loans; (iii) provided for a loan commitment availability period ending on August 17, 2026; (iv) extended the maturity date to August 17, 2027 from April 24, 2023; and (v) amended certain financial covenants, including (a) amending the asset coverage ratio to no less than 1.50 to 1.00 from no less than 2.00 to 1.00 (on a regulatory basis); and (b) requiring the Company to maintain a senior asset coverage ratio of no less than 2.00 to 1.00. On July 25, 2024, the Company entered into an incremental commitment agreement that increased the Credit Facility total commitment from $100.0 million to $140.0 million.
We pay a commitment fee that varies depending on the size of the unused portion of the Credit Facility: 2.500% to 2.675% per annum on the unused portion of the Credit Facility at or below 35% of the commitments and 0.50% per annum on any remaining unused portion of the Credit Facility between the total commitments and the 35% minimum utilization. The Credit Facility is secured by a first priority security interest in all of our assets, excluding the assets of our SBIC subsidiaries.
Amounts available to borrow under the Credit Facility are subject to a minimum borrowing/collateral base that applies an advance rate to certain investments held by us, excluding investments held by the SBIC Funds. We are subject to limitations with respect to the investments securing the Credit Facility, including, but not limited to, restrictions on sector concentrations, loan size, payment frequency and status and collateral interests, as well as restrictions on portfolio company leverage, which may also affect the borrowing base and therefore amounts available to borrow.
We have made customary representations and warranties and we are required to comply with various covenants, reporting requirements and other customary requirements for similar credit facilities. These covenants are subject to important limitations and exceptions that are described in the documents governing the Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2024, we were in compliance in all material respects with the terms of the Credit Agreement and there were no borrowings outstanding under the Credit Facility.
Notes
On December 23, 2020, we closed the offering of $125.0 million in aggregate principal amount of our 4.75% notes due 2026, or the “January 2026 Notes”. The total net proceeds to us from the January 2026 Notes, based on a public offering price of 100.00% of par, after deducting underwriting discounts of $2.5 million and offering expenses of $0.4 million, were $122.1 million. The January 2026 Notes will mature on January 31, 2026 and bear interest at a rate of 4.75%. The January 2026 Notes may be redeemed in whole or in part at any time or from time to time at our option subject to a make whole provision if redeemed before October 31, 2025 (the date falling three months prior to maturity) and at par thereafter. Interest on the January 2026 Notes is payable on January 31 and July 31 of each year. We do not intend to list the January 2026 Notes on any securities exchange or automated dealer quotation system. As of December 31, 2024, the outstanding principal balance of the January 2026 Notes was $125.0 million.
On October 8, 2021, we closed the offering of $125.0 million in aggregate principal amount of our 3.50% notes due 2026, or the “November 2026 Notes” (collectively with the January 2026 Notes, the “Notes”). The total net proceeds to us from the November 2026 Notes, based on a public offering price of 99.996% of par, after deducting underwriting discounts of $2.5 million and offering expenses of $0.3 million, were $122.2 million. The November 2026 Notes will mature on November 15, 2026 and bear interest at a rate of 3.50%. The November 2026 Notes may be redeemed in whole or in part at any time or from time to time at our option subject to a make whole provision if redeemed before August 15, 2026 (the date falling three months prior to maturity) and at par thereafter. Interest on the November 2026 Notes is payable on May 15 and November 15 of each year. We do not intend to list the November 2026 Notes on any securities exchange or automated dealer quotation system. As of December 31, 2024, the outstanding principal balance of the November 2026 Notes was $125.0 million.
Each of the Notes are unsecured obligations and rank pari passu with our existing and future unsecured indebtedness; effectively subordinated to all of our existing and future secured indebtedness; and structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness and other obligations of any of our subsidiaries, financing vehicles, or similar facilities we may form in the future, with respect to claims on the assets of any such subsidiaries, financing vehicles, or similar facilities, including the Credit Facility.
Secured Borrowing
As of December 31, 2024, the carrying value of secured borrowings totaled $13.7 million and the fair value of the associated loans included in investments was $13.5 million. As of December 31, 2023, carrying value of secured borrowings totaled $15.9 million and the fair value of the associated loans included in investments was $15.8 million. These secured borrowings were created as a result of our completion of partial loan sales of certain unitranche loan assets that did not meet the definition of a “participating interest” as defined in ASC 860 (see Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies - Partial loan and equity sales” for more information). As a result, sale treatment was not permitted and these partial loan sales were treated as secured borrowings. The weighted average interest rate on our secured borrowings was approximately 8.568% and 9.407% as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
As of December 31, 2024, the weighted average stated interest rates for our SBA debentures and the Notes were 4.316% and 4.125%, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, we had $95.0 million of unutilized commitment under our Credit Facility and we were subject to a 0.592% fee on such amount. As of December 31, 2024, the weighted average stated interest rate on total debt outstanding was 4.599%.
As a BDC, we are generally required to meet an asset coverage ratio of at least 150% (defined as the ratio which the value of our consolidated total assets, less all consolidated liabilities and indebtedness not represented by senior securities, bears to the aggregate amount of senior securities representing indebtedness), which includes borrowings and any preferred stock we may issue in the future. This requirement limits the amount that we may borrow. On April 29, 2019, our Board, including a majority of the non-interested directors, approved a minimum asset coverage ratio of 150% under Sections 18(a)(1) and 18(a)(2) of the 1940 Act, effective as of April 29, 2020. We also have received exemptive relief from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) to allow us to exclude the senior securities issued by the SBIC Funds and any future SBIC subsidiary from the definition of senior securities in the 150% asset coverage requirement applicable to the Company under the 1940 Act, which, in turn, will enable us to fund more investments with debt capital.
As a BDC, we are generally not permitted to issue and sell our common stock at a price below net asset value per share. We may, however, sell our common stock, or warrants, options or rights to acquire our common stock, at a price below the then-current net asset value per share of our common stock if the Board, including the independent directors, determines that such sale is in the best interests of us and our stockholders, and if our stockholders approve such sale. On June 12, 2024, our stockholders approved a proposal to authorize us to sell or otherwise issue common stock at a price below net asset value per share for a period of one year ending on the earlier of June 12, 2025 or the date of our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Our stockholders specified that the cumulative number of shares sold pursuant to such authority during such period may not exceed 25% of our then outstanding common stock immediately prior to each such sale.
Equity ATM Program
On November 10, 2022, the Company established the at-the-market program (the “ATM Program”), pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell, from time to time through Raymond James & Associates, Inc. and B. Riley Securities, Inc., each as sales agents, shares of the Company's common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $50.0 million. On August 11, 2023, the Company increased the maximum amount of shares to be sold through the ATM Program to $150.0 million from $50.0 million. On February 29, 2024, the Company increased the maximum amount of shares to be sold through the ATM Program to $300.0 million from $150.0 million. Cumulative to date, the Company has sold 9,364,244 shares of common stock under the ATM Program at a weighted-average price of $19.75, raising $185.0 million of gross proceeds. Net proceeds were $182.5 million after commissions to the sales agents on sales sold. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $115.0 million available under the ATM Program.
Stock Repurchase Program
We have an open market stock repurchase program (the “Stock Repurchase Program”) under which we may acquire up to $5.0 million of our outstanding common stock. Under the Stock Repurchase Program, we may, but are not obligated to, repurchase outstanding common stock in the open market from time to time provided that we comply with the prohibitions under our insider trading policies and the requirements of Rule 10b-18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, including certain price, market value and timing constraints. The timing, manner, price and amount of any share repurchases will be determined by our management, in its discretion, based upon the evaluation of economic and market conditions, stock price, capital availability, applicable legal and regulatory requirements and other corporate considerations. On October 28, 2024, the Board extended the Stock Repurchase Program through December 31, 2025, or until the approved dollar amount has been used to repurchase shares. The Stock Repurchase Program does not require us to repurchase any specific number of shares and we cannot assure that any shares will be repurchased under the Stock Repurchase Program. The Stock Repurchase Program may be suspended, extended, modified or discontinued at any time. We did not make any repurchases of common stock during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022. Refer to Note 8 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information concerning stock repurchases.
Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions affecting amounts reported in the financial statements. We have identified investment valuation, revenue recognition, and transfers of financial assets as our most critical accounting policies and estimates. We continuously evaluate our policies and estimates, including those related to the matters described below. These estimates are based on the information that is currently available to us and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates under different assumptions or conditions. A discussion of our critical accounting policies relating to investment valuations and transfers of financial assets are set forth below. See Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies to our consolidated financial statements for more information regarding our critical accounting policies relating to revenue recognition.
Valuation of Portfolio Investments
As a BDC, we report our assets and liabilities at fair value at all times consistent with GAAP and the 1940 Act. Accordingly, we are required to periodically determine the fair value of all of our portfolio investments.
Our investments generally consist of illiquid securities including debt and equity investments in lower middle-market companies. Investments for which market quotations are readily available are valued at such market quotations. Because we expect that there will not be a readily available market for substantially all of the investments in our portfolio, we value substantially all of our portfolio investments at fair value as determined in good faith by our board of directors using a documented valuation policy and consistently applied valuation process. Due to the inherent uncertainty of determining the fair value of investments that do not have a readily available market quotation, the fair value of our investments may differ significantly from the values that would have been used had a readily available market quotation existed for such investments, and the difference could be material.
With respect to investments for which market quotations are not readily available, our board of directors undertakes a multi-step valuation process each quarter, as described below:
•
our quarterly valuation process begins with each portfolio company or investment being initially evaluated and rated by the investment professionals of the Investment Advisor responsible for the portfolio investment;
•
preliminary valuation conclusions are then documented and discussed with the investment committee of the Investment Advisor;
•
our board of directors engages one or more independent valuation firm(s) to conduct independent appraisals of a selection of our portfolio investments for which market quotations are not readily available. Each portfolio company investment is generally appraised by the valuation firm(s) at least once every calendar year and each new portfolio company investment is appraised at least once in the twelve-month period following the initial investment. In certain instances, we may determine that it is not cost-effective, and as a result it is not in our stockholders’ best interest, to request the independent
appraisal of certain portfolio company investments. Such instances include, but are not limited to, situations where we determine that the fair value of the portfolio company investment is relatively insignificant to the fair value of the total portfolio;
•
the audit committee of the Board reviews the preliminary valuations of the Investment Advisor and of the independent valuation firm(s) and responds and supplements the valuation recommendations to reflect any comments; and
•
our board of directors discusses the valuations and determines the fair value of each investment in our portfolio in good faith, based on the input of the Investment Advisor, the independent valuation firm(s) and the audit committee.
In making the good faith determination of the value of portfolio investments, we start with the cost basis of the security. The transaction price is typically the best estimate of fair value at inception. When evidence supports a subsequent change to the carrying value from the original transaction price, adjustments are made to reflect the expected exit values.
Our Board consulted with the independent third-party valuation firm(s) in arriving at our determination of fair value for 21 and 18 of our portfolio company investments representing 27.5% and 29.9% of the total portfolio investments at fair value (exclusive of new portfolio company investments made during the three months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively;
Consistent with the policies and methodologies adopted by the Board, we perform detailed valuations of our debt and equity investments, including an analysis on the Company’s unfunded debt investment commitments, using both the market and income approaches as appropriate. Under the market approach, we typically use the enterprise value methodology to determine the fair value of an investment. There is no one methodology to estimate enterprise value and, in fact, for any one portfolio company, enterprise value is generally best expressed as a range of values, from which we derive a single estimate of enterprise value. Under the income approach, we typically prepare and analyze discounted cash flow models to estimate the present value of future cash flows of either an individual debt investment or of the underlying portfolio company itself.
We evaluate investments in portfolio companies using the most recent portfolio company financial statements and forecasts. We also consult with the portfolio company’s senior management to obtain further updates on the portfolio company’s performance, including information such as industry trends, new product development and other operational issues.
For our debt investments, the primary valuation technique used to estimate the fair value is the discounted cash flow method. However, if there is deterioration in credit quality or a debt investment is in workout status, we may consider other methods in determining the fair value, including the value attributable to the debt investment from the enterprise value of the portfolio company or the proceeds that would be received in a liquidation analysis. Our discounted cash flow models estimate a range of fair values by applying an appropriate discount rate to the future cash flow streams of our debt investments, based on future interest and principal payments as set forth in the associated debt investment agreements. We prepare a weighted average cost of capital for use in the discounted cash flow model for each investment, based on factors including, but not limited to: current pricing and credit metrics for similar proposed or executed investment transactions of private companies; the portfolio company’s historical financial results and outlook; and the portfolio company’s current leverage and credit quality as compared to leverage and credit quality as of the date the investment was made. We may also consider the following factors when determining the fair value of debt investments: the portfolio company’s ability to make future scheduled payments; prepayment penalties and other fees; estimated remaining life; the nature and realizable value of any collateral securing such debt investment; and changes in the interest rate environment and the credit markets that generally may affect the price at which similar investments may be made. We estimate the remaining life of our debt investments to generally be the legal maturity date of the instrument, as we generally intend to hold debt investments to maturity. However, if we have information available to us that the debt investment is expected to be repaid in the near term, we would use an estimated remaining life based on the expected repayment date.
For our equity investments, including equity securities and warrants, we generally use a market approach, including valuation methodologies consistent with industry practice, to estimate the enterprise value of portfolio companies. Typically, the enterprise value of a private company is based on multiples of EBITDA, net income, revenues, or in limited cases, book value. In estimating the enterprise value of a portfolio company, we analyze various factors consistent with industry practice, including but not limited to original transaction multiples, the portfolio company’s historical and projected financial results, applicable market trading and transaction comparables, applicable market yields and leverage levels, the nature and realizable value of any collateral, the markets in which the portfolio company does business, and comparisons of financial ratios of peer companies that are public.
We may also utilize an income approach when estimating the fair value of our equity investments, either as a primary methodology if consistent with industry practice or if the market approach is otherwise not applicable, or as a supporting methodology to corroborate the fair value ranges determined by the market approach. We typically prepare and analyze discounted cash flow models based on projections of the future free cash flows (or earnings) of the portfolio company. We consider various factors, including but not limited to the portfolio company’s projected financial results, applicable market trading and transaction comparables, applicable market yields and leverage levels, the markets in which the portfolio company does business, and comparisons of financial ratios of peer companies that are public.
Determination of fair value involves subjective judgments and estimates. Accordingly, the notes to our consolidated financial statements express the uncertainties with respect to the possible effect of such valuations, and any changes in such valuations, on the consolidated financial statements.
Revenue Recognition
Investments and related investment income. Realized gains or losses on investments are recorded upon the sale or disposition of a portfolio investment and are calculated as the difference between the net proceeds from the sale or disposition and the cost basis of the investment, without regard to unrealized appreciation or depreciation previously recognized. Net change in unrealized appreciation or depreciation on the consolidated statements of operations includes changes in the fair value of investments from the prior period, as determined by the Board through the application of our valuation policy, as well as reclassifications of any prior period unrealized appreciation or depreciation on exited investments to realized gains or losses on investments.
Interest and dividend income. Interest and dividend income are recorded on the accrual basis to the extent that we expect to collect such amounts. Interest is accrued daily based on the outstanding principal amount and the contractual terms of the debt. Dividend income is recorded as dividends are declared or at the point an obligation exists for the portfolio company to make a distribution, and is generally recognized when received. Distributions from portfolio companies are evaluated to determine if the distribution is a distribution of earnings or a return of capital. Distributions of earnings are included in dividend income while a return of capital is recorded as a reduction in the cost basis of the investment. Estimates are adjusted as necessary after the relevant tax forms are received from the portfolio company.
PIK income. Certain of our investments contain a PIK income provision. The PIK income, computed at the contractual rate specified in the applicable investment agreement, is added to the principal balance of the investment, rather than being paid in cash, and recorded as interest or dividend income, as applicable, on the consolidated statements of operations. Generally, PIK can be paid-in-kind or all in cash. We stop accruing PIK income when there is reasonable doubt that PIK income will be collected. PIK income that has been contractually capitalized to the principal balance of the investment prior to the non-accrual designation date is not reserved against interest or dividend income, but rather is assessed through the valuation of the investment (with corresponding adjustments to unrealized depreciation, as applicable). PIK income is included in our taxable income and, therefore, affects the amount we are required to pay to our stockholders in the form of dividends in order to maintain our tax treatment as a RIC, even though we have not yet collected the cash.
Non-accrual. Debt investments or preferred equity investments (for which we are accruing PIK dividends) are placed on non-accrual status when principal, interest or dividend payments become materially past due, or when there is reasonable doubt that principal, interest or dividends will be collected. Any original issue discount and market discount are no longer accreted to interest income as of the date the loan is placed on full non-accrual status. Interest and dividend payments received on non-accrual investments may be recognized as interest or dividend income or applied to the investment principal balance based on management’s judgment. Non-accrual investments are restored to accrual status when past due principal, interest or dividends are paid and, in management’s judgment, are likely to remain current.
Warrants. In connection with our debt investments, we will sometimes receive warrants or other equity-related securities (Warrants). We determine the cost basis of Warrants based upon their respective fair values on the date of receipt in proportion to the total fair value of the debt and Warrants received. Any resulting difference between the face amount of the debt and its recorded fair value resulting from the assignment of value to the Warrants is treated as OID and accreted into interest income using the effective interest method over the term of the debt investment. Upon the prepayment of a debt investment, any unaccreted OID is accelerated into interest income.
Fee income. All transaction fees earned in connection with our investments are recognized as fee income and are generally non-recurring. Such fees typically include fees for services, including structuring and advisory services, provided to portfolio companies. We recognize income from fees for providing such structuring and advisory services when the services are rendered or the transactions are completed. Upon the prepayment of a debt investment, any prepayment penalties are recorded as fee income when earned.
We also typically receive debt investment origination or closing fees in connection with investments. Such debt investment origination and closing fees are capitalized as unearned income and offset against investment cost basis on our consolidated statements of assets and liabilities and accreted into interest income over the term of the investment. Upon the prepayment of a debt investment, any unaccreted debt investment origination and closing fees are accelerated into interest income.
Transfers of Financial Assets
Partial loan and equity sales. We follow the guidance in ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing, when accounting for loan (debt investment) participations, equity assignments and other partial loan sales. Such guidance requires a participation, assignment or other partial loan or equity sale to meet the definition of a “participating interest,” as defined in the guidance, in order for sale treatment to be allowed. Participations, assignments or other partial loan or equity sales which do not meet the definition of a participating interest should remain on our consolidated statements of assets and liabilities and the proceeds recorded as a secured borrowing until the definition is met.
Recently Issued Accounting Standard
In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2023-09, “Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (Topic 740),” which requires disclosure of additional information pertaining to income taxes. Such changes include disclosing i) a reconciliation of the effective tax rate to statutory rate for federal, state, and foreign income taxes and ii) taxes paid (net of refunds received) should be disaggregated for federal, state and foreign taxes. The guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2024. We are currently evaluating the impact this ASU will have on our consolidated financial position or disclosures, but we do not expect the impact to be material.
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (“ASU 2023-07”), which enhances disclosure requirements about significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to CODM”). ASU 2023-07, among other things, (i) requires a single segment public entity to provide all of the disclosures as required by ASC 280, (ii) requires a public entity to disclose the title and position of the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources and (iii) provides the ability for a public entity to elect more than one performance measure. ASU 2023-07 is effective for the fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods beginning with the first quarter ended March 31, 2025. Early adoption is permitted and retrospective adoption is required for all prior periods presented. We have adopted ASU 2023-07 effective December 31, 2024 and concluded that the application of this guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Related Party Transactions
We have entered into a number of business relationships with affiliated or related parties, including the following:
•
We have entered into the Investment Advisory Agreement with Fidus Investment Advisors, LLC, as our investment advisor. Pursuant to the Investment Advisory Agreement, our investment advisor manages our day-to-day operating and investing activities. We pay our investment advisor a fee for its services under the Investment Advisory Agreement consisting of two components - a base management fee and an incentive fee. See Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements. The Investment Advisor, in consultation with the Board, agreed to voluntarily waive $0.3 million, $0.3 million, and $0.3 million of the base management fees on any assets accounted for as secured borrowings as defined under GAAP for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 respectively.
•
Fidus Group Holdings, LLC (“Holdings”), a limited liability company organized under the laws of Delaware, is the parent company of Fidus Investment Advisors. Edward H. Ross, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, and Thomas C. Lauer, our President, are managers of Holdings.
•
We entered into the Administration Agreement with Fidus Investment Advisors, LLC to provide us with the office facilities and administrative services necessary to conduct day-to-day operations. See Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements.
•
We entered into a license agreement with Fidus Partners, LLC, pursuant to which Fidus Partners, LLC has granted us a non-exclusive, royalty-free license to use the name “Fidus.”
In connection with the IPO and our election to be regulated as a BDC, we applied for and received exemptive relief from the SEC on March 27, 2012 to allow us to take certain actions that would otherwise be prohibited by the 1940 Act, as applicable to BDCs. Effective June 30, 2014, pursuant to exemptive relief from the SEC, we are permitted to exclude the senior securities issued by the SBIC Funds and any future SBIC subsidiary from the definition of senior securities in the asset coverage requirement applicable to the Company under the 1940 Act.
While we may co-invest with investment entities managed by the Investment Advisor or its affiliates, to the extent permitted by the 1940 Act and the rules and regulations thereunder, the 1940 Act imposes significant limits on co-investment. Our Investment Advisor and its affiliates has received an exemptive order that expands our ability to co-invest in portfolio companies with other funds managed by the Investment Advisor or its affiliates (“Affiliated Funds”) in a manner consistent with our investment objective, positions, policies, strategies and restrictions as well as regulatory requirements and other pertinent factors, subject to compliance with certain conditions (the “Order”). Pursuant to the Order, we are permitted to co-invest with our affiliates if a “required majority” (as defined in Section 57(o) of the 1940 Act) of the Independent Directors make certain conclusions in connection with a co-investment transaction, including that (1) the terms of the transactions, including the consideration to be paid, are reasonable and fair to us and our stockholders and do not involve overreaching by us or our stockholders on the part of any person concerned, and (2) the transaction is consistent with the interests of our stockholders and is consistent with our investment objective and strategies. However, neither we nor our affiliates are obligated to invest or co-invest when investment opportunities are referred to us or them.
In addition, we and our Investment Advisor have each adopted a joint code of ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act that governs the conduct of our and the Investment Advisor’s officers, directors and employees. Additionally, the Investment Advisor has adopted a code of ethics pursuant to Rule 204A-1 under the Advisers Act of 1940, as amended, and in accordance with Rule 17j-1(c) under the 1940 Act. We have also adopted a code of business conduct that is applicable to all officers, directors and employees of Fidus and our Investment Advisor. Our officers and directors also remain subject to the duties imposed by both the 1940 Act and the Maryland General Corporation Law.
Recent Developments
On January 6, 2025, we invested $15.0 million in first lien debt and $0.8 million in common equity of Customer Expressions Corp. (dba Case IQ), a leading of SaaS-based Governance, Risk and Compliance (GRC) solutions to mid-size and large enterprises.
On January 7, 2025, we invested $19.0 million in first lien debt, $0.4 million in common equity, and committed up to $2.3 million in a revolving loan to Onsight Industries, LLC, a leading provider of customized signs & displays, mailbox solutions, and site furnishings for the home builder and land developer industries.
On January 14, 2025, we exited our preferred equity investment in Healthfuse, LLC. We received a distribution on our preferred equity investment for a realized gain of approximately $3.2 million.
On January 24, 2025, we received a distribution on our equity investments in Medsurant Holdings, LLC, resulting in a net realized gain of approximately $8.2 million.
On February 5, 2025, we invested $14.0 million in first lien debt, $0.5 million in common equity, $0.1 million in preferred equity, and committed up to $2.0 million in a revolving loan to Fraser Steel LLC, a designer and manufacturer of steel tubular parts and assemblies for OEM customers used in a wide range of applications.
On February 6, 2025, we issued an additional $5.0 million in SBA debentures, which will bear interest at a fixed interim interest rate of 5.207% until the pooling date in March 2025.
On February 13, 2025, we issued an additional $14.5 million in SBA debentures, which will bear interest at a fixed interim interest rate of 5.217% until the pooling date in March 2025.
On February 18, 2025, our Board declared a regular quarterly dividend of $0.43 per share and a supplemental dividend of $0.11 per share payable March 27, 2025, to stockholders of record as of March 20, 2025.
On February 27, 2025, we repaid $12.5 million of SBA debentures with a weighted average interest rate of 5.755% which would have matured on dates ranging from March 2032 to September 2033.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
We are subject to financial market risks, including changes in interest rates. Changes in interest rates affect both our cost of funding and the valuation of our investment portfolio. Uncertainty with respect to elevated interest rates, inflationary pressures, the Russia-Ukraine war and the conflicts in the Middle East, the potential for increased tariffs and trade barriers and the failure of financial institutions introduced significant volatility in the financial markets, and the effects of this volatility has materially impacted and could continue to materially impact our market risks. Our risk management systems and procedures are designed to identify and analyze our risk, to set appropriate policies and limits and to continually monitor these risks and limits by means of reliable administrative and information systems and other policies and programs. The prices of securities held by us may decline in response to certain events, including those directly involving the companies in which we invest and conditions affecting the general economy, including: overall market changes, including an increase in market volatility; legislative reform; local, regional, national or global political, social or economic instability; and interest rate volatility.
In the future, our investment income may also be affected by changes in various interest rates, including SOFR and prime rates, to the extent of any debt investments that include floating interest rates. Following a period of elevated interest rates to address inflation concerns, in the third quarter of 2024, the Federal Reserve cut rates for the first time since March 2020 and, most recently, cut rates in the fourth quarter of 2024. The Federal Reserve has indicated that there may be additional rate cuts in the future; however, future reductions to benchmark rates are not certain. In a high interest rate environment, our cost of funds would increase, which could reduce our net investment income if there is not a corresponding increase in interest income generated by our investment portfolio. It is possible that the Federal Reserve's tightening cycle could result the United States into a recession, which would likely decrease interest rates. Conversely, a prolonged reduction in interest rates will reduce our gross investment income and could result in a decrease in our net investment income if such decreases in base rates, such as SOFR are not offset by a corresponding increase in the spread over such base rate that we earn on any portfolio investments, a decrease in in our operating expenses, including with respect to our income incentive fee, or a decrease in the interest rate of our floating interest rate liabilities tied to such base rate. See Item 1A. "Risk Factors - Changes in interest rates will affect our cost of capital and net investment income” and “Risk Factors - Inflation may adversely affect the business, results of operations and financial condition of our portfolio companies, which may, in turn, impact the valuation of such portfolio companies.
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, 50 and 46 portfolio companies’ debt investments, respectively, bore interest at a variable rate, which represented $704.0 million and $629.3 million of our portfolio on a fair value basis, respectively, and the remainder of our debt portfolio was comprised entirely of fixed rate investments. Our pooled SBA debentures and our Notes bear interest at fixed rates. Our Credit Facility bears interest, at our election, at a rate per annum equal to (a) 2.675% on SOFR loans prior to satisfying certain step-down conditions (or 2.50% after satisfying certain step-down conditions, with commensurate reductions in the applicable margins for base rate loans). We pay a commitment fee that varies depending on the size of the unused portion of the Credit Facility: 2.500% to 2.675% per annum on the unused portion of the Credit Facility at or below 35% of the commitments and 0.50% per annum on any remaining unused portion of the Credit Facility between the total commitments and the 35% minimum utilization. The Credit Agreement relating to the Credit Facility contains certain covenants, including a minimum asset coverage ratio of 1.50 to 1.00 (on a regulatory basis) and a senior asset coverage ratio of no less than 2.00 to 1.00. The Credit Facility is secured by a first priority security interest in all of our assets, excluding the assets of our SBIC subsidiaries.
Because we currently borrow, and plan to borrow in the future, money to make investments, our net investment income is dependent upon the difference between the rate at which we borrow funds and the rate at which we invest the funds borrowed. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that a significant change in market interest rates will not have a material adverse effect on our net investment income. In periods of rising interest rates, our cost of funds would increase, which could reduce our net investment income if there is not a corresponding increase in interest income generated by our investment portfolio.
The following table shows the approximate annualized increase or decrease in the components of net investment income due to hypothetical base rate changes in interest rates, assuming no changes in our investments and borrowings as of December 31, 2024 (dollars in millions):
Interest Income
Interest Expense
Increase
Increase
Net Increase
Net Investment
Basis Point Increase (Decrease)
(Decrease) (1) (2)
(Decrease) (4)
(Decrease)
Income (3)
(200
)
$
(13.8
)
$
(1.2
)
$
(12.6
)
$
(10.1
)
(150
)
(10.5
)
(0.9
)
(9.6
)
(7.7
)
(100
)
(7.1
)
(0.7
)
(6.4
)
(5.1
)
(50
)
(3.5
)
(0.4
)
(3.1
)
(2.5
)
3.6
0.2
3.4
2.7
7.2
0.5
6.7
5.4
10.9
0.8
10.1
8.1
14.5
1.1
13.4
10.7
18.1
1.4
16.7
13.4
21.7
1.7
20.0
16.0
(1)
Certain of our variable rate debt investments have a SOFR or PRIME interest rate floor, which lessens the impact of decreases in interest rates.
(2)
Interest income calculated assuming three-month SOFR rate and PRIME rate as of December 31, 2024.
(3)
Includes the impact of income incentive fee at 20.0% on net increase (decrease) in net interest.
(4)
As of December 31, 2024, we had $45.0 million of borrowings outstanding under our Credit Facility.

---

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Item 8. Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements
Page
Management's Report on Internal Controls over Financial Reporting
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 49)
Consolidated Financial Statements
Consolidated Statements of Assets and Liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Net Assets for the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
Consolidated Schedules of Investments as of December 31, 2024 and 2023
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
The management of Fidus Investment Corporation (and collectively with its subsidiaries, the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our”) is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control system is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance to our management and board of directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of its consolidated financial statements for external publishing purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
The Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes policies and procedures that pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect transactions recorded necessary to permit the preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Our policies and procedures also provide reasonable assurance that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and the directors of the Company, and provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements.
All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness as to future periods are subject to the risk that controls could become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures could deteriorate.
Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. In making this assessment, we used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued in 2013. Based on the assessment, management believes that, as of December 31, 2024, our internal control over financial reporting is effective based on those criteria.
The Company’s independent registered public accounting firm that audited the financial statements has issued an audit report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. This report appears on page 85.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Stockholders and Board of Directors of Fidus Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of assets and liabilities of Fidus Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries (the Company), including the consolidated schedules of investments, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in net assets, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes, which include the senior securities table, to the consolidated financial statements (collectively, the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations, changes in net assets, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013, and our report dated March 6, 2025, expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our procedures included confirmation of securities owned as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, by correspondence with the custodians, portfolio companies or agents or by other appropriate procedures where replies from custodians, portfolio companies or agents were not received. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Valuation of Level 3 Investments
As discussed in Notes 2 and 4 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company measures substantially all of its investments at fair value using unobservable inputs and assumptions as there is no readily available market value. Due to the use of unobservable inputs and assumptions in determining fair value, these investments are classified as level 3 within the fair value hierarchy and total $1,090,506 thousand as of December 31, 2024.
We identified the valuation of level 3 investments as a critical audit matter because of certain significant assumptions management makes in determining the estimate, including the selected valuation techniques, revenue, earnings or asset coverage multiples, and discount rates. Auditing management’s valuation techniques and assumptions of revenue, earnings or asset coverage multiples and the discount rate involved a high degree of auditor judgment and increased audit effort, including the use of valuation specialists, as changes in these assumptions could have a significant impact on the fair value of the level 3 investments.
Our audit procedures related to the Company’s valuation of level 3 investments included the following, among others:
•We evaluated the appropriateness of management’s valuation techniques, such as the discounted cash flow or enterprise value, and management’s asset coverage analysis. We also evaluated whether assumptions used by management, including revenue, earnings, or asset coverage multiples, and discount rates, were reasonable by comparing and calibrating these inputs to purchase data and market information obtained from external sources while considering portfolio company specific factors like performance. For a selection of investments, we utilized valuation specialists to perform this evaluation.
•For a select number of investments, we developed an independent fair value estimate which was compared to management’s estimate.
•We evaluated the Company’s historical ability to estimate fair value by comparing the fair value as estimated by management against sale transactions, taking into consideration changes in market or investment specific factors, where applicable and available.
/s/ RSM US LLP
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2007.
Chicago, Illinois
March 6, 2025
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Fidus Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Fidus Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013.. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated statements of assets and liabilities, including the consolidated schedules of investments, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in net assets, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes, which include the senior securities table, to the consolidated financial statements (collectively, the financial statements) of the Company and our report dated March 6, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ RSM US LLP
Chicago, Illinois
March 6, 2025
FIDUS INVESTMENT CORPORATION
Consolidated Statements of Assets and Liabilities
(in thousands, except shares and per share data)
December 31,
December 31,
ASSETS
Investments, at fair value:
Control investments (cost: $6,832 and $6,832, respectively)
$
-
$
-
Affiliate investments (cost: $56,679 and $46,485, respectively)
102,024
83,876
Non-control/non-affiliate investments (cost: $1,011,646 and $883,312, respectively)
988,482
874,030
Total investments, at fair value (cost: $1,075,157 and $936,629, respectively)
1,090,506
957,906
Cash and cash equivalents
57,159
119,131
Interest receivable
15,119
11,965
Prepaid expenses and other assets
1,328
1,896
Total assets
$
1,164,112
$
1,090,898
LIABILITIES
SBA debentures, net of deferred financing costs (Note 6)
$
168,899
$
204,472
Notes, net of deferred financing costs (Note 6)
248,362
247,243
Borrowings under Credit Facility, net of deferred financing costs (Note 6)
43,954
(1,082
)
Secured borrowings
13,674
15,880
Accrued interest and fees payable
5,784
5,924
Base management fee payable, net of base management fee waiver - due to affiliate
4,805
4,151
Income incentive fee payable - due to affiliate
4,477
4,570
Capital gains incentive fee payable - due to affiliate
14,703
17,509
Administration fee payable and other - due to affiliate
Taxes payable
1,850
1,227
Accounts payable and other liabilities
1,019
Total liabilities
$
508,446
$
501,424
Commitments and contingencies (Note 7)
NET ASSETS
Common stock, $0.001 par value (100,000,000 shares authorized, 33,914,652 and 30,438,979 shares issued and
outstanding at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively)
$
$
Additional paid-in capital
567,159
504,087
Total distributable earnings
88,473
85,356
Total net assets
655,666
589,474
Total liabilities and net assets
$
1,164,112
$
1,090,898
Net asset value per common share
$
19.33
$
19.37
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
FIDUS INVESTMENT CORPORATION
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(in thousands, except shares and per share data)
Years Ended December 31,
Investment Income:
Interest income
Control investments
$
-
$
-
$
-
Affiliate investments
3,533
4,026
3,464
Non-control/non-affiliate investments
119,620
105,921
78,880
Total interest income
123,153
109,947
82,344
Payment-in-kind interest income
Control investments
-
-
-
Affiliate investments
-
Non-control/non-affiliate investments
7,831
6,634
1,633
Total payment-in-kind interest income
7,840
6,634
1,663
Dividend income
Control investments
-
-
-
Affiliate investments
1,830
Non-control/non-affiliate investments
Total dividend income
2,242
1,215
1,614
Fee income
Control investments
-
-
-
Affiliate investments
Non-control/non-affiliate investments
9,389
9,385
7,525
Total fee income
9,572
9,450
7,982
Interest on idle funds
3,347
2,864
Total investment income
146,154
130,110
94,137
Expenses:
Interest and financing expenses
24,398
22,749
18,665
Base management fee
18,855
16,288
14,568
Incentive fee - income
18,549
16,529
8,318
Incentive fee (reversal) - capital gains
2,405
(432
)
Administrative service expenses
2,598
2,353
1,902
Professional fees
3,208
2,906
2,463
Other general and administrative expenses
1,003
1,031
Total expenses before base management fee waiver
69,342
64,261
46,478
Base management fee waiver
(264
)
(287
)
(302
)
Total expenses, net of base management fee waiver
69,078
63,974
46,176
Net investment income before income taxes
77,076
66,136
47,961
Income tax provision (benefit)
2,440
1,030
1,412
Net investment income
74,636
65,106
46,549
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments:
Net realized gains (losses):
Control investments
-
(11,458
)
Affiliate investments
39,833
Non-control/non-affiliate investments
11,451
34,983
25,754
Total net realized gain (loss) on investments
11,585
24,071
65,635
Income tax (provision) benefit from realized gains on investments
(1,480
)
(1,662
)
(1,841
)
Income tax (provision) from deemed distribution of long term capital gains
-
-
(8,568
)
Net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation):
Control investments
-
11,083
(13,233
)
Affiliate investments
7,954
(8,395
)
(35,979
)
Non-control/non-affiliate investments
(13,882
)
(13,047
)
(16,490
)
Total net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments
(5,928
)
(10,359
)
(65,702
)
Net gain (loss) on investments
4,177
12,050
(10,476
)
Realized losses on extinguishment of debt
(521
)
(23
)
(251
)
Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations
$
78,292
$
77,133
$
35,822
Per common share data:
Net investment income per share-basic and diluted
$
2.29
$
2.47
$
1.90
Net increase in net assets resulting from operations per share - basic and diluted
$
2.40
$
2.93
$
1.46
Dividends declared per share
$
2.42
$
2.88
$
2.00
Weighted average number of shares outstanding - basic and diluted
32,585,238
26,365,269
24,468,172
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
FIDUS INVESTMENT CORPORATION
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Net Assets
(in thousands, except shares)
Common Stock
Additional
Total
Number of
Par
paid-in
distributable
Total net
shares
value
capital
earnings
assets
Balances at December 31, 2021
24,437,400
$
$
361,807
$
125,933
$
487,764
Public offering of common stock, net of expenses
290,388
5,808
-
5,809
Net investment income
-
-
-
46,549
46,549
Net realized gain (loss) on investments, net of taxes
-
-
-
63,794
63,794
Net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments
-
-
-
(65,702
)
(65,702
)
Realized losses on extinguishment of debt
-
-
-
(251
)
(251
)
Dividends declared
-
-
-
(49,052
)
(49,052
)
Deemed distribution of long term capital gains
-
-
32,233
(40,801
)
(8,568
)
Tax reclassification of stockholders’ equity in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles
-
-
(3,932
)
3,932
-
Balances at December 31, 2022
24,727,788
$
$
395,916
$
84,402
$
480,343
Public offering of common stock, net of expenses
5,680,355
110,319
-
110,325
Shares issued under dividend reinvestment plan
30,836
*
-
Net investment income
-
-
-
65,106
65,106
Net realized gain (loss) on investments, net of taxes
-
-
-
22,409
22,409
Net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments
-
-
-
(10,359
)
(10,359
)
Realized losses on extinguishment of debt
-
-
-
(23
)
(23
)
Dividends declared
-
-
-
(78,930
)
(78,930
)
Tax reclassification of stockholders’ equity in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles
-
-
(2,751
)
2,751
-
Balances at December 31, 2023
30,438,979
$
$
504,087
$
85,356
$
589,474
Public offering of common stock, net of expenses
3,393,501
66,266
-
66,269
Shares issued under dividend reinvestment plan
82,172
*
1,595
-
1,595
Net investment income
-
-
-
74,636
74,636
Net realized gain (loss) on investments, net of taxes
-
-
-
10,105
10,105
Net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments
-
-
-
(5,928
)
(5,928
)
Realized losses on extinguishment of debt
(521
)
(521
)
Dividends declared
-
-
-
(79,964
)
(79,964
)
Tax reclassification of stockholders’ equity in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles
-
-
(4,789
)
4,789
-
Balances at December 31, 2024
33,914,652
$
$
567,159
$
88,473
$
655,666
*amount is greater than zero but less than one
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
FIDUS INVESTMENT CORPORATION
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(in thousands)
Years Ended December 31,
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations
$
78,292
$
77,133
$
35,822
Adjustments to reconcile net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations to net cash provided by (used for) operating activities:
Net change in unrealized (appreciation) depreciation on investments
5,928
10,359
65,702
Net realized (gain) loss on investments
(11,585
)
(24,071
)
(65,635
)
Interest and dividend income paid-in-kind
(7,840
)
(6,634
)
(1,663
)
Accretion of original issue discount
(1,187
)
(461
)
(242
)
Accretion of loan origination fees
(2,814
)
(2,504
)
(1,625
)
Purchase of investments
(394,532
)
(336,741
)
(333,846
)
Proceeds from sales and repayments of investments
276,861
258,875
193,980
Proceeds from loan origination fees
2,569
3,600
2,124
Realized losses on extinguishment of debt
Amortization of deferred financing costs
2,110
2,146
2,104
Amortization of deferred equity financing costs
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Interest receivable
(3,154
)
(139
)
(3,595
)
Prepaid expenses and other assets
(501
)
(1,045
)
Accrued interest and fees payable
(140
)
1,177
Base management fee payable, net of base management fee waiver - due to affiliate
Income incentive fee payable - due to affiliate
(93
)
1,535
Capital gains incentive fee (reversal) - due to (from) affiliate
(2,806
)
(5,150
)
(6,568
)
Administration fee payable and other - due to (from) affiliate
(92
)
Taxes payable
(8,710
)
7,527
Accounts payable and other liabilities
(49
)
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities
(55,306
)
(29,457
)
(105,537
)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Proceeds from common stock offerings, net of expenses
66,269
110,325
5,809
Proceeds received from SBA debentures
-
62,000
76,000
Repayments of SBA debentures
(35,000
)
(5,000
)
(30,000
)
Proceeds received from (repayments of) borrowings under Credit Facility, net
45,000
-
-
Proceeds received from (repayments of) Secured Borrowings, net
(2,206
)
(1,000
)
(757
)
Payment of deferred financing costs
(2,360
)
(1,760
)
(3,530
)
Dividends paid to stockholders, including expenses
(78,369
)
(78,327
)
(49,052
)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities
(6,666
)
86,238
(1,530
)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
(61,972
)
56,781
(107,067
)
Cash and cash equivalents:
Beginning of period
119,131
62,350
169,417
End of period
$
57,159
$
119,131
$
62,350
Supplemental information and non-cash activities:
Cash payments for interest
$
22,428
$
19,426
$
16,482
Cash payments for taxes, net of tax refunds received
$
3,297
$
11,402
$
4,294
Shares issued under dividend reinvestment plan
$
1,595
$
$
-
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
FIDUS INVESTMENT CORPORATION
Consolidated Schedule of Investments
December 31, 2024
(in thousands, except shares)
Portfolio Company (a)(b)
Variable Index
Rate (e)
Investment
Principal
Fair
Percent of
Investment Type (c)
Industry
Spread / Floor (d)
Cash/PIK
Date (f)
Maturity
Amount
Cost
Value (g)
Net Assets
Control Investments (t)
US GreenFiber, LLC (n)
Building Products Manufacturing
Second Lien Debt (j)(y)
0.00%/0.00%
7/3/2014
8/30/2024
$
5,226
$
5,223
$
-
Common Equity (2,522 units) (h)(j)
7/3/2014
-
Common Equity (425,508 units) (j)
8/30/2019
-
Common Equity (1,022,813 units) (h)(j)
7/1/2020
1,023
-
6,832
-
%
Total Control Investments
$
6,832
$
-
%
Affiliate Investments (l)
Applegate Greenfiber Intermediate Inc. (fka US GreenFiber, LLC)
Building Products Manufacturing
Subordinated Debt (j)
11.00%/0.00%
12/31/2021
12/31/2027
$
9,602
$
9,602
$
9,602
Common Equity (5,690 units) (h)(j)
12/31/2021
5,690
6,571
Common Equity (7,113 units) (h)(j)
12/31/2021
7,113
8,214
Common Equity (2,012 units) (h)(j)
12/31/2021
-
-
22,405
24,387
%
CP Communications, LLC
Business Services
First Lien Debt (am)
(S + 8.50%) / (4.00%)
12.96%/0.00%
12/4/2024
12/4/2029
6,350
6,304
6,304
Holdco Note (j)
8.00%/8.00%
12/4/2024
6/4/2030
1,509
1,502
1,502
Preferred Equity (62 units)
12/4/2024
8,306
8,306
%
Medsurant Holdings, LLC
Healthcare Services
Preferred Equity (84,997 units) (h)(j)
4/12/2011
2,231
Warrant (252,588 units) (h)(j)(m)
4/12/2011
2,257
7,632
2,571
9,863
%
Pfanstiehl, Inc.
Healthcare Products
Common Equity (2,550 units) (j)
3/29/2013
39,923
%
Spectra A&D Acquisition, Inc. (fka FDS Avionics Corp.)
Aerospace & Defense Manufacturing
First Lien Debt (j)(ag)
(S + 6.00%) / (1.00%)
10.57%/0.00%
2/12/2021
2/11/2026
15,000
14,976
14,186
Common Equity (12,035 units) (j)
8/25/2021
1,204
-
Common Equity (38,493 units) (j)
12/16/2022
2,609
-
Common Equity (6,783 units) (j)
7/10/2023
-
Common Equity (4,663 units) (j)
9/16/2022
-
Common Equity (21,689 units) (j)
5/22/2024
2,195
22,142
14,921
%
Steward Holding LLC (dba Steward Advanced Materials)
Aerospace & Defense Manufacturing
Common Equity (1,000,000 units) (j)
11/12/2015
1,000
4,624
%
Total Affiliate Investments
$
56,679
$
102,024
%
Non-control/Non-affiliate Investments
2KDirect, Inc. (dba iPromote)
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt (k)(at)
(S + 8.00%) / (0.50%)
12.74%/0.00%
6/25/2021
6/25/2026
$
7,076
$
7,051
$
7,076
First Lien Debt (j)(aa)
(S + 8.00%) / (0.50%)
8.99%/0.00%
7/30/2021
6/25/2026
2,141
2,141
2,141
Common Equity (1,000,000 units)
6/25/2021
1,000
-
10,192
9,217
%
301 Edison Holdings Inc. (dba LGG Industrial)
Specialty Distribution
First Lien Debt (j)
11.75%/1.50%
11/14/2023
11/13/2028
11,597
11,471
11,597
Preferred Equity (518,135 units) (j)
11/14/2023
1,000
1,000
12,471
12,597
%
Acendre Midco, Inc.
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt (j)
(S + 7.75%) / (0.50%)
12.60%/0.00%
10/6/2021
10/6/2026
5,418
5,412
5,418
First Lien Debt (j)
(S + 7.75%) / (0.50%)
12.60%/0.00%
10/6/2021
10/6/2026
12,313
12,289
12,313
Revolving Loan (j)
(S + 7.75%) / (0.50%)
12.60%/0.00%
10/6/2021
10/6/2026
1,000
1,000
1,000
Common Equity (500,000 shares) (j)
10/6/2021
Warrant (150,000 shares) (j)(m)
10/6/2021
Preferred Equity (77,016 shares) (j)
9/26/2022
19,289
19,240
%
Ad Info Parent, Inc. (dba MediaRadar)
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt (j)
(S + 6.25%) / (1.00%)
10.75%/0.00%
11/1/2023
9/16/2029
12,375
12,319
11,996
Revolving Loan ($865 unfunded commitment) (i)(j)
(S + 6.25%) / (1.00%)
10.75%/0.00%
11/1/2023
9/16/2029
Preferred Equity (1,250,000 units) (j)
11/1/2023
1,250
14,139
13,308
%
Aldinger Company
Business Services
Common Equity (12,504 units)
6/30/2023
1,645
Preferred Equity (12,861 units)
6/30/2023
1,286
1,583
1,540
3,228
%
Allredi, LLC (fka Marco Group International OpCo, LLC)
Industrial Cleaning & Coatings
Second Lien Debt (j)
0.00%/17.00%
3/2/2020
9/2/2026
14,880
13,665
12,623
Common Equity (570,636 units) (h)(j)
7/21/2017
Common Equity (39,443 units) (h)(j)
11/24/2021
Common Equity (524,624units) (h)(j)
8/3/2023
14,369
12,756
%
American AllWaste LLC (dba WasteWater Transport Services)
Environmental Industries
First Lien Debt (j)(p)
(S + 6.75%) / (1.00%)
11.32%/0.00%
6/28/2021
3/31/2028
22,218
22,180
22,218
First Lien Debt (j)(o)
(S + 6.75%) / (1.00%)
8.82%/0.00%
6/28/2021
3/31/2028
First Lien Debt (j)
15.25%/0.00%
3/28/2024
3/31/2028
5,864
5,864
5,864
Preferred Equity (500 units) (h)(j)
5/31/2018
-
Preferred Equity (207 units) (h)(j)
8/6/2019
-
Preferred Equity (141 units) (h)(j)
11/2/2020
-
Preferred Equity (74 units) (h)(j)
12/29/2021
-
Preferred Equity (52 units) (h)(j)
11/27/2024
-
Preferred Equity (312 units) (h)(j)
12/30/2024
Common Equity (1,405 units) (h)(j)
12/30/2024
-
-
29,756
28,722
%
AmeriWater, LLC
Component Manufacturing
First Lien Debt (af)
(S + 6.25%) / (1.00%)
10.58%/0.00%
7/8/2022
7/8/2027
7,340
7,316
7,340
Subordinated Debt (j)
7.00%/7.00%
7/8/2022
1/8/2028
2,382
2,377
2,382
Common Equity (1,000 units) (h)(j)
7/8/2022
1,000
1,392
10,693
11,114
%
AOM Intermediate Holdco, LLC (dba AllOver Media)
Information Technology Services
Common Equity (1,232 units) (h)(j)
2/1/2022
1,372
1,459
%
APM Intermediate Holdings, LLC (dba Artistic Paver Manufacturing, Inc.)
Building Products Manufacturing
First Lien Debt (ai)
(S + 7.25%) / (2.00%)
11.84%/0.00%
11/8/2022
11/8/2027
18,200
18,126
17,808
Common Equity (1,200 units) (h)(j)
11/8/2022
1,200
19,326
18,452
%
Auto CRM LLC (dba Dealer Holdings)
Information Technology Services
Subordinated Debt
0.00%/14.50%
10/1/2021
12/31/2028
Subordinated Debt
0.00%/14.50%
12/30/2024
12/31/2028
1,722
1,722
1,722
Common Equity (500 units) (j)
10/1/2021
3,004
2,796
%
Axis Medical Technologies LLC (dba MoveMedical)
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt (j)
(S + 6.50%) / (2.00%)
11.13%/0.00%
10/24/2024
10/24/2029
13,600
13,535
13,535
Revolving Loan ($800 unfunded commitment) (j)(x)
(S + 6.50%) / (2.00%)
11.13%/0.00%
10/24/2024
10/24/2029
-
(4
)
-
Preferred Equity (1,200,000 units) (j)
10/25/2024
1,148
1,148
14,679
14,683
%
Bad Boy Mowers JV Acquisition, LLC
Consumer Products
Subordinated Debt (k)
9.00%/4.50%
11/9/2023
11/9/2030
13,695
13,626
13,695
Preferred Equity (13,000 units) (j)
11/9/2023
1,300
1,438
14,926
15,133
%
Barefoot Mosquito and Pest Control, LLC
Consumer Services
First Lien Debt (k)(s)
(S + 6.50%) / (2.00%)
11.02%/0.00%
11/27/2024
12/22/2029
26,800
26,800
26,800
Common Equity (4,422 units) (h)(j)
12/22/2023
-
-
Preferred Equity (16,693 units) (h)(j)
12/22/2023
1,669
1,736
28,469
28,536
%
BCM One Group Holdings, Inc.
Information Technology Services
Subordinated Debt (j)
11.75%/0.00%
11/17/2021
11/17/2028
17,667
17,562
17,667
%
Bedford Precision Parts LLC
Specialty Distribution
Common Equity (500,000 units) (h)(j)
3/12/2019
%
Brightmore Brands LLC
Retail
First Lien Debt (j)(al)
(S + 5.38%) / (1.50%)
9.97%/0.00%
9/13/2022
9/9/2029
24,000
23,675
24,000
Common Equity (1,000 units) (j)
9/13/2022
1,000
1,856
Common Equity (371 units) (j)
9/9/2024
25,388
26,588
%
Cardback Intermediate, LLC (dba Chargeback Gurus)
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt (j)(ah)
(S + 6.50%) / (0.75%)
11.35%/0.00%
8/10/2021
8/10/2026
8,927
8,902
8,927
Common Equity (495 shares) (j)
8/10/2021
Preferred Equity (495 shares) (j)
8/10/2021
9,152
9,375
%
Choice Technology Solutions, LLC (dba Choice Merchant Solutions, LLC)
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt (j)
(S + 7.25%) / (1.00%)
12.09%/0.00%
4/1/2022
4/1/2027
10,550
10,529
10,550
Revolving Loan ($1,000 unfunded commitment) (i)(j)
(S + 6.25%) / (1.00%)
11.09%/0.00%
4/1/2022
4/1/2027
-
-
-
Preferred Equity (500,000 units) (h)(j)
8/21/2023
11,029
10,698
%
CIH Intermediate, LLC
Business Services
Subordinated Debt (k)
10.00%/1.00%
3/3/2022
3/3/2028
12,666
12,594
12,666
Common Equity (563 shares) (j)
3/3/2022
1,935
Preferred Equity (563 shares) (j)
3/3/2022
13,394
15,596
%
CRS Solutions Holdings, LLC (dba CRS Texas)
Business Services
Common Equity (574,929 units) (h)(j)
6/28/2022
-
%
CTM Group, Inc. (dba Venuplus, Inc.)
Business Services
First Lien Debt
(S + 4.75%) / (1.00%)
9.40%/2.75%
2/28/2023
11/30/2026
7,980
7,898
7,980
Subordinated Debt
7.75%/6.50%
2/28/2023
11/30/2027
2,251
2,235
2,019
Common Equity (400,000 units)
2/28/2023
10,533
10,034
%
Dataguise, Inc.
Information Technology Services
Subordinated Debt (j)
11.00%/2.00%
12/30/2022
11/23/2027
22,590
22,560
22,590
Common Equity (909 shares) (j)
12/31/2020
1,500
1,276
24,060
23,866
%
Dealerbuilt Acquisition, LLC
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt (ac)
(S + 5.75%) / (4.00%)
10.36%/1.00%
7/21/2023
7/21/2026
13,455
13,404
13,455
Subordinated Debt (j)
7.50%/7.50%
7/21/2023
1/21/2027
11,603
11,556
11,603
Common Equity (1,000 Units) (h)(j)
7/21/2023
-
-
Preferred Equity (1,000 Units) (h)(j)
7/21/2023
1,000
1,000
25,960
26,058
%
Detechtion Holdings, LLC
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt (k)
(S + 5.75%) / (2.25%)
10.34%/2.00%
6/21/2023
6/21/2028
23,604
23,508
23,604
Revolving Loan ($1,000 unfunded commitment) (j)(w)
(S + 7.75%) / (2.25%)
12.34%/0.00%
7/12/2024
6/21/2028
-
(4
)
-
Subordinated Debt (j)
0.00%/14.00%
6/21/2023
6/21/2028
2,477
2,469
2,477
Common Equity (601,532 units) (h)(j)
6/21/2023
26,575
26,738
%
Diversified Search LLC
Business Services
First Lien Debt (j)(r)
(S + 7.50%) / (1.00%)
12.09%/0.00%
2/7/2019
9/30/2025
24,155
24,124
23,612
Common Equity (573 units) (h)(j)
2/7/2019
24,676
23,815
%
Donovan Food Brokerage, LLC
Business Services
First Lien Debt (ae)
(S + 6.25%) / (2.00%)
10.84%/0.00%
2/23/2024
2/23/2029
17,108
17,043
17,108
Common Equity (598,832 units) (j)
2/23/2024
1,125
17,642
18,233
%
Elements Brands, LLC
Consumer Products
First Lien Debt (j)
12.25%/0.00%
12/31/2020
6/30/2025
2,025
2,025
2,025
Revolving Loan (j)
12.25%/0.00%
12/31/2020
6/30/2025
1,500
1,500
1,500
3,525
3,525
%
Enterprise Asset Management FM Purchaser, Inc. (dba MCIM)
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt (j)
(S + 5.75%) / (2.00%)
10.34%/2.00%
5/20/2024
5/20/2029
17,214
17,140
17,214
Common Equity (551,470 units) (j)
5/20/2024
17,890
18,060
%
Estex Manufacturing Company, LLC
Component Manufacturing
First Lien Debt (j)(az)
(S + 5.00%) / (2.00%)
9.55%/0.00%
10/1/2024
10/1/2029
5,531
5,474
5,474
Common Equity (75,000 units) (j)
10/1/2024
6,224
6,224
%
Fishbowl Solutions, LLC
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt
(S + 7.75%) / (1.00%)
3/25/2022
3/25/2027
18,811
18,738
18,811
First Lien Debt (j)
(S + 7.75%) / (1.00%)
12.62%/0.00%
12/27/2024
3/25/2027
10,001
10,001
10,001
Revolving Loan ($2,223 unfunded commitment) (i)(j)
(S + 7.75%) / (1.00%)
12.62%/0.00%
12/27/2024
3/25/2027
29,516
29,589
%
Fumex, LLC
Industrial Product Services
First Lien Debt (j)(ar)
(S + 4.75%) / (1.00%)
9.26%/0.00%
11/27/2024
11/27/2029
7,000
6,949
6,949
Common Equity (3,500 units) (h)(j)
11/27/2024
7,299
7,299
%
Global Plasma Solutions, Inc.
Component Manufacturing
Common Equity (601 shares) (j)
2/1/2024
Common Equity (1,705 shares) (j)
9/21/2018
%
GMP HVAC, LLC (dba McGee Heating & Air, LLC)
Utilities: Services
First Lien Debt (j)
(S + 7.00%) / (2.00%)
11.59%/0.00%
12/8/2023
12/8/2028
20,596
20,497
20,596
Revolving Loan ($1,500 unfunded commitment) (i)(j)
(S + 7.00%) / (2.00%)
11.59%/0.00%
12/8/2023
12/8/2028
-
(7
)
-
Preferred Equity (1,394 units) (h)(j)
12/8/2023
1,406
1,594
21,896
22,190
%
GP&C Operations, LLC (dba Garlock Printing and Converting)
Component Manufacturing
Common Equity (515,625 units) (h)(j)
1/22/2021
%
Green Cubes Technology, LLC (dba Green Cubes)
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt (j)(ax)
(S + 7.50%) / (2.00%)
12.13%/0.00%
10/16/2024
10/16/2029
22,500
22,235
22,234
%
Haematologic Technologies, Inc.
Healthcare Services
First Lien Debt
(S + 5.25%) / (3.00%)
10.11%/3.00%
10/11/2019
6/30/2026
6,422
6,422
6,422
Common Equity (630 units) (h)(j)
10/11/2019
-
Common Equity (169 units) (h)(j)
6/26/2023
7,221
6,636
%
Hallmark Health Care Solutions, Inc.
Healthcare Services
Common Equity (3,645,752 units) (j)
9/18/2023
3,646
3,743
%
Healthfuse, LLC
Healthcare Services
Preferred Equity (197,980 units)
11/13/2020
4,038
%
Hub Acquisition Sub, LLC (dba Hub Pen)
Promotional products
Second Lien Debt (j)
11.50%/1.25%
4/25/2023
6/30/2028
24,804
24,562
24,804
Common Equity (5,837 units) (j)
3/23/2016
-
1,350
Common Equity (637 units) (j)
8/7/2023
Preferred Equity (868 units) (j)
10/16/2020
24,740
26,642
%
IBH Holdings, LLC (fka Inflexxion, Inc.)
Business Services
Common Equity (150,000 units) (j)
6/20/2018
-
-
%
InductiveHealth Informatics, LLC
Healthcare Services
First Lien Debt (j)
(S + 7.75%) / (2.00%)
12.44%/0.50%
9/20/2024
9/20/2028
20,029
19,819
19,819
Preferred Equity (367 units) (j)
9/20/2024
Common Equity (1,361 units) (j)
9/20/2024
-
-
20,186
20,186
%
Informatics Holdings, Inc. (dba Wasp Barcode Technologies)
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt (j)(v)
(S + 6.50%) / (2.50%)
11.09%/0.00%
5/1/2024
3/7/2029
9,000
8,985
9,000
Preferred Equity (1,000,000 units) (j)
3/7/2024
1,000
1,000
9,985
10,000
%
ISI PSG Holdings, LLC (dba Incentive Solutions, Inc.)
Business Services
First Lien Debt (j)(aj)
(S + 7.50%) / (0.50%)
11.98%/0.00%
4/5/2021
4/5/2026
10,649
10,623
10,886
First Lien Debt (j)(an)
(S + 7.50%) / (0.50%)
8.48%/0.00%
6/30/2021
4/5/2026
11,203
11,203
11,036
Common Equity (256,964 units) (h)(j)
4/5/2021
22,326
22,410
%
Janus Health Technologies, Inc.
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt
12.00%/0.00%
1/3/2024
1/3/2028
5,000
4,983
5,000
First Lien Debt (j)
12.00%/0.00%
1/3/2024
6/3/2025
2,500
2,497
2,500
Preferred Equity (68,361 units)
1/3/2024
1,500
1,472
8,980
8,972
%
Jumo Health, Inc.
Healthcare Services
First Lien Debt (j)(aw)
(S + 5.50%) / (2.00%)
10.11%/0.00%
8/16/2024
8/16/2029
6,000
5,934
5,934
Common Equity (1,359 shares) (j)
8/16/2024
-
-
Preferred Equity (1,359 shares) (j)
8/16/2024
6,684
6,684
%
The Kyjen Company, LLC (dba Outward Hound)
Consumer Products
Common Equity (855 shares) (j)
12/8/2017
%
Level Education Group, LLC (dba CE4Less)
Business Services
First Lien Debt (ak)
(S + 5.75%) / (2.00%)
10.62%/0.00%
4/1/2021
4/1/2026
2,315
2,305
2,315
Common Equity (1,000,000 units) (j)
4/1/2021
1,000
1,695
3,305
4,010
%
LifeSpan Biosciences, Inc.
Healthcare Products
Subordinated Debt (j)
11.50%/0.00%
3/19/2021
4/7/2028
16,000
15,972
16,000
Common Equity (108 shares) (j)
6/7/2024
16,567
16,518
%
MBS Opco, LLC (dba Marketron)
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt (j)
(S + 8.50%) / (1.50%)
13.35%/0.00%
9/29/2022
9/28/2026
27,000
26,941
27,000
%
MDME Holding Corp.
Healthcare Products
First Lien Debt
(S + 6.25%) / (1.00%)
10.73%/0.00%
8/31/2023
8/3/2027
11,774
11,711
11,610
Common Equity (4,735 units) (j)
9/18/2023
-
-
Preferred Equity (12,500 units) (j)
9/18/2023
1,250
12,961
12,137
%
Micronics Filtration Holdings, Inc. (dba Micronics Engineered Filtration Group, Inc.)
Component Manufacturing
First Lien Debt (k)(as)
(S + 5.25%) / (0.50%)
10.10%/0.00%
2/17/2022
2/17/2027
30,000
29,445
30,000
Common Equity (14,400 units) (j)
2/17/2022
1,440
6,933
30,885
36,933
%
Netbase Solutions, Inc. (dba Netbase Quid)
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt (k)(ap)
(P + 4.00%) / (3.25%)
11.50%/0.00%
11/18/2021
11/18/2025
15,869
15,841
15,711
%
NWS Technologies, LLC
Utilities: Services
First Lien Debt (u)
(S + 8.00%) / (2.50%)
12.59%/0.00%
6/20/2023
6/16/2028
17,000
16,823
17,000
Common Equity (1 unit) (h)(j)
6/20/2023
1,110
Preferred Equity (0.375 units) (h)(j)
6/20/2023
18,303
18,252
%
OnePath Systems, LLC
Information Technology Services
Common Equity (732,542 shares) (j)
9/30/2022
%
Palmetto Moon, LLC
Retail
Common Equity (499 units) (j)
11/3/2016
1,274
%
Pinnergy, Ltd.
Oil & Gas Services
Subordinated Debt (j)
10.00%/0.00%
6/30/2022
6/30/2027
10,200
10,163
10,200
%
PowerGrid Services Acquisition, LLC
Utilities: Services
Common Equity (5,461 units) (h)(j)
9/21/2021
1,231
%
Prime AE Group, Inc.
Business Services
First Lien Debt (j)(ab)
(S + 8.75%) / (2.00%)
13.21%/0.00%
11/25/2019
11/22/2025
5,500
5,488
5,500
Preferred Equity (900,000 shares) (j)
11/25/2019
6,388
5,864
%
Puget Collision, LLC
Retail
First Lien Debt (j)(av)
(S + 7.00%) / (2.00%)
11.59%/0.00%
1/4/2024
1/4/2029
22,232
22,016
22,232
Subordinated Debt (h)(j)
0.00%/10.00%
11/22/2024
5/22/2026
Subordinated Debt (h)(j)
0.00%/10.00%
12/20/2024
6/20/2026
Common Equity (310 units) (h)(j)
1/4/2024
1,284
22,922
23,613
%
QED Technologies International, Inc.
Component Manufacturing
First Lien Debt (q)
(S + 5.25%) / (1.50%)
9.84%/0.50%
3/1/2023
3/1/2028
15,551
15,468
15,551
Common Equity (140 shares) (j)
2/28/2023
1,402
3,574
16,870
19,125
%
Quantum IR Technologies, LLC
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt (j) (y)
14.00%/0.00%
3/19/2024
12/20/2026
12,000
11,964
-
Common Equity (12,183 shares) (j)
3/19/2024
2,400
-
14,364
-
%
Quest Software US Holdings Inc.
Information Technology Services
Second Lien Debt (j)
(S + 7.50%) / (0.50%)
12.24%/0.00%
3/1/2022
2/1/2030
20,000
19,540
9,645
%
R1 Holdings, LLC (dba RoadOne IntermodaLogistics)
Transportation services
First Lien Debt (j)
(S + 6.25%) / (1.00%)
10.84%/0.00%
12/30/2022
12/30/2028
6,279
6,110
6,303
Subordinated Debt (j)
8.75%/5.00%
12/30/2022
6/30/2029
1,475
1,443
1,475
Common Equity (280,000 units) (j)
12/30/2022
7,833
8,016
%
R.F. Fager Company LLC
Specialty Distribution
Second Lien Debt (j)
12.75%/0.00%
3/4/2024
8/4/2030
14,000
13,932
14,000
Common Equity (12,500 units) (h)(j)
3/4/2024
1,208
1,343
15,140
15,343
%
Rhino Assembly Company, LLC (n)
Specialty Distribution
Common Equity (Class A Units) (10,915 units) (h)(j)
8/11/2017
-
-
Preferred Equity (Units N/A) (h) (j)
12/10/2020
-
-
Common Equity (Class F Units) (710 units) (h)(j)
12/10/2020
-
-
-
-
%
ServicePower, Inc.
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt (k)
(S + 8.00%) / (3.25%)
12.61%/0.00%
3/15/2024
3/15/2028
21,000
20,750
21,000
%
SES Investors, LLC (dba SES Foam) (n)
Building Products Manufacturing
Common Equity (6,000 units) (h)(j)
9/8/2016
-
-
%
Suited Connector LLC
Information Technology Services
Second Lien Debt (j)(y)
0.00%/13.00%
10/29/2021
6/1/2028
20,721
15,933
5,505
Common Equity (97,808 units) (h)(j)
12/1/2021
-
16,790
5,505
%
Tedia Company, LLC
Healthcare Products
First Lien Debt (j)
(S + 8.75%) / (1.00%)
13.60%/0.00%
3/4/2022
3/4/2027
15,600
15,562
15,600
Revolving Loan ($2,250 unfunded commitment) (i)(j)
(S + 8.75%) / (1.00%)
13.60%/0.00%
3/4/2022
3/4/2027
-
(10
)
-
Subordinated Debt (j)
7.75%/7.75%
3/4/2022
9/4/2027
3,088
3,081
3,531
Preferred Equity (1,000 units) (h)(j)
3/4/2022
1,000
19,633
20,126
%
Thrust Flight LLC
Business Services
First Lien Debt ($2,625 unfunded commitment)(i)(j)(au)
(S + 5.75%) / (2.00%)
10.36%/0.00%
9/9/2024
9/9/2029
9,800
9,710
9,710
Common Equity (1,050,000 units) (h)(j)
9/9/2024
1,050
1,050
10,760
10,760
%
Tiger Calcium Services Inc. (aq)
Transportation services
Second Lien Debt (j) (ao)
12.50%/0.00%
12/21/2022
5/31/2025
12,500
12,489
12,529
%
UBEO, LLC
Business Services
Common Equity (705,000 units) (h)(j)
4/3/2018
2,214
%
United Biologics, LLC
Healthcare Services
Preferred Equity (98,377 units) (h)(j)
4/1/2012
-
Warrant (57,469 units) (j)(m)
3/5/2012
-
1,456
-
%
USG AS Holdings, LLC
Utilities: Services
First Lien Debt (j)
(S + 8.50%) / (2.50%)
13.24%/0.00%
2/23/2023
2/23/2028
10,000
9,937
10,000
Common Equity (Units N/A) (j)
2/21/2023
1,480
10,324
11,480
%
Virginia Tile Company, LLC (n)
Specialty Distribution
Common Equity ( units) (j)
12/19/2014
-
%
Virtex Enterprises, LP
Component Manufacturing
Second Lien Debt (y)
(S + 0.00%) / (2.50%)
4.46%/9.75%
4/13/2022
6/30/2026
15,005
10,906
4,437
Subordinated Debt (y)
(S + 4.00%) / (2.50%)
10.46%/0.00%
9/20/2023
12/31/2025
11,259
4,765
%
W50 Holdings, LLC
Business Services
Subordinated Debt (j)
12.50%/0.00%
3/22/2024
3/24/2031
12,500
12,361
12,500
Preferred Equity (Units N/A) ($100 unfunded commitment) (j)
3/21/2024
13,261
13,304
%
White Label Communication, LLC
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt (j)
(S + 6.00%) / (1.00%)
10.36%/0.00%
10/11/2023
10/11/2029
17,369
17,290
17,369
Common Equity (536 units) (h)(j)
10/11/2023
-
-
Preferred Equity (5,000 units) (h)(j)
10/11/2023
17,790
17,914
%
Winona Foods, Inc.
Specialty Distribution
First Lien Debt (j)
(S + 6.00%) / (6.00%)
17.00%/0.00%
12/13/2023
6/13/2027
2,032
2,010
2,032
%
Wonderware Holdings, LLC (dba CORE Business Technologies)
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt (k)(z)
(S + 7.00%) / (1.00%)
11.73%/0.00%
2/10/2021
3/31/2025
8,316
8,315
8,316
%
World Tours LLC
Consumer Services
First Lien Debt (ay)
(S + 6.50%) / (2.00%)
11.02%/0.00%
11/13/2024
11/13/2029
6,000
5,956
5,956
Preferred Equity (1,000,000 units) (h)(j)
11/13/2024
1,000
1,000
6,956
6,956
%
Worldwide Express Operations, LLC
Transportation services
Common Equity (795,000 units) (j)
7/21/2021
Common Equity (752,380 units) (h)(j)
7/26/2021
1,020
1,505
%
Zonkd, LLC
Component Manufacturing
First Lien Debt (j)
(S + 9.00%) / (1.00%)
14.75%/0.00%
3/18/2022
3/18/2027
3,000
2,898
3,000
Common Equity (4,987 units) (h)(j)
3/18/2022
3,067
3,951
%
Total Non-control/Non-affiliate Investments
$
1,011,646
$
988,482
%
Total Investments
$
1,075,157
$
1,090,506
%
Money market funds (included in cash and cash equivalents)
Goldman Sachs Financial Square Treasury Obligation Institution CUSIP (38141W323) (ad)
$
48,715
$
48,715
%
Total money market funds
$
48,715
$
48,715
%
Total Investments and Money Market Funds
$
1,123,872
$
1,139,221
%
(a) See Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements for portfolio composition by geographic location.
(b) Equity ownership may be held in shares or units of companies related to the portfolio companies. The Company’s investments are generally classified as “restricted securities”, unless otherwise noted, as such term is defined under Regulation S-X Rule 6-03(f) or Securities Act Rule 144. As of December 31, 2024, the Company held restricted securities with an aggregate fair value of $1,090,506, or 166% of the Company's net assets.
(c) All debt investments are income producing, unless otherwise indicated. Equity investments are non-income producing unless otherwise noted.
(d) Variable rate investments bear interest at a rate indexed to Prime (P) or SOFR (S), which are reset monthly, bimonthly, quarterly, or semi-annually. Certain variable rate investments also include a Prime or SOFR interest rate floor. For each investment, the Company has provided the spread over the reference rate and the Prime or SOFR floor, if any, as of December 31, 2024.
(e) Rate includes the cash interest or dividend rate and paid-in-kind interest or dividend rate, if any, as of December 31, 2024. Generally, payment-in-kind interest can be paid-in-kind or all in cash.
(f) Investment date represents the date of the initial investment in the security.
(g) Except as otherwise noted, the Company’s investment portfolio is comprised of debt and equity securities of privately held companies for which quoted prices falling within the categories of Level 1 and Level 2 inputs are not available. Therefore, the Company values all of its portfolio investments at fair value, as determined in good faith by the board of directors, using significant unobservable Level 3 inputs.
(h) Investment is held by a taxable subsidiary of the Company.
(i) The disclosed commitment represents the unfunded amount as of December 31, 2024. The Company is earning 0.50% interest on the unfunded balance of the commitment. The interest rate disclosed represents the rate which will be earned if the commitment is funded.
(j) Investment pledged as collateral for the Credit Facility and, as a result, is not directly available to the creditors of the Company to satisfy any obligations of the Company other than the Company's obligations under the Credit Facility (see Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements).
(k) The portion of the investment not held by the SBIC Funds is pledged as collateral for the Credit Facility and, as a result, is not directly available to the creditors of the Company to satisfy any obligations of the Company other than the Company's obligations under the Credit Facility (see Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements).
(l) As defined in the 1940 Act, the Company is deemed to be an "Affiliated Person" of this portfolio company because it owns 5% or more of the portfolio company's outstanding voting securities or it has the power to exercise control over the management or policies of such portfolio company. Transactions in which the issuer was an Affiliated Person are detailed in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements.
(m) Warrants entitle the Company to purchase a predetermined number of shares or units of common equity, and are non-income producing. The purchase price and number of shares are subject to adjustment under certain conditions until the expiration date, if any.
(n) Investment in portfolio company that has sold its operations and is in the process of winding down.
(o) The Company sold a participating interest of approximately $0.3 million in aggregate principal amount of the portfolio company’s first lien senior secured term loan. As the transaction did not qualify as a “true sale” in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), the Company recorded a corresponding secured borrowing in the Consolidated Statements of Assets and Liabilities.
(p) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 3.49% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(q) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 2.88% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(r) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 2.98% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(s) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 1.34% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(t) As defined in the 1940 Act, the Company is deemed to be both an “Affiliated Person” of and “Control” this portfolio company because it owns 25% or more of the portfolio company’s outstanding voting securities or it has the power to exercise control over the management or policies of such portfolio company. Transactions in which the issuer was both an Affiliated Person and a portfolio company that the Company is deemed to Control are detailed in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements.
(u) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 2.17% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(v) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 1.14% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(w) The disclosed commitment represents the unfunded amount as of December 31, 2024. The Company is earning 0.75% interest on the unfunded balance of the commitment. The interest rate disclosed represents the rate earned on the outstanding, funded balance of the commitment.
(x) The disclosed commitment represents the unfunded amount as of December 31, 2024. The Company is earning 1.00% interest on the unfunded balance of the commitment. The interest rate disclosed represents the rate earned on the outstanding, funded balance of the commitment.
(y) Investment was on non-accrual status as of December 31, 2024.
(z) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 4.28% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(aa) The Company sold a participating interest of approximately $4.0 million in aggregate principal amount of the portfolio company’s first lien senior secured term loan. As the transaction did not qualify as a “true sale” in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), the Company recorded a corresponding secured borrowing in the Consolidated Statements of Assets and Liabilities.
(ab) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 5.25% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(ac) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional cash interest amount of 2.76% and PIK interest amount of 1.26% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(ad) This investment is classified as a Level 1 investment. For further detail on the fair value measurements, see Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements.
(ae) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 1.52% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(af) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 3.28% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(ag) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 3.92% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(ah) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 1.63% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(ai) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 3.32% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(aj) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 4.75% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(ak) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 3.48% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(al) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 4.08% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(am) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 2.85% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(an) The Company sold a participating interest of approximately $13.5 million in aggregate principal amount of the portfolio company’s first lien senior secured term loan. As the transaction did not qualify as a “true sale” in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), the Company recorded a corresponding secured borrowing in the Consolidated Statements of Assets and Liabilities.
(ao) The investment is treated as a non-qualifying asset under Section 55(a) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”). Under the 1940 Act, the Company can not acquire any non-qualifying asset unless, at the time the acquisition is made, qualifying assets represent at least 70% of the Company's total assets. As of December 31, 2024, total non-qualifying assets at fair value represented 1.08% of the Company's total assets calculated in accordance with the 1940 Act.
(ap) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional cash interest amount of 2.00% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(aq) The headquarters of this portfolio company is located in Canada.
(ar) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 2.63% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(as) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 3.08% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(at) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 2.56% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(au) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 2.21% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(av) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 0.69% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(aw) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 2.50% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(ax) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 1.06% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(ay) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 2.16% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(az) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 2.41% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
FIDUS INVESTMENT CORPORATION
Consolidated Schedule of Investments
December 31, 2023
(in thousands, except shares)
Portfolio Company (a)(b)
Variable Index
Rate (e)
Investment
Principal
Fair
Percent of
Investment Type (c)
Industry
Spread / Floor (d)
Cash/PIK
Date (f)
Maturity
Amount
Cost
Value (g)
Net Assets
Control Investments (t)
US GreenFiber, LLC (n)
Building Products Manufacturing
Second Lien Debt (j)(y)
10.00%/3.00%
7/3/2014
8/30/2024
$
5,226
$
5,223
$
-
Common Equity (2,522 units) (h)(j)
7/3/2014
-
Common Equity (425,508 units) (j)
8/30/2019
-
Common Equity (1,022,813 units) (h)(j)
7/1/2020
1,023
-
6,832
-
%
Total Control Investments
$
6,832
$
-
%
Affiliate Investments (l)
Applegate Greenfiber Intermediate Inc. (fka US GreenFiber, LLC)
Building Products Manufacturing
Subordinated Debt (j)
10.00%/0.00%
12/31/2021
12/31/2027
$
9,602
$
9,602
$
9,602
Common Equity (5,690 units) (h)(j)
12/31/2021
5,690
6,708
Common Equity (7,113 units) (h)(j)
12/31/2021
7,113
8,280
Common Equity (2,012 units) (h)(j)
12/31/2021
-
-
22,405
24,590
%
Medsurant Holdings, LLC
Healthcare Services
Preferred Equity (84,997 units) (h)(j)
4/12/2011
1,305
Warrant (252,588 units) (h)(j)(m)
4/12/2011
2,258
4,625
2,902
5,930
%
Pfanstiehl, Inc.
Healthcare Products
Common Equity (2,550 units) (j)
3/29/2013
33,321
%
Spectra A&D Acquisition, Inc. (fka FDS Avionics Corp.)
Aerospace & Defense Manufacturing
First Lien Debt (k)(ag)
(S + 5.75%) / (1.00%)
11.36%/0.00%
2/12/2021
2/11/2026
15,000
14,952
14,003
Common Equity (12,035 units) (j)
8/25/2021
1,204
Common Equity (38,493 units) (j)
12/16/2022
2,609
-
Common Equity (6,783 units) (j)
7/10/2023
Common Equity (4,663 units) (j)
9/16/2022
19,923
15,321
%
Steward Holding LLC (dba Steward Advanced Materials)
Aerospace & Defense Manufacturing
Common Equity (1,000,000 units)
11/12/2015
1,000
4,714
%
Total Affiliate Investments
$
46,485
$
83,876
%
Non-control/Non-affiliate Investments
2KDirect, Inc. (dba iPromote)
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt (k)(at)
(S + 7.25%) / (0.50%)
12.80%/0.00%
6/25/2021
6/25/2026
$
10,815
$
10,772
$
10,815
First Lien Debt (j)(aa)
(S + 7.25%) / (0.50%)
9.05%/0.00%
7/30/2021
6/25/2026
3,328
3,328
3,328
Common Equity (1,000,000 units)
6/25/2021
1,000
15,100
14,759
%
301 Edison Holdings Inc. (dba LGG Industrial)
Specialty Distribution
First Lien Debt (j)
11.75%/1.50%
11/14/2023
11/13/2028
13,027
12,868
12,868
Preferred Equity (518,135 units) (j)
11/14/2023
1,000
1,000
13,868
13,868
%
Acendre Midco, Inc.
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt (j)
(S + 7.75%) / (0.50%)
13.41%/0.00%
10/6/2021
10/6/2026
5,459
5,450
5,459
First Lien Debt (j)
(S + 7.75%) / (0.50%)
13.41%/0.00%
10/6/2021
10/6/2026
12,406
12,369
12,406
Revolving Loan ($250 unfunded commitment) (i)(j)
(S + 7.75%) / (0.50%)
13.41%/0.00%
10/6/2021
10/6/2026
Common Equity (500,000 shares) (j)
10/6/2021
Warrant (150,000 shares) (j)(m)
10/6/2021
Preferred Equity (77,016 shares) (j)
9/26/2022
19,156
19,376
%
Ad Info Parent, Inc. (dba MediaRadar)
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt (j)
(S + 6.25%) / (1.00%)
11.75%/0.00%
11/1/2023
9/16/2029
12,500
12,431
12,432
Revolving Loan ($1,442 unfunded commitment) (i)(j)
(S + 6.25%) / (1.00%)
11.75%/0.00%
11/1/2023
9/16/2029
-
(8
)
-
Preferred Equity (1,250,000 units) (j)
11/1/2023
1,250
1,250
13,673
13,682
%
Aldinger Company
Business Services
First Lien Debt (ae)
(S + 6.50%) / (2.00%)
11.89%/0.00%
6/30/2023
6/29/2029
13,780
13,683
13,780
Common Equity (7,883 units)
6/30/2023
-
Preferred Equity (7,883 units)
6/30/2023
14,471
14,773
%
Allredi, LLC (fka Marco Group International OpCo, LLC)
Industrial Cleaning & Coatings
Second Lien Debt
5.00%/10.00%
3/2/2020
9/2/2026
11,415
11,362
9,924
Common Equity (570,636 units) (h)(j)
7/21/2017
Common Equity (39,443 units) (h)(j)
11/24/2021
Common Equity (524,624units) (h)(j)
8/3/2023
12,066
10,192
%
American AllWaste LLC (dba WasteWater Transport Services)
Environmental Industries
First Lien Debt (j)(p)
(S + 6.50%) / (1.00%)
12.16%/0.00%
6/28/2021
6/28/2026
21,183
21,008
19,634
First Lien Debt (j)(o)
(S + 4.00%) / (1.00%)
9.66%/0.00%
6/28/2021
6/28/2026
Preferred Equity (500 units) (h)(j)
5/31/2018
-
Preferred Equity (207 units) (h)(j)
8/6/2019
-
Preferred Equity (141 units) (h)(j)
11/2/2020
-
Preferred Equity (74 units) (h)(j)
12/29/2021
-
22,356
19,938
%
AmeriWater, LLC
Component Manufacturing
First Lien Debt (af)
(S + 6.25%) / (1.00%)
11.60%/0.00%
7/8/2022
7/8/2027
7,613
7,580
7,613
Subordinated Debt (j)
7.00%/7.00%
7/8/2022
1/8/2028
2,220
2,213
2,220
Common Equity (1,000 units) (h)(j)
7/8/2022
1,000
1,203
10,793
11,036
%
AOM Intermediate Holdco, LLC (dba AllOver Media)
Information Technology Services
Common Equity (1,232 units) (h)(j)
2/1/2022
1,372
1,600
%
APM Intermediate Holdings, LLC (dba Artistic Paver Manufacturing, Inc.)
Building Products Manufacturing
First Lien Debt (ai)
(S + 7.00%) / (2.00%)
12.39%/0.00%
11/8/2022
11/8/2027
18,200
18,093
18,047
Common Equity (1,200 units) (h)(j)
11/8/2022
1,200
1,323
19,293
19,370
%
Applied Data Corporation
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt (k)(v)
(S + 6.25%) / (1.50%)
11.84%/0.00%
11/6/2020
11/6/2025
21,505
21,434
21,505
Common Equity (24 units)
11/6/2020
1,260
Preferred Equity (1,184,711 units)
11/6/2020
1,185
1,460
22,685
24,225
%
Auto CRM LLC (dba Dealer Holdings)
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt (am)
(P + 5.50%) / (3.25%)
14.00%/0.85%
10/1/2021
10/1/2026
7,647
7,606
7,647
Subordinated Debt
0.00%/14.50%
10/1/2021
12/31/2026
Common Equity (500 units) (j)
10/1/2021
8,780
8,561
%
Bad Boy Mowers JV Acquisition, LLC
Consumer Products
Subordinated Debt (k)
9.00%/4.50%
11/9/2023
11/9/2030
13,087
13,006
13,007
Preferred Equity (13,000 units) (j)
11/9/2023
1,300
1,300
14,306
14,307
%
Barefoot Mosquito and Pest Control, LLC
Consumer Services
First Lien Debt (k)
(S + 7.00%) / (2.00%)
12.37%/0.00%
12/22/2023
12/22/2029
29,000
28,822
28,822
Revolving Loan ($1,500 unfunded commitment) (i)(j)
(S + 7.00%) / (2.00%)
12.37%/0.00%
12/22/2023
12/22/2029
-
-
-
Common Equity (3,974 units) (h)(j)
12/22/2023
-
-
Preferred Equity (15,000 units) (h)(j)
12/22/2023
1,500
1,500
30,322
30,322
%
BCM One Group Holdings, Inc.
Information Technology Services
Subordinated Debt (j)
11.75%/0.00%
11/17/2021
11/17/2028
18,333
18,201
18,333
%
Bedford Precision Parts LLC
Specialty Distribution
Common Equity (500,000 units) (h)(j)
3/12/2019
%
BP Thrift Buyer, LLC (dba myUnique and Ecothrift)
Retail
First Lien Debt (j)(al)
(S + 5.75%) / (1.50%)
11.14%/0.00%
9/13/2022
9/13/2027
20,000
19,657
20,000
First Lien Debt (j)
(S + 5.75%) / (1.50%)
8.89%/0.00%
5/12/2023
9/13/2027
1,911
1,911
1,911
Common Equity (1,000 units) (j)
9/13/2022
1,432
22,528
23,343
%
BurgerFi International, LLC (dba BurgerFi) (ad)
Restaurants
Common Equity (14,201 units) (j)(ao)
11/3/2022
Preferred Equity (9,787 units) (j)(ao)
11/3/2022
%
Cardback Intermediate, LLC (dba Chargeback Gurus)
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt (j)(ah)
(S + 6.50%) / (0.75%)
12.16%/0.00%
8/10/2021
8/10/2026
11,734
11,693
11,734
Common Equity (495 shares) (j)
8/10/2021
-
Preferred Equity (495 shares) (j)
8/10/2021
11,943
11,977
%
Choice Technology Solutions, LLC (dba Choice Merchant Solutions, LLC)
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt (j)
(S + 7.25%) / (1.00%)
12.89%/0.00%
4/1/2022
4/1/2027
8,500
8,469
8,500
Revolving Loan ($1,000 unfunded commitment) (i)(j)
(S + 6.25%) / (1.00%)
11.89%/0.00%
4/1/2022
4/1/2027
-
-
-
Preferred Equity (500,000 units) (h)(j)
8/21/2023
8,969
9,188
%
CIH Intermediate, LLC
Business Services
Subordinated Debt (k)
10.00%/1.00%
3/3/2022
3/3/2028
13,891
13,797
13,891
Common Equity (563 shares) (j)
3/3/2022
1,396
Preferred Equity (563 shares) (j)
3/3/2022
14,597
16,208
%
Comply365, LLC
Aerospace & Defense Manufacturing
Common Equity (868,922 units)
12/22/2023
2,576
2,576
%
CRS Solutions Holdings, LLC (dba CRS Texas)
Business Services
Common Equity (574,929 units) (h)(j)
6/28/2022
%
CTM Group, Inc.
Business Services
First Lien Debt
(S + 6.75%) / (1.00%)
12.29%/0.00%
2/28/2023
11/30/2026
7,940
7,816
7,940
Subordinated Debt
11.50%/2.00%
2/28/2023
11/30/2027
2,034
2,014
2,034
Common Equity (400,000 units)
2/28/2023
10,230
10,459
%
Dataguise, Inc.
Information Technology Services
Subordinated Debt (j)
11.00%/2.00%
12/30/2022
11/23/2027
21,875
21,835
21,875
Common Equity (909 shares) (j)
12/31/2020
1,500
1,311
23,335
23,186
%
Dealerbuilt Acquisition, LLC
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt (ac)
(S + 5.75%) / (4.00%)
11.15%/1.00%
7/21/2023
7/21/2026
13,130
13,048
13,048
Subordinated Debt (j)
7.50%/7.50%
7/21/2023
1/21/2027
5,172
5,145
5,145
Common Equity (1,000 Units) (h)(j)
7/21/2023
-
-
Preferred Equity (1,000 Units) (h)(j)
7/21/2023
1,000
1,000
19,193
19,193
%
Detechtion Holdings, LLC
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt (k)
(S + 5.75%) / (2.25%)
11.14%/2.00%
6/21/2023
6/21/2028
17,689
17,597
17,689
Subordinated Debt (j)
0.00%/14.00%
6/21/2023
6/21/2028
2,154
2,144
2,154
Common Equity (500,000 units) (h)(j)
6/21/2023
20,241
20,381
%
Diversified Search LLC
Business Services
First Lien Debt (k)(r)
(S + 6.50%) / (1.00%)
12.11%/0.00%
2/7/2019
9/30/2025
24,155
24,083
24,155
Common Equity (573 units) (h)(j)
2/7/2019
24,635
24,591
%
Education Incites, LLC (dba Acceleration Academies)
Business Services
Second Lien Debt
12.75%/0.00%
10/31/2022
10/29/2027
6,000
5,978
6,000
%
Elements Brands, LLC
Consumer Products
First Lien Debt
12.25%/0.00%
12/31/2020
6/30/2024
1,525
1,517
1,525
Revolving Loan (j)
12.25%/0.00%
12/31/2020
6/30/2024
1,500
1,497
1,500
3,014
3,025
%
Fishbowl Solutions, LLC
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt (ar)
(S + 7.75%) / (1.00%)
13.40%/0.00%
3/25/2022
3/25/2027
14,174
14,103
14,174
%
Global Plasma Solutions, Inc.
Component Manufacturing
Subordinated Debt (j)
0.00%/18.80%
3/31/2023
3/18/2024
Common Equity (947 shares) (j)
9/21/2018
%
GMP HVAC, LLC (dba McGee Heating & Air, LLC)
Utilities: Services
First Lien Debt (j)
(S + 7.00%) / (2.00%)
12.38%/0.00%
12/8/2023
12/8/2028
3,000
2,983
2,983
Revolving Loan ($1,000 unfunded commitment) (i)(j)
(S + 7.00%) / (2.00%)
12.38%/0.00%
12/8/2023
12/8/2028
-
(6
)
-
Preferred Equity (1,000 units) (h)(j)
12/8/2023
1,000
1,000
3,977
3,983
%
GP&C Operations, LLC (dba Garlock Printing and Converting)
Component Manufacturing
Common Equity (515,625 units) (h)(j)
1/22/2021
%
Green Cubes Technology, LLC (dba Green Cubes)
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt (j)
(S + 13.00%) / (0.00%)
18.53%/0.00%
12/17/2021
12/17/2024
12,000
11,977
12,000
%
Gurobi Optimization, LLC
Information Technology Services
Common Equity (3 shares)
12/19/2017
3,255
%
Haematologic Technologies, Inc.
Healthcare Services
First Lien Debt (x)
(S + 8.25%) / (2.00%)
13.85%/0.00%
10/11/2019
10/11/2024
5,385
5,378
5,329
Common Equity (630 units) (h)(j)
10/11/2019
-
Common Equity (89 units) (h)(j)
6/26/2023
6,097
5,371
%
Hallmark Health Care Solutions, Inc.
Healthcare Services
Common Equity (3,645,752units) (j)
9/18/2023
3,645
3,646
%
Healthfuse, LLC
Healthcare Services
Preferred Equity (197,980 units)
11/13/2020
1,721
%
Hub Acquisition Sub, LLC (dba Hub Pen)
Promotional products
Second Lien Debt (k)
12.50%/1.00%
4/25/2023
6/30/2028
20,140
19,880
20,140
Common Equity (5,837 units)
3/23/2016
1,385
Common Equity (637 units) (j)
8/7/2023
Preferred Equity (868 units) (j)
10/16/2020
20,526
21,985
%
IBH Holdings, LLC (fka Inflexxion, Inc.)
Business Services
Common Equity (150,000 units)
6/20/2018
-
%
ISI PSG Holdings, LLC (dba Incentive Solutions, Inc.)
Business Services
First Lien Debt (j)(aj)
(S + 7.50%) / (0.50%)
13.00%/0.00%
4/5/2021
4/5/2026
11,517
11,470
11,517
First Lien Debt (j)(an)
(S + 7.50%) / (0.50%)
9.50%/0.00%
6/30/2021
4/5/2026
12,222
12,221
12,168
Common Equity (256,964 units) (h)(j)
4/5/2021
24,191
24,238
%
The Kyjen Company, LLC (dba Outward Hound)
Consumer Products
Common Equity (855 shares) (j)
12/8/2017
%
Level Education Group, LLC (dba CE4Less)
Business Services
First Lien Debt (ak)
(S + 5.75%) / (2.00%)
11.41%/0.00%
4/1/2021
4/1/2026
4,622
4,604
4,622
Common Equity (1,000,000 units) (j)
4/1/2021
1,000
1,458
5,604
6,080
%
LifeSpan Biosciences, Inc.
Healthcare Products
Subordinated Debt (j)
11.50%/0.00%
3/19/2021
9/19/2026
16,000
15,959
15,102
Common Equity (100 shares) (j)
3/19/2021
1,000
16,959
15,544
%
Magenta Buyer LLC (dba Trellix)
Information Technology Services
Second Lien Debt (j)
(S + 8.25%) / (0.75%)
13.89%/0.00%
7/19/2022
7/27/2029
7,182
6,864
5,103
%
MBS Opco, LLC (dba Marketron)
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt (j)
(S + 8.50%) / (1.50%)
14.16%/0.00%
9/29/2022
9/28/2026
27,000
26,907
27,000
%
MDME Holding Corp.
Healthcare Products
First Lien Debt
(S + 6.25%) / (1.00%)
11.75%/0.00%
8/31/2023
8/3/2027
11,893
11,806
11,806
Common Equity (4,735 units) (j)
9/18/2023
-
-
Preferred Equity (12,500 units) (j)
9/18/2023
1,250
1,250
13,056
13,056
%
Micronics Filtration Holdings, Inc. (dba Micronics Engineered Filtration Group, Inc.)
Component Manufacturing
First Lien Debt (j)(as)
(S + 5.50%) / (0.50%)
10.84%/0.00%
2/17/2022
2/17/2027
20,636
19,873
20,636
First Lien Debt (au)
(S + 5.50%) / (0.50%)
10.84%/0.00%
2/17/2022
2/17/2027
9,364
9,314
9,364
Common Equity (14,400 units) (j)
2/17/2022
1,440
5,440
30,627
35,440
%
Netbase Solutions, Inc. (dba Netbase Quid)
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt (k)(ap)
(P + 4.00%) / (3.25%)
12.50%/0.00%
11/18/2021
11/18/2025
16,708
16,650
16,459
%
NWS Technologies, LLC
Utilities: Services
First Lien Debt (u)
(S + 8.00%) / (2.50%)
13.39%/0.00%
6/20/2023
6/16/2028
17,000
16,773
17,000
Common Equity (1 unit) (h)(j)
6/20/2023
1,125
Preferred Equity (0.375 units) (h)(j)
6/20/2023
18,273
18,333
%
OnePath Systems, LLC
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt (s)
(S + 7.50%) / (1.00%)
12.83%/0.00%
9/30/2022
9/30/2027
11,000
10,938
11,000
Common Equity (732,542 shares) (j)
9/30/2022
11,438
11,704
%
Palmetto Moon, LLC
Retail
Common Equity (499 units) (j)
11/3/2016
%
Pinnergy, Ltd.
Oil & Gas Services
Subordinated Debt (j)
9.00%/0.00%
6/30/2022
6/30/2027
12,850
12,798
12,850
%
Pool & Electrical Products, LLC
Specialty Distribution
Common Equity (15,000 units) (h)(j)
10/28/2020
4,649
%
PowerGrid Services Acquisition, LLC
Utilities: Services
Second Lien Debt (j)
(S + 9.50%) / (1.00%)
15.15%/0.00%
9/21/2021
3/21/2029
10,831
10,793
10,831
Common Equity (5,341 units) (h)(j)
9/21/2021
11,327
11,392
%
Prime AE Group, Inc.
Business Services
First Lien Debt (j)(ab)
(S + 7.25%) / (2.00%)
12.72%/0.00%
11/25/2019
11/25/2024
5,833
5,798
5,833
Preferred Equity (900,000 shares) (j)
11/25/2019
6,698
6,181
%
Puget Collision, LLC
Retail
First Lien Debt (k)
(S + 8.50%) / (1.00%)
13.84%/0.00%
4/28/2023
9/12/2027
17,546
17,465
17,546
%
QED Technologies International, Inc.
Component Manufacturing
First Lien Debt (q)
(S + 6.25%) / (1.50%)
11.14%/0.50%
3/1/2023
3/1/2028
17,348
17,240
17,348
Common Equity (140 shares) (j)
2/28/2023
1,402
1,923
18,642
19,271
%
Quest Software US Holdings Inc.
Information Technology Services
Second Lien Debt (j)
(S + 7.50%) / (0.50%)
13.03%/0.00%
3/1/2022
2/1/2030
20,000
19,450
14,927
%
R1 Holdings, LLC (dba RoadOne IntermodaLogistics)
Transportation services
First Lien Debt ($1,596 unfunded commitment) (j)(w)
(S + 6.25%) / (1.00%)
11.72%/0.00%
12/30/2022
12/30/2028
6,343
6,162
6,343
Subordinated Debt ($417 unfunded commitment) (j)(w)
8.75%/5.00%
12/30/2022
6/30/2029
1,403
1,363
1,403
Common Equity (280,000 units) ($70 unfunded commitment) (j)
12/30/2022
7,805
8,063
%
Sonicwall US Holdings, Inc.
Information Technology Services
Second Lien Debt (j)
(S + 7.50%) / (0.00%)
13.01%/0.00%
9/6/2022
5/18/2026
3,581
3,391
3,356
%
Suited Connector LLC
Information Technology Services
Second Lien Debt (j)(y)
0.00%/12.00%
10/29/2021
6/1/2028
16,000
15,933
4,324
Common Equity (56,382 units) (h)(j)
12/1/2021
-
16,769
4,324
%
Tedia Company, LLC
Healthcare Products
First Lien Debt (j)
(S + 7.75%) / (1.00%)
13.41%/0.00%
3/4/2022
3/4/2027
15,600
15,545
15,600
Revolving Loan ($2,400 unfunded commitment) (j)(i)
(S + 7.75%) / (1.00%)
13.41%/0.00%
3/4/2022
3/4/2027
-
(14
)
-
Subordinated Debt (j)
7.25%/7.25%
3/4/2022
9/4/2027
2,857
2,847
2,727
Preferred Equity (1,000 units) (h)(j)
3/4/2022
1,000
19,378
18,759
%
Tiger Calcium Services Inc. (aq)
Transportation services
Second Lien Debt (j) (ao)
12.50%/0.00%
12/21/2022
5/31/2025
12,500
12,464
12,500
%
UBEO, LLC
Business Services
Common Equity (705,000 units) (h)(j)
4/3/2018
1,935
%
United Biologics, LLC
Healthcare Services
Preferred Equity (98,377 units) (h)(j)
4/1/2012
1,008
-
Warrant (57,469 units) (j)(m)
3/5/2012
-
1,574
-
%
US Fertility Enterprises, LLC
Healthcare Services
Subordinated Debt (j)
0.00%/13.75%
5/19/2023
6/1/2028
13,614
13,284
13,614
%
USG AS Holdings, LLC
Utilities: Services
First Lien Debt (j)
(S + 8.50%) / (2.50%)
14.04%/0.00%
2/23/2023
2/23/2028
10,000
9,917
10,000
Common Equity (Units N/A) (j)
2/21/2023
10,372
10,959
%
Virginia Tile Company, LLC
Specialty Distribution
Common Equity (17 units) (j)
12/19/2014
1,330
%
Virtex Enterprises, LP
Component Manufacturing
Second Lien Debt (y)
(S + 9.75%) / (2.50%)
5.46%/9.75%
4/13/2022
6/30/2026
11,002
10,906
5,340
Subordinated Debt
(S + 4.00%) / (2.50%)
9.46%/0.00%
9/20/2023
12/31/2025
11,263
5,671
%
White Label Communication, LLC
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt (j)
(S + 6.25%) / (1.00%)
11.66%/0.00%
10/11/2023
10/11/2029
17,500
17,405
17,405
Common Equity (536units) (h)(j)
10/11/2023
-
-
Preferred Equity (5,000 units) (h)(j)
10/11/2023
17,905
17,905
%
Winona Foods, Inc.
Specialty Distribution
First Lien Debt (j)
(S + 11.00%) / (6.00%)
12.00%/5.00%
12/13/2023
6/13/2027
2,005
1,976
1,976
%
Wonderware Holdings, LLC (dba CORE Business Technologies)
Information Technology Services
First Lien Debt (k)(z)
(S + 7.00%) / (1.00%)
12.59%/0.00%
2/10/2021
2/9/2026
8,316
8,291
8,316
%
Worldwide Express Operations, LLC
Transportation services
Second Lien Debt (j)
(S + 7.00%) / (0.75%)
12.61%/0.00%
8/2/2021
7/26/2029
27,497
26,562
27,116
Common Equity (795,000units) (j)
7/21/2021
Common Equity (752,380 units) (h)(j)
7/26/2021
27,582
28,499
%
Zonkd, LLC
Component Manufacturing
First Lien Debt (j)
(S + 10.00%) / (1.00%)
16.63%/0.00%
3/18/2022
3/18/2027
4,300
4,152
4,300
Common Equity (4,987 units) (h)(j)
3/18/2022
4,306
4,757
%
Total Non-control/Non-affiliate Investments
$
883,312
$
874,030
%
Total Investments
$
936,629
$
957,906
%
Money market funds (included in cash and cash equivalents)
Goldman Sachs Financial Square Treasury Obligation Institution CUSIP (38141W323) (ad)
$
114,556
$
114,556
%
Total money market funds
$
114,556
$
114,556
%
Total Investments and Money Market Funds
$
1,051,185
$
1,072,462
%
(a) See Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements for portfolio composition by geographic location.
(b) Equity ownership may be held in shares or units of companies related to the portfolio companies.
(c) All debt investments are income producing, unless otherwise indicated. Equity investments are non-income producing unless otherwise noted.
(d) Variable rate investments bear interest at a rate indexed to Prime (P) or SOFR (S), which are reset monthly, bimonthly, quarterly, or semi-annually. Certain variable rate investments also include a Prime or SOFR interest rate floor. For each investment, the Company has provided the spread over the reference rate and the Prime or SOFR floor, if any, as of December 31, 2023.
(e) Rate includes the cash interest or dividend rate and paid-in-kind interest or dividend rate, if any, as of December 31, 2023. Generally, payment-in-kind interest can be paid-in-kind or all in cash.
(f) Investment date represents the date of the initial investment in the security.
(g) Except as otherwise noted, the Company’s investment portfolio is comprised of debt and equity securities of privately held companies for which quoted prices falling within the categories of Level 1 and Level 2 inputs are not available. Therefore, the Company values all of its portfolio investments at fair value, as determined in good faith by the board of directors, using significant unobservable Level 3 inputs.
(h) Investment is held by a taxable subsidiary of the Company.
(i) The disclosed commitment represents the unfunded amount as of December 31, 2023. The Company is earning 0.50% interest on the unfunded balance of the commitment. The interest rate disclosed represents the rate which will be earned if the commitment is funded.
(j) Investment pledged as collateral for the Credit Facility and, as a result, is not directly available to the creditors of the Company to satisfy any obligations of the Company other than the Company's obligations under the Credit Facility (see Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements).
(k) The portion of the investment not held by the Funds is pledged as collateral for the Credit Facility and, as a result, is not directly available to the creditors of the Company to satisfy any obligations of the Company other than the Company's obligations under the Credit Facility (see Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements).
(l) As defined in the 1940 Act, the Company is deemed to be an "Affiliated Person" of this portfolio company because it owns 5% or more of the portfolio company's outstanding voting securities or it has the power to exercise control over the management or policies of such portfolio company. Transactions in which the issuer was an Affiliated Person are detailed in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements.
(m) Warrants entitle the Company to purchase a predetermined number of shares or units of common equity, and are non-income producing. The purchase price and number of shares are subject to adjustment under certain conditions until the expiration date, if any.
(n) Investment in portfolio company that has sold its operations and is in the process of winding down.
(o) The Company sold a participating interest of approximately $0.3 million in aggregate principal amount of the portfolio company’s first lien senior secured term loan. As the transaction did not qualify as a “true sale” in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), the Company recorded a corresponding secured borrowing in the Consolidated Statements of Assets and Liabilities.
(p) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 4.83% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(q) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 3.09% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(r) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 3.22% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(s) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 2.19% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(t) As defined in the 1940 Act, the Company is deemed to be both an “Affiliated Person” of and “Control” this portfolio company because it owns 25% or more of the portfolio company’s outstanding voting securities or it has the power to exercise control over the management or policies of such portfolio company. Transactions in which the issuer was both an Affiliated Person and a portfolio company that the Company is deemed to Control are detailed in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements.
(u) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 2.33% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(v) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 2.63% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(w) The disclosed commitment represents the unfunded amount as of December 31, 2023. The Company is earning 1.00% interest on the unfunded balance of the commitment. The interest rate disclosed represents the rate earned on the outstanding, funded balance of the commitment.
(x) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 2.37% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(y) Investment was on non-accrual status as of December 31, 2023.
(z) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 4.60% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(aa) The Company sold a participating interest of approximately $4.0 million in aggregate principal amount of the portfolio company’s first lien senior secured term loan. As the transaction did not qualify as a “true sale” in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), the Company recorded a corresponding secured borrowing in the Consolidated Statements of Assets and Liabilities.
(ab) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 7.72% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(ac) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional cash interest amount of 3.75% and PIK interest amount of 0.82% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(ad) This investment is classified as a Level 1 investment. For further detail on the fair value measurements, see Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements.
(ae) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 1.20% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(af) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 3.28% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(ag) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 4.44% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(ah) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 1.62% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(ai) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 3.36% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(aj) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 4.11% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(ak) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 3.47% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(al) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 5.04% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(am) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 3.23% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(an) The Company sold a participating interest of approximately $13.5 million in aggregate principal amount of the portfolio company’s first lien senior secured term loan. As the transaction did not qualify as a “true sale” in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), the Company recorded a corresponding secured borrowing in the Consolidated Statements of Assets and Liabilities.
(ao) The investment is treated as a non-qualifying asset under Section 55(a) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”). Under the 1940 Act, the Company can not acquire any non-qualifying asset unless, at the time the acquisition is made, qualifying assets represent at least 70% of the Company's total assets. As of December 31, 2023, total non-qualifying assets at fair value represented 1.17% of the Company's total assets calculated in accordance with the 1940 Act.
(ap) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional cash interest amount of 2.00% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(aq) The headquarters of this portfolio company is located in Canada.
(ar) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 3.11% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(as) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 2.80% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(at) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 2.55% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
(au) In addition to the interest earned based on the stated interest rate of this security, the Company is entitled to receive an additional interest amount of 2.80% on its “last out” tranche of the portfolio company’s senior term debt, which was previously syndicated into “first out” and “last out” tranches, whereby the “first out” tranche will have priority as to the “last out” tranche with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due thereunder.
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Note 1. Organization and Nature of Business
Fidus Investment Corporation (“FIC,” and together with its subsidiaries, the “Company”), a Maryland corporation, operates as an externally managed, closed-end, non-diversified business development company (“BDC”) under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (“1940 Act”). FIC completed its initial public offering, or IPO, in June 2011. In addition, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the Company has elected, and intends to qualify annually, to be treated as a regulated investment company (“RIC”) under subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”).
The Company provides customized debt and equity financing solutions to lower middle-market companies, and may make investments directly or through its two wholly-owned investment company subsidiaries, Fidus Mezzanine Capital III, L.P. (“Fund III”) and Fidus Mezzanine Capital IV, L.P. (“Fund IV”) (collectively, Fund III and Fund IV are referred to as the “SBIC Funds”). The SBIC Funds are licensed by the U.S. Small Business Administration (the “SBA”) as small business investment companies (“SBIC”). The SBIC licenses allow the SBIC Funds to obtain leverage by issuing SBA-guaranteed debentures (“SBA debentures”), subject to the issuance of leverage commitments by the SBA and other customary procedures. As SBICs, the SBIC Funds are subject to regulations of and oversight by the SBA under the Small Business Investment Act of 1958, as amended (the “SBIC Act”), concerning, among other things, the size and nature of the companies in which they may invest and the structure of those investments.
We believe that utilizing both FIC and the SBIC Funds as investment vehicles provides us with access to a broader array of investment opportunities. Given our access to lower cost capital through the SBA’s SBIC debenture program, we expect that we will make investments through active SBIC funds until the earlier of the end of such fund's investment period, or when the fund reaches its borrowing limit under the SBA program. For two or more SBICs under common control, the maximum amount of outstanding SBA debentures cannot exceed $350,000.
Fund III and Fund IV are not registered under the 1940 Act and rely on the exclusion from the definition of investment company contained in Section 3(c)(7) of the 1940 Act.
The Company pays a quarterly base management fee and an incentive fee to Fidus Investment Advisors, LLC, our investment advisor (the “Investment Advisor” or “Fidus Investment Advisors”) under an investment advisory agreement (the “Investment Advisory Agreement”).
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of presentation: The accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) pursuant to the requirements for reporting on Form 10-K, Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 946, Financial Services - Investment Companies (“ASC 946”), and Articles 6 and 10 of Regulation S-X. In the opinion of management, the consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments and reclassifications consisting solely of normal accruals that are necessary for the fair presentation of financial results as of and for the periods presented. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.
Use of estimates: The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Consolidation: Pursuant to Article 6 of Regulation S-X and ASC 946, the Company will generally not consolidate its investments in a company other than an investment company subsidiary or a controlled operating company whose business consists of providing services to the Company. As a result, the consolidated financial statements of the Company include only the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.
Investment risks: The Company’s investments are subject to a variety of risks. These risks may include, but are not limited to the following:
•Market risk - In contrast to investment-grade bonds (the market prices of which change primarily as a reaction to changes in interest rates), the market prices of high-yield bonds (which are also affected by changes in interest rates) are influenced much more by credit factors and financial results of the issuer as well as general economic factors that influence the financial markets as a whole. The portfolio companies in which the Company invests may be unseasoned, unprofitable and/or have little established operating history or earnings. These companies may also lack technical, marketing, financial, and other resources or may be dependent upon the success of one product or service, a unique distribution channel, or the effectiveness of a manager or management team, as compared to larger, more established entities. The failure of a single product, service or distribution channel, or the loss or the ineffectiveness of a key executive or executives within the management team may have a materially adverse impact on such companies. Furthermore, these companies may be more vulnerable to competition and to overall economic conditions than larger, more established entities.
•Credit risk - Credit risk represents the risk of counterparties failing to perform pursuant to the terms of their agreements with the Company. Issues of high-yield debt securities in which the Company invests are more likely to default on interest or principal than are issues of investment-grade securities.
•Liquidity risk - Liquidity risk represents the possibility that the Company may not be able to sell its investments quickly or at a reasonable price (given the lack of an established market).
•Interest rate risk - Interest rate risk represents the likelihood that a change in interest rates could have an adverse impact on the fair value of an interest-bearing financial instrument.
•Prepayment risk - Certain of the Company’s debt investments allow for prepayment of principal without penalty. Downward changes in market interest rates may cause prepayments to occur at a faster than expected rate, thereby effectively shortening the maturity of the debt investments and making the instrument less likely to be an income producing instrument through the stated maturity date.
•Off-Balance sheet risk - Some of the Company’s financial instruments contain off-balance sheet risk. Generally, these financial instruments represent future commitments to purchase other financial instruments at defined terms at defined future dates. See Note 7 for further details.
Fair value of financial instruments: The Company measures and discloses fair value with respect to substantially all of its financial instruments in accordance with ASC Topic 820 - Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC Topic 820”). ASC Topic 820 defines fair value, establishes a framework used to measure fair value, and requires disclosures for fair value measurements, including the categorization of financial instruments into a three-level hierarchy based on the transparency of valuation inputs. See Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion regarding the fair value measurements and hierarchy.
Investment classification: The Company classifies its investments in accordance with the requirements of the 1940 Act. Under the 1940 Act, “Control Investments” are defined as investments in those companies where the Company owns more than 25% of the voting securities of such company or has rights to maintain greater than 50% of the board representation. Under the 1940 Act, “Affiliate Investments” are defined as investments in those companies where the Company owns between 5% and 25% of the voting securities of such company. “Non-Control/Non-Affiliate Investments” are those that neither qualify as Control Investments nor Affiliate Investments.
Segments: In accordance with ASC Topic 280 - Segment Reporting, the Company is externally managed and has determined that it has a single reporting segment and operating unit structure, which derives investment income from its portfolio investments. The chief operating decision makers assesses performance for the Company based on net investment income, net realized and unrealized gains (losses) from investments, and net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations, which are reported on the consolidated statements of operations. The chief operating decision makers also may assess the Company's performance by completing an industry benchmarking analysis using the metrics disclosed in Note 10. Financial Highlights. The Company's chief operating decision makers (the “CODM”) are the Investment Advisor’s investment committee. Subject to the overall supervision of the Company's board of directors, the Investment Advisor manages the day-to-day operations of, and provides investment advisory and management services to, the Company. The information and operating expense categories included in the consolidated statements of operations are fully reflective of the significant expense categories and amounts that are regularly provided to the CODM.
Cash and cash equivalents: Cash and cash equivalents are highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the date of acquisition. The Company places its cash in financial institutions and, at times, such balances may be in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance limits. The Company does not believe its cash balances are exposed to any significant credit risk.
Deferred financing costs: Deferred financing costs consist of fees and expenses paid in connection with the SBA debentures, the Credit Facility and the Notes (as defined in Note 6). Deferred financing costs are capitalized and amortized to interest and financing
expenses over the term of the debt agreement using the effective interest method. Unamortized deferred financing costs are presented as an offset to the corresponding debt liabilities on the consolidated statements of assets and liabilities.
Realized losses on extinguishment of debt: Upon the repayment of debt obligations which are deemed to be extinguishments, the difference between the principal amount due at maturity, adjusted for any unamortized deferred financing costs, is recognized as a loss (i.e., the unamortized deferred financing costs are recognized as a loss upon extinguishment of the underlying debt obligation).
Deferred offering costs: Deferred offering costs include registration expenses related to the shelf registration statement filing pursuant to which the Company may offer its securities, from time to time, in one or more offerings. These expenses primarily consist of U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) registration fees, legal fees and accounting fees incurred. These expenses are included in prepaid expenses and other assets on the consolidated statements of assets and liabilities. Upon the completion of an equity offering or a debt offering, the deferred expenses are charged to additional paid-in capital or deferred financing costs, respectively. If no offering is completed prior to the expiration of the registration statement, the deferred costs are charged to expense.
Realized gains or losses and unrealized appreciation or depreciation on investments: Realized gains or losses on investments are recorded upon the sale or disposition of a portfolio investment and are calculated as the difference between the net proceeds from the sale or disposition and the cost basis of the investment, without regard to unrealized appreciation or depreciation previously recognized. Net change in unrealized appreciation or depreciation on the consolidated statements of operations includes changes in the fair value of investments from the prior period, as determined in good faith by the Company’s board of directors (the “Board”) through the application of the Company’s valuation policy, as well as reclassifications of any prior period unrealized appreciation or depreciation on exited investments to realized gains or losses on investments.
Interest and dividend income: Interest and dividend income are recorded on the accrual basis to the extent that the Company expects to collect such amounts. Interest is accrued daily based on the outstanding principal amount and the contractual terms of the debt. Dividend income is recorded as dividends are declared or at the point an obligation exists for the portfolio company to make a distribution, and is generally recognized when received. Distributions from portfolio companies are evaluated to determine if the distribution is a distribution of earnings or a return of capital. Distributions of earnings are included in dividend income while a return of capital is recorded as a reduction in the cost basis of the investment. Estimates are adjusted as necessary after the relevant tax forms are received from the portfolio company.
PIK income: Certain of the Company’s investments contain a payment-in-kind (“PIK”) income provision. The PIK income, computed at the contractual rate specified in the applicable investment agreement, is added to the principal balance of the investment, rather than being paid in cash, and recorded as interest or dividend income, as applicable, on the consolidated statements of operations. Generally, PIK can be paid-in-kind or all in cash. The Company stops accruing PIK income when there is reasonable doubt that PIK income will be collected. PIK income that has been contractually capitalized to the principal balance of the investment prior to the non-accrual designation date is not reserved against interest or dividend income, but rather is assessed through the valuation of the investment (with corresponding adjustments to unrealized depreciation, as applicable). PIK income is included in the Company’s taxable income and, therefore, affects the amount the Company is required to pay to shareholders in the form of dividends in order to maintain the Company’s tax treatment as a RIC, even though the Company has not yet collected the cash.
Non-accrual: Debt investments or preferred equity investments (for which the Company is accruing PIK dividends) are placed on non-accrual status when principal, interest or dividend payments become materially past due, or when there is reasonable doubt that principal, interest or dividends will be collected. Any original issue discount and market discount are no longer accreted to interest income as of the date the loan is placed on full non-accrual status. Interest and dividend payments received on non-accrual investments may be recognized as interest or dividend income or may be applied to the investment principal balance based on management’s judgment. Non-accrual investments are restored to accrual status when past due principal, interest or dividends are paid and, in management’s judgment, payments are likely to remain current.
Origination and closing fees: The Company also typically receives debt investment origination or closing fees in connection with such investments. Such debt investment origination and closing fees are capitalized as unearned income and offset against investment cost basis on the consolidated statements of assets and liabilities and accreted into interest income over the life of the investment. Upon the prepayment of a debt investment, any unaccreted debt investment origination and closing fees are accelerated into interest income.
Warrants: In connection with the Company’s debt investments, the Company will sometimes receive warrants or other equity-related securities from the borrower (“Warrants”). The Company determines the cost basis of Warrants based upon their respective fair values on the date of receipt in proportion to the total fair value of the debt and Warrants received. Any resulting difference between the face amount of the debt and its recorded fair value resulting from the assignment of value to the Warrants is treated as original issue discount (“OID”), and accreted into interest income using the effective interest method over the term of the debt investment. Upon the prepayment of a debt investment, any unaccreted OID is accelerated into interest income.
Fee income: Transaction fees earned in connection with the Company’s investments are recognized as fee income and are generally non-recurring. Such fees typically include fees for services, including structuring and advisory services, provided to portfolio companies.
The Company recognizes income from fees for providing such structuring and advisory services when the services are rendered or the transactions are completed. Upon the prepayment of a debt investment, any prepayment penalties are recorded as fee income when earned.
Partial loan and equity sales: The Company follows the guidance in ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing ("ASC 860"), when accounting for loan (debt investment) participations, equity assignments and other partial loan sales. Such guidance requires a participation, assignment or other partial loan or equity sale to meet the definition of a “participating interest,” as defined in the guidance, in order for sale treatment to be allowed. Participations, assignments or other partial loan or equity sales which do not meet the definition of a participating interest should remain on the Company’s consolidated statements of assets and liabilities and the proceeds recorded as a secured borrowing until the definition is met. For these partial loan sales, the interest earned on the entire loan balance is recorded within “interest income” and the interest earned by the buyer in the partial loan sale is recorded within “interest and financing expenses” in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
Income taxes: The Company has elected, and intends to qualify annually, to be treated as a RIC under subchapter M of the Code, and, as such will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the portion of its taxable income (including gains) distributed as dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes to stockholders. Taxable income includes the Company’s taxable interest, dividend and fee income, reduced by certain deductions as well as taxable net realized investment gains. Taxable income generally differs from net income for financial reporting purposes due to temporary and permanent differences in the recognition of income and expenses, and generally excludes net unrealized appreciation or depreciation, as such gains or losses are not included in taxable income until they are realized.
To qualify as a RIC, the Company is required to meet certain income and asset diversification tests in addition to distributing dividends of an amount generally at least equal to 90% of its investment company taxable income, as defined by the Code and determined without regard to any deduction for distributions paid, to its stockholders. The amount to be paid out as a distribution is determined by the Board of Directors each quarter and is based upon the annual earnings estimated by the management of the Company. To the extent that the Company’s earnings fall below the amount of dividend distributions declared, however, a portion of the total amount of the Company’s distributions for the fiscal year may be deemed a return of capital for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
In the future, the SBIC Funds may be limited by provisions of the SBIC Act and SBA regulations governing SBICs from making certain distributions to FIC that may be necessary to enable FIC to make the minimum distributions required to maintain its RIC tax treatment.
The Company has certain wholly-owned subsidiaries (the “Taxable Subsidiaries”) that have elected to be treated as corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes and are thus subject to U.S. federal income tax imposed at corporate rates, each of which generally holds one or more of the Company’s portfolio investments listed on the consolidated schedules of investments. The Taxable Subsidiaries are consolidated for financial reporting purposes, such that the Company’s consolidated financial statements reflect the Company’s investment in the portfolio company investments owned by the Taxable Subsidiaries. The purpose of the Taxable Subsidiaries is to permit the Company to hold equity investments in portfolio companies that are taxed as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes (such as entities organized as limited liability companies (“LLCs”) or other forms of pass through entities) while complying with the “source-of-income” requirements contained in the RIC tax provisions. The Taxable Subsidiaries are not consolidated with the Company for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and each Taxable Subsidiary will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on its taxable income. Any such income or expense is reflected in the consolidated statements of operations.
U.S. federal income tax determinations differ from GAAP, and as a result, distributions for U.S. federal income tax purposes may differ from net investment income and realized gains recognized under GAAP. Differences may be permanent or temporary. Permanent differences may arise as a result of, among other items, a difference in the book and adjusted tax basis of certain assets and nondeductible U.S. federal income tax. Temporary differences arise when certain items of income, expense, gain or loss are recognized at some time in the future.
ASC Topic 740 - Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes (“ASC Topic 740”) provides guidance for how uncertain tax positions should be recognized, measured, presented and disclosed in the consolidated financial statements. ASC Topic 740 requires the evaluation of tax positions taken in the course of preparing the Company’s tax returns to determine whether the tax positions are “more-likely-than-not” to be respected by the applicable tax authorities. Tax benefits of positions not deemed to meet the more-likely-than-not threshold would be recorded as a tax expense in the current year. It is the Company’s policy to recognize accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax benefits included in the income tax provision, if any. There were no material uncertain income tax positions at December 31, 2024 and 2023. The Company’s tax returns are generally subject to examination by U.S. federal and most state tax authorities for a period of three years from the date the respective returns are filed, and, accordingly, the Company’s 2021 through 2023 tax years remain subject to examination.
Dividends to stockholders: Dividends to stockholders are recorded on the record date with respect to such distributions. The amount, if any, to be distributed to stockholders, is determined by the Board each quarter and is generally based upon the earnings estimated by management. Net realized capital gains, if any, may be distributed at least annually, although the Company may decide to retain such capital gains for investment.
The determination of the tax attributes for the Company’s distributions is made annually, and is based upon the Company’s taxable income and distributions paid to its stockholders for the full year. Ordinary dividend distributions from a RIC do not qualify for the preferential tax rate on qualified dividend income from domestic corporations and qualified foreign corporations, except to the extent that the RIC received the income in the form of qualifying dividends from domestic corporations and qualified foreign corporations. The tax characterization of the Company’s distributions generally includes both ordinary income and capital gains but may also include qualified dividends or return of capital.
The Company has adopted a dividend reinvestment plan (“DRIP”) that provides for the reinvestment of dividends on behalf of its stockholders, unless a stockholder has elected to receive dividends in cash. As a result, if the Company declares a cash dividend, the Company’s stockholders who have not “opted out” of the DRIP at least two days prior to the dividend payment date will have their cash dividend automatically reinvested into additional shares of the Company’s common stock. The Company has the option to satisfy the share requirements of the DRIP through the issuance of new shares of common stock or through open market purchases of common stock by the DRIP plan administrator. Newly issued shares are valued based upon the final closing price of the Company’s common stock on a date determined by the Board. Shares purchased in the open market to satisfy the DRIP requirements will be valued based upon the average price of the applicable shares purchased by the DRIP plan administrator before any associated brokerage or other costs. See Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements regarding dividend declarations and distributions.
Earnings and net asset value per share: The earnings per share calculations for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, are computed utilizing the weighted average shares outstanding for the period. Net asset value per share is calculated using the number of shares outstanding as of the end of the period.
Stock Repurchase Program: The Company has an open market stock repurchase program (the “Stock Repurchase Program”) under which the Company may acquire up to $5,000 of its outstanding common stock. Under the Stock Repurchase Program, the Company may, but is not obligated to, repurchase outstanding common stock in the open market from time to time provided that the Company complies with the prohibitions under its insider trading policies and the requirements of Rule 10b-18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act”), including certain price, market value and timing constraints. The timing, manner, price and amount of any share repurchases will be determined by the Company’s management, in its discretion, based upon the evaluation of economic and market conditions, stock price, capital availability, applicable legal and regulatory requirements and other corporate considerations. On October 28, 2024 the Board extended the Stock Repurchase Program through December 31, 2025, or until the approved dollar amount has been used to repurchase shares. The Stock Repurchase Program does not require the Company to repurchase any specific number of shares and the Company cannot assure that any shares will be repurchased under the Stock Repurchase Program. The Stock Repurchase Program may be suspended, extended, modified or discontinued at any time. The Company did not make any repurchases of common stock during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022. Refer to Note 8 for additional information concerning stock repurchases.
Recent accounting pronouncement: In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2023-09, “Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (Topic 740),” which requires disclosure of additional information pertaining to income taxes. Such changes include disclosing (i) a reconciliation of the effective tax rate to statutory rate for federal, state, and foreign income taxes and (ii) taxes paid (net of refunds received) should be disaggregated for federal, state and foreign taxes. The guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2024 and may be applied on a prospective or retrospective basis. We are currently evaluating the impact this ASU will have on our consolidated financial position or disclosures, but we do not expect the impact to be material.
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (“ASU 2023-07”), which enhances disclosure requirements about significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to CODM”). ASU 2023-07, among other things, (i) requires a single segment public entity to provide all of the disclosures as required by ASC 280, (ii) requires a public entity to disclose the title and position of the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources and (iii) provides the ability for a public entity to elect more than one performance measure. ASU 2023-07 is effective for the fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods beginning with the first quarter ended March 31, 2025. Early adoption is permitted and retrospective adoption is required for all prior periods presented. The Company has adopted ASU 2023-07 effective December 31, 2024 and concluded that the application of this guidance did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
Note 3. Portfolio Company Investments
The Company’s portfolio investments principally consist of secured and unsecured debt, equity warrants and direct equity investments primarily in privately held companies. The debt investments may or may not be secured by either a first or second lien on the assets of the portfolio company. The debt investments generally bear interest at fixed rates or variable rates, and generally mature between five and seven years from the original investment. In connection with a debt investment, the Company also may receive nominally priced equity warrants and/or make a direct equity investment in the portfolio company. The Company’s warrants or equity investments may be investments in a holding company related to the portfolio company. In addition, the Company makes equity investments in portfolio companies organized as LLCs or other forms of pass-through entities through Taxable Subsidiaries. In both situations, the investment is generally reported under the name of the operating company on the consolidated schedules of investments.
As of December 31, 2024, the Company had active investments in 87 portfolio companies and residual investments in four portfolio companies that have sold their underlying operations. The aggregate fair value of the total portfolio was $1,090,506 and the weighted average yield on the Company’s debt investments was 13.3% as of such date. As of December 31, 2024, the Company held equity investments in 85.7% of its portfolio companies and the average fully diluted equity ownership in those portfolio companies was 3.5%.
As of December 31, 2023, the Company had active investments in 81 portfolio companies and residual investments in one portfolio company that has sold its underlying operations. The aggregate fair value of the total portfolio was $957,906 and the weighted average yield on the Company’s debt investments was 14.2% as of such date. As of December 31, 2023, the Company held equity investments in 79.3% of its portfolio companies and the average fully diluted equity ownership in those portfolio companies was 3.0%.
The weighted average yield of the Company’s debt investments is not the same as a return on investment for its stockholders but, rather, relates to a portion of the Company’s investment portfolio and is calculated before the payment of all of the Company’s and its subsidiaries’ fees and expenses. The weighted average yields were computed using the effective interest rates for debt investments at cost as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, including accretion of OID and debt investment origination fees, but excluding investments on non-accrual status and investments recorded as a secured borrowing, if any.
Purchases of debt and equity investments for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 totaled $394,532, $336,741, and $333,846, respectively. Proceeds from sales and repayments, including principal, return of capital distributions and realized gains, of portfolio investments for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 totaled $276,861, $258,875, and $193,980 respectively.
Investments by type with corresponding percentage of total portfolio investments consisted of the following:
Fair Value
Cost
December 31,
December 31,
December 31,
December 31,
First Lien Debt(1)
$
718,120
65.8
%
$
578,140
60.3
%
$
729,084
67.8
%
$
577,684
61.6
%
Second Lien Debt
83,543
7.7
119,561
12.5
116,250
10.8
148,806
15.9
Subordinated Debt
142,839
13.1
135,173
14.1
142,056
13.2
135,447
14.5
Equity
138,371
12.7
120,264
12.6
84,816
7.9
71,740
7.7
Warrants
7,633
0.7
4,768
0.5
2,951
0.3
2,952
0.3
Total
$
1,090,506
100.0
%
$
957,906
100.0
%
$
1,075,157
100.0
%
$
936,629
100.0
%
(1) Includes unitranche investments, which account for 39.9% and 40.4% of our portfolio on a fair value and cost basis as of December 31, 2024, respectively. Includes unitranche investments, which account for 37.6% and 38.5% of our portfolio on a fair value and cost basis as of December 31, 2023, respectively.
The following table shows portfolio composition by geographic region at fair value and cost and as a percentage of total investments. The geographic composition is determined by the location of the corporate headquarters of the portfolio company, which may not be indicative of the primary source of the portfolio company’s business.
Fair Value
Cost
December 31,
December 31,
December 31,
December 31,
United States
Midwest
$
120,537
11.1
%
$
112,607
11.8
%
$
73,636
6.8
%
$
75,436
8.1
%
Southeast
339,683
31.2
292,408
30.6
337,762
31.4
286,329
30.5
Northeast
211,758
19.4
181,412
18.9
202,206
18.8
176,389
18.8
West
194,568
17.8
172,705
18.0
232,262
21.6
191,545
20.5
Southwest
211,431
19.4
186,274
19.4
216,802
20.2
194,466
20.8
Canada
12,529
1.1
12,500
1.3
12,489
1.2
12,464
1.3
Total
$
1,090,506
100.0
%
$
957,906
100.0
%
$
1,075,157
100.0
%
$
936,629
100.0
%
The following table shows portfolio composition by type and by geographic region at fair value as a percentage of net assets.
By Type
By Geographic Region
December 31,
December 31,
December 31,
December 31,
First Lien Debt
109.5
%
98.1
%
United States
Second Lien Debt
12.7
20.3
Midwest
18.4
%
19.1
%
Subordinated Debt
21.8
22.9
Southeast
51.8
49.6
Equity
21.1
20.4
Northeast
32.3
30.8
Warrants
1.2
0.8
West
29.7
29.3
Total
166.3
%
162.5
%
Southwest
32.2
31.6
Canada
1.9
2.1
Total
166.3
%
162.5
%
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had no portfolio company investments that represented more than 10% of the total investment portfolio on a fair value or cost basis. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had no investments that exceeded 5% of totals assets.
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had debt investments in four and three portfolio companies, respectively, on non-accrual status:
December 31, 2024
December 31, 2023
Fair
Fair
Portfolio Company
Value
Cost
Value
Cost
Quantum IR Technologies, LLC
$
-
$
11,964
$
-
(1)
$
-
(1)
US GreenFiber, LLC
-
5,223
-
5,223
Suited Connector LLC
5,505
15,933
4,324
15,933
Virtex Enterprises, LP
4,765
11,259
5,340
10,906
Total
$
10,270
$
44,379
$
9,664
$
32,062
(1)
Debt investment in portfolio company was not on non-accrual status as of December 31, 2023.
Consolidated Schedule of Investments In and Advances To Affiliates
The table below represents the fair value of control and affiliate investments as of December 31, 2023 and any additions and reductions made to such investments during the year ended December 31, 2024, including the total investment income earned on such investments during the year.
Year Ended December 31, 2024
Portfolio Company (1)
December 31, 2024 Principal Amount - Debt Investments
December 31, 2023
Fair Value
Gross Additions (2)
Gross Reductions (3)
December 31, 2024 Fair Value
Net Realized Gains (Losses) (4)
Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation)
Interest Income
Payment-in-kind Interest Income
Dividend Income
Fee Income
Control Investments
US GreenFiber, LLC
$
5,226
$
-
$
-
$
-
$
-
$
-
$
-
$
-
$
-
$
-
$
-
Total Control Investments
$
5,226
$
-
$
-
$
-
$
-
$
-
$
-
$
-
$
-
$
-
$
-
Affiliate Investments
Applegate Greenfiber Intermediate Inc. (fka US GreenFiber, LLC)
$
9,602
$
24,590
$
-
$
(203
)
$
24,387
$
-
$
(202
)
$
1,074
$
-
$
-
$
-
CP Communications, LLC
7,859
-
8,360
(54
)
8,306
-
-
-
Medsurant Holdings, LLC
-
5,930
4,262
(329
)
9,863
-
4,261
-
-
1,328
-
Pfanstiehl, Inc.
-
33,321
6,602
-
39,923
-
6,602
-
-
-
Spectra A&D Acquisition, Inc. (fka FDS Avionics Corp.)
15,000
15,321
2,217
(2,617
)
14,921
-
(2,617
)
2,371
-
-
Steward Holding LLC (dba Steward Advanced Materials)
-
4,714
-
(90
)
4,624
-
(90
)
-
-
-
Total Affiliate Investments
$
32,461
$
83,876
$
21,441
$
(3,293
)
$
102,024
$
-
$
7,954
$
3,533
$
$
1,830
$
(1)
The investment type, industry, ownership detail for equity investments, interest rate, maturity date, and if the investment is income producing is disclosed in the consolidated schedule of investments.
(2)
Gross additions include increases in the cost basis of investments resulting from new portfolio investments, follow-on investments, accrued PIK interest and PIK dividend income, accretion of OID and origination fees, and net unrealized appreciation recognized during the period. Gross additions also include transfers of portfolio companies into the control or affiliate classification during the period, as applicable.
(3)
Gross reductions include decreases in the cost basis of investments resulting from principal repayments or sales and net unrealized (depreciation) recognized during the period. Gross reductions also include transfers of portfolio companies out of the control or affiliate classification during the period, as applicable.
(4)
The schedule does not reflect realized gains or losses on escrow receivables for investments which were previously exited and were not held during the period presented. Gains and losses on escrow receivables are classified in the consolidated statements of operations according to the control classification at the time the investment was exited. Escrow receivables are presented in prepaid expenses and other assets on the consolidated statements of assets and liabilities.
The table below represents the fair value of control and affiliate investments as of December 31, 2022 and any additions and reductions made to such investments during the year ended December 31, 2023, including the total investment income earned on such investments during the year.
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Portfolio Company (1)
December 31, 2023 Principal Amount - Debt Investments
December 31, 2022
Fair Value
Gross Additions (2)
Gross Reductions (3)
December 31, 2023 Fair Value
Net Realized Gains (Losses) (4)
Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation)
Interest Income
Payment-in-kind Interest Income
Dividend Income
Fee Income
Control Investments
EBL, LLC (EbLens)
$
-
$
-
$
11,458
$
(11,458
)
$
-
$
(11,458
)
$
11,083
$
-
$
-
$
-
$
-
US GreenFiber, LLC
5,226
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Control Investments
$
5,226
$
-
$
11,458
$
(11,458
)
$
-
$
(11,458
)
$
11,083
$
-
$
-
$
-
$
-
Affiliate Investments
Applegate Greenfiber Intermediate Inc. (fka US GreenFiber, LLC)
$
9,602
$
23,168
$
1,422
$
-
$
24,590
$
-
$
1,422
$
$
-
$
-
$
-
Medsurant Holdings, LLC
-
2,540
3,463
(73
)
5,930
-
3,463
-
-
-
-
Pfanstiehl, Inc.
-
51,992
(18,717
)
33,321
-
(8,717
)
-
-
Spectra A&D Acquisition, Inc. (fka FDS Avionics Corp.)
15,000
19,118
2,208
(6,005
)
15,321
-
(4,505
)
2,379
-
-
Steward Holding LLC (dba Steward Advanced Materials)
-
4,772
-
(58
)
4,714
-
(58
)
-
-
-
Total Affiliate Investments
$
24,602
$
101,590
$
7,139
$
(24,853
)
$
83,876
$
-
$
(8,395
)
$
4,026
$
-
$
$
(1)
The investment type, industry, ownership detail for equity investments, interest rate, maturity date, and if the investment is income producing is disclosed in the consolidated schedule of investments.
(2)
Gross additions include increases in the cost basis of investments resulting from new portfolio investments, follow-on investments, accrued PIK interest and PIK dividend income, accretion of OID and origination fees, and net unrealized appreciation recognized during the period. Gross additions also include transfers of portfolio companies into the control or affiliate classification during the period, as applicable.
(3)
Gross reductions include decreases in the cost basis of investments resulting from principal repayments or sales and net unrealized (depreciation) recognized during the period. Gross reductions also include transfers of portfolio companies out of the control or affiliate classification during the period, as applicable.
(4)
The schedule does not reflect realized gains or losses on escrow receivables for investments which were previously exited and were not held during the period presented. Gains and losses on escrow receivables are classified in the consolidated statements of operations according to the control classification at the time the investment was exited. Escrow receivables are presented in prepaid expenses and other assets on the consolidated statements of assets and liabilities.
Note 4. Fair Value Measurements
Investments
The Board has established and documented processes and methodologies for determining the fair values of portfolio company investments on a recurring basis in accordance with ASC Topic 820 and consistent with the requirements of the 1940 Act. Fair value is the price, determined at the measurement date, that would be received in the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. Where available, fair value is based on observable market prices or parameters, or derived from such prices or parameters. Where observable prices or inputs are not available or reliable, valuation techniques described below are applied. Under ASC Topic 820, portfolio investments recorded at fair value in the consolidated financial statements are classified within the fair value hierarchy based upon the level of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their value, as defined below:
Level 1 - Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets as of the measurement date.
Level 2 - Inputs include quoted prices for similar assets in active markets, or that are quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active and inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term, if applicable, of the investment.
Level 3 - Inputs include those that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement.
An investment’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company’s investment portfolio is comprised entirely of debt and equity securities of privately held companies for which quoted prices falling within the categories of Level 1 and Level 2 inputs are not available, with the exception of money market funds, which are valued using Level 1 inputs as of December 31, 2024. Therefore, the Company values such portfolio investments at fair value, as determined in good faith by the Board, using Level 3 inputs with the exception of money market funds, that were valued using Level 1 inputs as of December 31, 2024. The degree of judgment exercised by the Board in determining fair value is greatest for investments classified as Level 3 inputs. Due to the inherent uncertainty of determining the fair values of investments that do not have readily available market quotations, the Board’s estimate of fair values may differ significantly from the values that would have been used had a ready market for the securities existed, and those differences may be material. In addition, changes in the market environment, portfolio company performance and other events that may occur over the lives of the investments may cause the amounts ultimately realized on these investments to be materially different than the valuations currently assigned.
With respect to investments for which market quotations are not readily available, the Board undertakes a multi-step valuation process each quarter, as described below:
•
the quarterly valuation process begins with each portfolio company or investment being initially evaluated and rated by the investment professionals of the Investment Advisor responsible for the portfolio investment;
•
preliminary valuation conclusions are then documented and discussed with the investment committee of the Investment Advisor;
•
the Board engages one or more independent valuation firm(s) to conduct independent appraisals of a selection of our portfolio investments for which market quotations are not readily available. Each portfolio company investment is generally appraised by the valuation firm(s) at least once every calendar year and each new portfolio company investment is appraised at least once in the twelve-month period following the initial investment. In certain instances, the Company may determine that it is not cost-effective, and as a result it is not in the Company’s stockholders’ best interest, to request the independent appraisal of certain portfolio company investments. Such instances include, but are not limited to, situations where the Company determines that the fair value of the portfolio company investment is relatively insignificant to the fair value of the total portfolio.
•
the audit committee of the Board reviews the preliminary valuations of the Investment Advisor and of the independent valuation firm(s) and responds and supplements the valuation recommendations to reflect any comments; and
•
the Board discusses these valuations and determines the fair value of each investment in our portfolio in good faith, based on the input of the Investment Advisor, the independent valuation firm(s) and the audit committee.
In making the good faith determination of the value of portfolio investments, the Board starts with the cost basis of the security. The transaction price is typically the best estimate of fair value at inception. When evidence supports a subsequent change to the carrying value from the original transaction price, adjustments are made to reflect the expected exit values.
The Board consulted with the independent third-party valuation firm(s) in arriving at our determination of fair value for 21 and 18 of our portfolio company investments representing 27.5% and 29.9% of the total portfolio investments at fair value (exclusive of new portfolio company investments made during the three months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Consistent with the policies and methodologies adopted by the Board, the Company performs detailed valuations of its debt and equity investments, including an analysis on the Company’s unfunded debt investment commitments, using both the market and income approaches as appropriate. Under the market approach, the Company typically uses the enterprise value methodology to determine the fair value of an investment. There is no one methodology to estimate enterprise value and, in fact, for any one portfolio company, enterprise value is generally best expressed as a range of values, from which the Company derives a single estimate of enterprise value. Under the income approach, the Company typically prepares and analyzes discounted cash flow models to estimate the present value of future cash flows of either an individual debt investment or of the underlying portfolio company itself.
The Company evaluates investments in portfolio companies using the most recent portfolio company financial statements and forecasts. The Company also consults with the portfolio company’s senior management to obtain further updates on the portfolio company’s performance, including information such as industry trends, new product development and other operational issues.
For the Company’s debt investments the primary valuation technique used to estimate the fair value is the discounted cash flow method. However, if there is deterioration in credit quality or a debt investment is in workout status, the Company may consider other methods in determining the fair value, including the value attributable to the debt investment from the enterprise value of the portfolio company or the proceeds that would be received in a liquidation analysis. The Company’s discounted cash flow models estimate a range of fair values by applying an appropriate discount rate to the future cash flow streams of its debt investments, based on future interest and principal payments as set forth in the associated debt investment agreements. The Company prepares a weighted average cost of capital for use in the discounted cash flow model for each investment, based on factors including, but not limited to: current pricing and credit metrics for similar proposed or executed investment transactions of private companies; the portfolio company’s historical financial results and outlook; and the portfolio company’s current leverage and credit quality as compared to leverage and credit quality as of the date the investment was made. The Company may also consider the following factors when determining the fair value of debt investments: the portfolio company’s ability to make future scheduled payments; prepayment penalties and other fees; estimated remaining life; the nature and realizable value of any collateral securing such debt investment; and changes in the interest rate environment and the credit markets that generally may affect the price at which similar investments may be made. The Company estimates the remaining life of its debt investments to generally be the legal maturity date of the instrument, as the Company generally intends to hold its debt investments to maturity. However, if the Company has information available to it that the debt investment is expected to be repaid in the near term, it would use an estimated remaining life based on the expected repayment date.
For the Company’s equity investments, including equity securities and warrants, the Company generally uses a market approach, including valuation methodologies consistent with industry practice, to estimate the enterprise value of portfolio companies. Typically, the enterprise value of a private company is based on multiples of EBITDA, net income, revenues, or in limited cases, book value. In estimating the enterprise value of a portfolio company, the Company analyzes various factors consistent with industry practice, including but not limited to original transaction multiples, the portfolio company’s historical and projected financial results, applicable market trading and transaction comparables, applicable market yields and leverage levels, the nature and realizable value of any collateral, the markets in which the portfolio company does business, and comparisons of financial ratios of peer companies that are public.
The Company may also utilize an income approach when estimating the fair value of its equity investments, either as a primary methodology if consistent with industry practice or if the market approach is otherwise not applicable, or as a supporting methodology to corroborate the fair value ranges determined by the market approach. The Company typically prepares and analyzes discounted cash flow models based on projections of the future free cash flows (or earnings) of the portfolio company. The Company considers various factors, including, but not limited to, the portfolio company’s projected financial results, applicable market trading and transaction comparables, applicable market yields and leverage levels, the markets in which the portfolio company does business, and comparisons of financial ratios of peer companies that are public.
The following tables present fair value measurements of investments by major class according to the fair value hierarchy:
December 31, 2024
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Total
First Lien Debt
$
-
$
-
$
718,120
$
718,120
Second Lien Debt
-
-
83,543
83,543
Subordinated Debt
-
-
142,839
142,839
Equity
-
-
138,371
138,371
Warrants
-
-
7,633
7,633
Money Market Funds
48,715
-
-
48,715
Total
$
48,715
$
-
$
1,090,506
$
1,139,221
December 31, 2023
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Total
First Lien Debt
$
-
$
-
$
578,140
$
578,140
Second Lien Debt
-
-
119,561
119,561
Subordinated Debt
-
-
135,173
135,173
Equity
-
120,007
120,264
Warrants
-
-
4,768
4,768
Money Market Funds
114,556
-
-
114,556
Total
$
114,813
$
-
$
957,649
$
1,072,462
The Company reviews the fair value hierarchy classifications on a quarterly basis. Reclassifications impacting Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy are reported as transfers in or out of the Level 3 category as of the beginning of the quarter in which the reclassifications occur. There were no transfers among Levels 1, 2, and 3 during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
The following tables present a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for fair valued investments measured using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:
First Lien
Second Lien
Subordinated
Debt
Debt
Debt
Equity
Warrants
Total
Balance, December 31, 2022
$
456,105
$
182,948
$
101,456
$
117,431
$
2,079
$
860,019
Net realized gains (losses) on investments
-
(10,168
)
34,061
-
24,071
Net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments
(2,064
)
1,461
(1,096
)
(11,343
)
2,689
(10,353
)
Purchase of investments
245,741
25,000
42,041
23,959
-
336,741
Proceeds from sales and repayments of investments
(122,680
)
(81,719
)
(10,328
)
(44,101
)
-
(258,828
)
Interest and dividend income paid-in-kind
1,516
1,770
3,348
-
-
6,634
Proceeds from loan origination fees
(2,647
)
(331
)
(622
)
-
-
(3,600
)
Accretion of loan origination fees
2,101
-
-
2,504
Accretion of original issue discount
-
-
Balance, December 31, 2023
$
578,140
$
119,561
$
135,173
$
120,007
4,768
$
957,649
Net realized gains (losses) on investments
(3,482
)
(2,154
)
-
17,791
-
12,155
Net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments
(11,420
)
(3,462
)
1,057
4,719
2,865
(6,241
)
Purchase of investments
318,608
33,281
21,966
20,677
-
394,532
Proceeds from sales and repayments of investments
(164,986
)
(67,363
)
(19,689
)
(24,823
)
-
(276,861
)
Interest and dividend income paid-in-kind
1,270
2,520
4,050
-
-
7,840
Proceeds from loan origination fees
(2,252
)
(123
)
(194
)
-
-
(2,569
)
Accretion of loan origination fees
2,172
-
-
2,814
Accretion of original issue discount
1,110
-
-
1,187
Balance, December 31, 2024
$
718,120
$
83,543
$
142,839
$
138,371
$
7,633
$
1,090,506
Net change in unrealized appreciation/(depreciation) of $984 and $(12,219) for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, were attributable to Level 3 investments held at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
The following tables summarize the significant unobservable inputs by valuation technique used to determine the fair value of the Company’s Level 3 debt and equity investments as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. The tables are not intended to be all-inclusive, but instead capture the significant unobservable inputs relevant to the Company’s determination of fair values.
Fair Value at
Valuation
Unobservable
Range
December 31, 2024
Techniques
Inputs
(weighted average)(1)
Debt investments:
First Lien Debt
$
714,595
Discounted cash flow
Weighted average cost of capital
7.8% - 26.2% (14.5%)
3,525
Enterprise value waterfall
Asset Coverage
1.0x - 1.0x (1.0x)
Second Lien Debt
79,106
Discounted cash flow (2)
Weighted average cost of capital
13.4% - 55.5% (20.7%)
4,437
Option Pricing
Volatility of credit
85.0% - 85.0% (85.0%)
Subordinated Debt
142,839
Discounted cash flow
Weighted average cost of capital
10.4% - 20.0% (13.2%)
Equity investments:
Equity
132,741
Enterprise value waterfall
EBITDA multiples
3.5x - 30.0x (11.0x)
5,630
Enterprise value waterfall
Revenue multiples
0.8x - 9.0x (6.6x)
Warrants
7,633
Enterprise value waterfall
EBITDA multiples
3.5x - 3.5x (3.5x)
-
Enterprise value waterfall
Revenue multiples
4.0x - 4.0x (4.0x)
(1) Unobservable inputs were weighted by the relative fair value of the instruments.
(2) Includes $9.6 million of debt investments which were valued using a trading discount to par.
Fair Value at
Valuation
Unobservable
Range
December 31, 2023
Techniques
Inputs
(weighted average)(1)
Debt investments:
First Lien Debt
$
573,140
Discounted cash flow
Weighted average cost of capital
9.4% - 23.4% (15.6%)
5,000
Enterprise value
Asset Coverage
1.3x - 1.3x (1.3x)
Second Lien Debt
119,561
Discounted cash flow (2)
Weighted average cost of capital
12.7% - 30.0% (16.1%)
Subordinated Debt
134,965
Discounted cash flow
Weighted average cost of capital
10.3% - 16.4% (13.4%)
Enterprise value
EBITDA multiples
6.0x - 6.0x (6.0x)
Equity investments:
Equity
112,008
Enterprise value
EBITDA multiples
4.0x - 32.5x (9.5x)
7,999
Enterprise value
Revenue multiples
0.7x - 9.5x (7.5x)
Warrants
4,625
Enterprise value
EBITDA multiples
6.0x - 6.0x (6.0x)
Enterprise value
Revenue multiples
4.5x - 4.5x (4.5x)
(1) Unobservable inputs were weighted by the relative fair value of the instruments.
(2) Includes $50.5 million of debt investments which were valued using a trading discount to par.
The significant unobservable input used in determining the fair value under the discounted cash flow technique is the weighted average cost of capital of each security. Significant increases (or decreases) in this input would likely result in significantly lower (or higher) fair value estimates.
The significant unobservable inputs used in determining fair value under the enterprise value technique are revenue and EBITDA multiples, as well as asset coverage. Significant increases (or decreases) in these inputs could result in significantly higher (or lower) fair value estimates.
The significant unobservable input used in determining fair value under the option pricing technique (or Black-Scholes model) is volatility. Significant increases (or decreases) in this input could result in significantly higher (or lower) fair value estimates.
Other Financial Assets and Liabilities
ASC Topic 820 requires disclosure of the fair value of financial instruments for which it is practical to estimate such value. The Company believes that the carrying amounts of its other financial instruments such as cash and cash equivalents, interest receivable and accounts payable and other liabilities approximate the fair value of such items due to the short maturity of such instruments. The Company’s borrowings under the Credit Facility (as defined in Note 6), the SBA debentures, and the Notes (as defined in Note 6) are recorded at their respective carrying values.
The following tables summarize the carrying value and fair value of the Company’s debt obligations as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:
December 31, 2024(5)
December 31, 2023(5)
Carrying Value (1)
Fair Value
Carrying Value (1)
Fair Value
SBA debentures (2)
$
175,000
$
175,000
$
210,000
$
210,000
Credit Facility borrowings (3)
45,000
45,000
-
-
January 2026 Notes (4)
125,000
120,188
125,000
113,682
November 2026 Notes (4)
125,000
114,293
125,000
106,103
Total
$
470,000
$
454,481
$
460,000
$
429,785
(1)Carrying value represents the outstanding principal balance of the debt obligation.
(2)The fair value of the SBA debentures is estimated by discounting the remaining payments using current market rates for similar instruments and considering such factors as the legal maturity date and the ability of market participants to prepay the debentures, which are Level 3 inputs under ASC Topic 820.
(3)The fair value of borrowings under the Credit Facility, if valued under ASC Topic 820, are based on a market yield approach and current interest rates, which are Level 3 inputs to the market yield model.
(4)The fair value of the January 2026 Notes (as defined in Note 6) and the November 2026 Notes (as defined in Note 6) are estimated by discounting the remaining payments using current market rates for similar instruments and considering such factors as the legal maturity date, which are Level 3 inputs under ASC Topic 820.
(5)Totals exclude $13,674 and $15,880 of Secured Borrowings as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
The following table summarizes the inputs used to value the Company’s debt obligations if measured at fair value as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:
Fair Value
December 31,
December 31,
Valuation Inputs
Level 1
$
-
$
-
Level 2
-
-
Level 3
454,481
429,785
Total
$
454,481
$
429,785
Note 5. Related Party Transactions
Investment Advisory Agreement: The Company has entered into an Investment Advisory Agreement with the Investment Advisor. Most recently, on June 12, 2024, the Board approved the renewal of the Investment Advisory Agreement for the period from June 20, 2024 through June 20, 2025. Pursuant to the Investment Advisory Agreement and subject to the overall supervision of the Board, the Investment Advisor provides investment advisory services to the Company. For providing these services, the Investment Advisor receives a fee, consisting of two components - a base management fee and an incentive fee.
The base management fee is calculated at an annual rate of 1.75% based on the average value of total assets (other than cash or cash equivalents, but including assets purchased with borrowed amounts) at the end of the two most recently completed calendar quarters. The Board accepted a voluntary, non-contractual, and unconditional waiver from the Investment Advisor to exclude any investments recorded as secured borrowings as defined under GAAP from the base management fee payable effective April 1, 2021. See Note 6. Borrowings - Secured Borrowings for more information about the secured borrowings. The base management fee is payable quarterly in arrears. The base management fee under the Investment Advisory Agreement for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 totaled $18,855, $16,288, and $14,568, respectively. The base management fee waiver was $264, $287, and $302 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the base management fee payable (net of the base management fee waiver) was $4,805 and $4,151, respectively.
The incentive fee consists of two parts. The first part is calculated and payable quarterly in arrears based on the Company’s pre-incentive fee net investment income for the quarter. Pre-incentive fee net investment income means interest income, dividend income and any other income (including any other fees such as commitment, origination, structuring, diligence and consulting fees or other fees that the Company receives from portfolio companies but excluding fees for providing managerial assistance) accrued during the calendar quarter, minus operating expenses for the quarter (including the base management fee, any expenses payable under the Administration Agreement (defined below) and any interest expense and dividends paid on any outstanding preferred stock, but excluding the incentive fee and excise taxes on realized gains). Pre-incentive fee net investment income includes, in the case of investments with a deferred interest feature (such as market discount, original issue discount, debt instruments with PIK income, preferred stock with PIK dividends and zero-coupon securities), and accrued income the Company has not yet received in cash. The Investment Advisor is not under any obligation to reimburse the Company for any part of the incentive fee it receives that was based on accrued interest that the Company never collects.
Pre-incentive fee net investment income does not include any realized capital gains, taxes associated with such realized capital gains, realized capital losses or unrealized capital appreciation or depreciation. Because of the structure of the incentive fee, it is possible that the Company may pay an incentive fee in a quarter where the Company incurs a loss. For example, if the Company generates pre-incentive fee net investment income in excess of the hurdle rate (as defined below) for a quarter, the Company will pay the applicable incentive fee even if the Company has incurred a loss in that quarter due to a net loss on investments.
Pre-incentive fee net investment income, expressed as a rate of return on the value of the Company’s net assets (defined as total assets less indebtedness and before taking into account any incentive fees payable during the period) at the end of the immediately preceding calendar quarter, is compared to a fixed “hurdle rate” of 2.0% per quarter. Under conditions such as the current rising interest rate environment, the Company may be able to invest funds in debt instruments that provide for a higher return, which would increase the Company’s pre-incentive fee net investment income and make it easier for the Investment Advisor to surpass the fixed hurdle rate and receive an incentive fee based on such net investment income.
The Company pays the Investment Advisor an incentive fee with respect to pre-incentive fee net investment income in each calendar quarter as follows:
•
no incentive fee in any calendar quarter in which the pre-incentive fee net investment income does not exceed the hurdle rate of 2.0%;
•
100.0% of the Company’s pre-incentive fee net investment income with respect to that portion of such pre-incentive fee net investment income, if any, that exceeds the hurdle rate but is less than 2.5% in any calendar quarter. This portion of the pre-incentive fee net investment income (which exceeds the hurdle rate but is less than 2.5%) is referred to as the “catch-up” provision. The catch-up is meant to provide the Investment Advisor with 20.0% of the pre-incentive fee net investment income as if a hurdle rate did not apply if this net investment income exceeds 2.5% in any calendar quarter; and
•
20.0% of the amount of the Company’s pre-incentive fee net investment income, if any, that exceeds 2.5% in any calendar quarter.
The sum of the calculations above equals the income incentive fee. The income incentive fee is appropriately prorated for any period of less than three months and adjusted for any share issuances or repurchases during the calendar quarter. The income incentive fee for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 totaled $18,549, $16,529, and $8,318, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the income incentive fee payable was $4,477 and $4,570, respectively.
The second part of the incentive fee is a capital gains incentive fee that is determined and paid in arrears as of the end of each fiscal year (or upon termination of the Investment Advisory Agreement, as of the termination date), and equals 20.0% of the net capital gains as of the end of the fiscal year. In determining the capital gains incentive fee to be paid in cash to the Investment Advisor, the Company calculates the cumulative aggregate realized capital gains and losses since the Company's IPO on June 24, 2011 (realized capital gains and losses include realized gains and losses on investments, net of income tax provision from realized gains on investments, and realized losses on extinguishment of debt, but excluding income tax (provision) benefit from deemed distribution of long term capital gains), and the aggregate unrealized capital depreciation on investments as of the date of the calculation. At the end of the applicable year, the amount of capital gains that serves as the basis for the calculation of the capital gains incentive fee to be paid equals the cumulative aggregate realized capital gains on investments, less cumulative aggregate tax (provision) benefit on realized gains (losses), less cumulative aggregate realized capital losses on investments, less aggregate unrealized capital depreciation on investments, and less cumulative aggregate realized losses on extinguishment of debt. If this number is positive at the end of such year, then the capital gains incentive fee to be paid in cash for such year equals 20.0% of such amount, less the aggregate amount of any capital gains incentive fees paid in all prior years. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the capital gains incentive fee payable in cash was zero and $3,537, respectively (as cumulative aggregate realized capital gains and losses on investments exceeded aggregate unrealized capital depreciation on investments plus realized losses on extinguishment of debt). The aggregate amount of capital gains incentive fees paid from the IPO through December 31, 2024 was $17,577.
In addition, the Company accrues, but does not pay in cash, a capital gains incentive fee in connection with any unrealized capital appreciation on investments, as applicable. If, on a cumulative basis, the sum of (i) net realized gains/(losses) on investments, net of income tax (provision) benefit from realized gains on investments plus (ii) net unrealized appreciation/(depreciation) on investments plus (iii) realized losses on extinguishment of debt decreases during a period, the Company will reverse any excess capital gains incentive fee previously accrued such that the amount of capital gains incentive fee accrued is no more than 20.0% of the sum of (i) net realized gains/(losses) on investments, net of income tax (provision) benefit from realized gains on investments plus (ii) net unrealized appreciation/(depreciation) on investments plus (iii) realized losses on extinguishment of debt. The capital gains incentive fee accrued (reversed) during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $731, $2,405, and $(432), respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the accrued capital gains incentive fee payable was $14,703 and $17,509, respectively.
Unless terminated earlier as described below, the Investment Advisory Agreement will continue in effect from year to year if approved annually by the Board or by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the Company’s outstanding voting securities, and, in either case, if also approved by a majority of the directors who are not “interested persons” of the Company, as such term is defined under Section 2(a)(19) of the 1940 Act (the “Independent Directors”). The Investment Advisory Agreement automatically terminates in the event of its assignment, as defined in the 1940 Act, by the Investment Advisor and may be terminated by either party without penalty upon not less than 60 days’ written notice to the other. The Investment Advisory Agreement may be terminated at any time, without the payment of any penalty, upon 60 days' written notice, by the vote of holders of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Company or the vote of the Board.
Administration Agreement: The Company also entered into an administration agreement (the “Administration Agreement”) with the Investment Advisor. Most recently, on June 12, 2024, the Board approved the renewal of the Administration Agreement for the period from June 20, 2024 through June 20, 2025. Under the Administration Agreement, the Investment Advisor furnishes the Company with office facilities and equipment, provides clerical, bookkeeping, and record keeping services at such facilities and provides the Company with other administrative services necessary to conduct its day-to-day operations. The Company reimburses the Investment Advisor for the allocable portion of overhead expenses incurred in performing its obligations under the Administration Agreement, including rent and the Company’s allocable portion of the cost of its chief financial officer and chief compliance officer and their respective staffs. Under the Administration Agreement, the Investment Advisor also provides managerial assistance to those portfolio companies on the Company's behalf to those portfolio companies that have accepted the Company's offer to provide such assistance and the Company reimburses the Investment Advisor for fees and expenses incurred with providing such services. In addition, the Company reimburses the Investment Advisor for fees and expenses incurred while performing due diligence on the Company’s prospective portfolio companies, including “dead deal” expenses. Under the Administration Agreement, administrative service expenses for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 were $2,598, $2,353 and $1,902, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the accrued administrative service expense payable was $934 and $993, respectively.
Note 6. Debt
Revolving Credit Facility: On June 16, 2014, FIC entered into a senior secured revolving credit agreement (the "Credit Agreement" and the senior secured revolving credit facility, the “Credit Facility”) with ING Capital LLC (“ING”), as the administrative agent, collateral agent, and lender. The Credit Facility is secured by certain portfolio investments held by the Company, but portfolio investments held by the SBIC Funds are not collateral for the Credit Facility. On April 24, 2019, the Company entered into an Amended & Restated Senior Secured Revolving Credit Agreement (the “Amended Credit Agreement”) among the Company, as borrower, the lenders party thereto, and ING, as administrative agent. On June 26, 2020, the Company entered into an amendment to the Amended Credit Agreement that, among other changes, modified certain financial covenants. On August 17, 2022, the Company entered into a second amendment to the Amended Credit Agreement ("Second Amendment"). The Second Amendment, among other things: (i) changed the underlying benchmark used to compute interest under the Amended Credit Agreement to SOFR from LIBOR; (ii) reduced the applicable margin from 3.00% to 2.675% on SOFR loans prior to satisfying certain step-down conditions, and from 2.675% to 2.50% after satisfying certain step-down conditions, with commensurate reductions in the applicable margins for base rate loans; (iii) provided for a loan commitment availability period ending on August 17, 2026; (iv) extended the maturity date to August 17, 2027 from April 24, 2023; and (v) amended certain financial covenants, including (a) amending the asset coverage ratio to no less than 1.50 to 1.00 from no less than 2.00 to 1.00 (on a regulatory basis); and (b) requiring the Company to maintain a senior asset coverage ratio of no less than 2.00 to 1.00. On July 25, 2024, the Company entered into an incremental commitment agreement that increased the Credit Facility total commitment from $100,000 to $140,000.
The Company pays a commitment fee that varies depending on the size of the unused portion of the Credit Facility: 2.500% to 2.675% per annum on the unused portion of the Credit Facility at or below 35% of the commitments and 0.50% per annum on any remaining unused portion of the Credit Facility between the total commitments and the 35% minimum utilization. The Credit Facility is secured by a first priority security interest in all of our assets, excluding the assets of our SBIC subsidiaries.
Amounts available to borrow under the Credit Facility are subject to a minimum borrowing/collateral base that applies an advance rate to certain investments held by the Company, excluding investments held by the SBIC Funds. The Company is subject to limitations with respect to the investments securing the Credit Facility, including, but not limited to, restrictions on sector concentrations, loan size, payment frequency and status and collateral interests, as well as restrictions on portfolio company leverage, which may also affect the borrowing base and therefore amounts available to borrow.
The Company has made customary representations and warranties and is required to comply with various covenants, reporting requirements and other customary requirements for similar credit facilities. These covenants are subject to important limitations and exceptions that are described in the documents governing the Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company was in compliance in all material respects with the terms of the Credit Agreement.
SBA debentures: The Company uses debenture leverage provided through the SBA to fund a portion of its investment purchases.
Under the SBA debenture program, the SBA commits to purchase debentures issued by SBICs; such debentures have 10-year terms with the entire principal balance due at maturity and are guaranteed by the SBA. Interest on SBA debentures is payable semi-annually on March 1 and September 1. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, approved and unused SBA debenture commitments were $175,000 and zero, respectively. The SBA may limit the amount that may be drawn each year under any SBA debenture commitments, and each issuance of leverage is conditioned on the Company’s full compliance, as determined by the SBA, with the terms and conditions under SBA regulations.
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s issued and outstanding SBA debentures mature as follows:
Pooling
Maturity
Fixed
December 31,
December 31,
Date (1)
Date
Interest Rate
3/23/2016
3/1/2026
3.267
%
$
-
9/21/2016
9/1/2026
2.793
-
9/20/2017
9/1/2027
3.260
-
1,000
9/20/2017
9/1/2027
3.190
-
33,000
9/25/2019
9/1/2029
2.377
7,500
7,500
3/25/2020
3/1/2030
2.172
6,000
6,000
9/22/2021
9/1/2031
1.398
11,500
11,500
3/23/2022
3/1/2032
3.209
43,500
43,500
9/21/2022
9/1/2032
4.533
17,500
17,500
3/22/2023
3/1/2033
5.439
4,000
4,000
3/22/2023
3/1/2033
5.341
3,000
3,000
3/22/2023
3/1/2033
5.341
3,000
3,000
3/22/2023
3/1/2033
5.439
5,000
5,000
3/22/2023
3/1/2033
5.439
5,000
5,000
3/22/2023
3/1/2033
5.341
7,000
7,000
3/22/2023
3/1/2033
5.341
4,000
4,000
9/20/2023
9/1/2033
5.861
8,000
8,000
9/20/2023
9/1/2033
5.861
12,000
12,000
9/20/2023
9/1/2033
5.861
5,000
5,000
9/20/2023
9/1/2033
5.861
8,000
8,000
9/20/2023
9/1/2033
5.735
3,000
3,000
3/20/2024
3/1/2034
5.082
3,000
3,000
3/20/2024
3/1/2034
5.082
12,000
12,000
3/20/2024
3/1/2034
5.082
2,000
2,000
3/20/2024
3/1/2034
5.082
2,000
2,000
3/20/2024
3/1/2034
5.082
3,000
3,000
Total outstanding SBA debentures
$
175,000
$
210,000
(1)
The SBA has two scheduled pooling dates for debentures (in March and in September). Certain debentures funded during the reporting periods may not be pooled until the subsequent pooling date.
Notes: On December 23, 2020, the Company closed the offering of $125,000 in aggregate principal amount of its 4.75% notes due 2026, or the “January 2026 Notes”. The total net proceeds to the Company from the January 2026 Notes, based on a public offering price of 100.00% of par, after deducting underwriting discounts of $2,500 and offering expenses of $366, were $122,134. The January 2026 Notes will mature on January 31, 2026 and bear interest at a rate of 4.75%. The January 2026 Notes may be redeemed in whole or in part at any time or from time to time at our option subject to a make whole provision if redeemed before October 31, 2025 (the date falling three months prior to maturity) and at par thereafter. Interest on the January 2026 Notes is payable on January 31 and July 31 of each year. The Company does not intend to list the January 2026 Notes on any securities exchange or automated dealer quotation system.
On October 8, 2021, the Company closed the offering of $125,000 in aggregate principal amount of its 3.50% notes due 2026, or the “November 2026 Notes” (collectively with the January 2026 Notes, the “Notes”). The total net proceeds to the Company from the November 2026 Notes, based on a public offering price of 99.996% of par, after deducting underwriting discounts of $2,500 and offering expenses of $318, were $122,177. The November 2026 Notes will mature on November 15, 2026 and bear interest at a rate of 3.50%. The November 2026 Notes may be redeemed in whole or in part at any time or from time to time at our option subject to a make whole provision if redeemed before August 15, 2026 (the date falling three months prior to maturity) and at par thereafter. Interest on the November 2026 Notes is payable on May 15 and November 15 of each year. The Company does not intend to list the November 2026 Notes on any securities exchange or automated dealer quotation system.
Each of the Notes are unsecured obligations of the Company and rank pari passu with the Company’s existing and future unsecured indebtedness; effectively subordinated to all of the Company’s existing and future secured indebtedness; and structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness and other obligations of any of its subsidiaries, financing vehicles, or similar facilities the
Company may form in the future, with respect to claims on the assets of any such subsidiaries, financing vehicles, or similar facilities, including the Credit Facility.
Secured Borrowing
As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the carrying value of secured borrowings totaled $13,674 and $15,880, respectively, and the fair value of the associated loans included in investments was $13,505 and $15,800, respectively. These secured borrowings were created as a result of our completion of partial loan sales of certain unitranche loan assets that did not meet the definition of a “participating interest” as defined in ASC 860 (see Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies - Partial loan and equity sales” for more information). As a result, sale treatment was not permitted and these partial loan sales were treated as secured borrowings. The weighted average interest rate on our secured borrowings was approximately 8.6% and 9.4% as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Senior Securities
As of December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, the aggregate amount outstanding of the senior securities (including secured borrowings) issued by the Company was $308,674 and $265,880, respectively, for which our asset coverage was 312.4% and 321.7%, respectively. The SBA debentures are excluded from the definition “senior securities” in the asset coverage requirement applicable to the Company under the 1940 Act pursuant to exemptive relief granted to us by the SEC on June 30, 2014. The asset coverage ratio for a class of senior securities representing indebtedness is calculated as our consolidated total assets, less all liabilities and indebtedness not represented by senior securities, divided by total senior securities representing indebtedness.
Interest and Financing Expenses
Interest and fees related to the Company’s debt for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 that are included in interest and financing expenses on the consolidated statements of operations, were as follows:
Year Ended December 31, 2024
SBA debentures
Credit Facility
Secured Borrowings
Notes
Total
Stated interest expense
$
7,809
$
2,617
$
1,551
$
10,311
$
22,288
Amortization of deferred financing costs
-
1,119
2,110
Total interest and financing expenses
$
8,465
$
2,952
$
1,551
$
11,430
$
24,398
Weighted average stated interest rate, period end
4.316
%
N/A
(1)
8.568
%
4.125
%
4.599
%
Effective interest rate (1)
4.658
%
7.420
%
8.568
%
4.576
%
4.994
%
Unused commitment fee rate, period end
N/A
0.592
%
(1)
N/A
N/A
0.592
%
Year Ended December 31, 2023
SBA debentures
Credit Facility
Secured Borrowings
Notes
Total
Stated interest expense
$
6,914
$
1,739
$
1,637
$
10,313
$
20,603
Amortization of deferred financing costs
-
1,116
2,146
Total interest and financing expenses
$
7,647
$
2,036
$
1,637
$
11,429
$
22,749
Weighted average stated interest rate, period end
4.226
%
N/A
(1)
9.407
%
4.125
%
4.346
%
Effective interest rate (1)
4.625
%
N/A
(1)
9.407
%
4.576
%
4.775
%
Unused commitment fee rate, period end
N/A
1.261
%
(1)
N/A
N/A
1.261
%
Year Ended December 31, 2022
SBA debentures
Credit Facility
Secured Borrowings
Notes
Total
Stated interest expense
$
3,747
$
1,424
$
1,078
$
10,312
$
16,561
Amortization of deferred financing costs
-
1,112
2,104
Total interest and financing expenses
$
4,345
$
1,818
$
1,078
$
11,424
$
18,665
Weighted average stated interest rate, period end
3.479
%
N/A
(1)
7.786
%
4.125
%
4.037
%
Effective interest rate (1)
3.915
%
N/A
7.786
%
4.576
%
4.482
%
Unused commitment fee rate, period end
N/A
1.200
%
(1)
N/A
N/A
1.200
%
(1)Reflects the effective rate as of year end
Realized Losses on Extinguishment of Debt
During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company prepaid $35,000, $5,000, and $30,000 of SBA debentures, respectively, which were scheduled to mature on dates ranging from 2025 to 2028. As a result of the prepayments, the Company recognized realized losses on extinguishment of debt of $521, $23, and $251 respectively, equal to the write-off of the related unamortized deferred financing costs, during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.
Deferred Financing Costs
Deferred financing costs are amortized into interest and financing expenses on the consolidated statements of operations using the effective interest method, over the term of the respective financing instrument. Deferred financing costs related to the SBA debentures, the Credit Facility, and the Notes as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:
December 31, 2024
December 31, 2023
SBA
Credit
SBA
Credit
debentures
Facility
Notes
Total
debentures
Facility
Notes
Total
SBA debenture commitment fees
$
3,500
$
-
$
-
$
3,500
$
3,250
$
-
$
-
$
3,250
SBA debenture leverage fees
4,261
-
-
4,261
7,899
-
-
7,899
Credit Facility upfront fees
-
4,717
-
4,717
-
4,417
-
4,417
Notes underwriting discounts
-
-
5,005
5,005
-
-
5,005
5,005
Notes debt issue costs
-
-
-
-
Total deferred financing costs
7,761
4,717
5,690
18,168
11,149
4,417
5,690
21,256
Less: accumulated amortization
(1,660
)
(3,671
)
(4,052
)
(9,383
)
(5,621
)
(3,335
)
(2,933
)
(11,889
)
Unamortized deferred financing costs
$
6,101
$
1,046
$
1,638
$
8,785
$
5,528
$
1,082
$
2,757
$
9,367
Unamortized deferred financing costs are presented as a direct offset to the SBA debentures, the Credit Facility, and the Notes liabilities on the consolidated statements of assets and liabilities. The following table summarizes the outstanding debt net of unamortized deferred financing costs as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:
December 31, 2024(1)
December 31, 2023(1)
SBA
Credit
SBA
Credit
debentures
Facility
Notes
Total
debentures
Facility
Notes
Total
Outstanding debt
$
175,000
$
45,000
$
250,000
$
470,000
$
210,000
$
-
$
250,000
$
460,000
Less: unamortized deferred financing costs
(6,101
)
(1,046
)
(1,638
)
(8,785
)
(5,528
)
(1,082
)
(2,757
)
(9,367
)
Debt, net of deferred financing costs
$
168,899
$
43,954
$
248,362
$
461,215
$
204,472
$
(1,082
)
$
247,243
$
450,633
(1)
Total excludes $13,674 and $15,880 of Secured Borrowings as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
As of December 31, 2024, the Company’s debt liabilities are scheduled to mature as follows (1):
SBA
Credit
Secured
Year
debentures
Facility (2)
Borrowings
Notes
Total
$
-
$
-
$
-
$
-
$
-
-
-
13,344
250,000
263,344
-
45,000
-
-
45,000
-
-
-
7,500
-
-
-
7,500
Thereafter
167,500
-
-
-
167,500
Total
$
175,000
$
45,000
$
13,674
$
250,000
$
483,674
(1)The table above presents scheduled maturities of the Company’s outstanding debt liabilities as of a point in time pursuant to the terms of those instruments. The timing of actual repayments of outstanding debt liabilities may not ultimately correspond with the scheduled maturity dates depending on the terms of the underlying instruments and the potential for earlier prepayments.
(2)The Company’s Credit Facility matures on August 17, 2027. As of December 31, 2024, there were $45,000 of outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facility.
Information about our senior securities is shown in the following table for the years indicated in the table, unless otherwise noted.
Class and Year
Total Amount Outstanding Exclusive of Treasury Securities (1)
Asset Coverage per Unit (2)(5)
Involuntary Liquidation Preference per Unit (3)
Average Market Value per Unit (4)
(dollars in thousands)
SBA Debentures
$
213,500
$
**
$
*
$
N/A
224,000
**
*
N/A
231,300
**
*
N/A
191,000
**
*
N/A
157,500
**
*
N/A
147,000
**
*
N/A
107,000
**
*
N/A
153,000
**
*
N/A
210,000
**
*
N/A
175,000
**
*
N/A
Credit Facility
$
15,500
$
16,959
$
*
$
N/A
-
N/A
*
N/A
11,500
35,198
*
N/A
36,500
5,659
*
N/A
25,000
2,989
*
N/A
-
2,337
*
N/A
-
2,822
*
N/A
-
2,800
*
N/A
-
3,217
*
N/A
45,000
3,124
*
N/A
2023 Notes(6)
$
50,000
$
5,659
$
*
$
25.74
50,000
2,989
*
25.81
50,000
2,337
*
24.12
February 2024 Notes(6)
$
69,000
$
2,989
$
*
$
25.97
69,000
2,337
*
24.60
November 2024 Notes(6)
$
63,250
$
2,989
$
*
$
25.75
63,250
2,337
*
23.20
January 2026 Notes
$
125,000
$
2,337
$
*
$
N/A
125,000
2,822
*
N/A
125,000
2,800
*
N/A
125,000
3,217
*
N/A
125,000
3,124
*
N/A
November 2026 Notes
$
125,000
$
2,822
$
*
$
N/A
125,000
2,800
*
N/A
125,000
3,217
*
N/A
125,000
3,124
*
N/A
Secured Borrowings
$
17,637
$
2,822
$
*
$
N/A
16,880
2,800
*
N/A
15,880
3,217
*
N/A
13,674
3,124
*
N/A
(1) Total amount of each class of senior securities outstanding at the end of the period presented.
(2) Asset coverage per unit is the ratio of the carrying value of our total consolidated assets, less all liabilities and indebtedness not represented by senior securities, to the aggregate amount of senior securities representing indebtedness. Asset coverage per unit is expressed in terms of dollar amounts per $1,000 of indebtedness.
(3) The amount to which such class of senior security would be entitled upon the involuntary liquidation of the issuer in preference to any security junior to it. The “*” indicates information which the SEC expressly does not require to be disclosed for certain types of senior securities.
(4) Not applicable to SBA debentures, Credit Facility, January 2026 Notes, the November 2026 Notes and Secured Borrowings because these senior securities are not registered for public trading. The average market value per unit for the Public Notes is based on the average of the closing market price as of each quarter end during the fiscal year and the prior year end, as applicable, and is expressed per $1,000 of indebtedness. The January 2026 Notes and the November 2026 Notes were issued in minimum denominations of $2,000 and integral multiples of $1,000 in excess thereof.
(5) We have excluded our SBA debentures from the asset coverage calculation pursuant to the exemptive relief granted by the SEC in June 2014 that permits us to exclude the senior securities issued by the SBIC Funds from the definition of senior securities in the asset coverage requirement applicable to us under the 1940 Act.
(6) Our 2023 Notes were repaid in full on January 19, 2021. Our February 2024 Notes and our November 2024 Notes were repaid in full on November 2, 2021.
Note 7. Commitments and Contingencies
Commitments: The Company had outstanding commitments to portfolio companies to fund various undrawn revolving loans, other debt investments and capital commitments totaling $12,363 and $9,675 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Such outstanding commitments are summarized in the following table:
December 31, 2024
December 31, 2023
Total
Unfunded
Total
Unfunded
Portfolio Company - Investment
Commitment
Commitment
Commitment
Commitment
Acendre Midco, Inc. - Revolving Loan
$
1,000
$
-
$
1,000
$
Ad Info Parent, Inc. (dba MediaRadar) - Revolving Loan
1,442
1,442
1,442
Axis Medical Technologies LLC (dba MoveMedical) - Revolving Loan
-
-
Barefoot Mosquito and Pest Control, LLC - Revolving Loan
-
-
1,500
1,500
Choice Technology Solutions, LLC (dba Choice Merchant Solutions, LLC) - Revolving Loan
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
Detechtion Holdings, LLC - Revolving Loan
1,000
1,000
-
-
Elements Brands, LLC - Revolving Loan
1,500
-
1,500
-
GMP HVAC, LLC (dba McGee Heating & Air, LLC) - Revolving Loan
1,500
1,500
1,000
1,000
Fishbowl Solutions, LLC - Revolving Loan
3,000
2,223
-
-
R1 Holdings, LLC (dba RoadOne IntermodaLogistics) - First Lien Debt
-
-
2,489
1,596
R1 Holdings, LLC (dba RoadOne IntermodaLogistics) - Subordinated Debt
-
-
R1 Holdings, LLC (dba RoadOne IntermodaLogistics) - Common Equity
-
-
Tedia Company, LLC - Revolving Loan
2,250
2,250
2,400
2,400
Thrust Flight LLC - First Lien Debt
2,625
2,625
-
-
W50 Holdings, LLC - Preferred Equity
1,000
-
-
Total
$
17,117
$
12,363
$
12,818
$
9,675
Additional detail for each of the commitments above is provided in the Company’s consolidated schedules of investments. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had sufficient liquidity coverage to satisfy these unfunded commitments. Cash and cash equivalents were $57,159 and $119,131 and available borrowings under the Credit Facility were $95,000 and $100,000 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
The commitments are generally subject to the borrowers meeting certain criteria such as compliance with financial and non-financial covenants, which may limit such borrower's ability to draw on a revolving loan or delayed draw loan. Since commitments may expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amount does not necessarily represent future cash requirements.
Indemnifications: In the normal course of business, the Company enters into contracts and agreements that contain a variety of representations and warranties that provide indemnifications under certain circumstances. In addition, in connection with the disposition of an investment in a portfolio company, the Company may be required to make representations about the business and financial affairs of such portfolio company typical of those made in connection with the sale of a business. The Company may also be required to indemnify the purchasers of such investment to the extent that any such representations are inaccurate. The Company’s maximum exposure under these arrangements is unknown, as this would involve future claims that may be made against the Company that have not yet occurred. The Company expects the risk of future obligation under these indemnifications to be remote.
Legal proceedings: In the normal course of business, the Company may be subject to legal and regulatory proceedings that are generally incidental to its ongoing operations. While the outcome of any such legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, the Company does not believe any such legal proceedings will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
Note 8. Common Stock
Public Offerings of Common Stock
The following table summarizes the cumulative total shares issued, net proceeds received, and weighted average offering price in public offerings of the Company’s common stock since the IPO in June 2011, except for the issuances under the ATM Program as described further below.
Period
Cumulative Number of Shares
Cumulative Gross Proceeds
Cumulative Underwriting Fees and Commissions and Offering Costs (1)
Weighted Average Offering Price
Cumulative since IPO
14,388,414
$
236,597
$
8,989
$
16.44
(1) Fidus Investment Advisors, LLC agreed to bear a cumulative of $1,925 of underwriting fees and commissions and offering costs associated with these offerings (such amounts are not included in the number reported above). All such payments made by Fidus Investment Advisors, LLC are not subject to reimbursement by the Company.
Equity ATM Program
On November 10, 2022, the Company established the at-the-market program (the “ATM Program”), pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell, from time to time through Raymond James & Associates, Inc. and B. Riley Securities, Inc., each as sales agents, shares of the Company’s common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $50,000. On August 11, 2023, the Company increased the maximum amount of shares to be sold through the ATM Program to $150,000 from $50,000. On February 29, 2024, the Company increased the maximum amount of shares to be sold through the ATM Program to $300,000 from $150,000. The gross proceeds raised, the related sales agent commissions and the offering expenses, the net proceeds raised, and the average price at which shares were issued under the ATM Program for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
Average
Underwriting
Number of
Offering
Gross
Fees and
Net
Shares
Price
Proceeds
Commissions
Proceeds
Year Ended December 31, 2022
January 1, 2022 through March 31, 2022
-
$
-
$
-
$
-
$
-
April 1, 2022 through June 30, 2022
-
-
-
-
-
July 1, 2022 through September 30, 2022
-
-
-
-
-
October 1, 2022 through December 31, 2022
290,388
20.32
5,900
5,811
Total
290,388
$
20.32
$
5,900
$
$
5,811
Year Ended December 31, 2023
January 1, 2023 through March 31, 2023
260,610
$
20.68
$
5,389
$
$
5,308
April 1, 2023 through June 30, 2023
246,574
19.93
4,914
4,840
July 1, 2023 through September 30, 2023
3,187,661
19.54
62,277
61,498
October 1, 2023 through December 31, 2023
1,985,510
19.79
39,292
38,739
Total
$
5,680,355
$
19.69
$
111,872
$
1,487
$
110,385
Year Ended December 31, 2024
January 1, 2024 through March 31, 2024
987,170
$
19.66
$
19,408
$
$
19,180
April 1, 2024 through June 30, 2024
1,691,336
19.80
33,489
33,031
July 1, 2024 through September 30, 2024
714,995
20.01
14,304
14,089
October 1, 2024 through December 31, 2024
-
-
-
-
-
Total
3,393,501
$
19.80
$
67,201
$
$
66,300
Cumulative to date, the Company has sold 9,364,244 shares of common stock under the ATM Program at a weighted-average price of $19.75, raising $184,973 of gross proceeds. Net proceeds were $182,496 after commissions to the sales agents on shares sold. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $115,027 available under the ATM Program.
Stock Repurchase Program
As described in Note 2, the Company has a Stock Repurchase Program under which the Company may acquire up to $5,000 of its outstanding common stock. The Company did not make any repurchases of common stock during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.
DRIP Program
The Company issued 82,172 and 30,836 shares of common stock under the DRIP during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. No shares under the DRIP were issued during the year ended December 31, 2022. Refer to Note 9 for additional information regarding the issuance of shares under the DRIP.
The Company had 33,914,652 and 30,438,979 shares of common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Note 9. Dividends and Distributions
The Company’s dividends and distributions are recorded on the record date. The following table summarizes the dividends and distributions paid during the last three fiscal years.
DRIP
DRIP
Date
Record
Payment
Amount
Total
Cash
Shares
DRIP
Share
Declared
Date
Date
Per Share
Distribution
Distribution
Value
Shares
Issue Price
Year Ended December 31, 2022:
2/15/2022
3/11/2022
3/25/2022
$
0.36
$
8,797
$
8,797
$
-
(3)
-
(3)
-
2/15/2022 (2)
3/11/2022
3/25/2022
0.17
4,154
4,154
-
(3)
-
(3)
-
5/02/2022
6/10/2022
6/24/2022
0.36
8,797
8,797
-
(3)
-
(3)
-
5/02/2022 (2)
6/10/2022
6/24/2022
0.07
1,712
1,712
-
(3)
-
(3)
-
8/01/2022
9/9/2022
9/23/2022
0.36
8,797
8,797
-
(3)
-
(3)
-
8/01/2022 (2)
9/9/2022
9/23/2022
0.07
1,711
1,711
-
(3)
-
(3)
-
8/01/2022
12/2/2022
12/16/2022
0.36
8,902
8,902
-
(3)
-
(3)
-
8/01/2022 (2)
12/2/2022
12/16/2022
0.07
1,731
1,731
-
(3)
-
(3)
-
11/03/2022 (2)
12/2/2022
12/16/2022
0.08
1,978
1,978
-
(3)
-
(3)
-
11/03/2022 (1)
12/2/2022
12/16/2022
0.10
2,473
2,473
-
(3)
-
(3)
-
$
2.00
$
49,052
$
49,052
$
-
-
Year Ended December 31, 2023:
2/15/2023
3/22/2023
3/29/2023
$
0.41
$
10,245
$
10,245
$
-
(3)
-
(3)
-
2/15/2023 (2)
3/22/2023
3/29/2023
0.15
3,748
3,748
-
(3)
-
(3)
-
2/15/2023 (1)
3/22/2023
3/29/2023
0.10
2,499
2,499
-
(3)
-
(3)
-
5/02/2023
6/21/2023
6/28/2023
0.41
10,340
9,987
18,061
19.56
5/02/2023 (2)
6/21/2023
6/28/2023
0.19
4,792
4,628
8,370
19.56
5/02/2023 (1)
6/21/2023
6/28/2023
0.10
2,522
2,436
4,405
19.56
8/01/2023
9/20/2023
9/27/2023
0.41
11,666
11,666
-
(3)
-
(3)
-
8/01/2023 (2)
9/20/2023
9/27/2023
0.21
5,975
5,975
-
(3)
-
(3)
-
8/01/2023 (1)
9/20/2023
9/27/2023
0.10
2,845
2,845
-
(3)
-
(3)
-
10/30/2023
12/20/2023
12/27/2023
0.43
13,061
13,061
-
(3)
-
(3)
-
10/30/2023 (2)
12/20/2023
12/27/2023
0.27
8,200
8,200
-
(3)
-
(3)
-
10/30/2023 (1)
12/20/2023
12/27/2023
0.10
3,037
3,037
-
(3)
-
(3)
-
$
2.88
$
78,930
$
78,327
$
30,836
Year Ended December 31, 2024:
2/13/2024
3/20/2024
3/27/2024
$
0.43
$
13,513
$
13,513
$
-
(3)
-
(3)
-
2/13/2024 (2)
3/20/2024
3/27/2024
0.22
6,914
6,914
-
(3)
-
(3)
-
4/29/2024
6/19/2024
6/26/2024
0.43
14,240
13,623
31,889
19.36
4/29/2024 (2)
6/19/2024
6/26/2024
0.16
5,299
5,069
11,866
19.36
7/29/2024
9/19/2024
9/26/2024
0.43
14,567
14,002
28,981
19.50
7/29/2024 (2)
9/19/2024
9/26/2024
0.14
4,743
4,560
9,436
19.50
10/28/2024
12/17/2024
12/27/2024
0.43
14,583
14,583
-
(3)
-
(3)
-
10/28/2024 (2)
12/17/2024
12/27/2024
0.18
6,105
6,105
-
(3)
-
(3)
-
$
2.42
$
79,964
$
78,369
$
1,595
82,172
(1)
Special dividend
(2)
Supplemental dividend
(3)
Except for the shares issued pursuant to the DRIP as reflected in the table above, during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company directed the DRIP plan administrator to repurchase shares on the open market in order to satisfy the DRIP obligation to deliver shares of common stock in lieu of issuing new shares. Accordingly, the Company purchased and reissued shares to satisfy the DRIP obligation as follows:
Number of
Shares
Average
Purchased
Price Paid
Total
Year Ended December 31, 2022:
and Reissued
Per Share
Amount Paid
January 1, 2022 through March 31, 2022
20,380
$
20.51
$
April 1, 2022 through June 30, 2022
20,233
17.89
July 1, 2022 through September 30, 2022
21,114
17.08
October 1, 2022 through December 31, 2022
23,026
18.99
Total
84,753
$
18.61
$
1,577
Number of
Shares
Average
Purchased
Price Paid
Total
Year Ended December 31, 2023:
and Reissued
Per Share
Amount Paid
January 1, 2023 through March 31, 2023
25,512
$
19.22
$
April 1, 2023 through June 30, 2023
-
-
-
July 1, 2023 through September 30, 2023
39,962
19.21
October 1, 2023 through December 31, 2023
45,047
19.83
Total
110,521
$
19.46
$
2,151
Number of
Shares
Average
Purchased
Price Paid
Total
Year Ended December 31, 2024:
and Reissued
Per Share
Amount Paid
January 1, 2024 through March 31, 2024
43,050
$
19.78
$
April 1, 2024 through June 30, 2024
-
-
-
July 1, 2024 through September 30, 2024
-
-
-
October 1, 2024 through December 31, 2024
29,537
20.99
Total
72,587
$
20.28
$
1,472
Note 10. Financial Highlights
The following is a schedule of financial highlights for the years ended December 31, 2024 to 2015:
Years Ended December 31,
Per share data:
Net asset value at beginning of period
$
19.37
$
19.43
$
19.96
$
16.81
$
16.85
Net investment income (1)
2.29
2.47
1.90
1.03
1.62
Net realized gain (loss) on investments, net of tax (provision) (1)
0.31
0.85
2.61
2.19
(0.06
)
Taxes paid on deemed distributions(1)
-
-
(0.35
)
-
-
Net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments (1)
(0.18
)
(0.39
)
(2.69
)
1.70
(0.27
)
Realized losses on extinguishment of debt (1)
(0.02
)
-
(0.01
)
(0.17
)
(0.01
)
Total increase from investment operations (1)
2.40
2.93
1.46
4.75
1.28
Accretive (dilutive) effect of share issuances and repurchases
-
0.02
0.02
-
0.01
Dividends declared to stockholders
(2.08
)
(2.37
)
(1.19
)
(1.60
)
(1.33
)
Distributions from capital gains
(0.34
)
(0.51
)
(0.81
)
-
-
Other (2)
(0.02
)
(0.13
)
(0.01
)
-
-
Net asset value at end of period
$
19.33
$
19.37
$
19.43
$
19.96
$
16.81
Market value at end of period
$
21.02
$
19.69
$
19.03
$
17.98
$
13.10
Shares outstanding at end of period
33,914,652
30,438,979
24,727,788
24,437,400
24,437,400
Weighted average shares outstanding during the period
32,585,238
26,365,269
24,468,172
24,437,400
24,442,431
Net assets at end of period
$
655,666
$
589,474
$
480,343
$
487,764
$
410,760
Average net assets (6)
$
631,801
$
517,287
$
482,594
$
437,690
$
392,866
Ratios to average net assets:
Total expenses (4)(10)
11.6
%
12.9
%
12.0
%
15.4
%
11.8
%
Net investment income (5)
11.8
%
12.6
%
9.6
%
5.7
%
10.1
%
Total return based on market value (3)
20.1
%
17.8
%
17.7
%
53.9
%
1.0
%
Total return based on net asset value (8)
12.4
%
15.1
%
7.3
%
28.3
%
7.6
%
Portfolio turnover ratio
26.3
%
28.3
%
23.9
%
47.7
%
25.8
%
Supplemental Data:
Average debt outstanding (7)
$
474,897
$
455,053
$
397,244
$
380,997
$
385,350
Average debt per share (1)
$
14.57
$
17.26
$
16.24
$
15.59
$
15.77
Years Ended December 31,
Per share data:
Net asset value at beginning of period
$
16.47
$
16.05
$
15.76
$
15.17
$
15.16
Net investment income (1)
1.31
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.64
Net realized gain (loss) on investments, net of tax (provision) (1)
(0.05
)
(0.45
)
0.67
(0.77
)
0.58
Taxes paid on deemed distributions(1)
-
-
-
-
-
Net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments (1)
0.74
1.05
(0.23
)
1.59
(0.62
)
Realized losses on extinguishment of debt (1)
(0.02
)
(0.01
)
(0.01
)
-
-
Total increase from investment operations (1)
1.98
2.02
1.87
2.27
1.60
Accretive (dilutive) effect of share issuances and repurchases
-
0.01
0.02
-0.05
0.02
Dividends declared to stockholders
(1.60
)
(1.60
)
(1.60
)
(1.60
)
(1.60
)
Distributions from capital gains
-
-
-
-
-
Other (2)
-
(0.01
)
-
(0.03
)
(0.01
)
Net asset value at end of period
$
16.85
$
16.47
$
16.05
$
15.76
$
15.17
Market value at end of period
$
14.84
$
11.69
$
15.18
$
15.73
$
13.69
Shares outstanding at end of period
24,463,119
24,463,119
24,507,940
22,446,076
16,300,732
Weighted average shares outstanding during the period
24,463,119
24,471,730
23,527,188
18,283,715
16,201,449
Net assets at end of period
$
412,310
$
402,985
$
393,273
$
353,785
$
247,362
Average net assets (6)
$
404,284
$
398,440
$
376,292
$
289,453
$
245,706
Ratios to average net assets:
Total expenses (4)(10)
11.2
%
10.7
%
9.8
%
11.7
%
11.3
%
Net investment income (5)
7.9
%
8.8
%
9.0
%
9.2
%
10.8
%
Total return based on market value (3)
37.6
%
(15.8
%)
3.2
%
23.8
%
2.4
%
Total return based on net asset value (8)
12.0
%
12.6
%
11.9
%
15.0
%
10.6
%
Portfolio turnover ratio
17.2
%
29.5
%
29.5
%
29.3
%
22.5
%
Supplemental Data:
Average debt outstanding (7)
$
319,050
$
271,560
$
219,920
$
221,200
$
199,340
Average debt per share (1)
$
13.04
$
11.10
$
9.35
$
12.10
$
12.30
________________________________________________________
(1)
Weighted average per share data.
(2)
Represents the impact of different share amounts used in calculating per share data as a result of calculating certain per share data based on weighted average shares outstanding during the period and certain per share data based on the shares outstanding as of a period end or transaction date, or other rounding.
(3)
Total return based on market value equals the change in the market value of the Company’s common stock per share during the period divided by the market value per share at the beginning of the period, and assumes reinvestment of dividends at prices obtained by our dividend reinvestment plan during the period. The return does not reflect any sales load that may be paid by an investor.
(4)
The total expenses to average net assets ratio is calculated using i) the "total expenses, net of income incentive fee and base management fee waiver", ii) the "income tax (provision) benefit", iii) the "income tax (provision) benefit from realized gains on investments, and iv) income tax (provision) from deemed distribution of long term capital gains" captions as presented on the consolidated statements of operations.
(5)
The net investment income to average net assets ratio is calculated using the net investment income caption as presented on the consolidated statements of operations, which includes incentive fee.
(6)
Average net assets is calculated as the average of the net asset balances as of each quarter end during the fiscal year and the prior year end.
(7)
Average debt outstanding is calculated as the average of the outstanding debt balances, including secured borrowings, as of each quarter end during the fiscal year and the prior year end.
(8)
Total return based on net asset value per share equals the change in net asset value per share during the period, plus dividends paid per share during the period, less other non-operating changes during the period, and divided by beginning net asset value per share for the period. Non-operating changes include any items that affect net asset value per share other than increase from investment operations, such as the effects of share issuances and repurchases and other miscellaneous items.
(9)
There was no incentive fee waived for the years ended December 31, 2024 through 2021. The ratio of waived incentive fees to average net assets was (0.11)% for the year ended December 31, 2020. There was no incentive fee waived for the years ended December 31, 2019 through 2015.
(10)
The following is a schedule of supplemental expense ratios to average net assets:
Years Ended December 31,
Ratio to average net assets:
Expenses other than incentive fee (4)
8.5
%
9.2
%
10.4
%
8.9
%
10.1
%
Incentive fee, net of incentive fee waiver (4)(9)
3.1
%
3.7
%
1.6
%
6.5
%
1.7
%
Total expenses (4)
11.6
%
12.9
%
12.0
%
15.4
%
11.8
%
Years Ended December 31,
Ratio to average net assets:
Expenses other than incentive fee (4)
8.5
%
7.6
%
6.9
%
8.1
%
8.7
%
Incentive fee, net of incentive fee waiver (4)(9)
2.7
%
3.1
%
2.9
%
3.6
%
2.6
%
Total expenses (4)
11.2
%
10.7
%
9.8
%
11.7
%
11.3
%
Years Ended December 31,
Ratio to average net assets:
Total expenses, before base management fee waiver (4)
11.6
%
12.9
%
12.1
%
15.4
%
11.8
%
Base management fee waiver (4)(9)
0.0
%
0.0
%
-0.1
%
0.0
%
0.0
%
Total expenses (4)
11.6
%
12.9
%
12.0
%
15.4
%
11.8
%
Years Ended December 31,
Ratio to average net assets:
Total expenses, before base management fee waiver (4)
11.2
%
10.7
%
9.8
%
11.7
%
11.3
%
Base management fee waiver (4)(9)
0.0
%
0.0
%
0.0
%
0.0
%
0.0
%
Total expenses (4)
11.2
%
10.7
%
9.8
%
11.7
%
11.3
%
Note 11. Selected Quarterly Financial Data (unaudited)
March 31,
June 30,
September 30,
December 31,
Total investment income
$
34,651
$
35,664
$
38,382
$
37,457
Net investment income
17,627
16,950
21,411
18,648
Net increase in net assets from operations
20,123
24,099
16,477
17,593
Net investment income per share(1)
$
0.57
$
0.53
$
0.64
$
0.55
Net increase in net assets from operations per share(1)
$
0.65
$
0.75
$
0.49
$
0.52
Net asset value per share at end of period
$
19.36
$
19.50
$
19.42
$
19.33
March 31,
June 30,
September 30,
December 31,
Total investment income
$
29,056
$
30,558
$
34,185
$
36,311
Net investment income
14,723
16,784
16,660
16,939
Net increase in net assets from operations
15,489
10,915
24,299
26,430
Net investment income per share(1)
$
0.59
$
0.67
$
0.63
$
0.58
Net increase in net assets from operations per share(1)
$
0.62
$
0.44
$
0.91
$
0.91
Net asset value per share at end of period
$
19.39
$
19.13
$
19.28
$
19.37
March 31,
June 30,
September 30,
December 31,
Total investment income
$
20,518
$
21,153
$
24,992
$
27,474
Net investment income
10,338
11,008
12,719
12,484
Net increase in net assets from operations
11,690
7,981
11,428
4,723
Net investment income per share(1)
$
0.42
$
0.45
$
0.52
$
0.51
Net increase in net assets from operations per share(1)
$
0.48
$
0.33
$
0.47
$
0.19
Net asset value per share at end of period
$
19.91
$
19.80
$
19.41
$
19.43
(1)
Per share amounts are calculated using the weighted average shares outstanding for the period. Due to rounding, the sum of the quarters may not equal the annual calculation on a per share basis.
Note 12. Income Taxes
The Company has elected to be treated as a RIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes, whereby the Company generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on any net ordinary income or capital gains that the Company timely distributes to its stockholders as dividends. The Company must generally distribute at least 90% of its investment company taxable income to maintain its RIC status. As part of maintaining RIC status, undistributed taxable income pertaining to a given fiscal year may be distributed up to 12 months subsequent to the end of that fiscal year, provided such dividends are declared prior to the due date for filing of the federal income tax return (including extensions) for the prior year, the 15th day of the 10th month following the prior tax year. Such taxable income carried forward to the next tax year will be subject to excise tax equal to 4% of the amount by which (i) 98% of the Company’s ordinary income recognized during a calendar year, (ii) the amount by which the Company’s capital gain exceeds its capital loss (adjusted for certain ordinary losses) for the one-year period ending October 31 in that calendar year, and (iii) certain undistributed amounts from previous years on which the Company paid no U.S. federal income tax. Excise tax is included as a component of income tax provision and income tax (provision) on realized gains on investments, depending on the character of the underlying taxable income (ordinary or capital gains), on the consolidated statements of operations.
The Taxable Subsidiaries hold certain portfolio investments for the Company. The Taxable Subsidiaries are consolidated for financial reporting purposes, and the portfolio investments held by the Taxable Subsidiaries are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The principal purpose of the Taxable Subsidiaries is to permit the Company to hold equity investments in portfolio companies which are “pass through” entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes in order to comply with the “source-of-income” requirements contained in the RIC tax provisions of subchapter M of the Code. The Taxable Subsidiaries are not consolidated with the Company for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and each Taxable Subsidiary is subject to U.S. federal income tax. The Taxable Subsidiaries are taxed as corporations and do not intend to qualify as a RIC. As corporations, the Taxable Subsidiaries are obligated to pay U.S. federal, state and local income tax on taxable income, as applicable. Income earned and gains realized on the investment or investments held by the Taxable Subsidiary are subject to U.S. federal income tax imposed at corporate rates. A tax provision for ordinary income, if any, is shown as income tax provision in the consolidated statements of operations of the Company. A tax provision for realized and unrealized gains on investments is included as a reduction of realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments in the consolidated statements of operations of the Company. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Taxable Subsidiaries were subject to a 21% U.S. federal income tax rate. The Company classifies interest and penalties, if any, as a component of income tax provision on the consolidated statements of operations. Income tax expense at the Taxable Subsidiaries is included as a component of the income tax provisions, depending on the character of the underlying taxable income (ordinary or capital gains), on the consolidated statements of operations. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, income tax expense at the Taxable Subsidiaries was $2,330, $1,242, and $1,809, respectively.
The Company and the Taxable Subsidiaries are also subject to various state and local income taxes.
The following table is a reconciliation of net increase in net assets resulting from operations on the consolidated statements of operations to taxable income and to total distributions declared to common stockholders for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.
2024 (1)
Net increase in net assets resulting from operations
$
78,292
$
77,133
$
35,822
Net change in unrealized (appreciation) depreciation on investments
5,928
10,359
65,702
Permanent book income and tax income differences
4,789
2,746
12,368
Temporary book income and tax income differences
(5,023
)
(8,273
)
(19,480
)
Capital loss carry forward (utilization)
-
-
-
Taxable income
83,986
81,965
94,412
Taxable income earned in prior year and carried forward for distribution in current year
41,570
38,530
33,839
Taxable Subsidiaries liquidating distributions
-
Deemed distribution of long term capital gains
-
-
(40,801
)
Taxable income earned in current period and carried forward for distribution in following year
(45,592
)
(41,570
)
(38,530
)
Total distributions to common stockholders
$
79,964
$
78,930
$
49,052
(1)
The Company’s taxable income for 2024 is an estimate and will not be finalized until the Company files its 2024 federal income tax returns in 2025. Therefore, the Company’s actual taxable income, and the Company’s actual taxable income that was earned in 2024 and carried forward for distribution in 2025, may be different than this estimate.
For U.S. federal income tax purposes, distributions paid to stockholders are reported as ordinary income, long term capital gains and return of capital, or a combination thereof. The tax character of distributions paid for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 was as follows:
Ordinary income
$
69,170
$
65,270
$
29,496
Long term capital gains
10,794
13,660
19,556
Return of capital
-
-
-
Total distributions to common stockholders
$
79,964
$
78,930
$
49,052
The Company estimates that it generated undistributed ordinary taxable income of approximately $43,288, or $1.28 per share, and undistributed long term capital gains of $2,302, or $0.06 per share, during 2024 that will be carried forward and distributed in 2025. Ordinary dividend distributions from a RIC do not qualify for the preferential U.S. federal income tax rate on dividend income from certain domestic corporations and qualified foreign corporations, except to the extent that the RIC received the income in the form of qualifying dividends from domestic corporations and qualified foreign corporations.
The Company may distribute a portion of its realized net long term capital gains in excess of realized net short term capital losses to its stockholders, but may also decide to retain a portion, or all, of its net capital gains and elect to make a “deemed distribution” to its stockholders. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company elected to designate retained net capital gains of $40,801, or approximately $1.65 per share, as a deemed distribution, which was allocated to stockholders of record as of December 31, 2022. The Company incurred U.S. federal income taxes of $8,568, or approximately $0.35 per share, on behalf of stockholders related to this deemed distribution. Such U.S. federal income taxes were paid in January 2023. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company did not elect to designate retained net capital gains as a deemed distribution.
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the tax basis components of distributable earnings were as follows:
December 31,
December 31,
2024 (1)
Undistributed ordinary income
$
43,288
$
32,715
Undistributed long term capital gains
2,302
8,855
Unrealized appreciation (depreciation)
15,351
21,278
Temporary book/tax differences
27,532
22,509
Capital loss carry forward
-
-
Total distributable earnings
$
88,473
$
85,357
(1)
The Company’s distributable earnings for 2024 is an estimate and will not be finally determined until the Company files its 2024 federal income tax returns in 2025. Therefore, the Company’s actual distributable earnings may be different than this estimate.
For federal income tax purposes, the cost of investments owned at December 31, 2024 and 2023 was approximately $1,045,066 and $910,599, respectively.
December 31,
December 31,
2024 (1)
Tax-basis amortized cost of investments
$
1,045,066
$
910,599
Tax-basis gross unrealized appreciation on investments
102,651
86,768
Tax-basis gross unrealized depreciation on investments
(57,211
)
(39,461
)
Tax-basis net unrealized appreciation on investments
45,440
47,307
Fair value of investments
$
1,090,506
$
957,906
(1)
The Company’s tax-basis amortized cost of investments for 2024 is an estimate and will not be finally determined until 2025 when the Company receives the relevant tax forms from portfolio companies with equity investments. Therefore, the Company’s actual tax-basis amortized cost of investments may be different than this estimate.
Distributions from net investment income and net realized capital gains are determined in accordance with U.S. federal tax regulations, which may differ from amounts determined in accordance with GAAP and those differences could be material. These permanent book-to-tax differences are reclassified on the consolidated statements of changes in net assets to reflect their tax character but have no impact on total net assets. The following permanent book-to-tax differences were reclassified on the consolidated statements of changes in net assets for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.
2024 (1)
Additional paid-in capital
$
(4,789
)
$
(2,752
)
$
(3,932
)
Total distributable earnings
4,789
2,752
3,932
(1)
The Company’s permanent book-to-tax reclassifications for 2024 are an estimate and will not be finalized until the Company files its 2024 federal income tax returns in 2025. Therefore, the Company’s actual permanent book-to-tax reclassifications may be different than this estimate. The Company adjusts such reclassifications in the following years when finalized, and such adjustments are reflected in the consolidated statements of changes in net assets and the consolidated statements of assets and liabilities.
Note 13. Subsequent Events
On January 6, 2025, the Company invested $15,000 in first lien debt and $750 in common equity of Customer Expressions Corp. (dba Case IQ), a leading of SaaS-based Governance, Risk and Compliance (GRC) solutions to mid-size and large enterprises.
On January 7, 2025, the Company invested $19,000 in first lien debt, $380 in common equity, and committed up to $2,280 in a revolving loan to Onsight Industries, LLC, a leading provider of customized signs & displays, mailbox solutions, and site furnishings for the home builder and land developer industries.
On January 14, 2025, the Company exited its preferred equity investment in Healthfuse, LLC. The Company received a distribution on its preferred equity investment for a realized gain of approximately $3,171.
On January 24, 2025, the Company received a distribution on its equity investments in Medsurant Holdings, LLC, resulting in a net realized gain of approximately $8,216.
On February 5, 2025, the Company invested $14,000 in first lien debt, $500 in common equity, $140 in preferred equity, and committed up to $2,000 in a revolving loan to Fraser Steel LLC, a designer and manufacturer of steel tubular parts and assemblies for OEM customers used in a wide range of applications.
On February 6, 2025, the Company issued an additional $5,000 in SBA debentures, which will bear interest at a fixed interim interest rate of 5.207% until the pooling date in March 2025.
On February 13, 2025, the Company issued an additional $14,500 in SBA debentures, which will bear interest at a fixed interim interest rate of 5.217% until the pooling date in March 2025.
On February 18, 2025, the Board declared a regular quarterly dividend of $0.43 per share and a supplemental dividend of $0.11 per share payable March 27, 2025, to stockholders of record as of March 20, 2025.
On February 27, 2025, the Company repaid $12,500 of SBA debentures with a weighted average interest rate of 5.755% which would have matured on dates ranging from March 2032 to September 2033.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the 1934 Act) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on the evaluation of these disclosure controls and procedures, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective. It should be noted that any system of controls, however well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, and not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the system are met. In addition, the design of any control system is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events. Because of these and other inherent limitations of control systems, there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions, regardless of how remote.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting and RSM US LLP's Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm are included in “Item 8. Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this annual report on Form 10-K.
Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm
Our independent registered public accounting firm, and RSM US LLP, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting which is included in “Item 8. Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this annual report on Form 10-K.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

---

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 9B. Other Information.
(a)
None.
(b)
During the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2024, no director or officer of the Company has entered into any (i) contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of securities of the Company intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act or (ii) any non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement.

---

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
The information required by Item 10 is hereby incorporated by reference from our definitive Proxy Statement relating to our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, to be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days following the end of our fiscal year.

---

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Item 11. Executive Compensation.
The information required by Item 11 is hereby incorporated by reference from our definitive Proxy Statement relating to our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, to be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days following the end of our fiscal year.

---

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
The information required by Item 12 is hereby incorporated by reference from our definitive Proxy Statement relating to our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, to be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days following the end of our fiscal year.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
The information required by Item 13 is hereby incorporated by reference from our definitive Proxy Statement relating to our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, to be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days following the end of our fiscal year.

---

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.
The information required by Item 14 is hereby incorporated by reference from our definitive Proxy Statement relating to our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, to be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days following the end of our fiscal year.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.
The following documents are filed or incorporated by reference as part of this Annual Report:
(1) Consolidated Financial Statements
Refer to Item 8 starting on page 81.
(2) Financial Statement Schedules
None.
(3) Exhibits
Unless otherwise noted, the following exhibits are filed as part of this report or hereby incorporated by reference to exhibits previously filed with the SEC:
Exhibit Number
Description
3.1
Articles of Amendment and Restatement of the Registrant (Filed as Exhibit (a)(1) to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-2 (File No. 333-172550) filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2011 and incorporated herein by reference).
3.2
Bylaws of the Registrant (Filed as Exhibit (b)(1) to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-2 (File No. 333-172550) filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2011 and incorporated herein by reference).
4.1
Form of Stock Certificate of the Registrant (Filed as Exhibit (d) to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-2 (File No. 333-172550) filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2011 and incorporated herein by reference).
4.2
Agreement to Furnish Certain Instruments (Filed as Exhibit (f)(2) to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 3 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-2 (File No. 333-172550) filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on May 26, 2011 and incorporated herein by reference).
4.3
Form of Indenture (Filed as Exhibit (d)(5) to Post-Effective Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-2 (File No. 333-202531) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference).
4.4
Fourth Supplemental Indenture dated as of December 23, 2020 between Fidus Investment Corporation and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (Filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on December 23, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference).
4.5
Form of Global Note with respect to the 4.75% Notes due 2026 (Filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on December 23, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference).
4.6
Fifth Supplemental Indenture dated as of October 8, 2021 between Fidus Investment Corporation and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (Filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on October 8, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference).
4.7
4.8
Form of Global Note with respect to the 3.50% Notes due 2026 (Filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on October 8, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference).
Description of Securities (Filed as Exhibit 4.8 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on March 3, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference).
10.1
Investment Advisory and Management Agreement between Registrant and Fidus Investment Advisors, LLC (Filed as Exhibit (g) to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-2 (File No. 333-172550) filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2011 and incorporated herein by reference).
10.2
Custody Agreement (Filed as Exhibit (j) to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 3 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-2 (File No. 333-172550) filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on May 26, 2011 and incorporated herein by reference).
10.3
Administration Agreement between Registrant and Fidus Investment Advisors, LLC (Filed as Exhibit (k)(1) to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-2 (File No. 333-172550) filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2011 and incorporated herein by reference).
10.4
Trademark License Agreement between Registrant and Fidus Partners, LLC (Filed as Exhibit (k)(2) to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 3 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-2 (File No. 333-172550) filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on May 26, 2011 and incorporated herein by reference).
10.5
Form of Indemnification Agreement by and between Registrant and each of its directors (Filed as Exhibit (k)(3) to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 4 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-2 (File No. 333-172550) filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on June 10, 2011 and incorporated herein by reference).
10.6
Dividend Reinvestment Plan (Filed as Exhibit (e) to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 1 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-2 (File No. 333-182785) filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on August 27, 2012 and incorporated herein by reference).
10.7
First Amendment to Investment Advisory and Management Agreement between Registrant and Fidus Investment Advisors, LLC (Filed as Exhibit 10.7 to the Registrant’s annual report on Form 10-K, filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on March 6, 2014 and incorporated herein by reference).
10.8
Form of Indemnification Agreement between Fidus Investment Corporation and each officer and director of Fidus Investment Corporation (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s quarterly report on Form 10-Q, filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on August 5, 2021).
10.9
10.10
Amended & Restated Senior Secured Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of April 24, 2019, by and among the Company, as borrower, the lenders party thereto, and ING Capital LLC, as administrative agent (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on April 24, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference).
Amended and Restated Guarantee, Pledge and Security Agreement, dated as of April 24, 2019, by and among the Company, as borrower, the subsidiary guarantors party thereto, ING Capital LLC, as revolving administrative agent, and ING Capital LLC, as collateral agent (Filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on April 24, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference).
10.11
Amendment No. 1, dated June 26, 2020, to the Amended & Restated Senior Secured Revolving Credit Agreement dated April 24, 2019, by and among the Company, as borrower, the subsidiary guarantors party thereto, ING Capital LLC, as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on June 29, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference).
10.12
Amendment No. 2, dated as of August 17, 2022, to the Amended and Restated Senior Secured Revolving Credit Agreement, by and among the Company, the Lenders, and ING Capital LLC, as administrative agent for the Lenders (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on August 23, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference).
10.13
Equity Distribution Agreement, dated November 10, 2022, by and among Fidus Investment Corporation, Fidus Investment Advisors, LLC, on the one hand, and Raymond James & Associates, Inc. and B. Riley Securities, Inc. on the other hand (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on November 10, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference).
10.14
Amendment No. 1, dated August 11, 2023, to Equity Distribution Agreement by and among Fidus Investment Corporation and Fidus Investment Advisors, LLC, on the one hand, and Raymond James & Associates, Inc. and B. Riley Securities, Inc., on the other hand (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on August 11, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference).
10.15
Amendment No. 2, dated February 29, 2024, to Equity Distribution Agreement by and among Fidus Investment Corporation and Fidus Investment Advisors, LLC, on the one hand, and Raymond James & Associates, Inc. and B. Riley Securities, Inc., on the other hand (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2024 and incorporated herein by reference).
10.16
Incremental Commitment Agreement, dated as of July 25, 2024, by and among Fidus Investment Corporation, as borrower, the subsidiary guarantors party thereto, the increasing lenders party thereto, and ING Capital LLC, as administrative agent (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on July 26, 2024 and incorporated herein by reference).
14.1
Joint Code of Ethics (Filed as Exhibit 14.1 to the Registrant’s annual report on Form 10-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2024 and incorporated herein by reference).
19.1
Insider Trading Policy and Procedures included in Joint Code of Ethics (Filed as Exhibit 19.1 to the Registrant's annual report on Form 10-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2024 and incorporated herein by reference).
21.1
List of Subsidiaries.*
23.1
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.*
31.1
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.*
31.2
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.*
32.1
Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to section 906 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.*
97.1
Compensation Recoupment Policy (Filed as Exhibit 97.1 to the Registrant’s annual report on Form 10-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2024 and incorporated herein by reference).
*
Filed herewith.

Denotes a management contract or compensatory plan, contract or arrangement.