EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1560385
Filing Year: 2024
Filename: 1560385_10-K_2024_0001558370-24-002013.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1. Business.
General Development of Business
Liberty Media Corporation (“Liberty”, the “Company”, “we”, “us” and “our”) owns interests in subsidiaries and other companies that are engaged in the media and entertainment industries primarily in North America and the U.K. Our principal businesses and assets include our consolidated subsidiaries Sirius XM Holdings and Formula 1 and our equity affiliate, Live Nation. Braves Holdings, LLC ("Braves Holdings") was a subsidiary of the Company until the Split-Off (defined below) on July 18, 2023. Braves Holdings is not presented as a discontinued operation in the Company’s consolidated financial statements as the Split-Off did not represent a strategic shift that had a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results.
On April 15, 2016, the Company reclassified its then-outstanding shares of common stock into three new tracking stocks-Liberty Braves common stock, Liberty Media common stock and Liberty SiriusXM common stock (the “Recapitalization”). The Liberty Media common stock was renamed the Liberty Formula One common stock in January 2017.
A tracking stock is a type of common stock that the issuing company intends to reflect or “track” the economic performance of a particular business or “group,” rather than the economic performance of the company as a whole.
On July 18, 2023, the Company completed the split-off (the “Split-Off”) of its wholly owned subsidiary, ABH. The Split-Off was accomplished by a redemption by the Company of each outstanding share of Liberty Braves common stock in exchange for one share of the corresponding series of ABH common stock. ABH is comprised of the businesses, assets and liabilities attributed to the Liberty Braves Group (the “Braves Group”) immediately prior to the Split-Off, except for the intergroup interests in the Braves Group attributed to the Liberty SiriusXM Group and the Formula One Group, which were settled and extinguished in connection with the Split-Off.
On August 3, 2023, the Company reclassified its then-outstanding shares of common stock into three new tracking stocks - Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock and Liberty Live common stock, and, in connection therewith, provided for the attribution of the businesses, assets and liabilities of the Company’s remaining tracking stock groups among its newly created Liberty SiriusXM Group, Formula One Group and Liberty Live Group (the “Reclassification”). As a result of the Reclassification, each then-outstanding share of Liberty SiriusXM common stock was reclassified into one share of the corresponding series of new Liberty SiriusXM common stock and 0.2500 of a share of the corresponding series of Liberty Live common stock and each outstanding share of Liberty Formula One common stock was reclassified into one share of the corresponding series of new Liberty Formula One common stock and 0.0428 of a share of the corresponding series of Liberty Live common stock.
Each of the Split-Off and the Reclassification were intended to be tax-free to stockholders of the Company, except with respect to the receipt of cash in lieu of fractional shares. The Split-Off and the Reclassification are reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements on a prospective basis.
While the Liberty SiriusXM Group, the Formula One Group and the Liberty Live Group have separate collections of businesses, assets and liabilities attributed to them, no group is a separate legal entity and therefore cannot own assets, issue securities or enter into legally binding agreements. Holders of tracking stock have no direct claim to the group’s stock or assets and therefore, do not own, by virtue of their ownership of a Liberty tracking stock, any equity or voting interest in a public company, such as Sirius XM Holdings, in which Liberty holds an interest that is attributed to a Liberty tracking stock group, the Liberty SiriusXM Group. Holders of tracking stock are also not represented by separate boards of directors. Instead, holders of tracking stock are stockholders of the parent corporation, with a single board of directors and subject to all of the risks and liabilities of the parent corporation.
The Liberty SiriusXM common stock is intended to track and reflect the separate economic performance of the businesses, assets and liabilities attributed to the Liberty SiriusXM Group, which, as of December 31, 2023, include its
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interest in Sirius XM Holdings, corporate cash, Liberty’s 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2028, Liberty’s 2.75% Exchangeable Senior Debentures due 2049 and a margin loan obligation incurred by a wholly-owned special purpose subsidiary of Liberty. Sirius XM Holdings is the only operating subsidiary attributed to the Liberty SiriusXM Group. In the event Sirius XM Holdings were to become insolvent or file for bankruptcy, Liberty’s management would evaluate the circumstances at such time and take appropriate steps in the best interest of all of its stockholders, which may not be in the best interest of a particular group or groups when considered independently. In such a situation, Liberty’s management and board of directors (the “Board of Directors”) would have several approaches at their disposal, including, but not limited to, the conversion of the Liberty SiriusXM common stock into another tracking stock of Liberty, the reattribution of assets and liabilities among Liberty’s tracking stock groups or the restructuring of Liberty’s tracking stocks to either create a new tracking stock structure or eliminate it altogether. However, Liberty is currently subject to certain contractual restrictions while the Transactions are pending and may not be able to take some or all of these approaches. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors -- Risks Relating to the proposed Liberty Sirius XM Holdings Split-Off and Merger - “We (with respect to the Liberty SiriusXM Group) and Liberty Sirius XM Holdings are subject to contractual restrictions while the Transactions are pending, which could adversely affect our business (with respect to the Liberty SiriusXM Group and Liberty Sirius XM Holdings) and could adversely affect Liberty Sirius XM Holdings.”
The Liberty Formula One common stock is intended to track and reflect the separate economic performance of the businesses, assets and liabilities attributed to the Formula One Group, which, as of December 31, 2023, include Liberty’s interest in Formula 1, cash and Liberty’s 2.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2027.
The Liberty Live common stock is intended to track and reflect the separate economic performance of the businesses, assets and liabilities attributed to the Liberty Live Group. As of December 31, 2023, the Liberty Live Group is primarily comprised of Liberty’s interest in Live Nation, cash, certain public and private assets previously attributed to the Formula One Group, Liberty’s 2.375% Exchangeable Senior Debentures due 2053, Liberty’s 0.5% Exchangeable Senior Debentures due 2050 and a margin loan obligation incurred by a wholly-owned special purpose subsidiary of Liberty.
Prior to the Split-Off, the Liberty Braves common stock was intended to track and reflect the separate economic performance of the businesses, assets and liabilities attributed to the Braves Group. The Braves Group was primarily comprised of Braves Holdings, which indirectly owns the Atlanta Braves Major League Baseball Club (“ANLBC” or the “Braves”), certain assets and liabilities associated with the Braves’ stadium (the “Stadium”) and a mixed-use development around the Stadium that features retail, office, hotel and entertainment opportunities (the “Mixed-Use Development”) and corporate cash.
As of December 31, 2021, 6,792,903 notional shares representing an 11.0% intergroup interest in the Braves Group were held by the Formula One Group, 2,292,037 notional shares representing a 3.7% intergroup interest in the Braves Group were held by the Liberty SiriusXM Group and 5,271,475 notional shares representing a 2.2% intergroup interest in the Formula One Group were held by the Liberty SiriusXM Group.
During September 2022, the Formula One Group and the Braves Group paid approximately $64 million and $14 million, respectively, to the Liberty SiriusXM Group to settle a portion of the intergroup interests in the Formula One Group and Braves Group held by the Liberty SiriusXM Group, as a result of the repurchase of a portion of Liberty’s 1.375% Cash Convertible Senior Notes due 2023 (the “Convertible Notes”). During March 2023, the Formula One Group paid approximately $202 million to the Liberty SiriusXM Group to settle a portion of the intergroup interest in the Formula One Group held by the Liberty SiriusXM Group, as a result of the repurchase of a portion of the Convertible Notes. On July 12, 2023, the Formula One Group paid approximately $71 million to the Liberty SiriusXM Group to settle and extinguish the remaining intergroup interest in the Formula One Group held by the Liberty SiriusXM Group.
In connection with the Split-Off, the intergroup interests in the Braves Group attributed to the Liberty SiriusXM Group and Formula One Group were settled and extinguished through the attribution, to the respective tracking stock group, of ABH Series C common stock on a one-for-one basis equal to the number of notional shares representing the intergroup interest. On July 19, 2023, the shares of ABH Series C common stock attributed to the Formula One Group to settle and extinguish the intergroup interest in connection with the Split-Off were distributed on a pro rata basis to holders of Liberty Formula One common stock (the “Formula One Distribution”). During November 2023, Liberty exchanged the
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shares of ABH Series C common stock attributed to the Liberty SiriusXM Group with a third party to satisfy certain debt obligations attributed to the Liberty SiriusXM Group (the “Liberty Exchange”).
On November 3, 2021, pursuant to an exchange agreement with certain counterparties, Liberty acquired an aggregate of 43,658,800 shares of Sirius XM Holdings common stock in exchange for the issuance by Liberty to the counterparties of an aggregate of 5,347,320 shares of Series A Liberty SiriusXM common stock. Following the closing of the exchange, Liberty and Sirius XM Holdings became members of the same consolidated federal income tax group.
On December 11, 2023, Liberty entered into definitive agreements, subject to the terms thereof, to redeem each outstanding share of its Liberty SiriusXM common stock in exchange for a number of shares of common stock of a newly formed entity (the “Liberty Sirius XM Holdings Split-Off”), Liberty Sirius XM Holdings Inc. (“Liberty Sirius XM Holdings”) equal to the Exchange Ratio (as defined in the Reorganization Agreement, dated as of December 11, 2023, by and among Liberty, Liberty Sirius XM Holdings and Sirius XM Holdings (the “Reorganization Agreement”)). The Exchange Ratio will be calculated prior to the effective time of the redemption and is estimated to be approximately 8.4 shares of Liberty Sirius XM Holdings common stock. Liberty Sirius XM Holdings will be comprised of the businesses, assets and liabilities attributed to the Liberty SiriusXM Group. The Liberty Sirius XM Holdings Split-Off is intended to be tax-free to holders of Liberty SiriusXM common stock (except with respect to cash received in lieu of fractional shares) and the completion of the Liberty Sirius XM Holdings Split-Off will be subject to various conditions, including the receipt of opinions of tax counsel. On December 11, 2023, Liberty also entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger, pursuant to which a wholly owned subsidiary of Liberty Sirius XM Holdings (“Merger Sub”) will merge with and into Sirius XM Holdings, with Sirius XM Holdings surviving the merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Liberty Sirius XM Holdings (the “Merger” and, together with the Liberty Sirius XM Holdings Split-Off, the “Transactions”), subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions. The Merger is dependent and conditioned on the approval and completion of the Liberty Sirius XM Holdings Split-Off, and the Merger will not be completed unless the Liberty Sirius XM Holdings Split-Off is completed. If the Liberty Sirius XM Holdings Split-Off is completed, the Merger will also be completed. Subject to the satisfaction of the conditions, the Company expects to complete the Transactions early in the third quarter of 2024.
In November 2020, the Company, through a wholly owned subsidiary, formed Liberty Media Acquisition Corporation (“LMAC”). On January 26, 2021, LMAC consummated its initial public offering of 57.5 million units, generating gross proceeds to LMAC of $575 million, which were placed in a U.S.-based trust account. In connection with the offering, Liberty, through its wholly owned subsidiary, retained a controlling interest in LMAC. During 2022, in light of market conditions, LMAC determined it was not feasible to complete an initial business combination in advance of the contractual termination date of January 26, 2023. On November 14, 2022, stockholders of LMAC approved an amendment to LMAC’s certificate of incorporation which allowed LMAC to unwind and redeem all of its outstanding public shares prior to December 30, 2022. The redemption was completed during December 2022 and LMAC was subsequently dissolved.
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Description of Business
The following table identifies our more significant subsidiaries and minority investments.
Consolidated Subsidiaries
Sirius XM Holdings Inc. (Nasdaq:SIRI)
Formula 1
Equity Method Investments
Live Nation Entertainment, Inc. (NYSE:LYV)
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Sirius XM Holdings
As of December 31, 2023, we owned approximately 83% of the outstanding equity interest in Sirius XM Holdings. Sirius XM Holdings operates two complementary audio entertainment businesses, Sirius XM and Pandora and Off-platform. Sirius XM Holdings believes it reaches a combined monthly audience of approximately 150 million listeners.
Sirius XM Holdings continues to expand the range of choices for its listeners - both in terms of compelling content and the array of ways in which it can be consumed. There are approximately 160 million vehicles in operation with Sirius XM radios, and the proliferation of smart speakers and other connected devices, including its webplayer and the SiriusXM App, has increased the range of options consumers have for engaging with and consuming Sirius XM Holdings’ content.
In 2023, Sirius XM Holdings began an extensive project to update its digital infrastructure. That project involves the implementation of new systems and products that extend from Sirius XM Holdings’ consumer-facing SiriusXM App to the systems underlying its billing, identity, commerce and customer management functions. Sirius XM Holdings expects that these new systems, when fully implemented, will create a variety of opportunities to more efficiently use and better understand data regarding its customers, potential customers and the manner in which individuals use and interact with Sirius XM Holdings’ audio entertainment services. Sirius XM Holdings also believes that its investments in this digital infrastructure will create efficiencies in its operations, help serve its customers better, improve its consumer marketing efforts and allow consumers to discover more of its content and customize their listening experiences. This new digital infrastructure includes systems developed internally as well as platforms licensed from leading third party technology providers.
The new SiriusXM App became available to consumers on December 14, 2023 and includes a sleek new design that is easy to use and includes modernized client applications. The new SiriusXM App contains, among other things, improvements to Sirius XM Holdings’ search and discovery functions, and improves the talk and sports programming and podcast experience for listeners. In addition, the SiriusXM App is built on Sirius XM Holdings’ new digital infrastructure, including its new commerce platform, identity system, billing engine and improvements to its marketing technology capabilities.
Sirius XM
Sirius XM features music, sports, entertainment, comedy, talk, news, traffic and weather channels and other content, as well as podcasts and infotainment services, in the U.S. on a subscription fee basis. Sirius XM’s premier content bundles include live, curated and certain exclusive and on demand programming. The Sirius XM service is distributed through its two proprietary satellite radio systems and streamed via applications for mobile devices, home devices and other consumer electronic equipment. Radios are primarily distributed through automakers, retailers and Sirius XM’s website. The Sirius XM service is also available through a user interface, called “360L,” that combines Sirius XM’s satellite and streaming services into a single, cohesive in-vehicle entertainment experience.
Sirius XM’s primary source of revenue is subscription fees, with most of its customers subscribing to monthly, quarterly, semi-annual or annual plans. Sirius XM also derives revenue from advertising on select non-music channels, direct sales of Sirius XM’s satellite radios and accessories, and other ancillary services. As of December 31, 2023, Sirius XM had approximately 33.9 million subscribers.
In addition to Sirius XM’s audio entertainment businesses, it provides connected vehicle services to several automakers. These services are designed to enhance the safety, security and driving experience of consumers. Sirius XM also offers a suite of data services that includes graphical weather, fuel prices, sports schedules and scores and movie listings, a traffic information service that includes information as to road closings, traffic flow and incident data to consumers with compatible in-vehicle navigation systems, and real-time weather services in vehicles, boats and airplanes.
Sirius XM also holds a 70% equity interest and 33% voting interest in Sirius XM Canada Holdings Inc. (“Sirius XM Canada”).
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Pandora and Off-platform
The Pandora service operates a music, comedy and podcast streaming platform, offering a personalized experience for each listener wherever and whenever they want to listen, whether through mobile devices, car speakers or connected devices. Pandora enables listeners to create personalized stations and playlists, discover new content, hear artist- and expert-curated playlists and podcasts as well as search and play songs and albums on-demand. Pandora is available as (1) an ad-supported radio service, (2) a radio subscription service (Pandora Plus) and (3) an on-demand subscription service (Pandora Premium). As of December 31, 2023, Pandora had approximately 6.0 million subscribers.
The majority of revenue from the Pandora and Off-platform business is generated from advertising on Pandora’s ad-supported radio service. Pandora also derives subscription revenue from its Pandora Plus and Pandora Premium subscribers.
The Pandora and Off-platform business also sells advertising on other audio platforms and in widely distributed podcasts, which it considers to be off-platform services.
The Sirius XM Business
Programming. Sirius XM offers a dynamic programming lineup of commercial-free music plus sports, entertainment, comedy, talk, and news, including:
● an extensive selection of music genres, ranging from rock, pop and hip-hop to country, dance, jazz, Latin and classical;
● live play-by-play sports from major leagues and colleges;
● a multitude of talk, entertainment and comedy channels for a variety of audiences;
● a wide range of national, international and financial news; and
● exclusive limited run channels.
Sirius XM believes that its broad and diverse programming, including its lineup of exclusive content, is a significant differentiator from terrestrial radio and other audio entertainment providers. Sirius XM makes changes to its programming lineup from time to time as it strives to attract new subscribers and offer content which appeals to a broad range of audiences and to existing subscribers. The channel lineups for its services are available at siriusxm.com.
The Sirius XM business aims to be a platform for diverse perspectives and to facilitate dialogue on a broad set of issues. This is reflected across the content provided to listeners, which includes channels dedicated to diverse and historically underrepresented groups, as well as broader programming celebrating such events as Black History Month, Latinx and Hispanic Heritage Month, LGBTQIA+ Pride Month, and Women’s History Month. Sirius XM continues to expand its offerings, including through programming that represents diverse viewpoints, historically underserved audiences and original content of a type not typically available to consumers.
Streaming Service. Sirius XM’s streaming service includes a variety of music and non-music channels, including channels and content that are not available on its satellite radio service, and podcasts. Consumers can access its streaming service on iOS and Android mobile devices, web browsers and other internet connected devices.
Sirius XM’s streaming service currently features: the broad range of music, sports, talk, news and entertainment channels available on satellite radio, access to over 200 additional music channels, on-demand new and archive episodes of SiriusXM shows and specials and video content, including video from The Howard Stern Show, encompassing in-studio performances, interviews and behind-the-scenes moments with artists, personalities and newsmakers.
Sirius XM’s service also includes a library of podcasts, some of which are exclusive to its service, and other on demand content.
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Sirius XM’s streaming service is included as part of the vast majority of Sirius XM’s satellite radio subscription plans, including the Music Showcase, Music and Entertainment and Platinum plans. Sirius XM also offers its streaming service in several standalone packages, which do not include a satellite radio subscription. These packages, which include the Streaming Music Showcase, Streaming Music and Entertainment, Streaming Platinum and All Access (App only) plans, are available to consumers at various prices and include a variety of content. Sirius XM’s Artist Stations feature, which allows subscribers to create their own customized ad-free music stations within the SiriusXM App and on capable 360L in-vehicle radios, is offered to consumers as part of Sirius XM’s All Music Plan, All Access (App only), Streaming Platinum and Platinum plans.
Sirius XM has agreements with makers of electric vehicles, such as Lucid and Rivian, to include the SiriusXM experience as part of their vehicles. Sirius XM has also entered into agreements with third parties designed to increase the distribution and ease of use of its streaming service, including through connected devices. In addition, Sirius XM has arrangements with various services and consumer electronics manufacturers to include the Sirius XM streaming functionality with their service and devices.
360L. Sirius XM’s advanced automotive platform, which it calls “360L,” combines Sirius XM’s satellite and streaming services into a single, cohesive in-vehicle entertainment experience. Sirius XM has agreements with many automakers to deploy its 360L interface in a variety of vehicles. In 2023, the 360L platform was included in approximately 129 vehicle models manufactured for sale in the U.S. Sirius XM expects that 360L will be included in a majority of vehicles that include Sirius XM functionality in the future. 360L allows Sirius XM to take advantage of advanced in-dash infotainment systems. 360L is intended to leverage the ubiquitous signal coverage and low delivery costs of Sirius XM’s satellite infrastructure with the two-way communication capability of a wireless streaming service to provide consumers seamless access to Sirius XM’s content, including Sirius XM’s live channels, on demand service, podcasts and personalized music services. The wireless streaming connection included in 360L enables enhanced search and recommendations functions, making discovery of Sirius XM’s content in the vehicle easier. 360L also provides Sirius XM data on how subscribers use Sirius XM’s service.
Distribution of Radios
New Vehicles. Sirius XM distributes satellite radios through the sale and lease of new vehicles. Sirius XM has agreements with major automakers to offer satellite radios in their vehicles. Satellite radios are available as a factory -installed feature in substantially all vehicle makes sold in the U.S. Most automakers include a trial subscription to Sirius XM’s service in the sale or lease of their new vehicles. In certain cases, Sirius XM receives subscription payments from automakers in advance of the activation of its service. Sirius XM shares with certain automakers a portion of the revenue it derives from subscribers using vehicles equipped to receive its service. Sirius XM also reimburses various automakers for certain costs associated with the satellite radios installed in new vehicles, including in certain cases hardware costs, engineering expenses and promotional and advertising expenses.
Previously Owned Vehicles. Sirius XM acquires subscribers through the sale and lease of previously owned vehicles with factory-installed satellite radios. Sirius XM has entered into agreements with many automakers to include a subscription to Sirius XM’s service in the sale or lease of vehicles which include satellite radios sold through their certified pre-owned programs. Sirius XM also works directly with franchise and independent dealers on programs for non-certified used vehicles. Sirius XM has developed systems and methods to identify purchasers and lessees of previously owned vehicles which include satellite radios and has established marketing plans to promote its services to these potential subscribers.
Retail. Sirius XM sells satellite radios directly to consumers through its website. Satellite radios are also marketed and distributed through national, regional and online retailers, such as Amazon.com.
Sirius XM’s Satellite Radio Systems
Sirius XM’s satellite radio systems are designed to provide clear reception in most areas of the continental U.S. despite variations in terrain, buildings and other obstructions. Sirius XM continually monitors its infrastructure and regularly evaluates improvements in technology.
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Sirius XM’s satellite radio systems have three principal components: satellites, terrestrial repeaters and other satellite facilities; studios; and radios.
Satellites, Terrestrial Repeaters and Other Satellite Facilities
Satellites.  Sirius XM provides its service through a fleet of orbiting geostationary satellites. Two of these satellites, FM-5 and FM-6, transmit Sirius XM’s service on frequencies originally licensed by the FCC to Sirius, and two of these satellites, XM-5 and SXM-8, transmit its service on frequencies originally licensed by the FCC to XM. The XM-3 satellite serves as a spare for the XM system.
On December 13, 2020, the SXM-7 satellite was successfully launched and in-orbit testing began on January 4, 2021. During in-orbit testing of SXM-7, events occurred which caused failures of certain SXM-7 payload units. The evaluation of SXM-7 concluded that the satellite would not function as intended. SXM-7 remains in-orbit at its assigned orbital location, but is not being used to provide satellite radio service.
Sirius XM has entered into agreements for the design, construction and launch of four additional satellites, SXM-9, SXM-10, SXM-11 and SXM-12. Construction of these satellites is underway and are expected to be launched into geostationary orbits in 2024, 2025, 2026 and 2027, respectively.
Satellite Insurance.  Sirius XM has procured insurance for SXM-9, SXM-10, SXM-11 and SXM-12 to cover the risks associated with each satellite’s launch and first year of in-orbit operation. Sirius XM does not have insurance policies covering its other in-orbit satellites, as Sirius XM considers the premium costs to be uneconomical relative to the risk of satellite failure.
Terrestrial Repeaters. In some areas with high concentrations of tall buildings, such as urban centers, signals from Sirius XM’s satellites may be blocked and reception of satellite signals can be adversely affected. In other areas with a high density of next generation wireless systems, Sirius XM’s service may experience interference. In many of these areas, Sirius XM has deployed terrestrial repeaters to supplement and enhance its signal coverage and, in other areas, Sirius XM may deploy additional repeaters to mitigate interference. Sirius XM operates over 1,000 terrestrial repeaters across the U.S. as part of its systems.
Other Satellite Facilities.  Sirius XM controls and communicates with its satellites from facilities in North America. Its satellites are monitored, tracked and controlled by a third party satellite operator.
Studios
Sirius XM’s programming originates from studios in New York City, Los Angeles, Miami, Nashville and Washington, D.C., and, to a lesser extent, from smaller studios in a variety of venues across the country. Sirius XM Holdings’ corporate headquarters is in New York City. Sirius XM provides equipment to artists and hosts to enable remote creation and transmission of programming.
Radios
Sirius XM does not manufacture radios. Sirius XM has authorized manufacturers and distributors to produce and distribute radios, and has licensed its technology to various electronics manufacturers to develop, manufacture and distribute radios under certain brands. Sirius XM manages various aspects of the production of satellite radios. To facilitate the sale of radios, Sirius XM may subsidize a portion of the radio manufacturing costs to reduce the hardware price to consumers.
Connected Vehicle Services
Sirius XM provides connected vehicle services to several automakers. Sirius XM’s connected vehicle services are designed to enhance the safety, security and driving experience for vehicle operators while providing marketing and operational benefits to automakers and their dealers. Sirius XM offers a portfolio of location-based services through two-
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way wireless connectivity, including safety, security, convenience, maintenance and data services, remote vehicle diagnostics and stolen or parked vehicle locator services. Subscribers to Sirius XM’s connected vehicle services are not included in its subscriber count or subscriber-based operating metrics.
Other Services
Commercial Accounts. Sirius XM’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Cloud Cover Media, Inc. (“Cloud Cover”), offers a music programming service for commercial establishments. Commercial subscription accounts are also available through Pandora for Business and SiriusXM for Business, each of which offers a licensed, commercial-free music service for offices, restaurants and other business establishments.
Satellite Television Service. Certain of Sirius XM’s music channels are offered as part of select programming packages on the DISH Network satellite television service.
Travel Link. Sirius XM offers Travel Link, a suite of data services that includes graphical weather, fuel prices, sports schedules and scores, and movie listings.
Real Time Traffic Services. Sirius XM offers services that provide graphic information as to road closings, traffic flow and incident data to consumers with compatible in-vehicle navigation systems.
Real Time Weather Services.  Sirius XM offers real-time weather services in vehicles, boats and planes.
Commercial subscribers to the Sirius XM and Pandora programming services are included in Sirius XM’s and Pandora’s subscriber counts, respectively. Commercial subscribers to the Cloud Cover music programming service are not included in subscriber counts. Subscribers to the DISH Network satellite television service are not included in subscriber counts and subscribers to Sirius XM’s Travel Link, real-time traffic services and real-time weather services are not included in subscriber counts, unless the applicable service is purchased by the subscriber separately and not as part of a radio subscription to Sirius XM’s service.
Sirius XM Canada
Sirius XM holds a 70% equity interest and 33% voting interest in Sirius XM Canada, with the remainder of Sirius XM Canada’s voting and equity interests held by two shareholders.
Sirius XM and Sirius XM Canada have entered into a services and distribution agreement pursuant to which Sirius XM Canada pays Sirius XM a variable fee, which is evaluated annually based on comparable companies. In accordance with the services and distribution agreement, the fee is payable on a monthly basis. Sirius XM also extended a loan to Sirius XM Canada. As of December 31, 2023, the principal amount outstanding on the loan was $8 million.
As of December 31, 2023, Sirius XM Canada had approximately 2.6 million subscribers. Sirius XM Canada’s subscribers are not included in Sirius XM’s subscriber count or subscriber-based operating metrics.
The Pandora and Off-platform Business
Pandora Media, LLC, which owns and operates the Pandora and Off-platform business, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Sirius XM Holdings.
Streaming Radio and On-Demand Music Services
Pandora offers a personalized audio entertainment platform for each listener. Users are able to create personalized stations and playlists and search and play songs and albums on-demand. The Pandora service utilizes content programming algorithms, data collected from listeners, and attributes of the music to predict user music preferences, play content suited to the tastes of each listener, and introduce each listener to music consistent with the consumer's preferences.
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The Pandora service is available on iOS and Android mobile devices, web browsers and other internet connected devices. The Pandora application is free to download and use. The Pandora service is also available in vehicles in the U.S. with smartphone connectivity. Certain automakers now provide embedded streaming connectivity that supports and makes available the Pandora service in vehicles without the need for smartphone connectivity. In addition, the Pandora service is integrated into consumer electronic, voice-based devices and smart speakers.
The Pandora service is available as an ad-supported radio service, a radio subscription service (Pandora Plus), and an on-demand subscription service (Pandora Premium). Local and national advertisers deliver targeted messages to Pandora’s listeners on the ad-supported service.
Ad-Supported Radio Service
Pandora offers an ad-supported radio service which allows listeners to access its catalog of music, comedy, live streams and podcasts through personalized stations. This service is free across all platforms and generates stations specific to each listener. Each listener can personalize their experience by adding selected artists and songs to their stations.
Listeners of the ad-supported service are provided with the option to temporarily access on-demand listening, including certain features of the Pandora Premium service. Pandora refers to this temporary access as “Premium Access.”
Subscription Radio Service (Pandora Plus)
Pandora offers Pandora Plus - an ad-free, subscription version of the radio service that includes options for replaying songs, skipping songs, offline listening and higher quality audio on supported devices. Content provided to each listener of Pandora Plus is more tailored when the listener interacts with the platform. Premium Access is also available to Pandora Plus listeners.
On-Demand Subscription Service (Pandora Premium)
Pandora offers Pandora Premium - an on-demand subscription service that combines the radio features of Pandora Plus with an on-demand experience. The on-demand experience provides listeners with the ability to search, play and collect songs and albums, download content for offline listening, build playlists, listen to curated playlists and share playlists on social networks. Listeners can also create partial playlists that Pandora can complete based on the listener’s activity. Listeners through mobile devices have access to customized profiles which identify information specific to each listener such as recent favorites, playlists and thumbs.
Pandora Premium incorporates social networking features including a centralized stream where listeners can view the music that their social connections are experiencing and provide and receive recommendations for songs, albums and playlists. Pandora Premium also includes a “share” feature where consumers can share their stations, songs, albums, podcasts or playlists through social media, messaging applications and email.
SiriusXM Media
SiriusXM Media is an advertising sales group, spanning its SiriusXM and Pandora audio entertainment services. SiriusXM Media also serves as the exclusive advertising representative for other third party platforms and podcasters, including such major entities as SoundCloud Holdings, LLC and NBCUniversal. SiriusXM Media has a reach of more than 150 million listeners and gives brands, creators, and publishers access to the largest digital audio advertising platform in North America.
SiriusXM Media is the exclusive advertising sales representative for the Sirius XM and Pandora platforms. In addition to subscription fees, Sirius XM derives revenue from advertising on select non-music channels. Pandora’s primary source of revenue is the sale of audio, display and video advertising for connected device platforms, including computers and mobile devices. The Pandora and Off-platform business maintains a portfolio of proprietary advertising technologies which include order management, advertising serving and timing, native advertising formats, targeting and reporting.
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Pandora provides advertisers with the ability to target and connect with listeners based on various criteria including age, gender, geographic location and content preferences.
SiriusXM Podcast Network
Sirius XM Holdings licenses original podcasts from their creators and also provides podcast advertising services that generate revenue from over 450 shows. Sirius XM Holdings creates and distributes original podcasts licensed from third parties through platforms such as the iPhone podcast App. Sirius XM Holdings earns revenue by distributing advertising on certain owned and operated podcasts as well as those created by third parties, including placement based on an advertiser’s desired target audience and from the sale of advertising on licensed podcasts.
AdsWizz, Inc. (“AdsWizz”)
Through its AdsWizz subsidiary, the Pandora and Off-platform business is a leader in digital audio advertising technology. AdsWizz operates a digital audio advertising market with an end-to-end technology platform, including a digital audio software suite of solutions that connect audio publishers to the advertising community. AdsWizz offers a range of products - from dynamic ad insertion to advanced programmatic platforms to innovative new audio formats. AdsWizz’s advertising technology also includes ad campaign monitoring tools and other audio advertising products, such as audio formats that enable consumers to trigger an action while listening to an ad as well as other personalization-based technology.
AdsWizz’s technology is employed by the Pandora and Off-platform business in its ad-supported business as well as by third party customers. AdsWizz’s third party customers include well-known music platforms, podcasts and broadcasting groups worldwide.
Simplecast
Pandora, through its Simplecast business, also offers a podcast management and analytics platform. Simplecast complements AdsWizz’s advertising technology platform, offering podcasters a solution for management, hosting, analytics and advertising sales.
Pandora also offers a portal, “Simplecast Creator Connect,” for podcasters to share their podcasts with new audiences and gather data about their shows. Podcasts submitted through this portal are offered to subscribers of Pandora’s ad-supported service as an additional benefit.
Artificial Intelligence
Sirius XM Holdings has begun to employ a number of artificial intelligence (“AI”) algorithms and technology that are designed to improve aspects of its operations, including a customer’s experience, and permit it to better understand and use operating and financial data. Sirius XM Holdings is aware of the potential risks associated with the use of AI technology, including the risks relating to data security and the laws, rules and regulations governing privacy. Sirius XM Holdings believes that it has implemented systems to monitor for and prevent data access, including security incidents that result from the use of AI. However, AI technology is evolving and, due to its inherent complexity, Sirius XM Holdings may be exposed to operational and legal risks associated with the use of AI technologies.
Copyrights to Programming
In connection with its businesses, Sirius XM Holdings must enter into royalty arrangements with two sets of rights holders: holders of musical compositions copyrights (that is, the music and lyrics) and holders of sound recordings copyrights (that is, the actual recording of a work). Sirius XM and Pandora use both statutory and direct music licenses as part of their businesses. Sirius XM Holdings licenses varying rights - such as performance and mechanical rights - for use in its Sirius XM and Pandora services based on the various radio and interactive services they offer. Set forth below is a brief overview of the music composition and sound recording licenses employed by the Sirius XM and Pandora services.
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These music licensing arrangements are complex and the description below is only a summary of these complicated licensing arrangements.
Musical Compositions: Performance Rights and Mechanical Rights
The holders of performance rights in musical compositions, generally songwriters and music publishers, are represented by performing rights organizations such as the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (“ASCAP”), Broadcast Music, Inc. (“BMI”), SESAC, Inc. (“SESAC”) and Global Music Rights LLC (“GMR”). These organizations negotiate fees with copyright users, collect royalties and distribute them to the rights holders.
The holders of the mechanical rights in musical compositions, generally songwriters and music publishers, have traditionally licensed these rights through the statutory license set forth in Section 115 of the U.S. Copyright Act (the “Copyright Act”); however, mechanical rights can also be licensed directly.
The changing market for musical compositions may have an adverse effect on the Sirius XM and Pandora services, including increasing costs and limiting the musical works available to them.
Sirius XM has arrangements with ASCAP, BMI, SESAC and GMR to license the musical compositions it performs on its satellite radio and streaming services. Sirius XM does not require a mechanical license.
Pandora has arrangements with ASCAP, BMI, SESAC, GMR and a variety of other copyright owners to license the musical compositions performance rights used on Pandora’s services.
For the Pandora ad-supported radio service, certain copyright holders receive, as a performance royalty, their usage-based and ownership-based share of a royalty pool equal to 21.5% of the content acquisition costs that Pandora pays for sound recordings on its ad-supported service and others receive a fixed fee.
Pandora must also license “reproduction rights” or “mechanical rights” to offer the interactive features of the Pandora services. For the Pandora subscription services, copyright holders receive payments for these rights at the rates determined in accordance with the statutory license set forth in Section 115 of the Copyright Act.
For the five-year period commencing January 1, 2023 and ending December 31, 2027, Pandora agreed to pay the greater of 15.1% of revenue or 26.2% of record label payments in 2023, rising over the five-year period to 15.35% of revenue or 26.2% of record label payments by 2027.
Sound Recordings
Operators of a non-interactive satellite radio or streaming service are entitled to license sound recordings under the statutory license contained in Section 114 of the Copyright Act (the “statutory license”). Under the statutory license, Sirius XM Holdings may negotiate royalty arrangements with the owners of sound recordings or, if negotiation is unsuccessful, the royalty rate is established by the Copyright Royalty Board (the “CRB”). Sound recording rights holders, typically large record companies, are primarily represented by SoundExchange, Inc. (“SoundExchange”), an organization which negotiates licenses and collects and distributes royalties on behalf of record companies and performing artists.
Interactive streaming services, such as Pandora Plus and Pandora Premium, do not qualify for the statutory license and those services must negotiate direct license arrangements with the owners of copyrights in sound recordings.
Sirius XM Business. For the ten-year period commencing January 1, 2018 and ending on December 31, 2027, the CRB set the royalty rate payable by Sirius XM under the statutory license covering the performance of sound recordings over Sirius XM’s satellite radio service, and the making of ephemeral (server) copies in support of such performances, to be 15.5% of gross revenue, subject to exclusions and adjustments. The revenue subject to royalty includes subscription revenue from Sirius XM’s U.S. satellite digital audio radio subscribers, and advertising revenue from channels other than those channels that make only incidental performances of sound recordings. The rates and terms permit Sirius XM to reduce the payment due each month for those sound recordings that are separately licensed and sound recordings that are
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directly licensed from copyright owners and exclude from revenue certain other items, such as royalties paid to Sirius XM for intellectual property, sales and use taxes, bad debt expense and generally revenue attributable to areas of Sirius XM’s business that do not involve the use of copyrighted sound recordings.
In 2023, Sirius XM paid a per performance rate for the streaming of certain sound recordings of $0.0030 on its Sirius XM streaming service which increased from $0.0028 in 2022. In 2024, Sirius XM expects to pay a per performance rate for the streaming of certain sound recordings of $0.0031 on its Sirius XM streaming service.
Pandora Services. Pandora has entered into direct license agreements with major and independent music labels and distributors for a significant majority of the sound recordings that stream on the Pandora ad-supported service, Pandora Plus and Pandora Premium.
For sound recordings that Pandora streams and for which it has not entered into a direct license agreement with the sound recording rights holders, the sound recordings are streamed pursuant to the statutory license, and applicable rates thereunder, set by the CRB. Sound recordings subject to the statutory license can only be played through Pandora’s radio services and not through services that are offered on-demand or offline or through any replay features. The royalty rates under many of those direct licenses, which cover a large majority of the sound recordings that Sirius XM Holdings performs on Pandora, are indexed to the statutory rates established by the CRB.
Trademarks
Sirius XM has registered, and intends to maintain, the trademarks “Sirius”, “XM”, “SiriusXM” and “SXM” with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in connection with the services it offers. Sirius XM is not aware of any material claims of infringement or other challenges to its right to use the “Sirius”, “XM”, “SiriusXM” or “SXM” trademarks in the U.S. Sirius XM also has registered, and intends to maintain, trademarks for the names of certain of its channels. Sirius XM has also registered the trademarks “Sirius”, “XM” and “SiriusXM” in Canada. Sirius XM has granted a license to use certain of its trademarks in Canada to Sirius XM Canada.
Pandora has registered, and intends to maintain, the trademarks “Pandora,” “Ampcast” and “Music Genome Project,” in addition to a number of other Pandora logos and marks, with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in connection with the services it offers. Pandora also has registered the trademark “Pandora” in Australia, Canada, Chile, the E.U., India, Israel, Mexico, New Zealand, Switzerland, Taiwan and other countries, and the trademark “Music Genome Project” in Australia, Canada, China and New Zealand.
Formula 1
Formula 1 holds the exclusive commercial rights with respect to the Fédération Internationale de l’Automobile (“FIA”) Formula One World Championship (the “World Championship”), an annual, approximately nine-month long, motor race-based competition in which teams (the “Teams”) compete for the Constructors’ Championship and drivers compete for the Drivers’ Championship. The World Championship, which has been held every year since 1950 and takes place on high profile iconic circuits, is a global series with a varying number of events (“Events”) taking place in different countries around the world each season. The 2023 World Championship calendar was originally scheduled to have 23 Events. However, following the cancellation of the Emilia-Romagna Grand Prix due to severe flooding in the region, 22 Events took place in 20 countries across Europe, Asia-Pacific, the Middle East and North and South America. In 2023, the World Championship was followed by hundreds of millions of television viewers in approximately 200 territories and Formula 1’s largest Events have hosted live audiences in excess of 450,000 on race weekends.
Formula 1 is responsible for the commercial exploitation and development of the World Championship, in the course of which it coordinates and transacts with the FIA, the governing body and regulator of world motor sport, the Teams, the race promoters that stage Events, various media organizations worldwide, as well as advertisers and sponsors. Formula 1 also performs activities related to critical components of the World Championship, including filming and providing technical support at Events, production of the international television feed and logistics related to the transport of its and the Teams’ equipment, ensuring high quality and reducing delivery risk around the World Championship. Additionally, Formula 1, pursuant to other agreements with the FIA, holds the exclusive right to promote and commercially
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exploit the and series through 2041, and in 2023 launched Academy, a series aimed at developing and preparing young female drivers to progress to higher levels of competition.
Formula 1 also generates revenue from a variety of other sources, including the operation of the Formula 1 Paddock Club hospitality program (the “Paddock Club”), freight, logistical and travel related services for the Teams and other third parties, the and race series, which run principally as support races during Event weekends, Academy, various television production and post-production activities, digital and social media activities and revenue from other licensing of the commercial rights associated with the Formula 1 brand.
Formula 1 recognizes the majority of its revenue and expenses in connection with Events that take place in different countries around the world, generally between March and December each year. As a result, the revenue and expenses recognized by Formula 1 are generally lower during the first quarter as compared to the rest of the quarters throughout the year.
Primary Revenue
Formula 1 derives its primary revenue from the commercial exploitation and development of the World Championship through a combination of race promotion, media rights and sponsorship arrangements. A significant majority of the race promotion, media rights and sponsorship contracts specify payments in advance and annual increases in the fees payable over the course of the contracts.
Race Promotion. Race promotion revenue comprised 29.3%, 28.6% and 30.6% of Formula 1’s total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Formula 1 grants to race promoters the rights to host, stage and promote each Event pursuant to contracts that typically have an initial term of three to seven years. For established Events, the duration of subsequent renewals is more variable according to local market conditions. These contracts may allow for flat fees over the term, but more typically they include annual fee escalators over the life of the contract, which are typically based on annual movement in a selected consumer price index or fixed percentages of up to 5% per year.
Race promoters are generally circuit owners, local and national automobile clubs, special event organizers or governmental bodies. Race promoters generate revenue from ticket sales and sometimes from concessions, secondary hospitality offerings (other than the Paddock Club), local sponsorship opportunities and on-site activations. Tickets are sold by the promoters for the entire Event weekend or individual days.
In 2023, Formula 1 held the inaugural Las Vegas Grand Prix. This was the only Event that was directly promoted by Formula 1, and as a result, Formula 1 was responsible for the development and operation of the circuit and paddock facilities. As a self-promoted event, Formula 1 received the revenue from ticket sales and other commercial arrangements in connection with the event. Revenue from the sale of grandstand and general access tickets is included in Race Promotion revenue.
Media Rights.  Media rights revenue comprised 32.2%, 36.4% and 40.3% of Formula 1’s total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Formula 1 licenses rights to broadcast Events on television and other media platforms in specified countries or regions and in specified languages. These may also include rights to broadcast the race, practice and qualifying sessions, interactive television/digital services, repeat broadcasts and highlights. Contracts with broadcasters, which we refer to as television rights agreements (“TRAs”), typically have a term of three to five years. While annual fees from broadcasters may stay constant, they often increase each year during the term of the TRA by varying amounts. Formula 1’s media rights revenue is primarily generated from: (a) free-to-air television broadcasts, which are received by the end user without charge (other than any television license fee), and non-premium cable, satellite and other broadcasts, which are received as part of a subscriber’s basic package (together, “free-to-air television”); (b) premium and pay-per-view cable and satellite broadcasts, where the subscriber pays a premium fee to receive programming on a package or per-event basis (“pay television”) and (c) subscription revenue from Formula 1’s own direct-to-consumer over-the-top broadcast product TV. In 2023, Formula 1 had 11 free-to-air television agreements, 13 pay television agreements and 27 agreements, including multi-territory agreements, covering both free-to-air and pay television. Formula 1’s key broadcasters include Sky (pay television) in the U.K., Sky Deutschland (pay
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television) in Germany, Sky Italia (pay television) in Italy, Movistar and DAZN (pay television) in Spain, ESPN (pay television) in Pan Latin America, Canal+ (pay television) in France, Bandeirantes (free-to-air and pay television) in Brazil, Viaplay (free-to-air and pay television) in Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Netherlands and Poland, Viaplay (pay television) in Iceland, Estonia, Lithuania and Lativa, ESPN and ESPN Deportes (pay television) in the U.S., beIN Sports (pay television) in Pan Asia and MBC and SSC (free-to-air and pay television) in the Middle East and North Africa.
Sponsorship. Sponsorship revenue comprised 18.0%, 16.9% and 15.7% of Formula 1’s total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Formula 1 sells Event-based sponsorship in the form of trackside advertising and race title sponsorship packages. In addition, sponsors can acquire status as a Global Partner of Formula 1 and/or Official Supplier to Formula 1. These advertiser and sponsor contracts typically have a term of three to five years (but may on occasion be of longer duration). Payments often increase each year based on a fixed amount, a fixed percentage or in accordance with the U.S. or European consumer price index or another agreed metric.
Other Revenue
The remainder of Formula 1’s revenue is typically generated from a variety of other sources including facilitating the shipment of cars and equipment to and from events outside of Europe, revenue from the sale of tickets to the Paddock Club at most Events, support races at Events, various television production activities and other ancillary operations. Other revenue also includes the sale of hospitality tickets for the Las Vegas Grand Prix.
FIA and the Teams
Formula 1’s business is built on a number of key relationships-those with the FIA, the Teams and Formula 1’s principal commercial partners. See “-Key Commercial Agreements” below for more information about Formula 1’s relationships with the FIA and the Teams.
FIA
The FIA is the governing body for world motor sport and as such, is solely responsible for regulating the sporting, technical and safety aspects of the World Championship, including race circuits to be used by race promotors, through the FIA’s Commission and World Motor Sport Council. The FIA regulates all international motor sports, with the World Championship being the most prominent. The FIA owns the World Championship and has granted Formula 1 the exclusive commercial rights to the World Championship until the end of 2110 under the 100-Year Agreements (described below). In addition, the FIA, through its World Motor Sport Council, approves the calendar for the World Championship each year based on the agreed race promotor contracts for the coming season. Under the 100-Year Agreements, Formula 1 is only permitted to enter into race promotion contracts that are substantially in the form agreed between Formula 1 and the FIA.
Teams
The Teams are the participants in the World Championship and its Events, competing for the annual Constructors’ Championship, and their drivers compete for the annual Drivers’ Championship. There were 10 Teams competing in the 2023 World Championship. To be eligible to compete, a Team is responsible for the design and manufacturing of certain key parts of its cars, including the chassis. Currently, the Teams are supplied race engines by one of Ferrari, Mercedes, Renault or Red Bull Powertrains, with Audi and Honda committing to become an engine supplier beginning in the 2026 season. Under the terms of the 2021 Concorde Agreement (described below), Teams are entitled to receive significant team payments from a Formula 1 prize fund (the “Prize Fund”) based primarily on their results in prior years’ Constructors’ Championships. Formula 1 has no direct or indirect ownership interest in any Team, nor does it have any contractual arrangements with the drivers, who are all employed or contracted directly by the Teams. Each Team is responsible for securing its own drivers and funding the costs of competing in the World Championship. They receive Prize Fund payments from Formula 1, as well as sponsorship and advertising revenue from their own partners. The 2021 Concorde Agreement between Formula 1, the FIA and the Teams define the terms of the Team’s participation in the World Championship (for further detail, see “-Key Commercial Agreements-Concorde Agreement” below.)
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Drivers
One of the distinctive features of the World Championship is the celebrity and diversity of its drivers. Differences in nationalities, temperaments and racing styles form part of the attractive mosaic of Formula 1. The success of a local driver also impacts the television viewership and revenue generated from that country or region. High profile drivers from the U.K. (Hamilton), the Netherlands (Verstappen) and Spain (Alonso) have helped grow and sustain the Formula 1 business in those countries. For this reason, Formula 1 encourages the development of drivers from other strategic markets. and provide the training ground and final stepping stones to Formula 1 for these drivers. All drivers are employed or contracted by the Teams and have no contractual relationship with Formula 1.
Key Commercial Agreements
100-Year Agreements
Under the 100-Year Agreements entered into by Formula 1 and the FIA in 2001, which took effect on January 1, 2011 and will expire on December 31, 2110, Formula 1 is the exclusive holder of all commercial rights to the World Championship.
The 100-Year Agreements also provide that Formula 1 may appoint a representative to the FIA, subject to the FIA’s approval, and that person will be a member of the FIA’s Commission and World Motor Sport Council. The FIA may terminate the 100-Year Agreements, leading to a transfer of material commercial rights into effective FIA ownership, upon a change of control of Formula 1, unless either the FIA previously approved the transaction or the transaction falls within one of a number of exceptions. Formula 1 obtained the FIA’s approval of its acquisition by Liberty in January 2017 under the 100-Year Agreements.
In addition, the FIA may terminate the 100-Year Agreements if (i) certain Delta Topco Limited (“Delta Topco”) subsidiaries party to the 100-Year Agreements become insolvent; (ii) Formula 1 fails to pay an amount due to the FIA and such non-payment is not cured within 30 days of FIA’s demand for payment; (iii) arbitrators declare that Formula 1 materially breached the 100-Year Agreements and Formula 1 has not paid to the FIA certain penalties to cure such breach; or (iv) Formula 1 changes or removes certain of the FIA’s rights without its prior consent.
Concorde Agreement
From 1981 until 2012, successive Concorde Agreements governed the relationship between Formula 1, the FIA and the Teams, including the regulation of the World Championship. After the then-current Concorde Agreement expired on December 31, 2012, Formula 1 entered into a separate binding bilateral agreement with each Team (the “Team Agreements”), securing the relevant Team’s commitment to continue participating in the World Championship until December 31, 2020. In addition, Formula 1 entered into the 2013 Concorde Implementation Agreement with the FIA in 2013. The 2013 Concorde Implementation Agreement, in addition to making certain modifications to the 100-Year Agreements for the period to end 2030, provides that the FIA agrees to provide certain sporting governance arrangements and regulatory safeguards for the benefit of the Teams, to enter into a new Concorde Agreement for a term of eight years (from 2013 to 2020) reflecting those sporting governance arrangements and regulatory safeguards and to enter into a subsequent Concorde Agreement from 2021 to 2030 or to extend the sporting governance arrangements or regulatory safeguards agreed under the 2013 Concorde Implementation Agreement on substantially the same terms from 2021 to 2030. The Team Agreements and the 2013 Concorde Implementation Agreement together provided, until December 31, 2020, the contractual framework for the World Championship that was previously set out in the Concorde Agreements.
In August 2020, Formula 1, the FIA and the Teams entered into the 2021 Concorde Agreement, securing the commitment of the Teams to continue participating in the World Championship from January 1, 2021 until December 31, 2025, and governing the relationship between the parties during that period. The 2021 Concorde Agreement is made up of two separate documents: (a) the 2021 Concorde Commercial Agreement between Formula 1 and each of the Teams; and (b) the 2021 Concorde Governance Agreement between Formula 1, the FIA and each of the Teams.
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The 2021 Concorde Agreement provides, among other things, for the participation of the Teams in the World Championship during the term of that agreement, and provides for Formula 1 to make certain Prize Fund payments to the Teams based on their performance in the Constructors’ Championship and other principles (such as success and heritage in Formula 1).
Key Provisions
As discussed above, the 2021 Concorde Agreement establishes a Prize Fund, establishes procedures for setting the World Championship calendar, and provides for certain termination rights. The 2021 Concorde Agreement establishes rules for the determination of the Prize Fund to be paid to the Teams, which is calculated with reference to certain percentages of Formula 1’s Prize Fund Adjusted EBIT (defined by Formula 1 as operating profit adjusted to exclude certain specific, and largely non-cash items). A share of the Prize Fund is paid to Ferrari in recognition of its heritage, with the remainder paid to Teams based on their results in prior Constructors’ Championships (a significant majority of which is based on their position in the prior year’s World Championship). Under the 2021 Concorde Agreement, the consent of 70% of the Teams is required if there are more than 24 Events in a season or if there are fewer than eight Events across Europe and North America combined.
The 2021 Concorde Agreement may be terminated with respect to a Team if the Team fails to participate in more than three Events in a season, fails to submit a valid entry for participation in the World Championship or becomes insolvent. Teams may terminate their rights and obligations pursuant to the 2021 Concorde Agreement by giving one full season’s written notice to Formula 1, as well as under certain other circumstances, including:
● Formula 1 is unable to pay its debts when they become due;
● Formula 1 fails for three months to pay an aggregate amount due in excess of $10 million to the Team; or
● Upon the occurrence of specified compliance violations or sanctions-related events.
Circuit Rights Agreements
Under circuit rights agreements (the “Circuit Rights Agreements”), Formula 1 acquires from race promoters certain rights to commercially exploit at the Events, including the rights to sell trackside advertising and title sponsorship, the right to sell Paddock Club hospitality (other than at three Events) and commercial use of the name of the Event and circuit. In a few cases a cash payment is made for the grant of these circuit rights and in others Formula 1 offers a commission or share of revenue to a race promoter where they have been instrumental in introducing a new sponsor from its territory that purchases a title sponsorship or trackside advertising. Circuit Rights Agreements typically have a term that is tied to the relevant race promoter contract.
Intellectual Property
Formula 1 is the registered owner of a portfolio of trademark registrations and applications, including for the logo, the World Championship logo (which is used only in sporting contexts), “Formula One”, “Formula 1”, “F1” and “Grand Prix” when used in connection with any of the aforementioned and most of the official Event titles where they are capable of registration.
Formula 1 owns the copyright on footage of each Event since 1981 as well as footage related to a large number of pre-1981 Events. Ownership of this copyright enables Formula 1 to license that footage to broadcasters and to take legal action against infringers of that copyright. Under the 2021 Concorde Agreement, Formula 1 also has the exclusive right, subject to limited exceptions, to use each Team’s intellectual property rights (including image rights) to portray the World Championship and/or any Event in any visual form.
Licenses and Permits
Formula 1 is required to obtain permits for the allocation and use of radio frequencies which are necessary for the operation of live camera and other equipment used in the production of live television images and also in live radio
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communications used by Formula 1, the FIA, the Teams (including car to pit radio transmissions) and the emergency services. Such radio frequency permits are obtained by a dedicated unit in the television production team, with assistance from the local race promoter. Typically, such radio frequency permits are obtained from the relevant governmental authority responsible for licensing the use of radio frequencies in the host country of the relevant Event. The requirements and procedures for obtaining such permits vary by country and they may involve the completion of written formalities or the inspection by the relevant governmental authority of all equipment to be operated with a radio frequency. Permits are typically issued subject to conditions, which Formula 1 has generally been able to satisfy.
Strategy
Formula 1’s goal is to further broaden and increase the global scale and appeal of the World Championship in order to improve the overall value of Formula 1 as a sport and its financial performance. Key factors of this strategy include:
● Maximizing the value of Formula 1’s commercial rights;
o Leveraging high demand and positive competitive tension for Event renewals to increase the quality and value of every race slot
o Maximizing media rights across markets, including alternate media platforms; continuing to grow Formula 1’s direct-to-consumer TV product, alongside its growing suite of digital media assets
o Developing sponsorship revenue by optimizing Formula 1’s existing inventory to maximize impact, exclusivity and value for Formula 1’s partners, while creating new, tailored assets to satisfy growing demand from a broad-spectrum of global brands
o Enhancing Formula 1’s hospitality and experience business across its existing Paddock Club and new high-end offerings
● Augmenting Formula 1’s diverse and valuable fanbase by expanding the ways in which it interacts with fans, which will drive deeper fan engagement and improved fan data;
● Driving growth in key strategic markets with under-monetized fan potential;
● Improving the on-track competitive balance of the World Championship and the long-term financial stability of the participating Teams; and
● Improving the environmental and social impact of Formula 1 and its related activities by delivering Net Zero by 2030, leaving a legacy of positive change wherever it races, and building a more diverse and inclusive sport. Formula 1 is also pioneering a 100% advanced sustainable fuel to be introduced in 2026 that will be a “drop-in fuel” and can be used in road cars without modification worldwide.
Live Nation
Live Nation is considered the world’s leading live entertainment company.
Live Nation’s Business Segments
Concerts. Live Nation’s Concerts segment principally involves the global promotion of live music events in its owned or operated venues and in rented third-party venues, the operation and management of music venues, the production of music festivals across the world, the creation of associated content and the provision of management and other services to artists. While its Concerts segment traditionally operates year-round, Live Nation experiences higher revenue during the second and third quarters due to the seasonal nature of shows at its outdoor amphitheaters and festivals, which primarily occur from May through October. Live Nation expects its seasonality trends to evolve as it continues to expand its global operations. Revenue is generally impacted by the number of events, volume of ticket sales and ticket prices. Event costs such as artist fees and production expenses are included in direct operating expenses and are typically substantial in relation to the revenue.
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Ticketing. Live Nation’s Ticketing segment is primarily an agency business that sells tickets for events on behalf of its clients and retains a portion of the service charge as a fee. Live Nation sells tickets for its events and also for third-party clients across multiple live event categories, providing ticketing services for leading arenas, stadiums, amphitheaters, music clubs, concert promoters, professional sports franchises and leagues, college sports teams, performing arts venues, museums and theaters. Live Nation sells tickets through mobile apps, websites, and ticket outlets. Live Nation’s Ticketing segment also manages its online activities including enhancements to its websites and product offerings. Live Nation’s ticketing sales are impacted by fluctuations in the availability of events for sale to the public, which may vary depending upon event scheduling by its clients.
Sponsorship & Advertising. Live Nation’s Sponsorship & Advertising segment employs a sales force that creates and maintains relationships with sponsors through a combination of strategic, international, national and local opportunities that allow businesses to reach customers through its concert, festival, venue and ticketing assets, including advertising on Live Nation websites. Live Nation works with its corporate clients to help create marketing programs that support their business goals and connect their brands directly with fans and artists. Live Nation also develops, books and produces custom events or programs for its clients’ specific brands, which are typically presented exclusively to the clients’ consumers. These custom events can involve live music events with talent and media, using both online and traditional outlets. Live Nation typically experiences higher revenue in the second and third quarters as a large portion of sponsorships are typically associated with its outdoor venues and festivals which are primarily used in, or occur from, May through October.
Terms of Live Nation Investment
At December 31, 2023, we beneficially owned approximately 69.6 million shares of Live Nation common stock, which represented approximately 30% of the issued and outstanding shares as of December 31, 2023.
Under our stockholders agreement with Live Nation, we have the right to nominate two directors (one of whom must qualify as an independent director) to the Live Nation board of directors, currently comprised of 12 directors, for so long as our ownership interest provides us with not less than 5% of the total voting power of Live Nation’s equity securities. We also have the right to cause one of our nominees to serve on the audit committee and the compensation committee of the board, provided they meet the independence and other qualifications for membership on those committees. Live Nation has waived the director independence requirement with respect to our nominees to the Live Nation board of directors, and we have waived our right to cause one of our nominees to serve on the audit and compensation committees of the board.
We have agreed under the stockholders agreement not to acquire beneficial ownership of Live Nation equity securities that would result in our having in excess of 35% of the voting power of Live Nation’s equity securities. That percentage is subject to decrease for specified transfers of our Live Nation stock. We have been exempted from the restrictions on business combinations set forth in Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, and Live Nation has agreed in the stockholders agreement not to take certain actions that would materially and adversely affect our ability to acquire Live Nation securities representing up to 35% of the voting power of Live Nation’s equity securities.
Other Minority Investments
We also own a portfolio of minority equity investments in public and private companies. These non-core assets may be monetized in the future, potentially through derivative and structured transactions as well as public and private sales.
Regulatory Matters
Sirius XM Holdings
Sirius XM Holdings is subject to a number of foreign and domestic laws and regulations relating to consumer protection, information security and data protection. There are several states that require specific information security controls to protect certain types of information and specific notifications to consumers in the event of a security breach that compromises certain categories of personal information. Certain of Sirius XM Holdings’ services are also subject to
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laws in the U.S. and abroad pertaining to privacy of user data and other information, including the California Consumer Privacy Act and the European General Data Protection Regulation. Sirius XM Holdings’ Privacy Policies and customer agreements describe its practices. Sirius XM Holdings believes it complies with all of its obligations under all applicable laws and regulations.
As an operator of a privately owned satellite system, Sirius XM is regulated by the FCC under the Communications Act of 1934, principally with respect to:
● the licensing of its satellite systems;
● preventing interference with or to other users of radio frequencies; and
● compliance with FCC rules established specifically for U.S. satellites and satellite radio services.
Any assignment or transfer of control of Sirius XM’s FCC licenses must be approved by the FCC. The proposed Liberty Sirius XM Holdings Split-Off involves a transfer of Sirius XM’s FCC licenses and must be approved by the FCC. On December 29, 2023 and January 2, 2024, Liberty and Liberty Sirius XM Holdings filed applications with the FCC for those approvals. On January 26, 2024, the FCC began the process of releasing the applications for public comment.
The FCC’s order approving its merger with XM Satellite Radio Holdings Inc. in July 2008 requires Sirius XM to comply with certain voluntary commitments it made as part of the FCC merger proceeding. Sirius XM believes it complies with those commitments.
In 1997, Sirius XM was the winning bidder for FCC licenses to operate a satellite digital audio radio service and provide other ancillary services. Sirius XM’s FCC licenses for its FM-5 satellite expires in 2025, FM-6 satellite expires in 2030, XM-3 satellite expires in 2026, XM-5 satellite expires in 2026 and SXM-8 satellite expires in 2029. Sirius XM’s FCC licenses for its XM satellites expire in 2023, 2026 and 2029. Sirius XM anticipates that, absent significant misconduct on its part, the FCC will renew its licenses to permit operation of its satellites for their useful lives, and grant licenses for any replacement satellites.
In some areas, Sirius XM has installed terrestrial repeaters to supplement its satellite signal coverage. The FCC has established rules governing terrestrial repeaters and has granted Sirius XM a license through 2027 to operate its repeater network.
In certain cases, Sirius XM obtains FCC certifications for satellite radios, including satellite radios that include FM modulators. Sirius XM believes its radios that are in production comply with all applicable FCC rules.
Sirius XM is required to obtain export licenses or other approvals from the U.S. government to export certain equipment, services and technical data related to its satellites and their operations. The transfer of such equipment, services and technical data outside the U.S. or to foreign persons is subject to strict export control and prior approval requirements from the U.S. government (including prohibitions on the sharing of certain satellite-related goods and services with China).
Changes in law or regulations relating to communications policy or to matters affecting Sirius XM’s services could adversely affect its ability to retain its FCC licenses or the manner in which Sirius XM operates.
Competition Laws and Formula 1
The operations and business of Formula 1 are subject to European and national competition laws which require Formula 1 at all times to ensure its business practices and agreements are consistent with the operation of competitive markets. Following an investigation by the European Commission (“E.C.”) into the commercialization of Formula 1 and related agreements in 1999, Formula 1 modified certain of its business practices and changed the terms of a number of its commercial contracts with Teams, broadcasters, promoters and the FIA. In October 2001, the E.C. issued two comfort letters to Formula 1 stating that it was no longer under investigation. Comfort letters are not binding on the E.C. and if it believes that there has been a material change in circumstances, further enforcement action could be taken. The E.C. issued
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a press release in October 2003 stating that it was satisfied that Formula 1 had complied with the modified practices and terms that had led to its issuing the 2001 comfort letters and that it had ended its monitoring of Formula 1’s compliance.
Competition
Sirius XM Holdings faces significant competition for listeners and advertisers in its Sirius XM and Pandora and Off-platform businesses, including from providers of radio and other audio services. Sirius XM Holdings’ services compete with traditional AM/FM radio. Traditional AM/FM radio has a well-established demand for its services and offers free broadcasts paid for by commercial advertising rather than by subscription fees. Many radio stations offer information programming of a local nature, such as local news and sports. The availability of traditional free AM/FM radio may reduce the likelihood that customers would be willing to pay for Sirius XM Holdings’ subscription services. Several traditional radio companies own large numbers of radio stations and other media properties, such as podcast networks. Sirius XM Holdings also faces competition from streaming and on-demand services, including Amazon Prime, Apple Music, Spotify, TikTok and YouTube. Major online providers make high fidelity digital streams available at no cost or, in some cases, for less than the cost of a satellite radio subscription. Certain of these services include advanced functionality, such as personalization and customization, and allow the user to access large libraries of content. These services, in some instances, are also offered through devices sold by the service providers including Apple, Google and Amazon. These services compete with Sirius XM Holdings’ services, at home, in vehicles, and wherever audio entertainment is consumed. In addition, nearly all automakers have deployed integrated multimedia systems in dashboards, including Apple CarPlay and Android Auto. These systems combine control of audio entertainment from a variety of sources, including AM/FM/HD radio broadcasts, satellite radio, streaming radio, smartphone applications and stored audio, with other advanced applications. Streaming radio and other data are typically connected to the system through an Internet-enabled smartphone or wireless modem installed in the vehicle, and the entire system may be controlled by touchscreen or voice recognition. These systems enhance the attractiveness of internet-based competitors by making such applications more prominent, easier to access, and safer to use in vehicles. Sirius XM Holdings also faces competition from a number of providers that offer specialized audio services through either direct broadcast satellite or cable audio systems. These services are targeted to fixed locations, mostly in-home, but also include mobile entertainment. The radio service offered by direct broadcast satellite and cable audio is often included as part of a package of digital services with video service, and video customers generally do not pay an additional monthly charge for the audio service. In addition, other services offered by these providers, such as cable television, on-demand video streaming, and interactive video games compete with Sirius XM Holdings’ services to the extent they utilize existing or potential users’ and listeners’ time that could otherwise be allocated to the use of Sirius XM or Pandora services. In addition, the audio entertainment marketplace continues to evolve rapidly, with a steady emergence of new media platforms that compete with Sirius XM Holdings’ services now or that could compete with those services in the future. A number of providers compete with Sirius XM’s traffic services, particularly smartphones offering GPS mapping with sophisticated data-based turn navigation. The connected vehicle services business operates in a highly competitive environment and competes with several providers, as well as with products being developed for vehicles by automakers and other third parties. OnStar, a division of General Motors, also offers connected vehicle services in GM vehicles. Wireless devices, such as mobile phones, are also competitors. Sirius XM Holdings competes against other connected vehicle service providers for automaker arrangements on the basis of innovation, service quality and reliability, marketing and other customer relationship management services, technical capabilities and system customization, scope of service, industry experience, past performance and price.
Sirius XM Holdings’ competition for advertisers includes large scale online advertising platforms such as Amazon, Facebook and Google; traditional media companies such as television broadcasters and national print outlets; broadcast radio providers; podcast distributors and networks; and companies in the broadcast radio market. Sirius XM Holdings competes against these providers for advertisers on the basis of several factors, including advertisers’ overall budgets, perceived return on investment, effectiveness and relevance of Sirius XM Holdings’ advertising platforms, the amount and scope of its data on listeners, price, delivery of large volumes or precise types of advertisements to targeted demographics, transactional capabilities and reporting capabilities. The online advertising marketplace continues to evolve rapidly, particularly with the introduction of new digital advertising technologies and expanding capabilities of larger internet companies.
With respect to Formula 1, the World Championship competes with many alternative forms of entertainment, such as other sporting and live events, for television viewership, live attendance and advertising. For example, Formula 1
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competes for media rights and advertising revenue with other global and regional Tier 1 sports, including the Olympic Games, FIFA World Cup, Champions League and Premier League. Within national markets, Formula 1 competes with local racing events, such as the Indianapolis 500 race and NASCAR in the U.S.
Live Nation faces competition in the live music industry, in attracting touring artists to the venues it owns and operates and from ticketing services primarily through online and mobile channels but also through phone, outlet and box office channels. Competition in the live entertainment industry is intense. Live Nation believes that it competes primarily on the basis of its ability to deliver quality music events, sell tickets and provide enhanced fan and artist experiences. It believes that its primary strengths include the quality of service delivered to its artists, fans, ticketing clients and corporate sponsors, its track record and reputation in promoting and producing live music events and tours both domestically and internationally, its artist relationships, its global footprint, the quality of its ticketing software and services, its ecommerce site and extensive database, its diverse distribution platform of venues, the scope, effectiveness and expertise of its advertising and sponsorship programs and its financial stability.
Human Capital Resources
General
As of December 31, 2023, we had 86 corporate employees, and our consolidated subsidiaries had an aggregate of approximately 6,400 full and part-time employees. We believe that our employee relations are good.
Liberty and its subsidiaries strive to create diverse, inclusive and supportive workplaces, with opportunities for employees to grow and develop in their careers, supported by competitive compensation, benefits and health and wellness programs, and by programs that build connections between employees and their communities.
Talent Development
Liberty fosters a strong learning culture by investing in our employees and empowering them to participate in opportunities for personal and professional growth. Some of these opportunities (which vary across our company and our subsidiaries) include tuition reimbursement for professional related coursework, executive and career coaching, paid professional seminars, paid membership in professional organizations, on-site lunch and learn educational meetings and internally led presentations on industry topics.
Diversity, Equity and Inclusion
Liberty strives to cultivate a culture that provides a sense of belonging and inclusiveness. Our Company respects diversity and the unique perspectives, ideas, skills and abilities of our employees that lead our Company to achieve better business results. To reinforce this commitment to inclusion and diversity at the corporate level, Liberty supports domestic partner benefits, paid parental leave, fertility benefits, flexible work arrangements, on-going training, mentorship for female leaders and quarterly town-hall meetings with our Chief Executive Officer.
Similarly, our subsidiaries have undertaken their own individual commitments to developing a diverse workforce. Sirius XM Holdings is focused on increasing female and minority representation at all levels of its organization, and recruits talent in diverse communities, including by engaging as a sponsor of professional conferences focused on diverse talent, creating employment opportunities and offering leadership development. Sirius XM Holdings provides a mentoring program to help underrepresented employees benefit from coaching, guidance and feedback, and also has several employee resource groups supporting different diverse groups. Sirius XM Holdings has implemented a broad set of anti-harassment and discrimination policies and has implemented regular training and guidance regarding diversity, equity and inclusion. Through its efforts to develop diversity within motorsport, Formula 1 seeks to find the next generation of talent emerging from underrepresented backgrounds. Following the launch of the Formula 1 Engineering Scholarship Program in 2021, Formula 1 has since committed to extending the program through 2025, supporting 10 students per year in their undergraduate and post-graduate engineering degrees at leading universities in the U.K. and Italy. In 2023, Formula 1 launched the Academy series, an all-female driver category, to develop and prepare young female drivers to progress to higher levels of competition. As part of a wider program of diversity and inclusion initiatives, Formula 1 has also
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committed to creating employment opportunities for those from disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds by offering apprenticeships and internships across the business.
Compensation and Benefits
Liberty and its subsidiaries aim to provide attractive compensation and benefits programs for their employees. In addition to salaries, these programs (which vary across our company and our subsidiaries) may include, among other items, bonuses, stock awards, 401(k) plans, non-qualified deferred compensation plans, healthcare and insurance benefits, health savings and flexible spending accounts, paid time off, paid parental leave, advocacy resources, flexible work schedules and employee assistance programs.
Available Information
All of our filings with the SEC, including our Form 10-Ks, Form 10-Qs and Form 8-Ks, as well as amendments to such filings are available on our Internet website free of charge generally within 24 hours after we file such material with the SEC. Our website address is www.libertymedia.com.
Our corporate governance guidelines, code of business conduct and ethics, compensation committee charter, nominating and corporate governance committee charter, and audit committee charter are available on our website. In addition, we will provide a copy of any of these documents, free of charge, to any shareholder who calls or submits a request in writing to Investor Relations, Liberty Media Corporation, 12300 Liberty Boulevard, Englewood, Colorado 80112, Tel. No. (877) 772-1518.
The information contained on our website and the websites of our subsidiaries and affiliated businesses mentioned throughout this report is not incorporated by reference herein.
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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
An investment in our common stock involves risk. Before investing in our common stock, in addition to the other information described in Item 7 (“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”) of Part II, you should carefully consider the following risks. Such risks are not the only ones that relate to our businesses and capitalization. The risks described below are considered to be the most material. However, there may be other unknown or unpredictable economic, business, competitive, regulatory or other factors that also could have material adverse effects on our businesses. Past financial performance may not be a reliable indicator of future performance and historical trends should not be used to anticipate results or trends in future periods. If any of the events described below or in the documents incorporated by reference herein were to occur, our businesses, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and/or cash flows could be materially adversely affected, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on the value of our common stock.
Risks Relating to our Company, as a Whole
The historical financial information of the Liberty SiriusXM Group, the Formula One Group and the Liberty Live Group included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K may not necessarily reflect their results had they been separate companies.
One of the reasons for the creation of a tracking stock is to permit equity investors to apply more specific criteria in valuing the shares of a particular group, such as comparisons of earnings multiples with those of other companies in the same business sector. In valuing shares of Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock and Liberty Live common stock, investors should recognize that the historical financial information of the Liberty SiriusXM Group, the Formula One Group and the Liberty Live Group has been extracted from our consolidated financial statements and may not necessarily reflect what the Liberty SiriusXM Group’s, the Formula One Group’s and the Liberty Live Group’s results of operations, financial condition and cash flows would have been had each of these groups been separate, stand-alone entities pursuing independent strategies during the periods presented.
We may have future capital needs and may not be able to obtain additional financing on acceptable terms.
As of December 31, 2023, we had outstanding corporate-level indebtedness in the principal amount of $3.6 billion. At December 31, 2023, our only wholly owned consolidated subsidiary is Formula 1. Our ability to access the cash flow of Formula 1 is subject to covenant restrictions set forth in the debt instruments of certain subsidiaries of Delta Topco, the parent company of Formula 1. In addition, although we consolidate Sirius XM Holdings, we do not have ready access to the cash flow of Sirius XM Holdings due to Sirius XM Holdings being a separate public company and the presence of a significant non-controlling interest. Accordingly, our ability to obtain significant financing in the future, on favorable terms or at all, may be limited. If debt financing is not available to us in the future, we may obtain liquidity through the sale or monetization of our debt or equity securities, or we may issue equity securities. If additional funds are raised through the issuance of equity securities, our stockholders may experience significant dilution. If we are unable to obtain sufficient liquidity in the future, we may be unable to develop our businesses properly, complete acquisitions or otherwise take advantage of business opportunities or respond to competitive pressures, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and those attributed to our groups.
A substantial portion of our consolidated debt is held above the operating subsidiary level, and we could be unable in the future to obtain cash in amounts sufficient to service that debt and our other financial obligations.
As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately $3.6 billion principal amount of corporate-level debt outstanding, consisting of $475 million outstanding under our 2.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2027, $575 million outstanding under our 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2028, $586 million outstanding under our 2.75% Exchangeable Senior Debentures due 2049, $62 million outstanding under our 0.5% Exchangeable Senior Debentures due 2050, $1.15 billion outstanding under our 2.375% Exchangeable Senior Debentures due 2053, $695 million outstanding under a margin loan obligation incurred by our wholly owned special purpose subsidiary attributed to the Liberty SiriusXM Group and $58 million of other obligations. Our ability to meet our financial obligations will depend on our ability to access cash. Our primary sources of cash include our available cash balances, dividends and interest from our investments, monetization
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of our public investment portfolio and proceeds from asset sales. Further, our ability to receive dividends or payments or advances from our businesses depends on their individual operating results, any statutory, regulatory or contractual restrictions to which they may be or may become subject and the terms of their own indebtedness, including Sirius XM Holdings’ senior notes and credit facility and Formula 1’s subsidiary debt. The agreements governing such indebtedness restrict sales of assets and prohibit or limit the payment of dividends or the making of distributions, loans or advances to stockholders, non-wholly owned subsidiaries or our partners. We generally do not receive cash, in the form of dividends (other than quarterly dividends generally payable to Sirius XM Holdings stockholders pursuant to Sirius XM Holdings’ dividend policy, which is subject to change at any time and is at the discretion of Sirius XM Holdings’ board of directors in accordance with applicable law and after taking into account various factors affecting Sirius XM Holdings), loans, advances or otherwise, from any of our subsidiaries or business affiliates.
The success of businesses attributed to each of our tracking stock groups, in part, depends on their popularity with audiences, which is difficult to predict.
Entertainment content production, satellite radio services and live entertainment events, including sporting events, are inherently risky businesses because the revenue derived from these businesses depends primarily upon their popularity with public audiences, which is difficult to predict. The commercial success of a satellite radio program or live entertainment depends upon the quality and acceptance of competing programs, the availability of alternative forms of entertainment and leisure time activities, general economic conditions and other tangible and intangible factors, many of which are difficult to predict. In the case of ad-supported programming, events and satellite radio service, audience size is an important factor when advertising rates are negotiated. Audience size is also an important factor when determining ticket pricing for live entertainment events and the value of broadcast rights. Consequently, low public acceptance of the programs, services and events provided by companies such as Sirius XM Holdings, Formula 1 and Live Nation could hurt the ability of these companies to maintain or grow revenue, which would adversely impact the financial performance of the groups to which these companies are attributed.
Our businesses attributed to the Liberty SiriusXM Group, the Formula One Group and the Liberty Live Group, such as Sirius XM Holdings, Formula 1 and Live Nation, may not realize the benefits of acquisitions or other strategic investments and initiatives.
Our business strategy and that of our subsidiaries and business affiliates, including Sirius XM Holdings, Formula 1 and Live Nation, may include selective acquisitions, other strategic investments and initiatives that allow them to expand their business. The success of any acquisition depends upon effective integration and management of acquired businesses and assets into the acquirer’s operations, which is subject to risks and uncertainties, including the realization of the growth potential, any anticipated synergies and cost savings, the ability to retain and attract personnel, the diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns and undisclosed or potential legal liabilities of acquired businesses or assets.
Weak and uncertain economic conditions may reduce consumer demand for products, services and events offered by our businesses attributed to each of our groups.
A weak or uncertain economy in the U.S. or, in the case of the Formula One Group, abroad, could adversely affect demand for our products, services and events. A substantial portion of our revenue is derived from discretionary spending by individuals, which typically falls during times of economic recession or instability. A reduction in discretionary spending could adversely affect revenue through potential downgrades by satellite radio subscribers and could overall affect subscriber churn, conversion rates and vehicle sales (in the case of Sirius XM Holdings) or reduced live-entertainment and sporting event expenditures (in the case of Live Nation and Formula 1). Accordingly, the ability of our businesses attributed to each of our groups to increase or maintain revenue and earnings could be adversely affected to the extent that relevant economic environments remain weak or decline further. In addition, inflation, which has significantly risen, may increase operational costs, including labor costs, and continued increases in interest rates in response to concerns about inflation may have the effect of further increasing economic uncertainty and heightening these risks. We currently are unable to predict the extent of any of these potential adverse effects.
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Our Company has overlapping directors and management with Qurate Retail, Liberty Broadband, TripCo and ABH, which may lead to conflicting interests.
As a result of transactions between 2011 and 2023 that resulted in the separate corporate existence of our Company, Qurate Retail, Liberty Broadband and TripCo, as well as the completion of the Split-Off, all or most of the executive officers of Liberty also serve as executive officers of Qurate Retail, Liberty Broadband, TripCo and ABH, and there are overlapping directors. Our executive officers and members of the Board of Directors have fiduciary duties to our stockholders. Likewise, any such persons who serve in similar capacities at Qurate Retail, Liberty Broadband, TripCo or ABH have fiduciary duties to that company’s stockholders. For example, there may be the potential for a conflict of interest when our Company, Qurate Retail, Liberty Broadband, TripCo or ABH pursues acquisitions and other business opportunities that may be suitable for each of them. Therefore, such persons may have conflicts of interest or the appearance of conflicts of interest with respect to matters involving or affecting more than one of the companies to which they owe fiduciary duties. Moreover, most of our Company’s directors and officers continue to own Qurate Retail, Liberty Broadband, TripCo and/or ABH stock and options to purchase stock in those companies. These ownership interests could create, or appear to create, potential conflicts of interest when the applicable individuals are faced with decisions that could have different implications for our Company, Qurate Retail, Liberty Broadband, TripCo and/or ABH. Any potential conflict that qualifies as a “related party transaction” (as defined in Item 404 of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended) is subject to review by an independent committee of the applicable issuer’s board of directors in accordance with its corporate governance guidelines. Each of Liberty Broadband, TripCo and ABH has renounced its rights to certain business opportunities and its respective restated certificate of incorporation contains provisions deeming directors and officers not in breach of their fiduciary duties in certain cases for directing a corporate opportunity to another person or entity (including our Company, Qurate Retail, Liberty Broadband, TripCo and ABH) instead of such company. Other potential conflicts that arise will be addressed on a case-by-case basis, keeping in mind the applicable fiduciary duties owed by the executive officers and directors of each issuer. From time to time, we may enter into transactions with Qurate Retail, Liberty Broadband, TripCo, ABH and/or their respective subsidiaries or other affiliates. There can be no assurance that the terms of any such transactions will be as favorable to our Company, Qurate Retail, Liberty Broadband, TripCo, ABH or any of their respective subsidiaries or affiliates as would be the case where there is no overlapping officer or director.
The unfavorable outcome of pending or future litigation could have a material adverse impact on the operations and financial condition of businesses attributed to each of our groups.
Our subsidiaries and business affiliates are parties to several legal proceedings arising out of various aspects of their businesses, including class actions arising out of their marketing practices. The outcome of these proceedings may not be favorable, and one or more unfavorable outcomes could have a material adverse impact on their financial condition, which can impact the financial performance of the group to which they are attributed.
Certain of our subsidiaries and business affiliates have operations outside of the U.S. that are subject to numerous operational risks.
Certain of our subsidiaries and business affiliates have operations in countries other than the U.S. In many foreign countries, particularly in certain developing economies, it is not uncommon to encounter business practices that are prohibited by certain regulations, such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar laws. Although certain of our subsidiaries and business affiliates have undertaken compliance efforts with respect to these laws, their respective employees, contractors and agents, as well as those companies to which they outsource certain of their business operations, may take actions in violation of their policies and procedures. Any such violation, even if prohibited by the policies and procedures of these subsidiaries and business affiliates or the law, could have certain adverse effects on the financial condition and reputation of these subsidiaries and business affiliates. Any failure by these subsidiaries and business affiliates to effectively manage the challenges associated with the international operation of their businesses could materially adversely affect their, and hence our, financial condition.
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Our ability to use net operating loss, disallowed business interest and tax credit carryforwards to reduce future tax payments could be negatively impacted if there is an “ownership change,” as defined under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) of our Company.
At December 31, 2023, we had a deferred tax asset attributable to federal and state net operating losses, disallowed business interest carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards of $452 million and, under the Code, we may carry forward our federal net operating losses, disallowed business interest deductions and tax credits in certain circumstances to offset current and future taxable income and reduce our federal income tax liability, subject to certain requirements and restrictions. If we experience an “ownership change,” as defined in Section 382 of the Code and related Treasury regulations (generally, a cumulative change in ownership that exceeds 50% of the value of a corporation’s stock over a rolling three-year period), at a time when our market capitalization is below a certain level or proposed Treasury regulations under Section 382 of the Code issued during 2019 have become final and are applicable (taking into account the delayed effective date of such regulations), our ability to use our federal net operating loss, disallowed business interest and tax credit carryforwards could be substantially limited. This limit could impact the timing of the usage of our federal net operating loss, disallowed business interest and tax credit carryforwards, thus accelerating federal cash tax payments or causing certain federal net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards to expire prior to their use, which could affect the ultimate realization of that deferred tax asset. Similar limitations may also apply at the state level.
We may be subject to significant tax liabilities related to the Split-Off Transactions.
In connection with the Split-Off, the Formula One Distribution, and the Liberty Exchange (together, the “Split-Off Transactions”), we received an opinion of our tax counsel to the effect that, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the Split-Off Transactions will qualify as a tax-free transaction under Section 355, Section 368(a)(1)(D) and related provisions of the Code to Liberty and to former holders of Liberty Braves common stock and holders of Liberty Formula One common stock (except with respect to the receipt of cash in lieu of fractional shares). Additionally, it is a condition to the completion of the Liberty Sirius XM Holdings Split-Off that we receive an opinion of our tax counsel, to the effect that, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the Liberty Sirius XM Holdings Split-Off will not cause the Split-Off Transactions to fail to qualify as a tax-free transaction under Section 355, Section 368(a)(1)(D) and related provisions of the Code (except with respect to the receipt of cash in lieu of fractional shares). We did not obtain a private letter ruling from the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) regarding the U.S. federal income tax treatment of the Split-Off Transactions. Opinions of counsel are not binding on the IRS or the courts, and there can be no assurance that the IRS will not challenge the conclusions reached in such opinions or that a court would not sustain such a challenge. If, for any reason, it is determined that the Split-Off Transactions do not qualify for tax-free treatment under Section 355, Section 368(a)(1)(D) and related provisions of the Code, we and the former holders of Liberty Braves common stock and holders of Liberty Formula One common stock who received ABH stock in the Split-Off Transactions could incur significant tax liabilities.
Even if the Split-Off Transactions otherwise qualify under Section 355, Section 368(a)(1)(D), and related provisions of the Code, the Split-Off Transactions would result in a significant U.S. federal income tax liability to us (but not to former holders of Liberty Braves common stock or holders of Liberty Formula One common stock) under Section 355(e) of the Code if one or more persons acquire, directly or indirectly, a 50% or greater interest (measured by vote or value) in the stock of our company or in the stock of ABH (or any successor corporation) as part of a plan or series of related transactions that includes the Split-Off Transactions. The process for determining whether an acquisition is part of a plan under these rules is complex, inherently factual in nature, and subject to a comprehensive analysis of the facts and circumstances of the particular case. Notwithstanding the opinion of tax counsel described above, we or ABH might inadvertently cause or permit a prohibited change in our or ABH’s ownership to occur, thereby triggering tax liability to us.
Prior to the Split-Off, we entered into a tax sharing agreement with ABH. Under this agreement, our Company is generally responsible for taxes and losses resulting from the Split-Off Transactions; however, ABH is required to indemnify us for any taxes and losses resulting from the failure of the Split-Off Transactions to qualify as a tax-free transaction under Section 355, Section 368(a)(1)(D) and related provisions of the Code, to the extent such taxes or losses (i) result primarily from, individually or in the aggregate, the breach of certain covenants made by ABH (applicable to actions or failures to act by ABH and its subsidiaries following the completion of the Split-Off), (ii) result from the application of Section 355(e) of the Code to the Split-Off Transactions as a result of the treatment of the Split-Off
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Transactions as part of a plan (or series of related transactions) pursuant to which one or more persons acquire, directly or indirectly, a 50% or greater interest (measured by vote or value) in the stock of ABH (or any successor corporation), or (iii) result from any excess loss account (within the meaning of applicable U.S. Treasury Regulations) in the ABH common stock, or gain recognized under Section 361(b) of the Code due to the application of the basis limitation in the last sentence of Section 361(b)(3) of the Code. As the taxpaying entity, however, we are subject to the risk of non-payment by ABH of its indemnification obligations under the tax sharing agreement. Cash for the payment of any taxes and losses resulting from the Split-Off Transactions which are not allocated to and paid by ABH pursuant to our tax sharing agreement with ABH generally would be drawn proportionately from funds attributed to the Liberty SiriusXM Group, the Formula One Group, and the Liberty Live Group based upon the relative market capitalizations of the tracking stock of each group over the first three trading days following the Reclassification as determined in accordance with our tax sharing policies, except that any taxes or losses resulting from (i) the Liberty Exchange would be allocated to the Liberty SiriusXM Group and (ii) the Formula One Distribution would be allocated to the Formula One Group. Under the tax sharing agreement that is intended to be entered into between our company and Liberty Sirius XM Holdings in connection with the Liberty Sirius XM Holdings Split-Off, Liberty Sirius XM Holdings would generally be responsible for any taxes or losses related to the Split-Off Transactions that otherwise would have been allocated to the Liberty SiriusXM Group under our tax sharing policies.
To preserve the tax-free treatment of the Split-Off Transactions, we may determine to forgo certain transactions that might have otherwise been advantageous to our company, including certain asset dispositions or other strategic transactions for some period of time following the Split-Off. In addition, our potential tax liabilities related to the Split-Off Transactions might discourage, delay or prevent a change of control transaction for some period of time following the Split-Off.
The degradation, failure or misuse of the Company’s information systems could cause a disruption of services or improper loss, use and disclosure of personal data or other confidential information, resulting in increased costs, liabilities or loss of revenue.
Cloud services, information systems and other technologies that we or our vendors or other partners use are critical to our business activities, and shutdowns or disruptions of, and cybersecurity threats and cybersecurity incidents on, such systems pose increasing risks. Disruptions, such as computer hacking and phishing, theft, computer viruses, ransomware, worms or other destructive software, process breakdowns, denial of service attacks or other malicious activities, as well as power outages, natural or other disasters (including extreme weather), terrorist activities or human error, may affect the systems and services we utilize and could result in disruption of our services, misappropriation, misuse, alteration, theft, loss, leakage, falsification, and accidental or premature release or improper disclosure of confidential or other information, including intellectual property and personal data (of third parties or employees) contained on such information systems. The techniques used to access, disable or degrade service or sabotage systems change frequently and continue to become more sophisticated and targeted, and the increasing use of artificial intelligence may intensify the risks of cybersecurity threats and cybersecurity incidents. While we and our vendors and partners continue to develop, implement and maintain security measures seeking to identify and mitigate the risks of cybersecurity threats and cybersecurity incidents, including unauthorized access or misuse, as discussed under Item 1C of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, such efforts are costly, require ongoing monitoring and updating and may not be successful in preventing these events from occurring.
In addition, the Company’s recovery and business continuity plans may not be adequate to address any cybersecurity incidents that occur. Although no cybersecurity incident has been material to the Company’s businesses to date, we expect to continue to be subject to cybersecurity threats and cybersecurity incidents and there can be no assurance that we will not experience a material cybersecurity incident. Any cybersecurity incidents could result in a disruption of our operations, customer or advertiser dissatisfaction, damage to our reputation or brands, regulatory investigations, claims, lawsuits or loss of customers or revenue of Sirius XM Holdings, Formula 1 and Live Nation, and the Company may also be subject to liability under relevant contractual obligations and laws and regulations protecting personal data and may be required to expend significant resources to defend, remedy and/or address any cybersecurity incidents and claims, investigations, penalties, fines, damages or settlements arising from cybersecurity incidents. The Company may not have adequate insurance coverage to compensate it for any losses that may occur.
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Sirius XM Holdings, Formula 1 and Live Nation have been, and may in the future be, materially impacted by a pandemic or epidemic, such as COVID-19.
Although Sirius XM Holdings, Formula 1, and Live Nation saw a return to normal business operations, schedules and events following the COVID-19 pandemic, it is unclear whether and to what extent a future pandemic or epidemic will impact the use of and/or demand for the entertainment, events and services provided by these businesses and demand for sponsorship and advertising assets. If these businesses face cancelled events, closed venues and reduced attendance, as was the result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the impact may substantially decrease our revenue. For example, due to the revenue reductions caused by COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021, these businesses looked to reduce expenses, but should such impacts resume, the businesses may not be able to reduce expenses to the same degree as any decline in revenue, which may adversely affect our results of operations and cash flow.
In addition, our businesses are particularly sensitive to reductions in travel and discretionary consumer spending. We cannot predict the time period over which our businesses would be impacted by a future pandemic or epidemic. Over the long-term, a future pandemic or epidemic could impede economic activity in impacted regions or globally, causing a global recession, leading to a further decline in discretionary spending on sports and entertainment events and other leisure activities, which could result in long-term effects on our businesses.
For the reasons set forth above and other reasons that may come to light as a result of a future pandemic or epidemic, we cannot reasonably estimate the impact to our future revenue, results of operations, cash flows or financial condition, but such impacts have been, and may in the future be, significant and could have a material adverse effect on our business, revenue, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.
Risks Relating to the Liberty SiriusXM Group
Sirius XM Holdings faces substantial competition and that competition is likely to increase over time.
Sirius XM Holdings competes for the time and attention of its listeners with other content providers on the basis of a number of factors, including quality of experience, relevance, acceptance and perception of content quality, ease of use, price, accessibility, brand awareness, reputation and, in the case of its ad-supported Pandora service, perception of ad load, features and functionality. As consumer tastes and preferences change on the internet and with mobile and other connected products, including cars, in-home, and wearable devices, Sirius XM Holdings will need to enhance and improve its existing services, introduce new services and features, and attempt to maintain its competitive position with additional technological advances and adaptable platforms. The Pandora App has not been significantly updated in several years. If Sirius XM Holdings fails to keep pace with technological advances or fails to offer compelling product offerings and state-of-the-art delivery platforms to meet consumer demands, its ability to grow or maintain the reach of its services, attract and retain users, and attract listeners and subscribers across its services will be adversely affected. Sirius XM Holdings’ ability to attract and retain subscribers and listeners also depends on its success in creating and providing popular or unique programming. A summary of certain services that compete with Sirius XM Holdings is contained in the section entitled “Item 1. Business-Competition” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Sirius XM Holdings’ subscribers and listeners can obtain similar content for free through terrestrial radio stations, Spotify, YouTube and other internet services. Sirius XM Holdings also competes for the time and attention of its listeners with providers of other in-home and mobile entertainment services, and it competes for advertising sales with large scale online advertising platforms, such as Amazon, Facebook and Google, and with traditional media outlets.
Sirius XM Holdings’ streaming services also compete for listeners on the basis of the presence and visibility of its apps, which are distributed via app stores operated by Apple and Google. Sirius XM Holdings faces significant competition for listeners from these companies, which also promote their own music and content. In addition, Sirius XM Holdings’ competitors’ streaming products may be pre-loaded or integrated into consumer electronics products or automobiles, more broadly than Sirius XM Holdings’ streaming products, creating a visibility advantage. If Sirius XM Holdings is unable to compete successfully for listeners against other media providers, then its business may suffer. Additionally, the operator of an app store may reject Sirius XM Holdings’ app or amend the terms of their license in a way
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that inhibits Sirius XM Holdings’ ability to distribute its apps, negatively affects its business, or limits its ability to increase subscribers and listeners.
Competition could result in lower subscription, advertising or other revenue and an increase in Sirius XM Holdings’ expenses and, consequently, lower its earnings and free cash flow. Sirius XM Holdings cannot provide assurance that it will be able to compete successfully with its existing or future competitors or that competition will not have an adverse impact on its operations and financial condition.
If Sirius XM Holdings’ efforts to attract and retain subscribers and listeners, or convert listeners into subscribers, are not successful, its business will be adversely affected.
Sirius XM Holdings’ business will be adversely affected if it is unable to attract new subscribers and listeners and retain its current subscribers and listeners.
Sirius XM Holdings’ ability to increase the number of subscribers and listeners to its services, retain its subscribers and listeners or convert listeners into subscribers, is uncertain and subject to many factors, including:
● the price of Sirius XM Holdings’ services;
● the ease of use of Sirius XM Holdings’ services;
● the effectiveness of Sirius XM Holdings’ marketing programs;
● with respect to its Sirius XM service, the sale or lease rate of new vehicles in the U.S.;
● the rate at which Sirius XM Holdings’ self-pay subscribers to its Sirius XM service buy and sell new and used vehicles in the U.S.;
● Sirius XM Holdings’ ability to convince owners and lessees of new and used vehicles that include satellite radios to purchase subscriptions to its Sirius XM service;
● the perceived value of Sirius XM Holdings’ programming and the packages and services it offers;
● Sirius XM Holdings’ ability to introduce features in a manner that is favorably received by its consumers;
● Sirius XM Holdings’ ability to keep up with rapidly evolving technology and features in audio entertainment;
● Sirius XM Holdings’ ability to respond to evolving consumer tastes; and
● actions by Sirius XM Holdings’ competitors, such as Spotify, Apple, Google, Amazon and other audio entertainment and information providers.
Sirius XM Holdings engages in extensive marketing efforts and the continued effectiveness of those efforts is an important part of its business.
Sirius XM Holdings engages in extensive marketing efforts across a broad range of media to attract and retain subscribers and listeners to its services. Sirius XM Holdings employs a wide variety of communications tools as part of its marketing campaigns, including telemarketing efforts and email solicitations. The effectiveness of its marketing efforts is affected by a broad range of factors, including creative and execution factors. Sirius XM Holdings’ ability to reach consumers with radio and television advertising, performance and digital media, direct mail materials, email solicitations and telephone calls is an important part of its efforts and a significant factor in the effectiveness of its marketing. If Sirius XM Holdings is unable to reach consumers through email solicitations or telemarketing, including as a result of “spam” and email filters, call blocking technologies, restriction in digital media on identifying users, such as limits on “cookies,” consumer privacy regulations or “do-not-call” or other marketing regulations, its marketing efforts will be adversely affected. A decline in the effectiveness of its marketing efforts could have an adverse impact on its operations and financial condition.
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Sirius XM Holdings relies on third parties for the operation of its business, and the failure of third parties to perform could adversely affect its business.
Sirius XM Holdings’ business depends, in part, on various third parties, including:
● creators and licensors of software that support Sirius XM Holdings’ apps and services;
● programming providers, including agreements with owners of various copyrights in music, and on-air talent;
● manufacturers that build and distribute satellite radios;
● companies that manufacture and sell integrated circuits for satellite radios;
● vendors that operate its call centers;
● vendors that have designed or built, and vendors that support or operate, other important elements of Sirius XM Holdings’ systems, including its satellites and the “cloud”-based systems it uses;
● Apple, who distributes Sirius XM Holdings’ apps through its App Store and on whom Sirius XM Holdings relies to collect fees and approve the terms of its consumer offers; and
● Google, who distributes Sirius XM Holdings’ apps through its App Store and on whom Sirius XM Holdings relies to collect fees and approve the terms of its consumer offers, and who plays an important role in the fulfillment of the ads Sirius XM Holdings sells on its Pandora platform.
If one or more of these third parties do not perform in a satisfactory or timely manner, including complying with Sirius XM Holdings’ standards and practices relating to business integrity, personnel and cybersecurity, its business could be adversely affected.
The operation of Sirius XM Holdings’ apps and service offerings could be impaired if errors occur in the third party software that supports Sirius XM Holdings’ apps and services. It may be difficult for Sirius XM Holdings to correct any defects in third party software because the development and maintenance of the software is not within its control. Sirius XM Holdings’ third party licensors may not continue to make their software available to Sirius XM Holdings on acceptable terms, invest the appropriate levels of resources in their software to maintain and enhance its capabilities, or remain in business. Failure of these third-party licensors could harm Sirius XM Holdings’ streaming services.
In addition, a number of third parties on which Sirius XM Holdings depends have experienced, and may in the future experience, financial difficulties or file for bankruptcy protection. Such third parties may not be able to perform their obligations to Sirius XM Holdings in a timely manner, if at all, as a result of their financial condition or may be relieved of their obligations to Sirius XM Holdings as part of seeking bankruptcy protection.
Sirius XM Holdings is migrating its billing system and payment processing functions to a new service provider.
Sirius XM Holdings is migrating its payment processing and related billing functions from a large multinational bank to a private company that offers online payment processing and commerce solutions for digital and internet businesses. Sirius XM Holdings’ new vendor is not a bank, bank holding company or affiliated with a large multi-national bank. In addition, financial statements for Sirius XM Holdings’ new payment processor are not publicly available and nationally recognized statistical rating organizations (such as Standard & Poor’s) have not issued ratings evaluating its creditworthiness and ability to pay.
Sirius XM Holdings is subject to various risks associated with its new payment processor, including the risks of being an unsecured creditor, actions by credit card issuers (such as Visa, MasterCard and American Express) that could adversely affect its operations and payment processing functions, actions by government authorities that regulate financial transactions that may affect Sirius XM Holdings’ new vendor’s business, operations and financial condition, and general data privacy and cybersecurity risks associated with its systems and operations. The new payment processor commingles Sirius XM Holdings’ funds arising from credit and debit card transactions with other amounts owing to third parties and
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those commingled accounts are subject to the claims of third parties, it does not pay Sirius XM Holdings interest on amounts it holds for Sirius XM Holdings’ benefit, including funds held overnight, and it has broad rights to establish reserves and debit Sirius XM Holdings’ bank accounts to pay itself fees and reimburse itself and customers in the event of disputes. In addition, Sirius XM Holdings is subject to the general risk that the new vendor may not comply with its obligations relating to the settlement of transactions or the investment of Sirius XM Holdings’ funds held on an intra-day and overnight basis. If the new payment processing and commerce solution does not function as provided in Sirius XM Holdings’ agreement or access to these new systems are disrupted, Sirius XM Holdings’ business could be adversely affected.
Failure to successfully monetize and generate revenue from podcasts and other non-music content could adversely affect Sirius XM Holdings’ business, operating results, and financial condition.
Delivering podcasts and other non-music content involves risks and challenges, including increased competition and the need to develop new relationships with creators. Sirius XM Holdings has entered into multi-year commitments for original podcast content that is produced by third parties. These agreements generally provide Sirius XM Holdings the right to distribute the content and act as the exclusive agent for the sale of advertising in the podcasts. Payment terms for certain podcast content typically requires more upfront cash payments, including minimum guarantees to the owner or creator of the podcast, than other content licenses or arrangements.
Given the multiple-year duration and largely fixed-cost nature of such commitments, if the attractiveness of such podcast content to Sirius XM Holdings’ listeners and subscribers do not meet its expectations, Sirius XM Holdings’ margins could be adversely impacted. In addition, the advertising market for podcasts is still developing, including the advertising technology necessary to efficiently sell audio advertising within podcasts at scale. As a result, Sirius XM Holdings’ ability to profitably monetize the available advertising opportunities in podcasts remains uncertain.
Growing Sirius XM Holdings’ podcasting business may require additional changes to its business model and cost structure, modifications to its infrastructure, and could expose Sirius XM Holdings to new regulatory, legal and reputational risks, including infringement liability. There is no guarantee that Sirius XM Holdings will be able to generate sufficient revenue from podcasts to offset the costs of creating or acquiring this content. Sirius XM Holdings’ failure to successfully monetize and generate revenue from such content, including failure to obtain or retain rights to podcasts or other non-music content on acceptable terms, or at all, or to effectively manage the numerous risks and challenges associated with such expansion, could adversely affect Sirius XM Holdings’ business, operating results, and financial condition.
Sirius XM Holdings may not realize the benefits of acquisitions or other strategic investments and initiatives.
Sirius XM Holdings’ strategy has included and may include selective acquisitions, other strategic investments and initiatives to expand its business. The success of any acquisition depends upon effective integration, cultural assimilation and management of acquired businesses and assets into its operations, which is subject to risks and uncertainties, including realizing the growth potential, the anticipated synergies and cost savings, the ability to retain and attract personnel, the diversion of management’s attention for other business concerns, and undisclosed or potential legal liabilities of the acquired business or assets.
The integration process could distract Sirius XM Holdings’ management, disrupt its ongoing business or result in inconsistencies in Sirius XM Holdings’ services, standards, controls, procedures and policies, any of which could adversely affect its ability to maintain relationships with customers, vendors and employees or to achieve the anticipated benefits of the acquisition.
The impact of economic conditions may adversely affect Sirius XM Holdings’ business, operating results, and financial condition.
Sirius XM Holdings’ success depends to a significant extent on discretionary consumer spending. Some of the factors that may influence consumer spending on entertainment include general economic conditions, the availability of
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discretionary income, consumer confidence, interest rates, inflationary pressure, and general uncertainty regarding the overall economic environment.
The demand for entertainment generally is sensitive to downturns in the economy and the corresponding impact on discretionary consumer spending. Any actual or perceived deterioration or weakness in general, regional or local economic conditions, as well as other adverse economic or market conditions, could reduce Sirius XM Holdings’ subscribers’ or potential subscribers’ discretionary income. To the extent that overall economic conditions reduce spending on discretionary items, Sirius XM Holdings’ ability to attract and retain subscribers could be hindered, which could reduce its subscription revenue and negatively impact its business.
Additionally, Sirius XM Holdings’ financial performance is subject to economic conditions and their impact on levels of advertising spending. Expenditures by advertisers generally tend to reflect overall economic conditions, and reductions in spending by advertisers could have an adverse impact on Sirius XM Holdings’ revenue and business. See “Pandora generates a significant portion of its revenue from advertising, and reduced spending by advertisers could harm its business.”
Sirius XM Holdings may be adversely affected by the war in Ukraine.
The war in Ukraine, and any expansion of the war in Ukraine to surrounding areas, could adversely affect Sirius XM Holdings’ business and operations. In addition, AdsWizz is headquartered in Romania and Sirius XM Holdings relies on other contractors in Eastern European countries, such as Poland. An expansion of the war in Ukraine to other countries, particularly Romania, could materially affect Sirius XM Holdings’ ability to deliver advertisements on its Pandora services and for third parties.
A substantial number of Sirius XM service subscribers periodically cancel their subscriptions and Sirius XM Holdings cannot predict how successful it will be at retaining customers.
As part of Sirius XM Holdings’ business, it experiences, and expects to experience in the future, subscriber turnover (i.e., churn). The number of subscribers to the Sirius XM service declined in 2023 and may further contract in the future. If Sirius XM Holdings is unable to retain current subscribers at expected rates, or the costs of retaining subscribers are higher than expected, its financial performance and operating results could be adversely affected.
Sirius XM Holdings cannot predict how successful it will be at retaining customers who purchase or lease vehicles that include a subscription to its Sirius XM service. A substantial percentage of Sirius XM subscribers are on promotional pricing plans and Sirius XM Holdings’ ability to retain these subscribers or migrate them to higher priced plans is uncertain. Sirius XM Holdings’ promotional pricing strategy is widely known, and this may interfere with its ability to collect its ordinary subscription prices. In addition, a substantial number of those subscribers periodically cancel their subscriptions when offered a subscription at a higher price.
Sirius XM Holdings’ ability to profitably attract and retain subscribers to its Sirius XM service is uncertain.
A number of factors may affect Sirius XM Holdings’ ability to attract and retain subscribers to its Sirius XM service. The changing demographics of trialers to Sirius XM Holdings’ service, such as the increase in “Millennial generation customers,” may increase the number of subscribers accustomed to consuming entertainment through ad-supported products. These changing demographics may affect Sirius XM Holdings’ ability to convert trial subscribers into self-paying subscribers. Similarly, Sirius XM Holdings’ efforts to acquire subscribers purchasing or leasing used vehicles may attract price sensitive consumers. Consumers purchasing or leasing used vehicles may be more price sensitive than consumers purchasing or leasing new vehicles, convert from trial subscribers to self-paying subscribers at a lower rate, and cancel their subscriptions more frequently than consumers purchasing or leasing new vehicles. Some of Sirius XM Holdings’ marketing efforts may also attract more price sensitive subscribers, and its efforts to increase the penetration of satellite radios in new, lower-priced vehicle lines may result in the growth of more economy-minded subscribers. Each of these factors may harm Sirius XM Holdings’ revenue or require additional spending on marketing efforts to demonstrate the value of its Sirius XM service.
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Sirius XM Holdings’ business depends in part upon the auto industry.
A substantial portion of the subscription growth for Sirius XM Holdings’ satellite radio service has come from purchasers and lessees of new and used automobiles in the U.S., and Sirius XM Holdings expects this to be an important source of subscribers for its satellite radio service in the future.
Sirius XM Holdings has agreements with major automakers to include satellite radios in new vehicles, although these agreements do not require automakers to install specific or minimum quantities of radios in any given period. Many of these agreements also require automakers to provide Sirius XM Holdings data on sales of satellite radio enabled vehicles, including in many cases the consumer’s name and address. Sirius XM Holdings’ business could be adversely affected if automakers do not continue to include its Sirius XM service in their products or provide Sirius XM Holdings with such data.
Automotive production and sales are dependent on many factors, including labor relations matters, the availability of vehicle components, consumer credit, general economic conditions, consumer confidence and fuel costs. To the extent vehicle sales by automakers decline, or the penetration of factory-installed satellite radios in those vehicles is reduced, Sirius XM Holdings’ satellite radio service may be adversely impacted.
Sales of used vehicles represent a significant source of new subscribers for Sirius XM Holdings’ satellite radio service. Sirius XM Holdings has agreements with auto dealers and companies operating in the used vehicle market to provide it with data on sales of used satellite radio enabled vehicles, including in many cases the consumer’s name and address. The continuing availability of this data is important and the loss of such data may harm its revenue and business.
Failure of Sirius XM Holdings’ satellites would significantly damage its business.
The lives of the satellites required to operate the Sirius XM service vary depending on a number of factors, including:
● degradation and durability of solar panels;
● quality of construction;
● random failure of satellite components, which could result in significant damage to or loss of a satellite;
● amount of fuel the satellite consumes;
● the performance of third parties that manage the operation of its satellites; and
● damage or destruction as a result of electrostatic storms, terrorist attacks, collisions with other objects in space or other events, such as nuclear detonations, occurring in space.
In the ordinary course of operation, satellites experience failures of component parts and operational and performance anomalies. Components on several of Sirius XM Holdings’ in-orbit satellites have failed, and from time to time it has experienced anomalies in the operation and performance of these satellites. These failures and anomalies are expected to continue in the ordinary course, and Sirius XM Holdings cannot predict if any of these possible future events will have a material adverse effect on its operations or the life of its existing in-orbit satellites. In addition, Sirius XM Holdings has entered into agreements for the construction and launch of four new satellites that are expected to be launched over the next four years, and material delays in the deployment of these satellites could be harmful to its business.
The Sirius network of terrestrial repeaters communicates with a single third-party satellite. The XM network of terrestrial repeaters communicates with a single XM satellite. If the satellites communicating with the applicable repeater network fail unexpectedly, the services would be disrupted for several hours or longer.
Any material failure of Sirius XM Holdings’ operating satellites could cause it to lose customers for its Sirius XM service and could materially harm its reputation and its operating results. Sirius XM Holdings does not have insurance for its in-orbit satellites. Additional information regarding Sirius XM Holdings’ fleet of satellites is contained in the section
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entitled “Item 1. Business- Sirius XM Holdings-Satellites, Terrestrial Repeaters and Other Satellite Facilities” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
The Sirius XM service may experience harmful interference from wireless operations.
The development of applications and services in spectrum adjacent to the frequencies licensed to Sirius XM Holdings, as well as the combination of signals in other frequencies, may cause harmful interference to its satellite radio service in certain areas of the U.S. Elimination of this interference may not be possible in all cases. In other cases, Sirius XM Holdings’ efforts to reduce this interference may require extensive engineering efforts and additions to its terrestrial infrastructure. These mitigation efforts may be costly and take several years to implement and may not be entirely effective. In certain cases, Sirius XM Holdings is dependent on the FCC to assist it in preventing harmful interference to its service.
Pandora’s ad-supported service has suffered a substantial and consistent loss of monthly active users, which may adversely affect the Pandora and Off-platform business.
The number of monthly active users to Sirius XM Holdings’ ad-supported Pandora service has declined consistently for several years, including in 2023, and is likely to further contract in the future.
The size of Sirius XM Holdings’ ad-supported listener base is an important element of its Pandora service. The decline in Sirius XM Holdings’ listener base has resulted in fewer listener hours and available advertising spots on its Pandora service, which ultimately may result in declines in advertising revenue, and adversely affect its Pandora and Off-platform business. The contraction of Sirius XM Holdings’ ad-supported listener base also decreases the size of demographic groups targeted by advertisers, which may hurt Sirius XM Holdings’ ability to deliver advertising in a manner that maximizes advertisers’ return on investment and compete with other streaming advertising platforms.
The Pandora and Off-platform business generates a significant portion of its revenue from advertising, and reduced spending by advertisers could harm its business.
The Pandora and Off-platform business currently generates a majority of its revenue from third parties advertising on the Pandora ad-supported service and other platforms. As is common in the audio entertainment industry, these advertisers do not have long-term advertising commitments with Pandora and can terminate their contracts at any time.
Expenditures by advertisers tend to be cyclical, reflecting overall economic conditions and budgeting and buying patterns. Adverse macroeconomic conditions have affected, and may continue to affect, the demand for audio advertising, resulting in fluctuations in the amounts advertisers spend on advertising, which could harm Sirius XM Holdings’ financial condition and operating results.
Sirius XM Holdings’ failure to convince advertisers of the benefits of its Pandora ad-supported service could harm its business.
Sirius XM Holdings’ ability to attract and retain advertisers, and ultimately to sell its advertising inventory, depends on a number of factors, including:
● the number of listener hours on the Pandora ad-supported service, particularly the number of listener hours attributable to high-value demographics;
● keeping pace with changes in technology and its competitors, some of which have significant influence over the distribution of the Pandora app;
● competing effectively for advertising with other dominant online services, such as Spotify, Google, Facebook and YouTube, as well as other marketing and media outlets;
● successfully competing for local radio advertising;
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● demonstrating the ability of advertisements to reach targeted audiences, including the value of mobile digital advertising;
● ensuring that new ad formats and ad product offerings are attractive to advertisers and that inventory management decisions (such as changes to ad load, frequency, prominence and quality of ads that Sirius XM Holdings serves listeners) do not have a negative impact on listener hours; and
● adapting to technologies designed to block the display of its ads.
Advertisers may leave Sirius XM Holdings for competing alternatives at any time. Failure to demonstrate to advertisers the value of its Pandora service would result in reduced spending by, or loss of, advertisers, which would harm its revenue and business.
If Sirius XM Holdings is unable to maintain revenue growth from its advertising products, its results of operations will be adversely affected.
In order to effectively monetize listener hours, Sirius XM Holdings must, among other things, penetrate local advertising markets and develop compelling ad product solutions.
The substantial majority of the total listening to the Pandora service occurs on mobile devices. Sirius XM Holdings is engaged in efforts to continue to convince advertisers of the capabilities and value of mobile digital advertising and to direct an increasing portion of their advertising spend to its ad-supported Pandora service.
Sirius XM Holdings is continuing to build its sales capability to penetrate local advertising markets, which places Sirius XM Holdings in competition with terrestrial radio. Sirius XM Holdings may not be able to capture an increasing share of local and audio advertising revenue, which may have an adverse impact on its future revenue.
Changes to mobile operating systems and browsers may hinder Sirius XM Holdings’ ability to sell advertising and market its services.
Sirius XM Holdings uses shared common device identifiers that are universal in the advertising technology ecosystem, such as Apple’s Identifier for Advertisers, a random device identifier assigned by Apple to a user’s device. Sirius XM Holdings uses these common device identifiers for targeting, advertising effectiveness and measurement for Pandora’s advertising business and for Pandora’s consumer marketing purposes. These common device identifiers enable Sirius XM Holdings to match audiences, including with second- and third-party data providers and measurement vendors and enhance Pandora’s advertising targeting segments with additional data. In its programmatic advertising business, Sirius XM Holdings uses common identifiers for several important functions, such as targeting and bidding. Sirius XM Holdings also uses common device identifiers to evaluate the success of its Pandora brand consumer marketing campaigns.
Apple, as well as mobile operating system and browser providers, have implemented product features and plans that may adversely impact Sirius XM Holdings’ ability to use these common identifiers and data collected in connection with these common identifiers in its Pandora business.
If Sirius XM Holdings fails to accurately predict and play music, comedy or other content that its Pandora listeners enjoy, it may fail to retain existing and attract new listeners.
A key differentiating factor between the Pandora service and other music content providers is its ability to predict music that its listeners will enjoy. The effectiveness of Sirius XM Holdings’ personalized playlist generating system depends, in part, on its ability to gather and effectively analyze large amounts of listener data and feedback. Sirius XM Holdings may not continue to be successful in enticing listeners to its Pandora service to give a thumbs-up or thumbs-down to enough songs to effectively predict and select new and existing songs. In addition, Sirius XM Holdings’ ability to offer listeners songs that they have not previously heard and impart a sense of discovery depends on its ability to acquire and appropriately categorize additional tracks that will appeal to its listeners’ diverse and changing tastes. Many of Sirius XM Holdings’ competitors currently have larger music and content catalogs than it offers and they may be more effective in providing their listeners with an appealing listener experience.
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Sirius XM Holdings also provides comedy and podcast content on its Pandora service, and it tries to predict what its listeners will enjoy using technology similar to the technology that it uses to generate personalized playlists for music. The risks that apply to Sirius XM Holdings’ ability to satisfy its listeners’ musical tastes apply to comedy, podcasts and other content to an even greater extent, particularly since Sirius XM Holdings does not yet have as large a data set on listener preferences for comedy, podcasts and other content, and have a smaller catalog of such content as compared to music.
Sirius XM Holdings’ ability to predict and select music, comedy, podcasts and other content that its listeners enjoy is important to the perceived value of its Pandora service to consumers and the failure to make accurate predictions would adversely affect its ability to attract and retain subscribers and listeners, increase listener hours and sell advertising.
Privacy and data security laws and regulations may hinder Sirius XM Holdings’ ability to market its services, sell advertising and impose legal liabilities.
Sirius XM Holdings receives a substantial amount of personal data on purchasers and lessees of new and used vehicles from third parties. Sirius XM Holdings uses this personal data to market its services. Sirius XM Holdings collects and uses demographic, service usage, purchase history and other information, including location information, from and about its listeners through the internet. Further, Sirius XM Holdings and third parties use tracking technologies, including “cookies” and related technologies, to help it manage and track its listeners’ interactions with its services and deliver relevant advertising.
Various federal and state laws and regulations, as well as the laws of foreign jurisdictions, govern the collection, use, retention, sharing and security of the personal data Sirius XM Holdings receives. Privacy groups and government authorities have increasingly scrutinized the ways in which companies collect and share personal data, including linking personal identities and data associated with particular users or devices with data collected through the internet, and Sirius XM Holdings expects such scrutiny to increase. Alleged violations of laws and regulations relating to privacy and personal data may expose Sirius XM Holdings to potential liability, may require Sirius XM Holdings to expend significant resources in responding to and defending such allegations and claims and could in the future result in negative publicity and a loss of confidence in Sirius XM Holdings by its subscribers, listeners, advertisers and other third parties with whom it does business.
Privacy-related laws and regulations, such as the California Consumer Privacy Act and the European General Data Protection Regulation, are evolving and subject to potentially differing interpretations. Various federal and state legislative and regulatory bodies as well as foreign legislative and regulatory bodies may expand current or enact new laws regarding privacy and data security-related matters. New laws, amendments to or re-interpretations of existing laws and contractual obligations, as well as changes in Sirius XM Holdings’ listeners’ expectations and demands regarding privacy and data security, may limit its ability to collect and use consumer data. Restrictions on Sirius XM Holdings’ ability to receive, collect and use consumer data could limit its ability to attract and retain subscribers and listeners to its services. In addition, restrictions on Sirius XM Holdings’ ability to collect, access and process listener data, or to use or disclose listener data or profiles that it develops using such data, could limit Sirius XM Holdings’ ability to market its content and services to its potential listeners and offer targeted advertising opportunities to its advertisers, each of which are important to its business. Increased regulation of personal data utilization practices and compliance administration could increase Sirius XM Holdings’ costs of operation or otherwise adversely affect its business.
Consumer protection laws and Sirius XM Holdings’ failure to comply with them could damage its business.
Federal and state consumer protection laws, rules and regulations cover nearly all aspects of Sirius XM Holdings’ marketing efforts, including the content of its advertising, the terms of consumer offers and the manner in which it communicates with consumers. The State of New York has filed a suit against Sirius XM Holdings relating to its subscription cancellation practices and other governmental authorities have commenced investigations into Sirius XM Holdings’ consumer practices, including the manner in which it allows consumers to cancel subscriptions to its services. The nature of Sirius XM Holdings’ business requires it to expend significant resources to try to ensure that its marketing activities comply with consumer protection laws, including laws relating to telemarketing activities and privacy. These efforts may not be successful and Sirius XM Holdings may have to expend even greater resources in its compliance efforts.
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Modifications to consumer protection laws, including laws regarding the pricing of Sirius XM Holdings’ services and the manner in which consumers can cancel its services as well as decisions by courts and administrative agencies interpreting these laws, could have an adverse impact on Sirius XM Holdings’ ability to attract and retain subscribers and listeners to its services. There can be no assurance that new laws or regulations will not be enacted or adopted, preexisting laws or regulations will not be more strictly enforced or that its operations will comply with all applicable laws, which could have an adverse impact on its operations and financial condition.
Failure to comply with FCC requirements could damage Sirius XM Holdings’ business.
Sirius XM Holdings holds FCC licenses and authorizations to operate commercial satellite radio services in the U.S., including satellites, terrestrial repeaters, and related authorizations. The FCC generally grants licenses and authorizations for a fixed term. Although Sirius XM Holdings expects its licenses and authorizations to be renewed in the ordinary course upon their expiration, there can be no assurance that this will be the case. Any assignment or transfer of control of any of Sirius XM Holdings’ FCC licenses or authorizations must be approved in advance by the FCC.
The operation of Sirius XM Holdings’ satellite radio systems is subject to significant regulation by the FCC under authority granted through the Communications Act of 1934 and related federal law. Sirius XM Holdings is required, among other things, to operate only within specified frequencies; to coordinate its satellite radio services with radio systems operating in the same range of frequencies in neighboring countries; and to coordinate its communications links to its satellites with other systems that operate in the same frequency band.
Noncompliance by Sirius XM Holdings with these requirements or other conditions or with other applicable FCC rules and regulations could result in fines, additional license conditions, license revocation or other detrimental FCC actions. There is no guarantee that Congress will not modify the statutory framework governing Sirius XM Holdings’ services, or that the FCC will not modify its rules and regulations in a manner that would have an adverse impact on Sirius XM Holdings’ operations.
Environmental, social and governance expectations and related reporting obligations may expose Sirius XM Holdings to potential liabilities, increased costs, reputational harm and other adverse effects.
Many governments, regulators, investors, employees, customers and other stakeholders are focused on environmental, social and governance (or “ESG”) considerations, including climate change and greenhouse gas emissions; human capital management, including diversity, equity and inclusion; cybersecurity; content moderation; and human and civil rights. Sirius XM Holdings’ reporting and disclosures in response to these expectations may require additional investments and reporting processes, introduce additional compliance risk, and depend in part on third-party performance or data that is outside its control. Related initiatives, and implementation of these initiatives, also involve risks and uncertainties, and Sirius XM Holdings cannot guarantee that it will achieve any announced environmental, social and governance objectives. In addition, some stakeholders may disagree with Sirius XM Holdings’ initiatives and objectives. Any failure, or perceived failure, to further our initiatives, adhere to public statements, comply with federal or state ESG laws and regulations, or meet evolving and varied stakeholder expectations and standards could result in legal and regulatory proceedings against Sirius XM Holdings and adversely affect its business, reputation, financial condition, and operations results.
Sirius XM Holdings may face lawsuits, incur liability or suffer reputational harm as a result of content published or made available through its services.
The nature of Sirius XM Holdings’ business could expose it to claims or public criticism related to defamation, illegal content, misinformation, and content regulation. Sirius XM Holdings could incur costs investigating and defending any such claims. In addition, some stakeholders may disagree with third-party content provided through Sirius XM Holdings’ services, and negative public criticism of this content could damage its reputation and brands. If Sirius XM Holdings incurs material costs, liability, or negative consumer reaction as a result of these occurrences, its business, financial condition and operating results could be adversely impacted.
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If Sirius XM Holdings fails to protect the security of personal information about its customers, it could be subject to costly government enforcement actions and private litigation and its reputation could suffer.
The nature of Sirius XM Holdings’ business involves the receipt and storage of personal information about its subscribers and listeners, including credit and debit card information. Sirius XM Holdings has a program in place to detect and respond to data security incidents. However, the techniques used to gain unauthorized access to data systems are constantly evolving and may not be detected for long periods of time. Sirius XM Holdings may be unable to anticipate or prevent unauthorized access to data pertaining to its customers, including credit card and debit card information and other personally identifiable information. Sirius XM Holdings’ services, which are supported by its own systems and those of third-party vendors, could be subject to computer malware and attacks as well as to catastrophic events (such as fires, floods, hurricanes or tornadoes), any of which could lead to system interruptions, delays, or shutdowns, causing loss of critical data or the unauthorized access to personally identifiable information.
If Sirius XM Holdings fails to protect the security of personal information about its customers or if an actual or perceived breach of security occurs on its systems or a vendor’s systems, Sirius XM Holdings could be exposed to costly government enforcement actions and private litigation and its reputation could suffer. Sirius XM Holdings may also be required to expend significant resources to address these problems, including notification under various data privacy regulations, and its reputation and operating results could suffer. In addition, Sirius XM Holdings’ subscribers and listeners, as well as potential customers, could lose confidence in its ability to protect their personal information, which could cause them to discontinue the use of Sirius XM Holdings’ services. This loss of confidence would also harm Sirius XM Holdings’ efforts to attract and retain advertisers and to obtain personal information from third parties, and unauthorized access to its programming would potentially create additional royalty expense with no corresponding revenue. Such events could adversely affect its results of operations. The costs of maintaining adequate protection, including insurance protection, against such threats as they develop in the future (or as legal requirements related to data security increase) could be material.
In addition, hardware, software, or applications Sirius XM Holdings develops or procures from third parties may contain defects in design or manufacture or other problems that could unexpectedly compromise information security. Unauthorized parties may also attempt to gain access to Sirius XM Holdings’ systems or facilities, or those of third parties with whom it does business, through fraud, trickery, or other forms of deceiving its employees, contractors or other agents. Sirius XM Holdings may not be able to effectively control the unauthorized actions of third parties who may have access to the data it collects.
To date, Sirius XM Holdings is not aware that it has had a significant cyber-attack or breach that has had a material impact on its business or results of operations. Sirius XM Holdings has implemented systems and processes intended to secure its IT systems and prevent unauthorized access to or loss of sensitive, confidential and personal data, including through the use of encryption and authentication technologies. Additionally, Sirius XM Holdings has increased its monitoring capabilities to enhance early detection and timely response to potential security anomalies.
The cyber security measures Sirius XM Holdings has implemented, however, may not be sufficient to prevent all possible attacks and may be vulnerable to hacking, employee error, ransom attacks, malfeasance, system error, faulty password management or other irregularities. Further, the development and maintenance of these measures are costly and require ongoing monitoring and updating as technologies change and efforts to overcome security measures become increasingly sophisticated.
Sirius XM Holdings uses AI in its business, and challenges with properly managing its use could result in reputational harm, competitive harm, and legal liability, and adversely affect Sirius XM Holdings’ results of operations.
Sirius XM Holdings incorporates AI solutions into its digital infrastructure, services, offerings and features, and these applications may become important in Sirius XM Holdings’ operations over time. Competitors or other third parties may incorporate AI into their products more quickly or more successfully than Sirius XM Holdings, which could impair its ability to compete effectively and adversely affect its results of operations. Additionally, if the content, analyses, search results or recommendations that AI applications assist in producing are, or are alleged to be, deficient, inaccurate, or biased, Sirius XM Holdings’ business, reputation, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.
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The use of AI applications may result in cybersecurity incidents that implicate the personal data of consumers. Any such cybersecurity incidents related to Sirius XM Holdings’ use of AI applications could adversely affect its reputation and results of operations. AI also presents emerging ethical issues, such as the proper use of copyrighted material with AI applications, and if Sirius XM Holdings’ use of AI becomes controversial, it may experience brand or reputational harm, competitive harm, or legal liability. The rapid evolution of AI, including potential government regulation of AI, will require significant resources to develop, test and maintain Sirius XM Holdings’ platform, offerings, services, and features to help it implement AI ethically in order to minimize unintended, harmful impact.
Interruption or failure of Sirius XM Holdings’ IT and communications systems could impair the delivery of its service and harm its business.
Sirius XM Holdings relies on its own systems and systems of third party vendors to enable subscribers and listeners to access its Pandora and Sirius XM services in a dependable and efficient manner. Any degradation in the quality, or any failure, of Sirius XM Holdings’ systems could reduce its revenue, cause it to lose customers and damage its brands. Although Sirius XM Holdings has implemented practices designed to maintain the availability of the IT and service delivery systems it relies on and mitigate the harm of any unplanned interruptions, Sirius XM Holdings cannot anticipate all eventualities. Sirius XM Holdings occasionally experience unplanned outages or technical difficulties. Sirius XM Holdings could also experience loss of data or processing capabilities, which could cause it to lose customers and could harm its reputation and operating results.
Sirius XM Holdings relies on internal systems and external systems maintained by manufacturers, distributors and service providers to take, fulfill and handle customer service requests and host certain online activities. Any interruption or failure of Sirius XM Holdings’ internal or external systems could prevent it from servicing customers or cause data to be unintentionally disclosed. Sirius XM Holdings’ services have experienced, and are expected to continue to experience, periodic service interruptions and delays involving its own systems and those of its vendors.
Sirius XM Holdings’ data centers and its IT and communications systems are vulnerable to damage or interruption from natural disasters, malicious attacks, fire, power loss, telecommunications failures, computer viruses or other attempts to harm its systems. The occurrence of any of these events could result in interruptions in Sirius XM Holdings’ services and unauthorized access to, or alteration of, the content and data contained on its systems and that these third-party vendors store and deliver on its behalf.
Damage or interruption to data centers and IT and communications centers could expose Sirius XM Holdings to data loss or manipulation, disruption of service, monetary and reputational damages, competitive disadvantage and significant increases in compliance costs and costs to improve the security and resiliency of its computer systems. The compromise of personal, confidential or proprietary information could also subject Sirius XM Holdings to legal liability or regulatory action under evolving cybersecurity, data protection and privacy laws and regulations enacted by the U.S. federal and state governments or other foreign jurisdictions or by various regulatory organizations. As a result, Sirius XM Holdings’ ability to conduct its business and its results of operations might be adversely affected.
The market for music rights is changing and is subject to significant uncertainties.
Sirius XM Holdings must maintain music programming royalty arrangements with, and pay license fees to, owners of rights in musical works in order to operate its services. Traditionally, BMI, ASCAP, SESAC and GMR have negotiated for these copyright users, collected royalties and distributed them to songwriters and music publishers. These traditional arrangements are changing. The fracturing of the traditional system for licensing rights in musical works may have significant consequences to Sirius XM Holdings’ business, including increasing licensing costs and reducing the availability of certain pieces for use on its services.
Under the Copyright Act, Sirius XM Holdings also must pay royalties to copyright owners of sound recordings for the performance of such sound recordings on its Sirius XM service. Those royalty rates may be established through negotiation or, if negotiation is unsuccessful, by the CRB. Owners of copyrights in sound recordings have created SoundExchange, an organization which negotiates licenses and collects and distributes royalties on behalf of record companies and performing artists. SoundExchange is exempt by statute from certain U.S. antitrust laws and exercises
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significant market power in the licensing of sound recordings. Under the terms of the CRB’s existing decision governing sound recording royalties for satellite radio, Sirius XM Holdings is required to pay a royalty based on its gross revenue associated with its satellite radio service, subject to certain exclusions, of 15.5% per year through December 31, 2027.
Pandora’s services depend upon maintaining complex licenses with copyright owners, and these licenses contain onerous terms.
Pandora has direct license agreements with many sound recording copyright and musical work copyright owners. These agreements grant Sirius XM Holdings the right to operate Pandora Premium, and add interactive features, such as replays, additional skips and offline play, to Pandora’s ad-supported service and to Pandora Plus.
The economic terms of these direct licenses are onerous and, as a result, Sirius XM Holdings may not be able to profitably operate the Pandora services. However, the economic terms of these direct licenses may be “market,” given the rates paid by Pandora’s competitors. Competition for Pandora’s services are primarily offered by entities that provide music and entertainment services as a small part of a larger business, such as Apple, Google and Amazon. These competitors have the ability to bear these onerous economic provisions to a much greater extent than the Pandora business. Sirius XM Holdings may not be able to negotiate or obtain lower royalty rates under these direct licenses.
These direct licenses are complex. Sirius XM Holdings may not be in compliance with the terms of these licenses, which could result in the loss of some or all of these licenses and some or all of the rights they convey. Similarly, many of these licenses provide that if the licensor loses rights in a portion of the content licensed under the agreement, that content may be removed from the license going-forward.
If Pandora fails to maintain these direct licenses, or if rights to certain music were no longer available under these licenses, then Sirius XM Holdings may have to remove the affected music from Pandora’s services, or discontinue certain interactive features for such music, and it might become commercially impractical for Sirius XM Holdings to operate Pandora Premium, Pandora Plus or certain features of its advertising supported service. Any of these occurrences could have an adverse effect on Sirius XM Holdings’ business, financial condition and results of operations.
Several of these direct licenses also include provisions related to the terms of those agreements relative to other content licensing arrangements, which are commonly referred to as “most favored nation” clauses. These provisions have caused, and may in the future cause, Sirius XM Holdings’ payments under those agreements to escalate substantially. In addition, SoundExchange, many record labels, music publishers and performing rights organizations have the right to audit Sirius XM’s royalty payments, and these audits often result in disputes over whether it has paid the proper amounts. As a result of such audits, Sirius XM Holdings could be required to pay additional amounts, audit fees and interest or penalties, and the amounts involved could adversely affect its business, financial condition and results of operations.
There is no guarantee that these direct licenses will be renewed in the future or that such licenses will be available on the economic terms associated with the current licenses. If Sirius XM Holdings is unable to secure and maintain direct licenses for the rights to provide music on its Pandora services on terms similar to those under its current direct licenses, Sirius XM Holdings’ content costs could rise and adversely affect its business, financial condition and results of operations.
Failure to protect Sirius XM Holdings’ intellectual property or actions by third-parties to enforce their intellectual property rights could substantially harm its business and operating results.
Development of Sirius XM Holdings’ systems has depended upon the intellectual property that it has developed, as well as intellectual property licensed from third parties. If the intellectual property that Sirius XM Holdings has developed or used is not adequately protected, others will be permitted to and may duplicate portions of its systems or services without liability. In addition, others may challenge, invalidate, render unenforceable or circumvent Sirius XM Holdings’ intellectual property rights, patents or existing licenses or it may face significant legal costs in connection with defending and enforcing those intellectual property rights. Some of the know-how and technology Sirius XM Holdings has developed, and plans to develop, is not now, nor will it be, covered by U.S. patents or trade secret protections. Trade secret protection and contractual agreements may not provide adequate protection if there is any unauthorized use or
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disclosure. The loss of necessary technologies could require Sirius XM Holdings to substitute technologies of lower quality performance standards, at greater cost or on a delayed basis, which could harm Sirius XM Holdings.
Other parties may have patents or pending patent applications, which will later mature into patents or inventions that may block or put limits on Sirius XM Holdings’ ability to operate its system or license its technologies. Sirius XM Holdings may have to resort to litigation to enforce its rights under license agreements or to determine the scope and validity of other parties’ proprietary rights in the subject matter of those licenses. This may be expensive and Sirius XM Holdings may not succeed in any such litigation.
Third parties may assert claims or bring suit against Sirius XM Holdings for patent, trademark or copyright infringement, or for other infringement or misappropriation of intellectual property rights. Any such litigation could be costly, divert Sirius XM’s efforts from its business, subject it to significant liabilities to third parties, require it to seek licenses from third parties, block its ability to operate its services or license its technology, or otherwise adversely affect its ability to successfully develop and market its services.
Some of Sirius XM Holdings’ services and technologies may use “open source” software, which may restrict how Sirius XM Holdings uses or distributes its services or require that it release the source code subject to those licenses.
Sirius XM Holdings may incorporate in some products software licensed under “open source” licenses. Open source licenses often require that the source code be made available to the public and that any modifications or derivative works to the open source software continue to be licensed under open source licenses. Few courts have interpreted open source licenses, and the manner in which these licenses may be interpreted and enforced is therefore subject to uncertainty. In the event that portions of Sirius XM Holdings’ proprietary technology are determined to be subject to an open source license, Sirius XM Holdings may be required to publicly release portions of its source code, be forced to re-engineer all or a portion of its technologies, or otherwise be limited in the licensing of its technologies, each of which could adversely affect its ability to sustain and grow its business.
Rapid technological and industry changes and new entrants could adversely impact Sirius XM Holdings’ services.
The audio entertainment industry is characterized by rapid technological change, frequent product and feature innovations, changes in customer requirements and expectations, evolving standards and new entrants offering products and services. If Sirius XM Holdings is unable to keep pace with these changes, its business may not succeed. Products using new technologies could make Sirius XM Holdings’ services less competitive in the marketplace.
Sirius XM Holdings has a significant amount of indebtedness, and its debt contains certain covenants that restrict its operations.
As of December 31, 2023, Sirius XM Holdings had an aggregate principal amount of approximately $9.3 billion of indebtedness outstanding.
Sirius XM Holdings’ indebtedness increases its vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions; requires it to dedicate a portion of its cash flow from operations to payments on indebtedness, reducing the availability of cash flow to fund capital expenditures, marketing and other general corporate activities; limits its ability to borrow additional funds; and may limit its flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in its business and the audio entertainment industry.
In addition, Sirius XM Holdings’ borrowings under its Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility carry a variable interest rate based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”). Sirius XM Holdings may, in the future, hedge against interest rate fluctuations by using hedging instruments such as swaps, caps, options, forwards, futures or other similar products. These instruments may be used to selectively manage risks, but there can be no assurance that Sirius XM Holdings will be fully protected against material interest rate fluctuations.
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If Sirius XM Holdings is unable to attract and retain qualified personnel, its business could be harmed.
Sirius XM Holdings believes that its success depends on its continued ability to attract and retain qualified management, sales, technical and other personnel. All of Sirius XM Holdings’ employees, including its executive officers, are free to terminate their employment with Sirius XM Holdings at any time, and their knowledge of its business may be difficult to replace.
Qualified individuals are in high demand, particularly in the media and technology industries, and Sirius XM Holdings may incur significant costs to attract and retain employees. If Sirius XM Holdings is unable to attract and retain its key employees, it may not be able to achieve its objectives, and its business could be harmed.
Sirius XM Holdings’ facilities could be damaged by natural catastrophes or terrorist activities.
An earthquake, hurricane, tornado, flood, cyber-attack, terrorist attack, civil unrest or other catastrophic event could damage Sirius XM Holdings’ data centers, studios, terrestrial repeater networks or satellite uplink facilities, interrupt its services and harm its business. Sirius XM Holdings also has significant operations in the San Francisco Bay Area, a region known for seismic activity. Natural disasters and extreme weather conditions can be caused or exacerbated by climate change.
Any damage to the satellites that transmit to Sirius XM Holdings’ terrestrial repeater networks would likely result in degradation of the affected service for some Sirius XM subscribers and could result in complete loss of Sirius XM satellite service in certain or all areas. Damage to Sirius XM Holdings’ satellite uplink facilities could result in a complete loss of its Sirius XM satellite service until it could transfer operations to suitable back-up facilities.
The unfavorable outcome of pending or future litigation could have an adverse impact on Sirius XM Holdings’ operations and financial condition.
Sirius XM Holdings is party to several legal proceedings arising out of various aspects of its business, including possible class actions arising out of its marketing practices and governmental actions and possible class actions and mass arbitrations arising from its pricing and cancellation practices. The outcome of these proceedings may not be favorable, and one or more unfavorable outcomes could have an adverse impact on its financial condition.
Sirius XM Holdings may be exposed to liabilities that other entertainment service providers would not customarily be subject to.
Sirius XM Holdings designs, establishes specifications, sources or specifies parts and components, and manages various aspects of the logistics of the production of satellite radios and its apps. As a result of these activities, Sirius XM Holdings may be exposed to liabilities associated with the design, manufacture and distribution of radios and apps that the providers of an entertainment service would not customarily be subject to, such as liabilities for design defects, patent infringement and compliance with applicable laws, as well as the costs of returned product.
Sirius XM Holdings’ business and prospects depend on the strength of its brands.
Maintaining and enhancing Sirius XM Holdings’ brands is an important part of its strategy to expand its base of subscribers, listeners and advertisers. Sirius XM Holdings’ brands may be impaired by a number of factors, including service outages, data privacy and security issues and exploitation of its trademarks by others without permission. Sirius XM Holdings’ ability to maintain and enhance its brands also depends in part on its ability to continue to develop and provide an innovative and high-quality entertainment experience, which Sirius XM Holdings may not do successfully.
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Risks Relating to the Formula One Group
Risks Relating to the Formula 1 Business
There could be a decline in the popularity of Formula 1, which may have a material adverse effect on Formula 1’s ability to exploit its commercial rights to the World Championship.
The success of Formula 1’s business and its ability to profitably renew or enter into beneficial new commercial arrangements, including race promotion, media rights and sponsorship contracts, is largely dependent upon the continued popularity of the World Championship. Similarly, the sponsorship and other revenue generation of the Teams are dependent on such continued popularity and, if such revenue decreased, it may impact their ability or willingness to continue participating in the World Championship. The popularity of Formula 1, globally and in particular countries and regions, may be influenced by competition from any rival championship and other forms of motor sport or similar entertainment which challenge Formula 1’s position and reputation as the pinnacle of world motor sport, the continued participation of the leading Teams, the perceived entertainment value of the World Championship, changes in societal views on automobiles more generally and an unfavorable economic climate which may discourage fans from attending Events or make it more difficult to expand into new markets, all of which could change rapidly and cannot be predicted. See “-Rival motor sport events could be established involving existing Teams or different teams, or existing Teams may divert their resources to participate in another motor sport event, which could lead to fewer Teams and race circuits being involved in Formula 1, or a Team’s primary engagement in motor sport being in another motor sport event, either of which could diminish the competitive position of Formula 1.” Formula 1 also faces stiff competition from other live sporting events, and with sporting events delivered over television networks, radio, the Internet and online services, mobile applications and other alternative sources, as well as from the availability of alternative forms of entertainment and leisure activities. Formula 1 competes for attendance, viewership and advertising with a wide range of alternatives, such as top flight soccer leagues in many of its non-U.S. markets. As a result of the large number of options available, Formula 1 faces strong competition for the attention of sports fans.
Further, a scandal which undermines the credibility of the sport, such as a race fixing scandal, or accident could also impact the popularity of Formula 1. In particular regions, the popularity of the World Championship varies depending upon the participation and performance of drivers and Teams from that region. There is no assurance that Formula 1 will be able to compete effectively with other forms of sports or entertainment or that the World Championship will maintain its popularity either globally or in any particular country or region. Any decrease in the continued popularity of the World Championship may affect Formula 1’s ability to enter into or renew race promotion, media rights, advertising, sponsorship or other commercial agreements which may materially adversely affect Formula 1’s business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, and in turn materially adversely impact the Formula One Group.
Termination of the 100-Year Agreements could cause Formula 1 to discontinue its operations.
Under the 100-Year Agreements, entered into by Formula 1 and the FIA in 2001, Formula 1 was granted an exclusive license with respect to all of the commercial rights to the World Championship, including its trademarks. This license, which took effect on January 1, 2011 and will expire on December 31, 2110, maintains Formula 1’s exclusive commercial rights to the World Championship which Formula 1 held under previous agreements with the FIA, among other things. The license under the 100-Year Agreements is critical to the ongoing operation of Formula 1’s business. Formula 1’s rights under these agreements can be terminated by the FIA if Formula 1 materially breaches the relevant agreements (with certain of such breaches subject to certain cure rights), undergoes an unpermitted change of control, interferes with certain of the FIA’s rights under the 100-Year Agreements or experiences certain insolvency events. If Formula 1’s license under the 100-Year Agreements was terminated in accordance with its terms or the FIA or another person successfully challenged the validity of that license (or the 100-Year Agreements as a whole), it could cause Formula 1 to discontinue its operations, lead to the termination of substantially all of Formula 1’s commercial contracts, prevent Formula 1 from exploiting the commercial rights to the World Championship and require Formula 1 to discontinue use of the World Championship trademarks and other intellectual property rights, which would materially adversely impact the Formula One Group.
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Teams may, in certain circumstances, terminate their existing commitment to participate in the World Championship until (and including) 2025 or breach their obligations and withdraw.
Formula 1’s ability to effectively stage the World Championship depends on the ongoing involvement of its participants. Pursuant to the 2021 Concorde Agreement, each of the current 10 Teams have committed to participate in the World Championship until December 31, 2025, subject to earlier termination upon the occurrence of certain events. Formula 1 cannot provide assurance that any of the Teams will commit to participate in the World Championship beyond 2025, or that the FIA will enter into a subsequent Concorde Agreement beyond 2030. If any of the current Teams cease to participate in the World Championship, Formula 1 may attempt to encourage new entrants to the World Championship; however, there is no assurance Formula 1 will be able to do this. If such Teams were not replaced, it could result in fewer competitors in the World Championship as compared to recent seasons which may impact the perceived entertainment value of Events. In addition, any negotiation for an extension to the term of the Team Agreements or the Concorde Arrangements could result in less favorable terms to Formula 1.
Even if a Team has committed to participate in the World Championship it may be able to exercise termination rights under the 2021 Concorde Agreement in certain circumstances and withdraw. For additional information regarding the 2021 Concorde Agreement, see “Item 1. Business-Formula 1-Key Commercial Agreements-Key Provisions.”
A lesser number of teams may reduce the popularity of Formula 1 which may affect its ability to enter into or renew race promotion, media rights, advertising, sponsorship or other commercial agreements, which may materially and adversely affect Formula 1’s business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, and in turn may materially adversely impact the Formula One Group.
The FIA may take actions which are not in Formula 1’s interest.
The FIA is the governing body of the World Championship and a party to the 100-Year Agreements and the 2013 Concorde Implementation Agreement. In its capacity as the governing body of the World Championship, the FIA must place safety and other sporting concerns over Formula 1’s commercial interests. As a result, the FIA may take actions with respect to safety and sporting standards and regulations which conflict with Formula 1’s interests as the commercial rights holder, including by increasing the cost to Teams of participating in the World Championship, diminishing the visual and sonic spectacle of Events, imposing fines on or excluding Teams, cancelling or delaying an Event, withholding approval for the staging of an Event, a new circuit or Formula 1’s proposed season calendar or establishing regulations without the support of the Teams. As a party to the 100-Year Agreements and the 2021 Concorde Governance Agreement, the FIA has certain rights, and the exercise or purported exercise of the FIA’s rights thereunder may conflict with Formula 1’s interests. Any actions taken by the FIA which conflict with Formula 1’s interests may adversely impact Formula 1’s operations and revenue, and in turn may materially adversely impact the Formula One Group.
Formula 1 may be subject to enforcement actions under competition laws.
As further described in “Item 1.Business-Regulatory Matters-Competition Laws and Formula 1,” following an investigation by the E.C. in 1999 in relation to Formula 1’s compliance with competition laws, Formula 1 modified certain of its business practices and changed the terms of a number of Formula 1’s commercial contracts. Following these modifications and changes, the E.C. issued two comfort letters to Formula 1 in October 2001 stating that Formula 1 was no longer under investigation. Comfort letters are not binding on the E.C. and if it believes there has been a material change in circumstances, it could take further enforcement action. The E.C. issued a press release in October 2003 stating that it was satisfied that Formula 1 had complied with the modified practices and terms that had led to its issuing its comfort letters and that it had ended its monitoring of Formula 1’s compliance. In adopting practices and concluding commercial contracts (including as to contracts with broadcasters (and the manner in which these rights are offered), contracts with Teams and contracts with promoters), Formula 1 takes into account the modified practices that formed the basis of the EC’s comfort letters.
Formula 1 is also required to comply with general European Union and national competition laws, which require Formula 1 at all times to ensure its business practices and agreements are consistent with the operation of competitive markets. Failure to comply with the relevant practices, terms, laws and rules can give rise to challenges by the EC, national
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competition regulators and other interested parties. In addition, they could cause or deem certain of Formula 1’s commercial contracts (including the Team Agreements) to be unenforceable in whole or in part and/or require various terms (including duration, scope and exclusivity) to be modified, and/or Formula 1 could be liable for damages or other sanctions.
Formula 1 has sought to adopt practices and conclude commercial contracts that take into account competition law as it applies to the specific nature of Formula 1’s sporting and entertainment businesses, Formula 1’s role within those businesses and the roles of the counterparties to Formula 1’s commercial contracts. However given the uncertainty of the law in this area, and the possibility of third parties instigating action, there is a risk of further E.C. investigations, challenges or proceedings against Formula 1. For example, two Teams made a complaint against Formula 1 to the E.C. in September 2015 regarding the distribution of the Prize Fund and current sporting governance arrangements (though Formula 1 rejected the complaint as being without merit and believed it was in any event, a commercial dispute and not one that involved any breach of competition law). Although this particular complaint was withdrawn by the two Teams in early 2018, for the reasons set out above, no assurance can be given that there will be no future E.C. investigations, challenges or proceedings regarding unasserted matters.
Any of the foregoing could materially and adversely affect Formula 1’s business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, which in turn could materially adversely impact the Formula One Group.
Formula 1 may be unable to renew, replace or renegotiate on favorable terms one or more of Formula 1’s race promotion, media rights or sponsorship contracts.
Formula 1’s race promotion, media rights and sponsorship contracts typically have terms of three to seven years, three to five years and three to five years, respectively, but may on occasion be of longer duration. When these contracts expire, Formula 1 may not be able to renew or replace them with contracts on similar terms or at all. Further, counterparties to Formula 1 contracts may seek to terminate or renegotiate them, and Formula 1 may not be able to replace terminated contracts with contracts on similar terms or at all or renegotiate contracts on terms that are as favorable to us. Formula 1’s ability to renew, replace or renegotiate its contracts on similar terms, or at all, is dependent on a number of factors which Formula 1 may not be able to control or predict including the popularity of Formula 1, the value of live sports rights generally, relevant regulations, economic conditions in the relevant countries and the spending capacity and priorities of Formula 1’s counterparties. Additionally, many of Formula 1’s race promotion and media rights contracts are directly or indirectly with, or guaranteed by, governmental bodies or agencies and a change in their spending capacity or priorities could impact Formula 1’s negotiations with them. A failure to renew, replace or renegotiate Formula 1’s existing contracts on similar or improved terms could result in, among other things, the cancellation of an Event, the payments Formula 1 receives decreasing, the term of the contracts being shortened, termination rights being granted to Formula 1’s counterparties and other contractual terms and conditions being introduced which could materially and adversely affect Formula 1’s business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, and in turn could materially adversely impact the Formula One Group.
Formula 1 is exposed to credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties to Formula 1’s key commercial contracts.
Future payments under Formula 1’s core commercial contracts, including Formula 1’s race promotion, media rights and sponsorship contracts are typically made periodically over the course of several years. Formula 1’s ability to generate cash flow is heavily dependent on collecting amounts owed to it under these contracts. A change in the credit quality of one or more of Formula 1’s counterparties over the term of their contract with Formula 1 may increase the risk of non-payment. Certain of Formula 1’s counterparties are directly or indirectly governments or agencies thereof, some of which have recently experienced a deterioration in their credit quality. Formula 1 may also generally experience difficulties or be unable to recover payments owed to it by governments or agencies thereof because of their sovereign or semi-sovereign status. Additionally, an appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the functional currencies of Formula 1’s counterparties increases the risk of non-payment. See “-Fluctuations in the value of the U.S. dollar against the functional currencies of Formula 1’s business and Formula 1’s counterparties’ business could adversely affect Formula 1’s profitability and the Formula One Group.” The failure of one or more of Formula 1’s counterparties to pay outstanding
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amounts owed to it could have a material adverse effect on Formula 1’s cash flows and results of operation, and in turn could materially adversely impact the Formula One Group.
Potential challenges by tax authorities in the jurisdictions in which Formula 1 operates could adversely affect Formula 1’s financial results and position and in turn, the Formula One Group.
Formula 1’s taxes are based upon the applicable tax laws and tax rates in effect in the jurisdictions in which it operates and upon the nature of Formula 1’s business arrangements and activities with and in such jurisdictions. When computing its tax obligations in these jurisdictions, Formula 1 endeavors to apply national and international tax rules consistently and in accordance with generally accepted interpretations and practice. However, such rules, and their application to Formula 1’s business, may not be entirely clear in all cases and may be interpreted differently by the applicable tax authorities. There can be no assurance that, upon review of Formula 1’s positions, the applicable tax authorities will agree with such positions. If a tax authority successfully challenges Formula 1’s positions with respect to its business arrangements, intercompany pricing policies, or the taxable presence of subsidiaries in certain jurisdictions, or if Formula 1 loses a material tax dispute in any jurisdiction, then Formula 1 may be exposed to additional tax liabilities and penalties, which may adversely affect its financial condition, results of operations and prospects, and in turn may materially adversely impact the Formula One Group.
Changes in tax laws could adversely affect Formula 1 and the Formula One Group.
Formula 1 operates in various jurisdictions and is subject to changes in applicable tax laws, treaties or regulations in those jurisdictions. A material change in the tax laws, treaties or regulations, or their interpretation, of any jurisdiction with which Formula 1 does business, or in which Formula 1 has significant operations, could adversely affect Formula 1.
For example, during October 2021, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (the “OECD”) announced that 136 countries and tax jurisdictions had agreed to implement a new “Two Pillar” approach to international taxation. Several countries have now enacted new legislation consistent with this approach, which takes effect for the first time in 2024. More countries have committed to introduce similar legislation, at different times and in different ways, through their individual agreement to tax treaty changes and through changes to their own domestic tax laws.
The first of the OECD’s “pillars” establishes a new taxing right for countries in which a business has a significant economic presence, even though it may not have the degree of physical presence in that country needed to establish a taxing right under existing tax treaties. This new taxing right is subject to several conditions, exclusions and exceptions, and will initially affect only multinational enterprises with global turnover above 20 billion euros.
The second pillar establishes a Global Minimum Tax Rate of 15%, such that multinational enterprises with an effective tax rate in a jurisdiction below this minimum rate will need to pay additional tax, which could be collected by the parent company’s tax authorities or by those in other countries, depending on whether and how each country implements the OECD’s approach in its tax treaties and domestic tax legislation. In an initial transition period from 2024 to 2026, enterprises are exempt from this additional tax if certain “Safe Harbour” tests are met.
Depending on how the jurisdictions in which Formula 1 operates, and those in which Liberty and its subsidiaries are based, choose to implement the OECD’s approach in their tax treaties and domestic tax laws, and depending on the future evolution of the OECD’s “Two Pillar” approach. Formula 1 could be adversely affected due to its income being taxed at higher effective rates.
Formula 1 may face difficulties expanding into new markets, including as a result of being unable to attract race promoters for new Events.
Formula 1 has recently staged Events in a number of new markets and intends to explore further opportunities for expansion. Attracting the relevant race promoters to the World Championship in these markets on terms that are attractive to Formula 1 will be largely dependent on the popularity of the Formula 1 brand in these markets and Formula 1’s perceived ability to deliver the benefits that race promoters desire, such as publicity for the host city/region, economic impact or tourism. See “-There could be a decline in the popularity of Formula 1 which may have a material adverse
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effect on Formula 1’s ability to exploit its commercial rights to the World Championship.” Additionally, Formula 1 may have difficulties entering into agreements with race promoters that have the necessary resources and experience to obtain all the necessary FIA, governmental and sporting approvals and successfully stage an Event. Events in new markets also require significant investments in circuit infrastructure and other administrative costs by Formula 1’s race promoters which may not be recouped and may generate fees below those received from Formula 1’s Events staged in more developed markets. In addition, under the 2021 Concorde Agreement, the consent of 70% of the Teams is required if there are more than 24 Events in a season or if there are fewer than eight Events across Europe and North America combined. See “Item 1. Business-Formula 1-Key Commercial Agreements-Key Provisions.” Also, under the 100-Year Agreements as amended by the 2013 Concorde Implementation Agreement, Formula 1 must obtain the FIA’s approval to stage more than 25 Events (or beginning in 2031, more than 17 Events unless the FIA and Formula 1 make a new agreement on this point), and there is no assurance such approval will be obtained.
Formula 1’s business is subject to laws and regulations including with respect to advertising, media rights and the environment, and changes in and judicial interpretations of such laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on Formula 1 and the Formula One Group.
Formula 1’s business is subject to laws and regulations including advertising, media rights, environmental and health and safety laws and regulations. Such regimes are subject to periodic governmental review, legislative initiatives and judicial interpretations, any of which could adversely affect Formula 1’s business and its profitability. A substantial part of Formula 1’s, broadcasters’ and the Teams’ revenue come from sponsorship contracts. If new restrictions or bans on advertising specific products or services which are advertised in Formula 1 are introduced, it may reduce Formula 1’s or the Teams’ sponsorship revenue or advertising revenue of Formula 1’s broadcasters, which in turn may reduce the value of Formula 1’s media rights contracts and impact the Teams’ desire to continue participating in Formula 1. For example, advertising of alcohol is restricted in certain countries where Events are held. Advertising laws could also be introduced which prevent the broadcast of images which include a restricted brand, thereby preventing Formula 1 from licensing the television rights in an affected country. Additionally, as Formula 1 expands into new markets, local customs, practices and cultural sensitivities may require Formula 1 and the Teams to restrict advertising of certain products even if not required by law.
Broadcasting laws could be introduced which require that Events be broadcast only on free-to-air television which would prevent Formula 1 from entering into pay television contracts in the relevant jurisdiction. Additionally, judicial decisions or other governmental action could interfere with the manner in which Formula 1 exploits its media rights, including in relation to Formula 1’s segmentation of such rights among different geographic regions.
Environmental laws could also be introduced which place limits on engine design and Event activities. Motor sport has also been banned in certain countries. For example, Switzerland banned motor sport from 1955 to 2007 following an accident at the 24 Hours of Le Mans that killed spectators and a driver. A ban on motor sport in any country where Formula 1 holds an Event could result in a reduction in Formula 1’s revenue and as a consequence, may materially and adversely affect Formula 1’s business, financial condition and prospects, which in turn may materially adversely impact the Formula One Group.
The economic and security relationship between the U.K. and the E.U. following Brexit could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Following the withdrawal of the U.K. from the E.U., commonly referred to as “Brexit,” the E.U. reached a trade agreement with the U.K. on the terms of its future cooperation with the E.U., effective as of January 1, 2021 (the “Trade Agreement”). The Trade Agreement offers U.K. and E.U. companies preferential access to each other’s markets, ensuring imported goods will be free of tariffs and quotas; however, economic relations between the U.K. and the E.U. are now more restricted than they were previously. The Trade Agreement does not incorporate the full scope of the services sector, and businesses such as banking and finance face a more uncertain future. The U.K. and E.U. concluded technical discussions on a separate memorandum of understanding in March 2021, creating a framework for dialogue between the U.K. and the E.U. on financial services regulation.
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As Formula 1 operates its business principally through U.K.-based subsidiaries and a number of Events take place within the E.U., Brexit and the terms of the Trade Agreement may have negative impacts that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results. We therefore continue to monitor any effects of Brexit and the Trade Agreement on our operations, and to identify appropriate mitigating actions to prevent significant disruption to our operations.
Events beyond Formula 1’s control may cause one or more Events to be cancelled or postponed or prevent Formula 1 from providing an international television feed, each of which could result in the loss of revenue under Formula 1’s commercial contracts.
An Event may have to be postponed or cancelled, or Formula 1 may be unable to provide an international television feed of an Event, due to factors beyond its control, including an inability to transport Formula 1’s and the Teams’ equipment to an Event, power failures, parties to Formula 1 race promotion contracts terminating those contracts, embargoes or sanctions, cancellation of large-scale public events by a competent authority due to a security or terrorism risk, or outbreak of disease, which could result in the loss of revenue under Formula 1’s commercial contracts. Most recently, the 2023 Emilia-Romagna Grand Prix was cancelled due to severe flooding in the region. Additionally, the 2022 Russian Grand Prix was cancelled due to circumstances arising from Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. During the 2021 and 2020 seasons, a number of Events were cancelled and/or replaced due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a general matter, Formula 1’s insurance policies do not cover the cancellation of an Event. Whether a race promoter is required to pay Formula 1 the race promotion fee with respect to an Event that is cancelled due to any factor beyond the control of Formula 1 depends on the terms and provisions of the applicable promoter agreement. In addition, Formula 1’s broadcast contracts include a provision to reduce the fee payable to Formula 1 if there are fewer than a specified number of Events in a season for reasons other than a force majeure event. The minimum number of Events varies by broadcast contract but is typically between 14 and 16 Events. However, if an Event were to be cancelled due to the race promoter failing to meet its obligations under the race promotion contract, then Formula 1 may be entitled to indemnification from the race promoter for any lost media rights revenue. If an Event is not held, cancelled or does not receive international television coverage (for example, as a result of a technical problem), Formula 1’s fees under the relevant sponsorship contract are likely to be reduced unless the sponsorship contract allows Formula 1 to substitute another Event for the cancelled Event and Formula 1 does so. If an Event is cancelled, Formula 1 will also be required to refund amounts paid under other arrangements, including amounts paid for tickets to the Paddock Club, the principal high end corporate hospitality offering at certain Event weekends.
Accidents during Events may cause losses that are not covered by insurance, disrupt an Event and cause Formula 1 reputational damage.
Racing accidents occur in Formula 1 and its support races. The last racing accident to cause the death of a driver was in 2019 during a Formula 2 support race at the Belgian Grand Prix and there have also been two fatalities involving race marshals since 1994. Fatal accidents, particularly if they involve public spectators, could damage the reputation of Formula 1 and decrease its popularity, any of which could have a material adverse effect on Formula 1. Accidents can also result in the cancellation of a practice, a qualifying session or a race. Additionally, persons harmed in any accident could seek compensation from Formula 1. Formula 1 and its promoters purchase insurance coverage for each Event. However, there can be no assurance that such insurance policies will provide adequate coverage at all times and in all circumstances. If Formula 1 is held liable for damages beyond the scope of the insurance coverage available to Formula 1 (including the insurance contract procured by the race promoter to include coverage for Formula 1), Formula 1’s business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected, which in turn could materially adversely affect the Formula One Group.
Terrorist acts during Events may cause Formula 1 damage and losses that are not covered by insurance.
Formula 1 is a high profile sport with a global fan base and Events are attended by a large number of spectators. An Event, like any other major sporting event, could be the target of an actual or threatened terrorist act, either of which could disrupt Formula 1 and lead to the cancellation of Events, increase security requirements and result in a decline of spectator attendance at Events. Additionally, persons harmed in any terrorist act may attempt to seek compensation from Formula 1. The general risk of a terror attack has increased recently in a number of the countries in which Events are held.
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Formula 1 purchases annual insurance policies covering all Events, and individual race promoters purchase insurance coverage for their own Events under which Formula 1 is also covered, which provide coverage for third party liability covering personal injury, equipment and property damage. However, there can be no assurance that this insurance will be adequate at all times and in all circumstances. Terrorism is expressly excluded from the public liability coverage arranged by the race promoters, although Formula 1’s own insurance policies cover both its broadcast and Event systems equipment and its employer and public liabilities exposures for terrorism risks. However, attacks involving an active assailant are not covered by insurance policies for terrorism, and would require supplemental coverage. If Formula 1 is held liable for damages beyond the scope of the insurance coverage (its own and that arranged by the race promoter) and/or is unable to obtain indemnification from the relevant insurer(s), Formula 1’s business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected, which in turn could materially adversely affect the Formula One Group.
Rival motor sport events could be established involving existing Teams or different teams, or existing Teams may divert their resources to participate in another motor sport event, which could lead to fewer Teams and race circuits being involved in Formula 1, or a Team’s primary engagement in motor sport being in another motor sport event, either of which could diminish the competitive position of Formula 1.
In the future, it is possible that a rival motor racing series similar to Formula 1 could be established, involving existing Teams and/or different teams or an existing motor sport event could become more popular and become a rival series to Formula 1. Such a rival series could lead to fewer Teams and race circuits in Formula 1, reduce the budget that a Team is willing to spend on its participation in Formula 1, or diminish the competitive position of Formula 1 and have a material adverse effect on Formula 1’s results of operations and business and the Formula One Group. In addition, certain of Formula 1’s commercial contracts could be terminated if Formula 1 ceased to be the premier motor racing series for open wheel single-seater cars. Pursuant to the 2021 Concorde Agreement, each of the 10 Teams have committed to participate in the World Championship until December 31, 2025. If a rival motor racing series is established (or if an existing series develops into a rival series), this may reduce the popularity of Formula 1 leading to a decline in the value of Formula 1’s commercial contracts which may materially adversely affect Formula 1’s business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, and in turn may materially adversely affect the Formula One Group. See “-There could be a decline in the popularity of Formula 1 which may have a material adverse effect on Formula 1’s ability to exploit its commercial rights to the World Championship” and “-Teams may, in certain circumstances, terminate their existing commitment to participate in the World Championship until (and including) 2025 or breach their obligations and withdraw.”
Changes in consumer viewing habits and the emergence of new content distribution platforms could adversely affect Formula 1’s business and the Formula One Group.
The manner in which consumers view televised sporting events is changing rapidly with the emergence of alternative distribution platforms. Digital cable, internet and wireless content providers are continuing to improve technologies, content offerings, user interface and business models that allow consumers to access video-on-demand or internet-based tools with interactive capabilities including start, stop and rewind. Formula 1’s exclusive commercial rights place no limits on the platforms on which it can operate, including online. However, such developments may impact the profitability or effectiveness of Formula 1’s existing licensing practices and there is no guarantee that Formula 1 will be successful in adapting its licensing practices and/or media platform as consumer viewing habits change. If Formula 1 is unsuccessful in adapting its licensing practices and/or media platform as consumer viewing habits change, Formula 1’s viewership levels (whether on traditional or new platforms) may decrease and/or its licensing practices may become less profitable leading to the possibility of a reduction in the value of its media rights and sponsorship contracts. Any reduction in the value of Formula 1’s commercial rights and/or contracts may materially and adversely affect its revenue, business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, which in turn may materially adversely affect the Formula One Group. While Formula 1’s monetization of its television rights has increased in recent years, there can be no assurance that such increases will continue or that Formula 1’s level of such monetization will be comparable to that of other sporting events.
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If confidential information regarding Formula 1’s business arrangements is disclosed or leaked, it could affect Formula 1’s relationships with counterparties and/or Teams and result in less favorable commercial contracts and adversely affect Formula 1’s business and the Formula One Group.
The success of Formula 1’s business depends on maintaining good relationships with Formula 1’s counterparties (including race promoters, broadcasters and sponsors) and the Teams and entering into race promotion, media rights, sponsorship and other commercial contracts on favorable terms. If confidential information regarding Formula 1’s business arrangements with its counterparties and/or the Teams were to be disclosed or leaked, it could harm Formula 1’s relationships with those parties and result in less favorable terms in its commercial contracts, including with respect to pricing and adversely affect its business, results of operation, financial condition and prospects, which in turn could materially adversely affect the Formula One Group.
Formula 1 depends on trademarks, copyrights and intellectual property.
Formula 1 relies on certain trademarks, copyrights and other intellectual property to protect its rights, including its brands, logos and television footage. The existence of complex factual and legal issues may give rise to uncertainty as to the validity or subsistence, scope and enforceability of a particular trademark, copyright or other intellectual property or contractual right in a particular jurisdiction. While historically Formula 1 has been widely transmitted by free-to-air television which reduced its attractiveness as a target for piracy and other infringement, Formula 1 is increasingly transmitted by pay TV operators that are greater targets for piracy. In any event, Formula 1’s intellectual property, and in particular the Formula 1 brand (including the logo) and television footage are potential targets for counterfeiting, piracy and other infringement. New technologies such as the convergence of computing, communication, and entertainment devices, the falling prices of devices incorporating such technologies, increased broadband internet speed and penetration and increased availability and speed of mobile data transmission have made the unauthorized digital pirating and distribution of televised sporting events easier and faster and enforcement of intellectual property rights more challenging. The unauthorized use of intellectual property in the entertainment industry generally continues to be a significant challenge for intellectual property rights holders. If Formula 1 is unsuccessful in preventing widespread piracy and illegal live streaming of Events in the future, these activities could result in lost revenue and a reduction in the value of Formula 1’s media rights which may materially and adversely affect Formula 1’s business, results of operation, financial condition and prospects, and in turn may materially adversely affect the Formula One Group.
The terms of Formula 1’s indebtedness may limit its financial and operating flexibility.
Covenants contained in the agreements governing Formula 1’s credit facilities will restrict the ability of its subsidiaries to, among other things:
● incur or guarantee additional indebtedness or be a creditor in respect of financial indebtedness;
● pay dividends, redeem their share capital, purchase capital stock, make investments or other restricted payments;
● make any payment in respect, or on account of, indebtedness owing to Liberty or certain of its affiliates;
● in certain circumstances, make any payment or distribution in respect, or on account of, intra-group debt;
● issue or sell capital stock;
● acquire assets or make investments;
● sell assets (including capital stock of subsidiaries);
● create liens;
● enter into sale and leaseback or finance lease transactions;
● acquire an interest in or invest in any joint venture;
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● enter into transactions with shareholders or affiliates except on arm’s length terms for full market value, including in relation to the provision of goods or services;
● enter into any contractual or similar restriction which restricts their ability to pay dividends or other distributions, make intra-group loan repayments, loan repayments or loans;
● effect a consolidation or merger;
● amend material commercial contracts; and
● enter into derivative transactions in respect of exposures which are unconnected to Formula 1’s credit facilities.
In addition, those covenants restrict certain holding companies in Formula 1 from trading, carrying on business, owning assets or incurring liabilities.
Formula 1 may also be required to repay its credit facilities upon the occurrence of certain events and Formula 1 cannot give any assurance that it will be able to finance such a repayment. Failure to comply with an obligation to repay the credit facilities would result in an event of default which could have a material adverse effect on Formula 1 and the Formula One Group.
These restrictive covenants could limit Formula 1’s ability to pursue Formula 1’s growth plans, restrict Formula 1’s flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in Formula 1’s business and industry and increase Formula 1’s vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions. Formula 1 may enter into additional financing arrangements in the future, which could further restrict Formula 1’s flexibility.
Fluctuations in the value of the U.S. dollar against the functional currencies of Formula 1’s business and Formula 1’s counterparties’ business could adversely affect Formula 1’s profitability and the Formula One Group.
In 2023, a significant proportion of Formula 1’s revenue and costs were denominated in U.S. dollars. Formula 1 also operates in a number of other currencies, most notably the pound sterling and Euro. There may be a mismatch between the amount of a local currency Formula 1 generates in revenue and incurs in expenses. Our financial statements translate local currency transactions into U.S. dollars. Formula 1 occasionally uses derivatives to hedge its exposure to more significant foreign currency risk. There is no assurance that such measures will be successful and fluctuations in the value of the U.S. dollar against Formula 1’s functional currencies could affect its profitability. Additionally, most payments Formula 1 receives from Formula 1’s counterparties under Formula 1’s commercial contracts are denominated in U.S. dollars while their revenue is typically denominated in other currencies, most notably the Euro or the local currency in the country where the relevant Event is held. An appreciation of the U.S. dollar, against the functional currencies of Formula 1’s counterparties whose revenue is denominated in a currency other than U.S. dollars, increases the cost of their payments to Formula 1 in their functional currencies and the risk that they will not make their payments to Formula 1 or cause them to request Formula 1 to enter into a new contract with such counterparty, which could affect Formula 1’s profitability and financial position, and in turn could impact the Formula One Group. See “-Formula 1 is exposed to credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties to Formula 1’s key commercial contracts.”
Formula 1 is reliant upon the retention of certain key personnel and the hiring of strategically valuable personnel, and Formula 1 may lose or be unable to hire one or more of such personnel.
Formula 1’s commercial success is dependent to a considerable extent on the abilities and reputation of Formula 1’s management. Formula 1’s senior management team has a wealth of experience both in Formula 1 and in the media sector more widely. Stefano Domenicali, Formula 1’s Chief Executive Officer, brings his history of success in Formula 1 racing at Ferrari and the broader auto industry at Audi and Lamborghini. Formula 1’s Chief Financial Officer, Duncan Llowarch, and Chief Legal Officer and Chief Administrative Officer, Sacha Woodward Hill, have 27 years and 28 years of experience in Formula 1, respectively. While Formula 1 has the benefit of a strong management team and contracted revenue which provide Formula 1 stability in the near term, the voluntary departure of any key personnel could disrupt Formula 1’s operations and have a material adverse effect on Formula 1’s business and results of operations, which in turn could materially adversely impact the Formula One Group. Liberty and Formula 1 continue to take steps to hire
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new members of management for the Formula 1 team as Liberty continues to expand the Formula 1 business. If Liberty and Formula 1 are unable to make strategic hires to strengthen the management of Formula 1, or if we are unable to retain these strategic hires over the long-term, the Formula 1 business may suffer.
The Teams have certain governance rights under the 2021 Concorde Agreement that may limit or, at a minimum, influence actions that Liberty may seek to cause Formula 1 to take.
The Teams are entitled to certain consent rights under the 2021 Concorde Agreement, including in relation to the number of Events in a season exceeding 24 or if there are fewer than eight Events across Europe and North America combined and the introduction of new sporting and technical regulations applying to the World Championship. The interests or opinions of the Teams with regard to certain actions proposed to be taken by Formula 1 may differ from those of Liberty. In such event, the Teams may be able to block these actions.
Risks Relating to the Liberty Live Group
We do not have the right to manage our business affiliate, Live Nation, which means we are not able to cause it to operate in a manner that is favorable to us.
We do not have the right to manage the businesses or affairs of our business affiliate Live Nation. Rather, our rights take the form of representation on the board of directors and board committees of Live Nation. Although our board representation rights may enable us to exercise influence over the management or policies of Live Nation, such representation will not enable us to cause Live Nation to take any actions we believe are favorable to us (such as paying dividends or distributions).
Our equity method investment in Live Nation may have a material impact on net earnings of Liberty and the Liberty Live Group.
We have a significant investment in Live Nation that is attributed to the Liberty Live Group, which we account for under the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method, we report our proportionate share of the net earnings or losses of our equity affiliates in our statement of operations under “share of earnings (losses) of affiliates,” which contributes to our earnings (loss) before income taxes. Due to the impact of COVID-19, Live Nation recorded significant losses during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. If the earnings or losses of Live Nation are material in any year, those earnings or losses may have a material effect on our net earnings or losses and those attributed to the Liberty Live Group. Notwithstanding the impact on our net earnings or losses and those attributed to the Liberty Live Group, we do not have the ability to cause Live Nation to pay dividends or make other payments or advances to its stockholders, including us. In addition, our investment in Live Nation is in publicly traded securities, which is not reflected at fair value on our balance sheet and is subject to market risk that is not directly reflected in our statement of operations.
The business of Live Nation is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including many of which are similar to those above with respect to Sirius XM Holdings, such as:
● “Sirius XM Holdings faces substantial competition and that competition is likely to increase over time;”
● “Sirius XM Holdings relies on third parties for the operation of its business, and the failure of third parties to perform could adversely affect its business;”
● “If Sirius XM Holdings fails to protect the security of personal information about its customers, it could be subject to costly government enforcement actions and private litigation and its reputation could suffer;”
● “Interruption or failure of Sirius XM Holdings’ IT and communications systems could impair the delivery of its service and harm its business;” and
● “Failure to protect Sirius XM Holdings’ intellectual property or actions by third-parties to enforce their intellectual property rights could substantially harm its business and operating results.”
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Risks Relating to the Ownership of Our Common Stock Due to Our Tracking Stock Capitalization
The following risks relate to the ownership of our common stock due to our tracking stock capitalization. However, while the Transactions are pending, Liberty is currently subject to certain contractual restrictions and therefore may not be able to take some or all of the actions described below. See “-Risks Relating to the proposed Liberty Sirius XM Holdings Split-Off and Merger - “We (with respect to the Liberty SiriusXM Group) and Liberty Sirius XM Holdings are subject to contractual restrictions while the Transactions are pending, which could adversely affect our business (with respect to the Liberty SiriusXM Group and Liberty Sirius XM Holdings) and could adversely affect Liberty Sirius XM Holdings.”
Holders of Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock and Liberty Live common stock are common stockholders of our Company and, therefore, are subject to risks associated with an investment in our Company as a whole, even if a holder does not own shares of common stock of all of our groups.
Even though we have attributed, for financial reporting purposes, all of our consolidated assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses and cash flows among the Liberty SiriusXM Group, the Formula One Group and the Liberty Live Group in order to prepare the separate financial statement schedules for each of those groups, we will retain legal title to all of our assets and our tracking stock capitalization does not limit our legal responsibility, or that of our subsidiaries, for the liabilities included in any set of financial statement schedules. Holders of Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock and Liberty Live common stock do not have any legal rights related to specific assets attributed to their associated group and, in any liquidation, holders of Liberty SiriusXM common stock, holders of Liberty Formula One common stock and holders of Liberty Live common stock will be entitled to receive a pro rata share of our available net assets based on their respective numbers of liquidation units.
Possible market confusion may result from holders of our tracking stocks mistakenly believing that they (i) directly own stock of a company that is attributed to one of our tracking stocks and (ii) have any equity or voting interests with respect to companies attributed to one of our tracking stocks.
Our company holds interests in various companies, including public companies, and these interests are attributed to our tracking stock groups. In particular, following the Reclassification, the assets of the Liberty SiriusXM Group are primarily comprised of our company’s ownership interests in Sirius XM Holdings and corporate cash, the Formula One Group is comprised of our subsidiary that owns the Formula 1 business and the Liberty Live Group is primarily comprised of our interest in Live Nation. Depending on the composition of the assets underlying our tracking stock groups from time to time, confusion in the marketplace may occur if holders of our tracking stock mistakenly believe they own stock of a company attributed to the applicable tracking stock group. This may especially be true in cases where a tracking stock group has a name that is similar to the publicly traded company attributed to the applicable tracking stock group, as is the case of the Liberty SiriusXM Group and Sirius XM Holdings. As described above, holders of Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock and Liberty Live common stock do not have any legal rights related to specific assets attributed to their associated tracking stock group. Similarly, holders of these tracking stocks do not, by virtue of their ownership of our tracking stock, own any equity or voting interest in any company attributed to one of our tracking stock groups, including any public companies.
We may split off, spin off or reattribute assets, liabilities and businesses attributed to our tracking stock groups in a manner that may disparately impact some of our stockholders if our Board of Directors determines such transaction to be in the best interest of all of our stockholders, and in some cases, not all of our stockholders would be entitled to vote on such a transaction.
Pursuant to the terms of Liberty’s restated certificate of incorporation (its “Charter”), the Board of Directors may determine that it is in the best interest of all of Liberty’s stockholders to effect a redemptive split-off whereby all or a portion of the outstanding shares of a particular tracking stock would be redeemed for shares of common stock of a subsidiary (“Splitco”) that holds all or a portion of the assets and liabilities attributed to such tracking stock group subject to the approval of only the holders of the tracking stock to be redeemed. However, the vote of holders of Liberty’s other
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tracking stocks would not be required, unless Splitco also held assets and liabilities of such other tracking stock group(s). If Liberty were to effect a redemptive split-off, then, pursuant to the terms of its Charter, Liberty would be required to redeem the outstanding shares of the affected tracking stock from its holders on an equal per share basis (i.e., it could not redeem shares from holders of only certain series of the affected tracking stock or redeem from all holders of the affected tracking stock on a non-pro rata basis). Following a redemptive split-off, holders of the other tracking stock(s) would continue to hold stock tracking the performance of Liberty’s remaining assets and liabilities which would not have changed after the redemptive split-off, unless a reattribution among the tracking stock groups occurred in connection with the redemptive split-off (as discussed below). In addition, in the case of a partial redemptive split-off, holders of the affected tracking stock would hold shares of Splitco and continue to hold a reduced number of shares of the affected tracking stock which would track the remaining assets and liabilities retained by Liberty and attributed to such tracking stock group after the split-off.
Liberty is also permitted, pursuant to the terms of its Charter, to effect a spin-off of certain of its assets and liabilities through the dividend of shares of a subsidiary holding such assets and liabilities, and the spin-off would not be subject to prior stockholder approval. In this situation, a tracking stock holder would retain their tracking stock shares and receive shares of the spun-off entity.
Furthermore, in structuring these transactions, the Board of Directors may determine to alter the composition of the assets and liabilities underlying its tracking stock groups through a reattribution. As contemplated by both the Charter and the management and allocation policies designed to assist Liberty in managing and separately presenting the businesses and operations attributed to our tracking stock groups, the Board of Directors is vested with the discretion to reattribute assets and liabilities from one tracking stock group to another tracking stock group without the approval of any of its stockholders, and the only limitations on its exercise of such discretion are that the reattribution be in the best interest of all of Liberty’s stockholders and that the reattribution be done on a fair value basis. Holders of the affected tracking stock groups will not be entitled to a separate vote to approve a reattribution, even if such reattribution is occurring in connection with a redemptive split-off and such stockholders would otherwise be entitled to vote on the redemptive split-off itself.
Our Board of Directors’ ability to reattribute businesses, assets and expenses between and among tracking stock groups may make it difficult to assess the future prospects of our tracking stock groups based on past performance.
Any reattribution made by the Board of Directors (as discussed above), as well as the existence, in and of itself, of the right to effect a reattribution may impact the ability of investors to assess the future prospects of the businesses and assets attributed to a tracking stock group, including liquidity and capital resource needs, based on past performance. Stockholders may also have difficulty evaluating the liquidity and capital resources of the businesses and assets attributed to each group based on past performance, as the Board of Directors may use one group’s liquidity to fund another group’s liquidity and capital expenditure requirements through the use of inter-group loans and inter-group interests.
We could be required to use assets attributed to one group to pay liabilities attributed to another group.
The assets attributed to one group are potentially subject to the liabilities attributed to another group, even if those liabilities arise from lawsuits, contracts or indebtedness that are attributed to such other group. While our current management and allocation policies provide that reattributions of assets between groups will result in the creation of an inter-group loan or an inter-group interest or an offsetting reattribution of cash or other assets, no provision of our current Charter prevents us from satisfying liabilities of one group with assets of another group, and our creditors are not in any way limited by our tracking stock capitalization from proceeding against any assets they could have proceeded against if we did not have a tracking stock capitalization.
The market price of Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock and Liberty Live common stock may not reflect the performance of the businesses and assets attributed to the Liberty SiriusXM Group, the Formula One Group and the Liberty Live Group, respectively, as we intend.
We cannot assure you that the market price of the common stock related to a group will, in fact, reflect the performance of the group of businesses, assets and liabilities attributed to that group. Holders of Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock and Liberty Live common stock are common stockholders of our Company as
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a whole and, as such, are subject to all risks associated with an investment in our Company and all of our businesses, assets and liabilities. As a result, the market price of each tracking stock may, in part, reflect events that are intended to be reflected or tracked by a different tracking stock of our Company. In addition, investors may discount the value of the stock related to a group because it is part of a common enterprise rather than a stand-alone entity.
The market price of Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock and Liberty Live common stock may be volatile, could fluctuate substantially and could be affected by factors that do not affect traditional common stock.
The market prices of Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock and Liberty Live common stock and may be materially affected by, among other things:
● actual or anticipated fluctuations in a group’s operating results or in the operating results of particular companies attributable to such group;
● potential acquisition activity by our Company (regardless of the group to which it is attributed) or the companies in which we invest;
● issuances of debt or equity securities to raise capital by our Company or the companies in which we invest and the manner in which that debt or the proceeds of an equity issuance are attributed to each of the groups;
● changes in financial estimates by securities analysts regarding Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock or Liberty Live common stock or the companies attributable to our tracking stock groups;
● the complex nature and the potential difficulties investors may have in understanding the terms of our three tracking stocks, as well as concerns regarding the possible effect of certain of those terms on an investment in our stocks; and
● general market conditions.
The market value of Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock or Liberty Live common stock could be adversely affected by events involving the assets and businesses attributed to one or more of the other groups.
Because we are the issuer of Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock and Liberty Live common stock, an adverse market reaction to events relating to the assets and businesses attributed to one of our groups, such as earnings announcements, announcements of new products or services or acquisitions or dispositions that the market does not view favorably, may cause an adverse market reaction in the common stock of the other groups. This could occur even if the triggering event is not material to us as a whole. Certain events may also have a greater impact on one group than the same triggering event would have on another group due to the asset composition of the affected group. In addition, the incurrence of significant indebtedness by us or any of our subsidiaries on behalf of one group, including indebtedness incurred or assumed in connection with acquisitions of or investments in businesses, could affect our credit rating and that of our subsidiaries and, therefore, could increase the borrowing costs of businesses attributable to our other groups or the borrowing costs of our Company as a whole.
We may not pay dividends equally or at all on Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock or Liberty Live common stock.
We do not presently intend to pay cash dividends on Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock or Liberty Live common stock for the foreseeable future. However, we have the right to pay dividends on the shares of common stock related to each group in equal or unequal amounts, and we may pay dividends on the shares of common stock related to one group and not pay dividends on shares of common stock related to another group. In addition, any dividends or distributions on, or repurchases of, shares relating to a group will reduce our assets legally available to be paid as dividends on the shares relating to another group.
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Our tracking stock capital structure could create conflicts of interest, and our Board of Directors may make decisions that could adversely affect only some holders of our common stock.
Our tracking stock capital structure could give rise to occasions when the interests of holders of stock related to one group might diverge or appear to diverge from the interests of holders of stock related to one or both of the other groups. In addition, given the nature of their businesses, there may be inherent conflicts of interests between the Liberty SiriusXM Group, the Formula One Group and the Liberty Live Group. Our tracking stock groups are not separate entities and thus holders of Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock and Liberty Live common stock do not have the right to elect separate boards of directors. As a result, our Company’s officers and directors owe fiduciary duties to our Company as a whole and all of our stockholders as opposed to only holders of a particular group. Decisions deemed to be in the best interest of our Company and all of our stockholders may not be in the best interest of a particular group or groups when considered independently. Examples include:
● decisions as to the terms of any business relationships that may be created between groups, such as between the Liberty SiriusXM Group and the Liberty Live Group or between the Liberty SiriusXM Group and the Formula One Group;
● the terms of any reattributions of assets between one or more groups;
● decisions as to the allocation of consideration among the holders of Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock and Liberty Live common stock, or among the series of stocks relating to our groups, to be received in connection with a merger involving our Company;
● decisions as to the allocation of corporate opportunities between the groups, especially where the opportunities might meet the strategic business objectives of more than one group;
● decisions as to operational and financial matters that could be considered detrimental to one or more groups but beneficial to another;
● decisions as to the conversion of shares of common stock of one group into shares of common stock of another;
● decisions regarding the creation of, and, if created, the subsequent increase or decrease of any inter-group interest that one group may own in another group;
● decisions as to the internal or external financing attributable to businesses or assets attributed to any of our groups;
● decisions as to the dispositions of assets of any of our groups; and
● decisions as to the payment of dividends on the stock relating to any of our groups.
Our directors’ or officers’ equity ownership may create or appear to create conflicts of interest.
If directors or officers own disproportionate interests (in percentage or value terms) in Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock or Liberty Live common stock, that disparity could create or appear to create conflicts of interest when they are faced with decisions that could have different implications for the holders of Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock or Liberty Live common stock.
Other than pursuant to our management and allocation policies, we have not adopted any specific procedures for consideration of matters involving a divergence of interests among holders of shares of stock relating to our three groups, or among holders of different series of stock relating to a specific group.
Rather than develop additional specific procedures in advance, the Board of Directors intends to exercise its judgment from time to time, depending on the circumstances, as to how best to:
● obtain information regarding the divergence (or potential divergence) of interests;
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● determine under what circumstances to seek the assistance of outside advisers;
● determine whether a committee of the Board of Directors should be appointed to address a specific matter and the appropriate members of that committee; and
● assess what is in our best interests and the best interests of all of our stockholders.
The Board of Directors believes the advantage of retaining flexibility in determining how to fulfill its responsibilities in any such circumstances as they may arise outweighs any perceived advantages of adopting additional specific procedures in advance.
Our Board of Directors may change the management and allocation policies to the detriment of one or more groups without stockholder approval.
The Board of Directors has adopted certain management and allocation policies to serve as guidelines in making decisions regarding the relationships among the Liberty SiriusXM Group, the Formula One Group and the Liberty Live Group with respect to matters such as tax liabilities and benefits, inter-group loans, inter-group interests, attribution of assets, financing alternatives, corporate opportunities and similar items. These policies also set forth the initial focuses and strategies of these groups and the initial attribution of our businesses, assets and liabilities among them. These policies are not included in the current Charter. The Board of Directors may at any time change or make exceptions to these policies. Because these policies relate to matters concerning the day-to-day management of our Company as opposed to significant corporate actions, such as a merger involving our Company or a sale of substantially all of our assets, no stockholder approval is required with respect to their adoption or amendment. A decision to change, or make exceptions to, these policies or adopt additional policies could disadvantage one or more groups while advantaging the other(s).
Holders of shares of stock relating to a particular group may not have any remedies if any action by our directors or officers has an adverse effect on only that stock, or on a particular series of that stock.
Principles of Delaware law and the provisions of our current Charter may protect decisions of the Board of Directors that have a disparate impact upon holders of shares of stock relating to a particular group, or upon holders of any series of stock relating to a particular group. Under Delaware law, the Board of Directors has a duty to act with due care and in the best interests of all of our stockholders, regardless of the stock, or series, they hold. Principles of Delaware law established in cases involving differing treatment of multiple classes or series of stock provide that a board of directors owes an equal duty to all stockholders and does not have separate or additional duties to any subset of stockholders. Judicial opinions in Delaware involving tracking stocks have established that decisions by directors or officers involving differing treatment of holders of tracking stocks may be judged under the business judgment rule. In some circumstances, our directors or officers may be required to make a decision that is viewed as adverse to the holders of shares relating to a particular group or to the holders of a particular series of that stock. Under the principles of Delaware law and the business judgment rule referred to above, a stockholder may not be able to successfully challenge decisions that they believe have a disparate impact upon the stockholders of one of our groups if a majority of the Board of Directors is disinterested and independent with respect to the action taken, is adequately informed with respect to the action taken and acts in good faith and in the honest belief that the Board of Directors is acting in the best interest of Liberty and all of our stockholders.
Stockholders will not vote on how to attribute consideration received in connection with a merger involving our Company among holders of Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock and Liberty Live common stock.
Our current Charter does not contain any provisions governing how consideration received in connection with a merger or consolidation involving our Company is to be attributed to the holders of Liberty SiriusXM common stock, holders of Liberty Formula One common stock and holders of Liberty Live common stock or to the holders of different series of stock, and none of the holders of Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock or Liberty Live common stock will have a separate class vote in the event of such a merger or consolidation. Consistent with applicable principles of Delaware law, the Board of Directors will seek to divide the type and amount of consideration received in a merger or consolidation involving our Company among holders of Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock and Liberty Live common stock in a fair manner. As the different ways the Board of Directors
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may divide the consideration between holders of stock relating to the different groups, and among holders of different series of a particular stock, might have materially different results, the consideration to be received by holders of Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock and Liberty Live common stock in any such merger or consolidation may be materially less valuable than the consideration they would have received if they had a separate class vote on such merger or consolidation.
We may dispose of assets of the Liberty SiriusXM Group, the Formula One Group or the Liberty Live Group without stockholder approval.
Delaware law requires stockholder approval only for a sale or other disposition of all or substantially all of the assets of our Company taken as a whole, and our current Charter does not require a separate class vote in the case of a sale of a significant amount of assets of any of our groups. As long as the assets attributed to the Liberty SiriusXM Group, the Formula One Group or the Liberty Live Group proposed to be disposed of represent less than substantially all of our assets, we may approve sales and other dispositions of any amount of the assets of such group without any stockholder approval.
If we dispose of all or substantially all of the assets attributed to any group (which means, for this purpose, assets representing 80% of the fair market value of the total assets of the disposing group, as determined by the Board of Directors), we would be required under the terms of our current Charter, if the disposition is not an exempt disposition under the terms of our current charter, to choose one or more of the following three alternatives:
● declare and pay a dividend on the disposing group’s common stock;
● redeem shares of the disposing group’s common stock in exchange for cash, securities or other property; and/or
● convert all or a portion of the disposing group’s outstanding common stock into common stock of another group.
In this type of a transaction, holders of the disposing group’s common stock may receive less value than the value that a third-party buyer might pay for all or substantially all of the assets of the disposing group.
The Board of Directors will decide, in its sole discretion, how to proceed and is not required to select the option that would result in the highest value to holders of any stock related to a particular group.
Holders of Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock or Liberty Live common stock may receive less consideration upon a sale of the assets attributed to that group than if that group were a separate company.
If the Liberty SiriusXM Group, the Formula One Group or the Liberty Live Group were a separate, independent company and its shares were acquired by another person, certain costs of that sale, including corporate level taxes, might not be payable in connection with that acquisition. As a result, stockholders of a separate, independent company with the same assets might receive a greater amount of proceeds than the holders of Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock or Liberty Live common stock would receive upon a sale of all or substantially all of the assets of the group to which their shares relate. In addition, we cannot assure you that in the event of such a sale the per share consideration to be paid to holders of Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock or Liberty Live common stock, as the case may be, will be equal to or more than the per share value of that share of stock prior to or after the announcement of a sale of all or substantially all of the assets of the applicable group. Further, there is no requirement that the consideration paid be tax-free to the holders of the shares of common stock related to that group. Accordingly, if we sell all or substantially all of the assets attributed to the Liberty SiriusXM Group, the Formula One Group or the Liberty Live Group, our stockholders could suffer a loss in the value of their investment in our stock.
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In the event of a liquidation of Liberty, holders of Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock and Liberty Live common stock will not have a priority with respect to the assets attributed to the related tracking stock group remaining for distribution to stockholders.
Under our current Charter, upon Liberty’s liquidation, dissolution or winding up, holders of Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock and Liberty Live common stock will be entitled to receive, in respect of their shares of such stock, their proportionate interest in all of Liberty’s assets, if any, remaining for distribution to holders of common stock in proportion to their respective number of “liquidation units” per share, as previously determined in connection with the Reclassification. Hence, the assets to be distributed to a holder of any of our tracking stocks upon a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of Liberty will have nothing to do with the value of the assets attributed to the related tracking stock group or to changes in the relative value of the Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock and Liberty Live common stock over time.
The Board of Directors may elect to convert the common stock relating to one group into common stock relating to another group, thereby changing the nature of a stockholder’s investment and possibly diluting their economic interest in our Company, which could result in a loss in value to them.
Our current Charter permits the Board of Directors to convert all of the outstanding shares of common stock relating to any of our groups into shares of common stock of another group on specified terms. A conversion would preclude the holders of stock related to each group involved in such conversion from retaining their investment in a security that is intended to reflect separately the performance of the relevant group. We cannot predict the impact on the market value of our stock of (1) the Board of Directors’ ability to effect any such conversion or (2) the exercise of this conversion right by the Board of Directors. In addition, the Board of Directors may effect such a conversion at a time when the market value of our different stocks could cause the stockholders of one group to be disadvantaged.
Holders of Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock and Liberty Live common stock vote together and have limited separate voting rights.
Holders of Series A and Series B Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock and Liberty Live common stock vote together as a single class, except in certain limited circumstances prescribed by our current Charter and under Delaware law. Each share of Series B common stock of each group has ten votes per share, and each share of Series A common stock of each group has one vote per share. Holders of Series C common stock of each group have no voting rights, other than those required under Delaware law. When holders of Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock and Liberty Live common stock vote together as a single class, holders having a majority of the votes are in a position to control the outcome of the vote even if the matter involves a conflict of interest among our stockholders or has a greater impact on one group than another.
Transactions in Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock and Liberty Live common stock by our insiders could depress the market price of those stocks.
Sales of, or hedging transactions such as collars relating to, shares of Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock or Liberty Live common stock by our Chairman of the Board of Directors, or any of our other directors or executive officers, could cause a perception in the marketplace that the stock price of the relevant shares has peaked or that adverse events or trends have occurred or may be occurring at our Company or the group to which the shares relates. This perception can result notwithstanding any personal financial motivation for these transactions. As a result, insider transactions could depress the market price for shares of the Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock or Liberty Live common stock.
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Our capital structure, as well as the fact that the Liberty SiriusXM Group, the Formula One Group and the Liberty Live Group are not independent companies, may inhibit or prevent acquisition bids for the businesses attributed to the Liberty SiriusXM Group, the Formula One Group or the Liberty Live Group and may make it difficult for a third party to acquire us, even if doing so may be beneficial to our stockholders.
If the Liberty SiriusXM Group, the Formula One Group and the Liberty Live Group were separate independent companies, any person interested in acquiring the Liberty SiriusXM Group, the Formula One Group or the Liberty Live Group without negotiating with management could seek control of that group by obtaining control of its outstanding voting stock, by means of a tender offer or a proxy contest. Although we intend Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock and Liberty Live common stock to reflect the separate economic performance of the Liberty SiriusXM Group, the Formula One Group and the Liberty Live Group, respectively, those groups are not separate entities and a person interested in acquiring only one group without negotiation with our management could obtain control of that group only by obtaining control of a majority in voting power of all of the outstanding voting shares of our Company. The existence of shares of common stock, and different series of shares, relating to different groups could present complexities and in certain circumstances pose obstacles, financial and otherwise, to an acquiring person that are not present in companies that do not have a capital structure similar to ours.
Certain provisions of our current Charter and bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our Company that a stockholder may consider favorable. These provisions include:
● authorizing a capital structure with multiple series of common stock: a Series B common stock related to each group that entitles the holders to ten votes per share, a Series A common stock related to each group that entitles the holder to one vote per share, and a Series C common stock related to each group that, except as otherwise required by Delaware law, entitles the holder to no voting rights;
● classifying the Board of Directors with staggered three-year terms, which may lengthen the time required to gain control of the Board of Directors;
● limiting who may call special meetings of stockholders;
● prohibiting stockholder action by written consent, thereby requiring all stockholder actions to be taken at a meeting of the stockholders;
● establishing advance notice requirements for nominations of candidates for election to the Board of Directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by stockholders at stockholder meetings;
● requiring stockholder approval by holders of at least 66⅔% of our aggregate voting power or the approval by at least 75% of the Board of Directors with respect to certain extraordinary matters, such as a merger or consolidation of our Company, a sale of all or substantially all of our assets or an amendment to our current Charter; and
● the existence of authorized and unissued stock, including “blank check” preferred stock, which could be issued by the Board of Directors to persons friendly to our then current management, thereby protecting the continuity of our management, or which could be used to dilute the stock ownership of persons seeking to obtain control of our Company.
Liberty’s Chairman, John C. Malone, beneficially owns shares (based on outstanding share information as of January 31, 2024) representing the power to direct approximately 49% of the aggregate voting power in Liberty, due to his beneficial ownership of approximately 97% of the outstanding shares of each of the Series B Liberty SiriusXM common stock, the Series B Liberty Formula One common stock and the Series B Liberty Live common stock.
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Risks Relating to the proposed Liberty Sirius XM Holdings Split-Off and Merger
We intend to split-off our Liberty SiriusXM Group into an independent, publicly-traded company which will combine with Sirius XM Holdings. The proposed Transactions may not be completed on the currently contemplated timeline or at all and may not achieve the intended benefits.
We have announced our intention to split-off our Liberty SiriusXM Group (the “Liberty Sirius XM Holdings Split-Off”) into an independent, publicly-traded company, Liberty Sirius XM Holdings, and combine it with Sirius XM Holdings through a merger of Merger Sub with and into Sirius XM Holdings, with Sirius XM Holdings surviving the merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Liberty Sirius XM Holdings (the “Merger” and, together with the Liberty Sirius XM Holdings Split-Off, the “Transactions”) early in the third quarter of 2024, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, including obtaining certain requisite approvals of the holders of Series A and Series B Liberty SiriusXM common stock, the receipt of opinions of tax counsel, certain regulatory approvals and other customary closing conditions. In addition, the Merger is dependent and conditioned on the approval and completion of the Liberty Sirius XM Holdings Split-Off, and the Merger will not be completed unless the Liberty Sirius XM Holdings Split-Off is completed. If the Liberty Sirius XM Holdings Split-Off is completed, the Merger will also be completed. Unanticipated developments, including possible delays in obtaining requisite approvals could delay or prevent the proposed Liberty Sirius XM Holdings Split-Off and/or Merger from occurring or cause the proposed Liberty Sirius XM Holdings Split-Off and/or Merger to occur on terms or conditions that are less favorable and/or different than expected. Even if the Transactions are completed, we may not realize some or all of the anticipated benefits from the Transactions.
We expect to incur costs and expenses in connection with the Transactions.
We expect that we will incur certain nonrecurring costs in connection with the consummation of the Transactions, including investment banking, legal and accounting fees and financial printing and other related charges. A majority of these costs have already been incurred or will be incurred regardless of whether the Transactions are completed. While many of the expenses that will be incurred, by their nature, are difficult to estimate accurately at the present time, our management continues to assess the magnitude of these costs, and additional unanticipated costs may be incurred in connection with the Transactions. Although we expect that the realization of benefits related to the Transactions will offset such costs and expenses over time, no assurances can be made that this net benefit will be achieved in the near term, or at all.
The announcement and pendency of the Transactions could divert the attention of management and cause disruptions in our businesses as a whole and in the Liberty SiriusXM Group, which could have an adverse effect on our business and financial results.
Our management may be required to divert a disproportionate amount of attention away from their day-to-day activities and operations, and devote time and effort to consummating the Transactions. The risks, and adverse effects, of such disruptions and diversions could be exacerbated by a delay in the completion of the Transactions. These factors could adversely affect our financial position or results of operations, regardless of whether the Transactions are completed.
We (with respect to the Liberty SiriusXM Group) and Liberty Sirius XM Holdings are subject to contractual restrictions while the Transactions are pending, which could adversely affect our business (with respect to the Liberty SiriusXM Group and Liberty Sirius XM Holdings) and could adversely affect Liberty Sirius XM Holdings.
The Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated December 11, 2023, by and among us, Liberty Sirius XM Holdings, Sirius XM Holdings and Merger Sub (the “Merger Agreement”) imposes certain restrictive interim covenants on us (with respect to the Liberty SiriusXM Group and Liberty Sirius XM Holdings) and Liberty Sirius XM Holdings during the pendency of the Merger Agreement. For instance, subject to certain exceptions set forth in the Merger Agreement, the consent of the special committee of the board of directors of Sirius XM Holdings (the “Special Committee”) (on behalf of Sirius XM Holdings) is required in respect of, among other things, amendments to our (with respect to the Liberty SiriusXM Group) or Liberty Sirius XM Holdings’ organizational documents, the incurrence of debt for borrowed money, payments of certain dividends with respect to Liberty SiriusXM common stock and common stock of Liberty Sirius XM Holdings, certain issuances of shares of Liberty SiriusXM common stock and common stock of Liberty Sirius XM
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Holdings and payments of certain liabilities. These restrictions may prevent us and Liberty Sirius XM Holdings from taking certain actions during the period from the date of the Merger Agreement to the effective time of the Merger, including making certain acquisitions or otherwise pursuing certain business opportunities, or making certain changes to shares of Liberty SiriusXM common stock or common stock of Liberty Sirius XM Holdings, that our and the Liberty Sirius XM Holdings board of directors, respectively, may deem beneficial.
The Transactions are subject to conditions, some or all of which may not be satisfied, or completed on a timely basis, if at all. Failure to complete the Transactions could negatively impact our business and/or financial results and cause the stock price of Liberty SiriusXM common stock to decline, perhaps significantly.
The completion of the Transactions is subject to a number of conditions, including obtaining certain requisite approvals of the holders of Series A and Series B Liberty SiriusXM common stock, the receipt of opinions of tax counsel, certain regulatory approvals and other customary closing conditions. We cannot make any assurances that the Transactions will be completed on the terms or timeline currently contemplated, or at all. Some of the conditions to the completion of the Transactions are outside our control and outside the control of other parties to the Transactions. We have and will continue to expend time and resources and incur expenses related to the proposed Transactions.
If the Transactions are not completed for any reason, our ongoing business may be adversely affected and we will be subject to several risks and consequences, including the following:
● we may be required, under certain circumstances, to pay Sirius XM Holdings a termination fee of $450 million in cash;
● we will be required to pay certain costs relating to the Transactions, whether or not the Transactions are completed, such as significant fees and expenses relating to financial advisory, legal, accounting, consulting and other advisory fees and expenses, employee-benefit and related expenses, regulatory filings and filing and printing fees; and
● matters relating to the Transactions may require substantial commitments of time and resources by our management and the expenditure of significant funds in the form of fees and expenses, which could otherwise have been devoted to day-to-day operations and other opportunities that may have been beneficial to us.
In addition, if the Transactions are not completed, we may experience negative reactions from the financial markets and from our employees, commercial partners and customers. We could also be subject to litigation, including litigation related to failure to complete the Merger or to enforce obligations under the Merger Agreement. If the Merger is not consummated, there can be no assurance that the risks described above will not materially affect our business, financial results and stock prices. The stock price of Liberty SiriusXM common stock may decline, perhaps significantly, to the extent such stock price reflects a market assumption that the Transactions will be completed, or based on the market’s perception as to why the Transactions were not completed.
The Merger Agreement contains provisions that could discourage a potential competing acquiror of us (with respect to the Liberty SiriusXM Group) or Liberty Sirius XM Holdings, or could result in any competing proposal being at a lower price than it otherwise might be.
Pursuant to the terms, and during the pendency, of the Merger Agreement, we (with respect to the Liberty SiriusXM Group) and Liberty Sirius XM Holdings have agreed to non-solicitation obligations with respect to third-party acquisition proposals (including provisions restricting our and Liberty Sirius XM Holdings’ ability to provide confidential information to third parties) and have agreed to certain restrictions on us, Liberty Sirius XM Holdings and our and their representatives’ ability to respond to any such proposals. However, subject to the terms of the Merger Agreement, Liberty Media’s board of directors may make a Liberty Adverse Recommendation Change (as defined in the Merger Agreement), in which case, Sirius XM Holdings may terminate the Merger Agreement and receive a termination fee from us in an amount equal to $450 million in cash.
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These provisions could discourage a potential competing acquiror that might have an interest in acquiring all or a significant part of us (with respect to the Liberty SiriusXM Group) or Liberty Sirius XM Holdings from considering or proposing such an acquisition, even if it were prepared to pay consideration with a higher per share cash or market value than the market value proposed to be received or realized in connection with the Transactions, or, in our case (with respect to the Liberty SiriusXM Group), might result in a potential competing acquiror proposing to pay a lower price than it might otherwise have proposed to pay because of the added expense of the termination fee.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Item 2. Properties.
We own our corporate headquarters in Englewood, Colorado.
Sirius XM Holdings owns office production and engineering facilities in Washington D.C. and New Jersey. Additionally, Sirius XM Holdings leases property for its headquarters in New York and leases additional properties in New York, New Jersey, Florida, Michigan, Tennessee, Georgia, Virginia, California and Texas for its office, production, technical, studio and engineering facilities, warehouse and call center. In addition, Sirius XM Holdings leases or licenses space at approximately 530 locations for use in connection with the terrestrial repeater networks that support its satellite radio services. In general, these leases and licenses are for space on building rooftops and communications towers, none of which are individually material to the business or its operations.
Formula 1 owns no material property. Formula 1 leases space for its offices in London, England and for its television production and technical operations in Kent, England. The Company owns land and a building adjacent to the Las Vegas Strip which is utilized for the Las Vegas Grand Prix.
Our other subsidiaries and business affiliates own or lease the fixed assets necessary for the operation of their respective businesses, including office space and entertainment venues. Our management believes that our current facilities are suitable and adequate for our business operations for the foreseeable future.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
Refer to note 17 in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements for information on our legal proceedings.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
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PART II.

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
Market Information
Liberty Media Corporation (“Liberty,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our”) has three series of each of its three tracking stocks. Series A, Series B and Series C Liberty SiriusXM common stock trade under the symbols LSXMA/B/K, respectively; Series A, Series B and Series C Liberty Formula One common stock trade or are quoted under the symbols FWONA/B/K, respectively; and Series A, Series B and Series C Liberty Live common stock trade or are quoted under the symbols LLYVA/B/K, respectively. Each series (Series A, Series B and Series C) of the Liberty SiriusXM common stock trades on the Nasdaq Global Select Market. Series A and Series C Liberty Formula One common stock and Series A and Series C Liberty Live common stock trade on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, and Series B Liberty Formula One common stock and Series B Liberty Live common stock are quoted on the OTC Markets. Stock price information for securities traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market can be found on the Nasdaq’s website at www.nasdaq.com.
The following tables set forth the range of high and low sales prices of our Series B Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Series B Liberty Formula One common stock and Series B Liberty Live common stock for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Although our Series B Liberty SiriusXM common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, an established public trading market does not exist for the stock, as it is not actively traded. Additionally, there is no established public trading market for our Series B Liberty Formula One common stock and our Series B Liberty Live common stock, which are quoted on OTC Markets. The over-the-counter market quotations for our Series B Liberty Formula One common stock and our Series B Liberty Live common stock reflect inter-dealer prices, without retail mark-up, mark-down or commission and may not necessarily represent actual transactions.
Liberty SiriusXM Group
Series B (LSXMB)
High
Low
First quarter
$
53.04
44.92
Second quarter
$
47.14
40.00
Third quarter
$
46.75
36.50
Fourth quarter
$
47.43
39.03
First quarter
$
42.00
25.35
Second quarter
$
31.51
26.18
Third quarter
$
34.80
22.19
Fourth quarter
$
28.90
24.08
II-1
Formula One Group
Series B (FWONB)
High
Low
First quarter
$
54.75
54.75
Second quarter
$
70.26
56.65
Third quarter
$
63.00
53.59
Fourth quarter
$
48.75
47.78
First quarter
$
68.02
54.31
Second quarter
$
68.00
63.00
Third quarter
$
66.00
55.00
Fourth quarter
$
56.02
56.02
Liberty Live Group
Series B (LLYVB)
High
Low
Third quarter (from the initial quoting of LLYVB on August 4, 2023)
$
34.35
28.38
Fourth quarter
$
33.50
31.18
On August 3, 2023, Liberty completed the Reclassification (as defined below). Each outstanding share of Liberty SiriusXM Common Stock was reclassified into one share of the corresponding series of new Liberty SiriusXM Common Stock and 0.2500 of a share of the corresponding series of Liberty Live Common Stock, and each outstanding share of Liberty Formula One Common Stock was reclassified into one share of the corresponding series of new Liberty Formula One Common Stock and 0.0428 of a share of the corresponding series of Liberty Live Common Stock. Stock prices presented in the tables above prior to August 3, 2023 were not adjusted to reflect the Reclassification.
Holders
The number of record holders as of January 31, 2024 were as follows:
Series A
Series B
Series C
Liberty SiriusXM common stock
Liberty Formula One common stock
Liberty Live common stock
The foregoing numbers of record holders do not include the number of stockholders whose shares are held nominally by banks, brokerage houses or other institutions, but include each such institution as one shareholder.
Dividends
We have not paid any cash dividends on our common stock, and we have no present intention of so doing. Payment of cash dividends, if any, in the future will be determined by our board of directors in light of our earnings, financial condition and other relevant considerations.
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Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans
Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer
Share Repurchase Programs
In November 2019, our board of directors authorized the repurchase of $1 billion of the Company’s common stock. In May 2022, our board of directors authorized the repurchase of an additional $1 billion of the Company’s common stock.
There were no repurchases of Series A Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock or Liberty Live common stock and no repurchases of Series C Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock or Liberty Live common stock during the three months ended December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, approximately $1.1 billion was available for future share repurchases under our share repurchase program.
During the three months ended December 31, 2023, no shares of Series A or Series C Liberty Formula One common stock, 190 shares of Series A and 378 shares of Series C Liberty SiriusXM common stock, and 48 shares of Series A and 96 shares of Series C Liberty Live common stock were surrendered by certain of our officers and employees to pay withholding taxes and other deductions in connection with the vesting of their restricted stock and restricted stock units.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Item 6.  [Reserved.]
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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The following discussion and analysis provides information concerning our results of operations and financial condition. This discussion should be read in conjunction with our accompanying consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto. See note 3 in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for an overview of accounting standards that we have adopted or that we plan to adopt that have had or may have an impact on our financial statements.
Overview
We own controlling and non-controlling interests in a broad range of media and entertainment companies. Our most significant operating subsidiary, which is a reportable segment, is Sirius XM Holdings Inc. (“Sirius XM Holdings”). Sirius XM Holdings operates two complementary audio entertainment businesses, Sirius XM and Pandora and Off-platform. Sirius XM features music, sports, entertainment, comedy, talk, news, traffic and weather channels and other content, as well as podcasts and infotainment services, in the United States (“U.S.”) on a subscription fee basis. Sirius XM’s packages include live, curated and certain exclusive and on demand programming. Sirius XM is distributed through its two proprietary satellite radio systems and streamed via applications for mobile devices, home devices and other consumer electronic equipment. Sirius XM also provides connected vehicle services and a suite of in-vehicle data services. The Pandora and Off-platform business operates a music, comedy and podcast streaming platform. Pandora is available as an ad-supported radio service, a radio subscription service, called Pandora Plus, and an on-demand subscription service, called Pandora Premium.
Formula 1 is a wholly-owned consolidated subsidiary and is also a reportable segment. Formula 1 is a global motorsports business that holds exclusive commercial rights with respect to the World Championship, an annual, approximately nine-month long, motor race-based competition in which teams compete for the Constructors' Championship and drivers compete for the Drivers' Championship. The World Championship takes place on various circuits with a varying number of events (“Events”) taking place in different countries around the world each season. Formula 1 is responsible for the commercial exploitation and development of the World Championship as well as various aspects of its management and administration.
We hold an ownership interest in Live Nation Entertainment, Inc. (“Live Nation”), which is accounted for as an equity method investment as of December 31, 2023. Live Nation is considered the world’s leading live entertainment company. As of December 31, 2023, Live Nation met the Company’s reportable segment threshold for equity method affiliates.
Our “Corporate and Other” category includes corporate expenses and minority positions in other public companies. Braves Holdings, LLC ("Braves Holdings"), a consolidated subsidiary, was included in “Corporate and Other” prior to the Split-Off (defined below).
A tracking stock is a type of common stock that the issuing company intends to reflect or "track" the economic performance of a particular business or "group," rather than the economic performance of the company as a whole.
On July 18, 2023, the Company completed the split-off (the “Split-Off”) of its wholly owned subsidiary, Atlanta Braves Holdings, Inc. (“ABH”). The Split-Off was accomplished by a redemption by the Company of each outstanding share of Liberty Braves common stock in exchange for one share of the corresponding series of ABH common stock. ABH is comprised of the businesses, assets and liabilities attributed to the Liberty Braves Group (the “Braves Group”) immediately prior to the Split-Off, except for the intergroup interests in the Braves Group attributed to the Liberty SiriusXM Group and Liberty Formula One Group (the “Formula One Group”), which were settled and extinguished in connection with the Split-Off.
On August 3, 2023, the Company reclassified its then-outstanding shares of common stock into three new tracking stocks-Liberty SiriusXM common stock, Liberty Formula One common stock and Liberty Live common stock, and, in connection therewith, provided for the attribution of the businesses, assets and liabilities of the Company’s remaining tracking stock groups among its newly created Liberty SiriusXM Group, Formula One Group and Liberty Live Group (the “Reclassification”). As a result of the Reclassification, each then-outstanding share of Liberty SiriusXM common stock
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was reclassified into one share of the corresponding series of new Liberty SiriusXM common stock and 0.2500 of a share of the corresponding series of Liberty Live common stock and each outstanding share of Liberty Formula One common stock was reclassified into one share of the corresponding series of new Liberty Formula One common stock and 0.0428 of a share of the corresponding series of Liberty Live common stock.
Each of the Split-Off and the Reclassification were intended to be tax-free to stockholders of the Company, except with respect to the receipt of cash in lieu of fractional shares. The Split-Off and the Reclassification are reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements on a prospective basis.
While the Liberty SiriusXM Group, the Formula One Group and the Liberty Live Group have separate collections of businesses, assets and liabilities attributed to them, no group is a separate legal entity and therefore cannot own assets, issue securities or enter into legally binding agreements. Holders of tracking stock have no direct claim to the group's stock or assets and therefore, do not own, by virtue of their ownership of a Liberty tracking stock, any equity or voting interest in a public company, such as Sirius XM Holdings, in which Liberty holds an interest that is attributed to a Liberty tracking stock group, the Liberty SiriusXM Group. Holders of tracking stock are also not represented by separate boards of directors. Instead, holders of tracking stock are stockholders of the parent corporation, with a single board of directors and subject to all of the risks and liabilities of the parent corporation.
As of December 31, 2023, the Liberty SiriusXM Group is primarily comprised of Liberty’s interest in Sirius XM Holdings, corporate cash, Liberty’s 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2028, Liberty’s 2.75% Exchangeable Senior Debentures due 2049 and a margin loan obligation incurred by a wholly-owned special purpose subsidiary of Liberty. As of December 31, 2023, the Liberty SiriusXM Group has cash and cash equivalents of approximately $306 million, which includes $216 million of subsidiary cash.
As of December 31, 2023, the Formula One Group is primarily comprised of Liberty’s interest in Formula 1, cash and Liberty’s 2.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2027. As of December 31, 2023, the Formula One Group has cash and cash equivalents of approximately $1,408 million, which includes $1,002 million of subsidiary cash.
As of December 31, 2023, the Liberty Live Group is primarily comprised of Liberty’s interest in Live Nation, cash, certain public and private assets previously attributed to the Formula One Group, Liberty’s 2.375% Exchangeable Senior Debentures due 2053, Liberty’s 0.5% Exchangeable Senior Debentures due 2050 and a margin loan obligation incurred by a wholly-owned special purpose subsidiary of Liberty. As of December 31, 2023, the Liberty Live Group has cash and cash equivalents of approximately $305 million.
Prior to the Split-Off, the Braves Group was primarily comprised of Braves Holdings, which indirectly owns the Atlanta Braves Major League Baseball Club (“ANLBC” or the “Braves”), certain assets and liabilities associated with the Braves’ stadium (the “Stadium”) and a mixed-use development around the Stadium that features retail, office, hotel and entertainment opportunities (the “Mixed-Use Development”) and corporate cash.
As of December 31, 2021, 6,792,903 notional shares representing an 11.0% intergroup interest in the Braves Group were held by the Formula One Group, 2,292,037 notional shares representing a 3.7% intergroup interest in the Braves Group were held by the Liberty SiriusXM Group and 5,271,475 notional shares representing a 2.2% intergroup interest in the Formula One Group were held by the Liberty SiriusXM Group.
During September 2022, the Formula One Group and the Braves Group paid approximately $64 million and $14 million, respectively, to the Liberty SiriusXM Group to settle a portion of the intergroup interests in the Formula One Group and Braves Group held by the Liberty SiriusXM Group, as a result of the repurchase of a portion of Liberty’s 1.375% Cash Convertible Senior Notes due 2023 (the “Convertible Notes”), as described in note 9. During March 2023, the Formula One Group paid approximately $202 million to the Liberty SiriusXM Group to settle a portion of the intergroup interest in the Formula One Group held by the Liberty SiriusXM Group, as a result of the repurchase of a portion of the Convertible Notes, as described in note 9. On July 12, 2023, the Formula One Group paid approximately $71 million to the Liberty SiriusXM Group to settle and extinguish the remaining intergroup interest in the Formula One Group held by the Liberty SiriusXM Group.
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In connection with the Split-Off, the intergroup interests in the Braves Group attributed to the Liberty SiriusXM Group and Formula One Group were settled and extinguished through the attribution, to the respective tracking stock group, of ABH Series C common stock on a one-for-one basis equal to the number of notional shares representing the intergroup interest. On July 19, 2023, the shares of ABH Series C common stock attributed to the Formula One Group to settle and extinguish the intergroup interest in connection with the Split-Off were distributed on a pro rata basis to holders of Liberty Formula One common stock. During November 2023, Liberty exchanged the shares of ABH Series C common stock attributed to the Liberty SiriusXM Group with a third party to satisfy certain debt obligations attributed to the Liberty SiriusXM Group.
On December 11, 2023, Liberty entered into definitive agreements, subject to the terms thereof, to redeem each outstanding share of its Liberty SiriusXM common stock in exchange for a number of shares of common stock of a newly formed entity (the “Liberty Sirius XM Holdings Split-Off”), Liberty Sirius XM Holdings Inc. (“Liberty Sirius XM Holdings”) equal to the Exchange Ratio (as defined in the Reorganization Agreement, dated as of December 11, 2023, by and among Liberty, Liberty Sirius XM Holdings and Sirius XM Holdings (the “Reorganization Agreement”)). The Exchange Ratio will be calculated prior to the effective time of the redemption and is estimated to be approximately 8.4 shares of Liberty Sirius XM Holdings common stock. Liberty Sirius XM Holdings will be comprised of the businesses, assets and liabilities attributed to the Liberty SiriusXM Group. The Liberty Sirius XM Holdings Split-Off is intended to be tax-free to holders of Liberty SiriusXM common stock (except with respect to cash received in lieu of fractional shares) and the completion of the Liberty Sirius XM Holdings Split-Off will be subject to various conditions, including the receipt of opinions of tax counsel. On December 11, 2023, Liberty also entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger, pursuant to which a wholly owned subsidiary of Liberty Sirius XM Holdings (“Merger Sub”) will merge with and into Sirius XM Holdings, with Sirius XM Holdings surviving the merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Liberty Sirius XM Holdings (the “Merger” and, together with the Liberty Sirius XM Holdings Split-Off, the “Transactions”), subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions. The Merger is dependent and conditioned on the approval and completion of the Liberty Sirius XM Holdings Split-Off, and the Merger will not be completed unless the Liberty Sirius XM Holdings Split-Off is completed. If the Liberty Sirius XM Holdings Split-Off is completed, the Merger will also be completed. Subject to the satisfaction of the conditions, the Company expects to complete the Transactions early in the third quarter of 2024.
Strategies and Challenges of Business Units
Sirius XM Holdings. Sirius XM Holdings is focused on several initiatives to increase its revenue. Sirius XM Holdings regularly evaluates its business plans and strategy. Currently, its strategies include:
● the acquisition of unique or compelling programming;
● the development and introduction of new features or services;
● significant new or enhanced distribution arrangements;
● investments in infrastructure, such as satellites, equipment or radio spectrum; and
● acquisitions and investments, including acquisitions and investments that are not directly related to its existing business.
Sirius XM Holdings faces certain key challenges in its attempt to meet these goals, including:
● its ability to convince owners and lessees of new and used vehicles that include satellite radios to purchase subscriptions to its service;
● potential loss of subscribers due to economic conditions and competition from other entertainment providers;
● competition for both listeners and advertisers, including providers of radio and other audio services;
● the operational performance of its satellites;
● the effectiveness of integration of acquired businesses and assets into its operations;
● the performance of its manufacturers, programming providers, vendors, and retailers; and
● unfavorable changes in legislation.
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Formula 1. Formula 1’s goal is to further broaden and increase the global scale and appeal of the FIA (as defined below) Formula One World Championship (the “World Championship”) in order to improve the overall value of Formula 1 as a sport and its financial performance. Key factors of this strategy include:
● Maximizing the value of Formula 1’s commercial rights;
o Leveraging high demand and positive competitive tension for Event renewals to increase the quality and value of every race slot
o Maximizing media rights across markets, including alternate media platforms; continuing to grow Formula 1’s direct-to-consumer TV product, alongside its growing suite of digital media assets
o Developing sponsorship revenue by optimizing Formula 1’s existing inventory to maximize impact, exclusivity and value for Formula 1’s partners, while creating new, tailored assets to satisfy growing demand from a broad-spectrum of global brands
o Enhancing Formula 1’s hospitality and experience business across its existing Formula 1 Paddock Club (the “Paddock Club”) and new high-end offerings
● Augmenting Formula 1’s diverse and valuable fanbase by expanding the ways in which it interacts with fans, which will drive deeper fan engagement and improved fan data;
● Driving growth in key strategic markets with under-monetized fan potential;
● Improving the on-track competitive balance of the World Championship and the long-term financial stability of the participating Teams; and
● Improving the environmental and social impact of Formula 1 and its related activities by delivering Net Zero by 2030, leaving a legacy of positive change wherever it races, and building a more diverse and inclusive sport. Formula 1 is also pioneering a 100% advanced sustainable fuel to be introduced in 2026 that will be a “drop-in fuel” and can be used in road cars without modification worldwide.
Results of Operations-Consolidated
General. Provided in the tables below is information regarding our Consolidated Operating Results and Other Income and Expense, as well as information regarding the contribution to those items from our consolidated reportable segments. The “corporate and other” category consists of those assets or businesses which do not qualify as a separate reportable segment. For a more detailed discussion and analysis of the financial results of our principal reportable segment, see “Results of Operations-Businesses” below.
A discussion regarding our financial condition and results of operations for fiscal year 2023 compared to fiscal year 2022 is presented below. A discussion regarding our financial condition and results of operations for fiscal year 2022 compared to fiscal year 2021 can be found in Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on March 1, 2023.
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Consolidated Operating Results
Years ended December 31,
amounts in millions
Revenue
Liberty SiriusXM Group
Sirius XM Holdings
$
8,953
9,003
Total Liberty SiriusXM Group
8,953
9,003
Formula One Group
Formula 1
3,222
2,573
Corporate and other
-
Intergroup elimination
(15)
-
Total Formula One Group
3,222
2,573
Braves Group
Corporate and other
Total Braves Group
Consolidated Liberty
$
12,525
12,164
Operating Income (Loss)
Liberty SiriusXM Group
Sirius XM Holdings
$
1,876
1,958
Corporate and other
(68)
(39)
Total Liberty SiriusXM Group
1,808
1,919
Formula One Group
Formula 1
Corporate and other
(95)
(66)
Total Formula One Group
Liberty Live Group
Corporate and other
(11)
NA
Total Liberty Live Group
(11)
NA
Braves Group
Corporate and other
(31)
(28)
Total Braves Group
(31)
(28)
Consolidated Liberty
$
2,063
2,064
Adjusted OIBDA
Liberty SiriusXM Group
Sirius XM Holdings
$
2,774
2,833
Corporate and other
(42)
(26)
Total Liberty SiriusXM Group
2,732
2,807
Formula One Group
Formula 1
Corporate and other
(39)
(42)
Total Formula One Group
Liberty Live Group
Corporate and other
(9)
NA
Total Liberty Live Group
(9)
NA
Braves Group
Corporate and other
Total Braves Group
Consolidated Liberty
$
3,423
3,419
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Revenue. Our consolidated revenue increased $361 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year, driven by an increase of $649 million at Formula 1, partially offset by a $238 million decrease at Braves Holdings, primarily due to Braves Holdings results only being included through the Split-Off date, and a $50 million decrease at Sirius XM Holdings. See “Results of Operations-Businesses” below for a more complete discussion of the results of operations of Sirius XM Holdings and Formula 1.
Operating income. Our consolidated operating income decreased $1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year, driven by an $82 million decrease in Sirius XM Holdings operating results and a decrease in corporate and other operating results primarily driven by the write-down of a building to its estimated fair value and costs associated with various corporate transactions, partially offset by a $153 million increase in Formula 1’s operating results. See “Results of Operations-Businesses” below for a more complete discussion of the results of operations of Sirius XM Holdings, and Formula 1.
Stock-based compensation. Stock-based compensation includes compensation related to (1) options and stock appreciation rights for shares of our common stock that are granted to certain of our officers and employees, (2) phantom stock appreciation rights granted to officers and employees of certain of our subsidiaries pursuant to private equity plans and (3) amortization of restricted stock grants.
We recorded $232 million and $237 million of stock compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The decrease in 2023 as compared to 2022 is primarily due to a decrease of $13 million at Sirius XM Holdings, partially offset by an increase in corporate and other stock compensation expense.
As of December 31, 2023, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested Sirius XM Holdings stock options and restricted stock units was $423 million. The Sirius XM Holdings unrecognized compensation cost will be recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations over a weighted average period of approximately 2.6 years.
As of December 31, 2023, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested Liberty equity awards was approximately $29 million. Such amount will be recognized in our consolidated statements of operations over a weighted average period of approximately 1.7 years.
See “Results of Operations-Businesses” below for a more complete discussion of the results of operations of Sirius XM Holdings and Formula 1.
Adjusted OIBDA. To provide investors with additional information regarding our financial results, we also disclose Adjusted OIBDA, which is a non-GAAP (as defined below) financial measure. We define Adjusted OIBDA as operating income (loss) plus depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation, separately reported litigation settlements, restructuring, acquisition and impairment charges. Our chief operating decision maker and management team use this measure of performance in conjunction with other measures to evaluate our businesses and make decisions about allocating resources among our businesses. We believe this is an important indicator of the operational strength and performance of our businesses by identifying those items that are not directly a reflection of each business’ performance or indicative of ongoing business trends. In addition, this measure allows us to view operating results, perform analytical comparisons and benchmarking between businesses and identify strategies to improve performance. Accordingly, Adjusted OIBDA should be considered in addition to, but not as a substitute for, operating income, net income, cash flow provided by operating activities and other measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with U.S. generally
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accepted accounting principles (“GAAP’). The following table provides a reconciliation of Operating income (loss) to Adjusted OIBDA:
Years ended December 31,
amounts in millions
Operating income (loss)
$
2,063
2,064
Stock-based compensation
Depreciation and amortization
1,030
1,044
Impairment, restructuring and acquisition costs, net of recoveries
Litigation settlements, net of recoveries
-
Adjusted OIBDA
$
3,423
3,419
Consolidated Adjusted OIBDA increased $4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year, primarily due to an increase of $132 million in Formula 1 Adjusted OIBDA, partially offset by a $59 million decrease in Sirius XM Holdings Adjusted OIBDA and a $44 million decrease in Braves Holdings Adjusted OIBDA, primarily due to Braves Holdings results only being included in the current period through the Split-Off date. See “Results of Operations-Businesses” below for a more complete discussion of the results of operations of Sirius XM Holdings and Formula 1.
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Other Income and Expense
Components of Other Income (Expense) are presented in the table below.
Years ended December 31,
amounts in millions
Interest expense
Liberty SiriusXM Group
$
(538)
(511)
Formula One Group
(214)
(149)
Liberty Live Group
(10)
NA
Braves Group
(20)
(29)
Consolidated Liberty
$
(782)
(689)
Share of earnings (losses) of affiliates
Liberty SiriusXM Group
$
Formula One Group
(4)
-
Liberty Live Group
NA
Braves Group
Consolidated Liberty
$
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on financial instruments, net
Liberty SiriusXM Group
$
(215)
Formula One Group
Liberty Live Group
(153)
NA
Braves Group
Consolidated Liberty
$
(323)
Gains (losses) on dilution of investment in affiliate
Liberty SiriusXM Group
$
(6)
Formula One Group
-
-
Liberty Live Group
NA
Braves Group
-
-
Consolidated Liberty
$
(4)
Other, net
Liberty SiriusXM Group
$
Formula One Group
Liberty Live Group
(30)
NA
Braves Group
Consolidated Liberty
$
$
(878)
Interest expense. Consolidated interest expense increased $93 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year. Interest expense for the Formula One Group increased primarily due to an increase in interest rates on Formula 1’s Senior Loan Facility and interest expense for the Liberty SiriusXM Group increased primarily due to increases in interest rates on the margin loan secured by shares of Sirius XM Holdings common stock and the Sirius XM Holdings Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility and Incremental Term Loan. As previously disclosed, certain debt was reattributed from the Liberty SiriusXM Group to the Liberty Live Group effective August 3, 2023. The interest related to such debt is reflected in interest expense for the Liberty SiriusXM Group prior to the Reclassification and in interest expense for the Liberty Live Group following the Reclassification.
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Share of earnings (losses) of affiliates. The following table presents our share of earnings (losses) of affiliates:
Years ended December 31,
amounts in millions
Liberty SiriusXM Group
Live Nation
$
Sirius XM Canada
-
Other
(21)
(5)
Total Liberty SiriusXM Group
Formula One Group
Other
(4)
-
Total Formula One Group
(4)
-
Liberty Live Group
Live Nation
NA
Other
NA
Total Liberty Live Group
NA
Braves Group
Other
Total Braves Group
Consolidated Liberty
$
Liberty’s interest in Live Nation and certain other equity affiliates were reattributed from the Liberty SiriusXM Group and the Formula One Group to the Liberty Live Group effective August 3, 2023. Liberty’s share of earnings (losses) related to these affiliates were reflected in the results of the Liberty SiriusXM Group and the Formula One Group prior to the Reclassification and are reflected in the results of the Liberty Live Group following the Reclassification.
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on financial instruments. Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on financial instruments are comprised of changes in the fair value of the following:
Years ended December 31,
amounts in millions
Debt and equity securities
$
(7)
Debt measured at fair value
(259)
Change in fair value of bond hedges
(114)
(236)
Other
$
(323)
The changes in unrealized gains (losses) on debt and equity securities (as defined in note 3 of our accompanying consolidated financial statements) are due to market factors primarily driven by changes in the fair value of the stock underlying these financial instruments.
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) on debt measured at fair value are due to market factors primarily driven by changes in the fair value of the underlying shares into which the debt is exchangeable.
Contemporaneously with the issuance of the Convertible Notes, Liberty entered into bond hedges which were expected to offset potential cash payments Liberty would be required to make in excess of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes. These derivatives were marked to fair value on a recurring basis. The primary driver of the change in
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the fair value of bond hedges was the change in the fair value of the underlying stock. The bond hedges expired on October 15, 2023.
Other unrealized gains (losses) are primarily driven by changes in the fair value of Formula 1’s interest rate swaps and the realized gains (losses) on Formula 1’s interest rate swaps.
Gains (losses) on dilution of investment in affiliate. Liberty’s interest in Live Nation was reattributed from the Liberty SiriusXM Group to the Liberty Live Group effective August 3, 2023. Gains (losses) on dilution of Liberty’s investment in Live Nation were reflected in the results of the Liberty SiriusXM Group prior to the Reclassification and are reflected in the results of the Liberty Live Group following the Reclassification.
Other, net. Other, net income decreased during 2023, as compared to the prior year, primarily driven by losses on early extinguishment of debt, gains on the sale of three Professional Development League clubs at Braves Holdings recognized during the year ended December 31, 2022 and tax related expense pursuant to a tax sharing agreement with Qurate Retail, Inc., partially offset by an increase in interest and dividend income.
Income taxes. The Company had income tax expense of $223 million and $164 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Our effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was 19% and 7%, respectively. Our effective tax rate both years was impacted for the following reasons:
● During 2023, our effective tax rate was lower than the 21% U.S. federal tax rate due to tax credits and incentives generated by our alternative energy investments, partially offset by the effect of state income taxes and certain losses that are not deductible for tax purposes.
● During 2022, our effective tax rate was lower than the 21% U.S. federal tax rate due to a decrease in our valuation allowance, partially offset by the effect of state income taxes.
Net earnings. We had net earnings of $962 million and $2,029 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The change in net earnings was the result of the above-described fluctuations in our revenue, expenses and other gains and losses.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of December 31, 2023, substantially all of our cash and cash equivalents were invested in U.S. Treasury securities, other government securities or government guaranteed funds, AAA rated money market funds and other highly rated financial and corporate debt instruments.
The following are potential sources of liquidity: available cash balances, cash generated by the operating activities of our subsidiaries (to the extent such cash exceeds the working capital needs of the subsidiaries and is not otherwise restricted), proceeds from net asset sales, monetization of our public investment portfolio (including derivatives), debt borrowings and equity issuances, available borrowing capacity under margin loans, and dividend and interest receipts.
Liberty currently does not have a corporate debt rating.
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As of December 31, 2023, Liberty’s cash and cash equivalents were as follows (amounts in millions):
Liberty SiriusXM Group
Sirius XM Holdings
$
Corporate and other
Total Liberty SiriusXM Group
$
Formula One Group
Formula 1
$
1,002
Corporate and other
Total Formula One Group
$
1,408
Liberty Live Group
Corporate and other
$
Total Liberty Live Group
$
The Company has a controlling interest in Sirius XM Holdings which has significant cash flows provided by operating activities, although due to Sirius XM Holdings being a separate public company and the significant noncontrolling interest, we do not have ready access to its cash. Cash held by Formula 1 is accessible by Liberty, except when a restricted payment (“RP”) test imposed by the first lien term loans and the revolving credit facility at Formula 1 is not met. Pursuant to the RP test, Liberty does not have access to Formula 1’s cash when Formula 1’s leverage ratio (defined as net debt divided by covenant earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization for the trailing twelve months) exceeds a certain threshold. During the year ended December 31, 2023, Formula 1 distributed $300 million to Liberty and the RP test was met, pro forma for such distribution. If distributions are made in the future, the RP test, pro forma for such distributions, would have to be met. As of December 31, 2023, Liberty had $1,075 million available under Liberty’s margin loan secured by shares of Sirius XM Holdings and $400 million available under Liberty’s margin loan secured by shares of Live Nation. Liberty believes that it currently has appropriate legal structures in place to repatriate foreign cash as tax efficiently as possible and meet the business needs of the Company.
As stated in note 9 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements, the Company, Sirius XM Holdings and Formula 1 are in compliance with all debt covenants as of December 31, 2023.
The cash provided (used) by our operations was as follows:
Years ended December 31,
Cash Flow Information
amounts in millions
Liberty SiriusXM Group cash provided (used) by operating activities
$
1,826
1,959
1,894
Formula One Group cash provided (used) by operating activities
Liberty Live Group cash provided (used) by operating activities
(13)
NA
NA
Braves Group cash provided (used) by operating activities
Net cash provided (used) by operating activities
$
2,464
2,546
2,437
Liberty SiriusXM Group cash provided (used) by investing activities
$
(696)
(493)
(64)
Formula One Group cash provided (used) by investing activities
(510)
(600)
Liberty Live Group cash provided (used) by investing activities
NA
NA
Braves Group cash provided (used) by investing activities
(35)
(25)
Net cash provided (used) by investing activities
$
(1,240)
(46)
(689)
Liberty SiriusXM Group cash provided (used) by financing activities
$
(1,185)
(1,702)
(2,232)
Formula One Group cash provided (used) by financing activities
(435)
(1,269)
Liberty Live Group cash provided (used) by financing activities
NA
NA
Braves Group cash provided (used) by financing activities
(170)
(177)
Net cash provided (used) by financing activities
$
(1,473)
(3,148)
(1,698)
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Liberty’s primary uses of corporate cash during the year ended December 31, 2023 (excluding cash used by Sirius XM Holdings, Formula 1 and Braves Holdings) were $659 million of net debt repayments, $314 million of capital expenditures and $140 million of investments in equity securities. These uses were primarily funded by cash on hand and dividends from Sirius XM Holdings.
Sirius XM Holdings’ primary uses of cash during the year ended December 31, 2023 were dividends paid to stockholders, repurchase and retirement of outstanding Sirius XM Holdings common stock, additions to property and equipment and acquisitions. The Sirius XM Holdings uses of cash were funded by borrowings of debt and cash provided by operating activities. During the year ended December 31, 2023, Sirius XM Holdings declared quarterly dividends and paid in cash an aggregate amount of $383 million, of which Liberty received $318 million.
Prior to the Split-Off, Braves Holdings’ primary uses of cash were debt service and capital expenditures, funded primarily by cash on hand and cash from operations.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, Formula 1’s primary use of cash was $112 million of capital expenditures largely related to the Las Vegas Grand Prix, funded primarily by cash on hand and cash from operations.
The projected uses of Liberty’s cash (excluding Sirius XM Holdings’ and Formula 1’s uses of cash) are primarily capital expenditures, the investment in new or existing businesses, including the acquisition of QuintEvents, LLC in January 2024, debt service, including further repayment of the margin loan secured by shares of Sirius XM Holdings, and the potential buyback of common stock under the approved share buyback program. Liberty expects to fund its projected uses of cash with cash on hand, borrowing capacity under margin loans and outstanding or new debt instruments, or dividends or distributions from operating subsidiaries. Liberty expects to receive quarterly cash dividends from Sirius XM Holdings, which are non-taxable because Liberty and Sirius XM Holdings are members of the same consolidated federal income tax group. Net payments of income tax liabilities may be required to settle items under discussion with tax authorities.
Sirius XM Holdings’ uses of cash are expected to be capital expenditures, including the construction of replacement satellites, working capital requirements, interest payments, repurchases of outstanding Sirius XM Holdings common stock, interest payments, taxes and scheduled maturities of outstanding debt. In addition, Sirius XM Holdings’ board of directors expects to declare regular quarterly dividends. On January 24, 2024, Sirius XM Holdings’ board of directors declared a quarterly dividend on its common stock in the amount of $0.0266 per share of common stock, payable on February 23, 2024 to stockholders of record at the close of business on February 9, 2024. Liberty expects Sirius XM Holdings to fund its projected uses of cash with cash on hand, cash provided by operations and borrowings under its existing credit facility.
Formula 1’s uses of cash are expected to be capital expenditures, debt service payments and operating expenses. Liberty expects Formula 1 to fund its projected uses of cash with cash on hand and cash provided by operations.
We believe that the available sources of liquidity are sufficient to cover our projected future uses of cash.
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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Material Cash Requirements
Information concerning the amount and timing of required payments, both accrued and off-balance sheet, excluding uncertain tax positions as it is indeterminable when payments will be made, is summarized below.
Payments due by period
Total
Less than 1 year
2 - 3 years
4 - 5 years
After 5 years
amounts in millions
Material Cash Requirements
Long-term debt (1)
$
15,258
1,799
5,154
7,763
Interest payments (2)
4,388
1,255
1,487
Programming and royalty fees (3)
2,169
Operating and finance lease obligations
Short-term leases (4)
-
Other obligations (5)
Total consolidated
$
23,280
2,646
4,615
6,561
9,458
(1) Amounts are stated at the face amount at maturity of our debt instruments and may differ from the amounts stated in our consolidated balance sheet to the extent debt instruments (i) were issued at a discount or premium or (ii) have elements which are reported at fair value in our consolidated balance sheet. Amounts do not assume additional borrowings or refinancings of existing debt.
(2) Amounts (i) are based on our outstanding debt at December 31, 2023, (ii) assume the interest rates on our variable rate debt remain constant at the December 31, 2023 rates and (iii) assume that our existing debt is repaid at maturity.
(3) Sirius XM Holdings has entered into various programming and content agreements under which Sirius XM Holdings’ obligations include fixed payments, advertising commitments and revenue sharing arrangements. In certain arrangements, the future revenue sharing costs are dependent upon many factors and are difficult to estimate; therefore, they are not included in the table above. In addition, Sirius XM Holdings has entered into certain music royalty arrangements that include fixed payments and certain of its podcast agreements also contain minimum guarantees.
(4) The Company does not recognize lease liabilities for short-term leases, which are those leases with a term of twelve months or less or leases with non-consecutive periods of use that total twelve months or less at the lease commencement date. Certain short-term leases that include non-consecutive periods of use extend over multiple years.
(5) Includes amounts related to Sirius XM Holdings’ satellite and transmission, sales and marketing, satellite incentive payments, and other contractual commitments. Sirius XM Holdings satellite and transmission commitments are attributable to agreements for the design, construction and launch of four additional satellites; SXM-9, SXM-10, SXM-11 and SXM-12. Sirius XM Holdings has also entered into agreements to operate and maintain satellite telemetry, tracking and control facilities and certain components of its terrestrial repeater networks. Sirius XM Holdings sales and marketing commitments primarily relate to payments to sponsors, retailers, automakers, radio manufacturers and other third parties pursuant to marketing, sponsorship and distribution agreements to promote Sirius XM Holdings’ brands. Maxar Technologies (formerly Space Systems/Loral), the manufacturers of certain of Sirius XM Holdings’ in-orbit satellites, may be entitled to future in-orbit performance payments upon XM-5, SIRIUS FM-5, SIRIUS FM-6 and SXM-8 meeting their fifteen-year design life, which Sirius XM Holdings expects to occur. Additionally, Sirius XM Holdings has entered into various agreements with third parties for general operating purposes.
Critical Accounting Estimates
The preparation of our financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Listed below are the accounting estimates that we believe are critical to our financial statements due to the degree of uncertainty regarding the estimates or assumptions involved and the magnitude of the asset, liability, revenue or expense being reported. All of these accounting estimates and assumptions, as well as the resulting impact to our financial statements, have been discussed with our audit committee.
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Non-Financial Instrument Valuations. Our non-financial instrument valuations are primarily comprised of our determination of the estimated fair value allocation of net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired in business combinations, our annual assessment of the recoverability of our goodwill and other nonamortizable intangibles, such as trademarks, and our evaluation of the recoverability of our other long-lived assets upon certain triggering events. If the carrying value of our long-lived assets exceeds their estimated fair value, we are required to write the carrying value down to fair value. Any such write-down is included in impairment, restructuring and acquisition costs, net of recoveries in our consolidated statement of operations. A high degree of judgment is required to estimate the fair value of our long-lived assets. We may use quoted market prices, prices for similar assets, present value techniques and other valuation techniques to prepare these estimates. We may need to make estimates of future cash flows and discount rates as well as other assumptions in order to implement these valuation techniques. Due to the high degree of judgment involved in our estimation techniques, any value ultimately derived from our long-lived assets may differ from our estimate of fair value. As each of our operating segments has long-lived assets, this critical accounting policy affects the financial position and results of operations of each segment.
As of December 31, 2023, the intangible assets not subject to amortization for each of our consolidated reportable segments were as follows (amounts in millions):
Goodwill
FCC Licenses
Other
Total
Sirius XM Holdings
$
15,209
8,600
1,242
25,051
Formula 1
3,956
-
-
3,956
Consolidated
$
19,165
8,600
1,242
29,007
We perform our annual assessment of the recoverability of our goodwill and other nonamortizable intangible assets in the fourth quarter each year, or more frequently if events and circumstances indicate impairment may have occurred. The accounting guidance permits entities to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. The accounting guidance also allows entities the option to bypass the qualitative assessment for any reporting unit in any period and proceed directly to the quantitative impairment test. The entity may resume performing the qualitative assessment in any subsequent period. In evaluating goodwill on a qualitative basis, the Company reviews the business performance of each reporting unit and evaluates other relevant factors as identified in the relevant accounting guidance to determine whether it is more likely than not that an indicated impairment exists for any of our reporting units. The Company considers whether there are any negative macroeconomic conditions, industry specific conditions, market changes, increased competition, increased costs in doing business, management challenges, the legal environments and how these factors might impact company specific performance in future periods. As part of the analysis, the Company also considers fair value determinations for certain reporting units that have been made at various points throughout the current and prior year for other purposes. If based on the qualitative analysis it is more likely than not that an impairment exists, the Company performs the quantitative impairment test.
Useful Life of Broadcast/Transmission System. Sirius XM Holdings’ satellite system includes the costs of satellite construction, launch vehicles, launch insurance, capitalized interest, spare satellites, terrestrial repeater network and satellite uplink facilities. Sirius XM Holdings monitors its satellites for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset is not recoverable.
Sirius XM Holdings operates two in-orbit Sirius satellites, FM-5 and FM-6, which launched in 2009 and 2013, respectively, and estimates they will operate effectively through the end of their depreciable lives in 2024 and 2028, respectively.
Sirius XM Holdings currently operates three in-orbit XM satellites, XM-3, XM-5 and SXM-8. The XM-3 satellite was launched in 2005, is used as an in-orbit spare and reached the end of its depreciable life in 2020. The XM-5 satellite was launched in 2010 and is expected to reach the end of its depreciable life in 2025. The SXM-8 satellite was launched in 2021 and is expected to reach the end of its depreciable life in 2036. The SXM-8 satellite replaced the XM-3 satellite. Sirius XM Holdings has entered into agreements for the design, construction and launch of four additional satellites, SXM-9, SXM-10, SXM-11 and SXM-12.
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Sirius XM Holdings’ satellites have been designed to last fifteen-years. Sirius XM Holdings’ in-orbit satellites may experience component failures which could adversely affect their useful lives. Sirius XM Holdings monitors the operating condition of its in-orbit satellites and if events or circumstances indicate that the depreciable lives of its in-orbit satellites have changed, the depreciable life will be modified accordingly. If Sirius XM Holdings were to revise its estimates, depreciation expense would change.
Income Taxes. We are required to estimate the amount of tax payable or refundable for the current year and the deferred income tax liabilities and assets for the future tax consequences of events that have been reflected in our financial statements or tax returns for each taxing jurisdiction in which we operate. This process requires our management to make judgments regarding the timing and probability of the ultimate tax impact of the various agreements and transactions that we enter into. Based on these judgments we may record tax reserves or adjustments to valuation allowances on deferred tax assets to reflect the expected realizability of future tax benefits. Actual income taxes could vary from these estimates due to future changes in income tax law, significant changes in the jurisdictions in which we operate, our inability to generate sufficient future taxable income or unpredicted results from the final determination of each year’s liability by taxing authorities. These changes could have a significant impact on our financial position.
Results of Operations-Businesses
Liberty SiriusXM Group
Sirius XM Holdings Sirius XM Holdings operates two complementary audio entertainment business, Sirius XM and Pandora and Off-platform.
Sirius XM features music, sports, entertainment, comedy, talk, news, traffic and weather channels and other content, as well as podcasts and infotainment services, in the U.S. on a subscription fee basis. Sirius XM’s packages include live, curated and certain exclusive and on demand programming. The Sirius XM service is distributed through its two proprietary satellite radio systems and streamed via applications for mobile devices, home devices and other consumer electronic equipment. Radios are primarily distributed through automakers, retailers and Sirius XM’s website. The Sirius XM service is also available through an in-car user interface called “360L,” that combines Sirius XM’s satellite and streaming services into a single, cohesive in-vehicle entertainment experience.
Sirius XM’s primary source of revenue is subscription fees, with most of its customers subscribing to monthly, quarterly, semi-annual or annual plans. Sirius XM also derives revenue from advertising on select non-music channels, which is sold under the SiriusXM Media brand, direct sales of Sirius XM’s satellite radios and accessories, and other ancillary services. As of December 31, 2023, Sirius XM had approximately 33.9 million subscribers.
In addition to Sirius XM’s audio entertainment businesses, it provides connected vehicle services to several automakers. These services are designed to enhance the safety, security and driving experience of consumers. Sirius XM also offers a suite of data services that includes graphical weather and fuel prices, a traffic information service and real-time weather services in vehicles, boats and airplanes.
Sirius XM also holds a 70% equity interest and 33% voting interest in Sirius XM Canada Holdings Inc. (“Sirius XM Canada”). Sirius XM Canada's subscribers are not included in Sirius XM’s subscriber count or subscriber-based operating metrics.
The Pandora and Off-platform business operates a music, comedy and podcast streaming discovery platform, offering a personalized experience for each listener wherever and whenever they want to listen, whether through mobile devices, vehicle speakers or connected devices. Pandora enables listeners to create personalized stations and playlists, discover new content, hear artist- and expert-curated playlists and podcasts as well as search and play songs and albums on-demand. Pandora is available as (1) an ad-supported radio service, (2) a radio subscription service (Pandora Plus) and (3) an on-demand subscription service (Pandora Premium). As of December 31, 2023, Pandora had approximately 46.0 million monthly active users and 6.0 million subscribers.
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The majority of Pandora’s revenue is generated from advertising on its ad-supported radio service which is sold under the SiriusXM Media brand. Pandora also derives subscription revenue from its Pandora Plus and Pandora Premium subscribers.
Pandora also sells advertising on other audio platforms and in widely distributed podcasts, which it considers to be off-platform services. Pandora has an arrangement with SoundCloud Holdings, LLC (“SoundCloud”) to be its exclusive ad sales representative in the U.S. and certain European countries and offer advertisers the ability to execute campaigns across the Pandora and SoundCloud platforms. Sirius XM Holdings also has arrangements to serve as the ad sales representative for certain podcasts. In addition, through AdsWizz, Inc. (“AdsWizz”), Pandora provides a comprehensive digital audio and programmatic advertising technology platform, which connects audio publishers and advertisers with a variety of ad insertion, campaign trafficking, yield optimization, programmatic buying, marketplace and podcast monetization solutions.
Results of Operations
We acquired a controlling interest in Sirius XM Holdings on January 18, 2013 and applied purchase accounting and consolidated the results of Sirius XM Holdings from that date. The results presented below include the impacts of acquisition accounting adjustments in all periods presented.
On November 1, 2021, Liberty entered into an exchange agreement with certain counterparties to acquire an aggregate of 43,658,800 shares of Sirius XM Holdings common stock in exchange for the issuance by Liberty to the counterparties of an aggregate of 5,347,320 shares of Series A Liberty SiriusXM common stock. Following the closing of the exchange on November 3, 2021, Liberty and Sirius XM Holdings became members of the same consolidated federal income tax group. The tax sharing agreement with Sirius XM Holdings, dated February 1, 2021, governs the allocation of consolidated and combined tax liabilities and sets forth agreements with respect to other tax matters.
Also on November 1, 2021, Sirius XM Holdings entered into (i) an agreement with Liberty whereby Liberty agreed not to effect any merger with Sirius XM Holdings pursuant to Section 253 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (or any successor to such statute) without obtaining the prior approval of a special committee of the Sirius XM Holdings board of directors, all of whom are independent of Liberty (the “Special Committee”) (or any successor special committee of Sirius XM Holdings’ independent and disinterested directors) and (ii) an agreement regarding certain tax matters relating to the exchange. Each of these agreements was negotiated by the Special Committee with Liberty.
As of December 31, 2023, there is an approximate 17% noncontrolling interest in Sirius XM Holdings, and the net earnings of Sirius XM Holdings attributable to such noncontrolling interest is eliminated through the noncontrolling interest line item in the consolidated statement of operations. Sirius XM is a separate publicly traded company and additional information about Sirius XM can be obtained through its website and its public filings, which are not incorporated by reference herein.
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Sirius XM Holdings’ operating results were as follows:
Years ended December 31,
amounts in millions
Sirius XM:
Subscriber revenue
$
6,342
6,370
Advertising revenue
Equipment revenue
Other revenue
Total Sirius XM revenue
6,840
6,905
Pandora and Off-platform:
Subscriber revenue
Advertising revenue
1,589
1,576
Total Pandora and Off-platform revenue
2,113
2,098
Total revenue
8,953
9,003
Operating expenses (excluding stock-based compensation included below):
Sirius XM cost of services
(2,689)
(2,641)
Pandora and Off-platform cost of services
(1,475)
(1,443)
Subscriber acquisition costs
(359)
(352)
Selling, general and administrative expenses (excluding litigation settlement)
(1,380)
(1,488)
Other operating expenses
(276)
(246)
Adjusted OIBDA
2,774
2,833
Stock-based compensation
(184)
(197)
Depreciation and amortization
(624)
(610)
Impairment, restructuring and acquisition costs, net of recoveries
(66)
(68)
Litigation settlements, net of recoveries
(24)
-
Operating income
$
1,876
1,958
Sirius XM Subscriber revenue includes self-pay and paid promotional subscriptions, U.S. Music Royalty Fees and other ancillary fees. Subscriber revenue decreased less than 1% for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year, primarily driven by a reduction in paid promotional revenue resulting from lower overall rates from automakers offering paid promotional subscriptions and lower revenue generated from Sirius XM’s connected vehicle services, partially offset by an increase in self-pay revenue.
Sirius XM Advertising revenue includes the sale of advertising on Sirius XM’s non-music channels. Advertising revenue decreased 14% for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year, due to a decline in the number of spots sold and aired, primarily on news and entertainment channels.
Sirius XM Equipment revenue includes revenue and royalties from the sale of satellite radios, components and accessories. Equipment revenue increased 2% for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year, primarily due to higher chipset production driven by an increase in Original Equipment Manufacturer (“OEM”) demand, partially offset by lower royalty rates.
Sirius XM Other revenue includes service and advisory revenue from Sirius XM Canada, connected vehicle services and ancillary revenue. Other revenue decreased 9% for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year, driven by lower royalty revenue generated by Sirius XM Canada and Sirius XM’s connected vehicle services.
Pandora and Off-platform subscriber revenue includes fees charged for Pandora Plus and Pandora Premium subscriptions. Pandora and Off-platform subscriber revenue increased less than 1% during the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year, driven by a rate increase on Pandora Plus, partially offset by a decline in the subscriber base.
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Pandora and Off-platform advertising revenue is generated primarily from audio, display and video advertising from on-platform and off-platform advertising. Pandora and Off-platform advertising revenue increased 1% during the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year, driven by higher podcasting revenue, partially offset by lower sell-through on the Pandora ad-supported service.
Sirius XM Cost of services includes revenue share and royalties, programming and content costs, customer service and billing expenses and other ancillary costs associated with providing the satellite radio service.
● Revenue Share and Royalties includes royalties for transmitting content, including streaming royalties, as well as automaker, content provider and advertising revenue share. Revenue share and royalties increased 3% during 2023, as compared to the prior year, driven by higher web streaming royalty rates as well as the expiration of certain licenses covering pre-1972 sound recordings.
● Programming and Content includes costs to acquire, create, promote and produce content. Programming and content costs increased 1% during 2023, as compared to the prior year, driven by higher content licensing costs.
● Customer Service and Billing includes costs associated with the operation and management of Sirius XM’s internal and third party customer service centers and Sirius XM’s subscriber management systems as well as billing and collection costs, bad debt expense and transaction fees. Customer service and billing expense decreased 5% during 2023, as compared to the prior year, driven by lower call center and personnel-related costs, partially offset by higher transaction costs.
● Other includes costs associated with the operation and maintenance of Sirius XM’s terrestrial repeater networks; satellites; satellite telemetry, tracking and control systems; satellite uplink facilities; studios; and delivery of Sirius XM’s Internet and 360L streaming and connected vehicle services as well as costs from the sale of satellite radios, components and accessories and provisions for inventory allowance attributable to products purchased for resale in Sirius XM’s direct to consumer distribution channels. Other costs of subscriber services increased 8% during the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year, driven by higher costs associated with Sirius XM’s 360L platform and streaming and higher inventory write-downs.
Pandora and Off-platform Cost of services includes revenue share and royalties, programming and content costs, customer service and billing expenses and other ancillary costs.
● Revenue share and royalties include licensing fees paid for streaming music or other content related to podcasts as well as revenue share paid to third party ad servers. Pandora makes payments to third party ad servers for the period the advertising impressions are delivered or click-through actions occur, and accordingly, Pandora records this as a cost of service in the related period. Revenue share and royalties increased 3% during the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year, primarily due to higher podcast revenue share driven by growth in podcast advertising revenue as well as higher royalty expense due to increases in certain web streaming royalty rates.
● Programming and content includes costs to produce, license and promote podcast content and live listener events. Programming and content increased 18% during the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year, primarily attributable to higher podcast license fees and live event costs, partially offset by lower personnel-related costs.
● Customer service and billing includes transaction fees on subscription purchases through mobile app stores and bad debt expense. Customer service and billing increased 1% during the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year, primarily driven by higher bad debt expense, partially offset by lower transaction fees.
● Other includes costs associated with content streaming, maintaining Pandora’s streaming radio and on-demand subscription services and creating and serving advertisements through third party ad servers. Other costs decreased 38% during the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year, primarily driven by lower colocation and personnel-related costs as well as lower streaming costs resulting from a decline in listener hours.
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Subscriber acquisition costs are costs associated with Sirius XM’s satellite radio service and include hardware subsidies paid to radio manufacturers, distributors and automakers, subsidies paid for chipsets and certain other components used in manufacturing radios; device royalties for certain radios and chipsets; product warranty obligations; and freight. The majority of subscriber acquisition costs are incurred and expensed in advance of acquiring a subscriber. For the year ended December 31, 2023, subscriber acquisition costs increased 2%, as compared to the prior year, primarily driven by higher hardware subsidies driven by installations, which grew due to increased production by automakers, partially offset by lower commission and hardware subsidy rates.
Selling, general and administrative (excluding legal settlement) expense includes costs of marketing, advertising, media and production, including promotional events and sponsorships; cooperative and artist marketing; personnel related costs; facilities costs, finance, legal, human resources and information technology costs. Selling, general and administrative expense decreased 7% for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year, primarily due to a decrease in streaming and marketing expenditures to support Sirus XM Holdings’ brands as well as lower personnel-related costs, partially offset by costs related to Liberty Sirius XM Holdings Split-Off incurred during the year ended December 31, 2023.
Other operating expense includes engineering, design and development costs consisting primarily of compensation and related costs to develop chipsets and new products and services. For the year ended December 31, 2023, other operating expense increased 12%, as compared to the prior year, driven by higher cloud hosting costs and higher personnel-related costs.
Stock-based compensation decreased 7% during the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year, primarily due to a reduction in Sirius XM Holdings’ workforce during 2023.
Depreciation and amortization increased 2% during the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year, driven by the accelerated end of life of certain software as well as additional assets placed in service.
Impairment, restructuring and acquisition costs, net of recoveries include impairment charges associated with the carrying amount of an asset exceeding the asset’s fair value, restructuring expenses associated with the abandonment of certain leased office spaces and acquisition costs. During the year ended December 31, 2023, Sirius XM Holdings recorded a $34 million charge primarily related to severance and other related costs, impairments primarily related to terminated software projects of $15 million, vacated office space impairments of $12 million, accrued expenses of $3 million for which Sirius XM Holdings will not recognize any future benefits and a cost-method investment impairment of $2 million. During the year ended December 31, 2022, Sirius XM Holdings recorded $43 million of restructuring costs related to the termination of certain software projects, $16 million related to the impairment of vacated office spaces, $5 million related to the impairment of property and equipment located at the impaired office spaces, $6 million related to personnel severance and $2 million of acquisition costs, partially offset by a $4 million gain on the sale of real estate.
Litigation settlements, net of recoveries for the year ended December 31, 2023 relates to settlement of certain legal matters and has been excluded from Adjusted OIBDA as it was not part of Sirius XM Holdings’ normal operations and does not relate to the on-going performance of the business.
Formula One Group
Formula 1. Formula 1 is a global motorsports business that holds exclusive commercial rights with respect to the World Championship, an annual, approximately nine-month long, motor race-based competition in which teams compete for the Constructors’ Championship and drivers compete for the Drivers’ Championship. The World Championship takes place on various circuits throughout the world. Formula 1 derives its primary revenue from the commercial exploitation and development of the World Championship through a combination of race promotion, media rights and sponsorship arrangements. A significant majority of the race promotion, media rights and sponsorship contracts specify payments in advance and annual increases in the fees payable over the course of the contracts.
The 2023 World Championship calendar was originally scheduled to have 23 Events. However, following the cancellation of the Emilia-Romagna Grand Prix at Imola (the “Imola Event”) due to severe flooding in the region, 22
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Events took place, including the inaugural Las Vegas Grand Prix, which was the only event to be directly promoted by Formula 1. The 2022 World Championship calendar was also originally scheduled to have 23 Events. However, following the cancellation of the Russian Grand Prix, 22 Events took place.
Formula 1’s operating results were as follows:
Years ended December 31,
amounts in millions
Primary Formula 1 revenue
$
2,560
2,107
Other Formula 1 revenue
Total Formula 1 revenue
3,222
2,573
Operating expenses (excluding stock-based compensation included below):
Cost of Formula 1 revenue (exclusive of depreciation shown separately below)
(2,256)
(1,750)
Selling, general and administrative expenses
(241)
(230)
Adjusted OIBDA
Stock-based compensation
(3)
(3)
Depreciation and amortization
(330)
(351)
Operating income (loss)
$
Number of Events
Primary Formula 1 revenue is derived from the commercial exploitation and development of the World Championship through a combination of race promotion fees (earned from granting the rights to host, stage and promote each Event on the World Championship calendar, fees from certain race promoters to license additional commercial rights from Formula 1 to secure Formula 2 and Formula 3 races at their Events, technical service fees from promoters to support the origination of program footage and, beginning in 2023, ticketing revenue from Formula 1’s direct promotion of the Las Vegas Grand Prix), media rights fees (earned from licensing the right to broadcast Events and Formula 2 and Formula 3 races on television and other platforms, TV subscriptions and other related services, the origination of program footage, footage from Formula 1’s archives and the licensing of radio broadcast and other ancillary media rights) and sponsorship fees (earned from the sale of World Championship and Event-related advertising and sponsorship rights and the servicing of such rights, rights to advertise on Formula 1’s digital platforms and at non-Championship related events).
Primary Formula 1 revenue increased $453 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year.
Race promotion revenue increased during the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year, due to ticketing revenue from the inaugural Las Vegas Grand Prix, higher fees generated from the mix of Events held, with two additional races held outside of Europe (including the Las Vegas Grand Prix) compared to 2022 and other contractual increases in fees. Sponsorship revenue increased during the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year, due to sponsorship revenue from the Las Vegas Grand Prix, revenue from other new sponsors and additional revenue from existing sponsors. Media rights revenue increased during the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year, due to the effect of contractual increases in season-based fees and the continued growth in TV subscription revenue.
Other Formula 1 revenue is generated from miscellaneous and ancillary sources primarily related to facilitating the shipment of cars and equipment to and from events outside of Europe, the sale of tickets to the Paddock Club at most Events, the sale of hospitality and experiences at the Las Vegas Grand Prix, the operation of the Formula 2, Formula 3 and the new Academy series, other licensing opportunities, various television production activities and other ancillary operations.
Other Formula 1 revenue increased $196 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year, primarily due to new revenue generated from the delivery of hospitality and experiences at the Las Vegas Grand Prix, additional Paddock Club and other hospitality revenue at other Events, revenue from the new Academy series and
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growth in licensing, travel and support series income. These increases were partially offset by lower freight income, driven by the impact of significantly lower air freight charter costs, despite two more Events taking place outside of Europe compared to the prior year.
Cost of Formula 1 revenue consists primarily of team payments. Other costs of Formula 1 revenue are largely variable in nature and relate to both primary and other Formula 1 revenue. The largest components of other costs of Formula 1 revenue are costs related to promoting, organizing and delivering the Las Vegas Grand Prix, hospitality costs, which are principally related to catering and other aspects of the production and delivery of hospitality offerings at the Las Vegas Grand Prix and the Paddock Club at other Events, and costs incurred in the provision and sale of freight, travel and logistical services. Other costs of Formula 1 revenue also include sponsorship and digital product sales’ commissions, circuit rights’ fees payable under various agreements with race promoters to acquire certain commercial rights at Events, including the right to sell advertising, hospitality and support race opportunities, annual Federation Internationale de l’Automobile (“FIA”) regulatory fees, Formula 2 and Formula 3 cars, parts and maintenance services, costs related to the new Academy series, television production and post-production services, advertising production services and digital and social media activities.
Years ended December 31,
amounts in millions
Team payments
$
(1,215)
(1,157)
Other costs of Formula 1 revenue
(1,041)
(593)
Cost of Formula 1 revenue
$
(2,256)
(1,750)
Cost of Formula 1 revenue increased $506 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year.
Team payments increased $58 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year, driven by the increase in Formula 1 revenue and the associated impact on the calculation of variable Prize Fund elements, which are calculated with reference to Formula 1’s revenue and costs.
Other costs of Formula 1 revenue increased $448 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year, primarily due to the costs of promoting, organizing and delivering the Las Vegas Grand Prix, higher hospitality-related costs driven by the costs of servicing guests attending the Las Vegas Grand Prix, the servicing of higher Paddock Club attendance at other Events and cost inflation.
Selling, general and administrative expenses include personnel costs, legal, professional and other advisory fees, bad debt expense, rental expense, information technology costs, insurance premiums, maintenance and utility costs and other general office administration costs. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $11 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year, driven by higher personnel, information technology and marketing costs, partially offset by lower legal and professional fees and lower foreign exchange losses.
Stock-based compensation expense was flat during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the prior year.
Depreciation and amortization includes depreciation of fixed assets and amortization of intangible assets. Depreciation and amortization decreased $21 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year, primarily due to decreases in amortization expense related to certain intangible assets acquired in the acquisition of Formula 1 by Liberty.
II-24

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.
We are exposed to market risk in the normal course of business due to our ongoing investing and financial activities and the conduct of operations. Market risk refers to the risk of loss arising from adverse changes in stock prices and interest rates. The risk of loss can be assessed from the perspective of adverse changes in fair values, cash flows and future earnings. We have established policies, procedures and internal processes governing our management of market risks and the use of financial instruments to manage our exposure to such risks.
We are exposed to changes in interest rates primarily as a result of our borrowing and investment activities, which include investments in fixed and floating rate debt instruments and borrowings used to maintain liquidity and to fund business operations. The nature and amount of our long-term and short-term debt are expected to vary as a result of future requirements, market conditions and other factors. We manage our exposure to interest rates by maintaining what we believe is an appropriate mix of fixed and variable rate debt. We believe this best protects us from interest rate risk. We have achieved this mix by (i) issuing fixed rate debt that we believe has a low stated interest rate and significant term to maturity, (ii) issuing variable rate debt with appropriate maturities and interest rates and (iii) entering into interest rate swap arrangements when we deem appropriate.
As of December 31, 2023, our debt is comprised of the following amounts:
Variable rate debt
Fixed rate debt
Principal
Weighted avg
Principal
Weighted avg
amount
interest rate
amount
interest rate
dollar amounts in millions
Liberty SiriusXM Group
$
1,195
7.1%
$
9,911
4.2%
Formula One Group
$
7.4%
$
2,183
4.3%
Live Group
$
NA
NA
$
1,212
2.3%
The Company is exposed to changes in stock prices primarily as a result of our significant holdings in publicly traded securities. We continually monitor changes in stock markets, in general, and changes in the stock prices of our holdings, specifically. We believe that changes in stock prices can be expected to vary as a result of general market conditions, technological changes, specific industry changes and other factors. We periodically use equity collars and other financial instruments to manage market risk associated with certain investment positions. These instruments are recorded at fair value based on option pricing models.
At December 31, 2023, the fair value of our marketable equity securities was $113 million. Had the market price of such securities been 10% lower at December 31, 2023, the aggregate value of such securities would have been $11 million lower. Additionally, our stock in Live Nation (an equity method affiliate), a publicly traded security, is not reflected at fair value in our balance sheet. This security is also subject to market risk that is not directly reflected in our financial statements.

---

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
The consolidated financial statements of Liberty Media Corporation are filed under this Item, beginning on Page II-31. The financial statement schedules required by Regulation S-X are filed under Item 15 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

---

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
None.
II-25

---

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
In accordance with Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15, the Company carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including its chief executive officer and principal accounting and financial officer (the “Executives”) and under the oversight of its Board of Directors, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2023. Based on that evaluation, the Executives concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2023 to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in its reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms.
See page II-27 for Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting.
See page II-28 for Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm for their attestation regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.
There has been no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2023 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, its internal control over financial reporting.

---

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 9B. Other Information.
Insider Trading Arrangements
None of the Company’s directors or officers adopted or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or a non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement during the Company’s fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2023.

---

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Item 10.
Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

---

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Item 11.
Executive Compensation

---

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
Item 12.
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

---

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Item 13.
Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

---

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Item 14.
Principal Accountant Fees and Services
We expect to file our definitive proxy statement for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders with the Securities and Exchange Commission on or before April 29, 2024.
III-1
PART IV.

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.
(a)(1) Financial Statements
Included in Part II of this Report:
Page No.
Liberty Media Corporation:
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (KPMG LLP, Denver, CO, Auditor Firm ID: 185)
II-28
Consolidated Balance Sheets, December 31, 2023 and 2022
II-31
Consolidated Statements of Operations, Years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
II-33
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Earnings (Loss), Years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
II-35
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
II-36
Consolidated Statements of Equity, Years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
II-37
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
II-38
(a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules
(i) All schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable, not material or the required information is set forth in the financial statements or notes thereto.
(a)(3) Exhibits
Listed below are the exhibits which are filed as a part of this Report (according to the number assigned to them in Item 601 of Regulation S-K):
2.1
Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of December 11, 2023, by and among the Registrant, Sirius XM Holdings Inc., Liberty Sirius XM Holdings Inc. and Radio Merger Sub, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 12, 2023 (File No. 001-35707) (the “December 2023 8-K”)).
2.2
Reorganization Agreement by and among the Registrant, Liberty Sirius XM Holdings Inc. and Sirius XM Holdings Inc., dated as of December 11, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the December 2023 8-K).
2.3
Reorganization Agreement, dated as of June 28, 2023, by and between the Registrant and Atlanta Braves Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on July 18, 2023 (File No. 001-35707) (the “July 2023 8-K”)).
3-Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws:
3.1
Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Registrant on August 3, 2023 (File No. 001-35707) (the “August 2023 8-K”)).
3.2
Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on August 6, 2015 (File No. 001-35707)).
4-Instruments Defining the Rights of Securities Holders, including Indentures:
4.1
Specimen certificate for shares of the Registrant’s Series A Liberty SiriusXM common stock, par value $.01 per share (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Amendment No. 2 to the Registration Statement on Form S-4 filed on April 6, 2023 (File No. 333-208921) (the “2023 Form S-4”)).
4.2
Specimen certificate for shares of the Registrant’s Series B Liberty SiriusXM common stock, par value $.01 per share (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the 2023 Form S-4).
IV-1
4.3
Specimen certificate for shares of the Registrant’s Series C Liberty SiriusXM common stock, par value $.01 per share (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the 2023 Form S-4).
4.4
Specimen certificate for shares of the Registrant’s Series A Liberty Live common stock, par value $.01 per share (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 to the 2023 Form S-4.
4.5
Specimen certificate for shares of the Registrant’s Series B Liberty Live common stock, par value $.01 per share (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8 to the 2023 Form S-4).
4.6
Specimen certificate for shares of the Registrant’s Series C Liberty Live common stock, par value $.01 per share (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.9 to the 2023 Form S-4).
4.7
Specimen certificate for shares of the Registrant’s Series A Liberty Formula One common stock, par value $.01 per share (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the 2023 Form S-4).
4.8
Specimen certificate for shares of the Registrant’s Series B Liberty Formula One common stock, par value $.01 per share (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to the 2023 Form S-4).
4.9
Specimen certificate for shares of the Registrant’s Series C Liberty Formula One common stock, par value $.01 per share (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 to the 2023 Form S-4).
4.10
Indenture dated as of October 17, 2013 among the Registrant, as issuer, and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2013 filed on November 5, 2013 (File No. 001-35707)).
4.11
Supplemental Indenture, dated as of April 15, 2016, among the Registrant, as issuer, and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on April 20, 2016 (File No. 001-35707)).
4.12
Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of August 3, 2023, among the Registrant, as issuer, and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association (as successor to U.S. Bank National Association), as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the August 2023 8-K).
4.13
Description of the Registrant’s Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.*
4.14
The Registrant undertakes to furnish to the Securities and Exchange Commission, upon request, a copy of all instruments with respect to long-term debt not filed herewith.
10-Material Contracts:
10.1+
Liberty Media Corporation 2013 Incentive Plan (Amended and Restated as of March 31, 2015) (the “2013 Plan”) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2015 filed on May 8, 2015 (File No. 001-35707)).
10.2+
Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013 filed on February 28, 2014 (File No. 001-35707) (the “2013 10-K”)).
10.3+
Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the 2013 10-K).
10.4+
Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement under the 2013 Plan granted to certain designated award recipients during 2016 and 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 filed on March 1, 2018 (File No. 001-35707) (the “2017 10-K”)).
10.5+
Liberty Media Corporation 2013 Nonemployee Director Incentive Plan (Amended and Restated as of December 17, 2015) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 filed on February 26, 2016 (File No. 001-35707) (the “2015 10-K”)).
10.6+
Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement under the 2011 Nonemployee Director Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Starz’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011 filed on February 23, 2012 (File No. 001-35294)).
10.7+
Liberty Media Corporation 2006 Deferred Compensation Plan (Amended and Restated as of January 1, 2016) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the 2015 10-K).
10.8+
Amendment to the Liberty Media Corporation 2006 Deferred Compensation Plan (Amended and Restated as of January 1, 2016) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2017 filed on August 9, 2017 (File No. 001-35707)).
10.9+
Services Agreement, dated as of September 23, 2011, by and between Liberty Interactive Corporation and the Registrant (as assignee of Starz (f/k/a Liberty Media Corporation)) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Starz S-4).
IV-2
10.10+
Restated and Amended Employment Agreement dated November 1, 1992, between Tele-Communications, Inc. and John C. Malone (assumed by Liberty Media LLC as of March 9, 1999), and the amendment thereto dated June 30, 1999 and effective as of March 9, 1999, between Liberty Media LLC and John C. Malone (collectively, the “Malone Employment Agreement” (assumed, as amended, by the Registrant as of January 10, 2013)) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to Qurate Retail, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009 filed on February 25, 2010 (File No. 001-33982) (the “Liberty Interactive 2009 10-K”)).
10.11+
Second Amendment to Malone Employment Agreement effective January 1, 2003 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Liberty Interactive 2009 10-K).
10.12+
Third Amendment to Malone Employment Agreement effective January 1, 2007 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to Qurate Retail, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008 filed on February 27, 2009 (File No. 001-33982) (the “Liberty Interactive 2008 10-K”)).
10.13+
Fourth Amendment to Malone Employment Agreement effective January 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Liberty Interactive 2008 10-K).
10.14+
Liberty Media Corporation Nonemployee Director Deferred Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2015 filed on May 8, 2015 (File No. 001-35707)).
10.15+
Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.55 to the 2015 10-K).
10.16+
Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.56 to the 2015 10-K).
10.17+
Liberty Media Corporation 2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2017 Omnibus Plan”) (incorporated by reference to Annex A to the Registrant’s Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, filed with the SEC on April 20, 2017 (File No. 001-35707)).
10.18+
Form of 2017 Term Option Agreement under the 2013 Incentive Plan (BATRK and FWONK) for Gregory B. Maffei (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the 2017 Third Quarter 10-Q).
10.19+
Form of 2017 Term Option Agreement under the 2013 Incentive Plan (LSXMK) for Gregory B. Maffei (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the 2017 Third Quarter 10-Q).
10.20
Letter Agreement between Liberty Interactive Corporation and the Registrant relating to the Services Agreement dated September 23, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.60 to the 2017 10-K).
10.21+
Amendment, dated March 12, 2018, of certain of the Registrant’s incentive plans (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2018 filed on May 9, 2018 (File No. 001-35707)).
10.22
Form of Amended and Restated Indemnification Agreement between the Registrant and its executive officers/directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 filed on May 9, 2019 (File No. 001-35707)).
10.23+
Executive Employment Agreement, dated effective as of December 13, 2019, between the Registrant and Gregory B. Maffei (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 19, 2019 (File No. 001-35707) (the “2019 8-K”)).
10.24+
Form of Annual Option Award Agreement between the Registrant and Gregory B. Maffei (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the 2019 8-K).
10.25+
Form of Annual Performance-based Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement between the Registrant and Gregory B. Maffei (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the 2019 8-K).
10.26+
Form of Upfront Award Agreement between the Registrant and Gregory B. Maffei under the Liberty Media Corporation 2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the 2019 8-K).
10.27+
Form of First Amendment to Services Agreement, effective as of December 13, 2019, between the Registrant and Qurate Retail, Inc., Liberty Broadband Corporation, GCI Liberty, Inc. and Liberty TripAdvisor Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.63 to the 2019 10-K).
10.28+
Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement under the Liberty Media Corporation 2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan, as amended from time to time, for certain officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.57 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 filed on February 26, 2021 (File No. 001-35707)(the “2020 10-K”).
10.29+
Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement under the Liberty Media Corporation 2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan, as amended from time to time, for Nonemployee Directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.59 to the 2020 10-K).
10.30
Exchange Agreement, dated as of July 28, 2021, by and among John C. Malone, the John C. Malone 1995 Revocable Trust U/A DTD 3/6/1995 and the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 30, 2021 (File No. 001-35707)).
IV-3
10.31+
Liberty Media Corporation 2022 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Annex A to the Registrant’s Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, filed on April 26, 2022 (File No. 001-35707)).
10.32
Tax Sharing Agreement, dated as of July 18, 2023, by and between the Registrant and Atlanta Braves Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the July 2023 8-K).
10.33
Services Agreement, dated as of July 18, 2023, by and between the Registrant and Atlanta Braves Holding, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the July 2023 8-K).
10.34
Facilities Sharing Agreement, dated as of July 18, 2023, by and among the Registrant, Atlanta Braves Holding, Inc. and Liberty Property Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the July 2023 8-K).
10.35
Aircraft Time Sharing Agreements, dated as of July 18, 2023, by and between the Registrant and Atlanta Braves Holding, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the July 2023 8-K).
10.36
Voting Agreement, dated as of December 11, 2023, by and among the Registrant, Sirius XM Holdings Inc., Liberty Sirius XM Holdings Inc. and each of The John C. Malone 1995 Revocable Trust, The Leslie A. Malone 1995 Revocable Trust, The Malone Family Land Preservation Foundation and John C. Malone June 2003 Charitable Remainder Unitrust (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the December 2023 8-K).
Subsidiaries of Liberty Media Corporation.*
23.1
Consent of KPMG LLP.*
31.1
Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification.*
31.2
Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification.*
Section 1350 Certification. **
Liberty Media Corporation Clawback Policy for the Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation.*
99.1
Unaudited Attributed Financial Information for Tracking Stock Groups.*
101.INS
Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.*
101.SCH
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.*
101.CAL
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document.*
101.LAB
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document.*
101.PRE
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document.*
101.DEF
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Definition Document.*
Cover Page Interactive Date File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).*
*
Filed herewith.
**
Furnished herewith.
+
This document has been identified as a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.