EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1379041
Filing Year: 2022
Filename: 1379041_10-K_2022_0001379041-22-000021.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1. Business
General
Employers Holdings, Inc. (EHI) is a holding company, which was incorporated in Nevada in 2005, with subsidiaries that are specialty providers of workers' compensation insurance and services focused on select, small businesses engaged in low-to-medium hazard industries. We operate throughout the United States, with the exception of four states that are served exclusively by their state funds. We offer insurance through Employers Insurance Company of Nevada, Employers Compensation Insurance Company, Employers Preferred Insurance Company, Employers Assurance Company and Cerity Insurance Company, each of which have been assigned an A.M. Best Company (A.M. Best) financial strength rating of "A-" (Excellent), which is the 4th highest of 13 A.M. Best ratings.
Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, amendments to those reports, and Proxy Statements for our Annual Meetings of Stockholders are available free of charge on our website at www.employers.com as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. Our website also provides access to reports filed by our directors, executive officers and certain significant stockholders pursuant to Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. In addition, our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers, and charters for the Audit, Board Governance and Nominating, Executive, Finance, Human Capital Management and Compensation, and Risk Management, Technology and Innovation committees of our Board of Directors are available on our website. Copies of these documents may also be obtained free of charge by written request to Investor Relations, 10375 Professional Circle, Reno, Nevada 89521-4802. The SEC also maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains the information that we file electronically with the SEC.
Property and Casualty Insurance in General
A widely-used measure of relative underwriting performance for an insurance company is the combined ratio. Combined ratio is calculated by adding: (i) the ratio of losses and loss adjustment expense (LAE) to earned premiums (known as the "loss and LAE ratio"); (ii) the ratio of commission expenses to earned premiums (known as the "commission expense ratio"); and (iii) the ratio of underwriting and general and administrative expenses to earned premiums (known as the "underwriting expense ratio"), with each component determined in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). A combined ratio under 100% indicates that an insurance company is generating an underwriting profit. A combined ratio over 100% indicates that an insurance company is generating an underwriting loss.
An insurance company’s calendar year loss experience includes loss and LAE movements recognized during any given calendar year regardless of the year in which the underlying insured event actually occurred. An insurance company’s accident year loss experience includes only those loss and LAE movements recognized during the year in which the underlying insured event actually occurred.
In insurance and reinsurance operations, "float" arises when premiums are received before losses and other expenses are paid, an interval that may extend over many years. During that time, the insurer has the opportunity to invest the money, thereby earning investment income and generating investment gains and losses.
Insurance companies operating at a GAAP combined ratio of greater than 100% can be profitable when investment income and net investment gains are taken into account. The length of time between receiving premiums and paying out losses and other expenses, commonly referred to as the "tail," can significantly affect how profitable float can be. Long-tail losses, such as workers' compensation, pay out over longer periods of time which provides us the opportunity to generate significant investment earnings from float.
Underwriting income or loss is determined by deducting losses and LAE, commission expenses, and underwriting and general and administrative expenses from net premiums earned.
Significant Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on our Business
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a reduction in business activity, widespread unemployment, supply chain interruptions, and overall economic instability. All states, including California where we generated 45% of our in-force premiums as of December 31, 2021, have, in recent times imposed various restrictions on business operations and social gatherings. Certain classes of business that we insure, especially those related to the restaurant and hospitality industries, continue to be affected by these restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Further, the impact of inflation on our business and the broader economy, which may be exacerbated by the economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, may also impact our results of operations and financial condition.
New Business Premium Production and Ending Policies In-Force
While new business premium production did not meet our expectations during the first half of 2021, we remain encouraged by the consistent rebound we have experienced since then. For 2021, our new business premiums written were $145.2 million versus $133.3 million in 2020 and $199.8 million in 2019.
We ended the year with a record number of policies in-force, which demonstrates that our policyholders have endured the pandemic and small businesses are actively shopping for workers' compensation coverage. As a result, our new business premium has increased. This growth resulted in part from our appetite expansion efforts which, for 2021, included landscaping, residential janitorial and HVAC maintenance classes.
As vaccination efforts continue and labor market shortages improve, we remain optimistic that rising payrolls will bring further improvement to our top line. In support of this anticipated recovery, we have continued to pursue and advance the significant investments that we have made in delivering a superior customer experience for our independent and digital agents.
Reduction in Underwriting Expenses
Our underwriting expenses in 2021 decreased by 14%, or $23.6 million, from our underwriting expenses in 2020. The 2021 decreases in underwriting expenses resulted from planned expense reductions and employee reductions and departures, which reduced our fixed expenses such as professional fees and compensation, as well as reductions in variable expenses, such as premium taxes and assessments and bad debt expenses, resulting from the decrease in premiums earned.
Fluctuations in Investment Income and Investment Gains and Losses on Fixed Maturity Investments
Our net investment income declined in 2020 and in 2021 in part due to declines in average market interest rates that occurred during those periods. Should interest rates remain at or fall below those historic levels, we would expect to experience future reductions in our net investment income as proceeds from sales, maturities and paydowns of our fixed maturity investments are reinvested into lower-yielding securities. Conversely, should market interest rates increase above those historic levels, we would expect to experience future increases our net investment income as proceeds from sales, maturities and paydowns of our fixed maturity investments are reinvested into higher-yielding securities.
We experienced $69.0 million of pretax net unrealized investment losses on our fixed maturity investments during 2021, which resulted from an increase in market interest rates from December 31, 2020 to December 31, 2021. Subsequent increases in market interest rates have led to further net unrealized investment losses on our fixed maturity investments through the date of the filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Conversely, we experienced $99.9 million and $63.1 million of pretax net unrealized investment gains on our fixed maturity investments during 2019 and 2020, respectively, which resulted from decreases in market interest rates from December 31, 2018 to December 31, 2019 and from December 31, 2019 to December 31, 2020.
Our Strategy
Business Strategy
Our strategy is to pursue profitable growth opportunities across market cycles and maximize total investment returns within the constraints of prudent portfolio management. We pursue profitable growth opportunities by focusing on disciplined underwriting and claims management, utilizing medical provider networks designed to produce superior medical and indemnity outcomes, establishing and maintaining strong, long-term relationships with independent insurance agencies, and developing important alternative distribution channels. We believe that developing and implementing new technologies and capabilities will fundamentally transform and enhance the digital experience of our customers, including: (i) continued investments in new technology, data analytics, and process improvement capabilities focused on improving the agent experience and enhancing agent efficiency; and (ii) the further development of digital insurance solutions, including direct-to-customer workers' compensation coverage. We also continue to execute a number of ongoing business initiatives, including: achieving internal and customer-facing business process excellence; diversifying our risk exposure across geographic markets; and utilizing a multi-company pricing platform and territory-specific pricing.
Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Strategy
We are committed to delivering value to our shareholders while being conscientious of Environmental, Social, and Governance concerns.
Environmental concerns include, among other things, dealing with the current climate crisis as well as environmental sustainability. Social concerns include, among other things, diversity, inclusion, human rights and labor standards. Governance concerns include, among other things, Board of Director and management composition, employee relations, executive and employee compensation, bribery and corruption, and cyber risks, including data protection and privacy.
The Board Governance and Nominating Committee of our Board of Directors periodically reviews our ESG programs, including receiving periodic updates from our management responsible for such activities.
The following highlights several of our most significant ESG concerns and opportunities and outlines our strategy with regard to each:
I. Environmental
Investment Portfolio - While we oversee all our investment activities, we employ several independent investment managers (Investment Managers). Our Investment Managers follow our written investment guidelines, which are approved by the Finance Committee of our Board of Directors. Our asset allocation is reevaluated by management and reviewed by the Finance Committee of the Board of Directors on a quarterly basis. We also utilize our Investment Managers' investment advisory services to assist us in developing a tailored set of portfolio targets and objectives.
Our Investment Managers actively monitor the ability of our bond issuers to repay their obligations, remain competitive, and maintain a strong financial position. Environmental, Social, and Governance criteria are significant components of those considerations.
Each of our Investment Managers are signatories to the United Nations Principles for Responsible Investment Group, an independent non-profit organization that encourages investors to use responsible and sustainable investment practices to enhance returns and better manage risks.
Over the past several years, we have also acknowledged California’s Climate Risk Carbon Initiative and have altered our investment strategy to avoid owning investments that could be in direct conflict with that initiative. This initiative was designed to provide the public with information relating to potential climate change-related financial risks faced by California insurance companies resulting from exposure to fossil fuel-based investments.
Natural Catastrophe Exposure - We purchase a significant amount of catastrophe reinsurance annually, and the models used to develop its potential exposure to natural catastrophes consider the potential effects of climate change. We believe that our largest exposure to natural catastrophes is currently U.S. earthquake risk.
We believe, based on the most recent catastrophe modeling software, that with our current reinsurance protection we could withstand a greater than 1 in 1,000 year U.S. earthquake occurrence.
II. Social
Human Capital - We believe that our employees are among our most important resources and they are critical to our continued success, good name and reputation. Our strategy is to attract and retain responsible, talented and experienced individuals through various initiatives that promote inclusion, diversity and fair pay. Through these initiatives, we seek to create an inclusive and engaged work community, minimize employee turnover, and improve recruitment.
The work environment we create and the way our employees treat and interact with one another affects job satisfaction and the way we perform our jobs. We respect the privacy and dignity of all individuals and recognize that our employees want and deserve a workplace where they are respected and appreciated. All employees must contribute to the creation and maintenance of such an environment.
We are committed to providing equal employment opportunity to qualified applicants without regard to race, creed, color, religion, sex, national origin or ancestry, age, marital status, pregnancy, sexual orientation, gender identification, medical condition, genetic information, disability, veteran status, and/or any other characteristic protected by law. This policy extends to all areas of employment, including recruitment, selection and placement, compensation, promotion and transfer, disciplinary measures, demotion, layoffs and terminations, testing and training, working conditions, awards and benefits, and all other employment-related actions.
We require our employees to follow specific rules of professional conduct that will protect the interests and safety of all employees and the organization. Employees and our Board of Directors are required to familiarize themselves with our comprehensive Code of Business Conduct and Ethics Policy and must remain in compliance with periodic training thereon, which is designed to assist them in conducting business in a legal, professional and ethical manner.
We strive to provide a safe work environment for our employees and will take reasonable steps to prevent unsafe situations and injuries. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, in March 2020 we closed our buildings to our employees and the general public and have since remained in work-from-home mode. We believe that our business can remain fully functional, and can continue to provide uninterrupted service to our policyholders and claimants, while our employees continue to work-from-home.
The Human Capital Management and Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors provides advice and oversight of our policies and strategies in relation to culture and human capital management, including diversity, equity and inclusion.
We had 608 full-time employees at December 31, 2021 and our principal executive offices are located at 10375 Professional Circle in Reno, Nevada.
III. Governance
Board and Management Composition and Conduct - Our Annual Proxy Statements and Annual Reports on Form 10-K provide details regarding the composition of our Board of Directors and our management. As previously mentioned, the Human Capital Management and Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors provides advice, direction and oversight of the Company's policies and strategies in relation to culture and human capital management, including with regard to diversity, equity and inclusion, and is directly responsible for the Company's compensation plans, policies, programs and practices applicable to the chief executive officer and other executive officers, including the Company's executive compensation plans, employee benefit plans, and incentive-compensation and equity-based plans.
All members of our Board of Directors are independent, with the exception of our CEO Katherine Antonello. Our Board of Directors’ Committee Charters, Corporate Governance Guidelines, Related Person Transactions Policy and Procedures, Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, and Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers are posted on the Company's website at www.employers.com.
Information Security and Cybersecurity - Our operations rely on the secure processing, storage, and transmission of personal, confidential, and other information. Our business, including our ability to adequately price products and services, establish reserves, provide an effective and secure service to our customers and report our financial results in a timely and accurate manner, depends significantly on the integrity, availability, and timeliness of the data we maintain, as well as the data held by third party service providers.
In an effort to ensure the privacy, confidentiality, and integrity of this data, we continually enhance our cyber and other information security in order to remain secure against emerging threats, as well as increase our ability to detect, and recover from, a cyber-attack or unauthorized access.
Our Risk Management, Technology and Innovation Committee of the Board of Directors reviews and advises on our: (i) information security and data privacy risks, including the assessment, analysis and mitigation of related risks; and (ii) cybersecurity strategy, including: identification and assessment of internal and external cybersecurity risks; protection against cyber security risks; detection, response and mitigation of negative effects from cyber-attacks.
Equity Capital Strategy
We believe that we have a strong equity capital position. Our equity capital strategy is focused on supporting our business operations by maintaining equity capital levels commensurate with our desired ratings from independent rating agencies, satisfying regulatory constraints and legal requirements, and sustaining a level of financial flexibility to prudently manage our business through insurance and economic cycles while allowing us to take advantage of investment opportunities, including acquisitions of insurance and insurance-related entities, as and when they arise.
We also believe in returning equity capital not needed for these purposes to our stockholders through regular quarterly dividends and, when feasible, common stock repurchases. During the three-year period ending December 31, 2021, we paid dividends on our common stock totaling $87.8 million and we repurchased a total of $209.1 million of our common stock. Any future returns of equity capital to our stockholders are dependent on a variety of factors, including our financial position, holding company liquidity, share price, corporate and regulatory requirements, and any other factors that our Board of Directors deems relevant.
Description of Business
We are a specialty provider of workers' compensation insurance focused on select small businesses in low to medium hazard industries. We employ a disciplined, conservative underwriting approach designed to individually select specific types of businesses, predominantly those in the lowest four of the seven workers' compensation insurance industry-defined hazard groups, that we believe will have fewer and less costly claims relative to other businesses in the same hazard groups. Workers' compensation is provided under a statutory system wherein most employers are required to provide coverage for their employees' medical, disability, vocational rehabilitation, and/or death benefit costs for work-related injuries or illnesses. We provide workers' compensation insurance throughout the United States, with a concentration in California, where 45% of our in-force premiums is generated.
In 1999, the Nevada State Industrial Insurance System (the Fund) entered into a retroactive 100% quota share reinsurance agreement (LPT Agreement) through a loss portfolio transfer transaction with third party reinsurers. The LPT Agreement commenced on June 30, 1999 and will remain in effect until all claims under the covered policies have closed, the LPT Agreement is commuted or terminated, upon the mutual agreement of the parties, or the reinsurers' aggregate maximum limit of liability is exhausted, whichever occurs first. The LPT Agreement does not provide for any additional termination terms. On January 1, 2000, we assumed all of the assets, liabilities and operations of the Fund, including the Fund's rights and obligations associated with the LPT Agreement.
We account for the LPT Agreement as retroactive reinsurance. Upon entry into the LPT Agreement, an initial deferred
reinsurance gain (Deferred Gain) was recorded as a liability on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We are entitled to receive a contingent profit commission under the LPT Agreement. The contingent profit commission is estimated based on both actual paid results to date and projections of expected paid losses under the LPT Agreement.
We had total assets of $3.8 billion and $3.9 billion at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The following table highlights key results of our operations for the last three years.
Years Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
(in millions)
Net premiums written $ 583.1 $ 574.9 $ 691.5
Total revenues 703.1 711.4 835.9
Net income 119.3 119.8 157.1
Our insurance subsidiaries are domiciled in the following states:
State of Domicile
Employers Insurance Company of Nevada (EICN) Nevada
Employers Compensation Insurance Company (ECIC) California
Employers Preferred Insurance Company (EPIC) Florida
Employers Assurance Company (EAC) Florida
Cerity Insurance Company (CIC) New York
Products and Services
Workers' compensation provides insurance coverage for the statutorily prescribed benefits that employers are required to provide to their employees who may be injured or suffer illness in the course of employment. The level of benefits varies by state, the nature and severity of the injury or disease, and the wages of the injured worker. Each state has a statutory, regulatory, and adjudicatory system that sets the amount of wage replacement to be paid, determines the level of medical care required to be provided, establishes the degree of permanent impairment, and specifies the options in selecting healthcare providers. These state laws generally require two types of benefits for injured employees: (a) medical benefits, including expenses related to the diagnosis and treatment of an injury, disease, or both, as well as any required rehabilitation, and (b) indemnity payments, which consist of temporary wage replacement, permanent disability payments, and death benefits to surviving family members.
Disciplined Underwriting
Our strategy is to focus on disciplined underwriting and continually pursue profitable growth opportunities across market cycles when presented. We carefully monitor market trends to assess business opportunities that we expect will meet our pricing and risk standards. We price our policies based on the specific risks associated with each potential insured rather than solely on the industry class in which a potential insured is classified. Our disciplined underwriting approach, workers' compensation specialization, expertise in underwriting small businesses, and data-driven strategies are critical elements of our culture, which we believe allow us to offer competitive prices, while diversifying our risks.
We execute our underwriting processes through automated systems and experienced underwriters with specific knowledge of the local markets in which we operate. We have developed automated underwriting templates for specific classes of business that produce faster quotes when certain underwriting criteria are met. Our underwriting guidelines consider many factors, such as type of business, nature of operations, and risk exposures, and are designed to minimize or prevent underwriting of certain classes of business that we view as being unattractive.
Loss Control Services
Our online loss control services and employee safety tips assist policyholders in evaluating the safety risks of their business and identify cost-effective methods to reduce workplace injuries and illnesses, which can improve their productivity and long term profitability. These services include: (i) hazard analysis and control to evaluate operations and make recommendations for hazard control; (ii) management and supervisory education programs to assist in reinforcing best health and safety practices; and (iii) employee safety presentations and training.
Premium Audit
We conduct premium audits on substantially all of our policyholders annually upon the policy expiration or termination. Premium audits allow us to comply with applicable state and reporting bureau requirements and to verify that policyholders have accurately reported their payroll and employee job classifications. We also selectively perform audit reviews and/or update renewal payroll on policies in certain classes of business or if unusual claims are filed or concerns are raised regarding
projected annual payrolls, which could result in substantial variances at final audit. These variances, which can be significant, may result in adjustments to our written and earned premiums, as well as our net losses and LAE, in the periods in which they become known.
Claims and Medical Case Management
The role of our claims department is to actively and efficiently investigate, evaluate, and pay claims, and to aid injured workers in returning to work in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. We have implemented rigorous claims guidelines and control procedures in our claims units and have claims operations throughout the markets we serve. We also provide medical case management services for those claims that we determine will benefit from such involvement.
We utilize an outcome-based medical network that incorporates predictive analytics to identify medical providers who achieve superior clinical outcomes for our injured workers that allows us to optimize our provider network and enhance the quality of care. We have also implemented a proactive pharmacy benefit management program that, along with our outcome-based medical network, focuses on reducing claims costs and accelerating injured workers' return to work. We have an Injured Employee Hotline that allows employees who are injured at work to receive professional nurse consultation by phone when reporting the claim. This service has proven to reduce overall claims costs and is intended to ensure the injured worker receives appropriate and timely medical care.
In addition to our medical networks, we work closely with local vendors, including attorneys, medical professionals, pharmacy benefits managers, and investigators, to bring local expertise to our reported claims. We pay special attention to reducing costs and have established discounting arrangements with the aforementioned service providers. We use preferred provider organizations, bill review services, and utilization management to closely monitor medical costs. We actively investigate and pursue all types of fraud. We have implemented a medical provider fraud tool that allows us to identify suspicious medical billing and activity within our claims. We also aggressively pursue all subrogation recoveries to mitigate claims costs. Subrogation rights are based upon state and federal laws, as well as the insurance policies we issue. Our fraud and subrogation efforts are handled through dedicated units.
We have implemented a claim triage predictive model nationally that provides us with early identification of those claims likely to develop into large losses. Leveraging this information, we ensure the right resources and strategies are brought to bear on those claims early in the process.
Our claims department also provides claims management services for those claims incurred by the Fund, which were assumed by EICN and are subject to the LPT Agreement with dates of injury prior to July 1, 1995. Additional information regarding the LPT Agreement is set forth under "-Reinsurance-LPT Agreement." We receive a management fee from the third party reinsurers equal to 7% of the loss payments on these claims.
Reportable Segments
We have two reportable segments: Employers and Cerity. Each of these segments represents a separate and distinct underwriting platform through which we conduct our insurance business. This presentation allows the reader, as well as our chief operating decision makers, to objectively analyze the business originated through each of our underwriting platforms.
The nature and composition of each reportable segment and our Corporate and Other activities are as follows:
The Employers segment represents the traditional business offered under our EMPLOYERS brand name through our agents, including business originated from our strategic partnerships and alliances.
The Cerity segment represents the business offered under our Cerity brand name, which includes our direct-to-customer business.
Corporate and Other activities consist of those holding company expenses that are not considered to be underwriting in nature, the financial impact of the LPT agreement, and legacy business assumed and ceded by Cerity Insurance Company. These expenses are not considered to be part of a reportable segment and are not otherwise allocated to a reportable segment.
Information Technology
Core Operating Systems
We believe we have a cost-effective and scalable information technology infrastructure that complements our geographic reach and business model. We continue to invest in technology to automate business processes and advanced data and analytics capabilities that will enable us to reduce our operating costs over the long-term and set a foundation for our future needs. Our technology saves our independent agents, brokers, and policyholders considerable time and maintains our competitiveness in our target markets.
Development and Implementation of New Technologies and Capabilities
We believe that our ongoing plan to develop and implement new technologies and capabilities will fundamentally transform and enhance the digital experience of our customers, including: (i) further investments in new technologies, data analytics, and process improvement capabilities focused on improving the agent experience and enhancing agent efficiency; and (ii) further development of Cerity, which offers digital insurance solutions, including direct-to-customer workers' compensation coverage. We believe that these technological and intellectual capabilities will support our future growth initiatives, provide direct access to workers' compensation insurance to those customers seeking an online experience, provide us with greater pricing precision and flexibility, and promote long-term value creation. As part of our continued technology and process improvement initiatives, we implemented a new comprehensive claims system in 2021, which we believe has enhanced and streamlined our claims handling processes and has positioned us for further improvement.
The development and implementation of these technologies and capabilities has increased our underwriting expenses and underwriting expense ratios in recent years. However, in future periods we expect that these additional expenses will, over time, be more than offset by anticipated new premium writings, improved loss ratios, and operational efficiency gains.
Business Continuity/Disaster Recovery
We maintain business continuity and disaster recovery plans for our critical business functions, including the restoration of information technology infrastructure and applications. We utilize business impact analyses to predict potential consequences of business disruptions, driving creation of our business continuity plans. Additionally, we utilize multi-zone data centers that act as production facilities and as disaster recovery sites for each other.
Cyber Security and Privacy
Our operations rely on the secure processing, storage, and transmission of personal, confidential, and other information. Our business, including our ability to adequately price products and services, establish reserves, provide an effective and secure service to our customers and report our financial results in a timely and accurate manner, depends significantly on the integrity, availability, and timeliness of the data we maintain, as well as the data held by third party service providers.
In an effort to ensure the privacy, confidentiality, and integrity of this data, we continually enhance our cyber and other information security in order to remain secure against emerging threats, as well as increase our ability to detect, and recover from, a cyber-attack or unauthorized access.
Workers' Compensation Premiums
The workers' compensation insurance industry classifies risks into seven hazard groups, as defined by the National Council on Compensation Insurance (NCCI), based on the expected extreme loss per claim, with businesses in the first or lowest group having the lowest expected extreme loss per claim.
We target select small businesses engaged in low to medium hazard industries. Our historical loss experience has been more favorable for lower industry-defined hazard groups than for higher hazard groups. Further, we believe it is generally less costly to service and manage the risks associated with these lower hazard groups. Our underwriters use their local market expertise and disciplined underwriting to select specific types of businesses and risks within the classes of business we underwrite that allow us to generate loss ratios that are better than the industry average.
Our total in-force premiums were $571.4 million, $577.9 million and $664.6 million as of December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. In-force premiums represent the estimated annual premium on all policies that are active and in-force at that date. More specifically, in-force premiums include policy endorsements but excludes final audit premium. We focus on in-force premium because it represents premium that is available for renewal in the future.
The following table sets forth our in-force premiums by hazard group and as a percentage of our total in-force premiums as of December 31:
Hazard
Group 2021 Percentage
of 2021 Total 2020 Percentage
of 2020 Total 2019 Percentage
of 2019 Total
(in millions, except percentages)
A $ 125.6 22.0 % $ 138.1 23.9 % $ 185.4 27.9 %
B 162.8 28.5 161.6 28.0 175.9 26.5
C 173.0 30.3 170.4 29.5 183.2 27.6
D 92.1 16.1 92.1 15.9 103.4 15.6
E 15.1 2.6 12.8 2.2 14.1 2.1
F 2.3 0.4 2.3 0.4 2.0 0.3
G 0.5 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.6 <0.1
Total $ 571.4 100.0 % $ 577.9 100.0 % $ 664.6 100.0 %
In-force premiums for our top ten employer classifications as of December 31, 2021, and as a percentage of our total in-force premiums as of December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 were as follows:
2021 2020 2019
Employer Classifications In-force Premiums Percentage
of Total Percentage
of Total Percentage
of Total
(in millions, except percentages)
Restaurants and Other Eating Places $ 120.4 21.1 % 23.4 % 24.7 %
Traveler Accommodation 41.8 7.3 7.4 7.8
Automobile Dealers 25.9 4.5 5.0 4.4
Automotive Repair and Maintenance 24.1 4.2 4.5 3.7
Offices of Physicians 21.0 3.7 3.7 2.9
Real Estate Management 18.9 3.3 3.6 3.2
Services to Buildings and Dwellings 17.9 3.1 2.5 1.0
Schools 17.1 3.0 2.9 2.3
Other Store Retailers 15.1 2.6 2.8 2.4
Wholesale Stores 14.8 2.6 2.6 2.3
Total $ 317.0 55.4 % 58.4 % 54.7 %
We provide workers' compensation insurance throughout the United States, with the exception of four states that are served exclusively by their state funds. Our business is concentrated in California, which makes the results of our operations more dependent on the trends that are unique to that state and that may differ from national trends. State and federal legislation and regulation, court decisions, local competition, economic and employment trends, and workers' compensation medical cost trends can materially impact our financial results.
As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, our policyholders had average annual in-force premiums of $5,131 and $5,584, respectively. We are not dependent on any single policyholder and the loss of any single policyholder would not have a material adverse effect on our business.
The following table shows our in-force premiums and number of policies in-force for each of our largest states and all other states combined as of December 31:
2021 2020 2019
State In-force Premiums Policies
In-force In-force Premiums Policies
In-force In-force Premiums Policies
In-force
(dollars in millions)
California $ 258.4 40,704 $ 262.0 39,610 $ 329.8 43,079
Florida 41.1 7,989 37.9 6,898 36.3 5,822
New York 24.5 7,307 26.7 6,657 31.7 5,679
Other (43 states and D.C.) 247.4 55,350 251.3 50,341 266.8 44,104
Total $ 571.4 111,350 $ 577.9 103,506 $ 664.6 98,684
From 2019 through 2021, our total in-force premiums decreased 14.0% while the number of policies in-force increased 12.8%. During the same period, our in-force premiums and policy count in California decreased 21.6% and 5.5%, respectively, reflecting, in all periods, our efforts to continue to diversify and grow our business in new and profitable markets and, beginning in 2020, the impact of various restrictions on business operations and social gatherings throughout the state of
California. We cannot be certain how these trends will ultimately impact our future consolidated financial position and results of operations.
Our premiums are generally a function of the applicable premium rate, the amount of the insured's payroll, and if applicable, a factor reflecting the insured's historical loss experience (experience modification factor). Premium rates vary by state according to the nature of the employees' duties and the business of the employer. The premium is computed by applying the applicable premium rate to each class of the insured's payroll after it has been appropriately classified. Total policy premium is determined after applying an experience modification factor and a further adjustment, known as a schedule rating adjustment, and other adjustments, which may be made in certain circumstances, to increase or decrease the policy premium. Schedule rating adjustments are made based on individual risk characteristics of the insured and subject to maximum amounts as established in our premium rate filings.
Our premium rates are based upon actuarial analyses for each state in which we do business, except in administered pricing states, where premium rates are set by state insurance regulators and are adjusted periodically.
The insurance industry is highly competitive, and there is significant competition in the national workers' compensation industry that is based on price, commissions and quality of services. We compete with other specialty workers' compensation carriers, state funds, multi-line insurance companies, professional employer organizations, self-insurance funds, and state insurance pools.
Losses and LAE Reserves and Loss Development
We are directly liable for losses and LAE under the terms of the insurance policies our insurance subsidiaries write. Significant time can elapse between the occurrence of an insured loss, the reporting of the loss to us, and our payment of that loss. Loss reserves are reflected on our Consolidated Balance Sheets under the line item caption "Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses." Estimating reserves is a complex process that involves a considerable degree of judgment by management and is inherently uncertain. Loss reserve estimates represent a significant risk to our business, which we attempt to mitigate by frequently and routinely reviewing loss cost trends.
For a detailed description of our reserves, the judgments, key assumptions and actuarial methodologies that we use to estimate our reserves, see "Item 7 -Management's Discussion and Analysis of Consolidated Financial Condition and Results of Operations -Critical Accounting Policies -Reserves for Losses and LAE" and Note 9 in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Reinsurance
Reinsurance is a transaction between insurance companies in which an original insurer, or ceding company, remits a portion of its premiums to a reinsurer, or assuming company, as payment for the reinsurer assuming a portion of the risk. Excess of loss reinsurance may be written in layers, in which a reinsurer or group of reinsurers accepts a band of coverage in excess of a specified amount, or retention, and up to a specified amount. The ceding company retains any liability exceeding the coverage limits of the reinsurance program. The ceding company also bears the risk of a reinsurer's unwillingness or inability to pay. Consistent with general industry practices, we purchase excess of loss reinsurance to protect us against the impact of large individual, irregularly occurring losses, and aggregate catastrophic losses from natural perils and terrorism, excluding nuclear, biological, chemical, and radiological events. Such reinsurance reduces the magnitude of such losses on our net income and the capital of our insurance subsidiaries.
Excess of Loss Reinsurance
Our current reinsurance program applies to all covered losses occurring between 12:01 a.m. July 1, 2021 and 12:01 a.m. July 1, 2022 and consists of one treaty covering excess of loss and catastrophic loss events in four layers of coverage. Our reinsurance coverage is $190.0 million in excess of our $10.0 million retention on a per occurrence basis, subject to certain exclusions. The coverage under our annual reinsurance programs that ended each of July 1, 2021 and 2020 was $190.0 million in excess of our $10.0 million retention on a per occurrence basis. We are solely responsible for any losses we suffer above $200.0 million except those covered by the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2019 (TRIPRA of 2019). See "-Terrorism Risk Insurance Program." Covered losses that occur prior to expiration or cancellation of the applicable reinsurance agreement continue to be obligations of the subscribing reinsurers, subject to the other conditions in the agreement. The subscribing reinsurers may terminate the agreement only for our breach of the obligations of the agreement. We are responsible for the losses if the subscribing reinsurer cannot or refuses to pay.
The agreement includes certain exclusions for which our subscribing reinsurers are not liable for losses. These exclusions include but are not limited to losses arising from the following: reinsurance assumed by us under pooling arrangements; financial guarantee and insolvency; certain nuclear risks; liability as a member, subscriber, or reinsurer of any pool, syndicate, or association, but not assigned risk plans; liability arising from participation or membership in any insolvency fund; loss or damage caused by war other than acts of terrorism or civil commotion; workers' compensation business covering persons
employed in Minnesota; and any loss or damage caused by any act of terrorism involving biological, chemical, nuclear, or radioactive pollution or contamination. Our underwriting guidelines generally require that insured risks fall within the coverage provided in the reinsurance program. Executive review and approval would be required if we were to write risks outside the reinsurance program.
The agreement provides that we, or any subscribing reinsurer, may request commutation of any outstanding claim or claims 10 years after the effective date of termination or expiration of the agreements and provides a mechanism for the parties to achieve valuation for commutation. We may require a special commutation of the percentage share of any loss in the reinsurance program of any subscribing reinsurer that is in runoff.
We believe that our reinsurance program meets our current needs and that we are sufficiently capitalized.
LPT Agreement
In 1999, the Fund entered into a retroactive 100% quota share reinsurance agreement through a loss portfolio transfer transaction with third party reinsurers. The LPT Agreement commenced on June 30, 1999 and will remain in effect until all claims under the covered policies have closed, the agreement is commuted or terminated upon the mutual agreement of the parties, or the reinsurers' aggregate maximum limit of liability is exhausted, whichever occurs earlier. The LPT Agreement does not provide for any additional termination terms. On January 1, 2000, EICN assumed all of the assets, liabilities and operations of the Fund, including the Fund's rights and obligations associated with the LPT Agreement.
Under the LPT Agreement, the Fund initially ceded $1.5 billion in liabilities for the incurred but unpaid losses and LAE related to claims incurred prior to July 1, 1995, for consideration of $775.0 million in cash. The LPT Agreement, which ceded to the reinsurers substantially all of the Fund's outstanding losses as of June 30, 1999 for claims with original dates of injury prior to July 1, 1995, provides coverage for losses up to $2.0 billion, excluding losses for burial and transportation expenses. The estimated remaining liabilities subject to the LPT Agreement were approximately $328.7 million and $353.5 million, as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively (See Note 10 in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements). Losses and LAE paid with respect to the LPT Agreement totaled approximately $838.8 million and $818.9 million through December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
The reinsurers agreed to assume responsibilities for the claims at the benefit levels which existed in June 1999. The LPT Agreement required each reinsurer to place assets supporting the payment of claims by them in a trust that requires collateral be held at a specified level. The level must not be less than the outstanding reserve for losses and a loss expense allowance equal to 7% of estimated paid losses discounted at a rate of 6%. If the assets held in trust fall below this threshold, we may require the reinsurers to contribute additional assets to maintain the required minimum level of collateral. The value of these assets as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 was $432.5 million and $369.1 million, respectively.
The reinsurers currently party to the LPT Agreement are Chubb Bermuda Insurance Limited, XL Re Limited, and National Indemnity Company. The contract provides that during the term of the agreement all reinsurers need to maintain an A.M. Best financial strength rating of not less than "A-" (Excellent). Currently, each of the reinsurers that are a party to the LPT Agreement has a rating that satisfies this requirement.
We account for the LPT Agreement as retroactive reinsurance. Upon entry into the LPT Agreement, an initial deferred reinsurance gain was recorded as a liability on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as Deferred Gain. We are also entitled to receive a contingent profit commission under the LPT Agreement. The contingent profit commission is estimated based on both actual paid results to date and projections of expected paid losses under the LPT Agreement through June 30, 2024. As of December 31, 2021, our estimate of the ultimate expected contingent profit commission was $69.3 million, of which $55.4 million has been settled.
Recoverability of Reinsurance
Reinsurance holds the assuming reinsurer liable to the ceding company to the extent of the reinsurance; however, it does not discharge the ceding company from its primary liability to its policyholders in the event the reinsurer cannot or refuses to pay its obligations under such reinsurance. We monitor the financial strength of our reinsurers and do not believe that we are currently exposed to any material credit risk as substantially all of our reinsurance is recoverable from large, well-capitalized reinsurance companies with A.M. Best financial strength ratings of "A-" (Excellent), or better. At December 31, 2021, $1.8 million was held as collateral by cash or letters of credit for our reinsurance recoverables and an additional $432.5 million was held in trust accounts for our benefit in support of reinsurance recoverables related to the LPT Agreement.
We review the aging of our reinsurance recoverables on a quarterly basis and no material amounts due from our reinsurers have been written-off as uncollectible since our inception in 2000. At December 31, 2021, we had no reinsurance recoverables on paid losses that were greater than 90 days overdue.
Terrorism Risk Insurance Program
The Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002 (2002 Act) was initially enacted in November 2002, modified and extended in 2005, 2007, 2015, and most recently in 2019. Now known as the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2019 (TRIPRA of 2019), the program is designed to allow the insurance industry and the federal government to share losses from declared terrorist events according to a specific formula, and is in effect until December 31, 2027.
The workers' compensation laws of the various states generally do not permit the exclusion of coverage for losses arising from terrorism or nuclear, biological, chemical, or radiological attacks. In addition, we are not able to limit our losses arising from any one catastrophe or from any one claimant. Our reinsurance policies exclude coverage for losses arising out of nuclear, biological, chemical, or radiological attacks. Under TRIPRA of 2019, federal protection may be provided to the insurance industry for certain acts of foreign and domestic terrorism, including nuclear, biological, chemical, or radiological attacks.
The impacts of any future terrorist acts are unpredictable, and the ultimate impact on our insurance subsidiaries, if any, of losses from any future terrorist acts will depend upon their nature, extent, location, and timing. We monitor the geographic concentration of our policyholders to help mitigate the risk of loss from terrorist acts.
Investments
Our investment portfolio is structured to support our need for: (i) optimizing our risk-adjusted total return; (ii) providing adequate liquidity; (iii) facilitating financial strength and stability; and (iv) ensuring regulatory and legal compliance.
As of December 31, 2021, the total carrying value of our investment portfolio was more than $2.7 billion. These investments provide a steady source of income, which may fluctuate with changes in interest rates and our current investment strategies.
While we oversee all of our investment activities, we employ independent investment managers (Investment Managers). Our Investment Managers follow our written investment guidelines, which are approved by the Finance Committee of the Board of Directors. Our asset allocation is reevaluated by management and reviewed by the Finance Committee of the Board of Directors on a quarterly basis. We also utilize our Investment Managers' investment advisory services to assist us in developing a tailored set of portfolio targets and objectives.
Our Investment Managers monitor the ability of our bond issuers to repay their obligations, remain competitive, and maintain a strong financial position. Environmental, Social and Governance criteria are components of those considerations. Each of our Investment Managers are signatories to the Principles for Responsible Investment Group, an independent non-profit organization that encourages investors to use responsible and sustainable investment practices to enhance returns and better manage risks.
Over the past several years, we have also acknowledged California's Carbon Initiative and have altered our investment strategy to avoid owning investments that could be in direct conflict with that initiative. For example, during 2019 and 2020, we sold a modest portfolio of oil and natural gas limited partnership interests in support of this initiative.
Additional information regarding our investment portfolio, including our approach to managing investment risk, is set forth under "Item 7 -Management's Discussion and Analysis of Consolidated Financial Condition and Results of Operations -Liquidity and Capital Resources -Investments" and "Item 7A -Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk."
Marketing and Distribution
We market our workers' compensation insurance products through independent local, regional, and national agents and brokers, through alternative distribution channels, including our largest partner ADP, Inc. (ADP), and national, regional, and local trade groups and associations, and direct-to-customer.
Independent Insurance Agents and Brokers
We establish and maintain strong, long-term relationships with independent insurance agencies that actively market our products and services. We offer ease of doing business, provide responsive service, and pay competitive commissions. Our sales representatives and underwriters work closely with independent agencies to market and underwrite our business. This results in enhanced understanding of the businesses and risks we underwrite and the needs of prospective customers. We do not delegate underwriting authority to agents or brokers. We are not dependent on any one agency and the loss of any one agency would not be material to our operations.
We had approximately 2,828 independent agencies that marketed and sold our insurance products at December 31, 2021. Independent agencies generated 71.8%, 72.8%, and 75.1% of in-force premiums at December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively, and our largest agency generated two percent or less of our in-force premiums at each of December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019.
Alternative Distribution Channels
We have developed and continue to add to important distribution channels for our products and services that serve as an alternative to our strong independent agency distribution channel. These alternative distribution channels utilize partnerships and alliances with entities such as payroll companies, health care and property and casualty insurers, and digital agents for which we provide workers' compensation insurance coverage. Our workers' compensation insurance products are jointly offered and marketed with and through our partners and alliances.
Alternative distribution channels generated 28.2%, 27.2%, and 24.9% of our in-force premiums as of December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. We believe that the bundling of payroll-related products and services through these relationships contributes to higher retention rates than business generated by our independent agents. These relationships also allow us to access new customers that we may not have access to through our independent agent distribution channel. We continue to actively seek new partnerships and alliances.
A significant concentration of our business is being generated by ADP. ADP is the largest payroll services provider in the United States servicing small and medium-sized businesses. As part of its services, ADP sells our workers' compensation insurance product along with its payroll and accounting services through its insurance agency and field sales staff primarily to small businesses. ADP generated 13.1%, 12.9%, and 11.7% of our in-force premiums as of December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. The majority of this business is written through ADP's small business unit, which has accounts of 1 to 50 employees. Our relationship with ADP is non-exclusive; however, we believe that we are a key partner for ADP in our selected markets and classes of business.
The digital distribution channel utilizes proprietary application programming interfaces (APIs) to submit, quote and bind applications for workers' compensation insurance. Digital agents generated 3.5%, 4.5%, and 4.0% of our in-force premiums as of December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. We continue to actively seek new digital distribution partnerships and expect our current partnerships to continue their growth in this channel.
Direct-to-Customer
To address the changing buying behaviors of small and micro-businesses, we launched Cerity, which offers digital insurance solutions, including direct-to-customer workers' compensation coverage. Cerity is based in Austin, Texas and began offering workers' compensation insurance in the first quarter of 2019. Cerity focuses on classes of business where we believe that customers prefer an online experience.
Competition and Market Conditions
The insurance industry is highly competitive, and there is significant competition in the national workers' compensation industry that is based on price and quality of services. We compete with other specialty workers' compensation carriers, state agencies, multi-line insurance companies, professional employer organizations, self-insurance funds, and state insurance pools. Many of our competitors are significantly larger, more widely known, and/or possess considerably greater financial resources. Our primary competitors are AmTrust Financial Services, Inc., Berkshire Hathaway Homestate Companies, The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc., ICW Group, and Travelers Insurance Group Holdings, Inc.
Regulation
State Insurance Regulation
Insurance companies are subject to regulation and supervision by the insurance regulator in the state in which they are domiciled and, to a lesser extent, other states in which they conduct business. These state agencies have broad regulatory, supervisory, and administrative powers, including, among other things, the power to grant and revoke licenses to transact business, license agencies, set the standards of solvency to be met and maintained, determine the nature of, and limitations on, investments and dividends, approve policy forms and rates in some states, periodically examine financial statements, determine the form and content of required financial statements, set the rates that we may charge in some states, and periodically examine market conduct.
Detailed annual and quarterly financial statements, prepared in accordance with statutory accounting principles (SAP), and other reports are required to be filed with the insurance regulator in each of the states in which we are licensed to transact business. The California Department of Insurance (California DOI), Florida Office of Insurance Regulation (Florida OIR), Nevada Division of Insurance (Nevada DOI), and New York Department of Financial Services (New York DFS) periodically examine the statutory financial statements of their respective domiciliary insurance companies. In 2020, the California DOI, the Nevada DOI, the Florida OIR, and the New York DFS successfully completed financial examinations for ECIC, EICN, EPIC and EAC, and CIC, respectively.
Many states have laws and regulations that limit an insurer's ability to withdraw from a particular market. For example, states may limit an insurer's ability to cancel or not renew policies. Furthermore, certain states prohibit an insurer from withdrawing
one or more lines of business from the state, except pursuant to a plan that is approved by the state insurance regulator. The state insurance regulator may disapprove a plan that may lead to market disruption. We are subject to laws and regulations of this type, and these laws and regulations may restrict our ability to exit unprofitable markets.
Holding Company Regulation. Nearly all states have enacted legislation that regulates insurance holding company systems. Each insurance company in a holding company system is required to register with the insurance regulator of its state of domicile and furnish information concerning the operations of companies within the holding company system that may materially affect the operations, management or financial condition of the insurers within the system. All transactions within a holding company system affecting an insurer must have fair and reasonable terms, the charges or fees for services performed must be reasonable, the insurer's total statutory surplus following any transaction must be both reasonable in relation to its outstanding liabilities and adequate for its needs, and are subject to other standards and requirements established by law and regulation. Notice to state insurance regulators is required prior to the consummation of certain affiliated and other transactions involving our insurance subsidiaries and such transactions may be disapproved by the state insurance regulators.
Pursuant to applicable insurance holding company laws, ECIC is required to register with the California DOI, EPIC and EAC are required to register with the Florida OIR, EICN is required to register with the Nevada DOI, and CIC is required to register with the New York DFS. Additionally, EPIC, EAC and CIC are commercially domiciled in California and are required to register with the California DOI. Under these laws, the respective state insurance regulators may, in addition to performing financial examinations, require disclosure of material transactions, and require prior notice for, or approval of, certain transactions.
Change of Control. Our insurance subsidiaries are domiciled in California, Florida, Nevada, and New York. The insurance laws of these states generally require that any person seeking to acquire control of a domestic insurance company must obtain the prior approval of the state's insurance commissioner. In California, Nevada, and New York, "control" is presumed to exist through the direct or indirect ownership of 10% or more of the voting securities of a domestic insurance company or of any entity that controls a domestic insurance company. In Florida, "control" is generally presumed to exist through the direct or indirect ownership of 5% or more of the voting securities of a domestic insurance company or of any entity that controls a domestic insurance company. In addition, insurance laws in many states in which we are licensed require pre-notification to the state's insurance commissioner of a change in control of a non-domestic insurance company licensed in those states.
Statutory Accounting and Solvency Regulations. State insurance regulators closely monitor the financial condition of insurance companies reflected in financial statements based on SAP and can impose significant financial and operating restrictions on an insurance company that becomes financially impaired under SAP guidelines. State insurance regulators can generally impose restrictions or conditions on the activities of a financially impaired insurance company, including: the transfer or disposition of assets; the withdrawal of funds from bank accounts; payment of dividends or other distributions; the extension of credit or the advancement of loans; and investments of funds, including business acquisitions or combinations.
Financial, Dividend, and Investment Restrictions. State laws require insurance companies to maintain minimum levels of surplus and place limits on the amount of premiums a company may write based on the amount of that company's surplus. These limitations may restrict the rate at which our insurance operations can grow.
State laws also require insurance companies to establish reserves for payments of policyholder liabilities and impose restrictions on the kinds of assets in which insurance companies may invest. These restrictions may require us to invest in assets more conservatively than we would if we were not subject to state restrictions and may prevent us from obtaining as high a return on our assets as we might otherwise be able to realize absent the restrictions.
The ability of EHI to pay dividends on common stock, repurchase common stock, and to pay other expenses will be dependent to a significant extent upon the ability of our insurance subsidiaries (EICN, ECIC, EPIC, EAC, and CIC) to pay dividends to their immediate holding company, Employers Group, Inc. (EGI) and Cerity Group, Inc. (CGI) and, in turn, the ability of EGI and CGI to pay dividends to EHI. Additional information regarding financial, dividend, and investment restrictions is set forth in Note 15 in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Insurance Assessments. All of the states where our insurance subsidiaries are licensed to transact business require property and casualty insurers doing business within the state to pay various insurance assessments. We accrue a liability for estimated insurance assessments as direct premiums are written, losses are recorded, or as other events occur in accordance with various states' laws and regulations, and defer these costs and recognize them as an expense as the related premiums are earned. Various mechanisms exist in some of these states for assessed insurance companies to recover certain assessments. Additional information regarding insurance assessments is set forth in Note 12 in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Pooling Arrangements. As a condition to conducting business in some states, insurance companies are required to participate in mandatory workers' compensation shared market mechanisms, or pooling arrangements, which provide workers' compensation insurance coverage to private businesses that are otherwise unable to obtain coverage.
The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC). The NAIC is a group formed by state insurance regulators to discuss issues and formulate policy with respect to regulation, reporting, and accounting of and by U.S. insurance companies. Although the NAIC has no legislative authority and insurance companies are at all times subject to the laws of their respective domiciliary states and other states in which they conduct business, the NAIC is influential in determining the form in which insurance laws are enacted. Model Insurance Laws, Regulations, and Guidelines (Model Laws) have been promulgated by the NAIC as a minimum standard by which state regulatory systems and regulations are measured. Adoption of state laws that provide for substantially similar regulations to those described in the Model Laws is a requirement for accreditation of state insurance regulatory agencies by the NAIC.
Under the Model Laws, insurers are required to maintain minimum levels of capital based on their investments and operations. These risk-based capital (RBC) requirements provide a standard by which regulators can assess the adequacy of an insurance company's capital and surplus relative to its operations. An insurance company must maintain capital and surplus of at least 200% of the RBC computed by the NAIC's RBC model, known as the "Authorized Control Level" of RBC. At December 31, 2021, each of our insurance subsidiaries had total adjusted capital in excess of the minimum RBC requirements.
The key financial ratios of the NAIC's Insurance Regulatory Information System (IRIS) were developed to assist state regulators in overseeing the financial condition of insurance companies. These ratios are reviewed by financial examiners of the NAIC and state insurance regulators for the purposes of detecting financial distress and preventing insolvency and to select those companies that merit highest priority in the allocation of the regulators' resources. IRIS identifies 13 key financial ratios and specifies a "usual range" for each. Departure from the usual ranges on four or more of the ratios can lead to inquiries from individual state insurance regulators as to certain aspects of an insurer's business. None of our insurance subsidiaries is currently subject to any action by any state regulator with respect to IRIS ratios.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Investing in our common stock involves risks. In evaluating our company, you should carefully consider the risks described below, together with all the information included or incorporated by reference in this report. The risks facing our company include, but are not limited to, those described below. Additional risks that we are not presently aware of or that we currently believe are immaterial may also impair our business operations. The occurrence of one or more of these events could significantly and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, and stock price, and you could lose all or part of your investment.
Operational and Strategic Risks
The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have significantly affected the global and U.S. economies and financial markets, and may further disrupt our operations and the operations of our insureds, agents, and third parties upon which we rely.
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a reduction in business activity, widespread unemployment, supply chain interruptions, and overall economic instability. Certain classes of business that we insure, especially those related to the restaurant and hospitality industries, continue to be affected by restrictions related to the pandemic. Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic to our business could be widespread and material, including, but not limited to, the following:
•employees contracting COVID-19;
•service level disruptions to our agents and insureds;
•business disruption to independent insurance agents and brokers and/or our partners that market and sell our insurance products;
•business disruptions to third parties that we outsource certain business functions to and upon whose technology we rely;
•reductions in our insureds' payrolls upon which our premiums are based;
•temporary or permanent closures of the businesses that we insure;
•continued government mandates and/or legislative changes, including premium grace periods and presumed COVID-19 compensability for all or certain occupational groups;
•changes in the nature of compensable claims, including the potential for increases in frequency and/or severity of claims;
•significant volatility in financial markets that could materially affect our investment portfolio valuations and returns; and
•increased credit risk.
The impact of inflation on our business and the broader economy, which may be exacerbated by the economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, may also impact our results of operations and financial condition. While vaccination efforts continue and most businesses have now reopened, the continued impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, including any increases in infection rates, new variants and renewed governmental action to slow the spread of COVID-19, cannot be estimated at this time.
If we fail to price our insurance policies sufficiently, our business competitiveness, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
Premiums are based on the particular class of business and our estimates of expected losses and LAE and other expenses related to the policies we underwrite. We analyze many factors when pricing a policy, including the policyholder's prior loss history and industry classification. Inaccurate information regarding a policyholder's past claims experience or inaccurate estimates of expected losses and LAE could put us at risk for mispricing our policies, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. For example, when initiating coverage on a policyholder, we must rely on the information provided by the policyholder, agent, or the policyholder's previous insurer(s) to properly estimate future claims expense. In order to set premium rates accurately, we must utilize an appropriate pricing model that correctly assesses risks based on their individual characteristics and takes into account actual and projected industry characteristics.
Intense competition and the fact that we write only a single line of insurance could adversely affect our ability to sell policies at rates that we deem adequate.
The market for workers' compensation insurance products is highly competitive. Competition in our business is based on many factors, including premiums charged, services provided, ease of doing business, financial ratings assigned by independent rating agencies, speed of claims payments, reputation, policyholder dividends, perceived financial strength, and general experience. In some cases, our competitors offer lower priced products than we do. If our competitors offer more competitive prices, policyholder dividends, or payment plans, services or commissions to independent agents, brokers, and other distributors, we could lose market share, have to reduce our premium rates, or increase commission rates, which could adversely affect our profitability. We compete with regional and national insurance companies, professional employer organizations, third-party administrators, self-insured employers, and state insurance funds. Our main competitors vary from state to state, but are usually those companies that offer a full range of services in underwriting, loss control, and claims. We compete on the basis of the services that we offer to our policyholders and on ease of doing business rather than solely on price.
Many of our competitors are significantly larger and possess greater financial, marketing, and management resources than we do. Some of our competitors benefit financially by not being subject to federal income tax. Intense competitive pressure on prices can result from the actions of even a single large competitor. Competitors with more surplus than us have the potential to expand in our markets more quickly than we can and invest more heavily in new technologies. Greater financial resources also permit an insurer to gain market share through more competitive pricing, even if that pricing results in reduced underwriting margins or an underwriting loss.
Many of our competitors are multi-line carriers that can price the workers' compensation insurance they offer at a loss in order to obtain other lines of business at a profit. This creates a competitive disadvantage for us, as we only offer a single line of insurance. For example, a business may find it more efficient or less expensive to purchase multiple lines of commercial insurance coverage from a single carrier. Additionally, we primarily target small businesses, which may be more significantly and disproportionately impacted by a downturn in economic conditions such as those created by the COVID-19 pandemic.
The property and casualty insurance industry is cyclical in nature and is characterized by periods of so-called "soft" market conditions, in which premium rates are stable or falling in relation to the associated loss costs, insurance is readily available, and insurers' profits decline, and by periods of so-called "hard" market conditions, in which rates rise in relation to the associated loss costs, insurance may be more difficult to find, and insurers' profits increase. According to the Insurance Information Institute, since 1970, the property and casualty insurance industry experienced hard market conditions from 1975 to 1978, 1984 to 1987, and 2001 to 2004. Although the financial performance of an individual insurance company is dependent on its own specific business characteristics, the profitability of most workers' compensation insurance companies generally tends to follow this cyclical market pattern. We believe the workers' compensation industry currently has excess underwriting capacity resulting in lower rate levels and smaller profit margins. We continue to experience price competition in our target markets.
Because of cyclicality in the workers' compensation market, due in large part to competition, capacity, and general economic factors, we cannot predict the timing or duration of changes in the market cycle. This cyclical pattern has in the past and could in the future adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. If we are unable to compete effectively, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
Our concentration in California ties our performance to the business, economic, demographic, natural perils, competitive, legislative and regulatory conditions in that state.
Our business is concentrated in California, where we generated 45% of our in-force premiums as of December 31, 2021. Accordingly, the loss environment and unfavorable business, economic, demographic, natural perils, competitive, and regulatory conditions in California, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, could negatively impact our business.
Many California businesses are dependent on tourism revenues, which are, in turn, dependent on a robust economy. A downturn in the national economy or the economy of California, or any other event that causes deterioration in tourism, could adversely impact small businesses, such as restaurants, that we have targeted as customers. The insolvency of a significant
number of small businesses could also have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. California is also exposed to climate and environmental changes, natural perils such as earthquakes and wildfires. In addition, California could be more adversely impacted by pandemics and terrorist acts than most other states due to population density. Additionally, the workers' compensation industry has seen a higher level of claims litigation in California, which could expose us beyond the liabilities currently expected and included on our financial statements. Because of the concentration of our business in California, we may be exposed to losses and business, economic, and regulatory risks or risk from natural perils that are greater than the risks associated with companies with greater geographic diversification.
Single-payer healthcare proposals have been considered in California at various times in the past. Proposals of this nature have typically involved the establishment of a comprehensive, universal single-payer health care coverage program for the benefit of all residents of that state. Under a single-payer system, universal healthcare could potentially cover all injuries, including those that occur in the workplace, which could limit or otherwise eliminate the offering and administration of workers’ compensation insurance coverage by private insurance companies. If any such proposal were to be enacted in the future, it could negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations.
We rely on independent insurance agents, brokers and select distribution partners.
We market and sell the majority of our insurance products through independent, non-exclusive insurance agents and brokers. These agents and brokers are not obligated to promote our products and can and do sell our competitors' products. In addition, these agents and brokers may find it easier to promote the broader range of programs of some of our competitors than to promote our single-line workers' compensation insurance products. Additionally, any disruptions to or changes in the distribution of our insurance products, including Cerity's direct-to-customer workers' compensation insurance offerings or other potential market disruptions, could negatively impact the relationship between us and our independent agents and brokers. The loss or disruption of business from a number of our independent agents and brokers, or the failure or inability of these agents and brokers to successfully market our insurance products including disruptions related to the COVID-19 pandemic, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
ADP, our largest distribution partner, generated 13.1% of our total in-force premiums as of December 31, 2021. Our agreement with ADP is not exclusive. The termination of this agreement, our failure to maintain a good relationship with ADP, or its failure to successfully market our products may materially reduce our revenues and could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. In addition, we are subject to the risk that ADP may face financial difficulties, reputational issues, or problems with respect to its own products and services, any of which may lead to decreased sales of our products and services. Significant industry consolidation among agencies, partners (not limited to ADP), or new entrants to the workers' compensation marketplace could impact our business opportunities and revenues.
We are also subject to credit risk with respect to certain of our insurance agents, brokers and select distribution partners, including ADP, as they collect insurance premiums on our behalf. Any failure to remit such premiums to us or to remit such amounts on a timely basis could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.
We rely on statistical data models and analytics that leverage internal and external data.
We use models to help make decisions related to, among other things, underwriting, pricing, claims management, reserving, capital allocation, and investments. These models incorporate various assumptions and forecasts that are subject to the inherent limitations of any statistical analysis and, as a result, the historical internal and industry data and assumptions used in the models may not accurately reflect the future. As a result, actual results may differ materially from expectations and our results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.
As our industry becomes increasingly reliant on data analytics to improve pricing and be more targeted in marketing, our competitors may have better information or be more efficient in leveraging analytics than we are, which could put us at a competitive disadvantage.
If we are unable to obtain reinsurance or collect on ceded reinsurance, our ability to write new policies and to renew existing policies could be adversely affected and our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
At December 31, 2021, we had $483.8 million of reinsurance recoverables for paid and unpaid losses and LAE, of which $7.5 million was due to us on paid claims.
We purchase reinsurance to protect us against the costs of severe claims and catastrophic events, including natural perils, and acts of terrorism, excluding nuclear, biological, chemical, and radiological events. On July 1, 2021, we entered into a new reinsurance program that is effective through June 30, 2022. The reinsurance program consists of one treaty covering excess of loss and catastrophic loss events in four layers of coverage. Our reinsurance coverage is $190.0 million in excess of our $10.0 million retention on a per occurrence basis, subject to certain exclusions.
The availability, amount, and cost of reinsurance depend on market conditions and our loss experience and may vary significantly. We cannot be certain that our reinsurance agreements will be renewed or replaced prior to their expiration with terms satisfactory to us. If we are unable to renew or replace our reinsurance agreements with terms satisfactory to us, our net liability on individual risks could increase and we would have greater exposure to large and catastrophic losses, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, we are subject to credit risk with respect to our reinsurers, and they may refuse to pay or delay payment of losses we cede to them. We remain liable to our policyholders even if we are unable to make recoveries that we believe we are entitled to under our reinsurance contracts. Losses may not be recovered from our reinsurers until claims are paid and, in the case of long-term workers' compensation cases, the creditworthiness of our reinsurers may change before we can recover amounts that we are entitled to. The inability of any of our reinsurers to meet their financial obligations could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
We obtained reinsurance covering the losses incurred prior to July 1, 1995, and we could be liable for some or all of those losses if the coverage provided by the LPT Agreement proves inadequate or we fail to collect from the reinsurers that are a party to such transaction.
On January 1, 2000, EICN assumed all of the assets, liabilities, and operations of the Fund, including losses incurred by the Fund prior to such date. EICN also assumed the Fund's rights and obligations associated with the LPT Agreement that the Fund entered into with third party reinsurers with respect to its losses incurred prior to July 1, 1995. See "Item 1 -Business -Reinsurance -LPT Agreement." The reinsurers under the LPT Agreement agreed to assume responsibility for the claims at the benefit levels which existed in June 1999. Accordingly, if the Nevada legislature were to increase the benefits payable for the pre-July 1, 1995 claims, we would be responsible for the increased benefit costs to the extent of the legislative increase.
We could be liable for some or all of those ceded losses if the coverage provided by the LPT Agreement proves inadequate or we fail to collect from the reinsurers that are a party to such transaction. As of December 31, 2021, the estimated remaining liabilities subject to the LPT Agreement were $328.7 million. If we are unable to collect on these reinsurance recoverables, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
The LPT Agreement requires each reinsurer to place assets supporting the payment of claims by them in individual trusts that require that collateral be held at a specified level. The collateralization level must not be less than the outstanding reserve for losses and a loss expense allowance equal to 7% of estimated paid losses discounted at a rate of 6%. If the assets held in trust fall below this threshold, we can require the reinsurers to contribute additional assets to maintain the required minimum level. The value of these assets at December 31, 2021 was $432.5 million. If the value of the collateral in the trusts drops below the required minimum level and the reinsurers are unable to contribute additional assets, we could be responsible for substituting a new reinsurer or paying those claims without the benefit of reinsurance. One of the reinsurers has collateralized its obligations under the LPT Agreement by placing shares of stock of a publicly held corporation in a trust. The other reinsurers have placed U.S. treasury and fixed maturity securities in trusts to collateralize their obligations to us. The value of this collateral is subject to market fluctuations.
The LPT Agreement provides us with the ability to commute any contract with the reinsurers to the LPT Agreement if the credit rating of any such reinsurer were to fall below "A-" (Excellent) as determined by A.M. Best.
Financial Risks
We focus on small businesses, and those businesses may be severely and disproportionately impacted by the downturn in economic conditions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a reduction in business activity, widespread unemployment, supply chain interruptions, and overall economic instability. Certain classes of our business that we insure, especially those related to restaurant and hospitality industries, continue to be affected. Restaurants and Other Eating Places is currently our largest class of business, and at December 31, 2021, represented 21% of our in-force premiums.
While vaccination efforts are underway and most businesses have now reopened, the continued impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, including any increases in infection rates, new variants and renewed governmental action to slow the spread of COVID-19, cannot be estimated at this time. Likewise, we cannot estimate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the intermediate or long-term operating models of the classes of business we insure.
A downgrade in our financial strength rating could reduce the amount of business that we are able to write or result in the termination of certain of our agreements with our strategic partners.
Rating agencies rate insurance companies based on financial strength as an indication of an ability to pay claims. Our insurance subsidiaries are currently assigned a group financial strength rating of "A-" (Excellent), by A.M. Best, which is the rating agency that we believe has the most influence on our business. This rating is assigned to companies that, in the opinion of A.M. Best, have demonstrated an excellent overall performance when compared to industry standards. A.M. Best considers
"A-" (Excellent) rated companies to have an excellent ability to meet their ongoing obligations to policyholders. This rating does not refer to our ability to meet non-insurance obligations.
The financial strength ratings of A.M. Best and other rating agencies are subject to periodic review using, among other things, proprietary capital adequacy models, and are subject to revision or withdrawal at any time. Insurers' financial strength ratings are directed toward the concerns of policyholders and insurance agents and are not intended for the protection of investors or as a recommendation to buy, hold, or sell securities. Our competitive position relative to other companies is determined in part by our financial strength rating. A reduction in our A.M. Best rating could adversely affect the amount of business we could write, as well as our relationships with independent agents and brokers and our principal distribution partners, reinsurers, and other business partners.
A.M. Best may increase the frequency and scope of its reviews, and request additional information from the companies that it rates, including additional information regarding the valuation of investment securities held. We cannot predict what actions rating agencies may take, or what actions we may take in response to the actions of rating agencies.
Our liability for losses and LAE is based on estimates and may be inadequate to cover our actual losses and expenses.
We establish and maintain reserves for our estimated losses and LAE. The loss reserves on our financial statements represent an estimate of amounts needed to pay and administer claims with respect to insured claims that have occurred, including claims that have occurred but have not yet been reported to us. Loss reserves are estimates of the ultimate cost of individual claims based on actuarial estimation techniques, are inherently uncertain, and do not represent an exact measure of liability. Additionally, any changes to our claims management and/or actuarial reserving processes could introduce volatility in our estimates of losses and LAE. Any changes in these estimates could be material and could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition during the period the changes are made.
Several factors contribute to the inherent uncertainty in establishing estimated losses, including the length of time to settle long-term, severe cases, the long-term health implications of the COVID-19 pandemic, claim cost inflation (deflation) trends, current and future economic conditions, and uncertainties in the long-term outcome of legislative reforms. Judgment is required in applying actuarial techniques to determine the relevance of historical payment and claim settlement patterns under current facts and circumstances. In certain states, we have a relatively short operating history and must rely on a combination of industry experience and our specific experience regarding claims emergence and payment patterns, medical cost inflation, and claim cost trends, adjusted for future anticipated changes in claims-related and economic trends, as well as regulatory and legislative changes, to establish our best estimate of reserves for losses and LAE. As we receive new information and update our assumptions over time regarding the ultimate liability, our loss reserves may prove to be inadequate to cover our actual losses, and we have in the past made, and may in the future make, adjustments to our reserves based on a number of factors.
We are a holding company with no direct operations. We depend on the ability of our subsidiaries to transfer funds to us to meet our obligations and capital management objectives, and our insurance subsidiaries' ability to pay dividends to us is restricted by law.
EHI is a holding company that transacts substantially all of its business through its operating subsidiaries. Its primary assets are the shares of stock of our insurance subsidiaries. The ability of EHI to meet its operating and financing cash needs and capital management objectives depends on the surplus and earnings of our subsidiaries, and upon the ability of our insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends to EGI and CGI and, in turn, the ability of EGI and CGI to pay dividends to EHI.
Payments of dividends by our insurance subsidiaries are restricted by state insurance laws, including laws establishing minimum solvency and liquidity thresholds. As a result, we may not be able to receive dividends from these subsidiaries and we may not receive dividends in the amounts necessary to meet our holding company obligations. Further, if we were to experience a diminution in dividend payments from these subsidiaries in the future, we may not be able to continue to pay dividends to our stockholders and/or repurchase shares of common stock.
Acts of terrorism and natural, or man-made catastrophes or other disruptive events could materially adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.
Under our workers' compensation policies and applicable laws in the states in which we operate, we are required to provide workers' compensation benefits for losses arising from acts of terrorism. The impact of any terrorist act is unpredictable, and the ultimate impact on us would depend upon the nature, extent, location, and timing of such an act. We would be particularly adversely affected by a terrorist act affecting any metropolitan area where our policyholders have a large concentration of workers.
Notwithstanding the protection provided by the reinsurance we have purchased and any protection provided by the 2002 Act, or its extension, TRIPRA of 2019, the risk of severe losses to us from acts of terrorism has not been eliminated because our excess of loss reinsurance treaty program contains various sub-limits and exclusions limiting our reinsurers' obligation to cover losses caused by acts of terrorism. Our excess of loss reinsurance treaties do not protect against nuclear, biological, chemical, or
radiological events. If such an event were to impact one or more of the businesses we insure, we would be entirely responsible for any workers' compensation claims arising out of such event, subject to the terms of the 2002 Act and TRIPRA of 2019 and could suffer substantial losses as a result.
Our operations also expose us to claims arising out of natural or man-made catastrophes because we may be required to pay benefits to workers who are injured in the workplace as a result of a catastrophe. Catastrophes can be caused by various unpredictable events, either natural or man-made. Any catastrophe occurring in the communities in which we operate or that have significant impacts on one or more of our targeted classes of business could expose us to potentially substantial losses and, accordingly, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Acts of terrorism, natural or man-made catastrophes or other disruptive events, including social unrest, can also affect our business due to resulting temporary or permanent closures of our insured’s businesses, even if there are no claims arising from such event.
Regulatory and Legal Risks
The insurance business is subject to extensive regulation and legislative changes, which impact the manner in which we operate our business.
Our insurance business is subject to extensive regulation by the applicable state agencies in the jurisdictions in which we operate, most significantly by the insurance regulators in California, Florida, Nevada, and New York, the states in which our insurance subsidiaries are domiciled. Changes in laws and regulations could have a significant negative impact on our business.
More generally, insurance regulators have broad regulatory powers designed to protect policyholders and claimants, and not stockholders or other investors.
Regulations vary from state to state, but typically address or include:
•standards of solvency, including RBC measurements;
•restrictions on the nature, quality, and concentration of investments;
•restrictions on the types of terms that we can include in the insurance policies we offer;
•mandates that may affect wage replacement and medical care benefits paid under the workers' compensation system;
•requirements for the handling and reporting of claims and procedures for adjusting claims;
•restrictions on the way rates are developed and premiums are determined;
•the manner in which agents may be appointed;
•establishment of liabilities for unearned premiums, unpaid losses and LAE;
•limitations on our ability to transact business with affiliates;
•environmental, social and governance-related requirements;
•mergers, acquisitions, and divestitures involving our insurance subsidiaries;
•licensing requirements and approvals that affect our ability to do business;
•applicable privacy laws;
•cyber-security laws and regulations;
•potential assessments for the settlement of covered claims under insurance policies issued by impaired, insolvent, or failed insurance companies or other assessments imposed by regulatory agencies; and
•the amount of dividends that our insurance subsidiaries may pay to EGI and CGI and, in turn, the ability of EGI and CGI to pay dividends to EHI.
Workers' compensation insurance is statutorily provided for in all of the states in which we do business. State laws and regulations specify the form and content of policy coverage and the rights and benefits that are available to injured workers, their representatives, and medical providers. Additionally, any retrospective change in regulatory required benefits could materially increase the benefits costs that we would be responsible for to the extent of the legislative increase.
Legislation and regulation impact our ability to investigate fraud and other abuses of the workers' compensation system in the states in which we do business. Our relationships with medical providers are also impacted by legislation and regulation, including penalties for failure to make timely payments.
Federal legislation typically does not directly impact our workers' compensation business, but our business can be indirectly affected by changes in healthcare, occupational safety and health, and tax and financial regulations. Since healthcare costs are the largest component of our loss costs, we may be impacted by changes in healthcare legislation, which could affect healthcare costs and delivery in the future. There is also the possibility of federal regulation of insurance.
This extensive regulation of our business may affect the cost or demand for our products and may limit our ability to obtain rate increases or to take other actions that we might desire to maintain our profitability. In addition, we may be unable to maintain all required approvals or comply fully with applicable laws and regulations, or the relevant governmental authority's interpretation of such laws and regulations. If that were to occur, we might lose our ability to conduct business in certain
jurisdictions. Further, changes in the level of regulation of the insurance industry or changes in laws or regulations or interpretations by regulatory authorities could impact our operations, require us to bear additional costs of compliance, and impact our profitability.
Government mandates and legislative changes related to the COVID-19 pandemic, including re-enacting mandated premium refunds or credits, extended premium grace periods, and presumed COVID-19 compensability for all or certain occupational groups, have impacted and could continue to impact our operational processes and financial results. For example, premium grace periods could significantly increase our bad debt expenses and decrease our liquidity. Similarly, prolonged declines in our insureds' payrolls, upon which our premiums are based, could significantly decrease our premium volume and increase our expense ratio. Furthermore, the presumption of COVID-19 compensability for all or certain occupational groups and the long-term health implications from the COVID-19 pandemic could significantly increase the frequency and severity of our compensable claims and increase our losses and LAE.
Single-payer healthcare proposals have been considered by the U.S. Government and certain states, including California, at various times in the past. Proposals of this nature have typically involved the establishment of a comprehensive, universal single-payer health care coverage program for the benefit of all residents of a particular jurisdiction. Under a single-payer system, universal healthcare could potentially cover all injuries, including those that occur in the workplace, which could limit or otherwise eliminate the offering and administration of workers’ compensation insurance coverage by private insurance companies. If any such proposal were to be enacted in the future, it could negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations.
Administrative proceedings, legal actions, or judicial decisions involving our insurance subsidiaries could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our insurance subsidiaries are involved in various administrative proceedings and legal actions in the normal course of their business and could be impacted by adverse judicial decisions. Our subsidiaries have responded to such actions and intend to defend these claims. These claims or decisions concern issues including eligibility for workers' compensation insurance coverage or benefits, the extent of injuries, wage determinations, disability ratings, and bad faith and extra-contractual liability. Adverse decisions in administrative proceedings, legal actions, or judicial decisions could require us to pay significant amounts in the aggregate or to change the manner in which we administer claims, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Assessments and other surcharges for guaranty funds, second injury funds, and other mandatory pooling arrangements may reduce our profitability.
All states require insurance companies licensed to do business in their state to bear a portion of the unfunded obligations of insolvent insurance companies. These obligations are funded by assessments that can be expected to continue in the future in the states in which we operate. Many states also have laws that establish second injury funds to provide compensation to injured employees for aggravation of a prior condition or injury, which are funded by either assessments based on paid losses or premium. In addition, as a condition to the ability to conduct business in some states, insurance companies are required to participate in mandatory workers' compensation shared market mechanisms or pooling arrangements, which provide workers' compensation insurance coverage from private insurers. The effect of these assessments and mandatory shared market mechanisms or changes in them could reduce our profitability in any given period or limit our ability to grow our business.
State insurance laws, certain provisions of our charter documents, and Nevada corporation law could prevent or delay a change in control that could be beneficial to us and our stockholders.
Our insurance subsidiaries are domiciled in California, Florida, Nevada, and New York. The insurance laws of these states generally require that any person seeking to acquire control of a domestic insurance company obtain the prior approval of the state's insurance commissioner. In California, Nevada, and New York, "control" is presumed to exist through the direct or indirect ownership of 10% or more of the voting securities of a domestic insurance company or of any entity that controls a domestic insurance company. In Florida, "control" is generally presumed to exist through the direct or indirect ownership of 5% or more of the voting securities of a domestic insurance company or of any entity that controls a domestic insurance company. In addition, insurance laws in many states in which we are licensed require pre-notification to the state's insurance commissioner of a change in control of a non-domestic insurance company licensed in those states. Because we have insurance subsidiaries domiciled in California, Florida, Nevada, and New York, any transaction that would constitute a change in control of us would generally require the party attempting to acquire control to obtain the prior approval of the insurance commissioners of these states and may require pre-notification of the change of control in these or other states in which we are licensed to transact business. The time required to obtain these approvals may result in a material delay of, or deter, any such transaction. These laws may discourage potential acquisition proposals or tender offers, and may delay, deter, or prevent a change of control, even if the acquisition proposal or tender offer is favorable to our stockholders.
Provisions of our amended and restated articles of incorporation and amended and restated by-laws could discourage, delay, or prevent a merger, acquisition, or other change in control of us, even if our stockholders might consider such a change in control
to be favorable. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for stockholders to elect Directors and take other corporate actions. In particular, our amended and restated articles of incorporation and amended and restated by-laws currently include provisions:
•eliminating the ability of our stockholders to call special meetings of stockholders;
•permitting our Board of Directors to issue preferred stock in one or more series;
•imposing advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our Board of Directors and/or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by stockholders at the stockholder meetings; and
•prohibiting stockholder action by written consent, thereby limiting stockholder action to that taken at an annual or special meeting of our stockholders.
These provisions may make it difficult for stockholders to replace Directors and could have the effect of discouraging a future takeover attempt that is not approved by our Board of Directors, but which stockholders might consider favorable. Additionally, these provisions could limit the price that investors are willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock.
General Risk Factors
We may be unable to realize our investment objectives, and economic conditions in the financial markets could lead to investment losses.
Investment income is an important component of our revenue and net income. Our investment portfolio is managed by independent asset managers that operate under investment guidelines approved by the Finance Committee of the Board of Directors. Although these guidelines stress diversification and capital preservation, our investments are subject to a variety of risks that are beyond our control, including risks related to general economic conditions, interest rate fluctuations or prolonged periods of low interest rates, and market volatility. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental fiscal and monetary policies and domestic and international economic and political conditions. These and other factors affect the capital markets and, consequently, the value of our investment portfolio.
We are exposed to significant financial risks related to the capital markets, including the risk of potential economic loss principally arising from adverse changes in the fair value of financial instruments. The major components of market risk affecting us are credit risk, interest rate risk, equity price risk and effects of inflation. For more information regarding market risk, see "Item 7A - Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk."
The future outlook for our investment income is dependent on the direction of interest rates, maturity schedules, and cash available for investment. Should market interest rates remain at current levels, we expect to experience further reductions in our investment income as proceeds from sales, maturities and paydowns of our fixed maturity investments are reinvested into lower-yielding securities until such time that market interest rates return to levels at or in excess of the book yield of our fixed maturity investments. In addition, the fair value of our fixed maturity securities that are available-for-sale (AFS) fluctuate with changes in interest rates and credit risk assumptions, which cause fluctuations in our stockholders' equity, net income and comprehensive income. Any significant decline in our investment income or the value of our investments as a result of changes in interest rates, deterioration in the credit of companies or municipalities in which we have invested, decreased dividend payments, general market conditions, or events that have an adverse impact on any particular industry or geographic region in which we hold significant investments could have an adverse effect on our net income and, as a result, on our stockholders' equity and policyholder surplus.
The valuation of our investments, including the determination of the amount of charges and impairments, includes estimates and assumptions and could result in changes to investment valuations. Our determinations, including the use of valuation models, pricing services and other techniques, can have a material effect on the valuation of our investments which may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
We regularly review the valuation of our portfolio of fixed maturity investments, including the identification of other-than-temporary declines in fair value and current expected credit losses (CECL). The determination of the amount of impairments and/or credit losses recognized on our investments is based on our periodic evaluation and assessment of our investments and known and inherent risks associated with the various asset classes. There can be no assurance that we have accurately determined the level of impairments and/or credit losses reflected on our financial statements and additional provisions may need to be recognized in the future. Further, historical trends may not be indicative of future impairments and/or credit losses.
We may require additional capital in the future, which may not be available to us or may be available only on unfavorable terms.
Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including state regulatory requirements, our ability to write new business successfully, and to establish premium rates and reserves at levels sufficient to cover losses. If we have to raise additional capital, equity or debt financing may not be available on terms that are favorable to us. In the case of equity financings, there could be dilution to our stockholders and the securities may have rights, preferences, and privileges senior to
our common stock. In the case of debt financings, we may be subject to covenants that restrict our ability to freely operate our business. If we cannot obtain adequate capital on favorable terms or at all, we may be unable to implement our future growth or operating plans and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
The capital and credit markets continue to experience volatility and disruption that could negatively affect market liquidity. These conditions have, at times, produced downward pressure on stock prices and limited the availability of credit for certain issuers without regard to those issuers' underlying financial strength. In addition, we could be forced to delay raising capital or be unable to raise capital on favorable terms, or at all, which could decrease our profitability, significantly reduce our financial flexibility, and cause rating agencies to reevaluate our financial strength ratings.
Our business is largely dependent on the efforts of our executives and other key employees because of their industry and technical expertise, knowledge of our markets, and relationships with the independent agents and brokers and partners that sell our products.
Our success depends in substantial part upon our ability to attract and retain qualified executive officers, experienced underwriting and claims personnel, and other skilled employees who are knowledgeable about our business. The current success of our business is dependent in significant part on the efforts of our executive officers. Many of our regional and local executives are also important to our operations because of their industry expertise, knowledge of our markets, and relationships with the independent agents and brokers who sell our products. The current labor market tightness, including impacts from the “Great Resignation,” may lead to increased staffing expenses and/or increased turnover rates among key personnel. As a result, our operations may be disrupted and/or our financial performance and results of operations may be adversely affected. Further, if we were to lose the services of members of our management team or key regional or local employees, we may be unable to find replacements satisfactory to us and our business, which could disrupt our operations and adversely impact our financial performance and results of operations.
We rely on our information technology and telecommunication systems, including those of third parties that we outsource certain business functions to, and the failure of these systems or cyber-attacks on these systems could materially and adversely affect our business.
Our business is highly dependent upon the successful and uninterrupted functioning of our information technology and telecommunications systems. We rely on these systems to process and generate new and renewal business, provide customer service, administer and make payments on claims, facilitate collections, and automatically underwrite and administer the policies we write. The failure of a key third party or any of our systems could interrupt our operations or materially impact our ability to evaluate and write new business. We outsource certain business functions to third parties and our information technology and telecommunications systems interface with and depend on third-party systems, which may expose us to increased risk related to data and information security. Additionally, we could experience service disruptions if demand for such services exceeds capacity or such third-party systems fail or experience interruptions. Any administrative or technical controls and other preventative actions we take or require such service providers to take to reduce the risk of cyber-attacks or system failures may be insufficient to prevent such attacks or other security breaches. Cyber-attacks resulting in a breach of security could jeopardize the privacy, confidentiality, and integrity of our data or our customers' data, which could harm our reputation and expose us to potential liability.
Certain events outside of our control, including cyber-attacks, natural catastrophes, or other failures or outages to information technology and telecommunications systems that we rely on, could render our systems inoperable such that we would be unable to service our agents, insureds, and injured workers, generate and service direct-to-customer business, or meet certain regulatory requirements. If such an event were to occur, there is no guarantee that our existing business continuity plans would be sufficient to restore our systems or secure our data within a reasonable time-frame and, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
A failure to effectively maintain, enhance and modernize our information technology systems, effectively develop and deploy new technologies, and execute new business initiatives, could adversely affect our business.
Our success depends on our ability to maintain effective information technology systems, to enhance those systems to better support our business in an efficient and cost-effective manner, and to develop new technologies and capabilities in pursuit of our long-term strategy. We have multiple initiatives that are focused on developing new technologies and capabilities and enhancing our information technology infrastructure. Some technology development and new business initiatives are long-term in nature, may negatively impact our expense ratios as we invest in the projects, may cost more than anticipated to complete, or may not be completed. Additionally, these initiatives may be more time-consuming than anticipated, may not deliver the expected benefits upon completion, and/or may need to be replaced or become obsolete more quickly than expected, all of which could result in accelerated recognition of expenses. If we fail to successfully execute on new business initiatives, fail to maintain or enhance our existing information technology systems, or if we were to experience failure in developing and implementing new technologies, our relationships, ability to do business with our clients and/or our competitive position may be adversely affected. We could also experience other adverse consequences, including additional costs or write-offs of
capitalized costs, unfavorable underwriting and reserving decisions, internal control deficiencies, and information security breaches resulting in loss or inappropriate disclosure of data.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Item 2. Properties
As of February 1, 2022, we leased 132,788 square feet of office space in 5 states, including our principal executive offices located in Reno, Nevada. As a result of the effectiveness of our work-from-home transition, in 2021 we reduced our real estate footprint by closing and vacating certain of our offices located in California, North Carolina and Wisconsin. Whereas we believe that our existing office space is adequate for our current needs, we will continue to evaluate our office needs and may further reduce our real estate footprint in the future.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
From time to time, we are involved in pending and threatened litigation in the normal course of business in which claims for monetary damages are asserted and/or insurance or reinsurance coverage is disputed.
Expected or actual reductions in our reinsurance recoveries due to reinsurance coverage disputes (as opposed to a reinsurer's inability to pay) are not recorded as an uncollectible reinsurance recoverable. Rather, they are factored into the determination of, and are reflected in, our net loss and LAE reserves.
In the opinion of management, the ultimate liability, if any, arising from such pending or threatened litigation is not expected to have a material effect on our result of operations, liquidity, or financial position.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Market Information, Holders, and Stockholder Dividends
Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the symbol "EIG." There were 765 registered holders of record as of February 17, 2022.
We currently expect that quarterly cash dividends will continue to be declared and paid to our stockholders in the future; however, any determination to declare and pay additional or future dividends will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will be dependent upon:
•the surplus and earnings of our insurance subsidiaries and their ability to pay dividends and/or other statutorily permissible payments to their parent;
•our results of operations and cash flows;
•our financial position and capital requirements;
•general business conditions;
•any legal, tax, regulatory, and/or contractual restrictions on the payment of dividends; and
•any other factors our Board of Directors deems relevant.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
We have repurchased shares of our common stock during each of the periods presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. However, any determination as to whether we will continue to repurchase shares of our common stock in the future will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will be dependent upon:
•the surplus and earnings of our insurance subsidiaries and their ability to pay dividends and/or other statutorily permissible payments to their parent;
•our results of operations and cash flows;
•our financial position and capital requirements;
•general business and social economic conditions;
•any legal, tax, regulatory, and/or contractual restrictions on repurchases of our common stock; and
•any other factors our Board of Directors deems relevant.
The following table provides information with respect to the Company's repurchases of its common stock during the quarter ended December 31, 2021:
Period Total Number of Shares Purchased Average
Price Paid
Per Share(1)
Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Program Approximate
Dollar Value of Shares that
May Yet be Purchased Under the Program(2)
(in millions)
October 1 - October 31, 2021 - $ - - $ 36.7
November 1 - November 30, 2021 144,971 39.42 144,971 31.0
December 1 - December 31, 2021 78,591 40.01 78,591 27.9
Total 223,562 $ 39.63 223,562
(1)Includes fees and commissions paid on stock repurchases.
(2)On July 21, 2021, the Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase authorization for repurchases of up to $50.0 million of the Company's common stock from July 27, 2021 through December 31, 2022 (the 2021 Program). The 2021 Program replaces the 2018 Program, which expired on June 30, 2021. The 2021 Program provides that shares may be purchased at prevailing market prices through a variety of methods, including open market or private transactions, in accordance with applicable laws and regulations and as determined by management. The timing and actual number of shares that may be repurchased will depend on a variety of factors, including the share price, corporate and regulatory requirements, and other market and economic conditions. Repurchases under the 2021 Program may be commenced, modified, or suspended from time to time without prior notice, and the program may be suspended or discontinued at any time.
Performance Graph
The following information compares the cumulative total return on $100 invested in the common stock of EHI, ticker symbol EIG, for the period commencing at the close of market on December 31, 2016 and ending on December 31, 2021 with the cumulative total return on $100 invested in each of the Standard and Poor's (S&P) 500 Index (S&P 500) and the Standard and Poor's 500 Property-Casualty Insurance Index (S&P P&C Insurance Index). The calculation of cumulative total return assumes the reinvestment of dividends. The following graph and related information shall not be deemed to be "soliciting material" or to be "filed" with the SEC, nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any filing pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate it by reference into such filing.
Employers Holdings, Inc.
Cumulative Total Return Performance
Period Ending
12/31/2017 12/31/2018 12/31/2019 12/31/2020 12/31/2021
Employers Holdings, Inc. $ 113.73 $ 109.56 $ 111.30 $ 88.43 $ 116.63
S&P 500 121.83 116.49 153.17 181.35 233.41
S&P 500 P&C Insurance Index 122.39 116.64 146.82 157.04 187.31

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Item 6. [Reserved]

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Consolidated Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements, the accompanying notes thereto, and the financial statement schedules included in Item 8 and Item 15 of this report. In addition to historical information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties and other factors described in Item 1A of this report. Our actual results in future periods may differ from those referred to herein due to a number of factors, including the risks described in the sections entitled "Risk Factors" and "Forward-Looking Statements" elsewhere in this report.
Overview
We are a Nevada holding company. Through our insurance subsidiaries, we provide workers' compensation insurance coverage to select, small businesses in low to medium hazard industries. Workers' compensation insurance is provided under a statutory system wherein most employers are required to provide coverage for their employees' medical, disability, vocational rehabilitation, and/or death benefit costs for work-related injuries or illnesses. We provide workers' compensation insurance throughout the United States, with a concentration in California, where 45% of our in-force premiums are generated. Our revenues are primarily comprised of net premiums earned, net investment income, and net realized and unrealized gains on investments.
We target small businesses, as we believe that this market is traditionally characterized by fewer competitors, more attractive pricing, and stronger persistency when compared to the U.S. workers' compensation insurance industry in general. We believe we are able to price our policies at levels that are competitive and profitable over the long-term given our expertise in underwriting and claims handling in this market segment. Our underwriting approach is to consistently underwrite small business accounts at appropriate and competitive prices without sacrificing long-term profitability and stability for short-term top-line revenue growth.
The insurance industry is highly competitive, and there is significant competition in the national workers' compensation industry that is based on price, commissions and quality of services. We compete with other specialty workers' compensation carriers, state funds, multi-line insurance companies, professional employer organizations, self-insurance funds, and state insurance pools.
COVID-19 Impacts
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a reduction in business activity, widespread unemployment, supply chain interruptions, and overall economic instability. All states, including California, where we generated 45% of our in-force premiums as of December 31, 2021, have, in recent times, imposed various restrictions on business operations and social gatherings. Certain classes of business that we insure, especially those related to the restaurant and hospitality industries, continue to be affected by these restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Further, employee shortages and inflationary pressures may exacerbate and prolong the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on these businesses. The impact of these disruptions and the extent of their potential impacts on our future results of operations will be dictated by the length of time that such disruptions continue, which will depend on the currently unknown duration and severity of the impacts caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and its variants.
While new business premium production did not meet our expectations during the first half of 2021, our renewal business remained strong throughout 2021. However, we remain encouraged by the consistent rebound we have experienced since then. We ended the year with a record number of policies in-force, which demonstrates that our policyholders have endured the pandemic and small businesses are actively shopping for workers' compensation coverage. As vaccination efforts continue and labor market shortages improve, we remain confident that rising payrolls will bring further improvement to our top line. In support of this anticipated recovery, we have continued to pursue and advance the significant investments that we have made in delivering a superior customer experience for our independent and digital agents.
We continually review and adjust to changes in our policyholders' payrolls, economic conditions, and seasonality, as experience develops or new information becomes known. Any such adjustments are included in our current operations and are made periodically through mid-term endorsements and/or premium audits. We increased our final audit premium accruals by $12.3 million, for the year ended December 31, 2021, as our payroll exposure improved with the labor market strengthening.
We have largely remained in work-from-home mode since we closed our buildings to employees and the general public in March 2020, and we remain fully functional while working in this manner.
Despite widespread reopening of businesses and ongoing vaccination efforts, the continued impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, including any increases in infection rates, new variants and renewed governmental action to slow the spread of COVID-19, cannot be estimated at this time. Additional information regarding risks and uncertainties related to the COVID-19 pandemic to our business, financial condition, and results of operations are set forth in Part I, Item 1A of this report.
Results of Operations
Our results of operations for the three year period ending December 31, 2021 are as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
(in millions)
Gross premiums written $ 589.7 $ 580.1 $ 696.9
Net premiums written $ 583.1 $ 574.9 $ 691.5
Net premiums earned $ 574.4 $ 615.3 $ 695.8
Net investment income 72.7 76.3 88.1
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments 54.6 19.0 51.1
Other income 1.4 0.8 0.9
Total revenues 703.1 711.4 835.9
Losses and LAE 315.2 302.4 365.9
Commission expense 76.1 78.8 88.1
Underwriting and general and administrative expenses 160.2 181.3 187.5
Interest and financing expenses 0.5 0.4 0.6
Other expenses 4.1 0.8 -
Total expenses 556.1 563.7 642.1
Net income before income taxes 147.0 147.7 193.8
Income tax expense 27.7 27.9 36.7
Net income $ 119.3 $ 119.8 $ 157.1
Overview
Our net income was $119.3 million, $119.8 million, and $157.1 million in 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. The key factors that affected our financial performance during those years included:
•Net premiums earned decreased 6.6% in 2021 and 11.6% in 2020, each compared to the previous year;
•Losses and LAE increased 4.2% in 2021 and decreased 17.4% in 2020, each compared to the previous year;
•Underwriting and general and administrative expenses decreased 11.6% in 2021 and 3.3% in 2020, each compared to the previous year;
•Net investment income decreased 4.7% in 2021 and 13.4% in 2020, each compared to the previous year; and
•Net realized and unrealized gains on investments were $54.6 million, $19.0 million, and $51.1 million in 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively.
Summary of Consolidated Financial Results
Gross Premiums Written
Gross premiums written were $589.7 million, $580.1 million, and $696.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. The period over period changes in gross premiums earned during 2021, 2020 and 2019 were primarily related to our Employers segment. See -Summary of Financial Results by Segment -Employers.
Net Premiums Written
Net premiums written are gross premiums written less reinsurance premiums ceded.
Net Premiums Earned
Net premiums earned are primarily a function of the amount and timing of net premiums previously written.
Net Investment Income and Net Realized and Unrealized Gains on Investments
We invest in fixed maturity securities, equity securities, other invested assets, short-term investments, and cash equivalents. Net investment income includes interest and dividends earned on our invested assets and amortization of premiums and discounts on our fixed maturity securities, less bank service charges and custodial and portfolio management fees. We have established a high quality/short duration bias in our investment portfolio.
Net investment income was $72.7 million, $76.3 million, and $88.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. The decrease in 2021 was primarily due to lower interest rates impacting bond yields. The decrease in 2020 was primarily due to lower bond yields and a sharp increase in the amortization of bond premiums associated with our residential mortgage-backed securities, which was caused by an acceleration of near-term mortgage loan prepayment speed assumptions during the year. The average pre-tax ending book yield on our invested assets was 3.0%, 3.0%, and 3.3% at December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively.
Realized and certain unrealized gains and losses on our investments are reported separately from our net investment income. Realized gains and losses on investments include the gain or loss on a security at the time of sale compared to its original or adjusted cost (equity securities) or amortized cost (fixed maturity securities). Realized losses are also recognized for changes in our CECL allowance or when securities are written down as a result of an other-than-temporary impairment. Changes in fair value of equity securities and other invested assets are also included in Net realized and unrealized gains on investments on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments were $54.6 million, $19.0 million, and $51.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively.
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments in 2021 included $45.6 million of net realized and unrealized gains on equity securities, $4.1 million of net realized gains on fixed maturity securities and short-term investments, and $4.9 million of unrealized gains on other invested assets. The net investment gains on our equity securities were largely consistent with the performance of U.S. equity markets. The net investment gains on our fixed maturity securities were largely the result of decreases in market interest rates. The net investment gains on our fixed maturity securities also increased by $0.5 million, related to the change in allowance for CECL. Net realized and unrealized gains on investments in 2020 included $15.8 million of net realized and unrealized gains on equity securities, $4.5 million of net realized gains on fixed maturity securities and short-term investments, and $1.3 million of unrealized losses on other invested assets. The net investments gains on our equity securities were largely consistent with the performance of U.S. equity markets. The net investment gains on our fixed maturity securities were primarily the result of decreases in market interest rates. The net investment gains on our fixed maturity securities were reduced by a $0.7 million allowance for CECL. Net realized and unrealized losses on investments in 2019 included $46.5 million of net realized and unrealized gains on equity securities, $3.9 million of net realized gains on fixed maturity securities and $0.7 million of unrealized gains on other invested assets. The net investment gains on our equity securities were largely consistent with the performance of U.S. equity markets. The net investment gains on our fixed maturity securities were primarily related to sales associated with a reallocation of our investment portfolio. Additional information regarding our Investments is set forth under "-Liquidity and Capital Resources-Investments" and Note 5 in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Other Income
Other income consists of net gains and losses on fixed assets, non-investment interest, installment fee revenue, and other miscellaneous income.
Losses and LAE
Losses and LAE represents our largest expense item and includes claim payments made, amortization of the Deferred Gain, LPT Reserve Adjustments, LPT Contingent Commission Adjustments, estimates for future claim payments and changes in those estimates for current and prior periods, and costs associated with investigating, defending, and adjusting claims. The quality of our financial reporting depends in large part on accurately predicting our losses and LAE, which are inherently uncertain as they are estimates of the ultimate cost of individual claims based on actuarial estimation techniques.
Our indemnity claims frequency (the number of claims expressed as a percentage of payroll) decreased in 2021 and 2020, as compared to previous years. However, we recognized the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, including the potential for further expansions or permanent extensions of presumed compensability of COVID-19 in certain jurisdictions. These trends and considerations are reflected in our current accident year loss estimate. Total claims costs have also been reduced by cost savings associated with increased claims settlement activity that continued through 2021. We believe our current accident year loss estimate is adequate; however, ultimate losses will not be known with any certainty for many years. We assume that increasing medical and indemnity cost trends will continue to impact our long-term claims costs, which may be offset by rate increases. Additional information regarding our reserves for losses and LAE is set forth under "-Critical Accounting Policies -Reserves for Losses and LAE." See also, "-Summary of Financial Results by Segment -Employers."
Commission Expenses
Commission expenses include direct commissions to our agents and brokers, including our partnerships and alliances, for the premiums that they produce for us, as well as incentive payments, other marketing costs, and fees. See "-Summary of Financial Results by Segment -Employers."
Underwriting and General and Administrative Expenses
Underwriting expenses represent those costs that we incur to underwrite and maintain the insurance policies we issue, excluding commissions. Direct underwriting expenses, such as premium taxes, policyholder dividends, and those expenses that vary directly with the production of new or renewal business, are recognized as the associated premiums are earned. Indirect underwriting expenses, such as the operating expenses of each of the Company's subsidiaries, do not vary directly with the production of new or renewal business and are recognized as incurred.
General and administrative expenses of the holding company are excluded in determining the underwriting expense ratios of our reportable segments.
Interest and Financing Expenses
Interest and financing expenses include credit facility fees and interest, letter of credit fees, finance lease interest, and other financing fees.
Other Expenses
During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recorded $3.1 million of employee severance costs resulting from a 2021 reduction-in-force. This action was taken to better align our expenses with current revenues. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2021, we wrote off $1.0 million of previously capitalized costs relating to information technologies identified as no longer being utilized. This charge was the result of our continual evaluation of ongoing technology initiatives. In 2020, as a result of the effectiveness of our work-from-home transition, we reduced our real estate footprint and closed and vacated various office locations and, accordingly, we recorded charges of $0.8 million related to the abandonment of certain operating leases.
Income Tax Expense
On January 1, 2000, EICN assumed the assets, liabilities, and operations of the Fund pursuant to legislation passed in the 1999 Nevada Legislature (the Privatization). Prior to the Privatization, the Fund was part of the State of Nevada and therefore was not subject to federal income tax. Accordingly, our pre-Privatization loss and LAE reserve adjustments, LPT Reserve Adjustments and Deferred Gain amortization impact our net income but do not change our taxable income.
Income tax expense was $27.7 million, $27.9 million, and $36.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively, representing effective tax rates of 18.8%, 18.9%, and 18.9% for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively.
Tax-advantaged investment income, LPT Reserve Adjustments, LPT Contingent Commission Adjustments, Deferred Gain amortization and certain other adjustments reduced our income tax expense computed at a statutory rate of 21% by $3.3 million, $3.1 million, and $4.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively.
For additional information regarding our income tax expense see Note 8 in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Summary of Financial Results by Segment
EMPLOYERS
The components of Employers' net income before income taxes are set forth in the following table:
Years Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
($ in millions)
Gross premiums written $ 588.2 $ 579.8 $ 696.8
Net premiums written $ 581.6 $ 574.6 $ 691.4
Net premiums earned $ 573.7 $ 615.1 $ 695.8
Net investment income 69.3 72.1 84.1
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments 54.5 20.9 47.7
Other income 1.4 0.8 0.9
Total revenues 698.9 708.9 828.5
Losses and LAE 326.2 314.2 378.6
Commission expense 76.1 78.8 88.1
Underwriting expenses 131.2 151.1 153.2
Interest and financing expenses - 0.1 0.6
Other expenses 4.1 0.7 -
Total expenses 537.6 544.9 620.5
Net income before income taxes $ 161.3 $ 164.0 $ 208.0
Underwriting income $ 40.2 $ 71.0 $ 75.9
Combined ratio 93.1 % 88.5 % 89.1 %
Underwriting Results
Gross Premiums Written
Gross premiums written were $588.2 million, $579.8 million, and $696.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. The increase in 2021 primarily resulted from our appetite expansion effort, continued strong new business writings, particularly in California, and further audit premium recognition. Despite the increases we experienced in 2021, decreases in average rates and policy sizes in many of the states in which we do business further impacted our gross premiums written. We increased our final audit accruals by $12.3 million during the year, as payroll exposure improved with the labor market strengthening. We have experienced increases in new business submissions, quotes and binds in the majority of the states in which we operate, including California where increases have occurred since the second quarter of 2021. Whereas our in-force policies have increased throughout 2021, our in-force premiums have only begun to increase since May of 2021. In addition, our retention rate has remained strong throughout 2021.
The decrease in 2020 was primarily driven by the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, including higher levels of unemployment and declines in payrolls for many of our insureds, upon which our premiums are based, particularly in our restaurant and hospitality classes. In 2020, we reduced our final audit accruals from approximately $35.0 million to zero to reflect our estimate of the exposure adjustments on our in-force policies that we expect have resulted and would result from the impact of economic contraction.
Net Premiums Written
Net premiums written were $581.6 million, $574.6 million, and $691.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively, which included $6.6 million, $5.2 million, and $5.4 million of reinsurance premiums ceded, respectively.
Net Premiums Earned
Net premiums earned were $573.7 million, $615.1 million, and $695.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively.
The following table shows the percentage change in Employers' in-force premiums, policy count, average policy size, and payroll exposure upon which our premiums are based as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, overall, for California, where 45% of our premiums were generated, and for all other states, excluding California:
Percentage Change
2021 Over 2020 Percentage Change
2020 Over 2019
Overall California All Other States Overall California All Other States
In-force premiums (1.3) % (1.4) % (1.3) % (13.1) % (20.6) % (5.7) %
In-force policy count 6.7 2.8 9.1 4.8 (8.1) 14.7
Average in-force policy size (7.5) (4.0) (9.5) (17.0) (13.6) (17.8)
In-force payroll exposure 7.4 10.6 5.8 (0.1) (10.6) 5.8
Losses and LAE, Commission Expenses, and Underwriting Expenses
The following table presents calendar year combined ratios for our Employers segment.
Years Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
Loss and LAE ratio 56.9 % 51.1 % 54.4 %
Commission expense ratio 13.3 12.8 12.7
Underwriting expense ratio 22.9 24.6 22.0
Combined ratio 93.1 % 88.5 % 89.1 %
Loss and LAE Ratio. We analyze our loss and LAE ratios on both a calendar year and accident year basis.
The calendar year loss and LAE ratio is calculated by dividing the losses and LAE recorded during the calendar year, regardless of when the underlying insured event occurred, by the net premiums earned during that calendar year. The calendar year loss and LAE ratio includes changes made during the calendar year in reserves for losses and LAE established for insured events occurring in the current and prior years. The calendar year loss and LAE ratio for a particular year will not change in future periods.
The accident year loss and LAE ratio is calculated by dividing cumulative losses and LAE for reported events that occurred during a particular year by the net premiums earned for that year. The accident year loss and LAE ratio for a particular year can decrease or increase when recalculated in subsequent periods as the reserves established for insured events occurring during that year develop favorably or unfavorably. The accident year loss and LAE ratio is based on our statutory financial statements and is not derived from our GAAP financial information.
We analyze our calendar year loss and LAE ratio to measure our profitability in a particular year and to evaluate the adequacy of our premium rates charged in a particular year to cover expected losses and LAE from all periods, including development (whether favorable or unfavorable) of reserves established in prior periods. In contrast, we analyze our accident year loss and LAE ratios to evaluate our underwriting performance and the adequacy of the premium rates we charged in a particular year in relation to ultimate losses and LAE from insured events occurring during that year. The loss and LAE ratios provided in this report are on a calendar year basis, except where they are expressly identified as accident year loss and LAE ratios.
The table below reflects prior accident year loss and LAE reserve adjustments and the impact to loss ratio.
Years Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
($ in millions)
Losses and LAE $ 326.2 $ 314.2 $ 378.6
Prior accident year favorable development, net 39.8 81.6 77.5
Current accident year losses and LAE $ 366.0 $ 395.8 $ 456.1
Current accident year loss and LAE ratio 63.8 % 64.3 % 65.6 %
As part of our continued technology and process improvements initiative, we implemented a new comprehensive claims system during 2021, which we believe has enhanced and streamlined our claims handling processes and has positioned us for further improvement.
The increase in our total losses and LAE from 2020 to 2021 was primarily due to less favorable prior loss reserve development recognized in 2021, partially offset by lower earned premium in 2021. Net favorable year loss development recognized in 2021 totaled $39.8 million versus $81.6 million recognized in 2020. The decrease in our total losses and LAE from 2019 to 2020 was
primarily due to higher earned premium in 2019, as well as a greater amount of net favorable prior year loss reserve development recognized during 2020. Net favorable prior year accident loss reserve development recognized in 2020 totaled $81.6 million versus $77.5 million recognized in 2019.
The net favorable development recognized in 2021 was primarily the result of observed favorable paid loss cost trends predominantly related to accident years 2017 and prior, due primarily to decreasing medical costs and defense and cost containment, partially offset by: (i) $10.0 million of unfavorable development related to accident year 2019, which is reflective of more weight being placed on now sufficiently seasoned loss trends and patterns originating in part from business written in our newer territories; and (ii) $8.0 million of unfavorable loss development associated with two catastrophic non-COVID claims in accident year 2020.
The net favorable development recognized in 2020 was primarily the result of observed favorable paid loss cost trends predominantly related to accident years 2018 and prior, due primarily to decreasing medical costs, partially offset by $13.3 million of adverse development on accident year 2019 due, in part, to an inability to fully execute our claims initiatives to reduce loss costs as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
The net favorable development recognized in 2019 was primarily the result of observed favorable paid loss cost trends predominantly related to accident years 2018 and prior, due primarily to decreasing medical costs and accelerated claims settlements.
The decreases in our current accident year loss and LAE ratios from 2019 to 2021 was primarily due to continued declines in indemnity claim frequency. In addition, our current accident year loss and LAE ratios continue to reflect the impact of key business initiatives, including: an emphasis on the accelerated settlement of open claims; diversifying our risk exposure across geographic markets; and leveraging data-driven strategies to target, underwrite, and price profitable classes of business across all of our markets.
We continue to believe that the economic conditions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, including the potential for a short-term increase in inflation, introduced an increased risk of latent claims reporting and/or medical inflation, particularly for the more recent prior accident years. As a result, since the first quarter of 2020, we have limited the recognition of observed favorable development for accident years subsequent to 2010.
Commission Expense Ratio. The commission expense ratio was 13.3%, 12.8%, and 12.7%, and our commission expenses were $76.1 million, $78.8 million, and $88.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. The increase in the commission expense ratio for 2021 was primarily the result of increased commissions on new business writings, which are subject to a higher commission rate. The increase in the commission expense ratio for 2020 was primarily the result of a higher concentration of alternative distribution channels, which is subject to a higher commission rate, and increased commission expense on new business writings.
Underwriting Expense Ratio. The underwriting expense ratio was 22.9%, 24.6%, and 22.0%, and our underwriting expenses were $131.2 million, $151.1 million, and $153.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2021, compensation-related expenses decreased $11.2 million, bad debt expenses decreased $5.2 million, and premium taxes and assessments decreased $4.9 million, each compared to 2020. The 2021 decreases in underwriting expenses resulted from planned expense reductions and employee reductions and departures, which reduced our fixed expenses such as compensation and professional fees, as well as reductions in variable expenses, such as premium taxes and assessments and bad debt expenses, both resulting from the decrease in premiums earned. Additionally, bad debt decreased as a result of significant reductions in audit premium exposure and premium taxes and assessments were further reduced as a result of finalizing prior assessments that were subject to open years. During the year ended December 31, 2020, professional fees decreased $3.6 million and travel expenses decreased $2.0 million, partially offset by an increase in depreciation and amortization of $3.2 million, each compared to 2019.
Underwriting Income
Underwriting income for our Employers segment was $40.2 million, $71.0 million, and $75.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. Underwriting income or loss is determined by deducting losses and LAE, commission expense, and underwriting expenses from net premiums earned.
Non-Underwriting Income and Expenses
For a further discussion of non-underwriting related income and expenses, including Net Investment Income and Net Realized and Unrealized Gains on Investments, Other Income, Interest and Financing Expenses, and Other Expenses, see "-Results of Operations -Summary of Consolidated Financial Results."
CERITY
The components of Cerity's net loss before income taxes are set forth in the following table:
Years Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
(in millions)
Gross premiums written $ 1.5 $ 0.3 $ 0.1
Net premiums written $ 1.5 $ 0.3 $ 0.1
Net premiums earned $ 0.7 $ 0.2 $ -
Net investment income 2.8 3.1 0.3
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments 0.3 - 0.1
Other income - - -
Total revenues 3.8 3.3 0.4
Losses and LAE 0.5 0.1 -
Underwriting expenses 12.9 16.6 16.0
Other expenses - 0.1 -
Total expenses 13.4 16.8 16.0
Net loss before income taxes $ (9.6) $ (13.5) $ (15.6)
Underwriting loss $ (12.7) $ (16.5) $ (16.0)
Combined ratio n/m n/m n/m
n/m - not meaningful
Underwriting Results
Gross Premiums Written and Net Premiums Written
Gross premiums written and net premiums written were $1.5 million, $0.3 million and $0.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Net premiums earned were $0.7 million, $0.2 million and less than $0.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Underwriting Expenses
Underwriting expenses for our Cerity segment were $12.9 million, $16.6 million, and $16.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2021, our compensation-related expense decreased $3.3 million as compared to 2020. During the year ended December 31, 2020, professional fees increased $2.4 million, partially offset by a decrease in depreciation and amortization of $0.8 million and a decrease in compensation-related expenses of $0.7 million, each as compared to 2019.
The 2021 decreases in compensation expenses resulted primarily from employee reductions and departures.
Underwriting Loss
Underwriting losses for our Cerity segment were $12.7 million, $16.5 million, and $16.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. Underwriting income or loss is determined by deducting losses and LAE, commission expense, and underwriting expenses from net premiums earned.
Non-Underwriting Income and Expenses
For a further discussion of non-underwriting related income and expenses, including Net Investment Income and Net Realized and Unrealized Gains on Investments, Other Income, and Other Expenses, see "-Results of Operations -Summary of Consolidated Financial Results Consolidated."
CORPORATE AND OTHER
The components of Corporate and Other's net income (loss) before income taxes are set forth in the following table:
Years Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
(in millions)
Net investment income $ 0.6 $ 1.1 $ 3.7
Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains on investments (0.2) (1.9) 3.3
Total revenues 0.4 (0.8) 7.0
Losses and LAE - LPT (11.5) (11.9) (12.7)
General and administrative expenses 16.1 13.6 18.3
Interest and financing expenses 0.5 0.3 -
Total expenses 5.1 2.0 5.6
Net income (loss) before income taxes $ (4.7) $ (2.8) $ 1.4
Losses and LAE - LPT
The table below reflects the impact of the LPT on Losses and LAE, which are recorded as a reduction to Losses and LAE incurred on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
Years Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
(in millions)
Amortization of the Deferred Gain related to losses $ 6.7 $ 8.7 $ 8.9
Amortization of the Deferred Gain related to contingent commission 1.7 1.8 1.8
Impact of LPT Reserve Adjustments(1)
2.6 1.2 1.8
Impact of LPT Contingent Commission Adjustments(2)
0.5 0.2 0.2
Total impact of the LPT $ 11.5 $ 11.9 $ 12.7
(1)LPT Reserve Adjustments result in a cumulative adjustment to the Deferred Gain, which is recognized in losses and LAE incurred on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, such that the Deferred Gain reflects the balance that would have existed had the revised reserves been recognized at the inception of the LPT Agreement. (See Note 2 in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements.)
(2)LPT Contingent Commission Adjustments result in a cumulative adjustment to the Deferred Gain, which is recognized in losses and LAE incurred on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, such that the Deferred Gain reflects the balance that would have existed had the revised contingent profit commission been recognized at the inception of the LPT Agreement. (See Note 2 in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements.)
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses primarily consist of compensation related expenses, professional fees, and other corporate expenses at the holding company level. General and administrative expenses were $16.1 million, $13.6 million, and $18.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2021, our compensation-related expenses increased $2.3 million, as compared to 2020. The increase in compensation expenses during the year end December 31, 2021 related primarily to the April 1, 2021 retirement of Douglas D. Dirks, our former President and Chief Executive Officer, and reflected: (i) an acceleration of certain of Mr. Dirks' outstanding share-based awards pursuant to the retirement provisions of such awards; and (ii) additional vesting of certain of Mr. Dirks' outstanding share-based awards. During the year ended December 31, 2020, our compensation-related expenses decreased $3.2 million, due primarily to lower incentive compensation accruals, and our professional fees decreased $0.9 million, each as compared to 2019.
Non-Underwriting Income and Expenses
For a further discussion of non-underwriting related income and expenses, including Net Investment Income, Net Realized and Unrealized Gains and Losses on Investments, and Interest and Financing Expenses, see "-Results of Operations -Summary of Consolidated Financial Results."
Liquidity and Capital Resources
COVID-19 Considerations
The pandemic's disruptions on the U.S. economy, our current operations and our investment portfolio have, at times, been significant. Nonetheless we believe that the liquidity available to our holding company and its operating subsidiaries remains adequate and we do not currently foresee a need to: (i) suspend ordinary dividends, or forgo repurchases of our common stock; (ii) seek a capital infusion; or (iii) seek any material non-investment asset sales. Furthermore, the holding company has no outstanding debt obligations and its operating subsidiaries have no interest-bearing debt obligations.
Holding Company Liquidity
We are a holding company and our ability to fund our operations is contingent upon existing capital and the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends up to the holding company. Payment of dividends by our insurance subsidiaries is restricted by state insurance laws and regulations, including laws establishing minimum solvency and liquidity thresholds. We require cash to pay stockholder dividends, repurchase common stock, provide additional surplus to our insurance subsidiaries, and fund our operating expenses.
Our insurance subsidiaries' ability to pay dividends to their parent is based on reported capital, surplus, and dividends paid within the prior 12 months. For 2022, EICN cannot pay any dividends through March 22, 2022 and can pay $9.7 million thereafter, without prior regulatory approval; EPIC cannot pay any dividends through June 18, 2022, and can pay $24.0 million thereafter, without prior regulatory approval; EAC cannot pay any dividends through June 30, 2022, and can pay $23.2 million thereafter, without prior regulatory approval; and CIC cannot pay dividends through August 30, 2022, without prior regulatory approval, and $2.7 million thereafter.
On January 14, 2022, ECIC received regulatory approval from the California DOI to pay an extraordinary distribution, in the amount of $120.0 million, to its parent company, EGI. This distribution was approved by ECIC’s Board of Directors on November 12, 2021 and it was paid to EGI on February 15, 2022. As a result of this distribution, ECIC cannot pay dividends through February 15, 2023, without prior regulatory approval.
Total cash and investments at the holding company were $39.9 million at December 31, 2021, consisting of $4.8 million of cash and cash equivalents, $10.1 million of fixed maturity securities, and $25.0 million of equity securities.
On December 15, 2020, EHI entered into a Credit Agreement (the Credit Agreement) with a syndicate of financial institutions. The Credit Agreement provides EHI with a $75.0 million three-year revolving credit facility. Borrowings under the Credit Agreement may be used for working capital and general corporate purposes. Pursuant to the Credit Agreement, EHI has the option to request an increase of the credit available under the facility, up to a maximum facility amount of $125.0 million, subject to the consent of lenders and the satisfaction of certain conditions. EHI borrowed and subsequently repaid $27.0 million under the Credit Agreement during the year ended December 31, 2021. EHI had no outstanding advances under the Credit Agreement at December 31, 2021.
The interest rates applicable to loans under the Credit Agreement are generally based on a base rate plus a specified margin, ranging from 0.25% to 1.25%, or the Eurodollar rate (which will convert to an alternative reference rate once LIBOR is discontinued) plus a specified margin, ranging from 1.25% to 2.25%. Total interest paid during the year ended December 31, 2021 was $0.3 million.
The Credit Agreement contains covenants that require us to maintain: (i) a minimum consolidated net worth of no less than 70% of our stockholders’ equity as of September 30, 2020, plus 50% of our aggregate net income thereafter; and (ii) a debt to total capitalization ratio of no more than 35%, in each case as determined in accordance with the Credit Agreement.
Operating Subsidiaries' Liquidity
The primary sources of cash for our operating subsidiaries, which include our insurance and other operating subsidiaries, are premium collections, investment income, sales and maturities of investments, proceeds from FHLB advances, and reinsurance recoveries. The primary uses of cash for our operating subsidiaries are payments of losses and LAE, commission expenses, underwriting and general and administrative expenses, ceded reinsurance, repayments of FHLB advances, investment purchases and dividends paid to their parent.
Total cash and investments held by our operating subsidiaries was $2,771.4 million at December 31, 2021, consisting of $70.5 million of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, $2,332.6 million of fixed maturity securities, $319.4 million of equity securities, $10.5 million of short-term investments, and $38.4 million of other invested assets. Sources of immediate and unencumbered liquidity at our operating subsidiaries as of December 31, 2021 consisted of $71.2 million of cash and cash equivalents, $296.0 million of publicly-traded equity securities whose proceeds are available within three business days, $880.7 million of highly liquid fixed maturity securities whose proceeds are available within three business days, and $10.5 million of short-term investments whose proceeds are available within three business days. We believe that our subsidiaries' liquidity needs over the next 24 months will be met with cash from operations, investment income, and maturing investments.
EICN, ECIC, EPIC, and EAC are members of the Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco (FHLB). Membership allows our subsidiaries access to collateralized advances, which may be used to support and enhance liquidity management. The amount of advances that may be taken is dependent on statutory admitted assets on a per company basis.
During the second quarter of 2020, the FHLB announced its Zero Interest Recovery Advance Program (the FHLB Advance Program). The FHLB Advance Program is a zero percent interest, six-month or one-year credit product that members can use to provide immediate relief to property owners, businesses, and other customers struggling with the financial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Each member was allocated up to $10.0 million in advances under the FHLB Advance Program.
On May 11, 2020, our insurance subsidiaries received a total of $35.0 million of advances under the FHLB Advance Program. The advances were secured by collateral previously pledged to the FHLB by our insurance subsidiaries in support of our existing collateralized advance facility, which has been reduced by the amount of these outstanding advances. Our insurance subsidiaries repaid $15.0 million on November 4, 2020, $5.0 million on March 31, 2021, and $15.0 million on May 4, 2021. As of December 31, 2021, we have no outstanding advances.
FHLB membership also allows our insurance subsidiaries access to Letter of Credit Agreements and on March 9, 2018, ECIC, EPIC, and EAC entered into Letter of Credit Agreements with the FHLB. On January 26, 2021, we chose to amend our existing Letter of Credit Agreements among the FHLB and EPIC to decrease its respective credit amount. On August 13, 2021, we chose to amend our existing Letter of Credit Agreements among the FHLB, ECIC and EAC to decrease their respective credit amounts. The amended Letter of Credit Agreements are between the FHLB and each of EAC, in the amount of $25.0 million, ECIC, in the amount of $35.0 million, and EPIC, in the amount of $10.0 million. The amended Letter of Credit Agreements will expire March 31, 2022. The Letter of Credit Agreements may only be used to satisfy, in whole or in part, insurance deposit requirements with the State of California and are fully secured with eligible collateral at all times (See Note 11 in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements).
We purchase reinsurance to protect us against the costs of severe claims and catastrophic events, including pandemics. On July 1, 2021, we entered into a new reinsurance program that is effective through June 30, 2022. The reinsurance program consists of one treaty covering excess of loss and catastrophic loss events in four layers of coverage. Our reinsurance coverage is $190.0 million in excess of our $10.0 million retention on a per occurrence basis, subject to certain exclusions. We believe that our reinsurance program meets our needs and that we are sufficiently capitalized. We further believe that we will not trigger a recovery under our current excess of loss reinsurance program in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic.
Our insurance subsidiaries are required by law to maintain a certain minimum level of surplus on a statutory basis. Surplus is calculated by subtracting total liabilities from total admitted assets. The amount of capital in our insurance subsidiaries is maintained relative to standardized capital adequacy measures such as risk-based capital (RBC), as established by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners. The RBC standard was designed to provide a measure by which regulators can assess the adequacy of an insurance company's capital and surplus relative to its operations. An insurance company must maintain capital and surplus of at least 200% of RBC. Each of our insurance subsidiaries had total adjusted capital in excess of the minimum RBC requirements that correspond to any level of regulatory action at December 31, 2021.
Various state laws and regulations require us to hold investment securities or letters of credit on deposit with certain states in which we do business. Securities having a fair value of $861.4 million and $768.7 million were on deposit at each of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. These laws and regulations govern both the amount and types of investment securities that are eligible for deposit. Additionally, standby letters of credit from the FHLB have been issued in lieu of $70.0 million and $275.0 million of securities on deposit at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Certain reinsurance contracts require company funds to be held in trust for the benefit of the ceding reinsurer to secure the outstanding liabilities we assumed. The fair value of fixed maturity securities held in trust for the benefit of our ceding reinsurers was $3.1 million and $3.2 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Sources of Liquidity
We monitor the cash flows of each of our subsidiaries individually, as well as collectively as a consolidated group. We use trend and variance analyses to project future cash needs, making adjustments to our forecasts as appropriate.
The table below shows our net cash flows. For additional information regarding our cash flows, see Item 8, Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
Years Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash provided by (used in): (in millions)
Operating activities $ 10.8 $ 33.0 $ 122.5
Investing activities (1.7) 84.3 49.2
Financing activities (94.4) (111.9) (118.5)
(Decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash $ (85.3) $ 5.4 $ 53.2
Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities in 2021 included net premiums received of $568.0 million and investment income received of $82.0 million. These operating cash inflows were partially offset by net claims payments of $394.6 million, underwriting and general and administrative expenses paid of $141.0 million, commissions paid of $74.8 million, and federal income taxes paid of $28.2 million.
Net cash provided by operating activities in 2020 included net premiums received of $624.6 million and investment income received of $87.2 million. These operating cash inflows were partially offset by net claims payments of $402.6 million, underwriting and general and administrative expenses paid of $171.3 million, commissions paid of $85.7 million, and federal income taxes paid of $18.5 million.
Net cash provided by operating activities in 2019 included net premiums received of $746.2 million, investment income received of $98.5 million, and cash received of $19.1 million for the LPT Contingent Commission. These operating cash inflows were partially offset by net claims payments of $403.3 million, underwriting and general and administrative expenses paid of $184.8 million, commissions paid of $95.1 million, and federal income taxes paid of $37.8 million.
Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities in 2021 was primarily related to the investment of premiums received and reinvestment of funds from investment sales, maturities, redemptions, and interest income. These investing cash outflows were largely offset by sales, maturities, and redemptions of investments whose proceeds were used to fund claims payments, underwriting and general and administrative expenses, stockholder dividend payments, and common stock repurchases.
Net cash provided by investing activities in 2020 was primarily related to sales, maturities, and redemptions of investments whose proceeds were used to fund claims payments, underwriting and general and administrative expenses, stockholder dividend payments, and common stock repurchases, partially offset by the investment of premiums received and reinvestment of funds from investment sales, maturities, redemptions, and interest income.
Net cash provided by investing activities in 2019 was primarily related to sales, maturities, and redemptions of investments whose proceeds were used to fund the acquisition of CIC, claims payments, underwriting and general and administrative expenses, stockholder dividend payments, debt repayment, and common stock repurchases, partially offset by the investment of premiums received and reinvestment of funds from investment sales, maturities, redemptions, and interest income.
Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities in 2021 included common stock repurchases and stockholder dividend payments and repayments of FHLB advances. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we borrowed and subsequently repaid $27.0 million under the Credit Agreement.
Net cash used in financing activities in 2020 included common stock repurchases and stockholder dividend payments, partially offset by net cash received from the FHLB Advance Program.
Net cash used in financing activities in 2019 included common stock repurchases, the redemption of notes payable, and stockholder dividend payments.
Dividends. We paid $29.0 million, $30.5 million, and $28.3 million in dividends to our stockholders in 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. The declaration and payment of future dividends to common stockholders will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend upon many factors, including our financial position, capital requirements of our operating subsidiaries, legal and regulatory requirements, and any other factors our Board of Directors deems relevant. On February 15, 2022, the Board of Directors declared a $0.25 dividend per share, payable March 15, 2022, to stockholders of record on March 1, 2022.
Repurchases of Common Stock. We repurchased $42.2 million, $99.8 million and $67.1 million of our common stock in 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. On July 21, 2021, our Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase authorization for repurchases of up to $50.0 million of our common stock from July 27, 2021 through December 31, 2022 (the 2021 Program). The 2021 Program replaces the 2018 Program, which expired on June 30, 2021. Future repurchases of our common stock will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend upon many factors, including our financial position, capital requirements of our operating subsidiaries, general business and social economic conditions, legal, tax, regulatory, and/or contractual restrictions, and any other factors our Board of Directors deems relevant. As of December 31, 2021, we had a remaining common stock repurchase authorization of $27.9 million. See Item 5, Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
Capital Resources
As of December 31, 2021, the capital resources available to us consisted of $1,213.1 million of stockholders' equity and the $114.4 million Deferred Gain.
Stockholders' Equity. The following table summarizes our beginning and ending stockholders' equity balance and the changes thereto for each of the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019:
December 31,
2021 2020 2019
(in millions)
Beginning Balance $ 1,212.8 $ 1,165.8 $ 1,018.2
Stock-based obligations 9.1 9.7 10.1
Stock options exercised 1.1 0.9 0.7
Shares withheld to satisfy minimum tax withholdings for certain stock-based obligations
(3.8) (2.7) (3.2)
Acquisition of common stock (42.2) (99.8) (67.1)
Dividends declared (28.7) (30.8) (28.9)
Net income for the year 119.3 119.8 157.1
Change in net unrealized gains (losses) on investments, net of taxes (54.5) 49.8 79.0
Ending Balance $ 1,213.1 $ 1,212.8 $ 1,165.8
Deferred Gain. The Deferred Gain, which totaled $114.4 million and $125.4 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, reflects the unamortized gain from the LPT Agreement. See Note 2 in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Contractual Obligations and Commitments
Other than operating expenses, current and long-term cash requirements include the following contractual obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2021.
Leases
We have entered into lease arrangements for certain equipment and facilities. As of December 31, 2021, we had lease payment obligations of $17.1 million, with $3.4 million payable within 12 months.
Other Purchase Obligations
We have other purchase obligations that primarily consist of non-cancellable obligations to acquire capital assets, commitments for information technology and related services, software acquisition and license commitments and other legally binding agreements to purchase services that are to be used in our operations. As of December 31, 2021, we had other purchase obligations of $21.7 million, with $5.5 million payable within 12 months.
Unfunded Investment Commitments
We have investments in private equity limited partnerships that require capital distributions to fund the investments and can be called at any time deemed necessary. As of December 31, 2021, we had unfunded investment commitments of $46.4 million.
Unpaid Losses and LAE reserves
We have unpaid losses and LAE reserves payment patterns that are computed based on historical information. Our calculation of loss and LAE reserve payments by period is subject to the same uncertainties associated with determining the level of reserves and to the additional uncertainties arising from the difficulty of predicting when claims (including claims that have not yet been reported to us) will be paid. Actual payments of losses and LAE by period will vary, perhaps materially, to the extent that current estimates of losses and LAE reserves vary from actual ultimate claims amounts due to variations between expected and actual payout patterns. As of December 31, 2021, we had unpaid losses and LAE reserve payments of $1,981.2 million,
with $309.6 million payable within 12 months. For a discussion of our reserving process, see ''-Critical Accounting Policies-Reserves for Losses and LAE.''
The unpaid losses and LAE reserves payments are gross of reinsurance recoverables for unpaid losses. As of December 31, 2021, we had reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses and LAE of $476.9 million, with recoveries of $31.0 million within 12 months.
Investments
Our investment portfolio is structured to support our need for: (i) optimizing our risk-adjusted total return; (ii) providing adequate liquidity; (iii) facilitating financial strength and stability; and (iv) ensuring regulatory and legal compliance. These investments provide a steady source of income, which may fluctuate with changes in interest rates and our current investment strategies.
Our Investment Managers follow our written investment guidelines, which are approved by the Finance Committee of the Board of Directors. Our asset allocation is reevaluated by management and reviewed by the Finance Committee of the Board of Directors on a quarterly basis. We also utilize our Investment Managers' investment advisory services to assist us in developing a tailored set of portfolio targets and objectives.
As of December 31, 2021, our investment portfolio consisted of 86% fixed maturity securities. We strive to limit the interest rate risk associated with fixed maturity investments by managing the duration of these securities. Our fixed maturity securities (excluding cash and cash equivalents) had a duration of 3.4 at December 31, 2021. To minimize interest rate risk, our portfolio is weighted toward short-term and intermediate-term bonds; however, our investment strategy balances consideration of duration, yield, and credit risk. Our investment guidelines require that the minimum weighted average quality of our fixed maturity securities portfolio be "A+," using ratings assigned by S&P or an equivalent rating assigned by another nationally recognized statistical rating agency. Our fixed maturity securities portfolio had a weighted average quality of "A+" as of December 31, 2021. Other securities within fixed maturity securities consist of bank loans, which are classified as AFS and are reported at fair value.
Our investment portfolio also contains equity securities. We strive to limit the exposure to equity price risk associated with publicly traded equity securities by diversifying our holdings across several industry sectors. These equity securities had a fair value of $338.8 million at December 31, 2021, which represented 12% of our investment portfolio at that time. We also have a $5.6 million investment in FHLB stock which we record at cost. We receive periodic dividends from the FHLB for this investment, when declared, which can vary from period to period.
Our Other invested assets made up 1% of our investment portfolio at December 31, 2021 and include private equity limited partnerships. Our investments in private equity limited partnerships totaled $38.4 million at December 31, 2021 and are generally not redeemable by the investees and cannot be sold without prior approval of the general partner. These investments have a fund term of 10 to 12 years, subject to two or three one-year extensions at the general partner's discretion. We expect to receive distributions of proceeds from dividends and interest from fund investments, as well as from the disposition of a fund investment or portion thereof, from time-to-time during the full course of the fund term. As of December 31, 2021, we had unfunded commitments to these private equity limited partnerships totaling $46.4 million.
We believe that our current asset allocation meets our strategy to preserve capital for claims and policy liabilities and to provide sufficient capital resources to support and grow our ongoing insurance operations.
The following table shows the estimated fair value, the percentage of the fair value to total invested assets, and the average ending book yield (each based on the book value of each category of invested assets) as of December 31, 2021.
Category Estimated Fair Value Percentage of Total Book Yield
(in millions, except percentages)
U.S. Treasuries $ 65.7 2.4 % 1.8 %
U.S. Agencies 2.4 0.1 2.9
States and municipalities 436.1 16.2 2.7
Corporate securities 1,080.3 40.1 3.3
Residential mortgaged-backed securities 321.8 12.0 2.3
Commercial mortgaged-backed securities 92.3 3.4 3.2
Asset-backed securities 68.5 2.5 3.7
Collateralized loan obligations 85.4 3.2 1.9
Foreign government securities 12.5 0.5 2.9
Other securities 177.7 6.6 3.6
Equity securities 338.8 12.6 2.2
Short-term investments 10.5 0.4 0.8
Total investments at fair value $ 2,692.0 100.0 %
Weighted average ending yield 3.0 %
The following table shows the percentage of total estimated fair value of our fixed maturity securities as of December 31, 2021 by credit rating category, using the lower of the ratings assigned by Moody's Investors Service or S&P.
Rating Percentage of Total
Estimated Fair Value
"AAA" 6.9 %
"AA" 35.3
"A" 31.3
"BBB" 15.2
Below Investment Grade 11.3
Total 100.0 %
Investments that we currently own could be subject to default by the issuer. We regularly assess individual securities as part of our ongoing portfolio management, including the identification of credit related losses. Our assessment includes reviewing the extent of declines in fair value of investments below amortized cost, historical and projected financial performance and near-term prospects of the issuer, the outlook for industry sectors, credit rating, and macro-economic changes, including those caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. We also make a determination as to whether it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before its fair value recovers to above cost, or maturity.
In addition to recognizing realized gains and losses upon the disposition of an investment security, we also recognize: (i) in 2021 and 2020, realized gains or losses on AFS debt securities for changes in CECL; or (ii) prior to 2020, realized losses when securities are written down as a result of other-than-temporary impairment. We recognized $0.2 million and $0.7 million of CECL on AFS debt securities during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. The decrease of $0.5 million in 2021 was due to price recoveries and reductions in allowance from disposals. We recognized no other-than-temporary impairments on fixed maturity securities during the year ended December 31, 2019. The remaining fixed maturity securities whose total fair value was less than amortized cost at December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, were those in which we had no intent, need or requirement to sell at an amount less than their amortized cost.
For additional information regarding our investments, including the cost or amortized cost, gross unrealized gains, gross unrealized losses, and estimated fair value of our investments, the amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities by contractual maturity, and net realized and unrealized gains on investments, see Note 5 in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We have no off-balance sheet arrangements.
Critical Accounting Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires both the use of estimates and judgment, relative to the application of appropriate accounting policies, which include the recognition of premium revenue, recoverability of deferred
income taxes, and valuation of investments. Our accounting policies are described in Note 2 to our Consolidated Financial Statements, however, we believe that the following matters are particularly important to understand our financial statements because changes in these estimates or changes in the assumptions used to make them could have a material impact on our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.
Reserves for Losses and LAE
Accounting for workers' compensation insurance requires us to estimate the liability for the expected ultimate cost of unpaid losses and LAE (loss reserves) as of a balance sheet date. Loss reserve estimates are inherently uncertain because the ultimate amount we pay for many of the claims we have incurred as of the balance sheet date will not be known for many years. Our estimate of loss reserves is intended to equal the difference between the expected ultimate losses and LAE of all claims that have occurred as of a balance sheet date and amounts already paid. We establish loss reserves based on our own analysis of emerging claims experience and environmental conditions in our markets and review of the results of various actuarial projections. Our aggregate carried loss reserves is the sum of our reserves for each accident year and represents our best estimate of outstanding loss reserves.
The amount by which estimated losses in the aggregate differ from those previously estimated for a specific time period is known as reserve "development." Reserve development is unfavorable when losses ultimately settle for more than the amount estimated or subsequent estimates indicate a basis for reserve increases, causing the previously estimated loss reserves to be ''deficient.'' Reserve development is favorable when estimates of ultimate losses indicate a decrease in established reserves, causing the previously estimated loss reserves to be ''redundant.'' Development is reflected in our operating results through an adjustment to incurred losses and LAE during the period in which it is recognized.
Although claims for which reserves are established may not be paid for several years or more, we do not discount loss reserves in our financial statements for the time value of money, in accordance with GAAP.
The three main components of our loss reserves are case reserves, incurred but not reported (IBNR) loss reserves, and LAE reserves.
When claims are reported to us, we establish individual estimates of the ultimate cost of each claim (case reserves). These case reserves are continually monitored and revised in response to new information and for amounts paid.
In addition to case reserves, we establish a provision for IBNR. IBNR is an actuarial estimate comprised of the following: (a) future payments on claims that are incurred but have not yet been reported to us; (b) a reserve for the additional development on claims that have been reported to us; and (c) a provision for additional payments on closed claims that might reopen. IBNR reserves apply to the entire body of claims arising from a specific time period, rather than a specific claim. Most of our IBNR reserves relate to estimated future claim payments on recorded open claims.
LAE reserves are our estimate of future expense payments to manage, investigate, administer, and settle claims that have occurred, and include legal expenses. LAE reserves are established in the aggregate, rather than on a claim-by-claim basis. LAE reserves are categorized between defense and cost containment, and adjusting and other.
We cede a portion of our obligations for losses and LAE to unaffiliated reinsurers. The amount of reinsurance that will be recoverable on our losses and LAE includes both the reinsurance recoverable from our excess of loss reinsurance contracts, as well as reinsurance recoverable under the terms of the LPT Agreement.
Our loss reserves (gross and net of reinsurance), including the main components of such reserves, were as follows:
As of December 31,
2021 2020
(in millions)
Case reserves $ 900.2 $ 928.3
IBNR 818.7 861.7
LAE reserves 262.3 279.4
Gross unpaid losses and LAE reserves 1,981.2 2,069.4
Less reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and LAE, excluding CECL allowance 476.9 497.0
Net unpaid losses and LAE reserves $ 1,504.3 $ 1,572.4
We use actuarial methods to analyze and estimate the aggregate amount of loss reserves. Management considers the results of various actuarial methods and their underlying assumptions, among other factors, in establishing loss reserves.
Judgment is required in the actuarial estimation of loss reserves, including the selection of various actuarial methodologies to project the ultimate cost of claims. Specifically, judgment is required in the following areas: the selection of parameters utilized in the various methodologies; the use of industry data and other benchmarks; and the weighting of differing reserve indications
resulting from alternative methods and assumptions. The adequacy of our ultimate loss reserves is inherently uncertain and represents a significant risk to our business. We attempt to mitigate this risk through our claims management processes and by monitoring and reacting to statistics relating to the cost and duration of claims.
We compile and aggregate our claims data by grouping the claims according to the accident year in which the claim occurred when analyzing claim payment and emergence patterns and trends over time. Additionally, we aggregate and analyze claims data by claim type, benefits type, and by state, territory within state, or groups of states in which we do business.
Our Internal Actuary prepared reserve estimates for all accident years using our own historical claims data, industry data and many of the generally accepted actuarial methodologies for estimating loss reserves, such as paid loss development methods, incurred loss development methods, and Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods. These methods vary in their responsiveness to different information, characteristics, and dynamics in the data, and the results assist the actuary in considering these characteristics and dynamics in the historical data. The methods employed for each segment of claims data, and the relative weight accorded to each method, vary depending on the nature of the claims segment and on the age of the claims.
Each actuarial methodology requires the selection and application of various parameters and assumptions. The key parameters and assumptions include: the future payment and emergence patterns of our aggregate claims data; the magnitude and changes in claim settlement activity; the effects of legislative benefit changes and/or judicial decisions; and trends in the frequency and severity of claims.
Management, along with our Internal Actuary, separately analyzed LAE and estimated unpaid LAE. These analyses rely primarily on examining the relationship between historical aggregate paid LAE and the volume of claims activity for the corresponding periods. The portion of unpaid LAE that will be recoverable from reinsurers is estimated based on the contractual reinsurance terms.
The ranges of estimates of loss reserves produced by our Internal Actuary are intended to represent the range in which it is most likely that the ultimate losses will fall. These ranges are narrower than the range of indications produced by the individual methods applied because it is not likely that the high or low result will emerge for every claim segment and accident year. Each actuary's point estimate of loss reserves for each claim segment is based on a judgmental selection from within the range of results indicated by the different actuarial methods.
Management formally establishes loss reserves for financial statement purposes on a quarterly basis. In doing so, we make reference to the most current analyses of our Internal Actuary, including a review of the assumptions and the results of the various actuarial methods used. Our Internal Actuary conducted comprehensive studies in the second and fourth quarters. On the alternate quarters, our Internal Actuary updates the results of the preceding quarter's studies for actual claim payment and case reserve activity.
The aggregate carried reserve calculated by management represents our best estimate of our outstanding unpaid losses and LAE. In establishing management's best estimate of unpaid losses and LAE at December 31 for the last three years, management and our Internal Actuary reviewed and considered the following: (a) our Internal Actuary's assumptions, point estimates, and ranges; and (b) the inherent uncertainty of workers' compensation loss reserves. Management did not quantify a specific loss reserve increment for each uncertainty, but rather established an overall provision that represented management's best estimate of loss reserves in light of the historical data, actuarial assumptions, point estimate and range, and current facts and circumstances.
The table below provides the actuarial range of loss reserves, net of reinsurance, that management considered when selecting its best estimate and our carried reserves.
As of December 31,
2021 2020
(in millions)
Low end of actuarial range $ 1,351.3 $ 1,392.3
Carried reserves 1,504.3 1,572.4
High end of actuarial range 1,687.1 1,734.1
As of December 31, 2021, California and Nevada loss reserves represented approximately 70% of our total loss reserves on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.
In California, our recent loss experience from 2012 through 2019, indicates a slight downward trend in medical severity and a slight upward trend in indemnity severity. The reduction in medical severity can be attributed to a number of factors including California Senate Bill 863 (SB 863), which was enacted in 2012 and largely became effective in 2013/2014. Among the more significant changes, SB 863 introduced independent medical review (IMR) into the dispute resolution process and filing fees for medical liens. On the indemnity side, various provisions of SB 863 resulted in an overall increase in certain benefits. Our
indemnity claims frequency (the number of claims expressed as a percentage of payroll) has decreased year-over-year for the past four years. Aside from the impact of recent regulatory changes, we believe our increased emphasis on claims settlements, as well as our various underwriting initiatives, have contributed to more favorable trends in our California results.
In Nevada, we have compiled a lengthy history of workers' compensation claims payment patterns based on the business of the Fund and EICN, but the emergence and payment of claims in recent years has been more favorable than in the long-term history in Nevada with the Fund. The expected patterns of claim payments and emergence used in the projection of our ultimate claim payments are based on both long and short-term historical data. In recent evaluations, claim patterns have continued to emerge in a manner consistent with short-term historical data. Consequently, our selection of claim projection patterns has relied more heavily on patterns observed in recent years.
Our insurance subsidiaries have been operating in a period characterized by changing environmental conditions in our major markets, entry into new markets, and operational changes. During periods characterized by such changes, at each evaluation, the actuaries and management must make judgments as to the relative weight to accord to long-term historical company data, more recent company data, and external data. We also consider the impact of environmental and operational changes and other factors when selecting the methods used to project ultimate losses and LAE, the parameters to incorporate in those methods, and the relative weights applied to those methods.
An internal initiative that began in 2014 emphasizes the settlement of open claims. This initiative has actively driven a significant increase in claims settlement activity and has primarily affected accident years 2009 and forward. This settlement activity has been recognized in the actuarial analysis using a methodology that adjusts the data and loss development patterns to account for an increase in settlements arising from this initiative.
Approximately 56% of our claims payments during the three years ended December 31, 2021 related to medical care for injured workers. The utilization and cost of medical services in the future is a significant source of uncertainty in the establishment of loss reserves for workers' compensation. Our loss reserves are established based on reviewing the results of actuarial methods, most of which do not contain explicit medical claim cost inflation rates; however, because medical care may be provided to an injured worker over many years, and in some cases decades, the pace of medical claim cost inflation can have a significant impact on our ultimate claim payments. For example, if the rate of medical claim cost inflation increases by 1% above the inflation rate that is implicitly included in the loss reserves at December 31, 2021, we estimate that future medical costs over the lifetime of current claims would increase by approximately $67.5 million on a net-of-reinsurance basis.
Our reserve estimates reflect expected increases in the costs of contested claims, but do not assume any losses resulting from significant new legal liability theories. Our reserve estimates also assume that there will not be significant future changes in the regulatory and legislative environment. In the event of significant new legal liability theories or new regulation or legislation, we will attempt to quantify its impact on our business.
If the actual loss reserves were at the high or the low end of the actuarial range, the impact on our financial results would have been as follows:
December 31,
2021 2020
Increase (decrease) in reserves (1)
(in millions)
At low end of range $ (153.0) $ (180.1)
At high end of range 182.8 161.7
Increase (decrease) in stockholders' equity and net income
At low end of range $ 120.9 $ 142.3
At high end of range (144.4) (127.7)
(1) The range of actuarial indications captures the range of reasonable estimates and is asymmetrical (e.g. not based on a normal distribution).
Actual losses are affected by a more complex combination of forces and dynamics than any one model or actuarial methodology can represent, and each methodology is an approximation of these complex forces and dynamics. None of the methods are designed or intended to produce an indication that is systematically higher or lower than the other methods. At any given evaluation date, some of the actuarial projection methods produce indications outside the actuary's selected range. Accordingly, we believe that the range of potential outcomes is considerably wider than the actuarially estimated range of the most likely outcomes. We have no basis for anticipating whether actual future payments of losses and LAE may be either greater than or less than the loss reserves currently on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Additionally, any adjustment to the estimated ceded reserves under the LPT Agreement results in a cumulative adjustment to the Deferred Gain, which is also included in losses and LAE incurred in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, so that the Deferred Gain reflects the balance that would have existed had the revised reserves been recognized at the
inception of the LPT Agreement. The table below provides the actuarial range of estimated liabilities for gross loss reserves under the LPT Agreement and our carried reserves.
As of December 31,
(in millions)
Low end of actuarial range $ 286.3
LPT carried reserves 328.7
High end of actuarial range 366.5
Reinsurance Recoverables
Reinsurance recoverables represent: (a) amounts currently due from reinsurers on paid losses and LAE; (b) amounts recoverable from reinsurers on estimates of reported losses; and (c) amounts recoverable from reinsurers on actuarial estimates of IBNR for losses and LAE. These recoverables are based on our current estimates of the underlying loss reserves, and are reported on our Consolidated Balance Sheets separately as assets, as reinsurance does not relieve us of our legal liability to policyholders. We bear credit risk with respect to the reinsurers, which could be significant in the future, considering that some of the loss reserves remain outstanding for an extended period of time. Reinsurers may refuse or fail to pay losses that we cede to them, or they might delay payment. We are required to pay losses even if a reinsurer refuses or fails to meet its obligations under the applicable reinsurance agreement. We continually monitor the financial condition and financial strength ratings of our reinsurers. No material amounts due from reinsurers have been written-off as uncollectible since our inception in 2000, and in assessing future default, we evaluate the allowance for CECL under the ratings based method using the A.M. Best Average Cumulative Net Impairment Rates. Reinsurer ratings are also assessed through this process.
Under the LPT Agreement, the Fund initially ceded $1.5 billion in liabilities for the incurred but unpaid losses and LAE related to claims incurred prior to July 1, 1995 for consideration of $775.0 million in cash. The estimated remaining liabilities subject to the LPT Agreement were $328.7 million as of December 31, 2021. Losses and LAE paid with respect to the LPT Agreement totaled $838.8 million at December 31, 2021. We account for the LPT Agreement as retroactive reinsurance. Entry into the LPT Agreement resulted in a deferred reinsurance gain that was recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as a liability. The Deferred Gain is being amortized using the recovery method, whereby the amortization is determined by the proportion of actual reinsurance recoveries to total estimated recoveries through the life of the LPT Agreement, and the amortization is reflected in losses and LAE. Changes in estimates of the reserves ceded under the LPT Agreement may significantly impact the Deferred Gain on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and losses and LAE on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
Additionally, we are entitled to receive a contingent profit commission under the LPT Agreement. The contingent profit commission is an amount based on the favorable difference between actual paid losses and LAE and expected paid losses and LAE as established in the LPT Agreement. The calculation of actual amounts paid versus expected amounts is determined every five years beginning June 30, 2004 for the first twenty-five years of the agreement. We are paid 30% of the favorable difference between the actual and expected losses and LAE paid at each calculation point. Each quarter, management records its best estimate of the estimated ultimate contingent profit commission through June 30, 2024, which is impacted by estimates for ceded losses and LAE. The Deferred Gain related to the contingent profit commission is amortized using the recovery method, whereby the amortization is determined by the proportion of actual reinsurance recoveries to total estimated recoveries over the life of the contingent profit commission, or through June 30, 2024, and is recorded in losses and LAE incurred in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Changes in estimates of the reserves ceded under the LPT Agreement may significantly impact the Contingent commission receivable-LPT Agreement and the Deferred Gain on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and losses and LAE on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
New Accounting Standards
See Note 3 in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements for a summary of all recently issued and recently adopted accounting standards.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Market risk is the risk of potential economic loss principally arising from adverse changes in the fair value of financial instruments. The major components of market risk affecting us are credit risk, interest rate risk, and equity price risk.
Credit Risk
Our fixed maturity securities, equity securities, other invested assets and cash equivalents are exposed to credit risk, which we attempt to manage through issuer and industry diversification. Our investment guidelines include limitations on the minimum rating of fixed maturity securities and concentrations of a single issuer.
We also bear credit risk with respect to the reinsurers, which can be significant considering that some loss reserves remain outstanding for an extended period of time. We are required to pay losses even if a reinsurer refuses or fails to meet its obligations to us under the applicable reinsurance agreement(s). We continually monitor the financial condition and financial strength ratings of our reinsurers. Additionally, we bear credit risk with respect to premiums receivable, which is generally diversified due to the large number of entities comprising our policyholder base and their dispersion across many different industries and geographies.
The economic disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have impacted the credit risk associated with certain of our investment holdings, reinsurance recoverables and premiums receivable. As a result, we recorded $0.2 million of allowance for CECL during the year ended December 31, 2021. See Note 6 in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Interest Rate Risk
Investments
The fair value of our fixed maturity portfolio is exposed to interest rate risk, which is the risk of a decline in fair value resulting from changes in prevailing interest rates, which we strive to limit by managing duration. Our fixed maturity investments (excluding cash and cash equivalents) had a duration of 3.4 at December 31, 2021. To minimize interest rate risk, our portfolio is weighted toward short-term and intermediate-term bonds; however, our investment strategy balances consideration of duration, yield and credit risk. We continually monitor the changes in interest rates and the impact on our liquidity and ability to meet our obligations.
Sensitivity Analysis
The fair values or cash flows of market sensitive instruments are subject to potential losses in future earnings resulting from changes in interest rates and other market conditions. Our sensitivity analysis applies a hypothetical parallel shift in market rates and reflects what we believe are reasonably possible near-term changes in those rates (covering a period of time going forward up to one year from the date of the consolidated financial statements). Actual results may differ from the hypothetical change in market rates assumed in this disclosure. This sensitivity analysis does not reflect the results of any action that we may take to mitigate such hypothetical losses in fair value.
We use fair values to measure our potential loss in this model, which includes fixed maturity securities and short-term investments. For invested assets, we use modified duration modeling to calculate changes in fair values. Durations on invested assets are adjusted for call, put, and interest rate reset features. Invested asset portfolio durations are calculated on a market value weighted basis, excluding accrued investment income, using holdings as of December 31, 2021. The estimated changes in fair values on our fixed maturity securities and short-term investments, which had an aggregate value of $2,353.2 million as of December 31, 2021, based on specific changes in interest rates are as follows:
Hypothetical Changes in Interest Rates Estimated Pre-tax Increase (Decrease) in Fair Value
(in millions, except percentages)
300 basis point rise $ (252.3) (10.7) %
200 basis point rise (168.9) (7.2)
100 basis point rise (84.2) (3.6)
50 basis point decline 41.3 1.8
100 basis point decline 82.2 3.5
The most significant assessment of the effects of hypothetical changes in interest rates on investment income would be based on GAAP guidance related to "Accounting for Nonrefundable Fees and Costs Associated with Originating or Acquiring Loans and Initial Direct Costs of Leases," which requires amortization adjustments for mortgage-backed securities. The rates at which the mortgages underlying mortgage-backed securities are prepaid, and therefore the average life of mortgage-backed securities, can vary depending on changes in interest rates (for example, mortgages are prepaid faster and the average life of mortgage-backed securities falls when interest rates decline). Adjustments for changes in amortization are based on revised average life assumptions and would have an impact on investment income if a significant portion of our commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities were purchased at significant discounts or premiums to par value. As of December 31, 2021, the par value of our commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities holdings was $394.6 million, and the amortized cost was 103.1% of par value. Since a majority of our mortgage-backed securities were purchased at a premium or discount that is significant as a percentage of par, an adjustment could have a significant effect on investment income. The commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities portion of the portfolio totaled 15.4% of total investments as of December 31, 2021. Agency-backed residential mortgage pass-throughs totaled $284.3 million, or 88.4%, of the residential mortgage-backed securities portion of the portfolio as of December 31, 2021.
Equity Price Risk
Equity price risk is the risk that we may incur losses in the fair value of the equity securities we hold in our investment portfolio. Adverse changes in the market prices of the equity securities we hold in our investment portfolio would result in decreases in the fair value of our total assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and in net realized and unrealized gains and losses on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Economic and market disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have resulted in volatility in the fair value of our equity securities. We minimize our exposure to equity price risk by investing primarily in the equity securities of mid-to-large capitalization issuers and by diversifying our equity holdings across several industry sectors.
The table below shows the sensitivity of our equity securities at fair value to price changes as of December 31, 2021:
(in millions) Cost Fair Value 10% Fair Value Decrease Pre-tax Impact on Total Equity Securities 10% Fair Value Increase Pre-tax Impact on Total Equity Securities
Equity securities $ 212.6 $ 338.8 $ 304.9 $ (33.9) $ 372.7 $ 33.9
Effects of Inflation
The COVID-19 pandemic has created increased uncertainty about the path of the U.S. economy, consumer behavior, and workplace norms in the years ahead. Recent supply and demand shocks and dramatic changes in fiscal policy may lead to higher levels of inflation in future periods.
Higher levels of inflation could significantly impact our financial statements and results of operations. Our estimates for losses and LAE include assumptions about the timing of closure and future payment of claims and claims handling expenses, such as medical treatments and litigation costs. To the extent inflation causes these costs to increase above established reserves, we will be required to increase those reserves for losses and LAE, reducing our earnings in the period in which the deficiency is identified.
Inflation is incorporated in the reserving process through projections supported by historical loss emergence. Additionally, we consider an estimate of increased costs in determining the adequacy of our rates, particularly as it relates to medical and hospital trends where historical loss trends have exceeded general inflation rates.
Higher levels of wage inflation can specifically impact the payrolls of our insureds, which is the basis for the premiums we charge, as well as amount of future indemnity losses we may incur.
Higher levels of inflation could also impact our operating expenses and, in the case of wage inflation, could impact our payroll expenses.
Fluctuations in rates of inflation also influence interest rates, which in turn impact the market value of our investment portfolio, particularly our fixed maturity investments, and yields on new investments.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Page
Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting 51
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control over Financial Reporting 52
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42)
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 55
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for each of the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 57
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for each of the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 58
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for each of the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 59
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 61
The following Financial Statement Schedules are filed in Item 15 of Part IV of this report:
Financial Statement Schedules:
Schedule II. Condensed Financial Information of Registrant 96
Schedule VI. Supplemental Information Concerning Property-Casualty Insurance Operations 99
Pursuant to Rule 7-05 of Regulation S-X, Financial Statement Schedules I, III, IV, and V have been omitted as the information to be set forth therein is included in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
MANAGEMENT'S ANNUAL REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
Management of Employers Holdings, Inc. and its Subsidiaries (collectively, the Company) is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting and for the assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. As defined by the Securities and Exchange Commission, internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the Company's principal executive officer and principal financial officer, and effected by the Company's Board of Directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).
The Company's internal control over financial reporting includes policies and procedures that: (a) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the Company's assets; (b) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of its management and Board of Directors; and (c) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021 based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework).
Based on this assessment, management did not identify any material weaknesses in the internal control over financial reporting and management has concluded that the Company's internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2021.
The Company's independent registered public accounting firm, Ernst & Young LLP, has independently assessed the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. A copy of their report is included in Item 8 of this report.
February 24, 2022
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Employers Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Employers Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries' internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Employers Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries' (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on the COSO criteria.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes and financial statement schedules listed in the Index at Item 15 and our report dated February 24, 2022 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
San Francisco, California
February 24, 2022
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Employers Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Employers Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes and financial statement schedules listed in the Index at Item 15 (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 24, 2022 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Valuation of reserve for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Description of the Matter At December 31, 2021, the liability for incurred but not reported (IBNR) reserves represented a material portion of the $1,982.4 million of unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses (LAE) reserves. As explained in Notes 2 and 9 to the consolidated financial statements, the liability for unpaid losses and LAE represents management's best estimate of the ultimate net cost of all reported and unreported losses incurred for the applicable periods, less payments made. The estimated reserves include the accumulation of estimates for all claims reported prior to the balance sheet date, estimates of claims incurred but not reported, and estimates of expenses for investigating and adjusting all incurred and unadjusted claims. IBNR reserves include an estimate for claims that are incurred but not yet reported, expected development on reported claims and for additional payments on closed claims. There is significant uncertainty inherent in determining management’s best estimate of the ultimate loss settlement cost which is used to determine the incurred but not reported claim reserves. In particular, the estimate is sensitive to the selection and weighting of actuarial methods and management’s selection of parameters and assumptions including, the pattern with which aggregate data will be paid or emerge over time, claim settlement activity, claims cost inflation rates, and claim frequencies.
Auditing management’s best estimate of IBNR reserves was complex due to the highly judgmental nature of the assumptions used in the valuation process. The significant judgement was primarily due to the sensitivity of management’s estimate to the selection of assumptions including the pattern with which aggregate data will be paid or emerge over time and claims cost inflation rates, which had a significant effect on the valuation of IBNR reserves.
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of the Company’s controls over the process for estimating IBNR reserves. This included, among other procedures, testing management review controls in place over the review and approval of methods and assumptions used in estimating IBNR reserves.
To test IBNR reserves, our audit procedures included, among others, testing the completeness and accuracy of the data used in the calculation by testing reconciliations of the underlying claims and policyholder data recorded in the source systems to the actuarial reserving calculations, and comparing a sample of incurred and paid claims to source documentation. With the assistance of EY actuarial specialists, we evaluated the Company’s selection and weighting of actuarial methods by comparing the weightings used in the current estimate to those used in prior periods and those used in the industry for the specific types of insurance. To evaluate the significant assumptions used by management, we compared the assumptions to current and historical claims trends and to current industry benchmarks. We also compared management’s recorded reserves to a range of reasonable reserves estimates calculated independently by our EY actuarial specialists. Additionally, we performed a hindsight analysis of the prior period estimates using subsequent claims development.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2002
San Francisco, California
February 24, 2022
Employers Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Balance Sheets
As of December 31,
2021 2020
(in millions, except share data)
Assets
Investments:
Fixed maturity securities at fair value (amortized cost $2,266.1 at December 31, 2021 and $2,333.6 at December 31, 2020, net of CECL allowance of $0.2 and $0.7 at December 31, 2021 and at December 31, 2020)
$ 2,342.7 $ 2,479.2
Equity securities at fair value (cost $212.6 at December 31, 2021 and $112.4 at December 31, 2020)
338.8 208.5
Equity securities at cost 5.6 6.7
Other invested assets (cost $34.1 at December 31, 2021 and $36.8 at December 31, 2020)
38.4 36.2
Short-term investments at fair value (amortized cost $10.5 at December 31, 2021 and $26.5 at December 31, 2020)
10.5 26.6
Total investments 2,736.0 2,757.2
Cash and cash equivalents 75.1 160.4
Restricted cash and cash equivalents 0.2 0.2
Accrued investment income 14.5 15.3
Premiums receivable (less CECL allowance of $10.3 at December 31, 2021 and $10.8 at December 31, 2020)
244.7 232.1
Reinsurance recoverable for:
Paid losses 7.5 7.6
Unpaid losses (less CECL allowance of $0.6 at December 31, 2021 and $0.4 at December 31, 2020 )
476.3 496.6
Deferred policy acquisition costs 43.7 43.2
Property and equipment, net 14.7 19.1
Operating lease right-of-use assets 14.2 17.4
Intangible assets, net 13.6 13.6
Goodwill 36.2 36.2
Contingent commission receivable-LPT Agreement 13.9 13.4
Cloud computing arrangements 43.9 50.2
Other assets 48.7 60.1
Total assets $ 3,783.2 $ 3,922.6
Liabilities and stockholders' equity
Claims and policy liabilities:
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses $ 1,981.2 $ 2,069.4
Unearned premiums 304.7 299.1
Commissions and premium taxes payable 42.1 43.0
Accounts payable and accrued expenses 24.1 22.9
Deferred income taxes, net 7.7 15.5
Deferred reinsurance gain-LPT Agreement 114.4 125.4
FHLB advances - 20.0
Non-cancellable obligations 21.7 24.1
Operating lease liability 16.6 19.9
Other liabilities 57.6 70.5
Total liabilities $ 2,570.1 $ 2,709.8
Commitments and contingencies (Note 12)
Employers Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Balance Sheets
As of December 31,
2021 2020
(in millions, except share data)
Stockholders' equity:
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 150,000,000 shares authorized; 57,690,254 and 57,413,806 shares issued and 27,741,400 and 28,564,798 shares outstanding at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively
$ 0.6 $ 0.6
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 25,000,000 shares authorized; none issued
- -
Additional paid-in capital 410.7 404.3
Retained earnings 1,338.5 1,247.9
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax 60.6 115.1
Treasury stock, at cost (29,948,854 shares at December 31, 2021 and 28,849,008 shares at December 31, 2020)
(597.3) (555.1)
Total stockholders' equity 1,213.1 1,212.8
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $ 3,783.2 $ 3,922.6
See accompanying notes.
Employers Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
Years Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
Revenues (in millions, except per share data)
Net premiums earned $ 574.4 $ 615.3 $ 695.8
Net investment income 72.7 76.3 88.1
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments 54.6 19.0 51.1
Other income 1.4 0.8 0.9
Total revenues 703.1 711.4 835.9
Expenses
Losses and loss adjustment expenses 315.2 302.4 365.9
Commission expense 76.1 78.8 88.1
Underwriting and general and administrative expenses 160.2 181.3 187.5
Interest and financing expenses 0.5 0.4 0.6
Other expenses 4.1 0.8 -
Total expenses 556.1 563.7 642.1
Net income before income taxes 147.0 147.7 193.8
Income tax expense 27.7 27.9 36.7
Net income $ 119.3 $ 119.8 $ 157.1
Comprehensive income
Unrealized AFS investment gains (losses) during the period, net of tax (expense) benefit of $13.6, $(14.2), and $(21.8) for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively $ (51.3) $ 53.4 $ 82.1
Reclassification adjustment for realized AFS investment gains in net income, net of tax expense of $0.9, $0.9, and $0.8 for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively (3.2) (3.6) (3.1)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (54.5) 49.8 79.0
Total comprehensive income $ 64.8 $ 169.6 $ 236.1
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments before impairments $ 54.6 $ 19.0 $ 51.1
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments $ 54.6 $ 19.0 $ 51.1
Earnings per common share (Note 18):
Basic $ 4.22 $ 4.01 $ 4.89
Diluted $ 4.17 $ 3.97 $ 4.83
Cash dividends declared per common share and eligible equity plan holders $ 1.00 $ 1.00 $ 0.88
See accompanying notes.
Employers Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity
Common Stock Additional Paid-In Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income,
Net of Tax Treasury Stock, at Cost Total Stockholders' Equity
Shares Amount
(in millions, except share data)
Balance, January 1, 2019 56,975,675 $ 0.6 $ 388.8 $ 1,030.7 $ (13.7) $ (388.2) $ 1,018.2
Stock-based obligations (Note 14) - - 10.1 - - - 10.1
Stock options exercised 31,630 - 0.7 - - - 0.7
Vesting of restricted and performance stock units, net of shares withheld to satisfy minimum tax withholding (Note 14) 177,065 - (3.2) - - - (3.2)
Acquisition of common stock (Note 13) - - - - - (67.1) (67.1)
Dividends declared - - - (28.9) - - (28.9)
Net income for the year - - 157.1 - - 157.1
Reclassification adjustment for adoption of ASU No. 2016-01 - - - - - - -
Change in net unrealized losses on investments, net of taxes of $(21.0) - - - 79.0 - 79.0
Balance, December 31, 2019 57,184,370 $ 0.6 $ 396.4 $ 1,158.8 $ 65.3 $ (455.3) $ 1,165.8
Balance, January 1, 2020 57,184,370 $ 0.6 $ 396.4 $ 1,158.8 $ 65.3 $ (455.3) $ 1,165.8
Stock-based obligations (Note 14) - - 9.7 - - - 9.7
Stock options exercised 40,800 - 0.9 - - - 0.9
Vesting of restricted and performance stock units, net of shares withheld to satisfy minimum tax withholding (Note 14) 188,636 - (2.7) - - - (2.7)
Acquisition of common stock (Note 13) - - - - - (99.8) (99.8)
Dividends declared - - - (30.8) - - (30.8)
Net income for the year - - 119.8 - - 119.8
Change in net unrealized gains on investments, net of taxes of $(13.3) - - - 49.8 - 49.8
Balance, December 31, 2020 57,413,806 $ 0.6 $ 404.3 $ 1,247.9 $ 115.1 $ (555.1) $ 1,212.8
Balance, January 1, 2021 57,413,806 $ 0.6 $ 404.3 $ 1,247.9 $ 115.1 $ (555.1) $ 1,212.8
Stock-based obligations (Note 14) - - 9.1 - - - 9.1
Stock options exercised 48,051 - 1.1 - - - 1.1
Vesting of restricted and performance stock units, net of shares withheld to satisfy minimum tax withholding (Note 14) 228,397 - (3.8) - - - (3.8)
Acquisition of common stock (Note 13) - - - - - (42.2) (42.2)
Dividends declared - - - (28.7) - - (28.7)
Net income for the year - - 119.3 - - 119.3
Change in net unrealized gains on investments, net of taxes of $14.5 - - - (54.5) - (54.5)
Balance, December 31, 2021 57,690,254 $ 0.6 $ 410.7 $ 1,338.5 $ 60.6 $ (597.3) $ 1,213.1
See accompanying notes.
Employers Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Years Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
Operating activities (in millions)
Net income $ 119.3 $ 119.8 $ 157.1
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization 7.4 8.2 9.0
Stock-based compensation 9.1 9.7 10.1
Amortization of cloud computing arrangements 14.2 9.0 5.3
Amortization of premium on investments, net 8.5 9.8 8.7
Allowance for expected credit losses (0.3) 6.6 (2.1)
Deferred income tax expense 6.7 (13.4) 6.0
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments (54.6) (19.0) (51.1)
Asset impairment charges 1.0 0.8 -
Change in operating assets and liabilities:
Premiums receivable (12.1) 47.4 49.5
Reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses 20.2 35.1 20.4
Cloud computing arrangements (7.9) (25.6) (12.9)
Operating lease right-of-use-assets 3.2 (2.3) (15.9)
Current federal income taxes (7.9) 22.0 (7.4)
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses (88.2) (123.4) (63.4)
Unearned premiums 5.6 (38.0) 0.8
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities (2.5) (4.0) (8.1)
Deferred reinsurance gain-LPT Agreement (11.0) (11.7) (12.5)
Contingent commission receivable-LPT Agreement (0.5) (0.2) 18.8
Operating lease liabilities (3.3) 2.1 17.8
Non-cancellable obligations (2.4) 1.1 4.2
Other 6.3 (1.0) (11.8)
Net cash provided by operating activities 10.8 33.0 122.5
Investing activities
Purchases of fixed maturity securities (516.6) (645.6) (359.0)
Purchases of equity securities (199.5) (179.5) (240.8)
Purchases of short-term investments (12.5) (135.9) -
Purchases of other invested assets (17.3) (8.3) (28.4)
Proceeds from sale of fixed maturity securities 206.7 349.5 163.0
Proceeds from sale of equity securities 135.9 243.4 232.4
Proceeds from maturities and redemptions of fixed maturity securities 373.5 359.2 309.9
Proceeds from maturities of short-term investments 28.3 110.6 25.0
Net change in unsettled investment purchases and sales 3.4 (3.6) (24.7)
Capital expenditures and other (3.6) (5.5) (12.1)
Purchase of Cerity Insurance Company, net of cash and cash equivalents acquired - - (16.1)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities (1.7) 84.3 49.2
Financing activities
Acquisition of common stock (42.6) (99.4) (67.5)
Cash transactions related to stock-based compensation (2.7) (1.8) (2.5)
Dividends paid to stockholders and eligible equity plan holders (29.0) (30.5) (28.3)
Proceeds from FHLB advances - 35.0 -
Repayments on FHLB advances (20.0) (15.0) -
Proceeds from line of credit advances 27.0 - -
Repayments on line of credit advances and notes payable (27.0) - (20.0)
Payments on finance leases (0.1) (0.2) (0.2)
Net cash used in financing activities (94.4) (111.9) (118.5)
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash (85.3) 5.4 53.2
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at the beginning of the period 160.6 155.2 102.0
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at the end of the period $ 75.3 $ 160.6 $ 155.2
Non-cash transactions
Financed property and equipment purchases $ 0.3 $ 0.1 $ 0.7
Non-cash exchange of private preferred shares for common stock 20.0 - -
The following table presents our cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash by category within the Consolidated Balance Sheets:
As of As of
December 31,
2021 December 31,
(in millions)
Cash and cash equivalents $ 75.1 $ 160.4
Restricted cash and cash equivalents supporting reinsurance obligations 0.2 0.2
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash $ 75.3 $ 160.6
See accompanying notes.
Employers Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2021
1. Basis of Presentation and Summary of Operations
Nature of Operations and Organization
Employers Holdings, Inc. (EHI) is a Nevada holding company. Through its wholly owned insurance subsidiaries, Employers Insurance Company of Nevada (EICN), Employers Compensation Insurance Company (ECIC), Employers Preferred Insurance Company (EPIC), Employers Assurance Company (EAC), and Cerity Insurance Company (CIC), EHI is engaged in the commercial property and casualty insurance industry, specializing in workers' compensation products and services. Unless otherwise indicated, all references to the "Company" refer to EHI, together with its subsidiaries.
In 1999, the Nevada State Industrial Insurance System (the Fund) entered into a 100% quota share reinsurance agreement (the LPT Agreement) through a loss portfolio transfer transaction with third party reinsurers. The LPT Agreement commenced on June 30, 1999 and will remain in effect until: (i) all claims under the covered policies have closed; (ii) the LPT Agreement is commuted or terminated upon the mutual agreement of the parties; or (iii) the reinsurers' aggregate maximum limit of liability is exhausted, whichever occurs first. The LPT Agreement does not provide for any additional termination terms. On January 1, 2000, EICN assumed all of the assets, liabilities and operations of the Fund, including the Fund's rights and obligations associated with the LPT Agreement. See Notes 2 and 10.
The Company accounts for the LPT Agreement as retroactive reinsurance. Upon entry into the LPT Agreement, an initial deferred reinsurance gain (the Deferred Gain) was recorded as a liability on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company is entitled to receive a contingent profit commission under the LPT Agreement. The contingent profit commission is estimated based on both actual paid results to date and projections of expected paid losses under the LPT Agreement and is recorded as an asset on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
The Company operates through two reportable segments: Employers and Cerity. Each of the segments represents a separate and distinct underwriting platform through which the Company conducts insurance business. This presentation allows the reader, as well as the Company's chief operating decision makers, to objectively analyze the business originated through each of the Company's underwriting platforms. Detailed financial information about the Company's operating segments is presented in Note 19.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. As a result, actual results could differ from these estimates. The most significant areas that require management judgment are the estimate of unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses (LAE), evaluation of reinsurance recoverables, recognition of premium revenue, recoverability of deferred income taxes, and valuation of investments.
Reclassifications
Certain prior period information has been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.
Acquisition
On July 31, 2019, the Company acquired (the Acquisition) PartnerRe Insurance Company of New York (PRNY) from Partner Reinsurance Company of the U.S. (PRUS). The purchase price was equal to the sum of: (i) $47.6 million, the amount of statutory capital and surplus of PRNY at closing; and (ii) $5.8 million. The Company funded the Acquisition with cash on hand. As a result of the purchase, the Company acquired $37.3 million of cash and cash equivalents, $10.3 million of fixed maturity securities, $5.8 million of intangible assets (comprised of state licenses), $6.8 million of other assets, $6.8 million of other liabilities, and $48.3 million of gross loss and LAE reserves, which were offset by $48.3 million of reinsurance recoverables, resulting in no net loss and LAE reserves. The Company did not acquire any employees or ongoing business operations pursuant to the Acquisition.
Pursuant to the purchase agreement, all liabilities and obligations of PRNY existing as of the closing date, whether known or unknown, will be indemnified by PRUS. In addition, PartnerRe Ltd., the parent company of PRUS, has provided the Company
with a guaranty that unconditionally, absolutely and irrevocably guarantees the full and prompt payment and performance by PRUS of all of its obligations, liabilities and indemnities under the purchase agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby. If PRUS and PartnerRe Ltd. were to fail to honor their obligations to the Company under the purchase agreement, all or a portion of the remaining gross loss and LAE reserves acquired by the Company pursuant to the Acquisition would become the Company's responsibility.
Subsequent to completing the Acquisition, PRNY was renamed CIC.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all liquid investments with maturities of less than three months, as measured from the date of purchase, to be cash equivalents.
Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents
Restricted cash and cash equivalents represent cash and cash equivalents held in trust in order to secure certain of the Company's obligations and, accordingly, are restricted as to withdrawal or usage. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020 the Company held $3.1 million and $3.2 million, respectively, in cash and investments in trust for reinsurance obligations, of which $0.2 million, represented restricted cash and cash equivalents for each year.
Short-Term Investments
The Company considers all liquid investments with maturities of between three and twelve months, as measured from the date of purchase, to be short-term investments.
Investment Securities
The Company's investments in fixed maturity securities and short-term investments are classified as available-for-sale (AFS) and are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported as a separate component of stockholders' equity, net of deferred taxes, in Accumulated other comprehensive income on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The Company's investments in equity securities at fair value are not classified as AFS and changes in fair value are included in Net realized and unrealized gains on investments on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The Company's investment in FHLB stock is presented within Equity securities at cost on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The Company's investments in other invested assets are reported at either net asset value or fair value and changes in the value of these investments are included in Net realized and unrealized gains on investments on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
Beginning in 2020, with the adoption of ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326), the Company's investments in fixed maturity securities are presented net of an allowance for current expected credit losses (CECL). The Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria is met, the security's amortized cost basis is written down to its fair value. For AFS debt securities that do not meet either criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. The changes in the Company's allowance for CECL on investments are included in Net realized and unrealized gains on investments on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (see Note 6).
Prior to adoption of ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326), the determination of an other-than-temporary decline for fixed maturity securities and other invested assets included, in addition to other relevant factors, a presumption that if the market value was below cost by a significant amount for a period of time, a bifurcation of the write-down may be necessary based on the portion of the loss that was deemed to be a "credit loss", which was considered a realized loss, and the portion that was deemed to be an "other than credit loss", which was considered to be an unrealized loss. If management had the intent to sell the security or more likely than not would be required to sell the security before its anticipated recovery, the investment was written down to its fair value and the entire impairment was recorded as a realized loss in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. If management did not have the intent to sell or would not be required to sell the security but did not expect to recover the amortized cost or cost basis of the security, the amount of the other-than-temporary impairment was bifurcated (see Note 5).
Investment income consists primarily of interest and dividends generated by investment securities. Interest is recorded as earned on an accrual basis and dividends are recorded as earned at the ex-dividend date. Interest income on mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities is determined using the effective-yield method based on estimated principal repayments. Mortgage-backed securities are adjusted for the effects of changes in prepayment assumptions on the related accretion of discount or amortization of premium of such securities using the retrospective method.
Realized gains and losses on investments are determined on a specific-identification basis.
Recognition of Revenue and Expense
Revenue Recognition
Premiums written are recognized as revenues, net of any applicable underlying reinsurance coverage, and recognized as earned, over the period of the contract in proportion to the amount of insurance protection provided. At the end of the policy term, payroll-based premium audits are performed on substantially all policyholder accounts to determine the actual amount of net premiums earned for that policy year. Earned but unbilled premiums include estimated future audit premiums based on the Company's historical experience. These estimates are subject to changes in policyholders' payrolls, economic conditions, and seasonality, and are continually reviewed and adjusted as experience develops or new information becomes known. Any such adjustments are included in current operations; however, they are partially offset by the resulting changes in losses and LAE, commission expenses, and premium taxes. The Company's premiums receivable on its Consolidated Balance Sheets included $13.8 million and $2.3 million of additional premiums expected to be received from policyholders for premium audits at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
The Company establishes an allowance for CECL (see Note 6) on its premiums receivable through a charge included in underwriting and general and administrative expenses in its Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. This allowance for CECL is determined based on estimates (collectability and historical payment patterns) and assumptions to project future experience. After all collection efforts have been exhausted, the Company reduces the allowance for CECL for write-offs of premiums receivable that have been deemed uncollectible. The Company's allowance for CECL was $10.3 million and $10.8 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The Company had write offs of $2.5 million, $6.8 million, and $10.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively.
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs
Policy acquisition costs, those costs that relate directly to the successful acquisition of new or renewal insurance contracts, including underwriting, policy issuance and processing, medical and inspection, sales force contract selling and commissions are deferred and amortized as the related premiums are earned. Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, was $92.2 million, $97.5 million, and $107.7 million, respectively.
If the sum of a policy's expected losses and LAE and deferred policy acquisition costs exceeds the related unearned premiums and projected investment income, a premium deficiency is determined to exist. In this event, deferred policy acquisition costs are immediately expensed to the extent necessary to eliminate the premium deficiency. If the premium deficiency exceeds deferred acquisition costs, a liability is accrued for the excess deficiency. There were no premium deficiency adjustments recognized during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019.
Unpaid Loss and LAE Reserves
Unpaid loss and LAE reserves represent management's best estimate of the ultimate net cost of all reported and unreported losses incurred for the applicable periods, less payments made. The estimated reserves for losses and LAE include the accumulation of estimates for all claims reported prior to the balance sheet date, estimates of claims incurred but not reported, and estimates of expenses for investigating and adjusting all incurred and unadjusted claims (based on projections of relevant historical data). Amounts reported are subject to the impact of future changes in economic, regulatory and social conditions. Management believes that, subject to the inherent variability in any such estimate, the reserves are within a reasonable and acceptable range of adequacy. Estimates for claims prior to the balance sheet date are continually monitored and reviewed, and as settlements are made or reserves adjusted, the differences are reported in current operations. Salvage and subrogation recoveries are estimated based on a review of the level of historical salvage and subrogation recoveries.
Reinsurance
In the ordinary course of business, the Company purchases excess of loss reinsurance in order to protect it against the impact of large and/or catastrophic losses. Additionally, the Company is a party to the LPT Agreement (see Note 10). These reinsurance arrangements reduce the Company's exposure to such losses since its reinsurers are liable to the Company to the extent of the reinsurance protection provided. However, the Company remains liable for all losses it incurs to the extent that any reinsurer is unable or unwilling to make timely payments under its reinsurance agreements.
Balances due from reinsurers on unpaid losses, including an estimate of such recoverables related to reserves for incurred but not reported losses, are reported as reinsurance recoverables on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. Reinsurance recoverables on paid losses represent amounts currently due from reinsurers. Reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses represent amounts that will be collectible from reinsurers once the losses are paid. Reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses and LAE amounted to $476.3 million and $496.6 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Beginning in 2020, with the adoption of ASU 2016-13, the Company's reinsurance recoverables are presented net of an allowance for CECL. The changes in the Company's allowance for CECL are included in underwriting and general and administrative expenses on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (see Note 6). This allowance for CECL is determined based on historical information, financial strength of reinsurers, collateralization amounts and ratings to determine the appropriateness of the allowance.
Ceded reinsurance premiums are accounted for on a basis consistent with those used in accounting for the underlying premiums, and are reported as reductions to arrive at net premiums written and earned.
Ceded losses and LAE are also accounted for on a basis consistent with those used in accounting for the original policies issued and the terms of the relevant reinsurance agreement, and are recorded as reductions to losses and LAE incurred.
Pursuant to the LPT Agreement, LAE is deemed to be 7% of total losses paid and is payable to the Company as compensation for management of the claims under the LPT Agreement. The Deferred Gain is amortized using the recovery method, whereby the amortization is determined by the proportion of actual reinsurance recoveries to total estimated recoveries through the life of the LPT Agreement, and is recorded in losses and LAE incurred in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Any adjustment to the estimated loss and LAE reserves ceded under the LPT Agreement results in a cumulative adjustment to the Deferred Gain, which is also recognized in losses and LAE incurred in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, such that the Deferred Gain reflects the balance that would have existed had the revised reserves been recognized at the inception of the LPT Agreement (LPT Reserve Adjustment).
Additionally, the Company is entitled to receive a contingent profit commission under the LPT Agreement. The contingent profit commission is equal to 30% of the favorable difference between actual paid losses and LAE and expected paid losses and LAE as established in the LPT Agreement based on losses paid through June 30, 2024. The contingent profit commission is paid every five years beginning June 30, 2004 for the first 25 years of the agreement. The Company could be required to return any previously received contingent profit commission, plus interest, in the event of unfavorable differences through June 30, 2024. The Company records an estimate of contingent profit commission on its Consolidated Balance Sheets as Contingent commission receivable-LPT Agreement and a corresponding liability is recorded as Deferred reinsurance gain-LPT Agreement. The Contingent commission receivable-LPT Agreement is reduced as amounts are received from participating reinsurers. In 2019, the Company received $19.1 million in cash related to the contingent profit commission. The Deferred reinsurance gain-LPT Agreement is amortized using the recovery method. The amortization of the contingent profit commission is determined by the proportion of actual reinsurance recoveries to total estimated recoveries over the life of the contingent profit commission (through June 30, 2024), and is recorded in losses and LAE incurred in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Any adjustment to the contingent profit commission under the LPT Agreement results in a cumulative adjustment to the Deferred Gain, which is also recognized in losses and LAE incurred in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, such that the Deferred Gain reflects the balance that would have existed had the revised contingent profit commission been recognized at the inception of the LPT Agreement (LPT Contingent Commission Adjustment).
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation (see Note 7). Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged against operations as incurred.
Electronic data processing equipment, software, furniture and equipment, and automobiles are depreciated using the straight-line method over three to seven years. Leasehold improvements are also carried at cost less accumulated amortization. The Company amortizes leasehold improvements using the straight-line method over the lesser of the useful life of the asset or the remaining original lease term, excluding options or renewal periods. Leasehold improvements are generally amortized over three to eight years.
Cloud Computing Arrangements
The Company capitalizes software license fees and implementation costs associated with hosting arrangements that are service contracts. These amounts are included in Cloud computing arrangements on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. Amortization of the software license fees is calculated using the straight-line method over the term of the service contract or based on the expected utilization of the asset. Amortization of the implementation costs are calculated using the straight-line method based on the term of the service contract and commence once the module or component is ready for its intended use,
regardless of whether the hosted software has been placed into service, and will be recognized over the remaining life of the service contract.
Operating leases
The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at the inception of the transaction. Leased office property meets the definition of operating leases under ASC 842 and is presented as a right-of-use asset (ROU asset) and lease liability on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. ROU assets represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease payments arising from the lease transaction. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of the lease payments over the lease term. The Company uses collateralized incremental borrowing rates to determine the present value of lease payments. The ROU assets also include lease payments less any lease incentives within a lease agreement. The Company's lease terms may include options to extend or terminate a lease. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
The Company elected the practical expedients in ASU 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements and ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), allowing it to apply provisions of the guidance at the date of adoption without adjusting comparative periods presented (see Note 12).
Finance Leases
Leased property and equipment meeting finance lease criteria are capitalized at the lower of the present value of the related lease payments or the fair value of the leased asset at the inception of the lease. Financing leases for automobiles are included in property and equipment in other liabilities on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. Amortization is calculated using the straight-line method based on the term of the lease and is included in the depreciation expense of property and equipment. See Note 12 for additional disclosures related to finance leases.
Income Taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the Company's financial statements. Under this method, the Company determines deferred tax assets and liabilities on the basis of the differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities by using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. As of December 22, 2017, the date that the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act was enacted (Enactment), the effect of the change in tax rates on the Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities was recognized in income and created stranded tax effects within accumulated other comprehensive income that did not reflect the newly enacted tax rate. The Company reclassified the net tax effects from Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax, to Retained earnings as of the date of Enactment.
The Company records uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes, on the basis of a two-step process. Recognition (Step 1) occurs when the Company concludes that a tax position, based solely on its technical merits, is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination. Measurement (Step 2) is addressed only if Step 1 has been satisfied. Under Step 2, the tax benefit is measured as the largest amount of benefit, determined on a cumulative probability basis, that is more likely than not to be realized upon ultimate settlement.
The Company recognizes deferred tax assets when it determines that such assets are more likely than not to be realized in future periods. In making such a determination, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, tax-planning strategies, projected future taxable income, projected future tax rates, and results of recent operations. If the Company determines that it is not more likely than not that it could realize its deferred tax assets in future periods, it would establish a deferred tax asset valuation allowance that would increase the Company's provision for income taxes. If the Company determines that it would be able to realize its deferred tax assets in the future in excess of its net recorded amount, the Company would make an adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance, which would reduce the provision for income taxes.
Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk are primarily cash and cash equivalents (including restricted cash equivalents), short-term investments, investment securities, premiums receivable, and reinsurance recoverable balances.
The Company's cash equivalents and short-term investments include investments in money market securities and securities backed by the U.S. government. The Company's investment securities are diversified throughout many industries and geographic regions and include investments in U.S. government and U.S. government-sponsored enterprises. The Company believes that it has no significant concentrations of credit risk from a single issue or issuer within its cash equivalents, short-term investments and investment securities other than concentrations in U.S. government and U.S. government-sponsored enterprises.
The Company's premiums receivable are generally diversified due to the large number of entities composing the Company's policyholder base and their dispersion across many different industries.
The Company monitors the financial condition of its reinsurers to minimize its exposure to significant losses from reinsurer insolvencies. The Company also obtains collateral from its reinsurers in order to mitigate the risks related to insolvencies. At December 31, 2021, $1.8 million was held as collateral by cash or letters of credit for the Company's reinsurance recoverables and an additional $432.5 million was in trust accounts for reinsurance recoverables specifically related to the LPT Agreement.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The fair values of the Company's financial instruments have been determined using available market information and other appropriate valuation methodologies. Judgment is required in developing fair value estimates where quoted market prices are not available. Accordingly, these estimates are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that could be realized in a current market exchange. The use of different market assumptions or estimating methodologies may have an effect on the estimated fair value amounts.
The following methods and assumptions were used by the Company in estimating the fair value of its financial instruments:
Cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, premiums receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses, and other liabilities. The carrying amounts for each of these financial instruments as reported in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets approximate their fair values.
Investment securities. The Company's investment securities are predominantly valued on the basis of actual market transactions or observable inputs. A small portion of the Company's investment securities are valued on the basis of pricing models with significant unobservable inputs or nonbinding broker quotes. See Note 4.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
The Company formally tests for impairment of goodwill and intangible assets in the fourth quarter of each year. At the end of each quarter, management considers the results of the previous analysis as well as any recent developments that may constitute triggering events requiring the impairment analysis of goodwill and other intangible assets to be updated. The Company assessed the effects of current economic conditions on the Company's financial condition and results of operations and changes in the Company's fair value and determined that there were no impairments of these assets as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.
Intangible assets related to state licenses are not subject to amortization. Intangibles related to insurance relationships were amortized in proportion to the expected period of benefit and were fully amortized as of December 31, 2021.
The gross carrying value, accumulated amortization, and net carrying value for the Company's intangible assets, by major class, as of December 31, were as follows:
2021 2020
Gross
Carrying
Value Accumulated
Amortization Net
Carrying
Value Gross
Carrying
Value Accumulated
Amortization Net
Carrying
Value
(in millions)
State licenses $ 13.5 $ - $ 13.5 $ 13.5 $ - $ 13.5
Insurance relationships 9.4 $ (9.4) - 9.4 $ (9.4) -
Other 0.1 - 0.1 0.1 - 0.1
Total $ 23.0 $ (9.4) $ 13.6 $ 23.0 $ (9.4) $ 13.6
There was no amortization expense in 2021 or 2020. These amortization expenses are included in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income in underwriting and general and administrative expenses.
Stock-Based Compensation
The Company provides stock-based compensation to its directors and certain of its employees, which is recognized in its Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income based on estimated grant date fair values over the relevant service period (see Note 14).
3. New Accounting Standards
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848). This update provides optional transition guidance to ease the potential accounting burden associated with transitioning away from the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR), with optional expedients and exceptions related to the application of US GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions affected by reference rate reform. Companies can apply this ASU immediately, but early adoption is only available through December 31, 2022 when the ASU becomes effective. The Company has and will continue to evaluate the impact of LIBOR on its existing contracts and investments, but does not expect that this update will have a material impact on its consolidated financial condition or results of operations.
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
In October 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2020-10, Codification Improvements. This update ensures all disclosure guidance that requires or provides an option for an entity to provide notes to the financial statements is included in the Disclosure Section (Section 50) of the Codification. This update also provides various codification improvements in which the original guidance was unclear. This update becomes effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2020 and early adoption is permitted for any annual or interim period for which financial statements have not been issued. The Company has determined that the impact of this standard is not material to its consolidated financial condition and results of operations.
In October 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-08, Codification Improvements to Subtopic 310-20, Receivable-Nonrefundable fees and other costs. The amendments in that Update shortened the amortization period for certain purchased callable debt securities held at a premium by requiring that entities amortize the premium associated with those callable debt securities within the scope of paragraph 310-20-25-33 to the earliest call date. The amendments affect the guidance in Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-08, receivables-Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20): Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities. The amendments is this update become effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. Early adoption is not permitted. The Company has determined that the impact of this standard is not material to its consolidated financial condition and results of operations.
In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740). This update simplifies the accounting for income taxes within Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) topic 740 by removing certain exceptions and clarifies existing guidance. The Company has determined that the impact of this standard is not material to its consolidated financial condition and results of operations.
In April 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-04, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments. The amendments in this update represent changes to clarify, correct errors in, or improve the codification within various ASC topics. The Company adopted the updates related to Topic 815 when it adopted ASU 2016-13. The Company determined that the impact of these improvements was not material to its consolidated financial condition and results of operations.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. This update removes the disclosure requirements for the amounts of and the reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 and disclosure of the policy for timing of transfers between levels. This update also removes disclosure requirements for the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. Additionally, this update adds disclosure requirements for the changes in unrealized gains and losses for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements and quantitative information for certain unobservable inputs in Level 3 fair value measurements. Additionally, in March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-03, Codification Improvements to Financial Instruments. This update provided clarification and eliminated inconsistencies on a variety of topics within the codification. The Company adopted the applicable standards and there was no impact on its consolidated financial condition and results of operations.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350). This update simplifies the measurement of goodwill by eliminating the performance of Step 2 in the goodwill impairment analysis. This update allows the testing to be performed by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognizing an impairment charge when the carrying amount exceeds fair value. Additionally, this update eliminates the requirements of any reporting unit with a zero or negative carrying value to perform Step 2, but requires disclosure of the amount of goodwill allocated to a reporting unit with zero or negative carrying amount of net assets. The Company adopted this standard and there was no impact on its consolidated financial condition and results of operations.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326). This update replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology for recognizing credit losses on financial instruments with a methodology that reflects an entity's current estimate of all expected credit losses. This update requires financial assets (including receivables and reinsurance recoverables) measured at amortized cost to be presented net of an allowance for credit losses. Additionally, this
update requires credit losses on available-for-sale fixed maturity securities to be presented as an allowance rather than as a write-down, allowing an entity to also record reversals of credit losses in current period net income. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Additionally, in December 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-19, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses. This update provides clarification on the effective and transition dates and the exclusion of operating lease receivables from Topic 326. In May 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-05, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Targeted Transition Relief. This update adds optional transition relief for entities to elect the fair value option for certain financial assets previously measured at amortized cost basis to increase comparability of similar financial assets. In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-11, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses which provides clarification on certain aspects of the guidance in ASC 326 including purchased credit-deteriorated financial assets, transition relief for troubled debt restructurings, disclosure relief for accrued interest receivables and allows a practical expedient for financial assets secured by collateral maintenance provisions. The Company adopted these standards on January 1, 2020 and did not make any opening balance sheet adjustments due to the immaterial amounts. See Note 6 regarding the impact of this adoption on the Company's consolidated financial condition and results of operations.
4. Valuation of Financial Instruments
Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value
The carrying value and the estimated fair value of the Company's financial instruments at fair value were as follows as of December 31:
2021 2020
Carrying Value Estimated Fair Value Carrying Value Estimated Fair Value
Financial assets (in millions)
Total investments at fair value (Note 5) $ 2,692.0 $ 2,692.0 $ 2,714.3 $ 2,714.3
Cash and cash equivalents 75.1 75.1 160.4 160.4
Restricted cash and cash equivalents 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets are categorized based upon the levels of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their fair value. Level inputs are defined as follows:
•Level 1 - Inputs are unadjusted quoted market prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets at the measurement date.
•Level 2 - Inputs other than Level 1 prices that are observable for similar assets or liabilities through corroboration with market data at the measurement date.
•Level 3 - Inputs that are unobservable that reflect management's best estimate of what willing market participants would use in pricing the assets or liabilities at the measurement date.
The Company uses third party pricing services to assist with its investment accounting function. The ultimate pricing source varies depending on the investment security and pricing service used, but investment securities valued on the basis of observable inputs (Levels 1 and 2) are generally assigned values on the basis of actual transactions. Securities valued on the basis of pricing models with significant unobservable inputs or non-binding broker quotes are classified as Level 3. The Company performs quarterly analyses on the prices it receives from third parties to determine whether the prices are reasonable estimates of fair value, including confirming the fair values of these securities through observable market prices using an alternative pricing source, as it is ultimately management's responsibility to ensure that the fair values reflected in the Company's consolidated financial statements are appropriate. If differences are noted in these analyses, the Company may obtain additional information from other pricing services to validate the quoted price.
The Company bases all of its estimates of fair value for assets on the bid prices, when available, as they represent what a third-party market participant would be willing to pay in an arm's length transaction.
For securities not actively traded, third party pricing services may use quoted market prices of similar instruments or discounted cash flow analyses, incorporating inputs that are currently observable in the markets for similar securities. Inputs that are often used in the valuation methodologies include, but are not limited to, broker quotes, benchmark yields, credit spreads, default rates, and prepayment speed assumptions. There were no material adjustments to the valuation methodology utilized by third party pricing services as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.
These methods of valuation only produce an estimate of fair value if there is objectively verifiable information to produce a valuation. If objectively verifiable information is not available, the Company would be required to produce an estimate of fair value using some of the same methodologies, making assumptions for market-based inputs that are unavailable.
The following table presents the Company's investments at fair value and the corresponding fair value measurements.
December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
(in millions)
Fixed maturity securities
U.S. Treasuries $ - $ 65.7 $ - $ - $ 78.3 $ -
U.S. Agencies - 2.4 - - 3.1 -
States and municipalities - 436.1 - - 482.7 -
Corporate securities - 1,080.3 - - 1,046.4 -
Residential mortgage-backed securities - 321.8 - - 461.0 -
Commercial mortgage-backed securities - 92.3 - - 102.4 -
Asset-backed securities - 68.5 - - 42.6 -
Collateralized loan obligations - 85.4 - - 83.6 -
Foreign government securities - 12.5 - - 8.2 -
Other securities - 177.7 - - 170.9 -
Total fixed maturity securities $ - $ 2,342.7 $ - $ - $ 2,479.2 $ -
Equity securities at fair value
Industrial and miscellaneous $ 283.1 $ - $ - $ 179.1 $ - $ -
Other 55.7 - - 29.4 - -
Total equity securities at fair value $ 338.8 $ - $ - $ 208.5 $ - $ -
Short-term investments $ - $ 10.5 $ - $ 4.0 $ 22.6 $ -
Total investments at fair value $ 338.8 $ 2,353.2 $ - $ 212.5 $ 2,501.8 $ -
Financial Instruments Carried at Cost
EICN, ECIC, EPIC, and EAC are members of the Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco (FHLB). Members are required to purchase stock in the FHLB in addition to maintaining collateral deposits that back any funds advanced. The Company's investment in FHLB stock is recorded at cost, which approximates fair value, as purchases and sales of these securities are at par value with the issuer. FHLB stock is considered a restricted security and is periodically evaluated by the Company for impairment based on the ultimate recovery of par value.
The Company had investments in convertible preferred shares of real estate investment trusts which were carried at cost and approximate fair value. These preferred shares were redeemed and converted to equity securities during the year ended December 31, 2021.
Financial Instruments Carried at Net Asset Value (NAV)
The Company has investments in private equity limited partnership interests that are included in Other invested assets on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. These investments do not have readily determinable fair values and are carried at NAV and therefore are excluded from the fair value hierarchy. The Company initially estimates the value of these investments using the transaction price. In subsequent periods, the Company measures these investments using NAV per share provided quarterly by the general partner, based on financial statements that are audited annually. These investments are generally not redeemable by the investees and cannot be sold without approval of the general partner. These investments have a fund term of 10 to 12 years, subject to two or three one-year extensions at the general partner's discretion. The Company will receive distributions of proceeds from dividends and interest from fund investments, as well as from the disposition of a fund investment, or a portion thereof. The Company expects these distributions from time-to-time during the full course of the fund term. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company had unfunded commitments to these private equity limited partnerships totaling $46.4 million and $63.8 million, respectively.
Additionally, certain cash equivalents, principally money market securities, are measured using NAV, which approximates fair value.
The following table presents cash and investments carried at NAV on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets.
December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020
Cash equivalents measured at NAV 29.5 58.7
Other invested assets carried at NAV 38.4 16.2
5. Investments
The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains, gross unrealized losses, and estimated fair value of the Company's AFS investments were as follows:
Amortized
Cost Gross
Unrealized
Gains Gross
Unrealized
Losses Estimated
Fair Value
At December 31, 2021 (in millions)
Fixed maturity securities
U.S. Treasuries $ 64.3 $ 1.6 $ (0.2) $ 65.7
U.S. Agencies 2.2 0.2 - 2.4
States and municipalities 413.8 22.4 (0.1) 436.1
Corporate securities 1,035.1 47.0 (1.8) 1,080.3
Residential mortgage-backed securities 319.0 7.0 (4.2) 321.8
Commercial mortgage-backed securities 87.9 4.5 (0.1) 92.3
Asset-backed securities 68.6 0.4 (0.5) 68.5
Collateralized loan obligations 85.5 - (0.1) 85.4
Foreign government securities 12.7 - (0.2) 12.5
Other securities(1)
177.0 1.2 (0.5) 177.7
Total fixed maturity securities 2,266.1 84.3 (7.7) 2,342.7
Short-term investments 10.5 - - 10.5
Total AFS investments $ 2,276.6 $ 84.3 $ (7.7) $ 2,353.2
At December 31, 2020
Fixed maturity securities
U.S. Treasuries $ 74.3 $ 4.0 $ - $ 78.3
U.S. Agencies 2.8 0.3 - 3.1
States and municipalities 449.4 33.3 - 482.7
Corporate securities 963.5 83.2 (0.3) 1,046.4
Residential mortgage-backed securities 444.6 16.7 (0.3) 461.0
Commercial mortgage-backed securities 94.7 7.8 (0.1) 102.4
Asset-backed securities 42.0 0.9 (0.3) 42.6
Collateralized loan obligations 84.4 - (0.8) 83.6
Foreign government securities 8.0 0.2 - 8.2
Other securities(1)
169.9 1.5 (0.5) 170.9
Total fixed maturity securities 2,333.6 147.9 (2.3) 2,479.2
Short-term investments 26.5 0.1 - 26.6
Total AFS investments $ 2,360.1 $ 148.0 $ (2.3) $ 2,505.8
(1)Other securities within fixed maturity securities consist of bank loans, which are classified as AFS and reported at fair value.
The cost and estimated fair value of the Company's equity securities recorded at fair value at December 31, 2021 and 2020 were as follows:
Cost Estimated Fair Value
(in millions)
At December 31, 2021
Equity securities at fair value
Industrial and miscellaneous $ 170.5 $ 283.1
Other 42.1 55.7
Total equity securities at fair value $ 212.6 $ 338.8
At December 31, 2020
Equity securities at fair value
Industrial and miscellaneous $ 94.1 $ 179.1
Other 18.3 29.4
Total equity securities at fair value $ 112.4 $ 208.5
The Company had Other invested assets totaling $38.4 million and $36.2 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. These investments consisted of: (i) private equity limited partnerships that totaled $38.4 million and $16.2 million (initial cost of $34.1 million and $16.8 million) at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, which are carried at NAV based on information provided by the general partner; and (ii) convertible preferred shares of real estate investment trusts that totaled $20.0 million at December 31, 2020, which were carried at cost and approximated fair value. The investments in private equity limited partnerships are non-redeemable until conversion and are periodically evaluated by the Company for impairment based on the ultimate recovery of the investment. Changes in the value of these investments are recorded through Net realized and unrealized gains and losses on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
The amortized cost and estimated fair value of the Company's fixed maturity securities at December 31, 2021, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
Amortized Cost Estimated Fair Value
(in millions)
Due in one year or less $ 97.4 $ 98.8
Due after one year through five years 766.4 799.8
Due after five years through ten years 733.2 763.4
Due after ten years 108.1 112.7
Mortgage and asset-backed securities 561.0 568.0
Total $ 2,266.1 $ 2,342.7
The following is a summary of AFS investments that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months and those that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or greater as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.
December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020
Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Number of Issues Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Number of Issues
Less than 12 months: (dollars in millions)
Fixed maturity securities
U.S. Treasuries $ 12.8 $ (0.2) 4 $ - $ - -
States and municipalities 7.7 (0.1) 4 - - -
Corporate securities 113.0 (1.8) 87 9.7 (0.3) 10
Residential mortgage-backed securities 146.3 (3.9) 65 47.4 (0.3) 13
Commercial mortgage-backed securities - - - 5.5 (0.1) 6
Asset-backed securities 50.1 (0.5) 14 7.8 (0.3) 6
Collateralized loan obligations 24.4 (0.1) 10 74.6 (0.8) 18
Foreign government securities 12.5 (0.2) 2 - - -
Other securities 66.3 (0.4) 176 60.4 (0.5) 146
Total fixed maturity securities 433.1 (7.2) 362 205.4 (2.3) 199
Total less than 12 months $ 433.1 $ (7.2) 362 $ 205.4 $ (2.3) 199
12 months or greater:
Fixed maturity securities
Residential mortgage-backed securities $ 4.9 $ (0.3) 3 $ - $ - -
Commercial mortgage-backed securities 2.4 (0.1) 2 - - -
Other securities 8.0 (0.1) 29 - - -
Total fixed maturity securities 15.3 (0.5) 34 - - -
Total 12 months or greater $ 15.3 $ (0.5) 34 $ - $ - -
The Company recorded an allowance for CECL on AFS debt securities of $0.2 million and $0.7 million during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 (see Note 6). Those fixed maturity securities whose total fair value was less than amortized cost at December 31, 2021, were those in which the Company had no intent, need or requirement to sell at an amount less than their amortized cost. There were no other-than-temporary impairments recognized on fixed maturity securities during the year ended December 31, 2019. The Company determined that the remaining unrealized losses on fixed maturity securities at December 31, 2019 were primarily the result of changes in prevailing interest rates and not the credit quality of the issuers.
Realized gains and losses on investments include the gain or loss on a security at the time of sale compared to its original or adjusted cost (equity securities and other invested assets) or amortized cost (fixed maturity securities). Realized losses on fixed maturity securities are also recognized when securities are written down as a result of an other-than-temporary impairment or for changes in the CECL allowance.
Net realized gains on investments and the change in unrealized gains (losses) on the Company's investments recorded at fair value are determined on a specific-identification basis and were as follows:
Gross Realized Gains Gross Realized Losses Net Change in CECL Allowance Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) Changes in Fair Value Reflected in Earnings Changes in Fair Value Reflected in AOCI, before tax
(in millions)
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Fixed maturity securities $ 4.7 $ (1.1) $ 0.5 $ (68.9) $ 4.1 $ (68.9)
Equity securities 20.6 (5.0) - 30.0 45.6 -
Other invested assets - - - 4.9 4.9 -
Short-term investments - - - (0.1) - (0.1)
Total investments $ 25.3 $ (6.1) $ 0.5 $ (34.1) $ 54.6 $ (69.0)
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Fixed maturity securities $ 9.2 $ (4.1) $ (0.7) $ 63.0 $ 4.4 $ 63.0
Equity securities 42.6 (21.8) - (5.0) 15.8 -
Other invested assets - - - (1.3) (1.3) -
Short-term investments 0.1 - - 0.1 0.1 0.1
Total investments $ 51.9 $ (25.9) $ (0.7) $ 56.8 $ 19.0 $ 63.1
Year Ended December 31, 2019
Fixed maturity securities $ 5.2 $ (1.3) $ - $ 99.9 $ 3.9 $ 99.9
Equity securities 17.8 (4.4) - 33.1 46.5 -
Other invested assets - - - $ 0.7 0.7 -
Total investments $ 23.0 $ (5.7) $ - $ 133.7 $ 51.1 $ 99.9
Proceeds from the sales of fixed maturity securities were $206.7 million, $349.5 million and $163.0 million for years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Net investment income was as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
(in millions)
Fixed maturity securities $ 71.5 $ 72.6 $ 81.9
Equity securities 3.7 4.4 7.9
Other invested assets 2.7 2.8 1.2
Short-term investments 0.2 1.5 -
Cash equivalents and restricted cash - 0.5 1.7
Gross investment income 78.1 81.8 92.7
Investment expenses (5.4) (5.5) (4.6)
Net investment income $ 72.7 $ 76.3 $ 88.1
The Company is required by various state laws and regulations to support, through securities on deposit or otherwise, its outstanding loss reserves in certain states in which it does business. These laws and regulations govern not only the amount but also the types of securities that are eligible for deposit. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, securities having a fair value of $861.4 million and $768.7 million, respectively, were on deposit. Additionally, standby letters of credit from the FHLB were in place in lieu of $70.0 million and $275.0 million of securities on deposit as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively (see Note 11).
Certain reinsurance contracts require the Company's funds to be held in trust for the benefit of the ceding reinsurer to secure the outstanding liabilities assumed by the Company. The fair value of fixed maturity securities and restricted cash and cash equivalents held in trust for the benefit of ceding reinsurers at December 31, 2021 and 2020 was $3.1 million and $3.2 million, respectively.
6. Current Expected Credit Losses
The Company adopted ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) in the first quarter of 2020, which replaced the incurred loss methodology with an expected loss methodology known as the current expected loss methodology, CECL. The measurement of CECL is applicable to financial assets measured at amortized cost, which includes held-to-maturity securities, trade receivables, lease receivables, reinsurance recoverables, financial guarantee contracts, loan commitments, and financial assets with evidence of credit deterioration. Additionally, Topic 326 made changes to the accounting for AFS debt securities. This change requires credit losses to be presented as an allowance rather than as a write-down on AFS debt securities that the Company does not intend to sell or believes that it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell.
Premiums Receivable
Premiums receivable balances are all due within one year or less. The Company currently determines the allowance for premiums receivable based on an internal aging schedule using collectability and historical payment patterns, as well as current and expected future market conditions to determine the appropriateness of the allowance. Historical payment patterns and future market conditions provide the basis for the estimation along with similar risk characteristics and the Company's business strategy, which have not changed significantly over time. The Company will continually assess the historical payment patterns and aging schedule to reflect the differences in our current conditions and future forecasted changes, including any impact from the COVID-19 pandemic. Changes in the allowance for CECL are recorded through underwriting and general and administrative expenses.
The table below shows the changes in the allowance for CECL on premiums receivable.
Years Ended December 31,
2021 2020
(in millions)
Beginning balance of the allowance for CECL on premiums receivable $ 10.8 $ 4.6
Current period provision for CECL 10.6 13.0
Write-offs charged against the allowance (2.5) (6.8)
Recoveries collected (8.6) -
Ending balance of the allowance for CECL on premiums receivable $ 10.3 $ 10.8
Reinsurance Recoverable
In assessing an allowance for reinsurance assets, which includes reinsurance recoverables and contingent commission receivables, the Company considers historical information, financial strength of reinsurers, collateralization amounts and ratings to determine the appropriateness of the allowance. Historically, the Company has not experienced a credit loss from reinsurance transactions. In assessing future default, the Company evaluated the CECL allowance under the ratings-based method using the A.M. Best Average Cumulative Net Impairment Rates. Reinsurer ratings are also assessed through this process. Changes in the allowance for CECL are recorded through underwriting and general and administrative expenses.
The table below shows the changes in the allowance for CECL on reinsurance recoverables.
Years Ended December 31,
2021 2020
(in millions)
Beginning balance of the allowance for CECL on reinsurance recoverables $ 0.4 $ -
Current period provision for CECL 0.2 0.4
Ending balance of the allowance for CECL on reinsurance recoverables $ 0.6 $ 0.4
Investments
The Company assesses all AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position for CECL. The Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria is met, the security's amortized cost basis is written down to its fair value. For AFS debt securities that do not meet either criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in Accumulated other
comprehensive income on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. Changes in the allowance for CECL are recorded through realized capital losses.
As of December 31, 2021, the Company established an aggregate allowance for CECL in the amount of $0.2 million. For the Company’s investments in fixed-income debt securities, the allowance for CECL was determined by: (i) observing the credit characteristics of those debt securities that may have demonstrated a credit loss as of that date and by comparing the present value of cash flows expected to be collected to its amortized cost basis; and (ii) observing the credit characteristics of those debt securities that are expected to demonstrate a credit loss in the future by comparing the present value of cash flows expected to be collected to its amortized cost basis. The expected present value of cash flows are calculated using scenario based credit loss models derived from the discounted cash flows under the Comprehensive Capital Analysis Review (CCAR) framework, which is adopted by the Federal Reserve.
As of December 31, 2021, the Company did not intend to sell any of its AFS debt securities in which its amortized cost exceeded its fair value.
Accrued interest receivable on AFS debt securities totaled $14.5 million at December 31, 2021 and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses based on historically timely payments.
The table below shows the changes in the allowance for CECL on AFS securities.
Years Ended December 31,
2021 2020
(in millions)
Beginning balance of the allowance for CECL on AFS securities $ 0.7 $ -
Current period provision for CECL - 3.1
Reductions in allowance from disposals (0.2) (2.4)
Recoveries of amounts previously written off $ (0.3) -
Ending balance of the allowance for CECL on AFS securities $ 0.2 $ 0.7
7. Property and Equipment
Property and equipment consists of the following:
As of December 31,
2021 2020
(in millions)
Furniture and equipment $ 3.3 $ 3.4
Leasehold improvements 5.0 5.5
Computers and software 46.8 53.3
Automobiles 0.8 0.8
Property and equipment, gross 55.9 63.0
Accumulated depreciation (41.2) (43.9)
Property and equipment, net $ 14.7 $ 19.1
Depreciation expenses related to property and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 were $7.4 million, $8.2 million, and $9.0 million, respectively. Internally developed software costs of $2.3 million and $3.2 million were capitalized during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Cloud Computing Arrangements
The Company's capitalized costs associated with cloud computing arrangements totaled $43.9 million and $50.2 million, which were comprised of service contract fees and implementation costs associated with hosting arrangements on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Total amortization for hosting arrangements for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 was $14.2 million and $9.0 million, respectively.
8. Income Taxes
The Company files a consolidated federal income tax return. The insurance subsidiaries pay premium taxes on premiums in lieu of some states' income or franchise taxes.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act significantly revised U.S. corporate income tax law by, among other things, reducing the corporate statutory income tax rate from 35% to 21%, beginning January 1, 2018. This reduction in the corporate statutory income tax
rate required the Company to re-evaluate certain of its deferred tax assets and liabilities, as of the date of Enactment, to reflect the revised income tax rates applicable to future periods. Despite a repeal of the corporate alternative minimum tax, the Company's minimum tax credit was fully recognized in the year ended December 31, 2018.
The Company's provision for income taxes consisted of the following:
Years Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
Current tax expense: (in millions)
Federal $ 20.2 $ 27.6 $ 26.3
State 0.8 0.7 1.8
Total current tax expense 21.0 28.3 28.1
Deferred federal tax expense:
Other 6.7 (0.4) 8.6
Total deferred federal tax expense 6.7 (0.4) 8.6
Income tax expense $ 27.7 $ 27.9 $ 36.7
The differences between the statutory federal tax rate of 21% and the Company's effective tax rate on net income before income taxes as reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income were as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
(in millions)
Expense computed at statutory rate $ 31.0 $ 31.0 $ 40.7
Tax-advantaged investment income (1.7) (1.9) (2.4)
LPT deferred gain amortization (1.9) (2.2) (2.3)
Stock based compensation 0.1 (0.2) (0.9)
LPT Reserve Adjustment (0.5) (0.3) (0.4)
Other 0.7 1.5 2.0
Income tax expense $ 27.7 $ 27.9 $ 36.7
The LPT Reserve Adjustments for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 increased GAAP net income by $2.6 million, $1.2 million, and $1.8 million, respectively, but did not affect taxable income. The LPT Contingent Commission Adjustments increased net income by $0.5 million, $0.2 million, and $0.2 million during 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively, but did not increase taxable income.
As of December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 the Company had no material unrecognized tax benefits and its tax years 2018 through 2021 remain open and are available for examination by the Internal Revenue Service.
The Company made cash payments of $28.2 million, $18.5 million and $37.8 million for income taxes during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively.
The significant components of deferred income taxes, net, were as follows as of December 31:
2021 2020
Deferred Tax Deferred Tax
Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities
(in millions)
Unrealized capital gains, net $ - $ 43.5 $ - $ 50.7
Deferred policy acquisition costs - 9.4 - 9.2
Intangible assets - 1.6 - 1.6
Loss reserve discounting for tax reporting 30.0 - 30.3 -
Unearned premiums 11.9 - 11.5 -
Allowance for bad debt 2.3 - 2.4 -
Stock-based compensation 2.5 - 3.4 -
Accrued liabilities 4.1 - 3.5 -
Operating leases 3.5 3.0 4.2 3.6
Other 2.2 6.7 2.4 8.1
Total $ 56.5 $ 64.2 $ 57.7 $ 73.2
Deferred income tax asset (liability), net $ (7.7) $ (15.5)
Deferred tax assets are required to be reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. Realization of the deferred income tax asset is dependent on the Company generating sufficient taxable income in future years as the deferred income tax charges become deductible for tax reporting purposes. Although realization is not assured, management believes that it is more likely than not that the net deferred income tax asset will be realized.
The Company is required to discount its loss and LAE reserves for federal income tax purposes. The Company's income tax deduction associated with its loss and LAE reserves is discounted using interest rates prescribed by the U.S. Treasury, as well as established loss payment patterns. Enactment changed the prescribed interest rates to rates based on corporate bond yield curves and extends the time periods associated with loss payment patterns, which resulted in an acceleration of future income tax payments. These changes became effective for tax years beginning after 2017 and are subject to a transition rule that spreads the additional tax payment from the amount determined by applying these changes over the eight years beginning in 2018. This item is a taxable temporary difference and had no direct impact on the Company's total income tax expense for 2017 or future years. The Company has followed the guidance of Revenue Procedure 2019-31 to complete its accounting for loss reserve discounting.
9. Liability for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Accounting for workers' compensation insurance requires the Company to estimate the liability for the expected ultimate cost of unpaid losses and LAE (loss reserves) as of a balance sheet date. Loss reserve estimates are inherently uncertain because the ultimate amount the Company will pay for many of the claims it has incurred as of the balance sheet date will not be known for many years. The estimate of loss reserves is intended to equal the difference between the expected ultimate losses and LAE of all claims that have occurred as of a balance sheet date and amounts already paid. The Company establishes loss reserves based on its own analysis of emerging claims experience and environmental conditions in its markets and review of the results of various actuarial projections. The Company's aggregate carried reserve for unpaid losses and LAE is the sum of its reserves for each accident year and represents its best estimate of outstanding loss reserves.
The amount by which estimated losses in the aggregate differ from those previously estimated for a specific time period is known as reserve "development." Reserve development is unfavorable when losses ultimately settle for more than the amount estimated or subsequent estimates indicate a basis for reserve increases on open claims, causing the previously estimated loss reserves to be ''deficient.'' Reserve development is favorable when estimates of ultimate losses indicate a decrease in established reserves, causing the previously estimated loss reserves to be ''redundant.'' Development is reflected in the Company's operating results through an adjustment to incurred losses and LAE during the period in which it is recognized.
Although claims for which reserves are established may not be paid for several years or more, the Company does not discount loss reserves in its financial statements for the time value of money, in accordance with GAAP.
The three main components of reserves for unpaid losses and LAE are case reserves, incurred but not reported (IBNR) loss reserves, and LAE reserves.
When claims are reported, the Company establishes individual estimates of the ultimate cost of each claim (case reserves). These case reserves are continually monitored and revised in response to new information and for amounts paid.
In addition to case reserves, the Company establishes a provision for IBNR. IBNR is an actuarial estimate composed of the following: (a) future payments on claims that are incurred but have not yet been reported to the Company; (b) a reserve for the additional development on claims that have been reported to the Company; and (c) a provision for additional payments on closed claims that might reopen. IBNR reserves apply to the entire body of claims arising from a specific period, rather than a specific claim. Most of the Company's IBNR reserves relate to estimated future claim payments on recorded open claims.
LAE reserves are the Company's estimate of the future expense to manage, investigate, administer, and settle claims that have occurred, and include legal expenses. LAE reserves are established in the aggregate, rather than on a claim-by-claim basis. LAE reserves are categorized between defense and cost containment, and adjusting and other.
A portion of the Company's obligations for losses and LAE are ceded to unaffiliated reinsurers. The amount of reinsurance that will be recoverable on losses and LAE reserves includes both the reinsurance recoverable from excess of loss reinsurance contracts, as well as reinsurance recoverable under the terms of the LPT Agreement.
The Company uses actuarial methods to analyze and estimate the aggregate amount of unpaid losses and LAE. Management considers the results of various actuarial methods and their underlying assumptions, among other factors, in establishing reserves for unpaid losses and LAE.
Judgment is required in the actuarial estimation of loss reserves, including the selection of various actuarial methodologies to project the ultimate cost of claims. Specifically, judgment is required in the following areas: the selection of parameters utilized in the various methodologies; the use of industry data and other benchmarks; and the weighting of differing reserve indications resulting from alternative methods and assumptions.
The Company's Internal Actuary prepares reserve estimates for all accident years using our own historical claims data, industry data and many of the generally accepted actuarial methodologies for estimating loss reserves, such as paid loss development methods, incurred loss development methods, and Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods. These methods vary in their responsiveness to different information, characteristics, and dynamics in the data, and the results assist the actuary in considering these characteristics and dynamics in the historical data. The methods employed for each segment of claims data, and the relative weight accorded to each method, vary depending on the nature of the claims segment and on the age of the claims.
Each actuarial methodology requires the selection and application of various parameters and assumptions. The key parameters and assumptions include the future payment and emergence patterns of our aggregate claims data; the magnitude and changes in claim settlement activity; the effects of legislative benefit changes and/or judicial decisions; and trends in the frequency and severity of claims.
The following table represents a reconciliation of changes in the liability for unpaid losses and LAE.
Years Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
(in millions)
Unpaid losses and LAE at beginning of period $ 2,069.4 $ 2,192.8 $ 2,207.9
Less reinsurance recoverable, excluding CECL allowance, on unpaid losses and LAE 497.0 532.5 504.4
Net unpaid losses and LAE at beginning of period 1,572.4 1,660.3 1,703.5
Losses and LAE, net of reinsurance, incurred during the period related to:
Current year 366.5 395.9 456.1
Prior years (39.8) (81.6) (77.5)
Total net losses and LAE incurred during the period 326.7 314.3 378.6
Paid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance, related to:
Current year 76.6 83.6 106.6
Prior years 318.2 318.6 315.2
Total net paid losses and LAE during the period 394.8 402.2 421.8
Ending unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance 1,504.3 1,572.4 1,660.3
Reinsurance recoverable, excluding CECL allowance, on unpaid losses and LAE 476.9 497.0 532.5
Unpaid losses and LAE at end of period $ 1,981.2 $ 2,069.4 $ 2,192.8
Total net losses and LAE included in the above table excludes the impact of the amortization of the Deferred Gain and LPT Reserve Adjustments (See Note 10).
In 2021, the Company had $39.8 million of net favorable prior accident year loss reserve development, which included $38.0 million of favorable development on its voluntary risk business and $1.8 million on its assigned risk business. In 2020, the Company had $81.6 million of net favorable prior accident year loss reserve development, which included $80.2 million of favorable development on its voluntary risk business and $1.4 million on its assigned risk business. In 2019, the Company had $77.5 million of net favorable prior accident year loss reserve development.
The net favorable development recognized in 2021 on voluntary business was primarily the result of observed favorable paid loss cost trends predominantly related to accident years 2017 and prior, due primarily to decreasing medical costs and defense and cost containment, partially offset by: (i) $10.0 million of unfavorable development related to accident year 2019, which is reflective of more weight being placed on now sufficiently seasoned loss trends and patterns originating in part from business written in our newer territories; and (ii) $8.0 million of unfavorable loss development associated with two catastrophic non-COVID claims in accident year 2020.
The net favorable development recognized in 2020 on voluntary business was primarily the result of observed favorable paid loss cost trends predominantly related to accident years 2018 and prior, due primarily to decreasing medical costs, partially offset by $13.3 million of adverse development on accident year 2019 partially due to an inability to fully execute its claims initiatives to reduce loss costs as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
The net favorable development recognized in 2019 was primarily the result of observed favorable paid loss cost trends predominantly related to accident years 2018 and prior, due primarily to decreasing medical costs and accelerated claims settlements. Loss reserves shown in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets are net of $105.6 million and $28.1 million for anticipated subrogation recoveries as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
The Company compiles and aggregates its claims data by grouping the claims according to the year in which the claim occurred ("accident year") when analyzing claim payment and emergence patterns and trends over time. Reported claims include any claim that has case reserves and/or loss and LAE payments associated with them.
The Company analyzed the usefulness of disaggregation of its results and determined the characteristics associated with the policies and the related unpaid loss reserves, incurred losses, and payment patterns are similar in nature. As such, the following tables show the Company's historical incurred and cumulative paid losses and LAE development, net of reinsurance, as well as IBNR loss reserves and the number of reported claims on an aggregated basis as of December 31, 2021 for each of the previous 10 accident years.
Incurred Losses and LAE, Net of Reinsurance
Years Ended December 31, As of December 31, 2021
Accident Year 2012(1)
2013(1)
2014(1)
2015(1)
2016(1)
2017(1)
2018(1)
2019(1)
2020(1)
2021 IBNR Cumulative number of reported claims
(in millions, except claims counts)
2012 $ 348.8 $ 359.9 $ 360.9 $ 386.4 $ 388.2 $ 382.8 $ 379.8 $ 378.5 $ 372.4 $ 369.4 $ 23.5 26,046
2013 452.6 460.6 478.6 472.6 468.9 464.6 459.3 446.8 440.9 28.2 28,927
2014 463.4 445.8 432.9 434.6 430.5 424.7 415.5 406.0 34.6 28,594
2015 422.2 425.8 423.9 419.6 408.7 396.7 384.9 33.4 27,264
2016 419.0 414.6 395.4 375.0 364.6 354.8 35.6 25,806
2017 412.4 391.3 358.3 337.9 329.8 43.0 25,091
2018 422.5 424.6 407.7 400.6 52.2 27,977
2019 422.4 435.7 448.5 83.2 32,885
2020 365.7 374.0 94.6 23,948
2021 339.2 163.0 19,287
Total $ 3,848.0
Cumulative Paid Losses and LAE, Net of Reinsurance
Years Ended December 31,
Accident Year 2012(1)
2013(1)
2014(1)
2015(1)
2016(1)
2017(1)
2018(1)
2019(1)
2020(1)
(in millions)
2012 $ 58.6 $ 148.3 $ 214.2 $ 261.4 $ 289.9 $ 305.0 $ 316.9 $ 324.3 $ 328.4 $ 332.3
2013 68.5 184.4 263.8 317.4 346.1 365.9 379.3 386.6 391.3
2014 65.3 172.7 248.9 297.2 323.4 342.1 351.4 357.7
2015 65.5 174.5 246.9 290.5 311.2 322.2 329.3
2016 65.6 166.8 227.7 261.2 278.3 290.0
2017 63.5 160.2 215.7 243.7 260.0
2018 77.9 189.9 254.2 293.6
2019 88.8 212.6 285.2
2020 71.9 175.6
2021 66.1
Total $ 2,781.1
All outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE prior to 2012, net of reinsurance 374.4
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance $ 1,441.3
(1)Data presented for these calendar years is required supplementary information, which is unaudited.
The following table represents a reconciliation of claims development to the aggregate carrying amount of the liability for unpaid losses and LAE:
December 31, 2021
(in millions)
Liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance $ 1,441.3
Reinsurance recoverable, excluding CECL allowance, on unpaid losses 476.9
Unallocated LAE (adjusting and other) 63.0
Total liability for unpaid losses and LAE $ 1,981.2
The following table presents the average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, as of December 31, 2021 and is presented as required supplementary information, which is unaudited:
Average Annual Percentage Payout of Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10
18.0 % 27.4 % 17.5 % 10.8 % 6.0 % 3.9 % 2.6 % 1.7 % 1.1 % 1.1 %
10. Reinsurance
The Company purchases reinsurance from third parties in the normal course of its business in order to manage its exposures. The Company's reinsurance coverage is provided on both a quota share and excess of loss basis.
The effects of reinsurance on the Company's written and earned premiums and on its losses and LAE incurred were as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
Written Earned Written Earned Written Earned
(in millions)
Direct premiums $ 582.6 $ 574.0 $ 570.8 $ 611.0 $ 687.4 $ 691.6
Assumed premiums 7.1 7.0 9.3 9.5 9.5 9.6
Gross premiums 589.7 581.0 580.1 620.5 696.9 701.2
Ceded premiums (6.6) (6.6) (5.2) (5.2) (5.4) (5.4)
Net premiums $ 583.1 $ 574.4 $ 574.9 $ 615.3 $ 691.5 $ 695.8
Ceded losses and LAE incurred $ 16.8 $ 5.9 $ 19.2
Ceded losses and LAE incurred includes the amortization of the Deferred Gain, LPT Reserve Adjustments, and LPT Contingent Commission Adjustments.
Excess of Loss Reinsurance
The Company has consistently maintained excess of loss reinsurance coverage to protect it against the impact of large and/or catastrophic losses in its workers' compensation business. The Company currently maintains reinsurance for losses from a single occurrence or catastrophic event in excess of $10.0 million and up to $200.0 million, subject to certain exclusions. This current reinsurance program is effective July 1, 2021 through June 30, 2022. The coverage under the Company's annual reinsurance program that ended each of July 1, 2020 and 2019 was $190.0 million, in excess of its $10.0 million retention on a per occurrence basis. The reinsurance coverage includes coverage for pandemics, acts of terrorism, excluding nuclear, biological, chemical, and radiological events. Any liability outside the coverage limits of the reinsurance program is retained by the Company.
LPT Agreement
Recoverables from reinsurers on unpaid losses and LAE amounted to $476.3 million and $496.6 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. At each of December 31, 2021 and 2020, $328.7 million and $353.5 million, respectively, of those recoverables was related to the LPT Agreement that was entered into in 1999 by the Fund and assumed by EICN. Under the LPT Agreement, substantially all of the Fund's losses and LAE on claims incurred prior to July 1, 1995 have been ceded to three unaffiliated reinsurers on a 100% quota share basis. Investments totaling $432.5 million and $369.1 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, have been placed in trust by the three reinsurers as security for payment of the reinsured claims. Under the LPT Agreement, initially $1.5 billion in liabilities for the incurred but unpaid losses and LAE related to claims incurred prior to July 1, 1995, were reinsured for consideration of $775.0 million. The LPT Agreement provides coverage up to $2.0 billion. Through December 31, 2021, the Company has paid losses and LAE claims totaling $838.8 million related to the LPT Agreement.
The Company amortized $8.4 million, $10.5 million, and $10.7 million of the Deferred Gain for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. Additionally, the Company recognized favorable development in the estimated reserves ceded under the LPT Agreement of $4.9 million, $4.2 million, and $5.3 million that reduced the Deferred Gain by $2.6 million, $1.2 million, and $1.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively, due to favorable LPT Reserve Adjustments and by $0.5 million, $0.2 million, and $0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively, due to favorable LPT Contingent Commission Adjustments (Note 2 -Reinsurance).
11. FHLB Advances, Notes Payable and Other Financing Arrangements
On December 15, 2020, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement (the Credit Agreement) with a syndicate of financial institutions. The Credit Agreement provides for a $75.0 million three-year revolving credit facility and is guaranteed by certain of the Company’s wholly owned subsidiaries (Employers Group, Inc. and Cerity Group, Inc.). Borrowings under the Credit Agreement may be used for working capital and general corporate purposes of the Company and its subsidiaries. Pursuant to the Credit Agreement, the Company also has an option to request an increase of the credit available under the facility up to a maximum facility amount of $125.0 million, subject to the consent of lenders and the satisfaction of certain conditions.
The interest rates applicable to loans under the Credit Agreement are generally based on a base rate plus a specified margin, ranging from 0.25% to 1.25%, or the Eurodollar rate (which will convert to an alternative reference rate once LIBOR is discontinued), plus a specified margin, ranging from 1.25% to 2.25%. In addition, the Company will pay a fee on each lender’s commitment, ranging from 0.20% to 0.50%, irrespective of usage. The applicable margin and the amount of such commitment fee vary based upon the financial strength rating of the Company’s insurance subsidiaries as most recently announced by A.M. Best or the Company’s debt to total capitalization ratio if such financial strength rating is not available. Total interest paid during the year ended December 31, 2021 was $0.3 million.
The Credit Agreement contains covenants that require the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries to maintain: (i) a minimum consolidated net worth of no less than 70% of the Company’s stockholders’ equity as of September 30, 2020, plus 50% of the Company’s aggregate net income thereafter; and (ii) a debt to total capitalization ratio of no more than 35%, in each case as determined in accordance with the Credit Agreement. At December 31, 2021, the Company was in compliance with all debt covenants.
The Company incurred $0.7 million in debt issuance costs in connection with the Credit Agreement, which are being amortized over the three-year life of the facility in Interest and Financing expenses. The annual commitment and administrative fee on the unused portion of the facility is 0.30%, for a maximum of $225,000, and an annual agency fee of $25,000. Advances can be repaid at any time without prepayment penalties or additional fees. The Company borrowed and subsequently repaid $27.0 million under the credit facility during the year ended December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had no outstanding borrowings on the credit facility.
EPIC had a $10.0 million surplus note to Dekania CDO II, Ltd. issued as part of a pooled transaction. On April 12, 2019, the Florida Office of Insurance Regulation approved EPIC's request to pay off the Dekania surplus note. Subsequently, on April 15, 2019, EPIC formally called this note. The outstanding principal, plus accrued and unpaid interest, in the amount of $10.2 million, was paid on May 14, 2019. Interest paid during the year ended December 31, 2019 was $0.2 million.
EPIC had a $10.0 million surplus note to Alesco Preferred Funding V, LTD issued as part of a pooled transaction. On April 12, 2019, the Florida Office of Insurance regulation approved EPIC's request to pay off the Alesco surplus note. Subsequently, on May 6, 2019, EPIC formally called this note. The outstanding principal, plus accrued and unpaid interest, in the amount of $10.2 million, was paid on June 13, 2019. Interest paid during the year ended December 31, 2019 was $0.2 million.
Other financing arrangements are comprised of the following:
EICN, ECIC, EPIC, and EAC are members of the FHLB. Membership allows the insurance subsidiaries access to collateralized advances, which may be used to support and enhance liquidity management. The amount of advances that may be taken is dependent on statutory admitted assets on a per company basis.
During the second quarter of 2020, the FHLB announced its Zero Interest Recovery Advance Program (the FHLB Advance Program). The FHLB Advance Program is a zero percent interest, six-month or one-year credit product that members can use to provide immediate relief to property owners, businesses, and other customers from the COVID-19 pandemic. Each member was allocated up to $10.0 million in advances under the FHLB Advance Program.
On May 11, 2020, the Company's insurance subsidiaries received a total of $35.0 million of advances under the FHLB Advance Program. The advances were secured by collateral previously pledged to the FHLB by the Company's insurance subsidiaries in support of their existing collateralized advance facility, which has been reduced by the amount of these outstanding advances. The Company repaid $15.0 million on November 4, 2020, $5.0 million on March 31, 2021, and the remaining $15.0 million on May 4, 2021. As of December 31, 2021, the Company has no outstanding advances.
FHLB membership also allows the Company's insurance subsidiaries access to standby letters of credit. On March 9, 2018, ECIC, EPIC, and EAC entered into standby Letter of Credit Reimbursement Agreements (Letter of Credit Agreements) with the FHLB. On January 26, 2021, we chose to amend our existing Letter of Credit Agreements among the FHLB and EPIC to decrease its respective credit amount. On August 13, 2021, we chose to amend our existing Letter of Credit Agreements among the FHLB, ECIC and EAC to decrease their respective credit amounts. The amended Letter of Credit Agreements are between the FHLB and each of EAC, in the amount of $25.0 million, ECIC, in the amount of $35.0 million, and EPIC, in the amount of $10.0 million. The amended Letter of Credit Agreements will expire March 31, 2022, and will remain evergreen with automatic one-year extensions unless the FHLB notifies the beneficiary at least 60 days prior to the then applicable expiration date of its
election not to renew. The Letter of Credit Agreements may only be used to satisfy, in whole or in part, insurance deposit requirements with the State of California and are fully secured with eligible collateral at all times. The Letter of Credit Agreements are subject to annual maintenance charges and a fee of 15 basis points on issued amounts. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020 letters of credit totaling $70.0 million and $275.0 million were issued in lieu of securities on deposit with the State of California under these Letter of Credit Agreements, respectively.
As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, investment securities having a fair value of $261.0 million and $385.6 million, respectively, were pledged to the FHLB by the Company's insurance subsidiaries in support of the collateralized advance facility and the Letter of Credit Agreements.
12. Commitments and Contingencies
Leases
At December 31, 2021, the Company's operating leases have remaining terms of 1 year to 7 years, with options to extend up to 10 years with no termination provision. The Company's finance leases have an option to terminate after 1 year.
As a result of the effectiveness of our work-from-home transition, in 2021 and 2020 we reduced our real estate footprint by closing and vacating certain of our offices. Whereas we believe that our existing office space is adequate for our current needs, we will continue to evaluate our office needs and may further reduce our real estate footprint in the future. As a result, during the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recorded charges of $0.8 million related to the abandonment of certain operating leases, which is recognized in Other expenses in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
Components of lease expense were as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
2021 2020
(in millions)
Operating lease expense $ 4.1 $ 5.1
Finance lease expense 0.2 0.2
Total lease expense $ 4.3 $ 5.3
As of December 31, 2021, the weighted average remaining lease term for operating leases was 5.3 years and for finance leases was 3.8 years. The weighted average discount rate was 2.2% and 7.7% for operating and finance leases, respectively.
Maturities of lease liabilities were as follows:
Year Operating Leases Finance Leases
(in millions)
2022 $ 3.3 $ 0.1
2023 3.3 0.2
2024 3.2 0.1
2025 3.1 0.1
2026 2.8 -
Thereafter 1.9 -
Total lease payments 17.6 0.5
Less: imputed interest (1.0) -
Total $ 16.6 $ 0.5
Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:
As of December 31,
2021 2020
(in millions)
Operating leases:
Operating lease right-of-use asset $ 14.2 17.4
Operating lease liability 16.6 19.9
Finance leases:
Property and equipment, gross 0.8 0.8
Accumulated depreciation (0.3) (0.4)
Property and equipment, net 0.5 0.4
Other liabilities $ 0.5 $ 0.4
Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
2021 2020
(in millions)
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows used for operating leases $ 4.1 5.1
Financing cash flows used for finance leases 0.1 0.2
Contingencies Surrounding Insurance Assessments
Each of the states where the Company's insurance subsidiaries are licensed to transact business require property and casualty insurers that write business within the respective state to pay various insurance assessments. The Company accrues a liability for estimated insurance assessments as direct premiums are written, losses are recorded, or as other events occur, depending on the relevant laws and regulations of a particular state. The Company defers such costs to the extent they are associated with unearned premium and recognizes them as an expense as such premiums are earned. The Company had an accrued liability for guaranty fund assessments, second injury funds assessments, and other insurance assessments totaling $10.1 million and $18.4 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. These liabilities are generally expected to be paid over periods from less than one year to, in some instances, the duration of the outstanding claims, based on individual state's laws and regulations. The Company also recorded an asset of $19.9 million and $18.7 million, as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, for remitted, estimated policy charges anticipated to be recouped from policyholders. This asset also includes state assessments that may be recovered through a reduction in future premium taxes. These assets are expected to be realized over one to ten year periods in accordance with their type and each individual state's laws and regulations.
Unfunded Investment Commitments
As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company had unfunded commitments to invest $46.4 million and $63.8 million, respectively, into private equity limited partnerships. See Note 4.
13. Stockholders' Equity
Stock Repurchase Programs
On July 21, 2021, the Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program for repurchases of up to $50.0 million of the Company's common stock from July 27, 2021 through December 31, 2022 (the 2021 Program). The 2021 Program replaces the 2018 Program, which expired on June 30, 2021. The 2021 Program provides that shares may be purchased at prevailing market prices through a variety of methods, including open market or private transactions, in accordance with applicable laws and regulations and as determined by management. The timing and actual number of shares that may be repurchased will depend on a variety of factors, including the share price, corporate and regulatory requirements, and other market and economic conditions. Repurchases under the 2021 Program may be commenced, modified, or suspended from time-to-time without prior notice, and the program may be suspended or discontinued at any time. Through December 31, 2021, the Company has repurchased a total of 550,964 shares of common stock at an average price of $40.17 per share, including commissions, for a total of $22.1 million under the 2021 Program. Prior to the commencement of the 2021 Program, the Company repurchased a total of 5,300,535 shares of common stock at an average price of $36.14 per share, including commissions for a total of $191.5 million under the 2018 Program.
Since the Company's initial public offering in January 2007 through December 31, 2021, the Company has repurchased a total of 29,948,854 shares of common stock at an average cost per share of $19.94 through various stock repurchase programs, which is reported as treasury stock, at cost, on its Consolidated Balance Sheets.
14. Stock-Based Compensation
On May 28, 2020, the Company’s stockholders approved the Employers Holdings, Inc. Amended and Restated Equity and Incentive Plan (as amended and restated, the "Plan"). The Plan will expire on the tenth anniversary of April 1, 2020, which is also the effective date of the Plan. The Plan is administered by the Human Capital Management and Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors, which is authorized to grant, at its discretion, awards to officers, employees, non-employee directors, consultants, and independent contractors. The maximum number of common shares reserved for grants of awards under the Plan was 6,555,000 shares, prior to reductions for grants made. The Plan provides for the grant of stock options (both incentive stock options and nonqualified stock options), stock appreciation rights, shares of restricted stock, restricted stock units (RSUs), performance stock units (PSUs), and other stock-based awards.
Employees who were awarded RSUs and PSUs are entitled to receive dividend equivalents for eligible awards, payable in cash, when and if, the underlying award vests and becomes payable. If the underlying award does not vest or is forfeited, dividend equivalents with respect to the underlying award fail to become payable and are forfeited.
As of December 31, 2021, the only incentive awards outstanding under the Plan were nonqualified stock options, RSUs, and PSUs.
Compensation costs are recognized based on expected performance, if applicable, net of any estimated forfeitures on a straight-line basis over the requisite employee service periods. Forfeiture rates are based on historical experience and are adjusted in subsequent periods for differences in actual forfeitures from those estimated. The Company’s forfeiture assumptions serve to reduce the unamortized grant date fair value of outstanding awards as well as the associated stock-based compensation expense. As awards are actually forfeited, the number of awards outstanding is reduced and the remaining unamortized grant date fair value is compared to assumed forfeiture levels. True-up adjustments are made as deemed necessary. For the years presented, the Company assumed a zero to 15% forfeiture rate on RSU and PSU awards. Net stock-based compensation expense recognized in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income was as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
Stock-based compensation expense related to: (in millions)
Stock options $ - $ - $ 0.1
RSUs 3.4 3.0 2.7
PSUs 5.7 6.4 7.2
Total 9.1 9.4 10.0
Less: related tax benefit 1.8 2.0 2.1
Net stock-based compensation expense $ 7.3 $ 7.4 $ 7.9
Stock Options
No stock options were granted in 2021, 2020 or 2019.
The Company anticipates issuing new shares of common stock upon the exercise of its outstanding stock options.
Changes in outstanding stock options for the year ended December 31, 2021 were as follows:
Number of Stock Options Weighted-Average Price Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life
Stock options outstanding at January 1, 2019 190,256 $ 23.71 2.7 years
Exercised (31,630) 26.98
Forfeited (4,610) 25.37
Stock options outstanding at December 31, 2019 154,016 23.65 1.7 years
Exercised (40,800) 22.08
Stock options outstanding at December 31, 2020 113,216 24.21 1.2 years
Exercised (48,051) 21.84
Stock options outstanding at December 31, 2021 65,165 25.96 0.7 years
Exercisable at December 31, 2021 65,165 25.96 0.7 years
The fair value of stock options vested and the intrinsic value of outstanding and exercisable stock options as of December 31, were as follows:
2021 2020 2019
(in millions)
Fair value of stock options vested $ - $ 0.1 $ 0.2
Intrinsic value of outstanding stock options 1.0 0.9 2.8
Intrinsic value of exercisable stock options 1.0 0.9 2.7
The intrinsic value of stock options exercised was $0.6 million, $0.8 million, and $0.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019.
RSUs
The Company has awarded RSUs to non-employee members of the Board of Directors and certain employees of the Company. The RSUs awarded to non-employee members of the Board of Directors generally vest on the first anniversary of the award date. RSU grants allow each non-employee Director to decide whether to defer settlement of the RSUs until six months after termination of Board service or settle the RSUs at vesting. Dividend equivalents are granted to Directors who elected to defer settlement of the RSUs after the grants vested. RSUs awarded to employees of the Company typically have a service vesting period of approximately four years from the date awarded and vest 25% on or after each of the subsequent four anniversaries of
such date. These RSUs are subject to accelerated vesting in certain limited circumstances, such as: retirement, death or disability of the holder, or in connection with a change of control of the Company.
Changes in outstanding RSUs for the year ended December 31, 2021 were as follows:
Number of RSUs Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
RSUs outstanding at January 1, 2019 250,300 $ 32.45
Granted 90,576 40.60
Forfeited (22,232) 36.39
Vested (76,739) 33.99
RSUs outstanding at December 31, 2019 241,905 32.45
Granted 100,491 36.01
Forfeited (7,710) 38.94
Vested (90,342) 34.76
RSUs outstanding at December 31, 2020 244,344 35.08
Granted 86,020 38.29
Forfeited (35,730) 38.78
Vested (96,508) 37.71
RSUs outstanding at December 31, 2021 198,126 34.53
Vested but unsettled RSUs at December 31, 2021 68,023 26.83
At December 31, 2021, the Company had yet to recognize $3.8 million of expense related to outstanding RSUs and expects to recognize the remaining expense on a straight-line basis over the next 39 months. The grant date fair value of RSUs vested and the intrinsic value of vested RSUs for the years ended December 31, were as follows:
2021 2020 2019
(in millions)
Grant date fair value of RSUs vested $ 3.6 $ 3.1 $ 2.6
Intrinsic value of RSUs vested 3.8 3.0 3.2
The intrinsic value of outstanding RSUs was $8.2 million, $7.9 million, and $10.1 million at December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019.
PSUs
The Company has awarded PSUs to certain employees of the Company as follows:
Date of Grant Target Number Awarded Fair Value on Date of Grant Aggregate Fair Value on Date of Grant
(in millions)
March 2019(1)
95,940 40.54 3.9
August 2019(1)
9,587 41.72 0.4
March 2020(1)
105,180 37.81 4.0
March 2021(1)
77,320 37.54 2.9
April 2021(1)
980 43.29 -
August 2021(1)
779 41.72 -
(1)The PSUs awarded in March 2019, 2020, and 2021, August 2019, April 2021 and August 2021 were awarded and have a performance period of two years followed by an additional one year vesting period. The PSU awards are subject to certain performance goals with payouts that range from 0% to 200% of the target awards. The values shown in the table represent the aggregate number of PSUs awarded at the target level.
At December 31, 2021, the Company had yet to recognize $3.2 million of expense related to PSU grants and expects to recognize the remaining expense on a straight-line basis over the next 24 months. This is based on the expectation of the Company achieving a 200% of target rate for the 2019 PSUs, a 179% of target rate for the 2020 PSUs, and a 100% of target rate for the 2021 PSUs.
15. Statutory Matters
Statutory Financial Data
The combined capital stock, surplus, and net income of the Company's insurance subsidiaries (EICN, ECIC, EPIC, EAC, and CIC), prepared in accordance with the statutory accounting practices (SAP) of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) as well as SAP permitted by the states of California, Florida, Nevada, and New York were as follows:
December 31,
2021 2020
(in millions)
Capital stock and unassigned surplus $ 726.0 $ 683.1
Paid in capital 363.2 363.2
Total statutory surplus $ 1,089.2 $ 1,046.3
Net income provided from the Company's insurance subsidiaries prepared in accordance with SAP was $94.9 million, $140.4 million, and $129.3 million, for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Treatment of the LPT Agreement, deferred policy acquisition costs, fair value of financial instruments, and the surplus notes (see Notes 4, 10, and 11) are the primary differences in the SAP-basis capital stock and total surplus of the insurance subsidiaries of $1,089.2 million and $1,046.3 million, and the GAAP-basis equity of the Company of $1,213.1 million and $1,212.8 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Under SAP accounting, the retroactive reinsurance gain resulting from the LPT Agreement is recorded as a special component of surplus (special surplus funds) in the initial year of the contract, and not reported as unassigned surplus until the Company has recovered amounts in excess of the original consideration paid. The special surplus funds are also reduced by the amount of extraordinary dividends as approved by the Nevada Division of Insurance. Under SAP, the surplus notes are recorded as a separate component of surplus. Under SAP, changes to the estimated contingent profit commission under the LPT Agreement are reflected in commission expense in the period that the estimate is revised.
Insurance Company Dividends and Regulatory Requirements and Restrictions
The ability of EHI to pay dividends on the Company's common stock and to pay other expenses will be dependent to a significant extent upon the ability of the Nevada domiciled insurance company, EICN, the California domiciled insurance company, ECIC, the Florida domiciled insurance companies, EPIC and EAC, to pay dividends to their immediate holding company, Employers Group, Inc. (EGI) and the New York domiciled insurance company, CIC, to pay dividends to its immediate holding company Cerity Group, Inc. (CGI), and in turn, the ability of EGI and CGI to pay dividends to EHI. The amount of dividends each of the Company's insurance subsidiaries may pay to their immediate parent is limited by the laws of its respective state of domicile.
Nevada law limits the payment of cash dividends by EICN to its parent by providing that payments cannot be made except from available and accumulated surplus, otherwise unrestricted (unassigned), and derived from realized net operating profits and realized and unrealized capital gains. A stock dividend may be paid out of any available surplus. A cash or stock dividend prohibited by these restrictions may only be declared and distributed as an extraordinary dividend upon the prior approval of the Nevada Commissioner of Insurance (Nevada Commissioner). EICN may not pay such an extraordinary dividend or make an extraordinary distribution until the Nevada Commissioner either approves or does not disapprove the payment within 30 days after receiving notice of its declaration. An extraordinary dividend or distribution is defined by statute to include any dividend or distribution of cash or property whose fair market value, together with that of other dividends or distributions made within the preceding 12 months, exceeds the lesser of: (a) 10% of EICN's statutory surplus as regards to policyholders at the next preceding December 31; or (b) EICN's statutory net income, not including realized capital gains, for the 12-month period ending at the next preceding December 31. As of December 31, 2021, EICN had positive unassigned surplus of $247.6 million. During 2021, EICN paid an ordinary dividend in the amount of $12.5 million to its parent company, EGI. As a result of that payment, EICN cannot pay any dividends through March 22, 2022, and can pay $9.7 million of dividends thereafter, without regulatory approval.
Under Florida law, without regulatory approval, EPIC and EAC may pay dividends if they do not exceed the greater of: the lesser of 10% of surplus or net income, not including realized capital gains, plus a 2-year carry forward; 10% of surplus, with dividends payable limited to unassigned funds minus 25% of unrealized capital gains; or, the lesser of 10% of surplus or net investment income plus a 3-year carry forward with dividends payable limited to unassigned funds minus 25% of unrealized capital gains. During 2021, EAC paid an ordinary dividend in the amount of $21.1 million to its parent company, EGI. As a result of that payment, EAC cannot pay any dividends through June 30, 2022 and $23.2 million thereafter, without regulatory approval from the Florida Office of Insurance Regulation (FOIR), provided that no dividends are paid prior to June 30, 2022. During 2021, EPIC paid an ordinary dividend in the amount of $22.9 million to its parent company, EGI. As a result of that
payment, EPIC cannot pay any dividends through June 18, 2022 and can pay $24.0 million of dividends thereafter, without regulatory approval from the FOIR.
EPIC and EAC are subject to regulation by the Florida Department of Financial Services (FDFS). Florida statute Section 624.408 requires EPIC and EAC to maintain minimum capital and surplus of the greater of $4.0 million or 10% of total liabilities. Florida statutes require EPIC and EAC to maintain a ratio of written premiums, defined as 1.25 times written premiums, to surplus of no greater than 10-to-1 for gross written premiums and 4-to-1 for net written premiums. During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, EPIC and EAC were in compliance with these statutes.
ECIC is subject to regulation by the California Department of Insurance (California DOI). Additionally, the California Insurance Holding Company System Regulatory Act limits the ability of ECIC to pay dividends to its parent. California law provides that, absent prior approval of the California Insurance Commissioner, dividends may only be declared from earned surplus. For purpose of this statute, earned surplus excludes amounts derived from net appreciation in the value of assets not yet realized, or derived from an exchange of assets, unless the assets received are currently realizable in cash. In addition, California law provides that the appropriate insurance regulatory authorities in the state of California must approve (or, within a 30-day notice period, not disapprove) any dividend that, together with all other such dividends paid during the preceding 12 months, exceeds the greater of: (a) 10% of the paying company's statutory surplus as regards to policyholders at the preceding December 31; or (b) 100% of net income for the preceding year. During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, ECIC was in compliance with these requirements.
During 2021, ECIC paid an ordinary dividend in the amount of $32.1 million to its parent company, EGI.
On January 14, 2022, ECIC received regulatory approval from the California DOI to pay an extraordinary distribution, in the amount of $120.0 million, to its parent company, EGI. This distribution was approved by ECIC’s Board of Directors on November 12, 2021 and it was paid to EGI on February 15, 2022. As a result of this distribution, ECIC cannot pay dividends through February 15, 2023, without regulatory approval.
Under New York law, without regulatory approval, CIC may pay dividends if they do not exceed the lesser of 10% of surplus or 100% of net investment income for the previous year increased by the excess, if any, of net investment income over dividends declared or distributed during the period commencing 36 months prior to the declaration or distribution of the current dividend and ending 12 months prior thereto. The New York state law also provides that any distribution may only be paid out of earned surplus. During 2021, CIC paid an ordinary dividend in the amount of $3.0 million to its parent company, CSI. As a result of that payment, CIC cannot pay any dividends through August 30, 2022, and can pay $2.7 million of dividends thereafter, without regulatory approval.
Additionally, EICN, ECIC, EPIC, EAC, and CIC are required to comply with RBC requirements. RBC is a method of measuring the amount of capital appropriate for an insurance company to support its overall business operations in light of its size and risk profile. NAIC RBC standards are used by regulators to determine appropriate regulatory actions relating to insurers that show signs of weak or deteriorating conditions. As of December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, EICN, ECIC, EPIC, EAC, and CIC each had total adjusted capital above all regulatory action levels.
16. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Accumulated other comprehensive income is comprised of unrealized gains on investments classified as available-for-sale, net of deferred tax expense. The following table summarizes the components of Accumulated other comprehensive income:
Years Ended December 31,
2021 2020
(in millions)
Net unrealized gains on investments, before taxes $ 76.7 $ 145.7
Deferred tax expense on net unrealized gains (16.1) (30.6)
Total accumulated other comprehensive income $ 60.6 $ 115.1
17. Employee Benefit and Retirement Plans
The Company maintains a 401(k) defined contribution plan covering all eligible Company employees (the Employers 401(k) Plan). Under the Employers 401(k) Plan, the Company's safe harbor matching consists of a 100% matching contribution on salary deferrals up to 3% of compensation and then a 50% matching contribution on salary deferrals from 3% to 5% of compensation. The Company's matching contribution to the Employers 401(k) Plan was $2.1 million, $2.3 million, and $2.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively.
18. Earnings Per Common Share
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per share reflects the potential dilutive impact of all common stock equivalents on earnings per
share. Diluted earnings per share includes common shares assumed issued under the "treasury stock method," which reflects the potential dilution that would occur if outstanding RSUs and PSUs vested, and stock options were to be exercised.
RSUs and PSUs are entitled to receive dividend equivalents when and if, the underlying award vests and becomes payable. Therefore, these awards are not considered participating securities for the purposes of determining earnings per share.
The following table presents the net income and the weighted average number of shares outstanding used in the earnings per common share calculations.
Years Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
(in millions, except share data)
Net income $ 119.3 $ 119.8 $ 157.1
Weighted average number of shares outstanding-basic 28,289,118 29,912,063 32,120,578
Effect of dilutive securities:
Stock options 27,033 36,568 77,482
PSUs 237,999 230,831 285,550
RSUs 46,843 25,402 56,108
Dilutive potential shares 311,875 292,801 419,140
Weighted average number of shares outstanding-diluted 28,600,993 30,204,864 32,539,718
Diluted earnings per share excludes outstanding options and other common stock equivalents in periods where the inclusion of such options and common stock equivalents would be anti-dilutive. The following table presents options, PSUs, and RSUs that were excluded from diluted earnings per share.
Years Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
Options, PSUs, and RSUs excluded under the treasury method, as the potential proceeds on settlement or exercise was greater than the value of shares acquired - 111,386 -
19. Segment Reporting
The Company has determined that it has two reportable segments: Employers and Cerity. Each of these segments represents a separate and distinct underwriting platform through which the Company conducts insurance business. The nature and composition of each reportable segment and its Corporate and Other activities are as follows:
The Employers segment represents the traditional business offered through the EMPLOYERS brand name through its agents, including business originated from the Company's strategic partnerships and alliances.
The Cerity segment represents the business offered under the Cerity brand name, which includes the Company's direct-to-customer business.
Corporate and Other activities consist of those holding company expenses that are not considered to be underwriting in nature, the financial impact of the LPT agreement, and legacy business assumed and ceded by CIC. These expenses are not considered to be part of a reportable segment and are not otherwise allocated to a reportable segment.
The Company has determined that it is not practicable to report identifiable assets by segment since certain assets are used interchangeably among the segments.
The following table summarizes the Company's written premiums and components of net income before income taxes by reportable segment.
Employers Cerity Corporate and Other Total
(in millions)
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Gross premiums written $ 588.2 $ 1.5 $ - $ 589.7
Net premiums written 581.6 1.5 - 583.1
Net premiums earned 573.7 0.7 - 574.4
Net investment income 69.3 2.8 0.6 72.7
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments 54.5 0.3 (0.2) 54.6
Other income 1.4 - - 1.4
Total revenues 698.9 3.8 0.4 703.1
Losses and loss adjustment expenses 326.2 0.5 (11.5) 315.2
Commission expense 76.1 - - 76.1
Underwriting and general and administrative expenses 131.2 12.9 16.1 160.2
Interest and financing expenses - - 0.5 0.5
Other expenses 4.1 - - 4.1
Total expenses 537.6 13.4 5.1 556.1
Net income (loss) before income taxes $ 161.3 $ (9.6) $ (4.7) $ 147.0
Employers Cerity Corporate and Other Total
(in millions)
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Gross premiums written $ 579.8 $ 0.3 $ - $ 580.1
Net premiums written 574.6 0.3 - 574.9
Net premiums earned 615.1 0.2 - 615.3
Net investment income 72.1 3.1 1.1 76.3
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments 20.9 - (1.9) 19.0
Other income 0.8 - - 0.8
Total revenues 708.9 3.3 (0.8) 711.4
Losses and loss adjustment expenses 314.2 0.1 (11.9) 302.4
Commission expense 78.8 - - 78.8
Underwriting and general and administrative expenses 151.1 16.6 13.6 181.3
Interest and financing expenses 0.1 - 0.3 0.4
Other expenses 0.7 0.1 - 0.8
Total expenses 544.9 16.8 2.0 563.7
Net income (loss) before income taxes $ 164.0 $ (13.5) $ (2.8) $ 147.7
Employers Cerity Corporate and Other Total
(in millions)
Year Ended December 31, 2019
Gross premiums written $ 696.8 $ 0.1 $ - $ 696.9
Net premiums written 691.4 0.1 - 691.5
Net premiums earned 695.8 - - 695.8
Net investment income 84.1 0.3 3.7 88.1
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments 47.7 0.1 3.3 51.1
Other income 0.9 - - 0.9
Total revenues 828.5 0.4 7.0 835.9
Losses and loss adjustment expenses 378.6 - (12.7) 365.9
Commission expense 88.1 - - 88.1
Underwriting and general and administrative expenses 153.2 16.0 18.3 187.5
Interest and financing expenses 0.6 - - 0.6
Total expenses 620.5 16.0 5.6 642.1
Net income (loss) before income taxes $ 208.0 $ (15.6) $ 1.4 $ 193.8
Entity-Wide Disclosures
The Company operates solely within the United States and does not have revenue from transactions with a single policyholder accounting for 10% or more of its revenues. The following table shows the Company's in-force premiums and number of policies in-force for each state of our largest states and all other states combined as of December 31:
2021 2020 2019
State In-force Premiums Policies
In-force In-force Premiums Policies
In-force In-force Premiums Policies
In-force
(dollars in millions)
California $ 258.4 40,704 $ 262.0 39,610 $ 329.8 43,079
Florida 41.1 7,989 37.9 6,898 36.3 5,822
New York 24.5 7,307 26.7 6,657 31.7 5,679
Other (43 states and D.C.) 247.4 55,350 251.3 50,341 266.8 44,104
Total $ 571.4 111,350 $ 577.9 103,506 $ 664.6 98,684

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act)) designed to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be reported in the Exchange Act filings is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified and pursuant to SEC regulations, including controls and procedures designed to ensure that this information is accumulated and communicated to management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding the required disclosure. It should be noted that, because of inherent limitations, our disclosure controls and procedures, however well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, and not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the disclosure controls and procedures are met.
Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at a reasonable level of assurance as of December 31, 2021.
Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management's annual report regarding internal control over financial reporting is set forth in Item 8 of this report under the caption "Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting" and incorporated herein by reference.
Attestation Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The attestation report of the Company's independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting is set forth in Item 8 of this report under the caption "Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting" and incorporated herein by reference.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) in the Exchange Act) during the fourth fiscal quarter of the year to which this report relates that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 9B. Other Information
None.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance
Executive Officers of the Registrant
The following provides information regarding our executive officers as of February 24, 2022. No family relationships exist among our directors or executive officers.
Name Age Position
Katherine H. Antonello 57 President and Chief Executive Officer of EHI
Michael S. Paquette 58 Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer of EHI
Lori A. Brown 56 Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer and General Counsel of EHI
John M. Mutschink 49 Executive Vice President, Chief Administrative Officer of EHI
Jeffrey C. Shaw 49 Executive Vice President, Chief Information Officer of EHI
Christopher W. Laws 38 Executive Vice President, Chief Actuary of EHI
Katherine H. Antonello. Ms. Antonello has served as President and Chief Executive Officer of EHI since April 2021. She has served as a director and Chief Executive Officer of Elite Insurance Services, Inc. since March 2021 and all of the remaining Company’s wholly-owned subsidiaries since April 2021. Ms. Antonello joined the Company in August 2019 as Executive Vice President, Chief Actuary. Prior to joining the Company, she served as the Chief Actuary of NCCI from June 2013 to June 2019. Prior to that position, from July 2001 to June 2013, Ms. Antonello held various positions at Lumbermen's Underwriting Alliance and served as Vice President and Chief Actuary. Earlier in her career, she worked at Milliman & Robertson and Liberty National Life Insurance Company. She has also previously worked at NCCI as an Associate Actuary. Ms. Antonello earned her BS in Mathematics from Birmingham-Southern College. She is a Fellow of the Casualty Actuarial Society, a Fellow of the Society of Actuaries, and a Member of the American Academy of Actuaries. In addition, she currently serves as President and on the Board of Directors of the Casualty Actuarial Society and as an advisory board member of Kids Chance of America.
Michael S. Paquette. Mr. Paquette has served as Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of EHI since January 2017. He has served as Treasurer of EGI, EICN, ECIC, EPIC, EAC, EIG Services, and Elite Insurance Services, Inc. since January 2017, of CGI and CSI since May 2018, and of CIC since August 2019. He has served as a Director of EICN, ECIC, EPIC, EAC, and EIG Services since January 2017, of EGI since May 2018, of CGI since May 2018, of CSI since May 2018, and of CIC since August 2019. He has served on the Board of Directors of the Illinois Insurance Guaranty Fund since June 2019. Mr. Paquette previously served as Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer of Montpelier Re Holdings Ltd. from 2008 to 2015 and Chief Financial Officer of Blue Capital Reinsurance Holdings Ltd. from its inception in 2012 to 2015. Mr. Paquette had also previously spent 18 years with White Mountains Insurance Group, Ltd. in various capacities, including Senior Vice President, Controller, and 4 years with KPMG LLP as an auditor. Mr. Paquette holds a B.S. degree in Business Administration from the University of Vermont and is a Certified Public Accountant, Certified Management Accountant, Certified Financial Manager, and Chartered Global Management Accountant.
Lori A. Brown. Ms. Brown has served as Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer, General Counsel, and Secretary of EHI since January 2019. She served as Senior Vice President, Deputy General Counsel from March 2015 to December 2018 to EIG Services, Inc., EICN, ECIC, EPIC, and EAC and as Vice President, Deputy General Counsel of ECIC and EICN from January 2006 to March 2015, EPIC and EAC from November 2008 to March 2015, and EIG Services, Inc. and its predecessor from May 2014 to March 2015. Ms. Brown has served as a director of EGI, CGI and CSI since May 2018, of EICN, ECIC, EPIC, EAC, and EIG Services, Inc. since January 2019, and of CIC since August 2019. She has served as Secretary to EGI, ECIC, EPIC, EAC, EIG Services, Inc., and Elite Insurance Services, Inc. since March 2021 and Assistant Secretary to EICN, CGI, and CSI since March 2019, and CIC since August 2019. Ms. Brown works extensively with the Company's statutory, regulatory and public company filings. Prior to joining the Company, she was Senior Legal Counsel of DHL Worldwide from May 1994 to April 2005. Ms. Brown brings more than 25 years of experience as an attorney primarily in the areas of labor and employment, corporate governance, and SEC compliance. Ms. Brown holds a B.A. degree from UC Riverside and a J.D. degree from the University of San Francisco.
John M. Mutschink. Mr. Mutschink has served as Executive Vice President, Chief Administrative Officer of EHI since August 2021. Previously, he served as Senior Vice President, Chief Human Resources Officer beginning in November 2019. Prior to joining the Company, he was Managing Director, HR at Maxim Integrated - an analog, mixed-signal semiconductor company. He worked at Maxim Integrated from July 2010 to October 2019. He has also held roles at several other technology companies, including Intuit, HP and Compaq. Mr. Mutschink holds a B.S. degree from Texas A&M University and a M.S. & Ph.D. from Kansas State University.
Jeffrey C. Shaw. Mr. Shaw has served as Executive Vice President, Chief Information Officer of EHI since April 2019. He served as Senior Vice President, Chief Information Officer since November 2017. Mr. Shaw previously served as Vice President, Application Development from June 2017. Mr. Shaw has served as a director of CGI, CSI, and CIC since April 2021. He served as Vice President, Information Technology for NIC, Inc. in Olathe, Kansas from April 2012 until April 2017. Prior to that, he served as 2nd Vice President, Application Development for Assurant, Inc. He holds a Bachelor's degree, a J.D. degree and a Master of Business Administration from the University of Kansas.
Christopher W. Laws. Mr. Laws has served as Executive Vice President, Chief Actuary of EHI since April 2021. He has served as Executive Vice President, Chief Actuary of EICN, ECIC, EPIC, EAC, and CIC since April 2021. Prior to April 2021, he served as Executive Vice President beginning in February 2021. Mr. Laws has served as a director of EICN, ECIC, EPIC, EAC, and EIG Services, Inc. since March 2021 and as a director of CIC since April 2021. Mr. Laws was formerly with American International Group, Inc. (“AIG”), where he most recently served as the Chief Actuarial Administration Officer for AIG’s global general insurance business. Prior to AIG, Mr. Laws worked at NCCI. Mr. Laws earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in Mathematics at the University of Florida and is a fellow of the Casualty Actuarial Society and a member of the American Academy of Actuaries.
The information required by Item 10 with respect to our Directors is included under the caption "Election of Directors" in our Proxy Statement for the 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.
The information required by Item 10 with respect to compliance with Section 16 of the Exchange Act, if applicable, is included under the caption "Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports" in our Proxy Statement for the 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.
The information required by Item 10 with respect to our audit committee and our audit committee financial expert is included under the caption "Board Committees" in our Proxy Statement for the 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.
The information required by Item 10 with respect to our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and our Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers is posted on our website at www.employers.com in the Investors section under "Governance." We will post information regarding any amendment to, or waiver from, our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics on our website in the Investor section under Governance.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information required by Item 11 is included under the captions "Compensation Discussion and Analysis," "Compensation Committee Report" and "Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation" in our Proxy Statement for the 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
Certain information required by Item 12 is included under the captions "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management" and "Compensation Discussion and Analysis" in our Proxy Statement for the 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.
Equity and Incentive Plan
The following table gives information about our common stock that may be issued upon the exercise of options, warrants, and rights under all of our existing equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2021. We do not have any plans not approved by
our stockholders. Our equity compensation plans are discussed further in Note 14 in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements, which are included herein.
Plan Category (a)
Number of securities
to be issued upon
exercise of outstanding
options, warrants, and
rights (b)
Weighted-average
exercised price of
outstanding options,
warrants, and
rights(4)
(c)
Number of securities remaining available for further issuance
under compensation plans
(excluding securities
reflected in column (a))
Equity compensation plans approved by stockholders(1):
Stock options
65,165 $ 25.96 1,893,359
RSUs(2)
198,126 1,695,233
PSUs(3)
478,405 1,216,828
Equity compensation plans not approved by stockholders
- - -
Total 741,696 $ 25.96 1,216,828
(1)On May 28, 2020, our stockholders approved the Amended and Restated Equity and Incentive Plan (as amended and restated, "the Plan"). The Plan will expire on the tenth anniversary of April 1, 2020, which is also the effective date of the Plan. The Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors, which is authorized to grant, at its discretion, awards to officers, employees, non-employee directors, consultants, and independent contractors. The maximum number of common shares currently reserved for grants of awards under the Plan was 6,555,000 shares, prior to reductions for grants made.
The Plan provides for the grant of stock options (both incentive stock options and nonqualified stock options), stock appreciation rights, shares of restricted stock, RSUs, PSUs, and other stock-based awards. As of December 31, 2021, the only incentive awards outstanding under the Plan were nonqualified stock options, RSUs, and PSUs.
(2)RSUs are phantom (as opposed to actual) shares of common stock which, depending on the individual award, vest in equal tranches over one- to four-year periods, subject to the recipient maintaining a continuous relationship with the Company through the applicable vesting date.
(3)PSUs are phantom (as opposed to actual) shares of common stock, which are subject to a performance period of two years followed by an additional one-year vesting period, subject to the recipient maintaining a continuous relationship with the Company through the applicable vesting date. PSU awards are subject to certain performance goals with payouts that range from 0% to 200% of the target awards. The values shown in the table above represent the aggregate number of PSUs based on the expectation of the Company achieving a 200% of target rate for the 2019 PSUs, a 179% of target rate for the 2020 PSUs, and a 100% of target rate for the 2021 PSUs.
(4)Holders of RSUs and PSUs are not entitled to voting rights. RSUs and PSUs are entitled to receive dividend equivalents for eligible awards, payable in cash, when and if, the underlying award vests and becomes payable. RSUs and PSUs do not require the payment of an exercise price; accordingly, there is no weighted average exercise price for these awards.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information required by Item 13 is included under the captions "Certain Relationships and Related Transactions" and "Director Independence" in our Proxy Statement for the 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
The information required by Item 14 with respect to the fees and services of Ernst & Young LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, is included under the caption "Audit Matters" in our Proxy Statement for the 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
The following consolidated financial statements are filed in Item 8 of Part II of this report:
Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 53
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 55
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for each of the three years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 57
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for each of the three years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 58
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for each of the three years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 59
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 61
Financial Statement Schedules:
Schedule II. Condensed Financial Information of Registrant 96
Schedule VI. Supplemental Information Concerning Property-Casualty Insurance Operations 99
Pursuant to Rule 7-05 of Regulation S-X, Financial Statement Schedules I, III, IV, and V have been omitted as the information to be set forth therein is included in the notes to the audited consolidated financial statements.
Schedule II. Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
Employers Holdings, Inc.
Condensed Balance Sheets
December 31,
2021 2020
Assets (in millions, except share data)
Investments:
Investment in subsidiaries $ 1,172.7 $ 1,186.1
Fixed maturity securities at fair value (amortized cost $9.1 at December 31, 2021 and $9.6 at December 31, 2020) 10.1 11.0
Equity securities at fair value (cost $25.2 at December 31, 2021 and $0.4 at December 31, 2020) 25.0 0.4
Total investments 1,207.8 1,197.5
Cash and cash equivalents 4.8 11.0
Accrued investment income 0.2 0.2
Intercompany receivable 0.1 -
Federal income taxes receivable 1.5 0.8
Deferred income taxes, net 2.1 1.7
Other assets 0.9 6.4
Total assets $ 1,217.4 $ 1,217.6
Liabilities and stockholders' equity
Accounts payable and accrued expenses $ 4.3 $ 4.7
Other liabilities - 0.1
Total liabilities 4.3 4.8
Stockholders' equity:
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 150,000,000 shares authorized; 57,690,254 and 57,413,806 shares issued and 27,741,400 and 28,564,798 shares outstanding at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively 0.6 0.6
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 25,000,000 shares authorized; none issued - -
Additional paid-in capital 410.7 404.3
Retained earnings 1,338.5 1,247.9
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax 60.6 115.1
Treasury stock, at cost (29,948,854 shares at December 31, 2021 and 28,849,008 shares at December 31, 2020) (597.3) (555.1)
Total stockholders' equity 1,213.1 1,212.8
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $ 1,217.4 $ 1,217.6
Employers Holdings, Inc.
Condensed Statements of Income
Years Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
(in millions, except per share data)
Revenues
Net investment income $ 0.6 $ 1.1 $ 3.7
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments (0.2) (1.9) 3.3
Total revenues 0.4 (0.8) 7.0
Expenses
Underwriting and general and administrative expenses 15.0 16.8 19.0
Interest and financing expenses 0.5 0.3 -
Total expenses 16.7 17.1 19.0
Loss before income taxes and equity in earnings of subsidiaries (16.3) (17.9) (12.0)
Income tax benefit (3.1) (3.2) (2.5)
Net loss before equity in earnings of subsidiaries (13.2) (14.7) (9.5)
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries 132.5 134.5 166.6
Net income $ 119.3 $ 119.8 $ 157.1
Earnings per common share:
Basic $ 4.22 $ 4.01 $ 4.89
Diluted $ 4.17 $ 3.97 $ 4.83
Cash dividends declared per common share and eligible equity plan holders $ 1.00 $ 1.00 $ 0.88
Employers Holdings, Inc.
Condensed Statement of Cash Flows
Years Ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
(in millions)
Operating activities
Net income $ 119.3 $ 119.8 $ 157.1
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries (40.9) (39.9) (70.4)
Net realized and unrealized losses (gains) on investments 0.2 1.9 (3.3)
Stock-based compensation 9.1 9.7 10.1
Amortization of premium on investments, net 0.1 0.1 -
Deferred income tax expense (0.2) 0.8 (2.8)
Change in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities - (2.2) 2.3
Federal income taxes (0.7) 3.5 19.2
Other assets (0.4) (0.5) (0.7)
Intercompany payables and receivables (0.1) 3.5 (3.2)
Other (0.1) (0.3) -
Net cash provided by operating activities 86.3 96.4 108.3
Investing activities
Purchases of fixed maturity securities - (3.2) (9.3)
Purchases of equity securities (35.0) (3.0) (42.0)
Purchases of short-term securities - - -
Proceeds from sale of fixed maturity securities 0.4 14.9 4.3
Proceeds from sale of equity securities 10.3 29.0 56.0
Proceeds from maturities and redemptions of fixed maturity securities - 3.8 3.8
Proceeds from maturities of short-term investments - - 25.0
Net change in unsettled investment purchases and sales 5.8 (4.4) (5.0)
Capital contributions to subsidiaries - (0.4) (73.6)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities (18.5) 36.7 (40.8)
Financing activities
Acquisition of common stock (42.6) (99.4) (67.5)
Cash transactions related to stock-based compensation (2.7) (1.8) (2.5)
Dividends paid to stockholders (28.7) (30.8) (28.9)
Net cash used in financing activities (74.0) (132.0) (98.9)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents (6.2) 1.1 (31.4)
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the period 11.0 9.9 41.3
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period $ 4.8 $ 11.0 $ 9.9
Schedule VI. Supplemental Information Concerning Property - Casualty Insurance Operations
Employers Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Supplemental Information Concerning Property and Casualty Insurance Operations
Year
Ended Deferred
Policy
Acquisition
Costs Reserves For
Unpaid
Losses And
LAE Unearned
Premiums Net
Premiums
Earned Net Investment
Income Losses and
LAE Related
to Current
Years Losses and
LAE Related to Prior
Years (including LPT Amortization and Adj) Amortization
of Deferred
Policy
Acquisition Costs Paid Losses And LAE (including LPT Amortization and Adj) Net
Premiums
Written
(in millions)
Employers Segment
2021 $ 43.7 $ 1,938.0 $ 303.9 $ 573.7 $ 69.3 $ 366.0 $ (39.8) $ 92.2 $ 394.8 $ 581.6
2020 43.2 2,024.5 298.9 615.1 72.1 395.8 (81.6) 97.5 402.2 574.6
2019 47.9 2,145.2 337.0 695.8 84.1 456.1 (77.5) 107.7 421.8 691.4
Cerity Segment
2021 $ - $ 0.6 $ 0.8 $ 0.7 $ 2.8 $ 0.5 $ - $ - $ - $ 1.5
2020 - 0.1 0.2 0.2 3.1 $ 0.1 $ - $ - $ - 0.3
2019 - - 0.1 - 0.3 - - - - 0.1
Corporate & Other
2021 $ - $ 42.6 $ - $ - $ 0.6 $ - $ (11.5) $ - $ (11.5) $ -
2020 - 44.8 - - 1.1 - (11.9) - (11.9) -
2019 - 47.6 - - 3.7 - (12.7) - (12.7) -
Exhibits:
Exhibit
No. Description of Exhibit Included Herewith Incorporated by Reference Herein
Form File No. Exhibit Filing Date
3.1 Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Employers Holdings, Inc.
10-K 001-33245 3.1 February 28, 2019
3.2 Amended and Restated Bylaws of Employers Holdings, Inc.
8-K 001-33245 3.1 June 13, 2018
4.1 Form of Common Stock Certificate
S-1/A 333-139092 4.1 January 18, 2007
4.2 Description of Capital Stock
10-K 001-33245 4.2 February 20, 2020
10.1 Quota Share Reinsurance Agreement, dated as of June 30, 1999, between State Industrial Insurance System of Nevada, D.B.A.: Employers Insurance Company of Nevada and the various Reinsurers as identified by the Interests and Liabilities Agreements attached thereto(1)
S-1/A 333-139092 10.1 January 18, 2007
10.2 Producer Agreement, dated as of May 1, 2005, between Employers Compensation Insurance Company and Automatic Data Processing Insurance Agency, Inc.(1)
S-1/A 333-139092 10.2 January 18, 2007
10.3 Amended and Restated Stock Purchase Agreement among Partner Reinsurance Company of the U.S., Cerity Group, Inc. and Employers Holdings, Inc. (solely in its capacity as Guarantor) dated as of May 23, 2018
8-K/A 001-33245 10.1 May 24, 2018
10.4 Amendment No. 1 to the Amended and Restated Stock Purchase Agreement among Partner Reinsurance Company of the U.S., Cerity Group, Inc. and Employers Holdings, Inc.
10-Q 001-33245 10.11 October 25, 2018
10.5 Credit Agreement dated December 15, 2020 among Employers Holdings, Inc., as Borrower, certain subsidiaries of Borrower as guarantors, the lenders from time to time party thereto, Bank of Montreal, as Administrative Agent, and the other agents and arrangers party thereto
8-K 001-33245 10.1 December 15, 2020
10.6 Form of Letter of Credit and Reimbursement Agreement
8-K 001-33245 10.4 March 15, 2018
10.7 FHLB Form of Advances and Security Agreement
10-Q 001-33245 10.7 July 28, 2020
10.8 Confirmation of Amendment No. 1 To Irrevocable Letter of Credit No. 2018-08 between EAC and FHLB SF, dated March 1, 2019
10-Q 001-33245 10.1 April 25, 2019
10.9 Confirmation of Amendment No. 2 to Irrevocable Standby Letter of Credit No. 2018-08 between EAC and FHLB, dated February 20, 2020
10-Q 001-33245 10.5 July 28, 2020
10.10 Amendment No. 3 to Irrevocable Standby Letter of Credit No. 2018-08 between EAC and FHLB, dated January 26, 2021
10-Q 001-33245 10.5 April 26, 2021
10.11 Amendment No. 4 to Irrevocable Standby Letter of Credit No. 2018-08 between EAC and FHLB, dated August 13, 2021
X 10.1
10.12 Confirmation of Amendment No. 1 To Irrevocable Letter of Credit No. 2018-09 between ECIC and FHLB SF, dated March 1, 2019
10-Q 001-33245 10.2 April 25, 2019
10.13 Amendment No. 2 to Irrevocable Standby Letter of Credit No. 2018-09 between ECIC and FHLB, dated May 5, 2020
10-Q 001-33245 10.4 July 28, 2020
10.14 Amendment No. 3 to Irrevocable Standby Letter of Credit No. 2018-09 between ECIC and FHLB, dated August 13, 2021
X 10.2
10.15 Confirmation of Amendment No. 1 To Irrevocable Letter of Credit No. 2018-10 between EPIC and FHLB SF, dated March 1, 2019
10-Q 001-33245 10.3 April 25, 2019
10.16 Confirmation of Amendment No. 2 to Irrevocable Standby Letter of Credit No. 2018-10 between EPIC and FHLB, dated February 20, 2020
10-Q 001-33245 10.6 July 28, 2020
10.17 Confirmation of Amendment No. 3 to Irrevocable Standby Letter of Credit No. 2018-10 between EPIC and FHLB, dated January 26, 2021
10-Q 001-33245 10.4 April 26, 2021
*10.18 Amended and Restated Employment Agreement by and between Employers Holdings, Inc. and Douglas D. Dirks, dated November 7, 2018 and effective January 1, 2019
8-K 001-33245 10.1 November 8, 2018
*10.19 Separation and Release Agreement dated March 8, 2021 between Employers Holdings, Inc. and Douglas D. Dirks
8-K 001-33245 10.1 March 8, 2021
*10.20 Amended and Restated Employment Agreement by and between Employers Holdings, Inc, and Katherine H. Antonello dated November 17, 2020, and effective as of April 1, 2021
8-K 001-33245 10.2 November 19, 2020
*10.21 Amended and Restated Employment Agreement by and between Employers Holdings, Inc. and Michael S. Paquette dated June 11, 2020, and effective as of January 1, 2021
8-K 001-33245 10.1 June 12, 2020
*10.22 Separation and Release Agreement dated March 17, 2021 between Employers Holdings, Inc. and Stephen V. Festa
10-Q 001-33245 10.3 April 26, 2021
*10.23 Amended and Restated Employment Agreement by and between Employers Holdings, Inc. and Lori A. Brown dated June 11, 2020, and effective as of January 1, 2021
8-K 001-33245 10.2 June 12, 2020
*10.24 Employment Agreement by and between Employers Holdings, Inc. and Jeffrey C. Shaw, dated April 29, 2019 and effective May 1, 2019
10-Q 001-33245 10.1 July 29, 2019
*10.25 Offer of Employment Letter dated December 8, 2020 from Employers Holdings, Inc. to Christopher W. Laws
10-Q 001-33245 10.2 April 5, 2021
*10.26 Employers Holdings, Inc. Key Executive Change in Control and Severance Plan
8-K 001-33245 10.1 August 3, 2021
*10.27 Employers Holdings, Inc. Amended and Restated Equity and Incentive Plan effective April 1, 2010
8-K 001-33245 10.1 May 22, 2015
*10.28 Employers Holdings, Inc. Amended and Restated Equity and Incentive Plan effective as of April 1, 2020
S-8 POS 333-168563 10.2 May 28, 2020
*10.29 Employers Holdings, Inc. Equity and Incentive Plan Form of Stock Option Agreement
10-Q 001-33245 10.3 April 30, 2015
*10.30 Employers Holdings, Inc. Equity and Incentive Plan Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Non-Employee Directors
10-Q 001-33245 10.1 August 7, 2009
*10.31 Employers Holdings, Inc. Equity and Incentive Plan Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement
10-Q 001-33245 10.3 April 27, 2017
*10.32 Employers Holdings, Inc. Equity and Incentive Plan Form of Performance Share Agreement
10-Q 001-33245 10.2 April 27, 2017
21.1 Subsidiaries of Employers Holdings, Inc.
X
23.1 Consent of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
X
31.1 Certification of Katherine H. Antonello Pursuant to Section 302
X
31.2 Certification of Michael S. Paquette Pursuant to Section 302
X
32.1 Certification of Katherine H. Antonello Pursuant to Section 906
X
32.2 Certification of Michael S. Paquette Pursuant to Section 906
X
101.INS XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded with the Inline XBRL document X
101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document X
101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document X
101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document X
101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document X
101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document X
104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)
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*Represents management contracts and compensatory plans or arrangements.
(1) Confidential treatment has been requested for certain confidential portions of this exhibit; these confidential portions have been omitted from this exhibit and filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission.