EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1821159
Filing Year: 2024
Filename: 1821159_10-K_2024_0001558370-24-002608.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1. Business.
Unless otherwise indicated or unless the context otherwise requires, all references to “EVgo” and the “Company” refer to EVgo Inc. and its subsidiaries.
Overview
EVgo is a leader in EV charging solutions, building and operating the infrastructure and tools needed to expedite the mass adoption of EVs for individual drivers, rideshare and commercial fleets, and businesses. EVgo is one of the nation’s largest public fast charging networks, featuring over 950 fast charging locations across more than 35 states, including stations built through EVgo eXtend, its white label service offering. EVgo is accelerating transportation electrification through partnerships with automakers, fleet and rideshare operators, retail hosts such as grocery stores, shopping centers, and gas stations, policy leaders, and other organizations. With a rapidly growing network and unique service offerings for drivers and partners, EVgo enables a world-class charging experience where drivers live, work, travel and play.
The foundation of the Company’s business is building, owning and operating EV fast charging sites that deliver charging to EVs driven by individuals, commercial drivers and fleet operators. EVgo is prioritizing the build out of ultra-fast chargers, a key market segment that is expected to grow faster than the overall EV charging market. See “- Suppliers and Service Providers - Electricity.” To take advantage of the expected growth in the number of EVs on the road in the United States, the Company continues to expand its network of charging stations, focusing on development of locations with favorable traffic, utilization and financial return characteristics. The Company’s proprietary technology and analytical tools, along with its extensive commercial partnerships with OEMs, fleets and governments, provide a strong competitive edge as it selects, designs and develops new charging stations. Furthermore, EVgo’s robust underwriting standards require its portfolio to meet or exceed a pre-defined internal rate of return before project approval.
EVgo’s partnerships and collaboration with a wide range of automotive OEMs, rideshare operators and other channel partners are designed to incentivize and accelerate EV adoption across the U.S. Through these partnerships, EVgo’s network powered more than 395 million electric miles during 2023. Total miles delivered is equal to the number of kWh EVgo has dispensed multiplied by the number of miles the average EV receives from a single kWh (“vehicle efficiency”). The weighted average vehicle efficiency from all vehicles compatible with the EVgo network in operation at the end of each year is based on 2023 data from Experian and the U.S. Department of Energy. The weighted average vehicle efficiency is applied to the EVgo kWh dispensed in the associated period.
EVgo also serves the rapidly growing EV fleet segment with the fastest growing segments being rideshare and autonomous rideshare. Reliable and flexible charging is essential to fleet electrification. The Company is able to deploy fleet-charging solutions for light-, medium-, and heavy-duty EV fleets, and EVgo is developing, building, operating and servicing charging assets for fleets at their own depot locations, at off-site charging hubs that EVgo has secured, or via EVgo’s expansive public network. To date, fleet contracts have either been structured as volumetric agreements or included guaranteed payment streams in exchange for guaranteed network access.
To complement its core business model and increase customer reach, EVgo also offers EVgo eXtend, a white label solution, primarily under its charging infrastructure agreement (the “Pilot Infrastructure Agreement”) with Pilot Travel Centers LLC (the “Pilot Company”). EVgo eXtend helps partners invest in and build EV charging stations for use by their customers. Through EVgo eXtend, EVgo leverages its decade-plus track record of operational experience and site design, helping businesses develop charging assets that are serviced through (and often co-branded with) EVgo’s national network. EVgo generates revenue from site development, equipment delivery, engineering and construction activities related to EVgo eXtend stations, as well as ongoing revenue through operations, networking and maintenance of those sites.
In addition to the provision of EV charging infrastructure, EVgo is continuing to develop and deploy innovative software-based, value-added services to drivers and partners. These offerings enhance the customer experience across EVgo’s business segments by layering proprietary technology functionality on top of its charging network, with the intention of creating a competitive advantage and providing accretive revenue streams.
EVgo has a customizable mobile app to make charging simple for EV drivers, delivering a user experience that makes switching to an EV more inviting. Features such as EVgo’s Autocharge+, which enables drivers who register an eligible EV to start a charge simply by plugging in, EVgo Reservations, EVgo Rewards and EVgo Advantage further enhance the driver experience and provide a clear differentiation from other charging providers. Certain other features such as EVgo Inside, which provides a suite of application programming interfaces (“APIs”) that enable a third party to embed the complete EVgo experience into their branded applications, are designed to enhance B2B partner experiences with EVgo. EVgo Inside is used by some of EVgo’s largest customers including GM, Toyota, and Lyft.
EVgo also owns PlugShare, which is a leading global platform for EV drivers to locate and provide information relating to charging stations and provide feedback on their charging experiences, while leveraging tools like PAY WITH PLUGSHARE, which is available across a portion of the EVgo network, and EV Trip Planner. Beyond its services to EV drivers, PlugShare delivers data to automakers and other customers through the PlugShare API and manages the world’s largest EV driver research panel through PlugInsights. PlugShare also delivers advertising impressions globally on behalf of its advertising customers.
Company History
EVgo Services was formed in October 2010 as NRG EV Services, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and wholly owned subsidiary of NRG Energy, Inc. (“NRG”), an integrated power company based in Houston, Texas. EVgo Services began operations in 2011. On June 17, 2016, NRG sold a majority interest in EVgo Services to Vision Ridge Partners. On January 16, 2020, a subsidiary of LS Power, a private equity investment vehicle focused on power and energy infrastructure, completed its acquisition of EVgo.
The Company was incorporated in Delaware on August 4, 2020 under the name “Climate Change Crisis Real Impact I Acquisition Corporation”. The Company was formed for the purposes of entering into a merger, capital stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, reorganization or similar business combination with one or more businesses.
On the CRIS Close Date, EVgo Holdco consummated the CRIS Business Combination, with CRIS, Thunder Sub and the EVgo Parties pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement. Following the CRIS Close Date, the combined company is organized in an “Up-C” structure in which the business of EVgo Holdco and its subsidiaries are held by EVgo OpCo and continue to operate through the subsidiaries of EVgo Holdco and in which the Company’s only direct assets consist of equity interests in Thunder Sub, which, in turn, holds only EVgo OpCo Units.
Market Overview
The EV charging market is inextricably linked to the general market for EVs, which continues to experience significant growth. For the year end December 31, 2023, new battery EV sales in the United States were approximately 1.2 million, an increase of 44% compared to 2022, according to Cox Automotive. Market growth is driven by tailwinds such as increased EV model availability and performance, lower upfront prices for EVs, lower total cost of ownership (“TCO”) as compared to internal combustion engine (“ICE”) vehicles, increased range and availability of chargers and federal, state and local incentives and regulations. In response to the growing electrification trend, nearly all major automobile manufacturers have committed to the production of EV models, with over 75 EV models expected to be available in the U.S. in 2024 from over 35 manufacturers. Additionally, major automobile manufacturers have set aggressive targets for EV production and sales. According to forecasts from the United States Department of Transportation and Bloomberg New Energy Finance (“BNEF”), it is expected that approximately nine million EVs will be on roads in the U.S. by 2025, over 37 million EVs by 2030 and over 139 million EVs by 2040, which would represent approximately 59% of all motor vehicles in the U.S.
Automobile and battery manufacturers are offering EVs at a wider range of price points and developing batteries with higher efficiencies and lower costs. According to a 2023 report by Bloomberg, significant EV investment is expected to
be made globally through 2030 by participants in the EV charging industry. Their investments are expected to expand and put EVs and their associated technologies into mass production, which in turn is expected to underpin optimization of the global EV supply chain. Efforts to date by OEMs have already lowered the upfront costs of EVs, with further price reductions expected over the next several model years. As measured in terms of TCO, certain classes of EVs are already at or below parity with their ICE counterparts. As overall EV costs decline, it is expected that greater numbers of EV models will reach TCO parity with their ICE equivalents and that the TCO advantage for other types of EVs will expand.
In addition to price and TCO decreases, widespread adoption of EVs will require consumer confidence in vehicle range, charger availability and increased model choice. In the U.S., 25 EV models have eclipsed 300 miles of range on a full charge, a notable improvement compared to earlier EV models. Researchers and automotive engineers expect that EV ranges will continue to improve as battery technologies advance and costs decline over time. Beyond increases in range, broadly expanded EV offerings in the sport utility vehicle (“SUV”), crossover utility vehicle and pickup truck segments over the next several years are expected to greatly expand the market appeal and reach of EVs and further accelerate adoption of EVs.
These advances are further supported by incentives and rebates offered by federal, state and local governments to encourage the adoption of EVs. In November 2021, Congress passed and the President signed the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (“IIJA”), also known as the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law. Among other provisions, this legislation included up to $7.5 billion in funding for EV charging infrastructure through the Department of Transportation. The U.S. federal government previously offered a tax credit for qualified plug-in EVs with a minimum credit of $2,500 and a maximum credit of $7,500, depending on vehicle weight and battery capacity. In August 2022, the President signed into law the Inflation Reduction Act (“IRA”), which modified and extended the previous EV tax credit and created new tax credits for previously owned EVs and commercial vehicles. The legislation included new domestic content and critical mineral sourcing requirements and eliminated a cap on the availability of tax credits for individuals who purchased vehicles from OEMs that had reached certain production levels. The IRA also expanded, extended, and introduced new eligibility requirements for the tax credit for electric vehicle service equipment (“EVSE”) under Section 30C of the Code. Several states also offer various rebates, grants and tax credits to incentivize both EV purchases and leases, and pursuant to the IIJA, funding became available in 2023 for EVSE nationwide through grant programs administered by state departments of transportation.
Demand for EVs has also been encouraged by regulatory developments and changes in consumer habits. Several states have adopted or proposed mandates for EVs, and California alone has set an aggregate goal of more than seven million EVs on the road by 2030, which, by California Energy Commission estimates, will require one million private and shared public chargers. Additionally, California has enacted its Clean Miles Standard and Incentive Program (the “Clean Miles Standard”) aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from transportation networking companies, such as rideshare vehicles, through electrification and other means. California’s Advanced Clean Truck (“ACT”) rule requires an increasing percentage of medium- and heavy-duty trucks sold in the state to be zero emissions, and several other states have also adopted the ACT rule. These regulations, combined with a shift toward car-sharing and mobility as a service offering, are expected to rapidly accelerate EV adoption by fleets in the coming years.
EV charging demand is driven by the number of EVs operating during a given period, miles traveled by such EVs and vehicle efficiency of such EVs. The market for fulfilling charging demand is bifurcated between high-powered DC fast and ultra-fast charging and lower powered Level 1 (defined below) and Level 2 (defined below) charging. The relative demand for different charging types is a function of the EV mix, owner demographics, locational factors, charger availability, pricing and EV use cases (e.g., private ownership, rideshare, commercially and municipally owned fleets, etc.). Lower-powered Level 1 and Level 2 charging is primarily used by EV owners with access to home or workplace charging and currently accounts for the majority of personal EV charging. Level 2 charging is also used by certain fleets that have the ability to charge overnight, have a low daily mileage requirement and return to a centralized location daily. Current DCFC customers are primarily those drivers who need to charge away from home for convenience or due to long-distance travel, those drivers who do not have access to home or workplace charging or high-mileage fleets that seek to minimize downtime and maximize miles traveled.
Broadening demographics of EV owners, larger battery sizes, larger EVs with higher kWh usage per mile, increased EV penetration in medium- and heavy-duty vehicle applications, increasing adoption of rideshare and last-mile delivery services, and the proliferation of autonomous vehicle fleets are expected to increase demand for DCFC faster than demand
for overall EV charging. According to 2023 forecasts from BNEF, fast charging is expected to constitute approximately 40% of all EV charging demand by 2030.
EV Chargers and Standards
EVgo deploys a DC fast charging station architecture that may include modular power units that are placed under software management and control, allowing power output to be shared dynamically between vehicles that are simultaneously connected to a charger. This dynamic power sharing technology reduces upfront capital and ongoing operating costs, maximizing return on investment, while increasing operational flexibility and lowering operating risk, allowing EVgo to meet increasing charging requirements of the future, including higher charging speeds, higher power provisioning, dynamic energy and demand management, access prioritization, queuing management and scheduling across different EV models, customer types and use cases. This modular software-defined design maximizes charger throughput, asset utilization and ease of future power augmentation while reducing single points of failure risks and improving charger reliability and availability. It also maximizes the number of standardized equipment components, helping to accelerate the learning rate benefits and associated cost reductions of charging hardware over time and improving the ability to offer higher value-added service offerings in the future.
As EVs proliferate in the transportation ecosystem, the industry is shifting toward the standardization of chargers and the introduction of new industry protocols for interoperability.
EV chargers do not come with a “one size fits all” dispenser. EV chargers are typically categorized by their ability to deliver instantaneous amounts of power - as measured in kWs - and their charging standards. Current designations based on power level include:
● DCFCs. DCFCs usually operate between 200V and 1000V DC and supply at least 50kW. DCFCs are almost exclusively available in public locations or commercial applications and are capable of adding range of 100 miles in under 10 minutes, where the actual charge rate is capped by the charging capabilities of the particular EV’s charging profile (with lower capability and older EV models sometimes requiring 30 minutes or more for equivalent range) or the DCFC’s maximum charging profile. As of December 31, 2023, EVgo’s network included 2,890 DCFC stalls at over 950 locations - one of the largest public DC fast charging networks in the U.S.
● Level 2 AC Chargers. Level 2 chargers operate at 208V or 240V AC and supply between 3.6-19.2 kW. A Level 2 charger will not charge a battery as quickly as a DCFC, providing up to 20 miles of range per hour of charging. Level 2 chargers are often found in homes, workplaces and long dwell time public locations. EVgo’s network includes a number of Level 2 AC chargers.
● Level 1 AC Chargers. Level 1 chargers offer the least amount of power, as they operate at 120V AC, supplying between 1.2-2.4 kW. This is consistent with the power level offered through a standard household outlet. Such chargers can generally provide approximately 4-10 miles of range per hour. EVgo’s network does not contain any Level 1 chargers.
In addition to supporting different charging capabilities, EVs in the U.S. use different charging standards and connector types. These standards are neither interchangeable nor interoperable (without specialized adaptors), and each utilizes a unique connector. Each EV charging standard generally delivers energy through cables that connect the EV charging station directly to the vehicle using a port located on the exterior of the vehicle. There are currently three standards in use in the U.S. - CCS, CHAdeMO and the North American Charging Standard (“NACS”).
● CCS. The CCS standard is utilized by EVs manufactured by U.S. OEMs (excluding Tesla) and European OEMs. The CCS standard provides for both AC and DC charging.
● CHAdeMO. The CHAdeMO standard has been utilized by EVs manufactured by Japanese OEMs. The CHAdeMO standard is being phased out in North America. The CHAdeMO standard provides for DC charging.
● NACS. Tesla’s charging network in the United States is based on a proprietary connector and EV inlet, which Tesla has open sourced as NACS. In 2023 and 2024, a majority of the largest OEMs announced plans to adopt
the NACS standard in their future EVs. SAE International, a standards-developing organization for automotive engineering professionals, is currently working on an initiative to adapt Tesla’s specifications for NACS into an industry standard.
EVgo’s chargers support each of the fast-charging standards described above. EVgo’s first generation DC fast charging stations contain both CCS and CHAdeMO cables with the current generation of DC fast charging stations including only CCS cables. Additionally, certain EVgo charging sites offer integrated Tesla charging, allowing Tesla drivers to charge without needing a separate adaptor. All of EVgo’s CCS stations are also accessible to eligible Teslas through the CCS adaptor, and with EVgo’s Autocharge+, EVgo can deliver the same plug and charge experience to Tesla drivers that they have on the Tesla super charger network. In addition, EVgo has announced that it will be adding NACS connectors to its fast charging network in 2025; however, integrating NACS connectors in future charger installations and on certain existing chargers will require significant investment and management attention. Continuing to develop access to seamless, integrated charging for all EV drivers is a core commitment of EVgo.
Products and Services
Retail Charging
The Company sells electricity directly to drivers who access EVgo’s publicly available networked chargers. Various pricing plans exist for customers, and drivers have the choice to charge through a subscription offering or a variety of pay-as-you-go plans. Drivers locate the chargers through EVgo’s mobile application, their vehicle’s in-dash navigation system, or third-party databases, such as PlugShare, that license charger-location information from EVgo. EVgo’s chargers are generally installed in parking spaces owned or leased by commercial or public-entity Site Hosts that desire to provide charging services at their respective locations. Commercial Site Hosts include retail and grocery stores, offices, medical complexes, airports and convenience stores. EVgo’s offerings are well aligned with the goals of Site Hosts, as many commercial businesses increasingly view charging capabilities as essential to attracting tenants, employees, customers and visitors and achieve sustainability goals. Site Hosts are generally able to obtain these benefits at no cost when partnering with EVgo through the Company’s owner and/or operator model, in which EVgo is responsible for the development, construction and operation of chargers located on Site Hosts’ properties. In many cases, Site Hosts will earn revenue from license payments in the form of parking space rental fees that EVgo pays in exchange for use of the site.
OEM Charging and Related Services
EVgo is a pioneer in OEM charging programs with revenue models to meet a wide variety of OEM objectives related to the availability of charging infrastructure and the provision of charging services for EV drivers. EVgo contracts directly with OEMs to provide charging services to drivers who have purchased or leased such OEMs’ EVs and who access EVgo’s public charger network. Other related services EVgo currently provides to OEMs include co-marketing, data services, and digital application services. EVgo’s OEM relationships are a core customer-acquisition channel.
Commercial Charging
Fleet and Rideshare Public Charging. High volume fleet customers, such as transportation networking companies or delivery services, can access charging infrastructure through EVgo’s vast public network. Pricing for charging services is most often negotiated directly with the fleet owner based on the business needs and usage patterns of the fleet. In these arrangements, EVgo contracts with and bills, either the fleet owner directly or an individual fleet driver utilizing EVgo’s chargers.
Fleet Dedicated Charging. In addition to offering access to its public network, EVgo offers dedicated charging solutions to fleets. Through its fleet product, EVgo develops, builds, and services charging assets for fleets either at their own depot locations or at off-site charging hubs that EVgo has secured without requiring a fleet to directly incur capital expenditures. EVgo offers a variety of pricing models for dedicated charging solutions, including a mix of volumetric commitments and variable and fixed payments for provision of charging services. Together, EVgo’s dedicated charging solutions and public fleet charging services provide fleets with charging infrastructure options that are robust and flexible as the transition to electrified transportation accelerates.
EVgo eXtend
Through EVgo eXtend, EVgo provides hardware, design, and construction services for charging sites, as well as ongoing operations, maintenance and networking and software integration solutions, while customers purchase and retain ownership of the charging assets. Existing customers with EVgo accounts are able to access eXtend chargers through the EVgo app, among other options. For some EVgo eXtend customers, EVgo also provides grant application support and related services.
Ancillary Service Offerings
In addition to charging services, EVgo offers a variety of software-driven digital, development and operations services to customers. These offerings currently include customization of digital applications, charging data integration, loyalty programs, access to chargers behind parking lot or garage pay gates, microtargeted advertising and charging reservations as well as all services provided under PlugShare such as data, research and advertising services and equipment procurement and operational services for customers operating dedicated networks. EVgo continues to evaluate and engage in opportunities to use its foundational expertise in charging infrastructure to provide value-added services to the rapidly growing EV ecosystem.
Market Opportunity & Strategy
The U.S. EV market continues to experience significant growth, and the market share of EVs was approximately 7.6% of all vehicle sales in 2023 according to Kelley Blue Book. As adoption accelerates and the market continues to scale, the availability of appropriate charging infrastructure is critical to enabling consumer and commercial adoptions of EVs. Larger (and thus heavier) EV models, such as SUVs and trucks, being made widely available in the coming years, coupled with an increased number of EV fleets, will require a greater number of easily accessible charging outlets. Further, DC charging is expected to grow faster than the overall charging market as EV range increases, battery density grows and as EV driver demographics and EV use cases expand. Access to convenient and affordable charging is key to accelerating EV adoption, and EVgo’s portfolio of public and dedicated high-powered DCFC positions EVgo to take advantage of broadening electrification trends.
EVgo is differentiated as an operator of charging infrastructure focused on high traffic, high density urban, suburban and exurban areas. EVgo has an extensive track record in optimized site selection, site development, planning, equipment procurement, engineering, construction and operation. In addition, EVgo’s robust underwriting standards underpin disciplined capital allocation. Experience as an asset owner and operator also provides the essential ingredients for being a partner of first resort in provision of white label services, creating increased optionality to provide charging services to emerging segments.
The EVgo team has an extensive skillset and expertise in network planning, site selection, site development, permitting and engineering, equipment specification and procurement, site construction and commissioning, as well as operations, maintenance and networking of a distributed network of DCFCs across the country.
The core elements of this ongoing strategy include:
● Identifying Optimal Charging Sites. EVgo has developed a proprietary set of tools that leverage sophisticated data science, financial modeling and geographic information system (“GIS”) techniques to design the Company’s network plan. The tools inform allocations and charger placement at both macro and micro geographical levels - nationally, within a Metropolitan Division, within a specific utility territory and down to specific site locations. The tool takes into account current and projected EV penetration trends, local availability of charging infrastructure, traffic patterns, fleet partner electrification, Site Host locations, input from OEMs, government incentive programs, environmental justice and government policies. Based on these inputs, the tools optimize for financial return, regulatory incentive capture, utilization and network coverage. EVgo’s network plan serves to organize the activities and priorities of the internal and external parties involved in deploying the network, allowing EVgo to quickly execute against national opportunities like the National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure (“NEVI”) Program, which was established by the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, while being efficient with its resources.
● Charging Sites Development, Engineering and Construction. EVgo has teams of professionals with site leasing expertise who have long-standing relationships with national and regional retail chains and real estate investment trusts. These teams are focused on securing rights for charging station construction and operation at optimal sites that fit into a national network plan. In addition, EVgo has Development Engineering and Infrastructure Engineering teams that design site-specific solutions and bid construction projects out to third party engineering, procurement and construction firms. A Hardware Engineering team specifies, qualifies, tests, and validates all charging equipment that is deployed to ensure a seamless experience for EVgo customers. EVgo Project Management and Grid Integration teams then oversee construction projects, secure permits and easements as needed, and help ensure high quality and safety of charging sites. The Field Operations team commissions the sites and adds them to the active network.
● Charging Equipment Procurement. The EVgo Supply Chain team secures all equipment, negotiates pricing, maintains forecasts, and manages logistics and warehousing to ensure that the construction of sites can be carried out in a timely and cost-effective manner. The Supply Chain team negotiates manufacturing and services agreements with all suppliers, conducts quarterly and annual business reviews with them, and audits conformance with the terms of EVgo’s agreements. Detailed quality control metrics are measured and reported during these meetings, along with improvement plans as needed.
● Charging Sites Operation. EVgo’s Network Operations Center (“NOC”) operates from redundant locations on a 24/7/365 basis to remotely monitor all sites and charging stations. In addition to staffing internal resources, EVgo contracts with several national network maintenance firms to ensure response times in as little as four hours when needed. EVgo carries out preventive maintenance designed to avoid interruption of service, and also corrective maintenance in cases where equipment requires attention. The NOC team also performs regular onsite health checks to ensure that equipment is operating correctly and that any cosmetic issues are resolved. The EVgo Customer Care Center also operates from redundant locations on a 24/7/365 basis and is available to help customers resolve issues that they may encounter. EVgo’s ReNew program has six key pillars of execution - prevention, diagnostics, rapid response, analysis, resilience, and continuous customer service - to further enhance its operating practices. As part of the program, EVgo continues to replace, upgrade or remove aging chargers to improve network reliability. Leveraging years of operational data, EVgo anticipates the needs of transportation electrification to improve operational effectiveness.
● Leveraging and Providing Value to Different Stakeholders within EV Ecosystem. EVgo provides charging services to fleet customers by granting access to its public network and designing, constructing and operating dedicated hubs. EVgo’s track record, in-depth knowledge of various fleets’ needs, fleet-focused software services and network operating approach allow for a differentiated value proposition. Providing various services (e.g., charging, software, data, marketing, etc.) to OEMs is an essential component of EVgo’s strategy which allows capture of a broader customer base. EVgo also works with a variety of site hosts (e.g., retailers, airports, automobile dealers, healthcare/medical facilities, hotels, municipal locations, parking lots, schools and universities, etc.) to provide charging as an amenity.
● Technology-Enabled Products and Services. EVgo is focused on enhancing products and services to maintain a leadership position as a developer and operator of networked charging infrastructure. Continued research and development activities focused on hardware design, station architecture and EVgo’s technology stack and software applications widen EVgo’s competitive positioning and offer the potential for high margin accretive revenue streams. Through its innovative mobile app for EV drivers, Autocharge+ functionality allowing a seamless charging experience, a customized portal that provides OEM partners with EVgo network visibility, and development of sophisticated diagnostics delivered to vendors in real time so that equipment functionality can be enhanced, EVgo’s tech-enabled services are designed to further strengthen EVgo’s customer relationships.
● PlugShare. EVgo delivers services to EV drivers through its subsidiary PlugShare, the leading global platform for EV drivers to locate and provide information relating to charging stations and provide feedback on their charging experiences, while leveraging tools like Pay with PlugShare and EV Trip Planner. Beyond its services to EV drivers, PlugShare delivers data to automakers and other customers through the PlugShare API and
manages the world’s largest EV driver research panel through PlugInsights. PlugShare also delivers advertising impressions globally on behalf of its advertising customers.
● Disciplined Capital Allocation. EVgo’s capital investments undergo rigorous financial analysis and consideration by the Company’s internal investment committee. Investments are analyzed using several parameters and require the portfolio to meet or exceed a pre-defined internal rate of return before approval. Robust underwriting standards are reviewed periodically to underpin such disciplined capital allocation.
● Public Policy Engagement. EVgo is continuously engaged with federal, state and local regulators, utilities, legislatures and other stakeholders to unlock new markets, shape funding opportunities, reduce electricity rates, implement streamlined EV charging tariffs and interconnection processes and promote competitive ownership of EVSE. As EVs become readily available nationwide and as federal infrastructure funding rolls out, EVgo is expanding its engagement with state and local officials, increasing its public policy outreach and continuing its advocacy for policies that advance electric mobility.
Competition
The charging infrastructure sector is evolving as the EV market grows and expands to serve new drivers, and it is likely to become increasingly competitive. Key parts of the charging value chain include charging equipment manufacturing and sales, charging network operation and ownership, charging software development, and the provision of e-mobility services. The EV charging companies currently operating in the U.S. - like Blink, ChargePoint, Electrify America, IoTecha, Shell Recharge Solutions (formerly Greenlots and Volta), Tesla, Tritium, and a few electric utilities - are involved with various parts of this value chain. Given the relatively early stage of electrification as a sector, the business models being pursued by each company are still in flux. In general, charging sector incumbents may expand their product offerings and sales strategies and new well-capitalized competitors may enter the market.
As the charging sector continues to evolve, a number of players have emerged or could emerge as competitors of EVgo. As a leading builder, owner and operator of a public fast-charging network, EVgo’s competitors include Blink, Borg Warner (formerly Rhombus), BP, ChargePoint, Electrify America, Flo, IoTecha, Shell Recharge Solutions (formerly Greenlots and Volta), TerraWatt, Tesla, Tritium, and Voltera, as well as the limited number of utilities granted permission by their regulators to own charging assets. Additionally, in 2023, a number of OEMs, including BMW, GM, Honda, Hyundai, Kia, Mercedes-Benz and Stellantis, formed Ionna, a joint venture, for the purpose of building a large EV charging network in North America. As a provider of integrated fleet solutions, EVgo’s competitors include Blink, BP, ChargePoint, Electrify America, Flo, Shell Recharge Solutions (formerly Volta), TerraWatt, Tritium, and Voltera, and utilities could emerge as a competitive force in the future, as well as other pure play charging companies aiming to capitalize on the fleet electrification trend.
The principal competitive factors in the industry include charger count, locations, accessibility and quality of the customer experience; DCFC network availability and reliability, scale and local density; charger connectivity to EVs and ability to charge all standards; speed of charging relative to expected vehicle dwell times at the location; software-enabled services; operator brand, track record and reputation; access to equipment vendors and service providers; access to public policy support and pricing; and access to capital to support network expansion.
Barriers to entry in the EV charging market may erode as a result of government intervention and various support programs, leading to more competitors with a variety of profitability objectives. EVgo has competitive advantages in delivering charging services driven by network scale, network design, experience developing and operating DCFC infrastructure, OEM partnerships, fleet and rideshare partnerships, brand equity, longstanding reputation in the industry, a well-established supply chain, differentiated station design and software enabled service offerings and network effects driven by a large number of repeat customers. Competition arising from use of other types of alternative fuel vehicles such as plug-in hybrid EVs, hydrogen, and high fuel economy gasoline and diesel-powered vehicles could inhibit growth in the EV sector.
Suppliers and Service Providers
Charging Equipment and Related Services
EVgo relies on third-party vendors for design, testing and manufacturing of charging equipment. At this stage of the industry, equipment is unique to each supplier with respect to components and aftermarket maintenance and warranty services. As such, equipment and services are currently singularly sourced from each supplier. For the year ended December 31, 2023, Delta provided 76.9% of EVgo’s total charging equipment. For the year ended December 31, 2022, Delta and Graybar Electric collectively provided 81.9% of EVgo’s total charging equipment.
EVgo has invested in and maintains long-term relationships with suppliers and service providers. EVgo designs stations and specifies EV chargers in-house and outsources production to an assortment of manufacturers. Based on a rigorous certification and qualification testing process, the Company has established commercial relationships with multiple EV charger manufacturers. EVgo typically contracts with and manages specialized electrical and civil contractors to perform station construction and maintenance activities. Additionally, EVgo’s charger management software platform was developed and is operated by Driivz.
Electricity
During 2023, electricity was purchased for charging stations directly from local utilities as a commercial and industrial customer for approximately 75% of EVgo’s charging sites, with these sites representing approximately 90% of EVgo’s total GWh throughput. Each site qualifies for a certain utility tariff based primarily on maximum instantaneous electric usage measured over a historic period. A typical electricity tariff for a site consists of (i) a fixed charge, generally based on the number of meters on site, (ii) an energy charge based on kWh used, which may vary depending on time of use (including seasons and peak hours), (iii) a demand charge, or cost charged per kW during the applicable calculation period, which is often monthly, but which may also vary depending on time of use and (iv) any applicable state and utility taxes. The remainder of EVgo’s charging sites obtain electricity through the Site Host. EVgo generally reimburses the Site Host for the cost of the electricity at a pre-negotiated rate, subject to the terms of each Site Host agreement. The negotiated rate varies based on the Site Host’s electricity tariff, the size of the charging site and other financial incentives provided to the Site Host.
Customers, Partnerships and Strategic Relationships
EVgo has established partnerships and strategic relationships with key OEMs, including GM, Nissan, and Toyota, Site Hosts and fleet operators, as discussed further below. These relationships allow EVgo to access new customers and build brand awareness through co-marketing. EVgo may also benefit from promotional programs sponsored by OEMs. In some cases, OEM partners have agreed to provide one-time or ongoing payments related to the build-out of EVgo’s charger network. In nearly all cases, EVgo retains ownership of the chargers built under these OEM programs.
EVgo has established, invested in and maintained long-term relationships with Site Hosts with national and regional multi-site portfolios of commercial and retail properties. EVgo’s Site Hosts span a wide array of industries and locations, including airports, automobile dealers, healthcare/medical facilities, hotels, mixed-use facilities, municipal locations, parks and recreation areas, parking lots, restaurants, retailers, schools and universities, stadiums, supermarkets, transportation hubs and workplace locations. EVgo executes numerous master agreements with Site Hosts that enable the conversion of prospect sites into develop-able locations by standardizing terms and conditions for site control. EVgo’s ownership model is attractive to Site Host partners as it allows them to offer an EV charging amenity to their customers without needing to incur upfront capital expenditures or ongoing operating costs while generating rent revenue from EVgo. The benefits offered to Site Hosts through EVgo’s business model continue to provide EVgo access to the highest quality property owners, grocery store chains, parking garages, airports and convenience stores.
The Company had two customers that collectively comprised 45.7% of the Company’s total net accounts receivable as of December 31, 2023 and one customer that comprised 20.5% of the Company’s total net accounts receivable as of December 31, 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2023, one customer represented 45.2% of the Company’s total revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2022, two customers collectively represented 42.9% of the Company’s total revenue. As EVgo and the EV industry continue to grow, EVgo expects revenues will be generated from a larger and an
increasingly diverse group of customers and commercial partners. In the ordinary course of business, EVgo engages in active discussions and renegotiations with EVgo’s commercial partners with respect to the solutions it provides and the terms of its agreements, including fees. Most of EVgo’s contracts with EVgo’s commercial partners have multi-year terms and some have rights to terminate prior to the end of the term. The loss of any of EVgo’s largest commercial partners or the renegotiation of any of EVgo’s largest contracts with its commercial partners could adversely affect EVgo’s results of operations.
General Motors Agreement
On July 20, 2020, EVgo entered into a five-year contract with General Motors LLC (“GM”) (as amended from time to time, the “GM Agreement”) to build fast charger stalls that EVgo will own and operate as part of the Company’s public network. The GM Agreement has been amended several times to expand the overall number of charger stalls to be installed from 2,750 to 3,250, adjust charger stall installation targets, extend the completion deadline to March 31, 2026, and provide for a payment of $7,000,000 in December 2022 in exchange for EVgo’s agreement to apply certain branding decals on the fast chargers funded by GM pursuant to the GM Agreement and maintain a specified uptime percentage (described below) over the term of the agreement. Pursuant to the GM Agreement, EVgo is required to meet certain quarterly milestones measured by the number of charger stalls installed, and GM is required to make certain payments based on charger stalls installed.
Under the GM Agreement, EVgo is required to install a total of 3,250 charger stalls by March 31, 2026, 45% of which were installed by December 31, 2023. Meeting the quarterly milestones will require additional funds beyond the amounts committed by GM, and EVgo may face delays in construction, commissioning or aspects of installation of the charger stalls the Company is obligated to develop. EVgo is also required to maintain network availability (i.e., the percentage of time a charger is operational and available on the network) of at least 95% across the GM network. In addition to the capital build program, EVgo is required to provide GM EV customers with reservations and certain EVgo services at a discounted rate and branding on chargers.
The GM Agreement is subject to early termination in certain circumstances, including in the event EVgo fails to meet the quarterly charger stall-installation milestones or maintain the specified level of network availability. If GM opts to terminate the agreement, EVgo may not be entitled to receive continued payments from GM and instead may be required to pay liquidated damages to GM. In the event EVgo fails to meet a charger stall-installation milestone or maintain the required network availability in a calendar quarter, GM has the right to provide EVgo with a notice of such deficiency within 30 days of the end of the quarter. If the same deficiency still exists at the end of the quarter immediately following the quarter for which a deficiency notification was delivered, GM may immediately terminate the agreement and seek pre-agreed liquidated damages of up to $15.0 million.
Nissan Agreement
EVgo executed an agreement with Nissan North America, Inc. (“Nissan”) in June 2019 (the “Nissan Agreement”), that provides for joint marketing activities, charging credit programs for purchasers or lessees of Nissan EVs, and a capital-build program. The Nissan Agreement has been amended several times to, among other things, adjust the allocation of the value of unused charging credits and to provide new offerings for purchasers or lessees of certain Nissan EV models. Under the joint-marketing activities provisions of the Nissan Agreement, EVgo was obligated to spend a specified amount annually on joint-marketing activities that were mutually agreed-upon with Nissan until March 1, 2024. Under the charging credit program provisions in the Nissan Agreement, credits for charging are allocated to purchasers or lessees of Nissan EVs, and such purchasers or lessees are permitted to charge their EV for 12 months at no charge to the participant, up to the amount of the charging credit allocated to such participant or on an unlimited basis, depending on the model of Nissan EV purchased or leased. In the event a participant does not use the entire amount of the allocated charging credit or if the annual charging credit pool is not exhausted within a specific period, a portion of the remaining dollar value of such credit rolls over to subsequent periods, and a portion is retained by the Company. For Nissan EV purchasers or lessees receiving unlimited charging, the Company receives an upfront activation fee for each purchaser or lessee as well as a usage-based fee. The capital-build program provided for in the Nissan Agreement requires the Company to install, operate and maintain public, high-power dual-standard chargers in specified markets pursuant to a schedule that outlines the build timelines for the chargers to be constructed (the “Build Schedule”). If the Company fails to meet its Build Schedule obligations, Nissan may invoke a penalty of up to $70,000 per delayed site beyond a designated cure period, which could result in an
adjustment to the consideration received by the Company under the Nissan Agreement. EVgo and Nissan previously agreed to amend the Nissan Agreement to extend the installation deadlines under the Build Schedule by up to 12 months, and Nissan has waived penalties for installation delays relating to program year one.
EVgo’s ability to meet its Build Schedule obligations may be impacted by delays in permitting, commissioning and utility interconnection, as well as delays related to industry and regulatory adaptation to the requirements of high-powered charger installation, including slower than expected third-party approvals of certain site acquisitions and site plans by utilities and landowners, and supply chain issues.
Pilot Infrastructure Agreement
On July 5, 2022, EVgo entered into the Pilot Infrastructure Agreement and an operations and maintenance agreement (the “Pilot O&M”) with the Pilot Company and GM to build, operate and maintain up to 2,000 stalls served by DC chargers that the Pilot Company will own. The stalls will be located at the Pilot Company sites across the U.S.
Pursuant to the Pilot Infrastructure Agreement, EVgo is required to meet certain construction milestones measured by the number of sites commissioned, and the Pilot Company is required to make certain payments each month based on completion of pre-engineering and development work, the progress of construction at each site and for each charger procured by EVgo. Subject to extensions of time for specified excusable events, if EVgo is unable to meet its commissioning obligations, the Pilot Company will be entitled to liquidated damages calculated per day, subject to a cap of $30,000 at each site. The Pilot Infrastructure Agreement contains various provisions that may permit or cause early termination, including the Pilot Company’s right to terminate after 1,000 stalls have been completed, the inability of EVgo to secure certain chargers and a material increase in the price of chargers due to a change in law. If the Pilot Company elects to terminate the Pilot Infrastructure Agreement after 1,000 stalls have been completed, the Pilot Company must pay EVgo a termination fee per stall for those not built; such fee varies based on the number of stalls already built. If EVgo is wholly or partially unable to perform its obligations under the Pilot Infrastructure Agreement due to certain circumstances outside its control, including delays by permitting authorities and utilities or certain force majeure events, such inability will not be considered a breach or default under the Pilot Infrastructure Agreement.
Under the Pilot O&M, EVgo is required to perform operations, maintenance and networking services on stalls built and commissioned under the Pilot Infrastructure Agreement in exchange for payment of a monthly fee by the Pilot Company to EVgo. EVgo is subject to certain performance criteria under the Pilot O&M.
Intellectual Property
EVgo protects its intellectual property and proprietary rights through patent, trademark, copyright, trade secret and unfair competition laws, and by confidentiality protocols. EVgo undertakes actions as it deems necessary to ensure that its proprietary rights are protected, while at the same time respecting the intellectual property rights of other persons.
As of December 31, 2023, EVgo held 23 patents and had 10 additional patent applications pending in the U.S. and abroad. EVgo continues to regularly assess opportunities for seeking patent protection for those aspects of EVgo’s technology, designs and methodologies that provide a meaningful competitive advantage to the Company.
Governmental Regulation
State, regional and local regulations for installing EV charging stations vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and may include permitting requirements, inspection requirements, licensing of contractors and certifications.
The federal National Institute of Standards and Technology’s Handbook 44 (“Handbook 44”) establishes a model weights and measures code, which covers numerous measuring and weighing devices including EV chargers. Handbook 44 is written and amended by the National Conference on Weights and Measures (“NCWM”), a professional association comprised of state, county and local regulators, and Handbook 44 serves as the basis for specifications and tolerances for weights and measures officials nationally. The latest version for EV charging has been adopted by law in 30 states, and most of these states are currently not expected to begin enforcing the regulations until 2028, although this timeline is subject to change. California adopted its own weights and measures regulations in 2019 and was the first state to begin
enforcing these requirements in 2021 for AC chargers installed on or after January 1, 2021, and in 2023 for DC chargers installed on or after January 1, 2023. AC chargers installed before 2021 are not subject to the regulations until 2031, and DC chargers installed prior to 2023 are not subject to the regulations until 2033. Other states have adopted an older version of Handbook 44 or, like California, have promulgated their own regulations.
Generally, public utilities commissions and state legislatures across the country have determined that EV charging service providers will not be regulated as utilities. While exceptions still exist and individual state determinations are not binding on any other regulator or jurisdiction, they demonstrate a trend in the way states view the EV charging industry. Other jurisdictions are exploring similar reforms. The determination not to regulate the Company as a utility generally frees the Company from being subject to more burdensome regulatory requirements and provides the Company with greater flexibility to set rates, including setting pricing for EV charging on a per-kWh basis across its portfolio of public chargers, subject to restrictions in certain jurisdictions.
Grants and Incentives
EVgo continuously pursues public grants and leverages utility incentives to reduce capital expenditures. EVgo has dedicated and plans to continue to dedicate a variety of internal and external resources to shape, monitor, submit for and utilize available grant and incentive funding for the development of DCFCs on a state, local and national level. EVgo’s network expansion and local build plans are informed partially based on expected timing for and availability of funding of this type. EVgo has received awards for grants and incentives from state energy offices, state departments of transportation, local air districts, and utility rebate and “make-ready” programs.
EVgo has historically benefitted from the availability of federal tax credits under Section 30C of the Code, which effectively subsidizes the cost of placing in service EVgo’s charging stations. The Inflation Reduction Act revised the credit under Section 30C to extend the credit until December 31, 2032, introduce the concept of transferability of such tax credits, expand the credit such that it is capped at $100,000 per item and increase eligibility requirements to require installation of EV charging stations in certain census tracts along with meeting prevailing wage and apprenticeship requirements, among other changes. See Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors - Risks Related to the EV Market - The EV market currently benefits from the availability of rebates, tax credits and other financial incentives from governments, utilities and others to offset the purchase or operating cost of EVs and EV charging stations. The reduction, modification or elimination of such benefits could adversely affect EVgo’s financial results.” for further discussion.
EVgo intends to continue to vigorously seek additional grants, rebates, subsidies and incentives as an effective avenue to reduce its capital investment in the promotion, purchase and installation of charging stations where applicable.
Government Regulations to Enhance EV Adoption
The regulations mandated by the National Highway Transit Safety Administration (“NHTSA”)’s Corporate Average Fuel Economy (“CAFE”) standards set the average new vehicle fuel economy, as weighted by sales, that a manufacturer’s fleet must achieve. These standards have been established through Model Year 2026 for light-duty vehicles; however, in September 2021, the Biden Administration proposed to significantly increase these standards for model years 2024-2026 and EVgo expects the administration to set standards for future model years as well. Although EVgo is not a car manufacturer and thus not directly subject to CAFE standards, such standards may still indirectly affect EVgo’s business. The adoption of more stringent federal standards may create further incentives for vehicle manufacturers to increase their EV offerings, which would likely result in increased demand for charging services. Additionally, several states, including California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia and Washington D.C., have adopted or are considering adopting bans on the sale of ICE vehicles by 2035.
Waste Handling and Disposal
EVgo is subject to laws and regulations regarding the handling and disposal of hazardous substances and solid wastes, including electronic wastes and batteries. These laws generally regulate the generation, storage, treatment, transportation and disposal of solid and hazardous waste and may impose strict, joint and several liability for the investigation and remediation of areas where hazardous substances may have been released or disposed. For instance, the Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (“CERCLA”), also known as the superfund law, in the U.S. and comparable state laws impose liability, without regard to fault or the legality of the original conduct, on certain classes of persons that contributed to the release of a hazardous substance into the environment. These persons include current and prior owners or operators of the site where the release occurred as well as companies that disposed or arranged for the disposal of hazardous substances found at the site. Under CERCLA, these persons may be subject to joint and several strict liability for the costs of cleaning up the hazardous substances that have been released into the environment, for damages to natural resources and for the costs of certain health studies. CERCLA also authorizes the Environmental Protection Agency (the “EPA”) and, in some instances, third parties to act in response to threats to the public health or the environment and to seek to recover from the responsible classes of persons the costs they incur.
The Company may also generate or dispose of solid wastes, which may include hazardous wastes that are subject to the requirements of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (“RCRA”) and comparable state statutes. While RCRA regulates both solid and hazardous wastes, it imposes strict requirements on the generation, storage, treatment, transportation and disposal of hazardous wastes. Certain components of EVgo’s charging stations may be excluded from RCRA’s hazardous waste regulations, provided certain requirements are met. However, if these components do not meet all of the established requirements for the exclusion, or if the requirements for the exclusion change, the Company may be required to treat such products as hazardous waste, which are subject to more rigorous and costly disposal requirements. Any such changes in the laws and regulations, or in EVgo’s ability to qualify the materials the Company uses for exclusions under such laws and regulations, could adversely affect EVgo’s operating expenses.
Renewable Energy Markets
As part of EVgo’s business strategy, the Company markets the electricity provided from EVgo’s charging stations as 100% matched with purchases of renewable energy certificates (“RECs”). Any claims EVgo makes to consumers about EVgo’s use of renewable energy are subject to regulation by the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”). The FTC Green Guides require all non-renewable energy use to be matched with RECs in order to make renewable energy claims and may also require certain statements regarding the sources of renewable energy and related RECs. Failure to comply with such regulations can result in substantial monetary penalties or otherwise impact EVgo’s results of operations. Therefore, the Company purchases certified RECs in order to qualify the electricity the Company distributes through charging stations as renewable energy and will continue to purchase certified RECs in the future to substantiate claims that the electricity provided from EVgo’s charging stations is 100% matched with purchases of renewable energy.
Additionally, as part of EVgo’s business model, the Company projects the number of RECs needed and purchases such RECs to meet this projection. Failure to accurately project EVgo’s REC needs may result in the purchasing of RECs on the spot market in order to maintain compliance with applicable regulations. If material, this may adversely affect EVgo’s business and financial condition.
LCFS Credits
As a charging station owner and operator, EVgo earns regulatory credits, such as Low Carbon Fuel Standard (“LCFS”) credits and other regulatory credits, in states where such programs are enacted currently, including the LCFS Program in California, the Clean Fuels Program in Oregon, and the Clean Fuel Standard in Washington. These credits are generated through charging station operations based on the volume of kWh sold. EVgo earns additional revenue through the sale of these credits to buyers obligated to purchase the credits to comply with the program mandates. In California, EVgo actively seeks to maximize the number of credits generated per kWh of energy sold by sourcing renewable electricity. The availability of such credits depends on continued governmental support for these programs and regulatory frameworks that make it possible for EVgo to participate in these credit markets. In addition to current programs, EVgo is currently monitoring or participating in state level policy activity to promulgate new clean fuels programs in states such as Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New Mexico and New York.
Human Capital Management
EVgo believes that its people are its most important asset. The Company is focused on fostering a diverse workforce with different perspectives, experiences, and backgrounds to encourage innovative and creative ideas, and ultimately lead to collective success.
EVgo’s workforce is essential in delivering its business objectives. Its human capital management strategy is integrated with the overall leadership objectives (including ESG) and is designed to attract, develop, and retain a high performing workforce and evolve the Company’s culture to sustain its business, both today and in the future. EVgo is focused on maintaining a culture of inclusion and operational excellence that supports its employees, customers, and the many diverse communities it serves. The workforce is guided by its core commitments to safety, integrity, diversity, equity and inclusion (“DEI”), customer service and continuous improvement.
EVgo remains steadfast in its commitment to treating people with dignity and respect. The Company is focused on maintaining the high standards of ethical conduct on which its business and reputation have been built.
As of February 15, 2024, EVgo had 292 employees, all of whom were regular full-time employees. None of EVgo’s employees are represented by a labor union or covered by a collective bargaining agreement. The Company has never experienced a work stoppage and believes in maintaining positive relationships with EVgo’s employees.
The following charts present EVgo’s total employee population indicating percentages of employees that are female or are racially and/or ethnically diverse as of February 15, 2024:
Health and Safety. EVgo is committed to protecting the health and safety of its employees, contractors and the communities it serves. The Company’s commitment is demonstrated by providing the tools and skill building needed to help ensure that employees can perform their work safely. Employees are empowered and encouraged to question, stop, and correct any unsafe act or condition while communicating openly and honestly on health and safety issues.
Culture and DEI. EVgo recognizes that racism, sexism, ableism, classism, ageism, and discrimination exist. The Company’s vision is “Electric for All.” To uphold its vision, EVgo commits to reflecting the communities it serves, upholding racial and climate justice, and eliminating environmental practices that affect communities of color.
If EVgo aspires to achieve “Electric for All,” it needs to acknowledge the inequality of lived experiences. To be Black or Brown or a woman or disabled or LGBTQ+ or of different ages and classes is not a barrier; institutional racism, sexism, and prejudice are barriers. The Company does not tolerate a status quo that so many members of the community find painful and wants to be better. EVgo knows it will be an ongoing process and that it is important to be not just “non-discriminatory,” but also “anti-discriminatory.” The Company strives to embody - and continues to embody - a level of inclusivity that makes its staff proud. “Electric for All” stands for more than just a slogan. EVgo seeks to find ways to uphold it with action.
EVgo is committed to hiring - and continuing to hire - Black, Indigenous, People of Color, members of the LGBTQ+ community, women, and people with different physical abilities, ages, and social classes to all levels of
leadership. The Company uses terms like BIPOC and LGBTQ+, acknowledging their limitations in conveying the multitudes of identity. As language and social beliefs evolve, EVgo commits to evolving with them and mentoring and promoting people within its community whom EVgo values for their hard work, intelligence, and agility in pursuit of its mission. EVgo commits to building a portfolio of vendors that includes minority-owned businesses and to creating initiatives that ensure its employees are seen, heard, and valued. EVgo commits to continue checking in with leadership and employees to see how the Company is doing. And most importantly, EVgo commits to listening with openness. As EVgo aims to rapidly grow as a business, it commits to growing as a community as well.
The Company’s success depends on a diverse staff and inclusive leadership. EVgo believes the only way to achieve its vision of “Electric for All” is to utilize the strength that comes from the richness of diversity. Leading the vision of “Electric for All,” it commits to building and empowering a workplace community that values its members for simply being who they are.
● Communication, Inclusion & Training: EVgo has a DEI task force that meets on a regular basis to help establish a supportive and welcoming workplace environment in which employees of all backgrounds and demographic characteristics can work together. EVgo hosts monthly inclusion-focused events overseen by its DEI task force. EVgo also conducts DEI training on various topics including overcoming racism and anti-harassment.
● Talent Attraction and Development: EVgo has a strong talent pipeline supported by its employee referral program and partnerships with diverse organizations, in addition to broad internal distribution of all job postings. In 2023, EVgo continued its summer internship program, providing opportunities to 15 interns of diverse backgrounds. EVgo is also building an apprenticeship program aligned with the learning platform Build Within, which will be rolled out across multiple functions.
● Promoting Sustainable Communities: EVgo’s goal is to ensure that EVs and public fast charging are accessible to all. Over 50% of the EVgo network currently serves an environmental justice impacted community, which means an EVgo charger is within a 10-minute drive. Impacted communities are defined as more diverse, less affluent, and more impacted by air pollution (particulate matter 2.5 micrometers or smaller (“PM2.5”) > 50) than the average neighborhood in a given geography according to the Environmental Justice Screening and Mapping Tool.
● Partnering for Good: To engage within communities to accelerate access to electrified transportation and to coordinate opportunities for EVgo staff to give back in their communities. EVgo is committed to doing better in its own organization and on the ground to bring more equitable access to EVs to communities across the U.S. Beyond including equity in its siting decisions, EVgo has led, partnered with and participated in several programs to promote equal access to EV charging including charging credit programs to allow for more affordable charging for income qualified drivers. These are typically supported through public funding programs.
Talent, Attraction, Development and Engagement. From EVgo’s frontline employees to its leadership roles, the Company has maintained a focus on attracting, developing and retaining a robust talent pipeline to remain competitive and to continue to provide its customers with the highest standard of service.
EVgo’s employees grow through a variety of training and development opportunities at all career tracks within the organization. EVgo has an all-employee “EVgo Academy” program that includes Master Classes and training resources such as Udemy. In November 2023, the Company hosted its second company-wide EVgo University event covering in depth facets of its business, including what the Company is doing to enhance the customer experience, and developing team building, including employee communication, collaboration and ownership with focus on how to hold crucial conversations and the importance of after-action reviews. EVgo conducts a semi-annual employee engagement survey in which employees can give input. EVgo also offers tuition reimbursement programs to its employees.
Compensation and Benefits Program. EVgo’s compensation program is designed to attract and reward talented individuals who possess the skills necessary to support the Company’s business objectives, assist in the achievement of its strategic goals and create long-term value for its stockholders. The Company provides employees with compensation packages that include competitive salaries, annual discretionary performance bonuses tied to objectives and key results,
and, for all full-time employees, long-term equity awards tied to time-based vesting conditions. EVgo believes that a compensation program with both short-term and long-term awards provides fair and competitive compensation and aligns employee and stockholder interests, including by incentivizing business and individual performance (pay for performance), motivating based on long-term performance and integrating compensation with its business plans. EVgo participates in a compensation benchmark survey to review the competitiveness of its compensation packages. In addition, the Company offers employees benefits such as hybrid work options, life insurance, comprehensive health plans (medical, dental and vision), flexible paid time off, generous supplemental parental pay, EVgo EV car loaners at company headquarters, discounted charging nationwide, and a 401(k) plan.
ESG Matters
EVgo views ESG as integral to its business strategy and its mission to expedite mass adoption of EVs for everyone. EVgo strives to protect the environment and help tackle climate change, accelerating the transition to clean energy. EVgo is also committed to the promotion of sustainable communities and the promotion of equal access. EVgo believes that excellence in ESG provides a benefit to EVgo’s stakeholders and the communities in which EVgo operates.
Available Information
As soon as reasonably practicable after they are filed electronically with the SEC, EVgo’s annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports are available without charge on EVgo’s website, investors.evgo.com, which EVgo also uses to announce material information to the public. EVgo is providing the address to EVgo’s website solely for the information of investors. EVgo does not intend the address to be an active link or to otherwise incorporate the contents of the website into this Annual Report.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
In the course of conducting its business operations, EVgo is exposed to a variety of risks, any of which have affected or could materially adversely affect EVgo’s business, financial condition and results of operations. Before you make a decision to buy EVgo’s securities, in addition to the risks and uncertainties discussed above under “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” you should carefully consider the specific risks set forth herein. If any of these risks actually occurs, EVgo’s business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations may be harmed. As a result, the market price of EVgo’s securities could decline, possibly significantly or permanently, and you could lose all or part of your investment. Additionally, the risks and uncertainties described in this Annual Report are not the only risks and uncertainties that EVgo faces. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to the Company or that EVgo currently believes to be immaterial may become material and may adversely affect EVgo’s business.
Summary of Risk Factors
The following summarizes the risks facing EVgo’s business, all of which are more fully described below. This summary should be read in conjunction with the complete set of Risk Factors below and should not be relied upon as an exhaustive summary of the material risks facing EVgo’s business. The order of presentation is not necessarily indicative of the level of risk that each factor poses to EVgo.
Risks Related to EVgo’s Business
● EVgo is an early-stage growth company with a history of operating losses and expects to incur significant expenses and continuing losses at least for the near- and medium-term.
● EVgo’s growth and success are highly correlated with and thus dependent upon the continuing rapid adoption of and demand for EVs and OEMs’ ability to supply such EVs to the market.
● EVgo currently faces competition from a number of companies and expects to face significant competition in the future as the market for EV charging develops.
● Because EVgo is currently dependent upon a limited number of customers and OEM partners, the loss of a significant customer or OEM partner could adversely affect EVgo’s operating results.
● EVgo will be required to install a substantial number of chargers under EVgo’s agreement with GM. If EVgo does not meet EVgo’s obligations under this agreement, EVgo may not be entitled to payments from GM and may be required to pay liquidated damages, which may be significant.
● EVgo will be required to install a substantial number of chargers under EVgo’s agreement with the Pilot Company and GM. If EVgo does not meet EVgo’s obligations under this agreement, EVgo may not be entitled to payments from the Pilot Company and may be required to pay liquidated damages, which may be significant.
● EVgo is committed to purchasing a large number of chargers under the Delta Charger Supply Agreement and Purchase Order, which will require significant capital expenditures, some of which may not be immediately offset by payment by EVgo’s counterparty under the Pilot Infrastructure Agreement.
● EVgo relies on a limited number of vendors for EVgo’s charging equipment and related support services. A loss of any of these partners could negatively affect EVgo’s business.
● EVgo’s business is subject to risks associated with construction, cost overruns and delays and other contingencies that may arise in the course of completing installations, and such risks may increase in the future as EVgo expands the scope of such services with other parties.
● Disruptions in EVgo’s supply chain could adversely affect EVgo’s business.
● EVgo may need to raise additional funds, and these funds may not be available when needed or may only be available on unfavorable terms, which could impact the Company’s ability to fund its operations, its growth and the build-out of the Company’s network.
● EVgo is dependent upon the availability of electricity at EVgo’s current and future charging stations. Cost increases, delays and/or other restrictions on the availability of electricity would adversely affect EVgo’s business and results of EVgo’s operations.
Risks Related to the EV Market
● Changes to fuel economy standards or the success of alternative fuels may negatively impact the EV market and thus the demand for EVgo’s products and services.
● Rideshare and commercial fleets may not electrify as quickly as expected and may not rely on public fast charging or on EVgo’s network as much as expected. Future demand for or availability of battery EVs from the medium- and heavy-duty vehicle segment may not develop as anticipated or take longer to develop than expected.
● EVgo derives revenue from the sale of regulatory credits. There are a number of factors beyond EVgo’s control that could have a material adverse effect on EVgo’s ability to generate such revenue.
● The EV market currently benefits from the availability of rebates, tax credits and other financial incentives from governments, utilities and others to offset the purchase or operating cost of EVs and EV charging stations. The reduction, modification or elimination of such benefits could adversely affect EVgo’s financial results.
Risks Related to EVgo’s Technology, Intellectual Property and Infrastructure
● EVgo’s business may be adversely affected if EVgo is unable to maintain, protect and enforce its technology and intellectual property.
● The current lack of industry standards may lead to uncertainty, additional competition and further unexpected costs.
Financial, Tax and Accounting-Related Risks
● EVgo has identified a material weakness in its internal control over financial reporting, and any inability to timely remediate this material weakness or to otherwise establish and maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting may harm investor confidence and cause a decline in the price of the Company’s Class A common stock.
● Changes to applicable U.S. tax laws and regulations or exposure to additional income tax liabilities could affect EVgo’s and EVgo OpCo’s business and future profitability.
● Continuing or worsening inflationary pressures and associated changes in monetary policy may result in increases to the cost of EVgo’s charging equipment, other goods, services and personnel, which in turn could cause capital expenditures and operating costs to rise.
Risks Related to EVgo’s “Up-C” Structure and the Tax Receivable Agreement
● EVgo Holdings owns the majority of EVgo’s voting stock and therefore has the right to appoint a majority of EVgo’s board members, and its interests may conflict with those of other stockholders.
● EVgo’s only principal asset is EVgo’s interest in Thunder Sub, which, in turn, holds only units issued by EVgo OpCo; accordingly, EVgo depends on distributions from EVgo OpCo and Thunder Sub to pay taxes and make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement and cover EVgo’s corporate and other overhead expenses.
● EVgo will be required to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement for certain tax benefits that EVgo may claim, and the amounts of such payments could be significant.
Risks Related to Legal Matters and Regulations
● Privacy concerns and laws, or other regulations, may adversely affect EVgo’s business.
● Increasing attention to ESG matters may increase EVgo’s costs of compliance and adversely impact EVgo’s business.
Risks Related to EVgo’s Securities
● EVgo is a “controlled company” within the meaning of the rules of the Nasdaq and the rules of the SEC. As a result, EVgo qualifies for and relies on, exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements that would otherwise provide protection to stockholders of other companies.
● Provisions in EVgo’s Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Charter”) and Delaware law may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against EVgo’s directors and officers.
● Provisions in EVgo’s Charter may inhibit a takeover of the Company, which could limit the price investors might be willing to pay in the future for Class A common stock and could entrench management.
Risk Factors
Risks Related to EVgo’s Business
EVgo is an early-stage growth company with a history of operating losses and expects to incur significant expenses and continuing losses at least for the near- and medium-term.
EVgo has a history of operating losses and negative operating cash flows. As of December 31, 2023, EVgo had $209.1 million of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and working capital of $178.1 million. EVgo’s net cash outflow for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $37.3 million. While EVgo believes EVgo’s cash on hand as of December 31, 2023 is sufficient to meet EVgo’s current working capital and capital expenditure requirements, there can be no assurance that EVgo will be able to achieve and maintain profitability in the future. EVgo’s potential profitability is particularly dependent upon the continued adoption of EVs by consumers, fleet operators and other electric transportation modalities, continued support from regulatory programs and, in each case, the use of EVgo’s chargers, any of which may not occur at the levels EVgo currently anticipates or at all. EVgo may need to raise additional financing through loans, securities offerings or additional investments in order to fund EVgo’s ongoing operations. There is no assurance that EVgo will be able to obtain such additional financing or that EVgo will be able to obtain such additional financing on favorable terms.
EVgo’s growth and success are highly correlated with and thus dependent upon the continuing rapid adoption of and demand for EVs and OEMs’ ability to supply such EVs to the market.
EVgo’s growth is highly dependent upon the continued rapid adoption of EVs by governments, businesses and consumers. The market for EVs is still rapidly evolving, characterized by rapidly changing technologies, increasing consumer choice as it relates to available EV models, their pricing and performance, evolving government regulation and industry standards, changing consumer preferences and behaviors, intensifying levels of concern related to environmental issues and government initiatives related to climate change and the environment generally. EVgo’s revenues are driven in large part by EV drivers’ driving and charging behavior. Potential shifts in behavior may include but are not limited to changes in annual vehicle miles traveled, preferences for urban vs. suburban vs. rural and public vs. private, and DCFC vs. Level 2 charging, demand from rideshare or urban delivery fleets and the emergence of autonomous vehicles and/or new forms of mobility. Although demand for EVs has grown in recent years, there is no guarantee of continuing future demand. Public DC fast charging may not develop as expected and may fail to attract projected market share of total EV charging. If the market for EVs develops more slowly than expected, or if demand for EVs develops more slowly than expected or decreases, EVgo’s growth would be reduced, and EVgo’s business, prospects, financial conditions, and operating results would be harmed. The market for EVs, and ultimately EV charging, could be affected by numerous factors, such as:
● perceptions about EV features, quality, driver experience, safety, performance and cost;
● perceptions about the limited range over which EVs may be driven on a single battery charge and about availability and access to sufficient public EV charging stations;
● competition, including from other types of alternative fuel vehicles (such as hydrogen fuel cell vehicles), plug-in hybrid EVs, high fuel-economy ICE vehicles and other types of charging methods (e.g., battery swaps);
● volatility in the price of gasoline and diesel at the pump;
● EV supply chain shortages and disruptions, which include but are not limited to availability of certain components (e.g., semiconductors and critical raw materials necessary for the production of EVs and EV batteries), the ability of EV OEMs to increase and on-shore EV production, and technological and logistical challenges (such as component shortages, exacerbated port congestion and intermittent supplier shutdowns and delays and product recalls due to quality control issues), which have resulted in additional costs and production delays and availability of batteries and battery materials;
● concerns regarding the reliability, stability and capacity of the electrical grid;
● the change in an EV battery’s ability to hold a charge over time;
● availability of maintenance, repair services and spare parts for EVs;
● consumers’ perception about the convenience, speed and cost of EVs and EV charging and the availability and reliability of EV charging infrastructure;
● government regulations and economic incentives, including adverse changes in, or expiration of, favorable tax incentives related to EVs, EV charging stations or decarbonization generally;
● government legislation and regulations restricting the operation of autonomous vehicles;
● relaxation of government mandates or quotas regarding the sale of EVs and fuel economy standards;
● the number, price and variety of EV models available for purchase; and
● concerns about the future viability of EV manufacturers.
In addition, sales of vehicles in the automotive industry can be cyclical, which may affect growth in acceptance of EVs. It is uncertain how macroeconomic factors will impact demand for EVs, particularly because EVs can be more expensive than traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. Furthermore, because fleet operators often make large purchases of EVs, this cyclicality and volatility in the automotive industry may be more pronounced with commercial purchasers, and any significant decline in demand from these customers could reduce demand for EV charging and EVgo’s products and services in particular. Moreover, any legislative or regulatory restrictions on the operation or growth of the autonomous vehicle industry, or curtailed investment in the autonomous vehicle industry, could limit demand for EV charging from operators in the autonomous vehicle industry.
While many global OEMs and several new market entrants have announced plans for new EV models, the lineup of EV models with increasing fast charging needs expected to come to market over the next several years may not materialize in that timeframe or may fail to attract sufficient customer demand. Demand for EVs may also be affected by factors directly impacting automobile prices or the cost of purchasing and operating automobiles, such as sales and financing incentives, prices of raw materials and parts and components, cost of fuel and governmental regulations, including tariffs, import regulations and other taxes. Volatility in demand may lead to lower vehicle unit sales, which may result in reduced demand for EV charging solutions and therefore adversely affect EVgo’s business, financial condition and operating results.
EVgo has recently experienced rapid growth. If EVgo fails to manage growth effectively, EVgo’s business, operating results and financial condition would be adversely affected.
EVgo has experienced rapid growth in recent periods. The expected continued growth and expansion of EVgo’s business may place a significant strain on management, business operations, financial condition and infrastructure and corporate culture.
With continued fast growth, EVgo will be required to continue developing, implementing, and enhancing its information technology systems and internal control over financial reporting and related procedures. The implementation, maintenance, segregation, and improvement of these systems require significant management time, support and cost, and there are inherent risks associated with developing, implementing, improving, and expanding core systems as well as updating current systems, including disruptions to the related areas of business operations. These risks may affect EVgo’s ability to manage its data and inventory, procure parts or supplies or manufacture, sell, deliver and service products, adequately protect its intellectual property or achieve and maintain compliance with, or realize available benefits under, tax laws and other applicable regulations. These risks may also result in data security incidents that may interrupt business operations and allow third parties to obtain unauthorized access to business information or misappropriate funds. EVgo may also face risks to the extent such third parties infiltrate the information technology infrastructure of EVgo’s contractors.
To manage growth in operations and personnel, EVgo will need to continue to enhance EVgo’s operational, financial and management controls and reporting systems and procedures. Failure to manage growth effectively could result in difficulty or delays in attracting new customers, declines in quality or customer satisfaction, increases in costs, difficulties in introducing new products and services or enhancing existing products and services, loss of customers, information security vulnerabilities or other operational difficulties, any of which could adversely affect EVgo’s business performance and operating results. EVgo’s strategy is based on a combination of growth and maintenance of strong performance on EVgo’s existing asset base and any inability to scale, maintain customer experience or manage operations at EVgo’s charging stations may impact EVgo’s growth trajectory.
EVgo is susceptible to risks associated with an increased focus by stakeholders and regulators on climate change, which may adversely affect its business and results of operations.
Climate-related events, including the increasing frequency of extreme weather events and their impact on critical infrastructure in the U.S. and elsewhere, have the potential to disrupt EVgo’s business, its third-party suppliers and the business of its customers and may cause it to experience higher attrition, losses and additional costs to maintain or resume operations. In addition, EVgo’s customers may begin to establish sourcing requirements related to sustainability. As a result, EVgo may receive requests for sustainability related information about its products, business operations and use of sustainable materials, among other data. EVgo’s inability to comply with these and other sustainability requirements in the future could adversely affect sales of and demand for its products. See Part I, Item IA, “Risk Factors - Risks Related to Legal Matters and Regulations - Increasing attention to ESG matters may increase EVgo’s costs of compliance and adversely impact EVgo’s business.”
EVgo’s estimates of market opportunity and forecasts of market growth may prove to be inaccurate.
EVgo’s beliefs about the potential for market growth and wider adoption of EVs are subject to significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions and estimates that may prove to be inaccurate. EVgo’s internal estimates relating to the size and expected growth of the target market, market demand, EV adoption across individual market verticals and use cases, capacity of automotive and battery OEMs and ability of charging infrastructure to address this demand and related pricing may also prove to be inaccurate. In particular, estimates regarding the current and projected market opportunity for public and commercial fast charging and future fast charging throughput or EVgo market share capture are difficult to predict. The estimated addressable market may not materialize in the timeframe of EVgo’s internal projections, if ever, and even if the markets meet the size estimates and growth estimates presented, EVgo’s business could fail to grow at similar rates.
EVgo currently faces competition from a number of companies and expects to face significant competition in the future as the market for EV charging develops.
The EV charging market is relatively new, and EVgo currently faces competition from a number of companies. There are a number of established and emerging EV charging companies operating in the U.S. that pursue various business models that are constantly evolving, including Blink, Borg Warner (formerly Rhombus), BP, ChargePoint, Electrify America, Flo, IoTecha, Shell Recharge Solutions (formerly Greenlots and Volta), Tesla, and Tritium, as well as certain utilities and retailers. Additionally, in 2023, a number of OEMs, including BMW, GM, Honda, Hyundai, Kia, Mercedes-Benz and Stellantis, formed Ionna, a joint venture, for the purpose of building a large EV charging network in North America.
EVgo competes (or, in the future, may compete) with some or all of these companies and other competitors across a number of industry segments, including retail and fleet. The principal competitive factors in the industry include charger count, locations, accessibility and reliability; charger connectivity to EVs and ability to charge all standards; speed of charging relative to expected vehicle dwell times at the location; DCFC network reliability, scale and local density; the software-enabled services offered and overall customer experience; operator brand, track record and reputation; access to equipment vendors, and service providers; and policy incentives and pricing. Competitors may be able to respond more quickly and effectively than EVgo to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards or customer requirements and may be better equipped to initiate or withstand substantial price competition. Additionally, historically EVgo has generated a significant portion of its revenue from agreements with OEM partners, and the loss of one or more of these OEM partners as a result of such partners investing in their own EV charging networks (or another EV charging network in which they participate) could adversely affect EVgo’s business and results of operations.
In addition, there are other means for charging EVs, which could affect the level of demand for charging at EVgo’s DCFCs. For example, Tesla Inc. (“Tesla”) continues to build out its supercharger network across the U.S. for Tesla vehicles and has opened up a portion of its supercharger network to non-Tesla EV vehicles, which could reduce overall demand for EV charging at other sites, including EVgo’s charging stalls. Also, other companies sell chargers designed for customers seeking to have on-premises EV charging capability as well as for home or workplace charging, which may reduce the demand for fast charging if EV owners find “slow” charging at a workplace, at home, or other parking locations to be sufficient. Municipalities may decide to convert street lighting poles and lampposts to public charging points for EV drivers who rent, have no access to home charging, or park their EVs on the street, potentially reducing EVgo’s serviceable
markets. Retailers, utilities or other Site Hosts or commercial, municipal and federal fleet businesses may opt to become owners and operators of public or private EV fast charging equipment and purchase that equipment and associated management software directly from vendors in the marketplace.
Further, EVgo’s current or potential competitors may be acquired by third parties with greater available resources. As a result, competitors may be able to respond more quickly and effectively than EVgo to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards or customer requirements and may have the ability to initiate or withstand substantial price competition. In addition, competitors may in the future establish cooperative relationships with vendors of complementary products, technologies or services to increase the availability of their solutions in the marketplace.
The EV charging business may become more competitive, pressuring demand for charging on EVgo’s charging network and therefore EVgo’s network utilization, revenue and margins. Competition is still developing and is expected to increase as the number of EVs sold increases. Barriers to entry in the EV charging market have eroded, and may continue to erode, as a result of government intervention and various support programs, leading to more competitors with a variety of profitability objectives.
Because EVgo is currently dependent upon a limited number of customers and OEM partners, the loss of a significant customer or OEM partner could adversely affect EVgo’s operating results.
Given the nascent stage of the industry, a limited number of contractual commercial customers and OEM partners currently account for a substantial portion of EVgo’s income. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, one customer represented 45.2% and two customers collectively represented 42.9% of total revenue, respectively. EVgo’s operating projections are currently contingent on EVgo’s performance under EVgo’s commercial contracts. At least in the short term, EVgo expects that a majority of EVgo’s sales outside of the retail customer market will continue to come from a concentrated number of commercial customers and OEM partners. EVgo expects a substantial portion of EVgo’s cash receipts in the near future to be from a limited number of commercial customers and OEM partners and, as a result, will be subject to any risks specific to those entities and the jurisdictions and markets in which they operate, including OEMs’ ability to develop a portfolio of EV models and attract customers for those models and maintain or expand their investments in EVs and EV charging infrastructure. EVgo may be unable to accomplish EVgo’s business plan to diversify and expand EVgo’s customer and OEM partner base by attracting a broad array of customers and OEM partners, which could negatively affect EVgo’s business, results of operations and financial condition.
EVgo’s success and growth depends on EVgo’s ability to develop and maintain relationships with automotive OEM and fleet partners.
The success of EVgo’s business depends on EVgo’s ability to develop and maintain relationships with OEMs, such as GM, Nissan, Tesla and others. These relationships help the Company access new customers and build brand awareness through co-marketing. EVgo may also benefit from promotional programs sponsored by OEMs, such as prepaid charging credits. In some cases, EVgo’s OEM partners have agreed to fund capital expenditures related to the build-out of EVgo’s charger network. For example, GM is providing payments for performance obligations that will help fund the accelerated build-out of 3,250 charger stalls for EVgo’s fast charger network through March 2026. If EVgo fails to develop and maintain relationships with OEMs, or if OEMs opt to partner with competitors rather than the Company, EVgo’s revenues may decline and EVgo’s business may suffer.
EVgo’s revenue growth will also depend in part on EVgo’s ability to increase sales of EVgo’s products and services to fleet operators, including rideshare operators. The electrification of fleets is an emerging market, and fleet operators may not adopt EVs on a widespread basis, operate on the timelines EVgo anticipates or rely on public and/or private fast charging and EVgo’s network. In addition to the factors affecting the growth of the EV market generally, transitioning to an EV fleet can be costly and capital intensive, which could result in slower than anticipated adoption. The sales cycle could also be longer for sales to fleet operators with formal procurement processes. Fleet operators may also require significant additional services and support, and if EVgo is unable to provide such services and support, it may adversely affect EVgo’s ability to attract additional fleet operators as customers.
There can be no certainty that EVgo will be able to identify and contract with suitable additional OEM and fleet partners. To the extent EVgo identifies such partners, EVgo will need to negotiate the terms of a commercial agreement with such partners. There can be no assurance that EVgo will be able to negotiate commercially attractive terms with additional OEM and fleet partners, if at all. EVgo may also be limited in negotiating future commercial agreements by the provisions of EVgo’s existing contracts such as “most-favored nations” clauses. For example, EVgo’s contracts with GM prohibit the Company from entering into agreements for similar programs on terms more favorable than the terms afforded to GM for a limited period of time. See Part I, Item 1, “Business - Customers, Partnerships and Strategic Relationships.”
In addition, EVgo may be unable to maintain successful relationships with EVgo’s OEM and fleet partners. Some of EVgo’s existing agreements require the Company to meet specified performance criteria. If EVgo fails to meet such criteria, the agreements could be terminated, and EVgo may be obligated to pay significant penalties or other damages. If an agreement is terminated, any support payments pursuant to the contract would cease. Finally, if OEMs observe the Company failing to meet EVgo’s specified performance criteria, EVgo’s reputation may be damaged, and it may become more difficult for the Company to establish new partnerships with OEMs. Any failure to attract and retain OEMs or fleet operators as customers in the future would adversely affect EVgo’s business and results of operations.
EVgo will be required to install a substantial number of chargers under EVgo’s agreement with GM. If EVgo does not meet EVgo’s obligations under this agreement, EVgo may not be entitled to payments from GM and may be required to pay liquidated damages, which may be significant.
Pursuant to the GM Agreement, EVgo is required to meet certain quarterly milestones measured by the number of charger stalls installed and GM is required to make certain payments based on charger stalls installed. Under the GM Agreement, EVgo is required to install a total of 3,250 charger stalls by March 31, 2026. The GM Agreement calls for a year-over-year increase in annual charger stall additions from 2022 to 2024, flattening in 2025, before declining in the first quarter of 2026. Meeting these milestones will require additional funds beyond the amounts committed by GM and EVgo may face delays in construction, commissioning or aspects of installation of the charger stalls EVgo is obligated to develop. In addition, EVgo is required to maintain network availability across the GM network (i.e., the percentage of time a charger stall is operational and available on the network) of at least 95% across the GM network.
The GM Agreement is subject to early termination in certain circumstances, including in the event EVgo fails to meet the quarterly charger stall-installation milestones or fails to maintain the specified level of network availability. In the event EVgo fails to meet a charger stall-installation milestone or maintain the required network availability in a calendar quarter, GM has the right to provide EVgo with a notice of such deficiency within 30 days of the end of the quarter. If the same deficiency still exists at the end of the quarter immediately following the quarter for which a deficiency notification was delivered, GM may immediately terminate the agreement and seek pre-agreed liquidated damages of up to $15.0 million.
EVgo may not meet the charger stall-installation milestones under the GM Agreement in the future, particularly as a consequence of delays in permitting, commissioning and utility interconnection, as well as delays related to industry and regulatory adaptation to the requirements of high-powered charger installation including slower than expected third-party approvals of certain site acquisitions and site plans by utilities and land owners, and supply chain issues. As of February 15, 2024, there were approximately 1,028 charger stalls in the active engineering and construction development pipeline, of which approximately 964 charger stalls had been approved by GM. As of February 15, 2024, EVgo had approximately 82 charger stalls left to install in order to meet its charger stall-installation milestone for the quarter ending March 31, 2024. If EVgo does not meet its charger stall-installation milestone in any period, GM will have the right, if it so chooses, to send EVgo a charger stall count breach notice, which would trigger a cure period. Under the terms of the GM Agreement, GM and EVgo can agree to adjust quarterly charger stall installation milestones from time to time, provided the quarterly targets for an applicable calendar year must equal the annual target for such year. Going forward, it is uncertain if these, or other potential issues in the procurement, installation, or energization of chargers, will be resolved in a timely fashion.
Nissan has the right to terminate its agreement with the Company in certain circumstances. Additionally, EVgo may be subject to monetary penalties if EVgo is unable to fulfill EVgo’s obligations under EVgo’s agreements with Nissan.
EVgo executed an agreement with Nissan North America, Inc. (“Nissan”) in June 2019 (the “Nissan Agreement”) that provides for joint marketing activities, charging credit programs for purchasers or lessees of Nissan EVs, and a capital-
build program. The Nissan Agreement has been amended several times to, among other things, adjust the allocation of the value of unused charging credits and to provide new offerings for purchasers or lessees of certain Nissan EV models. Under the joint-marketing activities provisions of the Nissan Agreement, EVgo was obligated to spend a specified amount annually on joint-marketing activities that were mutually agreed-upon with Nissan until March 1, 2024. Under the charging credit program provisions in the Nissan Agreement, credits for charging are allocated to purchasers or lessees of Nissan EVs, and such purchasers or lessees are permitted to charge their EV for 12 months at no charge to the participant, up to the amount of the charging credit allocated to such participant or on an unlimited basis, depending on the model of Nissan EV purchased or leased. In the event a participant does not use the entire amount of the allocated charging credit or if the annual charging credit pool is not exhausted within a specific period, a portion of the remaining dollar value of such credit rolls over to subsequent periods, and a portion is retained by the Company. For Nissan EV purchasers or lessees receiving unlimited charging, the Company receives an upfront activation fee for each purchaser or lessee as well as a usage-based fee. The capital-build program provided for in the Nissan Agreement requires the Company to install, operate and maintain public, high-power dual-standard chargers in specified markets pursuant to a schedule that outlines the build timelines for the chargers to be constructed (the “Build Schedule”). If the Company fails to meet its Build Schedule obligations, Nissan may invoke a penalty of up to $70,000 per delayed site beyond a designated cure period, which could result in an adjustment to the consideration received by the Company under the Nissan Agreement. EVgo and Nissan previously agreed to amend the Nissan Agreement to extend the installation deadlines under the Build Schedule by up to 12 months, and Nissan has waived penalties for installation delays relating to program year one.
EVgo’s ability to meet its Build Schedule obligations may be impacted by delays in permitting, commissioning and utility interconnection, as well as delays related to industry and regulatory adaptation to the requirements of high-powered charger installation, including slower than expected third-party approvals of certain site acquisitions and site plans by utilities and landowners, and supply chain issues.
Pursuant to the Nissan Agreement, as modified by the aforementioned extensions and other amendments, EVgo is required to install an aggregate of 210 chargers by February 28, 2025. As of February 29, 2024, EVgo had installed a total of 188 chargers at 73 sites and was required to install an additional 22 chargers at up to 5 sites by February 28, 2025.
EVgo will be required to install a substantial number of chargers under EVgo’s agreement with the Pilot Company and GM. If EVgo does not meet EVgo’s obligations under this agreement, EVgo may not be entitled to payments from the Pilot Company and may be required to pay liquidated damages, which may be significant.
Pursuant to the Pilot Infrastructure Agreement, EVgo is required to meet certain milestones over two biennial periods measured by the number of chargers installed and charger sites serviced, and the Pilot Company is required to make certain payments each month based on the progress of construction at each charger site and for each charger procured. Under the Pilot Infrastructure Agreement, EVgo is required to install approximately 500 chargers at 300 charger sites during the first two-year period and will be required to install approximately 500 chargers at approximately 200 to 250 additional charger sites during the second two-year period. EVgo may not be able to meet the charger installation milestones and may be subject to liquidated damages, modifications to the Pilot Infrastructure Agreement or termination of the Pilot Infrastructure Agreement.
Subject to certain excusable events, if EVgo is unable to meet its charger installation obligations in either of the two biennial periods, the Pilot Company may be entitled to liquidated damages. Furthermore, depending on the length of the delay, the Pilot Company may remove the charger site from the portfolio without designating a replacement charger site.
The Pilot Infrastructure Agreement is subject to early termination for several reasons including: (a) at the Pilot Company’s election after 1,000 charging stalls have been completed, subject to the delivery of certain payments to EVgo, (b) the inability of EVgo to secure certain charger types in specified circumstances and (c) a material increase in the price of chargers due to a change in law.
EVgo is committed to purchasing a large number of chargers under the Delta Charger Supply Agreement and Purchase Order, which will require significant capital expenditures, some of which may not be immediately offset by payment by EVgo’s counterparty under the Pilot Infrastructure Agreement.
EVgo entered into the Delta Charger Supply Agreement and Purchase Order in order to meet the charger requirements of the Pilot Infrastructure Agreement. Pursuant to the Delta Charger Supply Agreement and Purchase Order, EVgo will purchase a minimum of 1,000 chargers (which will enable the construction of 2,000 stalls) from Delta over a period of four years with the option, at EVgo’s election, to increase the number of chargers purchased to 1,100. The Purchase Order was amended in August 2023 to provide for certain Delta chargers to be manufactured in Delta’s new facility in Plano, Texas rather than in Taiwan.
If the counterparty under the Pilot Infrastructure Agreement does not meet its obligation to pay for chargers, or if the Pilot Infrastructure Agreement is otherwise terminated, EVgo’s cash flows may be negatively impacted by its obligation to continue to purchase chargers from Delta under the Purchase Order.
Additionally, EVgo depends on a limited number of vendors for charging equipment, including Delta. The inability of Delta to fulfill its requirements under the Delta Charger Supply Agreement and Purchase Order will require EVgo to find an alternative supplier in order to meet its commitments under the Pilot Infrastructure Agreement which may not be available or may be available at significantly higher cost.
EVgo relies on a limited number of vendors for EVgo’s charging equipment and related support services. A loss of any of these partners could negatively affect EVgo’s business.
EVgo relies on a limited number of vendors for design, testing and manufacturing of charging equipment which at this stage of the industry is unique to each supplier and thus singularly sourced with respect to components as well as aftermarket maintenance and warranty services. For the year ended December 31, 2023, one vendor provided 76.9% of EVgo’s total charging equipment. For the year ended December 31, 2022, four vendors collectively provided 88.8% of EVgo’s total charging equipment. This reliance on a limited number of vendors increases EVgo’s risks, since EVgo does not currently have proven reliable alternative or replacement vendors beyond these key parties. In the event of production interruptions or supply chain disruptions including but not limited to reduced availability of certain key components such as semiconductors, EVgo may not be able to take advantage of increased production from other sources or develop alternate or secondary vendors without incurring material additional costs and substantial delays. See Part I, Item IA, “Risk Factors - Disruptions in EVgo’s supply chain could adversely affect EVgo’s business.” Thus, EVgo’s business could be adversely affected if one or more of EVgo’s vendors is impacted by any interruption at a particular location or is acquired or impacted by liquidity issues.
As the demand for public fast charging increases, charging equipment vendors may not be able to dedicate sufficient supply chain, production, or sales channel capacity to keep up with the required pace of charging infrastructure expansion. In addition, as the EV market grows, the industry may be exposed to deteriorating design requirements, undetected faults or the erosion of testing standards by charging equipment and component suppliers, which may adversely impact the performance, reliability and lifecycle cost of the chargers. If EVgo or EVgo’s suppliers experience a significant increase in demand, or if EVgo needs to replace an existing supplier, EVgo may not be able to supplement service or replace the supplier on acceptable terms, which may undermine EVgo’s ability to install chargers in a timely manner. For example, it may take a significant amount of time to identify a vendor that has the capability and resources to supply and/or service charging equipment in sufficient volumes. Identifying and approving suitable vendors could be an extensive process that requires the Company to become satisfied with their quality control, technical capabilities, responsiveness and service, financial stability, regulatory compliance and labor and other ethical practices. Accordingly, a loss of any significant vendor could have an adverse effect on EVgo’s business, financial condition and operating results.
As the federal government and Congress require that charging equipment be manufactured in the U.S. in order to access federal financial support or secure contracts with the federal government, EVgo may have to source equipment from alternative vendors or work with current vendors to develop manufacturing capacity in the U.S. to participate in the covered federal programs.
EVgo’s business is subject to risks associated with construction, cost overruns and delays and other contingencies that may arise in the course of completing installations, and such risks may increase in the future as EVgo expands the scope of such services with other parties.
Charger installation and construction is typically performed by third-party contractors managed by the Company. The installation and construction of charging stations at a particular site is generally subject to oversight and regulation in accordance with state and local laws and ordinances relating to building codes, safety, environmental protection and related matters and typically requires local utility cooperation in design and interconnection request approval and commissioning, as well as various local and other governmental approvals and permits that vary by jurisdiction. In addition, building codes, accessibility requirements, utility interconnect specifications, review, approval or study lead time or regulations may hinder EV charger installation and construction because they end up costing the developer or installer more in order to meet the code requirements. In addition, increased demand for the components necessary to install and construct charging stations could lead to higher installed costs. Meaningful delays or cost overruns caused by EVgo’s vendor supply chains, contractors, utility upgrades scope and delays, or inability of local utilities and approving agencies to cope with heightened levels of activity, may impact EVgo’s ability to satisfy the requirements under the Build Schedule and EVgo’s other contractual commitments, and may impact revenue recognition in certain cases and/or impact EVgo’s relationships, any of which could impact EVgo’s business and profitability, pace of growth and prospects. For example, the installation of charger stalls under the GM Agreement have required significant utility upgrades to accommodate the higher capacity chargers. EVgo has experienced significant delays in these upgrades, which have in turn caused delays in the construction of the chargers pursuant to the GM Agreement. The Company expects utility-related delays to continue as the industry continues to adapt to the requirements of high-powered charger installation. If these delays continue or worsen, EVgo may not meet the charger-installation milestones under the GM Agreement or its other contractual commitments under agreements with other third parties. See Part I, Item IA, “Risk Factors - EVgo will be required to install a substantial number of chargers under EVgo’s agreement with GM. If EVgo does not meet EVgo’s obligations under this agreement, EVgo may not be entitled to payments from GM and may be required to pay liquidated damages, which may be significant” and Part I, Item IA, “Risk Factors - EVgo will be required to install a substantial number of charger stalls under EVgo’s agreement with the Pilot Company and GM. If EVgo does not meet EVgo’s obligations under this agreement, EVgo may not be entitled to payments from the Pilot Company and may be required to pay liquidated damages, which may be significant.”
Working with contractors may require the Company to obtain licenses or require EVgo or EVgo’s customers to comply with additional rules, working conditions and other union requirements, which can add costs and complexity to an installation and construction project. If these contractors are unable to provide timely, thorough and quality installation-related services, EVgo could fall behind EVgo’s construction schedules or cause customers to become dissatisfied with the solutions EVgo offers. As the demand for public fast charging increases and qualification requirements for contractors become more stringent, EVgo may encounter shortages in the number of qualified contractors available to complete all of EVgo’s desired installations. If EVgo fails to timely pay EVgo’s contractors, they may file liens against EVgo’s Site Hosts’ properties, which EVgo is required to remove.
In order to receive certain incentives such as funding under the National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Formula Program (“NEVI”) and tax credits in connection with the alternative fuel vehicle refueling property credit under Section 30C of the Code, EVgo and EVgo’s customers are required to comply with certain requirements of such programs, which may include payment of prevailing wages, apprenticeship programs and “Buy America” obligations. If EVgo and its contractors are unable to comply with the applicable program requirements, EVgo and its customers may lose the benefit of the applicable incentive program and may be subject to funding clawbacks or other penalties.
EVgo’s business model is predicated on the presence of qualified and capable electrical and civil contractors and subcontractors in the new markets EVgo intends to enter. There is no guarantee that there will be an adequate supply of such partners. A shortage in the number of qualified contractors may impact the viability of the business plan, increase risks related to the quality of work performed and increase costs if outside contractors are brought into a new market.
In addition, EVgo’s network expansion plan relies on EVgo’s site development efforts and EVgo’s business is exposed to risks associated with receiving site control and access necessary for the construction of the charging station and operation of the charging equipment, electrical interconnection and power supply at identified locations sufficient to host chargers on a timely basis. EVgo generally does not own the land at the charging sites and relies on site licenses with Site Hosts
that convey the right to build, own and operate the charging equipment on the site. EVgo may not be able to renew the site licenses or retain site control. The process of establishing or extending site control and access could take longer or become more competitive. As the EV market grows, competition for premium sites may intensify, the power distribution grid may require upgrading, and electrical interconnection with local utilities may become more competitive, all of which may lead to delays in construction and/or commissioning. As a result, EVgo may be exposed to increased interconnection costs and utility fees, as well as delays, which may slow the pace of EVgo’s network expansion.
Disruptions in EVgo’s supply chain could adversely affect EVgo’s business.
The conflict between Russia and Ukraine and an escalation of tensions and conflict in Israel and the broader Middle East region could lead to disruption, instability and volatility in global markets and industries that could negatively impact EVgo’s supply chain. The U.S. government and other governments have already imposed severe sanctions and export controls against Russia and Russian interests and may impose additional sanctions and controls. The impact of these measures, as well as potential responses to them by Russia, could adversely affect EVgo’s supply chain, which, in turn, could affect EVgo’s business and operating results.
Additionally, Delta is headquartered in Taiwan, and EVgo’s ability to receive sufficient supplies of Delta chargers, components and parts could be adversely affected by events such as natural disasters in Taiwan, including earthquakes, drought and typhoons, escalations of tensions between the People’s Republic of China and Taiwan, including resulting from the People’s Republic of China’s military exercises around Taiwan, political unrest, trade restrictions or war.
If EVgo is unable to attract and retain key employees and hire qualified management, technical, engineering, financial, legal, sales, marketing and business development personnel, EVgo’s ability to compete and successfully grow EVgo’s business and customer base could be harmed.
EVgo’s success depends, in part, on EVgo’s continuing ability to identify, hire, attract, train and develop and retain highly qualified personnel. The inability to do so effectively could adversely affect EVgo’s business. Competition for employees can be intense and the ability to attract, hire and retain them depends on EVgo’s ability to provide meaningful work at competitive compensation. EVgo may not be able to attract, assimilate, develop or retain qualified personnel in the future and failure to do so could adversely affect EVgo’s business, including the execution of EVgo’s growth business strategy.
EVgo may need to raise additional funds, and these funds may not be available when needed or may only be available on unfavorable terms, which could impact the Company’s ability to fund its operations, its growth and the build-out of the Company’s network.
EVgo may need to raise additional capital in the future to fund its operations, further scale EVgo’s business and expand EVgo’s charging network. EVgo may raise additional funds through the issuance of equity, equity-related or debt securities, through obtaining credit from government or financial institutions or through grant funding. EVgo cannot be certain that additional funds or incentives will be available on favorable terms when required, or at all, or that EVgo will be able to capture expected grant funding under various existing and new state and local programs in the future. Recent increases in interest rates could increase the cost of capital, and it is not clear if interest rates will continue to rise or remain elevated in future periods.
If EVgo cannot raise additional funds when needed, EVgo’s financial condition, results of operations, business and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. If EVgo raises funds through the issuance of debt securities or through loan arrangements, the terms for such securities or arrangements could require significant interest payments, contain covenants that restrict EVgo’s business, or other unfavorable terms and rank senior to the interests held by EVgo’s stockholders. In addition, to the extent EVgo raises funds through the sale of additional equity securities, the market price of EVgo’s Class A common stock could be adversely affected and EVgo’s stockholders would experience dilution. See Part I, Item IA, “Risk Factors - Risks Related to EVgo’s Securities - The market price of EVgo’s Class A common stock could be adversely affected by, and EVgo’s stockholders may experience dilution as a result of, sales of substantial amounts of Class A common stock in the public or private markets, including sales by the Company, EVgo Holdings or other large holders.”
EVgo’s business is subject to risks associated with natural disasters, including earthquakes, hurricanes, wildfires and other severe weather events, which could be impacted by the effects of climate change. An earthquake, a wildfire, a major hurricane or other types of disasters or resource shortages, including public safety power shut-offs that have occurred and will continue to occur in California or other states, could disrupt and harm EVgo’s operations and those of EVgo’s customers.
Many of EVgo’s facilities are located in California, an active earthquake zone, and Florida and Texas, areas susceptible to hurricanes. Additionally, EVgo has significant operations in a number of areas, including Los Angeles and San Francisco, that are projected to be vulnerable to future water scarcity and sea level rise due to climate change. The occurrence of a natural disaster such as an earthquake, hurricane, drought, flood, fire, localized extended outages of critical utilities or transportation systems, or any critical resource shortages could cause a significant interruption in EVgo’s business, damage or destroy EVgo’s facilities or inventory and cause the Company to incur significant costs, any of which could harm EVgo’s business, financial condition and results of operations. Climate change may also result in various physical risks, such as the increased frequency or intensity of extreme weather events or changes in meteorological and hydrological patterns that could adversely impact EVgo’s business. Such physical risks may result in damage to EVgo’s facilities or otherwise adversely impact operations. The insurance EVgo maintains against fires, earthquakes, hurricanes and other disasters and damage may not be adequate to cover losses in any particular case.
In addition, rolling public safety power shut offs in California or other states can affect throughput and/or user acceptance of EVs, as charging may be unavailable at the desired times, or at all during these events. These shut offs could also affect the ability of fleet operators to charge their EVs, which, for example, could adversely affect transportation schedules or any service level agreements to which either EVgo or the fleet operator may be a party. Additionally, extended patterns of extreme cold weather have caused and may in the future cause, owners of EVs to experience reduced charging speeds and driving ranges. If any of these events occur and/or persist, the demand for EVs could decline, which would result in reduced demand for charging.
Further, severe natural disasters could affect vendors’ data centers in a temporary or longer-term fashion which would adversely affect EVgo’s ability to operate EVgo’s network.
EVgo’s charging stations are often located in areas that are publicly accessible and may be exposed to vandalism or misuse by customers or other individuals, which would increase EVgo’s replacement and maintenance costs.
EVgo’s public chargers may be exposed to vandalism or misuse by customers and other individuals, increasing wear and tear of the charging equipment. Such damage could shorten the usable lifespan of the chargers and require the Company to increase its spending on replacement, maintenance and insurance costs and could result in site hosts reconsidering the value of hosting EVgo’s charging stations at their sites. In addition, the cost of any such damage may not be covered by EVgo’s insurance in full or at all and, in the event of repeated damage to EVgo’s charging equipment, EVgo’s insurance premiums and deductibles could increase and it could be subject to additional insurance costs or may not be able to obtain insurance at all, any of which could have an adverse effect on its business.
EVgo is dependent upon the availability of electricity at EVgo’s current and future charging stations. Cost increases, delays and/or other restrictions on the availability of electricity would adversely affect EVgo’s business and results of EVgo’s operations.
The operation and development of EVgo’s charging stations is dependent upon the availability of electricity, which is beyond EVgo’s control. EVgo’s charging stations are affected by problems accessing electricity sources, such as planned or unplanned power outages. In recent years, shortages of electricity have resulted in increased costs to users and interruptions in service. In particular, California has experienced rolling blackouts due to excessive demands on the electrical grid or as precautionary measures against the risk of wildfire. Similarly, Texas has experienced failures in its electrical grid due to severe weather. In the event of a power outage, EVgo will be dependent on the utility company and in some cases the Site Host, to restore power. Any prolonged power outage could adversely affect customer experience and EVgo’s business and results of operations.
Changes in utility electricity pricing or new and restrictive constructs from regulations applicable to pricing may adversely impact future operating results. Utility rates may change in a way that adversely affects fast charging or in a way
that may limit EVgo’s ability to access certain beneficial rate schedules. In addition, utilities or other regulated entities with monopoly power may receive authority to provide charging services that result in an anti-competitive advantage relative to the Company and other private sector operators.
Some of EVgo’s business objectives are dependent upon the purchase of renewable energy certificates, and an increase in the cost of such certificates may adversely impact EVgo’s business and results of operations.
As part of EVgo’s business strategy, EVgo markets the electricity provided from EVgo’s charging stations as 100% matched with purchases of RECs. EVgo purchases various RECs in order to qualify the electricity that EVgo distributes through its charging stations as renewable. Several states have passed renewable energy portfolio standards, which set a minimum percentage of energy that must be generated from renewable sources. These standards may require utilities or load serving entities to acquire RECs annually in order to demonstrate their compliance. Other regulations may also impact the supply of and demand for, such RECs. While higher renewable energy portfolio standards may also increase the amount of renewable energy available, EVgo cannot predict the impact such regulations may have on the price or availability of RECs. If EVgo is unable to purchase a sufficient number of RECs, EVgo may be unable to achieve this objective, which may negatively impact EVgo’s reputation in the marketplace. If the cost of RECs increases, EVgo may be unable to fully pass the higher cost of RECs through to EVgo’s customers and increases in the price of RECs may decrease EVgo’s results of operations.
If EVgo fails to offer high-quality support to Site Hosts or drivers or fails to maintain high charger availability and strong user experience, EVgo’s business and reputation will suffer.
Once EVgo’s charging stations are installed, Site Hosts and drivers rely on the Company to provide maintenance services to resolve any issues that might arise in the future. Rapid and high-quality customer and equipment support is important so drivers can receive reliable charging for their EVs. The importance of high-quality customer and equipment support will increase as EVgo seeks to expand EVgo’s business and pursue new customers and geographies. If EVgo does not quickly resolve issues and provide effective support, EVgo’s ability to retain customers or sell additional products and services to existing customers could suffer, and EVgo’s brand and reputation could be harmed. EVgo has limited experience with certain of its charging equipment. While EVgo conducts extensive testing on all new equipment prior to deployment, its assumptions regarding the durability and reliability of its charging equipment could prove to be materially different from the actual performance of such equipment, causing the Company to incur substantial expense to repair or replace defective equipment in the future. Any widespread or persistent equipment failures could damage EVgo’s market reputation, cause its sales and charging revenue to decline, require EVgo to repair or replace the defective equipment, and increase EVgo’s maintenance costs, any of which could have a material adverse effect on EVgo’s business and results of operations.
Our systems are susceptible to various forms of cyber threats, including computer malware, viruses, ransomware, hacking attempts, phishing attacks and other network disruptions. These incidents have the potential to lead to security and privacy breaches, loss of proprietary information and interruptions or delays in EVgo’s services and operations, any of which could significantly harm EVgo’s business.
From time to time, EVgo has experienced cyber attacks on its information technology infrastructure and systems. While EVgo believes such attacks have been unsuccessful against EVgo to-date, computer malware, viruses, physical or electronic break-ins and similar disruptions could lead to interruptions and delays in EVgo’s services and operations and loss, access, disclosure, alteration, destruction, misuse or theft of data, including confidential, proprietary or personal information. Computer malware, viruses, ransomware, hacking, phishing attacks and denial-of-service attacks against online networks have become more prevalent and may occur on EVgo’s systems or the systems of EVgo’s vendors, suppliers or service providers and other third parties. EVgo’s business may be subject to heightened risks of cyber intrusion as nation-state hackers and other hackers use ransomware attacks seeking to disable critical infrastructure and extort companies for ransom payments. Cybersecurity organizations in many countries have published warnings of increased cybersecurity threats to U.S. businesses, and external events, like the conflict between Russia and Ukraine or conflicts in the Middle East, may increase the likelihood of cybersecurity attacks, particularly directed at energy, fueling or infrastructure service providers.
Any such events could harm EVgo’s business, impact EVgo’s customers, introduce liability to data subjects, result in the misappropriation of funds, be expensive to remedy, result in fines, penalties or other liabilities and damage EVgo’s reputation or brand. Additionally, a number of legislative and regulatory bodies have adopted notification and other requirements in the event of a cybersecurity or data breach incident. Complying with such numerous and complex regulations in the event of unauthorized access would be expensive and difficult, and failure to comply with these regulations could subject EVgo to regulatory scrutiny and additional liability.
Insurance may not be sufficient to cover significant expenses, losses and liability related to cyber-attacks, security breaches and incidents, or other similar disruptions. EVgo cannot be certain that its coverage will be adequate for liabilities actually incurred, that insurance will continue to be available to it on economically reasonable terms, or at all, or that any insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against EVgo that exceed available insurance coverage, or the occurrence of changes in EVgo’s insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could have a material adverse effect on EVgo’s business, including its financial condition, operating results, and reputation.
Even with the security measures implemented by the Company, such as managed security services that are designed to detect and protect against cyber-attacks and similar disruptions and any additional measures EVgo may implement or adopt in the future, EVgo’s facilities and systems and those of EVgo’s third-party service providers could be vulnerable to security breaches, computer viruses, lost or misplaced data, programming errors, scams, burglary, human errors, acts of vandalism, or other events. Efforts to prevent cyberattacks and similar disruptions are expensive to implement and, as the regulatory framework for data privacy and security worldwide continues to evolve and develop, EVgo may incur additional significant costs to comply with new or existing laws, regulations and other obligations, and EVgo may not be able to cause the implementation or enforcement of such preventions or compliance with such laws and regulations with respect to EVgo’s third-party vendors. Though it is difficult to determine what, if any, harm may directly result from any specific interruption or attack, an inability to maintain performance, reliability, security and availability of systems and technical infrastructure may, in addition to other losses, harm EVgo’s reputation, brand and ability to attract customers.
EVgo and its third-party vendors have previously experienced and may in the future experience, service disruptions, outages and other performance problems due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, third-party service providers, human or software errors and capacity constraints. EVgo relies on data carrier networks to support reliable operation, management and maintenance of EVgo’s charger network, charging session management, driver authentication and payment processing, all of which depend on reliable connections with wireless communications networks. As a result, EVgo’s operations depend on a handful of public carriers and are exposed to disruptions related to network outages and other communications issues on the carrier networks. See Part I, Item IA, “Risk Factors - A failure of service by one or more of EVgo’s key vendors, including third-party providers of software, technology, applications or communication services that EVgo relies on, could adversely affect EVgo’s business and reputation.” If EVgo’s services are unavailable when users attempt to access them, they may seek other services, which could reduce demand for EVgo’s solutions from customers.
There are several factors ranging from human error to data corruption that could materially impact the efficacy of any processes and procedures designed to enable the Company to recover from a disaster or catastrophe, including by lengthening the time services are partially or fully unavailable to customers and users. It may be difficult or impossible to perform some or all recovery steps and continue normal business operations due to the nature of a particular cyber-attack, disaster or catastrophe or other disruption, especially during peak periods, which could cause additional reputational damages, or loss of revenues, any of which would adversely affect EVgo’s business and financial results.
A failure of service by one or more of EVgo’s key vendors, including third-party providers of software, technology, applications or communication services that EVgo relies on, could adversely affect EVgo’s business and reputation.
EVgo relies on a limited number of third parties, including providers of software, technology and communications services and credit card processors, for the effective operation of its charging network, software platform and mobile applications, for the timely and accurate collection of revenue, and for compliance with certain laws and regulations, such as consumer privacy protections. A failure or limitation of service or available capacity by any of these third-party providers could adversely affect EVgo’s business and reputation.
For example, EVgo is dependent on the interoperability of EVgo’s mobile applications with popular mobile operating systems that EVgo does not control, such as Google’s Android and Apple’s iOS, and any changes in such systems that degrade EVgo’s products’ functionality or give preferential treatment to competitive products could adversely affect the usage of EVgo’s applications on mobile devices. Additionally, in order to deliver high quality mobile products, it is important that EVgo’s products work well with a range of mobile technologies, systems, networks and standards that EVgo does not control. EVgo may not be successful in developing or maintaining relationships with key participants in these industries or in developing products that operate effectively with these technologies, systems, networks or standards.
In addition, a significant portion of EVgo’s software platform depends on EVgo’s partnership with Driivz, an EV charging management platform. If for any reason Driivz is unable to effectively support EVgo’s software platform, EVgo’s business could be adversely impacted. For example, Driivz is headquartered in Israel, and any escalation of tensions or conflict in or involving Israel could lead to disruptions in the services provided by Driivz to the Company, which could adversely impact EVgo’s business. Furthermore, if for any reason EVgo is no longer able to maintain its partnership with Driivz, EVgo may face a material challenge in efficiently transitioning EVgo’s software offering.
In addition, EVgo currently serves customers from third-party data center facilities operated by Amazon Web Services and Google, as well as others. All of EVgo’s services are housed in third-party data centers operated in the U.S., and EVgo employs geographically distributed, redundant back-up data centers for all services. Any outage or failure of such data centers could negatively affect EVgo’s product connectivity and performance. EVgo’s primary environments are operated by Google and Amazon, and any interruptions of these primary and backup data centers could negatively affect EVgo’s product connectivity and performance. Furthermore, EVgo depends on connectivity from EVgo’s charging stations to EVgo’s data centers through cellular service and virtual private networking providers, such as AT&T and Verizon. Any incident affecting a data center facility’s or cellular and/or virtual private networking services provider’s infrastructure or operations, whether caused by fire, flood, storm, earthquake, power loss, telecommunications failures, breach of security protocols, computer viruses and disabling devices, failure of access control mechanisms, natural disasters, war, criminal act, military actions, terrorist attacks and other similar events could negatively affect the use, functionality or availability of EVgo’s services.
Any damage to, or failure of, EVgo’s systems, or those of EVgo’s third-party providers, could interrupt or hinder the use or functionality of EVgo’s services, including EVgo’s subscription services. Impairment of or interruptions in EVgo’s services may reduce revenue, subject the Company to claims and litigation, cause customers to terminate their subscriptions and adversely affect renewal rates and EVgo’s ability to attract new customers. EVgo’s business could also be harmed if customers and potential customers believe EVgo’s products and services are unreliable.
EVgo is subject to risks associated with integrating the PlugShare acquisition, and should EVgo pursue additional acquisitions in the future, EVgo would be subject to risks associated with completing and integrating such acquisitions.
On July 9, 2021, EVgo acquired PlugShare for $25 million in cash, including repayment of $3 million of indebtedness. PlugShare is an EV cloud-based data solution provider formed in 2009 and focused on EV app development, market research, data licensing, reporting and advertising. EVgo continues to be subject to risks with fully integrating the PlugShare personnel as well as the technology platforms acquired.
EVgo may acquire additional assets, products, technologies or businesses that are complementary to EVgo’s existing business and strategic direction. The process of identifying and consummating acquisitions and the subsequent integration of new assets and businesses into EVgo’s own business and operations would require attention from management and could result in a diversion of resources from EVgo’s existing business, which in turn could have an adverse effect on EVgo’s operations. Acquired assets or businesses may not generate the expected financial results. Acquisitions could also result in the use of cash, potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities or securities convertible into equity securities, the occurrence of goodwill impairment charges, amortization expenses for other intangible assets and exposure to potential unknown liabilities of the acquired business. Moreover, the costs of identifying and consummating acquisitions may be significant. Failure to successfully identify, complete, manage and integrate acquisitions could materially and adversely affect EVgo’s business, financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Related to the EV Market
Changes to fuel economy standards or the success of alternative fuels may negatively impact the EV market and thus the demand for EVgo’s products and services.
Regulatory initiatives that required an increase in the mileage capabilities of cars and consumption of renewable transportation fuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel, have helped increase consumer acceptance of EVs and other alternative vehicles. However, the EV fueling model is different from gasoline and other fuel models, requiring behavior changes and education of businesses, consumers, regulatory bodies, local utilities and other stakeholders. Further developments in and improvements in the affordability of, alternative technologies, such as renewable diesel, biodiesel, ethanol, hydrogen fuel cells or compressed natural gas, proliferation of hybrid powertrains involving such alternative fuels, or improvements in the fuel economy of ICE vehicles, whether as the result of regulation or otherwise, may materially and adversely affect demand for EVs and EV charging stations in some market verticals. Regulatory bodies may also adopt rules that substantially favor certain alternatives to petroleum-based propulsion over others, which may not necessarily be EVs. Local jurisdictions may also impose restrictions on urban driving due to congestion, which may prioritize and accelerate micromobility trends and slow EV adoption growth. If any of the above cause or contribute to automakers reducing the availability of EV models or cause or contribute to consumers or businesses no longer purchasing EVs or purchasing fewer of them, it would materially and adversely affect EVgo’s business, operating results, financial condition and prospects.
Rideshare and commercial fleets may not electrify as quickly as expected and may not rely on public fast charging or on EVgo’s network as much as expected. Future demand for or availability of battery EVs from the medium- and heavy-duty vehicle segment may not develop as anticipated or take longer to develop than expected.
The EV market is in the early stages of development and the medium- and heavy-duty vehicle segments, often particularly exposed to economic cycles, may not electrify as expected or on the timeline that is expected. The medium- and heavy-duty vehicle fleets that lend themselves well to electrification via EV powertrains are often linked to municipal and commercial budgets and may take longer to electrify as a result of budget or business constraints and administrative approvals. The mix of zero and low emission powertrains in certain vehicle classes and use cases in the medium- and heavy-duty sector may evolve less favorably for EV solutions due to future development of technologies and policy incentives that may favor existing diesel fuel, hybrid, natural gas or hydrogen fuel cell drivetrains. Medium- and heavy-duty vehicle OEMs may choose not to or may not be able to manufacture EVs in sufficient quantities or at all.
EVgo derives revenue from the sale of regulatory credits. There are a number of factors beyond EVgo’s control that could have a material adverse effect on EVgo’s ability to generate such revenue.
In connection with the production, delivery, placement into service and ongoing operation of charging stations, EVgo earns and expects to continue to earn various tradable regulatory credits, in particular California’s LCFS credits. EVgo currently participates in California’s LCFS program, Oregon’s Clean Fuels Program, and Washington’s Clean Fuel Standard program. EVgo sells these credits and expects to continue to sell future credits, to entities that generate deficits under the LCFS programs and are obligated to purchase the credits and use them to offset their deficits or emissions, primarily petroleum refiners and marketers and other entities that can use the credits to comply with the program requirements. However, there is no guarantee that such credits will continue to be available for sale at prices forecasted by the Company, or that regulatory restrictions would not be imposed on the proceeds from the sale of such credits in the future. See Part I, Item IA, “Risk Factors - Risks Related to the EV Market - The EV market currently benefits from the availability of rebates, tax credits and other financial incentives from governments, utilities and others to offset the purchase or operating cost of EVs and EV charging stations. The reduction, modification or elimination of such benefits could adversely affect EVgo’s financial results.” For example, LCFS credit pricing may fluctuate based on policies set by the California Air Resources Board (“CARB”). CARB is expected to hold a board vote in 2024 to modify the LCFS and related Fast Charging Infrastructure program. Further, EVgo may not be able to market all LCFS credits, may have to sell LCFS credits at below projected prices or may not be able to sell LCFS credits at all. EVgo’s inability to generate revenue from the sale of regulatory credits could have a materially adverse effect on EVgo’s future financial results.
The EV market currently benefits from the availability of rebates, tax credits and other financial incentives from governments, utilities and others to offset the purchase or operating cost of EVs and EV charging stations. The reduction, modification or elimination of such benefits could adversely affect EVgo’s financial results.
The U.S. federal government and some state and local governments provide incentives to end users and owners of EVs and EV charging stations in the form of rebates, tax credits, low-cost funding and other financial incentives, which could, in the future, be reduced or eliminated, including as a result of legislative or regulatory action introduced following presidential or congressional elections. The EV market relies on these governmental rebates, tax credits and other financial incentives to significantly lower the effective price of EVs and EV charging stations and to otherwise financially support these industries. However, these incentives may expire on a particular date, end when the allocated funding is exhausted, or may be reduced or terminated as a matter of regulatory or legislative policy. For example, the results of the 2024 Presidential and Congressional elections and resulting legislative or regulatory actions, if pursued, could impact the availability or value of these incentives or reduce access to such low-cost funding.
In particular, EVgo has historically claimed federal tax credits under Section 30C of the Code. The Inflation Reduction Act revised the credits under Section 30C of the Code to (i) retroactively extend the expiration of the credit as of December 31, 2021 (with such credit continuing to be capped at $30,000 per location for EV charging stations placed in service before January 1, 2023) until December 31, 2032, (ii) revised the credit structure, availability and requirements for EV charging stations placed in service after December 31, 2022 and (iii) introduced the concept of transferability of tax credits, providing an additional option to monetize such credits. As part of the revised credit structure and requirements for EV charging stations placed in service after December 31, 2022, the available Section 30C credit was expanded such that it is capped at $100,000 per item; however, in order to be eligible for such tax credit, EV charging stations must be installed in rural or low-income census tracts. Additionally, in order to receive the full tax credit, labor for EV charging station construction and maintenance must meet prevailing wage and apprenticeship requirements unless an exception applies. There can be no assurance that the EV charging stations placed in service by EVgo will meet the revised requirements for the Section 30C credits, and compliance with such requirements could increase EVgo’s labor and other costs. Any reduction in rebates, tax credits or other financial incentives available to EVs or EV charging stations, could negatively affect the EV market and adversely impact EVgo’s business operations and expansion potential. In addition, there is no assurance EVgo will have the necessary tax attributes to utilize any such credits that are available and may not be able to monetize such credits on favorable terms. Further, certain features of EVgo OpCo’s ownership may limit the available tax credit that can be monetized or utilized. See Part I, Item IA, “Risk Factors - Financial, Tax and Accounting-Related Risks - Changes to U.S. applicable U.S. tax laws and regulations or exposure to additional income tax liabilities could affect EVgo’s and EVgo OpCo’s business and future profitability.”
Federal guidance on Buy America requirements applicable to the NEVI Program, which was established by the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, requires immediate domestic assembly and U.S. steel requirements for chargers to qualify for funding under the NEVI program, with higher domestic content percentages required in 2024. EVgo may be unable to source Buy America-compliant chargers in time to take advantage of early NEVI funding opportunities or only at increased costs. EVgo’s customers may request delays or adjustments to their build-out plans in order to accommodate these added Buy America requirements, which could result in delays in receipt of revenue from customers.
New tariffs and policies that could incentivize overbuilding of infrastructure may also have a negative impact on the economics of EVgo’s stations. Furthermore, new tariffs and policy incentives could be put in place that favor equipment manufactured by or assembled at American factories, which may put EVgo’s fast charging equipment vendors at a competitive disadvantage, including by increasing the cost or delaying the availability of charging equipment, by challenging or delaying EVgo’s ability to apply or qualify for grants and other government incentives, or for certain charging infrastructure build-out solicitations and programs, including those initiated by federal government agencies.
Moreover, a variety of incentives and rebates offered by the U.S. federal government as well as state and local governments in order to encourage the use of EVs may be limited or reduced. In particular, the U.S. federal government offers a tax credit, the maximum amount of which is $7,500, for qualified new plug-in EVs. The Inflation Reduction Act modified the tax credit for new plug-in EVs and added new tax credits for used and commercial EVs. The Inflation Reduction Act removed the phase-out of tax credits for new plug-in EVs with respect to vehicle manufacturers that reached certain production levels beginning in 2023. However, the tax credit is subject to additional requirements and limitations, such as certain adjusted gross income limits for consumers claiming the credit, domestic content requirements for critical
minerals and batteries and a requirement for final assembly to occur in North America. Such additional requirements and limitations for such tax credits may reduce incentives available to encourage the adoption of EVs; favor competitors whose production chains enable them to more readily take advantage of such incentives; delay purchases and installations of charging equipment by the Company as manufacturing of charging equipment is moved to the U.S. in order to expand eligibility for such incentives (which, in turn, could delay the Company’s recognition of revenue in connection with such stalls); increase the cost of procurement of some inputs in the construction of charging infrastructure; and negatively affect the EV market and adversely impact EVgo’s business operations and expansion potential. Any such developments could have an adverse effect on EVgo’s business, financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Related to EVgo’s Technology, Intellectual Property and Infrastructure
EVgo may need to defend against intellectual property infringement or misappropriation claims, which may be time-consuming and expensive and EVgo’s business could be adversely affected.
From time to time, the holders of intellectual property rights may assert their rights and urge the Company to take licenses and/or may bring suits alleging infringement or misappropriation of such rights. There can be no assurance that EVgo will be able to mitigate the risk of potential suits or legal demands by competitors or other third parties. Accordingly, EVgo may consider entering into licensing agreements with respect to such rights, although no assurance can be given that such licenses can be obtained on acceptable terms or at all, or that litigation or arbitration will not occur. Such licenses and associated disputes could significantly increase EVgo’s operating expenses. If EVgo is unable to successfully resolve any such dispute, EVgo may be required to cease making, selling or incorporating certain key components or intellectual property into the products and services EVgo offers, to pay substantial damages and/or royalties, to redesign EVgo’s products and services and/or to establish and maintain alternative branding. In addition, to the extent that EVgo’s customers and business partners become the subject of any allegation or claim regarding the infringement or misappropriation of intellectual property rights related to EVgo’s products and services, EVgo may be required to indemnify such customers and business partners. The scope of these indemnity obligations varies, but may, in some instances, include indemnification for damages and expenses, including attorneys’ fees. Even if EVgo is not a party to any litigation between a customer or business partner and a third party relating to infringement by EVgo’s products, an adverse outcome in any such litigation could make it more difficult for the Company to defend EVgo’s products against intellectual property infringement claims in any subsequent litigation in which EVgo is a named party. If EVgo is required to take one or more such actions, EVgo’s business, prospects, brand, operating results and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, any litigation or claims, whether or not valid, could result in substantial costs, negative publicity, reputational harm and diversion of resources and management attention.
EVgo’s business may be adversely affected if EVgo is unable to maintain, protect and enforce its technology and intellectual property.
EVgo’s success depends, in part, on EVgo’s ability to protect EVgo’s core technology and intellectual property. To accomplish this, EVgo relies on and plans to continue relying on, a combination of trade secrets (including know-how), employee and third-party nondisclosure agreements, copyrights, trademarks, intellectual property licenses and other contractual rights to retain ownership of and protect, EVgo’s technology and intellectual property. Despite EVgo’s efforts to protect its intellectual property, third parties may attempt to copy or otherwise obtain and use EVgo’s intellectual property or seek court declarations that EVgo’s intellectual property is invalid or unenforceable, or that they do not infringe upon EVgo’s intellectual property. Monitoring unauthorized use of EVgo’s intellectual property is difficult and costly, and the steps EVgo has taken or may take in the future in an effort to prevent or combat infringement, misappropriation or other violations may be unsuccessful. Any litigation could result in significant expense to EVgo, including the diversion of management’s time, and may not ultimately be resolved in EVgo’s favor. As of December 31, 2023, EVgo held 23 patents and had 10 additional patent applications pending in the U.S. and abroad. Failure to adequately protect and enforce EVgo’s technology and intellectual property could result in competitors offering similar products, potentially resulting in the loss of some of EVgo’s competitive advantage and a decrease in revenue which would adversely affect EVgo’s business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.
The measures EVgo takes to protect EVgo’s technology and intellectual property from infringement, misappropriation or unauthorized use by others may not be effective for various reasons, including the following:
● the patent application EVgo has submitted may not result in the issuance of any patents;
● the scope of any issued patents that may result from the pending patent application may not be broad enough to protect proprietary rights;
● any patents or trademarks may be challenged by competitors and/or invalidated or canceled by courts or other government entities;
● the costs associated with enforcing patents, trademarks, confidentiality and invention agreements or other intellectual property rights may make enforcement impracticable;
● current and future competitors may circumvent patents or independently develop similar inventions, trade secrets or works of authorship, such as software;
● know-how and other proprietary information EVgo purports to hold as a trade secret may not qualify as a trade secret under applicable laws; and
● proprietary designs and technology embodied in EVgo’s products may be discoverable by third parties through means that do not constitute violations of applicable laws.
Intellectual property and trade secret laws vary significantly throughout the world. Some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as do the laws of the U.S. Further, policing the unauthorized use of EVgo’s intellectual property in foreign jurisdictions may be costly, difficult or even impossible. Therefore, EVgo’s intellectual property rights may not be as strong or as easily enforced outside of the U.S.
Any issued patent which may result from the pending patent application may come to be considered “standards essential.” If this is the case, EVgo may be required to license certain technology on “fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory” terms, which may decrease EVgo’s revenue. Further, competitors, vendors, or customers may, in certain instances, be free to create variations or derivative works of EVgo’s technology and intellectual property and those derivative works may become directly competitive with EVgo’s offerings. Finally, EVgo may not be able to leverage, or obtain ownership of, all technology and intellectual property developed by EVgo’s vendors in connection with design and manufacture of EVgo’s products, thereby jeopardizing EVgo’s ability to obtain a competitive advantage over EVgo’s competitors.
The current lack of industry standards may lead to uncertainty, additional competition and further unexpected costs.
The EV industry is new and evolving as are the standards governing EV charging which have not had the benefit of time-tested use cases. These immature industry standards could result in future incompatibilities and issues that could require significant resources and/or time to remedy. Utilities and other large market participants also mandate their own adoption of specifications that have not become widely adopted in the industry and may hinder innovation or slow new product or new feature introduction.
In addition, automobile manufacturers, such as Tesla, may choose to develop and promulgate their own proprietary charging standards and systems, which could lock out competition for EV charging stations, or to use their size and market position to influence the market, which could limit EVgo’s market and reach to customers, negatively impacting EVgo’s business.
Further, should regulatory bodies or large market participants later impose a standard that is not compatible with EVgo’s infrastructure or products, EVgo may incur significant costs to adapt EVgo’s business model to the new standard, which may require significant time and expense and, as a result, have a material adverse effect on EVgo’s revenues or results of operations.
For example, Tesla’s charging network in the United States is based on a proprietary connector and EV inlet, which Tesla has open sourced as the North American Charging Standard (“NACS”), to supplant or replace competing connector and EV inlet standards such as the combined charging system (“CCS”). In 2023 and 2024, a majority of the largest OEMs announced plans to adopt the NACS standard in their future EVs. SAE International, a standards-developing organization for automotive engineering professionals, is currently working on an initiative to adapt Tesla’s specifications for NACS into an industry standard.
The rapid industry shift towards the NACS standard demonstrates the ongoing evolution of industry standards. With the recent OEM announcements, NACS is poised to potentially become the de facto charging standard for EVs in North America. However, widespread or universal adoption of NACS as the industry standard could take several years as OEMs develop new EVs and EVSE manufacturers develop new chargers based on the NACS standard. Additionally, because a change in industry standard requires updates to a range of charging equipment, including EV inlets and EVSE connectors, cables and cooling systems, charging network operators, including EVgo, may have to spend considerable time and resources to deploy the new chargers (or retrofit existing chargers) in a manner that supports migration of EVs in North America from the CCS1 standard to the NACS standard while ensuring that existing EVs featuring CCS1 charging equipment are able to charge effectively on the updated networks.
Hardware or software utilized in connection with EVgo’s charging network could have undisclosed or undetected defects, errors or bugs which could impede market acceptance, harm EVgo’s standing among its current or prospective customers and/or potentially subject it to legal claims and liabilities, any of which could significantly impact EVgo’s business operations in an adverse manner.
EVgo may be subject to claims that persons were injured or purported to be injured, or that personal property has been damaged, including due to latent defects, in connection with the use of EVgo’s charging stations. Any insurance that EVgo carries may not be sufficient or it may not apply to all situations. Similarly, to the extent that such malfunctions are related to components obtained from third-party vendors, EVs produced by third-party OEMs (including any components of such EVs) or adaptors or other equipment obtained manufactured by other third parties, such third parties may not assume responsibility for such malfunctions. Any of these events could adversely affect EVgo’s brand, reputation, operating results or financial condition.
EVgo’s software platform is complex and includes a number of licensed third-party commercial and open-source software libraries. EVgo’s software may contain latent defects or errors that may be difficult to detect and remediate. EVgo is continuing to evolve the features and functionality of EVgo’s platform through updates and enhancements and as EVgo does so, EVgo may introduce additional defects or errors that may not be detected until after deployment to customers. In addition, if EVgo’s products and services, including any updates or patches, are not implemented or used correctly or as intended, inadequate performance and disruptions in service may result.
Any defects or errors in product or service offerings, or the perception of such defects or errors, or other performance problems could result in any of the following, each of which could adversely affect EVgo’s business and results of operations:
● expenditure of significant financial and product development resources, including recalls, in efforts to analyze, correct, eliminate or work around errors or defects;
● loss of existing or potential customers or partners;
● interruptions or delays in sales;
● equipment replacements or reimbursements for damage;
● delayed or lost revenue;
● macroeconomic conditions, including inflation, interest rates and volatility surrounding closure or takeover of financial institutions;
● delay or failure to attain market acceptance;
● delay in the development or release of new functionality or improvements;
● bodily injury or harm to customers or other individuals and damage to property;
● negative publicity and reputational harm;
● sales credits or refunds;
● exposure of confidential or proprietary information;
● diversion of development and customer service resources;
● breach of warranty claims;
● legal claims under applicable laws, rules and regulations; and
● the expense and risk of litigation.
EVgo also faces the risk that any contractual protections EVgo seeks to include in EVgo’s agreements with customers are rejected, not implemented uniformly or do not fully or effectively protect from claims by customers, resellers, business partners or other third parties. In addition, any insurance coverage or indemnification obligations of suppliers or other third parties for EVgo’s benefit may not adequately cover all such claims or may cover only a portion of such claims. A successful product liability, systematic defect, warranty, or other similar claim could have an adverse effect on EVgo’s business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, even claims that ultimately are unsuccessful could result in expenditure of funds in litigation, divert management’s time and other resources and cause reputational harm.
The EV charging market is characterized by rapid technological change, which requires the Company to continue to develop new products, enhance their reliability and develop product innovations. Any delays in such development could adversely affect market adoption of EVgo’s products and financial results.
Continuing technological changes in battery and other EV technologies could adversely affect adoption of current EV charging technology, continuing and increasing reliance on EV charging infrastructure and/or the use of EVgo’s products and services. EVgo’s future success will depend in part upon EVgo’s ability to develop and introduce a variety of new capabilities and innovations to EVgo’s existing product offerings, as well as introduce a variety of new and improved product offerings to address the changing needs of the EV charging market.
As EV technologies change, EVgo may need to upgrade or adapt EVgo’s charging station technology and introduce new products and services in order to serve vehicles that have the latest technology, in particular major improvements in battery technology leading to significant increases in charging rates, which could involve substantial costs. Even if EVgo is able to keep pace with changes in technology and develop new products and services, EVgo’s research and development expenses could increase, EVgo’s gross margins could be adversely affected in some periods and EVgo’s prior products could become obsolete more quickly than expected.
EVgo cannot guarantee that any new products will be released in a timely manner, or at all, or achieve market acceptance. Delays in delivering new products that meet customer requirements could damage EVgo’s relationships with customers and lead them to seek alternative products or services. Delays in introducing products, improvements and innovations or the failure to offer innovative products or services at competitive prices may cause existing and potential customers to use EVgo’s competitors’ products or services.
If EVgo is unable to devote adequate resources to develop and improve products or cannot otherwise successfully develop products or services that meet customer requirements on a timely basis or that remain competitive with technological alternatives, EVgo’s products and services could lose market share, EVgo’s revenue will decline, EVgo may experience higher operating losses and EVgo’s business and prospects will be adversely affected.
EVgo expects to incur research and development costs and devote significant resources to developing new products, which could significantly reduce EVgo’s profitability and may never result in revenue to the Company.
EVgo’s future growth depends on penetrating new markets, adapting existing products to new applications and customer requirements and introducing new products that achieve market acceptance. EVgo plans to incur significant research and development costs in the future as part of EVgo’s efforts to design, develop, manufacture and introduce new products and enhance existing products. Further, EVgo’s research and development program may not produce successful results and EVgo’s new products may not achieve market acceptance, create additional revenue or become profitable.
EVgo may be unable to leverage customer data in all geographic locations, and this limitation may impact research and development operations.
EVgo relies on data collected through charging stations or EVgo’s mobile application. EVgo uses this data in connection with the research, development and analysis of EVgo’s technologies, creating and delivering value-add customer services and in assessing future charger locations as well as charging station capacities. EVgo’s inability to obtain necessary rights to use this data for the stations that EVgo does not own or freely transfer this data could result in delays or otherwise negatively impact EVgo’s research and development and expansion efforts and limit EVgo’s ability to derive revenues from value-add customer services. For instance, consumer privacy regulations may limit EVgo’s ability
to make fully informed, data driven business decisions, conduct microtargeting marketing strategies or provide microtargeting-based offerings to EV drivers.
Financial, Tax and Accounting-Related Risks
EVgo’s financial condition and results of operations are likely to fluctuate on a quarterly basis in future periods, which could cause EVgo’s results for a particular period to fall below expectations, resulting in a decline in the price of EVgo’s common stock.
EVgo’s financial condition and results of operations have fluctuated in the past and may continue to fluctuate in the future due to a variety of factors, many of which are beyond EVgo’s control.
In addition to the other risks described herein, the following factors could also cause EVgo’s financial condition and results of operations to fluctuate on a quarterly basis:
● the timing and volume of new sales;
● fluctuations in service costs, particularly due to unexpected costs of servicing and maintaining charging stations, changes in utility tariffs affecting costs of electricity, increases in property taxes and expenses related to permits, changes in dynamics with Site Host partners that may result in higher site-license fees, change in payment fees and unexpected increases in third-party software costs;
● the timing of new charger installations and new product rollouts;
● the timing of the introduction of new EV models by OEMs;
● weaker than anticipated demand for DC fast charging, whether due to changes in government incentives and policies or due to other conditions;
● fluctuations in sales and marketing, business development or research and development expenses;
● supply chain interruptions and manufacturing or delivery delays;
● the timing and availability of new products relative to customers’ and investors’ expectations;
● the length of the installation cycle for a particular location or market;
● the timing of recognition of any cash received from OEM partners as revenue;
● disruptions in sales, production, service or other business activities or EVgo’s inability to attract and retain qualified personnel;
● unanticipated changes in federal, state, local, or foreign government incentive programs, which can affect demand for EVs or the anticipated costs of construction of charging infrastructure;
● unanticipated emergence of new market entrants and various strategic actions by incumbents that might lead to intensifying competition and thus worsened operational results;
● the potential adoption of time-of-day or time-of-use rates by local utilities, which may reduce EVgo’s margins; and
● seasonal fluctuations in driving patterns.
Revenue and other operating results may fall short of the expectations of investors and financial analysts, which could have an adverse effect on the price of the Company’s common stock. In addition, fluctuations in operating results and cash flow could, among other things, give rise to short-term liquidity issues. See Part I, Item IA, “Risk Factors - Risks Related to EVgo’s Business - EVgo may need to raise additional funds, and these funds may not be available when needed or may only be available on unfavorable terms, which could impact the Company’s ability to fund its operations, its growth and the build-out of the Company’s network.”
EVgo has identified a material weakness in its internal control over financial reporting, and any inability to timely remediate this material weakness or to otherwise establish and maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting may harm investor confidence and cause a decline in the price of the Company’s Class A common stock.
In connection with the preparation of EVgo’s audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023, a material weakness was identified in EVgo’s internal control over financial reporting as discussed in more detail below. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial
reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of EVgo’s financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Notwithstanding such material weakness, EVgo’s management believes the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report present fairly, in all material respects, its financial position, results of operations and cash flows as of and for the periods presented, in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
The following material weakness in internal control over financial reporting was identified as of December 31, 2023: due to an ineffective information and communication process to ensure the completeness and accuracy of underlying data and reports, the Company did not effectively design, implement and operate process-level controls and effective general information technology (“IT”) controls relevant to its financial reporting processes. For further discussion of EVgo’s internal control over financial reporting and a description of the identified material weakness, see Part II, Item 9A, “Controls and Procedures” in this Annual Report.
As discussed further in that section, although EVgo is committed to remediating this material weakness and has implemented a remediation plan in order to address the identified material weakness, it may not be successful in making the improvements necessary to remediate it or to be able to do so in a timely manner. EVgo may also identify additional control deficiencies or material weaknesses in the future, or otherwise be unable to comply with the requirements of Section 404 the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which may subject the Company to adverse regulatory consequences, negatively impact EVgo’s ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements in the future, harm investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of its financial reporting, adversely affect its business and operating results and cause a decline in the price of the Company’s Class A common stock.
Changes to applicable U.S. tax laws and regulations or exposure to additional income tax liabilities could affect EVgo’s and EVgo OpCo’s business and future profitability.
EVgo has no material assets other than its indirect interest in EVgo OpCo, which holds, directly or indirectly, all of the operating assets of the EVgo business. EVgo OpCo generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax but may be subject to certain U.S. state and local and non-U.S. taxes. EVgo is a U.S. corporation that will be subject to U.S. corporate income tax on EVgo’s worldwide operations, including EVgo’s share of income of EVgo OpCo. Moreover, EVgo’s operations and customers are located in the U.S. As a result, EVgo and EVgo OpCo are subject to various U.S. federal, state and local taxes and EVgo’s future effective tax rates could be subject to volatility or adversely affected by a number of factors, including:
● changes in the valuation of EVgo’s deferred tax assets and liabilities;
● expected timing and amount of the release of any tax valuation allowances;
● tax effects of share-based compensation;
● the availability of tax deductions, credits, exemptions, refunds and other benefits to reduce tax liabilities; or
● changes in tax laws, regulations or interpretations thereof.
For example, the recently enacted Inflation Reduction Act extends and expands certain tax credits for EVs and EV charging infrastructure. As part of these changes, EV charging infrastructure and purchasers of EVs will be subject to additional requirements and/or limitations which may reduce the credits for which EVgo and EV consumers may be eligible and may affect the adoption of EVs and impact the demand for EV charging stations. In particular, certain prevailing wage and apprenticeship requirements may increase the cost to place in service EV charging stations, unless an exception applies. The exact impact of these changes is not fully known and may, in some circumstances, depend on guidance issued by the U.S. Department of the Treasury (“Treasury”) regarding the interpretation and implementation of the Inflation Reduction Act. Treasury has issued only limited guidance on the interpretation and implementation of the Inflation Reduction Act and additional guidance may be forthcoming. If and when issued, such guidance may impose further requirements and/or limitations. These and any other changes to government incentives that impose additional restrictions could increase costs, limit EVgo’s ability to utilize tax benefits, reduce its competitiveness and/or adversely impact EVgo’s growth, which could have a material adverse effect on EVgo’s business, financial condition and results of operations.
EVgo also may be subject to audits of EVgo’s or EVgo OpCo’s income, sales and other transaction taxes by U.S. federal, state and local taxing authorities. Outcomes of these audits could have an adverse effect on EVgo’s operating results and financial condition.
As a result of plans to expand EVgo’s business operations, including to jurisdictions in which tax laws may not be favorable, EVgo’s and EVgo OpCo’s obligations may change or fluctuate, become significantly more complex or become subject to greater risk of examination by taxing authorities, any of which could adversely affect EVgo’s or EVgo OpCo’s after-tax profitability and financial results.
In the event EVgo’s operating business expands domestically or internationally, EVgo’s and EVgo OpCo’s effective tax rates may fluctuate widely in the future. Future effective tax rates could be affected by operating losses in jurisdictions where no tax benefit can be recorded under GAAP, changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities, or changes in tax laws. Additionally, EVgo and EVgo OpCo may be subject to tax on more than 100% of EVgo’s income as a result of such income being subject to tax in multiple state, local or non-U.S. jurisdictions. Factors that could materially affect EVgo’s and EVgo OpCo’s future effective tax rates include but are not limited to: (a) changes in tax laws or the regulatory environment, (b) changes in accounting and tax standards or practices, (c) changes in the composition of operating income by tax jurisdiction and (d) pre-tax operating results of EVgo’s business.
Additionally, EVgo and EVgo OpCo may be subject to significant income, withholding and other tax obligations in the U.S. and may become subject to taxation in numerous additional state, local and non-U.S. jurisdictions with respect to income, operations and subsidiaries related to those jurisdictions. EVgo’s and EVgo OpCo’s after-tax profitability and financial results could be subject to volatility or be affected by numerous factors, including (a) the availability of tax deductions, credits, exemptions, refunds and other benefits to reduce tax liabilities, (b) changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, if any, (c) the expected timing and amount of the release of any tax valuation allowances, (d) the tax treatment of share-based compensation, (e) changes in the relative amount of earnings subject to tax in the various jurisdictions, (f) the potential business expansion into, or the Company otherwise becoming subject to tax in, additional jurisdictions, (g) changes to existing intercompany structure (and any costs related thereto) and business operations, (h) the extent of intercompany transactions and the extent to which taxing authorities in relevant jurisdictions respect those intercompany transactions and (i) the ability to structure business operations in an efficient and competitive manner. Outcomes from audits or examinations by taxing authorities could have an adverse effect on EVgo’s or EVgo OpCo’s after-tax profitability and financial condition. Additionally, the IRS and several foreign tax authorities have increasingly focused attention on intercompany transfer pricing with respect to sales of products and services and the use of intangibles. Tax authorities could disagree with EVgo’s or EVgo OpCo’s intercompany charges, cross-jurisdictional transfer pricing or other matters and assess additional taxes. If EVgo or EVgo OpCo, as applicable, do not prevail in any such disagreements, EVgo’s profitability may be adversely affected.
EVgo’s or EVgo OpCo’s after-tax profitability and financial results may also be adversely affected by changes in relevant tax laws and tax rates, treaties, regulations, administrative practices and principles, judicial decisions and interpretations thereof, in each case, possibly with retroactive effect.
Continuing or worsening inflationary pressures and associated changes in monetary policy may result in increases to the cost of EVgo’s charging equipment, other goods, services and personnel, which in turn could cause capital expenditures and operating costs to rise.
Recent inflationary pressures have resulted in and may continue to result in, increases to the costs of charging equipment and personnel, which could in turn cause capital expenditures and operating costs to rise. Sustained levels of high inflation have likewise caused the U.S. Federal Reserve and other central banks to increase interest rates, which could have the effects of raising the cost of capital and depressing economic growth, either of which-or the combination thereof-could hurt the financial and operating results of EVgo’s business.
Adverse developments affecting the financial services industry, such as actual events or concerns involving liquidity, defaults, or non-performance by financial institutions or transactional counterparties, could adversely affect the Company’s current and projected business operations and its financial condition and results of operations.
Events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance, or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, transactional counterparties or other companies in the financial services industry or the financial services industry generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, have in the past and may in the future lead to market-wide liquidity problems. Even though the Company assesses its banking and customer relationships as it believes necessary or appropriate, the Company’s access to funding sources and other credit arrangements in amounts adequate to finance or capitalize its current and projected future business operations could be significantly impaired by factors that affect the Company, the financial services industry or the economy in general. These factors could include, among others, events such as liquidity constraints or failures, the ability to perform obligations under various types of financial, credit or liquidity agreements or arrangements, disruptions or instability in the financial services industry or financial markets, or concerns or negative expectations about the prospects for companies in the financial services industry.
The results of events or concerns that involve one or more of these factors could include a variety of material and adverse impacts on the Company’s current and projected business operations and financial condition and results of operations. These factors could include, but may not be limited to, the following:
● Delayed access to deposits or other financial assets or the uninsured loss of deposits or other financial assets;
● Loss of access to working capital sources and/or the inability to refund, roll over or refund, roll over or extend the maturity of, or enter into new credit facilities;
● To the extent that EVgo enters into credit agreements or arrangements or operating or financial agreements, potential or actual breaches of financial covenants or potential or actual cross-defaults in such agreements; or
● To the extent that EVgo enters into cash management arrangements, termination of cash management arrangements and/or delays in accessing or actual loss of funds subject to cash management arrangements.
In addition, investor concerns regarding the U.S. or international financial systems could result in less favorable commercial financing terms, including higher interest rates or costs and more restrictive financial and operating covenants, or systemic limitations on access to credit and liquidity sources, thereby making it more difficult for the Company to obtain financing on acceptable terms or at all. Any decline in available funding or access to the Company’s cash and liquidity resources could, among other risks, adversely impact the Company’s ability to meet its operating expenses, financial obligations or fulfill its other obligations, result in breaches of its contractual obligations or result in violations of federal or state wage and hour laws. Any of these impacts, or any other impacts resulting from the factors described above or other related or similar factors not described above, could have material adverse impacts on the Company’s liquidity and its business, financial condition or results of operations.
Risks Related to EVgo’s “Up-C” Structure and the Tax Receivable Agreement
EVgo Holdings owns the majority of EVgo’s voting stock and therefore has the right to appoint a majority of EVgo’s board members, and its interests may conflict with those of other stockholders.
EVgo Holdings owns the majority of EVgo’s voting stock and is therefore entitled to appoint the majority of the Board of Directors. As a result, EVgo Holdings is able to substantially influence matters requiring EVgo’s stockholder or board approval, including the election of directors, approval of any of EVgo’s potential acquisitions, changes to EVgo’s organizational documents and significant corporate transactions. This concentration of ownership makes it unlikely that any other holder or group of holders of Class A common stock will be able to affect the way EVgo is managed or the direction of EVgo’s business. The interests of EVgo Holdings with respect to matters potentially or actually involving or affecting the Company, such as future acquisitions, financings and other corporate opportunities and attempts to acquire the Company, may conflict with the interests of EVgo’s other stockholders.
For example, EVgo Holdings may have different tax positions from the Company, especially in light of the Tax Receivable Agreement that could influence its decisions regarding whether and when to support the disposition of assets
or the incurrence or refinancing of new or existing indebtedness, or the termination of the Tax Receivable Agreement and acceleration of EVgo’s obligations thereunder. In addition, the determination of future tax reporting positions, the structuring of future transactions and the handling of any challenge by any taxing authority to EVgo’s tax reporting positions may take into consideration tax or other considerations of EVgo Holdings, including the effect of such positions on EVgo’s obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement, which may differ from EVgo’s considerations or the considerations of other stockholders. For additional information, see Part II, Item 8, “Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Note 16 - Tax Receivable Agreement.”
EVgo’s only principal asset is EVgo’s interest in Thunder Sub, which, in turn, holds only units issued by EVgo OpCo; accordingly, EVgo depends on distributions from EVgo OpCo and Thunder Sub to pay taxes, make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement and cover EVgo’s corporate and other overhead expenses.
EVgo is a holding company and has no material assets other than EVgo’s ownership interest in Thunder Sub. Thunder Sub holds only EVgo OpCo Units, which at the time immediately following the CRIS Close Date were equal to the number of shares of Class A common stock issued and outstanding after giving effect to the CRIS Business Combination and the PIPE. Neither EVgo nor Thunder Sub has independent means of generating revenue or cash flow. To the extent EVgo OpCo has available cash and subject to the terms of any current or future debt instruments, the EVgo OpCo A&R LLC Agreement requires EVgo OpCo to make pro rata cash distributions to holders of EVgo OpCo Units, including Thunder Sub, in an amount sufficient to allow the Company Group to pay its taxes and to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement. EVgo generally expects EVgo OpCo to fund such distributions out of available cash and if payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement are accelerated, EVgo generally expects to fund such accelerated payments out of the proceeds of the change of control transaction giving rise to such acceleration. When EVgo OpCo makes distributions, the holders of EVgo OpCo Units will be entitled to receive proportionate distributions based on their interests in EVgo OpCo at the time of such distribution. In addition, the EVgo OpCo A&R LLC Agreement requires EVgo OpCo to make non-pro rata payments to Thunder Sub to reimburse it for its corporate and other overhead expenses, which payments are not treated as distributions under the EVgo OpCo A&R LLC Agreement. To the extent that EVgo needs funds and EVgo OpCo or its subsidiaries are restricted from making such distributions or payments under applicable law or regulation or under the terms of any current or future financing arrangements, or are otherwise unable to provide such funds, EVgo’s liquidity and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.
Moreover, because EVgo has no independent means of generating revenue, EVgo’s ability to make tax payments and payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement is dependent on the ability of EVgo OpCo to make distributions to Thunder Sub in an amount sufficient to cover the Company Group’s tax obligations and obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement. This ability, in turn, may depend on the ability of EVgo OpCo’s subsidiaries to make distributions to it. The ability of EVgo OpCo, its subsidiaries and other entities in which it directly or indirectly holds an equity interest to make such distributions will be subject to, among other things, (i) the applicable provisions of Delaware law (or other applicable jurisdiction) that may limit the amount of funds available for distribution and (ii) restrictions in relevant debt instruments issued by EVgo OpCo or its subsidiaries and other entities in which it directly or indirectly holds an equity interest. To the extent that EVgo is unable to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement for any reason, such payments will be deferred and will accrue interest until paid.
EVgo will be required to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement for certain tax benefits that EVgo may claim, and the amounts of such payments could be significant.
In connection with the CRIS Business Combination, EVgo entered into the Tax Receivable Agreement. This agreement generally provides for the payment by the Company Group to EVgo Holdings of 85% of the net cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax and franchise tax (computed using simplifying assumptions to address the impact of state and local taxes) that the Company Group actually realizes (or is deemed to realize in certain circumstances) in periods after the consummation of the CRIS Business Combination as a result of certain increases in tax basis available to the Company Group as a result of the CRIS Business Combination, the acquisition of EVgo OpCo Units pursuant to an exercise of the EVgo OpCo Unit Redemption Right (as defined in the EVgo OpCo A&R LLC Agreement) or the Call Right (as defined in the EVgo OpCo A&R LLC Agreement) (including any increases in tax basis relating to prior transfers of such EVgo OpCo Units that will be available to the Company Group as a result of its acquisition of such EVgo OpCo Units) and certain benefits attributable to imputed interest. The Company Group will retain the benefit of the remaining net cash savings, if any.
The term of the Tax Receivable Agreement commenced upon the consummation of the CRIS Business Combination and will continue until all tax benefits that are subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement have been utilized or expired and all required payments are made, unless the Company Group exercises its right to terminate the Tax Receivable Agreement (or the Tax Receivable Agreement is terminated due to other circumstances, including the Company Group’s breach of a material obligation thereunder or certain mergers or other changes of control) and the Company Group makes the termination payment specified in the Tax Receivable Agreement. In addition, payments the Company Group makes under the Tax Receivable Agreement will be increased by any interest accrued from the due date (without extensions) of the corresponding tax return. During the year ended December 31, 2023, no transactions occurred that resulted in a cash tax savings benefit that would have triggered the recording of a liability by the Company based on the terms of the Tax Receivable Agreement.
The payment obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement are the Company Group’s obligations and not obligations of EVgo OpCo and EVgo expects that the payments the Company Group will be required to make under the Tax Receivable Agreement will be substantial. Estimating the amount and timing of the Company Group’s realization of tax benefits subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement is by its nature imprecise. The actual increases in tax basis covered by the Tax Receivable Agreement, as well as the amount and timing of the Company Group’s ability to use any deductions (or decreases in gain or increases in loss) arising from such increases in tax basis, are dependent upon future events, including but not limited to the timing of redemptions of EVgo OpCo Units, the price of the Company’s Class A common stock at the time of each redemption, the extent to which such redemptions are taxable transactions, the amount of the redeeming member’s tax basis in its EVgo OpCo Units at the time of the relevant redemption, the depreciation and amortization periods that apply to the increase in tax basis, the amount, character and timing of taxable income the Company Group generates in the future, the timing and amount of any earlier payments that the Company Group may have made under the Tax Receivable Agreement, the U.S. federal income tax rate then applicable and the portion of the Company Group’s payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement that constitute imputed interest or give rise to depreciable or amortizable tax basis. Accordingly, estimating the amount and timing of payments that may become due under the Tax Receivable Agreement is also by its nature imprecise. For purposes of the Tax Receivable Agreement, net cash savings in tax generally are calculated by comparing the Company Group’s actual tax liability (determined by using the actual applicable U.S. federal income tax rate and an assumed combined state and local income tax rate) to the amount the Company Group would have been required to pay had it not been able to utilize any of the tax benefits subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement. Thus, the amount and timing of any payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement are also dependent upon significant future events, including those noted above in respect of estimating the amount and timing of the Company Group’s realization of tax benefits. Any distributions made by EVgo OpCo to the Company Group to enable the Company Group to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement, as well as any corresponding pro rata distributions made to the other holders of EVgo OpCo Units, could have an adverse impact on EVgo’s liquidity.
Payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement will not be conditioned upon a holder of rights under the Tax Receivable Agreement having an ownership interest in the Company or EVgo OpCo. In addition, certain rights of the holders of EVgo OpCo Units (including the right to receive payments) under the Tax Receivable Agreement will be transferable in connection with transfers permitted under the EVgo OpCo A&R LLC Agreement of the corresponding EVgo OpCo Units or after the corresponding EVgo OpCo Units have been acquired pursuant to the EVgo OpCo Unit Redemption Right or Call Right. For additional information, see Part II, Item 8, “Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Note 16 - Tax Receivable Agreement.”
In certain cases, payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement may be accelerated and/or significantly exceed the actual benefits, if any, the Company Group realizes in respect of the tax attributes subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement.
If EVgo experiences a change of control (as defined under the Tax Receivable Agreement, which includes certain mergers, asset sales and other forms of business combinations) or the Tax Receivable Agreement terminates early (at the Company Group’s election or as a result of the Company Group’s breach), the Company Group would be required to make an immediate payment equal to the present value of the anticipated future payments to be made by it under the Tax Receivable Agreement (determined by applying a discount rate equal to one-year LIBOR (or an agreed successor rate, if applicable) plus 100 basis points), and such early termination payment is expected to be substantial. The calculation of anticipated future payments will be based upon certain assumptions and deemed events set forth in the Tax Receivable Agreement, including (i) that the Company Group has sufficient taxable income on a current basis to fully utilize the tax
benefits covered by the Tax Receivable Agreement and (ii) that any EVgo OpCo Units (other than those held by the Company Group or its subsidiaries, other than EVgo OpCo) outstanding on the termination date or change of control date, as applicable, are deemed to be redeemed on such date. Any early termination payment may be made significantly in advance of and may materially exceed, the actual realization, if any, of the future tax benefits to which the early termination payment relates.
If EVgo experiences a change of control (as defined under the Tax Receivable Agreement) or the Tax Receivable Agreement otherwise terminates early (at the Company Group’s election or as a result of the Company Group’s breach), the Company Group’s obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement could have a substantial negative impact on EVgo’s liquidity and could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing certain mergers, asset sales, or other forms of business combinations or changes of control. If the Company Group’s obligation to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement is accelerated as a result of a change of control, EVgo generally expects the accelerated payments due under the Tax Receivable Agreement to be funded out of the proceeds of the change of control transaction giving rise to such acceleration. However, the Company Group may be required to fund such payment from other sources and as a result, any early termination of the Tax Receivable Agreement could have a substantial negative impact on EVgo’s liquidity. EVgo does not currently expect to cause an acceleration due to the Company Group’s breach and EVgo does not currently expect that the Company Group would elect to terminate the Tax Receivable Agreement early, except in cases where the early termination payment would not be material. There can be no assurance that the Company Group will be able to meet its obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement. For additional information, see “Part II, Item 8. Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Note 16 - Tax Receivable Agreement.”
If the Company Group’s payment obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement are accelerated upon certain mergers, other forms of business combinations or other changes of control, the consideration payable to holders of Class A common stock could be substantially reduced.
If EVgo experiences a change of control (as defined under the Tax Receivable Agreement, which includes certain mergers, asset sales and other forms of business combinations), then the Company Group’s obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement would be based upon certain assumptions and deemed events set forth in the Tax Receivable Agreement and in such situations, payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement may be significantly in advance of and may materially exceed, the actual realization, if any, of the future tax benefits to which the payment relates. As a result of the Company Group’s payment obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement, holders of Class A common stock could receive substantially less consideration in connection with a change of control transaction than they would receive in the absence of such obligation. Further, the Company Group’s payment obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement will not be conditioned upon holders of EVgo OpCo Units having a continued interest in the Company or EVgo OpCo. Accordingly, the interests of the holders of EVgo OpCo Units may conflict with those of the holders of Class A common stock. See Part I, Item IA, “Risk Factors - In certain cases, payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement may be accelerated and/or significantly exceed the actual benefits, if any, the Company Group realizes in respect of the tax attributes subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement.”
EVgo will not be reimbursed for any payments made under the Tax Receivable Agreement in the event that any tax benefits are subsequently disallowed.
Payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement will be based on the tax reporting positions that the Company Group will determine and the IRS or another tax authority may challenge all or part of the tax basis increases upon which payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement are based, as well as other related tax positions the Company Group takes and a court could sustain such challenge. The holders of EVgo OpCo Units will not reimburse the Company for any payments previously made under the Tax Receivable Agreement if any tax benefits that have given rise to payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement are subsequently disallowed, except that excess payments made to any holder of EVgo OpCo Units will be netted against future payments that would otherwise be made to such holder of EVgo OpCo Units, if any, after the Company Group’s determination of such excess (which determination may be made a number of years following the initial payment and after future payments have been made). As a result, in such circumstances, the Company Group could make payments that are greater than its actual cash tax savings, if any and may not be able to recoup those payments, which could materially adversely affect its liquidity.
If EVgo OpCo were to become a publicly traded partnership taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the Company and EVgo OpCo might be subject to potentially significant tax inefficiencies and EVgo would not be able to recover payments previously made by it under the Tax Receivable Agreement even if the corresponding tax benefits were subsequently determined to have been unavailable due to such status.
EVgo intends to operate such that EVgo OpCo does not become a publicly traded partnership taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. A “publicly traded partnership” is a partnership the interests of which are traded on an established securities market or are readily tradable on a secondary market or the substantial equivalent thereof. Under certain circumstances, redemptions of EVgo OpCo Units pursuant to the EVgo OpCo Unit Redemption Right (or the Call Right) or other transfers of EVgo OpCo Units could cause EVgo OpCo to be treated as a publicly traded partnership. Applicable Treasury regulations provide for certain safe harbors from treatment as a publicly traded partnership and EVgo intends to operate such that redemptions or other transfers of EVgo OpCo Units qualify for one or more such safe harbors. For example, EVgo intends to limit the number of holders of EVgo OpCo Units and the EVgo OpCo A&R LLC Agreement, which was entered into in connection with the consummation of the CRIS Business Combination, provides for limitations on the ability of holders of EVgo OpCo Units to transfer their EVgo OpCo Units and provides Thunder Sub, as the managing member of EVgo OpCo, with the right to impose restrictions (in addition to those already in place) on the ability of holders of EVgo OpCo Units to redeem their EVgo OpCo Units pursuant to the EVgo OpCo Unit Redemption Right (or Call Right) to the extent EVgo believes it is necessary to ensure that EVgo OpCo will continue to be treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
If EVgo OpCo were to become a publicly traded partnership taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, significant tax inefficiencies might result for the Company and EVgo OpCo, including as a result of the Company Group’s inability to file a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return with EVgo OpCo. In addition, the Company Group may not be able to realize tax benefits covered under the Tax Receivable Agreement and the Company Group would not be able to recover any payments previously made by it under the Tax Receivable Agreement, even if the corresponding tax benefits (including any claimed increase in the tax basis of EVgo OpCo’s assets) were subsequently determined to have been unavailable.
Risks Related to Legal Matters and Regulations
Privacy concerns and laws, or other regulations, may adversely affect EVgo’s business.
State and local governments and agencies in the jurisdictions in which EVgo operates and in which customers operate, have adopted, are considering adopting, or may adopt laws and regulations regarding the collection, use, storage, processing and disclosure of information regarding consumers and other individuals, which could impact EVgo’s ability to offer services in certain jurisdictions. Laws and regulations relating to the collection, use, disclosure, security and other processing of individuals’ information can vary significantly from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. The costs of compliance with and other burdens imposed by laws, regulations, standards and other obligations relating to privacy, data protection and information security are significant. In addition, some companies, particularly larger enterprises, often will not contract with vendors that do not meet these rigorous standards. Accordingly, the failure, or perceived inability, to comply with these laws, regulations, standards and other obligations may limit the use and adoption of EVgo’s products and services, reduce overall demand, lead to regulatory investigations, litigation and significant fines, penalties, or liabilities for actual or alleged noncompliance, or slow the pace at which EVgo closes sales transactions, any of which could harm EVgo’s business. Moreover, if EVgo or any of EVgo’s employees or contractors fail or are believed to fail to adhere to appropriate practices regarding customers’ data, it may damage EVgo’s reputation and brand.
Additionally, existing laws, regulations, standards and other obligations may be interpreted in new and differing manners in the future and may be inconsistent among jurisdictions. Future laws, regulations, standards and other obligations and changes in the interpretation of existing laws, regulations, standards and other obligations could result in increased regulation, increased costs of compliance and penalties for non-compliance and limitations on data collection, use, disclosure and transfer for the Company and EVgo’s customers. Further, a number of states have comprehensive privacy laws applicable to EVgo and its data processing activities. For example, California adopted the California Consumer Privacy Protection Act (as amended by the California Private Rights Act, the “CCPA”), and California regulators have begun enforcement actions and issued regulations in connection with the CCPA. Although EVgo has developed a compliance program designed to ensure comply with these state privacy laws, EVgo remains exposed to risks
associated with the continued expansion and evolution of such laws. The costs of compliance with and other burdens imposed by laws and regulations relating to privacy, data protection and information security may adversely affect EVgo’s ability and willingness to process, handle, store, use and transmit certain types of information, such as demographic and other personal information.
In addition to government activity, privacy advocacy groups, the technology industry and other industries have established or may establish various new, additional or different self-regulatory standards that may place additional burdens on technology companies. Customers may expect that EVgo will meet voluntary certifications or adhere to other standards established by them or third parties. Any failure by or inability of EVgo to maintain these certifications or meet these standards could reduce demand for EVgo’s solutions and adversely affect EVgo’s business.
Existing and future environmental, accessibility, health and safety laws and regulations could result in increased compliance costs or additional operating costs or construction costs and restrictions. Failure to comply with such laws and regulations may result in substantial fines or other limitations that may adversely impact EVgo’s financial results or results of operation.
EVgo and EVgo’s operations, as well as those of EVgo’s contractors, suppliers and customers, are subject to certain environmental laws and regulations, including laws related to the use, handling, storage, transportation and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes, as well as electronic wastes and hardware, whether hazardous or not. These laws may require the Company or others in EVgo’s value chain to obtain permits and comply with procedures that impose various restrictions and obligations that may have material effects on EVgo’s operations. If key permits and approvals cannot be obtained on acceptable terms, or if other operational requirements cannot be met in a manner satisfactory for EVgo’s operations or on a timeline that meets EVgo’s commercial obligations, it may adversely impact EVgo’s business.
Environmental, accessibility, and health and safety laws and regulations can be complex and may be subject to change, such as through new requirements enacted at the supranational, national, sub-national and/or local level or new or modified regulations that may be implemented under existing law. The nature and extent of any changes in these laws, rules, regulations and permits may be unpredictable and may have material effects on EVgo’s business. Future legislation and regulations or changes in existing legislation and regulations, or interpretations thereof, including those relating to site design, hardware manufacturing, electronic waste, or batteries, could cause additional expenditures, restrictions and delays in connection with EVgo’s operations as well as other future projects, the extent of which cannot be predicted. For instance, more stringent laws or regulations for DC fast charging or companies that provide DC fast charging services may be enacted in the near future. EVgo’s charging stations have been constructed at various stages of development of the regulatory regime regarding accessibility. EVgo’s charging stations that have been constructed before regulations are issued may not comply with new regulations, which could subject the Company to penalties and enforcement actions. Additionally, EVgo could be regulated as a retail electric service provider in the future.
Further, EVgo currently relies on third parties to ensure compliance with certain environmental laws, including those related to the disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous wastes. Any failure to properly handle or dispose of wastes, regardless of whether such failure is the responsibility of EVgo or EVgo’s contractors, may result in liability under environmental laws, including, but not limited to, CERCLA and state analogs, under which liability may be imposed without regard to fault or degree of contribution for the investigation and clean-up of contaminated sites, as well as impacts to human health and damages to natural resources. EVgo may also generate or dispose of solid wastes, which may include hazardous wastes that are subject to the requirements of RCRA and comparable state statutes. While RCRA regulates both solid and hazardous wastes, it imposes strict requirements on the generation, storage, treatment, transportation and disposal of hazardous wastes. Certain components of EVgo’s charging stations may be excluded from RCRA’s hazardous waste regulations, provided certain requirements are met. However, if these components do not meet all of the established requirements for the exclusion, or if the requirements for the exclusion change, EVgo may be required to treat such products as hazardous waste, which are subject to more rigorous and costly disposal requirements. Any such changes in the laws and regulations, or EVgo’s ability to qualify the materials EVgo uses for exclusions under such laws and regulations, could adversely affect EVgo’s operating expenses. Additionally, EVgo may not be able to secure contracts with third parties to continue their key supply chain and disposal services for EVgo’s business, which may result in increased costs for compliance with environmental laws and regulations.
Separately, EVgo may also be subject to various supply chain requirements regarding, among other things, conflict minerals and labor practices. EVgo may be required to incur substantial costs to comply with these requirements and the failure to comply may result in substantial fines or other penalties that may adversely impact EVgo’s business, financial condition or results of operations.
Increasing attention to ESG matters may increase EVgo’s costs of compliance and adversely impact EVgo’s business.
There is an increased focus, including by governmental and nongovernmental organizations, investors, customers and other stakeholders on climate change matters, including increased pressure to expand disclosures related to the physical and transition risks related to climate change and to establish sustainability goals, such as the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, which could expose EVgo to market, operational and execution costs or risks. EVgo’s failure to establish targets or targets that are perceived to be appropriate, as well as to achieve progress on those targets on a timely basis, or at all, could adversely affect the reputation of its brand and sales of and demand for its products. To the extent legislation is passed or regulations are adopted, EVgo could incur significant additional costs of compliance due to the need for expanded data collection, analysis and certification with respect to greenhouse gas emissions and other climate change related risks. For example, in March 2022, the SEC proposed new rules requiring public companies to disclose information related to their direct greenhouse gas emissions and indirect emissions from purchased energy, as well as specific categories of greenhouse gas emissions from upstream and downstream activities in the companies’ value chains, otherwise known as Scope 3 emissions. In addition, in 2023, several laws were adopted in California that impose climate-related disclosure obligations on companies, with the scope of the obligations depending in some respects on companies’ annual revenues.
If the SEC’s proposed emissions reporting rule is finalized, it could significantly increase EVgo’s compliance costs. EVgo may also incur additional costs or require additional resources to monitor, report and comply with stakeholder expectations and standards and legislation and to meet climate change targets and commitments if established. In particular, EVgo markets the electricity provided from EVgo’s charging stations as 100% matched with purchases of RECs. Certain ESG-focused investors and other stakeholders may instead favor direct purchases of renewable electricity, which in turn could lead the Company to choose to purchase electricity through such other sources, which could increase EVgo’s costs and have an adverse impact on EVgo’s results of operations.
Additionally, EVgo may receive requests for sustainability related information about its products, business operations and use of sustainable materials, among other data and may be required to satisfy certain ESG-related requirements as a condition to working with certain counterparties or participating in certain grant programs. Efforts to satisfy such requirements may result in increased costs and EVgo’s inability to comply with these and other sustainability requirements in the future could adversely affect sales of and demand for its products and its ability to participate in certain grant programs.
In addition, organizations that provide information to investors on corporate governance and related matters have developed ratings processes for evaluating companies on their approach to ESG matters. Unfavorable ESG ratings could lead to increased negative investor sentiment toward EVgo and could impact EVgo’s access to and costs of capital. Additionally, to the extent ESG matters negatively impact EVgo’s reputation, EVgo may not be able to compete as effectively to recruit or retain employees, which may adversely affect EVgo’s business. Such ESG matters may also impact EVgo’s suppliers, which may adversely impact EVgo’s business and financial condition.
Risks Related to EVgo’s Securities
EVgo is a “controlled company” within the meaning of the rules of the Nasdaq and the rules of the SEC. As a result, EVgo qualifies for and relies on, exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements that would otherwise provide protection to stockholders of other companies.
Immediately following the completion of the CRIS Business Combination, EVgo Holdings controlled a majority of the voting power of EVgo’s outstanding common stock. As a result, EVgo is a “controlled company” within the meaning of the corporate governance standards of the Nasdaq. Under these rules, a company of which more than 50% of the voting
power is held by an individual, group or another company is a “controlled company” and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including:
● the requirement that a majority of EVgo’s Board of Directors consist of “independent directors” as defined under the rules of the Nasdaq;
● the requirement that EVgo has a compensation committee that is composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities;
● the requirement that EVgo has a nominating and corporate governance committee that is composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities; and
● the requirement for an annual performance evaluation of the compensation and nominating and corporate governance committees.
Following the CRIS Business Combination, EVgo utilized some or all of these exemptions. As a result, EVgo’s nominating and corporate governance committee and compensation committee may not consist entirely of independent directors. Accordingly, you may not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of Nasdaq’s corporate governance requirements.
Provisions in EVgo’s Charter and Delaware law may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against EVgo’s directors and officers.
EVgo’s Charter requires, unless EVgo consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, that (a) the federal courts of the U.S. shall have exclusive jurisdiction to hear, settle and/or determine any dispute, controversy or claim arising under the federal securities laws; and (b) the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (the “Court of Chancery”) shall have exclusive jurisdiction to hear (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on its behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer or other employee to the Company or EVgo’s stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim against the Company, EVgo’s directors, officers or employees arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law or EVgo’s Charter or EVgo’s bylaws, or (iv) any action asserting a claim against the Company, EVgo’s directors, officers or employees governed by the internal affairs doctrine, in each case subject to such Court of Chancery having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named as defendants therein. If an action described in clause (b) above is brought outside of Delaware, the stockholder bringing the suit will be deemed to have consented to service of process on such stockholder’s counsel. However, Section 22 of the Securities Act provides for concurrent federal and state court jurisdiction over actions under the Securities Act and the rules and regulations thereunder and there is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce this provision as it relates to actions arising under the Securities Act.
Although EVgo believes this provision benefits the Company by providing increased consistency in the application of Delaware law in the types of lawsuits to which it applies, the provision may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against EVgo’s directors and officers by limiting a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim against any of the Company’s directors, officers or stockholders in a judicial forum that it finds favorable, although EVgo’s stockholders will not be deemed to have waived EVgo’s compliance with federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.
Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision in EVgo’s Charter to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, the Company may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm the Company’s business, operating results and financial condition.
Provisions in EVgo’s Charter may inhibit a takeover of the Company, which could limit the price investors might be willing to pay in the future for Class A common stock and could entrench management.
EVgo’s Charter authorizes the Board of Directors to issue one or more classes or series of preferred stock, the terms of which may be established and the shares of which may be issued without stockholder approval and which may include super voting, special approval, dividend, repurchase rights, liquidation preferences or other rights or preferences superior to the rights of the holders of Class A common stock. The terms of one or more classes or series of preferred stock could adversely impact the value of the Class A common stock. Furthermore, if the Board of Directors elects to issue preferred stock, it could be more difficult for a third party to acquire the Company. For example, the Board of Directors may grant
holders of preferred stock the right to elect some number of directors in all events or upon the occurrence of specified events or the right to veto specified transactions.
In addition, some provisions of EVgo’s Charter could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of the Company, even if the change of control would be beneficial to the stockholders, including: (i) prohibiting the Company from engaging in any business combination with any interested stockholder for a period of three years following the time that the stockholder became an interested stockholder, subject to certain exceptions, (ii) establishing that provisions with regard to the nomination of candidates for election as directors are subject to the A&R Nomination Agreement, (iii) providing that the authorized number of directors may be changed only by resolution of the Board of Directors and in any case is subject to the A&R Nomination Agreement, (iv) providing that all vacancies in the Board of Directors may, except as otherwise be required, be filled by the affirmative vote of a majority of directors then in office, even if less than a quorum, (v) providing that EVgo’s Charter and bylaws may be amended and directors may be removed, by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 75% of the then outstanding voting stock after LS Power owns less than 30% of EVgo’s voting capital stock, (vi) providing for the Board of Directors to be divided into three classes of directors, (vii) providing that the amended and restated bylaws can be amended by the Board of Directors, (viii) limitations on the ability of stockholders to call special meetings, (ix) limitations on the ability of stockholders to act by written consent and (x) renouncing any reasonable expectancy interest that EVgo has in, or right to be offered an opportunity to participate in, any corporate or business opportunities that are from time to time presented to LS Power, directors affiliated with LS Power, their respective affiliates and non-employee directors.
In addition, certain change of control events have the effect of accelerating the payments due under the Tax Receivable Agreement, which could result in a substantial, immediate lump-sum payment that could serve as a disincentive to a potential acquirer of the Company, please see “Financial, Tax and Accounting-Related Risks - In certain cases, payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement may be accelerated and/or significantly exceed the actual benefits, if any, the Company Group realizes in respect of the tax attributes subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement.”
LS Power, non-employee directors and their affiliates are not limited in their ability to compete with EVgo, and the corporate opportunity provisions in EVgo’s Charter could enable such persons to benefit from corporate opportunities that might otherwise be available to the Company.
EVgo’s Charter provides that (i) LS Power and any investment funds or entities controlled or advised by LS Power and (ii) non-employee directors and their affiliates (each, an “Identified Person”) would not be restricted from owning assets or engaging in businesses that compete directly or indirectly with the Company. In particular, subject to the limitations of applicable law and EVgo’s Charter, an Identified Person may, among other things:
● engage in a corporate opportunity in the same or similar business activities or in lines of business in which EVgo or EVgo’s affiliates have a reasonable expectancy interest or property right;
● purchase, sell or otherwise engage in transactions involving EVgo’s securities or indebtedness or EVgo’s affiliates, provided that such transactions do not violate EVgo’s insider trading policies; and
● otherwise compete with the Company.
One or more of the Identified Persons may become aware, from time to time, of certain business opportunities (such as acquisition opportunities) and may direct such opportunities to other businesses in which they have invested, in which case EVgo may not become aware of or otherwise have the ability to pursue such opportunity. Further, such businesses may choose to compete with EVgo for these opportunities, possibly causing these opportunities to not be available to the Company or causing them to be more expensive for EVgo to pursue. As a result, EVgo’s renunciation of its interest and expectancy in any business opportunity that may be from time to time presented to an Identified Person could adversely impact EVgo’s business or prospects if attractive business opportunities are procured by such parties for their own benefit rather than for EVgo’s.
The market price of EVgo’s Class A common stock could be adversely affected by, and EVgo’s stockholders may experience dilution as a result of, sales of substantial amounts of Class A common stock in the public or private markets, including sales by the Company, EVgo Holdings or other large holders.
The sale of a substantial number of shares of EVgo common stock by the Company, EVgo Holdings or any other holder of a substantial number of shares of EVgo’s Class A common stock in the public markets could have a material adverse effect on the price of EVgo’s Class A common stock and dilute EVgo’s stockholders. For instance, EVgo may be required to undertake a public or private offering of Class A common stock in order to use the net proceeds from such offering to purchase an equal number of EVgo OpCo Units from EVgo Holdings or in order to further scale its business. Additionally, if EVgo raised more equity capital from the sale of common stock, institutional or other investors may negotiate terms, including with respect to pricing, more favorable than the current prices of EVgo’s Class A common stock. See Part I, Item IA, “Risk Factors - Risks Related to EVgo’s Business - EVgo may need to raise additional funds, and these funds may not be available when needed or may only be available on unfavorable terms, which could impact the Company’s ability to fund its operations, its growth and the build-out of the Company’s network.”
On August 10, 2022, EVgo filed a Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-266753), which permits the sale by EVgo of up to $750 million in shares of Class A common stock and preferred stock, the issuance of Class A common stock underlying EVgo’s warrants and the resale of a significant number of shares of Class A common stock and warrants by certain securityholders identified in the prospectus accompanying the registration statement. In November 2022, EVgo entered into a Distribution Agreement with J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, Evercore Group L.L.C. and Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC as sales agents, pursuant to which the Company may sell up to $200 million of shares of Class A common stock in “at the market” transactions at prevailing market prices (the “ATM Program”). During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company completed an underwritten public equity offering of 30,123,129 shares of Class A common stock and sold 889,340 shares of Class A common stock pursuant to the ATM Program, with aggregate gross proceeds of $5.8 million. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had sold a total of 2,478,280 shares of Class A common stock under the ATM Program.
EVgo cannot predict the size of future issuances or sales of EVgo’s Class A common stock or the effect, if any, that future issuances and sales of shares of EVgo’s Class A common stock could have on the market price of EVgo’s Class A common stock.
Because EVgo has no current plans to pay cash dividends on Class A common stock for the foreseeable future, you may not receive any return on investment unless you sell Class A common stock for a price greater than that which you paid for it.
EVgo may retain future earnings, if any, for future operations, expansion and debt repayment and has no current plans to pay any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Any decision to declare and pay dividends as a public company in the future will be made at the discretion of the Board of Directors and will depend on, among other things, EVgo’s results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors that the Board of Directors may deem relevant. In addition, EVgo’s ability to pay dividends may be limited by covenants under any existing or future facilities for indebtedness entered into by EVgo or EVgo’s subsidiaries. As a result, you may not receive any return on an investment in Class A common stock unless you sell Class A common stock for a price greater than that which you paid for it.
EVgo’s Warrants are exercisable for EVgo’s Class A common stock, and the exercise of such Warrants would increase the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market and result in dilution to EVgo’s stockholders.
As of December 31, 2023, there were approximately 18,097,105 warrants outstanding, consisting of 14,948,536 Public Warrants originally sold as part of the units issued in the Company’s Initial Public Offering and 3,148,569 Private Placement Warrants originally sold to the Sponsor in a private sale prior to the Initial Public Offering. Each of these warrants is exercisable for one share of EVgo’s Class A common stock, in accordance with the terms of the warrant agreement governing such warrants. Any shares of EVgo’s Class A common stock issued upon exercise of the warrants will result in dilution to the then existing holders of Class A common stock and increase the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market. Sales of substantial numbers of such shares in the public market could adversely affect the market price of EVgo’s Class A common stock and dilute EVgo’s stockholders.
The warrants are being accounted for as a warrant liability and are being recorded at fair value upon issuance with changes in fair value each period reported in earnings, which may have an adverse effect on the market price of the Class A common stock.
As described in EVgo’s consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report, EVgo is accounting for the Company’s issued and outstanding warrants as a warrant liability and recording that liability at fair value upon issuance and recording any subsequent changes in fair value as of the end of each period for which earnings are reported. The impact of changes in fair value on earnings may have an adverse effect on EVgo’s balance sheet and statement of operations and/or the market price of the Class A common stock.
If securities or industry analysts cease publishing research or reports about the Company, EVgo’s business, or EVgo’s market, or if they issue negative recommendations regarding EVgo’s securities, the price and trading volume of EVgo’s securities could decline.
The trading market for EVgo’s securities is influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about the Company, EVgo’s business, market and competitors. While securities and industry analysts do currently publish research on the Company, there is no guarantee that they will continue to do so. If securities or industry analysts stop covering the Company or issue negative recommendations regarding the Company’s securities, EVgo’s share price and trading volume may be negatively impacted.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
Not applicable.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Item 2. Properties.
EVgo’s corporate headquarters is located at 11835 West Olympic Boulevard, Suite 900E, Los Angeles, California, 90064. As of February 15, 2024, the Company leased facilities and land throughout the U.S. for additional offices, a testing facility, and a warehouse. The Company believes its existing facilities and equipment are in good operating condition and are suitable for the conduct of its business.
In addition, the Company has entered into agreements with Site Hosts, which allow the Company to operate charging stations on Site Hosts’ properties and which, collectively, EVgo considers to be material to EVgo’s operations. The agreements with the Site Hosts, which are deemed to be operating leases, are located throughout the geographical areas in which EVgo operates and may include one or more provisions to compensate the Site Hosts, such as fixed fees, cost reimbursements, revenue sharing and payments per customer charge. The expenses related to these agreements are recorded in cost of sales for sites that are operational. Expenses for sites that are not operational are charged to general and administrative expenses.
The Company has determined that it operates in one operating and reportable segment and, as such, the leases and agreements with the Site Hosts are attributable to that segment. EVgo believes all the properties that it currently occupies are suitable for their intended uses. EVgo believes that its current facilities are sufficient to conduct EVgo’s operations. However, EVgo continues to evaluate the potential purchase or lease of additional properties.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
From time to time, EVgo may be a party to legal proceedings or subject to claims arising in the ordinary course of business. EVgo is not currently a party to any material legal proceedings.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
(a)Market Information
EVgo’s Class A common stock trades on the Nasdaq under the symbol “EVGO.” Prior to July 1, 2021 and before the completion of the business combination with CRIS, the Class A common stock of CRIS traded on the NYSE under the ticker symbol “CLII.” EVgo’s Public Warrants trade on the Nasdaq under the symbol “EVGOW.” Prior to July 1, 2021 and before the completion of the business combination with CRIS, the Public Warrants of CRIS traded on the NYSE under the ticker symbol “CLII WS.”
(b)Holders
As of February 27, 2024, there were 31 holders of record of EVgo’s Class A common stock and six holders of record of EVgo’s warrants. In addition to holders of record of EVgo’s Class A common stock and warrants, EVgo believes there is a substantially greater number of “street name” holders or beneficial holders whose Class A common stock and warrants are held of record by banks, brokers and other financial institutions. There is no public market for EVgo’s Class B common stock, and there is one holder of record of EVgo’s Class B common stock.
(c)Dividends
EVgo has not paid any cash dividends on EVgo’s Class A common stock to date. The payment of cash dividends is subject to the discretion of EVgo’s Board of Directors and may be affected by various factors, including EVgo’s future earnings, financial condition, capital requirements, share repurchase activity, current and future planned strategic growth initiatives, levels of indebtedness and other considerations EVgo’s Board of Directors deem relevant.
(d)Performance Graph
The performance graph has been omitted as permitted under rules applicable to smaller reporting companies.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Item 6. [Reserved]

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The following discussion and analysis provides information that management believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of EVgo’s consolidated results of operations and financial condition. The discussion should be read in conjunction with EVgo’s consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, included elsewhere in this Annual Report. In addition to historical information, this discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve numerous risks, uncertainties and assumptions that could cause EVgo’s actual results to differ materially from management’s expectations due to a number of factors, including those discussed in the sections entitled “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” in this Annual Report.
Overview
EVgo is a leader in EV charging solutions, building and operating the infrastructure and tools needed to expedite the mass adoption of EVs for individual drivers, rideshare and commercial fleets, and businesses. EVgo is one of the nation’s largest public fast charging networks, featuring over 950 fast charging locations across more than 35 states, including stations built through EVgo eXtend, its white label service offering. EVgo is accelerating transportation electrification through partnerships with automakers, fleet and rideshare operators, retail hosts such as grocery stores, shopping centers, and gas stations, policy leaders, and other organizations.
The foundation of the Company’s business is building, owning and operating EV fast charging sites that deliver charging to EVs driven by individuals, commercial drivers, and fleet operators. EVgo’s core revenue stream is from the provision of charging services for EVs of all types on EVgo’s network. In addition, a variety of business-to-business commercial relationships provide EVgo with revenue or cash payments based on commitments to build new infrastructure, provide guaranteed access to charging, and offer marketing, data and software-driven services. EVgo also earns revenue from the sale of regulatory credits generated through sales of electricity and its operation and ownership of its DCFC network. EVgo believes this combination of revenue streams can drive long-term margin expansion and customer retention.
Specifically, charging network revenue is earned through the following streams:
● Charging Revenue, Retail: EVgo sells electricity directly to drivers who access EVgo’s publicly available networked chargers. Various pricing plans exist for customers and drivers have the choice to charge through a subscription offering or a variety of pay-as-you-go plans. Drivers locate the chargers through EVgo’s mobile application, their vehicle’s in-dash navigation system, or third-party databases, such as PlugShare, that license charger-location information from EVgo. EVgo chargers are generally installed in parking spaces owned or leased by commercial or public-entity Site Hosts that desire to provide charging services at their respective locations. Commercial Site Hosts include retail and grocery stores, offices, medical complexes, airports and convenience stores. EVgo offerings are well aligned with the goals of Site Hosts, as many commercial businesses increasingly view charging capabilities as essential to attracting tenants, employees, customers and visitors, and achieve sustainability goals. Site Hosts are generally able to obtain these benefits at no cost when partnering with EVgo through the Company’s owner and/or operator model, in which EVgo is responsible for the development, construction, and operation of chargers located on Site Hosts’ properties. In many cases, Site Hosts will earn revenue from license payments in the form of parking space rental fees that EVgo pays in exchange for use of the site.
● Charging Revenue, Commercial: High volume fleet customers, such as transportation networking companies or delivery services, can access EVgo’s charging infrastructure through EVgo’s vast public network. Pricing for charging services is most often negotiated directly with the fleet owner based on the business needs and usage patterns of the fleet. In these arrangements EVgo contracts with and bills, either the fleet owner directly or an individual fleet driver utilizing EVgo’s chargers.
In addition to offering access to its public network, EVgo offers dedicated charging solutions to fleets. Through its fleet product, EVgo develops, builds, and services charging assets for fleets either at their own depot locations
or at off-site charging hubs that EVgo has secured without requiring a fleet to directly incur capital expenditures. EVgo offers a variety of pricing models for dedicated charging solutions, including a mix of volumetric commitments and variable and fixed payments for provision of charging services. Together, EVgo’s dedicated charging solutions and public fleet charging services provide fleets with charging infrastructure options that are robust and flexible as the transition to electrified transportation accelerates.
● Charging Revenue, OEM: EVgo is a pioneer in OEM charging programs with revenue models to meet a wide variety of OEM objectives related to the availability of charging infrastructure and the provision of charging services for EV drivers. EVgo contracts directly with OEMs to provide charging services to drivers who have purchased or leased such OEMs’ EVs and who access EVgo’s public charger network. Other related services currently provided to OEMs by EVgo include co-marketing, data services and digital application services. EVgo’s OEM relationships are a core customer-acquisition channel.
● Regulatory Credit Sales: As a charging station owner and operator, EVgo earns regulatory credits, such as Low Carbon Fuel Standard (“LCFS”) credits and other regulatory credits, in states where such programs are enacted currently, including the Fast Charging Infrastructure program in California. These credits are generated through charging station operations based on the volume of kWh sold. EVgo earns additional revenue through the sale of these credits to buyers obligated to purchase the credits to comply with the program mandates.
● Network Revenue, OEM: This revenue stream represents revenue related to contracts that have significant charger infrastructure build programs, which represent set-up costs under Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). Proceeds from these contracts are allocated to performance obligations including marketing activities, memberships, reservations and the expiration of unused charging credits. Marketing activities are recognized at a point in time as the services are performed and measurement is based on amounts spent. For memberships and reservations, revenue is recognized over time and measured based on the charging activity of subscriber members at each measurement period. Any unused charging credits are recognized as breakage using the proportional method or, for programs where there is not enough information to determine the pattern of rights exercised by the customer, the remote method.
EVgo generates non-charging network revenue from the following streams:
● eXtend Revenue: Through EVgo eXtend, EVgo provides hardware, design, and construction services for charging sites, as well as ongoing operations, maintenance and networking and software integration solutions, while customers purchase and retain ownership of the charging assets. Existing customers with EVgo accounts are able to access eXtend chargers through the EVgo app, among other options. For some EVgo eXtend customers, EVgo also provides grant application support and related services.
● Ancillary Revenue: EVgo offers a variety of software-driven digital, development and operations services to customers. These offerings currently include customization of digital applications, charging data integration, loyalty programs, access to chargers behind parking lot or garage pay gates, microtargeted advertising and charging reservations as well as all services provided under PlugShare such as data, research and advertising services and equipment procurement and operational services for customers operating dedicated networks. EVgo continues to evaluate and engage in opportunities to use its foundational expertise in charging infrastructure to provide value-added services to the rapidly growing EV ecosystem.
Recent Developments
Geopolitical and Macroeconomic Environment
During the last several years, the global economy has experienced disruption and sustained volatility due to a number of factors. For example, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and an escalation of tensions and conflict in Israel and the broader Middle East region have led to disruptions, instability and volatility in global markets and industries and will likely continue to lead to, geopolitical instability, market uncertainty and supply disruptions. Additionally, recent
inflationary pressures have resulted in and may continue to result in increases to the costs of charging equipment and personnel, which could in turn cause capital expenditures and operating costs to rise. Sustained levels of high inflation have likewise caused the U.S. Federal Reserve and other central banks to increase interest rates, which could have the effects of raising the cost of capital and depressing economic growth.
The current economic environment remains uncertain, and the extent to which EVgo’s operating and financial results for future periods will be impacted by the conflicts in Ukraine, Israel and the broader Middle East region, rates of inflation, instability in the financial services sector, supply-chain disruptions, government efforts to reduce inflation and any recession will largely depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be reasonably estimated at this time. In addition, continued long lead times of grid equipment such as transformers may impact EVgo’s development cycle.
Government EV Initiatives
In order to encourage the use of EVs, the U.S. federal government and some state and local governments provide incentives to end users and owners of EVs and EV charging stations in the form of rebates, tax credits, low-cost funding and other financial incentives that promote EV adoption and related EV charging infrastructure. EVgo believes the promotion of EVs and the installation of related EV charging infrastructure will continue in part due to the ongoing implementation of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (the “Bipartisan Infrastructure Law”) and the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “Inflation Reduction Act”), which included extensions, expansions and revisions of various tax credits relating to EVs and EV charging infrastructure and may provide more flexibility and options in monetizing such credits. In particular, the Inflation Reduction Act (i) expanded and extended tax credits for EV charging infrastructure and new EVs while also imposing new limitations and requirements for such credits, (ii) introduced tax credits for used EVs and commercial EVs and (iii) introduced the concept of transferability for certain tax credits, providing an additional option to monetize such credits.
However, these incentives may expire on a particular date, end when the allocated funding is exhausted, or may be reduced or terminated as a matter of regulatory or legislative policy. For example, the results of the 2024 Presidential and Congressional elections and resulting legislative or regulatory actions, if pursued, could impact the availability or value of these incentives or reduce access to such low-cost funding. Further, the impact of the Inflation Reduction Act and other government EV initiatives, including regulatory requirements and restrictions that may impact the ability of EVgo and its competitors to take advantage of such initiatives, cannot be known with any certainty at this time, and EVgo may not reap any or all of the expected benefits of the Inflation Reduction Act or the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law. For example, federal guidance on Buy America requirements applicable to the National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure (“NEVI”) Program, which was established by the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, requires domestic assembly and U.S. steel requirements for chargers to qualify for funding under the NEVI program, with higher domestic content percentages required in 2024. These requirements could increase costs and lead to delays in the installation of EV chargers in the U.S. as charging providers and their customers adjust their build-out plans in order to accommodate these added Buy America requirements, which could result in delays in receipt of revenue from customers. Similarly, regulations proposed and guidance issued by the U.S. Department of the Treasury to implement domestic content, assembly and “foreign entity of concern” eligibility requirements to qualify for EV tax credits passed in the Inflation Reduction Act may reduce incentives available to encourage the adoption of EVs, which could negatively affect the EV market and adversely impact EVgo’s business operations and expansion potential.
In addition to NEVI funding, which has been made available to every state department of transportation to administer grant programs to support the deployment of charging infrastructure, a number of states also offer various rebates, grants and tax credits to incentivize both EV and EVSE purchases. Additionally, in many states, utilities offer rebates or other incentive programs, typically called “make-ready” programs, to incent the development of EV charging infrastructure.
Key Components of Results of Operations
Revenue
EVgo’s revenue is generated across various business lines. The majority of EVgo’s revenue is generated from the sale of charging services, which are comprised of retail, commercial and OEM business lines, and its eXtend offering. In addition, EVgo generates ancillary revenue through the sale of data services and consumer retail services. EVgo also offers network services to OEM customers, including memberships and marketing. Finally, as a result of owning and operating the EV charging stations, EVgo earns regulatory credits such as LCFS credits, which are sold to generate additional revenue.
Cost of Sales
Charging Network. Charging network cost of sales consists primarily of energy usage fees, site operating and maintenance expenses, network charges, warranty and repair services, and site lease and related expenses associated with charging stations.
Other. Other cost of sales is primarily related to costs associated with the eXtend business and the sale of data services and other ancillary services.
Depreciation, Net of Capital-Build Amortization. Depreciation, net of capital-build amortization, consists of depreciation related to EVgo’s property and equipment associated with charging equipment and installation and is partially offset by the amortization of EVgo’s capital-build liabilities associated with third-party funding received for charging stations and other programs.
Gross Profit (Loss) and Gross Margin
Gross profit (loss) consists of EVgo’s revenue less its total cost of sales. Gross margin is gross profit (loss) as a percentage of revenue.
Operating Expenses
General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses primarily consist of payroll and related personnel expenses, IT and office services, customer service, office rent expense and professional services. EVgo expects its general and administrative expenses to increase in absolute dollars as it continues to grow its business. EVgo also expects to continue to incur additional expenses related to compliance and reporting obligations pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC, general insurance and directors’ and officers’ insurance, investor relations and other professional services.
Depreciation, Amortization and Accretion. Depreciation, amortization and accretion consists of depreciation related to EVgo’s property, equipment and software not associated with charging equipment and, therefore, not included in the depreciation, net of capital-build amortization expenses recorded in cost of sales. This also includes amortization of EVgo’s intangible assets and accretion related to EVgo’s asset retirement obligations.
Operating Profit (Loss) and Operating Margin
Operating profit (loss) consists of EVgo’s gross profit (loss) less total operating expenses. Operating margin is operating profit (loss) as a percentage of revenue.
Interest Income
Interest income consists primarily of interest earned on cash, cash equivalents and debt securities.
Other (Expense) Income, Net
Other (expense) income, net, consists primarily of unrealized gains and losses on marketable securities.
Change in Fair Values of Warrant and Earnout Liabilities
The change in the fair values of the warrant and earnout liabilities reflects the mark-to-market adjustments associated with warrants to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock and earnout liabilities for each reporting period.
Income Taxes
EVgo’s provision for income taxes consists primarily of income taxes related to federal and state jurisdictions where business is conducted related to the Company’s ownership in EVgo OpCo. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, EVgo’s provision for income taxes and effective tax rate were deemed to be de minimis. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, EVgo maintained a full valuation allowance on EVgo’s net deferred tax assets. There were no unrecognized tax benefits for uncertain tax positions, nor any significant amounts accrued for interest and penalties as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Net Earnings (Loss) Attributable to Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest
Net earnings (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest represents the share of net earnings or loss that is attributable to the holder of EVgo’s Class B common stock.
Key Performance Indicators
EVgo management uses several performance metrics to manage the business and evaluate financial and operating performance:
Network Throughput on the EVgo Network
Network throughput represents the total amount of GWh consumed by EVs using chargers and charging stations that EVgo has operational on its network (excluding eXtend chargers and charging stations) (the “EVgo Network”). EVgo typically monitors GWh sales by three components: business line, customer and customer class. EVgo believes monitoring of component trends and contributions is the appropriate way to monitor and measure business-related health.
Number of DC Stalls on the EVgo Network
Number of DC stalls represents the total number of DC stalls (energized, inspected and commissioned) on the EVgo Network (“DC Stalls”). One stall can charge one vehicle at a time. There are certain configurations of EVgo sites where one DC charger is capable of charging only one vehicle at a time; all chargers at such a site are counted as one stall per one charger. There are certain configurations of EVgo sites where one DC charger is capable of charging two vehicles simultaneously; all chargers at such a site are counted as two stalls per one charger.
The following table presents network throughput and the number of DC stalls on the EVgo Network:
December 31,
Network throughput (GWh) for the years ended
Number of DC Stalls on the EVgo Network (in thousands) as of
2.9
2.2
Factors Affecting EVgo’s Operating Results
EVgo believes its performance and future success depend on a number of factors, including those discussed below and in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors.”
EV Sales
EVgo’s revenue growth is directly tied to the adoption and continued acceptance and usage of passenger and commercial EVs, which it believes drives the demand for electricity, charging infrastructure and charging services. The market for EVs is still rapidly evolving and, although demand for EVs has grown in recent years, there is no guarantee of such future demand. Additionally, as demand increases, the supply must keep pace for adoption to continue to accelerate at a rapid pace. Factors impacting the adoption of EVs include perceptions about EV features, quality, safety, performance and cost; perceptions about the limited range over which EVs may be driven on a single battery charge; availability of services for EVs; consumers’ perception about the convenience, speed, reliability and cost of EV charging; volatility in the price of gasoline and diesel; EV supply chain shortages and disruptions including, but not limited to, availability of certain components (e.g., semiconductors and critical raw materials necessary for the production of EVs and EV batteries), the ability of EV OEMs to ramp-up EV production and/or allocate sufficient quantities of EV models to the U.S. market; domestic content requirements or other policy constraints; availability of batteries and battery materials; availability, cost and desirability of other alternative fuel vehicles, including plug-in hybrid EVs and high fuel-economy gasoline and diesel-powered vehicles; increases in fuel efficiency; regulations applicable to vehicle emissions and fuel economy; and availability of federal and state credits for EV purchases. In addition, macroeconomic factors could impact demand for EVs, particularly since the sales price of EVs can be more expensive than traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. If the market for EVs does not develop as expected or if there is any slowdown or delay in overall adoption of EVs, EVgo’s operating results may be adversely affected.
Electrification of Fleets
EVgo faces competition in the emerging fleet electrification segment, including from certain fleet customers who may opt to install and own charging equipment on their property; however, EVgo believes its unique set of offerings to fleets and its existing charging network position EVgo advantageously to win business from fleets. Fleet owners are generally more sensitive to the total cost of ownership of a vehicle than private-vehicle owners. As such, electrification of vehicle fleets may occur more slowly or more rapidly than management forecasts based on the cost to purchase, operate and maintain EVs and the general availability of such vehicles relative to those of internal combustion engine vehicles. The ability of EVgo and its competitors to offer competitive charging services and value-added ancillary services may impact the pace at which fleets electrify and may impact EVgo’s ability to capture market share in fleets. Additionally, federal, state and local government support and regulations directed at fleets (or lack thereof) may accelerate or delay fleet electrification and increase or reduce EVgo’s business opportunity.
Competition
The EV charging industry is increasingly competitive. The principal competitive factors in the industry include charger count, locations, accessibility and reliability; charger connectivity to EVs and ability to charge widely adopted standards; speed of charging relative to expected vehicle dwell times at a location; DCFC network reliability, scale and local density; software-enabled service offerings and overall customer experience; operator brand, track record and reputation; access to equipment vendors and service providers; policy incentives; and pricing. Existing competitors may expand their product offerings and sales strategies, new competitors may enter the market and certain fleet customers may
choose to install and operate their own charging infrastructure. If EVgo’s market share decreases due to increased competition, its revenue and ability to generate profits in the future may be impacted.
Government Mandates, Incentives and Programs
The U.S. federal government and some state and local governments provide incentives to end users and owners of EVs and EV charging stations in the form of rebates, tax credits, low-cost funding and other financial incentives, such as payments for regulatory credits. The EV market relies on these governmental rebates, tax credits and other financial incentives to significantly lower the effective price of EVs and EV charging stations and to otherwise financially support these industries. However, these incentives may expire on a particular date, end when the allocated funding is exhausted, or may be reduced or terminated as a matter of regulatory or legislative policy. For example, the results of the 2024 Presidential and Congressional elections and resulting legislative or regulatory actions, if pursued, could impact the availability or value of these incentives or reduce access to such low-cost funding. Further, EVgo has historically claimed federal tax credits under Section 30C of the Code. The Inflation Reduction Act revised the eligibility criteria for these credits, and there can be no assurance that the EV charging stations placed into service by EVgo will meet the revised requirements, and compliance with such requirements could increase EVgo’s labor and other costs. Any reduction in rebates, tax credits or other financial incentives available to EVs or EV charging stations could negatively affect the EV market and adversely impact EVgo’s business operations and expansion potential. In addition, there is no assurance that EVgo will have the necessary tax attributes to utilize any such credits that are available and may not be able to monetize such credits on favorable terms. Further, certain features of EVgo OpCo’s ownership may limit the available tax credit that can be monetized or utilized. See Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors - Risks Related to the EV Market - The EV market currently benefits from the availability of rebates, tax credits and other financial incentives from governments, utilities and others to offset the purchase or operating cost of EVs and EV charging stations. The reduction, modification or elimination of such benefits could adversely affect EVgo’s financial results.” for further discussion.
Technology Risks
EVgo relies on numerous internally developed and externally sourced hardware and software technologies to operate its network and generate earnings. EVgo engages a variety of third-party vendors for non-proprietary hardware and software components and software-as-a-service elements. The ability of EVgo to continue to integrate its technology stack with technological advances in the wider EV ecosystem including EV model characteristics, charging standards, charging hardware, software and battery chemistries and value-added customer services will determine EVgo’s sustained competitiveness in offering charging services. There is a risk that some or all of the components of the EV technology ecosystem become obsolete and that EVgo will be required to make significant investments to continue to effectively operate its business. For example, a majority of the largest OEMs have announced plans to adopt the NACS standard in their future EVs. SAE International, a standards-developing organization for automotive engineering professionals, is currently working on an initiative to adapt Tesla’s specifications for NACS into the SAE J3400 industry standard. EVgo has announced that it will be adding NACS connectors to its fast-charging network in 2025; however, integrating NACS connectors in future charger installations and on certain existing chargers will require significant investment and management attention.
EVgo’s management believes EVgo’s business model is well-positioned to enable EVgo to remain technology-, vendor- and OEM-agnostic over time and allow the business to remain competitive regardless of long-term technological shifts in EVs, batteries or modes of charging.
Sales of Regulatory Credits
EVgo derives revenue from selling regulatory credits earned for participating in LCFS programs, or other similar carbon or emissions trading schemes, in various jurisdictions in the U.S. EVgo currently sells these credits at market prices. These credits are exposed to various market and supply and demand dynamics which can drive price volatility and which are difficult to predict. Price fluctuations in credits may have a material effect on future results of operations. The availability of such credits depends on continued governmental support for these programs. If these programs are modified, reduced or eliminated, EVgo’s ability to generate this revenue in the future would be adversely impacted. In addition to
current programs, EVgo is currently monitoring additional proposals related to potential LCFS programs in varying stages of discussions, including in New York, along with potential changes to the Renewable Fuels Standard.
Results of Operations
Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared with Year Ended December 31, 2022
The table below presents EVgo’s results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:
Year Ended December 31,
Change
(dollars in thousands)
$
%
Revenue
Charging, retail
$
45,735
18,895
$
26,840
%
Charging, commercial
14,491
3,363
11,128
%
Charging, OEM
5,186
4,245
%
Regulatory credit sales
6,679
5,652
1,027
%
Network, OEM
5,681
2,451
3,230
%
Total charging network
77,772
31,302
46,470
%
eXtend
72,362
18,443
53,919
%
Ancillary
10,819
4,843
5,976
%
Total revenue
160,953
54,588
106,365
%
Cost of sales
Charging network1
56,034
26,536
29,498
%
Other1
63,350
14,924
48,426
%
Depreciation, net of capital-build amortization
31,855
18,779
13,076
%
Total cost of sales
151,239
60,239
91,000
%
Gross profit (loss)
9,714
(5,651)
15,365
%
Operating expenses
General and administrative
143,015
126,713
16,302
%
Depreciation, amortization and accretion
20,106
17,139
2,967
%
Total operating expenses
163,121
143,852
19,269
%
Operating loss
(153,407)
(149,503)
(3,904)
(3)
%
Interest expense
-
(21)
%
Interest income
9,754
4,479
5,275
%
Other expense, net
(10)
(815)
%
Change in fair value of earnout liability
1,076
3,481
(2,405)
(69)
%
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities
7,163
36,157
(28,994)
(80)
%
Loss before income tax expense
(135,424)
(106,222)
(29,202)
(27)
%
Income tax expense
(42)
(18)
(24)
(133)
%
Net loss
(135,466)
(106,240)
(29,226)
(28)
%
Less: net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest
(93,039)
(78,665)
(14,374)
(18)
%
Net loss attributable to Class A common stockholders
$
(42,427)
$
(27,575)
$
(14,852)
(54)
%
Gross margin
6.0
%
(10.4)
%
Operating margin
(95.3)
%
(273.9)
%
Network throughput (GWh) on the EVgo Network
Number of DC Stalls on the EVgo Network (in thousands) as of
2.9
2.2
1 The Company has changed the presentation of cost of sales to disaggregate such costs between “charging network” and “other.” Previously reported amounts have been updated to conform to the current presentation.
* Percent not meaningful.
Total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $106.4 million, or 195%, to $161.0 million compared to $54.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. As further discussed below, the increase in revenue during 2023 was primarily due to a $53.9 million increase in eXtend revenue, a $26.8 million increase in retail charging revenue, an $11.1 million increase in commercial charging revenue, and a $6.0 million increase in ancillary revenue.
Charging Revenue, Retail. Charging revenue, retail, for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $26.8 million, or 142%, to $45.7 million compared to $18.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Year-over-year growth was primarily due to an overall increase in throughput driven primarily by increased charging volume from a greater number of customers and more throughput per customer.
Charging Revenue, Commercial. Charging revenue, commercial, for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $11.1 million, or 331%, to $14.5 million compared to $3.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Year-over-year growth was primarily due to higher charging volumes by the Company’s public fleet customers.
Charging Revenue, OEM. Charging revenue, OEM, for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $4.2 million, or 451%, to $5.2 million compared to $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher charging volumes and customer enrollments from the Company’s OEM partners.
Regulatory Credit Sales. Regulatory credit sales for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $1.0 million, or 18%, to $6.7 million compared to $5.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to increased throughput resulting in additional credit generation, partially offset by a decrease in market prices.
Network Revenue, OEM. Network revenue, OEM, for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $3.2 million, or 132%, to $5.7 million compared to $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The year-over-year increase was primarily due to increased breakage associated with prepaid charging credits and increased branding and marketing activities.
eXtend Revenue. eXtend revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $53.9 million, or 292%, to $72.4 million compared to $18.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to an increase in equipment sales and an increase in projects in process or completed compared to the same prior year period.
Ancillary Revenue. Ancillary revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $6.0 million, or 123%, to $10.8 million compared to $4.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to increased revenue from engineering and construction revenue, equipment sales, and PlugShare.
Cost of Sales
Charging Network. Charging network cost of sales for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $29.5 million, or 111%, to $56.0 million compared to $26.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to a $21.4 million increase in usage-related energy costs resulting from increased throughput, a $3.9 million increase in site lease and related expenses, and a $2.9 million increase in maintenance costs.
Other. Other cost of sales for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $48.4 million, or 324%, to $63.4 million compared to $14.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to a $44.7 million increase in costs to support eXtend revenue, a $1.8 million increase in costs to support engineering and construction revenue, and a $1.4 million increase in costs for higher equipment sales.
Depreciation, Net of Capital-Build Amortization. Depreciation, net of capital-build amortization, for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $13.1 million, or 70%, to $31.9 million compared to $18.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 due to the growth of EVgo’s charging network.
Gross Profit (Loss) and Gross Margin
Gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $9.7 million compared to a gross loss of $5.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily due to improved gross profit from the charging network and eXtend revenue, partially offset by increased depreciation, net of capital-build amortization. Gross margin for the year ended December 31, 2023 improved to 6.0% compared to negative 10.4% for the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily due to improved leveraging of charging station costs, resulting in higher gross margin on charging network revenue, partially offset by the impact of lower LCFS prices.
Operating Expenses
General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $16.3 million, or 13%, to $143.0 million compared to $126.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily driven by an $11.9 million increase in payroll expenses due to higher compensation paid to employees during the year and the impact of increased average headcount compared to the same prior-year period, a $3.1 million increase in impairment expense due to increased write-offs of abandoned projects, and a $1.0 million increase in rent expense for pre-operational sites.
Depreciation, Amortization and Accretion. Depreciation, amortization and accretion expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $3.0 million, or 17%, to $20.1 million compared to $17.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher amortization related to software.
Operating Loss and Operating Margin
During the year ended December 31, 2023, EVgo had an operating loss of $153.4 million, a deterioration of $3.9 million, or 3%, compared to an operating loss of $149.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Operating margin for the year ended December 31, 2023 was negative 95.3% compared to negative 273.9% for the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily due to improved leveraging of operating expenses and improved gross margins.
Interest Expense
There was no interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2023. For the year ended December 31, 2022, interest expense was de minimis.
Interest Income
Interest income for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $5.3 million, or 118%, to $9.8 million compared to $4.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was a result of more cash and cash equivalents held in a high interest rate account by the Company during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year.
Other Expense, Net
Other expense, net, for the year ended December 31, 2023 was de minimis compared to $0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The change was primarily due to decreased realized losses on the sale of investments compared to the prior year.
Changes in Fair Values of Earnout and Warrant Liabilities
The changes in fair values of earnout and warrant liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2023 were gains of $1.1 million and $7.2 million, respectively, compared to gains of $3.5 million and $36.2 million, respectively, for the year
ended December 31, 2022. The change between years was primarily due to a smaller decrease in the fair value of the warrant and earnout liabilities during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year. See Part II, Item 8, “Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Note 12 - Fair Value Measurements” for more information.
Income Tax Expense
For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, income tax expense was de minimis due to the full valuation allowance on the Company’s net deferred tax assets.
Net Loss
Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $135.5 million compared to $106.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increased loss was primarily due to $31.4 million in decreased gains from the change in the fair values of the earnout and warrant liabilities and $16.3 million in increased general and administrative expenses incurred to support growth, which were partially offset by a $15.4 million increase in gross profit and a $5.3 million increase in interest income.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
This Annual Report includes the following non-GAAP financial measures, in each case as defined below: “Adjusted Cost of Sales,” “Adjusted Cost of Sales as a Percentage of Revenue,” “Adjusted Gross Profit (Loss),” “Adjusted Gross Margin,” “Adjusted General and Administrative Expenses,” “Adjusted General and Administrative Expenses as a Percentage of Revenue,” “EBITDA,” “EBITDA Margin,” “Adjusted EBITDA,” “Adjusted EBITDA Margin,” and “Capital Expenditures, Net of Capital Offsets.” With respect to Capital Expenditures, Net of Capital Offsets, pursuant to the terms of certain OEM contracts, EVgo is paid well in advance of when revenue can be recognized, and usually, the payment is tied to the number of stalls that commence operations under the applicable contractual arrangement while the related revenue is deferred at the time of payment and is recognized as revenue over time as EVgo provides charging and other services to the OEM and the OEM’s customers. EVgo management therefore uses these measures internally to establish forecasts, budgets, and operational goals to manage and monitor its business, including the cash used for, and the return on, its investment in its charging infrastructure. EVgo believes that these measures are useful to investors in evaluating EVgo’s performance and help to depict a meaningful representation of the performance of the underlying business, enabling EVgo to evaluate and plan more effectively for the future.
Adjusted Cost of Sales, Adjusted Cost of Sales as a Percentage of Revenue, Adjusted Gross Profit (Loss), Adjusted Gross Margin, Adjusted General and Administrative Expenses, Adjusted General and Administrative Expenses as a Percentage of Revenue, EBITDA, EBITDA Margin, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA Margin and Capital Expenditures, Net of Capital Offsets are not prepared in accordance with GAAP and may be different from non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies. These measures should not be considered as measures of financial performance under GAAP and the items excluded from or included in these metrics are significant components in understanding and assessing EVgo’s financial performance. These metrics should not be considered as alternatives to net income (loss) or any other performance measures derived in accordance with GAAP.
EVgo defines Adjusted Cost of Sales as cost of sales before: (i) depreciation, net of capital-build amortization, and (ii) share-based compensation. EVgo defines Adjusted Cost of Sales as a Percentage of Revenue as Adjusted Cost of Sales as a percentage of revenue. EVgo defines Adjusted Gross Profit (Loss) as revenue less Adjusted Cost of Sales. EVgo defines Adjusted Gross Margin as Adjusted Gross Profit (Loss) as a percentage of revenue. EVgo defines Adjusted General and Administrative Expenses as general and administrative expenses before (i) share-based compensation, (ii) loss on disposal of property and equipment, net of insurance recoveries, and impairment expense, (iii) bad debt expense (recoveries), and (iv) certain other items that management believes are not indicative of EVgo’s ongoing performance. EVgo defines Adjusted General and Administrative Expenses as a Percentage of Revenue as Adjusted General and Administrative Expenses as a percentage of revenue. EVgo defines EBITDA as net income (loss) before (i) depreciation, net of capital-build amortization, (ii) amortization, (iii) accretion, (iv) interest income, (v) interest expense, and (vi) income tax expense. EVgo defines EBITDA Margin as EBITDA as a percentage of revenue. EVgo defines Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA plus (i) share-based compensation, (ii) loss on disposal of property and equipment, net of insurance recoveries, and impairment expense, (iii) loss on investments, (iv) bad debt expense (recoveries), (v) change in fair value of earnout liability, (vi) change in fair value of warrant liabilities, and (vii) certain other items that management believes are not indicative of EVgo’s ongoing performance. EVgo defines Adjusted EBITDA Margin as Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of revenue. EVgo defines Capital Expenditures, Net of Capital Offsets as capital expenditures adjusted for the following capital offsets: (i) all payments under OEM infrastructure agreements excluding any amounts directly attributable to OEM customer charging credit programs and pass-through of non-capital expense reimbursements, and (ii) proceeds from capital-build funding. The tables below present quantitative reconciliations of these measures to their most directly comparable GAAP measures as described in this paragraph.
The following unaudited table presents a reconciliation of Adjusted Cost of Sales, Adjusted Cost of Sales as a Percentage of Revenue, Adjusted Gross Profit (Loss) and Adjusted Gross Margin to the most directly comparable GAAP measures:
Year Ended
December 31,
(dollars in thousands)
GAAP revenue
$
160,953
$
54,588
GAAP cost of sales
151,239
60,239
GAAP gross profit (loss)
$
9,714
$
(5,651)
GAAP cost of sales as a percentage of revenue
94.0%
110.4%
GAAP gross margin
6.0%
(10.4%)
Adjustments:
Depreciation, net of capital-build amortization
$
31,855
$
18,779
Share-based compensation
Total adjustments
32,078
18,897
Adjusted Cost of Sales
$
119,161
$
41,342
Adjusted Cost of Sales as a Percentage of Revenue
74.0%
75.7%
Adjusted Gross Profit
$
41,792
$
13,246
Adjusted Gross Margin
26.0%
24.3%
The following unaudited table presents a reconciliation of Adjusted General and Administrative Expenses and Adjusted General and Administrative Expenses as a Percentage of Revenue to the most directly comparable GAAP measures:
Year Ended
December 31,
(dollars in thousands)
GAAP revenue
$
160,953
$
54,588
GAAP general and administrative expenses
$
143,015
$
126,713
GAAP general and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenue
88.9%
232.1%
Adjustments:
Share-based compensation
$
29,501
$
24,929
Loss on disposal of property and equipment, net of insurance recoveries, and impairment expense1
11,496
8,278
Bad debt expense (recoveries)
(18)
Other1,2
Total adjustments
42,377
33,252
Adjusted General and Administrative Expenses
$
100,638
$
93,461
Adjusted General and Administrative Expenses as a Percentage of Revenue
62.5%
171.2%
1 During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company reclassified insurance proceeds from property losses from “other” to “loss on disposal of property and equipment, net of insurance recoveries, and impairment expense.” Previously reported amounts have been updated to conform to the current period presentation.
2 For the year ended December 31, 2023, comprised primarily of costs related to the reorganization of Company resources previously announced by the Company on February 23, 2023, the petition filed by EVgo in the Delaware Court of Chancery in February 2023 seeking validation of EVgo’s charter and share structure (the “205 Petition”), and employee retention tax credits (“ERCs”) earned under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”).
The following unaudited table presents a reconciliation of EBITDA, EBITDA Margin, Adjusted EBITDA, and Adjusted EBITDA Margin to the most directly comparable GAAP measure:
Year Ended
December 31,
(dollars in thousands)
GAAP revenue
$
160,953
$
54,588
GAAP net loss
$
(135,466)
$
(106,240)
GAAP net loss margin
(84.2%)
(194.6%)
Adjustments:
Depreciation, net of capital-build amortization
32,350
19,103
Amortization
17,331
14,900
Accretion
2,280
1,915
Interest income
(9,754)
(4,479)
Interest expense
-
Income tax expense
EBITDA
$
(93,217)
$
(74,762)
EBITDA Margin
(57.9%)
(137.0%)
Adjustments:
Share-based compensation
29,724
25,048
Loss on disposal of property and equipment, net of insurance recoveries, and impairment expense1
11,496
8,278
Loss on investments
Bad debt expense (recoveries)
(18)
Change in fair value of earnout liability
(1,076)
(3,481)
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities
(7,163)
(36,157)
Other1,2
Total adjustments
34,387
(5,484)
Adjusted EBITDA
$
(58,830)
$
(80,246)
Adjusted EBITDA Margin
(36.6%)
(147.0%)
1 During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company reclassified insurance proceeds from property losses from “other” to “loss on disposal of property and equipment, net of insurance recoveries, and impairment expense.” Previously reported amounts have been updated to conform to the current period presentation.
2 For the year ended December 31, 2023, comprised primarily of costs related to the reorganization of Company resources previously announced by the Company on February 23, 2023, the 205 Petition, and ERCs earned under the CARES Act.
The following unaudited table presents a reconciliation of Capital Expenditures, Net of Capital Offsets, to the most directly comparable GAAP measure:
Year Ended
December 31,
(dollars in thousands)
Capital expenditures
$
158,896
$
200,251
Capital offsets:
OEM infrastructure payments
$
21,633
$
7,000
Proceeds from capital-build funding
14,432
10,088
Total capital offsets
36,065
17,088
Capital Expenditures, Net of Capital Offsets
$
122,831
$
183,163
Liquidity and Capital Resources
EVgo has a history of operating losses and negative operating cash flows. As of December 31, 2023, EVgo had $209.1 million of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and working capital of $178.1 million. As of December 31, 2022, EVgo had $246.5 million of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and working capital of $188.1 million. The Company’s net cash outflow for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $37.3 million. EVgo believes its cash and cash equivalents on hand as of December 31, 2023 is sufficient to meet EVgo’s current working capital and capital expenditure requirements for a period of at least twelve months from the filing date of this Annual Report.
To date, EVgo’s primary sources of liquidity have been cash flows from the CRIS Business Combination, revenues from its various revenue streams, government grants, proceeds from sales of EVgo’s Class A common stock, including under the ATM Program and an underwritten equity offering, and loans and equity contributions from its previous owners. EVgo’s primary cash requirements include operating expenses, satisfaction of commitments to various counterparties and suppliers and capital expenditures (including property and equipment). EVgo’s principal uses of cash in recent periods have been funding its operations and investing in capital expenditures, including the purchase of EV chargers for installation.
In July 2022, EVgo entered into the Delta Charger Supply Agreement and the Purchase Order with Delta, pursuant to which EVgo will purchase and Delta will sell EV chargers manufactured by Delta from time to time in specified quantities at certain delivery dates over a period of four years. EVgo is obligated to purchase at least 1,000 chargers (which will enable the construction of 2,000 stalls) pursuant to the Delta Charger Supply Agreement and the Purchase Order with the option, at EVgo’s election, to increase the number of chargers purchased to 1,100. EVgo is required to make full payment on such chargers within sixty (60) days of receipt. EVgo’s obligations under the Purchase Order are take-or-pay obligations; however, EVgo’s liability is capped at a maximum of the greater of $30.0 million or 50% of the value of any outstanding firm orders. EVgo entered into the Delta Charger Supply Agreement and Purchase Order in order to meet its obligations under the Pilot Infrastructure Agreement, other potential contractual commitments and its own needs and intends to fund the capital expenditure required under the Delta Charger Supply Agreement and Purchase Order with proceeds from the Pilot Infrastructure Agreement as well as cash and cash equivalents on hand.
The term of the Tax Receivable Agreement commenced upon the completion of the CRIS Business Combination and will continue until all tax benefits that are subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement have been utilized or expired and all required payments are made, unless the Tax Receivable Agreement is terminated early (including upon a change of control). The actual timing and amount of any payments that may be made under the Tax Receivable Agreement are unknown at this time and will vary based on a number of factors. However, the Company Group expects that the payments that it will be required to make to TRA Holders in connection with the Tax Receivable Agreement will be substantial. Any payments made by the Company Group to TRA Holders under the Tax Receivable Agreement will generally reduce the amount of cash that might have otherwise been available to EVgo or EVgo OpCo. To the extent EVgo OpCo has available cash and subject to the terms of any current or future debt or other agreements, the EVgo OpCo A&R LLC Agreement will require EVgo OpCo to make pro rata cash distributions to holders of EVgo OpCo Units, including Thunder Sub, in an amount sufficient to allow the Company Group to pay its taxes and to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement. EVgo generally expects EVgo OpCo to fund such distributions out of available cash. However, except in cases
where the Company Group elects to terminate the Tax Receivable Agreement early, the Tax Receivable Agreement is terminated early due to certain mergers or other changes of control, or the Company Group has available cash but fails to make payments when due, generally the Company Group may elect to defer payments due under the Tax Receivable Agreement if it does not have available cash to satisfy its payment obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement or if its contractual obligations limit its ability to make these payments. Any such deferred payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement generally will accrue interest at the rate provided for in the Tax Receivable Agreement and such interest may significantly exceed the Company Group’s other costs of capital. In certain circumstances (including an early termination of the Tax Receivable Agreement due to a change of control or otherwise), payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement may be accelerated and/or significantly exceed the actual benefits, if any, the Company Group realizes in respect of the tax attributes subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement. In the case of such an acceleration in connection with a change of control, where applicable, EVgo generally expects the accelerated payments due under the Tax Receivable Agreement to be funded out of the proceeds of the change of control transaction giving rise to such acceleration, which could have a significant impact on EVgo’s ability to consummate a change of control or the proceeds received by EVgo’s stockholders in connection with a change of control. However, the Company Group may be required to fund such payment from other sources and as a result, any early termination of the Tax Receivable Agreement could have a substantial negative impact on EVgo’s liquidity or financial condition.
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes EVgo’s consolidated cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:
Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared with Year Ended December 31, 2022
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)
Cash flows used in operating activities
$
(37,055)
$
(58,794)
Cash flows used in investing activities
(143,312)
(199,707)
Cash flows provided by financing activities
143,020
19,813
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
$
(37,347)
$
(238,688)
Operating Activities. Cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $37.1 million compared to cash used in operating activities of $58.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. This year-over-year change primarily reflected a $25.4 million increase in cash flows from its operations, a $25.2 million increase in cash flows from deferred revenue and a $2.0 million increase in cash flows from operating lease assets and liabilities, net, partially offset by a $15.3 million decrease in cash flows from accounts receivable, net, a $14.9 million decrease in cash flows from customer deposits, and a $1.5 million decrease in cash flows from receivables from related parties.
Investing Activities. Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $143.3 million, compared to $199.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily driven by a $41.4 million decrease in capital expenditures and investments compared to the prior year, partially offset by $15.3 million in net proceeds received from sale-leaseback transactions during the year ended December 31, 2023.
Financing Activities. Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $143.0 million compared to $19.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was driven primarily by the receipt of $128.0 million in proceeds from the issuance of Class A common stock in the Company’s underwritten equity offering during 2023 and a $4.3 million increase in proceeds received from capital-build funding, partially offset by $4.8 million decrease in proceeds from the issuance of Class A common stock under the Company’s ATM Program and a $4.1 million increase in equity issuance costs during the year ended December 31, 2023.
Working Capital. EVgo’s working capital as of December 31, 2023 was $178.1 million, compared to $188.1 million as of December 31, 2022. The decrease was driven primarily by a $37.0 million decrease in the Company’s cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, a $7.1 million increase in deferred revenue, current, and a $1.3 million increase in accrued liabilities, partially offset by a $23.8 million increase in accounts receivable, net, an $8.6 million decrease in customer deposits, and a $3.9 million increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets.
Contractual Obligations and Commitments. EVgo has material cash requirements for known contractual obligations and commitments in the form of operating leases, purchase commitments and certain other liabilities that are disclosed in Part II, Item 8, “Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Note 11 - Commitments and Contingencies” and discussed below. EVgo generally expects to fund these obligations through its existing cash and cash equivalents and future financing or cash flows from operations.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The discussion and analysis of EVgo’s financial condition and results of operations is based upon EVgo’s consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of EVgo’s financial statements requires the Company to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. Management bases these estimates on its historical experience and various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results experienced may vary materially and adversely from EVgo’s estimates. Revisions to estimates are recognized prospectively. For more information See “Part II, Item 8. Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” for additional description of the significant accounting policies that have been followed in preparing EVgo’s consolidated financial statements.
The accounting policies described below are those EVgo considers to be the most critical to an understanding of its financial condition and results of operations and that require the most complex and subjective management judgment. EVgo considers its critical accounting estimates to be those related to its revenue recognition, business combinations and warrant liability, which are described below.
Revenue Recognition
EVgo recognizes revenue in accordance with ASC 606. Recording revenue may require judgment, including determining whether an arrangement includes multiple performance obligations, whether any of those obligations are distinct and cannot be combined and allocation of the transaction price to each performance obligation based on the relative standalone selling prices (“SSP”). Revenue for performance obligations can be recognized over time or at a point in time depending on the nature of the performance obligation. Changes to the elements in an arrangement or, in EVgo’s determination, to the relative SSP for these elements, could materially affect the amount of earned and unearned revenue reflected in its consolidated financial statements.
Understanding the complex terms of some of EVgo’s agreements and determining the appropriate time, amount and method under which the Company should recognize revenue for the related transactions requires significant judgment. The Company exercises judgment in determining which promises in a contract constitute performance obligations rather than set-up activities. The Company determines which activities under a contract transfer a good or service to a customer rather than activities that are required to fulfill a contract but do not transfer control of a good or service to the customer. Determining whether obligations in a contract are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately or as a single performance obligation requires significant judgment. In reaching its conclusion, the Company assesses the nature of each individual service offering and how the services are provided in the context of the contract, including whether the services are significantly integrated which may require judgment based on the facts and circumstances of the contract. The Company does not disclose the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations for (i) contracts for which the Company recognizes revenue at the amount to which it has the right to invoice and (ii) contracts with variable consideration allocated entirely to a single performance obligation. The Company’s remaining performance obligations under these contracts include providing charging services, branding services, and maintenance services which will generally be recognized over the contract term. The Company’s customer contracts may include variable consideration such as that due to the unknown number of users that will receive charging credits or an unknown number of sites that will receive maintenance services. For such variable consideration, the Company has determined it is not necessary to estimate variable consideration as the uncertainty resolves itself monthly in accordance with the contracts’ revenue recognition pattern. The timing and amount of revenue recognition in a period could vary if different judgments were made. The Company may also estimate variable consideration under the expected value method or the most likely amount method.
Additionally, where there are multiple performance obligations, judgment is required to determine revenue for each distinct performance obligation. Determining the relative SSP for contracts that contain multiple performance obligations requires significant judgment to appropriately determine the suitable method for estimating the SSP. EVgo determines SSP using observable pricing when available, which takes into consideration market conditions and customer specific factors.
At contract inception, EVgo determines whether EVgo satisfies the performance obligation over time or at a point in time. Revenues from charging - OEM are primarily recognized ratably over time or as fee-bearing usage occurs. Revenues from charging - retail, charging - commercial and LCFS are usage-based services and recognized over time or at a point in time upon the delivery of the charging products or services. eXtend and ancillary revenues are recognized over time based on a time-based or cost-based approach or at a point in time as performance obligations are satisfied.
Impairment of Goodwill and Other Identified Intangible Assets
The Company has one reporting unit and performs its annual goodwill impairment testing on October 1 each year. In assessing the possibility that a reporting unit’s fair value has been reduced below its carrying amount due to the occurrence of events or circumstances between annual impairment testing dates, the Company considers all available evidence, including (i) the results of impairment testing from the most recent testing date (in particular, the magnitude of the excess of fair value over carrying value observed), (ii) downward revisions to internal forecasts, decreases in market multiples (and the magnitude thereof) or changes to interest rates, if any, and (iii) declines in market capitalization below book value (and the magnitude and duration of those declines), if any.
The Company determines fair value using the market approach, when available and appropriate, or the income approach, or a combination of both and assesses the valuation methodology based upon the relevance and availability of the data at the time the valuation is performed. If multiple valuation methodologies are used, the results are weighted appropriately.
Valuations using the market approach are derived from metrics of publicly traded companies or historically completed transactions of comparable businesses. The selection of comparable businesses is based on the markets in which the Company operates giving consideration to risk profiles, size, geography, and diversity of products and services. A market approach is used if there are publicly traded companies that have characteristics similar to EVgo’s business.
Under the income approach, fair value is determined based on the present value of estimated future cash flows, discounted at an appropriate risk-adjusted rate. The Company uses its internal forecasts to estimate future cash flows and includes an estimate of long-term future growth rates based on the most recent views of the long-term outlook for the business. Discount rates are derived using a capital asset pricing model and analyzing published rates for relevant industries to estimate the cost of equity financing. The discount rates used are commensurate with the risks and uncertainty inherent in EVgo’s business and in its internally developed forecasts.
Estimating the fair value of the reporting unit requires the use of significant judgments that are based on a number of factors including actual operating results, internal forecasts, market observable pricing multiples of similar businesses and comparable transactions, possible control premiums, determining the appropriate discount rate and long-term growth rate assumptions, and, if multiple approaches are being used, determining the appropriate weighting applied to each approach. It is reasonably possible that the judgments and estimates described above could change in future periods.
The Company reviews identified intangible assets with defined useful lives and subject to amortization for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the related carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Determining whether an impairment loss has occurred requires the use of internal forecasts to estimate future cash flows and the useful life over which these cash flows will occur. To determine fair value, the Company uses its internal cash flow estimates discounted at an appropriate discount rate.
Warrant Liabilities
EVgo accounts for warrants as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the warrant’s specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance in ASC Topic 480, “Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity” (“ASC 480”) and ASC Topic 815, “Derivatives and Hedging” (“ASC 815”). The assessment considers whether the warrants are freestanding financial instruments pursuant to ASC 480, meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480 and whether the warrants meet all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including whether the warrants are indexed to EVgo’s common stock and whether the warrant holders could potentially require “net cash settlement” in a circumstance outside of EVgo’s control, among other conditions for equity classification. This assessment, which requires the use of professional judgment, is conducted at the time of warrant issuance and as of each subsequent quarterly period end-date while the warrants are outstanding.
For issued or modified warrants that meet all of the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded as a component of additional paid-in capital at the time of issuance. For issued or modified warrants that do not meet all the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded as liabilities at their initial fair value on the date of issuance and remeasured to fair value at each balance sheet date thereafter. Changes in the estimated fair value of the warrants are recognized in “changes in fair value of warrant liabilities” in the consolidated statements of operations. The fair value of the Private Placement Warrants on the date of issuance and on each measurement date is estimated by reference to the trading price of the public warrants, which is considered a Level 2 fair value measurement, or using a Monte Carlo simulation methodology, which is considered a Level 3 fair value measurement and includes inputs such as EVgo’s stock price, the risk-free interest rate, the expected term, the expected volatility, the dividend rate, the exercise price and the number of Private Placement Warrants outstanding. Assumptions used in the Monte Carlo model are subjective and require significant judgment.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
For a discussion of EVgo’s new or recently adopted accounting pronouncements, see Part II, Item 8, “Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
JOBS Act
On April 5, 2012, the JOBS Act was signed into law. The JOBS Act includes provisions that, among other things, relax certain reporting requirements for qualifying public companies. Following the CRIS Business Combination, EVgo has qualified as an “emerging growth company” (“EGC”) under the JOBS Act and, as a result, is permitted to comply with new or revised accounting pronouncements based on the effective date for private (i.e., not publicly traded) companies. EVgo elected to delay the adoption of new or revised accounting standards and as a result, EVgo may not comply with new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for non-emerging growth companies. As a result, EVgo’s financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates.
As an EGC, EVgo is not required to, among other things, (a) provide an auditor’s attestation report on EVgo’s system of internal control over financial reporting, (b) provide all of the compensation disclosure that may be required of non-EGC public companies, (c) comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements (auditor discussion and analysis) and (d) disclose comparisons of the chief executive officer’s compensation to median employee compensation. These exemptions will apply for a period of five years following the completion of the Initial Public Offering or until EVgo otherwise no longer qualifies as an EGC.
Additionally, following the CRIS Business Combination, EVgo has qualified as a “smaller reporting company” as defined under the Exchange Act. EVgo may continue to be a smaller reporting company so long as either (i) the market value of shares of its common stock held by non-affiliates is less than $250 million or (ii) its annual revenue was less than $100 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and the market value of shares of its common stock held by
non-affiliates is less than $700 million. If EVgo is a smaller reporting company at the time it ceases to be an EGC, EVgo may continue to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are available to smaller reporting companies. Specifically, as a smaller reporting company, EVgo may choose to present only the two most recent fiscal years of audited financial statements in its Annual Report on Form 10-K and has reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation and, similar to EGCs, if EVgo is a smaller reporting company under the requirements of (ii) above, EVgo would not be required to obtain an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by its independent registered public accounting firm.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
EVgo is a “smaller reporting company” as defined in Item 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K. As a result, pursuant to Item 305(e) of Regulation S-K, the Company is not required to provide the information required by this Item 7A.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Item 8. Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Page
Consolidated Financial Statements:
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
(KPMG LLP, Denver, CO, PCAOB ID: 185)
Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2023 and 2022
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Deficit for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Financial Statement Schedule:
Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
The financial information in the financial statement schedule should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements. All other financial statement schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is included in the consolidated financial statements or the notes thereto.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
EVgo Inc.:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of EVgo Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ deficit, and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes and financial statement schedule II (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2020.
Denver, Colorado
March 6, 2024
EVgo Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Balance Sheets
December 31,
(in thousands)
Assets
Current assets
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
$
209,146
$
246,193
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $1,116 and $687 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively
34,882
11,075
Accounts receivable, capital-build
9,297
8,011
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
14,081
10,205
Total current assets
267,406
275,484
Property, equipment and software, net
389,227
308,112
Operating lease right-of-use assets
67,724
51,856
Restricted cash
-
Other assets
2,208
2,308
Intangible assets, net
48,997
60,612
Goodwill
31,052
31,052
Total assets
$
806,614
$
729,724
Liabilities, redeemable noncontrolling interest and stockholders’ deficit
Current liabilities
Accounts payable
$
10,133
$
9,128
Accrued liabilities
40,549
39,233
Operating lease liabilities, current
6,018
4,958
Deferred revenue, current
23,114
16,023
Customer deposits
9,235
17,867
Other current liabilities
Total current liabilities
89,347
87,345
Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent
61,987
45,689
Earnout liability, at fair value
1,730
Asset retirement obligations
18,232
15,473
Capital-build liability
35,787
26,157
Deferred revenue, noncurrent
55,091
23,900
Warrant liabilities, at fair value
5,141
12,304
Total liabilities
$
266,239
$
212,598
Commitments and contingencies (Note 11)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
EVgo Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Balance Sheets (continued)
December 31,
(in thousands, except share data)
Redeemable noncontrolling interest
$
700,964
$
875,226
Stockholders’ deficit
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value; 10,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2023 and 2022; none issued and outstanding
-
-
Class A common stock, $0.0001 par value; 1,200,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2023 and 2022; 102,935,965 and 70,247,726 shares outstanding (excluding 718,750 shares subject to possible forfeiture) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively
Class B common stock, $0.0001 par value; 400,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2023 and 2022; 195,800,000 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022
Additional paid-in capital
87,928
17,533
Accumulated deficit
(248,547)
(375,660)
Total stockholders’ deficit
(160,589)
(358,100)
Total liabilities, redeemable noncontrolling interest and stockholders’ deficit
$
806,614
$
729,724
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
EVgo Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Operations
Year Ended
December 31,
(in thousands, except per share data)
Revenue
Charging, retail
$
45,735
$
18,895
Charging, commercial
14,491
3,363
Charging, OEM
5,186
Regulatory credit sales
6,679
5,652
Network, OEM
5,681
2,451
Total charging network
77,772
31,302
eXtend
72,362
18,443
Ancillary
10,819
4,843
Total revenue
160,953
54,588
Cost of sales
Charging network
56,034
26,536
Other
63,350
14,924
Depreciation, net of capital-build amortization
31,855
18,779
Total cost of sales
151,239
60,239
Gross profit (loss)
9,714
(5,651)
Operating expenses
General and administrative
143,015
126,713
Depreciation, amortization and accretion
20,106
17,139
Total operating expenses
163,121
143,852
Operating loss
(153,407)
(149,503)
Interest expense
-
(21)
Interest income
9,754
4,479
Other expense, net
(10)
(815)
Change in fair value of earnout liability
1,076
3,481
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities
7,163
36,157
Total other income, net
17,983
43,281
Loss before income tax expense
(135,424)
(106,222)
Income tax expense
(42)
(18)
Net loss
(135,466)
(106,240)
Less: net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest
(93,039)
(78,665)
Net loss attributable to Class A common stockholders
$
(42,427)
$
(27,575)
Net loss per share to Class A common stockholders, basic and diluted
$
(0.46)
$
(0.40)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
EVgo Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Deficit
For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
Additional
Total
Class A Common Stock
Class B Common Stock
Paid-In
Accumulated
Stockholders’
(in thousands)
Shares
Amount
Shares
Amount
Capital
Deficit
Deficit
Balance, December 31, 2022
70,248
$
195,800
$
$
17,533
$
(375,660)
$
(358,100)
Share-based compensation
-
-
-
-
25,953
-
25,953
Issuance of Class A common stock under the equity offering, net of issuance costs
30,123
-
-
123,243
-
123,246
Issuance of Class A common stock under the ATM, net of issuance costs
-
-
5,746
-
5,746
Issuance of Class A common stock under share-based compensation plans
1,676
-
-
-
-
Net loss1
-
-
-
-
-
(42,427)
(42,427)
Redeemable noncontrolling interest adjustment to fair value
-
-
-
-
(84,547)
169,540
84,993
Balance, December 31, 2023
102,936
$
195,800
$
$
87,928
$
(248,547)
$
(160,589)
Excludes $93.0 million of net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
EVgo Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Deficit
For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
Additional
Total
Class A Common Stock
Class B Common Stock
Paid-In
Accumulated
Stockholders’
(in thousands)
Shares
Amount
Shares
Amount
Capital
Deficit
Deficit
Balance, December 31, 2021
68,021
$
195,800
$
$
-
$
(1,358,358)
$
(1,358,331)
Share-based compensation
-
-
-
-
23,170
-
23,170
Issuance of Class A common stock under the ATM, net of issuance costs
1,588
-
-
10,419
-
10,419
Issuance of Class A common stock under share-based compensation plans
-
-
-
Warrants exercised and release of warrant liability
-
-
-
Shares withheld for taxes
-
-
-
-
(25)
-
(25)
Net loss1
-
-
-
-
-
(27,575)
(27,575)
Redeemable noncontrolling interest adjustment to fair value
-
-
-
-
(16,034)
1,010,273
994,239
Balance, December 31, 2022
70,248
$
195,800
$
$
17,533
$
(375,660)
$
(358,100)
Excludes $78.7 million of net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
EVgo Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Year Ended
December 31,
(in thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss
$
(135,466)
$
(106,240)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities
Depreciation, amortization and accretion
51,961
35,918
Net loss on disposal of property and equipment, net of insurance recoveries, and impairment expense
11,496
8,278
Share-based compensation
29,724
25,048
Change in fair value of earnout liability
(1,076)
(3,481)
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities
(7,163)
(36,157)
Other
Changes in operating assets and liabilities
Accounts receivable, net
(23,810)
(8,516)
Receivables from related parties
1,500
Prepaid expenses and other current assets and other assets
(2,697)
(2,364)
Operating lease assets and liabilities, net
1,492
(519)
Accounts payable
1,371
Accrued liabilities
8,287
7,320
Deferred revenue
38,282
13,070
Customer deposits
(8,632)
6,275
Other current and noncurrent liabilities
(142)
(1,074)
Net cash used in operating activities
(37,055)
(58,794)
Cash flows from investing activities
Capital expenditures
(158,896)
(200,251)
Proceeds from sale-leaseback transactions
15,273
-
Proceeds from insurance for property losses
Purchases of investments
-
(37,332)
Proceeds from sale of investments
-
37,166
Net cash used in investing activities
(143,312)
(199,707)
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from issuance of Class A common stock under the ATM
5,828
10,654
Proceeds from issuance of Class A common stock under the equity offering
128,023
-
Proceeds from capital-build funding
14,432
10,088
Proceeds from exercise of warrants
-
Payments of withholding tax on net issuance of restricted stock units
-
(25)
Payments of deferred debt issuance costs
(286)
-
Payments of deferred equity issuance costs
(4,977)
(907)
Net cash provided by financing activities
143,020
19,813
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
(37,347)
(238,688)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period
246,493
485,181
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period
$
209,146
$
246,493
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
EVgo Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (continued)
Year Ended
December 31,
(in thousands)
Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing activities
Fair value adjustment to redeemable noncontrolling interest
$
(84,993)
$
(994,239)
Non-cash increase in capital-build liability
$
16,467
$
8,678
Capital expenditures in accounts payable and accrued liabilities
$
15,213
$
24,422
Non-cash increase in asset retirement obligations
$
$
1,822
Deferred debt issuance costs in accounts payable and accrued liabilities
$
$
-
Deferred equity issuance costs in accounts payable and accrued liabilities
$
-
$
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
EVgo Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Note 1 - Description of Business and Nature of Operations
EVgo Inc. (“EVgo” or the “Company”) owns and operates a public direct current (“DC”) fast charging network for electric vehicles (“EVs”) in the United States (“U.S.”). EVgo’s network of charging stations provides EV charging infrastructure to consumers and businesses. Its network is capable of charging all EV models and charging standards currently available in the U.S. EVgo partners with automotive original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”), fleet and rideshare operators, retail hosts such as grocery stores, shopping centers, gas stations, parking lot operators, governments and other organizations and property owners in order to locate and deploy its EV charging infrastructure. EVgo Services LLC (“EVgo Services”) was formed in October 2010 as NRG EV Services, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and wholly owned subsidiary of NRG Energy, Inc., an integrated power company based in Houston, Texas (“NRG”). On June 17, 2016, NRG sold a majority interest in EVgo Services to Vision Ridge Partners.
On January 16, 2020 (the “Holdco Merger Date”), EVgo Holdco, LLC (“EVgo Holdco”), a Delaware limited liability company and a subsidiary of LS Power Equity Partners IV, L.P. (“LS Power”), completed an acquisition of EVgo Services LLC (“EVgo Services”), pursuant to the merger agreement (the “Holdco Merger Agreement”) among EVgo Services, its investors and EVgo Holdco, whereby EVgo Services became a wholly-owned subsidiary of EVgo Holdco, resulting in a change in control of EVgo Services (the “Holdco Merger”). LS Power formed EVgo Holdings, LLC (“EVgo Holdings”) and EVgo Holdco as part of the transaction.
EVgo Inc. was incorporated in Delaware on August 4, 2020 under the name Climate Change Crisis Real Impact I Acquisition Corporation (“CRIS”). The Company was formed for the purpose of entering into a merger, capital stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, reorganization or similar business combination with one or more businesses (the “Initial Business Combination”). On October 2, 2020, the Company completed its initial public offering (the “Initial Public Offering”). Simultaneously with the closing of the Initial Public Offering, the Company completed the sale of 6,600,000 warrants (the “Private Placement Warrants”) at $1.00 in a private placement to Climate Change Crisis Real Impact I Acquisition Holdings, LLC (the “Sponsor”).
On July 1, 2021 (the “CRIS Close Date”), the Company consummated the business combination (the “CRIS Business Combination”) with CRIS, CRIS Thunder Merger LLC (“Thunder Sub”), EVgo Holdings, EVgo Holdco and EVgo OpCo, LLC (“EVgo OpCo” and together with EVgo Holdings and EVgo Holdco, the “EVgo Parties”) pursuant to the business combination agreement dated January 21, 2021 (the “Business Combination Agreement”). Following the CRIS Close Date, the combined company is organized in an “Up-C” structure in which the business of EVgo Holdco and its subsidiaries are held by EVgo OpCo and continue to operate through the subsidiaries of EVgo Holdco and in which the Company’s only direct assets consist of equity interests in Thunder Sub, which, in turn, holds only common units in EVgo OpCo (“EVgo OpCo Units”).
On May 22, 2023, in connection with an underwritten equity offering, EVgo Member Holdings, LLC, an affiliate of EVgo Holdings, the Company’s controlling stockholder, purchased 5,882,352 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock at the equity offering price of $4.25 per share.
As the sole managing member of EVgo OpCo, Thunder Sub operates and controls all of the business and affairs of EVgo OpCo and through EVgo OpCo and its subsidiaries, conducts its business. Accordingly, the Company consolidates the financial results of EVgo OpCo and records a redeemable noncontrolling interest in its consolidated financial statements to reflect the EVgo OpCo Units that are owned by EVgo Holdings. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, EVgo Holdings held 195,800,000 EVgo OpCo Units, representing 65.4% and 73.6%, respectively, of the total outstanding EVgo OpCo Units and an equal number of shares of the Company’s Class B common stock. As of December 31, 2023, the shares of the Company’s Class B common stock held by EVgo Holdings and the shares of the Company’s Class A common stock held by EVgo Member Holdings, LLC, collectively represented a 67.4% voting interest in the Company. EVgo Holdings did not hold any shares of the Company’s Class A common stock as of December 31, 2022.
Each EVgo OpCo Unit, together with one share of Class B common stock, is redeemable, subject to certain conditions, for either one share of Class A common stock, or, at EVgo OpCo’s election, the cash equivalent to the market value of one share of Class A common stock, pursuant to the Amended and Restated LLC Agreement of EVgo OpCo dated July 1, 2021 (the “EVgo OpCo A&R LLC Agreement”).
Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation and Consolidation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements are presented in accordance with GAAP and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). References to GAAP issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) in these notes to the consolidated financial statements are to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”). The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries and all intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
GAAP defines subsequent events as events or transactions that occur after the balance sheet date but before financial statements are issued or are available to be issued. Based on their nature, magnitude and timing, certain subsequent events may be required to be reflected in the consolidated financial statements at the balance sheet date and/or required to be disclosed in the notes to the consolidated financial statements. The Company has evaluated subsequent events accordingly.
Use of Estimates
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The preparation of EVgo’s consolidated financial statements requires the Company to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. Significant estimates made by management include, but are not limited to, variable consideration estimates for revenue, depreciable lives of property and equipment and intangible assets, costs associated with asset retirement obligations, the and the fair value of share-based compensation, earnout liability and warrant liabilities. Management bases these estimates on its historical experience and various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results experienced may vary materially and adversely from EVgo’s estimates. Revisions to estimates are recognized prospectively.
Concentration of Business and Credit Risk
The Company maintains its cash accounts in commercial banks. Cash balances held in a commercial bank are secured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation up to $250,000. At times, a portion of deposit balances may be in excess of federal insurance limits. The Company has not experienced any losses on such accounts. The Company mitigates its risk with respect to cash by maintaining its deposits at high-quality financial institutions and monitoring the credit ratings of those institutions.
The Company had two customers that collectively comprised 45.7% of the Company’s total net accounts receivable as of December 31, 2023. The Company had one customer that comprised 20.5% of the Company’s total net accounts receivable as of December 31, 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2023, one customer represented 45.2% of total revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2022, two customers collectively represented 42.9% of total revenue.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, one vendor provided 76.9% of EVgo’s total charging equipment. For the year ended December 31, 2022, four vendors collectively provided 88.8% of EVgo’s total charging equipment.
Reclassifications
The Company has made certain reclassifications to prior period amounts to conform to the current period presentation.
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
Cash and restricted cash include cash held in cash depository accounts in major banks in the U.S. and are stated at cost. Cash equivalents are carried at fair value and are primarily invested in money market funds. Cash that is held by a financial institution and has restrictions on its availability to the Company is classified as restricted cash.
The Company had unused letters of credit, which were collateralized with cash classified as restricted cash on the Company's consolidated balance sheets, of $0.7 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, associated with the construction of its charging stations and in connection with one of its operating leases.
Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
Accounts receivable are amounts due from customers under normal trade terms. Payment terms for accounts receivable related to capital-build agreements are specified in the individual agreements and vary depending on the counterparty. Management reviews accounts receivable on a recurring basis to determine if any accounts receivable will potentially be uncollectible. The Company reserves for any accounts receivable balances that are determined to be uncollectible in the allowance for doubtful accounts. After all attempts to collect an account receivable have failed, the account receivable is written-off against the allowance for doubtful accounts. Other accounts receivable of $2.7 million and $1.3 million were included in accounts receivable, net, on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Deferred Equity Issuance Costs
Deferred equity issuance costs, consisting primarily of legal, accounting and filing fees relating to public offerings, are capitalized. The deferred equity issuance costs are offset against public offering proceeds upon the effectiveness of an offering. In the event that an offering is abandoned or terminated, deferred equity issuance costs are expensed. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had capitalized $0.8 million and $1.0 million, respectively, of deferred equity issuance costs in other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets.
Cloud Implementation Costs
The Company capitalizes certain implementation costs incurred related to cloud computing arrangements that are service contracts. Such costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the associated hosting arrangement plus any reasonably certain renewal period. Any capitalized amounts related to such arrangements are recorded within prepaid expense and other current assets and within non-current assets on the consolidated balance sheets.
Property, Equipment and Software
Property and equipment includes land, charging stations and other technical installations, construction in process, charging station and related equipment and a building, which are stated at cost or at fair value as of the date of acquisition less accumulated depreciation and amortization.
Land is not depreciated. Depreciation for property, equipment and software is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The estimated useful life of the building is forty years, and the estimated useful lives of the remaining assets are approximately three to seven years. Charging equipment and charging station installation costs are depreciated when they are placed into service. Construction in process consists primarily of charging equipment, charging station installation costs, and software that have not yet been placed into service and are not depreciated. Charging equipment consists primarily of equipment and various components that have not yet been allocated to a project. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the estimated useful life or the lease term. Depreciation is reported net of the amortization of the capital-build liability. The cost of maintenance and repairs is charged to expense as incurred while significant renewals and betterments are capitalized. Deductions are made for retirements and/or disposals. Following the disposition of an asset, the associated net cost is no longer recognized as an asset, and any gain or loss on the disposition, inclusive of any amounts recovered from insurance, is reflected in general and administrative expenses.
The Company has adopted the provisions of ASC Topic 350-40, Internal-Use Software, and therefore the costs incurred in the preliminary stages of software development are expensed as incurred. The Company capitalizes all costs related to software developed or obtained for internal use when management commits to funding the project, the preliminary project stage is completed and when technological feasibility is established. Once a new functionality or improvement is released, the asset is subject to depreciation. Capitalization of costs ceases when the project is substantially complete and ready for its intended use and the costs are amortized into general and administrative expenses using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the software assets, which is generally three years.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill represents the difference between the purchase price and the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired in a business combination. EVgo completes an impairment test of goodwill at least annually or more frequently if facts or circumstances indicate that goodwill might be impaired. EVgo’s annual impairment test date is October 1st. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level. EVgo first performs a qualitative assessment of EVgo’s single reporting unit. Factors considered in the qualitative assessment include general macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions, cost factors, overall financial performance of EVgo’s reporting unit, events or changes affecting the composition or carrying amount of the net assets of EVgo’s reporting unit, any sustained decrease in EVgo’s share price and other relevant entity-specific events. If EVgo elects to bypass the qualitative assessment or if EVgo determines, on the basis of qualitative factors, that the fair value of the reporting unit is more likely than not less than the carrying amount, a quantitative test would be required. EVgo then performs the goodwill impairment test for each reporting unit by comparing the reporting unit’s carrying amount, including goodwill, to its fair value, which is measured based upon, among other factors, a discounted cash flow analysis, as well as market multiples for comparable companies. Estimates critical to EVgo’s evaluation of goodwill for impairment include forecasts for revenue, EBITDA growth and long-term growth rates, as well as the discount rates. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit is greater than its fair value, goodwill is considered impaired. EVgo did not recognize any impairment losses for any periods presented. It is possible in future periods that further declines in market conditions, customer demand or other potential changes in operations may increase the risk that these assets may become impaired.
Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their useful lives and recorded as either cost of sales or operating expenses depending on the nature of the intangible asset. Costs incurred to renew or extend the term of recognized intangible assets are expensed as incurred. During the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company reviewed its goodwill and other intangible assets for indicators of impairment and performed its annual goodwill impairment analysis as part of this review. The Company did not note any impairment with respect to its goodwill or other intangible assets as of December 31, 2023, and no impairment charge was required.
Estimated useful lives of the Company’s intangible assets are presented below:
Site Host relationships
12 years
Customer relationships
4-5 years
Developed technology
10-15 years
User base
4 years
Trade name
15-20 years
Long-Lived Asset Impairment
The Company reviews its long-lived assets, including property and equipment, right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and finite-lived intangible assets, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or asset group may not be recoverable. If the Company identifies events or changes in circumstances that could impact recoverability, the Company compares the carrying value of the assets or asset groups with their estimated future undiscounted cash flows. If it is determined that an impairment has occurred, the loss would be recognized during that period. The impairment loss would be calculated as the difference between the asset or asset group carrying values and the present value of estimated net cash flows or comparable market values, giving consideration to recent operating performance and pricing trends.
Lease Accounting
The Company accounts for leases under ASC Topic 842, Leases (“ASC 842”). As a lessee, the Company enters into agreements with various Site Hosts, which allow the Company to lease space to operate the charging stations on their property and with various parties to lease its office, warehouse and laboratory space. The Company, at the inception of the contract, determines whether a contract is or contains a lease. For leases with an initial contractual term in excess of 12 months, the Company records the related operating or finance ROU asset and lease liability. The Company has elected to recognize leases with an initial term of 12 months or less on a straight-line basis without recognizing a ROU asset or operating lease liability. Some leases also include renewal and/or early termination options, which can be exercised under specific conditions. Renewal and termination options are not included in the measurement of the ROU assets and lease liabilities unless the Company is reasonably certain to exercise the options.
The Company’s lease agreements primarily require lease payments based on a minimum annual rental amount. In addition to minimum lease payments, the Company’s lease agreements may contain variable lease payments based on revenue-sharing or inflation adjustments. The Company has elected the practical expedient to not separate non-lease components from lease components in the measurement of liabilities for all asset classes. Lease liabilities are recognized at the present value of the fixed lease payments using an implicit rate and, if not available, an incremental borrowing rate based on estimated collateralized borrowings available to the Company. The Company incurs initial direct costs and receives landlord incentives that increase or decrease the calculated ROU asset, respectively. The Company recognizes lease expense for operating leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company expenses variable lease payments as incurred. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. The Company has not entered into any finance leases.
Sale-leasebacks are transactions through which assets are sold at fair value and subsequently leased back. The resulting leases qualify and are accounted for as operating leases. Gains and losses on sale-leaseback transactions are recognized immediately. Failed sale-leaseback transactions are generally classified as finance leases and result in retention of the “sold” assets within land, buildings and equipment with a finance lease liability equal to the amount of proceeds received recorded as a component of other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.
As a lessor, the Company has entered into agreements to lease charging equipment, charging stations and other technical installations or sublease properties leased from Site Hosts to third parties. The Company, at the inception of a lease contract, determines if it is an operating, sales-type or direct financing lease. The Company has not elected the practical expedient to not separate non-lease components from lease components in the measurement of liabilities for all asset classes. The leases generally provide for fixed monthly payments and sometimes include provisions for contingent variable rent based on the number of charging sessions and minutes used, which are recognized when earned. Fixed payments received under lease agreements for operating leases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and are reported in revenue in the consolidated statements of operations.
Deferred Revenue
Deferred revenue consists of billings on contracts where performance has commenced and payments have been received in advance of revenue recognition. Deferred revenue is recognized into revenue as the related revenue recognition criteria are met.
Customer Deposits
Customer deposits include prepayments that are refundable. Once deposits are no longer refundable, the Company reclassifies the amounts related to those contracts to deferred revenue. Customer deposits are also comprised of funds that have been received to offset future expenses of the Company for certain marketing expenses reimbursed by customers.
Capital-Build Liability and Expense Reimbursements
The Company receives grant funding in the form of cash from governmental and non-governmental entities to construct and operate EV chargers. As there is no authoritative guidance under GAAP regarding accounting for
government assistance to for-profit business entities, the grants directly or indirectly provided by the government are accounted for by analogy to International Accounting Standard (“IAS”) 20, Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance. Grant contracts provided by non-governmental entities are analyzed and if it does not fall under the scope of ASC 842 or ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), they are accounted for under IAS 20.
The charging stations purchased and installed under these programs or agreements are recorded in property and equipment. At the time the expenditures for the charging stations have been incurred, the funding associated with the charging station capital expenditure is deferred as a capital-build liability and amortized against depreciation expense over the remaining useful life of the related assets. The Company retains ownership of these charging stations. Reimbursement under the agreements for operating and maintenance expenses is recognized as an offset to cost of sales in the consolidated statements of operations in the period in which EVgo recognizes the related costs of operation and maintenance of the chargers.
Derivative Financial Instruments
The Company evaluates its financial instruments to determine if such instruments are derivatives or contain features that qualify as embedded derivatives in accordance with ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”). For derivative financial instruments that are accounted for as liabilities, the derivative instrument is initially recorded at its fair value on the grant date and is then re-valued at each reporting date, with changes in the fair value reported in the statements of operations. The classification of derivative instruments, including whether such instruments should be recorded as liabilities or as equity, is evaluated at the end of each reporting period. Derivative liabilities are classified in the consolidated balance sheets as current or non-current based on whether or not net-cash settlement or conversion of the instrument could be required within 12 months of the balance sheet dates.
Earnout Liability
In connection with the CRIS Business Combination, certain initial stockholders of CRIS entered into an agreement with the Sponsor (the “Sponsor Agreement”) that provides for certain transfer restrictions and forfeiture provisions, among other things. Pursuant to the Sponsor Agreement, the initial stockholders party thereto are required to forfeit up to 1,437,500 shares of Class A common stock (the “Earnout Shares”) if certain events do not occur. In accordance with ASC 815, the Earnout Shares are recorded as a derivative liability at fair value since they are not indexed to the Company’s Class A common stock. They are remeasured at each reporting date through the change in fair value of earnout liability in the consolidated statements of operations. The estimated fair value of the contingent earnout liability is determined using a Monte Carlo simulation using a distribution of potential outcomes on a monthly basis over the Earnout Period (as defined in Note 14), prioritizing the most reliable information available. The assumptions utilized in the calculation are based on the achievement of certain stock price milestones, including the current common stock price, expected volatility, risk-free rate, expected restriction period and dividend rate.
Until its settlement, the contingent earnout liability is categorized as a Level 3 (defined below) fair value measurement because the Company utilizes projections during the Earnout Period that include unobservable inputs. Contingent earnouts involve certain assumptions requiring significant judgment and actual results can differ from assumed and estimated amounts.
Asset Retirement Obligations
Asset retirement obligations represent the estimated present value of the amount the Company will incur for dismantling and restoring sites (locations owned by unrelated parties where the Company’s chargers are placed) at the end of their agreements, in accordance with their contractual terms. Upon initial recognition of the Company’s asset retirement obligation liability, property and equipment is increased by an amount offsetting the liability and depreciated over its useful life and the obligation is accreted to its estimated future value at the date of retirement. Subsequent to establishing an asset retirement obligation, downward revisions in the liability due to a change in the expected timing or amount of cash flows are recorded as corresponding decreases to the asset retirement costs; however, if the amount of the decrease
exceeds the carrying value of the related asset retirement cost and related asset, such excess credits are adjusted through a reduction of accretion expense.
Asset retirement obligations require the use of estimates to determine third-party costs for dismantling and restoring the sites. Discount rates are also included to present value these costs, which are then accreted to the date the Company expects to remove the corresponding asset. Discount rates are based on the Company’s estimated credit adjusted risk-free rate. The Company reviews its estimates of removal costs on an ongoing basis and makes changes to the asset retirement obligations as necessary.
Warrant Liabilities
The Company accounts for its issued and outstanding warrants (as described in Note 13) in accordance with the guidance contained in ASC 815, under which the warrants do not meet the criteria for equity treatment and must be recorded as liabilities. Accordingly, the Company classifies the warrants as liabilities at their fair value and adjusts the warrants to fair value at the end of each reporting period. This liability is subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date until exercised or redeemed by the Company and any change in fair value is recognized in the statements of operations. The fair value of the Private Placement Warrants on the date of issuance and on each measurement date is estimated by reference to the trading price of the public warrants, which is considered a Level 2 (defined below) fair value measurement, or using a Monte Carlo simulation methodology, which is considered a Level 3 (defined below) fair value measurement and includes inputs such as EVgo’s stock price, the risk-free interest rate, the expected term, the expected volatility, the dividend rate, the exercise price and the number of Private Placement Warrants outstanding. Assumptions used in the Monte Carlo model are subjective and require significant judgment and actual results can differ from assumed and estimated amounts.
Fair Value Measurement
The Company determines fair value in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, which establishes a hierarchy for the inputs used to measure the fair value of financial assets and liabilities based on the source of the input, which generally range from quoted prices for identical instruments in a principal trading market (“Level 1”) to estimates determined using significant unobservable inputs (“Level 3”). Multiple inputs may be used to measure fair value; however, the level of fair value is based on the lowest significant input level within this fair value hierarchy. The Company’s recurring and non-recurring fair value measurements include the initial valuation of asset retirement obligations, the issuance of share-based compensation awards, the initial valuations of the assets and liabilities identified in purchase accounting, including intangible assets and property and equipment and the earnout and warrant liabilities.
Details on the methods and assumptions used to determine the fair values are as follows:
● Fair value measurements based on Level 1 inputs: Measurements that are most observable and are based on quoted prices of identical instruments obtained from the principal markets in which they are traded. Closing prices are both readily available and representative of fair value. Market transactions occur with sufficient frequency and volume to assure liquidity.
● Fair value measurements based on Level 2 inputs (“Level 2”): Measurements derived indirectly from observable inputs or from quoted prices from markets that are less liquid are considered Level 2.
● Fair value measurements based on Level 3 inputs: Measurements that are least observable are estimated from significant unobservable inputs determined from sources with little or no market activity for comparable contracts or for positions with longer durations.
The carrying values of certain accounts such as cash, restricted cash, accounts receivable, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses are deemed to approximate their fair values due to their short-term nature. The fair values of the Company’s money market funds are based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets. There were no assets measured on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Revenue Recognition
The Company’s sources of revenue are from retail, commercial and OEM charging, regulatory credit sales, OEM network, eXtend, and ancillary services. Its primary source of revenue is charging contracts with customers. A significant portion of the Company’s charging contracts have upfront payment terms or monthly payment terms. Payments for walk-up retail charging usage are collected at the point of service, except for monthly member fees and member usage fees which are billed monthly in arrears. Payments for development and project management revenue occur either on an installment basis or are received upon completion of milestones. Payment terms vary on a contract-by-contract basis, although terms generally include a requirement of payment within 30 to 60 days. Revenues for regulatory credits such as LCFS credit sales are recognized upon delivery.
The Company recognizes revenue pursuant to ASC 606, using a five-step model: (a) identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer; (b) identification of the performance obligations in the contract; (c) determination of the transaction price; (d) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (e) recognition of revenue when, or as, it satisfies a performance obligation.
The transaction price for each contract is determined based on the amount the Company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for transferring the promised products or services to the customer. Collectability of revenue is reasonably assured based on historical evidence of collectability of fees the Company charges its customers. The transaction price in the contract is allocated to each distinct performance obligation in an amount that represents the relative amount of consideration expected to be received in exchange for satisfying each performance obligation. Revenue is recognized when performance obligations are satisfied. At contract inception, the Company determines whether it satisfies the performance obligation over time or at a point in time. Revenue is recorded based on the transaction price excluding amounts collected on behalf of third parties such as sales taxes, which are collected on behalf of and remitted to governmental authorities. The Company may also incur fulfillment costs that are reimbursed by its customers as pass-through costs that may or may not be subject to a mark-up. Reimbursements for fulfillment costs are included in the transaction price and is recognized on a gross basis. The Company recognizes estimated losses on contracts immediately upon identification of the loss.
Some of the Company’s contracts with customers only contain a single performance obligation. When agreements involve multiple performance obligations, the Company accounts for individual performance obligations separately if they are distinct. The Company applies significant judgment in identifying and accounting for each performance obligation, as a result of evaluating terms and conditions in contracts. The transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation based on the relative standalone selling price (“SSP”). The Company determines the SSP based on observable SSP when it is available, as well as other factors, including the price charged to its customers, its discounting practices and its overall pricing objectives, while maximizing observable inputs.
EVgo’s contracts may provide its customers with the option to renew the agreement. Generally, this option is not considered to provide a material right that should be accounted for as a separate performance obligation because the customer would not receive a discount if it decided to renew and the option to renew is generally cancellable by either party subject to the notice of non-renewal requirements specified in the contract. If a material right is identified, the Company would account for these accordingly as a separate performance obligation. EVgo’s contracts may also provide its customers with the option to purchase additional future services. Generally, this option is not considered to provide the customer with a material right that should be accounted for as a separate performance obligation since the cost of the additional future services are generally at market rates for such services and the Company is not automatically obligated to stand ready to deliver these additional goods or services because the customer may reject EVgo’s proposal.
Areas of Judgment and Estimates
The Company exercises judgment in determining which promises in a contract constitute performance obligations rather than set-up activities. The Company determines which activities under a contract transfer a good or service to a customer rather than activities that are required to fulfill a contract but do not transfer control of a good or a service to the customer. Determining whether obligations in a contract are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately or as a single performance obligation requires significant judgment. In reaching its conclusion,
the Company assesses the nature of each individual service offering and how the services are provided in the context of the contract, including whether the services are significantly integrated which may require judgment based on the facts and circumstances of the contract.
Determining the relative SSP for contracts that contain multiple performance obligations requires significant judgment to appropriately determine the suitable method for estimating the SSP. The Company determines SSP using observable pricing when available, which takes into consideration market conditions and customer specific factors. When observable pricing is not available, the Company determines SSP using estimation techniques, but maximizes the use of observable inputs in these estimation techniques.
The Company’s customer contracts may include variable consideration such as that due to the unknown number of users that will receive charging credits or an unknown number of sites that will receive maintenance services. The Company estimates variable consideration under the expected value method or the most likely amount method. If charging station installations are not completed by specified dates, the Company may be subject to installation penalties. The Company may also be subject to other penalties identified in the customer agreements upon failure to maintain specified network uptimes and for other contractual service requirements. Variable consideration for installation, service, and other penalties is estimated using the most likely amount method.
Practical Expedients and Exemptions
The Company elected the practical expedient to not adjust the consideration in a contract for the effects of a significant financing component if the Company expects, at contract inception, that the period between receipt of payment and the transfer of promised goods or services will be less than one year. In some cases, the Company receives payment in advance of the transfer of promised goods or services.
For contracts in which revenue is recognized over time and the entity has a right to consideration from a customer in an amount that corresponds directly with the value to the customer of the entity’s performance completed to date, the Company recognizes revenue at the amount to which it has the right to invoice.
The Company does not disclose the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations for (i) contracts for which the Company recognizes revenue at the amount to which it has the right to invoice and (ii) contracts with variable consideration allocated entirely to a single performance obligation. The Company’s remaining performance obligations under these contracts include providing charging services, branding services and maintenance services which will generally be recognized over the contract term.
An asset is recognized for the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer if the benefit of those costs is expected to be longer than one year. A practical expedient to expense costs as incurred for costs to obtain a contract with a customer is applied when the amortization period would have been one year or less. Contract costs are evaluated for impairment in accordance with ASC 310, Receivables.
Contract Balances
Differences in the timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections result in contract assets and contract liabilities.
Contract Assets. Billing practices are governed by the terms of each contract based upon costs incurred, achievement of milestones and/or predetermined schedules. Billings do not necessarily correlate with the timing of revenue recognition such as revenue recognized over time using the relevant input method, which is generally either time-based or cost-based. Contract assets include unbilled amounts resulting from revenue under contracts when the time-based or cost-based method of revenue recognition is utilized and revenue recognized exceeds the amount billed to the customer. Contract assets are classified as prepaid and other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets.
Contract Liabilities. The Company records contract liabilities when cash payments are received in advance of the Company’s performance of its obligations. Contract liabilities under the scope of ASC 606 include deferred revenue and
customer deposits on the consolidated balance sheets. Classification between deferred revenue and customer deposits depends on whether or not the Company has commenced performance of its performance obligations.
EVgo’s contract assets and liabilities are reported in a net position on a contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period, when applicable. From time-to-time, the payment terms of contracts require the customer to make advance payments as well as interim payments as work progresses. These advance payments generally are not considered to contain a significant financing component.
Sales Tax Collected from Customers
As a part of the Company’s normal course of business, sales taxes are collected from customers in accordance with local regulations. Sales taxes collected are remitted, in a timely manner, to the appropriate governmental tax authority on behalf of the customer. The Company’s policy is to present revenue and costs net of sales taxes.
Cost of Sales and General and Administrative Expenses
Cost of sales consists primarily of energy usage fees, depreciation (net of capital-build amortization expenses), site operating and maintenance expenses, network charges, warranty and repair services, site costs and related expense associated with charging equipment as well as cost of sales related to the eXtend business and the sale of data services and other ancillary services. General and administrative expenses primarily consist of payroll and related personnel expenses, IT and office services, customer service, office rent expense and professional services.
Advertising Costs
Advertising costs are generally expensed as incurred and totaled $1.6 million and $2.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Research and Development Costs
Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and totaled $5.7 million and $4.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
401(k) Plan
The Company has a 401(k) plan that qualifies under Section 401(k) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). The 401(k) plan provides discretionary employer matching contributions to eligible employees up to IRS annual limits. Employer contributions to the 401(k) plan for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were $0.3 million and $0.7 million, respectively.
Share-Based Compensation
The Company recognizes compensation expense for all awards granted based on the grant date fair value. Compensation expense for awards that vest in increments is recognized based on an accelerated attribution method. In accordance with ASC Topic 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”), compensation expense for awards with service conditions is recorded over the requisite service period, and compensation expense for awards with market and service conditions is recognized over the longer of the explicit service period or the derived service period for the market condition for any awards that are expected to vest. The Company issues new shares upon the exercise of stock options and upon the vesting of restricted share units and performance stock units. The Company has elected to account for forfeitures as they occur.
Income Taxes
EVgo and Thunder Sub are each classified as a corporation for federal income tax purposes and are subject to U.S. federal and state income taxes. EVgo and Thunder Sub report U.S. federal income taxes on a consolidated basis and will
be taxed at the prevailing corporate tax rates. EVgo and Thunder Sub include in income, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, their allocable portion of income from “pass-through” entities in which they hold an interest, including EVgo OpCo and its subsidiaries. “Pass-through” entities, such as EVgo OpCo and its subsidiaries, are not subject to U.S. federal and certain state income taxes at the entity level and instead, the tax liabilities with respect to taxable income are passed through to the members, including Thunder Sub. As a result, prior to the CRIS Business Combination, EVgo Holdco and its subsidiaries were not subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the entity level.
The Company follows the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes under ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”). This method gives consideration to the future tax consequences associated with the differences between the financial accounting and tax basis of the assets and liabilities as well as the ultimate realization of any deferred tax asset resulting from such differences. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized. When a valuation allowance is increased or decreased, a corresponding tax expense or benefit is recorded.
ASC 740 prescribes a recognition threshold and a measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense.
The Company is currently not aware of any issues under review that could result in significant payments, accruals or material deviation from its tax positions. The Company is subject to income tax examinations by major taxing authorities since inception.
Earnings (Loss) Per Share
Basic earnings (loss) per share represents net earnings (loss) attributable to common stockholders divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. The Company considers any Earnout Shares that are issued and outstanding but considered contingently returnable if certain conditions are not met, as participating securities due to their non-forfeitable right to receive dividends, requiring the use of the two-class method. Diluted earnings per share represents net earnings attributable to common stockholders divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, inclusive of the dilutive impact of all potentially dilutive securities outstanding during the period, as applicable. Dilution is not considered when a net loss is reported.
Segment Reporting
The Company’s chief operating decision-maker (“CODM”) is its Chief Executive Officer. Operating segments are defined as components of an entity for which separate financial information is available and that is regularly reviewed by its CODM in deciding how to allocate resources to an individual segment and in assessing performance. The Company’s CODM reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis for purposes of making operating decisions, allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. As such, the Company has determined that it operates in one operating and reportable segment.
Newly Adopted Accounting Standards
In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805), Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers, which requires contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination to be recognized and measured by the acquirer on the acquisition date in accordance with ASC 606, as if it had originated the contracts. The new standard is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company adopted ASU 2021-08 prospectively on January 1, 2023. The adoption of this standard did not have any impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASC 326”). The amendments in ASC 326 provide more decision-useful information about the expected credit losses on financial instruments and other commitments to extend credit held by a
reporting entity at each reporting date. Subsequent to the initial ASU, the FASB issued various related corrective and clarifying ASUs for this topic, all of which have been codified in ASC 326. For public companies that are considered “smaller reporting companies” as defined by the SEC, ASC 326 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company adopted ASC 326 prospectively as of January 1, 2023. The adoption of this standard did not materially impact the Company’s consolidated results of operations or financial position.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting (“ASU 2020-04”), as amended in December 2022 by ASU 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848 (“ASU 2022-06”). ASU 2020-04 provides guidance to alleviate the burden in accounting for reference rate reform by allowing certain expedients and exceptions in applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions impacted by reference rate reform. The provisions apply only to those transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued due to reference rate reform. Adoption of the provisions of ASU 2020-04 are optional and are effective from March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2024, as amended by ASU 2022-06. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has not identified any contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions impacted by reference rate reform and therefore does not expect any impact resulting from the adoption of ASU 2020-04 on the Company’s consolidated results of operations or financial position.
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, ASC Subtopic 280 “Segment Reporting - Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-07”). ASU 2023-07 requires incremental disclosures related to a public entity’s reportable segments but does not change the definition of a segment, the method for determining segments, or the criteria for aggregating operating segments into reportable segments. ASU 2023-07 provides for significant segment expense categories and amounts for each reportable segment and an aggregate amount and description of other segment items included in each reported measure of segment profit or loss beyond the significant segment expenses for each reportable segment; permits the disclosure of multiple measures of segment profit or loss for each reportable segment, subject to a minimum disclosure of the measure of segment profit or loss that is most consistent with the amounts included in the financial statements (consistent with current guidance); confirms that all disclosures required in the segments guidance apply to all public entities, including those with a single operating or reportable segment; requires disclosure of the title and position of the individual or the name of the group identified as the CODM in the financial statements; and requires disclosure of how the CODM uses each reported measure of segment profit or loss to assess performance and allocate resources to the segment. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating this ASU to determine its impact on the Company’s disclosures.
In December 2023, the FASB Issued ASU 2023-09, ASC Subtopic 740 “Income Taxes - Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-09”), which increases transparency about income tax information through improvements to income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The Company is currently evaluating the effect that the adoption of this ASU will have on its consolidated financial statements.
Note 3 - Revenue Recognition
Revenue Streams
The Company’s revenue streams, respective performance obligations and methods of recognition are summarized below. All of the Company’s revenues are sourced primarily from the U.S.
Charging, Retail. EVgo sells electricity directly to drivers who access EVgo’s publicly available networked chargers. Various pricing plans exist for customers and drivers have the choice to charge as members (with monthly fees and reduced
per-minute or kilowatt-hour (“kWh”) pricing) through a subscription service or as non-members. Revenue for these sales is recognized at a point in time upon delivery of electricity and is charged to the customer based on electrical power delivered, minutes of charging, or on a fee basis. Monthly membership fees are charged to the customer and recognized on a monthly basis.
Charging, Commercial. High volume fleet customers, such as transportation network companies or delivery services, can access EVgo’s charging infrastructure through EVgo’s public network. Pricing for charging services is most often negotiated directly between EVgo and the fleet owner based on the business needs and usage patterns of the fleet. In these arrangements EVgo contracts with and bills either the fleet owner directly or an individual fleet driver utilizing EVgo’s chargers. In addition to offering access to its public network, EVgo offers dedicated charging solutions to fleets. As part of this offering, EVgo typically builds, owns and operates charging infrastructure for the exclusive use of a dedicated customer and is currently offering flexible ownership models, such as its charging-as-a-service (“ChaaS”) offering. EVgo offers a variety of pricing models for its dedicated charging solutions, including a mix of volumetric commitments and variable and fixed payments to EVgo for provision of its services.
Any lease components that are identified for dedicated fleet hubs are accounted for in accordance with ASC 842. Non-lease components and fulfillment costs are accounted for in accordance with ASC 606 and are recognized upon delivery of electricity and charged to the fleet customer based on electrical power delivered or minutes of charging and may be subject to a minimum usage requirement.
Charging, OEM. The Company contracts with various automobile manufacturers (“OEMs”) to provide charging services to drivers who have purchased or leased such OEMs’ EVs and who access EVgo’s public charger network, to expand EVgo’s network of owned DCFCs and to provide other related services. Revenues are recognized as electricity is provided to the OEM Customers. Other related services currently provided to OEMs by EVgo include co-marketing, data services and digital application services. Certain OEM contracts provide charging credits for OEM Customers, and revenue is recognized at a point in time when OEM Customers use the credits for charging sessions. Other charging memberships provide OEM Customers with a stand-ready obligation and revenue is recognized over time, based on the membership period.
Regulatory Credit Sales. As a charging station owner and operator, EVgo earns regulatory credits, such as Low Carbon Fuel Standard (“LCFS”) credits and other regulatory credits, in states where such programs are enacted currently, including the Fast Charging Infrastructure program in California. These credits are generated through charging station operations based on the volume of kWh sold. EVgo earns additional revenue through the sale of these credits to buyers obligated to purchase the credits to comply with the program mandates. The Company’s performance obligation is to sell regulatory credits to certain of its customers. As such, revenue is recognized at the point of sale.
Network, OEM. This revenue stream represents revenue related to contracts that have significant charger infrastructure build programs, which represent set-up costs under ASC 606 for chargers that are owned by EVgo. The transaction prices from these contracts are allocated to performance obligations including, but not limited to, marketing activities, branding services, memberships, reservations and the expiration of unused charging credits. Marketing activities are recognized at a point in time as the services are performed and measurement is based on amounts spent. Branding services are recognized over time as the customer receives the benefit. For memberships and reservations, revenue is recognized over time and measured based on the charging activity of subscriber members at each measurement period. Any charging credits that expire unused are recognized as breakage using the proportional method or, for programs where there is not enough information to determine the pattern of rights exercised by the customer, the remote method.
eXtend. Through EVgo eXtend, EVgo provides hardware, design, and construction services for charging sites, as well as ongoing operations, maintenance and networking and software integration solutions, while the Company’s customers purchase and retain ownership of the charging assets. For some eXtend customers, EVgo also provides grant application support and related services. EVgo’s primary eXtend contract is for the deployment of up to 2,000 fast charging stalls that the Pilot Company will own and EVgo will build, network, operate and maintain.
For the eXtend offering, the Company generally has multiple performance obligations including, but not limited to, the sales of equipment, the provision of engineering, procurement, and construction services during the construction
lifecycle, and the provision of operations and maintenance services once the charging network is operational. Revenue from sales of equipment is generally recognized at a point in time when the performance obligation is satisfied. The Company’s performance obligation under development contracts is to develop and deliver a completed site with installed charging hardware. The build-out fee can be structured as firm-fixed price or cost-plus arrangements and becomes payable as certain contract and/or construction milestones are achieved or as construction costs are incurred monthly. Development and project management revenue is recognized over time using the relevant input method, which is generally either time-based or cost-based. Under the time-based and cost-based methods, all costs incurred in the period that relate to a contract are charged to cost of sales and the related revenue is recognized based on the measured progress to completion. EVgo may provide latent defect warranties for equipment and installation labor services related to EVgo’s charger installation services. EVgo’s warranty obligations are generally not accounted for as separate performance obligations as warranties cannot be separately purchased and warranties do not provide a service in addition to the assurance that the charging stations will function as expected. The operations and maintenance fees generally commence once the charging stations become operational with recurring fees generally based upon a fixed or variable rate. For maintenance services that are invoiced monthly, the Company has elected to recognize revenue using the as-invoiced practical expedient.
Ancillary. EVgo offers a variety of software-driven digital, development and operations services to its customers. EVgo has offerings that currently include customization of digital applications, charging data integration, micro-targeted advertising services, smart charging reservations, loyalty programs, access to chargers behind parking lot pay gates, and equipment procurement and operations services for customers operating dedicated networks.
For software-driven digital, equipment procurement and operations services, the Company recognizes revenue at a point in time or over time based on when the performance obligation is met. The Company provides research and consulting services to its PlugShare customers. These are generally short-term projects and the Company recognizes revenue at a point in time upon delivery of the results of the research and consulting services to the customer. The Company enters into short-term and long-term contracts with PlugShare customers to provide charging data integration services. The contract fees for the data integration services are generally structured as a fixed fee arrangements over a specified licensing period and revenue is generally recognized for the single performance obligation monthly, on a straight-line basis, over the licensing period.
The Company generally enters into short-term cancelable insertion orders with its advertising customers for advertising campaigns that are served through the PlugShare software platform. Sponsorship advertising arrangements are generally priced under a cost per engagement structure, which is a set price per click or engagement. Advertising customer contracts may contain multiple performance obligations with each distinct service. The performance obligations are generally considered a series of distinct services as the performance obligations are satisfied over time and revenue is recognized in the period of delivery. The contract transaction price is comprised of variable consideration based on the stated rates applied against the number of units delivered inclusive of the bonus units subject to the maximums provided in the contract. The contractual rates and actual units delivered are used to determine the transaction price each period end. The transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation based on the SSP of each performance obligation. Advertising revenue is recognized ratably over the service period based on actual units delivered subject to the maximums under the contract.
Contract Assets and Liabilities
The following table provides information about contract assets and liabilities from contracts with customers:
As of December 31,
Change
(dollars in thousands)
$
%
Contract assets
$
1,191
$
2,861
$
(1,670)
(58)
%
Contract liabilities
$
87,440
$
57,790
$
29,650
%
As of December 31, 2023, there was $1.2 million in contract assets compared to $2.9 million as of December 31, 2022. The balance of contract assets is driven by the difference in timing of when revenue is recognized from performance obligations satisfied in the current reporting period and when amounts are invoiced to the customer. Contract liabilities as of December 31, 2023 increased $29.7 million, or 51%, to $87.4 million compared to $57.8 million as of
December 31, 2022. The balance of contract liabilities is driven by the difference in timing between when cash is received pursuant to a contract and when the Company’s performance obligations under the contract are satisfied.
The following table provides the activity for the contract liabilities recognized:
Year Ended
December 31,
(in thousands)
Beginning balance
$
57,790
$
38,445
Additions
120,614
26,397
Recognized in revenue
(90,551)
(5,796)
Marketing activities recognized on a net basis
(413)
(1,256)
Ending balance
$
87,440
$
57,790
Revenues include the following:
Year Ended
December 31,
(in thousands)
Amounts included in the beginning of period contract liabilities balance
$
22,434
$
4,605
Amounts associated with performance obligations satisfied in previous periods
$
$
It is anticipated that deferred revenue as of December 31, 2023 will be recognized in the following years ending December 31:
(in thousands)
$
22,705
14,353
23,968
$
61,026
ASC 606 does not require disclosure of the transaction price to remaining performance obligations if the contract contains variable consideration allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied performance obligation. Under many customer contracts, each unit of product represents a separate performance obligation and therefore future volumes are wholly unsatisfied and thus disclosure of the transaction price allocated to a wholly unsatisfied performance obligation is not required. Under these contracts, variability arises as both volume and pricing are not known until the product is delivered. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there was $17.2 million and $8.7 million, respectively, in variable consideration for wholly unsatisfied performance obligations, which is included in deferred revenue on the consolidated balance sheets.
Note 4 - Lease Accounting
Lessee Accounting
The Company has entered into agreements with Site Hosts, which allow the Company to operate charging stations on the Site Hosts’ property. Additionally, the Company leases offices, a warehouse and laboratory space under agreements with third-party landlords. The agreements with the Site Hosts and landlords are deemed to be operating leases. Original lease terms generally range from one to 15 years, and certain leases contain renewal options that can extend the term for up to an additional five years. The Company has not entered into any finance leases.
The Company has estimated operating lease commitments of $48.4 million for leases where the Company has not yet taken possession of the underlying asset as of December 31, 2023. As such, the related operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities have not been recognized in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023.
The Company’s lease costs consisted of the following:
Year Ended
December 31,
(in thousands)
Operating lease costs
Charging network cost of sales
$
6,565
$
3,671
General and administrative expenses
4,645
3,386
Variable lease costs
Charging network cost of sales
1,864
General and administrative expenses
Short-term lease costs
$
13,268
$
7,557
As of December 31, 2023, the maturities of operating lease liabilities for the years ending December 31, were as follows:
(in thousands)
$
12,124
11,550
11,131
10,552
10,263
Thereafter
48,312
Total undiscounted operating lease payments
103,932
Less: imputed interest
(35,927)
Total discounted operating lease liabilities
$
68,005
Other supplemental and cash flow information consisted of the following:
Year Ended
December 31,
(dollars in thousands)
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years)
9.0
9.0
Weighted-average discount rate
9.6
%
9.0
%
Cash paid for amounts included in measurement of operating lease liabilities
$
8,953
$
5,323
ROU assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities
$
20,942
$
33,457
Sale Leaseback Transactions
During the year ended December 31, 2023, subsidiaries of the Company (the “Real Estate Subsidiaries”) sold three parcels of real estate for an aggregate purchase price of $16.5 million, which reflected the fair value of the parcels. The Company received net proceeds of $14.6 million and recognized an aggregate loss on the sale transactions of $0.6 million. Concurrently with the closing of the sale transactions, the Real Estate Subsidiaries also entered into lease agreements with the purchaser of the three parcels, pursuant to which the Real Estate Subsidiaries will lease the parcels for an initial term of ten years, with six 5-year renewal options. The Real Estate Subsidiaries have conditional termination rights under the leases. The leases were classified as operating leases in accordance with ASC 842. There were no sale-leaseback transactions entered into during the year ended December 31, 2022.
Lessor Accounting
The Company leases charging equipment, charging stations and other technical installations, and subleases properties leased from Site Hosts to third parties under operating leases where EVgo is the lessor. Initial lease terms are generally one to 10 years and may contain renewal options.
Since the leasing arrangements the Company enters into with lessees are operating leases, the underlying asset is carried at its carrying value as property, equipment and software, net, or included in operating lease ROU assets on the consolidated balance sheets.
The Company’s operating lease income consisted of the following components:
Year Ended
December 31,
(in thousands)
Fixed lease income:
Charging, commercial revenue
$
2,444
$
Sublease income
Ancillary revenue
1,225
$
3,669
$
1,194
As of December 31, 2023, future minimum rental payments due to the Company as lessor under operating leases (including subleases) for the Company’s fiscal years ending December 31, were as follows:
(in thousands)
$
1,969
1,330
$
5,210
The components of charging equipment, charging stations, land, and subleased host sites leased to third parties under operating leases, which are included within the Company’s property, equipment and software, net, and operating lease ROU assets were as follows as of:
Year Ended
December 31,
(in thousands)
Charging station equipment and installation costs
$
5,941
$
3,557
Land and building
-
10,507
Less: accumulated depreciation
(1,307)
(980)
Property, equipment and software, net
$
4,634
$
13,084
Operating lease ROU assets
$
11,764
$
5,554
Note 5 - Government Assistance
EVgo continuously pursues public grants, subsidies and incentives to reduce capital expenditures and electricity costs. EVgo has dedicated, and plans to continue to dedicate, a variety of internal and external resources to monitor, submit for and utilize available grant, subsidy and incentive funding for the development of DCFCs on a state, local and national level. EVgo’s network expansion and local build plans take into account expected timing for and availability of funding of this type.
Certain government assistance includes terms and conditions including, but not limited to, periodic reporting on a monthly, quarterly or annual basis, specific minimum uptime and operational requirements over a period of three to five years typically from the operational date. As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s commitments under government assistance are expected to expire over the next five years. Noncompliance with any of the terms or conditions could impact the Company’s ability to receive future government assistance or could result in the recapture of amounts paid to the Company by the granting agencies. The Company has evaluated the recapture provisions related to government assistance included in the capital-build liability on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 and concluded that it is not probable that the recapture provisions will be triggered. In addition, EVgo regularly monitors compliance with these provisions and has not been affected by noncompliance in the past.
The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) provided for an employee retention credit (“ERC”), which is a refundable payroll tax credit, for eligible businesses that experienced a full or partial government-ordered suspension of operations or a “significant” decline in gross receipts in any quarter. The Company accounted for these ERC payroll tax credits in accordance with the provisions of International Accounting Standards (“IAS”) 20, Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance, which permits the recording and presentation of either the gross amount as other income or netting the credit against the related expense. The Company recorded $0.6 million of ERC payroll tax credits as a reduction in general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023. There were no ERC credits received during the year ended December 31, 2022.
The government assistance received is aggregated below as the programs contain similar terms and are accounted for similarly in accordance with IAS 20 and are included in the consolidated financial statements as follows:
December 31,
(in thousands)
Accounts receivable, capital-build as of
$
8,807
$
6,159
Capital-build liability as of
$
29,027
$
18,775
General and administrative expenses for the years ended
$
$
-
Capital build amortization included in depreciation, net of capital-build amortization, included in cost of sales for the years ended
$
4,789
$
3,208
Proceeds from capital build funding for the years ended
$
12,767
$
7,755
Note 6 - Property, Equipment and Software, Net
Property, equipment and software, net, consisted of the following:
As of December 31,
(in thousands)
Charging station installation costs
$
198,513
$
121,820
Charging station equipment
130,232
79,031
Construction in process
91,803
104,395
Charging equipment
38,473
20,596
Software
20,743
14,289
Land and building
-
15,932
Office equipment, vehicles and other
1,801
1,647
Total property, equipment and software
481,565
357,710
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization
(92,338)
(49,598)
Property, equipment and software, net
$
389,227
$
308,112
Depreciation, amortization, impairment expense, and loss on disposal of property and equipment, net of insurance recoveries, consisted of the following:
Year Ended
December 31,
(in thousands)
Cost of sales
Depreciation of property and equipment
$
38,692
$
24,468
Amortization of capital-build liability
(6,837)
(5,689)
General and administrative expenses
Depreciation of property and equipment
Amortization of software
5,716
3,285
Impairment expense
9,910
6,793
Loss on disposal of property and equipment, net of insurance recoveries
1,586
1,485
$
49,562
$
30,666
Note 7 - Intangible Assets, Net
Intangible assets, net, consisted of the following as of December 31, 2023:
Remaining
Weighted
Gross
Net
Average
Carrying
Accumulated
Carrying
Amortization
(in thousands)
Amount
Amortization
Value
Period
Site Host relationships
$
41,500
$
(13,694)
$
27,806
8.1 years
Customer relationships
19,000
(16,175)
2,825
0.8 years
Developed technology
14,000
(3,660)
10,340
10.5 years
User base
11,000
(6,808)
4,192
1.6 years
Trade name
5,000
(1,166)
3,834
12.5 years
$
90,500
$
(41,503)
$
48,997
Intangible assets, net, consisted of the following as of December 31, 2022:
Remaining
Weighted
Gross
Net
Average
Carrying
Accumulated
Carrying
Amortization
(in thousands)
Amount
Amortization
Value
Period
Site Host relationships
$
41,500
$
(10,236)
$
31,264
9.1 years
Customer relationships
19,000
(12,090)
6,910
1.8 years
Developed technology
14,000
(2,653)
11,347
11.5 years
User base
11,000
(4,058)
6,942
2.6 years
Trade name
5,000
(851)
4,149
13.5 years
$
90,500
$
(29,888)
$
60,612
Amortization of intangible assets was $11.6 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. As of December 31, 2023, the aggregate future amortization of amortizable intangible assets for the following years ending December 31, were as follows:
Site Host
Customer
Developed
User
Trade
(in thousands)
Relationships
Relationships
Technology
Base
Name
Total
$
3,458
$
2,717
$
1,007
$
2,750
$
$
10,247
3,458
1,007
1,442
6,330
3,458
-
1,007
-
4,780
3,458
-
1,007
-
4,780
3,458
-
1,007
-
4,780
Thereafter
10,516
-
5,305
-
2,259
18,080
$
27,806
$
2,825
$
10,340
$
4,192
$
3,834
$
48,997
Note 8 - Asset Retirement Obligations
Asset retirement obligations represent the present value of the estimated costs to remove the commercial charging stations and restore the sites to the condition prior to installation. The Company reviews estimates of removal costs on an ongoing basis. Asset retirement obligation activity was as follows:
Year Ended
December 31,
Beginning balance
$
15,473
$
12,833
Liabilities incurred
2,715
2,997
Accretion expense
2,280
1,915
Change in estimate
(1,932)
(1,175)
Liabilities settled
(304)
(1,097)
Ending balance
$
18,232
$
15,473
Note 9 - Accrued Liabilities
Accrued liabilities consisted of balances related to the following:
As of December 31,
(in thousands)
Charging equipment and related services
$
21,771
$
23,088
Employee compensation
9,494
7,113
Other
9,284
9,032
Total
$
40,549
$
39,233
Note 10 - Equity Structure
Preferred Stock
The Company is authorized to issue 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock with a par value of $0.0001 per share with such designation, rights and preferences as may be determined from time to time by the Company’s Board of Directors.
Class A Common Stock
The Company is authorized to issue 1,200,000,000 shares of Class A common stock with a par value of $0.0001 per share. Holders of Class A common stock are entitled to one vote for each share.
Class B Common Stock
The Company is authorized to issue 400,000,000 shares of Class B common stock, which is a voting class of common stock with a par value of $0.0001 per share. Holders of Class B common stock are entitled to one vote for each share. Holders of shares of Class B common stock are not entitled to share in any dividends or other distributions from the Company unless the dividend consists of shares of the Company’s Class B common stock or of rights, options, warrants or other securities convertible or exercisable into or exchangeable for shares of Class B common stock paid proportionally with respect to each outstanding share of our Class B common stock and a dividend consisting of shares of Class A common stock or of rights, options, warrants or other securities convertible or exercisable into or exchangeable for shares of Class A common stock on the same terms as simultaneously paid to the holders of Class A common stock. In the event of the voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution, distribution of assets or winding-up of the Company, the holders of shares of Class B common stock are not entitled to receive any Company assets in respect of their shares of Class B Common Stock.
Holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock vote together as a single class on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders except as required by law or as provided in EVgo’s Charter.
The holders of shares of Class B common stock generally have the right to cause EVgo OpCo to redeem all or a portion of their EVgo OpCo Units together with a corresponding number of shares of Class B common stock in exchange for, at EVgo OpCo’s election, a corresponding number of shares of Class A common stock or an approximately equivalent amount of cash as determined pursuant to the terms of the EVgo OpCo A&R LLC Agreement. Upon the future exchange of EVgo OpCo Units held by any holder of shares of Class B common stock, a corresponding number of shares of Class B common stock held by such holder of EVgo OpCo Units will be canceled. Shares of Class B common stock can only be transferred with their corresponding EVgo OpCo Units in accordance with the EVgo OpCo A&R LLC Agreement.
ATM Program
On November 10, 2022, EVgo entered into a Distribution Agreement with J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, Evercore Group L.L.C. and Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC as sales agents, pursuant to which the Company may sell up to $200 million of shares of Class A common stock in “at the market” transactions at prevailing market prices (the “ATM Program”). During the year ended December 31, 2023, EVgo sold 889,340 shares of Class A common stock pursuant to the ATM Program, with aggregate gross proceeds of $5.8 million. After deducting equity issuance costs and commissions of $0.1 million, the Company received net proceeds of approximately $5.7 million. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had sold a total of 2,478,280 shares of Class A common stock under the ATM Program.
Equity Offering
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company completed an underwritten equity offering of 30,123,129 shares of Class A common stock at an offering price of $4.25 per share with aggregate gross proceeds of $128.0 million. The Company received net proceeds of $123.2 million, after deducting $4.8 million in underwriting discounts and commissions and other equity issuance costs.
Equity Issuance Costs
In connection with the issuance of Class A common stock through the ATM Program and the equity offering, in addition to the discounts and commissions deducted from the gross proceeds, the Company incurred direct and incremental equity issuance costs, consisting primarily of legal, accounting, and other professional fees. Equity issuance costs directly attributable to the offering were recorded to additional paid-in capital as a reduction of proceeds. Deferred equity issuance costs will offset additional paid-in capital on a pro rata basis as the available shares on the shelf offering are issued. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, $0.4 million and $0.1 million of costs were recorded as additional paid-in capital as a reduction of proceeds, respectively.
Note 11 - Commitments and Contingencies
Pilot Infrastructure Agreement
On July 5, 2022, EVgo entered into a charging infrastructure agreement (the “Pilot Infrastructure Agreement”) and an operations and maintenance agreement (the “Pilot O&M”) with Pilot Travel Centers LLC (the “Pilot Company”) and General Motors LLC (“GM”) to build, operate and maintain up to 2,000 stalls served by DC chargers that the Pilot Company will own. The stalls will be located at the Pilot Company sites across the U.S.
Pursuant to the Pilot Infrastructure Agreement, EVgo is required to meet certain construction milestones measured by the number of sites commissioned, and the Pilot Company is required to make certain payments each month based on completion of pre-engineering and development work, the progress of construction at each site and for each charger procured by EVgo. Subject to extensions of time for specified excusable events, if EVgo is unable to meet its commissioning obligations, the Pilot Company will be entitled to liquidated damages calculated per day, subject to a cap of $30,000 at each site. The Pilot Infrastructure Agreement contains various provisions that may permit or cause early termination, including the Pilot Company’s right to terminate after 1,000 stalls have been completed, the inability of EVgo to secure certain chargers and a material increase in the price of chargers due to a change in law. If the Pilot Company elects to terminate the Pilot Infrastructure Agreement after 1,000 stalls have been completed, the Pilot Company must pay EVgo a termination fee per stall for those not built; such fee varies based on the number of stalls already built. If EVgo is wholly or partially unable to perform its obligations under the Pilot Infrastructure Agreement due to certain circumstances outside its control, including delays by permitting authorities and utilities or certain force majeure events, such inability will not be considered a breach or default under the Pilot Infrastructure Agreement.
Under the Pilot O&M, EVgo is required to perform operations, maintenance and networking services on stalls built and commissioned under the Pilot Infrastructure Agreement in exchange for payment of a monthly fee by the Pilot Company to EVgo. EVgo is subject to certain performance criteria under the Pilot O&M.
Delta Charger Supply Agreement and Purchase Order
On July 12, 2022, EVgo entered into a General Terms and Conditions for Sale of EV Charger Products (the “Delta Charger Supply Agreement”) with Delta Electronics, Inc. (“Delta”), including an initial purchase order (the “Purchase Order”), pursuant to which EVgo will purchase and Delta will sell EV chargers manufactured by Delta in specified quantities at certain delivery dates. EVgo expects to use a portion of the chargers purchased under the Purchase Order to meet the requirements of the Pilot Infrastructure Agreement. EVgo is required to purchase a minimum of 1,000 chargers from Delta under the Purchase Order and may, at EVgo’s election, increase the number of chargers it purchases from Delta to 1,100. The Purchase Order was amended in August 2023 to provide for certain Delta chargers to be manufactured in Delta’s new facility in Plano, Texas rather than in Taiwan.
General Motors Agreement
On July 20, 2020, EVgo entered into a five-year contract with GM (as amended from time to time, the “GM Agreement”) to build fast charger stalls that EVgo will own and operate as part of the Company’s public network. The GM Agreement has been amended several times to expand the overall number of charger stalls to be installed from 2,750 to 3,250, adjust charger stall installation targets, extend the completion deadline to March 31, 2026, and provide for a
payment of $7,000,000 in December 2022 in exchange for EVgo’s agreement to apply certain branding decals on the fast chargers funded by GM pursuant to the GM Agreement and maintain a specified uptime percentage (described below) over the term of the agreement. Pursuant to the GM Agreement, EVgo is required to meet certain quarterly milestones measured by the number of charger stalls installed, and GM is required to make certain payments based on charger stalls installed.
Under the GM Agreement, EVgo is required to install a total of 3,250 charger stalls by March 31, 2026, 45% of which were installed by December 31, 2023. Meeting the quarterly milestones will require additional funds beyond the amounts committed by GM, and EVgo may face delays in construction, commissioning or aspects of installation of the charger stalls the Company is obligated to develop. EVgo is also required to maintain network availability (i.e., the percentage of time a charger is operational and available on the network) of at least 95% across the GM network. In addition to the capital build program, EVgo is committed to providing GM EV customers with reservations and certain EVgo services at a discounted rate and branding on chargers. The contract is accounted for under ASC 606, which includes performance obligations related to reservations, memberships, and branding. The capital-build program is considered a set-up activity and not a performance obligation under ASC 606.
The GM Agreement is subject to early termination in certain circumstances, including in the event EVgo fails to meet the quarterly charger stall-installation milestones or maintain the specified level of network availability. If GM opts to terminate the agreement, EVgo may not be entitled to receive continued payments from GM and instead may be required to pay liquidated damages to GM. In the event EVgo fails to meet a charger stall-installation milestone or maintain the required network availability in a calendar quarter, GM has the right to provide EVgo with a notice of such deficiency within 30 days of the end of the quarter. If the same deficiency still exists at the end of the quarter immediately following the quarter for which a deficiency notification was delivered, GM may immediately terminate the agreement and seek pre-agreed liquidated damages of up to $15.0 million.
If EVgo does not meet its charger stall-installation milestone in any period, GM will have the right, if it so chooses, to send EVgo a charger stall count breach notice, which would trigger a cure period. It is possible that EVgo will not meet the charger stall-installation milestones under the GM Agreement in the future, particularly as a consequence of delays in permitting, commissioning and utility interconnection, including delays associated with industry and regulatory adaptation to the requirements of high-powered charger installation, including slower than expected third-party approvals of certain site acquisitions and site plans by utilities and landowners, and supply chain issues.
Nissan Agreement
EVgo executed an agreement with Nissan North America, Inc. (“Nissan”) in June 2019 (the “Nissan Agreement”), that provides for joint marketing activities, charging credit programs for purchasers or lessees of Nissan EVs, and a capital-build program. The Nissan Agreement has been amended several times to, among other things, adjust the allocation of the value of unused charging credits and to provide new offerings for purchasers or lessees of certain Nissan EV models. Under the joint-marketing activities provisions of the Nissan Agreement, EVgo was obligated to spend a specified amount annually on joint-marketing activities that were mutually agreed-upon with Nissan until March 1, 2024. Under the charging credit program provisions in the Nissan Agreement, credits for charging are allocated to purchasers or lessees of Nissan EVs, and such purchasers or lessees are permitted to charge their EV for 12 months at no charge to the participant, up to the amount of the charging credit allocated to such participant or on an unlimited basis, depending on the model of Nissan EV purchased or leased. In the event a participant does not use the entire amount of the allocated charging credit or if the annual charging credit pool is not exhausted within a specific period, a portion of the remaining dollar value of such credit rolls over to subsequent periods, and a portion is retained by the Company. For Nissan EV purchasers or lessees receiving unlimited charging, the Company receives an upfront activation fee for each purchaser or lessee as well as a usage-based fee. The capital-build program provided for in the Nissan Agreement requires the Company to install, operate and maintain public, high-power dual-standard chargers in specified markets pursuant to a schedule that outlines the build timelines for the chargers to be constructed (the “Build Schedule”). If the Company fails to meet its Build Schedule obligations, Nissan may invoke a penalty of up to $70,000 per delayed site beyond a designated cure period, which could result in an adjustment to the consideration received by the Company under the Nissan Agreement. EVgo and Nissan previously agreed to amend the Nissan Agreement to extend the installation deadlines under the Build Schedule by up to 12 months, and Nissan has waived penalties for installation delays relating to program year one. The contract is accounted for under
ASC 606, which includes performance obligations related to memberships, charging credits, and joint marketing activities. The capital-build program is considered a set-up activity and not a performance obligation under ASC 606.
EVgo’s ability to meet its Build Schedule obligations may be impacted by delays in permitting, commissioning and utility interconnection, as well as industry and regulatory adaptation to the requirements of high-powered charger installation, including slower than expected third-party approvals of certain site acquisitions and site plans by utilities and landowners, and supply chain issues.
Nissan has the right to terminate the Nissan Agreement, without penalty or obligation of any kind, upon 30 days’ written notice if it is unable to secure funding to make payments required under the Nissan Agreement. Nissan receives budget approvals annually from Nissan Motor Company Limited. Nissan has fulfilled its annual payment obligations under the Nissan Agreement.
Legal Proceedings
In the ordinary course of the Company’s business, the Company may be subject to lawsuits, investigations, claims and proceedings, including, but not limited to, contractual disputes with vendors and customers and liabilities related to employment, health and safety matters. The Company accrues for losses that are both probable and reasonably estimable. Loss contingencies are subject to significant uncertainties and, therefore, determining the likelihood of a loss and/or the measurement of any loss can be complex and subject to change.
Contingent liabilities arising from ordinary course litigation are not expected to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position. However, future events or circumstances, currently unknown to management, may potentially have a material effect on the Company’s financial position, liquidity or results of operations in any future reporting period.
Purchase Commitments
As of December 31, 2023, EVgo had $56.5 million in outstanding purchase order commitments to EVgo’s contract manufacturers and component suppliers for charging equipment, all of which were short-term. In certain instances, EVgo is permitted to cancel, reschedule or adjust these orders. As of December 31, 2023, EVgo also had $12.0 million in commitments to other third parties, of which $10.5 million was short-term.
Note 12 - Fair Value Measurements
The fair value of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities reflects management’s estimate of amounts that the Company would have received in connection with the sale of the assets or paid in connection with the transfer of the liabilities in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. In connection with measuring the fair value of its assets and liabilities, the Company seeks to maximize the use of observable inputs (market data obtained from independent sources) and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs (internal assumptions about how market participants would price assets and liabilities).
The following table presents information about the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and indicates the level within the fair value hierarchy of the valuation inputs the Company utilized to determine such fair value:
As of December 31,
(in thousands)
Level
Balance
Level
Balance
Cash equivalents
Money market funds
$
186,125
$
150,125
Liabilities
Earnout liability
$
$
1,730
Warrant liability - Public Warrants
4,245
10,164
Warrant liability - Private Placement Warrants
2,140
Total liabilities
$
5,795
$
14,034
The earnout liability was valued using the Monte Carlo simulation methodology. Assumptions used in the valuations of the earnout liability were as follows:
As of December 31,
Stock price
$
3.58
$
4.47
Risk-free interest rate
4.1
%
4.2
%
Expected restriction period (in years)
2.5
3.2
Expected volatility
%
%
Dividend rate
-
%
-
%
The warrants are accounted for as liabilities in accordance with ASC 815 and are presented as warrant liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The warrant liabilities are measured at fair value at inception and on a recurring basis, with changes in fair value presented within change in fair value of warrant liabilities in the consolidated statements of operations. The closing price of the Public Warrants was used as its fair value as of each relevant date.
As of December 31, 2023, the Private Placement Warrants were valued using the Monte Carlo simulation methodology, which is considered a Level 3 fair value measurement. As of December 31, 2022, the Private Placement Warrants were measured by reference to the trading price of the Public Warrants, which is considered a Level 2 fair value measurement. Assumptions used in the valuation of the Private Placement Warrant liability using the Monte Carlo method simulation methodology are as follows:
December 31,
Stock price
$
3.58
Risk-free interest rate
4.1
%
Expected term (in years)
2.5
Expected volatility
%
Dividend rate
-
%
Exercise price
$
11.50
The following table presents a reconciliation for all liabilities measured and recognized at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):
Private
Placement
Earnout
Warrant
(in thousands)
Liability
Liability
Fair value as of December 31, 2021
$
5,211
$
8,847
Change in fair value of liability
(3,481)
(4,912)
Transfers out of Level 3
-
(3,935)
Fair value as of December 31, 2022
1,730
-
Change in fair value of liability
(1,076)
(1,563)
Transfers into Level 3
-
4,423
Transfers out of Level 3
-
(1,964)
Fair value as of December 31, 2023
$
$
Note 13 - Warrant Liability
The Public Warrants became exercisable on October 2, 2021. The Public Warrants will expire five years after the completion of an Initial Business Combination or earlier upon redemption or liquidation. As of December 31, 2023, there were 14,948,536 Public Warrants and 3,148,569 Private Placement Warrants outstanding.
The Company will not be obligated to deliver any shares of Class A common stock pursuant to the exercise of a warrant and will have no obligation to settle such warrant exercise unless a registration statement under the Securities Act with respect to the Class A common stock underlying the warrants is then effective and a prospectus relating thereto is current, subject to the Company satisfying its obligations with respect to registration. No warrant will be exercisable and the Company will not be obligated to issue any shares of Class A common stock upon exercise of a warrant unless the share of Class A common stock issuable upon such warrant exercise has been registered, qualified or deemed to be exempt under the securities laws of the state of residence of the registered holder of the warrants.
The Company must use its commercially reasonable efforts to maintain a current prospectus relating to those shares of Class A common stock until the warrants expire or are redeemed, subject to certain exceptions set forth in the warrant agreement. Such registration statement was initially filed on July 20, 2021 and declared effective on July 30, 2021.
Redemption of warrants when the price per Class A common stock equals or exceeds $18.00. The Company may redeem the Public Warrants (except as described herein with respect to the Private Placement Warrants):
●in whole and not in part;
●at a price of $0.01 per warrant;
●upon a minimum of 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption to each warrant holder; and
● if and only if, the last reported sale price of the Class A common stock for any 20 trading days within a 30- trading day period ending three trading days before the Company sends to the notice of redemption to the warrant holders (“Reference Value”) equals or exceeds $18.00 per share (as adjusted).
Redemption of warrants when the price per Class A common stock equals or exceeds $10.00. The Company may redeem the outstanding Public Warrants:
●in whole and not in part;
● at a price of $0.10 per warrant upon a minimum of 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption provided that holders will be able to exercise their warrants on a cashless basis prior to redemption and receive that number of shares, based on the redemption date and the fair market value of the Class A common stock;
● if and only if, the Reference Value equals or exceeds $10.00 per share (as adjusted); and
● if the Reference Value is less than $18.00 per share (as adjusted), the Private Placement Warrants must also concurrently be called for redemption on the same terms as the outstanding Public Warrants, as described above.
The exercise price and number of Class A common stock issuable upon exercise of the Public Warrants may be adjusted in certain circumstances including in the event of a stock dividend, or recapitalization, reorganization, merger or consolidation. However, except as described below, the Public Warrants will not be adjusted for the issuance of Class A common stock at a price below its exercise price. Additionally, in no event will the Company be required to net cash settle the Public Warrants. The Public Warrants may be exercised only for a whole number of shares.
The Private Placement Warrants are identical to the Public Warrants underlying the units sold in the Initial Public Offering, except that the Private Placement Warrants and the shares of Class A common stock issuable upon the exercise of the Private Placement Warrants are entitled to certain registration rights pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of July 1, 2021, by and among the Company, the Sponsor, certain other initial stockholders, and Holdings.
Additionally, the Private Placement Warrants are exercisable for cash or on a cashless basis, at the holder’s option and are non-redeemable so long as they are held by the initial purchasers or their permitted transferees (except for a number of shares of Class A common stock as described above under “-Redemption of warrants when the price per Class A common stock equals or exceeds $18.00” and “-Redemption of warrants when the price per Class A common stock equals or exceeds $10.00”). If the Private Placement Warrants are held by someone other than the initial purchasers or their permitted transferees, the Private Placement Warrants will be redeemable by the Company in all redemption scenarios and exercisable by such holders on the same basis as the Public Warrants.
Note 14 - Earnout Liability
Earnout Shares totaling 718,750 are subject to potential forfeiture by their holders if the volume-weighted average price (“VWAP”) of the shares does not equal or exceed at least $15.00 (the “$15.00 Triggering Event”) for any 20 trading days within any 30-trading day period within the five years following the closing of the CRIS Business Combination. Upon the closing of the CRIS Business Combination, the contingent obligation related to the Earnout Shares was accounted for as a liability because the triggering events that determine the number of Earnout Shares earned include events that are not solely indexed to the Company’s common stock. The estimated fair value of the earnout liability related to the 718,750 Earnout Shares subject to the $15.00 Triggering Event was $0.7 million and $1.7 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The change in fair value of the earnout liability resulted in a gain of $1.1 million and $3.5 million recognized in the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Note 15 - Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes consists primarily of income taxes related to federal and state jurisdictions where business is conducted related to the Company’s ownership in EVgo OpCo. All income (loss) before income taxes is generated in the U.S. Due to operating losses in the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s provision for income taxes and effective tax rate was de minimis. The provision for income taxes differs from the amount computed by applying the U.S. corporate statutory income tax rate to loss before income taxes for the reasons set forth below:
Year Ended
December 31,
Statutory federal income tax rate
21.00
%
21.00
%
State taxes, net of federal tax benefit
6.51
6.36
Net loss attributable to NCI/non-taxable partnership structure
(16.99)
(25.64)
Change in fair value of warrant liability
1.46
9.43
Tax credits
4.68
1.10
Other permanent items
(1.05)
(0.29)
Change in fair value of earnout liability
0.22
0.91
Change in valuation allowance
(15.86)
(12.87)
Effective tax rate
(0.03)
%
-
%
Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes, as well as net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. There were no deferred tax liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. The significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets were as follows:
As of December 31,
(in thousands)
Deferred tax assets:
Investment in partnership
$
133,447
$
119,033
Tax credit carryforwards
7,873
1,537
Net operating loss carryforwards
25,868
13,794
Total deferred tax assets
167,188
134,364
Less valuation allowance
(167,188)
(134,364)
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance
$
-
$
-
In assessing the realization of the deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized. Management considered all available material evidence, both positive and negative, in assessing the appropriateness of a valuation allowance for the Company’s deferred tax assets, including the generation of future taxable income, the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities and other available material evidence. After consideration of all of the information available, management believes that significant uncertainty exists with respect to future realization of the deferred tax assets and has therefore established a full valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 except for the deferred tax assets related to the Section 30C tax credits that EVgo intends to transfer.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, EVgo had $94.0 million and $50.3 million, respectively, in federal net operating losses with an indefinite carryforward period, tax credits of $7.9 million and $1.5 million, respectively, which will start expiring in 2041, and state net operating losses with various expiration periods.
The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and in various state and local jurisdictions and is subject to examination by the various taxing authorities for all periods since its inception. As of December 31, 2023 and
2022, there were no unrecognized tax benefits for uncertain tax positions, nor any amounts accrued for interest and penalties.
Note 16 - Tax Receivable Agreement
In connection with the CRIS Business Combination, EVgo entered into a tax receivable agreement (the “Tax Receivable Agreement”) with EVgo Holdings (along with permitted assigns, the “TRA Holders”) and LS Power Equity Advisors, LLC, as agent. The Tax Receivable Agreement generally provides for payment by the Company, Thunder Sub or any of their subsidiaries (other than EVgo OpCo and its subsidiaries) (the “Company Group”) to the TRA Holders of 85% of the net cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax or franchise tax that the Company actually realizes or is deemed to realize in certain circumstances after the CRIS Business Combination as a result of (i) certain increases in tax basis that occur as a result of the Company Group’s acquisition (or deemed acquisition for U.S. federal income tax purposes) of all or a portion of the TRA Holders’ EVgo OpCo Units pursuant to the CRIS Business Combination or the exercise of the redemption or Call Rights set forth in the EVgo OpCo A&R LLC Agreement and (ii) imputed interest deemed to be paid by the Company Group as a result of and additional tax basis arising from, any payments the Company Group makes under the Tax Receivable Agreement. The Company Group will retain the benefit of any remaining net cash savings. If the Company Group elects to terminate the Tax Receivable Agreement early (or it is terminated early due to the Company Group’s failure to honor a material obligation thereunder or due to certain mergers, asset sales, other forms of business combinations or other changes of control), the Company Group is required to make an immediate payment equal to the present value of the anticipated future payments to be made by it under the Tax Receivable Agreement (based upon certain assumptions and deemed events set forth in the Tax Receivable Agreement, including (i) that the Company Group has sufficient taxable income on a current basis to fully utilize the tax benefits covered by the Tax Receivable Agreement and (ii) that any EVgo OpCo Units (other than those held by the Company Group) outstanding on the termination date or change of control date, as applicable, are deemed to be redeemed on such date).
Amounts payable by the Company under the Tax Receivable Agreement are accrued through a charge to income when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount is estimable. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, no transactions occurred that would result in a cash tax savings benefit that would trigger the recording of a liability by the Company based on the terms of the Tax Receivable Agreement.
Note 17 - Share-Based Compensation
The following table sets forth the Company’s total share-based compensation expense included in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations:
Year Ended
December 31,
(in thousands)
Other cost of sales
$
$
General and administrative expenses
29,501
24,929
Total share-based compensation expense
$
29,724
$
25,048
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company entered into a transition agreement with Catherine Zoi and certain other parties in connection with Ms. Zoi’s resignation as the Company’s Chief Executive Officer (the “Zoi Transition Agreement”). Pursuant to the Zoi Transition Agreement, subject to certain conditions, Ms. Zoi shall be deemed to have remained in continuous employment with the Company or its affiliates through April 30, 2024 for purposes of vesting, settlement, and exercisability of her outstanding and unvested RSUs and stock options. Ms. Zoi shall have up to 30 days after April 30, 2024 to exercise any vested options before they expire. The Zoi Transition Agreement also provided that Ms. Zoi would vest in her Time Vesting Incentive Units (as defined below) scheduled to vest on January 16, 2024 and that Ms. Zoi will additionally vest in her Sale Vesting Incentive Units (as defined below) upon the consummation of a sale of the Company during the six-month period following Ms. Zoi’s separation date, if such a sale transaction occurs. The Company determined that these provisions represented a modification of existing equity awards, resulting in the cumulative compensation cost recognized for Ms. Zoi’s original RSU, stock option, and Time Vesting Incentive Unit awards being zero immediately prior to the modification as none of the awards were otherwise expected to vest. The
incremental fair value of the modified RSU, stock option and Time Vesting Incentive Unit awards of $4.2 million was recognized over the period from the modification date to Ms. Zoi’s separation date. The incremental fair value of the modified Sale Vesting Incentive Unit awards was $6.1 million. The fair value of the modified awards is reflected in the weighted average grant date fair value of the Company’s unvested RSUs and Incentive Units (as defined below) as of December 31, 2023 in the tables below.
2021 Long Term Incentive Plan
On July 1, 2021, concurrent with the closing of the CRIS Business Combination, stockholders approved the Board of Directors-approved 2021 Long Term Incentive Plan (the “2021 Incentive Plan”). The 2021 Incentive Plan reserves 33,918,000 shares of Class A common stock for issuance to employees, non-employee directors and other service providers. As of December 31, 2023, there were 20,784,651 shares of Class A common stock available for grant.
The 2021 Incentive Plan provides for potential grants of: (i) incentive stock options qualified as such under U.S. federal income tax laws; (ii) stock options that do not qualify as incentive stock options; (iii) stock appreciation rights; (iv) restricted stock awards; (v) RSUs; (vi) vested stock awards; (vii) dividend equivalents; (viii) other share- or cash-based awards; (ix) cash awards; and (x) substitute awards. Unless earlier terminated by action of the Company’s Board of Directors, the 2021 Incentive Plan will terminate on March 26, 2031.
Stock Options
The Company commenced granting stock options to certain senior employees in 2022. Compensation expense related to share-based awards is measured and recognized in the financial statements based on the fair value of the awards granted. The fair value of each option award is estimated on the grant date and recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. The options vest annually over a three-year period and have a term of 10 years. The following table summarizes stock option activity:
Weighted
Shares
Weighted
Average
Underlying
Average
Remaining
Aggregate
(shares in thousands)
Options
Exercise Price
Contractual Life
Intrinsic Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2021
-
Granted
$
12.86
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022
$
12.86
9.2 years
$
-
Granted
1,124
$
7.12
Forfeited
(441)
$
8.31
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023
1,058
$
8.66
7.6 years
$
-
Exercisable as of December 31, 2023
$
12.86
5.3 years
$
-
As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s unrecognized share-based compensation expense related to stock options was approximately $1.4 million, which is expected to be recognized over a period of 1.5 years. The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $3.20 and $8.79, per share, respectively. The fair value of the stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2023 was computed using Black-Scholes or Hull White option-pricing models, in order to ensure that the valuation reflected all substantive characteristics of the instruments, with the assumptions described below. The risk-free interest rate was based on the implied yield currently available in U.S. Treasury securities at maturity with an equivalent term. The Company has not declared or paid any dividends through December 31, 2023 and does not currently expect to do so in the future. For valuations where the Company had limited historical volatility information available, the expected volatility was based on a weighted average between the actual volatility for comparable public companies and the actual volatility for the Company, if shorter than the expected term of the options. The expected life under the Black-Scholes model was estimated using the simplified method or full remaining term, based on whether or not the participant was expected to exercise the option. The expected life under the Hull-White model was calculated as the average time to achieve the 2.8x strike exercise price in the simulation. The following key assumptions were used in the option pricing models in computing the fair value of the stock options granted:
Year Ending December 31,
Risk-free interest rate
3.5 to 5.4
%
2.5
%
Expected dividend yield
-
%
-
%
Expected volatility
78 to 79
%
%
Expected life (in years)
0.8 to 10.0
5.7
Restricted Stock Units
RSUs granted by EVgo vest annually over a period of three years from the date of grant. The fair value of RSUs is calculated based on the closing price of the Company’s Class A common stock on the grant date. The table below represents the Company’s RSU activity under the 2021 Incentive Plan:
Weighted
Average
Number of
Grant Date
(shares in thousands)
Shares
Fair Value
Nonvested as of December 31, 2021
1,955
$
11.40
Granted
3,059
$
10.76
Vested
(645)
$
11.39
Forfeited
(439)
$
11.84
Nonvested as of December 31, 2022
3,930
$
10.85
Granted1
8,147
$
4.61
Vested
(1,676)
$
10.26
Forfeited
(1,350)
$
7.46
Nonvested as of December 31, 20231
9,051
$
5.85
Vested but not released
$
3.49
Outstanding as of December 31, 20231
9,113
$
5.83
1 Weighted average grant date fair value reflects the impact of modified awards.
The total fair value of RSUs vested during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $8.9 million and $7.1 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s unrecognized share-based compensation expense related to unvested RSUs was approximately $22.8 million, which is expected to be recognized over a period of 1.5 years.
Performance Stock Units
The Company started granting performance stock units (“PSUs”) in 2023. The PSUs issued in 2023 are subject to market-based performance targets in order for these units to vest. Vesting is also subject to continued service requirements through the vesting date over a period of three years from the date of grant. Compensation expense for such nonvested stock units is recognized on a straight-line basis over the longer of the explicit service period or the derived service period for the market condition, regardless of whether the market condition is satisfied. The table below represents the Company’s PSU activity under the 2021 Incentive Plan:
Weighted
Average
Number of
Grant Date
(shares in thousands)
Shares
Fair Value
Nonvested as of December 31, 2022
-
$
-
Granted
$
2.25
Nonvested as of December 31, 2023
$
2.25
No PSUs vested during the year ended December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s unrecognized share-based compensation expense related to unvested PSUs was approximately $1.5 million, which is expected to be recognized over a period of 2.1 years. The grant date fair value for such nonvested stock units was estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation that incorporates option-pricing inputs covering the period from the grant date through the end of the performance period. The following assumptions were used for the grants:
Risk-free interest rate
4.6
%
Expected dividend yield
-
%
Expected volatility
%
Cost of equity
14.1
%
Expected life (in years)
5.0
EVgo Management Holdings, LLC Incentive Units
Following the Holdco Merger and prior to the CRIS Business Combination, all employees of EVgo Services received share-based compensation in the form of units in EVgo Management Holdings, LLC (“EVgo Management”) that track incentive units issued by EVgo Holdings to EVgo Management (“Incentive Units”). The EVgo Holdings LLCA provides for the issuance of 1,000,000 Incentive Units. Each Incentive Unit grants a profits interest in EVgo Holdings, which can generally be described as a participation interest whose right to receive distributions is determined by the cumulative amount of distributions (cash or in-kind) received by each outstanding Capital Unit in EVgo Holdings up to and including the date of a distribution. Distributions to the Incentive Unit holders are made solely from cash or property of EVgo Holdings. Incentive Unit holders have no claim as to the cashflow or assets of EVgo Holdco or EVgo Services.
The Incentive Units were awarded pursuant to the EVgo Holdings LLCA and consequently the limited liability agreement of EVgo Management and individual grant agreements. These agreements include limitations with respect to the distribution entitlements of such Incentive Units and limitations imposed in order to cause such Incentive Units to qualify as “profits interests” within the meaning of Internal Revenue Service Revenue Procedures 93-27 and 2001-43, Internal Revenue Service Notice 2005-43, or any future Internal Revenue Service guidance. Specifically, such limitations were established such that any holder of Incentive Units will participate only in the post-grant appreciation in value of EVgo Holdings. As a result, the Incentive Units essentially had no value on the date of grant.
Of each individual grant of Incentive Units, a portion was designated as time vesting (the “Time Vesting Incentive Units”) and the remaining portion was designated as sale vesting (the “Sale Vesting Incentive Units”). The Time Vesting Incentive Units vest annually and equally over a period of four years from the date of grant. Sale Vesting Incentive Units vest based upon the achievement of certain trigger events relating to the sale of EVgo Holdings.
The Company determined the Incentive Units and resulting profits interest are equity-classified requiring application of ASC 718. Under ASC 718, share-based payment awards are initially measured at the fair value of the equity instruments that the entity is required to issue when the employee becomes entitled to the instrument (i.e., when all service, performance, market and/or other conditions have been met). The estimate of fair value should be based on share price and other factors at the grant date and should incorporate the effect of any restrictions or conditions that continue in effect after the vesting date. For equity-classified awards, changes in the share price or other pertinent variable, such as volatility or the risk-free rate, subsequent to the grant date would not cause the fair value estimate to be remeasured.
The Company has elected to use the straight-line approach to recognize compensation cost for the Time Vesting Incentive Units awards. No compensation cost will be recognized for the Sale Vesting Incentive Units until such time that an event as described above occurs. The Company has elected to account for forfeitures as they occur.
As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s unrecognized share-based compensation expense related to unvested Time Vesting Incentive Units was approximately $0.5 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.0 years. As of December 31, 2023, unrecognized share-based compensation expense related to unvested Sale Vesting Incentive Units was approximately $8.0 million, which is contingent upon the occurrence of a sale event. The fair value of Incentive Units modified during the year ended December 31, 2023 were calculated using the Monte Carlo simulation model. Assumptions used in the valuation of the modified Incentive Units are as follows:
Risk-free interest rate
4.5
%
Discount for lack of marketability
%
Expected volatility
%
Time to exit (in years)
3.4
Presented below is a summary of the activity of the Company’s Incentive Units:
Weighted
Average
Grant Date
(units in thousands)
Units
Fair Value
Nonvested as of December 31, 2021
$
18.19
Vested
(123)
$
17.08
Forfeited
(65)
$
16.76
Nonvested as of December 31, 2022
$
18.68
Vested
(138)
$
34.20
Forfeited
(81)
$
34.69
Nonvested as of December 31, 20231
$
37.03
1 Weighted average grant date fair value reflects the impact of modified awards.
Note 18 - Net Loss Per Share
Basic and diluted earnings per common share (“EPS”) are computed using the two-class method, which is an earnings allocation formula that determines EPS for each class of common stock and participating securities, according to dividends declared and participation rights in undistributed earnings. The Company’s unvested Earnout Shares are considered participating securities because they are legally issued at the grant date and holders have a non-forfeitable right to receive dividends.
Basic EPS is generally calculated by dividing net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS is generally calculated by dividing net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders adjusted for the effects of any dilutive securities by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding plus the additional dilution for all potentially dilutive securities. During loss periods, diluted loss per share is based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding (basic), because the inclusion of common stock equivalents would be antidilutive.
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net income loss per share:
Year Ended
December 31,
(in thousands, except per share data)
Numerator
Net loss
$
(135,466)
$
(106,240)
Less: net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest
(93,039)
(78,665)
Net loss attributable to Class A common stockholders
(42,427)
(27,575)
Less: net loss attributable to participating securities
(334)
(285)
Net loss attributable to Class A common stockholders, basic and diluted
$
(42,093)
$
(27,290)
Denominator
Weighted average common stock outstanding
91,308
69,433
Less: weighted average unvested Earnout Shares outstanding
(719)
(719)
Weighted average common stock outstanding, basic and diluted
90,589
68,714
Net loss per share - basic and diluted
$
(0.46)
$
(0.40)
The Company’s potentially dilutive securities consist of the Company’s Public Warrants, Private Placement Warrants, RSUs, stock options and unvested Earnout Shares. For the periods in which EPS is presented, the Company excluded the following potential shares, presented based on amounts outstanding at each period end, from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to Class A common stockholders since their impact would have been antidilutive:
Year Ended
December 31,
(in thousands)
Public Warrants
14,949
14,949
Private Placement Warrants
3,149
3,149
RSUs
9,051
3,930
Stock options
1,058
28,207
22,403
Additionally, 718,750 unvested Earnout Shares were excluded from the computation of diluted EPS since their vesting threshold (i.e., the $15.00 Triggering Event) had not yet been met as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. All PSUs were excluded from the computation of diluted EPS since their service and market vesting conditions had not yet been met as of December 31, 2023.
Note 19 - Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, EVgo Holdings held 195,800,000 EVgo OpCo Units, representing a 65.5% and a 73.6% economic ownership interest, respectively, in EVgo OpCo (reflecting the exclusion of 718,750 shares of Class A common stock held by other entities that were subject to possible forfeiture) and the same number of shares of Class B common stock, representing a 65.4% and 73.4% voting interest, respectively, in the Company. EVgo Holdings is entitled to one vote per share of Class B common stock but is not entitled to receive dividends or any assets upon liquidation, dissolution, distribution or winding-up of the Company. Each EVgo OpCo Unit is redeemable, together with one share of Class B common stock, for either one share of Class A common stock or, at EVgo OpCo’s election, the cash equivalent market value of one share of Class A common stock in accordance with the terms of the EVgo OpCo A&R LLC Agreement (see Note 10).
The EVgo OpCo Units held by EVgo Holdings have been classified as a redeemable noncontrolling interest in the Company. The cash redemption feature of the EVgo OpCo Units, together with a corresponding number of shares of Class B common stock, at the option of EVgo OpCo, is considered outside of the control of the Company. Therefore, in
accordance with ASC Topic 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, the EVgo OpCo Units are classified as temporary equity in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
The redeemable noncontrolling interest held by EVgo Holdings in EVgo OpCo, through its ownership of EVgo OpCo Units, was initially measured at its carrying amount on the CRIS Close Date. Net income or loss and other comprehensive income or loss are attributed to the redeemable noncontrolling interest during each reporting period based on its ownership percentage, as appropriate. Subsequent to that, the redeemable noncontrolling interest is measured at its fair value (i.e., based on the Class A common stock price) at the end of each reporting period, exclusive of the par value of the related Class B common stock, with the remeasurement amount being no less than the initial carrying amount, as adjusted for the redeemable noncontrolling interest’s share of net income or loss and other comprehensive income or loss. The offset of any fair value adjustment is recorded to equity, with no impact to net income (loss).
The following is a reconciliation of changes in redeemable noncontrolling interest:
(in thousands)
Balance as of December 31, 2021
$
1,946,252
Net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest
(78,665)
Equity-based compensation attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest
1,878
Adjustment to revise redeemable noncontrolling interest to its redemption value at period-end
(994,239)
Balance as of December 31, 2022
$
875,226
Net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest
(93,039)
Equity-based compensation attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest
3,770
Adjustment to revise redeemable noncontrolling interest to its redemption value at period-end
(84,993)
Balance as of December 31, 2023
$
700,964

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
Not applicable.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
Management’s Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Per Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, the term disclosure controls and procedures means controls and other procedures of an issuer that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by an issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the issuer’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Under the supervision of the Company’s Board of Directors and with the participation of management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer (the “certifying officers”), the Company conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in and pursuant to Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2023. The certifying officers concluded that, as a result of the material weakness in internal control over financial reporting described below in “Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting”, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of December 31, 2023; accordingly, the Company is implementing additional procedures to remediate these shortcomings as outlined below.
Notwithstanding the identified material weakness, the Company’s management believes the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report present fairly, in all material respects, the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows as of and for the periods presented, in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act). The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the Company’s financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:
● Pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of assets of the Company;
● Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and the directors of the Company; and
● Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
The Company’s management, with participation of the certifying officers, under the oversight of the Company’s Board of Directors, evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 using the framework in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (commonly referred to as the “COSO” framework). In connection with enhancing the Company’s accounting, control and compliance functions during 2023, the Company undertook a comprehensive approach to this evaluation, which included a review of any material weaknesses previously identified as of December 31, 2022. Based on that evaluation, management concluded the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2023 due to the material weakness identified in the paragraph below.
The following material weakness in internal control over financial reporting was identified as of December 31, 2023: due to an ineffective information and communication process to ensure the completeness and accuracy of underlying data and reports, the Company did not effectively design, implement and operate process-level controls and effective general information technology (“IT”) controls relevant to its financial reporting processes.
Notwithstanding the material weakness in internal control over financial reporting identified above, this did not result in any material misstatements to the Company’s consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023. This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm due to the established rules of the SEC.
Remediation Plan for Existing Material Weakness in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
During 2023, the Company implemented remediation plans including hiring qualified personnel with the appropriate level of knowledge related to accounting transactions, accounting matters, and relevant systems. The Company also engaged an outside internal audit service provider to assist the Company with completing a risk assessment based on criteria established by COSO to identify internal control over financial reporting risks and control objectives. The Company also evaluated its IT systems and related processes, and the Company is expanding the functionality of its internal systems to provide for higher levels of automation and assurance in its financial reporting function. These changes are expected to result in the generation of reliable information that can be used to execute process and IT controls in a repeatable manner. The actions the Company is taking are subject to ongoing senior management review, as well as oversight from the Company’s Board of Directors. When fully implemented and operational, the Company believes the measures described above will remediate the underlying causes of the control deficiencies that gave rise to the material weakness and strengthen the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. However, remediation efforts may continue beyond the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024. The Company will not be able to fully remediate this material weakness until these steps have been completed and have been operating effectively for a sufficient period of time. The Company may also identify additional measures that may be required to remediate the material weakness in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting, necessitating further action.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Other than the remediation progress discussed above, there has been no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2023 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, its internal control over financial reporting.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 9B. Other Information.
During the three months ended December 31, 2023, the following Section 16 officer adopted, modified or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” (as defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K of the Exchange Act): Badar Khan, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and a member of the Company’s Board of Directors, adopted a new 10b5-1 trading plan on December 21, 2023 (with the first trade under the new plan scheduled for May 18, 2024). The trading plan will be effective until December 31, 2024 (or such earlier time as provided pursuant to the terms of the trading plan) to sell 246,596 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock.
There were no “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements” (as defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K of the Exchange Act) adopted, modified or terminated during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2023 by any of the Company’s Section 16 officers or directors. Each of the existing Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements of the Company’s Section 16 officers are in compliance with the Company’s Insider Trading Policy, and any actual sale transactions made pursuant to such trading arrangements are disclosed publicly in Section 16 filings with the SEC in accordance with applicable securities laws, rules and regulations.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
The information required by this item can be found under the captions “Board of Directors and Committees; Corporate Governance,” and “Executive Officers” in the Company’s definitive proxy statement (the “2024 Proxy Statement”), which will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the end of the Company’s fiscal year and which is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Item 11. Executive Compensation.
The information required by this item will be included in the Company’s 2024 Proxy Statement, which is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
The information required by this item will be included in the Company’s 2024 Proxy Statement, which is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence.
The information required by this item will be included in the Company’s 2024 Proxy Statement, which is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.
The information required by this item will be included in the Company’s 2024 Proxy Statement, which is incorporated herein by reference.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.
(a) Documents filed as part of the Annual Report on Form 10-K.
(1) List of Consolidated Financial Statements
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Consolidated Balance Sheets
Consolidated Statements of Operations
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Deficit
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(2) Financial Statement Schedule
Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
(3) List of Exhibits
Exhibit
Number
Description
2.1+
Business Combination Agreement, dated as of January 21, 2021, by and among the Company, CRIS Thunder Merger LLC, EVgo Holdings, LLC, EVgo Holdco, LLC and EVgo OpCo, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 22, 2021).
3.1
Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 22, 2023).
3.2
Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 8, 2021).
4.1
Specimen Class A Common Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Registration No. 333-248718), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 10, 2020).
4.2
Specimen Warrant Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Registration No. 333-248718), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 10, 2020).
4.3
Warrant Agreement, dated September 29, 2020, between the Company and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 5, 2020).
4.4
Description of Securities (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 30, 2023).
10.1
Sponsor Agreement, dated as of January 21, 2021, by and among the Company, EVgo Holdco, LLC, Climate Change Crisis Real Impact I Acquisition Holdings, LLC and certain investors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit E to the Business Combination Agreement, filed as Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 22, 2021).
10.2+
Amendment to Sponsor Agreement, dated as of July 1, 2021, by and among the Company, EVgo Holdco, LLC, Climate Change Crisis Real Impact I Acquisition Holdings, LLC and certain investors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 8, 2021).
10.3
Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of July 1, 2021 by and among the Company, Climate Change Crisis Real Impact I Acquisition Holdings, LLC and certain other parties (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 8, 2021).
10.4
Form of Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 8, 2021).
10.5
Form of Subscription Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 22, 2021).
10.6
Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of EVgo OpCo, LLC, dated as of July 1, 2021, by and among the Company, EVgo OpCo, LLC, CRIS Thunder Merger, LLC and EVgo Holdings, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 8, 2021).
10.7
Amended and Restated Nomination Agreement, dated as of March 24, 2022, by and between the Company and EVgo Holdings, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 24, 2022).
10.8
Tax Receivable Agreement, dated as of July 1, 2021, by and among the Company, CRIS Thunder Merger LLC and EVgo Holdings, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 8, 2021).
10.9†
EVgo Inc. 2021 Long Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 8, 2021).
10.10†
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement adopted pursuant to the EVgo Inc. 2021 Long Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 8, 2021).
10.11†
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Executive) adopted pursuant to the EVgo 2021 Long Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 8, 2023).
10.12*†
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Performance-Based) adopted pursuant to the EVgo 2021 Long Term Incentive Plan.
10.13†
Form of Stock Option Agreement adopted pursuant to the EVgo Inc. 2021 Long Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 13, 2022).
10.14*†
Form of Stock Option Agreement (Executive) adopted pursuant to the EVgo Inc. 2021 Long Term Incentive Plan.
10.15†
EVgo Inc. Executive Change in Control and Severance Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 30, 2023).
10.16†
Employment Agreement, dated August 1, 2023, between EVgo Services LLC and Badar Khan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 2, 2023).
10.17†
Employment Agreement between EVgo Services LLC and Catherine Zoi, dated as of January 15, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 8, 2021).
10.18†
Transition Agreement, dated August 1, 2023, between EVgo Inc., EVgo Services LLC, EVgo Holdings, LLC, EVgo Management Holdings, LLC and Catherine Zoi (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 2, 2023).
10.19†
Employment Agreement, dated as of January 15, 2020, between EVgo Services LLC and Olga Shevorenkova (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 8, 2021).
10.20†
Amended & Restated Employment Agreement, dated January 17, 2024, between EVgo Services LLC and Dennis Kish (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 17, 2024).
19*
EVgo Inc. Insider Trading Policy, amended and restated as of December 21, 2023.
21.1*
List of Subsidiaries.
23.1*
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
31.1*
Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-15(e) or Rule 15d-15(e).
31.2*
Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-15(e) or Rule 15d-15(e).
32.1**
Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of Periodic Report Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350.
97*†
EVgo Inc. Executive Compensation Clawback Policy, effective December 1, 2023.
101.INS
XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH*
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL*
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF*
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB*
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE*
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit 101).
+
The schedules to this Exhibit have been omitted in accordance with Regulation S-K Items 601(a)(5) and 601(b)(2). The Company agrees to furnish supplementally a copy of any omitted schedule to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon its request.
*
Filed herewith.
**Furnished herewith.
†
Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan, contract or arrangement.