EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1675033
Filing Year: 2021
Filename: 1675033_10-K_2021_0001564590-21-013314.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1. Business.
Overview
We are an externally managed non-diversified closed-end management investment company that elected to be regulated as a BDC under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”). We are an “emerging growth company” within the meaning of the JOBS Act, and, as such, are subject to reduced public company reporting requirements. Our investment objective is to seek to generate both current income and capital appreciation, while seeking to protect against risk of capital loss, by investing predominantly in the debt instruments of middle-market companies in a range of industries, which our external investment manager, Great Elm Capital Management, Inc. (“GECM”), defines as companies with enterprise values between $100.0 million and $2.0 billion. Our investment objectives may be changed without a vote of the holders of a majority of our stock. GECM provides the administrative services necessary for us to operate.
We made, and expect to make, multi-year investments primarily in secured and senior unsecured debt instruments that we purchase in the secondary markets. We may also originate investments directly with issuers. We invest in companies that have high leverage or operate in industries experiencing cyclical declines. Investments in these companies may trade at discounts to their original issue prices. We seek to protect against risk of loss by investing in borrowers with tangible and intangible assets, where GECM believes asset values are expected to, or do, exceed our investment and any debt that is senior to, or ranks in parity with, our investment. We seek investments whose total return potential (interest income plus capital appreciation and fees, if any) appropriately recognizes potential investment risks. GECM’s investment process includes a focus on an investment’s contractual documents, as it seeks to identify rights that enhance an investment’s risk protection and avoid contracts that compromise potential returns or recoveries. We may also invest in subordinated debt, mezzanine debt, and equity or equity-linked financial instruments.
Our Portfolio at December 31, 2020
A list of the industries in which we have invested as of December 31, 2020 may be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” Set forth below is a brief description of each company representing greater than 5% of the fair market value of our portfolio at December 31, 2020.
Avanti Communications Group plc
Avanti Communications Group, plc (“Avanti”), located in London, England, is a leading provider of satellite-enabled data communications services in Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Avanti’s network consists of: three high throughput satellites, HYLAS 1, HYLAS 2 and HYLAS 4; a multiband satellite, Artemis; one satellite that is not yet launched, HYLAS 3; and an international fiber network connecting data centers in several countries. Avanti’s satellites primarily operate in the Ka band frequency range. The Ka band allows for the delivery of greater capacity at faster speeds than Ku band capacity.
California Pizza Kitchen, Inc.
Headquartered in Los Angeles, California Pizza Kitchen, Inc. (“CPK”) is a leading polished-casual restaurant chain specializing in California-style pizza. CPK currently has over 230 locations in more than 30 states and 11 countries. In addition to its restaurant operations, CPK also sells its branded products in grocery stores and is a leader in the frozen specialty pizza segment.
Crestwood Equity Partners LP
Crestwood Equity Partners LP (“Crestwood”) owns, operates, develops, and acquires midstream energy assets. The company develops, acquires, owns or controls, and operates primarily fee-based assets and operations within the energy midstream sector. The company operates a diversified portfolio of crude oil and natural gas gathering, processing, storage, and transportation assets that connect fundamental energy supply with energy demand across North America.
PFS Holdings Corp.
Founded in 1938, Phillips Pet Food & Supplies (“PFS”) is the largest national distributor in the pet food and supplies industry. The company currently has 11 distribution centers, connecting over 250 brand partners with more than 14,000 retailers in the United States. PFS serves the pet specialty industry and is committed to providing customers with the products and services that will contribute to the growth and profitability of their businesses.
Prestige Capital Finance, LLC
Located in Fort Lee, NJ, Prestige Capital Finance, LLC (“Prestige”) is a commercial finance company specializing in providing spot factoring services, providing clients with an opportunity to sell individual accounts receivable for an upfront payment. Prestige serves clients across a wide range of industries with between $100 thousand and $10 million of accounts receivable. Prestige has been in business for over 30 years and factored over $6 billion in transactions during that time.
Research Now Group, Inc.
Research Now Group, Inc. (“Research Now”) is the largest first-party data and insight platform, serving nearly 6,000 market research, media and advertising agencies, publishers, consulting and investment firms and corporate customers. Research Now offers end-to-end solutions for research from survey preparation and delivery to data processing and analytics. Research Now conducts over 90 million surveys annually with from its 29 million active panelists.
Tensar Corporation
Headquartered in Alpharetta, Georgia, Tensar Corporation (“Tensar”) is a leading developer and manufacturer of proprietary, highly-engineered non-traditional site development solutions used for roadway reinforcement, earth retention, foundation support and erosion and sediment control. Relative to traditional construction materials, such as concrete, sand, gravel iron and steel, Tensar’s solutions are proven to reduce material and shipping costs, reduce lifecycle costs, reduce installation times and associated labor costs and improve performance. Tensar has an extensive global distribution network encompassing nearly 80 countries globally and operates six manufacturing facilities to allow for quick delivery and lower transportation costs.
Investment Manager and Administrator
GECM's investment team has more than 100 years of experience in the aggregate financing and investing in leveraged middle-market companies. GECM's team is led by Peter A. Reed, GECM’s Chief Investment Officer. The GECM investment committee includes Peter A. Reed, Jason W. Reese, Adam M. Kleinman and Matt Kaplan. The GECM investment team has deployed more than $17.0 billion into more than 550 issuers across 20+ jurisdictions during its members prior and current experiences together.
Investment Selection
GECM employs a team of investment professionals with experience in leveraged finance. The sector-focused research team performs fundamental research at both the industry and company level. Through in-depth industry coverage, GECM's investment team seeks to develop a thorough understanding of the fundamental market, sector drivers, mergers and acquisition activity, security pricing and trading and new issue trends. GECM's investment team believes that understanding industry trends is an important element of investment success.
Idea Generation, Origination and Refinement
Idea generation and origination is maximized through long-standing and extensive relationships with industry contacts, brokers, commercial and investment bankers, as well as current and former clients, portfolio companies and investors. GECM’s investment team is expected to supplement these lead sources by also utilizing broader research efforts, such as attendance at prospective borrower industry conferences and an active calling effort to brokers and investment bankers. GECM’s investment team focuses their idea generation and origination efforts on middle-market companies. In screening potential investments, GECM’s investment team utilizes a value-oriented investment philosophy with analysis and research focused on the preservation of capital. GECM has identified several criteria that it believes are important in identifying and investing in prospective portfolio companies. GECM’s process requires focus on the terms of the applicable contracts and instruments perfecting security interests. GECM’s criteria provide general guidelines for GECM’s investment committee’s decisions; however, not all of these criteria will be met by each prospective portfolio company in which they choose to invest.
Asset Based Investments. Debt issued by firms with negative free cash flow but where GECM’s investment thesis is based on the value of the collateral or the issuer’s assets. This type of investment focuses on expected realizable value of the issuer’s assets.
Enterprise Value Investments. Debt issued by firms whose business generates free cash flow to service the debt with a margin of safety and the enterprise value of the firm represents the opportunity for principal to be repaid by refinancing or in connection with a merger or acquisition transaction. These investments focus on the going concern value of the enterprise.
Other Debt Investments. Debt issued by firms which have the ability to pay interest and principal out of expected free cash flow from their business. These investments focus on the sustainability and defensibility of cash flows from the business.
Due Diligence
GECM’s due diligence typically includes:
▪
analysis of the credit documents by GECM’s investment team (including the members of the team with legal training and years of professional experience). GECM will engage outside counsel when necessary as well;
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review of historical and prospective financial information;
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research relating to the prospective portfolio company’s management, industry, markets, customers, products and services and competitors and customers;
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verification of collateral;
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interviews with management, employees, customers and vendors of the prospective portfolio company; and
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informal or formal background and reference checks.
Upon the completion of due diligence and a decision to proceed with an investment in a company, the investment professionals leading the diligence process present the opportunity to GECM’s investment committee, which then determines whether to pursue the potential investment.
Approval of Investment Transactions
GECM’s procedures call for each new investment under consideration by the GECM analysts to be preliminarily reviewed at periodic meetings of GECM’s investment team. GECM’s investment team then prepares a summary of the investment, including a financial model and risk cases and a legal review checklist. GECM’s investment committee then will hold a formal review meeting, and following approval of a specific investment, authorization is given to GECM’s trader, including execution guidelines.
GECM’s investment analysts provide regular updates of the positions for which they are responsible to members of GECM’s investment committee.
GECM’s investment analysts and members of the GECM investment committee will jointly decide when to sell a position. The sale decision will then be given to GECM’s trader, who will execute the trade in consultation with the analyst and the applicable member of GECM’s investment committee.
Ongoing Relationship with Portfolio Companies
As a BDC, we offer, and sometimes provide upon request, significant managerial assistance to certain of our portfolio companies. This assistance could involve, among other things, monitoring the operations of our portfolio companies, participating in board and management meetings, consulting with and advising officers of our portfolio companies and providing other organizational and financial guidance.
GECM’s investment team monitors our portfolio companies on an ongoing basis. They monitor the financial trends of each portfolio company and its respective industry to assess the appropriate course of action for each investment. GECM’s ongoing monitoring of a portfolio company will include both a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the company and its industry.
Valuation Procedures
We value our assets, an essential input in the determination of our net asset value consistent with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”) and as required by the Investment Company Act. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Critical Accounting Policies” for an extended discussion of our methodology.
Staffing
We do not currently have any employees. Mr. Reed is our Chief Executive Officer and President and GECM’s Chief Investment Officer. Under an Administration Agreement, dated as of September 27, 2016 (the “Administration Agreement”), by and between us and GECM, GECM provides the services of our Chief Financial Officer and Chief Compliance Officer. GECM has entered into a shared services agreement with Imperial Capital Asset Management, LLC (“ICAM”), pursuant to which ICAM will make available to GECM certain employees of ICAM, including Mr. Kaplan, to provide services to GECM in exchange for reimbursement by GECM of the allocated portion of such employees’ time.
Competition
We compete for investments with other BDCs and investment funds (including private equity funds, hedge funds, mutual funds, mezzanine funds and small business investment companies), as well as traditional financial services companies such as commercial banks, direct lending funds and other sources of funding. Additionally, because competition for investment opportunities generally has increased among alternative investment vehicles, those entities have begun to invest in areas they have not traditionally invested in, including making investments in the types of portfolio companies we target. Many of these entities have greater financial and managerial resources than we do.
Formation Transactions
On June 23, 2016, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”), with Full Circle Capital Corporation, a Maryland corporation (“Full Circle”), that provided for a stock-for-stock merger (the “Merger”) of Full Circle with and into GECC. Concurrent with delivery of the Merger Agreement, we entered into a Subscription Agreement (the “Subscription Agreement”) with Forest Investments, Inc. (formerly, Great Elm Capital Group, Inc.), a Delaware corporation (“GEC”) and subsidiary of Great Elm Group, Inc. (“GEG”), and private investment funds (the “MAST Funds”) managed by MAST Capital Management, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“MAST Capital”). Per the Subscription Agreement, GEC contributed $30.0 million to us. Prior to the Merger and our election to be regulated as a BDC under the Investment Company Act, per the Subscription Agreement, we acquired a portfolio of debt instruments (the “Initial GECC Portfolio”) from the MAST Funds. The Merger was completed on November 3, 2016. We refer to these transactions collectively as the “Formation Transactions.”
Exemptive Relief
We received exemptive relief from the SEC that will allow us to co-invest, together with other investment vehicles managed by GECM, in specific investment opportunities in accordance with the terms of the order granting such relief.
Investment Management Agreement
Management Services
GECM serves as our investment adviser and is registered as an investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the “Advisers Act”). Subject to the overall supervision of our board of directors (our “Board”), GECM manages our day-to-day operations and provides investment advisory and management services to us. Under the terms of the Investment Management Agreement, dated as of September 27, 2016 (the “Investment Management Agreement”), by and between us and GECM, GECM:
▪
determines the composition of our portfolio, the nature and timing of the changes to our portfolio and the manner of implementing such changes;
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identifies, evaluates and negotiates the structure of our investments (including performing due diligence on our prospective portfolio companies);
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closes and monitors our investments; and
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determines the securities and other assets that we purchase, retain or sell.
GECM’s services to us under the Investment Management Agreement are not exclusive, and GECM is free to furnish similar services to other entities.
Management and Incentive Fees
Under the Investment Management Agreement, GECM receives a fee from us, consisting of two components: (1) a base management fee and (2) an incentive fee.
The base management fee is calculated at an annual rate of 1.50% of the Company’s average adjusted gross assets, including assets purchased with borrowed funds. The base management fee is payable quarterly in arrears. The base management fee is calculated based on the average value of the Company’s gross assets, excluding cash and cash equivalents, at the end of the two most recently completed calendar quarters, and appropriately adjusted for any share issuances or repurchases during the then current calendar quarter. Base management fees for any partial quarter are prorated.
The incentive fee consists of two components that are independent of each other, with the result that one component may be payable even if the other is not. One component of the inventive fee is based on income (the “Income Incentive Fee”) and the other component is based on capital gains (the “Capital Gains Incentive Fee”).
Income Incentive Fee
The Income Incentive Fee is calculated and payable quarterly in arrears based on our pre-incentive fee net investment income for the quarter. Pre-incentive fee net investment income means interest income, dividend income and any other income (including any other fees such as commitment, origination, diligence and consulting fees or other fees that we receive from portfolio companies, but excluding fees for providing managerial assistance) accrued during the calendar quarter, minus operating expenses for the quarter (including the base management fee, any expenses payable under the Administration Agreement, and any interest expense and dividends paid on any outstanding preferred stock, but excluding the incentive fee). Pre-incentive fee net investment income includes any accretion of original issue discount, market discount, payment-in-kind (“PIK”) interest, PIK dividends or other types of deferred or accrued income, including in connection with zero coupon securities, that we and our consolidated subsidiaries have recognized in accordance with GAAP, but have not yet received in cash (collectively, “Accrued Unpaid Income”).
Pre-incentive fee net investment income does not include any realized capital gains or unrealized capital appreciation or depreciation. Because of the structure of the incentive fee, it is possible that we may pay an incentive fee in a quarter where we incur a loss. For example, if we receive pre-incentive fee net investment income in excess of the hurdle rate (as defined below) for a quarter, we will pay the applicable incentive fee even if we have incurred a loss in that quarter due to realized and unrealized capital losses.
Pre-incentive fee net investment income, expressed as a rate of return on the value of our net assets (defined in accordance with GAAP) at the end of the immediately preceding calendar quarter, is compared to a fixed “hurdle rate” of 1.75% per quarter (7.00% annualized). If market interest rates rise, we may be able to invest in debt instruments that provide for a higher return, which would increase our pre-incentive fee net investment income and make it easier for GECM to surpass the fixed hurdle rate and receive an incentive fee based on such net investment income.
We pay the incentive fee with respect to our pre-incentive fee net investment income in each calendar quarter as follows:
▪
no incentive fee in any calendar quarter in which the pre-incentive fee net investment income does not exceed the hurdle rate;
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100% of our pre-incentive fee net investment income with respect to that portion of such pre-incentive fee net investment income, if any, that exceeds the hurdle rate, but is less than 2.1875% in any calendar quarter (8.75% annualized). We refer to this portion of our pre-incentive fee net investment income as the “catch up” provision. The “catch up” is meant to provide GECM with 20% of the pre-incentive fee net investment income as if a hurdle rate did not apply if our net investment income exceeds 2.1875% in any calendar quarter; and
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20% of the amount of our pre-incentive fee net investment income, if any, that exceeds 2.1875% in any calendar quarter (8.75% annualized).
The following is a graphical representation of the calculation of the income related portion of the incentive fee:
These calculations are adjusted for any share issuances or repurchases during the quarter and will be appropriately prorated for any period of less than three months. Any Income Incentive Fee otherwise payable with respect to Accrued Unpaid Income (collectively, the “Accrued Unpaid Income Incentive Fees”) will be deferred, on a security by security basis, and will become payable only if, as, when and to the extent cash is received by us or our consolidated subsidiaries in respect thereof. Any Accrued Unpaid Income that is subsequently reversed in connection with a write-down, write-off, impairment or similar treatment of the investment giving rise to such Accrued Unpaid Income will, in the applicable period of reversal, (1) reduce pre-incentive fee net investment income and (2) reduce the amount of Accrued Unpaid Income deferred pursuant to the terms of the Investment Management Agreement. Subsequent payments of Income Incentive Fees deferred pursuant to this paragraph do not reduce the amounts payable for any quarter pursuant to the other terms of the Investment Management Agreement.
We will defer cash payment of any Income Incentive Fee otherwise payable to the investment adviser in any quarter (excluding Accrued Unpaid Income Incentive Fees with respect to such quarter) that exceeds (1) 20% of the Cumulative Pre-Incentive Fee Net Return (as defined below) during the most recent twelve full calendar quarter period ending on or prior to the date such payment is to be made (the “Trailing Twelve Quarters”) less (2) the aggregate incentive fees that were previously paid to the investment adviser during such Trailing Twelve Quarters (excluding Accrued Unpaid Income Incentive Fees during such Trailing Twelve Quarters and not subsequently paid). “Cumulative Pre-Incentive Fee Net Return” during the relevant Trailing Twelve Quarters means the sum of (a) pre-incentive fee net investment income in respect of such Trailing Twelve Quarters less (b) net realized capital losses and net unrealized capital depreciation, if any, in each case calculated in accordance with GAAP, in respect of such Trailing Twelve Quarters.
Capital Gains Incentive Fee
The Capital Gains Incentive Fee is determined and payable in arrears as of the end of each calendar year (or upon termination of the Investment Management Agreement, as of the termination date), commencing with the partial calendar year ended December 31, 2016, and is calculated at the end of each applicable year by subtracting (a) the sum of our and our consolidated subsidiaries’ cumulative aggregate realized capital losses and aggregate unrealized capital depreciation from (b) our and our consolidated subsidiaries’ cumulative aggregate realized capital gains, in each case calculated from November 4, 2016. If such amount is positive at the end of such year, then the Capital Gains Incentive Fee for such year is equal to 20% of such amount, less the aggregate amount of Capital Gains Incentive Fees paid in all prior years. If such amount is negative, then there is no Capital Gains Incentive Fee for such year.
The cumulative aggregate realized capital gains are calculated as the sum of the differences, if positive, between (a) the net sales price of each investment in our portfolio when sold and (b) the accreted or amortized cost basis of such investment. The cumulative aggregate realized capital losses are calculated as the sum of the amounts by which (a) the net sales price of each investment in our portfolio when sold is less than (b) the accreted or amortized cost basis of such investment. The aggregate unrealized capital depreciation is calculated as the sum of the differences, if negative, between (a) the fair value of each investment in our portfolio as of the applicable Capital Gains Incentive Fee calculation date and (b) the accreted or amortized cost basis of such investment.
Examples of Quarterly Incentive Fee Calculations
The following hypothetical calculations illustrate the calculation of net investment income-based incentive fees under the Investment Management Agreement. Amounts shown are a percentage of total net assets.
Assumption 1
Assumption 2
Assumption 3
Investment income(1)
7.04
%
8.19
%
9.04
%
Hurdle rate (7% annualized)
1.75
%
1.75
%
1.75
%
"Catch up" provision (8.75% annualized)
2.19
%
2.19
%
2.19
%
Pre-incentive fee net investment income(2)
1.00
%
2.15
%
3.00
%
Incentive fee
-
%
(3)
0.40
%
(4)
0.60
%
(5)
(1)
Investment income includes interest income, dividends and other fee income.
(2)
Pre-incentive fee net investment income is net of management fees and other expenses and excludes organizational and offering expenses. In these examples, management fees are 0.38% (1.50% annualized) of net assets and other expenses are assumed to be 5.67% of net assets.
(3)
The pre-incentive fee net investment income is below the hurdle rate and thus no incentive fee is earned.
(4)
The pre-incentive fee net investment income ratio of 2.15% is between the hurdle rate and the top of the “catch up” provision thus the corresponding incentive fee is calculated as 100% × (2.15% - 1.75%).
(5)
The pre-incentive fee net investment income ratio of 3.00% is greater than both the hurdle rate and the “catch up” provision thus the corresponding incentive fee is calculated as (i) 100% × (2.1875% - 1.75%) or 0.4375% (the “catch up”); plus (ii) 20% × (3.00% - 2.1875%).
The following hypothetical calculations illustrate the calculation of the capital gains based incentive fee under the Investment Management Agreement.
In millions
Assumption 1
Assumption 2
Year 1
Investment in Company A
$
20.0
$
20.0
Investment in Company B
30.0
30.0
Investment in Company C
-
25.0
Year 2
Proceeds from sale of investment in Company A
50.0
50.0
Fair market value (FMV) of investment in Company B
32.0
25.0
FMV of investment in Company C
-
25.0
Year 3
Proceeds from sale of investment in Company C
-
30.0
FMV of investment in Company B
25.0
24.0
Year 4
Proceeds from sale of investment in Company B
31.0
-
FMV of investment in Company B
-
35.0
Year 5
Proceeds from sale of investment in Company B
-
20.0
Capital Gains Incentive Fee:
Year 1
$
-
(1)
$
-
(1)
Year 2
6.0
(2)
5.0
(6)
Year 3
-
(3)
0.8
(7)
Year 4
0.2
(4)
1.2
(8)
Year 5
-
(5)
-
(9)
(1)
There is no Capital Gains Incentive Fee in Year 1 as there have been no realized capital gains.
(2)
Aggregate realized capital gains are $30.0 million. There are no aggregate realized capital losses or aggregate unrealized capital depreciation. Capital Gains Incentive Fee is calculated as $30.0 million × 20%.
(3)
Aggregate realized capital gains are $30.0 million. There are no aggregate realized capital losses and there is $5.0 million in aggregate unrealized capital depreciation. Capital Gains Incentive Fee is calculated as the greater of (i) zero and (ii) ($30.0 million - $5.0 million) × 20% less $6.0 million (aggregate Capital Gains Incentive Fee paid in prior years).
(4)
Aggregate realized capital gains are $31.0 million. There are no aggregate realized capital losses or aggregate unrealized capital depreciation. Capital Gains Incentive Fee is calculated as the greater of (i) zero and (ii) $31.0 million × 20% less $6.0 million (aggregate Capital Gains Incentive Fee paid in prior years).
(5)
There is no Capital Gains Incentive Fee in Year 5 as there are no aggregate realized capital gains for which Capital Gains Incentive Fee has not already been paid in prior years.
(6)
Aggregate realized capital gains are $30.0 million. There are no aggregate realized capital losses and there is $5.0 million in aggregate unrealized capital depreciation. Capital Gains Incentive Fee is calculated as the greater of (i) zero and (ii) ($30.0 million - $5.0 million) × 20%. There have been no Capital Gains Incentive Fees paid in prior years.
(7)
Aggregate realized capital gains are $35.0 million. There are no aggregate realized capital losses and there is $6.0 million in aggregate unrealized capital depreciation. Capital Gains Incentive Fee is calculated as the greater of (i) zero and (ii) ($35.0 million - $6.0 million) × 20% less $5.0 million (aggregate Capital Gains Incentive Fee paid in prior years).
(8)
Aggregate realized capital gains are $35.0 million. There are no aggregate realized capital losses or aggregate unrealized capital depreciation. Capital Gains Incentive Fee is calculated as the greater of (i) zero and (ii) $35.0 million × 20% less $5.8 million (aggregate Capital Gains Incentive Fee paid in prior years).
(9)
Aggregate realized capital gains are $35.0 million. Aggregate realized capital losses are $10.0 million. There is no aggregate unrealized capital depreciation. Capital Gains Incentive Fee is calculated as the greater of (i) zero and (ii) ($35.0 million - $10.0 million) × 20% less $7.0 million (aggregate Capital Gains Incentive Fee paid in prior years).
As illustrated in Year 3 of Assumption 1 above, if GECC were to be wound up on a date other than December 31 of any year, we may have paid aggregate capital gain incentive fees that are more than the amount of such fees that would be payable if GECC had been wound up on December 31 of such year.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, we incurred $2.5 million in base management fees and $1.0 million in income-based fees accrued during the period. The incentive fees are currently expected to be deferred in accordance with the Investment Management Agreement. There were no capital gains incentive fees earned by GECM as calculated under the Investment Management Agreement for the year ended December 31, 2020.
For the year ended December 31, 2019, we incurred $3.0 million in base management fees and $2.7 million in income-based fees accrued during the period. The incentive fees were deferred in accordance with the Investment Management Agreement. There were no capital gains incentive fees earned by GECM as calculated under the Investment Management Agreement for the year ended December 31, 2019.
For the year ended December 31, 2018, we incurred $3.0 million in base management fees and $0.2 million in income-based fees accrued during the period. The incentive fees were deferred in accordance with the Investment Management Agreement. There were no capital gains incentive fees earned by GECM as calculated under the Investment Management Agreement for the year ended December 31, 2018.
Payment of Expenses
The services of all investment professionals and staff of GECM, when and to the extent engaged in providing investment advisory and management services, and the compensation and routine overhead expenses of such personnel allocable to such services, are provided and paid for by GECM. We bear all other costs and expenses of our operations and transactions, including (without limitation):
▪
our organizational expenses;
▪
fees and expenses, including reasonable travel expenses, actually incurred by GECM or payable to third parties related to our investments, including, among others, professional fees (including the fees and expenses of counsel, consultants and experts) and fees and expenses relating to, or associated with, evaluating, monitoring, researching and performing due diligence on investments and prospective investments (including payments to third party vendors for financial information services);
▪
out-of-pocket fees and expenses, including reasonable travel expenses, actually incurred by GECM or payable to third parties related to the provision of managerial assistance to our portfolio companies that we agree to provide such services to under the Investment Company Act (exclusive of the compensation of any investment professionals of GECM);
▪
interest or other costs associated with debt, if any, incurred to finance our business;
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fees and expenses incurred in connection with our membership in investment company organizations;
▪
brokers’ commissions;
▪
investment advisory and management fees;
▪
fees and expenses associated with calculating our net asset value (including the costs and expenses of any independent valuation firm);
▪
fees and expenses relating to offerings of our common stock and other securities;
▪
legal, auditing or accounting expenses;
▪
federal, state and local taxes and other governmental fees;
▪
the fees and expenses of GECM, in its role as the administrator, and any sub-administrator, our transfer agent or sub-transfer agent, and any other amounts payable under the Administration Agreement, or any similar administration agreement or sub-administration agreement to which we may become a party;
▪
the cost of preparing stock certificates or any other expenses, including clerical expenses of issue, redemption or repurchase of our securities;
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the expenses of and fees for registering or qualifying our shares for sale and of maintaining our registration and registering us as a broker or a dealer;
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the fees and expenses of our directors who are not interested persons (as defined in the Investment Company Act);
▪
the cost of preparing and distributing reports, proxy statements and notices to stockholders, the SEC and other governmental or regulatory authorities;
▪
costs of holding stockholders’ meetings;
▪
listing fees;
▪
the fees or disbursements of custodians of our assets, including expenses incurred in the performance of any obligations enumerated by our amended and restated articles of incorporation or bylaws insofar as they govern agreements with any such custodian;
▪
our allocable portion of the fidelity bond, directors and officers/errors and omissions liability insurance, and any other insurance premiums;
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our allocable portion of the costs associated with maintaining any computer software, hardware or information technology services (including information systems, Bloomberg or similar terminals, cyber security and related consultants and email retention) that are used by us or by GECM or its respective affiliates on our behalf (which allocable portion shall exclude any such costs related to investment professionals of GECM providing services to us);
▪
direct costs and expenses incurred by us or GECM in connection with the performance of administrative services on our behalf, including printing, mailing, long distance telephone, cellular phone and data service, copying, secretarial and other staff, independent auditors and outside legal costs;
▪
all other expenses incurred by us or GECM in connection with administering our business (including payments under the Administration Agreement based upon our allocable portion of GECM’s overhead in performing its obligations under the Administration Agreement, including rent and the allocable portion of the cost of our Chief Financial Officer and Chief Compliance Officer and their respective staffs (including reasonable travel expenses); and
▪
costs incurred by us in connection with any claim, litigation, arbitration, mediation, government investigation or dispute in connection with our business and the amount of any judgment or settlement paid in connection therewith, or the enforcement of our rights against any person and indemnification or contribution expenses payable by us to any person and other extraordinary expenses not incurred in the ordinary course of our business.
Duration and Termination
Our Board initially approved the Investment Management Agreement on August 8, 2016, and most recently approved the Investment Management Agreement on August 6, 2020. The Investment Management Agreement renews for successive annual periods subject to annual approval by our Board or by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of our outstanding voting securities, including, in either case, approval by a majority of our directors who are not “interested persons.” The Investment Management Agreement will automatically terminate if it is assigned. The Investment Management Agreement may be terminated by either party without penalty upon 60 days’ written notice to the other. The Investment Management Agreement is currently in effect.
Conflicts of interest may arise if GECM seeks to change the terms of the Investment Management Agreement, including, for example, the terms for compensation. Any material change to the Investment Management Agreement must be submitted to stockholders for approval under the Investment Company Act and we may from time to time decide it is appropriate to seek stockholder approval to change the terms of the Investment Management Agreement.
Indemnification
We agreed to indemnify GECM, its stockholders and their respective officers, managers, partners, agents, employees, controlling persons, members and any other person affiliated with it, to the fullest extent permitted by law, absent willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence in the performance of its duties or by reason of the reckless disregard of its duties and obligations, for any damages, liabilities, costs and expenses (including reasonable attorneys’ fees and amounts reasonably paid in settlement) arising from the rendering of GECM’s services under the Investment Management Agreement or otherwise as our investment adviser.
Organization of the Investment Adviser
GECM is a Delaware corporation and is registered as an investment adviser under the Advisers Act. GECM’s principal executive offices are located at 800 South Street, Suite 230, Waltham, MA 02453.
Regulation as a Business Development Company
We may not change the nature of our business so as to cease to be, or withdraw our election as, a BDC unless authorized by vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities, as required by the Investment Company Act. A majority of the outstanding voting securities of a company is defined under the Investment Company Act as the lesser of:
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67% or more of the voting securities present at a meeting if more than 50% of the outstanding voting securities are present or represented by proxy, or
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more than 50% of the outstanding voting securities.
A majority of our directors must be persons who are not interested persons, as that term is defined in the Investment Company Act. Additionally, we are required to provide and maintain a bond issued by a reputable fidelity insurance company to protect the BDC. Furthermore, as a BDC, we are prohibited from protecting any director or officer against any liability to us or our stockholders arising from willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of such person's office.
We are required to meet a coverage ratio of the value of total assets to total senior securities, which include all of our borrowings and any preferred stock we may issue in the future, of at least 150%. We may also be prohibited under the Investment Company Act from knowingly participating in certain transactions with our affiliates without the prior approval of our directors who are not interested persons and, in some cases, prior approval by the SEC.
We are generally unable to sell shares of our common stock at a price below net asset value per share. As a BDC, the necessity of raising additional capital may expose us to risks, including the typical risks associated with leverage. We may, however, sell shares of our common stock at a price below net asset value per share:
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in connection with a rights offering to our existing stockholders,
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with the consent of the majority of our common stockholders, or
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under such other circumstances as the SEC may permit.
For example, we may sell shares of our common stock at a price below the then current net asset value of our common stock if our Board determines that such sale is in our and our stockholders’ best interests, and our stockholders approve our policy and practice of making such sales. In any such case, under such circumstances, the price at which shares of our common stock are sold may be the fair value of such shares of common stock. We may be examined by the SEC for compliance with the Investment Company Act.
We may not acquire any asset other than "qualifying assets" unless, at the time we make such acquisition, the value of our qualifying assets represents at least 70% of the value of our total assets. The principal categories of qualifying assets relevant to our business are:
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securities purchased in transactions not involving any public offering, the issuer of which is an eligible portfolio company;
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securities received in exchange for or distributed with respect to securities described in the bullet above or pursuant to the exercise of options, warrants or rights relating to such securities; and
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cash, cash items, government securities or high quality debt securities (within the meaning of the Investment Company Act), maturing in one year or less from the time of investment.
An eligible portfolio company is generally a domestic company that is not an investment company (other than a small business investment company wholly owned by a BDC) and that:
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does not have a class of securities with respect to which a broker may extend margin credit at the time the acquisition is made;
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is controlled by the BDC and has an affiliate of the BDC on its board of directors;
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does not have any class of securities listed on a national securities exchange;
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is a public company that lists its securities on a national securities exchange with a market capitalization of less than $250.0 million; or
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meets such other criteria as may be established by the SEC.
Control, as defined by the Investment Company Act, is presumed to exist where a BDC beneficially owns more than 25% of the outstanding voting securities of the portfolio company.
In addition, a BDC must have been organized and have its principal place of business in the United States and must be operated for the purpose of making investments in eligible portfolio companies, or in other securities that are consistent with its purpose as a BDC.
To include certain securities described above as qualifying assets for the purpose of the 70% test, a BDC must offer to the issuer of those securities managerial assistance such as providing guidance and counsel concerning the management, operations, or business objectives and policies of a portfolio company. We offer to provide managerial assistance to our portfolio companies.
Pending investment in other types of "qualifying assets," as described above, our investments may consist of cash, cash equivalents, U.S. government securities or high-quality debt securities maturing in one year or less from the time of investment, which are referred to, collectively, as temporary investments, so that 70% of our assets, as applicable, are qualifying assets. We make purchases that are consistent with our purpose of making investments in securities described in paragraphs 1 through 3 of Section 55(a) of the Investment Company Act. We will invest in U.S. Treasury bills or in repurchase agreements that are fully collateralized by cash or securities issued by the U.S. government or its agencies. A repurchase agreement involves the purchase by an investor of a specified security and the simultaneous agreement by the seller to repurchase it at an agreed-upon future date and at a price which is greater than the purchase price by an amount that reflects an agreed-upon interest rate. There is no percentage restriction on the proportion of our assets that may be invested in such repurchase agreements. However, if more than 25% of our gross assets constitute repurchase agreements from a single counterparty, we would not meet the diversification tests in order to qualify as a RIC for federal income tax purposes. Thus, we do not intend to enter into repurchase agreements with a single counterparty in excess of this limit.
We are permitted, under specified conditions, to issue multiple classes of indebtedness and one class of stock senior to our common stock, if our asset coverage, as defined in the Investment Company Act, is at least equal to 150% immediately after each such issuance. In addition, while any senior securities remain outstanding, we must make provisions to prohibit any distribution to our stockholders or the repurchase of our common stock unless we meet the applicable asset coverage ratios at the time of the distribution or repurchase. We may also borrow amounts up to 5% of the value of our gross assets for temporary or emergency purposes without regard to asset coverage.
Code of Ethics
We and GECM have each adopted a code of ethics, which applies to the management at each company, respectively, pursuant to Rule 17j-1 under the Investment Company Act and Rule 204A-1 under the Advisers Act, respectively, that establishes procedures for personal investments and restricts certain transactions by our or GECM's personnel, respectively. Each code of ethics is included as an exhibit to this report and available on the EDGAR Database on the SEC's Internet site at http://www.sec.gov. You may also obtain copies of the respective codes of ethics, after paying a duplicating fee, by electronic request at the following email address: publicinfo@sec.gov.
Material Federal Income Tax Matters
We currently qualify as a RIC under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). To continue to qualify as a RIC, we must, among other things, (a) derive in each taxable year at least 90% of our gross income from dividends, interest (including tax-exempt interest), payments with respect to certain securities loans, gains from the sale or other disposition of stock, securities or foreign currencies, other income (including but not limited to gain from options, futures and forward contracts) derived with respect to our business of investing in stock, securities or currencies, or net income derived from an interest in a “qualified publicly traded partnership” (a “QPTP”); and (b) diversify our holdings so that, at the end of each quarter of each taxable year (i) at least 50% of the market value of our total assets is represented by cash and cash items, U.S. Government securities, the securities of other regulated investment companies and other securities, with other securities limited, in respect of any one issuer, to an amount not greater than 5% of the value of our total assets and not more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer (subject to the exception described below), and (ii) not more than 25% of the market value of our total assets is invested in the securities (other than U.S. Government securities and the securities of other regulated investment companies) (A) of any issuer, (B) of any two or more issuers that we control and that are determined to be engaged in the same business or similar or related trades or businesses, or (C) of one or more QPTPs. We may generate certain income that might not qualify as good income for purposes of the 90% annual gross income requirement described above. We will monitor our transactions to endeavor to prevent our disqualification as a RIC.
If we fail to satisfy the 90% annual gross income requirement or the asset diversification requirements discussed above in any taxable year, we may be eligible for relief provisions if the failures are due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect and if a penalty tax is paid with respect to each failure to satisfy the applicable requirements. Additionally, relief is provided for certain de minimis failures of the asset diversification requirements where we correct the failure within a specified period. If the applicable relief provisions are not available or cannot be met, all of our income would be subject to corporate-level U.S. federal income tax as described below. We cannot provide assurance that we would qualify for any such relief should we fail the 90% annual gross income requirement or the asset diversification requirements discussed above.
As a RIC, in any taxable year with respect to which we timely distribute at least 90% of the sum of:
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our investment company taxable income (which includes, among other items, dividends, interest and the excess of any net short-term capital gain over net long-term capital loss and other taxable income (other than any net capital gain), reduced by deductible expenses) determined without regard to the deduction for dividends and distributions paid; and
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net tax exempt interest income (which is the excess of our gross tax exempt interest income over certain disallowed deductions) (the “Annual Distribution Requirement”).
We (but not our stockholders) generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on investment company taxable income and net capital gain (generally, net long-term capital gain in excess of short-term capital loss) that we distribute to our stockholders. We intend to distribute annually all or substantially all of such income on a timely basis.
To the extent that we retain our net capital gains for investment or any investment company taxable income, we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at the regular corporate income tax rates. We may choose to retain our net capital gains for investment or any investment company taxable income, and pay the associated federal corporate income tax, including the federal excise tax described below.
Amounts not distributed on a timely basis in accordance with a calendar year distribution requirement are subject to a nondeductible 4% U.S. federal excise tax payable by us. To avoid this tax, we must distribute (or be deemed to have distributed) during each calendar year an amount equal to the sum of:
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at least 98% of our ordinary income (not taking into account any capital gains or losses) for the calendar year;
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at least 98.2% of the amount by which our capital gains exceed our capital losses (adjusted for certain ordinary losses) for a one-year period generally ending on October 31 of the calendar year (unless an election is made by us to use our taxable year); and
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certain undistributed amounts from previous years on which we paid no U.S. federal income tax.
While we intend to distribute any income and capital gains in the manner necessary to minimize imposition of the 4% federal excise tax, sufficient amounts of our taxable income and capital gains may not be distributed to avoid entirely the imposition of the tax. In that event, we will be liable for the tax only on the amount by which we do not meet the foregoing distribution requirement.
If, in any particular taxable year, we do not satisfy the Annual Distribution Requirement or otherwise were to fail to qualify as a RIC (for example, because we fail the 90% annual gross income requirement described above), and relief is not available as discussed above, all of our taxable income (including our net capital gains) will be subject to tax at regular corporate rates without any deduction for distributions to stockholders, and distributions generally will be taxable to the stockholders as ordinary dividends to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits.
We may decide to be taxed as a regular corporation even if we would otherwise qualify as a RIC if we determine that treatment as a corporation for a particular year would be in our best interests.
If we realize a net capital loss, the excess of our net short-term capital loss over our net long-term capital gain is treated as a short-term capital loss arising on the first day of our next taxable year and the excess of our net long-term capital loss over our net short-term capital gain is treated as a long-term capital loss arising on the first day of our next taxable year. If future capital gain is offset by carried forward capital losses, such future capital gain is not subject to fund-level U.S. federal income tax, regardless of whether they are distributed to stockholders. Accordingly, we do not expect to distribute any such offsetting capital gain. A RIC cannot carry back or carry forward any net operating losses.
Our Investments
Certain of our investment practices are subject to special and complex U.S. federal income tax provisions that may, among other things:
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disallow, suspend or otherwise limit the allowance of certain losses or deductions, including the dividends received deduction;
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convert lower taxed long-term capital gain and qualified dividend income into higher taxed, short-term capital gain or ordinary income;
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convert ordinary loss or a deduction into capital loss (the deductibility of which is more limited);
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cause us to recognize income or gain without a corresponding receipt of cash;
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adversely affect the time as to when a purchase or sale of stock or securities is deemed to occur;
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adversely alter the characterization of certain complex financial transactions; and
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produce income that will not qualify as “good income” for purposes of the 90% annual gross income requirement described above.
We will monitor our transactions and may make certain tax elections and may be required to borrow money or dispose of securities (even if it is not advantageous to dispose of such securities) to mitigate the effect of these rules and prevent disqualification of us as a RIC.
Investments we make in securities issued at a discount or providing for deferred interest or PIK interest are subject to special tax rules that will affect the amount, timing and character of distributions to stockholders. For example, with respect to securities issued at a discount, we will generally be required to accrue daily as income a portion of the discount and to distribute such income on a timely basis each year to maintain our qualification as a RIC and to avoid U.S. federal income and excise taxes. Since in certain circumstances we may recognize income before or without receiving cash representing such income, we may have difficulty making distributions in the amounts necessary to satisfy the requirements for maintaining RIC status and for avoiding U.S. federal income and excise taxes. Accordingly, we may have to sell some of our investments at times we would not consider advantageous, raise additional debt or equity capital or reduce new investment originations to meet these distribution requirements. If we are not able to obtain cash from other sources, we may fail to qualify as a RIC and thereby be subject to corporate-level income tax.
Furthermore, a portfolio company in which we invest may face financial difficulty that requires us to work-out, modify or otherwise restructure our investment in the portfolio company. Any such restructuring may result in unusable capital losses and future non-cash income. Any such restructuring may also result in our recognition of a substantial amount of non-qualifying income for purposes of the 90% gross income requirement or our receiving assets that would not count toward the asset diversification requirements.
Gain or loss recognized by us from warrants acquired by us as well as any loss attributable to the lapse of such warrants generally will be treated as capital gain or loss. Such gain or loss generally will be long-term or short-term, depending on how long we held a particular warrant.
If we invest in foreign securities, we may be subject to withholding and other foreign taxes with respect to those securities. Stockholders will generally not be entitled to claim a U.S. foreign tax credit or deduction with respect to foreign taxes paid by us.
If we acquire shares in a “passive foreign investment company” (a “PFIC”), we may be subject to U.S. federal income tax on a portion of any “excess distribution” or gain from the disposition of such shares even if such income is distributed as a taxable dividend by us to our stockholders. Additional charges in the nature of interest may be imposed on us in respect of deferred taxes arising from such distributions or gains. If we invest in a PFIC and elect to treat the PFIC as a “qualified electing fund” under the Code (a “QEF”), in lieu of the foregoing requirements, we will be required to include in income each year a portion of the ordinary earnings and net capital gain of the QEF, even if such income is not distributed to us. Alternatively, we can elect to mark-to-market at the end of each taxable year our shares in a PFIC; in this case, we will recognize as ordinary income any increase in the value of such shares, and as ordinary loss any decrease in such value to the extent it does not exceed prior increases included in income. Our ability to make either election will depend on factors beyond our control. Under either election, we may be required to recognize in a year income in excess of our distributions from PFICs and our proceeds from dispositions of PFIC stock during that year, and such income will nevertheless be subject to the Annual Distribution Requirement and will be taken into account for purposes of the 4% excise tax.
If we hold more than 10% of the shares in, or the value of, a foreign corporation that is treated as a controlled foreign corporation (“CFC”), we may be required to include in our gross income our pro rata share of such CFC’s “subpart F income” and “global intangible low-taxed income,” whether or not the corporation makes an actual distribution during such year. In general, a foreign corporation will be classified as a CFC if more than 50% of the shares of the corporation, measured by reference to combined voting power or value, is owned (directly, indirectly or by attribution) by U.S. Stockholders. A U.S. Stockholder, for this purpose, is any U.S. person that possesses (actually or constructively) 10% or more of the combined voting power of all classes of shares or 10% or more of the value of a corporation. If we are treated as receiving a deemed distribution from a CFC, we will be required to include such distribution in our investment company taxable income regardless of whether we receive any actual distributions from such CFC, and we must distribute such income to satisfy the Annual Distribution Requirement and the Excise Tax Avoidance Requirement.
Our functional currency is the U.S. dollar for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Under Section 988 of the Code, gains or losses attributable to fluctuations in exchange rates between the time we accrue income, expenses or other liabilities denominated in a foreign currency and the time we actually collect such income or pay such expenses or liabilities are generally treated as ordinary income or loss. Similarly, gains or losses on foreign currency forward contracts and the disposition of debt denominated in a foreign currency, to the extent attributable to fluctuations in exchange rates between the acquisition and disposition dates, are also treated as ordinary income or loss.
If we borrow money, we may be prevented by loan covenants from declaring and paying dividends in certain circumstances. Limits on our payment of dividends may prevent us from meeting the Annual Distribution Requirement, and may, therefore, jeopardize our qualification for taxation as a RIC, or subject us to the 4% excise tax.
Even if we are authorized to borrow funds and to sell assets in order to satisfy distribution requirements, under the Investment Company Act, we are not permitted to make distributions to our stockholders while our debt obligations and senior securities are outstanding unless certain “asset coverage” tests are met. This may also jeopardize our qualification for taxation as a RIC or subject us to the 4% excise tax.
Moreover, our ability to dispose of assets to meet our distribution requirements may be limited by (1) the illiquid nature of our portfolio and (2) other requirements relating to our status as a RIC, including the asset diversification requirements. If we dispose of assets to meet the Annual Distribution Requirement, the asset diversification requirements, or the 4% excise tax, we may make such dispositions at times that, from an investment standpoint, are not advantageous.
Some of the income that we might otherwise earn, such as lease income, management fees, or income recognized in a work-out or restructuring of a portfolio investment, may not satisfy the 90% gross income requirement. To manage the risk that such income might disqualify us as a RIC for a failure to satisfy the 90% gross income requirement, one or more of our subsidiaries treated as U.S. corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes may be employed to earn such income. Such corporations will be required to pay U.S. corporate income tax on their earnings, which ultimately will reduce the yield to our stockholders on such income and fees.
Failure to Qualify as a RIC
If we were unable to qualify for treatment as a RIC, and relief is not available as discussed above, we would be subject to tax on all of our taxable income at regular corporate rates. We would not be able to deduct distributions to stockholders nor would we be required to make distributions for tax purposes. Distributions would generally be taxable to our stockholders as ordinary dividend income eligible for reduced maximum rates for non-corporate stockholders to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits. Subject to certain limitations under the Code, corporate U.S. stockholders would be eligible for the dividends received deduction. Distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits would be treated first as a return of capital to the extent of the stockholder’s tax basis, and any remaining distributions would be treated as a capital gain. If we were to fail to meet the RIC requirements for more than two consecutive years and then to seek to requalify as a RIC, we would be required to recognize gain to the extent of any unrealized appreciation in our assets unless we made a special election to pay corporate level tax on any such unrealized appreciation recognized during the succeeding five-year period.
Administration Agreement
Our Board approved the Administration Agreement on August 8, 2016. Pursuant to the Administration Agreement, GECM furnishes us with, or otherwise arranges for the provision of, office facilities, equipment, clerical, bookkeeping, finance, accounting, compliance and record keeping services at such office facilities and other such services as the administrator. Under the Administration Agreement, GECM will, from time to time, provide, or otherwise arrange for the provision of, other services GECM determines to be necessary or useful to perform its obligations under the Administration Agreement, including retaining the services of financial, compliance, accounting and administrative personnel that perform services on our behalf, including personnel to serve as our Chief Financial Officer and Chief Compliance Officer. Under the Administration Agreement, GECM also performs, or oversees the performance of, our required administrative services, which include, among other things, being responsible for the financial records that we are required to maintain and preparing reports to our stockholders and reports filed with the SEC. In addition, GECM assists us in determining and publishing our net asset value, oversees the preparation and filing of our tax returns and the printing and dissemination of reports to our stockholders, and generally oversees the payment of our expenses and the performance of administrative and professional services rendered to us by others. Payments made by us to GECM under the Administration Agreement are equal to an amount based upon our allocable portion of GECM’s overhead in performing its obligations under the Administration Agreement, including our allocable portion of the cost of our officers (including our Chief Compliance Officer, Chief Financial Officer and their respective staffs). The Administration Agreement may be terminated by either party without penalty upon 60 days’ written notice to the other party.
We bear all costs and expenses that are incurred in our operation and transactions and not specifically assumed by GECM pursuant to the Investment Management Agreement.
The Administration Agreement provides that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, absent willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence in the performance of its duties or by reason of the reckless disregard of its duties and obligations, GECM, its stockholders and their respective officers, managers, partners, agents, employees, controlling persons, members and any other person or entity affiliated with it are entitled to indemnification from us for any damages, liabilities, costs and expenses (including reasonable attorneys’ fees and amounts reasonably paid in settlement) arising from or otherwise based upon the rendering of GECM’s services under the Administration Agreement or otherwise as our administrator.
Great Elm License Agreement
We have a license agreement with GEG pursuant to which GEG grants us a non-exclusive, royalty-free license to use the name “Great Elm Capital Corp.” Under the license agreement, we have a right to use the Great Elm Capital Corp. name and the logo for so long as GECM, or an affiliate thereof, remains our investment adviser. Other than with respect to this limited license, we have no legal right to the “Great Elm Capital Corp.” name. The license agreement may be terminated by either party without penalty upon 60 days’ written notice to the other.
Brokerage Allocation and Other Practices
GECM does not expect to execute our transactions through any particular broker or dealer, but it plans to seek to obtain the best net results for us, taking into account such factors as price (including the applicable brokerage commission or dealer spread), size of order, difficulty of execution and operational facilities of the firm and the firm’s risk and skill in positioning blocks of securities. While GECM will generally seek reasonably competitive trade execution costs, we will not necessarily pay the lowest spread or commission available. Subject to applicable legal requirements, GECM may select a broker based partly upon brokerage or research services provided to GECM, us or GECM’s other clients. In return for such services, we may pay a higher commission than other brokers would charge if we or GECM determines in good faith that such commission is reasonable in relation to the services provided.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
Risks Relating to Our Investments
We may lose all of our investment in Avanti.
We may lose all of our investment in Avanti. As of December 31, 2020, Avanti is our largest investment, representing approximately 19% of our investment portfolio (excluding cash and short-term investments). As of December 31, 2020, we owned approximately 9% of Avanti's outstanding debt and approximately 9% of Avanti's outstanding common stock. We acquired our original position in Avanti as part of the Initial GECC Portfolio, which we purchased from the MAST Funds prior to the Merger.
In December 2017, following a series of liability management transactions, including a refinancing that resulted in us adding a representative to Avanti’s board of directors (currently filled by our Chief Compliance Officer), we and other holders of Avanti’s second lien senior secured notes (the “PIK Toggle Notes”) and 10% senior secured bonds due 2019 (the “2019 Notes”) entered into a restructuring agreement with Avanti. The restructuring closed on April 26, 2018 and resulted in:
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all 2019 Notes converting into common stock of Avanti, representing approximately 92% of the pro forma common shares of Avanti, with our position representing approximately 9.1% of the pro forma common shares of Avanti; and
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the cash interest rate on the PIK Toggle Notes being reduced from 10% to 9% and the PIK interest rate being reduced from 15% to 9% on the PIK Toggle Notes, the extension of the maturity date by one year to October 1, 2022 and Avanti being permitted to issue up to $30.0 million of indebtedness that ranks equal with or junior to the PIK Toggle Notes and receiving relaxed financial covenants, including the elimination of certain financial maintenance covenants.
Avanti is highly leveraged. In addition, following the restructuring, Avanti may seek to raise up to an additional $30.0 million of indebtedness that ranks equal with or junior to the PIK Toggle Notes.
If there is an event of default under the indenture governing the PIK Toggle Notes or any other indebtedness and the obligations under the PIK Toggle Notes are accelerated, Avanti likely will not have sufficient liquidity to pay the obligations under the PIK Toggle Notes. Under such circumstances, Avanti may consider other restructuring options, such as entering into an insolvency procedure under English law or by filing for Chapter 11 protection under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, the consequences of which could include a reduction in the value of the assets available to satisfy the PIK Toggle Notes and the imposition of costs and other additional risks on holders of the PIK Toggle Notes, including a material reduction in the value of the PIK Toggle Notes. In such an event, we may lose all or part of our investment in Avanti.
In addition, as noted above, we now own approximately 9% of Avanti’s common stock. Equity securities expose us to additional risks should Avanti default on its debt or need additional financing. Equity securities rank lower in the capital structure and would likely not pay current income or PIK income, which we had been receiving on our investment in Avanti. Please see, “-We are not in a position to exercise control over our portfolio companies or to prevent decisions by management of our portfolio companies that could decrease the value of our investments” and “-Our investments are very risky and highly speculative, and the lower middle-market companies we target may have difficulty accessing the capital markets to meet their future capital needs, which may limit their ability to grow or to repay their outstanding indebtedness upon maturity.”
The long-term impact of this refinancing transaction on Avanti's financial condition is uncertain and cannot be predicted. The refinancing transaction did not materially change Avanti's long term capital structure and it is unclear whether the refinancing transaction addresses the longer term sustainability of Avanti's business model. We may sell at a loss all or a portion of our investment in Avanti from time to time in order to meet diversification requirements under the Code or as part of our portfolio management strategy.
We are currently receiving PIK interest on our Avanti investment under the PIK Toggle Notes. As part of the restructuring, the PIK Toggle Notes became pay-if-you-can (PIYC) notes whereby Avanti is required to make interest payments in cash, subject to satisfying certain minimum cash thresholds. Otherwise, the interest will be paid as PIK interest. Such PIK interest exposes us to significant risks. Please see “-Risks Relating to Our Business and Structure-We may expose ourselves to risks associated with the inclusion of non-cash income prior to receipt of cash,” and “-Risks Relating to Our Business and Structure-We may have difficulty paying our required distributions under applicable tax rules if we recognize income before or without receiving cash representing such income.” Additionally, all accrued interest (through March 31, 2018) on the 2019 Notes has been converted into additional shares of Avanti common equity. The December 2017 restructuring could result in a significant decrease in our net asset value if the market value of the Avanti common stock that we received in the restructuring decreases and there is a significant decrease in our total investment income. These factors could also result in lower trading prices for our common stock and/or debt securities. There can be no certainty in this respect and a significant decrease in the market value of the Avanti common stock following the restructuring could ultimately have a material adverse effect on our net asset value and the trading prices of our securities. The Avanti common stock was delisted from its primary exchange in September 2019 and no longer trades on an exchange.
We face increasing competition for investment opportunities. Limited availability of attractive investment opportunities in the market could cause us to hold a larger percentage of our assets in liquid securities until market conditions improve. We compete for investments with other BDCs and investment funds (including private equity funds, mezzanine funds and small business investment companies), as well as traditional financial services companies such as commercial banks and other sources of funding. Many of our competitors are substantially larger and have considerably greater financial, technical and marketing resources than we do. For example, some competitors have a lower cost of capital and access to funding sources that are not available to us, including from the Small Business Administration. In addition, increased competition for attractive investment opportunities allows debtors to demand more favorable terms and offer fewer contractual protections to creditors. Some of our competitors have higher risk tolerances or different risk assessments than we do. These characteristics could allow our competitors to consider a wider variety of investments, establish more relationships and offer better pricing and more flexible structuring than we are able to offer. We may lose investment opportunities if we do not match our competitors’ pricing, terms and structure. If we are forced to match our competitors’ pricing, terms and structure, we may not be able to achieve acceptable returns on our investments or may bear substantial risk of capital loss. A significant part of our competitive advantage stems from the fact that the market for investments in lower middle-market companies is underserved by traditional commercial banks and other financing sources. A significant increase in the number and/or the size of our competitors in this target market would force us to accept less attractive investment terms. GECM may, at its discretion, decide to pursue such opportunities if it believes that they are in our best interest; however, GECM may decline to pursue available investment opportunities that, although otherwise consistent with our investment policies and objectives, in GECM’s view present unacceptable risk/return profiles. Under such circumstances, we may hold a larger percentage of our assets in liquid securities until market conditions improve in order to avoid having assets remain uninvested. Furthermore, many of our competitors have greater experience operating under, or are not subject to, the regulatory restrictions that the Investment Company Act imposes on us as a BDC. We believe that competitors will make first and second lien loans with interest rates and returns that are lower than the rates and returns that we target. Therefore, we do not seek to compete solely on the interest rates and returns offered to prospective portfolio companies.
Changes in the regulatory framework under which the wireless telecommunications industry operates and significant competition in the wireless telecommunications industry could adversely affect our business prospects or results of operations. We hold a large position in Avanti. As a result of our stake in Avanti, we are exposed to risks associated with the wireless telecommunications sector.
For example, Avanti’s operations are regulated by various foreign governments and international bodies. These regulatory regimes restrict or impose conditions on Avanti’s ability to operate in designated areas and to provide specified products or services. In addition, new laws or regulations or changes to the existing regulatory framework could impose additional costs, impair revenue opportunities and potentially impede Avanti’s ability to provide services. The further regulation of Avanti’s activities could impact Avanti’s ability to compete in the marketplace and limit the return Avanti, and, as a result, we, can expect to achieve.
In addition, Avanti’s business may also be affected by the significant competition in the wireless telecommunications industry. There is rapid development of new technologies, services and products, which brings new competitors to the market. While these changes have enabled companies like Avanti to offer new types of products and services, they have also allowed other providers to broaden the scope of their own competitive offerings. Avanti’s ability to compete effectively will depend on, among other things, how successfully Avanti anticipates and responds to various factors affecting its industry, including new technologies and business models, changes in consumer preferences and demand for existing services, demographic trends and economic conditions. If Avanti is not able to respond successfully to these competitive challenges, Avanti may face challenges in meeting its required payments under its debt securities held by us, which could result in a material decrease in the fair value of such debt securities, and a corresponding material adverse change in our financial position and results of operations.
Our portfolio is limited in diversification among portfolio companies which may subject us to a risk of significant loss if one or more of these companies defaults on its obligations under any of its debt instruments. Our portfolio is likely to hold a limited number of portfolio companies. Beyond the asset diversification requirements associated with qualifying as a RIC, we do not have fixed guidelines for diversification, and our investments are likely to be concentrated in relatively few companies. As our portfolio is less diversified than the portfolios of some funds, we are more susceptible to failure if a single investment fails. Similarly, the aggregate returns we realize may be significantly adversely affected if a small number of investments perform poorly or if we need to write down the value of any one investment.
Our portfolio is concentrated in a limited number of industries, which subjects us to a risk of significant loss if there is a downturn in a particular industry in which a number of our investments are concentrated. Our portfolio is likely to be concentrated in a limited number of industries. A downturn in any particular industry in which we are invested could significantly impact our aggregate realized returns.
In addition, we may from time to time invest a relatively significant percentage of our portfolio in industries in which GECM does not necessarily have extensive historical research coverage. If an industry in which we have significant investments suffers from adverse business or economic conditions, as these industries have to varying degrees, a material portion of our investment portfolio could be affected adversely, which, in turn, could adversely affect our financial position and results of operations.
Any unrealized losses we experience in our portfolio may be an indication of future realized losses, which could reduce our income available for distribution. As a BDC, we are required to carry our investments at fair value as determined in good faith by our Board. Decreases in the fair values of our investments are recorded as unrealized depreciation. Any unrealized losses in our portfolio could be an indication of a portfolio company’s inability to meet its repayment obligations to us with respect to the affected investments. This could result in realized losses in the future and ultimately in reductions of our income available for distribution in future periods.
Prepayments of our debt investments by our portfolio companies could adversely impact our results of operations and reduce our returns on equity. We are subject to the risk that investments intended to be held over long periods are, instead, repaid prior to maturity. When this occurs, we will generally reinvest these proceeds in temporary investments, repay debt or repurchase our common stock, depending on expected future investment opportunities. These temporary investments will typically have substantially lower yields than the debt being prepaid and we could experience significant delays in reinvesting these amounts. Any future investment may also be at lower yields than the debt that was repaid. As a result, our results of operations could be materially adversely affected if one or more of our portfolio companies elects to prepay amounts owed by them. Additionally, prepayments could negatively impact our return on equity, which could result in a decline in the market price of our common stock.
We are not in a position to exercise control over our portfolio companies or to prevent decisions by management of our portfolio companies that could decrease the value of our investments. We generally do not hold controlling equity positions in our portfolio companies. As a result, we are subject to the risk that a portfolio company may make business decisions with which we disagree, and that the management and/or stockholders of a portfolio company may take risks or otherwise act in ways that are adverse to our interests. Due to the lack of liquidity of the debt and equity investments that we typically hold in our portfolio companies, we may not be able to dispose of our investments if we disagree with the actions of a portfolio company and may therefore suffer a decrease in the value of our investments.
Defaults by our portfolio companies may harm our operating results. A portfolio company’s failure to satisfy financial or operating covenants imposed by us or other lenders could lead to defaults and, potentially, termination of our investments and foreclosure on our secured assets, which could trigger cross-defaults under other agreements and jeopardize a portfolio company’s ability to meet its obligations under the debt or equity securities that we hold. We may incur expenses to the extent necessary to seek recovery upon default or to negotiate new terms, which may include the waiver of financial covenants, with a defaulting portfolio company. If any of these occur, it could materially and adversely affect our operating results and cash flows.
By investing in companies that are experiencing significant financial or business difficulties, we are exposed to distressed lending risks. As part of our lending activities, we may purchase notes or loans to companies that are experiencing significant financial or business difficulties, including companies involved in bankruptcy or other reorganization and liquidation proceedings. Although the terms of such financing may result in significant financial returns to us, they involve a substantial degree of risk. The level of analytical sophistication, both financial and legal, necessary for successful financing to companies experiencing significant business and financial difficulties is unusually high. We cannot assure you that we will correctly evaluate the value of the assets collateralizing our investments or the prospects for a successful reorganization or similar action. In any reorganization or liquidation proceeding relating to a portfolio company, we may lose all or part of the amounts advanced to the borrower (as in the TRU Taj (UK) Asia Limited (“Tru Taj”) example discussed below) or may be required to accept collateral with a value less than the amount of the investment advanced by us to the borrower.
As of December 31, 2018, we held approximately $16.0 million at par value of TRU Taj senior secured notes due 2021 (the “TRU Taj 2021 notes”) and $5.0 million at par value of TRU Taj debtor in possession notes. On August 4, 2018, TRU Taj and Toys “R” Us (“Toys) filed a joint Chapter 11 plan of restructuring under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code (the “Plan”), which included a sale of substantially all of their assets, including their 85% equity interest in an Asia joint venture (“Asia JV”). A credit bid submitted by an ad hoc group of noteholders in an amount of up to $760.0 million (net of any cash, debt and working capital adjustments) was the winning bid. The Plan also included a $365.0 million rights offering for noteholders which we participated in. The Plan was confirmed on December 13, 2018 and became effective on January 23, 2019. As a result, the debtor in possession notes were repaid at maturity and we received 776,954 shares of common stock in the reorganized Asia JV business and 16,000 shares in a liquidating trust that contains all other international assets currently being wound down, partially in exchange for the TRU Taj 2021 notes. As of December 31, 2020, we still hold these equity securities. Investments in equity securities involve a number of significant risks, including the risk of further dilution as a result of additional issuances, inability to access additional capital and failure to pay current distributions. See “-We may not realize gains from our equity investments.”
Our investments are very risky and highly speculative, and the lower middle-market companies we target may have difficulty accessing the capital markets to meet their future capital needs, which may limit their ability to grow or to repay their outstanding indebtedness upon maturity.
Senior Secured Loans and Notes. There is a risk that the collateral securing our loans and notes may decrease in value over time, may be difficult to sell in a timely manner, may be difficult to appraise and may fluctuate in value based upon the success of the business and market conditions, including as a result of the inability of the portfolio company to raise additional capital, and, in some circumstances, our lien could be subordinated to claims of other creditors. In addition, deterioration in a portfolio company’s financial condition and prospects, including its inability to raise additional capital, may be accompanied by deterioration in the value of the collateral for the loan or note. Consequently, the fact that a loan or note is secured does not guarantee that we will receive principal and interest payments according to the loan’s or note’s terms, or at all, or that we will be able to collect on the loan or note should we be forced to enforce our remedies.
Mezzanine Loans. Our mezzanine debt investments will be generally subordinated to senior loans and will be generally unsecured. As such, other creditors may rank senior to us in the event of an insolvency, which could likely result in a substantial or complete loss on such investment in the case of such insolvency. This may result in an above average amount of risk and loss of principal.
Unsecured Loans and Notes. We may invest in unsecured loans and notes. If the issuer defaults or has an event of insolvency, other creditors may rank senior, be structurally senior or have lien protection that effectively renders their claim superior to our rights under our unsecured notes or loans, which could likely result in a substantial or complete loss on such investment in the case of such insolvency. This may result in an above average amount of risk and loss of principal.
Unfunded Commitments. From time to time, we purchase revolving credit loans with unfunded commitments in the ordinary course of business. In the event multiple borrowers of such revolving credit loans were to draw these commitments at the same time, including during a market downturn, it could have an adverse impact on our liquidity at a time when it may be more difficult for us to sell other assets.
Equity Investments. When we invest in senior secured loans or mezzanine loans, we may acquire equity securities, including warrants, as well. In addition, we may invest directly in the equity securities of portfolio companies. The equity interests we receive may not appreciate in value and, in fact, may decline in value. Accordingly, we may not be able to realize gains from our equity interests, and any gains that we realize on the disposition of any equity interests may not be sufficient to offset any other losses we experience.
In addition, investing in middle-market companies involves a number of significant risks, including:
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these companies may have limited financial resources and may be unable to meet their obligations under their debt securities that we hold, which may be accompanied by a deterioration in the value of any collateral and a reduction in the likelihood of us realizing any guarantees we may have obtained in connection with our investment;
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they typically have shorter operating histories, narrower product lines and smaller market shares than larger businesses, which tend to render them more vulnerable to competitors’ actions and market conditions, as well as general economic downturns, including the COVID-19 pandemic;
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they are more likely to depend on the management talents and efforts of a small group of persons; therefore, the death, disability, resignation or termination of one or more of these persons could have a material adverse impact on our portfolio company and, in turn, on our stockholders;
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they generally have less predictable operating results, may from time to time be parties to litigation, may be engaged in rapidly changing businesses with products subject to a substantial risk of obsolescence, and may require substantial additional capital to support their operations, finance expansion or maintain their competitive position. In addition, our executive officers, directors and GECM may be named as defendants in litigation arising from our investments in the portfolio companies;
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they may have difficulty accessing the capital markets to meet future capital needs, which may limit their ability to grow or to repay their outstanding indebtedness upon maturity; and
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a portion of our income may be non-cash income, such as contractual PIK interest, which represents interest added to the debt balance and due at the end of the instrument’s term, in the case of loans, or issued as additional notes in the case of bonds. Instruments bearing PIK interest typically carry higher interest rates as a result of their payment deferral and increased credit risk. When we recognize income in connection with PIK interest, there is a risk that such income may become uncollectable if the borrower defaults.
Investing in middle-market companies involves a high degree of risk and our financial results may be affected adversely if one or more of our portfolio investments defaults on its loans or notes or fails to perform as we expect. Our portfolio consists primarily of debt and equity investments in privately owned lower middle-market companies. Investing in lower middle-market companies involves a number of significant risks. Typically, the debt instruments in which we invest are not initially rated by any rating agency; however, we believe that if such investments were rated, they would be below investment grade, which are referred to as “junk bonds.” Compared to larger publicly owned companies, these middle-market companies may be in a weaker financial position and experience wider variations in their operating results, which may make them more vulnerable to economic downturns and other business disruptions. Typically, these companies need more capital to compete; however, their access to capital is limited and their cost of capital is often higher than that of their competitors. Our portfolio companies face intense competition from larger companies with greater financial, technical and marketing resources and their success typically depends on the managerial talents and efforts of an individual or a small group of persons. Therefore, the loss of any of their key employees could affect a portfolio company’s ability to compete effectively and harm its financial condition. Further, some of these companies conduct business in regulated industries that are susceptible to regulatory changes. These factors could impair the cash flow of our portfolio companies and result in other events, such as bankruptcy. These events could limit a portfolio company’s ability to repay its obligations to us. Deterioration in a borrower’s financial condition and prospects may be accompanied by deterioration in the value of the loan’s collateral and the fair market value of the loan.
Most of the loans in which we invest are not structured to fully amortize during their lifetime. In order to create liquidity to pay the final principal payment, borrowers typically must raise additional capital or sell their assets, which could potentially result in the collateral being sold for less than its fair market value. If they are unable to raise sufficient funds to repay us, the loan will go into default, which will require us to foreclose on the borrower’s assets, even if the loan was otherwise performing prior to maturity. This will deprive us from immediately obtaining full recovery on the loan and prevent or delay the reinvestment of the loan proceeds in other, more profitable investments. Moreover, there are no assurances that any recovery on such loan will be obtained. Most of these companies cannot obtain financing from public capital markets or from traditional credit sources, such as commercial banks. Accordingly, loans made to these types of companies pose a higher default risk than loans made to companies that have access to traditional credit sources.
An investment strategy that includes privately held companies presents challenges, including the lack of available information about these companies, a dependence on the talents and efforts of only a few key portfolio company personnel and a greater vulnerability to economic downturns. We invest in privately held companies. Generally, little public information exists about these companies, and we are required to rely on GECM’s ability to obtain adequate information to evaluate the potential returns from investing in these companies. If we are unable to uncover all material information about these companies, we may not make a fully informed investment decision, and may lose money on our investments. Also, privately held companies frequently have less diverse product lines and smaller market presence than larger competitors. These factors could adversely affect our investment returns as compared to companies investing primarily in the securities of public companies.
Our portfolio companies may incur debt that ranks equally with, or senior to, our investments in such companies. Our portfolio companies may have, or may be permitted to incur, other debt that ranks equally with, or in some cases senior to, the debt in which we invest. By their terms, such debt instruments may entitle the holders to receive payment of interest or principal on or before the dates on which we are entitled to receive payments with respect to the debt instruments in which we invested. Also, in insolvency, liquidation, dissolution, reorganization or bankruptcy of a portfolio company, holders of debt instruments ranking senior to our investment in that portfolio company would typically be entitled to receive payment in full before we receive any distribution. After repaying such senior creditors, such portfolio company may not have any remaining assets to use for repaying its obligation to us. In the case of debt ranking equally with debt instruments in which we invest, we would have to share on an equal basis any distributions with other creditors holding such debt in the event of an insolvency, liquidation, dissolution, reorganization or bankruptcy of the relevant portfolio company.
There may be circumstances where our debt investments could be subordinated to claims of other creditors or we could be subject to lender liability claims. Even though we may have structured investments as secured investments, if one of our portfolio companies were to go bankrupt, depending on the facts and circumstances, and based upon principles of equitable subordination as defined by existing case law, a bankruptcy court could subordinate all or a portion of our claim to that of other creditors and transfer any lien securing such subordinated claim to the bankruptcy estate. The principles of equitable subordination defined by case law have generally indicated that a claim may be subordinated only if its holder is guilty of misconduct or where the senior investment is re-characterized as an equity investment and the senior lender has actually provided significant managerial assistance to the bankrupt debtor. We may also be subject to lender liability claims for actions taken by us with respect to a borrower’s business or instances where we exercise control over the borrower. It is possible that we could become subject to a lender’s liability claim, including as a result of actions taken in rendering managerial assistance or actions to compel and collect payments from the borrower outside the ordinary course of business.
Second priority liens on collateral securing loans and notes that we invest in may be subject to control by senior creditors with first priority liens. If there is a default, the value of the collateral may not be sufficient to repay in full both the first priority creditors and us. We may purchase loans or notes that are secured by a second priority security interest in the same collateral pledged by a portfolio company to secure senior debt owed by the portfolio company to commercial banks or other traditional lenders. Often the senior lender has procured covenants from the portfolio company prohibiting the incurrence of additional secured debt without the senior lender’s consent. Prior to and as a condition of permitting the portfolio company to borrow money from us secured by the same collateral pledged to the senior lender, the senior lender will require assurances that it will control the disposition of any collateral in the event of bankruptcy or other default. In many such cases, the senior lender will require us or the indenture trustee to enter into an “intercreditor agreement” prior to permitting the portfolio company to borrow. Typically the intercreditor agreements expressly subordinate our debt instruments to those held by the senior lender and further provide that the senior lender shall control: (1) the commencement of foreclosure or other proceedings to liquidate and collect on the collateral; (2) the nature, timing and conduct of foreclosure or other collection proceedings; (3) the amendment of any collateral document; (4) the release of the security interests in respect of any collateral; and (5) the waiver of defaults under any security agreement. Because of the control we may cede to senior lenders under intercreditor agreements we may enter, we may be unable to realize the proceeds of any collateral securing some of our loans and notes.
The reference rates for our loans may be manipulated or changed. Concerns have been publicized that some of the member banks surveyed by the British Bankers’ Association (the “BBA”) in connection with the calculation of the London Interbank Borrowing Rate (“LIBOR”) across a range of maturities and currencies may have been underreporting or otherwise manipulating the inter-bank lending rate applicable to them in order to profit on their derivatives positions or to avoid an appearance of capital insufficiency or adverse reputational or other consequences that may have resulted from reporting inter-bank lending rates higher than those they actually submitted. A number of BBA member banks have entered into settlements with their regulators and law enforcement agencies with respect to alleged manipulation of LIBOR, and investigations by regulators and governmental authorities in various jurisdictions are ongoing.
In addition, central banks have engaged in quantitative easing, currency purchase programs and other activities that caused government borrowing rates and currencies to trade at prices different than those that would prevail in an unaffected market.
Actions by market participants, like the BBA, or by government agencies, like the Federal Reserve Board, may affect prevailing interest rates and the reference rates for loans to our portfolio companies. Actions by governments may create inflation in asset prices that over-state the value of our portfolio companies and their assets and drive cycles of capital market activities (like mergers and acquisitions) at a rate and at prices in excess of those that would prevail in an unaffected market.
We cannot assure you that actions by market participants, like the BBA, or by government agencies, like the Federal Reserve Board, will not materially adversely affect trading markets or our portfolio companies or us or our and our portfolio companies’ respective business, prospects, financial condition or results of operations.
The expected discontinuation of LIBOR could have a material impact on our business. In July 2017, the head of the United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority announced the desire to phase out the use of LIBOR by the end of 2021. The ICE Benchmark Administration Limited (“ICE”) subsequently announced that it will cease calculating and publishing all LIBOR tenors on June 30, 2023 and cease calculating and publishing certain LIBOR tenors on December 31, 2021. Further, U.K. and U.S. regulatory authorities have recently issued statements encouraging banks to cease entering into new LIBOR based loans as soon as possible and by no later than December 31, 2021 and to continue to transition away from LIBOR based loans in preparation of ICE ceasing to calculate and public LIBOR based rates on June 30, 2023. The Alternative Reference Rates Committee (the “ARRC”) convened by the Federal Reserve Board and Federal Reserve Bank of New York has announced the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as its recommended alternative to LIBOR for USD obligations. However, because the SOFR is a broad U.S. Treasury repo financing rate that represents overnight secured funding transactions, it differs fundamentally from LIBOR.
Regulators, industry groups and certain committees (e.g., the ARRC) have published recommended fallback language for LIBOR-linked financial instruments, identified recommended alternatives for certain LIBOR rates (e.g., the SOFR as the recommended alternative to USD LIBOR), and proposed implementations of the recommended alternatives in floating rate instruments. However, at this time, it is not possible to predict whether these recommendations and proposals will be broadly accepted, whether they will continue to evolve and what the effect of their implementation may be on the markets for floating-rate financial instruments.
As a result of the foregoing, we may need to renegotiate outstanding loans to our portfolio companies which extend beyond 2021, and that utilize LIBOR as a factor in determining the interest rate, to replace LIBOR with the new standard that is established. The situation continues to evolve and currently there is no definitive information regarding any particular replacement rate. As such, the potential effect of any such event on our cost of capital and net investment income cannot yet be determined. The effect on our investments will vary depending, among other things, on (1) whether fallback or termination provisions in individual contracts currently exist, and if so, the terms of such provisions and (2) whether, how, and when industry participants develop and adopt new reference rates and fallbacks for both legacy and new investments. We may have discretion to determine a successor or substitute reference rate, including any price or other adjustments to account for differences between the successor or substitute reference rate and previous rate. Such successor or substitute reference rate and any adjustments selected may negatively impact the investments of our investments and may expose such investments to additional tax, accounting and regulatory risks. The elimination of LIBOR may affect the value, liquidity or return on our investments and may result in costs incurred in connection with closing out positions and entering into new investments, adversely impacting our overall financial condition or results of operations. Accordingly, it is difficult to predict the full impact of the transition away from LIBOR on our investments until new reference rates and fallbacks for both legacy and new products, instruments and contracts are commercially accepted.
We may mismatch the interest rate and maturity exposure of our assets and liabilities. Our net investment income depends, in part, upon the difference between the rate at which we borrow funds and the rate at which we invest those funds. We cannot assure you that a significant change in market interest rates will not have a material adverse effect on our net investment income. In periods of rising interest rates, our cost of funds could increase, which could reduce our net investment income. Typically, our fixed-rate investments are financed primarily with equity and/or long-term debt. We may use interest rate risk management techniques in an effort to limit our exposure to interest rate fluctuations. Such techniques may include various interest rate hedging activities to the extent permitted by the Investment Company Act. If we do not implement these techniques properly, we could experience losses on our hedging positions, which could be material.
If interest rates fall, our portfolio companies are likely to refinance their obligations to us at lower interest rates. Our proceeds from these refinancings are likely to be reinvested at lower interest rates than our refinanced loans resulting in a material decrease in our net investment income.
We may not realize gains from our equity investments. Our portfolio may include warrants or other equity securities. We may take back equity securities in exchange for our debt investments in workouts of troubled investments. Investments in equity securities involve a number of significant risks, including the risk of further dilution as a result of additional issuances, inability to access additional capital and failure to pay current distributions. Investments in preferred securities involve special risks, such as the risk of deferred distributions, credit risk, illiquidity and limited voting rights. In addition, we may from time to time make non-control, equity investments in portfolio companies. The equity interests we invest in may not appreciate in value and, in fact, may decline in value. Accordingly, we may not be able to realize gains from our equity interests, and any gains that we do realize on the disposition of any equity interests may not be sufficient to offset any other losses we experience. We also may be unable to realize any value if a portfolio company does not have a liquidity event, such as a sale of the business, recapitalization or public offering, which would allow us to sell the underlying equity interests. We may seek puts or similar rights to give it the right to sell our equity securities back to the portfolio company. We may be unable to exercise these put rights if the issuer is in financial distress or otherwise lacks sufficient liquidity to purchase the underlying equity investment.
Investments in foreign securities may involve significant risks in addition to the risks inherent in U.S. investments. Our investment strategy contemplates investments in debt securities of foreign companies. Investing in foreign companies may expose us to additional risks not typically associated with investing in U.S. companies. These risks include changes in exchange control regulations, political and social instability, expropriation, imposition of foreign taxes, less liquid markets and less available information than is generally the case in the United States, higher transaction costs, less government supervision of exchanges, brokers and issuers, less developed bankruptcy laws, difficulty in enforcing contractual obligations, lack of uniform accounting and auditing standards and greater price volatility. Such investments will generally not represent “qualifying assets” under Section 55(a) of the Investment Company Act. Pursuant to the Investment Company Act, qualifying assets must represent at least 70% of our total assets at the time of acquisition of any additional non-qualifying assets. If we do not meet the 70% threshold, we will be limited to purchasing qualifying assets until such threshold is met. See "Regulation as a Business Development Company."
Any investments denominated in a foreign currency will be subject to the risk that the value of a particular currency will change in relation to one or more other currencies. Among the factors that may affect currency values are trade balances, the level of short-term interest rates, differences in relative values of similar assets in different currencies, long-term opportunities for investment and capital appreciation, and political developments. We may employ hedging techniques to minimize these risks, but we offer no assurance that we will, in fact, hedge currency risk, or that if it does, such strategies will be effective.
We may hold a significant portion of our portfolio assets in cash, cash equivalents, money market mutual funds, U.S. government securities, repurchase agreements and high-quality debt instruments maturing in one year or less, which may have a negative impact on our business and operations. We may hold a significant portion of our portfolio assets in cash, cash equivalents, money market mutual funds, U.S. government securities, repurchase agreements and high-quality debt instruments maturing in one year or less for many reasons, including, among others:
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as part of GECM’s strategy in order to take advantage of investment opportunities as they arise,
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when GECM believes that market conditions are unfavorable for profitable investing,
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when GECM is otherwise unable to locate attractive investment opportunities,
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as a defensive measure in response to adverse market or economic conditions, or
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to meet RIC qualification requirements.
We may also be required to hold higher levels of cash, money market mutual funds or other short-term securities in order to pay our expenses or make distributions to stockholders in the ordinary course of business given the relatively high percentage of our total investment income represented by non-cash income, including PIK income and accretion of original issue discount (“OID”). During periods when we maintain exposure to cash, money market mutual funds, or other short-term securities, we may not participate in market movements to the same extent that it would if we were fully invested, which may have a negative impact on our business and operations and, accordingly, our returns may be reduced.
Risks Relating to Our Business and Structure
Capital markets experience periods of disruption and instability. These market conditions have historically materially and adversely affected debt and equity capital markets in the United States and abroad, which had, and may in the future have, a negative impact on our business and operations. The global capital markets are subject to disruption as evidenced by, among other things, a lack of liquidity in the debt capital markets, significant write-offs in the financial services sector, the re-pricing of credit risk in the broadly syndicated credit market and the failure of major financial institutions. Despite actions of the U.S. federal government and foreign governments, these events have contributed to worsening general economic conditions that have historically materially and adversely impacted the broader financial and credit markets and reduced the availability of debt and equity capital for the market as a whole and financial services firms in particular. We cannot provide any assurance that these conditions will not significantly worsen. Equity capital may be difficult to raise because, as a BDC, we are generally not able to issue additional shares of our common stock at a price less than net asset value. In addition, our ability to incur indebtedness or issue preferred stock is limited by applicable regulations such that our asset coverage, as defined in the Investment Company Act, must equal at least 150% immediately after each time we incur indebtedness or issue preferred stock. The debt capital that may be available, if at all, may be at a higher cost and on less favorable terms and conditions in the future. Any inability to raise capital could have a negative effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Market conditions may in the future make it difficult to extend the maturity of or refinance our existing indebtedness, and any failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on our business. The expected illiquidity of our investments may make it difficult for us to sell such investments if required. As a result, we may realize significantly less than the value at which we have recorded our investments.
In addition, significant changes in the capital markets, including recent volatility and disruption, have had, and may in the future have, a negative effect on the valuations of our investments and on the potential for liquidity events involving our investments. An inability to raise capital, and any required sale of our investments for liquidity purposes, could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may experience fluctuations in our quarterly results. Our quarterly operating results will fluctuate due to a number of factors, including the level of expenses, variations in and the timing of the recognition of realized and unrealized gains or losses, the degree to which we encounter competition in our markets and general economic conditions. Our quarterly operating results will also fluctuate due to a number of other factors, including the interest rates payable on the debt investments we make and the default rates on such investments. As a result of these factors, results for any period should not be relied upon as being indicative of performance in future periods.
Our success depends on the ability of our investment adviser to attract and retain qualified personnel in a competitive environment. Our growth requires that GECM retain and attract new investment and administrative personnel in a competitive market. GECM’s ability to attract and retain personnel with the requisite credentials, experience and skills depends on several factors, including, but not limited to, its ability to offer competitive wages, benefits and professional growth opportunities. Many of the entities, including investment funds (such as private equity funds and mezzanine funds) and traditional financial services companies, which compete for experienced personnel with GECM, have greater resources than GECM.
Our ability to grow depends on our ability to raise capital and/or access debt financing. We intend to periodically access the capital markets to raise cash to fund new investments. We expect to continue to elect to be treated as a RIC and operate in a manner so as to qualify for the U.S. federal income tax treatment applicable to RICs. Among other things, in order to maintain our RIC status, we must distribute to our stockholders on a timely basis generally an amount equal to at least 90% of our investment company taxable income (as defined by the Code), and, as a result, such distributions will not be available to fund new investments. As a result, we must borrow from financial institutions or issue additional securities to fund our growth. Unfavorable economic or capital market conditions may increase our funding costs, limit our access to the capital markets or could result in a decision by lenders not to extend credit to us. There has been and will continue to be uncertainty in the financial markets in general. An inability to successfully access the capital or credit markets for either equity or debt could limit our ability to grow our business and fully execute our business strategy and could decrease our earnings, if any.
If the fair value of our assets declines substantially, we may fail to maintain the asset coverage ratios imposed upon us by the Investment Company Act or our lenders. Any such failure, or a tightening or general disruption of the credit markets, would affect our ability to issue senior securities, including borrowings, and pay dividends or other distributions, which could materially impair our business.
In addition, with certain limited exceptions we are only allowed to borrow or issue debt securities or preferred stock such that our asset coverage, as defined in the Investment Company Act, equals at least 150% immediately after such borrowing, which, in certain circumstances, may restrict our ability to borrow or issue debt securities or preferred stock. The amount of leverage that we may employ will depend on GECM’s and our Board’s assessments of market and other factors at the time of any proposed borrowing or issuance of debt securities or preferred stock. We cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain lines of credit at all or on terms acceptable to us.
Economic recessions or downturns could impair our portfolio companies and harm our operating results. The economy is subject to periodic downturns that, from time to time, result in recessions or more serious adverse macroeconomic events. Our portfolio companies are susceptible to economic slowdowns or recessions and may be unable to repay loans or notes during these periods. Therefore, our non-performing assets may increase and the value of our portfolio may decrease during these periods as we are required to record the market value of our investments. Adverse economic conditions may also decrease the value of collateral securing some of our investments and the value of our equity investments. Economic slowdowns or recessions could lead to financial losses in our portfolio and a decrease in revenues, net income and assets. Unfavorable economic conditions also could increase our funding costs, limit our access to the capital markets or result in a decision by lenders not to extend credit to us. These events could prevent us from increasing investments and harm our operating results.
A portfolio company’s failure to satisfy financial or operating covenants in its agreements with us or other lenders could lead to defaults and, potentially, acceleration of the time when the debt obligations are due and foreclosure on its secured assets, which could trigger cross-defaults under other agreements and jeopardize the portfolio company’s ability to meet its obligations under the debt that we hold. We may incur additional expenses to the extent necessary to seek recovery upon default or to negotiate new terms with a defaulting portfolio company. In addition, if one of our portfolio companies were to go bankrupt, depending on the facts and circumstances, including the extent to which we actually provided significant managerial assistance to that portfolio company, a bankruptcy court might re-characterize our debt holding and subordinate all or a portion of our claim to that of other creditors.
Uncertainty regarding the impact of the United Kingdom’s departure from the European Union could negatively impact our business, financial condition and earnings. On January 31, 2020, the United Kingdom withdrew from the European Union (“Brexit”), with a transition period that expired on December 31, 2020. The United Kingdom and European Union have entered into a free trade agreement that took effect on January 1, 2021 that now governs the United Kingdom’s relationship with the European Union. While the United Kingdom and European Union can generally continue to trade with each other without the imposition of tariffs for imports and exports, there are new customs requirements that require additional documentation and data, and there are also new controls on the movement and reporting of goods. However, at this time, it is not possible to predict the extent to which Brexit and the free trade agreement will ultimately impact the business and regulatory environment in the United Kingdom, the rest of the European Union or other countries, although it is possible there will be tighter controls and administrative requirements for imports and exports between the United Kingdom and the European Union or other countries, as well as increased regulatory complexities.
The longer term economic, legal, political and social framework to be put in place between the United Kingdom and the European Union remains unclear and may to lead to ongoing political and economic uncertainty and periods of exacerbated volatility in both the United Kingdom and in wider European markets for some time. The United Kingdom and Europe may also experience weakening in consumer, corporate and financial confidence. In particular, the decision made in the United Kingdom referendum may lead to a call for similar referenda in other European jurisdictions which may cause increased economic volatility and uncertainty in the European and global markets. This volatility and uncertainty may have an adverse effect on the economy generally and on the ability of us and our portfolio companies to execute our respective strategies and to receive attractive returns. Our largest investment, Avanti, is headquartered in London, United Kingdom.
We may acquire other funds, portfolios of assets or pools of debt and those acquisitions may not be successful. We may acquire other funds, portfolios of assets or pools of debt investments. Any such acquisition program has a number of risks, including among others:
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management’s attention will be diverted from running our existing business by efforts to source, negotiate, close and integrate acquisitions;
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our due diligence investigation of potential acquisitions may not reveal risks inherent in the acquired business or assets;
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we may over-value potential acquisitions resulting in dilution to you, incurrence of excessive indebtedness, asset write downs and negative perception of our common stock;
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the interests of our existing stockholders may be diluted by the issuance of additional shares of our common stock or preferred stock;
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we may borrow to finance acquisitions and there are risks associated with borrowing as described in this document;
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GECM has an incentive to increase our assets under management in order to increase its fee stream, which may not be aligned with the interests of our stockholders;
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we and GECM may not successfully integrate any acquired business or assets; and
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GECM may compensate the existing managers of any acquired business or assets in a manner that results in the combined company taking on excessive risk.
Our failure to maintain our status as a BDC would reduce our operating flexibility. We elected to be regulated as a BDC under the Investment Company Act. The Investment Company Act imposes numerous constraints on the operations of BDCs and their external advisers. For example, BDCs are required to invest at least 70% of their gross assets in specified types of securities, primarily in private companies or illiquid U.S. public companies below a certain market capitalization, cash, cash equivalents, U.S. government securities and other high quality debt investments that mature in one year or less. Furthermore, any failure to comply with the requirements imposed on BDCs by the Investment Company Act could cause the SEC to bring an enforcement action against us and/or expose us to claims of private litigants. In addition, upon approval of a majority of our voting securities (as defined under the Investment Company Act), we may elect to withdraw our status as a BDC. If we decide to withdraw our BDC election, or if we otherwise fail to qualify, or to maintain our qualification, as a BDC, we may be subject to substantially greater regulation under the Investment Company Act as a closed-end management investment company. Compliance with such regulations would significantly decrease our operating flexibility and would significantly increase our costs of doing business.
Regulations governing our operations as a BDC affect our ability to raise additional capital and the way in which we do so. As a BDC, the necessity of raising additional capital may expose us to risks, including the typical risks associated with leverage. We may issue debt securities or preferred stock and/or borrow money from banks or other financial institutions, referred to collectively as “senior securities,” up to the maximum amount permitted under the Investment Company Act. Under the provisions of the Investment Company Act applicable to BDCs, we are permitted to issue senior securities (e.g., notes and preferred stock) in amounts such that our asset coverage ratio, as defined in the Investment Company Act, equals at least 150% of gross assets less all liabilities and indebtedness not represented by senior securities, after each issuance of senior securities. If the value of our assets declines, we may be unable to satisfy this test. If that happens, we may be required to sell a portion of our investments and, depending on the nature of our leverage, repay a portion of our indebtedness at a time when such sales may be disadvantageous. Also, any amounts that we use to service our indebtedness would not be available for distributions to our stockholders. Furthermore, as a result of issuing senior securities, we would also be exposed to typical risks associated with leverage, including an increased risk of loss.
If we issued preferred stock, the preferred stock would rank “senior” to common stock in our capital structure, preferred stockholders would have separate voting rights on certain matters and might have other rights including, for example, the right to elect one or more of our directors, preferences, or privileges more favorable than those of our common stockholders, and the issuance of preferred stock could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a transaction or a change of control that might involve a premium price for holders of our common stock.
We are not generally able to issue and sell shares of our common stock at a price below net asset value per share. We may, however, sell shares of our common stock, or warrants, options or rights to acquire our common stock, at a price below the then current net asset value per share of our common stock if our Board determines that such sale is in our and our stockholders’ best interests. In any such case, the price at which our securities are to be issued and sold may not be less than a price that, in the determination of our Board, equals or closely approximates the market value of such securities (less any distributing commission or discount calculated). Certain sales of our common stock below net asset value per share also require approval by our stockholders in accordance with the Investment Company Act. If we raise additional funds by issuing more common stock or senior securities convertible into, or exchangeable for, our common stock, then our existing common stockholders’ percentage ownership at that time will decrease, and they will experience dilution.
Our Board may change our investment objectives, operating policies and strategies without prior notice or stockholder approval, the effects of which may be adverse. Our Board has the authority to modify or waive our investment objectives, current operating policies, investment criteria and strategies without prior notice and without stockholder approval. We cannot predict the effect any changes to our current operating policies, investment criteria and strategies would have on our business, net asset value, operating results and value of our common stock. However, the effects might be adverse, which could negatively impact our ability to pay our stockholders dividends or other distributions.
We may have difficulty paying our required distributions under applicable tax rules if we recognize income before or without receiving cash representing such income. For U.S. federal income tax purposes, we may be required to include in income certain amounts before our receipt of the cash attributable to such amounts, such as OID, which may arise if we receive warrants in connection with the making of a loan or possibly in other circumstances, or PIK interest, which represents contractual interest added to the loan balance and due at the end of the loan term. For example, such OID or increases in loan balances as a result of PIK interest will be included in income before we receive any corresponding cash payments. Also, we may be required to include in income other amounts that we will not receive in cash, including, for example, non-cash income from PIK securities, deferred payment securities and hedging and foreign currency transactions. In addition, we intend to seek debt investments in the secondary market that represent attractive risk-adjusted returns, taking into account both stated interest rates and current market discounts to par value. Such market discount may be included in income before we receive any corresponding cash payments. Our debt investments in Avanti currently only earn PIK interest and, if converted to common stock, our investment in Avanti equity is not expected to earn cash dividends.
Since we may recognize income before or without receiving cash representing such income, we may have difficulty meeting the U.S. federal income tax requirement to distribute generally an amount equal to at least 90% of our investment company taxable income to maintain our status as a RIC. Accordingly, we may have to sell some of our investments at times we would not consider advantageous, raise additional debt or equity capital or reduce new investment originations to meet these distribution requirements. If we are not able to obtain cash from other sources, we may fail to qualify as a RIC and thus be subject to additional corporate-level taxes.
However, in order to satisfy the Annual Distribution Requirement for a RIC, we may, but have no current intention to, declare a large portion of a dividend in shares of our common stock instead of in cash. As long as a portion of such dividend is paid in cash (which portion may be as low as 20% of such dividend) and certain requirements are met, the entire distribution will be treated as a dividend for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
We may expose ourselves to risks associated with the inclusion of non-cash income prior to receipt of cash. To the extent we invest in OID instruments, including PIK loans, zero coupon bonds, and debt securities with attached warrants, investors will be exposed to the risks associated with the inclusion of such non-cash income in taxable and accounting income prior to receipt of cash.
The deferred nature of payments on PIK loans creates specific risks. Interest payments deferred on a PIK loan are subject to the risk that the borrower may default when the deferred payments are due in cash at the maturity of the loan. Since the payment of PIK income does not result in cash payments to us, we may also have to sell some of our investments at times we would not consider advantageous, raise additional debt or equity capital or reduce new investment originations (and thus hold higher cash or cash equivalent balances, which could reduce returns) to pay our expenses or make distributions to stockholders in the ordinary course of business, even if such loans do not default. An election to defer PIK interest payments by adding them to principal increases our gross assets and, thus, increases future base management fees to GECM and, because interest payments will then be payable on a larger principal amount, the PIK election also increases GECM’s future income incentive fees at a compounding rate. The deferral of interest on a PIK loan increases its loan-to-value ratio, which is a measure of the riskiness of a loan.
More generally, market prices of OID instruments are more volatile because they are impacted to a greater extent by interest rate changes than instruments that pay interest periodically in cash. Ordinarily, OID would also create the risk of non-refundable cash payments to GECM based on non-cash accruals that may never be realized; however, this risk is mitigated since the Investment Management Agreement requires GECM to defer any incentive fees on accrued but unpaid income, the effect of which is that income incentive fees otherwise payable with respect to accrued unpaid income become payable only if, as, when and to the extent cash is received by us or our consolidated subsidiaries in respect thereof.
Additionally, we will be required under the tax laws to make distributions of non-cash income to stockholders without receiving any cash. Such required cash distributions may have to be paid from the sale of our assets without investors being given any notice of this fact. The required recognition of non-cash income, including PIK and OID interest, for U.S. federal income tax purposes may have a negative impact on liquidity because it represents a non-cash component of our taxable income that must, nevertheless, be distributed to investors to avoid us being subject to corporate level taxation.
Further, our investment in Avanti, which represented approximately 19% of our investment portfolio (excluding cash and short-term investments) as of December 31, 2020 and 27% of our total investment income for the year ended December 31, 2020, has resulted in significant PIK interest, which significantly increases our exposure to the aforementioned risks. Conversion of Avanti’s 2019 Notes to equity has resulted in us owning more Avanti common shares, which are not expected to generate cash dividends. Please see “-Risks Relating to Our Investments-We may lose all of our investment in Avanti.”
We may choose to pay distributions in our own stock, in which case stockholders may be required to pay tax in excess of the cash they receive. We may distribute a portion of our taxable distributions in the form of shares of our stock. Under applicable provisions of the Code, distributions payable in cash or in shares of stock at the election of stockholders may be treated as a taxable distribution. The IRS has issued private rulings indicating that this rule will apply even if the total amount of cash that may be distributed is limited to no more than 20% of the total distribution. Under these rulings, if too many stockholders elect to receive their distributions in cash, each such stockholder would receive a pro rata share of the total cash to be distributed and would receive the remainder of their distribution in shares of stock. If we decide to make any distributions consistent with these rulings that are payable in part in our stock, taxable stockholders receiving such distributions will be required to include the full amount of the distribution (whether received in cash, stock or a combination thereof) as ordinary income (or as a long-term capital gain to the extent such distribution is properly designated as a capital gain dividend) to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a result, a U.S. stockholder may be required to pay tax with respect to such distribution in excess of any cash received. If a U.S. stockholder sells the stock it receives as a distribution in order to pay this tax, the sales proceeds may be less than the amount included in income with respect to the distribution, depending on the market price of our common stock at the time of the sale. Furthermore, with respect to non-U.S. stockholders, we may be required to withhold U.S. tax with respect to such distribution, including in respect to all or a portion of such distribution that is payable in stock. In addition, if a significant number of our stockholders determine to sell shares of our common stock, in order to pay taxes owed on distribution, such sales may put downward pressure on the trading price of our common stock.
We may expose our self to risks if we engage in hedging transactions. If we engage in hedging transactions, we may expose our self to risks associated with such transactions. We may utilize instruments such as forward contracts, currency options and interest rate swaps, caps, collars and floors to seek to hedge against fluctuations in the relative values of our portfolio positions from changes in currency exchange rates and market interest rates. Hedging against a decline in the values of our portfolio positions does not eliminate the possibility of fluctuations in the values of such positions or prevent losses if the values of such positions decline. Such hedging transactions may also limit the opportunity for gain if the values of the underlying portfolio positions increase. It may not be possible to hedge against an exchange rate or interest rate fluctuation that is generally anticipated because we may not be able to enter into a hedging transaction at an acceptable price. Moreover, for a variety of reasons, we may not seek to establish a perfect correlation between such hedging instruments and the portfolio holdings being hedged.
Any such imperfect correlation may prevent us from achieving the intended hedge and expose us to risk of loss. In addition, it may not be possible to hedge fully or perfectly against currency fluctuations affecting the value of securities denominated in non-U.S. currencies because the value of those securities is likely to fluctuate as a result of factors not related to currency fluctuations.
We will be subject to corporate-level U.S. federal income tax if we are unable to qualify as a RIC under the Code. No assurance can be given that we will be able to qualify for and maintain RIC status. To maintain RIC tax treatment under the Code, we must meet certain annual distribution, source of income and asset diversification requirements.
The Annual Distribution Requirement for a RIC will be satisfied if we distribute to our stockholders on an annual basis at least 90% of our net ordinary income and realized net short-term capital gains in excess of realized net long-term capital losses, if any. Because we may use debt financing, we may be subject to asset coverage ratio requirements under the Investment Company Act and financial covenants under loan and credit agreements that could, under certain circumstances, restrict us from making distributions necessary to satisfy the distribution requirement. If we are unable to make the required distributions, we could fail to qualify for RIC tax treatment and thus become subject to corporate-level U.S. federal income tax.
The source of income requirement will be satisfied if we obtain at least 90% of our income for each year from dividends, interest, gains from the sale of stock or securities or similar sources.
The asset diversification requirement will be satisfied if we meet asset diversification requirements at the end of each quarter of our taxable year. We expect to satisfy the asset diversification requirements, but our business model calls for concentration in a relatively small number of portfolio companies. Failure to meet the asset diversification requirements could result in us having to dispose of investments quickly in order to prevent the loss of RIC status. Because most of our investments will be relatively illiquid, any such dispositions could be made at disadvantageous prices and could result in substantial losses. Further, the illiquidity of our investments may make them difficult or impossible to dispose of in a timely manner.
If we fail to qualify for RIC tax treatment for any reason and become subject to corporate U.S. federal income tax, the resulting corporate taxes could substantially reduce our net assets, the amount of income available for distribution and the amount of our distributions and the value of our shares of common stock.
The incentive fee structure and the formula for calculating the management fee may incentivize GECM to pursue speculative investments, advise us to use leverage when it may be unwise to do so, or advise us to refrain from reducing debt levels when it would otherwise be appropriate to do so. The incentive fee payable by us to GECM creates an incentive for GECM to pursue investments on our behalf that are riskier or more speculative than would be the case in the absence of such a compensation arrangement. The incentive fee payable to GECM is calculated based on a percentage of our return on invested capital. In addition, GECM’s base management fee is calculated on the basis of our gross assets, including assets acquired through the use of leverage. This may encourage GECM to use leverage to increase the aggregate amount of and the return on our investments, even when it may not be appropriate to do so, and to refrain from reducing debt levels when it would otherwise be appropriate to do so. The use of leverage increases our likelihood of default, which would impair the value of our securities. In addition, GECM will receive the incentive fee based, in part, upon net capital gains realized on our investments. Unlike that portion of the incentive fee based on income, there will be no hurdle rate applicable to the portion of the incentive fee based on net capital gains. As a result, GECM may have a tendency to invest more capital in investments that are likely to result in capital gains as compared to income producing securities. Such a practice could result in us investing in more speculative securities than would otherwise be the case, which could result in higher investment losses, particularly during economic downturns.
We may invest in the securities and instruments of other investment companies, including private funds, and we will bear our ratable share of any such investment company’s expenses, including management and performance fees. We will also remain obligated to pay management and incentive fees to GECM with respect to the assets invested in the securities and instruments of other investment companies. With respect to each of these investments, each of our stockholders will bear its share of the management and incentive fee payable to GECM as well as indirectly bearing the management and performance fees and other expenses of any investment companies in which we invest.
In addition, if we purchase our debt instruments and such purchase results in our recording a net gain on the extinguishment of debt for financial reporting and tax purposes, such net gain will be included in our pre-incentive fee net investment income for purposes of determining the income incentive fee payable to GECM under the Investment Management Agreement.
Finally, the incentive fee payable by us to GECM also may create an incentive for GECM to invest on our behalf in instruments that have a deferred interest feature such as investments with PIK provisions. Under these investments, we would accrue the interest over the life of the investment but would typically not receive the cash income from the investment until the end of the term or upon the investment being called by the issuer. Our net investment income used to calculate the income portion of our incentive fee, however, includes accrued interest. The portion of the incentive fee that is attributable to deferred interest, such as PIK, will not be paid to GECM until we receive such interest in cash. Even though such portion of the incentive fee will be paid only when the accrued income is collected, the accrued income is capitalized and included in the calculation of the base management fee. In other words, when deferred interest income (such as PIK) is accrued, a corresponding income incentive fee (if any) is also accrued (but not paid) based on that income. After the accrual of such income, it is capitalized and added to the debt balance, which increases our total assets and thus the base management fee paid following such capitalization. If any such interest is reversed in connection with any write-off or similar treatment of the investment, we will reverse the income incentive fee accrual and an income incentive fee will not be payable with respect to such uncollected interest. If a portfolio company defaults on a loan, it is possible that accrued interest previously used in the calculation of whether GECM met the hurdle rate to earn the incentive fee will become uncollectible.
A general increase in interest rates will likely have the effect of making it easier for GECM to receive incentive fees, without necessarily resulting in an increase in our net earnings. Given the structure of the Investment Management Agreement, any general increase in interest rates will likely have the effect of making it easier for GECM to meet the quarterly hurdle rate for payment of income incentive fees under the Investment Management Agreement without any additional increase in relative performance on the part of GECM. In addition, in view of the catch-up provision applicable to income incentive fees under the Investment Management Agreement, GECM could potentially receive a significant portion of the increase in our investment income attributable to such a general increase in interest rates. If that were to occur, our increase in net earnings, if any, would likely be significantly smaller than the relative increase in GECM’s income incentive fee resulting from such a general increase in interest rates.
GECM has the right to resign on 60 days’ notice, and we may not be able to find a suitable replacement within that time, resulting in a disruption in our operations that could adversely affect our financial condition, business and results of operations. GECM has the right, under the Investment Management Agreement, to resign at any time upon not more than 60 days’ written notice, whether we have found a replacement or not. If GECM resigns, we may not be able to find a new investment adviser or hire internal management with similar expertise and ability to provide the same or equivalent services on acceptable terms within 60 days, or at all. If we are unable to do so quickly, our operations are likely to experience a disruption; our financial condition, business and results of operations, as well as our ability to pay distributions are likely to be adversely affected; and the market price of our common stock may decline. In addition, the coordination of our internal management and investment activities is likely to suffer if we are unable to identify and reach an agreement with a single institution or group of executives having the expertise possessed by our investment adviser and its affiliates. Even if we are able to retain comparable management, whether internal or external, the integration of such management and their lack of familiarity with our investment objective and current investment portfolio may result in additional costs and time delays that may adversely affect our financial condition, business and results of operations.
We incur significant costs as a result of being a publicly traded company. As a publicly traded company, we incur legal, accounting and other expenses, including costs associated with the periodic reporting requirements applicable to a company whose securities are registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), as well as additional corporate governance requirements, including requirements under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), the Dodd-Frank Act and other rules implemented by our government.
Changes in laws or regulations governing our operations may adversely affect our business or cause us to alter our business strategy. We and our portfolio companies are subject to applicable local, state and federal laws and regulations. New legislation may be enacted or new interpretations, rulings or regulations could be adopted, including those governing the types of investments we are permitted to make, any of which could harm us and you, potentially with retroactive effect. Additionally, any changes to the laws and regulations governing our operations relating to permitted investments may cause us to alter our investment strategy in order to avail our self of new or different opportunities. Such changes could result in material differences to the strategies and plans and may result in our investment focus shifting from the areas of expertise of GECM to other types of investments in which the investment committee may have less expertise or little or no experience. Specifically, tax reform legislation could have an adverse impact on us, the credit markets and our portfolio companies, notwithstanding the reduction in corporate tax rates. Thus, any such changes, if they occur, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
In December 2015, the SEC proposed Rule 18f-4 under the Investment Company Act to regulate the use of derivatives by registered investment companies that applies to BDCs, including us. In October 2020, the SEC adopted Rule 18f-4, which is designed to modernize the regulation of the use of derivatives by registered investment companies and BDCs. Among other things, Rule 18f-4 limits a fund’s derivatives exposure through a value-at-risk test and requires the adoption and implementation of a derivatives risk management program for certain derivatives users. Additionally, subject to certain conditions, funds that do not invest heavily in derivatives may be deemed limited derivatives users and would not be subject to the full requirements of Rule 18f-4. In connection with the adoption of Rule 18f-4, the SEC also eliminated the asset segregation and cover framework arising from prior SEC guidance for covering derivatives and certain financial instruments. Compliance with Rule 18f-4 will be required in August 2022. Rule 18f-4 could limit our ability to engage in certain derivatives and other transactions and/or increase the costs of such transactions, which could adversely affect our value or performance.
In addition, other future regulatory developments may impact our ability to invest or remain invested in derivatives. Legislation or regulation may also change the way in which we are regulated. We cannot predict the effects of any new governmental regulation that may be implemented on our ability to use swaps or any other financial derivative product, and there can be no assurance that any new governmental regulation will not adversely affect our ability to achieve our investment objective.
There is, and will be, uncertainty as to the value of our portfolio investments. Under the Investment Company Act, we are required to carry our portfolio investments at market value or, if there is no readily available market value, at fair value as determined by us in accordance with our written valuation policy, with our Board having final responsibility for overseeing, reviewing and approving, in good faith, our estimate of fair value. Often, there will not be a public market for the securities of the privately held companies in which we invest. As a result, we will value these securities on a quarterly basis at fair value based on input from management, third party independent valuation firms and our audit committee, with the oversight, review and approval of our Board. We consult with an independent valuation firm in valuing all securities in which we invest classified as “Level 3,” other than investments which are less than 1% of net asset value as of the applicable quarter end. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Critical Accounting Policies-Valuation of Portfolio Investments.”
The determination of fair value and consequently, the amount of unrealized gains and losses in our portfolio, are subjective and dependent on a valuation process approved and overseen by our Board. Factors that may be considered in determining the fair value of our investments include, among others, estimates of the collectability of the principal and interest on our debt investments and expected realization on our equity investments, as well as external events, such as private mergers, sales and acquisitions involving comparable companies. Because such valuations, and particularly valuations of private securities and private companies and small cap public companies, are inherently uncertain, they may fluctuate over short periods of time and may be based on estimates. Our determinations of fair value may differ materially from the values that would have been used if a ready market for these securities existed. Due to this uncertainty, our fair value determinations may cause our net asset value on a given date to materially misstate the value that we may ultimately realize on one or more of our investments. As a result, investors purchasing our securities based on an overstated net asset value would pay a higher price than the value of our investments might warrant. Conversely, investors selling securities during a period in which the net asset value understates the value of our investments will receive a lower price for their securities than the value of our investments might otherwise warrant.
Our financial condition and results of operations depend on our ability to effectively manage and deploy capital. Our ability to achieve our investment objective depends on our ability to effectively manage and deploy capital, which depends, in turn, on GECM’s ability to identify, evaluate and monitor, and our ability to finance and invest in, companies that meet our investment criteria.
Accomplishing our investment objective on a cost-effective basis is largely a function of GECM’s handling of the investment process, its ability to provide competent, attentive and efficient services and its access to investments offering acceptable terms. In addition to monitoring the performance of our existing investments, GECM may also be called upon, from time to time, to provide managerial assistance to some of our portfolio companies. These demands on their time may distract them or slow the rate of investment.
Even if we are able to grow and build out our investment operations, any failure to manage our growth effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Our results of operations will depend on many factors, including the availability of opportunities for investment, readily accessible short and long-term funding alternatives in the financial markets and economic conditions.
We may hold assets in cash or short-term treasury securities in situations where we or GECM expects downward pricing in the high yield market. Our strategic decision not to be fully invested may, from time to time, reduce funds available for distribution and cause downward pressure on the price of our common stock.
The failure in cyber security systems, as well as the occurrence of events unanticipated in our disaster recovery systems and management continuity planning, could impair our ability to conduct business effectively. The occurrence of a disaster such as a cyber-attack, a natural catastrophe, an epidemic or pandemic, an industrial accident, a terrorist attack or war, events anticipated or unanticipated in our disaster recovery systems, or a failure in externally provided data systems, could have an adverse effect on our ability to conduct business and on our results of operations and financial condition, particularly if those events affect our computer-based data processing, transmission, storage, and retrieval systems or destroy data. Our ability to effectively conduct our business could be severely compromised. The financial markets we operate in are dependent upon third party data systems to link buyers and sellers and provide pricing information.
We depend heavily upon computer systems to perform necessary business functions. Our computer systems could be subject to cyber-attacks and unauthorized access, such as physical and electronic break-ins or unauthorized tampering. Like other companies, we expect to experience threats to our data and systems, including malware and computer virus attacks, unauthorized access, system failures and disruptions. These failures and disruptions may be more likely to occur as a result of our employees working remotely during the COVID-19 pandemic. If one or more of these events occurs, it could potentially jeopardize the confidential, proprietary and other information processed and stored in, and transmitted through, our computer systems and networks, or otherwise cause interruptions or malfunctions in our operations, which could result in damage to our reputation, financial losses, litigation, increased costs, regulatory penalties and/or customer dissatisfaction or loss, respectively.
Terrorist attacks, acts of war, natural disasters or an epidemic or pandemic may affect the market for our securities, impact the businesses in which we invest and harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Terrorist acts, acts of war, natural disasters or an epidemic or pandemic may disrupt our operations, as well as the operations of the businesses in which we invest. Such acts have created, and continue to create, economic and political uncertainties and have contributed to global economic instability. For example, the recent outbreak of the COVID-19 which has been declared by the World Health Organization to be a “public health emergency of international concern,” has spread across the globe and is impacting worldwide economic activity. A public health epidemic or pandemic, including COVID-19, poses the risk that we, GECM, our portfolio companies or other business partners may be prevented from conducting business activities for an indefinite period of time, including due to shutdowns that may be requested or mandated by governmental authorities. While it is not possible at this time to estimate the impact that COVID-19 could have on our business, the continued spread of COVID-19 and the measures taken by the governments of countries affected could disrupt the supply chain and the manufacture or shipment of products and adversely impact our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Future terrorist activities, military or security operations, or natural disasters could further weaken the domestic/global economies and create additional uncertainties, which may negatively impact the businesses in which we invest directly or indirectly and, in turn, could have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results and financial condition. Losses from terrorist attacks and natural disasters are generally uninsurable.
We cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our securities less attractive to investors. We are and will remain an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act until the earliest of (a) December 31, 2021, or (b) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period. For so long as we remain an “emerging growth company” we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies” including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We cannot predict if investors will find our securities less attractive because we will rely on some or all of these exemptions. If some investors find our securities less attractive as a result, there may be a less active and more volatile trading market for our securities.
In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act also provides that an “emerging growth company” may take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, for complying with new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an “emerging growth company” can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. To the extent we take advantage of the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards, it will be more difficult for investors and securities analysts to evaluate us since our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with public company effective dates and may result in less investor confidence.
There are significant potential conflicts of interest that could impact our investment returns. Certain of our executive officers and directors, and members of the investment committee of GECM, serve or may serve as officers, directors or principals of other entities and affiliates of GECM and investment funds managed by our affiliates. Accordingly, they may have obligations to investors in those entities, the fulfillment of which might not be in our or our stockholders' best interests or that may require them to devote time to services for other entities, which could interfere with the time available to provide services to us. For example, Peter A. Reed, our President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of our Board, is GECM's Chief Investment Officer and chief executive officer of the largest beneficial owner of our stock, GEG.
Although funds managed by GECM may have different primary investment objectives than we do, they may from time to time invest in asset classes similar to those targeted by us. GECM is not restricted from raising an investment fund with investment objectives similar to ours. Any such funds may also, from time to time, invest in asset classes similar to those targeted by us. It is possible that we may not be given the opportunity to participate in certain investments made by investment funds managed by investment managers affiliated with GECM.
We will pay management and incentive fees to GECM, and will reimburse GECM for certain expenses it incurs. In addition, investors in our common stock will invest on a gross basis and receive distributions on a net basis after expenses, resulting in, among other things, a lower rate of return than one might achieve through direct investments.
GECM's management fee is based on a percentage of our total assets (other than cash or cash equivalents but including assets purchased with borrowed funds) and GECM may have conflicts of interest in connection with decisions that could affect our total assets, such as decisions as to whether to incur indebtedness.
The part of the incentive fee payable by us that relates to our pre-incentive fee net investment income is computed and paid on income that may include interest that is accrued but not yet received in cash. If a portfolio company defaults on a loan or note that is structured to provide accrued interest, it is possible that accrued interest previously used in the calculation of the incentive fee will become uncollectible.
The Investment Management Agreement renews for successive annual periods if approved by our Board or by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of our outstanding voting securities, including, in either case, approval by a majority of our directors who are not interested persons. However, both we and GECM have the right to terminate the agreement without penalty upon 60 days' written notice to the other party. Moreover, conflicts of interest may arise if GECM seeks to change the terms of the Investment Management Agreement, including, for example, the terms for compensation.
Pursuant to the Administration Agreement, we pay GECM our allocable portion of overhead and other expenses incurred by GECM in performing its obligations under the Administration Agreement, including our allocable portion of the cost of our Chief Financial Officer and Chief Compliance Officer and their respective staffs.
As a result of the arrangements described above, there may be times when our management team has interests that differ from those of our stockholders, giving rise to a conflict.
Our stockholders may have conflicting investment, tax and other objectives with respect to their investments in us. The conflicting interests of individual stockholders may relate to or arise from, among other things, the nature of our investments, the structure or the acquisition of our investments, and the timing of disposition of our investments. As a consequence, conflicts of interest may arise in connection with decisions made by GECM, including with respect to the nature or structuring of our investments, that may be more beneficial for one stockholder than for another stockholder, especially with respect to stockholders' individual tax situations. In selecting and structuring investments appropriate for us, GECM will consider the investment and tax objectives of us and our stockholders, as a whole, not the investment, tax or other objectives of any stockholder individually.
Events outside of our control, including public health crises such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, may negatively affect our results of operations and financial performance. As COVID-19 continues to spread in the United States, we expect to continue to experience disruptions that could adversely impact our business. It is unknown how long these disruptions may continue. The outbreak of COVID-19 may also have a material adverse impact on the ability of our portfolio companies to fulfill their end customers’ orders due to supply chain delays, limited access to key commodities or technologies or other events that impact their manufacturers or their suppliers. Such events have affected, and may in the future affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. As the global outbreak of COVID-19 continues to rapidly evolve, the extent to which COVID-19 will continue to impact our business will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. The continuing spread of an infectious respiratory illness caused by COVID-19 has caused volatility, severe market dislocations and liquidity constraints in many markets, including investments the Company holds, and may adversely affect the Company’s investments and operations. The outbreak was first detected in December 2019 and subsequently spread globally. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 as a pandemic, and on March 13, 2020, the United States declared a national emergency with respect to COVID-19. The transmission of COVID-19 and efforts to contain its spread have resulted in travel restrictions and disruptions, closed international borders, enhanced health screenings at ports of entry and elsewhere, disruption of and delays in healthcare service preparation and delivery, quarantines, event and service cancellations or interruptions, disruptions to business operations (including staff reductions), supply chains and consumer activity, as well as general concern and uncertainty that has negatively affected the economic environment. These disruptions have led to instability in the market place, including stock market losses and overall volatility. The impact of COVID-19, and other infectious illness outbreaks, epidemics or pandemics that may arise in the future, could adversely affect the economies of many nations or the entire global economy, the financial performance of individual issuers, borrowers and sectors and the health of the markets generally in potentially significant and unforeseen ways. In addition, the impact of infectious illnesses, such as COVID-19, in emerging market countries may be greater due to generally less established healthcare systems. This crisis or other public health crises may exacerbate other pre-existing political, social and economic risks in certain countries or globally.
The foregoing could lead to a significant economic downturn or recession, increased market volatility, a greater number of market closures, higher default rates and adverse effects on the values and liquidity of securities or other assets. Such impacts, which may vary across asset classes, may adversely affect the performance of the Company’s investments, the Company and your investment in the Company. In certain cases, an exchange or market may close or issue trading halts on either specific securities or even the entire market, which may result in the Company being, among other things, unable to buy or sell certain securities or financial instruments or to accurately price their investments.
The Company and the investment manager have taken steps reasonably designed to ensure that they maintain normal business operations, and that the Company, its portfolio and assets are protected. However, in the event of a pandemic or an outbreak, such as COVID-19, there can be no assurance that the Company, the Investment Advisor and service providers, or the Company’s portfolio companies, will be able to maintain normal business operations for an extended period of time or will not lose the services of key personnel on a temporary or long-term basis due to illness or other reasons. A pandemic or disease could also impair the information technology and other operational systems upon which the investment manager relies and could otherwise disrupt the ability of the Company’s service providers to perform essential tasks.
Governmental authorities and regulators throughout the world, such as the U.S. Federal Reserve, have in the past responded to major economic disruptions with changes to fiscal and monetary policy, including but not limited to, direct capital infusions, new monetary programs and dramatically lower interest rates. Certain of those policy changes, such as the passage of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act on March 27, 2020, are being implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Such policy changes may adversely affect the value, volatility and liquidity of dividend and interest paying securities. The effect of recent efforts undertaken by the U.S. Federal Reserve to address the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, such as the reduction of the federal funds target rate, and other monetary and fiscal actions that may be taken by the U.S. federal government to stimulate the U.S. economy, are not yet fully known. The duration of the COVID-19 outbreak and its full impacts are unknown, resulting in a high degree of uncertainty for potentially extended periods of time.
We are currently operating in a period of capital markets disruption and economic uncertainty. The U.S. capital markets have experienced extreme volatility and disruption following the global outbreak of COVID-19 that began in December 2019. Some economists and major investment banks have expressed concern that the continued spread of the virus globally could lead to a world-wide economic downturn. Disruptions in the capital markets have increased the spread between the yields realized on risk-free and higher risk securities, resulting in illiquidity in parts of the capital markets. These and future market disruptions and/or illiquidity would be expected to have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Unfavorable economic conditions also would be expected to increase our funding costs, limit our access to the capital markets or result in a decision by lenders not to extend credit to us. These events have limited and could continue to limit our investment originations, limit our ability to grow and have a material negative impact on our operating results and the fair values of our debt and equity investments.
If the current period of capital market disruption and instability continues for an extended period of time, there is a risk that our stockholders may not receive distributions or that our distributions may not grow over time. We intend to make distributions to our stockholders out of assets legally available for distribution. Stockholders are advised that a distribution does not necessarily indicate a return of profit as such dividends also include a return of capital. We cannot assure you that we will achieve investment results that will allow us to make a specified level of cash distributions or year-to-year increases in distributions. Our ability to pay distributions might be adversely affected by the impact of one or more of the risk factors described in this annual report on Form 10-K, including the COVID-19 pandemic described above. For example, if the temporary closure of many corporate offices, retail stores, and manufacturing facilities and factories in the jurisdictions, including the United States, affected by the COVID-19 pandemic were to continue for an extended period of time it could result in reduced cash flows to us from our existing portfolio companies, which could reduce cash available for distribution to our stockholders. In addition, due to the asset coverage test applicable to us as a BDC, we may be limited in our ability to make cash distributions. Further, if we invest a greater amount of assets in equity securities that do not pay current dividends, it could reduce the amount available for distribution. The above referenced restrictions on distributions may also inhibit our ability to make required interest payments to holders of our debt, which may cause a default under the terms of our debt agreements. Such a default could materially increase our cost of raising capital, as well as cause us to incur penalties under the terms of our debt agreements.
Risks Relating to Our Common Stock
A significant portion of our total outstanding shares may be sold into the public market in the near future, which could cause the market price of our common stock to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well. Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could occur at any time. These sales, or the market perception that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price of our common stock. We have registered all of the shares of our common stock issued to GEC in the Formation Transactions for resale, which represent approximately 9% percent of our outstanding shares of common stock at December 31, 2020.
Our common stock price may be volatile and may decrease substantially, and an investor may lose money in connection with an investment in our shares. The trading price of our common stock will likely fluctuate substantially. The price of our common stock may increase or decrease, depending on many factors, some of which are beyond our control and may not be directly related to our operating performance. These factors include, but are not limited to, the following:
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price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time;
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investor demand for our shares;
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significant volatility in the market price and trading volume of securities of BDCs or other companies in our sector, which are not necessarily related to the operating performance of these companies;
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exclusion of our common stock from certain indices, such as the Russell 2000 Financial Services Index, which could reduce the ability of certain investment funds to own our common stock and put short-term selling pressure on our common stock;
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changes in regulatory policies or tax guidelines with respect to RICs or BDCs;
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failure to qualify as a RIC, or the loss of RIC status;
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any shortfall in revenue or net income or any increase in losses from levels expected by investors or securities analysts;
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changes, or perceived changes, in the value of our portfolio investments;
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departures of GECM’s key personnel;
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operating performance of companies comparable to GECC; or
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general economic conditions and trends and other external factors.
If the price of shares of our common stock decreases, an investor may lose money if he were to sell his shares of our common stock.
In addition, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been brought against that company. Due to the potential volatility of the price of our securities, we may become the target of securities litigation in the future. Securities litigation could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention and resources from our business.
Provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law and our organizational documents could deter takeover attempts and have an adverse impact on the prices of our common stock. The Maryland General Corporation Law and our organizational documents contain provisions that may discourage, delay or make more difficult a change in control of GECC or the removal of our directors. We are subject to the Maryland Business Combination Act and the Investment Company Act. If our Board does not approve a business combination, the Maryland Business Combination Act may discourage third parties from trying to acquire control of us and increase the difficulty of consummating such an offer. Our Board could amend our bylaws to repeal our current exemption from the Control Share Acquisition Act; however, our Board will not amend our bylaws to repeal the current exemption from the Control Share Acquisition Act without a formal determination by our Board that doing so would be in the best interests of our stockholders and without first notifying the SEC staff. The Control Share Acquisition Act also may make it more difficult for a third party to obtain control of GECC and increase the difficulty of consummating such a transaction.
Our Board is authorized to reclassify any unissued shares of common stock into one or more classes of preferred stock, which could convey special rights and privileges to its owners. Under Maryland General Corporation Law and our organizational documents, our Board is authorized to classify and reclassify any authorized but unissued shares of stock into one or more classes of stock, including preferred stock. Prior to issuance of shares of each class or series, our Board will be required by Maryland law and our charter to set the terms, preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends or other distributions, qualifications and terms or conditions of redemption for each class or series. Thus, our Board could authorize the issuance of shares of preferred stock with terms and conditions which could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a transaction or a change in control that might involve premium prices for holders of our common stock or otherwise be in their best interest. The cost of any such reclassification would be borne by our common stockholders. Certain matters under the Investment Company Act require the separate vote of the holders of any issued and outstanding preferred stock. For example, holders of preferred stock would vote as a separate class from the holders of common stock on a proposal to cease operations as a BDC. In addition, the Investment Company Act provides that holders of preferred stock are entitled to vote separately from holders of common stock to elect two preferred stock directors. The issuance of preferred shares convertible into shares of common stock may also reduce the net income and net asset value per share of our common stock upon conversion. These effects, among others, could have an adverse effect on an investment in our common stock.
Shares of closed-end investment companies, including BDCs, frequently trade at a discount from their net asset value. Shares of closed-end investment companies, including BDCs, frequently trade at a discount from their net asset value. This characteristic of closed-end investment companies is separate and distinct from the risk that our net asset value per share of common stock may decline.
We may, however, sell our common stock, or warrants, options or rights to acquire our common stock, at a price below the then-current net asset value per share of our common stock if our Board determines that such sale is in the best interests of GECC and our stockholders approve such sale. In any such case, the price at which our securities are to be issued and sold may not be less than a price that, in the determination of our Board, equals the fair value of such securities (less any distributing commission or discount calculated). If we raise additional funds by issuing more common stock or senior securities convertible into, or exchangeable for, our common stock, then the percentage of our existing stockholders’ ownership at that time will decrease, and they may experience dilution.
Our stockholders may not receive distributions or our distributions may not grow over time and a portion of our distributions may be a return of capital. We intend to make distributions to our stockholders out of assets legally available for distribution (i.e., not subject to any legal restrictions under Maryland law on the distribution thereof). We cannot assure you that we will achieve investment results that will allow us to make a specified level of cash distributions or year-to-year increases in cash distributions. Our ability to pay distributions might be adversely affected by the impact of one or more of the risk factors described in this document. Due to the asset coverage test applicable to us under the Investment Company Act as a BDC, we may be limited in our ability to make distributions.
When we make distributions, we will be required to determine the extent to which such distributions are paid out of current or accumulated earnings and profits. Distributions in excess of current and accumulated earnings and profits will be treated as a non-taxable return of capital to the extent of an investor’s basis in our stock and, assuming that an investor holds our stock as a capital asset, thereafter as a capital gain. Stockholders who periodically receive the payment of a distribution consisting of a return of capital may be under the impression that they are receiving net profits when they are not. Stockholders should not assume that the source of a distribution from us is net profit.
We currently intend to distribute realized net capital gains (i.e., net long term capital gains in excess of short term capital losses), if any, at least annually, we may in the future decide to retain such capital gains for investment and elect to treat such gains as deemed distributions to our stockholders. If this happens, you will be treated as if you had received an actual distribution of the capital gains we retain and reinvested the net after tax proceeds in GECC. In this situation, you would be eligible to claim a tax credit (or, in certain circumstances, a tax refund) equal to your allocable share of the tax we paid on the capital gains deemed distributed to you.
Our current intention is to make any distributions in additional shares of our common stock under our dividend reinvestment plan out of assets legally available therefor, unless you elect to receive your distributions and/or long-term capital gains distributions in cash. If you hold shares in the name of a broker or financial intermediary, you should contact the broker or financial intermediary regarding your election to receive distributions in cash.
We can offer no assurance that we will achieve results that will permit the payment of any cash distributions and, if we issue senior securities, we will be prohibited from making distributions if doing so causes us to fail to maintain the asset coverage ratios stipulated by the Investment Company Act or if distributions are limited by the terms of any of our borrowings.
Stockholders may experience dilution in their ownership percentage if they do not participate in our dividend reinvestment plan. All distributions declared in cash payable to stockholders that are participants in our dividend reinvestment plan are generally automatically reinvested in shares of our common stock. As a result, stockholders that do not participate in the dividend reinvestment plan may experience dilution over time. Stockholders who receive distributions in shares of common stock may experience accretion to the net asset value of their shares if our shares are trading at a premium and dilution if our shares are trading at a discount. The level of accretion or discount would depend on various factors, including the proportion of our stockholders who participate in the plan, the level of premium or discount at which our shares are trading and the amount of the distribution payable to a stockholder.
Existing stockholders may incur dilution if, in the future, we sell shares of our common stock in one or more offerings at prices below the then current net asset value per share of our common stock. The Investment Company Act prohibits us from selling shares of our common stock at a price below the current net asset value per share of such stock, with certain exceptions. Our shares might trade at premiums that are unsustainable or at discounts from net asset value.
Shares of BDCs like us may, during some periods, trade at prices higher than their net asset value per share and, during other periods, as frequently occurs with closed-end investment companies, trade at prices lower than their net asset value per share. The perceived value of our investment portfolio may be affected by a number of factors including perceived prospects for individual companies we invest in, market conditions for common stock generally, for initial public offerings and other exit events for venture capital backed companies, and the mix of companies in our investment portfolio over time. Negative or unforeseen developments affecting the perceived value of companies in our investment portfolio could result in a decline in the trading price of our common stock relative to our net asset value per share.
The possibility that our shares will trade at a discount from net asset value or at premiums that are unsustainable are risks separate and distinct from the risk that our net asset value per share will decrease. The risk of purchasing shares of a BDC that might trade at a discount or unsustainable premium is more pronounced for investors who wish to sell their shares in a relatively short period of time because, for those investors, realization of a gain or loss on their investments is likely to be more dependent upon changes in premium or discount levels than upon increases or decreases in net asset value per share.
Future offerings of debt securities, which would be senior to our common stock upon liquidation, or equity securities, which could dilute our existing stockholders and may be senior to our common stock for the purposes of distributions, may harm the value of our common stock. In the future, we may attempt to increase our capital resources by making offerings of debt or equity securities, including commercial paper, medium-term notes, senior or subordinated notes and classes of preferred stock or common stock, subject to the restrictions of the Investment Company Act. Upon a liquidation of our company, holders of our debt securities and shares of preferred stock and lenders with respect to other borrowings would receive a distribution of our available assets prior to the holders of our common stock. Additional equity offerings by us may dilute the holdings of our existing stockholders or reduce the value of our common stock, or both. Any preferred stock we may issue would have a preference on distributions that could limit our ability to make distributions to the holders of our common stock. Because our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. Thus, our stockholders bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the market price of our common stock and diluting their stock holdings in us. In addition, proceeds from a sale of common stock will likely be used to increase our total assets or to pay down our borrowings, among other uses. This would increase our asset coverage ratio and permit us to incur additional leverage under rules pertaining to BDCs by increasing our borrowings or issuing senior securities such as preferred stock or additional debt securities.
Risks Relating to Indebtedness
We may borrow money, which would magnify the potential for loss on amounts invested and may increase the risk of investing with us. We have existing indebtedness and may in the future borrow additional money, each of which magnifies the potential for loss on amounts invested and may increase the risk of investing with us. Our ability to service our existing and potential future debt depends largely on our financial performance and is subject to prevailing economic conditions and competitive pressures. The amount of leverage that we could employ at any particular time will depend on GECM’s and our Board’s assessment of market and other factors at the time of any proposed borrowing.
Any GECC credit facility would impose financial and operating covenants that would restrict our business activities, including limitations that could hinder our ability to finance additional loans and investments or to make the distributions required to maintain our status as a RIC under the Code. A failure to renew our credit facilities or to add new or replacement debt facilities could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Borrowings, also known as leverage, magnify the potential for gain or loss on amounts invested and, therefore, increase the risks associated with investing in our securities. When a company issues debt, the issuer gives the debt holders a call right on the issuer’s business and assets. Holders of such debt securities would have fixed dollar claims on our consolidated assets that would be superior to the claims of our common stockholders or any preferred stockholders.
If the value of our consolidated assets decreases while we have debt outstanding, leveraging would cause our net asset value to decline more sharply than it otherwise would have had we not leveraged. Similarly, any decrease in our consolidated income while we have debt outstanding would cause net income to decline more sharply than it would have had we not borrowed. Such a decline could negatively affect our ability to make common stock distributions. We cannot assure you that our leveraging strategy will be successful.
Illustration. The following tables illustrate the effect of leverage on returns from an investment in our common stock assuming various annual returns, net of expenses. The first table assumes the amount of senior securities outstanding as of December 31, 2020. The second table assumes the amount of senior securities outstanding as permitted under our asset coverage ratio of 150%. See “-We may incur additional debt.” The calculations in the tables below are hypothetical and actual returns may be higher or lower than those appearing below.
Table 1
Assumed Return on Our Portfolio(1) (2)
(net of expenses)
(10.0)%
(5.0)%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
Corresponding net return to common stockholder
(15.16)%
(10.16)%
(5.16)%
(0.16)%
4.84%
(1)
Assumes $151.6 million in total portfolio assets, $118.7 million in senior securities outstanding, $79.6 million in net assets, and an average cost of funds of 6.60%. Actual interest payments may be different.
(2)
In order for us to cover our annual interest payments on indebtedness, we must achieve annual returns on our December 31, 2020 total portfolio assets of at least 5.16%.
Table 2
Assumed Return on Our Portfolio(1) (2)
(net of expenses)
(10.0)%
(5.0)%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
Corresponding net return to common stockholder
(15.47)%
(10.47)%
(5.47)%
(0.47)%
4.53%
(1)
Assumes $192.2 million in total portfolio assets, $159.2 million in senior securities outstanding, $79.6 million in net assets, and an average cost of funds of 6.60%. Actual interest payments may be different.
(2)
In order for us to cover our annual interest payments on indebtedness, we must achieve annual returns on our December 31, 2020 total portfolio assets of at least 5.47%.
We may incur additional debt. On March 23, 2018, the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2018, which includes the Small Business Credit Availability Act (the “Act”), was signed into law. The Act amends the Investment Company Act to permit a BDC to reduce the required minimum asset coverage ratio applicable to it from 200% to 150%, subject to certain requirements described therein. This reduction significantly increases the amount of debt that BDCs may incur.
Prior to the enactment of the Act, BDCs were required to maintain an asset coverage ratio of at least 200% in order to incur debt or to issue other senior securities. Generally, for every $1.00 of debt incurred or in senior securities issued, a BDC was required to have at least $2.00 of assets immediately following such incurrence or issuance. For those BDCs that satisfy the Act’s disclosure and approval requirements, the minimum asset coverage ratio is reduced such that for every $1.00 of debt incurred or in senior securities issued, a BDC must now have at least $1.50 of assets.
At our 2018 annual meeting of stockholders (the “Annual Meeting”), a majority of our stockholders approved the application of the modified minimum asset coverage requirements set forth in Section 61(a)(2) of the Investment Company Act, to the Company. As a result of such approval, and subject to satisfying certain ongoing disclosure requirements, effective May 4, 2018 the asset coverage ratio test applicable to the Company was decreased from 200% to 150%, permitting us to incur additional leverage and thereby potentially increasing the risk of an investment in us.
Incurring additional indebtedness could increase the risk in investing in our Company. In 2018, our stockholders approved of the reduction of our required minimum asset coverage ratio from 200% to 150%, permitting us to incur additional leverage. The use of leverage magnifies the potential for gain or loss on amounts invested. The use of leverage is generally considered a speculative investment technique and increases the risks associated with investing in our securities.
As of December 31, 2020, we had approximately $118.7 million of total outstanding indebtedness under three series of senior securities (unsecured notes)-the GECCL Notes, the GECCM Notes and the GECCN Notes (each as defined herein)-and our asset coverage ratio was 167.1%. Holders of our GECCL Notes, GECCM Notes and GECCN Notes have fixed dollar claims on our assets that are superior to the claims of our common stockholders, and such holders may seek to recover against our assets in the event of a default.
If we are unable to meet the financial obligations under any of the GECCL Notes, the GECCM Notes or the GECCN Notes, the holders of such indebtedness would have a superior claim to our assets over our common stockholders in the event of a default by us. If the value of our assets decreases, leveraging would cause net asset value to decline more sharply than it otherwise would have had we not leveraged, thereby magnifying losses. Similarly, any decrease in our revenue or income will cause our net income to decline more sharply than it would have had we not borrowed. Such a decline would also negatively affect our ability to make distributions with respect to our common stock. Our ability to service any debt depends largely on our financial performance and is subject to prevailing economic conditions and competitive pressures. Moreover, as the base management fee payable to GECM is payable based on the average value of our total assets, including those assets acquired through the use of leverage, GECM will have a financial incentive to incur leverage, which may not be consistent with our stockholders’ interests. In addition, our common stockholders bear the burden of any increase in our fees or expenses as a result of our use of leverage, including interest expenses and any increase in the base management fee payable to GECM.
If our asset coverage ratio falls below the required limit, we will not be able to incur additional debt until we are able to comply with the asset coverage ratio applicable to us. This could have a material adverse effect on our operations, and we may not be able to make distributions to stockholders. The actual amount of leverage that we employ will depend on GECM’s and our Board’s assessment of market and other factors at the time of any proposed borrowing. We cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain credit at all or on terms acceptable to us.
Incurring additional leverage may magnify our exposure to risks associated with changes in interest rates, including fluctuations in interest rates which could adversely affect our profitability. If we incur additional leverage, general interest rate fluctuations may have a more significant negative impact on our financial condition and results of operations than they would have absent such additional incurrence, and, accordingly, may have a material adverse effect on our investment objectives and rate of return on investment capital. A portion of our income will depend upon the difference between the rate at which we borrow funds and the interest rate on the debt securities in which we invest. Because we may borrow money to make investments and may issue debt securities, preferred stock or other securities, our net investment income is dependent upon the difference between the rate at which we borrow funds or pay interest or dividends on such debt securities, preferred stock or other securities and the rate at which we invest these borrowed funds.
We expect that a majority of our investments in debt will continue to be at floating rates with a floor. As a result, significant increase in market interest rates could result in an increase in our non-performing assets and a decrease in the value of our portfolio because our floating-rate loan portfolio companies may be unable to meet higher payment obligations. In periods of rising interest rates, our cost of funds would increase, resulting in a decrease in our net investment income. Incurring additional leverage will magnify the impact of an increase to our cost of funds. In addition, a decrease in interest rates may reduce net income, because new investments may be made at lower rates despite the increased demand for our capital that the decrease in interest rates may produce. To the extent our additional borrowings are in fixed-rate instruments, we may be required to invest in higher-yield securities in order to cover our interest expense and maintain our current level of return to stockholders, which may increase the risk of an investment in our securities.

---

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
None.

---

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Item 2. Properties.
Our executive offices are located at 800 South Street, Suite 230, Waltham, MA 02453, and are provided by GECM in accordance with the terms of the Administration Agreement.

---

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
A description of our legal proceedings is included in Note 6 of the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2020.

---

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
Market Information
Our common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Global Market (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol “GECC.”
As of March 9, 2021, there were approximately 11 holders of record of the common stock, one of which represents all of our stockholders for whom shares are held in “nominee” or “street name.”
Distributions
We offer no assurance that we will achieve results that will permit the payment of any cash distributions and, if we issue senior securities, we will be prohibited from making distributions if doing so causes us to fail to maintain the asset coverage ratios stipulated by the Investment Company Act or if distributions are limited by the terms of any of our borrowings.
To the extent our taxable earnings fall below the total amount of our distributions for that fiscal year, a portion of those distributions may be deemed a tax-free return of capital to our stockholders. Thus, the source of a distribution to our stockholders may be the original capital invested by the stockholder rather than our taxable ordinary income or capital gains. Stockholders should read any written disclosure accompanying a distribution payment carefully and should not assume that the source of any distribution is our taxable ordinary income or capital gains.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, our distributions were made from distributable earnings. We may not be able to achieve operating results that will allow us to make distributions at a specific level or to increase the amount of these distributions in the future. In addition, we may be limited in our ability to make distributions due to the asset coverage requirements applicable to us as a BDC under the Investment Company Act. If we do not distribute a certain percentage of our income annually, we will suffer adverse tax consequences, including possible loss of favorable regulated investment company tax treatment.
Performance Graph
This graph compares the return on our common stock with that of the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index (the “S&P 500 Index”) and the Nasdaq Financial 100 Index, for the period from November 3, 2016, the date of our Merger, after which our common stock began trading on Nasdaq, through December 31, 2020. The graph assumes that, on November 3, 2016, a person invested $10,000 in each of the S&P 500 Index and the Nasdaq Financial 100 Index, and our common stock at the equivalent closing price of Full Circle’s last day of trading. The graph measures total stockholder return, which takes into account both changes in stock price and dividends. It assumes that dividends paid are reinvested in like securities.
The graph and other information furnished under this Item 5 shall not be deemed to be “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC or subject to Regulation 14A or 14C, or to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Exchange Act. The stock price performance included in the above graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.

---

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Item 6. Selected Financial Data.
The following selected financial data is derived from our consolidated financial statements which have been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm. The data should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” as well as other disclosures included elsewhere in this report.
For the year ended December 31,
For the period from inception through December 31,
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
2016(1)
Statement of Operations Data:
Total Investment Income
$
22,897
$
27,038
$
27,754
$
29,728
$
5,831
Total Gross Expenses(2)
15,731
15,892
12,240
11,959
5,818
Total Net Expenses
15,731
15,892
12,240
12,029
5,738
Net Investment Income
7,149
10,937
15,334
17,575
Net Decrease in Net Assets Resulting from Operations
(31,956
)
(7,547
)
(9,005
)
(2,754
)
(17,874
)
Per Share Data:(3)
Net Investment Income
0.54
1.07
1.44
1.52
0.28
Net Decrease in Net Assets Resulting from Operations
(2.40
)
(0.74
)
(0.85
)
(0.24
)
(0.75
)
Dividends Declared
1.00
1.05
1.24
1.20
0.17
Statement of Assets and Liabilities Data:
Total Assets
$
283,328
$
291,039
$
281,563
$
239,913
$
236,544
Total Net Assets
$
79,615
$
86,889
$
110,116
$
132,287
$
172,984
Other Data:
Total Return based on Market Value(4)
(39.98
)%
15.17
%
(8.35
)%
(5.56
)%
(2.03
)%
Total Return based on Net Asset Value(5)
(49.51
)%
(4.64
)%
(7.31
)%
0.69
%
(5.30
)%
(1)
For the period from November 3, 2016 to December 31, 2016. November 3, 2016 is the date on which the Merger closed; November 4, 2016 is the date on which we began operating as the combined entity resulting from the Merger.
(2)
For the year ended December 31, 2017, this number includes the reversal of a previously accrued estimate of the waiver in the Administration Agreement of approximately $0.07 million. Without such inclusion, total gross expenses would have been approximately $12.0 million.
(3)
The per share data was derived by using the weighted average shares outstanding during the period.
(4)
Total return based on market value does not consider the effect of any sales commissions or charges that may be incurred in connection with the sale of shares of our common stock. Total return based on market value is calculated as the change in market value per share, assuming our distributions were reinvested through our dividend reinvestment plan. For the period ended December 31, 2016, total return based on market value is calculated assuming an opening market value of $12.03 per share, which represents the closing price of Full Circle’s common stock on its last day of trading prior to the Merger, as adjusted by the exchange ratio in the Merger Agreement.
(5)
Total return based on net asset value is calculated as the change in net asset value per share, assuming our distributions were reinvested through our dividend reinvestment plan.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Overview
We are a BDC that seeks to generate both current income and capital appreciation through debt and equity investments. Our investment focus is on debt obligations of middle-market companies which are traded in the institutional credit markets. We invest primarily in the debt of middle-market companies as well as small businesses, generally in the form of senior secured and unsecured notes, as well as senior secured loans, junior loans and mezzanine debt. We will from time to time make investments in preferred equity, control equity investments in specialty finance businesses and equity investments as part of restructuring credits.
On September 27, 2016, we and GECM entered into the Investment Management Agreement and the Administration Agreement, and, upon closing the Merger, we began to accrue obligations to our external investment manager under those agreements. The Investment Management Agreement renews for successive annual periods, subject to requisite Board and/or stockholder approvals.
We have elected to be treated as a RIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a RIC, we will not be taxed on our income to the extent that we distribute such income each year and satisfy other applicable income tax requirements. To qualify as a RIC, we must, among other things, meet source-of-income and asset diversification requirements and annually distribute to our stockholders generally at least 90% of our investment company taxable income on a timely basis. If we qualify as a RIC, we generally will not have to pay corporate level taxes on any income that we distribute to our stockholders.
Investments
Our level of investment activity can and does vary substantially from period to period depending on many factors, including, among others, the amount of debt and equity capital available from other sources to middle-market companies, the level of merger and acquisition activity, pricing in the high yield and leveraged loan credit markets, our expectations of future investment opportunities, the general economic environment as well as the competitive environment for the types of investments we make.
As a BDC, our investments and the composition of our portfolio are required to comply with regulatory requirements. See “Regulation as a Business Development Company” and “Material Federal Income Tax Matters.”
Revenues
We generate revenue primarily from interest on the debt investments that we hold. We may also generate revenue from dividends on the equity investments that we hold, capital gains on the disposition of investments, and lease, fee, and other income. Our investments in fixed income instruments generally have an expected maturity of three to five years, although we have no lower or upper constraint on maturity. Our debt investments generally pay interest quarterly or semi-annually. Payments of principal of our debt investments may be amortized over the stated term of the investment, deferred for several years or due entirely at maturity. In some cases, our debt investments and preferred stock investments may defer payments of cash interest or dividends or PIK. In addition, we may generate revenue in the form of prepayment fees, commitment, origination, due diligence fees, end-of-term or exit fees, fees for providing significant managerial assistance, consulting fees and other investment-related income.
Expenses
Our primary operating expenses include the payment of a base management fee, administration fees (including the allocable portion of overhead under the Administration Agreement), and, depending on our operating results, an incentive fee. The base management fee and incentive fee remunerates GECM for work in identifying, evaluating, negotiating, closing and monitoring our investments. The Administration Agreement provides for reimbursement of costs and expenses incurred for office space rental, office equipment and utilities allocable to us under the Administration Agreement, as well as certain costs and expenses incurred relating to non-investment advisory, administrative or operating services provided by GECM or its affiliates to us. We also bear all other costs and expenses of our operations and transactions. In addition, our expenses include interest on our outstanding indebtedness.
Critical Accounting Policies
Valuation of Portfolio Investments
We value our portfolio investments at fair value based upon the principles and methods of valuation set forth in policies adopted by our Board. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Market participants are buyers and sellers in the principal (or most advantageous) market for the asset that (1) are independent of us; (2) are knowledgeable, having a reasonable understanding about the asset based on all available information (including information that might be obtained through due diligence efforts that are usual and customary); (3) are able to transact for the asset; and (4) are willing to transact for the asset (that is, they are motivated but not forced or otherwise compelled to do so).
Investments for which market quotations are readily available are valued at such market quotations unless the quotations are deemed not to represent fair value. Debt and equity securities for which market quotations are not readily available or for which market quotations are deemed not to represent fair value, are valued at fair value using a valuation process consistent with our Board-approved policy.
Our Board approves in good faith the valuation of our portfolio as of the end of each quarter. Due to the inherent uncertainty and subjectivity of determining the fair value of investments that do not have a readily available market value, the fair value of our investments may differ significantly from the values that would have been used had a readily available market value existed for such investments and may differ materially from the values that we may ultimately realize. In addition, changes in the market environment and other events may impact the market quotations used to value some of our investments.
Those investments for which market quotations are not readily available or for which market quotations are deemed not to represent fair value are valued utilizing a market approach, an income approach, or both approaches, as appropriate. The market approach uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities (including a business). The income approach uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts (for example, cash flows or earnings) to a single present amount (discounted). The measurement is based on the value indicated by current market expectations about those future amounts. In following these approaches, the types of factors that we may take into account in determining the fair value of our investments include, as relevant and among other factors: available current market data, including relevant and applicable market trading and transaction comparables; applicable market yields and multiples, security covenants, call protection provisions, information rights and the nature and realizable value of any collateral, the portfolio company’s ability to make payments, its earnings and discounted cash flows, the markets in which the portfolio company does business, comparisons of financial ratios of peer companies that are public, and merger and acquisition comparables; and enterprise values.
We prefer the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs in our valuation process. Inputs refer broadly to the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset. Observable inputs are inputs that reflect the assumptions market participants would use in pricing an asset developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of us. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect our assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing an asset developed based on the best information available in the circumstances.
Both observable and unobservable inputs are subject to some level of uncertainty and assumptions used bear the risk of change in the future. We utilize the best information available to us, including the factors listed above, in preparing the fair valuations. In determining the fair value of any individual investment, we may use multiple inputs or utilize more than one approach to calculate the fair value to assess the sensitivity to change and determine a reasonable range of fair value. In addition, our valuation procedures include an assessment of the current valuation as compared to the previous valuation for each investment and where differences are material understanding the primary drivers of those changes, incorporating updates to our current valuation inputs and approaches as appropriate.
Revenue Recognition
Interest and dividend income, including PIK income, is recorded on an accrual basis. Origination, structuring, closing, commitment and other upfront fees, including original issue discounts (“OID”), earned with respect to capital commitments are generally amortized or accreted into interest income over the life of the respective debt investment, as are end-of-term or exit fees receivable upon repayment of a debt investment if such fees are fixed in nature. Other fees, including certain amendment fees, prepayment fees and commitment fees on broken deals, and end-of-term or exit fees that have a contingency feature or are variable in nature are recognized as earned. Prepayment fees and similar income due upon the early repayment of a loan or debt security are recognized when earned and are included in interest income.
We may purchase debt investments at a discount to their face value. Discounts on the acquisition of corporate debt instruments are generally amortized using the effective-interest or constant-yield method, unless there are material questions as to collectability.
We assess the outstanding accrued income receivables for collectability at least quarterly, or more frequently if there is an event that indicates the underlying portfolio company may not be able to make the expected payments. If it is determined that amounts are not likely to be paid we may establish a reserve against or reverse the income and put the investment on non-accrual status.
Net Realized Gains (Losses) and Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation)
We measure realized gains or losses by the difference between the net proceeds from the repayment or sale of an investment and the amortized cost basis of the investment, without regard to unrealized appreciation or depreciation previously recognized. Realized gains and losses are computed using the specific identification method.
Net change in unrealized appreciation or depreciation reflects the net change in portfolio investment fair values and portfolio investment cost bases during the reporting period, including the reversal of previously recorded unrealized appreciation or depreciation when gains or losses are realized.
Portfolio and Investment Activity
The following is a summary of our investment activity for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018:
(in thousands)
Acquisitions(1)
Dispositions(2)
Weighted Average Yield
End of Period(3)
Quarter ended March 31, 2018
$
63,220
$
(29,069
)
14.80
%
Quarter ended June 30, 2018
37,927
(27,729
)
11.10
%
Quarter ended September 30, 2018
38,969
(37,991
)
11.60
%
Quarter ended December 31, 2018
34,849
(40,028
)
12.00
%
For the year ended December 31, 2018
174,965
(134,817
)
Quarter ended March 31, 2019
54,846
(59,869
)
11.30
%
Quarter ended June 30, 2019
62,238
(37,802
)
11.40
%
Quarter ended September 30, 2019
45,873
(44,531
)
11.00
%
Quarter ended December 31, 2019
14,800
(9,616
)
10.80
%
For the year ended December 31, 2019
177,757
(151,818
)
Quarter ended March 31, 2020
31,882
(29,420
)
10.00
%
Quarter ended June 30, 2020
15,913
(37,497
)
10.18
%
Quarter ended September 30, 2020
34,495
(18,037
)
10.07
%
Quarter ended December 31, 2020
19,070
(27,039
)
11.72
%
For the year ended December 31, 2020
101,360
(111,993
)
(1)
Includes new investments, additional fundings (inclusive of those on revolving credit facilities), refinancings and capitalized PIK income. Investments in short-term securities, including U.S. Treasury Bills and money market mutual funds, were excluded.
(2)
Includes scheduled principal payments, prepayments, sales, and repayments (inclusive of those on revolving credit facilities). Investments in short-term securities, including U.S. Treasury Bills and money market mutual funds, were excluded.
(3)
Weighted average yield is based upon the stated coupon rate and fair value of outstanding debt securities at the measurement date. Debt securities on non-accrual status are included in the calculation and are treated as having 0% as their applicable interest rate for purposes of this calculation, unless such debt securities are valued at zero.
Portfolio Reconciliation
The following is a reconciliation of the investment portfolio for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018. Investments in short-term securities, including U.S. Treasury Bills and money market mutual funds, are excluded from the table below.
For the Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)
Beginning Investment Portfolio, at fair value
$
197,615
$
184,186
$
164,870
Portfolio Investments acquired(1)
101,360
177,757
174,965
Amortization of premium and accretion of discount, net
4,999
5,982
3,485
Portfolio Investments repaid or sold(2)
(111,993
)
(151,818
)
(134,817
)
Net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments
(29,356
)
(19,792
)
(26,752
)
Net realized gain (loss) on investments
(10,977
)
1,300
2,435
Ending Investment Portfolio, at fair value
$
151,648
$
197,615
$
184,186
(1)
Includes new investments, additional fundings (inclusive of those on revolving credit facilities), refinancings, and capitalized PIK income.
(2)
Includes scheduled principal payments, prepayments, sales, and repayments (inclusive of those on revolving credit facilities).
Portfolio Classification
The following table shows the fair value of our portfolio of investments by industry as of December 31, 2020 and 2019
December 31, 2020
December 31, 2019
Industry
Investments at
Fair Value
Percentage of
Fair Value
Investments at
Fair Value
Percentage of
Fair Value
Wireless Telecommunications Services
$
29,270
19.30
%
$
40,578
20.53
%
Oil & Gas
20,290
13.38
%
-
-
%
Internet Media
18,736
12.35
%
15,923
8.06
%
Specialty Finance
15,760
10.39
%
7,726
3.91
%
Restaurants
10,470
6.91
%
11,972
6.06
%
Construction Materials Manufacturing
9,676
6.38
%
7,792
3.94
%
Food & Staples
8,694
5.73
%
20,975
10.61
%
Retail
6,145
4.05
%
13,470
6.82
%
Apparel & Textile Products
5,154
3.40
%
8,744
4.42
%
Software Services
4,896
3.23
%
25,456
12.88
%
Industrial
4,642
3.06
%
4,200
2.13
%
Metals & Mining
3,996
2.65
%
-
-
%
Radio Broadcasting
3,763
2.48
%
7,795
3.94
%
Transportation Equipment Manufacturing
2,948
1.95
%
-
-
%
Casinos & Gaming
2,820
1.86
%
-
-
%
Wholesale-Apparel, Piece Goods & Notions
2,762
1.82
%
-
-
%
Hotel Operator
1,203
0.79
%
3,361
1.70
%
Technology
0.13
%
-
-
%
Real Estate Services
0.13
%
2,065
1.04
%
Building Cleaning and Maintenance Services
0.11
%
0.41
%
Maritime Security Services
0.01
%
0.02
%
Consumer Finance
-
-
%
1,050
0.53
%
Gaming, Lodging & Restaurants
-
-
%
12,127
6.14
%
Water Transport
-
-
%
8,001
4.05
%
Chemicals
-
-
%
6,917
3.50
%
Consulting
-
-
%
(458
)
(0.23
)%
Telecommunications Services
(160
)
(0.11
)%
(928
)
(0.47
)%
Total
$
151,648
100.00
%
$
197,615
99.99
%
Results of Operations
This “-Results of Operations” discussion should be read in conjunction with the discussion of (“COVID-19”) under “-Recent Developments-COVID 19”.
Investment Income
For the Year Ended December 31,
In Thousands
Per Share(1)
In Thousands
Per Share(1)
Total Investment Income
$
22,897
$
1.71
$
27,038
$
2.64
Interest income
19,210
1.44
24,198
2.36
Dividend income
3,107
0.23
2,070
0.20
Other income
0.04
0.08
(1)
The per share amounts are based on a weighted average of 13,309,463 outstanding common shares for the year ended December 31, 2020 and a weighted average of 10,249,578 outstanding common shares for the year ended December 31, 2019.
Investment income consists of interest income, including net amortization of premium and accretion of discount on loans and debt securities, dividend income and other income, which primarily consists of amendment fees, commitment fees and funding fees on loans. For the years ended years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, income includes non-cash PIK income of $5.7 million, $5.4 million and $8.2 million, respectively.
The decrease in interest income for the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019 is primarily due to exits from certain high income-generating positions, such as PE Facility Solutions, LLC (“PEFS”), and SESAC Holdco II LLC (“SESAC”) in the third quarter of 2019 and Commercial Barge Line Company (“Commercial Barge”) in the first quarter of 2020, as well as general downward trends in the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), the primary base rate referenced in our floating rate debt investments. In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2020, several investments, including Davidzon Radio, Inc. (“Davidzon”), PFS Holdings Corp. (“PFS”) and California Pizza Kitchen (“CPK”) 2nd lien loan, were put on nonaccrual status resulting in lower interest income for the current period than if interest payments had continued per the terms of each respective loan. Investments are expected to remain on non-accrual status absent an indication that interest payments will resume in the future. Both PFS and CPK had workouts in the quarter ended December 31, 2020 which resulted in us receiving new debt and equity positions which are not on non-accrual status as of December 31, 2020.
Dividend income for the year ended December 31, 2020 includes $2.2 million earned from our investment in Prestige Capital Finance, LLC (“Prestige”) and $0.9 million earned from our investment in Crestwood as compared to $1.6 million earned from our investment in Prestige and $0.5 million earned from cash balances invested in short-term investments for the year ended December 31, 2019.
The decrease in other income for the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019 is primarily attributable to commitment and funding fees earned on our May 2019 investment in Avanti’s 1.5 lien senior secured notes.
As discussed under “-Recent Developments”, the full impact of COVID-19 on each of our portfolio companies is not known at this time. Depending on the duration and extent of the disruption to the operations of our portfolio companies, we expect that certain portfolio companies may experience financial distress and may be unable to make future interest payments or dividend distributions resulting in decreased income to the Company. In addition, the year ended December 31, 2020 saw significant decreases in LIBOR, the primary base rate referenced in our floating rate debt investments. If interest rates stay depressed or continue to decrease further and we are otherwise unable to offset these reductions by investing in other debt instruments with higher interest rates we will see further decreases in our investment income.
Expenses
For the Year Ended December 31,
In Thousands
Per Share(1)
In Thousands
Per Share(1)
Total Expenses
$
15,731
$
1.18
$
15,892
$
1.55
Management fees
2,511
0.19
2,953
0.29
Incentive fees
1,020
0.08
2,735
0.26
Total advisory and management fees
$
3,531
$
0.27
$
5,688
$
0.55
Administration fees
0.05
0.10
Directors’ fees
0.01
0.02
Interest expense
9,126
0.69
7,636
0.75
Professional services
1,441
0.11
0.08
Custody fees
-
0.01
Other
0.05
0.05
Income Tax Expense
Excise Tax Expense
-
0.02
(1)
The per share amounts are based on a weighted average of 13,309,463 outstanding common shares for the year ended December 31, 2020 and a weighted average of 10,249,578 outstanding common shares for the year ended December 31, 2019.
Expenses are largely comprised of advisory fees and administration fees paid to GECM and interest expense on our outstanding notes payable. See “-Liquidity and Capital Resources.” Advisory fees include management fees and incentive fees calculated in accordance with the Investment Management Agreement, and administration fees include direct costs reimbursable to GECM under the Administration Agreement and fees paid for sub-administration services.
Overall expenses for the year ended December 31, 2020 were consistent with the year ended December 31, 2019, with decreases in management and incentive fees offset by increases in interest expense and professional services fees. Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2020 increased as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019 due to the issuance of $45.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.50% notes due 2024 (the “GECCN Notes”) in June and July 2019 which resulted in a weighted average outstanding debt balance of $121.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to $103.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. Fees for professional services increased for the year ended December 31, 2020 due to one-time costs, including approximately $0.7 million in legal fees for compliance matters and claims related to certain investments, that are not expected to recur in future periods. Also, other expenses increased by approximately $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the prior year due to additional transfer agency costs incurred in connection with stock distributions during the year.
The decrease in incentive fees for the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the corresponding periods in the prior year is primarily the result of decreases in pre-incentive fee net investment income due to the decreased investment income discussed under “-Investment Income” above and the increase in expenses noted above. In addition, incentive fees for the year ended December 31, 2020 included a reversal of approximately $0.4 million in incentive fees accrued in prior periods. This reversal was primarily attributable to the sale of Commercial Barge in February 2020, for which the resulting proceeds did not fully cover the accreted cost of the investment. Management fees also decreased for the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the prior year due to decreases in management fee assets during the year.
Realized Gains (Losses)
For the Year Ended December 31,
In Thousands
Per Share(1)
In Thousands
Per Share(1)
Net Realized Gain (Loss)
$
(9,749
)
$
(0.73
)
$
1,300
$
0.13
Gross realized gain
4,255
0.32
2,130
0.21
Gross realized loss
(14,004
)
(1.05
)
(830
)
(0.08
)
(1)
The per share amounts are based on a weighted average of 13,309,463 outstanding common shares for the year ended December 31, 2020 and a weighted average of 10,249,578 outstanding common shares for the year ended December 31, 2019.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, net realized losses on investments were primarily driven by the sales of Commercial Barge, The Finance Company (“TFC”), and Full House Resorts, Inc. (“Full House”) during the period, for which we recognized realized losses of $9.8 million, $1.4 million, and $1.3 million, respectively. These losses were partially offset by realized gains on the early repayment of investments, including $1.9 million on our investments in Tensar’s first and second lien loans, $0.4 million on investment in the Duff & Phelps revolver, and $0.3 million on our investment in ASP Chromaflo Technologies Corp.’s second lien loan. Realized gains for the year ended December 31, 2020 also includes approximately $1.2 million in realized gain on repurchases of debt below par.
During the year ended December 31, 2019, we recognized gross realized gains on the sale of our investments in International Wire Group, Inc. (“International Wire”) and Michael Baker International, LLC secured bonds of $1.1 million and $0.4 million, respectively. In addition, we recognized approximately $0.4 million in realized gain due to the acceleration of discount in connection with paydowns. During the year ended December 31, 2019, gross realized losses were primarily related to the realized loss of $0.8 million on the sale of our investment in Sungard Availability Services Capital, Inc. secured loan.
Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation) on Investments
For the Year Ended December 31,
In Thousands
Per Share(1)
In Thousands
Per Share(1)
Net unrealized appreciation/
(depreciation)
$
(29,356
)
$
(2.20
)
$
(19,784
)
$
(1.93
)
Unrealized appreciation
21,363
1.61
4,629
0.45
Unrealized depreciation
(50,719
)
(3.81
)
(24,413
)
(2.38
)
(1)
The per share amounts are based on a weighted average of 13,309,463 outstanding common shares for the year ended December 31, 2020 and a weighted average of 10,249,578 outstanding common shares for the year ended December 31, 2019.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, net unrealized depreciation was largely driven by decreases in portfolio company valuations as compared to the prior year end. Most notably, we recognized unrealized depreciation of $16.1 million on our investment in Avanti 2nd lien secured bond, approximately $8.0 million on our investments in CPK, which went through a restructuring in November, and $4.1 million on our investment in Davidzon.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, unrealized appreciation was primarily due to the sales of Commercial Barge in February and TFC in November, for which we relieved approximately $6.3 million and $1.2 million, respectively, of unrealized losses on the positions as of December 31, 2019. In addition, we had unrealized appreciation due to increases in fair value of investments, including $3.2 million on investment in Crestwood, $2.4 million on our investment in Prestige, and $1.1 million on our investment in APTIM Corp.
For the year ended December 31, 2019, net unrealized depreciation was primarily driven by our investments in Avanti, Commercial Barge, Tru Taj and PFS, for which we recognized unrealized depreciation of $7.9 million, $4.7 million, $4.2 million and $2.1 million, respectively. The net unrealized depreciation for Avanti and Tru Taj are primarily driven by decreases in the fair value of the investment while net unrealized depreciation for Commercial Barge reflects both a decrease in the fair value of the investment and increase in the cost basis of the investment as a result of the accretion of discount.
During the year ended December 31, 2019, we recognized unrealized appreciation of $1.0 million and $0.4 million as result of the sale of our investments in International Wire and SESAC, respectively. In addition, we recognized unrealized appreciation of $0.7 million, $0.6 million and $0.5 million as a result of increased fair value of our investments in Finastra Holdings Group, Ltd., Subcom, LLC, and Mitchell International, Inc., respectively. In the table above, the presentation of gross unrealized appreciation and depreciation amounts for the year ended December 31, 2019 has been updated consistent with the current year presentation which groups the funded and unfunded portion of revolvers together.
Please see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 for a discussion of fiscal year 2018.
As discussed under “-Recent Developments”, we cannot predict the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting impact to our individual portfolio companies or the broader market. It is likely that any recovery may be slow and/or volatile. The current unrealized depreciation on our portfolio may not be reversed in the short-term or at all and we may see further declines in fair value before the pandemic is over.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
This “-Liquidity and Capital Resources” discussion should be read in conjunction with the discussion of COVID-19 under “-Recent Developments-COVID 19”.
At December 31, 2020, we had approximately $52.6 million of cash and cash equivalents and $0.6 million of restricted cash. At December 31, 2020, we had investments in 31 debt instruments across 27 companies, totaling approximately $108.1 million at fair value and ten equity investments in nine companies, totaling approximately $43.5 million at fair value.
In the normal course of business, we may enter into investment agreements under which we commit to make an investment in a portfolio company at some future date or over a specified period of time. As of December 31, 2020, we had approximately $37.8 million in unfunded loan commitments, subject to our approval in certain instances, to provide debt financing to certain of our portfolio companies. We had sufficient cash and other liquid assets on our December 31, 2020 balance sheet to satisfy the unfunded commitments.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, net cash provided by operating activities was approximately $27.4 million, reflecting the purchases and repayments of investments offset by net investment income, including non-cash income related to accretion of discount and PIK income and proceeds from sales of investments and principal payments received. Net cash provided by purchases and proceeds from sales of investments was approximately $19.5 million, reflecting payments for additional investments of $92.5 million, offset by proceeds from principal repayments and sales of $112.0 million. Such amounts include draws and repayments on revolving credit facilities.
For the year ended December 31, 2019, cash used in operating activities was $24.5 million and consisted primarily of investment purchases of $184.0 million, partially offset by proceeds from sales and principal payments of $162.7 million. Other non-cash activity includes $19.8 million of net unrealized depreciation on investments.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, cash provided by financing activities was $21.2 million, which consisted of $31.7 million in proceeds from issuance of common stock which were offset by $1.5 million in offering costs, $5.0 million in distributions to investors, and $4.1 million in repurchases of our debt.
For the year ended December 31, 2019, cash provided by financing activities was $24.9 million, consisting of $42.7 million in proceeds from the issuance of the GECCN Notes offering (discussed under “-Notes Payable” below), partially offset by $12.8 million in distributions to investors and $5.0 million in repurchases of the Company’s common stock through our stock buyback program.
Contractual Obligations
A summary of our significant contractual payment obligations as of December 31, 2020 is as follows:
(in thousands)
Total
Less than
1 year
1-3 years
3-5 years
More than
5 years
Contractual Obligations
GECCL Notes
$
30,293
$
-
$
30,293
$
-
$
-
GECCM Notes
45,610
-
-
45,610
-
GECCN Notes
42,823
-
-
42,823
-
Total
$
118,726
$
-
$
30,293
$
88,433
$
-
We have certain contracts under which we have material future commitments. Under the Investment Management Agreement, GECM provides investment advisory services to us. For providing these services, we pay GECM a fee, consisting of two components: (1) a base management fee based on the average value of our total assets and (2) an incentive fee based on our performance.
We are also party to the Administration Agreement with GECM. Under the Administration Agreement, GECM furnishes us with, or otherwise arranges for the provision of, office facilities, equipment, clerical, bookkeeping, finance, accounting, compliance and record keeping services at such office facilities and other such services as our administrator.
If any of the contractual obligations discussed above are terminated, our costs under any new agreements that we enter into may increase. In addition, we would likely incur significant time and expense in locating alternative parties to provide the services we expect to receive under our Investment Management Agreement and our Administration Agreement. Any new investment management agreement would also be subject to approval by our stockholders.
Both the Investment Management Agreement and the Administration Agreement may be terminated by either party without penalty upon no fewer than 60 days’ written notice to the other.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
There were no off-balance sheet arrangements, including any risk management of commodity pricing or other hedging practices, as of and for the year ended December 31, 2020.
Notes Payable
On September 13, 2017, we sold $28.4 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.50% notes due 2022 (the "GECCL Notes"). On September 29, 2017, we sold an additional $4.3 million of the GECCL Notes upon full exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option. The aggregate principal balance of the GECCL Notes outstanding as of December 31, 2020 is $30.3 million.
The GECCL Notes are our unsecured obligations and rank equal with all of our outstanding and future unsecured unsubordinated indebtedness. The GECCL Notes are effectively subordinated, or junior in right of payment, to any future secured indebtedness that we may incur and structurally subordinated to all future indebtedness and other obligations of our subsidiaries. We pay interest on the GECCL Notes on January 31, April 30, July 31 and October 31 of each year. The GECCL Notes will mature on September 18, 2022 and can be called on, or after, September 18, 2019. Holders of the GECCL Notes do not have the option to have the GECCL Notes repaid prior to the stated maturity date. The GECCL Notes were issued in minimum denominations of $25 and integral multiples of $25 in excess thereof.
On January 11, 2018, we sold $43.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.75% notes due 2025 (the “GECCM Notes” and, together with the GECCL Notes and GECCM Notes, the “Notes”). On January 19, 2018 and February 9, 2018, we sold an additional $1.9 million and $1.5 million, respectively, of the GECCM Notes upon partial exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option. The aggregate principal balance of the GECCM Notes outstanding as of December 31, 2020 is $45.6 million.
The GECCM Notes are our unsecured obligations and rank equal with all of our outstanding and future unsecured unsubordinated indebtedness. The GECCM Notes are effectively subordinated, or junior in right of payment, to any future secured indebtedness that we may incur and structurally subordinated to all future indebtedness and other obligations of our subsidiaries. We pay interest on the GECCM Notes on March 31, June 30, September 30 and December 31 of each year. The GECCM Notes will mature on January 31, 2025 and can be called on, or after, January 31, 2021. Holders of the GECCM Notes do not have the option to have the GECCM Notes repaid prior to the stated maturity date. The GECCM Notes were issued in minimum denominations of $25 and integral multiples of $25 in excess thereof.
On June 18, 2019, we sold $42.5 million in aggregate principal amount of the GECCN Notes, which included $2.5 million of GECCN Notes sold in connection with the partial exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option. On July 5, 2019, we sold an additional $2.5 million of the GECCN Notes upon another partial exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option. The aggregate principal balance of the GECCN Notes outstanding as of December 31, 2020 is $42.8 million.
The GECCN Notes are our unsecured obligations and rank equal with all of our outstanding and future unsecured unsubordinated indebtedness. The GECCN Notes are effectively subordinated, or junior in right of payment, to any future secured indebtedness that we may incur and structurally subordinated to all future indebtedness and other obligations of our subsidiaries. We pay interest on the GECCN Notes on March 31, June 30, September 30 and December 31 of each year beginning September 30, 2019. The GECCN Notes will mature on June 30, 2024 and can be called on, or after, June 30, 2021. Holders of the GECCN Notes do not have the option to have the GECCN Notes repaid prior to the stated maturity date. The GECCN Notes were issued in minimum denominations of $25 and integral multiples of $25 in excess thereof.
We may repurchase the Notes in accordance with the Investment Company Act and the rules promulgated thereunder. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we repurchased $2.3 million in principal amount of the GECCL Notes, $0.8 million in principal amount of the GECCM Notes and $2.2 million in principal amount of the GECCN Notes.
As of December 31, 2020, our asset coverage ratio was approximately 167.1%. We are subject to a minimum asset coverage ratio of 150%.
Recent Developments
Our Board set distributions for the quarter ending June 30, 2021 at a rate of $0.10 per share. All of the distribution is from distributable earnings. The schedule of distribution payment will be established by GECC pursuant to authority granted by our Board. The distribution will be paid in cash.
In January 2021:
•
we sold $1.7 million in par value of California Pizza Kitchen, Inc. (“CPK”) second lien exit term loan at approximately 93% of par value.
•
we purchased $1.1 million in par value of Natural Resource Partners, L.P. unsecured bonds at approximately 92% of par value.
•
we sold 26,500 shares of Crestwood Equity Partners LP Class A Preferred Equity Units for approximately $0.2 million.
•
we purchased $3.6 million in par value of CPK first lien exit term loan at approximately 99% of par value.
•
we sold $2.0 million in par value of APTIM Corp. first lien bonds at approximately 85% of par value.
•
we purchased $2.0 million in par value of Gateway Casinos & Entertainment Limited second lien bonds at approximately 93% of par value.
•
we purchased $2.0 million in par value of National CineMedia LLC first lien bonds at approximately 89% of par value.
•
we received a payment of approximately $0.3 million related to PR Wireless warrants that had previously been written off.
•
we purchased approximately $2.2 million of Special Purpose Acquisition Company (“SPAC”) initial public offerings across 21 companies.
In February 2021:
•
we purchased $3.7 million in par value of Avanti Communications Group, plc 1.125 lien term loan at 100% of par value.
•
we purchased $3.0 million in par value of PetroChoice Holdings Inc. first lien term loan at approximately 97% of par value.
•
we purchased $2.0 million in par value of Natural Resource Partners, L.P. unsecured bonds at approximately 97% of par value.
•
$3.0 million of par value of Viasat, Inc. receivable was redeemed at 100% of par value.
•
$0.2 million of par value of PE Facility Solutions, LLC first lien secured loan B was redeemed at 100% of par value.
•
we received a distribution of approximately $0.1 million from our investment in PE Facility Solutions, LLC common equity.
•
we purchased $5.0 million in par value of Ruby Tuesday Operations LLC first lien term loan at 100% of par value.
•
we purchased approximately $6.9 million of SPAC initial public offerings across 63 companies.
•
we sold one SPAC position for approximately $0.2 million.
In March 2021:
•
we purchased $3.0 million in par value of GEO Group, Inc. unsecured notes at approximately 79% of par value.
•
we sold $1.0 million in par value of APTIM Corp. first lien bonds 86% of par value.
•
we sold 23,500 shares of Crestwood Class A Preferred Equity Units for approximately $0.2 million.
•
we purchased approximately $3.7 million of SPAC initial public offerings across 43 companies.
•
we sold approximately $3.1 million of SPAC positions across 39 companies.
COVID-19
The global outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted economic markets and the economic impact, duration and spread of the COVID-19 virus is uncertain at this time. The operational and financial performance of some of the portfolio companies in which we make investments has been and may further be significantly impacted by COVID-19, which may in turn impact the valuation of our investments, results of our operations and cash flows.
Our investment manager prioritizes the health and safety of employees and in early March 2020, GECM moved to a remote-working model for all employees. In addition, the officers of GECC have maintained regular communications with key service providers, including the fund administration, legal and accounting professionals, noting that those firms have similarly moved to remote-working models to the extent possible. Our employees and key service providers have been able to effectively transition to working remotely while maintaining a consistent level of capabilities and service, however, we will continue to monitor and make adjustments as necessary.
While we have been carefully monitoring the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on our business and the business of our portfolio companies, we have continued to fund our existing debt commitments. In addition, we have continued to make, and expect to continue to make, new investments.
We cannot predict the full impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, including its duration in the United States and worldwide and the magnitude of the economic impact of the outbreak, including with respect to the travel restrictions, business closures and other quarantine measures imposed on service providers and other individuals by various local, state, and federal governmental authorities, as well as non-U.S. governmental authorities. As such, we are unable to predict the duration of any business and supply-chain disruptions, the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic will negatively affect our portfolio companies’ operating results or the impact that such disruptions may have on our results of operations and financial condition. Our portfolio is diversified across multiple industries and the direct and indirect impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic will be dependent on the specific circumstances for each portfolio company. For example, companies that derive revenues through in-person interactions with customers, such as restaurants and retail stores, have been and may be subject to reduced capacity or shutdowns based on local government advisories and regulations. For example, CPK filed for bankruptcy in July 2020. Other companies may be better able to adapt to the changing environment by moving their workforce to a remote-working model and leveraging technology solutions to interact with customers.
Depending on the duration and extent of the disruption to the operations of our portfolio companies, we expect that certain portfolio companies may experience financial distress and possibly default on their financial obligations to us and their other capital providers. We also expect that some of our portfolio companies may significantly curtail business operations, furlough or lay off employees and terminate service providers, and defer capital expenditures if subjected to prolonged and severe financial distress, which would likely impair their business on a permanent basis. These developments would likely result in a decrease in the value of our investment in any such portfolio company.
The COVID-19 pandemic and the related disruption and financial distress experienced by our portfolio companies may have material adverse effects on our investment income, particularly our interest income, received from our investments. In connection with the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, we may need to restructure our investments in some of our portfolio companies, which could result in reduced interest payments, an increase in the amount of PIK interest we receive, or result in permanent write-downs on our investments.
We have had a significant reduction in our net asset value as of December 31, 2020 as compared to our net asset value as of December 31, 2019. The decrease in net asset value as of December 31, 2020 was largely the result of decreases in the fair value of some of our portfolio company investments primarily due to the immediate adverse economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the continuing uncertainty surrounding its long-term impact, as well as the re-pricing of credit risk in the broadly syndicated credit market.
We are also subject to financial risks, including changes in market interest rates. As of December 31, 2020, approximately $105.0 million in principal amount of our debt investments bore interest at variable rates, which are generally based on LIBOR, and many of which are subject to certain floors. In connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. Federal Reserve and other central banks have reduced certain interest rates and LIBOR has decreased. A prolonged reduction in interest rates will reduce our gross investment income and could result in a decrease in our net investment income if such decreases in LIBOR are not offset by a corresponding increase in the spread over LIBOR that we earn on any portfolio investments or a decrease in our operating expenses. See “Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” for an analysis of the impact of hypothetical base rate changes in interest rates.
We will continue to monitor the rapidly evolving situation relating to the COVID-19 pandemic and guidance from U.S. and international authorities, including federal, state and local public health authorities and may take additional actions based on their recommendations. In these circumstances, there may be developments outside our control requiring us to adjust our plan of operation. As such, given the dynamic nature of this situation, we cannot reasonably estimate the impacts of COVID-19 on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows in the future. To the extent our portfolio companies are adversely impacted by the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, it may have a material adverse impact on our future net investment income, the fair value of our portfolio investments, their financial condition and the results of operations and financial condition of our portfolio companies.

---

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
We are subject to financial market risks, including changes in interest rates. As of December 31, 2020, 10 debt investments in our portfolio bore interest at a fixed rate, and the remaining 20 debt investments were at variable rates, representing approximately $85.6 million and $105.0 million in principal debt, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, five debt investments in our portfolio bore interest at a fixed rate, and the remaining 23 debt investments were at variable rates, representing approximately $71.9 million and $174.3 million in principal debt, respectively. The variable rates are based upon the LIBOR.
To illustrate the potential impact of a change in the underlying interest rate on our net investment income, we have assumed a 1%, 2%, and 3% increase and 1%, 2%, and 3% decrease in the underlying LIBOR, and no other change in our portfolio as of December 31, 2020. We have also assumed there are no outstanding floating rate borrowings by the Company. See the following table for the effect the rate changes would have on net investment income.
LIBOR Increase (Decrease)
Increase (decrease) of Net
Investment Income
(in thousands)(1)
3.00%
$1,764
2.00%
1,176
1.00%
0.00%
-
(1.00)%
(27)
(2.00)%
(27)
(3.00)%
(27)
(1)
Several of our debt investments with variable rates contain a LIBOR floor. The actual increase (decrease) of net investment income reflected in the table above takes into account such LIBOR floors to the extent applicable.
Although we believe that this analysis is indicative of our existing interest rate sensitivity at December 31, 2020, it does not adjust for changes in the credit quality, size and composition of our portfolio, and other business developments, including borrowing under a credit facility, that could affect the net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations. Accordingly, no assurances can be given that actual results would not differ materially from the results under this hypothetical analysis.
We may in the future hedge against interest rate fluctuations by using standard hedging instruments such as futures, options and forward contracts. While hedging activities may insulate us against adverse changes in interest rates, they may also limit our ability to participate in the benefits of lower interest rates with respect to the investments in our portfolio with fixed interest rates.

---

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
The financial statements listed in the index to financial statements immediately following the signature page to this report are incorporated herein by reference.

---

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
Not applicable.

---

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of December 31, 2020, we, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act). Based on that evaluation, our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective and provided reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in our periodic filings with the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. However, in evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognized that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Rules 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e)) as of the end of the year covered by this annual report. Based on their evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures are effective.
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. The internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:
▪
Pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;
▪
Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that the Company's transactions are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and;
▪
Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020. In making this assessment, management used the framework established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ("COSO"). As a result of this assessment and based on the criteria in the COSO framework, management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2020, our internal control over financial reporting was effective.
Management's report was not subject to attestation by the Company's independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the SEC that permit the Company to provide only management's report in this annual report.
Attestation Report of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Not applicable.
Changes in Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting
Management did not identify any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fourth fiscal quarter of the year ending December 31, 2020 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

---

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 9B. Other Information.
Not applicable.
PART III

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
The information required by Item 10 will be contained in the Proxy Statement and is hereby incorporated by reference thereto.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Item 11. Executive Compensation.
The information required by Item 11 will be contained in the Proxy Statement and is hereby incorporated by reference thereto.

---

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
The information required by Item 12 will be contained in the Proxy Statement and is hereby incorporated by reference thereto.

---

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information required by Item 13 will be contained in the Proxy Statement and is hereby incorporated by reference thereto.

---

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.
The information required by Item 14 will be contained in the Proxy Statement is hereby incorporated by reference thereto.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.
Financial Statements
The financial statements set forth on the index to financial statements immediately following the signature page to this report are incorporated by reference as if set forth herein.
Financial Statement Schedules
No financial statement schedules are filed herewith because (1) such schedules are not required or (2) the information has been presented in the aforementioned financial statements.
Exhibits
Unless otherwise indicated, all references are to exhibits to the applicable filing by Great Elm Capital Corp. (the “Registrant”) under File No. 814-01211 with the SEC.
Exhibit
Number
Description
2.1
Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of June 23, 2016, by and between Full Circle Capital Corporation and the Registrant (incorporated by reference to the Rule 425 filing on June 27, 2016)
2.2
Subscription Agreement, dated as of June 23, 2016, by and among the Registrant, Forest Investments, Inc. (formerly, Great Elm Capital Group, Inc.) and the investment funds signatory thereto (incorporated by reference to the Rule 425 filing on June 27, 2016)
2.3
Form of Dividend Reinvestment Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 13(d) to the pre-effective amendment to the Registration Statement on Form N-14 (File No. 333-212817) filed on September 26, 2016)
3.1
Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Form 8-K filed on November 7, 2016)
3.2
Bylaws of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2 to the Form N-14 (File No. 333-212817) filed on August 1, 2016)
4.1
Form of certificate for the Registrant’s common stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.5 to the Registration Statement on Form N-14 (File No. 333-212817) filed on August 1, 2016)
4.2
Indenture, dated as of September 18, 2017, by and between the Registrant and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC, as trustee (the “Trustee”) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Form 8-K/A filed on September 21, 2017)
4.3
First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 18, 2017, by and between the Registrant and the Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Form 8-K/A filed on September 21, 2017)
4.4
Global Note, dated September 18, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Form 8-K/A filed on September 19, 2017, as amended September 21, 2017)
4.5
Global Note, dated September 29, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Form 8-K filed on September 29, 2017)
4.6
Second Supplemental Indenture dated as of January 19, 2018, by and between the Registrant and the Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit (d)(3) to the post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement on Form N-2 filed on January 19, 2018)
4.7
Global Note, dated January 19, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit (d)(1) to the post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement on Form N-2 filed on January 19, 2018)
4.8
Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 18, 2019, by and between the Registrant and the Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit (d)(3) to the post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement on Form N-2 (File No. 333-227605) filed on June 18, 2019
4.9
Global Note, dated June 18, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit (d)(1) to the post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement on Form N-2 (File No. 333-227605) filed on June 18, 2019)
4.10*
Description of Registered Securities (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.10 to the Form 10-K filed on March 19, 2020)
10.1
Investment Management Agreement, dated as of September 27, 2016, by and between the Registrant and Great Elm Capital Management, Inc. (“GECM”) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Form 8-K filed on November 7, 2016)
10.2
Administration Agreement, dated as of September 27, 2016, by and between the Registrant and GECM (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Form 8-K filed on November 7, 2016)
10.3
Custodian Agreement, dated as of October 27, 2016 by and between the Registrant and State Street Bank and Trust Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Form 10-K filed on March 30, 2017).
10.4
Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of November 4, 2016, by and among the Registrant and the holders named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Form 8-K filed on November 7, 2016)
10.5
Form of Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Form 8-K filed on November 7, 2016)
10.6
Custody Agreement, dated as of January 2, 2020, by and between the Registrant and U.S. Bank National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Form 10-Q filed on May 11, 2020)
14.1
Code of Ethics (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 14.1 to the Form 10-K filed on March 30, 2017)
14.2
Code of Ethics of GECM (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 14.2 to the Form 10-K filed on March 30, 2017)
31.1*
Certification of the Registrant’s Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”)
31.2*
Certification of the Registrant’s Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”)
32.1*
Certification of the Registrant’s CEO and CFO
*Filed herewith