EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1527590
Filing Year: 2021
Filename: 1527590_10-K_2021_0001558370-21-003005.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1. Business
General
We are a multi-strategy real estate finance company that originates, acquires, finances, and services SBC loans, SBA loans, residential mortgage loans, and to a lesser extent, MBS collateralized primarily by SBC loans, or other real estate-related investments. Our loans range in original principal amounts generally up to $35 million and are used by businesses to purchase real estate used in their operations or by investors seeking to acquire small multi-family, office, retail, mixed use or warehouse properties. Our origination and acquisition platforms consist of the following four operating segments:
● Acquisitions. We acquire performing and non-performing SBC loans as part of our business strategy. We hold performing SBC loans to term, and we seek to maximize the value of the non-performing SBC loans acquired by us through borrower-based resolution strategies. We typically acquire non-performing loans at a discount to their unpaid principal balance (“UPB”) when we believe that resolution of the loans will provide attractive risk-adjusted returns. We also acquire purchased future receivables through our Knight Capital LLC (“Knight Capital”) platform.
● SBC Originations. We originate SBC loans secured by stabilized or transitional investor properties using multiple loan origination channels through our wholly-owned subsidiary, ReadyCap Commercial, LLC (“ReadyCap Commercial”). These originated loans are generally held-for-investment or placed into securitization structures. Additionally, as part of this segment, we originate and service multi-family loan products under the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation’s Small Balance Loan Program (“Freddie Mac” and the “Freddie Mac program”). These originated loans are held for sale, then sold to Freddie Mac.
● SBA Originations, Acquisitions and Servicing. We acquire, originate and service owner-occupied loans guaranteed by the SBA under its Section 7(a) loan program (the “SBA Section 7(a) Program”) through our wholly-owned subsidiary, ReadyCap Lending, LLC (“ReadyCap Lending”). We hold an SBA license as one of only 14 non-bank Small Business Lending Companies (“SBLCs”) and have been granted preferred lender status by the SBA. These originated loans are either held-for-investment, placed into securitization structures, or sold.
● Residential Mortgage Banking. We operate our residential mortgage loan origination segment through our wholly-owned subsidiary, GMFS, LLC ("GMFS"). GMFS originates residential mortgage loans eligible to be purchased, guaranteed or insured by the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), Freddie Mac, Federal Housing Administration (“FHA”), U.S. Department of Agriculture (“USDA”) and U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (“VA”) through retail, correspondent and broker channels. These originated loans are then sold to third parties, primarily agency lending programs.
Our objective is to provide attractive risk-adjusted returns to our stockholders, primarily through dividends and secondarily through capital appreciation. In order to achieve this objective, we continue to grow our investment portfolio and believe that the breadth of our full service real estate finance platform will allow us to adapt to market conditions and deploy capital to asset classes and segments with the most attractive risk-adjusted returns.
We are organized and conduct our operations to qualify as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). So long as we qualify as a REIT, we are generally not subject to U.S. federal income tax on our net taxable income to the extent that we annually distribute all of our net taxable income to stockholders. We are organized in a traditional umbrella partnership REIT (“UpREIT”) format pursuant to which we serve as the general partner of, and conduct substantially all of our business through Sutherland Partners, LP, or our operating partnership. We also intend to operate our business in a manner that will permit us to be excluded from registration as an investment company under the 1940 Act.
Our Manager
We are externally managed and advised by Waterfall, an SEC registered investment adviser. Formed in 2005, Waterfall specializes in acquiring, managing, servicing and financing SBC and residential mortgage loans, as well as asset backed securities (“ABS”) and MBS. Waterfall has extensive experience in performing and non-performing loan acquisition, resolution and financing strategies. Waterfall’s investment committee is chaired by Thomas Capasse and Jack Ross, who serve as our Chief Executive Officer and President, respectively. Messrs. Capasse and Ross, who are co-founders of Waterfall, each have over 30 years of experience in managing and financing a range of financial assets, including having executed the first public securitization of SBC loans in 1993, through a variety of credit and interest rate environments. Messrs. Capasse and Ross have worked together in the same organization for more than 30 years. They are supported by a team of approximately 150 investment and other professionals with extensive experience in commercial mortgage credit underwriting, distressed asset acquisition and financing, SBC loan originations, commercial property valuation, capital deployment, financing strategies and legal and financial matters impacting our business.
We rely on Waterfall’s expertise to establish investment strategies and in identifying loan acquisitions and origination opportunities. Waterfall uses the data and analytics developed through its experience as an owner of SBC loans and in implementing loss mitigation actions to support our origination activities and to develop our loan underwriting standards. Waterfall makes decisions based on a variety of factors, including expected risk-adjusted returns, credit fundamentals, liquidity, availability of financing, borrowing costs and macroeconomic conditions, as well as maintaining our REIT qualification and our exclusion from registration as an investment company under the 1940 Act.
Our Investment Strategy and Market Opportunities Across Our Operating Segments
Our investment strategy is to opportunistically expand our market presence in our acquisition and origination segments and to further grow our SBC securitization capabilities which serve as a source of attractively priced, match-term financing. Capitalizing on our experience in underwriting and managing commercial real estate loans, we have grown our SBC and SBA origination and acquisition capabilities and selectively complimented our SBC strategy with residential agency mortgage originations. As such, we have become a full-service real estate finance platform and we believe that the breadth of our business allows us to adapt to market conditions and deploy capital in our asset classes with the most attractive risk-adjusted returns.
Our acquisition strategy complements our origination strategy by increasing our market intelligence in potential origination geographies, providing additional data to support our underwriting criteria and offering securitization market insight for various product offerings. The proprietary database on the causes of borrower default, loss severity, and market information that we developed from our SBC loan acquisition experience has served as the basis for the development of our SBC and SBA loan origination programs. Additionally, our origination strategy complements our acquisition strategy by providing additional captive refinancing options for our borrowers and further data to support our investment analysis while increasing our market presence with potential sellers of SBC assets.
The following table illustrates certain information with respect to our four business segments as of December 31, 2020.
Acquisitions
SBC
SBA Originations,
Residential Mortgage
Originations
Acquisitions and
Banking
Servicing
Coordinating Affiliate / Manager
Waterfall,
Knight Capital
ReadyCap Commercial
ReadyCap Lending
GMFS
Strategy
SBC loan acquisition,
Purchased future receivables
SBC loan origination
SBA loan origination, acquisition and servicing
Residential mortgage origination and servicing
Gross Assets
$1.2 billion
$2.6 billion
$734.2 million
$626.0 million
% Equity Allocation
27.0%
60.3%
6.8%
5.9%
Personnel
316*
* Waterfall employees includes 169 employees of Knight Capital.
The commercial mortgage market is largely bifurcated by loan size between “large balance” loans and “small balance” loans. Large balance commercial loans typically include those loans with original principal balances of at least $40 million and are primarily financed by insurance companies and commercial mortgage backed securities (“CMBS”) conduits. SBC loans typically include those loans with original principal amounts of between $500,000 and $35 million and are primarily financed by community and regional banks, specialty finance companies and loans guaranteed under the SBA loan programs.
SBC loans are used by small businesses to purchase real estate used in their operations or by investors seeking to acquire small multi-family, office, retail, mixed use or warehouse properties. SBC loans represent a special category of commercial mortgage loans, sharing both commercial and residential mortgage loan characteristics. SBC loans are typically secured by first mortgages on commercial properties or other business assets, but because SBC loans are often correlated to local housing markets and economic environments, aspects of residential mortgage credit analysis are utilized in the underwriting process. Most SBC loans are fully amortizing on a schedule of up to 30 years.
Our investment decisions with respect to allocation of capital are dependent on prevailing market conditions and may change over time in response to opportunities available in different economic and capital market environments. As a result, we cannot predict the percentage of our equity that will be invested in any particular asset or strategy at any given time.
Our Loan Portfolio
The table below presents a summary of the sourcing of our loan assets as of December 31, 2020 (in thousands):
Loan Type (1)
Segment
UPB
% of Total
UPB
Carrying
Amount (2)
% of Total Carrying Amount
Acquired loans(3)
Acquisitions
$
1,054,178
23.4
%
$
1,049,459
23.4
%
Originated SBC loans(3)
SBC Originations
1,084,643
24.1
1,094,401
24.4
Originated Freddie Mac loans(4)
SBC Originations
50,408
1.1
51,248
1.1
Originated Transitional loans
SBC Originations
1,328,395
29.5
1,319,074
29.4
Originated PPP loans, at fair value
SBA Originations, Acquisitions and Servicing
74,931
1.7
74,931
1.7
Acquired SBA 7(a) loans
SBA Originations, Acquisitions and Servicing
262,571
5.8
243,220
5.4
Originated SBA 7(a) loans(4)
SBA Originations, Acquisitions and Servicing
396,825
8.8
389,394
8.7
Originated Residential Agency loans(4)
Residential Mortgage Banking
253,060
5.6
263,655
5.9
Total Loan portfolio
$
4,505,011
100.0
%
$
4,485,382
100.0
%
(1) Includes Loan assets of consolidated variable interest entities ("VIEs")
(2) Excludes specific and general allowance for loan losses
(3) Excludes real estate, held for sale
(4) Excludes MSR assets
The charts presented below illustrate additional information related to the geographic concentration, collateral concentration, and lien type of our loan portfolio:
Our Acquisitions Platform
Our acquisitions segment represents our investments in acquired SBC loans and purchased future receivables originated as part of our Knight Capital platform. We hold SBC loans to term, and we seek to maximize the value of the non-performing SBC loans acquired by us through proprietary loan reperformance programs. Where this is not possible, such as in the case of many non-performing loans, we seek to effect property resolution through the use of borrower based resolution alternatives to foreclosure.
Our Manager specializes in acquiring SBC loans that are sold by banks, including as part of bank recapitalizations or mergers, and from other financial institutions such as thrifts and non-bank lenders. Other sources of SBC loans include special servicers of large balance SBC ABS and CMBS trusts, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, as receiver for failed banks, servicers of non-performing SBA Section 7(a) Program loans, and Community Development Companies originating loans under the SBA 504 program, GSEs, and state economic development authorities. Over the last several years, our Manager has developed relationships with many of these entities, primarily banks and their advisors. In many cases, we are able to acquire SBC loans through negotiated transactions, at times partnering with acquiring banks or private equity firms in bank acquisitions and recapitalizations. We believe that our Manager’s experience, reputation and ability to underwrite SBC loans make it an attractive buyer for this asset class, and that its network of relationships will continue to produce opportunities for it to acquire SBC loans on attractive terms.
Competition for SBC loan asset acquisitions has been limited due to the special servicing expertise required to manage SBC loan assets due to the small size of each loan, the uniqueness of the real properties that collateralize the loans, licensing requirements, the high volume of loans needed to build portfolios, and the need to utilize residential mortgage credit analysis in the underwriting process. These factors have limited institutional investor participation in SBC loan acquisitions, which has allowed us to acquire SBC loans with attractive risk-adjusted return profiles.
The following table sets forth certain information as of December 31, 2020 related to our acquired loan portfolio (in thousands):
Contractual Status (1)
UPB
% of Total
Carrying Value (2)
% of Total
Current
$
981,042
93.0
%
$
978,859
93.4
%
30 - 59 days delinquent
7,711
0.7
7,729
0.7
60 + days delinquent
61,569
5.9
59,321
5.6
Bankruptcy / Foreclosure
3,856
0.4
3,550
0.3
Total
$
1,054,178
100.0
%
$
1,049,459
100.0
%
(1) Includes Loan assets of consolidated VIEs
(2) Excludes specific and general allowance for loan losses
Waterfall’s extensive experience in securitization strategies for SBC loans dates to the first SBC ABS for performing loans and liquidating trusts for non-performing loans purchased from the Resolution Trust Corporation in 1993. We believe that in 2011, we were the first post-financial crisis issuer of SBC ABS and have since completed several SBC bond issuances backed by newly originated and acquired SBC and SBA 7(a) loan assets.
The following table summarizes our acquired loan securitization activities ($ in millions):
Deal Name
Asset Class
Issuance
Bonds Issued
Outstanding Balance
Weighted Average Debt Cost
WVMT 2011-SBC1
SBC Acquired Loans - NPL
February 2011
$
40.5
$
-
7.0
%
WVMT 2011-SBC2
SBC Acquired Loans
March 2011
97.7
16.1
5.1
WVMT 2011-SBC3
SBC Acquired Loans - NPL
October 2011
143.4
-
6.4
SCML 2015-SBC4
SBC Acquired Loans - NPL
August 2015
125.4
-
4.0
SCMT 2017-SBC6
SBC Acquired Loans
August 2017
154.9
42.3
3.5
SCMT 2018-SBC7
SBC Acquired Loans
November 2018
217.0
107.0
4.7
SCMT 2019-SBC8
SBC Acquired Loans
June 2019
306.5
224.7
2.9
SCMT 2020-SBC9
SBC Acquired Loans
June 2020
203.6
162.3
3.7
Total
$
1,289.0
$
552.4
4.2
%
In the fourth quarter of 2019, we acquired Knight Capital. Knight is a technology-driven platform that provides working capital to small and medium sized businesses across the U.S. Through this platform, we provide working capital advances to these businesses through the purchase of their future revenues. We enter into a contract with the business whereby we pay the business an upfront amount in return for a specific amount of the business’s future revenue receivables, known as payback amounts. The payback amounts are primarily received through daily payments initiated by automated clearing house transactions.
Our Loan Origination Platforms
We originate SBC loans generally ranging in initial principal amount of between $500,000 and $35 million, and typically with a duration of six years at origination. Our origination platform, which focuses on first mortgage loans, provides conventional SBC mortgage financing for stabilized and transitional SBC properties nationwide through the following programs:
● Fixed mortgage loans. Loans for the acquisition or refinancing of stabilized properties secured by traditional commercial properties such as multi-family, office, retail, mixed use or warehouse properties, which are often guaranteed by the property owners. The loans are typically amortizing and have maturities of five to twenty years.
● Transitional loans. Loans for the acquisition of properties requiring more substantial expenditures for stabilization, secured by traditional commercial properties such as multi-family, office, retail, mixed use or warehouse properties which may be guaranteed by the property owners. The loans are typically interest-only and have maturities of two to four years.
● Freddie Mac loans. Origination of loans ranging from $1 million to $7.5 million secured by multi-family properties through the recently launched Freddie Mac program. We sell qualifying loans to Freddie Mac, which, in turn, sells such loans to securitization structures.
● SBA loans. Loans secured by real estate, machinery, equipment and inventory that are guaranteed, typically 75% under the SBA Section 7(a) Programs. SBA loans include personal guarantees of the borrower and are typically amortizing and have maturities of seven to twenty-five years.
● Residential Loans. We are approved to originate and service Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae eligible loans through the residential mortgage loan programs. These include prime, subprime and alternative-A and alternative-B mortgage loans, which may be adjustable-rate, hybrid and/or fixed-rate residential mortgage loans and pay option adjustable rate mortgage loans (“ARMs”).
Our loan origination segments include: (i) SBC Originations (ii) SBA Originations and (iii) Residential Mortgage Originations.
SBC Originations. We operate our SBC loan originations segment through ReadyCap Commercial. ReadyCap Commercial is a specialty-finance nationwide originator focused on originating commercial real estate mortgage loans through its conventional, agency multi-family and transitional loan programs. The following table summarizes the loan features of ReadyCap Commercial’s product types:
Through December 31, 2020, we have originated approximately $6.4 billion in SBC loans since Ready Capital’s inception. The following chart summarizes our annual SBC loan originations since 2017:
As of December 31, 2020, our originated SBC loans held in our portfolio had a UPB and carrying value of approximately $2.5 billion. Our originated SBC loans, substantially all of which are currently classified as performing loans, represented approximately 54.7% of the UPB and 55.5% of the carrying value of our total loan portfolio as of December 31, 2020.
The following table summarizes our originated SBC loan securitization activities ($ in millions):
Deal Name
Asset Class
Issuance
Bonds Issued
Outstanding Balances
Weighted Average Debt Cost
RCMT 2014-1
SBC Originated Conventional
September 2014
$
181.7
$
25.7
3.2%
RCMT 2015-2
SBC Originated Conventional
November 2015
218.8
65.9
4.0%
FRESB 2016-SB11
Originated Agency Multi-family
January 2016
110.0
38.7
2.8%
FRESB 2016-SB18
Originated Agency Multi-family
July 2016
118.0
43.4
2.2%
RCMT 2016-3
SBC Originated Conventional
November 2016
162.1
54.5
3.4%
FRESB 2017-SB33
Originated Agency Multi-family
June 2017
197.9
141.6
2.6%
RCMF 2017-FL1
SBC Originated Transitional
August 2017
198.8
-
L + 139 bps
FRESB 2018-SB45
Originated Agency Multi-family
January 2018
362.0
295.7
2.8%
RCMT 2018-4
SBC Originated Conventional
March 2018
165.0
108.7
3.8%
RCMF 2018-FL2
SBC Originated Transitional
June 2018
217.1
110.2
L + 121 bps
FRESB 2018-SB52
Originated Agency Multi-family
September 2018
505.0
474.6
2.9%
FRESB 2018-SB56
Originated Agency Multi-family
December 2018
507.3
485.3
3.6%
RCMT 2019-5
SBC Originated Conventional
January 2019
355.8
267.2
4.1%
RCMF 2019-FL3
SBC Originated Transitional
April 2019
320.2
282.4
L + 133 bps
RCMT 2019-6
SBC Originated Conventional
November 2019
430.7
406.1
3.2%
RCMF 2020-FL4
SBC Originated Transitional
June 2020
405.3
405.3
L + 290 bps
KCMT 2020-S3
SBC Originated conventional
September 2020
263.2
262.8
5.3%
Total
$
4,718.9
$
3,468.1
2.4%
Additionally, ReadyCap Commercial has been approved by Freddie Mac as one of 12 originators and servicers for multi-family loan products under the Freddie Mac program. As of December 31, 2020, ReadyCap Commercial employs 85 people focused on originating and supporting the SBC loan origination business.
We believe that we have significant opportunity to originate SBC loans at attractive risk-adjusted returns. We believe that many banks have restrictive credit guidelines for our target assets. In addition, large banks are not focused on the SBC market and smaller banks only lend in specific geographies. We see an opportunity to earn an attractive risk spread premium by lending to borrowers that do not fit the credit guidelines of many banks. We believe that increased demand, coupled with the fragmentation of the SBC lending market, provides us with attractive opportunities to originate loans to borrowers with strong credit profiles and real estate collateral that supports ultimate repayment of the loans.
We expect to continue to source SBC loan originations through the following loan origination channels:
● Direct and indirect lending relationships. We will generate loan origination leads directly through our extensive relationships with commercial real estate brokers, bank loan officers and mortgage brokers that refer leads to our loan officers. To a lesser extent, we will also source loan leads through commercial real estate realtors, trusted advisors such as financial planners, lawyers, and certified public accountants (“CPAs”) and through direct-to-the-borrower transactions.
● Other direct origination sources for SBC loans. From time to time, we may enter into strategic alliances and other referral programs with servicers, sub-servicers, strategic partners and vendors targeted at the refinancing of SBC loans.
SBA Origination, Acquisition and Servicing Platforms
We operate our SBA loan origination, acquisition, and servicing segment through ReadyCap Lending. We acquire, originate and service owner-occupied loans guaranteed by the SBA under the SBA Section 7(a) Program through ReadyCap Lending’s license, one of only 14 licensed non-bank SBLCs. We believe investor demand for pass-through securities backed by the guaranteed portions of SBA Section 7(a) Program loans has been strong because the principal and interest payments are guaranteed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government. For this reason, we believe that SBA participating lenders that have sold the guaranteed portions of SBA Section 7(a) Program loans in recent years have been able to recognize attractive gains.
The SBA was created out of the Small Business Act in 1953. The SBA’s function is to protect the interests of small businesses. The SBA classifies a small business as a business that is organized for profit and is independently owned and operating primarily within the United States with less than $15 million in tangible net worth and not more than $5 million in average after-tax net income. The SBA supports small businesses by administering several programs that provide loan guarantees against default on qualified loans made to eligible small businesses.
The SBA Section 7(a) Program is the SBA’s primary program for providing financing for start-up and existing small businesses. The SBA typically guarantees 75% of qualified loans over $150,000. While the eligibility requirements of the SBA Section 7(a) Program vary depending on the industry of the borrower and other factors, the general eligibility requirements include the following: (i) gross sales of the borrower cannot exceed size standards set by the SBA (e.g., $30.0 million for limited service hospitality properties) or, alternatively, average net income cannot exceed $5.0 million for the most recent two fiscal years, (ii) liquid assets of the borrower and affiliates cannot exceed specified limits, (iii) tangible net worth of the borrower must be less than $15.0 million, (iv) the borrower must be a U.S. citizen or legal permanent resident and (v) the maximum aggregate SBA loan guarantees to a borrower cannot exceed $3.75 million. The table below provides information on the SBA Section 7(a) Program’s key features, including its eligible uses, maximum loan amount, loan maturity, interest rate, guarantee fee, yearly fee and personal guarantee.
We are actively participating in the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) through the United States Department of the Treasury and SBA. PPP loans have: (a) an interest rate of 1.0%, (b) a five-year loan term to maturity for loans made on or after June 5, 2020 (loans made prior to June 5, 2020 have a two-year term, however borrowers and lenders may mutually agree to extend the maturity for such loans to five years); and (c) principal and interest payments deferred for six months from the date of disbursement. The SBA will guarantee 100% of the PPP loans made to eligible borrowers. The entire principal amount of the borrower’s PPP loan, including any accrued interest, is eligible to be reduced by the loan forgiveness amount under the PPP. These loans also earn an origination fee of 1% to 5%, depending on the loan size.
Key Feature
Program Summary
Use of Proceeds
Fixed assets, working capital, real estate, financing of start-up or to purchase an existing business. Some debt payment allowed but lender’s loan exposure may not be reduced with the proceeds.
Maximum Loan Amount
$5,000,000
Maturity
25 years for equipment and real estate. All other loan purposes have a maximum term of ten years.
Interest Rate
Negotiated between applicant and lender and is subject to maximums. The current maximums are Prime Rate plus 2.25% for maturities fewer than seven years and Prime Rate plus 2.75% for maturities of seven years or longer. Spreads on loans with an initial UPB below $50,000 have higher maximums.
Guaranty Fee
Based on the loan’s maturity and the dollar amount guaranteed. The lender initially pays the guaranty fee and has the option to pass the expense on to the borrower at closing. A fee of 0.25% of the guaranteed portion of the loan is charged for loans with maturities of 12 months or less. For loans with maturities over 12 months, the fees are 2% for loans of $150,000 or less; 3% for loans of $150,001 to $700,000; 3.5% for loans over $700,000; and 3.75% for guaranteed portion over $1 million.
Yearly Fee
The ongoing yearly fee due from lenders to SBA is 0.55% of the guaranteed portion of the outstanding balance on the 7(a) loan.
Personal Guarantee
Required from all owners of 20% or more of the equity of the business. Lenders can require personal guarantees of owners with less than 20% ownership.
Sources: SBA, Business Development Corporation, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, Congressional Research Service
Our return on equity related to the SBA 7(a) program is generated through retained yield on the unguaranteed principal balance as well as sale premium and retained servicing on the guaranteed principal balance as displayed by the following:
The following table sets forth certain information as of December 31, 2020 related to our acquired and originated SBA 7(a) loan portfolio (in thousands):
Contractual Status (1)
UPB
% of Total
Carrying Value (2)
% of Total
Current
$
710,231
96.8
%
$
686,597
97.1
%
30 - 59 days delinquent
6,173
0.8
5,836
0.8
60 + days delinquent
17,169
2.3
14,911
2.1
Bankruptcy / Foreclosure
0.1
-
Total
$
734,327
100.0
%
$
707,545
100.0
%
(1) Includes loan assets of consolidated VIEs.
(2) Excludes specific and general allowance for loan losses.
We have originated more than $819.5 million in SBA loans since our program’s inception in mid-2015 through December 31, 2020, excluding PPP loans. As of December 31, 2020, our originated SBA loans held in our loan portfolio had a UPB of $471.8 million and a carrying value of approximately $460.0 million.
The following table sets forth certain information as of December 31, 2020 related to our sale of originated SBA loans (in thousands):
Quarter
Proceeds Received for Sale of Guaranteed Portion of Loans
UPB Sold
Net Proceeds
Weighted Average Sales Premium (1)
Q1 2018
$
33,647
$
30,158
$
3,487
11.6
%
Q2 2018
55,574
50,064
5,510
11.0
Q3 2018
35,086
31,995
3,091
9.7
Q4 2018
54,996
50,426
4,570
9.1
Q1 2019
43,582
39,759
3,823
9.6
Q2 2019
45,493
41,036
4,457
10.9
Q3 2019
29,302
26,409
2,893
11.0
Q4 2019
52,859
48,146
4,713
9.8
Q1 2020
51,964
47,427
4,537
9.6
Q2 2020
18,597
16,917
1,680
9.9
Q3 2020
44,367
39,635
4,732
11.9
Q4 2020
83,437
74,730
8,707
11.7
Three year total
$
548,904
$
496,703
$
52,200
10.5
%
(1) Weighted average sales premiums are net after sharing any premiums above 10% with the SBA
We use the securitization markets to access term financing on the unguaranteed retained portion of the SBA 7(a) Program loans. The following table summarizes our SBA loan securitization activities ($ in millions):
Deal Name
Asset Class
Issuance
Bonds Issued
Outstanding Balances
Weighted Average Debt Cost
RCLT 2015-1
SBA 7(a) Loans
June 2015
$
189.5
$
-
Lesser of L + 125 bps or Prime -150 bps
RCLT 2019-2
SBA 7(a) Loans
December 2019
131.0
103.0
L + 250 bps
Residential Mortgage Origination Platforms
GMFS currently originates loans that are eligible to be purchased, guaranteed or insured by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, FHA, VA and USDA through retail, correspondent and broker channels. GMFS is licensed in 18 states and provides a wide range of residential mortgage services, including home purchase financing, mortgage refinancing, reverse mortgages, new construction loans and condo financing. GMFS operates through 12 retail branches located in Louisiana, Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, and Texas. GMFS employs both a servicing retained and servicing released execution strategy. During 2020, GMFS retained approximately 98% of loans originated. Our residential mortgage loan portfolio represented approximately 5.9% of the carrying value and 5.6% of the UPB of our total loan portfolio as of December 31, 2020. Our residential mortgage origination platform employed a total of 304 people as of December 31, 2020.
GMFS provides a residential origination platform to our sourcing capabilities, allowing access to new credit investment opportunities while controlling the origination process. We believe we can enhance and grow the GMFS origination platform through better access to capital and an expanded product offering. In addition, using this platform we intend to continue to invest in MSRs through retention and secondary market transactions and to selectively pursue new residential product offerings.
The following tables set forth certain historical information on our GMFS residential mortgage portfolio:
Our management team has extensive experience and an established track record of operating through multiple market cycles. We primarily originate, sell and service conventional, conforming agency and government insured residential mortgage loans originated or acquired through our three channels: retail, correspondent and wholesale. Our mortgage lending operation generates origination and processing fees, net of origination costs, at the time of origination as well as gains or unexpected losses when the loans are sold to third party investors, including the GSEs and Ginnie Mae. We retain servicing rights from the mortgage originations and earn servicing fees, net of sub-servicer costs, from our mortgage servicing portfolio.
We believe that we have a significant opportunity to expand our footprint within the mortgage banking industry through:
● Enhancement of our technology systems to drive further efficiency and customer satisfaction.
● Increased penetration of existing clients and through the addition of new branches and independent originators in our correspondent and wholesale channels.
● Opportunistic geographic expansion in our retail channel.
Our Loan Pipeline. We have a large and active pipeline of potential acquisition and origination opportunities that are in various stages of our investment process. We refer to assets as being part of our acquisition pipeline or our origination pipeline if:
● an asset or portfolio opportunity has been presented to us and we have determined, after a preliminary analysis, that the assets fit within our investment strategy and exhibit the appropriate risk/reward characteristics and
● in the case of acquired loans, we have executed a non-disclosure agreement (“NDA”) or an exclusivity agreement and commenced the due diligence process or we have executed more definitive documentation, such as a letter of intent (“LOI”), and in the case of originated loans, we have issued an LOI, and the borrower has paid a deposit.
We operate in a competitive market for investment opportunities and competition may limit our ability to originate or acquire the potential investments in the pipeline. The consummation of any of the potential loans in the pipeline depends upon, among other things, one or more of the following: available capital and liquidity, our Manager’s allocation policy, satisfactory completion of our due diligence investigation and investment process, approval of our Manager’s Investment Committee, market conditions, our agreement with the seller on the terms and structure of such potential loan, and the execution and delivery of satisfactory transaction documentation. Historically, we have acquired less than a majority of the assets in our Manager’s pipeline at any one time and there can be no assurance the assets currently in its pipeline will be acquired or originated by our Manager in the future. See “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations- Key Financial Measures and Indicators” included in this annual report on Form 10-K for further information on our acquisition and origination pipelines.
FINANCING STRATEGY
We use prudent leverage to increase potential returns to our stockholders. We finance the loans we originate primarily through securitization transactions, as well through other borrowings.
Our Manager’s extensive experience in securitization strategies across asset classes has enabled us to complete several securitizations of SBC loan and SBA 7(a) loan assets since January 2011. SBC securitization structures are non-recourse and typically provide debt equal to 50% to 90% of the cost basis of the SBC assets. Non-performing SBC ABS involve liquidating trusts with liquidation proceeds used to repay senior debt. Performing SBC ABS involve longer-duration trusts with principal and interest collections allocated to senior debt and losses on liquidated loans to equity and subordinate tranches. Our strategy is to continue to finance our assets through the securitization market, which will allow us to continue to match fund the SBC loans pledged as collateral to secure these securitizations on a long-term non-recourse basis.
We anticipate using other borrowings as part of our financing strategy, including re-securitizations, repurchase agreements, warehouse facilities, bank credit facilities (including term loans and revolving facilities), and equity and debt issuances.
As of December 31, 2020, our committed and outstanding financing arrangements included:
($ in thousands)
Commitment
Carrying Value
Available
Maturity Dates
Secured borrowings (warehouse credit facilities and borrowings under repurchase agreements, excluding agency)
$
2,210,181
$
998,566
$
1,211,615
2021 - 2023
Secured borrowings (agency)
600,222
371,953
228,269
2021 - 2022
Senior secured notes, net
179,659
179,659
-
Corporate bonds, net
150,989
150,989
-
2021 - 2026
Convertible bonds, net
112,129
112,129
-
Total recourse debt
$
3,253,180
$
1,813,296
$
1,439,884
2021 - 2026
Securitized debt obligations, net
$
1,905,749
$
1,905,749
$
-
2021 - 2026
(a)
Total non-recourse debt
$
1,905,749
$
1,905,749
$
-
2021 - 2026
(a) Represents estimated pay off of debt based on prepayment speeds of underlying collateral.
Our financing agreements require the company to maintain a debt-to-equity leverage ratio at certain levels. The amount of leverage we may employ for particular assets will depend upon the availability of particular types of financing and our Manager's assessment of the credit, liquidity, price volatility and other risks of those assets and financing counterparties. We currently target a total debt-to-equity leverage ratio between 4:1 to 5:1 and a recourse debt-to-equity leverage ratio between 1.5:1 to 2.5:1. We believe that these target leverage ratios are conservative for these asset classes and exemplify the conservative levels of borrowings we intend to use over time. We intend to use leverage for the primary purpose of financing our portfolio and not for the purpose of speculating on changes in interest rates. We may, however, be limited or restricted in the amount of leverage we may employ by the terms and provisions of any financing or other agreements that we may enter into in the future, and we may be subject to margin calls as a result of its financing activity.
As of December 31, 2020, we had a leverage ratio of 2.2x on a recourse debt-to-equity ratio consisting of 1.2x on warehouse credit facilities and borrowings under repurchase agreements, excluding agency, 0.5x on corporate debt and 0.5x on agency secured borrowings.
HEDGING STRATEGY
Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we may use derivative financial instruments (or hedging instruments), including interest rate swap agreements, interest rate cap agreements, options on interest rate swaps, or swaptions, financial futures, structured credit indices, and options in an effort to hedge the interest rate and credit spread risk associated with the financing of our portfolio. Specifically, we attempt to hedge our exposure to potential interest rate mismatches between the interest we earn on our assets and our borrowing costs caused by fluctuations in short-term interest rates, and we intend to hedge our SBC loan originations from the date the interest rate is locked until the loan is included in a securitization. The Company also uses derivative instruments to limit its exposure to changes in currency rates in respect of certain investments denominated in foreign currencies.
We also use hedging instruments in connection with our residential mortgage loan origination platform in an attempt to offset some of the impact of prepayments on our loans. In particular, we use MBS forward sales contracts to manage the interest rate price risk associated with the interest rate lock commitments we make with potential borrowers. In utilizing leverage and interest rate hedges, our objectives include, where desirable, locking in, on a long-term basis, a spread between the yield on our assets and the cost of our financing in an effort to improve returns to our stockholders. We will undertake to hedge our originated loan inventory pending securitization with respect to changes in securitization liability cost resulting from both changes in benchmark treasuries and credit spreads. Hedges are periodically re-balanced to match expected duration of the securitization and are closed at securitization issuance with the resulting gain or loss allocated to the retained basis in the securitization with the objective of protecting the yield for the aforementioned changes in securitization liabilities.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
We strive to maintain an ethical workplace in which the highest standards of professional conduct are practiced.
● Our board of directors is composed of a majority of independent directors. The Audit, Nominating and Corporate Governance and Compensation Committees of our board of directors are composed exclusively of independent directors.
● In order to foster the highest standards of ethics and conduct in all business relationships, we have adopted a Code of Conduct and Ethics policy, which covers a wide range of business practices and procedures, that applies to our officers, directors, employees, if any, and independent contractors, to our Manager and our Manager’s officers and employees, and to any of our affiliates or affiliates of our Manager, and such affiliates’ officers and employees, who provide services to us or our Manager in respect of our Company. In addition, we have implemented Whistleblowing Procedures for Accounting and Auditing Matters and Code of Conduct and Ethics Violations (the “Whistle-blower Policy”) that set forth procedures by which any Covered Persons (as defined in the Whistle-blower Policy) may raise, on a confidential basis, concerns regarding, among other things, any questionable or unethical accounting, internal accounting controls or auditing matters and any potential violations of the Code of Conduct and Ethics with our Audit Committee or the Chief Compliance Officer.
● We have adopted an Insider Trading Policy for Trading in the Securities of our Company (the “Insider Trading Policy”), that governs the purchase or sale of our securities by any of our directors, officers, and associates (as defined in the Insider Trading Policy), if any, and independent contractors, as well as officers and employees of our Manager and our officers, employees and affiliates, and that prohibits any such persons from buying or selling our securities on the basis of material non-public information.
COMPETITION
We compete with numerous regional and community banks, specialty-finance companies, savings and loan associations and other entities, and we expect that others may be organized in the future. The effect of the existence of additional REITs and other institutions may be increased competition for the available supply of SBC and SBA assets suitable for purchase, which may cause the price for such assets to rise. Additionally, origination of SBC loans, SBA loans and residential agency loans by our competitors may increase the availability of these loans, which may result in a reduction of interest rates on these loans.
In the face of this competition, we expect to have access to our Manager’s professionals and their industry expertise, which may provide us with a competitive advantage in sourcing transactions and help it assess acquisition and origination risks and determine appropriate pricing for potential assets. Additionally, we believe that we are currently one of only a handful of active market participants in the secondary SBC loan market. Due to the special servicing expertise needed to effectively
manage these assets, the small size of each loan, the uniqueness of the real properties that collateralize the loans and the need to bring residential mortgage credit analysis into the underwriting process, we expect a competitive demand for these assets to remain constrained. We seek to manage credit risk through our loan-level pre-origination or pre-acquisition due diligence and underwriting processes, which as of December 31, 2020 has limited the amount of realized losses. However, we may not be able to achieve our business goals or expectations due to the competitive risks that we face. For additional information concerning these competitive risks, see “Item 1A - Risk Factors - Risks Related to Our Business - New entrants in the market” for SBC loan acquisitions and originations could adversely impact our ability to acquire SBC loans at attractive prices and originate SBC loans at attractive risk-adjusted returns.
HUMAN CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
We are managed by Waterfall pursuant to the management agreement with Waterfall. Our Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer are dedicated exclusively to us, along with several of Waterfall’s accounting professionals, a marketing professional, and an information technology professional who are also dedicated primarily to us. We or Waterfall may in the future hire additional personnel that may be dedicated to our business. However, other than our Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer, Waterfall is not obligated under the management agreement to dedicate any of its personnel exclusively to our business, nor is it or its personnel obligated to dedicate any specific portion of its or their time to our business. Accordingly, with the exception of our Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer, our executive officers are not required to devote any specific amount of time to our business. We are responsible for the costs of our own employees. In our recruitment efforts, we strive to have a diverse group of candidates to consider for roles. Our Manager and we invest heavily in developing and supporting our employees throughout their careers. We strive to maintain a work environment that fosters professionalism, high standards of business ethics, teamwork and cooperation. In fiscal 2020, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, our workforce primarily worked remotely and our Manager instituted safety protocols to enable certain employees to work on site when needed. With the exception of our ReadyCap Commercial, ReadyCap Lending, Knight Capital, and GMFS subsidiaries, which will employ their own personnel, we do not expect to have our own employees. Our corporate headquarters are located at 1251 Avenue of the Americas, 50th Floor, New York, NY 10020, and our telephone number is (212) 257-4600.
INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
Set forth below are the name, age, position in the Company and certain biographical information for our executive officers and other key personnel.
Thomas E. Capasse, 64 is the Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer. He is a Manager and co-founder of our Manager. Prior to founding Waterfall, Mr. Capasse managed the principal finance groups at Greenwich Capital from 1995 until 1997, Nomura Securities from 1997 until 2001, and Macquarie Securities from 2001 until 2004. Mr. Capasse has significant and long-standing experience in the securitization market as a founding member of Merrill Lynch’s ABS Group (1983 - 1994) with a focus on MBS transactions (including the initial Subprime Mortgage and Manufactured Housing ABS) and experience in many other ABS sectors. Mr. Capasse began his career as a fixed income analyst at Dean Witter and Bank of Boston. Mr. Capasse received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics from Bowdoin College in 1979.
Jack J. Ross, 64 is the President and member of our Board of Directors. He is a Manager and co-founder of our Manager. Prior to founding Waterfall in January 2005, Mr. Ross was the founder of Licent Capital, a specialty broker/dealer for intellectual property securitization. From 1987 until 1999, Mr. Ross was employed by Merrill Lynch where he managed the real estate finance and ABS groups. Mr. Ross began his career at Drexel Burnham Lambert where he worked on several of the early ABS transactions and at Laventhol & Horwath where he served as a senior auditor. Mr. Ross received a Master of Business Administration degree in Finance with distinction from the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School of Business in 1984 and a Bachelor of Science degree in Accounting, cum laude, from the State University of New York at Buffalo in 1978.
Thomas Buttacavoli, 44 is the Chief Investment Officer and Portfolio Manager of our SBC loan portfolio. He is a Manager, Managing Director and co-founder of our Manager. Prior to joining Waterfall in 2005, Mr. Buttacavoli was a Structured Finance Analyst specializing in intellectual property securitization at Licent Capital. Prior to joining Licent Capital, he was a Strategic Planning Analyst at BNY Capital Markets. Mr. Buttacavoli started his career as a Financial Analyst within Merrill Lynch’s Partnership Finance Group. Mr. Buttacavoli received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Finance and Accounting from New York University’s Stern School of Business in 1999.
Andrew Ahlborn, 37 is the Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Ahlborn joined our Manager in 2010 and has been the Controller of Ready Capital since 2015. Prior to joining our Manager, he worked in Ernst & Young, LLP's Financial Services Office. Mr. Ahlborn received a Bachelor of Science degree in Accounting from Fordham University's Gabelli School of Business and a Master of Business Administration through Columbia Business School. He is a licensed Certified Public Accountant in New York.
Gary T. Taylor, 62 is the Chief Operating Officer. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Taylor served as President and Chief Operating Officer of Newtek Business Credit from May 2015 to March 2019. From 2013 to 2015, Mr. Taylor was Managing Director at Brevet Capital Management, and before that he was Chief Operating Officer of CIT Small Business Lending from 2007 to 2013. Earlier in his career, Mr. Taylor held numerous roles within the financial services industry including Lehman Brothers, Moody's Investor Service, AT&T Capital Corporation, Resolution Trust Corporation, First Chicago Bank & Trust, and Chase Manhattan Bank. Mr. Taylor received a Bachelor of Science degree, with Honors, in Business from Florida A&M University.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
On December 6, 2020, we, Anworth, and RC Merger Subsidiary, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and a wholly owned subsidiary of Ready Capital (“Merger Sub”), entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger, or the Merger Agreement, pursuant to which, subject to the terms and conditions therein, Anworth will be merged with and into Merger Sub, with Merger Sub remaining as a wholly owned subsidiary of us (such surviving company, the “Surviving Company” and such transaction, the “Merger”). Following the consummation of the Merger, the Surviving Company will be contributed to the Operating Partnership in exchange for additional partnership units.
The Merger with Anworth, a specialty finance company that focuses primarily on residential mortgage-backed securities and residential loans that are either rated “investment grade” or are guaranteed by federally sponsored enterprises, is expected to substantially increase our capital base and equity capitalization, which we believe will support the continued growth of our diversified platform and execution of our strategy. We believe that the Merger will provide us with improved scale, liquidity and capital alternatives, as well as increased portfolio diversification and potential cost savings and efficiencies over time resulting from the allocation of operating expenses over a larger portfolio. Our underwriting of the Merger with Anworth suggests that following the completion of the Merger, based on expected market conditions at such time, our book value will be in excess of $1 billion. Following the completion of the Merger, we currently intend to manage the liquidation and runoff of certain assets within the Anworth portfolio and repay certain indebtedness on the Anworth portfolio, and to redeploy the capital into opportunities in our core SBC strategies and other assets that we expect will generate attractive risk-adjusted returns and long-term earnings accretion. We currently expect that the Merger will close as soon as the first quarter of 2021, subject to the respective approvals of our stockholders and Anworth’s stockholders and other customary closing conditions.
Concurrently with entering into the Merger Agreement, we, Sutherland Partners, LP and Waterfall Asset Management, LLC entered into the First Amendment to the Amended and Restated Management Agreement (the “Amendment”), to amend the Amended and Restated Management Agreement, dated May 9, 2016 (the “Management Agreement”). The Amendment provides that, contingent upon the closing of the Merger, the Manager’s base management fee will be reduced by $1,000,000 per quarter for each of the first full four quarters following the effective time of the Merger (the “Temporary Fee Reduction”). Other than the Temporary Fee Reduction set forth in the Amendment, the terms of the Management Agreement remain the same.
Subsequent to December 31, 2020, we completed the issuance of a public offering of $201.3 million in 5.75% senior notes due 2026 on February 10, 2021. We intend to use the net proceeds from the offering to redeem all of the outstanding 2021 Notes. We intend to use the remainder of the net proceeds for general business purposes, including to fund our small balance commercial origination and acquisition pipelines.
AVAILABLE INFORMATION
We maintain a website at www.readycapital.com and will make available, free of charge, on our website (a) our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K (including any amendments thereto), proxy statements and other information (collectively, “Company Documents”) filed with, or furnished to, the SEC, as soon as reasonably practicable after such documents are so filed or furnished, (b) Corporate Governance Guidelines, (c) Director Independence Standards, (d) Code of Conduct and Ethics and (e) written charters of the Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee of the board of directors. Company Documents filed with, or furnished to, the SEC are also available for review and copying by the public at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. We provide copies of our Corporate Governance Guidelines and Code of Conduct and Ethics, free of charge, to stockholders who request such documents. Requests should be directed to Jacques Cornet, ICR, Inc., at 685 Third Avenue, 2nd Floor, New York, NY 10017.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Our business and operations are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, the occurrence of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, consolidated results of operations and ability to make distributions to stockholders and could cause the value of our capital stock to decline. Please refer to the section entitled “Forward-Looking Statements.”
Risks Related to Our Business
Difficult conditions in the mortgage, residential and commercial real estate markets, or in the financial markets and the economy generally, including recent market volatility and the outbreak of a novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”), may cause us to experience market losses related to our holdings, and there is no assurance that these conditions will improve in the near future.
Our results of operations are materially affected by conditions in the mortgage market, the residential and commercial real estate markets, the financial markets and the economy generally. Difficult market conditions, as well as inflation, energy costs, geopolitical issues, health epidemics and outbreaks of contagious diseases, such as the recent outbreak of COVID-19, unemployment and the availability and cost of credit, can contribute to increased volatility and diminished expectations for the economy and markets. Since the onset of the global financial crisis, the U.S. mortgage market has been severely affected by changes in the lending landscape and has experienced defaults, credit losses and significant liquidity concerns, and there is no assurance that these conditions have fully stabilized or that existing conditions will not worsen. This is especially true in the SBC loan sector. Disruptions in mortgage markets negatively impact new demand for real estate. Further, disruptions in the broader financial markets, including due to the occurrence of unforeseen or catastrophic events such as the outbreak of COVID-19 or other widespread health emergencies or terrorist attacks, could adversely affect our business and operations. Any such disruption could adversely impact our ability to raise capital, cause increases in borrower defaults and decreases in the value of our assets, cause continued interest rate volatility and movements that could make obtaining financing or refinancing our debt obligations more challenging or more expensive, and could lead to operational difficulties that could impair our ability to manage our business. A deterioration of the SBC or SBC ABS markets or the broader financial markets may cause us to experience losses related to our assets and to sell assets at a loss. Our profitability may be materially adversely affected if we are unable to obtain cost effective financing. A continuation or increase in the volatility and deterioration in the SBC and SBC ABS markets as well as the broader financial markets may adversely affect the performance and fair market values of our SBC loan and SBC ABS assets and may adversely affect our results of operations and credit availability, which may reduce earnings and, in turn, cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
We anticipate a significant portion of our investments will be in the form of SBC loans that are subject to increased risks.
Our acquired non-performing loans represented in the aggregate 1.4% of the UPB and 1.3% of the carrying value of our total loan portfolio as of December 31, 2020. As of December 31, 2020, our non-performing acquired loan portfolio had a current unpaid principal balance of $62.8 million and a carrying value of $57.0 million. We consider a loan to be performing if the borrower is current on 100% of the contractual payments due for principal and interest during the most recent 90 days. We consider a loan to be non-performing if the borrower does not meet the criteria of a performing loan. Non-performing SBC loans are subject to increased risks of credit loss for a variety of reasons, including, the underlying property is too highly-leveraged or the borrower has experienced financial distress. Whatever the reason, the borrower may be unable to meet its contractual debt service obligation to us or our subsidiaries. Non-performing SBC loans may
require a substantial amount of workout negotiations and/or restructuring, which may divert our attention from other activities and entail, among other things, a substantial reduction in the interest rate or capitalization of past due interest. However, even if restructurings are successfully accomplished, risks still exist that borrowers will not be able or willing to maintain the restructured payments or refinance the restructured mortgage upon maturity. Additional risks inherent in the acquisition of non-performing SBC loans include undisclosed claims, undisclosed tax liens that may have priority, higher legal costs and greater difficulties in determining the value of the underlying property.
As of December 31, 2020, the average loan-to-value (“LTV”) of ReadyCap Commercial’s originated portfolio was 65%. The weighted average LTV of our acquired loans was 39% as of December 31, 2020. If such SBC loans with higher LTV ratios become delinquent, we may experience greater credit losses compared to lower-leveraged properties. Additional risks inherent in the acquisition of delinquent SBC loans include undisclosed claims, undisclosed tax liens that may have priority, higher legal costs and greater difficulties in determining the value of the underlying property.
The lack of liquidity of our assets may adversely affect our business, including our ability to value and sell our assets.
A portion of the SBC loans and ABS assets we own, acquire or originate may be subject to legal and other restrictions on resale or will otherwise be less liquid than publicly-traded securities. In addition, our real estate investments, including the properties we acquired through our acquisition of Owens Realty Mortgage, Inc. (“ORM”) and any properties acquired by us through foreclosure, are relatively illiquid and difficult to buy and sell quickly. The illiquidity of our assets may make it difficult for us to sell such assets if the need or desire arises. In addition, if we are required to liquidate all or a portion of our portfolio quickly, we may realize significantly less value than the value at which we have previously recorded our assets. As a result, our ability to vary our portfolio in response to changes in economic and other conditions may be relatively limited, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Waterfall’s due diligence of potential SBC loans and ABS assets may not reveal all of the liabilities associated with and other combined weaknesses in such SBC loans and ABS assets, which could lead to investment losses.
Before making an investment, Waterfall calculates the level of risk associated with the SBC loan to be acquired or originated based on several factors which include the following: a complete review of seller’s data files, including data integrity, compliance review and custodial file review; rent rolls and other property operating data; personal credit reports of the borrower and owner and/or operator; property valuation review; environmental review; and tax and title search. In making the assessment and otherwise conducting customary due diligence, we will employ standard documentation requirements and require appraisals prepared by local independent third-party appraisers it selects. Additionally, we will seek to have sellers provide representations and warranties on SBC loans we acquire, and if we are unable to obtain representations and warranties, we will factor the increased risk into the price we pay for such loans. Despite our review process, there can be no assurance that our due diligence process will uncover all relevant facts or that any investment will be successful.
Inaccurate and/or incomplete information received in connection with our due diligence and underwriting process could have a negative impact on our financial condition and results of operation.
Our credit and underwriting philosophy for both acquired and originated SBC loans encompass individual borrower and property diligence, taking into consideration several factors, including (i) the seller’s data files, including data integrity, compliance review and custodial file review; (ii) rent rolls and other property operating data; (iii) personal credit reports of the borrower, owner and/or operator; (iv) property valuations; (v) environmental reviews; and (vi) tax and title searches. We also generally ask sellers to provide representations and warranties on SBC loans we acquire, and if we are unable to obtain representations and warranties, we will factor the increased risk into the price we pay for such loans. Our financial condition and results of operations could be negatively impacted to the extent we rely on information that is misleading, inaccurate or incomplete.
The use of underwriting guideline exceptions in the SBC loan origination process may result in increased delinquencies and defaults.
Although SBC loan originators generally underwrite mortgage loans in accordance with their pre-determined loan underwriting guidelines, from time to time and in the ordinary course of business, originators, including the Company, will make exceptions to these guidelines. On a case-by-case basis, our underwriters may determine that a prospective borrower that does not strictly qualify under our underwriting guidelines warrants an underwriting exception, based upon compensating factors. Compensating factors may include, without limitations, a lower LTV ratio, a higher debt coverage ratio, experience as a real estate owner or investor, borrower net worth or liquidity, stable employment, longer length of
time in business and length of time owning the property. Loans originated with exceptions may result in a higher number of delinquencies and defaults, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Deficiencies in appraisal quality in the mortgage loan origination and acquisition process may result in increased principal loss severity.
During the mortgage loan underwriting process, appraisals are generally obtained on the collateral underlying each prospective mortgage. The quality of these appraisals may vary widely in accuracy and consistency. The appraiser may feel pressure from the broker or lender to provide an appraisal in the amount necessary to enable the originator to make the loan, whether or not the value of the property justifies such an appraised value. Inaccurate or inflated appraisals may result in an increase in the severity of losses on the mortgage loans, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Recent market conditions may make it more difficult to analyze potential investment opportunities for our portfolio of assets.
Our success will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively analyze potential acquisition and origination opportunities in order to assess the level of risk-adjusted returns that we should expect from any particular investment. To estimate the value of a particular asset, we may use historical assumptions that may or may not be appropriate during the recent unprecedented downturn in the real estate market and general economy. To the extent that we use historical assumptions that are inappropriate under current market conditions, we may overpay for an asset or acquire an asset that it otherwise might not acquire, which could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
In addition, as part of our overall portfolio risk management, we will analyze interest rate changes and prepayment trends separately and collectively to assess their effects on our portfolio of assets. In conducting our analysis, we will depend on certain assumptions based upon historical trends with respect to the relationship between interest rates and prepayments under normal market conditions. Recent dislocations in the mortgage market or other developments may change the way that prepayment trends respond to interest rate changes, which may adversely affect our ability to assess the market value of our portfolio of assets, implement our hedging strategies or implement techniques to reduce our prepayment rate volatility. If our estimates prove to be incorrect or our hedges do not adequately mitigate the impact of changes in interest rates or prepayments, we may incur losses that could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
Any costs or delays involved in the completion of a foreclosure or liquidation of the underlying property may further reduce proceeds from the property and may increase the loss.
In the future, it is possible that we may find it necessary or desirable to foreclose on some, if not many, of the SBC loans we acquire, and the foreclosure process may be lengthy and expensive. Borrowers may resist mortgage foreclosure actions by asserting numerous claims, counterclaims and defenses against us including, without limitation, numerous lender liability claims and defenses, even when such assertions may have no basis in fact, in an effort to prolong the foreclosure action and force us into a modification of the SBC loan or a favorable buy-out of the borrower’s position. In some states, foreclosure actions can sometimes take several years or more to litigate. At any time prior to or during the foreclosure proceedings, the borrower may file for bankruptcy, which would have the effect of staying the foreclosure actions and further delaying the foreclosure process. Foreclosure may create a negative public perception of the related mortgaged property, resulting in a decrease in its value. Even if we are successful in foreclosing on a SBC loan, the liquidation proceeds upon sale of the underlying real estate may not be sufficient to recover our cost basis in the SBC loan, resulting in a loss to us. Furthermore, any costs or delays involved in the completion of a foreclosure of the SBC loan or a liquidation of the underlying property will further reduce the proceeds and thus increase the loss. Any such reductions could materially and adversely affect the value of the commercial SBC loans in which we invest and, therefore, could have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Real estate properties acquired through our acquisition of ORM or through foreclosure subject us to additional risks associated with owning real estate.
We have acquired real estate properties through our acquisition of ORM. These assets expose us to additional risks, including, without limitation:
● facing difficulties in integrating these properties with our existing business operations;
● incurring costs to carry, and in some cases make repairs or improvements to these assets, which requires additional liquidity and results in additional expenses that could exceed our original estimates and impact our operating results;
● not being able to realize sufficient amounts from sales of the properties to avoid losses;
● not being able to sell properties, which are not liquid assets, in a timely manner, or at all, when we need to increase liquidity through asset sales;
● properties being acquired with one or more co-owners (called tenants-in-common) where development or sale requires written agreement or consent by all; without timely agreement or consent, we could suffer a loss from being unable to develop or sell the property;
● maintaining occupancy of the properties;
● controlling operating expenses;
● coping with general and local market conditions;
● complying with changes in laws and regulations pertaining to taxes, use, zoning and environmental protection;
● possible liability for injury to persons and property;
● possible uninsured losses related to environmental events such as earthquakes, floods and/or mudslides; and
● possible liability for environmental remediation.
If any of our properties incurs a vacancy, it could be difficult to sell or re-lease.
One or more of our properties we acquired through our acquisition of ORM may incur a vacancy by either the continued default of a tenant under its lease or the expiration of one of our leases. Certain of our properties may be specifically suited to the particular needs of a tenant (e.g., a retail bank branch or distribution warehouse), and major renovations and expenditures may be required in order for us to re-lease vacant space for other uses. We may have difficulty obtaining a new tenant for any vacant space we have in our properties. If the vacancy continues for a long period of time, we may suffer reduced revenues, resulting in less cash available to be distributed to you. In addition, the resale value of a property could be diminished because the market value of a particular property will depend principally upon the value of the leases of such property.
Our properties may be subject to impairment charges.
We will periodically evaluate our real estate investments for impairment indicators. The judgment regarding the existence of impairment indicators is based on factors such as market conditions, tenant performance and legal structure. For example, the early termination of, or default under, a lease by a tenant may lead to an impairment charge. If we determine that an impairment has occurred, we would be required to make an adjustment to the net carrying value of the property, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations in the period in which the impairment charge is recorded.
We would face potential adverse effects from tenant defaults, bankruptcies or insolvencies.
The bankruptcy of our tenants may adversely affect the income generated by our properties. If our tenant files for bankruptcy, we generally cannot evict the tenant solely because of such bankruptcy. In addition, a bankruptcy court could authorize a bankrupt tenant to reject and terminate its lease with us. In such a case, our claim against the tenant for unpaid and future rent would be subject to a statutory cap that might be substantially less than the remaining rent actually owed under the lease, and it is unlikely that a bankrupt tenant would pay in full amounts it owes us under the lease. Any shortfall resulting from the bankruptcy of one or more of our tenants could adversely affect our cash flow and results of operations.
Any mezzanine loan assets we may purchase or originate may involve greater risks of loss than senior loans secured by income-producing properties.
We may originate or acquire mezzanine loans, which take the form of subordinated loans secured by second mortgages on the underlying property or loans secured by a pledge of the ownership interests of either the entity owning the property or a pledge of the ownership interests of the entity that owns the interest in the entity owning the property. These types of assets involve a higher degree of risk than long-term senior mortgage lending secured by income producing real property, because the loan may become unsecured as a result of foreclosure by the senior lender. In the event of a bankruptcy of the entity providing the pledge of its ownership interests as security, we may not have full recourse to the assets of such entity, or the assets of the entity may not be sufficient to satisfy its mezzanine loan. If a borrower defaults on any mezzanine loan we may purchase or originate, or debt senior to any such loan, or in the event of a borrower bankruptcy, such mezzanine loan will be satisfied only after the senior debt. As a result, we may not recover some or all of our initial expenditure. In addition, mezzanine loans may have higher LTVs than conventional mortgage loans, resulting in less equity in the property and increasing the risk of loss of principal. Significant losses related to any mezzanine loans we may purchase or originate would result in operating losses for us and may limit our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
We may be exposed to environmental liabilities with respect to properties to which we take title, which may in turn decrease the value of the underlying properties.
In the course of our business, we could be subject to environmental liabilities with respect to properties to which we take title. In such a circumstance, we may be held liable to a governmental entity or to third parties for property damage, personal injury, investigation and clean-up costs incurred by these parties in connection with environmental contamination, or we may be required to investigate or clean up hazardous or toxic substances or chemical releases at a property. The costs associated with investigation or remediation activities could be substantial. If we ever become subject to significant environmental liabilities, our business, financial condition, liquidity, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, an owner or operator of real property may become liable under various federal, state and local laws, for the costs of removal of certain hazardous substances released on its property. Such laws often impose liability without regard to whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the release of such hazardous substances. The presence of hazardous substances may adversely affect an owner’s ability to sell real estate or borrow using real estate as collateral. To the extent that an owner of an underlying property becomes liable for removal costs, the ability of the owner to make debt payments may be reduced, which in turn may adversely affect the value of the relevant mortgage-related assets held by us.
Investments outside the U.S. that are denominated in foreign currencies subject us to foreign currency risks and to the uncertainty of foreign laws and markets, which may adversely affect our distributions and our REIT status.
Our investments outside the U.S. denominated in foreign currencies subject us to foreign currency risk due to potential fluctuations in exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar. As a result, changes in exchange rates of any such foreign currency to U.S. dollars may affect our income and distributions and may also affect the book value of our assets and the amount of stockholders’ equity. In addition, these investments subject us to risks of multiple and conflicting tax laws and regulations, and other laws and regulations that may make foreclosure and the exercise of other remedies in the case of default more difficult or costly compared to U.S. assets, and political and economic instability abroad, any of which factors could adversely affect our receipt of returns on and distributions from these investments.
Changes in foreign currency exchange rates used to value a REIT’s foreign assets may be considered changes in the value of the REIT’s assets. These changes may adversely affect our status as a REIT. Further, bank accounts in foreign currency which are not considered cash or cash equivalents may adversely affect our status as a REIT.
The departure of the United Kingdom from the European Union could affect our investments directly.
The decision made in the British referendum of June 23, 2016 to leave the European Union, commonly referred to as "Brexit," has led to volatility in the financial markets of the United Kingdom and more broadly across Europe and may also lead to weakening in consumer, corporate and financial confidence in such markets. On January 31, 2020, the United Kingdom officially withdrew from the European Union (such withdrawal commonly being referred to as “Brexit”). As of that date, the United Kingdom entered a transitional period with the European Union, which ended on December 31, 2020. On December 24, 2020, the European Union and the United Kingdom agreed on the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (the "Trade and Cooperation Agreement"), which sets out the principles of the relationship between the European Union and the United Kingdom following the end of the transitional period.
We currently hold, and may acquire additional, investments that are denominated in Pounds Sterling (“GBP”) and EURs (including loans secured by assets located in the United Kingdom or Europe), as well as equity interests in real estate properties located in Europe. Our assets and liabilities denominated in GBP may be subject to increased risks related to these currency rate fluctuations and our net assets in U.S. dollar terms may decline. Currency volatility may mean that our assets and liabilities are adversely affected by market movements and may make it more difficult, or more expensive, for us to execute appropriate currency hedging policies. In addition, Brexit could lead to legal uncertainty and potentially divergent national laws and regulations as the United Kingdom determines which E.U. laws to replace or replicate. Brexit could also have a destabilizing effect if other E.U. member states were to consider the option of leaving the European Union. For these reasons, the United Kingdom's exit from the European Union could have adverse consequences on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has caused severe disruptions in the U.S. and global economy and to our business, and may continue to have an adverse impact on our performance, financial condition and results of operations.
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in many countries continues to adversely impact global economic activity and has contributed to significant volatility in financial markets. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization publicly characterized COVID-19 as a pandemic. On March 13, 2020, former President Trump declared the COVID-19 outbreak a national emergency. The global impact of the pandemic has been rapidly evolving, and as cases of the virus increased around the world, governments and organizations have implemented a variety of actions to mobilize efforts to mitigate the ongoing and expected impact. Many governments have reacted by instituting quarantines, restrictions on travel, school closures, bans on public events and on public gatherings, “shelter in place” or “stay at home” rules, restrictions on types of business that may continue to operate, and/or restrictions on types of construction projects that may continue. Although, in certain cases, exceptions may be available for certain essential operations and businesses, and in other cases certain of these restrictions have been relaxed or phased out, many of these or similar restrictions remain in place, continue to be implemented or additional restrictions are being considered. There is no assurance that any exceptions or easing of restrictions will enable us to avoid adverse effects to our results of operations and business. Further, such actions have created, and expect to continue to create, disruption in real estate financing transactions and the commercial real estate market and adversely impact a number of industries, including many small businesses throughout the United States. The pandemic has triggered a period of economic slowdown. Experts are uncertain as to how long these conditions may last.
In the United States, there have been a number of federal, state and local government initiatives applicable to a significant number of mortgage loans, to manage the spread of the virus and its impact on the economy, financial markets and continuity of businesses of all sizes and industries. In March 2020, the U.S. Congress approved, and former President Trump signed into law, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”). The CARES Act provides approximately $2 trillion in financial assistance to individuals and businesses resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act, among other things, provided certain measures to support individuals and businesses in maintaining solvency through monetary relief, including in the form of financing and loan forgiveness and/or forbearance. The Federal Reserve implemented asset purchase and lending programs, including purchases of residential and commercial mortgage backed securities and the establishment of lending facilities to support loans to small- and mid-size businesses. To further address the continued economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. Congress passed, and former President Trump signed into law, a second COVID-19 relief bill in December 2020, which provided approximately $900 billion in additional financial assistance to individuals and businesses, including funds for rental assistance to be distributed by state and local governments and a revival of the forgivable small business loan program originally provided for under the CARES Act. Although these actions by the federal government, together with other actions taken at the federal, regional and local levels, are intended to support these economies, and while President Biden, with the support of a Democratic Congress, is likely to implement additional relief measures in 2021, there is no guarantee that such measures will provide sufficient relief to avoid continued adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economy. Similar actions have been taken by governments around the globe but as is the case in the United States there is no assurance that such measures will prevent further economic disruptions, which may continue to be significant, around the world.
We believe that both our and our Manager’s ability to operate, our level of business activity and the profitability of our business, as well as the values of, and the cash flows from, the assets we own have been, and will continue to be, impacted by the effects of COVID-19 and could in the future be impacted by another pandemic or other major public health issues. While we have implemented risk management and contingency plans and taken preventive measures and other precautions, no predictions of specific scenarios can be made with respect to the COVID-19 pandemic and such measures may not adequately predict the impact on our business from such events.
The effects of COVID-19 have adversely impacted the value of our assets, our business, financial condition and results of operations and cash flows, and both our and our Manager’s ability to operate successfully. Some of the factors that impacted us to date and may continue to affect us include the following:
● to the extent the value of commercial real estate declines, which would also likely negatively impact the value of the loans we own, we could become subject to additional margin calls under our repurchase agreements;
● our ability to continue to satisfy any additional margin calls from our lenders and to the extent we are unable to satisfy any such margin calls, any acceleration of our indebtedness, increase in the interest rate on advanced funds, termination of our ability to borrow funds from them, or foreclosure by our lenders on our assets;
● difficulty accessing debt and equity capital on attractive terms, or at all;
● a severe disruption and instability in the financial markets or deteriorations in credit and financing conditions may jeopardize the solvency and financial wherewithal of counterparties with whom we do business, including our borrowers and could affect our or our counterparties’ ability to make regular payments of principal and interest (whether due to an inability to make such payments, an unwillingness to make such payments, or a waiver of the requirement to make such payments on a timely basis or at all) and our ability to recover the full value of our loan, thus reducing our earnings and liquidity;
● unavailability of information, resulting in restricted access to key inputs used to derive certain estimates and assumptions made in connection with evaluating our loans for impairments and establishing allowances for loan losses;
● our ability to remain in compliance with the financial covenants under our borrowings, including in the event of impairments in the value of the loans we own;
● disruptions to the efficient function of our operations because of, among other factors, any inability to access short-term or long-term financing for the loans we make;
● our need to sell assets, including at a loss;
● to the extent we elect or are forced to reduce our loan origination activities, such as the curtailment in the origination of purchased future receivables during the second quarter of 2020;
● inability of other third-party vendors we rely on to conduct our business to operate effectively and continue to support our business and operations, including vendors that provide IT services, legal and accounting services, or other operational support services;
● effects of legal and regulatory responses to concerns about the COVID-19 pandemic and related public health issues, which could result in additional regulation or restrictions affecting the conduct of our business; and
● our ability to ensure operational continuity in the event our business continuity plan is not effective or ineffectually implemented or deployed during a disruption.
The rapid development and fluidity of the circumstances resulting from this pandemic precludes any prediction as to the ultimate adverse impact of COVID-19. There are no comparable recent events which provide guidance as to the effect of the spread of COVID-19 and a pandemic on our business. Nevertheless, COVID-19 and the current financial, economic and capital markets environment, and future developments in these and other areas present material uncertainty and risk with respect to our performance, financial condition, volume of business, results of operations and cash flows. Moreover, many risk factors set forth in this annual report on Form 10-K should be interpreted as heightened risks as a result of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Our loans are dependent on the ability of the commercial property owner to generate net income from operating the property, which may result in the inability of such property owner to repay a loan, as well as the risk of foreclosure.
Our loans are generally secured by multi-family, office, retail, mixed use, commercial or warehouse properties and are subject to risks of delinquency, foreclosure and loss that may be greater than similar risks associated with loans made on the security of single-family residential property. The ability of a borrower to repay a loan secured by an income-producing property typically is dependent primarily upon the successful operation of such property rather than upon the existence of independent income or assets of the borrower. If the net operating income of the property is reduced, the borrower’s ability to repay the loan may be impaired. Net operating income of an income-producing property can be adversely affected by, among other things:
●tenant mix;
●success of tenant businesses;
●property management decisions;
●property location, condition and design;
●competition from comparable types of properties;
●changes in national, regional or local economic conditions and/or specific industry segments;
●declines in regional or local real estate values;
●declines in regional or local rental or occupancy rates;
●increases in interest rates, real estate tax rates and other operating expenses;
●costs of remediation and liabilities associated with environmental conditions;
●the potential for uninsured or underinsured property losses;
●changes in governmental laws and regulations, including fiscal policies, zoning ordinances and environmental legislation and the related costs of compliance; and
●acts of God, terrorism, social unrest and civil disturbances.
In the event of any default under a mortgage loan held directly by us, we will bear a risk of loss of principal to the extent of any deficiency between the value of the collateral and the principal and accrued interest of the mortgage loan, which could have a material adverse effect on our cash flow from operations and limit amounts available for distribution to our stockholders. In the event of the bankruptcy of a mortgage loan borrower, the mortgage loan to such borrower will be deemed to be secured only to the extent of the value of the underlying collateral at the time of bankruptcy (as determined by the bankruptcy court), and the lien securing the mortgage loan will be subject to the avoidance powers of the bankruptcy trustee or debtor-in-possession to the extent the lien is unenforceable under state law.
Foreclosure can be an expensive and lengthy process, and foreclosing on certain properties where we directly hold the mortgage loan and the borrower’s default under the mortgage loan is continuing could result in actions that could be costly to our operations, in addition to having a substantial negative effect on our anticipated return on the foreclosed mortgage loan.
Our portfolio of assets may at times be concentrated in certain property types or secured by properties concentrated in a limited number of geographic areas, which increases our exposure to economic downturn with respect to those property types or geographic locations.
We are not required to observe specific diversification criteria. Therefore, our portfolio of assets may, at times, be concentrated in certain property types that are subject to higher risk of foreclosure, or secured by properties concentrated in a limited number of geographic locations.
Our loan portfolio is concentrated in California, Texas, New York, Florida, and Illinois and represents approximately 18.1%, 14.2%, 9.8%, 7.8%, and 5.2%, respectively, of our total loans as of December 31, 2020. Continued deterioration of economic conditions in these or in any other state in which we have a significant concentration of borrowers could have
a material and adverse effect on our business by reducing demand for new financings, limiting the ability of customers to repay existing loans and impairing the value of our real estate collateral and real estate owned properties. For example, the real estate market in South Florida has experienced a significant downturn which has an adverse impact on the collateral securing our loans in these areas.
To the extent that our portfolio is concentrated in any region, or by type of property, downturns relating generally to such region, type of borrower or security may result in defaults on a number of our assets within a short time period, which may reduce our net income and the value of our common stock and accordingly reduce our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders.
Homeowner association super priority liens, special assessments and energy efficiency liens may take priority over the mortgage lien.
Homeowner association super priority liens may take priority over the mortgage lien. In some jurisdictions it is possible that the first lien of a mortgage may be extinguished by super priority liens of homeowners associations (“HOAs”), potentially resulting in a loss of the outstanding principal balance of the mortgage loan. In a number of states, HOA or condominium association assessment liens can take priority over first lien mortgages in certain circumstances. The number of these so called superlien jurisdictions has increased in the past few decades and may increase further. Rulings by the highest courts in Nevada and the District of Columbia have held that the superlien statute provides the HOA or condominium association with a true lien priority rather than a payment priority from the proceeds of the sale, creating the ability to extinguish the existing senior mortgage and greatly increasing the risk of losses on mortgage loans secured by homes whose owners fail to pay HOA or condominium fees. If an HOA, or a purchaser of an HOA superlien, completes a foreclosure in respect of an HOA superlien on a mortgaged property, the related mortgage loan may be extinguished. In those circumstances, a loan owner could suffer a loss of the entire principal balance of such mortgage loan. A servicer might be able to attempt to recover, on an unsecured basis, by suing the related mortgagor personally for the balance, but recovery in these circumstances will be problematic if the related mortgagor has no meaningful assets against which to recover. Special assessments and energy efficiency liens may take priority over the mortgage lien. Mortgaged properties securing mortgage loans may be subject to the lien of special property taxes and/or special assessments. These liens may be superior to the liens securing the mortgage loans, irrespective of the date of the mortgage. In some instances, individual mortgagors may be able to elect to enter into contracts with governmental agencies for property assessed clean energy or similar assessments that are intended to secure the payment of energy and water efficiency and distributed energy generation improvements that are permanently affixed to their properties, possibly without notice to or the consent of the mortgagee. These assessments may also have lien priority over the mortgages securing mortgage loans. No assurance can be given that a mortgaged property so assessed will increase in value to the extent of the assessment lien. Additional indebtedness secured by the assessment lien would reduce the amount of the value of a mortgaged property available to satisfy the affected mortgage loan. Such actions could have a dramatic impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition, and the cost of complying with any additional laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, the market price of our common stock and our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders.
The increasing number of proposed United States federal, state and local laws may affect certain mortgage-related assets in which we intend to invest and could materially increase our cost of doing business.
Various bankruptcy legislation has been proposed that, among other provisions, could allow judges to modify the terms of residential mortgages in bankruptcy proceedings, could hinder the ability of the servicer to foreclose promptly on defaulted mortgage loans or permit limited assignee liability for certain violations in the mortgage loan origination process, any or all of which could adversely affect our business or result in us being held responsible for violations in the mortgage loan origination process even where we were not the originators of the loan. We do not know what impact this type of legislation, which has been primarily, if not entirely, focused on residential mortgage originations, would have on the SBC loan market. We are unable to predict whether United States federal, state or local authorities, or other pertinent bodies, will enact legislation, laws, rules, regulations, handbooks, guidelines or similar provisions that will affect our business or require changes in our practices in the future, and any such changes could materially and adversely affect our cost of doing business and profitability.
Failure to obtain or maintain required approvals and/or state licenses necessary to operate our mortgage-related activities may adversely impact our investment strategy.
We may be required to obtain and maintain various approvals and/or licenses from federal or state governmental authorities, government sponsored entities or similar bodies in connection with some or all of our activities. There is no assurance that we can obtain and maintain any or all of the approvals and licenses that we desire or that we will avoid experiencing significant delays in seeking such approvals and licenses. Furthermore, we will be subject to various disclosure and other requirements to obtain and maintain these approvals and licenses, and there is no assurance that we will satisfy those requirements. Our failure to obtain or maintain licenses will restrict our options and ability to engage in desired activities, and could subject us to fines, suspensions, terminations and various other adverse actions if it is determined that we have engaged without the requisite approvals or licenses in activities that required an approval or license, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operation and financial condition.
Loans to small businesses involve a high degree of business and financial risk, which can result in substantial losses that would adversely affect our business, results of operation and financial condition.
Our operations and activities include loans to small, privately owned businesses to purchase real estate used in their operations or by investors seeking to acquire small multi-family, office, retail, mixed use or warehouse properties. Additionally, SBC loans are also often accompanied by personal guarantees. Often, there is little or no publicly available information about these businesses. Accordingly, we must rely on our own due diligence to obtain information in connection with our investment decisions. Our borrowers may not meet net income, cash flow and other coverage tests typically imposed by banks. A borrower’s ability to repay its loan may be adversely impacted by numerous factors, including a downturn in its industry or other negative local or more general economic conditions. Deterioration in a borrower’s financial condition and prospects may be accompanied by deterioration in the collateral for the loan. In addition, small businesses typically depend on the management talents and efforts of one person or a small group of people for their success. The loss of services of one or more of these persons could have a material and adverse impact on the operations of the small business. Small companies are typically more vulnerable to customer preferences, market conditions and economic downturns and often need additional capital to expand or compete. These factors may have an impact on loans involving such businesses. Loans to small businesses, therefore, involve a high degree of business and financial risk, which can result in substantial losses.
Some of the mortgage loans we will originate or acquire are loans made to self-employed borrowers who have a higher risk of delinquency and default, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Many of our borrowers will be self-employed. Self-employed borrowers may be more likely to default on their mortgage loans than salaried or commissioned borrowers and generally have less predictable income. In addition, many self-employed borrowers are small business owners who may be personally liable for their business debt. Consequently, a higher number of self-employed borrowers may result in increased defaults on the mortgage loans we originate or acquire and, therefore, could have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Some of the mortgage loans we will originate or acquire are secured by non-owner/user properties that may experience increased frequency of default and, when in default, the owners are more likely to abandon their properties, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Some of the loans we will originate or acquire have been, and in the future could be, made to borrowers who do not live in or operate a business on the mortgaged properties. These mortgage loans are secured by properties acquired by investors for rental income and capital appreciation and tend to default more than properties regularly occupied or used by the related borrowers. In a default, real property investors not occupying the mortgaged property may be more likely to abandon the related mortgaged property, increasing defaults and, therefore, could have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We are a seller/servicer approved to sell mortgage loans to Freddie Mac and failure to maintain our status as an approved seller/servicer could harm our business.
We are an approved Freddie Mac seller/servicer. As an approved seller/servicer, we are required to conduct certain aspects of our operations in accordance with applicable policies and guidelines published by Freddie Mac and we are required to pledge a certain amount of cash to Freddie Mac to collateralize potential obligations to it. Freddie Mac performed an audit in June 2016. As a result of that audit, ReadyCap Commercial received an overall assessment of Satisfactory. Failure to
maintain our status as an approved seller/servicer would mean we would not be able to sell mortgage loans to Freddie Mac, could result in us being required to re-purchase loans previously sold to Freddie Mac, or could otherwise restrict our business and investment options and could harm our business and expose us to losses or other claims. Freddie Mac may, in the future, require us to hold additional capital or pledge additional cash or assets in order to maintain approved seller/servicer status, which, if required, would adversely impact our financial results. Loans sold to Freddie Mac that may be required to be re-purchased as of December 31, 2020 included 19 loans with a combined unpaid principal balance of $50.4 million.
Our acquisitions and the integration of acquired businesses subject us to various risks and may not result in all of the cost savings and benefits anticipated, which could adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.
We have in the past, and may in the future, seek to grow our business by acquiring other businesses that we believe will complement or augment our existing businesses. In March 2019, we completed our acquisition of ORM and in October 2019, we completed our acquisition of Knight Capital. We cannot predict with certainty the benefits of these acquisitions, which often constitute multi-year endeavors. There is risk that our acquisitions may not have the anticipated positive results, including results relating to: correctly assessing the asset quality of the assets being acquired; the total cost and time required to complete the integration successfully; being able to profitably deploy funds acquired in an acquisition; or the overall performance of the combined entity.
If we are unable to successfully integrate our acquisitions into our business, we may never realize their expected benefits. With each acquisition, we may discover or experience unexpected costs, liabilities for which we are not indemnified, delays, lower than expected cost savings or synergies, or incurrence of other significant charges such as impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets and asset devaluation. In addition, we may be unable to successfully integrate the diverse company cultures, retain key personnel, apply our expertise to new competencies, or react to adverse changes in industry conditions.
Acquisitions may also result in business disruptions that could cause customers to move their business to our competitors. It is possible that the integration process related to acquisitions could result in the disruption of our ongoing businesses or inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures and policies that could adversely affect our ability to maintain relationships with clients, customers, and employees. The loss of key employees in connection with an acquisition could adversely affect our ability to successfully conduct our business. Acquisition and integration efforts could divert management attention and resources, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, the operation of the acquired businesses may adversely affect our existing profitability, and we may not be able to achieve results in the future similar to those achieved by our existing business or manage growth resulting from the acquisition effectively.
If Waterfall underestimates the credit analysis and the expected risk-adjusted return relative to other comparable investment opportunities, we may experience losses.
Waterfall values our SBC loan and SBC ABS investments based on an initial credit analysis and the investment’s expected risk-adjusted return relative to other comparable investment opportunities available to us, taking into account estimated future losses on the mortgage loans, and the estimated impact of these losses on expected future cash flows. Waterfall’s loss estimates may not prove accurate, as actual results may vary from estimates. In the event that Waterfall underestimates the losses relative to the price we pay for a particular SBC or SBC ABS investment, we may experience losses with respect to such investment.
Waterfall utilizes analytical models and data in connection with the valuation of our SBC loans and SBC ABS assets, and any incorrect, misleading or incomplete information used in connection therewith would subject us to potential risks.
As part of the risk management process, Waterfall uses detailed proprietary models, including loan-level non-performing loan models, to evaluate collateral liquidation timelines and price changes by region, along with the impact of different loss mitigation plans. Additionally, Waterfall uses information, models and data supplied by third parties. Models and data are used to value potential target assets. In the event models and data prove to be incorrect, misleading or incomplete, any decisions made in reliance thereon expose us to potential risks. For example, by relying on incorrect models and data, especially valuation models, Waterfall may be induced to buy certain target assets at prices that are too high, to sell certain
other assets at prices that are too low, or to miss favorable opportunities altogether. Similarly, any hedging based on faulty models and data may prove to be unsuccessful.
The failure of a third-party servicer or the failure of our own internal servicing system to effectively service our portfolio of mortgage loans would materially and adversely affect us.
Most mortgage loans and securitizations of mortgage loans require a servicer to manage collections for each of the underlying loans. We will service our loan portfolio under a “component servicing” model (which includes the use of primary servicing by nationally recognized servicers and sub-servicing by participants in our Qualified Partner Program (“QPP”), who specialize in assets for the particular region in which the asset sits), which allows for highly customized loss mitigation strategies for non-performing and performing loans. Performing SBC loans (either loans purchased with historical activity, i.e., not originated, purchased in the secondary market or ReadyCap Commercial originations) will be securitized with us retaining the subordinate tranches. KeyBank Real Estate Capital performs both primary and special servicing with all loss mitigation decisions directed by Waterfall (which also maintains an option to purchase delinquent loans from the securitization trust). Non-performing SBC loans are serviced either through an approved SBC primary servicer providing both primary and special servicing or providing only primary servicing with special servicing contracted to smaller regionally-focused SBC operators and servicers who gain eligibility to participate in our QPP. Servicers’ responsibilities include providing collection activities, loan workouts, modifications and refinancings, foreclosures, short sales, sales of foreclosed real estate and financings to facilitate such sales. Both default frequency and default severity of loans may depend upon the quality of the servicer. If a servicer is not vigilant in encouraging the borrowers to make their monthly payments, the borrowers may be far less likely to make these payments, which could result in a higher frequency of default. If a servicer takes longer to liquidate non-performing assets, loss severities may be higher than originally anticipated. Higher loss severity may also be caused by less competent dispositions of real estate owned properties.
We will seek to increase the value of non-performing loans through special servicing activities that will be performed by our participating special servicers. Servicer quality is of prime importance in the default performance of SBC loans and SBC ABS assets. Should we have to transfer loan servicing to another servicer, the transfer of loans to a new servicer could result in more loans becoming delinquent because of confusion or lack of attention. Servicing transfers involve notifying borrowers to remit payments to the new servicer, and these transfers could result in misdirected notices, misapplied payments, data input errors and other problems. Industry experience indicates that mortgage loan delinquencies and defaults are likely to temporarily increase during the transition to a new servicer and immediately following the servicing transfer. Further, when loan servicing is transferred, loan servicing fees may increase, which may have an adverse effect on the credit support of assets held by us.
Effectively servicing our portfolio of SBC loans is critical to our success, particularly given our strategy of maximizing the value of our portfolio with our loan modifications, loss mitigation, restructuring and other special servicing activities, and therefore, if one of our servicers fails to effectively service the portfolio of mortgage loans, it could have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
The bankruptcy of a third-party servicer would adversely affect our business, results of operation and financial condition.
Depending on the provisions of the agreement with the servicer of any of our SBC loans, the servicer may be allowed to commingle collections on the mortgage loans owned by us with its own funds for certain periods of time (usually a few business days) after the servicer receives them. In the event of a bankruptcy of a servicer, we may not have a perfected interest in any collections on the mortgage loans owned by us that are in that servicer’s possession at the time of the commencement of the bankruptcy case. The servicer may not be required to turn over to us any collections on mortgage loans that are in its possession at the time it goes into bankruptcy. To the extent that a servicer has commingled collections on mortgage loans with its own funds, we may be required to return to that servicer as preferential transfers all payments received on the mortgage loans during a period of up to one year prior to that servicer’s bankruptcy.
If a servicer were to go into bankruptcy, it may stop performing its servicing functions (including any obligations to advance moneys in respect of a mortgage loan) and it may be difficult to find a third party to act as that servicer’s successor. Alternatively, the servicer may take the position that unless the amount of its compensation is increased or the terms of its servicing obligations are otherwise altered it will stop performing its obligations as servicer. If it were to be difficult to find a third party to succeed the servicer, we may have no choice but to agree to a servicer’s demands. The servicer may also have the power, with the approval of the bankruptcy court, to assign its rights and obligations to a third party without our consent, and even over our objections, and without complying with the terms of the applicable servicing agreement. The automatic stay provisions of Title 11 of the United States Code (the “Bankruptcy Code”) would prevent (unless the permission of the bankruptcy court were obtained) any action by us to enforce the servicer’s obligations under its servicing agreement or to collect any amount owed to us by the servicer. The Bankruptcy Code also prevents the removal of the
servicer as servicer and the appointment of a successor without the permission of the bankruptcy court or the consent of the servicer.
New entrants in the market for SBC loan acquisitions and originations could adversely impact our ability to acquire SBC loans at attractive prices and originate SBC loans at attractive risk-adjusted returns.
Although we believe that we are currently one of only a handful of active market participants in the secondary SBC loan market, new entrants in this market could adversely impact our ability to acquire and originate SBC loans at attractive prices. In acquiring and originating our target assets, we may compete with numerous regional and community banks, specialty finance companies, savings and loan associations, mortgage bankers, insurance companies, mutual funds, institutional investors, investment banking firms, other lenders and other entities, and we expect that others may be organized in the future. The effect of the existence of additional REITs and other institutions may be increased competition for the available supply of SBC assets suitable for purchase, which may cause the price for such assets to rise, which may limit our ability to generate desired returns. Additionally, origination of SBC loans by our competitors may increase the availability of SBC loans which may result in a reduction of interest rates on SBC loans. Some competitors may have a lower cost of funds and access to funding sources that may not be available to us. Many of our competitors are not subject to the operating constraints associated with REIT tax compliance or maintenance of an exemption from the 1940 Act. In addition, some of our competitors may have higher risk tolerances or different risk assessments, which could allow them to consider a wider variety of SBC loans and ABS assets and establish more relationships than us.
We cannot assure you that the competitive pressures we may face will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Also, as a result of this competition, desirable investments in our target assets may be limited in the future and we may not be able to take advantage of attractive investment opportunities from time to time, as we can provide no assurance that it will be able to identify and make investments that are consistent with our investment objectives.
We cannot predict the unintended consequences and market distortions that may stem from far-ranging interventions in the financial system and oversight of financial markets.
U.S. Federal government agencies, including the Federal Reserve, the Treasury Department and the SEC, as well as other governmental and regulatory bodies, have taken or are taking various actions involving in the financial system and oversight of the financial markets. We cannot predict whether or when such actions may occur or what effect, if any, such actions could have on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
In July 2010, the U.S. Congress enacted the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) in part to impose significant investment restrictions and capital requirements on banking entities and other organizations that are significant to U.S. financial markets. For instance, the Dodd-Frank Act imposed significant restrictions on the proprietary trading activities of certain banking entities and has subjected other systemically significant organizations regulated by the U.S. Federal Reserve to increased capital requirements and quantitative limits for engaging in such activities. The Dodd-Frank Act also sought to reform the asset-backed securitization market (including the MBS market) by requiring the retention of a portion of the credit risk inherent in the pool of securitized assets and by imposing additional registration and disclosure requirements. The Dodd-Frank Act also imposed significant regulatory restrictions on the origination and securitization of commercial mortgage loans.
In September 2014, the SEC adopted significant changes to Regulation AB, which revised requirements governing disclosure, reporting, registration, and the offering process for asset-backed securities further impacting the commercial and residential mortgage loan securitization markets as well as the market for the re-securitization of MBS. The Dodd-Frank Act also created the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (the “CFPB”), which oversees many of the core laws which regulate the mortgage industry, including the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act and the Truth in Lending Act. While the full impact of the Dodd-Frank Act and the role of the CFPB cannot be assessed until all implementing regulations are released, the Dodd-Frank Act’s extensive requirements may have a significant effect on the financial markets, and may affect the availability or terms of financing from our lender counterparties and the availability or terms of SBC loans and MBS, both of which may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
During the past few years, the Trump Administration has sought to deregulate the U.S. financial industry, such as by altering provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act, including certain provisions affecting the mortgage industry. These efforts included former President Trump signing into law the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act (the "EGRRCPA") in 2018, which included several provisions that seek to reduce the regulatory burden on smaller banking entities engaged in mortgage lending, as well as to expand mortgage credit availability. For example, the EGRRCPA exempts designated institutions from compliance with ability-to-pay requirements for certain qualified residential mortgage loans, expanding the definition of qualified mortgages which may be held by a financial institution, and also exempts certain institutions from data disclosure requirements under the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act of 1975. It is possible that Democratic majorities in the House and Senate, with the support of the Biden Administration, will roll back some of the changes made by EGRRCPA to the Dodd-Frank Act, although it is not possible at this time to predict the nature or extent of any amendments.
The Biden Administration, along with the Democratic Congress, is likely to focus in the short-term on additional stimulus measures to address the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, rather than comprehensive financial services and banking reform. However, in the long-term the Biden Administration and Congress are likely to take a more active approach to banking and financial regulation than the prior Trump Administration, particularly to promote policy goals involving climate change, racial equity, environmental, social, and corporate governance ("ESG") matters, consumer financial protection and infrastructure. In addition, the substance of regulatory supervision may be influenced through the appointment of individuals to the Federal Reserve Board and other financial regulatory bodies. With the support of a Democratic majority in Congress, President Biden is more likely to be able to have his nominees to such bodies confirmed and, accordingly, carry out the Administration's regulatory agenda. We cannot predict the ultimate content, timing, or effect of legislative and/or regulatory actions under a Biden Administration and Democratic Congress, nor is it possible at this time to estimate the impact of any such actions which could have a dramatic impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Joint venture investments could be adversely affected by our lack of sole decision-making authority, our reliance on joint venture partners’ financial condition and liquidity and disputes between us and our joint venture partners.
We may make investments through joint ventures. Such joint venture investments may involve risks not otherwise present when we make investments without partners, including the following:
● we may not have exclusive control over the investment or the joint venture, which may prevent us from taking actions that are in our best interest and could create the potential risk of creating impasses on decisions, such as with respect to acquisitions or dispositions;
● joint venture agreements often restrict the transfer of a partner’s interest or may otherwise restrict our ability to sell the interest when we desire and/or on advantageous terms;
● joint venture agreements may contain buy-sell provisions pursuant to which one partner may initiate procedures requiring the other partner to choose between buying the other partner’s interest or selling its interest to that partner;
● a partner may, at any time, have economic or business interests or goals that are, or that may become, inconsistent with our business interests or goals;
● a partner may be in a position to take action contrary to our instructions, requests, policies or objectives, including our policy with respect to maintaining our qualification as a REIT and our exemption from registration under the Investment Company Act;
● a partner may fail to fund its share of required capital contributions or may become bankrupt, which may mean that we and any other remaining partners generally would remain liable for the joint venture’s liabilities;
● our relationships with our partners are contractual in nature and may be terminated or dissolved under the terms of the applicable joint venture agreements and, in such event, we may not continue to own or operate the interests or investments underlying such relationship or may need to purchase such interests or investments at a premium to the market price to continue ownership;
● disputes between us and a partner may result in litigation or arbitration that could increase our expenses and prevent our Manager and our officers and directors from focusing their time and efforts on our business and could result in subjecting the investments owned by the joint venture to additional risk; or
● we may, in certain circumstances, be liable for the actions of a partner, and the activities of a partner could adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT or maintain our exclusion from registration under the Investment Company Act, even though we do not control the joint venture.
● any of the above may subject us to liabilities in excess of those contemplated and adversely affect the value of our joint venture investments.
Our inability to manage future growth could have an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
Our ability to achieve our investment objectives will depend on our ability to grow, which will depend, in turn, on Waterfall’s ability to identify, acquire, originate and invest in SBC loans and ABS assets that meet our investment criteria. Our ability to grow our business will depend in large part on our ability to expand our SBC loan origination activities. Any failure to effectively manage our future growth, including a failure to successfully expand our SBC loan origination activities could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Declines in the fair market values of our assets may adversely affect periodic reported results and credit availability, which may reduce earnings and, in turn, cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
Our SBC loans held-for-sale and SBC ABS are carried at fair value and future mortgage related assets may also be carried at fair value. Accordingly, changes in the fair value of these assets may impact the results of our operations for the period in which such change in value occurs. The expectation of changes in real estate prices, which is beyond our control, is a major determinant of the value of SBC loans and SBC ABS.
Many of the assets in our portfolio are and will likely be SBC loans and SBC ABS that are not publicly traded. The fair value of assets that are not publicly traded may not be readily determinable. We value these assets quarterly at fair value, as determined in accordance with applicable accounting standards, which may include unobservable inputs. Because such valuations are subjective, the fair value of certain of our assets may fluctuate over short periods of time and our determinations of fair value may differ materially from the values that would have been used if a ready market for these assets existed.
A decline in the fair market value of our assets may adversely affect us, particularly in instances where we have borrowed money based on the fair market value of those assets. If the fair market value of those assets decline, the lender may require us to post additional collateral to support the loan. If we are unable to post the additional collateral, we would have to sell the assets at a time when we might not otherwise choose to do so. A reduction in credit available may reduce our earnings and, in turn, cash available for distribution to stockholders.
Our investments may include subordinated tranches of ABS and RMBS, which are subordinate in right of payment to more senior securities.
Our investments may include subordinated tranches of ABS and RMBS, which are subordinated classes of securities in a structure of securities collateralized by a pool of assets consisting primarily of SBC loans and, accordingly, are the first or among the first to bear the loss upon a restructuring or liquidation of the underlying collateral and the last to receive payment of interest and principal. Additionally, estimated fair values of these subordinated interests tend to be more sensitive to changes in economic conditions than more senior securities. As a result, such subordinated interests generally are not actively traded and may not provide holders thereof with liquid investments.
In certain cases we may not control the special servicing of the mortgage loans included in the securities in which we may invest in and, in such cases, the special servicer may take actions that could adversely affect our interests.
With respect to the SBC ABS in which we expect to invest, overall control over the special servicing of the related underlying mortgage loans will be held by a directing certificate holder, which is appointed by the holders of the most subordinate class of securities in such series. When we acquire investment-grade classes of existing series of securities originally rated AAA, we will not have the right to appoint the directing certificate holder. In these cases, in connection with the servicing of the specially serviced mortgage loans, the related special servicer may, at the direction of the directing certificate holder, take actions with respect to the specially serviced mortgage loans that could adversely affect our interests.
Any credit ratings assigned to our SBC loans and ABS assets will be subject to ongoing evaluations and revisions and we cannot assure you that those ratings will not be downgraded.
Some of our SBC loan and ABS assets may be rated by Moody’s Investors Service, Standard & Poor’s, or S&P, or Fitch Ratings. Any credit ratings on our SBC loans and ABS assets are subject to ongoing evaluation by credit rating agencies, and we cannot assure you that any such ratings will not be changed or withdrawn by a rating agency in the future if, in its judgment, circumstances warrant. Rating agencies may assign a lower than expected rating or reduce or withdraw, or indicate that they may reduce or withdraw, their ratings of our SBC loans and ABS assets in the future. In addition, we may acquire assets with no rating or with below investment grade ratings. If the rating agencies take adverse action with respect to the rating of our SBC loans and ABS assets or if our unrated assets are illiquid, the value of these SBC loans and ABS assets could significantly decline, which would adversely affect the value of our investment portfolio and could result in losses upon disposition or the failure of borrowers to satisfy their debt service obligations to us.
The receivables underlying the ABS we may acquire are subject to credit risks, liquidity risks, interest rate risks, market risks, operations risks, structural risks and legal risks, which could result in losses to us.
We may acquire ABS securities, where the underlying pool of assets consists primarily of SBC loans. The structure of an ABS, and the terms of the investors’ interest in the underlying collateral, can vary widely depending on the type of collateral, the desires of investors and the use of credit enhancements. Individual transactions can differ markedly in both structure and execution. Important determinants of the risk associated with issuing or holding ABS include: (i) the relative seniority or subordination of the class of ABS held by an investor, (ii) the relative allocation of principal, and interest payments in the priorities by which such payments are made under the governing documents, (iii) the effect of credit losses on both the issuing vehicle and investors’ returns, (iv) whether the underlying collateral represents a fixed set of specific assets or accounts, (v) whether the underlying collateral assets are revolving or closed-end, (vi) the terms (including maturity of the ABS) under which any remaining balance in the accounts may revert to the issuing vehicle and (vii) the extent to which the entity that sold the underlying collateral to the issuing vehicle is obligated to provide support to the issuing vehicle or to investors. With respect to some types of ABS, the foregoing risks are more closely correlated with similar risks on corporate bonds of similar terms and maturities than with the performance of a pool of similar assets.
In addition, certain ABS (particularly subordinated ABS) provide that the non-payment of interest thereon in cash will not constitute an event of default in certain circumstances, and the holders of such ABS will not have available to them any associated default remedies. Interest not paid in cash will generally be capitalized and added to the outstanding principal balance of the related security. Deferral of interest through such capitalization will reduce the yield on such ABS.
Holders of ABS bear various risks, including credit risks, liquidity risks, interest rate risks, market risks, operations risks, structural risks and legal risks. Credit risk arises from (i) losses due to defaults by obligors under the underlying collateral and (ii) the issuing vehicle’s or servicer’s failure to perform their respective obligations under the transaction documents governing the ABS. These two risks may be related, as, for example, in the case of a servicer that does not provide adequate credit-review scrutiny to the underlying collateral, leading to a higher incidence of defaults.
Market risk arises from the cash flow characteristics of the ABS, which for most ABS tend to be predictable. The greatest variability in cash flows come from credit performance, including the presence of wind-down or acceleration features designed to protect the investor in the event that credit losses in the portfolio rise well above expected levels.
Interest rate risk arises for the issuer from (i) the pricing terms on the underlying collateral, (ii) the terms of the interest rate paid to holders of the ABS and (iii) the need to mark to market the excess servicing or spread account proceeds carried
on the issuing vehicle’s balance sheet. For the holder of the security, interest rate risk depends on the expected life of the ABS, which may depend on prepayments on the underlying assets or the occurrence of wind-down or termination events. If the servicer becomes subject to financial difficulty or otherwise ceases to be able to carry out its functions, it may be difficult to find other acceptable substitute servicers and cash flow disruptions or losses may occur, particularly with underlying collateral comprised of non-standard receivables or receivables originated by private retailers who collect many of the payments at their stores.
Structural and legal risks include the possibility that, in a bankruptcy or similar proceeding involving the originator or the servicer (often the same entity or affiliates), a court having jurisdiction over the proceeding could determine that, because of the degree to which cash flows on the assets of the issuing vehicle may have been commingled with cash flows on the originator’s other assets (or similar reasons), (i) the assets of the issuing vehicle could be treated as never having been truly sold by the originator to the issuing vehicle and could be substantively consolidated with those of the originator, or (ii) the transfer of such assets to the issuer could be voided as a fraudulent transfer. The time and expense related to a challenge of such a determination also could result in losses and/or delayed cash flows.
Increases in interest rates could adversely affect the demand for new SBC loans, the value of our SBC loans and ABS assets and the availability of our target assets, and they could cause our interest expense to increase, which could result in reduced earnings or losses and negatively affect our profitability as well as the cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
We may invest in SBC loans, SBC ABS and other real estate-related investments. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary and tax policies, domestic and international economic and political considerations, and other factors beyond our control. Rising interest rates generally reduce the demand for mortgage loans due to the higher cost of borrowing. A reduction in the volume of mortgage loans originated may affect the volume of our target assets available to us, which could adversely affect our ability to acquire assets that satisfy our investment objectives. Rising interest rates may also cause our target assets that were issued prior to an interest rate increase to provide yields that are below prevailing market interest rates. If rising interest rates cause us to be unable to acquire a sufficient volume of our target assets with a yield that is above our borrowing cost, our ability to satisfy our investment objectives and to generate income and make distributions may be materially and adversely affected.
The relationship between short-term and longer-term interest rates is often referred to as the “yield curve.” Ordinarily, short-term interest rates are lower than longer-term interest rates. If short-term interest rates rise disproportionately relative to longer-term interest rates (a flattening of the yield curve), our borrowing costs may increase more rapidly than the interest income earned on our assets. Because we expect that our SBC loans and ABS assets generally will bear, on average, interest based on longer-term rates than our borrowings, a flattening of the yield curve would tend to decrease our net income and the fair market value of our net assets. Additionally, to the extent cash flows from SBC loans and ABS assets that return scheduled and unscheduled principal are reinvested, the spread between the yields on the new SBC loans and ABS assets and available borrowing rates may decline, which would likely decrease our net income. It is also possible that short-term interest rates may exceed longer-term interest rates (a yield curve inversion), in which event our borrowing costs may exceed our interest income and we could incur operating losses.
Fair market values of our SBC loans and ABS assets may decline without any general increase in interest rates for a number of reasons, such as increases or expected increases in defaults, or increases or expected increases in voluntary prepayments for those SBC loans and ABS assets that are subject to prepayment risk or widening of credit spreads.
In addition, in a period of rising interest rates, our operating results will depend in large part on the difference between the income from our assets and our financing costs. We anticipate that, in most cases, the income from such assets will respond more slowly to interest rate fluctuations than the cost of our borrowings. Consequently, changes in interest rates, particularly short-term interest rates, may significantly influence our net income. Increases in these rates will tend to decrease our net income and fair market value of our assets.
Some of our SBC loans will have interest rate features that adjust over time, and any interest rate caps on these loans may reduce our income or cause it to suffer a loss during periods of rising interest rates.
Our ARMs are subject to periodic and lifetime interest rate caps. Periodic interest rate caps limit the amount an interest rate can increase during any given period. Lifetime interest rate caps limit the amount an interest rate can increase through maturity of a loan. Our borrowings, including our repurchase agreement and securitizations, are not subject to similar
restrictions. Accordingly, in a period of rapidly increasing interest rates, the interest rates paid on our borrowings could increase without limitation while interest rate caps would limit the interest rates on our ARMs. This problem is magnified for our ARMs that are not fully indexed. Further, some ARMs may be subject to periodic payment caps that result in a portion of the interest being deferred and added to the principal outstanding. As a result, we could receive less cash income on ARMs than we need to pay interest on our related borrowings. These factors could lower our net interest income or cause us to suffer a loss during periods of rising interest rates.
Because we hold and may originate additional fixed-rate assets, an increase in interest rates on our borrowings may adversely affect our book value.
Increases in interest rates may negatively affect the fair market value of our assets. Any fixed-rate assets we hold or originate generally will be more negatively affected by these increases than adjustable-rate assets. In accordance with accounting rules, we will be required to reduce our earnings for any decrease in the fair market value of our assets that are accounted for under the fair value option. We will be required to evaluate our assets on a quarterly basis to determine their fair value by using third-party bid price indications provided by dealers who make markets in these assets or by third-party pricing services. If the fair value of an asset is not available from a dealer or third-party pricing service, we will estimate the fair value of the asset using a variety of methods, including discounted cash flow analysis, matrix pricing, option-adjusted spread models and fundamental analysis. Aggregate characteristics taken into consideration include type of collateral, index, margin, periodic cap, lifetime cap, underwriting standards, age and delinquency experience. However, the fair value reflects estimates and may not be indicative of the amounts we would receive in a current market exchange. If we determine that a security is other-than-temporarily impaired, we would be required to reduce the value of such security on our balance sheet by recording an impairment charge in our income statement and our stockholders’ equity would be correspondingly reduced. Reductions in stockholders’ equity decrease the amounts we may borrow to originate or purchase additional target assets, which could restrict our ability to increase our net income.
Because the assets we will hold and expect to acquire may experience periods of illiquidity, we may lose profits or be prevented from earning capital gains if we cannot sell SBC loans and ABS assets at an opportune time.
We bear the risk of being unable to dispose of our assets at advantageous times or in a timely manner because SBC loans and ABS assets generally experience periods of illiquidity, including the recent period of delinquencies and defaults with respect to residential mortgage loans. Additionally, we believe that we are currently one of only a handful of active market participants in the secondary SBC loan market and the lack of liquidity may result from the absence of a willing buyer or an established market for these assets, as well as legal or contractual restrictions on resale or the unavailability of financing for these assets. As a result, our ability to vary our portfolio in response to changes in economic and other conditions may be relatively limited, which may cause us to incur losses.
Our non-U.S. assets may subject us to the uncertainty of foreign laws and markets and currency rate exposure.
We have recently invested in, and in the future may originate, invest in or acquire non-U.S. assets. Investments in countries outside of the United States may subject us to risks of multiple and conflicting tax laws and regulations, and other laws and regulations that may make foreclosure and the exercise of other remedies in the case of default more difficult or costly compared to U.S. assets as well as political and economic instability abroad, any of which factors could adversely affect our receipt of returns on and distributions from these assets. In addition, such assets may be denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars which would expose us to foreign currency risk.
Maintenance of our 1940 Act exception imposes limits on our operations.
We intend to conduct our operations so that neither we nor our subsidiaries are required to register as an investment company under the 1940 Act. Section 3(a)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act defines an investment company as any issuer that is or holds itself out as being engaged primarily in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities. Section 3(a)(1)(C) of the 1940 Act defines an investment company as any issuer that is engaged or proposes to engage in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities and owns or proposes to acquire investment securities having a value exceeding 40% of the value of the issuer’s total assets (exclusive of U.S. Government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis. Excluded from the term “investment securities,” among other things, are U.S. Government securities and securities issued by majority-owned subsidiaries that are not themselves investment companies and are not relying on the exception from the definition of investment company set forth in Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) of the 1940 Act.
We intend to conduct our operations so that we do not come within the definition of an investment company under Section 3(a)(1)(C) of the 1940 Act because fewer than 40% of our total assets on an unconsolidated basis will consist of “investment securities.” The securities issued to us by any wholly-owned or majority-owned subsidiary that we currently own or may form in the future that is excluded from the definition of “investment company” by Section 3(c)(1) or 3(c)(7) of the 1940 Act, together with any other investment securities we may own, may not have a value in excess of 40% of the value of our total assets on an unconsolidated basis. We will monitor our holdings to ensure continuing and ongoing compliance with this test. However, qualification for exclusion from registration under the 1940 Act will limit our ability to make certain investments. In addition, we believe that we will not be considered an investment company under Section 3(a)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act because we will not engage primarily or hold ourselves out as being engaged primarily in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities. Rather, we will be primarily engaged in the non-investment company businesses of our subsidiaries, and thus the type of businesses in which we may engage through our subsidiaries is limited.
In connection with the Section 3(a)(1)(c) analysis, the determination of whether an entity is a majority-owned subsidiary of our Company is made by us. The 1940 Act defines a majority-owned subsidiary of a person as a company 50% or more of the outstanding voting securities of which are owned by such person, or by another company which is a majority-owned subsidiary of such person. The 1940 Act further defines voting securities as any security presently entitling the owner or holder thereof to vote for the election of directors of a company. We will treat companies in which we own at least a majority of the outstanding voting securities as majority-owned subsidiaries for purposes of the 40% test. We will also treat securitization trusts as majority-owned subsidiaries for purposes of this analysis even where the securities issued by such trusts do not meet the definition of voting securities under the 1940 Act only in cases where this conclusion is supported by an opinion of counsel that the trust certificates or other interests issued by such securitization trusts are the functional equivalent of voting securities and that, in any event, such securitization trusts should be considered to be majority-owned subsidiaries for purposes of this analysis. We have not requested the SEC, or its staff, to concur or approve our treatment of any securitization trust or other company as a majority-owned subsidiary and neither the SEC nor its staff has done so. If the SEC, or its staff, were to disagree with our treatment of one of more companies as majority-owned subsidiaries, we would need to adjust our strategy and our assets in order to continue to pass the 40% test. Any such adjustment in our strategy could have a material adverse effect on us.
We believe that certain of our subsidiaries qualify to be excluded from the definition of investment company under the 1940 Act pursuant to Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the 1940 Act, which is available for entities “primarily engaged in the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring mortgages and other liens on and interests in real estate.” This exception generally requires that at least 55% of such subsidiaries’ assets must be comprised of qualifying assets and at least 80% of their total assets must be comprised of qualifying assets and real estate-related assets under the 1940 Act. We will treat as qualifying assets for this purpose SBC loans and other mortgages, in each case meeting certain other qualifications based upon SEC staff no-action letters. Although SEC staff no-action letters have not specifically addressed the categorization of these types of assets, we will also treat as qualifying assets for this purpose transitional loans wholly-secured by first priority liens on real estate that provide interim financing to borrowers seeking short-term capital (with terms of generally up to three years), MBS representing ownership of an entire pool of mortgage loans, and real estate-owned properties that may be acquired in connection with mortgage loan foreclosures. We expect each of our subsidiaries relying on Section 3(c)(5)(C) may invest an additional 25% of its assets in either qualifying assets or in other types of mortgages, interests in MBS or other securitizations, securities of REITs, and other real estate-related assets. We expect each of our subsidiaries relying on Section 3(c)(5)(C) to rely on guidance published by the SEC, or its staff, or if such guidance has not been published, on our own analyses to determine which assets are qualifying real estate assets and real estate-related assets. To the extent that the SEC, or its staff, publishes new or different guidance with respect to these matters, we may be required to adjust our strategy accordingly. Although we intend to monitor our portfolio periodically and prior to each investment acquisition, there can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain an exclusion for these subsidiaries. In addition, we may be limited in our ability to make certain investments and these limitations could result in the subsidiary holding assets we might wish to sell or selling assets we might wish to hold.
In 2011, the SEC solicited public comment on a wide range of issues relating to Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the 1940 Act, including the nature of the assets that qualify for purposes of the exclusion and whether mortgage REITs should be regulated in a manner similar to registered investment companies. There can be no assurance that the laws and regulations governing the 1940 Act status of REITs, including the SEC, or its staff, providing more specific or different guidance regarding this exclusion, will not change in a manner that adversely affects our operations. If our Company or our subsidiaries fail to maintain an exception or exemption from the 1940 Act, we could, among other things, be required either to (i) change the manner in which we conduct our operations to avoid being required to register as an investment
company, (ii) effect sales of our assets in a manner that, or at a time when, we would not otherwise choose to do so, or (iii) register as an investment company, any of which would negatively affect the value of our shares of common stock, the sustainability of our business model, and our ability to make distributions which would have an adverse effect on our business and the value of our shares of common stock.
Certain of our subsidiaries may rely on the exclusion from the definition of investment company provided by Section 3(c)(6) to the extent that they hold mortgage assets through majority-owned subsidiaries that rely on Section 3(c)(5)(C). Little interpretive guidance has been issued by the SEC, or its staff, with respect to Section 3(c)(6) and any guidance published by the SEC, or its staff, could require us to adjust our strategy accordingly. Although little interpretive guidance has been issued with respect to Section 3(c)(6), we believe that certain of our subsidiaries may rely on Section 3(c)(6) if, among other things, 55% of the assets of such subsidiaries consist of, and at least 55% of the income of such subsidiaries are derived from, qualifying real estate investment assets owned by wholly-owned or majority-owned subsidiaries of such subsidiaries.
Qualification for exemption from registration under the 1940 Act will limit our ability to make certain investments. For example, these restrictions will limit the ability of our subsidiaries to invest directly in MBS that represent less than the entire ownership in a pool of mortgage loans, debt and equity tranches of securitizations and MBS, and real estate companies or in assets not related to real estate.
No assurance can be given that the SEC, or its staff, will concur with our classification of our Company or our subsidiaries’ assets or that the SEC, or its staff, will not, in the future, issue further guidance that may require us to reclassify those assets for purposes of qualifying for an exclusion from regulation under the 1940 Act. To the extent that the SEC staff provides more specific guidance regarding any of the matters bearing upon the definition of investment company and the exceptions to that definition, we may be required to adjust our investment strategy accordingly. Additional guidance from the SEC, or its staff, could provide additional flexibility to us, or it could further inhibit our ability to pursue the investment strategy we have chosen. If the SEC, or its staff takes a position contrary to our analysis with respect to the characterization of any of the assets or securities we invest in, we may be deemed an unregistered investment company. Therefore, in order not to be required to register as an investment company, we may need to dispose of a significant portion of our assets or securities or acquire significant other additional assets which may have lower returns than our expected portfolio, or we may need to modify our business plan to register as an investment company, which would result in significantly increased operating expenses and would likely entail significantly reducing our indebtedness, which could also require us to sell a significant portion of our assets. We cannot assure you that we would be able to complete these dispositions or acquisitions of assets, or deleveraging, on favorable terms, or at all. Consequently, any modification of our business plan could have a material adverse effect on us. Further, if the SEC determined that we were an unregistered investment company, we would be subject to monetary penalties and injunctive relief in an action brought by the SEC, we would potentially be unable to enforce contracts with third parties and third parties could seek to obtain rescission of transactions undertaken during the period for which it was established that we were an unregistered investment company. Any of these results would have a material adverse effect on us.
Since we are not expected to be subject to the 1940 Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, we will not be subject to its substantive provisions, including provisions requiring diversification of investments, limiting leverage and restricting investments in illiquid assets.
Rapid changes in the values of our target assets may make it more difficult for us to maintain our qualification as a REIT or our exclusion from the 1940 Act.
If the fair market value or income potential of our target assets declines as a result of increased interest rates, prepayment rates, general market conditions, government actions or other factors, we may need to increase our real estate assets and income or liquidate our non-qualifying assets to maintain our REIT qualification or our exclusion from the 1940 Act. If the decline in real estate asset values or income occurs quickly, this may be especially difficult to accomplish. We may have to make decisions that we otherwise would not make absent the REIT and 1940 Act considerations.
The working capital advances we provide to small business through Knight Capital may become uncollectible, and large amounts of uncollectible advances may adversely affect our performance.
Through Knight Capital, we provide working capital advances to small businesses through the purchase of their future revenues. We enter into a contract with the business whereby we pay the business an upfront amount in return for a specific amount of the business’s future revenue receivables. Our working capital advance activity presents risks, including the illiquidity of the cash advances; our critical reliance on certain individuals to operate the business; collection issues and
challenges given that working capital advances are generally unsecured; limited availability of financing sources, such as securitizations, to fund such advances; and sensitivity to general economic and regulatory conditions. We face the risk that merchants will fail to repay advances made by us in these transactions. Rates at which merchants do not repay amounts owed under these transactions may be significantly affected by economic downturns or general economic conditions beyond our control or beyond the control of the small businesses who repay the amounts advanced based on the volume of their revenue streams. While we have established an allowance for doubtful purchased future receivables based on historical and other objective information, it is also dependent on our subjective assessment based upon our experience and judgment. Actual losses are difficult to forecast and, as a result, there can be no assurance that our allowance for losses will be sufficient to absorb any actual losses. If we are unable to collect the full amount of the working capital advance receivable we acquire through the advance, we may be required to expend monies in connection with remedial actions, which expenditures could be material. In addition, the working capital advances that we make are relatively illiquid with no established market for their purchase and sale, and there can be no assurance that we would be able to liquidate those investments in a timely manner, or at all.
Our business of providing working capital advances to small businesses through the purchase of its future revenue depends on our ability to fund our working capital advances and collect payment on and service the working capital advances.
We rely on unaffiliated banks for the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) transaction process used to disburse the proceeds of working capital advances to our customers and to automatically collect scheduled payments on such working capital advances. As we are not a bank, we do not have the ability to directly access the ACH payment network, and must therefore rely on an FDIC-insured depository institution to process our transactions. If we cannot continue to obtain such services from our current institutions or elsewhere, or if we cannot transition to another processor quickly, our ability to fund working capital advances and process payments will suffer. If we fail to fund working capital advances promptly as expected, we risk loss of customers and damage to our reputation which could materially harm our business. If we fail to adequately collect amounts owing in respect of the working capital advances, as a result of the loss of direct debiting or otherwise, then payments to us may be delayed or reduced and our revenue and operating results may be harmed.
Risks Related to Our Company
Any disruption in the availability and/or functionality of our technology infrastructure and systems could adversely impact our business.
Our ability to acquire and originate SBC loans and manage any related interest rate risks and credit risks is critical to our success and is highly dependent upon the efficient and uninterrupted operation of our computer and communications hardware and software systems. For example, we will rely on our proprietary database to track and maintain all loan performance and servicing activity data for loans in our portfolio. This data is used to manage the portfolio, track loan performance, develop and execute asset disposition strategies. In addition, this data is used to evaluate and price new investment opportunities. Some of these systems will be located at our facility and some will be maintained by third-party vendors. Any significant interruption in the availability and functionality of these systems could harm our business. In the event of a systems failure or interruption by our third-party vendors, we will have limited ability to affect the timing and success of systems restoration. If such interruptions continue for a prolonged period of time, it could have a material and adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Cybersecurity risk and cyber incidents may adversely affect our business by causing a disruption to our operations, a compromise or corruption of our confidential information and/or damage to our business relationships, all of which could negatively impact our financial results.
A cyber incident is considered to be any adverse event that threatens the confidentiality, integrity or availability of our information resources. These incidents may be an intentional attack or an unintentional event and could involve gaining unauthorized access to our information systems for purposes of misappropriating assets, stealing confidential information, corrupting data or causing operational disruption. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attacks or cyber intrusions, including by computer hackers, nation-state affiliated actors, and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. The result of these incidents may include disrupted operations, misstated or unreliable financial data, disrupted market price of our common stock, misappropriation of assets, liability for stolen assets or information, increased cybersecurity protection and insurance cost, regulatory enforcement, litigation and damage to our relationships. These
risks require continuous and likely increasing attention and other resources from us to, among other actions, identify and quantify these risks, upgrade and expand our technologies, systems and processes to adequately address them and provide periodic training for our employees to assist them in detecting phishing, malware and other schemes. Such attention diverts time and other resources from other activities and there is no assurance that our efforts will be effective. Potential sources for disruption, damage or failure of our information technology systems include, without limitation, computer viruses, security breaches, human error, cyber- attacks, natural disasters and defects in design. Additionally, due to the size and nature of our company, we rely on third-party service providers for many aspects of our business. We can provide no assurance that the networks and systems that our third-party vendors have established or use will be effective. As our reliance on technology has increased, so have the risks posed to both our information systems and those provided by third-party service providers. We have implemented processes, procedures and internal controls to help mitigate cybersecurity risks and cyber intrusions, but these measures, as well as our increased awareness of the nature and extent of a risk of a cyber incident, do not guarantee that our financial results, operations or confidential information will not be negatively impacted by such an incident.
We are highly dependent on information systems and communication systems; systems failures and other operational disruptions could significantly affect our business, which may, in turn, negatively affect our operating results and our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders.
Our business is highly dependent on our communications and our information systems, which may interface with or depend on systems operated by third parties, including market counterparties, loan originators and other service providers. Any failure or interruption of these systems could cause delays or other problems in our activities, including in our target asset origination or acquisition activities, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and negatively affect the value of our common stock and our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders.
Additionally, we rely heavily on financial, accounting and other data processing systems and operational risks arising from mistakes made in the confirmation or settlement of transactions, from transactions not being properly booked, evaluated or accounted for or other similar disruption in our operations may cause us to suffer financial loss, the disruption of our business, liability to third parties, regulatory intervention or reputational damage.
Accounting rules for certain of our transactions are highly complex and involve significant judgment and assumptions. Changes in such rules, accounting interpretations or our assumptions could adversely impact our ability to timely and accurately prepare our consolidated financial statements.
We are subject to Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) standards and interpretations that can result in significant accounting changes that could have a material and adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition. Accounting rules for financial instruments, including the acquisition and sales or securitization of mortgage loans, investments in ABS, derivatives, investment consolidations and other aspects of our anticipated operations are highly complex and involve significant judgment and assumptions. For example, our estimates and judgments are based on a number of factors, including projected cash flows from the collateral securing our SBC loans, the likelihood of repayment in full at the maturity of a loan, potential for an SBC loan refinancing opportunity in the future and expected market discount rates for varying property types. These complexities could lead to a delay in the preparation of financial information and the delivery of this information to our stockholders.
Changes in accounting rules, interpretations or our assumptions could also undermine our ability to prepare timely and accurate financial statements, which could result in a lack of investor confidence in our financial information and could materially and adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
Provisions for credit losses are difficult to estimate.
Our provision for loan losses is evaluated on a quarterly basis. The determination of our provision for loan losses requires us to make certain estimates and judgments, which may be difficult to determine. Our estimates and judgments are based on a number of factors, including (1) whether cash from operations is sufficient to cover the debt service requirements currently and into the future, (2) the ability of the borrower to refinance the loan and (3) the property’s liquidation value, all of which remain uncertain and are subjective. Our estimates and judgments may not be correct and, therefore, our results of operations and financial condition could be severely impacted.
On January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses, which replaces the “incurred loss” model for recognizing credit losses with an “expected loss” model referred to as the Current Expected Credit Loss (“CECL”) model. Under the CECL model, we are required to present certain financial assets carried at amortized cost, such as loans held for investment, at the net amount expected to be collected. The measurement of expected credit losses is to be based on past events including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. This measurement will take place at the time the financial asset is first added to the balance sheet and updated quarterly thereafter.
Risks Related to Our Relationship with Our Manager
We depend on Waterfall and its key personnel for our success. We may not find a suitable replacement for Waterfall if the management agreement with Waterfall is terminated, or if key personnel leave the employment of Waterfall or otherwise become unavailable to us.
We are dependent on Waterfall for our day-to-day management. Our Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer, who are employed by Waterfall, are dedicated exclusively to our business, and several of Waterfall’s accounting professionals are also dedicated exclusively to our business, and such persons are expected to be dedicated to us. In addition, Waterfall or we may in the future hire additional personnel that may be dedicated to our business. However, other than our Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer, Waterfall is not obligated under the management agreement to dedicate any of its personnel exclusively to our business, nor is it or its personnel obligated to dedicate any specific portion of its or their time to our business. We will also be responsible for the costs of our own employees. However, with the exception of our subsidiaries, which will employ their own personnel, we do not expect to have our own employees. Accordingly, we believe that our success will depend to a significant extent upon the efforts, experience, diligence, skill and network of business contacts of the executive officers and key personnel of Waterfall. The executive officers and key personnel of Waterfall will evaluate, negotiate, structure, close and monitor our acquisitions of assets, and our success will depend on its continued service. The departure of any of the executive officers or key personnel of Waterfall could have a material adverse effect on our performance. In addition, we offer no assurance that Waterfall will remain our Manager or that we will continue to have access to Waterfall’s principals and professionals. The current term of our management agreement with Waterfall runs through October 31, 2021 and, unless terminated in accordance with its terms, our management agreement will automatically renew for a successive one-year term on each anniversary thereafter. If the management agreement is terminated and no suitable replacement is found to manage the Company, we may not be able to execute our business plan.
Should one or more of Waterfall’s key personnel leave the employment of Waterfall or otherwise become unavailable to the Company, Waterfall may not be able to find a suitable replacement and the Company may not be able to execute certain aspects of our business plan.
There are various conflicts of interest in our relationship with Waterfall which could result in decisions that are not in the best interests of our stockholders.
We are subject to conflicts of interest arising out of our relationship with Waterfall and its affiliates. Our Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer are dedicated exclusively to us, along with several of Waterfall’s accounting professionals, a marketing professional, and an information technology professional who are also dedicated primarily to us. With the exception of our subsidiaries, which will employ their own personnel, we do not expect to have our own employees. In addition, we expect that the Chief Executive Officer, President, portfolio managers and any other appropriate personnel of Waterfall will devote such portion of their time to our affairs as is necessary to enable us to effectively operate its business. Waterfall and our officers may have conflicts between their duties to us and their duties to, and interests in, Waterfall and its affiliates. Waterfall is not required to devote a specific amount of time or the services of any particular individual to our operations. Waterfall manages or provides services to other clients, and we will compete with these other clients for Waterfall’s resources and support. The ability of Waterfall and its officers and personnel to engage in other business activities may reduce the time they spend advising us.
There may also be conflicts in allocating assets that are suitable for us and other clients of Waterfall and its affiliates. Waterfall manages a series of funds and a limited number of separate accounts, which focus on a range of ABS and other credit strategies. None of these other funds or separate accounts focus on SBC loans as their primary business strategy.
To address certain potential conflicts arising from our relationship with Waterfall or its affiliates, Waterfall has agreed in the side letter agreement that, for so long as the management agreement is in effect, neither it nor any of its affiliates will (i) sponsor or manage any additional investment vehicle where we do not participate as an investor whose primary investment strategy will involve SBC mortgage loans, unless Waterfall obtains the prior approval of a majority of our board of directors (including a majority of our independent directors), or (ii) acquire a portfolio of assets, a majority of which (by value or UPB) are SBC mortgage loans on behalf of another investment vehicle (other than acquisitions of SBC ABS), unless we are first offered the investment opportunity and a majority of our board of directors (including a majority of our independent directors) decide not to acquire such assets.
The side letter agreement does not cover SBC ABS acquired in the market and non-real estate secured loans and we may compete with other existing clients of Waterfall and its affiliates, other funds managed by Waterfall that focus on a range of ABS and other credit strategies and separately managed accounts, and future clients of Waterfall and its affiliates in acquiring SBC ABS, non-real estate secured loans and portfolios of assets less than a majority of which (by value or UPB) are SBC loans, and in acquiring other target assets that do not involve SBC loans.
We will pay Waterfall substantial management fees regardless of the performance of our portfolio. Waterfall’s entitlement to a base management fee, which is not based upon performance metrics or goals, might reduce its incentive to devote its time and effort to seeking assets that provide attractive risk-adjusted returns for our portfolio. This in turn could hurt both our ability to make distributions to our stockholders and the market price of our common stock.
The management agreement was negotiated between related parties and their terms, including fees payable, may not be as favorable to us as if they had been negotiated with unaffiliated third parties.
The termination of the management agreement may be difficult and require payment of a substantial termination fee or other amounts, including in the case of termination for unsatisfactory performance, which may adversely affect our inclination to end our relationship with Waterfall.
Termination of the management agreement without cause is difficult and costly. Our independent directors will review Waterfall’s performance and the management fees annually and, following the initial term, the management agreement may be terminated annually upon the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of our independent directors, or by a vote of the holders of at least a majority of the outstanding shares of the Company common stock (other than shares held by members of our senior management team and affiliates of Waterfall), based upon: (i) Waterfall’s unsatisfactory performance that is materially detrimental to our Company, or (ii) a determination that the management fees or incentive distribution payable to Waterfall are not fair, subject to Waterfall’s right to prevent termination based on unfair fees by accepting a reduction of management fees or incentive distribution agreed to by at least two-thirds of our independent directors. We must provide Waterfall with 180 days prior notice of any such termination. Additionally, upon such a termination by us without cause (or upon termination by Waterfall due to our material breach), the management agreement provides that we will pay Waterfall a termination fee equal to three times the average annual base management fee earned by Waterfall during the prior 24-month period immediately preceding the date of termination, calculated as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal quarter prior to the date of termination, except upon an internalization. Additionally, if the management agreement is terminated under circumstances in which we are obligated to make a termination payment to Waterfall, our operating partnership shall repurchase, concurrently with such termination, the Class A special unit for an amount equal to three times the average annual amount of the incentive distribution paid or payable in respect of the Class A special unit during the 24-month period immediately preceding such termination, calculated as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal quarter before the date of termination. These provisions may increase the cost to our Company of terminating the management agreement and adversely affect our ability to terminate Waterfall without cause.
If we internalize our management functions or if Waterfall is internalized by another sponsored program, we may be unable to obtain key personnel, and the consideration we pay for any such internalization could exceed the amount of any termination fee, either of which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may engage in an internalization transaction, become self-managed and, if this were to occur, certain key employees may not become our employees but may instead remain employees of Waterfall or its affiliates. An inability to manage an internalization transaction effectively could thus result in us incurring excess costs and suffering deficiencies in our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting. Such deficiencies could cause us to incur additional costs, and our management’s attention could be diverted from most effectively managing our investments.
Additionally, if another program sponsored by Waterfall internalizes Waterfall, key personnel of Waterfall, who also are key personnel of the other sponsored program, would become employees of the other program and would no longer be available to us. Any such loss of key personnel could adversely impact our ability to execute certain aspects of our business plan. Furthermore, in the case of any internalization transaction, we expect that we would be required to pay consideration to compensate Waterfall for the internalization in an amount that we will negotiate with Waterfall in good faith and which will require approval of at least a majority of our independent directors. It is possible that such consideration could exceed the amount of the termination fee that would be due to Waterfall if the conditions for terminating the management agreement without cause are satisfied and we elected to terminate the management agreement and payment of such consideration could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The Class A special unit entitling Waterfall to an incentive distribution may induce Waterfall to make certain investments that may not be favorable to us, including speculative investments.
Under the partnership agreement of our operating partnership, Waterfall, the holder of the Class A special unit, will be entitled to receive an incentive distribution that may cause Waterfall to place undue emphasis on the maximization of our “distributable earnings”, which is referred to as core earnings under the partnership agreement, at the expense of other criteria, such as preservation of capital, to achieve a higher incentive distribution. Investments with higher yield potential are generally riskier or more speculative. This could result in increased risk to the value of our portfolio. For a discussion of the calculation of distributable earnings under the partnership agreement, see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Incentive Distribution Payable to Our Manager” included in this annual report on Form 10-K.
Our board of directors will not approve each investment and financing decision made by Waterfall unless required by our investment guidelines.
We have authorized Waterfall to follow broad investment guidelines established by our board of directors. Our board of directors periodically reviews our investment guidelines and investment portfolio but does not, and is not required to, review all of our proposed investments. These investment guidelines may be changed from time to time by our board of directors without the approval of our stockholders. To the extent that our board of directors approves material changes to the investment guidelines, we will inform stockholders of such changes through disclosure in our periodic reports and other filings required under the Exchange Act. In addition, in conducting its periodic reviews, our board of directors may rely primarily on information provided to them by Waterfall. Furthermore, Waterfall may use complex strategies, and transactions entered into may be costly, difficult or impossible to unwind by the time they are reviewed by our board of directors. Accordingly, Waterfall will have great latitude in determining the types and amounts of target assets it may decide are attractive investments for us, which could result in investment returns that are substantially below expectations or that result in losses, which would materially and adversely affect our business operations and results.
Risks Related to Our Residential Mortgage Lending Business
Interest rate mismatches between our ARMs and RMBS backed by ARMs or hybrid ARMs and our borrowings used to fund our purchases of these assets may cause us to suffer losses.
We will likely fund our residential mortgage loans and RMBS with borrowings that have interest rates that adjust more frequently than the interest rate indices and repricing terms of ARMs and RMBS backed by ARMs or hybrid ARMs. Accordingly, if short-term interest rates increase, our borrowing costs may increase faster than the interest rates on our ARMs and RMBS backed by ARMs or hybrid ARMs adjust. As a result, in a period of rising interest rates, we could experience a decrease in net income or a net loss.
In most cases, the interest rate indices and repricing terms of ARMs and RMBS backed by ARMs or hybrid ARMs and our borrowings are not identical, thereby potentially creating an interest rate mismatch between our investments and our borrowings. While the historical spread between relevant short-term interest rate indices has been relatively stable, there have been periods when the spread between these indices was volatile. During periods of changing interest rates, these interest rate index mismatches could reduce our net income or produce a net loss, and adversely affect the level of our dividends and the market price of our common stock.
In addition, ARMs and RMBS backed by ARMs or hybrid ARMs are typically subject to lifetime interest rate caps that limit the amount an interest rate can increase through the maturity of the ARMs. However, our borrowings under
repurchase agreements typically are not subject to similar restrictions. Accordingly, in a period of rapidly increasing interest rates, the interest rates paid on our borrowings could increase without limitation while caps could limit the interest rates on these types of assets. This problem is magnified for ARMs and RMBS backed by ARMs or hybrid ARMs that are not fully indexed. Further, some ARMs and RMBS backed by ARMs or hybrid ARMs may be subject to periodic payment caps that result in a portion of the interest being deferred and added to the principal outstanding. As a result, we may receive less income on these types of assets than we need to pay interest on our related borrowings. These factors could reduce our net interest income and cause us to suffer a loss during periods of rising interest rates.
We may be subject to liability in connection with our residential mortgage loans for potential violations of consumer protection laws and regulations.
Federal consumer protection laws and regulations have been enacted and promulgated that are designed to regulate residential mortgage loan underwriting and originators’ lending processes, standards, and disclosures to borrowers. These laws and regulations include the CFPB's Ability to Repay/Qualified Mortgage Rule ("ATR/QM Rule") under Regulation Z and Mortgage Servicing Rules under Regulation X and Regulation Z. In addition, there are various other federal, state, and local laws and regulations that are intended to discourage predatory lending practices by residential mortgage loan originators. For example, the federal Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act of 1994 prohibits inclusion of certain provisions in residential mortgage loans that have mortgage rates or origination costs in excess of prescribed levels and requires that borrowers be given certain disclosures prior to origination. Some states have enacted, or may enact, similar laws or regulations, which in some cases may impose restrictions and requirements greater than those in place under federal laws and regulations. In addition, under the anti-predatory lending laws of some states, the origination of certain residential mortgage loans, including loans that are not classified as “high cost” loans under applicable law, must satisfy a net tangible benefits test with respect to the borrower. This test, as well as certain standards set forth in the ATR/QM Rule, may be highly subjective and open to interpretation. As a result, a court may determine that a residential mortgage loan did not meet the standard or test even if the originator reasonably believed such standard or test had been satisfied.
Mortgage loans also are subject to various other federal laws, including, among others:
● the Equal Credit Opportunity Act of 1974, as amended, and Regulation B promulgated thereunder, which prohibit discrimination on the basis of age, race, color, sex, religion, marital status, national origin, receipt of public assistance or the exercise of any right under the Consumer Credit Protection Act of 1968, as amended, in the extension of credit;
● the Truth in Lending Act, as amended (“TILA”) and Regulation Z promulgated thereunder, which both require certain disclosures to the mortgagors regarding the terms of residential loans;
● the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, as amended (“RESPA”) and Regulation X promulgated thereunder, which (among other things) prohibit the payment of referral fees for real estate settlement services (including mortgage lending and brokerage services) and regulate escrow accounts for taxes and insurance and billing inquiries made by mortgagors;
● the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, as amended, which, among other things, prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages or accommodations of any place of public accommodation;
● the Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1970, as amended, and Regulation V promulgated thereunder, which regulates the use and reporting of information related to the borrower’s credit history;
● the Consumer Financial Protection Act, enacted as part of the Dodd-Frank Act, which (among other things) created the CFPB and gave it broad rulemaking, supervisory and enforcement jurisdiction over mortgage lenders and servicers, and proscribes any unfair, deceptive or abusive acts or practices in connection with any consumer financial product or service;
● the Secure and Fair Enforcement for Mortgage Licensing Act of 2008 ("S.A.F.E. Act"), under which residential mortgage loan originators employed by financial institutions, must register with the Nationwide Mortgage Licensing System and Registry, obtain a unique identifier from the registry, and maintain their registration in order to originate residential mortgage loans;
● the Home Equity Loan Consumer Protection Act of 1988, which requires additional disclosures and limits changes that may be made to the loan documents without the mortgagor’s consent, and restricts a mortgagee’s ability to declare a default or to suspend or reduce a mortgagor’s credit limit to certain enumerated events;
● the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980, which pre-empts certain state usury laws;
● the Dodd-Frank Act, including as described above;
● the Service Members Civil Relief Act, as amended, which provides relief to borrowers who enter into active military service or who were on reserve status but are called to active duty after the origination of their mortgage loans;
● the Right to Financial Privacy Act, which, among other requirements, imposes a duty to maintain confidentiality of consumer financial records; and
● the Alternative Mortgage Transaction Parity Act of 1982, which pre-empts certain state lending laws which regulate alternative mortgage transactions.
Failure of us, residential mortgage loan originators, mortgage brokers or servicers to comply with these laws and regulations, could subject us to monetary penalties and defenses to foreclosure, including by recoupment or setoff of finance charges and fees collected, and could result in rescission of the affected residential mortgage loans, which could adversely impact our business and financial results.
GMFS is a seller/servicer approved to sell residential mortgage loans to Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, the Housing and Urban Development (“HUD”)/ FHA, the USDA, and the VA and failure to maintain its status as an approved seller/servicer could harm our business.
GMFS is an approved Fannie Mae Seller-Servicer, Freddie Mac Seller-Servicer, Ginnie Mae issuer, HUD/ FHA mortgage, USDA approved originator, and VA lender. As an approved seller/servicer, GMFS is required to conduct certain aspects of its operations in accordance with applicable policies and guidelines published by these entities. Failure to maintain GMFS’s status as an approved seller/servicer would mean it would not be able to sell mortgage loans to these entities, could result in it being required to re-purchase loans previously sold to these entities, or could otherwise restrict our business and investment options and could harm our business and expose us to losses or other claims. Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or these other entities may, in the future, require GMFS to hold additional capital or pledge additional cash or assets in order to maintain approved seller/servicer status, which, if required, would adversely impact our financial results.
GMFS operates within a highly regulated industry on a federal, state and local level and the business results of GMFS are significantly impacted by the laws and regulations to which GMFS is subject.
As a mortgage loan originator, GMFS is subject to extensive and comprehensive regulation under federal, state and local laws and regulations in the United States. These laws and regulations significantly affect the way that GMFS conducts its business and restrict the scope of the existing business of GMFS and may limit the ability of GMFS to expand its product offerings or can make the cost to originate and service mortgage loans higher, which could impact our financial results.
The CFPB adopted changes to its Mortgage Servicing Rules in August 2016. These may increase the costs of loss mitigation and increase foreclosure timelines. Other new regulatory requirements or changes to existing requirements that the CFPB may promulgate could require changes in the business of GMFS, result in increased compliance costs and impair the profitability of such business. In addition, as a result of the Dodd-Frank Act’s expansion of the authority of state attorneys general to bring actions to enforce federal consumer protection legislation, GMFS could be subject to state lawsuits and enforcement actions, thereby further increasing the legal and compliance costs relating to GMFS. Amendments to the Mortgage Servicing Rules have increased the complexity of the loss mitigation and foreclosure processes and an inadvertent failure to comply with these rules could lead to losses in the value of the mortgage loans, be an event of default under various servicing agreements or subject GMFS to fines and penalties. The cumulative effect of these changes could result in a material impact on our earnings.
Additionally, the Dodd-Frank Act directed the CFPB to integrate certain mortgage loan disclosures under the TILA and RESPA, and in October 2015, these disclosure rules went into effect for newly originated residential mortgage loans. These rules include consumer disclosure document forms, processes for determining when disclosures must be updated
and timelines for providing disclosure documents to borrowers. These rules have created the need for substantial system and process changes at GMFS and training for its employees. CFPB further amended disclosure requirements under Regulation Z in 2017 and 2018. Failure to comply with these requirements may result in penalties for disclosure violations under the TILA and RESPA.
GMFS could be subject to additional regulatory requirements or changes under the Dodd-Frank Act beyond those currently proposed, adopted or contemplated, particularly given the ongoing heightened regulatory environment in which financial institutions operate. The ongoing implementation of the Dodd-Frank Act, including the implementation of the Mortgage Servicing Rules and the rules related to mortgage loan disclosures by the CFPB, could increase the regulatory compliance burden and associated costs of GMFS and place restrictions on the operations of GMFS, which could in turn adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Mortgage loan modification and refinance programs as well as future legislative action may adversely affect the value of, and the returns on, the target assets in which we invest.
The U.S. Government, through the Federal Reserve, the FHA and the FDIC, commenced implementation of programs designed to provide homeowners with assistance in avoiding residential or commercial mortgage loan foreclosures, including the Home Affordable Modification Program, which provides homeowners with assistance in avoiding residential mortgage loan foreclosures, and the Home Affordable Refinance Program, which we refer to as HARP, which allows borrowers who are current on their mortgage payments to refinance and reduce their monthly mortgage payments at loan-to-value ratios without new mortgage insurance. The programs may involve, among other things, the modification of mortgage loans to reduce the principal amount of the loans or the rate of interest payable on the loans, or to extend the payment terms of the loans.
Loan modification and refinance programs may adversely affect the performance of residential mortgage loans, Agency RMBS and non-Agency RMBS. Especially with non-Agency RMBS, a significant number of loan modifications with respect to a given security, including those related to principal forgiveness and coupon reduction, could negatively impact the realized yields and cash flows on such security. These loan modification programs, future legislative or regulatory actions, including possible amendments to the bankruptcy laws, which result in the modification of outstanding residential mortgage loans, as well as changes in the requirements necessary to qualify for refinancing mortgage loans with Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae, may adversely affect the value of, and the returns on, residential mortgage loans, non-Agency RMBS, Agency RMBS and our other target assets that we may purchase.
We may be affected by alleged or actual deficiencies in servicing and foreclosure practices of third parties, as well as related delays in the foreclosure process.
Allegations of deficiencies in servicing and foreclosure practices among several large sellers and servicers of residential mortgage loans that surfaced in 2010 raised various concerns relating to such practices, including the improper execution of the documents used in foreclosure proceedings, inadequate documentation of transfers and registrations of mortgages and assignments of loans, improper modifications of loans, violations of representations and warranties at the date of securitization, and failure to enforce put-backs.
As a result of alleged deficiencies in foreclosure practices, a number of servicers temporarily suspended foreclosure proceedings beginning in the second half of 2010 while they evaluated their foreclosure practices. In late 2010, a group of state attorneys general and state bank and mortgage regulators representing nearly all 50 states and the District of Columbia, along with the U.S. Department of Justice and HUD, began an investigation into foreclosure practices of banks and servicers. The investigations and lawsuits by several state attorneys general led to a settlement agreement in March 2012 with five of the nation’s largest banks, pursuant to which the banks agreed to pay more than $25 billion to settle claims relating to improper foreclosure practices. The settlement does not prohibit the states, the federal government, individuals or investors in RMBS from pursuing additional actions against the banks and servicers in the future.
The integrity of the servicing and foreclosure processes are critical to the value of the residential mortgage loans and the RMBS collateralized by residential mortgage loans in which we will invest, and our financial results could be adversely affected by deficiencies in the conduct of those processes. For example, delays in the foreclosure process that have resulted from investigations into improper servicing practices may adversely affect the values of, and our losses on, the residential mortgage loans and non-Agency RMBS we own or may originate or acquire. Foreclosure delays may also increase the administrative expenses of any securitization trusts that we may sponsor for non-Agency RMBS, thereby reducing the amount of funds available for distribution to our stockholders. In addition, the subordinate classes of securities issued by any such securitization trusts may continue to receive interest payments while the defaulted loans remain in the trusts,
rather than absorbing the default losses. This may reduce the amount of credit support available for the senior classes we may own, thus possibly adversely affecting these securities.
In addition, in these circumstances, we may be obligated to fund any obligation of the servicer to make advances on behalf of a delinquent loan obligor. To the extent that there are significant amounts of advances that need to be funded in respect of loans where we own the servicing right, it could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results.
While we believe that the sellers and servicers would be in violation of their servicing contracts to the extent that they have improperly serviced mortgage loans or improperly executed documents in foreclosure or bankruptcy proceedings, or do not comply with the terms of servicing contracts when deciding whether to apply principal reductions, it may be difficult, expensive and time consuming for us to enforce our contractual rights.
We will continue to monitor and review the issues raised by the alleged improper foreclosure practices. While we cannot predict exactly how the servicing and foreclosure matters or the resulting litigation or settlement agreements will affect our business, there can be no assurance that these matters will not have an adverse impact on our consolidated results of operations and financial condition.
Our MSRs will expose us to significant risks.
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac generally require mortgage servicers to be paid a minimum servicing fee that significantly exceeds the amount a servicer would charge in an arm’s-length transaction. Our residential MSRs are recorded at fair value on our balance sheet based upon significant estimates and assumptions, with changes in fair value included in our consolidated results of operations. Such estimates and assumptions would include, without limitation, estimates of future cash flows associated with our residential MSRs based upon assumptions involving interest rates as well as the prepayment rates, delinquencies and foreclosure rates of the underlying serviced mortgage loans.
The ultimate realization of the value of MSRs may be materially different than the fair values of such MSRs as may be reflected in our financial statements as of any particular date. The use of different estimates or assumptions in connection with the valuation of these assets could produce materially different fair values for such assets, which could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Accordingly, there may be material uncertainty about the value of our MSRs.
Changes in interest rates are a key driver of the performance of MSRs. Historically, the value of MSRs has increased when interest rates rise and decreased when interest rates decline due to the effect those changes in interest rates have on prepayment estimates. We may pursue various hedging strategies to seek to reduce our exposure to adverse changes in interest rates. Our hedging activity will vary in scope based on the level and volatility of interest rates, the type of assets held and other changing market conditions. Interest rate hedging may fail to protect or could adversely affect us. To the extent the we do not utilize derivatives to hedge against changes in the fair value of MSRs, our balance sheet, consolidated results of operations and cash flows would be susceptible to significant volatility due to changes in the fair value of, or cash flows from, MSRs as interest rates change.
Prepayment speeds significantly affect excess mortgage servicing fees. Prepayment speed is the measurement of how quickly borrowers pay down the unpaid principal balance of their loans or how quickly loans are otherwise brought current, modified, liquidated or charged off. We will base the price we pay for MSRs and the rate of amortization of those assets on factors such as our projection of the cash flows from the related pool of mortgage loans. Our expectation of prepayment speeds will be a significant assumption underlying those cash flow projections. If prepayment speeds are significantly greater than expected, the carrying value of MSRs could exceed their estimated fair value. If the fair value of MSRs decreases, we would be required to record a non-cash charge, which would have a negative impact on our financial results. Furthermore, a significant increase in prepayment speeds could materially reduce the ultimate cash flows we receive from MSRs, and we could ultimately receive substantially less than what we paid for such assets.
Moreover, delinquency rates have a significant impact on the valuation of any excess mortgage servicing fees. An increase in delinquencies will generally result in lower revenue because typically we will only collect servicing fees from agencies or mortgage owners for performing loans. If delinquencies are significantly greater than we expect, the estimated fair value of the MSRs could be diminished. When the estimated fair value of MSRs is reduced, we could suffer a loss, which could have a negative impact on our financial results.
Furthermore, MSRs are subject to numerous U.S. federal, state and local laws and regulations and may be subject to various judicial and administrative decisions imposing various requirements and restrictions on our business. Our failure
to comply, or the failure of the servicer to comply, with the laws, rules or regulations to which we or the servicer are subject by virtue of ownership of MSRs, whether actual or alleged, could expose us to fines, penalties or potential litigation liabilities, including costs, settlements and judgments, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, consolidated results of operations or cash flows.
GMFS originates residential mortgage loans which have risks of losses due to mortgage loan defaults or fraud.
GMFS currently originates loans that are eligible to be purchased, guaranteed or insured by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, FHA, VA and USDA through retail, correspondent and broker channels. GMFS may originate loans that are not guaranteed or insured by such agencies or channels, and the origination of these residential mortgage loans have risks of losses due to mortgage loan defaults or fraud. The ability of borrowers to make timely principal and interest payments could be adversely affected by changes in their personal circumstances, a rise in interest rates, a recession, declining real estate property values or other economic events, resulting in losses. Moreover, if a borrower defaults on a mortgage loan that GMFS or we own and if the liquidation proceeds from the sale of the property do not cover the loan amount and the legal, broker and selling costs, GMFS or we would experience a loss. We could experience losses if we fail to detect fraud, where a borrower or lending partner has misrepresented its financial situation or purpose for obtaining the loan, or an appraisal misrepresented the value of the property collateralizing its loan.
Currently, and in the future, some of the loans we may originate may be insured in part by mortgage insurers or financial guarantors. Mortgage insurance protects the lender or other holder of a loan up to a specified amount, in the event the borrower defaults on the loan. Mortgage insurance is generally obtained only when the principal amount of the loan at the time of origination is greater than 80% of the value of the property (loan-to-value), although it may not always be obtained in these circumstances. Any inability of the mortgage insurers to pay in full the insured portion of the loans that we hold would adversely affect the value of our loans, which could increase our credit risk, reduce our cash flows, or otherwise adversely affect our business.
We will hold and may originate or acquire additional residential mortgage loans and non-agency RMBS collateralized by subprime mortgage loans, which are subject to increased risks.
We, through GMFS and other subsidiaries, will hold and may originate or acquire additional subprime residential mortgage loans and non-agency RMBS backed by collateral pools of subprime mortgage loans that have been originated using underwriting standards that are less restrictive than those used in underwriting other higher quality mortgage loans. These lower standards include mortgage loans made to borrowers having imperfect or impaired credit histories, mortgage loans where the amount of the loan at origination is 80% or more of the value of the mortgage property, mortgage loans made to borrowers with low credit scores, mortgage loans made to borrowers who have other debt that represents a large portion of their income and mortgage loans made to borrowers whose income is not required to be disclosed or verified. Due to economic conditions, including lower home prices, as well as aggressive lending practices, subprime mortgage loans have in recent years experienced increased rates of delinquency, foreclosure, bankruptcy and loss, and they are likely to continue to experience delinquency, foreclosure, bankruptcy and loss rates that are higher, and that may be substantially higher, than those experienced by mortgage loans underwritten in a more traditional manner. Thus, because of the higher delinquency rates and losses associated with subprime mortgage loans, the performance of subprime mortgage loans and non-agency RMBS backed by subprime mortgage loans that we hold and may originate or acquire could be correspondingly adversely affected, which could adversely impact our consolidated results of operations, financial condition and business.
Deficiencies in the underwriting of newly originated residential mortgage loans may result in an increase in the severity of losses on our residential mortgage loans.
The underwriting of newly originated residential mortgage loans is different than the underwriting and investment process related to seasoned mortgage loans and RMBS, which focuses, in part, on performance history. Prior to originating or acquiring residential mortgage loans or other assets, GMFS or other subsidiaries may undertake underwriting and due diligence efforts with respect to various aspects of the loan or asset. When underwriting or conducting due diligence, GMFS or other subsidiaries rely on available resources and data, which may be limited, and on investigations by third parties.
The mortgage loan originator may also only conduct due diligence on a sample of a pool of loans or assets it is acquiring and assume that the sample is representative of the entire pool. These underwriting and due diligence efforts may not
reveal matters that could lead to losses. If the underwriting process is not robust enough or if we do not conduct adequate due diligence, or the scope of the underwriting or due diligence is limited, we may incur losses.
During the mortgage loan underwriting process, appraisals are generally obtained on the collateral underlying each prospective mortgage. The quality of these appraisals may vary widely in accuracy and consistency. The appraiser may feel pressure from the broker or lender to provide an appraisal in the amount necessary to enable the originator to make the loan, whether or not the value of the property justifies such an appraised value. Inaccurate or inflated appraisals may result in an increase in the severity of losses on the residential mortgage loans.
Although mortgage originators generally underwrite mortgage loans in accordance with their pre-determined loan underwriting guidelines, from time to time and in the ordinary course of business, originators may make exceptions to these guidelines. On a case-by-case basis, underwriters may determine that a prospective borrower that does not strictly qualify under the underwriting guidelines warrants an underwriting exception, based upon compensating factors. Compensating factors may include a lower LTV, a higher debt coverage ratio, experience as an owner or investor, higher borrower net worth or liquidity, stable employment, longer length of time in business and length of time owning the property. Loans originated with exceptions may result in a higher number of delinquencies and defaults.
Losses could occur due to a counterparty that sold loans to GMFS or other Company subsidiaries refusing to or being unable to repurchase that loan or pay damages related to breaches of representations made by the seller.
Losses could occur due to a counterparty that sold loans or other assets to GMFS or other Company subsidiaries refusing to or being unable to (e.g., due to its financial condition) repurchase loans or pay damages if it is determined subsequent to purchase that one or more of the representations or warranties made to GMFS or other Company subsidiaries in connection with the sale was inaccurate.
Even if GMFS or another Company subsidiary obtains representations and warranties from the loan seller counterparties they may not parallel the representations and warranties GMFS or other Company subsidiaries make to subsequent purchasers of the loans or may otherwise not protect the seller from losses, including, for example, due to the counterparty being insolvent or otherwise unable to make payments arising out of damages for a breach of representation or warranty. Furthermore, to the extent the counterparties from which loans were acquired have breached their representations and warranties, such breaches may adversely impact our business relationship with those counterparties, including by reducing the volume of business our subsidiaries conduct with those counterparties, which could negatively impact their ability to acquire loans and the larger mortgage origination business. To the extent our Company subsidiaries have significant exposure to representations and warranties made to them by one or more counterparties, we may determine, as a matter of risk management, to reduce or discontinue loan acquisitions from those counterparties, which could reduce the volume of mortgage loans available for acquisition and negatively impact our business and financial results.
The diminished level of Freddie Mac participation in, and other changes in the role of Freddie Mac in, the mortgage market may adversely affect our business.
In September 2008, FHFA placed Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in conservatorship and undertook the extraordinary dual role of supervisor and conservator. FHFA’s conservatorships are of unprecedented scope, scale, and complexity. While in conservatorship, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have required $187.5 billion in financial investment from the Treasury to avert insolvency, and, through the start of 2017, have paid to Treasury over $255 billion in dividends. Despite their high leverage, lack of capital, conservatorship status, and uncertain future, the combined Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have grown in size during conservatorship and, according to FHFA, their combined market share of newly issued MBS is more than 65%. In mid-2017, their combined total assets were approximately $5.3 trillion and their combined debt exceeded $5 trillion. Although market conditions have improved and Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have returned to profitability, their ability to sustain profitability in the future cannot be assured for a number of reasons: the winding down of their investment portfolios and reduction in net interest income; the level of guarantee fees they will be able to charge and keep; the future performance of their business segments; and the significant uncertainties involving key market drivers such as mortgage rates, homes prices, and credit standards. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac will also be required to eliminate their capital cushion by the end of 2018 and in any quarter in which they suffer a loss, will have to once again draw funds from Treasury to cover such losses. To address these challenges, a number of reform proposals have been introduced and suggested, but none have passed a congressional vote.
If Freddie Mac participation in the mortgage market were reduced or eliminated, or its structures were to change, our ability to originate and service loans under the Freddie Mac program could be adversely affected. These developments
could also materially and adversely impact the pricing of our potential future Freddie Mac loan and ABS portfolio. Additionally, the current support provided by the Treasury to Freddie Mac, and any additional support it may provide in the future, could have the effect of lowering the interest rates we expect to receive from such assets, thereby tightening the spread between the interest we earn on these assets and the cost of financing these assets. Future legislation affecting Freddie Mac may create market uncertainty and have the effect of reducing the actual or perceived credit quality of Freddie Mac and the securities issued or guaranteed by it. As a result, such laws could increase the risk of loss on our investments related to the Freddie Mac program. It also is possible that such laws could adversely impact the market for such assets and the spreads at which they trade.
Risks Related to Our SBA Business
We may encounter risks associated with originating or acquiring SBA loans.
We will originate SBA loans and sell the guaranteed portion of such SBA loans into the secondary market. These sales may result in collecting cash premiums, creating a stream of future servicing spread or both. There can be no assurance that we will originate these loans, that a secondary market will exist or that we will realize premiums upon the sale of the guaranteed portion of these loans.
We may acquire SBA loans or originate SBA loans and sell the guaranteed portion of such SBA loans and retain the credit risk on the non-guaranteed portion of such loans. We would then expect to share pro-rata with the SBA in any recoveries. In the event of default on an SBA loan, our pursuit of remedies against a borrower would be subject to SBA rules and in some instances SBA approval. If the SBA establishes that a loss on an SBA guaranteed loan is attributable to significant technical deficiencies in the manner in which the loan was originated, funded or serviced by us, the SBA may seek recovery of the principal loss related to the deficiency from us. With respect to the guaranteed portion of SBA loans that may be sold by us, the SBA would first honor its guarantee and then may seek compensation from us in the event that a loss is deemed to be attributable to technical deficiencies. There can be no assurance that we will not experience a loss due to significant deficiencies with our underwriting or servicing of SBA loans.
In certain instances, including liquidation or charge-off of an SBA guaranteed loan, we may have a receivable for the SBA’s guaranteed portion of legal fees, operating expenses, property taxes paid etc. related to the loan or the collateral (upon foreclosure). While we may believe expenses incurred were justified and necessary for the care and preservation of the collateral and within the established rules of the SBA, there can be no assurance that the SBA will reimburse us. In addition, obtaining reimbursement from the SBA may be a time consuming and lengthy process and the SBA may seek compensation from us related to reimbursement of expenses that it does not believe were necessary for the care and preservation of a loan or its collateral and no assurance can be given that the SBA will not decline to reimburse us for our portion of material expenses.
A government shutdown or curtailment of the government-guaranteed loan programs could cut off an important segment of our business, and may adversely affect our SBA loan program acquisitions, originations and results of operations.
Although the program has been in existence since 1953, there can be no assurance that the federal government will maintain the SBA program, or that it will continue to guarantee loans at current levels. If we cannot acquire, make or sell government-guaranteed loans, we may generate less interest income, fewer origination fees, and our ability to generate gains on sale of loans may decrease. From time-to-time, the government agencies that guarantee these loans reach their internally budgeted limits and cease to guarantee loans for a stated time period. In addition, these agencies may change their rules for loans. Also, Congress may adopt legislation that could have the effect of discontinuing or changing the programs. Non-governmental programs could replace government programs for some borrowers, but the terms might not be equally acceptable. If these changes occur, the volume of loans to small business and industrial borrowers of the types that now qualify for government-guaranteed loans could decline, as could the profitability of these loans.
Our lending business could be materially and adversely affected by circumstances or events limiting the availability of funds for SBA loan programs. A government shutdown occurred in October 2013 and December 2018 that affected the ability of entities to originate SBA loans because Congress failed to approve a budget which in turn eliminated the availability of funds for these programs. A government shutdown could occur again, which may affect our ability to originate government guaranteed loans and to sell the government guaranteed portions of those loans in the secondary market. A government shutdown may adversely affect our SBA loan program acquisitions and originations and our results of operations.
Risks Related to Financing and Hedging
We use leverage as part of our investment strategy but we do not have a formal policy limiting the amount of debt we may incur. Our board of directors may change our leverage policy without stockholder consent.
We will use prudent leverage to increase potential returns to our stockholders. As of December 31, 2020, our committed and outstanding financing arrangements included:
($ in thousands)
Commitment
Carrying Value
Available
Maturity Dates
Secured borrowings (warehouse credit facilities and borrowings under repurchase agreements, excluding agency)
$
2,210,181
$
998,566
$
1,211,615
2021 - 2023
Secured borrowings (agency)
600,222
371,953
228,269
2021 - 2022
Senior secured notes, net
179,659
179,659
-
Corporate bonds, net
150,989
150,989
-
2021 - 2026
Convertible bonds, net
112,129
112,129
-
Total recourse debt
$
3,253,180
$
1,813,296
$
1,439,884
2021 - 2026
Securitized debt obligations, net
$
1,905,749
$
1,905,749
$
-
2021 - 2026
(a)
Total non-recourse debt
$
1,905,749
$
1,905,749
$
-
2021 - 2026
(a) Represents estimated pay off of debt based on prepayment speeds of underlying collateral.
For further information on these funding sources see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Liquidity and Capital Resources” included in this annual report on Form 10-K. Over time, as market conditions change, we plan to use these and other borrowings.
The return on our assets and cash available for distribution to our stockholders may be reduced to the extent that market conditions prevent us from leveraging our assets or cause the cost of our financing to increase relative to the income that can be derived from the assets acquired. Our financing costs will reduce cash available for distribution to stockholders. We may not be able to meet our financing obligations and, to the extent that we cannot, we risk the loss of some or all of our assets to liquidation or sale to satisfy the obligations. A decrease in the value of our assets that are subject to repurchase agreement financing may lead to margin calls that we will have to satisfy. We may not have the funds available to satisfy any such margin calls and may be forced to sell assets at significantly depressed prices due to market conditions or otherwise, which may result in losses. The satisfaction of any such margin calls may reduce cash flow available for distribution to our stockholders. Any reduction in distributions to our stockholders may cause the value of our common stock to decline.
We may not be able to successfully complete additional securitization transactions, which could limit potential future sources of financing and could inhibit the growth of our business.
We may use our existing credit facilities or repurchase agreements or, if we are successful in entering into definitive documentation in respect of our other potential financing facilities, other borrowings to finance the origination and/or acquisition of SBC loans until a sufficient quantity of eligible assets has been accumulated, at which time we would refinance these short-term facilities or repurchase agreements through the securitization market, which could include the creation of CMBS, collateralized debt obligations (“CDOs”), or the private placement of loan participations or other long-term financing. When we employ this strategy, we are subject to the risk that we would not be able to obtain, during the period that our short-term financing arrangements are available, a sufficient amount of eligible assets to maximize the efficiency of a CMBS, CDO or private placement issuance. We are also subject to the risk that we will not able to obtain short-term financing arrangements or will not be able to renew any short-term financing arrangements after they expire should we find it necessary to extend such short-term financing arrangements to allow more time to obtain the necessary eligible assets for a long-term financing.
The inability to consummate securitizations of our portfolio to finance our SBC loan and ABS assets on a long-term basis could require us to seek other forms of potentially less attractive financing or to liquidate assets at an inopportune time or price, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Uncertainty regarding the expected discontinuance of the London interbank offered rate (“LIBOR”) and transition to alternative reference rates may adversely impact our borrowings and assets.
In July 2017, the United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority, which regulates the LIBOR administrator, ICE Benchmark Administration Limited ("IBA"), announced that it would cease to compel banks to participate in settling LIBOR as a benchmark by the end of 2021. Such announcement indicates that market participants cannot rely on LIBOR
being published after 2021. On December 4, 2020, the IBA published a consultation on its intention to cease the publication of LIBOR. For the most commonly used tenors (overnight and one, three, six and 12 months) of U.S. dollar LIBOR, the IBA is proposing to cease publication immediately after June 30, 2023, anticipating continued rate submissions from panel banks for these tenors of U.S. dollar LIBOR. The IBA's consultation also proposes to cease publication of all other U.S. dollar LIBOR tenors, and of all non-U.S. dollar LIBOR rates, after December 31, 2021. The FCA and U.S. bank regulators have welcomed the IBA's proposal to continue publishing certain tenors for U.S. dollar LIBOR through June 30, 2023 because it would allow many legacy U.S. dollar LIBOR contracts that lack effective fallback provisions and are difficult to amend to mature before such LIBOR rates experience disruptions. U.S. bank regulators are, however, encouraging banks to cease entering into new financial contracts that use LIBOR as a reference rate as soon as practicable and in any event by December 31, 2021. Given consumer protection, litigation, and reputation risks, U.S. bank regulators believe entering into new financial contracts that use LIBOR as a reference rate after December 31, 2021 would create safety and soundness risks. In addition, they expect new financial contracts to either utilize a reference rate other than LIBOR or have robust fallback language that includes a clearly defined alternative reference rate after LIBOR’s discontinuation. Although the foregoing may provide some sense of timing, there is no assurance that LIBOR, of any particular currency and tenor, will continue to be published or be representative of the underlying market until any particular date, and it appears highly likely that LIBOR will be discontinued or modified after December 31, 2021 or June 30, 2023, depending on the currency and tenor.
The Alternative Reference Rates Committee, a group of private-market participants convened by the U.S. Federal Reserve Board and the New York Federal Reserve, has recommended the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as a more robust reference rate alternative to U.S. dollar LIBOR. The use of SOFR as a substitute for U.S. dollar LIBOR is voluntary and may not be suitable for all market participants. SOFR is calculated based on overnight transactions under repurchase agreements, backed by Treasury securities. SOFR is observed and backward looking, which stands in contrast with LIBOR under the current methodology, which is an estimated forward-looking rate and relies, to some degree, on the expert judgment of submitting panel members. Given that SOFR is a secured rate backed by government securities, it will be a rate that does not take into account bank credit risk (as is the case with LIBOR). SOFR is therefore likely to be lower than U.S. dollar LIBOR and is less likely to correlate with the funding costs of financial institutions. To approximate economic equivalence to LIBOR, SOFR can be compounded over a relevant term and a spread adjustment may be added. Market practices related to SOFR calculation conventions continue to develop and may vary, and inconsistent calculation conventions may develop among financial products.
Many of our debt and interest rate hedge agreements are linked to U.S. dollar LIBOR. We expect that a significant portion of these financing arrangements and loan assets will not have matured, been prepaid or otherwise terminated prior to the time at which the IBA ceases to publish LIBOR. It is not possible to predict all consequences of the IBA's proposals to cease publishing LIBOR, any related regulatory actions and the expected discontinuance of the use of LIBOR as a reference rate for financial contracts. Some of our debt and loan assets may not include robust fallback language that would facilitate replacing LIBOR with a clearly defined alternative reference rate after LIBOR’s discontinuation, and we may need to amend these before the IBA ceases to publish LIBOR. If such debt or loan assets mature after LIBOR ceases to be published, our counterparties may disagree with us about how to calculate or replace LIBOR. Even when robust fallback language is included, there can be no assurance that the replacement rate plus any spread adjustment will be economically equivalent to LIBOR, which could result in a lower interest rate being paid to us on such assets. Modifications to any debt, loan assets, interest rate hedging transactions or other contracts to replace LIBOR with an alternative reference rate could result in adverse tax consequences.
In addition, any resulting differences in interest rate standards among our assets and our financing arrangements may result in interest rate mismatches between our assets and the borrowings used to fund such assets. Furthermore, the transition away from LIBOR may adversely impact our ability to manage and hedge exposures to fluctuations in interest rates using derivative instruments. There is no guarantee that a transition from LIBOR to an alternative will not result in financial market disruptions, significant increases in benchmark rates, or borrowing costs to borrowers, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and stock price. While we expect LIBOR to be available in substantially its current form until the end of 2021, if a significant number of panel banks decline to provide LIBOR submissions to the IBA, it is possible that LIBOR will become unrepresentative of the underlying market and subject to increased volatility prior to such date. Should that occur, the risks associated with the transition to alternative reference rates will be accelerated and magnified.
Through certain of our subsidiaries we may engage in securitization transactions relating to mortgage loans, which would expose us to potentially material risks.
Through certain of our subsidiaries we may engage in securitization transactions relating to mortgage loans, which generally would require us to prepare marketing and disclosure documentation, including term sheets and prospectuses, which include disclosures regarding the securitization transactions and the assets being securitized. If our marketing and disclosure documentation are alleged or found to contain inaccuracies or omissions, we may be liable under federal and state securities laws (or under other laws) for damages to third parties that invest in these securitization transactions, including in circumstances where we relied on a third party in preparing accurate disclosures, or we may incur other expenses and costs in connection with disputing these allegations or settling claims.
In recent years there has also been debate as to whether there are defects in the legal process and legal documents governing transactions in which securitization trusts and other secondary purchasers take legal ownership of mortgage loans and establish their rights as first priority lien holders on underlying mortgaged property. To the extent there are problems with the manner in which title and lien priority rights were established or transferred, securitization transactions that we may sponsor and third-party sponsored securitizations that we hold investments in may experience losses, which could expose us to losses and could damage our ability to engage in future securitization transactions.
Our potential securitization activities could expose us to litigation, adversely affecting our business and financial results.
Through certain of our subsidiaries we may engage in or participate in securitization transactions relating to mortgage loans. As a result of declining property values, increasing defaults, changes in interest rates, or other factors, the aggregate cash flows from the loans held by any securitization entity that we may sponsor and the securities and other assets held by these entities may be insufficient to repay in full the principal amount of ABS issued by these securitization entities. We do not expect to be directly liable for any of the ABS issued by these entities. Nonetheless, third parties who hold the ABS issued by these entities may try to hold us liable for any losses they experience, including through claims under federal and state securities laws or claims for breaches of representations and warranties we would make in connection with engaging in these securitization transactions.
Defending a lawsuit can consume significant resources and may divert management’s attention from our operations. We may be required to establish reserves for potential losses from litigation, which could be material. To the extent we are unsuccessful in our defense of any lawsuit, we could suffer losses, which could be in excess of any reserves established relating to that lawsuit, and these losses could be material.
We may be required to repurchase mortgage loans or indemnify investors if we breach representations and warranties, which could harm our earnings.
We have sold and, on occasion, consistent with our qualification as a REIT and our desire to avoid being subject to the “prohibited transaction” penalty tax, we may sell some of our loans in the secondary market or as a part of a securitization of a portfolio of our loans. When we sell loans, we are required to make customary representations and warranties about such loans to the loan purchaser. Our mortgage loan sale agreements may require us to repurchase or substitute loans in the event we breach a representation or warranty given to the loan purchaser. In addition, we may be required to repurchase loans as a result of borrower fraud or in the event of early payment default on a mortgage loan. Likewise, we may be required to repurchase or substitute loans if we breach a representation or warranty in connection with our securitizations, if any.
The remedies available to a purchaser of mortgage loans are generally broader than those available to us against the originating broker or correspondent. Further, if a purchaser enforces its remedies against us, we may not be able to enforce the remedies we have against the sellers. The repurchased loans typically can only be financed at a steep discount to their repurchase price, if at all. They are also typically sold at a significant discount to the UPB. Significant repurchase activity could harm our cash flow, results of operations, financial condition and business prospects.
Certain financing arrangements restrict our operations and expose us to additional risk.
Our existing financing arrangements, including the Senior Secured Notes, Convertible Notes, and our future financing arrangements are or will be governed by a credit agreement, indenture or other instrument containing covenants restricting our operating flexibility. Additionally, any convertible or exchangeable securities that we issue in the future may have
rights, preferences and privileges more favorable than those of our common stock. We will bear the cost of issuing and servicing such credit facilities, arrangements or securities.
These restrictive covenants and operating restrictions could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, cause us to lose our REIT status, restrict our ability to finance or securitize new originations and acquisitions, force us to liquidate collateral and negatively affect the market price of our common stock and our ability to pay dividends. For further information on these covenants see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Liquidity and Capital Resources” included in this annual report on Form 10-K.
Our securitizations may also reduce and/or restrict our available cash needed to pay dividends to our stockholders in order to satisfy the REIT requirements. Under the terms of the securitization, excess interest collections with respect to the securitized loans are distributed to us as the trust certificate holder once the overcollateralization target is reached and maintained. If the securitized loans experience delinquencies exceeding default triggers specified in the securitizations, the excess interest collections will be paid to the noteholders as additional principal payments on the notes. If excess interest collections are paid to noteholders rather than to us, we will be required to use cash from other sources to pay dividends to our stockholders in order to satisfy the REIT requirements or to fund our ongoing operations.
The repurchase agreements that we will use to finance our assets will restrict us from leveraging our assets as fully as desired, and may require us to provide additional collateral.
We may use credit facilities together with other borrowings structured as repurchase agreements to finance our assets. If the market value of the assets pledged or sold by us under a repurchase agreement borrowing to a financing institution declines, we will normally be required by the financing institution to pay down a portion of the funds advanced, but we may not have the funds available to do so, which could result in defaults. Repurchase agreements that we may use in the future may also require us to provide additional collateral if the market value of the assets pledged or sold by us to a financing institution declines. Posting additional collateral to support our credit will reduce our liquidity and limit our ability to leverage our assets, which could adversely affect our business. In the event we do not have sufficient liquidity to meet such requirements, financing institutions can accelerate repayment of our indebtedness, increase interest rates, liquidate our collateral or terminate our ability to borrow. Such a situation would likely result in a rapid deterioration of our financial condition and possibly necessitate a filing for bankruptcy protection. For further information on our repurchase agreements see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Liquidity and Capital Resources” included in this annual report on Form 10-K.
Further, financial institutions providing the repurchase facilities may require us to maintain a certain amount of cash that is not invested or to set aside non-leveraged assets sufficient to maintain a specified liquidity position that would allow us to satisfy our collateral obligations. As a result, we may not be able to leverage our assets as fully as we would choose, which could reduce our return on equity. If we are unable to meet these collateral obligations, our financial condition could deteriorate rapidly.
If a counterparty to our repurchase transactions defaults on its obligation to resell the underlying asset back to us at the end of the transaction term, or if the value of the underlying asset has declined as of the end of that term, or if we default on our obligations under the repurchase agreement, we will incur losses on our repurchase transactions.
Under repurchase agreement financings, we generally sell assets to lenders (that is, repurchase agreement counterparties) and receive cash from the lenders. The lenders are obligated to resell the same assets back to us at the end of the term of the transaction, which typically ranges from 30 to 90 days, but which may have terms of up to 364 days or longer. Because the cash we will receive from the lender when it initially sells the assets to the lender is less than the value of those assets (this is referred to as the haircut), if the lender defaults on its obligation to resell the same assets back to us, we would incur a loss on the transaction equal to the amount of the haircut (assuming there was no change in the value of the assets). We would also incur losses on a repurchase transaction if the value of the underlying assets has declined as of the end of the transaction term, as we would have to repurchase the assets for their initial value but would receive assets worth less than that amount. Further, if we default on one of our obligations under a repurchase transaction, the lender will be able to terminate the transaction and cease entering into any other repurchase transactions with us. It is also possible that our repurchase agreements will contain cross-default provisions, so that if a default occurs under any one agreement, the lenders under our other agreements could also declare a default. If a default occurs under any of our repurchase agreements and the lenders terminate one or more of our repurchase agreements, we may need to enter into replacement repurchase agreements with different lenders. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in entering into such replacement
repurchase agreements on the same terms as the repurchase agreements that were terminated or at all. Any losses we incur on our repurchase transactions could adversely affect our earnings and thus our cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
Our rights under our repurchase agreements may be subject to the effects of bankruptcy laws in the event of the bankruptcy or insolvency of our Company or our lenders under the repurchase agreements, which may allow our lenders to repudiate our repurchase agreements.
In the event of insolvency or bankruptcy, repurchase agreements normally qualify for special treatment under the Bankruptcy Code, the effect of which, among other things, would be to allow the lender under the applicable repurchase agreement to avoid the automatic stay provisions of the Bankruptcy Code and to foreclose on the collateral agreement without delay. In the event of the insolvency or bankruptcy of a lender during the term of a repurchase agreement, the lender may be permitted, under applicable insolvency laws, to repudiate the contract, and our claim against the lender for damages may be treated simply as an unsecured creditor. In addition, if the lender is a broker or dealer subject to the Securities Investor Protection Act of 1970, or an insured depository institution subject to the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, our ability to exercise our rights to recover our securities under a repurchase agreement or to be compensated for any damages resulting from the lender’s insolvency may be further limited by those statutes. These claims would be subject to significant delay and, if and when received, may be substantially less than the damages we actually incur.
The change of control provisions in the Convertible Notes and the Corporate Debt and the related indentures could deter, delay or prevent an otherwise beneficial merger, acquisition, tender offer or other takeover attempt involving our Company.
The change of control provisions in the Convertible Notes and Corporate Debt and the related indentures could make it more difficult or more expensive for a third-party to acquire our Company. If a merger, acquisition, tender offer or other takeover attempt involving our Company by a third-party constitutes a change of control under the related indentures, we or ReadyCap Holdings, LLC (“ReadyCap Holdings”) may be required to offer to repurchase all of the Convertible Notes and the Corporate Debt. As a result, our obligations under the Convertible Notes and the Corporate Debt could increase the cost of acquiring our Company or otherwise discourage a third party from acquiring our Company.
We may enter into hedging transactions that could expose us to contingent liabilities in the future and adversely impact our financial condition.
Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, part of our strategy involves entering into hedging transactions that could require us to fund cash payments in certain circumstances (such as the early termination of a hedging instrument caused by an event of default or other early termination event). The amount due would be equal to the unrealized loss of the open swap positions with the respective counterparty and could also include other fees and charges, and these economic losses will be reflected in our results of operations. We may also be required to provide margin to our counterparties to collateralize our obligations under hedging agreements. Our ability to fund these obligations will depend on the liquidity of our assets and access to capital at the time. The need to fund these obligations could adversely impact our financial condition.
Hedging against interest rate exposure may adversely affect our earnings, which could reduce our cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we will likely pursue various hedging strategies to seek to reduce our exposure to adverse changes in interest and foreign currency rates. Our hedging activity will vary in scope based on the level and volatility of interest rates, exchange rates, the type of assets held and other changing market conditions. Hedging may fail to protect or could adversely affect us because, among other things:
●interest rate, currency and/or credit hedging can be expensive and may result in us receiving less interest income;
●available interest rate hedges may not correspond directly with the interest rate risk for which protection is sought;
●the value of derivatives used for hedging may be adjusted from time to time in accordance with accounting rules to reflect changes in fair value. Downward adjustments or “mark-to-market” losses would reduce earnings or stockholders’ equity;
●the market value of derivatives used for hedging may decrease from time to time, which may require us to deliver additional margin to our counterparties;
●the amount of income that a REIT may earn from non-qualifying hedging transactions (other than through taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRSs”)) to offset interest rate losses is limited by U.S. federal tax provisions governing REITs;
●the credit quality of the hedging counterparty owing money on the hedge may be downgraded to such an extent that it impairs our ability to sell or assign our side of the hedging transaction;
●the hedging counterparty owing money in the hedging transaction may default on its obligation to pay; and
●the duration of the hedge may not match the duration of the related liability.
In general, when we acquire an SBC loan or ABS asset, we may, but are not required to, enter into an interest rate swap agreement or other hedging instrument that effectively fixes our borrowing costs for a period close to the anticipated average life of the fixed-rate portion of the related assets. This strategy is designed to protect us from rising interest rates, because the borrowing costs are fixed for the duration of the fixed-rate portion of the related SBC loan or ABS asset.
However, if prepayment rates decrease in a rising interest rate environment, the life of the fixed-rate portion of the related assets could extend beyond the term of the swap agreement or other hedging instrument. This could have a negative impact on our results of operations, as borrowing costs would no longer be fixed after the end of the hedging instrument while the income earned on the SBC loan or ABS asset would remain fixed. This situation may also cause the market value of our SBC loan or ABS asset to decline, with little or no offsetting gain from the related hedging transactions. In extreme situations, we may be forced to sell assets to maintain adequate liquidity, which could cause us to incur losses.
In addition, the use of this swap hedging strategy effectively limits increases in our book value in a declining rate environment, due to the effectively fixed nature of our hedged borrowing costs. In an extreme rate decline, prepayment rates on our assets might actually result in certain of our assets being fully paid off while the corresponding swap or other hedge instrument remains outstanding. In such a situation, we may be forced to terminate the swap or other hedge instrument at a level that causes us to incur a loss.
Our hedging transactions, which are intended to limit losses, may actually adversely affect our earnings, which could reduce our cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
Our use of derivatives may expose us to counterparty and other risks.
We will likely enter into over-the-counter interest rate swap agreements to hedge risks associated with movements in interest rates. Because such interest rate swaps are not cleared through a central counterparty, the counterparty’s performance is not guaranteed by a clearing house. As a result, if a swap counterparty cannot perform under the terms of an interest rate swap, we would not receive payments due under that agreement, we may lose any unrealized gain associated with the interest rate swap and the hedged liability would cease to be hedged by the interest rate swap. We may also be at risk for any collateral we have pledged to secure our obligation under the interest rate swap if the counterparty becomes insolvent or files for bankruptcy.
The business failure of a hedging counterparty with whom we enter into a hedging transaction will most likely result in its default. Default by a party with whom we enter into a hedging transaction may result in the loss of unrealized profits and force us to cover our commitments, if any, at the then current market price. Although generally we will seek to reserve the right to terminate our hedging positions, we may not always be able to dispose of or close out a hedging position without the consent of the hedging counterparty and we may not be able to enter into an offsetting contract in order to cover our risk. We cannot provide any assurances that a liquid secondary market will exist for hedging instruments purchased or sold, and we may be required to maintain a position until exercise or expiration, which could result in losses.
Derivative instruments are also subject to liquidity risk and may be difficult or impossible to sell, close out or replace quickly and at the price that reflects the fundamental value of the instrument. Although both over-the-counter and exchange-traded markets may experience lack of liquidity, over-the-counter, non-standardized derivative transactions are generally less liquid than exchange-traded instruments.
Furthermore, derivative transactions are subject to increasing statutory and other regulatory requirements and, depending on the identity of the counterparty, applicable international requirements. Recently, new regulations have been promulgated by U.S. and foreign regulators attempting to strengthen oversight of derivative contracts. Any actions taken by regulators could constrain our strategy and could increase our costs, either of which could materially and adversely impact our operations.
In particular, the Dodd-Frank Act requires certain derivatives, including certain interest rate swaps, to be executed on a regulated market and cleared through a central counterparty. Unlike uncleared swaps, the counterparty for the cleared swaps is the clearing house, which reduces counterparty risk. However, cleared swaps require us to appoint clearing brokers and to post margin in accordance with the clearing house’s rules, which has resulted in increased costs for cleared swaps over uncleared swaps. Margin requirements for uncleared swaps have recently been issued by certain regulators, and requirements from other regulators are expected to be issued soon. Starting March 1, 2017, these rules require us to post margin for uncleared swaps with swap dealers. The margin for both cleared and uncleared swaps will generally be limited to cash and certain types of securities. These requirements may increase the costs of hedging and induce us to change or reduce our use of hedging transactions.
Regulation as a commodity pool operator could subject us to additional regulation and compliance requirements, which could materially adversely affect our business and financial condition.
The Dodd-Frank Act extended the reach of commodity regulations for the first time to include not just traditional futures contracts but also derivative contracts referred to as “swaps.” As a consequence of this change, any investment fund that trades in swaps may be considered a “commodity pool,” which would cause its operator to be regulated as a commodity pool operator (“CPO”). Under the new requirements, CPOs must register or file for an exemption from registration with the National Futures Association, the self-regulatory organization for swaps and other financial instruments regulated by the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”), and become subject to regulation by the CFTC, including with respect to disclosure, recordkeeping and reporting.
On December 7, 2012, the CFTC issued a no-action letter that provides mortgage REITs relief from such registration (the “No-Action Letter”), if they meet certain conditions and submit a claim for such no-action relief by email to the CFTC. We believe we will meet the conditions set forth in the No-Action Letter and we have filed our claim with the CFTC to perfect the use of the no-action relief from registration. However, if in the future we do not meet the conditions set forth in the No-Action Letter or the relief provided by the No-Action Letter becomes unavailable for any other reason and we are unable to obtain another exemption from registration, we may be required to reduce or eliminate our use of interest rate swaps or vary the manner in which we deploy interest rate swaps in our business and we or our directors may be required to register with the CFTC as CPOs and our Manager may be required to register as a “commodity trading advisor” with the CFTC, which will require compliance with CFTC rules and subject us, our board of directors and our Manager to regulation by the CFTC. In the event registration for our Company, our directors or our Manager is required but is not obtained, we, our board of directors or our Manager may be subject to fines, penalties and other civil or governmental actions or proceedings, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The costs of compliance with the CFTC regulations, or the changes to our hedging strategy necessary to avoid their application, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If we attempt to qualify for hedge accounting treatment for our derivative instruments, but we fail to qualify, we may suffer losses because losses on the derivatives that we enter into may not be offset by a change in the fair value of the related hedged transaction.
We record derivative and hedging transactions in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). Under these standards, we may fail to qualify for, or choose not to elect, hedge accounting treatment for a number of reasons, including if we use instruments that do not meet the definition of a derivative (such as short sales), we fail to satisfy hedge documentation, and hedge effectiveness assessment requirements or our instruments are not highly effective. If we fail to qualify for, or choose not to elect, hedge accounting treatment, our operating results may be volatile because changes in the fair value of the derivatives that we enter into may not be offset by a change in the fair value of the related hedged transaction or item.
Risks Related to Taxation as a REIT
Our failure to qualify as a REIT, or the failure of our predecessor to qualify as a REIT, would subject us to U.S. federal income tax and applicable state and local taxes, which would reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
We have been organized and operated and intend to continue to operate in a manner that will enable us to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2011. We have not requested and do not intend to request a ruling from the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”), that we qualify as a REIT. The U.S. federal income tax laws governing REITs are complex, and judicial and administrative interpretations of the U.S. federal income tax laws governing REIT qualification are limited. The complexity of these provisions and of applicable Treasury Regulations is greater in the case of a REIT that, like us, holds our assets through a partnership. To qualify as a REIT, we must meet, on an ongoing basis, various tests regarding the nature of our assets and our income, the ownership of our outstanding shares, and the amount of our distributions. Our ability to satisfy the asset tests depends on our analysis of the characterization and fair market values of our assets, some of which are not susceptible to a precise determination, and for which we may not obtain independent appraisals. Moreover, new legislation, court decisions or administrative guidance, in each case possibly with retroactive effect, may make it more difficult or impossible for us to qualify as a REIT. In addition, our ability to satisfy the requirements to qualify as a REIT depends in part on the actions of third parties over which we have no control or only limited influence, including in cases where we own an equity interest in an entity that is classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Furthermore, we hold certain assets through our ownership interest in Ready Capital Subsidiary REIT I, LLC, which we refer to as our subsidiary REIT. Our ability to qualify as a REIT is dependent in part on the REIT qualification of our subsidiary REIT, which is required to separately satisfy each of the REIT requirements in order to qualify as a REIT. Thus, while we intend to operate so that we will qualify as a REIT, given the highly complex nature of the rules governing REITs, the ongoing importance of factual determinations, and the possibility of future changes in our circumstances, no assurance can be given that we will so qualify for any particular year. These considerations also might restrict the types of assets that we can acquire in the future.
If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, and do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, we would be required to pay U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income, and distributions to our stockholders would not be deductible by us in determining our taxable income. In such a case, we might need to borrow money or sell assets in order to pay our taxes. Our payment of income tax would decrease the amount of our income available for distribution to our stockholders. Furthermore, if we fail to maintain our qualification as a REIT, we no longer would be required to distribute substantially all of our net taxable income to our stockholders. In addition, unless we were eligible for certain statutory relief provisions, we could not re-elect to qualify as a REIT until the fifth calendar year following the year in which we failed to qualify.
As further described above, on October 31, 2016, our predecessor entity merged with and into a subsidiary of ZAIS Financial, with ZAIS Financial surviving the merger and changing its name to Sutherland Asset Management Corporation, and, as described above, subsequently changed its name to Ready Capital Corporation. In addition, as further described above, we completed our acquisition of ORM on March 29, 2019. If prior to the ZAIS Financial merger our predecessor (“Pre-Merger Sutherland”) failed to qualify as a REIT, or if prior to our acquisition of ORM, ORM failed to qualify as a REIT, we could fail to qualify as a REIT as a result. Even if we retained and continue to retain our REIT qualification, if Pre-Merger Sutherland failed to qualify as a REIT for any taxable year prior to the ZAIS Financial merger, or if ORM failed to qualify as a REIT prior to our acquisition of ORM, we would face serious tax consequences that could substantially reduce the cash available for distribution to our stockholders because (i) we, as successor to Pre-Merger Sutherland in the ZAIS Financial merger and as successor to ORM in the ORM acquisition, generally inherited any corporate income, excise and other tax liabilities of Pre-Merger Sutherland and ORM, respectively; (ii) we would be subject to tax on the built-in gain on each asset of Pre-Merger Sutherland existing at the time of the merger or each asset of ORM at the time of our acquisition of ORM, as applicable; and (iii) we could be required to employ applicable deficiency dividend procedures (which would include the payment of penalties and interest to the IRS) to eliminate any earnings and profits accumulated by Pre-Merger Sutherland or ORM for taxable periods that it did not qualify as a REIT. As a result, any failure by Pre-Merger Sutherland or ORM to qualify as a REIT could impair our ability to expand our business and raise capital, and could materially adversely affect the value of our common stock.
The percentage of our assets represented by TRSs and the amount of our income that we can receive in the form of TRS dividends and interest are subject to statutory limitations that could jeopardize our REIT qualification and could limit our ability to acquire or force us to liquidate otherwise attractive investments.
A REIT may own up to 100% of the stock of one or more TRSs. A TRS may earn income that would not be qualifying income if earned directly by the parent REIT. In order to treat a subsidiary of the REIT as a TRS, both the subsidiary and the REIT must jointly elect to treat the subsidiary as a TRS. In order to qualify as a REIT, no more than 20% of the value of our gross assets at the end of each calendar quarter may consist of securities of one or more TRSs. A significant portion of our activities are conducted through our TRSs, and we expect that such TRSs will from time to time hold significant assets.
We have elected, together with each of ReadyCap Holdings, Ready Capital TRS I, LLC and RC Knight Holdings, LLC, for each such entity to be treated as a TRS, and we may make TRS elections with respect to certain other entities we may form in the future (collectively referred to herein as "our TRSs"). While we intend to manage our affairs so as to satisfy the TRS limitation, there can be no assurance that we will be able to do so in all market circumstances.
In order to satisfy the TRS limitation, we have been required to and may in the future be required to acquire assets that we otherwise would not acquire, liquidate or restructure assets that we hold through ReadyCap Holdings or any of our TRSs, or otherwise engage in transactions that we would not otherwise undertake absent the requirements for REIT qualifications. Each of these actions could reduce the distributions available to our stockholders. In addition, we and our subsidiary REIT have made loans to our TRSs that meet the requirements to be treated as qualifying investments of new capital, which is generally treated as a real estate asset under the Code. Because such loans are treated as real estate assets for purposes of the REIT requirements, we do not treat these loans as TRS securities for purposes of the TRS asset limitation, which is consistent with private rulings issued by the IRS. However, no assurance can be provided that the IRS may not successfully assert that such loans should be treated as securities of our TRSs or our subsidiary REIT's TRSs, which could adversely impact our qualification as a REIT. In addition, our TRSs have obtained financing in transactions in which we and our other subsidiaries have provided guaranties and similar credit support. Although we believe that these financings are properly treated as financings of our TRSs for U.S. federal income tax purposes, no assurance can be provided that the IRS would not assert that such financings should be treated as issued by other entities in our structure, which could impact our compliance with the TRS limitation and the other REIT requirements. Moreover, no assurance can be provided that we will be able to successfully manage our asset composition in a manner that causes us to satisfy the TRS limitation each quarter, and our failure to satisfy this limitation could result in our failure to qualify as a REIT.
Any distributions we receive from our TRSs are classified as dividend income to the extent of the earnings and profits of the distributing corporation. Any of our TRSs may from time to time need to make such distributions in order to keep the value of our TRSs below 20% of our total assets. However, TRS dividends will generally not constitute qualifying income for purposes of one of the tests we must satisfy to qualify as a REIT, namely, that at least 75% of our gross income must in each taxable year generally be from real estate assets. While we will continue to monitor our compliance with both this income test and the limitation on the percentage of our assets represented by securities of our TRSs, and intend to conduct our affairs so as to comply with both, the two may at times be in conflict with one another. As an example, it is possible that we may wish to distribute a dividend from a TRS in order to reduce the value of our TRSs below the required threshold of our assets, but be unable to do so without violating the requirement that 75% of our gross income in the taxable year be derived from real estate assets. Although there are other measures we can take in such circumstances in order to remain in compliance, there can be no assurance that we will be able to comply with both of these tests in all market conditions.
Complying with REIT requirements may force us to liquidate or forego otherwise attractive investments, which could reduce returns on our assets and adversely affect returns to our stockholders.
To qualify as a REIT, we must generally ensure that at least 75% of our gross income for each taxable year, excluding certain amounts, is derived from certain real property-related sources, and at least 95% of our gross income for each taxable year, excluding certain amounts, is derived from certain real property-related sources and passive income such as dividends and interest. In addition, we generally must ensure that at the end of each calendar quarter at least 75% of the value of our total assets consists of cash, cash items, government securities and qualified REIT real estate assets, including certain mortgage loans and RMBS. The remainder of our investment in securities (other than government securities and qualifying real estate assets) generally cannot include more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer or more than 10% of the total value of the outstanding securities of any one issuer. In addition, in general, no more than 5% of the value of our assets (other than government securities and qualifying real estate assets) can consist of the securities of any
one issuer, no more than 20% of the value of our total assets can be represented by stock and securities of one or more TRSs and no more than 25% of the value of our assets may consist of “nonqualified publicly offered REIT debt instruments.” If we fail to comply with these requirements at the end of any quarter, we must correct the failure within 30 days after the end of such calendar quarter or qualify for certain statutory relief provisions to avoid losing our REIT qualification and suffering adverse tax consequences. As a result, we may be required to liquidate otherwise attractive investments from our portfolio. These actions could have the effect of reducing our income and amounts available for distribution to our stockholders. In addition, if we are compelled to liquidate our investments to repay obligations to our lenders, we may be unable to comply with these requirements, ultimately jeopardizing our qualification as a REIT. The REIT requirements described above may also restrict our ability to sell REIT-qualifying assets, including asset sales made in connection with a disposition of certain segments of our business or in connection with a liquidation of us, without adversely impacting our qualifications as a REIT. Furthermore, we may be required to make distributions to stockholders at disadvantageous times or when we do not have funds readily available for distribution, and may be unable to pursue investments that would be otherwise advantageous to us in order to satisfy the source of income or asset diversification requirements for qualifying as a REIT.
In addition, certain assets that we hold or intend to hold, including unsecured loans, loans secured by both real property and personal property where the fair market value of the personal property exceeds 15% of the total fair market value of all of the property securing the loan, and interests in ABS secured by assets other than real property or mortgages on real property or on interests in real property, are not qualified and will not be qualified real estate assets for purposes of the REIT asset tests. Accordingly, our ability to invest in such assets will be limited, and our investment in such assets could cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT if our holdings in such assets do not satisfy such limitations.
Distributions from us or gain on the sale of our common stock may be treated as unrelated business taxable income, or “UBTI”, to U.S. tax-exempt holders of common stock.
If (i) all or a portion of our assets are subject to the rules relating to taxable mortgage pools, (ii) a tax-exempt U.S. person has incurred debt to purchase or hold our common stock, (iii) we purchase real estate mortgage investment conduit (“REMIC”) residual interests that generate “excess inclusion income,” or (iv) we are a “pension held REIT,” then a portion of the distributions with respect to our common stock and, in the case of a U.S. person described in clause (ii), gains realized on the sale of such common stock by such U.S. person, may be subject to U.S. federal income tax as UBTI under the Code. We have engaged in certain securitization transactions that are treated as taxable mortgage pools for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Although we believe that such transactions are structured in a manner so that they should not cause any portion of the distributions in our shares to be treated as excess inclusion income, no assurance can be provided that the IRS would not assert a contrary position.
The REIT distribution requirements could adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan and may require us to incur debt, sell assets or take other actions to make such distributions.
To qualify as a REIT, we must distribute to our stockholders each calendar year at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (including certain items of non-cash income), determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gain. To the extent that we satisfy the 90% distribution requirement, but distribute less than 100% of our taxable income, we will be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on our undistributed income. In addition, we will incur a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the amount, if any, by which our distributions in any calendar year are less than a minimum amount specified under U.S. federal income tax laws. Our current policy is to pay distributions which will allow us to satisfy the requirements to qualify as a REIT and generally not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our undistributed income.
Our taxable income may substantially exceed our net income as determined under U.S. GAAP, or differences in timing between the recognition of taxable income and the actual receipt of cash may occur. For example, it is likely that we will acquire assets, including RMBS requiring us to accrue original issue discount (“OID”) or recognize market discount income, that generate taxable income in excess of economic income or in advance of the corresponding cash flow from the assets. Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act"), we generally will be required to recognize certain amounts in income no later than the time such amounts are reflected on our financial statements. The application of this rule may require the accrual of income earlier than would be the case under the otherwise applicable tax rules. Although the precise application of this rule is not entirely clear, final regulations generally exclude, among other items, OID and market discount income from the applicability of this rule. Also, in certain circumstances our ability to deduct interest expenses for U.S. federal income tax purposes may be limited. We may also acquire distressed debt investments that are
subsequently modified by agreement with the borrower. If the amendments to the outstanding debt are “significant modifications” under the applicable Treasury Regulations, the modified debt may be considered to have been reissued to us at a gain in a debt-for-debt exchange with the borrower, with gain recognized by us to the extent that the principal amount of the modified debt exceeds our cost of purchasing it prior to modification. Finally, we may be required under the terms of the indebtedness that we incur to use cash received from interest payments to make principal payments on that indebtedness, with the effect that we will recognize income but will not have a corresponding amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
As a result of the foregoing, we may generate less cash flow than taxable income in a particular year and find it difficult or impossible to meet the REIT distribution requirements in certain circumstances. In such circumstances, we may be required to (i) sell assets in adverse market conditions, (ii) borrow on unfavorable terms, (iii) distribute amounts that would otherwise be used for future investment or used to repay debt, or (iv) make a taxable distribution of shares of common stock as part of a distribution in which stockholders may elect to receive shares of common stock or (subject to a limit measured as a percentage of the total distribution) cash, in order to comply with the REIT distribution requirements. Thus, compliance with the REIT distribution requirements may hinder our ability to grow, which could adversely affect the value of our common stock.
We may be required to report taxable income with respect to certain of our investments in excess of the economic income we ultimately realize from them.
We may acquire mortgage loans, RMBS or other debt instruments in the secondary market for less than their face amount. The discount at which such securities are acquired may reflect doubts about their ultimate collectability rather than current market interest rates. The amount of such discount will nevertheless generally be treated as “market discount” for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Market discount generally accrues on the basis of the constant yield to maturity of the debt instrument based generally on the assumption that all future payments on the debt instrument will be made. Accrued market discount is reported as income when, and to the extent that, any payment of principal of the debt instrument is made. In particular, payments on mortgage loans are ordinarily made monthly, and consequently accrued market discount may have to be included in income each month as if the debt instrument were assured of ultimately being collected in full. If we collect less on a debt instrument than our purchase price plus the market discount we had previously reported as income, we may not be able to benefit from any offsetting loss deduction in a subsequent taxable year. In addition, we may acquire distressed debt investments that are subsequently modified by agreement with the borrower. If the amendments to the outstanding debt are “significant modifications” under applicable Treasury Regulations, the modified debt may be considered to have been reissued to us at a gain in a debt-for-debt exchange with the borrower. In that event, we may be required to recognize taxable gain to the extent the principal amount of the modified debt exceeds our adjusted tax basis in the unmodified debt, even if the value of the debt or the payment expectations have not changed.
Similarly, some of the RMBS that we purchase will likely have been issued with OID. We will generally be required to report such OID based on a constant yield method and income will accrue based on the assumption that all future projected payments due on such MBSs will be made. If such MBSs turn out not to be fully collectible, an offsetting loss deduction will become available only in the later year in which uncollectability is provable. Finally, in the event that any mortgage loans, RMBS or other debt instruments acquired by us are delinquent as to mandatory principal and interest payments, or in the event a borrower with respect to a particular debt instrument acquired by us encounters financial difficulty rendering it unable to pay stated interest as due, we may nonetheless be required to continue to recognize the unpaid interest as taxable income as it accrues, despite doubt as to its ultimate collectability. Similarly, we may be required to accrue interest income with respect to subordinate RMBS at their stated rate regardless of whether corresponding cash payments are received or are ultimately collectible. In each case, while we would in general ultimately have an offsetting loss deduction available to us when such interest was determined to be uncollectible, the loss would likely be treated as a capital loss, and the utility of that loss would therefore depend on our having capital gain in that later year or thereafter.
We may hold excess MSRs, which means the portion of an MSR that exceeds the arm’s-length fee for services performed by the mortgage servicer. Based on IRS guidance concerning the classification of MSRs, we intend to treat any excess MSRs we acquire as ownership interests in the interest payments made on the underlying mortgage loans, akin to an “interest only” strip. Under this treatment, for purposes of determining the amount and timing of taxable income, each excess MSR is treated as a bond that was issued with OID on the date we acquired such excess MSR. In general, we will be required to accrue OID based on the constant yield to maturity of each excess MSR, and to treat such OID as taxable income in accordance with the applicable U.S. federal income tax rules. The constant yield of an excess MSR will be determined, and we will be taxed, based on a prepayment assumption regarding future payments due on the mortgage
loans underlying the excess MSR. If the mortgage loans underlying an excess MSR prepay at a rate different than that under the prepayment assumption, our recognition of OID will be either increased or decreased depending on the circumstances. Thus, in a particular taxable year, we may be required to accrue an amount of income in respect of an excess MSR that exceeds the amount of cash collected in respect of that excess MSR. Furthermore, it is possible that, over the life of the investment in an excess MSR, the total amount we pay for, and accrue with respect to, the excess MSR may exceed the total amount we collect on such excess MSR. No assurance can be given that we will be entitled to a deduction for such excess, meaning that we may be required to recognize phantom income over the life of an excess MSR.
The interest apportionment rules may affect our ability to comply with the REIT asset and gross income tests.
The interest apportionment rules under Treasury Regulation Section 1.856-5(c) provide that, if a mortgage is secured by both real property and other property, a REIT is required to apportion its annual interest income to the real property security based on a fraction, the numerator of which is the value of the real property securing the loan, determined when the REIT commits to acquire the loan, and the denominator of which is the highest “principal amount” of the loan during the year. If a mortgage is secured by both real property and personal property and the value of the personal property does not exceed 15% of the aggregate value of the property securing the mortgage, the mortgage is treated as secured solely by real property for this purpose. IRS Revenue Procedure 2014-51 interprets the “principal amount” of the loan to be the face amount of the loan, despite the Code’s requirement that taxpayers treat any market discount, which is the difference between the purchase price of the loan and its face amount, for all purposes (other than certain withholding and information reporting purposes) as interest rather than principal.
To the extent the face amount of any loan that we hold that is secured by both real property and other property exceeds the value of the real property securing such loan, the interest apportionment rules described above may apply to certain of our loan assets unless the loan is secured solely by real property and personal property and the value of the personal property does not exceed 15% of the value of the property securing the loan. Thus, depending upon the value of the real property securing our mortgage loans and their face amount, and the other sources of our gross income generally, we may fail to meet the 75% REIT gross income test. In addition, although we will endeavor to accurately determine the values of the real property securing our loans at the time we acquire or commit to acquire such loans, such values may not be susceptible to a precise determination and will be determined based on the information available to us at such time. If the IRS were to successfully challenge our valuations of such assets and such revaluations resulted in a higher portion of our interest income being apportioned to property other than real property, we could fail to meet the 75% REIT gross income test. If we do not meet this test, we could potentially lose our REIT qualification or be required to pay a penalty tax to the IRS. Furthermore, prior to 2016, the apportionment rules described above applied to any debt instrument that was secured by real and personal property if the principal amount of the loan exceeded the value of the real property securing the loan. As a result, prior to 2016, these apportionment rules applied to mortgage loans held by us even if the personal property securing the loan did not exceed 15% of the total property securing the loan. We and our predecessor have held significant mortgage loans that are secured by both real property and personal property. If the IRS were to successfully challenge the application of these rules to us, we could fail to meet the 75% REIT gross income test and potentially lose our REIT qualification or be required to pay a penalty tax to the IRS.
In addition, the Code provides that a regular or a residual interest in a REMIC is generally treated as a real estate asset for the purposes of the REIT asset tests, and any amount includible in our gross income with respect to such an interest is generally treated as interest on an obligation secured by a mortgage on real property for the purposes of the REIT gross income tests. If, however, less than 95% of the assets of a REMIC in which we hold an interest consists of real estate assets (determined as if we held such assets), we will be treated as holding our proportionate share of the assets of the REMIC for the purpose of the REIT asset tests and receiving directly our proportionate share of the income of the REMIC for the purpose of determining the amount of income from the REMIC that is treated as interest on an obligation secured by a mortgage on real property. In connection with the expanded HARP program, the IRS issued guidance providing that, among other things, if a REIT holds a regular interest in an “eligible REMIC,” or a residual interest in an “eligible REMIC” that informs the REIT that at least 80% of the REMIC’s assets constitute real estate assets, then (i) the REIT may treat 80% of the value of the interest in the REMIC as a real estate asset for the purpose of the REIT asset tests and (ii) the REIT may treat 80% of the gross income received with respect to the interest in the REMIC as interest on an obligation secured by a mortgage on real property for the purpose of the 75% REIT gross income test. For this purpose, a REMIC is an “eligible REMIC” if (i) the REMIC has received a guarantee from Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac that will allow the REMIC to make any principal and interest payments on its regular and residual interests and (ii) all of the REMIC’s mortgages and pass-through certificates are secured by interests in single-family dwellings. If we were to acquire an interest in an eligible REMIC less than 95% of the assets of which constitute real estate assets, the IRS guidance described above may generally
allow us to treat 80% of our interest in such a REMIC as a qualifying real estate asset for the purpose of the REIT asset tests and 80% of the gross income derived from the interest as qualifying income for the purpose of the 75% REIT gross income test. Although the portion of the income from such a REMIC interest that does not qualify for the 75% REIT gross income test would likely be qualifying income for the purpose of the 95% REIT gross income test, the remaining 20% of the REMIC interest generally would not qualify as a real estate asset, which could adversely affect our ability to satisfy the REIT asset tests. Accordingly, owning such a REMIC interest could adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT.
Our ownership of and relationship with any TRS which we may form or acquire will be limited, and a failure to comply with the limits would jeopardize our REIT qualification and our transactions with our TRSs may result in the application of a 100% excise tax if such transactions are not conducted on arm’s-length terms.
A REIT may own up to 100% of the stock of one or more TRSs. A TRS may earn income that would not be qualifying income if earned directly by a REIT. Both the subsidiary and the REIT must jointly elect to treat the subsidiary as a TRS. Overall, no more than 20% of the value of a REIT’s assets may consist of stock and securities of one or more TRSs. A domestic TRS will pay U.S. federal, state and local income tax at regular corporate rates on any income that it earns. In addition, the TRS rules impose a 100% excise tax on certain transactions between a TRS and its parent REIT that are not conducted on an arm’s-length basis.
We have elected and will elect to treat certain subsidiaries as TRSs. Any such TRS and any other domestic TRS that we may form would therefore be required to pay U.S. federal, state and local income tax on their taxable income, and their after-tax net income would be available for distribution to us but would not be required to be distributed to us by such TRS. We anticipate that the aggregate value of the TRS stock and securities owned by us will be less than 20% of the value of our total assets (including the TRS stock and securities). Furthermore, we will monitor the value of our investments in our TRSs to ensure compliance with the rule that no more than 20% of the value of our assets may consist of TRS stock and securities (which is applied at the end of each calendar quarter). In addition, we will scrutinize all of our transactions with TRSs to ensure that they are entered into on arm’s-length terms to avoid incurring the 100% excise tax described above. There can be no assurance, however, that we will be able to comply with the TRS limitations or to avoid application of the 100% excise tax discussed above.
The ownership limits that apply to REITs, as prescribed by the Code and by our charter, may inhibit market activity in shares of our common stock and restrict our business combination opportunities.
In order for us to qualify as a REIT, not more than 50% in value of our outstanding shares of stock may be owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals (as defined in the Code to include certain entities) at any time during the last half of each taxable year after the first year for which we elect to qualify as a REIT. Additionally, at least 100 persons must beneficially own our stock during at least 335 days of a taxable year or during a proportionate part of a taxable year of less than twelve months (other than the first taxable year for which we elect to be taxed as a REIT). Our charter, with certain exceptions, authorizes our directors to take such actions as are necessary or appropriate to preserve our qualification as a REIT. Our charter also provides that, unless exempted by our board of directors, no person may own more than 9.8% in value or in number, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding shares of our common stock, or 9.8% in value or in number, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding shares of all classes and series of our capital stock. Our board of directors may, in its sole discretion, subject to such conditions as it may determine and the receipt of certain representations and undertakings, prospectively or retroactively, waive the ownership limits or establish a different limit on ownership, or excepted holder limit, for a particular stockholder if the stockholder’s ownership in excess of the ownership limits would not result in us being “closely held” under Section 856(h) of the Code or otherwise failing to qualify as a REIT. These ownership limits could delay or prevent a transaction or a change in control of us that might involve a premium price for shares of our common stock or otherwise be in the best interest of our stockholders.
Certain financing activities may subject us to U.S. federal income tax and increase the tax liability of our stockholders.
We may enter into transactions that could result in us, the operating partnership or a portion of the operating partnership’s assets being treated as a “taxable mortgage pool” for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Specifically, we may securitize residential or commercial real estate loans that we originate or acquire and such securitizations, to the extent structured in a manner other than a REMIC, would likely result in us owning interests in a “taxable mortgage pool”. We would be precluded from holding equity interests in such a taxable mortgage pool securitization through the operating partnership. Accordingly, we would likely enter into such transactions through a qualified REIT subsidiary of one or more subsidiary REITs formed by the operating partnership, and will be precluded from selling to outside investors equity interests in such
securitizations or from selling any debt securities issued in connection with such securitizations that might be considered equity for U.S. federal income tax purposes. We will be taxed at the highest U.S. federal corporate income tax rate on any “excess inclusion income” arising from a taxable mortgage pool that is allocable to the percentage of our shares held in record name by “disqualified organizations,” which are generally certain cooperatives, governmental entities and tax-exempt organizations that are exempt from tax on unrelated business taxable income. To the extent that common stock owned by “disqualified organizations” is held in record name by a broker/dealer or other nominee, the broker/dealer or other nominee would be liable for the U.S. federal corporate income tax on the portion of our excess inclusion income allocable to the common stock held by the broker/dealer or other nominee on behalf of the disqualified organizations. Disqualified organizations may own our stock. Because this tax would be imposed on us, all of our investors, including investors that are not disqualified organizations, will bear a portion of the tax cost associated with the classification of us or a portion of our assets as a taxable mortgage pool. A regulated investment company, or “RIC”, or other pass-through entity owning our common stock in record name will be subject to tax at the highest corporate tax rate on any excess inclusion income allocated to their owners that are disqualified organizations. We have engaged in certain securitization transactions that are treated as taxable mortgage pools for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Although we believe that such transactions are structured in a manner so that they should not cause any portion of the distributions in our shares to be treated as excess inclusion income, no assurance can be provided that the IRS would not assert a contrary position.
In addition, if we realize excess inclusion income and allocate it to our stockholders, this income cannot be offset by net operating losses of our stockholders. If the stockholder is a tax-exempt entity and not a disqualified organization, then this income is fully taxable as unrelated business taxable income under Section 512 of the Code. If the stockholder is a non-U.S. person, it would be subject to U.S. federal income tax withholding on this income without reduction or exemption pursuant to any otherwise applicable income tax treaty. If the stockholder is a REIT, a Registered Investment Company, common trust fund or other pass-through entity, our allocable share of its excess inclusion income could be considered excess inclusion income of such entity. Accordingly, such investors should be aware that a portion of our income may be considered excess inclusion income.
The tax on prohibited transactions will limit our ability to engage in transactions, including certain methods of securitizing mortgage loans, which would be treated as prohibited transactions for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
Net income that we derive from a prohibited transaction is subject to a 100% tax. The term “prohibited transaction” generally includes a sale or other disposition of property (including mortgage loans, but other than foreclosure property, as discussed below) that is held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business by us or by a borrower that has issued a shared appreciation mortgage or similar debt instrument to us. We might be subject to this tax if we were to dispose of or securitize loans, directly or through a subsidiary REIT, in a manner that was treated as a prohibited transaction for U.S. federal income tax purposes. We might also be subject to this tax if we were to sell assets in connection with a disposition of certain segments of our business or in connection with a liquidation of us. The 100% tax does not apply to gains from the sale of property that is held through a TRS or other taxable corporation, although such income will be subject to tax in the hands of the corporation at regular corporate rates. We intend to conduct our operations so that any asset that we or a subsidiary REIT owns that could be treated as held for sale to customers in the ordinary course of our business qualifies for certain safe harbor provisions that prevent the application of this prohibited transaction tax. However, no assurance can be provided that such safe harbor provisions will apply. Moreover, as a result of the prohibited transaction tax we may choose not to engage in certain sales of loans at the REIT level, and may limit the structures we utilize for our securitization transactions, even though the sales or structures might otherwise be beneficial to us. In addition, whether property is held "primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business" depends on the particular facts and circumstances. No assurance can be given that any property that we sell, other than property sold through a TRS or property that satisfies the safe harbor described above, will not be treated as property held for sale to customers. As a result, no assurance can be provided that we will not be subject to prohibited transaction tax.
Characterization of our repurchase agreements entered into to finance our investments as sales for tax purposes rather than as secured lending transactions would adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT.
We enter into repurchase agreements with counterparties to achieve our desired amount of leverage for the assets in which we invest. Under our repurchase agreements, we generally sell assets to our counterparty to the agreement and receive cash from the counterparty. The counterparty is obligated to resell the assets back to us at the end of the term of the transaction. We believe that for U.S. federal income tax purposes we will be treated as the owner of the assets that are the subject of repurchase agreements and that the repurchase agreements will be treated as secured lending transactions notwithstanding that such agreements may transfer record ownership of the assets to the counterparty during the term of
the agreement. It is possible, however, that the IRS could successfully assert that we did not own these assets during the term of the repurchase agreements, in which case we could fail to qualify as a REIT.
The failure of excess MSRs held by us to qualify as real estate assets, or the failure of the income from excess MSRs to qualify as interest from mortgages, could adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT.
We may hold excess MSRs. In certain private letter rulings, the IRS ruled that excess MSRs meeting certain requirements would be treated as an interest in mortgages on real property and thus a real estate asset for purposes of the 75% REIT asset test, and interest received by a REIT from such excess MSRs will be considered interest on obligations secured by mortgages on real property for purposes of the 75% REIT gross income test. A private letter ruling may be relied upon only by the taxpayer to whom it is issued, and the IRS may revoke a private letter ruling. Consistent with the analysis adopted by the IRS in such private letter rulings and based on advice of counsel, we intend to treat any excess MSRs that we acquire that meet the requirements provided in the private letter rulings as qualifying assets for purposes of the 75% REIT gross asset test, and we intend to treat income from such excess MSRs as qualifying income for purposes of the 75% and 95% gross income tests. Notwithstanding the IRS’s determination in the private letter rulings described above, it is possible that the IRS could successfully assert that any excess MSRs that we acquire do not qualify for purposes of the 75% REIT asset test and income from such MSRs does not qualify for purposes of the 75% and/or 95% gross income tests, which could cause us to be subject to a penalty tax and could adversely impact our ability to qualify as a REIT.
If we were to make a taxable distribution of shares of our stock, stockholders may be required to sell such shares or sell other assets owned by them in order to pay any tax imposed on such distribution.
We may be able to distribute taxable dividends that are payable in shares of our stock. If we were to make such a taxable distribution of shares of our stock, stockholders would be required to include the full amount of such distribution as income. As a result, a stockholder may be required to pay tax with respect to such dividends in excess of cash received. Accordingly, stockholders receiving a distribution of our shares may be required to sell shares received in such distribution or may be required to sell other stock or assets owned by them, at a time that may be disadvantageous, in order to satisfy any tax imposed on such distribution. If a stockholder sells the shares it receives as a dividend in order to pay such tax, the sale proceeds may be less than the amount included in income with respect to the dividend. Moreover, in the case of a taxable distribution of shares of our stock with respect to which any withholding tax is imposed on a non-U.S. stockholder, we may have to withhold or dispose of part of the shares in such distribution and use such withheld shares or the proceeds of such disposition to satisfy the withholding tax imposed.
Complying with REIT requirements may limit our ability to hedge effectively.
The REIT provisions of the Code may limit our ability to hedge our assets and operations. Under these provisions, any income that we generate from transactions intended to hedge our interest rate risks will generally be excluded from gross income for purposes of the 75% and 95% gross income tests if (i) the instrument (A) hedges interest rate risk or foreign currency exposure on liabilities used to carry or acquire real estate assets or (B) hedges risk of currency fluctuations with respect to any item of income or gain that would be qualifying income under the 75% or 95% gross income tests, or (C) hedges an instrument described in clause (A) or (B) for a period following the extinguishment of the liability or the disposition of the asset that was previously hedged by the hedged instrument, and (ii) such instrument is properly identified under applicable Treasury Regulations. Any income from other hedges would generally constitute non-qualifying income for purposes of both the 75% and 95% gross income tests. As a result of these rules, we may have to limit our use of hedging techniques that might otherwise be advantageous or implement those hedges through a TRS, which could increase the cost of our hedging activities or result in greater risks associated with interest rate or other changes than we would otherwise incur.
Even if we qualify as a REIT, we may face tax liabilities that reduce our cash flow.
Even if we qualify as a REIT, we may be subject to certain U.S. federal, state and local taxes on our income and assets, including taxes on any undistributed income, tax on income from some activities conducted as a result of foreclosures, and state or local income, franchise, property and transfer taxes, including mortgage-related taxes. In addition, we intend to hold a significant amount of our assets from time to time in our TRSs each of which pay U.S. federal, state and local income tax on its taxable income, and its after tax net income is available for distribution to us but is not required to be distributed to us by such TRS. In order to meet the REIT qualification requirements, or to avoid the imposition of a 100% tax that applies to certain gains derived by a REIT from sales of inventory or property held primarily for sale to customers
in the ordinary course of business, we may hold some of our assets through taxable subsidiary corporations, including domestic TRSs. Any taxes paid by such subsidiary corporations would decrease the cash available for distribution to our stockholders. For example, as a result of ReadyCap Holdings’ SBA license, ReadyCap Holdings’ ability to distribute cash and other assets is subject to significant limitations, and as a result, ReadyCap Holdings is required to hold certain assets that would be qualifying real estate assets for purposes of the REIT asset tests, would generate qualifying income for purposes of the REIT 75% income tests, and would not be subject to corporate taxation if held by our operating partnership. Also, we intend that loans that we originate or buy with an intention of selling in a manner that might expose us to the 100% tax on “prohibited transactions” will be originated or bought by a TRS. Furthermore, loans that are to be modified may be held by a TRS on the date of their modification and for a period of time thereafter. Finally, some or all of the real estate properties that we may from time to time acquire by foreclosure or other procedure will likely be held in one or more TRSs. Since our TRSs do not file consolidated returns with one another, any net losses generated by one such entity will not offset net income generated by any other such entity. In addition, the TRS rules impose a 100% excise tax on certain transactions between a TRS and its parent REIT that are not conducted on an arm’s-length basis. Furthermore, if we acquire appreciated assets from a subchapter C corporation in a transaction in which the adjusted tax basis of the assets in our hands is determined by reference to the adjusted tax basis of the assets in the hands of the C corporation, and if we subsequently dispose of any such assets during the 5-year period following the acquisition of the assets from the C corporation, we will be subject to tax at the highest corporate tax rates on any gain from such assets to the extent of the excess of the fair market value of the assets on the date that they were contributed to us over the basis of such assets on such date, which we refer to as built-in gains. A portion of the assets contributed to Pre-Merger Sutherland in connection with the REIT formation transactions and contributed to ZAIS Financial in connection with its formation may be subject to the built-in gains tax. Although we expect that the built-in gains tax liability arising from any such assets should be de minimis, there is no assurance that this will be the case.
Our qualification as a REIT and exemption from U.S. federal income tax with respect to certain assets may be dependent on the accuracy of legal opinions or advice rendered or given, statements by the issuers of assets that we acquire, or information provided by our shareholders or other third parties, and the inaccuracy of any such opinions, advice or statements may adversely affect our REIT qualification and result in significant corporate-level tax.
When purchasing securities, we may rely on opinions or advice of counsel for the issuer of such securities, or statements made in related offering documents, for purposes of determining whether such securities represent debt or equity securities for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and also to what extent those securities constitute REIT real estate assets for purposes of the REIT asset tests and produce income which qualifies under the 75% REIT gross income test. In addition, when purchasing the equity tranche of a securitization, we may rely on opinions or advice of counsel regarding the qualification of the securitization for exemption from U.S. corporate income tax and the qualification of interests in such securitization as debt for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The inaccuracy of any such opinions, advice or statements may adversely affect our REIT qualification and result in significant corporate-level tax.
In addition, for purposes of the REIT gross income tests, rental income qualifies as rents from real property only to the extent that we do not directly or constructively own, (i) in the case of any tenant which is a corporation, stock possessing 10% or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote, or 10% or more of the total value of shares of all classes of stock of such tenant, or (ii) in the case of any tenant which is not a corporation, an interest of 10% or more in the assets or net profits of such tenant. We monitor the rental income generated by properties owned by us in order to determine if the rent is treated as paid by an entity that is treated as related to us for purposes of these rules. However, the attribution rules that apply for purposes of the above rules are complex. In order to determine whether we are deemed to hold an interest in the tenant under these attribution rules, we are required to rely on information that we obtain from our shareholders and other third parties regarding potential relationships that could cause us to be treated as owning an interest in such tenants. No assurance can be provided that we will have access to all information necessary to make this determination, and as a result no assurance can be provided that the rental income we receive will not be treated as received from related parties under these rules, which could adversely impact our ability to qualify as a REIT.
We may be subject to adverse legislative or regulatory tax changes that could reduce the value of our common stock.
At any time, the U.S. federal income tax laws or regulations governing REITs or the administrative interpretations of those laws or regulations may be amended, possibly with retroactive effect. We cannot predict when or if any new U.S. federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation, or any amendment to any existing U.S. federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation, will be adopted, promulgated or become effective, and any such law, regulation
or interpretation may take effect retroactively. We and our stockholders could be adversely affected by any such change in, or any new, U.S. federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation.
The tax basis that we use to compute taxable income with respect to certain interests in loans that were held by our operating partnership at the time of the REIT formation transaction could be subject to challenge.
Prior to the REIT formation transactions, our operating partnership had accounted for its interest in certain SBC securitizations as an interest in a single debt instrument for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In connection with the REIT formation transactions, the predecessor to our operating partnership was treated as terminated for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and our operating partnership was treated as a new partnership that acquired the assets of such predecessor for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Beginning with such transactions, our operating partnership has properly accounted for our interests in these securitizations as interests in the underlying loans for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Since we did not have complete information regarding the tax basis of each of the loans held by our operating partnership at the time of the REIT formation transactions, our computation of taxable income with respect to these interests could be subject to adjustment by the IRS. If any such adjustment would be significant in amount, the resulting redetermination of our gross income for U.S. federal income tax purposes could cause us or Pre-Merger Sutherland to fail to satisfy the REIT gross income tests, which could cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT. In addition, if any such adjustment resulted in an increase to our or Pre-Merger Sutherland's REIT taxable income, we could be required to pay a deficiency dividend in order to maintain our REIT qualification.
Potential changes to the U.S. tax laws could adversely impact us.
The U.S. federal income tax laws and regulations governing REITs and their stockholders, as well as the administrative interpretations of those laws and regulations, are constantly under review and may be changed at any time, possibly with retroactive effect. No assurance can be given as to whether, when, or in what form, the U.S. federal income tax laws applicable to us and our stockholders may be enacted. Changes to the U.S. federal income tax laws and interpretations of U.S. federal tax laws could adversely affect an investment in our common stock.
The enacted Tax Act, which was signed into law on December 22, 2017, significantly changed U.S. federal income tax laws applicable to businesses and their owners, including REITs and their stockholders, and may lessen the relative competitive advantage of operating as a REIT rather than as a C corporation.
Risks Related to Our Organization and Structure
Conflicts of interest could arise as a result of our REIT structure.
Conflicts of interest could arise in the future as a result of the relationships between us and our affiliates, on the one hand, and our operating partnership or any partner thereof, on the other. Our directors and officers have duties to our Company under Maryland law in connection with their management of our Company. At the same time, we have fiduciary duties, as a general partner, to our operating partnership and to the limited partners under Delaware law in connection with the management of our operating partnership. Our duties as a general partner to our operating partnership and our partners may come into conflict with the duties of our directors and officers.
Certain provisions of Maryland law could inhibit changes in control and prevent our stockholders from realizing a premium over the then-prevailing market price of our common stock.
Certain provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law (“MGCL”) may have the effect of deterring a third party from making a proposal to acquire us or of impeding a change in control under circumstances that otherwise could provide the holders of shares of our common stock with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then-prevailing market price of our common stock, including:
● "business combination" provisions of the MGCL that, subject to limitations, prohibit certain business combinations between us and an "interested stockholder" (defined generally as any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of our then outstanding voting stock or an affiliate or associate of ours who, at any time within the two-year period prior to the date in question, was the beneficial owner of 10% or more of our then outstanding voting stock) or an affiliate thereof for five years after the most recent date on which the stockholder becomes an interested stockholder and, thereafter, impose fair price and/or supermajority stockholder voting requirements on these combinations;
● "control share" provisions of the MGCL that provide that a holder of "control shares" of a Maryland corporation (defined as shares which, when aggregated with all other shares controlled by the stockholder (except solely by virtue of a revocable proxy), entitle the stockholder to exercise one of three increasing ranges of voting power in electing directors) acquired in a "control share acquisition" (defined as the direct or indirect acquisition of ownership or control of issued and outstanding "control shares") has no voting rights with respect to such shares except to the extent approved by our stockholders by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of all the votes entitled to be cast on the matter, excluding votes entitled to be cast by the acquirer of control shares, our officers and personnel who are also directors; and
● "unsolicited takeover" provisions of the MGCL that permit our board of directors, without stockholder approval and regardless of what is currently provided in our charter or bylaws, to implement takeover defenses, some of which (for example, a classified board) we do not yet have.
As permitted by the MGCL, our board of directors has by resolution exempted from the "business combination" provision of the MGC business combinations (1) between us and any other person, provided that such business combination is first approved by our board of directors (including a majority of our directors who are not affiliates or associates of such person) and (2) between us and Apollo and its affiliates and associates and persons acting in concert with any of the foregoing. Our bylaws contain a provision exempting from the control share acquisition statute any and all acquisitions by any person of shares of our stock. There can be no assurance that these exemptions will not be amended or eliminated at any time in the future.
Our ability to issue additional shares of common and preferred stock may prevent a change in our control.
Our charter authorizes us to issue additional authorized but unissued shares of common or preferred stock. In addition, our board of directors may, without common stockholder approval, amend our charter to increase or decrease the aggregate number of shares of our stock or the number of shares of stock of any class or series that we have the authority to issue. As a result, our board of directors may establish a class or series of shares of common or preferred stock that could delay or prevent a transaction or a change in control that might involve a premium price for shares of our common stock or otherwise be in the best interest of our stockholders.
Our rights and your rights to take action against our directors and officers are limited, which could limit your recourse in the event of actions not in your best interests.
As permitted by Maryland law, our charter eliminates the liability of our directors and officers to us and you for money damages, except for liability resulting from:
● actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services; or
● a final judgment based upon a finding of active and deliberate dishonesty by the director or officer that was material to the cause of action adjudicated.
In addition, our charter authorizes us, to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law, to obligate our Company, and our bylaws obligate us, to indemnify any present or former director or officer or any individual who, while a director or officer of our Company and at our request, serves or has served another corporation, real estate investment trust, limited liability company, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise as a director, officer, member, manager, partner or trustee who is, or is threatened to be, made a party to, or witness in, a proceeding by reason of his or her service in any such capacity from and against any claim or liability to which that individual may become subject or which that individual may incur by reason of such service and to pay or reimburse his or her reasonable expenses in advance of final disposition of a proceeding. Our charter and bylaws also permit us to indemnify and advance expenses to any individual who served a predecessor of our Company in any of the capacities described above and any employee or agent of our Company or a predecessor of our Company.
Our amended and restated bylaws designates the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland as the sole and exclusive forum for some litigation, which could limit the ability of stockholders to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with our Company.
Unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland, or, if that court does not have jurisdiction, the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, Baltimore Division is the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of our Company, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of any duty owed by any director or officer or other employee of our Company to our Company or to our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim against our Company or any director or officer or other employee of our Company arising pursuant to any provision of the MGCL or our charter or bylaws, or (iv) any action asserting a claim against our Company or any director or officer or other employee of our Company that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock shall be deemed to have notice of and to have consented to the provisions described above. This forum selection provision may limit the ability of stockholders of our Company to obtain a judicial forum that they find favorable for disputes with our Company or our directors, officers, employees, if any, or other stockholders.
General Risk Factors
Future offerings of debt or equity securities, which may rank senior to our common stock, may adversely affect the market price of the common stock.
If we decide to issue additional debt securities in the future, which would rank senior to our common stock, it is likely that they will be governed by an indenture or other instrument containing covenants restricting our operating flexibility. Additionally, any equity securities or convertible or exchangeable securities that we issue in the future may have rights, preferences and privileges more favorable than those of our common stock and may result in dilution to owners of our common stock. We and, indirectly, our stockholders, will bear the cost of issuing and servicing such securities. Because our decision to issue debt or equity securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. Thus, holders of our common stock will bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the market price of our common stock and diluting the value of their stock holdings in the Company.
We cannot assure you of our ability to pay distributions in the future.
To maintain our qualification as a REIT and generally not be subject to U.S. federal income tax, we intend to make regular quarterly distributions to holders of our common stock out of legally available funds. Our current policy is to distribute our net taxable income to our stockholders in a manner intended to satisfy the 90% distribution requirement and to avoid corporate income tax. We expect to continue our current distribution practices in the future, but our ability to pay distributions may be adversely affected by a number of factors, including the risk factors described in this annual report on Form 10-K. All distributions will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our earnings, financial condition, debt covenants, maintenance of our REIT qualification, restrictions on making distributions under Maryland law and other factors as our board of directors may deem relevant from time to time. We may not be able to make distributions in the future, and our board of directors may change our distribution policy in the future. We believe that a change in any one of the following factors, among others, could adversely affect our results of operations and impair our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders:
● the profitability of the assets we hold or acquire;
● our ability to make profitable acquisitions;
● margin calls or other expenses that reduce our cash flow;
● defaults in our asset portfolio or decreases in the value of our portfolio; and
● the fact that anticipated operating expense levels may not prove accurate, as actual results may vary from estimates.
We cannot assure you that we will achieve results that will allow us to make a specified level of cash distributions or year-to-year increases in cash distributions in the future. In addition, some of our distributions may include a return of capital.
Interest rate fluctuations may adversely affect the level of our net income and the value of our assets and common stock.
Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary and tax policies, domestic and international economic and political considerations and other factors beyond our control. Interest rate fluctuations present a variety of risks, including the risk of a narrowing of the difference between asset yields and borrowing rates, flattening or inversion of the yield curve and fluctuating prepayment rates, and may adversely affect our income and the value of our assets and common stock.
Changes in accounting rules could occur at any time and could impact us in significantly negative ways that we are unable to predict or protect against.
As has been widely publicized, the SEC, the FASB and other regulatory bodies that establish the accounting rules applicable to us have proposed or enacted a wide array of changes to accounting rules over the last several years. Moreover, in the future these regulators may propose additional changes that we do not currently anticipate. Changes to accounting rules that apply to us could significantly impact our business or our reported financial performance in negative ways that we cannot predict or protect against. We cannot predict whether any changes to current accounting rules will occur or what impact any codified changes will have on our business, results of operations, liquidity or financial condition.
Failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act could have a material adverse effect on our business and stock price.
As a public company, we are required to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Internal control over financial reporting is complex and may be revised over time to adapt to changes in our business or changes in applicable accounting rules. We cannot assure you that our internal control over financial reporting will be effective in the future or that a material weakness will not be discovered with respect to a prior period for which we believe that internal controls were effective. If we are not able to maintain or document effective internal control over financial reporting, our independent registered public accounting firm may not be able to certify as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of the required dates. Matters impacting our internal controls may cause us to be unable to report our financial information on a timely basis, or may cause us to restate previously issued financial information, and thereby subject us to adverse regulatory consequences, including sanctions or investigations by the SEC or violations of applicable stock exchange listing rules. There could also be a negative reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of investor confidence in us and the reliability of our financial statements. Confidence in the reliability of our financial statements is also likely to suffer if we or our independent registered public accounting firm reports a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. This could materially and adversely affect us by, for example, leading to a decline in our stock price and impairing our ability to raise capital.
Our inability to access funding could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and business. We will rely on short-term financing and thus are especially exposed to changes in the availability of financing.
We will use short-term borrowings, such as our existing credit facilities and repurchase agreements, to fund the acquisition of our assets, pending our completion of longer-term matched funded financings. Our use of short-term financing exposes us to the risk that our lenders may respond to market conditions by making it more difficult for us to renew or replace on a continuous basis our maturing short-term borrowings. If we are not able to renew our then existing short-term facilities or arrange for new financing on terms acceptable to us, or if we default on our covenants or are otherwise unable to access funds under these types of financing, we may have to curtail our asset acquisition and origination activities and/or dispose of assets.
Our ability to fund our target asset originations and acquisitions may be impacted by our ability to secure further such borrowings as well as securitizations, term financings and derivative contracts on acceptable terms. Because repurchase agreements and warehouse facilities are short-term commitments of capital, lenders may respond to market conditions making it more difficult for us to renew or replace on a continuous basis our maturing short-term borrowings. If we are not able to renew our then existing facilities or arrange for new financing on terms acceptable to us, or if we default on our covenants or are otherwise unable to access funds under our financing facilities, we may have to curtail our origination and asset acquisition activities and/or dispose of assets.
It is possible that the lenders that will provide us with financing could experience changes in their ability to advance funds to us, independent of our performance or the performance of our portfolio of assets. Further, if many of our potential lenders are unwilling or unable to provide us with financing, we could be forced to sell our assets at an inopportune time when prices are depressed. In addition, if the regulatory capital requirements imposed on our lenders change, they may be required to significantly increase the cost of the financing that they provide to us. Our lenders also may revise their eligibility requirements for the types of assets they are willing to finance or the terms of such financings, based on, among other factors, the regulatory environment and their management of perceived risk, particularly with respect to assignee liability. Moreover, the amount of financing we receive under our short-term borrowing arrangements will be directly related to the lenders’ valuation of our target assets that cover the outstanding borrowings.
An increase in our borrowing costs relative to the interest we receive on our leveraged assets may adversely affect our profitability and our cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
As our financings mature, we will be required either to enter into new borrowings or to sell certain of our assets. An increase in short-term interest rates at the time that we seek to enter into new borrowings would reduce the spread between the returns on our assets and the cost of our borrowings. This would adversely affect the returns on our assets, which might reduce earnings and, in turn, cash available for distribution to our stockholders.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Item 2. Properties
Our principal executive offices are located at 1251 Avenue of the Americas, 50th Floor, New York, New York 10020, and our telephone number is (212) 257-4600. We also use the offices of ReadyCap Lending located at 200 Connell Drive, Suite 4000, Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, 07922; ReadyCap Commercial, LLC, located at 1320 Greenway Drive, Suite 560, Irving, Texas, 75038; and Knight Capital LLC, located at 110 Southeast 6th Street, Suite 700, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33301. We also use the offices of GMFS located at 7389 Florida Blvd, Suite 200A, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70806 for our residential mortgage banking operations. GMFS also has various branch locations located primarily throughout the southeastern United States.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
From time to time, the Company may be involved in various claims and legal actions in the ordinary course of business.
On January 7, 2021, Shiva Stein, a purported shareholder of Anworth, filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Central District of California, styled Shiva Stein v. Anworth Mortgage Asset Corporation, et al., No. 2:21-cv-00122 (the “Stein Action”). The Stein Action was filed against Anworth and the Anworth Board. The complaint in the Stein Action asserts that the Form S-4 Registration Statement filed on January 4, 2021 in connection with the Merger (the “Initial S-4 Filing”) contained materially incomplete and misleading information concerning financial projections and financial analyses in violation of Sections 14(a) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act and Rule 14a-9 promulgated thereunder. The Stein Action seeks, among other things, an injunction enjoining the Merger from closing, rescission of the Merger or rescissory damages if the Merger is consummated, compensatory damages against the defendants, and an award of attorneys’ and experts’ fees.
On January 12, 2021, Giuseppe Alescio, a purported shareholder of Anworth, filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, styled Giuseppe Alescio v. Anworth Mortgage Asset Corporation, et al., No. 1:21-cv-00258 (the “Alescio Action”). The Alescio Action was filed against Anworth, the Anworth Board, Ready Capital, and Merger Sub. The complaint in the Alescio Action asserts that the Initial S-4 Filing omitted material information concerning financial forecasts and financial analyses in violation of Sections 14(a) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act and Rule 14a-9 promulgated thereunder. The Alescio Action seeks, among other things, an injunction enjoining the Merger from closing, rescission of the Merger or rescissory damages if the Merger is consummated, the filing of an amendment to the registration statement that does not contain any untrue statements of material fact and that states all material facts required in it or necessary to make the statements contained therein not misleading, and an award of attorneys’ and experts’ fees.
On January 19, 2021, Joseph Sheridan, a purported shareholder of Anworth, filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, styled Joseph Sheridan v. Anworth Mortgage Asset Corporation, et al., No. 1:21-cv-00465 (the “Sheridan Action”). The Sheridan Action was filed against Anworth, the Anworth Board, Ready Capital, and Merger Sub. The complaint in the Sheridan Action asserts that the Initial S-4 Filing contained materially incomplete and misleading information concerning the sales process, financial projections, and financial analyses in violation of Sections 14(a) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act and Rule 14a-9 promulgated thereunder. The Sheridan Action seeks, among other things, an injunction enjoining the Merger from closing, rescission of the Merger or rescissory damages if the Merger is consummated, and an award of attorneys’ and experts’ fees.
On January 20, 2021, Ken Bishop, a purported shareholder of Anworth, filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, styled Ken Bishop v. Anworth Mortgage Asset Corporation, et al., No. 1:21-cv-00331 (the “Bishop Action”). The Bishop Action was filed against Anworth and the Anworth Board. The complaint in the Bishop Action asserts that the Initial S-4 Filing contained materially false and misleading statements and omissions concerning financial projections, financial analyses, the sales process and potential conflicts of interest involving Anworth’s financial advisor, Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC (“Credit Suisse”), in violation of Sections 14(a) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act and Rule 14a-9 promulgated thereunder. The Bishop Action seeks, among other things, an injunction enjoining the Merger from closing, rescission of the Merger or rescissory damages if the Merger is consummated, and an award of attorneys’ and experts’ fees.
On January 21, 2021, Samuel Carlisle, a purported shareholder of Anworth, filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Central District of California, styled Samuel Carlisle v. Anworth Mortgage Asset Corporation, et al., No. 2:21-cv-00566 (the “Carlisle Action”). The Carlisle Action was filed against Anworth and the Anworth Board. The complaint in the Carlisle Action asserts that the Initial S-4 Filing omitted or misrepresented material information concerning financial projections, potential conflicts of interest involving Credit Suisse, and the background of the Merger, in violation of Sections 14(a) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act and Rule 14a-9 promulgated thereunder. The Carlisle Action seeks, among other things, an injunction enjoining the Merger from closing, rescission of the Merger or rescissory damages if the Merger is consummated, and an award of attorneys’ and experts’ fees.
On January 26, 2021, Reginald Padilla, a purported shareholder of Anworth, filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Central District of California, styled Reginald Padilla v. Anworth Mortgage Asset Corporation, et al., No. 2:21-cv-00702 (the “Padilla Action”). The Padilla Action was filed against Anworth and the Anworth Board. The complaint in the Padilla Action asserts that the Initial S-4 Filing was materially deficient and misleading in regards to financial projections, potential conflicts of interest involving Credit Suisse, and the background of the Merger, in violation of Sections 14(a) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act and Rule 14a-9 promulgated thereunder. The Padilla Action seeks, among other things, an injunction enjoining the Merger from closing, rescission of the Merger or rescissory damages if the Merger is consummated, the filing of an amendment to the registration statement that does not contain any untrue statements of material fact and that states all material facts required in it or necessary to make the statements contained therein not misleading, and an award of attorneys’ and experts’ fees.
On February 1, 2021, Diane Antasek, as Trustee for The Diane R. Antasek Trust Agreement, April 8, 1997, and Ronald Antasek, as Trustee for the Ronald J. Antasek Sr. Trust Agreement, April 8, 1997, purported shareholders of Anworth, filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Central District of California, styled Antasek et al. v. Anworth Mortgage Asset Corporation, et al., No. 2:21-cv-00917 (the “Antasek Action”). The Antasek Action was filed against Anworth and the Anworth Board. The complaint in the Antasek Action asserts that the Initial S-4 Filing was materially deficient in regards to potential conflicts of interest involving Credit Suisse, financial projections and financial valuation analyses in violation of Sections 14(a) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act and Rule 14a-9 promulgated thereunder, and that the Anworth Board violated their fiduciary duty as a result of an unfair process for an unfair price. The Antasek Action seeks, among other things, an injunction enjoining the Merger from closing, rescission of the Merger or rescissory damages if the Merger is consummated, an order directing the Anworth Board to exercise their fiduciary duties to commence a sale process that is reasonably designed to secure the best possible consideration for Anworth and obtain a transaction which is in the best interests of Anworth and its stockholders, an award of damages sustained, and an award of attorneys’ and experts’ fees.
On February 9, 2021, Sean McGillivray, a purported shareholder of Ready, filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, styled McGillivray v. Ready Capital Corporation, et al., No. 1:21-cv-01152 (the “McGillivray Action”). The McGillivray Action was filed against Ready and the Ready Board. The complaint in the McGillivray Action asserts that the Form S-4/A Registration Statement filed on February 5, 2021 contained materially incomplete and misleading information concerning financial projections and financial analyses in violation of Sections 14(a) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act and Rule 14a-9 promulgated thereunder. The McGillivray Action seeks, among other things, an injunction enjoining the Merger from closing, rescission of the Merger or rescissory damages if the Merger is consummated, compensatory damages against the defendants, and an award of attorneys’ and experts’ fees
On February 25, 2021, Adam Franchi, a purported shareholder of Anworth, filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Central District of California, styled Franchi v. Anworth Mortgage Asset Corporation, et al., No. 2:21-cv-01782 (the “Franchi Action”). The Franchi Action was filed against Anworth and the Anworth Board. The complaint in the Franchi Action asserts that the Schedule 14A Definitive Proxy Statement filed on February 9, 2021 contained materially false and misleading statements and omissions concerning financial projections, financial analyses, the sales process and potential conflicts of interest involving Credit Suisse, in violation of Sections 14(a) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act and Rule 14a-9 promulgated thereunder. The Franchi Action seeks, among other things, an injunction enjoining the Merger from closing, rescission of the Merger or rescissory damages if the Merger is consummated, and an award of attorneys’ and experts’ fees.
On March 1, 2021, Terrance Brodt, a purported shareholder of Anworth, filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, styled Brodt v. Anworth Mortgage Asset Corporation, et al., No. 2:21-cv-00981 (the “Brodt Action” and collectively with the Stein Action, Alescio Action, Sheridan Action, Bishop Action, Carlisle Action, the Padilla Action, the Antasek Action, the McGillivray Action, and the Franchi Action, the “Actions”). The Brodt Action was filed against Anworth, the Anworth Board, Ready and Merger Sub. The complaint in the Brodt Action asserts that the Form 424B3 filed on February 9, 2021 contained materially false and misleading statements and omissions concerning financial projections, financial analyses, and potential conflicts of interest involving Credit Suisse, in violation of Sections 14(a) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act and Rule 14a-9 promulgated thereunder. The Franchi Action seeks, among other things, an injunction enjoining the Merger from closing, rescission of the Merger or rescissory damages if the Merger is consummated, and an award of attorneys’ and experts’ fees.
Anworth and Ready Capital intend to vigorously defend against the Actions.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Market Information
Our common stock is listed for trading on the NYSE under the symbol “RC”.
Holders
As of March 12, 2021, we had 531 registered holders of our common stock. The holders of record include Cede & Co., which holds shares as nominee for The Depository Trust Company, which itself holds shares on behalf of the beneficial owners of our common stock. Such information was obtained through our registrar and transfer agent.
Dividends
We have elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2013. U.S. federal income tax law requires that a REIT distribute annually at least 90% of its REIT taxable income, excluding net capital gains and determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction, and that it pay tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that it annually distributes less than 100% of its net taxable income. Our current policy is to pay distributions, which will allow us to satisfy the requirements to qualify as a REIT and generally not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our undistributed income. Although we may borrow funds to make distributions, cash for such distributions is expected to be largely generated from our consolidated results of operations. Dividends are declared and paid at the discretion of our board of directors and depend on cash available for distribution, financial condition, our ability to maintain our qualification as a REIT, and such other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. See Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” and Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations,” of this annual report on Form 10-K, for information regarding the sources of funds used for dividends and for a discussion of factors, if any, which may adversely affect our ability to pay dividends.
Stockholder Return Performance
On November 1, 2016, we began trading on the NYSE under the ticker symbol “SLD”. On September 26, 2018, Sutherland Asset Management Corporation filed Articles of Amendment to its charter (the “Articles of Amendment”) with the State Department of Assessments and Taxation of Maryland, to change its name to Ready Capital Corporation (the “Company” or “Ready Capital” and together with its subsidiaries “we”, “us” and “our”), a Maryland corporation. In addition, the Company amended and restated its bylaws and the second amended and restated agreement of limited partnership, effective September 26, 2018, each solely the reflect the name change. In connection with the name change, the Company’s trading symbol on the New York Stock Exchange changed from “SLD” to “RC” for shares of the Company’s common stock.
The following graph is a comparison of the cumulative total stockholder return on our shares of common stock, the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index (the “S&P 500 Index”) and a Competitor Composite Average, a peer group index from October 31, 2016 to December 31, 2020.
The following table presents the total return performance of our common stock during the two months ended December 31, 2016 and each of the fiscal years ended December 31, 2017 through 2020, reflecting the post-merger prices of our common stock. Prior to the completion of our merger with ZAIS Financial, shares of common stock of ZAIS Financial traded on the NYSE under the ticker symbol "ZFC". Prior to and as a condition to the merger, ZAIS Financial disposed of its seasoned re-performing mortgage loan portfolio, such that upon the completion of the merger, ZAIS Financial’s assets largely consisted of its GMFS origination subsidiary, cash, conduit loans and RMBS. As a result, ZAIS Financial's business and financial results prior to the merger and during the period covered by the below table were significantly different from our business following the closing of the merger and the total return performance before and after the merger may not be comparable. The stock performance graph and table below shall not be deemed, under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, to be (i) “soliciting material” or “filed” or (ii) incorporated by reference by any general statement into any filing made by the Company with the SEC, except to the extent that the Company specifically incorporates such stock performance graph and table by reference.
The graph assumes that $100 was invested on October 31, 2016 in shares of common stock of Ready Capital Corporation (previously Sutherland Asset Management Corporation), the S&P 500 Index, and each of the Companies shares of common stock included in the Competitor Composite Average and that all dividends were reinvested without the payment of any commissions. There can be no assurance that the performance of our common stock will continue in line with the same or similar trends depicted in the graph below.
*The Competitor Composite Average is a measure of the total return performance of mortgage REIT competitors based on actual share prices of the following companies: Blackstone Mortgage Trust Inc. (BXMT), Starwood Property Trust, Inc. (STWD), Ares Commercial Real Estate Corporation (ACRE), Apollo Commercial Real Estate Finance Inc. (ARI), Arbor Realty Trust, Inc. (ABR), and Ladder Capital Corporation (LADR).
(1) Dividend reinvestment is assumed
Securities Authorized For Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans
The information required by this item is set forth under Item 12 of Part III of this annual report on Form 10-K and is incorporated herein by reference.
Recent Sales of Unregistered Equity Securities; Use of Proceeds from Registered Securities
None.
Recent Purchases of Equity Securities
The table below presents purchases of common stock made by the Company during the fourth quarter of 2020.
Period
Total Number of Shares
Average Price Paid per Share
Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Program(1)(2)
Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Program(1)
October
61,170
$
11.30
61,170
$
15,097,598
November
-
-
-
15,097,598
December
-
-
-
15,097,598
Totals / Averages
61,170
$
11.30
61,170
$
15,097,598
(1) On March 6, 2018, the Company's Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program authorizing, but not obligating, the repurchase of up to $20.0 million of its common stock, which was increased by an additional $5.0 million on August 4, 2020, bringing the total authorized and available under the program to $25.0 million. The Company expects to acquire shares through open market or privately negotiated transactions. The timing and amount of repurchase transactions will be determined by the Company’s management based on its evaluation of market conditions, share price, legal requirements and other factors.
(2) During the three months ended December 31, 2020, certain of our employees surrendered common stock owned by them to satisfy their tax and other compensation related withholdings associated with the vesting of restricted stock units. The price paid per share is based on the price of our common stock as of the date of the withholding.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Item 6. Selected Financial Data
Selected Consolidated Balance Sheet data as of and for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 and Consolidated Statements of Income data for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 are derived from our audited
consolidated financial statements appearing in this annual report on Form 10-K. Remaining selected financial data is derived from our audited consolidated financial statements not appearing elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K. This information should be read in conjunction with Item 1, “Business,” Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” included in this annual report on Form 10-K.
For the Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands, except share data)
Income Statement Data
Interest income
$
258,636
$
229,916
$
169,499
$
138,305
$
137,023
Interest expense
(175,481)
(151,880)
(109,238)
(74,646)
(57,772)
Provision for loan losses
(34,726)
(3,684)
(1,701)
(2,363)
(7,819)
Other non-interest income (expense)
6,024
(9,848)
4,283
(12,843)
(6,217)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes
(8,384)
10,552
(1,386)
(1,839)
(9,651)
Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest
1,199
2,088
61,457
45,814
55,564
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax
-
-
-
-
(2,158)
Net income
46,069
75,056
61,457
45,814
53,406
Net income attributable to Ready Capital Corporation
44,870
72,968
59,258
43,290
49,169
Basic earnings per share:
Continuing operations
$
0.81
$
1.72
$
1.84
$
1.38
$
1.93
Net income
$
0.81
$
1.72
$
1.84
$
1.38
$
1.85
Diluted earnings per share:
Continuing operations
$
0.81
$
1.72
$
1.84
$
1.38
$
1.93
Net income
$
0.81
$
1.72
$
1.84
$
1.38
$
1.85
Dividends declared per share of common stock
$
1.30
$
1.60
$
1.57
$
1.48
$
1.61
Weighted-average basic shares of common stock outstanding
53,736,523
42,011,750
32,085,975
31,350,102
26,647,981
Balance Sheet Data
Total assets
$
5,372,095
$
4,977,018
$
3,036,843
$
2,523,503
$
2,605,267
Total liabilities
$
4,537,887
$
4,132,234
$
2,472,768
$
1,968,036
$
2,053,165
Total Ready Capital Corporation Stockholders' equity
$
815,396
$
825,412
$
544,831
$
536,073
$
513,097
Total non-controlling interests
$
18,812
$
19,372
$
19,244
$
19,394
$
39,005
On October 31, 2016, we became a publicly traded company through our merger with and into a subsidiary of ZAIS Financial, with ZAIS Financial surviving the merger and changing its name to Sutherland Asset Management Corporation and subsequently changed to Ready Capital Corporation. We were designated as the accounting acquirer because of our larger pre-merger size relative to ZAIS Financial, the relative voting interests of our stockholders after consummation of the merger, and our senior management and board continuing on after the consummation of the merger. Because we were designated as the accounting acquirer, our historical financial statements (and not those of ZAIS Financial) are the historical financial statements following the consummation of the merger and are included in this annual report on Form 10-K. Our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016 include for the last two months of the year the operating results related to the assets of ZAIS Financial which were not disposed of prior to the closing of the merger.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Introduction
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is intended to provide a reader of our financial statements with a narrative from the perspective of our management on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and certain other factors that may affect our future results. Our MD&A is presented in five main sections:
● Overview
● Results of Operations
● Liquidity and Capital Resources
● Off Balance Sheet Arrangements and Contractual Obligations
● Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and accompanying Notes included in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” of this annual report on Form 10-K. In addition to historical data, this discussion contains forward-looking statements about our business, operations and financial performance based on current expectations that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results may differ materially from those in this discussion as a result of various factors, including but not limited to those discussed in Part, 1. Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in this annual report on Form 10-K.
Overview
Our Business
We are a multi-strategy real estate finance company that originates, acquires, finances, and services SBC loans, SBA loans, residential mortgage loans, and to a lesser extent, MBS collateralized primarily by SBC loans, or other real estate-related investments. Our loans generally range in original principal amounts up to $35 million and are used by businesses to purchase real estate used in their operations or by investors seeking to acquire small multi-family, office, retail, mixed use or warehouse properties. Our originations and acquisition platforms consist of the following four operating segments:
● Acquisitions. We acquire performing and non-performing SBC loans as part of our business strategy. We hold performing SBC loans to term, and we seek to maximize the value of the non-performing SBC loans acquired by us through borrower-based resolution strategies. We typically acquire non-performing loans at a discount to their unpaid principal balance (“UPB”) when we believe that resolution of the loans will provide attractive risk-adjusted returns. We also acquire purchased future receivables through our Knight Capital platform.
● SBC Originations. We originate SBC loans secured by stabilized or transitional investor properties using multiple loan origination channels through our wholly-owned subsidiary, ReadyCap Commercial, LLC (“ReadyCap Commercial”). These originated loans are generally held-for-investment or placed into securitization structures. Additionally, as part of this segment, we originate and service multi-family loan products under the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation’s Small Balance Loan Program (“Freddie Mac” and the “Freddie Mac program”). These originated loans are held for sale, then sold to Freddie Mac.
● SBA Originations, Acquisitions and Servicing. We acquire, originate and service owner-occupied loans guaranteed by the SBA under its Section 7(a) loan program (the “SBA Section 7(a) Program”) through our wholly-owned subsidiary, ReadyCap Lending, LLC (“ReadyCap Lending”). We hold an SBA license as one of only 14 non-bank Small Business Lending Companies (“SBLCs”) and have been granted preferred lender status by the SBA. These originated loans are either held-for-investment, placed into securitization structures, or sold.
● Residential Mortgage Banking. We operate our residential mortgage loan origination segment through our wholly-owned subsidiary, GMFS, LLC ("GMFS"). GMFS originates residential mortgage loans eligible to be purchased, guaranteed or insured by the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), Freddie Mac, Federal Housing Administration (“FHA”), U.S. Department of Agriculture (“USDA”) and U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (“VA”) through retail, correspondent and broker channels. These originated loans are then sold to third parties, primarily agency lending programs.
Our objective is to provide attractive risk-adjusted returns to our stockholders, primarily through dividends and secondarily through capital appreciation. In order to achieve this objective, we intend to continue to grow our investment portfolio and we believe that the breadth of our full service real estate finance platform will allow us to adapt to market conditions and deploy capital in our asset classes and segments with the most attractive risk-adjusted returns.
We are organized and conduct our operations to qualify as a REIT under the Code. So long as we qualify as a REIT, we are generally not subject to U.S. federal income tax on our net taxable income to the extent that we annually distribute all of our net taxable income to stockholders. We are organized in a traditional UpREIT format pursuant to which we serve as the general partner of, and conduct substantially all of our business through Sutherland Partners, LP, or our operating partnership, which serves as our operating partnership subsidiary. We also intend to operate our business in a manner that will permit us to be excluded from registration as an investment company under the 1940 Act.
For additional information on our business, refer to Part I, Item 1, “Business” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
2020 marked the Great COVID Recession which shocked our core commercial real estate debt market. Despite these challenges, Ready Capital delivered record results in a recession due to our diversified business model. The following items highlight Ready Capital’s differentiated business model and our commitment to provide attractive risk-adjusted returns to our stockholders, primarily through dividends and capital appreciation.
● Despite pandemic shutdown for over half the year, we originated and acquired $910 million of SBC loans to be held on balance sheet. As of December 31, 2020, we held $4.2 billion portfolio of SBC loans, which provides stable net interest income and is core to our stable dividend. Our strong credit culture has held 60+ day delinquencies at 2.7%, vs 6% in the large balance CMBS market, with a weighted average coupon of 5.4% and duration of 7 years.
● At year end, we serviced over $11.7 billion of loans across our residential, SBA and Freddie Mac platforms, with a weighted average servicing fee of 34bps.
● We added $4.9 billion of originations in our government sponsored SBA, residential and Freddie Mac gain on sale businesses, an 83% increase from prior year.
● Our SBA 7(a) lending subsidiary has originated $820 million since inception, including $83 million and $65 million in third and fourth quarters of 2020, respectively. We continue to grow market share in 2020, rising from 14th to 9th largest 7(a) lender and 2nd non-bank lender. Throughout the pandemic, bilateral support in DC for the SBA is evident in 2 rounds of the Paycheck Protection Program, principal and interest support on 7(a) loans and the increase in government guarantee from 75% to 90%.
● We also continue to expand our Freddie Mac SBL and broader GSE lending operations actively lending during the pandemic with $545 million in 2020 originations. Demand for this product continues to grow due to low rates relative to banks and stable demand due to the strength of the SBL multifamily market as rent growth and collections have held up through the pandemic. Additionally, we entered into two agency correspondence agreements in 2020, which will allow us to provide a full suite of GSE products. We expect volume through these new programs to experience modest growth as we build out the necessary infrastructure to achieve scale.
● Residential mortgage originations and GMFS experienced record volume and profitability. In 2020, GMFS originated $4.2 billion at margins averaging 285bps. Year-over year volume growth was 100% and average margins were 2.0x 2019 levels. Additionally, we added $1.4 billion of net loans to the servicing asset and lowered weighted average coupon 9% to 368bps.
● Despite headwinds in the sector, we securitized over $609 million of loans, renewed 6 credit facilities and managed average recourse leverage to 2.1x. Finally, we continued to find an accretive way to expand and scale our business through the signing of the Anworth merger.
Factors Impacting Operating Results
We expect that our results of operations will be affected by a number of factors and will primarily depend on, among other things, the level of the interest income from our assets, the market value of our assets and the supply of, and demand for, SBC and SBA loans, residential loans, MBS and other assets we may acquire in the future and the financing and other costs associated with our business. Our net investment income, which includes the amortization of purchase premiums and accretion of purchase discounts, varies primarily as a result of changes in market interest rates, the rate at which our distressed assets are liquidated and the prepayment speed of our performing assets. Interest rates and prepayment speeds vary according to the type of investment, conditions in the financial markets, competition and other factors, none of which can be predicted with any certainty. Our operating results may also be impacted by conditions in the financial markets, credit losses in excess of initial estimates or unanticipated credit events experienced by borrowers whose loans are held directly by us or are included in our MBS. Our operating results may also be impacted by difficult market conditions as well as inflation, energy costs, geopolitical issues, health epidemics and outbreaks of contagious diseases, such as the recent outbreak of COVID-19, unemployment and the availability and cost of credit. Our operating results will also be impacted by our available borrowing capacity.
Changes in Market Interest Rates. We own and expect to acquire or originate fixed rate mortgages (“FRMs”), and ARMs, with maturities ranging from five to 30 years. Our loans typically have amortization periods of 15 to 30 years or balloon payments due in five to ten years. ARM loans generally have a fixed interest rate for a period of five, seven or ten years and then an adjustable interest rate equal to the sum of an index rate, such as the LIBOR, plus a margin, while FRM loans bear interest that is fixed for the term of the loan. As of December 31, 2020, approximately 57% of the loans in our portfolio were ARMs, and 43% were FRMs, based on UPB. We utilize derivative financial and hedging instruments in an effort to hedge the interest rate risk associated with our ARMs.
With respect to our business operations, increases in interest rates, in general, may over time cause:
● the interest expense associated with our variable-rate borrowings to increase;
● the value of fixed-rate loans, MBS and other real estate-related assets to decline;
● coupons on variable-rate loans and MBS to reset to higher interest rates; and
● prepayments on loans and MBS to slow.
Conversely, decreases in interest rates, in general, may over time cause:
● the interest expense associated with variable-rate borrowings to decrease;
● the value of fixed-rate loans, MBS and other real estate-related assets to increase;
● coupons on variable-rate loans and MBS to reset to lower interest rates; and
● prepayments on loans and MBS to increase.
Additionally, non-performing loans are not as interest rate sensitive as performing loans, as earnings on non-performing loans are often generated from restructuring the assets through loss mitigation strategies and opportunistically disposing of them. Because non-performing loans are short-term assets, the discount rates used for valuation are based on short-term market interest rates, which may not move in tandem with long-term market interest rates. A rising rate environment often means an improving economy, which might have a positive impact on commercial property values, resulting in increased gains on the disposition of these assets. While rising rates could make it more costly to refinance these assets, we expect that the impact of this would be mitigated by higher property values. Moreover, small business owners are generally less interest rate sensitive than large commercial property owners, and interest cost is a relatively small component of their operating expenses. An improving economy will likely spur increased property values and sales, thereby increasing the need for loan financing.
Changes in Fair Value of Our Assets. Certain originated loans, mortgage backed securities, and servicing rights are carried at fair value and future assets may also be carried at fair value. Accordingly, changes in the fair value of our assets may impact the results of our operations for the period in which such change in value occurs. The expectation of changes in real estate prices is a major determinant of the value of loans and ABS. This factor is beyond our control.
Prepayment Speeds. Prepayment speeds on loans vary according to interest rates, the type of investment, conditions in the financial markets, competition, foreclosures and other factors that cannot be predicted with any certainty. In general, when interest rates rise, it is relatively less attractive for borrowers to refinance their mortgage loans and, as a result, prepayment speeds tend to decrease. This can extend the period over which we earn interest income. When interest rates fall, prepayment speeds on loans, and therefore, ABS and servicing rights tend to increase, thereby decreasing the period over which we earn interest income or servicing fee income. Additionally, other factors such as the credit rating of the borrower, the rate of property value appreciation or depreciation, financial market conditions, foreclosures and lender competition, none of which can be predicted with any certainty, may affect prepayment speeds on loans.
Credit Spreads. Our investment portfolio may be subject to changes in credit spreads. Credit spreads measure the yield demanded on loans and securities by the market based on their credit relative to a specific benchmark and is a measure of the perceived risk of the investment. Fixed rate loans and securities are valued based on a market credit spread over the rate payable on fixed rate swaps or fixed rate U.S. Treasuries of similar maturity. Floating rate securities are typically valued based on a market credit spread over LIBOR (or another floating rate index) and are affected similarly by changes in LIBOR spreads. Excessive supply of these loans and securities or reduced demand may cause the market to require a higher yield on these securities, resulting in the use of a higher, or “wider,” spread over the benchmark rate to value such assets. Under such conditions, the value of our portfolios would tend to decline. Conversely, if the spread used to value such assets were to decrease, or “tighten,” the value of our loans and securities would tend to increase. Such changes in the market value of these assets may affect our net equity, net income or cash flow directly through their impact on unrealized gains or losses.
The spread between the yield on our assets and our funding costs is an important factor in the performance of this aspect of our business. Wider spreads imply greater income on new asset purchases but may have a negative impact on our stated book value. Wider spreads generally negatively impact asset prices. In an environment where spreads are widening, counterparties may require additional collateral to secure borrowings which may require us to reduce leverage by selling assets. Conversely, tighter spreads imply lower income on new asset purchases but may have a positive impact on our stated book value. Tighter spreads generally have a positive impact on asset prices. In this case, we may be able to reduce the amount of collateral required to secure borrowings.
Loan and ABS Extension Risk. Waterfall estimates the projected weighted-average life of our investments based on assumptions regarding the rate at which the borrowers will prepay the underlying mortgages and/or the speed at which we are able to liquidate an asset. If the timeline to resolve non-performing assets extends, this could have a negative impact on our results of operations, as carrying costs may therefore be higher than initially anticipated. This situation may also cause the fair market value of our investment to decline if real estate values decline over the extended period. In extreme situations, we may be forced to sell assets to maintain adequate liquidity, which could cause us to incur losses.
Credit Risk. We are subject to credit risk in connection with our investments in loans and ABS and other target assets we may acquire in the future. Increases in defaults and delinquencies will adversely impact our operating results, while declines in rates of default and delinquencies will improve our operating results from this aspect of our business. Default rates are influenced by a wide variety of factors, including, property performance, property management, supply and demand factors, construction trends, consumer behavior, regional economics, interest rates, the strength of the United States economy and other factors beyond our control. All loans are subject to the possibility of default. We seek to mitigate this risk by seeking to acquire assets at appropriate prices given anticipated and unanticipated losses and by deploying a value-driven approach to underwriting and diligence, consistent with our historical investment strategy, with a focus on projected cash flows and potential risks to cash flow. We further mitigate our risk of potential losses while managing and servicing our loans by performing various workout and loss mitigation strategies with delinquent borrowers. Nevertheless, unanticipated credit losses could occur which could adversely impact operating results.
Size of Investment Portfolio. The size of our investment portfolio, as measured by the aggregate principal balance of our loans and ABS and the other assets we own, is also a key revenue driver. Generally, as the size of our investment portfolio grows, the amount of interest income and realized gains we receive increases. A larger investment portfolio, however, drives increased expenses, as we may incur additional interest expense to finance the purchase of our assets.
Current market conditions. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic around the globe continues to adversely impact global commercial activity and has contributed to significant volatility in financial markets. The impact of the outbreak has been rapidly evolving, with many countries taking drastic measures to limit the spread of the virus by instituting quarantines or lockdowns and imposing travel restrictions. While some of these restrictions have been relaxed or phased out, many of these or similar restrictions remain in place, continue to be implemented or additional restrictions are being considered. Such actions are creating significant disruptions to global supply chains and adversely impacting several industries, including but not limited to airlines, hospitality, retail, and the broader real estate industry. The major disruption caused by COVID-19 significantly reduced economic activity in most of the United States resulting in a significant increase in unemployment claims. COVID-19 has had a continued and prolonged adverse impact on economic and market conditions and has caused a global economic slowdown which has had and could further have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results and financial condition. The full impact of COVID-19 on the real estate industry, the commercial real estate market, the small business lending market and the credit markets generally, and consequently on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations is uncertain and cannot be predicted at the current time as it depends on several factors beyond the control of the Company including, but not limited to, (i) the uncertainty around the severity and duration of the outbreak, (ii) the effectiveness of the United States public health response, (iii) the pandemic’s impact on the U.S. and global economies, (iv) the timing, scope and effectiveness of governmental responses to the pandemic, including the PPP and other programs under the CARES Act, (v) the timing and speed of economic recovery, (vi) the availability of a treatment or vaccination for COVID-19, and (vii) the negative impact on our borrowers, real estate values and cost of capital.
Results of Operations
Key Financial Measures and Indicators
As a real estate finance company, we believe the key financial measures and indicators for our business are earnings per share, dividends declared per share, distributable earnings, and net book value per share. As further described below, distributable earnings is a measure that is not prepared in accordance with GAAP. We use distributable earnings to evaluate our performance and determine dividends, excluding the effects of certain transactions and GAAP adjustments that we believe are not necessarily indicated of our current loan activity and operations. See “-Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below for reconciliation to distributable earnings.
The following table sets forth certain information on our operating results:
Three Months Ended December 31,
Year Ended December 31,
($ in thousands, except share data)
Net Income
$
27,559
$
46,069
$
75,056
$
61,457
Earnings per common share - basic
$
0.49
$
0.81
$
1.72
$
1.84
Earnings per common share - diluted
$
0.49
$
0.81
$
1.72
$
1.84
Distributable Earnings
$
28,804
$
101,379
$
67,261
$
58,691
Distributable Earnings per common share - basic and diluted
$
0.51
$
1.82
$
1.54
$
1.76
Dividends declared per common share
$
0.35
$
1.30
$
1.60
$
1.57
Dividend yield(1)
11.2
%
11.2
%
10.4
%
11.4
%
Book value per common share(3)
$
15.00
$
15.00
$
16.14
$
16.97
Adjusted net book value per common share(2)
$
14.98
$
14.98
$
16.12
$
16.91
(1) Based on the closing share price on December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
(2) Excludes the equity component of our 2017 convertible note issuance.
(3) as of December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
The following table presents information on our investment portfolio activity (based on fully committed amounts):
Three Months Ended
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)
December 31, 2020
Loan originations
SBC loan originations
$
410,130
$
1,160,294
$
1,702,685
$
1,188,134
SBA loan originations
65,043
214,326
216,263
213,033
Residential agency mortgage loan originations
1,179,656
4,246,367
2,105,635
1,778,816
Total loan originations
$
1,654,829
$
5,620,987
$
4,024,583
$
3,179,983
Total loan acquisitions
$
140,161
$
212,644
$
722,465
$
380,582
Total loan investment activity
$
1,794,990
$
5,833,631
$
4,747,048
$
3,560,565
The following table presents information on our acquisition and origination pipeline opportunities (based on fully committed amounts):
($ in millions)
Current Pipeline(1)
SBC loan originations
$
776.9
SBC loan acquisitions
187.2
SBA loan originations
122.6
Residential agency loan originations
1,030.4
Total loan pipeline
$
2,117.1
(1) Includes 2021 fundings.
We operate in a competitive market for investment opportunities and competition may limit our ability to originate or acquire the potential investments in the pipeline. The consummation of any of the potential loans in the pipeline depends upon, among other things, one or more of the following: available capital and liquidity, our Manager’s allocation policy, satisfactory completion of our due diligence investigation and investment process, approval of our Manager’s Investment Committee, market conditions, our agreement with the seller on the terms and structure of such potential loan, and the execution and delivery of satisfactory transaction documentation. Historically, we have acquired less than a majority of the assets in our Manager’s pipeline at any one time and there can be no assurance the assets currently in its pipeline will be acquired or originated by our Manager in the future.
Return Information
The following tables present certain information related to our SBC and SBA loan portfolios as of December 31, 2020 and per share information for the three months ended December 31, 2020, which includes distributable earnings per share or return information. Distributable earnings is not a measure calculated in accordance with GAAP and is defined further within Item 7 - Non-GAAP Financial Measures in this Annual report on Form 10-K.
The following table provides a detailed breakdown of our calculation of return on equity and distributable return on equity for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2020. Distributable return on equity is not a measure calculated in accordance with GAAP and is defined further within Item 7 - Non-GAAP Financial Measures in this Annual report on Form 10-K.
Portfolio Metrics
SBC Originations. The following table includes certain portfolio metrics related to our SBC originations segment:
SBA Originations, Acquisitions, and Servicing. The following table includes certain portfolio metrics related to our SBA originations, acquisitions and servicing segment:
Acquired Portfolio. The following table includes certain portfolio metrics related to our acquisitions segment:
Residential Mortgage Banking. The following table includes certain portfolio metrics related to our residential mortgage banking segment:
Balance Sheet Analysis and Metrics
The following table compares our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2020 and 2019:
$ Change
% Change
(In Thousands)
December 31, 2020
December 31, 2019
Q4'20 vs. Q4'19
Q4'20 vs. Q4'19
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents
$
138,975
$
67,928
$
71,047
%
Restricted cash
47,697
51,728
(4,031)
(8)
Loans, net (including $88,726 and $20,212 held at fair value)
1,625,555
1,727,984
(102,429)
(6)
Loans, held for sale, at fair value
340,288
188,077
152,211
Mortgage backed securities, at fair value
88,011
92,466
(4,455)
(5)
Loans eligible for repurchase from Ginnie Mae
250,132
77,953
172,179
Investment in unconsolidated joint ventures
79,509
58,850
20,659
Purchased future receivables, net
17,308
43,265
(25,957)
(60)
Derivative instruments
16,363
2,814
13,549
Servicing rights (including $76,840 and $91,174 held at fair value)
114,663
121,969
(7,306)
(6)
Real estate, held for sale
45,348
58,573
(13,225)
(23)
Other assets
89,503
106,925
(17,422)
(16)
Assets of consolidated VIEs
2,518,743
2,378,486
140,257
Total Assets
$
5,372,095
$
4,977,018
$
395,077
%
Liabilities
Secured borrowings
1,370,519
1,189,392
181,127
Securitized debt obligations of consolidated VIEs, net
1,905,749
1,815,154
90,595
Convertible notes, net
112,129
111,040
1,089
Senior secured notes, net
179,659
179,289
Corporate debt, net
150,989
149,986
1,003
Guaranteed loan financing
401,705
485,461
(83,756)
(17)
Liabilities for loans eligible for repurchase from Ginnie Mae
250,132
77,953
172,179
Derivative instruments
11,604
5,250
6,354
Dividends payable
19,746
21,302
(1,556)
(7)
Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities
135,655
97,407
38,248
Total Liabilities
$
4,537,887
$
4,132,234
$
405,653
%
Stockholders’ Equity
Common stock, $0.0001 par value, 500,000,000 shares authorized, 54,368,999 and 51,127,326 shares issued and outstanding, respectively
-
-
Additional paid-in capital
849,541
822,837
26,704
Retained earnings
(24,203)
8,746
(32,949)
(377)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss
(9,947)
(6,176)
(3,771)
Total Ready Capital Corporation equity
815,396
825,412
(10,016)
(1)
Non-controlling interests
18,812
19,372
(560)
(3)
Total Stockholders’ Equity
$
834,208
$
844,784
$
(10,576)
(1)
%
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
$
5,372,095
$
4,977,018
$
395,077
%
As of December 2020, total assets in our consolidated balance sheet were $5.4 billion, an increase of $395 million from December 2019, primarily reflecting an increase in Loans eligible for repurchase from Ginnie Mae, Loans, held for sale, at fair value and assets of consolidated VIEs, partially offset by a decrease in Loans, net. Loans eligible for repurchase from Ginnie Mae increased $172 million primarily due to an increase in demand for residential loans and refinancing as the rate environment decreased. Loans, held for sale, at fair value increased $152 million primarily due to an increase in volumes for agency Freddie Mac and residential loans. Assets of consolidated VIEs increased $140 million primarily due to the transfer of loans as a result of securitizations. Loan originations and acquisitions of $1.0 billion was partially offset by scheduled and unscheduled payments of $962 million. Loans, net decreased by $102 million primarily due to the transfer of loans as a result of securitizations.
As of December 2020, total liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet were $4.5 billion, an increase of $406 million from December 2019, primarily reflecting an increase in Secured borrowings and Liabilities for loans eligible for repurchase from Ginnie Mae. Secured borrowings increased $181 million, primarily due to borrowings from the Federal Reserve’s Paycheck Protection Program Liquidity Facility for loans made under the Paycheck Protection Program, borrowings against ORM collateral from Bank of Sierra and an increase in borrowings associated with higher volumes from gains on sale agency loans. Liabilities for loans eligible for repurchase from Ginnie Mae increased $172 million, primarily due to an in increase in borrowings associated with higher demand for residential loans and refinancings as the rate environment decreased.
Total equity attributable to our company decreased by $11 million, primarily due to provisions for loan losses associated with the implementation of CECL, partially offset by gains from PPP loan originations and net interest income from the overall loans portfolio.
Selected Balance Sheet Information by Business Segment and Corporate - Other. The following table presents certain selected balance sheet data by each of our four business segments, with the remaining amounts reflected in Corporate -Other, as of December 31, 2020:
(in thousands)
Loan Acquisitions
SBC Originations
SBA Originations, Acquisitions and Servicing
Residential Mortgage Banking
Total
Assets
Loans, net (1)(2)
$
1,010,227
$
2,434,345
$
697,314
$
3,208
$
4,145,094
Loans, held for sale, at fair value
69,098
10,232
260,447
340,288
Mortgage backed securities, at fair value
22,124
65,887
-
-
88,011
Servicing rights
-
19,059
18,764
76,840
114,663
Investment in unconsolidated joint ventures
79,509
-
-
-
79,509
Purchased future receivables, net
17,308
-
-
-
17,308
Real estate, held for sale (1)
45,348
4,456
-
-
49,804
Liabilities
Secured borrowings
$
335,528
$
608,491
$
146,832
$
279,668
$
1,370,519
Securitized debt obligations of consolidated VIEs
478,033
1,326,248
101,468
-
1,905,749
Guaranteed loan financing
-
-
401,705
-
401,705
Senior secured notes, net
42,652
129,962
7,045
-
179,659
Corporate debt, net
75,355
75,634
-
-
150,989
Convertible notes, net
55,263
51,268
5,598
-
112,129
(1) Includes assets of consolidated VIEs
(2) Excludes allowance for loan losses
Income Statement Analysis and Metrics
The following table compares our consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 (amounts in thousands):
For the Year Ended December 31,
$ Change
(in thousands)
2020 vs. 2019
2019 vs. 2018
Interest income
Acquisitions
$
61,156
$
65,922
$
47,243
$
(4,766)
$
18,679
SBC originations
150,369
127,495
81,752
22,874
45,743
SBA originations, acquisitions and servicing
39,430
32,096
36,706
7,334
(4,610)
Residential mortgage banking
7,681
4,403
3,798
3,278
Total interest income
$
258,636
$
229,916
$
169,499
$
28,720
$
60,417
Interest expense
Acquisitions
(43,383)
(40,502)
(28,946)
(2,881)
(11,556)
SBC originations
(95,061)
(90,677)
(60,879)
(4,384)
(29,798)
SBA originations, acquisitions and servicing
(27,472)
(14,864)
(16,218)
(12,608)
1,354
Residential mortgage banking
(8,294)
(5,837)
(3,195)
(2,457)
(2,642)
Corporate - other
(1,271)
-
-
(1,271)
-
Total interest expense
$
(175,481)
$
(151,880)
$
(109,238)
$
(23,601)
$
(42,642)
Net interest income before provision for loan losses
83,155
78,036
60,261
5,119
17,775
Acquisitions
(3,502)
(808)
(1,727)
(2,694)
SBC originations
(23,432)
(319)
(13)
(23,113)
(306)
SBA originations, acquisitions and servicing
(7,792)
(2,557)
(5,235)
(2,596)
Provision for loan losses
(34,726)
(3,684)
(1,701)
(31,042)
(1,983)
Net interest income after provision for loan losses
$
48,429
$
74,352
$
58,560
$
(25,923)
$
15,792
Non-interest income
Acquisitions
13,812
13,222
16,403
(3,181)
SBC originations
22,548
20,448
23,386
2,100
(2,938)
SBA originations, acquisitions and servicing
57,330
22,461
22,088
34,869
Residential mortgage banking
240,878
87,858
86,015
153,020
1,843
Corporate - other
30,639
(30,450)
30,608
Total non-interest income
$
334,757
$
174,628
$
147,923
$
160,129
$
26,705
Non-interest expense
Acquisitions
(34,263)
(12,360)
(9,256)
(21,903)
(3,104)
SBC originations
(37,316)
(25,451)
(24,375)
(11,865)
(1,076)
SBA originations, acquisitions and servicing
(33,734)
(24,118)
(18,227)
(9,616)
(5,891)
Residential mortgage banking
(186,146)
(90,685)
(71,934)
(95,461)
(18,751)
Corporate - other
(37,274)
(31,862)
(19,848)
(5,412)
(12,014)
Total non-interest expense
$
(328,733)
$
(184,476)
$
(143,640)
$
(144,257)
$
(40,836)
Net income (loss) before provision for income taxes
Acquisitions
(6,180)
25,474
23,717
(31,654)
1,757
SBC originations
17,108
31,496
19,871
(14,388)
11,625
SBA originations, acquisitions and servicing
27,762
13,018
24,388
14,744
(11,370)
Residential mortgage banking
54,119
(4,261)
14,684
58,380
(18,945)
Corporate - other
(38,356)
(1,223)
(19,817)
(37,133)
18,594
Total net income before provision for income taxes
$
54,453
$
64,504
$
62,843
$
(10,051)
$
1,661
Results of Operations - Supplemental Information. Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on financial instruments are recorded in the consolidated statements of income and classified based on the nature of the underlying asset or liability.
The following table presents the components of realized and unrealized gains (losses) on financial instruments:
Year Ended December 31,
$ Change
(In Thousands)
2020 vs. 2019
2019 vs. 2018
Realized gains (losses) on financial instruments
Realized gains on loans - Freddie Mac
$
6,887
$
5,404
$
6,956
$
1,483
$
(1,552)
Creation of mortgage servicing rights - Freddie Mac
8,850
5,195
6,832
3,655
(1,637)
Realized gains on loans - SBA
14,330
11,542
12,160
2,788
(618)
Creation of mortgage servicing rights - SBA
4,153
3,519
3,569
(50)
Realized gain (loss) on derivatives, at fair value
(4,998)
3,569
(5,627)
(2,940)
Realized gain (loss) on mortgage backed securities, at fair value
2,536
3,507
5,192
(971)
(1,685)
Net realized gains (losses) - all other
(838)
(969)
Net realized gain on financial instruments
$
31,913
$
28,958
$
38,409
$
2,955
$
(9,451)
Unrealized gains (losses) on financial instruments
Unrealized gain (loss) on loans - Freddie Mac
$
$
(87)
$
(599)
$
$
Unrealized gain (loss) on loans - SBA
(1,084)
(1,476)
Unrealized gain (loss) on residential mortgage servicing rights, at fair value
(37,258)
(18,567)
5,694
(18,691)
(24,261)
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives, at fair value
(3,937)
(2,016)
(3,186)
(1,921)
1,170
Unrealized gain (loss) on mortgage backed securities, at fair value
(9,421)
1,023
3,320
(10,444)
(2,297)
Net unrealized gains (losses) - all other
3,021
(549)
2,556
1,014
Net unrealized gain (loss) on financial instruments
$
(48,101)
$
(18,790)
$
4,853
$
(29,311)
$
(23,643)
Acquisition Segment Results.
2020 versus 2019. Interest income of $61.2 million for 2020 represented a decrease of $4.8 million from the prior year, primarily due to a decrease in paydown revenue, partially offset by portfolio interest income due to an increase in carrying value of the acquired loan portfolio as a result of new SBC loan acquisitions. Interest expense of $43.4 million for 2020 represented an increase of $2.9 million from the prior year, primarily due to an increase in borrowing needs due to additional acquisitions and a higher average carrying value of the acquired portfolio. Provision for loan losses of $3.5 million for 2020 represented an increase of $2.7 million from the prior year, primarily due to the implementation of CECL. Non-interest income of $13.8 million for 2020 represented an increase of $0.6 million from the prior year, primarily due to income on purchased future receivables from Knight Capital for a full year, partially offset by unrealized losses on MBS positions due to COVID-19 impacts to the market. Non-interest expense of $34.3 million for 2020 represented an increase of $21.9 million from the prior year, primarily due to compensation and operating expenses from Knight Capital for a full year.
2019 versus 2018. Interest income of $65.9 million for 2019 represented an increase of $18.7 million from the prior year, primarily due to an increase in interest income generated on our acquired SBC loan portfolio due to higher average carrying values as a result of new SBC loan acquisitions, partially offset by paydowns. Interest expense of $40.5 million for 2019 represented an increase of $11.6 million from the prior year, primarily due to an increase in borrowing needs due to additional acquisitions and a higher average carrying value of the acquired loan portfolio. Provision for loan losses of $0.8 million for 2019 represented a decrease of $0.9 million from the prior year, primarily due to a decrease in credit deteriorated loans due to paydowns and sales and increased focus on newer loan vintages with better credit quality. Non-interest income of $13.2 million for 2019 represented a decrease of $3.2 million from the prior year, primarily due to a decrease in income generated on our equity method investments, partially offset by income on purchased future receivables acquired as part of our acquisition of Knight Capital. Non-interest expense of $12.4 million for 2019 represented an increase of $3.1 million from the prior year, primarily due to an increase in loan servicing expense and an increase in employee compensation due to the acquisition of Knight Capital.
SBC Originations Segment Results.
2020 versus 2019. Interest income of $150.4 million for 2020 represented an increase of $22.9 million from the prior year, primarily due to SBC loan originations, resulting in higher average loan balances. Interest expense of $95.1 million for 2020 represented an increase of $4.4 million from the prior year, primarily due to an increase in borrowing needs required to finance new originations. Provision for loan losses of $23.4 million for 2020 represented an increase of $23.1 million from the prior year, primarily due to the implementation of CECL. Non-interest income of $22.5 million for 2020 represented an increase of $2.1 million from the prior year, primarily due to an increase in Freddie Mac realized gains and the creation of MSRs. Non-interest expense of $37.3 million for 2020 represented an increase of $11.9 million from the prior year, primarily due to an increase in compensation expense.
2019 versus 2018. Interest income of $127.5 million for 2019 represented an increase of $45.7 million from the prior year, primarily due to an increase in SBC loan originations, resulting in higher average loan balances. Interest expense of $90.7 million for 2019 represented an increase of $29.8 million from the prior year, primarily due to an increase in borrowing needs required to finance new originations. Provision for loan losses of $0.3 million for 2019 was essentially unchanged from the prior year. Non-interest income of $20.4 million for 2019 represented a decrease of $2.9 million from the prior year, primarily due to a decrease in realized gains on sales of Freddie Mac loans and a decrease in realized gains on the creation of Freddie Mac MSRs, partially offset by servicing income on Freddie Mac loans. Non-interest expense of $25.5 million for 2019 represented an increase of $1.1 million from the prior year, primarily due to an increase in loan servicing expenses and other operating expenses, partially offset by a decrease in employee compensation expense.
SBA Originations, Acquisitions and Servicing Segment Results.
2020 versus 2019. Interest income of $39.4 million for 2020 represented an increase of $7.3 million from the prior year, primarily due to an increase in guaranteed loan financing from guaranteed portions of loans sold tied to securitization activity. Interest expense of $27.5 million for 2020 represented an increase of $12.6 million from the prior year, primarily due to an increase in guaranteed loan financing from guaranteed portions of loans sold tied to securitization activity. Provision for loan losses of $7.8 million for 2020 represented an increase of $5.2 million from the prior year, primarily due to the implementation of CECL. Non-interest income of $57.3 million for 2020 represented an increase of $34.9 million from the prior year, primarily due to revenue from originated PPP loans. Non-interest expense of $33.7 million for 2020 represented an increase of $9.6 million from the prior year, primarily due to an increase in expenses related to originated PPP loans.
2019 versus 2018. Interest income of $32.1 million for 2019 represented a decrease of $4.6 million from the prior year, primarily due to a decrease in interest income generated on our acquired SBA 7(a) loan portfolio as we have shifted capital to new SBA loan originations, partially offset by an increase in realized gains on sales of SBA loans and originated SBA loan servicing income. Interest expense of $14.9 million for 2019 represented a decrease of $1.3 million from the prior year, primarily due to a decrease in borrowing activities under secured borrowings and guaranteed loan financing. Provision for loan losses of $2.6 million for 2019 represented an increase of $2.6 million from the prior year, primarily due to an increase in the general allowance for loan losses on originated SBA 7(a) loans and an increase in the specific allowance for loan losses on legacy acquired SBA 7(a) loans. Non-interest income of $22.5 million for 2019 was essentially unchanged from the prior year. Non-interest expense of $24.1 million for 2019 represented an increase of $5.9 million from the prior year, primarily due to an increase in employee compensation expense and other operating expenses.
Residential Mortgage Banking Segment Results.
2020 versus 2019. Interest income of $7.7 million for 2020 represented an increase of $3.3 million from the prior year, primarily due to an increase in overall loan originations. Interest expense of $8.3 million for 2020 represented an increase of $2.5 million from the prior year, primarily due to an increase in borrowing needs required to finance new originations. Non-interest income of $240.9 million for 2020 represented an increase of $153.0 million from the prior year, primarily due to an increase in revenue generated on residential mortgage banking activities. Non-interest expense of $186.1 million for 2020 represented an increase of $95.5 million from the prior year, primarily due to an increase in variable expenses on residential mortgage banking activities due to increased loan origination volumes.
2019 versus 2018. Interest income of $4.4 million for 2019 represented an increase of $0.6 million from the prior year, primarily due to an increase in overall loan originations and carrying values. Interest expense of $5.8 million for 2019 represented an increase of $2.6 million from the prior year, primarily due to an increased need to finance a greater number of loans. Non-interest income of $87.9 million for 2019 represented an increase of $1.8 million from the prior year, primarily due to an increase in revenue generated on residential mortgage banking activities and loan servicing income, partially offset by unrealized losses on residential MSRs carried at fair value. Non-interest expense of $90.7 million for 2019 represented an increase of $18.8 million from the prior year, primarily due to an increase in variable expenses on residential mortgage banking activities due to increased loan origination volumes.
Corporate - Other.
2020 versus 2019. Non-interest income of $0.2 million for 2020 represented a decrease of $30.5 million from the prior year, primarily due to a one-time bargain purchase gain related to the acquisition of ORM in 2019. Interest expense of $1.3 million for 2020 represented an increase of $1.3 million from the prior year, due to repo borrowings for general business purposes. All interest expense from corporate debt offerings were deployed to the business segments. Non-interest
expense of $37.3 million for 2020 represented an increase of $5.4 million from the prior year, primarily due to an increase in management and incentive fees and professional fees, partially offset by one-time merger expenses in 2019.
2019 versus 2018. Non-interest income of $30.6 million for 2019 represented a bargain purchase gain related to the acquisition of ORM. There was no interest expense incurred during 2019 and 2018 as all borrowings from corporate debt offerings were deployed to the business segments. Non-interest expense of $31.9 million for 2019 represented an increase of $12.0 million from the prior year, primarily due to merger-related expenses, an increase in employee compensation expense and an increase in management fees.
Non-GAAP financial measures
We believe that providing investors with distributable earnings, formerly referred to as core earnings, gives investors greater transparency into the information used by management in our financial and operational decision-making, including the determination of dividends. Distributable earnings is a non-U.S. GAAP financial measure and because distributable earnings is an incomplete measure of our financial performance and involves differences from net income computed in accordance with U.S. GAAP, it should be considered along with, but not as an alternative to, our net income as a measure of our financial performance. In addition, because not all companies use identical calculations, our presentation of distributable earnings may not be comparable to other similarly-titled measures of other companies.
We calculate distributable earnings as GAAP net income (loss) excluding the following:
i) any unrealized gains or losses on certain MBS
ii) any realized gains or losses on sales of certain MBS
iii) any unrealized gains or losses on Residential MSRs
iv) any unrealized current non-cash provision for credit losses on accrual loans
v) any unrealized gains or losses on de-designated cash flow hedges
vi) one-time non-recurring gains or losses, such as gains or losses on discontinued operations, bargain purchase gains, or merger related expenses
In calculating distributable earnings, net income (in accordance with GAAP) is adjusted to exclude unrealized gains and losses on MBS acquired by us in the secondary market, but is not adjusted to exclude unrealized gains and losses on MBS retained by us as part of our loan origination businesses, where we transfer originated loans into an MBS securitization and retain an interest in the securitization. In calculating distributable earnings, we do not adjust net income (in accordance with GAAP) to take into account unrealized gains and losses on MBS retained by us as part of our loan origination businesses because we consider the unrealized gains and losses that are generated in the loan origination and securitization process to be a fundamental part of this business and an indicator of the ongoing performance and credit quality of our historical loan originations. In calculating distributable earnings, net income (in accordance with GAAP) is adjusted to exclude realized gains and losses on certain MBS securities due to a variety of reasons which may include collateral type, duration, and size. In 2016, we liquidated the majority of our MBS portfolio excluded from distributable earnings to fund our recurring operating segments.
In addition, in calculating distributable earnings, net income (in accordance with GAAP) is adjusted to exclude unrealized gains or losses on residential MSRs, held at fair value. We treat our commercial MSRs and residential MSRs as two separate classes based on the nature of the underlying mortgages and our treatment of these assets as two separate pools for risk management purposes. Servicing rights relating to our small business commercial business are accounted for under ASC 860, Transfer and Servicing, while our residential MSRs are accounted for under the fair value option under ASC 825, Financial Instruments. In calculating distributable earnings, we do not exclude realized gains or losses on either commercial MSRs or residential MSRs, held at fair value, as servicing income is a fundamental part of our business and as an indicator of the ongoing performance.
To qualify as a REIT, we must distribute to our stockholders each calendar year at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (including certain items of non-cash income), determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gain. There are certain items, including net income generated from the creation of MSRs, that are included in distributable earnings but are not included in the calculation of the current year’s taxable income. These differences may result in certain items that are recognized in the current period’s calculation of distributable earnings not being included in taxable income, and thus not subject to the REIT dividend distribution requirement, until future years.
The following table presents an annual reconciliation to distributable earnings:
Year Ended December 31,
Change
(in thousands)
2020 vs 2019
2019 vs 2018
Net Income
$
46,069
$
75,056
$
61,457
$
(28,987)
$
13,599
Reconciling items:
Unrealized (gain) loss on mortgage servicing rights
37,258
18,567
(4,206)
18,691
22,773
Impact of ASU 2016-13 on accrual loans
19,527
-
-
19,527
-
Non-recurring REO impairment
3,406
-
-
3,406
-
Merger transaction costs and other non-recurring expenses
4,543
8,852
-
(4,309)
8,852
Bargain purchase gain
-
(30,728)
-
30,728
(30,728)
Unrealized (gain) loss on mortgage-backed securities
(49)
(147)
Unrealized loss on de-designated cash flow hedges
2,118
-
-
2,118
-
Total reconciling items
$
67,037
$
(3,075)
$
(3,825)
$
70,112
$
Income tax adjustments
(11,727)
(4,720)
1,059
(7,007)
(5,779)
Distributable Earnings
$
101,379
$
67,261
$
58,691
$
34,118
$
8,570
Less: Distributable earnings attributable to non-controlling interests
2,351
1,871
2,100
(229)
Less: Income attributable to participating shares
1,392
Distributable earnings attributable to common stockholders
97,636
64,737
56,387
32,899
8,350
Distributable earnings per common share - basic and diluted
$
1.82
$
1.54
$
1.76
$
0.28
$
(0.22)
2020 versus 2019. Consolidated net income of $46.1 million for 2020 represented a decrease of $29.0 million from the prior year, primarily due to an increase of reserves on loans due to the uncertainty of loan performance and recovery related to COVID-19 as well as an increase in unrealized losses on residential mortgage servicing rights, partially offset by net income on PPP activities. Consolidated distributable earnings of $101.4 million for 2020 represented an increase of $34.1 million from the prior year, primarily due to PPP related income and residential mortgage banking activities as well as an increase in distributable earnings reconciling items including unrealized losses on residential mortgage servicing rights and the impact of the adoption of ASU 2016-13 on accrual loans.
2019 versus 2018. Consolidated net income of $75.1 million for 2019 represented an increase of $13.6 million from the prior year, primarily due to the recognition of a bargain purchase gain, partially offset by merger transaction costs, primarily due to the acquisition of ORM, and an increase in net interest income after provision for loan losses, partially offset by after-tax unrealized losses on our residential mortgage servicing rights carried at fair value. Consolidated distributable earnings of $67.3 million for 2019 represented an increase of $8.6 million from the prior year, primarily due to an increase in SBC loan originations and loan acquisitions.
The following table presents a quarterly reconciliation to distributable earnings:
Three Months Ended December 31,
(in thousands)
Change
Net Income
$
27,559
$
20,936
$
6,623
Reconciling items:
Unrealized (gain) loss on mortgage servicing rights
4,087
(2,482)
6,569
Impact of ASU 2016-13 on accrual loans
(3,587)
-
(3,587)
Non-recurring REO impairment
-
Merger transaction costs and other non-recurring expenses
1,323
1,938
(615)
Unrealized loss on mortgage-backed securities
-
(29)
Total reconciling items
$
2,268
$
(515)
$
2,783
Income tax adjustments
(1,023)
(1,567)
Distributable earnings
$
28,804
$
20,965
$
7,839
Less: Distributable earnings attributable to non-controlling interests
Less: Income attributable to participating shares
(108)
Distributable earnings attributable to common stockholders
$
27,822
$
20,043
$
7,900
Distributable earnings per common share - basic and diluted
$
0.51
$
0.43
$
0.08
QTD 2020 versus QTD 2019. Consolidated net income of $27.6 million for the three months ended December 31, 2020 represented an increase of $6.6 million from the prior year respective period, primarily due to an increase in net residential mortgage banking activities, partially offset by an increase in employee compensation and benefits primarily driven by our residential mortgage banking segment. Consolidated distributable earnings of $28.8 million for the three months ended December 31, 2020 represented an increase of $7.8 million from the prior year respective period, primarily due to increased net income in the residential mortgage banking segment.
COVID-19 Impact on Operating Results
The significant and wide-ranging response of international, federal, state and local public health and governmental authorities to the COVID-19 pandemic in regions across the United States and the world, including the imposition of quarantines, “stay-at-home” orders and similar mandates for many individuals to substantially restrict daily activities and for many businesses to curtail or cease normal operations, and the volatile economic, business and financial market conditions resulting therefrom, are expected to negatively impact our business, financial performance and operating results as we enter 2021. Although we are uncertain of the potential full magnitude or duration of the business and economic impacts from the unprecedented public health efforts to contain and combat the spread of COVID-19, we will likely experience material deterioration in our financial performance and operating results, revenues, cash flow and/or profitability in one or more of the upcoming periods in 2021 compared to the corresponding prior-year periods. Further discussion of the potential impacts on our business from the COVID-19 pandemic is provided in the section entitled “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Incentive distribution payable to our manager
Under the partnership agreement of our operating partnership, our Manager, the holder of the Class A special unit in our operating partnership, is entitled to receive an incentive distribution, distributed quarterly in arrears in an amount not less than zero equal to the difference between (i) the product of (A) 15% and (B) the difference between (x) distributable earnings (as described below) of our operating partnership, on a rolling four-quarter basis and before the incentive distribution for the current quarter, and (y) the product of (1) the weighted average of the issue price per share of common stock or operating partnership unit (“OP unit”) (without double counting) in all of our offerings multiplied by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding (including any restricted shares of common stock and any other shares of common stock underlying awards granted under our 2012 equity incentive plan) and OP units (without double counting) in such quarter and (2) 8%, and (ii) the sum of any incentive distribution paid to our Manager with respect to the first three quarters of such previous four quarters; provided, however, that no incentive distribution is payable with respect to any calendar quarter unless cumulative distributable earnings is greater than zero for the most recently completed 12 calendar quarters.
For purposes of calculating the incentive distribution, the shares of common stock and OP units issued as of the closing of the ZAIS Financial merger in connection with the merger agreement were deemed to be issued at the per share price equal to (i) the sum of (A) the weighted average of the issue price per share of Sutherland common stock or Sutherland OP units (without double counting) issued prior to the closing of the ZAIS Financial merger multiplied by the number of shares of Sutherland common stock outstanding and Sutherland OP units (without double counting) issued prior to the closing of the merger plus (B) the amount by which the net book value of our Company as of the closing of the merger (after giving effect to the closing of the merger agreement) exceeded the amount of the net book value of Sutherland immediately preceding the closing of the merger, divided by (ii) all of the shares of our common stock and OP units issued and outstanding as of the closing of the merger (including the date of the closing of the mergers).
The incentive distribution shall be calculated within 30 days after the end of each quarter and such calculation shall promptly be delivered to our Company. We are obligated to pay the incentive distribution 50% in cash and 50% in either common stock or OP units, as determined in our discretion, within five business days after delivery to our Company of the written statement from the holder of the Class A special unit setting forth the computation of the incentive distribution for such quarter. Subject to certain exceptions, our Manager may not sell or otherwise dispose of any portion of the incentive distribution issued to it in common stock or OP units until after the three year anniversary of the date that such shares of common stock or OP units were issued to our Manager. The price of shares of our common stock for purposes of determining the number of shares payable as part of the incentive distribution is the closing price of such shares on the last trading day prior to the approval by our board of the incentive distribution.
For purposes of determining the incentive distribution payable to our Manager, distributable earnings is defined under the partnership agreement of our operating partnership in a manner that is similar to the definition of distributable earnings described above under "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" but with the following additional adjustments which (i) further exclude: (a) the incentive distribution, (b) non-cash equity compensation expense, if any, (c) unrealized gains or losses on SBC loans (not just MBS and MSRs), (d) depreciation and amortization (to the extent we foreclose on any property), and (e) one-time events pursuant to changes in U.S. GAAP and certain other non-cash charges after discussions between our Manager and our independent directors and after approval by a majority of the independent directors and (ii) add back any realized gains or losses on the sales of MBS and on discontinued operations which were excluded from the definition of distributable earnings described above under "Non-GAAP Financial Measures".
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity is a measure of our ability to turn non-cash assets into cash and to meet potential cash requirements. We use significant cash to purchase SBC loans and other target assets, originate new SBC loans, pay dividends, repay principal and interest on our borrowings, fund our operations and meet other general business needs. Our primary sources of liquidity will include our existing cash balances, borrowings, including securitizations, re-securitizations, repurchase agreements, warehouse facilities, bank credit facilities (including term loans and revolving facilities), the net proceeds of offerings of equity and debt securities, including our Senior Secured Notes, Corporate debt, and Convertible Notes, and net cash provided by operating activities.
We are continuing to monitor the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on us, the borrowers underlying our real estate-related assets, the tenants in the properties we own, our financing sources, and the economy as a whole. Because the severity, magnitude and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic and its economic consequences remain uncertain, rapidly changing and difficult to predict, the pandemic’s impact on our operations and liquidity remains uncertain and difficult to predict. Further discussion of the potential impacts on us from the COVID-19 pandemic is provided in the section entitled “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Cash flow
Year Ended December 31, 2020. Cash and cash equivalents increased by $72.5 million to $200.5 million at the end of 2020, primarily due to net cash provided by operating and financing activities, partially offset by net cash used for investing activities. The net cash provided by operating activities primarily reflected net realized gains on financial instruments and net proceeds on the origination and sale of loans, held for sale, at fair value. The net cash provided by financing activities primarily reflected proceeds from issuances of securitized debt and net proceeds from secured borrowings as a result of an increase in our origination and acquisition activities, partially offset by paydowns of secured debt and dividend payments. The net cash used for investing activities primarily reflected loan originations and purchases, partially offset by paydowns.
Year Ended December 31, 2019. Cash and cash equivalents increased by $33.0 million to $128.0 million at the end of 2019, primarily due to net cash provided by financings activities, partially offset by net cash used for investing and operating activities. The net cash provided by financing activities primarily reflected proceeds from issuances of securitized debt, partially offset by repayments and net proceeds from secured borrowings as a result of an increase in our origination and acquisition activities. The net cash used for investing activities primarily reflected loan originations and purchases, partially offset by paydowns. The net cash used for operating activities primarily reflected net realized gains on financial instruments.
Year Ended December 31, 2018. Cash and cash equivalents increased by $4.0 million to $95.0 million at the end of 2018, primarily due to net cash provided by financings and operating activities, partially offset by net cash used for investing activities. The net cash provided by financing activities primarily reflected proceeds from issuances of securitized debt and secured borrowings, partially offset by repayments. The net cash used for investing activities primarily reflected loan originations and purchases, partially offset by paydowns. The net cash provided by operating activities primarily reflected proceeds on sales and principal payments of loans held for sale, at fair value, partially offset by originations and purchases of loans held for sale, at fair value.
Collateralized borrowings under repurchase agreements
The following table presents the amount of collateralized borrowings outstanding under repurchase agreements as of the end of each quarter, the average amount of collateralized borrowings outstanding under repurchase agreements during the quarter and the highest balance of any month end during the quarter (dollars in thousands):
Quarter End
Quarter End Balance
Average Balance in Quarter
Highest Month End Balance in Quarter
Q1 2018
446,663
414,638
446,663
Q2 2018
443,263
444,963
447,751
Q3 2018
610,251
526,757
610,251
Q4 2018
635,233
622,742
635,233
Q1 2019
597,963
604,107
635,233
Q2 2019
612,383
605,173
612,383
Q3 2019
876,163
744,273
876,163
Q4 2019
809,189
842,676
876,163
Q1 2020
1,159,357
984,273
1,159,357
Q2 2020
714,162
936,760
1,057,522
Q3 2020
624,549
669,356
831,200
Q4 2020
827,569
726,059
827,569
Year Ended December 31, 2020. The net increase in the outstanding balances during 2020 was primarily due to increased liquidity in the early half of 2020 due to uncertainty around COVID-19. Since then, borrowings under repurchases have reduced to normalized levels.
Year Ended December 31, 2019. The net increase in the outstanding balances during 2019 was primarily due to the increased loan origination and acquisition activity, resulting in a greater need to finance these assets through borrowings under repurchase agreements. These balances were partially paid down during the fourth quarter of 2019 using proceeds received from our securitization activities and equity issuances.
Year Ended December 31, 2018. The net increase in the outstanding balances during 2018 was primarily due to the increased loan and MBS investment activity, resulting in a greater need to finance these assets through borrowings under repurchase agreements. These balances are typically paid down as we securitize our acquired and originated loan assets and issue senior bonds.
Debt facilities
We maintain various forms of short-term and long-term financing arrangements. Borrowings underlying these arrangements are primarily secured by loans and investments. The following is a summary of our debt facilities:
Carrying Value at
Lender
Asset Class
Current Maturity
Pricing
Facility Size
Pledged Assets
Carrying Value
December 31, 2020
December 31, 2019
JPMorgan
Acquired loans, SBA loans
June 2021
1M L + 2.25% to 2.875%
$
200,000
$
52,068
$
36,604
$
88,972
Keybank
Freddie Mac loans
February 2021
1M L + 1.30%
100,000
51,248
50,408
21,513
East West Bank
SBA loans
October 2022
Prime - 0.821% to + 0.29%
50,000
50,516
40,542
13,294
Credit Suisse
Acquired loans (non USD)
December 2021
Euribor + 2.50% to 3.00%
244,280
(a)
59,353
36,840
37,646
FCB
Acquired loans
June 2021
2.75%
-
-
-
1,354
Comerica Bank
Residential loans
March 2021
1M L + 1.75%
125,000
84,755
78,312
56,822
TBK Bank
Residential loans
October 2021
Variable Pricing
150,000
129,043
123,951
52,151
Origin Bank
Residential loans
June 2021
Variable Pricing
60,000
29,381
27,450
15,343
Associated Bank
Residential loans
November 2021
1M L + 1.50%
60,000
16,962
15,556
5,823
East West Bank
Residential MSRs
September 2023
1M L + 2.50%
50,000
50,941
34,400
39,900
Credit Suisse
Purchased future receivables, PPP loans
June 2021
1M L + 4.50%
150,000
-
-
34,900
Rabobank
Real estate
January 2021
4.22%
14,500
-
-
12,485
Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis
PPP loans
April 2022
0.35%
105,222
73,799
76,276
-
Bank of the Sierra
Real estate
August 2050
3.25% to 3.45%
22,750
32,948
22,611
-
Total borrowings under credit facilities (b)
$
1,331,752
$
631,014
$
542,950
$
380,203
Citibank
Fixed rate, Transitional, Acquired loans
October 2021
1M L + 2.50% to 3.25%
$
500,000
$
196,304
$
210,735
$
124,718
Deutsche Bank
Fixed rate, Transitional loans
November 2021
3M L + 2.00% to 2.40%
350,000
266,014
190,567
141,356
JPMorgan
Transitional loans
November 2022
1M L + 2.25% to 4.00%
400,000
375,035
247,616
250,466
JPMorgan
MBS
March 2021
1.54% to 4.75%
65,407
107,347
65,407
93,715
Deutsche Bank
MBS
January 2021
3.54%
16,354
20,189
16,354
44,730
Citibank
MBS
February 2021
3.25% to 3.75%
58,076
111,796
58,076
56,189
Bank of America
MBS
Matured
1.31% to 1.61%
-
-
-
38,954
RBC
MBS
February 2021
3.05% to 4.43%
38,814
59,620
38,814
59,061
Total borrowings under repurchase agreements (c)
$
1,428,651
$
1,136,305
$
827,569
$
809,189
Total secured borrowings
$
2,760,403
$
1,767,319
$
1,370,519
$
1,189,392
(a) The current facility size is €200.0 million, but has been converted into USD for purposes of this disclosure.
(b) The weighted average interest rate of borrowings under credit facilities was 2.8% and 4.0% as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
(c) The weighted average interest rate of borrowings under repurchase agreements was 3.3% and 4.2% as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Financing facilities
Deutsche Bank loan repurchase facility. Our subsidiaries, ReadyCap Commercial, LLC (“ReadyCap Commercial”), Sutherland Asset I, LLC (“Sutherland Asset I”), Ready Capital Subsidiary REIT I, LLC (“Ready Capital Sub-REIT”) and Sutherland Warehouse Trust II, LLC (“Sutherland Warehouse Trust II”) renewed their master repurchase agreement in January 2020, pursuant to which ReadyCap Commercial, Sutherland Asset I, Ready Capital Sub REIT and Sutherland Warehouse Trust II may be advanced an aggregate principal amount of up to $350 million on originated mortgage loans (the “DB Loan Repurchase Facility”). As of December 31, 2020, we had $190.6 million outstanding under the DB Loan Repurchase Facility. The DB Loan Repurchase Facility is used to finance SBC loans, and the interest rate is LIBOR plus a spread, which varies depending on the type and age of the loan. The DB Loan Repurchase Facility has been extended through November 2021 and our subsidiaries have an option to extend the DB Loan Repurchase Facility for an additional year, subject to certain conditions. ReadyCap Commercial’s, Sutherland Asset I’s, Ready Capital Sub REIT’s and Sutherland Warehouse Trust II’s obligations are fully guaranteed by us.
The eligible assets for the DB Loan Repurchase Facility are loans secured by a first mortgage lien on commercial properties subject to certain eligibility criteria, such as property type, geographical location, LTV ratios, debt yield and debt service coverage ratios. The principal amount paid by the bank for each mortgage loan is based on a percentage of the lesser of the mortgaged property value or the principal balance of such mortgage loan. ReadyCap Commercial, Sutherland Asset I, Ready Capital Sub REIT and Sutherland Warehouse Trust II paid the bank an up-front fee and are also required to pay the bank availability fees, and a minimum utilization fee for the DB Loan Repurchase Facility, as well as certain other administrative costs and expenses. The DB Loan Repurchase Facility also includes financial maintenance covenants, which include (i) an adjusted tangible net worth that does not decline by more than 25% in a quarter, 35% in a year or 50% from the highest adjusted tangible net worth, (ii) a minimum liquidity amount of the greater of (a) $5 million and (b) 3% of the sum of any outstanding recourse indebtedness plus the aggregate repurchase price of the mortgage loans on the Repurchase Agreement; provided however, that no less than two-thirds of the liquidity maintained by the Guarantor to satisfy this shall be cash liquidity, (iii) a debt-to-assets ratio no greater than 80% and (iv) a tangible net worth at least equal to the sum of (a) the product of 1/15 and the amount of all non-recourse indebtedness (excluding the aggregate repurchase price) and other securitization indebtedness and (b) the product of 1/3 and the sum of the aggregate repurchase price and all recourse indebtedness.
JPMorgan loan repurchase facility. Our subsidiaries, ReadyCap Warehouse Financing, LLC (“ReadyCap Warehouse Financing”) and Sutherland Warehouse Trust, LLC (“Sutherland Warehouse Trust”) entered into a master repurchase agreement in December 2015, pursuant to which ReadyCap Warehouse Financing and Sutherland Warehouse Trust, may sell, and later repurchase, mortgage loans in an aggregate principal amount of up to $400 million. As of October 2019, Ready Capital Mortgage Depositor II, LLC (“Ready Capital Mortgage Depositor II”) was added to the agreement. Our subsidiaries renewed their master repurchase agreement with JPMorgan in November 2020 (the “JPM Loan Repurchase Facility”). As of December 31, 2020, we had $247.6 million outstanding under the JPM Loan Repurchase Facility. The JPM Loan Repurchase Facility is used to finance commercial transitional loans, conventional commercial loans and commercial mezzanine loans and securities and the interest rate is LIBOR plus a spread, which is determined by the lender on an asset-by-asset basis. The JPM Loan Repurchase Facility is committed through November 2022, and up to 25% of the then current unpaid obligations of ReadyCap Warehouse Financing’s, Sutherland Warehouse Trust’s and Ready Capital Mortgage Depositor II, LLC Trust’s obligations are fully guaranteed by us.
The eligible assets for the JPM Loan Repurchase Facility are loans secured by first and junior mortgage liens on commercial properties and subject to approval by JPM as the Buyer. The principal amount paid by the bank for each mortgage loan is based on the principal balance of such mortgage loan. ReadyCap Warehouse Financing and Sutherland Warehouse Trust paid the bank a structuring fee and are also required to pay the bank unused fees for the JPM Loan Repurchase Facility, as well as certain other administrative costs and expenses. The JPM Loan Repurchase Facility also includes financial maintenance covenants, which include (i) total stockholders’ equity must not be permitted to be less than the sum of (a) 65% of total stockholders’ equity as of the most recent renewal date of the facility plus (b) 65% of the net proceeds of any equity issuance after the most recent renewal date (ii) maximum leverage of 3:1, excluding non-recourse indebtedness and (iii) liquidity equal to at least the lesser of (a) 5% of the sum of (without duplication) (1) any outstanding indebtedness plus (2) amounts due under the repurchase agreement and (b) $15.0 million.
Citibank loan repurchase agreement. Our subsidiaries, Waterfall Commercial Depositor, LLC, Sutherland Asset I, LLC, ReadyCap Commercial, LLC and Ready Capital Subsidiary REIT I,LLC renewed a master repurchase agreement in October 2020 with Citibank, N.A. (the "Citi Loan Repurchase Facility" and, together with the DB Loan Repurchase Facility and the JPM Loan Repurchase Facility, the "Loan Repurchase Facilities"), pursuant to where these subsidiaries may sell, and later repurchase, a trust certificate (the “Trust Certificate”), representing interests in mortgage loans in an aggregate principal amount of up to $500 million. As of December 31, 2020, we had $210.7 million outstanding under the Citi Loan Repurchase Facility. The Citi Loan Repurchase Facility is used to finance SBC loans, and the interest rate is one month LIBOR plus a spread, depending on asset characteristics. The Citi Loan Repurchase Facility is committed for a period of 364 days, and up to 25% of the then current unpaid obligations of Waterfall Commercial Depositor’s, Sutherland Asset I’s, Ready Capital Sub REIT’s and ReadyCap Commercial, LLC’s obligations are fully guaranteed by us.
The eligible assets for the Citi Loan Repurchase Facility are loans secured by a first mortgage lien on commercial properties, which, amongst other things, generally have a UPB of less than $10 million. The principal amount paid by the bank for the Trust Certificate is based on a percentage of the lesser of the market value or the UPB of such mortgage loans backing the Trust Certificate. Waterfall Commercial Depositor, Sutherland Asset I, ReadyCap Commercial, LLC and Ready Capital Sub REIT are required to pay the bank a commitment fee for the Citi Loan Repurchase Facility, as well as certain other administrative costs and expenses. The Citi Loan Repurchase Facility includes financial maintenance covenants, which include (i) our operating partnership’s net asset value not (A) declining more than 15% in any calendar month, (B) declining more than 25% in any calendar quarter, (C) declining more than 35% in any calendar year, or (D) declining more than 50% from our operating partnership’s highest net asset value set forth in any audited financial statement provided to the bank; (ii) our operating partnership maintaining liquidity in an amount equal to at least 1% of our outstanding indebtedness(excluding non-recourse liabilities in connection with any securitization transaction) of which no more than 20% could be Marketable Securities; and (iii) the ratio of our operating partnership’s total indebtedness (excluding non-recourse liabilities in connection with any securitization transaction) to our net asset value not exceeding 4:1 at any time.
Securities repurchase agreements. As of December 31, 2020, we had $178.7 million of secured borrowings related to SBC ABS and pledged Trust Certificates with four counterparties (lenders).
General statements regarding loan and securities repurchase facilities. At December 31, 2020, we had $837.4 million in fair value of Trust Certificates and loans pledged against our borrowings under the Loan Repurchase Facilities and $72.2 million in fair value of SBC ABS and short term investments pledged against our securities repurchase agreement borrowings.
Under the Loan Repurchase Facilities and securities repurchase agreements, we may be required to pledge additional assets to our counterparties in the event that the estimated fair value of the existing pledged collateral under such agreements declines and such lenders demand additional collateral, which may take the form of additional assets or cash. Generally, the Loan Repurchase Facilities and securities repurchase agreements contain a LIBOR-based financing rate, term and haircuts depending on the types of collateral and the counterparties involved.
If the estimated fair values of the assets increase due to changes in market interest rates or other market factors, lenders may release collateral back to us. Margin calls may result from a decline in the value of the investments securing the Loan Repurchase Facilities and securities repurchase agreements, prepayments on the loans securing such investments and from changes in the estimated fair value of such investments generally due to principal reduction of such investments from scheduled amortization and resulting from changes in market interest rates and other market factors. Counterparties also may choose to increase haircuts based on credit evaluations of our Company and/or the performance of the assets in question. Historically, disruptions in the financial and credit markets have resulted in increased volatility in these levels, and this volatility could persist as market conditions continue to change. Should prepayment speeds on the mortgages underlying our investments or market interest rates suddenly increase, margin calls on the Loan Repurchase Facilities and securities repurchase agreements could result, causing an adverse change in our liquidity position. To date, we have satisfied all of our margin calls and have never sold assets in response to any margin call under these borrowings.
Our borrowings under repurchase agreements are renewable at the discretion of our lenders and, as such, our ability to roll-over such borrowings is not guaranteed. The terms of the repurchase transaction borrowings under our repurchase agreements generally conform to the terms in the standard master repurchase agreement as published by the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association, as to repayment, margin requirements and the segregation of all assets we have initially sold under the repurchase transaction. In addition, each lender typically requires that we include supplemental
terms and conditions to the standard master repurchase agreement. Typical supplemental terms and conditions, which differ by lender, may include changes to the margin maintenance requirements, required haircuts and purchase price maintenance requirements, requirements that all controversies related to the repurchase agreement be litigated in a particular jurisdiction, and cross default and setoff provisions.
JPMorgan credit facility. We renewed our master loan and security agreement with JPMorgan in June 2020 providing for a credit facility of up to $200 million. As of December 31, 2020, we had $36.6 million outstanding under this credit facility. The credit facility is structured as a secured loan facility in which ReadyCap Lending and Sutherland 2016-1 JPM Grantor Trust act as borrowers. Under this facility, ReadyCap and Sutherland 2016-1 JPM Grantor Trust pledge loans guaranteed by the SBA under the SBA Section 7(a) Loan Program, SBA 504 loans and other loans which were part of the CIT loan acquisition. We act as a guarantor under this facility. The agreement contains financial maintenance covenants, which include (i) total stockholders’ equity must not be permitted to be less than the sum of (a) 60% of total stockholders’ equity as of the most recent renewal date of the facility plus (b) 50% of the net proceeds of any equity issuance after the most recent renewal date (ii) maximum leverage of 3:1, excluding non-recourse indebtedness and (iii) liquidity equal to at least the lesser of (a) 4% of the sum of (without duplication) (1) any outstanding recourse indebtedness plus (2) the aggregate amount of indebtedness outstanding under the agreement. The amended terms have an interest rate based on loan type ranging from one month LIBOR (reset daily), plus a spread. The term of the facility is one year.
At December 31, 2020, we had a leverage ratio of 2.2x on a recourse debt-to-equity basis.
We maintain certain assets, which, from time to time, may include cash, unpledged SBC loans, SBC ABS and short term investments (which may be subject to various haircuts if pledged as collateral to meet margin requirements) and collateral in excess of margin requirements held by our counterparties, or collectively, the “Cushion”, to meet routine margin calls and protect against unforeseen reductions in our borrowing capabilities. Our ability to meet future margin calls will be impacted by the Cushion, which varies based on the fair value of our investments, our cash position and margin requirements. Our cash position fluctuates based on the timing of our operating, investing and financing activities and is managed based on our anticipated cash needs. At December 31, 2020, we were in compliance with all debt covenants.
East West Bank credit facility. Our subsidiary, ReadyCap Lending, LLC renewed a senior secured revolving credit facility with East West Bank in October 2020, which provides financing of up to $50.0 million. The agreement extends for two years, with an additional one year extension at the Company’s request and pays interest equal to the Prime Rate minus 0.821% on SBA 7(a) guaranteed loans and the Prime Rate plus 0.029% on unguaranteed loans. At December 31, 2020, we were in compliance with all debt covenants.
Other credit facilities. GMFS funds its origination platform through warehouse lines of credit with five counterparties with total borrowings outstanding of $279.7 million at December 31, 2020. GMFS utilizes committed warehouse lines of credit agreements ranging from $50.0 million to $150.0 million, with expiration dates between March 2021 and September 2023. The lines of credit are collateralized by the underlying mortgages, related documents, and instruments, and contain a LIBOR-based financing rate and term, haircut and collateral posting provisions which depend on the types of collateral and the counterparties involved. These agreements contain covenants that include certain financial requirements, including maintenance of minimum liquidity, minimum tangible net worth, maximum debt to net worth ratio and current ratio and limitations on capital expenditures, indebtedness, distributions, transactions with affiliates and maintenance of positive net income, as defined in the agreements. We were in compliance with all significant debt covenants as of December 31, 2020.
Public debt offerings
Convertible notes. On August 9, 2017, we closed an underwritten public sale of $115.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 7.00% convertible senior notes due 2023 (the “Convertible Notes”). The Convertible Notes will mature on August 15, 2023, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted. During certain periods and subject to certain conditions, the Convertible Notes will be convertible by holders into shares of our common stock. As of December 31, 2020, the conversion rate was 1.5994 shares of common stock per $25 principal amount of the Convertible Notes, which is equivalent to a conversion price of approximately $15.63 per share of common stock. Upon conversion, holders will receive, at our discretion, cash, shares of our common stock or a combination thereof.
We may redeem all or any portion of the Convertible Notes on or after August 15, 2021, if the last reported sale price of our common stock has been at least 120% of the conversion price in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during any 30 consecutive trading day period ending on, and including, the trading day immediately preceding the date on which we provide notice of redemption, at a redemption price payable in cash equal to 100% of the
principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest. Additionally, upon the occurrence of certain corporate transactions, holders may require us to purchase the Convertible Notes for cash at a purchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be purchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest.
As of December 31, 2020, we were in compliance with all covenants with respect to the Convertible Notes.
Corporate debt. On April 27, 2018, we completed the public offer and sale of $50,000,000 aggregate principal amount of its 6.50% Senior Notes due 2021 (the “2021 Notes”). We issued the 2021 Notes under a base indenture, dated August 9, 2017, as supplemented by the second supplemental indenture, dated as of April 27, 2018, between us and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee. The 2021 Notes bear interest at a rate of 6.50% per annum, payable quarterly in arrears on January 30, April 30, July 30, and October 30 of each year, beginning on July 30, 2018. The 2021 Notes will mature on April 30, 2021, unless earlier redeemed or repurchased.
We may redeem for cash all or any portion of the 2021 Notes, at our option, on or after April 30, 2019 and before April 30, 2020 at a redemption price equal to 101% of the principal amount of the 2021 Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date. On or after April 30, 2020, we may redeem for cash all or any portion of the 2021 Notes, at our option, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2021 Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date. If we undergo a change of control repurchase event, holders may require it to purchase the 2021 Notes, in whole or in part, for cash at a repurchase price equal to 101% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2021 Notes to be purchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the date of repurchase, as described in greater detail in the Indenture. On February 24, 2021, we announced our intention to redeem all of the outstanding 2021 Notes. The redemption date is March 26, 2021 and the redemption price is 100% of the principal amount of the 2021 Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date.
The 2021 Notes are our senior direct unsecured obligations and will not be guaranteed by any of its subsidiaries, except to the extent described in the Indenture upon the occurrence of certain events. The 2021 Notes rank equal in right of payment to any of our existing and future unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness; effectively junior in right of payment to any of its existing and future secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness; and structurally junior to all existing and future indebtedness, other liabilities (including trade payables) and (to the extent not held by us) preferred stock, if any, of its subsidiaries.
On July 22, 2019, we completed the public offer and sale of $57.5 million aggregate principal amount of its 6.20% Senior Notes due 2026 (the “2026 Notes” and together with the 2021 Notes, the “Corporate Debt”), which includes $7.5 million aggregate principal amount of the 2026 Notes relating to the full exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option. The net proceeds from the sale of the 2026 Notes are approximately $55.3 million, after deducting underwriters’ discount and estimated offering expenses. We will contribute the net proceeds to Sutherland Partners, L.P. (the “Operating Partnership”), its operating partnership subsidiary, in exchange for the issuance by the Operating Partnership of a senior unsecured note with terms that are substantially equivalent to the terms of the 2026 Notes. The Operating Partnership intends to use the net proceeds to originate or acquire our target assets and for general business purposes.
The 2026 Notes bear interest at a rate of 6.20% per annum, payable quarterly in arrears on January 30, April 30, July 30, and October 30 of each year, beginning on October 30, 2019. The 2026 Notes will mature on July 30, 2026, unless earlier repurchased or redeemed.
We may redeem for cash all or any portion of the 2026 Notes, at its option, on or after July 30, 2022 and before July 30, 2025 at a redemption price equal to 101% of the principal amount of the 2026 Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date. On or after July 30, 2025, we may redeem for cash all or any portion of the 2026 Notes, at its option, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2026 Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date. If we undergo a change of control repurchase event, holders may require it to purchase the 2026 Notes, in whole or in part, for cash at a repurchase price equal to 101% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2026 Notes to be purchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the date of repurchase, as described in greater detail in the Indenture.
The 2026 Notes are our senior unsecured obligations and will not be guaranteed by any of its subsidiaries, except to the extent described in the Indenture upon the occurrence of certain events. The 2026 Notes rank equal in right of payment to any of our existing and future unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness; effectively junior in right of payment to any of its existing and future secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness; and structurally junior to all existing and future indebtedness, other liabilities (including trade payables) and (to the extent not held by us) preferred stock, if any, of its subsidiaries.
On December 2, 2019, we completed the public offer and sale of $45.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2026 Notes. The new notes have the same terms (expect with respect to issue date, issue price and the date from which interest will accrue) as, are fully fungible with and are treated as a single series of debt securities as, the 6.20% Senior Notes due 2026 we issued on July 22, 2019.
As of December 31, 2020, we were in compliance with all covenants with respect to the corporate debt.
Subsequent to December 31, 2020, we completed the issuance of a public offering of $201.25 million in 5.75% senior notes due 2026 on February 10, 2021. We intend to use the net proceeds from the offering to redeem all of the outstanding 2021 Notes, as described above. We intend to use the remainder of the net proceeds for general business purposes, including to fund our small balance commercial origination and acquisition pipelines.
Public equity offerings
In December 2019, we completed a public offering of 6,000,000 shares of our common stock at a public offering price of $15.30 per share and an additional 900,000 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $15.30 per share pursuant to the underwriter’s full exercise of the over-allotment option in January 2020. Proceeds, net of offering costs and expenses were $ 91.8 million and $13.8 million for December 2019 and January 2020, respectively. There were no equity offerings during 2020.
Other long term financing
ReadyCap Holdings’ 7.50% senior secured notes due 2022. During 2017, ReadyCap Holdings LLC, a subsidiary of the Company, issued $140.0 million in 7.50% Senior Secured Notes due 2022. On January 30, 2018, ReadyCap Holdings LLC, issued an additional $40.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 7.50% Senior Secured Notes due 2022, which have identical terms (other than issue date and issue price) to the notes issued during 2017 (collectively “the Senior Secured Notes”). The additional $40.0 million in Senior Secured Notes were priced with a yield to par call date of 6.5%. Payments of the amounts due on the Senior Secured Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by the Company and its subsidiaries: Sutherland Partners LP, Sutherland Asset I, LLC, and ReadyCap Commercial. The funds were used to fund new SBC and SBA loan originations and new SBC loan acquisitions.
The Senior Secured Notes bear interest at 7.50% per annum payable semiannually on each February 15 and August 15, beginning on August 15, 2017. The Senior Secured Notes will mature on February 15, 2022, unless redeemed or repurchased prior to such date. ReadyCap Holdings may redeem the Senior Secured Notes prior to November 15, 2021, at its option, in whole or in part at any time and from time to time, at a price equal to 100% of the outstanding principal amount thereof, plus the applicable “make-whole” premium as of, and unpaid interest, if any, accrued to, the redemption date. On and after November 15, 2021, ReadyCap Holdings may redeem the Senior Secured Notes, at its option, in whole or in part at any time and from time to time, at a price equal to 100% of the outstanding principal amount thereof plus unpaid interest, if any, accrued to the redemption date.
ReadyCap Holdings’ and the Guarantors’ respective obligations under the Senior Secured Notes and the Guarantees are secured by a perfected first-priority lien on the capital stock of ReadyCap Holdings and ReadyCap Commercial and certain other assets owned by certain of our Company’s subsidiaries as described in greater detail in our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 15, 2017. The Senior Secured Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture (the "Indenture") and a first supplemental indenture (the "First Supplemental Indenture"), which contains covenants that, among other things: (i) limit the ability of our Company and its subsidiaries (including ReadyCap Holdings and the other Guarantors) to incur additional indebtedness; (ii) require that our Company maintain, on a consolidated basis, quarterly compliance with the applicable consolidated recourse indebtedness to equity ratio of our Company and consolidated indebtedness to equity ratio of our Company and specified ratios of our Company’s stockholders’ equity to aggregate principal amount of the outstanding Senior Secured Notes and our Company's consolidated unencumbered assets to aggregate principal amount of the outstanding Senior Secured Notes; (iii) limit the ability of ReadyCap Holdings and ReadyCap Commercial to pay
dividends or distributions on, or redeem or repurchase, the capital stock of ReadyCap Holdings or ReadyCap Commercial; (iv) limit (1) ReadyCap's Holdings ability to create or incur any lien on the collateral and (2) unless the Senior Secured Notes are equally and ratably secured, (a) ReadyCap's Holdings ability to create or incur any lien on the capital stock of its wholly-owned subsidiary, ReadyCap Lending and (b) ReadyCap's Holdings ability to permit ReadyCap Lending to create or incur any lien on its assets to secure indebtedness of its affiliates other than its subsidiaries or any securitization entity; and (v) limit ReadyCap Holding's and the Guarantors' ability to consolidate, merge or transfer all or substantially all of ReadyCap' Holdings and the Guarantors’ respective properties and assets. The First Supplemental Indenture also requires that our Company ensure that the Replaceable Collateral Value (as defined therein) is not less than the aggregate principal amount of the Senior Secured Notes outstanding as of the last day of each of our Company's fiscal quarters.
As of December 31, 2020, we were in compliance with all covenants with respect to the Senior Secured Notes.
Securitization transactions
Our Manager’s extensive experience in loan acquisition, origination, servicing and securitization strategies has enabled us to complete several securitizations of SBC and SBA loan assets since January 2011. These securitizations allow us to match fund the SBC and SBA loans on a long-term, non-recourse basis. The assets pledged as collateral for these securitizations were contributed from our portfolio of assets. By contributing these SBC and SBA assets to the various securitizations, these transactions created capacity for us to fund other investments.
The following table presents information on the securitization structures and related issued tranches of notes to investors:
Deal Name
Collateral Asset Class
Issuance
Active / Collapsed
Bonds Issued
(in $ millions)
Trusts (Firm sponsored)
Waterfall Victoria Mortgage Trust 2011-1 (SBC1)
SBC Acquired loans
February 2011
Collapsed
$
40.5
Waterfall Victoria Mortgage Trust 2011-3 (SBC3)
SBC Acquired loans
October 2011
Collapsed
143.4
Sutherland Commercial Mortgage Trust 2015-4 (SBC4)
SBC Acquired loans
August 2015
Collapsed
125.4
Sutherland Commercial Mortgage Trust 2018 (SBC7)
SBC Acquired loans
November 2018
Active
217.0
ReadyCap Lending Small Business Trust 2015-1 (RCLT 2015-1)
Acquired SBA 7(a) loans
June 2015
Collapsed
189.5
ReadyCap Lending Small Business Loan Trust 2019-2 (RCLT 2019-2)
Originated SBA 7(a) loans,
Acquired SBA 7(a) loans
December 2019
Active
131.0
Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduits (REMICs)
ReadyCap Commercial Mortgage Trust 2014-1 (RCMT 2014-1)
SBC Originated conventional
September 2014
Active
$
181.7
ReadyCap Commercial Mortgage Trust 2015-2 (RCMT 2015-2)
SBC Originated conventional
November 2015
Active
218.8
ReadyCap Commercial Mortgage Trust 2016-3 (RCMT 2016-3)
SBC Originated conventional
November 2016
Active
162.1
ReadyCap Commercial Mortgage Trust 2018-4 (RCMT 2018-4)
SBC Originated conventional
March 2018
Active
165.0
Ready Capital Mortgage Trust 2019-5 (RCMT 2019-5)
SBC Originated conventional
January 2019
Active
355.8
Ready Capital Mortgage Trust 2019-6 (RCMT 2019-6)
SBC Originated conventional
November 2019
Active
430.7
Waterfall Victoria Mortgage Trust 2011-2 (SBC2)
SBC Acquired loans
March 2011
Active
97.6
Sutherland Commercial Mortgage Trust 2018 (SBC6)
SBC Acquired loans
August 2017
Active
154.9
Sutherland Commercial Mortgage Trust 2019 (SBC8)
SBC Acquired loans
June 2019
Active
306.5
Sutherland Commercial Mortgage Trust 2020 (SBC9)
SBC Acquired loans
June 2020
Active
203.6
Collateralized Loan Obligations (CLOs)
Ready Capital Mortgage Financing 2017- FL1
SBC Originated transitional
August 2017
Collapsed
$
198.8
Ready Capital Mortgage Financing 2018 - FL2
SBC Originated transitional
June 2018
Active
217.1
Ready Capital Mortgage Financing 2019 - FL3
SBC Originated transitional
April 2019
Active
320.2
Ready Capital Mortgage Financing 2020 - FL4
SBC Originated transitional
June 2020
Active
405.3
Trusts (Non-firm sponsored)
Freddie Mac Small Balance Mortgage Trust 2016-SB11
Originated agency multi-family
January 2016
Active
$
110.0
Freddie Mac Small Balance Mortgage Trust 2016-SB18
Originated agency multi-family
July 2016
Active
118.0
Freddie Mac Small Balance Mortgage Trust 2017-SB33
Originated agency multi-family
June 2017
Active
197.9
Freddie Mac Small Balance Mortgage Trust 2018-SB45
Originated agency multi-family
January 2018
Active
362.0
Freddie Mac Small Balance Mortgage Trust 2018-SB52
Originated agency multi-family
September 2018
Active
505.0
Freddie Mac Small Balance Mortgage Trust 2018-SB56
Originated agency multi-family
December 2018
Active
507.3
Key Commercial Mortgage Trust 2020-S3(1)
SBC Originated conventional
September 2020
Active
263.2
(1) Contributed portion of assets into trust
We used the proceeds from the sale of the tranches issued to purchase and originate SBC and SBA loans. We are the primary beneficiary of all firm sponsored securitizations, therefore they are consolidated in our financial statements.
Contractual Obligations and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
The following table provides a summary of our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2020:
(in thousands)
Total
< 1 year
1 to 3 years
3 to 5 years
> 5 years
Borrowings under credit facilities
$
542,950
$
369,121
$
151,218
$
-
$
22,611
Borrowings under repurchase agreements
827,569
579,953
247,616
-
-
Guaranteed loan financing
401,705
3,760
7,118
390,432
Senior secured notes
180,000
-
180,000
-
-
Convertible notes
115,000
-
-
115,000
-
Corporate debt
154,250
-
50,000
-
104,250
Loan funding commitments
293,198
90,000
203,198
-
-
Future operating lease commitments
5,757
4,602
-
Total
$
2,520,429
$
1,040,229
$
840,394
$
122,513
$
517,293
The table above does not include amounts due under our management agreement or derivative agreements as those contracts do not have fixed and determinable payments. As of the date of this annual report on Form 10-K, we had no off-balance sheet arrangements.
Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates
Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP, which requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. We believe that all of the decisions and assessments upon which our financial statements are based were reasonable at the time made, based upon information available to us at that time. The following discussion describes the critical accounting estimates that apply to our operations and require complex management judgment. This summary should be read in conjunction with our accounting policies and use of estimates included in “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 3 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” included in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” in this annual report on Form 10-K.
Allowance for credit losses
The allowance for credit losses consists of the allowance for losses on loans and lending commitments accounted for at amortized cost. Such loans and lending commitments are reviewed quarterly considering credit quality indicators, including probable and historical losses, collateral values, loan-to-value (“LTV”) ratio and economic conditions. The allowance for credit losses increases through provisions charged to earnings and reduced by charge-offs, net of recoveries.
On January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses, and subsequent amendments (“ASU 2016-13”), which replaces the incurred loss methodology with an expected loss model known as the Current Expected Credit Loss ("CECL") model. CECL amends the previous credit loss model to reflect a reporting entity's current estimate of all expected credit losses, not only based on historical experience and current conditions, but also by including reasonable and supportable forecasts incorporating forward-looking information. The measurement of expected credit losses under CECL is applicable to financial assets measured at amortized cost. The allowance for credit losses required under ASU 2016-13 is deducted from the respective loans’ amortized cost basis on our consolidated balance sheets. The guidance also requires a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the reporting period of adoption.
In connection with the Company’s adoption of ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2020, the Company implemented new processes including the utilization of loan loss forecasting models, updates to the Company’s reserve policy documentation, changes to internal reporting processes and related internal controls. The Company has implemented loan loss forecasting models for estimating expected life-time credit losses, at the individual loan level, for its loan portfolio. The CECL forecasting methods used by the Company include (i) a probability of default and loss given default method using underlying third-party CMBS/CRE loan database with historical loan losses from 1998 to 2019 and (ii) probability weighted expected cash flow method, depending on the type of loan and the availability of relevant historical market loan loss data. The Company might use other acceptable alternative approaches in the future depending on, among other factors, the type of loan, underlying collateral, and availability of relevant historical market loan loss data.
The Company estimates the CECL expected credit losses for its loan portfolio at the individual loan level. Significant inputs to the Company’s forecasting methods include (i) key loan-specific inputs such as LTV, vintage year, loan-term, underlying property type, occupancy, geographic location, and others, and (ii) a macro-economic forecast. These estimates may change in future periods based on available future macro-economic data and might result in a material change in the Company’s future estimates of expected credit losses for its loan portfolio.
In certain instances, the Company considers relevant loan-specific qualitative factors to certain loans to estimate its CECL expected credit losses. The Company considers loan investments that are both (i) expected to be substantially repaid through the operation or sale of the underlying collateral, and (ii) for which the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, to be “collateral-dependent” loans. For such loans that the Company determines that foreclosure of the collateral is probable, the Company measures the expected losses based on the difference between the fair value of the collateral and the amortized cost basis of the loan as of the measurement date. For collateral-dependent loans that the Company determines foreclosure is not probable, the Company applies a practical expedient to estimate expected losses using the difference between the collateral’s fair value (less costs to sell the asset if repayment is expected through the sale of the collateral) and the amortized cost basis of the loan.
While we have a formal methodology to determine the adequate and appropriate level of the allowance for credit losses, estimates of inherent loan losses involve judgment and assumptions as to various factors, including current economic conditions. Our determination of adequacy of the allowance for credit losses is based on quarterly evaluations of the above factors. Accordingly, the provision for loan losses will vary from period to period based on management's ongoing assessment of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses.
Significant judgment is required when evaluating loans for impairment; therefore, actual results over time could be materially different. Refer to “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 6 - Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses” included in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” in this annual report on Form 10-K for results of our loan impairment evaluation.
Valuation of financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value
We measure our MBS, derivative assets and liabilities, residential mortgage servicing rights, and any assets or liabilities where we have elected the fair value option at fair value, including certain loans we have originated that are expected to be sold to third parties or securitized in the near term.
We have established valuation processes and procedures designed so that fair value measurements are appropriate and reliable, that they are based on observable inputs where possible, and that valuation approaches are consistently applied and the assumptions and inputs are reasonable. We also have established processes to provide that the valuation methodologies, techniques and approaches for investments that are categorized within Level 3 of the ASC 820 Fair Value Measurement fair value hierarchy (the “fair value hierarchy”) are fair, consistent and verifiable. Our processes provide a framework that ensures the oversight of our fair value methodologies, techniques, validation procedures, and results.
When actively quoted observable prices are not available, we either use implied pricing from similar assets and liabilities or valuation models based on net present values of estimated future cash flows, adjusted as appropriate for liquidity, credit, market and/or other risk factors. Refer to “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 7 - Fair Value Measurements” included in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” in this annual report on Form 10-K for a more complete discussion of our critical accounting estimates as they pertain to fair value measurements.
Servicing rights impairment
Servicing rights, at amortized cost, are initially recorded at fair value and subsequently carried at amortized cost. We have elected the fair value option on our residential mortgage servicing rights, which are not subject to impairment.
For purposes of testing our servicing rights, carried at amortized cost, for impairment, we first determine whether facts and circumstances exist that would suggest the carrying value of the servicing asset is not recoverable. If so, we then compare the net present value of servicing cash flow with its carrying value. The estimated net present value of servicing cash flows of the intangibles is determined using discounted cash flow modeling techniques which require management to make estimates regarding future net servicing cash flows, taking into consideration historical and forecasted loan prepayment rates, delinquency rates and anticipated maturity defaults. If the carrying value of the servicing rights exceeds the net present value of servicing cash flows, the servicing rights are considered impaired and an impairment loss is recognized in earnings for the amount by which carrying value exceeds the net present value of servicing cash flows. We monitor the actual performance of our servicing rights by regularly comparing actual cash flow, credit, and prepayment experience to modeled estimates.
Significant judgment is required when evaluating servicing rights for impairment; therefore, actual results over time could be materially different. Refer to “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 9 - Servicing Rights” included in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” in this annual report on Form 10-K for a more complete discussion of our critical accounting estimates as they pertain to servicing rights impairment.
Refer to “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 4- Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements” included in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” in this annual report on Form 10-K for a discussion of recent accounting developments and the expected impact to the Company.
Inflation. Virtually all of our assets and liabilities are and will be interest rate sensitive in nature. As a result, interest rates and other factors influence our performance far more than does inflation. Changes in interest rates do not necessarily correlate with inflation rates or changes in inflation rates. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and our activities and balance sheet shall be measured with reference to historical cost and/or fair market value without considering inflation.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
In the normal course of business, we enter into transactions in various financial instruments that expose us to various types of risk, both on and off-balance sheet, which are associated with such financial instruments and markets for which we invest. These financial instruments expose us to varying degrees of market risk, credit risk, interest rate risk, liquidity risk, off-balance sheet risk and prepayment risk. Many of these risks have been augmented due to the continuing economic disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic which remain uncertain and difficult to predict. We continue to monitor the impact of the pandemic and the effect of these risks in our operations.
Market risk. Market risk is the potential adverse changes in the values of the financial instrument due to unfavorable changes in the level or volatility of interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, or market values of the underlying financial instruments. We attempt to mitigate our exposure to market risk by entering into offsetting transactions, which may include purchase or sale of interest bearing securities and equity securities.
Credit risk. We are subject to credit risk in connection with our investments in SBC loans and SBC ABS and other target assets we may acquire in the future. The credit risk related to these investments pertains to the ability and willingness of the borrowers to pay, which is assessed before credit is granted or renewed and periodically reviewed throughout the loan or security term. We believe that loan credit quality is primarily determined by the borrowers’ credit profiles and loan characteristics. We seek to mitigate this risk by seeking to acquire assets at appropriate prices given anticipated and unanticipated losses and by deploying a value-driven approach to underwriting and diligence, consistent with our historical investment strategy, with a focus on projected cash flows and potential risks to cash flow. We further mitigate our risk of potential losses while managing and servicing our loans by performing various workout and loss mitigation strategies with delinquent borrowers. Nevertheless, unanticipated credit losses could occur which could adversely impact operating results.
The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely impacted the commercial real estate markets, causing reduced occupancy, requests from tenants for rent deferral or abatement, and delays in property renovations currently planned or underway. These negative conditions may persist into the future and impair borrower’s ability to pay principal and interest due under our loan agreements. We maintain robust asset management relationships with our borrowers and have leveraged these relationships to address the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our loans secured by properties experiencing cash flow pressure, most significantly hospitality and retail assets. Some of our borrowers have indicated that due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, they will be unable to timely execute their business plans, have had to temporarily close their businesses, or have experienced other negative business consequences and have requested temporary interest deferral or forbearance, or other modifications of their loans. Accordingly, we have discussed with our borrowers potential near-term defensive loan modifications, which could include repurposing of reserves, temporary deferrals of interest, or performance test or covenant waivers on loans collateralized by assets directly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, and which would typically be coupled with an additional equity commitment and/or guaranty from sponsors. As of December 31, 2020, approximately 2.0% of the loans in our commercial real estate portfolio are in forbearance plans. While we believe the principal amounts of our loans are generally adequately protected by underlying collateral value, there is a risk that we will not realize the entire principal value of certain investments.
Interest rate risk. Interest rate risk is highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary and tax policies, domestic and international economic and political considerations and other factors beyond our control.
Our operating results will depend, in part, on differences between the income from our investments and our financing costs. Our debt financing is based on a floating rate of interest calculated on a fixed spread over the relevant index, subject to a floor, as determined by the particular financing arrangement. The general impact of changing interest rates are discussed above under “- Factors Impacting Operating Results - Changes in Market Interest Rates.” In the event of a significant rising interest rate environment and/or economic downturn, defaults could increase and result in credit losses to us, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations and prospects. Furthermore, such defaults could have an adverse effect on the spread between our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities.
Additionally, non-performing SBC loans are not as interest rate sensitive as performing loans, as earnings on non-performing loans are often generated from restructuring the assets through loss mitigation strategies and opportunistically disposing of them. Because non-performing SBC loans are short-term assets, the discount rates used for valuation are based on short-term market interest rates, which may not move in tandem with long-term market interest rates. A rising rate environment often means an improving economy, which might have a positive impact on commercial property values, resulting in increased gains on the disposition of these assets. While rising rates could make it more costly to refinance these assets, we expect that the impact of this would be mitigated by higher property values. Moreover, small business owners are generally less interest rate sensitive than large commercial property owners, and interest cost is a relatively small component of their operating expenses. An improving economy will likely spur increased property values and sales, thereby increasing the need for SBC financing.
The following table projects the impact on our interest income and expense for the twelve month period following December 31, 2020, assuming an immediate increase or decrease of 25, 50, 75 and 100 basis points in LIBOR:
12-month pretax net interest income sensitivity profiles
Instantaneous change in rates
(in thousands)
25 basis point increase
50 basis point increase
75 basis point increase
100 basis point increase
25 basis point decrease
50 basis point decrease
75 basis point decrease
100 basis point decrease
Assets:
Loans held for investment
$
4,095
$
8,362
$
12,631
$
16,903
$
(1,324)
$
(2,392)
$
(3,440)
$
(4,468)
Interest rate swap hedges
1,541
2,311
3,081
(770)
(1,541)
(2,311)
(3,081)
Total
$
4,865
$
9,903
$
14,942
$
19,984
$
(2,094)
$
(3,933)
$
(5,751)
$
(7,549)
Liabilities:
Recourse debt
$
(2,640)
$
(5,281)
$
(7,997)
$
(10,729)
$
1,743
$
1,844
$
1,945
$
2,047
Non-recourse debt
(1,938)
(3,875)
(5,813)
(7,751)
1,300
1,734
2,169
2,603
Total
$
(4,578)
$
(9,156)
$
(13,810)
$
(18,480)
$
3,043
$
3,578
$
4,114
$
4,650
Total Net Impact to Net Interest Income (Expense)
$
$
$
1,132
$
1,504
$
$
(355)
$
(1,637)
$
(2,899)
Such hypothetical impact of interest rates on our variable rate debt does not consider the effect of any change in overall economic activity that could occur in a rising interest rate environment. Further, in the event of such a change in interest rates, we may take actions to further mitigate our exposure to such a change. However, due to the uncertainty of the specific actions that would be taken and their possible effects, this analysis assumes no changes in our financial structure.
Liquidity risk. Liquidity risk arises in our investments and the general financing of our investing activities. It includes the risk of not being able to fund acquisition and origination activities at settlement dates and/or liquidate positions in a timely manner at a reasonable price, in addition to potential increases in collateral requirements during times of heightened market volatility. If we were forced to dispose of an illiquid investment at an inopportune time, we might be forced to do so at a substantial discount to the market value, resulting in a realized loss. We attempt to mitigate our liquidity risk by regularly monitoring the liquidity of our investments in SBC loans, ABS and other financial instruments. Factors such as our expected exit strategy for, the bid to offer spread of, and the number of broker dealers making an active market in a particular strategy and the availability of long-term funding, are considered in analyzing liquidity risk. To reduce any perceived disparity between the liquidity and the terms of the debt instruments in which we invest, we attempt to minimize our reliance on short-term financing arrangements. While we may finance certain investment in security positions using traditional margin arrangements and reverse repurchase agreements, other financial instruments such as collateralized debt obligations, and other longer-term financing vehicles may be utilized to attempt to provide us with sources of long-term financing.
Prepayment risk. Prepayment risk is the risk that principal will be repaid at a different rate than anticipated, causing the return on certain investments to be less than expected. As we receive prepayments of principal on our assets, any premiums paid on such assets are amortized against interest income. In general, an increase in prepayment rates accelerates the amortization of purchase premiums, thereby reducing the interest income earned on the assets. Conversely, discounts on such assets are accreted into interest income. In general, an increase in prepayment rates accelerates the accretion of purchase discounts, thereby increasing the interest income earned on the assets.
SBC loan and ABS extension risk. Our Manager computes the projected weighted-average life of our assets based on assumptions regarding the rate at which the borrowers will prepay the mortgages or extend. If prepayment rates decrease in a rising interest rate environment or extension options are exercised, the life of the fixed-rate assets could extend beyond the term of the secured debt agreements. This could have a negative impact on our results of operations. In some situations, we may be forced to sell assets to maintain adequate liquidity, which could cause us to incur losses.
Real estate risk. The market values of commercial mortgage assets are subject to volatility and may be affected adversely by a number of factors, including, but not limited to, national, regional and local economic conditions (which may be adversely affected by industry slowdowns and other factors); local real estate conditions; changes or continued weakness in specific industry segments; construction quality, age and design; demographic factors; and retroactive changes to building or similar codes. In addition, decreases in property values reduce the value of the collateral and the potential proceeds available to a borrower to repay the underlying loans, which could also cause us to suffer losses.
Fair value risk. The estimated fair value of our investments fluctuates primarily due to changes in interest rates and other factors. Generally, in a rising interest rate environment, the estimated fair value of the fixed-rate investments would be expected to decrease; conversely, in a decreasing interest rate environment, the estimated fair value of the fixed-rate investments would be expected to increase. As market volatility increases or liquidity decreases, the fair value of our assets recorded and/or disclosed may be adversely impacted. Our economic exposure is generally limited to our net investment position as we seek to fund fixed rate investments with fixed rate financing or variable rate financing hedged with interest rate swaps.
Counterparty risk. We finance the acquisition of a significant portion of our commercial and residential mortgage loans, MBS and other assets with our repurchase agreements and credit facilities. In connection with these financing arrangements, we pledge our mortgage loans and securities as collateral to secure the borrowings. The amount of collateral pledged will typically exceed the amount of the borrowings (i.e. the haircut) such that the borrowings will be over-collateralized. As a result, we are exposed to the counterparty if, during the term of the financing, a lender should default on its obligation and we are not able to recover our pledged assets. The amount of this exposure is the difference between the amount loaned to us plus interest due to the counterparty and the fair value of the collateral pledged by us to the lender including accrued interest receivable on such collateral.
We are exposed to changing interest rates and market conditions, which affects cash flows associated with borrowings. We enter into derivative instruments, such as interest rate swaps and credit default swaps (“CDS”), to mitigate these risks. Interest rate swaps are used to mitigate the exposure to changes in interest rates and involve the receipt of variable-rate interest amounts from a counterparty in exchange for us making payments based on a fixed interest rate over the life of the swap contract. CDSs are executed in order to mitigate the risk of deterioration in the current credit health of the commercial mortgage market.
Certain of our subsidiaries have entered into over-the-counter interest rate swap agreements to hedge risks associated with movements in interest rates. Because certain interest rate swaps were not cleared through a central counterparty, we remain exposed to the counterparty's ability to perform its obligations under each such swap and cannot look to the creditworthiness of a central counterparty for performance. As a result, if an over-the-counter swap counterparty cannot perform under the terms of an interest rate swap, our subsidiary would not receive payments due under that agreement, we may lose any unrealized gain associated with the interest rate swap and the hedged liability would cease to be hedged by the interest rate swap. While we would seek to terminate the relevant over-the-counter swap transaction and may have a claim against the defaulting counterparty for any losses, including unrealized gains, there is no assurance that we would be able to recover such amounts or to replace the relevant swap on economically viable terms or at all. In such case, we could be forced to cover our unhedged liabilities at the then current market price. We may also be at risk for any collateral we have pledged to secure our obligations under the over-the-counter interest rate swap if the counterparty becomes insolvent or files for bankruptcy. Therefore, upon a default by an interest rate swap agreement counterparty, the interest rate swap would no longer mitigate the impact of changes in interest rates as intended.
The following table summarizes the Company’s exposure to its repurchase agreements and credit facilities counterparties at December 31, 2020:
(in thousands)
Borrowings under repurchase
agreements and credit facilities (1)
Assets pledged on borrowings under repurchase agreements and credit facilities
Net Exposure
Exposure as a
Percentage of
Total Assets
Total Counterparty Exposure
$ 1,370,519
$ 1,767,319
$ 396,800
7.4
%
(1) The exposure reflects the difference between (a) the amount loaned to the Company through repurchase agreements and credit facilities, including interest payable, and (b) the cash and the fair value of the assets pledged by the Company as collateral, including accrued interest receivable on such assets
The following table presents information with respect to any counterparty for repurchase agreements for which our Company had greater than 5% of stockholders’ equity at risk in the aggregate at December 31, 2020:
(in thousands)
Counterparty
Rating (1)
Amount of Risk (2)
Weighted Average Months to Maturity for Agreement
Percentage of Stockholders’ Equity
JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.
A+ / Aa2
$ 169,359
20.3%
Deutsche Bank AG
BBB+ / A3
$ 79,282
9.5%
(1) The counterparty rating presented is the long-term issuer credit rating as rated at December 31, 2020 by S&P and Moody’s, respectively.
(2) The amount at risk reflects the difference between (a) the amount loaned to the Company through repurchase agreements, including interest payable, and (b) the cash and the fair value of the assets pledged by the Company as collateral, including accrued interest receivable on such securities
Capital market risk. We are exposed to risks related to the equity capital markets, and our related ability to raise capital through the issuance of our common stock or other equity instruments. We are also exposed to risks related to the debt capital markets, and our related ability to finance our business through borrowings under repurchase obligations or other financing arrangements. As a REIT, we are required to distribute a significant portion of our taxable income annually, which constrains our ability to accumulate operating cash flow and therefore requires us to utilize debt or equity capital to finance our business. We seek to mitigate these risks by monitoring the debt and equity capital markets to inform our decisions on the amount, timing, and terms of capital we raise.
Off-balance sheet risk. Off-balance sheet risk refers to situations where the maximum potential loss resulting from changes in the level or volatility of interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates or market values of the underlying financial instruments may result in changes in the value of a particular financial instrument in excess of the reported amounts of such assets and liabilities currently reflected in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
Inflation risk. Most of our assets and liabilities are interest rate sensitive in nature. As a result, interest rates and other factors influence our performance significantly more than inflation does. Changes in interest rates may correlate with inflation rates and/or changes in inflation rates. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and our distributions are determined by our board of directors consistent with our obligation to distribute to our stockholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income on an annual basis in order to maintain our REIT qualification; in each case, our activities and balance sheet are measured with reference to historical cost and/or fair value without considering inflation.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Ready Capital Corporation
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Ready Capital Corporation and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes and the schedule listed in the Index at Item 8 (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated March 15, 2021, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Servicing rights - Residential (carried at fair value) - Refer to Notes 3 and 9 to the financial statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
The Company accounts for residential mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”) totaling $76.8 million at fair value and classifies its MSRs as “Level 3” fair value assets. For these assets, the Company uses an independent third-party valuation expert to assist management in estimating the fair value. The third-party valuation expert uses a discounted cash flow approach which consists of projecting servicing cash flows discounted at a rate that management believes market participants would use in their determinations of fair value. The key assumptions used in the estimation of the fair value of MSRs include prepayment rates, discount rates, and cost of servicing. A change in the discount rate, prepayment rate or cost of servicing can have a significant effect on the fair value of MSRs which is recorded in Net unrealized gain (loss) on financial instruments.
We identified the valuation of MSRs as a critical audit matter because of the significant judgments made by management in determining the discount rate, prepayment rate, and cost of servicing assumptions. This required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort, including the need to involve our fair value specialists, when performing audit procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of management’s estimate and assumptions related to selection of the discount rate, prepayment rate and cost of servicing.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to the discount rate, prepayment rate, and cost of servicing assumptions included the following, among others:
● We tested the operating effectiveness of internal controls over determining the fair value, including those over the determination of the discount rate, prepayment rate and cost of servicing assumptions.
● We tested the operating effectiveness of internal controls over the third-party valuation expert by evaluating management’s process for monitoring the competence, capabilities, and objectivity of the valuation expert as well as evaluating the relevance, completeness, and accuracy of the source data used by the valuation expert.
● We evaluated management’s process for obtaining an understanding of the work of the valuation expert, including consideration of the relevance and reasonableness of the assumptions, methods, and models used by the valuation expert.
● We evaluated the reasonableness of management’s discount rate, prepayment rate and cost of service assumptions of the underlying mortgage loans, by comparing historical assumptions to current assumptions and testing the source data used by the valuation expert.
● With the assistance of our fair value specialists, we evaluated the reasonableness of management’s discount rate, prepayment rate and cost of servicing assumptions by comparing them to independent market information. We also tested the mathematical accuracy of the calculation.
Allowance for loan losses - Refer to Notes 3 and 6 to the financial statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
The general allowance for loan losses is intended to provide for credit losses of loans that are not impaired within the loans held-for-investment portfolio and is reviewed quarterly for adequacy considering credit quality indicators, including probable and historical losses, collateral values, loan-to-value ratio and macroeconomic conditions. The allowance for loan losses is increased through provisions for loan losses charged to earnings and reduced by charge-offs, net of recoveries. Significant inputs to the Company’s forecasting methods include (i) key loan-specific inputs such as LTV, vintage year, loan-term, underlying property type, occupancy, geographic location, and others, and (ii) a macro-economic forecast, including unemployment rates, interest rates, commercial real estate prices, and others. Significant judgments are required in determining the allowance, including making assumptions regarding the macroeconomic forecasts, default rate, loss severity rate, and collateral value.
Given the judgment necessary to estimate internal and external factors that may affect collectability of the loan portfolio, including macroeconomic conditions, default rates, loss severity rates, and the fair value of collateral, auditing the estimated allowance for loan losses involved especially complex and subjective judgment, including the need to involve our specialists.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to the macroeconomic conditions, default rates, loss severity rates, and fair value of collateral included the following, among others:
● We tested the operating effectiveness of internal controls over the allowance for loan losses, including those over determining macroeconomic conditions, default rates, loss severity rates, and underlying collateral values.
● With the assistance of our fair value specialists, we evaluated the reasonableness of the macroeconomic conditions, default rates, loss severity rates, and underlying collateral values, for consistency with external data from other sources.
● We tested the macroeconomic conditions, default rate, loss severity data, and underlying collateral values, which were used to develop the allowance, to determine that the information used in the analysis was relevant, accurate and complete. We also tested the mathematical accuracy of the calculation.
/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP
New York, New York
March 15, 2021
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2012.
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Ready Capital Corporation:
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Ready Capital Corporation and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2020, of the Company and our report dated March 15, 2021 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP
New York, New York
March 15, 2021
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SCHEDULE
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SCHEDULE IV - MORTGAGE LOANS ON REAL ESTATE
READY CAPITAL CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In Thousands)
December 31, 2020
December 31, 2019
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents
$
138,975
$
67,928
Restricted cash
47,697
51,728
Loans, net (including $88,726 and $20,212 held at fair value)
1,625,555
1,727,984
Loans, held for sale, at fair value
340,288
188,077
Mortgage backed securities, at fair value
88,011
92,466
Loans eligible for repurchase from Ginnie Mae
250,132
77,953
Investment in unconsolidated joint ventures
79,509
58,850
Purchased future receivables, net
17,308
43,265
Derivative instruments
16,363
2,814
Servicing rights (including $76,840 and $91,174 held at fair value)
114,663
121,969
Real estate, held for sale
45,348
58,573
Other assets
89,503
106,925
Assets of consolidated VIEs
2,518,743
2,378,486
Total Assets
$
5,372,095
$
4,977,018
Liabilities
Secured borrowings
1,370,519
1,189,392
Securitized debt obligations of consolidated VIEs, net
1,905,749
1,815,154
Convertible notes, net
112,129
111,040
Senior secured notes, net
179,659
179,289
Corporate debt, net
150,989
149,986
Guaranteed loan financing
401,705
485,461
Liabilities for loans eligible for repurchase from Ginnie Mae
250,132
77,953
Derivative instruments
11,604
5,250
Dividends payable
19,746
21,302
Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities
135,655
97,407
Total Liabilities
$
4,537,887
$
4,132,234
Stockholders’ Equity
Common stock, $0.0001 par value, 500,000,000 shares authorized, 54,368,999 and 51,127,326 shares issued and outstanding, respectively
Additional paid-in capital
849,541
822,837
Retained earnings (deficit)
(24,203)
8,746
Accumulated other comprehensive loss
(9,947)
(6,176)
Total Ready Capital Corporation equity
815,396
825,412
Non-controlling interests
18,812
19,372
Total Stockholders’ Equity
$
834,208
$
844,784
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
$
5,372,095
$
4,977,018
See Notes To Consolidated Financial Statements
READY CAPITAL CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands, except share data)
Interest income
$
258,636
$
229,916
$
169,499
Interest expense
(175,481)
(151,880)
(109,238)
Net interest income before provision for loan losses
$
83,155
$
78,036
$
60,261
(Provision for) recovery of loan losses
(34,726)
(3,684)
(1,701)
Net interest income after (provision for) recovery of loan losses
$
48,429
$
74,352
$
58,560
Non-interest income
Residential mortgage banking activities
$
252,720
$
83,539
$
59,852
Net realized gain on financial instruments and real estate owned
31,913
28,958
38,409
Net unrealized gain (loss) on financial instruments
(48,101)
(18,790)
4,853
Servicing income, net of amortization and impairment of $5,975, $5,811 and $5,509
38,594
30,665
27,075
Income on purchased future receivables, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $11,769 and $5,082
15,711
2,362
-
Income (loss) on unconsolidated joint ventures
2,404
6,088
12,148
Other income
41,516
11,078
5,586
Gain on bargain purchase
-
30,728
-
Total non-interest income
$
334,757
$
174,628
$
147,923
Non-interest expense
Employee compensation and benefits
$
(91,920)
$
(51,237)
$
(56,602)
Allocated employee compensation and benefits from related party
(7,000)
(5,473)
(4,200)
Variable expenses on residential mortgage banking activities
(114,510)
(51,760)
(22,228)
Professional fees
(13,360)
(7,434)
(6,999)
Management fees - related party
(10,682)
(9,578)
(8,176)
Incentive fees - related party
(5,973)
(106)
(1,143)
Loan servicing expense
(30,856)
(17,976)
(15,545)
Merger related expenses
(63)
(7,750)
-
Other operating expenses
(54,369)
(33,162)
(28,747)
Total non-interest expense
$
(328,733)
$
(184,476)
$
(143,640)
Income (loss) before provision for income taxes
$
54,453
$
64,504
$
62,843
Income tax (provision) benefit
(8,384)
10,552
(1,386)
Net income (loss)
$
46,069
$
75,056
$
61,457
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest
1,199
2,088
2,199
Net income (loss) attributable to Ready Capital Corporation
$
44,870
$
72,968
$
59,258
Earnings (loss) per common share - basic
$
0.81
$
1.72
$
1.84
Earnings (loss) per common share - diluted
$
0.81
$
1.72
$
1.84
Weighted-average shares outstanding
Basic
53,736,523
42,011,750
32,085,975
Diluted
53,818,378
42,047,648
32,102,184
Dividends declared per share of common stock
$
1.30
$
1.60
$
1.57
See Notes To Consolidated Financial Statements
READY CAPITAL CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands)
Net Income (loss)
$
46,069
$
75,056
$
61,457
Other comprehensive income (loss) - net change by component
Net change in hedging derivatives (cash flow hedges)
$
(1,526)
$
(5,724)
$
(954)
Foreign currency translation adjustment
(2,326)
-
Other comprehensive income (loss)
$
(3,852)
$
(5,435)
$
(954)
Comprehensive income (loss)
$
42,217
$
69,621
$
60,503
Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests
1,118
1,907
2,167
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Ready Capital Corporation
$
41,099
$
67,714
$
58,336
See Notes To Consolidated Financial Statements
READY CAPITAL CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
Retained
Accumulated Other
Total
Common Stock
Additional Paid-
Earnings
Comprehensive
Ready Capital
Non-Controlling
(In thousands, except share data)
Shares
Par Value
In Capital
(Deficit)
Income (Loss)
Corporation Equity
Interest
Total
Balance at January 1, 2018
31,996,440
$
$
539,455
$
(3,385)
$
-
$
536,073
$
19,394
$
555,467
Dividend declared on common stock ($1.57 per share)
-
-
-
(50,601)
-
(50,601)
-
(50,601)
Dividend declared on OP units
-
-
-
-
-
-
(1,766)
(1,766)
Equity issuances
5,000
-
-
-
-
Offering costs
-
-
(103)
-
-
(103)
-
(103)
Contributions, net
-
-
-
-
-
-
Equity component of 2017 convertible note issuance
-
-
(322)
-
-
(322)
(12)
(334)
Stock-based compensation
48,617
-
-
-
-
Conversion of OP units into common stock
33,658
-
-
-
(577)
-
Manager incentive fee paid in stock
21,397
-
-
-
-
Net income
-
-
-
59,258
-
59,258
2,199
61,457
Other comprehensive income (loss)
-
-
-
-
(922)
(922)
(32)
(954)
Balance at December 31, 2018
32,105,112
$
$
540,478
$
5,272
$
(922)
$
544,831
$
19,244
$
564,075
Dividend declared on common stock ($1.60 per share)
-
-
-
(69,494)
-
(69,494)
-
(69,494)
Dividend declared on OP units
-
-
-
-
-
-
(1,788)
(1,788)
Shares issued pursuant to merger transactions
12,882,323
189,610
-
-
189,611
-
189,611
Equity issuances
6,000,000
91,799
-
-
91,800
-
91,800
Offering costs
-
-
(408)
-
-
(408)
(2)
(410)
Contributions, net
-
-
-
-
-
-
Equity component of 2017 convertible note issuance
-
-
(351)
-
-
(351)
(9)
(360)
Stock-based compensation
124,952
-
1,476
-
-
1,476
-
1,476
Manager incentive fee paid in stock
14,939
-
-
-
-
Net income
-
-
-
72,968
-
72,968
2,088
75,056
Other comprehensive income (loss)
-
-
-
-
(5,254)
(5,254)
(181)
(5,435)
Balance at December 31, 2019
51,127,326
$
$
822,837
$
8,746
$
(6,176)
$
825,412
$
19,372
$
844,784
Cumulative-effect adjustment upon adoption of ASU 2016-13, net of taxes (Note 4)
-
-
-
(6,599)
-
(6,599)
(155)
(6,754)
Dividend declared on common stock ($1.30 per share)
-
-
-
(71,220)
-
(71,220)
-
(71,220)
Dividend declared on OP units
-
-
-
-
-
-
(1,504)
(1,504)
Stock issued in connection with stock dividend
2,764,487
-
17,033
-
-
17,033
17,395
Equity issuances
900,000
-
13,410
-
-
13,410
-
13,410
Offering costs
-
-
(49)
-
-
(49)
(1)
(50)
Distributions, net
-
-
-
-
-
-
(250)
(250)
Equity component of 2017 convertible note issuance
-
-
(379)
-
-
(379)
(8)
(387)
Stock-based compensation
357,945
-
5,399
-
-
5,399
-
5,399
Manager incentive fee paid in stock
212,844
-
1,806
-
-
1,806
-
1,806
Share repurchases
(993,603)
-
(10,516)
-
-
(10,516)
-
(10,516)
Sale of subsidiary interest to non-controlling interest
-
-
-
-
-
-
(122)
(122)
Net income
-
-
-
44,870
-
44,870
1,199
46,069
Other comprehensive income (loss)
-
-
-
-
(3,771)
(3,771)
(81)
(3,852)
Balance at December 31, 2020
54,368,999
$
$
849,541
$
(24,203)
$
(9,947)
$
815,396
$
18,812
$
834,208
See Notes To Consolidated Financial Statements
READY CAPITAL CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
For the Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands)
Cash Flows From Operating Activities:
Net income
$
46,069
$
75,056
$
61,457
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used for) operating activities:
Amortization of premiums, discounts, and debt issuance costs, net
33,550
14,409
15,470
Provision for (Recovery of) loan losses
34,726
3,684
1,701
Impairment loss on real estate, held for sale
3,520
1,317
1,086
Change in repair and denial reserve
4,378
(345)
(163)
Net settlement of derivative instruments
(10,014)
(6,219)
4,272
Purchase of loans, held for sale, at fair value
-
(9,149)
(17,481)
Origination of loans, held for sale, at fair value
(5,076,936)
(2,621,324)
(2,407,492)
Proceeds from disposition and principal payments of loans, held for sale, at fair value
5,152,861
2,628,521
2,586,724
Realized (gains) losses, net
(263,332)
(101,794)
(88,890)
Unrealized (gains) losses, net
52,244
18,790
(4,853)
Gain on bargain purchase
-
(30,728)
-
Net (income) loss of unconsolidated joint ventures, net of distributions
(1,893)
(5,716)
1,047
Foreign currency (gains) losses, net
(4,139)
-
-
Payoff of purchased future receivables, net of originations
14,188
(8,807)
-
Allowance for doubtful accounts on purchased future receivables
11,769
5,082
-
Net changes in operating assets and liabilities
Assets of consolidated VIEs (excluding loans, net), accrued interest and due from servicers
11,859
(21,265)
(12,088)
Receivable from third parties
(10)
7,556
(2,132)
Other assets
16,675
(26,286)
1,448
Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities
43,378
24,821
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities
$
68,893
$
(52,397)
$
140,297
Cash Flow From Investing Activities:
Origination of loans
(774,581)
(1,307,143)
(934,607)
Purchase of loans
(242,532)
(739,002)
(369,418)
Purchase of mortgage backed securities, at fair value
(14,216)
(9,593)
(73,305)
Purchase of real estate
(329)
(117)
(1,570)
Funding of unconsolidated joint ventures
(23,707)
(26,655)
-
Purchase of servicing rights
-
(894)
(362)
Proceeds on unconsolidated joint venture in excess of earnings recognized
4,941
15,578
20,884
Payment of liability under participation agreements, net of proceeds received
-
-
(555)
Proceeds from disposition and principal payment of loans
961,235
826,702
746,162
Proceeds from sale and principal payment of mortgage backed securities, at fair value
12,486
14,354
30,381
Proceeds from sale of real estate
17,261
18,983
1,631
Cash paid in connection with Knight Merger, net of cash acquired
-
(15,827)
-
Cash acquired in connection with the ORM Merger
-
10,822
-
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities
$
(59,442)
$
(1,212,792)
$
(580,759)
Cash Flows From Financing Activities:
Proceeds from secured borrowings
6,870,576
5,398,657
3,603,933
Payment of secured borrowings
(6,692,145)
(5,087,424)
(3,406,779)
Proceeds from issuance of securitized debt obligations of consolidated VIEs
495,220
1,395,518
607,837
Payment of securitized debt obligations of consolidated VIEs
(441,212)
(477,205)
(297,774)
Payment of offering costs
(50)
104,687
91,328
Payment of guaranteed loan financing
(102,155)
(34,704)
(74,980)
Payment of deferred financing costs
(12,820)
(28,207)
(18,831)
Equity issuance, net of offering costs
13,410
91,390
Payment of contingent consideration
-
(1,207)
(8,967)
Redemption of preferred stock
-
-
(103)
Distributions from non-controlling interests, net
(250)
Sale of subsidiary interest to non-controlling interests
(122)
-
-
Dividend payments
(56,885)
(63,326)
(51,317)
Share repurchase program
(10,516)
-
-
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities
$
63,051
$
1,298,199
$
444,478
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash
72,502
33,010
4,016
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of period
127,980
94,970
90,954
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period
$
200,482
$
127,980
$
94,970
Supplemental disclosures of operating cash flow
Cash paid for interest
$
156,262
$
126,188
$
95,946
Cash paid (received) for income taxes
$
(8,482)
$
(2,661)
$
Stock-based compensation
$
5,299
$
1,476
$
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing activities
Loans transferred from loans, held for sale, at fair value to loans, net
$
$
1,262
$
Loans transferred from loans, net to loans, held for sale, at fair value
$
-
$
-
$
1,147
Consolidation of assets in securitization trusts
$
-
$
463,177
$
-
Loans transferred to real estate owned
$
11,339
$
-
$
-
Deconsolidation of assets in securitization trusts
$
-
$
177,815
$
-
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash financing activities
Dividend paid in stock
$
17,395
$
-
$
-
Common stock issued in connection with merger transactions
$
-
$
189,611
$
-
Consolidation of borrowings in securitization trusts
$
-
$
463,177
$
-
Deconsolidation of borrowings in securitization trusts
$
-
$
177,815
$
-
Share-based component of incentive fees
$
1,806
$
$
Cash and restricted cash reconciliation
Cash and cash equivalents
$
138,975
$
67,928
$
54,406
Restricted cash
47,697
51,728
28,921
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash in assets of consolidated VIEs
13,810
8,324
11,643
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period
$
200,482
$
127,980
$
94,970
See Notes To Consolidated Financial Statements
READY CAPITAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO the CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 1. Organization
Ready Capital Corporation (the “Company” or “Ready Capital” and together with its subsidiaries “we”, “us” and “our”), is a Maryland corporation. The Company is a multi-strategy real estate finance company that originates, acquires, finances and services small to medium balance commercial (“SBC”) loans, Small Business Administration (“SBA”) loans, residential mortgage loans, and to a lesser extent, mortgage backed securities (“MBS”) collateralized primarily by SBC loans, or other real estate-related investments. SBC loans represent a special category of commercial loans, sharing both commercial and residential loan characteristics. SBC loans are generally secured by first mortgages on commercial properties, but because SBC loans are also often accompanied by collateralization of personal assets and subordinate lien positions, aspects of residential mortgage credit analysis are utilized in the underwriting process.
The Company is externally managed and advised by Waterfall Asset Management, LLC (“Waterfall” or the “Manager”), an investment advisor registered with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission under the Investment Advisors Act of 1940, as amended.
Sutherland Partners, LP (the “Operating Partnership”) holds substantially all of our assets and conducts substantially all of our business. As of both December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company owned approximately 97.9% of the Operating Partnership. The Company, as sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, has responsibility and discretion in the management and control of the Operating Partnership, and the limited partners of the Operating Partnership, in such capacity, have no authority to transact business for, or participate in the management activities of the Operating Partnership. Therefore, the Company consolidates the Operating Partnership.
On March 29, 2019, the Company completed the acquisition of Owens Realty Mortgage, Inc. (“ORM”), through a merger of ORM with and into a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, in exchange for approximately 12.2 million shares of the Company’s common stock (“ORM Merger”). In accordance with the Merger Agreement, the number of shares of the Company’s common stock issued was based on an exchange ratio of 1.441 per share. The total purchase price for the merger of $179.3 million consists exclusively of the Company’s common stock issued in exchange for shares of ORM common stock and cash paid in lieu of fractional shares of the Company’s common stock, and was based on the $14.67 closing price of the Company’s common stock on March 29, 2019. Upon the closing of the transaction, the Company’s historical stockholders owned approximately 72% of the combined Company’s stock, while historical ORM stockholders owned approximately 28% of the combined Company’s stock.
The acquisition of ORM increased the Company’s equity capitalization, supported continued growth of the Company’s platform and execution of the Company’s strategy, and provided the Company with improved scale, liquidity and capital alternatives, including additional borrowing capacity. Also, the stockholder base resulting from the acquisition of ORM enhanced the trading volume and liquidity for our stockholders. The combination of the Company and ORM created cost savings and efficiencies resulting from the allocation of operating expenses over a larger portfolio and has allowed the Company to harvest value from ORM's real property assets.
On October 25, 2019, the Company acquired Knight Capital. Knight Capital is a technology-driven platform that provides working capital to small and medium businesses across the U.S. Through its platform, Knight Capital supports business operations by offering a faster alternative to conventional bank funding. The total purchase price for the merger of $27.8 million consists of $17.5 million of cash and $10.3 million of Ready Capital common stock.
The Company qualifies as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Internal Revenue Code”), commencing with its first taxable year ended December 31, 2011. To maintain its tax status as a REIT, the Company distributes at least 90% of its taxable income in the form of distributions to shareholders.
Note 2. Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”)-as prescribed by the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).
Note 3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Use of estimates
The preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Basis of consolidation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company include the accounts and results of operations of the Operating Partnership and other consolidated subsidiaries and VIEs in which we are the primary beneficiary. The consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with ASC 810, Consolidations. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.
Reclassifications
Certain amounts reported for the prior periods in the accompanying consolidated financial statements have been reclassified in order to conform to the current period’s presentation.
Effective during the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company revised its presentation of residential mortgage banking activities and variable expenses on residential mortgage banking activities within our consolidated statements of income and Note 10 which no longer present these amounts as a net amount. Prior period numbers were revised to conform to the new presentation and to be consistent with our current period’s presentation.
Cash and cash equivalents
The Company accounts for cash and cash equivalents in accordance with ASC 305, Cash and Cash Equivalents. The Company defines cash and cash equivalents as cash, demand deposits, and short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of 90 days or less when purchased. Cash and cash equivalents are exposed to concentrations of credit risk. We deposit our cash with institutions that we believe to have highly valuable and defensible business franchises, strong financial fundamentals, and predictable and stable operating environments.
Restricted cash
Restricted cash represents cash held by the Company as collateral against its derivatives, borrowings under repurchase agreements, borrowings under credit facilities with counterparties, construction and mortgage escrows, as well as cash held for remittance on loans serviced for third parties. Restricted cash is not available for general corporate purposes, but may be applied against amounts due to counterparties under existing swaps and repurchase agreement borrowings, or returned to the Company when the restriction requirements no longer exist or at the maturity of the swap or repurchase agreement.
Loans, net
Loans, net consists of loans, held-for-investment, net of allowance for loan losses, and loans, held at fair value.
Loans, held-for-investment. Loans, held-for-investment are loans acquired from third parties (“acquired loans”), loans originated by the Company that we do not intend to sell, or securitized loans that were previously originated by us. Securitized loans remain on the Company’s balance sheet because the securitization vehicles are consolidated under ASC 810. Acquired loans are recorded at cost at the time they are acquired and are accounted for under ASC 310-10, Receivables.
The Company uses the interest method to recognize, as a constant effective yield adjustment, the difference between the initial recorded investment in the loan and the principal amount of the loan. The calculation of the constant effective yield necessary to apply the interest method uses the payment terms required by the loan contract, and prepayments of principal are not anticipated to shorten the loan term.
Recognition of interest income is suspended when any loans are placed on non-accrual status. Generally, all classes of loans are placed on non-accrual status when principal or interest has been delinquent for 90 days or when full collection is determined to be not probable. Interest income accrued, but not collected, at the date loans are placed on non-accrual status is reversed and subsequently recognized only to the extent it is received in cash or until the loan qualifies for return to accrual status. However, where there is doubt regarding the ultimate collectability of loan principal, all cash received is applied to reduce the carrying value of such loans. Loans are restored to accrual status only when contractually current and the collection of future payments is reasonably assured.
Loans, held at fair value. Loans, held at fair value represent certain loans originated by the Company and PPP loans for which we have elected the fair value option. Interest is recognized as interest income in the consolidated statements of income when earned and deemed collectible. Changes in fair value are recurring and are reported as net unrealized gain (loss) in the consolidated statements of income.
Allowance for credit losses. The allowance for credit losses consists of the allowance for losses on loans and lending commitments accounted for at amortized cost. Such loans and lending commitments are reviewed quarterly considering credit quality indicators, including probable and historical losses, collateral values, loan-to-value ratio and economic conditions. The allowance for credit losses increases through provisions charged to earnings and reduced by charge-offs, net of recoveries.
On January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses, and subsequent amendments (“ASU 2016-13”), which replaces the incurred loss methodology with an expected loss model known as the Current Expected Credit Loss ("CECL") model. CECL amends the previous credit loss model to reflect a reporting entity's current estimate of all expected credit losses, not only based on historical experience and current conditions, but also by including reasonable and supportable forecasts incorporating forward-looking information. The measurement of expected credit losses under CECL is applicable to financial assets measured at amortized cost. The allowance for credit losses required under ASU 2016-13 is deducted from the respective loans’ amortized cost basis on our consolidated balance sheets. The guidance also requires a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the reporting period of adoption.
In connection with the Company’s adoption of ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2020, the Company implemented new processes including the utilization of loan loss forecasting models, updates to the Company’s reserve policy documentation, changes to internal reporting processes and related internal controls. The Company has implemented loan loss forecasting models for estimating expected life-time credit losses, at the individual loan level, for its loan portfolio. The CECL forecasting methods used by the Company include (i) a probability of default and loss given default method using underlying third-party CMBS/CRE loan database with historical loan losses from 1998 to 2020 and (ii) probability weighted expected cash flow method, depending on the type of loan and the availability of relevant historical market loan loss data. The Company might use other acceptable alternative approaches in the future depending on, among other factors, the type of loan, underlying collateral, and availability of relevant historical market loan loss data.
The Company estimates the CECL expected credit losses for its loan and lending commitment portfolio at the individual loan level. Significant inputs to the Company’s forecasting methods include (i) key loan-specific inputs such as LTV, vintage year, loan-term, underlying property type, occupancy, geographic location, and others, and (ii) a macro-economic forecast, including unemployment rates, interest rates, commercial real estate prices, and others. These estimates may change in future periods based on available future macro-economic data and might result in a material change in the Company’s future estimates of expected credit losses for its loan portfolio.
In certain instances, the Company considers relevant loan-specific qualitative factors to certain loans to estimate its CECL expected credit losses. The Company considers loan investments that are both (i) expected to be substantially repaid through the operation or sale of the underlying collateral, and (ii) for which the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, to be “collateral-dependent” loans. For such loans that the Company determines that foreclosure of the collateral is probable, the Company measures the expected losses based on the difference between the fair value of the collateral and the amortized cost basis of the loan as of the measurement date. For collateral-dependent loans that the Company determines foreclosure is not probable, the Company applies a practical expedient to estimate expected losses using the difference between the collateral’s fair value (less costs to sell the asset if repayment is expected through the sale of the collateral) and the amortized cost basis of the loan.
While we have a formal methodology to determine the adequate and appropriate level of the allowance for credit losses, estimates of inherent loan losses involve judgment and assumptions as to various factors, including current economic conditions. Our determination of adequacy of the allowance for credit losses is based on quarterly evaluations of the above factors. Accordingly, the provision for credit losses will vary from period to period based on management's ongoing assessment of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses.
Non-accrual loans. Non-accrual loans are the loans for which we are not accruing interest income. Non-accrual loans include PCD (“purchased credit-deteriorated”) loans when principal or interest has been delinquent for 90 days or more and for which specific reserves are recorded.
Troubled debt restructurings. In situations where, for economic or legal reasons related to the borrower’s financial difficulties, we grant concessions for a period of time to the borrower that we would not otherwise consider, the related loans are classified as troubled debt restructurings (“TDR”). These modified terms may include interest rate reductions, principal forgiveness, term extensions, payment forbearance and other actions intended to minimize our economic loss and to avoid foreclosure or repossession of collateral. For modifications where we forgive principal, the entire amount of such principal forgiveness is immediately charged off. Other than resolutions such as foreclosures and sales, we may remove loans held-for-investment from TDR classification, but only if they have been refinanced or restructured at market terms and qualify as a new loan.
Generally, all loans modified in a TDR are placed or remain on non-accrual status at the time of the restructuring. However, certain accruing loans modified in a TDR that are current at the time of restructuring may remain on accrual status if payment in full under the restructured terms is expected.
Additionally, based on issued regulatory guidance provided by federal and state regulatory agencies, a loan modification is not considered TDR if: (1) made in response to the COVID-19 pandemic; (2) the borrower was current on payments at the time the modification program was implemented; (3) the modification was short-term (e.g., six months).
Loans, held for sale, at fair value
Loans, held for sale, at fair value are loans that are expected to be sold to third parties in the near term. Interest is recognized as interest income in the consolidated statements of income when earned and deemed collectible. For loans originated by our SBC originations and SBA originations segments, changes in fair value are recurring and are reported as net unrealized gain (loss) in the consolidated statements of income. For originated SBA loans, the guaranteed portion is held for sale, at fair value. For loans originated by GMFS, changes in fair value are reported as residential mortgage banking activities in the consolidated statements of income.
Mortgage backed securities, at fair value
The Company accounts for MBS as trading securities and carries them at fair value under ASC 320, Investments-Debt and Equity Securities. Our MBS portfolio is comprised of asset-backed securities collateralized by interest in or obligations backed by pools of SBC loans. Purchases and sales of MBS are recorded as of the trade date. Our MBS securities pledged as collateral against borrowings under repurchase agreements are included in mortgage backed securities, at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets.
MBS are recorded at fair value as determined by market prices provided by independent broker dealers or other independent valuation service providers. The fair values assigned to these investments are based upon available information and may not reflect amounts that may be realized. We generally intend to hold our investment in MBS to generate interest income; however, we have and may continue to sell certain of our investment securities as part of the overall management of our assets and liabilities and operating our business.
Loans eligible for repurchase from Ginnie Mae
When the Company has the unilateral right to repurchase Ginnie Mae pool loans it has previously sold (generally loans that are more than 90 days past due), the Company then records the right to repurchase the loan as an asset and liability in its consolidated balance sheets. Such amounts reflect the unpaid principal balance of the loans.
Derivative instruments, at fair value
Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we utilize derivative financial instruments, currently comprised of credit default swaps (“CDSs”), interest rate swaps, TBA agency securities and interest rate lock commitments (“IRLCs”) as part of our risk management. The Company accounts for derivative instruments under ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedges. All derivatives are reported as either assets or liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets at the estimated fair value with the changes in the fair value recorded in earnings unless hedge accounting is elected. As of December 31, 2020, the Company has offset $5.0 million of cash collateral receivable against our gross derivative liability positions. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the cash collateral receivable for derivatives that has not been offset against our derivative liability positions is $10.5 million and $9.5 million, respectively, and is included in restricted cash in the consolidated balance sheets.
Interest rate swap agreements. An interest rate swap is an agreement between two counterparties to exchange periodic interest payments where one party to the contract makes a fixed-rate payment in exchange for a floating-rate payment from the other party. The dollar amount each party pays is an agreed-upon periodic interest rate multiplied by some pre-determined dollar principal (notional amount). No principal (notional amount) is exchanged between the two parties at trade initiation date. Only interest payments are exchanged. Interest rate swaps are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value adjustments are reported within net unrealized gain (loss) on financial instruments, while the related interest income or interest expense, are reported within net realized gain (loss) on financial instruments in the consolidated statements of income.
TBA Agency Securities. TBA Agency Securities are forward contracts for the purchase or sale of Agency Securities at predetermined measures on an agreed-upon future date. The specific Agency Securities delivered pursuant to the contract upon the settlement date are not known at the time of the transaction. The fair value of TBA Agency Securities is priced based on observed quoted prices. The realized and unrealized gains or losses are reported in the consolidated statements of income as residential mortgage banking activities. TBA Agency Securities are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.
IRLC. IRLCs are agreements under which GMFS agrees to extend credit to a borrower under certain specified terms and conditions in which the interest rate and the maximum amount of the loan are set prior to funding. Unrealized gains and losses on the IRLCs, reflected as derivative assets and derivative liabilities, respectively, are measured based on the value of the underlying mortgage loan, quoted government-sponsored enterprise (Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the Government National Mortgage Association ((“Ginnie Mae”), collectively, “GSEs”) or MBS prices, estimates of the fair value of the mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”) and the probability that the mortgage loan will fund within the terms of the IRLC, net of commission expense and broker fees. The realized and unrealized gains or losses are reported in the consolidated statements of income as residential mortgage banking activities. IRLCs are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.
FX forwards. FX forwards are agreements between two counterparties to exchange a pair of currencies at a set rate on a future date. Such contracts are used to convert the foreign currency risk to U.S. dollars to mitigate exposure to fluctuations in FX rates. The fair value adjustments are reported within net unrealized gain (loss) on financial instruments in the consolidated statements of income. FX forwards are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.
CDS. CDSs are contracts between two parties, a protection buyer who makes fixed periodic payments, and a protection seller, who collects the premium in exchange for making the protection buyer whole in the case of default. The fair value adjustments, are reported within net unrealized gain (loss) on financial instruments, while the related interest income or interest expense, are reported within net realized gain (loss) on financial instruments in the consolidated statements of income. CDSs are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.
Hedge accounting. As a general rule, hedge accounting is permitted where the Company is exposed to a particular risk, such as interest rate risk, that causes changes in the fair value of an asset or liability or variability in the expected future cash flows of an existing asset, liability, or forecasted transaction that may affect earnings.
To qualify as an accounting hedge under the hedge accounting rules (versus an economic hedge where hedge accounting is not applied), a hedging relationship must be highly effective in offsetting the risk designated as being hedged. We use cash flow hedges to hedge the exposure to variability in cash flows from forecasted transactions, including the anticipated issuance of securitized debt obligations. ASC 815 requires that a forecasted transaction be identified as either: 1) a single transaction, or 2) a group of individual transactions that share the same risk exposures for which they are designated as being hedged. Hedges of forecasted transactions are considered cash flow hedges since the price is not fixed, hence involve variability of cash flows.
For qualifying cash flow hedges, the change in the fair value of the derivative (the hedging instrument) is recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) ("OCI"), and is reclassified out of OCI and into the consolidated statements of income when the hedged cash flows affect earnings. These amounts are recognized consistent with the classification of the hedged item, primarily interest expense (for hedges of interest rate risk). If the hedge relationship is terminated, then the value of the derivative recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI") is recognized in earnings when the cash flows that were hedged affect earnings, so long as the forecasted transaction remains probable of occurring. For hedge relationships that are discontinued because a forecasted transaction is probable of not occurring according to the original hedge forecast (including an additional two month window), any related derivative values recorded in AOCI are immediately recognized in earnings. Hedge accounting is generally terminated at the debt issuance date because we are no longer exposed to cash flow variability subsequent to issuance. Accumulated amounts recorded in AOCI at that date are then released to earnings in future periods to reflect the difference in 1) the fixed rates economically locked in at the inception of the hedge and 2) the actual fixed rates established in the debt instrument at issuance. Because of the effects of the time value of money, the actual interest expense reported in earnings will not equal the effective yield locked in at hedge inception multiplied by the par value. Similarly, this hedging strategy does not actually fix the interest payments associated with the forecasted debt issuance.
Servicing rights
Servicing rights initially represent the fair value of expected future cash flows for performing servicing activities for others. The fair value considers estimated future servicing fees and ancillary revenue, offset by estimated costs to service the loans, and generally declines over time as net servicing cash flows are received, effectively amortizing the servicing right asset against contractual servicing and ancillary fee income.
Servicing rights are recognized upon sale of loans, including a securitization of loans accounted for as a sale in accordance with U.S. GAAP, if servicing is retained. For servicing rights, gains related to servicing rights retained is included in net realized gain (loss) in the consolidated statements of income. For residential mortgage servicing rights, gains on servicing rights retained upon sale of a loan are included in residential mortgage banking activities in the consolidated statements of income.
The Company treats its servicing rights and residential mortgage servicing rights as two separate classes of servicing assets based on the class of the underlying mortgages and it treats these assets as two separate pools for risk management purposes. Servicing rights relating to the Company’s servicing of loans guaranteed by the SBA under its Section 7(a) loan program and servicing rights related to the Freddie Mac program are accounted for under ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing, while the Company’s residential mortgage servicing rights are accounted for under the fair value option under ASC 825, Financial Instruments.
Servicing rights - SBA and Freddie Mac. SBA and Freddie Mac servicing rights are initially recorded at fair value and subsequently carried at amortized cost. We capitalize the value expected to be realized from performing specified servicing activities for others. Servicing rights are amortized in proportion to and over the period of estimated servicing income, and are evaluated for potential impairment quarterly.
For purposes of testing our servicing rights for impairment, we first determine whether facts and circumstances exist that would suggest the carrying value of the servicing asset is not recoverable. If so, we then compare the net present value of servicing cash flow with its carrying value. The estimated net present value of servicing cash flows is determined using discounted cash flow modeling techniques, which require management to make estimates regarding future net servicing cash flows, taking into consideration historical and forecasted loan prepayment rates, delinquency rates and anticipated maturity defaults. If the carrying value of the servicing rights exceeds the net present value of servicing cash flows, the servicing rights are considered impaired and an impairment loss is recognized in earnings for the amount by which carrying value exceeds the net present value of servicing cash flows.
We estimate the fair value of servicing rights by determining the present value of future expected servicing cash flows using modeling techniques that incorporate management's best estimates of key variables including estimates regarding future net servicing cash flows, forecasted loan prepayment rates, delinquency rates, and return requirements commensurate with the risks involved. Cash flow assumptions are modeled using our internally forecasted revenue and expenses, and where possible, the reasonableness of assumptions is periodically validated through comparisons to market data. Prepayment speed estimates are determined from historical prepayment rates or obtained from third-party industry data. Return requirement assumptions are determined using data obtained from market participants, where available, or based on current relevant interest rates plus a risk-adjusted spread. We also consider other factors that can impact the value of the servicing rights, such as surety provider termination clauses and servicer terminations that could result if we failed
to materially comply with the covenants or conditions of our servicing agreements and did not remedy the failure. Since many factors can affect the estimate of the fair value of servicing rights, we regularly evaluate the major assumptions and modeling techniques used in our estimate and review these assumptions against market comparables, if available. We monitor the actual performance of our servicing rights by regularly comparing actual cash flow, credit, and prepayment experience to modeled estimates.
Servicing rights - Residential (carried at fair value). The Company’s residential mortgage servicing rights consist of conforming conventional residential loans sold to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac or loans securitized in Ginnie Mae securities. Government insured loans serviced by the Company are securitized through Ginnie Mae, whereby the Company is insured against loss by the Federal Housing Administration or partially guaranteed against loss by the Department of Veterans Affairs.
The Company has elected to account for its portfolio of residential mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”) at fair value. For these assets, the Company uses a third-party vendor to assist management in estimating the fair value. The third-party vendor uses a discounted cash flow approach which consists of projecting servicing cash flows discounted at a rate that management believes market participants would use in their determinations of fair value. The key assumptions used in the estimation of the fair value of MSRs include prepayment rates, discount rates, default rates, and cost of servicing rates. Residential MSRs are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.
Real estate, held for sale
Real estate, held for sale, includes purchased real estate and real estate acquired in full or partial settlement of loan obligations, generally through foreclosure, that is being marketed for sale. Real estate, held for sale is recorded at acquisition at the property’s estimated fair value less estimated costs to sell.
After acquisition, costs incurred relating to the development and improvement of property are capitalized to the extent they do not cause the recorded value to exceed the net realizable value, whereas costs relating to holding and disposition of the property are expensed as incurred. After acquisition, real estate, held for sale is analyzed periodically for changes in fair values and any subsequent write down is charged through impairment.
The Company records a gain or loss from the sale of real estate when control of the property transfers to the buyer, which generally occurs at the time of an executed deed. When the Company finances the sale of real estate to the buyer, the Company assesses whether the buyer is committed to perform their obligations under the contract and whether the collectability of the transaction price is probable. Once these criteria are met, the real estate is derecognized and the gain or loss on sale is recorded upon transfer of control of the property to the buyer. In determining the gain or loss on the sale, the Company adjusts the transaction price and related gain (loss) on sale if a significant financing component is present. This adjustment is based on management’s estimate of the fair value of the loan extended to the buyer to finance the sale.
Investment in unconsolidated joint ventures
According to ASC 323, Equity Method and Joint Ventures, investors in unincorporated entities such as partnerships and unincorporated joint ventures generally shall account for their investments using the equity method of accounting if the investor has the ability to exercise significant influence over the investee. Under the equity method, we recognize our allocable share of the earnings or losses of the investment monthly in earnings and adjust the carrying amount for our share of the distributions that exceed our earnings.
Purchased future receivables
Through Knight Capital, the Company provides working capital advances to small businesses through the purchase of their future revenues. The Company enters into a contract with the business whereby the Company pays the business an upfront amount in return for a specific amount of the business’s future revenue receivables, known as payback amounts. The payback amounts are primarily received through daily payments initiated by automated clearing house (“ACH”) transactions.
Revenues from purchased future receivables are realized when funds are received under each contract. The allocation of the amount received is determined by apportioning the amount received based upon the factor (discount) rate of the business's contract. Management believes that this methodology best reflects the effective interest method.
The Company has established an allowance for doubtful purchased future receivables. An increase in the allowance for doubtful purchased future receivables results in a charge to income and is reduced when purchased future receivables are charged-off. Purchased future receivables are charged-off after 90 days past due. Management believes that the allowance reflects the risk elements and is adequate to absorb losses inherent in the portfolio. Although management has performed this evaluation, future adjustments may be necessary based on changes in economic conditions or other factors.
Intangible assets
The Company accounts for intangible assets under ASC 350, Intangibles- Goodwill and Other. The Company’s intangible assets include an SBA license, capitalized software, a broker network, trade names, and an acquired favorable lease. The Company capitalizes software costs expected to result in long-term operational benefits, such as replacement systems or new applications that result in significantly increased operational efficiencies or functionality. All other costs incurred in connection with internal use software are expensed as incurred. The Company initially records its intangible assets at cost or fair value and will test for impairment if a triggering event occurs. Intangible assets are included within other assets in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company amortizes intangible assets with identified estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives.
Goodwill
The Company recorded goodwill in connection with the Company’s acquisition of Knight Capital. Goodwill is not amortized, but rather, is tested for impairment annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate potential impairment. Goodwill at December 31, 2020, represents the excess of the consideration transferred over the fair value of net assets acquired in connection with the acquisition of Knight Capital in October 2019.
In testing goodwill for impairment, the Company follows ASC 350, Intangibles- Goodwill and Other, which permits a qualitative assessment of whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value including goodwill. If the qualitative assessment determines that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, including goodwill, then no impairment is determined to exist for the reporting unit. However, if the qualitative assessment determines that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, including goodwill, or we choose not to perform the qualitative assessment, then we compare the fair value of that reporting unit with its carrying value, including goodwill, in a quantitative assessment. If the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, goodwill is considered impaired with the impairment loss measured as the excess of the reporting unit’s carrying value, including goodwill, over its fair value.
The qualitative assessment requires judgment to be applied in evaluating the effects of multiple factors, including actual and projected financial performance of the reporting unit, macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions and relevant entity specific events in determining whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. Based on our qualitative assessment during the fourth quarter of 2020, we believe the Company’s Knight Capital reporting unit, to which goodwill was attributed, is not currently at risk of impairment.
Deferred financing costs
Costs incurred in connection with our secured borrowings are accounted for under ASC 340, Other Assets and Deferred Costs. Deferred costs are capitalized and amortized using the effective interest method over the respective financing term with such amortization reflected on our consolidated statements of income as a component of interest expense. Deferred financing costs may include legal, accounting and other related fees. Unamortized deferred financing costs are expensed when the associated debt is refinanced or repaid before maturity. Pursuant to the adoption of ASU 2015-03, unamortized deferred financing costs related to securitizations and note issuances are presented in the consolidated balance sheets as a direct deduction from the associated liability.
Due from servicers
The loan-servicing activities of the Company’s acquisitions and SBC originations reportable segments are performed primarily by third-party servicers. SBA loans originated by and held at RCL are internally serviced. Residential mortgage loans originated by and held at GMFS are both serviced by third-party servicers and internally serviced. The Company’s servicers hold substantially all of the cash owned by the Company related to loan servicing activities. These amounts include principal and interest payments made by borrowers, net of advances and servicing fees. Cash is generally received within thirty days of recording the receivable.
The Company is subject to credit risk to the extent any servicer with whom the Company conducts business is unable to deliver cash balances or process loan-related transactions on the Company’s behalf. The Company monitors the financial condition of the servicers with whom the Company conducts business and believes the likelihood of loss under the aforementioned circumstances is remote.
Secured borrowings
Secured borrowings include borrowings under credit facilities, repurchase agreements, and promissory notes.
Borrowings under credit facilities. The Company accounts for borrowings under credit facilities under ASC 470, Debt. The Company partially finances its loans, net through credit agreements with various counterparties. These borrowings are collateralized by loans, held-for-investment, and loans, held for sale, at fair value and have maturity dates within two years from the consolidated balance sheet date. If the fair value (as determined by the applicable counterparty) of the collateral securing these borrowings decreases, we may be subject to margin calls during the period the borrowings are outstanding. In instances where we do not satisfy the margin calls within the required time frame, the counterparty may retain the collateral and pursue collection of any outstanding debt amount from us. Interest paid and accrued in connection with credit facilities is recorded as interest expense in the consolidated statements of income.
Borrowing under repurchase agreements. The Company accounts for borrowings under repurchase agreements under ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing. Investment securities financed under repurchase agreements are treated as collateralized borrowings, unless they meet sale treatment or are deemed to be linked transactions. Through December 31, 2020, none of our repurchase agreements have been accounted for as components of linked transactions. All securities financed through a repurchase agreement have remained on our consolidated balance sheets as an asset and cash received from the lender was recorded on our consolidated balance sheets as a liability. Interest paid and accrued in connection with our repurchase agreements is recorded as interest expense in the consolidated statements of income.
Securitized debt obligations of consolidated VIEs, net
Since 2011, we have engaged in several securitization transactions, which the Company accounts for under ASC 810. Securitization involves transferring assets to an SPE, or securitization trust, and this SPE issues debt instruments. The entity that has a controlling financial interest in a VIE is referred to as the primary beneficiary and is required to consolidate the VIE. The consolidation of the SPE includes the issuance of senior securities to third parties, which are shown as securitized debt obligations of consolidated VIEs in the consolidated balance sheets.
Debt issuance costs related to securitizations are presented as a direct deduction from the carrying value of the related debt liability. Debt issuance costs are amortized using the effective interest method and are included in interest expense in the consolidated statements of income.
Convertible note, net
ASC 470 requires the liability and equity components of convertible debt instruments that may be settled in cash upon conversion to be separately accounted for in a manner that reflects the issuer’s nonconvertible debt borrowing rate. ASC 470-20 requires that the initial proceeds from the sale of these notes be allocated between a liability component and an equity component in a manner that reflects interest expense at the interest rate of similar nonconvertible debt that could have been issued by the Company at such time. We measured the estimated fair value of the debt component of our convertible notes as of the issuance date based on our nonconvertible debt borrowing rate. The equity components of the convertible senior notes have been reflected within additional paid-in capital in our consolidated balance sheet, and the resulting debt discount is amortized over the period during which the convertible notes are expected to be outstanding (through the maturity date) as additional non-cash interest expense.
Upon repurchase of convertible debt instruments, ASC 470-20 requires the issuer to allocate total settlement consideration, inclusive of transaction costs, amongst the liability and equity components of the instrument based on the fair value of the liability component immediately prior to repurchase. The difference between the settlement consideration allocated to the liability component and the net carrying value of the liability component, including unamortized debt issuance costs, would be recognized as gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt in our consolidated statements of operations. The remaining settlement consideration allocated to the equity component would be recognized as a reduction of additional paid-in capital in our consolidated balance sheets.
Senior secured notes, net
The Company accounts for secured debt offerings under ASC 470. Pursuant to the adoption of ASU 2015-03, the Company’s senior secured notes are presented net of debt issuance costs. These senior secured notes are collateralized by loans, MBS, and retained interests of consolidated VIE’s. Interest paid and accrued in connection with senior secured notes is recorded as interest expense in the consolidated statements of income.
Corporate debt, net
The Company accounts for corporate debt offerings under ASC 470. The Company’s corporate debt is presented net of debt issuance costs. Interest paid and accrued in connection with corporate debt is recorded as interest expense in the consolidated statements of income.
Guaranteed loan financing
Certain partial loan sales do not qualify for sale accounting under ASC 860 because these sales do not meet the definition of a “participating interest,” as defined in the guidance, in order for sale treatment to be allowed. Participations or other partial loan sales which do not meet the definition of a participating interest remain as an investment in the consolidated balance sheets and the proceeds from the portion sold is recorded as guaranteed loan financing in the liabilities section of the consolidated balance sheets. For these partial loan sales, the interest earned on the entire loan balance is recorded as interest income and the interest earned by the buyer in the partial loan sale is recorded within interest expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of income.
Repair and denial reserve
The repair and denial reserve represents the potential liability to the SBA in the event that we are required to make the SBA whole for reimbursement of the guaranteed portion of SBA loans. We may be responsible for the guaranteed portion of SBA loans if there are lien and collateral issues, unauthorized use of proceeds, liquidation deficiencies, undocumented servicing actions or denial of SBA eligibility. This reserve is calculated using an estimated frequency of a repair and denial event upon default, as well as an estimate of the severity of the repair and denial as a percentage of the guaranteed balance.
Variable interest entities
VIEs are entities that, by design, either (i) lack sufficient equity to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties; or (ii) have equity investors that do not have the ability to make significant decisions relating to the entity’s operations through voting rights, or do not have the obligation to absorb the expected losses, or do not have the right to receive the residual returns of the entity. The entity that has a financial interest in a VIE is referred to as the primary beneficiary and is required to consolidate the VIE. An entity is deemed to be the primary beneficiary of a VIE if the entity has both (i) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and (ii) the right to receive benefits from the VIE or the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could be significant to the VIE.
In determining whether we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE, we consider both qualitative and quantitative factors regarding the nature, size and form of our involvement with the VIE, such as our role establishing the VIE and our ongoing rights and responsibilities, the design of the VIE, our economic interests, servicing fees and servicing responsibilities, and other factors. We perform ongoing reassessments to evaluate whether changes in the entity’s capital structure or changes in the nature of our involvement with the entity result in a change to the VIE designation or a change to our consolidation conclusion.
Non-controlling interests
Non-controlling interests are presented on the consolidated balance sheets and the consolidated statements of income and represent direct investment in the Operating Partnership by Sutherland OP Holdings II, Ltd., which is managed by our Manager, and third parties.
Fair value option
ASC 825, Financial Instruments, provides a fair value option election that allows entities to make an election of fair value as the initial and subsequent measurement attribute for certain eligible financial assets and liabilities. Unrealized gains and losses on items for which the fair value option has been elected are reported in earnings. The decision to elect the fair value option is determined on an instrument by instrument basis and must be applied to an entire instrument and is irrevocable once elected. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value pursuant to this guidance are required to be reported separately in our consolidated balance sheets from those instruments using another accounting method.
We have elected the fair value option for certain loans held-for-sale originated by the Company that we intend to sell in the near term. The fair value elections for loans, held for sale, at fair value originated by the Company were made due to the short-term nature of these instruments.
We have elected the fair value option for loans held-for-sale originated by GMFS that the Company intends to sell in the near term. We have elected the fair value option for certain residential mortgage servicing rights acquired as part of the merger transaction.
Share repurchase program
The Company accounts for repurchases of its common stock as a reduction in additional paid in capital. The amounts recognized represent the amount paid to repurchase these shares and are categorized on the balance sheet and changes in equity as a reduction in additional paid in capital.
Earnings per share
We present both basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) amounts in our consolidated financial statements. Basic EPS excludes dilution and is computed by dividing income available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS reflects the maximum potential dilution that could occur from our share-based compensation, consisting of unvested restricted stock units (“RSUs”), unvested restricted stock awards (“RSAs”), as well as “in-the-money” conversion options associated with our outstanding convertible senior notes. Potential dilutive shares are excluded from the calculation if they have an anti-dilutive effect in the period.
All of the Company’s unvested RSUs and unvested RSAs contain rights to receive non-forfeitable dividends and, thus, are participating securities. Due to the existence of these participating securities, the two-class method of computing EPS is required, unless another method is determined to be more dilutive. Under the two-class method, undistributed earnings are reallocated between shares of common stock and participating securities.
Income taxes
U.S. GAAP establishes financial accounting and reporting standards for the effect of income taxes. The objectives of accounting for income taxes are to recognize the amount of taxes payable or refundable for the current period and deferred tax liabilities and assets for the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in an entity’s consolidated financial statements or tax returns. We assess the recoverability of deferred tax assets through evaluation of carryback availability, projected taxable income and other factors as applicable. Significant judgment is required in assessing the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in our consolidated financial statements or tax returns as well as the recoverability of amounts we record, including deferred tax assets.
We provide for exposure in connection with uncertain tax positions, which requires significant judgment by management including determination, based on the weight of the tax law and available evidence, that it is more-likely-than-not that a tax result will be realized. Our policy is to recognize interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense on our consolidated statements of income. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, we accrued no taxes, interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions. In addition, we do not anticipate a change in this position in the next 12 months.
Revenue recognition
Revenue is recognized upon the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Revenue is recognized through the following five-step process:
Step 1: Identify the contract(s) with a customer.
Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract.
Step 3: Determine the transaction price.
Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract.
Step 5: Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.
Since the guidance does not apply to revenue associated with financial instruments, including interest income, realized or unrealized gains on financial instruments, loan servicing fees, loan origination fees, among other revenue streams, the revenue recognition guidance does not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In addition, revisions to existing accounting rules regarding the determination of whether a company is acting as a principal or agent in an arrangement and accounting for sales of nonfinancial assets where the seller has continuing involvement, did not materially impact the Company.
Interest income. Interest income on loans, held-for-investment, loans, held at fair value, loans, held for sale, at fair value, and MBS, at fair value is accrued based on the outstanding principal amount and contractual terms of the instrument. Discounts or premiums associated with the loans and investment securities are amortized or accreted into interest income as a yield adjustment on the effective interest method, based on contractual cash flows through the maturity date of the investment. On at least a quarterly basis, we review and, if appropriate, make adjustments to the accrual status of the asset. If the asset has been delinquent for the previous 90 days, the asset status will turn to non-accrual, and recognition of interest income will be suspended until the asset resumes contractual payments for three consecutive months.
Realized gains (losses). Upon the sale or disposition (not including the prepayment of outstanding principal balance) of loans or securities, the excess (or deficiency) of net proceeds over the net carrying value or cost basis of such loans or securities is recognized as a realized gain (loss).
Origination income and expense. Origination income represents fees received for origination of either loans, held at fair value, loans, held for sale, at fair value, or loans, held-for-investment. For loans held, at fair value, and loans, held for sale, at fair value, pursuant to ASC 825, the Company reports origination fee income as revenue and fees charged and costs incurred as expenses. These fees and costs are excluded from the fair value. For originated loans, held-for-investment, under ASC 310-10, the Company defers these origination fees and costs at origination and amortizes them under the effective interest method over the life of the loan. Origination fees and expenses for loans, held at fair value and loans, held for sale, at fair value, are presented in the consolidated statements of income as components of other income and operating expenses. Origination fees for residential mortgage loans originated by GMFS are presented in the consolidated statements of income in residential mortgage banking activities, while origination expenses are presented within variable expenses on residential mortgage banking activities. The amortization of net origination fees and expenses for loans, held-for-investment are presented in the consolidated statements of income as a component of interest income.
Residential mortgage banking activities
Residential mortgage banking activities, reflects revenue within our residential mortgage banking business directly related to loan origination and sale activity. This primarily consists of the realized gains on sales of residential loans held for sale and loan origination fee income, Residential mortgage banking activities also consists of unrealized gains and losses associated with the changes in fair value of the loans held for sale, the fair value of retained MSR additions, and the realized and unrealized gains and losses from derivative instruments.
Gains and losses from the sale of mortgage loans held for sale are recognized based upon the difference between the sales proceeds and carrying value of the related loans upon sale and is included in residential mortgage banking activities, in the consolidated statements of income. Sales proceeds reflect the cash received from investors from the sale of a loan plus the servicing release premium if the related MSR is sold. Gains and losses also includes the unrealized gains and losses associated with the mortgage loans held for sale and the realized and unrealized gains and losses from IRLCs.
Loan origination fee income represents revenue earned from originating mortgage loans held for sale and are reflected in residential mortgage banking activities, when loans are sold.
Variable expenses on residential mortgage banking activities. Loan expenses include indirect costs related to loan origination activities, such as correspondent fees, and are expensed as incurred and are included within variable expenses on residential mortgage banking activities on the Company’s consolidated statements of income. The provision for loan indemnification includes the fair value of the incurred liability for mortgage repurchases and indemnifications recognized at the time of loan sale and any other provisions recorded against the loan indemnification reserve. Loan origination costs directly attributable to the processing, underwriting, and closing of a loan are included in the gain on sale of mortgage loans held for sale when loans are sold.
Foreign currency transactions
Assets and liabilities denominated in non-U.S. currencies are translated into U.S. dollars using foreign currency exchange rates prevailing at the end of the reporting period. Revenue and expenses are translated at the average exchange rates for each reporting period. Foreign currency remeasurement gains or losses on transactions in nonfunctional currencies are recognized in earnings. Gains or losses on translation of the financial statements of a non-U.S. operation, when the functional currency is other than the U.S. dollar, are included, net of taxes, in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
Note 4. Recent accounting pronouncements
Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Standards
Standard
Summary of guidance
Effects on financial statements
ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326) - Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments
Replaces existing incurred loss impairment guidance and establishes a single allowance framework for financial assets carried at amortized cost, which will reflect management's estimate of credit losses over the full remaining expected life of the financial assets and will consider expected future changes in macroeconomic conditions.
Adopted January 1, 2020.
Issued June 2016
Eliminates existing guidance for PCI
loans, and requires recognition of the accretable difference as an increase to the allowance for expected credit losses on financial assets purchased with more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination, with a corresponding increase in the recorded investment of related loans.
The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 using the modified retrospective method for all loans carried at amortized cost. We recorded a $6.8 million cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening retained earnings (net of taxes) in our consolidated statement of equity as of January 1, 2020. The Company's total increase in the allowance for loan losses was $11.1 million, which included a $3.6 million allowance for loan loss balance sheet gross up, relating to purchased credit deteriorated loans.
Requires inclusion of expected recoveries, limited to the cumulative amount of prior write-offs, when estimating the allowance for credit losses for in scope financial assets (including collateral dependent assets).
Requires a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the reporting period of adoption.
ASU 2017-4, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350) - Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment
Requires an impairment loss to be recognized when the estimated fair value of a reporting unit falls below its carrying value.
Adopted January 1, 2020.
Issued January 2017
Eliminates the second condition in the current guidance that requires an impairment loss to be recognized only if the estimated implied fair value of the goodwill is below its carrying value.
Based on current impairment test results, the adoption did not have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.
The guidance may result in more frequent goodwill impairment losses in future periods due to the removal of the second condition.
ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework-Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement
Provides guidance on increasing the transparency and comparability of the disclosure requirements for fair value measurement.
Adopted in the first quarter of 2020.
Issued August 2018
The adoption did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) - Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting
Provides optional exceptions for applying generally accepted accounting principles to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions affected by reference rate reform. The election to adopt may be made any time after the effective date of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022.
The Company has not adopted any of the optional expedients or exceptions as of the year-ended December 31, 2020 but will continue to evaluate the possible adoption of any such expedients or exceptions during the effective period as circumstances evolve.
Issued March 2020
Note 5. Business Combinations
Acquisition of Owens Realty Mortgage, Inc.
On November 7, 2018, the Company entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger as amended, (the “Merger Agreement”) with ORM, a specialty finance company that focused on the origination, investment, and management of commercial real estate loans. Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, the Company acquired ORM in a stock-for-stock transaction with an aggregate purchase price equal to 99.0% of ORM’s book value. Upon the closing, each outstanding share of ORM’s common stock was converted into the right to receive 1.441 shares of the Company common stock, based on a fixed exchange ratio.
On March 29, 2019, the Company completed the acquisition of ORM, through a merger of ORM with and into a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, in exchange for approximately 12.2 million shares of the Company’s common stock. The total purchase price for the merger of $179.3 million consisted exclusively of the Company’s common stock issued in exchange for shares of ORM common stock and cash paid in lieu of fractional shares of the Company’s common stock, and was based on the $14.67 closing price of the Company’s common stock on March 29, 2019.
The consideration transferred was allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their respective fair values. The methodologies used and key assumptions made to estimate the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are primarily based on future cash flows and discount rates. The following table summarizes the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed from the merger:
(In Thousands)
March 29, 2019
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents
$
10,822
Loans
130,449
Real estate, held for sale
67,973
Investment in unconsolidated joint ventures
8,619
Deferred tax assets
4,660
Accrued interest
1,209
Other
Total assets acquired
$
224,111
Liabilities
Secured borrowings
12,713
Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities
1,000
Due to Manager
Deferred tax liabilities
Total liabilities assumed
$
14,064
Net assets acquired
$
210,047
For acquired loan receivables, the gross contractual unpaid principal acquired is $134.8 million and we expect to collect all contractual amounts.
The aggregate consideration transferred, net assets acquired, and the related bargain purchase gain was as follows:
Total consideration transferred (in thousands, except share and per share data)
FV of net assets acquired
$
210,047
ORM shares outstanding at March 29, 2019
8,482,880
Exchange ratio
x
1.441
Shares issued
12,223,830
Market price as of March 29, 2019
$
14.67
Total consideration transferred based on value of shares issued
$
179,324
Bargain purchase gain
$
30,728
Based on the calculation, the Company has determined the transaction resulted in a bargain purchase gain, which is predominantly the result of changes in the market price of the Company’s common stock between the determination date and the closing date of the transaction. This gain is reflected separately within the consolidated statements of income under gain on bargain purchase. Acquisition-related costs directly attributable to the ORM Merger, including legal, accounting, valuation, and other professional or consulting fees, totaling $6.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, respectively, were expensed as incurred and are reflected separately within the consolidated statements of income.
The following pro-forma income and earnings (unaudited) of the combined company are presented as if the merger had occurred on January 1, 2018:
For the year ended
For the year ended
(In Thousands)
December 31, 2019
December 31, 2018
Selected Financial Data
Interest income
$
232,706
$
181,780
Interest expense
(152,428)
(111,371)
Provision for loan losses
(3,684)
(1,462)
Non-interest income
145,393
157,049
Non-interest expense
(180,140)
(155,704)
Income before provision for income taxes
41,847
70,292
Income tax benefit
10,545
(1,945)
Net income
$
52,392
$
68,347
Non-recurring pro-forma transaction costs directly attributable to the merger were $9.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, and have been deducted from the non-interest expense amount above. These costs included legal, accounting, valuation, and other professional or consulting fees directly attributable to the merger. The Company excluded the bargain purchase gain of $30.7 million from the amount above.
Acquisition of Knight Capital
On October 25, 2019, the Company acquired Knight Capital. Knight Capital is a technology-driven platform that provides working capital to small and medium businesses across the U.S. Through its platform, Knight Capital supports business operations by offering a faster alternative to conventional bank funding. The total purchase price for the merger of $27.8 million consists of $17.5 million of cash and $10.3 million of Ready Capital common stock.
The purchase price was allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their respective fair values. The following table summarizes the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed from the merger:
(In Thousands)
October 25, 2019
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents
$
1,673
Purchased future receivables,
39,540
Prepaid expenses and other
1,265
Intangible assets
5,880
Total assets acquired
$
48,358
Liabilities
Secured borrowings
30,600
Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities
1,173
Total liabilities assumed
$
31,773
Net assets acquired
$
16,585
The aggregate consideration transferred, net assets acquired, and the related goodwill was as follows:
Total Consideration Transferred (in thousands)
Cash consideration
$
17,500
Common stock consideration
10,290
Total consideration transferred
$
27,790
Net Tangible Assets
$
10,705
Identified Intangible Assets
5,880
FV of net assets acquired
$
16,585
Goodwill
$
11,205
The acquired intangible assets are definite-lived assets consisting of technology, brokers network and trade name. The estimated fair values of the technology and brokers network were determined using the cost replacement method, and the fair value of the trade name was determined using the relief from royalty method. The estimated fair value of the intangible assets were primarily based on cost assumptions such as replacement costs, which management believes are reasonable.
The fair value of the intangible assets with definite lives is as follows:
(In Thousands)
Fair Value
Weighted Average Amortization Life
Internally developed software
$
3,800
6 years
Broker network
1,200
4.5 years
Trade name
6 years
Total Intangible Assets
$
5,880
6 years
Goodwill of $11.2 million was recognized in connection with the Company’s acquisition of Knight Capital as the consideration paid exceeded the fair value of the net assets acquired. Acquisition-related costs directly attributable to the acquisition of Knight Capital, including legal, accounting, valuation, and other professional or consulting fees, totaling $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 were expensed as incurred and are reflected separately within the consolidated statements of income.
The following pro-forma income and earnings (unaudited) of the combined company are presented as if the merger had occurred on January 1, 2018:
For the year ended
For the year ended
(In Thousands)
December 31, 2019
December 31, 2018
Selected Financial Data
Interest income
$
229,916
$
169,499
Interest expense
(151,880)
(109,238)
Provision for loan losses
(3,684)
(1,701)
Non-interest income
223,197
192,181
Non-interest expense
(229,648)
(201,454)
Income before provision for income taxes
67,901
49,287
Income tax benefit
10,552
(1,386)
Net income
$
78,453
$
47,901
Non-recurring pro-forma transaction costs directly attributable to the merger were $2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, and have been deducted from the non-interest expense amount above. These costs included legal, accounting, valuation, and other professional or consulting fees directly attributable to the merger.
Note 6. Loans and allowance for credit losses
The accounting for a loan depends on management’s strategy for the loan, and on whether the loan was credit-deteriorated at the date of acquisition. The Company accounts for loans based on the following loan program categories:
● Originated or purchased loans held-for-investment- originated transitional loans, originated conventional SBC and SBA loans, or acquired loans with no signs of credit deterioration at time of purchase
● Loans at fair value - certain originated conventional SBC loans and PPP loans for which the Company has elected the fair value option
● Loans, held-for-sale, at fair value - originated or acquired that we intend to sell in the near term
Loan portfolio
The following table summarizes the classification, unpaid principal balance (“UPB”), and carrying value of loans held by the Company including loans of consolidated VIEs:
December 31, 2020
December 31, 2019
(In Thousands)
Carrying Value
UPB
Carrying Value
UPB
Loans
Originated Transitional loans
$
530,671
$
535,963
$
593,657
$
600,226
Originated SBA 7(a) loans
310,537
314,938
297,934
299,580
Acquired SBA 7(a) loans
201,066
210,115
255,240
269,396
Originated SBC loans
173,190
167,470
133,118
132,227
Acquired loans
351,381
352,546
430,307
433,079
Originated PPP loans, at fair value
74,931
74,931
-
-
Originated SBC loans, at fair value
13,795
14,088
20,212
19,565
Originated Residential Agency loans
3,208
3,208
3,396
3,395
Total Loans, before allowance for loan losses
$
1,658,779
$
1,673,259
$
1,733,864
$
1,757,468
Allowance for loan losses
$
(33,224)
$
-
$
(5,880)
$
-
Total Loans, net
$
1,625,555
$
1,673,259
$
1,727,984
$
1,757,468
Loans in consolidated VIEs
Originated SBC loans
$
889,566
$
885,235
$
1,037,844
$
1,026,921
Originated Transitional loans
788,403
792,432
490,913
493,217
Acquired loans
697,567
701,133
666,226
671,698
Originated SBA 7(a) loans
68,625
72,451
79,457
83,559
Acquired SBA 7(a) loans
42,154
52,456
53,320
66,997
Total Loans, in consolidated VIEs, before allowance for loan losses
$
2,486,315
$
2,503,707
$
2,327,760
$
2,342,392
Allowance for loan losses on loans in consolidated VIEs
$
(13,508)
$
-
$
(1,561)
$
-
Total Loans, net, in consolidated VIEs
$
2,472,807
$
2,503,707
$
2,326,199
$
2,342,392
Loans, held for sale, at fair value
Originated Residential Agency loans
$
260,447
$
249,852
$
136,506
$
132,016
Originated Freddie Mac loans
51,248
50,408
21,775
21,513
Originated SBC loans
17,850
17,850
-
-
Originated SBA 7(a) loans
10,232
9,436
28,551
26,669
Acquired loans
1,245
1,208
Total Loans, held for sale, at fair value
$
340,288
$
328,045
$
188,077
$
181,406
Loans, held for sale, at fair value in consolidated VIEs
Acquired loans
$
-
$
-
$
4,434
$
4,400
Total Loans, held for sale, at fair value in consolidated VIEs
$
-
$
-
$
4,434
$
4,400
Total Loan portfolio
$
4,438,650
$
4,505,011
$
4,246,694
$
4,285,666
Loan vintage and credit quality indicators
The Company monitors credit quality of our loan portfolio based on primary credit quality indicators. Delinquency rates are a primary credit quality indicator for our types of loans. Loans that are more than 30 days past due provide an early warning of borrowers who may be experiencing financial difficulties and/or who may be unable or unwilling to repay the loan. As the loan continues to age, it becomes clearer that the borrower is likely either unable or unwilling to pay.
The following table summarizes the classification, UPB and carrying value of loans by year of origination:
Carrying Value by Year of Origination
(In Thousands)
UPB
Pre 2016
Total
December 31, 2020
Loans(1) (2)
Originated Transitional loans
$
1,328,395
$
385,183
$
583,593
$
306,971
$
23,783
$
18,480
$
1,064
$
1,319,074
Originated SBC loans
1,052,705
66,715
486,033
237,313
110,354
43,696
112,444
1,056,555
Acquired loans
1,053,679
21,414
40,572
42,167
38,649
19,533
883,774
1,046,109
Originated SBA 7(a) loans
387,389
47,939
98,568
133,812
68,375
22,056
4,041
374,791
Acquired SBA 7(a) loans
262,571
19,658
14,636
204,703
239,438
Originated PPP loans, at fair value
74,931
74,931
-
-
-
-
-
74,931
Originated SBC loans, at fair value
14,088
-
-
-
1,598
6,442
5,755
13,795
Originated Residential Agency loans
3,208
1,571
-
3,208
Total Loans, before general allowance for loans losses
$
4,176,966
$
597,892
$
1,229,069
$
735,604
$
243,042
$
110,314
$
1,211,980
$
4,127,901
General allowance for loan losses
$
(29,539)
Total Loans, net
$
4,098,362
(1) Loan balances include specific allowance for loan losses of $17.2 million
(2) Includes Loans, net in consolidated VIEs
The following table presents delinquency information on loans, net by year of origination:
Carrying Value by Year of Origination
(In Thousands)
UPB
Pre 2016
Total
December 31, 2020
Loans(1) (2)
Current and less than 30 days past due
$
3,979,225
$
591,405
$
1,221,227
$
707,068
$
203,331
$
100,003
$
1,125,100
$
3,948,134
30 - 59 days past due
38,836
5,812
5,191
15,097
11,933
38,436
60+ days past due
158,905
2,651
13,439
39,310
10,309
74,947
141,331
Total Loans, before general allowance for loans losses
$
4,176,966
$
597,892
$
1,229,069
$
735,604
$
243,042
$
110,314
$
1,211,980
$
4,127,901
General allowance for loan losses
$
(29,539)
Total Loans, net
$
4,098,362
(1) Loan balances include specific allowance for loan losses of $17.2 million
(2) Includes Loans, net in consolidated VIEs
The following tables present delinquency information on loans, net as of the consolidated balance sheet dates:
December 31, 2020
Loans (In Thousands)
Current and less than 30 days past due
30-59 days
past due
60+ days
past due
Total Loans Carrying Value
Non-Accrual
Loans
90+ days past due and Accruing
Loans(1)(2)
Originated Transitional loans
$
1,281,579
$
17,713
$
19,782
$
1,319,074
$
19,416
$
-
Originated SBC loans
1,000,878
6,591
49,086
1,056,555
37,635
-
Acquired loans
978,346
7,729
60,034
1,046,109
57,020
-
Originated SBA 7(a) loans
369,416
1,741
3,634
374,791
8,668
-
Acquired SBA 7(a) loans
228,651
4,008
6,779
239,438
9,001
-
Originated PPP loans, at fair value
74,931
-
-
74,931
-
-
Originated SBC loans, at fair value
13,795
-
-
13,795
-
-
Originated Residential Agency loans
2,016
3,208
2,418
-
Total Loans, before general allowance for
loans losses
$
3,948,134
$
38,436
$
141,331
$
4,127,901
$
134,158
$
-
General allowance for loan losses
$
(29,539)
Total Loans, net
$
4,098,362
Percentage of loans outstanding
95.7%
0.9%
3.4%
100%
3.3%
0.0%
(1) Loan balances include specific allowance for loan losses of $17.2 million
(2) Includes Loans, net in consolidated VIEs
December 31, 2019
Loans (In Thousands)
Current and less than 30 days past due
30-59 days
past due
60+ days
past due
Total Loans Carrying Value
Non-Accrual
Loans
90+ days past due and Accruing
Loans(1)(2)
Originated Transitional loans
$
1,074,955
$
5,728
$
5,645
$
1,086,328
$
24,587
$
-
Originated SBC loans
1,137,140
11,769
19,990
1,168,899
16,089
-
Acquired loans
1,032,259
41,830
20,194
1,094,283
23,500
3,382
Acquired SBA 7(a) loans
297,172
4,048
5,640
306,860
9,177
1,326
Originated SBC loans, at fair value
20,212
-
-
20,212
-
-
Originated SBA 7(a) loans
370,101
2,085
4,443
376,629
8,882
-
Originated Residential Agency loans
2,605
3,396
2,105
Total Loans, before general allowance for loans losses
$
3,932,421
$
65,669
$
58,517
$
4,056,607
$
84,340
$
4,782
General allowance for loan losses
$
(2,424)
Total Loans, net
$
4,054,183
Percentage of loans outstanding
97.0%
1.6%
1.4%
100%
2.1%
0.1%
(1) Loan balances include specific allowance for loan losses of $5.0 million
(2) Includes Loans, net in consolidated VIEs
In addition to delinquency rates, the current estimated LTV ratio is another indicator that can provide insight into a borrower’s continued willingness to pay, as the delinquency rate of high LTV loans tends to be greater than that for loans where the borrower has equity in the collateral. The geographic distribution of the loan collateral also provides insight as to the credit quality of the portfolio, as factors such as the regional economy, property price changes and specific events such as natural disasters, will affect credit quality. The collateral concentration of the loan portfolio also provides insight as to the credit quality of the portfolio, as certain economic factors or events may have a more pronounced impact on certain sectors or property types. The Company monitors the loan-to-value ratio and associated risks on a monthly basis.
The following table presents quantitative information on the credit quality of loans, net as of the consolidated balance sheet dates:
Loan-to-Value (1)
(In Thousands)
0.0 - 20.0%
20.1 - 40.0%
40.1 - 60.0%
60.1 - 80.0%
80.1 - 100.0%
Greater than 100.0%
Total
December 31, 2020
Loans(2) (3)
Originated Transitional loans
$
5,485
$
8,269
$
252,798
$
891,895
$
157,900
$
2,727
$
1,319,074
Originated SBC loans
5,372
76,899
453,381
515,023
-
5,880
1,056,555
Acquired loans
266,345
385,579
228,262
113,023
40,838
12,062
1,046,109
Originated SBA 7(a) loans
1,203
15,013
51,133
147,020
61,297
99,125
374,791
Acquired SBA 7(a) loans
7,523
39,086
89,644
54,007
28,332
20,846
239,438
Originated PPP loans, at fair value
-
-
-
-
-
74,931
74,931
Originated SBC loans, at fair value
-
7,354
-
6,441
-
-
13,795
Originated Residential Agency loans
-
-
1,236
1,552
3,208
Total Loans, before general allowance for loans losses
$
285,928
$
532,200
$
1,075,306
$
1,728,645
$
289,919
$
215,903
$
4,127,901
General allowance for loan losses
$
(29,539)
Total Loans, net
$
4,098,362
Percentage of loans outstanding
6.9%
%
12.9%
%
26.1%
%
41.9%
%
7.0%
%
5.2%
%
December 31, 2019
Loans(2) (3)
Originated Transitional loans
$
1,736
$
28,108
$
277,388
$
750,298
$
28,059
$
$
1,086,328
Originated SBC loans
-
60,601
431,312
660,733
8,045
8,208
1,168,899
Acquired loans
218,679
371,471
293,216
161,431
35,731
13,755
1,094,283
Acquired SBA 7(a) loans
7,712
39,566
103,590
83,954
39,726
32,312
306,860
Originated SBC loans, at fair value
-
8,192
-
6,422
5,598
-
20,212
Originated SBA 7(a) loans
13,843
41,166
130,177
78,544
112,034
376,629
Originated Residential Agency loans
-
-
2,393
3,396
Total Loans, before general allowance for loans losses
$
228,992
$
521,832
$
1,146,672
$
1,793,845
$
198,096
$
167,170
$
4,056,607
General allowance for loan losses
$
(2,424)
Total Loans, net
$
4,054,183
Percentage of loans outstanding
5.6%
%
12.9%
%
28.3%
%
44.2%
%
4.9%
%
4.1%
%
(1) Loan-to-value is calculated as carrying amount as a percentage of current collateral value
(2) Loan balances include specific allowance for loan loss reserves
(3) Includes Loans, net in consolidated VIEs
As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company’s total carrying amount of loans in the foreclosure process was $2.2 million and $0.8 million, respectively.
The following table displays the geographic concentration of the Company’s loans, net, secured by real estate recorded on our consolidated balance sheets.
Geographic Concentration (% of Unpaid Principal Balance)
December 31, 2020
December 31, 2019
California
18.1
%
16.9
%
Texas
14.2
15.2
New York
9.8
8.3
Florida
7.8
8.3
Illinois
5.2
5.2
Georgia
4.9
4.8
North Carolina
3.1
3.2
Washington
3.1
2.8
Arizona
2.8
3.4
Colorado
2.8
2.8
Other
28.2
29.1
Total
100.0
%
100.0
%
The following table displays the collateral type concentration of the Company’s loans, net, on our consolidated balance sheets.
Collateral Concentration (% of Unpaid Principal Balance)
December 31, 2020
December 31, 2019
Multi-family
23.8
%
26.6
%
SBA(1)
17.4
17.6
Retail
17.3
17.5
Office
13.1
12.9
Mixed Use
13.1
10.4
Industrial
7.0
6.4
Lodging/Residential
3.2
3.3
Other
5.1
5.3
Total
100.0
%
100.0
%
(1) Further detail provided on SBA collateral concentration is included in table below.
The following table displays the collateral type concentration of the Company’s SBA loans within loans, net, on our consolidated balance sheets.
Collateral Concentration (% of Unpaid Principal Balance)
December 31, 2020
December 31, 2019
Lodging
17.2
%
17.3
%
Offices of Physicians
12.0
14.1
Child Day Care Services
7.2
8.1
Eating Places
5.3
6.1
Gasoline Service Stations
3.4
3.7
Veterinarians
3.3
4.1
Executive Search Services
2.6
-
All Other Miscellaneous Store Retailers (except Tobacco Stores)
2.3
-
Funeral Service & Crematories
1.8
2.0
Grocery Stores
1.7
2.0
Other
43.2
42.6
Total
100.0
%
100.0
%
Allowance for credit losses
The allowance for loan losses represents the Company’s estimate of expected credit losses inherent in the Company’s held-for-investment loan portfolio. This is assessed by considering credit quality indicators, including probable and historical losses, collateral values, loan-to-value (“LTV”) ratios, and economic conditions.
The following tables present the allowance for loan losses by loan product and impairment methodology:
Year Ended December 31, 2020
(In Thousands)
Originated
SBC loans
Originated Transitional loans
Acquired
loans
Acquired
SBA 7(a) loans
Originated
SBA 7(a) loans
Originated Residential Agency Loans
Total Allowance for
loan losses
General
$
2,640
$
14,995
$
5,457
$
$
5,680
$
-
$
29,539
Specific
6,200
-
2,840
3,782
4,371
-
17,193
Ending balance
$
8,840
$
14,995
$
8,297
$
4,549
$
10,051
$
-
$
46,732
Year Ended December 31, 2019
(In Thousands)
Originated
SBC loans
Originated Transitional loans
Acquired
loans
Acquired
SBA 7(a) loans
Originated
SBA 7(a) loans
Originated Residential Agency Loans
Total Allowance for
loan losses
General
$
$
$
$
$
1,019
$
-
$
2,424
Specific
-
2,093
PCD
-
-
2,165
-
-
2,924
Ending balance
$
$
$
3,054
$
2,114
$
1,781
$
-
$
7,441
The following tables detail the activity of the allowance for loan losses for loans:
Year Ended December 31, 2020
(In Thousands)
Originated
SBC loans
Originated Transitional loans
Acquired
loans
Acquired
SBA 7(a) loans
Originated
SBA 7(a) loans
Originated Residential Agency Loans
Total Allowance for
loan losses
Beginning balance
$
$
$
3,054
$
2,114
$
1,781
$
-
$
7,441
Cumulative-effect adjustment upon adoption of ASU 2016-13
2,400
1,906
1,878
3,562
1,379
-
11,125
Provision for (Recoveries of) loan losses
6,335
16,247
3,502
7,560
-
33,785
Charge-offs and sales
(199)
(3,346)
(137)
(1,396)
(717)
-
(5,795)
Recoveries
-
-
-
-
Ending balance
$
8,840
$
14,995
$
8,297
$
4,549
$
10,051
$
-
$
46,732
Year Ended December 31, 2019
(In Thousands)
Originated
SBC loans
Originated Transitional loans
Acquired
loans
Acquired
SBA 7(a) loans
Originated
SBA 7(a) loans
Originated Residential Agency Loans
Total Allowance for
loan losses
Beginning balance
$
$
$
5,052
$
2,318
$
$
-
$
8,320
Provision for (recoveries of) loan losses
(167)
1,711
-
3,684
Charge-offs and sales
(127)
-
(1,144)
(1,282)
(516)
-
(3,069)
Recoveries
-
(1,635)
-
-
(1,494)
Ending balance
$
$
$
3,054
$
2,114
$
1,781
$
-
$
7,441
The tables above exclude $0.9 million of provision for loan losses on unfunded lending commitments as of December 31, 2020. There was no such provision for loan losses on unfunded commitments as of December 31, 2019. Refer to ‘Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 3 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” included in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” in this annual report on Form 10-K for more information on our accounting policies, methodologies and judgment applied to determine the allowance for loan losses and lending commitments.
Non-accrual loans
The following table details information about the Company’s non-accrual loans:
(In Thousands)
December 31, 2020
December 31, 2019
Non-accrual loans
With an allowance
$
75,862
$
20,657
Without an allowance
58,296
63,683
Total recorded carrying value of non-accrual loans
$
134,158
$
84,340
Allowance for loan losses related to non-accrual loans
$
(17,367)
$
(3,581)
Unpaid principal balance of non-accrual loans
$
158,471
$
98,498
Interest income on non-accrual loans for the year ended
$
3,212
$
3,132
Troubled debt restructurings
If the borrower is determined to be in financial difficulty, then the Company will determine whether a financial concession has been granted to the borrower by analyzing the value of the loan as compared to the recorded investment, modifications of the interest rate as compared to market rates, modification of the stated maturity date, modification of the timing of principal and interest payments and the partial forgiveness of the loan. Modified loans that are classified as TDRs are individually evaluated and measured for impairment.
In March 2020, a joint statement was issued by federal and state regulatory agencies, after consultation with the FASB, to clarify that short-term loan modifications are not TDRs if made on a good-faith basis in response to COVID-19 to borrowers who were current prior to any relief. Under this guidance, six months is provided as an example of short-term, and current is defined as less than 30 days past due at the time the modification program is implemented. The guidance also provides that these modified loans generally will not be classified as non-accrual during the term of the modification. For borrowers who are 30 days or more past due when enrolling in a loan modification program related to the COVID-19 pandemic, we evaluate the loan modifications under our existing TDR framework, and where such a loan modification would result in a concession to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty, the loan will be accounted for as a TDR and will generally not accrue interest.
The following table summarizes the recorded investment of TDRs in the consolidated balance sheet by loan type as of the consolidated balance sheet dates.
December 31, 2020
December 31, 2019
(In Thousands)
SBC
SBA
Total
SBC
SBA
Total
Recorded carrying value modified loans classified as TDRs
$
7,327
$
17,932
$
25,259
$
6,258
$
14,204
$
20,462
Allowance for loan losses on loans classified as TDRs
$
$
3,323
$
3,340
$
$
$
Carrying value of modified loans classified as TDRs
Carrying value of modified loans classified as TDRs on accrual status
$
$
6,888
$
7,195
$
$
7,437
$
7,770
Carrying value of modified loans classified as TDRs on non-accrual status
7,020
11,044
18,064
5,925
6,767
12,692
Total carrying value of modified loans classified as TDRs
$
7,327
$
17,932
$
25,259
$
6,258
$
14,204
$
20,462
The following table summarizes the TDR activity that occurred during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 and the financial effects of these modifications.
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Year Ended December 31, 2019
(In Thousands, except number of loans)
SBC
SBA
Total
SBC
SBA
Total
Number of loans permanently modified
Pre-modification recorded balance (a)
$
10,963
$
8,420
$
19,383
$
2,169
$
4,045
$
6,214
Post-modification recorded balance (a)
$
10,963
8,455
$
19,418
$
2,169
$
3,778
$
5,947
Number of loans that remain in default as of 2020 (b)
Balance of loans that remain in default as of 2020 (b)
$
5,285
$
$
5,587
$
2,240
$
$
2,774
Concession granted (a):
Term extension
$
-
$
7,020
$
7,020
$
-
$
4,033
$
4,033
Interest rate reduction
-
-
-
-
-
-
Principal reduction
-
-
-
-
-
-
Foreclosure
5,285
5,587
2,240
2,504
Total
$
5,285
$
7,322
$
12,607
$
2,240
$
4,297
$
6,537
(a) Represents carrying value.
(b) Represents the December 31, 2020 carrying values of the TDRs that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 that remained in default as of December 31, 2020. Generally, all loans modified in a TDR are placed or remain on non-accrual status at the time of the restructuring. However, certain accruing loans modified in a TDR that are current at the time of restructuring may remain on accrual status if payment in full under the restructured terms is expected. For purposes of this schedule, a loan is considered in default if it is 30 or more days past due.
The Company does not believe the financial impact of the presented TDRs to be material. The other elements of the Company’s modification programs do not have a significant impact on financial results given their relative size, or do not have a direct financial impact as in the case of covenant changes.
PCD loans
The Company did not acquire any PCD loans as of the year ended December 2020 and 2019.
Note 7. Fair value measurements
The Company adopted the provisions of ASC 820 Fair Value Measurement, which defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. ASC 820 established a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes and ranks the level of market price observability used in measuring investments at fair value. Market price observability is impacted by a number of factors, including the type of investment, the characteristics specific to the investment, and the state of the marketplace (including the existence and transparency of transactions between market participants). Investments with readily available, actively quoted prices or for which fair value can be measured from actively quoted prices in an orderly market will generally have a higher degree of market price observability and a lesser degree of judgment used in measuring fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). Investments measured and reported at fair value are classified and disclosed into one of the following categories based on the inputs as follows:
Level 1 - Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets and liabilities that the Company has the ability to access.
Level 2 - Pricing inputs are other than quoted prices in active markets, including, but not limited to, quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in markets that are active, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the assets or liabilities (such as interest rates, yield curves, volatilities, prepayment speeds, loss severities, credit risks and default rates) or other market corroborated inputs.
Level 3 - Significant unobservable inputs are based on the best information available in the circumstances, to the extent observable inputs are not available, including the Company’s own assumptions used in determining the fair value of investments. Fair value for these investments are determined using valuation methodologies that consider a range of factors, including but not limited to the price at which the investment was acquired, the nature of the investment, local market conditions, trading values on public exchanges for comparable securities, current and projected operating performance, and financing transactions subsequent to the acquisition of the investment. The inputs into the determination of fair value require significant management judgment.
In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, an investment’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and considers factors specific to the investment.
The following table presents the Company’s financial instruments carried at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2020:
(In Thousands)
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Total
Assets:
Loans, held for sale, at fair value
$
-
$
340,288
$
-
$
340,288
Loans, net, at fair value
-
-
88,726
88,726
Mortgage backed securities, at fair value
-
62,880
25,131
88,011
Derivative instruments, at fair value
-
-
16,363
16,363
Residential mortgage servicing rights, at fair value
-
-
76,840
76,840
Total assets
$
-
$
403,168
$
207,060
$
610,228
Liabilities:
Derivative instruments, at fair value
$
-
$
11,604
$
-
$
11,604
Total liabilities
$
-
$
11,604
$
-
$
11,604
The following table presents the Company’s financial instruments carried at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2019:
(In Thousands)
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Total
Assets:
Loans, held for sale, at fair value
$
-
$
192,510
$
-
$
192,510
Loans, net, at fair value
-
-
20,212
20,212
Mortgage backed securities, at fair value
-
92,006
92,466
Derivative instruments, at fair value
-
-
2,814
2,814
Residential mortgage servicing rights, at fair value
-
-
91,174
91,174
Total assets
$
-
$
284,516
$
114,660
$
399,176
Liabilities:
Derivative instruments, at fair value
$
-
$
5,250
$
-
$
5,250
Total liabilities
$
-
$
5,250
$
-
$
5,250
The following tables present a summary of changes in our Level 3 assets and liabilities:
Year Ended December 31, 2020
(In Thousands)
MBS
Derivatives
Loans, net, at fair value
Residential MSRs, at fair value
Beginning Balance
$
$
2,814
$
20,212
$
91,174
Purchases or Originations
12,640
-
106,704
-
Additions due to loans sold, servicing retained
-
-
-
43,701
Sales / Principal payments
(13)
-
(37,435)
(20,777)
Realized gains, net
-
-
-
Unrealized gains (losses), net
(348)
13,549
(1,105)
(37,258)
Accreted discount, net
-
-
-
Transfer to (from) Level 3
12,380
-
-
-
Ending Balance
$
25,131
$
16,363
$
88,726
$
76,840
Unrealized gains (losses), net on assets/liabilities held at the end of the period
$
$
16,363
$
(293)
$
(47,209)
Year Ended December 31, 2019
(In Thousands)
MBS
Derivatives
Loans, net, at fair value
Residential MSRs, at fair value
Beginning Balance
$
12,148
$
1,776
$
22,664
$
93,065
Purchases or Originations
9,593
-
-
-
Additions due to loans sold, servicing retained
-
-
-
26,854
Sales / Principal payments
(2,230)
-
(2,744)
(10,178)
Realized gains (losses), net
-
(141)
-
Unrealized gains (losses), net
1,038
(18,567)
Accreted discount, net
-
-
-
Transfer to (from) Level 3
(19,807)
-
-
-
Ending Balance
$
$
2,814
$
20,212
$
91,174
Unrealized gains (losses), net on assets/liabilities held at the end of the period
$
$
1,038
$
$
(18,567)
The Company’s policy is to recognize transfers in and transfers out as of the end of the period of the event or the date of the change in circumstances that caused the transfer. Transfers between Level 2 and Level 3 generally relate to whether there were changes in the significant relevant observable and unobservable inputs that are available for the fair value measurements of such financial instruments.
Valuation process for fair value measurements
The Company establishes valuation processes and procedures designed so that fair value measurements are appropriate and reliable, that they are based on observable inputs where possible, and that valuation approaches are consistently applied and the assumptions and inputs are reasonable. The Company has also established processes to provide that the valuation methodologies, techniques and approaches for investments that are categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy are fair, consistent and verifiable. The Company’s processes provide a framework that ensures the oversight of the Company’s fair value methodologies, techniques, validation procedures, and results.
The Company designates a valuation committee (the “Committee”) to oversee the entire valuation process of the Company’s Level 3 investments. The Committee is comprised of various personnel who are responsible for developing the Company’s written valuation policies, processes and procedures, conducting periodic reviews of the valuation policies, and performing validation procedures on the overall fairness and consistent application of the valuation policies and processes and that the assumptions and inputs used in valuation are reasonable. The validation procedures overseen by the Committee are also intended to provide that the values received from external third-party pricing sources are consistent with the Company’s Valuation Policy and are carried at fair value. To the extent that there is no exchange pricing, vendor marks or broker quotes readily available, the Company may use an internal valuation model or other valuation methodology that may be based on unobservable market inputs to fair value the investment.
The values provided by a third-party pricing service are calculated based on key inputs provided by the Company including collateral values, unpaid principal balances, cash flow velocity, contractual status and anticipated disposition timelines. In addition, the Company performs an internal valuation used to assess and review the reasonableness and validity of the fair values provided by a third party. The Company also performs analytical procedures, which include automated checks consisting of prior-period variance analysis, comparisons of actual prices to internally calculate expected prices based on observable market changes, analysis of changes in pricing ranges, and relative value and yield comparisons using the Company’s proprietary valuation models.
Upon completion of the review process described above, the Company may provide additional quantitative and qualitative data to the third-party pricing service to consider in valuing certain financial assets and liabilities, as applicable. Such data may include deal specific information not included in the data tape provided to the third party, outliers when compared to the unpaid principal balance and collateral value and knowledge of any impending liquidation of an investment. If deemed necessary by the third party and management, the investments are re-valued by the third party to account for the updated information.
The following table summarizes the valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs used for the Company’s financial instruments that are categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2020 using third party information without adjustment:
(In Thousands, except price)
Fair Value
Predominant Valuation Technique (a)
Type
Range
Weighted Average
Residential mortgage servicing rights, at fair value
$
76,840
Income Approach
Discounted cash flow
N/A
N/A
Derivative instruments, at fair value
$
16,363
Market Approach
Origination pull-through rate | Servicing Fee Multiple | Percentage of unpaid principal balance
47.62 - 100% | 0.51 - 12.8% | 0.13 to 2.9%
84.1% | 3.6% | 1.1%
(a) Prices are weighted based on the unpaid principal balance of the loans and securities included in the range for each class.
Included within Level 3 assets of $207.1 million is $113.9 million of quoted or transaction prices in which quantitative unobservable inputs are not developed by the Company when measuring fair value (for example, when we utilize prices from prior transactions or third-party pricing information without adjustments). Refer to ‘Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 9 - Servicing Rights” included in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” in this annual report on Form 10-K for more information on Residential mortgage servicing rights unobservable inputs.
The following table summarizes the valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs used for the Company’s financial instruments that are categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2019 using third-party information without adjustment:
(In Thousands, except price)
Fair Value
Predominant Valuation Technique (a)
Type
Range
Weighted Average
Residential mortgage servicing rights, at fair value
$
91,174
Income Approach
Discounted cash flow
$
N/A
N/A
Derivative instruments, at fair value
$
2,814
Market Approach
Origination pull-through rate | Servicing Fee Multiple | Percentage of unpaid principal balance
48.00 - 100% | 0.35 - 8.0% | 0.09 to 3.3%
84.1% | 5.2% | 1.7%
(a)
Prices are weighted based on the unpaid principal balance of the loans and securities included in the range for each class.
Included within Level 3 assets of $114.7 million is $20.7 million of quoted or transaction prices in which quantitative unobservable inputs are not developed by the Company when measuring fair value (for example, when we utilize prices from prior transactions or third-party pricing information without adjustments). Refer to ‘Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 9 - Servicing Rights” included in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” in this annual report on Form 10-K for more information on Residential mortgage servicing rights unobservable inputs.
The fair value measurements of these assets are sensitive to changes in assumptions regarding prepayment, probability of default, loss severity in the event of default, forecasts of home prices, and significant activity or developments in the real estate market. Significant changes in any of those inputs in isolation may result in significantly higher or lower fair value measurements. Generally, an increase in the probability of default and loss severity in the event of default would result in a lower fair value measurement. A decrease in these assumptions would have the opposite effect. Conversely, an assumption that the home prices will increase would result in a higher fair value measurement. A decrease in the assumption for home prices would have the opposite effect.
Financial instruments not carried at fair value
The following table presents the carrying value and estimated fair value of our financial instruments that are not carried at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets and are classified as Level 3:
December 31, 2020
December 31, 2019
(In Thousands)
Carrying Value
Estimated
Fair Value
Carrying Value
Estimated
Fair Value
Assets:
Loans, net
$
4,009,636
$
4,103,200
$
4,033,972
$
4,147,831
Purchased future receivables, net
17,308
17,308
43,265
43,265
Servicing rights
37,823
47,567
30,795
34,723
Total assets
$
4,064,767
$
4,168,075
$
4,108,032
$
4,225,819
Liabilities:
Secured borrowings
$
1,370,519
$
1,370,519
$
1,189,392
$
1,189,392
Securitized debt obligations of consolidated VIEs, net
1,905,749
1,907,541
1,815,154
1,859,047
Senior secured note, net
179,659
188,114
179,289
190,923
Guaranteed loan financing
401,705
426,348
485,461
515,182
Convertible notes, net
112,129
68,186
111,040
116,654
Corporate debt, net
150,989
151,209
149,986
161,098
Total liabilities
$
4,120,750
$
4,111,917
$
3,930,322
$
4,032,296
Other assets of $23.8 million at December 31, 2020 and $20.7 million at December 31, 2019 are not carried at fair value and include due from servicers and accrued interest, which are reflected in Note 19. Receivable from third parties of $1.2 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019 are not carried at fair value. For these instruments, carrying value approximates fair value and are classified as Level 3. Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities of $23.8 million at December 31, 2020 and $20.0 million at December 31, 2019 are not carried at fair value and include payable to related parties and accrued interest payable which are included in Note 19. For these instruments, carrying value approximates fair value and are classified as Level 3.
Note 8. Mortgage backed securities
The following table presents certain information about the Company’s MBS portfolio, which are classified as trading securities and carried at fair value, as of December 31, 2020 and 2019.
Weighted
Weighted
Average
Gross
Gross
Average
Interest
Principal
Amortized
Unrealized
Unrealized
(In Thousands)
Maturity (a)
Rate (a)
Balance
Cost
Fair Value
Gains
Losses
December 31, 2020
Freddie Mac Loans
01/2037
3.7
%
$
139,408
$
52,320
$
53,509
$
1,880
$
(691)
Commercial Loans
11/2050
4.5
73,074
39,224
34,411
(5,039)
Tax Liens
09/2026
6.0
-
(1)
Total Mortgage backed securities, at fair value
10/2041
4.1
%
$
212,574
$
91,636
$
88,011
$
2,106
$
(5,731)
December 31, 2019
Freddie Mac Loans
06/2037
4.3
%
$
83,149
$
61,207
$
66,108
$
4,915
$
(14)
Commercial Loans
02/2051
5.4
35,984
25,358
26,255
(27)
Tax Liens
09/2026
6.0
-
(1)
Total Mortgage backed securities, at fair value
07/2041
4.6
%
$
119,237
$
86,669
$
92,466
$
5,839
$
(42)
(a) Weighted based on current principal balance
The following table presents certain information about the maturity of the Company’s MBS portfolio as of December 31, 2020 and 2019.
Weighted Average
Principal
Amortized
(In Thousands)
Interest Rate (a)
Balance
Cost
Fair Value
December 31, 2020
After five years through ten years
6.0
%
$
$
$
After ten years
2.8
212,482
91,544
87,920
Total Mortgage backed securities, at fair value
4.1
%
$
212,574
$
91,636
$
88,011
December 31, 2019
After five years through ten years
3.8
%
$
2,869
$
2,641
$
2,825
After ten years
4.7
116,368
84,028
89,641
Total Mortgage backed securities, at fair value
4.6
%
$
119,237
$
86,669
$
92,466
(a) Weighted based on current principal balance
Note 9. Servicing rights
The Company performs servicing activities for third parties, which primarily include collecting principal, interest and other payments from borrowers, remitting the corresponding payments to investors and monitoring delinquencies. The Company’s servicing fees are specified by pooling and servicing agreements.
The following table presents information about the Company’s portfolios of servicing rights:
Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands)
SBA servicing rights, at amortized cost
Beginning net carrying amount
$
17,660
$
16,749
Additions due to loans sold, servicing retained
4,153
4,364
Amortization
(3,555)
(3,393)
Impairment
(60)
Ending net carrying value of SBA servicing rights
$
18,764
$
17,660
Freddie Mac multi-family servicing rights, at amortized cost
Beginning net carrying amount
$
13,135
$
10,248
Additions due to loans sold, servicing retained
8,850
5,195
Amortization
(2,926)
(2,308)
Ending net carrying value of Freddie Mac multi-family servicing rights
$
19,059
$
13,135
Total servicing rights, at amortized cost
$
37,823
$
30,795
Residential mortgage servicing rights, at fair value
Beginning net carrying amount
$
91,174
$
93,065
Additions due to loans sold, servicing retained
43,701
26,854
Loan pay-offs
(20,777)
(10,178)
Unrealized losses
(37,258)
(18,567)
Ending fair value of Residential mortgage servicing rights
$
76,840
$
91,174
Total servicing rights
$
114,663
$
121,969
Servicing rights - SBA and Freddie Mac. The Company’s SBA and Freddie Mac multi-family servicing rights are carried at the lower of cost or amortized cost. The Company estimates the fair value of the SBA and Freddie Mac multi-family servicing rights carried at amortized cost using a combination of internal models and data provided by third-party valuation experts. The assumptions used in our internal models include forward prepayment rates, forward default rates, discount rates, and servicing expenses.
The Company’s models calculate the present value of expected future cash flows utilizing assumptions that we believe are used by market participants. We derive forward prepayment rates, forward default rates and discount rates from historical experience adjusted for prevailing market conditions. Components of the estimated future cash flows include servicing fees, late fees, other ancillary fees and cost of servicing.
The following table presents additional information about the Company’s SBA and Freddie Mac multi-family servicing rights:
As of December 31, 2020
As of December 31, 2019
Unpaid Principal
Unpaid Principal
(In Thousands)
Amount
Carrying Value
Amount
Carrying Value
SBA
$
643,135
$
18,764
$
568,017
$
17,660
Freddie Mac multi-family
1,501,998
19,059
1,167,476
13,135
Total
$
2,145,133
$
37,823
$
1,735,493
$
30,795
The significant assumptions used in the December 31, 2020 and 2019 estimated valuation of the Company’s SBA and Freddie Mac multi-family servicing rights carried at amortized cost include:
December 31, 2020
December 31, 2019
Range of input values
Weighted Average
Range of input values
Weighted Average
SBA servicing rights (at amortized cost)
Forward prepayment rate
6.7
-
20.8
%
8.5
%
6.3
-
21.2
%
9.3
%
Forward default rate
0.0
-
10.5
%
8.2
%
0.0
-
10.8
%
7.3
%
Discount rate
4.5
-
4.5
%
4.5
%
8.8
-
8.8
%
8.8
%
Servicing expense
0.4
-
0.4
%
0.4
%
0.4
-
0.4
%
0.4
%
Freddie Mac multi-family servicing rights (at amortized cost)
Forward prepayment rate
0.1
-
5.1
%
2.4
%
0.5
-
15.9
%
6.6
%
Forward default rate
0.0
-
0.4
%
0.3
%
0.0
-
0.5
%
0.4
%
Discount rate
6.0
-
6.0
%
6.0
%
6.0
-
6.0
%
6.0
%
Servicing expense
0.2
-
0.3
%
0.2
%
0.2
-
0.3
%
0.2
%
Assumptions can change between and at each reporting period as market conditions and projected interest rates change.
The following table reflects the possible impact of 10% and 20% adverse changes to key assumptions on the carrying amount of the Company’s SBA and Freddie Mac multi-family servicing rights.
(In Thousands)
December 31, 2020
December 31, 2019
SBA servicing rights (at amortized cost)
Forward prepayment rate
Impact of 10% adverse change
$
(729)
$
(563)
Impact of 20% adverse change
$
(1,420)
$
(1,097)
Default rate
Impact of 10% adverse change
$
(150)
$
(94)
Impact of 20% adverse change
$
(298)
$
(186)
Discount rate
Impact of 10% adverse change
$
(395)
$
(520)
Impact of 20% adverse change
$
(777)
$
(1,011)
Freddie Mac multi-family servicing rights (at amortized cost)
Forward prepayment rate
Impact of 10% adverse change
$
(163)
$
(285)
Impact of 20% adverse change
$
(324)
$
(558)
Default rate
Impact of 10% adverse change
$
(6)
$
(5)
Impact of 20% adverse change
$
(13)
$
(10)
Discount rate
Impact of 10% adverse change
$
(678)
$
(381)
Impact of 20% adverse change
$
(1,324)
$
(746)
The estimated future amortization expense for the servicing rights is expected to be as follows:
(In Thousands)
December 31, 2020
$
7,146
6,265
5,492
4,815
4,217
Thereafter
9,888
Total
$
37,823
Residential mortgage servicing rights. The Company's residential mortgage servicing rights consist of conforming conventional loans sold to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac or loans securitized in Ginnie Mae securities. Similarly, the government loans serviced by the Company are securitized through Ginnie Mae, whereby the Company is insured against loss by the Federal Housing Administration or partially guaranteed against loss by the Department of Veteran Affairs.
The following table presents additional information about the Company’s residential mortgage servicing rights carried at fair value:
As of December 31, 2020
As of December 31, 2019
(In Thousands)
Unpaid Principal Amount
Fair Value
Unpaid Principal Amount
Fair Value
Fannie Mae
$
3,700,450
$
27,632
$
3,388,630
$
37,309
Ginnie Mae
2,757,124
25,899
2,504,993
29,869
Freddie Mac
3,071,312
23,309
2,270,981
23,996
Total
$
9,528,886
$
76,840
$
8,164,604
$
91,174
The significant assumptions used in the valuation of the Company’s residential mortgage servicing rights carried at fair value include:
December 31, 2020
December 31, 2019
Range of input
values
Weighted
Average
Range of input
values
Weighted
Average
Residential mortgage servicing rights (at fair value)
Forward prepayment rate
12.6
-
31.4
%
14.3
%
7.1
-
18.7
%
10.1
%
Discount rate
9.1
-
11.7
%
9.8
%
9.0
-
11.0
%
9.6
%
Servicing expense
$70
-
$85
$74
$70
-
$85
$75
The following table reflects the possible impact of 10% and 20% adverse changes to key assumptions on the fair value of the Company’s residential mortgage servicing rights.
(In Thousands)
December 31, 2020
December 31, 2019
Residential mortgage servicing rights (at fair value)
Prepayment rate
Impact of 10% adverse change
$
(5,049)
$
(4,195)
Impact of 20% adverse change
$
(9,701)
$
(8,091)
Discount rate
Impact of 10% adverse change
$
(2,601)
$
(3,450)
Impact of 20% adverse change
$
(5,028)
$
(6,654)
Cost of servicing
Impact of 10% adverse change
$
(1,469)
$
(1,648)
Impact of 20% adverse change
$
(2,938)
$
(3,297)
Note 10. Residential mortgage banking activities and variable expenses on residential mortgage banking activities
Residential mortgage banking activities, reflects revenue within our residential mortgage banking business directly related to loan origination and sale activity. This primarily consists of the realized gains on sales of residential loans held for sale and loan origination fee income. Residential mortgage banking activities also consists of unrealized gains and losses associated with the changes in fair value of the loans held for sale, the fair value of retained MSR additions, and the realized and unrealized gains and losses from derivative instruments. Variable expenses include correspondent fee expenses and other direct expenses relating to these loans, which vary based on loan origination volumes.
The following table presents the components of residential mortgage banking activities and variable expenses on residential mortgage banking activities recorded in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
For the Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands)
Realized and unrealized gain (loss) of residential mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value
$
198,937
$
54,640
$
36,240
Creation of new mortgage servicing rights, net of payoffs
22,919
16,676
15,075
Loan origination fee income on residential mortgage loans
20,802
10,702
9,371
Unrealized gains (loss) on IRLCs and other derivatives
10,062
1,521
(834)
Residential mortgage banking activities
$
252,720
$
83,539
$
59,852
Variable expenses on residential mortgage banking activities
$
(114,510)
$
(51,760)
$
(22,228)
Note 11. Secured borrowings
The following tables present certain characteristics of our secured borrowings:
Carrying Value at
Lender
Asset Class
Current Maturity
Pricing
Facility Size
Pledged Assets
Carrying Value
December 31, 2020
December 31, 2019
JPMorgan
Acquired loans, SBA loans
June 2021
1M L + 2.25% to 2.875%
$
200,000
$
52,068
$
36,604
$
88,972
Keybank
Freddie Mac loans
February 2021
1M L + 1.30%
100,000
51,248
50,408
21,513
East West Bank
SBA loans
October 2022
Prime - 0.821% to + 0.29%
50,000
50,516
40,542
13,294
Credit Suisse
Acquired loans (non USD)
December 2021
Euribor + 2.50% to 3.00%
244,280
(a)
59,353
36,840
37,646
FCB
Acquired loans
June 2021
2.75%
-
-
-
1,354
Comerica Bank
Residential loans
March 2021
1M L + 1.75%
125,000
84,755
78,312
56,822
TBK Bank
Residential loans
October 2021
Variable Pricing
150,000
129,043
123,951
52,151
Origin Bank
Residential loans
June 2021
Variable Pricing
60,000
29,381
27,450
15,343
Associated Bank
Residential loans
November 2021
1M L + 1.50%
60,000
16,962
15,556
5,823
East West Bank
Residential MSRs
September 2023
1M L + 2.50%
50,000
50,941
34,400
39,900
Credit Suisse
Purchased future receivables, PPP loans
June 2021
1M L + 4.50%
150,000
-
-
34,900
Rabobank
Real estate
January 2021
4.22%
14,500
-
-
12,485
Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis
PPP loans
April 2022
0.35%
105,222
73,799
76,276
-
Bank of the Sierra
Real estate
August 2050
3.25% to 3.45%
22,750
32,948
22,611
-
Total borrowings under credit facilities (b)
$
1,331,752
$
631,014
$
542,950
$
380,203
Citibank
Fixed rate, Transitional, Acquired loans
October 2021
1M L + 2.50% to 3.25%
$
500,000
$
196,304
$
210,735
$
124,718
Deutsche Bank
Fixed rate, Transitional loans
November 2021
3M L + 2.00% to 2.40%
350,000
266,014
190,567
141,356
JPMorgan
Transitional loans
November 2022
1M L + 2.25% to 4.00%
400,000
375,035
247,616
250,466
JPMorgan
MBS
March 2021
1.54% to 4.75%
65,407
107,347
65,407
93,715
Deutsche Bank
MBS
January 2021
3.54%
16,354
20,189
16,354
44,730
Citibank
MBS
February 2021
3.25% to 3.75%
58,076
111,796
58,076
56,189
Bank of America
MBS
Matured
1.31% to 1.61%
-
-
-
38,954
RBC
MBS
February 2021
3.05% to 4.43%
38,814
59,620
38,814
59,061
Total borrowings under repurchase agreements (c)
$
1,428,651
$
1,136,305
$
827,569
$
809,189
Total secured borrowings
$
2,760,403
$
1,767,319
$
1,370,519
$
1,189,392
(a) The current facility size is €200.0 million, but has been converted into USD for purposes of this disclosure.
(b) The weighted average interest rate of borrowings under credit facilities was 2.8% and 4.0% as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
(c) The weighted average interest rate of borrowings under repurchase agreements was 3.3% and 4.2% as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
The following table presents the carrying value of the Company’s collateral pledged with respect to secured borrowings outstanding with our lenders:
Pledged Assets Carrying Value at
(In Thousands)
December 31, 2020
December 31, 2019
Collateral pledged - borrowings under credit facilities
Loans, held for sale, at fair value
$
313,844
$
159,928
Loans, net
159,482
276,810
Loans, held at fair value
73,799
-
Mortgage servicing rights
50,941
61,304
Purchased future receivables
-
43,265
Real estate, held for sale
32,948
19,950
Total
$
631,014
$
561,257
Collateral pledged - borrowings under repurchase agreements
Loans, net
$
815,603
$
721,887
Mortgage backed securities
72,179
113,436
Retained interest in assets of consolidated VIEs
226,773
271,880
Loans, held for sale, at fair value
17,850
-
Loans, held at fair value
3,071
-
Real estate acquired in settlement of loans
-
Total
$
1,136,305
$
1,107,203
Total collateral pledged on secured borrowings
$
1,767,319
$
1,668,460
The agreements governing the Company’s secured borrowings and promissory note require the Company to maintain certain financial and debt covenants. The Company was in compliance with all debt and financial covenants as of December 31, 2020 and 2019.
Note 12. Senior secured notes, convertible notes, and corporate debt, net
Senior secured notes, net
During 2017, ReadyCap Holdings LLC, a subsidiary of the Company, issued $140.0 million in 7.50% Senior Secured Notes due 2022. On January 30, 2018 ReadyCap Holdings LLC, issued an additional $40.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 7.50% Senior Secured Notes due 2022, which have identical terms (other than issue date and issue price) to the notes issued during 2017 (collectively “the Senior Secured Notes”). The additional $40.0 million in Senior Secured Notes were priced with a yield to par call date of 6.5%. Payments of the amounts due on the Senior Secured Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by the Company and its subsidiaries: Sutherland Partners LP, Sutherland Asset I, LLC, and ReadyCap Commercial, LLC. The funds were used to fund new SBC and SBA loan originations and new SBC loan acquisitions.
As of December 31, 2020, we were in compliance with all covenants with respect to the Senior Secured Notes.
Convertible notes, net
On August 9, 2017, the Company closed an underwritten public sale of $115.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 7.00% convertible senior notes due 2023 (“Convertible Notes”). The Convertible Notes will mature on August 15, 2023, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted. During certain periods and subject to certain conditions, the Convertible Notes will be convertible by holders into shares of the Company's common stock. As of December 31, 2020, the conversion rate was 1.5994 shares of common stock per $25 principal amount of the Convertible Notes, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $15.63 per share of common stock. Upon conversion, holders will receive, at the Company's discretion, cash, shares of the Company's common stock or a combination thereof.
The Company may redeem all or any portion of the Convertible Notes on or after August 15, 2021, if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock has been at least 120% of the conversion price in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during any 30 consecutive trading day period ending on, and including, the trading day immediately preceding the date on which we provide notice of redemption, at a redemption price payable in cash equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest. Additionally, upon the occurrence of certain corporate transactions, holders may require the Company to purchase the Convertible Notes for cash at a purchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be purchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest.
The Convertible Notes will be convertible only upon satisfaction of one or more of the following conditions: (1) the closing market price of the Company’s common stock is greater than or equal to 120% of the conversion price of the respective Convertible Notes for at least 20 out of 30 days prior to the end of the preceding fiscal quarter, (2) the trading price of the Convertible Notes is less than 98% of the product of (i) the conversion rate and (ii) the closing price of the Company’s common stock during any five consecutive trading day period, (3) the Company issues certain equity instruments at less than the 10 day average closing market price of its common stock or the per-share value of certain distributions exceeds the market price of the Company’s common stock by more than 10%, or (4) certain other specified corporate events (significant consolidation, sale, merger share exchange, etc.) occur.
At issuance, we allocated $112.7 million and $2.3 million of the carrying value of the Convertible Notes to its debt and equity components, respectively, before the allocation of deferred financing costs. As of December 31, 2020, we were in compliance with all covenants with respect to the Convertible Notes.
Corporate debt, net
On April 27, 2018, the Company completed the public offer and sale of $50,000,000 aggregate principal amount of its 6.50% Senior Notes due 2021 ( the “2021 Notes”). The Company issued the 2021 Notes under a base indenture, dated August 9, 2017, as supplemented by the second supplemental indenture, dated as of April 27, 2018, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee. The 2021 Notes bear interest at a rate of 6.50% per annum, payable quarterly in arrears on January 30, April 30, July 30, and October 30 of each year, beginning on July 30, 2018. The 2021 Notes will mature on April 30, 2021, unless earlier redeemed or repurchased.
The Company may redeem for cash all or any portion of the 2021 Notes, at its option, on or after April 30, 2019 and before April 30, 2020 at a redemption price equal to 101% of the principal amount of the 2021 Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date. On or after April 30, 2020, the Company may redeem for cash all or any portion of the 2021 Notes, at its option, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2021 Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date. If the Company undergoes a change of control repurchase event, holders may require it to purchase the 2021 Notes, in whole or in part, for cash at a repurchase price equal to 101% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2021 Notes to be purchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the date of repurchase, as described in greater detail in the Indenture.
The 2021 Notes are the Company’s senior direct unsecured obligations and will not be guaranteed by any of its subsidiaries, except to the extent described in the Indenture upon the occurrence of certain events. The 2021 Notes rank equal in right of payment to any of the Company’s existing and future unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness; effectively junior in right of payment to any of its existing and future secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness; and structurally junior to all existing and future indebtedness, other liabilities (including trade payables) and (to the extent not held by the Company) preferred stock, if any, of its subsidiaries.
On July 22, 2019, the Company completed the public offer and sale of $57.5 million aggregate principal amount of its 6.20% Senior Notes due 2026 (the “2026 Notes” and together with the 2021 Notes, the “Corporate Debt”), which includes $7.5 million aggregate principal amount of the 2026 Notes relating to the full exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option. The net proceeds from the sale of the 2026 Notes are approximately $55.3 million, after deducting underwriters’ discount and estimated offering expenses. The Company will contribute the net proceeds to Sutherland Partners, L.P. (the “Operating Partnership”), its operating partnership subsidiary, in exchange for the issuance by the Operating Partnership of a senior unsecured note with terms that are substantially equivalent to the terms of the 2026 Notes. The Operating Partnership intends to use the net proceeds to originate or acquire the Company’s target assets and for general business purposes.
The 2026 Notes bear interest at a rate of 6.20% per annum, payable quarterly in arrears on January 30, April 30, July 30, and October 30 of each year, beginning on October 30, 2019. The 2026 Notes will mature on July 30, 2026, unless earlier repurchased or redeemed.
The Company may redeem for cash all or any portion of the 2026 Notes, at its option, on or after July 30, 2022 and before July 30, 2025 at a redemption price equal to 101% of the principal amount of the 2026 Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date. On or after July 30, 2025, the Company may redeem for cash all or any portion of the 2026 Notes, at its option, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2026 Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date. If the Company undergoes a change of control repurchase event, holders may require it to purchase the 2026 Notes, in whole or in part, for cash at a repurchase price equal to 101% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2026 Notes to be purchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the date of repurchase, as described in greater detail in the Indenture.
The 2026 Notes are the Company’s senior unsecured obligations and will not be guaranteed by any of its subsidiaries, except to the extent described in the Indenture upon the occurrence of certain events. The 2026 Notes rank equal in right of payment to any of the Company’s existing and future unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness; effectively junior in right of payment to any of its existing and future secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness; and structurally junior to all existing and future indebtedness, other liabilities (including trade payables) and (to the extent not held by the Company) preferred stock, if any, of its subsidiaries.
On December 2, 2019, the Company completed the public offer and sale of $45.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2026 Notes. The new notes have the same terms (expect with respect to issue date, issue price and the date from which interest will accrue) as, are fully fungible with and are treated as a single series of debt securities as, the 6.20% Senior Notes due 2026 the Company issued on July 22, 2019.
As of December 31, 2020, we were in compliance with all covenants with respect to the corporate debt.
The following table presents the components of the Senior Secured Notes, Convertible Notes, and Corporate Debt, including the carrying value for the aggregate contractual maturities, in the consolidated balance sheet:
(in thousands, except rates)
Coupon Rate
Maturity Date
December 31, 2020
Senior secured notes principal amount(1)
7.50
%
2/15/2022
$
180,000
Unamortized premium - Senior secured notes
Unamortized deferred financing costs - Senior secured notes
(1,236)
Total Senior secured notes, net
$
179,659
Convertible notes - principal amount (2)
7.00
%
8/15/2023
115,000
Unamortized discount - Convertible notes (3)
(1,059)
Unamortized deferred financing costs - Convertible notes
(1,812)
Total Convertible notes, net
$
112,129
Corporate debt principal amount(4)
6.50
%
4/30/2021
$
50,000
Corporate debt principal amount(5)
6.20
%
7/30/2026
104,250
Unamortized discount - Corporate debt
Unamortized deferred financing costs - Corporate debt
(3,639)
Total Corporate debt, net
$
150,989
Total carrying amount of debt components
$
442,777
Total carrying amount of conversion option of equity components recorded in equity
$
1,059
(1) Interest on the senior secured notes is payable semiannually on each February 15 and August 15, beginning on August 15, 2017.
(2) Interest on the convertible notes is payable quarterly on February 15, May 15, August 15, and November 15 of each year, beginning on November 15, 2017.
(3) Represents the discount created by separating the conversion option from the debt host instrument.
(4) Interest on the corporate debt is payable January 30, April 30, July 30, and October 30 of each year, beginning on July 30, 2018.
(5) Interest on the corporate debt is payable January 30, April 30, July 30, and October 30 of each year, beginning on October 30, 2019.
The following table presents the contractual maturities of Senior Secured Notes, Convertible Notes, and Corporate debt:
(In Thousands)
December 31, 2020
$
50,000
180,000
115,000
-
-
Thereafter
104,250
Total contractual amounts
$
449,250
Unamortized deferred financing costs, discounts, and premiums, net
(6,473)
Total carrying amount of debt components
$
442,777
Note 13. Guaranteed loan financing
Participations or other partial loan sales which do not meet the definition of a participating interest remain as an investment in the consolidated balance sheets and the portion sold is recorded as guaranteed loan financing in the liabilities section of the consolidated balance sheets. For these partial loan sales, the interest earned on the entire loan balance is recorded as interest income and the interest earned by the buyer in the partial loan sale is recorded within interest expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of income.
The following table presents guaranteed loan financing and the related interest rates and maturity dates:
Weighted Average
Range of
Range of
(In Thousands)
Interest Rate
Interest Rates
Maturities (Years)
Ending Balance
December 31, 2020
3.76
%
0.99 - 6.50
%
2021 - 2044
$
401,705
December 31, 2019
5.45
%
1.70 - 7.50
%
2020 - 2044
$
485,461
The following table summarizes contractual maturities of total guaranteed loan financing outstanding:
(In Thousands)
December 31, 2020
1,420
2,340
3,429
3,689
Thereafter
390,432
Total
$
401,705
Our guaranteed loan financings are secured by loans of $403.0 million and $487.2 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Note 14. Variable interest entities and securitization activities
In the normal course of business, we enter into certain types of transactions with entities that are considered to be VIEs. Our primary involvement with VIEs has been related to our securitization transactions in which we transfer assets to securitization trusts. We primarily securitize our acquired and originated loans, which provides a source of funding for us and has enabled us to transfer a certain portion of the economic risk of the loans or related debt securities to third parties. We also transfer originated loans to securitization trusts sponsored by third parties, most notably Freddie Mac. Third-party securitizations are securitization entities in which we maintain an economic interest but do not sponsor. The entity that has a controlling financial interest in a VIE is referred to as the primary beneficiary and is required to consolidate the VIE. The majority of the VIEs in which we have been involved in are consolidated within our financial statements. See Note 3 for a discussion of our accounting policies applied to the consolidation of the VIE and transfer of the loans in connection with the securitization.
Securitization-related VIEs
Company sponsored securitizations. In a securitization transaction, assets are transferred to a trust, which generally meets the definition of a VIE. Our primary securitization activity is in the form of SBC and SBA loan securitizations, conducted through securitization trusts which we consolidate, as we determined that we are the primary beneficiary.
For financial statement reporting purposes, since the underlying trust is consolidated, the securitization is effectively viewed as a financing of the loans that were securitized to enable the senior security to be created and sold to a third-party investor. As such, the senior security is presented in the consolidated balance sheets as securitized debt obligations of consolidated VIEs. The third-party beneficial interest holders in the VIE have no recourse against the Company, except that the Company has an obligation to repurchase assets from the VIE in the event that certain representations and warranties in relation to the loans sold to the VIE are breached. In the absence of such a breach, the Company has no obligation to provide any other explicit or implicit support to any VIE.
The securitization trust receives principal and interest on the underlying loans and distributes those payments to the certificate holders. The assets and other instruments held by the securitization trust are restricted in that they can only be used to fulfill the obligations of the securitization trust. The risks associated with the Company’s involvement with the VIE is limited to the risks and rights as a certificate holder of the securities retained by the Company.
The consolidation of the securitization transactions includes the senior securities issued to third parties which are shown as securitized debt obligations of consolidated VIEs in the consolidated balance sheets. The following table presents additional information on the Company’s securitized debt obligations:
December 31, 2020
December 31, 2019
Current
Weighted
Current
Weighted
Principal
Carrying
Average
Principal
Carrying
Average
(In Thousands)
Balance
value
Interest Rate
Balance
value
Interest Rate
Waterfall Victoria Mortgage Trust 2011-SBC2
$
4,055
$
4,055
5.5
%
$
6,399
$
6,399
5.5
%
ReadyCap Lending Small Business Trust 2019-2
103,030
101,468
3.1
131,032
129,007
4.3
Sutherland Commercial Mortgage Trust 2017-SBC6
27,035
26,555
3.6
42,309
41,486
3.4
Sutherland Commercial Mortgage Trust 2018-SBC7
79,302
78,168
4.7
138,235
136,212
4.7
Sutherland Commercial Mortgage Trust 2019-SBC8
178,911
176,307
2.9
219,617
216,981
2.9
Sutherland Commercial Mortgage Trust 2020-SBC9
131,729
129,014
3.8
-
-
-
ReadyCap Commercial Mortgage Trust 2014-1
10,880
10,858
5.8
18,626
18,632
5.6
ReadyCap Commercial Mortgage Trust 2015-2
45,075
35,183
4.8
64,239
61,443
4.5
ReadyCap Commercial Mortgage Trust 2016-3
26,371
25,286
4.7
32,269
30,777
4.7
ReadyCap Commercial Mortgage Trust 2018-4
94,273
91,098
4.0
121,179
117,428
3.9
ReadyCap Commercial Mortgage Trust 2019-5
229,232
220,605
4.2
309,296
299,273
4.1
ReadyCap Commercial Mortgage Trust 2019-6
359,266
348,773
3.2
379,400
371,939
3.2
Ready Capital Mortgage Financing 2018-FL2
48,979
48,975
2.4
115,381
114,057
3.8
Ready Capital Mortgage Financing 2019-FL3
229,440
227,950
2.0
267,904
264,249
3.5
Ready Capital Mortgage Financing 2020-FL4
324,219
318,385
3.1
-
-
-
Total (1)
$
1,891,797
$
1,842,680
3.3
%
$
1,845,886
$
1,807,883
3.7
%
(1) Excludes non-company sponsored securitized debt obligations of $63.1 million and $7.3 million that are consolidated in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.
Repayment of our securitized debt will be dependent upon the cash flows generated by the loans in the securitization trust that collateralize such debt. The actual cash flows from the securitized loans are comprised of coupon interest, scheduled principal payments, prepayments and liquidations of the underlying loans. The actual term of the securitized debt may differ significantly from our estimate given that actual interest collections, mortgage prepayments and/or losses on liquidation of mortgages may differ significantly from those expected.
Third-party sponsored securitizations. For third-party sponsored securitizations, we determined that we are not the primary beneficiary because we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of these entities. Specifically, we do not manage these entities or otherwise solely hold decision making powers that are significant, which include special servicing decisions. As a result of this assessment, we do not consolidate any of the underlying assets and liabilities of these trusts, we only account for our specific interests in them.
Other VIEs
Other VIEs include a variable interest that we hold in an acquired joint venture investment that we account for as an equity method investment. We do not consolidate these entities because we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact their economic performance, we only account for our specific interest in them.
Assets and liabilities of consolidated VIEs
The following table presents securitized assets and liabilities of VIEs consolidated on our consolidated balance sheets:
(In Thousands)
December 31, 2020
December 31, 2019
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents
$
$
Restricted cash
13,790
8,301
Loans, net
2,472,807
2,326,199
Loans, held for sale, at fair value
-
4,434
Real estate, held for sale
4,456
-
Due from servicers
10,995
27,964
Accrued interest
16,675
11,565
Total assets
$
2,518,743
$
2,378,486
Liabilities:
Securitized debt obligations of consolidated VIEs, net
1,905,749
1,815,154
Total liabilities
$
1,905,749
$
1,815,154
Assets of unconsolidated VIEs
The following table reflects our variable interests in identified VIEs, of which we are not the primary beneficiary:
Carrying Amount
Maximum Exposure to Loss (1)
(In Thousands)
December 31, 2020
December 31, 2019
December 31, 2020
December 31, 2019
Mortgage backed securities, at fair value(2)
$
80,690
$
66,108
$
80,690
$
66,108
Investment in unconsolidated joint ventures
28,290
58,850
28,290
58,850
Total assets in unconsolidated VIEs
$
108,980
$
124,958
$
108,980
$
124,958
(1) Maximum exposure to loss is limited to the greater of the fair value or carrying value of the assets as of the consolidated balance sheet date.
(2) Retained interest in Freddie Mac sponsored securitizations.
Note 15. Interest income and interest expense
Interest income expense are recorded in the consolidated statements of income and classified based on the nature of the underlying asset or liability.
The following table presents the components of interest income and expense:
Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands)
Interest income
Loans
Originated Transitional loans
$
88,271
$
69,217
$
48,499
Originated SBC loans
57,134
51,617
24,948
Acquired loans
57,471
63,879
46,154
Acquired SBA 7(a) loans
18,251
20,687
32,278
Originated SBA 7(a) loans
20,434
11,409
4,428
Originated SBC loans, at fair value
1,938
1,383
3,599
Originated Residential Agency loans
Total loans (1)
$
243,648
$
218,267
$
159,957
Held for sale, at fair value, loans
Originated Residential Agency loans
$
7,532
$
4,328
$
3,747
Originated Freddie loans
1,193
1,008
1,428
Acquired loans
Total loans, held for sale, at fair value (1)
$
8,891
$
5,553
$
5,328
Mortgage backed securities, at fair value
$
6,097
$
6,096
$
4,214
Total interest income
$
258,636
$
229,916
$
169,499
Interest expense
Secured borrowings
$
(45,430)
$
(49,009)
$
(35,481)
Securitized debt obligations of consolidated VIEs
(78,029)
(69,152)
(36,988)
Guaranteed loan financing
(18,399)
(5,125)
(11,613)
Senior secured note
(13,870)
(13,920)
(13,702)
Convertible note
(8,752)
(8,752)
(8,748)
Corporate debt
(11,001)
(5,922)
(2,706)
Total interest expense
$
(175,481)
$
(151,880)
$
(109,238)
Net interest income before provision for loan losses
$
83,155
$
78,036
$
60,261
(1) Includes interest income on loans in consolidated VIEs.
Note 16. Derivative instruments
The Company is exposed to changing interest rates and market conditions, which affect cash flows associated with borrowings. The Company uses derivative instruments to manage interest rate risk and conditions in the commercial mortgage market and, as such, views them as economic hedges. Interest rate swaps are used to mitigate the exposure to changes in interest rates and involve the receipt of variable-rate interest amounts from a counterparty in exchange for making payments based on a fixed interest rate over the life of the swap contract. CDS are executed in order to mitigate the risk of deterioration in the current credit health of the commercial mortgage market. IRLCs are entered into with customers who have applied for residential mortgage loans and meet certain underwriting criteria. These commitments expose GMFS to market risk if interest rates change and if the loan is not economically hedged or committed to an investor.
For derivative instruments that the Company has not elected hedge accounting, the fair value adjustments on such instruments are recorded in earnings. The fair value adjustments for interest rate swaps and CDS, along with the related interest income, interest expense and gains (losses) on termination of such instruments, are reported as a net realized gain on financial instruments in the consolidated statements of income. The fair value adjustments for IRLCs, along with the related interest income, interest expense and gains (losses) on termination of such instruments, are reported in residential mortgage banking activities in the consolidated statements of income.
As described in Note 3, for qualifying cash flow hedges, the entire change in the fair value of the derivative is recorded in OCI and recognized in the consolidated statements of income when the hedged cash flows affect earnings. Derivative amounts affecting earnings are recognized consistent with the classification of the hedged item, primarily interest expense. The ineffective portions of the cash flow hedges are immediately recognized in earnings.
The following tables summarize the Company’s use of derivatives and their effect in the consolidated financial statements. Notional amounts included in the table are the average notional amounts on the consolidated balance sheet dates. We believe these are the most relevant measure of volume or derivative activity as they best represent the Company’s exposure to underlying instruments.
The following table summarizes our derivatives, by type:
As of December 31, 2020
As of December 31, 2019
Asset
Liability
Asset
Liability
Notional
Derivatives
Derivatives
Notional
Derivatives
Derivatives
(In Thousands)
Primary Underlying Risk
Amount
Fair Value
Fair Value
Amount
Fair Value
Fair Value
Interest rate lock commitments
Interest rate risk
$
614,358
$
16,363
$
-
$
238,283
$
2,814
$
-
Interest Rate Swaps - not designated as hedges
Interest rate risk
160,801
-
(952)
63,501
-
(2,665)
Interest Rate Swaps - designated as hedges
Interest rate risk
132,325
-
(5,701)
158,325
-
(1,709)
TBA Agency Securities
Interest rate risk
565,000
(4,004)
227,500
-
(516)
Credit Default Swaps
Credit risk
15,000
-
(174)
15,000
-
(110)
FX forwards
Foreign exchange rate risk
3,866
-
(773)
15,000
-
(250)
Total
$
1,491,350
$
16,363
$
(11,604)
$
717,609
$
2,814
$
(5,250)
The following tables summarize the gains and losses on the Company’s derivatives:
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Year Ended December 31, 2019
Net Change in
Net Change in
Net Realized
Unrealized
Net Realized
Unrealized
(In Thousands)
(Loss)
Gain (Loss)
(Loss)
Gain (Loss)
Credit default swaps (1)
$
-
$
(65)
$
-
$
(404)
Interest rate swaps (1)(2)
(3,981)
(7,297)
(6,221)
(1,747)
TBA Agency Securities (3)
-
(3,527)
-
Interest rate lock commitments (3)
-
13,589
-
1,038
FX forwards (1)
(1,017)
(523)
-
(250)
Total
$
(4,998)
$
2,177
$
(6,221)
$
(880)
(1) Gains (losses) are recorded in net unrealized gain (loss) on financial instruments or net realized gain (loss) on financial instruments in the consolidated statements of income.
(2) For qualifying hedges of interest rate risk, the effective portion relating to the unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
(3) Gains (losses) are recorded in residential mortgage banking activities in the consolidated statements of income.
The following table summarizes the gains and losses on the Company’s derivatives which have qualified for hedge accounting:
(In Thousands)
Derivatives - effective portion reclassified from AOCI to income
Hedge ineffectiveness recorded directly in income (2)
Total income statement impact
Derivatives- effective portion recorded in OCI (3)
Total change in OCI for period (3)
Hedge type:
Interest rate - forecasted transactions (1)
Year Ended December 31, 2020
$
(1,359)
$
(1,694)
$
(3,053)
$
(4,579)
$
(1,526)
Year Ended December 31, 2019
$
(513)
$
-
$
(513)
$
(6,237)
$
(5,724)
(1) Consists of benchmark interest rate hedges of LIBOR-indexed floating-rate liabilities.
(2) Hedge ineffectiveness is the amount by which the cumulative gain or loss on the designated derivative instrument exceeds the present value of the cumulative expected change in cash flows on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk.
(3) Represents after tax amounts recorded in OCI.
Note 17. Real estate, held for sale
The following table summarizes the carrying amount of the Company’s real estate holdings as of the consolidated balance sheet dates:
(In Thousands)
December 31, 2020
December 31, 2019
Acquired ORM Portfolio:
Retail
$
18,700
$
19,950
Mixed Use
14,248
17,478
Land
7,256
7,919
Lodging/Residential
3,230
6,280
Office
-
1,256
Total Acquired ORM REO
$
43,434
$
52,883
Other REO held for sale:
Office
$
$
4,465
Retail
SBA
Mixed Use
-
Total Other REO(1)
$
1,914
$
5,690
Total Real Estate, held for sale
$
45,348
$
58,573
(1) Excludes $4.5 million of real estate, held for sale within consolidated VIEs.
Note 18. Agreements and transactions with related parties
Management Agreement
The Company has entered into a management agreement with our Manager (the “Management Agreement”), which describes the services to be provided to us by our Manager and compensation for such services. Our Manager is responsible for managing the Company’s day-to-day operations, subject to the direction and oversight of the Company’s board of directors.
Management fee. Pursuant to the terms of the Management Agreement, our Manager is paid a management fee calculated and payable quarterly in arrears equal to 1.5% per annum of the Company’s stockholders’ equity (as defined in the Management Agreement) up to $500 million and 1.00% per annum of stockholders’ equity in excess of $500 million. Concurrently with entering into the Merger Agreement, we, our operating partnership and our Manager entered into the First Amendment to the Amended and Restated Management Agreement (the “Amendment”). The Amendment provides that, contingent upon the closing of the Merger, the Manager’s base management fee will be reduced by $1,000,000 per quarter for each of the first full four quarters following the effective time of the Merger (the “Temporary Fee Reduction”). Other than the Temporary Fee Reduction set forth in the Amendment, the terms of the Management Agreement remain the same.
The following table presents certain information on the management fee payable to our Manager:
For the Year Ended December 31,
Management fee - total
$
10.7 million
$
9.6 million
Management fee - amount unpaid
$
2.7 million
$
2.6 million
Incentive distribution. Our Manager is entitled to an incentive distribution in an amount equal to the product of (i) 15% and (ii) the excess of (a) distributable earnings (which is referred to as core earnings in the partnership agreement or the operating partnership) on a rolling four-quarter basis over (b) an amount equal to 8.00% per annum multiplied by the weighted average of the issue price per share of the common stock or OP units multiplied by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding, provided that distributable earnings over the prior twelve calendar quarters (or the period since the closing of the ZAIS Merger, whichever is shorter) is greater than zero. For purposes of determining the incentive distribution payable to our Manager, distributable earnings is defined under the partnership agreement of the operating partnership in a manner that is similar to the definition of Distributable Earnings described below under Item 2. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Non-GAAP Financial Measures” included in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q but with the following additional adjustments which (i) further exclude: (a) the incentive distribution, (b) non-cash equity compensation expense, if any, (c) unrealized gains or losses on SBC loans (not just MBS and MSRs), (d) depreciation and amortization (to the extent we foreclose on any property), and (e) one-time events pursuant to changes in U.S. GAAP and certain other non-cash charges after discussions between our Manager and our independent directors and after approval by a majority of the independent directors and (ii) add back any realized gains or losses on the sales of MBS and on discontinued operations which were excluded from the definition of distributable earnings described under "Non-GAAP Financial Measures".
The following table presents certain information on the incentive fee payable to our Manager:
For the Year Ended December 31,
Incentive fee distribution - total
$
6.0 million
$
0.1 million
Incentive fee distribution - amount unpaid
$
1.3 million
$
0.1 million
The Management Agreement may be terminated upon the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of our independent directors or the holders of a majority of the outstanding common stock (excluding shares held by employees and affiliates of our Manager), based upon (1) unsatisfactory performance by our Manager that is materially detrimental to the Company or (2) a determination that the management fee payable to our Manager is not fair, subject to our Manager’s right to prevent such a termination based on unfair fees by accepting a mutually acceptable reduction of management fees agreed to by at least two-thirds of our independent directors. The Manager must be provided with written notice of any such termination at least 180 days prior to the expiration of the then existing term. Additionally, upon such a termination by the Company without cause (or upon termination by the Manager due to the Company’s material breach), the management agreement provides that the Company will pay the Manager a termination fee equal to three times the average annual base management fee earned by our Manager during the prior 24 month period immediately preceding the date of termination, calculated as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal quarter prior to the date of termination, except upon an internalization. Additionally, if the management agreement is terminated under circumstances in which the Company is
obligated to make a termination payment to the Manager, the operating partnership shall repurchase, concurrently with such termination, the Class A special unit for an amount equal to three times the average annual amount of the incentive distribution paid or payable in respect of the Class A special unit during the 24 month period immediately preceding such termination, calculated as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal quarter before the date of termination.
The current term of the Management Agreement will expire on October 31, 2021 and is automatically renewed for successive one-year terms on each anniversary thereafter; provided, however, that either the Company, under the certain limited circumstances described above that would require the Company and the operating partnership to make the payments described above, or the Manager may terminate the Management Agreement annually upon 180 days prior notice.
Expense reimbursement. In addition to the management fees and incentive distribution described above, the Company is also responsible for reimbursing our Manager for certain expenses paid by our Manager on behalf of the Company and for certain services provided by our Manager to the Company. Expenses incurred by our Manager and reimbursed by us are typically included in salaries and benefits or general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of income.
The following table presents certain information on reimbursable expenses payable to our Manager:
For the Year Ended December 31,
Reimbursable expenses payable to our Manager - total
$
8.4 million
$
7.0 million
Reimbursable expenses payable to our Manager - amount unpaid
$
5.3 million
$
4.2 million
Note 19. Other assets and other liabilities
The following table details the Company’s other assets and other liabilities as of the consolidated balance sheet dates.
(In Thousands)
December 31, 2020
December 31, 2019
Other assets:
Deferred tax asset
$
18,396
$
31,803
Tax receivable
-
4,019
Deferred loan exit fees
13,940
13,039
Accrued interest
12,656
10,583
Goodwill
11,206
11,206
Due from servicers
11,171
10,127
Right-of-use lease asset
3,172
4,531
Intangible assets
6,986
8,309
Deferred financing costs
2,612
2,046
Other assets
9,364
11,262
Other assets
$
89,503
$
106,925
Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities:
Deferred tax liability
$
16,839
$
18,757
Accrued salaries, wages and commissions
35,724
21,146
Accrued interest payable
19,695
17,305
Servicing principal and interest payable
7,318
14,145
Repair and denial reserve
9,557
5,179
Payable to related parties
4,088
2,697
Accrued professional fees
1,365
1,809
Lease payable
3,670
4,618
Deferred PPP loan revenue
10,700
-
Other liabilities
26,699
11,751
Total accounts payable and other accrued liabilities
$
135,655
$
97,407
Intangible assets
The following table presents information about the intangible assets held by the Company:
(In Thousands)
December 31, 2020
December 31, 2019
Estimated Useful Life
Internally developed software - Knight Capital
$
3,061
$
3,694
6 years
Broker network - Knight Capital
1,156
4.5 years
SBA license
1,000
1,000
Indefinite life
Favorable lease
12 years
Trade name - Knight Capital
6 years
Trade name - GMFS
15 years
Total Intangible Assets
$
6,986
$
8,309
Amortization expense related to the intangible assets previously acquired for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was $1.3 million and $0.5 million, respectively. Such amounts are recorded as other operating expenses in the consolidated statements of income.
At December 31, 2020, accumulated amortization for finite-lived intangible assets is as follows:
(In Thousands)
December 31, 2020
Favorable lease
$
Trade name - GMFS
Internally developed software - Knight Capital
Broker network - Knight Capital
Trade name - Knight Capital
Total Accumulated Amortization
$
2,597
Amortization expense related to the finite-lived intangible assets for the five years subsequent to 2020 is as follows:
(In Thousands)
December 31, 2020
1,295
1,268
1,242
1,032
Thereafter
Total
$
5,986
Loan indemnification reserve
A liability has been established for potential losses related to representations and warranties made by GMFS for loans sold with a corresponding provision recorded for loan indemnification losses. The liability is included in accounts payable and other accrued liabilities in the Company's consolidated balance sheets and the provision for loan indemnification losses is included in variable expenses on residential mortgage banking activities, in the Company's consolidated statements of income. In assessing the adequacy of the liability, management evaluates various factors including historical repurchases and indemnifications, historical loss experience, known delinquent and other problem loans, outstanding repurchase demand, historical rescission rates and economic trends and conditions in the industry. Actual losses incurred are reflected as a reduction of the reserve liability. At December 31, 2020 and 2019, the loan indemnification reserve was $4.1 million and $2.1 million, respectively.
Because of the uncertainty in the various estimates underlying the loan indemnification reserve, there is a range of losses in excess of the recorded loan indemnification reserve that is reasonably possible. The estimate of the range of possible losses for representations and warranties does not represent a probable loss, and is based on current available information, significant judgment, and a number of assumptions that are subject to change. At December 31, 2020 and 2019, the reasonably possible loss above the recorded loan indemnification reserve was not considered material.
Note 20. Other income and operating expenses
Paycheck protection program
On March 27, 2020, the U.S. Congress approved, and former President Trump signed into law, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”). The CARES Act provides approximately $2 trillion in financial assistance to individuals and businesses resulting from the outbreak of COVID-19. The CARES Act, among other things, provides certain measures to support individuals and businesses in maintaining solvency through monetary relief in the form of financing and loan forgiveness and/or forbearance. The primary catalyst of small business stimulus in the CARES Act is referred to as the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”), an SBA loan that temporarily supports businesses in order to retain their workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic. Through the CARES Act, the initiative calls for existing SBA lenders to extend loans to small businesses to cover payroll, occupancy and operating expenses through the PPP. Furthermore, the PPP includes a 100% guarantee from the federal government for loans up to $10 million and principal forgiveness for borrowers if the funds are used primarily for retaining employees. Beginning in April 2020 the Company, as one of fourteen non-bank SBA lenders, emerged as a prominent player in the market, facilitating access for small
businesses to PPP loans throughout the United States. In the aggregate, the Company has facilitated the fundings of approximately $2.7 billion of loans through this program.
Based on pricing set forth by the SBA, processing fees paid to PPP lenders are based on the outstanding balance of the note and are tiered as follows:
• 5% for loans of not more than $350,000;
• 3% percent for loans of more than $350,000 and less than $2,000,000; and
• 1% percent for loans of at least $2,000,000
During April 2020, the Company funded loans totaling approximately $114.7 million in outstanding balance, through our online loan application platform. The Company has elected fair value option for these loans that are held-for-investment. As a result of these activities, the Company recognized approximately $5.2 million in processing fees based on the outstanding loan balance of loans originated during April 2020.
On April 28, 2020, the Company entered into a Lender Service Provider (“LSP”) agreement with a third-party. Under this agreement, the Company agreed to provide the following services:
a. assistance and services to the third-party in the underwriting, marketing, processing and funding of loans
b. processing forgiveness of the loans with the SBA
c. servicing and management of subsequently resulting PPP loan portfolios
The Company received a fee for providing such services, which represents one-half of the total fees received by the third-party from the SBA, less any agent fees paid directly by the third-party for referrals. The Company sourced and underwrote approximately $2.5 billion of PPP loans, which were sold to the third-party as part of the LSP agreement, for $43.3 million in total fees. $27.8 million of the total fees have been recognized at the time of origination, and the remaining $15.5 million are recognized as servicing and forgiveness are performed. As of December 31, 2020, $10.7 million of fees were unearned.
The following tables present details about the Company’s financial position related to its PPP activities:
(In Thousands)
December 31, 2020
Assets
Restricted cash
$
PPP loans, at fair value
74,931
Other assets
Prepaid expenses
PPP fee receivable
Accrued interest receivable
Total PPP related assets
$
75,714
Liabilities
Secured borrowings
$
76,276
Interest payable
Deferred LSP revenue
10,700
Accrued PPP related costs
Payable to third parties
2,716
Repair and denial reserve
3,305
Total PPP related liabilities
$
93,599
(In Thousands)
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Financial statement account
Income
LSP origination fees
$
27,768
Other income - origination fees
PPP processing fees
5,162
Other income - origination fees
LSP fee income
4,829
Servicing income
Interest income
Interest income
Total PPP related income
$
38,498
Expense
Direct operating expenses
$
9,600
Other operating expenses - origination costs
R&D reserve
3,305
Other income - change in repair and denial reserve
Interest expense
2,174
Interest expense
Total PPP related expenses (direct)
$
15,079
Net PPP related income
$
23,419
Other income and expenses
The following table details the Company’s other income and operating expenses for the consolidated statements of income.
For the Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands)
Other income
Origination income
$
40,836
$
5,860
$
4,590
Change in repair and denial reserve
(4,133)
Other
4,813
4,873
Total other income
$
41,516
$
11,078
$
5,586
Other operating expenses
Origination costs
$
19,815
$
10,168
$
7,752
Technology expense
6,722
4,834
3,624
Impairment on real estate
3,520
1,317
1,086
Rent and property tax expense
5,006
4,310
2,524
Recruiting, training and travel expense
1,419
2,352
2,287
Marketing expense
1,970
2,052
2,433
Loan acquisition costs
1,458
Financing costs on purchased future receivables
1,495
-
Other
13,700
7,178
7,583
Total other operating expenses
$
54,369
$
33,162
$
28,747
Note 21. Stockholders’ Equity
Common stock dividends
The following table presents cash dividends declared by our board of directors on our common stock from January 1, 2019 through December 31, 2020:
Declaration Date
Record Date
Payment Date
Dividend per Share
March 12, 2019
March 28, 2019
April 30, 2019
$
0.40
June 11, 2019
June 28, 2019
July 31, 2019
$
0.40
September 10, 2019
September 30, 2019
October 31, 2019
$
0.40
December 11, 2019
December 31, 2019
January 31, 2020
$
0.40
March 11, 2020
March 31, 2020
April 30, 2020
$
0.40
(1)
June 15, 2020
June 30, 2020
July 31, 2020
$
0.25
September 16, 2020
September 30, 2020
October 30, 2020
$
0.30
December 14, 2020
December 31, 2020
January 29, 2021
$
0.35
(1)Dividends paid in a combination of cash, not to exceed 20% in the aggregate, and common stock.
Stock incentive plan
The Company currently maintains the 2012 equity incentive plan (“the 2012 Plan”). The 2012 Plan authorizes the Compensation Committee to approve grants of equity-based awards to our officers, directors, and employees of our Manager and its affiliates. The equity incentive plan provides for grants of equity-based awards up to an aggregate of 5% of the shares of the Company’s common stock issued and outstanding from time to time on a fully diluted basis.
The Company’s current policy for issuing shares upon settlement of stock-based incentive awards is to issue new shares. The fair value of the RSUs and RSAs granted, which is determined based upon the stock price on the grant date, is recorded as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting periods for the awards, with an offsetting increase in stockholders’ equity.
The following table summarizes the Company’s RSU and RSA activity for the year ended December 31, 2020:
Restricted Stock Awards
(In Thousands, except share data)
Number of
Shares
Grant date fair value
Weighted-average grant date fair value (per share)
Outstanding, January 1
1,009,617
$
15,722
$
15.57
Granted
208,514
3,298
15.82
Vested
(60,370)
(894)
14.81
Outstanding, March 31, 2020
1,157,761
$
18,126
$
15.66
Vested
(16,452)
(227)
13.78
Outstanding, June 30, 2020
1,141,309
$
17,900
$
15.68
Granted
17,200
11.63
Vested
(26,602)
(320)
12.03
Forfeited
(2,258)
(37)
16.26
Outstanding, September 30, 2020
1,129,649
$
17,743
$
15.71
Vested
(254,521)
(3,958)
15.55
Canceled
(3,049)
(48)
15.86
Outstanding, December 31, 2020
872,079
$
13,737
$
15.75
During the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company recognized $5.4 million and $1.5 million, respectively of noncash compensation expense related to its stock-based incentive plan in our consolidated statements of income, respectively.
At December 31, 2020 and 2019, approximately $13.7 million and $15.7 million, respectively of noncash compensation expense related to unvested awards had not yet been charged to net income. These costs are expected to be amortized into compensation expense ratably over the course of the remainder of the respective vesting periods.
Note 22. Earnings per Share of Common Stock
The following table provides information on the basic and diluted earnings per share computations, including the number of shares of common stock used for purposes of these computations.
Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands, except for share and per share amounts)
Basic Earnings
Net income (loss)
$
46,069
$
75,056
$
61,457
Less: Income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest
1,199
2,088
2,199
Less: Income attributable to participating shares
1,392
Basic earnings
$
43,478
$
72,315
$
59,041
Diluted Earnings
Net income (loss)
$
46,069
$
75,056
$
61,457
Less: Income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest
1,199
2,088
2,199
Less: Income attributable to participating shares
1,392
Diluted earnings
$
43,478
$
72,315
$
59,041
Number of Shares
Basic - Average shares outstanding
53,736,523
42,011,750
32,085,975
Effect of dilutive securities - Unvested participating shares
81,855
35,898
16,209
Diluted - Average shares outstanding
53,818,378
42,047,648
32,102,184
Earnings Per Share Attributable to RC Common Stockholders:
Basic
$
0.81
$
1.72
$
1.84
Diluted
$
0.81
$
1.72
$
1.84
Participating unvested RSUs were excluded from the computation of diluted shares as their effect was already considered under the more dilutive two-class method used above.
Additionally, as of December 31, 2020, there are potential shares of common stock contingently issuable upon the conversion of the Convertible Notes in the future. The Company has asserted its intent and ability to settle the principal amount of the Convertible Notes in cash. Based on this assessment, the Company determined that it would be appropriate to apply a method similar to the treasury stock method, such that contingently issuable common stock is assessed quarterly along with our other potentially dilutive instruments. In order to compute the dilutive effect, the number of shares included in the denominator of diluted EPS is determined by dividing the “conversion spread value” of the share-settled portion (value above accreted value of face value and interest component) of the instrument by the share price. The “conversion spread value” is the value that would be delivered to investors in shares based on the terms of the bond upon an assumed conversion. As of December 31, 2020, the conversion spread value is currently zero, since the closing price of our common stock does not exceed the conversion rate (strike price) and is “out-of-the-money”, resulting in no impact on diluted EPS.
Certain investors own OP units in our operating partnership. An OP unit and a share of common stock of the Company have substantially the same economic characteristics in as much as they effectively share equally in the net income or loss of the operating partnership. OP unit holders have the right to redeem their OP units, subject to certain restrictions. The redemption is required to be satisfied in shares of common stock or cash at the Company's option, calculated as follows: one share of the Company's common stock, or cash equal to the fair value of a share of the Company's common stock at the time of redemption, for each OP unit. When an OP unit holder redeems an OP unit, non-controlling interests in the operating partnership is reduced and the Company's equity is increased. At December 31, 2020 and 2019, the non-controlling interest OP unit holders owned 1,175,205 and 1,117,169 OP units, respectively.
Note 23. Offsetting assets and liabilities
In order to better define its contractual rights and to secure rights that will help the Company mitigate its counterparty risk, the Company may enter into an International Swaps and Derivatives Association (“ISDA”) Master Agreement with multiple derivative counterparties. An ISDA Master Agreement, published by ISDA, is a bilateral trading agreement between two parties that allow both parties to enter into over-the-counter (“OTC”), derivative contracts. The ISDA Master Agreement contains a Schedule to the Master Agreement and a Credit Support Annex, which governs the maintenance, reporting, collateral management and default process (netting provisions in the event of a default and/or a termination event). Under an ISDA Master Agreement, the Company may, under certain circumstances, offset with the counterparty certain derivative financial instruments’ payables and/or receivables with collateral held and/or posted and create one single net payment. The provisions of the ISDA Master Agreement typically permit a single net payment in the event of default, including the bankruptcy or insolvency of the counterparty. However, bankruptcy or insolvency laws of a particular jurisdiction may impose restrictions on or prohibitions against the right of offset in bankruptcy, insolvency or other events. In addition, certain ISDA Master Agreements allow counterparties to terminate derivative contracts prior to maturity in the event the Company’s stockholders’ equity declines by a stated percentage or the Company fails to meet the terms of its ISDA Master Agreements, which would cause the Company to accelerate payment of any net liability owed to the counterparty. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019 and for the periods then ended, the Company was in good standing on all of its ISDA Master Agreements or similar arrangements with its counterparties.
For derivatives traded under an ISDA Master Agreement, the collateral requirements are listed under the Credit Support Annex, which is the sum of the mark to market for each derivative contract, the independent amount due to the derivative counterparty and any thresholds, if any. Collateral may be in the form of cash or any eligible securities, as defined in the respective ISDA agreements. Cash collateral pledged to and by the Company with the counterparty, if any, is reported separately in the consolidated balance sheets as restricted cash. All margin call amounts must be made before the notification time and must exceed a minimum transfer amount threshold before a transfer is required. All margin calls must be responded to and completed by the close of business on the same day of the margin call, unless otherwise specified. Any margin calls after the notification time must be completed by the next business day. Typically, the Company and its counterparties are not permitted to sell, rehypothecate or use the collateral posted. To the extent amounts due to the Company from its counterparties are not fully collateralized, the Company bears exposure and the risk of loss from a defaulting counterparty. The Company attempts to mitigate counterparty risk by establishing ISDA agreements with only high grade counterparties that have the financial health to honor their obligations and diversification, entering into agreements with multiple counterparties.
In accordance with ASU 2013-01, Balance Sheet (Topic 210): Clarifying the Scope of Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities, the Company is required to disclose the impact of offsetting of assets and liabilities represented in the consolidated balance sheets to enable users of the consolidated financial statements to evaluate the effect or potential effect of netting arrangements on its financial position for recognized assets and liabilities. These recognized assets and liabilities are financial instruments and derivative instruments that are either subject to enforceable master netting arrangements or ISDA Master Agreements or meet the following right of setoff criteria: (a) the amounts owed by the Company to another party are determinable, (b) the Company has the right to set off the amounts owed with the amounts owed by the counterparty, (c) the Company intends to offset, and (d) the Company’s right of offset is enforceable at law. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company has elected to offset assets and liabilities associated with its OTC derivative contracts in the consolidated balances sheets.
The following tables provide disclosure regarding the effect of offsetting the Company’s recognized assets and liabilities presented in the consolidated balance sheets:
Gross amounts not offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets(1)
(in thousands)
Gross amounts of recognized Assets / Liabilities
Gross amounts offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets
Amounts presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets
Financial Instruments
Cash Collateral Received / Paid
Net Amount
December 31, 2020
Assets
Derivative instruments - Interest rate lock commitments
16,363
-
16,363
-
$
-
$
16,363
Total
$
16,363
$
-
$
16,363
$
-
$
-
$
16,363
Liabilities
Derivative instruments - Interest rate swaps
$
11,670
$
5,017
$
6,653
$
-
$
6,653
$
-
Derivative instruments - Credit default swaps
-
-
-
Derivative instruments - TBA Agency Securities
4,004
-
4,004
-
-
4,004
Derivative instruments - FX forwards
-
-
Secured borrowings
1,370,519
-
1,370,519
1,370,519
-
-
Total
$
1,387,140
$
5,017
$
1,382,123
$
1,370,519
$
6,827
$
4,776
December 31, 2019
Assets
Derivative instruments - Interest rate lock commitments
$
2,814
$
-
$
2,814
$
-
$
2,814
$
-
Total
$
2,814
$
-
$
2,814
$
-
$
2,814
$
-
Liabilities
Derivative instruments - Interest rate swaps
$
4,374
$
-
$
4,374
$
-
$
4,374
$
-
Derivative instruments - TBA Agency Securities
-
Derivative instruments - Credit default swaps
-
-
-
Derivative instruments - FX forwards
-
-
-
Secured borrowings
1,189,392
-
1,189,392
1,189,392
-
-
Total
$
1,194,642
$
-
$
1,194,642
$
1,189,392
$
4,734
$
(1) Amounts presented in these columns are limited in total to the net amount of assets or liabilities presented in the prior column by instrument. In certain cases, there is excess cash collateral or financial assets we have pledged to a counterparty that exceed the financial liabilities subject to a master netting repurchase arrangement or similar agreement. Additionally, in certain cases, counterparties may have pledged excess cash collateral to us that exceeds our corresponding financial assets. In each case, any of these excess amounts are excluded from the table although they are separately reported in our consolidated balance sheets as assets or liabilities, respectively.
Note 24. Financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk, credit risk, and certain other risks
In the normal course of business, the Company enters into transactions in various financial instruments that expose us to various types of risk, both on and off balance sheet. Such risks are associated with financial instruments and markets in which the Company invests. These financial instruments expose us to varying degrees of market risk, credit risk, interest rate risk, liquidity risk, off balance sheet risk and prepayment risk.
Market Risk - Market risk is the potential adverse changes in the values of the financial instrument due to unfavorable changes in the level or volatility of interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, or market values of the underlying financial instruments. We attempt to mitigate our exposure to market risk by entering into offsetting transactions, which may include purchase or sale of interest-bearing securities and equity securities.
Credit Risk - The Company is subject to credit risk in connection with our investments in SBC loans and SBC MBS and other target assets we may acquire in the future. The credit risk related to these investments pertains to the ability and willingness of the borrowers to pay, which is assessed before credit is granted or renewed and periodically reviewed throughout the loan or security term. We believe that loan credit quality is primarily determined by the borrowers' credit profiles and loan characteristics. We seek to mitigate this risk by seeking to acquire assets at appropriate prices given anticipated and unanticipated losses and by deploying a value−driven approach to underwriting and diligence, consistent with our historical investment strategy, with a focus on projected cash flows and potential risks to cash flow. We further mitigate our risk of potential losses while managing and servicing our loans by performing various workout and loss mitigation strategies with delinquent borrowers. Nevertheless, unanticipated credit losses could occur, which could adversely impact operating results.
The Company is also subject to credit risk with respect to the counterparties to derivative contracts. If a counterparty becomes bankrupt or otherwise fails to perform its obligation under a derivative contract due to financial difficulties, we may experience significant delays in obtaining any recovery under the derivative contract in a dissolution, assignment for the benefit of creditors, liquidation, winding-up, bankruptcy, or other analogous proceeding. In the event of the insolvency of a counterparty to a derivative transaction, the derivative transaction would typically be terminated at its fair market value. If we are owed this fair market value in the termination of the derivative transaction and its claim is unsecured, we will be treated as a general creditor of such counterparty, and will not have any claim with respect to the underlying security. We may obtain only a limited recovery or may obtain no recovery in such circumstances. In addition, the business failure of a counterparty with whom we enter a hedging transaction will most likely result in its default, which may result in the loss of potential future value and the loss of our hedge and force us to cover our commitments, if any, at the then current market price.
Counterparty credit risk is the risk that counterparties may fail to fulfill their obligations, including their inability to post additional collateral in circumstances where their pledged collateral value becomes inadequate. The Company attempts to manage its exposure to counterparty risk through diversification, use of financial instruments and monitoring the creditworthiness of counterparties.
The Company finances the acquisition of a significant portion of its loans and investments with repurchase agreements and borrowings under credit facilities. In connection with these financing arrangements, the Company pledges its loans, securities and cash as collateral to secure the borrowings. The amount of collateral pledged will typically exceed the amount of the borrowings (i.e., the haircut) such that the borrowings will be over-collateralized. As a result, the Company is exposed to the counterparty if, during the term of the repurchase agreement financing, a lender should default on its obligation and the Company is not able to recover its pledged assets. The amount of this exposure is the difference between the amount loaned to the Company plus interest due to the counterparty and the fair value of the collateral pledged by the Company to the lender including accrued interest receivable on such collateral.
GMFS sells loans to investors without recourse. As such, the investors have assumed the risk of loss or default by the borrower. However, GMFS is usually required by these investors to make certain standard representations and warranties relating to credit information, loan documentation and collateral. To the extent that GMFS does not comply with such representations, or there are early payment defaults, GMFS may be required to repurchase the loans or indemnify these investors for any losses from borrower defaults. In addition, if loans pay-off within a specified time frame, GMFS may be required to refund a portion of the sales proceeds to the investors.
Liquidity Risk - Liquidity risk arises in our investments and the general financing of our investing activities. It includes the risk of not being able to fund acquisition and origination activities at settlement dates and/or liquidate positions in a timely manner at reasonable prices, in addition to potential increases in collateral requirements during times of heightened market volatility. If we were forced to dispose of an illiquid investment at an inopportune time, we might be forced to do so at a substantial discount to the market value, resulting in a realized loss. We attempt to mitigate our liquidity risk by regularly monitoring the liquidity of our investments in SBC loans, MBS and other financial instruments. Factors such as our expected exit strategy for, the bid to offer spread of, and the number of broker dealers making an active market in a particular strategy and the availability of long-term funding, are considered in analyzing liquidity risk. To reduce any perceived disparity between the liquidity and the terms of the debt instruments in which we invest, we attempt to minimize our reliance on short-term financing arrangements. While we may finance certain investment in security positions using traditional margin arrangements and borrowings under repurchase agreements, other financial instruments such as collateralized debt obligations, and other longer term financing vehicles may be utilized to attempt to provide us with sources of long-term financing.
Off-Balance Sheet Risk -The Company has undrawn commitments on outstanding loans which are disclosed in Note 25.
Interest Rate - Interest rate risk is highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary and tax policies, domestic and international economic and political considerations and other factors beyond our control.
Our operating results will depend, in part, on differences between the income from our investments and our financing costs. Generally, our debt financing is based on a floating rate of interest calculated on a fixed spread over the relevant index, subject to a floor, as determined by the particular financing arrangement. In the event of a significant rising interest rate environment and/or economic downturn, defaults could increase and result in credit losses to us, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations and prospects.
Furthermore, such defaults could have an adverse effect on the spread between our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities.
Additionally, non-performing SBC loans are not as interest rate sensitive as performing loans, as earnings on non-performing loans are often generated from restructuring the assets through loss mitigation strategies and opportunistically disposing of them. Because non-performing SBC loans are short-term assets, the discount rates used for valuation are based on short-term market interest rates, which may not move in tandem with long-term market interest rates. A rising rate environment often means an improving economy, which might have a positive impact on commercial property values, resulting in increased gains on the disposition of these assets.
While rising rates could make it more costly to refinance these assets, we expect that the impact of this would be mitigated by higher property values. Moreover, small business owners are generally less interest rate sensitive than large commercial property owners, and interest cost is a relatively small component of their operating expenses. An improving economy will likely spur increased property values and sales, thereby increasing the need for SBC financing.
Prepayment Risk - As we receive prepayments of principal on our investments, premiums paid on such investments will be amortized against interest income. In general, an increase in prepayment rates will accelerate the amortization of purchase premiums, thereby reducing the interest income earned on the investments and this is also affected by interest rate movements. Conversely, discounts on such investments are accreted into interest income. In general, an increase in prepayment rates will accelerate the accretion of purchase discounts, thereby increasing the interest income earned on the investments. An increase in prepayment rates will also adversely affect the fair value of our MSRs.
Note 25. Commitments, contingencies and indemnifications
Litigation
The Company may be subject to litigation and administrative proceedings arising in the ordinary course of its business. The Company has entered into agreements, which provide for indemnifications against losses, costs, claims, and liabilities arising from the performance of individual obligations under such agreements. The Company has had no prior claims or payments pursuant to these agreements. The Company’s individual maximum exposure under these arrangements is unknown, as this would involve future claims that may be made against the Company that have not yet occurred. However, based on history and experience, the Company expects the risk of loss to be remote. Management is not aware of any other contingencies that would require accrual or disclosure in the consolidated financial statements.
Unfunded Loan Commitments
As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, unfunded loan commitments for SBC loans were as follows:
(In Thousands)
December 31, 2020
December 31, 2019
Loans, net
$
285,389
$
128,719
Loans, held for sale at fair value
$
7,809
$
6,982
Commitments to Originate Loans
GMFS enters into IRLCs with customers who have applied for residential mortgage loans and meet certain credit and underwriting criteria. These commitments expose GMFS to market risk if interest rates change, and the loan is not economically hedged or committed to an investor. GMFS is also exposed to credit loss if the loan is originated and not sold to an investor and the borrower does not perform.
Commitments to originate loans do not necessarily reflect future cash requirements as some commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, total commitments to originate loans were as follows:
(In Thousands)
December 31, 2020
December 31, 2019
Commitments to originate residential agency loans
$
575,600
$
190,806
Note 26. Income Taxes
The Company is a REIT pursuant to Internal Revenue Code Section 856. Our qualification as a REIT depends on our ability to meet various requirements imposed by the Internal Revenue Code, which relate to our organizational structure, diversity of stock ownership and certain requirements with regard to the nature of our assets and the sources of our income. As a REIT, we generally must distribute annually at least 90% of our net taxable income, subject to certain adjustments and excluding any net capital gain, in order for U.S. federal income tax not to apply to our earnings that we distribute. To the extent that we satisfy this distribution requirement, but distribute less than 100% of our net taxable income, we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our undistributed taxable income. In addition, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax if the actual amount that we pay out to our stockholders in a calendar year is less than a minimum amount specified under U.S. federal tax laws. Even if we qualify as a REIT, we may be subject to certain U.S. federal income and excise taxes and state and local taxes on our income and assets. If we fail to maintain our qualification as a REIT for any taxable year, we may be subject to material penalties as well as federal, state and local income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates and we would not be able to qualify as a REIT for the subsequent four taxable years. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, we are in compliance with all REIT requirements.
Certain of our subsidiaries have elected to be treated as taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRSs”). TRSs permit us to participate in certain activities that would not be qualifying income if earned directly by the parent REIT, as long as these activities meet specific criteria, are conducted within the parameters of certain limitations established by the Internal Revenue Code, and are conducted in entities which elect to be treated as taxable subsidiaries under the Internal Revenue Code. To the extent these criteria are met, we will continue to maintain our qualification as a REIT. Our TRSs engage in various real estate - related operations, including originating and securitizing commercial and residential mortgage loans, and investments in real property. The majority of our TRSs are held within the SBC originations, SBA originations, acquisitions and servicing, and residential mortgage banking segments. Our TRSs are not consolidated for federal income tax purposes, but are instead taxed as corporations. For financial reporting purposes, a provision for current and deferred income taxes is established for the portion of earnings recognized by us with respect to our interest in TRSs.
During 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) and the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021 (the “CAA”) were signed into law. Among other things, the provisions of these laws relate to refundable payroll tax credits, deferment of employer side social security payments, net operating loss carryback periods, and technical corrections to tax depreciation methods for qualified improvement property. As of December 31, 2020, we have recognized a benefit of $2.7 million due to changes in net operating loss carryback provisions which allow net operating losses from tax years beginning in 2018, 2019, or 2020 to be carried back for five years. We will continue to monitor the impacts on our business due to legislative developments related to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Our income tax provision consists of the following:
Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands)
Current
Federal income tax (benefit)
$
(1,795)
$
$
State and local income tax (benefit)
Net current tax provision (benefit)
(1,738)
Deferred
Federal income tax (benefit)
8,776
(9,739)
1,167
State and local income tax (benefit)
1,346
(1,383)
(306)
Net deferred tax provision (benefit)
10,122
(11,122)
Total income tax provision (benefit)
$
8,384
$
(10,552)
$
1,386
The following table is a reconciliation of our federal income tax determined using our statutory federal tax rate to our reported income tax provision for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:
Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands)
U.S. statutory tax
$
12,381
21.0
%
$
13,579
21.0
%
State and local income tax (benefit)
1,716
2.9
(1,717)
(2.6)
Income attributable to REIT
(3,090)
(5.3)
(19,641)
(30.4)
Income attributable to Non-controlling interests
(67)
(0.1)
(462)
(0.7)
Nondeductible
(242)
(0.4)
(2,692)
(4.2)
Change in tax rate / Deferred true-up
(91)
(0.2)
0.6
NOL carryback rate impact
(2,702)
(4.6)
-
-
Current write-off
0.8
-
-
Effective income tax (benefit)
$
8,384
14.1
%
$
(10,552)
(16.3)
%
Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of the assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are presented net by tax jurisdiction and are reported in other assets and other liabilities, respectively. The following table presents the tax effects of temporary differences on their respective net deferred tax assets and liabilities:
Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands)
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards
$
12,893
$
23,277
Unrealized losses
Accruals
2,917
Depreciation and amortization
1,185
1,379
Goodwill
3,171
3,702
Compensation
-
Other
Total deferred tax assets
$
18,396
$
31,803
Deferred tax liabilities:
Loan / servicing rights balance
$
11,600
$
17,793
Derivative instruments
3,868
Other taxable temporary difference
1,371
Total deferred tax liabilities
$
16,839
$
18,757
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)
$
1,557
$
13,046
The Company has approximately $43.0 million of federal and $100.0 million of state net operating loss carryforwards that will begin to expire in 2033.
We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences arising from differences between the carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities under GAAP and their respective tax bases. We evaluate our deferred tax assets for recoverability using a consistent approach which considers the relative impact of negative and positive evidence, including our historical profitability and projections of future taxable income.
As of December 31, 2020, we continued to conclude that the positive evidence in favor of the recoverability of our deferred tax asset outweighed the negative evidence and that it is more likely than not that our deferred tax assets will be realized. Our framework for assessing the recoverability of deferred tax assets requires us to weigh all available evidence, including the sustainability of recent profitability required to realize the deferred tax assets, the cumulative net income in our consolidated statements of income in recent years, the future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, and the carryforward periods for any carryforwards of net operating losses.
The difference between the statutory rate of 21% and the effective income tax rate is primarily due to state and local taxes.
As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company had no uncertain tax positions recorded or disclosed in the financial statements. Additionally, it is the belief of management that the total amount of uncertain tax positions, if any, will not materially change over the next 12 months.
Our major tax jurisdictions where we file income tax returns include Federal, New York State and New York City. Our 2017 and forward tax years are subject to examination. The TRS major tax jurisdictions are Federal, Louisiana, New York City, New Jersey and California. For Federal and state purposes, with the exception of New Jersey, the TRS entities are subject to examination for the 2017 and forward tax years. For New Jersey, the TRS entities are subject to examination for the 2016 and forward tax years.
Note 27. Segment reporting
The Company reports its results of operations through the following four business segments: i) Acquisitions, ii) SBC Originations, iii) SBA Originations, Acquisitions and Servicing, and iv) Residential Mortgage Banking. The Company’s organizational structure is based on a number of factors that the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”), the Chief Executive Officer, uses to evaluate, view, and run its business operations, which includes customer base and nature of loan program types. The segments are based on this organizational structure and the information reviewed by the CODM and management to evaluate segment results.
Acquisitions
Through the acquisitions segment, the Company acquires performing and non-performing SBC loans and intends to continue to acquire these loans as part of the Company’s business strategy. The Company also acquires purchased future receivables through our Knight Capital platform.
SBC originations
Through the SBC originations segment, the Company originates SBC loans secured by stabilized or transitional investor properties using multiple loan origination channels. Additionally, as part of this segment, we originate and service multi-family loan products under the Freddie Mac program. This segment also reflects the impact of our SBC securitization activities.
SBA originations, acquisitions, and servicing
Through the SBA originations, acquisitions, and servicing segment, the Company acquires, originates and services loans guaranteed by the SBA under the SBA Section 7(a) Program. This segment also reflects the impact of our SBA securitization activities.
Residential mortgage banking
Through the residential mortgage banking segment, the Company originates residential mortgage loans eligible to be purchased, guaranteed or insured by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, FHA, USDA and VA through retail, correspondent and broker channels.
Corporate- Other
Corporate - Other consists primarily of unallocated corporate financing, including interest expense relating to our senior secured and convertible notes on funds yet to be deployed, allocated employee compensation from our Manager, management and incentive fees paid to our Manager and other general corporate overhead expenses.
Results of business segments and all other. Reportable business segments, along with remaining unallocated amounts recorded within Corporate- Other, for the year ended December 31, 2020 are summarized in the below table.
SBA Originations,
Residential
Loan
SBC
Acquisitions,
Mortgage
Corporate-
(In Thousands)
Acquisitions
Originations
and Servicing
Banking
Other
Consolidated
Interest income
$
61,156
$
150,369
$
39,430
$
7,681
$
-
$
258,636
Interest expense
(43,383)
(95,061)
(27,472)
(8,294)
(1,271)
(175,481)
Net interest income before provision for loan losses
$
17,773
$
55,308
$
11,958
$
(613)
$
(1,271)
$
83,155
(Provision for) recovery of loan losses
(3,502)
(23,432)
(7,792)
-
-
(34,726)
Net interest income after (provision for) recovery of loan losses
$
14,271
$
31,876
$
4,166
$
(613)
$
(1,271)
$
48,429
Non-interest income
Residential mortgage banking activities
$
-
$
-
$
-
$
252,720
$
-
$
252,720
Net realized gain on financial instruments and real estate owned
(5,077)
18,426
18,564
-
-
31,913
Net unrealized gain (loss) on financial instruments
(7,189)
(2,574)
(1,084)
(37,254)
-
(48,101)
Other income
7,240
4,431
29,473
41,516
Servicing income
2,265
10,377
25,229
-
38,594
Income on purchased future receivables, net of allowance for doubtful accounts
15,711
-
-
-
-
15,711
Income (loss) on unconsolidated joint ventures
2,404
-
-
-
-
2,404
Total non-interest income
$
13,812
$
22,548
$
57,330
$
240,878
$
$
334,757
Non-interest expense
Employee compensation and benefits
$
(9,491)
$
(14,137)
$
(19,516)
$
(45,368)
$
(3,408)
$
(91,920)
Allocated employee compensation and benefits from related party
(700)
-
-
-
(6,300)
(7,000)
Variable expenses on residential mortgage banking activities
-
-
-
(114,510)
-
(114,510)
Professional fees
(1,796)
(1,224)
(993)
(1,777)
(7,570)
(13,360)
Management fees - related party
-
-
-
-
(10,682)
(10,682)
Incentive fees - related party
-
-
-
-
(5,973)
(5,973)
Loan servicing expense
(6,017)
(8,373)
(675)
(15,754)
(37)
(30,856)
Merger related expenses
-
-
-
-
(63)
(63)
Other operating expenses
(16,259)
(13,582)
(12,550)
(8,737)
(3,241)
(54,369)
Total non-interest expense
$
(34,263)
$
(37,316)
$
(33,734)
$
(186,146)
$
(37,274)
$
(328,733)
Income (loss) before provision for income taxes
$
(6,180)
$
17,108
$
27,762
$
54,119
$
(38,356)
$
54,453
Total assets
$
1,189,825
$
2,621,478
$
734,196
$
626,035
$
200,561
$
5,372,095
Reportable segments for the year ended December 31, 2019 are summarized in the below table.
SBA Originations,
Residential
Loan
SBC
Acquisitions,
Mortgage
Corporate-
(In Thousands)
Acquisitions
Originations
and Servicing
Banking
Other
Consolidated
Interest income
$
65,922
$
127,495
$
32,096
$
4,403
$
-
$
229,916
Interest expense
(40,502)
(90,677)
(14,864)
(5,837)
-
(151,880)
Net interest income before provision for loan losses
$
25,420
$
36,818
$
17,232
$
(1,434)
$
-
$
78,036
(Provision for) recovery of loan losses
(808)
(319)
(2,557)
-
-
(3,684)
Net interest income after provision for loan losses
$
24,612
$
36,499
$
14,675
$
(1,434)
$
-
$
74,352
Non-interest income
Residential mortgage banking activities
$
-
$
-
$
-
$
83,539
$
-
$
83,539
Net realized gain (loss) on financial instruments
13,750
15,190
-
-
28,958
Net unrealized gain (loss) on financial instruments
(254)
(107)
(18,569)
(253)
(18,790)
Other income
4,210
4,907
1,548
11,078
Income on purchased future receivables, net
2,362
-
-
-
-
2,362
Servicing income
1,898
5,330
22,639
-
30,665
Income on unconsolidated joint ventures
6,088
-
-
-
-
6,088
Gain on bargain purchase
-
-
-
-
30,728
30,728
Total non-interest income
$
13,222
$
20,448
$
22,461
$
87,858
$
30,639
$
174,628
Non-interest expense
Employee compensation and benefits
$
(1,855)
$
(6,905)
$
(16,255)
$
(22,882)
$
(3,340)
$
(51,237)
Allocated employee compensation and benefits from related party
(547)
-
-
-
(4,926)
(5,473)
Variable expenses on residential mortgage banking activities
-
-
-
(51,760)
-
(51,760)
Professional fees
(723)
(1,652)
(1,011)
(1,101)
(2,947)
(7,434)
Management fees - related party
-
-
-
-
(9,578)
(9,578)
Incentive fees - related party
-
-
-
-
(106)
(106)
Loan servicing expense
(4,662)
(5,695)
(261)
(7,225)
(133)
(17,976)
Merger related expenses
-
-
-
-
(7,750)
(7,750)
Other operating expenses
(4,573)
(11,199)
(6,591)
(7,717)
(3,082)
(33,162)
Total non-interest expense
$
(12,360)
$
(25,451)
$
(24,118)
$
(90,685)
$
(31,862)
$
(184,476)
Income (loss) before provision for income taxes
$
25,474
$
31,496
$
13,018
$
(4,261)
$
(1,223)
$
64,504
Total assets
$
1,264,226
$
2,492,156
$
760,031
$
330,363
$
130,242
$
4,977,018
Reportable segments for the year ended December 31, 2018 are summarized in the below table.
SBA Originations,
Residential
SBC
Acquisitions,
Mortgage
Corporate-
(In Thousands)
Acquisitions
Originations
and Servicing
Banking
Other
Consolidated
Interest income
$
47,243
$
81,752
$
36,706
$
3,798
$
-
$
169,499
Interest expense
(28,946)
(60,879)
(16,218)
(3,195)
-
(109,238)
Net interest income before provision for loan losses
$
18,297
$
20,873
$
20,488
$
$
-
$
60,261
Provision for loan losses
(1,727)
(13)
-
-
(1,701)
Net interest income after provision for loan losses
$
16,570
$
20,860
$
20,527
$
$
-
$
58,560
Non-interest income
Residential mortgage banking activities
$
-
$
-
$
-
$
59,852
$
-
$
59,852
Net realized gain (loss) on financial instruments
5,023
17,482
15,904
-
-
38,409
Net unrealized gain (loss) on financial instruments
(1,156)
5,694
-
4,853
Servicing income
1,396
5,390
20,269
-
27,075
Income on unconsolidated joint venture
12,148
-
-
-
-
12,148
Other income
4,366
5,586
Total non-interest income
$
16,403
$
23,386
$
22,088
$
86,015
$
$
147,923
Non-interest expense
Employee compensation and benefits
(386)
(8,815)
(13,077)
(33,401)
(923)
(56,602)
Allocated employee compensation and benefits from related party
(420)
-
-
-
(3,780)
(4,200)
Variable expenses on residential mortgage banking activities
-
-
-
(22,228)
-
(22,228)
Professional fees
(1,310)
(1,285)
(820)
(607)
(2,977)
(6,999)
Management fees - related party
-
-
-
-
(8,176)
(8,176)
Incentive fees - related party
-
-
-
-
(1,143)
(1,143)
Loan servicing expense
(3,926)
(3,883)
(260)
(7,444)
(32)
(15,545)
Other operating expenses
(3,214)
(10,392)
(4,070)
(8,254)
(2,817)
(28,747)
Total non-interest expense
$
(9,256)
$
(24,375)
$
(18,227)
$
(71,934)
$
(19,848)
$
(143,640)
Income (loss) before provision for income taxes
$
23,717
$
19,871
$
24,388
$
14,684
$
(19,817)
$
62,843
Total Assets
$
644,512
$
1,606,210
$
455,513
$
260,523
$
70,085
$
3,036,843
Note 28. Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)
The following table summarizes our quarterly financial data which, in the opinion of management, reflects all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of our results of operations (amounts in thousands, except per share amounts):
March 31
June 30
September 30
December 31
Net interest income after provision for loan losses
$
(17,183)
$
20,394
$
21,482
$
23,749
Non-interest income
22,523
120,927
107,906
83,406
Non-interest expense
(64,793)
(101,158)
(87,471)
(75,328)
Net income
(51,516)
34,663
35,363
27,559
Net income attributable to Ready Capital Corporation
(50,452)
33,853
34,558
26,911
Earnings per share - Basic
$
(0.98)
$
0.62
$
0.63
$
0.49
Earnings per share - Diluted
$
(0.98)
$
0.62
$
0.63
$
0.49
Dividends declared per share of common stock
$
0.40
$
0.25
$
0.30
$
0.35
Net interest income after provision for loan losses
$
12,460
$
19,933
$
19,640
$
22,319
Non-interest income
56,266
32,956
39,984
45,422
Non-interest expense
(41,279)
(44,600)
(49,842)
(48,755)
Net income
30,450
11,245
12,427
20,934
Net income attributable to Ready Capital Corporation
29,467
10,969
12,104
20,428
Earnings per share - Basic
$
0.90
$
0.25
$
0.27
$
0.43
Earnings per share - Diluted
$
0.90
$
0.25
$
0.27
$
0.43
Dividends declared per share of common stock
$
0.40
$
0.40
$
0.40
$
0.40
Annual amounts may not equal the sum of each quarter due to rounding and other computational factors.
Note 29. Supplemental Financial Data
Summarized financial information of our unconsolidated subsidiaries
In accordance with the SEC’s Regulation S-X and GAAP, the Company had certain unconsolidated subsidiaries as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 and for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 that met at least one of the significance conditions under the SEC’s Regulation S-X. Accordingly, pursuant to Rule 4-08 of Regulation S-X, summarized, comparative financial information is presented below for our significant unconsolidated subsidiaries, which include WFLLA, LLC, which the Company has a 50% interest, and Girod HoldCo, LLC, in which WFLLA, LLC holds a 49.9% interest. Pursuant to the consolidation guidance, it is determined the Company’s interest in WFLLA, LLC is a VIE however, the entity is not consolidated as we are not the primary beneficiary.
The Company’s proportional ownership interest in unconsolidated subsidiaries reflected in Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures within the Balance Sheet is detailed in the tables below:
December 31, 2020
December 31, 2019
(In Thousands)
Girod HoldCo, LLC
WFLLA, LLC
Girod HoldCo, LLC
WFLLA, LLC
Cash
$
9,746
$
4,947
$
22,585
$
11,270
Loans, held-for-investment
92,053
45,934
103,751
51,772
Real estate owned
12,701
6,338
7,929
3,957
Other assets
Total Assets
$
114,929
$
57,433
$
134,752
$
67,238
Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities
$
$
$
$
Other liabilities
1,606
4,076
2,034
Total Liabilities
$
1,686
$
$
4,148
$
2,070
The Company’s proportional ownership interest in unconsolidated subsidiaries reflected in Income on unconsolidated joint ventures within the Statements of Income is detailed in the tables below:
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Year Ended December 31, 2019
Year Ended December 31, 2018
(In Thousands)
Girod HoldCo, LLC
WFLLA, LLC
Girod HoldCo, LLC
WFLLA, LLC
Girod HoldCo, LLC
WFLLA, LLC
Interest income
$
2,372
$
1,184
$
6,922
$
3,454
$
21,182
$
10,570
Realized gains (losses)
(40)
(20)
5,218
2,604
27,310
13,628
Unrealized gains (losses)
(3,456)
(1,725)
15,286
7,628
8,191
4,087
Servicing expense and other
(4,359)
(2,175)
(5,996)
(2,999)
(7,972)
(3,989)
Income (loss) before provision for income taxes
$
(5,483)
$
(2,736)
$
21,430
$
10,687
$
48,711
$
24,296
Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands)
Income (loss) on unconsolidated joint ventures
WFLLA, LLC
$
(1,368)
$
5,344
$
12,148
Other unconsolidated joint ventures
3,772
-
Income (loss) on unconsolidated joint ventures
$
2,404
$
6,088
$
12,148
Note 30. Subsequent events
As of March 15, 2021, the Company has facilitated the fundings of over $1 billion of loans through the U.S. Small Business Administration’s Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”). Through the CARES Act, the initiative calls for existing SBA lenders to extend loans to small businesses to cover payroll, occupancy and operating expenses through the PPP. Furthermore, the PPP includes a 100% guarantee from the federal government for loans up to $2 million and principal forgiveness for borrowers if the funds are used primarily for retaining employees. In addition, the 7(a) program’s loan guarantee rate has increased from 85% for loans of $150,000 or less and 75% for loans greater than $150,000 (up to a maximum guarantee of $3.75 million and 75% of $5 million) to 90% throughout 2021.
On February 10, 2021, the Company completed the issuance of a public offering of $201.3 million in 5.75% senior notes due 2026. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from this offering to redeem the outstanding aggregate principal amount of our 6.50% Senior Notes due 2021. The Company intends to use the remainder of the net proceeds for general business purposes, including to fund the Company’s small balance commercial origination and acquisition pipelines.
Ready Capital Corporation
Schedule IV - Mortgage Loans on Real Estate
There are no individual loans that exceed 3% of the total carrying amount of all mortgages. The following table discloses the Company’s mortgage loans on real estate, categorized by product type:
Product Type
UPB Grouping
Loan Count
Interest Rate
Maturity Date
Carrying Value
UPB
UPB of loans subject to delinquent principal or interest
Acquired loans
0 - 500k
1.00 - 11.50%
2004 - 2039
$
317,851
$
321,809
$
27,596
500k - 1mm
2.66 - 10.25%
2020 - 2038
202,853
203,428
9,644
1mm - 1.5mm
1.00 - 9.50%
2019 - 2038
114,776
115,586
6,116
1.5mm - 2mm
3.50 - 7.38%
2020 - 2037
73,974
74,002
3,206
2mm - 2.5mm
1.48 - 8.00%
2020 - 2037
54,201
54,240
4,585
> 2.5mm
3.23 - 11.00%
2019 - 2030
282,964
285,113
21,989
Total Acquired loans
2,082
$
1,046,619
$
1,054,178
$
73,136
Acquired SBA 7(a) loans
0 - 500k
0.00 - 8.75%
2017 - 2041
$
96,731
$
112,074
$
9,058
500k - 1mm
3.50 - 7.50%
2014 - 2041
74,325
79,703
6,254
1mm - 1.5mm
3.75 - 7.50%
2026 - 2042
34,022
35,873
1,376
1.5mm - 2mm
6.00 - 6.00%
2037 - 2042
3,445
3,563
-
2mm - 2.5mm
5.00 - 6.00%
2037 - 2040
6,753
6,777
-
> 2.5mm
4.75- 5.25%
2035 - 2042
24,162
24,581
-
Total Acquired SBA 7(a) loans
1,041
$
239,438
$
262,571
$
16,688
Originated transitional loans
0 - 500k
4.35 - 6.95%
2021 - 2024
$
4,119
$
4,120
$
-
500k - 1mm
5.00 - 9.25%
2020 - 2027
6,136
6,112
1mm - 1.5mm
4.54 - 7.21%
2021 - 2025
17,722
17,858
-
1.5mm - 2mm
4.85 - 6.66%
2020 - 2026
18,655
19,061
1,982
2mm - 2.5mm
4.67 - 6.40%
2021 - 2022
19,464
19,584
-
> 2.5mm
3.56 - 8.83%
2020 - 2024
1,252,978
1,261,660
34,897
Total Originated transitional loans
$
1,319,074
$
1,328,395
$
37,558
Originated Freddie Mac loans
500k - 1mm
3.27 - 3.37%
2041 - 2041
$
2,060
$
2,000
$
-
1mm - 1.5mm
3.31 - 3.53%
2031 - 2041
4,066
3,952
-
1.5mm - 2mm
2.97 - 3.53%
2031 - 2041
5,973
5,816
-
2mm - 2.5mm
3.16 - 3.48%
2041 - 2041
4,831
4,742
-
> 2.5mm
2.96 - 3.74%
2041 - 2041
34,318
33,898
-
Total Originated Freddie loans
$
51,248
$
50,408
$
-
Originated Residential Agency loans
0 - 500k
1.75- 6.13%
2031 - 2051
$
246,022
$
235,930
$
2,892
500k - 1mm
2.13 - 4.99%
2036 - 2051
14,217
13,757
-
1mm - 1.5mm
2.63 - 4.99%
2051 - 2051
3,416
3,373
-
Total Originated Residential Agency loans
1,158
$
263,655
$
253,060
$
2,892
Originated SBA 7(a) loans
0 - 500k
0.00 - 7.75%
2023 - 2046
$
103,482
$
109,225
$
3,099
500k - 1mm
4.50 - 6.00%
2026 - 2046
83,155
86,778
4,309
1mm - 1.5mm
4.50 - 6.00%
2027 - 2045
68,215
69,221
-
1.5mm - 2mm
4.75 - 6.00%
2028 - 2044
33,956
34,569
-
2mm - 2.5mm
4.50 - 5.50%
2028 - 2046
25,114
25,186
-
> 2.5mm
4.50 - 6.00%
2041 - 2044
71,101
71,846
-
Total Originated SBA 7(a) loans
$
385,023
$
396,825
$
7,408
Originated SBC loans
0 - 500k
4.69 - 5.96%
2021 - 2043
$
5,035
$
4,952
$
-
500k - 1mm
4.50 - 6.52%
2021 - 2030
34,535
34,011
-
1mm - 1.5mm
4.59 - 7.15%
2019 - 2030
60,596
59,997
6,606
1.5mm - 2mm
4.25 - 7.15%
2019 - 2032
77,776
78,158
4,827
2mm - 2.5mm
4.60 - 6.06%
2022 - 2030
65,559
65,696
2,085
> 2.5mm
4.12 - 8.00%
2019 - 2038
830,905
827,741
46,056
Total Originated SBC loans
$
1,074,406
$
1,070,555
$
59,574
Originated SBC loans, at fair value
1mm - 1.5mm
6.38 - 6.38%
2026 - 2026
$
1,473
$
1,376
$
-
1.5mm - 2mm
5.25 - 5.25%
2027 - 2027
1,598
1,556
-
> 2.5mm
6.68 - 7.75%
2020 - 2020
10,724
11,156
-
Total Originated SBC loans, at fair value
$
13,795
$
14,088
$
-
Originated PPP loans, at fair value
0 - 500k
1.00 - 1.00%
2022 - 2022
$
70,381
$
70,381
$
-
500k - 1mm
1.00 - 1.00%
2022 - 2022
2,908
2,908
-
1.5mm - 2mm
1.00 - 1.00%
2022 - 2022
1,642
1,642
-
Total Originated PPP loans, at fair value
1,042
$
74,931
$
74,931
$
-
General Allowance for Loan Losses
(29,539)
Total Loans
6,614
$
4,438,650
$
4,505,011
$
197,256
Reconciliation of mortgage loans on real estate:
The following tables reconcile mortgage loans on real estate, including loans in consolidated VIEs, from December 31, 2018 to December 31, 2020 ($ in thousands):
($ in Thousands)
Loans, net
Loans, held for sale, at fair value
Total Loan Receivables
Balance at December 31, 2017
$
1,854,100
$
216,022
$
2,070,122
Origination of loan receivables
934,607
2,407,492
3,342,099
Purchases of loan receivables
369,418
17,481
386,899
Proceeds from disposition and principal payment of loan receivables
(746,162)
(2,586,724)
(3,332,886)
Net realized gain (loss) on sale of loan receivables
(5,454)
63,067
57,613
Net unrealized gain (loss) on loan receivables
(720)
(2,401)
(3,121)
Accretion/amortization of discount, premium and other fees
14,474
-
14,474
Transfers
(503)
-
Transfers to real estate, held for sale
(3,693)
(182)
(3,875)
Provision for loan losses
(1,701)
-
(1,701)
Balance at December 31, 2018
$
2,414,366
$
115,258
$
2,529,624
Origination of loan receivables
1,307,143
2,621,324
3,928,467
Purchases of loan receivables
739,002
9,149
748,151
Proceeds from disposition and principal payment of loan receivables
(826,702)
(2,628,521)
(3,455,223)
Loans acquired as part of ORM merger transaction
130,449
-
130,449
Net realized gain (loss) on sale of loan receivables
(5,700)
76,274
70,574
Net unrealized gain (loss) on loan receivables
1,049
Accretion/amortization of discount, premium and other fees
14,194
-
14,194
Loans consolidated as part of RCLT 2019-2 transaction
463,177
-
463,177
Payment of guaranteed loan financing
(177,815)
-
(177,815)
Transfers
1,262
(1,262)
-
Transfers to real estate, held for sale
(2,269)
-
(2,269)
Provision for loan losses
(3,684)
-
(3,684)
Balance at December 31, 2019
$
4,054,183
$
192,511
$
4,246,694
CECL Day 1 adjustment
(7,527)
-
(7,527)
Origination of loan receivables
774,581
5,076,936
5,851,517
Purchases of loan receivables
277,170
-
277,170
Proceeds from disposition and principal payment of loan receivables
(962,404)
(5,152,861)
(6,115,265)
Loans acquired as part of ORM merger transaction
-
-
-
Net realized gain (loss) on sale of loan receivables
(5,069)
218,809
213,740
Net unrealized gain (loss) on loan receivables
(1,105)
5,607
4,502
Accretion/amortization of discount, premium and other fees
8,434
-
8,434
Foreign currency gain (loss), net
4,509
-
4,509
Payment of guaranteed loan financing
-
-
-
Transfers
(714)
-
Transfers to real estate, held for sale
(11,339)
-
(11,339)
Provision for loan losses
(33,785)
-
(33,785)
Balance at December 31, 2020
$
4,098,362
$
340,288
$
4,438,650

---

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.

---

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
A review and evaluation was performed by the Company’s management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act), as of the end of the period covered by this annual report on Form 10-K. Based on that review and evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the Company’s current disclosure controls and procedures, as designed and implemented, were effective. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that it will detect or uncover failures within the Company to disclose material information otherwise required to be set forth in the Company’s periodic reports.
Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the Company’s principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by the Company’s board of directors, management and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP and includes those policies and procedures that:
● pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;
● provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and
● provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risks that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
The Company’s management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020. In making this assessment, the Company’s management used criteria set forth by the 2013 Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework.
Based on its assessment, the Company’s management believes that, as of December 31, 2020, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective based on those criteria.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There have been no changes to the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) during the quarter ended December 31, 2020 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Our company’s independent registered public accounting firm, Deloitte & Touche LLP, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of our company’s internal control over financial reporting. Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting and the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm are set forth in Part II, Item 8 of this annual report on Form 10-K.

---

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 9B. Other Information
None noted.
PART III

---

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
The information regarding our executive officers required by Item 401 of Regulation S-K is located under Part I, Item 1 within the caption "Executive Officers of the Company" of this annual report on Form 10-K.
The information regarding our directors and certain other matters required by Item 401 of Regulation S-K is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement relating to our 2021 annual meeting of stockholders (the "Proxy Statement"), to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after December 31, 2020.
The information regarding compliance with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act required by Item 405 of Regulation S-K is incorporated herein by reference to the Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after December 31, 2020.
The information regarding our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics required by Item 406 of Regulation S-K is incorporated herein by reference to the Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after December 31, 2020.
The information regarding certain matters pertaining to our corporate governance required by Items 407(c)(3), (d)(4) and (d)(5) of Regulation S-K is incorporated by reference to the Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after December 31, 2020.

---

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information regarding executive compensation and other compensation related matters required by Items 402 and 407(e)(4) and (e)(5) of Regulation S-K is incorporated herein by reference to the Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after December 31, 2020.

---

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The tables on our equity compensation plan information and beneficial ownership required by Items 201(d) and 403 of Regulation S-K are incorporated herein by reference to the Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after December 31, 2020.

---

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence
The information regarding transactions with related persons, promoters and certain control persons and director independence required by Items 404 and 407(a) of Regulation S-K is incorporated herein by reference to the Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after December 31, 2020.

---

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
The information concerning principal accounting fees and services and the Audit Committee's pre-approval policies and procedures required by Item 14 is incorporated herein by reference to the Proxy Statement to be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2020.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
Documents filed as part of the report
The following documents are filed as part of this annual report on Form 10-K:
(1) Financial Statements:
Our consolidated financial statements, together with the independent registered public accounting firm's report thereon, are set forth on pages 107 through 168 of this annual report on Form 10-K and are incorporated herein by reference. See Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data," filed herewith, for a list of financial statements.
(2) Financial Statement Schedule:
All financial statement schedules have been omitted because the required information is not applicable or deemed not material, or the required information is presented in the consolidated financial statements and/or in the notes to consolidated financial statements filed in response to Item 8 of this annual report on Form 10-K.
(3) Exhibits Files:
Exhibit
number
Exhibit description
2.1
*
Agreement and Plan of Merger, by and among Ready Capital Corporation, ReadyCap Merger Sub LLC and Owens Realty Mortgage, Inc., dated as of November 7, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 9, 2018)
2.2
*
Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of December 6, 2020, by and among Ready Capital Corporation, RC Merger Subsidiary, LLC and Anworth Mortgage Asset Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 8, 2020)
3.1
*
Articles of Amendment and Restatement of ZAIS Financial Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant’s Form S-11, as amended (Registration No. 333-185938)
3.2*
Articles Supplementary of ZAIS Financial Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Registrant’s Form S-11, as amended (Registration No. 333-185938)
3.3
*
Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Sutherland Asset Management Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 4, 2016)
3.4
*
Articles of Amendment of Ready Capital Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 26, 2018)
3.5
*
Amended and Restated Bylaws of Ready Capital Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on September 26, 2018)
4.1
*
Specimen Common Stock Certificate of Ready Capital Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Form S-4 filed on December 13, 2018)
4.2
*
Indenture, dated February 13, 2017, by and among ReadyCap Holdings, LLC, as issuer, Sutherland Asset Management Corporation, Sutherland Partners, L.P., Sutherland Asset I, LLC and ReadyCap Commercial, LLC, each as guarantors, and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 13, 2017)
4.3
*
First Supplemental Indenture, dated February 13, 2017, by and among ReadyCap Holdings, LLC, as issuer, Sutherland Asset Management Corporation, Sutherland Partners, L.P., Sutherland Asset I, LLC, ReadyCap Commercial, LLC, each as guarantors and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee and as collateral agent, including the form of 7.5% Senior Secured Notes due 2022 and the related guarantees (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 13, 2017)
4.4
*
Indenture, dated as of August 9, 2017, by and between Sutherland Asset Management Corporation and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 9, 2017)
4.5
*
First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of August 9, 2017, by and between Sutherland Asset Management Corporation and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 9, 2017)
4.6
*
Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of April 27, 2018, by and between Sutherland Asset Management Corporation and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed April 27, 2018)
4.7
*
Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of February 26, 2019, by and between Ready Capital Corporation and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 10-K filed March 13, 2019)
4.8
*
Amendment No. 1, dated as of February 26, 2019, to the First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of August 9, 2017, by and between Ready Capital Corporation and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 10-K filed March 13, 2019)
4.9
*
Amendment No. 1, dated as of February 26, 2019, to the Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of April 27, 2018, by and between Ready Capital Corporation and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.9 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 10-K filed March 13, 2019)
4.10
*
Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of July 22, 2019, by and between Ready Capital Corporation and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed July 22, 2019)
4.11*
Fifth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of February 10, 2021, by and between Ready Capital Corporation and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 10, 2021)
4.12
Description of Ready Capital Corporation’s Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
10.1
Second Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement, dated June 26, 2017, between Waterfall Commercial Depositor LLC, Sutherland Asset I, LLC, Ready Cap Commercial, LLC and Citibank, N.A.
10.2
Amended and Restated Master Loan and Security Agreement, dated June 30, 2016, by and among ReadyCap Lending, LLC, as borrower, Sutherland Asset Management Corporation, as guarantor and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as lender
10.3
*
Amended and Restated Management Agreement, dated as of May 9, 2016, among ZAIS Financial Corp, ZAIS Financial Partners, L.P., ZAIS Merger Sub, LLC, Sutherland Asset I, LLC, Sutherland Asset II, LLC, SAMC REO 2013-01, LLC, ZAIS Asset I, LLC, ZAIS Asset II, LLC, ZAIS Asset III, LLC, ZAIS Asset IV, LLC, ZFC Funding, Inc., ZFC Trust, ZFC Trust TRS I, LLC, and Waterfall Asset Management, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 9, 2016)
10.
4*
First Amendment to Amended and Restated Management Agreement, dated as of December 6, 2020, by and among Ready Capital Corporation, Sutherland Partners, LP and Waterfall Asset Management, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 8, 2020)
10.5
*
Master Repurchase Agreement, dated June 30, 2016, by and among Sutherland Asset I, LLC, Sutherland 2016-1 JPM Grantor Trust, Sutherland Asset Management Corporation and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed on March 15, 2017)
10.6
*
Third Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Sutherland Partners, L.P., dated as of March 5, 2019, by and among Ready Capital Corporation, as General Partner, and the limited partners listed on Exhibit A thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 10-K filed March 13, 2019)
10.7
*
Form of Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 9, 2019)
10.8
*
Ready Capital Corporation 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 10-K filed March 13, 2019)
10.9
*
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 10-K filed March 13, 2019)
10.10
*
Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 10-K filed March 13, 2019)
10.11
Fourth Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as of November 7, 2019, by and among ReadyCap Commercial, LLC, Sutherland Warehouse Trust II, Sutherland Asset I, LLC, Ready Capital Subsidiary REIT I, LLC, as sellers, U.S. Bank National Association, as depository and paying agent, and Deutsche Bank AG, New York Branch, as buyer
10.12
Third Amended and Restated Guaranty, dated as of November 7, 2019, from Sutherland Partners, L.P. to Deutsche Bank AG, New York Branch
21.1
List of Subsidiaries of Ready Capital Corporation
23.1
Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP
24.1
Power of Attorney (included on signature page)
31.1
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1
**
Certification of the Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2
**
Certification of the Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS
Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Scheme Document
101.CAL
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF
Inline XBRL Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Linkbase Document
101.PRE
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document
Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded with the Inline XBRL document)
* Previously filed.
** This exhibit is being furnished rather than filed, and shall not be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing, in accordance with Item 601 of Regulation S-K.