EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1016281
Filing Year: 2025
Filename: 1016281_10-K_2025_0001016281-25-000045.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
ITEM 1. BUSINESS.
GENERAL
Carriage Services, Inc. (“Carriage,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) was incorporated in the State of Delaware in December 1993 and is a leading provider of funeral and cemetery services and merchandise in the United States. We operate in two business segments: Funeral Home Operations, which currently accounts for approximately 65% of our total revenue, and Cemetery Operations, which currently accounts for approximately 35% of our total revenue.
At December 31, 2024, we operated 162 funeral homes in 26 states and 31 cemeteries in 11 states. We compete with other publicly held and independent operators of funeral and cemetery companies. We believe we are a market leader in most of our markets.
We provide funeral and cemetery services and products on both an “atneed” (time of death) and “preneed” (planned prior to death) basis.
COMPANY DEVELOPMENTS
Board of Directors and Leadership Changes
On February 22, 2024, the Board of Directors (the “Board”) of the Company announced the conclusion of the Company’s review of strategic alternatives following the Board’s vote on February 21, 2024, to bring the strategic review process to a close. The strategic review process was first announced on June 29, 2023, which was overseen by the Board with assistance from experienced financial advisors and legal counsel. The Board unanimously determined that continuing to execute on the Company’s strategic plan as an independent, public company was in the best interests of the Company and its stockholders at that time.
February 22, 2024 (the “Transition Date”), the Company announced that Melvin C. Payne, the Company’s founder and former Chief Executive Officer, would cease to serve as Executive Chairman of the Board, but would remain on the Board until the Company’s 2024 annual meeting of stockholders, when the term for Class I directors is scheduled to expire. Beginning on the Transition Date, Mr. Payne began serving as a special advisor to the Board and senior management in a consulting role.
In connection with Mr. Payne’s termination of employment, the employment-related provisions of his Employment Agreement with the Company, dated as of November 5, 2019, (as amended prior to the Transition Date, the “Employment Agreement”) terminated on the Transition Date.
On February 21, 2024, the Company and Mr. Payne entered into a Transition Agreement (the “Transition Agreement”), setting forth the terms of his severance benefits and his consulting arrangement. Under the Transition Agreement, Mr. Payne is entitled to receive certain benefits, subject to the timely execution and non-revocation by Mr. Payne and his spouse of waiver and release agreements in connection with the Transition Date and the end of the 12-month consulting term set forth in the Transition Agreement (the “Releases”).
These payments and benefits include the following:
• Salary continuation for 24 months of $2.0 million;
• 2023 annual bonus of $1.25 million;
• Prorated 2024 bonus of $181,500;
• Prorated settlement of performance awards of $3.0 million payable in cash;
• Consulting payments of $1.0 million;
• Payments for maintaining health benefits for Mr. Payne and his spouse for up to 36 months; and
• Reimbursement of legal expenses up to $35,000.
All of the payments and benefits provided under the Transition Agreement are subject to Mr. Payne’s continued compliance with certain confidentiality, non-competition, non-solicitation and non-disparagement provisions of the Employment Agreement, as well as compliance by Mr. Payne and his spouse with their respective Releases. The Transition Agreement may be terminated by the Company upon the material breach of the Transition Agreement, the surviving provisions of the Employment Agreement or either of the Releases. Upon Mr. Payne’s death, any consulting fee payments would be paid to his estate.
On March 7, 2024, upon the recommendation of the Corporate Governance Committee of the Company, the Board realigned the Company’s classes of directors to provide for equal apportionment among the three classes as a result of the previous announcement of Mr. Payne, a then Class I director, would remain on the Board until the Company’s 2024 annual meeting of stockholders, at which time his term would expire. To facilitate the class realignment, on March 7, 2024, Julie Sanders resigned from the Board as a Class II director (term expiring in 2025), and, effective as of March 7, 2024, was re-elected by the Board to serve as a Class I director until the Company’s 2024 annual meeting of shareholders. Ms. Sanders continued to serve on the Audit, Compensation and Corporate Governance Committees of the Board.
On March 7, 2024, upon the recommendation of the Corporate Governance Committee of the Company, the Board elected Chad Fargason to serve as the Company’s first Non-Executive Chairman of the Board, effective on that date. The election of Mr. Fargason as the Board’s Non-Executive Chairman was as a result of the previous announcement of Mr. Payne ceasing to serve as Executive Chairman of the Board of the Company, effective February 22, 2024.
Effective March 25, 2024, Kathryn Shanley was appointed to serve as the Company’s Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer). In connection with the appointment of Ms. Shanley as the Company’s Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer), effective March 25, 2024, L. Kian Granmayeh ceased serving as the Company’s Principal Accounting Officer. At that time, Mr. Granmayeh continued to serve as the Company’s Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, and Treasurer (Principal Financial Officer).
On April 2, 2024, the Board revised the Director Compensation Policy to provide that each independent director is entitled to a quarterly retainer of $37,500 payable in cash and/or unrestricted shares of our common stock at the end of each quarter. The chair of the Board, so long as he or she is an independent director, and the chair of our Audit Committee shall be entitled to an additional annual retainer of $20,000, the chair of our Compensation Committee is entitled to an additional annual retainer of $15,000, and the chair of our Corporate Governance Committee is entitled to an additional annual retainer of $10,000, which are payable in quarterly installments at the end of each quarter.
On May 14, 2024, the Board elected Julie Sanders to serve as chair of the Board’s Corporate Governance Committee, effective on that date, which was a result of the previous announcement of Chad Fargason, the prior chair of the Corporate Governance Committee, being elected to serve as the Company’s Non-Executive Chairman of the Board, effective March 7, 2024.
On June 6, 2024, L. Kian Granmayeh informed the Company that he would resign from his position as Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (Principal Financial Officer) effective July 1, 2024 and would serve as a consultant for the Company for six months thereafter. Mr. Granmayeh’s resignation was not the result of any disagreement with the Company on any matter relating to the Company's operations, policies, or practices, including any matters concerning the Company’s controls or any financial or accounting-related matters or disclosures.
In connection with Mr. Granmayeh’s resignation, the Company’s Board appointed Kathryn Shanley, the Company’s Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) as the Company’s Interim Principal Financial Officer, effective June 6, 2024, until a permanent replacement was identified. No new compensatory arrangements were entered into with Ms. Shanley in connection with her appointment as the Company’s interim Principal Financial Officer.
On October 30, 2024, the Board elected Dr. Edmondo Robinson to serve as a Class II Director until the Company’s 2025 annual meeting of stockholders. Dr. Robinson was appointed to serve as a member of the Compensation, Audit and Corporate Governance Committees.
Effective January 2, 2025, John Enwright was appointed to serve as the Company’s Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (Principal Financial Officer). In connection with the appointment of Mr. Enwright as the Company’s Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (Principal Financial Officer), effective January 2, 2025, Kathryn Shanley ceased serving as the Company’s Interim Principal Financial Officer. Ms. Shanley continues to serve as the Company’s Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer).
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
Effective October 30, 2024, our Board, on the recommendation of the Board’s Audit Committee, approved various amendments to the Company’s Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (the “Code”), which applies to all directors, officers and employees of the Company and its subsidiaries. In addition to making certain technical and administrative updates, the amendments to the Code include, among other things, summarizing and clarifying the Company’s existing compliance requirements and also identifies and expands upon certain policies, including those related to suppliers and vendors, environmental, and discrimination, retaliation and harassment. The approval of the amendments to the Code did not relate to or result in any waiver, whether explicit or implicit, of any provision of the prior version of the Code. A copy of the Code, as amended, is available on the Corporate Governance section of our website.
Credit Facility
On July 31, 2024, the Company entered into a fourth amendment, (the “Credit Facility Amendment”), to our senior secured revolving credit facility (as amended, the “Credit Facility”), with the financial institutions party thereto, as lenders, and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent. The Credit Facility Amendment provided, among other things, for (i) the extension of the maturity date of the Credit Facility to July 31, 2029, provided that, if the Senior Notes (as defined in the Credit Facility) have a stated maturity date that is prior to July 31, 2029, then the maturity date shall instead be the date that is 91 days prior to the stated maturity date of the Senior Notes; (ii) the establishment of Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as a benchmark rate and the removal of BSBY from the Credit Facility, including conforming revisions to certain defined terms under the Credit Facility; (iii) the conversion of each existing BSBY Rate Loan (as defined in the Credit Facility prior to giving effect to the Credit Facility Amendment) to a Term SOFR Loan (as defined in the Credit Facility); (iv) modifications to the definitions of “Applicable Rate” and “Applicable Fee Rate” to change the applicable rates and pricing levels set forth in each pricing grid; (v) the removal of certain mandatory prepayments arising from the issuance of either Equity Interests or Debt (as both are defined by the Credit Facility); and (vi) modifications to the permitted investments covenant, relating to the Company’s ability to make certain acquisitions, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions therein.
Divestitures
During the year ended December 31, 2024, we sold six funeral homes, one cemetery and real property for an aggregate of $12.0 million for a net loss of $1.2 million.
OUR OPERATIONS
See Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 20 for segment data related to our operations.
Funeral Home and Cemetery Operations
Funeral home and cemetery businesses provide products and services to families in three principal areas: (i) ceremony and tribute, generally in the form of a funeral or memorial service; (ii) disposition of remains, either through burial or cremation; and (iii) memorialization, generally through monuments, markers or inscriptions.
Our funeral homes offer a complete range of services to meet a family’s funeral needs, including consultation, the removal and preparation of remains, the sale of caskets and related funeral merchandise, the use of funeral home facilities for visitation and memorial services and transportation services. Most of our funeral homes have a non-denominational chapel on the premises, which permits family visitation and services to take place at one location and thereby reduces transportation costs and inconvenience to the family.
Our cemeteries provide interment rights (primarily grave sites, lawn crypts, mausoleum spaces and niches), related cemetery merchandise (such as memorial markers, outer burial containers and monuments) and services (interments, inurnments and installation of cemetery merchandise).
Preneed Programs
Funeral and cemetery arrangements sold prior to death occurring are referred to as preneed contracts. We market funeral and cemetery services and products on a preneed basis at the local level. Preneed funeral or cemetery contracts enable families to establish, in advance, the type of service to be performed, the products to be used and the cost of such products and services. Preneed contracts permit families to eliminate the burden of making deathcare plans at the time of need and allow input from other family members before the death occurs. We guarantee the price and performance of the preneed contracts to the customer.
Approximately 15% of our funeral services performed are funded through preneed contracts, which are usually secured by placing the funds collected in trust for the benefit of the customer or by the purchase of a life insurance policy, the proceeds of which will pay for such services at the time of need. Insurance-funded contracts allow us to earn commission income to improve our near-term cash flow and offset a significant amount of the up-front costs associated with preneed sales. In 2023, we entered into an exclusive partnership agreement with a national insurance provider to market and sell prearranged funeral services, for which we received a $6.0 million incentive payment. The incentive payment is subject to partial claw-back if certain preneed funeral sales volumes are not met within the ten-year term of the agreement. As such, we recognize the incentive payment in proportion to our achieved preneed funeral sales volume per the agreement at each reporting period. We have recognized $0.4 million of this incentive payment to-date.
This partnership agreement is projected to double our commission income in 2025, while expanding our market share across our funeral home portfolio. We are projecting this partnership to help drive year-over-year growth in preneed funeral sales of 20% over the next five years.
Trust funded contracts typically provide cash that is invested in various securities with the expectation that returns will exceed the growth factor in the insurance contracts. The cash flow and earnings from insurance contracts are more stable, but are generally lower than traditional trust fund investments. In markets that depend on preneed sales for market share, we supplement the arrangements written by our local funeral directors with sales sourced by our own sales counselors and by third-party sellers. We sold 10,750 and 10,511 preneed funeral contracts, net of cancellations, during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. At December 31, 2024, we had a backlog of 102,799 preneed funeral contracts to be delivered in the future.
In addition to preneed funeral contracts, we also offer “pre-planned” funeral arrangements whereby a customer determines in advance substantially all of the details of a funeral service without any financial commitment or other obligation on the part of the customer until the actual time of need. Pre-planned funeral arrangements permit a family to avoid the burden of making deathcare plans at the time of need and enable a funeral home to establish relationships with a customer that may eventually lead to an atneed sale.
Personalization and pre-planning continue to be two important trends in the funeral and cemetery industry, but the national trend toward more cremations may be the most significant. While this trend is expected to continue, other factors are expected to lead to rising industry revenue, including an increase in spending on additional or unique funeral and cremation services. Shifting preferences will likely continue to lead to a considerable rise in cremations; as such, we are focused on educating and providing our cremation customers with additional services and products that are available. All of our funeral homes offer cremation products and services. While the average revenue for a cremation service is generally lower than that of an average traditional burial service, we have found that this revenue can be substantially enhanced by offering additional services and merchandise, including video tributes, flowers, burial garments and memorial items such as urns, keepsake jewelry and other items that hold a portion of the cremated remains.
Approximately 63% of our cemetery operating revenue is derived from preneed property sales. Our preneed cemetery strategy is to build family heritage in our cemeteries by selling property and interment rights prior to death through full time, highly motivated and entrepreneurial local sales teams. Our goal is to build broader and deeper teams of sales leaders and counselors in our larger and more strategically located cemeteries, including the development of standardized sales systems across our portfolio of cemeteries, in order to focus on growth of our preneed property sales. Cemetery merchandise and services are often purchased in addition to cemetery property at the time of sale. The performance of these preneed cemetery contracts is secured by placing the funds collected in trust for the benefit of the customer, the proceeds of which will pay for such services at the time of need. General consumer confidence and discretionary income may have a significant impact on our preneed sales success rate. Cemetery revenue that originated from preneed contracts represented approximately 69% and 63% of our total cemetery revenue for 2024 and 2023, respectively. At December 31, 2024, we had a backlog of 69,408 preneed cemetery contracts to be delivered in the future.
Trust Funds and Insurance Contracts
We have established a variety of trusts in connection with funeral home and cemetery operations as required under applicable state laws. Such trusts include (i) preneed funeral trusts; (ii) preneed cemetery merchandise and service trusts; and (iii) cemetery perpetual care trusts. These trusts are typically administered by independent financial institutions that we select. Investment management and advisory services are provided either by our wholly owned registered investment advisory firm (“CSV RIA”) or by independent financial advisors. As of December 31, 2024, CSV RIA provided these services to approximately 80% of our trust assets, for a fee based on the market value of trust assets. Under state trust laws, we are allowed to charge the trust a fee for advising on the investment of the trust assets and these fees are recognized as income in the period in which services are provided. The investment advisors establish an investment policy that provides guidance on asset allocation, investment requirements, investment manager selection and performance monitoring. The investment objectives are tailored to generate long-term investment returns without assuming undue risk, while ensuring the management of assets complies with applicable laws.
Preneed sales generally require deposits to a trust or purchase of a third-party insurance product. Trust fund income earned, along with the receipt and recognition of any insurance benefits, are not reflected in our revenue until the service is performed or the merchandise is delivered. Trust fund holdings and deferred revenue are reflected on our Consolidated Balance Sheets, while our insurance funded contracts are not reflected on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. In most states, we are not permitted to withdraw principal or investment income from such trusts until the service is performed. Additionally, in most states, regulations require a portion (generally 10%) of the sale amount of cemetery property and memorials to be placed in a perpetual care trust. The income from these perpetual care trusts provides funds necessary to maintain cemetery property and memorials in perpetuity.
For additional information with respect to our trusts, see Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes 8 and 9.
BUSINESS STRATEGY
Our operations and business strategy are founded on the shared values of honesty, integrity and a belief in the power of people. This foundation unites us in our purpose statement: “Creating premier experiences through innovation, empowered partnership, and elevated service,” which is built upon the execution of our three foundational strategic objectives; Disciplined Capital Allocation, Purposeful Growth and Relentless Improvement. These strategic objectives guide our decision making and ensure we remain at the forefront of funeral and cemetery innovation. Our purpose statement is a testament to our unwavering commitment across all areas of our operations, emphasizing our dedication to innovation, partnership, and exceptional service delivery.
Our first strategic objective is Disciplined Capital Allocation. This strategic approach ensures our investments are focused on areas with the highest potential for returns, laying the groundwork for sustainable success and long-term value creation. This disciplined investment strategy is pivotal in navigating the Company's path toward sustainable growth and profitability.
Purposeful Growth, our second strategic objective, transcends mere expansion, emphasizing strategic and thoughtful planning. This approach to business development is not about increasing our size, but rather, enhancing our revenue and financial health through strategic, thoughtful, and data driven planning. It signifies our commitment to growing with intent and enriching our Company’s value proposition organically and through strategic partnerships.
Finally, at the heart of our ethos lies our third strategic objective, Relentless Improvement and a commitment to the pursuit of excellence in all that we do. This strategic objective champions the idea that every day presents a new opportunity to refine our processes, prioritize efficiencies, enhance our service, and exceed our prior achievements. It embodies our dedication to continuous advancement and is the essence of our purpose statement.
These three strategic objectives are more than strategic imperatives. They represent our commitment to pursue excellence relentlessly, innovate with purpose, and redefine industry standards through superior service.
As part of our strategic objectives during 2024, we focused on the following:
Enhanced local brands: We are committed to reinforcing the identity and presence of our local brands. We can strengthen customer connections and loyalty by tailoring services to each community’s unique character and needs. We expect to continue investing in brand-specific strategies highlighting local heritage and fostering deeper community engagement, which we believe ultimately enhances our competitive advantage across various markets.
Maximized evolving preferences: By recognizing the dynamic nature of consumer preferences, we have and will continue to actively adapt our offerings to align with current and emerging trends. We believe our agile approach to the various markets we serve demands that we always look ahead, delivering services that we believe resonate with our customers’ evolving needs and expectation.
Strategic mergers and acquisitions: We aim to further expand its market reach and enhance its service portfolio through inorganic growth. We will continue to identify and pursue acquisition opportunities in strategic growth markets that we believe promise the highest returns, with the expectation our integration of each new asset in a manner that will fortify our market positioning and drives shareholder value. The growth profile we have established through our acquisitions over the last five years, serves as a good example of our focus on high quality, premier assets with significant growth potential.
Preneed funeral and cemetery sales: We continue intensifying our efforts in pre-need sales to provide greater education and peace of mind to our customers and their families. By offering comprehensive pre-planning services, we believe we will smooth the path for the future needs of our customers and secure a long-term revenue stream.
Relentless improvement: Continuous improvement is at the heart of our reinvigorated operational philosophy. By adopting a kaizen mindset, we are committed to incremental improvements in every aspect of our business. We believe this proactive approach ensures efficiency, quality, and customer satisfaction. Further, it highlights our commitment to operational efficiency and effectiveness, enhancing productivity, reducing costs, and uncovering new opportunities. It aligns with our Relentless Improvement objective and underscores our dedication to excellence.
Passion for service and “Wow” playbook: We believe our unwavering passion for service excellence sets us apart. We have developed a “Wow” playbook, a guide to delivering exceptional experiences that should exceed customer expectations at selected customer touchpoints. We believe training and empowering our staff to create “Wow” moments ensures a service level that cultivates enduring customer relationships. For this purpose, we created the Director of Customer Care role, reflects our heightened focus on service excellence. This role will focus on developing hospitality concepts, creating key performance indicators for customer experience, and implementing our “Wow” playbook. This initiative underscores our commitment to improving service delivery, ensuring every interaction reflects our dedication to exceeding expectations.
“Trinity,” our digital transformation project: We are currently streamlining processes to put our customers at the forefront of every decision. This integrated system, known as “Trinity,” will provide comprehensive insights into customer interactions,
enabling personalized service and fostering customer loyalty. Each of these initiatives reinforces our commitment to excellence and innovation. We feel confident in our strategic direction and look forward to building a future that promises differentiation, customer loyalty, and sustainable success, all while achieving our goal of driving shareholder value.
COMPETITION
The funeral and cemetery industry has been, and remains, highly competitive. The largest publicly held operators, in terms of revenue, of both funeral homes and cemeteries with operations in the United States are Service Corporation International (“SCI”), and Carriage. We believe these two companies collectively represent approximately 23% of funeral and cemetery revenue in the United States. Independent businesses, along with other privately-owned consolidators, represent the remaining 77% of industry revenue.
Our funeral home and cemetery operations face competition in the markets that they serve. Our primary competition in most of our markets is from local independent operators. We have observed new start-up competition in certain areas of the country, which may impact our profitability in certain markets. Market share for funeral homes and cemeteries is largely a function of reputation and heritage, although competitive pricing, professional service and attractive, well-maintained and conveniently located facilities are also important. Because of the importance of reputation and heritage, market share increases are usually gained over a long period of time. The sale of preneed funeral services and cemetery property has increasingly been used by many companies as a marketing tool to build market share.
There has been increasing competition from providers specializing in specific services, such as cremations, who offer minimal service and low-end pricing. We also face competition from companies that market products and related merchandise over the internet and non-traditional casket stores in certain markets. These competitors have been successful in capturing a portion of the low-end market and product sales.
SEASONALITY
Our business can be affected by seasonal fluctuations in the death rate, with number of deaths generally higher during the winter months due to the higher incidences of death from influenza and pneumonia as compared to other periods of the year. Seasonal fluctuations in the death rate may be further affected by epidemics and pandemics, including any new or emerging public health threats. These unexpected fluctuations may not only increase death rates during the affected period, but also may subsequently decrease death rates following the affected period as a result of an acceleration of death rates. As a result, we are unable to predict or forecast the duration or variation of the current death rate with any certainty.
REGULATION
General. Our operations are subject to regulations, supervision and licensing under numerous federal, state and local laws, ordinances and regulations, including extensive regulations concerning trust funds, preneed sales of funeral and cemetery products and services and various other aspects of our business. We believe that we comply in all material respects with the provisions of these laws, ordinances and regulations. Legislative bodies and regulatory agencies frequently propose new laws and regulations, some of which could have a material impact on our business. We cannot predict the impact of any future laws and regulations or changes to existing laws and regulations.
Federal Trade Commission. Our funeral home operations are comprehensively regulated by the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) under Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act and a trade regulation rule for the funeral industry promulgated thereunder referred to as the “Funeral Rule.” The Funeral Rule defines certain acts or practices as unfair or deceptive and contains certain requirements to prevent these acts or practices. The preventive measures require a funeral provider to give consumers accurate, itemized pricing information and various other disclosures about funeral goods and services and prohibit a funeral provider from: (i) misrepresenting legal, crematory and cemetery requirements; (ii) embalming for a fee without permission; (iii) requiring the purchase of a casket for direct cremation; (iv) requiring consumers to buy certain funeral goods or services as condition for furnishing other funeral goods or services; (v) misrepresenting state and local requirements for an outer burial container; and (vi) representing that funeral goods and services have preservative and protective value. Additionally, the Funeral Rule requires the disclosure of mark-ups, commissions, additional charges and rebates related to cash advance items. On October 20, 2022, the FTC announced that it was retaining the Funeral Rule and issued an advanced notice of proposed rulemaking concerning potential amendments to the Funeral Rule. These potential amendments include, among other things, whether and how funeral providers should be required to display or attribute their price information online and through electronic means. On December 21, 2022, the FTC voted to extend the public comment period to January 17, 2023 for its advanced notice of proposed rulemaking on potential amendments to the Funeral Rule. On May 17, 2023, the FTC announced, as part of its continuing review of potential amendments to the Funeral Rule, that it would host a public workshop, held on September 7, 2023, to consider issues raised by certain consumer advocacy groups. Although the FTC’s public workshop was completed, no further announcements related to the notice of proposed rulemaking on potential
amendments to the Funeral Rule have been announced by the FTC. We cannot predict what changes, if any, may be made to the Funeral Rule or the impact of any such changes on our business.
State Trust Laws. We have established a variety of trusts in connection with funeral home and cemetery operations as required under applicable state laws. Such trusts include (i) preneed funeral trusts; (ii) preneed cemetery merchandise and service trusts; and (iii) cemetery perpetual care trusts. These trusts are typically administered by independent financial institutions which we select. Under state trust laws, our wholly owned registered investment advisor is allowed to charge the trust a fee for advising on the investment of the trust assets and these fees are recognized as income in the period in which services are provided. Preneed funeral sales generally require deposits to a trust or purchase of a third-party insurance product. In most states, we are not permitted to withdraw principal or investment income from such trusts until the funeral service is performed. Some states, however, allow for the retention of a percentage (generally 10%) of the receipts to offset any administrative and selling expenses. Additionally, we are generally required under applicable state laws to deposit a specified amount (which varies from state to state, generally 50% to 100% of the selling price) into a merchandise and service trust fund for preneed cemetery merchandise and services sales.
Environmental. Our operations are also subject to certain federal, regional, state and local laws and regulations relating to environmental protection, including legal requirements governing air emissions, waste management and disposal and wastewater discharges. For instance, the federal Clean Air Act and analogous state laws, which restrict the emission of pollutants from many sources, including crematories, may require us to apply for and obtain air emissions permits, install costly emissions control equipment, and conduct monitoring and reporting tasks. Also, in the course of our operations, we store and use chemicals and other regulated substances as well as generate wastes that may subject us to strict liability under the federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and comparable state laws, which govern the treatment, storage, and disposal of nonhazardous and hazardous wastes, and the federal Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, a remedial statute that imposes cleanup obligations on current and past owners or operators of facilities where hazardous substance releases occurred and anyone who transported or disposed or arranged for the transportation or disposal of hazardous substances released into the environment from such sites. In addition, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, also known as the federal Clean Water Act, and analogous state laws regulate discharges of pollutants to state and federal waters. Underground and above ground storage tanks that store chemicals and fuels for vehicle maintenance or general operations are located at certain of our facilities and any spills or releases from those facilities may cause us to incur remedial liabilities under the Clean Water Act or analogous state laws as well as potential liabilities for damages to properties or persons. Failure to comply with environmental laws and regulations could result in the assessment of sanctions, including administrative, civil, and criminal penalties, the imposition of investigatory, remedial and corrective action obligations, delays in permitting or performance of projects and the issuance of injunctions restricting or prohibiting some or all of our activities in affected areas. Moreover, accidental releases or spills may occur in the course of our operations, and we cannot assure that we will not incur significant costs and liabilities as a result of such releases or spills, including any third-party claims for damages to property, natural resources or persons. Also, it is possible that implementation of stricter environmental laws and regulations or more stringent enforcement of existing environmental requirements could result in additional, currently unidentifiable costs or liabilities to us, such as requirements to purchase pollution control equipment or implement operational changes or improvements. While we believe we are in compliance with existing environmental laws and regulations, we cannot assure that we will not incur substantial costs in the future.
Worker Health and Safety. We are subject to the requirements of the federal Occupational Safety and Health Act, as amended (“OSHA”), and comparable state statutes whose purpose is to protect the health and safety of workers. In addition, the OSHA hazard communication standard, the Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act and implementing regulations and similar state statutes and regulations require that we organize and/or disclose information about hazardous materials used or produced in our operations and that this information be provided to employees, state and local governmental authorities and citizens. We believe that we are in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations relating to worker health and safety.
HUMAN CAPITAL
Our funeral homes and cemeteries are managed by entrepreneurially focused Managing Partners with extensive funeral and cemetery industry experience. They have responsibility for day-to-day operations and follow operating and financial metrics called “Standards” within our Standards Operating Model. Standards Achievement is the measure by which we judge the Managing Partner's performance and how we incentivize our Managing Partners and their teams. Additionally, we utilize short-term and long-term incentive performance programs to attract and retain talent in critical positions, ranging from sales counselors and sales managers to Houston support center leaders and employees.
As of December 31, 2024, we and our subsidiaries employed 2,420 employees, of whom 1,200 were full-time and 1,220 were part-time. All of our funeral directors and embalmers possess licenses required by applicable regulatory agencies. None of our employees are represented by unions.
AVAILABLE INFORMATION
We file annual, quarterly and other reports, and any amendments to those reports, and information with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The SEC maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC, including us.
Our website address is www.carriageservices.com. Available on our website under “Investors - SEC Filings,” free of charge, are Carriage’s annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, proxy statements, current reports on Form 8-K, insider reports on Forms 3, 4 and 5 filed on behalf of directors and officers and amendments to those reports, each as soon as reasonably practicable after such materials are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC.
Also posted on our website, and available in print upon request, are charters for our Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Corporate Governance Committee. Copies of the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and the Corporate Governance Guidelines are also posted on our website under “Investors - Corporate Governance - Governance Documents.” Within the time period required by the SEC and the New York Stock Exchange, we will post on our website any modifications to the charters and any waivers applicable to senior officers as defined in the applicable charters, as required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Information contained on our website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS
Key Employees and Compensation
The success of our businesses is typically dependent upon one or a few key employees for success because of the localized and personal nature of our business.
Funeral home and cemetery businesses have built local heritage and tradition through successive generations, providing a foundation for ongoing business opportunities from established customer family relationships and related referrals. We believe these relationships build trust in the community and are a key driver to market share. Our businesses, which tend to serve small local markets, usually have one or a few key employees that drive our relationships. Our ability to attract and retain Managing Partners, sales force and other personnel is an important factor in achieving future success. We can give no assurance that we can retain these employees or that these relationships will drive market share. Our inability to attract and maintain qualified and productive Managing Partners and sales force employees could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Our “Good to Great” incentive program could result in significant future payments to our Managing Partners.
Our Good to Great incentive program rewards our Managing Partners for achieving an average net revenue compounded annual growth rate equal to at least 1% (the “Minimum Growth Rate”) over a five year performance period (the “Performance Period”) with respect to our funeral homes that they operate, which aligns our incentives with long-term value creation. Each Managing Partner that achieves the Minimum Growth Rate during the applicable Performance Period and remains continuously employed as a Managing Partner of the same business throughout the Performance Period will receive a one-time bonus, payable in a combination of cash and shares of our common stock, determined at our discretion. We believe this incentive program will result in improved field-level margins, market share and overall financial performance.
Strategic Business Execution and Performance
Improved performance in our funeral and cemetery segments is dependent upon successful execution of our Standards Operating Model.
We have implemented our Standards Operating Model to improve and better measure performance in our funeral and cemetery operations. We developed these standards, which are updated from time to time, according to criteria, each with a different weighting, designed around market share, high-value services and operational and financial metrics. We also incentivize our Managing Partners by giving them the opportunity to earn a fixed percentage of the field-level earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization based upon the number and weighting of the standards achieved. Our expectation is that, over time, the Standards Operating Model will result in improving field-level margins, market share, customer satisfaction and overall financial performance, but there is no assurance that these goals will be met. Failure to successfully implement our Standards Operating Model in our funeral and cemetery operations could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Our ability to execute our growth strategy is highly dependent upon our ability to successfully identify suitable acquisition candidates and negotiate transactions on favorable terms.
There is no assurance that we will be able to continue to identify acquisition candidates that meet our criteria or that we will be able to reach terms with identified candidates for transactions that are acceptable to us, and even if we do, we may not be able to successfully complete the transaction or integrate the new business into our existing business. We intend to apply standards established under our strategic acquisition framework to evaluate acquisition candidates, and there is no assurance that we will continue to be successful in doing so or that we will find attractive candidates that satisfy these standards. Due in part to the presence of competitors who have been in certain markets longer than we have, such acquisitions or investments may be more difficult or expensive than we anticipate.
Divestitures could negatively impact our business and retained liabilities from businesses that we sell could adversely affect our financial results.
As part of our growth strategy, we periodically review our businesses which may no longer be aligned with our strategic business plan and long-term objectives and, as a result of these reviews of our businesses, we may pursue additional divestitures. From time to time, we engage in discussions with third parties about potential divestitures of one or more of our businesses that, if fully consummated, could result in the divestiture of a material amount of assets and contribution to our results of operations that have historically contributed to our results of operations. Divestitures pose risks and challenges that could negatively impact our business, including disputes with buyers or potential impairment charges. For example, when we decide to sell a business, we may be unable to do so on our terms and within our anticipated time-frame, and even after reaching a definitive agreement to sell a business, the sale may be subject to satisfaction of pre-closing conditions, which may not be satisfied, as well as regulatory and governmental approvals, which may prevent us from completing a transaction on acceptable terms. If we do not realize the expected benefits of any divestiture transaction, our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.
Competitive Marketplace
The funeral and cemetery industry is competitive.
The funeral and cemetery industry is characterized by a large number of locally owned, independent operations in the United States and a large number of operations owned by publicly and privately held funeral home and cemetery consolidators. To compete successfully, our funeral service locations and cemeteries must maintain good reputations and high professional standards, as well as offer attractive products and services at competitive prices. In addition, we must market ourselves in such a manner as to distinguish us from our competitors. We have historically experienced price competition from independent and publicly held funeral service and cemetery operators, monument dealers, casket retailers, low-cost providers, and other nontraditional providers of merchandise and services. If we are unable to successfully compete, our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.
Marketing and sales activities by existing and new competitors could cause us to lose market share and lead to lower revenue and margins.
We face competition in all of our markets. Most of our competitors are independently owned, and some are relatively recent market entrants. Some of the recent entrants are individuals who were formerly employed by us or by our competitors and have relationships and name recognition within our markets. As a group, independent competitors tend to be aggressive in distinguishing themselves by their independent ownership, and they promote their independence through television, radio and print advertising, direct mailings and personal contact. Increasing pressures from new market entrants and continued advertising and marketing by competitors in local markets could cause us to lose market share and revenue. The types of services and the prices offered for such services by our competitors may attract customers, causing us to lose market share and revenue as well as to incur costs in response to competition to vary the types or mix of products or services offered by us.
Price competition could also reduce our market share or cause us to reduce prices to retain or recapture market share, either of which could reduce revenue and margins.
We have historically experienced price competition primarily from independent funeral home and cemetery operators, and from monument dealers, casket retailers, low-cost providers and other non-traditional providers of services or products. New market entrants tend to attempt to build market share by offering lower cost alternatives. In the past, this price competition has resulted in our losing market share in some markets. In other markets, we have had to reduce prices or offer discounts thereby reducing profit margins in order to retain or recapture market share. Increased price competition in the future could further reduce revenue, profits and our preneed backlog.
Change in Preneed Sales
Our ability to generate preneed sales depends on a number of factors, including sales incentives and local and general economic conditions.
Significant declines in preneed sales would reduce our backlog and future revenue and could reduce our future market share. On the other hand, a significant increase in preneed sales can have a negative impact on cash flow as a result of commissions and other costs incurred initially without corresponding revenue.
As we have localized our preneed sales strategies, we are continuing to refine the mix of service and product offerings in both our funeral and cemetery segments, including changes in our sales commission and incentive structure. These changes could cause us to experience declines in preneed sales in the near term. In addition, economic conditions at the local or national level could cause declines in preneed sales either as a result of less discretionary income or lower consumer confidence. Declines in preneed cemetery property sales reduces current revenue, and declines in other preneed sales would reduce our backlog and future revenue and could reduce future market share.
Increased preneed sales could have a negative impact on our cash flows.
Preneed sales of funeral and cemetery products and services generally have an initial negative impact on our cash flows, as we are required in certain states to deposit a portion of the sales proceeds into trusts or escrow accounts and often incur other expenses at the time of sale. Furthermore, many preneed purchases are paid for in installments over a period of several years, further limiting our cash flows at the time of sale. Because preneed sales generally provide positive cash flows over the long term, we market the sale of such contracts at the local level. If our efforts to increase such sales are successful, however, our current cash flows could be materially and adversely affected, in the near term.
Trust Fund and Life Insurance Contracts
Our funeral and cemetery trust funds own investments in equity securities, fixed income securities, and mutual funds, which are affected by market conditions that are beyond our control.
In connection with our backlog of preneed funeral and preneed cemetery merchandise and service contracts, funeral and cemetery trust funds own investments in equity securities, fixed income securities and mutual funds. Our returns on these investments are affected by financial market conditions that are beyond our control.
The following table summarizes our investment returns (realized and unrealized), excluding certain fees, on our trust funds for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:
2024 2023 2022
Preneed funeral trust funds 11.1 % 17.3 % 1.0 %
Preneed cemetery trust funds 12.7 % 19.1 % 0.7 %
Perpetual care trust funds 13.2 % 20.2 % (0.2) %
Generally, earnings or gains and losses on our preneed funeral and cemetery trust investments are recognized, and we withdraw cash, when the underlying service is performed, merchandise is delivered, or upon contract cancellation. Our cemetery perpetual care trusts recognize earnings, and in certain states, capital gains and losses, and we withdraw cash when we incur qualifying cemetery maintenance costs. If the investments in our trust funds experience significant, recurring and sustained declines in subsequent years, there could be insufficient funds in the trusts to cover the costs of delivering services and merchandise or maintaining cemeteries in the future. We may be required to cover any such shortfall with cash flows from operations or other sources of cash, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. For more information related to our trust investments, see Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 8.
If the fair market value of these trusts, plus any other amount due to us upon delivery of the associated contracts, were to decline below the estimated costs to deliver the underlying products and services at maturity, we would record a charge to earnings for the expected losses on the delivery of the associated contracts. For additional information, see Part II, Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, Critical Accounting Estimates.
Earnings from and principal of trust funds could be reduced by changes in financial markets and the mix of securities owned.
Earnings and investment gains and losses on trust funds are affected by financial market conditions and the specific fixed-income and equity securities that we choose to maintain in the funds. We may not choose the optimal mix for any particular market condition. Declines in earnings from perpetual care trust funds would cause a decline in current revenue, while declines in earnings from other trust funds could cause a decline in future cash flows and revenue.
We may be required to replenish our funeral and cemetery trust funds in order to meet minimum funding requirements, which would have a negative effect on our earnings and cash flow.
Some states have laws that either require replenishment of investment losses under certain circumstances or impose various restrictions on withdrawals of future earnings when trust fund values drop below certain prescribed amounts. In the event of realized losses or market declines, we may be required to deposit portions or all of these amounts into the respective trusts in some future period.
Increasing death benefits related to preneed funeral contracts funded through life insurance contracts may not cover future increases in the cost of providing a price-guaranteed funeral service.
We sell price-guaranteed preneed funeral contracts through various programs providing for future funeral services at prices prevailing when the agreements are signed. For preneed funeral contracts funded through life insurance contracts, we receive in cash a general agency commission from the third-party insurance company. Additionally, there is an increasing death benefit associated with the contract that may vary over the contract life. There is no guarantee that the increasing death benefit will cover future increases in the cost of providing a price-guaranteed funeral service, and any such excess cost could be materially adverse to our future cash flows, revenue, and operating margins.
The financial condition of third-party insurance companies that fund our preneed funeral contracts may impact our future revenue.
Where permitted by state law, our customers may arrange their preneed funeral contract by purchasing a life insurance policy from third-party insurance companies. The customer/policy holder assigns the policy benefits to our funeral home to pay for the preneed funeral contract at the time of need. If the financial condition of the third-party insurance companies were to deteriorate materially because of market conditions or otherwise, there could be an adverse effect on our ability to collect all or part of the proceeds of the life insurance policy, including the annual increase in the death benefit, when we fulfill the preneed contract at the time of need. Failure to collect such proceeds could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.
Tax Changes
Changes in taxation, or the interpretations of tax laws or regulations, as well as the inherent difficulty in quantifying potential tax effects of business decisions could have a material adverse effect on the results of our operations, financial condition, or cash flows.
We make judgments regarding the utilization of existing income tax credits and the potential tax effects of various financial transactions and results of operations to estimate our obligations to taxing authorities. We are also subject to regular reviews, examinations, and audits by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and other taxing authorities with respect to our taxes. Uncertain tax positions may arise where tax laws or regulations may allow for alternative interpretations, where the timing of recognition of income is subject to judgement, or where the IRS or other taxing authorities issue subsequent guidance or take positions on audits that differ from our interpretations and assumptions. Our tax obligations include, for example, income, franchise, real estate, sales and use, and employment-related taxes and the judgments we make include reserves for potential adverse outcomes regarding our tax positions. Although we believe we have accurately estimated our tax obligations, uncertainty of interpretation by various tax authorities and the possibility that there are issues that have not been recognized by management could each result in additional tax obligations. For example, if a taxing authority disagrees with the positions we have taken, we could face additional tax liability, including interest and penalties. We believe that our tax obligations reflect the anticipated outcome of known uncertain tax positions in conformity with ASC Topic 740 Income Taxes. In addition, our effective tax rate could be adversely affected by changes in the mix of earnings in states with different statutory tax rates, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, changes in tax laws and regulations, or changes in our interpretations of tax laws. Changes in federal, state, or local tax laws, adverse tax audit results, or adverse tax rulings on positions taken could have a material adverse effect on the results of our operations, financial condition, or cash flows.
New or revised tax laws or regulations could have a material effect on our financial statements.
New tax laws or regulations could be enacted at any time, and existing tax laws or regulations could be interpreted, amended, or applied in a manner that has a material effect on us, which could materially impact our business and financial condition.
For example, on August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA”) was signed into law which includes a tax and spending package that introduced several tax-related provisions, including a 15% corporate alternative minimum tax on corporations that have an average of $1 billion adjusted financial statement income over a consecutive three-year period and a 1% excise tax on certain corporate stock repurchases. The impact of these provisions became effective for our Company beginning on January 1, 2023. We have reviewed and assessed the provisions of the IRA, and we do not currently believe that the IRA will have a material impact on our business, operating results, and financial condition. We will continue to evaluate the impact of the IRA, along with any other new or revised tax laws or regulations, as such information becomes available.
Litigation and Claims
Unfavorable results of litigation could have a material adverse impact on our financial statements.
We are subject to a variety of claims and lawsuits in the ordinary course of our business. Adverse outcomes in potential litigation related to our business may result in significant monetary damages or injunctive relief against us, as litigation and other claims are subject to inherent uncertainties. Any such adverse outcomes that may arise in the future, could have a material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.
RISKS RELATED TO THE FUNERAL AND CEMETERY INDUSTRY
Changes in Death Rates and Consumer Preferences
Declines in the number of deaths in our markets can cause a decrease in revenue. Changes in the number of deaths are not predictable from market to market or over the short term.
Declines in the number of deaths could cause atneed sales of funeral and cemetery services, property and merchandise to decline, which could decrease revenue. Although the United States Bureau of the Census estimates that the number of deaths in the United States will increase in the future, longer life spans could reduce the rate of deaths. In addition, changes in the number of deaths can vary among local markets and from quarter to quarter, and variations in the number of deaths in our markets or from quarter to quarter are not predictable. For example, our business can be affected by seasonal fluctuations in the death rate, with number of deaths generally higher during the winter months due to the higher incidences of death from influenza and pneumonia as compared to other periods of the year. Seasonal fluctuations in the death rate may be further affected by epidemics and pandemics, including any new or emerging public health threats. These unexpected fluctuations may not only increase death rates during the affected period, like we saw with the recent COVID-19 pandemic, but also may subsequently decrease death rates following the affected period as a result of an acceleration of death rates. As a result, we are unable to predict or forecast the duration or variation of the current death rate with any certainty, including the potential impact of epidemics and pandemics on the death rate, including any new or emerging public health threats. Any future variations of the death rate may cause our revenue to fluctuate and our results of operations to lack predictability.
The increasing number of cremations in the United States could cause revenue to decline because we could lose market share to firms specializing in cremations and because our average revenue for cremations is lower than that for traditional burials.
Our traditional cemetery and funeral service operations face competition from the increasing number of cremations in the United States. Industry studies indicate that the percentage of cremations has increased every year, and this trend is expected to continue into the future. The trend toward cremation could cause cemeteries and traditional funeral homes to lose market share and revenue to firms specializing in cremations. Additionally, our average revenue for cremations is lower than that for traditional burials. If we are unable to continue to expand our cremation memorialization products and services, and cremations remain or increase as a significant percentage of our services, our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.
If we are not able to respond effectively to changing consumer preferences, our market share, revenue and profitability could decrease.
Future market share, revenue and profits will depend in part on our ability to anticipate, identify and respond to changing consumer preferences. In past years, we have implemented new product and service strategies based on results of customer surveys that we conduct on a continuous basis. However, we may not correctly anticipate or identify trends in consumer
preferences, or we may identify them later than our competitors. In addition, any strategies we may implement to address these trends may prove incorrect or ineffective.
Because the funeral and cemetery businesses are high fixed-cost businesses, changes in revenue can have a disproportionately large effect on cash flow and profits.
Funeral home and cemetery businesses incur the costs of operating and maintaining facilities, land and equipment regardless of the level of sales in any given period. For example, we must pay salaries, utilities, property taxes and maintenance costs on funeral homes and maintain the grounds of cemeteries regardless of the number of funeral services or interments performed. Because we cannot decrease these costs significantly or rapidly when we experience declines in sales, those declines can cause margins, profits and cash flow to decrease at a greater rate than the decline in revenue.
Regulatory Changes
Changes or increases in, or failure to comply with, regulations applicable to our business could increase costs or decrease cash flows.
The funeral and cemetery industry is subject to extensive and evolving regulation and licensing requirements under federal, state and local laws. For example, the funeral industry is regulated by the FTC, which requires funeral homes to take actions designed to protect consumers. State laws impose licensing requirements and regulate preneed sales. As such, we are subject to state trust fund and preneed sales practice audits, which could result in audit adjustments as a result of non-compliance. In addition, we may assume the liability for any audit adjustments for our acquired businesses for periods under audit that were prior to our ownership of the business depending upon the obligations outlined in the agreement. These audit adjustments could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Embalming and cremation facilities are subject to stringent environmental and health regulations. Compliance with these regulations is burdensome, and we are always at risk of not complying with the regulations or facing costly and burdensome investigations from regulatory authorities.
In addition, from time to time, governments and agencies propose to amend or add regulations, which could increase costs or decrease cash flows. Several states and regulatory agencies have considered or are considering regulations that could require more liberal refund and cancellation policies for preneed sales of products and services, limit or eliminate our ability to use surety bonding, increase trust requirements and/or prohibit the common ownership of funeral homes and cemeteries in the same market. If adopted by the regulatory authorities of the jurisdictions in which we operate, these and other possible proposals could have a material adverse effect on us, our financial condition, our results of operations and our future prospects. For additional information regarding the regulation of the funeral and cemetery industry, see Part I, Item 1, Business, Regulation.
We are subject to environmental and worker health and safety laws and regulations that may expose us to significant costs and liabilities.
Our cemetery and funeral home operations are subject to certain federal, regional, state and local laws and regulations governing worker health and safety aspects of the operations, the release or disposal of materials into the environment or otherwise relating to environmental protection. These laws and regulations may restrict or impact our business in many ways, including requiring the acquisition of a permit before conducting regulated activities, restricting the types, quantities and concentration of substances that can be released into the environment, applying specific health and safety criteria addressing worker protection, and imposing substantial liabilities for any pollution resulting from our operations. We may be required to make significant capital and operating expenditures to comply with these laws and regulations and any failure to comply may result in the assessment of sanctions, including administrative, civil and criminal penalties, imposition of investigatory, remedial or corrective action obligations, delays in permitting or performance of projects and the issuance of injunctions restricting or prohibiting our activities. Failure to appropriately transport and dispose of generated wastes, used chemicals or other regulated substances, or any spills or other unauthorized releases of regulated substances in the course of our operations could expose us to material losses, expenditures and liabilities under applicable environmental laws and regulations, and result in neighboring landowners and other third parties filing claims for personal injury, property damage and natural resource damage allegedly caused by such non-compliant activities or spills or releases. Certain of these laws may impose strict, joint and several liabilities upon us for the remediation of contaminated property resulting from our or a predecessor owner's or operator's operations. We may not be able to recover some or any of these costs from insurance or contractual indemnifications. Moreover, changes in environmental laws, regulations and enforcement policies occur frequently, and any changes that result in more stringent or costly emissions control or waste handling, storage, transport, disposal or cleanup requirements could require us to make significant expenditures to attain and maintain compliance and may otherwise have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, competitive position or financial condition.
RISKS RELATED TO OUR CREDIT FACILITY AND FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES
Credit Facility and Debt Obligations
Covenant restrictions in our debt instruments may limit our flexibility to operate and grow our business, and if we are not able to comply with such covenants, our lenders could accelerate our indebtedness, proceed against certain collateral or exercise other remedies, which could have a material adverse effect on us.
The covenants in our Credit Facility and the Indenture governing our Senior Notes contain a number of provisions that impose operating and financial restrictions which, subject to certain exceptions, limit our ability and the ability of our subsidiaries to, among other things: incur additional indebtedness (including guarantees); pay dividends or make distributions or redeem or repurchase our common stock; make investments; grant liens on assets; make capital expenditures; enter into transactions with affiliates; enter into sale-leaseback transactions; sell or dispose assets; and acquire the assets of, or merge or consolidate with, other companies.
We are required to comply with certain financial covenants in our Credit Facility. Complying with these financial covenants and other restrictive covenants, as well as those that may be contained in any future debt agreements, may limit our ability to finance our future operations or working capital needs or to take advantage of future business opportunities. Our ability to comply with these covenants will depend on our future performance, which may be affected by events beyond our control. Our failure to comply with any of these covenants or restrictions could result in a default under any future debt instrument, which could lead to an acceleration of the debt under that instrument and, in some cases, the acceleration of debt under other instruments that contain cross-default or cross-acceleration provisions, each of which could have a material adverse effect on us. In the case of an event of default, or in the event of a cross-default or cross-acceleration, we may not have sufficient funds available to make the required payments under our debt instruments. If we are unable to repay amounts owed under the terms of our Credit Facility, the lenders thereunder may choose to exercise their remedies in respect of the collateral, including a foreclosure of their lien which results in a sale of certain of our funeral assets to satisfy our obligations under the Credit Facility.
Pursuant to the terms of our Credit Facility, we must comply with, amongst other things, a maximum Total Leverage Ratio covenant that is measured quarterly. If we are unable to comply with the maximum Total Leverage Ratio, we will be in immediate default under the Credit Facility. For example, although we have not currently experienced any material negative impacts to our liquidity position, access to capital, or cash flows as a result of our operations or from any macroeconomic conditions, any material difference from our projected future operational and financial performance may have a future impact on our business that could result in our inability to comply with this Total Leverage Ratio covenant and other covenants in our Credit Facility. There can be no assurance that the lenders will agree to amend the Credit Facility in the future to adjust or eliminate this covenant or whether the lenders may agree to waive any non-compliance with this financial covenant or any other covenant in the future.
Moreover, if we do not maintain compliance with our continuing obligations or any covenants, terms and conditions of the Credit Facility, we could be in default and required to repay outstanding borrowings on an accelerated basis, which could subject us to decreased liquidity and other negative impacts on our business, results of operations and financial condition. It may be difficult for us to find an alternative lending source under these circumstances. Without access to borrowings under the Credit Facility, our liquidity would be adversely affected, and we would lack sufficient working capital to operate our business as presently conducted. Any disruption in access to credit could force us to take measures to conserve cash and take steps to raise additional funds, which could have negative impacts on our business, results of operations, financial condition and for our stockholders. For example, if we raised additional funds through issuing additional equity securities, our stockholders may experience significant dilution, and the price of our common stock may decline.
Our level of indebtedness could adversely affect our financial condition and prevent us from fulfilling our debt obligations.
Our indebtedness requires significant interest and principal payments. As of December 31, 2024, we had $542.5 million of total debt (excluding debt issuance costs, debt discounts and lease obligations), consisting of $5.5 million of acquisition debt (consisting of deferred purchase price and promissory notes payable to sellers of businesses and real property we purchased), $400.0 million of our Senior Notes and $137.0 million of outstanding borrowings under our Credit Facility, with $110.8 million of availability under our Credit Facility after giving effect to $2.2 million of outstanding letters of credit.
Our and our subsidiaries’ level of indebtedness could have important consequences to us, including:
•continuing to require us and certain of our subsidiaries to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to the payment of our indebtedness, thereby reducing the funds available for operations and any future business opportunities;
•limiting flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business or the industry in which we operate;
•placing us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less indebtedness;
•increasing our vulnerability to adverse general economic or industry conditions;
•making us and our subsidiaries more vulnerable to increases in interest rates, as borrowings under our Credit Facility are at variable rates; and
•limiting our ability to obtain additional financing to fund working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or other general corporate requirements and increasing our cost of borrowing.
Our ability to make payments on and to refinance our indebtedness will depend on our ability to generate cash in the future from operations, financings or asset sales. Our ability to generate cash is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory and other factors that are beyond our control. We may not generate sufficient funds to service our debt and meet our business needs, such as funding working capital or the expansion of our operations. If we are not able to repay or refinance our debt as it becomes due, we may be forced to take certain actions, including reducing spending on day-to-day operations, reducing future financing for working capital, capital expenditures and general corporate purposes, selling assets, dedicating an unsustainable level of our cash flow from operations to the payment of principal and interest on our indebtedness or issuing equity, each of which may lead to negative impacts on our business, results of operations, financial condition and for our stockholders. In addition, our ability to withstand competitive pressures and to react to changes in our industry could be impaired. The lenders who hold our debt could also accelerate amounts due in the event that we default, which could potentially trigger a default or acceleration of the maturity of our other debt, including the notes.
Additionally, our leverage could put us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that are less leveraged. These competitors could have greater financial flexibility to pursue strategic acquisitions and secure additional financing for their operations. Our leverage could also impede our ability to withstand downturns in our industry or the economy in general.
Despite our current levels of indebtedness, we may still incur additional indebtedness. This could further exacerbate the risks associated with our indebtedness.
We may incur additional indebtedness in the future. The terms of our Credit Facility and the Indenture governing our Senior Notes will limit, but not prohibit, us from incurring additional indebtedness. Additional indebtedness incurred in compliance with these restrictions could be substantial. These restrictions also do not prevent us or our subsidiaries from incurring obligations, such as trade payables, which do not constitute indebtedness as defined under our debt agreements. To the extent new debt is added to our current debt levels, the leverage risks associated with our indebtedness would increase.
GENERAL RISKS
Economic Conditions and Natural Disasters
Changes in U.S. foreign trade policies, including the imposition of additional tariffs and other trade barriers, and efforts to withdraw from or materially modify international trade agreements, may materially and adversely affect our business, operations and financial condition.
Changes in U.S. foreign trade policies could lead to the imposition of additional trade barriers and tariffs on the foreign import of certain materials and products. For example, effective February 4, 2025, the U.S. government implemented an additional tariff on goods being imported from China and announced additional tariffs for goods imported into the United States from Mexico and Canada beginning in March 2025. We cannot predict what additional changes to trade policy will be made by the presidential administration or Congress, including whether existing tariff policies will be maintained or modified, what products may be subject to such policies or whether the entry into new bilateral or multilateral trade agreements will occur, nor can we predict the effects that any such changes would have on our business. However, such steps, if adopted, could result in additional inflationary pressures on the U.S. economy and increase the costs of goods we offer our customers and may negatively impact the supply chain on which we depend to supply merchandise to our funeral home and cemetery locations. Although we may take measures to mitigate the effects of these impacts, if these measures are not effective, there can be no assurance that such changes in U.S. trade policy or in laws and policies governing foreign trade would not materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.
We may be adversely affected by the effects of inflation.
Inflation has the potential to adversely affect our liquidity, business, financial condition and results of operations by increasing our overall cost structure or by reducing the amount of discretionary income consumers have available to spend on our services. The existence of inflation in the economy has resulted in, and may continue to result in, higher interest rates and capital costs, supply shortages, increased costs of labor, components, manufacturing and shipping, as well as weakening exchange rates and other similar effects. As a result of inflation, we have already experienced cost increases and surcharges
from our vendors and suppliers on merchandise and goods and may continue to experience additional cost increases in the future, which could be of greater magnitude than those experienced to date. In addition, the impacts of inflation are also felt by consumers who face rising prices for a variety of goods and services, which could reduce the amount of discretionary spending that would otherwise be available to our customer families and potential customer families to spend on our services. Although we may take measures to mitigate the effects of inflation, if these measures are not effective, our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity could be materially adversely affected. Even if such measures are effective, there could be a difference between the timing of when these beneficial actions impact our results of operations and when the cost of inflation is incurred.
Adverse developments affecting the financial services industry, including events or concerns involving liquidity, defaults, or non-performance by financial institutions, could adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.
We currently maintain cash balances in accounts at U.S. financial institutions that we believe are high quality. These accounts, held by us and our affiliated companies, are in non-interest-bearing and interest-bearing operating accounts and may, from time to time, exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance limits. If such banking institutions were to fail, we could lose all or a portion of those amounts held in excess of such insurance limitations. In addition, actual events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, our third-party vendors and counterparties or other companies in the financial services industry or the financial services industry generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, have in the past and may in the future lead to market-wide liquidity problems, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.
Although we assess our banking relationships as we believe necessary or appropriate, our access to funding sources and other credit arrangements in amounts adequate to finance or capitalize our respective current and projected future business operations could be significantly impaired by factors that affect us, the financial institutions with which we have arrangements directly, or the financial services industry or economy in general. These factors could include, among others, events such as liquidity constraints or failures, the ability to perform obligations under various types of financial, credit or liquidity agreements or arrangements, disruptions or instability in the financial services industry or financial markets, or concerns or negative expectations about the prospects for companies in the financial services industry. These factors could involve financial institutions or financial services industry companies with which we, have financial or business relationships, but could also include factors involving financial markets or the financial services industry generally.
In addition, investor concerns regarding the U.S. or international financial systems could result in less favorable commercial financing terms, including higher interest rates or costs and tighter financial and operating covenants, or systemic limitations on access to credit and liquidity sources, thereby making it more difficult for us to acquire future financing or access to capital on acceptable terms or at all. As availability under our Credit Facility and/or the ability to access capital has historically been, and is expected to continue to be, one of our primary sources of liquidity, any adverse impacts on our ability to access such credit and liquidity sources as a result of adverse developments affecting the financial services industry could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations.
Unfavorable economic conditions, including those resulting from health and safety concerns, could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Our business and operational results could be adversely affected by general conditions in the U.S. economy, including conditions that are outside of our control, such as the impact of health and safety concerns from epidemics and pandemics. For example, the initial U.S. and global economic and financial conditions related to the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in extreme volatility and disruptions in the capital and credit markets. A severe or prolonged economic downturn from a pandemic or epidemic, including any new or emerging public health threats and the related adverse economic and health consequences, could result in a variety of risks to our business, financial condition or results from operations, including weakened demand from our customer families, decreased preneed sales, increased preneed installment contract defaults, increased cremation rates, reduced access to capital and credit markets or delays in obtaining customer family payments. A weak or declining economy could also strain our supply partners. Additionally, our business relies heavily on our employees, including key employees due to the localized and personal nature of our business, and adverse events such as health-related concerns, the inability to travel and other matters affecting the general work environment could harm our business. In the event of a major disruption caused by the outbreak of pandemic diseases, or any new or emerging public health threats, we may lose the services of a number of our key employees or experience system interruptions, which could lead to impacts to our regular business operations, inefficiencies and reputational harm. Due to the uncertainty around the ultimate impacts of any epidemic or pandemic, including any new or emerging public health threats, to our business and operations, any related impact on our business and operational results cannot be reasonably estimated at this time. Any of the foregoing could harm our business and we cannot
anticipate all the ways in which future epidemics and pandemics, including any new or emerging public health threats, would affect financial market conditions that could adversely impact our business.
Economic, financial and stock market fluctuations could affect future potential earnings and cash flows and could result in future goodwill, intangible assets and long-lived asset impairments.
In addition to an annual review, we assess the impairment of goodwill, intangible assets and other long-lived assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may be greater than fair value. Factors that could trigger an interim impairment review include, but are not limited to, a significant decline in the market value of our stock or debt values, significant under-performance relative to historical or projected future operating results, and significant negative industry or economic trends. If these factors occur, we may have a triggering event, which could result in an impairment of our goodwill, intangible assets and other long-lived assets.
Based on the results of our annual goodwill and intangible assets impairment test we performed as of August 31, 2024 and our annual review of long-lived assets and leases at December 31, 2024, we determined that there were factors that would indicate the need to perform an additional quantitative impairment test for tradenames for certain funeral home businesses. As a result of this additional quantitative impairment test, we recorded an impairment to the tradenames of certain funeral home businesses of $0.6 million, as the carrying amount of these tradenames exceeded their fair value. We concluded that there were no impairments of our goodwill or other long-lived assets and leases.
Significant weather events, natural disasters, or catastrophic events could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Over forty percent of the businesses we operate are located in California, Texas and Florida, areas where natural disasters are more prevalent, including, for example, hurricanes, wildfires, flooding, earthquakes, tornadoes and droughts. Significant weather events, natural disasters or catastrophic events in these states or other key areas where our operations are concentrated could disrupt our business through injury to our employees or customer families, physical damage, closure or destruction of one or more of our locations, data centers or office facilities, or disrupt the delivery of goods or services by one or more of our vendors, any or all of which could adversely impact our operations or increase our costs, which would adversely affect our financial results.
Information Technology and Internal Controls
We rely significantly on information technology and any failure, inadequacy, interruption or security lapse of that technology, including any cybersecurity incidents could harm our ability to operate our business effectively.
In the ordinary course of our business, we receive certain personal information, in both physical and electronic formats, about our customers, their loved ones, our employees, and our vendors. We maintain security measures and data backup systems to protect, store, and prevent unauthorized access to such information, which we are continually assessing and updating, as necessary. For example, following our previously disclosed ransomware attack to our information technology system in January 2021, we have since implemented additional and enhanced security measures to our overall cyber-security posture to mitigate, to the extent possible, future cyberattacks and other similar threats. These measures include, for example, the addition of an advanced security operations center providing proactive threat protection, cloud-based firewall protection across all locations and endpoint protection. While we determined, based on our assessment of the information known to us, that the January 2021 ransomware incident did not have, nor do we expect it will have, a material impact on our business, operations or financial results, if we fail to protect our own information from any future breaches in data security, we could experience significant costs and expenses as well as damage to our reputation. Moreover, it is possible that computer hackers and others (through increasingly sophisticated cyberattacks or by other means) might circumvent our security measures in the future and obtain the personal information of customers, their loved ones, our employees or our vendors.
In addition, we maintain insurance coverage for various cybersecurity risks, which covered substantially all of the costs associated with our January 2021 ransomware attack, but it is possible that such insurance coverage may not fully insure all future costs or losses associated with other cybersecurity incidents. As the sophistication and frequency of attacks increase, our information technology security costs, including cybersecurity insurance, which are significant, may rise.
Additionally, legislation relating to cybersecurity threats could impose additional requirements on our operations. Various state governments, notably California, New York, Nevada and Virginia, have enacted or enhanced data privacy regulations, and other state governments are considering establishing similar or stronger protections. These regulations impose certain obligations for securing, and potentially removing, specified personal information in our systems, and for apprising individuals of the information we have collected about them. We have incurred costs in an effort to comply with these data privacy risks and requirements, and our costs may increase significantly as risks become increasingly complex or if new or changing requirements are enacted, and based on how individuals exercise their rights. For example, in November 2020, California voters
approved Proposition 24 (Consumer Personal Information Law and Agency Initiative), which went into effect as of January 1, 2023 and has increased the data privacy requirements for our business. Despite our efforts, any noncompliance could result in our incurring substantial penalties and reputational damage.
Our ability to manage and maintain our internal reports effectively and integration of new business acquisitions depends significantly on our enterprise resource planning system and other information systems. Some of our information technology systems may experience interruptions, delays or cessations of service or produce errors in connection with ongoing systems implementation work. The failure of our systems to operate effectively or to integrate with other systems, or a breach in security or other unauthorized access of these systems, may also result in reduced efficiency of our operations and could require significant capital investments to remediate any such failure, problem or breach and to comply with applicable regulations, all of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could adversely affect our results of operations, investor confidence, and our stock price.
The accuracy of our financial reporting depends on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements and may not prevent or detect misstatements because of its inherent limitations. If we do not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting or implement controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurance with respect to the preparation and fair presentation of our financial statements, we could be unable to file accurate financial reports on a timely basis, and our results of operations, investor confidence, and stock price could be materially adversely affected.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES.
At December 31, 2024, we operated 162 funeral homes in 26 states and 31 cemeteries in 11 states. We own the real property and buildings for 140 of our funeral homes and lease 22 facilities. We own 30 cemeteries and operate one cemetery under a long-term contract with a municipality, which we refer to as a managed property. We operate 18 funeral homes in combination with cemeteries as these locations are physically located on the same property or in very close proximity and are under the same leadership.
The 31 cemeteries that we operate have developed cemetery property of approximately 142,000 and 162,000 units available-for-sale at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. In addition, we own approximately 496 acres that are available for future development or sale. We anticipate having a sufficient inventory of lots to maintain our property sales for the foreseeable future.
Our support center is located in Houston, Texas, where we lease approximately 48,000 square feet of office space.
The following table sets forth certain information as of December 31, 2024, regarding our properties used by the funeral home segment and by the cemetery segment identified by state:
Number of Funeral Homes
Number of Cemeteries
State Owned Leased(1)
Owned Managed
California 22 6 7 -
Connecticut 7 2 - -
Florida 11 5 5 -
Georgia 3 - - -
Idaho 4 1 3 -
Illinois 2 - 1 -
Kansas 2 - - -
Kentucky 5 1 - -
Louisiana 3 1 1 -
Massachusetts 7 - - -
Michigan 2 - - -
Montana 2 1 1 -
Nevada 2 - 2 1
New Jersey 1 1 - -
New Mexico 1 - - -
New York 10 1 - -
North Carolina 11 1 2 -
Ohio 4 - - -
Oklahoma 5 - 2 -
Pennsylvania 2 - - -
Rhode Island 4 - - -
Tennessee 4 - - -
Texas 15 1 5 -
Virginia 8 1 1 -
Washington 2 - - -
Wisconsin 1 - - -
Total 140 22 30 1
(1) The leases, with respect to these funeral homes, generally have remaining terms ranging from one to twenty years, and generally, we have the right to renew past the initial terms and have a right of first refusal on any proposed sale of the property where these funeral homes are located.
The following table sets forth the number of funeral homes and cemeteries owned and operated by us for the periods presented:
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Funeral homes at beginning of period 171 171 170
Acquisitions - 3 6
Divestitures (7) (2) (4)
Mergers of funeral homes (2) (1) (1)
Funeral homes at end of period 162 171 171
Cemeteries at beginning of period 32 32 31
Acquisitions - 2 1
Divestitures (1) (2) -
Cemeteries at end of period 31 32 32

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.
For more information regarding legal proceedings see Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 15.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.
MARKET INFORMATION
Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “CSV.” At February 24, 2025, there were 15,649,702 shares of our common stock outstanding. The shares of common stock outstanding are held by approximately 300 stockholders of record. Each share is entitled to one vote on matters requiring the vote of stockholders. We believe there are approximately 6,900 beneficial owners of our common stock.
RECENT SALES OF UNREGISTERED SECURITIES
During the year ended December 31, 2024, we did not have any sales of securities in transactions that were not registered under the Securities Act of 1933 (as amended, the “Securities Act”) that have not been reported in a Form 8-K or Form 10-Q.
DIVIDENDS
While we intend to pay regular quarterly cash dividends for the foreseeable future, covenant restrictions under our Credit Facility and the Indenture governing our Senior Notes may limit our ability to pay dividends in the future.
EQUITY PLANS
For information regarding securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans, see Part III, Item 12, Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER
Subject to market conditions, normal trading restrictions and satisfying certain financial covenants in our Credit Facility, and in the Indenture governing our Senior Notes, we may make purchases in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions under our Board authorized share repurchase program, in accordance with Rule 10b-18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”).
On February 23, 2022, our Board authorized an increase in our share repurchase program to permit us to purchase up to an additional $75.0 million under our share repurchase program, in addition to amounts previously authorized and outstanding in accordance with Rule 10b-18 of the Exchange Act, which totaled up to $265.0 million in share repurchase authorizations.
Share repurchase activity is as follows (dollar value in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Number of Shares Repurchased
- - 695,496
Average Price Paid Per Share $ - $ - $ 49.22
Dollar Value of Shares Repurchased
$ - $ - $ 34,234
Our shares were purchased in the open market at times and in amounts as management determined appropriate based on factors such as market conditions, legal requirements and other business considerations. Shares purchased pursuant to the repurchase program are currently held as treasury stock. At December 31, 2024, our share repurchase program had $48.9 million authorized for repurchases.
The following table sets forth certain information with respect to repurchases of our common stock during the quarter ended December 31, 2024:
Period Total Number of Shares Purchased Average Price Paid Per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Program Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Program (1)
October 1, 2024 - October 31, 2024
- $ - - $ 48,898,769
November 1, 2024 - November 30, 2024
- $ - - $ 48,898,769
December 1, 2024 - December 31, 2024
- $ - - $ 48,898,769
Total for quarter ended December 31, 2024
- -
(1) See the first paragraph under the caption “Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer” for more information on our publicly announced share repurchase program.
STOCKHOLDER RETURN PERFORMANCE GRAPH
The following line graph below compares the yearly change in cumulative total stockholder return over a 5-year period on our common stock relative to the cumulative total returns of the Russell 3000 Index (the “Russell 3000”), the peer group shown in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (the “2023 Peer Group”), which comprised of SCI, Matthews International Corp. (“Matthews”) and Park Lawn Corporation (“Park Lawn”), and our new peer group consisting of SCI and Matthews (the “2024 Peer Group”).
We use a peer group index, as we believe there is no relevant published industry or line-of-business index that reflects the companies against which we compete in our industry. We removed Park Lawn from our 2024 Peer Group as a result of Park Lawn’s going private transaction and related delisting from the Toronto Stock Exchange as of August 12, 2024. The returns of each member of the 2023 Peer Group and 2024 Peer Group are weighted according to their respective stock market capitalization as of the beginning of each period measured.
The graph assumes that the value of the investment in our common stock, the Russell 3000 Index, the 2023 Peer Group and the 2024 Peer Group was $100 on the last trading day of December 2019, and that all dividends were reinvested. Performance data for Carriage, the Russell 3000 Index and the 2024 Peer Group is provided as of the last trading day of each of our last five fiscal years. For the 2023 Peer Group, as a result of Park Lawn’s delisting on August 12, 2024, the stock performance data as of December 31, 2024, reflects SCI’s and Matthews’ total cumulative return only.
The following graph and related information shall not be deemed “soliciting material” or “filed” with the SEC, nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filing under the Securities or the Exchange Act except to the extent that we specifically incorporate it by reference. The stock price performance included in this graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.
COMPARISON OF 5 YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN
Among Carriage, the Russell 3000 Index, the 2023 Peer Group and the 2024 Peer Group

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.
OVERVIEW
General
We operate in two business segments: Funeral Home Operations, which currently accounts for approximately 65% of our total revenue and Cemetery Operations, which currently accounts for approximately 35% of our total revenue. At December 31, 2024, we operated 162 funeral homes in 26 states and 31 cemeteries in 11 states.
Our funeral home operations are principally service businesses that generate revenue from sales of burial and cremation services and related merchandise, such as caskets and urns. Funeral services include consultation, the removal and preparation of remains, the sale of caskets and related funeral merchandise, the use of funeral home facilities for visitation and memorial services and transportation services. We provide funeral services and products on both an “atneed” (time of death) and “preneed” (planned prior to death) basis.
Our cemetery operations generate revenue primarily through sales of cemetery interment rights (primarily grave sites, lawn crypts, mausoleum spaces and niches), related cemetery merchandise (such as memorial markers, outer burial containers and monuments) and services (interments, inurnments and installation of cemetery merchandise). We provide cemetery services and products on both an atneed and preneed basis.
Funeral Home Operations
Factors affecting our funeral operating results include: demographic trends relating to population growth and average age, which impact death rates and number of deaths; establishing and maintaining leading market share positions supported by strong local heritage and relationships; effectively responding to increasing cremation trends by selling complementary services and merchandise; controlling salary, merchandise and other controllable costs; exercising pricing leverage related to our atneed business to increase average revenue per contract; and our response to fluctuations in capital markets and interest rates, which affect investment earnings on trust funds, which would offset lower pricing power as preneed contracts mature. In simple terms, volume and price are the two variables that affect funeral revenue. The average revenue per contract is influenced by the mix of traditional and cremation services because our average cremation service revenue is approximately one-third of the average revenue earned from a traditional burial service. Funeral homes have a relatively fixed cost structure.
Cemetery Operations
Factors affecting our cemetery operating results include: the size and success of our sales organization; local perceptions and heritage of our cemeteries; our ability to adapt to changes in the economy and consumer confidence; and our response to fluctuations in capital markets and interest rates, which affect investment earnings on trust funds, finance charges on installment contracts and our securities portfolio within the trust funds.
Inflationary and Macroeconomic Trends
During 2024, we continued to experience a stabilization of inflationary costs from our vendors and suppliers for merchandise and goods, particularly as it relates to utilities, funeral supplies and merchandise costs, with costs remaining flat when compared to 2023. Also, after giving effect to the Credit Facility Amendment, executed during the third quarter of 2024, we experienced lower variable interest rates under our Credit Facility, which resulted in lower borrowing costs in the second half of the year compared to the same period in the prior year. Further contributing to our lower borrowing costs was the pay down of $42.1 million on our revolving credit facility as we executed our focus to pay down our outstanding debt throughout 2024.
While we are encouraged by the stabilization of inflationary costs that we have experienced throughout 2024, we are unable to forecast with any certainty whether inflationary costs will continue to moderate in future periods, as the ultimate scope and duration of these impacts remain unknown at this time. More broadly, the U.S. economy continues to experience the impact of several years of higher rates of inflation, which has impacted a wide variety of industries and sectors, with consumers facing rising prices. Such inflation may negatively impact consumer discretionary spending, including the amount that consumers are able to spend on our services, although we have not experienced any material impacts to date and our industry has been largely resilient to similar adverse economic and market environments in the past. Although such conditions have not materially impacted our business to date and we expect these trends to continue in 2025, we will continue to assess these impacts and take the appropriate steps, if necessary, to mitigate any changes in consumer preferences or additional cost increases, if possible.
Throughout 2024, we continued to experience lower volumes as compared to prior years due to fluctuations in the death rate, although overall financial performance remains at or above prior reporting periods. Although we expect fluctuations in the
death rate to continue, we are unable to predict or forecast the duration or variation of the death rate with any certainty. Regardless of these fluctuations in the death rate, we continue to focus on expanding market share, cost management and executing on our strategic operational plans.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Overview
Our primary sources of liquidity and capital resources are internally generated cash flows from operating activities and availability under our Credit Facility.
We generate cash in our operations primarily from atneed sales and delivery of preneed sales. We also generate cash from earnings on our cemetery perpetual care trusts. Based on our recent operating results, current cash position and anticipated future cash flows, we do not anticipate any significant liquidity constraints in the foreseeable future. We have the ability to draw on our Credit Facility, as needed, subject to its customary terms and conditions.
For 2025, our plan is to remain focused on executing our strategic objectives and growth strategy. This includes prioritizing our capital allocation for debt repayments, the payment of dividends and debt obligations, internal growth capital expenditures, and general corporate purposes, as allowed under our Credit Facility. We expect to fund these payments using cash on hand and borrowings under our Credit Facility. We believe that our existing and anticipated cash resources, including, as needed, additional borrowings or other financings that we may be able to obtain, will be sufficient to meet our anticipated working capital requirements, capital expenditures, scheduled debt payments, commitments and dividends for the next 12 months, as well as our long-term financial obligations.
However, if our capital allocations and expenditures or acquisition plans change, we may need to access the capital markets or seek further borrowing capacity from our lenders to obtain additional funding and we may not be able to obtain such funding on terms and conditions that are acceptable to us. Further, to the extent operating cash flow or access to and cost of financing sources are materially different than expected, future liquidity may be adversely affected. For additional information regarding known material factors that could cause cash flow or access to and cost of finance sources to differ from our expectations, please read Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors.
Cash Flows
We began 2024 with $1.5 million in cash and ended the year with $1.2 million in cash. At December 31, 2024, we had borrowings of $137.0 million outstanding on our Credit Facility compared to $179.1 million at December 31, 2023 and $190.7 million at December 31, 2022.
The following table sets forth the elements of cash flow (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year $ 1,523 $ 1,170 $ 1,148
Net cash provided by operating activities 51,996 75,590 61,024
Acquisitions of businesses and real property - (44,500) (33,876)
Proceeds from divestitures and sale of other assets 12,057 4,132 5,027
Proceeds from insurance claims 403 1,403 2,440
Capital expenditures (16,098) (18,039) (26,081)
Net cash used in investing activities (3,638) (57,004) (52,490)
Net (payments) borrowings on our credit facility, acquisition debt and finance lease obligations (43,161) (12,767) 34,418
Payment of debt issuance costs for the credit facility (781) - (922)
Net proceeds from employee equity plans 2,033 1,242 1,418
Dividends paid on common stock (6,807) (6,708) (6,763)
Purchase of treasury stock - - (36,663)
Net cash used in financing activities (48,716) (18,233) (8,512)
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year $ 1,165 $ 1,523 $ 1,170
Operating Activities
For the year ended December 31, 2024, cash provided by operating activities was $52.0 million compared to $75.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and $61.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.
The decrease of $23.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023 was primarily due to the following non-recurring events, which occurred during 2023: i) an $8.6 million withdrawal of realized capital gains and earnings from our preneed funeral and cemetery trust investments; and ii) the receipt of a $6.0 million incentive payment from a vendor for entering into a strategic partnership agreement to market and sell prearranged funeral services in the future, as well as non-recurring events, which occurred during 2024: i) executive severance payments of $3.5 million and ii) payments of $3.3 million related to the Company’s review of strategic alternatives.
The increase of $14.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022 was primarily due to the non-recurring events occurring in 2023 mentioned above.
Investing Activities
Our investing activities resulted in a net cash outflow of $3.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $57.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and $52.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Acquisition and Divestiture Activity
During the year ended December 31, 2024, we sold six funeral homes and one cemetery for an aggregate of $10.9 million. Additionally, we sold real property for $1.1 million.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, we acquired a business consisting of three funeral homes, two cemeteries and one cremation focused business for $44.0 million and real property for $3.1 million of which $0.5 million was paid in cash and the remainder financed over fifteen years. In addition, we sold two funeral homes and two cemeteries for an aggregate of $1.1 million and real property for $3.1 million.
We also received proceeds of $1.4 million from our property insurance policy for the reimbursement of renovation costs for certain of our funeral businesses damaged by Hurricane Ian that occurred during the third quarter of 2022 and a fire that occurred during the first quarter of 2023.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we acquired a business consisting of two funeral homes in Kissimmee, FL for $6.3 million in cash and a business consisting of three funeral homes, one cemetery and one cremation focused business in the Charlotte, NC area for $25.0 million in cash. In addition, we sold four funeral homes for $1.5 million, sold real estate for $3.3 million and purchased real estate for $2.6 million. We also received proceeds of $2.4 million from our property insurance policy for the reimbursement of renovation costs for our funeral and cemetery businesses that were damaged by Hurricane Ida.
Capital Expenditures
For the year ended December 31, 2024, our capital expenditures (comprised of growth and maintenance spend) totaled $16.1 million compared to $18.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, and $26.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.
The following tables present our growth and maintenance capital expenditures (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Growth
Cemetery development $ 7,007 $ 7,143 $ 7,679
Renovations at certain businesses(1)
1,701 1,504 5,048
Cemetery projects - 1,206 788
Other 78 110 782
Total Growth $ 8,786 $ 9,963 $ 14,297
(1) During the year ended December 31, 2023, we spent $0.8 million for renovations to two businesses that were affected by Hurricane Ian, which occurred during the third quarter of 2022 and $0.4 million for renovations to one business that was damaged by a fire, which occurred during the first quarter of 2023, all of which was reimbursed by our property insurance.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we spent $2.4 million for renovations on two businesses that were affected by Hurricane Ida, all of which was reimbursed by our property insurance.
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Maintenance
General equipment and furniture $ 3,994 $ 5,993 $ 4,834
Facility repairs and improvements 2,511 1,041 3,207
Vehicles 230 618 2,062
Paving roads and parking lots 577 424 1,157
Other - - 524
Total Maintenance $ 7,312 $ 8,076 $ 11,784
Financing Activities
Our financing activities resulted in a net cash outflow of $48.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to a net cash outflow of $18.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, and a net cash outflow of $8.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, we had net payments on our Credit Facility, acquisition debt and finance leases of $43.2 million and paid dividends of $6.8 million.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, we had net payments on our Credit Facility, acquisition debt and finance leases of $12.8 million and paid dividends of $6.7 million.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, we had net borrowings on our Credit Facility, acquisition debt and finance leases of $34.4 million, offset by the following payments: i) $36.7 million for the purchase of treasury stock; ii) $6.8 million in dividends; and iii) $0.9 million for debt issuance and transition costs related to our Credit Facility.
Dividends
Our Board declared the following dividends payable on the dates below (in thousands, except per share amounts):
2024 Per Share Dollar Value
March 1st $ 0.1125 $ 1,686
June 1st $ 0.1125 $ 1,704
September 1st $ 0.1125 $ 1,708
December 1st $ 0.1125 $ 1,709
2023 Per Share Dollar Value
March 1st $ 0.1125 $ 1,661
June 1st $ 0.1125 $ 1,679
September 1st $ 0.1125 $ 1,683
December 1st $ 0.1125 $ 1,685
2022 Per Share Dollar Value
March 1st $ 0.1125 $ 1,725
June 1st $ 0.1125 $ 1,730
September 1st $ 0.1125 $ 1,653
December 1st $ 0.1125 $ 1,655
Share Repurchases
Subject to market conditions, normal trading restrictions and satisfying certain financial covenants in our Credit Facility, and in the Indenture governing our Senior Notes, we may make purchases in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions under our Board authorized share repurchase program, in accordance with Rule 10b-18 of the Exchange Act.
On February 23, 2022, our Board authorized an increase in our share repurchase program to permit us to purchase up to an additional $75.0 million under our share repurchase program, in addition to amounts previously authorized and outstanding in accordance with Rule 10b-18 of the Exchange Act, which totaled up to $265.0 million in share repurchase authorizations.
Share repurchase activity is as follows (dollar value of shares repurchased in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Number of Shares Repurchased - - 695,496
Average Price Paid Per Share $ - $ - $ 49.22
Dollar Value of Shares Repurchased $ - $ - $ 34,234
Our shares were purchased in the open market at times and in amounts as management determined appropriate based on factors such as market conditions, legal requirements and other business considerations. Shares purchased pursuant to the repurchase program are currently held as treasury stock. At December 31, 2024, our share repurchase program had $48.9 million authorized for repurchases.
Credit Facility, Lease Obligations and Acquisition Debt
The outstanding principal of our Credit Facility, lease obligations and acquisition debt at December 31, 2024 is as follows (in thousands):
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Credit Facility $ 137,000 $ 179,100
Operating leases 16,845 18,510
Finance leases 6,578 6,423
Acquisition debt 5,466 5,998
Total $ 165,889 $ 210,031
Credit Facility
At December 31, 2024, our senior secured revolving credit facility (as amended the “Credit Facility”) was comprised of: (i) a $250.0 million revolving credit facility, including a $15.0 million subfacility for letters of credit and a $10.0 million swingline, and (ii) an accordion or incremental option allowing for future increases in the facility size by an additional amount of up to $75.0 million in the aggregate in the form of increased revolving commitments or incremental term loans.
On July 31, 2024, the Company entered into a fourth amendment, (the “Credit Facility Amendment”), to our Credit Facility, with the financial institutions party thereto, as lenders, and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent. The Credit Facility Amendment provided, among other things, for (i) the extension of the maturity date of the Credit Facility to July 31, 2029, provided that, if the Senior Notes (as defined in the Credit Facility) have a stated maturity date that is prior to July 31, 2029, then the maturity date shall instead be the date that is 91 days prior to the stated maturity date of the Senior Notes; (ii) the establishment of Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as a benchmark rate and the removal of BSBY from the Credit Facility, including conforming revisions to certain defined terms under the Credit Facility; (iii) the conversion of each existing BSBY Rate Loan (as defined in the Credit Facility prior to giving effect to the Credit Facility Amendment) to a Term SOFR Loan (as defined in the Credit Facility); (iv) modifications to the definitions of “Applicable Rate” and “Applicable Fee Rate” to change the applicable rates and pricing levels set forth in each pricing grid; (v) the removal of certain mandatory prepayments arising from the issuance of either Equity Interests or Debt (as both are defined by the Credit Facility); and (vi) modifications to the permitted investments covenant, relating to the Company’s ability to make certain acquisitions, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions therein.
We incurred $0.8 million in transactions costs related to the Credit Facility Amendment, which were capitalized and will be amortized over the remaining term of the related debt using the straight-line method.
Our obligations under the Credit Facility are unconditionally guaranteed on a joint and several basis by the same subsidiaries which guarantee the Senior Notes (as defined in Note 13 to our Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data) and certain of our subsequently acquired or organized domestic subsidiaries (collectively, the “Subsidiary Guarantors”).
The Credit Facility contains customary affirmative covenants, including, but not limited to, covenants with respect to the use of proceeds, payment of taxes and other obligations, continuation of the Company’s business and the maintenance of existing rights and privileges, the maintenance of property and insurance, among others.
In addition, the Credit Facility also contains customary negative covenants, including, but not limited to, covenants that restrict (subject to certain exceptions) the ability of the Company and the Subsidiary Guarantors to incur indebtedness, grant liens, make investments, engage in mergers and acquisitions, and pay dividends and other restricted payments, and certain financial maintenance covenants. At December 31, 2024, we were subject to the following financial covenants under our Credit Facility: (A) a Total Leverage Ratio not to exceed 5.00 to 1.00 and (B) a Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Facility) of not less than 1.20 to 1.00 as of the end of any period of four consecutive fiscal quarters. These financial
maintenance covenants are calculated for the Company and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. We were in compliance with all of the covenants contained in our Credit Facility at December 31, 2024.
At December 31, 2024, we had outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facility of $137.0 million. We also had one letter of credit for $2.2 million under the Credit Facility. The letter of credit will expire on November 25, 2025, and is expected to automatically renew annually and secures our obligations under our various self-insured policies. At December 31, 2024, we had $110.8 million of availability under the Credit Facility.
Outstanding borrowings under our Credit Facility bear interest at a prime rate or the SOFR rate, plus an applicable margin based on our leverage ratio. At December 31, 2024, the prime rate margin was equivalent to 1.50% and the SOFR term margin was 2.50%. The weighted average interest rate on our Credit Facility was 8.4% and 8.6% for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
We have no material assets or operations independent of the Subsidiary Guarantors, as all of our assets and operations are held and conducted by the Subsidiary Guarantors. Additionally, we do not currently have any significant restrictions on our ability to receive dividends or loans from any Subsidiary Guarantors.
The interest expense and amortization of debt issuance costs related to our Credit Facility are as follows (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Credit Facility interest expense $ 13,390 $ 17,251 $ 7,105
Credit Facility amortization of debt issuance costs 469 552 412
The interest payments on our remaining borrowings under the Credit Facility will be determined based on the average outstanding balance of our borrowings and the prevailing interest rate during that time. See Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 12 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for further detail of our debt and interest payments.
Lease Obligations
Our lease obligations consist of operating and finance leases. We lease certain office facilities, certain funeral homes, vehicles and equipment under operating leases with original terms ranging from one to twenty years. Many leases include one or more options to renew, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to forty years. In addition, we lease certain other funeral homes, vehicles and equipment under finance leases with original terms ranging from three and a half to forty years.
The components of lease cost are as follows (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Operating lease cost $ 3,998 $ 3,526 $ 3,375
Short-term lease cost 232 372 329
Variable lease cost 380 234 324
Finance lease cost:
Depreciation of leased assets $ 511 $ 541 $ 438
Interest on lease liabilities 506 500 442
At December 31, 2024, non-cancelable operating and finance lease obligations were $35.2 million with $5.5 million payable within 12 months. See Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 14 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for further detail of our lease payments.
Acquisition Debt
Acquisition debt consists of deferred purchase price and promissory notes payable to sellers. A majority of the deferred purchase price and notes bear no interest and are discounted at imputed interest rates ranging from 6.5% to 7.3%. Original maturities typically range from nine to twenty years.
The imputed interest expense related to our acquisition debt is as follows (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Acquisition debt imputed interest expense $ 406 $ 291 $ 311
At December 31, 2024, acquisition debt obligations were $8.3 million, with $0.9 million payable within 12 months. See Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 12 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for further detail of our debt payments.
Senior Notes
At December 31, 2024, we had $400.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.25% Senior Notes due 2029 (the “Senior Notes”) and related guarantees by the Subsidiary Guarantors, which were issued in a private offering under Rule 144A and Regulation S of the Securities Act.
The Senior Notes were issued under an indenture, dated as of May 13, 2021 (the “Indenture”), among the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee (“Collateral Trustee”). The Senior Notes are unsecured, senior obligations and are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis, jointly and severally by each of the Subsidiary Guarantors. The Senior Notes mature on May 15, 2029, unless earlier redeemed or purchased and bear interest at 4.25% per year, which is payable semi-annually in arrears on May 15 and November 15 of each year, beginning on November 15, 2021.
We may redeem the Senior Notes, in whole or in part, at the redemption price of 102.13% on or after May 15, 2024, 101.06% on or after May 15, 2025 and 100% on or after May 15, 2026, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date.
If a “change of control” occurs, holders of the Senior Notes will have the option to require us to purchase for cash all or a portion of their Senior Notes at a price equal to 101% of the principal amount of the Senior Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, if we make certain asset sales and do not reinvest the proceeds thereof or use such proceeds to repay certain debt, we will be required to use the proceeds of such asset sales to make an offer to purchase the Senior Notes at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Senior Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest.
The Indenture contains restrictive covenants limiting our ability and our Restricted Subsidiaries (as defined in the Indenture) to, among other things, incur additional indebtedness or issue certain preferred shares, create liens on certain assets to secure debt, pay dividends or make other equity distributions, purchase or redeem capital stock, make certain investments, sell assets, agree to certain restrictions on the ability of Restricted Subsidiaries to make payments to us, consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all assets, or engage in transactions with affiliates. The Indenture also contains customary events of default.
The debt discount and the debt issuance costs are being amortized using the effective interest method over the remaining term of 53 months of the Senior Notes. The effective interest rate on the unamortized debt discount and the unamortized debt issuance costs for the Senior Notes for both the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was 4.42% and 4.30%, respectively.
The fair value of the Senior Notes, which are Level 2 measurements, was $364.4 million at December 31, 2024.
The interest expense and amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs related to our Senior Notes are as follows (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Senior Notes interest expense $ 17,000 $ 17,000 $ 16,980
Senior Notes amortization of debt discount 539 515 493
Senior Notes amortization of debt issuance costs 153 147 140
We have future interest payments on our outstanding balance of $76.5 million, with $17.0 million payable within 12 months. See Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 13 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for further detail of our debt and interest payments.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
At December 31, 2024, our off-balance sheet arrangements were as follows:
Non-compete agreements - We have various non-compete agreements with former owners and employees of businesses we have acquired. These agreements are generally for one to ten years and provide for periodic payments over the term of the agreements. We have future payments on our non-compete agreements of $5.2 million, with $1.9 million payable within 12 months.
Consulting agreements - We have various consulting agreements with former owners of businesses we have acquired. Payments for such agreements are generally not made in advance. These agreements are generally for one to ten years and
provide for bi-weekly or monthly payments. We have future payments on our consulting agreements of $2.5 million, with $1.3 million payable within 12 months.
Employment agreements - We have employment agreements with our executive officers. These agreements are generally for two to five years and provide for participation in various incentive compensation arrangements. These agreements generally renew automatically on an annual basis after their initial term has expired. We have future payments on our employment agreements of $10.0 million, with $5.5 million payable within 12 months.
Letter of credit - We have one letter of credit for $2.2 million under the Credit Facility, which secures our obligations under our various self-insurance policies in the event we are unable to meet the self-insurance portion of our claim payment obligations. As we already have reserves recorded for our self-insurance claims costs, these do not represent additional liabilities. The letter of credit will expire on November 25, 2025 and is expected to automatically renew annually.
The obligations related to our off-balance sheet arrangements are significant to our future liquidity; however, although we can provide no assurances, we anticipate that these obligations will be funded from cash provided from our operating activities. If we are not able to meet these obligations with cash provided by our operating activities, we may be required to access the capital markets or draw down on our Credit Facility, both of which may be more difficult to access. See Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes 12 and 15 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for further detail of our letter of credit and off-balance sheet agreements, respectively.
FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS
Below are our financial highlights (in thousands except for volumes and averages):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Revenue $ 404,198 $ 382,520 $ 370,174
Funeral contracts 44,103 46,355 47,498
Average revenue per funeral contract $ 5,714 $ 5,543 $ 5,493
Preneed interment rights (property) sold 14,523 11,813 10,878
Average price per preneed interment right sold $ 5,374 $ 5,007 $ 4,576
Gross profit $ 143,390 $ 124,295 $ 119,226
Net income $ 32,953 $ 33,413 $ 41,381
Revenue in 2024 increased $21.7 million compared to 2023, primarily as a result of a 22.9% increase in preneed interment rights (property) sold and a 7.3% increase in the average price per preneed interment right sold. Additionally, we experienced a 3.1% increase in the average revenue per funeral contract, which was offset by a 4.9% decrease in funeral contract volume.
Revenue in 2023 increased $12.3 million compared to 2022, primarily as a result of a 9.4% increase in the average price per interment right sold, an 8.6% increase in the number of preneed interment rights (property) sold and a 0.9% increase in average revenue per funeral contract, offset by a 2.4% decrease in funeral contract volume. The funeral contract volume decrease is primarily a result of the lower impact of COVID-19 related deaths in the first quarter of 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022. Further discussion of revenue for our funeral home and cemetery segments is presented under “Results of Operations.”
Gross profit in 2024 increased $19.1 million compared to 2023, primarily due to the increase in revenue from our cemetery segment, as well as lower operating expenses in both of our segments. The overall decrease in operating expenses reflects the continued progress we have made successfully executing on our cost management initiatives in 2024.
Gross profit in 2023 increased $5.1 million compared to 2022, primarily due to the increase in revenue from our cemetery segment, offset by an increase in operating expenses in our cemetery segment. Further discussion of the components of gross profit for our funeral home and cemetery segments, is presented under “Results of Operations.”
Net income in 2024 decreased $0.5 million compared to 2023, primarily due to a $16.9 million increase in general, administrative and other expenses, primarily comprised of one-time costs related to executive severance payments and the Company’s review of strategic alternatives, a $4.1 million increase in income tax expense and a $1.4 million increase in loss on divestitures, disposals and impairment charges. These increases in expenses were offset by the $19.1 million increase in gross profit contribution from our businesses and a $4.2 million decrease in interest expense.
Net income in 2023 decreased $8.0 million compared to 2022, primarily due to the following: (1) a $10.4 million increase in interest expense; (2) a $4.7 million increase in general, administrative and other expenses; and (3) a $1.0 million increase in divestitures, disposals, impairment charges and insurance reimbursements, offset by (4) the increase in gross profit of $5.1 million and (4) a $2.8 million decrease in tax expense.
Further discussion of general, administrative and other expenses, net loss on divestitures, disposals and impairment charges, interest expense, income taxes and other components of income and expenses are presented under “Other Financial Statement Items.”
REPORTING AND NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
We also present our financial performance in our “Condensed Operating and Financial Trend Report” (“Trend Report”) as reported in our earnings release for the year ending December 31, 2024, dated February 26, 2025, and discussed in the corresponding earnings conference call. This Trend Report is used as a supplemental financial statement by management and investors to compare our current financial performance with our previous results and with the performance of other companies. We do not intend for this information to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for other measures of performance prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). The Trend Report is a non-GAAP statement that also provides insight into underlying trends in our business.
Below is a reconciliation of gross profit (a GAAP financial measure) to adjusted operating profit (a non-GAAP financial measure) (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Gross profit $ 143,390 $ 124,295 $ 119,226
Cemetery property amortization 8,168 6,039 5,859
Field depreciation expense 13,729 14,166 13,316
Regional and unallocated funeral and cemetery costs 15,364 16,576 22,960
Adjusted operating profit(1)
$ 180,651 $ 161,076 $ 161,361
(1) Adjusted operating profit is defined as gross profit plus cemetery property amortization, field depreciation expense and regional and unallocated funeral and cemetery costs.
Our operations are reported in two business segments: Funeral Home and Cemetery. Below is a breakdown of adjusted operating profit (a non-GAAP financial measure) by segment (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Funeral Home $ 107,990 $ 104,997 $ 111,471
Cemetery 72,661 56,079 49,890
Adjusted operating profit $ 180,651 $ 161,076 $ 161,361
Adjusted operating profit margin(1)
44.7% 42.1% 43.6%
(1) Adjusted operating profit margin is defined as adjusted operating profit as a percentage of revenue.
Further discussion of adjusted operating profit for our funeral home and cemetery segments is presented under “Results of Operations.”
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 COMPARED TO YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023
Results of Operations
The following is a discussion of our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.
The term “operating” in the funeral home and cemetery segments refers to all funeral homes and cemeteries that we owned and operated in the current reporting period, excluding certain funeral home and cemetery businesses that we have divested in such period.
The term “divested” when discussed in the funeral home segment, refers to six funeral homes we sold and three funeral homes we merged with other businesses we own in existing markets during the year ended December 31, 2024 and two funeral homes we sold and one funeral home we merged with another business we own in an existing market during the year ended December 31, 2023.
The term “divested” when discussed in the cemetery segment, refers to one cemetery we sold during the year ended December 31, 2024 and two cemeteries we sold during the year ended December 31, 2023.
The term “ancillary” in the funeral home segment represents our flower shop, monument business, pet cremation business and online cremation businesses.
Cemetery property amortization, field depreciation expense and regional and unallocated funeral and cemetery costs, are not included in adjusted operating profit, a non-GAAP financial measure. Adding back these items will result in gross profit, a GAAP financial measure.
Funeral Home Segment
The following table sets forth certain information regarding our revenue and adjusted operating profit for our funeral home operations (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023
Revenue:
Operating $ 243,709 $ 244,893
Divested 1,023 4,502
Ancillary 4,322 4,588
Other 14,060 10,793
Total $ 263,114 $ 264,776
Adjusted operating profit
Operating $ 95,113 $ 93,766
Divested 41 1,166
Ancillary 673 455
Other 12,163 9,610
Total $ 107,990 $ 104,997
The following consolidated operating measures reflect the significant metrics over this comparative period:
Contract volume 44,103 46,355
Average revenue per contract, excluding preneed funeral trust earnings $ 5,549 $ 5,380
Average revenue per contract, including preneed funeral trust earnings $ 5,714 $ 5,543
Cremation rate 60.2% 59.0%
Funeral home operating revenue decreased $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The decline in operating revenue was primarily driven by a 4.9% decrease in contract volume, which was partially offset by a 3.1% increase in the average revenue per contract excluding preneed interest. The decline in funeral contract volume was primarily influenced by the lingering impact of the COVID-19 related pull forward effect. However, we continued to successfully implement our enhanced pricing strategy through 2024, which contributed to the increase in average revenue per funeral contract.
Funeral home adjusted operating profit for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased $1.3 million when compared to the same period in 2023, reflecting our ongoing focus on cost efficiency and operational improvements. The comparable adjusted operating profit margin increased 70 basis points to 39.0%, driven by a 0.8% reduction in operating expenses as a percentage of revenue. Key expense reductions include salary and benefits expenses which decreased 0.5%, cost of merchandise which decreased 0.4%, and other funeral costs which decreased 0.2%. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in facilities and grounds expense of 0.6%. The overall decrease in operating expenses reflects the continued progress we have made successfully executing on our cost management initiatives this year.
Ancillary revenue, which represents revenue from our flower shop, monument business, pet cremation business and online cremation businesses decreased $0.3 million, while ancillary adjusted operating profit increased $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease in ancillary revenue is primarily due to a decision to cease the operations of a cremation focused business at our Bakersfield, CA business, which did not contribute materially to adjusted operating profit.
Other revenue and other adjusted operating profit, which consists of preneed funeral insurance commissions and earnings from delivered preneed funeral trust and insurance contracts, increased $3.3 million and $2.6 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. These increases are primarily due to the increase in our general agency commission income earned on the sale of preneed insurance policies as we continue to focus on growth of our preneed funeral sales through our strategic partnership with a national insurance provider that began during the second quarter of 2023.
Cemetery Segment
The following table sets forth certain information regarding our revenue and adjusted operating profit for our cemetery operations (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023
Revenue:
Operating $ 125,095 $ 101,150
Divested 156 1,111
Other 15,833 15,483
Total $ 141,084 $ 117,744
Adjusted operating profit (loss)
Operating $ 57,233 $ 40,899
Divested (30) 209
Other 15,458 14,971
Total $ 72,661 $ 56,079
The following consolidated measures reflect the significant metrics over this comparative period:
Preneed revenue as a percentage of operating revenue 69% 63%
Preneed revenue (in thousands) $ 86,745 $ 64,498
Atneed revenue (in thousands) $ 38,506 $ 37,763
Number of preneed interment rights sold 14,523 11,813
Average price per interment right sold $ 5,374 $ 5,007
Cemetery operating revenue increased $23.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily as a result of a 22.9% increase in the number of preneed interment rights sold and a 7.3% increase in the average price per preneed interment right sold. Cemetery atneed revenue, which represents 31% of our total operating revenue, increased $0.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the same period of the prior year, primarily due to an increase in delivered merchandise and services across our cemetery portfolio. The increase in cemetery revenue highlights the effectiveness of our preneed cemetery sales growth plan, as we continue to focus on executing our strategic objectives.
Cemetery adjusted operating profit increased $16.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to higher revenue and improved operational efficiencies. The comparable operating profit margin increased 540 basis point to 45.8%. Operating expenses as a percentage of operating revenue decreased 5.5%, driven by reductions in key expenses such as salaries and benefits which decreased 3.6%, merchandise costs which decreased 0.9%, and general and administrative expenses which decreased 0.3% These decreases reflect the continued progress we have made successfully executing on our cost management initiatives.
Other revenue and other adjusted operating profit, which consist of preneed cemetery trust revenue and preneed cemetery finance charges, increased $0.4 million and $0.5 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. These increases are primarily due to a $0.2 million increase in finance charges on financed preneed contracts, as well as a $0.2 million increase in income earned on delivered merchandise and services and improved performance for our perpetual care trust fund.
Cemetery property amortization. Cemetery property amortization totaled $8.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of $2.1 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily driven by the increase in property sold across our cemetery portfolio.
Field depreciation. Depreciation expense for our field businesses totaled $13.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, a decrease of $0.4 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily driven by our business decision in 2023 to lease vehicles rather than purchase them.
Regional and unallocated funeral and cemetery costs. Regional and unallocated funeral and cemetery costs consist of salaries and benefits for regional management, field incentive compensation and other related costs for field infrastructure. Regional and unallocated funeral and cemetery costs totaled $15.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, a decrease of $1.2 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily driven by the following: i) an $0.7 million decrease in incentive compensation costs, ii) a $0.7 million decrease in leadership and development expenses, offset by iii) a $0.4 million increase in salaries and benefits expenses.
Other Financial Statement Items
General, administrative and other. General, administrative and other expenses, which include salaries and benefits and cash and equity incentive compensation for our Houston support office, totaled $59.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of $16.9 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily driven by the following: i) a $6.2 million increase in salary and benefits expenses and cash and equity incentive compensation costs, primarily driven by the termination expense of our founder and former Executive Chairman of the Board pursuant to his Transition Agreement and termination expense for our former Chief Financial Officer pursuant to his Separation and Release Agreement; ii) a $4.6 million increase in other professional fees primarily related to the development of our digital transformation project; iii) a $4.0 million increase primarily related to our agreement to pay our financial advisor in connection with the Company's previously concluded review of strategic alternatives; iv) a $0.9 million increase in information technology expenses such as software license and support fees; and v) a $1.2 million increase in various other general and administrative expenses.
Net loss on divestitures, disposals and impairment charges. The components of Net loss on divestitures, disposals and impairment charges are as follows (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023
Impairment of goodwill, intangibles and PPE $ 637 $ 454
Net loss on divestitures 1,224 106
Net loss on disposals of fixed assets 719 631
Total $ 2,580 $ 1,191
During the year ended December 31, 2024, we sold six funeral homes and one cemetery for an aggregate loss of $1.2 million. We also recognized an impairment of $0.6 million as a result of our 2024 qualitative assessment of tradenames and an impairment of $40 thousand related to property, plant and equipment for assets held for sale.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, we sold two funeral homes and two cemeteries for a loss of $0.1 million. We recognized impairments of $0.2 million as a result of our 2023 qualitative assessment of tradenames.
Interest expense. Interest expense related to its respective debt arrangement is as follows (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023
Senior Notes $ 17,692 $ 17,662
Credit Facility 13,860 17,803
Finance leases 506 500
Acquisition debt 406 291
Other (389) 10
Total $ 32,075 $ 36,266
Net gain on property damage, net of insurance claims. The components of Net gain on property damage, net of insurance claims are as follows (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023
Gain on property damage by Hurricane Ian $ (417) (379)
Gain on property damage by Hurricane Ida - $ (28)
Loss on other property damage - 64
Total $ (417) $ (343)
Other, net. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded a $1.4 million gain on the sale of other real estate not used in business operations. We did not record any gain or loss activity during the year ended December 31, 2024.
Income taxes. Income tax expense totaled $17.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of $4.1 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. Our operating tax rate before discrete items was 32.1% and 28.4% for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
We recorded a net discrete tax expense of $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of $1.2 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The net discrete tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2024, includes expense related to equity compensation and other adjustments including return to provision analysis and state legislative changes. Our effective tax rate was 34.2% and 28.0% for years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
At December 31, 2024, our unrecognized tax benefit reserve for uncertain tax positions primarily relates to the uncertainty of receiving audit protection for revenue recognition of cemetery property for the benefit derived from carrying back losses to tax years with a higher effective tax rate than the current 21.0% rate. Our unrecognized tax benefit reserve for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $3.5 million and $3.4 million, respectively.
See Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes 1 and 16 for additional information regarding income taxes.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
The preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses. Understanding our accounting policies and the extent to which our management uses judgment, assumptions and estimates in applying these policies is integral to understanding our Consolidated Financial Statements. Our critical accounting policies are more fully described in Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 1.
We have identified the following accounting policies as those that require significant judgments, assumptions and estimates and that have a significant impact on our financial condition and results of operations. These policies are considered critical because they may result in fluctuations in our reported results from period to period due to the significant judgments, estimates and assumptions about complex and inherently uncertain matters and because the use of different judgments, assumptions or estimates could have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations. Actual results may differ from these estimates and such estimates may change if the underlying conditions or assumptions change. Historical performance should not be viewed as indicative of future performance because there can be no assurance the margins, operating income and net earnings, as a percentage of revenue, will be consistent from period to period. We evaluate our critical accounting estimates and judgments required by our policies on an ongoing basis and update them as appropriate based on changing conditions.
Goodwill
Our quantitative goodwill impairment test involves estimates and management judgment. In the quantitative analysis, we compare the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. We determine fair value for each reporting unit using both an income approach, weighted 90%, and a market approach, weighted 10%. Our methodology for determining an income-based fair value is based on discounting projected future cash flows. The discounted cash flow valuation uses projections of future cash flows and includes assumptions concerning future operating performance and economic conditions that may differ from actual future cash flows. Our methodology for determining a market approach fair value utilizes the guideline public company method, in which we rely on market multiples of comparable companies operating in the same industry as the individual reporting units. In accordance with the guidance, if the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount an impairment charge is recorded in an amount equal to the difference.
See Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 4 for additional information related to goodwill.
Business Combinations
Determining the fair value of identifiable assets, particularly intangibles and liabilities acquired also requires management to make estimates, which are based on all available information and in some cases assumptions with respect to the timing and amount of future revenues and expenses associated with an asset. To the extent that information not available to us at the closing date subsequently becomes available during the allocation period, we may adjust goodwill, intangible assets, assets or liabilities associated with the acquisition.
When we acquire a cemetery, we utilize an internal and external approach to determine the fair value of the cemetery property. From an external perspective, we obtain an accredited appraisal to provide reasonable assurance for property existence, property availability (unrestricted) for development, property lines, available spaces to sell, identifiable obstacles or easements and general valuation inclusive of known variables in that market. From an internal perspective, we conduct a detailed analysis of the acquired cemetery property using other cemeteries in our portfolio as a benchmark. This provides the added benefit of relevant data that is not available to third-party appraisers. Through this thorough internal process, the Company is able to identify viable costs of property based on historical experience, particular markets and demographics, reasonable margins, practical retail prices and park infrastructure and condition.
See Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 3 for additional information related to business combinations.
RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS, ACCOUNTING CHANGES AND OTHER REGULATIONS
For discussion of recent accounting pronouncements and accounting changes, see Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 2.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.
In the ordinary course of business, we are typically exposed to a variety of market risks. Currently, these are primarily related to interest rate risk and changes in the values of securities associated with the preneed and perpetual care trusts. Management is actively involved in monitoring exposure to market risk and developing and utilizing appropriate risk management techniques when appropriate and when available at a reasonable price. We are not exposed to any other significant market risks other than those related to the impact of health and safety concerns from epidemics and pandemics and inflation which are described in more detail in Part 1, Item 1A, Risk Factors in this Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
The following quantitative and qualitative information is provided about financial instruments to which we are a party at December 31, 2024 and from which we may incur future gains or losses from changes in market conditions. We do not enter into derivative or other financial instruments for speculative or trading purposes.
Hypothetical changes in interest rates and the values of securities associated with the preneed and perpetual care trusts chosen for the following estimated sensitivity analysis are considered to be reasonable near-term changes generally based on consideration of past fluctuations for each risk category. However, since it is not possible to accurately predict future changes in interest rates, these hypothetical changes may not necessarily be an indicator of probable future fluctuations.
The following information about our market-sensitive financial instruments constitutes a “forward-looking statement.”
In connection with our preneed funeral operations and preneed cemetery merchandise and service sales, the related funeral and cemetery trust funds own investments in equity and debt securities and mutual funds, which are sensitive to current market prices. Cost and market values of such investments at December 31, 2024 are presented in Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 8. The sensitivity of the fixed income securities is such that a 0.25% change in interest rates causes an approximate 0.37% change in the value of the fixed income securities.
We monitor current and forecasted interest rate risk in the ordinary course of business and seek to maintain optimal financial flexibility, quality and solvency. As of December 31, 2024, we had outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facility of $137.0 million. Any further borrowings or voluntary prepayments against the Credit Facility or any change in the floating rate would cause a change in interest expense. We have the option to pay interest under our Credit Facility at either the prime rate or the Term SOFR rate, plus an applicable margin based on our leverage ratio. At December 31, 2024, the prime rate margin was equivalent to 1.5% and the SOFR rate margin was 2.5%. Assuming the outstanding balance remains unchanged, a change of 100 basis points in our borrowing rate would result in a change in income before taxes of $1.4 million. We have not entered into interest rate hedging arrangements in the past. Management continually evaluates the cost and potential benefits of interest rate hedging arrangements.
Our Senior Notes bear interest at the fixed annual rate of 4.25%. We may redeem the Senior Notes, in whole or in part, at the redemption price of 102.13% on or after May 15, 2024, 101.06% on or after May 15, 2025 and 100% on or after May 15, 2026, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date. At December 31, 2024, the carrying value
of the Senior Notes on our Consolidated Balance Sheets was $396.6 million and the fair value of the Senior Notes was $364.4 million based on the last traded or broker quoted price as reported by Financial Industry Regulatory Authority. Increases in market interest rates may cause the value of the Senior Notes to decrease, but such changes will not affect our interest costs.
The remainder of our long-term debt and leases consist of non interest-bearing notes and fixed rate instruments that do not trade in a market and do not have a quoted market value. Any increase in market interest rates causes the fair value of those liabilities to decrease, but such changes will not affect our interest costs.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA.
CARRIAGE SERVICES, INC.
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Page
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS:
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID Number 248)
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Board of Directors and Stockholders
Carriage Services, Inc.
Opinion on the financial statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Carriage Services, Inc. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes and financial statement schedule included under Item 15(2) (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”), and our report dated February 28, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion.
Basis for opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical audit matters
Critical audit matters are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. We determined that there are no critical audit matters.
/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2014.
Dallas, Texas
February 28, 2025
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Board of Directors and Stockholders
Carriage Services, Inc.
Opinion on internal control over financial reporting
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Carriage Services, Inc., (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by COSO.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, and our report dated February 28, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.
Basis for opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and limitations of internal control over financial reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP
Dallas, Texas
February 28, 2025
CARRIAGE SERVICES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except share data)
December 31,
2024 2023
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 1,165 $ 1,523
Accounts receivable, net 30,193 27,060
Inventories 7,920 8,347
Prepaid and other current assets 4,123 4,791
Current assets held for sale 1,135 -
Total current assets 44,536 41,721
Preneed cemetery trust investments 98,120 96,374
Preneed funeral trust investments 106,219 107,842
Preneed cemetery receivables, net 50,958 35,575
Receivables from preneed funeral trusts, net 22,372 21,530
Property, plant and equipment, net 273,004 287,484
Cemetery property, net 109,576 114,580
Goodwill 414,859 423,643
Intangible and other non-current assets, net 40,427 37,677
Operating lease right-of-use assets 14,953 16,295
Cemetery perpetual care trust investments 85,103 85,331
Non-current assets held for sale 19,453 -
Total assets $ 1,279,580 $ 1,268,052
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Current portion of debt and lease obligations $ 3,914 $ 3,842
Accounts payable 15,427 11,866
Accrued and other liabilities 38,460 35,362
Current liabilities held for sale 240 -
Total current liabilities 58,041 51,070
Acquisition debt, net of current portion 4,895 5,461
Long-term liabilities held for sale 13,842 -
Credit facility 135,382 177,794
Senior notes 396,597 395,905
Obligations under finance leases, net of current portion 6,045 5,831
Obligations under operating leases, net of current portion 14,035 15,797
Deferred preneed cemetery revenue 61,767 61,048
Deferred preneed funeral revenue 39,261 39,537
Deferred tax liability 51,429 52,127
Other long-term liabilities 1,179 1,855
Deferred preneed cemetery receipts held in trust 98,120 96,374
Deferred preneed funeral receipts held in trust 106,219 107,842
Care trusts’ corpus 84,218 84,351
Total liabilities 1,071,030 1,094,992
Commitments and contingencies:
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 80,000,000 shares authorized and 26,881,355 and 26,627,319 shares issued, respectively and 15,253,537 and 14,999,501 shares outstanding, respectively
269 266
Additional paid-in capital 243,825 241,291
Retained earnings 243,209 210,256
Treasury stock, at cost; 11,627,818 shares
(278,753) (278,753)
Total stockholders’ equity 208,550 173,060
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 1,279,580 $ 1,268,052
The accompanying condensed notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
CARRIAGE SERVICES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in thousands, except per share data)
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Revenue:
Service revenue $ 183,051 $ 182,166 $ 181,271
Property and merchandise revenue 186,932 169,490 161,970
Other revenue 34,215 30,864 26,933
404,198 382,520 370,174
Field costs and expenses:
Cost of service 90,704 91,799 87,322
Cost of merchandise 126,922 123,817 116,453
Cemetery property amortization 8,168 6,039 5,859
Field depreciation expense 13,729 14,166 13,316
Regional and unallocated funeral and cemetery costs 15,364 16,576 22,960
Other expenses 5,921 5,828 5,038
260,808 258,225 250,948
Gross profit 143,390 124,295 119,226
Corporate costs and expenses:
General, administrative and other 59,011 42,125 37,471
Net loss on divestitures, disposals and impairments charges 2,580 1,191 2,029
Operating income 81,799 80,979 79,726
Interest expense 32,075 36,266 25,895
Loss on extinguishment of debt - - 190
Net gain on property damage, net of insurance claims (417) (343) (3,471)
Other, net 61 (1,373) (82)
Income before income taxes 50,080 46,429 57,194
Expense for income taxes 16,079 13,186 16,243
Expense (benefit) related to discrete income tax items 1,048 (170) (430)
Total expense for income taxes 17,127 13,016 15,813
Net income $ 32,953 $ 33,413 $ 41,381
Basic earnings per common share: $ 2.17 $ 2.24 $ 2.78
Diluted earnings per common share: $ 2.10 $ 2.14 $ 2.63
Dividends declared per common share: $ 0.4500 $ 0.4500 $ 0.4500
Weighted average number of common and common equivalent shares outstanding:
Basic 14,971 14,803 14,857
Diluted 15,443 15,455 15,710
The accompanying condensed notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
CARRIAGE SERVICES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(in thousands)
Shares Outstanding Common Stock Additional Paid-in Capital Retained Earnings Treasury Stock Total
Balance - December 31, 2021 15,332 $ 263 $ 236,809 $ 135,462 $ (244,519) $ 128,015
Net income - - - 41,381 - 41,381
Issuance of common stock from employee stock purchase plan 52 1 1,685 - - 1,686
Issuance of common stock to directors and board advisor 12 - 435 - - 435
Exercise of stock options 10 - (63) - - (63)
Restricted common stock and stock options surrendered for taxes paid (6) - (205) - - (205)
Stock-based compensation expense - - 5,524 - - 5,524
Dividends on common stock - - (6,763) - - (6,763)
Treasury stock acquired (695) - - - (34,234) (34,234)
Other 27 - 1,358 - - 1,358
Balance - December 31, 2022 14,732 $ 264 $ 238,780 $ 176,843 $ (278,753) $ 137,134
Net income - - - 33,413 - 33,413
Issuance of common stock from employee stock purchase plan 63 - 1,494 - - 1,494
Issuance of common stock to directors and board advisor 16 - 451 - - 451
Issuance of common stock to former executive 30 - 826 - - 826
Issuance of restricted common stock 142 2 (2) - - -
Exercise of stock options 12 - (174) - - (174)
Restricted common stock and stock options surrendered for taxes paid (3) - (78) - - (78)
Stock-based compensation expense - - 6,426 - - 6,426
Dividends on common stock - - (6,708) - - (6,708)
Other 8 - 276 - - 276
Balance - December 31, 2023 15,000 $ 266 $ 241,291 $ 210,256 $ (278,753) $ 173,060
Net income - - - 32,953 - 32,953
Issuance of common stock from employee stock purchase plan 57 - 1,187 - - 1,187
Issuance of common stock to directors and board advisor 17 - 531 - - 531
Issuance of restricted common stock 157 2 (2) - - -
Exercise of stock options 68 1 1,439 - - 1,440
Restricted common stock and stock options surrendered for taxes paid (76) - (593) - - (593)
Stock-based compensation expense - - 5,989 - - 5,989
Dividends on common stock - - (6,807) - - (6,807)
Other 31 - 790 - - 790
Balance - December 31, 2024 15,254 $ 269 $ 243,825 $ 243,209 $ (278,753) $ 208,550
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
CARRIAGE SERVICES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income $ 32,953 $ 33,413 $ 41,381
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization 22,890 21,117 19,799
Provision for credit losses 3,351 3,050 2,818
Stock-based compensation expense 6,520 7,703 5,959
Deferred income tax (benefit) expense (698) 3,307 3,036
Amortization of intangibles 1,357 1,401 1,286
Amortization of debt issuance costs 622 699 552
Amortization and accretion of debt 539 515 493
Loss on extinguishment of debt - - 190
Net loss on divestitures, disposals and impairment charges 2,580 1,191 2,029
Net gain on property damage, net of insurance claims (417) (343) (3,471)
Gain on sale of excess land - (1,407) (155)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities that provided (used) cash:
Accounts and preneed receivables (24,620) (8,122) (5,358)
Inventories, prepaid and other current assets 1,056 (72) 2,295
Intangible and other non-current assets (4,402) (3,246) (1,917)
Preneed funeral and cemetery trust investments 1,390 (775) (17,679)
Accounts payable 1,616 169 (101)
Accrued and other liabilities 3,590 2,988 (9,120)
Deferred preneed funeral and cemetery revenue 6,866 14,968 1,302
Deferred preneed funeral and cemetery receipts held in trust (3,197) (966) 17,685
Net cash provided by operating activities 51,996 75,590 61,024
Cash flows from investing activities:
Acquisitions of businesses and real property - (44,500) (33,876)
Proceeds from divestitures and sale of other assets 12,057 4,132 5,027
Proceeds from insurance claims 403 1,403 2,440
Capital expenditures (16,098) (18,039) (26,081)
Net cash used in investing activities (3,638) (57,004) (52,490)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Borrowings from the credit facility 54,900 86,100 155,400
Payments against the credit facility (97,000) (97,700) (120,100)
Payment of debt issuance costs for the credit facility (781) - (922)
Payments on acquisition debt and obligations under finance leases (1,061) (1,167) (882)
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options and employee stock purchase plan contributions 2,626 1,494 1,745
Taxes paid on restricted stock vesting and exercise of stock options (593) (252) (327)
Dividends paid on common stock (6,807) (6,708) (6,763)
Purchase of treasury stock - - (36,663)
Net cash used in financing activities (48,716) (18,233) (8,512)
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents during the year (358) 353 22
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 1,523 1,170 1,148
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year $ 1,165 $ 1,523 $ 1,170
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
The Company
Carriage Services, Inc. (“Carriage,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) is a leading provider of funeral and cemetery services and merchandise in the United States. Our operations are reported in two business segments: Funeral Home Operations, which currently accounts for approximately 65% of our total revenue and Cemetery Operations, which currently accounts for approximately 35% of our total revenue. At December 31, 2024, we operated 162 funeral homes in 26 states and 31 cemeteries in 11 states.
Our funeral home operations are principally service businesses that generate revenue from sales of burial and cremation services and related merchandise, such as caskets and urns. Funeral services include consultation, the removal and preparation of remains, the sale of caskets and related funeral merchandise, the use of funeral home facilities for visitation and memorial services and transportation services. We provide funeral services and products on both an “atneed” (time of death) and “preneed” (planned prior to death) basis.
Our cemetery operations generate revenue primarily through sales of cemetery interment rights (primarily grave sites, lawn crypts, mausoleum spaces and niches), related cemetery merchandise (such as memorial markers, outer burial containers and monuments) and services (interments, inurnments and installation of cemetery merchandise). We provide cemetery services and products on both an atneed and preneed basis.
Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include the Company and its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our critical estimates and judgments, which include those related to the impairment of goodwill and the fair value measurements used in business combinations. These policies are considered critical because they may result in fluctuations in our reported results from period to period due to the significant judgments, estimates and assumptions about complex and inherently uncertain matters and because the use of different judgments, assumptions or estimates could have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations. Actual results may differ from these estimates and such estimates may change if the underlying conditions or assumptions change. Historical performance should not be viewed as indicative of future performance because there can be no assurance the margins, operating income and net earnings, as a percentage of revenue, will be consistent from period to period.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
We consider all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. We maintain cash and cash equivalents at United States financial institutions for which the combined account balances in individual institutions may exceed FDIC insurance coverage and, as a result, there is a concentration of credit risk related to amounts on deposit in excess of FDIC insurance coverage. As of December 31, 2024, approximately $3.3 million of our deposits were not covered by FDIC insurance. We have not experienced any losses and believe we are not exposed to any significant risk with such accounts.
Funeral and Cemetery Receivables
Our funeral receivables are recorded in Accounts receivable, net and primarily consist of amounts due for funeral services already performed.
Atneed cemetery receivables and preneed cemetery receivables with payments expected to be received within one year from the balance sheet date are also recorded in Accounts receivable, net. Preneed cemetery receivables with payments expected to be received beyond one year from the balance sheet date are recorded in Preneed cemetery receivables, net. Our cemetery receivables generally consist of preneed sales of cemetery interment rights and related products and services, which are typically financed through interest-bearing installment sales contracts, generally with terms of up to five years, with such interest income reflected as Other revenue. In substantially all cases, we receive an initial down payment at the time the contract is signed.
For our funeral and atneed cemetery receivables, we have a collections policy where statements are sent to the customer at 30 days past due. Past due notification letters are sent at 45 days and continue until payment is received or the contract is placed
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
with a third-party collections agency. For our preneed cemetery receivables, we have a collections policy where past due notification letters are sent to the customer beginning at 15 days past due and periodically thereafter until payment is received or the contract is cancelled.
Our allowance for credit losses reflects our best estimate of expected credit losses over the term of both our funeral and cemetery receivables. Our policy is to write off receivables when we have determined they will no longer be collectible. Write-offs are applied as a reduction to the allowance for credit losses and any recoveries of previous write-offs are netted against bad debt expense in the period recovered.
We determine our allowance for credit losses by using a loss-rate methodology, in which we assess our historical write-off of receivables against our total receivables over several years. From this historical loss-rate approach, we also consider the current and forecasted economic conditions expected to be in place over the life of our receivables. These estimates are impacted by a number of factors, including changes in the economy, demographics and competition in our local communities. We monitor our ongoing credit exposure through an active review of our customers’ receivables balance against contract terms and due dates. Our activities include timely performance of our accounts receivable reconciliations, assessment of our aging of receivables, dispute resolution and payment confirmation. We monitor any change in our historical write-off of receivables utilized in our loss-rate methodology and assess forecasted changes in market conditions within our credit reserve.
See Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to our funeral and cemetery receivables.
Inventory
Inventory consists primarily of caskets, outer burial containers and cemetery monuments and markers and is recorded at the lower of its cost basis or net realizable value. Inventory is relieved using specific identification in fulfillment of performance obligations on our contracts.
Business Combinations
Tangible and intangible assets acquired, and liabilities assumed are recorded at fair value and goodwill is recognized for any difference between the price of the acquisition and fair value. We recognize the assets acquired, the liabilities assumed and any non-controlling interest in the acquiree at the acquisition date, measured at the fair value as of that date. Acquisition related costs are recognized separately from the acquisition and are expensed as incurred. We customarily estimate related transaction costs known at closing. To the extent that information not available to us at the closing date subsequently becomes available during the allocation period, we may adjust goodwill, intangible assets, assets or liabilities associated with the acquisition.
See Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to acquisitions.
Divested Operations
Prior to divesting a funeral home or cemetery, we first determine whether the sale of the net assets and activities (together referred to as a “set”) qualifies as a business. First, we perform a screen test to determine if the set is not a business. The principle of the screen is that if substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets sold resides in a single asset or group of similar assets, the set is not a business. If the screen is not met, we perform an assessment to determine if the set is a business by evaluating whether the set has both inputs and a substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create outputs. When both inputs and a substantive process are present then the set is determined to be a business, and we consider the accounting treatment of goodwill for that set (see discussion of Goodwill below). Goodwill is only allocated to the sale if the set is considered to be a business.
See Notes 4 and 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to divestitures.
Goodwill
The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of identifiable net assets of funeral home businesses and cemeteries acquired is recorded as goodwill. Goodwill has an indefinite life and is not subject to amortization. As such, we test goodwill for impairment on an annual basis as of August 31st each year. Under current guidance, we are permitted to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more-likely-than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test.
We performed our most recent annual goodwill impairment test as of August 31, 2024. We intend to perform a quantitative impairment test at least once every three years and perform a qualitative assessment during the remaining two years. We conducted a quantitative assessment in 2022 and a qualitative assessment in 2023 and 2024. In addition to our annual test, we assess the impairment of goodwill whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of a reporting unit may be greater than fair value. Factors that could trigger an interim impairment review include, but are not
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
limited to, significant negative industry or economic trends and significant adverse changes in the business climate, which may be indicated by a decline in our market capitalization or decline in operating results.
Our quantitative goodwill impairment test involves estimates and management judgment. In the quantitative analysis, we compare the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, the goodwill of that reporting unit is not considered impaired. We determine fair value for each reporting unit using both an income approach, weighted 90%, and a market approach, weighted 10%. Our methodology for determining an income-based fair value is based on discounting projected future cash flows. The projected future cash flows include assumptions concerning future operating performance and economic conditions that may differ from actual future cash flows discounted at our weighted average cost of capital based on market participant assumptions. Our methodology for determining a market approach fair value utilizes the guideline public company method, in which we rely on market multiples of comparable companies operating in the same industry as the individual reporting units. In accordance with the guidance, if the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount an impairment charge is recorded in an amount equal to the difference.
Goodwill is only allocated to a divestiture if the set is considered to be a business. When we divest a portion of a reporting unit that constitutes a business in accordance with GAAP, we allocate goodwill associated with that business to be included in the gain or loss on divestiture. The goodwill allocated is based on the relative fair value of the business being divested and the portion of the reporting unit that will be retained. Additionally, after each divestiture, we will test the goodwill remaining in the portion of the reporting unit to be retained for impairment using a qualitative assessment unless we deem a quantitative assessment to be appropriate to ensure the fair value of our reporting units is greater than their carrying value.
See Notes 4 and 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to goodwill.
Intangible Assets
Our intangible assets include tradenames resulting from acquisitions and are included in Intangible and other non-current assets, net on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our tradenames are considered to have an indefinite life and are not subject to amortization. As such, we test our intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis as of August 31st each year. Under current guidance, we are permitted to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more-likely-than not that the fair value of the tradename is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative impairment test.
We performed our most recent annual intangible assets impairment test as of August 31, 2024. We intend to perform a quantitative impairment test at least once every three years and perform a qualitative assessment during the remaining two years. We conducted a quantitative assessment in 2022 and a qualitative assessment in 2023 and 2024. In addition to our intangible assets annual test, we assess the impairment of intangible assets whenever certain events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the intangible asset may be greater than the fair value. Factors that could trigger an interim impairment review include, but are not limited to, significant under-performance relative to historical or projected future operating results and significant negative industry or economic trends.
Our quantitative intangible asset impairment test involves estimates and management judgment. Our quantitative analysis is performed using the relief from royalty method, which measures the tradenames by determining the value of the royalties that we are relieved from paying due to our ownership of the asset. We determine the fair value of the asset by discounting the cash flows that represent a savings in lieu of paying a royalty fee for use of the tradename. The discounted cash flow valuation uses projections of future cash flows and includes assumptions concerning future operating performance and economic conditions that may differ from actual future cash flows and the determination and application of an appropriate royalty rate and discount rate. To estimate the royalty rates for the individual tradename, we mainly rely on the profit split method, but also consider the comparable third-party license agreements and the return on asset method. A scorecard is used to assess the relative strength of the individual tradename to further adjust the royalty rates selected under the profit-split method for qualitative factors. In accordance with the guidance, if the fair value of the tradename is less than its carrying amount, then an impairment charge is recorded in an amount equal to the difference.
See Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to intangible assets.
Preneed and Perpetual Care Trust Funds
Preneed sales generally require deposits to a trust or purchase of a third-party insurance product. We have established a variety of trusts in connection with funeral home and cemetery operations as required under applicable state laws. Such trusts include (i) preneed funeral trusts; (ii) preneed cemetery merchandise and service trusts; and (iii) cemetery perpetual care trusts.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Our preneed and perpetual care trust funds are reported in accordance with the principles of consolidating Variable Interest Entities (“VIEs”). In the case of preneed trusts, the customers are the legal beneficiaries. In the case of perpetual care trusts, we do not have a right to access the corpus in the perpetual care trusts.
Our trust fund assets are reflected in our financial statements as Preneed cemetery trust investments, Preneed funeral trust investments and Cemetery perpetual care trust investments. We have recognized financial interests of third parties in the trust funds in our financial statements as Deferred preneed funeral and cemetery receipts held in trust and Care trusts’ corpus.
Fixed income securities are classified as trading securities and accounted for at fair value. Equity securities with readily determinable market values are accounted for at fair value. The fair value of our trust fund assets is accounted for as Collateralized Financing Entities (“CFEs”) in ASC Topic 810. The accounting guidance for CFEs allows companies to elect to measure both the financial assets and financial liabilities using the more observable of the fair value of the financial assets or fair value of the financial liabilities. Pursuant to this guidance, we have determined the fair value of the financial assets of the trusts are more observable and we first measure those financial assets at fair value. Our fair value of the financial liabilities mirrors the fair value of the financial assets, in accordance with the ASC. Any changes in fair value are recognized in earnings.
In accordance with respective state laws, we are required to deposit a specified amount into perpetual and memorial care trust funds for each interment right and certain memorials sold. Income from the trust funds is distributed to us and used to provide for the care and maintenance of the cemeteries and mausoleums. Trust fund income is recognized as revenue when realized by the trust and distributable to us. We are restricted from withdrawing any of the principal balances of these funds.
An enterprise is required to perform an analysis to determine whether the enterprise’s variable interest(s) give it a controlling financial interest in a VIE. This analysis identifies the primary beneficiary of a VIE as the enterprise that has both the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses of the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE. Our analysis continues to support our position as the primary beneficiary in the majority of our funeral and cemetery trust funds.
Our preneed funeral and preneed cemetery merchandise and service trusts, as well as the corresponding trust liabilities, are reflected in our financial statements net of an allowance for contract cancellations. We determine this allowance based on our five-year historical experience of contract cancellations. On an ongoing basis, we monitor our historical trend and adjust our allowance accordingly.
See Notes 8 and 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to preneed and perpetual care trust funds.
Deferred Revenue
We have preneed funeral trust fund assets in trusts that are controlled and operated by third parties in which we do not have a controlling financial interest (less than 50%) in the trust assets. We account for these investments at cost, reflected in our financial statements as Receivables from preneed funeral trusts, net, with a corresponding amount recognized as Deferred preneed funeral revenue.
Under certain state regulations, we are allowed to retain certain amounts not required to be deposited to a trust or used to purchase a third-party insurance policy. These amounts we retain represent future revenue that are not held in trust accounts and are recorded in Deferred preneed funeral and cemetery revenue. Future revenue that are held in trust accounts are included in Deferred preneed funeral and cemetery receipts held in trust discussed above.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, we withdrew $8.6 million of realized capital gains and earnings from our preneed funeral and cemetery trust investments. We did not withdraw any realized capital gains and earnings from our preneed trust investments during the year ended December 31, 2024. In certain states, we are allowed to make these withdrawals prior to the delivery of preneed merchandise and service contracts. The realized capital gains and earnings withdrawn increase our cash flow from operations, but are not recognized as revenue in our Consolidated Statements of Operations, however, they reduce our Preneed funeral trust investments and Preneed cemetery trust investments and increase our Deferred preneed funeral revenue and Deferred preneed cemetery revenue.
Held for Sale
The Company classifies assets and liabilities (disposal groups) to be sold as held for sale (“HFS”) in the period in which all of the following criteria are met: (1) management, having the authority to approve the action, commits to a plan to sell the disposal group; (2) the disposal group is available for immediate sale in its present condition subject only to terms that are usual and customary for sales of such disposal groups; (3) an active program to locate a buyer and other actions required to complete the plan to sell the disposal group have been initiated; (4) the sale of the disposal group is probable, and transfer of the disposal group is expected to qualify for recognition as a completed sale within one year, except if events or circumstances beyond the
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Company’s control extend the period of time required to sell the disposal group beyond one year; (5) the disposal group is being actively marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current fair value; and (6) actions required to complete the plan indicate that it is unlikely that significant changes to the plan will be made or that the plan will be withdrawn.
The Company initially measures a disposal group that is classified as held for sale at the lower of its carrying value or fair value less any costs to sell. Any loss resulting from this measurement is recognized in the period in which the held for sale criteria are met. Conversely, gains are not recognized on the sale of a disposal group until the date of sale. The Company assesses the fair value of a disposal group, less any costs to sell, each reporting period it remains classified as held for sale and reports any subsequent changes as an adjustment to the carrying value of the disposal group, as long as the new carrying value does not exceed the carrying value of the disposal group at the time it was initially classified as held for sale. Additionally, depreciation is not recorded during the period in which the long-lived assets, included in the disposal group, are classified as held for sale.
Upon determining that a disposal group meets the criteria to be classified as held for sale, the Company reports the assets and liabilities of the disposal group, if material, in the line items current and non-current assets held for sale and current and long-term liabilities held for sale in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company announced that it was exploring the divestiture of certain non-core businesses in markets that no longer aligned with its strategic objectives and is undergoing a process to find a suitable buyer of these businesses. We expect to close on the sale of these businesses within the next twelve months. As of December 31, 2024, the assets and liabilities of these non-core businesses, included in our funeral home and cemetery segments, have been classified as held for sale.
The table below presents the carrying amounts of the assets and liabilities included as part of the expected sale (in thousands):
December 31, 2024
Accounts receivable, net $ 833
Inventories 302
Current assets held for sale $ 1,135
Preneed cemetery trust investments $ 4,876
Preneed funeral trust investments 2,197
Preneed cemetery receivables, net 1,671
Property, plant and equipment, net 4,898
Cemetery property, net 3,362
Intangible and other non-current assets, net 215
Cemetery perpetual care trust investments 2,234
Non-current assets held for sale $ 19,453
Accounts payable $ 94
Accrued and other liabilities 146
Current liabilities held for sale $ 240
Deferred preneed cemetery revenue $ 3,517
Deferred preneed funeral revenue 1,018
Deferred preneed cemetery receipts held in trust 4,876
Deferred preneed funeral receipts held in trust 2,197
Care trusts’ corpus 2,234
Long-term liabilities held for sale $ 13,842
Fair Value Measurements
We measure the securities held by our funeral merchandise and service, cemetery merchandise and service, and cemetery perpetual care trusts at fair value on a recurring basis in accordance with ASC Topic 820. This guidance defines fair value as the price that would be received in the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date for items that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis (at least annually). The guidance establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
measurements. The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date.
We disclose the extent to which fair value is used to measure financial assets and liabilities, the inputs utilized in calculating valuation measurements, and the effect of the measurement of significant unobservable inputs on earnings, or changes in net assets, as of the measurement date. We currently do not have any assets that have fair values determined by Level 3 inputs and no liabilities measured at fair value.
In the ordinary course of business, we are typically exposed to a variety of market risks. Currently, these are primarily related to changes in fair market values related to outstanding debts and changes in the values of securities associated with the preneed and perpetual care trusts. Management is actively involved in monitoring exposure to market risk and developing and utilizing risk management techniques when appropriate and when available for a reasonable price.
See Notes 7 and 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional required disclosures related to the fair value measurement of our financial assets and liabilities.
Capitalized Commissions on Preneed Contracts
We capitalize sales commissions and other direct selling costs related to preneed cemetery merchandise and services and preneed funeral trust contracts as these costs are incremental and recoverable costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. Our capitalized commissions on preneed contracts are amortized on a straight-line basis over the average maturity period of ten years for our preneed funeral trust contracts and 8 years for our preneed cemetery merchandise and services contracts.
The selling costs related to the sales of cemetery interment rights, which include real property and other costs related to cemetery development activities, continue to be expensed using the specific identification method in the period in which the sale of the cemetery interment right is recognized as revenue. The selling costs related to preneed funeral insurance contracts continue to be expensed in the period incurred as these contracts are not included on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
See Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to capitalized commissions on preneed contracts.
Internally Developed Software
We capitalize costs incurred during the “application development stage” of an internally developed software project, meaning only costs directly related to designing, coding, and testing the software are capitalized, while preliminary project costs and post-implementation activities are expensed, and the capitalized software is then amortized over its estimated useful life, typically ranging from two to five years.
See Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to internally developed software.
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost. The costs of ordinary maintenance and repairs are charged to operations as incurred, while renewals and major replacements that extend the useful economic life of the asset are capitalized. Depreciation of property, plant and equipment is computed based on the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives of the assets:
Years
Buildings and improvements 15 to 40
Furniture and fixtures 5 to 10
Machinery and equipment 3 to 15
Vehicles 5 to 7
Long-lived assets, such as property, plant and equipment and right-of-use assets (see discussion of Leases below) are reported at the lower of their carrying amount or fair value and are reviewed for impairment whenever events, such as significant negative industry or economic trends or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Factors that could trigger an impairment review include, but are not limited to, significant under-performance relative to historical or projected future operating results. We test the recoverability of our long-lived assets by comparing their carrying value to the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the assets over their remaining useful lives. We recognize an impairment loss if the carrying amount of the long-lived asset is not recoverable and exceeds its fair value.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Additionally, assets to be disposed of and assets not expected to provide any future service potential are recorded at the lower of their carrying amount or fair value less estimated costs to sell. If we determine that the carrying value is not recoverable from the proceeds of the sale, we record an impairment loss at that time.
Property, plant and equipment is comprised of the following (in thousands):
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Land $ 86,609 $ 87,635
Buildings and improvements 265,231 263,522
Furniture, equipment and vehicles 72,052 74,372
Property, plant and equipment, at cost 423,892 425,529
Less: accumulated depreciation (145,990) (138,045)
Property, plant and equipment, net including HFS
$ 277,902 $ 287,484
Less: Held for sale
(4,898) -
Property, plant and equipment, net
$ 273,004 $ 287,484
During the year ended December 31, 2024, we sold six funeral homes and one cemetery that had a carrying value of property, plant and equipment of $3.1 million, which was included in the loss on sale and recorded in Net loss on divestitures, disposals and impairment charges on Consolidated Statements of Operations, more fully described in Note 5 to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Additionally, we sold real property for $1.1 million, with a carrying value of $0.8 million, resulting in a $0.3 million gain on the sale, which was recorded in Net loss on divestitures, disposals and impairment charges on Consolidated Statements of Operations.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, we acquired $12.8 million of property, plant and equipment related to our acquisition of a business located in Bakersfield, CA, as more fully described in Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements and $3.1 million related to the acquisition of real property.
Additionally, we sold real property for $3.1 million, with a carrying value of $1.7 million, resulting in a $1.4 million gain on the sale. We also divested one funeral home that had a carrying value of property, plant and equipment of $0.3 million, which was included in the loss on the sale of divestitures and recorded in Net loss on divestitures, disposals and impairment charges on our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Our growth and maintenance capital expenditures totaled $9.1 million, $10.9 million and $18.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, for property, plant, equipment. In addition, we recorded depreciation expense of $14.3 million, $14.7 million and $13.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Cemetery Property
When we acquire a cemetery, we utilize an internal and external approach to determine the fair value of the cemetery property. From an external perspective, we obtain an accredited appraisal to provide reasonable assurance for property existence, property availability (unrestricted) for development, property lines, available spaces to sell, identifiable obstacles or easements and general valuation inclusive of known variables in that market. From an internal perspective, we conduct a detailed analysis of the acquired cemetery property using other cemeteries in our portfolio as a benchmark. This provides the added benefit of relevant data that is not available to third-party appraisers. Through this thorough internal process, we are able to identify viable costs of property based on historical experience, particular markets and demographics, reasonable margins, practical retail prices and park infrastructure and condition.
Cemetery property totaled $112.9 million and $114.6 million, net of accumulated amortization of $72.6 million and $64.6 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which includes $3.4 million of cemetery property held for sale at December 31, 2024. When cemetery property is sold, the value of the cemetery property (interment right costs) is expensed as amortization using the specific identification method in the period in which the sale of the interment right is recognized as revenue.
Our growth capital expenditures totaled $7.0 million, $7.1 million and $7.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, for cemetery property development. We recorded amortization expense for cemetery interment rights of $8.2 million, $6.0 million and $6.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
During the year ended December 31, 2024, we sold one cemetery that had a carrying value of cemetery property of $0.8 million, which was included in the loss on sale and recorded in Net loss on divestitures, disposals and impairment charges on Consolidated Statements of Operations, more fully described in Note 5 to Consolidated Financial Statements.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
During the year ended December 31, 2023, we acquired cemetery property for $9.0 million related to our acquisition of a business located in Bakersfield, CA, as more fully described in Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. We also sold two cemeteries that had a carrying value of cemetery property of $0.8 million, which was included in the loss on the sale of divestitures and recorded in Net loss on divestitures, disposals and impairment charges on our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Leases
We have operating and finance leases. We lease certain office facilities, certain funeral homes, vehicles and equipment under operating leases with original terms ranging from one to twenty years. Many leases include one or more options to renew, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to forty years. We lease certain funeral homes, vehicles and equipment under finance leases with original terms ranging from three and a half to forty years. We do not have any material lease agreements with residual value guarantees, sale-leaseback terms, material restrictive covenants, related parties or sublease arrangements.
We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception based on the facts and circumstances of the agreement. A right-of-use (“ROU”) asset represents our right to use the underlying asset for the lease term and the lease liability represents our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized on our Consolidated Balance Sheets at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. For our leases that do not provide an implicit interest rate in the agreement, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date to determine the present value of lease payments. The lease terms used to calculate the ROU asset and related lease liability include options to extend the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Lease expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term as an operating expense, while the expense for finance leases is recognized as depreciation expense and interest expense using the effective interest method of recognition. Variable lease payment amounts that cannot be determined at the commencement of the lease such as increases in lease payments based on changes in index rates or usage, are not included in the ROU assets or liabilities. These are expensed as incurred and recorded as variable lease expense. We have real estate lease agreements which require payments for lease and non-lease components, and we account for these as a single lease component. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less, that do not include an option to renew the underlying asset, are not recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
Operating lease ROU assets are included in Operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities are included in Current portion of operating lease obligations and Obligations under operating leases, net of current portion on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Finance lease ROU assets are included in Property, plant and equipment, net and finance lease liabilities are included in Current portion of finance lease obligations and Obligations under finance leases, net of current portion on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
See Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to leases.
Equity Plans and Stock-Based Compensation
We have equity-based employee and director compensation plans under which we have granted stock awards, stock options and performance awards. We also have an employee stock purchase plan (the “ESPP”). We recognize compensation expense in an amount equal to the fair value of the stock-based awards expected to vest or to be purchased over the requisite service period. We recognize the effect of forfeitures in compensation cost when they occur and any previously recognized compensation cost for an award is reversed in the period that the award is forfeited.
Fair value is determined on the date of the grant. The fair value of restricted stock is determined using the stock price on the grant date. The fair value of options or awards containing options is determined using the Black-Scholes valuation model or the Monte-Carlo simulation pricing model. The fair value of the performance awards related to market performance conditions is determined using the Monte-Carlo simulation pricing model. The fair value of the ESPP is determined based on the discount element offered to employees and the embedded option element, which is determined using an option calculation model.
We recognize all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies (including tax benefits of dividends on share-based payment awards) as income tax benefit or expense in the income statement. We treat the tax effects of exercised or vested awards as discrete items in the reporting period in which they occur. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the excess tax deficiency related to share-based payments was $0.8 million. We had immaterial amounts of excess tax deficiency for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Excess tax benefits and deficiencies are recorded within Expense (benefit) related to discrete income tax items on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and are included in operating cash flows on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
See Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to equity plans and stock-based compensation.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Revenue Recognition
Funeral and Cemetery Operations Revenue is recognized when control of the merchandise or services is transferred to the customer. Our performance obligations include the delivery of funeral and cemetery merchandise and services and cemetery property interment rights. Control transfers when merchandise is delivered or services are performed. For cemetery property interment rights, control transfers to the customer when the property is developed and the interment right has been sold and can no longer be marketed or sold to another customer. On our atneed contracts, we generally deliver the merchandise and perform the services at the time of need.
Memorial services frequently include performance obligations to direct the service, provide facilities and motor vehicles, catering, flowers, and stationary products. All other performance obligations on these contracts, including arrangement, removal, preparation, embalming, cremation, interment, and delivery of urns and caskets and related memorialization merchandise are fulfilled at the time of need. Personalized marker merchandise and marker installation services sold on atneed contracts are recognized when control is transferred to the customer, generally when the marker is delivered and installed in the cemetery.
Some of our contracts with customers include multiple performance obligations. For these contracts, we allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price, which is based on prices charged to customers per our general price list. We recognize revenue when the merchandise is transferred or the service is performed, in satisfaction of the corresponding performance obligation. Sales taxes collected are recognized on a net basis in our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Ancillary funeral service revenue, which is recorded in Other revenue, represents revenue from our flower shop, pet cremation business and online cremation businesses. Revenue is recognized when control of the merchandise or services is transferred to the customer and are primarily sold on an atneed basis.
The earnings from our preneed trust investments, as well as trust management fees charged by our wholly owned registered investment advisory firm CSV RIA are recorded in Other revenue. At December 31, 2024, CSV RIA provided investment management and advisory services to approximately 80% of our trust assets, for a fee based on the market value of trust assets. Under state trust laws, we are allowed to charge the trust a fee for advising on the investment of the trust assets and these fees are recognized as income in the period in which services are provided.
Balances due on undelivered preneed funeral trust contracts have reduced Deferred preneed funeral revenue by $10.2 million and $10.7 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As these performance obligations are to be completed after the date of death, we cannot quantify the recognition of revenue in future periods. However, we estimate an average maturity period of 10 years for preneed funeral contracts.
Balances due from customers on delivered preneed cemetery contracts are included in Accounts receivable, net and Preneed cemetery receivables, net on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Balances due on undelivered preneed cemetery contracts have reduced Deferred preneed cemetery revenue on our Consolidated Balance Sheets by $13.6 million and $15.8 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As these performance obligations are to be completed after the date of death, we cannot quantify the recognition of revenue in future periods. However, we estimate an average maturity period of eight years for preneed cemetery contracts.
See Note 20 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to revenue.
Income Taxes
We and our subsidiaries file a consolidated U. S. federal income tax return, separate income tax returns in 15 states in which we operate and combined or unitary income tax returns in 14 states in which we operate. We record deferred taxes for temporary differences between the tax basis and financial reporting basis of assets and liabilities. We classify our deferred tax liabilities and assets as non-current on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
We record a valuation allowance to reflect the estimated amount of deferred tax assets for which realization is uncertain. Management reviews the valuation allowance at the end of each quarter and makes adjustments if it is determined that it is more-likely-than not that the tax benefits will be realized.
We analyze tax benefits for uncertain tax positions and how they are to be recognized, measured, and derecognized in the financial statements; provide certain disclosures of uncertain tax matters; and specify how reserves for uncertain tax positions should be classified on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
See Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to income taxes.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Computation of Earnings Per Common Share
Basic earnings per share is computed using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed using the weighted average number of common and dilutive common equivalent shares outstanding during the period. Dilutive common equivalent shares consist of stock options and performance awards.
Share-based awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents, whether paid or unpaid, are recognized as participating securities and included in the computation of both basic and diluted earnings per share. Our grants of restricted stock awards to our employees and directors are considered participating securities, and we have prepared our earnings per share calculations attributable to common stockholders to exclude outstanding unvested restricted stock awards, using the two-class method, in both the basic and diluted weighted average shares outstanding calculation.
Our performance awards are considered to be contingently issuable shares because their issuance is contingent upon the satisfaction of certain performance and service conditions. In accordance with ASC 260, we have included in the computation of diluted earnings per share the number of performance awards that would have been issuable as if the end of the reporting period was the end of the contingency period. These shares are considered to be outstanding at the beginning of the reporting period.
See Note 19 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to the computation of earnings per share.
Subsequent Events
We have evaluated events and transactions during the period subsequent to December 31, 2024 through the date the financial statements were issued for potential recognition or disclosure in the accompanying financial statements covered by this report.
2. RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
Segment Reporting
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU, Segment Reporting - Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (“Topic 280”) to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The amendments in this update require that a public entity disclose, on an annual and interim basis (1) significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss; and (2) an amount for other segment items, as described in the amendments, by reportable segment and a description of its composition. Additionally, the amendments require that a public entity disclose the title and position of the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and therefore were effective for us for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2024 and for interim periods within our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2025. The adoption had no material impact on our consolidated financial statements as it modified disclosure requirements only.
Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
Income Taxes
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU, Income Taxes - Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“Topic 740”) to enhance the transparency about income tax information through improvements to income tax disclosures primarily related to rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. The amendments in this update require that public business entities on an annual basis (1) disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation; and (2) provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold (if the effect of those reconciling items is equal to or greater than five percent of the amount computed by multiplying pretax income (loss) by the applicable statutory income tax rate). The amendments in this update also require that all entities disclose on an annual basis (1) the amount of net income taxes paid disaggregated by federal and state taxes; and (2) the amount of net income taxes paid disaggregated by individual jurisdictions in which net income taxes paid is equal to or greater than five percent of total net income taxes paid. The amendments are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. We plan to adopt the amendments of Topic 740 for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2025. We expect the adoption will have no material impact on our consolidated financial statements as it modifies disclosure requirements only.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Expense Disaggregation
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (“Topic 220”). Additionally, in January 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-01 to clarify the effective date of ASU 2024-03. The standard provides guidance to expand disclosures related to the disaggregation of income statement expenses. The amendments in this update require, in the notes to the financial statements, disclosure of specified information about certain costs and expenses, which includes purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation and intangible asset amortization included in each relevant expense caption. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, on a retrospective or prospective basis, with early adoption permitted. We expect the adoption will have no material impact on our consolidated financial statements as it modifies disclosure requirements only.
3. BUSINESS COMBINATIONS
We did not acquire any businesses in 2024. On March 22, 2023, we acquired a business consisting of three funeral homes, two cemeteries and one cremation focused business in the Bakersfield, CA area for $44.0 million in cash. We acquired substantially all of the assets and assumed certain operating liabilities of this business.
The pro forma impact of these acquisitions on prior periods is not presented, as the impact is not significant to our reported results. The results of the acquired businesses are reflected in our Consolidated Statements of Operations from the date of acquisition.
The following table summarizes the breakdown of the purchase price allocation for our Bakersfield, CA business acquisition (in thousands):
Initial Purchase Price Allocation Adjustments Adjusted Purchase Price Allocation
Current assets $ 7,087 $ 131 $ 7,218
Preneed trust assets - 11,428 11,428
Property, plant & equipment 12,577 245 12,822
Cemetery property 9,035 - 9,035
Goodwill 13,612 (106) 13,506
Intangible and other non-current assets 3,763 - 3,763
Assumed liabilities (300) (66) (366)
Preneed trust liabilities - (11,428) (11,428)
Deferred revenue (1,774) (204) (1,978)
Purchase price $ 44,000 $ - $ 44,000
The current assets relate to accounts receivable and inventory. The intangible and other non-current assets relate to the fair value of tradenames and right-of-use operating lease assets. The assumed liabilities relate to operating lease obligations and commissions payable. As of December 31, 2023, our accounting for this acquisition is complete.
The following table summarizes the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed for this business (in thousands):
Acquisition Date Type of Business Market Assets Acquired (Excluding Goodwill) Goodwill Recorded Liabilities and Debt Assumed
March 22, 2023 Three Funeral Homes, Two Cemeteries and One Cremation Focused Business Bakersfield, CA $ 44,266 $ 13,506 $ (13,772)
4. GOODWILL
Many of the former owners and staff of our acquired funeral homes and certain cemeteries have provided high quality service to families for generations, which often represents a substantial portion of the value of a business. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of identifiable net assets of funeral home businesses and cemeteries acquired is recorded as goodwill.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The following table presents changes in goodwill in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets (in thousands):
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Goodwill at the beginning of the year $ 423,643 $ 410,137
Increase in goodwill related to acquisitions - 13,506
Decrease in goodwill related to divestitures (8,784) -
Goodwill at the end of the year $ 414,859 $ 423,643
During the year ended December 31, 2024, we allocated $8.8 million of goodwill to the sale of six funeral homes and one cemetery for a loss recorded in Net loss on divestitures, disposals and impairment charges on our Consolidated Statements of Operations of which $7.8 million was allocated to our funeral home segment and $1.0 million was allocated to our cemetery segment.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized $13.5 million in goodwill related to our acquisition of a business located in Bakersfield, CA, of which $4.5 million was allocated to our cemetery segment and $9.0 million was allocated to our funeral home segment.
As a result of our 2024 and 2023 annual qualitative impairment assessments, we determined that there were no factors that would indicate the need to perform an additional quantitative goodwill impairment test. We concluded that it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of our reporting units is greater than their carrying value and thus there was no impairment to goodwill.
See Notes 1, 3, and 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of the methodology used for our annual goodwill impairment test and a discussion of our acquisitions and divestitures.
5. DIVESTED OPERATIONS
During the year ended December 31, 2024, we sold six funeral homes and one cemetery for an aggregate of $10.9 million and merged three funeral homes with other businesses we own in existing markets. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we sold two funeral homes and two cemeteries for an aggregate of $1.1 million and merged one funeral home with another business we own in a nearby market. During 2022, we sold four funeral homes for an aggregate of $1.5 million and we merged one funeral home with another business we own in a nearby market.
The operating results of these divested funeral homes and cemeteries are reflected on our Consolidated Statements of Operations as shown in the table below (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Revenue $ 1,382 $ 242 $ 656
Operating income 141 6 54
Net loss on divestitures(1)
(1,224) (106) (736)
Income tax expense 348 28 193
Net loss from divested operations, after tax $ (735) $ (72) $ (488)
(1) Net loss on divestitures is recorded in Net loss on divestitures, disposals and impairment charges on our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, after each divestiture, we concluded that it was more-likely-than not that the fair value of our reporting units was greater than their carrying value and thus there was no impairment to goodwill.
See Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of the methodology used for assessing goodwill impairment after a divestiture of a business.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
6. RECEIVABLES
Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable is comprised of the following (in thousands):
December 31, 2024
Funeral Cemetery Corporate Held for Sale Total
Trade and financed receivables $ 7,085 $ 24,355 $ - $ (833) $ 30,607
Other receivables 557 345 - - 902
Allowance for credit losses (302) (1,014) - - (1,316)
Accounts receivable, net $ 7,340 $ 23,686 $ - $ (833) $ 30,193
December 31, 2023
Funeral Cemetery Corporate Held for Sale Total
Trade and financed receivables $ 8,822 $ 18,459 $ - $ - $ 27,281
Other receivables 404 595 286 - 1,285
Allowance for credit losses (266) (1,240) - - (1,506)
Accounts receivable, net $ 8,960 $ 17,814 $ 286 $ - $ 27,060
Other receivables include supplier rebates, commissions due from third-party insurance companies and perpetual care income receivables. We do not provide an allowance for credit losses for these receivables as we have historically not had any collectability issues nor do we expect any in the foreseeable future.
The following table summarizes the activity in our allowance for credit losses by portfolio segment for the year ended December 31, 2024 (in thousands):
January 1, 2024 Provision for Credit Losses Write Offs Recoveries December 31, 2024
Trade and financed receivables:
Funeral $ (266) $ (1,069) $ 1,827 $ (794) $ (302)
Cemetery (1,240) (884) 1,110 - (1,014)
Total allowance for credit losses on trade and financed receivables $ (1,506) $ (1,953) $ 2,937 $ (794) $ (1,316)
Cemetery Receivables
Our cemetery receivables are comprised of the following (in thousands):
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Interment rights $ 79,436 $ 60,863
Merchandise and services 13,128 11,223
Unearned finance charges 4,983 5,669
Cemetery receivables $ 97,547 $ 77,755
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The components of our cemetery receivables are as follows (in thousands):
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Cemetery receivables $ 97,547 $ 77,755
Less: unearned finance charges (4,983) (5,669)
Cemetery receivables, at amortized cost $ 92,564 $ 72,086
Less: allowance for contract cancellation and credit losses (3,018) (3,495)
Less: balances due on undelivered cemetery preneed contracts (13,576) (15,797)
Less: amounts in accounts receivable (23,341) (17,219)
Preneed cemetery receivables, net including HFS
52,629 35,575
Less: Held for sale
(1,671) -
Preneed cemetery receivables, net
$ 50,958 $ 35,575
The following table summarizes the activity in our allowance for credit losses for Preneed cemetery receivables, net for the year ended December 31, 2024 (in thousands):
January 1, 2024 Provision for Credit Losses Write Offs December 31, 2024
Total allowance for credit losses on Preneed cemetery receivables, net
$ (2,255) $ (1,398) $ 1,649 $ (2,004)
The amortized cost basis of our cemetery receivables by year of origination as of December 31, 2024 is as follows (in thousands):
2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior Total
Total cemetery receivables, at amortized cost $ 49,487 $ 22,200 $ 12,934 $ 5,355 $ 1,735 $ 853 $ 92,564
The aging of past due cemetery receivables as of December 31, 2024 is as follows (in thousands):
31-60 Past Due 61-90 Past Due 91-120 Past Due >120 Past Due Total Past Due Current Total
Recognized revenue $ 1,599 $ 1,065 $ 832 $ 2,578 $ 6,074 $ 72,914 $ 78,988
Deferred revenue 302 160 105 612 1,179 17,380 18,559
Total contracts $ 1,901 $ 1,225 $ 937 $ 3,190 $ 7,253 $ 90,294 $ 97,547
The aging of past due preneed cemetery receivables as of December 31, 2023 is as follows (in thousands):
31-60 Past Due 61-90 Past Due 91-120 Past Due >120 Past Due Total Past Due Current Total
Recognized revenue $ 1,877 $ 715 $ 353 $ 3,790 $ 6,735 $ 49,554 $ 56,289
Deferred revenue 466 139 90 1,388 2,083 19,383 21,466
Total contracts $ 2,343 $ 854 $ 443 $ 5,178 $ 8,818 $ 68,937 $ 77,755
7. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
We evaluated our financial assets and liabilities for those that met the criteria of the disclosure requirements and fair value framework. The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate the fair values of those instruments due to the short-term nature of the instruments. The fair values of our receivables on preneed cemetery contracts are impracticable to estimate because of the lack of a trading market and the diverse number of individual contracts with varying terms. Our acquisition debt and Credit Facility (as defined in Note 12) and Senior Notes (as defined in Note 13) are classified within Level 2 of the Fair Value Measurements hierarchy.
At December 31, 2024, the carrying value and fair value of our Credit Facility was $137.0 million. We believe that our Credit Facility bears interest at a rate that approximates prevailing market rates for instruments with similar characteristics and therefore, the carrying value of our Credit Facility approximates fair value. We estimate the fair value of our acquisition debt utilizing an income approach, which uses a present value calculation to discount payments based on current market rates as of the reporting date. At December 31, 2024, the carrying value of our acquisition debt was $5.5 million, which approximated its fair value. The fair value of our Senior Notes was $364.4 million at December 31, 2024 based on the last traded or broker quoted price.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
In addition, we have an investment in a limited partnership fund, whose fair value has been estimated using the net asset value per share practical expedient described in ASC 820-10-35-59, Fair Value Measurement of Investments in Certain Entities That Calculate Net Asset Value per Share (or Its Equivalent) and therefore, has not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The investment strategy of this fund is to generate attractive risk-adjusted returns over a multi-year performance period through the construction of a concentrated portfolio of investments possessing certain distinct business attributes that suggest the potential for long-term value creation. The value of the investments in this fund cannot be liquidated at December 31, 2024 because the investments include restrictions that do not allow for liquidation until 2027. As of December 31, 2024 we do not have an unfunded commitment for this investment.
We identified investments in fixed income securities, common stock and mutual funds presented within the preneed and perpetual care trust investments categories on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as having met the criteria for fair value measurement. Our receivables from preneed funeral trusts represent assets in trusts which are controlled and operated by third parties in which we do not have a controlling financial interest (less than 50%) in the trust assets. We account for these investments at cost.
The following three-level valuation hierarchy based upon the transparency of inputs is utilized in the measurement and valuation of financial assets or liabilities as of the measurement date:
•Level 1-Fair value of securities based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. Our investments classified as Level 1 securities include cash, U.S. treasury debt, common stock and equity mutual funds;
•Level 2-Fair value of securities estimated based on quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, and inputs other than quoted market prices that are observable or that can be corroborated by observable market data by correlation. These inputs include interest rates, yield curves, credit risk, prepayment speeds, rating and tax-exempt status. Our investments classified as Level 2 securities include U.S. agency obligations, foreign debt, corporate debt, preferred stocks, certificates of deposit and fixed income mutual funds and other investments.
•Level 3-Unobservable inputs based upon the reporting entity’s internally developed assumptions, which market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we did not have any assets that had fair values determined by Level 3 inputs and no liabilities measured at fair value.
See Notes 8 and 9 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for the fair value hierarchy levels of our trust investments.
8. TRUST INVESTMENTS
Preneed trust investments represent trust fund assets that we are generally permitted to withdraw as the services and merchandise are provided to customers. Preneed funeral and cemetery contracts are secured by payments from customers, less amounts not required by law to be deposited into trust. These earnings are recognized in Other revenue on our Consolidated Statements of Operations, when a service is performed or merchandise is delivered. Trust management fees charged by CSV RIA are included as revenue in the period in which they are earned. Our investments are diversified across multiple industry segments using a balanced allocation strategy to minimize long-term risk. We do not intend to sell and it is likely that we will not be required to sell the securities prior to their anticipated recovery.
Cemetery perpetual care trust investments represent a portion of the proceeds from the sale of cemetery property interment rights that we are required by various state laws to deposit into perpetual care trust funds. The income earned from these perpetual care trusts offsets maintenance expenses for cemetery property and memorials. This trust fund income is recognized in Other revenue.
Changes in the fair value of our trust fund assets (Preneed funeral, cemetery and perpetual care trust investments) are offset by changes in the fair value of our trust fund liabilities (Deferred preneed funeral and cemetery receipts held in trust and Care trusts’ corpus) and reflected in Other, net. There is no impact on earnings until such time the services are performed, or the merchandise is delivered, causing the contract to be withdrawn from the trust in accordance with state regulations and the gain or loss is allocated to the contract.
We rely on our trust investments to provide funding for the various contractual obligations that arise upon maturity of the underlying preneed contracts. Because of the long-term relationship between the establishment of trust investments and the required performance of the underlying contractual obligations, the impact of current market conditions that may exist at any given time is not necessarily indicative of our ability to generate profit on our future performance obligations.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Preneed Cemetery Trust Investments
The components of Preneed cemetery trust investments on our Consolidated Balance Sheets are as follows (in thousands):
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Preneed cemetery trust investments, at market value $ 106,143 $ 99,461
Less: allowance for contract cancellation (3,147) (3,087)
Preneed cemetery trust investments, including HFS
102,996 96,374
Less: Held for sale
(4,876) -
Preneed cemetery trust investments
$ 98,120 $ 96,374
The cost and market values associated with preneed cemetery trust investments at December 31, 2024 are detailed below (in thousands):
Fair Value Hierarchy Level Cost Unrealized
Gains Unrealized
Losses Fair Market Value
Cash and money market accounts 1 $ 23,215 $ - $ - $ 23,215
Fixed income securities:
U.S. agency obligations 2 664 1 (46) 619
Foreign debt 2 8,575 1,431 (8) 9,998
Corporate debt 2 8,500 365 (256) 8,609
Preferred stock 2 2,833 479 (176) 3,136
Certificates of deposit 2 79 - (5) 74
Common stock 1 29,325 4,322 (3,381) 30,266
Limited partnership fund 3,530 84 - 3,614
Mutual funds:
Equity 1 911 85 - 996
Fixed income 2 27,268 94 (2,376) 24,986
Trust securities $ 104,900 $ 6,861 $ (6,248) $ 105,513
Accrued investment income $ 630 $ 630
Preneed cemetery trust investments $ 106,143
Market value as a percentage of cost 100.6%
The estimated maturities of the fixed income securities (excluding mutual funds) included above are as follows (in thousands):
Due in one year or less $ 140
Due in one to five years 6,557
Due in five to ten years 4,703
Thereafter 11,036
Total fixed income securities $ 22,436
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The cost and market values associated with preneed cemetery trust investments at December 31, 2023 are detailed below (in thousands):
Fair Value Hierarchy Level Cost Unrealized
Gains Unrealized
Losses Fair Market Value
Cash and money market accounts 1 $ 9,643 $ - $ - $ 9,643
Fixed income securities:
U.S. agency obligations 2 803 1 (51) 753
Foreign debt 2 7,764 1,371 (17) 9,118
Corporate debt 2 15,071 342 (3,657) 11,756
Preferred stock 2 10,965 473 (1,572) 9,866
Certificate of deposit 2 79 - (7) 72
Common stock 1 43,057 9,466 (7,935) 44,588
Limited partnership fund
3,575 - (3) 3,572
Mutual funds:
Equity 1 553 10 (30) 533
Fixed income
2 11,369 16 (2,759) 8,626
Trust securities
$ 102,879 $ 11,679 $ (16,031) $ 98,527
Accrued investment income $ 934 $ 934
Preneed cemetery trust investments $ 99,461
Market value as a percentage of cost 95.8%
The following table summarizes our fixed income securities (excluding mutual funds) within our preneed cemetery trust investments in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2024, aggregated by major security type and length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position (in thousands):
December 31, 2024
In Loss Position Less than 12 months In Loss Position Greater than 12 months Total
Fair market value Unrealized Losses Fair market value Unrealized Losses Fair market value Unrealized Losses
Fixed income securities:
U.S. agency obligations $ - $ - $ 479 $ (46) $ 479 $ (46)
Foreign debt - - 211 (8) 211 (8)
Corporate debt 1,274 (139) 94 (117) 1,368 (256)
Preferred stock 889 (5) 891 (171) 1,780 (176)
Certificates of deposit - - 74 (5) 74 (5)
Total fixed income securities with an unrealized loss $ 2,163 $ (144) $ 1,749 $ (347) $ 3,912 $ (491)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The following table summarizes our fixed income securities (excluding mutual funds) within our preneed cemetery trust investments in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2023, aggregated by major security type and length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position (in thousands):
December 31, 2023
In Loss Position Less than 12 months In Loss Position Greater than 12 months Total
Fair market value Unrealized Losses Fair market value Unrealized Losses Fair market value Unrealized Losses
Fixed income securities:
U.S. agency obligations $ - $ - $ 613 $ (51) $ 613 $ (51)
Foreign debt 284 (5) 209 (12) 493 (17)
Corporate debt 666 (62) 4,239 (3,595) 4,905 (3,657)
Preferred stock 45 - 7,821 (1,572) 7,866 (1,572)
Certificates of deposit - - 72 (7) 72 (7)
Total fixed income securities with an unrealized loss $ 995 $ (67) $ 12,954 $ (5,237) $ 13,949 $ (5,304)
Preneed cemetery trust investment security transactions recorded in Other, net on our Consolidated Statements of Operations are as follows (in thousands):
Years ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Investment income $ 2,834 $ 2,479 $ 2,219
Realized gains 11,600 3,492 10,619
Realized losses (14,191) (2,507) (2,548)
Unrealized gains (losses), net 613 (4,352) (9,661)
Expenses and taxes (2,175) (1,653) (1,748)
Net change in deferred preneed cemetery receipts held in trust 1,319 2,541 1,119
$ - $ - $ -
Purchases and sales of investments in the preneed cemetery trusts are as follows (in thousands):
Years ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Purchases $ (25,246) $ (22,478) $ (8,336)
Sales 33,725 18,378 8,248
Preneed Funeral Trust Investments
Preneed funeral trust investments represent trust fund assets that we are permitted to withdraw as services and merchandise are provided to customers. Preneed funeral contracts are secured by payments from customers, less retained amounts not required to be deposited into trust.
The components of Preneed funeral trust investments on our Consolidated Balance Sheets are as follows (in thousands):
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Preneed funeral trust investments, at market value $ 111,721 $ 111,247
Less: allowance for contract cancellation (3,305) (3,405)
Preneed funeral trust investments, including HFS
108,416 107,842
Less: Held for Sale
(2,197) -
Preneed funeral trust investments
$ 106,219 $ 107,842
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The cost and market values associated with preneed funeral trust investments at December 31, 2024 are detailed below (in thousands):
Fair Value Hierarchy Level Cost Unrealized
Gains Unrealized
Losses Fair Market Value
Cash and money market accounts 1 $ 33,735 $ - $ - $ 33,735
Fixed income securities:
U. S. treasury debt 1 387 - (30) 357
Foreign debt 2 8,193 1,373 (7) 9,559
Corporate debt 2 7,941 351 (134) 8,158
Preferred stock 2 2,577 460 (218) 2,819
Common stock 1 26,293 3,989 (2,876) 27,406
Limited partnership fund 3,392 80 - 3,472
Mutual funds:
Equity 1 763 41 - 804
Fixed income 2 24,952 83 (2,118) 22,917
Other investments 2 1,910 - - 1,910
Trust securities $ 110,143 $ 6,377 $ (5,383) $ 111,137
Accrued investment income $ 584 $ 584
Preneed funeral trust investments $ 111,721
Market value as a percentage of cost 100.9%
The estimated maturities of the fixed income securities (excluding mutual funds) included above are as follows (in thousands):
Due in one year or less $ 83
Due in one to five years 6,055
Due in five to ten years 4,351
Thereafter 10,404
Total fixed income securities $ 20,893
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The cost and market values associated with preneed funeral trust investments at December 31, 2023 are detailed below (in thousands):
Fair Value Hierarchy Level Cost Unrealized
Gains Unrealized
Losses Fair Market Value
Cash and money market accounts 1 $ 26,707 $ - $ - $ 26,707
Fixed income securities:
U.S. treasury debt 1 451 - (34) 417
Foreign debt 2 7,300 1,297 (16) 8,581
Corporate debt 2 13,848 323 (3,255) 10,916
Preferred stock 2 9,786 442 (1,468) 8,760
Common stock 1 38,600 8,858 (6,855) 40,603
Limited partnership fund
3,383 - (2) 3,381
Mutual funds:
Equity 1 401 3 (29) 375
Fixed income 2 9,513 15 (2,383) 7,145
Other investments 2 3,510 - - 3,510
Trust securities $ 113,499 $ 10,938 $ (14,042) $ 110,395
Accrued investment income $ 852 $ 852
Preneed funeral trust investments $ 111,247
Market value as a percentage of cost 97.3%
The following table summarizes our fixed income securities (excluding mutual funds) within our preneed funeral trust investment in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2024, aggregated by major security type and length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position (in thousands):
December 31, 2024
In Loss Position Less than 12 months In Loss Position Greater than 12 months Total
Fair market value Unrealized Losses Fair market value Unrealized Losses Fair market value Unrealized Losses
Fixed income securities:
U.S. treasury debt $ - $ - $ 274 $ (30) $ 274 $ (30)
Foreign debt - - 203 (7) 203 (7)
Corporate debt 1,225 (133) - (1) 1,225 (134)
Preferred stock 842 (4) 717 (214) 1,559 (218)
Total fixed income securities with an unrealized loss $ 2,067 $ (137) $ 1,194 $ (252) $ 3,261 $ (389)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The following table summarizes our fixed income securities (excluding mutual funds) within our preneed funeral trust investment in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2023, aggregated by major security type and length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position (in thousands):
December 31, 2023
In Loss Position Less than 12 months In Loss Position Greater than 12 months Total
Fair market value Unrealized Losses Fair market value Unrealized Losses Fair market value Unrealized Losses
Fixed income securities:
U.S. treasury debt $ - $ - $ 371 $ (34) $ 371 $ (34)
Foreign debt 269 (5) 198 (11) 467 (16)
Corporate debt 630 (59) 3,802 (3,196) 4,432 (3,255)
Preferred stock - - 7,078 (1,468) 7,078 (1,468)
Total fixed income securities with an unrealized loss $ 899 $ (64) $ 11,449 $ (4,709) $ 12,348 $ (4,773)
Preneed funeral trust investment security transactions recorded in Other, net on our Consolidated Statements of Operations are as follows (in thousands):
Years ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Investment income $ 2,177 $ 2,004 $ 1,700
Realized gains 10,722 3,354 9,446
Realized losses (12,947) (2,170) (2,301)
Unrealized gains (losses), net 994 (3,104) (7,723)
Expenses and taxes (1,120) (848) 958
Net change in deferred preneed funeral receipts held in trust 174 764 (2,080)
$ - $ - $ -
Purchases and sales of investments in the preneed funeral trusts are as follows (in thousands):
Years ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Purchases $ (23,799) $ (21,425) $ (6,239)
Sales 31,038 17,300 7,419
Cemetery Perpetual Care Trust Investments
Care trusts’ corpus on our Consolidated Balance Sheets represent the corpus of those trusts plus undistributed income. The components of Care trusts’ corpus are as follows (in thousands):
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Cemetery perpetual care trust investments, at market value $ 87,337 $ 85,331
Obligations due from trust (885) (980)
Care trusts’ corpus, including HFS
$ 86,452 $ 84,351
Less: Held for sale
(2,234) -
Care trusts' corpus
$ 84,218 $ 84,351
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The following table reflects the cost and market values associated with the trust investments held in perpetual care trust funds at December 31, 2024 (in thousands):
Fair Value Hierarchy Level Cost Unrealized
Gains Unrealized
Losses Fair Market Value
Cash and money market accounts 1 $ 14,054 $ - $ - $ 14,054
Fixed income securities:
Foreign debt 2 7,770 1,262 (7) 9,025
Corporate debt 2 7,942 357 (402) 7,897
Preferred stock 2 2,725 418 (148) 2,995
Common stock 1 25,563 3,866 (3,036) 26,393
Limited partnership fund 3,078 73 - 3,151
Mutual funds:
Equity 1 789 68 - 857
Fixed income 2 24,374 111 (2,115) 22,370
Trust securities $ 86,295 $ 6,155 $ (5,708) $ 86,742
Accrued investment income $ 595 $ 595
Cemetery perpetual care investments $ 87,337
Market value as a percentage of cost 100.5%
The estimated maturities of the fixed income securities (excluding mutual funds) included above are as follows (in thousands):
Due in one year or less $ -
Due in one to five years 5,508
Due in five to ten years 4,290
Thereafter 10,119
Total fixed income securities $ 19,917
The following table reflects the cost and market values associated with the trust investments held in perpetual care trust funds at December 31, 2023 (in thousands):
Fair Value Hierarchy Level Cost Unrealized
Gains Unrealized
Losses Fair Market Value
Cash and money market accounts 1 $ 6,688 $ - $ - $ 6,688
Fixed income securities:
Foreign debt 2 7,101 1,177 (18) 8,260
Corporate debt 2 13,491 334 (3,367) 10,458
Preferred stock 2 10,723 415 (1,435) 9,703
Common stock 1 36,413 8,098 (6,580) 37,931
Limited partnership fund
3,042 - (2) 3,040
Mutual funds:
Equity 1 467 5 (26) 446
Fixed income 2 10,326 14 (2,382) 7,958
Trust securities $ 88,251 $ 10,043 $ (13,810) $ 84,484
Accrued investment income $ 847 $ 847
Cemetery perpetual care investments $ 85,331
Market value as a percentage of cost 95.7%
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The following table summarizes our fixed income securities (excluding mutual funds) within our perpetual care trust investment in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2024, aggregated by major security type and length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position (in thousands):
December 31, 2024
In Loss Position Less than 12 months In Loss Position Greater than 12 months Total
Fair market value Unrealized Losses Fair market value Unrealized Losses Fair market value Unrealized Losses
Fixed income securities:
Foreign debt $ - $ - $ 184 $ (7) $ 184 $ (7)
Corporate debt 1,111 (121) 316 (281) 1,427 (402)
Preferred stock 764 (4) 1,086 (144) 1,850 (148)
Total fixed income securities with an unrealized loss $ 1,875 $ (125) $ 1,586 $ (432) $ 3,461 $ (557)
The following table summarizes our fixed income securities within our perpetual care trust investment in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2023, aggregated by major security type and length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position (in thousands):
December 31, 2023
In Loss Position Less than 12 months In Loss Position Greater than 12 months Total
Fair market value Unrealized Losses Fair market value Unrealized Losses Fair market value Unrealized Losses
Fixed income securities:
Foreign debt $ 440 $ (8) $ 178 $ (10) $ 618 $ (18)
Corporate debt 567 (53) 3,879 (3,314) 4,446 (3,367)
Preferred stock - - 7,301 (1,435) 7,301 (1,435)
Total fixed income securities with an unrealized loss $ 1,007 $ (61) $ 11,358 $ (4,759) $ 12,365 $ (4,820)
Perpetual care trust investment security transactions recorded in Other, net on our Consolidated Statements of Operations are as follows (in thousands):
Years ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Realized gains $ 1,432 $ 1,025 $ 1,454
Realized losses (1,873) (639) (309)
Unrealized gains (losses), net 447 (3,767) (6,958)
Net change in care trusts’ corpus (6) 3,381 5,813
Total $ - $ - $ -
Perpetual care trust investment security transactions recorded in Other revenue are as follows (in thousands):
Years ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Investment income $ 14,806 $ 12,824 $ 11,425
Realized losses (3,589) (1,583) (2,427)
Total $ 11,217 $ 11,241 $ 8,998
Purchases and sales of investments in the perpetual care trusts are as follows (in thousands):
Years ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Purchases $ (21,441) $ (18,024) $ (4,872)
Sales 29,967 21,613 5,444
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
9. RECEIVABLES FROM PRENEED FUNERAL TRUSTS
Our receivables from preneed funeral trusts represent assets in trusts which are controlled and operated by third parties in which we do not have a controlling financial interest (less than 50%) in the trust assets. We account for these investments at cost. Receivables from preneed funeral trusts are as follows (in thousands):
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Preneed funeral trust funds, at cost $ 23,063 $ 22,196
Less: allowance for contract cancellation (691) (666)
Receivables from preneed funeral trusts, net $ 22,372 $ 21,530
The following summary reflects the composition of the assets held in trust and controlled by third parties to satisfy our future obligations related to the underlying preneed funeral contracts at December 31, 2024 and 2023. The cost basis includes reinvested interest and dividends that have been earned on the trust assets. Fair value includes unrealized gains and losses on trust assets.
The composition of the preneed trust funds at December 31, 2024 is as follows (in thousands):
Historical Cost Basis Fair Value
Cash and cash equivalents $ 6,826 $ 6,826
Fixed income investments 12,998 12,998
Mutual funds and common stocks 3,235 2,999
Annuities 4 4
Total $ 23,063 $ 22,827
The composition of the preneed trust funds at December 31, 2023 is as follows (in thousands):
Historical Cost Basis Fair Value
Cash and cash equivalents $ 6,547 $ 6,547
Fixed income investments 12,732 12,732
Mutual funds and common stocks 2,913 2,695
Annuities 4 4
Total $ 22,196 $ 21,978
10. CONTRACTS FUNDED BY INSURANCE
When preneed funeral contracts are funded through third-party insurance policies, we earn a commission on the sale of the policies, which are recorded in Other revenue. These insurance commissions are subject to refund (charge-back) if the preneed policy is cancelled within a year or if there is an imminent death of beneficiary before the first year anniversary of the policy. Approximately 10% of our preneed funeral contracts are cancelled before the first year anniversary of the policy. As such, we recognize 90% of our commissions revenue at the time that it is earned. Based on our historical cancellation rate, we defer 10% of the commissions revenue earned for twelve months until the commission is no longer subject to refund. All selling costs incurred pursuant to the sale of the insurance funded preneed contracts are expensed as incurred.
Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2023, we received a $6.0 million incentive payment from a vendor for entering into a strategic partnership agreement to market and sell prearranged funeral services in the future, which increased our cash flow from operations and Deferred preneed funeral revenue. The incentive payment is subject to partial claw-back if certain preneed funeral sales volumes are not met within the ten-year term of the agreement. As such, we recognize the incentive payment in proportion to our achieved preneed funeral sales volume, net of cancellations, at each reporting period. In each of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we recognized $0.2 million of the incentive payment as Other revenue.
Generally, at the time of the sale of either the preneed insurance or preneed trust contract, the intent is that the beneficiary has made a commitment to assign the proceeds to us for the fulfillment of the service and merchandise obligations on the preneed contract at the time of need. However, this commitment is generally revocable and the proceeds from the policy are portable, so the customer can choose to use an alternative provider at the time of need.
Preneed funeral contracts to be funded at maturity by third-party insurance policies totaled $421.3 million and $434.9 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and are not recorded as assets or liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
11. INTANGIBLE AND OTHER NON-CURRENT ASSETS
Intangible and other non-current assets are as follows (in thousands):
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Tradenames $ 28,116 $ 28,862
Internally developed software, net of accumulated amortization of $764 and $444, respectively
5,601 2,422
Capitalized commissions on preneed contracts, net of accumulated amortization
of $4,653 and $3,788, respectively
4,991 4,678
Prepaid agreements not-to-compete, net of accumulated amortization of $3,543 and $3,158, respectively
923 1,335
Non-current prepaid and other intangibles, net of accumulated amortization of $109 and $37, respectively
1,011 380
Intangible and other non-current assets, net including HFS
40,642 37,677
Less: Held for Sale
(215) -
Intangible and other non-current assets, net
$ 40,427 $ 37,677
Tradenames
During the year ended December 31, 2024, two of the funeral homes that we sold had a carrying value of tradenames of $0.2 million, which was included in the loss on sale and recorded in Net loss on divestitures, disposals and impairment charges on our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, we increased the value of our tradenames by $3.5 million, with $1.3 million allocated to our funeral home segment and $2.2 million allocated to our cemetery segment, related to our acquisition of a business located in Bakersfield, CA, as more fully described in Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
As a result of our 2024 and 2023 annual qualitative impairment assessments, we determined that there were factors that would indicate the need to perform additional quantitative impairment tests for certain funeral home businesses. As a result of these additional quantitative impairment tests, we recorded a $0.6 million and a $0.2 million impairment to the tradenames of certain funeral homes during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, as the carrying amount of these tradenames exceeded their fair value.
See Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for a discussion of the methodology used for our indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment test.
Internally Developed Software
Internally developed software is typically amortized on a straight-line basis over five years. Amortization expense was $0.3 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, and $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Capitalized Commissions
Amortization expense was $0.9 million, $0.8 million and $0.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Prepaid Agreements Not-to-Compete
Prepaid agreements not-to-compete are amortized over the term of the respective agreements, generally ranging from one to ten years. Amortization expense was $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, and $0.6 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Non-current Prepaid and Other Intangibles
Non-current prepaid agreements are related to software licenses that have been prepaid for multiple years. These agreements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the respective agreements, generally ranging from two to three years. Other intangible assets relate to intellectual property and are amortized on a straight-line basis, typically over three years. Amortization expense was $0.1 million and $37 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The aggregate amortization expense for our capitalized commissions, prepaid not-to-compete agreements, internal-use software and non-current prepaid and other agreements as of December 31, 2024 is as follows (in thousands):
Capitalized Commissions Prepaid Agreements Not-to-compete Internally Developed Software Non-current Prepaid and Other Intangibles
Years ending December 31,
2025 $ 915 $ 389 $ 1,021 $ 125
2026 849 262 1,209 462
2027 784 142 1,207 424
2028 701 78 1,009 -
2029 591 38 954 -
Thereafter 1,151 14 201 -
Total amortization expense $ 4,991 $ 923 $ 5,601 $ 1,011
12. CREDIT FACILITY AND ACQUISITION DEBT
At December 31, 2024, our senior secured revolving credit facility (as amended, the “Credit Facility”) was comprised of: (i) a $250.0 million revolving credit facility, including a $15.0 million subfacility for letters of credit and a $10.0 million swingline, and (ii) an accordion or incremental option allowing for future increases in the facility size by an additional amount of up to $75.0 million in the aggregate in the form of increased revolving commitments or incremental term loans.
On July 31, 2024, the Company entered into a fourth amendment, (the “Credit Facility Amendment”), to our Credit Facility, with the financial institutions party thereto, as lenders, and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent. The Credit Facility Amendment provided, among other things, for (i) the extension of the maturity date of the Credit Facility to July 31, 2029, provided that, if the Senior Notes (as defined in the Credit Facility) have a stated maturity date that is prior to July 31, 2029, then the maturity date shall instead be the date that is 91 days prior to the stated maturity date of the Senior Notes; (ii) the establishment of Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as a benchmark rate and the removal of BSBY from the Credit Facility, including conforming revisions to certain defined terms under the Credit Facility; (iii) the conversion of each existing BSBY Rate Loan (as defined in the Credit Facility prior to giving effect to the Credit Facility Amendment) to a Term SOFR Loan (as defined in the Credit Facility); (iv) modifications to the definitions of “Applicable Rate” and “Applicable Fee Rate” to change the applicable rates and pricing levels set forth in each pricing grid; (v) the removal of certain mandatory prepayments arising from the issuance of either Equity Interests or Debt (as both are defined by the Credit Facility); and (vi) modifications to the permitted investments covenant, relating to the Company’s ability to make certain acquisitions, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions therein.
We incurred $0.8 million in transactions costs related to the Credit Facility Amendment, which were capitalized and will be amortized over the remaining term of the related debt using the straight-line method.
Our obligations under the Credit Facility are unconditionally guaranteed on a joint and several basis by the same subsidiaries which guarantee the Senior Notes (as defined in Note 13) and certain of our subsequently acquired or organized domestic subsidiaries (collectively, the “Subsidiary Guarantors”).
The Credit Facility contains customary affirmative covenants, including, but not limited to, covenants with respect to the use of proceeds, payment of taxes and other obligations, continuation of the Company’s business and the maintenance of existing rights and privileges, the maintenance of property and insurance, among others.
In addition, the Credit Facility also contains customary negative covenants, including, but not limited to, covenants that restrict (subject to certain exceptions) the ability of the Company and the Subsidiary Guarantors to incur indebtedness, grant liens, make investments, engage in mergers and acquisitions, and pay dividends and other restricted payments, and certain financial maintenance covenants. At December 31, 2024, we were subject to the following financial covenants under our Credit Facility: (A) a Total Leverage Ratio not to exceed 5.00 to 1.00 and (B) a Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Facility) of not less than 1.20 to 1.00 as of the end of any period of four consecutive fiscal quarters. These financial maintenance covenants are calculated for the Company and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. We were in compliance with all of the covenants contained in our Credit Facility at December 31, 2024.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Our Credit Facility and acquisition debt consisted of the following (in thousands):
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Credit Facility $ 137,000 $ 179,100
Debt issuance costs, net of accumulated amortization of $2,947 and $2,478, respectively
(1,618) (1,306)
Total Credit Facility $ 135,382 $ 177,794
Acquisition debt $ 5,466 $ 5,998
Less: current portion (571) (537)
Total acquisition debt, net of current portion $ 4,895 $ 5,461
At December 31, 2024, we had outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facility of $137.0 million. We also had one letter of credit for $2.2 million under the Credit Facility. The letter of credit will expire on November 25, 2025 and is expected to automatically renew annually and secures our obligations under our various self-insured policies. At December 31, 2024, we had $110.8 million of availability under the Credit Facility.
Outstanding borrowings under our Credit Facility bear interest at a prime rate or the SOFR rate, plus an applicable margin based on our leverage ratio. At December 31, 2024, the prime rate margin was equivalent to 1.50% and the SOFR term margin was 2.50%. The weighted average interest rate on our Credit Facility was 8.4% and 8.6% for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
We have no material assets or operations independent of the Subsidiary Guarantors, as all of our assets and operations are held and conducted by the Subsidiary Guarantors. Additionally, we do not currently have any significant restrictions on our ability to receive dividends or loans from any Subsidiary Guarantors.
The interest expense and amortization of debt issuance costs related to our Credit Facility are as follows (in thousands):
Years ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Credit Facility interest expense $ 13,390 $ 17,251 $ 7,105
Credit Facility amortization of debt issuance costs 469 552 412
Acquisition debt consists of deferred purchase price and promissory notes payable to sellers. A majority of the deferred purchase price and notes bear no interest and are discounted at imputed interest rates ranging from 6.5% to 7.3%. Original maturities typically range from nine to twenty years.
The imputed interest expense related to our acquisition debt is as follows (in thousands):
Years ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Acquisition debt imputed interest expense $ 406 $ 291 $ 311
The aggregate maturities of our Credit Facility and acquisition debt for the next five years subsequent to December 31, 2024 and thereafter, excluding debt issuance costs, are as follows (in thousands):
Credit Facility Acquisition Debt
Years ending December 31,
2025 $ - $ 938
2026 - 491
2027 - 491
2028 - 491
2029 137,000 491
Thereafter - 5,438
Total Credit Facility and acquisition debt $ 137,000 $ 8,340
Less: Interest - (2,874)
Present value of Credit Facility and acquisition debt $ 137,000 $ 5,466
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
13. SENIOR NOTES
At December 31, 2024, we had $400.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.25% Senior Notes due 2029 (the “Senior Notes”) and related guarantees by the Subsidiary Guarantors, which were issued in a private offering under Rule 144A and Regulation S of the Securities Act.
The Senior Notes were issued under an indenture, dated as of May 13, 2021 (the “Indenture”), among the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee (“Collateral Trustee”). The Senior Notes are unsecured, senior obligations and are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis, jointly and severally by each of the Subsidiary Guarantors. The Senior Notes mature on May 15, 2029, unless earlier redeemed or purchased and bear interest at 4.25% per year, which is payable semi-annually in arrears on May 15 and November 15 of each year, beginning on November 15, 2021.
We may redeem the Senior Notes, in whole or in part, at the redemption price of 102.13% on or after May 15, 2024, 101.06% on or after May 15, 2025 and 100% on or after May 15, 2026, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date.
If a “change of control” occurs, holders of the Senior Notes will have the option to require us to purchase for cash all or a portion of their Senior Notes at a price equal to 101% of the principal amount of the Senior Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, if we make certain asset sales and do not reinvest the proceeds thereof or use such proceeds to repay certain debt, we will be required to use the proceeds of such asset sales to make an offer to purchase the Senior Notes at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Senior Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest.
The Indenture contains restrictive covenants limiting our ability and our Restricted Subsidiaries (as defined in the Indenture) to, among other things, incur additional indebtedness or issue certain preferred shares, create liens on certain assets to secure debt, pay dividends or make other equity distributions, purchase or redeem capital stock, make certain investments, sell assets, agree to certain restrictions on the ability of Restricted Subsidiaries to make payments to us, consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all assets, or engage in transactions with affiliates. The Indenture also contains customary events of default.
The debt discount and the debt issuance costs are being amortized using the effective interest method over the remaining term of 53 months of the Senior Notes. The effective interest rate on the unamortized debt discount and the unamortized debt issuance costs for the Senior Notes for both the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was 4.42% and 4.30%, respectively.
The carrying value of our Senior Notes is reflected on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as follows (in thousands):
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Long-term liabilities:
Principal amount $ 400,000 $ 400,000
Debt discount, net of accumulated amortization of $1,848 and $1,309, respectively
(2,652) (3,191)
Debt issuance costs, net of accumulated amortization of $526 and $373, respectively
(751) (904)
Carrying value of the Senior Notes $ 396,597 $ 395,905
The fair value of the Senior Notes, which are Level 2 measurements, was $364.4 million at December 31, 2024.
The interest expense and amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs related to our Senior Notes are as follows (in thousands):
Years ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Senior Notes interest expense $ 17,000 $ 17,000 $ 16,980
Senior Notes amortization of debt discount 539 515 493
Senior Notes amortization of debt issuance costs 153 147 140
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The aggregate maturities of our Senior Notes for the next five years subsequent to December 31, 2024 and thereafter are as follows (in thousands):
Principal Maturity Discount Amortization Carrying Value
Years ending December 31,
2025 $ - $ (563) $ (563)
2026 - (588) (588)
2027 - (615) (615)
2028 - (642) (642)
2029 400,000 (244) 399,756
Thereafter - - -
Total $ 400,000 $ (2,652) $ 397,348
14. LEASES
Our lease obligations consist of operating and finance leases related to real estate, vehicles and equipment. The components of lease cost are as follows (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
Income Statement Classification 2024 2023 2022
Operating lease cost Facilities and grounds expense(1)
$ 3,998 $ 3,526 $ 3,375
Short-term lease cost Facilities and grounds expense(1)
232 372 329
Variable lease cost Facilities and grounds expense(1)
380 234 324
Finance lease cost:
Depreciation of leased assets Depreciation and amortization(2)
$ 511 $ 541 $ 438
Interest on lease liabilities Interest expense 506 500 442
Total finance lease cost 1,017 1,041 880
Total lease cost $ 5,627 $ 5,173 $ 4,908
(1) Facilities and grounds expense is included within Cost of service and General, administrative and other on our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
(2) Depreciation and amortization expense is included within Field depreciation expense and General, administrative and other on our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Supplemental cash flow information related to our leases is as follows (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Cash paid for operating leases included in operating activities $ 4,325 $ 3,779 $ 3,671
Cash paid for finance leases included in financing activities 1,083 1,153 868
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new leases are as follows (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities $ 1,224 $ 1,243
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities 1,027 1,896
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases is as follows (in thousands):
Lease Type Balance Sheet Classification December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Operating lease right-of-use assets Operating lease right-of-use assets $ 14,953 $ 16,295
Finance lease right-of-use assets Property, plant and equipment, net 8,564 8,249
Accumulated depreciation Property, plant and equipment, net (3,214) (3,059)
Finance lease right-of-use assets, net $ 5,350 $ 5,190
Operating lease current liabilities Current portion of operating lease obligations $ 2,810 $ 2,713
Finance lease current liabilities Current portion of finance lease obligations 533 592
Total current lease liabilities $ 3,343 $ 3,305
Operating lease non-current liabilities Obligations under operating leases, net of current portion $ 14,035 $ 15,797
Finance lease non-current liabilities Obligations under finance leases, net of current portion 6,045 5,831
Total non-current lease liabilities $ 20,080 $ 21,628
Total lease liabilities $ 23,423 $ 24,933
The average lease terms and discount rates at December 31, 2024 are as follows:
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) Weighted-average discount rate
Operating leases 7.1 8.1 %
Finance leases 13.0 8.1 %
The aggregate future lease payments for non-cancelable operating and finance leases at December 31, 2024 are as follows (in thousands):
Operating Finance
Lease payments due:
2025 $ 4,069 $ 1,063
2026 3,933 1,072
2027 3,690 1,073
2028 3,363 822
2029 2,970 745
Thereafter 3,906 6,294
Total lease payments $ 21,931 $ 11,069
Less: Interest (5,086) (4,491)
Present value of lease liabilities $ 16,845 $ 6,578
At December 31, 2024, we had no significant operating or finance leases that had not yet commenced.
15. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Non-Compete, Consulting and Employment Agreements
We have various non-compete agreements with former owners and employees. These agreements are generally for one to ten years and provide for periodic future payments over the term of the agreements.
We have various consulting agreements with former owners of businesses we have acquired. Payments for such agreements are generally not made in advance. These agreements are generally for one to ten years and provide for bi-weekly or monthly payments.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
We have employment agreements with our executive officers. These agreements are generally for two to five years and provide for participation in various incentive compensation arrangements. These agreements generally renew automatically on an annual basis after their initial term has expired.
At December 31, 2024, the maximum estimated future cash commitments under these agreements with remaining commitment terms, and with original terms of more than one year, are as follows (in thousands):
Non-Compete Consulting(1)
Employment(1)
Total
Years ending December 31,
2025 $ 1,926 $ 1,265 $ 5,560 $ 8,751
2026 1,309 671 4,464 6,444
2027 866 310 - 1,176
2028 380 140 - 520
2029 248 20 - 268
Thereafter 509 55 - 564
Total $ 5,238 $ 2,461 $ 10,024 $ 17,723
(1) In connection with Mr. Payne’s transition from Executive Chairman of the Board of Directors to serving as a special advisor to the Board of Directors, his employment agreement with the Company was terminated and he entered into a transition agreement, effective February 22, 2024.
Defined Contribution Plan
We sponsor a defined contribution plan, a 401K plan, for the benefit of our employees. Matching contributions and plan administrative expenses totaled $2.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, and $2.8 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. We do not offer any post-retirement or post-employment benefits.
Litigation
We are a party to various litigation matters and proceedings. For each of our outstanding legal matters, we evaluate the merits of the case, our exposure to the matter, possible legal or settlement strategies, and the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome. If we determine that an unfavorable outcome is probable and can be reasonably estimated, we establish the necessary accruals. We hold certain insurance policies that may reduce cash outflows with respect to an adverse outcome of certain of these litigation matters.
Denning v. Carriage Services, Inc., et al., Superior Court of California, Ventura County, Case No. 2024 CU OE 028098. On July 29, 2024, a wage and hour class action was filed against the Company and several of its subsidiaries. Plaintiff, a former employee, seeks monetary damages on behalf of herself and other similarly situated current and former non-exempt employees as the putative class for the alleged failure to pay legally mandated compensation and reimbursement expenses. As of December 31, 2024, we are unable to reasonably estimate the possible loss or ranges of loss, if any. The prospective class has not been certified by a court of competent jurisdiction and the Company intends to vigorously defend itself in all respects.
Frost v. Rolling Hills Memorial Park, Superior Court of California, Contra Costa County, Case No. C24-02653. On October 4, 2024, a consumer class action was filed against the Company’s subsidiary, Rolling Hills Memorial Park. Plaintiff, an owner of an interment right and purchaser of merchandise and services from Rolling Hills Memorial Park, seeks monetary damages on behalf of herself and other similarly situated current and former consumers and owners of interment rights as the putative class for the alleged failure to properly set cemetery merchandise and maintain the perpetual care cemetery. As of December 31, 2024, we are unable to reasonably estimate the possible loss or ranges of loss, if any. The prospective class has not been certified by a court of competent jurisdiction and the Company intends to vigorously defend itself in all respects.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
16. INCOME TAXES
We are subject to taxation in the United States and various states. The provision for income taxes consisted of the following (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Current:
U.S. federal provision $ 13,902 $ 7,862 $ 9,490
State provision 3,923 1,847 3,287
Total current provision $ 17,825 $ 9,709 $ 12,777
Deferred:
U.S. federal (benefit) provision $ (1,338) $ 2,117 $ 1,723
State provision 640 1,190 1,313
Total deferred (benefit) provision $ (698) $ 3,307 $ 3,036
Total income tax provision $ 17,127 $ 13,016 $ 15,813
A reconciliation of income taxes calculated at the U.S. federal statutory rate to those reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Operations is as follows (dollars in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Amount Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent
Federal statutory rate $ 10,517 21.0 % $ 9,750 21.0 % $ 12,000 21.0 %
Effect of state income taxes, net of federal benefit 3,656 7.3 2,421 5.2 3,630 6.3
Effect of 162(m) officer's compensation limitation
1,717 3.4 - - - -
Effect of non-deductible expenses and other, net 1,019 2.0 864 1.8 59 0.1
Effect of divestitures and impairment of businesses 219 0.5 - - 138 0.2
Change in valuation allowance, net of federal benefit (1) - (19) - (14) -
Total $ 17,127 34.2 % $ 13,016 28.0 % $ 15,813 27.6 %
The tax effects of temporary differences from total operations that give rise to significant deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023
Deferred income tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards $ 483 $ 694
Interest expense limitation 7,350 6,981
Tax credit carryforwards 51 63
State depreciation 1,096 1,310
Accrued and other liabilities 9,787 6,707
Amortization of non-compete agreements 875 855
Preneed assets, net 312 -
Lease liabilities 4,135 4,347
Total deferred income tax assets 24,089 20,957
Less: valuation allowance (156) (156)
Total deferred income tax assets $ 23,933 $ 20,801
Deferred income tax liabilities:
Depreciation and amortization $ (69,730) $ (66,863)
Preneed liabilities - (1,070)
Right-of-use assets (3,670) (3,806)
Prepaid assets and other (1,962) (1,189)
Total deferred income tax liabilities (75,362) (72,928)
Total net deferred tax liabilities $ (51,429) $ (52,127)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Our deferred tax assets and liabilities, along with related valuation allowances, are classified as non-current on our Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2024 and 2023. We record a valuation allowance to reflect the estimated amount of deferred tax assets for which realization is uncertain. Management reviews the valuation allowance at the end of each quarter and makes adjustments if it is determined that it is more-likely-than not that the tax benefits will be realized. We recognized an immaterial net decrease in our valuation allowance during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
For state reporting purposes, we have $10.1 million of net operating loss carryforwards that will expire between 2025 and 2043, if not utilized. Based on management’s assessment of the various state net operating losses, it was determined that it is more-likely-than not that we will be able to realize tax benefits on some portion of the amount of the state losses. The valuation allowance at December 31, 2024 was attributable to the deferred tax asset related to a portion of the state operating losses.
We analyze tax benefits for uncertain tax positions and how they are to be recognized, measured, and derecognized in financial statements; provide certain disclosures of uncertain tax matters; and specify how reserves for uncertain tax positions should be classified on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The deferred tax assets recognized for those net operating losses (“NOLs”) are presented net of these unrecognized tax benefits.
At December 31, 2024, the Company’s unrecognized tax benefit (“UTB”) reserve for uncertain tax positions primarily relates to the uncertainty of receiving audit protection for revenue recognition of cemetery property for the benefit derived from carrying back losses generated in 2018 to tax years with a higher effective tax rate than the current 21.0% rate. Our UTB reserve for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $3.5 million and $3.4 million, respectively.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Unrecognized tax benefit at beginning of year $ 3,382 $ 3,294 $ 3,761
Gross decreases - tax positions in prior period - - (533)
Gross increases - tax positions in prior period - 88 66
Gross increases - tax positions in current period 89 - -
Unrecognized tax benefit at end of year $ 3,471 $ 3,382 $ 3,294
At December 31, 2024, we expect that the $3.5 million of UTB will be recognized in the next twelve months. We accrued interest of $0.1 million during 2024 and in total, as of December 31, 2024, recognized a liability related to the UTB's noted above for interest of $0.4 million. During 2023, we accrued interest of $0.1 million and in total, as of December 31, 2023, recognized a liability for interest of $0.3 million.
In 2017, we filed amended returns for the tax years ending December 31, 2013, 2014, 2015, resulting in $1.9 million in refunds. These amended returns were selected for a limited scope audit. Additionally, losses incurred in the tax years ending December 31, 2018, and 2019 were carried back to the tax years 2015 and 2016, generating refunds exceeding $5.0 million, which require Joint Committee approval. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the refunds for the tax years 2013, 2014, and 2015 were received; however, the Joint Committee review is still pending. At December 31, 2024, Carriage had not received final correspondence from the Internal Revenue Service indicating the completion of the audits.
As of December 31, 2024, tax years 2013 to 2023 remain subject to examination by taxing authorities.
17. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Share Authorization
We are authorized to issue 80,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.01 per share par value. We had 26,881,355 and 26,627,319 shares issued and 15,253,537 and 14,999,501 shares outstanding, net of 11,627,818 shares held in treasury at par, at December 31, 2023 and 2024, respectively.
Stock Based Compensation Plans
During the year ended December 31, 2024, we had two stock benefits plans in effect under which stock, restricted stock, stock options and performance awards have been granted or remain outstanding: the Second Amended and Restated 2006 Long-Term Incentive Plan (as amended, the “Amended and Restated 2006 Plan”) and the 2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan (as amended, the “2017 Plan”). The Amended and Restated 2006 Plan was terminated upon the approval of the 2017 Plan at the annual stockholders meeting on May 17, 2017. The 2017 Plan expires on May 17, 2027. All stock-based plans are administered by the Compensation Committee appointed by our Board of Directors (the “Board”).
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
At December 31, 2024, we had 2,295,753 shares available to issue under our 2017 Plan. The termination of the Amended and Restated 2006 Plan does not affect the awards previously issued and outstanding.
Restricted Stock
Restricted stock activity is as follows (in thousands, except shares):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Shares Fair Value Shares Fair Value Shares Fair Value
Granted(1)
156,630 $ 3,834 142,020 $ 4,634 - $ -
Returned for payroll taxes 16,354 $ 419 1,473 $ 50 4,136 $ 205
Cancelled 55,050 $ 1,623 1,826 $ 61 1,950 $ 63
(1) Restricted stock granted during the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 will vest over a three-year period, if the employee has remained continuously employed by us during the vesting period, at a weighted average stock price of $24.48 and $32.63, respectively.
A summary of the number of unvested restricted stock awards and their weighted average grant date fair values during the year ended December 31, 2024 is presented in the table below:
Restricted stock awards Shares Weighted Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Unvested at January 1 143,168 $ 32.65
Granted 156,630 $ 24.48
Vested (48,268) $ 32.69
Cancelled (55,050) $ 29.49
Unvested at December 31 196,480 $ 27.01
We recorded stock-based compensation expense, which is included in Regional and unallocated funeral and cemetery costs and General, administrative and other expenses, for restricted stock awards of $2.0 million , $1.4 million and $0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
At December 31, 2024, we had $5.3 million of total unrecognized compensation costs related to unvested restricted stock awards, which are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.9 years.
Stock Options
Stock option grants and cancellations are as follows (in thousands, except shares):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Shares Fair Value Shares Fair Value Shares Fair Value
Granted(1)
370,590 $ 3,830 214,191 $ 2,506 58,500 $ 959
Granted(2)
- $ - - $ - 310,000 $ 5,388
Granted(3)
- $ - - $ - 12,600 $ 143
Cancelled 532,266 $ 6,311 105,150 $ 1,380 45,590 $ 512
(1) Stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 had a weighted average price of $24.48, $32.69 and $49.48, respectively. The fair value of these options was calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The options granted in 2024 and 2023 vest over a three-year period and have a ten-year term. The options granted in 2022 vest over a five-year period and have a ten-year term. These options will vest if the employee has remained continuously employed by us through the vesting period.
(2) Stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2022 had a weighted average price of $49.48. The fair value of these options was calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and vest over a seven-year period and have a ten-year term. These options will vest if the employee has remained continuously employed by us through the vesting period.
(3) Stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2022 had a weighted average price of $31.58. The fair value of these options was calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and vest over a three-year period and have a ten-year term. These options will vest if the employee has remained continuously employed by us through the vesting period.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Additional stock option activity is as follows (in thousands, except shares):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Shares Cash Shares Cash Shares Cash
Exercised(1)
97,548 $ 1,439 74,200 N/A 32,196 N/A
Returned for option price(2)
28,882 $ 1,113 56,957 $ - 18,797 $ 60
Returned for payroll taxes(3)
4,482 $ 174 5,486 $ 174 2,895 $ 123
(1) Stock options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 had a weighted average exercise price of $26.12, $23.98 and $25.49, respectively.
(2) Represents shares withheld/cash received for the payment of the option price.
(3) Represents shares withheld/cash paid for the payment of payroll taxes.
Stock options are granted with an exercise price equal to the closing price of our common stock on the date of grant. All of the options granted and outstanding under this plan have either a seven or ten-year term. We utilized the Black-Scholes option pricing model and Monte-Carlo simulation pricing model for estimating the fair value of our stock options. These models allow for the use of a range of assumptions related to volatility, risk-free interest rate, expected holding period and dividend yield. The expected volatility utilized in these valuation models is based on the historical volatility of our stock price. The dividend yield and expected holding period are based on historical experience and management's estimate of future events. The risk-free interest rate is derived from the U.S. Treasury yield curve based on the expected life of the option in effect at the time of grant.
The fair value of the options granted using the Black-Scholes option pricing model was estimated on the date of grant with the following assumptions:
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022 2022 2022
Grant date February 21 February 22 February 23 February 23 September 27
Expected holding period (years) 6.0 4.0 7.0 5.0 4.1
Awards granted 370,590 214,191 310,000 58,500 12,600
Dividend yield 1.79 % 1.38 % 0.91 % 0.91 % 1.43 %
Expected volatility 43.59 % 43.68 % 34.35 % 33.18 % 43.68 %
Risk-free interest rate 4.31 % 4.27 % 1.98 % 1.89 % 4.29 %
Black-Scholes value $10.34 $11.70 $17.38 $16.39 $11.35
The fair value of the options granted using the Monte-Carlo simulation pricing model was estimated on the date of grant with the following assumptions:
Year ended December 31, 2022
Awards granted 150,000
Dividend yield 1.15 %
Expected volatility 34.08 %
Risk-free interest rate 1.29 %
A summary of the number of stock options and their weighted average exercise prices during the year ended December 31, 2024 is presented in the table below (shares in thousands):
Shares Wtd. Avg.
Ex. Price
Outstanding at January 1 1,603 $ 35.04
Granted 371 $ 24.48
Exercised (98) $ 26.12
Forfeited or expired (532) $ 36.01
Outstanding at December 31 1,344 $ 32.39
Exercisable at December 31 617 $ 31.54
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
A summary of the number of stock options and their weighted average grant date fair values during the year ended December 31, 2024 is presented in the table below (shares in thousands):
Shares Wtd. Avg.
Fair Value
Non-vested at January 1 915 $ 12.77
Granted 371 $ 10.34
Vested or exercised (220) $ 11.71
Forfeited (339) $ 12.43
Non-vested at December 31 727 $ 11.98
A summary of the intrinsic value of stock options exercised and the fair value of stock options vested for the three years ended December 31, 2024 is presented in the table below (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Intrinsic value of options exercised $ 647 $ 538 $ 580
Fair value of stock options vested
5,825 6,003 1,784
The following table further describes our outstanding stock options at December 31, 2024:
Options Outstanding Options Exercisable
Actual Ranges of Exercise Prices Number Outstanding at 12/31/24 Weighted-Average
Remaining
Contractual Life Weighted-Average
Exercise Price Number Exercisable at 12/31/24 Weighted-Average
Remaining
Contractual Life Weighted-Average
Exercise Price
$18.02 - $18.02
13,333 5.48 $ 18.02 13,333 5.48 $ 18.02
$20.06 - $26.54
593,477 5.39 $ 24.73 272,087 0.96 $ 25.04
$31.58 - $31.58
12,600 7.74 $ 31.58 8,400 7.74 $ 31.58
$32.69 - $49.48
724,675 6.86 $ 38.93 323,020 6.65 $ 37.59
$18.02 - $49.48
1,344,085 6.20 $ 32.39 616,840 4.13 $ 31.54
The aggregate intrinsic value of the outstanding and exercisable stock options were both $12.2 million and $5.8 million, respectively, at December 31, 2024. We had $6.1 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.5 years at December 31, 2024.
We recorded stock-based compensation expense, which is included in Regional and unallocated funeral and cemetery costs and General, administrative and other expenses, for stock options $2.5 million, $2.9 million and $2.3 million, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Performance Awards
Performance award activity is as follows (in thousands, except shares):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Shares Fair Value Shares Fair Value Shares Fair Value
Granted - $ - - $ - 27,013 $ 1,262
Cancelled 80,276 $ 871 54,229 $ 1,565 30,743 $ 295
A summary of the number of performance awards and their weighted average grant date fair values during the year ended December 31, 2024 is presented in the table below:
Performance Awards Shares Weighted Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
At January 1 377,807 $ 19.81
Cancelled (80,276) $ 10.85
At December 31 297,531 $ 22.23
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The performance awards in the table above are presented at the first predetermined growth target. However, at December 31, 2024, certain performance criteria for the third predetermined growth target were satisfied. Therefore, a total of 415,812 shares of common stock are expected to be awarded to participants under this program. There was no unrecognized compensation cost related to performance awards at December 31, 2024.
We recorded stock-based compensation expense, which is included in Regional and unallocated funeral and cemetery costs and General, administrative and other expenses, for performance awards of $1.1 million, $1.6 million and $2.5 million during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
We provide all employees the opportunity to purchase common stock through payroll deductions in our ESPP. Purchases are made quarterly; the price being 85% of the lower of the price on the first day of the plan entry date (beginning of the fiscal year) or the actual date of purchase (end of quarter).
ESPP activity is as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Shares Price Shares Price Shares Price
ESPP 55,850 $ 21.26 63,372 $ 23.58 52,053 $ 32.38
We recorded stock-based compensation expense, which is included in Regional and unallocated funeral and cemetery costs and General, administrative and other expenses, for our ESPP of $0.4 million, $0.6 million and $0.5 million during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The fair values of the right to purchase shares under the ESPP are estimated at the date of purchase with the four quarterly purchase dates using the following assumptions:
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Dividend yield 1.51 % 1.30 % 0.01 %
Expected volatility 41.2 % 53.5 % 30.2 %
Risk-free interest rate 5.46%, 5.24%, 5.02%, 4.80%
4.53%, 4.77%, 4.75%,4.72%
0.08%, 0.22%, 0.31%, 0.40%
Expected life (years) 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00
0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00
0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00
Expected volatilities are based on the historical volatility during the previous twelve months of the underlying common stock. The risk-free rate for the quarterly purchase periods is based on the U.S. Treasury yields in effect at the time of purchase. The expected life of the ESPP grants represents the calendar quarters from the beginning of the year to the purchase date (end of each quarter).
Common Stock
Former Employee
Common stock activity is as follows (in thousands, except shares):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Shares Fair Value Shares Fair Value Shares Fair Value
Granted(1)
- $ - 30,000 $ 826 - $ -
Returned for payroll taxes - $ - 1,001 $ 28 - $ -
(1) During the year ended December 31, 2023, we issued 30,000 shares of common stock to a former executive at a stock price of $27.54, in accordance with his Separation and Release Agreement pertaining to his resignation from his position as the Company’s Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer & Treasurer effective January 2, 2023.
We recorded stock-based compensation expense, which is included in General, administrative and other expenses, for
common stock awards of $0.8 million, for the year ended December 31, 2023.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Good to Great Incentive Program
Common stock issued to certain employees under this incentive program is as follows (in thousands, except shares):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Shares Fair Value Shares Fair Value Shares Fair Value
31,470 $ 790 8,444 $ 276 27,448 $ 1,358
(1) Common stock granted during the year ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 had a grant date stock price of $25.08, $32.69 and $49.48, respectively.
Non-Employee Director and Board Advisor Compensation
On April 2, 2024, the Board revised the Director Compensation Policy to provide that each independent director is entitled to a quarterly retainer of $37,500 payable in cash and/or unrestricted shares of our common stock at the end of each quarter. The chair of the Board, so long as he or she is an independent director, and the chair of our Audit Committee shall be entitled to an additional annual retainer of $20,000, payable in quarterly installments of $5,000 each at the end of each quarter, and the chair of our Compensation Committee is entitled to an additional annual retainer of $15,000, payable in quarterly installments of $3,750 each at the end of each quarter, and the chair of our Corporate Governance Committee is entitled to an additional annual retainer of $10,000, payable in quarterly installments of $2,500 at the end of each quarter.
Any new independent director will receive upon admission to the Board a grant of $25,000 (in addition to the independent director annual retainer prorated at the time the new director is admitted to the Board) which can be taken in cash or unrestricted shares of our common stock. The number of shares of such common stock will be determined by dividing the cash amount by the closing price of our common stock on the date of grant, which will be the date of admission to the Board.
Non-employee director and board advisor common stock activity is as follows (in thousands, except shares):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Shares Fair Value Shares Fair Value Shares Fair Value
Board of Directors(1)
16,658 $ 510 15,059 $ 431 11,155 $ 415
Advisor to the Board(1)
647 $ 21 691 $ 20 555 $ 20
(1) Common stock granted during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 had a weighted average price of $30.56, $28.60 and $37.14, respectively.
We recorded compensation expense, which is included in General, administrative and other expenses, related to annual retainers, including the value of stock granted to non-employee Directors and an advisor to our Board, of $1.3 million, $0.8 million and $0.7 million, during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Cash Dividends
Our Board declared the following dividends payable on the dates below (in thousands, except per share amounts):
2024 Per Share Dollar Value
March 1st $ 0.1125 $ 1,686
June 1st $ 0.1125 $ 1,704
September 1st $ 0.1125 $ 1,708
December 1st $ 0.1125 $ 1,709
2023 Per Share Dollar Value
March 1st $ 0.1125 $ 1,661
June 1st $ 0.1125 $ 1,679
September 1st $ 0.1125 $ 1,683
December 1st $ 0.1125 $ 1,685
18. SHARE REPURCHASE PROGRAM
Subject to market conditions, normal trading restrictions and satisfying certain financial covenants in our Credit Facility, and in the Indenture governing our Senior Notes, we may make purchases in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions under our Board authorized share repurchase program, in accordance with Rule 10b-18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”).
On February 23, 2022, our Board authorized an increase in our share repurchase program to permit us to purchase up to an additional $75.0 million under our share repurchase program, in addition to amounts previously authorized and outstanding in accordance with Rule 10b-18 of the Exchange Act, which totaled up to $265.0 million in share repurchase authorizations.
Share repurchase activity is as follows (dollar value in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Number of Shares Repurchased
- - 695,496
Average Price Paid Per Share $ - $ - $ 49.22
Dollar Value of Shares Repurchased
$ - $ - $ 34,234
Our shares were purchased in the open market at times and in amounts as management determined appropriate based on factors such as market conditions, legal requirements and other business considerations. Shares purchased pursuant to the repurchase program are currently held as treasury stock. At December 31, 2024, our share repurchase program had $48.9 million authorized for repurchases.
19. EARNINGS PER SHARE
Share-based awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents, whether paid or unpaid, are participating securities and included in the computation of both basic and diluted earnings per share. Our grants of stock awards to our employees are considered participating securities and we have prepared our earnings per share calculations to exclude earnings allocated to unvested restricted stock awards, using the two-class method, in the basic and diluted weighted average shares outstanding calculation.
The following table sets forth the computation of the basic and diluted earnings per share (in thousands, except per share data):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Numerator for basic and diluted earnings per share:
Net income $ 32,953 $ 33,413 $ 41,381
Less: Earnings allocated to unvested restricted stock (432) (306) (26)
Income attributable to common stockholders $ 32,521 $ 33,107 $ 41,355
Denominator:
Denominator for basic earnings per common share - weighted average shares outstanding 14,971 14,803 14,857
Effect of dilutive securities:
Stock options 56 55 183
Performance awards 416 597 670
Denominator for diluted earnings per common share - weighted average shares outstanding 15,443 15,455 15,710
Basic earnings per common share: $ 2.17 $ 2.24 $ 2.78
Diluted earnings per common share: $ 2.10 $ 2.14 $ 2.63
Stock options excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share because the inclusion of such stock options would result in an antidilutive effect are as follows (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Antidilutive stock options 1,143 1,208 311
Our performance awards are considered to be contingently issuable shares because their issuance is contingent upon the satisfaction of certain performance and service conditions. At December 31, 2024, we had satisfied certain performance criteria for the first, second and third predetermined growth targets of our performance awards to be considered outstanding. Therefore, we included these awards in the computation of diluted earnings per share as of the beginning of the reporting period.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
20. SEGMENT REPORTING
Our Chief Operating Decision Maker (the “CODM”), who is the Chief Executive Officer, utilizes segment operating income (loss) for resource allocation across segments, particularly during the annual budgeting and forecasting processes. The CODM examines variances on a monthly basis to make informed decisions regarding capital and personnel distribution among segments. Additionally, the CODM employs segment gross profit for product pricing evaluation and uses segment adjusted operating profit to assess each segment’s performance by comparing results and return on assets against expected outcomes.
The tables below present revenue, disaggregated by major source for each of our reportable segments, as well as, significant segment expenses, other segment expenses, operating income (loss), depreciation and amortization, interest expense, income (loss) before income taxes, income tax expense (benefit), total assets, long-lived assets, goodwill, capital expenditures and number of operating locations by segment as follows, (in thousands, except number of operating locations) for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively:
Year Ended, December 31, 2024 Funeral Cemetery Corporate Total
Revenue
Services $ 163,696 $ 19,355 $ - $ 183,051
Merchandise 81,036 17,482 - 98,518
Cemetery property - 88,414 - 88,414
Other revenue 18,382 15,833 - 34,215
Total revenue 263,114 141,084 - 404,198
Less:(1)
Salaries, benefits and commission expenses
69,552 37,958 - 107,510
Cost of merchandise 27,831 8,058 - 35,889
Allocated overhead costs(2)
13,135 4,883 - 18,018
Facilities and grounds expenses 10,561 6,527 - 17,088
General and administrative expenses(3)
10,324 3,616 - 13,940
Other segment expenses(4)
47,454 23,459 59,041 129,954
Operating income (loss) $ 84,257 $ 56,583 $ (59,041) $ 81,799
Depreciation and amortization $ 11,736 $ 10,161 $ 993 $ 22,890
Interest expense $ 947 $ 27 $ 31,101 $ 32,075
Income (loss) before income taxes $ 83,945 $ 56,933 $ (90,798) $ 50,080
Income tax expense (benefit) $ 28,709 $ 19,471 $ (31,053) $ 17,127
Total assets $ 781,006 $ 477,487 $ 21,087 $ 1,279,580
Long-lived assets $ 628,681 $ 207,427 $ 10,232 $ 846,340
Goodwill $ 356,869 $ 57,990 $ - $ 414,859
Capital expenditures $ 5,724 $ 8,814 $ 1,560 $ 16,098
Number of operating locations at year end 162 31 - 193
(1) The significant expense categories and amounts align with the segment-level information that is regularly provided to the CODM.
(2) Allocated overhead costs include: property insurance costs, property tax expenses and corporate overhead fees allocated to the field, such as information technology, human resources, legal and finance.
(3) General and administrative expenses include: professional services, travel and meals expenses, computer software expenses and office supplies.
(4) The Corporate segment's other segment expenses primarily include general, administrative and other expenses, net loss on divestitures, disposals and impairment charges and amortization and depreciation expenses. The Funeral and Cemetery segment's other segment expenses primarily include transportation costs, other funeral costs, non-payroll related promotional costs, net loss on divestitures, disposals and impairment charges and amortization and depreciation expenses.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Year Ended, December 31, 2023 Funeral Cemetery Corporate Total
Revenue
Services $ 163,600 $ 18,566 $ - $ 182,166
Merchandise 85,795 16,385 - 102,180
Cemetery property - 67,310 - 67,310
Other revenue 15,381 15,483 - 30,864
Total revenue 264,776 117,744 - 382,520
Less:(1)
Salaries, benefits and commission expenses
72,210 33,962 - 106,172
Cost of merchandise 29,387 7,445 - 36,832
Allocated overhead costs(2)
12,767 4,147 - 16,914
Facilities and grounds expenses 10,063 5,578 - 15,641
General and administrative expenses(3)
10,301 3,253 - 13,554
Other segment expenses(4)
48,742 21,436 42,250 112,428
Operating income (loss) $ 81,306 $ 41,923 $ (42,250) $ 80,979
Depreciation and amortization $ 12,197 $ 8,008 $ 912 $ 21,117
Interest expense $ 783 $ 8 $ 35,475 $ 36,266
Income (loss) before income taxes $ 82,453 $ 42,208 $ (78,232) $ 46,429
Income tax expense (benefit) $ 23,115 $ 11,833 $ (21,932) $ 13,016
Total assets $ 802,368 $ 448,018 $ 17,666 $ 1,268,052
Long-lived assets $ 648,253 $ 209,401 $ 5,732 $ 863,386
Goodwill $ 364,639 $ 59,004 $ - $ 423,643
Capital expenditures $ 7,483 $ 10,061 $ 495 $ 18,039
Number of operating locations at year end 171 32 - 203
(1) The significant expense categories and amounts align with the segment-level information that is regularly provided to the CODM.
(2) Allocated overhead costs include: property insurance costs, property tax expenses and corporate overhead fees allocated to the field, such as information technology, human resources, legal and finance.
(3) General and administrative expenses include: professional services, travel and meals expenses, computer software expenses and office supplies.
(4) The Corporate segment's other segment expenses primarily include general, administrative and other expenses, net loss on divestitures, disposals and impairment charges and amortization and depreciation expenses. The Funeral and Cemetery segment's other segment expenses primarily include transportation costs, other funeral costs, non-payroll related promotional costs, net loss on divestitures, disposals and impairment charges and amortization and depreciation expenses.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Year Ended December 31, 2022 Funeral Cemetery Corporate Total
Revenue
Services $ 163,904 $ 17,367 $ - $ 181,271
Merchandise 89,052 14,307 - 103,359
Cemetery property - 58,611 - 58,611
Other revenue 13,947 12,986 - 26,933
Total revenue 266,903 103,271 - 370,174
Less:(1)
Salaries, benefits and commission expenses
70,142 28,940 - 99,082
Cost of merchandise 29,944 6,483 - 36,427
Allocated overhead costs(2)
11,648 3,511 - 15,159
Facilities and grounds expenses 9,919 5,268 - 15,187
General and administrative expenses(3)
9,530 2,787 - 12,317
Other segment expenses(4)
53,640 21,187 37,449 112,276
Operating income (loss) $ 82,080 $ 35,095 $ (37,449) $ 79,726
Depreciation and amortization $ 11,591 $ 7,584 $ 624 $ 19,799
Interest expense $ 753 $ - $ 25,142 $ 25,895
Income (loss) before income taxes $ 85,196 $ 35,126 $ (63,128) $ 57,194
Income tax expense (benefit) $ 23,555 $ 9,712 $ (17,454) $ 15,813
Total assets $ 779,500 $ 396,389 $ 17,061 $ 1,192,950
Long-lived assets $ 630,599 $ 190,226 $ 4,518 $ 825,343
Goodwill $ 355,654 $ 54,483 $ - $ 410,137
Capital expenditures $ 14,917 $ 10,566 $ 598 $ 26,081
Number of operating locations at year end 171 32 - 203
(1) The significant expense categories and amounts align with the segment-level information that is regularly provided to the CODM.
(2) Allocated overhead costs include: property insurance costs, property tax expenses and corporate overhead fees allocated to the field, such as information technology, human resources, legal and finance.
(3) General and administrative expenses include: professional services, travel and meals expenses, computer software expenses and office supplies.
(4) The Corporate segment's other segment expenses primarily include general, administrative and other expenses, net loss on divestitures, disposals and impairment charges and amortization and depreciation expenses. The Funeral and Cemetery segment's other segment expenses primarily include transportation costs, other funeral costs, non-payroll related promotional costs, net loss on divestitures, disposals and impairment charges and amortization and depreciation expenses.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
21. SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Balance Sheets
The following table presents the detail of certain balance sheet accounts (in thousands):
December 31,
2024 2023
Prepaid and other current assets:
Prepaid expenses $ 3,987 $ 3,779
Federal income tax receivable - 454
State income tax receivable - 421
Other current assets 136 137
Total prepaid and other current assets $ 4,123 $ 4,791
Current portion of debt and lease obligations:
Acquisition debt $ 571 $ 537
Finance lease obligations 533 592
Operating lease obligations 2,810 2,713
Total current portion of debt and lease obligations $ 3,914 $ 3,842
Accrued and other liabilities:
Incentive compensation $ 12,860 $ 13,156
Salaries and wages 4,867 2,285
Insurance 3,584 3,017
Unrecognized tax benefit 3,471 3,382
Vacation 2,803 3,647
Ad valorem taxes 2,314 2,395
Interest 2,288 2,409
Perpetual care trust payable 2,143 1,358
Employee meetings and award trips 1,550 1,185
Commissions 1,218 1,144
Income tax payable 208 -
Other accrued liabilities 1,300 1,384
Total accrued and other liabilities, including HFS
38,606 35,362
Less: Held for sale
(146) -
Total accrued and other liabilities
$ 38,460 $ 35,362
Other long-term liabilities:
Incentive compensation $ 996 $ 1,855
Other long-term liabilities 183 -
Total other long-term liabilities $ 1,179 $ 1,855
22. SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION
The following information is supplemental disclosure for the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Cash paid for interest and financing costs $ 30,629 $ 34,682 $ 24,456
Cash paid for taxes 16,654 10,448 9,713
Land purchased in exchange for debt - 2,550 -
CARRIAGE SERVICES, INC.
SCHEDULE II - VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
(in thousands)
Description Balance at beginning of year Charged to costs and expenses Deduction Balance at end of year
Year ended December 31, 2022:
Employee severance accruals $ 641 $ 1,880 $ 1,361 $ 1,160
Valuation allowance of the deferred tax asset 198 - 17 181
Year ended December 31, 2023:
Employee severance accruals $ 1,160 $ 186 $ 799 $ 547
Valuation allowance of the deferred tax asset 181 - 25 156
Year Ended December 31, 2024:
Employee severance accruals $ 547 $ 6,207 $ 4,233 $ 2,521
Valuation allowance of the deferred tax asset 156 - - 156

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE.
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.
Management’s Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, including our principal executive and financial officers, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-K. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal executive and financial officers, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on such evaluation, our principal executive and financial officers have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2024 (the end of the period covered by this Form 10-K).
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Management’s report on our internal control over financial reporting is presented on the following page of this Form 10-K. Grant Thornton LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the financial statements included in this Form 10-K, has issued an attestation report on our internal control over financial reporting.
MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(f) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and includes those policies and procedures that:
(i) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets;
(ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S., and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and our directors; and
(iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management conducted an assessment of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 using the framework specified in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013), published by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on such assessment, management has concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024.
The Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 has been audited by Grant Thornton LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, which also audited the financial statements of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2024, as stated in their report that is presented in this Annual Report.
/s/ Carlos R. Quezada
Carlos R. Quezada
Chief Executive Officer and Vice Chairman of the Board
(Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ John Enwright
John Enwright
Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
(Principal Financial Officer)
February 28, 2025
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
During the three months ended December 31, 2024, there was no change in our system of internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION.
Rule 10b5-1 Stock Selling Plan
On November 25, 2024, Steven D. Metzger, President and Secretary, entered into a stock trading plan designed to comply with Rule 10b5-1 (as defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K under the Exchange Act ) and satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c), which is scheduled to expire no later than January 30, 2026 (“Mr. Metzger’s Plan”).
Mr. Metzger’s Plan provides for sales of Company securities as part of his long-term asset diversification, tax, estate and financial planning strategy, and is in accordance with the Company’s Insider Trading & Anti-Hedging Policy. Under the terms of the Mr. Metzger’s Plan, Mr. Metzger will sell shares of the Company’s common stock on the open market in varying increments with a limit order of $40 per share beginning on March 6, 2025, and continuing through January 30, 2026. Up to 11,001 shares may be sold under the terms of Mr. Metzger’s Plan. Any transactions under Mr. Metzger’s Plan will be disclosed publicly through Form 144 and Form 4 filings with the SEC to the extent required by applicable law.
On December 27, 2024, Carlos R. Quezada, Chief Executive Officer and Vice Chairman of the Board, entered into a stock trading plan designed to comply with Rule 10b5-1 and intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of defense of Rule 10b5-1(c), which is scheduled to expire no later than January 30, 2026 (“Mr. Quezada’s Plan”).
Mr. Quezada’s Plan provides for sales of Company securities as part of his long-term asset diversification, tax, estate and financial planning strategy, and is in accordance with the Company’s Insider Trading & Anti-Hedging Policy. Under the terms of the Mr. Quezada’s Plan, Mr. Quezada will sell shares of the Company’s common stock on the open market in varying increments with a limit order of $40 per share beginning on March 31, 2025, and continuing through January 30, 2026. Up to 17,357 shares may be sold under the terms of Mr. Quezada’s Plan. Any transactions under Mr. Quezada’s Plan will be disclosed publicly through Form 144 and Form 4 filings with the SEC to the extent required by applicable law.
Other than Mr. Metzger’s Plan and Mr. Quezada’s Plan, no Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements were adopted by any of our other directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Exchange Act) during the three months ended December 31, 2024.
No non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements were adopted by any of our directors or officers during the three months ended December 31, 2024. No Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements were terminated by any director or officer during such period.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE.
The information required by Item 10 is incorporated in this Form 10-K by reference to our definitive proxy statement or an amendment to this Form 10-K to be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (as amended, the “Code”), which is applicable to each of our Directors, Officers, and employees, including our principal executive officer and other senior financial officers, who include our principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, and persons performing similar functions. The Code is available on our internet website at www.carriageservices.com. To the extent required by SEC rules, we intend to disclose any amendments to this code and any waiver of a provision of the Code for the benefit of our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or corporate controller, or persons performing similar functions, on our website within four business days following any such amendment of waiver, or within any other period that may be required under SEC rules from time to time.
Insider Trading and Anti-Hedging Policy
We have adopted an Insider Trading & Anti-Hedging Policy governing the purchase, sale and other disposition of our securities that applies to all of our employees, including directors, officers and other covered persons that is designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and applicable New York Stock Exchange listing standards, as well as procedures designed to further the foregoing purposes. A copy of our Insider Trading & Anti-Hedging Policy is filed with this Form 10-K as Exhibit 19.1.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION.
The information required by Item 11 is incorporated in this Form 10-K by reference to our definitive proxy statement or an amendment to this Form 10-K to be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS.
The information required by Item 12 is incorporated in this Form 10-K by reference to our definitive proxy statement or an amendment to this Form 10-K to be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.
The following table, required by Item 201(d) of Regulation S-K, summarizes information regarding the number of shares of our common stock that are available for issuance under all of our existing equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2024.
Plan Category Number of securities to
be issued upon exercise
of outstanding options,
warrants and rights
(a) Weighted-average
exercise price of
outstanding options,
warrants and rights
(b) Number of securities
remaining available for
future issuance under
equity compensation
plans (excluding
securities reflected in
column (a))
(c)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders 1,344,085 $ 32.39 2,295,753
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders - - -
Total 1,344,085 $ 32.39 2,295,753

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE.
The information required by Item 13 is incorporated in this Form 10-K by reference to our definitive proxy statement or an amendment to this Form 10-K to be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES.
The information required by Item 14 is incorporated in this Form 10-K by reference to our definitive proxy statement or an amendment to this Form 10-K to be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES.
(1) FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The following financial statements and the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm are filed as a part of this Form 10-K on the pages indicated:
Page
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
(2) FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
The following Financial Statement Schedule is included in this Form 10-K on the page indicated:
Page
Financial Statement Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
All other schedules are omitted as the required information is inapplicable or the information is presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements or related notes.
(3) EXHIBITS
A copy of this Form 10-K, excluding exhibits, will be furnished at no charge to each person to whom a proxy statement for our 2025 annual meeting of stockholders is delivered upon the request of such person. Exhibits to this Form 10-K are available upon payment of a reasonable fee, which is limited to our expenses in furnishing the requested exhibit. Requests for copies should be directed to our Corporate Secretary, by mail at 3040 Post Oak Boulevard, Suite 300, Houston, Texas 77056 or by phone at 1-866-332-8400 or 713-332-8400.
Exhibit No. Description
3.1 Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, of the Company. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for its fiscal year ended December 31, 1996, filed on March 20, 1997.
3.2 Certificate of Amendment dated May 7, 1997. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for its fiscal quarter ended September 30, 1997, filed on November 14, 1997.
3.3 Certificate of Amendment dated May 7, 2002. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for its fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2002, filed on August 13,2002.
3.4 Amended and Restated By-Laws of Carriage Services, Inc. dated June 21, 2023. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 22, 2023.
4.1 Indenture, dated as of May 13, 2021, among the Company, the Guarantors (as defined therein) and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Trustee. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 13, 2021.
4.2 Form of 4.25% Senior Notes due 2029 (included with the Indenture filed as Exhibit 4.1). Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 13, 2021.
4.3 Second Amended and Restated 2006 Long-Term Incentive Plan. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for its quarter ended June 30, 2012, filed on August 7, 2012. †
4.4 First Amendment to Carriage Services, Inc. Second Amended and Restated 2006 Long-Term Incentive Plan. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for its fiscal year ended December 31, 2013, filed March 5, 2014. †
4.5 Amended and Restated Carriage Services, Inc. 2007 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for its quarter ended September 30, 2013, filed on November 6, 2013. †
4.6 First Amendment to the Amended and Restated Carriage Services, Inc. 2007 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. Incorporated by reference to Appendix B to the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed on April 4, 2018. †
4.7 Second and Third Amendments to the Amended and Restated Carriage Services, Inc. 2007 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. Incorporated by reference to Appendix A and B, respectively, to the Company's Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the SEC on April 5, 2021 and Amendment No. 1 to our Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the SEC on April 6, 2021. †
4.8 Carriage Services, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan. Incorporated by reference to Appendix A of the Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed on April 5, 2017. †
4.9 First Amendment to the Carriage Services, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan. Incorporated by reference to Appendix C to the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed on April 5, 2021 and Amendment No. 1 to our Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the SEC on April 6, 2021.†
4.10 Summary of Securities Registered under Section 12. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.10 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for its fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, filed on March 2, 2022.
10.1 Director Compensation Policy dated effective April 2, 2024. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for its quarter ended June 30, 2024, filed on August 2, 2024. †
10.2 Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement under Carriage Services, Inc. Second Amended and Restated 2006 Long-Term Incentive Plan. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for its quarter ended June 30, 2013, filed on August 8, 2013. †
10.3 Form of Employee Stock Option Agreement under Carriage Services, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.33 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for its fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, filed on February 21, 2018. †
10.4 Form of Employee Incentive Stock Option Agreement under Carriage Services, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for its fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, filed on February 21, 2018. †
10.5 Form of Employee Restricted Stock Agreement under Carriage Services, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for its fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, filed on February 21, 2018. †
10.6 Form of Performance Award Agreement under Carriage Services, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 22, 2020. †
10.7 Form of First Amendment to Performance Award Agreement under Carriage Services, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan dated as of June 1, 2021. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for its fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, filed on March 2, 2022. †
10.8 Employment Agreement dated June 25, 2020, by and between the Company and Carlos Quezada. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for its fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, filed on March 2, 2022. †
10.9 First Amendment to Employment Agreement dated June 1, 2021, by and between the Company and Carlos Quezada. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to the Company's Annual Report on Form for its fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, 10-K filed on March 2, 2022. †
10.10 Second Amendment to Employment Agreement dated September 30, 2022, by and between the Company and Carlos Quezada. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for its quarter ended September 30, 2022, filed on November 2, 2022.†
10.11 Third Amendment to Employment Agreement dated June 21, 2023, by and between the Company and Carlos R. Quezada. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for its quarter ended June 30, 2023, filed on August 7, 2023.†
10.12 Fourth Amendment to Employment Agreement dated February 21, 2024, by and between the Company and Carlos R. Quezada. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for its quarter ended March 31, 2024, filed on May 3, 2024. †
10.13 Employment Agreement dated November 5, 2019, by and between the Company and Steven D. Metzger. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for its fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, filed on March 2, 2022. †
10.14 First Amendment to Employment Agreement dated June 1, 2021, by and between the Company and Steven D. Metzger. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for its fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, filed on March 2, 2022. †
10.15 Second Amendment to Employment Agreement dated September 30, 2022, by and between the Company and Steven D. Metzger. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for its quarter ended September 30, 2022, filed on November 2, 2022.†
10.16 Third Amendment to Employment Agreement dated June 21, 2023, by and between the Company and Steven D. Metzger. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for its quarter ended June 30, 2023, filed on August 7, 2023.†
10.17 Fourth Amendment to Employment Agreement dated February 21, 2024, by and between the Company and Steven D. Metzger. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for its quarter ended March 31, 2024, filed on May 3, 2024. †
10.18 Employment Agreement dated November 5, 2019, by and between the Company and Shawn Phillips. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 8, 2019. †
10.19 First Amendment to Employment Agreement dated September 30, 2022, by and between the Company and Shawn Phillips. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for its quarter ended September 30, 2022, filed on November 2, 2022. †
10.20 Second Amendment to Employment Agreement dated February 21, 2024, by and between the Company and Shawn R. Phillips. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for its quarter ended March 31, 2024, filed on May 3, 2024. †
10.21 Third Amendment to Employment Agreement dated April 30, 2024, by and between the Company and Shawn R. Phillips. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 1, 2024. †
10.22 Employment Agreement dated November 5, 2019, by and between the Company and Paul D. Elliott. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 8, 2019. †
10.23 First Amendment to Employment Agreement dated September 30, 2022, by and between the Company and Paul D. Elliott. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for its quarter ended March 31, 2024, filed on May 3, 2024. †
10.24 Second Amendment to Employment Agreement dated April 29, 2024, by and between the Company and Paul D. Elliott. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 1, 2024. †
10.25 Employment Agreement dated March 25, 2024, by and between the Company and Kathryn Shanley. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 25, 2024. †
10.26 Employment Agreement dated January 2, 2025, by and between the Company and John Enwright. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 4, 2024. †
10.27 Indemnity Agreement with Melvin C. Payne dated December 18, 2000. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for its fiscal year ended December 31, 2000, filed on April 2, 2001. †
10.28 Transition Agreement, dated February 21, 2024, by and between the Company and Melvin C. Payne. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 22, 2024. †
10.29 Release and Separation Agreement, dated June 6, 2024, by and between the Company and L. Kian Granmayeh. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 7, 2024. †
10.30 Form of Notes Repurchase Agreement. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 4, 2020.
10.31 First Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of May 13, 2021, among Carriage Services, Inc., the guarantors party thereto, the financial institutions party thereto, as lenders, and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 13, 2021.
10.32 First Amendment and Commitment Increase to First Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of November 22, 2021, among Carriage Services, Inc., the financial institutions party thereto, as lenders, and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, swing line lender and L/C issuer. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 23, 2021.
10.33 Second Amendment and Commitment Increase to First Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of May 27, 2022, among Carriage Services, Inc., the financial institutions party thereto, as lenders, and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, swing line lender, and L/C issuer. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 1, 2022.
10.34 Third Amendment and Commitment Increase to First Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of December 9, 2022, among Carriage Services, Inc., the financial institutions party thereto, as lenders, and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, swing line lender and L/C issuer. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 12, 2022.
10.35 Fourth Amendment to First Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of July 31, 2024, among Carriage Services, Inc., the guarantors party thereto, the financial institutions party thereto, as lenders, and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, swing line lender and L/C issuer. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 31, 2024.
*19.1
Carriage Services, Inc. Insider Trading & Anti-Hedging Policy, dated February 19, 2025.
97.1 Carriage Services, Inc. Compensation Recovery Policy, dated January 10, 2024. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 97.1 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for its fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, filed on March 1, 2024.
*21.1 Subsidiaries of the Company.
*23.1 Consent of Grant Thornton LLP.
*31.1 Certification of Periodic Financial Reports by Carlos R. Quezada in satisfaction of Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
*31.2 Certification of Periodic Financial Reports by John Enwright in satisfaction of Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
**32 Certification of Periodic Financial Reports by Carlos R. Quezada and John Enwright in satisfaction of Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350.
*101 Interactive Data Files.
__________________
(*) Filed herewith.
(**) Furnished herewith.
(†) Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.