EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1023994
Filing Year: 2025
Filename: 1023994_10-K_2025_0001213900-25-026495.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1. Business.
Company Overview
We operate in the following four segments: (i) construction; (ii) medical; (ii) real estate development; and (iv) environmental. The construction segment designs and constructs modular structures built in our factories using raw materials that are Made-in-America. In the medical segment we use our modular technology to offer turnkey solutions to medical testing and treatment and generating revenue from medical testing. Our real estate development segment builds innovative and green single or multifamily projects in underserved regions nationally using modules built in one of our vertically integrated factories. The environmental segment, the newest segment, is a sustainable medical and waste management solution that has a patented technology to collect waste and treat waste for safe disposal.
We are a provider of modular facilities (“Modules”). We currently provide Modules made out of both code-engineered cargo shipping containers and wood for use as both permanent or temporary structures for residential housing use and commercial use, including for health care facilities. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Modules we supplied were primarily for retail, restaurant and military use and were manufactured by third party suppliers using our proprietary technology and design and engineering expertise, which modifies code-engineered cargo shipping containers and purpose-built modules for use for safe and sustainable commercial, industrial and residential building. Since our acquisition in September 2020 of Echo DCL, LLC (“Echo”), one of our key supply chain providers, we now have more control over the manufacturing process and have increased our product offerings to add Modules made out of wood. In March 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic we began increasing our focus on providing our Modules as health care facilities for deployable medical response solutions. In February 2023, we entered into an agreement with The Peoples Health Care, in Glendale, California, working in conjunction with Teamsters Local 848, to deliver four Modules to provide medical services to union members. In March 2023, we formed Safe & Green Medical Corporation to focus on our medical segment with an objective to establish a national presence with various clinics and labs that cater to the specific needs of local communities. During 2021, through our subsidiary, Safe and Green Development Corporation. (“SG DevCorp”), we also began to focus on acquiring property to build multi-family housing communities that allows us to utilize the manufacturing services of Echo. SG Environmental Solutions Corp. (“SG Environmental”), formed in Delaware is focused on biomedical waste removal and will utilize a patented technology that it licenses to shred and disinfect biomedical waste, rendering the waste disinfected, unrecognizable, and of no greater risk to the public health than residential household waste.
SG DevCorp develops, co-develops builds and finances single and multi-family homes in underserved regions nationally using modules built in one of our vertically integrated factories. SG DevCorp has a minority interest in Norman Berry II Owners LLC and JDI-Cumberland Inlet LLC.
During 2024, the Company’s ownership in SG DevCorp fell below 50%, and the Company deconsolidated SG DevCorp from its financial statements (the “Deconsolidation”). As of December 31, 2024, the Company accounts for its investment in SG DevCorp on the equity method. Upon deconsolidation, the Company recognized a gain of $4,637,013 which resulted from the difference between the fair value of the Company’s investment upon deconsolidation, and the net assets and carrying value of the non-controlling interest. The Deconsolidation represents a strategic shift in the Company’s operations and will have a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results. Prior year financial statements for 2023 have been restated to present the operations of SG DevCorp as a discontinued operation.
Our Modules
Prior to October 2019, our business model was solely a project-based construction model pursuant to which we were responsible for the design and construction of finished products that incorporated our technology primarily to customers in the retail, restaurant, military and education industries throughout the United States. In October 2019, we changed our business model for our residential building construction to a royalty fee model and entered into a five-year exclusive license with CPF GP 2019-1 LLC (“CPF”) under which CPF licensed on an exclusive basis our proprietary technology and intellectual property to develop and commercialize products in the United States (and its territories) for residential use, including, without limitation, single-family residences and multi-family residences, but excluding military housing. On June 15, 2021, we terminated the exclusive license by mutual agreement and ceased our royalty fee model.
Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, our core customer base was comprised of architects, landowners, builders and developers who used our Modules in commercial and residential structures. Our cargo modified Modules allow for the redesign, repurpose and conversion of heavy-gauge steel cargo shipping containers into Safe & Green™, which are safe green building blocks for commercial, industrial, and residential building construction, rather than consuming new steel and lumber. Our technology and expertise is also used to purpose-build modules, or prefabricated steel modular units customized for use in modular construction, to augment or complement a Safe & Green™ structure.
Modular Construction
We produce purpose built pre-fabricated modular structures, for both residential and commercial use, using wood or steel as the base material. We believe that modular construction provides the following benefits:
STRONG
FAST
GREEN
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Factory produced modules provide greater quality of construction
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Modules can be produced in parallel to the local site and civil work to enhance the date of completion
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Modular construction allows for energy savings and more efficient waste management than traditional construction
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Modules are inspected by a third party engineering firm to meet or exceed all applicable building codes
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Projects can save up to 50% on speed to market in comparison to traditional construction
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Less site disturbance and impact on local traffic
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Less weather related damage to construction materials
Products Produced with Our GreenSteel™ Modular Technology
The building products developed with our proprietary technology and design and engineering expertise are generally stronger, more durable, environmentally sensitive, and erected in less time than traditional construction methods. The use of the Safe & Green building structure typically provides between four to six points towards the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (“LEED”) certification levels, including reduced site disturbance, resource reuse, recycled content, innovation in design and use of local and regional materials. Due to our ability to satisfy such requirements, we believe the products produced utilizing our technology and expertise is a leader in environmentally sustainable construction.
There are three core product offerings that utilize our GreenSteel technology and engineering expertise. The first product offering involves GreenSteel Modules, which are normally container based, and are the structural core and shell of a Safe & Green building. We procure the containers, engineer required openings with structural steel enforcements, paint the containers and then deliver them on-site, where the customer or a customer’s general contractor will complete the entire finish out and installation. The second product offering involves replicating the process to create the GreenSteel product either container based or conventional volumetric units and, in addition, installing selected materials, finishes and systems (including, but not limited to floors, windows, doors, interior painting, electrical wiring and fixtures, plumbing outlets and bathrooms, roofing system) and delivering Safe & Green pre-fabricated Modules to the site for a third party licensed general contractor to complete the final finish out and installation. Finally, the third product offering is the completely fabricated and finished Safe & Green building (including but not limited to floors, windows, doors, interior painting, electrical wiring and fixtures, plumbing outlets and bathrooms, roofing systems), including erecting the final unit on site and completing any other final steps. The building is ready for occupancy and/or use as soon as installation is completed. Construction administration and/or project management services are typically included in our product offerings.
Other Modular Products
We also produce pre-fabricated modular containers, for both residential and commercial use, at SG Echo using wood framing as the base material instead of steel containers. We have found that some clients prefer a mix of wood and steel containers for their projects. Since our acquisition of Echo, approximately 85% of our Module sales have been for wood-based modules.
ESR Approval
In April 2017, the ICC Evaluation Service, LLC (“ICC-ES”) granted us an Evaluation Service Report (“ESR”) for the Safe & Green structural building materials. We believe we were the first modular building company to receive such certification. Our ESR indicates that the ICC-ES recognizes the suitability and technical capabilities of the Safe & Green structural building materials for use in compliance with the International Building Code and Residential Code, the California Building Code and Residential Code, and the Florida Building Code-Building and Residential. We believe our ESR has expedited reviews and approvals by state and local building departments, helped the Safe & Green concept gain wider acceptance in the construction industry and opened up licensing opportunities internationally We also believe the ESR will make it more difficult for other companies in the industry to compete with us because the quality control and design acceptance criteria are specific to us and our associated facilities.
Our ESR program is based out of our main manufacturing facility in Durant, Oklahoma. The inspection and certification of intermodal containers as detailed in our ESR procedures is not site specific but rather depends on the use of qualified inspectors who are trained to evaluate the cargo worthiness of intermodal containers using established industry standards including AC 462 from the ICC and IICL. Our quality control and inspection processes are reviewed annually by the ICC-ES to verify compliance with the Acceptance Criteria established by the ICC and detailed in ESR 3764. The ESR program is current with these recertifications and the up-to-date ESR is posted to the industry wide approved ESR list on the ICC web-based network. Once a container is inspected a medallion is permanently affixed to the unit to signify compliance with ESR 3764 which is used by local building officials to verify conformance of the container module to the ICC criteria. All Safe and Green Holdings container-based modules have this medallion that validates the quality control process.
Target Markets
To date, the target markets for the products that utilize our technology and expertise of Modules have been the new construction market in the United States. The Modules that utilize our technology and expertise have a particular application in a number of segments, including:
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Single-Family and Multi-Family Housing
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Restaurants and Quick Service Restaurants
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Military
● Education/Student Housing
● Health Care including medical laboratories
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Equipment Enclosures and Stacking Solutions
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Office and Commercial
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Commercial and residential customers
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Athletic facilities and support structures
● Administration Facilities
In addition, future target mafor expansion of such products and services include data centers, warehouse/public storage, reclamation/drop off centers and medical.
SG Echo
In September 2020, we consummated the transaction contemplated by the Asset Purchase Agreement that SG Echo entered into with Echo DCL, LLC pursuant to which SG Echo acquired substantially all the assets of Echo DCL, LLC, a Texas limited liability company, except for Echo’s real estate holdings. Echo was a container/modular manufacturer based in Durant, Oklahoma specializing in the design and construction of permanent modular and temporary modular buildings and was one of our key supply chain partners. Echo catered to the military, education, administration facilities, healthcare, government, commercial and residential customers. This acquisition allowed us to expand our reach for our Modules and offered us an opportunity to vertically integrate a large portion of our cost of goods sold, as well as increase margins, productivity and efficiency in the areas of design, estimating, manufacturing and delivery.
SG Echo opened a second factory (the “Waldron Factory”), also in Durant, Oklahoma, in the second half of 2023. The Waldron Factory produces modulars for multiple clients in various industries,
Safe & Green Medical
As an expansion to our prior modular COVID-19 offerings, we plan to provide our modular technology to offer turnkey solutions to deliver medical testing and treatment and generate revenues from medical testing, In furtherance of this objective, in March 2023, we formed Safe and Green Medical Corporation. To date, we have not generated revenue from SG Medical.
SG Development
During February 2021, we formed SG DevCorp for the purpose of real property development utilizing our technologies and our manufacturing facility. SG DevCorp’s current business focus is primarily on the direct acquisition and indirect investment in properties nationally that will be further developed in the future into green single or multi-family projects. To date, SG DevCorp has not generated any revenue and its activities have consisted solely of the acquisition of three properties and an investment in two entities that have acquired two properties to be further developed; however it has not yet commenced any development activities. SG DevCorp intends to construct many of its planned developments using Modules built by SG Echo. In addition to these development projects, it intends, subject to its ability to raise sufficient capital, to build additional, strategically placed manufacturing facilities that will be sold or leased to third parties as well as leased to SG Echo. SG DevCorp intends to build manufacturing sites for lease to SG Echo near its project sites in order to take advantage of cost savings for transportation of modules. SG DevCorp’s business model is flexible and it anticipates developing properties on its own and also through joint ventures in which SG DevCorp partners with third-party equity investors or other developers.
SG DevCorp has entered into, and may continue in the future to enter into, joint ventures (including limited liability companies or partnerships) through which it would own an indirect economic interest of less than 100% of the property owned directly by such joint ventures. The decision to either develop a property on its own or through a joint venture is based on a variety of factors and considerations, including: (i) the economic and tax terms required by the seller of land; (ii) SG DevCorp’s desire to diversify its portfolio of communities by market, submarket and product type; (iii) SG DevCorp’s desire at times to preserve its capital resources to maintain liquidity or balance sheet strength; and (iv) SG DevCorp’s projections, in some circumstances, that it will achieve higher returns on its invested capital or reduce its risk if a joint venture vehicle is used. Each joint venture agreement is individually negotiated, and SG DevCorp’s ability to operate and/or dispose of a community in its sole discretion may be limited to varying degrees depending on the terms of the joint venture agreement.
In December 2022, we announced our plan to separate (the “Separation”) our company and SG DevCorp into two separate publicly traded companies. To implement the Separation, on September 27, 2023 , we, effected a pro rata distribution to our stockholders of approximately 30% of the outstanding shares of SG DevCorp’s common stock (the “Distribution”). In connection with the Distribution, each of our stockholders received 0.930886 shares of SG DevCorp’s common stock for every five (5) shares of our common stock held as of the close of business on September 8, 2023, the record date for the Distribution, as well as a cash payment in lieu of any fractional shares. Immediately after the Distribution, SG DevCorp was no longer a wholly-owned subsidiary of ours and we held approximately 70% of SG DevCorp’s issued and outstanding securities. On September 28, 2023, SG DevCorp’s common stock began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “SGD.”
In connection with the Separation and Distribution, we entered into a separation and distribution agreement and several other agreements with SG DevCorp. These agreements provide for the allocation between us and SG DevCorp of the assets, employees, liabilities and obligations (including, among others, investments, property, employee benefits and tax-related assets and liabilities) of us and our subsidiaries attributable to periods prior to, at and after the Separation and will govern the relationship between us and SG DevCorp subsequent to the completion of the Separation. In addition to the separation and distribution agreement, the other principal agreements entered into with us included a tax matters agreement and a shared services agreement.
During 2024, the Company’s ownership in SG DevCorp fell below 50%, and the Company deconsolidated SG DevCorp from its financial statements (the “Deconsolidation”). The Deconsolidation represents a strategic shift in the Company’s operations and will have a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results.
SG Environmental
In March 2022, we entered into a ten-year exclusive distribution agreement with Sanitec Industries LLC (“Sanitec”), a sustainable waste management company that is the global patent holder for the Sanitec Microwave Healthcare Waste Disinfection System™ for the State of New York with a right to expand to other states. The Sanitec Microwave Disinfection Unit is designed to shred and disinfect biomedical waste, rendering the waste disinfected, unrecognizable, and of no greater risk to the public health than residential household waste. Sanitec Industries’ existing customers are primarily centered in healthcare facilities nationwide, ranging from large hospital systems to single practitioner doctors’ offices. In connection with our entry into the Sanitec distribution agreement we formed a new subsidiary, SG Environmental Solutions Corp. SG Environmental plans to offer biomedical waste removal utilizing the patented technology that it licenses from Sanitec to shred and disinfect biomedical waste for safe disposal. To date, we have not generated revenue from SG Environmental, and do not have any immediate intentions of having this as part of our core business.
Recent Developments
On February 2, 2025, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) by and between us and NAHD pursuant to which NAHD will be merged into a to-be-formed subsidiary of the Company (the “Merger”). Following this Merger, the NAHD operating subsidiaries will be indirect, wholly owned subsidiaries of the Company.
As merger consideration, the Company will issue four million (4,000,000) Series A non-voting convertible preferred shares of the Company, par value $1.00 (the “Preferred Shares”), to the NAHD shareholders. Each Preferred Share has the right to convert into shares of common stock of the Company at a ratio of 1 to 15 (each Preferred Share will convert into 15 shares of common stock of the Company), provided, however, that such conversion is subject to the approval of a majority of the Company’s common shareholders.
The Merger Agreement contain customary representations, warranties, and covenants. The Merger Agreement also contain conditions to the completion of the Merger including the filing of the articles of incorporation and/or organization for the merger subsidiaries, and the adoption of board resolutions and/or sole member resolutions by the merger subsidiaries approving the Merger. There are no assurances that the parties will satisfy all of the conditions to the merger.
The parties expect to complete these transactions as soon as practicable following the satisfaction or waiver of the condition to the Merger.
On February 26, 2025, the Company received a listing decision from The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) on behalf of the Nasdaq Hearings Panel (the “Panel”) indicating that the Company has evidenced compliance with the minimum equity standard set forth in Listing Rule 5550(b)(1) (the “Equity Rule”) and all other applicable criteria for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market. Accordingly, the previously disclosed listing matter has been closed, and the Company’s securities will remain listed on Nasdaq.
To regain compliance with the Equity Rule, the Company proposed a merger with Olenox Corp., a diversified energy company based in Texas that operates in three vertically integrated business units: Oil & Gas, Energy Services, and Energy Technologies (the “Olenox Merger”). On February 6, 2025, the Company informed the Panel that the Company had completed the first planned stage of the Olenox Merger, which served to increase stockholders’ equity by approximately $60 million. Based on the information presented and publicly disclosed, the Panel determined that the Company has satisfied the Equity Rule.
In its communications with the Panel, the Company further advised that the conversion of the preferred stock issued in the transaction is subject to the Company’s receipt of shareholder approval for the issuance of the underlying common shares and, upon such issuance, will result in a change of control of the Company. The Company plans to file an initial listing application for the combined entity and to evidence compliance with Nasdaq’s initial listing criteria upon completion of the change of control aspect of the transaction.
Our Competitive Strengths
Although the construction industry is highly competitive, we are committed to educating the real estate community on the benefits of our technology and expertise and positioning the products that utilize our technology and expertise as complementary to the strategy of developers, rather than as competition. We may compete for building opportunities with regional, national and international builders that possess greater financial, marketing and other resources than we do, and competition within the general construction industry may increase if there is future consolidation in the land development and construction industry or from new building technologies that could arise. Within the modular building space, we compete against a small number of companies providing modular-building services. The principal competitive factors in our construction business include, but are not limited to, the availability of building materials; technical product knowledge and expertise; previous experience in modular construction; consulting or other service capabilities; pricing of products; and the marketability of our ESR within the structural building space.
We believe we can distinguish ourselves from our competitors on the basis of our ESR, quality, cost and construction time savings when utilizing our technology and expertise. Our proprietary construction for our cargo based containers method is typically less expensive than traditional construction methods, particularly in urban locations and multi-story projects, and construction time is also generally reduced by using our construction method, reducing both construction and soft costs substantially. Safe & Green are designed to be hurricane-, tornado- and earthquake-resistant and able to withstand harsh climate conditions. The flexibility and the stack-ability of the Modules allows architects, developers and owners to design Modules to meet their specific needs. In addition, our management team has a breadth of knowledge in the modular building industry with a combined 130 years of experience. Our experience in a wide range of construction applications, including office, enclosures, residential, commercial, quick service restaurants, experiential and restaurant applications, gives us an advantage over our competition through the use of market-based prototypes. With the acquisition of Echo, we have been able to vertically integrate our manufacturing process and reduce some of our cost of goods sold, productivity and efficiency.
Our Customers
We market our construction products to a broad customer base, comprised primarily of contractors, home builders, building owners and other resellers across the continental United States. In addition, as stated above, we have supplied and offer our Modules to the medical community. Safe & Green customers come from all walks in the economy and include government agencies, private developers, the U.S. Military, the Native American Community, the QSR operators, and a host of entrepreneurs looking to launch ideas and technology. At December 31, 2024 and 2023 100% and 100%, respectively, of our gross accounts receivable were due from three and four customers. Revenue relating to three and one customer represented approximately 83% and 87% of our total revenue for the years ending December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Our Suppliers and Partners
Although the primary use of shipping containers is for transportation, when constructing Safe & Green, we use standard materials made in America to modify the container shell structure and finish out the modules. In addition, we use the same standard construction materials to construct and finish out the wood base modules produced at SG Echo. We utilize the same suppliers and materials used by conventional construction. Materials such as windows, doors, insulation mechanical systems, electrical systems and other such supplies are all off-the-shelf materials and equipment commonly available and used in the industry. We believe we have access to alternative suppliers, with limited disruption to the business, should circumstances change with our existing suppliers.
Intellectual Property
We operate under our United States registered trademarks “Safe & Green” and “GreenSteel” and our trademarked “SG” logo.
Legal Proceedings
The Company is subject to certain claims and lawsuits arising in the normal course of business. For information regarding legal proceedings, see "Note 20 - Commitments and Contingencies" of our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
Government Regulation and Approval
The design and construction of buildings is controlled at the project level, with local and state municipalities having jurisdiction in most cases. All buildings, conventionally built or modularly built, are subject to published building codes and criteria that must be achieved during the architectural and engineering phase in order to be approved for construction. There are no specific regulations that impact our design and construction technology. While much of the regulation in our industry occurs at the project level, we are subject to various federal, state and local government regulations applicable to the business in the jurisdictions in which we operate, including laws and regulations relating to our relationships with our employees, public health and safety, workplace safety, transportation, zoning and fire codes. Also, to the extent we expand into medical waste removal and medical testing we will be subject to various federal, state and local government regulations. We strive to operate in accordance with applicable laws, codes and regulations. We believe we are in compliance in all material respects with existing applicable environmental laws and regulations and, in addition, that our employment, workplace health and workplace safety practices comply with related regulations.
General Corporate Information
We were incorporated in the State of Delaware on December 29, 1993 under the name PC411, INC. On January 12, 1999, we changed our name to CDSI Holdings, Inc. On November 4, 2011, CDSI Merger Sub, Inc., our wholly-owned subsidiary, completed a reverse merger with and into SG Building Blocks, Inc. (“SG Building”), with SG Building surviving the reverse merger as our wholly owned subsidiary. Also on November 4, 2011, we changed our name to SG Blocks, Inc. On December 16, 2022, we changed our name to Safe & Green Holdings Corp. In addition, on December 16, 2022, our then wholly-owned subsidiary, SGB Development Corp. changed its name to Safe and Green Development Corporation. Prior to our emergence from bankruptcy in June 2016, our Common Stock was quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board. Our Common Stock is currently listed for trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “SGBX.”
Our principal offices are located at 990 Biscayne Blvd., 501, Office 12, Miami, Florida 33132. Our website address is www.safeandgreeenholdings.com. The information contained in, and that can be accessed through our website, is not incorporated into and is not a part of this Annual Report. We make available on our website our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K as soon as reasonably practicable after those reports are filed with the SEC. The following Corporate Governance documents are also posted on our website: Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and the Charters for the following Committees of the Board of Directors: Audit Committee, Compensation Committee, and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. Our phone number is (646) 240-4235. Our filings may also be read and copied at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street NE, Room 1580 Washington, DC 20549. Information on the operation of the Public Reference Room may be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC also maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The address of that website is www.sec.gov.
Our Emergence from Bankruptcy
On October 15, 2015, the Company and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Debtors”), filed voluntary petitions for reorganization under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York (the “Bankruptcy Court”) under the caption In re SG Blocks, Inc. et al., Case No. 15-12790. On February 29, 2016, the Debtors filed a Disclosure Statement (the “Disclosure Statement”), attaching a Plan of Reorganization (the “Reorganization Plan”), along with a motion seeking approval of the Disclosure Statement by the Bankruptcy Court. On June 30, 2016 (the “Effective Date”), the Reorganization Plan became effective and the Debtors emerged from bankruptcy.
Prior to the Effective Date, the Company was authorized to issue: (i) 300,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 (the “Former Common Stock”) of which 42,918,927 shares were issued and outstanding as of June 29, 2016 (2,145,946 as adjusted for the May Stock Split); and (ii) 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01 (the “Former Preferred Stock”), none of which were issued and outstanding prior to the Effective Date.
On the Effective Date, and pursuant to the terms of the Reorganization Plan, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement, dated June 30, 2016, pursuant to which the Company sold for a subscription price of $2.0 million a 12% Original Issue Discount Senior Secured Convertible Debenture to Hillair Capital Investments L.P. (“HCI”) in the principal amount of $2.5 million, with a maturity date of June 30, 2018 (the “Exit Facility”).
On the Effective Date, all previously issued and outstanding shares of the Former Common Stock were deemed discharged, cancelled and extinguished, and, pursuant to the Reorganization Plan, the Company issued, in the aggregate 410 shares (as adjusted to effect a 1-for-20 reverse stock split) of common stock, par value $0.01 (the “New Common Stock”), to the holders of Former Common Stock. Further, under the Reorganization Plan, upon the Effective Date, certain members of the Company’s management were entitled to receive options (the “Management Options”) to acquire approximately 546 shares (as adjusted to effect a 1-for-20 reverse stock split), of the Company’s New Common Stock, on a fully diluted basis.
On the Effective Date, pursuant to the terms of the Plan and the Company’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, the Company filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware a Certificate of Designations of Convertible Preferred Stock, designating 1,801,670 shares (as adjusted to effect a 1-for-3 reverse stock split) of preferred stock, par value $1.00, all of which were issued upon our emergence from bankruptcy. Prior to our public offering that we consummated in June 2017, all outstanding shares of our preferred stock, were converted into 90,084 shares of Common Stock. No preferred stock currently remains outstanding.
Reverse Stock Split
On May 2, 2024, we effected a 1-for-20 reverse stock split of our common stock. All share and per share amounts set forth in the consolidated financial statements have been retroactively restated to reflect the split effected in May 2024 as if it had occurred as of the earliest period presented and unless otherwise stated, all other share and per share amounts for all periods presented in this Annual Report have been adjusted to reflect the reverse stock split effected in May 2024.
Human Capital
We believe that our success depends upon our ability to attract, develop and retain key personnel. As of December 31, 2024, we directly employed five full-time employees and engaged outside professional firms and subcontractors to deliver projects to customers, and SG Echo directly employed twenty six full-time employees.
Available Information
We are subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act, and in accordance therewith, we file reports, proxy and information statements and other information with the SEC. Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to these reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act are available through the investor relations section of our website at www.safeandgreenholdings.com. Reports are available free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file them with, or furnish them to, the SEC. The information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Item1A. Risk Factors.
Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should consider carefully the following risks, together with all the other information in this Annual Report, including the section titled “Forward-Looking Statements,” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report. The risks described below are not the only ones we face. Any of the following risks could materially and adversely affect our business. If any of the following risks actually materializes, our operating results, financial condition and liquidity could be materially adversely affected. As a result, the trading price of our common stock could decline and you could lose part or all of your investment. Our business, financial condition and results of operations could also be harmed by risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently do not believe are material.
Risks Relating to our Financial Position and Capital Requirements.
From time to time, we have, and may in the future experience a shortfall in cash, and our ability to obtain additional financing on acceptable terms, if at all, may be limited. If we are not successful in our efforts to increase sales or raise capital, we could experience a shortfall in cash over the next twelve months, and our ability to obtain additional financing on acceptable terms, if at all, will be limited.
At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents and a short-term investment, collectively, of $375,873 and $14,212, respectively. However, during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we reported a net loss of $16,979,682 and $26,282,533, respectively, and used $10,898,755 and $6,735,017 of cash for operations, respectively.
As result of our continued losses, our cash resources have not been sufficient to sustain our operations, and we have continued to depend on financing transactions to generate sufficient cash to stay in operation. With limited cash available to fund our operating expenses, we have deferred or delayed payments to vendors, suppliers and service providers, opting instead to prioritize payments for personnel and essential resources.
Although we are attempting to curtail our expenses, there is no guarantee that such curtailment will cure our liquidity problem. Our cash used in operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $10,898,755 primarily due to our net loss. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we financed our operations from proceeds of short-term notes payables and warrants. Subsequent to the end of the quarter we have continued to finance our operations form the issuance of additional notes.
Unless and until we are able to increase our revenues or raise sufficient capital, our lack of cash will continue to constrain our business and subject us to significant risks, including the following: (i) being unable to make the necessary investment in personnel, raw materials or other resources to effectively pursue our business plan, (ii) our suppliers, vendors and service providers slowing down or stopping to supply raw materials or services, and (iii) being forced to reduce or suspend our operations. Any delay in the receipt of raw materials due to payment issues could result in our inability to fulfill purchase orders and negatively impact our ability to generate revenue.
We may also seek to obtain debt or additional equity financing to meet any cash shortfalls both in the public company or our subsidiaries. The type, timing and terms of any financing we may select will depend on, among other things, our cash needs, the availability of other financing sources and prevailing conditions in the financial markets. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to secure additional funds if needed and that, if such funds are available, the terms or conditions would be acceptable to us, especially in light of the fact that our ability to sell securities registered on our registration statement on Form S-3 will be limited until such time the market value of our voting securities held by non-affiliates is $75 million or more. If we are unable to secure additional financing, a further reduction in operating expenses might need to be substantial in order for us to ensure enough liquidity to sustain our operations. Any equity financing would be dilutive to our stockholders. If we incur debt, we will likely be subject to restrictive covenants that significantly limit our operating flexibility and require us to encumber our assets. If we fail to raise sufficient funds and continue to incur losses, our ability to fund our operations, take advantage of strategic opportunities, or otherwise respond to competitive pressures will be significantly limited. Any of the above limitations could force us to significantly curtail or cease our operations, and you could lose all of your investment in our common stock. These circumstances have raised substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, and continued cash losses may risk our status as a going concern. Our consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary should we be unable to continue as a going concern.
Our independent registered public accounting firm has expressed doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.
The report of our independent registered public accounting firm contains a note stating that the accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming we will continue as a going concern. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents and a short-term investment, collectively, of $375,873 and $17,448, respectively. During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we reported a net loss of $16,979,682 and $26,282,533, respectively, and used $10,898,755 and $6,735,017 of cash for operations, respectively and we expect to incur additional net losses in future periods.
Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon our ability to raise additional capital, and there can be no assurance that such capital will be available in sufficient amounts, on a timely basis, on acceptable terms, or at all. This raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date hereof. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business and do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. If we cannot continue as a going concern, our stockholders would likely lose most or all of their investment in us.
We have incurred net losses in prior periods, and there can be no assurance that we will generate income in the future, or that we will be able to successfully achieve or maintain our growth strategy.
Our ability to achieve profitability will depend upon our ability to generate and sustain substantially increased revenues. We may continue to incur operating losses in the future as we execute our growth strategy. The likelihood that we will generate net income in the future must be considered in light of the difficulties facing the construction and real estate development industry as a whole, economic conditions and the competitive environment in which we operate. Our operating results for future periods are subject to numerous uncertainties, and we may not achieve sufficient revenues to sustain or increase profitability. In addition, we may be unable to successfully achieve or maintain our growth strategy, including our ability to expand into new geographic markets.
To date we have not generated revenue from SG Environmental and there can be no assurance that we will be able to do so in the future.
In 2022 we formed SG Environmental to manage waste removal. To date SG Environmental has not generated any revenue from its operations and there can be no assurance that it will do so in the future. We expect SG Environmental to incur operating losses for the foreseeable future, and there can be no assurance that it will be able to generate revenues, or that any revenues generated will be sufficient for it to become profitable or thereafter maintain profitability.
An impairment of goodwill has had a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
As December 31, 2024, our goodwill has been fully impaired. We performed an impairment test of our goodwill annually during the fourth quarter of our fiscal year or when events occur or circumstances change that would more-likely-than-not indicate that goodwill might be impaired. Factors that may be considered a change in circumstances, indicating that the carrying value of our goodwill may not be recoverable, include a decline in stock price and market capitalization, reduced future cash flow estimates and slower growth rates in our industry. Our annual impairment tests resulted in $0 impairment of goodwill during fiscal 2024 and $1,309,330 during fiscal 2023. Deterioration in estimated future cash flows in our reporting unit could result in further future goodwill impairment. Changes to our business strategy, changes in industry or market conditions, changes in operating performance or other indicators of impairment could cause us to record a significant impairment charge during the period in which the impairment is determined, negatively impacting our results of operations and financial position.
We will need to raise additional capital to fund our existing operations. If we or our subsidiaries are unable to raise capital when needed, we would be compelled to delay, reduce or eliminate our development or commercialization efforts.
Accordingly, we will need to obtain substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations. However, we have estimated our current additional funding needs based on assumptions that may prove to be wrong. Additionally, changing circumstances may cause us to consume capital significantly faster than we currently anticipate, and we may need to spend more money than currently expected because of circumstances beyond our control. Additional capital may not be available to us at such times or in the amounts we need. Even if capital is available, it might be available only on unfavorable terms. Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial revenue, we expect to finance our operations through a combination of public or private equity offerings, debt financings, governmental funding, collaborations, strategic partnerships and alliances or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties. If access to sufficient capital is not available as and when needed, our business will be materially impaired and we may be required to cease operations, curtail one or more product development or commercialization programs, significantly reduce expenses, sell assets, seek a merger, or joint venture partner, file for protection from creditors or liquidate all our assets.
Our ability to meet our workforce needs is crucial to our results of operations and future sales and profitability.
We rely on the existence of an available hourly workforce to manufacture our products. We cannot assure you that we will be able to attract and retain qualified employees to meet current or future manufacturing needs at a reasonable cost, or at all. For instance, the demand for skilled employees has increased recently with the low unemployment rates in Oklahoma where we have manufacturing facilities. Also, although none of our employees are currently covered by collective bargaining agreements, we cannot assure you that our employees will not elect to be represented by labor unions in the future. Additionally, competition for qualified employees could require us to pay higher wages to attract a sufficient number of employees. Significant increases in manufacturing workforce costs could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
We have a fixed cost base that will affect our profitability if our sales decrease.
The fixed cost levels of operating SG Echo can put pressure on profit margins when sales and production decline. Our profitability depends, in part, on our ability to spread fixed costs over a sufficiently large number of products sold and shipped, and if we make a decision to reduce our rate of production, gross or net margins could be negatively affected. Consequently, decreased demand or the need to reduce production can lower our ability to absorb fixed costs and materially impact our financial condition or results of operations.
A material disruption at one of our suppliers’ facilities or Echo’s facilities could prevent us from meeting customer demand, reduce our sales and negatively affect our overall financial results.
Any of the following events could cease or limit operations unexpectedly: fires, floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, on-site or off-site environmental incidents or other catastrophes; global pandemic; utility and transportation infrastructure disruptions; labor difficulties; other operational problems; or war, acts of terrorism or other unexpected events. Any downtime or damage at our suppliers’ facilities or SG Echo’s facilities could prevent us from meeting customer demand for our products or require us to make more expensive purchases from a competing supplier. If our suppliers were to incur significant downtime, our ability to satisfy customer requirements could be impaired, resulting in customers seeking products from other distributors, as well as decreased customer satisfaction and lower sales and operating income.
A natural disaster, the effects of climate change, or other disruptions at our Echo facility could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We rely on the continuous operation of our SG Echo facility in Durant, Oklahoma for the production of our Modules. Any natural disaster or other serious disruption to our facility due to fire, flood, earthquake, or any other unforeseen circumstance would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, adverse weather conditions, such as increased frequency and/or severity of storms, or floods could impair our ability to operate by damaging our facilities and equipment or restricting product delivery to customers. The occurrence of any disruption at our manufacturing facility, even for a short period of time, may have an adverse effect on our productivity and profitability, during and after the period of the disruption. These disruptions may also cause personal injury and loss of life, severe damage to or destruction of property and equipment, and environmental damage. Although we maintain property, casualty, and business interruption insurance of the types and in the amounts that we believe are customary for the industry, we are not fully insured against all potential natural disasters or other disruptions to our manufacturing facility.
The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert management’s attention and affect our ability to attract and retain qualified board members.
We are subject to the reporting and corporate governance requirements of the Exchange Act, the listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market and other applicable securities rules and regulations, including the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the Dodd-Frank Act. Compliance with these rules and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly and increase demand on our systems and resources. Among other things, the Exchange Act requires that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and results of operations and maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. In order to continue to maintain our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting to meet this standard, significant resources and management oversight may be required. As a result, management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns, which could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. We also may need to further expand our legal and finance departments in the future, which will increase our costs and expenses.
In addition, changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure are creating uncertainty for public companies, increasing legal and financial compliance costs and making some activities more time-consuming. These laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. We intend to invest resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations and standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expense and a diversion of management’s time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. If our efforts to comply with new laws, regulations and standards differ from the activities intended by regulatory or governing bodies, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us and our business and prospects may be harmed. As a result of disclosure of information in the filings required of a public company, our business and financial condition are more visible, which may result in threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors and other third parties. If such claims are successful, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be harmed, and even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert the resources of our management and harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
We are dependent on the services of key personnel, and the unexpected loss of their services may adversely affect our operations.
Our success depends highly upon the personal efforts and abilities of our executive officers and management team, which is comprised of a small number of people. The loss of the services of any of our executive officers or members of our management team could have a material adverse effect on our business.
The loss of one or a few customers could have a material adverse effect on us.
A few customers have in the past, and may in the future, account for a significant portion of our revenues in any one year or over a period of several consecutive years. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, 100% and 100%, respectively, of the our gross accounts receivable were due from three and four customers. Revenue relating to three and one customer represented approximately 83% and 87% of our total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Although we have contractual relationships with many of our significant customers, our customers may unilaterally reduce or discontinue their contracts with us at any time. The loss of business from a significant customer could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
We rely on certain vendors to supply us with materials and products that, if we were unable to obtain, could adversely affect our business.
We have relationships with key materials vendors, and we rely on suppliers for our purchases of products from them. Any inability to obtain materials or services in the volumes required and at competitive prices from our major trading partners, the loss of any major trading partner or the discontinuation of vendor financing (if any) may seriously harm our business because we may not be able to meet the demands of our customers on a timely basis in sufficient quantities or at all. Other factors, including reduced access to credit by our vendors resulting from economic conditions, may impair our vendors’ ability to provide products in a timely manner or at competitive prices. We also rely on other vendors for critical services such as transportation, supply chain and professional services. Any negative impacts to our business or liquidity could adversely impact our ability to establish or maintain these relationships.
We currently are, and may in the future be, subject to legal proceedings or investigations, the resolution of which could negatively affect our profitability and cash flows in a particular period.
The nature of our operations exposes us to possible litigation claims, including disputes relating to our operations and commercial and contractual arrangements. Often the litigation matters are not totally within our control. We will contest these matters vigorously and will make insurance claims where appropriate, but because of the uncertain nature of litigation and coverage decisions, we cannot predict the outcome of these matters. The costs associated with litigation matters could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and profitability. In addition, our profitability or cash flow in a particular period could be affected by an adverse ruling in any litigation currently pending in the courts or by litigation that may be filed against us in the future. We are also subject to government regulation, which could result in administrative proceedings in the future. For additional information, see “Note 20 - Commitments and Contingencies” of our condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report.
We may have difficulty protecting our proprietary manufacturing processes, which could adversely affect our ability to compete.
We use a proprietary manufacturing process that allows us to be code-compliant in our Safe & Green™ product. Such manufacturing process is unique to the construction industry and is important to ensure our continued success, and we cannot assure you that our efforts to protect our proprietary rights will be sufficient or effective. If other companies replicate our methodology, we could lose our competitive advantage. Any future patent or trademark applications may not lead to issued patents and registered trademarks in all instances. We also cannot be assured that the scope of any patents issued in the future will be sufficiently broad to offer meaningful protection. Others may develop or patent similar or superior technologies, products or services, and our intellectual property rights may be challenged, invalidated, misappropriated or infringed by others. If we are unable to protect and maintain our intellectual property rights, or if there are any successful intellectual property challenges or infringement proceedings against us, our business and revenue could be materially and adversely affected.
Risks Relating to our Business
Our ability to meet our workforce needs is crucial to our results of operations and future sales and profitability.
We rely on the existence of an available hourly workforce to manufacture our products. We cannot assure you that we will be able to attract and retain qualified employees to meet current or future manufacturing needs at a reasonable cost, or at all. Also, although none of our employees are currently covered by collective bargaining agreements, we cannot assure you that our employees will not elect to be represented by labor unions in the future. Additionally, competition for qualified employees could require us to pay higher wages to attract a sufficient number of employees. Significant increases in manufacturing workforce costs could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Given our fixed cost base our profitability is highly sensitive to changes in sales volume and production levels.
The fixed cost levels of operating SG Echo can put pressure on profit margins when sales volume and/or production levels decline. Our profitability depends, in part, on our ability to spread fixed costs over a sufficiently large number of products sold and shipped, and if we make a decision to reduce our rate of production, gross or net margins could be negatively affected. Consequently, decreased demand or the need to reduce production can lower our ability to absorb fixed costs and materially impact our financial condition or results of operations.
A material disruption at our suppliers’ facilities or Echo’s facilities could prevent us from meeting customer demand, reduce our sales and negatively affect our overall financial results.
Any of the following events could cease or limit operations unexpectedly: fires, floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, on-site or off-site environmental incidents or other catastrophes; global pandemic; supply chain disruptions; utility and transportation infrastructure disruptions; labor difficulties; other operational problems; or war, acts of terrorism or other unexpected events. Any downtime or damage at our suppliers’ facilities or SG Echo’s facilities could prevent us from meeting customer demand for our products or require us to make more expensive purchases from a competing supplier. If our suppliers were to incur significant downtime, our ability to satisfy customer requirements could be impaired, resulting in customers seeking products from other distributors, as well as decreased customer satisfaction and lower sales and operating income.
We are dependent on our executive officers and management team, and the unexpected loss of their services may adversely affect our operations.
Our success depends highly upon the personal efforts and abilities of our executive officers and management team, which is comprised of a small number of people. The loss of the services of any of our executive officers or members of our management team could have a material adverse effect on our business.
The loss of one or a few customers could have a material adverse effect on us.
A few customers have in the past, and may in the future, account for a significant portion of our revenues in any one year or over a period of several consecutive years. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, 100% and 100%, respectively, of the our gross accounts receivable were due from three and four customers. For the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, 83% and 87% of our revenue was from three and one customer, respectively. Although we have contractual relationships with many of our significant customers, our customers may unilaterally reduce or discontinue their contracts with us at any time. The loss of business from a significant customer could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
We rely on certain vendors to supply us with materials and products that, if we were unable to obtain, could adversely affect our business.
We have relationships with key materials vendors, and we rely on suppliers for our purchases of products from them. Any inability to obtain materials or services in the volumes required and at competitive prices from our major trading partners, the loss of any major trading partner or the discontinuation of vendor financing (if any) may seriously harm our business because we may not be able to meet the demands of our customers on a timely basis in sufficient quantities or at all. Other factors, including reduced access to credit by our vendors resulting from economic conditions, may impair our vendors’ ability to provide products in a timely manner or at competitive prices. We also rely on other vendors for critical services such as transportation, supply chain and professional services. Any negative impacts to our business or liquidity could adversely impact our ability to establish or maintain these relationships. There were no vendors representing 10% or more of our total cost of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2024 or 2023.
We currently are, and may in the future be, subject to legal proceedings or investigations, the resolution of which could negatively affect our profitability and cash flows in a particular period.
The nature of our operations exposes us to possible litigation claims, including disputes relating to our operations and commercial and contractual arrangements. Often the litigation matters are not totally within our control. We will contest these matters vigorously and will make insurance claims where appropriate, but because of the uncertain nature of litigation and coverage decisions, we cannot predict the outcome of these matters. The costs associated with litigation matters could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and profitability. In addition, our profitability or cash flow in a particular period could be affected by an adverse ruling in any litigation currently pending in the courts or by litigation that may be filed against us in the future. We are also subject to government regulation, which could result in administrative proceedings in the future.
We may have difficulty protecting our proprietary manufacturing processes, which could adversely affect our ability to compete.
We use a proprietary manufacturing process that allows us to be code-compliant in our Safe & Green™ product. Such manufacturing process is unique to the construction industry and is important to ensure our continued success, and we cannot assure you that our efforts to protect our proprietary rights will be sufficient or effective. If other companies replicate our methodology, we could lose our competitive advantage. Any future patent or trademark applications may not lead to issued patents and registered trademarks in all instances. We also cannot be assured that the scope of any patents issued in the future will be sufficiently broad to offer meaningful protection. Others may develop or patent similar or superior technologies, products or services, and our intellectual property rights may be challenged, invalidated, misappropriated or infringed by others. If we are unable to protect and maintain our intellectual property rights, or if there are any successful intellectual property challenges or infringement proceedings against us, our business and revenue could be materially and adversely affected.
We depend on third parties for transportation services, and limited availability or increases in costs of transportation could adversely affect our business and operations.
Our business depends on the transportation of a large number of products, via railroad or truck. We rely primarily on third parties for transportation of the products we manufacture or distribute and for the delivery of our raw materials. We are also subject to seasonal capacity constraints and weather-related delays for both rail and truck transportation. If any of our third-party transportation providers were to fail to deliver raw materials to us or our Modules to our customers in a timely manner, we may be unable to complete projects in a timely manner and may, among other things, incur penalties for late delivery or be unable to use the Modules as intended. In addition, if any of these third parties were to cease operations or cease doing business with us, we may be unable to replace them at reasonable cost. Any failure of a third-party transportation provider to deliver raw materials to us or finished Modules to our customers in a timely manner could harm our reputation, negatively affect our customer relationships, and have a material adverse effect on our operating results, cash flows, and financial condition. Additionally, an increase in transportation rates or fuel surcharges could adversely affect our sales, profitability, and cash flows.
Expansion of our operations may strain resources, and our failure to manage growth effectively could adversely impact our operating results and harm our ability to attract and retain key personnel.
Increased orders for our Modules have placed, and may continue to place, a strain on our operational, financial, and managerial resources and personnel. In addition, execution of our growth strategy will require further substantial capital and effective planning. Significant rapid growth on top of our current operations could greatly strain our internal resources, leading to a lower quality of customer service, reporting problems, and delays, resulting in a loss of market share and other problems that could adversely affect our financial performance. Our efforts to grow could place an additional strain on our personnel, management systems, liquidity, and other resources. If we do not manage our growth effectively, our operations could be adversely affected, resulting in slower, no or negative growth, critical shortages of cash and a failure to achieve or sustain profitability.
Our clients may adjust, cancel or suspend the contracts in our backlog; as such, our backlog is not necessarily indicative of our future revenues or earnings. In addition, even if fully performed, our backlog is not a good indicator of our future gross margins.
Backlog represents the total dollar amount of revenues we expect to record in the future as a result of performing work under contracts we have been awarded. Backlog may fluctuate significantly due to the timing of orders or awards for large projects and is not necessarily indicative of future backlog levels or the rate at which backlog will be recognized as revenue. As of December 31, 2023, our backlog totaled approximately $1.9 million and as of December 31, 2024, our backlog totaled approximately $1.2 million. The decrease in backlog at December 31, 2024 from December 31, 2023 is primarily attributable to revenue being recognized during the year ended December 31, 2023. Our backlog is described more in detail in “Note 13 -Construction Backlog” of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report. We cannot provide assurance that our backlog will be realized as revenues in the amounts reported or, if realized, will result in profits. In accordance with industry practice, substantially all of our contracts are subject to cancellation, termination or suspension at our customer’s discretion. In the event of a project cancellation, we generally would not have a contractual right to the total revenue reflected in our backlog. Projects can remain in backlog for extended periods of time because of the nature of the project and the timing of the particular services required by the project. In addition, the risk of contracts in backlog being cancelled or suspended generally increases during periods of widespread economic slowdowns or in response to changes in commodity prices.
The contracts in our backlog are subject to changes in the scope of services to be provided and adjustments to the costs relating to the contracts. The revenue for certain contracts included in backlog is based on estimates. Additionally, our performance of our individual contracts can affect greatly our gross margins and, therefore, our future profitability. We can provide no assurance that the contracts in backlog, assuming they produce revenues in the amounts currently estimated, will generate gross margins at the rates realized in the past.
Our liability for estimated warranties may be inadequate, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We are subject to construction defect and warranty claims arising in the ordinary course of business. These claims are common in the construction industry and can be costly. At this time, our third-party providers offer guarantees and warranties in accordance with industry standards that flow through to our clients. A large number of warranty claims could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
We can be adversely affected by failures of persons who act on our behalf to comply with applicable regulations and guidelines.
Although we expect all of our associates (i.e., employees), officers and directors to comply at all times with all applicable laws, rules and regulations, there are instances in which subcontractors or others through whom we do business may engage in practices that do not comply with applicable regulations or guidelines. It is possible that our associates may become aware of these practices and not take steps to prevent them. If we learn of practices relating to Modules constructed on our behalf that do not comply with applicable regulations or guidelines, we will move actively to stop the non-complying practices as soon as possible, and we will take disciplinary action with regard to our associates who were aware of the practices, including in some instances terminating their employment. However, regardless of the steps we take, we may be subject to fines or other governmental penalties, and our reputation may be negatively affected.
Environmental, health and safety laws and regulations and any changes to, or liabilities arising under, such laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.
We are subject to a variety of federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to, among other things: the release or discharge of materials into the environment; the management, use, generation, treatment, processing, handling, storage, transport or disposal of solid and hazardous wastes and materials; and the protection of public and employee health and safety and the environment. These laws and regulations may expose us to liability for the conduct of others or for our actions, even if such actions complied with all applicable laws at the time these actions were taken. These laws and regulations may also expose us to liability for claims of personal injury or property or natural resource damage related to alleged exposure to, or releases of, regulated or hazardous materials. The existence of contamination at properties we or our subsidiaries own, lease or operate could also result in increased operational costs or restrictions on our ability to use those properties as intended, including for purposes of construction materials distribution. In addition, because such properties are generally situated adjacent to or near industrial companies, such properties may be at an increased risk of having environmental contaminants from other properties spill or migrate onto or otherwise affect our properties.
Despite our compliance efforts, there is an inherent risk of liability in the operation of our business, especially from an environmental standpoint, and, from time to time, we may be in noncompliance with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. These potential liabilities or non-compliances could have an adverse effect on our operations and profitability. In some instances, we must have government approvals, certificates, permits or licenses in order to conduct our business, which may require us to make significant capital, operating and maintenance expenditures to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. Our failure to obtain and maintain required approvals, certificates, permits or licenses or to comply with applicable governmental requirements could result in sanctions, including substantial fines or possible revocation of our authority to conduct some or all of our operations. The cost of complying with such laws could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.
Our operating results will be subject to fluctuations and are inherently unpredictable.
In order to achieve profitability, we will need to generate and sustain higher revenue while maintaining reasonable cost and expense levels. We have incurred losses since inception. We do not know if our revenue will grow, or if it will grow sufficiently to outpace our expenses, which we expect to increase as we expand our operational capacity. We may not be able to become profitable on a quarterly or an annual basis. Our quarterly revenue and operating results will be difficult to predict and have in the past fluctuated from quarter to quarter. The amount, timing and mix of project sales, often for a single medium or large-scale project, may cause large fluctuations in our revenue and other financial results. Further, our revenue mix of high margin materials sales versus lower margin projects can fluctuate dramatically quarter to quarter, which may adversely affect our revenue and financial results in any given period. Finally, our ability to meet project completion schedules for an individual project and the corresponding revenue impact under the percentage-of-completion method of recognizing revenue, may similarly cause large fluctuations in our revenue and other financial results. This may cause us to miss guidance announced by us.
We base our planned operating expenses in part on our expectations of future revenue, and a significant portion of our expenses are fixed in the short-term. If revenue for a particular quarter is lower than we expect, we likely will be unable to proportionately reduce our operating expenses for that quarter, which would harm our operating results for that quarter. This may cause us to miss any guidance announced by us.
Cybersecurity risks related to the technology used in our operations and other business processes, as well as security breaches of company, customer, employee and vendor information, could adversely affect our business.
We rely on various information technology systems to capture, process, store and report data and interact with customers, vendors and employees. Despite security and controls design, as the prevalence of cyber-attacks continues to increase, our information technology systems, and those of our third-party providers, could become subject to increased security threats, such as phishing and malware incidents. Our security measures may be unable to prevent certain security breaches, and any such network, system, data or other breaches could result in misappropriation of sensitive data, transactional errors, theft of funds, business disruptions, loss of or damage to intellectual property, loss of customers and business opportunities, unauthorized access to or disclosure of confidential or personal information (which could cause a breach of applicable data protection legislation), regulatory fines, penalties or intervention, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensatory costs and additional compliance costs, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to, or disable, degrade or sabotage, information technologies systems change frequently, and may not be recognized until after they have been launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques, implement adequate preventative measures or remediate any breach in a timely or effective manner. In addition, the development and maintenance of preventative or detective measures is costly, and requires ongoing monitoring and updating as technologies change and efforts to circumvent security measures become more sophisticated. As well as incurring additional costs, sophisticated hardware and operating system software and applications that we procure from third parties may contain defects in design or manufacture, including “bugs” and other problems that could unexpectedly interfere with the operation of the systems, or we may be unable to successfully integrate and launch new systems as planned without disruptions to our operations. Misuse of internal applications, theft of intellectual property, trade secrets, funds or other corporate assets and inappropriate disclosure of confidential information could stem from such incidents.
Despite our efforts, we remain potentially vulnerable to cyber-attacks and security breaches, and any such attack or breach could adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations.
We could suffer adverse tax and other financial consequences if we are unable to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards.
At December 31, 2024, we had tax net operating loss carry forwards totaling approximately $60.9 million. The net operating loss expires beginning 2030 through 2037 for those losses generated in 2017 and prior years. Approximately $54 million of such net operating losses will carry forward indefinitely and be available to offset up to 80% of future taxable income each year. At December 31, 2024, we had a valuation allowance of approximately $20 million, primarily related to net operating loss carry forwards that are not more likely than not to be utilized due to an inability to carry back these losses in most states and short carry forward periods that exist in certain states. If we are unable to use our net operating losses, we may be required to record charges or reduce our deferred tax assets, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.
Risks Relating to our Industry and Other Adverse Economic Conditions
Unfavorable global economic conditions, including any adverse macroeconomic conditions or geopolitical events could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.
The global economy, including the financial and credit markets, continues to experience extreme volatility and disruptions, including severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates, increases in inflation rates, elevated interest rates and uncertainty about economic stability. Likewise, the current conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East have created extreme volatility in the global capital markets and global economic consequences, including disruptions of the global supply chain. A severe or prolonged economic downturn or continued volatility in the financial and credit markets could negatively impact our ability to obtain necessary debt or equity financing in a timely manner or on favorable terms, if at all. The severity and duration of any such impacts cannot be predicted. Any such failure to raise capital as and when needed could have a negative impact on our financial condition and on our ability to pursue our business plans and strategies or cause us to delay our development plans or commercialization efforts. Any of these actions could materially harm our business.
The cyclical and seasonal nature of the construction industry causes our revenues and operating results to fluctuate, and we expect this cyclicality and seasonality to continue in the future.
The construction industry is highly cyclical and seasonal and is influenced by many international, national and regional economic factors, including the availability of consumer and wholesale financing, seasonality of demand, consumer confidence, interest rates, income levels and general economic conditions, including inflation and recessions. As a result of the foregoing factors, the revenues and operating results we derive from customers will fluctuate and we currently expect them to continue to fluctuate in the future. Moreover, we have experienced, and may continue to experience, operating losses during cyclical downturns in the construction market. These and other economic factors could have a material adverse effect on demand for our products and our financial condition and operating results.
Our business depends on the construction industry and general business, financial market and economic conditions.
The construction industry is significantly affected by changes in general and local economic and real estate conditions, such as employment levels, consumer confidence, demographic trends, housing demand, inflation, deflation, interest rates and credit availability. Changes in these general and local economic conditions or deterioration in the broader economy could negatively impact the level of purchases, capital expenditures and creditworthiness of our indirect customers and suppliers, and, therefore, our royalty income and financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Changes in these economic conditions may affect some of our regions or markets more than others. If adverse conditions affect our larger markets, they could have a proportionately greater impact on us than on some other companies. In addition, any uncertainty regarding global economic conditions such as raising gas prices may have an adverse effect on the results of operations and financial condition of us or our customers, distributors and suppliers, such as negative effects of currency exchange fluctuations. A shortage of labor in the construction industry could also have an impact on our financial results.
Our business relies on private investment and a slower than expected economy may adversely affect our results.
A significant portion of our sales are for projects with non-public owners, such as non-residential builders and home builders who make investments with private funds into their projects. Construction spending is affected by their customers’ ability to finance projects, which may be severely reduced due to high interest rates. Residential and nonresidential construction could decline if companies and consumers are unable to finance construction projects or if the economy slows or is stalled, which could result in delays or cancellations of capital projects. If the economy slows, or if housing starts and nonresidential projects do not increase, sales of our products directly by us to consumers and related services may decline, and our financial position, results of operations and liquidity could be materially adversely affected.
Risks Relating to the Manufacturing and Construction
Our financial condition and results of operations could be negatively affected if additional third-party financing for our customers does not become available.
Our business and earnings depend substantially on our customers’ ability to obtain financing for the development of their construction projects. The availability and cost of such financing is further dependent on the number of financial institutions participating in the industry, the departure of financial institutions from the industry, the financial institutions’ lending practices, the strength of the domestic and international credit markets generally, governmental policies and other conditions, all of which are beyond our control. In light of the current economic climate, some of our customers’ projects may not be successful in obtaining additional funds in a timely manner, on favorable terms or at all. The availability of borrowed funds, especially for construction financing, has been greatly reduced, and lenders may require project developers to invest increased amounts of equity in a project in connection with both new loans and the extension of existing loans. Unfavorable changes in the availability and terms of financing in the industry will have a material adverse effect on certain privately financed projects.
Our results of operations also depend on the ability of any potential privately financed licensees to obtain loans for the purchase of new buildings. Over the past few years, lenders have tightened the credit underwriting standards, which have reduced lending volumes. If this trend continues, it would negatively impact our sales, which depend in large part on the availability and cost of financing. In addition, where our potential customers must sell their existing buildings or real estate in order to develop new buildings, increases in mortgage costs and/or lack of availability of mortgages could prevent buyers of potential customers’ existing buildings from obtaining the mortgages they need to complete their purchases, which would result in our potential customers’ inability to make purchases from us. If our potential customers cannot obtain suitable financing, our sales and results of operations would be adversely affected.
The construction industry is highly competitive, and such competition may increase the adverse effects of industry conditions, including the consolidation of the industry.
We operate in a very competitive environment characterized by competition from numerous local, regional and national builders. We may compete for financing, raw materials and skilled management and labor resources. A decline in construction starts could adversely affect demand for our buildings and our results of operations. Increased competition could require us to further increase our selling incentives and/or reduce our prices, which could negatively affect our profits. We may be unable to successfully expand into or compete in the markets in new geographic areas. In addition, while we believe our ESR may improve our competitive position by potentially expediting reviews and approvals by state and local building departments and certifying our specific quality control and design acceptance criteria, there is no assurance that it will have the desired impact.
There can be no assurance that Modules or modular construction techniques that utilize our technology and expertise will achieve market acceptance and grow; thus, the future of our business and the modular construction industry as a whole is uncertain.
There can be no assurance that we will achieve market acceptance for our technology and expertise or that the modular construction market will grow. Our business may be disrupted by the introduction of new products and services and is subject to changing consumer preferences and industry trends, which may adversely affect our ability to plan for the future development and marketing of our products. Although Modules have particular applications in a wide variety of market segments, there is no assurance that we will be able to expand our relationship within such market segments or, even if we do, that general market acceptance for our technology and expertise or Modules will continue to increase.
Government regulations and legal challenges may delay the start or completion of our projects, increase our expenses or limit our building activities, which could have a negative impact on our operations.
Various domestic rules and regulations concerning building, zoning, sales and similar matters apply to and/or affect the construction industry. Governmental regulation affects construction activities, as well as sales activities, mortgage lending activities and other dealings with consumers. These industries also have experienced an increase in state and local legislation in the United States and regulations that limit the availability or use of land. Municipalities may also restrict or place moratoriums on the availability of utilities, such as water and sewer taps. In some areas, municipalities may enact growth control initiatives, which restrict the number of building permits available in a given year. If governments in locations in which our customers operate take actions like the ones described, they could adversely affect our business by causing delays, increasing costs or limiting our customers’ ability to operate in those areas.
The dangers inherent in our operations, such as disruptions to our facilities and project sites, and the limits on insurance coverage could expose us to potentially significant liability costs and materially interfere with the performance of our operations.
While we believe our insurance coverage is adequate and in line with our industry’s standards, all construction, including modular construction, involves operating hazards that can cause personal injury or loss of life, severe damage to and destruction of property and equipment and suspension of operations, including, but not limited to, natural or man-made disruptions to our facilities and project sites. The failure of such structures during and after installation can result in similar injuries and damages. Although we believe that our insurance coverage is adequate, there can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain adequate insurance in the future at rates we consider reasonable, or that our insurance coverage will be adequate to cover future claims that may arise. Claims for which we are not fully insured may adversely affect our working capital and profitability. In addition, changes in the insurance industry have generally led to higher insurance costs and decreased availability of coverage. The availability of insurance that covers risks we and our competitors typically insure against may decrease, and the insurance that we are able to obtain may have higher deductibles, higher premiums and more restrictive policy terms.
Risks Relating to our Common Stock
Our Common Stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq” or the “Nasdaq Capital Market”), which imposes, among other requirements, a minimum bid requirement.
On November 7, 2023, we received a deficiency letter from the Listing Qualifications Department of the Nasdaq notifying us that for the preceding 30 consecutive business days (September 26, 2023 through November 6, 2023), our Common Stock did not maintain a minimum closing bid price of $1.00 (“Minimum Bid Price Requirement”) per share as required by Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), we have a compliance period of 180 calendar days, or until May 6, 2024, to regain compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). On May 10, 2024, the Company received a letter (the “Delisting Notice”) from The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) notifying the Company that Nasdaq previously notified the Company on November 7, 2023 that the Company was not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) (“Rule 5550(a)(2)”), which requires a minimum bid price of at least $1.00 per share for continued listing. On May 16, 2014, the Company received a letter from Nasdaq stating that for the period from May 2, 2024 to May 15, 2024, the closing bid price of the Company’s common stock had been at $1.00 per share or greater, and accordingly the Company had regained compliance with Rule 5550(a)(2). However, the Company cannot provide assurances that it will be able to continue to comply with Rule 5550(a)(2) in the future.
On April 19, 2024, the Company received a letter from Nasdaq notifying it that it was not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(1) (“Rule 5250(c)(1)”), which requires companies to timely file all required periodic financial reports with the SEC for continued listing. On May 13, 2024, the Company received a letter from Nasdaq notifying the Company that, based on the May 7, 2024 and May 10, 2024 filings of the Company’s Form 10-K and Form 10-K/A, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company had regained compliance with Rule 5250(c)(1). However, the Company cannot provide assurances that it will be able to continue to comply with Rule 5250(c)(1) in the future.
On May 16, 2024, the Company received a letter from Nasdaq notifying the Company that it was not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(b)(1) (“Rule 5550(b)(1)”) because the stockholders’ equity of the Company of ($6,334,859), as reported in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, was below the minimum requirement of $2.5 million. As of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the Company does not have a market value of listed securities of $35 million, or net income from continued operations of $500,000 in the most recently completed fiscal year or in two of the last three most recently completed fiscal years, the alternative quantitative standards for continued listing on Nasdaq. In accordance with Nasdaq’s Listing Rules, the Company had until June 30, 2024 to submit a plan to regain compliance with Rule 5550(b)(1). On July 25, 2024, Nasdaq notified the Company that, based on its review of the Company and the materials submitted by the Company to Nasdaq, Nasdaq Staff determined to grant the Company an extension to regain compliance with Rule 5550(b)(1) until November 12, 2024, subject to the Company regaining and evidencing compliance with Rule 5550(b)(1) by such date.
On February 26, 2025, the “Company received a listing decision from Nasdaq on behalf of the Nasdaq Hearings Panel (the “Panel”) indicating that the Company has evidenced compliance with the minimum equity standard set forth in Rule 5550(b)(1) and all other applicable criteria for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market. Accordingly, the previously disclosed listing matter has been closed, and the Company’s securities will remain listed on Nasdaq. To regain compliance with Rule 5550(b)(1), the Company proposed a merger with Olenox Corp., a diversified energy company based in Texas that operates in three vertically integrated business units: Oil & Gas, Energy Services, and Energy Technologies (the “Olenox Merger”). On February 6, 2025, the Company informed the Panel that the Company had completed the first planned stage of the Olenox Merger, which served to increase stockholders’ equity by approximately $60 million. Based on the information presented and publicly disclosed, the Panel determined that the Company has satisfied Rule 5550(b)(1).
Any future delisting of the Company’s common stock from Nasdaq could adversely affect the Company’s ability to attract new investors, reduce the liquidity of its outstanding shares of common stock, reduce its ability to raise additional capital, reduce the price at which its common stock trades, result in negative publicity and increase the transaction costs inherent in trading such shares with overall negative effects for the Company’s stockholders. The Company cannot assure its investors that its common stock, if delisted from Nasdaq, will be listed on another national securities exchange or quoted on an over-the-counter quotation system. In addition, delisting of the Company’s common stock could deter broker-dealers from making a market in or otherwise seeking or generating interest in the Company’s common stock and might deter certain institutions and persons from investing in the Company’s securities at all. For these reasons and others, delisting could adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition and liquidity.
The delisting of our Common Stock from Nasdaq may make it more difficult for us to raise capital on favorable terms in the future, or at all. Such a delisting would likely have a negative effect on the price of our Common Stock and would impair your ability to sell or purchase our Common Stock when you wish to do so. Further, if our Common Stock were to be delisted from Nasdaq, our Common Stock would cease to be recognized as a covered security, and we would be subject to additional regulation in each state in which we offer our securities. Moreover, there is no assurance that any actions that we take to restore our compliance with the Nasdaq Minimum Bid Price Requirement would stabilize the market price or improve the liquidity of our Common Stock, prevent our Common Stock from falling below the Nasdaq minimum bid price required for continued listing again or prevent future non-compliance with other applicable Nasdaq listing requirements, including maintaining minimum levels of stockholders’ equity or market values of our Common Stock, our Common Stock could be delisted.
We have effected a reverse stock split of our outstanding common stock on May 2, 2024.
In order to comply with the Nasdaq Minimum Bid Requirement, the Board may determine to effect an additional reverse stock split of our Common Stock. We expect that any future reverse stock split will increase the market price of our Common Stock while our stock is trading and enable us to meet the Minimum Bid Requirement. However, the effect of a reverse stock split upon the market price of our Common Stock cannot be predicted with certainty, and the results of reverse stock splits by companies in similar circumstances have been varied. It is possible that the market price of our Common Stock following the reverse stock split will not increase sufficiently for us to be in compliance with the Minimum Bid Requirement, or if it does, that such price will be sustained. If we are unable to meet the Minimum Bid Requirement, our Common Stock could be delisted.
Our stock price has been subject to fluctuations in the past, has recently been volatile, and will likely continue to be subject to fluctuations and decline, due to factors beyond our control, and investors in our common stock may lose all or part of their investment in our company.
The trading price of our common stock has been and is expected to continue to be volatile and has been and may continue to be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control, including limited trading volume. We may incur rapid and substantial decreases in our stock price in the foreseeable future that are unrelated to our operating performance for prospects. In addition to the factors discussed in this “Risk Factors” section and elsewhere in this Annual Report, these factors include:
●
economic and market conditions or trends in our industry or the economy as a whole and, in particular, in the construction industry;
●
additions or departures of key personnel;
●
operating results that fall below expectations;
●
industry developments;
●
new laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations applicable to our business;
●
material litigation or government disputes;
●
the public’s response to press releases or other public announcements by us or third parties, including our filings with the SEC;
●
changes in financial estimates or recommendations by any securities analysts who follow our common stock;
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the size of our market float and potential dilution due to the exercise of outstanding options and warrants;
●
future sales of our common stock by our officers, directors and significant stockholders, including sales pursuant to a registration statement filed to permit a significant stockholder to sell shares of our common stock, pursuant to certain registration rights granted to such stockholder;
●
other events or factors, including those resulting from such events, or the prospect of such events, including war, terrorism and other international conflicts, public health issues including health epidemics or pandemics, such as the recent outbreak of the COVID-19 novel coronavirus, and natural disasters such as fire, hurricanes, earthquakes, tornados or other adverse weather and climate conditions, whether occurring in the United States or elsewhere, could disrupt our operations, disrupt the operations of our suppliers or result in political or economic instability; and
●
period-to-period fluctuations in our financial results.
In addition, the securities markets have, from time to time, experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These market fluctuations may also materially and adversely affect the market price of our common stock. Since the stock price of our common stock has fluctuated in the past, has recently been volatile and will likely be volatile in the future, investors in our common stock may lose all or part of their investment in our company. In the past, stockholders have instituted securities class action litigation following periods of market volatility. If we were to become involved in securities litigation, we could incur substantial costs and our resources and the attention of management could be diverted from our business.
The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert management’s attention and affect our ability to attract and retain qualified board members.
We are subject to the reporting and corporate governance requirements of the Exchange Act, the listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market and other applicable securities rules and regulations, including the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the Dodd-Frank Act. Compliance with these rules and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly and increase demand on our systems and resources. Among other things, the Exchange Act requires that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and results of operations and maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. In order to continue to maintain our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting to meet this standard, significant resources and management oversight may be required. As a result, management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns, which could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. We also may need to further expand our legal and finance departments in the future, which will increase our costs and expenses.
In addition, changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure are creating uncertainty for public companies, increasing legal and financial compliance costs and making some activities more time-consuming. These laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. We intend to invest resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations and standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expense and a diversion of management’s time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. If our efforts to comply with new laws, regulations and standards differ from the activities intended by regulatory or governing bodies, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us and our business and prospects may be harmed. As a result of disclosure of information in the filings required of a public company, our business and financial condition are more visible, which may result in threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors and other third parties. If such claims are successful, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be harmed, and even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert the resources of our management and harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that they might occur, could cause the price of our common stock to decline.
The price of our common stock could decline if there are substantial sales of our common stock, particularly sales by our directors, executive officers and significant stockholders. If our existing stockholders sell substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, or if the public perceives that such sales could occur, this could have an adverse impact on the market price of our common stock, even if there is no relationship between such sales and the performance of our business.
In addition, shares subject to outstanding options under our Incentive Plan are and will become eligible for sale in the public market in the future, subject to certain legal and contractual limitations. Substantial sales of such shares, at that time, could depress the sale price of our common stock.
Significant sales of our common stock, or the possibility that these sales may occur, might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate. In addition, we may issue shares of our common stock in connection with investments or acquisitions in the future. The amount of shares of our common stock issued in connection with an investment or acquisition could constitute a material portion of our then-outstanding shares of common stock.
The issuance of shares of our common stock upon the exercise of outstanding options, warrants and restricted stock units may dilute the percentage ownership of the then-existing stockholders and may make it more difficult to raise additional equity capital.
As of March 28, 2025, there are outstanding options, restricted stock units and warrants to purchase 341,220 and 5,809,799 shares of our Common Stock, respectively. Exercise of such options and warrants and the vesting of restricted stock units would dilute the then-existing stockholders’ percentage ownership of our stock, and any sales in the public market of common stock underlying such securities could adversely affect prevailing market prices for the common stock. Moreover, the terms upon which we would be able to obtain additional equity capital could be adversely affected because the holders of our options and warrants can be expected to exercise them at a time when we would, in all likelihood, be able to obtain any needed capital on terms more favorable to us than those provided by such securities.
The issuance of additional securities by our Board of Directors (the “Board” or “Board of Directors”) will dilute the ownership interests of our current stockholders and could discourage the acquisition of us.
Our Board, without any action by our stockholders, is authorized to designate and issue additional classes or series of capital stock (including classes or series of preferred stock) as it deems appropriate and to establish the rights, preferences and privileges of such classes or series, and we currently have an effective universal shelf registration statement on file with the SEC, providing for the potential issuance of shares of our common stock and other securities. The issuance of any new class or series of capital stock would not only dilute the ownership interest of our current stockholders but may also adversely affect the voting power and other rights of holders of common stock. The rights of holders of preferred stock and other classes of common stock that may be issued may be superior to the rights of the holders of the existing class of common stock in terms of the payment of ordinary and liquidating dividends and voting rights.
In addition, the ability of the Board to designate and issue such shares could impede or deter an unsolicited tender offer or takeover proposal regarding us and the issuance of additional shares having preferential rights could adversely affect the voting power and other rights of holders of common stock and render more difficult the removal of current management, even if such removal may be in the stockholders’ best interests.
We do not expect to pay dividends in the future. Any return on investment may be limited to the value of our common stock.
For the foreseeable future, we intend to retain any earnings to finance the development and expansion of our business, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend upon results of operations, financial condition, restrictions imposed by applicable law and other factors our Board of Directors deem relevant. Accordingly, if you purchase shares of our common stock, realization of a gain on your investment will depend on the appreciation of the price of our common stock, which may never occur. Investors seeking cash dividends in the foreseeable future should not purchase our common stock.
If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business or our industry, or publish negative reports about our business or our industry, our stock price and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us, our business, our industry or our competitors. If one or more of the analysts who cover us change their recommendation regarding our stock adversely, change their opinion of the prospects for our company in a negative manner or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.
Certain provisions of Delaware law could discourage, delay or prevent a merger or acquisition at a premium price.
Certain provisions of Delaware law could discourage potential acquisition proposals, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, or limit the price that investors may be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock. Because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prohibits a person who owns in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person acquired in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock, unless the merger or combination is approved in a prescribed manner. Such provisions may discourage, delay or prevent a merger or acquisition of the Company, including a transaction in which the acquirer may offer a premium price for our stock.
If our shares become subject to the penny stock rules, it would become more difficult to trade our shares.
The SEC has adopted rules that regulate broker-dealer practices in connection with transactions in penny stocks. Penny stocks are generally equity securities with a price of less than $5.00, other than securities registered on certain national securities exchanges or authorized for quotation on certain automated quotation systems, provided that current price and volume information with respect to transactions in such securities is provided by the exchange or system. If we do not retain a listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market and if the price of our shares of common stock is less than $5.00, our common stock will be deemed a penny stock (meaning that our shares may be considered highly speculative and may trade infrequently, which can make them difficult to accurately price or sell). The penny stock rules require a broker-dealer, before a transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules, to deliver a standardized risk disclosure document containing specified information. In addition, the penny stock rules require that, before effecting any transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules, a broker-dealer must make a special written determination that the penny stock is a suitable investment for the purchaser and receive: (i) the purchaser’s written acknowledgment of the receipt of a risk disclosure statement; (ii) a written agreement to transactions involving penny stocks; and (iii) a signed and dated copy of a written suitability statement. These disclosure requirements may have the effect of reducing the trading activity in the secondary market for our common stock, and therefore stockholders may have difficulty selling their shares.
As a “smaller reporting company,” we may avail ourselves of reduced disclosure requirements, which may make our common stock less attractive to investors.
We are a “smaller reporting company” under applicable SEC rules and regulations, and, as a result of the SEC’s recent amendment to the definition of “smaller reporting company,” we will continue to be a “smaller reporting company” for so long as either (i) the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates as of the end of our most recently completed second quarter (“public float”) is less than $250 million or (ii) annual revenues of less than $100 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and (A) no public float or (B) a public float of less than $700 million. As a “smaller reporting company,” we have relied on exemptions from certain SEC disclosure requirements that are applicable to other public companies. These exemptions include reduced financial disclosure and reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation. Until such time as we cease to be a “smaller reporting company,” such reduced disclosure in our SEC filings may make it harder for investors to analyze our operating results and financial prospects. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result of our reduced disclosure, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.
Our shares of common stock are from time to time thinly traded, so stockholders may be unable to sell at or near ask prices or at all if they need to sell shares to raise money or otherwise desire to liquidate their shares.
Our common stock has from time to time been “thinly-traded,” meaning that the number of persons interested in purchasing our common stock at or near ask prices at any given time may be relatively small or non-existent. This situation is attributable to a number of factors, including the fact that we are a small company that is relatively unknown to stock analysts, stock brokers, institutional investors and others in the investment community that generate or influence sales volume, and that even if we came to the attention of such persons, they tend to be risk-averse and would be reluctant to follow an unproven company such as ours or purchase or recommend the purchase of our shares until such time as we became more seasoned and viable. As a consequence, there may be periods of several days or more when trading activity in our shares is minimal or non-existent, as compared to a seasoned issuer that has a large and steady volume of trading activity that will generally support continuous sales without an adverse effect on share price. We cannot give stockholders any assurance that a broader or more active public trading market for our common stock will develop or be sustained, or that current trading levels will be sustained.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Item 2. Properties.
Headquarters and Other Office Space
We lease office space in Miami, Florida for our corporate headquarters.
Manufacturing Facilities
SG Echo operates and leases one manufacturing facility of approximately 61,000 square feet. SG Echo is renovating a second manufacturing facility which totals approximately 58,000 square feet of manufacturing space. Both spaces are located in Durant, Oklahoma and the second manufacturing facility will be leased space commencing in 2024.
We believe that our current office spaces are adequate and suitable for our anticipated needs and that suitable additional space will be available at commercially reasonable prices as needed.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
The information included in “Note 20 - Commitments and Contingencies” of the Company’s consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report is incorporated by reference into this Item.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases Of Equity Securities.
Market Information
Our common stock is listed and traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “SGBX.”
Holders
As of the close of business on March 28, 2025, there were approximately 49 holders of record of our common stock, which does not reflect those shares held beneficially or those shares held in “street” name. Accordingly, the number of beneficial owners of our common stock exceeds this number. On March 28, 2025, the closing sales price of our common stock as reported on the Nasdaq Capital Market was $0.4615.
Dividend Policy
We have never paid any cash dividends on our common stock and do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future. The payment of dividends by us will depend on our future earnings, financial condition and such other business and economic factors as our management may consider relevant.
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
We did not sell any unregistered securities from January 1, 2024 through December 31, 2024 that were not previously disclosed in our filings with the SEC.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
We did not repurchase any of our outstanding shares during the fourth quarter of 2024.
Performance Graph and Purchases of Equity Securities
The Company is a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and is not required to provide the information required under this item.
Transfer Agent and Registrar
The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is American Stock Transfer and Trust Company, LLC. The transfer agent’s principal business address is 6201 15th Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11219, and its telephone number is (800) 937-5449.
Equity Compensation Plan Information
As of December 31, 2024, the following securities issued under equity compensation were outstanding:
Plan Category
Number of
Shares Issuable
Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants or Rights
(a) (1)
Weighted- Average Exercise
Price of Outstanding Options
(b)(2)
Number of Shares Remaining Available for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Shares Reflected in Column
(a))(c) (3)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders
406,747
$
1,574.20
-
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders
-
-
-
Total
406,747
$ 1,574.20
-
(1) Includes 1,822 shares issuable upon the exercise of options and 404,925 shares issuable upon the vesting of restricted stock units outstanding under the SG Blocks, Inc. Incentive Plan.
(2) The weighted average exercise price excludes restricted stock units.
(3) Represents shares available for issuance under the SG Blocks, Inc. Stock Incentive Plan.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Item 6. [Reserved]

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Introduction and Certain Cautionary Statements
The following discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of our operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes and schedules included elsewhere in this Annual Report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed below. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, intensified competition and operating problems in our operating business projects and their impact on revenues and profit margins or additional factors, and those discussed in the section entitled “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report. In addition, certain information presented below is based on unaudited financial information.
Results of Operations
Our operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 may not be indicative of our future operations.
Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:
For the Year Ended
December 31, 2024
For the Year Ended
December 31, 2023
Revenue
Construction services (includes engineering)
$
4,976,618
$
16,523,080
Total
4,976,618
16,523,080
Year over year % growth:
Construction services
(70) %
%
Medical revenue
-
(100) %
Consolidated
(70) %
(32) %
Operating income (loss)
Construction services
(319,481 )
(2,721,899 )
Medical
(104,174 )
(529,569 )
Corporate and Support
(9,282,960 )
(18,497,740 )
Consolidated
(9,706,615 )
(21,749,208 )
Other income (expenses)
(9,957,745 )
(808,157 )
Less: Common stock deemed dividends
(5,621,596 )
-
Add: Net income (loss) from discontinued operations
2,684,678
(3,725,168 )
Net loss attributable to common stockholders
$ (22,601,278 )
$ (26,282,533 )
Revenue
During the year ended December 31, 2024, we derived substantially all of our revenue from the construction services segment. Total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $4,976,618 compared to $16,523,080 for the year ended December 31, 2023. Revenue decreased 70% in 2024, compared to the prior year.
Construction services revenue decreased 70% in 2024 compared to the prior year. The revenue decrease is primarily from a reduction in the number of projects during 2024.
Operating Income (Loss)
Operating loss was $9,706,615 for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $21,749,208 for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing an increase of $12,042,593 or 55% in 2024 compared to the prior year.
Construction services operating loss in 2024 was $319,481 as compared to the prior year's operating loss of $2,721,899, primarily due to an increase in the number of projects which resulted in a loss during 2023, and the limited number of projects during 2024.
Medical revenue operating loss in 2024 was $104,174, as compared to the prior year's operating loss of $529,569, primarily due to decreased expenses recognized during 2024.
Corporate and support operating loss increased in 2024, as compared to the prior year, and such increase is primarily due to increased overhead costs in public expenses related to SEC compliance and legal costs, increases in IT support and increase in insurance expenses to support our various operations. In addition, an impairment loss of $5,976,445 was recorded for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to an impairment loss of $1,015,304 recorded for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Other Income (Expense)
Interest income was $119 for the year ended December 31, 2023. Other income for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $106,043 and $622,096, respectively. Other income during 2024 primarily related to miscellaneous income. Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $3,127,179 and $1,430,372 respectively. The increase in interest expense resulted from additional notes payable entered into during 2024. Loss on sales of equity investments for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $320,408. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2024 we recognized $6,616,201 of change in fair value of our equity investments.
Income Tax Provision
A 100% valuation allowance was provided against the deferred tax asset consisting of available net operating loss carryforwards and, accordingly, no income tax benefit was provided.
Impact of Inflation
The impact of inflation upon our revenue and income (loss) from continuing operations during each of the past two fiscal years has not been material to its financial position or results of operations for those years because we do not maintain any inventories whose costs are affected by inflation.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had an aggregate of $375,873 and $14,212, respectively, of cash and cash equivalents. To date, we have financed our operations from revenue generated from operations, sales of our equity and debt financing.
As of December 31, 2024, our stockholders’ equity (deficit) was $(12,460,308) compared to $(6,334,859) as of December 31, 2023. Our net loss for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $16,979,682 and $26,282,533 respectively. Net cash used in operating activities was $10,898,755 and $6,735,017 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Historically, our operations have primarily been funded through proceeds from equity and debt financings, as well as revenue from operations.
We have negative operating cash flows, which has raised substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.
If we are not successful with our efforts to increase revenue, we will experience, as we have from time to time in the past, a shortfall in cash. If there is a shortfall, we will be forced to reduce operating expenses, among other steps, all of which would have a material adverse effect on our operations going forward. In addition, we have issued various types of debt to provide funds for operations as set forth below.
We will also seek to obtain debt or additional equity financing to meet any cash shortfalls both in the public company or our subsidiaries. The type, timing and terms of any financing we may select will depend on, among other things, our cash needs, the availability of other financing sources and prevailing conditions in the financial markets. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to secure additional funds if needed and that, if such funds are available, the terms or conditions would be acceptable to us. If we are unable to secure additional financing, further reduction in operating expenses might need to be substantial in order for us to ensure enough liquidity to sustain our operations. Any equity financing would be dilutive to our stockholders. If we incur debt, we will likely be subject to restrictive covenants that significantly limit our operating flexibility and require us to encumber our assets. If we fail to raise sufficient funds and continue to incur losses, our ability to fund our operations, take advantage of strategic opportunities, or otherwise respond to competitive pressures will be significantly limited. These circumstances have raised substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, and continued cash losses may risk our status as a going concern. Our consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary should we be unable to continue as a going concern.
We will need to generate additional revenues or secure additional financing sources, such as debt or equity capital, to fund future operations, which financing may not be available on favorable terms or at all. If we fail to raise sufficient funds and continue to incur losses, our ability to fund our operations, take advantage of strategic opportunities, or otherwise respond to competitive pressures will be significantly limited and we will need to significantly curtail or cease our operations.
Cedar Cash Advances
On January 5, 2024, SG Building and SG Echo (together with SG Building, the “Merchants”) entered into a Cash Advance Agreement (the “January Cash Advance Agreement”) with Maison Capital Group (“Maison”) pursuant to which the Merchants sold to Maison $300,000 of their future receivables for a purchase price of $200,000, less underwriting fees and expenses paid, for net funds provided of $190,000.
Pursuant to the January Cash Advance Agreement, Maison is expected to withdraw $12,500 a week directly from the Merchants until the $300,000 due to Maison under the January Cash Advance Agreement is paid in full. In the event of a default (as defined in the January Cash Advance Agreement), Maison, among other remedies, can demand payment in full of all amounts remaining due under the January Cash Advance Agreement. The Merchants’ obligations under the January Cash Advance Agreement are secured by a security interest in all accounts, including without limitation, all deposit accounts, accounts-receivable, and other receivables, chattel paper, documents, equipment, general intangibles, instruments, and inventory, as those terms are defined by Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code, now or hereafter owned or acquired by any of them. In addition, SG Building’s obligations under the January Cash Advance Agreement have been guaranteed by SG Echo, and SG Echo’s obligations under the January Cash Advance Agreement have been guaranteed by SG Building Blocks. The amounts outstanding under the January Cash Advance Agreement may be prepaid by the Merchants at any time without penalty.
On January 29, 2024, SG Building entered into a Cash Advance Agreement (the “Fourth Cash Advance Agreement” and, together with the Cash Advance Agreement, the Second Cash Advance Agreement and the Third Cash Advance Agreement, the “Cedar Cash Advance Agreements”) with Cedar Advance LLC (“Cedar”) pursuant to which SG Building sold to Cedar $1,733,420 of its future receivables for a purchase price of $1,180,000, less underwriting fees and expenses paid and the repayment of prior amounts due Cedar, for net funds provided of $215,575.
Pursuant to the Fourth Cash Advance Agreement, Cedar is expected to withdraw $49,150 a week directly from SG Building until the $1,733,420 due to Cedar under the Fourth Cash Advance Agreement is paid in full. In the event of a default (as defined in the Fourth Cash Advance Agreement), Cedar, among other remedies, can demand payment in full of all amounts remaining due under the Fourth Cash Advance Agreement. SG Building’s obligations under the Fourth Cash Advance Agreement have been guaranteed by SG Echo. As of December 31, 2024 there was no outstanding balance on this advance.
On February 23, 2024, the Merchants entered into a Cash Advance Agreement (“February Cash Advance Agreement”) with Bridgecap Advance LLC (“Bridgecap”) pursuant to which the Merchants sold to Bridgecap $224,850 of their future receivables for a purchase price of $150,000, less underwriting fees and expenses paid, for net funds provided of $135,000.
Pursuant to the February Cash Advance Agreement, Bridgecap is expected to withdraw $2,248.50 a day directly from the Merchants until the $224,850 due to Bridgecap under the February Cash Advance Agreement is paid in full. In the event of a default (as defined in the February Cash Advance Agreement), Bridgecap, among other remedies (including penalties and fees) can demand payment in full of all amounts remaining due under the February Cash Advance Agreement. The Merchants’ obligations under the February Cash Advance Agreement are secured by a security interest in all accounts, including without limitation, all deposit accounts, accounts-receivable, other receivables, and proceeds therefrom, as those terms are defined by Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code, now or hereafter owned or acquired by any of them. The amounts outstanding under the February Cash Advance Agreement may be prepaid by the Merchants at any time without penalty. As of December 31, 2024 there was no outstanding balance on this advance.
On July 31, 2024, SG Building entered into a Cash Advance Agreement (the “July Cash Advance Agreement”) with Cedar pursuant to which SG Building sold to Cedar $1,957,150 of its future receivables for a purchase price of $1,350,000, less underwriting fees and expenses paid and the repayment of prior amounts due Cedar, for net funds provided of $285,180, which are net of repayment of prior Cedar Cash Advance Agreements
Pursuant to the July Cash Advance Agreement, Cedar is expected to withdraw $49,150 a week directly from SG Building until the $1,957,150 due to Cedar under the July Cash Advance Agreement is paid in full. In the event of a default (as defined in the July Cash Advance Agreement), Cedar, among other remedies, can demand payment in full of all amounts remaining due under the July Cash Advance Agreement. SG Building’s obligations under the July Cash Advance Agreement have been guaranteed by SG Echo. As of December 31, 2024 the principal balance on this advance was $1,059,983.
On August 27, 2024, SG Building entered into a Cash Advance Agreement (the “Pawn Cash Advance Agreement”) with Pawn Funding (“Pawn”) pursuant to which SG Building sold to Pawn $599,600 of its future receivables for a purchase price of $400,000, less underwriting fees and expenses paid and the repayment of prior amounts due Pawn, for net funds provided of $360,000. Pursuant to the Pawn Cash Advance Agreement, Pawn is expected to withdraw $4,999.67 a week directly from SG Building until the $599,600 due to Pawn is paid in full. In the event of a default (as defined in the Pawn Cash Advance Agreement), Cedar, among other remedies, can demand payment in full of all amounts remaining due under the Pawn Cash Advance Agreement. As of December 31, 2024 the principal balance on this advance was $249,833.
On December 17, 2024, SG Building entered into a Cash Advance Agreement (the “December Cash Advance Agreement”) with Cedar pursuant to which SG Building sold to Cedar $194,500 of its future receivables for a purchase price of $138,000, less underwriting fees and expenses paid, for net funds provided of $125,000. Pursuant to the Cedar Cash Advance Agreement, Cedar is expected to withdraw $4,900 a week directly from SG Building until the $194,500 due to Cedar is paid in full. In the event of a default (as defined in the Cedar Cash Advance Agreement), Cedar, among other remedies, can demand payment in full of all amounts remaining due under the Cedar Cash Advance Agreement. As of December 31, 2024 the principal balance on this advance was $131,047.
On December 24, 2024, SG Building entered into a Cash Advance Agreement (the “December Cash Advance Agreement”) with Cedar ”) pursuant to which SG Building sold to Cedar $203,000 of its future receivables for a purchase price of $140,000, less underwriting fees and expenses paid, for net funds provided of $126,000. Pursuant to the Cedar Cash Advance Agreement, Cedar is expected to withdraw $5,000 a week directly from SG Building until the $203,000 due to Cedar is paid in full. In the event of a default (as defined in the Cedar Cash Advance Agreement), Cedar, among other remedies, can demand payment in full of all amounts remaining due under the Cedar Cash Advance Agreement. As of December 31, 2024 the principal balance on this advance was $140,000.
Southstar Factoring Agreement
In connection with the exercise of its option to acquire 19 acres of land and the approximately 56,775 square foot facility located at 101 Waldron Road in Durant Oklahoma (the “Premises”), on June 8, 2023, SG Echo issued a secured commercial promissory note, dated June 1, 2023 (the “Secured Note”), in the principal amount of $1,750,000 with SouthStar Financial, LLC, a South Carolina limited liability company (“SouthStar”), and entered into a Non-Recourse Factoring and Security Agreement, dated June 1, 2023 (the “Factoring Agreement”), with SouthStar providing for its purchase from SG Echo of up to $1,500,000 of accounts receivable, subject to reduction by South Star (the “Facility Amount”).
The Secured Note bears interest at 23% per annum and is due and payable on June 1, 2025. The Secured Note is secured by a mortgage (the “Mortgage”) on the Premises and secured by a Security Agreement, dated June 1, 2023 (the “Security Agreement”), pursuant to which SG Echo granted to SouthStar a first priority security interest in all of SG Echo’s presently-owned and hereafter-acquired personal and fixture property, wherever located, including, without limitation, all accounts, goods, chattel paper, inventory, equipment, instruments, investment property, documents, deposit accounts, commercial tort claims, letters-of-credit rights, general intangibles including payment intangibles, patents, software trademarks, trade names, customer lists, supporting obligations, all proceeds and products of the foregoing. SG Echo paid to SouthStar an origination fee in the amount of 3% of the face amount of the Secured Note. Upon the occurrence of an Event of Default (as defined in the Secured Note), the default interest rate will be 28% per annum, or the maximum legal amount provided by law, whichever is greater.
The Factoring Agreement provides that upon acceptance of an account receivable for purchase SouthStar will pay to SG Echo eighty percent (80%) of the face amount of the account receivable, or such lesser percentage as agreed by the parties. SG Echo will also pay to SouthStar one and 95/100 percent (1.95%) of the face amount of the accounts receivable for the first twenty-five (25) day period after payment for the accounts receivable is transmitted to SouthStar plus one and 25/100 percent (1.25%) for each additional fifteen (15) day period or part thereof, calculated from the date of purchase until payments received by SouthStar in collected funds on the purchased accounts receivable equals the purchase price of the accounts receivable, plus all charges due SouthStar from SG Echo at the time. An additional one and 50/100 percent (1.50%) per fifteen (15) day period will be charged for invoices exceeding sixty (60) days from advance date. The Factoring Agreement provides that SG Echo may require additional funding from SouthStar (an “Overadvance”) and SouthStar may provide the Overadvance in its sole discretion. In the event of an Overadvance, SG Echo will pay SouthStar an amount equal to three and 90/100 percent (3.90%) of the amount of the Overadvance for the first twenty-five (25) day period after the Overadvance is transmitted to SouthStar plus two and 50/100 percent (2.50%) for each additional fifteen (15) day period or part thereof until payments received by SouthStar in collected funds equals the amount of the Overadvance, plus all charges due SouthStar from SG Echo at the time.
The Factoring Agreement provides that SG Echo will also pay a transactional administrative fee of $50.00 for each new account debtor submitted to it and a fee equal to 0.25% of the face amount of all purchased accounts receivable for the handling, collecting, mailing, quality assuring, insuring the risk, transmitting, and performing certain data processing services with respect to the maintenance and servicing of the purchased accounts.
As security for the payment and performance of SG Echo’s present and future obligations to SouthStar under the Factoring Agreement, SG Echo granted to SouthStar a first priority security interest in all of SG Echo’s presently-owned and hereafter-acquired personal and fixture property, wherever located, including, without limitation, all accounts, goods, chattel paper, inventory, equipment, instruments, investment property, documents, deposit accounts, commercial tort claims, letters-of-credit rights, general intangibles including payment intangibles, patents, software trademarks, trade names, customer lists, supporting obligations, all proceeds and products of the foregoing.
The Factoring Agreement has an initial term of thirty-six (36) months from the first day of the month following the date the first purchased accounts receivable is purchased. Unless terminated by SG Echo, not less than sixty (60) but not more than ninety (90) days before the end of the initial term, the Factoring Agreement will automatically extend for an additional thirty-six (36) months. SG Echo is required to provide the same not less than sixty (60) but not more than ninety (90) days notice during any and all renewal terms in order to terminate the Factoring Agreement, and if no notice is provided, the renewal term will extend for an additional thirty-six (36) month period.
If SouthStar has not purchased accounts receivable in a quarterly period during any initial or renewal term which exceed fifty percent (50%) of the Facility Amount per calendar quarter, in which $250,000.00 of the purchased accounts each month must be with a specific customer of the Company. (“Minimum Amount”), the Factoring Agreement provides that SG Echo will pay to SouthStar, on demand, an additional amount equal to what the charges provided for elsewhere in the Factoring Agreement would have been on the Minimum Amount assuming the number of days from the date of purchase of the Minimum Amount until receipt of payment of the Minimum Amount is thirty one (31) days, less the actual charges paid by SG Echo to SouthStar during such period.
Pursuant to a Secured Continuing Corporate Guaranty, dated June 8, 2023 (the “Corporate Guaranty”), we have guaranteed SG Echo’s obligations to SouthStar under the Secured Note and Factoring Agreement.
Pursuant to a Cross-Default and Cross Collateralization Agreement (the “Cross Default Agreement”), effective June 8, 2023, between SouthStar, SG Echo and us, SG Echo’s obligations under the Secured Note and Factoring Agreement are cross-defaulted and cross-collateralized such that any event of default under the Secured Note shall constitute an event of default under the Factoring Agreement at SouthStar’s election (and vice versa, any event of default under the Factoring Agreement shall constitute an event of default under the Secured Note at SouthStar’s election) and any collateral pledged to secure SG Echo’s obligations under the Secured Note shall also secure SG Echo’s obligations under the Factoring Agreement (and vice versa).
February Cash Advances
On February 23, 2024, the SG Building Blocks and SG Echo, together with SG Building Blocks, the (“Merchants”), entered into a Cash Advance Agreement (“Third Cash Advance Agreement”) with Bridgecap Advance LLC (“Bridgecap”) pursuant to which the Merchants sold to Bridgecap $224,850 of their future receivables for a purchase price of $150,000, less underwriting fees and expenses paid, for net funds provided of $135,000.
Pursuant to the Third Cash Advance Agreement, Bridgecap is expected to withdraw $2,248.50 a day directly from the Merchants’ bank account until the $224,850 due to Bridgecap under the Third Cash Advance Agreement is paid. In the event of a default (as defined in the Cash Advance Agreement), Bridgecap, among other remedies (including penalties and fees) can demand payment in full of all amounts remaining due under the Third Cash Advance Agreement. The Merchants’ obligations under the Third Cash Advance Agreement are secured by a security interest in all accounts, including without limitation, all deposit accounts, accounts-receivable, other receivables, and proceeds therefrom, as those terms are defined by Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code, now or hereafter owned or acquired by any of them. The amounts outstanding under the Third Cash Advance Agreement may be prepaid by the Merchants at any time without penalty.
March Note
On March 5, 2024, we issued a Promissory Note (“Note”) in favor of 1800 Diagonal Lending LLC (the “Lender”) in the aggregate principal amount of $149,500 (the “Principal”), and an accompanying Securities Purchase Agreement, dated March 5, 2024 (the “SPA”).
The Note was purchased by the Lender for a purchase price of $130,000, representing an original issue discount of $19,500. A one-time interest charge of ten percent (10%) (the “Interest Rate”) will be applied on the issuance date to the Principal. Under the terms of the Note, beginning on April 15, 2024, we are required to make nine monthly payments of accrued, unpaid interest and outstanding principal, subject to adjustment, in the amount of $18,272,23. We have a five business day grace period with respect to each payment. Any amount of principal or interest on this Note which is not paid when due will bear interest at the rate of twenty two percent (22%) per annum from the due date thereof until the same is paid (“Default Interest”). We have the right to accelerate payments or prepay in full at any time with no prepayment penalty.
Among other things, an event of default (“Event of Default”) will be deemed to have occurred if we fail to pay the principal or interest when due on the Note, whether at maturity, upon acceleration or otherwise, if bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings are instituted by or against us or if we fails to maintain the listing of its common stock on The Nasdaq Stock Market. Upon the occurrence of an Event of Default, the Note will become immediately due and payable and we will be obligated to pay to the Investor, in satisfaction of its obligations under the Note, an amount equal to 200% times the sum of the then outstanding principal amount of the Note plus accrued and unpaid interest on the unpaid principal amount of this Note to the date of payment plus Default Interest, if any.
After an Event of Default, at any time following the six month anniversary of the Note, the Lender will have the right, to convert all or any part of the outstanding and unpaid amount of the Note into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion price equal to the greater of $0.08 or 65% multiplied by the lowest closing bid price during the 10 trading days prior to the conversion date (representing a discount rate of 35%). The Note may not be converted into shares of our common stock if the conversion would result in the Lender and its affiliates owning an aggregate of in excess of 4.99% of the then outstanding shares of our common stock. In addition, unless we obtain shareholder approval of such issuance, we shall not issue a number of shares of its common stock under Note, which when aggregated with all other securities that are required to be aggregated for purposes of Nasdaq Rule 5635(d), would exceed 19.99% of the shares of our common stock outstanding as of the date of definitive agreement with respect to the first of such aggregated transactions (the “Conversion Limitation”). Upon the occurrence of an Event of Default as a result of us being delisted from Nasdaq, the Conversion Limitation shall no longer apply.
We may need to generate additional revenues or secure additional financing sources, such as debt or equity capital, to fund future growth, which financing may not be available on favorable terms or at all. We do not have any additional sources secured for future funding, and if we are unable to raise the necessary capital at the times we require such funding, we may need to materially change our business plan, including delaying implementation of aspects of such business plan or curtailing or abandoning such business plan altogether.
Cash Flow Summary
For The Year Ended
December 31,
Net cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities
$
(10,898,755
)
$
(6,735,017
)
Investing activities
6,702
(864,817
)
Financing activities
11,253,714
7,031,990
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
$
361,661
$
(567,845
)
Operating activities used net cash of $10,898,755 during the year ended December 31, 2024, and $6,735,017 during the year ended December 31, 2023. Generally, our net operating cash flows fluctuate primarily based on changes in our profitability and working capital. Cash used in operating activities increased by approximately $4,163,738 primarily due to a decrease in working capital due in part to decreases in accounts payable with the addition of operations of new entity, SG Echo, from the corresponding period of the prior years. In addition, we had a decrease of approximately $2,016,052 in stock-based compensation and a decrease in the overall net loss of approximately $5,462,977, during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The December 31, 2024 amount is due to a net loss of $16,979,682, adjusted by depreciation expense of $513,125, amortization of intangible assets of $13,668, impairment of $1,566,806, write off of project development costs of $266,129, amortization of deferred license costs of $30,589, amortization of debt issuance costs of $676,819, gain on deconsolidation of $4,637,013, increase of right-of-use asset of $971,833, plus change in fair value of equity method investment of $6,616,201, loss on sale of equity method investment $320,408, stock-based compensation of $1,194,597, and a decrease in accounts receivable of $77,274, contract assets of $8,209, inventories of $314,956, prepaid expenses and other current assets of $136,194,; added by increase in liability of $1,300,172 of accounts payable and accrued expenses, intangible assets of $23,920 less decrease of contract liabilities of $770,916 and lease liability of $1,338,557. Additionally, during the year ending December 31, 2024 there was $1,594 net cash used in discontinued operations.
Investing activities received net cash of $6,702 during the year ended December 31, 2024, and $864,817 during the year ended December 31, 2023. Cash used in investing activities decreased by $871,520 from the corresponding period of the prior year. The December 31, 2024 amount is due to $13,946 purchase of fixed assets, $125,000 received from sale of equity investment, and $104,352 used in discontinued operations
Financing activities provided net cash of $11,253,714 during the year ended December 31, 2024, and provided net cash of $7,031,990 during the year ended December 31, 2023. Cash provided by financing activities increased by approximately $4,221,724. December 31, 2024 amount is due to $7,273,044 proceeds from short-term note payable, $2,104,868 proceeds from inducement agreement, less $5,834,000 payment of short-term notes payable, $3,590,386 from the issuance of common stock, $125 from warrant exercise, $28,867 related to peak put, and $3,596,211 provided by discontinued operations.
Backlog may fluctuate significantly due to the timing of orders or awards for large projects and is not necessarily indicative of future backlog levels or the rate at which backlog will be recognized as revenue. The decrease in backlog at December 31, 2024 is primarily attributable to revenue being recognized during the year ended December 31, 2024.We expect our backlog revenue will be realized by December 31, 2025.
There can be no assurance that our customers will decide to and/or be able to proceed with these construction projects, or that we will ultimately recognize revenue from these projects in a timely manner or at all.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had no material off-balance sheet arrangements to which we are a party.
In the ordinary course of business, we enter into agreements with third parties that include indemnification provisions which, in our judgment, are normal and customary for companies in our industry sector. These agreements are typically with consultants and certain vendors. Pursuant to these agreements, we generally agree to indemnify, hold harmless, and reimburse indemnified parties for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified parties with respect to actions taken or omitted by us. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these indemnification provisions is unlimited. We have not incurred material costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification provisions. As a result, the estimated fair value of liabilities relating to these provisions is minimal. Accordingly, we have no liabilities recorded for these provisions as of December 31, 2024.
Critical Accounting Estimates and New Accounting Pronouncements
Critical Accounting Estimates
Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”). In connection with the preparation of the financial statements, we are required to make assumptions and estimates and apply judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses, and the related disclosures. We base our assumptions, estimates, and judgments on historical experience, current trends, and other factors that we believe to be relevant at the time the consolidated financial statements are prepared. On a regular basis, we review the accounting policies, assumptions, estimates, and judgments to ensure that our financial statements are presented fairly and in accordance with GAAP. However, because future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty, actual results could differ from our assumptions and estimates, and such differences could be material.
Our significant accounting policies are discussed in “Note 3-Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. We believe that the following accounting policies are the most critical in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results.
Share-based payments. We measure the cost of services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the fair value of the award. For employees and directors, including non-employee directors, the fair value of the award is measured on the grant date. For non-employees, the fair value of the award is generally re-measured on interim financial reporting dates and vesting dates until the service period is complete. The fair value amount is then recognized over the period services are required to be provided in exchange for the award, usually the vesting period. We recognize stock-based compensation expense on a graded-vesting basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting tranche of each award. Stock-based compensation expense to employees and all directors is reported within payroll and related expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Stock-based compensation expense to non-employees is reported within marketing and business development expense in the consolidated statements of operations.
Convertible instruments. Safe & Green bifurcates conversion options from their host instruments and accounts for them as free-standing derivative financial instruments according to certain criteria. The criteria include circumstances in which (i) the economic characteristics and risks of the embedded derivative instrument are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract; (ii) the hybrid instrument that embodies both the embedded derivative instrument and the host contract is not re-measured at fair value under otherwise applicable GAAP measures with changes in fair value reported in earnings as they occur; and (iii) a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded derivative instrument would be considered a derivative instrument.
Safe & Green determined that the embedded conversion options that were included in the previously outstanding convertible debentures should be bifurcated from their host and a portion of the proceeds received upon the issuance of the hybrid contract has been allocated to the fair value of the derivative. The derivative was subsequently marked to market at each reporting date based on current fair value, with the changes in fair value reported in results of operations.
Revenue recognition - The Company determines, at contract inception, whether it will transfer control of a promised good or service over time or at a point in time, regardless of the length of contract or other factors. The recognition of revenue aligns with the timing of when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve this core principle, the Company applies the following five steps in accordance with its revenue policy:
(1) Identify the contract with a customer
(2) Identify the performance obligations in the contract
(3) Determine the transaction price
(4) Allocate the transaction price to performance obligations in the contract
(5) Recognize revenue as performance obligations are satisfied
On certain contracts, the Company applies recognition of revenue over time, which is similar to the method the Company applied under previous guidance (i.e. percentage of completion). Due to uncertainties inherent in the estimation process, it is possible that estimates of costs to complete a performance obligation will be revised in the near-term. For those performance obligations for which revenue is recognized using a cost-to-cost input method, changes in total estimated costs, and related progress toward complete satisfaction of the performance obligation, are recognized on a cumulative catch-up basis in the period in which the revisions to the estimates are made. When the current estimate of total costs for a performance obligation indicate a loss, a provision for the entire estimated loss on the unsatisfied performance obligation is made in the period in which the loss becomes evident.
For product or equipment sales, the Company applies recognition of revenue when the customer obtains control over such goods, which is at a point in time.
Goodwill. Goodwill represents the excess of reorganization value over the fair value of identified net assets upon emergence from bankruptcy. In accordance with the accounting guidance on goodwill, Safe & Green performs its impairment test of goodwill at the reporting unit level each fiscal year, or more frequently if events or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of its reporting unit below its carrying value. Our evaluation of goodwill completed during the year ended December 31, 2024, resulted in $0 worth of impairment loss.
Intangible assets - Intangible assets consist of $2,766,000 of proprietary knowledge and technology, which is being amortized over 20 years. In addition, included in intangible assets is $68,344 of trademarks, and $238,422 of website costs that are being amortized over 5 years. The Company evaluated intangible assets for impairment during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 and determined that there are $0 of impairment loss for the year ended December 31, 2024 and $1,880,547 impairment loss for the year ended December 31, 2023. The accumulated amortization and amortization expense as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $63,392 and $44,256, respectively. The accumulated amortization and amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 was $2,852,929 and $187,640 respectively.
New Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 3 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for all recently adopted and new accounting pronouncements.
Non-GAAP Financial Information
In addition to our results under GAAP, we also present EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for historical periods. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are non-GAAP financial measures and have been presented as supplemental measures of financial performance that are not required by, or presented in accordance with, GAAP. We calculate EBITDA as net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders before interest expense, income tax benefit (expense), depreciation and amortization. We calculate Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA before certain non-recurring, unusual or non-operational items, such as litigation expense, stock issuance expense and stock compensation expense. We believe that adjusting EBITDA to exclude the effects of these items that are not closely associated with ongoing corporate operations provides management and investors with a meaningful measure that increases period-to -period comparability of our operating performance.
We believe the presentation of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA is relevant and useful by enhancing the readers’ ability to understand the Company’s operating performance. Our management utilizes EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA as a means to measure performance. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are also frequently used by analysts, investors and other interested parties to evaluate companies in our industry. These measures, when used in conjunction with related GAAP financial measures, provide investors with an additional financial analytical framework that may be useful in assessing us and our results of operations.
Our measurements of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to similar titled measures reported by other companies. Other companies, including other companies in our industry, may not use such measures or may calculate one or more of the measures differently than as presented in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, limiting their usefulness as a comparative measure. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are not measurements of financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered as an alternative to net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders, or any other measures of financial performance derived in accordance with GAAP. We do not consider these non-GAAP measures to be substitutes for or superior to the information provided by our GAAP financial results. . The non-GAAP information should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes.
These measures also should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by the non-recurring, unusual or non-operational items for which these non-GAAP measures make adjustments.Additionally, EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are not intended to be liquidity measures.
The following is a reconciliation of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA to the nearest GAAP measure, net loss:
For the Year Ended
December 31, 2024
For the Year Ended
December 31, 2023
Net loss attributable to common stockholders
$
(22,601,278
)
$
(26,282,533
)
Addback interest expense
3,127,179
1,430,372
Addback interest income
-
(119 )
Addback depreciation and amortization
557,382
598,714
EBITDA (non-GAAP)
(18,916,717
)
(24,253,566
)
Common stock deemed dividend
5,621,596
-
Gain on deconsolidation - SG DevCorp
(4,637,013 )
-
Loss on disposition of equity-based investments
320,408
-
Change in fair value of equity-based investments
6,616,201
-
Addback litigation expense
356,046
154,217
Addback stock-based compensation expense
1,194,597
3,210,631
Adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP)
$
(9,444,882
)
$
(20,888,718
)

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Not applicable.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
Our financial statements and the notes thereto, together with the reports of our registered public accounting firm appear beginning on page of this Annual Report.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
(a) Disclosure Controls and Procedures.
Our management, with the participation of our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of our “disclosure controls and procedures” (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e)) as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report (the “Evaluation Date”). Based upon that evaluation, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that, as of the Evaluation Date, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act (i) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms, and (ii) is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
The Principal Executive Officer and the Principal Financial Officer believe that the consolidated financial statements and other information contained in this Annual Report present fairly, in all material respects, our business, financial condition and results of operations.
(b) Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is also responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act). The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Because of the inherent limitations of internal control systems, our internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate.
The Company does not have sufficient internal controls related to the timely closing of their accounting records, caused by insufficient accounting resources and a lack of formal review procedures. In addition, the Company does not have sufficient internal controls related to the application of technical accounting guidance to complex and/or new transactions. Due to the nature and number of year-end adjustments by our external auditors, we have a deficiency related to our closing process. To assist in internal control over financial reporting additional resources have been hired.
Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. In making this assessment, we used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). Based on our assessment, we concluded that, as of December 31, 2024, our internal control over financial reporting was not effective based on those criteria.
This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by the Company’s registered public accounting firm pursuant to the exemption provided to issuers that are neither “large accelerated filers” nor “accelerated filers” under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act.
(c) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
No changes.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 9B. Other Information.
None of our directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Exchange Act) adopted or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan or arrangement or a non-Rule 10b5-1 trading plan or arrangement, as defined in Item 408(c) of Regulation S-K, during the three months ended December 31, 2024 covered by this Annual Report.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
Below is certain information regarding our directors and executive officers.
Name of Director or Executive Officer
Ages
Position Served as an Officer and/or Director Since
Paul M. Galvin
Former Chairman of the Board and Former Chief Executive Officer November 2011
Michael McLaren
Chief Executive Officer
January 2025
Jim Pendergast
Chief Operating Officer January 2025
Patricia Kaelin
Chief Financial Officer
May 2023
Christopher Melton (2)(5)(7)
Director
November 2011
Shafron E. Hawkins (1)(3)(6)
Director December 2022
Thomas Meharey (4)
Director October 2023
Jill Anderson (1) (3)
Director October 2023
(1) Audit Committee Member.
(2) Audit Committee Chairperson.
(3) Compensation Committee Member.
(4) Compensation Committee Chair.
(5) Nominating. Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance Committee Member
(6) Nominating. Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance Committee Chair
(7) Lead Independent Director.
Michael McLaren, brings more than 30 years of leadership experience in the energy industry, including significant contributions to military and energy projects, field services, and mergers and acquisitions. He is the founder and CEO of Olenox Ltd., where he has led innovative energy solutions and is the developer and patent holder of Olenox technology. Mr. McLaren earned a Master’s Degree in Science and a Master’s Degree in Business from the University of British Columbia. Mr. McLaren wrote, together with Dr. Olev Trass, several publications on Selective Oil Agglomeration for Ecological Benefits, Coal Water Oil Fuel (CWF), and the preparation of various fuels for clean coal energy. He currently serves as CEO & Founding Shareholder of Olenox Ltd. He also has extensive experience in operating E&P companies, Field service and negotiating M&A opportunities.
Patricia Kaelin is a member of the AICPA with more than 25 years of financial leadership, strategic planning, and public company experience. Patricia Kaelin was appointed Chief Financial Officer on May 1, 2023. She has served as Chief Financial Officer for public and privately held companies and has extensive experience in the construction, real estate, manufacturing and healthcare industries. She has expertise in mergers and acquisitions and corporate restructuring, as well as private and public equity and debt financing. Ms. Kaelin served as Chief Financial Officer of 1933 Industries, Inc., a publicly traded company based in Vancouver, British Columbia, with operations in the US and as VP of Finance and IT at Prolong, a publicly traded manufacturing company based in California. Ms. Kaelin also served as Chief Financial Officer at Clifton Larson Allen, one of the largest CPA and consulting firms in the United States and as Chief Financial Officer for multiple private companies including a large construction and real estate development company with over $1B in revenues and operations in several states. She began her career at BDO USA, LLP, spending seven years in public accounting where she earned her CPA certificate. Ms. Kaelin holds a Bachelor’s degree in Business Administration and Accounting from California State University, Fullerton and has served on multiple boards for children’s charities and a telehealth company.
Jim Pendergast, brings over 25 years of leadership in corporate operations, having served as CEO, CFO, and COO across public and private companies in the energy, construction, manufacturing, and agricultural sectors. He has expertise in mergers and acquisitions, corporate restructuring, and equity and debt financing. His previous roles include COO at MGO Systems Ltd., where he oversaw more than 50 construction projects during his time there, and CEO/CFO at Paramount Structures Inc., leading its acquisition and financial restructuring. As CEO of FP Genetics Inc., he refocused the company on profitable growth. Earlier, at Agrium Inc., he managed large-scale business development projects and represented the company to investors. He has also served on the boards of several companies, providing leadership in corporate governance, strategic planning, and financial management. He holds an MBA in International Business and Finance from McMaster University and a BA (Honors) in Political Studies and Economics from Queen’s University.
Christopher Melton was appointed as a director of the Company upon consummation of the Merger on November 4, 2011. Mr. Melton is a licensed real estate salesperson in the State of South Carolina and until June 2019 was a principal of Callegro Investments, LLC, a specialist land investor investing in the southeastern U.S., which he founded 2012. Since June 2019 he has served as a specialist Land Advisor with SVN. Mr. Melton also serves on several public and private boards, including Jupiter Wellness, Inc. since August 2019 and has served since February 2018 as chief investment officer and analyst at TNT Capital Advisors, a capital advisory firm based in Florida. He also served as a sales agent as MSK Commercial Services, a commercial real estate company, from February 2018 to June 2019. From 2000 to 2008, Mr. Melton was a Portfolio Manager for Kingdon Capital Management (“Kingdon”) in New York City, where he ran an $800 million book in media, telecom and Japanese investment. Mr. Melton opened Kingdon’s office in Japan, where he set up a Japanese research company. From 1997 to 2000, Mr. Melton served as a Vice President at JPMorgan Investment Management as an equity research analyst, where he helped manage $500 million in REIT funds under management. Mr. Melton was a Senior Real Estate Equity Analyst at RREEF Funds in Chicago from 1995 to 1997. RREEF Funds is the real estate investment management business of Deutsche Bank’s Asset Management division. Mr. Melton earned a Bachelor of Arts in Political Economy of Industrial Societies from the University of California, Berkeley in 1995. Mr. Melton earned Certification from University of California, Los Angeles’s Anderson Director Education Program in 2014.
We selected Mr. Melton to serve on our Board because he brings extensive knowledge of finance and the real estate industry. Mr. Melton’s pertinent experience, qualifications, attributes and skills include financial literacy and expertise, managerial experience and the knowledge and experience he has attained through his real estate investment and development activities.
Shafron Hawkins was appointed as a director of the Company in December of 2022. Shafron Hawkins’ career spans the industries of financial services, government and nonprofits. Hawkins started his career working for TD Waterhouse Securities in its active investors division before moving to Credit Suisse First Boston. In June 2002, Hawkins founded Hawkins Capital Group, where he served as Principal while helping raise acquisition capital for small companies. In 2016, Hawkins became a legislative fellow in the U.S. House of Representatives, advising a Way and Means Committee member and helping push forward the Simplifying America’s Tax System (SATS) plan. Soon after, Hawkins served as a U.S. Senate Tax and Trade Counsel where he worked to expand the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act to include the Opportunity Zones provision. Hawkins also served as Majority Staff Director for the Senate Finance Subcommittee on Energy, Natural Resources, and Infrastructure, having previously served as Majority Staff Director for the Senate Finance Subcommittee on Fiscal Responsibility and Economic Growth. Upon leaving Capitol Hill, Hawkins founded the Opportunity Funds Association, an organization that helps advocate for Opportunity Zones and drive investments into underserved areas. In 2022, Hawkins worked with Congress to introduce the bi-partisan, bi-cameral Opportunity Zones Transparency Extension and Improvement Act which achieves the OFA member policy goals of increased investment and greater transparency in Opportunity Zones.
Mr. Hawkins earned his undergraduate degree in economics from The Ohio State University, his MBA from Columbia Business School as a Credit Suisse First Boston Fellow, and his JD from the Moritz College of Law at OSU. He is currently an adjunct professor at the Cleveland State University College of Law.
We selected Mr. Hawkins to serve on our Board because he brings extensive knowledge with respect to the financial services, government and nonprofit industries. Mr. Hawkins’s pertinent experience, qualifications, attributes and skills include financial literacy and expertise, managerial experience and the knowledge and experience he has attained through his financial services, government and nonprofit activities.
Jill Anderson was appointed as a director of the Company in August 2023. Ms. Anderson has over twenty years of in-house and law firm experience counseling life sciences and healthcare companies on a variety of business issues and transactions, including corporate, regulatory, data privacy and security, employment, marketing and sales, real estate and litigation matters. Since August 2020, Ms. Anderson has served as Chief Legal Officer and Privacy Officer of miR Scientific, a precision healthcare company committed to transforming cancer management globally by developing non-invasive tests for the detection and risk classification of cancers. From December 2006 to August 2020, Ms. Anderson was a partner in the Healthcare and Privacy & Cybersecurity departments at the law firm of Moses & Singer LLP in New York City. Before that, Ms. Anderson held legal roles at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Mass General Brigham (formerly Partners Healthcare System). Ms. Anderson also serves on the Board of Directors of Fight Cancer Global, a nonprofit organization dedicated to creating patient-centric solutions which unite all constituents to end the isolation for cancer patients globally. Ms. Anderson successfully completed training at the 2023 Program on Corporate Compliance and Enforcement (PCCE) at NYU School of Law in Board Governance, Board Effectiveness, Risk Management, ESG and DEI. Ms. Anderson earned her J.D. at Widener University School of Law and holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Pre-Medicine from Rutgers University.
We selected Ms. Anderson to serve on our Board because she brings extensive knowledge with respect to the healthcare industry. Ms. Anderson’s pertinent experience, qualifications, attributes and skills include scientific expertise, managerial experience and the knowledge and experience she has attained through her healthcare experience.
Thomas Meharey was appointed as director of the Company in October 2023. Mr. Meharey currently serves as a Vice President and board member for kathy ireland Worldwide, a global lifestyle company (“kiWW”). Mr. Meharey was appointed Vice President of kiWW in 2007 and as a board member of kiWW in 2017. During his time with kiWW, Mr. Meharey launched the MIVI Millennial brand for men and women alongside global lifestyle designer Kathy Ireland. From 2003 to 2007, Mr. Meharey served as the Director of kathy ireland Weddings and Resorts, where he managed a portfolio of properties in excess of $40 million dollars. In 2004, Mr. Meharey founded a general contracting business in Hawaii, where he managed projects ranging from modest homes to multi-million dollar estates. Mr. Meharey served our country as a marine from 1999-2003.
We selected Mr. Meharey to serve on our Board due to his leadership skills and experience, his expertise in scaling businesses and his knowledge of the luxury brand, advertising, real estate and construction industries.
Board Leadership Structure
The Board recognizes that one of its key responsibilities is to evaluate and determine its optimal leadership structure to provide independent oversight of management. Our Board is currently led by a Chairman of the Board who also serves as our Chief Executive Officer. The Board understands that the right Board leadership structure may vary depending on the circumstances, and our independent directors periodically assess these roles and the Board leadership to ensure the leadership structure best serves the interests of the Company and stockholders.
Mr. McLaren currently holds the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer roles. Mr. Melton currently serves as the Lead Independent Director appointed by the majority of the Board.
The responsibilities of the Lead Independent Director include, among others: (i) serving as primary intermediary between non-employee directors and management; (ii) approving the agenda and meeting schedules for the Board; (iii) advising the Chairman of the Board as to the quality, quantity and timeliness of the information submitted by management to directors; (iv) recommending director candidates and selections for the membership and chairman position for each committee of the Board; (v) calling meetings of independent directors; and (vi) serving as liaison for consultation and communication with stockholders.
Mr. Galvin possesses detailed and in-depth knowledge of the Company and the industry and the issues, opportunities and challenges we face, and is best positioned to ensure the most critical business issues are brought for consideration by the Board. In addition, having one leader serving as both the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer provides decisive, consistent and effective leadership, as well as clear accountability to our stockholders and customers. This enhances our ability to communicate our message and strategy clearly and consistently to our stockholders, employees, customers and suppliers, particularly during times of turbulent economic and industry conditions. The Board believes the appointment of a strong Lead Independent Director and the use of regular executive sessions of the non-management directors, along with a majority the Board being comprised of independent directors, allow it to maintain effective oversight of management. We believe that the combination of the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer roles is appropriate in the current circumstances and, based on the relevant facts and circumstances, separation of these offices would not serve our best interests and the best interests of our stockholders at this time.
Director Independence
Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605 requires a majority of a listed company’s board to be comprised of independent directors. In addition, the Nasdaq Listing Rules require that, subject to specified exceptions, each member of a listed company’s audit and compensation committees be independent under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Members of the Audit Committee and Compensation Committee must also satisfy the independence criteria set forth in Rules 10A-3 and 10C-1 under the Exchange Act, respectively. Under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(a)(2), a director will only qualify as an “independent director” if, in the opinion of the Board, that person does not have a relationship that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director. In order to be considered independent for purposes of Exchange Act Rule 10A-3, an Audit Committee member may not, other than in his or her capacity as a member of the Audit Committee, the Board or any other committee of the Board, accept, directly or indirectly, any consulting, advisory or other compensatory fee from the Company or any of its subsidiaries, or otherwise be affiliated with the Company or any of its subsidiaries. In order for Compensation Committee members to be considered independent for purposes of Exchange Act Rule 10C-1, the Board must consider all factors specifically relevant to determining whether a director has a relationship to the Company that is material to that director’s ability to be independent from management in connection with the duties of a Compensation Committee member, including, but not limited to: (1) the source of compensation of the director, including any consulting advisory or other compensatory fee paid by the Company to the director; and (2) whether the director is affiliated with the Company or any of its subsidiaries or affiliates.
The Board has reviewed the materiality of any relationship that each of our directors has with the Company and has determined that each of Messrs. Hawkins, Melton and Meharey and Ms. Anderson, is “independent” in accordance with the Nasdaq Listing Rules. Messrs. Galvin and Villarreal are not considered “independent” due to their executive position. As such independent directors comprise a majority of our Board and the members of our Audit, Compensation, and Nominating, Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance Committees are fully independent.
Board and Committee Responsibilities
Generally
The Board is the ultimate decision-making body of the Company, except with respect to those matters to be decided by the stockholders. It selects the Chief Executive Officer and other members of the senior management team, which is charged with the conduct of the Company’s day-to-day business. The Board acts as an advisor and counselor to senior management and ultimately monitors its performance. The function of the Board to monitor the performance of senior management is facilitated by the presence of non-employee directors who have substantive knowledge of the Company’s business.
Our Board has established a separate standing Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating, Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance Committee. Each of the Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating, Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance Committee operates pursuant to a written charter, a copy of which may be viewed on the Company’s website at https ://www.safeandgreenholdings.com under the “Investors - Corporate Governance” tab.
Audit Committee
The members of our Audit Committee are Mr. Melton, who serves as chairperson, Mr. Hawkins and Ms. Anderson. The Audit Committee Charter requires that the Audit Committee consist of at least three members of the Board, each of whom is required to be independent as defined by Nasdaq and SEC rules. The Board has determined that each member of the Audit Committee is independent, as defined by Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act and Nasdaq Marketplace Rule 5605(a)(2). The Board has also determined that Mr. Melton is an “audit committee financial expert,” as defined in Item 407(d)(5) of Regulation S-K under the Exchange Act.
The Audit Committee is directly responsible for the appointment, compensation, retention and oversight of our independent registered public accounting firm. Functions of the Audit Committee include, but are not limited to, reviewing the results and scope of the audit performed, and the financial recommendations provided by, our independent registered public accounting firm and coordinating the Board’s oversight of our internal financing and accounting processes.
All audit services to be provided to the Company by our independent public accounting firm, are pre-approved by the Audit Committee prior to the initiation of such services (except for items exempt from pre-approval requirements under applicable laws and rules). The Audit Committee approved all services provided by our independent public accounting firm to us during 2022 and 2023.
Compensation Committee
The members of our Compensation Committee are Mr. Meharey, who serves as chairperson, Ms. Anderson and Mr. Hawkins The Compensation Committee Charter requires that the Compensation Committee consist of at least two members of the Board, each of whom is required to be independent as defined by Nasdaq rules. The Board has determined that each member of the Compensation Committee is independent, as defined in Nasdaq Marketplace Rule 5605(a)(2).
Functions of the Compensation Committee, include, but are not limited to: reviewing and approving, or recommending the Board approve, compensation arrangements for our executive officers, including salary and payments under the Company’s equity-based plans; reviewing compensation for non-employee directors and recommending changes to the Board; and administering our stock compensation plans. Our principal executive officer annually reviews the performance of each of the named executive officers and other officers and makes recommendations regarding the compensation of the named executive officers and other officers and managers of the company, while the Compensation Committee reviews the performance of our principal executive officer. The conclusions and recommendations resulting from our principal executive officer’s review are then presented to the Compensation Committee for its consideration and approval. The Compensation Committee can exercise its discretion in modifying any of our principal executive officer’s recommendations. The Compensation Committee may delegate its authority to a subcommittee of its members.
In performing its functions, the Compensation Committee may retain or obtain the advice of such compensation consultants, legal counsel and other advisors. In March 2022, the Compensation Committee engaged Haigh & Company as its independent compensation consultant. With the assistance of Haigh & Company, the Compensation Committee developed and implemented an organizational framework covering salary, annual bonus and equity ownership, with the goal of attracting and retaining talented individuals who are critical to the Company’s long-term success and aligning pay with performance. The Compensation Committee assessed the independence of Haigh & Company pursuant to SEC rules and in accordance with Nasdaq listing standards, noting that Haigh & Company (i) did not have any relationships with the Company, our executive officers or our Committee members that would impair its independence, and (ii) does not provide any services to the Company other than advice to the Compensation Committee regarding executive officer and director compensation, and concluded that Haigh & Company is free from conflicts of interest and is independent.
Nominating, Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance Committee
The Nominating, Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance Committee is currently comprised of Mr. Hawkins, who serves as chairperson, and Mr. Melton. The Nominating, Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance Committee Charter requires that the Nominating, Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance Committee consist of at least two members of the Board, each of whom is required to be independent as defined by Nasdaq rules. The Board has determined that each member of the Nominating, Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance Committee is independent, as defined in Nasdaq Marketplace Rule 5605(a)(2). Specific responsibilities of the Nominating, Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance Committee include: (i) considering and recommending to the Board, candidates for election to the Board; (ii) considering recommendations and proposals submitted by stockholders in respect of Board nominees, establishing policies in respect of such recommendations and proposals (including stockholder communications with the board of directors), and recommending any action to the Board in respect of such stockholder recommendations and proposals; (iii) identifying, evaluating and recommending to the board of directors, candidates to serve on committees of the Board; (iv) assessing the performance of the Board; (v) reviewing the Company’s sustainability and societal impact and (vi) reviewing risk governance structure, risk assessment and risk management practices and guidelines, policies and processes for risk assessment and risk management, including cyber security measures.
Role of the Board in Risk Oversight
Our executive officers are responsible for the day-to-day management of risks the Company faces, while our Board has an advisory role in the Company’s risk management process, as a whole and at the committee level, and, in particular, the Board is responsible for monitoring and assessing strategic and operational risk exposures, including cybersecurity risk. The Board and committees rely on the representations of management, the external audit of our financial and operating results, our systems of internal control and our historic practices when assessing the Company’s risks. The Audit Committee oversees management of financial risk exposures and the steps management has taken to monitor and control these exposures, and additionally provides oversight of internal controls. The Compensation Committee, in conjunction with the Audit Committee, assesses and monitors whether any of the Company’s compensation policies and programs have the potential to encourage excessive risk-taking. While each committee is responsible for evaluating certain risks and overseeing the management of such risks, the entire Board is regularly informed about such risks by committee reports, as well as advice and counsel from expert advisors.
Family Relationships
There are no family relationships between the directors of the Board or any of the executive officers of the Company.
Conduct of Board Meetings
The Chairman sets the agenda for Board meetings with the understanding that the Board is responsible for providing suggestions for agenda items that are aligned with the advisory and monitoring functions of the Board. Agenda items that fall within the scope of responsibilities of a committee of the Board are reviewed with the chair of that committee. Any member of the Board may request that an item be included on the agenda. Board materials related to agenda items are provided to Board members sufficiently in advance of Board meetings to allow the directors to prepare for discussion of the items at the meeting. At the invitation of the Board, members of senior management recommended by the Chairman attend Board meetings or portions thereof for the purpose of participating in discussions.
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
Our Board has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to all of our employees, officers and directors, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is posted on our website at https://www.safeandgreenholdings.com under the “Investors - Corporate Governance” tab, and is available free of charge, upon request to our Corporate Secretary at Safe & Green Holdings Corp., 990 Biscayne Blvd., #501, Office 12, Miami, FL 33132; telephone number: (646) 240-4235. Any substantive amendment of the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, and any waiver of the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for executive officers or directors, will be made only after approval by the Board or a committee of the Board and will be disclosed on our website.
Insider Trading Policy
We have adopted an insider trading policy, governing the purchase, sale and other transactions in our securities that applies to our directors, executive officers, employees, and other covered persons, including immediate family members and entities controlled by any of the foregoing persons, as well as by the Company itself.
The insider trading policy prohibits, among other things, insider trading and certain speculative transactions in our securities (including short sales, buying put and selling call options and other hedging or derivative transactions in our securities) and establishes a regular blackout period schedule during which directors, executive officers, employees, and other covered persons may not trade in our securities, as well as certain pre-clearance procedures that directors and executive officers must observe prior to effecting any transaction in our securities.
We believe that the insider trading policy is reasonably designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and listing standards applicable to us. A copy of the insider trading policy is filed as Exhibit 19.1 to this Form 10-K.
Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation
None of our executive officers currently serves, and in the past year has not served, as a member of the compensation committee of any entity that has one or more executive officers serving on our board of directors.
Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports.
Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder require our executive officers, directors and persons who beneficially own more than 10% of our common stock to file forms with the SEC to report their ownership of the Company’s shares and any changes in ownership. We have reviewed all forms filed electronically with the SEC during, and with respect to, fiscal 2024. Based on that review and written information given to us by all of our directors and executive officers, we believe that all of our directors, executive officers and holders of more than 10% of our stock filed on a timely basis all reports that they were required to file under Section 16(a) during fiscal 2024, except the Form 4 filed by the Company on April 3, 2024 and a Form 4 by Paul Galvin on July 12, 2024.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Item 11. Executive Compensation.
We are a “smaller reporting company” and the following compensation disclosure is intended to comply with the requirements applicable to smaller reporting companies. Although the rules allow us to provide less detail about its executive compensation program, the Compensation Committee is committed to providing the information necessary to help stockholders understand its executive compensation-related decisions. Accordingly, this section includes supplemental narratives that describe the 2024 executive compensation program for our named executive officers.
Our executive officers named in the Summary Compensation Table below are referred to herein as the “named executive officers.” These named executive officers are:
●
Paul M. Galvin, Former Chairman and Former Chief Executive Officer
●
Patricia Kaelin, Chief Financial Officer
●
William Rogers, Former Chief Operating Officer
●
Jim Pendergast, Chief Operating Officer
Summary Compensation Table
The following table sets forth all compensation awarded to, paid to or earned by the following named executive officers for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:
Name and Principal Position
Year
Salary
($)
Bonus
($)
Stock
Awards
($)(1)
All Other
Compensation
($)(2)
Total
($)
Paul M. Galvin,
$ 522,445
$ -
$ 440,656
$ 6,400
$ 969,501
Former Chairman and Former Chief Executive Officer
$ 572,917
$ 35,100
$ 127,260
$ 11,250
$ 746,527
Patricia Kaelin,
$ 429,743
$ -
$ 34,050
$ 6,492
$ 470,285
Chief Financial Officer (3)
$ 200,000
$ -
$ 50,172
$ 1,000
$ 251,172
William Rogers
$ -
$ -
$ -
$ -
$ -
Former Chief Operating Officer (4)
$ 300,000
$
-
$ -
$ 80,500
$ 380,500
(1)
This column indicates the aggregate grant date fair value, as determined in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation (“FASB ASC Topic 718”).
(2) For 2024, all other compensation consisted of: Mr. Galvin - $6,400 auto allowance; and Ms. Kaelin - $6,492 in paid health benefits.
(3) Ms. Kaelin was appointed Chief Financial Officer of the Company on May 1, 2023.
(4) Mr. Rogers’ employment with us terminated on December 31, 2023.
Narrative Disclosure to Summary Compensation Table
Following is a brief summary of each core element of the compensation program for our named executive officers.
Base Salary
We provide competitive base salaries that are intended to attract and retain key executive talent. Base salary levels depend on the executive’s position, responsibilities, experience, market factors, recruitment and retention factors, internal equity factors and our overall compensation philosophy.
Effective January 1, 2017, we entered into an employment agreement with Mr. Galvin. Mr. Galvin’s employment agreement originally provided for base compensation in the amount of $240,000 per year. On July 24, 2018, the Compensation Committee increased Mr. Galvin’s annual base salary to $370,000, retroactive to January 1, 2018. Such increase was based on a competitive market assessment provided by Haigh & Company, the Compensation Committee’s independent compensation consultant. On December 1, 2019, the annual base salary for Mr. Galvin was decreased from $370,000 to $180,000. On April 24, 2020, the annual base salary for Mr. Galvin was increased from $180,000 to $400,000. On July 5, 2022, the annual base salary for Mr. Galvin was increased to $500,000. On September 19, 2023, Mr. Galvin’s employment agreement was amended to increase Mr. Galvin’s annual base salary to $750,000.
On May 1, 2023, we engaged Patricia Kaelin to serve as our Chief Financial Officer with an annual base salary of $250,000, which was increased to $300,000 on July 26, 2023. The Compensation Committee has recommended that the Board approve an increase to Ms. Kaelin’s salary to $350,000 in 2024.
On December 7, 2020, the Company appointed William Rogers to serve as the Company’s Chief Operating Officer with an annual base salary of $300,000 per year. Mr. Rogers’ employment with us terminated on December 31, 2023. See “-Employment Agreements.”
Bonus Payments
On September 26, 2023 the Compensation Committee approved a cash bonus of $35,100 be paid to Mr. Galvin for his service to the Company in connection with the Separation and Distribution. In addition, the Compensation Committee has recommended that the Board approve 2023 bonuses of $350,000 for Mr. Galvin and $100,000 for Ms. Kaelin to be paid in cash, equity or a combination of cash and equity; this was approved by the full Board on February 27, 2024.
Equity Awards
During 2023 and 2024, we granted restricted stock unit awards to our key employees, including our named executive officers, as the long-term incentive component of our compensation program.
On April 4, 2023, Mr. Galvin was granted an award of 126,000 RSUs (6,300 as adjusted for the May Stock Split). We anticipate that the Company will, in 2024, issue to Mr. Galvin RSUs representing a contingent right to receive such number of shares of Common Stock as will result in him owning a total of 9.9% of our outstanding shares of our Common Stock.
On May 10, 2023, Ms. Kaelin was granted an award of 60,000 RSUs (3,000 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) which vested upon issuance. The Compensation Committee has recommended that the Board approve an award of 300,000 RSUs (15,000 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) to Ms. Kaelin in 2024. This was approved by the full Board on February 27, 2024.
On May 4, 2023, the Board took action to vest in full 1,627,773 RSUs (81,389 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) granted under the Company’s stock incentive plan, which included 476,049 RSUs (23,802 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) granted to Mr. Galvin and 86,960 RSUs (4,348 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) granted to Mr. Rogers. The Company expects to submit payment for each of Mr. Galvin and Mr. Rogers for a portion of the taxes paid by them in respect of the accelerated vesting.
The Board approves with the recommendation of the Compensation Committee to grant equity awards based on performance. The Board has not established policies and practices (whether written or otherwise) regarding the timing of option grants or other awards in relation to the release of material nonpublic information (“MNPI”) and does not take MNPI into account when determining the timing and terms of stock option or other equity awards to executive officers. The Company does not time the disclosure of MNPI, whether positive or negative, for the purpose of affecting the value of executive compensation.
Employment Agreements
The following discussion relates to compensation arrangements on behalf of, and compensation paid by the Company to, Messrs. Galvin, and Armstrong pursuant to the terms of their employment/consulting agreements with the Company.
Paul M. Galvin
We employ Mr. Galvin, our Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board, pursuant to an employment agreement, effective January 1, 2017. The employment agreement provided for an initial term of two years, with automatic renewals unless earlier terminated pursuant to the provisions of the employment agreement. The employment agreement originally provided for base compensation in the amount of $240,000 per year, which was increased to $370,000 in early 2019, but subsequently reduced to $180,000 in December 2019. The employment agreement also provides for incentive compensation at the discretion of our Board. The agreement provides for the payment of severance compensation in an amount equal to one year of his base annual salary, if his employment is terminated by the Company other than for “Cause,” as defined therein. In April 2020, we entered into an amendment to Mr. Galvin’s employment agreement employment to December 31, 2021 and increased the annual base salary to $400,000, provide for a performance bonus structure for a bonus of up to 50% of base salary upon the Company’s achievement of $2,000,000 EBITDA and additional performance bonus payments for the achievement of EBITDA in excess of $2,000,000 based on a percentage of the incremental increase in EBITDA (ranging from 10% of the incremental increase in EBITDA if the Company achieves over $2,000,000 and up to $7,000,000 in EBITDA, 8% of the incremental increase in EBITDA if the Company achieves over $7,000,000 and up to $12,000,000 in EBITDA and 3% of the incremental increase in EBITDA over $12,000,000), provide for a profits-based additional bonus of up to $250,000 in certain limited circumstances, and provide for one (1) year severance, plus a pro-rated amount of any unpaid bonus earned by him during the year as verified by the Company’s principal financial officer, if Mr. Galvin is terminated without cause. At the Company’s option, up to fifty (50%) percent of the EBITDA performance bonuses may be paid in restricted stock units if then available for grant under the Company’s Stock Incentive Plan. In July 2022, we entered into an amendment to Mr. Galvin’s employment agreement to increase his annual base salary to $500,000 and in September 2023 we entered into an amendment to Mr. Galvin’s employment agreement to increase his annual base salary to $750,000. All other terms of the employment agreement remain in full force and effect. As of December 31, 2024, Mr. Galvin is no longer the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of the Company.
Patricia Kaelin.
On May 1, 2023, we entered into an employment agreement with Patricia Kaelin, our Chief Financial Officer, (the “Kaelin Employment Agreement”) to employ Ms. Kaelin in such capacity for an initial term of two (2) years, which Kaelin Employment Agreement provides for an annual base salary of $250,000, which was increased to $300,000 on July 26, 2023, a discretionary bonus of up to 20% of her base salary upon achievement of objectives as may be determined by the Board of Directors and severance in the event of a termination without cause on or after September 30, 2023 in amount equal to one year’s annual base salary and benefits. The Kaelin Employment Agreement also provides for the grant to Ms. Kaelin of a restricted stock grant under the stock incentive plan, as amended and as available for grant, of 60,000 shares of Common Stock (3,000 as adjusted for the May Stock Split), vesting quarterly on a pro-rata basis over the next eighteen (18) months of continuous service. On May 10, 2023, Ms. Kaelin was granted an award of 60,000 RSUs (3,000 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) which were fully vested upon issuance.
William Rogers
On September 27, 2021, we entered into an executive employment agreement with William Rogers (the “Rogers Employment Agreement”) to employ Mr. Rogers as the Company’s Chief Operating Officer for an initial term of two (2) years, which provided for an annual base salary of $300,000, a discretionary bonus of up to 25% of his base salary upon achievement of objectives as may be determined by the Company’s board of directors, term life insurance coverage equal to two (2) times annual base salary, three weeks’ vacation and severance in the event of a termination without cause in amount equal to one year’s annual base salary and benefits.
Pursuant to the terms of the Rogers Employment Agreement, October 1, 2021, Mr. Rogers was issued a restricted stock grant under our stock incentive plan of 37,500 shares of the Company’s Common Stock (1,875 as adjusted for the May Stock Split), vesting upon issuance, and a restricted stock grant under the stock incentive plan of 200,000 shares of our Common Stock (10,000 as adjusted for the May Stock Split), vesting monthly over two years.
Mr. Rogers is subject to a one-year post-termination non-compete and non-solicit of employees and clients. He is also bound by confidentiality provisions.
Mr. Rogers employment with us terminated on December 31, 2023. On October 20, 2023, we entered into a mutual settlement and release agreement with Mr. Rogers (the “Release Agreement”) pursuant to which (i) we agreed to pay Mr. Rogers a settlement payment equal to $75,000 for his lost vacation, life insurance and related costs through December 31, 2023; (ii) we and Mr. Rogers agreed to extend the Rogers Employment Agreement through December 31, 2023, at which point the Rogers Employment Agreement ended as a mutual termination; (iii) we and Mr. Rogers agreed that Mr. Rogers’ title under the Rogers Employment Agreement changed from COO to Project Development Advisor, as of October 20, 2023, and he reported to David Villarreal for the remaining term of the Rogers Employment Agreement and all other terms of the Rogers Employment Agreement remained unchanged, including Mr. Roger’s right to receive RSUs and right to accrue additional vacation days; (iv) Safe and Green Development Corporation and Mr. Rogers entered into a consulting agreement that commenced on January 1, 2024, which consulting agreement was entered into on October 20, 2023, and was effective January 1, 2024.
Retirement, Health, Welfare, and Additional Benefits
Our executive officers are eligible to participate in our employee benefit plans and programs, including medical benefits, flexible spending accounts, short and long-term disability and life insurance, to the same extent as our other full-time employees, subject to the terms and eligibility requirements of those plans. Our executive officers are also eligible to participate in a tax-qualified 401(k) defined contribution plan to the same extent as our other full-time employees. Currently, we do match contributions made by participants in the 401(k) plan or make other contributions to participant accounts.
Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End
The following table sets forth information regarding the outstanding option awards held by the named executive officers as of December 31, 2024:
Options Awards
Name
Grant Date
Number of
Securities
Underlying
Unexercised
Options (#)
Exercisable
Number of
Securities
Underlying
Unexercised
Options (#)
Unexercisable
Option
Exercise
Price
($)
Option
Expiration
Date
Paul M. Galvin
3/30/2018
4,108 (5)
-
$ 92.20
3/30/2028
3/10/2017
5,298 (1)
-
$ 100.00
3/10/2027
3/10/2017
3,973 (1)
-
$ 120.00
3/10/2027
1/30/2017
4,841 (2)
-
$ 60.00
1/30/2027
11/01/2016
4,914 (3)
-
$ 60.00
11/01/2026
11/01/2016
(4)
-
$ 60.00
11/01/2026
Patricia Kaelin
-
-
-
-
William Rogers
-
-
-
-
(1)
In connection with a public offering by the Company, completed in June 2017, Mr. Galvin was granted performance-based option awards, to vest upon the completion of certain conditions. A portion of the shares were granted at an exercise price to equal the price per share at which the public purchased shares in the offering ($100.00 per share), while the remainder were granted at an exercise price equal to 120% of such price per share ($120.00 per share). In September 2017, the Compensation Committee determined that Mr. Galvin met his performance conditions and the option awards vested in full.
(2)
Of these options, 990 vested on the grant date, while the remaining 3,851 vested in equal quarterly installments on the last day of each fiscal quarter following the date of grant over a two-year period. All options vested in full as of December 31, 2018.
(3)
Of these options, 2,184 vested on the grant date, while the remainder vested in three equal installments of 910 on the three anniversaries following the grant date. Such options vested in full as of November 1, 2019.
(4) These options vested in equal quarterly installments on the last day of each fiscal quarter following the date of grant and vested in full as of September 30, 2017.
(5) These options vested in equal quarterly installments over a two-year period, beginning March 31, 2018, and vested in full as of December 31, 2019.
DIRECTOR COMPENSATION
Compensation Program
Our director compensation program is designed to attract and retain highly qualified directors and align their interests with those of our stockholders. We compensate directors who are not employed by the Company with a combination of cash and equity awards. Mr. Galvin did not receive any compensation for serving on our Board in 2024.
The Compensation Committee reviews the director compensation program and recommends proposed changes for approval by the Board. As part of this review, the Compensation Committee considers the significant amount of time expended, and the skill level required, by each director not employed by the Company in fulfilling his or her duties on the Board, each director’s role and involvement on the Board and its committees and the market compensation practices and levels of our peer companies.
During its annual review of the director compensation program in 2022, the Compensation Committee considered an analysis prepared by its independent consultant, Haigh & Company, which summarized director compensation trends for independent directors and pay levels at the same peer companies used to evaluate the compensation of our named executive officers. Following this review, and after considering the advice of Haigh & Company about market practices and pay levels, the Compensation Committee recommended, and the Board approved, the new compensation program for non-employee directors described below, which remained in effect during 2024.
Cash Fees
The following table sets forth the cash fee schedule for compensating non-employee directors from January 2024 through December 2024:
1/24- 12/24
Annual Board Retainer
$ 80,000
Lead Independent Director
$ 5,000
Audit Committee Chair
$ 5,000
Compensation Committee Chair
$ 5,000
Nominating, Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance Committee Chair
$ 5,000
The above cash fees were to be paid quarterly in four equal installments, to each person serving as a non-employee director at the time when such payment is made. Non-employee directors may choose to receive the annual Board retainer as equity in the form of restricted stock units or stock options. Directors receive no additional per-meeting fee for Board or committee meeting attendance. All director fees owed for 2024 will be paid in the first quarter of 2025 in restricted stock units or stock options, at each director’s election.
Equity Awards
In addition, our director compensation program for 2024 provided that each director was to receive, pursuant to our stock incentive plan, an equity grant of restricted stock units with a grant date value of approximately $80,000 that would vest quarterly over two years, subject to such director’s continued service as a director. During 2023, each of Messrs. Blumenfeld, Melton, and Hawkins and Ms. Cormier-May received a grant of 37,500 RSUs (1,875 as adjusted for the May Stock Split), with a grant date value of approximately $37,875, vesting quarterly over two years. Mr. Villareal, who also serves as the Chief Executive Officer of Safe and Green Development Corporation, received a grant of 118,166 RSUs (5,908 as adjusted for the May Stock Split), with a grant date value of $119,348, vesting quarterly over two years. See “- Other Agreements” for a description of Ms. Villaverde’s 2023 equity grant. All director equity awards owed for 2023 will be paid in the first quarter of 2024 in restricted stock units or stock options, at each director’s election.
On May 4, 2023, the Board took action to vest in full 1,627,773 RSUs (81,389 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) granted under the Company’s stock incentive plan, 140,105 RSUs (7,005 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) granted to Mr. Villarreal, 59,439 RSUs (2,972 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) granted to Mr. Melton, 37,500 RSUs (1,875 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) granted to Ms. May-Cormier, 37,500 RSUs (1,875 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) granted to Mr. Hawkins, and 68,814 RSUs (3,441 as adjusted for the May Stock Split) granted to Mr. Blumenfeld. The Company expects to reimburse each of such directors for a portion of the taxes paid by them in respect of the accelerated vesting.
Other Agreements
On February 3, 2023, Safe and Green Development Corporation entered into an executive employment agreement with David Villarreal to employ Mr. Villarreal as its President and Chief Executive Officer for an initial term of two (2) years, which provides for an annual base salary of $300,000, a discretionary bonus of up to 25% of his base salary upon achievement of objectives as may be determined by the SG DevCorp board of directors and severance in the event of a termination without cause in amount equal to one year’s annual base salary and benefits. Pursuant to the terms of the employment agreement, subject to SG DevCorp’s board of directors approval, SG DevCorp agreed to issue to Mr. Villarreal a restricted stock grant of under SG DevCorp’s 2023 Incentive Compensation Plan for six hundred fifty thousand (650,000) shares of SG DevCorp’s common stock, vesting fifty percent (50%) upon issuance, with the balance vesting quarterly on a pro-rata basis over the next eighteen (18) months of continuous service. Mr. Villarreal is subject to a one-year post-termination non-compete and non-solicit of employees and clients. He is also bound by confidentiality provisions.
On December 20, 2023, Vanessa Villaverde notified the Company of her decision to resign, effective December 31, 2023, from her position as a member of the Board and the Nominating, Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance Committee. The Company entered into a Mutual Separation and Release Agreement (the “Separation Agreement”) with Ms. Villaverde. The Separation Agreement provides that the Company shall, on or before December 31, 2023, pay to Ms. Villaverde all outstanding board fees. The Agreement also contains a non-disparagement obligation on both parties and a release of claims. Pursuant to the Separation Agreement, the Company paid Ms. Villaverde outstanding board fess of $20,000 and granted her 42,553 RSUs with a grant date value of approximately $20,034, which were fully vested upon issuance.
Additional Compensation
In connection with special committees that the Board may form from time to time in connection with various transactions or undertakings, the Board may award additional compensation to the directors, in its discretion, for membership on such special committees. The Board may, from time to time, grant additional merit-based cash or equity compensation to non-employee directors for extraordinary service. All directors are reimbursed for expenses incurred in connection with each Board and committee meeting attended.
DIRECTOR COMPENSATION TABLE
The following table sets forth information regarding all forms of compensation that were both earned by and paid to our non-employee directors during the year ended December 31, 2024. The compensation arrangements for Mr. Galvin is disclosed in the Summary Compensation Table set forth in the “Executive Compensation” section of this Annual Report. Mr. Galvin did not receive compensation for his services as a director during the year ended December 31, 2024.
Fees Earned or
Paid in Cash
($)
Stock
Awards(1)
All Other
Compensation
($)
Total(2)
Thomas Meharey (3)
$ 63,750
$ 107,326
$ -
$ 171,076
Christopher Melton
$ 67,500
$ 56,306
$ -
$ 123,806
Jill Anderson (4)
60,000
81,421
-
141,421
David Villarreal (5)
$ 60,000
$ 91,187
$ -
$ 151,187
Shafron Hawkins
$ 63,750
$ 81,411
$ -
$ 145,161
(1) This column indicates the aggregate grant date fair value, as determined in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation (“FASB ASC Topic 718”), of the RSUs granted on April 4, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, none of the directors held any options or unvested restricted stock units.
(2) Amounts to be paid in equity in 2024 related to 2023 compensation as described in ” - Compensation Program” are not included in this table.
(3) Mr. Meharey joined the Board in October 2023.
(4) Ms. Anderson joined the Board in August 2023.
(5) This table does not include amounts paid to Mr. Villarreal, a former director, in 2023 by SG DevCorp for his services as Chief Executive Officer of SG DevCorp

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT
The following table sets forth certain information, to the best knowledge and belief of the Company, as of March 28, 2025 (unless provided herein otherwise), with respect to holdings of our common stock by (1) each person known by us to be the beneficial owner of more than 5% of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding as of such date; (2) each of our directors; (3) each of our named executive officers; and (4) all of our directors and our executive officers as a group. The table is based on 6,389,041 shares of common stock issued and outstanding as of March 28, 2025.
Unless otherwise indicated the mailing address of each of the stockholders below is c/o Safe & Green Holdings Corp., 990 Biscayne Blvd., #501, Office 12, Miami, FL 33132. Except as otherwise indicated, and subject to applicable community property laws, except to the extent authority is shared by both spouses under applicable law, the Company believes the persons named in the table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares of common stock held by them. Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and generally includes voting or investment power with respect to securities.
Name of Beneficial Owner
Shares of
Common
Stock
Beneficially
Owned
Percentage
of
Common
Stock
Beneficially
Owned Prior to this Offering
Paul M. Galvin, Former Chairman and Former Chief Executive Officer
283,406(1)
4.70
%
Michael McLaren, Chief Executive Officer
Jim Pendergast, Chief Operating Officer
Patricia Kaelin, Chief Financial Officer
11,750
*
William Rogers, Former Chief Operating Officer
9,088
*
Jill Anderson, Director
6,930
*
Shafron Hawkins, Director
11,210
*
Thomas Meharey, Director
3,772
*
Christopher Melton, Director
14,052(2)
* %
David Villarreal, Former Director
16,552
* %
All current executive officers and directors as a group (7 persons)
56,802
0.94
%
5% Stockholders other than executive officers and directors
Armistice Capital, LLC(3)
218,287
3.62
%
* Less than 1% ownership interest.
(1) Includes 42,822 shares of Common Stock held directly by Mr. Galvin and 25 shares held by TAG Partners, LLC (“TAG”), an investment partnership formed for the purpose of investing in the Company. Mr. Galvin is a managing member of, and has a controlling interest in, TAG and may be deemed to beneficially own the share of Common Stock held by TAG, over which he has shared voting and dispositive power. Mr. Galvin disclaims beneficial ownership of the shares of Common Stock held by TAG except to the extent of his pecuniary interest therein. Also includes 1,190 options to purchase our Common Stock presently exercisable.
(2) Includes 10 shares of Common Stock held in Mr. Melton’s retirement account, which Mr. Melton indirectly owns, and 4,424 shares of Common Stock held directly by Mr. Melton.
(3) Armistice Capital, LLC (“Armistice Capital”) is the investment manager of Armistice Capital Master Fund Ltd. (the “Master Fund”), the direct holder of the Shares, and pursuant to an Investment Management Agreement, Armistice Capital exercises voting and investment power over the securities of the Issuer held by the Master Fund and thus may be deemed to beneficially own the securities of the Issuer held by the Master Fund. Mr. Steven Boyd, as the managing member of Armistice Capital, may be deemed to beneficially own the securities of the Issuer held by the Master Fund. The Master Fund specifically disclaims beneficial ownership of the securities of the Issuer directly held by it by virtue of its inability to vote or dispose of such securities as a result of its Investment Management Agreement with Armistice Capital.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
Related Party Transactions
The following is a summary of transactions since January 1, 2023 to which we have been a party in which the amount involved exceeded $120,000 and in which any of our executive officers, directors or beneficial holders of more than five percent of our capital stock had or will have a direct or indirect material interest, other than compensation arrangements and equity awards granted to our executive officers and directors during 2023 and 2024 that are described under the sections of this proxy statement entitled “Executive Compensation” and “Director Compensation”.
On January 21, 2020, CPF GP 2019-1 LLC (“CPF GP”) issued to the Company a promissory note in the principal amount of $400,000 (the “Company Note”) and issued to Paul Galvin, the Company’s Chairman and CEO, a promissory note in the principal amount of $100,000 (the “Galvin Note”). The transaction closed on January 22, 2019, on which date the Company loaned CPF GP 2019-1 LLC $400,000 and Mr. Galvin personally loaned CPF GP $100,000 on behalf of the Company.
The Company Note and Galvin Note were issued pursuant to the Loan Agreement and Promissory Note, dated October 3, 2019, as amended on October 15, 2019 and November 7, 2019 by and between the CPF GP and the Company, and bear interest at five percent (5%) per annum, payable, together with the unpaid principal amount of the promissory notes, on the earlier of the July 31, 2023 maturity date or upon the liquidation, redemption sale or issuance of a dividend upon the LLC interests in CPF MF 2019-1 LLC, a Texas limited liability company of which CPF GP is the general partner. The terms of the Galvin Note, however, provide that all interest payments due to Mr. Galvin under the Galvin Note shall be paid directly to, and for the benefit of, the Company. In connection with the issuance of the Company Note and the Galvin Note, CPF GP, the Company and Mr. Galvin entered into a Security Agreement, dated January 21, 2020, pursuant to which CPF GP granted a security interest in its LLC interests in CPF MF 2019-1 LLC to the Company and Mr. Galvin to secure its obligations thereunder. Subsequent to the year ended December 31, 2021, the Galvin Note was assigned to the Company and the principal amount of $100,000 was returned to Mr. Galvin. The Company has a promissory note in the principal amount of $100,000 and the assignment of the promissory note occurred in January 2022.
On December 14, 2023, Mr. Galvin, loaned $75,000 to the Company. The loan was evidenced by a promissory note. The loan will be interest free (subject, however to any interest which may be imputed under applicable income tax laws) and is due and payable by December 14, 2024. Currently, this amount is still outstanding.
As of December 31, 2024, the Company has accrued approximately $450,000 for amounts due to Mr. Galvin, the former CEO, for deferred salary due to him.
Loan Transactions with SG DevCorp
During 2021, SG DevCorp received $4,200,000 from due to affiliates. This amount was advanced to SG DevCorp by us, was evidenced by a promissory note, non-interest bearing and was due on demand. Included in this amount, were payroll and general and administrative expenses which were paid by us and allocated to SG DevCorp.
On August 9, 2023, we and SG DevCorp entered into a Note Cancellation Agreement, effective as of July 1, 2023, pursuant to which we cancelled and forgave the remaining $4,000,000 balance then due on that certain promissory note, dated December 19, 2021, made by SG DevCorp in favor of us in the original principal amount of $4,200,000.
In addition, as of December 31, 2024, $1,717,694 is due from us for advances made by the SG DevCorp. On January 29, 2025, we entered into a mutual release and discharge agreement (the “Mutual Release”) with SG DevCorp. pursuant to SG DevCorp. forgiving and releasing from our obligations to them under that certain promissory note, dated August 9, 2023, in the principal amount of $908,322.95 and in respect of $815,522 of inter-company advances from SG DevCorp. to us in exchange for us forgiving $394,329 of inter-company debt owed to us by us and for SG DevCorp.(which has already been written off) transferring 276,425 shares (the “Shares”) of SG DevCorp.’s Common Stock owned by us, with us no longer being a shareholder of SG DevCorp.
The Spin-Off of SG DevCorp
In connection with the Separation and Distribution, we entered into a separation and distribution agreement and several other agreements with SG DevCorp to effect the Separation and provide a framework for our relationship with SG DevCorp after the Separation. These agreements provide for the allocation between us, on the one hand, and SG DevCorp, on the other hand, of the assets, liabilities and obligations associated with the spin-off business, on the one hand, and our other current businesses, on the other hand, and will govern the relationship between our company, on the one hand, and SG DevCorp, on the other hand, subsequent to the Separation and Distribution (including with respect to transition services, employee matters and tax matters).
Separation and Distribution Agreement
The separation and distribution agreement governs the overall terms of the Separation and Distribution and specified those conditions that must be satisfied or waived by us prior to the completion of the Separation. We and SG DevCorp each agreed to indemnify the other and each of the other’s current and former directors, officers, and employees, and each of the heirs, executors, administrators, successors, and assigns of any of them, against certain liabilities incurred in connection with the Separation and Distribution and our and SG DevCorp’s respective businesses. The amount of either SG DevCorp’s or our indemnification obligations will be reduced by any net insurance proceeds the party being indemnified receives. The separation and distribution agreement also establishes procedures for handling claims subject to indemnification and related matters.
Tax Matters Agreement
In connection with the Separation, we and SG DevCorp entered into a tax matters agreement that contains certain tax matters arrangements and governs the parties’ respective rights, responsibilities, and obligations with respect to taxes, including taxes arising in the ordinary course of business and taxes incurred as a result of the Separation and the Distribution. The tax matters arrangement also sets forth the respective obligations of the parties with respect to the filing of tax returns, the administration of tax contests, and assistance and cooperation on tax matters.
The tax matters agreement governs the rights and obligations that we and SG DevCorp have after the Separation with respect to taxes for both pre- and post-closing periods. Under the tax matters arrangement, SG DevCorp will be responsible for (i) any of SG DevCorp’s taxes for all periods prior to and after the Distribution and (ii) any taxes of the Safe & Green group for periods prior to the Distribution to the extent attributable to the real estate development business. We generally will be responsible for any of the taxes of the Safe & Green group other than taxes for which SG DevCorp is responsible. In addition, we will be responsible for our taxes arising as a result of the Separation and Distribution. Notwithstanding the foregoing, sales, use, transfer, real property transfer, intangible, recordation, registration, documentary, stamp or similar taxes imposed on the Distribution shall be borne fifty percent (50%) by us and fifty percent (50%) by SG DevCorp. We shall be entitled to any refund (and any interest thereon received from the applicable tax authority) of taxes for which we are responsible for under the tax matters agreement and SG DevCorp shall be entitled to any refund (and any interest thereon received from the applicable tax authority) of taxes for which SG DevCorp is responsible for under the tax matters agreement.
Each of Safe & Green and SG DevCorp will indemnify each other against any taxes allocated to such party under the tax matters agreement and related out-of-pocket costs and expenses.
Shared Services Agreement
In connection with the Separation, we entered into a shared services agreement with SG DevCorp which sets forth the terms on which we provide to SG DevCorp certain services or functions that the companies historically have shared. Shared services will include various administrative, accounting, communications/investor relations, human resources, operations/construction services, and strategic management and other support services.
In consideration for such services, SG DevCorp pays fees to us for the services provided, and those fees are generally in amounts intended to allow us to recover all of its direct and indirect costs incurred in providing those services. We charge SG DevCorp a fee for services performed by (i) our employees which is a percentage of each employee’s base salary based upon an allocation of their business time spent providing such services and (ii) third parties, the fees charged by such third parties. SG DevCorp also pay us for general and administrative expenses incurred by us attributable to both the operation of Safe & Green (other than the provision of the services performed by our employees) and the provision of the shared services, including but not limited to information technology, data subscription and corporate overhead expenses, the portion of such costs and expenses that are attributable to the provision of the shared services, as reasonably determined by us. SG DevCorp also reimburses us for direct out-of-pocket costs incurred by us for third party services provided to SG DevCorp.
Other Related Party Transactions
Fabrication Agreement
On December 2, 2022, SG DevCorp entered into the Fabrication Agreement with SG Echo for the fabrication of approximately 800 multifamily market rate rental units, equal to approximately 800,000 square feet of new modular buildings to be located at the McLean site (the “McLean Project”). The Fabrication Agreement provided that SG Echo would be paid a fee equal to 15% of the cost of the McLean Project. The McLean Project will be fabricated in Phases of 100 to 150 units per phase, with the schedule of the phasing to be determined in SG DevCorp’s sole discretion. The terms of payment are as follows: (i) down payment of 30% upon release of project for fabrication; (ii) stage payment of 65% upon completion of fabrication, testing and inspection of each unit as it leaves the facility; and (iii) final payment of 5% upon completion of installation on site, including acceptance of punch list items, startup of equipment and City of Durant inspection. Notwithstanding the foregoing, SG DevCorp may withhold 10%, as retainage, from the payment otherwise due, to be reduced to 5% after field install is watertight and 2.5% after all punch list items have been complete. The Fabrication Agreement may be terminated for cause by either party upon 30-days written notice to the other party, subject to each party’s right to cure a default or breach, except for fraud or bad faith. In the event of termination, SG Echo will be entitled to be paid for all services rendered through the date of termination. In the event the termination by SG DevCorp is without cause, SG DevCorp will also pay any expenses incurred as a result of the termination (including without limitation supplier and vendor cancellation fees, restocking fees, subcontractor termination or cancellation fees, or other similar termination costs), plus a 15% markup as compensation for SG Echo’s anticipated profit on the value of services not performed by SG Echo. In connection with the entry into the Master Purchase Agreement, on December 18, 2023, SG DevCorp and SG Echo terminated that certain Fabrication Agreement, dated December 2, 2022, between the parties relating to the McLean mixed-use site.
Master Purchase Agreement
The Master Purchase Agreement provides that SG Echo will be paid a fee equal to 12% of the agreed cost of each project. The Master Purchase Agreement further provides that payment terms for all design work and the completion of the pre-fabricated container and module shall be made in accordance with the following schedule: (a) a deposit equal to 40% of the cost of the pre- fabricated container and module only shall be paid by SG DevCorp to SG Echo within 5 business days of the mutual execution of a project order; (b) a progress payment (not to exceed to 35% of the cost of the pre-fabricated container and module) shall be paid by SG DevCorp to SG Echo monthly in proportion to the percentage of Work completed, which payment shall be made within 10 business days of the SG DevCorp’s receipt of SG Echo’s invoice; (c) a progress payment equal to 15% of the cost of the pre-fabricated container and module shall be paid by SG DevCorp to SG Echo within 10 business days of the delivery of the pre-fabricated container and module to the specific project site; and (d) the final payment equal to 10% of the cost of the pre-fabricated container and module only shall be paid by SG DevCorp to SG Echo within 10 business days of the substantial completion of the Work. Substantial completion of the Work shall be as defined by the applicable project order. Notwithstanding the foregoing, SG DevCorp may withhold 10% of the invoiced amount, as retainage, which will be paid to SG Echo once the specific project is completed (including any punch list items). The Master Purchase Agreement may be terminated by either party if there is a material default by the other party and such default continues for a period of 20 days after receipt by the defaulting party of written notice thereof. If SG DevCorp terminates the Master Purchase Agreement or any project order as a result of a default by SG Echo, SG Echo will not be entitled to receive further payment until the Work is finished. If the unpaid balance of the amount set forth in the project order for the project is less than the cost of finishing the Work, SG Echo will pay the difference to SG DevCorp. In no event will SG Echo be entitled to receive any compensation if the cost to SG DevCorp of performing the balance of the Work is less than the unpaid balance. In addition, SG DevCorp may terminate the Master Purchase Agreement or any project order without cause. In the event the termination by SG DevCorp is without cause, SG Echo will be entitled to payment for all work and costs incurred prior to termination date plus the applicable fee owed to SG Echo thereon as more particularly described in the applicable project order.
The initial project for which modular construction services are anticipated to be provided to SG DevCorp by SG Echo is the Magnolia Gardens residential project to be built on the McLean mixed-use site in Durant, Oklahoma, consisting of 800 residential units. In accordance with the Master Purchase Agreement, SG Echo will provide SG DevCorp with an itemized cost proposal for the services to be performed for the Magnolia Gardens residential project and a firm schedule for performing the services. If the proposal and schedule is satisfactory to SG DevCorp, the proposal will be then incorporated into a project order to be executed by both parties.
Related Party Review Procedures
Pursuant to our Audit Committee charter, our Audit Committee reviews on an on-going basis our policies and procedures for reviewing and approving or ratifying all “Related Party Transactions” (defined as transactions required to be disclosed pursuant to Item 404 of Regulation S-K), including the Company’s Related Person Transaction Policy, and recommend any changes to the Board. In accordance with our Related Person Transaction Policy and Nasdaq Rule 4350 (h), the Audit Committee conducts appropriate review and oversight of all related person transactions for potential conflict of interest situations on an ongoing basis. Any transaction with a related person is subject to our written policy for transactions with related persons. Pursuant to such policy, our Audit Committee reviews in advance all related person transactions. The Audit Committee approves only those related person transactions that are determined to be in, or not inconsistent with, the best interests of the Company and its stockholders, taking into account all available facts and circumstances as the Audit Committee determines in good faith to be necessary. These facts and circumstances will typically include, but not be limited to: whether the transaction was undertaken in the ordinary course of business of the Company; the purpose and potential benefits of the transaction to the Company; the terms of the transaction and of comparable transactions that would be available to unrelated third parties or to employees generally; and the impact on a director’s independence in the event the related person is a director, an immediate family member of a director or an entity in which a director is a partner, stockholder or executive officer. In reviewing and approving such transactions, the Audit Committee obtains, or will direct management to obtain on its behalf, all information that the Audit Committee believes to be relevant and important to a review of the transaction prior to its approval. The Audit Committee may adopt any further policies and procedures relating to the approval of related person transactions that it deems necessary or advisable from time to time.
Director Independence
The information included under the heading “Director Independence” in Part III, Item 10 is hereby incorporated by reference into this Item 13.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.
Change in Certifying Accountant
The Board of Directors of the Company, through its Audit Committee conducted a competitive process to determine the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm commencing with the audit of the Company’s books and financial records for the year ending December 31, 2024. The Audit Committee invited several independent registered public accounting firms to participate in this process.
Following review of proposals from the independent registered public accounting firms that participated in the process, on December 13, 2023, upon recommendation from the Audit Committee, the Board of Directors of the Company approved the engagement of M&K CPAS PLLC (“M&K”) as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm for the Company’s fiscal year ending December 31, 2024. On December 15, 2023, the Company (i) entered into an engagement letter with M&K and engaged M&K as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm effective immediately and (ii) dismissed Whitley Penn LLP (“Whitley Penn”).
Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Fees
Aggregate fees for professional services rendered by our independent registered public accounting firms to us as of and for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are set forth in the tables below:
Audit fees(1) $ 245,432
$ 370,145
Audit-related fees(2)
-
-
Tax fees(3)
-
-
All other fees(4)
-
-
Totals $ 245,432
$ 370,145
(1) Audit fees include $82,961 paid to Whitley Penn and accrual for M&K in the amount of $93,120 for professional services rendered for the audit for our annual financial statements and reviews of the financial statements included in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and fees related to securities registration statements and related comfort letter procedures.
(2) Audit-related fees principally involve other assurance and related services.
(3) Tax services include tax compliance and tax planning consulting services. No tax services were performed for us by Whitley Penn in 2024 or 2023.
(4) No other services were performed for us by Whitley Penn or M&K in 2024 or 2023.
The Audit Committee has implemented pre-approval procedures consistent with the rules adopted by the SEC. All audit services to be provided to the Company by our independent public accounting firm are pre-approved by the Audit Committee prior to the initiation of such services (except for items exempt from pre-approval requirements under applicable laws and rules). The Audit Committee has determined that the provision of the services by our independent public accounting firm reported hereunder had no impact on its independence.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15. Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules.
(a)(1) INDEX TO 2024 CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS:
Our financial statements and the notes thereto, together with the reports thereon of M&K CPAS PLLC, our registered public accounting firm, dated March 31, 2025, appear beginning on page of this Annual Report. See of the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report.
(a)(2) FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
All financial statement schedules are omitted because they are not applicable, not material or the required information is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto.
(a)(3) EXHIBITS
The information required by this Item is listed in the accompanying Exhibit Index below.