EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1037976
Filing Year: 2022
Filename: 1037976_10-K_2022_0001037976-22-000006.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
COMPANY OVERVIEW
Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated, incorporated in 1997, is a Maryland corporation. References to “JLL,” “the Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated and include all of its consolidated subsidiaries, unless otherwise indicated or the context requires otherwise. Our common stock is listed on The New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") under the symbol “JLL.”
JLL is a leading professional services firm that specializes in real estate and investment management. We shape the future of real estate for a better world by using the most advanced technology to create rewarding opportunities, amazing spaces and sustainable real estate solutions for our clients, our people and our communities. JLL is a Fortune 500 company with annual revenue of $19.4 billion, operations in over 80 countries and a global workforce of over 98,000 as of December 31, 2021. We provide services for a broad range of clients who represent a wide variety of industries and are based in markets throughout the world. Our clients vary greatly in size and include for-profit and not-for-profit entities, public-private partnerships and governmental ("public sector") entities. Through LaSalle Investment Management, we invest for clients on a global basis in both private assets and publicly traded real estate securities.
Our global platform and diverse service and product offerings position us to take advantage of the opportunities in a consolidating industry and to successfully navigate the dynamic and challenging markets in which we compete worldwide.
We use JLL as our principal trading name. Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated remains our legal name. JLL is a registered trademark in the countries in which we do business, as is our logo. In addition, LaSalle Investment Management, which uses LaSalle as its principal trading name, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated. LaSalle is also a registered trademark in the countries in which we conduct business, as is our logo.
Through December 31, 2021, we delivered an array of services across four business segments, managing our Real Estate Services (“RES”) offerings across three geographic segments (i) the Americas, (ii) Europe, Middle East and Africa ("EMEA"), and (iii) Asia Pacific, and managing our investment management business globally as (iv) LaSalle. In our Americas, EMEA and Asia Pacific segments, we provided a full range of leasing, capital markets, integrated property and facility management, project management, advisory, consulting, valuations and technology solutions services locally, regionally and globally. LaSalle is one of the world's largest and most diversified real estate investment management companies with $76.6 billion assets under management as of December 31, 2021.
Effective January 1, 2022, our Real Estate Services operations were reorganized into four global business segments focused on product offerings versus geographical alignment. The new RES segments are: (i) Markets Advisory, (ii) Capital Markets, (iii) Work Dynamics, and (iv) JLL Technologies ("JLLT"). Effective with financial reporting in 2022, prior period results will be restated to conform with our new organizational structure. We will continue to manage our investment management business globally as LaSalle, a distinct segment.
OUR HISTORY
We began to establish our network of services across the globe through the 1999 merger of the Jones Lang Wootton companies ("JLW", founded in England in 1783) with LaSalle Partners Incorporated ("LaSalle Partners", founded in the United States in 1968 and incorporated in 1997). We have grown our business by expanding our client base and the range of our services and products, both organically and through a series of mergers and acquisitions. Our extensive global platform and in-depth knowledge of local real estate markets enable us to serve as a single-source provider of solutions for the full spectrum of our clients' real estate needs. These mergers and acquisitions have given us additional share and scale in key geographical markets, expanded our capabilities in certain service offerings and further broadened the global platform we make available to our clients.
For information on recent acquisitions, refer to Note 4, Business Combinations, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Item 8.
A timeline of notable milestones in our history is illustrated below.
OUR SERVICES AND BUSINESS SEGMENTS
We are driven to shape the future of real estate for a better world. We do this by addressing the needs of real estate owners, occupiers and investors, leveraging our deep real estate expertise and experience to provide clients with a full range of services on a local, regional and global scale.
We offer our real estate services locally, regionally and globally to real estate owners, occupiers, investors and developers for a variety of property types, including (ordered alphabetically):
• Critical Environments and Data Centers • Hotels and Hospitality Facilities • Office (including Flex Space)
• Cultural Facilities • Industrial and Warehouse • Residential (Individual and Multifamily)
• Educational Facilities • Infrastructure Projects • Retail and Shopping Malls
• Government Facilities • Logistics (Sort & Fulfillment) • Sports Facilities
• Healthcare and Laboratory Facilities • Military Housing • Transportation Centers
We develop and activate technology to make real estate work for the long-term benefit of our people, clients and communities. Across our service lines, we offer and will continue to develop and invest in unique technology products and services that help us and our clients transform the way they acquire, operate, manage, and experience commercial real estate. Refer to the Technology portion of our Strategic Framework section below for additional information about our technology agenda.
We believe our market reach and depth of service offerings strengthen the long-term value of the enterprise in a number of ways, including: (i) reducing the potential impact of episodic volatility or disruption in any specific region; (ii) enhancing the expertise of our people through knowledge sharing across the globe to facilitate opportunities to engage clients across our service offerings; and (iii) allowing us to identify and quickly react to emerging trends, risks and opportunities.
The following reflects our revenue and fee revenue by service line for the year ended December 31, 2021:
To calculate fee revenue, we deduct directly reimbursed expenses from revenue and then exclude (i) net non-cash mortgage servicing rights and mortgage banking derivative activity and (ii) gross contract costs associated with client-dedicated labor, and third-party vendors and subcontractors. Refer to Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for additional discussion of fee revenue, a non-GAAP measure, and reconciliation from the most comparable U.S. GAAP measure, Revenue.
Real Estate Services: Americas, EMEA, and Asia Pacific
For the year ended December 31, 2021, our RES revenue and fee revenue was:
In the Americas, our RES revenue and fee revenue for 2021 was earned geographically as follows:
Americas Revenue by Country - $11.9B
Americas Fee Revenue by Country - $4.9B
In EMEA, our RES revenue and fee revenue for 2021 was earned geographically as follows:
EMEA Revenue by Country - $3.5B
EMEA Fee Revenue by Country - $1.6B
In Asia Pacific, our RES revenue and fee revenue for 2021 was earned geographically as follows:
Asia Pacific Revenue by Country - $3.5B
Asia Pacific Fee Revenue by Country - $1.1B
Our five RES service lines, and the services we provide within them, include:
1. Leasing
Agency Leasing executes leasing programs, including marketing, on behalf of property owners (including investors, developers, property-owning companies and public entities) to secure tenants and negotiate leases with terms that reflect our clients' best interests. In 2021, we completed approximately 15,200 agency leasing transactions representing 298 million square feet of space.
Tenant Representation establishes strategic alliances with occupier clients to help them evaluate and execute transactions to meet their occupancy requirements and ongoing real estate needs. We partner with clients to define space requirements, identify suitable alternatives, recommend appropriate occupancy solutions, and negotiate lease and ownership terms with landlords. Our involvement helps our clients reduce real estate costs, minimize occupancy risk, improve occupancy control and flexibility, and create more productive office environments. In 2021, we completed approximately 27,000 tenant representation transactions representing 722 million square feet of space.
Our agency leasing and tenant representation fees are typically based on a percentage of the value of the lease revenue commitment for executed leases, although in some cases they are based on a monetary amount per square foot leased.
2. Capital Markets serves our clients locally, regionally and globally by leveraging extensive knowledge of the commercial and residential real estate markets and our fully-integrated capital markets platform to provide a broad array of advisory services. Our services primarily include (ordered alphabetically):
● Corporate Capital Markets ● Investment sales and advisory
● Debt advisory ● Loan sales
● Equity advisory (funds and placement, M&A
and corporate advisory) ● Loan servicing
In the U.S., we are an approved Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae and Housing and Urban Development/Ginnie Mae commercial multifamily lender and loan servicer. In addition, we are one of only 23 Fannie Mae Delegated Underwriting & Servicing ("DUS") lenders. M&A and corporate advisory include sourcing capital, both equity and debt, and other traditional investment banking services designed to assist investor and corporate clients in maximizing the value of their real estate. To meet client demands for selling and acquiring real estate assets internationally and investing outside of their home markets, our Capital Markets teams combine local market knowledge with our access to global capital sources to provide superior execution in raising capital for real estate transactions. By researching, developing and introducing innovative new financial products and strategies, Capital Markets is integral to the business development efforts of our other businesses.
Most of our revenues are in the form of fees, derived from the value of transactions we complete or securities we place. In certain circumstances, we receive retainer fees for portfolio advisory or consulting services. In addition, we also earn fees from commercial loan servicing activities.
For the year ended December 31, 2021, we provided capital markets services for approximately $315 billion of client transactions.
3. Property & Facility Management
Property Management provides on-site management services to real estate owners for office, industrial, retail, multifamily residential and specialty properties. We seek to leverage our market share and buying power to deliver superior service and value to our clients. Our extended delivery team includes our own personnel as well as third-party vendors and subcontractors, striving to maintain high levels of occupancy and tenant satisfaction while partnering with clients to reduce property operating costs. As of December 31, 2021, we provided on-site property management services for properties totaling approximately 3.9 billion square feet.
We typically provide property management services through an on-site general manager and staff. Our general managers are responsible for day-to-day property management activities, client satisfaction and financial results. We support them with regional supervisory teams and central resources in such areas as training, technical and environmental services, accounting, marketing, and human resources.
We are generally compensated based upon a percentage of cash collections we make on behalf of our clients or square footage managed; in some cases, management agreements provide for incentive compensation relating to operating expense reductions, gross revenue or occupancy objectives, or tenant satisfaction levels. Consistent with industry custom, management contract terms typically range from one to three years, although some contracts can be terminated at will at any time following a short notice period, usually 30 to 120 days, as is typical in the industry.
Integrated Facilities Management ("IFM") provides comprehensive facility management services to corporations and institutions that outsource the management of the real estate they occupy, typically those with large portfolios (usually over one million square feet) that offer significant opportunities to reduce costs, meet sustainability targets, improve service delivery and enhance end-user experience. Our IFM offering focuses on the work, worker and workplace to help clients achieve optimal financial and operational results from their facilities, while also enhancing the experience and productivity of the end-user. Our extended delivery team includes our own personnel as well as third-party vendors and subcontractors who can meet clients' needs by providing consistent service delivery worldwide and a single point of contact from their real estate service providers.
The scope of IFM solutions offered to clients generally fall within one of the following three categories:
•Full-service IFM outsourcing: Day-to-day operations management of client site locations, delivered through a globally integrated platform with standardized processes. Facilities under management cover all real estate asset classes, including corporate headquarters, distribution facilities, hospitals, research & development facilities, data centers and industrial complexes. As of December 31, 2021, IFM managed approximately 1.6 billion square feet of real estate for our clients.
•Technology-enabled IFM solutions: Technology is the backbone of our IFM offering. Facilities teams leverage advanced products to enhance the experience of end users as well as make faster and more informed decisions, manage compliance, and improve efficiency through automation, accountability, assets, and analytics. One example is Corrigo, which enables facilities managers to easily manage work orders, centralizing repair, maintenance, and analytics as well as automating tasks. We also provide technology-enabled predictive maintenance strategies and smart building technologies which can help extend the lifespan of costly equipment while preventing system failures.
•Mobile engineering services: We provide mobile engineering services to clients with large portfolios of sites or where we have multiple clients in proximity to each other. This model reduces clients' operating costs by offering a single point of contact for services, bundling on-site services, leveraging resources across multiple accounts, and reducing travel time between sites.
IFM contracts are typically structured to include reimbursement for costs of client-dedicated personnel and third-party vendors and subcontractors in addition to a base fee and performance-based fees. Performance-based fees result from achieving quantitative performance measures and/or target scores on recurring client satisfaction surveys. IFM agreements are typically three to seven years in duration, although most contracts can be terminated at will by the client upon a short notice period, usually 30 to 60 days, as is typical in the industry.
4. Project & Development Services provides consulting, design, management and build services to tenants of leased space, owners in self-occupied buildings and owners of real estate investments, leveraging technology to drive outstanding service delivery. We bring a "life cycle" perspective to our clients, from consulting and capital management through design, construction and occupancy. In addition, we provide these services to public-sector clients, particularly to military and government entities, as well as educational institutions, primarily in the U.S. and to a growing extent in other countries. Predominantly in Europe, we provide design, fit-out and refurbishment services under the Tétris brand.
Our Project & Development Services business is generally compensated on the basis of negotiated fees as well as reimbursement of costs when we are principal to a contract (or client). Individual projects are generally completed in less than one year, but client contracts may extend multiple years in duration and govern a number of discrete projects.
5. Advisory, Consulting and Other
Advisory and Consulting provides clients with specialized, value-added real estate consulting services in such areas as technology implementation and optimization, mergers and acquisitions advisory, asset management, occupier portfolio strategy, workplace solutions, location advisory, industry research, financial optimization strategies, organizational strategy and Six Sigma process solutions. Our professionals focus on translating global best practices into local real estate solutions, creating optimal financial and operational results for our clients across asset classes.
We typically negotiate compensation for Advisory and Consulting based on developed work plans that vary based on the scope and complexity of projects.
Valuation Advisory delivers customized solutions to enable clients to take the fastest, best informed decisions for their investment interests throughout the life cycle. The services include valuation, secured lending advisory, transaction support, data & analytics, development advisory, asset and infrastructure advisory, business valuation, property tax advisory, restructuring and complex litigation. We are a sector-based organization and have strong expertise in retail, alternatives & special use, infrastructure, public sector, office, residential, hotels & hospitality, agribusiness, healthcare, senior living, and industrial and logistics.
We usually negotiate compensation for Valuation Advisory services based on the scale and complexity of each assignment, and our fees typically relate in part to the value of the underlying assets.
Energy and Sustainability Services help occupiers and investors realize the positive impact of sustainability on their brand, workforce, financial statements and the environment. Like JLL, our clients are increasingly recognizing that there are both potential risks and opportunities associated with addressing the impacts of climate change, and are turning to partners like us for guidance and assistance. Our accredited energy and sustainability specialists worldwide assist clients with technologies and strategic solutions to deliver measurable improvements that yield clear environmental and societal benefits, as well as operational and cost efficiencies. This includes managing energy consumption and carbon footprint through sustainable construction and operations; providing green building assessments; leading green retrofits/upgrades; advising on occupier experience and engagement, advising on socio-economic impacts and site locations; and creating corporate social responsibility and sustainability reports. The breadth of our sustainability expertise positions us as the best choice to partner with clients, regardless of their focus, from leasing to capital markets transactions, and projects to facility management.
Refer to our latest Global Sustainability Report, available on our website, for metrics on documented energy savings, reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and the work of our sustainability teams.
We have a variety of compensation models for Energy and Sustainability Services including those based on shared savings as well as a fee for service, depending on the scale and complexity of the project.
Technology Services help organizations transform the way they acquire, operate, manage, and experience space. We offer multiple cloud-based software solutions that generate value for occupiers and investors by improving the quality of decision-making through improved data and analytics, delivering unique insights, and improving net operating income. For example, Building Engines serves as a comprehensive, easy-to-use system that unites all the technology and applications used to run buildings in one place, streamlining work orders, making maintenance more efficient, and simplifying interactions between building tenants, management and staff. Hank uses machine learning and AI to optimize building energy efficiency, air quality, maintenance costs, and tenant comfort, which ultimately delivers opportunities to reduce operating costs while accelerating the achievement of buildings’ sustainability goals. Corrigo enables facilities managers to easily manage work orders, centralizing repair, maintenance, and analytics as well as automating tasks. JLL Marketplace provides more transparency and efficiency to increase the flow of capital and improve quality of services delivered.
Work Dynamics
As a strategic partner of clients with a global footprint, Work Dynamics offers a single and cohesive team to clients in order to bring together services across our RES service lines, including partnering with other JLL professionals to help clients execute leasing and capital markets transactions. Our global delivery platform enables consistent outcomes on both a local and global scale, and places us in a small cohort of competitors who can deliver on clients’ multi-service, multi-geography needs.
Rapid and complex change, including digitization, increasing regulation, globalization and evolving workforce demographics, have transformed the world of work. Organizations are realizing the potential for workplaces and real estate portfolios to help address broader business objectives, such as talent attraction, customer experience, employee well-being and productivity, financial performance and environmental sustainability (See Growth of Corporate Outsourcing in the Industry Trends section below). As clients buy with an increasingly global and/or multi-service mindset, they are looking to simplify and consolidate their supply chain with more integrated solutions. This puts Work Dynamics in a unique position to help clients bring together their real estate ecosystem, simplify decision making and maximize value of their real estate investments.
While each client is unique, they are consistent in looking for real estate to enable business transformation around three key value levers: (1) making informed, data-driven decisions and digital transformation, (2) achieving operational excellence through improved productivity and financial performance, and (3) attracting and retaining key talent through an enhanced user experience.
Our offering addresses the entire life cycle, which we consider to include portfolio, capital and operations functions.
Portfolio. Through the nexus of services our Work Dynamics business provides to clients, we gain deep knowledge and extensive data about their corporate real estate footprints, business strategies and organizational priorities. Combining this with the expertise we draw from JLL's integrated global platform, we advise clients on how to optimize their workplace strategies and occupancy planning efforts to improve utilization and ultimately enhance the productivity and well-being of those who use the space. More broadly, this advice may extend to our clients’ portfolio strategies, including location advisory, technology implementation and optimization, and options to add and integrate flexible space solutions. When evolution of strategies dictates change, our Work Dynamics business partners work with other professionals throughout our organization to help clients execute leasing, acquisition and disposition strategies.
Capital. Viewing workplaces as living environments that can help individuals, organizations and communities innovate and thrive, Work Dynamics advises clients about how and when to make critical capital decisions to maximize the human and financial returns on portfolio investments. Our design and build professionals work alongside clients to capture and advance their organization’s brand identity, purpose and sustainability commitments through the design of space they occupy, including owned, leased, static and flexible environments. We then manage, and in some cases are responsible for, the successful completion of the fit-out activities to achieve their vision. Helping our clients manage the costs they incur to realize their space and location objectives is essential to that strategy. When capital decisions involve a change in location, our relocation management professionals facilitate smooth transitions.
Operations. IFM is our largest Work Dynamics service offering. Composed of integrated, digitally-enabled and flexible services that blend human, digital and experiential elements, this offering helps clients drive enhanced value from their facilities by improving operational performance and the experience of employees and other users of the space. Most frequently, new client relationships are formed through IFM business wins, which we accomplish through transitions from other service providers or conversions from insourced real estate management models. In addition to maximizing efficiency and quality of service delivery, our digitally-enabled platform also provides clients with opportunities to tailor the balance of services we provide versus what they self-perform.
Business Intelligence, Data Management and Technology. Data and technology are core to all clients’ workplace and business transformation agendas. Our comprehensive data and technology platform underpins all of our offerings, helping clients make fast, informed decisions that enhance the performance of their workplaces, portfolios and people. Experts in our JLLT group guide clients’ selection, implementation and management of real estate-related software and applications. The Corrigo ecosystem opens new client segments by revolutionizing end-to-end facility repair and maintenance service delivery, and helping clients find the best service providers.
LaSalle
Complementing our real estate services capabilities, our global real estate investment management business, LaSalle, is one of the world's largest managers of institutional and individual capital invested in real estate assets and securities. We seek to establish and maintain relationships of trust with sophisticated investors who value our global platform and extensive local market knowledge. Our three strategic priorities:
•Deliver superior risk-adjusted investment returns to our clients
•Develop and execute investment strategies that meet the specific investment objectives of our clients
•Deliver uniformly high levels of client service globally
LaSalle provides clients with a broad range of real estate investment products and services in private and public capital markets. We design these products and services to meet the differing strategic, asset allocation, risk/return and liquidity requirements of our clients. The range of investment solutions includes private and public equity investments in multiple real estate property types, including traditional sectors such as office, retail, industrial, and multifamily residential, as well as emerging or specialized sectors such as healthcare, life sciences, self-storage and data centers. We also have established commercial debt investment vehicles in Europe and North America that diversify our capital stack exposure. We act either through commingled investment funds or single client account relationships ("separate accounts"). We also offer global indirect investments, primarily in private equity funds, joint ventures and co-investments, as well as publicly traded real estate investment trusts ("REITs") and other real estate equities. Where consistent with client requirements and market terms and conditions, LaSalle retains JLL to provide services to assets in LaSalle funds in the ordinary course of business.
We believe LaSalle's success is the product of our strong investment performance, research capabilities, experienced investment professionals, innovative investment strategies, global presence and coordinated platform, local market knowledge and steadfast client focus.
LaSalle launched its first institutional investment fund in 1979, making us one of the most experienced real estate focused investment managers in the industry. We have invested, on behalf of clients, in real estate assets in 28 countries around the globe, as well as in public real estate companies traded on all major stock exchanges. LaSalle's assets under management ("AUM") of $76.6 billion, as of December 31, 2021, by geographic distribution and fund type is detailed in the following graphics ($ in billions).
In serving our investment management clients, LaSalle is responsible for the acquisition, financing, leasing, management and divestiture of real estate investments across a broad range of real estate property types.
Some investors prefer to partner with investment managers who are willing to co-invest their own funds to more closely align the interests of the investor and the investment manager. We believe our ability to co-invest alongside our clients' funds will continue to be an important factor in maintaining and improving our competitive position. As of December 31, 2021, we had a total of $354.6 million of co-investments, alongside our clients, in real estate ventures included in total AUM.
LaSalle is generally compensated for investment management services for private equity investments based on capital committed, invested and managed (advisory fees), with additional fees (incentive fees) tied to investment performance above specific hurdles. In some cases, LaSalle also receives fees tied to acquisitions, financings and dispositions (transaction fees). Separate account advisory agreements generally have specific terms with "at will" termination provisions, and include fee arrangements linked to the market value of the AUM, plus incentive fees in some cases.
Our investment funds have various life spans, typically ranging between five and nine years, but in some cases are open ended. In 2021, our open-ended funds grew nearly 20% and represented approximately 30% AUM as of December 31, 2021.
ORGANIZATIONAL PURPOSE
JLL’s organizational purpose is to shape the future of real estate for a better world. Staying true to this purpose in all that we do enables us to fully align with the best interests and ambitions of our clients and all our stakeholders. It exemplifies our commitment to the highest standards of environmental, social and corporate governance ("ESG"), and to a more sustainable, diverse and inclusive future.
We shape the future of real estate for a better world
This core organizational purpose is fully aligned with, and supported by, our corporate values of teamwork, ethics and excellence. Ultimate responsibility for promoting awareness and ensuring adherence to our values and purpose across the enterprise is held by the JLL Global Executive Board ("GEB") and is endorsed by our Board of Directors. Our purpose guides our strategic growth vision and informs our response to the macro trends prevalent in the real estate industry. These trends and our strategic framework are summarized below.
INDUSTRY TRENDS
Informing our long-term growth strategy, we have identified five macro trends we see as major guiding influences on the continued growth and evolution of the real estate sector. Each of these trends has a multi-year lifespan, and while the COVID-19 pandemic (the "pandemic") has slowed some and accelerated others, we expect all five trends to maintain their long-term trajectory and relevance in the post-pandemic era. These macro trends are:
Rising investment allocations and globalization of capital flows to real estate
During the past decade, real estate has grown out of its previous 'alternative investment' classification to become a major defined asset class of its own, attracting a sustained long-term trend of rising investment allocations. While the initial impacts of the pandemic slowed all transactional markets during 2020, this trend strongly reasserted in 2021. As we move into the post-pandemic economy, pension companies and other institutional investors and capital sources continue to be drawn to real estate's attractive returns and distinctive investment characteristics.
Complementing this, we see long-term sustained strong transaction volumes and increasing capital flows across borders and between continents, creating new opportunities for advisors and investment managers equipped to source and facilitate these capital flows and execute cross-border transactions. Our real estate investment expertise, linking seamlessly across the world's major markets, is ideally placed to support our clients' investment ambitions.
Growth in corporate outsourcing
While corporate outsourcing of real estate services still represents a relatively small proportion of the total commercial-built real estate worldwide, the steady long-term trend towards outsourcing which began in the early 1990s, originally with U.S.-based corporations, is now a global trend. By focusing their own resources on core competencies and partnering with dedicated service providers like JLL to manage real estate strategy and activities, organizations are better positioned to advance their goals of financial and operational performance, talent attraction, customer experience, employee productivity and environmental sustainability.
In corporate boardrooms around the world, the pandemic has significantly enhanced the growing focus on reimagining workplaces and concepts for the future of work. These are areas in which JLL holds deep expertise and sector-leading specialist experience and resources. Across different industries we are positioned to provide highly adaptive and relevant solutions that promote organizational culture and prioritize health and well-being, flexible working models and technology enablement. In the post-pandemic era, we predict further growth in the strong and sustained trend for organizations to outsource real estate services while increasingly seeking strategic advice on reimagining their workspaces and workstyles to reinforce culture, attract talent and drive performance.
Urbanization
While the world of urban living and working was thrown into flux by the initial onset of the pandemic, we believe its foundations are deep and secure, and a dynamic future is already taking discernible shape. With the successful rollout of vaccination programs, the concentrations of culture, diversity, opportunity, facilities and creative expression in the world’s major cities will continue to attract strong inflows of ambitious and aspirational people. In the post-pandemic era, cities will again thrive, characterized by vibrant and reimagined office, cultural, retail and residential profiles.
Growth in major urban populations around the world will continue to be a prevalent trend, and with it comes increasing demand for all forms of real estate services and advice. JLL has a well-established global research series - the City Momentum Index - exploring this and associated trends in more depth, including related dynamics in the way the world’s 130 emerging and established markets are growing, adapting and evolving.
Fourth Industrial Revolution
The World Economic Forum defines the Fourth Industrial Revolution as the wave of change being driven through advances in technology, data and artificial intelligence. The real estate industry is affected in many ways, a few examples include: (1) the transition to flexible and hybrid office working models, (2) new data-driven understanding of how all forms of real estate can be more efficient, sustainable and productive, (3) the rise of experiential and online retail, (4) new asset management technologies, and (5) the growth of the logistics sector.
While there is currently no single technology disruptor positioned to dominate the real estate industry, there are thousands of start-ups, applications and concepts vying to transform the marketplace, collectively known as proptech. The challenge to innovate and maximize the current and future benefits of proptech is constant. At the heart of our Beyond strategy (discussed below), supported by major ongoing investments and innovations, we continue to accelerate progress toward our goal of becoming the widely-recognized leading user of technology and data in real estate.
Sustainability
Addressing and managing climate change and the finite nature of global resources are defining issues for our time. According to the International Energy Agency, real estate and the built environment account for nearly 40% of total global direct and indirect CO₂ emissions. At the same time, stakeholders are demanding greater focus on ESG from businesses and organizations in all areas of society. These and other factors, including heightened awareness of the importance of promoting health and well-being, coalesce into strong rising demand for sustainability services and advice across the real estate industry. JLL has identified meeting this demand as a major growth opportunity and priority, aligning with our purpose to shape the future of real estate for a better world.
Refer to our annual Global Sustainability Report for more detailed research, case studies and information, including JLL's commitment to net-zero carbon operations for our leased offices and updates on progress toward achieving our broader net-zero emissions target, which was certified to the new Net-Zero Standard by the Science Based Target initiative ("SBTi") in 2021.
STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK
Our GEB has set out the Beyond strategic vision and framework to deliver long-term sustainable and profitable global growth. This framework comprises broad strategic priorities grouped into five pillars - Clients, Brand, Technology, People and Values - which collectively support and drive our ambitious long-term growth trajectory.
Beyond: Our Strategic Vision for Long-Term Sustainable and Profitable Growth
Clients
We successfully completed a multi-year transformation program building fully integrated global organizational structures for all our business lines and functions. As a result, we are now even better positioned to provide seamless and highly consistent services to our clients across the world, as well as smoothly and rapidly deploy innovations, best practice and new technologies.
We continue to enhance our comprehensive service offering to create real value for our clients. Guided by our Beyond strategy, we are making significant ongoing investments in advanced client relationship management processes and tools, ensuring we can quickly assemble the best multidisciplinary teams and expertise tailored to meet each client’s requirements.
Brand
During the height of the pandemic and the subsequent economic recovery, JLL’s status as trusted adviser and partner to our clients has been readily apparent. Clients turned to us for solutions and insights to adapt their real estate strategies and operations to weather unprecedented challenges, and to plan ahead for the post-pandemic world. Our major research-led global focus on reimagining real estate ensured our brand and services were positioned in the vanguard of the industry’s response.
We continue to strengthen and expand awareness of our brand beyond the traditional real estate sector, with a focused goal in our Beyond strategic vision to reach more CEOs and other senior decision makers. Supporting this goal, we are an active strategic partner of the World Economic Forum, member of the World Green Building Council and a founding partner of Bloomberg Green. In November 2021, JLL actively supported the UN climate negotiations and participated in the events surrounding COP26 in Glasgow, UK. Further, in February 2022, Fortune magazine again named JLL as one of the World’s Most Admired Companies (refer to the Distinguishing Attributes and Competitive Differentiators section below for additional awards and recognition during the past year).
Technology
JLL is embracing technology to meet the needs of clients today and anticipate the opportunities of tomorrow. Leading this transformation is core to our growth strategy and reflected in our significant investments. JLLT is a global leader in proptech - expanding and refining our technology capabilities to deliver significant competitive advantage and value for our clients and our company. The group offers multiple cloud-based software solutions that generate value for occupiers and investors by improving the quality of decision-making leveraging data and analytics, delivering unique insights, and reduce operating costs. During 2021, we strengthened our tech capabilities and broadened our offerings by acquiring:
•Skyline, a leading artificial intelligence technology company which uses proprietary machine learning models to gain a competitive advantage in the origination and analysis of real estate opportunities for our producers
•Building Engines, a leading building operations platform
•Hank, a virtual engineering platform focused on sustainability.
Additionally, we continue to be committed to the Spark Global Venture funds, which incubate and drive proptech innovation as well as an increasing array of advanced market-leading technology products and data analytics tools. Visit our website at www.jll.com to see the full portfolio of technology offerings.
Within our own operations, the substantial platform technology investments we made in the early phases of our Beyond journey are benefiting all areas within our enterprise.
People
People are at the heart of our business. We are dedicated to helping our people achieve their ambitions by enabling them to explore new opportunities, build expertise, create long-term careers, and draw inspiration through working with talented colleagues and clients. We are committed to promoting and achieving true diversity and inclusion, as exemplified by the composition of our highly talented and experienced Board of Directors.
Global economic recovery during 2021 has further accelerated the war for talent, resulting in highly fluid and competitive recruitment markets. A successful enterprise-wide coordinated talent strategy is central to our Beyond vision and delivery. This strategy ensures JLL is positioned as an employer of choice for top talent, achieving and sustaining a diverse, inclusive and collaborative culture that strongly appeals to our people and our clients alike.
Values
All of our people are committed to the core values of teamwork, ethics and excellence. These values are the foundation of our organization. Clients, employees, business partners and potential recruits are strongly attracted to these values and to our commitments to strong ESG, including ambitious goals and regular transparent reporting.
In September 2020, we signed the World Green Building Council’s Net Zero Carbon Buildings Commitment, pledging to achieve net zero carbon emissions from JLL-occupied buildings by 2030. Building on this pledge, in October 2021, the SBTi certified our commitment to reach net zero greenhouse gas emissions across our value chain by 2040. This places JLL among a select group of global companies to be recognized for aligning its net zero commitments with climate science. Within this overall target, JLL has committed to:
1.A near-term target to reduce absolute scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions by 51% by 2030 from a 2018 base year
2.A long-term target to reduce absolute scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions by 95% by 2040 from a 2018 base year
We have earned repeated recognition from organizations such as the Ethisphere Institute, which has named JLL as one of the World’s Most Ethical Companies every year since 2008.
In addition, during the fourth quarter of 2021, JLL collaborated with the World Economic Forum in establishing 10 Green Building Principles to guide real estate investors and corporate occupiers on implementing and achieving their net zero targets across their portfolios.
Growth
Our Beyond priorities for Clients, Brand, Technology, People and Values combine to provide an integrated strategic vision and platform for growth. This vision is supported by our commitment to enhance productivity, optimize sustainable and profitable long-term growth, and create value for all of our stakeholders. It embraces our opportunity to play a leading role in understanding and guiding the future of work, workplaces and cities, while enabling clients and communities to deliver on their sustainability targets and ambitions. It recognizes and leverages the vital part continuing innovations in data and technology will play, ensuring JLL has the products and data-driven insights to lead this wave of change.
Our growth strategy and strategic vision places a central focus on diversity and inclusion, ensuring we attract and retain a truly diverse, inclusive and talented global workforce, committed to inspiring each other and delivering outstanding results for our clients.
All of which is infused through our closely integrated global platform and vibrant business culture, combining deep local market knowledge with seamless advice and services tailored to each client’s specific needs.
SUSTAINING OUR ENTERPRISE: A BUSINESS MODEL THAT COMBINES DIFFERENT CAPITAL TO CREATE STAKEHOLDER VALUE
As referenced above, the built environment is estimated to account for over one-third of global final energy consumption and nearly 40% of total direct and indirect CO2 emissions, meaning JLL can have a significant impact through the work we do with our clients as well as in our workplaces and communities.
Our Global Sustainability Program
Our organizational purpose - we shape the future of real estate for a better world - has deep roots in our identity and history and is the guiding principle informing our sustainability program. In 2021, we initiated a comprehensive review of our sustainability approach, soliciting input from a variety of internal and external stakeholders. The result was an updated program that is purpose-driven, issues-based and impact-assessed. We bring our purpose to life by collaborating with our stakeholders on three core issue areas where we can deliver the greatest impact: (1) climate action for sustainable real estate, (2) healthy spaces for all people and (3) inclusive places for thriving communities. In addition, we have adopted a new governance structure which underpins the delivery of the program and is aligned to the global structure of our business. This will move us closer to fully embedding sustainability into the way we operate and supporting our long-term strategic vision, Beyond.
To ensure that JLL’s sustainability strategy and targets home in on the key impacts of our business and what matters most to our stakeholders, we engage in a regular assessment of our material issues. In 2020, in large part due to the pandemic, we conducted a deep dive materiality review. Through our process of market evaluation and direct stakeholder input, we identified the top five current environmental and social issues, which are detailed below.
Environmental Issues Social Issues
1. Energy and climate
1. Diversity, Equity and Inclusion
2. Sustainable buildings 2. Corporate culture & reputation
3. Adaptation and resilience
3. Ethics and compliance
4. Healthy buildings
4. Innovation and technology
5. Responsible supply chain 5. Employee well-being
These results will continue to inform our evaluation of additional opportunities for impact beyond our already ambitious net zero commitments. All targets will be covered in detail in the next annual Global Sustainability Report, due for publication in the second quarter of 2022 at which time it will be available on our website.
Generating sustainable value for our clients. Through industry-leading strategies, tools and technologies, we help our clients achieve their sustainability goals. Increasingly, our clients require innovative and consistent sustainability solutions across all regions in which they operate. In response to this demand, we have expanded our focus on energy and sustainability capabilities with the intent of providing a broader complement of globally scalable, consistent and profitable services.
We have a designated team of energy and sustainability product management professionals, who are responsible for developing industry-leading energy and sustainability products that create differentiated value for our clients, deliver accelerated revenue growth and margin expansion to JLL, and help us shape the future of real estate for a better world. This group, working in conjunction with our business lines, geographical leaders and operations teams, works collaboratively to develop and enhance our client offerings and is responsible for scaling up our services in the sustainability space, driving global consistency and best practices and bringing forward new offerings ahead of future client needs.
Our expertise addresses the entire life cycle of a building - from its design and planning, through construction, occupation, management, refurbishment and sale. Our professionals offer advice on how sustainability considerations can be embedded at each of these stages to maximize value for our clients. Our Property & Facility Management professionals, for example, embed sustainability criteria into our supply chain via contractor selection and the monitoring of sustainability performance against key performance indicators. We also support our clients’ data management and reporting requirements whether it be for frameworks such as 'GRESB', 'WELL' and 'LEED' or waste, water and utility information.
Our commitment to technological innovation extends to our sustainability service offering for our clients. We utilize a number of technology platforms, both in-house and externally sourced, to help deliver our clients’ sustainability objectives. Our OneView Energy and Sustainability Analytics (OVESA) platform is used to manage the ever-increasing volumes of complex sustainability data on behalf of our clients. This system, along with our other platforms such as the Portfolio Energy and Environment Reporting System (PEERS) and the Energy and Sustainability Platform (ESP), reflects our commitment to investing in technology, data and information management platforms. By deploying flexible technology solutions, we were able to measure, manage and improve environmental impacts for thousands of buildings included on these platforms in 2021. In 2022, JLL will see further investments to simplify, streamline and enhance our tech capabilities.
Creating sustainable value for all our stakeholders
We have designed our business model to (i) create value for our clients, shareholders and employees, (ii) establish high-quality relationships with the suppliers we engage and the communities in which we operate, and (iii) respond to macroeconomic trends impacting the real estate sector. Based on our intimate knowledge of local real estate and capital markets worldwide, as well as our investments in thought leadership and technology, we create value for clients by addressing their real estate needs as well as their broader business, strategic, operating and longer-term sustainability goals.
We strive to create a healthy and dynamic balance between activities that will produce short-term value and returns for our stakeholders through effective management of current transactions and business activities, and investments in people (such as new hires), acquisitions, technologies and systems designed to produce sustainable returns over the long term.
"Thinking Beyond" our value creation model (illustrated on the next page) summarizes how we create value for our shareholders and our broader stakeholders. It starts with the capital resources - or inputs - we need to do business. We use these resources in the context of our mission and vision to deliver services - or outputs - for our clients through the business activities we manage.
We apply our business model to the resources and capital we employ to provide services. We provide these services through our own employees and, where necessary or appropriate in the case of Property & Facility Management and Project & Development Services, through the management of third-party contractors. The revenue and profits we earn from those efforts are allocated among further investments in our business, employee compensation and returns to our shareholders. We are increasingly focused on linking our business and sustainability strategies to promote the goal of creating long-term value for our stakeholders, including shareholders, clients, employees, and the global community of which JLL is a part. These efforts help our clients manage their real estate more effectively and efficiently, promote employment globally and create value for our shareholders and employees. In turn, they allow us to be an increasingly impactful member of, and positive force within, the communities in which we operate.
COMPETITION
We operate across a wide variety of highly competitive business lines within the commercial real estate industry globally. Our significant growth over the last decade, and our ability to take advantage of the substantial consolidation which has taken place in our industry, have made us one of the largest commercial real estate services and investment management providers on a global basis.
Since we provide a broad range of commercial real estate and investment management services across many geographies, we face significant competition at international, regional and local levels. We also face competition from companies who may not traditionally be thought of as real estate service providers, including institutional lenders, insurance companies, investment banking firms, investment managers, accounting firms, technology firms, software-as-a-service companies, firms providing co-working space, firms providing outsourcing services of various types (including technology, food service and building products), and companies that self-perform their real estate services with in-house capabilities.
DISTINGUISHING ATTRIBUTES AND COMPETITIVE DIFFERENTIATORS
We deliver exceptional strategic, fully-integrated services, best practices and innovative solutions for real estate owners, occupiers, investors and developers worldwide through an integrated global platform. These characteristics among others distinguish us from our competitors, drive service excellence and customer loyalty, and demonstrate our commitment to a sustainable future. While we face formidable competition in individual markets, the following are key attributes differentiating JLL for clients seeking real estate and investment management services across the globe.
•Our focus on client relationship management to provide superior client service on a highly coordinated basis
•Our globally-integrated business model with local market knowledge, including a highly diverse set of service offerings, enabling our ability to deliver expertise wherever our clients need it
•Leadership in leveraging technology to enhance the services we provide our clients and the way we operate
•The strength of our brand, including our reputation as an ethical organization
•The strength of our financial position
•Our focus on sustainability, with a sustainability strategy that addresses long-term financial, environmental, and social risks and opportunities for ourselves and our clients
•The quality and worldwide reach of our industry-leading research function, enhanced by our ability to leverage granular data at a global scale through technology and our ability to synthesize complex information into practical advice for clients
•Our employee engagement as well as strategic focus on our most critical resource, our employees
•The quality of our internal governance and enterprise risk management, which clients can rely on over the long term
The following is a detailed discussion of these distinguishing attributes and competitive differentiators.
Client Relationship Management. Our clients are the center of our business model, and we enable superior service delivery through ongoing investments in the people, processes and tools that support client relationship management. As an example, CapForce, our sophisticated CRM tool, links all our capital markets business lines and activities around the world. Our goal is to provide a seamless understanding of our clients' needs across our global capital markets platform, to drive a customized experience and accountability for all the activities we undertake for the client. We achieve superior client service through best practices in client relationship management, seeking and acting on regular client feedback, and recognizing each client's own specific definition of excellence. We also invest in developing the highest caliber talent dedicated to managing our client relationships through an employee compensation and evaluation system aligned with our global career framework and designed to reward client relationship building, teamwork and quality performance.
Our client-driven focus enables us to develop, sustain and grow long-term client relationships that generate repeat business and create recurring revenue opportunities. In many cases, we establish strategic alliances with clients whose ongoing service needs align with our ability to deliver fully integrated real estate services across multiple business units and locations.
Globally-Integrated Business Model. Through the combination of a wide range of high-quality, complementary services we deliver at consistently high service levels globally, we develop and implement real estate strategies that meet the increasingly complex and far-reaching needs of our clients. With operations spanning the globe, we have in-depth knowledge of local and regional markets and can provide services which address the entire life cycle of real estate around the world. This geographic coverage, combined with the ability and connectivity of our people, positions us to serve the needs of our multinational clients and manage the flow of investment capital on a global basis. This model enables cross-selling opportunities across geographies and service lines that we expect will continue to develop new revenue sources and growth.
Technology Leadership. Our globally-coordinated investments in research, technology, data and analytics, people, quality control and innovation provide a foundation for us to develop, share and continually evaluate best practices across our global organization. In recent years, we launched a new global people information system, upgraded our digitally integrated finance system, and scaled the use of CRM tools globally to drive consistency across our organization. In addition, we have been heavily focused on acquiring and/or developing technology-enabled expertise, products and services to better serve our employees and clients. For example, in 2021 we acquired Skyline AI, which uses proprietary machine learning models to gain a competitive advantage in the origination and analysis of real estate opportunities for our producers.
We will continue to develop and deploy technology to support our marketing and client development activities and to make our products and services increasingly accessible.
Brand. The combined strength of our JLL and LaSalle brands represents a significant advantage when we pursue new business opportunities and is also a major motivator for talented people to join our global brand. Large corporations, institutional investors and occupiers of real estate recognize our ability to create value reliably in changing market conditions, based on (i) evidence provided by brand perception surveys we have commissioned, (ii) extensive coverage we receive in top-tier business publications, (iii) awards we receive in real estate, sustainability, innovation, data/technology and ethics, as well as (iv) our significant, long-standing client relationships. Our reputation derives from our deep industry knowledge, excellence in service delivery, integrity and our global provision of high-quality, professional real estate and investment management services.
We believe in uncompromising integrity and the highest ethical conduct, where our Board of Directors and senior management lead by example. We are proud of the global reputation we have earned and are determined to protect and enhance it. The integrity our brand represents is one of our most valuable assets and a strong differentiator for JLL.
The JLL name is our primary trading name; Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated remains our legal name. Using the shorter JLL name facilitates its adaptation to different communication styles in different countries, languages and channels and especially to the use of digital and online channels for marketing and communications.
Financial Strength. Our broad geographic reach and the range of our global service offerings diversify the sources of our revenue, reducing overall volatility in operating a real estate services business. This further differentiates JLL from firms with more limited service offerings or that are only local/regional and must rely on fewer markets or services.
Confidence in the financial strength of long-term service providers is important to our clients, who require financial strength when they select real estate service providers. We focus on maintaining financial performance metrics, particularly our leverage and debt service coverage ratios, that support investment-grade financial ratings. We continue our long history of investment grade credit ratings from Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. ("Moody’s") and Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services ("S&P"). Our issuer and senior unsecured ratings as of December 31, 2021 are Baa1 from Moody’s and BBB+ from S&P. Accordingly, our ability to present a superior financial condition distinguishes us as we compete for business.
We have ample capacity to fund our business. A key source of liquidity is our unsecured credit facility (the "Facility") provided by an international syndicate of banks, which as of December 31, 2021 had a maximum borrowing capacity of $2.75 billion and a maturity date in April 2026.
Focus on Sustainability. Leading on sustainability is fundamental to both our purpose and our future long-term growth strategy because it’s about creating a positive impact not only today, but also in the future. Being a responsible corporate citizen is the right thing to do and is what our clients and employees expect from us. That commitment was reinforced in October 2021 when we were one of only seven companies globally to have our science-based net-zero target verified by the SBTi.
In addition and as part of our commitment to sustainability, in 2018, we announced our support of the Taskforce on Climate-related Financial Disclosure ("TCFD"). Starting in 2019, we began our multi-year analysis to evaluate (with subsequent refinements) the potential risks and opportunities to our business resulting from climate change in alignment with TCFD.
•In 2019, we identified seven top climate-related risks and opportunities and analyzed the impacts of two climate scenarios: (1) an aggressive mitigation scenario resulting in <2° C warming and (2) an intermediate mitigation scenario resulting in 2° - 3.7° C warming by the end of the century.
•Then in 2020, we expanded our analysis to quantify climate-related physical perils to the headquarter locations of our top eight countries by revenue and, based on stakeholder feedback, added a worst-case climate scenario with >5° C warming.
•Most recently in 2021, we conducted a quantitative climate scenario analysis estimating the financial impacts of physical risks (temperature, sea level rise and extreme climate shocks) in ten higher-risk cities and transaction risks and opportunities (carbon pricing, climate technology disruption, climate change consultancy and climate migration) globally by 2030 and 2050. Based on rapidly evolving climate science and market trends, in 2021 we updated our aggressive mitigation scenario (<2° C warming) with a net zero scenario that aligns with the goal to limit warming to <1.5° C. We anticipate lower climate-related financial risks to JLL as our business model is not carbon-intensive and mitigation measures are already in place for many risks. Additionally, our existing investments in property technology, green building solutions and our climate change consulting provide significant and scalable avenues to realize the identified climate-related opportunities.
Our findings were published in the first and second TCFD reports included within our 2019 and 2020 Global Sustainability Reports, respectively, and in 2022 these findings will be published in our first standalone TCFD report. These reports are available on www.jll.com.
There is a strong correlation between our ESG performance and the long-term health and success of our business. We address our ESG performance by putting our sustainability program into action, which delivers transformative changes for our business, people, clients, communities and planet.
Our market position enables us to take actions that contribute to a better world. In so doing, it identifies us as a responsible organization, brings our purpose to life, adds value to our brand, and helps us attract and retain talent.
Industry-Leading Research Capabilities. We invest in and rely on comprehensive research to support and guide the development of real estate and investment strategy for our clients. With approximately 480 research professionals who gather data and cover market and economic conditions around the world, we are an authority on the economics and market dynamics of commercial real estate. Research plays a key role in keeping colleagues throughout the organization attuned to important trends and changing conditions in world markets. We continue to devise and invest in new approaches through data science techniques and other technology to make our research, services and property offerings more readily available to our people and clients.
We believe our investments in research, technology, data science and analytics, people and thought leadership position JLL as a leading innovator in our industry. Our research initiatives investigate emerging trends to help us anticipate future conditions and shape new services to benefit our clients, which in turn help us secure and maintain profitable long-term relationships with the clients we target: the world's leading real estate owners, occupiers, investors and developers.
Employee Engagement. Our people are united by our purpose to shape the future of real estate for a better world. As individuals and as teams, we celebrate what we do every day and talk about what can we do for a better world tomorrow. Our purpose combined with our strategic focus on People, Technology and Workspaces positions us for exciting business growth. Embedded in everything we do, are our Values, Ethics, Teamwork and Excellence. Driving the best people experience is imperative, allowing our employees to continue to grow with JLL while also feeling part of an inclusive and collaborative culture.
Our goal-setting framework uses three categories of goals (clients, growth and people) that align our people’s efforts with enterprise-wide strategy throughout all levels of the organization and build focus and attention on our priorities. Ongoing employee feedback is important to the continued improvement of our organization and to harness this valuable feedback, we conduct an all employee survey at least twice annually, measuring key aspects such as engagement, leadership, inclusion index and well-being.
Governance and Enterprise Risk Management. The Chairman of our Board of Directors is an independent Director and is separate from our CEO, who also serves as a Director. This structure together with our transparent senior management promotes an environment of best practices in corporate governance and controls. We believe these attributes allow us to infuse a culture of internal communication and connectivity throughout the organization.
Successful management of any organization's enterprise risks is critical to its long-term viability. We seek to promote, operate and continually improve a globally-integrated enterprise risk management model that optimizes our overall risk/reward profile through the coordinated and sophisticated interaction of business and corporate functions.
Awards. We won numerous awards and recognitions through January 2022 that reflect the quality of the services we provide to our clients, the integrity of our people and our desirability as a place to work. As examples, we were named:
•A member of the Bloomberg Gender-Equality Index, for the third consecutive year
•A member of the Dow Jones Sustainability Index North America, for the sixth consecutive year
•An Energy Star Sustained Excellence Award recipient, by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, for the tenth consecutive year
•One of America's Most Responsible Companies by Newsweek, for the third consecutive year
•One of the World's Most Ethical Companies by the Ethisphere Institute, every year since 2008
•One of the World's Most Admired Companies by Fortune Magazine, for the fifth consecutive year
•To the Human Rights Campaign Foundation's Corporate Equality Index, a benchmarking survey on corporate policies and practices related to LGBTQ workplace equality, with a perfect score, for the eighth consecutive year
•One of America's Best Employers for Diversity by Forbes, for the second consecutive year
•A Military Friendly Employer by VIQTORY, for the fifth consecutive year
•One of the Best Places to Work for Disability Inclusion by Disability:IN and the American Association of People with Disabilities, for the third consecutive year
•A Wall Street Journal Management Top 250 company by the Drucker Institute, for the second consecutive year
INTEGRATED REPORTING
JLL was one of the first U.S. listed companies to participate in the International Integrated Reporting Council ("IIRC"), and we continue to support the general principles set forth by the <IR> Framework, which are designed to promote communications and integrated thinking about how an organization's strategy, governance, and financial and non-financial performance lead to the creation of value over the short, medium and long term.
Components of Our Integrated Reporting. This Annual Report on Form 10-K focuses on our business strategy and our financial performance, including an attempt to illustrate how being a sustainable enterprise is integral to our success. Our citizenship and sustainability efforts for ourselves and our clients are reflected primarily in our annual Global Sustainability Report, available on our website. Our governance and remuneration practices are reported primarily in the Proxy Statement for our Annual Meeting of Shareholders. The mechanisms we use to make our clients comfortable with respect to our transparency and fair dealing are summarized in our Ethics Everywhere Annual Report. The behaviors and standards we expect of our employees and of the suppliers we engage for our own company and on behalf of clients are presented in our
Code of Business Ethics and our Vendor Code of Conduct. We publish details of our ethics program and ethics statistics in our Ethics Everywhere Annual Report to increase transparency and understanding of the types of concerns and issues raised through our reporting channels.
Responsibility for Integrated Reporting. Our Finance, Legal and Sustainability functions are primarily responsible for the integrity of our integrated reporting efforts, collaborating in the preparation and presentation of this report and engaging our organization's leadership.
SEASONALITY
Historically, our quarterly revenue and profits have tended to increase from quarter to quarter as the year progresses. This is a result of a general focus in the real estate industry on completing or documenting transactions by calendar year end and the fact that certain expenses are constant throughout the year. Historically, we have reported a relatively smaller profit in the first quarter and then increasingly larger profits during each of the following three quarters, excluding the recognition of investment-generated performance fees and realized and unrealized co-investment equity earnings and losses (each of which can be unpredictable). Generally, we recognize incentives fees when assets are sold or as a result of valuation increases in the portfolio, the timing of which may not be predicable or recurring. In addition, co-investment equity gains and losses are primarily dependent on underlying valuations, the direction and magnitude of changes to such valuations are not predictable. Non-variable operating expenses, which we treat as expenses when incurred during the year, are relatively constant on a quarterly basis. In 2020 and 2021, macroeconomic conditions influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the historical seasonality of our revenue and profits. By the end of 2021, the historical seasonality trends began to return.
HUMAN CAPITAL
The following table details our global headcount for reimbursable and non-reimbursable employees.
(in thousands) December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020
Professional non-reimbursable employees 53.7 49.7
Directly reimbursable employees 44.5 41.1
Total employees 98.2 90.8
Directly reimbursable employees have costs which are fully reimbursed by clients, primarily in our Work Dynamics business. Specifically, reimbursable employees include our property and facility management professionals, including our building maintenance employees.
Our employees do not report being members of any labor unions, with the exception of approximately 3,100 property maintenance employees in the United States, 78% of whom are reimbursable. As of both December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, approximately 70% of our employees were based in countries other than the United States.
Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DE&I)
We have a steadfast commitment to a more diverse and inclusive future, which is core to our purpose of shaping the future of real estate for a better world. We are focused on accelerating a culture of DE&I by holding ourselves accountable, setting short-term and long-term goals and taking comprehensive action - ultimately providing environments where all of our people feel they belong, creating a company culture we are proud of, and enabling higher performing teams. Some examples of our actions and progress include:
•Continued to advance our gender diversity
◦35% of our global workforce is female
◦45% of our independent board members are female
◦Half of our largest eight countries are led by female CEOs
◦Signed the Commercial Real Estate Women (CREW) Pledge for Action to support the advancement of women in real estate
◦Published our fourth Gender Pay Gap report in the UK
•Support Business Resource Groups in all three regions provide a supportive and safe platform to navigate career development and facilitate networking
•Offer targeted development programs for female and diverse talent, including Black Leadership Summit, Women's Leadership Summit and an inaugural Latinx Summit
•Launched programs to break down financial barriers for underrepresented populations to entering the real estate industry, including a college loan repayment program and an investment fund for entry-level compensation to supplement the industry's traditionally commission-based salary models
•Continue to be recognized for our commitment to diversity; refer to the Distinguishing Attributes and Competitive Differentiators section above for awards and recognition during the past year
Training and Development
Using extensive internal and external research, we have a set of core capabilities that define our leadership behaviors to drive our near and long-term success. Those capabilities are the foundation for our employee talent assessments, succession planning and other talent processes. Further, just as our business needs to constantly evolve, so too does the learning and leadership development venues and products that we use to serve the business. Our employees can self-assess and be assessed against these capabilities to participate in our award-winning development platform, Real Leadership.
In 2019, we launched Real Leadership, our end-to-end platform that helps our employees grow their leadership skills from frontline to executive. This award-winning program has served over 10,000 employees worldwide with 10 different programs including partnerships with Harvard, Stanford, and many other prestigious partnerships. In addition, we continue to upskill our workforce on future focused skills, ensuring our employees worldwide have the development they need whether for technical or professional development leveraging our JLL Virtual Learning library. Nearly 90,000 employees annually have been able to learn, in seven different languages, through our virtual on-demand offerings this year. Our total learning platforms have resulted in over 2 million learning assets consumed to accelerate our development of our employees.
Well-being
In 2020, we launched a well-being framework consisting of four pillars: physical, mental, financial, and inclusion. We provided resources on our Well-being site in 15 languages including online courses, webinars and resources for caregivers. Since its launch, the Well-being site has over 27,000 unique users and has had 177,000 visits. In addition, we implemented well-being training for managers across the globe.
As we navigated the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic over 2021, we continued our efforts to elevate the care for our people and support their well-being. We added resources to our JLL Well-being site, including self-care tips, information about employee assistance programs, webinars on stress management and guidance for managers about leading through uncertain times. We also continued to build out resources for working caregivers and grew our new business resource group, PACE - Parent and Caregiver Experience. Through our two people surveys, we also continued to listen to our people and understand how they were feeling about their health, safety and return to the office. More than 80 percent of our employees told us they would like to be at a JLL office or at a client site full-time or on a hybrid schedule, and we have continued to welcome employees back to our spaces, in accordance with local mandates and guidelines, to drive innovation, collaboration and networking.
Health and Safety
Health and safety is at the forefront of JLL's operations. With over 600 health and safety professionals, we are committed to creating an environment that unequivocally protects our employees, clients and supply partners.
To effectively manage health and safety, our program is aligned to the principles of the internationally recognized health and safety management standard ISO 45001. We implement global health and safety standards that ensure we apply a consistent approach to harm prevention and operate assurance programs to ensure legal compliance.
We recognize that successful health and safety programs are built on proactive individual and collective safe behaviors. Through our health and safety vision, ‘One team S.A.F.E.R together’, we create a stronger culture of health and safety, underpinned by our S.A.F.E.R. behaviors: S - Speak about safety; A - Act safely; F - Focus on safety standards; E - Engage in safety initiatives; R - Recognize safe performance.
To monitor the strength of our safety culture, in 2021 we benchmarked our organization against data from other companies using the UK Health and Safety Laboratory’s Safety Climate Survey Tool. Our global survey received over 12,500 responses and showed our culture continued to be in the 95th percentile when compared against the all-industry scores and exceeded the 2020 highest average scores for Real Estate & Facilities Management organizations. While this score sets a high internal benchmark, our goal is to improve our culture and improve our scores year on year.
Through our safety vision and our awareness and education programs, like Global Safety Week, the strength of our program is realized in the low accident rates for the year 2021, compared with the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration ("OSHA") industry average accident rates for our industry (NAICS Code 531: Real Estate).
•Lost Time Incident Rate was 0.31 (OSHA industry average was 0.70): 12-month average of OSHA recordable illness and injuries per 100 JLL employees that resulted in days away from work.
•Total Recordable Incident Rate was 0.50 (OSHA industry average was 2.10): 12-month average of OSHA recordable illness and injuries per 100 JLL employees.
•Days Away, Restricted Duty and Transfer was 0.31 (OSHA industry average was 1.00): 12-month average of OSHA recordable illness and injuries per 100 full-time employees that resulted in days away from work or restricted duties.
•There were zero JLL employee workplace fatalities reported in 2021.
We continue to react to the ongoing COVID threat and now have robust procedures in place that ensure the safety of JLL employees and enable us to react to local situations and legislation changes as they happen. This includes the ability for employees to have flexible working that is also beneficial to their personal well-being.
JLL began a journey toward the WELL building standard in 2017 with the certification of our New York City office. Now, with over 19 offices certified or in progress across the globe, we are more committed than ever to lead the market and invest in technology to build healthy workplaces for our people and our clients. Over the past several years, we have strengthened our commitment to health and wellness and enrolled our own assets into the WELL Portfolio Program, expanding from APAC to North America and now including EMEA.
Our WELL Portfolio now covers more than 4,000,000 square feet, impacting 23,550 JLL employees in well over 250 offices. We have pushed ourselves to be transparent about our performance, acknowledging both areas of success and where we have room for improvement. WELL Portfolio has allowed us to have a reputable, and equitable, way to benchmark our performance against science-based methodology and create a roadmap for ongoing improvement.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
We regard our technology and other intellectual property, including our brands, as a critical part of our business.
We hold various trademarks, trade dress and trade names and rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark, service mark and trade secret laws, as well as contractual restrictions to establish and protect our proprietary rights. We own numerous domain names, have registered numerous trademarks, and have filed applications for the registration of a number of our other trademarks and service marks in the United States and in foreign countries. We hold the "Jones Lang LaSalle," "JLL" and "LaSalle Investment Management" trademarks and the related logos to conduct the material aspects of our business globally. We own the rights to use the ".jll" and ".lasalle" top level domain names.
Although we believe our intellectual property plays a role in maintaining our competitive position in a number of the markets we serve, we do not believe we would be materially adversely affected by the expiration or termination of our trademarks or trade names or the loss of any of our other intellectual property rights other than the “JLL,” "Jones Lang LaSalle," “LaSalle,” and "LaSalle Investment Management" names, and our Design (Three Circles) mark that is also trademarked. Our trademark registrations have to be renewed every ten years, which we expect to continue to renew, as necessary. Based on our most recent trademark registrations, the JLL mark would expire in 2024, while the Jones Lang LaSalle name would expire in 2022 and the Design (Three Circles) mark would expire in 2031. Our LaSalle and LaSalle Investment Management marks will expire in 2026.
In addition to our trademarks and trade names, we also have proprietary technologies for the provision of complex services and analysis. We also have a number of pending patent applications in the U.S. to further enable us to provide high levels of client service and operational excellence. We will continue to file additional patent applications on new inventions, as appropriate, demonstrating our commitment to technology and innovation.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE; CODE OF BUSINESS ETHICS; CORPORATE SUSTAINABILITY AND RELATED MATTERS
We are committed to the values of effective corporate governance, operating our business to the highest ethical standards and conducting ourselves in an environmentally and socially responsible manner. We believe these values promote the best long-term performance of JLL for the benefit of our shareholders, clients, staff and other constituencies.
Corporate Governance. We believe our policies and practices reflect corporate governance initiatives that comply with the listing requirements of the NYSE, the corporate governance requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") regulations, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, and the General Corporation Law of the State of Maryland, where we are incorporated.
Our Board of Directors ("the Board") regularly reviews corporate governance developments and modifies our Bylaws, Guidelines and Committee Charters accordingly. As a result, we have adopted the following corporate governance policies and approaches considered to be best practices in corporate governance.
•Annual elections of all members of our Board
•Annual "say on pay" votes by shareholders with respect to executive compensation
•Right of shareholders owning 30% of the outstanding shares of our Common stock to call a special meeting of shareholders for any purpose
•Majority voting in Director elections
•Separation of Chairman and CEO roles, with the Chairman serving as Lead Independent Director
•Required approval by the Nominating and Governance Committee of any related-party transactions
•Executive session among the Non-Executive Directors at each in-person meeting
•Annual self-assessment by the Board and each of its Committees
Code of Business Ethics. The ethics principles that guide our operations globally are embodied in our Code of Business Ethics, which applies to all employees of JLL and the members of our Board. The Code of Business Ethics is the cornerstone of our Ethics Everywhere Program, by which we establish the operating framework to communicate, monitor and enhance our ethical culture and maintain compliance with our Code. We are proud of, and are determined to protect and enhance, the global reputation we have established. As we operate in a service industry, the integrity our brand represents is one of our most valuable assets. Since 2008 we have continuously held Ethics Inside™ certification from the Ethisphere Institute, a leading organization dedicated to best practices in ethics, compliance, corporate governance and citizenship. As previously noted, we have been named to Ethisphere Institute’s list of the World's Most Ethical Companies™ every year since 2008.
Our Whistleblower and Non-Retaliation Policy and our Human Rights Policy also support our values and our commitment to ethical business practices. We support the principles of the United Nations Global Compact and the United Nations Principles of Responsible Investing. We are also a member of the Partnering Against Corruption Initiative sponsored by the World Economic Forum.
Vendor Code of Conduct. We expect each of our vendors, meaning any firm or individual providing a product or service to us, or indirectly to our clients as a contractor or subcontractor, will share and embrace the letter and spirit of our commitment to integrity. While vendors are independent entities, their business practices may significantly reflect upon us, our reputation and our brand. Accordingly, we expect all vendors to adhere to the JLL Vendor Code of Conduct, which we publish in multiple languages on our website. We continue to evaluate and implement new ways to monitor the quality and integrity of our supply chain. This includes developing means to efficiently survey and compare responses about the ethical environment and riskiness of current and potential suppliers we engage both for our own company and on behalf of clients.
Corporate Sustainability. We encourage and promote the principles of sustainability everywhere we operate, seeking to improve the communities and environment in which our people work and live. We design our corporate policies to reflect the highest standards of corporate governance and transparency, and we hold ourselves responsible for our social, environmental and economic performance. We seek to incorporate sustainability practices and principles into our client investments and asset management. These priorities guide the interactions we have with our shareholders, clients, employees, regulators and vendors, as well as with all others with whom we come into contact. We recognize both the risks and opportunities presented by climate change and seek to address these impacts both in and beyond our business.
We also work to foster an environment which values the richness of our differences and reflects the diverse world in which we live and work. By cultivating a dynamic mix of people and ideas, we enrich our performance, the communities in which we operate, and the lives of our employees. We seek to recruit a diverse workforce, develop and promote exceptional talent from diverse backgrounds, and embrace the varied experiences of all our employees.
Corporate Political Activities. Our general approach is to not take positions as an organization on social or political issues or on political campaigns. Accordingly, we do not permit contributions in JLL's name for political activities. From time to time, we may comment on proposed legislation or regulations that directly affect our business interests and therefore the interests of our shareholders. We may also belong to industry trade associations that do become involved in attempts to influence legislation in the interests of the industry generally.
COMPANY WEBSITE AND AVAILABLE INFORMATION
JLL's website address is www.jll.com. We use our website as a channel of distribution for company, financial and other information. Our website also includes information about our corporate governance. We intend to post on our website any amendment or waiver of the Code of Business Ethics with respect to a member of our Board or any of the executive officers named in our proxy statement.
On the Investor Relations page on our website, we make available our Annual Report on Form 10-K, our Proxy Statement on Schedule14A, our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, our Current Reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). The SEC maintains www.sec.gov, containing annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information we file electronically with the SEC.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the following risks that based upon current knowledge, information and assumptions could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Some of these risks and uncertainties could affect particular service lines or geographies, while others could affect all of our businesses. Although each risk is discussed separately, many are interrelated.
These risk factors do not identify all risks we face; our operations could also be affected by factors not presently known to us or that we currently consider to be not significant to our operations. Our business is also subject to general risks and uncertainties which broadly affect all companies.
General Overview. Our business environment is complex, dynamic and international. Accordingly, it is subject to a number of significant risks in the ordinary course of its operations. If we cannot or do not successfully manage the risks associated with the services we provide, our operations, business, operating results, reputation and/or financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.
One of the challenges of a global business such as ours is to determine in a sophisticated manner the critical enterprise risks that exist or may newly develop over time as our business evolves. We must then determine how best to employ reasonably available resources to prevent, mitigate and/or minimize those risks we identify as having the greatest potential to cause significant damage from an operational, financial, or reputational standpoint.
Our Board and its Committees take active roles in overseeing management's identification, disclosure and mitigation of enterprise risks. Our ongoing enterprise risk management efforts have significantly shaped the following risk factors and their discussion.
Categorization of Enterprise Risks. This section reflects our current views, as of the issuance of this report, concerning the most significant risks we believe our business faces, both in the short and long term. For purposes of the following analysis and discussion, we group the risks we face according to five principal categories:
• Operational Risk Factors • Financial Risk Factors
• Strategic Risk Factors • General Risk Factors
• Legal and Compliance Risk Factors
We could appropriately place some of the risks we identify in more than one category, but we have chosen the one category we view as primary. We do not present the risks below in their order of significance, the relative likelihood we will experience a loss, or the magnitude of any such loss. Certain of these risks also may give rise to business opportunities for us, but our discussion of risk factors in Item 1A is limited to the adverse effects the risks may have on our business.
Operational Risk Factors
Operational risk relates to risks arising from systems, processes, people and external events that affect the operation of our businesses. It includes information management and data protection and security, including cyber security; supply chain and business disruption, including health and safety; and other risks, including human resources and reputation.
REPUTATIONAL AND BRAND RISKS.
The value and premium status of our brand is one of our most important assets. An inherent risk in maintaining our brand is that we may fail to successfully differentiate the scope and quality of our service and product offerings from those of our competitors, or that we may fail to sufficiently innovate or develop improved products or services that will be attractive to our clients.
The rapid dissemination and increasing transparency of information, particularly for public companies, increases the risks to our business that could result from negative media or announcements about ethics lapses or other operational problems, which could lead clients to terminate or reduce their relationships with us. As such, any negative media, allegations or litigation against us, irrespective of the final outcome, could potentially harm our professional reputation and damage our business. We are also subject to misappropriation of one of the names or trademarks we own by third parties that do not have the right to use them so they can benefit from the goodwill we have built up in our intellectual property; further, our efforts to police usage of our intellectual property may not be successful in all situations.
COMPETITION FOR TALENT WORLD-WIDE; EMPLOYEE RETENTION; DIVERSITY, EQUITY AND INCLUSION INITIATIVES; SUCCESSION OF KEY LEADERS.
We depend, in large part, on the members of our senior management team who possess extensive knowledge and a deep understanding of our business and strategy, as well as the colleagues who are critical to developing and retaining client relationships. Our business depends on the continued availability of skilled personnel with industry experience and knowledge, including our senior management team and other key employees. Our success depends on the continued availability of skilled personnel with industry experience and knowledge, and our ability to recruit, attract and retain senior management and other key employees, including through the implementation of diversity, equity and inclusion initiatives, and the succession of senior management. We are working to advance culture change through the continued implementation of diversity, equity and inclusion initiatives throughout our organization. If we do not (or are perceived not to) successfully implement these initiatives, our ability to recruit, attract and retain talent may be adversely impacted.
There is a further risk of losing talent (and intellectual property and client contacts) to competitors, particularly in the context of increased use of social media networks and transparency of employment information. There is also the risk of losing top producers who provide meaningful margin contribution. These risks increase as we continue to grow as an organization and increase the number of staff, which has expanded significantly over the past decade. We and our competitors use equity incentives and bonuses to help attract, retain and incentivize key personnel. As competition is significant for the services of such personnel, the expense of incentives and bonuses may increase and we may be unable to attract or retain such personnel to the same extent we have in the past.
The challenge to find and retain sufficiently trained staff is world-wide and, as a result, increases the risk of performance for clients. In the current competitive labor market, labor and recruitment costs are rising and are expected to increase further. Corporate payrolls are likely to increase as greater competition for labor and social pressure to raise salaries in line with productivity growth cause even greater wage inflation. It is increasingly challenging to predict regional and national labor policies, as well as regulations. The indirect implications of these changes are difficult to assess.
THIRD PARTY SPEND MANAGEMENT AND HEALTH AND SAFETY RISK.
We rely on third parties, and in some cases subcontractors, to perform activities on behalf of our organization to improve quality, increase efficiencies, reduce costs and lower operational risks across our business and support functions. We have instituted a Vendor Code of Conduct, which is published in multiple languages on our website, and which is intended to communicate to our vendors the standards of conduct we expect them to uphold. Our contracts with vendors also generally impose a contractual obligation to comply with our Vendor Code. In addition, we leverage technology at an increasing rate to help us better screen vendors, with the aim of gaining a deeper understanding of the risks posed to our business by potential and existing vendors. If our third parties do not have the proper safeguards and controls in place, or appropriate oversight cannot be provided, we could be exposed to increased operational, regulatory, financial or reputational risks. A failure by third parties to comply with service level agreements or regulatory or legal requirements in a high quality and timely manner, particularly during periods of peak demand for their services, could result in economic and reputational harm to us. In addition, these third parties face their own technology, operating, business and economic risks, and any significant failures by them, including the improper use or disclosure of our confidential client, employee or company information, could cause damage to our reputation and harm to our business.
Our contractors and their subcontractors are more integrated into our operations than ever before and, as a result, also involved in a significant proportion of the safety incidents we experience. Health and safety is a prominent part of our Beyond strategy, so we take steps to engage with our supply chain and improve our safety performance. This includes producing a dedicated Global Health and Safety Report detailing our approach to managing this important topic. Our goal is to ensure those we work and interact with are unharmed by our operations. We have a multi-disciplinary safety management structure, with executive sponsorship, aimed at managing existing and emerging health and safety risks, and achieving continuous improvement. However, despite investment in our safety platform, management systems and vendor due diligence program, additional efforts are necessary to ensure vendors are aware of our high health and safety expectations.
WE FACE BUSINESS DISRUPTION AND RELATED RISKS RESULTING FROM HEALTH EPIDEMICS, ESPECIALLY THE NOVEL CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19) PANDEMIC.
Health epidemics that affect the general conduct of business in one or more urban areas (including as the result of travel restrictions and the inability to conduct face-to-face meetings) have occurred in the past, for example from influenza or COVID-19, and may occur in the future from other types of outbreak. Such instances can adversely affect the volume of business transactions, real estate markets and the cost of operating real estate or providing real estate services.
At present, efforts to contain and mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic are still occurring in many countries where we operate, including the United States. This year saw an increasing percentage of the global population receive a COVID-19 vaccine, but access and availability to COVID-19 vaccines and tests varies across geographies. New COVID-19 variants continue to emerge which, at times, has resulted in significant spikes in the number of local, regional, and global cases, and uncertainties exist as to the efficacy of vaccines against new variants or mutations of COVID-19. To mitigate the spread of COVID-19, local, state, and federal governments have imposed various restrictions on businesses, including closures, travel restrictions, vaccine and testing mandates, among other requirements.
While the increased availability of vaccines and vaccination rates gave rise to increased optimism in 2021, the pandemic continued to have a material effect on our financial results in 2021, although less pronounced of an impact on our financial results when compared against the prior year.
Although there has been an easing of restrictions in certain jurisdictions, some of these restrictions have been reinstated in other jurisdictions, or could be reinstated in the future, to manage a resurgence or new outbreak of COVID-19, including in connection with new variants or mutations of the virus. In addition, the reopening of businesses and economies in certain countries is creating a variety of new challenges, including, for example, higher prices for goods and services, limited availability of products, and disruptions to supply chains. Furthermore, our management team has spent, and will likely continue to spend, significant time, attention and resources monitoring the COVID-19 pandemic and seeking to manage its effects on our business and workforce. A long-term continuation of these restrictions could, among other things, negatively impact employee morale and productivity.
Significant uncertainty remains as to the full impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our operations, and on the global economy as a whole, including potential short-term and long-term changes in commercial behavior. It is currently not possible to predict how long the pandemic will last or the time that it will take for economic activity to fully return to pre-pandemic levels. We expect the ultimate significance of the impact of these disruptions, including the extent of their adverse impact on our financial and operational results, will be dictated by the length of time that such disruptions continue, which will, in turn, depend on the currently unknowable duration of the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of governmental regulations that might be imposed in response. COVID-19 also makes it more challenging for management to estimate future performance of our businesses, particularly over the near to medium term.
TECHNOLOGY AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS; CYBERSECURITY, MANAGEMENT OF DATA.
Our business is highly dependent on our ability to collect, use, store and manage organizational and client data. If any of our information and data management systems do not operate properly or are disabled, we could suffer a disruption of our businesses, liability to clients, loss of client data, loss of employee data, regulatory intervention, breach of confidentiality or other contract provisions, or reputational damage. These systems may fail to operate properly or become disabled as a result of events wholly or partially beyond our control, including disruptions of electrical or communications services, disruptions caused by natural disasters, political instability, terrorist attacks, sabotage, computer viruses, or problems with the internet, deliberate attempts to disrupt our computer systems through "hacking," "phishing," or other forms of cyber-attack, or our inability to occupy one or more of our office locations. As we outsource significant portions of our information technology functions to third-party providers, such as cloud computing, we bear the risk of having somewhat less direct control over the manner and quality of performance.
We are exposed to the risk of cyber-attacks in the normal course of business. In general, cyber incidents can result from deliberate attacks or unintentional events. We continue to observe an increased level of cyber threats focused on gaining unauthorized access to digital systems for purposes of misappropriating assets or sensitive information, corrupting data, or causing operational disruption. The risk of cyber threats also extends to suppliers and vendors we engage on a principal basis to perform various services. Additionally, like many large enterprises, since 2020, a portion of our workforce has worked remotely in some capacity in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This arrangement introduces potential new vulnerabilities to cyber threats. We also face increased cybersecurity risk as we deploy additional mobile and cloud technologies. We are continuously hardening our infrastructure built on these technologies, monitoring for threats, and evaluating our capability to respond to any incidents to minimize any impact to our systems, data, or business operations.
We have experienced various types of cyber-attack incidents, which to-date have been contained and have not been material to us as a whole. As the result of such incidents, we have continued to implement new controls, governance, technical protections and other procedures. We may incur substantial costs and suffer other negative consequences such as liability, reputational harm and significant remediation costs and experience material harm to our business and financial results if we, or vendors or suppliers we engage on behalf of our clients, fall victim to other successful cyber-attacks.
The legislative and regulatory framework for privacy and data protection issues worldwide continues to evolve. We collect personally identifiable information ("PII") and other data as part of our business processes and activities. This data is subject to a variety of U.S. and foreign laws and regulations, including oversight by various regulatory or other governmental bodies. Many foreign countries and governmental bodies have laws and regulations concerning the collection and use of PII and other data obtained from their residents or by businesses operating within their jurisdictions. The European Union General Data Protection Regulation, for example, imposes stringent data protection requirements and provides significant penalties for noncompliance. Any inability, or perceived inability, to adequately address privacy and data protection concerns, even if unfounded, or comply with applicable laws, regulations, policies, industry standards, contractual obligations, or other legal obligations (including at newly acquired companies) could result in additional cost and liability to us or company officials, damage our reputation, inhibit sales, and otherwise adversely affect our business.
CONCENTRATIONS OF BUSINESS WITH CORPORATE AND INVESTOR CLIENTS CAUSE INCREASED CREDIT RISK AND GREATER IMPACT FROM THE LOSS OF CERTAIN CLIENTS AND INCREASED RISKS FROM HIGHER LIMITATIONS OF LIABILITY IN CONTRACTS.
We value the expansion of business relationships with individual corporate clients and institutional investors because of the increased efficiency and economics (both to our clients and us) that can result from developing repeat business and performing an increasingly broad range of services for the same client. Having increasingly large and concentrated clients also can lead to greater or more concentrated risks of loss if, among other possibilities, such a client (i) experiences its own financial problems, which can lead to larger individual credit risks; (ii) becomes bankrupt or insolvent, which can lead to our failure to be paid for services we have previously provided or funds we have previously advanced; (iii) decides to reduce its operations or its real estate facilities; (iv) makes a change in its real estate strategy, such as no longer outsourcing its real estate operations; (v) decides to change its providers of real estate services; or (vi) merges with another corporation or otherwise undergoes a change of control, which may result in new management taking over with a different real estate philosophy or in different relationships with other real estate providers. In the case of LaSalle, concentration of investor clients can also lead to fewer sources of investment capital, which can negatively affect assets under management in case a higher-volume client withdraws its funds or does not re-invest them. This is also the case within LaSalle's businesses which are dependent on the continued ability and willingness of certain brokerage firms to attract investment funds from their clients.
In addition, competitive conditions, particularly in connection with increasingly large clients, may require us to compromise on certain contract terms with respect to the payment of fees, the extent of risk transfer, or acting as principal rather than agent in connection with supplier relationships, liability limitations, credit terms and other contractual terms, or in connection with disputes or potential litigation. Where competitive pressures result in higher levels of potential liability under our contracts, the cost of operational errors and other activities for which we have indemnified our clients will be greater and may not be fully insured.
PERFORMANCE AND FIDUCIARY OBLIGATIONS UNDER CLIENT CONTRACTS; RISING COST OF INSURANCE RESULTING FROM NEGLIGENCE CLAIMS; RESPONSIBILITY FOR SAFETY OF CONTRACTORS; SCOPE CREEP.
In certain cases, we are subject to fiduciary obligations to our clients, which may result in a higher level of legal obligation compared to basic contractual obligations. These relate to, among other matters, the decisions we make on behalf of a client with respect to managing assets on its behalf or purchasing products or services from third parties or other divisions within our Company. Our services may involve handling substantial amounts of client funds in connection with managing their properties or complicated and high-profile transactions. We face legal and reputational risks in the event we do not perform, or are perceived to have not performed, under those contracts or in accordance with those obligations, or in the event we are negligent in the handling of client funds or in the way in which we have delivered our professional services. The increased potential for the fraudulent diversion of funds from a "hacking" or "phishing" attack exacerbates these risks.
The precautions we take to prevent these types of occurrences, which represent a significant commitment of corporate resources, may nevertheless be ineffective in certain cases. Any increased or unexpected costs or unanticipated delays in connection with the performance of these engagements, including delays caused by factors outside our control, could have an adverse effect on profit margins.
If we perform services for clients beyond, or different from, what were originally contemplated in the governing contracts (known as "scope creep"), we may not be fully reimbursed for the services provided, realize our full compensation potential or our potential liability in the case of a negligence claim may not have been as limited as it normally would have been or may be unclear.
CORPORATE CONFLICTS OF INTEREST.
All providers of professional services to clients, including our Company, must manage potential conflicts of interest. This occurs principally where the primary duty of loyalty we owe to one client may potentially be weakened or compromised by a relationship we also maintain with another client or third party. Corporate conflicts of interest arise in the context of the services we provide as a company to our different clients. Personal conflicts of interest on the part of our employees are separately considered as issues within the context of our Code of Business Ethics. Our failure or inability to identify, disclose and resolve potential conflicts of interest in a significant situation could have a material adverse effect. In addition, it is possible that in some jurisdictions, regulations could be changed to limit our ability to act for certain parties where potential conflicts may exist even with informed consent, which could limit our market share in those markets. There can be no assurance potential conflicts of interest will not adversely affect us.
After reductions in the market values of the underlying properties, firms engaged in the business of providing valuations are inherently subject to a higher risk of claims with respect to conflicts of interest based on the circumstances of valuations they previously issued. Regardless of the ultimate merits of these claims, the allegations themselves can cause reputational damage and can be expensive to defend in terms of counsel fees and otherwise.
Strategic Risk Factors
Strategic risk relates to JLL’s future business plans and strategies, including the risks associated with: the global macro-environment in which we operate; mergers and acquisitions and restructuring activities; intellectual property; and other risks, including the demand for our services, competitive threats, technology and innovation, and public policy.
DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES, INNOVATION AND COMPETITION.
Mobile technologies and online collaboration tools are transforming how business gets done. Information technology has entered a “big data” era. The evolution of digital and information technology presents significant challenges for businesses and societies, which must find ways to capture the benefits of new technologies while dealing with the new threats those technologies present. Within the real estate services industry, managing big data is a critical competitive differentiator and we risk being surpassed if our peers leverage big data more effectively.
ABILITY TO PROTECT INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY; INFRINGEMENT OF THIRD-PARTY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS.
Our business depends, in part, on our ability to identify and protect proprietary information and other intellectual property such as our service marks, domain names, client lists and information, business methods and technology innovations, and platforms we may create or acquire. Existing laws of some countries in which we provide or intend to provide services, or the extent to which their laws are actually enforced, may offer only limited protections of our intellectual property rights. We rely on a combination of trade secrets, confidentiality policies, non-disclosure and other contractual arrangements, and on patent, copyright and trademark laws to protect our intellectual property rights. In particular, we hold various trademarks and trade names, including our principal trade names, "JLL" and "LaSalle." If either of our registered trade names were to expire or terminate, our competitive position in certain markets could be materially and adversely affected. Our inability to detect unauthorized use (for example, by current or former employees) or take appropriate or timely steps to enforce our intellectual property rights may have an adverse effect on our business.
We cannot be sure the intellectual property we may use in the course of operating our business or the services we offer to clients do not infringe on the rights of third parties. Although, we do obtain representations and warranties, as well as indemnities, from the licensors in order to mitigate this risk. We may have infringement claims asserted against us or against our clients. These claims may harm our reputation, cost us money and prevent us from offering some services.
GENERAL ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AND REAL ESTATE MARKET CONDITIONS; SUPPLY-CHAIN PRESSURES
The success of our business is significantly related to general economic conditions. Further, our business and financial conditions correlate strongly to local, national and regional economic and political conditions or, at least, the perceptions of and confidence in those conditions.
We have previously experienced and expect in the future that we will be negatively impacted by periods of economic slowdown or recession and corresponding declines in the demand for real estate and related services. The global economic crisis during the 2007-2009 period was extraordinary for its worldwide scope, severity and impact on major financial institutions, as well as for the extent of governmental stimulus and regulatory responses. Since then, many of our markets have been affected generally by various economic uncertainties, among them: continued significant volatility in energy costs, including oil and commodity prices; the developing effects of climate change and severe weather; and the continued uncertainty on the direction of global tax policy. Most recently, we have continued to assess the potential adverse effects of the ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic on general economic conditions and increased supply-chain pressures which have emerged and may impact our ability to deliver goods and services to our clients.
In this environment, we have continued to grow our business largely by gaining market share and as the result of targeted acquisitions. It is inherently difficult for us to predict how these types of significant global forces will affect our business in the future and whether we will continue to be able to generate revenue growth to the same extent as we have in the past.
Negative economic conditions and declines in demand for real estate and related services in several markets or in significant markets could have a material adverse effect on our performance driven by (i) a decline in acquisition and disposition activity, (ii) a decline in real estate values and performance, leasing activity and rental rates, (iii) a decline in value of real estate securities, (iv) the cyclicality in the real estate markets; lag in recovery relative to broader markets, or (v) the effect of changes in non-real estate markets.
POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC INSTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY: PROTECTIONISM; TERRORIST ACTIVITIES.
Global events could affect our business. These include the possibility of protectionist economic policies of the United States or foreign governments, the escalation of terrorist attacks and their increasing unpredictability, health epidemics, changing immigration policies of the United States or foreign governments and the increasing globalization of our multinational clients, which creates pressure to further expand our own geographical reach into less developed countries.
We provide services in over 80 countries with varying degrees of political and economic stability and transparency. For example, within the past few years, certain emerging as well as mature countries in which we operate have experienced serious political and economic instability that will likely continue to arise from time to time. In recent years there have been significant political changes in several countries where we have significant operations, resulting in changes to financial, tax, tariffs, healthcare, governance, immigration and other laws that may directly affect our business and continue to evolve.
The withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union on January 31, 2020 (Brexit) and the ongoing uncertainty with respect to the future relationship of the United Kingdom and the European Union, notwithstanding the impact of the provisional free-trade agreement entered into between the United Kingdom and the European Union on December 24, 2020, may adversely affect business activity, political stability and economic conditions in the United Kingdom, the European Union and elsewhere. The economic conditions and outlook could be further adversely affected by (i) new or modified trading arrangements between the United Kingdom and other countries, (ii) the risk that one or more other European Union countries could come under increasing pressure to leave the European Union, or (iii) the risk the euro as the single currency of the Eurozone could cease to exist. Any of these developments, or the perception any of these developments are likely to occur, could significantly affect economic growth or business activity in the United Kingdom or the European Union, and could result in the relocation of businesses, cause business interruptions, lead to economic recession or depression, and impact the stability of the financial markets, availability of credit, currency exchange rates, interest rates, financial institutions, and political, financial and monetary systems. Any of these developments could affect our businesses, liquidity, results of operations and financial position.
REAL ESTATE SERVICES AND INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT MARKETS ARE HIGHLY COMPETITIVE.
We provide a broad range of commercial real estate and investment management services. Depending on the service, we may face significant competition from other real estate service providers, institutional lenders, insurance companies, investment banking firms, investment managers, accounting firms, technology firms, consulting firms, co-locating providers, temporary space providers and firms providing outsourcing of various types (including technology and building products), any of which may be a global, regional or local firm, and from firms that self-perform their real estate services with in-house capabilities.
Many of our competitors are local or regional firms, which may be substantially smaller in size than we are but hold a larger share of a specific local market. Some of our competitors have expanded the services they offer in an attempt to gain additional business. Some may be providing outsourced facility management services to sell clients products that we do not offer. In some sectors of our business, particularly Work Dynamics, some of our competitors may have greater financial, technical and marketing resources, larger customer bases, and more established relationships with their customers and suppliers than we have. Larger or better-capitalized competitors in those sectors may be able to respond faster to the need for technological change, price their services more aggressively, compete more effectively for skilled professionals, finance acquisitions more easily, develop innovative products more effectively, and generally compete more aggressively for market share. This can also lead to increasing commoditization of the services we provide and increasing downward pressure on the fees we can charge.
New competitors, or alliances among competitors that increase their ability to service clients, could emerge and gain market share, develop a lower cost structure, adopt more aggressive pricing policies, aggressively recruit our people at above-market compensation, develop a descriptive technology that captures market share, or provide services that gain greater market acceptance than the services we offer. Some of these may come from non-traditional sources, such as information aggregators or digital technology firms. To respond to increased competition and pricing pressure, we may have to lower our prices, loosen contractual terms (such as liability limitations), develop our own innovative approaches to mining data and using information, develop our own disruptive technologies, or increase compensation, which may have an adverse effect on our revenue and profit margins. We may also need to become increasingly productive and efficient in the way we deliver services, or with respect to the cost structure supporting our businesses, which may in turn require more innovative uses of technology as well as data gathering and data mining.
Our industry has continued to consolidate, and there is an inherent risk competitive firms may be more successful than we are at growing through merger and acquisition activity. While we have successfully grown organically and through a series of acquisitions, sourcing and completing acquisitions are complex and sensitive activities. Considering the continuing need to provide clients with more comprehensive services on a more productive and cost-efficient basis, we expect acquisition opportunities to continue to emerge. However, there is no assurance we will be able to continue our acquisition activity in the
future at the same pace as we have in the past, particularly as we weigh acquisition opportunities against other potential uses of capital for technology and other investments in systems and human resources, as well as returning capital to shareholders.
Various factors may in some cases lead to a willingness on the part of a competitor to engage in aggressive pricing, advertising or hiring practices in order to maintain market share or client relationships. To the extent this occurs, it increases the competitive risks and the fee and compensation pressures we face, although ramifications will differ from one competitor to another given their different positions within the marketplace and their different financial situations.
We are substantially dependent on long-term client relationships and on revenue received for services under various service agreements. In this competitive market, if we are unable to maintain these relationships or are otherwise unable to retain existing clients and develop new clients, our business, results of operations and/or financial condition may be materially adversely affected. Weaknesses in the markets in which they themselves compete may lead to additional pricing pressure from clients as they themselves came under financial pressure.
THE SEASONALITY OF OUR REAL ESTATE SERVICES BUSINESS EXPOSES US TO RISKS.
Within our Real Estate Services business, our revenue and profits have historically grown progressively by quarter throughout the year mostly due to completing or documenting transactions by fiscal year-end and the fact that certain of our expenses are constant through the year. Historically, we have reported a relatively smaller profit in the first quarter and then increasingly larger profits during each of the following three quarters, excluding the recognition of investment-generated performance fees and co-investment equity gains or losses, each of which can vary from period to period.
The seasonality of our business makes it difficult to determine during the course of the year whether planned results will be achieved, and thus to budget, and to adjust to changes in expectations. In addition, negative economic or other conditions that arise at a time when they impact performance in the fourth quarter, such as the particular timing of when larger transactions close or changes in the value of the U.S. dollar against other currencies occur, may have a more pronounced impact than if they occurred earlier in the year. To the extent we are not able to identify and adjust for changes in expectations, or we are confronted with negative conditions that disproportionately impact the fourth quarter of a calendar year, we could experience a material adverse effect on our financial performance.
Growth in our property management and integrated facilities management businesses and other services related to the growth of outsourcing of corporate real estate services has, to an extent, lessened the seasonality in our revenue and profits during the past several years, partially offset by certain acquisitions of heavily-weighted transaction-based companies, most notably HFF, Inc. in 2019. While the ongoing effects of COVID-19 continued to impact the historic seasonality of our business into 2021, though to a lesser extent than it did in 2020, we believe some level of seasonality will always be inherent to our industry and outside of our control.
RISKS INHERENT IN MAKING ACQUISITIONS AND ENTERING INTO JOINT VENTURES.
Historically, a significant component of our growth has been generated by acquisitions. Any future growth through acquisitions will depend in part on the continued availability of suitable acquisitions at favorable prices and with advantageous terms and conditions, which may not be available to us.
Acquisitions subject us to several significant risks, any of which may prevent us from realizing the anticipated benefits or synergies of the acquisition. The integration of companies is a complex and time-consuming process that could significantly disrupt the businesses of JLL and the acquired company such as: diversion of management attention, failure to identify certain liabilities and issues during the due diligence process, and the inability to retain personnel and clients of the acquired business.
To a much lesser degree, we have occasionally entered into joint ventures to conduct certain businesses or enter new geographies, and we will consider doing so in appropriate situations in the future. Joint ventures have many of the same risk characteristics as acquisitions, particularly with respect to the due diligence and ongoing relationship with joint venture partners, given each partner has inherently less control in a joint venture and will be subject to the authority and economics of the particular structure that is negotiated. Accordingly, we may not have the authority to direct the management and policies of the joint venture. If a joint venture participant acts contrary to our interests, it could harm our brand, business, results of operations and financial condition.
INVESTMENT (INCLUDING CO-INVESTMENT) AND REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT BANKING ACTIVITIES.
An important part of our business strategy includes investing in (i) real estate, both individually and along with our investment management clients, and (ii) proptech funds and early-stage proptech companies. As of December 31, 2021, we have unfunded commitment obligations of up to $372.4 million to fund future investments across our investment strategies. To remain competitive with well-capitalized financial services firms, we also may make merchant banking investments for which we may use our capital to acquire properties before the related investment management funds have been established or investment commitments have been received from third-party clients.
Certain service lines we operate have the acquisition, development, management and sale of real estate and proptech investments as part of their strategy. Investing in any of these types of situations exposes us to several risks.
Investing for the above reasons poses the following risks:
•We may lose some or all the capital we invest if the investments underperform.
◦For real estate investments, underperformance may result from many factors outside of our control, including the general reduction in asset values within a particular geography or asset class.
◦For proptech investments, the concepts and strategic plans underpinning the value of the fund or entity may not be realized or could be poorly executed. In addition, the fund or entity may be negatively impacted by risks they are exposed to (some of which we are also exposed to and are discussed elsewhere in this Item).
•We will have fluctuations in earnings and cash flow as we recognize gains or losses, and receive cash upon the disposition of investments, the timing of which may be geared toward the benefit of our clients.
•We hold many of our investments in subsidiaries with limited liability; however, in certain circumstances, it is possible this limited exposure may be expanded in the future based on, among other things, changes in applicable laws. To the extent this occurs, our liability could exceed the amount we have invested.
•We make investments in many countries, and this presents tax, political/legislative, currency, and other risks as described elsewhere in this Item.
In certain situations, we raise funds from outside investors where we are the sponsor of real estate investments, developments, or projects. To the extent we return less than the investors' original investments because the investments, developments, or projects have underperformed relative to expectations, the investors could attempt to recoup the full amount of their investments under securities law theories such as lack of adequate disclosure when funds were initially raised. Sponsoring funds into which retail investors can invest, such as the investment funds sponsored by LaSalle, may increase this risk.
Legal and Compliance Risk Factors
Legal and compliance risk relates to risks arising from the government and regulatory environment and action, and legal proceedings and compliance with integrity policies and procedures. Government and regulatory risks include the risk that government or regulatory actions will impose additional cost on us or cause us to have to change our business models or practices.
BURDEN OF COMPLYING WITH MULTIPLE AND POTENTIALLY CONFLICTING LAWS AND REGULATIONS AND DEALING WITH CHANGES IN LEGAL AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS.
We face a broad range of legal and regulatory environments in the countries in which we do business. Coordinating our activities to deal with these requirements presents significant challenges.
Changes in legal and regulatory requirements can impact our ability to engage in business in certain jurisdictions or increase the cost of doing so. The legal requirements of U.S. statutes may also conflict with local legal requirements in a particular country. Avoiding regulatory pitfalls as a result of conflicting laws will continue to be a key focus as non-U.S. statutory law and court decisions create more ambiguity. The jurisdictional reach of laws may be unclear as well, such as when laws in one country purport to regulate the behavior of our subsidiaries or affiliates operating in another country.
Identifying the regulations with which we must comply and then complying with them is complex. We may not be successful in complying with regulations in all situations, as a result of which we could be subject to regulatory actions and fines for non-compliance. We are also seeing increasing levels of labor regulation in emerging markets, such as China, which affect many of our businesses.
Our global operations must comply with all applicable anti-corruption laws, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the UK Bribery Act. These anti-corruption laws generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments or providing anything of value to improperly influence government officials or private individuals for the purpose of obtaining or retaining a business advantage. Such prohibitions exist regardless of whether those practices are legal or culturally expected in a particular jurisdiction. Although we have a compliance program in place designed to reduce the likelihood of potential violations of such laws, violations of these laws could result in criminal or civil sanctions and have an adverse effect on our reputation, business and results of operations and financial condition.
U.S. laws and regulations govern the provision of products and services to, and of other trade-related activities involving, certain targeted countries and parties. As a result, we have had longstanding policies and procedures to restrict or prohibit sales of our services into countries subject to embargoes and sanctions, or to countries designated as state sponsors of terrorism, such as Iran. In conjunction with such policies, we have also implemented certain procedures to evaluate whether existing or potential clients appear on the "Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List" maintained by OFAC.
Changes in governments or majority political parties may result in significant changes in enforcement priorities with respect to employment, health and safety, tax, securities disclosure and other regulations, which, in turn, could negatively affect our business.
LICENSING AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS.
The brokerage of real estate sales and leasing transactions; real estate lending; servicing and asset management; property management; construction; mobile engineering; conducting valuations; trading in securities for clients; and the operation of the investment advisory business, among other business lines, may require us to maintain licenses in various jurisdictions in which we operate and to comply with particular regulations. We believe licensing requirements, including protectionist policies which favor local firms over foreign firms, have generally been increasing in recent years. If we fail to maintain our licenses or conduct regulated activities without a license or in contravention of applicable regulations, we may be required to pay fines, return commissions or investment capital from investors or may have a given license suspended or revoked. Our acquisition activity increases these risks, because we must successfully transfer licenses of acquired entities and their staff, as appropriate. Licensing requirements may also preclude us from engaging in certain types of transactions or change the way in which we conduct business or the cost of doing so. In addition, because the size and scope of real estate sales transactions, the number of countries in which we operate or invest, and the areas we offer services have increased significantly during the past several years, both the difficulty of ensuring compliance with the numerous licensing regimes and the possible loss resulting from noncompliance, have increased.
With respect to our status as an approved lender for Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and as a HUD-approved originator and issuer of Ginnie Mae securities (collectively the “Agencies”), we are required to comply with various eligibility criteria established by the Agencies, such as minimum net worth, operational liquidity and collateral requirements. In addition, we are required to originate and service loans in accordance with the applicable program requirements and guidelines established from time to time by the Agencies. Failure to comply with any of these program requirements may result in the termination or withdrawal of our approval to sell loans to the Agencies and service their loans.
To fund the Agency loans we originate, we require short-term funding capacity. As of December 31, 2021, we had $2.6 billion of committed loan funding available through commercial banks. Consistent with industry practice, our existing warehouse facilities are short-term, requiring annual renewal. Although we believe our current warehouse facilities are sufficient to meet our current needs in connection with our participation in the Agency programs, in the event any of our warehouse lines are terminated or are not renewed, we may be unable to find replacement financing on favorable terms, or at all, and we might not be able to originate loans.
The regulatory environment facing the investment management industry has also grown significantly more complex in recent years, principally in terms of marketing products and services and screening and advising clients. Countries are expanding the criteria requiring registration of investment advisors and funds, whether based in their country or not, and expanding the rules applicable to those that are registered, all to provide more protection to investors located within their countries. In some cases, rules from different countries are applicable to more than one of our investment advisory businesses and can conflict with those of their home countries. Although we believe we have good processes, policies and controls in place to address the new requirements, these additional registrations and increasingly complex rules increase the possibility violations may occur.
These risks also apply separately to the LaSalle-managed public real estate investment trust we launched during 2012. That entity has registered the securities it is issuing with the SEC in the United States and is subject to regulation as a public company, albeit not one separately listed on a stock exchange.
Laws and regulations applicable to our business, both in the United States and in other countries, may change in ways that materially increase the costs of compliance. Particularly in emerging markets, there can be relatively less transparency around the standards and conditions under which licenses are granted, maintained, or renewed. It also may be difficult to defend against the arbitrary revocation of a license in a jurisdiction where the rule of law is less well developed.
As a licensed real estate service provider and advisor in various jurisdictions, we and our licensed employees may be subject to various due diligence, disclosure, standard-of-care, anti-money laundering and other obligations in the jurisdictions in which we operate. Failure to fulfill these obligations could subject us to litigation from parties who purchased, sold, or leased properties we brokered or managed, or who invested in our funds. We could become subject to claims by participants in real estate sales or other services claiming we did not fulfill our obligations as a service provider or broker. This may include claims with respect to conflicts of interest where we are acting, or are perceived to be acting, for two or more clients with potentially contrary interests.
ENVIRONMENTAL LIABILITIES AND REGULATIONS; CLIMATE CHANGE RISKS; AND AIR QUALITY RISKS.
Our operations are affected by federal, state and/or local environmental laws in the countries in which we operate, and we may face liability with respect to environmental issues occurring at properties we manage or occupy, or in which we invest. We may face costs or liabilities under these laws as a result of our role as an on-site property manager or a manager of construction projects. Our risks for such liabilities may increase as we expand our services to include more industrial and/or manufacturing facilities than has been the case in the past, or with respect to our co-investments in real estate as discussed above. Within our own operations, we face additional costs from rising energy costs which make it more expensive to power our corporate offices.
The impact of climate change presents a significant risk. Damage to assets caused by extreme weather events linked to climate change is becoming more evident, highlighting the fragility of global infrastructure. We also anticipate the potential effects of climate change will increasingly impact our own operations and those of client properties we manage, especially when they are in coastal cities.
We anticipate the potential effects of climate change will increasingly impact the decisions and analysis LaSalle makes with respect to investments in the properties it manages as well as those it considers for acquisition or disposition on behalf of clients, since climate change considerations can impact the relative desirability of locations and the cost of operating and insuring properties. Future legislation that requires specific performance levels for building operations could make non-compliant buildings obsolete, which could materially affect investments in properties we have made on behalf of clients, including those in which we may have co-invested. Climate change considerations will likely also increasingly be part of the consulting work JLL does for clients to the extent it is relevant to the decisions our clients are seeking to make.
Around the world, many countries are enacting stricter regulations to protect the environment and preserve their natural resources. Firms also may face several layers of national, regional and local regulations. In Europe, the EU’s Environmental Liability Directive establishes a comprehensive liability standard, but individual EU countries may have stricter regulations. The risks may not be limited to fines and the costs of remediation. In Brazil, employees can risk jail sentences as well as fines in connection with pollution incidents. In September 2020, China announced a commitment to be carbon neutral by 2060. This follows environmental protection laws passed in 2014 designed to limit contaminated water, air and soil linked to economic growth and public health. New environmental legislation and regulations may require the Company to make material changes to its operations, which could adversely affect our operating results. Furthermore, the perspectives of shareholders, employees and other stakeholders regarding these standards may affect our business activities and increase disclosure requirements, which may increase our costs.
Declining air quality in major cities may have consequences for our business in various ways, including the need to respond to new regulations that affect the management of buildings, declines in the desire of investors or corporates to invest in or occupy properties in such cities, and our ability to retain staff in locations that may be relatively undesirable as places to live.
Financial Risk Factors
Financial risk relates to our ability to meet financial obligations and mitigate exposure to broad market risks, including volatility in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates; credit risk; and liquidity risk, including risk related to our credit ratings and our availability and cost of funding.
VOLATILITY IN TRANSACTIONAL-BASED REVENUE.
We have product offerings, such as Leasing and Capital Markets, that generate fees based on the timing, size and pricing of closed transactions, and these fees may significantly contribute to our earnings and to changes in earnings from one quarter or year to the next. Volatility in this component of our earnings is inevitable due to the nature of these businesses and the amount of the fees we will recognize in future quarters is inherently unpredictable.
In addition, LaSalle's portfolio is of sufficient size to periodically generate large incentive fees and equity earnings (losses) that significantly influence our earnings and the changes in earnings from one year to the next. Volatility in this component of our earnings is also inevitable due to the nature of this aspect of our business, and the amount of incentive fees or equity earnings or losses we may recognize in future quarters is inherently unpredictable as it relates to client needs, the market and other dynamics in effect at the time.
CURRENCY RESTRICTIONS AND EXCHANGE RATE FLUCTUATIONS; INFLATIONARY RISK.
We produce positive cash flows in various countries and currencies that can be most effectively used to fund operations in other countries or to repay our indebtedness, which is currently primarily denominated in U.S. dollars and euros. We face restrictions in certain countries that limit or prevent the transfer of funds to other countries or the exchange of the local currency to other currencies. We also face risks associated with fluctuations in currency exchange rates that may lead to a decline in the value of the funds earned in certain jurisdictions.
Although we operate globally, we report our results in U.S. dollars, and thus our reported results are impacted by the strengthening or weakening of currencies against the U.S. dollar. As an example, the euro and the pound sterling, each a currency used in a significant portion of our operations, have fluctuated notably in recent years. Our revenue from outside of the United States approximated 42% of our total revenue for 2021. In addition to the potential negative impact on reported earnings, fluctuations in currencies relative to the U.S. dollar may make it more difficult to perform period-to-period comparisons of the reported results of operations.
We are authorized to use currency-hedging instruments, including foreign currency forward contracts, purchased currency options and borrowings in foreign currency. There can be no assurance hedging will be economically effective. We do not use hedging instruments for speculative purposes.
As currency forward and option contracts are generally conducted off-exchange or over-the-counter ("OTC"), many of the safeguards accorded to participants on organized exchanges, such as the performance guarantee of an exchange clearing house, are generally unavailable in connection with OTC transactions. In addition, there can be no guarantee the counterparty will fulfill its obligations under the contractual agreement, especially in the event of a bankruptcy or insolvency of the counterparty, which would effectively leave us unhedged.
The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant volatility in U.S. and international markets. The impact of the pandemic may increase the possibility of uncertainty in the global financial markets, high inflation and extended economic downturn. We are subject to inflationary pressures on employee wages, salaries, and the cost of various goods and services including energy costs that we procure which can materially impact our financial results. In addition, while we attempt to mitigate the impact of inflation in our client agreements, some client agreements may be entered into on a fixed or guaranteed maximum price basis where our ability to make price adjustments to take into account inflation may be limited.
DOWNGRADES IN OUR CREDIT RATINGS COULD INCREASE OUR BORROWING COSTS OR REDUCE OUR ACCESS TO FUNDING SOURCES IN THE CREDIT AND CAPITAL MARKETS.
We are currently assigned corporate credit ratings from Moody's and S&P based on their evaluation of our creditworthiness. As of the date of this filing, our debt ratings remain investment grade, but there can be no assurance we will not be downgraded or that any of our ratings will remain investment grade in the future. If our credit ratings are downgraded or other negative action is taken, we could be required, among other things, to pay additional interest on certain of our senior notes. Credit rating reductions by one or more rating agencies could also adversely affect our access to funding sources, the cost and other terms of obtaining funding as well as our overall financial condition, operating results and cash flow.
INCREASING FINANCIAL RISK OF COUNTERPARTIES, INCLUDING REFINANCING RISK.
Unprecedented disruptions and dynamic changes in the financial markets, and particularly insofar as they have led to major changes in the status and creditworthiness of some of the world's largest banks, investment banks and insurance companies, among others, have generally increased the counterparty risk to us from a financial standpoint, including with respect to:
•Obtaining new credit commitments from lenders
•Refinancing credit commitments or loans that have terminated or matured according to their terms, including funds sponsored by LaSalle which use leverage in the ordinary course of their investment activities
•Placing insurance
•Engaging in hedging transactions
•Maintaining cash deposits or other investments, both our own and those we hold for the benefit of clients, which are generally much larger than the maximum amount of government-sponsored deposit insurance in effect for a particular account
In addition, certain of LaSalle’s sponsored funds act as a lender to real estate owners with the risk of default by the borrower and the potential for the LaSalle fund to take ownership of those assets. Defaults by borrowers can also have a negative impact on investment performance.
General Risk Factors
ABILITY TO CONTINUE TO MAINTAIN SATISFACTORY INTERNAL FINANCIAL REPORTING CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.
If we are not able to continue to operate successfully under the requirements of Section 404 of the United States Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or if there is a failure of one or more controls over financial reporting due to fraud, improper execution or the failure of such controls to adjust adequately as our business evolves, then our reputation, financial results and the market price of our stock could suffer. We may be exposed to potential risks from this legislation, which requires companies to evaluate the effectiveness of their internal controls, and such internal control over financial reporting is subject to audit by their independent registered public accounting firm on an annual basis. We have evaluated our internal control over financial reporting as required for purposes of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. Our management concluded our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2021. Our independent registered public accounting firm has issued an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. However, there can be no assurance we will continue to receive an unqualified opinion in future years, particularly since standards continue to evolve and are not necessarily being applied consistently from one independent registered public accounting firm to another. If we identify one or more material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting in the future that we cannot remediate in a timely fashion, we may be unable to receive an unqualified opinion at some time in the future from our independent registered public accounting firm.
POTENTIALLY ADVERSE TAX CONSEQUENCES; CHANGES IN TAX LEGISLATION, REGULATION AND TAX RATES.
We face a variety of risks of increased future taxation on our earnings as a corporate taxpayer in the countries in which we have operations. Moving funds between countries can produce adverse tax consequences. In addition, as our operations are global, we face challenges in effectively gaining a tax benefit for costs incurred in one country that benefit our operations in other countries.
Changes in tax legislation or tax rates may occur in one or more jurisdictions in which we operate that may materially impact the cost of operating our business. In December 2017, the U.S. government enacted comprehensive federal tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Act"). The Act included limitations on business-related deductions and increased taxation of foreign earnings in the U.S., which could increase our future tax expense. Further changes to U.S. corporate tax law have been proposed in the past year, including the proposed Build Back Better Act, some of which could further increase our future tax expense if enacted.
In addition, the potential exists for significant legislative policy change in the taxation of multinational corporations, as has recently been the subject of the “Pillar One” and “Pillar Two” initiatives of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, the European Union Anti-Tax Avoidance Directives, and legislation inspired or required by those initiatives. It is also possible that some governments will make significant changes to their tax policies in response to factors such as budgetary needs, feedback from the business community and the public view on applicable tax planning activities. Further, interpretations of existing tax law in various countries may change due to the regulatory and examination policies of the tax authorities and the decisions of courts.
We face such risks both in our own business and in the investment funds LaSalle operates. Adverse or unanticipated tax consequences to the funds can negatively impact fund performance, incentive fees and the value of co-investments we have made. We are uncertain as to the ultimate results of these potential changes or what their effects will be on our business.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Our principal corporate holding company headquarters are located at 200 East Randolph Drive, Chicago, Illinois, where we currently occupy over 165,000 square feet of office space under a lease that expires in May 2032. Our regional headquarters for our Americas, EMEA and Asia Pacific businesses are located in Chicago, London and Singapore, respectively. We have 328 corporate offices worldwide located in most major cities and metropolitan areas as follows: 140 offices in 11 countries in the Americas (including 116 in the United States), 114 offices in 26 countries in EMEA, and 74 offices in 16 countries in Asia Pacific. In addition, we have on-site property and facility management offices, generally located within properties we manage, provided to us without cost.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
We have contingent liabilities from various pending claims and litigation matters arising in the ordinary course of business, some of which involve claims for damages that are substantial in amount. Many of these matters are covered by insurance (including insurance provided through a wholly-owned captive insurance company), although they may nevertheless be subject to large deductibles or retentions, and the amounts being claimed may exceed the available insurance. Although the ultimate liability for these matters cannot be determined, based upon information currently available, we believe the ultimate resolution of such claims and litigation will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, or liquidity.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Our common stock is listed for trading on the NYSE under the symbol "JLL." As of February 14, 2022, there were approximately 500 shareholders of record of our common stock and more than 85,000 additional street name holders whose shares were held of record by banks, brokers and other financial institutions.
Share Repurchases
In February 2021, our Board of Directors authorized $500.0 million for share repurchases, an addition to the $100.0 million remaining, as of December 31, 2020, from the Board of Directors' October 31, 2019 authorization. During the year ended December 31, 2021 we repurchased nearly 1,452,000 shares for $343.3 million, compared with nearly 897,000 shares repurchased for $100.0 million in 2020.
In February 2022, our Board of Directors authorized an additional $1.5 billion for share repurchases.
The following table provides information about our purchases of equity securities that are registered by us pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act during the quarter ended December 31, 2021:
Period Total number of shares purchased Weighted average price paid per share Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plan Approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the plan (in millions)
October 1, 2021 - October 31, 2021 116,780 $ 256.84 116,780
November 1, 2021 - November 30, 2021 115,039 $ 262.21 115,039
December 1, 2021 - December 31, 2021 361,001 $ 255.10 361,001 $ 256.8
Total 592,820 592,820
Dividends
We did not declare or pay any dividends in 2021 or 2020. Any future decision to declare and pay dividends remains subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors.
Transfer Agent
Computershare
P.O. Box 505000
Louisville, KY 40233
Equity Compensation Plan Information
For information regarding our equity compensation plans, including both shareholder approved plans and plans not approved by shareholders, see Part III, Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters.
Comparison of Cumulative Total Shareholder Return
The following graph compares the cumulative 5-year total return to shareholders of JLL's common stock relative to the cumulative total returns of the S&P 500 Index, and a customized peer group comprising: 1) CBRE Group Inc. (CBRE), a global commercial real estate services company publicly traded in the U.S., 2) Cushman & Wakefield plc (CWK), a global commercial real estate services company publicly traded in the U.S., 3) Colliers International Group Inc. (CIGI), a global commercial real estate services company, traded in the U.S., and 4) Savills plc (SVS.L), a real estate services company traded on the London Stock Exchange. With the exception of Cushman & Wakefield, the following graph assumes the value of the investment in JLL's common stock, the S&P 500 Index, and the peer group (including reinvestment of dividends) was $100 on December 31, 2016. For Cushman & Wakefield, the $100 is assumed to be invested on August 2, 2018, the date of their initial public offering.
December 31,
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
JLL $ 100 $ 148 $ 127 $ 175 $ 149 $ 269
S&P 500 100 119 112 144 168 213
Peer Group 100 141 121 183 184 311

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
ITEM 6. [Reserved]

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis contains certain forward-looking statements generally identified by the words: anticipates, believes, estimates, expects, forecasts, plans, intends and other similar expressions. Such forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance, achievements, plans, and objectives to be materially different from any future results, performance, achievements, plans, and objectives expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. See the Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements after Part IV, Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.
We present our Management's Discussion and Analysis in the following sections:
(1) A summary of our critical accounting policies and estimates;
(2) Certain items affecting the comparability of results;
(3) Certain market and other risks we face;
(4) The results of our operations, first on a consolidated basis and then for each of our business segments; and
(5) Liquidity and capital resources.
In this Item, we discuss results for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 and the comparison between these years. Discussions of results for the year ended December 31, 2019 and comparisons between 2020 and 2019 results can be found in Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.
SUMMARY OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES
An understanding of our accounting policies is necessary for a complete analysis of our results, financial position, liquidity and trends. The preparation of our financial statements requires management to make certain critical accounting estimates and judgments that impact (i) the stated amount of assets and liabilities, (ii) disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and (iii) the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. These accounting estimates are based on management's judgment. We consider them to be critical because of their significance to the financial statements and the possibility future events may differ from current judgments, or that the use of different assumptions could result in materially different estimates. We review these estimates on a periodic basis to ensure reasonableness. Although actual amounts may differ from such estimated amounts, we believe such differences are not likely to be material. For additional detail regarding our critical accounting policies and estimates discussed below, see Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Item 8.
Revenue Recognition
We earn revenue from the following:
•Leasing;
•Capital Markets;
•Property & Facility Management;
•Project & Development Services;
•Advisory, Consulting and Other; and
•LaSalle.
Our services are generally earned and billed in the form of transaction commissions, advisory and management fees, and incentive fees. Some of the contractual terms related to the services we provide, and thus the revenue we recognize, can be complex and so requires us to make judgments about our performance obligations and the timing and extent of revenue to recognize. In addition, a significant portion of our revenue represents the reimbursement of costs we incur on behalf of clients.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Consistent with the services nature of the businesses we have acquired, the largest asset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets is goodwill. We do not amortize goodwill; instead, we evaluate goodwill for impairment at least annually, or as events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may be impaired.
In addition, we may record intangible assets as a result of acquisitions, which are primarily composed of customer relationships, management contracts and customer backlog, and are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. We generally use the income approach to determine fair value, which requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions primarily include discount rates, terminal growth rates, forecasts of revenue, operating income and capital expenditures. The discount rates reflect the risk factors, from the perspective of a market participant, associated with forecasts of cash flows. In addition, we establish an intangible upon closing on the sale of a mortgage loan we originated, concurrent with the retention of its servicing rights and amortize the intangible over the estimated period net servicing income is projected to be received.
Although we believe our intangible asset estimates of fair value are reasonable, actual financial results could differ from those estimates due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making such estimates. Changes in assumptions concerning future financial results or other underlying assumptions could have a significant impact on the determination of the fair value of the identified intangible assets acquired. Judgment is also required in determining the useful life of a finite-lived intangible asset. We evaluate our identified intangibles for impairment at least annually, or as events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may be impaired.
Investments
Substantially all of our investments are grouped within one of the following two categories.
First, we invest in certain real estate ventures that primarily own and operate commercial real estate, historically through co-investments in funds that LaSalle establishes in the ordinary course of business for its clients. These investments include non-controlling ownership interests generally ranging from less than 1% to 10% of the respective ventures. We account for these investments at fair value or under the equity method of accounting.
Second, JLL Technologies invests in proptech funds and early to mid-stage companies to improve our strategic position within the real estate technology landscape, including investments through the JLL Spark Global Venture funds. Generally, we account for these investments at fair value.
Where applicable, we estimate fair value of our investments using the net asset value ("NAV") per share (or its equivalent) our investees provide. Critical inputs to NAV estimates include valuations of the underlying real estate assets and borrowings, which incorporate investment-specific assumptions such as discount rates, capitalization rates, rental and expense growth rates, and asset-specific market borrowing rates. In circumstances where the NAV provided by the investee has a reporting date different than ours or when the NAV is not calculated consistent with U.S. GAAP measurement principles, we adjust the NAV accordingly.
For JLL Technologies investments in proptech companies, we primarily estimate the fair value based on the per-share pricing. Subsequent funding rounds or changes in the companies' business strategy/outlook are indicators of a change in fair value.
For all investments reported at fair value, our investment is increased or decreased each reporting period by the difference between the fair value of the investment and the carrying value as of the balance sheet date. We reflect these fair value adjustments as gains or losses on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income within Equity earnings.
Income Taxes
We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences attributable to (i) differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and (ii) operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. We measure deferred tax assets and liabilities using the enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which we expect those temporary differences to be recovered or settled. We recognize into income the effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates in the period including the enactment date.
Because of the global and cross-border nature of our business, our corporate tax position is complex. We generally provide for taxes in each tax jurisdiction in which we operate based on local tax regulations and rules. Such taxes are provided on pre-tax earnings and include the provision for taxes on substantively all differences between financial statement amounts and amounts used in tax returns, excluding certain non-deductible items and permanent differences.
Our global effective tax rate is sensitive to the complexity of our operations as well as to changes in the mix of our geographic profitability. Local statutory tax rates range from 0% to 38.1% in the countries in which we have significant operations. We evaluate our estimated effective tax rate on a quarterly basis to reflect forecast changes in our geographic mix of income and legislative actions on statutory tax rates.
We provide for the effects of income taxes on interim financial statements based on our estimate of the effective tax rate for the full year. Our effective tax rate was 21.6%, 20.2% and 22.9% for the year ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively.
Very low tax rate jurisdictions (those with effective national and local combined tax rates of 25% or lower) providing the most significant contributions to our effective tax rate include: Hong Kong (16.5%), Singapore (17%), and Saudi Arabia (20%).
Based on our historical experience and future business plans, we do not expect to repatriate our foreign source earnings to the U.S. As of December 31, 2021, we have therefore not provided for withholding tax, dividend distribution tax, capital gains taxes, or other taxes which could arise upon such distribution. We believe our policy of permanently reinvesting earnings of foreign subsidiaries does not significantly impact our liquidity.
We have established valuation allowances against deferred tax assets where expected future taxable income does not support their realization on a more-likely-than-not basis. We formally assess the likelihood of being able to utilize current tax losses in the future on a country-by-country basis, commensurate with the determination of each quarter’s income tax provision. We establish or increase valuation allowances upon specific indications the carrying value of a tax asset may not be recoverable. Alternatively, we reduce valuation allowances upon (i) specific indications the carrying value of the related tax asset is more-likely-than-not recoverable or (ii) the implementation of tax planning strategies which allow an asset we previously determined to be not realizable to be viewed as realizable.
The table below summarizes certain information regarding the gross deferred tax assets and valuation allowance.
December 31,
(in millions) 2021 2020
Gross deferred tax assets $ 708.6 584.8
Valuation allowance 128.8 71.4
The increase in gross deferred tax assets in 2021 was primarily the result of (i) the revaluation of existing UK net operating loss carryovers, (ii) net operating losses from acquired companies and (iii) U.S. capital loss carryovers. The increase in valuation reserves was primarily the result of new reserves on the acquired net operating losses and the U.S. capital loss carryovers.
We evaluate our segment operating performance before tax, and do not consider it meaningful to allocate tax by segment. Estimations and judgments relevant to the determination of tax expense, assets, and liabilities require analysis of the tax environment and the future profitability, for tax purposes, of local statutory legal entities rather than business segments. Our statutory legal entity structure generally does not mirror the way we organize, manage, and report our business operations. For example, the same legal entity may include both LaSalle and RES businesses in a particular country.
As of December 31, 2021, the amount of unrecognized tax benefits was $79.3 million. We believe it is reasonably possible that matters for which we have recorded $32.0 million of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2021, will be resolved during 2022. The recognition of tax benefits, and other changes to the amounts of our unrecognized tax benefits, may occur as the result of ongoing operations, the outcomes of audits or other examinations by tax authorities, or the passing of statutes of limitations. We do not expect changes to our unrecognized tax benefits to have a significant impact on net income, the financial position, or the cash flows of JLL. We do not believe we have material tax positions for which the ultimate deductibility is highly certain but for which there is uncertainty about the timing of such deductibility.
NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
Refer to Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Item 8.
ITEMS AFFECTING COMPARABILITY
Macroeconomic Conditions
Our results of operations and the variability of these results are significantly influenced by (i) macroeconomic trends, (ii) the geopolitical environment, (iii) the global and regional real estate markets and (iv) the financial and credit markets. These macroeconomic and other conditions have had, and we expect will continue to have, a significant impact on the variability of our results of operations. Specifically in 2020 and also into 2021, macroeconomic conditions influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic impacted our operations.
Acquisitions
The timing of acquisitions may impact the comparability of our results on a year-over-year basis. Our results include incremental revenues and expenses following the completion date of an acquisition. In addition, there is generally an initial adverse impact on net income from an acquisition as a result of pre-acquisition due diligence expenditures, transaction/deal costs and post-acquisition integration costs, such as fees from third-party advisors engaged to assist with onboarding and process alignment, retention and severance expense, early lease termination costs, and other integration expenses.
Equity Earnings and Incentive Fees
Equity earnings may vary substantially from period to period for a variety of reasons, including as a result of (i) valuation increases (decreases) on investments reported at fair value, (ii) gains (losses) on asset dispositions and (iii) impairment charges. The timing of recognition of these items may impact comparability between quarters, in any one year, or compared to a prior year.
LaSalle, our investment management business, is in part compensated through incentive fees where performance of underlying funds' investments exceeds agreed-to return hurdles. Depending upon performance, disposition activity and the contractual timing of measurement periods with clients, these fees can be significant and may vary substantially from period to period.
The comparability of these items can be seen in Note 3, Business Segments, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Item 8, and is discussed further in Segment Operating Results included herein.
Foreign Currency
We conduct business using a variety of currencies, but we report our results in U.S. dollars. As a result, the volatility of currencies against the U.S. dollar may positively or negatively impact our results. This volatility can make it more difficult to perform period-to-period comparisons of the reported U.S. dollar results of operations because such results may indicate a rate of growth or decline that might not have been consistent with the real underlying rate of growth or decline in the local operations. Consequently, we provide information about the impact of foreign currencies in the period-to-period comparisons of the reported results of operations in our discussion and analysis of financial condition in the Results of Operations section below.
Transaction-Based Revenue
Transaction-based fees, that are impacted by the size and timing of our clients' transactions, from capital markets activities, leasing activities and other services within our RES business, and LaSalle, increase the variability of the revenue we earn. The timing and the magnitude of these fees can vary significantly from year-to-year and quarter-to-quarter, and from segment-to-segment.
MARKET RISKS
Market Risk
The principal market risks we face due to the risk of loss arising from adverse changes in market rates and prices are:
•Interest rates on our unsecured credit facility (the "Facility"); and
•Foreign exchange risks.
In the normal course of business, we manage these risks through a variety of strategies, including hedging transactions using various derivative financial instruments such as foreign currency forward contracts. We enter into derivative instruments that are short-term in duration with high credit-quality counterparties and diversify our positions across such counterparties in order to reduce our exposure to credit losses. We do not enter into derivative transactions for trading or speculative purposes.
Interest Rates
We centrally manage our debt, considering investment opportunities and risks, tax consequences, and overall financing strategies. Our overall interest rate risk management objectives are to limit the impact of interest rate changes on earnings and cash flows and to lower our overall borrowing costs. We are primarily exposed to interest rate risk on our Facility, which had a borrowing capacity of $2.75 billion as of December 31, 2021. The Facility consists of revolving credit available for working capital, investments, capital expenditures and acquisitions. Our average outstanding borrowings under the Facility during 2021 were $432.0 million, with an effective interest rate of 0.9%. We had $138.2 million of outstanding borrowings under the Facility as of December 31, 2021. The Facility bears a variable rate of interest that fluctuates based on market rates.
Our Notes, $275.0 million face value due in November 2022, bear interest at an annual rate of 4.4%, subject to adjustment if a credit rating assigned to the Notes is downgraded below an investment grade rating (or subsequently upgraded). Our €350.0 million face value of Euro Notes is split between €175.0 million due in June 2027 and €175.0 million due in June 2029, bearing interest at an annual rate of 1.96% and 2.21%, respectively. The issuance of the Notes and Euro Notes at fixed interest rates has helped to limit our exposure to future movements in interest rates.
We assess interest rate sensitivity to estimate the potential effect of rising interest rates on our variable rate debt. If interest rates were 50 basis points higher during 2021, Interest expense, net of interest income, would have been $2.2 million higher.
Foreign Exchange
Foreign exchange risk is the risk we will incur economic losses due to adverse changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Our revenue from outside of the U.S. approximated 42% and 43% of our total revenue for 2021 and 2020, respectively, as outlined in the table below. Operating in international markets means we are exposed to movements in foreign exchange rates, most significantly the British pound and the euro.
We mitigate our foreign currency exchange risk principally by (i) establishing local operations in the markets we serve and (ii) invoicing customers in the same currency as the source of the costs. The impact of translating expenses incurred in foreign currencies into U.S. dollars reduces the impact of translating revenue earned in foreign currencies into U.S. dollars. In addition, British pound and Singapore dollar expenses incurred as a result of our regional headquarters being located in London and Singapore, respectively, act as ongoing partial operational hedges against our translation exposures to those currencies.
We enter into forward foreign currency exchange contracts to manage currency risks associated with intercompany loan balances. Generally, the maturity of these contracts is less than 60 days. As of December 31, 2021, we had forward exchange contracts in effect with a gross notional value of $2.61 billion ($1.51 billion on a net basis). This corresponding net carrying gain is generally offset by a carrying loss in associated intercompany loans.
Although we operate globally, we report our results in U.S. dollars. As a result, the strengthening or weakening of the U.S. dollar in relation to currencies we are exposed to may positively or negatively impact our reported results. The following table sets forth the revenue derived from our most significant currencies.
Year Ended December 31,
($ in millions) 2021 % of Total 2020 % of Total
United States dollar $ 11,283.1 58.3 % $ 9,457.8 57.0 %
British pound 1,626.6 8.4 1,341.1 8.1
Euro 1,393.3 7.2 1,350.6 8.1
Australian dollar 1,118.7 5.8 876.1 5.3
Hong Kong dollar 545.6 2.8 512.2 3.1
Chinese yuan 539.1 2.8 473.1 2.9
Canadian dollar 508.3 2.6 432.6 2.6
Indian rupee 508.2 2.6 524.5 3.2
Singapore dollar 327.4 1.7 246.6 1.5
Japanese yen 256.8 1.3 257.9 1.6
Other currencies 1,259.9 6.5 1,117.4 6.7
Total revenue $ 19,367.0 100.0 % $ 16,589.9 100.0 %
Had the British pound-to-U.S. dollar exchange rates been 10% higher throughout the course of 2021, we estimate our reported operating income would have decreased by $2.2 million. Had euro-to-U.S. dollar exchange rates been 10% higher throughout the course of 2021, we estimate our reported operating income would have increased by $9.2 million. These hypothetical calculations estimate the impact of translating results into U.S. dollars and do not include an estimate of the impact a 10% increase in the U.S. dollar against other currencies would have on our foreign operations.
Seasonality
Historically, our quarterly revenue and profits have tended to increase from quarter to quarter as the year progresses. This is a result of a general focus in the real estate industry on completing or documenting transactions by calendar year end and the fact that certain expenses are constant throughout the year. Historically, we have reported a relatively smaller profit in the first quarter and then increasingly larger profits during each of the following three quarters, excluding the recognition of investment-generated performance fees and realized and unrealized co-investment equity earnings and losses (each of which can be unpredictable). Generally, we recognize incentives fees when assets are sold or as a result of valuation increases in the portfolio, the timing of which may not be predicable or recurring. In addition, co-investment equity gains and losses are primarily dependent on underlying valuations, the direction and magnitude of changes to such valuations are not predictable. Non-variable operating expenses, which we treat as expenses when incurred during the year, are relatively constant on a quarterly basis. In 2020 and 2021, macroeconomic conditions influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the historical seasonality of our revenue and profits. By the end of 2021, the historical seasonality trends began to return.
Inflation
Our operating expenses fluctuate with our revenue and general economic conditions including inflation. However, we do not believe inflation had a material impact on our results of operations during the three-year period ended December 31, 2021.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Definitions
•We define market volumes for Leasing as gross absorption of office real estate space in square feet for the U.S., Europe and selected markets in Asia Pacific. We define market volumes for Capital Markets as the U.S. dollar equivalent value of investment sales transactions globally.
•Assets under management data for LaSalle is reported on a one-quarter lag.
•"MENA": Middle East and North Africa. "Greater China": China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan.
•"n.m.": not meaningful, represented by a percentage change of greater than 1,000% favorable or unfavorable.
•We renamed our Corporate Solutions business to "Work Dynamics" effective June 2021.
Year Ended December 31, 2021 compared with Year Ended December 31, 2020
Year Ended December 31, Change in % Change in Local Currency
($ in millions) 2021 2020 U.S. dollars
Leasing $ 2,794.0 1,884.2 909.8 48 % 47 %
Capital Markets 2,193.5 1,407.4 786.1 56 54
Property & Facility Management 10,222.7 9,485.4 737.3 8 6
Project & Development Services 2,684.9 2,530.1 154.8 6 4
Advisory, Consulting and Other 971.8 861.0 110.8 13 10
Real Estate Services ("RES") revenue $ 18,866.9 16,168.1 2,698.8 17 % 15 %
LaSalle 500.1 421.8 78.3 19 17
Revenue $ 19,367.0 16,589.9 2,777.1 17 % 15 %
Reimbursements 8,321.4 7,689.8 631.6 8 7
Revenue before reimbursements 11,045.6 8,900.1 2,145.5 24 22
Gross contract costs (2,881.5) (2,703.2) (178.3) 7 4
Net non-cash MSR and mortgage banking derivative activity (59.3) (66.6) 7.3 (11) (12)
Fee revenue $ 8,104.8 6,130.3 1,974.5 32 % 31 %
Leasing 2,712.7 1,817.8 894.9 49 48
Capital Markets 2,099.5 1,309.2 790.3 60 59
Property & Facility Management 1,286.2 1,199.5 86.7 7 5
Project & Development Services 805.9 776.1 29.8 4 2
Advisory, Consulting and Other 727.3 627.0 100.3 16 13
RES fee revenue $ 7,631.6 5,729.6 1,902.0 33 % 31 %
LaSalle 473.2 400.7 72.5 18 17
Compensation and benefits excluding gross contract costs $ 5,731.3 4,277.1 1,454.2 34 % 32 %
Operating, administrative and other expenses excluding gross contract costs 1,087.1 991.9 95.2 10 8
Depreciation and amortization 217.5 226.4 (8.9) (4) (6)
Restructuring and acquisition charges 84.7 142.4 (57.7) (41) (40)
Total fee-based operating expenses 7,120.6 5,637.8 1,482.8 26 25
Gross contract costs 2,881.5 2,703.2 178.3 7 4
Total operating expenses, excluding reimbursed expenses $ 10,002.1 8,341.0 1,661.1 20 % 18 %
Operating income $ 1,043.5 559.1 484.4 87 % 86 %
Equity earnings $ 209.4 8.0 201.4 n.m. n.m.
Adjusted EBITDA $ 1,496.5 859.6 636.9 74 % 73 %
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Management uses certain non-GAAP financial measures to develop budgets and forecasts, measure and reward performance against those budgets and forecasts, and enhance comparability to prior periods. These measures are believed to be useful to investors and other external stakeholders as supplemental measures of core operating performance and include the following.
(i)Fee revenue and fee-based operating expenses
(ii)Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin
(iii)Percentage changes against prior periods, presented on a local currency basis
However, non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered alternatives to measures determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Any measure that eliminates components of a company’s capital structure, cost of operations or investments, or other results has limitations as a performance measure. In light of these limitations, management also considers U.S. GAAP financial measures and does not rely solely on non-GAAP financial measures. Because our non-GAAP financial measures are not calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP, they may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies.
Adjustments to GAAP Financial Measures Used to Calculate non-GAAP Financial Measures
Gross contract costs represent certain costs associated with client-dedicated employees and third-party vendors and subcontractors and are indirectly reimbursed through the fees we receive. These costs are presented on a gross basis in Operating expenses with the equal amount of corresponding fees in Revenue before reimbursements. Consistent with our treatment of directly reimbursed expenses, excluding gross contract costs from both Fee revenue and Fee-based operating expenses more accurately reflects how we manage our expense base and operating margins and also enables a more consistent performance assessment across a portfolio of contracts with varying payment terms and structures, including those with direct versus indirect reimbursement of such costs.
Net non-cash mortgage servicing rights ("MSR") and mortgage banking derivative activity consists of the balances presented within Revenue composed of (i) derivative gains/losses resulting from mortgage banking loan commitment and warehousing activity and (ii) gains recognized from the retention of MSR upon origination and sale of mortgage loans, offset by (iii) amortization of MSR intangible assets over the period net servicing income is projected to be received. Non-cash derivative gains/losses resulting from mortgage banking loan commitment and warehousing activity are calculated as the estimated fair value of loan commitments and subsequent changes thereof, primarily represented by the estimated net cash flows associated with future servicing rights. MSR gains and corresponding MSR intangible assets are calculated as the present value of estimated net cash flows over the estimated mortgage servicing periods. The above activity is reported entirely within Revenue of the Capital Markets service line of the Americas segment. Excluding net non-cash MSR and mortgage banking derivative activity reflects how we manage and evaluate performance because the excluded activity is non-cash in nature.
Restructuring and acquisition charges primarily consist of (i) severance and employment-related charges, including those related to external service providers, incurred in conjunction with a structural business shift, which can be represented by a notable change in headcount, change in leadership or transformation of business processes, (ii) acquisition, transaction and integration-related charges, including non-cash fair value adjustments to assets and liabilities recorded in purchase accounting such as earn-out liabilities and intangible assets and (iii) lease exit charges. Such activity is excluded as the amounts are generally either non-cash in nature or the anticipated benefits from the expenditures would not likely be fully realized until future periods. Restructuring and acquisition charges are excluded from segment operating results and therefore not a line item in the segments’ reconciliation to Adjusted EBITDA.
Gain on disposition reflects the gain recognized on the sale of businesses. Given the low frequency of business disposals by the company historically, the gain directly associated with such activity is excluded as it is not considered indicative of core operating performance. In 2021, $12.0 million of the activity related to a business disposition within Americas and $0.4 million related to a sold business within EMEA, while activity in 2020 related to the sale of property management businesses in continental Europe.
Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Below are the reconciliations of (i) Revenue to fee revenue and (ii) Operating expenses to fee-based operating expenses.
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) 2021 2020
Revenue $ 19,367.0 16,589.9
Reimbursements (8,321.4) (7,689.8)
Revenue before reimbursements 11,045.6 8,900.1
Adjustments:
Gross contract costs (2,881.5) (2,703.2)
Net non-cash MSR and mortgage banking derivative activity (59.3) (66.6)
Fee revenue $ 8,104.8 6,130.3
Operating expenses $ 18,323.5 16,030.8
Reimbursed expenses (8,321.4) (7,689.8)
Operating expenses, excluding reimbursed expenses 10,002.1 8,341.0
Less: Gross contract costs
(2,881.5) (2,703.2)
Fee-based operating expenses $ 7,120.6 5,637.8
Operating income $ 1,043.5 559.1
Below is (i) a reconciliation of Net income attributable to common shareholders to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA, (ii) the Net income margin attributable to common shareholders (measured on Revenue before reimbursements), and (iii) the Adjusted EBITDA margin (measured on fee-revenue and presented on a local currency basis).
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) 2021 2020
Net income attributable to common shareholders $ 961.6 402.5
Add:
Interest expense, net of interest income 40.1 52.8
Provision for income taxes 264.3 106.9
Depreciation and amortization 217.5 226.4
EBITDA $ 1,483.5 788.6
Adjustments:
Restructuring and acquisition charges 84.7 142.4
Gain on disposition (12.4) (4.8)
Net non-cash MSR and mortgage banking derivative activity (59.3) (66.6)
Adjusted EBITDA $ 1,496.5 859.6
Net income margin attributable to common shareholders 8.7 % 4.5 %
Adjusted EBITDA margin 18.6 % 14.0 %
In discussing our operating results, we report Adjusted EBITDA margins and refer to percentage changes in local currency, unless otherwise noted. Amounts presented on a local currency basis are calculated by translating the current period results of our foreign operations to U.S. dollars using the foreign currency exchange rates from the comparative period. We believe this methodology provides a framework for assessing performance and operations excluding the effect of foreign currency fluctuations.
The following table reflects the reconciliation to local currency amounts for consolidated (i) Revenue, (ii) fee revenue, (iii) Operating income and (iv) Adjusted EBITDA.
Year Ended December 31,
($ in millions) 2021 % Change
Revenue:
At current period exchange rates $ 19,367.0 17 %
Impact of change in exchange rates (297.5) n/a
At comparative period exchange rates $ 19,069.5 15 %
Fee revenue:
At current period exchange rates $ 8,104.8 32 %
Impact of change in exchange rates (103.6) n/a
At comparative period exchange rates $ 8,001.2 31 %
Operating income:
At current period exchange rates $ 1,043.5 87 %
Impact of change in exchange rates (3.8) n/a
At comparative period exchange rates $ 1,039.7 86 %
Adjusted EBITDA:
At current period exchange rates $ 1,496.5 74 %
Impact of change in exchange rates (7.4) n/a
At comparative period exchange rates $ 1,489.1 73 %
Revenue
Consolidated RES revenue increased 15% to $18.9 billion and consolidated RES fee revenue increased 31% to $7.6 billion, compared with 2020, with broad-based growth across all geographic segments and service lines. Leasing led the consolidated RES revenue and fee revenue growth with increases of 47% and 48%, respectively, versus the prior year. Capital Markets also experienced significant year-over-year growth achieving revenue and fee revenue increases of 54% and 59%, respectively. New wins and expansions of existing client mandates primarily drove the revenue increase in Property & Facility Management, up $737.3 million compared with 2020. In addition, strong performance by Valuation Advisory drove the growth in Advisory, Consulting and Other.
Geographically across service lines, Americas contributed 78% of the year-over-year RES fee revenue increase on a local currency basis; EMEA contributed 12% and Asia Pacific 10%. The following highlights the proportion of RES service line consolidated fee revenue growth, on a local currency basis, compared with 2020, by notable segment.
•Leasing - Americas (82%), EMEA (10%) and Asia Pacific (8%)
•Capital Markets - Americas (75%), EMEA (16%) and Asia Pacific (9%)
•Property & Facility Management - Americas drove 98% of growth
•Project & Development Services - Americas (92%) and Asia Pacific (49%), partially offset by EMEA
•Advisory, Consulting and Other - Americas (48%), Asia Pacific (43%) and EMEA (9%)
LaSalle's 17% revenue growth, compared with 2020, was driven by higher incentive and advisory fees.
Refer to segment operating results for further detail.
Our consolidated revenue increased 17% in U.S. dollars and 15% on a local currency basis, compared with 2020, while consolidated fee revenue increased 32% in U.S. dollars and 31% on a local currency basis, compared with 2020. The spread between U.S. dollars and local currency was driven by a strengthening of the U.S. dollar against most currencies, especially the British pound, euro, Australian dollar, Canadian dollar and Chinese yuan.
Operating Expenses
In 2021, consolidated operating expenses, excluding reimbursed expenses, increased 18% to $10.0 billion. Consolidated fee-based operating expenses, were $7.1 billion in 2021, a 25% increase from prior year. The higher expenses were primarily attributable to Americas, which represented 73% of the increase in fee-based operating expenses on a local currency basis - EMEA represented 14%, Asia Pacific 12% and LaSalle 4%. Refer to segment operating results for additional detail.
The overall expense increase is net of a partial offset from a decrease in Restructuring and acquisition charges; refer to the following table and commentary below for additional detail.
Year ended December 31,
(in millions) 2021 2020
Severance and other employment-related charges $ 14.3 69.0
Restructuring, pre-acquisition and post-acquisition charges 67.8 88.2
Fair value adjustments that resulted in a net increase to earn-out liabilities from prior-period acquisition activity 2.6 (14.8)
Total restructuring & acquisition charges $ 84.7 142.4
Portion of total restructuring & acquisition charges related to the acquisition and integration of HFF $ 40.0 75.9
Charges associated with the acquisition and integration of HFF, Inc. ("HFF") primarily included expenses from retention awards granted to employees upon acquisition as well as other integration expenses, such as early lease termination costs.
The decrease in severance and other employment-related charges, compared with 2020, reflected notable cost mitigation actions taken across the globe in response to the pandemic in 2020.
Interest Expense
Interest expense, net of interest income, for 2021 was $40.1 million, down from $52.8 million in 2020. The decrease was driven by a lower effective interest rate on our Facility and a year-over-year reduction in the average outstanding borrowings. The average outstanding borrowings under our Facility decreased to $432.0 million, with an average effective interest rate of 0.9%, in 2021, from $865.1 million, with an average effective interest rate of 1.6%, during 2020.
Equity Earnings
Equity earnings were $209.4 million in 2021, up from $8.0 million in 2020.
Valuation increases related to JLL Technologies' investments resulted in $140.8 million of equity earnings this year, compared with $5.8 million in 2020, reflecting continued progress in the strategy to invest in early-stage proptech companies; refer to the Americas segment discussion for additional detail.
LaSalle recognized $62.6 million of equity earnings in 2021, compared with $12.4 million of equity losses in the prior year. Refer to the LaSalle segment discussion for additional detail.
In addition, substantially all of the $12.7 million of first-quarter 2020 equity earnings in the Americas segment were attributable to gains by consolidated variable interest entities in which we held no equity interest; these gains are also reflected in net income attributable to noncontrolling interest and, therefore, have no impact to net income attributable to common shareholders.
Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes was $264.3 million and $106.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, representing effective tax rates ("ETR") of 21.6% and 20.2%, respectively. Refer to the Income Tax discussion in the Summary of Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates and Note 8, Income Taxes, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Item 8, for a further discussion of our effective tax rate.
Net Income and Adjusted EBITDA
Net income attributable to common shareholders was $961.6 million for the year, or $18.47 per diluted common share, compared with $402.5 million for 2020, or $7.70 per diluted common share. Adjusted EBITDA increased 73% from the prior year to $1,496.5 million in 2021. Net income margin attributable to common shareholders was 8.7% in 2021 up from 4.5% in the prior year. Adjusted EBITDA margin, calculated on a fee revenue basis, was 18.5% in USD for 2021 (18.6% in local currency), compared with 14.0% last year. The 450 basis point margin expansion was primarily driven by the significant increase in revenue, particularly from higher margin transaction-based service lines, as well as higher equity earnings, as noted above. These drivers were partially offset by the expected reduction of certain non-permanent cost savings from 2020 and incremental investments in people and technology.
Segment Operating Results
Through 2021, we managed and reported our operations as four business segments. Our three geographic RES segments include Americas, EMEA and Asia Pacific. Our fourth segment, LaSalle, offers investment management services on a global basis.
Each geographic region offers our full range of real estate services, including agency leasing and tenant representation, capital markets, property management, facility management, project and development services, and advisory, consulting and valuation services, including technology solutions. We define "property management" to be services we provide to non-occupying property investors and "facility management" to be services we provide to owner-occupiers.
For segment reporting, (i) gross contract costs and (ii) net non-cash MSR and mortgage banking derivative activity are both excluded from revenue in determining "fee revenue". Gross contract costs are excluded from operating expenses in determining "fee-based operating expenses". In addition, our measure of segment results, Segment income, excludes Restructuring and acquisition charges.
Americas - Real Estate Services
% Change
Year Ended December 31, Change in in Local
($ in millions) 2021 2020 U.S. dollars Currency
Revenue $ 11,887.1 10,005.2 1,881.9 19 % 18 %
Reimbursements (6,034.2) (5,643.5) (390.7) 7 7
Revenue before reimbursements $ 5,852.9 4,361.7 1,491.2 34 % 34 %
Gross contract costs (918.0) (842.5) (75.5) 9 9
Net non-cash MSR and mortgage banking derivative activity (59.3) (66.6) 7.3 (11) (11)
Fee revenue $ 4,875.6 3,452.6 1,423.0 41 % 41 %
Leasing 2,132.1 1,403.7 728.4 52 52
Capital Markets 1,463.4 881.3 582.1 66 66
Property & Facility Management 648.6 592.5 56.1 9 9
Project & Development Services 393.3 376.4 16.9 4 4
Advisory, Consulting and Other 238.2 198.7 39.5 20 20
Compensation, operating and administrative expenses excluding gross contract costs 3,864.8 2,831.9 1,032.9 36 36
Depreciation and amortization 138.5 151.4 (12.9) (9) 16
Segment fee-based operating expenses (excluding restructuring & acquisition charges) 4,003.3 2,983.3 1,020.0 34 34
Gross contract costs 918.0 842.5 75.5 9 9
Segment operating expenses, excluding reimbursed expenses $ 4,921.3 3,825.8 1,095.5 29 % 28 %
Equity earnings $ 142.2 19.0 123.2 648 % 648 %
Segment income $ 1,073.8 554.9 518.9 94 % 93 %
Adjusted EBITDA $ 1,157.6 626.6 531.0 85 % 84 %
Transaction-based service lines led revenue and fee revenue growth in Americas, compared with 2020. In addition, organic fee revenue exceeded 2019 activity. Leasing growth was driven by higher transaction volumes and an increase in average deal size in the U.S., with strong performance across all sectors, especially office and industrial. Capital Markets growth reflected investment sales up over 80% for the year, continued momentum in debt and equity advisory (both up approximately 70% compared with last year), and a 28% increase in servicing revenue from our multi-housing business. The increase in Property & Facility management was driven by new client wins and expansion of existing client mandates, especially in Work Dynamics, and was particularly notable given the prior year grew 23% compared with 2019.
Equity earnings from JLL Technologies' investments were $140.8 million in 2021, compared with $5.8 million in 2020, primarily due to valuation increases on the investments as a result of subsequent rounds of funding at higher per-share valuations. In the prior year, substantially all of the $12.7 million first-quarter equity earnings were attributable to gains by consolidated variable interest entities in which the company held no equity interest; therefore, these gains had no net impact to Adjusted EBITDA.
The increases in segment operating expenses, excluding reimbursed expenses, and segment fee-based operating expenses, compared with 2020, were primarily due to higher revenue-related expenses, the expected reduction of certain non-permanent cost savings from prior year (including the benefit related to government relief programs recognized in 2020), incremental investments in people and technology, and $17.6 million of higher medical and dental self-insurance expense compared with the prior year.
Adjusted EBITDA margin for the year, calculated on a fee revenue basis, was 23.7% in USD and local currency in 2021, compared with 18.1% in 2020. The 560 basis point margin expansion was driven by transaction-based revenue growth and higher equity earnings, partially offset by the above-noted expense drivers.
EMEA - Real Estate Services
% Change
Year Ended December 31, Change in in Local
($ in millions) 2021 2020 U.S. dollars Currency
Revenue $ 3,477.7 3,092.8 384.9 12 % 8 %
Reimbursements (741.2) (708.3) (32.9) 5 -
Revenue before reimbursements $ 2,736.5 2,384.5 352.0 15 % 11 %
Gross contract costs (1,092.1) (1,005.0) (87.1) 9 4
Fee revenue $ 1,644.4 1,379.5 264.9 19 % 15 %
Leasing 331.1 239.2 91.9 38 36
Capital Markets 450.9 313.7 137.2 44 40
Property & Facility Management 321.9 302.8 19.1 6 -
Project & Development Services 276.0 276.0 - - (3)
Advisory, Consulting and Other 264.5 247.8 16.7 7 3
Compensation, operating and administrative expenses excluding gross contract costs 1,607.8 1,355.5 252.3 19 15
Depreciation and amortization 42.2 40.0 2.2 6 -
Segment fee-based operating expenses (excluding restructuring & acquisition charges) 1,650.0 1,395.5 254.5 18 14
Gross contract costs 1,092.1 1,005.0 87.1 9 4
Segment operating expenses, excluding reimbursed expenses $ 2,742.1 2,400.5 341.6 14 % 10 %
Equity earnings $ - - - - % - %
Segment loss $ (5.6) (16.0) 10.4 65 % 81 %
Adjusted EBITDA $ 34.4 27.3 7.1 26 % 26 %
EMEA's revenue and fee revenue growth was led by transaction-based revenue, reflecting a continued recovery in most geographies. Notably, Capital Markets and Leasing both increased nearly 10% compared with their respective 2019 fee revenues. The growth in Capital Markets was primarily due to higher deal volumes in investment sales across all sectors, particularly in industrial and office, compared with 2020. The increase in Leasing revenue was driven by transaction volume increases, primarily in office and industrial, and an increase in average deal size, which in the fourth quarter eclipsed the comparative 2019 quarter for the first time this year. Geographically across service lines, fee revenue growth in EMEA was led by the UK, France and Germany.
The increases in segment operating expenses, excluding reimbursed expenses, and segment fee-based operating expenses were primarily due to higher revenue-related expenses, the expected reduction of certain non-permanent cost savings from prior year (including the benefit related to government relief programs recognized in 2020), incremental investments in people and technology, and a $7.5 million greater year-over-year provision for bad debts (a net provision in 2021 compared with a net reduction in 2020).
Adjusted EBITDA margin, calculated on a fee revenue basis, was 2.1% in USD for the year (2.2% in local currency), compared with 2.0% in 2020. The slight margin improvement was primarily attributable to increased higher margin transaction-based revenue, largely offset by the expense drivers noted above.
Asia Pacific - Real Estate Services
% Change
Year Ended December 31, Change in in Local
($ in millions) 2021 2020 U.S. dollars Currency
Revenue $ 3,502.1 3,070.1 432.0 14 % 10 %
Reimbursements (1,538.9) (1,333.2) (205.7) 15 11
Revenue before reimbursements $ 1,963.2 1,736.9 226.3 13 % 10 %
Gross contract costs (851.6) (839.4) (12.2) 1 (1)
Fee revenue $ 1,111.6 897.5 214.1 24 % 20 %
Leasing 249.5 174.9 74.6 43 40
Capital Markets 185.2 114.2 71.0 62 57
Property & Facility Management 315.7 304.2 11.5 4 -
Project & Development Services 136.6 123.7 12.9 10 7
Advisory, Consulting and Other 224.6 180.5 44.1 24 19
Compensation, operating and administrative expenses excluding gross contract costs 955.8 754.7 201.1 27 23
Depreciation and amortization 30.2 27.8 2.4 9 6
Segment fee-based operating expenses (excluding restructuring & acquisition charges) 986.0 782.5 203.5 26 22
Gross contract costs 851.6 839.4 12.2 1 (1)
Segment operating expenses, excluding reimbursed expenses $ 1,837.6 1,621.9 215.7 13 % 10 %
Equity earnings $ 4.6 1.4 3.2 229 % 208 %
Segment income $ 130.2 116.4 13.8 12 % 8 %
Adjusted EBITDA $ 160.4 144.9 15.5 11 % 7 %
Asia Pacific's double-digit revenue and fee revenue increases were primarily due to a rebound in transaction-based revenue. Growth in Leasing was led by Greater China, Australia and India, reflecting momentum in office and industrial throughout 2021. Revenue expansion in Capital Markets was driven by a continued increase in large transactions across most asset classes, highlighted by Australia and Singapore and partially offset by Japan. Significant business growth continued in Valuation Advisory, predominantly in Australia, which primarily drove the fee revenue increase in Advisory, Consulting and Other. Geographically across service lines, fee revenue growth was led by Australia, Greater China and Singapore.
The increases in segment operating expenses, excluding reimbursed expenses, and segment fee-based operating expenses were primarily attributable to higher revenue-related expenses, the expected reduction of certain non-permanent cost savings from prior year (including the benefit related to government relief programs recognized in 2020), and incremental investments in people and technology.
Adjusted EBITDA margin, calculated on a fee revenue basis, was 14.4% in USD and local currency for 2021, compared with 16.1% in 2020. The lower margin was attributable to the expense drivers noted above, which more than offset the increase from incremental transaction-based revenue.
LaSalle
% Change
Year Ended December 31, Change in in Local
($ in millions) 2021 2020 U.S. dollars Currency
Revenue $ 500.1 421.8 78.3 19 % 17 %
Reimbursements (7.1) (4.8) (2.3) 48 40
Revenue before reimbursements $ 493.0 417.0 76.0 18 % 17 %
Gross contract costs (19.8) (16.3) (3.5) 21 21
Fee revenue $ 473.2 400.7 72.5 18 % 17 %
Advisory fees 345.7 320.7 25.0 8 6
Transaction fees & other 33.6 38.5 (4.9) (13) (13)
Incentive fees 93.9 41.5 52.4 126 128
Compensation, operating and administrative expenses excluding gross contract costs 390.0 326.9 63.1 19 18
Depreciation and amortization 6.6 7.2 (0.6) (9) (11)
Segment fee-based operating expenses (excluding restructuring & acquisition charges) 396.6 334.1 62.5 19 17
Gross contract costs 19.8 16.3 3.5 21 21
Segment operating expenses, excluding reimbursed expenses $ 416.4 350.4 66.0 19 % 19 %
Equity earnings (losses) $ 62.6 (12.4) 75.0 605 % 602 %
Segment income $ 139.2 54.2 85.0 157 % 154 %
Adjusted EBITDA $ 144.1 60.8 83.3 137 % 134 %
LaSalle advisory fee growth was led by core open-end funds, a result of recent capital raising and valuation increases in assets under management ("AUM"), as well as a recently launched fund in Asia Pacific. The increase in incentive fees reflected the strong fund performance in the U.S. and real estate dispositions on behalf of clients in Asia Pacific and continental Europe.
Equity earnings in 2021 were primarily attributable to increases to the estimated fair value of underlying real estate investments within LaSalle's co-investment portfolio across asset classes and geographies. In the prior year, equity losses were largely driven by the pandemic's impact on real estate prices which drove lower estimated fair values within the portfolio.
The increases in segment operating expenses and segment fee-based operating expenses, compared with 2020, were primarily driven by compensation expense related to the higher incentive fees, deferred variable compensation expenses associated with the run-off of a previous compensation program, and incremental investments in people and technology.
Adjusted EBITDA margin, calculated on a fee revenue basis, was 30.4% in USD (30.5% in local currency) for 2021, compared with 15.2% in 2020. The significant margin expansion was largely driven by higher equity earnings and incentive fees, partially offset by the expense drivers noted above.
As of December 31, 2021, LaSalle had $76.6 billion of AUM, an increase of 11% in USD and local currency from $68.9 billion as of December 31, 2020. The net increase in AUM during the year resulted from (i) $7.3 billion of acquisitions (ii) $7.6 billion of net valuation increases and (iii) $0.2 billion of foreign currency increases, partially offset by (iv) $7.4 billion of dispositions and withdrawals.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Operating activities provided $972.4 million of cash in 2021, compared to $1,114.7 million in 2020. The decrease in cash provided was primarily due to (i) lower cash collections in the first quarter of 2021 compared with the first quarter of 2020 (trade receivables balance was $1,636.1 million as of December 31, 2020 versus $2,034.3 million as of December 31, 2019) and (ii) the timing of payments related to taxes and other government obligations, partially offset by (iii) lower annual incentive compensation paid in early 2021 compared with early 2020 and (iv) higher cash provided by earnings, driven by an increase in net income.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
We used $805.8 million of cash for investing activities during 2021, compared with $170.6 million used in 2020. The increase in cash used was primarily driven by business acquisitions and incremental JLL Technologies investments in early-stage proptech companies. We discuss these key drivers, along with other investing activities, individually below in further detail.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Financing activities used $143.8 million of cash during 2021, compared with $771.2 million used during 2020. The reduction in cash flows used by financing activities was largely driven by the year-over-year change in net borrowing activity related to our Facility ($150.0 million of net borrowings in 2021 compared with $525.0 million of net repayments in 2020). The change in net borrowing activity reflected higher cash outflows from investing activities (discussed elsewhere in this section), $243.3 million of incremental share repurchases this year and lower cash provided by operating activities.
Debt
Our $2.75 billion Facility matures on April 14, 2026 and bears a variable rate of interest. As of December 31, 2021, we had outstanding borrowings under the Facility of $138.2 million. As of December 31, 2020, we had no outstanding borrowings under the Facility. The average outstanding borrowings under the Facility were $432.0 million (with an average effective interest rate of 0.9%) and $865.1 million (with an average effective interest rate of 1.6%) during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
We had Short-term borrowings (including financing lease obligations, overdrawn bank accounts and local overdraft facilities) of $147.9 million as of December 31, 2021, including $132.7 million related to overdrawn bank accounts and $9.2 million attributable to local overdraft facilities. As of December 31, 2020 short-term borrowings was $62.0 million, including $44.8 million related to overdrawn bank accounts and $12.0 million attributable to local overdraft facilities. As of December 31, 2021, we had the capacity to borrow up to an additional $55.5 million under local overdraft facilities.
In addition, as of December 31, 2021, we had the following outstanding senior notes:
•$275.0 million of Notes due November 2022 (with an fixed interest rate of 4.4%)
•€350.0 million of Euro Notes, evenly divided between maturities of June 2027 (with a fixed interest rate of 1.96%) and June 2029 (with a fixed interest rate of 2.21%).
We will continue to use the Facility for working capital needs (including payment of accrued incentive compensation), co-investment activities, share repurchases, capital expenditures and acquisitions.
Refer to Note 10, Debt in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Item 8, for additional information on our debt.
Investment Activity
As of December 31, 2021, we had a carrying value of $745.7 million in Investments, primarily related to LaSalle co-investments and investments by JLL Technologies in early-stage proptech companies. In 2021 and 2020, funding of investments exceeded returns of capital by $107.1 million and $38.8 million, respectively. We expect continued investments by JLL Technologies as well as strategic co-investment opportunities with our investment management clients globally as co-investment remains an important foundation to the continued growth of LaSalle's business.
In addition, JLL Technologies funded a $45.0 million convertible note in the second quarter of 2021. This activity is included within "Other" in the cash flows from investing activities and primarily included in Long-term receivables on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.
We have unfunded capital commitments to investment vehicles and direct investments totaling a maximum of $372.4 million as of December 31, 2021.
See Note 5, Investments, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Item 8, for additional information on our investment activity.
Share Repurchase and Dividend Programs
On February 21, 2021, our Board of Directors authorized an additional $500.0 million for the repurchase of our common stock in the open market and privately negotiated transactions in addition to the $100.0 million remaining as of December 31, 2020, from the initial authorization. The number of shares repurchased and cash paid for repurchases is noted in table below.
Year Ended December 31,
($'s in millions) 2021 2020
Total number of shares repurchased (in 000's) 1,451.7 897.0
Total paid for shares repurchased $ 343.3 100.0
As of December 31, 2021, $256.8 million remained authorized for repurchases under our share repurchase program.
Capital Expenditures
Capital expenditures, excluding those made by a consolidated VIE in which we held no equity interest, were $175.9 and $149.4 million in 2021 and 2020, respectively, were primarily for leased office space improvements, hardware and purchased/developed software.
Investment Asset Activity of Consolidated Less Than Wholly-Owned Entities
Net capital additions made by consolidated VIEs in which we held no equity interest were net acquisitions of $70.9 million in 2021, compared with net proceeds of $1.0 million in 2020, primarily to acquire (and dispose of) real estate.
Refer to Note 5, Investments, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Item 8, for further information on our consolidated VIE investments.
Business Acquisitions
In 2021, we paid $505.5 million for business acquisitions. This included $416.8 million of payments relating to acquisitions that closed in 2021 and $88.7 million for deferred business acquisition and earn-out obligations related to acquisitions completed in prior years, which are primarily reflected in cash flows from financing activities.
Terms for our acquisitions have typically included cash paid at closing with provisions for additional consideration and earn-out payments subject to certain contract provisions and performance. Deferred business acquisition obligations totaled $28.1 million and $50.1 million on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. These obligations represent the current discounted values of payments to sellers of businesses for which our acquisition has closed as of the balance sheet dates and for which the only remaining condition on those payments is the passage of time. As of December 31, 2021, we had the potential to make earn-out payments on 19 acquisitions subject to the achievement of certain performance conditions, representing $84.1 million accrued for potential earn-out payments, of a potential maximum of $149.9 million (undiscounted), subject to the achievement of certain performance conditions. These earn-outs will come due at various times over the next five years, assuming the achievement of the applicable performance conditions.
We will continue to consider acquisitions we believe will strengthen our market position, increase our profitability and supplement our organic growth.
Refer to Note 4, Business Combinations, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Item 8, for further information on business acquisitions.
Repatriation of Foreign Earnings
Based on our historical experience and future business plans, we do not expect to repatriate our foreign source earnings to the U.S. We believe our policy of permanently reinvesting earnings of foreign subsidiaries does not significantly impact our liquidity. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, we had total cash and cash equivalents of $593.7 million and $574.3 million, respectively, of which $487.9 million and $445.2 million, respectively, was held by our foreign subsidiaries.
Restricted Net Assets
We face regulatory restrictions in certain countries that limit or prevent the transfer of funds to other countries or the exchange of the local currency to other currencies, however, we generally face no such restrictions with regard to the use or application of funds for ordinary course business activities within such countries. The total assets of these countries in aggregate totaled approximately 4% of our total assets as of both December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Leases
Our lease obligations primarily consist of operating leases of office space in various buildings for our own use as well as operating leases for equipment. The total minimum rentals to be received in the future as sublessor under noncancelable operating subleases as of December 31, 2021 was $43.7 million.
Refer to Note 11, Leases, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Item 8, for further information on our lease obligations.
Deferred Compensation
Deferred compensation obligations are inclusive of amounts attributable to service conditions satisfied as of December 31, 2021, as well as service conditions expected to be satisfied in future periods. The deferred compensation plans include a provision for deferred compensation plans, predominantly in the U.S., that allow employees to defer portions of their compensation. We recognize an asset for the amount that could be realized under these insurance contracts at the balance sheet date, and the deferred compensation obligation is adjusted to reflect the changes in the fair value of the amount owed to the employees. The timing of payments to employees is, in part, dependent on their employment with JLL and, therefore, cannot be determined with precision.
Refer to the Consolidated Balance Sheets, of the Consolidated Financial Statements, and Note 9, Fair Value Measurements, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Item 8, for further information on our deferred compensation.
Defined Benefit Plans
The defined benefit plan obligations represent estimates of the expected benefits to be paid out by our defined benefit plans. We will fund these obligations from the assets held by these plans. If the assets these plans hold are not sufficient to fund these payments, JLL will fund the remaining obligations. We have historically funded pension costs as actuarially determined and as applicable laws and regulations require. We expect to contribute $8.6 million to our defined benefit pension plans in 2022. As payments to recipients are based on their retirement date, age and other factors, we cannot determine the timing of such payments with precision.
Refer to Note 7, Retirement Plans, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Item 8, for further information on our defined benefit plans.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Information regarding market risk is included in Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations under the caption "Market Risks" and is incorporated by reference herein.
Disclosure of Limitations
As the information presented above includes only those exposures that exist as of December 31, 2021, it does not consider those exposures or positions which could arise after that date. The information we present has limited predictive value. As a result, the ultimate realized gain or loss with respect to interest rate and foreign currency fluctuations will depend on the exposures that arise during the applicable period, the hedging strategies at the time, and interest and foreign currency rates.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements Page
JONES LANG LASALLE INCORPORATED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, KPMG LLP, on Consolidated Financial Statements 66
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, KPMG LLP, on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting 68
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 69
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 70
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 71
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 72
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 73
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2021, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 28, 2022 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Sufficiency of audit evidence over income taxes
As described in Notes 2 and 8 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company recorded a provision for income taxes of $264.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 based on local tax rules and regulations for the tax jurisdictions in which they operate. The Company has operations which constitute a taxable income presence in 92 countries or other taxable jurisdictions outside of the U.S.
We identified the evaluation of the sufficiency of audit evidence over income tax expense as a critical audit matter. The Company’s global tax structure adds complexity that required subjective auditor judgment to evaluate the sufficiency of audit evidence obtained. This required the involvement of domestic and international tax professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, in order to assess the nature and extent of procedures performed in relation to the amounts recorded and disclosed in the consolidated financial statements.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls over the Company’s income tax process, including controls over the amounts recorded. We applied auditor judgment to determine the nature and extent of procedures to be performed over income tax expense. For certain taxing jurisdictions, we analyzed supporting documentation for the provision for income taxes. In addition, we involved tax professionals with specialized skills and knowledge who evaluated certain of the Company’s interpretations and applications of the tax rules and regulations. We evaluated the sufficiency of audit evidence obtained by assessing the results of procedures performed over income tax expense, including the appropriateness of the nature and extent of such evidence.
/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1988.
Chicago, Illinois
February 28, 2022
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated:
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated and subsidiaries' (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2021, and related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 28, 2022 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Chicago, Illinois
February 28, 2022
JONES LANG LASALLE INCORPORATED
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
December 31,
(in millions, except share and per share data) 2021 2020
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 593.7 574.3
Trade receivables, net of allowance of $67.6 and $66.5
2,004.1 1,636.1
Notes and other receivables 389.3 469.9
Reimbursable receivables 1,734.5 1,461.3
Warehouse receivables 822.3 1,529.2
Short-term contract assets, net of allowance of $2.5 and $1.8
343.1 265.8
Prepaid & other 500.7 517.1
Total current assets 6,387.7 6,453.7
Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $909.1 and $806.2
740.0 663.9
Operating lease right-of-use assets 723.4 707.4
Goodwill 4,611.6 4,224.7
Identified intangibles, net of accumulated amortization of $340.1 and $295.3
887.0 679.8
Investments, including $639.6 and $340.3 at fair value
745.7 430.8
Long-term receivables 316.4 231.1
Deferred tax assets, net 330.8 296.5
Deferred compensation plan 528.8 446.3
Other 233.6 182.3
Total assets $ 15,505.0 14,316.5
Liabilities and Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $ 1,262.8 1,229.8
Reimbursable payables 1,350.0 1,154.5
Accrued compensation & benefits 2,029.5 1,433.2
Short-term borrowings 147.9 62.0
Current maturities of long-term debt, net of debt issuance costs of $0.3 and $-
274.7 -
Short-term contract liabilities and deferred income 208.2 192.9
Short-term acquisition-related obligations 45.8 91.7
Warehouse facilities 795.7 1,498.4
Short-term operating lease liabilities 153.8 165.7
Other 218.1 299.6
Total current liabilities 6,486.5 6,127.8
Credit facility, net of debt issuance costs of $11.8 and $8.7
138.2 (8.7)
Long-term debt, net of debt issuance costs of $1.4 and $2.5
395.6 702.0
Deferred tax liabilities, net 179.7 120.0
Deferred compensation 525.4 450.0
Long-term acquisition-related obligations 66.3 26.2
Long-term operating lease liabilities 714.4 683.9
Other 577.7 597.5
Total liabilities 9,083.8 8,698.7
Redeemable noncontrolling interest 7.8 7.8
Company shareholders' equity:
Common stock, $0.01 par value per share, 100,000,000 shares authorized; 52,076,800 and 51,970,307 shares issued; 50,024,139 and 51,105,417 outstanding
0.5 0.5
Additional paid-in capital 2,053.7 2,023.3
Retained earnings 4,937.6 3,975.9
Treasury stock, at cost, 2,052,661 and 864,890 shares
(406.3) (96.1)
Shares held in trust (5.2) (5.6)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (395.4) (377.2)
Total Company shareholders' equity 6,184.9 5,520.8
Noncontrolling interest 228.5 89.2
Total equity 6,413.4 5,610.0
Total liabilities, redeemable noncontrolling interest and equity $ 15,505.0 14,316.5
See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
JONES LANG LASALLE INCORPORATED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions, except share and per share data) 2021 2020 2019
Revenue:
Revenue before reimbursements $ 11,045.6 8,900.1 10,030.6
Reimbursements 8,321.4 7,689.8 7,952.6
Total revenue $ 19,367.0 16,589.9 17,983.2
Operating expenses:
Compensation and benefits $ 6,819.9 5,268.8 5,812.7
Operating, administrative and other 2,880.0 2,703.4 3,115.7
Reimbursed expenses 8,321.4 7,689.8 7,952.6
Depreciation and amortization 217.5 226.4 202.4
Restructuring and acquisition charges 84.7 142.4 184.4
Total operating expenses $ 18,323.5 16,030.8 17,267.8
Operating income $ 1,043.5 559.1 715.4
Interest expense, net of interest income 40.1 52.8 56.4
Equity earnings 209.4 8.0 36.3
Other income 10.8 15.3 2.3
Income before income taxes and noncontrolling interest 1,223.6 529.6 697.6
Provision for income taxes 264.3 106.9 159.7
Net income 959.3 422.7 537.9
Net (loss) income attributable to noncontrolling interest (2.3) 20.2 2.6
Net income attributable to the Company 961.6 402.5 535.3
Dividends on unvested common stock, net of tax benefit - - 0.9
Net income attributable to common shareholders $ 961.6 402.5 534.4
Basic earnings per common share $ 18.89 7.79 10.98
Basic weighted average shares outstanding (in 000's) 50,917 51,683 48,647
Diluted earnings per common share $ 18.47 7.70 10.87
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding (in 000's) 52,071 52,282 49,154
Net income attributable to the Company $ 961.6 402.5 535.3
Change in pension liabilities, net of tax 38.5 (9.2) (14.6)
Foreign currency translation adjustments (56.7) 59.8 43.0
Comprehensive income attributable to the Company $ 943.4 453.1 563.7
See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
JONES LANG LASALLE INCORPORATED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2021, 2020 AND 2019
(in millions, except share and
per share data) Company Shareholders' Equity
Common Stock Additional Shares
Shares Outstanding Amount Paid-In Retained Held Treasury Total
Capital Earnings in Trust Stock AOCI(1)
NCI(2)
Equity
December 31, 2018 45,599,418 $ 0.5 1,057.3 3,095.7 (5.8) - (456.2) 43.0 $ 3,734.5
Net income (3)
- - - 535.3 - - - 2.4 537.7
Shares issued under stock compensation programs 301,670 - 3.7 - - - - - 3.7
Acquisition of HFF 5,733,603 - 841.2 - - - - - 841.2
Shares repurchased for payment of taxes on stock awards (85,037) - (13.6) - - - - - (13.6)
Amortization of stock-based compensation - - 74.2 - - - - - 74.2
Shares held in trust - - - - 0.1 - - - 0.1
Dividends paid, $0.86 per share - - - (42.7) - - - - (42.7)
Change in pension liabilities, net of tax - - - - - - (14.6) - (14.6)
Foreign currency translation adjustments - - - - - - 43.0 - 43.0
Net increase in amounts attributable to noncontrolling interest - - - - - - - 41.2 41.2
December 31, 2019 51,549,654 $ 0.5 1,962.8 3,588.3 (5.7) - (427.8) 86.6 $ 5,204.7
Net income (3)
- - - 402.5 - - - 20.5 423.0
Shares issued under stock-based compensation programs 632,638 - 0.2 - - 3.9 - - 4.1
Shares repurchased for payment of taxes on stock-based compensation (179,938) - (23.5) - - - - - (23.5)
Amortization of stock-based compensation - - 83.8 - - - - - 83.8
Shares held in trust - - - - 0.1 - - - 0.1
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting for credit losses - - - (14.9) - - - - (14.9)
Repurchase of common stock (896,937) - - - - (100.0) - - (100.0)
Change in pension liabilities, net of tax - - - - - - (9.2) - (9.2)
Foreign currency translation adjustments - - - - - - 59.8 - 59.8
Net decrease in amounts attributable to noncontrolling interest - - - - - - - (17.9) (17.9)
December 31, 2020 51,105,417 $ 0.5 2,023.3 3,975.9 (5.6) (96.1) (377.2) 89.2 $ 5,610.0
Net income (3)
- - - 961.6 - - - (2.2) 959.4
Shares issued under stock-based compensation programs 558,573 - (37.7) - - 57.3 - - 19.6
Shares repurchased for payment of taxes on stock-based compensation (188,131) - (28.3) - - (24.2) - - (52.5)
Amortization of stock-based compensation - - 96.4 - - - - - 96.4
Shares held in trust - - - - 0.4 - - - 0.4
Dividends from vested historic award - - - 0.1 - - - - 0.1
Repurchase of common stock (1,451,720) - - - - (343.3) - - (343.3)
Change in pension liabilities, net of tax - - - - - - 38.5 - 38.5
Foreign currency translation adjustments - - - - - - (56.7) - (56.7)
Net increase in amounts attributable to noncontrolling interest - - - - - - - 141.5 141.5
December 31, 2021 50,024,139 $ 0.5 2,053.7 4,937.6 (5.2) (406.3) (395.4) 228.5 $ 6,413.4
(1) AOCI: Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
(2) NCI: Noncontrolling interest
(3) Excludes net (loss) income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest of $(0.1) million, $(0.3) million and $0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
JONES LANG LASALLE INCORPORATED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) 2021 2020 2019
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income $ 959.3 422.7 537.9
Reconciliation of net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization 217.5 226.4 202.4
Equity earnings (209.4) (8.0) (36.3)
Net (gain) loss on the disposition of assets (10.9) 1.2 0.9
Distributions of earnings from real estate ventures 28.6 11.7 21.0
Provision for loss on receivables and other assets 12.1 45.6 30.8
Amortization of stock-based compensation 96.4 83.8 74.2
Net non-cash mortgage servicing rights and mortgage banking derivative activity (59.3) (66.6) (21.2)
Accretion of interest and amortization of debt issuance costs 4.4 5.1 5.3
Other, net (14.0) (27.1) 11.3
Change in:
Receivables (402.0) 414.3 (330.0)
Reimbursable receivables and reimbursable payables (82.4) 122.2 26.2
Prepaid expenses and other assets (232.1) (32.9) (110.0)
Deferred tax assets, net (0.4) (37.1) (18.7)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (11.6) 177.1 (64.7)
Accrued compensation 676.2 (223.7) 154.7
Net cash provided by operating activities 972.4 1,114.7 483.8
Cash flows from investing activities:
Net capital additions - property and equipment (175.9) (149.4) (187.8)
Net investment asset activity (less than wholly-owned) (70.9) 1.0 (79.2)
Business acquisitions, net of cash acquired (416.8) - (801.3)
Capital contributions to real estate ventures (181.1) (80.3) (137.7)
Distributions of capital from real estate ventures 74.0 41.5 113.8
Other, net (35.1) 16.6 42.5
Net cash used in investing activities (805.8) (170.6) (1,049.7)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from borrowings under credit facility 5,094.0 5,217.0 5,864.0
Repayments of borrowings under credit facility (4,944.0) (5,742.0) (5,339.0)
Net proceeds from (repayments of) short-term borrowings 91.8 (64.3) 86.8
Payments of deferred business acquisition obligations and earn-outs (63.7) (44.4) (77.3)
Shares repurchased for payment of employee taxes on stock awards (52.5) (23.5) (13.6)
Repurchase of common stock (343.3) (100.0) -
Payment of dividends - - (42.7)
Noncontrolling interest contributions (distributions), net 19.0 (0.9) 40.6
Other, net 54.9 (13.1) 65.8
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities (143.8) (771.2) 584.6
Effect of currency exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash (21.0) 14.8 (0.8)
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash 1.8 187.7 17.9
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of the year 839.8 652.1 634.2
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of the year $ 841.6 839.8 652.1
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Restricted cash, beginning of the year $ 265.5 200.2 153.3
Restricted cash, end of the year 247.9 265.5 200.2
Cash paid during the year for:
Interest $ 38.8 50.2 58.5
Income taxes, net of refunds 262.5 138.5 280.8
Operating leases 196.7 191.4 171.2
Non-cash activities:
Business acquisitions (including contingent consideration) $ 68.6 - 846.1
Deferred business acquisition obligations 10.0 - 17.0
Non-cash consideration received for disposition 23.9 - -
See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
JONES LANG LASALLE INCORPORATED
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1.ORGANIZATION
Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated ("Jones Lang LaSalle," which we may refer to as "JLL," "we," "us," "our," or the "Company") was incorporated in 1997. We have corporate offices worldwide and over 98,000 employees, including approximately 44,500 employees whose costs are reimbursed by our clients. We provide comprehensive integrated real estate and investment management expertise on a local, regional and global level to owner, occupier and investor clients. We are an industry leader in property and facility management services, with a managed portfolio of approximately 5.4 billion square feet worldwide as of December 31, 2021. LaSalle Investment Management ("LaSalle") is one of the world's largest and most diversified real estate investment management firms, with $76.6 billion of assets under management (unaudited) as of December 31, 2021.
The following table shows the revenue for the major product categories into which we group our services.
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) 2021 2020 2019
Real Estate Services:
Leasing $ 2,794.0 1,884.2 2,524.0
Capital Markets 2,193.5 1,407.4 1,542.2
Property & Facility Management 10,222.7 9,485.4 9,364.7
Project & Development Services 2,684.9 2,530.1 3,121.5
Advisory, Consulting and Other 971.8 861.0 904.7
LaSalle 500.1 421.8 526.1
Total revenue $ 19,367.0 16,589.9 17,983.2
We work for a broad range of clients representing a wide variety of industries in markets throughout the world. Our clients vary greatly in size and include for-profit and not-for-profit entities of all kinds, public-private partnerships and governmental (public sector) entities. We provide real estate investment management services on a global basis for both public and private assets through LaSalle. Our integrated global business model, industry-leading research capabilities, client relationship management focus, consistent worldwide service delivery and strong brand are attributes that enhance our services.
2.SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Principles of Consolidation
Our Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP") and include the accounts of JLL and its majority-owned and controlled subsidiaries. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. Investments over which we exercise significant influence, but do not control, are accounted for either at fair value or under the equity method.
When applying principles of consolidation, we begin by determining whether an investee entity is a variable interest entity ("VIE") or a voting interest entity. U.S. GAAP draws a distinction between voting interest entities, which are embodied by common and traditional corporate and certain partnership structures, and VIEs, broadly defined as entities for which control is achieved through means other than voting rights. For voting interest entities, the interest holder with control through majority ownership and majority voting rights consolidates the entity. For VIEs, determination of the "primary beneficiary" dictates the accounting treatment. We identify the primary beneficiary of a VIE as the enterprise having both (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. We perform the primary beneficiary analysis as of the inception of our investment and upon the occurrence of a reconsideration event. When we determine we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE, we consolidate the VIE; when we determine we are not the primary beneficiary of the VIE, we account for our investment in the VIE at fair value or under the equity method, based upon an election made at the time of investment.
Our determination of the appropriate accounting method to apply for unconsolidated investments is based on the level of influence we have in the underlying entity. When we have an asset advisory contract with a real estate limited partnership in which we also hold an ownership interest, the combination of our limited partner interest and the advisory agreement generally provides us with significant influence over such real estate limited partnership. Accordingly, we account for such investments either at fair value or under the equity method. We eliminate transactions with such subsidiaries to the extent of our ownership in such subsidiaries.
For less-than-wholly-owned consolidated subsidiaries, noncontrolling interest is the portion of equity not attributable, directly or indirectly, to JLL. We evaluate whether noncontrolling interests possess any redemption features outside of our control. If such features exist, the noncontrolling interests are presented outside of permanent equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheets within Redeemable noncontrolling interest. Redeemable noncontrolling interests are adjusted to the greater of their fair value or carrying value as of each balance sheet date through a charge to Additional paid-in capital, if necessary. If classification and presentation outside of permanent equity is not considered necessary, noncontrolling interests are presented as a component of permanent equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We report revenues, expenses and net income (loss) from less-than-wholly-owned consolidated subsidiaries at the consolidated amounts, including both the amounts attributable to the Company and noncontrolling interests; the income or loss attributable to the noncontrolling interest holders is reflected in Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
Changes in amounts attributable non-redeemable noncontrolling interests are reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity. Changes in amounts attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests are presented in the following table.
(in millions)
Redeemable noncontrolling interests as of December 31, 2018
$ -
Business acquisition (1)
8.4
Net income 0.2
Redeemable noncontrolling interests as of December 31, 2019
8.6
Net loss (0.3)
Distribution to redeemable noncontrolling interest (0.5)
Redeemable noncontrolling interests as December 31, 2020
7.8
Net loss (0.1)
Other 0.1
Redeemable noncontrolling interests as of December 31, 2021
$ 7.8
(1) Reflects the ownership interests retained by the seller associated with our 2019 acquisition of Latitude Real Estate Investors.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, and reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Such estimates include the value and allocation of purchase consideration, valuation of accounts receivable, Reimbursable receivables, Warehouse receivables, Investments, Goodwill, intangible assets, derivative financial instruments, other long-lived assets, earn-out liabilities, legal contingencies, assumptions used in the calculation of income taxes, incentive compensation, self-insurance program liabilities, and retirement and other post-employment benefits, among others.
These estimates and assumptions are based on management's best estimate and judgment. We evaluate these estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors, including the current economic environment, which we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. We adjust such estimates and assumptions when facts and circumstances dictate. Market factors, such as illiquid credit markets, volatile equity markets and foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations can increase the uncertainty in such estimates and assumptions. Because future events and their effects cannot be determined with precision, actual results could differ significantly from these estimates. Changes in those estimates resulting from continuing changes in the economic environment will be reflected in the financial statements in future periods. Although actual amounts may differ from such estimated amounts, we believe such differences are not likely to be material.
Revenue Recognition
We earn revenue from the following:
•Leasing;
•Capital Markets;
•Property & Facility Management;
•Project & Development Services;
•Advisory, Consulting and Other; and
•LaSalle.
Leasing
Leasing revenue is earned from brokerage commissions as we represent tenants and/or landlords in connection with real estate leases. Our performance obligation is to facilitate the execution of a lease agreement, which is satisfied at a point in time, upon lease execution. Generally, we are either entitled to the full consideration upon lease execution or in part upon lease execution with the remainder upon the occurrence of a future event outside of our control (e.g. tenant occupancy, lease commencement, or rent commencement). The majority of the events that preclude our entitlement to the full consideration upon lease execution are considered to be “normal course of business” and, therefore, do not result in a constraint upon the recognition of revenue. In the infrequent instance our fee entitlement in a contract with a customer is predicated on the occurrence of a future event(s) uncertain of occurring, we constrain the recognition of revenue until the uncertainty is resolved or the future event occurs. Generally, less than 5% of our Leasing revenue recognized in a period had previously been constrained.
Capital Markets
Capital Markets provides brokerage and other services for capital transactions, such as real estate sales or loan originations and refinancing. Our performance obligation is to facilitate the execution of capital transactions, and we are generally entitled to the full consideration at the point in time upon which our performance obligation is satisfied, at which time we recognize revenue. Our mortgage banking and servicing operations - such as activities related to mortgage servicing rights ("MSR" or "MSRs"), loan origination fees and servicing income - are excluded from the scope of Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, ("ASC Topic 606"). Such out-of-scope revenue was included entirely within Americas Capital Markets and is presented below.
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) 2021 2020 2019
Revenue excluded from scope of ASC Topic 606 $ 337.1 305.3 204.6
Property & Facility Management
Property Management provides on-site day-to-day real estate management services for owners of office, industrial, retail, multifamily residential and various other types of properties, representing a series of daily performance obligations delivered over time. Pricing is generally in the form of a monthly management fee based upon property-level cash receipts, square footage under management or some other variable metric.
Although we are principal in limited situations, we generally act as agent on behalf of our Property Management clients in relation to third-party vendors and subcontractors engaged to deliver operational services to our clients' properties. In these situations, we arrange, but do not control, the services provided by third-party vendors and subcontractors prior to the transfer of the services to the client. As a result, the costs incurred on behalf of clients, along with the corresponding revenue, are presented net on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
Facility Management primarily provides comprehensive, on-site day-to-day real estate management services to corporations and institutions across a broad range of industries that outsource the management of the real estate they occupy, representing a series of daily performance obligations delivered over time. Pricing generally includes a management fee and, in many instances, an incentive fee or other form of variable consideration.
Although we may act as agent on behalf of our clients with respect to certain mandates, we generally act as principal for our Facility Management contracts with respect to third-party vendors and subcontractors engaged to deliver operational services to our clients' facilities. In these situations, we control the services provided by such third-party vendors and subcontractors prior to the transfer of the services to the client. As a result, the costs incurred on behalf of our clients, along with the corresponding reimbursement revenue, are presented gross on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
Project & Development Services
Project & Development Services provides short-term construction-related services ranging from general contracting to project management for owners and occupiers of real estate. Depending on the terms of our engagement, our performance obligation is either to arrange for the completion of a project or to assume responsibility for completing a project on behalf of a client. Our obligations to clients are satisfied over time due to the continuous transfer of control of the underlying asset. Therefore, we recognize revenue over time, generally using input measures (e.g. to-date costs incurred relative to total estimated costs at completion). Typically, we are entitled to consideration at distinct milestones over the term of an engagement.
For certain contracts where we assume responsibility for completing a project, we control the services provided by third-party vendors and subcontractors prior to transfer of the assets to the client. In these situations, the costs incurred on behalf of clients, along with the associated reimbursement revenue are presented gross on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. For situations in which we act as agent on behalf of clients, costs incurred and the associated revenue are presented net on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
Advisory, Consulting and Other
Advisory, Consulting and Other includes a variety of different service offerings, whereby our performance obligation is to provide services as specified in the contract. Occasionally, our entitlement to consideration is predicated on the occurrence of an event such as the delivery of a report for which client acceptance is required. However, except for event-driven point-in-time transactions, the majority of services provided within this service line are delivered over time due to the continuous transfer of control to our clients.
LaSalle
LaSalle provides real estate investment management services to clients and generally earns consideration in the form of advisory fees, transaction fees and incentive fees. Typically, our performance obligation is to manage clients’ capital for a specified period of time and is delivered as a series of daily performance obligations over time. Revenue recognition for transaction and incentive fees is generally constrained until all contingencies have cleared due to the possibility of a significant reversal until completion of the events necessary to realize the associated consideration. Substantially all incentive fees recognized as revenue were previously constrained.
Contract Costs
Expenses, primarily employee commissions, incurred on leasing and capital markets transactions represent substantially all our incremental costs to obtain revenue contracts. We apply the applicable practical expedient offered by ASC Topic 606 when the amortization period is one year or less and, therefore, recognize these costs as an operating expense as they are incurred.
We also incur costs to fulfill revenue contracts, primarily related to transition costs incurred prior to delivering Property & Facility Management services. These costs are not expensed as incurred but are deferred and amortized as an operating expense over the expected life of the contract in accordance with the transfer of related services. These deferred costs are assessed periodically for impairment.
Contract Assets and Liabilities
Contract assets include amounts recognized as revenue for which we are not yet entitled to payment for reasons other than the passage of time, but that do not constrain revenue recognition. We include Contract assets in our reserving process and assess the risk of loss similar to our methodology for Trade receivables, since Contract assets are reclassified to Trade receivables when we become entitled to payment. Accordingly, a reserve is applied upon recognition of the contract asset.
Contract liabilities include advance payments we have received which relate to performance obligations we have not yet satisfied. Our contract assets, net of allowance, are included in Short-term contract assets and Other assets and our contract liabilities are included in Short-term contract liabilities and deferred income on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The majority of contract liabilities are recognized as revenue within 90 days.
Detail of our contract assets and liabilities is presented below.
(in millions) December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020
Contract assets, gross $ 438.7 347.8
Allowance for contract assets (2.8) (2.1)
Contract assets, net $ 435.9 345.7
Contract liabilities $ 128.9 111.0
Deferred Income
Deferred income includes payments received from customers for which we have satisfied our performance obligations but are not yet able to recognize the related revenue because of contractual requirements.
Remaining Performance Obligations
Remaining performance obligations represent the aggregate transaction price for contracts where our performance obligations have not yet been satisfied. As of December 31, 2021, the aggregate amount of transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations represented less than 5% of our total revenue. In accordance with ASC Topic 606, excluded from the aforementioned remaining performance obligations are (i) amounts attributable to contracts expected to be completed within 12 months and (ii) variable consideration for services performed as a series of daily performance obligations, such as property and facility management contracts and LaSalle advisory contracts. Contracts within these businesses represent a significant portion of our contracts with customers not expected to be completed within 12 months.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
We consider all highly-liquid investments purchased with maturities of less than three months to be cash equivalents. The carrying amount of cash equivalents approximates fair value due to the short-term maturity of these investments.
Financing Receivables
We account for Trade receivables, Notes and other receivables, Long-term receivables, Reimbursable receivables, and Warehouse receivables as financing receivables.
Trade Receivables
Pursuant to contractual arrangements, Trade receivables, net of allowances include unbilled amounts of $600.6 million and $460.1 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
We estimate the allowance necessary to provide for uncollectible accounts receivable. The estimate includes specific amounts for which payment has become unlikely. We also base this estimate on historical experience combined with a review of current developments and client credit quality. The process by which we calculate the allowance begins with the individual business units where specific accounts for which collectability is uncertain are identified and reserved as part of an overall reserve that is formulaic and driven by the age profile of the receivables and our historical experience. We then review these allowances on a quarterly basis to ensure they are appropriate. After all collection efforts have been exhausted by management, the outstanding balance considered not collectible is written off against the allowance.
The following table details the changes in the allowance for uncollectible receivables.
(in millions) 2021 2020 2019
Allowance as of January 1,(1)
$ 66.5 71.7 52.0
Charged to income 25.5 24.3 30.8
Write-off of uncollectible receivables (22.1) (29.5) (13.8)
Impact of exchange rate movements and other (2.3) - (0.9)
Allowance as of December 31, $ 67.6 66.5 68.1
(1) January 1, 2020 includes $3.6 million adjustment due to the adoption of ASC Topic 326.
Notes and Other Receivables and Long-Term Receivables
We make ongoing assessments of the collectability of outstanding Notes and other receivables and Long-term receivables, considering both objective and subjective factors such as the aging profile of outstanding balances, the contractual terms of repayment, and credit quality. Aspects of credit quality considered in our assessments of collectability include historical experience, current and expected economic conditions, and our broader business relationship with the obligor. We record an allowance against the outstanding balance when our assessments determine payment has become unlikely. After all collection efforts have been exhausted by management, the outstanding balance is written off against the reserve. Historically, credit quality deterioration to the point of impairment or non-performance in our Notes and other receivables and Long-term receivables has been limited and has not had a material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Reimbursable Receivables
We recognize Reimbursable receivables for costs incurred on behalf of clients, primarily while performing Property & Facility Management services. These costs include direct reimbursements, primarily payroll and third-party vendor and subcontractor costs. We record an allowance based on specific identification of an uncollectible reimbursable receivable, considering current and future economic conditions as well as client credit quality. Historically, we have not experienced any material collection issues and, as such, have not applied a formulaic reserve to these receivables. Reimbursable receivables relate to our Reimbursable payables, which are typically satisfied on a pay-when-paid basis.
Warehouse Receivables
We classify Warehouse receivables as held-for-sale as they represent originated mortgage loans for which we have simultaneously executed commitments to sell to a third-party investor, primarily the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac), the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae), and the Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae). These loans (also referred to as "Warehouse receivables") are funded directly to borrowers by our warehouse facilities and are generally repaid within a 45-day period after origination when the third-party investor buys the loan(s); upon surrender of control over each loan, we account for the transfer as a sale. Warehouse receivables are measured and reported at fair value in accordance with our entity-wide election of the fair value option. As such, increases or decreases in the fair value of loans are recognized as Revenue on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Historically, we have not experienced credit quality deterioration or uncollectible balances with respect to our Warehouse receivables.
We generally retain certain servicing rights upon sale of the mortgage loan (refer to the Mortgage Servicing Rights section below). We typically retain no exposure for credit losses on loans subsequent to sale, except for loans under Fannie Mae's Delegated Underwriting and Servicing ("DUS") program. See the following section, Financial Guarantees, as well as Note 13, Commitments and Contingencies for additional information on the risk of loss retained related to DUS program loans.
Contractually specified servicing fees related to sold warehouse receivables were $101.8 million, $80.0 million and $63.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively, and are included in Revenue on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
Financial Guarantees
Certain loans we originate and sell under the Fannie Mae DUS program retain a percentage of the risk of loss. This loss-sharing aspect of the program represents an off-balance sheet credit exposure, and we have established a contingent reserve ("loan loss guarantee reserve") for this risk in accordance with ASC Topic 326. To estimate the reserve, we use a model that analyzes historical losses, current and expected economic conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The model also considers specific details of the underlying property used as collateral, such as occupancy and financial performance. The loan loss guarantee reserve is calculated on an individual loan level. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the loan loss guarantee reserve was $22.9 million and $36.7 million, respectively, and was included within Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The balance as of December 31, 2021 reflects a notable decrease from the prior year as a result of improving economic conditions and projections over the course of 2021.
For all DUS program loans with loss-sharing obligations, we record a non-contingent liability equal to the estimated fair value of the guarantee obligations undertaken upon sale of the loan, which reduces our gain on sale of the loan. Subsequently, this liability is amortized over the estimated life of the loan and recognized as Revenue on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The loss-sharing guarantee obligation (in accordance with ASC Topic 460, Guarantees) is separate from the loan loss guarantee reserve discussed above. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, loss-sharing guarantee obligations were $24.6 million and $22.1 million, respectively, and was included in Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
See Note 13, Commitments and Contingencies, for further information on the DUS program.
Mortgage Servicing Rights
We generally retain certain servicing rights in connection with the origination and sale of Warehouse receivables. We initially record MSRs based on the fair value of these rights on the date the loans are sold, which could result in net gains which we recognize as Revenue on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, we had $478.7 million and $424.3 million, respectively, of MSRs carried at the lower of amortized cost or fair value in Identified intangibles on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
We amortize servicing rights over the estimated period net servicing income is projected to be received. In addition, we evaluate MSR intangible assets for impairment on a quarterly basis, or more frequently if circumstances or events indicate a change in fair value. Other than write-offs due to prepayments of sold Warehouse receivables for which we retained the servicing rights, there have been no significant instances of impairment during the three-year period ended December 31, 2021. However, an increase in loan prepayment activity or deterioration in the credit quality of borrowers could result in a decrease to our MSR balance. MSRs do not actively trade in an open market with readily available observable prices; therefore, if necessary, the fair value of these rights are determined in part based on certain assumptions and judgments that are unobservable within the fair value hierarchy, including the estimation of the present value of future cash flows to be realized from servicing the underlying mortgages. The estimated fair value of MSRs was $561.5 million and $459.6 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
See Note 4, Business Combinations, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets for additional information on MSRs.
Restricted Cash
Restricted cash primarily consists of cash amounts set aside to satisfy legal or contractual requirements arising in the normal course of business. We are restricted in our ability to withdraw these funds other than for their specified use. Restricted cash was included in Prepaid and other current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Property and Equipment
We record property and equipment at cost and depreciate these assets over their relevant useful lives. We capitalize certain direct costs relating to internal-use software when incurred during the application development phase.
We evaluate property and equipment for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate the carrying value of an asset group may not be recoverable. We record an impairment loss to the extent the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value. We did not recognize any significant impairment losses related to property and equipment during the three years ended December 31, 2021.
We calculate depreciation on property and equipment for financial reporting purposes using the straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives of our assets. Depreciation expense related to property and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $164.2 million, $169.3 million, and $157.6 million, respectively. The following table shows the gross value of major asset categories and the standard depreciable lives, as of December 31, 2021, for each of these asset categories.
December 31,
($ in millions) 2021 2020 Depreciable Life
Furniture, fixtures and equipment $ 132.5 127.9 3 to 13 years
Computer equipment and software 886.9 829.8 2 to 7 years
Leasehold improvements 396.0 352.4 1 to 15 years
Other (1)
233.6 160.0 2 to 30 years
Total 1,649.0 1,470.1
Less: Accumulated depreciation 909.1 806.2
Net property and equipment $ 740.0 663.9
(1) Other includes certain assets, such as land, which are not depreciated.
Business Combinations, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
We have historically grown, in part, through a series of acquisitions. Consistent with the services nature of the majority of businesses we have acquired, we have recognized significant goodwill and intangible assets resulting from these acquisitions. Intangible assets are initially recorded at their respective acquisition date fair values and amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. They primarily represent customer relationships, management contracts and customer backlogs acquired as part of our acquisitions.
We evaluate goodwill for impairment at least annually. We define our four reporting units as the three geographic regions of RES (i) Americas, (ii) Europe, Middle East and Africa ("EMEA") and (iii) Asia Pacific; and (iv) LaSalle.
We have considered qualitative and quantitative factors while performing our annual impairment test of goodwill (as of July 1, 2021) and determined it is not more-likely-than-not that the fair value of all our reporting units are less than their carrying values. In performing our assessments of all reporting units, we primarily considered (i) macroeconomic and industry trends, (ii) our overall financial performance, and nature of the key drivers thereof, during the year at both the reporting unit and consolidated reporting levels, (iii) near and longer-term forecasts of operating income and cash flows generated by our reporting units in relation to the carrying values of the net assets of each reporting unit, and (iv) our market capitalization in relation to the aggregate carrying value of our net assets.
In addition to our annual impairment evaluation, we evaluated whether events or circumstances have occurred in the period subsequent to our annual impairment testing and determined it is not more-likely-than-not that the fair value of all our reporting units are less than their respective carrying values. It is possible our determination that goodwill for a reporting unit is not impaired could change in the future if current economic or other conditions deteriorate. We will continue to monitor the relationship between our market capitalization and carrying value, as well as the ability of our reporting units to deliver current and projected earnings and cash flows sufficient to support the carrying values of the net assets of their respective businesses.
We evaluate our Identified intangibles for impairment annually or more frequently if other events or circumstances indicate the carrying value may be impaired.
See Note 4, Business Combinations, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, for additional information on business combinations, goodwill and other intangible assets.
Investments
We invest in certain ventures that primarily own and operate commercial real estate on a global basis across a wide array of sectors including retail, residential and office. Historically, these investments have primarily been co-investments in funds our LaSalle business establishes in the ordinary course of business for its clients. These investments take the form of equity ownership interests generally ranging from less than 1% to 10% of the respective ventures and, based upon investment-specific objectives, have generally included five to nine-year investment periods. Typically, our investments are not redeemable until the earlier of the disposition of the underlying real estate investments or the end of the fund's life. When in place, such restrictions are a result of our role beyond that of a passive investor, which generally means an advisory or management responsibility on behalf of the other investors who are typically clients of our LaSalle business. We primarily account for these investments at fair value utilizing information provided by investees, however, as further discussed below, we report certain of our investments under the equity method.
In addition to our LaSalle investments, JLL Technologies has strategic investments in property technology ("proptech") funds and early to mid-stage proptech companies to improve our strategic position within the real estate technology landscape, including investments through the JLL Spark Global Venture funds. We generally account for these investments at fair value. The fair value of these investments was $330.1 million and $69.9 million as of December 31, 2021, and 2020, respectively.
For limited partnerships in which we are a general partner, the entities are generally well-capitalized and grant the limited partners substantive participating rights, such as the right to replace the general partner without cause, to dissolve or liquidate the partnership, to approve the sale or refinancing of the principal partnership assets, or to approve the acquisition of principal partnership assets. We account for such general partner interests at fair value or under the equity method.
For limited partnerships in which we are a limited partner, management has concluded we do not have a controlling interest in these limited partnerships. When we have an asset advisory contract with the limited partnership, the combination of our limited partner interest and the advisory agreement generally provides us with significant influence over the real estate limited partnership venture. Accordingly, we account for such investments at fair value or under the equity method.
See "Principles of Consolidation" above for additional discussion of the accounting for our co-investments.
For investments reported at fair value, we maintain an investment account that is increased or decreased each reporting period by the difference between the fair value of the investment and the carrying value as of the balance sheet date. These fair value adjustments are reflected as gains or losses on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income within Equity earnings. To the extent applicable, we estimate fair value of our investments using the net asset value ("NAV") per share (or its equivalent) our investees provide. For JLL Technologies investments in proptech companies, we primarily estimate the fair value based on the per-share pricing. Subsequent funding rounds or changes in the companies' business strategy/outlook are indicators of a change in fair value.
For investments accounted for under the equity method, we maintain an investment account that is (i) increased by contributions made and by our share of net income earned by the real estate ventures, and (ii) decreased by distributions received and by our share of net losses realized by the real estate ventures. Our share of each real estate venture's net income or loss, including gains and losses from capital transactions, is reflected on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income as Equity earnings. We evaluate our investments accounted for under the equity method for other-than-temporary impairment on a quarterly basis, or as events or changes in circumstances warrant such an evaluation. Our evaluations consider the existence of impairment indicators in the underlying real estate assets that compose the majority of our investments. We base such evaluations, in regard to both the investment and the investment’s underlying asset levels, on regular updates to future cash flow models, our share of co-investment cash flows, and factors such as operational performance, market conditions, major tenancy matters, legal and environmental concerns, and our ability and intent to hold each investment. If an investment is considered other-than-temporarily impaired, we record the excess of the carrying value over the estimated fair value as an impairment charge.
Impairment charges to write down the carrying value of the real estate assets underlying our investments are generally based on the result of discounted cash flow models that primarily rely upon unobservable inputs to determine fair value. We recognize our proportionate share of such impairment within Equity earnings on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
See Note 5, Investments and Note 9, Fair Value Measurements for additional information on Investments.
Stock-Based Compensation
Stock-based compensation in the form of restricted stock units ("RSUs") and performance stock units ("PSUs") is an important element of our compensation programs. We determine the fair value of RSUs, subject only to service requirements, based on the closing market price of our common stock on the grant date. PSUs are subject to service requirements and performance measures. All PSUs contain one or more performance conditions, such as a pre-defined target based on the Company’s cumulative earnings per share over a multi-year period. For certain executives there is an additional performance measure, a market condition, based on total shareholder return ("TSR") against a peer group. The number of shares that will be issued upon vesting of these PSUs can range from 0% to 150% of the target award, depending on the achievement of each performance condition. We determine the fair value of PSUs based on the (i) closing market price of our common stock on the grant date taking, (ii) the achievement probability for each performance condition, and (iii) the market condition valuation, as applicable, based on the output of Monte Carlo simulations. We periodically assess the achievement probability for performance conditions. As of December 31, 2021, approximately 8% of unvested shares were subject to a market condition.
Employees of a specific age, with a sum of age plus years of service with the Company which meets or exceeds 65, based on the terms of the Jones Lang LaSalle 2019 Stock Award and Incentive Plan ("SAIP"), are eligible to be considered for receipt of retirement benefits upon departure from the Company. These award provisions require acceleration of compensation expense such that all expense is recognized by the time these employees are considered retirement eligible.
We do not estimate forfeitures; instead, we recognize forfeitures in Compensation & benefits expense as they occur.
We also have a "noncompensatory" Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP") for U.S. employees and a Jones Lang LaSalle Savings Related Share Option Plan ("Save As You Earn" or "SAYE") for U.K. employees. The fair value of options granted under the SAYE plan are determined on the grant date and amortized over the associated vesting period.
See Note 6, Stock-Based Compensation, for additional information on our stock-based compensation plans.
Income Taxes
We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in our financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, we determine deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse.
An increase or decrease in a deferred tax asset or liability that results from a change in circumstances, and that causes a change in our judgment about expected future tax consequences of events, would be included in the tax provision when the changes in circumstances and our judgment occurs. Deferred income taxes also reflect the impact of operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. A valuation allowance is established if we believe it is more-likely-than-not all or some portion of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. An increase or decrease in a valuation allowance that results from a change in circumstances, and that causes a change in our judgment about the ability to realize the related deferred tax asset, would be included in the tax provision when the changes in circumstances and our judgment occurs.
See Note 8, Income Taxes, for additional information on income taxes.
Derivatives and Hedging Activities
We do not enter into derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. However, in the normal course of business, we do use derivative financial instruments in the form of foreign currency forward contracts to manage our foreign currency exchange rate risk. We currently do not use hedge accounting for these contracts, which are marked-to-market each period with changes in unrealized gains or losses recognized in earnings and offset by foreign currency gains and losses on associated intercompany loans and other foreign currency balances. Gains and losses from the revaluation of these contracts are recognized as a component of Operating, administrative and other expense and are offset by the gains and losses recognized on the revaluation of intercompany loans and other foreign currency balances such that the impact to net income was not significant for the three years ended December 31, 2021.
For presentation and disclosure, we net our exposure by counterparty for all counterparties subject to International Swaps and Derivatives Association Master Agreements.
We have considered the counterparty credit risk related to these forward foreign currency exchange contracts and do not deem any counterparty credit risk to be material as of December 31, 2021, in part due to the short-term nature of these contracts.
In addition, certain loan commitments and forward sales commitments related to our Warehouse receivables meet the definition of a derivative and are recorded at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The estimated fair value of loan commitments includes the fair value of the expected net cash flows associated with servicing of the loan, other net cash flows associated with origination and sale of the loan, and the effects of market interest rate movements. The estimated fair value of forward sale commitments includes the effects of market interest rate movements. Therefore, the effect of market interest rate movements on estimated fair value offset between the loan commitments and the forward sale commitments. Adjustments to fair value related to loan and forward sale commitments are included within Revenue on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
See Note 9, Fair Value Measurements, for additional information on derivative financial instruments.
Leases
Substantially all of our operating leases are related to office space we lease in various buildings for our own use. The terms of these non-cancelable operating leases typically require us to pay rent and a share of operating expenses and real estate taxes, generally with an inflation-based rent increase included. We also lease equipment under both operating and finance lease arrangements. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.
Operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments (e.g. rent) over the lease term beginning at the commencement date. The Operating lease right-of-use assets are adjusted for lease incentives, deferred rent, and initial direct costs, if incurred. Our leases generally do not include an implicit rate; therefore, we use an incremental borrowing rate based on information available at the lease commencement date in determining the present value of future minimum lease payments. The related lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
Finance leases are included in Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation, Short-term borrowings, and Other liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our finance leases do not represent a significant portion of our leasing activity.
See Note 11, Leases, for additional information on leases.
Foreign Currency Translation
We prepare the financial statements of our subsidiaries located outside the U.S. using local currency as the functional currency. The assets and liabilities of these subsidiaries are translated to U.S. dollars at the rates of exchange as of the balance sheet date with the resulting translation adjustments included as a separate component of equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheets (Accumulated other comprehensive loss) and on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Other comprehensive income-foreign currency translation adjustments).
See Note 15, Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), for additional information on the components of Accumulated other comprehensive loss.
Income and expenses are translated at the average monthly rates of exchange. We include gains and losses from foreign currency transactions in net earnings as a component of Operating, administrative and other expense. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 we had net foreign currency transaction losses of $8.1 million, $4.6 million, and $2.4 million, respectively.
The effect of foreign currency exchange rate changes on Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash is presented as a separate caption in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
Cash Held for Others
We manage significant amounts of cash and cash equivalents in our role as agent for certain of our investment, facility management and property management clients. We do not include such amounts on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Taxes Collected from Clients and Remitted to Governmental Authorities
We account for tax assessed by a governmental authority that is based on a revenue or transaction value (i.e., sales, use and value-added taxes) on a net basis, excluded from revenue, and recorded as current liabilities until paid.
Other Commitments and Contingencies
We are subject to various claims and contingencies related to disputes, lawsuits and taxes as well as commitments under contractual obligations. Many of these claims are covered under our current insurance programs, subject to deductibles. Our current insurance programs include professional, auto and general liability.
For professional indemnity coverage, the level of risk retained by our captive insurance company is limited per claim, inclusive of the deductible. We contract third-party insurance companies to provide coverage of risk in excess of the policy limits. We recognize the liability associated with a loss contingency when a loss is probable and estimable.
See Note 13, Commitments and Contingencies, for additional information on commitments and contingencies.
Earnings Per Share; Net Income Available to Common Shareholders
The difference between basic weighted average shares outstanding and diluted weighted average shares outstanding represents the dilutive impact of our common stock equivalents. Common stock equivalents consist of shares to be issued under employee stock-based compensation programs. Anti-dilutive shares were de minimis for all periods presented.
See Note 6, Stock-Based Compensation, for additional information on our stock-based compensation plans.
New Accounting Standards
Recently adopted accounting guidance
In January 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2020-01, Investments-Equity Securities (Topic 321), Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323), and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815), which, among other things, clarifies that a company should consider observable transactions that require a company to either apply or discontinue the equity method of accounting under Topic 323. In addition, it clarifies that, when determining the accounting for certain forward contracts and purchased options a company should not consider, whether upon settlement or exercise, if the underlying securities would be accounted for under the equity method or fair value option. This ASU is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. We adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2021, and the adoption did not impact our financial statements and related disclosures.
In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08 Business Combination (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers, which requires companies to apply ASC Topic 606 to recognize and measure contract assets and liabilities from contracts with customers acquired in a business combination. This generally will result in companies recognizing contract assets and liabilities at amounts consistent with those recorded by the acquiree immediately before the acquisition date. The ASU is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2022, with early adoption permitted. We early adopted this guidance effective December 31, 2021, and applied it retrospectively to all business combinations in 2021. The adoption did not have a material impact to our financial statements and related disclosures.
3. BUSINESS SEGMENTS
We manage and report our operations as four business segments:
The three geographic regions of RES including:
(1) Americas,
(2) Europe, Middle East and Africa ("EMEA"), and
(3) Asia Pacific;
and
(4) LaSalle.
Each geographic region offers our full range of real estate services, including agency leasing and tenant representation, capital markets, property and facility management, project and development management, energy management and sustainability, construction management, and advisory, consulting and valuation services. LaSalle provides investment management services on a global basis to institutional investors and high-net-worth individuals.
We allocate all indirect expenses to our segments, other than interest and income taxes, as nearly all expenses incurred benefit one or more of the segments. Allocated expenses primarily consist of corporate global overhead, which we allocate to the business segments based on the budgeted operating expenses of each segment.
Segment income does not include (i) restructuring and acquisition charges, (ii) interest expense, net of interest income, (iii) other income, and (iv) provision for income tax, which are otherwise included in Net income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
The Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") of JLL measures and evaluates the segment results based on Segment income for purposes of making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance. Our CODM is not provided with total asset information by segment and, accordingly, does not measure performance or allocate resources based on total asset information. Therefore, we have not disclosed asset information by segment. As of December 31, 2021, we define the Global Executive Board, collectively, as our CODM.
Summarized financial information by business segment is as follows.
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) 2021 2020 2019
Americas - Real Estate Services
Leasing $ 2,179.1 1,451.2 1,960.5
Capital Markets 1,525.9 952.0 914.2
Property & Facility Management 6,375.3 5,878.2 5,607.9
Project & Development Services 1,366.3 1,333.5 1,689.6
Advisory, Consulting and Other 440.5 390.3 406.7
Revenue $ 11,887.1 10,005.2 10,578.9
Depreciation and amortization $ 138.5 151.4 126.5
Equity earnings $ 142.2 19.0 1.7
Segment income $ 1,073.8 554.9 613.1
EMEA - Real Estate Services
Leasing $ 347.3 245.6 302.7
Capital Markets 473.4 330.7 411.9
Property & Facility Management 1,504.7 1,456.6 1,551.6
Project & Development Services 870.8 785.6 904.3
Advisory, Consulting and Other 281.5 274.3 300.2
Revenue $ 3,477.7 3,092.8 3,470.7
Depreciation and amortization $ 42.2 40.0 43.1
Equity losses $ - - (1.0)
Segment (loss) income $ (5.6) (16.0) 46.0
Asia Pacific - Real Estate Services
Leasing $ 267.6 187.4 260.8
Capital Markets 194.2 124.7 216.1
Property & Facility Management 2,342.7 2,150.6 2,205.2
Project & Development Services 447.8 411.0 527.6
Advisory, Consulting and Other 249.8 196.4 197.8
Revenue $ 3,502.1 3,070.1 3,407.5
Depreciation and amortization $ 30.2 27.8 26.4
Equity earnings $ 4.6 1.4 2.3
Segment income $ 130.2 116.4 129.6
LaSalle
Advisory fees $ 364.7 336.4 326.4
Transaction fees & other 41.5 43.9 61.3
Incentive fees 93.9 41.5 138.4
Revenue $ 500.1 421.8 526.1
Depreciation and amortization $ 6.6 7.2 6.4
Equity earnings (losses) $ 62.6 (12.4) 33.3
Segment income $ 139.2 54.2 147.4
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) 2021 2020 2019
Segment income - Americas $ 1,073.8 554.9 613.1
Segment (loss) income - EMEA (5.6) (16.0) 46.0
Segment income - Asia Pacific 130.2 116.4 129.6
Segment income - LaSalle 139.2 54.2 147.4
Less: Equity earnings (209.4) (8.0) (36.3)
Add: Restructuring and acquisition charges (84.7) (142.4) (184.4)
Operating income $ 1,043.5 559.1 715.4
The following table sets forth the revenue and assets from our most significant currencies.
TOTAL REVENUE
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) 2021 2020 2019
United States dollar $ 11,283.1 9,457.8 10,054.9
British pound 1,626.6 1,341.1 1,514.8
Euro 1,393.3 1,350.6 1,507.7
Australian dollar 1,118.7 876.1 924.5
Hong Kong dollar 545.6 512.2 533.8
Chinese yuan 539.1 473.1 505.9
Canadian dollar 508.3 432.6 435.5
Indian rupee 508.2 524.5 651.8
Singapore dollar 327.4 246.6 309.2
Japanese yen 256.8 257.9 349.4
Other currencies 1,259.9 1,117.4 1,195.7
$ 19,367.0 16,589.9 17,983.2
Change in Reporting Segments
Effective January 1, 2022, our Real Estate Services segments (Americas, EMEA and Asia Pacific) were reorganized into four global business segments focused on product offerings versus geographical alignment. The new segments are: (i) Markets Advisory, (ii) Capital Markets, (iii) Work Dynamics and (iv) JLL Technologies ("JLLT"). We will continue to manage our investment management business globally as LaSalle, a distinct segment.
Effective with financial reporting in 2022, prior period results will be restated to conform with our new reporting structure.
4. BUSINESS COMBINATIONS, GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS
2021 Business Combinations Activity
During 2021, we completed four new strategic acquisitions, expanding our capabilities and increasing our presence in key regional markets. These strategic acquisitions are presented below.
Acquired Company Quarter of Acquisition Country Primary Service Line
Skyline AI (Skyline) Q3 Israel Capital Markets
Sterling Bay Property Management, LLC(1)
Q4 United States Property & Facility Management
Building Engines, Inc. Q4 United States Property & Facility Management
Enerdapt, Inc. (Hank) Q4 United States Advisory, Consulting and Other
(1) We acquired a 50.1% interest in a joint venture with Sterling Bay, LLC.
Aggregate terms of our acquisitions included: (i) cash paid at closing of $416.8 million (net of $13.9 million in cash acquired), (ii) guaranteed deferred consideration of $10.0 million and (iii) contingent earn-out consideration of $68.6 million, payable upon satisfaction of certain performance conditions and which we have initially recorded at their respective acquisition date fair value.
A preliminary allocation of this purchase consideration resulted in goodwill of $442.3 million, identifiable intangibles of $210.2 million, other net liabilities (assumed liabilities less acquired assets) of $34.6 million. The noncontrolling interest of 49.9% in the less-than-wholly-owned acquisition was $122.5 million at the acquisition date. As of December 31, 2021, we have completed our analysis to assign fair values to all of the material identifiable intangible and tangible assets acquired and, therefore, we do not anticipate further refinement to the purchase price allocations for our 2021 acquisitions.
During the year ended December 31, 2021, we also paid $88.7 million for deferred business acquisition and earn-out obligations for acquisitions completed in prior years.
Of the $442.3 million of total additions to goodwill in 2021, we expected to amortize and deduct $99.8 million for tax purposes as of December 31, 2021, subject to statutory amortization periods.
2020 Business Combinations Activity
During the year ended December 31, 2020, we completed no new acquisitions.
Earn-Out Payments
($ in millions) December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020
Number of acquisitions with earn-out payments subject to the achievement of certain performance criteria 19 35
Maximum earn-out payments (undiscounted) $ 149.9 199.2
Short-term earn-out liabilities (fair value)(1)
39.0 77.2
Long-term earn-out liabilities (fair value)(1)
45.1 8.5
(1) Included in Short-term and Long-term acquisition obligations on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Assuming the achievement of the applicable performance criteria, we anticipate making these earn-out payments over the next five years. Refer to Note 9, Fair Value Measurements, and Note 14, Restructuring and Acquisition Charges, for additional discussion of our earn-out liabilities.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill and unamortized intangibles as of December 31, 2021 consisted of: (i) goodwill of $4,611.6 million, (ii) identifiable intangibles of $836.4 million amortized over their remaining finite useful lives and (iii) $50.6 million of identifiable intangibles with indefinite useful lives that are not amortized. Significant portions of our goodwill and unamortized intangibles are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, which means a portion of the movements in the reported book value of these balances is attributable to movements in foreign currency exchange rates.
The following table details, by reporting segment, the annual movements in goodwill.
(in millions) Americas EMEA Asia
Pacific LaSalle Consolidated
Balance as of December 31, 2019 $ 2,877.6 915.9 317.6 57.1 $ 4,168.2
Dispositions - (0.7) - - (0.7)
Impact of exchange rate movements 0.4 44.5 11.6 0.7 57.2
Balance as of December 31, 2020 2,878.0 959.7 329.2 57.8 4,224.7
Additions, net of adjustments 442.3 - - - 442.3
Dispositions (11.0) (1.0) - - (12.0)
Impact of exchange rate movements - (34.3) (8.7) (0.4) (43.4)
Balance as of December 31, 2021 $ 3,309.3 924.4 320.5 57.4 $ 4,611.6
The following table details, by reporting segment, the annual movements in the gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization of our identifiable intangibles.
MSR Other Intangibles
(in millions) Americas Americas EMEA Asia Pacific LaSalle Consolidated
Gross Carrying Amount
Balance as of December 31, 2019
$ 480.4 285.7 55.9 21.4 54.0 $ 897.4
Additions, net of adjustments (1)
139.0 - - 0.5 - 139.5
Adjustment for fully amortized intangibles (47.3) (19.9) (1.9) (0.1) - (69.2)
Impact of exchange rate movements - - 1.7 1.8 3.9 7.4
Balance as of December 31, 2020
572.1 265.8 55.7 23.6 57.9 975.1
Additions, net of adjustments (1)
161.1 206.4 3.8 - - 371.3
Adjustment for fully amortized intangibles (63.5) (15.8) (30.0) (4.7) - (114.0)
Impact of exchange rate movements - - (0.9) (1.0) (3.4) (5.3)
Balance as of December 31, 2021 $ 669.7 456.4 28.6 17.9 54.5 $ 1,227.1
Accumulated Amortization
Balance as of December 31, 2019
$ (104.0) (68.3) (33.1) (6.7) (2.7) $ (214.8)
Amortization expense, net (2)
(91.1) (46.0) (7.1) (1.4) (2.6) (148.2)
Adjustment for fully amortized intangibles 47.3 19.9 1.9 0.1 - 69.2
Impact of exchange rate movements - 0.3 (1.2) (0.6) - (1.5)
Balance as of December 31, 2020
(147.8) (94.1) (39.5) (8.6) (5.3) (295.3)
Amortization expense, net (2)
(106.7) (43.9) (6.4) (1.2) (1.7) (159.9)
Adjustment for fully amortized intangibles 63.5 15.8 30.0 4.7 - 114.0
Impact of exchange rate movements - 0.2 0.7 0.2 - 1.1
Balance as of December 31, 2021 $ (191.0) (122.0) (15.2) (4.9) (7.0) $ (340.1)
Net book value as of December 31, 2021 $ 478.7 334.4 13.4 13.0 47.5 $ 887.0
(1) Included in this amount for MSRs was (i) $31.2 million and $23.7 million for 2021 and 2020, respectively, relating to write-offs due to prepayments of sold warehouse receivables for which we retained the servicing rights and (ii) $(0.1) million and $0.1 million for 2021 and 2020, respectively, relating to an impairment valuation allowance.
(2) Amortization of MSRs is included in Revenue within the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
The remaining weighted average amortization period of MSRs and other finite-lived identifiable intangible assets is 4.3 years and 4.9 years, respectively, and the remaining estimated future amortization expense by year, as of December 31, 2021, is presented in the following table.
(in millions) MSRs Other Intangibles Total
2022 $ 81.6 66.6 $ 148.2
2023 76.5 62.2 138.7
2024 69.8 57.4 127.2
2025 60.6 39.7 100.3
2026 49.9 17.4 67.3
Thereafter 140.3 114.4 254.7
Total $ 478.7 357.7 $ 836.4
5. INVESTMENTS
As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, we had Investments of $745.7 million and $430.8 million, respectively. Summarized investment balances is presented in the following table.
December 31,
(in millions) 2021 2020
LaSalle co-investments $ 354.6 300.3
JLL Technologies investments 353.6 94.0
Other investments 37.5 36.5
Total $ 745.7 430.8
Approximately 90% of our investments, as of December 31, 2021, are (i) in 50 separate property or commingled funds, where we co-invest alongside our clients and for which we also have an advisory agreement, or (ii) investments by JLL Technologies in proptech funds and early to mid-stage proptech companies. The remaining 10% of our Investments, as of December 31, 2021, were attributable to investment vehicles that use our capital and outside capital generally provided by institutional investors to invest, primarily, in certain real estate ventures that own and operate real estate. Of our investments attributable to investment vehicles, the majority was invested in LaSalle Investment Company II ("LIC II"), in which we held an effective ownership interest of 48.78%.
We have maximum potential unfunded commitments to direct investments or investment vehicles of $372.4 million as of December 31, 2021. Of this amount, while we remain contractually obligated, we do not expect a call on the $60.3 million relating to our investment in LIC II as its fund life terminated in January 2020.
We evaluate our less-than-wholly-owned investments to determine whether the underlying entities are classified as variable interest entities ("VIEs"); we assess each identified VIE to determine whether we are the primary beneficiary. We had equity method investments, either directly or indirectly of $95.2 million and $76.4 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, in entities classified as VIEs. We have determined that we are the primary beneficiary of certain VIEs and accordingly, we have consolidated such entities. The assets of the consolidated VIEs are available only for the settlement of the obligations of the respective entities and the mortgage loans of the consolidated VIEs are non-recourse to JLL.
Summarized financial information for our consolidated VIEs is presented in the following tables.
December 31,
(in millions) 2021 2020
Property and equipment, net $ 184.7 117.4
Investments 10.2 9.0
Other assets 17.7 21.0
Total assets $ 212.6 147.4
Other current liabilities $ 2.1 1.9
Mortgage indebtedness (included in Other liabilities) 107.5 60.3
Total liabilities 109.6 62.2
Members' equity (included in Noncontrolling interest) 103.0 85.2
Total liabilities and members' equity $ 212.6 147.4
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) 2021 2020 2019
Revenue $ 11.0 13.9 7.6
Operating and other expenses (14.9) (15.6) (8.6)
Net gains on sale of investments(1)
- 22.1 -
Net (loss) income $ (3.9) 20.4 (1.0)
(1) $12.3 million of the 2020 gain was included in Equity earnings; the remaining $9.8 million was included in Other income.
We allocate the members' equity and net income of the consolidated VIEs to the noncontrolling interest holders as Noncontrolling interest on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and as Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, respectively.
The following tables summarize the combined financial information for certain of our unconsolidated investments accounted for under the equity method or at fair value.
December 31,
(in millions) 2021 2020
Balance Sheets:
Investments, net of depreciation $ 31,084.0 24,320.4
Total assets 34,816.3 28,129.3
Mortgage indebtedness 9,708.5 7,980.2
Other borrowings 1,864.1 1,332.9
Total liabilities 13,275.3 10,720.5
Total equity 21,541.0 17,408.8
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) 2021 2020 2019
Statements of Operations:
Revenue $ 2,103.6 1,702.3 1,247.6
Net income 1,850.7 241.5 831.2
Impairment
There were no significant other-than-temporary impairment charges on Investments for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2021.
Fair Value
We report a majority of our investments at fair value. For such investments, we increase or decrease our investment each reporting period by the change in the fair value and we report these fair value adjustments in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income within Equity earnings. The table below shows the movement in our investments reported at fair value.
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) 2021 2020 2019
Fair value investments as of January 1,
$ 340.3 328.6 247.3
Investments 190.3 51.7 144.9
Distributions (84.0) (46.8) (101.7)
Change in fair value 201.2 (1.0) 35.3
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net (8.2) 7.8 2.8
Fair value investments as of December 31,
$ 639.6 340.3 328.6
See Note 9, Fair Value Measurements, for further discussion of our investments reported at fair value.
6. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
The Stock Award and Incentive Plan ("SAIP") provides for the granting of various stock awards to eligible employees of JLL. These awards have historically been RSUs which generally vest over three years (either cliff or graded vesting) and PSUs which generally vest in three years (cliff vesting), subject to performance and, for certain awards, market conditions.
There were approximately 1.1 million shares available for grant under the SAIP as of December 31, 2021. We also have a stock-based compensation plan for our UK-based employees, the SAYE plan, that allows for the purchase of stock at a 15% discount from the market price at the beginning of the plan's vesting periods. While there have been no options granted under the SAYE plan since 2017, approximately 281 thousand shares remain available for grant as of December 31, 2021.
Stock-based compensation expense, excluding expense related to HFF retention awards issued in conjunction with the HFF acquisition, is included within Compensation and benefits expense on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The expense related to HFF retention awards issued in conjunction with the HFF acquisition is included within Restructuring and acquisition charges. Stock-based compensation expense by award type is presented below.
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) 2021 2020 2019
Restricted stock unit awards $ 37.7 41.8 61.6
Performance stock unit awards 42.4 5.5 13.6
SAYE - 0.2 1.2
Total $ 80.1 47.5 76.4
Restricted Stock Units and Performance Stock Units
RSU Shares
(in 000's) PSU Shares
(in 000's) Total Shares
(in 000's) Weighted Average
Grant Date
Fair Value Weighted Average
Remaining
Contractual Life (in years)
Unvested as of December 31, 2018
559.6 93.1 652.7 $ 131.32 2.02
Granted 1,298.0 196.5 1,494.5 141.06
Vested (287.7) - (287.7) 116.32
Forfeited (37.6) (2.8) (40.4) 137.49
Unvested as of December 31, 2019
1,532.3 286.8 1,819.1 141.51 2.39
Granted 173.1 276.4 449.5 124.98
Vested (571.1) - (571.1) 137.99
Forfeited (38.1) (31.7) (69.8) 136.00
Unvested as of December 31, 2020
1,096.2 531.5 1,627.7 137.42 1.69
Granted 335.7 218.9 554.6 189.40
Vested (471.1) (79.0) (550.1) 145.54
Forfeited (48.4) (25.4) (73.8) 148.97
Unvested as of December 31, 2021
912.4 646.0 1,558.4 $ 152.27 1.99
As of December 31, 2021, we had $101.8 million of unamortized deferred compensation related to unvested RSUs and PSUs, which we anticipate to be recognized over varying periods into 2026; $9.0 million relates to the awards issued in conjunction with the HFF acquisition in 2019.
Shares vested during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, had grant date fair values of $80.1 million, $78.8 million, and $33.5 million, respectively. Shares granted during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 had grant date fair values of $105.0 million, $56.2 million and $210.8 million, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we granted 1,111.3 thousand shares of RSU awards to HFF employees in conjunction with the HFF acquisition.
7. RETIREMENT PLANS
Defined Contribution Plans
We have a qualified profit sharing plan subject to United States Internal Revenue Code Section 401(k) for eligible U.S. employees. We make employer contributions under this qualified profit sharing plan that are reflected in Compensation and benefits in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Based on the impact from the COVID-19 pandemic, the employer contributions were suspended between May and December of 2020. The related trust assets of this plan are managed by trustees and are excluded from the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements. In addition, we maintain several defined contribution retirement plans for eligible non-U.S. employees. The table below provides detail of employer contributions for these plans.
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) 2021 2020 2019
Employer contributions (US employees) $ 42.7 14.6 37.1
Employer contributions (non-US employees) 42.4 37.9 35.2
Defined Benefit Plans
We maintain five defined benefit pension plans across Europe. It is our policy to fund at least the minimum annual contributions as actuarially determined and as required by applicable laws and regulations. Our contributions to these plans are invested by the plan trustee and, if the investment performance is not sufficient, we may be required to provide additional contributions to cover any pension underfunding. Our largest plan has been closed to new entrants since 2013. The following table provides the projected benefit obligation and plan assets, the net of which represents our funded status, as well as the accumulated benefit obligations of our defined benefit pension plans.
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) 2021 2020
Projected benefit obligation $ 442.4 486.6
Fair value of plan assets 506.2 497.7
Funded status and net amount recognized 63.8 11.1
Accumulated benefit obligation $ 442.0 486.2
The primary driver for the year-over-year change in projected benefit obligation is an actuarial gain driven by an increase in the discount rate assumptions.
Defined benefit pension plan amounts recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets are presented in the below table.
December 31,
(in millions) 2021 2020
Pension assets (included in Other assets) $ 72.9 26.2
Pension liabilities (included in Other liabilities) (9.1) (15.1)
Net asset recognized $ 63.8 11.1
Accumulated other comprehensive loss $ 70.1 116.2
Net periodic pension cost (benefit) was not material for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019.
8. INCOME TAXES
Our provision for income taxes consisted of the following:
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) 2021 2020 2019
U.S. federal:
Current $ 95.1 16.4 38.2
Noncurrent - - 0.7
Deferred 29.1 3.8 (12.9)
$ 124.2 20.2 26.0
State and Local:
Current $ 34.6 12.5 15.1
Noncurrent - - -
Deferred 11.8 0.2 (7.0)
$ 46.4 12.7 8.1
International:
Current $ 156.0 103.7 156.9
Deferred (62.3) (29.7) (31.3)
$ 93.7 74.0 125.6
Total $ 264.3 106.9 159.7
Our income taxes in 2019 were impacted by tax legislation enacted in the United States in December 2017, commonly known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("the Act"), and by interpretive regulatory guidance afterward. The Act brought significant changes to the U.S. corporate income tax system, including a transition of U.S. international taxation from a worldwide tax system to a modified territorial tax system, including a "transition tax" payable over an eight year period for those foreign earnings not previously taxed in the U.S. In 2019, we recorded $4.3 million of adjustments to lower our prior provision, due to further regulatory interpretation and state income tax interpretation of the Act.
With respect to the Base Erosion Anti-Abuse Tax and Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income Tax, we treat any associated income tax as a period cost such that we will record an expense provision for any year we are subject to the taxes. Accordingly, the estimated impact of these taxes was included in our provision for income taxes in 2021, 2020 and 2019.
In 2021, 2020 and 2019 our current tax expense increased by $52.4 million, $2.9 million and $0.3 million, respectively, and our deferred tax expense reduced by a corresponding amount, due to the generation of net operating loss carryovers.
Income tax expense differed from the amounts computed by applying the U.S. federal income tax rate of 21% to earnings before provision for income taxes as a result of the following:
Year Ended December 31,
($ in millions) 2021 2020 2019
Income tax expense at statutory rates $ 256.9 21.0 % $ 111.2 21.0 % $ 146.5 21.0 %
Increase (reduction) in income taxes from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal income tax benefit 39.7 3.2 9.4 1.8 4.9 0.7
Nondeductible expenses 17.6 1.4 11.2 2.1 18.9 2.7
International earnings taxed at various rates (22.6) (1.8) (20.5) (3.9) (8.7) (1.3)
U.S. capital loss carryover (35.2) (2.9) - - - -
Valuation allowance 34.2 2.8 4.3 0.8 7.2 1.0
Other, net (26.3) (2.1) (8.7) (1.6) (9.1) (1.2)
Total $ 264.3 21.6 % $ 106.9 20.2 % $ 159.7 22.9 %
With respect to international earnings taxed at varying rates, we have operations which constitute a taxable income presence in 92 countries or other taxable jurisdictions outside of the U.S. which are treated as such by the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. Of those countries or other taxable jurisdictions, 68 had income tax rates lower than the combined U.S. federal and state income tax rate in 2021.
In defining "very low tax rate jurisdictions", we consider effective tax rates which applied in 2021 based upon income levels and including national and municipal, state or provincial taxes also based upon income levels, which may cause those effective rates to differ from the maximum national statutory rates for the jurisdictions. We consider jurisdictions with a tax rate of 25% or lower to be very low tax rate jurisdictions, based upon our historical practice. Effective January 1, 2018, the U.S. federal income tax rate was reduced to 21%. However, factoring in the impact of state income taxes, we do not consider the U.S. to be a very low tax rate jurisdiction. With respect to very low tax rate jurisdictions in which we operate, income from Hong Kong (16.5%), Singapore (17%), and Saudi Arabia (20%) represent the most significant components of the international earnings line item in our effective tax rate reconciliation. In the aggregate, these very low rate jurisdictions contributed substantially all of the difference between the actual income tax provision for international earnings and the equivalent provision at the U.S. federal and state statutory rate in 2021.
Our income before taxes from domestic (U.S.) and international sources is presented in the following table.
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) 2021 2020 2019
Domestic $ 798.9 165.2 145.9
International 424.7 364.4 551.7
Total $ 1,223.6 529.6 697.6
The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are presented below.
December 31,
(in millions) 2021 2020
Deferred tax assets attributable to:
Accrued expenses $ 354.2 344.3
U.S. federal and state loss and credit carryovers 82.0 17.9
Allowances for uncollectible accounts 27.1 21.1
International loss carryovers 225.8 163.4
Pension liabilities 17.6 25.0
Other 1.9 13.1
Deferred tax assets 708.6 584.8
Less: valuation allowances (128.8) (71.4)
Net deferred tax assets $ 579.8 513.4
Deferred tax liabilities attributable to:
Property and equipment $ 23.1 14.8
Intangible assets 342.8 296.8
Income deferred for tax purposes 6.3 10.1
Investments 56.2 14.1
Other 0.3 1.1
Deferred tax liabilities $ 428.7 336.9
Net deferred taxes $ 151.1 176.5
We have not provided a deferred tax liability on the unremitted foreign earnings of international subsidiaries because it is our intent to permanently reinvest such earnings outside of the U.S. If repatriation of all such earnings were to occur, we would incur withholding taxes, dividend distribution taxes, and potentially an amount of gain taxation which is not presently determinable.
As of December 31, 2021, we had an available U.S. federal net operating loss carryover of $62.5 million from acquired companies, for which we have established a full valuation allowance due to significant statutory limitations on its usage, and which will begin to expire in 2028. We have U.S. state net operating loss ("NOL") carryovers with a tax effect of $19.2 million, which expire at various dates through 2041, and international NOL carryovers of $1,014.2 million, which generally do not have expiration dates. The change in deferred tax balances for NOL carryovers from 2020 to 2021 included increases from current year losses, acquired NOL carryovers and changes in the tax rates at which carryovers will be utilized; and decreases from current year estimated utilization.
As of December 31, 2021, we believe it is more-likely-than-not the net deferred tax assets of $151.1 million will be realized based upon our estimates of future income and the consideration of net operating losses, earnings trends and tax planning strategies. Valuation allowances have been provided with regard to the tax benefit of certain international net operating loss carryovers, for which we have concluded recognition is not yet appropriate. In 2021, we reduced valuation allowances by $6.0 million on some jurisdictions' net operating losses due to the utilization or expiration of those losses; and we increased valuation allowances by $66.7 million for other jurisdictions based upon circumstances that caused us to establish or continue to provide valuation allowances on current or prior year losses (including acquired NOL carryovers) in addition to those provided in prior years, and for capital loss carryovers incurred in 2021. The balance of the movement in valuation allowances comparing December 31, 2021 to December 31, 2020 was attributable to the effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates.
As of December 31, 2021, our net current payable for income tax was $33.7 million, consisting of a current receivable of $187.3 million and current payable of $221.1 million, and our net noncurrent liability was $144.6 million, entirely a noncurrent payable. As of December 31, 2020, our net current receivable for income tax was $20.6 million, consisting of a current receivable of $221.5 million and a current payable of $200.9 million, and our net noncurrent liability was $163.6 million, entirely a noncurrent payable.
We file income tax returns in the U.S. (including 46 states, 25 cities, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico), the United Kingdom (including England, Scotland and Wales), Australia, Germany, The People's Republic of China (including Hong Kong and Macau), France, Japan, Singapore, India, the Netherlands, Spain and 78 other countries. Generally, the Company's open tax years include those from 2017 to the present, although reviews of taxing authorities for more recent years have been completed or are in process in a number of jurisdictions.
As of December 31, 2021, we were under examination in Germany, Poland, Russia, Turkey, Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand; in the U.S., we were under examination in the states of Colorado, Massachusetts, Minnesota, and in New York City.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is presented in the following table.
(in millions) 2021 2020
Balance as of January 1,
$ 75.3 78.2
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year 5.7 2.8
Increase related to tax positions of prior years (1.7) (5.0)
Settlements with taxing authorities - (0.7)
Balance as of December 31,
$ 79.3 75.3
We believe it is reasonably possible that matters for which we have recorded $32.0 million of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2021, will be resolved during 2022. The recognition of tax benefits, and other changes to the amounts of our unrecognized tax benefits, may occur as the result of ongoing operations, the outcomes of audits or other examinations by tax authorities, or the passing of statutes of limitations. We do not expect changes to our unrecognized tax benefits to have a significant impact on net income, the financial position, or the cash flows of JLL. We do not believe we have material tax positions for which the ultimate deductibility is highly certain, but there is uncertainty about the timing of such deductibility.
We recognize interest accrued and penalties, if any, related to income taxes as a component of income tax expense. During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, the amount of interest expense and penalties was not material. In addition, the amount of accrued interest related to income taxes was not material as of December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019.
9. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
We measure certain assets and liabilities in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, which defines fair value as the price that would be received for an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. In addition, it establishes a framework for measuring fair value according to the following three-tier fair value hierarchy:
•Level 1 - Quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets accessible as of the measurement date;
•Level 2 - Inputs, other than quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly; and
•Level 3 - Unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data, which require the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions.
Financial Instruments
Our financial instruments include Cash and cash equivalents, Trade receivables, Notes and other receivables, Reimbursable receivables, Warehouse receivables, restricted cash, contract assets, Accounts payable, Reimbursable payables, Short-term borrowings, Current portion of long-term debt, contract liabilities, Warehouse facilities, Credit facility, Long-term debt and foreign currency forward contracts. The carrying amounts of Cash and cash equivalents, Trade receivables, Notes and other receivables, Reimbursable receivables, restricted cash, contract assets, Accounts payable, Reimbursable payables, contract liabilities and the Warehouse facilities approximate their estimated fair values due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The carrying values of our Credit facility and Short-term borrowings approximate their estimated fair values given the variable interest rate terms and market spreads.
We estimated the fair value of our long-term debt, including its current portion, as $687.2 million and $723.7 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, using dealer quotes that are Level 2 inputs in the fair value hierarchy. The carrying value of our long-term debt includes the current portion of $274.7 million, net of $0.3 million debt issuance costs, as of December 31, 2021, and the long-term portion of $395.6 million and $702.0 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, which included debt issuance costs of $1.4 million and $2.5 million, respectively.
Investments at Fair Value - Net Asset Value ("NAV")
For the majority of our investments reported at fair value, we estimate the fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) our investees provide. Critical inputs to NAV estimates included valuations of the underlying real estate assets and borrowings, which incorporate investment-specific assumptions such as discount rates, capitalization rates, rental and expense growth rates, and asset-specific market borrowing rates. In instances where the reported NAV per share did not fully incorporate the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on the fair value of underlying investments, we recognized an adjustment to decrease the reported NAV. As of December 31, 2021, there were no such adjustments compared with adjustments of $22.8 million as of December 31, 2020. We did not consider any other adjustments to NAV estimates provided by investees, including adjustments for any restrictions to the transferability of ownership interests embedded within investment agreements to which we are a party, to be necessary based upon (i) our understanding of the methodology utilized and inputs incorporated to estimate NAV at the investee level, (ii) consideration of market demand for the specific types of real estate assets held by each venture and (iii) contemplation of real estate and capital markets conditions in the localities in which these ventures operate. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, investments at fair value using NAV were $372.8 million and $203.8 million, respectively. As these investments are not required to be classified in the fair value hierarchy, they have been excluded from the following table.
Recurring Fair Value Measurements
The following table categorizes by level in the fair value hierarchy the estimated fair value of our assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis.
December 31,
2021 2020
(in millions) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Assets
Investments - fair value $ 84.5 - 182.3 77.2 - 59.3
Foreign currency forward contracts receivable - 15.9 - - 13.1 -
Warehouse receivables - 822.3 - - 1,529.2 -
Deferred compensation plan assets - 528.8 - - 446.3 -
Mortgage banking derivative assets - - 60.4 - - 87.1
Total assets at fair value $ 84.5 1,367.0 242.7 77.2 1,988.6 146.4
Liabilities
Foreign currency forward contracts payable $ - 0.8 - - 3.4 -
Deferred compensation plan liabilities - 513.0 - - 427.6 -
Earn-out liabilities - - 84.1 - - 85.7
Mortgage banking derivative liabilities - - 38.5 - - 73.4
Total liabilities at fair value $ - 513.8 122.6 - 431.0 159.1
Investments
We classify one investment as Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy as a quoted price is readily available. We increase or decrease our investment each reporting period by the change in the fair value of the investment. We report the fair value adjustments in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income within Equity earnings.
Investments classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy represent investments in early-stage non-public entities where we elected the fair value option. The carrying value is generally deemed to approximate the fair value of these investments due to the proximity of the investment date to the balance sheet date as well as investee-level performance updates. To the extent there are changes in fair value, a result of pricing in subsequent funding rounds or changes in business strategy, for example, we recognize such changes through Equity earnings.
Foreign Currency Forward Contracts
We regularly use foreign currency forward contracts to manage our currency exchange rate risk related to intercompany lending and cash management practices. These contracts are on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as current assets and current liabilities. We determine the fair values of these contracts based on current market rates. The inputs for these valuations are Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, these contracts had a gross notional value of $2.61 billion ($1.51 billion on a net basis) and $2.34 billion ($1.42 billion on a net basis), respectively.
We record the asset and liability positions for our foreign currency forward contracts based on the net payable or net receivable position with the financial institutions from which we purchase these contracts. The $15.9 million asset as of December 31, 2021 was composed of gross contracts with receivable positions of $19.2 million and payable positions of $3.3 million. The $0.8 million liability position as of December 31, 2021 was composed of gross contracts with receivable positions of $0.2 million and payable positions of $1.0 million. As of December 31, 2020, the $13.1 million asset was composed of gross contracts with receivable positions of $13.5 million and payable positions of $0.4 million. The $3.4 million liability position as of December 31, 2020, was composed of gross contracts with receivable positions of $2.7 million and payable positions of $6.1 million.
Warehouse Receivables
The fair value of the Warehouse receivables is based on already locked-in security-buy prices. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, all of our Warehouse receivables included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets were under commitment to be purchased by government-sponsored enterprises ("GSEs") or by a qualifying investor as part of a U.S. government or GSE mortgage-backed security program. The Warehouse receivables are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy as all significant inputs are readily observable.
Deferred Compensation Plan
We maintain a deferred compensation plan for certain of our U.S. employees that allows them to defer portions of their compensation. We invest directly in insurance contracts which yield returns to fund these deferred compensation obligations. We recognize an asset for the amount that could be realized under these insurance contracts as of the balance sheet date, and we adjust the deferred compensation obligation to reflect the changes in the fair value of the amount owed to the employees. The inputs for this valuation are Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. We recorded this plan on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2021 as Deferred compensation plan assets of $528.8 million, long-term deferred compensation plan liabilities of $513.0 million, included in Deferred compensation, and as a reduction of equity, Shares held in trust, of $5.2 million. We recorded this plan on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2020 as Deferred compensation plan assets of $446.3 million, long-term deferred compensation plan liabilities of $427.6 million, included in Deferred compensation, and as a reduction of equity, Shares held in trust, of $5.6 million.
Earn-Out Liabilities
We classify our Earn-out liabilities within Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy because the inputs we use to develop the estimated fair value include unobservable inputs. We base the fair value of our Earn-out liabilities on the present value of probability-weighted future cash flows related to the earn-out performance criteria on each reporting date. We determine the probabilities of achievement we assign to the performance criteria based on the due diligence we performed at the time of acquisition as well as actual performance achieved subsequent to acquisition. An increase to a probability of achievement would result in a higher fair value measurement. See Note 4, Business Combinations, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, for additional discussion of our Earn-out liabilities.
Mortgage Banking Derivatives
In the normal course of business, we enter into simultaneous contractual commitments to originate and sell multi-family mortgage loans at fixed prices with fixed expiration dates. Commitments to borrowers become effective when the borrowers "lock-in" a specified interest rate and maximum principal balance for an established time frame (hereinafter referred to as an interest rate lock commitment or "IRLC"). All mortgagors are evaluated for creditworthiness prior to execution of an IRLC.
We are exposed to market interest risk (the risk of movement in market interest rates following the execution of an IRLC) until a loan is funded and onwards through delivery. To mitigate the effect of the interest rate risk inherent in providing IRLCs to borrowers, we simultaneously enter into a forward commitment to sell the eventual loan associated with the IRLC to a GSE or other investor. Similar to the IRLC, the forward sale commitment locks in an interest rate, maximum principal balance, and price for the sale of the loan. Ultimately, the terms of the forward sale commitment and the IRLC are matched in substantially all respects, with the objective of eliminating market interest rate and other balance sheet risk to the extent practical. As an additional element of protection, forward sale commitments extend for a longer period of time as compared to IRLCs to allow, among other things, for the closing of the loan and processing of paperwork to deliver the loan in accordance with the terms of the sale commitment.
The fair value of our IRLCs to prospective borrowers and the related inputs primarily include, as applicable, the expected net cash flows associated with servicing the loan and the effects of interest rate movements between the date of the IRLC and the balance sheet date based on applicable published U.S. Treasury rates.
The fair value of our forward sales contracts to prospective investors considers the market price movement of a similar security between the trade date and the balance sheet date. The market price changes are multiplied by the notional amount of the forward sales contracts to measure the fair value.
Both the rate lock commitments to prospective borrowers and the forward sale contracts to prospective investors are undesignated derivatives and considered Level 3 valuations due to significant unobservable inputs related to counterparty credit risk. An increase in counterparty credit risk assumptions would result in a lower fair value measurement. The fair valuation is determined using discounted cash flow techniques, and the derivatives are marked to fair value through Revenue in the Consolidated Statements on Comprehensive Income.
The tables below present a reconciliation for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3).
(in millions) Balance as of December 31, 2020
Net change in fair value Foreign CTA(1)
Purchases / Additions Settlements Level Transfers Out(2)
Balance as of December 31, 2021
Investments $ 59.3 67.6 0.2 57.1 - (1.9) $ 182.3
Mortgage banking derivative assets and liabilities, net 13.7 19.1 - 187.4 (198.3) - 21.9
Earn-out liabilities 85.7 3.0 (0.4) 70.2 (74.4) - 84.1
(in millions) Balance as of December 31, 2019
Net change in fair value Foreign CTA(1)
Purchases / Additions Settlements Balance as of December 31, 2020
Investments $ 34.4 6.8 - 18.1 - $ 59.3
Mortgage banking derivative assets and liabilities, net 10.2 (94.1) - 197.1 (99.5) 13.7
Earn-out liabilities 148.5 (14.8) 1.1 - (49.1) 85.7
(1) CTA: Currency translation adjustments
(2) In May 2021, an investment previously classified as a Level 3 investment became publicly traded on the NYSE and was considered a Level 1 investment immediately.
Net change in fair value, included in the tables above, is reported in Net income as follows.
Category of Assets/Liabilities using Unobservable Inputs Consolidated Statements
of Comprehensive Income Account Caption
Earn-out liabilities (short-term and long-term) Restructuring and acquisition charges
Investments Equity earnings
Other current assets - Mortgage banking derivative assets Revenue before reimbursements
Other current liabilities - Mortgage banking derivative liabilities Revenue before reimbursements
Non-Recurring Fair Value Measurements
We review our investments, except those investments otherwise reported at fair value, on a quarterly basis, or as otherwise deemed necessary, for indications of whether we may be unable to recover the carrying value of our investments and whether such investments are other than temporarily impaired. When the carrying amount of the investment is in excess of the estimated future undiscounted cash flows, we use a discounted cash flow approach or other acceptable method to determine the fair value of the investment in computing the amount of the impairment. Our determination of fair value primarily relies on Level 3 inputs. We did not recognize any significant investment-level impairment losses during the three-year period ended December 31, 2021. See Note 5, Investments, for additional information, including information related to impairment charges recorded at the investee level.
10. DEBT
Debt is composed of the following obligations.
December 31,
($ in millions) 2021 2020
Short-term debt:
Local overdraft facilities $ 9.2 12.0
Other short-term borrowings 138.7 50.0
Long-term senior notes, 4.4%, face amount of $275.0, due November 2022, net of debt issuance costs of $0.3 and $-
274.7 -
Total short-term debt $ 422.6 62.0
Credit facility, net of debt issuance costs of $11.8 and $8.7
138.2 (8.7)
Long-term senior notes, 4.4%, face amount of $275.0, due November 2022, net of debt issuance costs of $- and $0.8
- 274.2
Long-term senior notes, 1.96%, face amount of €175.0, due June 2027, net of debt issuance costs of $0.6 and $0.8
197.9 213.9
Long-term senior notes, 2.21%, face amount of €175.0, due June 2029, net of debt issuance costs of $0.8 and $0.9
197.7 213.9
Total debt $ 956.4 755.3
Credit Facility
We have a $2.75 billion unsecured revolving credit facility (the "Facility") that matures on April 14, 2026. Pricing on the Facility ranges from LIBOR plus 0.875% to 1.35%, with pricing as of December 31, 2021, at LIBOR plus 0.88%. In addition to outstanding borrowings under the Facility presented in the above table, we had outstanding letters of credit under the Facility of $0.7 million as of both December 31, 2021 and 2020.
The following table provides additional information on our Facility.
Year Ended December 31,
($ in millions) 2021 2020
Average outstanding borrowings under the Facility $ 432.0 865.1
Average effective interest rate on the Facility 0.9 % 1.6 %
We will continue to use the Facility for, but not limited to, business acquisitions, working capital needs (including payment of accrued incentive compensation), co-investment activities, share repurchases and capital expenditures.
Short-Term and Long-Term Debt
In addition to our Facility, we have the capacity to borrow up to an additional $55.5 million under local overdraft facilities. Amounts outstanding are presented in the debt table above.
As of December 31, 2021, our senior notes due November 2022 were classified as a current liability as the maturity was within one year.
As of December 31, 2021, our issuer and senior unsecured ratings were investment grade: Baa1 from Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. and BBB+ from Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services.
Covenants
Our Facility and senior notes are subject to customary financial and other covenants, including cash interest coverage ratios and leverage ratios, as well as event of default conditions. We remained in compliance with all covenants as of December 31, 2021.
Warehouse Facilities
December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020
($ in millions) Outstanding Balance Maximum Capacity Outstanding Balance Maximum Capacity
Warehouse facilities:
BSBY plus 1.30%, expires September 19, 2022(1)
$ 516.9 700.0 144.4 400.0
LIBOR plus 1.30%, expires September 16, 2022(2)
74.7 1,200.0 768.9 1,600.0
LIBOR plus 1.30%, expires August 27, 2022(3)
192.8 300.0 195.9 900.0
LIBOR plus 1.60%, expires July 30, 2022(4)
- 400.0 - -
Fannie Mae ASAP(5) program, SOFR plus 1.25%(6)
12.5 n/a 128.8 n/a
LIBOR plus 1.50%
- - 261.6 300.0
Gross warehouse facilities 796.9 2,600.0 1,499.6 3,200.0
Debt issuance costs (1.2) n/a (1.2) n/a
Total warehouse facilities $ 795.7 2,600.0 1,498.4 3,200.0
(1) In 2021, JLL extended the Warehouse facility with an increase to the maximum capacity; previously, the facility had a maturity date of September 20, 2021 and a maximum capacity of $400.0 million. JLL amended the interest rate to Bloomberg Short-Term Bank Yield Index rate ("BSBY") plus 1.30%; previously, the facility had an interest rate of LIBOR plus 1.40%.
(2) In 2021, JLL extended the Warehouse facility with a decrease to the interest rate; previously, the facility had a maturity date of September 18, 2021 and interest rate of LIBOR plus 1.40%. The temporary maximum capacity increase to $1,600.0 million in the fourth quarter of 2020 expired on January 31, 2021 and the temporary maximum increase to $2,000.0 million in the third quarter of 2021 expired on December 31, 2021; thereafter, the maximum capacity reverted to its original contractual amount.
(3) In 2021, JLL extended the Warehouse facility with a decrease to the interest rate and increase to the maximum capacity; previously, the facility had a maturity date of August 27, 2021 and interest rate of LIBOR plus 1.40%. The temporary maximum capacity of $900.0 million expired on January 6, 2021.
(4) In 2021, JLL added a new secured borrowing for $400.0 million under a master repurchase agreement that is scheduled to expire on July 30, 2022. Advances are made at 100% of the loan balance and borrowings are secured by the related warehouse receivables and bear interest at LIBOR plus 1.60%.
(5) As Soon As Pooled ("ASAP") funding program.
(6) JLL amended the Fannie Mae ASAP program interest rate to Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus 1.25%; previously, the facility had an interest rate of LIBOR plus 1.15%.
We have lines of credit established for the sole purpose of funding our Warehouse receivables. These lines of credit exist with financial institutions and are secured by the related warehouse receivables. Pursuant to these facilities, we are required to comply with certain financial covenants regarding (i) minimum net worth, (ii) minimum servicing-related loans and (iii) minimum adjusted leverage ratios. We remained in compliance with all covenants under our facilities as of December 31, 2021.
As a supplement to our lines of credit, we have an uncommitted facility with Fannie Mae under its As Soon As Pooled ("ASAP") funding program. After origination, we sell certain warehouse receivables to Fannie Mae; the proceeds are used to repay the original lines of credit used to fund the loan. The ASAP funding program requires us to repurchase these loans, generally within 45 days, followed by an immediate, ultimate, sale back to Fannie Mae. The difference between the price paid upon the original sale to Fannie Mae and the ultimate sale reflects borrowing costs.
11. LEASES
For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, operating lease expense was $189.2 million, $187.3 million, and $170.5 million, respectively, and variable and short-term lease expense was $37.0 million, $36.0 million, and $33.3 million, respectively. In addition, $148.5 million and $94.3 million of Operating lease right-of-use assets were obtained in exchange for lease obligations during the year ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
As of December 31, 2021, our total commitments related to finance leases was $15.3 million. Leases in which we sublet also do not represent a significant portion of our leasing activity.
Minimum future lease payments due in each of the next five years and thereafter, as of December 31, 2021, are presented in the table below.
(in millions)
2022 $ 177.7
2023 155.1
2024 134.9
2025 110.4
2026 90.7
Thereafter 308.1
Total future minimum lease payments $ 976.9
Less imputed interest 108.7
Total $ 868.2
Other information related to operating leases was as follows.
December 31, 2021
Weighted average remaining lease term 7.1 years
Weighted average discount rate 3.2 %
12. TRANSACTIONS WITH AFFILIATES
As part of our co-investment strategy, we have equity interests in real estate ventures, some of which have certain of our officers as trustees or board of director members, and from which we earn advisory and management fees.
Included in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements was revenue of $723.3 million, $516.4 million, and $490.0 million for 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively, as well as receivables of $152.9 million and $102.2 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, related to transactions with affiliates. These amounts primarily relate to transactions with the real estate ventures in which we have equity interests.
The outstanding balance of loans to employees are presented in the following table. Such amounts are included in Notes and other receivables and Long-term receivables on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
December 31,
(in millions) 2021 2020
Loans related to co-investments (1)
$ 16.9 16.4
Advances, travel and other (2)
272.7 233.7
Total $ 289.6 250.1
(1) These nonrecourse loans have been made to allow employees the ability to participate in investment fund opportunities.
(2) Consists primarily of commissions and other compensation advances to employees that are amortized to Compensation and benefits based on performance over required service periods.
The Company does not extend credit or provide personal loans to any director or executive officer of JLL.
13. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
We are a defendant in various litigation matters arising in the ordinary course of business, some of which involve claims for damages that are substantial in amount. Many of these litigation matters are covered by insurance (including insurance provided through a consolidated captive insurance company as further discussed below), but they may nevertheless be subject to large deductibles and the amounts being claimed may exceed the available insurance. Although we cannot determine the ultimate liability for these matters, based upon information currently available, we believe the ultimate resolution of such claims and litigation will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or liquidity.
Professional Indemnity Insurance
In order to better manage our global insurance program and support our risk management efforts, we supplement our traditional insurance coverage for certain types of claims by using a wholly-owned captive insurance company. The level of risk retained by our captive insurance company, with respect to professional indemnity claims, is up to $2.5 million per claim, inclusive of the deductible. We contract third-party insurance companies to provide coverage of risk in excess of this amount. When a potential loss event occurs, we estimate the ultimate cost of the claim and accrue the amount in Other current and long-term liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets when probable and estimable. In addition, we have established receivables from third-party insurance providers for claim amounts in excess of the risk retained by our captive insurance company. In total, these receivables were $22.5 million and $44.0 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and are included in Notes and other receivables and Long-term receivables on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The following table shows the professional indemnity accrual activity and related payments.
(in millions)
December 31, 2018 $ 43.1
New claims 0.1
Prior year claims adjustments (including foreign currency changes) (2.9)
Claims paid (2.2)
December 31, 2019 38.1
New claims 6.7
Prior year claims adjustments (including foreign currency changes) 3.8
Claims paid (0.4)
December 31, 2020 48.2
New claims 1.6
Prior year claims adjustments (including foreign currency changes) (10.5)
Claims paid (38.1)
December 31, 2021 $ 1.2
DUS Program Loan Loss-Sharing
As a participant in the DUS program, we retain a portion of the risk of loss for loans that are originated and sold under the DUS program. Net losses on defaulted loans are shared with Fannie Mae based upon established loss-sharing ratios. Generally, we share approximately one-third of incurred losses, subject to a cap of 20% of the principal balance of the mortgage at origination. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, we had loans, funded and sold, subject to loss-sharing arrangements with an aggregate unpaid principal balance of $15.4 billion and $12.2 billion, respectively. There were no loan losses incurred for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019. See "Financial Guarantees" section of Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for additional information.
14. RESTRUCTURING AND ACQUISITION CHARGES
Restructuring and acquisition charges include cash and non-cash expenses. Cash-based charges primarily consist of (1) severance and employment-related charges, including those related to external service providers, incurred in conjunction with a structural business shift, which can be represented by a notable change in headcount, change in leadership, or transformation of business processes, (2) acquisition, transaction and integration-related charges, and (3) other restructuring including lease exit charges. Non-cash charges include (1) stock-based compensation expense for retention awards issued in conjunction with the HFF, Inc. ("HFF") acquisition and (2) fair value adjustments to earn-out liabilities relating to prior-period acquisition activity. Restructuring and acquisition charges are presented in table below.
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions) 2021 2020 2019
Severance and other employment-related charges $ 14.3 69.0 31.1
Restructuring, pre-acquisition and post-acquisition charges 50.0 51.5 96.9
Stock-based compensation expense for HFF retention awards 17.8 36.7 28.0
Fair value adjustments to earn-out liabilities 2.6 (14.8) 28.4
Restructuring and acquisition charges $ 84.7 142.4 184.4
Portion of total restructuring & acquisition charges related to the acquisition and integration of HFF $ 40.0 75.9 115.1
Charges associated with the acquisition and integration of HFF primarily included transaction/deal costs, expenses associated with retention and severance, and other integration expenses, such as early lease termination costs.
The following tables show the accrual activity and payments relating to cash-based Restructuring and acquisition charges.
(in millions) Severance & Employment-Related Lease
Exit Other Restructuring and
Acquisition
Costs Total
December 31, 2018 $ 14.0 0.6 0.5 $ 15.1
Accruals 31.1 11.1 85.8 128.0
Payments made (20.8) (3.3) (82.5) (106.6)
December 31, 2019 24.3 8.4 3.8 36.5
Accruals 69.0 25.0 26.5 120.5
Payments made (52.0) (30.9) (29.1) (112.0)
December 31, 2020 41.3 2.5 1.2 45.0
Accruals 14.3 11.6 38.4 64.3
Payments made (34.7) (13.2) (31.6) (79.5)
December 31, 2021 $ 20.9 0.9 8.0 $ 29.8
We expect the majority of accrued severance and employment-related charges and other accrued acquisition costs as of December 31, 2021 will be paid during the next twelve months. Lease exit payments depend on the terms of various leases, which extend as far out as 2026.
15. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
The table below presents the changes in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component.
(in millions) Pension and postretirement benefit Cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment Total
Balance as of December 31, 2019 $ (72.0) (355.8) $ (427.8)
Other comprehensive income before reclassification (12.3) 59.8 47.5
Amounts reclassified from AOCI after tax expense of $0.7, $- and $0.7 3.1 - 3.1
Other comprehensive income after tax benefit of $3.2, $- and $3.2 (9.2) 59.8 50.6
Balance as of December 31, 2020 (81.2) (296.0) (377.2)
Other comprehensive income before reclassification 35.3 (56.7) (21.4)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI after tax expense of $0.7, $- and $0.7 3.2 - 3.2
Other comprehensive income after tax expense of $7.6, $- and $7.6 38.5 (56.7) (18.2)
Balance as of December 31, 2021 $ (42.7) (352.7) $ (395.4)
For pension and postretirement benefits, we report amounts reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in Other income within the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES EVALUATION OF DISCLOSURE CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
The Company has established disclosure controls and procedures to ensure material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to the officers who certify the Company's financial reports and to the members of senior management and the Board of Directors.
Based on management's evaluation as of December 31, 2021, the principal executive officer and principal financial officer of the Company have concluded the Company's disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) are effective.
MANAGEMENT'S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
The Company's management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our evaluation under the framework in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013), our management concluded our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2021.
KPMG LLP, the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm that audited the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, issued an audit report on the Company's internal control over financial reporting. That Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm is included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
CHANGES IN INTERNAL CONTROLS OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
There were no changes to the Company's internal controls over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2021 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal controls over financial reporting.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Not applicable.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The information required by Item 401 of Regulation S-K in the definitive proxy statement for the annual meeting of shareholders to be held on or about May 26, 2022 (“Proxy Statement”), under the captions "Corporate Governance - Item 1 - Election of Directors" and “Executive Officers” is incorporated herein by reference. The information in the Proxy Statement required by Item 405 of Regulation S-K under the caption “Security Ownership - Delinquent Section 16 Reports” is incorporated herein by reference. The information in the Proxy Statement required by Items 407(d)(4) and 407(d)(5) of Regulation S-K under the caption “Corporate Governance - Board Committees” is incorporated herein by reference.
JLL has adopted a code of ethics that applies to its executives, including its principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer. This code of ethics and JLL's corporate governance policies are posted on JLL's website at www.jll.com. JLL intends to satisfy disclosure requirements regarding amendments to or waivers from its code of ethics by posting such information on this website. The charters of the Audit, Nominating and Governance, and Compensation committees of JLL's Board of Directors are available on JLL's website as well. This information is also available in print free of charge to any person who requests it.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by Item 402 and 407(e)(4) and (e)(5) of Regulation S-K in the Proxy Statement under the caption "Executive Compensation" is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS
The information required by Item 403 of Regulation S-K in the Proxy Statement under the caption "Security Ownership" is incorporated herein by reference. The following table provides information with respect to Jones Lang LaSalle's common shares issuable under our equity compensation plans.
December 31, 2021
(in thousands, except exercise price)
PLAN CATEGORY NUMBER OF
SECURITIES
TO BE ISSUED
UPON EXERCISE
OF OUTSTANDING
OPTIONS, WARRANTS
AND RIGHTS WEIGHTED
AVERAGE
EXERCISE PRICE
OF OUTSTANDING
OPTIONS,
WARRANTS AND
RIGHTS NUMBER OF SECURITIES
REMAINING AVAILABLE FOR
FUTURE ISSUANCE UNDER
EQUITY COMPENSATION
PLANS (EXCLUDING SECURITIES
REFLECTED IN COLUMN (A))
(A) (B) (C)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders
SAIP
1,488 $149.98 1,142
ESPP
n/a n/a 113
Subtotal 1,488 1,255
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders
SAYE (1)
10 90.97 281
Total 1,498 1,536
(1) In November 2001, we adopted the SAYE plan for eligible employees of our U.K. based operations. In November 2006, the SAYE plan was extended to employees in our Ireland operations. Under this plan, employee contributions for stock purchases are enhanced by us through an additional contribution of a 15% discount on the purchase price. Options granted under the SAYE plan vest over a period of three to five years. The original SAYE plan was not approved by shareholders since such approval was not required under applicable rules at the time of the adoption of this plan. In 2006, our shareholders approved an amendment to the SAYE plan that increased the number of shares reserved for issuance by 500,000.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required by Item 404 of Regulation S-K in the Proxy Statement under the caption “Security Ownership - Certain Relationships and Related Transactions” is incorporated herein by reference. The information required by Item 407(a) of Regulation S-K in the Proxy Statement under the caption “Corporate Governance-Director Independence” is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
The Company's independent registered public accounting firm is KPMG, LLP, Chicago, IL, Auditor Firm ID: 185.
The information required by this Item 14 is set forth in the Proxy Statement under the captions "Audit Matters - Information About Our Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” and incorporated herein by reference.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
The following documents are filed as part of this report:
1.Financial Statements. See Index to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this report.
2.Financial Statement Schedules. No financial statement schedules are included because they are not required or are not applicable, or the required information is set forth in the applicable statements or related notes.
3.Exhibits. A list of exhibits is set forth in the Exhibit Index, included below.