EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 94344
Filing Year: 2022
Filename: 94344_10-K_2022_0000094344-22-000006.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1. Business
Founded in 1893, Stewart Information Services Corporation (NYSE:STC) (Stewart) is a customer-focused, global title insurance and real estate services company offering products and services through our direct operations, network of approved agencies and other companies within the Stewart family. One of the largest title companies in the industry, Stewart provides services to homebuyers and sellers, residential and commercial real estate professionals, mortgage lenders and servicers, title agencies, real estate attorneys and home builders. Stewart also provides appraisal management services, online notarization and closing services, search and valuation services, credit and real estate data services, home and personal insurance services, tax-deferred exchanges, and technology services to streamline the real estate process. Stewart is headquartered in Houston, Texas and operates primarily throughout the United States (U.S.) and has regional offices in Australia, Canada, the Caribbean, Europe, Mexico and the United Kingdom.
We currently report our business in two segments: title insurance and related services (title), and ancillary services and corporate. Refer to Note 18 to our audited consolidated financial statements and Item 7 - Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) for financial information related to our segments.
Title Segment
Title insurance and related services include the functions of searching, examining, closing and insuring the condition of the title to real property. The title segment also includes home and personal insurance services, Internal Revenue Code Section 1031 tax-deferred (Section 1031) exchanges, and digital customer engagement platform services.
Examination and closing. The purpose of a title examination is to ascertain the ownership of the property being transferred, debts that are owed on it and the scope of the title policy coverage. This involves searching for and examining documents such as deeds, mortgages, wills, divorce decrees, court judgments, liens, assessments and tax records.
At the closing or settlement of a sale transaction, the seller executes and delivers a deed to the new owner. The buyer typically signs new mortgage documents and closing funds are disbursed to the seller, the prior lender, real estate brokers, the title company and others. The documents are then recorded in the public records. A title insurance policy is generally issued to both the new lender and the owner at the closing of the transaction.
At the closing or settlement of a refinance transaction, the borrower executes and delivers a mortgage or deed of trust to the lender. The borrower typically signs the mortgage documents and closing funds are ordinarily disbursed to the prior lender, the title company and others. The documents are then recorded in the public records. A title insurance policy is generally issued to the new lender at the closing or recording of the transaction.
Title insurance policies. Lenders in the United States generally require title insurance as a condition to making a loan on real estate, including securitized lending, as this assures lenders of the priority of their lien position on the real estate property. Also, the purchasers of the real estate property want insurance to protect against claims that may arise against the title to the property. The face amount of the owner's policy is normally the purchase price in a purchase transaction, while the face amount of the lender's policy is the amount of the related loan when financing is involved in either purchase or refinance transaction.
Title insurance is substantially different from other types of insurance. Fire, auto, health and life insurance policies protect against future losses and events. In contrast, title insurance generally insures against losses from past events and seeks to protect the policyholder or lender by eliminating covered risks through the examination and settlement process. In essence, subject to its exceptions and exclusions, an owner's title insurance policy provides a warranty to the policyholder that the title to the property is free from defects that might impair ownership rights, or in the case of a lender's policy, that there is priority of lien position. Most other forms of insurance provide protection for a limited period of time and, hence the policy must be periodically renewed. Title insurance, however, is issued for a one-time premium and the owner's policy provides protection for as long as the owner owns the property, or has liability in connection with the property, or a lender under its policy has its insured lien on the property. Also, a title insurance policy does not have a finite contract term, whereas most other lines of insurance have definite beginning and ending dates for coverage. Although an owner's title insurance policy provides protection for as long as the owner owns the property being covered, the title insurance company generally does not have information about which policies are still effective. Most other lines of insurance receive periodic premium payments and policy renewals thereby allowing the insurance company to know which policies are effective. In certain circumstances, we may provide post-policy coverage, and outside the U.S. and Canada, we may provide coverage against certain known risks after analyzing the underwriting risks.
Losses. Losses on policies occur when a title defect is not discovered during the examination and settlement process. Reasons for losses include, but are not limited to, forgeries, misrepresentations, unrecorded or undiscovered liens, the failure to pay off existing liens, mortgage lending fraud, mishandling or defalcation of settlement funds, issuance by independent agencies of unauthorized coverage and defending policyholders when covered claims are filed against an owner's or lender's interest in the property. Losses may also occur for coverage we may provide under Closing Protection Letters.
Some claimants seek damages in excess of policy limits. Those claims are based on various legal theories. We vigorously defend against spurious claims and provide protection for covered claims up to the limits set forth in the policy. We have from time-to-time incurred losses in excess of policy limits. Experience shows that most policy claims and claim payments are made in the first seven years after the policy has been issued, although claims can also be reported and paid many years later. By their nature, claims are often complex, vary greatly in dollar amounts and are affected by economic and market conditions and the legal environment existing at the time claims are processed.
Our liability for estimated title losses comprises estimates of both known claims and incurred but unreported claims expected to be paid in the future for policies issued as of the balance sheet date. The amount of our loss reserve represents the aggregate future payments (net of recoveries) that we expect to make on policy losses and in costs to settle claims. In accordance with industry practice, these amounts have not been discounted to their present values. Estimating future title loss payments is difficult due to the complex nature of title claims, the length of time over which claims are paid, the significant variance in dollar amounts of individual claims and other factors. The amounts provided for policy losses are based on reported claims, historical loss payment experience and the current legal and economic environment. Estimated provisions for current year policy losses are charged to income in the same year the related premium revenues are recognized. Annual provisions for policy losses also include changes in the estimated aggregate liability on policies issued in prior years.
Amounts shown as our estimated liability for future loss payments are continually reviewed by us for reasonableness and adjusted as appropriate. We have consistently followed the same basic method of estimating and recording our loss reserves for more than 30 years. As part of our process, we also obtain input from third-party actuaries regarding our methodology and resulting reserve calculations. While we are responsible for determining our loss reserves, we utilize this actuarial input to assess the overall reasonableness of our estimated reserves.
See Critical Accounting Estimates - Title Loss Reserves under Item 7 - MD&A for information on current year policy losses and consolidated balance sheet reserves.
Factors affecting revenues. Title insurance revenues are closely related to the level of activity in the real estate markets we serve and the prices at which real estate sales are made. Real estate sales are directly affected by the availability and cost of money to finance purchases. Other factors include consumer confidence, demand by buyers, foreign currency exchange rates, supply chains, and weather. In periods of low interest rates, loan refinancing transactions are also an important contributor to revenues. These factors may override the seasonal nature of the title business. Generally, our first quarter is the least active and our second and third quarters are the most active in terms of title insurance revenues. Refer to Item 7 - MD&A, Results of Operations - Industry Data for comparative information on home sales, mortgage interest rates and loan activity, and Critical Accounting Estimates - Factors Affecting Revenues for additional details on principal factors affecting revenues.
Customers. The primary sources of title insurance business are attorneys, builders, developers, home buyers and home sellers, lenders, mortgage brokers, and real estate brokers and agents. Titles insured include residential and various asset classes of commercial properties, including but not limited to, office, hotel, multi-family, industrial, retail, undeveloped acreage, farms, ranches, wind and solar power installations and other energy-related projects.
Service, location, financial strength, company size and related factors affect customer orders. Increasing market share is accomplished primarily by providing superior service. The parties to a closing are concerned with accuracy, timeliness and cost. The rates charged to customers vary from state to state, and are regulated, to varying degrees and in different ways, in most states.
The financial strength and stability of the title underwriter are important factors in maintaining and increasing our business, particularly commercial business. We are rated as investment grade by the title industry’s leading rating agencies. Our wholly owned and principal underwriter, Stewart Title Guaranty Company (Guaranty), is currently rated “A Double Prime” by Demotech Inc., "A-" by Fitch Ratings Ltd., and "A- " by A.M. Best. Similarly, our wholly owned and second largest underwriter, Stewart Title Insurance Company (STIC), is also highly rated by such rating companies. These ratings are not credit ratings. Instead, the ratings are based on quantitative, and in some cases qualitative, information and reflect the conclusions of the rating agencies with respect to our financial strength, results of operations and ability to pay policyholder claims.
Market share. Title insurance statistics are compiled quarterly by the title industry’s national trade association. Based on 2021 unconsolidated statutory net premiums written through the nine months ended September 30, 2021, Guaranty is one of the leading title insurers in the United States. Our largest competitors are Fidelity National Financial, Inc. (FNF) whose principal underwriters are Chicago Title Insurance Company and Fidelity National Title Insurance Company, First American Financial Corporation (First American) which includes First American Title Insurance Company, and Old Republic Title Insurance Group (Old Republic) which includes Old Republic National Title Insurance Company. We also compete with other title insurer companies, as well as abstractors, attorneys who issue title opinions and attorney-owned title insurance funds. A number of homebuilders, financial institutions, real estate brokers and others own or control title insurance agencies, some of which issue policies underwritten by Guaranty.
During 2021, continuing with our strategy of improving operational performance through targeted growth, focused management and broader technology and services offerings, we acquired Cloudvirga, a digital customer engagement platform provider, and a number of title offices operating in the states of Arizona, California, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, New Mexico, Ohio, Tennessee, Texas and Washington. These acquisitions enhance our ability to strongly compete in several strategic markets where we have traditionally been underrepresented. Also during 2021, we established a new underwriter, Stewart Title Europe Limited, in Malta to allow us to continue supporting our customers and underwriting contacts across Europe after the departure of the United Kingdom from the European Union.
Refer to "Title revenues by geographic location" within the Results of Operations discussion under Item 7 - MD&A for the breakdown of title revenues by major geographic location.
Regulations. Title insurance companies are subject to comprehensive state regulations covering premium rates, agency licensing, policy forms, trade practices, reserve requirements, investments and the transfer of funds between an insurer and its parent or its subsidiaries and any similar related party transactions. Kickbacks and similar practices are prohibited by most state and federal laws. See Item 1A - Risk Factors: Our Insurance Subsidiaries Must Comply With Extensive Government Regulations.
Ancillary Services and Corporate Segment
The ancillary services and corporate segment is comprised of the parent holding company, our centralized administrative services departments and our ancillary services operations. Our ancillary services operations support the mortgage industry by primarily providing appraisal management services, online notarization and closing solutions, credit and real estate information services, and search and valuation services. We provide these services through Stewart Lender Services, Inc., and the companies we have acquired since 2020 namely, United States Appraisals, LLC, Pro-Teck Services Ltd., NotaryCam, Inc., Signature Closers, LLC, Informative Research, and Equimine (which operates as PropStream). These acquisitions allow us to move closer to our goal of streamlining the real estate and loan transaction lifecycle through end-to-end, customer-focused and technology-based solutions.
Factors affecting ancillary services revenues. As in the title segment, ancillary services revenues are closely related to the level of activity in the real estate market, including interest rates, new or refinancing origination activity, and home sales volumes. Companies that compete with our ancillary services businesses vary across a wide range of industries and include the major title insurance underwriters mentioned under “Title Segment - Market share” as well as other title agents, appraisal management companies, and real estate technology and business process outsourcing providers.
Customers. Customers for our ancillary services products and services primarily include mortgage lenders and servicers, mortgage brokers, and mortgage and real estate investors. Many of the services and products offered by our ancillary services business are used by professionals and intermediaries who have been retained to assist consumers with the sale, purchase, mortgage, transfer, recording and servicing of real estate transactions. To that end, timely, accurate and compliant services are critical to our customers since these factors directly affect the service they provide to their customers. Financial strength, scale, robust processes to ensure legal and regulatory compliance, marketplace presence, high quality customer support, and reputation as a reliable, compliant solution are important factors in attracting new business.
General
Investment policies. Our investment portfolios primarily reside in Guaranty and STIC, both of which are domestic underwriters, and two of our other international regulated insurance underwriters. These underwriters maintain investments in accordance with certain statutory requirements for the funding of premium reserves and deposits, or, in the case of our international operations, for the maintenance of certain capital ratios required by regulators. The activities of the portfolios are overseen by investment committees comprised of certain senior executives. Their oversight includes such activities as policy setting, determining appropriate asset classes with different and distinct risk/return profiles so as to prudently diversify the portfolio, and approving and managing service vendors (investment managers and custodians). We also utilize the expertise of third-party investment advisors to maximize returns while managing risk. Our investment policies are designed to comply with regulatory requirements as applicable law imposes restrictions upon the types and amounts of investments that may be made by our regulated insurance subsidiaries. Further, our investment policies require that investments are managed with a view to balancing profitability, liquidity, and risk (interest rate risk, credit risk, currency rate risk and liquidity risk) and consideration of negative impacts to earnings per share and income taxes.
As of December 31, 2021, approximately 87% of our combined debt and equity securities investment portfolios consisted of fixed income securities. As of that date, approximately 93% of the fixed income investments are held in securities that are A-rated or higher, and substantially all of the fixed income portfolios are rated investment grade (percentages are based on the fair value of the securities). In addition to our debt and equity securities investment portfolios, we maintain certain money-market and other short-term investments. For more details on market risks related to our investment securities portfolio, refer to Part II, Item 7A, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Trademarks. We have developed and acquired numerous automated products and processes that are crucial to both our title and ancillary services operations. These systems automate most facets of the real estate transaction. Among these trademarked products and processes are AIM+®, AgencySecure®, PropertyInfo®, SureClose®, TitleSearch®, eTitleSearch®, Virtual Underwriter®, StewartNow®, ProTeck Valuation Intelligence®, NotaryCam®, Cloudvirga® and PropStream®. We consider these trademarks, which can be renewed every ten years, to be important to our business.
Human capital resources. As of December 31, 2021, we employed approximately 7,300 people, with approximately 6,400 employees located in the U. S. and approximately 900 employees located internationally. We consider our relationship with our employees to be critical to both our operations and performance. We are committed to attracting, developing, retaining, and motivating a diverse and inclusive group of employees, and we do so in a variety of ways.
For additional information about our workforce, human capital programs and initiatives, specifically our Culture of Caring, visit our website (www.stewart.com) and review our 2020 Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Report.
Recruiting
Stewart is committed to recruiting strategies - policies, practices, decision-making and more - grounded in fairness, equity, and inclusivity. Stewart is an equal employment opportunity employer, and our commitment extends to all facets of employment, including a work environment that prohibits, and is free of, harassment and discrimination or retaliation against any applicant or employee.
Inclusion and diversity
Stewart is committed to an inclusive workplace that values all employees equally, regardless of age, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or gender identification and committed to providing a supportive diverse professional work environment that is free of and prohibits discrimination against any employee or applicant for employment as defined by applicable laws as well as best practices in corporate governance. All phases of employment, including but not limited to, recruiting, selection, employment, placement, promotion, transfer, demotion, reduction of force and termination, benefits, training, and compensation are guided by the Company policies regarding conduct, including Stewart’s Equal Opportunity Employer statement, Human Rights policy and our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics.
In 2021, we continued our journey and commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DE&I) by formalizing our DE&I Council to help drive systemic change within the workplace and the communities in which we live and work. Stewart’s DE&I Council meets frequently to discuss critical topics, weigh in on important challenges our employees are facing, and ensure we are focused on strategic priorities grounded in our overall DE&I commitment.
Learning and development
Stewart’s career framework attracts talent, encourages continuous learning and professional development for all employees across the organization, creates transparency around job expectations through a deliberate performance, coaching and feedback process, allows Stewart employees to take ownership of their career, and provides them with the resources needed to be successful in their current as well as future roles.
Compensation, benefits and well-being
Stewart cares about the health, safety, and well-being of our employees and their families, and provides a variety of valuable health and welfare benefits, including but not limited to, medical, dental and vision coverage, life and disability insurance, 401(k) plan match, participation in an employee stock purchase plan (ESPP), health savings account, flexible spending account, an employee assistance program, emotional health and wellness programs, local community based charitable programs through the Stewart Title Foundation, and global employee appreciation and recognition programs.
Continued response to the COVID-19 pandemic
Stewart’s top priority continues to be the health, safety and welfare of our employees and their families. In response to the global pandemic relating to a novel strain of coronavirus (COVID-19), having been deemed an essential service, we were able to continue serving our customers throughout this unprecedented time by continuing to closely monitor and assess impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic, updates to the government and other health authority recommendations, and changes to federal, state, and local requirements. We continuously updated and communicated our practices and protocols on keeping everyone safe as the pandemic evolved.
Cybersecurity. While Stewart regularly defends, responds to and mitigates risks from information technology (IT) systems and software vulnerabilities, broader cybersecurity threats and data security incidents, we experienced no known material cyber breaches during the three-year period ended December 31, 2021. In the event a material breach or an IT disruption takes place in the future, we have an incident response team in place to take immediate actions, work with local and national law enforcement, and notify our Board of Directors and impacted parties. In addition, we would work with the NYSE to disclose the scope and effect of the breach or disruption through an appropriate Form 8-K filing, without providing information that could affect any law enforcement investigation. Stewart utilizes considerable resources in its cybersecurity efforts, both in network, system and application security as well as in the protection of personal, private and confidential information. Firewalls, application security, encryption, access control, vulnerability management and intrusion detection systems are some, but not all, of the resources used in the Company’s efforts to prevent cybersecurity breaches.
Stewart is regularly assessed against the cybersecurity frameworks of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST CSF), and also evaluated for compliance with the SSAE-18 Systems and Organization Controls (SOC) standards of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). In addition, the Company has a comprehensive and continuous information security awareness program that includes function and behavior-based training. Finally, vendor risk management is an essential part of the Company’s Enterprise Governance Risk and Compliance (GRC) program. All vendors are assessed and measured against standard security frameworks. Approved vendors are continuously monitored for performance and compliance, and vendor security requirements are well defined and included with all master service agreements and contracts. Vendor performance and compliance is continuously monitored throughout the calendar year and reassessed or audited annually. Our Chief Information Security Officer updates the Company’s Audit Committee quarterly on our cybersecurity preparedness, as well as providing ad hoc updates as needed.
Available information. We electronically file annual, quarterly and other reports and information with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act). Our electronic filings can be accessed at the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. We also make available upon written request, free of charge, or through our website, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, Code of Ethics and, if applicable, amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC.
The references in this annual report on Form 10-K to our website address or any third party’s website address, including the SEC’s website, do not constitute incorporation by reference of the information contained in those websites and should not be considered part of this document unless otherwise expressly stated.
Transfer agent. Our transfer agent is Computershare, which can be contacted via regular mail at P.O. Box 505005, Louisville, KY, 40233-5005 and via its website (https://www-us.computershare.com/investor).
CEO and CFO certifications. The CEO and CFO certifications required under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act are filed as exhibits to our 2021 Form 10-K. Stewart submitted during 2021 its annual CEO Certification under Section 303A.12(a) of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) Listed Company Manual.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Item 1A. Risk Factors
You should consider the following risk factors, as well as the other information presented in this report and our other filings with the SEC, in evaluating our business and any investment in Stewart. These risks could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In that event, the trading price of our Common Stock could decline materially.
Strategic Risk Factors
Acquisitions or strategic investments we have made or may make could turn out to be unsuccessful.
As part of our investment and growth strategy, we frequently monitor and analyze opportunities to acquire or make a strategic investment in new or other businesses where we believe we can have sustained success and improve Stewart’s scale and profitability. The negotiation of potential acquisitions or strategic investments as well as the integration of an acquired business or new personnel, could result in a substantial diversion of management resources. Future acquisitions could likewise involve numerous additional risks such as potential losses from unanticipated litigation or levels of claims and inability to generate sufficient revenue to offset acquisition costs. As we pursue or consummate a strategic transaction or investment, we may value the acquired or funded company or operations incorrectly, fail to integrate the acquired operations appropriately into our own operations, fail to successfully manage our operations as our product and geographical diversity increases, expend unforeseen costs during the acquisition or integration process, or encounter other unanticipated risks or challenges. If we succeed in consummating a strategic investment, we may fail to value it accurately or divest it or otherwise realize the value which we originally invested or have subsequently reflected in our consolidated financial statements. Any failure by us to effectively limit such risks or implement our acquisitions or strategic investment strategies could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Innovations introduced by real estate industry participants, including Stewart and our competitors, may be potentially disruptive and could adversely affect Stewart
Various initiatives are introduced by real estate industry participants, including Stewart and our competitors, utilizing innovative technologies, processes and techniques in order to improve the manner and timeliness of delivering products and services, increase efficiency, improve the quality of products and services and customer experience, and enhance risk management. These efforts include implementing advanced technologies to automate and streamline certain manual processes during, but not limited to, search and examination, title insurance policy issuance, and real estate transaction settlement. Innovations by our competitors may change the demand for our products and services, the manner our products and services are ordered or fulfilled, and the revenue or profitability derived from our products and services. Further, in developing and implementing our own innovation initiatives, we have made and will likely continue to make significant investments. Depending on factors relating to our operations, the real estate industry and the macroeconomic environment, these innovative investments may not be successful, may result in increased claims, reputational damage or other material impact on Stewart, or could disrupt our business operations by significantly diverting management's attention.
Rapid changes in our industry require secure, timely and cost-effective technological responses. Our earnings may be adversely affected if we are unable to effectively use technology to address regulatory changes and increase productivity.
We believe that our future success depends, in part, on our ability to anticipate changes in the industry and to offer products and services that meet evolving standards on a timely and cost-effective basis. To do so requires a flexible and secure technology architecture which can continuously comply with changing regulations, improve productivity, lower costs, reduce risk and enhance the customer experience. Inability to meet these requirements and any unanticipated downtime in our technology may have a material adverse effect on our earnings.
Operational Risk Factors
Adverse changes in economic conditions, especially those affecting the levels of real estate and mortgage activity, may reduce our revenues.
Our financial condition and results of operations are affected by changes in economic conditions, particularly mortgage interest rates, credit availability, real estate prices and consumer confidence. Our revenues and earnings have fluctuated in the past due to the cyclical nature of the housing industry and we expect them to continue to fluctuate in the future.
The demand for our title insurance-related and mortgage services offerings is dependent primarily on the volume of residential and commercial real estate transactions. The volume of these transactions historically has been influenced by such factors as mortgage interest rates, availability of financing and the overall state of the economy. Typically, when interest rates are increasing or when the economy is experiencing a downturn, real estate activity declines. As a result, the title insurance industry tends to experience decreased revenues and earnings, and potentially increased claims experience. Increases in interest rates may also have an adverse impact on our bond portfolio and the amount of interest we pay on our floating-rate bank debt.
Our revenues and results of operations have been and may in the future be adversely affected by a decline in home prices, real estate activity and the availability of financing alternatives. In addition, weakness or adverse changes in the level of real estate activity could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.
Our claims experience may require us to increase our provision for title losses or to record additional reserves, either of which would adversely affect our earnings.
We estimate our future loss payments, and our assumptions about future losses may prove inaccurate. Provisions for policy losses on policies written within a given year are charged to income in the same year the related premium revenues are recognized. The amounts provided are based on reported claims, historical loss payment experience and the current legal and economic environment. Losses that are higher than anticipated are an indication that total losses for a given policy year may be higher than originally calculated. Changes in the total estimated future loss for prior policy years are recorded in the period in which the estimate changes. Claims are often complex and involve uncertainties as to the dollar amount and timing of individual payments. Claims are often paid many years after a policy is issued. From time-to-time, we experience large losses, including losses from independent agency defalcations, wire fraud, from title policies that have been issued or worsening loss payment experience, any of which may require us to increase our title loss reserves. These events are unpredictable and may have a material adverse effect on our earnings.
The issuance of our title insurance policies and related activities by title agents, which operate with substantial independence from us, could adversely affect our operations.
Our title insurance subsidiaries issue a significant portion of their policies through title agents that operate largely independent of us. There is no guarantee that these title agents will fulfill their contractual obligations to us as contemplated, although such contracts include limitations that are designed to limit our risk with respect to their activities. In addition, regulators are increasingly seeking to hold title companies responsible for the actions of these title agents and, under certain circumstances, the Company may be held liable directly to third parties for actions (including defalcations) or omissions of these agents. Case law in certain states also suggests that the Company is liable for the actions or omissions of its agents in those states, regardless of contractual limitations. As a result, the Company’s use of title agents could result in increased claims on the Company’s policies issued through agents and an increase in other costs and expenses.
Competition in the title insurance industry may affect our revenues.
Competition in the title insurance industry is intense, particularly with respect to price, service and expertise. Larger commercial customers and mortgage originators also look to the size and financial strength of a title insurer. Although we are one of the leading title insurance underwriters based on market share, FNF, First American and Old Republic each has substantially greater gross revenues than we do and their holding companies have significantly greater capital. Further, other title insurance companies, collectively, hold a considerable share of the market. Although we are not aware of any current initiatives to reduce regulatory barriers to entering our industry, any such reduction could result in new competitors, including financial services firms or institutions, entering the title insurance business. From time-to-time, new entrants enter the marketplace with alternative products to traditional title insurance, although many of these alternative products have been disallowed by title insurance regulators. Further, advances in technologies could, over time, significantly disrupt the traditional business model of financial services and real estate-related companies, including title insurance. These alternative products or disruptive technologies, if permitted by regulators, could have a material adverse effect on our revenues and earnings.
Information technology systems present potential targets for cybersecurity attacks.
Our operations are reliant on technology and data. Our IT systems and our vendors' IT systems are used to store and process sensitive information regarding our operations, financial position and any information pertaining to our customers and vendors. While we take the utmost precautions, we cannot guarantee safety from all cyber threats, IT system or software vulnerabilities, wire fraud and attacks to our systems. Any successful breach of security could result in loss of sensitive data, spread of inaccurate or confidential information, disruption of operations, theft of escrowed funds, endangerment of employees, damage to our assets and increased costs to respond. Although we maintain cyber liability insurance to protect us financially, there is no assurance that the instances noted above would not have a negative impact on cash flows, litigation status and/or our reputation, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In the event of a material cybersecurity breach, we have an incident response team in place to take immediate actions, work with local and national law enforcement, notify impacted parties as well as the NYSE.
Climate change and extreme weather events could adversely affect our operations and financial performance
Our operations and financial performance could be adversely impacted by climate change and extreme weather events, especially if these occurrences negatively impact the overall real estate market and the broader economy. With respect to our investment portfolio, both individual corporate securities, as well as securities issued by municipalities could also see their value affected by such events. Given the unpredictable and uncertain nature of climate change and weather with respect to size, severity, frequency, geography, and duration, we are unable to quantify the true impact these events would have on our business and operations. As a result of the importance that climate change has on both the Company’s operations as well as society in general, Stewart has made a formal statement on its commitment to the health of the global environment. The Company will also continue to update investors on the progress it is making to positively contribute to environmental preservation through its annual ESG reports. These and other environmental-related documents can be found on the corporate governance section of the Company's website.
Errors and fraud relating to fund transfers may adversely affect us
The Company relies on its systems, employees and banks to transfer its own funds and the funds of third parties. These transfers are susceptible to user input error, fraud, system interruptions and other similar errors that, from time to time, result in lost funds or delayed transactions. Our email and computer systems, and systems used by other parties involved in a transaction have been subject to and are likely to continue to be the target of, fraudulent attacks, including attempts to cause us or the other parties to improperly transfer funds. Funds transferred to a fraudulent recipient are often not recoverable and in certain instances, we may be liable for those unrecovered funds. Our controls and procedures in place to prevent transfer errors and fraud may prove inadequate and may result in financial losses, reputational harm, loss of customers or other adverse consequences which could be material to Stewart.
A widespread health outbreak or pandemic, such as the current COVID-19 pandemic, could adversely impact our business operations
In early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic escalated which resulted in decreased economic activity and financial volatility globally. In response to the pandemic, health and governmental bodies have issued travel restrictions, quarantine orders, temporary closures of non-essential businesses, and other restrictive measures. Although the title insurance industry has been deemed essential in the United States, the pandemic and measures to contain it have caused disruptions in the real estate market and on our business operations. While we continue to operate under our business continuity plan, using digital tools and innovative solutions, when possible, to protect the safety of our employees and customers, we have recently communicated our plan to safely return to the workplace in the immediate future. We have been carefully monitoring the Delta and Omicron variants of COVID 19, federal, state and local government guidelines, and communicate with our employees on a regular basis to mitigate health and safety risks.
Depending on the duration and extent of the disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the counter-measures still being enacted by health and governmental bodies and their timing, our future results of operations and financial position may be significantly impacted, which may include decreased volume of orders and other business activity, delayed closing of real estate transactions, and decreased value of investments and other assets.
Regulatory and Compliance Risk Factors
A downgrade of our underwriters by rating agencies may reduce our revenues.
Ratings are a significant component in determining the competitiveness of insurance companies with respect to commercial title policies. Our domestic underwriters, Guaranty and STIC, have historically been highly rated by the rating agencies that cover us. These ratings are not credit ratings. Instead, the ratings are based on quantitative, and in some cases qualitative, information and reflect the conclusions of the rating agencies with respect to our financial strength, results of operations and ability to pay policyholder claims. Our ratings are subject to continual review by the rating agencies, and we cannot be assured that our current ratings will be maintained. If our ratings are downgraded from current levels by the rating agencies, our ability to retain existing customers and develop new customer relationships may be negatively impacted, which could result in a material adverse impact on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.
Our insurance subsidiaries must comply with extensive government regulations. These regulations and the enforcement environment could adversely affect our ability to increase our revenues and operating results.
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) is charged with protecting consumers by enforcing federal consumer protection laws and regulations. The CFPB is an independent agency and funded by the United States Federal Reserve System. Its jurisdiction includes banks, credit unions, securities firms, payday lenders, mortgage servicing operations, foreclosure relief services, debt collectors and other financial companies. The nature and extent of these regulations include, but are not limited to: conducting rule-making, supervision, and enforcement of federal consumer protection laws; restricting unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts or practices; marshalling consumer complaints; promoting financial education; researching consumer behavior; monitoring financial markets for new risks to consumers; and enforcing laws that outlaw discrimination and other unfair treatment in consumer finance.
Governmental authorities regulate our insurance subsidiaries in the various states and international jurisdictions in which we do business. These regulations generally are intended for the protection of policyholders rather than stockholders. The nature and extent of these regulations vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, but typically involve:
•approving or setting of insurance premium rates;
•standards of solvency and minimum amounts of statutory capital and surplus that must be maintained;
•limitations on types and amounts of investments;
•establishing reserves, including statutory premium reserves, for losses and loss adjustment expenses;
•regulating underwriting and marketing practices;
•regulating dividend payments and other transactions among affiliates;
•prior approval for the acquisition and control of an insurance company or of any company controlling an insurance company;
•licensing of insurers, agencies and, in certain states, escrow officers;
•regulation of reinsurance;
•restrictions on the size of risks that may be insured by a single company;
•deposits of securities for the benefit of policyholders;
•approval of policy forms;
•methods of accounting; and
•filing of annual and other reports with respect to financial condition and other matters.
These regulations may impede or impose burdensome conditions on rate increases or other actions that we might want to take to enhance our operating results.
We may also be subject to additional state or federal regulations prescribed by legislation such as the Dodd-Frank Act or by regulations issued by the CFPB, Department of Labor, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Department of the Treasury or other agencies. Changes in regulations may have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, state regulators perform periodic examinations of insurance companies, which could result in increased compliance or legal expenses.
Dividends from our insurance underwriting subsidiaries are an important source for capital planning.
We are a holding company and we receive dividends from our insurance subsidiaries and unregulated subsidiaries to pay our parent company's operating expenses, debt service obligations and dividends to our common stockholders. While we may have adequate cash available in our parent company and unregulated subsidiaries to fund these obligations, we may depend on dividends from our insurance underwriting subsidiaries to meet cash requirements for acquisitions and other strategic investments. In regard to our insurance subsidiaries, which include Guaranty and STIC, the insurance statutes and regulations of some states require us to maintain a minimum amount of statutory capital and restrict the amount of dividends that our insurance subsidiaries may pay to us. Refer to Note 3 to our audited consolidated financial statements and Item 7 - MD&A - Liquidity and Capital Resources for details on statutory surplus and dividend restrictions.
Financial Risk Factors
Availability of credit may reduce our liquidity and negatively impact our ability to fund operations.
We expect that cash flows from operations and cash available from our underwriters, subject to regulatory restrictions, will be sufficient to fund our operations, pay our claims and fund operational initiatives. To the extent that these funds are not sufficient, we may be required to borrow funds on less than favorable terms or seek funding from the equity market, which may be on terms that are dilutive to existing shareholders.
Claims by large classes of claimants may impact our financial condition or results of operations.
We are involved in litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. In addition, we may be, and have been in the past, subject to claims and litigation from large classes of claimants seeking substantial damages not arising in the ordinary course of business. Material pending legal proceedings not in the ordinary course of business, if any, would be disclosed in Part I, Item 3 - Legal Proceedings. To date, the impact of the outcome of these proceedings has not been material to our consolidated financial condition or results of operations. However, an unfavorable outcome in any litigation, claim or investigation against us could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.
Unfavorable economic or other business conditions could cause us to record an impairment of all or a portion of our goodwill, other intangible assets and other long-lived assets.
We annually perform impairment tests of the carrying values of our goodwill, other indefinite-lived intangible assets and other long-lived assets. We may also perform an evaluation whenever events may indicate an impairment has occurred. In assessing whether an impairment has occurred, we consider whether the performance of our reporting units may be below projections, unexpected declines in our market capitalization, negative macroeconomic trends or negative industry and company-specific trends. If we conclude that the carrying values of these assets exceed the fair value, we may be required to record an impairment of these assets. Any substantial impairment that may be required in the future could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.
Our investment portfolio is subject to interest rate and other risks and could experience losses.
We maintain a substantial investment portfolio, primarily consisting of fixed income debt securities and, to a lesser extent, equity securities. Our portfolio holdings are subject to certain economic and financial market risks, including credit risk, interest rate risk and liquidity risk. Instability in credit markets and economic conditions can increase the risk of loss in our portfolio. Periodically, we assess the recoverability of the amortized cost of our debt securities investments. If the amortized cost of such investments exceeds the fair value, and we conclude the decline is other-than-temporary, we are required to record an impairment. The impairment could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.
Failures at financial institutions at which we deposit funds could adversely affect us.
We deposit substantial fiduciary funds, which are third-party funds, and operating funds in many financial institutions in excess of insured deposit limits. In the event that one or more of these financial institutions fail, there is no guarantee that we could recover the deposited funds in excess of federal deposit insurance, and, as such, we could be held liable for the funds owned by third parties. Under these circumstances, our liability could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.
General Risk Factor
Our business could be disrupted as a result of a threatened proxy contest and other actions of activist stockholders.
We have previously been the subject of actions taken by activist stockholders. When activist activities occur, our business could be adversely affected because we may have difficulty in attracting and retaining customers, agents, mortgage lenders, servicers, employees and board members due to perceived uncertainties as to our future direction and negative public statements about our business; such activities may materially harm our relationships with current and potential customers, investors, lenders, and others; may otherwise materially harm our business, may adversely affect our operating results and financial condition; responding to proxy contests and other similar actions by stockholders is likely to result in our incurring substantial additional costs, including, but not limited to, legal fees, fees for financial advisors, fees for investor relations advisors, and proxy solicitation fees; significantly divert the attention of management, our Board of Directors and our employees; and changes in the composition of our Board of Directors due to activist campaigns may affect our current strategic plan.
We cannot predict, and no assurances can be given as to, the outcome or timing of any matters relating to actions by activist stockholders or the ultimate impact on our business, liquidity, financial condition or results of operations.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Item 2. Properties
We currently lease under a non-cancelable operating lease that expires in year 2025 approximately 150,000 square feet of space in an office building in Houston, Texas, which is used for our corporate offices and for offices of several of our subsidiaries. Additionally, we lease space at approximately 623 locations for title and ancillary services office operations, production, administrative and technology centers. These additional locations include significant leased facilities in New York (New York), California (Irvine, Glendale, San Diego and Anaheim), Texas (Houston), Canada (Toronto), Arizona (Tucson) and Alaska (Anchorage).
Our leases expire through 2032 and we believe we will not have any difficulty obtaining renewals of leases as they expire or, alternatively, leasing comparable properties. The aggregate annual rent expense under all office leases was approximately $44.6 million in 2021.
We also own office buildings in Arizona, Texas, New York, New Mexico, California and the United Kingdom. These owned properties are not material to our consolidated financial condition. We consider all buildings and equipment that we own or lease to be well maintained, adequately insured and generally sufficient for our purposes.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
Information regarding our legal proceedings can be found in Note 16 to our audited consolidated financial statements, included in Part IV, Item 15 of this annual report on Form 10-K and is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
None.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Market and Holders Information. Our Common Stock is listed on the NYSE under the symbol “STC”. As of February 18, 2022, the number of stockholders of record was approximately 4,900 and the closing price of one share of our Common Stock was $65.62.
Stock Performance Graph. The following table and graph compares the yearly percentage change in our cumulative total stockholder return on Common Stock with the cumulative total return of the Russell 2000 Index and the Russell 2000 Financial Services Sector Index for the five years ended December 31, 2021. The presented information assumes that the value of the investment in our Common Stock and each index was $100 at December 31, 2016 and that all dividends were reinvested.
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Stewart 100.00 94.21 94.78 96.18 117.90 198.70
Russell 2000 Index 100.00 114.67 102.09 128.11 153.57 176.27
Russell 2000 Financial Services Sector Index 100.00 105.76 94.26 116.97 114.60 148.71
The performance graph above and the related information shall not be deemed “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC, nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act, as amended, except to the extent that the Company specifically incorporates it by reference into such filing.
Dividends policy. Our current dividend policy anticipates the payment of quarterly dividends in the future. The declaration and payment of dividends will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will be dependent upon our future earnings, financial condition and capital requirements. Refer to Liquidity and Capital Resources.
Stock Repurchases. There were no stock repurchases during 2021, except for repurchases of approximately 42,400 shares (aggregate purchase price of approximately $2.3 million) related to statutory income tax withholding on the annual vesting of employee restricted share grants.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A)
MANAGEMENT'S OVERVIEW
On a full year basis, 2021 net income attributable to Stewart was $323.2 million, or $11.90 per diluted share, compared to $154.9 million, or $6.22 per diluted share, in 2020. Pretax income before noncontrolling interests in 2021 was $434.0 million (13.1% pretax margin), an increase of 99% compared to $218.5 million (9.5% pretax margin) in 2020. Total revenues increased 45% to $3.3 billion in 2021, compared to $2.3 billion in the prior year, primarily due to increased transaction volumes and acquisitions, and higher title fees per file. Total operating expenses increased 39% to $2.9 billion in 2021, from $2.1 billion in 2020, consistent with the revenue growth. Refer to "Results of Operations" for detailed year-to-year income statement discussions, and "Liquidity and Capital Resources" for an analysis of Stewart's financial condition.
For the fourth quarter 2021, we reported net income attributable to Stewart of $85.5 million ($3.12 per diluted share), compared to net income attributable to Stewart of $59.7 million ($2.22 per diluted share) for the fourth quarter 2020. Fourth quarter 2021 pretax income before noncontrolling interests was $114.1 million compared to pretax income before noncontrolling interests of $83.9 million for the fourth quarter 2020.
Fourth quarter 2021 results included $6.5 million of pretax net realized and unrealized gains, which included $8.1 million of net unrealized gains on fair value changes of equity securities investments and $1.3 million of net gains related to acquisition contingent liability adjustments, partially offset by $2.9 million of net realized losses primarily related to sale of securities investments and other assets. Fourth quarter 2020 results included $4.4 million of pretax net realized and unrealized gains, composed of $3.9 million of net unrealized gains on fair value changes of equity securities investments and $0.5 million of net realized gains on sale of securities investments.
Summary results of the title segment are as follows (in $ millions, except pretax margin and % change):
For the Three Months
Ended December 31,
2021 2020 % Change
Operating revenues 867.8 690.2 26 %
Investment income 3.7 4.1 (9) %
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) 4.9 4.4 12 %
Pretax income 118.3 94.9 25 %
Pretax margin 13.5 % 13.6 %
Pretax income for the title segment increased by $23.4 million, or 25%, in the fourth quarter 2021 compared to the prior year quarter, while pretax margin was 13.5% in the fourth quarter 2021 which was comparable to 13.6% in the fourth quarter 2020. Title operating revenues in the fourth quarter 2021 grew $177.5 million, or 26%, as a result of improvements in direct title and gross independent agency revenues of $81.9 million, or 24%, and $95.6 million, or 27%, respectively. In line with higher title revenues, overall segment operating expenses in the fourth quarter 2021 increased $154.3 million, or 26%, primarily driven by 28% and 31% higher agency retention expenses and combined title employee costs and other operating expenses, respectively, compared to the prior year quarter. The average independent agency remittance rate in the fourth quarter 2021 was 18.0%, compared to 18.2% in the prior year quarter. As a percentage of title revenues, combined title employee costs and other operating expenses increased to 40.6% in the fourth quarter 2021 compared to 38.8% in the fourth quarter 2020, primarily due to office consolidation costs and state sales tax assessments.
Title loss expense decreased $13.1 million, or 28%, in the fourth quarter 2021 compared to the prior year quarter, primarily due to favorable claims experience which was partially offset by higher title revenues. As a percentage of title revenues, the title loss expense in the fourth quarter 2021 was 3.9% compared to 6.8% in the prior year quarter. For the year, the title loss ratio was 4.2% compared to 5.3% in 2020.
The segment’s net realized and unrealized gains in the fourth quarter 2021 primarily included $8.1 million of net unrealized gains on fair value changes of equity securities investments, $2.0 million of net losses related to acquisition contingent liability adjustments, and $0.8 million of net realized losses on sale of securities investments, while net realized and unrealized gains in the fourth quarter 2020 were related to $3.9 million of net unrealized gains on fair value changes of equity securities investments and $0.5 million of net realized gains on sale of securities investments. Investment income in the fourth quarter 2021 was slightly lower compared to the prior year quarter, primarily due to lower interest income resulting from lower interest rates.
Direct title revenue information is presented below (in $ millions, except % change):
For the Three Months
Ended December 31,
2021 2020 % Change
Non-commercial
Domestic 282.3 239.7 18 %
International 38.3 35.7 7 %
320.6 275.4 16 %
Commercial:
Domestic 93.1 58.1 60 %
International 9.4 7.7 22 %
102.5 65.8 56 %
Total direct title revenues 423.1 341.2 24 %
Overall revenue improvements in both non-commercial and commercial operations contributed to higher direct title revenues in the fourth quarter 2021 compared to the prior year quarter. Non-commercial revenues increased $45.2 million, or 16%, primarily driven by increased residential purchase transactions and scale, partially offset by reduced refinancing transactions, in the fourth quarter 2021 compared to the fourth quarter 2020. Domestic commercial revenues increased $35.0 million, or 60%, in the fourth quarter 2021, primarily due to improved commercial transaction size and volume compared to the prior year quarter. Domestic commercial and residential fees per file in the fourth quarter 2021 were approximately $19,400 and $2,700, respectively, which were 50% and 38%, respectively, higher compared to the fourth quarter 2020. Total international revenues grew $4.3 million, or 10%, primarily due to increased residential and commercial transaction volumes in our Canadian operations in the fourth quarter 2021 compared to the prior year quarter.
Summary results of the ancillary services and corporate segment are as follows (in $ millions, except % change):
For the Three Months
Ended December 31,
2021 2020 % Change
Total operating revenues 83.7 38.0 120 %
Net realized losses 1.6 - 100 %
Pretax loss (4.2) (11.0) 62 %
The segment’s operating revenues improved $45.6 million, or 120%, in the fourth quarter 2021, compared to the prior year quarter, primarily due to revenues generated by recent acquisitions and increased revenues from appraisal management and online notary services. Net realized and unrealized gains during the fourth quarter 2021 were primarily related to acquisition contingent liability net gain adjustments, which were partially offset by asset disposal charges. The ancillary services operations in the fourth quarter 2021 generated pretax income of $5.3 million (which included $3.3 million of net gains related to acquisition contingent liability adjustments and $5.6 million of purchased intangibles amortization expense), compared to a fourth quarter 2020 pretax loss of $0.6 million (which included $1.6 million of purchased intangibles amortization expense).
Net expenses attributable to parent company and corporate operations in the fourth quarter 2021 were approximately $7.9 million, which included increased interest expense resulting from newly issued debt, while net expenses for the fourth quarter 2020 were approximately $10.4 million, which included costs related to charitable contributions and consulting fees.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
Actual results can differ from our accounting estimates. While we do not anticipate significant changes in our estimates, there is a risk that such changes could have a material impact on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations for future periods. The discussion of critical accounting estimates below should be read in conjunction with the related accounting policies disclosed within Note 1 to our audited consolidated financial statements in Part IV of this annual report.
Title loss reserves
Provisions for title losses, as a percentage of title operating revenues, were 4.2%, 5.3% and 4.6% for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Actual loss payment experience, including the impact of large losses, is the primary reason for increases or decreases in our loss provision. A 100 basis point change in the loss provisioning percentage, a reasonably likely scenario based on our historical loss experience, would have increased or decreased our provision for title losses, and affected pretax operating results by approximately $30.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.
We consider our actual claims payments and incurred loss experience, including the frequency and severity of claims, compared to our actuarial estimates of claims payments and incurred losses in determining whether our overall loss experience has improved or worsened relative to prior periods. We also consider the impact of economic or market factors on particular policy years to determine whether the results of those policy years are indicative of future expectations. In addition, large claims (those exceeding $1.0 million on a single claim), including large title losses due to independent agency defalcations, are analyzed and reserved for separately due to the potential higher dollar amount of loss, lower volume of claims reported and sporadic reporting of such claims. We evaluate the frequency and severity of large losses in determining whether our experience has improved or worsened. Our method for recording the reserves for title losses on both an interim and annual basis begins with the calculation of our current loss provision rate which is applied to our current premium revenues, resulting in a title loss expense for the period, except for large claims and escrow losses. This loss provision rate is set to provide for losses on current year policies and is primarily determined using moving average ratios of recent actual policy loss payment experience (net of recoveries) to premium revenues.
Due to the inherent uncertainty in predicting future title policy losses, significant judgment is required by our management and our third-party actuaries in estimating reserves. As a consequence, our ultimate liability may be materially greater or lower than current reserves and/or our third-party actuary’s calculated estimates.
Provisions for known claims arise primarily from prior policy years as claims are not typically reported until several years after policies are issued. Provisions - Incurred But Not Reported (IBNR) are estimates of claims expected to be incurred over the next 20 years; therefore, it is not unusual or unexpected to experience changes to those estimated provisions in both current and prior policy years as additional loss experience on policy years is obtained. This loss experience may result in changes to our estimate of total ultimate losses expected (i.e., the IBNR policy loss reserve). Current year provisions - IBNR are recorded on policies issued in the current year as a percentage of premiums earned (loss provisioning rate). As claims become known, provisions are reclassified from IBNR to known claims. Adjustments relating to large claims may impact provisions either for known claims or for IBNR.
2021 2020 2019
(in $ millions)
Provisions - Known Claims:
Current year 22.8 14.3 18.4
Prior policy years 55.7 68.8 73.5
78.5 83.1 91.9
Provisions - IBNR
Current year 98.3 84.5 60.7
Prior policy years 5.1 16.4 5.3
103.4 100.9 66.0
Transferred IBNR to Known Claims (55.7) (68.8) (73.5)
Total provisions 126.2 115.2 84.4
In 2021, total known claims provisions decreased by $4.6 million, or 6%, to $78.5 million primarily due to lower reported claims relating to prior year policies compared to 2020. Total 2021 provisions - IBNR increased by $2.5 million, or 3%, to $103.4 million compared to the prior year, primarily due to increased title premiums in 2021, partially offset by the effect of lower provisioning rates due to favorable claims experience. In 2020, total known claims provisions decreased by $8.8 million, or 10%, to $83.1 million primarily due to lower reported claims relating to prior year policies compared to 2019. Total 2020 provisions - IBNR increased by $34.9 million, or 53%, to $100.9 million compared to the prior year, primarily due to increased title premiums, higher loss provisioning rates driven by an overall uncertainty related to incurred losses resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, and unfavorable loss experience in our Canadian operations. As a percentage of title operating revenues, current year provisions - IBNR were 3.3%, 3.9% and 3.3% in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
In addition to title policy claims, we incur losses in our direct operations from escrow, closing and disbursement functions. Escrow losses typically relate to errors or other miscalculations of amounts to be paid at closing, including timing or amount of a mortgage payoff, payment of property or other taxes and payment of homeowners’ association fees, and wire fraud. In those cases, the title insurer incurs the loss under its obligation to ensure that an unencumbered title is conveyed. These losses are recognized as expenses when discovered or when contingencies associated with them (such as litigation) are resolved and are typically paid less than 12 months after the loss is recognized.
Large title losses due to independent agency defalcations typically occur when the independent agency misappropriates funds from escrow accounts under its control. Such losses are usually discovered when the independent agency fails to pay off an outstanding mortgage loan at closing (or immediately thereafter) from the proceeds of the new loan. These incurred losses are typically more severe in terms of dollar value compared with traditional title policy claims since the independent agency is often able, over time, to conceal misappropriation of escrow funds relating to more than one transaction through the constant volume of funds moving through its escrow accounts. In declining real estate markets, lower transaction volumes result in a lower incoming volume of funds, making it more difficult to cover up the misappropriation with incoming funds. Thus, when the defalcation is discovered, it often relates to several transactions. In addition, the overall decline in an independent agency’s revenues, profits and cash flows increases the agency’s incentive to improperly utilize the escrow funds from real estate transactions. For each of the three years ended December 31, 2021, our net title losses due to independent agency defalcations were not material.
Internal controls relating to independent agencies include, but are not limited to, periodic audits, site visits and reconciliations of policy inventories and premiums. The audits and site visits cover examination of the escrow account bank reconciliations and an examination of a sample of closed transactions. In some instances, the scope of our review is limited by attorney agencies that cite client confidentiality. Certain states have mandated annual reviews of agencies by their underwriter. We also determine whether our independent agencies have appropriate internal controls as defined by the American Land Title Association's best practices and us. However, even with adequate internal controls in place, their effectiveness can be circumvented by collusion or improper override of the controls by management at the independent agencies. To aid in the selection of independent agencies to review, we have developed an agency risk model that aggregates data from different areas to identify possible issues. This is not a guarantee that all independent agencies with deficiencies will be identified. In addition, we are typically not the only underwriter for which an independent agency issues policies, and independent agencies may not always provide complete financial records for our review.
Goodwill impairment
Goodwill is not amortized, but is reviewed for impairment annually or whenever occurrences of events indicate a potential impairment at the reporting unit level. Refer to Note 1-L to our audited consolidated financial statements for details about our goodwill impairment review process.
The valuation techniques performed in our quantitative analysis make use of our estimates and assumptions related to critical factors, which include revenue and operating margin growth rates, future market conditions, determination of market multiples and comparative companies, assignment of a control premium, and determination of risk-adjusted discount rates. Forecasts of future operations are based, in part, on actual operating results and our expectations as to future market conditions. Our calculation of fair value requires analysis of a range of possible outcomes and applying weights to each of the valuation technique used. Due to the uncertainty and complexity of performing the goodwill impairment analysis, actual results may not be consistent with our estimates and assumptions, which may result in a future material goodwill impairment.
During 2021 and 2020, we utilized the qualitative approach in assessing goodwill impairment for each of our reporting units and concluded that no impairment was necessary. Refer also to Note 8 to our audited consolidated financial statements for details on goodwill.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
We discuss in this section the consolidated results of operations for the years 2021 and 2020, as compared to each corresponding prior year. Factors contributing to fluctuations in our results of operations are presented in the order of their monetary significance, and significant changes are quantified, when necessary. Segment results are included in the discussions and are discussed separately, when relevant.
Industry data. Published U.S. mortgage interest rates and other selected residential housing data for the three years ended December 31, 2021 are shown below (amounts shown for 2021 are preliminary and subject to revision). The amounts below may not relate directly to or provide accurate data for forecasting our operating revenues or order counts. Our statements on home sales, mortgage interest rates and loan activity are based on averaged published industry data from sources including Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the Mortgage Bankers Association, when available.
2021 2020 2019
Mortgage interest rates (30-year, fixed-rate) - %
Averages for the year 2.96 3.11 3.94
First quarter 2.88 3.51 4.37
Second quarter 3.00 3.23 4.00
Third quarter 2.87 2.95 3.67
Fourth quarter 3.08 2.76 3.70
Mortgage originations - $ billions 4,192 4,241 2,358
Refinancings - % of originations 58 64 46
New home sales - in millions 0.78 0.83 0.68
New home median sales price - in $ thousands 392 335 323
Existing home sales - in millions 6.14 5.66 5.34
Existing home median sales price - in $ thousands 346 295 273
Total mortgage originations in 2021 declined slightly by 1% compared to 2020 primarily due to lower refinancing activity, which decreased by 10%, partially offset by a 14% improvement in purchase originations. The lower refinancing originations in 2021 were expected as the record activity in 2020 was anticipated to decelerate, as interest rates gradually increased. Existing homes sales in 2021 improved by 8%, compared to the prior year, as housing demand continue to remain strong with buyers securing homes before interest rates increase further, while new homes sales declined by 5% in 2021 compared to 2020, primarily due to the supply constraints which are limiting sales and inventory. Median home prices for new and existing homes both increased by 17% due to the strong demand and limited supply.
For 2022, the average 30-year mortgage interest fixed rate is anticipated to further climb to 3.6%, primarily influenced by the expected federal monetary policy tightening to combat elevated inflation. While this will further reduce refinancing lending and limit home affordability, with median home prices forecasted to further move up 8% compared to 2021, the industry expects homes sales to grow on a more sustainable pace. New and existing homes sales are anticipated to improve 16% and 1%, respectively, in 2022 compared to 2021.
Factors affecting revenues. Our primary business is title insurance and settlement-related services. We close transactions and issue title policies on homes, commercial and other real properties located in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and international markets through policy-issuing offices, agencies and centralized title services centers. Our ancillary services and corporate segment includes our parent holding company expenses and certain enterprise-wide overhead costs, along with our ancillary services operations, which are principally appraisal management services, online notarization and closing services, credit and real estate data services, search and valuation services.
The principal factors that contribute to changes in operating revenues for our title and ancillary services and corporate segments include:
•mortgage interest rates;
•availability of mortgage loans;
•number and average value of mortgage loan originations;
•ability of potential purchasers to qualify for loans;
•inventory of existing homes available for sale;
•ratio of purchase transactions compared with refinance transactions;
•ratio of closed orders to open orders;
•home prices;
•consumer confidence, including employment trends;
•demand by buyers;
•premium rates;
•foreign currency exchange rates;
•supply chains;
•market share;
•ability to attract and retain highly productive sales associates;
•departure of revenue-attached employees;
•independent agency remittance rates;
•opening of new offices and acquisitions;
•office closures;
•number and value of commercial transactions, which typically yield higher premiums;
•government or regulatory initiatives impacting regulatory or operational requirements, including tax incentives and the implementation of the integrated disclosure and cybersecurity requirements;
•acquisitions or divestitures of businesses;
•volume of distressed property transactions;
•seasonality and/or weather; and
•outbreaks of diseases and related quarantine orders and restrictions on travel, trade and business operations.
Premiums are determined in part by the values of the transactions we handle. To the extent inflation or market conditions cause increases in the prices of homes and other real estate, premium revenues are also increased. Conversely, falling home prices cause premium revenues to decline. As an overall guideline, a 5% change in median home prices results in an approximately 3.7% change in title premiums. Home price changes may override the seasonal nature of the title insurance business. Historically, our first quarter is the least active in terms of title insurance revenues as home buying is generally depressed during winter months. Our second and third quarters are the most active as the summer is the traditional home buying season, and while commercial transaction closings are skewed to the end of the year, individually large commercial transactions can occur any time of year. On average, refinance title premium rates are 60% of the premium rates for a similarly priced sale transaction.
Title revenues. Direct title revenue information is presented below:
Year Ended December 31 Change Percent Change
2021 2020 2019 2021 vs 2020 2020 vs 2019 2021 vs 2020 2020 vs 2019
(in $ millions) (in $ millions)
Non-commercial
Domestic 991.4 743.7 565.9 247.7 177.8 33 % 31 %
International 157.1 106.1 90.9 51.0 15.2 48 % 17 %
1,148.5 849.8 656.8 298.7 193.0 35 % 29 %
Commercial:
Domestic 242.3 166.7 188.4 75.6 (21.7) 45 % (12) %
International 31.4 21.4 24.3 10.0 (2.9) 47 % (12) %
273.7 188.1 212.7 85.6 (24.6) 46 % (12) %
Total direct title revenues 1,422.2 1,037.9 869.5 384.3 168.4 37 % 19 %
Direct title revenues in 2021 grew 37% compared to the prior year, as a result of overall revenue improvements in both non-commercial and commercial operations. Non-commercial revenues increased 35% in 2021, primarily driven by increased residential transactions and scale compared to 2020. Domestic commercial revenues increased 45% in 2021 compared to 2020, primarily due to improved commercial transaction size and volume. Total purchase and refinancing closed orders improved 12%, while commercial closed orders increased 15% in 2021 compared to the prior year. Domestic commercial and residential fees per file in 2021 were approximately $14,000 and $2,300, respectively, which respectively were 26% and 18% higher compared to 2020. Total international revenues grew $61.0 million, or 48%, in 2021 compared to 2020, primarily due to increased residential and commercial transaction volumes in our Canadian operations.
Direct title revenues in 2020 improved 19% compared to 2019, primarily due to higher non-commercial revenues driven by increased purchase and refinancing residential orders, partially offset by decreased commercial revenues primarily resulting from reduced transaction sizes and volumes. Total refinancing and purchased closed orders in 2020 increased 123% and 8%, respectively; while commercial closed orders decreased 8% compared to 2019. Domestic residential fee per file in 2020 was approximately $1,900 compared to $2,200 in 2019, primarily as a result of a higher mix of refinancing compared to purchase transactions in 2020. Domestic commercial fee per file in 2020 was $11,100 compared to $11,600 in 2019, primarily due to lower transaction sizes resulting from the slowdown in the commercial real estate market as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Total international revenues grew $12.3 million, or 11%, in 2020 versus 2019, primarily because of higher volumes generated by our Canada operations, partially offset by lower volumes from other international locations.
Closed and opened orders information is as follows:
Year Ended December 31 Change % Change
2021 2020 2019 2021 vs 2020 2020 vs 2019 2021 vs 2020 2020 vs 2019
Opened Orders:
Commercial 18,113 15,748 17,813 2,365 (2,065) 15 % (12) %
Purchase 283,350 250,058 227,073 33,292 22,985 13 % 10 %
Refinance 256,621 304,064 141,852 (47,443) 162,212 (16) % 114 %
Other 6,753 3,868 4,744 2,885 (876) 75 % (18) %
Total 564,837 573,738 391,482 (8,901) 182,256 (2) % 47 %
Closed Orders:
Commercial 17,334 15,035 16,269 2,299 (1,234) 15 % (8) %
Purchase 217,895 178,935 165,219 38,960 13,716 22 % 8 %
Refinance 211,109 203,763 91,289 7,346 112,474 4 % 123 %
Other 4,736 2,594 3,222 2,142 (628) 83 % (19) %
Total 451,074 400,327 275,999 50,747 124,328 13 % 45 %
Gross revenues from independent agency operations (agency revenues) increased $431.6 million, or 38%, and $180.5 million, or 19%, in 2021 and 2020, respectively, compared to corresponding prior years, which was consistent with the trends of our direct title operations and the overall improved real estate market. In line with the change in gross agency revenues, net agency revenues (which are net of agency retention) increased $75.7 million, or 37%, and $35.2 million, or 21%, in 2021 and 2020, respectively, compared to 2020 and 2019. Refer further to the "Retention by agencies" discussion under Expenses below.
Title revenues by geographic location. The approximate amounts and percentages of consolidated title operating revenues for the last three years ended December 31, 2021 were as follows:
Year Ended December 31 Percentages
2021 2020 2019 2021 2020 2019
(in $ millions)
Texas 469 359 316 16 % 16 % 17 %
New York 263 187 216 9 % 9 % 12 %
International 198 134 122 7 % 6 % 7 %
California 192 163 134 6 % 7 % 7 %
Florida 150 102 78 5 % 5 % 4 %
All others 1,733 1,244 974 57 % 57 % 53 %
3,005 2,189 1,840 100 % 100 % 100 %
Ancillary services revenues. Ancillary services revenues in 2021 and 2020 improved $177.1 million, or 214%, and $45.2 million, or 121%, respectively, compared to 2020 and 2019, primarily due to revenues generated from new acquisitions, partially offset by lower revenues from our capital markets search and home equity valuation services operations as a result of reduced market activity in 2021 and 2020.
Investment income. Investment income in 2021 and 2020 decreased $1.8 million, or 9%, and $1.2 million, or 6%, respectively, compared to 2020 and 2019, primarily due to reduced interest income on investments resulting from the lower interest rates environment in 2021 and 2020. Refer to Note 6 to our audited consolidated financial statements for additional details.
Net realized and unrealized gains. Refer to Note 6 to our audited consolidated financial statements for details.
Expenses. Our employee costs and certain other operating expenses are sensitive to inflation. An analysis of expenses is shown below:
Year Ended December 31 Change % Change
2021 2020 2019 2021 vs 2020 2020 vs 2019 2021 vs 2020 2020 vs 2019
(in $ millions) (in $ millions)
Amounts retained by independent agencies 1,300.4 944.5 799.2 355.9 145.3 38 % 18 %
As a % of agency revenues 82.2 % 82.1 % 82.3 %
Employee costs 777.0 613.2 567.2 163.8 46.0 27 % 8 %
As a % of operating revenues 23.8 % 27.0 % 30.2 %
Other operating expenses 626.8 375.2 345.3 251.6 29.9 67 % 9 %
As a % of operating revenues 19.2 % 16.5 % 18.4 %
Title losses and related claims 126.2 115.2 84.4 11.0 30.8 10 % 36 %
As a % of title revenues 4.2 % 5.3 % 4.6 %
Retention by agencies. Amounts retained by title agencies are based on agreements between agencies and our title underwriters. Amounts retained by independent agencies, as a percentage of revenues generated by them, averaged 82.2%, 82.1% and 82.3% in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The average retention percentage may vary from period to period due to the geographical mix of agency operations, the volume of title revenues and, in some states, laws or regulations. Due to the variety of such laws or regulations, as well as competitive factors, the average retention rate can differ significantly from state to state. In addition, a high proportion of our independent agencies are in states with retention rates greater than 80%. We continue to focus on increasing profit margins in every state, increasing premium revenue in states where remittance rates are above 20%, and maintaining the quality of our agency network, which we believe to be the industry’s best, in order to mitigate claims risk and drive consistent future performance. While market share is important in our agency operations channel, it is not as important as margins, risk mitigation and profitability.
Selected cost ratios (by segment). The following table shows employee costs and other operating expenses as a percentage of related segment operating revenues for the years ended December 31:
Employee Costs Other Operating Expenses
2021 2020 2019 2021 2020 2019
Title 24.3 % 26.8 % 29.4 % 13.8 % 13.5 % 16.5 %
Ancillary services and corporate 17.7 % 31.3 % 70.7 % 81.6 % 95.6 % 109.6 %
Employee costs. Consolidated employee costs increased $163.8 million, or 27%, in 2021 compared to 2020, primarily due to increased salaries and employee benefits on a 20% higher average employee count driven by acquisitions, higher incentive compensation on improved overall operating results, and increased temporary labor and overtime costs on increased transaction volumes. Consolidated employee costs increased $46.0 million, or 8%, in 2020 compared to 2019, primarily due to acquisitions, higher incentive compensation on improved operating results, and increased overtime costs driven by higher transaction volumes, partially offset by reduced salaries expense resulting from a 4% reduction in average employee counts (excluding acquisitions) in 2020.
Our total employee counts at December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 were approximately 7,300, 5,800 and 5,300, respectively, with increases in 2021 and 2020 driven by acquisitions. Average cost per employee in 2021 and 2020 increased 5% and 7%, respectively, compared to the corresponding prior years, while as a percentage of total operating revenues, employee costs were 23.8%, 27.0% and 30.2% in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Employee costs for the title segment increased $143.7 million, or 24%, and $46.6 million, or 9%, in 2021 and 2020, respectively, compared to corresponding prior years, primarily due to acquisitions and higher incentive compensation on higher title revenues. Employee costs in the ancillary services and corporate segment increased $20.0 million, or 77%, in 2021 compared to 2020, due to higher salaries and employee benefits as a result of acquisitions, while employee costs decreased $0.6 million, or 2%, in 2020 compared to 2019, primarily due to reduced average employee counts driven by volume declines, partially offset by added employee costs from 2020 acquisitions.
Other operating expenses. Other operating expenses include costs that are fixed in nature, costs that follow, to varying degrees, changes in transaction volumes and revenues (variable costs) and costs that fluctuate independently of revenues (independent costs). Costs that are fixed in nature include attorney and professional fees, third-party outsourcing provider fees, equipment rental, insurance, rent and other occupancy expenses, repairs and maintenance, technology costs, telecommunications and title plant expenses. Variable costs include appraiser and service expenses related to ancillary services operations, outside search and valuation fees, attorney fee splits, bad debt expenses, copy supplies, delivery fees, postage, premium taxes and title plant maintenance expenses. Independent costs include general supplies, litigation defense, business promotion and marketing and travel.
Consolidated other operating expenses increased $251.6 million, or 67%, and $29.8 million, or 9%, in 2021 and 2020, respectively, compared to corresponding prior years. Other operating expenses, as a percentage of total operating revenues (other operating expenses ratio), were 19.2%, 16.5% and 18.4% in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Excluding non-operating charges in 2019 primarily related to FNF merger expenses, executive insurance policy settlement and office closures, the other operating expenses ratio for 2019 was 17.5%.
In 2021, costs fixed in nature increased $29.0 million, or 21%, compared to 2020, primarily due to acquisitions, (which added technology costs, professional fees, and rent and other occupancy expenses), higher third-party outsourcing provider fees and increased consulting fees related to business acquisition and integration. Variable costs increased $206.5 million, or 101%, primarily due to increased appraiser and service expenses on higher ancillary services revenues, increased outside title search, attorney fee splits and premium taxes on improved title revenues, and state sales tax assessments. Independent costs increased $16.1 million, or 46%, primarily due to office consolidation costs, higher marketing and travel expenses, and increased bank service fees.
In 2020, excluding the non-operating charges presented in the table above, costs fixed in nature increased $1.3 million, or 1%, compared to 2019, primarily due to increased professional and consulting fees related to acquisitions and integration and higher technology expenses, partially offset by lower rent and other occupancy expenses. Variable costs increased $55.3 million, or 37%, primarily due to increased appraiser expenses tied to appraisal revenues generated by new acquisitions in the ancillary services operations, as well as higher premium taxes, title plant maintenance expenses and attorney fee splits consistent with higher overall title revenues. These increases were partially offset by lower outside search expenses related to lower revenues from commercial title and search and valuation services operations. Independent costs, excluding the operating charges, decreased $9.1 million, or 20%, primarily due to reduced marketing and travel expenses mainly as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Title losses. Provisions for title losses, as a percentage of title operating revenues, were 4.2%, 5.3% and 4.6% in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The title loss ratio in any given year can be significantly influenced by new large claims incurred as well as adjustments to reserves for existing large claims. We continue to manage and resolve large claims prudently and in keeping with our commitments to our policyholders.
For the year ended December 31, 2021, title losses increased $11.0 million, or 10%, compared to the prior year, primarily due to increased title premiums, partially offset by favorable claims experience. For the year ended December 31, 2020, title losses increased $30.8 million, or 36%, compared to 2019, primarily due to increased title premiums, higher loss provisioning rate driven by an overall uncertainty related to incurred losses resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, and unfavorable loss experience in our Canadian operations.
Title losses paid were $71.5 million, $82.0 million and $91.0 million in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Total claims payments in 2021 decreased compared to the prior year, due to lower payments on large and non-large claims. Total claim payments in 2020 decreased compared to 2019, primarily due to lower payments on non-large claims, partially offset by higher payments on large claims. Claims payments made on large title claims, net of insurance recoveries, during 2021, 2020 and 2019 were $2.8 million, $8.7 million and $6.1 million, respectively.
Our liability for estimated title losses as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 comprises both known claims and our IBNR. Known claims reserves are reserves related to actual losses reported to us. Our reserve for known claims comprises both claims related to title insurance policies as well as losses arising from escrow closing and funding operations due to fraud or error (which are recognized as expense when discovered). The amount of the reserve represents the aggregate, non-discounted future payments (net of recoveries) that we expect to incur on policy and escrow losses and in costs to settle claims.
Total title policy loss reserve balances at December 31 were as follows:
2021 2020
(in $ millions)
Known claims 75.9 68.9
IBNR 473.7 427.4
Total estimated title losses 549.6 496.3
The actual timing of estimated title loss payments may vary since claims, by their nature, are complex and paid over long periods of time. Based on historical payment patterns, 86% of the outstanding loss reserves are paid out within seven years. As a result, the estimate of the ultimate amount to be paid on any claim may be modified over that time period. Due to the inherent uncertainty in predicting future title policy losses, significant judgment is required by both our management and our third party actuaries in estimating reserves. As a consequence, our ultimate liability may be materially greater or less than current reserves and/or our third party actuary’s calculated estimates. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, our reserve balance was above the actuarial midpoint of total estimated policy loss reserves. Refer to Note 10 (Estimated title losses) to our audited consolidated financial statements for details.
Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization expense increased $17.2 million, or 89%, in 2021 compared to 2020, primarily due to $16.4 million of intangible asset amortization from acquisitions. Depreciation and amortization expense in 2020 decreased $3.3 million, or 15%, compared to 2019, primarily due to certain information technology and other fixed assets being fully depreciated or written off by end of 2019, and reduced purchases of fixed assets in 2020, partially offset by $2.7 million of intangible asset amortization related to 2020 acquisitions.
Income taxes. Our effective tax rates for 2021, 2020 and 2019 were 22.5%, 24.0% and 25.3%, respectively, based on income before taxes (after deducting noncontrolling interests) of $417.2 million, $203.7 million and $105.3 million, respectively. Refer to Note 7 to our audited consolidated financial statements for details on the effective tax rates and income tax accounts.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Our liquidity and capital resources reflect our ability to generate cash flow to meet our obligations to shareholders, customers (payments to satisfy claims on title policies), vendors, employees, lenders and others. As of December 31, 2021, our total cash and investments, including amounts reserved pursuant to statutory requirements, aggregated $1.2 billion. Of our total cash and investments at December 31, 2021, $798.3 million ($517.5 million, net of statutory reserves) was held in the United States (U.S.) and the rest internationally, principally in Canada.
As a holding company, the parent company is funded principally by cash from its subsidiaries' earnings in the form of dividends, operating and other administrative expense reimbursements and pursuant to intercompany tax sharing agreements. Cash held at the parent company and its unregulated subsidiaries (which totaled $85.9 million at December 31, 2021) is available for funding the parent company's operating expenses, interest payments on debt and dividend payments to common stockholders. The parent company also receives distributions from Guaranty, its regulated title insurance underwriter, to meet cash requirements for acquisitions and other strategic investments.
A substantial majority of our consolidated cash and investments as of December 31, 2021 was held by Guaranty and its subsidiaries. The use and investment of these funds, dividends to the parent company, and cash transfers between Guaranty and its subsidiaries and the parent company are subject to certain legal and regulatory restrictions. In general, Guaranty may use its cash and investments in excess of its legally-mandated statutory premium reserve (established in accordance with requirements under Texas law) to fund its insurance operations, including claims payments. Guaranty may also, subject to certain limitations, provide funds to its subsidiaries (whose operations consist principally of field title offices and ancillary services operations) for their operating and debt service needs.
We maintain investments in accordance with certain statutory requirements for the funding of statutory premium reserves. Statutory premium reserves are required to be fully funded and invested in high-quality securities and short-term investments. Statutory reserve funds are not available for current claims payments, which must be funded from current operating cash flow. Included in investments in debt and equity securities are statutory reserve funds of approximately $523.5 million at December 31, 2021. In addition, included within cash and cash equivalents are statutory reserve funds of approximately $41.4 million at December 31, 2021. Although these cash statutory reserve funds are not restricted or segregated in depository accounts, they are required to be held pursuant to state statutes. If the Company fails to maintain minimum investments or cash and cash equivalents sufficient to meet statutory requirements, the Company may be subject to fines or other penalties, including potential revocation of its business license. As of December 31, 2021, our known claims reserve totaled $75.9 million and our estimate of claims that may be reported in the future, under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, totaled $473.7 million. In addition to this, we had cash and investments (excluding equity method investments) of $339.2 million which are available for underwriter operations, including claims payments.
The ability of Guaranty to pay dividends to its parent is governed by Texas insurance law. The Texas Department of Insurance (TDI) must be notified in the future of any dividend declared, and any dividend in excess of the statutory maximum (which was approximately $210.1 million as of December 31, 2021) would be, by regulation, considered extraordinary and subject to pre-approval by the TDI (see Note 3 to our audited consolidated financial statements for details). Also, the Texas Insurance Commissioner may raise an objection to a planned distribution during the notification period. Guaranty’s actual ability or intent to pay dividends to its parent may be constrained by business and regulatory considerations, such as the impact of dividends on surplus, which could affect its ratings and competitive position, the amount of insurance it can write and its ability to pay future dividends. In 2021 and 2020, Guaranty paid dividends of $293.9 million (including an extraordinary dividend of $135.0 million) and $30.0 million, respectively.
Contractual obligations. Our material contractual obligations at December 31, 2021 are composed primarily of our unsecured senior notes (and the related semi-annual interest payments), other notes payable, operating leases, and reserves for estimated title losses. Refer to Note 9 (Notes payable) and Note 14 (Leases) to our audited consolidated financial statements for details on the unsecured senior notes and other notes payable, and operating leases, respectively. Refer to the Note 10 (Estimated title losses) to our audited consolidated financial statements and the Title losses section under Results of Operations for details on title losses.
Cash flows. As the parent company conducts no operations apart from its wholly-owned subsidiaries, the discussion below focuses on consolidated cash flows. Refer to the consolidated statements of cash flows in the audited consolidated financial statements.
2021 2020 2019
(in $ millions)
Net cash provided by operating activities 390.3 275.8 166.4
Net cash (used) provided by investing activities (645.3) (231.4) 7.0
Net cash provided (used) by financing activities 310.4 54.3 (37.8)
Operating activities. Our principal sources of cash from operations are premiums on title policies and revenue from title service-related transactions, ancillary services and other operations. Our independent agencies remit cash to us net of their contractual retention. Our principal cash expenditures for operations are employee costs, operating costs and title claims payments.
Net cash provided by operations improved by $114.5 million in 2021 compared to 2020, primarily as a result of the higher net income and lower claims payments in 2021. Net cash provided by operations in 2020 improved by $109.4 million compared to 2019, also primarily due to the higher net income generated and lower claim payments in 2020. Although our business is labor intensive, we are focused on a cost-effective, scalable business model which includes utilization of technology, centralized back and middle office functions and business process outsourcing. We are continuing our emphasis on cost management, especially in light of the current economic environment due to the COVID-19 pandemic, specifically focusing on lowering unit costs of production and improving operating margins in all our businesses. Our plans to improve margins include additional automation of manual processes, and further consolidation of our various systems and production operations. We continue to invest in the technology necessary to accomplish these goals.
Investing activities. Cash used and provided by investing activities is primarily driven by proceeds from matured and sold investments, purchases of investments, capital expenditures and acquisition of title offices and other businesses. During 2021, 2020 and 2019, total proceeds from securities investments sold and matured were $143.8 million, $96.0 million and $99.3 million, respectively; while cash used for purchases of securities investments was $143.9 million, $118.3 million and $77.5 million, respectively. During 2021, we also invested $16.1 million in equity method investments in title offices.
We used $600.0 million and $200.0 million of cash in 2021 and 2020, respectively, for acquisitions of various title and ancillary services businesses, consistent with our strategy of increasing scale, growth in key markets and broader technology and service offerings. We used $39.8 million, $15.0 million and $17.1 million of cash for purchases of property and equipment during 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively, while we generated cash proceeds of $10.7 million in 2021 primarily from the sale of our Colorado buildings. We maintain investment in capital expenditures at a level that enables us to implement technologies for increasing our operational and back-office efficiencies and pursuing market growth.
Financing activities and capital resources. Total debt and stockholders’ equity were $483.5 million and $1.3 billion, respectively, as of December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2021, our total debt-to-equity and debt-to-capitalization ratios, excluding short-term loan agreements in connection with our Section 1031 tax-deferred property exchange (Section 1031) business, were approximately 34% and 26%, respectively.
During 2021, we had the following debt transactions related to the parent company (refer to Note 9 to our audited consolidated financial statements for details of our debt transactions):
•During the first and third quarters of 2021, we drew a total of $175.0 million on our previous line of credit facility.
•In October 2021, we entered into an unsecured credit agreement which included a new $200.0 million line of credit facility and a $400.0 million short-term loan facility. We drew $370.0 million from the short-term loan facility and used a portion of the proceeds to payoff the $273.9 million balance on the previous line of credit facility.
•In November 2021, we completed an offering of $450.0 million unsecured ten-year senior notes (Senior Notes) and generated proceeds, net of underwriting discounts and issuance costs, of $444.0 million. We used a portion of the proceeds to payoff the $370.0 million balance of our short-term loan.
During 2021, 2020 and 2019, payments on notes payable of $165.0 million, $23.8 million and $25.0 million, respectively, and notes payable additions of $201.4 million, $16.5 million and $30.5 million, respectively, were related to our Section 1031 business, which had an outstanding balance of $37.1 million at December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2021, the outstanding balance of our Senior Notes was $444.1 million, while the new the line of credit facility was fully available.
During 2021, we paid dividends of $1.365 per common share, compared to $1.20 per common share paid for each of 2020 and 2019. In aggregate, we paid total dividends of $36.6 million, $30.2 million and $28.3 million in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. During 2020, we generated net proceeds of approximately $109.0 million from an issuance of new shares of Common Stock, which we used primarily for the acquisition of several title offices.
Effect of changes in foreign currency rates. The effect of changes in foreign currency rates on the consolidated statements of cash flows was a net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents of $(2.2) million, $3.3 million and $2.9 million in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Our primary foreign currencies are the Canadian dollar and British pound, and, relative to the U.S. dollar, the value of the Canadian dollar was essentially unchanged and the value of the British pound declined in 2021, while both foreign currencies appreciated during 2020 and 2019.
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We believe we have sufficient liquidity and capital resources to meet the cash needs of our ongoing operations, including the current economic and real estate environment created by the COVID-19 pandemic (as discussed in Note 1-Q to our audited consolidated financial statements). However, we may determine that additional debt or equity funding is warranted to provide liquidity for achievement of strategic goals or acquisitions or for unforeseen circumstances. Other than scheduled maturities of debt, operating lease payments and anticipated claims payments, we have no material contractual commitments. We expect that cash flows from operations and cash available from our underwriters, subject to regulatory restrictions, will be sufficient to fund our operations, including claims payments. However, to the extent that these funds are not sufficient, we may be required to borrow funds on terms less favorable than we currently have or seek funding from the equity market, which may not be successful or may be on terms that are dilutive to existing stockholders.
Other comprehensive income (loss). Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities investments and changes in foreign currency exchange rates are reported net of deferred taxes in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income, a component of stockholders’ equity, until realized. Refer to Note 1-H to our audited consolidated financial statements for details.
In 2021, net unrealized investment losses of $16.1 million, net of taxes, which increased our other comprehensive loss, were primarily related to decreases in the fair values of our corporate and foreign bond securities, primarily resulting from higher interest rates. The five-year U.S. treasury yield applicable on our investments increased approximately 90 basis points in 2021 versus 2020. Also in 2021, we recorded foreign currency translation losses which increased our other comprehensive loss by $0.7 million, net of taxes, which was primarily driven by the depreciation in value of the British pound against the U.S. dollar in 2021.
In 2020, net unrealized investment gains of $14.9 million, net of taxes, which increased our other comprehensive income, were primarily related to increases in the fair values of our overall bond securities portfolio, mainly driven by the effect of lower interest rates and partially offset by higher credit spreads. The five-year U.S. treasury yield applicable on our investments decreased approximately 130 basis points in 2020 versus 2019, while the applicable credit spreads increased by approximately 70 basis points in 2020 compared to 2019. Also in 2020, we recorded foreign currency translation gains which increased our other comprehensive income by $4.8 million, net of taxes, which was primarily driven by the appreciation in value of the Canadian dollar and United Kingdom pound against the U.S. dollar in 2020.
In 2019, net unrealized investment gains of $15.6 million, net of taxes, which increased our other comprehensive income, were primarily related to increases in the fair values of our overall bond securities portfolio driven by reduced interest rates and credit spreads. The five-year U.S. treasury yield and applicable credit spreads on our investments decreased approximately 80 and 20 basis points, respectively, in 2019 compared to the prior year. Also in 2019, we recorded foreign currency translation gains which increased our other comprehensive income by $6.5 million, net of taxes, which was primarily driven by the appreciation in value of the Canadian dollar and United Kingdom pound against the U.S. dollar in 2019.
Off-balance sheet arrangements. We do not have any material source of liquidity or financing that involves off-balance sheet arrangements. We routinely hold funds in segregated escrow accounts relating to closing of real estate transactions that we service and tax-deferred property exchanges, pursuant to Section 1031 of the Internal Revenue Code, where we serve as a qualified intermediary and hold the proceeds until the related qualifying exchange occurs. In accordance with industry practice, these segregated accounts are not included on our balance sheet. See Note 15 to our audited consolidated financial statements included in Item 15 of Part IV of this report for details.
Cautionary statements regarding forward-looking statements. Certain statements in this report are "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such forward-looking statements relate to future, not past, events and often address our expected future business and financial performance. These statements often contain words such as “may,” "expect," "anticipate," "intend," "plan," "believe," "seek," "will," "foresee" or other similar words. Forward-looking statements by their nature are subject to various risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to be materially different than those expressed in the forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, among other things, the volatility of economic conditions, including the duration and ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic; adverse changes in the level of real estate activity; changes in mortgage interest rates, existing and new home sales, and availability of mortgage financing; our ability to respond to and implement technology changes, including the completion of the implementation of our enterprise systems; the impact of unanticipated title losses or the need to strengthen our policy loss reserves; any effect of title losses on our cash flows and financial condition; the ability to attract and retain highly productive sales associates; the impact of vetting our agency operations for quality and profitability; independent agency remittance rates; changes to the participants in the secondary mortgage market and the rate of refinancing that affects the demand for title insurance products; regulatory non-compliance, fraud or defalcations by our title insurance agencies or employees; our ability to timely and cost-effectively respond to significant industry changes and introduce new products and services; the outcome of pending litigation; the impact of changes in governmental and insurance regulations, including any future reductions in the pricing of title insurance products and services; our dependence on our operating subsidiaries as a source of cash flow; our ability to access the equity and debt financing markets when and if needed; our ability to grow our international operations; seasonality and weather; and our ability to respond to the actions of our competitors. All forward-looking statements included in this report are expressly qualified in their entirety by such cautionary statements. We expressly disclaim any obligation to update, amend or clarify any forward-looking statements contained in this report to reflect events or circumstances that may arise after the date hereof, except as may be required by applicable law.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
The discussion below about our risk management strategies includes forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties. Management’s projections of hypothetical net losses in the fair values of our market rate-sensitive financial instruments, should certain potential changes in market rates occur, are presented below. While we believe that the potential market rate changes are possible, actual rate changes could differ from our projections. Although we are exposed to a currency exchange rate risk for our foreign operations, this risk is not material to Stewart’s financial condition or results of operations.
The material market risk in our investments in financial instruments is related to our debt securities investments, which represent approximately 87% of our total securities investment portfolio at December 31, 2021, with the remainder invested in equity securities. We invest primarily in corporate, foreign, municipal and U.S. government debt securities. We do not invest in financial instruments of a derivative or hedging nature. We have established policies and procedures to minimize our exposure to changes in the fair values of our investments. These policies include retaining an investment advisory firm, an emphasis upon credit quality, management of portfolio duration, maintaining or increasing investment income through high coupon rates and actively managing our risk profile and security mix depending upon market conditions. We have classified all of our debt securities investments as available-for-sale.
Investments in debt securities at December 31, 2021 mature, according to their contractual terms, as follows (actual maturities may differ because of call or prepayment rights):
Amortized
costs Fair
values
(in $ thousands)
In one year or less 71,014 71,860
After one year through two years 94,063 95,558
After two years through three years 89,388 90,459
After three years through four years 49,596 50,133
After four years through five years 97,333 98,482
After five years 176,771 183,280
578,165 589,772
We believe our investment portfolios are diversified and do not expect any material loss to result from the failure to perform by issuers of the debt securities we hold. Our investments are not collateralized. Foreign debt securities primarily include Canadian government and corporate bonds, United Kingdom treasury and corporate bonds and Mexican government bonds. Refer to Note 4 to our audited consolidated financial statements for details.
Based on our foreign debt securities portfolio and foreign currency exchange rates at December 31, 2021, a 100 basis-point increase (decrease) in foreign currency exchange rates would result in an increase (decrease) of approximately $2.8 million in the fair value of our foreign debt securities portfolio. We do not currently employ hedging strategies with respect to foreign currency risk as we do not consider this risk as material to the Company. In addition, our international businesses conduct substantially all of their operations in their respective local currencies. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates may affect the fair value of the debt securities portfolio and may result in unrealized gains or losses.
Based on our debt securities portfolio and interest rates at December 31, 2021, a 100 basis-point increase (decrease) in interest rates would result in a decrease (increase) of approximately $19.8 million, or 3.4%, in the fair value of our portfolio. Changes in interest rates may affect the fair value of the debt securities portfolio and may result in unrealized gains or losses.
Unrealized gains or losses on investments from changes in foreign currency exchange rates or interest rates would only be realized upon the sale of such investments. Fair value changes relating to equity securities and other-than-temporary declines in fair values of debt securities are charged to operations.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
The information required to be provided in this item is included in our audited consolidated financial statements, including the Notes thereto, beginning on page of this report, and such information is incorporated in this report by reference.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Management's annual report on internal control over financial reporting. Our principal executive officer and principal financial officer are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures. They evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) as of December 31, 2021 and have concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures are adequate and effective to ensure that information we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)). Our internal control over financial reporting is a process, under the supervision of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021. In making this assessment, our management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013). Based on this assessment, management believes that, as of December 31, 2021, our internal control over financial reporting is effective based on those criteria.
All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Internal control over financial reporting is a process that involves human diligence and compliance and is subject to lapses in judgment and breakdowns resulting from human failures. Internal control over financial reporting also can be circumvented by collusion or improper management override. Due to such limitations, there is a risk that material misstatements may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control over financial reporting. However, these inherent limitations are known features of the financial reporting process. Therefore, it is possible to design into the process safeguards to reduce, though not eliminate, this risk.
See page for the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on our effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting.
Changes in internal control over financial reporting. There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2021 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. As a result, no corrective actions were required or undertaken.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 9B. Other Information
None.
PART III

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
Information regarding our directors and management team will be included in our proxy statement for our 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders which will be filed within 120 days after December 31, 2021 (Proxy Statement), and is incorporated in this report by reference.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Item 11. Executive Compensation
Information regarding compensation for our executive officers will be included in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated in this report by reference.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
Information regarding security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management and related stockholder matters will be included in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated in this report by reference.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
Information regarding certain relationships and related transactions and director independence will be included in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated in this report by reference.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
Information regarding fees paid to and services provided by our independent registered public accounting firm (KPMG LLP, PCAOB ID 185) will be included in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated in this report by reference.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
(a)Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedules
The financial statements and financial statement schedules filed as part of this report are listed in the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedules of this document. All other schedules are omitted, as the required information is inapplicable or the information is presented in the consolidated financial statements or related notes.
(b)Exhibits required to be filed by Item 601 of Regulation S-K are listed below.
Exhibit
3.1 - Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant, dated April 28, 2016 (incorporated by reference in this report from Exhibit 3.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K filed April 29, 2016)
3.2 - Third Amended and Restated By-Laws of the Registrant, as of April 27, 2016 (incorporated by reference in this report from Exhibit 3.2 of the Current Report on Form 8-K filed April 28, 2016)
4.1* - Description of Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of The Securities Exchange Act of 1934
4.2 - Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated effective as of November 9, 2018, among the Registrant, the guarantors named therein, Compass Bank, as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto. (incorporated by reference in this report from Exhibit 10.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 13, 2018)
4.3 - First Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated effective as of May 7, 2020, by and among the Registrant, the guarantors named therein, BBVA USA, f/k/a Compass Bank, N.A., as administrative agent for the lenders, and the Lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference in this report from Exhibit 10.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 11, 2020)
4.4 - Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated effective as of March 23, 2021, by and among the Registrant, the guarantors named therein, BBVA USA, f/k/a Compass Bank, N.A., as administrative agent for the lenders, and the Lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference in this report from Exhibit 10.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 25, 2021)
4.5 - Credit Agreement, dated October 28, 2021, among the Registrant, PNC Bank, as Administrative Agent, Swingline Loan Lender and Issuing Lender, the Guarantors, and Lenders Party thereto (incorporated by reference in this report from Exhibit 10.1 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 3, 2021)
4.6 - Indenture, dated November 24, 2021, between the Registrant and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference in this report from Exhibit 4.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 24, 2021)
4.7 - First Supplemental Indenture, dated November 24, 2021, between the Registrant and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference in this report from Exhibit 4.2 of the Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 24, 2021)
4.8 - Second Supplemental Indenture, dated November 24, 2021, between the Registrant and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference in this report from Exhibit 4.3 of the Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 24, 2021)
4.9 - Form of 3.6% Senior Notes due 2031 of the Registrant (incorporated by reference in this report from Exhibit 4.3 of the Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 24, 2021)
10.1† - Deferred Compensation Agreements dated March 10, 1986, amended July 24, 1990 and October 30, 1992, between the Registrant and certain executive officers (incorporated by reference in this report from Exhibit 10.2 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1997)
10.2† - Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement, effective March 10, 2021, by and between the Registrant and Frederick H. Eppinger (incorporated by reference in this report from Exhibit 10.1 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 4, 2021)
Exhibit
10.3† - Restricted Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement, effective March 10, 2021, by and between the Registrant and Frederick H. Eppinger (incorporated by reference in this report from Exhibit 10.2 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 4, 2021)
10.4† - Stock Option Agreement, effective March 10, 2021, by and between the Registrant and Frederick H. Eppinger (incorporated by reference in this report from Exhibit 10.3 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 4, 2021)
10.5† - Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement, effective March 10, 2021, by and between the Registrant and David C. Hisey (incorporated by reference in this report from Exhibit 10.4 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 4, 2021)
10.6† - Restricted Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement, effective March 10, 2021, by and between the Registrant and David C. Hisey (incorporated by reference in this report from Exhibit 10.5 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 4, 2021)
10.7† - Stock Option Agreement, effective March 10, 2021, by and between the Registrant and David C. Hisey (incorporated by reference in this report from Exhibit 10.6 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 4, 2021)
10.8† - Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement, effective March 10, 2021, by and between the Registrant and John L. Killea (incorporated by reference in this report from Exhibit 10.7 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 4, 2021)
10.9† - Restricted Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement, effective March 10, 2021, by and between the Registrant and John L. Killea (incorporated by reference in this report from Exhibit 10.8 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 4, 2021)
10.10† - Stock Option Agreement, effective March 10, 2021, by and between the Registrant and John L. Killea (incorporated by reference in this report from Exhibit 10.9 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 4, 2021)
10.11† - Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement, effective March 10, 2021, by and between the Registrant and Steven M. Lessack (incorporated by reference in this report from Exhibit 10.10 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 4, 2021)
10.12† - Restricted Stock Unit Cliff Vest Award Agreement, effective March 10, 2021, by and between the Registrant and Steven M. Lessack (incorporated by reference in this report from Exhibit 10.11 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 4, 2021)
10.13† - Restricted Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement, effective March 10, 2021, by and between the Registrant and Steven M. Lessack (incorporated by reference in this report from Exhibit 10.12 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 4, 2021)
10.14† - Stock Option Agreement, effective March 10, 2021, by and between the Registrant and Steven M. Lessack (incorporated by reference in this report from Exhibit 10.13 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 4, 2021)
10.15† - Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement, effective March 10, 2021, by and between the Registrant and Tara S. Smith (incorporated by reference in this report from Exhibit 10.14 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 4, 2021)
10.16† - Restricted Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement, effective March 10, 2021, by and between the Registrant and Tara S. Smith (incorporated by reference in this report from Exhibit 10.15 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 4, 2021)
10.17† - Stock Option Agreement, effective March 10, 2021, by and between the Registrant and Tara S. Smith (incorporated by reference in this report from Exhibit 10.6 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 4, 2021)
10.18 - Stock purchase agreement, dated August 23, 2021, by and among Informative Research, the Shareholders of Informative Research listed on Exhibit A thereto, Sean Buckner, solely in the capacity of shareholder representative thereunder, and the Registrant (incorporated by reference in this report from Exhibit 10.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 26, 2021)
10.19 - Stock purchase agreement, dated November 12, 2021, by, between and among Equimine, the Shareholders of Equimine, Nedal Makarem, in his individual capacity and as seller representative, and the Registrant (incorporated by reference in this report from Exhibit 10.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 12, 2021)
14.1 - Code of Ethics for Chief Executive Officers, Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer (incorporated by reference in this report from Exhibit 14.1 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2004)
21.1* - Subsidiaries of the Registrant at December 31, 2021
23.1* - Consent of KPMG LLP
Exhibit
31.1* - Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2* - Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1* - Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2* - Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS* - XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH* - XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL* - XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF* - XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB* - XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE* - XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104* - Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)
* Filed herewith
† Management contract or compensatory plan