EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 64463
Filing Year: 2024
Filename: 64463_10-K_2024_0001493152-24-012303.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1: Business
Unless the context requires otherwise in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Annual Report”), the terms “SHI,”, “Soluna,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Soluna Holdings, Inc. together with its consolidated subsidiaries, “SCI” refers to Soluna Computing, Inc., formerly known as EcoChain, Inc. Other trademarks, trade names, and service marks used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are the property of their respective owners.
Overview and Recent Developments
We are a digital infrastructure company specializing in transforming surplus renewable energy into computing resources. Our modular data centers can co-locate with wind, solar, or hydroelectric power plants and support compute intensive applications including Bitcoin Mining, Generative AI, and Scientific Computing. This pioneering approach to data centers helps energize a greener grid while delivering cost-effective and sustainable computing solutions.
Our mission is to make renewable energy a global superpower using computing as a catalyst.
SHI through its subsidiaries operates across several business divisions:
● Bitcoin Mining [current] - we collaborate with project-level financial partners to mine Bitcoin at our proprietary data centers.
● Bitcoin Hosting [current] - we offer data hosting services at our proprietary data centers to prominent Bitcoin Mining companies.
● Demand Response Services [current] - we utilize our data centers to deliver demand response services to grid operators.
In addition to the services listed above, the Company plans to operate in the following business division:
● AI Cloud Services [future] - we plan to utilize our data centers to provide specialized AI Cloud and colocation services to companies seeking to train large language models, tune existing AI models, and deploy advanced AI-powered applications for the enterprise.
Operations and Project Pipeline
We currently operate 75 MW of facilities across two locations. We have another 216 MW of facilities in development or near shovel ready in the United States. In addition, we have a 2 GW long term pipeline of renewable-energy powered projects. A summary of our pipeline, current and anticipated operating locations are as follows (as of December 31, 2023):
Project Name
Location
MW
Status
Business Model
Power Source
Sophie
Murray, KY
Operating
Bitcoin Hosting
Grid / Hydro
Dorothy 1A
Silverton, TX
Operating
Bitcoin Hosting
Wind
Dorothy 1B
Silverton, TX
Operating
Bitcoin Mining
Wind
Dorothy
Silverton, TX
Shovel Ready
Bitcoin Hosting
Wind
Kati
Harlington, TX
Development
Bitcoin Hosting
Wind
Capital Partners
We finance our data center projects through a combination of the sale of public equity and project-level capital partners. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had two primary project-level partners:
● Spring Lane Capital (“SLC”) - A private venture fund with approximately $350 million of assets under management that focuses on sustainability solutions. On May 3, 2022 SLC committed a $35 million capital pool to finance Soluna data centers including Project Dorothy 1A.
● Navitas West Texas Investments SPV, LLC (“Navitas”), organized by Navitas Global - a private equity firm with less than $150 million of assets under management focused on sustainable Bitcoin Mining. On May 9, 2023, we formed a strategic partnership with Navitas to mine Bitcoin at Project Dorothy 1B.
Distinctives
We are a leading curtailment solutions provider. Our brand is now synonymous with curtailment solutions. We have relationships with the industry’s leading renewable energy developers and have a growing pipeline of projects with access to low-cost power resources. We have a repeatable way to grow our supply of sustainable, low-cost power from renewable energy generators. Our unique behind-the-meter structure allows us to draw power from the power plant or grid, and provide demand response services. This approach allows us to offer a lower cost of power for Bitcoin mining and, in the future AI and other HPC.
We are an infrastructure company. We build, own or jointly own, and operate our data centers and related power infrastructure. Our proprietary design is modular, scalable, and designed to run computing-intensive, batchable applications beyond Bitcoin Mining. We manage our data centers using MaestroOS(™), our proprietary data center operating system. MaestroOS reads a multitude of signals, including: local power costs, weather, Bitcoin metrics, and grid signals to optimize the operations of our facilities around the country. This allows us to monetize these facilities over a long period of time with a high return on invested capital.
Strategic Focus
In 2023, we executed on the following four-pronged strategy;
1. Energize Project Dorothy - We shifted our flagship data center from construction to operations. We energized and optimized 50MW (Dorothy 1A and Dorothy 1B). We partnered with Navitas to establish a new proprietary Bitcoin mining operation. We sold an 85% membership interest in Dorothy 1A to SLC to raise capital. We filled Dorothy 1A with 25 MW of strategic hosting partners.
2. Cash Flow and Process Optimization - We shifted our business from primarily proprietary Bitcoin mining to mostly Bitcoin hosting. We signed 50 MW of hosting at Dorothy and Sophie. Toward the end of 2023 we replaced under-performing deals at Sophie with more profitable contracts. We implemented cost cutting measures to achieve positive cash flow from operations in the second half of 2023. We implemented a new ERP system to improve efficiency and help scale our financial operations. We grew our operating cash position by approximately $5.2 million from $1.2 million as of December 31, 2022 to $6.4 million as of December 31, 2023.
3. Expand Flagship - We advanced the process of getting the next 50 MW of our Dorothy data center - Dorothy 2 - developed in 2024 through project-level partnerships. Dorothy 2 cleared the ERCOT modeling process early in the first quarter of 2024.
4. Grow Pipeline - We signed a term sheet for a new 166 MW data center called Project Kati that will be integrated with a 300 MW wind farm that has surplus energy from increased curtailments. We worked throughout 2023 to advance the project through the ERCOT planning process.
Competition
The Company competes with Bitcoin mining companies, Bitcoin hosting companies, and in the future specialized AI cloud or hosting companies.
Bitcoin miners compete globally, ranging from individuals to large data centers. This competition drives innovation in hardware, software, and power strategies. Miners often join pools for stability. The mining industry is decentralized and highly competitive. Bitcoin Hosting is also competitive, with customers seeking reliable, low-cost electricity and capable operating teams.
We compete with the following publicly-traded Bitcoin mining companies:
● Riot Platforms, Inc.
● Core Scientific, Inc.
● Cipher Mining Inc.
● Hut 8 Mining Corp
● Hive Blockchain Technologies Ltd.
● Bitfarms, Ltd.
● Cleanspark, Inc.
● Iris Energy Limited
● Bit Digital, Inc.
● TeraWulf Inc.
● Greenidge Generation Holdings Inc.
Note: some of these mining companies may be customers of our Bitcoin Hosting division. Our differentiation is our power pipeline and our Distinctives as noted above.
As we further develop our data center business, we will compete for HPC applications that large traditional data centers (such as Amazon Web Services, Google Cloud Platform, and Microsoft Azure), are not suited to compete for due to their higher power and other infrastructure costs.
Intellectual Property
Soluna has filed eight provisional patent applications with the U.S. Patent and Trade Market Office for technologies related to their Modular Data Center (“MDC”) concept, covering modular architecture, cooling technology, simulations, and overall data center control. These patents also include aspects like variable power consumption and local co-optimization of power generation supply with demand.
Additionally, Soluna has filed two utility patent applications. The first, granted (Patent # US20230013746A1) in 2023, focuses on the layout of modular data center buildings on a site, crucial for thermal efficiency. The second patent application is for local co-optimization of power generation supply with demand generated by a data center, detailing a method involving independently metered load co-location with power generation.
While there is no guarantee of patent approval or competitive advantage, enforcing patents can be resource intensive. Soluna also holds a registered trademark for its Company name, Soluna.
Soluna will continue to rely on its rapid innovation and relentless implementation to compete well, leveraging its strategic relationships, operating experience and technical know-how.
The Company has developed a proprietary software system called MaestroOS(™) to enable the automation, management, and operations of critical elements of its data centers. We have a dedicated team that engages in activities to continue to enhance the MaestroOS to drive innovation and growth in its business.
Environmental
There are increasing concerns about the quantity of non-renewable energy used by data centers, especially those used for Bitcoin Mining and increasingly Generative AI. We believe the integration of computing and renewable energy is the future of the modern grid.
By colocating our data centers with underutilized renewable resources, Soluna aims to reduce the carbon footprint of our data centers and encourage renewable power plant development. An independent study done by REsurety found that Soluna’s data centers are 18% greener than traditional data centers. This is driven by our flexible design, our MaestroOS software platform, and our location on the grid close to renewable resources. REsurety used Local Marginal Emissions data and analysis for the report. 1
Beginning in December 2023, we began participating in an ERCOT emergency demand response program which allows the grid to redirect our power allotment back into the market during extreme weather events when needed. By taking such actions, we immediately help to stabilize the grid by allowing our power allotment to be delivered to the areas of greatest need, such as heating homes and powering hospitals. Overall, our operations incentivize the development of new renewable power generation, and they help to reduce the frequency and impact of power failures and electricity price surges. Our MaestroOS technology makes this flexible behavior possible and has already performed well during ERCOT testing of the demand response system.
The Carbon Footprint of Project Dorothy: An LME Analysis - Soluna (solunacomputing.com)
Existing or Probable Governmental Regulations
Regulatory
Cryptocurrency mining is largely an unregulated activity at both the state and federal level. We anticipate that cryptocurrency mining will face increased regulation in the near and long-term. We cannot predict how future regulations may affect our business or operations. State regulation of cryptocurrency mining is important with respect to where we conduct our mining operations. Our Dorothy Project is located in the State of Texas. To the extent that there is any state regulation, Texas is one of the most favorable regulatory environments for cryptocurrency miners.
The effect of any regulatory change by the federal, state, local or foreign governments or any self-regulatory agencies on the Company is impossible to predict, but such change could be substantial and may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, and results of operations. For example, in November 2022, the State of New York enacted a law prohibiting new proof-of-work mining activities that use power generated from carbon inputs. While the Company does not currently operate in New York, there is no guarantee that future regulation or adverse action will not take place and interpretation of existing regulations in a manner adverse to our business is possible. In January 2024, a decade after initial applications were filed, the SEC approved a series of spot Bitcoin exchange-traded funds, which have received billions of dollars of in-flows. In February 2024, the U.S. Energy Information Administration (the “EIA”) commenced a six-month survey among participants in the U.S. cryptocurrency mining industry to collect data to track and analyze the electricity consumption by such industry participants. The EIA’s analysis will focus on how the energy demand for cryptocurrency mining is evolving, identify geographic areas of high growth, and quantify the sources of electricity used to meet cryptocurrency mining demand. It is unclear what, if any, regulatory policy changes may result following the collection and analysis of the data obtained through the EIA’s survey, if it proceeds. If regulators seek to curb electricity consumption by cryptocurrency mining operations in the future our business could be adversely affected. As of February 23, 2024, the U.S. Department of Energy (the agency governing the EIA) agreed to temporarily suspend this survey following a lawsuit by a cryptocurrency association and Bitcoin mining company. The Company will closely monitor the outcome of this and other regulatory developments concerning cryptocurrency mining, as to the potential effects on our business.
As the regulatory and legal environment evolves, we may become subject to new laws, such as further regulation by the SEC and other agencies, which may affect our mining and other activities. For additional discussion regarding our belief about the potential risks that existing and future regulation pose to our business, see Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of this Annual Report.
Human Capital Resources
As of March 7, 2024, we had 40 employees, including 34 full-time employees, 2 part-time employees, 1 intern, 1 temporary employee and 2 full-time consultants. Of these employees, eleven were in finance, nineteen in operations, one in corporate development, six in information technology and engineering, one in human capital, one in power, and one executive. The operations personnel include both individuals directly involved in the strategy of our data centers as well as data center maintenance and supervisory roles. Certain positions within our organization require industry-specific technical knowledge. We have been successful in attracting and retaining qualified technical personnel for these positions.
Our human capital resources objectives include, as applicable, identifying, recruiting, retaining, engaging, incentivizing, and integrating our existing and additional employees. The Company supports its employees through a competitive compensation package, including company equity, generous health benefits and a flexible PTO policy. We have a combination of remote and on-site employees.
None of our employees are subject to a collective bargaining agreement and we believe our relations with our employees is positive.
Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
We support diversity and inclusion by ensuring a workplace where employees can thrive, and our policies are designed to promote equality and respect for everyone. Diverse backgrounds, experiences and opinions are encouraged and welcomed. In support of such diversity and inclusion, we act in accordance with our Code of Ethics and Business Conduct and our Non-Discrimination and Anti-Harassment Policy to create a safe environment free from discrimination or harassment that respects the human rights of our employees. We strive to achieve a workplace where opportunities for success are created and available for everyone equally. In support of this goal, in 2023, we required all employees to complete unconscious bias and harassment training.
Compensation and Benefits
Our compensation programs are designed to provide incentives to attract, retain, and motivate employees to achieve our long-term goals. Specifically, we compare salary and wages against quantitative benchmarks and adjust monetary compensation to ensure wages are competitive and consistent with employee positions, skill levels, experience, and geographic location. We maintain a robust process for ensuring pay equity across the Company and increases in incentives and compensation based on merit and performance.
We provide a comprehensive range of health benefits options, including medical, behavioral, dental, and vision insurance for employees and family members, paid leaves, and life, disability, accident, and cancer care insurance coverage.
Insurance
The Company and its subsidiaries maintain insurance policies with reputable insurers against such risks and in such amounts as management has determined to be prudent for our operations and that we believe are similar in scope and coverage in all material respects to insurance policies maintained by other similarly situated businesses. These policies include coverage for D&O, Builders Risk, Property, General Liability, Auto and other casualty lines of business.
Factors Expected to Affect Our Future Results
Revenue Sources:
Our revenue streams consist of several components:
1. Hosting Revenues: We provide electrical power and network connectivity to cryptocurrency mining customers, who pay a specified amount and rate for these services.
2. Block Rewards in Bitcoin: These are fixed rewards programmed into the Bitcoin software and awarded to miners for solving cryptographic problems and creating new blocks on the blockchain.
3. Participation in Demand Response Programs: We also generate revenue by participating in demand response programs.
Market Price of Bitcoin
Changes in the market value of Bitcoin directly impact our revenues. For example, in 2021 and 2022, the average Bitcoin price was $47,432 and $28,298, respectively. By December 31, 2023, the price of Bitcoin had reached a high of $44,146.
Halving
Halving events occur periodically in the Bitcoin network, reducing block rewards. The reduction is designed to occur irrespective of ongoing demand. While halving can impact our revenues negatively by reducing the rewards for mining, it will continue until the total Bitcoin rewards issued reach approximately 21 million, expected around 2140. Currently the block rewards are fixed at 6.25 Bitcoin per block, and it is estimated that it will halve again to 3.125 Bitcoin in April 2024.
Network Hash Rate and Difficulty
A miner’s chance of earning Bitcoin rewards depends on their hash rate relative to the global network hash rate. As demand for Bitcoin increases, the global network hash rate rises rapidly, leading to higher network difficulty. This adjustment ensures a ten-minute block validation time, making the network more secure but requiring more computing power to earn rewards. Failure to keep pace with industry trends in deploying additional hash rate can decrease a miner’s share of the global network hash rate and, consequently, their chance of earning rewards.
Company History, Information and Organization
History
Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated which was originally incorporated in the State of New York in 1961, reincorporated in the State of Nevada on March 24, 2021, and is headquartered in Albany, New York. Effective November 2, 2021, the Company changed its name from “Mechanical Technology, Incorporated” (or “MTI”) to “Soluna Holdings, Inc.” On October 29, 2021, Soluna Callisto merged into Soluna Computing, Inc. (“SCI”), a private green data center development company. MTI Instruments, Inc., a subsidiary of Soluna Holdings, Inc., was sold on April 11, 2022. We formed a wholly owned subsidiary of SHI on December 31, 2023, Soluna Digital, Inc. (“Soluna Digital”, or “SDI”). Effective December 31, 2023, SCI transferred substantially all of its assets to SHI or its subsidiaries, including SDI.
Information and Organization
Our website is at http://www.solunacomputing.com. Information contained on our website does not constitute part of and is not incorporated into this Annual Report.
The following table is a description of each of the entities in the corporate organization chart, under Soluna Holdings, Inc.
Subsidiary
Inc.- State
Description
Soluna Computing, Inc. (“SCI”)
Nevada
Successor to EchoChain Mining, Inc. and the operating arm of SHI. Owner of the Project Edith data center.
Soluna Digital, Inc. (“SDI”)
Nevada
Holding company focused on cryptocurrency business segments.
Soluna MC, LLC (“SMC”)
Nevada
Owner and operator of Project Marie data center. Decommissioned in December 2022.
Soluna SW, LLC (“SSW”)
Nevada
Owner and operator of Project Sophie data center.
Soluna DV Services (“DVSV”)
Nevada
Provides operations and maintenance services, Engineering, procurement, and construction (“EPC”) services to the DVCC, and DVSL data centers.
Soluna DV ComputeCo, LLC (“DVCC”)
Delaware
Owner of Project Dorothy 1B data center.
Soluna DVSL ComputeCo, LLC (“DVSL”)
Delaware
Owner of Project Dorothy 1A data center.
Soluna DV Devco, LLC (“DVDC”)
Nevada
Owner of DVSL and indirect owner of Project Dorothy 1B data center and 100% of the Class A units of DVSL.
Soluna MC Borrowings, LLC 2021-1 (“SMCB1”)
Delaware
A borrowing entity to hold assets (miners) that collateralized an equipment loan with NYDIG ABL, LLC
Soluna SW Borrowings, LLC 2022-1 (“SSWB1”)
Delaware
A borrowing entity for any potential loan agreements for Project Sophie
Reverse Stock Split
On October 13, 2023, the Company executed a 1-for-25 reverse stock split, approved by the Board of Directors and shareholders on June 29, 2023. The reverse split, reflected in trading under the symbol “SLNH” since October 16, 2023, converted every 25 shares into one share without changing the par value. No fractional shares were issued; holders with fractional shares received an additional fraction to round up to the next whole share.
On October 30, 2023, the Company successfully met Nasdaq’s minimum bid price requirement, as confirmed in a Notification Letter. The closing bid price remained at or above $1.00 per ordinary share for the last 10 consecutive business days from October 16 to October 27, 2023, indicating compliance with the Nasdaq Capital Market Minimum Bid Price Requirement.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Our business, financial condition and operating results are subject to several risk factors, both those that are known to us and identified below and others that may arise from time to time. These risk factors could cause our actual results to differ materially from those suggested by forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Report”) and elsewhere, and may adversely affect our business, financial condition or operating results. If any of these risk factors should occur, moreover, the trading price of our securities could decline, and investors in our securities could lose all or part of their investment in our securities. These risk factors, along with other information contained in this Report, should be carefully considered in evaluating our prospects.
Risks Relating to the Company and its Growth Strategy
The Company’s ability to operate as a going concern is in doubt.
The audit opinion and notes that accompany the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements disclose a going concern qualification to its ability to continue in business. The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared under the assumption that the Company will continue as a going concern. The Company has incurred losses resulting in an accumulated deficit of approximately $251 million as of December 31, 2023, and further losses are anticipated in the development of its business.
The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements show that the Company did not generate sufficient revenue to generate net income and has negative working capital as of December 31, 2023. The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on its ability to raise capital to fund its future data centers and working capital requirements or its ability to profitably execute its business plan. The Company’s plans for the long-term return to and continuation as a going concern include financing its future operations through sales of securities, which may include common stock, preferred stock, convertible debt and project finance, or through the exercise of outstanding warrants. The volatility in capital markets and general economic conditions in the U.S. and elsewhere can pose significant challenges to raising the required funds. These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.
The Company’s consolidated financial statements do not give effect to any adjustments required to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in other than the normal course of business and at amounts different from those reflected in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.
We may not be able to refinance, extend or repay our substantial indebtedness owed to our convertible note debt holders, which would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, compliance with our negative covenants, and ability to continue as a going concern.
We anticipate that we will need to raise a significant amount of debt or equity capital in the near future in order to repay our outstanding debt obligations owed to our convertible noteholders when they mature. On October 25, 2021, the Company issued to certain institutional investors secured convertible notes in the aggregate principal amount of approximately $16.3 million for an aggregate purchase price of $15.0 million. As of March 15, 2024, we owed our convertible debt holders approximately $7.8 million of principal which is currently due on July 25, 2024. The Company has recently amended its securities purchase agreement with the convertible note holders that gives the Company the option to extend the maturity of the notes for two three-month periods with a 2% increase in principal on the notes for each extension. If we are unable to raise sufficient capital to repay these obligations at maturity and we are otherwise unable to extend the maturity dates or refinance these obligations, we would be in default. We cannot provide any assurances that we will be able to raise the necessary amount of capital to repay these obligations or that we will be able to extend the maturity dates or otherwise refinance these obligations. Upon a default in the convertible debt our convertible debt holders would have the right to exercise its rights and remedies to collect, which would include foreclosing on our assets. Accordingly, a default would have a material adverse effect on our business and, if our convertible noteholders exercise its rights and remedies, we would likely be forced to seek bankruptcy protection.
Our agreements with our convertible noteholders contain numerous negative covenants, many of which are implicated by our regular business operations, necessitating frequent loan modifications and consents. Failure to achieve agreement with the convertible noteholders on these covenants could have an adverse effect on our ability to obtain advanced financing or implement our business plan and a covenant default would have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
We may be impacted by macroeconomic conditions due to global pandemics, epidemics or outbreaks of disease and the resulting global supply chain crisis.
Global trade conditions and consumer trends that originated during the COVID-19 pandemic continue to persist and may also have long-lasting adverse impact on us and our industry. There are continued risks arising from new pandemics, epidemics or outbreaks of disease, and ongoing COVID-19 related issues which have exacerbated port congestion and intermittent supplier shutdowns and delays, resulting in additional expenses to expedite delivery of new critical equipment, as well as critical materials needed for our expansion plans. Further, equipment manufacturers have been impacted by the constrained supply of the semiconductors used in the production of advanced computer processing equipment. Thus, until the global supply chain crisis is resolved, and these extraordinary pressures are alleviated, we expect to continue to incur higher than usual costs to obtain such equipment and we may face difficulties obtaining equipment we need at prices or in quantities we find acceptable, if at all, and our business and results of operations may suffer as a result.
In addition, labor shortages may lead to increased difficulty and labor costs in hiring and retaining the highly qualified and motivated people we need to conduct our business and execute on our strategic growth initiatives. Sustaining our growth plans will require the ongoing readiness and solvency of our suppliers and vendors, a stable and motivated production workforce, and government cooperation, each of which may be affected by macroeconomic factors outside of our immediate control.
We cannot predict the duration or direction of current global trends or their sustained impact. Ultimately, we continue to monitor macroeconomic conditions to remain flexible and to optimize and evolve our business as appropriate, and we will have to accurately project demand and infrastructure requirements globally and deploy our workforce and capital resources accordingly. If we experience unfavorable global market conditions, or if we cannot or do not maintain operations at a scope that is commensurate with such conditions or are later required to or choose to suspend such operations again, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results may be harmed.
The shortage of advanced semiconductors needed by AI customers may adversely affect the Company’s transition to AI data hosting business.
As the Company transitions into an AI cloud service provider, its business may be affected by the current severe shortage of advanced semiconductors needed for processing of AI-related large language models. While the Company’s customers are generally responsible for the provision of processing equipment, any difficulties faced by them in acquiring these advanced chips, our data-hosting business may be adversely affected by the shortage of equipment required by them.
Construction of our future facilities potentially exposes us to additional risks.
We intend to continue constructing modular data centers in addition to our Dorothy Facility, which potentially exposes us to significant risks we may otherwise not be exposed to, including risks related to, among other sources: construction delays; lack of availability of parts and/or labor, increased prices as a result, in part to inflation, and delays for data center equipment; labor disputes and work stoppages, including interruptions in work due to unanticipated environmental issues and geological problems; delays related to permitting and approvals to open from public agencies and utility companies; and delays in site readiness leading to our failure to meet commitments made in connection with such expansion.
All construction related projects depend on the skill, experience, and attentiveness of our personnel throughout the design and construction process. Should a designer, general contractor, significant subcontractor or key supplier experience financial problems or other problems during the design or construction process, we could experience significant delays, increased costs to complete the project and/or other negative impacts to our expected returns.
If we are unable to overcome these risks and additional pressures to complete our expansion projects in a timely manner, if at all, we may not realize their anticipated benefits, and our business and financial condition may suffer as a result.
We may have difficulty in obtaining banking services for our cryptocurrency activities.
While the banking authorities in the United States do not prohibit banks from providing banking services to cryptocurrency-related businesses such as the Company, the Federal Reserve, the FDIC and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency have issued directives to banks in the United relating to their crypto-asset risks and as a result a significant number of banks have determined to limit such activities. Accordingly, we have had, and may have in the future have, difficulty in opening bank accounts, obtaining letters of credit and generally access to the banking system.
We may be unable to obtain additional funding to scale the AI hosting and its hosting and proprietary cryptocurrency mining business to a larger-scale business.
We are considering further increasing the size of our business as we seek to leverage our experience and expertise in operating data centers for advanced data processing, including artificial intelligence and cryptocurrency. To do so, however, we will need to raise additional debt and/or equity financing, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. Failure to generate adequate cash from our operations or find sources of funding would require us to scale back or curtail our operations or expansion efforts, including limiting our ability to expand our hosting and cryptocurrency business to a larger-scale operation, and would have an adverse impact on our business and financial condition. If we raise additional equity financing, our stockholders may experience significant dilution of their ownership interests, and the per-share value of our Common Stock could decline. Furthermore, if we engage in additional debt financing, the holders of debt likely would have priority over the holders of Common Stock on order of payment preference. We may be required to accept terms that restrict our ability to incur additional indebtedness or take other actions including terms that require us to maintain specified liquidity or other ratios that could otherwise not be in the interests of our stockholders.
We rely upon strategic partners to finance certain of our facilities.
In order to complete construction of the first phase of our Dorothy Facility we have partnered with Spring Lane Capital and Navitas Global, which provided funding to complete construction and fund corporate expenses, and we may seek similar funding completion of subsequent phases of the Dorothy Facility and our other projects in development. As a result, we will be requiring financing assistance as well as cooperation in significant operation decisions affecting the projects. If we are unable to obtain strategic partners for our projects or if we and our partners disagree on matters affecting our projects, our growth, prospects and financial results may be adversely affected.
The lack of regulation of digital asset exchanges which Bitcoin, and other cryptocurrencies, are traded on, may expose us to the effects of negative publicity resulting from fraudulent actors in the cryptocurrency space, and can adversely affect an investment in the Company.
The digital asset exchanges on which Bitcoin is traded are relatively new and largely unregulated. Many digital asset exchanges do not provide the public with significant information regarding their ownership structure, management teams, corporate practices, or regulatory compliance. As a result, the marketplace may lose confidence in, or may experience problems relating to, such digital asset exchanges, including prominent exchanges handling a significant portion of the volume of digital asset trading. In recent years, a number of digital asset exchanges filed for bankruptcy proceedings and/or became the subjects of investigation by various governmental agencies for, among other things, fraud, causing a loss of confidence and an increase in negative publicity for the digital asset ecosystem. As a result, many digital asset markets, including the market for Bitcoin, have experienced increased price volatility. The Bitcoin ecosystem may continue to be negatively impacted and experience long term volatility if public confidence decreases.
These events are continuing to develop, and it is not possible to predict, at this time, every risk that they may pose to us, our service providers, or the digital asset industry as a whole. A perceived lack of stability in the digital asset exchange market and the closure or temporary shutdown of digital asset exchanges due to business failure, hackers or malware, government-mandated regulation, or fraud, may reduce confidence in digital asset networks and result in greater volatility in cryptocurrency values. These potential consequences of a digital asset exchange’s failure could adversely affect an investment in us.
Our business plan is heavily dependent upon acquisitions and strategic alliances and our ability to identify, acquire or ally on appropriate terms, and successfully integrate and manage any acquired companies or alliances will impact our financial condition and operating results.
Part of our strategy to grow our business is dependent on the acquisition of other entities or businesses in the future that complement our current products, enhance our market coverage or technical capabilities, or offer growth opportunities. We may also need to form strategic alliances or partnerships in order to remain competitive in our market. We may not be able, however, to identify and successfully negotiate suitable acquisitions alliances, obtain any financing necessary for such acquisitions on satisfactory terms or otherwise complete any such acquisitions or alliances. Further, any acquisition or alliance may require a significant amount of management’s time and financial resources to complete; furthermore, such acquisitions, strategic alliances or partnerships could be difficult to integrate, disrupt our business and dilute stockholder value.
In the future, we may acquire or form strategic alliances or partnerships with other businesses in order to remain competitive or to acquire new technologies. Acquisitions, alliances and investments involve numerous risks, including:
● the potential failure to achieve the expected benefits of the combination, acquisition or alliance;
● difficulties in and the cost of integrating operations, technologies, services and personnel;
● difficulty of assimilating geographically dispersed operations and personnel of the companies we acquire or ally with;
● impairment of relationships with employees, customers, vendors, distributors or business partners of either an acquired business or our own;
● unanticipated difficulties in conforming business practices, policies, procedures, internal controls and financial records of acquisitions with our own;
● the potential inability to successfully integrate acquired operations and products or to realize cost savings or other anticipated benefits from integration;
● diversion of financial and managerial resources from existing operations;
● risk of entering new markets in which we have little or no experience or where competitors may have stronger market positions;
● potential write-offs of acquired assets or investments and potential financial and credit risks associated with acquired customers;
● inability to generate sufficient revenue to offset acquisition or investment costs;
● the risk of cancellation or early termination of an alliance by either party;
● potential unknown liabilities associated with the acquired businesses;
● unanticipated expenses related to acquired technology and its integration into the existing businesses;
● negative impact to our results of operations because of the depreciation and amortization of amounts related to acquired intangible assets, fixed assets and deferred compensation, and the loss of acquired deferred revenue and unbilled deferred revenue;
● loss of key employees or customers of acquired companies;
● potential disruption of our business or the acquired business;
● inability to accurately forecast the performance of recently acquired businesses, resulting in unforeseen adverse effects on our operating results;
● the tax effects of any acquisitions; and
● Adverse accounting impact to our results of operations.
Our failure to successfully manage our strategic relationships with Spring Lane and Navitas, or other future acquisitions, strategic alliances or partnerships, could seriously harm our operating results. In addition, our stockholders would be diluted if we finance the future acquisitions, strategic alliances or partnerships by incurring convertible debt or issuing equity securities.
We cannot offer any assurance that we will be able to identify, complete or successfully integrate any suitable acquisitions or suitable alliances. Even if successfully negotiated and closed, any acquisitions or alliances may not yield expected synergies, may not advance our business strategy as expected, may fall short of expected return-on-investment targets, or may otherwise fail to achieve their objectives or perform as contemplated and not prove successful. Companies that we acquire may operate with different cost and margin structures, which could further cause fluctuations in our operating results and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Related to our Cryptocurrency and Data Center Business
Our cryptocurrency business has a history of operating losses, is affected by the volatility of Bitcoin, and we may report additional operating losses in the future.
Our primary focus has been on the hosting and proprietary cryptocurrency mining business, and we have recorded historical losses and negative cash flow from our operations when the value of Bitcoin we and our hosted customers mine does not exceed associated costs. Further, as part of our strategic growth plans, we have made capital investments in expanding and vertically integrating our mining operations, increased our employee base, and incurred additional costs associated with owning and operating a self-mining facility. However, future market prices of Bitcoin are difficult to predict, and we cannot guarantee that our future revenues will exceed our associated costs.
Our data center business has a limited operating history, and we may not recognize operating income in the future.
We began our cryptocurrency and computer hosting operations in January 2020 and therefore is subject to all the risks inherent in a relatively recently established business venture in a rapidly developing and changing industry. Furthermore, in 2024 we entered the artificial intelligence market in an attempt to leverage our expertise in advanced data processing applications. This limited operating history also makes it difficult to evaluate our current business and its future prospects. We have not yet been able to confirm that our business model can or will be successful over the long term, and we may not ever continue to recognize operating income from this business. Our projections have been developed internally and may not prove to be accurate. Our operating results will likely fluctuate moving forward as we focus on growing our operations. We may need to make business decisions that could adversely affect our operating results, such as modifications to its business structure or operations. In addition, we expect additional growth in this business, which could place significant demands on the Company’s management and other resources and require us to continue developing and improving our operational, financial and other internal controls. We may not be able to address these challenges in a cost-effective manner or at all. If we do not effectively manage our growth, it may not be able to execute on its business plan, respond to competitive pressures or take advantage of market opportunities, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially harmed.
Given our early-stage status, without positive operating income, there is a substantial risk regarding our ability to succeed. You should consider our business and prospects in light of these risks and the risks and difficulties that we will encounter as we continue to develop our business model. We may not be able to address these risks and difficulties successfully, which would materially harm our business and operating results, and we could be forced to terminate our business, liquidate our assets and dissolve, and you could lose part or all of your investment.
Prices of cryptocurrencies are extremely volatile, and if our mined cryptocurrencies are converted into dollars when such values are low, we may not recognize the income from the conversion of the mined cryptocurrencies that we were expecting.
The fluctuating prices of cryptocurrencies represent significant uncertainties for our business. A variety of factors, known and unknown, may affect price and valuation, including, but not limited to (i) the supply of such cryptocurrencies; (ii) global blockchain asset demand, which can be influenced by the growth of retail merchants’ and commercial businesses’ acceptance of blockchain assets like cryptocurrencies as payment for goods and services, the security of online cryptocurrency exchanges and networks and digital wallets that hold blockchain assets, the perception that the use and holding of blockchain assets is safe and secure, and the regulatory restrictions on their use; (iii) investors’ expectations with respect to the rate of inflation; (iv) changes in the software, software requirements or hardware requirements underlying a blockchain network; (v) changes in the rights, obligations, incentives or rewards for the various participants in a blockchain network; (vi) currency exchange rates; (vii) fiat currency withdrawal and deposit policies of cryptocurrency exchanges and networks and liquidity on such exchanges and networks; (viii) interruptions in service from or failures of major cryptocurrency exchanges and networks; (ix) investment and trading activities of large subscribers, including private and registered investment funds, that may directly or indirectly invest in blockchain assets; (x) monetary policies of governments, trade restrictions, currency devaluations and revaluations; (xi) regulatory measures, if any, that affect the use of blockchain assets; (xii) the maintenance and development of the open-source software protocol of the cryptocurrency networks; (xiii) global or regional political, economic or financial events and situations; (xiv) expectations among blockchain participants that the value of blockchain assets will soon change; and (xv) a decrease in the price of blockchain assets that may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and operating results. If our mined cryptocurrencies are converted into dollars when their values are low, we may not recognize the income from the conversion of the mined cryptocurrencies that we were expecting. Further, the extreme swings in value can make it difficult for us to develop reasonable financial plans and projections with respect to our business.
We may not be able to continue to develop our technology and keep pace with technological developments, or otherwise compete with other companies, many of whom have greater resources and experience.
We do not have the resources to compete with larger cryptocurrency mining and other entities in the advanced data processing space at this time and may not be able to compete successfully against present or future competitors. These markets have attracted various high-profile and well-established operators, many of which have substantially greater liquidity and financial resources than we do. With the limited resources we have available, we may experience great difficulties in expanding and improving our network of miners to remain competitive, and we may not be in a position to construct additional operational cryptocurrency mines.
Rapid technological change is a current feature of the markets in which we operate, and we cannot provide assurance that we will be able to achieve the technological advances, in a timely manner or at all, that may be necessary for us to remain competitive or that certain of our equipment will not become obsolete. Our ability to anticipate and manage changes in technology standards on a timely basis will be a significant factor in our ability to remain competitive. We may not be successful, generally or relative to our competitors, in timely implementing new technology into our systems, or doing so in a cost-effective manner. During the course of implementing any such new technology into our operations, we may experience system interruptions and failures. Further, if due to technological developments we need to replace our equipment entirely to remain competitive in the market, there can be no assurance that we will be able to do so on a cost-effective basis or in a timely manner, particularly in light of the long production period to manufacture and assemble cryptocurrency miners, potential large-scale purchases of miners from existing competitors and new entrants into the industry, and the difficulty in obtaining the advanced semiconductors needed for artificial intelligence applications. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that we will recognize, in a timely manner or at all, the benefits that we may expect as a result of our implementing new technology into our operations. As a result, our business, prospects, and operations may suffer, and there may be adverse effects on our financial condition and on the market prices of our securities.
In addition, competition from existing and future competitors, particularly the other North American companies that may have access to greater volumes of competitively priced energy, could result in our inability to secure acquisitions and partnerships that we may need to expand our business in the future. This competition from other entities with greater resources, experience and reputations may result in our failure to maintain or expand our business. If we are unable to expand and remain competitive, our business could be negatively affected which would have an adverse effect on the trading prices of our securities, which in turn would harm investors in our Company.
Regulatory changes or actions may alter the nature of an investment in us or restrict the use of cryptocurrencies in a manner that adversely affects our business, prospects, or operations.
As cryptocurrencies have grown in both popularity and market size, governments around the world have reacted differently to cryptocurrencies; certain governments have deemed them illegal, and others have allowed their use and trade without restriction, while some jurisdictions subject the mining, ownership and exchange of cryptocurrencies to extensive, and in some cases overlapping, unclear and evolving regulatory requirements.
For example, in January 2023, the Federal Reserve, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation issued a joint statement effectively discouraging banks from doing business with clients in crypto-asset industries, which could potentially create challenges regarding access to financial services. In January 2023, the Federal Reserve also issued a policy statement broadening its authority to cover state-chartered institutions. Moreover, in January 2023, the White House issued a statement cautioning deepening ties between crypto-assets and the broader financial system. Meanwhile, the SEC has announced several actions aimed at curtailing activities it deems sales of unregistered securities.
However, also during January of 2023, the U.S. House of Representatives announced its first ever Financial Services Subcommittee on Digital Assets and the intention to develop a regulatory framework for the use and trade of digital assets and related financial services products in the United States. Bipartisan leadership of the Senate Banking Committee announced a similar objective.
Given the difficulty of predicting the outcomes of ongoing and future regulatory actions and legislative developments, it is possible that they could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations.
Bitcoin and Bitcoin mining, as well as cryptocurrencies generally, may be made illegal in certain jurisdictions, including the ones we operate in, which could adversely affect our business prospects and operations.
Although we do not anticipate any material adverse regulations on Bitcoin mining in our jurisdictions of operation, it is possible that state or federal regulators may seek to impose harsh restrictions or total bans on cryptocurrency mining which may make it impossible for us to do business without relocating our mining operations, which could be very costly and time consuming. Further, although Bitcoin and Bitcoin mining, as well as cryptocurrencies generally, are largely unregulated in most countries (including the United States), regulators in certain jurisdictions may undertake new or intensify existing regulatory actions in the future that could severely restrict the right to mine, acquire, own, hold, sell, or use cryptocurrency or to exchange it for traditional fiat currency such as the United States dollar. Such restrictions may adversely affect us as the large-scale use of cryptocurrencies as a means of exchange is presently confined to certain regions globally. Such circumstances could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and potentially the value of any Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies we or our hosted customers mine, and thus harm our investors.
Our interactions with a blockchain may expose us to specially designated nationals (“SDN”) or blocked persons and new legislation or regulation could adversely impact our business or the market for cryptocurrencies.
The Office of Financial Assets Control (“OFAC”) of the U.S. Department of Treasury requires us to comply with its sanction program and not conduct business with persons named on its SDN list. However, because of the pseudonymous nature of blockchain transactions we may inadvertently and without our knowledge engage in transactions with persons named on OFAC’s SDN list. Our Company’s policy prohibits any transactions with such SDN individuals, but we may not be adequately capable of determining the ultimate identity of the individual with whom we transact with respect to selling cryptocurrency assets. We are unable to predict the nature or extent of new and proposed legislation and regulation affecting the cryptocurrency industry, or the potential impact of the use of cryptocurrencies by SDN or other blocked or sanctioned persons, which could have material adverse effects on our business and our industry more broadly. Further, we may be subject to investigation, administrative or court proceedings, and civil or criminal monetary fines and penalties as a result of any regulatory enforcement actions, all of which could harm our reputation and affect the value of our securities.
Security breaches could result in a loss of our cryptocurrencies.
Security breaches including computer hacking or computer malware have been a consistent concern in the cryptocurrency industry. This could involve hacking in which an unauthorized person obtains access to the systems or information and can cause harm by the transmission of virus or the corruption of data. These breaches may occur due to an action by an outside party or by the error and negligence of an employee. We primarily rely on the Luxor mining pool and our cryptocurrencies are stored with exchanges such as Coinbase prior to selling them. If any breach were to occur of our security system, operations or third-party platforms, the result could cause a loss of our cryptocurrencies, loss of confidential or proprietary information, force the Company to cease operations or could cause damage to the reputation of the Company. If an actual or perceived attack were to occur, the market perception of the Company may be damaged, which could adversely affect potential and current investments in the Company and reduce demand for our securities and cause a reduction in our share prices.
Incorrect or fraudulent cryptocurrency transactions may be irreversible.
It is possible that, through computer or human error, theft or criminal action, our cryptocurrency could be transferred in incorrect amounts or to unauthorized third parties or accounts. In general, cryptocurrency transactions are irreversible, and stolen or incorrectly transferred cryptocurrencies may be irretrievable, and we may have extremely limited or no effective means of recovering any losses as a result of an incorrect transfer or theft. As a result, any incorrectly executed or fraudulent cryptocurrency transactions could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.
The impact of geopolitical and economic events on the supply and demand for Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies is uncertain.
Geopolitical crises may motivate large-scale purchases of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, which could rapidly increase the price of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. This may increase the likelihood of a subsequent price decrease as crisis-driven purchasing behavior dissipates, adversely affecting the value of the cryptocurrencies that we or our hosted customers mine. Alternatively, as an emerging asset class with limited acceptance as a payment system or commodity, global crises and general economic downturn may discourage investment in cryptocurrencies as investors focus their investment on less volatile asset classes as a means of hedging their investment risk.
Cryptocurrencies, which are relatively new, are subject to supply and demand forces. How such supply and demand will be impacted by geopolitical events is largely uncertain but could be harmful to us and investors in our securities. Political or economic crises may motivate large-scale acquisitions or sales of cryptocurrencies either globally or locally. Such events could have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue as a going concern or to pursue our strategy at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and potentially the value of any cryptocurrencies that we or our hosted customers mine.
The failure of cryptocurrencies to become widely accepted and/or used as a medium of exchange and method of payment could adversely affect our business, prospects and financial condition.
The use of cryptocurrencies in the retail and commercial marketplace, despite sporadic adoption, is currently limited. A significant portion of cryptocurrency demand is generated by investors seeking a long-term store of value or speculators seeking to profit from the short- or long-term holding of the asset. Price volatility, slow processing speeds and high transaction costs undermine Bitcoin’s and other cryptocurrencies’ ability to be used as a medium of exchange, as retailers are less likely to accept it as a direct form of payment. Large-scale acceptance of cryptocurrencies as a means of payment has not, and may never, occur.
The relative lack of acceptance of cryptocurrencies in the retail and commercial marketplace, or a reduction of such use, limits the ability of end users to use them to pay for goods and services. Such lack of acceptance or a decline in acceptance could have a material adverse effect on the value of the cryptocurrencies that we or our hosted customers mine, the viability of cryptocurrency mining as a business, and our ability to continue as a going concern or to pursue our business strategy, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, operations and financial condition, as well as on the market value of our securities.
Cryptocurrencies face significant scaling and adoption obstacle issues which may lessen the demand for our services over time.
Cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin, face significant scaling and adoption issues, which may lessen the demand for our services over time. The current limitations of transaction throughput, high transaction fees, and extended processing times hinder widespread adoption and reduce the feasibility of cryptocurrencies as a daily payment method. As the industry attempts to address these challenges through protocol upgrades, second-layer solutions, and alternative consensus mechanisms, there is no guarantee that such solutions will be widely adopted or successful in resolving these issues. Should the scaling and adoption challenges persist or worsen, the demand for cryptocurrencies may decline, negatively impacting our mining operations and revenue. Furthermore, the emergence of new cryptocurrencies employing alternative, more scalable technologies could lead to a shift in market preferences, diminishing the value of the cryptocurrencies we mine and potentially affecting our business prospects and profitability.
Because most of our and our hosted customers’ miners are designed specifically to mine Bitcoin and may not be readily adaptable to mining other cryptocurrencies, a sustained decline in Bitcoin’s value could adversely affect our business and results of operations.
We and our hosted customers have invested substantial capital in acquiring miners designed specifically to mine Bitcoin as efficiently and as rapidly as possible on our assumption that we will be able to use them to mine Bitcoin and generate revenue from our operations. Therefore, our mining and hosting operations focus primarily on mining Bitcoin, and our revenue is largely based on the value of Bitcoin. Accordingly, if the value of Bitcoin declines and fails to recover, for example, because of the development and acceptance of competing blockchain platforms or technologies, including competing cryptocurrencies which our miners or our customers’ miners may not be able to mine, the revenue we generate from our operations will likewise decline. Moreover, we may not be able to successfully repurpose our operations in a timely manner, if at all, if we or our customers decide to switch to mining a different cryptocurrency (or to another purpose altogether) following a sustained decline in Bitcoin’s value or if Bitcoin is replaced by another cryptocurrency. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, operations and financial condition, as well as on the market value of our securities.
Our business model depends upon the demand for data centers.
We intend to be in the business of owning, leasing and operating data centers. A reduction in the demand for data center space, power or connectivity would have an adverse effect on our business and financial condition. We are susceptible to general economic slowdowns as well as adverse developments in the data center, internet and data communications and broader technology industries. Any such slowdown or adverse development could lead to reduced corporate information technology (“IT”) spending or reduced demand for data center space. Reduced demand could also result from business relocations, including to markets that we do not currently serve. Changes in industry practice or in technology could also reduce demand for the physical data center space we provide. In addition, our customers may choose to develop new data centers or expand their own existing data centers or consolidate into data centers that we do not own or operate, which could reduce demand for our data centers or result in the loss of one or more key customers. If any of our key customers were to do so, it could result in a reduction in our revenues and/or put pressure on our pricing. If we lose a customer, we may not be able to replace that customer at a competitive rate or at all. Mergers or consolidations could reduce further the number of our customers and potential customers and make us more dependent on a more limited number of customers. If our customers merge with or are acquired by other entities that are not our customers, they may discontinue or reduce the use of our data centers in the future. Our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and ability to satisfy our debt service obligations could be materially adversely affected as a result of any or all of these factors.
Our data centers and related products may have a long sales cycle that may harm our revenues and operating results.
A customer’s decision to co-locate in a Soluna data center and to purchase additional services involves a significant commitment of resources. As a result, we have a long sales cycle for our products and services. Furthermore, we may expend significant time and resources in pursuing a particular sale or customer that ultimately does not result in revenue.
Macroeconomic conditions, including economic and market downturns, may further impact this long sales cycle by making it extremely difficult for customers to accurately forecast and plan future business activities. This could cause customers to slow spending or delay decision-making on our products and services, which would delay and lengthen our sales cycle.
Delays due to the length of our sales cycle may materially and adversely affect our revenues and operating results, which could harm our ability to meet our financial forecasts for a given quarter and cause volatility in our stock price.
Our data center business could be harmed by prolonged power outages, power and fuel shortages, capacity constraints and increases in power costs.
Our data centers could be affected by problems accessing electricity sources, such as planned or unplanned power outages and limitations on transmission or distribution. Unplanned power outages, including, but not limited to, those relating to large storms, earthquakes, fires, tsunamis, cyberattacks and planned power outages by public utilities could harm our customers and our business. Some of our data centers may be located in leased buildings where, depending upon the lease requirements and number of tenants involved, we may or may not control some or all of the infrastructure including generators and fuel tanks. As a result, in the event of a power outage, we may be dependent upon the landlord, as well as the utility company, to restore the power. We attempt to limit our exposure to system downtime by using backup generators and alternative power supplies, but these measures may not always prevent downtime, which can adversely affect customer experience and revenues.
In each of our markets, we rely on third parties to provide a sufficient amount of power for current and future customers. At the same time, power and cooling requirements are increasing per unit of equipment. As a result, some customers are consuming an increasing amount of power for the same amount of infrastructure. We generally do not control the amount of power our customers draw from their installed circuits, which can result in growth in the aggregate power consumption of our facilities beyond our original planning and expectations. This means that limitations on the capacity of our electrical delivery systems and equipment could limit customer utilization of our data centers. These limitations could have a negative impact on the effective available capacity of a given data center and limit our ability to grow our business, which could have a negative impact on our financial performance, operating results and cash flows. We attempt to limit our exposure to system downtime by using backup generators and alternative power supplies, but these measures may not always prevent downtime, which can adversely affect customer experience and revenues.
Recently, the cost of electricity has generally risen due to macroeconomic natural gas supply and demand constraints, initially beginning with inadequate natural gas reserves in Europe to meet European demand in light of sanctions on Russian natural gas supply as a result of the ongoing military conflict between Russia and Ukraine. In addition, we expect the cost of utilities, specifically electricity, will generally continue to increase in the future on a cost-per-unit or fixed basis and for growth in consumption of electricity by our customers. In addition, we expect the cost of utilities, specifically electricity, will generally continue to increase in the future on a cost-per-unit or fixed basis and for growth in consumption of electricity by our customers. Furthermore, the cost of electricity is generally higher in the summer months, as compared to other times of the year. Our costs of electricity may also increase as a result of the physical effects of climate change, increased regulations driving alternative electricity generation due to environmental considerations or as a result of our election to use renewable energy sources. To the extent we incur increased utility costs, such increased costs could materially impact our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
The Dorothy Facility is subject to a five-year ground lease, and if we are unable to renew its term, we may be unable to fully realize the anticipated benefits of the ongoing development of the site.
The Dorothy Facility is subject to a ground lease with an initial term of five years, followed by five one-year renewal options, unless terminated earlier. The long-term success of our plans for the Dorothy Facility is largely based on our ability to maintain the lease in effect and to renew it going forward. If we fail to maintain the lease or renew it once its initial term expires and the landlord requires us to vacate the premises, we will likely incur significant costs in relocating our operations, if we could do so at all, and our operations would be interrupted during such relocation. Further, if we fail to renew the lease on terms favorable to us, and our costs are increased, then we may not realize the anticipated benefits of our investment in the facility or any future development of its remaining available capacity. Any disruptions or changes our present relationship with the landlord for the Dorothy Facility could disrupt our business and our results of operations negatively.
Our properties may experience damages, including damages that are not covered by insurance.
Our properties are subject to a variety of risks relating to physical condition and operation, including:
● the presence of construction or repair defects or other structural or building damage;
● any noncompliance with or liabilities under applicable environmental, health or safety regulations or requirements or building permit requirements; and
● any damage resulting from natural disasters, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, fires, floods and windstorms.
For example, our facilities could be rendered inoperable, temporarily or permanently, as a result of a fire or other natural disaster or by a terrorist or other attack on the site. The security and other measures we take to protect against these risks may not be sufficient. Additionally, our processing equipment could be materially adversely affected by a power outage, loss of access to the electrical grid, or loss by the grid of cost-effective sources of electrical power generating capacity. Given the power requirement, it would not be feasible to run miners on back-up power generators in the event of a power outage. Our insurance covers the replacement cost of any lost or damaged miners but does not cover any interruption of our mining activities; our insurance therefore may not be adequate to cover the losses we suffer as a result of any of these events. In the event of an uninsured loss, including a loss in excess of insured limits, at any of the mines in our network, such mines may not be adequately repaired in a timely manner or at all and we may lose some or all of the future revenues anticipated to be derived from such mines. The potential impact on our business is currently magnified because we are currently operating only a single mine.
Our reliance on a third-party mining pool service provider for our mining revenue payouts may have a negative impact on our operations. The same may be true in the case of our hosted customers.
We and many Bitcoin miners use a third-party mining pool to receive our mining rewards from the network. Cryptocurrency mining pools allow miners to combine their computing power, increasing their chances of solving a block and getting paid by the network. The rewards are distributed by the pool operator, proportionally to our contribution to the pool’s overall mining power, used to generate each block. Should the pool operator’s system suffer downtime due to a cyber-attack, software malfunction, or similar issues, it will negatively impact our ability to mine and receive revenue. Furthermore, we and many other Bitcoin miners are dependent on the accuracy of the mining pool operator’s recordkeeping to accurately record the total processing power provided to the pool for a given Bitcoin mining application in order to assess the proportion of that total processing power we provided. While we have internal methods of tracking both our power provided and the total used by the pool, the mining pool operator uses its own recordkeeping to determine our proportion of a given reward. We and other miners have little means of recourse against the mining pool operator if we determine that the proportion of the reward that the mining pool operator pays out to us is incorrect, other than leaving the pool. If we are unable to consistently obtain accurate proportionate rewards from our mining pool operator, we may experience reduced reward for our efforts, which would have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
Over time, incentives for Bitcoin miners to continue to contribute processing power to the Bitcoin network may transition from a set reward to transaction fees. If the incentives for Bitcoin mining are not sufficiently high, we and our hosted customers may not have an adequate incentive to continue to mine.
In general, as the number of Bitcoin rewards awarded for solving a block in a blockchain decreases, our ability to achieve profitability also decreases. Decreased use and demand for Bitcoin rewards may adversely affect our incentive to expend processing power to solve blocks. If the Bitcoin rewards for solving blocks and transaction fees are not sufficiently high, fewer Bitcoin miners will mine. At insufficiently attractive rewards, our costs of operations in total may exceed our revenues from Bitcoin mining and from hosting customers engaged in Bitcoin mining
To incentivize Bitcoin miners to continue to contribute processing power to the Bitcoin network, such network may either formally or informally transition from a set reward to transaction fees earned upon solving a block. This transition could be accomplished either by Bitcoin miners independently electing to record in the blocks they solve only those transactions that include payment of a transaction fee or by the Bitcoin network adopting software upgrades that require the payment of a minimum transaction fee for all transactions. If as a result transaction fees paid for Bitcoin transactions become too high, Bitcoin users may be reluctant to transfer Bitcoin or accept Bitcoin as a means of payment, and existing users may be motivated to hold existing Bitcoin and switch from Bitcoin to another digital asset or back to fiat currency for transactions, diminishing the aggregate amount of available transaction fees for Bitcoin miners. Such reduction would adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.
The Bitcoin reward for successfully uncovering a block will halve several times in the future, and Bitcoin’s value may not adjust to compensate us for the reduction in the rewards we receive from our Bitcoin mining efforts.
Halving is a process designed to control the overall supply and reduce the risk of inflation in cryptocurrencies using a proof of work consensus algorithm. At a predetermined block, the Bitcoin mining reward is cut in half, hence the term “halving.” For Bitcoin, the reward was initially set at 50 Bitcoin currency rewards per block, and this was cut in half to 25 on November 28, 2012 at block 210,000, then again to 12.5 on July 9, 2016 at block 420,000. The most recent halving for Bitcoin occurred on May 11, 2020 at block 630,000 and the reward was reduced to 6.25. It is expected that the next halving will likely occur in April 2024. This process will reoccur until the total amount of Bitcoin currency rewards issued reaches 21 million, which is expected around the year 2140. While Bitcoin prices have had a history of fluctuations around the halving of its rewards, there is no guarantee that the price change will be favorable or would compensate for the reduction in mining reward. If a corresponding and proportionate increase in the trading prices of Bitcoin or a proportionate decrease in mining difficulty does not follow these anticipated halving events, the revenue we and our hosted customers earn from our Bitcoin mining operations could see a corresponding decrease, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.
We may not be able to realize the benefits of forks, and forks in a digital asset network may occur in the future, which may affect the value of the cryptocurrencies that we mine.
To the extent that a significant majority of users and miners on a cryptocurrency network install software that changes the cryptocurrency network or properties of a cryptocurrency, including the irreversibility of transactions and limitations on the mining of new cryptocurrency, the cryptocurrency network would be subject to new protocols and software. If less than a significant majority of users and miners on the cryptocurrency network consent to the proposed modification, however, and the modification is not compatible with the software prior to its modification, a “fork” of the network would occur, with one prong of the network running the pre-modified software and the other running the modified software. The effect of such a fork would be the existence of two versions of the cryptocurrency running in parallel yet lacking interchangeability and necessitating exchange-type transaction to convert currencies between the two forks. After a fork, it may be unclear which fork represents the original asset and which is the new asset.
If we hold a specific cryptocurrency at the time of a hard fork into two cryptocurrencies, industry standards would dictate that we would be expected to hold an equivalent amount of the old and new assets following the fork. We may not, however, be able to secure or realize the economic benefit of the new asset. Our business may be adversely impacted by forks in an applicable cryptocurrency network.
In addition, historically, speculation over a new “hard fork” in the Bitcoin protocol has resulted in Bitcoin price volatility and future hard forks may occur at any time. A hard fork could lead to a disruption of networks and our information technology systems could be affected by cybersecurity attacks, replay attacks or security weaknesses, any of which can further lead to temporary or even permanent loss of its assets. Such disruption and loss could cause us to be exposed to liability, even in circumstances where we have no intention of supporting an asset compromised by a hard fork. Additionally, a hard fork may result in a scenario where users running the previous protocol will not recognize blocks created by those running the new protocol, and vice versa. This may render our cryptocurrency mining hardware, or that of our hosted customers, incompatible with the new protocol. Such changes may have a material effect on our operations, financial position and financial performance.
As the aggregate amount of computing power, or hash rate, in the Bitcoin network increases, the amount of Bitcoin earned per unit of hash rate decreases; as a result, in order to maintain our market share, we may have to incur significant capital expenditures in order to expand our fleet of miners.
The aggregate computing power of the global Bitcoin network has generally grown over time, and we expect it to continue to grow in the future. To the extent the global hash rate continues to increase, the market share of and the amount of Bitcoin rewards paid to any fixed fleet of miners will decrease. Therefore, in order to maintain our market share, we may be required to expand our mining fleet, which may require significant capital expenditures. If we can’t acquire sufficient numbers of new miners or access sufficient capital to fund our expenditures, our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely materially affected. While a business strategy focused on hosting could mitigate some of this risk, the fact that hosted clients are ultimately exposed to similar such risk allows for the continued possibility that this could have an adverse effect on our business operations, strategy and financial performance.
Climate change, and the regulatory and legislative developments related to climate change, may materially adversely affect our business and financial condition.
The potential physical impacts of climate change on our operations are highly uncertain and would be particular to the geographic circumstances in areas in which we operate or in which our third-party providers operate. These may include changes in rainfall and storm patterns and intensities, water shortages, changing sea levels and changing temperatures. The impacts of climate change may materially and adversely impact the cost, production and financial performance of our operations. Further, any impacts to our business and financial condition as a result of climate change are likely to occur over a sustained period of time and are therefore difficult to quantify with any degree of specificity. For example, extreme weather events may result in adverse physical effects on portions of our infrastructure, which could disrupt our supply chain and ultimately our business operations.
In addition, a number of governments or governmental bodies have introduced or are contemplating legislative and regulatory changes in response to the potential impact of climate change. Companies across many industries are facing increasing scrutiny related to their environmental, social, and governance (“ESG”) practices. Investor advocacy groups, certain institutional investors, investment funds and other influential investors are also increasingly focused on ESG practices and in recent years have placed increasing importance on the non-financial impacts of their investments. Given the very significant amount of electrical power required to operate cryptocurrency miners, as well as the environmental impact of mining for the rare earth metals used in the production of mining servers, the cryptocurrency mining industry may become a target for future environmental and energy regulation, and any such regulation may not distinguish between cryptocurrency mining powered partially by renewable energy, as is much of the Company’s business, and cryptocurrency mining using traditional (i.e. fossil fuel) sources of energy. Legislation and increased regulation regarding climate change could impose significant costs on us and our suppliers, including costs related to increased energy requirements, capital equipment, environmental monitoring and reporting, and other costs to comply with such regulations. Any future climate change regulations could also negatively impact our ability to compete with companies situated in areas not subject to such limitations. Furthermore, increased public awareness and concern regarding environmental risks, including global climate change, may result in increased public scrutiny of our business and our industry, and our management team may divert significant time and energy away from our operations and towards responding to such scrutiny and reassuring our employees. Given the political significance and uncertainty around the impact of climate change and how it should be addressed, we cannot predict how legislation and regulation will affect our financial condition, operating performance and ability to compete. Any of the foregoing could result in a material adverse effect on our business, prospects and financial condition.
We are subject to risks associated with our need for significant electrical power.
Our operations have required significant amounts of electrical power, and, as we continue to expand our mining fleet and begin to operate our Dorothy Facility, we anticipate our demand for electrical power will continue to grow. The fluctuating price of electricity we require for our operations, and to power our expansion, may inhibit our profitability. If we are unable to continue to obtain sufficient electrical power on a cost-effective basis, we may not realize the anticipated benefits of our significant capital investments.
Additionally, our operations could be materially adversely affected by prolonged power outages. Although certain critical functions of our facilities may be powered by backup generators on a temporary basis, it would not be feasible or cost-effective to run miners on back-up power generators for extended periods of time. Therefore, we may have to reduce or cease our operations in the event of an extended power outage, or as a result of the unavailability or increased cost of electrical power. If this were to occur, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
Changing environmental regulation and public energy policy may expose our business to new risks.
Our and our hosted customers’ Bitcoin mining operations require a substantial amount of power and can only be successful, and ultimately profitable, if the costs incurred, including for electricity, are lower than the revenue we generate from operations. As a result, any mine we or our hosted customers establish can only be successful if we can obtain sufficient electrical power for that mine on a cost-effective basis, and our establishment of new mines requires us to find locations where that is the case. For instance, our plans and strategic initiatives for the Dorothy Facility are based, in part, on our understanding of current environmental and energy regulations, policies, and initiatives enacted by federal and Texas regulators. If new regulations are imposed, or if existing regulations are modified, the assumptions we made underlying our plans and strategic initiatives may be inaccurate, and we may incur additional costs to adapt our planned business, if we are able to adapt at all, to such regulations.
In addition, there continues to be a lack of consistent climate legislation, which creates economic and regulatory uncertainty for our business because the cryptocurrency mining industry, with its high energy demand, may become a target for future environmental and energy regulation. New legislation and increased regulation regarding climate change could impose significant costs on us and our suppliers, including costs related to increased energy requirements, capital equipment, environmental monitoring and reporting, and other costs to comply with such regulations. Further, any future climate change regulations could also negatively impact our ability to compete with companies situated in areas not subject to such limitations.
For example, in September 2022, the White House issued a report regarding the Climate and Energy Implications of Crypto-Assets in the United States. The report states that the Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Agency should initiate a process to solicit data and develop environmental performance and energy conservation standards for crypto-asset technologies, including mining equipment. Should such measures prove ineffective at achieving the Administration’s environmental goals, the report calls for the Administration to explore executive actions and legislation to limit or eliminate the use of high energy intensity consensus mechanisms for crypto-asset mining in the United States.
We may be affected by price fluctuations in the wholesale and retail power markets.
While the majority of our power and hosting arrangements contain fixed power prices, some also contain certain price adjustment mechanisms in case of certain events. Furthermore, a portion of our power and hosting arrangements includes merchant power prices, or power prices reflecting market movements. Market prices for power, generation capacity and ancillary services, are unpredictable. Over the past year, the market prices for power have generally been increasing, driven in part by the price increases in various commodities, including natural gas. Depending upon the effectiveness of any price risk management activity undertaken by us, an increase in market prices for power, generation capacity, and ancillary services may adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results. Long- and short-term power prices may fluctuate substantially due to a variety of factors outside of our control, including, but not limited to:
● increases and decreases in generation capacity;
● changes in power transmission or fuel transportation capacity constraints or inefficiencies;
● volatile weather conditions, particularly unusually hot or mild summers or unusually cold or warm winters;
● technological shifts resulting in changes in the demand for power or in patterns of power usage, including the potential development of demand-side management tools, expansion and technological advancements in power storage capability and the development of new fuels or new technologies for the production or storage of power;
● federal and state power, market and environmental regulation and legislation; and
● changes in capacity prices and capacity markets.
If we are unable to secure power supply at prices or on terms acceptable to us, it would have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results.
If federal or state legislatures or agencies initiate or release tax determinations that change the classification of cryptocurrencies as property for tax purposes (in the context of when such cryptocurrencies are held as an investment), such determination could have a negative tax consequence on us.
Current Internal Revenue Service guidance indicates that digital assets such as Bitcoin should be treated and taxed as property, and that transactions involving the payment of Bitcoin for goods and services should be treated as barter transactions. While this treatment creates a potential tax reporting requirement for any circumstance where the ownership of a cryptocurrency passes from one person to another, it preserves the right to apply capital gains treatment to those transactions which may adversely affect our results of operations.
Risks Related to our Company Generally
Our confidentiality agreements with employees and others may not adequately prevent disclosure of our trade secrets and other proprietary information, which could limit our ability to compete.
While we are currently in the process of applying for patents with respect to our business, presently we rely on trade secrets to protect our proprietary technology and processes. Despite such protection, however, it is possible that a third party may copy or otherwise obtain and use our U.S. Patent and Trademark Office-registered or other proprietary information without our authorization, and trade secrets can be difficult to protect. Policing unauthorized use of our intellectual property and trade secrets is difficult, particularly in light of the global nature of the Internet and because the laws of other countries may afford us little or no effective protection of our intellectual property. Potentially expensive litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights, to protect our trade secrets, to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others or to defend against claims of infringement or invalidity. Additionally, we enter into confidentiality and intellectual property assignment agreements with our employees, consultants and other advisors. These agreements generally require that the other party keep confidential and not disclose to third parties’ confidential information developed by the party under such agreements or made known to the party by us during the course of the party’s relationship with us. Our employees, consultants and other advisors, however, may not honor these agreements and enforcing a claim that a party illegally obtained and is using our trade secrets is difficult, expensive and time-consuming and the outcome is unpredictable. Our failure to obtain and maintain trade secret protection could adversely affect our competitive position.
We rely on highly skilled personnel and the continuing efforts of our executive officers and, if we are unable to retain, motivate or hire qualified personnel, our business may be severely disrupted. In addition, increased labor costs and the unavailability of skilled workers could hurt our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our performance largely depends on the talents, knowledge, skills, know-how and efforts of highly skilled individuals and in particular, the expertise held by our Chief Executive Officer, John Belizaire. His absence, were it to occur, would materially and adversely impact development and implementation of our projects and businesses. Our future success depends on our continuing ability to identify, hire, develop, motivate and retain highly skilled personnel for all areas of our organization. Our continued ability to compete effectively depends on our ability to attract, among others, new technology developers and to retain and motivate our existing contractors. If one or more of our executive officers or other key personnel are unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we may not be able to replace them readily, if at all. In such case, our business may be severely disrupted, and we may incur additional expenses to recruit and retain new officers or other key personnel. In addition, if any of our executives or key personnel joins a competitor or forms a competing company, we may lose customers.
In addition, we compete with other businesses in our industries and other similar employers to attract and retain qualified personnel with the technical skills and experience required to successfully operate our businesses. The demand for skilled workers is high and the supply is limited, and a shortage in the labor pool of skilled workers or other general inflationary pressures or changes in applicable laws and regulations could make it more difficult for us to attract and retain personnel and could require us to enhance our wage and benefits packages, which could increase our operating costs.
Brookstone XXIV currently has a controlling interest in the Company due to the number of shares of common stock that it beneficially owns and its designation of two of our directors.
As of March 19, 2024, Brookstone XXIV owned approximately 5.35% of the Company’s outstanding shares of Common Stock and has designated two directors that sit on our nine-member Board. Accordingly, Brookstone XXIV has the ability to exert a significant degree of influence or actual control over our management and affairs and, as a practical matter, will control corporate actions requiring stockholder approval, irrespective of how our other stockholders may vote, including the election of directors, amendments to our articles of incorporation, as amended (“Articles of Incorporation”) and our bylaws (“Bylaws”), and the approval of mergers and other significant corporate transactions, including a sale of substantially all of our assets, and Brookstone XXIV may vote its shares in a manner that is adverse to the interests of our minority stockholders. This concentration of voting control could deprive holders of our Common Stock of an opportunity to receive a premium for their shares of our Common Stock as part of a sale of the Company. Further, Brookstone XXIV’s control position might adversely affect the market prices of our securities to the extent investors perceive disadvantages in owning shares of a company with a controlling stockholder.
Brookstone XXIV and its director designees may acquire interests and positions that could present potential conflicts with our and our stockholders’ interests.
Brookstone XXIV and its director designees may make investments in companies and may, from time to time, acquire and hold interests in businesses that compete directly or indirectly with us. Brookstone XXIV and its director designees may also pursue, for their own accounts, acquisition opportunities that may be complementary to our business, and as a result, those acquisition opportunities might not be available to us. As part of our sale of 150,000 shares of our Common Stock to Brookstone XXIV in October 2016 and as required by Brookstone XXIV as a condition to purchasing the shares, our Board renounced, to the extent permitted by applicable law, the Company’s expectancy with respect to being offered an opportunity to participate in any business opportunity that is discovered by or presented to a director designee (a “Business Opportunity”), whether in such director designee’s capacity as a director of the Company or otherwise. Accordingly, the interests of Brookstone XXIV and the designated directors with respect to a Business Opportunity may supersede ours, and Brookstone XXIV or its affiliates or the Brookstone XXIV-designated directors may be involved with businesses that compete with us and may pursue opportunities for the sole benefit of Brookstone XXIV and its affiliates without our involvement, for which we have limited recourse. Such actions on the part of Brookstone XXIV or its director designees could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
In addition, Michael Toporek, the Company’s Executive Chairman, serves as the Managing General Partner of Brookstone XXIV. As a result of the potential conflicts inherent in his serving in both roles, it is possible that Mr. Toporek could make decisions that benefit Brookstone XXIV at the expense of the Company.
Insiders continue to have substantial control over the Company.
As of March 19, 2024 , the Company’s directors and executive officers held the current right to vote approximately 6.8% of the Company’s outstanding voting stock. Of this total, 5.35% was owned or controlled by Brookstone XXIV, for which Michael Toporek, the Company’s Executive Chairman, also serves as Managing General Partner. In addition, the Company’s directors and executive officers have the right to acquire additional shares of our Common Stock by exercising their equity awards under our equity compensation plans, which could increase their voting percentage significantly. As a result, Mr. Toporek acting alone, and/or many of the Company’s officers and directors acting together, may have the ability to exert significant control over the Company’s decisions and control the management and affairs of the Company, and also to determine the outcome of matters submitted to stockholders for approval, including the election or removal of a director, and any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of the Company’s assets. Accordingly, this concentration of ownership may harm the future market prices of our securities by:
● delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of the Company;
● impeding a merger, consolidation, takeover or other business combination involving the Company; or
● discouraging a potential acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of the Company.
We are subject to complex environmental, health and safety laws and regulations that may expose us to significant liabilities for penalties, damages or costs of remediation or compliance.
We are subject to various federal, state, local and foreign environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. These laws and regulations govern matters such as: the emission and discharge of hazardous materials into the ground, air or water; the generation, use, storage, handling, treatment, packaging, transportation, exposure to, and disposal of hazardous and biological materials, including recordkeeping, reporting and registration requirements; and the health and safety of our employees. We may incur significant additional costs beyond those currently contemplated to comply with these regulatory requirements. Further, if we fail to comply with these requirements we may be exposed to fines, penalties and/or interruptions in our operations that could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. Certain environmental laws may impose strict, joint and several liability for costs required to clean up and restore sites where hazardous substances have been disposed or otherwise released into the environment, even under circumstances where the hazardous substances were released by prior owners or operators, or the activities conducted and from which a release emanated complied with applicable law.
Further, existing regulations, particularly in the environmental area, could be revised or reinterpreted, or new laws and regulations could be adopted or become applicable to us or our facilities and future changes in environmental laws and regulations could occur, including potential regulatory and enforcement developments related to air emissions, any of which could result in significant additional costs. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
General Risk Factors
We are heavily dependent on our senior management, and a loss of a member of our senior management team could cause the market prices of our securities to suffer.
If we lose the services of John Belizaire, our Chief Executive Officer and member of our board of directors, David Michaels., our Chief Financial Officer, and/or certain key employees, we may not be able to find appropriate replacements on a timely basis, and our business could be adversely affected. We do not currently maintain key life insurance policies on these officers or key employees. Our existing operations and continued future development depend to a significant extent upon the performance and active participation of these individuals and certain key employees. We may not be successful in retaining the services of these individuals, and if we were to lose any of these individuals, we may not be able to find appropriate replacements on a timely basis and our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
We may incur losses and liabilities in the course of business that could prove costly to defend or resolve.
Companies that operate in one or more of the businesses that we operate face significant legal risks. There is a risk that we could become involved in litigation wherein an adverse result could have a material adverse effect on our business and our financial condition. There is a risk of litigation generally in conducting a commercial business, and we are, at times, involved in commercial disputes with third parties, such as customers, distributors and vendors. These risks often may be difficult to assess or quantify and their existence and magnitude often remain unknown for substantial periods of time. We may incur significant legal expenses in defending against litigation.
We may become subject to claims of infringement or misappropriation of the intellectual property rights of others, which could prohibit us from selling our products, require us to obtain licenses from third parties or to develop non-infringing alternatives, and subject us to substantial monetary damages and injunctive relief.
We may receive notices from third parties that the manufacture, use or sale of any products we develop infringes upon one or more claims of their patents. Moreover, because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending applications, unknown to us, that may later result in issued patents that materially and adversely affect our business. Third parties could also assert infringement or misappropriation claims against us with respect to our future product offerings, if any. We cannot be certain that we have not infringed the intellectual property rights of any third parties. Any infringement or misappropriation claim could result in significant costs, substantial damages and our inability to manufacture, market or sell any of our product offerings that are found to infringe another person’s patent. Even if we were to prevail in any such action, the litigation could result in substantial cost and diversion of resources that could materially and adversely affect our business. If a court determined, or if we independently discovered, that our product offerings violated third-party proprietary rights, there can be no assurance that we would be able to re-engineer our product offerings to avoid those rights or obtain a license under those rights on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. As a result, we could be prohibited from selling products that are found to infringe upon the rights of others. Even if obtaining a license were feasible, it may be costly and time-consuming. A court could also enter orders that temporarily, preliminarily, or permanently enjoin us from making, using, selling, offering to sell or importing our products that are found to infringe on third parties’ intellectual property rights, or could enter orders mandating that we undertake certain remedial actions. Further, a court could order us to pay compensatory damages for any such infringement, plus prejudgment interest, and could in addition treble the compensatory damages and award attorneys’ fees. Any such payments could materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.
If we are unable to protect our information systems against service interruption or failure, misappropriation of data or breaches of security, our operations could be disrupted, we could be subject to costly government enforcement actions and private litigation and our reputation may be damaged.
Our business involves the collection, storage and transmission of personal, financial or other information that is entrusted to us by our customers and employees. Our information systems also contain the Company’s proprietary and other confidential information related to our business. Our efforts to protect such information may be unsuccessful due to the actions of third parties, computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins, catastrophic events, employee error or malfeasance or other attempts to harm our systems. As the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service or sabotage systems, change frequently and often are not recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or timely implement adequate preventative measures. We could also experience a loss of critical data and delays or interruptions in our ability to manage inventories or process transactions. Some of our commercial partners, such as those that help us maintain our website, may receive or store information provided by us or our users through our website. If these third parties fail to adopt or adhere to adequate information security practices or fail to comply with our policies in this regard, or in the event of a breach of their networks, our customers’ or employees’ information may be improperly accessed, used or disclosed.
If our systems are harmed or fail to function properly, we may need to expend significant financial resources to repair or replace systems or to otherwise protect against security breaches or to address problems caused by breaches. If we experience a significant security breach or fail to detect and appropriately respond to a significant security breach, we could be exposed to costly legal actions against us in connection with such incidents, which could result in orders or judgments forcing us to pay damages or fines or to take certain actions with respect to our information systems. Any incidents involving unauthorized access to or improper use of user information, or incidents that are a violation of our online privacy policies, could harm our brand reputation and diminish our competitive position. Any of these events could have a material and adverse effect on our business, reputation or financial results. Our insurance policies carry coverage limits, which may not be adequate to reimburse us for losses caused by security breaches.
Our risk management process may not identify all risks that we are subject to and will not eliminate all risk.
Our Enterprise Risk Management (“ERM”) process seeks to identify and address significant risks. Our ERM process uses the most recent integrated risk framework in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission to assess, manage and monitor risks. We believe that risk-taking is an inherent aspect of the pursuit of our growth and performance strategy. Our goals are to proactively manage risks in a structured approach in conjunction with strategic planning, with the intent to preserve and enhance shareowner value, and to manage prudently, rather than wholly avoiding, risks. We can mitigate risks and their impact on the Company, however, only to a limited extent, and no ERM process can identify all risks that we may face. Therefore, there may be risks that we are currently unaware of, that may develop in the future or that we currently consider immaterial. Further, our management of risks may prove inadequate. The emergence of risks of which we were unaware or are unable to manage could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.
The Company’s officers and directors are indemnified against certain conduct that may prove costly to defend.
Our Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws generally provide broad indemnification to our officers and directors against judgments, fines, amounts paid in settlement and expenses, including attorneys’ fees actually incurred in connection with most actions or proceedings to which they are or are threatened to be made a party that relates to their service as an officer or director, except as limited as set forth therein. We are also obligated to advance expenses as they are incurred by a director or officer in defending an action or proceeding prior to final disposition upon receipt of an undertaking by the applicable person to repay such advanced amount if the advancement is ultimately found to not be permitted by law or otherwise.
In addition, the Nevada Revised Statutes (the “NRS”) provides that no director or officer is individually liable for damages as a result of an act or failure to act in his or her capacity as a director or officer except if (i) the presumption that such director or officer acted in good faith, on an informed basis and with a view to the interests of the Company is rebutted, and (ii) it is proven that such director’s or officer’s act or failure to act constituted a breach of his or her fiduciary duties as a director or officer, and such breach involved intentional misconduct, fraud or a knowing violation of law. Consequently, subject to the applicable provisions of the NRS and to certain limited exceptions in the Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws, the Company’s officers and directors will not be liable to the Company or to its stockholders for monetary damages resulting from their conduct as an officer or director. As a result, we may have to spend significant resources indemnifying our officers and directors or paying for damages caused by their conduct.
The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources and divert management’s attention.
As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act), the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and other applicable securities rules and regulations. The Exchange Act requires, among other things, that we file annual and current reports with the SEC with respect to our business and operating results. Compliance with these rules and regulations increases our legal and financial compliance costs, makes some activities more difficult, time-consuming, or costly, and increases demand on our systems and resources. As a result of disclosure of information in this Report and in filings required of a public company, our business and financial condition is more visible, which we believe may result in threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors and other third parties. If such claims are successful, our business and operating results could be harmed, and even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert resources of our management and harm our business and operating results.
Risks Related to our Securities
The market price of our securities are likely be volatile, which may cause investment losses for our shareholders.
The market price of our securities has been and is likely to continue to be volatile, and investors in our securities may experience a decrease, which could be substantial, in the value of their securities or the loss of their entire investment in the Company for a number of reasons, including reasons unrelated to our operating performance or prospects. The market price of our securities could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to a broad and diverse range of factors, including those described elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section as well as the following:
● announcements by us regarding liquidity, significant acquisitions, equity investments and divestitures, addition or loss of significant customers and contracts, capital expenditure commitments and litigation;
● our issuance of securities or debt, particularly if in connection with acquisition activities;
● the sale of a significant number of shares of our common stock by shareholders;
● recent changes in financial condition or results of operations, such as in earnings, revenues or other measure of company value;
● general market and economic conditions; and
● announcements of technological innovations or new product introductions by us or our competitors.
Further, broad market and industry factors may have a material adverse effect on the market price of our securities regardless of our actual operating performance.
In addition, stock markets have experienced in the past and may in the future experience a high level of price and volume volatility, and the market prices of equity securities of many companies have experienced in the past and may in the future experience wide price fluctuations not necessarily related to the operating performance of such companies. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the market price of our securities.
Finally, our relatively small public float and daily trading volume have in the past caused, and may in the future result in, significant volatility in the price of our securities. As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately 2,318,989 shares of our common stock outstanding held by non-affiliates and 3,049,521 shares of our Series A Preferred Stock outstanding held by non-affiliates. Our daily trading volume for the year ended December 31, 2023, averaged approximately 62,652 shares of common stock and 4,149 shares of Series A Preferred Stock.
Because there has been limited precedent set for financial accounting of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrency assets, the determination that we have made for how to account for cryptocurrency assets transactions may be subject to change.
Because there has been limited precedent set for the financial accounting of cryptocurrencies and related revenue recognition and no official guidance has yet been provided by the FASB or the SEC, it is unclear how companies may in the future be required to account for cryptocurrency transactions and assets and related revenue recognition. A change in regulatory or financial accounting standards could result in the necessity to change our accounting methods and restate our financial statements. Such a restatement could adversely affect the accounting for our newly mined cryptocurrency rewards and more generally negatively impact our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. Such circumstances would have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue as a going concern or to pursue our new strategy at all, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations as well as and potentially the value of any cryptocurrencies we hold or expect to acquire for our own account and harm our investors.
If we are not able to comply with the applicable continued listing requirements or standards of Nasdaq, Nasdaq could delist our common stock or Series A Preferred Stock or broker-dealers may be discouraged from effecting transactions in shares of our securities.
Our common stock became listed and commenced trading on Nasdaq on March 23, 2020, and our Series A Preferred Stock commenced trading on Nasdaq on August 19, 2021. In order to maintain such listings, we must satisfy minimum financial and other continued listing requirements and standards, including those regarding director independence and independent committee requirements, minimum stockholders’ equity, minimum share price and certain corporate governance requirements. While we are currently in compliance, our share price has in the past dropped below the minimum share price and there can be no assurances that we will be able to comply with such applicable listing standards. If we fail to do so, Nasdaq may delist our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock, which would likely have an adverse impact on the market price and liquidity of such securities.
If our securities are not listed on, or become delisted from, NASDAQ for any reason, and are quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board, an inter-dealer automated quotation system for equity securities that is not a national securities exchange, the liquidity and price of our securities may be more limited than if it were quoted or listed on NASDAQ or another national securities exchange. You may be unable to sell your securities unless a market can be established or sustained.
If an active, liquid public trading market for the Common Stock does not develop or is not maintained, we may be limited in our ability to raise capital by selling shares of Common Stock and our ability to acquire other companies or assets by using shares of Common Stock or other SHI securities as consideration.
In addition, our shares of common stock have in the past constituted, and may again in the future constitute, “penny stock” within the meaning of Section 3(a)(51) of the Exchange Act and Rule 3a-51-1 thereunder, and so will be subject to the “penny stock” rules adopted under Section 15(g) (now 15(h)) of the Exchange Act. The penny stock rules generally apply to companies whose common stock is not listed on a national securities exchange and trades at less than $5.00 per share, other than companies that have had average revenue of at least $6,000,000 for the last three years or that have tangible net worth of at least $5,000,000 ($2,000,000 if the company has been operating for three or more years). These rules require, among other things, that brokers who trade penny stocks to persons other than “established customers” complete certain documentation, make suitability inquiries of investors, and provide investors with certain information concerning trading in the security, including a risk disclosure document and quote information under certain circumstances. Many brokers have decided not to trade penny stocks because of the requirements of the penny stock rules and, as a result, the number of broker-dealers willing to act as market makers in such securities is limited. If our common stock is subject to the penny stock rules for any significant period, it could have an adverse effect on the market, if any, for our common stock. If the common stock is subject to the penny stock rules, investors will find it more difficult to dispose of their shares of our common stock.
Raising additional funds through debt or equity financing could be dilutive and may cause the market price of our securities to decline. We still may need to raise additional funding which may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Failure to obtain additional capital may force us to delay, limit or terminate our product development efforts or other operations.
To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest may be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a shareholder. Furthermore, any additional fundraising efforts may divert our management from their day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our products and services. In addition, the sale of a significant number of our shares of common stock, either by us or by our shareholders (in particular Brookstone, our largest shareholder) could depress the price of our securities.
We may continue to seek funds through equity or debt financings, collaborative or other arrangements with corporate sources, or through other sources of financing. Additional funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. Any failure to raise capital as and when needed, as a result of insufficient authorized shares or otherwise, could have a negative impact on our financial condition and on our ability to pursue our business plans and strategies.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Item 1B: Unresolved Staff Comments
Not applicable.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Item 2: Properties
We lease approximately 3,478 square feet of office, in Albany, New York, which houses the corporate offices of SHI. The current lease agreement expires on December 31, 2024.
SCI leases approximately 19,000 square feet of space in four buildings in East Wenatchee, Washington. The space is currently used for hosted operations. The current lease agreements expire for one building on June 30, 2025, another on November 30, 2025, and for the remaining two buildings on January 31, 2025.
On March 4, 2021, SSW acquired a 3.2-acre tract of real property located in Murray, Kentucky on which it has built an energy-efficient cryptocurrency mining facility, Project Sophie, that includes 22 buildings for data facility hosting or mining.
On February 24, 2023, DVSV entered into a lease agreement for a 33.19-acre tract of land in Silverton, Texas. The Agreement is for an Initial Term that expires on the date five years from the Service Date with the right to extend the term of the Agreement for five additional one-year terms.
We believe these facilities are generally well-maintained and adequate for the Company’s current needs and for expansion, if required. Our business growth, however, is dependent on developing additional properties, and we believe our project pipeline is strong enough to support our current business plan. See Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of this Annual Report.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 3: Legal Proceedings
At any point in time, we may be involved in various lawsuits or other legal proceedings. Such lawsuits could arise from the sale of products or services or from other matters relating to our regular business activities, compliance with various governmental regulations and requirements, or other transactions or circumstances.
EPA
We have been named as a party in the December 19, 2019 United States Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) Demand Letter regarding the Malta Rocket Fuel Area Superfund Site (“Site”) located in Malta and Stillwater, New York, in connection with an alleged release of hazardous materials into the environment. The EPA is seeking reimbursement of response costs from all named parties in the amount of approximately $358 thousand plus interest in connection with the investigation and disposal activities associated with the various drum caches discovered at the Site, issuance of the Explanation of Significant Differences (“ESD”) of the Site, and implementation of the work contemplated by the ESD. We consider the likelihood of a material adverse outcome with respect to this matter to be remote and do not currently anticipate that any expense or liability that we may incur as a result of this matter in the future will be material to the Company’s business or financial condition.
NYDIG
NYDIG ABL LLC, (“NYDIG”) filed a complaint against SMCB1(“Borrower”) and SMC (“Guarantor”, and together with Borrower, “NYDIG Defendants”) in Marshall Circuit Court of the Commonwealth of Kentucky on December 29, 2022 regarding a series of loans made by NYDIG to Borrower pursuant to a master equipment finance agreement that were secured by certain assets of Borrower and guaranteed by Guarantor pursuant to a written guaranty agreement executed by Guarantor. The Court issued on February 15, 2023, an agreed order granting NYDIG’s motion for writ of possession which, among other things, ordered parties to provide NYDIG access to the collateral described therein and preserved the rights of NYDIG to pursue a deficiency judgment against the NYDIG Defendants. Also on February 15, 2023, the NYDIG Defendants filed their answer and affirmative defenses in this proceeding. The NYDIG Defendants believe that NYDIG has liquidated some of the collateral securing the loans and anticipate that NYDIG will complete the liquidation of collateral and continue to prosecute the complaint to obtain a judgment against the NYDIG Defendants. Additionally, NYDIG has stated its intention to pursue SCI, the parent company of Guarantor, under a piercing of the corporate veil claim relating to NYDIG Defendants’ debts and liabilities under the loan documents. SCI denies any such liability and has filed a complaint for a declaratory judgment against NYDIG in the Eighth Judicial District Court in Clark County, Nevada on March 16, 2023, seeking a declaratory judgment as to such matter. NYDIG filed a motion to dismiss in response to SCI’s declaratory judgment complaint on April 13, 2023. SCI filed a response in opposition to NYDIG’s motion to dismiss on April 27, 2023. The court heard oral arguments on May 16, 2023. On June 22, 2023, the court issued an order granting NYDIG’s motion to dismiss, on the basis that the case was not ripe for decision, without prejudice. SCI intends to continue to vigorously defend any allegations regarding liability on account of NYDIG Defendants’ debts and liabilities to NYDIG under their loan documents and intends to refile a declaratory judgment complaint against NYDIG.
On February 23, 2023, NYDIG proceeded to foreclose on all of the collateral securing the MEFA, and repossessed the collateralized assets that totaled approximately $3.4 million, in which approximately $560 thousand was first used to pay off accrued interest and penalty to date. On September 5, 2023, NYDIG provided a letter finalizing the accounting for the repossessed collateralized assets totaling proceeds of approximately $3.4 million. This included legal and other expenses associated with the sale of the assets net a modest gain on the estimated net book value of the assets totaling $251 thousand that was expensed as a loss on disposition of assets for the year ended December 31, 2023. On December 7, 2023, NYDIG filed its Motion for Summary Judgment seeking entry of a judgment against Soluna in the approximate amount of $10.3 million for principal and interest and penalties. On January 12, 2024, Soluna filed its objection to NYDIG’s motion for summary judgment on the grounds that NYDIG failed to explain what collateral of which loan was sold and how the sale proceeds were allocated to each loan. A summary judgment motion was performed on February 13, 2024, and was agreed upon by both NYDIG and the Borrower, that the total outstanding loan principal balance would be approximately $9.2 million. This settlement did not result in the admission of any liability on the part of SHI, whose declaratory judgment remains the subject of litigation. On March 13, 2024, NYDIG served the Company with a post-judgment discovery seeking information regarding the Company’s assets and liabilities. The deadline for response to the discovery is April 12, 2024. The Company intends to vigorously defend itself from NYDIG’s parent company claims.
Atlas
In September 2023, Atlas Technology Group LLC (“Atlas”) filed a complaint against SMC (formerly EcoChain Block LLC) (“Soluna MC”), SCI, and SHI (collectively, the “Atlas Defendants”) in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of New York regarding a co-location services agreement between Soluna MC and Atlas. Atlas alleges that the termination of such agreement by SMC was a breach and asserts various claims, including breach of contract and the return of pre-paid fees. The claim requests a judgement against the Atlas Defendants for the return of pre-paid fees of approximately $464 thousand and additional damages to be determined at trial of not less than $7.9 million, and reimbursement of costs including legal fees and other costs. The complaint also contains references to alter ego liability and piercing the corporate veil. The Atlas Defendants believes they have substantial factual and legal defenses to these claims and intend to defend the claims vigorously.
The referenced to pre-paid fees of approximately $464 thousand have been reported in previous filings on SMC’s balance sheet. No reserves have been established for any other claims asserted in such complaint.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Item 4: Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
Item 5: Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Market Information
Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the trading symbol “SLNH.” The Company’s preferred stock is listed on Nasdaq Capital Market under the trading symbol “SLNHP.”
Holders
We have one class of common stock, par value $.001, and are authorized to issue 75,000,000 shares of common stock. Each share of the Company’s common stock is entitled to one vote on all matters submitted to shareholders. As of December 31, 2023, there were 2,505,620 shares of common stock issued and outstanding. As of March 19, 2024, there were approximately 100 shareholders of record of the Company’s common stock. The number of shareholders of record does not reflect the number of persons whose shares are held in nominee or “street” name accounts through brokers.
Dividends
As of December 31, 2023, we had 3,061,245 shares of our of 9.0% Series A Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock outstanding, which pursuant to the Certificate of Designations, Preferences and Rights of 9.0% Series A Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock (“Series A Preferred Stock”), of the Company entitle such holders to monthly dividends, when, as and if declared by the Company’s Board of Directors. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Board of Directors declared, and the Company paid aggregate dividends on the shares of Series A Preferred Stock of approximately $3.9 million, respectively. The Board of Directors had not declared any Series A Preferred Stock dividends beginning October 2022 through the date of this report, as such the Company has accumulated approximately $8.6 million of dividends in arrears on the Series A Preferred Stock through December 31, 2023.
The Company’s Series B Preferred Stock included a 10% accruing dividend and could be paid in cash or stock before the shares are converted or a set date comes around. On August 11, 2023, SHI paid a mandatory dividend on its outstanding Series B Convertible Preferred Stock in the amount of approximately $656 thousand through the issuance of common stock and warrants. These warrants are fully paid except for a tiny fraction of a cent and can be used to buy SHI common stock unless doing so results in the holder owning more than 4.99% of the outstanding shares of the Company.
The Company does not intend to pay dividends on our common stock and do not anticipate or contemplate paying cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to use all available funds to develop our business. We can give no assurance that we will ever have excess funds available to pay dividends. Any future determination as to the payment of dividends will depend upon critical requirements and limitations imposed by our credit agreements, if any, and such other factors as our Board of Directors may consider.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Item 6: Selected Financial Data
Not applicable.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Item 7: Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements, which involve risk and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including those discussed in Item 1A: “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report.
Recent Developments and Trends
In 2023, we executed on the following four-pronged strategy: (1) Energize Project Dorothy; (2) Cash Flow, Site and Process Optimization; (3) Flagship Expansion; (4) Pipeline growth. A summary of our developments in these areas follows below.
Energize Project Dorothy
We transitioned our flagship data center Project Dorothy from construction to operations. ERCOT approved the energizing of the first 50 MW of our new data center on April 20, 2023. We completed the construction and ramping of the facility starting in the spring of fiscal year 2023, and completed the full ramp by the end of October 2023. The data center is colocated with Briscoe Wind Farm (“Briscoe”), a 150 MW wind power generation facility in Silverton, Texas. The project is comprised of two elements, Project Dorothy 1A (“D1A”), and Project Dorothy 1B (“D1B”), each 25 MW facilities.
D1A is focused on Bitcoin Hosting. On April 26, 2023 we signed a 5 MW 2-year hosting deal with Compass Mining at D1A. On April 24, 2023 we signed a 20 MW 2-year hosting agreement with another strategic hosting partner at Dorothy 1A. In the summer of 2023, we completed the construction of D1A and the installation of approximately 7,700 Bitcoin miners between the two customers, resulting in an installed hashrate of approximately 950 PH/s. As of December 31, 2023, D1A has consumed over 11,900 MWh of Curtailed Energy from the co-located power plant and achieved a power usage effectiveness (“PUE”) of 1.03.
The construction of D1A was made possible by a partnership with Spring Lane Capital (“SLC”), a leading venture capital firm focused on sustainability solutions. On April 22, 2022, we finalized agreements with SLC for a $35 million capital pool to finance Soluna projects alongside renewable energy power plants. Approximately $12.5 million of this was designated for the Dorothy Project. In July 2022, Soluna began tapping into the SLC managed funds to finance Dorothy construction and repay prior funding provided by the Company. In return, SLC received approximately 32% of Class B Membership Interests of D1A. On March 10, 2023, we completed a new series of project-level agreements for $7.5 million from SLC-managed funds. Due to limited liquidity, and access to the capital markets, we sold a portion of our ownership to SLC in 2023. The funds raised aided in the completion of the substation interconnection, and the final stages of project Dorothy. It also provided capital to fund Soluna’s corporate operations. SLC, increased its stake in D1A from approximately 32% to 85%, reducing Soluna’s ownership from 68% to 15%. After SLC achieves an 18% Internal Rate of Return hurdle, Soluna retains 50% of the profits on D1A.
D1B is focused on Bitcoin Mining through a strategic partnership with Navitas Global (“Navitas”). On May 9, 2023, we consummated a project-level financing with Navitas, which included a $2 million loan to D1B to complete the construction and a $12.1 million equity investment in the project. After consummating the financing, Navitas owns 49% of D1B and Soluna owns 51%. In June 2023, D1B purchased 8,378 Bitmain Antminer S19s, S19j Pro and S19j Pro+ machines for the partnership. The purchase resulted in an estimated 868 PH/s of hashrate with an average efficiency of 29.9 J/TH and at a cost of $10.59 $/TH. As of December 31, 2023, over 7,900 of the miners had been deployed. D1B was fully energized and began ramping in late October 2023. D1B now has an installed hashrate of 817 PH/s. As of December 31, 2023, D1B has consumed over 10,600 MWh of Curtailed Energy from the co-located power plant and achieved a power usage effectiveness (“PUE”) of 1.03.
The Company consolidated the accounts of D1A, Variable Interest Entities (“VIE”) as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 respectively, and for D1B as of December 31, 2023.
Demand Response Services at Dorothy
In November 2023, we completed our registration of Project Dorothy for one of ERCOT’s demand response programs establishing the project as key contributor to intelligent and flexible energy solutions, promoting environmental and economic advantages for the state of Texas. It also allowed us to diversify our revenue. Under the program, we have a single promise to stand ready, on a monthly basis, to deliver a set amount of curtailment (committed capacity) per month when and if called upon by ERCOT. Soluna will be able to make additional revenue for Project Dorothy by providing this grid resilience support and potentially reduce its power costs, making it among the lowest cost players in the industry.
Cash Flow, Site and Process Optimization
In the second quarter of 2023, we shifted our business from primarily proprietary Bitcoin Mining to Bitcoin Hosting. We signed 50 MW of hosting agreements at Dorothy 1A and Sophie.
Sophie
Project Sophie is a 25 MW data center, based in Murray, Kentucky connected to the grid, (“Sophie”). The project has a Power Purchase Agreement (“PPA”) that requires the curtailment of the site during certain hours of the day to help balance the Kentucky grid.
The Company owns 100% of the facility and completed its construction in 2021. In the second quarter of fiscal year 2023, we shifted Project Sophie to Data Hosting, signing contracts with leading Bitcoin miners. We sold older, less efficient Bitcoin mining equipment and used the cash to make operational improvements to the site and to fund corporate operations. Throughout 2023, Sophie progressively secured new more profitable hosting contracts. We have deployed over 8,000 mining machines for hosting in 2023 at the site. The Data Hosting agreements are a combination of a fixed services fee and a profit share component. The cost of power is passed through to customers. Customers at the site now include leading public Bitcoin Miners such as Bit Digital, Compass Mining, and other leading sustainability focused customers.
Marie
In February 2023, Project Marie, our 20 MW data center in Kentucky was decommissioned. The decision was sparked by following events:
● NYDIG our asset-backed-lender on mining and infrastructure equipment, accelerated their loan and repossessed their collateral.
● Our Bitcoin Hosting customer, Atlas Technology Group, LLC (“Atlas”), at the site failed to upgrade and invest in their mining equipment, decreasing the profitability of the site.
● Our landlord, CC Metals and Alloys, LLC, (“CCMA”) terminated our lease.
As a result, we disposed of all remaining assets at the site, terminated the Atlas hosting agreement, and decommissioned the site.
Edith
Project Edith was a project permitted to consume up to 3.3 MWs located in Wenatchee, Washington. In September 2022, we sold the mining assets and other mining equipment at the site for $790 thousand. Soluna has committed to providing certain facilities contracts at cost plus a markup to facilitate the continued operations for the mining assets for the new ownership.
Cost Cutting and Process Optimization
In 2023, we implemented a number of cost cutting measures including staff reductions, renegotiations or termination of key advisory agreements. We ramped up a new Financial Planning and Analysis (“FP&A”) function to provide our management and operations teams better insight into the financial performance of our data centers. This helped us find opportunities to improve profitability and proactively address critical issues with infrastructure equipment at all sites. Our MaestroOS software platform managed the efficient operations of projects Dorothy and Sophie through record setting temperatures (hot and cold) in both Texas and Kentucky in 2023.
Expand Flagship, Dorothy 2
In 2023, we began the planning process for building out the second 50 MW phase of Project Dorothy - Dorothy 2. We completed the design, established new procurement partners, and submitted an updated approval to ERCOT for approval.
Grow Pipeline
We signed a term sheet for a new 166 MW data center called Kati that will be integrated with a 300 MW wind farm that has surplus energy due to increasing curtailment by the grid. We worked throughout 2023 to advance the project through grid operator’s, ERCOT planning process.
Data Center Locations and Ownership
Below is a table showing our operating sites, business models, the Company’s ownership percentages and power source to guide the influence on our financials. We currently operate 75 MW of facilities across two locations.
Project Corporate Entity State MW Soluna
Ownership
Business Model Power Source
Sophie Soluna SW, LLC KY 100 % Bitcoin Hosting Grid / Hydro
Dorothy 1A Soluna DVSL ComputeCo, LLC TX 15 % Bitcoin Hosting Wind
Dorothy 1B Soluna DV ComputeCo, LLC TX 51 % Bitcoin Mining Wind
Convertible Noteholders
In 2023, the Company negotiated three amendments to the October Convertible Notes. In early 2024, a fourth amendment was negotiated. These amendments were focused on extending the maturity date of the notes, lowering the conversion price of the notes, adding features to the notes to allow early payoff with predetermined cost, and the repricing of certain warrants to assist the company in raising capital for operations.
The second half of 2022 was a tumultuous period for the company. Bitcoin declined from a high of $50 thousand to nearly $16 thousand. The decline in price was triggered by a collapse of key players in the cryptocurrency ecosystem including 3AC and FTX. The war in Ukraine had a profound impact on power costs, due to rising gas prices. And, ERCOT instituted a new interim protocol for Crypto related power consumers called Large Flexible Load (“LFL”), which significantly slowed progress at our flagship site, Project Dorothy. Our June 2022 financing plan was put on hold due to market volatility and reduced appetite for new issuances. By the end of 2022, we began to plan a transition away from proprietary mining to Bitcoin hosting.
Industry Trends
Soluna’s business is influenced by several industry trends, including: (1) challenges in the Bitcoin ecosystem, (2) the Bitcoin Halving, (3) the Inflation Reduction Act, (4) the global Supply Chain, (5) the growth of AI.
Bitcoin Ecosystem
Fiscal years 2022 and 2023 proved challenging for the Bitcoin Mining industry. In 2022, several companies in the ecosystem initiated bankruptcy proceedings due to the severe decline in the price of Bitcoin and, the impact on energy prices of the war in Ukraine. This turmoil continued into most of 2023 with many companies working their way through chapter 11 and flooding the market with equipment sales. The trial of Sam Backman Fried, founder and CEO of FTX, the industry’s largest digital asset exchange, dominated the news and continued to compress the value of Bitcoin. Later in the year Changpeng Zhao, the founder of Binance, the largest cryptocurrency exchange in the world, pleaded guilty to money laundering violations. By the end of 2023, tides began to turn for Bitcoin as major asset managers like Black Rock, Greyscale, and Bitwise filed for Bitcoin Spot ETFs. This caused a surge in Bitcoin price beginning in the tail end of 2023 that has benefited revenues in the ecosystem.
Bitcoin Halving
In April 2024, Bitcoin will undergo its fourth halving event, occurring approximately every four years or after every 210,000 blocks are mined. During a halving, miners’ rewards for validating transactions and creating new blocks on the Bitcoin blockchain are cut in half, reducing the rate of new Bitcoin generation. This event typically triggers anticipation and speculation within the Bitcoin community and among investors, leading to increased market activity. Price volatility tends to rise before and after a halving as the market reacts to perceived supply scarcity. Mining profitability decreases post-halving, potentially prompting some miners to shut down operations. This often sparks consolidations in the space reducing the number of mining companies. However, the network automatically adjusts mining difficulty to ensure consistent block production. The halving also causes a supply shock, reducing Bitcoin’s inflation rate and potentially driving long-term price appreciation, although past performance does not guarantee future outcomes. The 2024 halving will be the first to happen during a high interest rate environment, and in the presence of strong institutional demand for Bitcoin driven by ETFs.
Inflation Rate Act
The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”), signed into law by President Biden, is a significant investment in climate and energy in the U.S. At the time of its passage, legislators estimated that the bill would allocate $370 billion, primarily in the form of tax credits, to a wide array of decarbonization efforts. Recent private estimates are much higher. In March, the Brookings Institute released a study estimating the spending at $1.2 trillion, which is three times the Congressional estimate. The Act aims to tackle the climate crisis, advance environmental justice, secure America’s position as a world leader in clean energy manufacturing, and work towards achieving a net-zero economy by 2050. Since its enactment, the Inflation Reduction Act has driven substantial investment in clean energy projects, with over $110 billion announced in new clean-energy manufacturing investments. This includes investments in electric vehicle supply chains and solar manufacturing. Overall, the IRA stimulates economic growth through renewable energy development and infrastructure reinvestment in the United States.
Supply Chain
The global supply chain is facing challenges, particularly in the electric power sector, due to the scarcity of power infrastructure components like transformers. The electric grid component market is experiencing a supply and demand mismatch, leading to an ongoing shortage of transformers and other grid components. Over 70% of transmission and power transformers in the U.S. are over 25 years old, and there is insufficient manufacturing capacity to meet the demand for grid transformers and component parts. Factors contributing to the scarcity include aging infrastructure, increasing demand for electricity, extreme weather events threatening reliability, insufficient domestic manufacturing capacity, and reliance on foreign suppliers. President Biden authorized the use of the Defense Production Act Title III to accelerate domestic production of electric grid transformers and components to address the shortage. Companies are using emergency stocks of components, reviewing scheduled work, substituting materials when possible, improving communication with suppliers, and digitalizing processes to enhance efficiency. The scarcity of power infrastructure components like transformers is a critical issue and efforts are being made to address these challenges through various strategies and actions.
AI
Since the inception of ChatGPT by OpenAI, AI has experienced remarkable growth, transforming the field. Large language models (“LLM”s) have revolutionized AI, fueling interest in generative AI technologies. The introduction of ChatGPT alone has increased AI-related job listings significantly, indicating its impact beyond tech. In 2023, global venture capital investments in AI soared to $50 billion, reflecting confidence in AI’s future potential. Funding focus has shifted to mature companies with proven technologies, signaling market maturation. This growth has driven demand for computing resources and attracted enterprise interest. The generative AI market is projected to reach $1.3 trillion by 2032, with significant energy implications. By 2030, AI could comprise 3-4% of global power demand, with Google already attributing 10-15% of its power use to AI technologies. The widespread adoption of generative AI like ChatGPT may substantially increase energy consumption across various applications and services.
Tailwinds and Headwinds
To understand the impact of the unprecedented combinations of these industry trends our business, we have prepared the following table.
Trend
Tailwind or Headwind?
Why
Bitcoin Ecosystem
Both.
Consolidation in the space will likely decrease competition on the Bitcoin network, increasing our pro rata share of profits. Our industry leading power prices will allow us to stay on the network longer. Increased regulation of the industry could increase our costs.
Bitcoin Halving
Both.
Reduction in block-reward will represent a short-term reduction in revenue. But, the supply-shock effect and the growth of ETF may lessen the volatility. A projected rise in Bitcoin price after the halving would increase revenues and increase demand for our low-cost data centers.
Inflation Reduction Act
Tailwind.
The IRA is accelerating the development of new renewable power plants across the country and extending the tax incentives. This growth is likely to exacerbate the wasted energy problem as grid transmission will not keep pace. This would help to increase the company’s long-term project pipeline.
Supply Chain
Headwind.
Difficult to source equipment could affect our growth. We have developed strategic relationships with key equipment providers with manufacturing facilities in the US and Abroad.
AI
Tailwind.
The energy demands of AI will increase focus on the sustainability of the industry. We expect increasing demand for specialized AI data centers with access to renewable energy. This will likely open opportunities for Soluna to provide AI Cloud and Co-location services to new companies and enterprises investing in AI initiatives.
See Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of this Annual Report for additional discussion regarding potential impacts our competitive and evolving industry trends may have on our business.
Consolidated Results of Operations
Results of Operations for the Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2022.
The following table summarizes changes in the various components of our net loss during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.
(Dollars in thousands) Year
Ended
December 31,
Year
Ended
December 31,
$
Change
%
Change
Cryptocurrency mining revenue $ 10,602 24,409 (13,807 ) (57 )%
Data hosting revenue 10,196 4,138 6,058 146 %
Demand response service revenue - 100 %
Operating costs and expenses:
Cost of cryptocurrency mining revenue, exclusive of depreciation 6,365 14,226 (7,861 ) (55 )%
Cost of data hosting revenue, exclusive of depreciation 5,601 3,572 2,029 57 %
Costs of revenue- depreciation 3,863 18,708 (14,845 ) (79 )%
General and administrative expenses, exclusive of depreciation and amortization 15,390 19,203 (3,813 ) (20 )%
Depreciation and amortization associated with general and administrative expenses 9,513 9,506 - %
Impairment on equity investment - (750 ) (100 )%
Impairment on fixed assets 47,372 (46,797 ) (99 )%
Operating loss (20,241 ) (84,790 ) 64,549 (76 )%
Other (expense) income, net (1,479 ) (1,501 ) (6,823 )%
Interest expense (2,748 ) (8,375 ) 5,627 (67 )%
Loss on sale of fixed assets (398 ) (4,089 ) 3,691 (90 )%
Loss on debt extinguishment and revaluation, net (3,904 ) (11,130 ) 7,226 (65 )%
Loss before income taxes from continuing operations (28,770 ) (108,362 ) 79,592 (73 )%
Income tax benefit (expense) from continuing operations 1,067 1,346 (279 ) (21 )%
Net loss from continuing operations (27,703 ) (107,016 ) 79,313 (74 )%
Net income from discontinued operations - 7,921 (7,921 ) (100 )%
Net loss (27,703 ) (99,095 ) 71,392 (72 )%
Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest 1,498 (380 ) 1,878 (494 )%
Net loss attributable to Soluna Holdings, Inc. $ (29,201 ) (98,715 ) 69,514 (70 )%
The following table summarizes the balances for the Project sites for cryptocurrency mining revenue, data hosting revenue, cost of cryptocurrency mining revenue, exclusive of depreciation, cost of data hosting revenue, exclusive of depreciation, and cost of depreciation during the year ended December 31, 2023:
(Dollars in thousands)
Project Dorothy 1B Project Dorothy 1A Project Sophie Project Marie Other Total
Cryptocurrency mining revenue $ 6,849 $ - $ 2,984 $ 769 $ - $ 10,602
Data hosting revenue - 6,876 3,021 10,196
Demand response services - -
Total revenue $ 6,849 $ 6,876 $ 6,005 $ 1,045 $ 291 $ 21,066
Cost of cryptocurrency mining, exclusive of depreciation $ 3,358 $ - 2,206 - 6,365
Cost of data hosting revenue, exclusive of depreciation - 4,366 1,030 - 5,601
Cost of revenue- depreciation 1,816 1,154 3,863
Total cost of revenue $ 5,174 $ 5,121 $ 4,390 $ 1,142 $ 2 $ 15,829
The following table summarizes the balances for the Project sites for cryptocurrency mining revenue, data hosting revenue, cost of cryptocurrency mining revenue, exclusive of depreciation, cost of data hosting revenue, exclusive of depreciation, and cost of depreciation during the year ended December 31, 2022:
(Dollars in thousands)
Project Dorothy 1B Project Dorothy 1A Project Sophie Project Marie Other Total
Cryptocurrency mining revenue $ - $ - $ 13,221 $ 10,028 $ 1,160 $ 24,409
Data hosting revenue - - - 4,131 4,138
Demand response services - - - - - -
Total revenue $ - $ - $ 13,221 $ 14,159 $ 1,167 $ 28,547
Cost of cryptocurrency mining, exclusive of depreciation $ 54 $ - 7,471 6,048 14,226
Cost of data hosting revenue, exclusive of depreciation - - 3,518 - 3,572
Cost of revenue- depreciation - - 10,597 7,813 18,708
Total cost of revenue $ 54 $ 54 $ 18,068 $ 17,379 $ 951 $ 36,506
Cryptocurrency Mining Revenue: Cryptocurrency revenue consists of revenue recognized from Soluna’s cryptocurrency mining operations. Cryptocurrency mining revenue was approximately $10.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, respectively, compared to $24.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, respectively, a $13.8 million decrease. We noted the significant decrease mainly related to volume variances due to Project Marie operations being decommissioned in February 2023 creating a decrease of approximately $9.3 million. In addition, the Company switched from a proprietary mining business model at Project Sophie to data hosting in the middle of April 2023 with a complete conversion to hosting by the third quarter of fiscal year 2023, which created a decrease of approximately $10.2 million. Offsetting the decline in cryptocurrency mining revenue was the deployment and ramping up of proprietary mining at Dorothy 1B for the year ended December 31, 2023, which created an increase of approximately $6.8 million.
Data Hosting Revenue: In August 2021, the Company began cryptocurrency hosting services in which we provide energized space and operating services to third-party mining companies who locate their mining hardware at one of our mining locations, in which they may receive a fee per miner installed, revenue share and if additional services are rendered, an additional service fee is charged to the hosted parties. Data hosting revenue was approximately $10.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $4.1 million for year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of approximately $6.1 million. The significant increase was primarily related to energization and the deployment of hosting customers at Project Dorothy 1A in the second quarter of 2023 creating approximately $6.9 million in data hosting revenue. In addition, Project Sophie switched their business model from proprietary mining to data hosting in the second quarter of 2023, which created an additional increase of approximately $3.0 million. Offsetting the increase for the year was the decommission of Project Marie operations in February 2023 causing a decline of approximately $3.9 million.
Demand Response Service: In November 2023, we completed our registration of Project Dorothy for one of ERCOT’s demand response programs, in which we began services in December 2023. On a monthly basis we stand ready to deliver a set amount of committed capacity per month when and if called upon by ERCOT. No such services were performed for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Cost of Cryptocurrency Revenue, exclusive of depreciation: Cost of cryptocurrency mining revenue includes direct utility costs, site overhead expenses, and overhead costs that relate to the operations of our cryptocurrency mining facilities in Washington, Kentucky, and Texas. Going forward, cost of cryptocurrency revenue will include any additional cryptocurrency mining facilities that are part of the Company’s future pipeline.
Cost of cryptocurrency mining revenue, exclusive of depreciation costs, was approximately $6.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, respectively, compared to approximately $14.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, respectively. As noted above, the major reasons for the significant declines were due to a production volume decline from the ceasing of operations at Project Marie causing a decrease of approximately $5.3 million, and switching to a data hosting model from a proprietary mining model at Project Sophie causing a decline of approximately $5.2 million. These declines at Project Marie and Project Sophie were offset with increases at Project Dorothy 1B due to energization in the third quarter of 2023, creating an increase in costs of approximately $3.3 million.
Cost of Data Hosting Revenue, exclusive of depreciation: Cost of data hosting revenue includes utility charges, site overhead expenses, and other charges.
Cost of data hosting revenue was approximately $5.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $3.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase was due to Project Dorothy 1A which began operations and hosting services in May 2023, creating costs of approximately $4.4 million and had minimal costs in fiscal year 2022. The increase was offset as a direct result by Project Marie’s operations ceasing in February 2023, where the main hosting contract was also simultaneously terminated, creating a decline in costs of approximately $3.3 million. While the Company began data hosting operations at Project Sophie in mid April 2023, which created an increase in costs of approximately $1.0 million, the energy costs associated with the hosting contract arrangements contained pass-through costs for electricity charges. In contrast, a large portion of the fiscal year 2022, the electricity costs were not pass-through costs, thus reducing the cost of revenue recorded for fiscal year 2023 for Project Sophie and Marie.
Cost of revenue- depreciation: Depreciation costs associated with cryptocurrency and data hosting revenue was approximately $3.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $18.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The significant decline related to a higher net book value in property, plant, and equipment, (“PPE”) between the two periods. During the fiscal year 2022, the Company’s PPE net book value was as at $90.8 million in August 2022 compared to the net book value in 2023 of $46.5 million in August 2023. In fiscal year 2022, the Company impaired approximately $47.4 million of PPE of which $28.1 million was in the third quarter of fiscal year 2022 and $18.6 million was in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2022, which resulted in lower net book value PPE for the beginning of fiscal year 2023, and a decline in depreciation costs for the year ended December 31, 2023. Beginning in the third quarter of fiscal year 2023, the Company has begun to invest more in capital expenditures in which has more than tripled purchases compared to the first six months of fiscal year 2023, as such the Company expects to see depreciation costs to significantly increase over the next several months.
General and Administrative Expenses:
General and administrative expenses include cash and non-cash compensation, benefits and related costs in support of our general corporate operations, including general management, finance and accounting, human resources, marketing, information technology, corporate development, and legal services.
General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 was approximately $15.4 million compared to $19.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of approximately $3.8 million or 20%. This decrease was mainly related to decreased salaries, benefits, and other employee expenses, consulting and legal fees, other outside charges, and insurance expenses, offset with an increase in investor relation expenses.
Salaries, benefits, and other employee expenses decreased by approximately $1.4 million due to employee recruitment fees decreased by approximately $329 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 as the Company was actively recruiting for new employees for the Company in fiscal year 2022. Wages and salaries, including fringe benefits decreased by approximately $1.0 million due to differences in headcount and personnel costs between the comparable periods. In addition, employee related expenses decreased approximately $288 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 as employees performed more traveling for events and site visits in the prior year compared to current year. This was offset with a higher bonus expense of approximately $200 thousand for year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.
Legal fees decreased by approximately $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The Company had higher legal fees for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, due to Dorothy project development agreements including SLC financing, power purchase agreements, Navitas financing, and ERCOT that were incurred for the year ended December 31, 2022 which were approximately $675 thousand higher than the year ended December 31, 2023. In addition, the Company incurred approximately $524 thousand more in legal fees for the year ended December 31, 2022 due to potential capital raising activities that did not occur and other corporate related legal matters, in which were not incurred or material for the year ended December 31, 2023.
The decrease in consulting fees, professional, and other outside services was approximately $1.6 million mainly due to higher consulting fees for various complex accounting transactions for the year ended December 31, 2022. These higher fees were due to the accounting activities related to the convertible debt addendums in July and September 2022, the sale of MTII Instruments and the accounting for the asset acquisition transaction and other valuations by approximately $620 thousand compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. In addition, there were additional nonrecurring consultant fees incurred for the year ended December 31, 2022 of approximately $220 thousand for management, general and other market consulting fees that was not incurred for the year ended December 31, 2023. In addition, the Company incurred approximately $62 thousand more in temporary help related fees for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. Other outside services decreased by approximately $519 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, due to reduced non-recurring expenses incurred including property tax advisors, website developers, and ERCOT market advisory fees that were one-time costs in 2022, as well as the Company cancelling services with two vendors that contributed $285 thousand of services in 2022, and expenses related to internal controls consultants used for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.
Investor relations increased by approximately $980 thousand due to the Company implementing a series of investor acquisition and influencer marketing programs to attract new investors to Soluna Holdings.
Depreciation and Amortization associated with general and administrative expenses: Depreciation and amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 totaled approximately $9.5 million, consistent with year ended December 31, 2022. The amortization expense related to the strategic pipeline contract that was acquired in October 2021.
Impairment on Equity Investment: During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company fully impaired the equity method investment of $750 thousand due to current projections with the equity investment in HEL.
Impairment on Fixed Assets: During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company’s impairment charges of approximately $575 thousand related to impairment of approximately $165 thousand for power supply units (PSUs) at the Project Sophie location, and $410 thousand for revaluing S19, M30, M31, and M32 miners to market conditions and sales prices of related miners made during and subsequent to year-end.
During the year ended, December 31, 2022, the Company had impairment charges of approximately $47.4 million, relating to a multiple of factors including, S-9 and L3 miners in storage in which the carrying balance exceeded its fair value by approximately $1.9 million. In addition, the Company assessed the active miners in operations and determined there had been a decline in the market value of the active miners in the Company’s operations for fiscal year 2022. As a result, a quantitative impairment analysis was required as of December 31, 2022. As a result, the Company reassessed its estimates and forecasts as of December 31, 2022, to determine the undiscounted cash flows and whether the miners would be recoverable. It was determined based on the analysis, that the undiscounted cash flow with residual value was less than the net book value as of December 31, 2022, confirming the existence of a triggering event, and therefore required an impairment to be recognized. Based on a comparison of the fair value of the active miners to the net book value, the Company recorded an impairment charge of approximately $39.4 million to be recognized on the consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had M20 miners and M21 miners in service at the Sophie location. Of these miners a portion were planned to be sold in the near future in fiscal year 2023. As a result of the fair value analysis as of December 31, 2022, the Company concluded the carrying amount of the property, plant and equipment associated with the M20 and M21 miners of approximately $2.1 million exceeded its fair value of $295 thousand, which resulted in impairment charges of approximately $1.8 million on the consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022.
As of December 31, 2022, the Company had equipment held at vendors including switchgears, transformers, busways and bus plugs. The Company had discussions with a potential buyer and our board of directors regarding the approval for sale of the switchgears held at vendor. The company had a purchase order received for the switchgear, subject to inspection of the equipment and final sale. The sale of the equipment held at one of our vendors would mean the equipment was not being used for its intended purpose. As such, the Company reassessed its estimates and forecasts as of December 31, 2022, to determine the fair values of the equipment held at vendor. As a result of the fair value analysis as of December 31, 2022, the Company concluded the carrying amount of the equipment held at vendor of approximately $2.8 million exceeded its fair value of $916 thousand, which resulted in an impairment charge of $1.9 million on the consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Due to the decommissioning of Project Marie in February 2023, the Company disposed of approximately $1.7 million worth of leasehold improvements and general electrical upgrades and equipment which were attached to the facility which could not be salvaged for any value, and therefore the Company impaired those assets for the full amount as of December 31, 2022. As such, the Company had equipment held for sale due to the closure in the first quarter of 2023. Based on a fair value analysis compared to the Company’s net book value of the equipment still held resulted in an impairment of approximately $700 thousand was recorded on the consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022. As a result, the total impairment for the Marie assets not attached to the NYDIG collateralized assets (see legal proceedings) was approximately $2.4 million for the year-ended December 31, 2022.
Interest Expense: Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 was approximately $2.7 million and related to default and continuing interest expense of the NYDIG loan of approximately $1.4 million (see legal proceedings), a financing loan with Navitas of approximately $228 thousand, interest and other charges of approximately $212 thousand for the promissory notes issued in January and February of 2023 to certain investors, and interest on amortization of warrants for the convertible debt of approximately $475 thousand, as well as default interest charged through March 10, 2023 for the convertible holders of approximately $420 thousand. Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $8.4 million primarily related to $6.7 million of interest expense in relation to the October Secured Notes issued on October 25, 2021 (“Convertible Note agreement”) and certain promissory notes issued in each of February, March, and April 2022 and repaid as part of the offering of Series A preferred stock in June 2022. The amortization of warrants and debt discounts was at a higher value in the year ended December 31, 2022 by approximately $6.2 million, due to the value associated with the warrants from when the Company entered into the October Secured Note agreement in 2021, in which was subsequently amended in July and September of 2022, in which the Company needed to extinguish the original debt and establish a new fair value of debt, in which less amortization was associated. Interest expense of $1.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, respectively was also incurred under the NYDIG facility and due to its December 2022 default.
Loss on Debt Extinguishment and Revaluation, net: During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, the Company entered into the Convertible Debt Addendum and Convertible Debt Addendum Amendment, in which per guidance in ASC 470, the Convertible Notes were treated as a debt extinguishment in our consolidated financial statements. The Company incurred a loss on the fair value valuation of approximately of approximately $12.9 million for the debt extinguishment and revaluation of debt through September 31, 2022. The Company did a fair value assessment of the Convertible Notes as of December 31, 2022 and recognized a gain from previous valuation of $1.8 million; therefore, the net loss for extinguishment and revaluation for the year ended December 31, 2022 was approximately $11.1 million. The Company incurred a loss on debt extinguishment and revaluation of approximately $3.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. On May 11, 2023, the Company entered into a new debt amendment agreement (“Second Amendment”) with the convertible noteholders and issued new warrants, creating a debt extinguishment and loss of $1.8 million. The main factor for the loss was the valuation of the new warrants. On November 20, 2023, the Company completed another new amendment (the “Third Amendment”) of the convertible notes and incurred an additional loss on extinguishment and revaluation of approximately $911 thousand. With quarterly fair value assessments and conversions of debt throughout the year ending December 31, 2023, Company incurred an additional loss on revaluation of approximately $1.2 million with changes in annual volatility of the debt at each quarter end, in addition to note conversions that occurred throughout the year. See Note 9 for further details.
Loss on Sale of Fixed Assets: The Company incurred a $398 thousand loss on sale of fixed assets for the year ended December 31, 2023 in connection with the disposal and sale of miners (M20, M21, M30, and M31 models) and equipment which included Switchgear and Tesseracks (mobile, Bitcoin mobile equipment) for approximately $147 thousand at the Project Sophie and Project Marie sites. For the sale of miners and equipment, the Company received proceeds of approximately $2.5 million which had a net book value of approximately $2.65 million. In addition to the sale of fixed assets, the Company incurred a $251 thousand loss on sale of assets in relation to NYDIG collateral repossession, in which the Company had to pay for expenses and legal fees in related to the disposition. The Company incurred a $4.1 million loss for the year ended December 31, 2022, in connection with the disposal of miners and equipment with a net book value of approximately $6.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 in which the Company received proceeds of $2.8 million for year ended December 31, 2022.
Other expense, net: For the year ended December 31, 2023, there was approximately $1.5 million other expense, net. The main reason for the balance was due to an approximately $1.0 million penalty charge in relation to moving further in the settlement litigation with NYDIG. In addition, there was a $250 thousand expense in relation to an extension fee for the noteholders of the convertible debt when the 2nd Amendment was signed on May 11, 2023, in addition to the prepayment penalty for the notes payable in the third quarter of fiscal 2023. There were no material other expenses for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Income Tax Benefit from Continuing Operations: Income tax benefit from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $1.1 million compared to an income tax benefit of $1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The income tax benefit for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 related to deferred tax amortization impact of acquiring an asset in a transaction that is not a business combination when the amount paid exceeds the tax basis on the acquisition date. As such, the Company is required to adjust the value of the strategic contract pipeline by approximately $10.9 million at inception date (October 29, 2021), in which was recorded as a deferred tax liability and this amount will be amortized over the life of the asset. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 the Company amortized approximately $2.2 million. For the year ended December 31, 2023, these amounts were offset with a timing difference due to significant increase for in-service capital assets at the Dorothy entities which created an offset of approximately $1.1 million in deferred income tax expense. Income tax benefit from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $1.3 million, which mainly related to the amortization of deferred tax liability for the strategic pipeline discussed above, offset by a $295 thousand deferred tax expense incurred in the second quarter of 2022 related to increasing the Company’s valuation allowance associated with the deferred tax asset, as well as a $503 thousand deferred tax state adjustment.
Net Income from Discontinued Operations: As of December 31, 2022, the Company’s MTI Instruments business was reported as discontinued operations up to the date of the sale on April 11, 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company’s net income from discontinued operations was $7.9 million. This was primarily due to the $7.7 million gain on the sale of MTI Instruments and only having approximately three months of operations prior to the sale on April 11, 2022. The Company did not incur any gains or costs for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Net Income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest: Net income attributable to non-controlling interest for the year ended December 31, 2023 was approximately $1.5 million compared to a net loss attributable to non-controlling interest for the year ended December 31, 2022 of approximately $380 thousand. This amount relates to Springlane’s 85% noncontrolling interest of the net profit in Soluna DVSL and Navitas 49% noncontrolling interest of the net profit in Soluna DV ComputeCo for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the Springlane’s 32.2% noncontrolling interest of Net loss in Soluna DVSL for the year ended December 31, 2022. Note, there was no noncontrolling interest of DV ComputeCo for the year ended December 31, 2022. The change in non-controlling interest relates to continued profitability at Dorothy 1A and Dorothy 1B, creating a total net profit which started to grow in the third quarter of fiscal year 2023. There was no minority interest for Dorothy 1B (DV ComputeCo), until the 2nd quarter of 2023, when Navitas obtained interest in DV ComputeCo. Dorothy 1A had a net profit of approximately $896 thousand for year ended December 31, 2023 compared to a $1.2 million net loss in year-ended 2022. It should also be noted that the non-controlling interest for DVSL with Springlane was 32.2% for fiscal year 2022, compared to 85% beginning January 1, 2023. As such, DVSL (Dorothy 1A) had a net profit for minority interest of $765 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $380 thousand net loss in minority interest for year ended December 31, 2022, a $1.1 million increase. In addition, the increase also related to Dorothy 1B, which had a zero balance in year-ended December 31, 2022 for non-controlling interest to a non-controlling interest profit of $733 thousand beginning in May 2023 through the year ended December 31, 2023. As the Company was generating revenue from energization at Project Dorothy, the Company began to see a shift from a net loss to profit within non-controlling interest.
Non-GAAP Measures
In addition to financial measures calculated in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”), we also use “Adjusted EBITDA.” Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure defined as net income (loss) from continuing operations before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) adjusted to eliminate the effects of certain non-cash, non-recurring items, that we believe do not reflect our ongoing strategic business operations. Management believes that Adjusted EBITDA results in a performance measurement that represents a key indicator of the Company’s business operations of cryptocurrency mining and hosting customers engaged in cryptocurrency mining.
We believe Adjusted EBITDA can be an important financial measure because it allows management, investors, and the Board to evaluate and compare our operating results, including our return on capital and operating efficiencies, from period-to-period by making such adjustments. Non-GAAP financial measures are subject to material limitations as they are not in accordance with, or a substitute for, measurements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. For example, we expect that stock-based compensation costs, which is excluded from the non-GAAP financial measures, will continue to be a significant recurring expense over the coming years and is an important part of the compensation provided to certain employees, officers, and directors. Similarly, we expect that depreciation and amortization of fixed assets will continue to be a recurring expense over the term of the useful life of the assets.
Adjusted EBITDA is provided in addition to and should not be considered to be a substitute for, or superior to net income, the comparable measure calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Further, Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as an alternative to revenue growth, net income, diluted earnings per share or any other performance measure calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP, or as an alternative to cash flow from operating activities as a measure of our liquidity. Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider such measures either in isolation or as substitutes for analyzing our results as reported under U.S. GAAP.
Reconciliations of Adjusted EBITDA to net income from continuing operations, the most comparable U.S. GAAP financial metric, for historical periods are presented in the table below:
(Dollars in thousands) Years Ended
December 31,
Net loss from continuing operations $ (27,703 ) $ (107,016 )
Interest expense 2,748 8,375
Income tax (benefit) expense (1,067 ) (1,346 )
Depreciation and amortization 13,376 28,214
EBITDA (12,646 ) (71,773 )
Adjustments: Non-cash items
Stock-based compensation costs 4,312 3,852
Loss on sale of fixed assets 4,089
Loss on debt extinguishment and revaluation, net 3,904 11,130
Impairment of equity investment -
Impairment on fixed assets 47,372
Adjusted EBITDA $ (3,457 ) $ (4,580 )
Stock based compensation costs represented approximately $3.4 million non-cash restricted stock units and $908 thousand non-cash stock options for the year ended December 31, 2023 to members of our Board of Directors and certain Company employees compared to non-cash restricted stock units of approximately $2.6 million to members of our Board of Directors and certain Company employees for the year ended December 31, 2022 and non-cash stock options of approximately $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.
The following table represents the Adjusted EBITDA activity between each three-month period for the year ended December 31, 2023.
(Dollars in thousands)
Three months ended
March 31,
Three months ended
June 30,
Three months ended
September 30,
Three months ended
December 31,
Year ended
December 31,
Net loss from continuing operations $ (7,432 ) $ (9,257 ) $ (6,016 ) $ (4,998 ) $ (27,703 )
Interest expense, net 1,374 2,748
Income tax (benefit) expense from continuing operations (547 ) (547 ) (542 ) (1,067 )
Depreciation and amortization 3,002 2,918 3,579 3,877 13,376
EBITDA (3,603 ) (6,400 ) (1,373 ) (1,270 ) (12,646 )
Adjustments: Non-cash items
Stock-based compensation costs 2,232 4,312
Loss (gain) on sale of fixed assets (48 ) (5 )
Impairment on fixed assets 156
Loss on debt extinguishment and revaluation, net (473 ) 2,054 1,554 3,904
Adjusted EBITDA $ (2,910 ) $ (1,993 ) $ 405 $ 1,041 $ (3,457 )
The following table represents the Adjusted EBITDA activity between each three-month period for the year ended December 31, 2022.
(Dollars in thousands)
Three months ended
March 31,
Three months ended
June 30,
Three months ended
September 30,
Three months ended
December 31,
Year ended
December 31,
Net loss from continuing operations $ (9,132 ) $ (14,104 ) $ (56,143 ) $ (27,637 ) $ (107,016 )
Interest expense, net 2,880 3,305 1,671 8,375
Income tax benefit from continuing operations (547 ) (251 ) (547 ) (1 ) (1,346 )
Depreciation and amortization 6,697 7,914 8,388 5,215 28,214
EBITDA (102 ) (3,136 ) (46,631 ) (21,904 ) (71,773 )
Adjustments: Non-cash items
Stock-based compensation costs 1,064 3,852
Loss on sale of fixed assets - 1,618 1,483 4,089
Impairment on fixed assets - 28,086 18,536 47,372
Loss (gain) on debt extinguishment and revaluation, net - - 12,317 (1,187 ) 11,130
Impairment on equity investment - - -
Adjusted EBITDA $ 853 $ 296 $ (3,600 ) $ (2,129 ) $ (4,580 )
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Several key indicators of our liquidity are summarized in the following table:
Years Ended December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)
Cash $ 6,368 $ 1,136
Restricted cash 3,999
Working capital (deficit) (13,891 ) (26,049 )
Net loss from continuing operations (27,703 ) (107,016 )
Net income from discontinued operations - 7,921
Net cash used in operating activities (2,987 ) (6,118 )
Net cash provided by operating activities for discontinued operations -
Purchase of property, plant and equipment (12,705 ) (63,684 )
Cash dividends paid on preferred stock - (3,852 )
The Company had a consolidated accumulated deficit of approximately $251 million as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had negative working capital of approximately $13.9 million, $8.7 million outstanding principal in notes payable that may be converted to common stock, a subsidiary of the Company that defaulted on equipment financing and has a current outstanding loan of $9.2 million, and a 2-year $2.05 million principal loan commitment to Navitas, in which as of December 31, 2023 has an outstanding principal balance of approximately $1.7 million. The Company had outstanding commitments as of December 31, 2023, related to SCI for $100 thousand in capital expenditures, and approximately $6.4 million of cash available to fund its operations.
Based on business developments, including changes in production levels, staffing requirements, and network infrastructure improvements, we will require additional capital equipment in the foreseeable future. With the Company’s shift in focus of the business, and the sale of the MTI Instruments business that occurred in April 2022, the Company has now exited the instrumentation business and is focused on developing and monetizing green, zero-carbon computing and cryptocurrency mining facilities, as well as facilities capable of hosting customers engaged in cryptocurrency mining.
We plan to continue funding operations from our current cash position and our projected 2024 cash flows pursuant to management’s plans. If necessary, we may also seek to supplement our resources by increasing credit facilities to fund operational working capital and capital expenditure requirements. We expect to fund growth, including additional development and build-outs of data centers through project-level capital raising and equity sale activities, to the extent that we can successfully raise capital through sales of additional debt or equity securities, as well as a variety of project specific funding options. Any additional financing, if required, may not be available to us on acceptable terms or not at all.
As shown in the accompanying financial statements, the Company did not generate sufficient revenue to generate net income, a negative working capital, and has a cash used in operations position as of December 31, 2023. These factors, among others indicate that there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after issuance of these financial statements as of December 31, 2023, or April 1, 2024.
Further, various macroeconomic factors could adversely affect our business and the results of our operations and financial condition, including changes in inflation, interest rates and overall economic conditions. For instance, inflation could negatively impact the Company by increasing our labor costs, through higher wages and higher interest rates. If inflation or other factors were to significantly increase our business costs, our ability to develop our current projects may be negatively affected. Interest rates, the liquidity of the credit markets and the volatility of the capital markets could also affect the operation of our business and our ability to raise capital in order to fund our operations. If our revenue estimates are off either in timing or amount, or if cash generated from operations is insufficient to satisfy the operational working capital and capital expenditure requirements, the Company plans to implement additional steps to ensure liquidity including, but not limited to, the deferral of planned capital spending and/or delaying existing or pending product development initiatives; alternatively, the Company may be required to obtain credit facilities or other loans, if available, to fund these initiatives. However, the Company is actively monitoring this situation and the possible effects on our financial condition, liquidity, operations, suppliers, and the industry.
Operating Activities
Net cash used in operating activities from continuing operations was approximately $3.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company had a net loss of approximately $27.7 million, in which was offset by non-cash items of approximately $22.5 million. The non-cash items consisted primarily of approximately $13.4 million of amortization and depreciation expenses for the intangible assets acquired in 2021 and the fixed assets still in service and capital additions in 2023. There was also approximately $4.3 million in stock-based compensation expenses, $3.9 million on loss on debt extinguishment and revaluation, and additional $1.2 million in relation to fixed asset impairments, loss on sale of fixed assets, and amortization of operating lease assets. The non-cash items were offset with a $1.1 million deferred income tax benefit. The change in assets and liabilities of approximately $2.4 million related to increases in accrued expenses of $3.9 million in which related to interest for the NYDIG loan, sales and real estate tax accruals, and bonus accrual, as well as increase in customer deposits of $2.8 million with data hosting customers for the facility sites, offset with an increase in accounts receivable related to performing further hosting services and demand response services as of December 31, 2023.
Net cash used in operating activities from continuing operations was approximately $6.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Cash was used in operations by a net loss from continuing operations of $107.0 million, less non-cash items of $97.7 million, consisting primarily of $28.2 million of amortization and depreciation expense for the year for the intangible asset acquired in 2021 and significant additions in fixed assets, approximately $3.9 million in stock-based compensation expense, $4.1 million in loss on sale of fixed assets, $47.4 million in impairment of fixed assets, $750 thousand for impairment on equity investment, $11.1 million on loss on debt extinguishment and revaluation, and $6.5 million for amortization of deferred financing costs and discount on notes payables issued during the year, offset with $1.4 million in deferred income tax benefits.
Net cash provided by operating activities from discontinued operations was $369 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2022. There were no discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2023 was approximately $10.3 million consisting mainly of capital expenditures of $12.7 million, less cash proceeds from sale of equipment of $2.3 million.
Net cash used in investing activities from continuing operations during the year ended December 31, 2022 was approximately $54.7 million. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we had $63.7 million worth of capital expenditures, less a net change in deposits on equipment of $6.4 million, and $2.6 million in proceeds from the sale of equipment.
Net cash provided by investing activities from discontinued operations during the year ended December 31, 2022 was approximately $9.1 million which mainly represented the net cash proceeds from the sale of MTI Instruments of $9.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. There was no cash provided by investing activities from discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities was approximately $21.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, which consisted of cash contributions for noncontrolling interest of approximately $20.4 million, offset with distributions for non-controlling interest of $1.0 million. The Company also received net proceeds of approximately $817 thousand from the subsequent SPA offerings, in addition to proceeds from debt issuances of $3.1 million less debt payment costs of $1.1 million on promissory notes and the Navitas loan, and $350 thousand for payment on the Company’s line of credit.
Net cash provided by financing activities was approximately $42.9 million during year ended December 31, 2022, which consisted primarily of $14.7 million in net proceeds from the sale of Series A and Series B Preferred Stock, $23.9 million in net proceeds from notes and short-term debt issuances, and $2.3 million in net proceeds from a common offering and securities purchase offering. Proceeds of $779 thousand were also received in relation to common stock warrant exercises. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company made cash dividend payments of approximately $3.8 million to holders of its Series A Preferred Stock. Also, in the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company had a contribution of $4.8 million from its non-controlling interest in DVSL.
Debt
On September 15, 2021, the Company entered into a $1.0 million unsecured line of credit with KeyBank National Association (“KeyBank”), that will, among other things, allow the Company to request loans and to use the proceeds of such loans for working capital and other general corporate purposes (the “KeyBank facility”). The line of credit bears interest at a rate of Prime + 0.75% per annum. Accrued interest is due monthly and principal is due in full following KeyBank’s demand. As of January 1, 2022, the entire line of credit of $1.0 million was drawn and outstanding. As of December 31, 2023, the entire original $1.0 million outstanding balance has been paid down, and the Company did not have an outstanding balance as of December 31, 2023. The Company does not plan to draw down on the line of credit in the foreseeable future. In addition, future drawdowns may require pre-approval by KeyBank.
On October 25, 2021, the Company issued to certain institutional investors secured convertible notes in the aggregate principal amount of approximately $16.3 million for an aggregate purchase price of $15.0 million. The notes are convertible, subject to certain conditions, at any time at the option of the investors, into an aggregate of 71,043 shares of the Company’s common stock. On July 19, 2022, the Company entered into the Addendum with the Noteholders to amend the terms the October Secured Notes. Pursuant to the Addendum, a portion of the October Secured Notes would be converted and may be redeemed in three tranches, with each tranche of $1,100,000 required to be converted into common stock in each case at the then in effect conversion price of the October Secured Notes, with such price, prior to each conversion, to be reduced (but not increased) to a 20% discount to the 5-day VWAP of the Company’s common stock. In addition, the Noteholders may require the Company to redeem up to $2,200,000 worth of October Secured Notes in connection with each tranche at a rate of $1.20 for every $1.00 owed, less the amount of October Secured Notes converted during such tranche, not including the required conversion amount if the Noteholders are unable to convert out of such amount of the October Secured Notes in each tranche. The Company is also required to deposit up to $1,950,000 in an escrow account in connection with each tranche to satisfy any redemptions, except with respect to the first tranche as provided in the Addendum Amendment. The Addendum also provides the right for the Company to pause the commencement of the conversion of the second and third tranches each for 45 days in the event the Company pursues an equity financing. Since inception, the Company has converted down approximately $3.8 million on the convertible debt. On September 13, 2022, the Company entered into the Addendum Amendment with the Noteholders to amend the terms to extend the maturity date to April 25, 2023, and increase the principal amount of the October Secured Notes by approximately $520 thousand for a total outstanding principal amount of approximately $13 million. The events of default stated in the Notice of Acceleration and Repossession defined below with NYDIG constituted a cross-default under the terms of secured convertible notes issued to the Noteholders. In addition to such cross-default, the failure of the Company pursuant to the Addendum dated as of July 19, 2022, to escrow an aggregate amount of $950,000 for the benefit of the Noteholders by December 21, 2022, constitutes an event of default under the Notes. Due to the defaults noted, the Company did not enter into the second and third tranche of conversions. As such, beginning on November 30, 2022, the Company had been accruing interest of 18% per annum on the outstanding principal amount due to the default. On March 10, 2023, the Company entered into a Second Addendum Amendment with the Noteholders, in which the Company paid approximately $617 thousand through the Company’s restricted escrow accounts and contemporaneously with the payment, the Noteholders waived all existing events of default arising under the convertible notes. On May 11, 2023, the Company entered into the Second Amendment with the Noteholders in which increased the principal outstanding balance to approximately $13.3 million and extending the maturity date to July 2024. On November 20, 2023 the Company and the Noteholders entered into a Third Amendment Agreement to amend the Notes, the October SPA and related agreements to facilitate future financings by the Company that may include funds for prepayment of the Notes by permitting the Company to force conversion of up to $1.5 million of the Notes under certain circumstances and reduce the prepayment penalty in return for reducing the conversion price of the $4.7 million of the Notes to $3.78 and reducing the exercise price of 150 thousand of the Warrants to $0.01.The Noteholders have converted approximately $4.6 million between May 11, 2023 to December 31, 2023, reducing the principal balance to approximately $8.7 million as of December 31, 2023.
On January 14, 2022, the Company effected an initial drawdown under the Master Equipment Finance Agreement with NYDIG in the aggregate principal amount of approximately $4.6 million that bore interest at 14%. On January 26, 2022, the Company had a subsequent drawdown of $9.6 million. On December 20, 2022, Soluna MC Borrowing 2021-1 LLC (“Borrower”) received a Notice of Acceleration and Repossession (the “NYDIG Notice”) from NYDIG with respect to the Master Agreement, by and between Borrower and NYDIG. The obligations of Borrower under the Master Agreement and reflected in the NYDIG Notice are ring-fenced to Borrower and its direct parent company, Soluna MC LLC. The Company is not a party to any guaranty, collateral agreement or other support agreement with or for the benefit of NYDIG. As such, the principal balance of $10.5 million as of December 31, 2022 became due immediately and the Borrower shall bear interest, at a rate per annum equal to 2.0% plus the rate per annum otherwise applicable to such obligations set forth in the Master Agreement. On February 23, 2023, NYDIG proceeded to foreclose on all of the collateral securing the MEFA, and repossessed the collateralized assets that totaled approximately $3.4 million, in which approximately $560 thousand was first used to pay off accrued interest and penalty to date. On September 5, 2023, NYDIG provided a letter finalizing the accounting for the repossessed collateralized assets totaling proceeds of approximately $3.4 million. This included legal and other expenses associated with the sale of the assets net a modest gain on the estimated net book value of the assets totaling $251 thousand that was expensed as a loss on disposition of assets for the year ended December 31, 2023. On December 7, 2023, NYDIG filed its Motion for Summary Judgment seeking entry of a judgment against Soluna in the approximate amount of $10.3 million for principal and interest and penalties. On January 12, 2024, Soluna filed its objection to NYDIG’s motion for summary judgment on the grounds that NYDIG failed to explain what collateral of which loan was sold and how the sale proceeds were allocated to each loan. A summary judgment motion was performed on February 13, 2024, and was agreed upon by both NYDIG and the Borrower, that the total outstanding loan principal balance would be approximately $9.2 million, in which a penalty fee was applied of approximately $1.0 million to the repossessed collateralized assets, and outstanding interest and penalty balance would be approximately $936 thousand as of December 31, 2023.
On May 9, 2023, Soluna DV ComputeCo, LLC and Navitas West Texas Investments SPV, LLC entered into a 2-year Loan Agreement for $2,050,000. The unpaid principal balance of the Term Loan shall bear interest at per annum rate equal to 15%. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has an outstanding principal balance of approximately $1.7 million and incurred approximately $204 thousand in interest expense and $25 thousand in deferred amortization expense.
Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates
The prior discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. Note 2 of the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K includes a summary of our most significant accounting policies. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses, and related disclosure of assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those related to revenue recognition, income taxes and share-based compensation. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Periodically, our management reviews our critical accounting estimates with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors.
The significant accounting policies that we believe are most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our consolidated financial statements include the following:
Revenue Recognition
Cryptocurrency revenue consists of revenue recognized from the Company’s cryptocurrency mining facilities. Revenue is recognized at the cryptocurrency’s realized cash value based upon the rates at cryptocurrency exchanges where we are registered. Cryptocurrencies are earned when the miners solve complex computations and cryptocurrency is issued as a result. The mined cryptocurrency is immediately paid to the Coinbase wallet. Cryptocurrency is converted to U.S. dollars on a daily basis. Also, the Company has entered into customer hosting contracts whereby the Company provides electrical power to cryptocurrency mining customers, and the customers pay a stated amount per megawatt-hour (“MWh”) (“Contract Capacity”) as well as a percentage of the profit share of the daily net income from the customer’s mining operations. The actual monthly amounts are calculated after the close of each month and billed to the customers.
Fair Value Measurement.
The estimated fair value of certain financial instruments, including cash, accounts receivable and short-term debt approximates their carrying value due to their short maturities and varying interest rates. “Fair value” is the price that would be received to sell an asset or transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. Based on the observability of the inputs used in the valuation methods, the Company is required to provide the following information according to the fair value accounting standards. These standards established a fair value hierarchy as specified that ranks the quality and reliability of the information used to determine fair values. Financial assets and liabilities are classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories:
Level 1: Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities, which includes listed equities.
Level 2: Observable market-based inputs or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data. These items are typically priced using models or other valuation techniques. These models are primarily financial industry-standard models that consider various assumptions, including the time value of money, yield curves, volatility factors, as well as other relevant economic measures.
Level 3: These use unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data. These values are generally estimated based upon methodologies utilizing significant inputs that are generally less observable from objective sources.
The fair value hierarchy also requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
The Company had Warrants included within the SPA agreement as noted in Note 9. The Warrants are considered freestanding equity-classified instruments due to their detachable and separately exercisable features and meet the indexation criteria within derivative accounting. Accordingly, the Warrants are presented as a component of Stockholders’ Equity in accordance with derivative accounting.
Following the debt extinguishment on July 19, 2022 as noted further in Note 9, the Convertible Notes will be recorded at fair value upon issuance (e.g., upon execution of the Addendum) per guidance within ASC 480, and at each subsequent reporting period, with changes in fair value reported in earnings.
Consistent with the guidance in purchase accounting, the value of the Strategic Pipeline Contract as of the acquisition date was estimated using an expected value approach, which probability-weights various future outcomes and uses certain Level 3 inputs.
The Company’s equipment miners are classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy due to the quoted market prices for similar assets.
As of December 31, 2023, and 2022, the fair values of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable, and accrued expenses approximated their carrying values because of the short-term nature of these instruments.
Share-Based Payments.
We grant options to purchase our common stock and award restricted stock to our employees and directors under our equity incentive plans. The benefits provided under these plans are share-based payments and we account for stock-based awards exchanged for employee service in accordance with the appropriate share-based payment accounting guidance. Stock-based compensation represents the cost related to stock-based awards granted to employees and directors. We measure stock-based compensation cost at grant date based on the estimated fair value of the award and recognize the cost as expense on a straight-line basis in accordance with the vesting of the options (net of estimated forfeitures) over the option’s requisite service period. We estimate the fair value of stock-based awards on the grant date using a Black-Scholes valuation model. We use the fair value method of accounting with the modified prospective application, which provides for certain changes to the method for valuing share-based compensation. The valuation provisions apply to new awards and to awards that are outstanding on the effective date and subsequently modified.
The determination of the fair value of share-based payment awards on the date of grant using an option-pricing model is affected by our stock price as well as assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. These variables include our expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards, actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors, risk-free interest rate, and expected dividends.
Theoretical valuation models and market-based methods are evolving and may result in lower or higher fair value estimates for share-based compensation. The timing, readiness, adoption, general acceptance, reliability, and testing of these methods is uncertain. Sophisticated mathematical models may require voluminous historical information, modeling expertise, financial analyses, correlation analyses, integrated software and databases, consulting fees, customization, and testing for adequacy of internal controls.
For purposes of estimating the fair value of stock options granted using the Black-Scholes model, we use the historical volatility of our stock for the expected volatility assumption input to the Black-Scholes model, consistent with the accounting guidance. The risk-free interest rate is based on the risk-free zero-coupon rate for a period consistent with the expected option term at the time of grant. The expected option term is calculated based on our historical forfeitures and cancellation rates.
Income Taxes.
We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. (federal and state). As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we calculate income taxes for each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. This involves estimating actual current taxes due together with assessing temporary differences resulting from differing treatment for tax and accounting purposes that are recorded as deferred tax assets and liabilities, loss carryforwards, and tax credit carryforwards, for which income tax benefits are expected to be realized in future years. Deferred tax assets are reported net of a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in the period that includes the enactment date.
Significant management judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes, our deferred tax assets and liabilities, and any valuation allowance recorded against our net deferred tax assets. We considered all available evidence, both positive and negative, such as historical levels of income and future forecasts of taxable income amongst other items in determining our valuation allowance. In addition, our assessment requires us to schedule future taxable income in accordance with accounting standards that address income taxes to assess the appropriateness of a valuation allowance, which further requires the exercise of significant management judgment.
We account for taxes in accordance with the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, we must recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate resolution. The impact of our reassessment of our tax positions for these standards did not have a material impact on its results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity.
We are also currently subject to audit in various jurisdictions, and these jurisdictions may assess additional income tax liabilities against us. Developments in an audit, litigation, or in applicable laws, regulations, administrative practices, principles, and interpretations could have a material effect on our operating results or cash flows in the period or periods in which such developments occur, as well as for prior and in subsequent periods.
Tax laws, regulations, and administrative practices in various jurisdictions may be subject to significant change, with or without notice, due to economic, political, and other conditions, and significant judgment is required in evaluating and estimating our provision and accruals for these taxes. There are many transactions that occur during the ordinary course of business for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Our effective tax rates could be affected by numerous factors, such as intercompany transactions, earnings being lower than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have lower statutory rates and higher than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have higher statutory rates, the applicability of special tax regimes, losses incurred in jurisdictions for which we are not able to realize the related tax benefit, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, entry into new businesses and geographies, changes to our existing businesses and operations, acquisitions and investments and how they are financed, changes in our stock price, changes in our deferred tax assets and liabilities and their valuation, and changes in the relevant tax, accounting, and other laws, regulations, administrative practices, principles, and interpretations.
Impairment of long-lived assets.
Management reviews long-lived assets, including finite lived intangible assets, property, plant and equipment, and other assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset, asset group, or investment may not be recoverable.
Recoverability of assets to be held and used are measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. Because the impairment test for long-lived assets held in use is based on estimated undiscounted cash flows, there may be instances where an asset or asset group is not considered impaired, even when its fair value may be less than its carrying value, because the asset or asset group is recoverable based on the cash flows to be generated over the estimated life of the asset or asset group. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
A discussion of recently adopted and new accounting pronouncements is included in Note 2 of the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Not applicable.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
The Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements begin on page and are incorporated in this Item 8 by reference.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
Item 9: Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
Not applicable.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 9A: Controls and Procedures
(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of SHI’s disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2023. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. We recognize that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and we necessarily apply our judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2023, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.
(b) Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management of our Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as that term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting using the criteria set forth in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013 version) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our evaluation using the criteria set forth in Internal Control-Integrated Framework, Management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023.
This annual report does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Our report was not subject to attestation by our independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the SEC that permit us to provide only Management’s Report in this annual report.
/s/ John Belizaire
Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer) (Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ David Michaels
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)
(c) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act, during our fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonable likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 9B: Other Information
Not applicable

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Item 10: Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
Code of Conduct and Ethics: We have adopted a Code of Conduct and Ethics for employees, officers and directors. A copy of the Code of Conduct and Ethics is available on our website at https://www.solunacomputing.com under Investors, Governance Documents.
The remaining information required by this Item 10 is incorporated herein by reference to the information appearing under the captions “Information about our Directors,” “Executive Officers,” “Board of Director Meetings and Committees - Audit Committee” and “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” in our definitive Proxy Statement for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed with the SEC on or before April 29, 2024.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Item 11: Executive Compensation
The information required by this Item 11 is incorporated herein by reference to the information appearing under the caption “Executive Compensation” in the Company’s definitive Proxy Statement for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed with the SEC on or before April 29, 2024.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
Item 12: Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The information required by this Item 12 is incorporated herein by reference to information appearing under the caption “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters” in our definitive Proxy Statement for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed with the SEC on or before April 29, 2024.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Item 13: Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information required by this Item 13 is incorporated herein by reference to the information appearing under the captions “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions” and “Information about our Directors” in our definitive Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed with the SEC on or before April 29, 2024.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Item 14: Principal Accounting Fees and Services
The information required by this Item 14 is incorporated herein by reference to the information appearing under the caption “Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” in our definitive Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed with the SEC on or before April 29, 2024.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15: Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules
15(a) (1) Financial Statements: The financial statements filed herewith are set forth on the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements on page of the separate financial section which accompanies this Report, which is incorporated herein by reference.
15(a) (2) Financial Statement Schedules: Financial statement schedules not listed have been omitted because they are either not required, not applicable, or the information has been included elsewhere in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.
15(a) (3)
Exhibit
Number
Description
2.1
Agreement and Plan of Merger dated August 11, 2021, by and among Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, SCI Merger Sub, Inc., and Soluna Callisto Holdings Inc., formerly known as Soluna Computing, Inc. (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 2.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K Report filed August 12, 2021).
3.1
Articles of Incorporation of Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2020 (the “2020 Form 10-K”)).
3.2
Articles of Merger filed with the Secretary of State of Nevada (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3.3 of the 2020 Form 10-K).
3.3
Certificate of Merger filed with the Department of State of New York (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3.4 of the 2020 Form 10-K).
3.4
Certificate of Amendment filed with the Secretary of State of Nevada dated June 9, 2021 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K Report filed June 15, 2021).
3.5
Certificate of Amendment to Articles of Incorporation filed with the Secretary of State of Nevada on November 2, 2021 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K Report filed November 4, 2021).
3.6
Bylaws of the Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3.2 of the 2020 Form 10-K).
3.7
Certificate of Designations, Preferences and Rights of 9.0% Series A Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada on August 18, 2021 (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form 8-A, filed with the SEC on August 19, 2021).
3.8
Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Designations, Preferences and Rights of 9.0% Series A Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada on December 22, 2021 (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form 8-K Report filed with the SEC on December 29, 2021).
3.9
Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Designations, Preferences and Rights of 9.0% Series A Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada on April 21, 2022 (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form 8-K Report filed with the SEC on April 27, 2022).
3.10
Certificate of Designation of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, filed with the Nevada Secretary of State on July 20, 2022.
3.11
Certificate of Change dated October 11, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K Report filed October 17, 2023)
4.1
Form of Common Purchase Warrant (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.3 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed April 12, 2021).
4.2
Form of Underwriters’ Warrant (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.4 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed April 12, 2021).
4.3
Form of Warrant Agent Agreement between Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K Report filed April 29, 2021).
4.4
Certificate of Designations, Preferences and Rights of 9.0% Series A Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada on August 18, 2021 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Form 8-A filed August 19, 2021).
4.5
Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Designations, Preferences and Rights of 9.0% Series A Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada on December 22, 2021 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K Report filed December 29, 2021).
4.6
Form of 9.0% Series A Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.2 of the Company’s Form 8-K Report filed August 23, 2021).
4.7
Form of Secured Convertible Note issued by the Company pursuant to and in accordance with the Securities Purchase Agreement dated as of October 20, 2021 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K Report filed October 25, 2021).
4.8
Form of Class A Common Stock Purchase Warrant issued by the Company pursuant to and in accordance with the Securities Purchase Agreement dated as of October 20, 2021 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.2 of the Company’s Form 8-K Report filed October 25, 2021).
4.9
Form of Class B Common Stock Purchase Warrant issued by the Company pursuant to and in accordance with the Securities Purchase Agreement dated as of October 20, 2021 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.3 of the Company’s Form 8-K Report filed October 25, 2021).
4.10
Form of Class C Common Stock Purchase Warrant issued by the Company pursuant to and in accordance with the Securities Purchase Agreement dated as of October 20, 2021 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.4 of the Company’s Form 8-K Report filed October 25, 2021).
4.11
Form of Representative’s Warrant (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.2 of the Company’s Form 8-K Report filed December 29, 2021).
4.12
Form of Class D Common Stock Purchase Warrant (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 14, 2022).
4.13
Form of Class E Common Stock Purchase Warrant (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 14, 2022).
4.14
Form of Class F Common Stock Purchase Warrant (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 14, 2022).
4.15
Form of Class G Common Stock Purchase Warrant (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 14, 2022).
4.16
Description of Securities (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.13 of the Company’s Form 10-K as of December 31, 2021 filed March 31, 2022), (the “2021 Form 10-K”).
4.17
Form of A Warrant dated May 11, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.17 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 15, 2023 (the “First Quarter 2023 Form 10-Q”))
4.18
Form of B Warrant dated May 11, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.18 to the First Quarter 2023 Form 10-Q)
4.19
Form of Pre-Funded Warrant issued to the holder of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.19 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 14, 2023 (the “Second Quarter 2023 Form 10-Q”))
10.1+
Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, Amended and Restated 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2016).
10.6+
Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, Amended and Restated 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.8 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 10 filed March 4, 2020).
10.7+
Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit A to the Registrant’s Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the Commission on April 25, 2014).
10.8+
Form of Restricted Stock Grant Agreement under the Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.10 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 10 filed March 4, 2020).
10.9+
Form of Nonstatutory Stock Option Grant Agreement under the Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.3 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-196989) filed with the Commission on June 24, 2014).
10.10+
Form of Incentive Stock Option Grant Agreement under the Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.4 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-196989) filed with the Commission on June 24, 2014).
10.11+
Amended and Restated Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, 2021 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit A to the Registrant’s Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the Commission on October 7, 2021)
10.12+
Form of Stock Option Agreement under the Amended and Restated Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, 2021 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.11 of the 2021 Form 10-K.)
10.13+
Form of Restricted Stock Agreement under the Amended and Restated Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, 2021 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.13 of the 2021 Form 10-K.)
10.14+
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the Amended and Restated Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, 2021 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.14 of the 2021 Form 10-K.)
10.15+
Second Amended And Restated 2021 Stock Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 1, 2022).
10.16+
Form of Option Agreement for the Second Amended And Restated 2021 Stock Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.7 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on August 15, 2022).
10.17+
Form of Restricted Stock Agreement for the Second Amended And Restated 2021 Stock Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.8 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on August 15, 2022).
10.18+
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for the Second Amended And Restated 2021 Stock Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.9 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on August 15, 2022).
10.19
Securities Purchase Agreement dated as of October 21, 2016, by and between Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, and Brookstone Partners Acquisition XXIV, LLC (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.22 of the Company’s Form 8-K Report filed October 21, 2016).
10.20
Registration Rights Agreement dated as of October 21, 2016, by and between Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, and Brookstone Partners Acquisition XXIV, LLC (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.23 of the Company’s Form 8-K Report filed October 21, 2016).
10.21
Form of Option Exercise and Stock Transfer Restriction Agreement between Soluna Holdings, Inc. and its Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Non-Employee Directors (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.24 of the Company’s Form 8-K Report filed October 21, 2016).
10.22
Class A Preferred Share Purchase Agreement dated January 13, 2020, among Harmattan Energy, Ltd., formerly known as Soluna Technologies, Ltd., Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, and the other investors set forth on Exhibit A thereto (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.21 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 10 filed March 4, 2020).
10.23
Amended and Restated Contingent Rights Agreement dated November 5, 2021, by and between Harmattan Energy, Ltd. and Soluna Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.26 of the 2021 Form 10-K)
10.24
Side Letter Agreement dated January 13, 2020, by and between Harmattan Energy, Ltd., formerly known as Soluna Technologies, Ltd., and Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.23 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 10 filed March 4, 2020).
10.25
Sale Order dated May 18, 2020, by and between GigaWatt, Inc. and the United States Bankruptcy Court Eastern District of Washington (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.32 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 10 filed September 30, 2020).
10.26
Intellectual Property Assignment Agreement dated May 20, 2020, by and between Mark D. Waldron, as Chapter 11 Trustee and Soluna Computing, Inc., formerly known as EcoChain, Inc (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.35 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 10 filed September 30, 2020).
10.27
Assignment of Lease Agreements dated February 4, 2020, by and between, on the one hand, David M. Carlson, Dorrinda M. Carlson, Enterprise Focus, Inc. and, on the other hand, Mark D. Waldron, in his capacity as the Chapter 11 Trustee (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.37 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 10 filed September 30, 2020).
10.28
Commercial Lease dated August 1, 2018, by and between TNT Business Complexes, LLC and Enterprise Focus, Inc. and Dave Carlson (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.38 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 10 filed September 30, 2020).
10.29
Commercial Lease dated November 14, 2014, by and between TNT Business Complexes, LLC and Dave Carlson /Enterprise Focus, Inc. (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.39 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 10 filed September 30, 2020).
10.30
October 21, 2019 Certified Letter Regarding Option to Extend Commercial Lease dated November 14, 2014, by and between TNT Business Complexes, LLC and Dave Carlson /Enterprise Focus, Inc (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.40 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 10 filed September 30, 2020).
10.31
Amendment of Commercial Lease Agreement dated January 28, 2020, by and between Mark Waldron, as Chapter 11 Trustee and TNT Business Complexes, LLC (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.41 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 10 filed September 30, 2020).
10.32
Industrial Power Contract dated February 22, 2021, by and between Soluna SW LLC, formerly known as EcoChain Wind, LLC, and a West Kentucky Rural Electric Cooperative Collaboration (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 10-Q Report for the quarter ended June 30, 2021)
10.33
Form of Purchase Agreement dated as of April 11, 2021, by and between Soluna MC LLC, formerly known as EcoChain Block, LLC, and Seller (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K Report filed April 12, 2021).
10.34
Form of Power Supply Agreement dated as of May 3, 2021, by and between Soluna MC LLC, formerly known as EcoChain Block, LLC, and a power-providing cooperative (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Form 8-K Report filed May 4, 2021).
10.35
Form of Transition Services Agreement dated as of May 3, 2021, by and between Soluna MC LLC, formerly known as EcoChain Block, LLC, and a power-providing cooperative (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.4 of the Company’s Form 8-K Report filed May 4, 2021).
10.36
Form of Guaranty of Rent dated as of May 3, 2021, by and between Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, and a power-providing cooperative (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.5 of the Company’s Form 8-K Report filed May 4, 2021).
10.37
Termination Agreement dated August 11, 2021, by and among Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, Soluna Computing, Inc., formerly known as EcoChain, Inc., and Harmattan Energy, Ltd. (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K Report filed August 12, 2021).
10.38
Securities Purchase Agreement dated October 20, 2021, by and between Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, and accredited investors (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K Report filed October 25, 2021).
10.39
Registration Rights Agreement dated October 25, 2021, by and between the Company and accredited investors (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Form 8-K Report filed October 25, 2021).
10.40
Security Agreement dated October 25, 2021, by and among the Company, MTI Instruments and Soluna Computing, Inc., formerly known as EcoChain, Inc., Soluna MC LLC, formerly known as EcoChain Block LLC, and Soluna SW LLC, formerly known as EcoChain Wind LLC, and Collateral Services LLC (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Form 8-K Report filed October 25, 2021).
10.41
Master Equipment Finance Agreement, dated as of December 30, 2021 by and between Soluna MC Borrowing 2021-1 LLC and NYDIG ABL LLC (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K Report filed January 18, 2022).
10.42
Digital Asset Account Control Agreement, effective as of December 30, 2021 by and among Soluna MC Borrowing 2021-1 LLC, NYDIG ABL LLC and NYDIG Trust Company LLC (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Form 8-K Report filed January 18, 2022).
10.43
Guaranty Agreement, dated as of December 30, 2021 by Soluna MC LLC, in favor of NYDIG ABL LLC (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Form 8-K Report filed January 18, 2022).
10.44
Consent and Waiver Agreement, dated January 13, 2022, by and among the Company and the purchasers signatory to the Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of October 20, 2021 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.4 of the Company’s Form 8-K Report filed January 18, 2022).
10.45+
Employment Agreement, by and between Soluna Holdings, Inc. and Michael Toporek, dated as of January 14, 2022 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K Report filed January 21, 2022).
10.46
Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of April 11, 2022, by and between Soluna Holdings, Inc. and NKX Acquiror, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K Report filed with the SEC on April 15, 2022).
10.47
Form of Note by and between Soluna Holdings, Inc. and certain institutional lenders (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.53 of the 2021 Form 10-K.)
10.48
Commercial Security Agreement, by and between Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, and KeyBank National Association, dated September 15, 2021 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.54 of the 2021 Form 10-K).
10.49
Promissory Note, by and between Soluna Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, and KeyBank National Association, dated September 15, 2021 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.55 of the 2021 Form 10-K).
10.50
Underwriting Agreement, by and between the Company and Univest Securities, LLC, dated October 24, 2022 (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 26, 2022).
10.51
Form of Underwriter’s Warrant (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 26, 2022).
10.52+
Employment Agreement, by and between Soluna Holdings, Inc. and Philip F. Patman, Jr, dated as of July 29, 2022 (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K Report filed with the SEC on August 3, 2022).
10.53
Form of Addendum by and between the Company, Collateral Agent, and each purchaser identified on Schedule A hereto (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 20, 2022).
10.54
Form of Securities Purchase Agreement by and among the Company and the purchasers signatory thereto (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 20, 2022).
10.55
Form of Leak-Out Agreement by and between the Company and the signatory thereto (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 20, 2022).
10.56
At-the-Market Issuance Sales Agreement, dated June 9, 2022, by and between the Company and the Univest Securities, LLC (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 9, 2022).
10.57
Contribution Agreement by and between Soluna Holdings, Inc., Soluna SLC Fund I Projects Holdco, LLC, Soluna DV Devco, LLC, and Soluna DVSL ComputeCo, LLC, dated as of August 5, 2022 (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 11, 2022).
10.58
Form of Addendum Amendment by and Between the Company and the signatories thereof, dated September 13, 2022 (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 14, 2022).
10.59
Form of Series B Consent by and between the Company and the signatory thereof, dated September 13, 2022 (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 14, 2022).
10.60
Form of Securities Purchase Agreement by and between the Company and the purchasers named therein, dated December 5, 2022 (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on December 5, 2022).
10.61
Form of Warrant (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on December 5, 2022).
10.62+
Soluna Holdings, Inc. Third Amended and Restated 2021 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 13, 2023)
10.63+
Soluna Holdings, Inc. 2023 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 13, 2023)
10.64
Purchase of Membership Interests of Soluna DVSL Computeco LLC dated March 10, 2023 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.64 of the Company’s Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2022 filed on March 31, 2023 (the “2022 Form 10-K”))
10.65
Fourth Amended and Restated LLC Agreement Soluna DVSL Computeco LLC (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.65 of the 2022 Form 10-K)
10.66
Data Facility Lease (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.66 of the 2022 Form 10-K)
10.67
Amended and Restated Contribution Agreement dated March 10, 2023 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.67 of the 2022 Form 10-K)
10.68
Power Purchase Agreement with Lighthouse Electric Cooperative, Inc. dated February 24, 2023 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.68 of the 2022 Form 10-K)
10.69
Second Addendum Amendment dated as of March 3, 2023 with Convertible Noteholders (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.69 of the 2022 Form 10-K)
10.70
Second Amended Agreement dated May 11, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.70 to the 2023 First Quarter Form 10-Q)
10.71
Contribution Agreement by and among Navitas West Texas Investments, SPV, LLC, Soluna Computing, Inc., and Soluna DV ComputeCo, LLC dated as May 9, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.71 to the 2023 First Quarter Form 10-Q)
10.72
Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Soluna DV ComputeCo, LLC dated as May 9, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.72 to the 2023 First Quarter Form 10-Q)
10.73
Loan and Security Agreement Soluna DV ComputeCo, LLC and Navitas West Texas Investments, SPV, LLC dated as of May 9, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.73 to the 2023 First Quarter Form 10-Q)
10.74+
Amended and Restated 2023 Stock Incentive Plan ((incorporated by reference to Appendix B to the definitive proxy statement filed on May 30, 2023)
10.75
Dividend Payment Agreement with the holder of the Series B Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.75 to the 2023 Second Quarter Form 10-Q)
10.76
Third Amendment Agreement with the holders of the Company’s Convertible Notes (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 22, 2023)
10.77
Amendment to Escrow Agreement (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 22, 2023)
10.78+
Amended and Restated Employment Agreement dated November 20, 2023 with John Belizaire (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 29, 2023)
10.79+
Amendment No. 1 to Employment Agreement with Michael Toporeck (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 29, 2023)
10.80
Fourth Amendment Agreement with holders of the Company’s Convertible Notes (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 1, 2024)
Subsidiaries of Soluna Holdings, Inc.
23.1
Consent of UHY LLP.
31.1
Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2
Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1
Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2
Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
97.1
Soluna 2023 SLNH Clawback Policy
101.INS
Inline XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)
# Certain portions of this exhibit have been omitted based upon a request for confidential treatment. The omitted portions have been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to our application for confidential treatment. The items are identified in the exhibit with “**”.
+ Represents management contract or compensation plan or arrangement.