EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1363829
Filing Year: 2024
Filename: 1363829_10-K_2024_0001363829-24-000020.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Overview
Enstar Group Limited ("Enstar") is a leading global (re)insurance group that offers capital release solutions through our network of group companies. We seek to create value by managing (re)insurance companies and portfolios of (re)insurance and other liability business in run-off and striving to generate an attractive risk-adjusted return from our investment portfolio. In this report, the terms "Enstar," the “Company," "us," and "we" are used interchangeably to describe Enstar and our subsidiary companies.
Enstar Group Limited ("Enstar") is a leading global (re)insurance group that offers capital release solutions through our network of group companies. We seek to create value by managing (re)insurance companies and portfolios of (re)insurance and other liability business in run-off and striving to generate an attractive risk-adjusted return from our investment portfolio. In this report, the terms "Enstar," the “Company," "us," and "we" are used interchangeably to describe Enstar and our subsidiary companies.
Our role in the (re)insurance sector has evolved since we originally entered the market. In addition to providing finality to discontinued lines of business, earnings volatility protection and acquiring troubled businesses, we also assist clients with their risk management capital and strategic objectives. Over the past few years, we have structured and executed transactions which:
•Provide risk management solutions, which allow insurers to manage reserve development and volatility;
•Allow insurers to recycle their capital to support organic growth;
•Strengthen insurer’s balance sheets to facilitate M&A transactions; and
•Release capital, allowing for the return of funds to investors.
We primarily structure our transactions as loss portfolio transfers (“LPTs”) or adverse development covers (“ADCs”). LPTs and ADCs involve the provision of retroactive reinsurance coverage and coverage for adverse developments for legacy liabilities and (re)insurance reserves on prior year loss developments.
Our claims handling responsibilities and rights are contractual and can vary. We generally seek to obtain direct claims control over our LPT’s, and some form of claims reporting and oversight over our ADC portfolios. In respect of more structured reinsurance transactions, such as ADC’s, cedants may be reluctant to give up claims control but they can still benefit from Enstar’s significant claims management expertise through the oversight structures that we typically put in place. We may also seek to commute acquired reinsurance contracts and buy back underlying insurance policies, where appropriate.
When we have contractual claims management rights, our strategy is to obtain claims resolutions and settlements on the actual and potentially valid claims within each portfolio quickly, where feasible, to avoid lengthy and continuing defense costs. When claims control has been retained by the cedant, we develop oversight programs to monitor the business and provide our partners with the opportunity to leverage our expertise and experience. If we are successful at settling claims or otherwise manage the expected value of the losses for less than our carried reserves, we recognize favorable prior period development within our net incurred loss and loss adjustment expenses. Similarly, we may experience adverse development on the carried reserves if the projected costs of claims exceeds our estimates. We include the net development as a component of our performance, or run-off liability earnings (“RLE”).
We receive consideration for our (re)insurance solutions and invest these funds to generate investment earnings, which we measure as our total investment return (“TIR”). We negotiate the investment class, fixed income duration and minimum asset quality needed for each portfolio with the ceding company as these investments are typically pledged as collateral within the reinsurance contract. For our remaining investments we decide within our investment allocation strategy the asset types, risk, liquidity and expected returns.
The substantial majority of our acquisitions have been in the run-off business, which generally includes property and casualty, workers’ compensation, asbestos and environmental (“A&E”), professional indemnity, directors and officers, construction defect, motor, marine, aviation and transit, and other closed and discontinued blocks of business.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 9
Transactions Completed Since 2000
$37.3 billion*
Total Liabilities Acquired Since 2000
8%1 & 18%2
Change in Book Value Per Ordinary Share
6%1 & 16%2
Return on Equity
1 Three year average (2021 - 2023)
2 Five year average (2019 - 2023)
*Total liabilities acquired includes gross loss reserves and defendant A&E liabilities.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 10
ITEM 1 | Business | Strategy
Our Strategy
Leverage Management’s Extensive Experience and Industry Relationships
We leverage our senior managements’ skills and experience to solidify our position as a leading run-off acquirer with a demonstrated ability to identify and execute growth opportunities. We continuously seek to expand our expertise by investing in new talent and embracing technological advancement.
Structure and Deliver Innovative Solutions
We develop innovative solutions and products based on the needs of our partners. In addition to providing finality to discontinued lines and earnings volatility protection or acquiring troubled businesses, we help our partners achieve their risk management, capital and strategic objectives.
Engage in Disciplined Acquisition Practices
When assessing potential acquisition targets, we carefully analyze risk exposures, claims practices, reserves and our return requirements as part of our detailed due diligence process. We value opportunities that include risk exposures and other characteristics that we have had prior experience managing.
Manage Claims and Re(insurance) Contracts Professionally, Expeditiously, and Cost-Effectively
We aim to generate RLE by drawing on in-house expertise and trusted third-party relationships to dispose of claims efficiently, paying valid claims on a timely basis, and relying on policy terms and exclusions where applicable, and litigation when necessary, to defend against paying invalid claims.
Using detailed claims analysis and actuarial projections, we seek to negotiate with policyholders and reinsurers with a goal of settling existing (re)insurance liabilities and monetizing (re)insurance assets in a cost efficient manner.
Prudently Manage Investments and Capital
We strive to achieve attractive risk-adjusted returns, while growing profitability and generating long-term growth in shareholder value. We continually balance the value delivered by share repurchases against the level of capital required to execute on growth opportunities. Maintaining an efficient capital structure is critical as opportunities have evolved toward helping (re)insurance companies and others meet their strategic objectives by structuring larger, capital intensive solutions.
2023 Strategic Developments
Completed the Unwind of Enhanzed Re’s Reinsurance Transactions
•In August 2022, Enhanzed Reinsurance Ltd. (“Enhanzed Re”) entered into a Master Agreement with Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited (“Cavello”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Enstar, and Allianz SE (“Allianz”). Pursuant to the Master Agreement, Enhanzed Re, Cavello and Allianz agreed to a series of transactions that allowed us to unwind the Enhanzed Re reinsurance transactions in an orderly manner.
•The transactions included (i) commuting or novating all of the reinsurance contracts written by Enhanzed Re, (ii) repaying the $70 million, in aggregate principle, of subordinated notes issued by Enhanzed Re to an affiliate of Allianz, and (iii) distributing Enhanzed Re’s excess capital to Cavello and Allianz in accordance with their respective equity ownership in Enhanzed Re.
•In November 2022, Enhanzed Re completed the novation of the reinsurance of a closed block of life annuity policies to Monument Re Limited, a subsidiary of Monument Insurance Group Limited (“Monument Re”). In December 2022, Enhanzed Re repurchased the remaining ownership interest Allianz held in Enhanzed Re, and
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 11
ITEM 1 | Business | Developments
Enhanzed Re became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Enstar. We recognized the impact of these transactions in our first quarter 2023 results, as we report the results of Enhanzed Re on a one quarter lag.
•The completion of these transactions resulted in the conclusion of the unwind of Enhanzed Re, achieving an inception to date return of 24%.
Our Business
We acquire run-off and other (re)insurance reserves using retroactive reinsurance and other bespoke contracts where we are paid consideration to reinsure, up to a specified limit, underlying policies issued by other insurers who have written these risks in prior accident years. We strive to set an appropriate price and manage the liabilities professionally and efficiently to achieve the best outcomes for our policyholders and shareholders.
On closing a retroactive reinsurance transaction, the consideration we receive is not recognized as income, nor are the liabilities we acquire recognized as net incurred losses. These items are recorded to the balance sheet with any subsequent changes to the value of ultimate losses and liabilities recorded in the consolidated statements of operations.
In addition, any difference between premium and losses recognized upon initial recognition of a transaction, is recorded as a deferred charge asset (“DCA”) or deferred gain liability (“DGL”) which is subsequently amortized.1
A run-off portfolio is a group of insurance policies generally described by the accident year, line of business and jurisdiction that an insurer that initially underwrote the risks seeks to exit or put into run-off. The facts and circumstances underlying an insurer’s or company's (seller's) decision to exit or put a portfolio into run-off or seek ADC contracts varies. Usually, the portfolios of risks have become inconsistent with the seller’s core competencies, provide unwanted exposure to a particular risk or segment of the market and/or absorb capital that the seller may wish to deploy elsewhere. These portfolios of risks are often associated with potentially large exposures and lengthy time periods before resolution of the last remaining insured claims, resulting in uncertainty to the (re)insurer covering those risks. In other circumstances, a cedant may be pursuing a solution in advance of an M&A transaction or an initial public offering, or may be seeking to exit less mature business, sometimes including the current accident year. We have also (re)insured and acquired legacy manufacturing companies with direct exposure to asbestos and environmental liabilities (“defendant A&E liabilities”).
We establish our best estimate of the liabilities we assume based upon actuarial analyses of the claims data provided to us by the counterparties, our review of claims files and reinsurance assets, our analysis of claim trends and other data supplied as part of our due diligence. Accordingly, at the time we enter the arrangements, we do not reflect the potential impact of our claims management strategies as we have no assurance that our efforts will be successful nor how any development may emerge. Similarly, we do not recognize reductions for any potential settlements or commutations that we have not executed as we do not solely control any such outcome. The settlement of the liabilities may take many years to complete depending on the underlying risk profile of the business.
By investing the consideration received from our (re)insurance solutions, we generate investment returns that we use to settle the liabilities acquired, fund future transactions, meet our financing and operating obligations and return value to shareholders.
As a result, the traditional (re)insurance underwriting ratios (loss ratios and combined ratios) are not relevant to us. Net earned premiums are not a significant source of revenue and current period net incurred losses and LAE from those premiums are not significant either. We use RLE to measure our success at managing our retroactive reinsurance liabilities and TIR to measure our investment returns. Our ability to generate favorable RLE or avoid unfavorable RLE from our management of acquired portfolios can vary. RLE may be recognized within a year of acquiring the new portfolio, or may not appear for many years, if at all. Similarly, our ability to generate positive TIR can be heavily impacted by market risks, including interest rate, credit spread, credit and foreign exchange risks, in addition to the regulatory constraints associated with being a regulated global (re)insurance group.
1 This is further described in Note 10 to our consolidated financial statements.
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ITEM 1 | Business | Our Business
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ITEM 1 | Business | Our Business
1 Acquire New Business
Sourcing
We leverage our industry relationships and our position as an experienced run-off specialist, together with our footprint in the major (re)insurance hubs, to source new business opportunities. We engage directly with companies and/or their representative brokers to bid for and negotiate new transactions.
Solutions
Our Run-off business offers a variety of capital release solutions, including but not limited to:
LPTs: We offer LPTs in situations where our clients wish to divest themselves of a portfolio of insurance business. In such instances, we are able to retroactively reinsure against deterioration of the portfolio of loss reserves, subject to any stipulated limits. In the Lloyd's market, we provide similar solutions through reinsurance to close (“RITC”) transactions.
ADCs: In situations where our clients are concerned about loss deterioration on selected books of business, we offer ADCs whereby we reinsure certain losses in excess of our clients’ established reserves, up to a pre-determined limit.
Acquisitions: Where our clients or potential clients want to dispose of a company in run-off, we may purchase the company. Such a transaction is beneficial to the seller because it enables them to monetize their investment in that company.
Pricing
We evaluate each opportunity presented by carefully reviewing and analyzing the portfolio’s risk exposures, claim practices, capital and reserve requirements and outstanding claims. This initial analysis allows us to determine whether the opportunity aligns with our strategy and targeted return thresholds.
If we decide to pursue an opportunity, we price it based on certain assumptions, including: our ability to apply our core competencies to negotiate with (re)insureds, resolve valid claims, manage the investments associated with the portfolio and otherwise manage the nature of the risks posed by the business or portfolio.
LPTs and ADCs: Using actuarial analysis and our view of the exposure assumed, we determine the premium consideration that we charge the ceding companies under retroactive reinsurance contracts.
This premium is generally lower than the undiscounted estimated ultimate losses payable at inception due to the time value of money, in recognition that we will earn an investment return on the assets which support the payment of insurance claims in the future.
Acquisitions: In order to price the acquisition of a company in run-off, we estimate the fair value of assets and liabilities acquired based on actuarial analyses and our views of the exposures assumed.
The fair value of the company may be lower than its book value based upon the risks assumed, the time value of money as applied to its liabilities and to our client no longer having to manage the company.
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ITEM 1 | Business | Our Business
2 Manage Liabilities
Non-Life Run-off
There is a period over which the reserve liabilities associated with LPTs, ADCs, acquisitions and other similar transactions are extinguished, as described below:
•At take-on: upon integrating the acquired company or portfolio we record our best estimate of the value of loss reserves. We then implement our plan to manage the book and its exposures that we gathered during the course of the acquisition process.
•Subsequent to take-on: in the proceeding years, we develop a deeper understanding of the claims portfolio from a reserving perspective and, where we have been granted claims control, employ our claims management strategies in order to generate RLE.
After applying our claims management strategies for a period of time, there are generally reduced opportunities remaining to achieve RLE. At that point, our goal is to continue to manage costs and generate investment returns as we run off the remaining reserves in an orderly manner.
Both the A&E losses and LAE and defendant A&E liabilities have much longer expected claims settlement periods than our general casualty books of business, and therefore the period over which their reserve liabilities are extinguished tends to be significantly longer than other lines of business.
The strategies we employ to manage our acquired companies and portfolios of business in run-off include:
Claims Management on Portfolios with Claims Control: Integral to our success is our ability to analyze, administer, and settle claims while managing related expenses. We work with seasoned and well-trained claims professionals, along with claims reporting and control procedures, in all of our claims units. Our claims management processes on portfolios where we have claims control also include leveraging our extensive relationships and developed protocols to manage outside counsel and other third parties more efficiently to reduce expenses.
For certain lines of business, we have entered into agreements with third-party administrators to manage and pay claims on our subsidiaries’ behalf and advise with respect to case reserves. These agreements generally set forth the duties of the third-party administrators, limits of authority, indemnification language designed for our protection and various procedures relating to compliance with laws and regulations. The agreements clearly define our claims handling guidelines, and we provide extensive and active oversight by in-house subject matter claims experts in order to ensure the third-party administrators are operating in accordance with our expectations.
Claims Oversight on Portfolios without Claims Control: On some of the more structured reinsurance transactions where claims control has been retained by the original cedants, we have developed bespoke oversight, reporting and monitoring programs. These programs are specific to the individual transactions and involve utilizing our in-house subject matter claims experts to work with the original cedants who can leverage our expertise and experience. As we have seen a shift towards more reinsurance transactions without claims control, our oversight programs have given us a greater insight into the development of the risks that we have assumed and have also added benefit to our cedants in giving them more access to our expertise in claims management.
Commutations and Policy Buybacks: Where possible, we negotiate with third-party (re)insureds to commute their (re)insurance agreement (sometimes called policy buybacks for direct insurance) for an agreed upon up-front payment by us.
Commutations and policy buybacks provide us with an opportunity to exit exposures to certain policies and (re)insureds generally at a discount to the ultimate liability. Commutations can reduce the duration, administrative burden and ultimately the future cost we face as we manage the run-off of the claims and the amount of regulatory capital we are required to maintain.
In certain lines of business and jurisdictions, such as direct workers’ compensation insurance, commutations and policy buyback opportunities are not typically available, and our strategy with respect to these businesses is to derive value through efficient and effective claims management.
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ITEM 1 | Business | Our Business
Reinsurance Recoverables: We manage reinsurance recoverables by working with reinsurers, brokers and professional advisors to achieve fair and prompt payment of reinsured claims, and we take appropriate legal action to secure recoverables when necessary. Where appropriate we negotiate commutations with our reinsurers by securing a lump sum settlement in complete satisfaction of the reinsurer’s past, present and future liability in respect of such claims.
Seasonality
We complete most of our loss reserve studies in the fourth quarter of each year and, as a result, we tend to record the largest movements, both favorable or adverse, to net incurred losses and LAE in these periods. However, we also monitor the progression of claims and claims settlements in the earlier interim periods and may adjust our reserves if, and when, we deem it appropriate.
3 Manage Investments
We manage our investments to obtain attractive risk-adjusted returns while maintaining prudent diversification of assets and operating within the constraints of a regulated global (re)insurance group. We also consider the liquidity requirements and duration of our claims and contract liabilities.
We have a group-wide investment policy and group mandate, which applies to our consolidated investment portfolio and all subsidiary cash and investment portfolios.
Our investment policy:
•Outlines our investment objectives and constraints;
•Prescribes permitted asset class limits and strategies;
•Establishes risk tolerance limits; and
•Establishes appropriate governance.
Our investment policy also includes constraints that impact our asset allocation and external asset manager selection.
In pursuing our investment objectives, we typically allocate to asset classes with varying risk-return profiles that fall into two classifications: core assets and non-core assets.
Core Asset Strategy: Our core assets investment portfolio is predominantly invested in investment grade fixed income securities that are duration and currency optimized and matched against the expected payment of loss reserves in accordance with our contractual obligations with our counterparty insurers and as prescribed in statutory liquidity and solvency regulations. Our goal with these securities is to meet the expected maturity to support prompt payment of the claims, whilst maximizing investment income.
Our fixed income assets include U.S. government and agency investments, highly rated sovereign and supranational investments, high-grade corporate investments as well as mortgage-backed and asset-backed investments.
Non-Core Asset Strategy: Our goal with our non-core assets investment portfolio is to provide diversification and increased return. Our non-core assets typically include below-investment grade fixed income securities and bank loans, public equity securities, hedge funds, private equity funds, fixed income funds, collateralized loan obligation (“CLO”) equities, real estate funds, private credit funds and equity method investments.
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ITEM 1 | Business | Our Business
Our core assets, or fixed income assets, include short-term and fixed maturities classified as trading and available-for-sale (“AFS”), funds held and cash and cash equivalents. Under funds held arrangements, the reinsured company has retained consideration that would otherwise have been remitted to us. The funds held balance is credited with investment income and is used to offset settlement of paid losses. Funds held arrangements where we receive the underlying portfolio economics and the contractual right to direct the asset allocation strategies are referred by us as "Funds held - directly managed". Funds held arrangements where we receive a fixed crediting rate or other contractually agreed return are referred by us as "Funds held by reinsured companies".
Our non-core assets, or other investments, include equities and equity method investments.
The allocation and composition of our non-core assets may vary, depending on risk appetite, current market conditions and the assessment of relative value between asset classes.
We believe our non-core investments provide diversification in our overall investment portfolio, because generally they have low correlation with our fixed income assets, thereby providing an opportunity for improved risk-adjusted rates of return while minimizing downside risk over the long-term. The returns of our non-core investments may be volatile, and we may experience significant unrealized gains or losses in a particular quarter or year. Regulatory, rating agency, our internal risk appetite and other factors may limit our capacity to hold non-core assets.
Portfolio Allocation: Our portfolio is diversified across several core and non-core asset classes and targets attractive risk-adjusted returns, while taking into account regulatory, capital, risk, and other relevant considerations. We periodically review the performance of the portfolio and reallocate assets to take advantage of opportunities in the market. This asset rebalancing is periodically reviewed by our Board Investment Committee.
Asset Manager Selection: Our investment portfolio is managed by external managers through the execution of investment management agreements and investment guidelines. We hold regular discussions with our managers to monitor investment performance.
Performance and Compliance Monitoring: Our investment management agreements and guidelines with external asset managers include performance benchmarks. The benchmarks take various factors into consideration, including duration, currency, asset class, geography, sector, credit quality and other relevant metrics that impact performance.
An investment compliance report for the aggregate investment policy is prepared for our Board Investment Committee on a quarterly basis in arrears. The Board Investment Committee and our subsidiary boards are responsible for ensuring that investment compliance guidelines proposed are aligned to our stated risk appetite.
4 Redeploy Capital and Return Value to Shareholders
Our regulated subsidiaries and group are subject to capital requirements, which require us to hold additional assets to mitigate the risk of insufficient funds to fulfill our insurance obligations in adverse economic or operational circumstances. Amounts beyond our internal capital levels are available for us to redeploy.
As we settle our liabilities, we reduce our required capital and any excess capital may be redeployed into the business for further acquisitions. We believe that the best investment is in our business, by funding future transactions and meeting our financing obligations. We have also utilized share repurchases in situations where we have excess capital in order to return value to our shareholders. To date, we have not declared any dividends on our ordinary shares.
Competition
Our Run-off segment competes in the global insurance market with domestic and international reinsurance companies to acquire and manage (re)insurance companies and portfolios of (re)insurance business in run-off. We compete with different companies depending upon the size of the loss portfolios being contemplated and the location of the insurer or insurance risks.
The legacy market has seen several new entrants in the last decade, largely driven by the investment of significant alternative capital. This has led to increased competition in the overall market and increased pressure on deal pricing. These pressures have started to manifest over the last 12 months as certain of our competitors have signaled either a full exit from the overall legacy market or a withdrawal from the non-life legacy market. According
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 17
ITEM 1 | Business | Competition
to global run-off deal data published by PwC, 12 different acquirers completed run-off transactions in 2023 versus 16 in 2022.
Despite the exit of companies from the legacy market, the acquisition and management of companies and portfolios in run-off continues to be competitive and is driven by several factors, including proposed acquisition price, operational reputation and financial resources including new capital and alternative forms of capital entering the markets.
We have a positive outlook on the future as we continue to see high levels of legacy market activity, with opportunities being brought to us either directly by counterparties or brokers. We have established long-term and continuing business relationships throughout the (re)insurance industry, which can be a significant competitive advantage for us. Additionally, we believe that we are price competitive and have a well-established reputation with respect to our distinctive ability to complete and manage transactions.
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ITEM 1 | Business | Competition
Our Organization
Segments2
We report the results of our operations through four reportable segments:
•Run-off: consists of our acquired property and casualty and other (re)insurance business.
•Assumed Life: consists of life and catastrophe business that we assumed via the 2022 acquisition of the controlling interest in Enhanzed Reinsurance, Ltd. (“Enhanzed Re”).
•Investments: consists of our investment activities and the performance of our investment portfolio, excluding those investable assets attributable to our Legacy Underwriting segment.
•Legacy Underwriting: consists of businesses that we have exited via the sale of the majority of our interest.
In addition, our corporate and other activities, which do not qualify as an operating segment, include income and expense items that are not directly attributable to our reportable segments.
Major Operating Subsidiaries
Our (re)insurance business is regulated and requires licenses to operate in each relevant jurisdiction. Our major operating insurance subsidiaries and their regulatory domiciles are listed below:
Regulated Company Jurisdiction % of Net Liability for Losses and LAE
as of December 31, 2023
Clarendon National Insurance Company United States 6%
Fletcher Reinsurance Company
Yosemite Insurance Company
Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited Bermuda 85%
Fitzwilliam Insurance Limited
StarStone Insurance Bermuda Limited
SGL No.1 Limited United Kingdom 9%
Mercantile Indemnity Company Limited
River Thames Insurance Company Limited
Gordian Runoff Limited Other -%
StarStone Insurance SE
100%
2 For further information on our reportable segments, refer to “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Results of Operations by Segment” and Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements.
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ITEM 1 | Business | Human Capital Resources
Human Capital Resources
As of December 31, 2023, we had 805 employees, as compared to 792 employees as of December 31, 2022.
We seek to attract, retain and develop a diverse and specialized workforce that supports our culture, target operating model and business performance. We do this by applying the following strategies:
•Making use of a range of hiring channels and approaches and incorporating a total reward offering that includes market competitive salaries, an annual bonus plan as well as comprehensive benefits to protect employee health, wellness and financial security.
•Promoting alignment of interests with investors through the use of an employee share purchase plan and long-term equity-based incentives.
•Encouraging our employees to periodically review development areas with their managers to identify appropriate learning opportunities to better equip our work force with the skills necessary for near- and long-term success. We offer an array of professional development programs and initiatives to support our employees' career aspirations and enhance our leadership and management capabilities-creating a pipeline of talent able to deliver on our long-term strategic objectives and developing a skilled workforce with succession capabilities. For example, we provide all of our employees access to a digital platform containing learning resources designed to support their role and career.
In addition, strengthening our succession planning is a key priority for us across all levels. We have made a significant investment in establishing and developing programs for managers, functional heads and group executives designed to enhance leadership and management capabilities across our senior management team. For example, in 2023 we launched a multi-year Management Development Program, which is designed to foster in-house talent and help managers broaden their leadership skills. We also offer programs to group and regional executives and other potential successors throughout the organization.
Diversity, Equity and Inclusion
We understand the importance of diversity in our work force and our diversity, equity and inclusion (“DE&I”) vision is to create a diverse and inclusive workplace, where everyone feels that they belong and where diversity is celebrated. Over the past year we continued to increase our focus on DE&I, which included:
•Launching our first DE&I strategic framework, which covers the following five pillars: People Practices; Inclusive Procurement and Supplier Diversity; Access and Accessibility; Communication Events and Community Engagement; and Data and Insights. This strategic framework guides our objectives and informs the initiatives we have undertaken.
•Establishing three Employee Resource Groups (“ERGs”) for our staff, focusing on themes that link to the demographic of our workforce: Parents and Carers, Mental Health, and Women in the Finance Industry. The ERGs bring together employees from across the business and create a space where individuals feel comfortable to share their ideas and experiences. We also solicit feedback from these groups when developing future DE&I initiatives.
•Conducting an accessibility audit of our office spaces in the U.K. and U.S. to ensure they are accessible to our employees and visitors. Additionally, in partnership with our internal communications team, we enlisted the services of an external specialist to conduct an accessibility audit of our website and provide recommendations for enhancement.
•Hosting our 2023 summer global internship program for the second consecutive year following the success of the inaugural program in 2022, by welcoming a talented and diverse group of individuals across three of our offices in Bermuda, the U.S. and the U.K. to undertake a mix of industry training, departmental expertise and personal development activities.
To measure our progress, we use a variety of human capital measures in managing our business, including workforce demographics and diversity metrics, attrition and retention metrics and hiring metrics. We continue to build and expand on the range of metrics we produce as we continue to work towards the achievement of our DE&I vision.
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ITEM 1 | Business | Human Capital Resources
As of December 31, 2023, our gender metrics on a global scale were as follows:
We are committed to fostering a culture that treats all employees fairly and with respect, promotes inclusivity and diversity, and provides equal opportunities for professional development and merit-based advancement. We adhere to these values by following a Board Diversity Policy and Group Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Policy. We intend to continue conducting human capital management activities, including recruitment, career development and advancement, role design and compensation in a manner reflective of our commitment to diversity and inclusion.
Employee Wellbeing
We recognize the importance of our employees as individuals and the role we can play in promoting their wellbeing. Our wellbeing strategy is now well defined across three pillars of core focus:
•Emotional and social: we offer an Employee Assistance Program, which provides a professional and confidential service that covers a broad range of topics, both personal and work-related. We also held a series of employee webinars during the year, covering a wide range of topics related to health and wellbeing such as burnout, menopause and children’s mental health.
•Physical: our benefits coverage includes a range of centrally provided and individually tailored health-related insurance packages, alongside a number of additional benefits and initiatives. For example, we provide access to a wellbeing platform that offers a range of benefits and tools and hosts Enstar’s health initiatives and challenges, such as our Global Step Challenge, which was held for the second consecutive year. We also offer an Enstar Wellness allowance, enabling an annual reimbursement of expenses that support mental or physical wellness, and various other provisions including annual health assessments.
•Financial: during 2023 we delivered a range of initiatives to address the challenging economic marketplace, including the launch of an Employee Financial Assistance Program, which provided interest-free employee loans, and the provision of a supplemental Economic Hardship Payment to those employees most vulnerable to the impact of inflationary pressures.
Our employee engagement, diversity and inclusion results are a clear indication of our efforts and successes in managing and supporting our employees. For the past three years our rating index has been in the upper quartile of the financial services benchmark, resulting in Enstar being awarded the People Insight ‘Outstanding Place to Work 2023’ award for the second consecutive year.
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ITEM 1 | Business | Enterprise Risk Management
Enterprise Risk Management
Effective Enterprise Risk Management (“ERM”) and oversight is a top priority for our management and Boards of Directors (both at the parent company and subsidiary levels). We aim to ensure that we have a comprehensive ERM Framework to identify, measure, manage, monitor and report on risks that affect the achievement of our strategic, operational and financial objectives.
We believe that an effective ERM Framework is crucial to maintaining the strength of Enstar and our (re)insurance companies (our "Group") and enhancing our operations. These include our business strategy and objectives, capital management decision making, operations and processes, financial performance and financial reporting, regulatory compliance, reputation with key stakeholders and business continuity planning. Through our ERM Framework, we aim to embed considerations of risk through all aspects of our business.
Risk Management Strategy
The Group’s Risk Management Strategy has been designed to help meet our core objectives, which is to:
•engage in highly disciplined and risk based, acquisition, management and (re)insurance practices across a diverse portfolio of loss reserves;
•seek investment risk where it is adequately rewarded;
•maintain loss reserving risk in line with risk appetite;
•minimize capital, liquidity, credit, operational and regulatory risks; and
•promote the consideration of Environmental (specifically, climate change effects), Social and Governance (“ESG”) risks in the strategies, business planning and other operational processes.
These strategies are pursued through the use of appropriate controls, governance structures and highly skilled teams effectively working together.
Our risk management strategy is embedded across the organization by promoting a strong culture of risk awareness. This is evidenced through our day-to-day approach to managing our business. In particular, risk matters are regularly discussed at management and Board meetings, providing challenge and considering opportunities against risks being assessed and managed.
The goal of our risk management strategy is to enable the proactive, pragmatic management of risks arising in day-to-day operations, primarily through the implementation and maintenance of an effective ERM Framework to ensure a robust control environment.
Risk Appetite
The Risk Appetite Framework in place at both the Group and its regulated subsidiaries monitors risk taking throughout the business by linking business strategy and planning with available capital and risk. It is designed to consider material risks, protect the Group and its subsidiaries from unacceptable levels of loss, compliance failures and/or adverse reputational impacts and support the wider strategic decision-making process.
A qualitative risk appetite statement is set for each material risk to represent the amount of risk the Board is willing to accept, which is supported by quantitative tolerances (such as minimum capital required). The qualitative risk appetite statements and supporting quantitative tolerances are reviewed and approved by the Board annually. Subsidiary companies’ risk appetite and tolerances are reviewed against their specific risk profiles and strategy and approved by the local Board(s), and are reviewed annually to ensure that subsidiary risk appetite does not in the aggregate exceed the aggregate Group Risk Appetite Framework.
Accountability for the implementation, monitoring and oversight of our risk appetite is aligned with individual corporate executives and monitored and maintained by the Risk Management Function. Risk tolerance levels are monitored and deviations from pre-established levels are reported in order to facilitate responsive action. On a quarterly basis, risk tolerances are reported by the assigned first line business owner to Risk Management who collate, review and provide challenge and aggregate tolerances. Individual tolerances are rated ‘Red’, ‘Amber’ or ‘Green’ relative to pre-defined thresholds. As determined by the Board or Risk Committee, the Risk Appetite Framework and tolerance(s) may be reviewed/updated outside of the annual review cycle in the event of a material
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ITEM 1 | Business | Enterprise Risk Management
change in risk profile, system of governance, regulatory or operating environment, market or macroeconomic conditions, and/or any other material change.
Risk Governance and Culture
The Board of Directors actively oversees the management of risks to which the Group is exposed in a variety of ways. To ensure comprehensive oversight, the Company has an EGL Risk Committee, as well as Group and jurisdictional Management Risk Committees comprised of executive and/or senior management responsible for the management of key risks. These committees are supported by representatives from our Risk & Compliance and Internal Audit functions as appropriate.
The Group, supported by the wider ERM Framework, promotes a strong risk culture through a rigorous hiring process for employees, performing an annual Compensation Risk Assessment, ensuring employee understanding and compliance with the Employee Code of Conduct, and by promoting employee risk awareness of compliance and IT security matters through training.
Risk Ownership, Accountability and Assurance
We maintain the traditional Three Lines Model (Management, Risk & Compliance and Internal Audit) to delineate accountabilities and establish a ‘check and balance’ management of risks across the Group. The Three Lines Model has been selected to allow for clear ownership and accountability of risks, and independent assurance that these have been considered appropriately via our Internal Audit Function. This model also allows for a clear assignment of risk management responsibilities across all Group activities and helps communicate the approach to risk management throughout the organization.
The Risk Management Function, headed by the Group Chief Risk Officer (“CRO”), is responsible for both designing and operationalizing the various components of the ERM Framework throughout the Group. To ensure independence, the CRO reports to our CEO and has direct access to the Chairperson of the EGL Risk Committee. Our CRO obtains expertise from other functions / subject matter experts, as appropriate, to provide coverage over key risk areas.
The Group and its subsidiaries have internal controls in place, designed to manage risks to acceptable levels and the effectiveness of controls is regularly considered in managing and balancing risk and appetite. These are implemented within each line of defense.
Entity Level Management
At the operating subsidiary level, risks relating to our individual (re)insurance subsidiaries are also overseen by the subsidiary boards of directors, risk committees and other committees, and management teams, consistent with applicable regulatory requirements and our overall ERM Framework that is embedded at local levels and throughout the business.
Emerging Risks
As part of our ERM Framework, we maintain an Emerging Risk Framework, which sets out the minimum standards by which emerging risks are identified, analyzed, evaluated, treated and reported on. Pursuant to this framework, the Management Risk Committees and our Group Risk Committee continually monitor emerging risks and oversee changes to our ERM Framework to react to these risks, where appropriate. Emerging risks are defined as "risks which may develop or which already exist but are difficult to quantify" and are marked by a high degree of uncertainty. While emerging risks are not fully understood or explicitly considered within the day-to-day operation of our business due to the lack of quantifiable data, we expect that the potential impacts of these risks may crystallize over time and therefore merit additional analysis, monitoring, evaluation and, when appropriate, management. See "Item 1A. Risk Factors" for further detail on these risks.
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ITEM 1 | Business | Regulation
Regulation
Overview
The business of (re)insurance is regulated in most countries, although the degree and type of regulation varies from one jurisdiction to another. Our material operations are in Bermuda, the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia and several Continental European countries. We are subject to extensive regulation under the applicable statutes in these countries and any others in which we operate. In addition, the BMA acts as group supervisor of our Group.
We may become subject in the future to regulation in new jurisdictions or additional regulations in existing jurisdictions depending on the location and nature of any companies acquired and the volume and location of business being transacted by our existing companies.
Group Supervision
The BMA’s group supervision objective is to provide a coordinated approach to the regulation of an insurance group and its supervisory and capital requirements. Bermuda has been recognized by the U.S. National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) as a qualified jurisdiction, and the E.U. recognizes Bermuda's full equivalence under Solvency II.
As our Group supervisor, the BMA performs a number of functions including: (i) coordinating the gathering and dissemination of information for other regulatory authorities; (ii) carrying out a supervisory review and assessment of our Group; (iii) carrying out an assessment of our Group's compliance with the rules on solvency, risk concentration, intra-group transactions and appropriate governance procedures; (iv) planning and coordinating, through regular meetings with other authorities, supervisory activities in respect of our Group; (v) coordinating any enforcement action that may need to be taken against our Group or any Group members; and (vi) coordinating meetings of colleges of supervisors in order to facilitate the carrying out of these functions. Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited (“Cavello”) serves as our Group’s Designated Insurer. As Designated Insurer, Cavello is required to facilitate compliance by our Group with the insurance solvency and supervision rules.
On an annual basis, the Group is required to file Group statutory financial statements, a Group statutory financial return, a Group capital and solvency return, audited Group financial statements, a GSSA, and a financial condition report with the BMA. The GSSA is designed to document our perspective on the capital resources necessary to achieve our business strategies and remain solvent, and to provide the BMA with insights on our risk management, governance procedures and documentation. In addition, the Group is required to file a quarterly financial return with the BMA.
We are required to maintain available Group statutory capital and surplus in an amount that is at least equal to the group enhanced capital requirement (“ECR”). The BMA has also established a group target capital level equal to 120% of the Group ECR, which is a standardized requirement based on our insurance class.
The BMA also maintains supervision over the controllers of all Bermuda registered insurers, and accordingly, any person who, directly or indirectly, becomes a holder of at least 10% of our ordinary shares must notify the BMA in writing within 45 days of becoming such a holder (or ceasing to be such a holder). The BMA may object to such a person and require the holder to reduce its holding of ordinary shares and direct, among other things, that voting rights attaching to the ordinary shares shall not be exercisable.
Bermuda Operations
BMA Insurance Regulation
The Insurance Act 1978 of Bermuda and related regulations, as amended (together, the "Insurance Act"), regulate the (re)insurance business of our operating subsidiaries in Bermuda. The Insurance Act imposes certain solvency and liquidity standards and auditing and reporting requirements and grants the BMA powers to supervise, investigate, require information and the production of documents and intervene in the affairs of (re)insurance companies.
Significant requirements pertaining to our regulated Bermuda subsidiaries vary depending on the class in which our company is registered, but generally include the appointment of a principal representative in Bermuda, the
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appointment of an independent auditor, the appointment of an approved loss reserve specialist to opine on the statutory technical provisions of our insurance reserves, the filing of annual statutory and either U.S. GAAP based consolidated or condensed financial statements, the filing of annual statutory financial returns, the filing of quarterly financial returns, compliance with group solvency and supervision rules, and compliance with the Insurance Code of Conduct (relating to corporate governance, risk management and internal controls).
Our regulated Bermuda subsidiaries must also comply with a minimum liquidity ratio and minimum solvency margin. The minimum liquidity ratio requires that the value of relevant assets must not be less than 75% of the amount of relevant liabilities. The minimum solvency margin, which varies depending on the class of the insurer, is determined as a percentage of either net reserves for losses and LAE or premiums. Each of our regulated Bermuda-domiciled insurers is also subject to an ECR determined pursuant to a risk-based capital measure and are required to file a CISSA, and a financial condition report with the BMA. As of December 31, 2023, each of our Bermuda-based (re)insurance subsidiaries exceeded their respective minimum solvency and liquidity requirements.
Each of our regulated Bermuda subsidiaries would be prohibited from declaring or paying any dividends if it were in breach of its minimum solvency margin or liquidity ratio or if the declaration or payment of such dividends would cause it to fail to meet such margin or ratio. In addition, each of our regulated Bermuda subsidiaries is prohibited, without the prior approval of the BMA, from reducing by 15% or more its total statutory capital, or from reducing by 25% of more its total statutory capital and surplus, as set out in its previous year’s statutory financial statements. Our Bermuda (re)insurance companies that are in run-off are required to seek BMA approval for any dividends or distributions.
Economic Substance Act
Under the provisions of the Economic Substance Act 2018 (the "ESA"), any Bermuda-registered entity engaged in a “relevant activity” (which includes insurance business and holding entity activities) must maintain a substantial economic presence in Bermuda. To the extent that the ESA applies to our entities registered in Bermuda, we are required to demonstrate compliance with economic substance requirements by filing an annual economic substance declaration with the Registrar of Companies in Bermuda.
U.K. Operations
PRA and FCA Regulation
Our U.K.-based insurance subsidiaries consist of wholly-owned run-off companies. These subsidiaries are authorized and regulated by the U.K. Prudential Regulation Authority (the "PRA"), and are also regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (the "FCA", together with the PRA, the "U.K. Regulator"). Our U.K. run-off subsidiaries may not underwrite new business without the approval of the U.K. Regulator.
Our U.K.-based insurance subsidiaries are required to maintain adequate financial resources in accordance with the requirements of the U.K. Regulator. The calculation of the minimum capital resources requirements in any particular case depends on, among other things, the type and amount of insurance business written and claims paid by the insurance company. As of December 31, 2023, each of our U.K.-based insurance subsidiaries maintained capital in excess of the minimum capital resources requirements.
The Solvency II framework sets out requirements on capital adequacy and risk management for insurers. To the extent that Solvency II was already adopted by U.K. legislation, it remains in force post-Brexit. Insurers must comply with a Solvency Capital Requirement ("SCR"), which is calculated using either the Solvency II standard formula or a bespoke internal model. Our non-Lloyd's U.K. companies use the standard formula. The U.K. Regulator has consulted on changes to the application of the Solvency II framework in the U.K. In particular: (i) it has been proposed that amendments will be made to the Solvency II risk margin with effect from year-end 2023; (ii) amendments are expected to be made to the Solvency II matching adjustment by June 30, 2024; and (iii) the remainder of the U.K. Regulator’s proposals are expected to be in place for December 31, 2024.
The U.K. Regulator’s rules require our U.K. insurance subsidiaries to obtain regulatory approval for any proposed or actual payment of a dividend. The U.K. Regulator uses the SCR, among other tests, when assessing requests to make distributions.
Under the Financial Services and Markets Act of 2000 ("FSMA"), any company or individual (together with its concert parties) proposing to directly or indirectly acquire "control" over a U.K. authorized insurance company (which is generally defined as acquiring 10% or more of the shares or voting power in a U.K. authorized insurance company or its parent company) must seek prior approval of the U.K. Regulator of its intention to do so. A person
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ITEM 1 | Business | Regulation
who is already deemed to have "control" will require prior regulatory approval if the person increases the level of "control" beyond 20%, 30% and 50%.
Lloyd’s Regulation
We participate in the Lloyd’s market through our interests in Syndicate 2008, which is managed by Enstar Managing Agency Limited, a syndicate that has permission to underwrite RITC business and other run-off or discontinued business type transactions with other Lloyd's Syndicates.
Our Lloyd’s operations are subject to authorization and regulation by the U.K. Regulator and compliance with the Lloyd’s Act(s) and Byelaws and regulations, as well as the applicable provisions of the FSMA. The Council of Lloyd’s has wide discretionary powers to regulate its members, and its exercise of these powers might affect the return on an investment of the corporate member in a given underwriting year. This discretion includes the ability to assess up to 3% of a member’s underwriting capacity in any one year as a Central Fund contribution.
The underwriting capacity of a corporate member of Lloyd’s must be supported by providing a deposit (referred to as "Funds at Lloyd’s" or “FAL”) in the form of cash, securities, letters of credit or other approved capital instrument in satisfaction of its capital requirement. The amount of the FAL is assessed quarterly and is determined by Lloyd’s in accordance with applicable capital adequacy rules. To release their capital, Lloyd’s members are usually required to have transferred their liabilities through an approved RITC, such as those offered by Syndicate 2008.
Business plans, including maximum underwriting capacity, for Lloyd’s syndicates require annual approval by the Lloyd’s Franchise Board, which may require changes to any business plan or additional capital to support underwriting plans.
The Lloyd’s market has applied the Solvency II internal model under Lloyd’s supervision, and our Lloyd’s operations are required to meet Solvency II standards. The Society of Lloyd's has received approval from the PRA to use its bespoke internal model under the Solvency II regime.
Lloyd’s approval is required before any person can acquire control of a Lloyd’s managing agent or Lloyd’s corporate member.
U.S.
Our U.S. (re)insurance subsidiaries are subject to extensive governmental regulation and supervision by the states in which they are domiciled, licensed and/or eligible to conduct business. We currently have wholly-owned subsidiary U.S. insurers and reinsurers domiciled in Texas, Missouri and Oklahoma and minority owned affiliates in Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, Illinois and Texas.
Our U.S. insurers are generally required to maintain minimum levels of solvency and liquidity as determined by law, and to comply with risk-based capital requirements and licensing rules. Insurers having less statutory surplus than required by the risk-based capital calculation will be subject to varying degrees of regulatory action. If any of our U.S. insurers were to have risk-based capital levels that are below required levels, they would be subject to increased regulatory scrutiny and control by their domestic and possibly other insurance regulators. As of December 31, 2023, all of our U.S. insurers exceeded their required levels of risk-based capital.
Applicable insurance laws also limit the amount of dividends or other distributions our U.S. insurers can pay to us. The insurance regulatory limitations on dividends are generally based on statutory net income and/or certain levels of statutory surplus as determined by the insurer’s state or states of domicile and approval must be obtained before an insurer may pay a dividend or make a distribution above these thresholds.
All states have enacted legislation regulating insurance holding company systems that requires each insurance company in the system to register with the insurance department of its state of domicile and furnish information concerning the operations of companies within the holding company system that may materially affect the operations, management or financial condition of the insurers within the system. The NAIC’s Insurance Holding Company System Regulatory Act and associated regulations provide regulators with tools to evaluate risks to an insurance company within the insurance holding company system. They impose extensive informational requirements on parents and other affiliates of licensed insurers with the purpose of protecting them from enterprise risk, including requiring an annual enterprise risk report by the ultimate controlling person of the insurers identifying the material risks within the insurance holding company system that could pose enterprise risk to the insurers and requiring a person divesting its controlling interest to make a confidential advance notice filing.
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ITEM 1 | Business | Regulation
The NAIC’s Risk Management and Own Risk and Solvency Assessment Model Act requires insurers to maintain a risk management framework and establishes a legal requirement for insurers or their insurance group to conduct an Own Risk and Solvency Assessment ("ORSA") in accordance with the NAIC’s ORSA Guidance Manual. The ORSA Model Act subjects our insurance subsidiaries to ORSA requirements if certain premium thresholds are exceeded. Where applicable, we must regularly conduct an ORSA consistent with the ORSA Model Act, including undertaking an internal risk management review no less often than annually and preparing a summary report assessing the adequacy of risk management and capital in light of our insurers’ current and future business plans.
The NAIC’s Corporate Governance Annual Disclosure (“CGAD”) Model Act and Regulation requires the annual filing of a disclosure describing the insurance group’s corporate governance structure, policies, and practices. The Model Act and Regulation have been adopted in most of the states in which we have insurers domiciled. There are no premium thresholds for CGAD.
Before a person can acquire control of a domestic insurer or any person controlling such insurer, prior written approval must be obtained from the insurance commissioner of the state in which the domestic insurer is domiciled and, under certain circumstances, from insurance commissioners in other jurisdictions. Generally, state statutes and regulations provide that "control" over a domestic insurer or person controlling a domestic insurer is presumed to exist if any person, directly or indirectly, owns, controls, holds with the power to vote, or holds proxies representing, 10% or more of the voting securities or securities convertible into voting securities of the domestic insurer or of a person who controls the domestic insurer.
Australia
Our Australian regulated insurance entity is subject to prudential supervision by the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority ("APRA"). APRA is the primary regulatory body responsible for regulating compliance with the Insurance Act 1973. APRA has issued prudential standards that apply to general insurers in relation to capital adequacy (under a wide range of scenarios), the holding of assets in Australia, risk management, business continuity management, reinsurance management, outsourcing, audit and actuarial reporting and valuation, the transfer and amalgamation of insurance businesses, governance, and the fit and proper assessment of the insurer’s responsible persons.
APRA also prescribes prudential standards on remuneration, governance and recovery and exit planning. Our Australian regulated insurance entity is compliant with these requirements. The Financial Accountability Regime will come into effect on March 15, 2025. This significant piece of legislation will be jointly administered by APRA and the Australian Securities and Investment Commission. The legislation imposes a strengthened responsibility and accountability framework for entities in the financial services industries and their directors and senior executives. It has been designed to improve the risk and governance cultures of Australia’s financial institutions.
An insurer must obtain APRA’s written consent prior to making any capital releases, including any payment of dividends in excess of current year earnings. Our insurance subsidiary must provide APRA with a valuation prepared by an appointed actuary that demonstrates that the tangible assets of the insurer, after the proposed capital release, are sufficient to cover its insurance liabilities to a 99.5% level of sufficiency of capital before APRA will consent to a capital release or dividend above the prescribed limit.
Under the Financial Sector (Shareholdings) Act 1998, the interest of an individual shareholder or a group of associated shareholders in an insurer is generally limited to a 15% "stake" of the insurer. A person’s stake is the aggregate of the person’s voting power and the voting power of the person’s associates. A higher percentage limit may be approved by the Treasurer of the Commonwealth of Australia on national interest grounds. Any shareholder of Enstar with a "stake" greater than 15% has received approval to hold that stake from the Treasurer of the Commonwealth of Australia.
Europe
We have subsidiaries in Belgium, as well as StarStone Insurance SE ("SISE"), a Liechtenstein-based company that is regulated by the Financial Markets Authority. Our subsidiaries and branches in European jurisdictions are regulated in their respective home countries. As of January 1, 2023, the U.K. branch of SISE is also regulated by the U.K. Regulator following the expiration of the applicable Brexit transitional provisions. The application of the Solvency II framework across such European jurisdictions generally results in a uniform approach to regulation. Typically, such regulation is for the protection of policyholders and ceding insurance companies rather than shareholders. Regulatory authorities generally have broad supervisory and administrative powers over such matters
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as licenses, standards of solvency including minimum capital and surplus requirements, investments, reporting requirements relating to capital structure, ownership, financial condition and general business operations, special reporting and prior approval requirements with respect to certain transactions among affiliates, reserves for unpaid losses and LAE, reinsurance, dividends and other distributions to shareholders, periodic examinations and annual and other report filings.
Available Information About Enstar
Our website is http://www.enstargroup.com. We make available free of charge, through our Investor Relations section of our website, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to these reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after the material is electronically filed with or otherwise furnished to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC").
Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports are also available on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.
In addition, various policies and guidelines, including our Code of Conduct and the governing charters for the Audit, Compensation, Executive, Investment, Nominating and Governance and Risk Committees of our Board of Directors are available free of charge through our Corporate Governance section of our website.
The information contained on our website is not included as a part of, or incorporated by reference into, this filing.
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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
ITEM 1A. | Risk Factors
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Any of the following risk factors could cause our actual results to differ materially from historical or anticipated results. These risks and uncertainties are not the only ones we face. There may be additional risks that we currently consider not to be material or of which we are not currently aware, and any of these risks could cause our actual results to differ materially from historical or anticipated results.
You should carefully consider these risks along with the other information included in this document, including the matters addressed above under "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" before investing in any of our securities. We may amend, supplement or add to the risk factors described below from time to time in future reports filed with the SEC.
We have categorized our risk factors into the following areas:
•Risks Relating to our Run-off Business
•Risks Relating to Taxation
•Risks Relating to Liquidity and Capital Resources
•Risks Relating to our Investments
•Risks Relating to Laws and Regulations
•Risks Relating to our Operations
•Risks Relating to Ownership of our Shares
Risks Relating to our Run-off Business
Inadequate loss reserves could reduce our net income and capital surplus, which could have a materially adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition.
We are required to maintain a best estimate of reserves to cover the estimated ultimate liability for losses and LAE for both reported and unreported incurred claims. As of December 31, 2023, gross reserves for losses and LAE reported on our balance sheet were $12.4 billion. The process of establishing these reserves includes a significant level of judgment. As a result, these reserves are only estimates of what we expect the settlement and administration of claims will cost based on facts and circumstances known to us, as well as actuarial methodologies, historical industry loss ratio experience, loss development patterns, estimates of future trends and developments and other variable factors such as inflation. For example, while we monitor and adjust our reserves for the expected impact of inflation, the inherent uncertainties and inherent judgments that surround the estimation process make it so that we cannot be certain that our ultimate losses will not exceed our recorded estimates of losses and LAE.
We cannot be certain that ultimate losses will not exceed our recorded estimates of losses and LAE because of the uncertainties and inherent judgements that surround the estimation process (which are discussed in "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Critical Accounting Estimates - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses"). As a result, actual losses and LAE paid will deviate, perhaps substantially, from the reserve estimates reflected in our financial statements due to legal, judicial, social or other factors. If our reserves are insufficient to cover our actual losses and LAE, we would have to augment our reserves and incur a charge to our earnings. Such a charge could be material and would reduce our net income and capital and surplus. Further, our success is dependent upon our ability to accurately assess the reserves associated with our existing businesses and the business that we will acquire in the future.
In our Run-off business, loss reserves include A&E liabilities of $1.9 billion as of December 31, 2023. We also hold defendant liabilities associated with personal injury A&E claims from acquired companies with legacy manufacturing businesses. As of December 31, 2023, defendant A&E liabilities reported on our balance sheet were $567 million. Ultimate values for A&E claims cannot be estimated using traditional reserving techniques, and there are significant uncertainties in estimating losses for these claims. Factors contributing to the uncertainty include long waiting periods, reporting delays and difficulties identifying contamination sources and allocating damage liability. Developed case law and adequate claim history do not always exist for A&E claims, and changes in the legal and tort environment affect the development of such claims.
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ITEM 1A. | Risk Factors
In addition, evolving industry practices and legal, judicial, social, and environmental conditions may result in unexpected claims and coverage issues that could adversely affect the adequacy of our loss reserves by extending coverage beyond the envisioned scope of insurance policies and reinsurance contracts, or by increasing the number or size of claims. Our exposure to these uncertainties could be exacerbated by an increase in insurance and reinsurance contract disputes, arbitration and litigation, as well as social and economic inflation trends, including expanded theories of liability and higher jury awards. For example, in areas such as mass tort litigation, we continue to see damages awarded that far exceed the economic damages of the claimant. Increasingly, the handling of insurance claims can also lead to bad faith or other forms of extra-contractual damages. These trends may not become apparent until long after we have acquired or assumed the affected insurance policies.
We may not be able to sustain our growth through acquisitions.
We pursue growth through financially beneficial acquisitions of companies and portfolios of (re)insurance business. Because the execution of our claims management strategies and associated payments are intended to result in the reduction of our loss reserves and LAE over time, we must continually acquire an adequate amount of run-off business that aligns with our strategic objectives to grow liabilities and assets under management. However, the acquisition of suitable run-off business is highly competitive and driven by many factors, including but not limited to, proposed acquisition price, reputation, collateral arrangements, financial resources and remaining in good standing with relevant regulatory bodies. Despite the recent exit of certain of our competitors from the legacy market, the market remains competitive, and as a result there can be no guarantee we will be able to consummate acquisition transactions at acceptable prices and on acceptable terms, or at all, which could hinder our future growth.
The evaluation and negotiation of potential run-off acquisitions, as well as the integration of acquired businesses or portfolios in run-off, can be complex and costly and requires substantial management resources. Once we have signed a definitive agreement to acquire a business or portfolio, conditions to closing, such as obtaining regulatory or shareholder approvals, must be met prior to completing the acquisition. These and other closing conditions may not be satisfied, or may cause a material delay in the anticipated timing of closing. Such a failure or delay could result in significant expense, diversion of time and resources, reputational damage, litigation and a failure to realize the anticipated benefits of an acquisition, all of which could materially adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our acquisitions could involve additional risks that we may not be able to identify during the due diligence process, such as losses from unanticipated litigation, levels of covered claims or other liabilities and exposures, an inability to generate sufficient investment income and other revenue to offset acquisition costs and other financial exposures. Further, our counterparties may breach their representations and warranties and/or be unable or unwilling to meet their contractual obligations to us.
We may not be able to realize the anticipated benefits of acquisitions, which may result in underperformance relative to our expectations and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
To achieve positive operating results from an acquisition, we must first price the transaction on favorable terms relative to the risks posed, and then we must successfully manage the acquired reserves and investments. Unlike traditional insurers and reinsurers, our companies and loss portfolios no longer underwrite new policies or collect underwriting premiums, and their stated provisions for losses and LAE may not be sufficient to cover future losses and the cost of run-off. Failure to successfully manage such reserves, including by effectively managing claims, collecting from insurers or reinsurers, controlling expenses and generating positive investment returns in line with our pricing assumptions, could result in us having to cover losses sustained with capital, which would materially and adversely impact our ability to grow our business and may result in material losses.
Further, the acquisitions we have made and expect to make in the future may pose operational challenges that expose us to risks relating to:
•the value of liabilities assumed being greater than expected;
•the value of assets or our anticipated return on assets being lower than expected or diminishing for reasons including credit defaults, changes in interest rates, declines in market value, inflation or delays in implementation of our intended investment strategies;
•funding cash flow shortages that may occur if anticipated revenues are not realized or are delayed, if expenses are greater than anticipated, or if assets are not liquid;
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ITEM 1A. | Risk Factors
•integrating financial and operational reporting systems and internal controls of acquired businesses, including compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and our reporting requirements under the Exchange Act;
•leveraging our existing capabilities and expertise into the business acquired and establishing synergies within our organization;
•funding increased capital needs and overhead expenses;
•integrating technology platforms and managing any increased cybersecurity risk;
•the timely transfer and integrity of data needed to manage acquired business;
•obtaining and retaining management personnel required for expanded operations;
•fluctuating foreign currency exchange rates relating to the assets and liabilities we may acquire;
•goodwill and intangible asset impairment charges; and
•complying with applicable laws and regulations.
If we are unable to address some or all of these challenges, our acquisitions may underperform relative to our expectations and our business may be materially and adversely affected.
Climate change may have an adverse impact on the returns from our run-off business as well as our investments, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.
Our core focus is on acquiring and managing reinsurance companies and portfolios of reinsurance business in run-off, and as such climate change presents unique risks to our business stemming from insurance liabilities we acquire and the assets that back those liabilities. As we acquire liabilities, there is a risk that our current practices and processes do not successfully identify and/or price the current and future risks arising from climate change, which could result in actual returns deviating adversely from those assumed when the transaction was priced. In addition, the disruption caused by changes in technology, governments and regulation as part of a societal transition to a lower carbon emitting economy could expose our investment portfolio to a loss of value in the near term and long term. For example, a swift, adverse repricing of carbon-intensive financial assets could expose our investments to losses in the near term and in the long term if the transition to a lower carbon-emitting economy is associated with increased production costs.
From an operational perspective, our offices, key supporting infrastructure and outsourced providers may be impacted by physical risks related to climate change globally, such as the increased frequency and severity of extreme weather events. Additionally, achieving any sustainability goals and commitments that we may set for ourselves, or be required to meet, such as net zero greenhouse gas emissions, will require efforts that could significantly increase our costs of operations.
Risks Relating to Taxation
U.S. tax reform legislation, various international tax transparency and economic substance initiatives, and possible future tax reform legislation and regulations could materially affect us and our shareholders.
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ("OECD") Pillar II initiative proposes a global minimum tax rate of 15% amongst its 142 member nations and other adopting countries. In December 2021, the OECD released the final model rules on Pillar II (the “Model Rules”), which nations can adopt into local legislation to implement Pillar II on a global basis.
Three components of the Model Rules, the Income Inclusion Rule (“IIR”), the Under-Taxed Profit Rule (“UTPR”), and the Qualified Domestic Minimum Top up Tax (“QDMTT”) could potentially be applicable to our operations:
•The IIR establishes a global minimum tax in the jurisdiction of the parent company of a multinational enterprise (“MNE”).
•The UTPR, allows a portion of an MNE’s global profits with an effective tax rate below the 15% minimum rate to be taxed by other jurisdictions through an allocation model based on headcount and fixed tangible assets. The Model Rules give flexibility to allow jurisdictions several mechanisms to collect global profits. This includes directly taxing allocated income, reduction in any allowance for equity or by imputing deemed income.
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ITEM 1A. | Risk Factors
•The Model Rules also propose that jurisdictions consider implementing a 15% QDMTT, which could qualify in substitution to the IIR, and could preclude other jurisdictions from utilizing the UTPR for taxing local profits.
The U.K. government is expected to release draft legislation to implement the UTPR by 2025 and has implemented an IIR and a QDMTT effective for 2024. Additionally, we have several subsidiaries in other jurisdictions that have enacted, or intend to enact, Pillar II legislation, including Australia, Belgium, Hong Kong, and the Netherlands. We do not yet know whether the U.K. IIR and the Pillar II taxes in these jurisdictions will have a material impact on Enstar, and ongoing monitoring is required in light of these new regimes. Bermuda is not expected to implement any of these three Pillar II rules.
How Pillar II impacts our operations will depend on how these rules are ultimately transposed into the local legislation of countries we operate in.
Bermuda Corporate Income Tax and future guidance could materially impact us.
We are currently not subject to tax in Bermuda under the Exempted Undertakings Tax Protection Act of 1996. However, in December 2023, the Bermuda government enacted the Corporate Income Tax Act of 2023 (“Bermuda CIT”). The Bermuda CIT imposes a 15% corporate income tax on certain multinational companies earning income in Bermuda starting January 1, 2025. Based on our geographic footprint and substantial operations in Bermuda, it is expected that a meaningful portion of our income will become subject to tax in Bermuda under the Bermuda CIT. This amount of tax is expected to have a material impact on our business operations.
We might incur unexpected U.S., U.K., Australia, or other tax liabilities if companies in our group that are incorporated outside those jurisdictions are determined to be carrying on a trade or business in such jurisdictions.
A number of our subsidiaries are companies formed under the laws of Bermuda or other jurisdictions that either do not impose income taxes or impose an income tax at a rate meaningfully lower than other jurisdictions that we operate in. We expect that these companies will only be subject to corporate income tax liabilities arising from their operations within the jurisdictions where they are organized, but this expectation could prove incorrect. Because the operations of these companies generally involve, or relate to, the insurance or reinsurance of risks that arise in higher tax jurisdictions, such as the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia, it is possible that the taxing authorities in those jurisdictions may assert that the activities of one or more of these companies creates a sufficient nexus in that jurisdiction to subject the company to income tax in such jurisdiction. There are uncertainties in how the relevant rules apply to insurance businesses, and in our eligibility for favorable treatment under applicable tax treaties. Accordingly, it is possible that we could incur additional income tax expense, which could adversely impact our net income.
U.S. persons who own our ordinary shares might become subject to adverse U.S. tax consequences as a result of "related person insurance income," if any, of our non-U.S. insurance company subsidiaries.
For any of our wholly-owned non-U.S. insurance company subsidiaries, if (1) U.S. persons are treated as owning 25% or more of our shares, (2) the related person insurance income ("RPII") of that subsidiary were to equal or exceed 20% of its gross insurance income in any taxable year, and (3) direct or indirect insureds of that subsidiary (and persons related to such insureds) own (or are treated as owning) 20% or more of the voting power or value of our shares, then a U.S. person who owns our shares directly, or indirectly through non-U.S. entities, on the last day of the taxable year would be required to include in income for U.S. federal income tax purposes that person's pro rata share of the RPII of such a non-U.S. insurance company for the entire taxable year, whether or not any such amounts are actually distributed. Proposed regulations put forth by the United States Department of Treasury and Internal Revenue Service in January 2022 may change some of the ownership thresholds needed to qualify into RPII. Accordingly, it is possible that a direct or indirect United States shareholder could be required to include amounts in its income in respect to RPII in any taxable year if the proposed regulations are finalized in their current form. We believe that these proposed changes would not affect the gross income threshold described above. Comments submitted to these proposed regulations requested changes to the proposed regulations to ask that structures such as Enstar's not be subject to these rules. If these regulations are finalized as proposed, they would be effective for tax years ending on or after January 25, 2022. As of December 31, 2023 the proposed regulations had not been finalized, and whether they will be finalized as proposed remains unclear.
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ITEM 1A. | Risk Factors
Risks Relating to Liquidity and Capital Resources
The amount of statutory capital that we must hold in order to maintain our credit ratings and meet certain regulatory requirements can vary significantly and is sensitive to several factors.
Statutory capital requirements for our insurance subsidiaries are prescribed by the applicable insurance regulators in the jurisdictions in which we operate. Insurance regulators have established risk-based capital adequacy measures, such as the Bermuda Solvency Capital Requirement ("BSCR") in Bermuda and the Solvency II regime in the European Union and United Kingdom, which provide minimum solvency and liquidity requirements for insurance companies. The amount of capital that we and/or our insurance subsidiaries are required to hold may increase or decrease depending on a variety of factors including the amount of statutory income or losses generated by our insurance subsidiaries (which is sensitive to equity market and credit market conditions), the amount of statutory capital needed to support future growth through acquisitions, changes in the value of investments, the deterioration of market conditions due to global events, changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates, as well as changes to the relevant regulatory capital adequacy measures and frameworks. Our overall liquidity and credit ratings are significantly influenced by the level of statutory capital and surplus in our insurance subsidiaries. If statutory capital requirements increase or if our insurance subsidiaries' solvency decreases, our subsidiaries would be required to hold more capital, and our ability to obtain distributions from these subsidiaries could be limited. If we fail to maintain adequate statutory capital, regulators may restrict our activities and prohibit us and our subsidiaries from completing acquisitions without raising additional capital. Additionally, if our BSCR falls below certain levels, it could trigger counterparty recapture rights and/or additional collateral requirements in certain of our reinsurance agreements.
We may require additional capital liquidity in the future that may not be available or may only be available on unfavorable terms.
Our future capital requirements depend on many factors, including acquisition and investment activity, our ability to manage the run-off of our assumed liabilities, our ability to establish reserves at levels sufficient to cover losses, and our obligations to satisfy applicable statutory capital requirements. We may need to raise additional capital and liquidity through equity or debt financings. Our ability to secure this financing may be affected by a number of factors, including volatility in the global financial markets, new or incremental tightening in the credit markets, low liquidity and the strength of our capital position and operating results. In addition, an unfavorable change or downgrade of our issuer credit ratings will increase the interest rate or other fees charged under our debt facilities and will make it more expensive for us to access capital markets. Any equity or debt financing, if available at all, may be on terms that are not favorable to us, and could limit our strategic, financial and operational flexibility, including as a result of the need to dedicate a greater portion of our cash flows from operations to preferred share dividends and interest and principal payments on our debt financing and to comply with more burdensome covenant restrictions from our various debt and letter of credit facilities.
In addition, we may not achieve the desired regulatory capital treatment for any potential issuance of debt or equity securities due to solvency capital eligibility requirements under the Bermuda Insurance (Group Supervision) Rules 2011 (the "Group Supervision Rules") to which we are subject. For example, our outstanding preferred shares and junior subordinated notes qualify as Tier 2 capital and our outstanding senior notes qualify as Tier 3 capital, in accordance with the Group Supervision Rules. For these instruments to continue to receive the intended regulatory capital treatment, their terms must reflect the criteria contained in the Group Supervision Rules and any amendments thereto. If the BMA applies any changes to the Group Supervision Rules governing eligible capital such that our outstanding preferred shares and notes no longer receive their intended capital treatment under the Group Supervision Rules, we may be unable to maintain adequate regulatory capital. If we cannot obtain adequate capital or regulatory credit, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected by, among other things, our inability to finance future acquisitions.
Our reinsurance subsidiaries are often required to provide collateral to ceding companies pursuant to their reinsurance contracts. Their ability to conduct business could be significantly and negatively affected if they are unable to do so or if any letters of credit posted as collateral cannot be renewed or are drawn upon by a ceding company.
Our reinsurance subsidiaries are often required to post collateral in the form of letters of credit, trust funds or other assets to provide security for their reinsurance obligations and to provide ceding companies with statutory credit for such reinsurance. Additionally, if the market value of assets collateralizing the obligations of our reinsurance
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ITEM 1A. | Risk Factors
subsidiaries falls below certain levels specified in the applicable reinsurance contracts, we may have to "top-up" the trusts accounts with additional assets to maintain the required collateral, which could adversely impact our liquidity and capital. If our reinsurance subsidiaries are unable to post the required collateral or the cost of providing such collateral materially increases, their operations could be significantly and negatively affected, which in turn could limit our ability to complete new reinsurance transactions on favorable terms or at all, which could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Depending on multiple factors, our reinsurance subsidiaries may not be able to secure letters of credit to satisfy requirements to post collateral in support of their reinsurance obligations. If our reinsurance subsidiaries cannot post collateral in the form of letters of credit, then our reinsurance subsidiaries will have to post substitute collateral in the form of trust funds or other assets, limiting our ability to invest (and consequently reducing investment income from) such assets and constraining our liquidity, which could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if the beneficiary of any letter of credit draws funds against the letter of credit, we would be obligated to immediately reimburse the bank that issued the letter of credit the amount of such drawn funds, which could increase our indebtedness and negatively affect our liquidity and financial condition.
Reinsurers may not satisfy their obligations to our reinsurance subsidiaries, which could result in significant losses or liquidity issues for us.
Our reinsurance subsidiaries are subject to credit risk with respect to their reinsurers because the transfer of risk to a reinsurer does not relieve our subsidiaries of their liability to the underlying insured. Reinsurance companies may be negatively impacted or downgraded during difficult financial and economic conditions. In addition, reinsurers may be unwilling to pay our subsidiaries even though they are able to do so, or disputes may arise regarding payment obligations. The failure of one or more of our subsidiaries’ reinsurers to honor their obligations in a timely fashion may affect our cash flows and liquidity, reduce our net income or cause us to incur a significant loss. Disputes with our reinsurers may also result in unforeseen expenses relating to litigation or arbitration proceedings. A reinsurer’s inability or unwillingness to honor its obligations may negate the intended risk-reducing impact of our reinsurance.
Exposure to reinsurers who represent meaningful percentages of our total reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses may increase the risks described above. For information on reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses, see "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Liquidity and Capital Resources - Reinsurance Balances Recoverable on Paid and Unpaid Losses."
We are dependent on the ability of our subsidiaries to distribute funds to us.
We are a holding company and therefore we are dependent on distributions of funds from our operating subsidiaries to fund acquisitions, fulfill normal course financial obligations, including payments on our outstanding notes, and pay dividends to our shareholders, including holders of our preferred shares and, in turn, the related depositary shares. The ability of our reinsurance subsidiaries to make distributions to us may be limited by various business considerations and applicable insurance laws and regulations in jurisdictions in which we operate (which are described in "Item 1. Business - Regulation"). The ability of our subsidiaries to make distributions to us may also be restricted by, among other things, other applicable laws and regulations and the terms of our debt obligations and our subsidiaries’ debt obligations. If our subsidiaries are restricted from making distributions to us, we may be unable to maintain adequate liquidity to fund acquisitions or fulfill our financial obligations.
Fluctuations in currency exchange rates may cause us to experience losses.
We maintain a portion of our investments, insurance liabilities and insurance assets denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars. Consequently, we and our subsidiaries may experience foreign exchange losses, which could adversely affect our results of operations. Our reporting currency in our consolidated financial statements is U.S. dollars, therefore, fluctuations in exchange rates used to convert other currencies used by our subsidiaries, particularly Australian dollars, Canadian dollars, British pounds and Euros, into U.S. dollars will impact our reported financial condition, results of operations and cash flows from year to year.
Risks Relating to our Investments
The value of our investment portfolios and the investment income that we receive from these portfolios may decline materially as a result of market fluctuations and economic conditions.
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ITEM 1A. | Risk Factors
We derive a significant portion of our income from our invested assets, which consist primarily of investments in fixed income securities. The value of our investments in fixed income securities will generally increase or decrease with changes in interest rates and credit spreads. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary policies, domestic and international economic and political conditions and other factors beyond our control. A rise in interest rates would, all else being equal (i.e., no movement in credit spreads), result in net unrealized losses on fixed income securities, which would decline over time as each security approaches maturity, provided we do not sell such securities. Conversely, a decline in interest rates, all else being equal (i.e., assuming no default or impairment), would result in net unrealized gains on fixed income securities, which would decline over time as each security approaches maturity, provided we do not sell such securities. Additionally, new investments of cash or the reinvestment of proceeds from sales of securities would be invested at the prevailing interest rates for each security, thereby increasing or decreasing net investment income on those proceeds. The fair market value of fixed income securities can also decrease as a result of a deterioration of the credit quality of those securities.
Any perceived decrease in credit quality may cause credit spreads to widen, all else being equal, and this would result in an increase in net unrealized losses, which would decline over time as each security approaches maturity, assuming it does not default. A deterioration of credit quality on our fixed income securities may result in a preference to liquidate these securities in the financial markets. If we liquidate these securities during a period of deteriorating credit conditions, we may realize a significant loss. Additionally, declining market conditions or specific issuer risks may cause issuers of the fixed income securities in which we invest to default on their obligations. We may also incur losses resulting from revaluations of fixed income securities and other investments. As a result, net investment income and net realized and unrealized gains or losses from our fixed income securities and other investments could vary materially from expectations depending on general market conditions.
Some of our fixed income securities, such as mortgage-based and other asset-backed securities, carry prepayment risk, or the risk that principal will be returned more rapidly or slowly than expected, as a result of interest rate fluctuations. When interest rates decline, consumers tend to make prepayments on their mortgages (often through refinancing), causing us to be repaid more quickly than we might have originally anticipated, meaning that our opportunities to reinvest these proceeds back into the investment markets may be at reduced interest rates (with the converse being true in a rising interest rate environment). Mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities are also subject to default risk on the underlying securitized mortgages, which would decrease the value of our investments.
The changes in the market value of our securities that are classified as trading or AFS are reflected in our financial statements. Credit losses on our fixed income securities, AFS are recognized through an allowance account, which is also reflected in our financial statements. As a result, a decline in the value of the securities in our investment portfolios may materially reduce our net income and shareholders’ equity, and may cause us to incur a significant loss.
Additionally, increased volatility in the financial markets and overall economic uncertainty would increase the risk that the actual amounts realized in the future on our fixed income securities and equity securities could differ significantly from their current fair value.
For more information on our investment portfolios, see "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Investable Assets."
Our investments in alternative investments, strategic investments in joint ventures and/or entities accounted for using the equity method may be illiquid and volatile in terms of value and returns.
In addition to fixed income securities, we have invested, and may continue to invest, in alternative investments such as hedge funds, fixed income funds, public equity funds, private equity funds and co-investments, CLO equities, CLO equity funds, real estate funds, infrastructure funds, private credit funds and other alternative investments. In addition, we have invested, and we may continue to make significant investments, in joint ventures and/or entities accounted for using the equity method that we do not control, which may limit our ability to take actions that could protect or increase the value of our investment. These and other similar investments may be illiquid due to restrictions on sales, transfers and redemption terms, may have different, more significant risk characteristics than our investments in fixed income securities and may also have significantly more volatile values and returns, all of which could negatively affect the market value of our investments, our investment income, and our overall portfolio liquidity. Alternative or "other" investments may not meet regulatory admissibility requirements or may result in increased regulatory capital charges to our insurance subsidiaries that hold these investments, which could limit those subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends and make capital distributions to us and, consequently, negatively impact
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ITEM 1A. | Risk Factors
our liquidity and our ability to fund future transactions. For more information on our alternative investments, see "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Investable Assets."
The valuation of our investments may include methodologies, estimations and assumptions that are subject to differing interpretations and could result in changes to investment valuations that may materially adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.
Fixed maturity and alternative investments, such as hedge funds, fixed income funds, public equity funds, private equity funds and co-investments, CLO equities, CLO equity funds, real estate funds, infrastructure funds, private credit funds, and other alternative investments represent the majority of our total cash and invested assets. These investments are reported at fair value on our consolidated balance sheet. Fair value prices for all trading and AFS securities in the fixed maturities portfolio are independently provided by our investment accounting service providers, investment managers, fund administrators, and investment custodians, each of which utilize internationally recognized independent pricing services. We record the unadjusted price provided by our investment accounting service providers, managers or custodians. Fair value for our alternative investments is estimated based primarily on the most recently reported net asset values reported by the fund manager. Additionally, for some strategic investments for which we have elected the fair value option, our valuations of these investments are based on internal valuation models and methodologies that are subject to estimates and judgements that can vary from quarter to quarter.
These valuation procedures involve estimates and judgments, and during periods of market disruptions (such as periods of significantly volatile interest rate changes, rapidly widening credit spreads or illiquidity), it may be difficult to value certain of our securities if trading becomes less frequent or market data becomes less observable. In addition, there may be certain asset classes that are now in active markets with significant observable data that become illiquid due to changes in the financial environment. In these cases, the valuation of a greater number of securities in our investment portfolio may require more subjectivity and management judgment. As a result, valuations may include inputs and assumptions that are less observable or require greater estimation as well as valuation methods that are more sophisticated or require greater estimation, which may result in valuations greater than the value at which the investments could ultimately be sold. Further, rapidly changing and unpredictable credit and equity market conditions could materially affect the valuation of securities carried at fair value as reported within our consolidated financial statements and the period-to-period changes in value could vary significantly. Decreases in value could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
The nature of our liquidity demands and the structure of our investment portfolios may adversely affect the performance of our investment portfolio and financial results, as well as our investing flexibility.
We strive to structure the duration of our investments in a manner that recognizes our liquidity needs to satisfy future liabilities. Because of the unpredictable nature of losses and associated collateral provisions that may arise under the reinsurance policies issued by certain of our subsidiaries and as a result of our opportunistic commutation strategy, our liquidity needs can be substantial and may arise at any time. In that regard, we attempt to correlate the maturity and duration of our investment portfolio to our general liability profile. If we are unsuccessful in managing our investment portfolio within the context of this strategy, we may be forced to liquidate our investments at times and at prices that are not optimal, and we may have difficulty liquidating some of our alternative investments due to restrictions on sales, transfers and redemption terms. This could have a material adverse effect on the performance of our investment portfolio. Alternatively, if the asset duration is shorter than our liability duration profile, we may experience a lower investment income yield, which could negatively impact our results of operations.
We have many individual portfolios of cash and investments from our acquired companies and portfolios. The nature of our run-off business requires us to position investment portfolios to support liquidity needs of ongoing claim settlements and capital distributions, reducing investment flexibility in our collateral trust accounts.
Risks Relating to Laws and Regulations
Insurance laws and regulations can restrict our ability to operate, and any failure to comply with these laws and regulations, or any investigations, inquiries or demands by government authorities, may have a material adverse effect on our business.
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ITEM 1A. | Risk Factors
We are subject to the insurance laws and regulations in a number of jurisdictions worldwide. Existing laws and regulations, among other things, limit the amount of dividends and capital that can be paid to us by our reinsurance subsidiaries, prescribe solvency and capital adequacy standards, impose restrictions on the amount and type of investments that can be held to meet solvency and capital adequacy requirements, require the maintenance of reserve liabilities, and require pre-approval of acquisitions, reinsurance transactions and certain affiliate transactions. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations or to maintain appropriate authorizations, licenses, and/or exemptions under applicable laws and regulations may cause governmental authorities to preclude or suspend our insurance or reinsurance subsidiaries from carrying on some or all of their activities, place one or more of them into rehabilitation or liquidation proceedings, impose monetary penalties or other sanctions on them or our affiliates, or commence insurance company delinquency proceedings against our insurance or reinsurance subsidiaries. The application of these laws and regulations by various governmental authorities may affect our liquidity and restrict our ability to expand our business operations through acquisitions or to pay dividends on our ordinary or preferred shares. Furthermore, compliance with legal and regulatory requirements is likely to result in significant expenses and investment of management time, which could have a negative impact on our profitability. To further understand these regulatory requirements, see "Item 1. Business - Regulation."
We believe it is likely there will continue to be regulatory intervention in our industry in the future, and these initiatives could adversely affect our business. Additional laws and regulations have been and may continue to be enacted that may have adverse effects on our operations, financial condition, statutory capital adequacy, and liquidity. For example, in many of the jurisdictions in which we operate, including Bermuda, there are increased regulations relating to group supervision though cooperation and coordination among insurance regulators regardless of an individual company’s domiciliary jurisdiction. The BMA acts as our Group supervisor, as described in "Item 1. Business - Regulation." We cannot predict the exact nature, timing or scope of these initiatives; however, we believe it is likely there will continue to be increased regulatory intervention in our industry in the future, and these initiatives could adversely affect our business.
Solvency II, the E.U. directive covering the capital adequacy, risk management and regulatory reporting for insurers, requires significant resources to ensure compliance by our European Economic Area (“EEA”) companies. Additionally, if our non-EEA subsidiaries engage in insurance or reinsurance business in the EEA, additional capital requirements may be imposed for such companies to continue to insure or reinsure EEA-domiciled risk or cedants if their regulatory regime is not deemed to have Solvency II equivalence. Bermuda has gained Solvency II equivalence, and our Bermuda reinsurers are subject to requirements in line with a Solvency II framework. Continued compliance with Solvency II and similar laws and regulations as we seek acquisitions of companies and portfolios of (re)insurance business will result in additional costs for us.
Our U.K. and Bermuda-based insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries consist of wholly-owned run-off companies that are authorized and regulated by the U.K. Regulator and the BMA, respectively, and may not underwrite new business without their approval. In addition, our Lloyd’s operations are subject to authorization and regulation by the U.K. Regulator and compliance with the Lloyd’s Act(s) and Bylaws and regulations, as well as the applicable provisions of the FSMA. The Council of Lloyd’s has wide discretionary powers to regulate its members, and its exercise of these powers might affect the return on an investment of the corporate member in a given underwriting year. Business plans, including maximum underwriting capacity, for Lloyd’s syndicates require annual approval by the Lloyd’s Franchise Board. Continued compliance with the rules of the PRA, Lloyd’s and similar regulators will result in additional costs for us.
Our business is subject to laws and regulations relating to sanctions and foreign corrupt practices, the violation of which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
We are legally required to comply with all applicable economic sanctions, anti-bribery, anti-corruption and anti-money laundering laws and regulations of the jurisdictions in which we operate. U.S. laws and regulations applicable to our U.S. subsidiaries include the economic trade sanctions laws and regulations administered by the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, as well as certain laws administered by the U.S. Department of State. New sanction regimes may be initiated, or existing sanctions expanded, at any time, which can impact our business activities. In addition, our companies are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other anti-bribery laws such as the Bermuda Bribery Act and the U.K. Bribery Act that generally bar corrupt payments or unreasonable gifts to foreign governments or officials. Although we have policies and controls in place that are designed to ensure compliance with these laws and regulations, it is possible that an employee or intermediary could fail to comply with applicable laws and regulations. In such event, we could be exposed to civil penalties, criminal penalties and other sanctions, including fines or other punitive actions. Such civil or criminal penalties, sanctions, fines or other punitive
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ITEM 1A. | Risk Factors
actions, and the possibility of resulting damage to our business and/or reputation, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Relating to our Operations
We are dependent on our executive officers, directors and other key personnel and the loss of any of these individuals could adversely affect our business.
Our success depends on the ability of our senior management and other key employees to implement our strategy and operate our business. For example, our ability to source run-off acquisitions is critical to our business, and is in part dependent on the relationships of our senior management and other key personnel. The loss of their services or the services of other key personnel, or the loss of the services of or our relationships with any of our directors, could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Some of our directors, large shareholders and their affiliates have interests and/or other involvement with entities that can create conflicts of interest through related party transactions.
We have participated in transactions, investments and investment management arrangements in which one or more of our directors, large shareholders or their affiliates has an interest, and we may continue to do so in the future. Refer to Note 24 to our consolidated financial statements for further disclosure on these arrangements. In addition, some of our directors, large shareholders or their affiliates from time to time have ownership interests or other involvement with entities that compete against us or otherwise have interests that could, at times, be considered potentially adverse to us, either in the pursuit of acquisition targets, investments or in our business operations. The interests of our directors, large shareholders or their affiliates in related party transactions or competitive businesses may create the potential for, or result in, conflicts of interests.
Cybersecurity events or other difficulties with our information technology systems could disrupt our business, result in the loss of critical and confidential information, increased costs, and adversely impact our reputation and results of operations.
We rely heavily on the successful, uninterrupted functioning of our information technology systems, as well as those of any outsourced service providers, including third-party administrators and investment managers. We rely on these systems to securely and accurately process, store, and transmit confidential and other data in connection with our critical operational functions such as paying claims, performing actuarial and other modeling, pricing, quoting and processing policies, cash and investment management, acquisition analysis, financial reporting and other necessary support functions. Our information may also be exposed to the risk of a data breach or cyber-security incident through a breach or failure of our systems or a breach or failure of the systems of third parties where we rely on such parties for outsourced functions or services. A failure of our information technology systems or those of our third-party service providers could materially impact our ability to perform the critical functions described above, affect the confidentiality, availability or integrity of our proprietary information and expose us to litigation and increase our administrative expenses.
Computer viruses, cyber-attacks, phishing scams and other external hazards, as well as any internal process or employee failures, could expose our information technology systems to security breaches that may cause critical data to be corrupted or confidential or proprietary information to be exposed, cause system disruptions or shut-downs, or expose us to financial fraud. In addition to our own information, we receive and may be responsible for protecting confidential or personal information of ceding companies, policyholders, employees, and other third parties, which could also be compromised in the event of a security breach. For example, in May 2023, we discovered that we were among the companies impacted by the CL0P (a third party criminal group) cyber-attack on Progress Software’s MOVEit Transfer product, a file-transfer application we have used to manage data transfers. Although the MOVEit Transfer software is not part of our core processing system, and it operates within a server that is segmented from our other information technology systems, the cyber-attack resulted in a number of regulatory data breach notifications and cedant communications. In January 2024, a purported class action arising out of this incident was filed against one of our wholly-owned subsidiaries. While we do not believe the MOVEit incident, the related class action, or any additional resultant actions will have a material adverse effect on our business, this or similar incidents, or any other such breach of our or our third parties’ data security infrastructure, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
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ITEM 1A. | Risk Factors
In addition, many of our employees work remotely, and we are therefore more dependent on our information technology systems and the continued access by our employees and service providers to reliable and secure internet and telecommunications systems. If these systems do not function effectively or are disrupted due to heightened demand, cybersecurity attacks and data security incidents, or for any other related reason, it would negatively impact our ability to settle claims efficiently, complete acquisitions, integrate our acquired businesses, manage our investments, or otherwise conduct our business.
Although we utilize numerous controls, protections and risk management strategies to attempt to mitigate these risks, the sophistication and volume of these security threats continues to increase. In addition, the escalation of geopolitical tensions, such as those caused by various regional conflicts and crises across the globe, could result in heightened cybersecurity threats. We may not have the technical expertise or resources to successfully prevent every data breach or cyber-security incident. The potential consequences of a data breach or cyber-security incident could include claims against us, significant reputational damage to our company, damage to our business as a result of disclosure of proprietary information, and regulatory action against us, which may include fines and penalties. Such an incident could cause us to lose business and commit resources, management time and money to remediate these breaches and notify aggrieved parties, any of which in turn could have an adverse impact on our business. We may also experience increasing costs associated with implementing and maintaining adequate safeguards against these types of incidents and attacks.
In addition, the information security and data privacy regulatory environment is increasingly demanding. We are subject to numerous laws and regulations in multiple jurisdictions governing the protection of the personal and confidential information of our clients and/or employees, including in relation to medical records and financial information. These laws and regulations are rapidly expanding, increasing in complexity and sometimes conflict between jurisdictions. For example, the E.U. General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR") creates rights for individuals to control their personal data and sets forth the requirements with which companies handling the personal data of E.U.-based data subjects have to comply (regardless of whether such data handling involves E.U.-based operations). We are also subject to the GDPR through our handling of the personal data of E.U.-based subjects in connection with our ordinary course operations. If any person, including any of our employees or those with whom we share such information, negligently disregards or intentionally breaches our established controls with respect to our client data, or otherwise mismanages or misappropriates that data, we could be subject to significant monetary damages, regulatory enforcement actions, fines and/or criminal prosecution in one or more jurisdictions, including as a result of a violation of the GDPR.
If outsourced providers such as third-party administrators, investment managers or other service providers were to breach their obligations to us, our business and results of operations could be adversely affected.
We outsource certain business functions to third-party providers, and these providers may not perform as anticipated or may fail to adhere to their obligations to us. For example, certain of our subsidiaries rely on relationships with a number of third-party administrators under contracts pursuant to which these third-party administrators manage and pay claims on our subsidiaries’ behalf and advise with respect to case reserves. In these relationships, we rely on controls incorporated in the provisions of the administration agreement, as well as on the administrator’s internal controls, to manage the claims process within our prescribed parameters. We also rely on external investment managers to provide services pursuant to the terms of our investment management agreements, including following established investment guidelines. Although we monitor these administrators and investment managers on an ongoing basis, we do not control them, and our service providers could exceed their authorities or otherwise breach their obligations to us, which, if material, could adversely affect our business and results of operations. For example, a third-party investment manager may breach our investment guidelines and expose us to risk beyond our prescribed tolerances, which could have an immediate negative financial impact. We may also be negatively impacted if third-party administrators mishandle claims, fail to administer claims effectively or efficiently, fail to maintain accurate books and records, or fail to comply with laws or regulations.
Risks Relating to Ownership of our Shares
The market price for our securities may experience volatility, which could cause a potential loss of value to our investors, and our ordinary shares are thinly traded, so the market value of our ordinary shares may decline if large numbers of shares are sold.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 39
ITEM 1A. | Risk Factors
The market price for our ordinary shares and for the depositary shares representing our preferred shares may fluctuate substantially and could cause investment losses due to a number of factors. Such factors could include: announcements with respect to a specific acquisition or investment; changes in the value of our assets; our financial condition, performance and prospects; changes in projected inflation and interest rates; changes in general conditions in the economy and the insurance industry; economic, financial, geopolitical, regulatory or judicial events that affect us or the financial markets generally; changes in management; and adverse press or news announcements. For the depositary shares representing our preferred shares, such factors could also include: whether dividends have been declared on the preferred shares; whether the ratings on such depositary shares provided by any ratings agency have changed; changes in our credit ratings; our total outstanding indebtedness; the level, direction and volatility of market interest rates generally; and the market for similar securities.
Our ordinary shares have in the past been, and may continue to be, thinly traded, and significant sales could adversely affect the market price for our ordinary shares and impair our ability to raise capital through offerings of our equity securities.
A few significant shareholders may influence or control the direction of our business. If the ownership of our ordinary shares continues to be highly concentrated, it may limit the ability of other shareholders to influence significant corporate decisions.
The interests of certain significant shareholders, including those that may be affiliated with members of our Board of Directors (our “Board”), may not be fully aligned with those of other shareholders, which could lead to a strategy that is not in such other shareholders’ best interests. As of December 31, 2023, funds managed by Stone Point Capital LLC and its affiliates, Beck Mack & Oliver, and three of our directors (collectively), two of whom currently serve as executive officers, directly beneficially owned 9.5%, 4.4% and 6.3%, respectively, of our outstanding voting ordinary shares. Although they do not act as a group, these shareholders may exercise significant influence over matters requiring shareholder approval, and their concentrated holdings may delay or deter possible changes in control of Enstar, which may reduce the market price of our ordinary shares.
Some aspects of our corporate structure and certain regulatory limitations may discourage third-party takeovers and other transactions or prevent the removal of our Board and management.
Some provisions of our bye-laws have the effect of making more difficult or discouraging unsolicited takeover bids from third parties or preventing the removal of our current board of directors and management. For example, our bye-laws contain restrictions on the ability of shareholders to (i) nominate persons to serve as directors, (ii) remove directors, (iii) submit resolutions to a shareholder vote, and (iv) request special general meetings. Also, a merger or amalgamation would have to be approved by three-fourths of our voting ordinary shares to take effect. In addition, our Board may limit a shareholder’s exercise of voting rights or to register a transfer of ordinary shares where it deems it necessary to do so to avoid adverse tax, legal or regulatory consequences. Our Board may also decline to register a transfer of shares unless all applicable consents, authorizations, permissions or approvals of any governmental body or agency in Bermuda and other applicable jurisdictions required to be obtained prior to such transfer shall have been obtained. We also have the authority under our bye-laws to reasonably request information from any shareholder for the purpose of determining whether a shareholder’s voting rights are to be limited pursuant to the bye-laws, and if a shareholder is unable to do so, we may eliminate the shareholder’s voting rights.
Insurance laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which our insurance or reinsurance subsidiaries operate require prior notices or regulatory approval of changes in control of an insurer or its holding company. Different jurisdictions define changes in control differently, and generally any purchaser of 10% or more of the vote or value of our ordinary shares could become subject to regulation and be required to file certain notices and reports with the applicable insurance authorities. These laws and the aspects of our corporate structure outlined above may discourage potential acquisition proposals or prevent the removal of members of our Board and management and may delay, deter or prevent a change in control of us. To the extent these provisions discourage takeover attempts, they may deprive shareholders of opportunities to realize takeover premiums for their shares or may depress the market price of the shares.
Bermuda Law differs from the laws in effect in the United States. Shareholders who own our shares may have more difficulty protecting their interests than shareholders of a U.S. corporation.
We are organized under the laws of Bermuda, and as a result our shareholders may have more difficulty protecting their interests than shareholders of a U.S corporation. For example:
•class actions and derivative actions are generally not available to shareholders under Bermuda law;
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 40
ITEM 1A. | Risk Factors
•under Bermuda law, only shareholders holding collectively 5% or more of our outstanding ordinary shares or groups of shareholders numbering 100 or more are entitled to propose a resolution at our general meeting;
•a substantial portion of our assets and certain of our directors and officers and their assets are located outside of the United States and as a result investors may have difficulty (i) effecting service of process within the United States or (ii) recovering against us or these directors and officers on judgments of U.S. courts;
•no claim may be brought in Bermuda against us or our directors and officers for violations of U.S. federal securities laws, as such laws do not have force of law in Bermuda;
•there is no treaty in effect between the United States and Bermuda providing for the enforcement of judgments of U.S. courts, and there are grounds upon which Bermuda courts may not enforce judgments of U.S. courts; and
•some remedies available under the laws of U.S. jurisdictions, including U.S. federal securities laws, may be prohibited in Bermuda courts as contrary to Bermuda’s public policy.
Certain regulatory and other constraints may limit our ability to pay dividends on our securities, and dividends on our preferred shares are non-cumulative.
We do not currently intend to pay a cash dividend on our ordinary shares. If our Board decided to commence a dividend program in the future, we are subject to significant regulatory and other constraints that affect our ability to pay dividends and make other distributions on our ordinary and preferred shares. For example, under the Bermuda Companies Act, we may declare or pay a dividend or distribution out of contributed surplus only if we have reasonable grounds to believe that we are, and would after the payment be, able to meet our liabilities as they become due or that the realizable value of our assets would thereby not be less than our liabilities. In addition, as described above under “Risks Relating to Liquidity and Capital Resources,” we are a holding company that is dependent upon distributions from our operating subsidiaries for liquidity, which may not be available.
Dividends on our preferred shares are non-cumulative and payable only out of available funds under Bermuda law. If our Board (or a duly authorized committee thereof) does not authorize and declare a dividend for any dividend period, holders of our preferred shares and, in turn, the depositary shares representing preferred shares, would not be entitled to receive any such dividend, and such unpaid dividend will not accrue and will not be payable at any time. We will have no obligation to pay dividends for a dividend period on or after the dividend payment date for such period if our Board has not declared such dividend before the related dividend payment date, whether or not dividends are declared for any subsequent dividend period with respect to any outstanding preferred shares and/or our ordinary shares.
Our ordinary and preferred shares are subordinate to our existing and future indebtedness and our ordinary shares rank junior to our outstanding preferred shares.
Our preferred shares are equity interests and do not constitute indebtedness. As such, our preferred shares, in addition to our ordinary shares, will rank junior to all of our indebtedness and other non-equity claims with respect to assets available to satisfy our claims, including in our liquidation. Our preferred shares are also contractually subordinated in right of payment to all obligations of our subsidiaries, including all existing and future policyholder obligations of our subsidiaries. Additionally, neither our ordinary shares nor our preferred shares represent an interest in any of our subsidiaries, and accordingly, are structurally subordinated to all obligations of our subsidiaries. Further, in the event of our liquidation, winding up or dissolution, our ordinary shares rank junior to our outstanding preferred shares. In such an event, there may not be sufficient assets remaining after payments to holders of our outstanding preferred shares to ensure payments to holders of our ordinary shares.
There is no limitation on our issuance of securities that rank equally with or senior to the preferred shares.
We may issue, without limitation, (1) additional depositary shares representing additional preferred shares that would form part of one of the series of depositary shares representing our outstanding preferred shares, and (2) additional series of securities that rank equally with or senior to the outstanding preferred shares. The issuance of additional preferred shares on par with or senior to the outstanding preferred shares would dilute the interests of the holders of our preferred shares, and any issuance of preferred shares senior to our outstanding preferred shares or of additional indebtedness could affect our ability to pay dividends on, redeem or pay the liquidation preference on our preferred shares, or to make payments to holders of our ordinary shares from remaining assets of the Company, in the event of a liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of Enstar.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 41
ITEM 1A. | Risk Factors
The voting rights of holders of our preferred shares and, in turn, the depositary shares representing our preferred shares are limited.
Holders of our outstanding preferred shares and, in turn, the depositary shares representing the preferred shares have no voting rights with respect to matters that generally require the approval of voting shareholders. In addition, if dividends on any of our outstanding preferred shares have not been declared or paid for the equivalent of six dividend payments, whether or not for consecutive dividend periods, holders of the outstanding preferred shares and, in turn, the depositary shares, will, subject to the terms and conditions contained in the certificates of designation governing the preferred shares, be entitled to vote for the election of two additional directors to our Board. The holders shall be divested of the foregoing voting rights if and when dividends for at least four dividend periods, whether or not consecutive, following a nonpayment event have been paid in full (or declared and a sum sufficient for such payment shall have been set aside). In addition, holders of the depositary shares must act through the depositary to exercise any voting rights in respect of the preferred shares. Although each depositary share is entitled to 1/1,000th of a vote, the depositary can vote only whole preferred shares. While the depositary will vote the maximum number of whole preferred shares in accordance with the instructions it receives, any remaining votes of holders of the depositary shares will not be voted.
We have no obligation to maintain any listing of the depositary shares representing our outstanding preferred shares.
Although the depositary shares representing our outstanding preferred shares are listed on NASDAQ, such listings may not provide significant liquidity, and transaction costs in any secondary market could be high. The difference between bid and ask prices in any secondary market could be substantial. As a result, holders of depositary shares representing our preferred shares (which do not have a maturity date) may be required to bear the financial risks of an investment in the depositary shares representing preferred shares for an indefinite period. In addition, we undertake no obligation, and expressly disclaim any obligation, to maintain the listing of the depositary shares representing our preferred shares on NASDAQ or any other stock exchange. If we elect to discontinue the listing at any time or the depositary shares representing the preferred shares otherwise are not listed on an applicable stock exchange, the dividends paid after the delisting would not constitute qualified dividend income for U.S. federal income tax purposes (as dividends paid by a Bermuda corporation are qualified dividend income only if the stock with respect to which the dividends are paid is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States).
A classification of the depositary shares representing our preferred shares by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners may impact U.S. insurance companies that purchase our preferred shares.
The NAIC may, in its discretion, classify securities in U.S. insurers’ portfolios as debt, preferred equity or common equity instruments. The NAIC’s written guidelines for classifying securities as debt, preferred equity or common equity include subjective factors that require the relevant NAIC examiner to exercise substantial judgment. There is therefore a risk that the depositary shares representing our preferred shares may be classified by the NAIC as common equity instead of preferred equity. The NAIC classification determines the amount of risk-based capital (“RBC”) charges incurred by insurance companies in connection with an investment in a security. Securities classified as common equity by the NAIC carry RBC charges that can be significantly higher than the RBC requirement for debt or preferred equity. Therefore, any classification of the depositary shares representing our preferred shares as common equity may adversely affect U.S. insurance companies that hold depositary shares representing our preferred shares. In addition, a determination by the NAIC to classify the depositary shares representing our preferred shares as common equity may adversely impact the trading of the depositary shares representing our preferred shares in the secondary market.
Our preferred shares are subject to our rights of redemption.
Our preferred shares are redeemable pursuant to the terms set forth in the certificate of designations governing such series. Whenever we redeem preferred shares held by the depositary, the depositary will, as of the same redemption date, redeem the number of depositary shares representing preferred shares so redeemed. We have no obligation to redeem or repurchase the preferred shares under any circumstances. If the preferred shares are redeemed by us, you may not be able to reinvest the redemption proceeds in a comparable security at a similar return on your investment.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 42

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Not applicable.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 43

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
We renew and enter into new leases in the ordinary course of our business. We lease office space in Hamilton, Bermuda, where our principal executive office is located. We also lease office space in a number of U.S. states, the United Kingdom, Australia and several Continental European countries. We believe that this office space is sufficient for us to conduct our current operations for the foreseeable future, although in connection with future acquisitions from time to time, we may expand to different locations or increase space to support any such growth.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
For a discussion of legal proceedings, see Note 26 in the notes to our consolidated financial statements, which is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 45
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Market Information and Number of Holders
Our ordinary voting shares are listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol "ESGR." On February 21, 2024, there were 1,143 shareholders of record of our voting ordinary shares. This is not the number of beneficial owners of our voting ordinary shares as some shares are held in “street name” by brokers and others on behalf of individual owners.
Dividend Information
Historically, we have not declared a dividend on our ordinary shares. Our strategy is to retain earnings and invest distributions from our operating subsidiaries into our business or to repurchase our shares. However, we may re-evaluate this strategy from time to time based on overall market conditions and other factors. Any payment of dividends must be approved by our Board. Furthermore, our ability to pay dividends is subject to certain restrictions.3,4
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table provides information about ordinary shares acquired by the Company during the three months ended December 31, 2023.
Period Total Number of Shares Purchased Average Price Paid per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (1)
Maximum Number (or Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Program(1)
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Beginning dollar amount available to be repurchased $ -
October 1, 2023 - October 31, 2023 - $ - - -
November 1, 2023 - November 30, 2023 841,735 $ 227.18 - -
December 1, 2023 - December 31, 2023 - $ - - -
841,735 - $ -
(1) As of and for the three months ended December 31, 2023, we had no active share repurchase programs. In November 2023, through two separate purchase agreement transactions, we repurchased 791,735 of our voting ordinary shares held by Canada Pension Plan Investment Board (“CPP Investments”) and its affiliate, and 50,000 of our voting ordinary shares held by the Trident V funds managed by Stone Point Capital LLC, for $191 million in aggregate. The transactions were executed at a price per share of $227.18, representing a 5% discount to the trailing 10-day volume weighted average price of our voting ordinary shares at the agreed November 2023 measurement date.
3 Described in Note 25 to our consolidated financial statements, which is incorporated herein by reference.
4 For information on dividends on our preferred shares refer to Note 20 to our consolidated financial statements.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 46
Item 5 | Market for the Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Performance Graph
The following performance graph compares the cumulative total return on our ordinary shares with the cumulative total return on the S&P 500 Index and the S&P Property & Casualty Insurance Index for the period that commenced December 31, 2018 and ended on December 31, 2023.
The performance graph shows the value as of December 31 of each calendar year of $100 invested on December 31, 2018 in our ordinary shares, and the indices listed above, assuming the reinvestment of dividends. Returns have been weighted to reflect relative market capitalization. This information is not necessarily indicative of future returns.
Indexed Returns (2) for Years Ended December 31,
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Enstar (1)
100.00 123.45 122.27 147.75 137.88 175.66
S&P 500 Index (1)
100.00 131.49 155.68 200.37 164.08 207.21
S&P Property & Casualty Index (1)
100.00 125.87 134.63 160.59 190.89 211.53
(1) Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence
(2) $100 invested on December 31, 2018 in stock or index, including reinvestment of dividends.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
ITEM 6. RESERVED
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 47

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report.
Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or included elsewhere in this annual report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those anticipated by these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those discussed under "Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements", "Item 1A. Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this annual report.
Section Page
Operational Highlights
Consolidated Results of Operations - for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Overall Measures of Performance
•Technical Results
•Investment Results
•General and Administrative Expenses
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Other Financial Measures
Results of Operations by Segment - for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
•Run-off Segment
•Assumed Life Segment
•Investments Segment
•Legacy Underwriting Segment
Corporate and Other
Current Outlook
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Critical Accounting Estimates
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 48
Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Operational Highlights
Operational Highlights
Our consolidated results for the year ended December 31, 2023 reflect our continued progress on providing capital release solutions to our clients by acquiring and managing their run-off portfolios.
Transactions
•In April 2023, certain of our wholly-owned subsidiaries completed an LPT agreement with certain subsidiaries of QBE Insurance Group Limited (“QBE”), relating to a diversified portfolio of business underwritten between 2010 and 2020. Upon closing, a portion of the portfolio currently underwritten via QBE’s Lloyd’s Syndicates 386 and 2999 was reinsured to Enstar’s Syndicate 2008.
As a result of this LPT transaction, we assumed net loss reserves of $2.0 billion in exchange for consideration of $1.9 billion5, and recorded a $179 million deferred charge asset (“DCA”).
•In June 2023, one of our wholly-owned subsidiaries completed an agreement with RACQ Insurance Limited (“RACQ”) to reinsure 80% of RACQ’s motor vehicle Compulsory Third Party (“CTP”) insurance liabilities, covering accident years 2021 and prior.
At closing, we assumed net loss reserves of $179 million in exchange for consideration of $179 million5.
•During the second quarter of 2023, we assumed active claims management control on a 2022 LPT transaction with Argo Group International Holdings, Ltd. (“Argo”) pursuant to terms of the agreement.
•In September 2023, one of our wholly-owned subsidiaries entered into an agreement with American International Group, Inc. (“AIG”). Pursuant to the agreement, we will provide protection to AIG on its retained exposure to adverse development on Validus Re carried loss reserves (“subject reserves”), up to a limit of $400 million, in exchange for premium consideration of $100 million. The agreement became effective as of November 1, 2023, corresponding to the closing of AIG’s sale of Validus Re to RenaissanceRe.
Completed the Unwind of Enhanzed Re’s Reinsurance Transactions
•In November 2022, our subsidiary Enhanzed Reinsurance Ltd. (“Enhanzed Re”) completed a novation of the reinsurance of a closed block of life annuity policies to Monument Re Limited, a subsidiary of Monument Insurance Group Limited (“Monument Re”).
◦Given our one quarter lag in reporting Enhanzed Re’s results, we recognized a $275 million net gain on novation within other income in the first quarter of 2023, which was comprised of6:
▪the reclassification benefit to income of $363 million from accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) related to the settlement of the novated future policyholder benefit liabilities;
▪the loss of $39 million on the carrying value of the net assets of $133 million as of the closing date of the transaction in exchange for cash consideration of $94 million; and
▪a deferral of a portion of the net gain to be earned over the settlement period of the novated liabilities, equal to $49 million, for our preexisting 20% ownership interest in Monument Re.
◦Our net income attributable to Enstar was further reduced by $81 million, representing the amount attributable to Allianz SE’s (“Allianz”) 24.9% noncontrolling interest in Enhanzed Re at the time of the transaction. In total, first quarter 2023 net income attributable to Enstar from this novation transaction was $194 million.
•On December 28, 2022, Enhanzed Re repurchased the entire 24.9% ownership interest Allianz held in Enhanzed Re for $175 million, which was based on the final net book value of Enhanzed Re as of December 31, 2022. Following the repurchase, Enhanzed Re became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Enstar.
•The completion of these transactions resulted in the conclusion of the unwind of Enhanzed Re, achieving an inception to date return from Enhanzed Re of 24%.
5 Refer to Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements for further details, including the composition of consideration received.
6 Refer to “Assumed Life” section for further details.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 49
Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Operational Highlights
Capital and Other Activity
•In March 2023, we repurchased 1,597,712 of our non-voting convertible ordinary shares held by Canada Pension Plan Investment Board (“CPP Investments”) for an aggregate $341 million, representing a price per share of $213.13 and a 5% discount to the trailing 10-day volume weighted average price of our voting ordinary shares at the agreed March 2023 measurement date. The shares comprised all of our outstanding Series C and Series E non-voting ordinary shares.
•In May 2023, we amended and restated our existing revolving credit agreement to increase the total commitments under the revolving credit facility from $600 million to $800 million, with the option to request additional commitments up to an aggregate amount of $200 million. Under the amended facility, we may borrow revolving loans or request the issuance of syndicated or fronted letters of credit.
•In June 2023, we received an upgrade from Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”) on our long-term issuer credit rating to BBB+, with a stable outlook.7
•In July 2023, we entered into an $800 million amended and restated letter of credit facility agreement, which replaced our existing $800 million letter of credit facility agreement under which the commitment period was due to expire in August 2023.
•In November 2023, we repurchased 791,735 of our voting ordinary shares held by CPP Investments and its affiliate, and 50,000 of our voting ordinary shares held by the Trident V funds managed by Stone Point Capital LLC (“the Trident V Funds”), for $191 million in aggregate. The transactions were executed at a price per share of $227.18, representing a 5% discount to the trailing 10-day volume weighted average price of our voting ordinary shares at the agreed November 2023 measurement date.
•In December 2023, we entered into a Purchase Agreement with the Trident V Funds and Dowling Capital Partners (together, the “RNCI Holders”) to purchase their remaining equity interest in StarStone Specialty Holdings Limited (“SSHL”). We paid total consideration of $182 million in exchange for acquiring the remaining 41.0% interest in SSHL, comprised of a cash payment of $119 million, our 13.5% interest in Northshore (fair value of $48 million) and the settlement of an existing loan receivable of $15 million. Following the completion of the transaction, SSHL became a wholly-owned subsidiary and we no longer have a direct or indirect ownership interest in Atrium.
7 Refer to “Liquidity and Capital Resources - Debt Obligations” for further details.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 50
Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Consolidated Results of Operations
Consolidated Results of Operations - For the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Primary GAAP Financial Measures
We use the following GAAP measures to manage the company and monitor our performance:
•Net income and net income attributable to Enstar ordinary shareholders, which collectively provide a measure of our performance focusing on underwriting, investment and expense results;
•Comprehensive income attributable to Enstar, which provides a measure of the total return, including unrealized gains and losses on fixed maturities, AFS investments, as well as other elements of other comprehensive income;
•Book value per share (“BVPS”), which we use to measure the value of our company over time;
•Return on equity (“ROE”), which measures our profitability by dividing our net income attributable to Enstar ordinary shareholders by Enstar ordinary shareholders’ equity;
•Total investment return (“TIR”), which measures the rate of return we obtain, both realized and unrealized, on our investments; and
•Run-off liability earnings (“RLE”) and RLE %, which measure both the dollar amount of prior period development on our acquired portfolios (RLE) and the percentage of prior period development relative to average net loss reserves, calculated by dividing our prior period development by our average net loss reserves (RLE %).
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 51
Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Consolidated Results of Operations
The following table sets forth certain consolidated financial information for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 $ / pp
Change 2021 $ / pp
Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Technical Results
Net premiums earned $ 43 $ 66 $ (23) $ 245 $ (179)
Net incurred losses and LAE
Current period 30 48 (18) 172 (124)
Prior Period (131) (756) 625 (403) (353)
Total net incurred losses and LAE (101) (708) 607 (231) (477)
Policyholder benefit expenses - 25 (25) (3) 28
Acquisition costs 10 23 (13) 57 (34)
Investment Results
Net investment income 647 455 192 312 143
Net realized (losses) (65) (111) 46 (61) (50)
Net unrealized gains (losses) 528 (1,503) 2,031 178 (1,681)
Income (losses) from equity method investments 13 (74) 87 93 (167)
Other income 276 35 241 42 (7)
Amortization of net deferred charge assets 106 80 26 55 25
General and administrative expenses 369 331 38 367 (36)
Income tax benefit (expense) 250 12 238 (27) 39
NET INCOME (LOSS) $ 1,218 $ (945) $ 2,163 $ 553 $ (1,498)
Less: Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests (100) 75 (175) (15) 90
NET INCOME (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR ORDINARY SHAREHOLDERS $ 1,082 $ (906) $ 1,988 $ 502 $ (1,408)
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR $ 1,084 $ (1,156) $ 2,240 $ 440 $ (1,596)
GAAP measures:
BVPS $ 343.45 $ 262.24 $ 81.21 $ 329.20 $ (66.96)
ROE 24.2 % (15.6) % 39.8 pp 7.9 % (23.5) pp
RLE 1.1 % 6.3 % (5.2) pp 3.9 % 2.4 pp
TIR % 7.2 % (9.0) % 16.2 pp 2.0 % (11.0) pp
Non-GAAP measures:
FDBVPS* $ 336.72 $ 258.92 $ 77.80 $ 323.43 $ (64.51)
Adjusted ROE* 18.8 % (1.1) % 19.9 pp 10.1 % (11.2) pp
Adjusted RLE % * 1.8 % 3.9 % (2.1) pp 3.6 % 0.3 pp
Adjusted TIR %* 5.3 % (0.2) % 5.5 pp 3.6 % (3.8) pp
pp - Percentage point(s)
*Non-GAAP measure; refer to "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" section for reconciliation to the applicable GAAP financial measure.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 52
Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Consolidated Results of Operations
Overall Results
Year Ended December 31, 2023 versus 2022:
Net income attributable to Enstar ordinary shareholders was $1.1 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023, which compares to a net loss of $906 million from 2022, as a result of:
•Favorable total investment returns recognized in net income of $1.1 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023, consisting of the aggregate of net investment income, net realized (losses) gains, net unrealized gains (losses) and income (losses) from equity method investments, in comparison to negative total investment returns included in net income of $1.2 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022. The variance in total investment returns recognized in net income was driven by:
◦Net unrealized gains on our other investments, including equities of $397 million, in comparison to net unrealized losses in 2022 of $433 million, as a result of strong global equity market performance, particularly in the first and fourth quarters of 2023, and tightening high yield credit spreads, in comparison to the challenging market environment for the year ended December 31, 2022;
◦Net realized and unrealized gains on our fixed maturities of $66 million in 2023, compared to net realized and unrealized losses of $1.2 billion in 2022, primarily due to a decrease in interest rates across U.S., U.K. and European markets in 2023 as compared to significant increases in interest rates in 2022;
◦An increase in net investment income of $192 million in 2023 when compared to 2022, consistent with the increasing investment income we have earned on a sequential quarterly basis, primarily due to the reinvestment of fixed maturities at higher yields, deployment of consideration received from LPT and insurance transactions closed over the past 12 months and the impact of rising interest rates on our fixed maturities securities that are subject to floating interest rates; and
◦Income from equity method investments of $13 million, driven by income from our investments in Core Specialty and Citco, partially offset by losses from our investment in Monument Re, compared to losses of $74 million in 2022, primarily driven by losses from our investment in Monument Re.
•An increase in other income of $241 million in 2023 when compared to 2022, largely driven by the first quarter 2023 net gain recognized from the novation of the Enhanzed Re reinsurance of a closed block of life annuity policies; and
•A favorable change in income tax benefit of $238 million, primarily driven by the establishment of a $205 million net deferred tax asset related to the enactment of the Bermuda Corporate Income Tax in December 2023. We also recorded a $25 million partial release of our deferred tax asset valuation allowance as a result of increases in projected taxable income in the U.S. and a reduction in deferred tax assets associated with decreases in unrealized losses on investment securities reported in AOCI in the U.S. and U.K. jurisdictions. This was partially offset by an increase in the valuation allowance in our U.K. and EU jurisdictions primarily due to losses, whereby no corresponding tax benefits were recognized for the period.
This was partially offset by:
•A decrease in favorable prior period development of net incurred losses and LAE of $625 million from 2022:
◦Net favorable prior period development of $131 million in 2023 was primarily driven by a reduction in our estimates of net ultimate losses and provisions for ULAE of $226 million, partially offset by a $78 million increase in the fair value of our 2017 and 2018 LPT liabilities where we elected the fair value option.
◦In comparison, net favorable prior year development of $756 million, in 2022 was primarily due to a reduction in our estimates of net ultimate losses and ULAE of $538 million and a $200 million decrease in the fair value of our 2017 and 2018 LPT liabilities where we elected the fair value option.
◦This resulted in RLE of 1.1% in 2023 in comparison to RLE of 6.3% in 2022; and
•Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of $100 million, in comparison to a net loss of $75 million in 2022. The 2023 net income attributable to noncontrolling interests included $81 million representing a portion of the gain on novation of the Enhanzed Re reinsurance of a closed block of life annuity policies attributable to Allianz’s previous 24.9% equity interest in Enhanzed Re.
The above factors contributed to net income of $1.2 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to a net loss of $945 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 53
Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Consolidated Results of Operations
Comprehensive income attributable to Enstar was $1.1 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to comprehensive loss of $1.2 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022. Comprehensive income for the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily driven by net income of $1.2 billion and net unrealized gains on our fixed maturities, AFS, net of reclassification adjustments of $218 million, partially offset by the reclassification adjustment of $363 million associated with the novation of the Enhanzed Re reinsurance described above. The unrealized gains on our fixed maturities, AFS, combined with our favorable investment return, described above, contributed to a net TIR of 7.2% in 2023, in comparison to a TIR of (9.0)% in 2022.
BVPS and FDBVPS* increased by 31.0% and 30.0%, respectively, from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023, primarily due to comprehensive income attributable to Enstar for the year ended December 31, 2023, which contributed 24.3% to both BVPS and FDBVPS*, combined with the repurchase of all our non-voting convertible ordinary shares and 841,735 of our voting ordinary shares.
The significant increase in interest rates in 2022 contributed to cumulative net unrealized losses of $725 million on our fixed maturities, trading and AFS, and funds held - directly managed as of December 31, 2023. This has adversely impacted BVPS by $49.55 per share and FDBVPS* by $48.58 per share as of December 31, 2023. This compares to $1.8 billion of net unrealized losses on our fixed maturities, trading and AFS, and funds held - directly managed as of December 31, 2022.
BVPS and FDBVPS* as of December 31, 2022 reported in this Annual Report on Form 10-K reflect the impact of our adoption of ASU 2018-12, which had the effect of retrospectively increasing such measures by $16.04 and $15.83, respectively, from the amounts reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. The higher opening BVPS and FDBVPS* for the year negatively impacted our growth in BVPS and FDBVPS* for the year ended December 31, 2023, which would have otherwise been 39.5% and 38.5%, respectively. Our future policyholder benefit liabilities, which were adjusted for the retrospective application of ASU 2018-12, were settled in the fourth quarter of 2022 following the completion of the novation as described above, but the transaction was recognized in the first quarter of 2023 as we report the results of Enhanzed Re on a one quarter lag. Consequently, the adoption of ASU 2018-12 had no impact on our BVPS or FDBVPS* as of December 31, 2023.
Similarly, the price paid for our first quarter 2023 repurchase of our non-voting convertible ordinary shares represented a 13.0% discount to the December 31, 2022 book value and a 23.0% discount to such December 31, 2022 book value when retrospectively adjusting for the adoption of ASU 2018-12.
Year Ended December 31, 2022 versus 2021:
Net loss attributable to Enstar ordinary shareholders was $906 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which compares to net income of $502 million from 2021, as a result of:
•Negative investment results (sum of net investment income, net realized (losses) gains, net unrealized (losses) gains and (loss) income for equity method investments) of $1.2 billion compared to favorable investment results of $522 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily driven by:
◦Net realized and unrealized losses of $1.6 billion, primarily related to fixed income assets, for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to net gains of $117 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Rising interest rates across U.S., U.K. and European markets, in addition to widening investment grade credit spreads led to the net losses on our fixed income securities, and global equity market declines and widening high yield and leveraged loan credit spreads led to the net losses on our other investments, including equities; and
◦Losses from equity method investments of $74 million compared to income of $93 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 further contributed to the decrease in our earned investment returns, primarily as a result of losses on our investment in Monument Re and consolidating Enhanzed Re effective September 1, 2021. Prior to that date, the results of Enhanzed Re were recorded in income from equity method investments within the Investments segment. Our income relating to Enhanzed Re prior to the consolidation in 2021 were $82 million.
◦This was partially offset by an increase in net investment income of $143 million due to investment of new premium, reinvestment of maturing investments at higher yields and fixed income securities with floating rates which reset at higher rates of interest income.
*Non-GAAP measure; refer to "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" section for reconciliation to the applicable GAAP financial measure.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 54
Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Consolidated Results of Operations
•A net gain on purchase and sales of subsidiaries of $73 million in 2021, primarily driven by the bargain purchase gain recognized on the Step Acquisition of Enhanzed Re and a net gain on sales of subsidiaries of $26 million.
•Lower net earned premiums of $179 million, partially due to placing our Starstone International business into run-off in mid-2020.
This was partially offset by:
•Reduced total expenses of $477 million as a result of the combination of:
◦Reductions of $124 million in current period net incurred losses and LAE and $34 million in acquisition costs as a result of largely exiting or placing into run-off our active underwriting platforms, including StarStone International;
◦An increase in favorable development in net incurred losses and LAE for prior periods of $353 million, primarily driven by a change in fair value of our 2017 and 2018 portfolios where we elected the fair value option and reductions in estimates of net ultimate losses. This resulted in RLE of 6.3% in 2022 in comparison to RLE of 3.9% in 2021; and
◦A reduction of $36 million in general and administrative expenses primarily driven by reductions to long-term incentive plan costs and a decrease in IT costs as a result of reduced project activity, partially offset by the absence of a proportional reduction in accrued performance-based costs which were recorded in the comparative period.
The above factors contributed to our 2022 net loss of $945 million as compared to 2021 net income of $553 million.
Comprehensive loss attributable to Enstar was $1.2 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to comprehensive income of $440 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The variance was primarily due to an increase in unrealized losses on our fixed income securities, AFS, as a result of rising interest rates. The unrealized losses on our fixed income securities, AFS, combined with our investment results, contributed to an unfavorable TIR of (9.0)% in 2022, in comparison to a TIR of 2.0% in 2021.
BVPS decreased by 20.3% primarily as a result of comprehensive loss attributable to Enstar of $1.2 billion.
As a result of then-current period net loss and comprehensive loss attributable to Enstar described above, our ROE decreased by 23.5 pp.
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Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Key Performance Measures
Overall Measures of Performance
BVPS and FDBVPS*
BVPS and FDBVPS* increased by 31.0% and 30.0%, respectively, from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023, primarily as a result of comprehensive income attributable to Enstar of $1.1 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023 and the impact of share repurchases. The adoption of ASU 2018-12 impacted our BVPS and FDBVPS* as of December 31, 2022, as described above. The cumulative impact of the $725 million of net unrealized losses on our fixed maturities and funds held - directly managed adversely impacted BVPS by $49.55 per share and FDBVPS* by $48.58 per share as of December 31, 2023.
ROE and Adjusted ROE*
2023 versus 2022
ROE increased by 39.8 pp primarily due to the following factors:
Adjusted ROE* increased by a lesser amount than ROE, or 19.9 pp, as it excludes the impact of net realized and unrealized gains on fixed maturities.
*Non-GAAP measure; refer to "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" section for reconciliation to the applicable GAAP financial measure.
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Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Key Performance Measures
2022 versus 2021
ROE decreased by 23.5 pp primarily due to the following factors:
Adjusted ROE* decreased by a lesser amount than ROE, or 11.2 pp, as it excludes the impact of net realized and unrealized losses on fixed maturities.
*Non-GAAP measure; refer to "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" section for reconciliation to the applicable GAAP financial measure.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 57
Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Key Performance Measures
We discuss the results of our operations by aggregating certain captions from our consolidated statements of operations, as we believe it provides a more meaningful view of our results and eliminates repetition that would arise if captions were discussed on an individual basis.
In order to facilitate analysis, we have grouped the discussion into the following captions:
•Technical results: includes net premiums earned, net incurred losses and LAE, policyholder benefit expenses and acquisition costs.
•Investment results: includes net investment income, net realized (losses) gains, net unrealized (losses) gains (recorded through the statements of operations and other comprehensive income) and (losses) income from equity method investments.
•General and administrative results: includes general and administrative expenses.
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Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Key Performance Measures
Technical Results
Our strategy is focused on effectively managing (re)insurance portfolios underwritten in previous years that we assume through our provision of capital release solutions and acquisition of portfolios and businesses in run-off.
Although we have largely exited our active underwriting platforms, we still record net premiums earned and the associated current period net incurred losses and LAE and acquisition costs as a result of the recognition of unearned premiums from transactions completed in recent years.
The components of technical results for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 are as follows:
2023 2022
Run-off Corporate and other Total Run-off Assumed Life Legacy Underwriting Corporate and other Total
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Net premiums earned $ 43 $ - $ 43 $ 40 $ 17 $ 9 $ - $ 66
Net incurred losses and LAE:
Current period 30 - 30 44 - 4 - 48
Prior periods (226) 95 (131) (486) (55) 3 (218) (756)
Total net incurred losses and LAE (196) 95 (101) (442) (55) 7 (218) (708)
Policyholder benefit expenses - - - - 25 - - 25
Acquisition costs 10 - 10 22 - 1 - 23
Technical results $ 229 $ (95) $ 134 $ 460 $ 47 $ 1 $ 218 $ 726
Run-off Assumed Life Legacy Underwriting Corporate and other Total
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Net premiums earned $ 182 $ 5 $ 58 $ - $ 245
Net incurred losses and LAE:
Current period 144 2 26 - 172
Prior periods (338) - (6) (59) (403)
Total net incurred losses and LAE (194) 2 20 (59) (231)
Policyholder benefit expenses - (4) - 1 (3)
Acquisition costs 44 - 13 - $ 57
Technical results $ 332 $ 7 $ 25 $ 58 $ 422
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 59
Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Key Performance Measures
Current Period
The current period technical results from our (re)insurance operations include net premiums earned that have been declining as a result of our transition away from active underwriting activities. The majority of our net premiums earned since 2021 were driven by multi-year insurance policies relating to business placed into run-off. In most periods, the net premiums earned either fully or partially offset the current period net incurred losses and LAE and acquisition costs.
The reductions in net premiums earned and current period net incurred losses and LAE were driven by reduced levels of activity arising from our exit of our active underwriting platforms beginning in 2020.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, net premiums earned was primarily driven by multi-year StarStone International and Liberty Mutual policies and AmTrust RITC business. In comparison, our 2022 and 2021 earned premium was primarily driven by our Assumed Life segment, StarStone International and AmTrust RITC business.
Prior Periods - RLE by Acquisition Year
The following tables summarize RLE, RLE %, Adjusted RLE* and Adjusted RLE %* by acquisition year for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, which management believes is useful in measuring and monitoring performance of our claims management activity on the portfolios that we have acquired. This permits comparability between acquisition years of different loss reserve volumes.
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Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Key Performance Measures
Refer to the table below for a summary of RLE and Adjusted RLE* for the year ended December 31, 2023:
RLE Adjusted RLE*
Acquisition Year RLE / PPD Average net loss reserves RLE % Adjusted RLE / PPD* Average adjusted net loss reserves* Adj RLE*
%
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
2013 and prior $ 11 $ 849 1.3 % $ 13 $ 840 1.5 %
2014 21 512 4.1 % (7) 57 (12.3) %
2015 15 263 5.7 % 16 281 5.7 %
2016 19 643 3.0 % 22 709 3.1 %
2017 (89) 582 (15.3) % (37) 799 (4.6) %
2018 (12) 672 (1.8) % 25 749 3.3 %
2019 (37) 1,027 (3.6) % (39) 1,538 (2.5) %
2020 (21) 493 (4.3) % (21) 495 (4.2) %
2021 179 3,209 5.6 % 210 3,662 5.7 %
2022 78 2,751 2.8 % 78 2,757 2.8 %
2023 (33) 797 (33) 797
Total $ 131 $ 11,798 1.1 % $ 227 $ 12,684 1.8 %
2023:
Our 2023 RLE % of 1.1% was positively impacted by favorable reductions in the estimates of net ultimate losses and reductions in provisions for ULAE of $226 million, partially offset by increases in the fair value of liabilities for which we have elected the fair value option of $78 million and amortization of fair value adjustments of $17 million.
Unfavorable RLE in the 2017 acquisition year was adversely impacted by an increase in the fair value of liabilities for which we have elected the fair value option and adverse development on our asbestos and abuse coverages within all other lines of business, driven by higher than expected claim volumes and severities over the year.
Unfavorable RLE in the 2019 acquisition year was impacted by adverse development on our general casualty line of business, partially driven by an ADC contract with higher average incurred severities in comparison to IBNR reserves assumptions.
Favorable RLE in the 2021 acquisition year was driven by favorable ground-up claims experience on an ADC contract and continued favorable claims experience on our workers’ compensation line of business.
Favorable RLE in the 2022 acquisition year was driven by the expected benefit from claims covered by other insurance and reinsurance evaluated across multiple lines of business, including property, all other, general casualty and workers’ compensation, partially offset by adverse development on our professional indemnity/directors and officers line of business.
Our Adjusted RLE %* was positively impacted by the net reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses relating to the Run-off segment, as described above. It excludes the impact of changes in the fair value of liabilities where we have elected the fair value option and the amortization of fair value adjustments relating to purchased subsidiaries.
*Non-GAAP measure; refer to "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" section for reconciliation to the applicable GAAP financial measure.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 61
Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Key Performance Measures
Refer to the table below for a summary of RLE and Adjusted RLE* for the year ended December 31, 2022:
RLE Adjusted RLE*
Acquisition Year RLE / PPD Average net loss reserves RLE % Adjusted RLE / PPD* Average adjusted net loss reserves* Adjusted RLE* %
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
2013 and prior $ 14 $ 735 1.9 % $ 29 $ 656 4.4 %
2014 30 765 3.9 % 15 82 18.3 %
2015 12 312 3.8 % 13 319 4.1 %
2016 14 731 1.9 % 22 808 2.7 %
2017 183 745 24.6 % 30 905 3.3 %
2018 58 913 6.4 % 19 985 1.9 %
2019 59 1,156 5.1 % 54 1,685 3.2 %
2020 (120) 719 (16.7) % (120) 720 (16.7) %
2021 435 3,861 11.3 % 356 4,443 8.0 %
2022 71 2,032 3.5 % 71 2,033 3.5 %
Total $ 756 $ 11,969 6.3 % $ 489 $ 12,636 3.9 %
2022:
Our RLE % was positively impacted by a net reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses of $403 million, a reduction of $200 million in the fair value of liabilities for which we have elected the fair value option and a $135 million reduction in provisions for ULAE.
Favorable RLE in the 2017 acquisition year was driven predominantly by a reduction in the fair value of liabilities for which we have elected the fair value option.
Favorable RLE in the 2018 acquisition year was driven by favorable claims activity from major claims reviews on our professional indemnity/directors and officers and marine, aviation and transit lines of business for our Lloyd’s syndicate books combined with a reduction in the fair value of liabilities where we have elected the fair value option.
Favorable RLE in the 2019 acquisition year was driven by continued favorable experience in an ADC contract.
Unfavorable RLE in the 2020 acquisition year was adversely impacted by general casualty liabilities where we experienced additional claim reporting latency and unexpected increased severity on a small number of large New York Labor Law claims, which resulted in increased overall ultimate loss estimates on one portfolio. In addition, we experienced higher than expected claims severity, primarily on older liabilities, and slower than expected claim settlement rates related to our ride share motor portfolio. This was partially offset by favorable development on other portfolios.
Favorable RLE in the 2021 acquisition year was driven by continued favorable experience in our workers’ compensation portfolios, which benefited from lower severity trends on certain existing claims, reduced levels of expected frequency of claims for excess workers’ compensation risks, favorable claim settlements, and accelerated and favorable claim settlement patterns on certain portfolios. In addition, we recorded favorable development on an ADC contract where the cedants have experienced continued favorable ground-up performance. We also recorded favorable claim activity on the Assumed Life segment catastrophe book, combined with the recognition of a gain on commutation of the catastrophe reinsurance business of $59 million.
Favorable RLE in the 2022 acquisition year was primarily driven by a portfolio where our initial estimate of claims handling costs (or ULAE) were reduced, as we achieved better than expected current and future cost economies of scale on this transaction.
Our Adjusted RLE %* was positively impacted by the net reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses relating to the Run-off segment, as described above. It excludes the impact of changes in the fair value of liabilities where we have elected the fair value option and the amortization of fair value adjustments relating to purchased subsidiaries.
*Non-GAAP measure; refer to "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" section for reconciliation to the applicable GAAP financial measure.
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Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Key Performance Measures
Refer to the table below for a summary of RLE and Adjusted RLE* for the year ended December 31, 2021:
RLE Adjusted RLE*
Acquisition Year RLE / PPD Average net loss reserves RLE % Adjusted RLE / PPD* Average adjusted net loss reserves* Adjusted RLE* %
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
2013 and prior $ 43 $ 691 6.2 % $ 42 $ 691 6.1 %
2014 25 $ 945 2.6 % 30 102 29.4 %
2015 21 370 5.7 % 22 378 5.8 %
2016 10 815 1.2 % 8 894 0.9 %
2017 89 1,006 8.8 % 34 1,069 3.2 %
2018 45 1,208 3.7 % 38 1,237 3.1 %
2019 47 1,320 3.6 % 92 1,871 4.9 %
2020 (27) 1,845 (1.5) % (27) 1,845 (1.5) %
2021 150 2,144 7.0 % 142 2,368 6.0 %
Total $ 403 $ 10,344 3.9 % $ 381 $ 10,455 3.6 %
2021:
Overall, RLE % and Adjusted RLE* % were primarily driven by net favorable actual claims experience compared with our expected claims trends. This was notable in the 2013 and prior, 2017 and 2018 acquisition years.
RLE was positively impacted by a net reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses of $281 million, a reduction of $75 million in the fair value of liabilities for which we have elected the fair value option and a $63 million reduction in provisions for ULAE.
Adjusted RLE* excludes the impact of the changes in the discount rate upon the fair value of liabilities where we have elected the fair value option and the amortization of fair value adjustments relating to purchased subsidiaries.
Other notable events within our acquisition years were:
Adjusted RLE* for our 2019 acquisition year had lower than expected asbestos related claim frequency related to our defendant A&E liabilities. RLE and RLE % does not include the impact of changes to our defendant A&E liabilities.
Our 2020 acquisition year had adverse development on our motor line of business offset by favorable development in other portfolios relating to the 2018 and 2019 accident years.
Acquisition year 2021 experienced favorable claim activity in our professional indemnity/directors and officers and motor lines of business relative to expectations at take-on.
*Non-GAAP measure; refer to "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" section for reconciliation to the applicable GAAP financial measure.
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Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Key Performance Measures
Investment Results
We strive to structure our investment holdings and the duration of our investments in a manner that recognizes our liquidity needs, including our obligation to pay losses and LAE liabilities.
The components of our investment results split between our fixed income assets (which includes our short-term and fixed maturities classified as trading and AFS, funds held, cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents, collectively our “Fixed Income” assets) and other investments (which includes equities and equity method investments, collectively our “Other Investments”) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 are as follows:
2023 2022 2021
Fixed Income Other Investments Total Fixed Income Other Investments Total Fixed Income Other Investments Total
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Net investment income $ 555 $ 92 $ 647 $ 373 $ 82 $ 455 $ 239 $ 73 $ 312
Net realized losses (65) - (65) (111) - (111) (4) (57) (61)
Net unrealized gains (losses) 131 397 528 (1,070) (433) (1,503) (206) 384 178
Income (losses) from equity method investments - 13 13 - (74) (74) - 93 93
Other comprehensive income:
Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturities, AFS, net of reclassification adjustments excluding foreign exchange 222 - 222 (570) - (570) (100) - (100)
TIR ($) $ 843 $ 502 $ 1,345 $ (1,378) $ (425) $ (1,803) $ (71) $ 493 $ 422
TIR % 6.1 % 10.2 % 7.2 % (9.3) % (8.2) % (9.0) % (0.5) % 8.8 % 2.0 %
Adjusted TIR %* 3.7 % 10.2 % 5.3 % 2.3 % (8.2) % (0.2) % 1.6 % 8.8 % 3.6 %
*Non-GAAP measure; refer to "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" section for reconciliation to the applicable GAAP financial measure.
Net Investment Income
2023 versus 2022: Net investment income increased primarily due to:
•an increase in our investment book yield from 2.47% to 3.86% due to a combination of reinvestment of fixed maturities at higher yields, deployment of consideration received from LPT and insurance contract transactions closed over the past 12 months and the impact of rising interest rates on the $3.1 billion of our average fixed maturities outstanding during the year that are subject to floating interest rates. Our floating rate investments generated net investment income of $244 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $89 million from the year ended December 31, 2022, which equates to a 246 basis point increase in the yield of those investments.
2022 versus 2021: Net investment income increased primarily due to:
•an increase in our average aggregate fixed income assets of $1.2 billion due to new business acquired during 2022 and late 2021; and
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Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Key Performance Measures
•an increase in our book yield of 63 basis points due to a combination of investment of new premium and reinvestment of fixed maturities at higher yields and the impact of rising interest rates on the $2.9 billion of our average fixed maturities outstanding during the period that are subject to floating interest rates. Our floating rate investments generated net investment income of $155 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $59 million from 2021, which equates to an increase in the annualized yield of those investments of 195 basis points.
Net Realized and Unrealized (Losses) Gains included in Comprehensive Income
2023 versus 2022: Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) included in comprehensive income increased relative to the prior year net realized and unrealized losses primarily due to:
•net realized and unrealized gains on fixed maturities of $288 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to net realized and unrealized losses of $1.8 billion for the comparative year, primarily as a result of a decrease in intermediate maturity interest rates in U.S., U.K. and European markets in addition to the tightening of investment-grade credit spreads through 2023 in comparison to a significant increase in interest rates and widening of investment grade credit spreads during prior year; and
•net realized and unrealized gains on other investments, including equities, of $397 million in 2023 compared to net losses of $433 million in 2022.
◦net gains recognized in 2023 were primarily driven by our public equities, private equity funds, private credit funds, CLO equities, fixed income funds, hedge funds and infrastructure funds largely as a result of strong global equity market performance and tightening of high yield and leveraged loan credit spreads; and
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Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Key Performance Measures
◦net losses recognized in 2022 were primarily driven by our public equities, fixed income funds, hedge funds, and CLO equities, largely as a result of global equity market declines and widening of high yield and leveraged loan credit spreads.
2022 versus 2021: The variance of net realized and unrealized losses included in comprehensive loss in 2022 to net realized and unrealized gains included in comprehensive income in 2021 primarily consisted of:
•an increase in net realized and unrealized losses on fixed maturities of $1.4 billion, primarily driven by a 230 basis point increase in intermediate-maturity interest rates in U.S., U.K. and European markets, in addition to widening of investment-grade credit spreads through 2022; and
•net realized and unrealized losses on other investments, including equities, of $433 million compared to net gains of $327 million in 2021.
◦losses from our public equities, fixed income funds, CLO equities and hedge funds in 2022, were largely as a result of global equity market declines and the widening of high yield and leveraged loan credit spreads; and
◦net realized and unrealized gains recognized in 2021 in our public equities, private equity funds, CLO equities, fixed income funds, private credit funds and real estate funds, were primarily driven by a rally in global equity markets.
Income (losses) from equity method investments
Effective September 1, 2021, Enhanzed Re was consolidated by us8. Prior to that date, the results of Enhanzed Re were recorded in income (losses) from equity method investments on a one quarter lag.
2023 versus 2022: We recognized income from equity method investments in 2023 in comparison to losses in 2022, primarily due to:
•Income of $14 million and $4 million from our investments in Core Specialty and Citco, respectively, in addition to a gain of $5 million related to the sale of our interest in Citco, partially offset by $10 million of losses from our investment in Monument Re for the year ended December 31, 2023; in comparison to
•Losses of $65 million and $14 million from our investments in Monument Re and Core Specialty, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2022.
2022 versus 2021: We recognized losses from our equity method investments in 2022 in comparison to income in 2021, primarily due to:
•our acquisition of the controlling interest in and subsequent consolidation of Enhanzed Re in 2021 (which included $82 million of equity method income prior to its consolidation in September 2021); and
•Losses of $65 million from our investment in Monument Re in 2022, in comparison to income of $14 million in 2021.
The consolidated net loss from Enhanzed Re was $235 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, driven by unrealized investment losses which compared to the $82 million from Enhanzed Re that was included in income from equity method investments in 2021.
8 Refer to Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements for further information.
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Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Key Performance Measures
Investable Assets
Investable assets and adjusted investable assets* decreased by 6.6% and 11.2% from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023, respectively, primarily due to:
•the novation of the Enhanzed Re reinsurance of a closed block of life annuity policies (associated assets were $949 million as of the date of the novation);
•the impact of net paid losses;
•the repurchase of our non-voting convertible ordinary shares and voting ordinary shares;
•the acquisition of our remaining equity interest in SSHL following the redemption of our RNCI; and
•the settlement of our participation in Atrium’s Syndicate 609 relating to the 2020 and prior underwriting years.
This was partially offset by:
•consideration received for the QBE LPT, RACQ LPT and AIG insurance contract transactions; and
•net unrealized gains on our fixed maturities and other investments, including equities.
*Non-GAAP measure; refer to "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" section for reconciliation to the applicable GAAP financial measures.
Duration and average credit rating on fixed maturities, cash and cash equivalents and fixed maturities included in funds held - directly managed
The fair value, duration and average credit rating by segment is as follows:
2023 2022
Segment Fair Value ($) (1)
Average Duration (in years) (2)
Average Credit Rating (3)
Fair Value ($) (1)
Average Duration (in years) (2)
Average Credit Rating (3)
Investments
Run-off $ 10,320 4.04 A+ $ 9,874 4.02 A+
Assumed Life - 0.00 908 8.90 A-
Total - Investments 10,320 4.04 A+ 10,782 4.44 A+
Legacy Underwriting - 0.00 179 2.26 AA-
Total $ 10,320 4.04 A+ $ 10,961 4.40 A+
(1) The fair value by segment of our fixed maturities, cash and cash equivalents and fixed maturities included in funds held-directly managed portfolios does not include the carrying value of cash and cash equivalents within our funds held-directly managed portfolios.
(2) The average duration calculation includes cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and fixed maturities, as well as the fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents within our funds held-directly managed portfolios.
(3) The average credit ratings calculation includes cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, fixed maturities and the fixed maturities within our funds held - directly managed portfolios.
The decrease in the average duration of our fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents when comparing December 31, 2023 to 2022 was primarily driven by the derecognition of the assets supporting the Enhanzed Re reinsurance of a closed block of life annuity policies that were novated during the first quarter of 2023.
As of both December 31, 2023 and 2022, our fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents had an average credit quality rating of A+.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, our fixed maturities that were non-investment grade (i.e. rated lower than BBB- and non-rated securities) comprised $456 million, or 4.8% and $622 million, or 6.5%, of our total fixed maturities portfolio, respectively.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 67
Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Key Performance Measures
General and administrative expenses
2023 to 2022: The $38 million increase in general and administrative expenses was driven by an increase in salaries and benefits due to the prior year comparison where a downward adjustment to long term incentive accruals was recorded given the significant operating losses in 2022, as well as due to a current year increase in professional fees.
2022 to 2021: The $36 million decrease in general and administrative expenses was driven by the aforementioned long term incentive plan accrual reduction in 2022, partially offset by an increase in short term incentive costs.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 68
Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
In addition to our key financial measures presented in accordance with GAAP, we present other non-GAAP financial measures that we use to manage our business, compare our performance against prior periods and against our peers, and as performance measures in our incentive compensation program.
These non-GAAP financial measures provide an additional view of our operational performance over the long-term and provide the opportunity to analyze our results in a way that is more aligned with the manner in which our management measures our underlying performance.
The presentation of these non-GAAP financial measures, which may be defined and calculated differently by other companies, is used to enhance the understanding of certain aspects of our financial performance. It is not meant to be considered in isolation, superior to, or as a substitute for the directly comparable financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP.
Some of the adjustments reflected in our non-GAAP measures are recurring items, such as the exclusion of adjustments to net realized and unrealized (gains)/losses on fixed maturities recognized in our statements of operations, the fair value of certain of our loss reserve liabilities for which we have elected the fair value option, and the amortization of fair value adjustments.
Management makes these adjustments in assessing our performance so that the changes in fair value due to interest rate movements, which are applied to some but not all of our assets and liabilities as a result of preexisting accounting elections, do not impair comparability across reporting periods.
It is important for the readers of our periodic filings to understand that these items will recur from period to period.
However, we exclude these items for the purpose of presenting a comparable view across reporting periods of the impact of our underlying claims management and investments without the effect of interest rate fluctuations on assets that we anticipate to hold to maturity and non-cash changes to the fair value of our reserves.
Similarly, our non-GAAP measures reflect the exclusion of certain items that we deem to be nonrecurring, unusual or infrequent when the nature of the charge or gain is such that it is not reasonably likely that such item may recur within two years, nor was there a similar charge or gain in the preceding two years. This includes adjustments related to bargain purchase gains on acquisitions of businesses, net gains or losses on sales of subsidiaries, net assets of held for sale or disposed subsidiaries classified as discontinued operations, and other items that we separately disclose.
*Non-GAAP measure; refer to "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" section for reconciliation to the applicable GAAP financial measure.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 69
Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Non-GAAP Financial Measures
The following table presents more information on each non-GAAP measure. The results and GAAP reconciliations for these measures are set forth further below.
Non-GAAP Measure Definition Purpose of Non-GAAP Measure over GAAP Measure
Fully diluted book value per ordinary share Total Enstar ordinary shareholders' equity
Divided by
Number of ordinary shares outstanding, adjusted for:
-the ultimate effect of any dilutive securities on the number of ordinary shares outstanding
Increases the number of ordinary shares to reflect the exercise of equity awards granted but not yet vested as, over the long term, this presents both management and investors with a more economically accurate measure of the realizable value of shareholder returns by factoring in the impact of share dilution.
We use this non-GAAP measure in our incentive compensation program.
Adjusted return on equity (%) Adjusted operating income (loss) attributable to Enstar ordinary shareholders divided by adjusted opening Enstar ordinary shareholders’ equity Calculating the operating income (loss) as a percentage of our adjusted opening Enstar ordinary shareholders' equity provides a more consistent measure of the performance of our business by enabling comparison between the financial periods presented.
We eliminate the impact of net realized and unrealized (gains) losses on fixed maturities and funds-held directly managed and the change in fair value of insurance contracts for which we have elected the fair value option, as:
•we typically hold most of our fixed maturities until the earlier of maturity or the time that they are used to fund any settlement of related liabilities which are generally recorded at cost; and
•removing the fair value option improves comparability since there are limited acquisition years for which we elected the fair value option.
Therefore, we believe that excluding their impact on our earnings improves comparability of our core operational performance across periods.
We include fair value adjustments as non-GAAP adjustments to the adjusted operating income (loss) attributable to Enstar ordinary shareholders as they are non-cash charges that are not reflective of the impact of our claims management strategies on our loss portfolios.
We eliminate the net gain (loss) on the purchase and sales of subsidiaries and net income from discontinued operations, as these items are not indicative of our ongoing operations.
We use this non-GAAP measure in our incentive compensation program.
Adjusted operating income (loss) attributable to Enstar ordinary shareholders
(numerator)
Net income (loss) attributable to Enstar ordinary shareholders, adjusted for:
-net realized and unrealized (gains) losses on fixed maturities and funds held-directly managed,
-change in fair value of insurance contracts for which we have elected the fair value option (1),
-amortization of fair value adjustments,
-net gain/loss on purchase and sales of subsidiaries (if any),
-net income from discontinued operations (if any),
-tax effects of adjustments, and
-adjustments attributable to noncontrolling interests
Adjusted opening Enstar ordinary shareholders' equity (denominator)
Opening Enstar ordinary shareholders' equity, less:
-net unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturities and funds held-directly managed,
-fair value of insurance contracts for which we have elected the fair value option (1),
-fair value adjustments, and
-net assets of held for sale or disposed subsidiaries classified as discontinued operations (if any)
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 70
Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Non-GAAP Measure Definition Purpose of Non-GAAP Measure over GAAP Measure
Adjusted run-off liability earnings (%) Adjusted PPD divided by average adjusted net loss reserves
Calculating the RLE as a percentage of our adjusted average net loss reserves provides a more meaningful and comparable measurement of the impact of our claims management strategies on our loss portfolios across acquisition years and also to our overall financial periods.
We use this measure to evaluate the impact of our claims management strategies because it provides visibility into our ability to settle our claims obligations for amounts less than our initial estimate at the point of acquiring the obligations.
The following components of periodic recurring net incurred losses and LAE and net loss reserves are not considered key components of our claims management performance for the following reasons:
•Prior to the settlement of the contractual arrangements, the results of our Legacy Underwriting segment were economically transferred to a third party primarily through the use of reinsurance and a Capacity Lease Agreement(2); as such, the results are not a relevant contribution to Adjusted RLE, which is designed to analyze the impact of our claims management strategies;
•The results of our Assumed Life segment relate only to our prior exposure to active property catastrophe business; as this business was not in run-off, the results were not a relevant contribution to Adjusted RLE;
•The change in fair value of insurance contracts for which we have elected the fair value option(1) has been removed to support comparability between the two acquisition years for which we elected the fair value option in reserves assumed and the acquisition years for which we did not make this election (specifically, this election was only made in the 2017 and 2018 acquisition years and the election of such option is irrevocable); and
•The amortization of fair value adjustments are non-cash charges that obscure our trends on a consistent basis.
We include our performance in managing claims and estimated future expenses on our defendant A&E liabilities because such performance is relevant to assessing our claims management strategies even though such liabilities are not included within the loss reserves.
We use this measure to assess the performance of our claim strategies and part of the performance assessment of our past acquisitions.
Adjusted prior period development
(numerator)
Prior period net incurred losses and LAE, adjusted to:
Remove:
-Legacy Underwriting and Assumed Life operations,
-amortization of fair value adjustments,
-change in fair value of insurance contracts for which we have elected the fair value option (1),
and
Add:
-the reduction/(increase) in estimates of net ultimate liabilities and reduction in estimated future expenses of our defendant A&E liabilities.
Adjusted net loss reserves
(denominator)
Net losses and LAE, adjusted to:
Remove:
-Legacy Underwriting and Assumed Life net loss reserves,
-current period net loss reserves,
-net fair value adjustments associated with the acquisition of companies,
-the fair value adjustments for contracts for which we have elected the fair value option (1) and
Add:
-net nominal defendant A&E liability exposures and estimated future expenses
Adjusted total investment return (%) Adjusted total investment return (dollars) recognized in earnings for the applicable period divided by period average adjusted total investable assets. Provides a key measure of the return generated on the capital held in the business and is reflective of our investment strategy.
Provides a consistent measure of investment returns as a percentage of all assets generating investment returns.
We adjust our investment returns to eliminate the impact of the change in fair value of fixed maturities (both credit spreads and interest rates), as we typically hold most of these investments until the earlier of maturity or used to fund any settlement of related liabilities which are generally recorded at cost.
Adjusted total investment return ($) (numerator)
Total investment return (dollars), adjusted for:
-net realized and unrealized (gains) losses on fixed maturities and funds held-directly managed; and
-unrealized (gains) losses on fixed maturities, AFS included within OCI, net of reclassification adjustments and excluding foreign exchange.
Adjusted average aggregate total investable assets (denominator)
Total average investable assets, adjusted for:
-net unrealized (gains) losses on fixed maturities, AFS included within AOCI
-net unrealized (gains) losses on fixed maturities, trading
(1) Comprises the discount rate and risk margin components.
(2) The reinsurance contractual arrangements (including the Capacity Lease Agreement) were settled during the second quarter of 2023. As a result of the settlement, we did not record any transactions in the Legacy Underwriting segment in 2023.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 71
Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Reconciliation of GAAP to Non-GAAP Measures
The table below presents a reconciliation of BVPS to FDBVPS* as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:
2023 2022 2021
Equity (1)
Ordinary Shares Per Share Amount Equity
(1) (2)
Ordinary Shares Per Share Amount Equity (1)
Ordinary Shares Per Share Amount
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)
Book value per ordinary share $ 5,025 14,631,055 $ 343.45 $ 4,464 17,022,420 $ 262.24 $ 5,813 17,657,944 $ 329.20
Non-GAAP adjustment:
Share-based compensation plans 292,190 218,171 315,205
Fully diluted book value per ordinary share* $ 5,025 14,923,245 $ 336.72 $ 4,464 17,240,591 $ 258.92 $ 5,813 17,973,149 $ 323.43
(1) Equity comprises Enstar ordinary shareholders' equity, which is calculated as Enstar shareholders' equity less preferred shares ($510 million as of each of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021), prior to any non-GAAP adjustments.
(2) Enstar ordinary shareholders’ equity as of December 31, 2022 has been retrospectively adjusted by $273 million for the impact of adopting ASU 2018-12.
*Non-GAAP measure.
The table below presents a reconciliation of ROE to Adjusted ROE* for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:
2023 2022 2021
Net income (loss) (1)
Opening equity
(1) (2)
(Adj) ROE Net (loss) income (1)
Opening equity (1)
(Adj) ROE Net income (loss) (1)
Opening equity (1)
(Adj) ROE
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Net income (loss)/Opening equity/ROE (1)
$ 1,082 $ 4,464 24.2 % $ (906) $ 5,813 (15.6) % $ 502 $ 6,326 7.9 %
Non-GAAP adjustments for loss (gains):
Net realized losses (gains) on fixed maturities, AFS (3) / Net unrealized losses (gains) on fixed maturities, AFS (4)
65 647 111 36 4 (82)
Net unrealized (gains) losses on fixed maturities, trading (3) / Net unrealized losses (gains) on fixed maturities, trading (4)
(84) 400 503 (134) 144 (384)
Net unrealized (gains) losses on funds held - directly managed (3) / Net unrealized losses (gains) on funds held - directly managed (4)
(47) 780 567 9 62 (94)
Change in fair value of insurance contracts for which we have elected the fair value option / Fair value of insurance contracts for which we have elected the fair value option (5)
78 (294) (200) (107) (75) (33)
Amortization of fair value adjustments / Fair value adjustments 17 (124) (18) (106) 16 (128)
Net gain on purchase and sales of subsidiaries - - - - (73) -
Tax effects of adjustments (6)
(7) - (7) - (21) -
Adjustments attributable to noncontrolling interests (7)
(2) - (111) - 6 -
Adjusted net income (loss)/Adjusted opening equity/Adjusted ROE* $ 1,102 $ 5,873 18.8 % $ (61) $ 5,511 (1.1) % $ 565 $ 5,605 10.1 %
(1) Net income (loss) comprises net income (loss) attributable to Enstar ordinary shareholders, prior to any non-GAAP adjustments. Opening equity comprises Enstar ordinary shareholders' equity, which is calculated as opening Enstar shareholders' equity less preferred shares ($510 million as of each of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020), prior to any non-GAAP adjustments.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 72
Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Non-GAAP Financial Measures
(2) Enstar ordinary shareholders’ equity as of December 31, 2022 has been retrospectively adjusted for the impact of adopting ASU 2018-12. Refer to Note 12 to our consolidated financial statements for further information.
(3) Net realized gains (losses) on fixed maturities, AFS are included in net realized gains (losses) in our consolidated statements of operations. Net unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturities, trading and funds held - directly managed are included in net unrealized gains (losses) in our consolidated statements of operations.
(4) Our fixed maturities are held directly on our balance sheet and also within the "Funds held" balance.
(5) Comprises the discount rate and risk margin components.
(6) Represents an aggregation of the tax expense or benefit associated with the specific country to which the pre-tax adjustment relates, calculated at the applicable jurisdictional tax rate.
(7) Represents the impact of the adjustments on the net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest associated with the specific subsidiaries to which the adjustments relate.
*Non-GAAP measure.
The below tables present a reconciliation of RLE to Adjusted RLE*:
Year Ended As at December 31, Year Ended
2023 2023 2022 2023 2023
RLE/PPD Net loss reserves Net loss reserves Average net loss reserves RLE %
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
PPD/net loss reserves/RLE % $ 131 $ 11,585 $ 12,011 $ 11,798 1.1 %
Non-GAAP adjustments for expenses (income):
Net loss reserves incurred in the current period - (30) - (15)
Legacy Underwriting - - (139) (69)
Amortization of fair value adjustments / Net fair value adjustments associated with the acquisition of companies 17 107 124 116
Changes in fair value - fair value option / Net fair value adjustments for contracts for which we have elected the fair value option (1)
78 246 294 270
Change in estimate of net ultimate liabilities - defendant A&E / Net nominal defendant A&E liabilities (1) 527 572 550
Reduction in estimated future expenses - defendant A&E / Estimated future expenses - defendant A&E 2 33 35 34
Adjusted PPD/Adjusted net loss reserves/Adjusted RLE %* $ 227 $ 12,468 $ 12,897 $ 12,684 1.8 %
(1) Comprises the discount rate and risk margin components.
*Non-GAAP measure.
Year Ended As at December 31, Year Ended
2022 2022 2021 2022 2022
RLE/PPD Net loss reserves Net loss reserves Average net loss reserves RLE %
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
PPD/net loss reserves/RLE % $ 756 $ 12,011 $ 11,926 $ 11,969 6.3 %
Non-GAAP adjustments for expenses (income):
Net loss reserves incurred in the current period - (45) - (23)
Assumed Life (55) - (181) (91)
Legacy Underwriting 3 (135) (153) (144)
Amortization of fair value adjustments / Net fair value adjustments associated with the acquisition of companies (18) 124 106 115
Changes in fair value - fair value option / Net fair value adjustments for contracts for which we have elected the fair value option (1)
(200) 294 107 201
Change in estimate of net ultimate liabilities - defendant A&E / Net nominal defendant A&E liabilities 2 572 573 573
Reduction in estimated future expenses - defendant A&E / Estimated future expenses - defendant A&E 1 35 37 37
Adjusted PPD/Adjusted net loss reserves/Adjusted RLE %* $ 489 $ 12,856 $ 12,415 $ 12,637 3.9 %
(1) Comprises the discount rate and risk margin components.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 73
Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Non-GAAP Financial Measures
*Non-GAAP measure.
Year Ended As at December 31, Year Ended
2021 2021 2020 2021 2021
RLE/PPD Net loss reserves Net loss Reserves Average net loss reserves RLE %
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
PPD/Net loss reserves/RLE % $ 403 $ 11,926 $ 8,763 $ 10,344 3.9 %
Non-GAAP adjustments for expenses (income):
Net loss reserves incurred in the current period - (143) - (72)
Assumed Life - (179) - (90)
Legacy Underwriting (6) (140) (955) (548)
Amortization of fair value adjustments / Net fair value adjustments associated with the acquisition of companies 16 106 128 117
Changes in fair value - fair value option / Net fair value adjustments for contracts for which we have elected the fair value option (1)
(75) 107 33 70
Change in estimate of net ultimate liabilities - defendant A&E / Net nominal defendant A&E liabilities 38 573 615 594
Reduction in estimated future expenses - defendant A&E / Estimated future expenses - defendant A&E 5 37 43 40
Adjusted PPD/Adjusted net loss reserves/Adjusted RLE %* $ 381 $ 12,287 $ 8,627 $ 10,455 3.6 %
(1) Comprises the discount rate and risk margin components.
*Non-GAAP measure.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 74
Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Non-GAAP Financial Measures
The table below presents a reconciliation of our TIR to our Adjusted TIR* for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:
2023 2022 2021
Fixed Income Other Investments Total Fixed Income Other Investments Total Fixed Income Other Investments Total
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Net investment income $ 555 $ 92 $ 647 $ 373 $ 82 $ 455 $ 239 $ 73 $ 312
Net realized losses
Fixed maturities, AFS (65) - (65) (111) - (111) (4) - (4)
Equity securities - - - - - - - 9 9
Other investments - - - - - - - 66 66
Investment derivatives - - - - - - - (132) (132)
Net realized losses (65) - (65) (111) - (111) (4) (57) (61)
Net unrealized gains (losses)
Fixed maturities, trading 84 - 84 (503) - (503) (144) - (144)
Funds held - directly managed 47 - 47 (567) - (567) (62) - (62)
Equity securities - 167 167 - (290) (290) - 146 146
Other investments - 225 225 - (125) (125) - 259 259
Investment derivatives - 5 5 - (18) (18) - (21) (21)
Net unrealized gains (losses) 131 397 528 (1,070) (433) (1,503) (206) 384 178
Income (losses) from equity method investments - 13 13 - (74) (74) - 93 93
Other comprehensive income:
Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturities, AFS, net of reclassification adjustments excluding foreign exchange 222 - 222 (570) - (570) (100) - (100)
TIR ($) $ 843 $ 502 $ 1,345 $ (1,378) $ (425) $ (1,803) $ (71) $ 493 $ 422
Non-GAAP adjustments:
Net realized and unrealized (gains) losses on fixed maturities, AFS and trading and funds held-directly managed (66) - (66) 1,181 - 1,181 210 - 210
Unrealized (gains) losses on fixed maturities, AFS, net of reclassification adjustments excluding foreign exchange (222) - (222) 570 - 570 100 - 100
Adjusted TIR ($)* $ 555 $ 502 $ 1,057 $ 373 $ (425) $ (52) $ 239 $ 493 $ 732
Total investments $ 12,525 $ 4,888 $ 17,413 $ 13,267 $ 4,943 $ 18,210 $ 14,594 $ 5,022 $ 19,616
Cash and cash equivalents, including restricted cash and cash equivalents 830 - 830 1,330 - 1,330 2,092 - 2,092
Total investable assets $ 13,355 $ 4,888 $ 18,243 $ 14,597 $ 4,943 $ 19,540 $ 16,686 $ 5,022 $ 21,708
Average aggregate invested assets, at fair value (1)
13,708 4,899 18,607 14,891 5,188 20,079 15,250 5,590 20,840
TIR % 6.1 % 10.2 % 7.2 % (9.3) % (8.2) % (9.0) % (0.5) % 8.8 % 2.0 %
Non-GAAP adjustment:
Net unrealized losses (gains) on fixed maturities, AFS included within AOCI and net unrealized (gains) on fixed maturities, trading and funds held - directly managed 725 - 725 1,827 - 1,827 (89) - (89)
Adjusted investable assets* $ 14,080 $ 4,888 $ 18,968 $ 16,424 $ 4,943 $ 21,367 $ 16,597 $ 5,022 $ 21,619
Adjusted average aggregate invested assets, at fair value (2)
$ 14,870 $ 4,899 $ 19,769 $ 15,977 $ 5,188 $ 21,165 $ 14,971 $ 5,590 $ 20,561
Adjusted TIR %* 3.7 % 10.2 % 5.3 % 2.3 % (8.2) % (0.2) % 1.6 % 8.8 % 3.6 %
(1) This amount is a five period average of the total investable assets, as presented above, and is comprised of amounts disclosed in our quarterly and annual U.S. GAAP consolidated financial statements.
(2) This amount is a five period average of the Adjusted investable assets*, as presented above.
*Non-GAAP measure.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 75
Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Other Financial Measures
Other Financial Measures
In addition to our non-GAAP financial measures presented above, we refer to TIR, which provides a key measure of the return generated on the capital held in the business. It is reflective of our investment strategy and it provides a consistent measure of investment returns as a percentage of all assets generating investment returns.
The following table provides the calculation of our TIR by segment for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:
2023 2022 2021
Investments Legacy Underwriting Total Investments Legacy Underwriting Total Investments Legacy Underwriting Total
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Net investment income:
Fixed income securities $ 539 $ - $ 539 $ 380 $ 9 $ 389 $ 273 $ 3 $ 276
Cash and restricted cash 36 - 36 8 1 9 - - -
Other investments, including equities 92 - 92 82 - 82 73 - 73
Less: Investment expenses (20) - (20) (25) - (25) (37) - (37)
Net investment income $ 647 $ - $ 647 $ 445 $ 10 $ 455 $ 309 $ 3 $ 312
Net realized losses:
Fixed maturities, AFS $ (65) $ - $ (65) $ (111) $ - $ (111) $ (4) $ - $ (4)
Other investments, including equities - - - - - - (57) - (57)
Net realized losses $ (65) $ - $ (65) $ (111) $ - $ (111) $ (61) $ - $ (61)
Net unrealized gains (losses):
Fixed maturities, trading and funds held-directly managed 131 - 131 (1,060) (10) (1,070) (203) (3) (206)
Other investments, including equities 397 - 397 (433) - (433) 384 - 384
Net unrealized gains (losses) $ 528 $ - $ 528 $ (1,493) $ (10) $ (1,503) $ 181 $ (3) $ 178
Income (losses) from equity method investments 13 - 13 (74) - (74) 93 - 93
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturities, AFS, net of reclassification adjustments excluding foreign exchange 222 - 222 (570) - (570) (100) - (100)
TIR ($) $ 1,345 $ - $ 1,345 $ (1,803) $ - $ (1,803) $ 422 $ - $ 422
Fixed maturity and short-term investments, trading and AFS $ 7,274 $ - $ 7,274 $ 7,486 $ 159 $ 7,645 $ 9,266 $ 182 $ 9,448
Funds held 5,251 - 5,251 5,600 22 5,622 5,313 34 5,347
Equity securities 701 - 701 1,250 - 1,250 1,995 - 1,995
Other investments 3,853 - 3,853 3,282 14 3,296 2,319 14 2,333
Equity method investments 334 - 334 397 - 397 493 - 493
Total investments $ 17,413 $ - $ 17,413 $ 18,015 $ 195 $ 18,210 $ 19,386 $ 230 $ 19,616
Cash and cash equivalents, including restricted cash and cash equivalents 830 - 830 1,310 20 1,330 2,062 30 2,092
Total investable assets $ 18,243 $ - $ 18,243 $ 19,325 $ 215 $ 19,540 $ 21,448 $ 260 $ 21,708
Average aggregate invested assets, at fair value (1)
$ 18,607 $ - $ 18,607 $ 19,861 $ 218 $ 20,079 $ 20,594 $ 246 $ 20,840
TIR % (2)
7.2 % - % 7.2 % (9.1) % - % (9.0) % 2.0 % - % 2.0 %
Income from fixed income assets (3)
575 - 575 388 10 398 273 3 276
Average aggregate fixed income assets, at cost (3)(4)
14,904 - 14,904 15,904 214 16,118 14,733 231 14,964
Investment book yield (5)
3.86 % - % 3.86 % 2.44 % 4.67 % 2.47 % 1.85 % 1.30 % 1.84 %
(1) This amount is a five period average of the total investable assets, as presented above, and is comprised of amounts disclosed in our quarterly and annual U.S. GAAP consolidated financial statements.
(2) Total investment return % is calculated by dividing total investment return ($) by average aggregate invested assets, at fair value.
(3) Fixed income assets, at cost include fixed maturities and cash and restricted cash and funds held.
(4) This amount is a five period average of the amounts disclosed in our quarterly and annual U.S. GAAP consolidated financial statements.
(5) Investment book yield % is calculated by dividing income from fixed income assets by average aggregate fixed income assets, at cost.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 76
Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Results of Operations by Segment
Results of Operations by Segment - For the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Our business is organized into four reportable segments: (i) Run-off; (ii) Assumed Life; (iii) Investments; and (iv) Legacy Underwriting. In addition, our corporate and other activities, which do not qualify as an operating segment, includes income and expense items that are not directly attributable to our reportable segments9.
The following is a discussion of our results of operations by segment.
9 For a description of our segments and our corporate and other activities, see "Item 1. Business - Operating Segments" and "Corporate and Other" below, respectively.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 77
Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Results of Operations by Segment | Run-off Segment
Run-off Segment
The following is a discussion and analysis of the results of operations for our Run-off segment.
2023 2022 $ Change 2021 $ Change
REVENUES (in millions of U.S. dollars)
Net premiums earned $ 43 $ 40 $ 3 $ 182 $ (142)
Other income:
(Increase) reduction in estimates of net ultimate defendant A&E liabilities - prior periods (1) 2 (3) 38 (36)
Reduction in estimated future defendant A&E expenses 2 1 1 5 (4)
All other income 9 19 (10) 30 (11)
Total other income 10 22 (12) 73 (51)
Total revenues 53 62 (9) 255 (193)
EXPENSES
Net incurred losses and LAE:
Current period 30 44 (14) 144 (100)
Prior periods:
Reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses (157) (355) 198 (277) (78)
Reduction in provisions for ULAE (69) (131) 62 (61) (70)
Total prior periods (226) (486) 260 (338) (148)
Total net incurred losses and LAE (196) (442) 246 (194) (248)
Acquisition costs 10 22 (12) 44 (22)
General and administrative expenses 177 143 34 188 (45)
Total expenses (9) (277) 268 38 (315)
SEGMENT NET INCOME $ 62 $ 339 $ (277) $ 217 $ 122
Overall Results
2023 versus 2022: Net income from our Run-off segment decreased by $277 million, primarily due to:
•A $260 million decrease in favorable PPD, mainly driven by a $198 million decrease in the reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses in comparison to 2022.
◦Results for the year ended December 31, 2023 were driven by favorable development of $200 million on our workers’ compensation line of business as a result of continued favorable claim settlements, most notably in the 2018, 2019 and 2021 acquisition years. We also had favorable development of $68 million on our property line of business relating to the 2022 acquisition year as a result of continued favorable claims experience; partially offset by
◦Adverse development on our general casualty line of business of $127 million, most notably impacting the 2019 and 2020 acquisition years, driven by increased average incurred losses in comparison to IBNR reserve assumptions.
◦Results for the year ended December 31, 2022 were driven by favorable development of $318 million on our workers’ compensation line of business as a result of favorable claim settlements, most notably in the 2017 to 2021 acquisition years. We also had favorable development of $56 million on our marine, aviation and transit lines of business relating to the 2014, 2018 and 2019 acquisition years as a result of favorable experience across a variety of claim types; partially offset by
◦Adverse development on our general casualty and motor lines of business of $57 million and $74 million, respectively, most notably impacting the 2020 acquisition year, as a result of worse than expected claims experience, adverse development on claims and higher than expected claims severity.
•An increase in general and administrative expenses of $34 million, primarily driven by an increase in salaries and benefits expenses and professional fees; and
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Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Results of Operations by Segment | Run-off Segment
•A reduction in other income of $12 million, primarily driven by the termination of a Transition Services Agreement between one of our wholly-owned subsidiaries and Core Specialty at the end of 2022; partially offset by
•Reductions in current period net incurred losses and LAE and acquisition costs that were greater than our reductions in net premiums earned, following our exit of our StarStone International business beginning in 2020.
2022 versus 2021: Net income from our Run-off segment increased by $122 million, primarily due to:
•A $148 million increase in favorable PPD, mainly driven by a $78 million increase in the reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses in comparison to 2021.
•As described above, results for the year ended December 31, 2022 were driven by favorable development on our workers’ compensation and marine, aviation and transit lines of business, partially offset by adverse development on our general casualty and motor lines of business.
•Results for the year ended December 31, 2021 were primarily related to favorable development on our workers’ compensation, property and marine, aviation and transit lines of business as a result of better than expected claims experience and favorable results from actuarial reviews, partially offset by adverse development on our general casualty line of business due to an increase in opioid exposure and increased expectations of latent claims and a lengthening of the payment pattern related to our 2019 acquisition year.
•A decrease in general and administrative expenses of $45 million, primarily driven by a continued decrease in salaries and benefits and other costs following our exit of our StarStone business beginning in 2020 and a reduction in IT costs as a result of reduced project activity; partially offset by
•A reduction in other income of $51 million, primarily driven by lower favorable prior period development related to our defendant A&E liabilities; and
•Reductions in current period net incurred losses and LAE and acquisition costs that were less than our reductions in net premiums earned, following our exit of our StarStone International business beginning in 2020.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 79
Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Results of Operations by Segment | Assumed Life Segment
Assumed Life Segment
The Assumed Life segment consists of life and property aggregate excess of loss (catastrophe) business relating to Enhanzed Re, which we have consolidated since September 1, 2021 following the completion of the Step Acquisition that increased our ownership interest in Enhanzed Re to 75.1%. We report the Enhanzed Re component results of this segment on a one quarter lag.
The Enhanzed Re catastrophe business was not renewed for 2022. During the third quarter of 2022, we and Enhanzed Re entered into a Master Agreement, through which we completed a series of commutation and novation agreements that allowed us to unwind Enhanzed Re’s operations in an orderly manner.
Transactions completed in the fourth quarter of 2022 were recognized in the first quarter of 2023, including the novation of our reinsurance of a closed block of life annuity policies to Monument Re and the repurchase of the remaining 24.9% interest in Enhanzed Re from Allianz.
Following the completion of the transactions, we have ceased all continuing reinsurance obligations for this segment. We may leverage this segment for any future potential assumed life business transactions if and when they occur.
The following is a discussion and analysis of the results of operations for our Assumed Life segment.
2023 2022 $ Change 2021 $ Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
REVENUES
Net premiums earned $ - $ 17 $ (17) $ 5 $ 12
Other income 277 - 277 - $ -
Total revenues 277 17 260 5 12
$ -
EXPENSES
Net incurred losses and LAE:
Current period - - - 2 (2)
Prior period - (55) 55 - (55)
Total net incurred losses and LAE - (55) 55 2 (57)
Policyholder benefit expenses - 25 (25) (4) 29
General and administrative expenses - 7 (7) 1 6
Total expenses - (23) 23 (1) (22)
SEGMENT NET INCOME $ 277 $ 40 $ 237 $ 6 $ 34
Overall Results
As discussed above, we ceased all continuing reinsurance obligations relating to our Assumed Life segment following the completion of the transactions pursuant to the Master Agreement. We did not record any transactions in the segment during the second, third or fourth quarters of 2023, aside from amortizing $2 million into other income for the year ended December 31, 2023 relating to the portion of the gain on the novation transaction of $49 million that was related to the proportion of our existing ownership interest in Monument Re that is being amortized over the related settlement period of the transferred liabilities.
The increase in net income from our Assumed Life segment of $237 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily due to the net gain recognized on the completion of the novation of the Enhanzed Re reinsurance of a closed block of life annuity policies.
The $275 million gain (prior to the $2 million of amortization of the deferred gain) was calculated as of the completion date of the novation, prior to noncontrolling interests, and was comprised of the following three components:
•the reclassification benefit to income of $363 million from AOCI related to the settlement of the novated liabilities (in accordance with our adoption of ASU 2018-12, the discount rate assumption for our long-duration liabilities
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Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Results of Operations by Segment | Enhanzed Re Segment
was required to be periodically adjusted for changes in interest rates, which had the effect of reducing our future policyholder benefit liabilities and increasing the net assets transferred in the novation);
•the loss of $39 million on the carrying value of the net assets of $133 million as of the closing date of the transaction in exchange for cash consideration of $94 million (as noted above, the retrospective adoption of ASU 2018-12 resulted in an increase in net assets which gave rise to the transactional loss prior to our realization of the $363 million reclassification benefit); and
•a deferral of a portion of the net gain, $49 million, to account for our preexisting 20% ownership interest in Monument Re, calculated from the total gain of $324 million less Allianz’s 24.9% interest equal to $81 million (the deferred gain will be amortized over the expected settlement period for the life annuity policies to account).
Our net income attributable to Enstar were further reduced by $81 million, the amount attributable to Allianz’s 24.9% noncontrolling interest in Enhanzed Re at the time of the transaction. This amount has been recorded within our “Corporate and other activities”.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, net income attributable to Enstar from this novation transaction was $196 million (consisting of the $277 million consolidated gain above, net of the $81 million included within non-controlling interests).
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 81
Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Results of Operations by Segment | Investments Segment
Investments Segment
The following is a discussion and analysis of the results of operations for our Investments segment.
2023 2022 $ Change 2021 $ Change
REVENUES (in millions of U.S. dollars)
Net investment income:
Fixed maturities $ 539 $ 380 $ 159 $ 273 $ 107
Cash and restricted cash 36 8 28 - 8
Other investments, including equities 92 82 10 73 9
Less: Investment expenses (20) (25) 5 (37) 12
Total net investment income 647 445 202 309 136
Net realized (losses):
Fixed maturities, AFS (65) (111) 46 (4) (107)
Other investments, including equities - - - (57) 57
Total net realized (losses) (65) (111) 46 (61) (50)
Net unrealized gains (losses):
Fixed maturities, trading and funds held - directly managed 131 (1,060) 1,191 (203) (857)
Other investments, including equities 397 (433) 830 384 (817)
Total net unrealized gains (losses) 528 (1,493) 2,021 181 (1,674)
Total revenues 1,110 (1,159) 2,269 429 (1,588)
EXPENSES
General and administrative expenses 43 37 6 37 -
Total expenses 43 37 6 37 -
Income (losses) from equity method investments 13 (74) 87 93 (167)
SEGMENT NET INCOME (LOSS) $ 1,080 $ (1,270) $ 2,350 $ 485 $ (1,755)
Overall Results
2023 versus 2022: Net income from our Investments segment was $1.1 billion compared to a net loss of $1.3 billion in 2022. The favorable movement of $2.4 billion was primarily due to:
•Net realized and unrealized gains on our fixed income securities of $66 million, driven by a decline in interest rates and tightening of investment grade credit spreads, compared to net realized and unrealized losses of $1.2 billion in 2022, primarily due to a significant increase in interest rates and widening of investment grade credit spreads;
•Net unrealized gains on our other investments, including equities, of $397 million, in comparison to losses of $433 million in 2022. The favorable variance of $830 million was primarily driven by:
◦Net gains for the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily driven by our public equities, private equity funds, private credit funds, CLO equities, fixed income funds, hedge funds and infrastructure funds, largely as a result of strong global equity market performance and tightening of high yield and leveraged loan credit spreads; in comparison to
◦Net losses for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily driven by our public equities, fixed income funds, hedge funds and CLO equities, largely as a result of global equity market declines and widening of high yield and leveraged loan credit spreads;
•Income from equity method investments of $13 million, in comparison to losses of $74 million in 2022. This was primarily due to income on our investments in Core Specialty and Citco, which included a gain recorded in the fourth quarter of 2023 following our decision to divest our equity interest in Citco, partially offset by losses on
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Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Results of Operations by Segment | Investments Segment
our investment in Monument Re during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to losses on our investments in Monument Re and Core Specialty in 2022; and
•An increase in our net investment income of $202 million, which is primarily due to the reinvestment of fixed maturities at higher yields, deployment of consideration received from LPT and insurance contract transactions closed over the past 12 months and the impact of rising interest rates on the $3.1 billion of our average fixed maturities outstanding during 2023 that are subject to floating interest rates. Our floating rate investments generated increased net investment income of $89 million, which equates to an increase of 246 basis points on those investments in comparison to 2022.
2022 versus 2021: Net loss from our Investments segment was $1.3 billion compared to net income of $485 million in 2021. The unfavorable movement of $1.8 billion was primarily due to:
•An increase in net realized and unrealized losses on our fixed income securities of $964 million, driven by rising interest rates and widening of investment grade credit spreads in 2022;
•Net unrealized losses on our other investments, including equities, of $433 million in 2022, in comparison to net realized and unrealized gains of $327 million in 2021. The unfavorable variance of $760 million was primarily driven by negative performance from our public equities, fixed income funds, CLO equities and hedge funds as a result of significant volatility in global equity markets and widening of high yield and leveraged loan credit spreads; and
•Losses from equity method investments of $74 million, in comparison to income of $93 million in 2021, primarily due to losses on our investments in Monument Re and Core Specialty in 2022 and our acquisition of the controlling interest in Enhanzed Re, effective September 1, 2021. Prior to that date, the results of Enhanzed Re were recorded in income from equity method investments. Our consolidated net loss from Enhanzed Re for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $235 million which compared to $82 million from Enhanzed Re that was included in equity method investment income in 2021; partially offset by
•An increase in our net investment income of $136 million, which is primarily due to the investment of new premium and reinvestment of fixed maturities at higher yields and the impact of rising interest rates on the $2.9 billion of our average fixed maturities outstanding during the period that are subject to floating interest rates. Our floating rate investments generated increased net investment income of $59 million, which equates to an increase of 195 basis points on those investments in comparison to 2021.
Total investment losses on the fixed maturities that supported our Enhanzed Re life reinsurance (prior to the novation) for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were $304 million and $17 million, respectively.
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Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Results of Operations by Segment | Investments Segment
Total Investments
Fixed maturities
Refer to the below tables for the fair value, duration, and credit rating of our fixed maturities by business:
Run-off
Fair Value % Duration (years) (1)
Credit Rating (1)
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except percentages)
Fixed maturities and short-term investments, trading and AFS
U.S. government & agency $ 326 3.4 % 4.5 AA+
U.K. government 72 0.8 % 10.3 A+
Other government 391 4.1 % 5.0 AA
Corporate 4,131 43.5 % 5.4 A-
Municipal 142 1.5 % 7.6 AA-
Residential mortgage-backed 487 5.1 % 5.2 AA
Commercial mortgage-backed 841 8.9 % 1.6 AA-
Asset-backed 884 9.3 % 1.0 A
Total - Fixed maturities and short-term investments, trading and AFS $ 7,274 76.6 % 4.5 A
Fixed maturities included in funds held - directly managed 2,216 23.4 % 4.3 A
$ 9,490 100.0 % 4.4 A
(1) The average duration and average credit rating calculations include short-term investments, fixed maturities and the fixed maturities within our funds held-directly managed portfolios at December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Run-off Assumed Life (2)
Fair Value % Duration (years) (1)
Credit Rating (1)
Fair Value % Duration (years) (1)
Credit Rating (1)
Total Total %
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except percentages)
Fixed maturities and short-term investments, trading and AFS
U.S. government & agency $ 368 3.9 % 3.3 AAA $ 368 3.9 %
U.K. government 77 0.8 % 6.7 AA- 77 0.8 %
Other government 280 3.0 % 5.8 AA- 280 3.0 %
Corporate 4,540 47.8 % 5.4 A- 4,540 47.8 %
Municipal 148 1.6 % 7.0 AA- 148 1.6 %
Residential mortgage-backed 423 4.5 % 5.0 AA+ 423 4.5 %
Commercial mortgage-backed 818 8.6 % 2.0 AA 818 8.6 %
Asset-backed 832 8.8 % 0.4 A+ 832 8.8 %
Total - Fixed maturity and short-term investments, trading and AFS 7,486 79.0 % 4.4 A 7,486 79.0 %
Fixed maturities included in funds held - directly managed 1,078 11.4 % 6.4 A+ 908 9.6 % 9.2 A- 1,986 21.0 %
Total $ 8,564 90.4 % 4.6 A 908 9.6 % 9.2 A- $ 9,472 100.0 %
(1) The average duration and average credit rating calculations include short-term investments, fixed maturities and the fixed maturities within our funds held - directly managed portfolios at December 31, 2023 and 2022.
(2) Investments under the Assumed Life caption comprise those that previously supported our life reinsurance business.
The overall increase in the balance of our fixed maturities and fixed maturities included in funds held - directly managed of $18 million when comparing December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2022 was primarily driven by the consideration received for the QBE and RACQ LPT transactions that closed during the second quarter of 2023 and the AIG transaction that closed during the fourth quarter of 2023 and net unrealized gains, partially offset by the derecognition of the assets supporting the Enhanzed Re reinsurance closed block of life annuity policies that were
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Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Results of Operations by Segment | Investments Segment
novated during the first quarter of 2023, the impact of net paid losses and the repurchase of our non-voting convertible and voting ordinary shares.
Other investments, including equities
Refer to the below table for the composition of our other investments, including equities:
2023 2022
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Equities
Publicly traded equities $ 275 $ 385
Exchange-traded funds 82 507
Privately held equities 344 358
Total $ 701 $ 1,250
Other investments
Hedge funds $ 491 $ 549
Fixed income funds (1)
605 547
Equity funds 4 3
Private equity funds 1,617 1,282
CLO equities 60 148
CLO equity funds 182 203
Private credit funds 625 362
Real estate debt fund 269 202
Total $ 3,853 $ 3,296
(1) Fixed income funds for the year ended December 31, 2022 includes $14 million relating to our Assumed Life business.
Our equities decreased by $549 million and our other investments increased by $557 million from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023, primarily due to the funding of the repurchase of our non-voting convertible ordinary shares and the acquisition of our remaining interest in SSHL following the redemption of our RNCI, in addition to the redeployment from exchange-traded funds and publicly traded equities into various non-core asset strategies in line with our strategic asset allocation.
Equity Method Investments
Refer to the below table for a summary of our equity method investments, which does not include those investments we have elected to measure under the fair value option:
2023 2022 2021
Ownership % Carrying Value Income (losses) from Equity Method Investments Ownership % Carrying Value Income (losses) from Equity Method Investments Income (losses) from Equity Method Investments
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Enhanzed Re - % $ - $ - - % $ - $ - $ 82
Citco (1)
- % - 9 31.9 % 60 5 4
Monument Re (2)
20.0 % 95 (10) 20.0 % 110 (65) 14
Core Specialty 19.9 % 225 14 19.9 % 211 (14) (6)
Other 27.0 % 14 - 27.0 % 16 - (1)
$ 334 $ 13 $ 397 $ (74) $ 93
(1) Prior to the sale of our entire equity interest in Citco during the fourth quarter of 2023, we owned 31.9% of the common shares in HH CTCO Holdings Limited which in turn owns 15.4% of the convertible preferred shares, amounting to a 6.2% interest in the total equity of Citco.
(2) We own 20.0% of the common shares in Monument Re as well as preferred shares which have a fixed dividend yield and whose balance is included in the investment amount. The carrying value of Monument Re is net of an impairment recorded in 2022.
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Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Results of Operations by Segment | Investments Segment
Carrying Value
The carrying value of our equity method investments decreased from December 31, 2022 primarily as a result of agreements to divest our entire equity interest in Citco entered into in the fourth quarter of 2023.
Income (Losses) from Equity Method Investments
We recognized income from equity method investments in 2023, primarily due to income on our investments in Core Specialty and Citco, which included a $5 million gain recorded on our decision to divest our entire equity interest in Citco in the fourth quarter of 2023, partially offset by losses from our investment in Monument Re.
We recognized losses from equity method investments in 2022, primarily due to losses from our investments in Monument Re and Core Specialty and our acquisition of the controlling interest in Enhanzed Re, effective September 1, 2021. Prior to that date, the results of Enhanzed Re were recorded in income from equity method investments, which was the primary driver of our income from equity method investments in 2021.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 86
Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Results of Operations by Segment | Legacy Underwriting Segment
Legacy Underwriting Segment
The following is a discussion and analysis of the results of operations for our Legacy Underwriting segment for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (there were no Legacy Underwriting segment operations during the year ended December 31, 2023).
2022 2021 $ Change
REVENUES (in millions of U.S. dollars)
Net premiums earned $ 9 $ 58 $ (49)
Net investment income 10 3 7
Net unrealized (losses) (10) (3) (7)
Other income (expenses) 1 (15) 16
Total revenues 10 43 (33)
EXPENSES
Net incurred losses and LAE
Current Period 4 26 (22)
Prior Period 3 (6) 9
Total net incurred losses and LAE 7 20 (13)
Acquisition costs 1 13 (12)
General and administrative expenses 2 10 (8)
Total expenses 10 43 (33)
SEGMENT (LOSS) INCOME $ - $ - $ -
Overall Results
The Legacy Underwriting segment results comprise SGL No.1 Limited’s (“SGL No.1”) 25% gross share of the 2020 and prior underwriting years of Atrium Underwriting Group Limited’s ("Atrium") Syndicate 609 at Lloyd’s, less the impact of reinsurance agreements with Arden Reinsurance Company Ltd. ("Arden") and a Syndicate 609 Capacity Lease Agreement with Atrium 5 Limited.
As of January 1, 2021, SGL No.1 settled its share of the 2020 and prior underwriting years for the economic benefit of Atrium, and there was no net retention by Enstar.
The contractual arrangements between SGL No. 1, Arden and Atrium relating to the reinsurance agreements and the Capacity Lease Agreement settled in the second quarter of 2023. As a result of the settlement, we did not record any transactions in the Legacy Underwriting segment in 2023.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 87
Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Corporate and Other
Corporate and Other
The following is a discussion and analysis of our results of operations for our Corporate and other activities.
2023 2022 $ Change 2021 $ Change
REVENUES (in millions of U.S. dollars)
Other income (expense):
Amortization of fair value adjustments (1)
$ (13) $ (7) $ (6) $ (16) $ 9
All other income 2 19 (17) - 19
Total other (expense) income (11) 12 (23) (16) 28
Net gain on purchase and sales of subsidiaries - - - 73 (73)
Total revenues (11) 12 (23) 57 (45)
EXPENSES
Net incurred losses and LAE:
Amortization of fair value adjustments 17 (18) 35 16 (34)
Changes in fair value - fair value option (2)
78 (200) 278 (75) (125)
Total net incurred losses and LAE 95 (218) 313 (59) (159)
Policyholder benefit expenses - - - 1 (1)
Amortization of net deferred charge assets 106 80 26 55 25
General and administrative expenses 149 142 7 131 11
Total expenses 350 4 346 128 (124)
Interest expense (90) (89) (1) (69) (20)
Net foreign exchange gains (losses) - 15 (15) 12 3
Income tax benefit (expense) 250 12 238 (27) 39
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests (100) 75 (175) (15) 90
Dividends on preferred shares (36) (36) - (36) -
NET LOSS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR ORDINARY SHAREHOLDERS $ (337) $ (15) $ (322) $ (206) $ 191
(1) Amortization of fair value adjustments relates to the acquisition of DCo, LLC and Morse TEC LLC.
(2) Comprises the discount rate and risk margin components.
Overall Results
2023 versus 2022: Net loss attributable to Enstar ordinary shareholders from Corporate and other activities increased by $322 million, primarily due to:
•Changes in the fair value of the 2017 and 2018 portfolios where we elected the fair value option resulted in a $78 million increase in liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2023, driven by an increase in the average payout period of the underlying liabilities and a decrease in global corporate bond yields. In comparison, we recognized a $200 million reduction of such liabilities in 2022 due to an increase in global corporate bond yields;
•Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of $100 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily related to the then-existing Allianz 24.9% equity interest ($81 million) of the gain resulting from the Enhanzed Re novation transaction discussed herein. In comparison, we recognized net losses attributable to noncontrolling interests of $75 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was primarily a result of negative returns on Enhanzed Re investments attributable to the then-existing Allianz 24.9% equity interest in Enhanzed Re;
•An increase in the amortization of net deferred charge assets of $26 million, driven by an increase in net DCA balances as a result of recently completed transactions; and
•Other expense of $11 million in 2023 in comparison to other income of $12 million in 2022, an unfavorable change of $23 million.
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Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Corporate and Other
This was partially offset by:
•A favorable change in income tax benefit of $238 million, primarily driven by the establishment of a $205 million net deferred tax asset related to the enactment of the Bermuda Corporate Income Tax in December 2023. We also recorded a $25 million partial release of our deferred tax asset valuation allowance as a result of increases in projected taxable income in the U.S. and a reduction in deferred tax assets associated with decreases in unrealized losses on investment securities reported in AOCI in the U.S. and U.K. jurisdictions. This was partially offset by an increase in the valuation allowance in our U.K. and EU jurisdictions primarily due to losses, whereby no corresponding tax benefits were recognized for the period.
2022 versus 2021: Net loss attributable to Enstar ordinary shareholders from Corporate and other activities decreased by $191 million, primarily due to:
•A change in net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests of $90 million, which was primarily a result of negative returns on Enhanzed Re investments attributable to the then-existing Allianz 24.9% equity interest in Enhanzed Re;
•A favorable change in income tax benefit of $39 million, primarily driven by 2022 pre-tax losses reported in the U.S. for which we are able to recognize a partial deferred tax asset; and
•A reduction in net incurred losses of $159 million primarily driven by:
◦A $125 million favorable change in the fair value of liabilities relating to our assumed retroactive reinsurance agreements for which we have elected the fair value option due to increases in interest rates; and
◦A $34 million favorable change in the amortization of fair value adjustments, primarily driven by the release of fair value adjustment liabilities of $33 million following the commutation of the Enhanzed Re catastrophe reserves.
This was partially offset by:
•An absence of the prior year net gain on purchase and sales of subsidiaries of $73 million, consisting of the $47 million gain recognized on the Step Acquisition of Enhanzed Re and the net gain on sales of subsidiaries of $26 million, primarily as a result of the gain on the sale of SUL of $23 million.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 89
Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Current Outlook
Current Outlook
Run-off Outlook
Transactions
We continue to evaluate transactions in our active pipeline including LPTs, ADCs, and other transaction types including acquisitions. We seek opportunities to execute on creative and accretive transactions by offering innovative capital release solutions that enable our clients to meet their capital and risk management objectives.
Should we execute additional transactions, our mix of loss reserves by line of business, asset mix and both rate and timing of earnings may be impacted in the medium to long term.
Seasonality
We complete most of our annual loss reserve studies in the fourth quarter of each year and, as a result, tend to record the largest movements, both favorable and adverse, to net incurred losses and LAE in this period.
In the interim periods where a reserve study has not been completed, we perform quarterly reviews to ascertain whether changes to claims paid or case reserves have varied from our expectations developed during the last annual reserve review. In this event, we consider the timing and magnitude of the actual versus expected development, and we may record an interim adjustment to our recorded reserves if, and when, warranted.
Investment Outlook
We expect global financial markets to remain uncertain in 2024 due to the lagged impact of higher interest rates and tighter financial conditions, a potential economic recession, resilient inflation, the U.S. presidential election and the macroeconomic effects of ongoing geopolitical conflicts and tensions.
Market expectations around the future path of interest rates will represent a continued source of volatility, as global central banks will attempt to engineer a soft landing by normalizing interest rates while closely monitoring inflation. If interest rates rise and/or credit spreads widen, we may recognize unrealized losses on our fixed maturities and incur a higher rate of borrowing and interest costs if we renew or borrow under credit facilities in the current environment.
Despite this, elevated interest rates can represent an opportunity for us in the medium to long term, notably;
•As of December 31, 2023, we held approximately 17% of our portfolio, or $3.1 billion, in fixed maturities with floating interest rates which, should interest rates remain elevated, will be accretive to future investment book yields. We have earned $244 million and $155 million of net investment income from our floating rate investments for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which were generally indexed to LIBOR10 through June 30, 2023 and SOFR thereafter.
•Higher interest rates have provided us with the opportunity to reinvest at higher yields as our securities mature or as we invest a significant portion of consideration received from new business into fixed maturities.
We expect that the cumulative unrealized losses we have recognized on our fixed maturities since 2022 will be recouped as these assets get closer to their maturity and the prices pull to par, assuming we do not, or are otherwise not required to, sell such investments prior to maturity. We may also undertake tactical repositioning of our portfolio as opportunities arise to achieve better alignment with our investment strategy, rather than waiting for certain fixed maturities to pull to par, which may result in the recognition of previously unrealized losses within our income statement with a corresponding reclassification adjustment in other comprehensive income (such adjustments would be neutral to equity since the unrealized losses are already recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income). Such repositioning may also have a corresponding impact to our investment book yield.
Despite a strong finish to 2023, we expect global equity markets to remain volatile in 2024, and this, combined with our reporting lag on certain investments, may impact the valuation of our non-core risk investments. We invest in public and private assets, which may vary in the magnitude of their exposure to any potential economic recession and other macroeconomic factors.
10 LIBOR was ceased on June 30, 2023 and replaced by the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”).
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Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Current Outlook
Despite these challenges, we remain committed to our strategic asset allocation and expect our non-core investments to provide attractive risk adjusted returns and diversification benefits over the medium to long term.
Inflation
We continue to monitor the inflationary impacts resulting from pandemic-related government stimulus and labor force supply pressures on our loss cost trends.
Commencing in 2021, economic inflation rose significantly before peaking in mid-2022 and returning to low single digits. During this period our net loss reserves have not been significantly impacted by these inflationary pressures.
Social inflation has been a persistent headwind for the industry for some time. We continue to monitor and seek to actively resolve claims in difficult judicial districts. We closely follow these trends and proactively set appropriate reserves.
As described above, global economic policy responses to inflation have contributed to increases in interest rates, which, in the short term, have had a significant impact on our investments, in particular our fixed maturities. Any further rise in interest rates will have further negative impacts on our fixed maturities in the form of unrealized losses.
There remains uncertainty around the future of inflation. We continue to monitor liquidity, capital and the potential earnings impact of these changes but remain focused on medium to long term asset allocation decisions.
We expect to continue to benefit from our allocation to investments with inflationary pass-through components, including investments in private equity, private credit, real estate, and infrastructure asset classes.
Inflation, tight labor conditions and higher service costs continue to put pressure on wages and prices, which could impact our general and administrative expenses as we remain focused on being a competitive employer in our market.
Geopolitical Conflicts
Heightened geopolitical conflicts, including the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the more recent conflicts in the Middle East, are directly and indirectly (through comprehensive sanctions regimes) contributing to increased commodity prices, disrupted supply chains, global financial market volatility and significant industry losses.
We continue to monitor our direct investment and underwriting risks and our acquisition pipeline as a result of these ongoing conflicts. To date, we are not aware of operational disruption to us or our third party service providers as a result of these conflicts, and we have not identified any significant direct impacts from these events. We also continue to monitor for, and respond to, all changes in the global sanctions regime, updating our procedures accordingly.
Minimum Corporate Income Tax
In December 2021, the OECD released the final model rules on Pillar II, an initiative proposing a global minimum tax rate of 15% designed to ensure large multinational enterprises pay a minimum level of tax on the income arising in each jurisdiction where they operate. We have several subsidiaries in jurisdictions that have enacted, or intend to enact, Pillar II legislation, including the U.K., Australia, Belgium, Hong Kong, and the Netherlands. Although we do not expect Pillar II taxes in these jurisdictions to have a material impact on our operations, the actual impact will depend on how these rules are ultimately transposed into the local legislation of the countries we operate in.
In response to Pillar II initiatives, the government of Bermuda enacted a 15% corporate income tax in December 2023 that will become effective January 1, 2025. Based on our substantial operations in Bermuda, we expect a meaningful portion of our income will be subject to the Bermuda corporate income tax. However, we also expect to benefit from electing the Economic Transition Adjustment, which is intended to support a fair and equitable transition into the Bermuda tax regime and is expected to reduce our tax expense over the coming years.
We continue to monitor ongoing developments relating to these new tax regimes.
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Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview
We aim to generate cash flows from our (re)insurance operations and investments, preserve sufficient capital for future acquisitions and new business, and develop relationships with lenders who provide borrowing capacity at competitive rates.
Liquidity and Capital Resources Highlights
Sources of Cash During 2023:
•We borrowed (and subsequently fully repaid) $150 million of loans under our revolving credit facility, which were used as a short term liquidity bridge11 to fund the repurchase of our outstanding non-voting convertible ordinary shares during the first quarter of 2023;
•We received cash, restricted cash and cash equivalents from the QBE, RACQ and AIG transactions of $502 million in the aggregate;
•We received $94 million as consideration for the novation of the Enhanzed Re reinsurance closed block of life annuity policies; and
•We received $48 million of consideration for partial settlement following the sale of our interest in Citco.
Uses of Cash During 2023:
•We repurchased 1,597,712 of our outstanding non-voting convertible ordinary shares for an aggregate price of $341 million;
•We repurchased 841,735 of our voting ordinary shares for an aggregate price of $191 million;
•We repurchased the entire 24.9% ownership interest Allianz held in Enhanzed Re for $175 million;
•We repurchased the entire 41.0% ownership interest Trident V Funds and Dowling Capital held in SSHL for $182 million, of which $119 million was paid in cash; and
•We paid $36 million of cash dividends on our Series D and E Preferred Shares.
As of December 31, 2023, we had $564 million of cash and cash equivalents, excluding restricted cash, that supports (re)insurance operations. Included in this amount was $235 million held by our foreign subsidiaries outside of Bermuda.
We closed 2022 with a group solvency capital ratio of 210%. Based upon our strong financial fundamentals and funding sources available to us, we continue to believe we have access to adequate liquidity and capital resources to meet business requirements under current market conditions and reasonably possible stress scenarios for the foreseeable future. We continuously monitor our liquidity and capital positions and adjust as required by market conditions.
11 The drawdown was fully repaid in the first quarter 2023 once proceeds from the sale of fixed maturities, trading and equities was received.
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Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Liquidity and Capital Resources
Under the eligible capital rules of the Bermuda Monetary Authority (“BMA”), our Preferred Shares qualify as Tier 2 capital when considering the Bermuda Solvency Capital Requirements (“BSCR”).
For purposes of the financial covenants in our credit facilities, total debt excludes hybrid capital (defined as our Junior Subordinated Notes) not exceeding 15% of total capital attributable to Enstar. As of December 31, 2023, we were in compliance with the financial covenants in our credit facilities.
Liquidity and Capital Resources of Holding Company and Subsidiaries
Holding Company Liquidity
As of December 31, 2023, holding company cash and cash equivalents amounted to $6 million (December 31, 2022: $15 million). We conduct substantially all of our operations through our subsidiaries. As such, the potential sources of liquidity to Enstar as a holding company consist of cashflows from our subsidiaries, including dividends, advances and loans, and interest income on loans to our subsidiaries. We have available credit loan facilities, and we have obtained funding through the issuance of senior notes and preferred shares. The holding company also guaranteed our Junior Subordinated Notes issued by one of our subsidiaries in prior years.
In May 2023, we and certain of our subsidiaries, as borrowers and guarantors, amended and restated our existing revolving credit agreement, which we originally entered in August 2018. The amendment and restatement increased the total commitments under the revolving credit facility from $600 million to $800 million and extended the expiry date to May 30, 2028. We have the option to request additional commitments under the facility by up to an aggregate amount of $200 million, which the existing lenders, in their discretion, or new lenders, may provide. Under the amended and restated facility, we may borrow revolving loans or request the issuance of syndicated or fronted letters of credit, in each case on a senior, unsecured basis, and pricing will continue to be based on a per annum rate comprising a reference rate determined based on the type of loan we borrow plus a margin based on our long term senior unsecured debt ratings. As of December 31, 2023, we had $800 million of available unutilized capacity under this unsecured revolving credit agreement.
We use cash to fund new acquisitions of companies. We also utilize cash for our operating expenses associated with being a public company and to pay dividends on our preferred shares and interest and principal on loans from subsidiaries and debt obligations, including loans under our credit facilities, our Senior Notes and our Junior Subordinated Notes.
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We may, from time to time, raise capital from the issuance of equity, debt or other securities as we continuously evaluate our strategic opportunities. We filed an automatic shelf registration statement in March 2023 with the SEC to allow us to conduct future offerings of certain securities, if desired, including debt, equity and other securities.
As we are a holding company and have no substantial operations of our own, our assets consist primarily of investments in subsidiaries and our loans and advances to subsidiaries. Dividends from our (re)insurance subsidiaries are restricted by (re)insurance laws and regulations, as described below. The ability of all of our subsidiaries to make distributions and transfers to us may also be restricted by, among other things, other applicable laws and regulations and the terms of our credit facilities and our subsidiaries' bank loans and other issued debt instruments. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we did not receive any dividends from, and we did not distribute funds to, our subsidiaries. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we received $614 million in dividends and return of capital from our subsidiaries, comprising $14 million of cash distributions and $600 million in equity securities and settlement of loan receivables. We also distributed $102 million to our subsidiaries.
Based on our group's current corporate structure with a Bermuda domiciled parent company and the jurisdictions in which we operate, if the cash and cash equivalents held by our foreign subsidiaries were to be distributed to us, as dividends or otherwise, such amount would not be subject to incremental income taxes; however, in certain circumstances withholding taxes may be imposed by some jurisdictions, including by the United States.
Based on existing tax laws, regulations and our current intentions, there were no accruals as of December 31, 2023 for any material withholding taxes on dividends or other distributions.
U.S. Finance Company Liquidity
Enstar Finance is a wholly-owned finance subsidiary under which we have issued our Junior Subordinated Notes. Similar to our holding company, Enstar Finance is dependent upon funds from other subsidiaries to pay any amounts due under the Junior Subordinated Notes in the form of distributions or loans, which may be restricted by, among other things, other applicable laws and regulations and the terms of our credit facilities and our subsidiaries’ bank loans and other issued debt instruments.
Liquidity in Operating Companies
We expect that our operating companies will generate sufficient liquidity, together with our existing capital base and cash and investments acquired and from new business transactions, to meet cash requirements and to operate our business.
Sources of funds to our operating companies primarily consist of cash and investment portfolios acquired on the completion of acquisitions and new business, investment income earned, proceeds from sales and maturities of investments and collection of reinsurance recoverables. We also collect small amounts of premiums and fee and commission income.
Cash balances acquired upon the purchase of (re)insurance companies are classified as cash provided by investing activities, whereas cash from new business is classified as cash provided by operating activities.
The primary uses of funds by our operating companies are claims payments, investment purchases, operating expenses and collateral requirements.
The ability of our (re)insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends and make other distributions is limited by the applicable laws and regulations of the jurisdictions in which our (re)insurance subsidiaries operate, including Bermuda, the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia and Continental Europe, which subject these subsidiaries to significant regulatory restrictions.
These laws and regulations require, among other things, certain of our (re)insurance subsidiaries to maintain minimum capital requirements and limit the amount of dividends and other payments that these subsidiaries can pay to us, which in turn may limit our ability to pay dividends and make other payments.
As of December 31, 2023, our (re)insurance subsidiaries’ capital requirement levels were in excess of the applicable minimum levels required.
Our subsidiaries' ability to pay dividends and make other forms of distributions may also be limited by our repayment obligations under certain of our outstanding credit facility agreements and other debt instruments. Variability in ultimate loss payments and collateral amounts required may also result in increased liquidity requirements for our subsidiaries.
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Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Liquidity and Capital Resources
Sources and Uses of Cash
Cash and cash equivalents decreased by $500 million in 2023, which was largely due to cash used in financing and investing activities of $861 million and $148 million, respectively, partially offset by cash provided by operating activities of $523 million.
Cash and cash equivalents decreased by $762 million in 2022, which was largely due to cash used in investing and financing activities of activities of $919 million and $116 million, respectively, partially offset by cash provided by operating activities of $257 million.
Cash and cash equivalents increased by $495 million in 2021, which was largely due to cash provided by operating activities of $3.8 billion, partially offset by cash used in investing and financing activities of $2.6 billion and $737 million, respectively.
Analysis of Sources and Uses of Cash
2023 2022 2021 2023 vs 2022
2022 vs 2021
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Operating Cash Flow Activities
Net paid losses $ (2,467) $ (1,680) $ (1,431) $ (787) $ (249)
Cash acquired on completion of acquisitions and new business 502 140 2,015 362 (1,875)
Net sales and maturities of trading securities 1,038 926 3,111 112 (2,185)
Net investment income 574 416 357 158 59
Cash consideration received for novation 94 - - 94 -
Other sources (uses) 782 455 (251) 327 706
Net cash flows provided by operating activities $ 523 $ 257 $ 3,801 $ 266 $ (3,544)
Investing Cash Flow Activities
Net sales and maturities (maturities) of AFS securities 173 207 (2,148) (34) 2,355
Net purchases of other investments (381) (1,132) (580) 751 (552)
Impact of consolidating the opening cash and restricted cash balances of the InRe Fund - - 574 - (574)
Other sources (uses) 60 6 (419) 54 425
Net cash flows used in investing activities $ (148) $ (919) $ (2,573) $ 771 $ 1,654
Financing Cash Flow Activities
Net proceeds from loans - 138 242 (138) (104)
Preferred share dividends (36) (36) (36) - -
Share repurchases (531) (163) (942) (368) 779
Acquisition of noncontrolling and redeemable noncontrolling shareholders’ interests in subsidiaries (294) - - (294) -
Other uses - (55) (1) 55 (54)
Net cash flows used in financing activities $ (861) $ (116) $ (737) $ (745) $ 621
Analysis of Sources and Uses of Cash
Operating Cash Flow Activities
2023 vs 2022: the $266 million increase in cash provided by operating activities was driven by an increase in other sources of cash, primarily generated by the release of funds held balances to cover net paid claims on certain portfolios and an increase in cash received as partial consideration for new business of $362 million, which included the QBE and RACQ LPTs and the AIG transaction in 2023 in comparison to the Argo and Probitas LPTs in 2022, an increase in net investment income received of $158 million and $94 million received in relation to the novation of the Enhanzed Re life reinsurance policies in 2023. This was partially offset by an increase in net paid losses of $787 million, which are being driven by the Aspen, Argo and QBE LPTs we assumed over the past two years.
2022 vs 2021: the $3.5 billion decrease in cash provided by operating activities was driven by a decrease in the net sales and maturities of trading securities of $2.2 billion, which was primarily driven by the deployment of the InRe
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funds, liquidated in 2021, into other investments in line with our asset allocation strategy. The decrease was further driven by a reduction in cash provided from acquisitions of new business of $1.9 billion, as a result of receiving increased non-cash consideration in 2022, including $1.9 billion of funds held by reinsured companies in relation to the Aspen LPT and $520 million of fixed income securities, AFS, in relation to the Argo LPT, in comparison to 2021. The decrease was partially offset by increases of $706 million from other sources, primarily generated by the release of funds held balances to cover net paid claims on certain portfolios, and $59 million from net investment income received.
Investing Cash Flow Activities
2023 vs 2022: the $771 million decrease in cash used in investing activities was primarily due to a decrease in the net purchases of other investments of $751 million, as the 2022 purchases driven by the deployment of the InRe liquidated funds were significantly more material than the 2023 purchases made in line with our strategic asset allocation and development of funds acquired in the LPT and insurance contract transactions during the year.
2022 vs 2021: the $1.7 billion decrease in cash used in investing activities was primarily due to net sales and maturities of fixed income securities, AFS, of $207 million in 2022, in comparison to net purchases of $2.1 billion in 2021, partially offset by an increase in purchases of other investments, primarily driven by the deployment of the InRe funds, of $552 million.
Financing Cash Flow Activities
2023 vs 2022: the $745 million increase in cash used in financing activities was primarily driven by an increase in share repurchases of $368 million, as a result of repurchasing all of our 1,597,712 outstanding non-voting convertible ordinary shares and 841,735 of our voting ordinary shares in 2023 in comparison to repurchasing 697,580 of our voting ordinary shares in 2022. During 2023, we also acquired the remaining 24.9% equity interest in Enhanzed Re from Allianz for $175 million and the remaining 41.0% equity interest in SSHL from the RNCI holders for partial cash consideration of $119 million. The increase in cash used in financing activities was further driven by a decrease in the net proceeds from loans of $138 million.
2022 vs 2021: the $621 million decrease in cash used in financing activities was primarily driven by the decrease in share repurchases of $779 million, as our 2021 share repurchases were driven by strategic repurchases, including $879 million attributable to the repurchase of Hillhouse Group’s entire interest in Enstar, in addition to a decrease in the net proceeds from loans of $104 million.
Debt Obligations
We utilize debt financing and loan facilities primarily for funding acquisitions and significant new business, investment activities and, from time to time, for general corporate purposes.
Our debt obligations as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:
December 31,
Origination Term 2023 2022
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
4.95% Senior Notes due 2029 May 2019 10 years $ 496 $ 496
3.10% Senior Notes due 2031 August 2021 10 years 496 495
Total Senior Notes 992 991
5.75% Junior Subordinated Notes due 2040 August 2020 20 years 345 345
5.50% Junior Subordinated Notes due 2042 January 2022 20 years 494 493
Total Junior Subordinated Notes 839 838
Total debt obligations $ 1,831 $ 1,829
Under the eligible capital rules of the BMA, the Senior Notes qualify as Tier 3 capital and the Junior Subordinated Notes qualify as Tier 2 capital when considering the BSCR.
We may from time to time seek to retire or purchase our outstanding debt through cash purchases, redemptions and/or exchanges for other securities, in open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. Any such repurchases, redemptions or exchanges will be dependent upon several factors, including our liquidity
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requirements, contractual restrictions, general market conditions and applicable regulatory, legal and accounting factors.
Credit Ratings
The following table presents our credit ratings as of February 22, 2024:
Credit ratings (1)
Standard and Poor’s Fitch Ratings
Long-term issuer BBB+ (Outlook:Stable)
BBB+ (Outlook: Stable)
2029 Senior Notes BBB+ BBB
2031 Senior Notes BBB BBB
2040 and 2042 Junior Subordinated Notes BBB- BBB-
Series D and E Preferred Shares BBB- BBB-
(1) Credit ratings are provided by third parties, Standard and Poor’s and Fitch Ratings, and are subject to certain limitations and disclaimers. For information on these ratings, refer to the rating agencies’ websites and other publications.
Agency ratings are not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold any of our securities and may be revised or withdrawn at any time by the issuing organization. Each agency's rating should be evaluated independently of any other agency's rating12.
12 For information on risks related to our credit ratings, refer to "Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Liquidity and Capital Resources" and "Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Ownership of our Shares."
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Contractual Obligations
The following table summarizes, as of December 31, 2023, our future payments under material contractual obligations and estimated payments for losses and LAE by expected payment date for the Run-off segment. The table includes only obligations that are expected to be settled in cash.
Short-term Long Term
Total Less than
1 Year 1 - 3
years 3 - 5
years 6 - 10
years More than
10 Years
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Operating Activities
Estimated gross reserves for losses and LAE for the Run-off segment (1)
Asbestos $ 1,576 $ 158 $ 275 $ 234 $ 323 $ 586
Environmental 312 42 63 48 70 89
General Casualty 4,170 844 876 508 1,039 903
Workers' compensation/personal accident 1,942 187 320 272 396 767
Marine, aviation and transit 360 149 98 36 34 43
Construction defect 317 112 78 63 48 16
Professional indemnity/ Directors & Officers 2,109 528 647 354 457 123
Motor 828 202 188 94 111 233
Property 338 122 114 54 37 11
Other 441 137 126 57 57 64
Total outstanding losses and IBNR 12,393 2,481 2,785 1,720 2,572 2,835
ULAE 386 77 87 55 74 93
Total estimated gross reserves for losses and LAE for the Run-off segment (1)
12,779 2,558 2,872 1,775 2,646 2,928
Financing Activities
Loan repayments (including estimated interest payments) 2,939 58 180 179 1,297 1,225
Total $ 15,718 $ 2,616 $ 3,052 $ 1,954 $ 3,943 $ 4,153
(1) The reserves for losses and LAE represent management’s estimate of the ultimate cost of settling losses. The estimation of losses is based on various complex and subjective judgments. Actual losses paid may differ, perhaps significantly, from the reserve estimates reflected in our consolidated financial statements. Similarly, the timing of payment of our estimated losses is not fixed and there may be significant changes in actual payment activity. The assumptions used in estimating the likely payments due by period are based on our historical claims payment experience and industry payment patterns, but due to the inherent uncertainty in the process of estimating the timing of such payments, there is a risk that the amounts paid in any such period can be significantly different from the amounts disclosed above. The amounts in the above table represent our estimates of known liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and do not take into account corresponding reinsurance recoverable amounts that would be due to us. Furthermore, certain of the reserves included in the consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023 were acquired by us and initially recorded at fair value with subsequent amortization, whereas the expected payments by period in the table above are the estimated payments at a future time and do not reflect the fair value adjustment in the amount payable.
Reserves for Losses and LAE
We generally attempt to match the duration of our investment portfolio to the duration of our liability profile. We generally seek to maintain investment portfolios that are shorter or of equivalent duration to the liabilities in order to provide liquidity for the settlement of losses and, where possible, to avoid having to liquidate longer-dated investments. The settlement of liabilities also has the potential to accelerate the natural payout of losses, which may require additional liquidity. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the weighted average durations of our Run-off segment gross reserves for losses and LAE were 4.72 years and 4.65 years, respectively. The increase from 2022 to 2023 was driven by the longer estimated payout period of recently acquired loss reserves, partially offset by shorter average payouts from new acquisitions.
Debt Obligations
The amounts presented in this table represent Enstar’s total debt obligations. Refer to the ‘Debt Obligations’ section above for further details.
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Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Liquidity and Capital Resources
Share Repurchases and Dividends
We believe that the best investment is in our business, by funding future transactions and meeting our financing obligations. We may choose to return value to shareholders in the form of share repurchases or dividends. To date, we have not declared any dividends on our ordinary shares. For details on our share repurchase programs and strategic share repurchases, refer to Note 20 to our consolidated financial statements. We may re-evaluate this strategy from time to time based on overall market conditions and other factors.
We have 16,000 Series D Preferred Shares with an aggregate liquidation value of $400 million and 4,400 Series E Preferred Shares with an aggregate liquidation value of $110 million. The dividends on both Series of Preferred Shares are non-cumulative and may be paid quarterly in arrears, only when, as and if declared.
Any payment of common or preferred dividends must be approved by our Board. Our ability to pay ordinary and preferred dividends is subject to certain restrictions.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of December 31, 2023, we have entered into certain investment commitments and parental guarantees13. We do not believe it is reasonably likely that these arrangements will have a material unplanned current or future effect on our financial condition as they are considered in normal course of business and on-going stress testing.
We also utilize unsecured and secured letters of credit14 (“LOCs”) and a deposit facility.
The following table represents our outstanding unfunded investment commitments and letters of credit by duration as of December 31, 2023:
Short-term Long Term
Less than
1 Year More than
1 Year Total
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Investing Activities
Unfunded investment commitments 410 1,319 1,729
Financing Activities
Letters of credit - 1,780 1,780
13 Refer to Note 26 to our consolidated financial statements for further details.
14 Refer to Note 18 to our consolidated financial statements for further details.
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Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Critical Accounting Estimates
Critical Accounting Estimates
We believe the following accounting policies are most dependent on significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements.
Losses and LAE
Run-off
Losses and LAE liabilities represent our best estimate of the ultimate remaining liability for unpaid losses and LAE for incurred claims as of the balance sheet date. This includes provisions for claims that have been reported but are unpaid at the balance sheet date (Outstanding Loss Reserves, or "OLR") and for obligations on claims that have been incurred but not reported ("IBNR") at the balance sheet date. IBNR may also include provisions to account for the possibility that reported claims may settle for amounts that differ from the established case reserves as well as the potential for closed claims to re-open.
Establishing loss reserves can be complex and is subject to considerable uncertainty. Because a significant amount of time can lapse between our assumption of the risk, the occurrence of a loss event, the reporting of the event to us and the ultimate payment of the claim on the loss event, the liability for unpaid losses and LAE is based largely upon estimates. Certain types of exposure, typically latent health exposures such as asbestos-related claims, have inherently long reporting delays, in some cases many years, from the date a loss occurred to the manifestation and reporting of a claim and ultimately until the final settlement of the claim, and that could impact the amount of reliance we place on our actual historical data.
We use considerable judgment in the process of developing these estimates of loss reserves, which involves uncertainty in several areas, including use of actual or industry data for model inputs, and various projection assumptions and judgements depending on product lines, coverage type, or policy year. We may record additional estimates based upon our judgement as to the applicability of the facts, circumstances and external environment to each portfolio.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, IBNR reserves (net of reinsurance balances recoverable) accounted for $5.4 billion, or 46.9%, and $6.1 billion, or 51.3%, respectively, of our total Run-off net losses and LAE reserves, excluding ULAE15.
Our estimate of loss reserves for each portfolio generally relies on the following key judgments:
•The degree of reliance upon historic actual claims trends or industry data for claims trends.
•Separation of each portfolio into homogenous data sets, generally by line of business, or reserving class.
•Methods used in analyzing and projecting potential reserve positions and the mix of methods selected to form an aggregate reserve position for each portfolio16.
•Our degree of reliance or adjustment as a result of external factors such as economic conditions (inflation and unemployment statistics), legal conditions (judicial rulings in each relevant jurisdiction) and social & environmental factors (medical cost trends, changes in regulations or public health).
•Consideration of additional information such as changes in claims handling activities, third party claims operating reviews, third party actuarial reviews or changes in our reinsurance programs.
Judgments are based on numerous factors and may be revised as additional data becomes available, as new or improved methods are developed, or as laws change. This means that ultimate loss payments may differ from the losses and LAE estimate made at the balance sheet date.
In addition, key assumptions are made within each method, although the sensitivity to each assumption may vary within each method and even within each reserving class and accident year of each method. Such assumptions would include:
•Loss development factors are used to extrapolate current losses on an accident year to our full expected losses based upon judgements of historical trends on earlier accident years.
15 For a breakdown of our Run-off gross and net losses and LAE reserves by line of business, and ULAE, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, refer to Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements.
16Refer to Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements for further description of the methodologies used for establishing reserves.
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•Tail factors further extrapolate our longer tailed lines where payments expected in later years or decades can be more uncertain than settlements that preceded them both in the timing and amount of cash flows. As such, lines with more expected payments in the tail are more sensitive to tail assumptions.
•Expected loss ratios are used for years where we do not yet have credible experience.
•Loss cost trend factors are used to extrapolate future loss expectations based upon observed trends.
We perform, at least annually, a formal review process of each portfolio of reserves in accordance with Actuarial Standards of Practice. These reviews may be performed using internal or independent credentialed actuaries.
In addition, we project expected paid and incurred loss development for each class of business, which is monitored on a quarterly basis. Should actual paid and incurred development differ significantly from the expected paid and incurred development, we will investigate the cause and, in conjunction with our actuaries, consider whether any adjustment to total loss reserves is required.
Adjustments resulting from changes in our estimates are recorded in the period when such adjustments are determined. The ultimate liability for losses and LAE is likely to differ from the original estimate due to a number of factors, primarily consisting of the overall claims activity occurring during any period, including the completion of commutations of assumed liabilities and ceded reinsurance receivables, policy buy-backs and general incurred claims activity.
Loss Reserving (Latent Claims)
Sensitivity to Underlying Assumptions of our Actuarial Methods
While we believe our reserve for losses and LAE at December 31, 2023 is reasonable, the estimation of these reserves is a complex process that depends on a number of factors and assumptions. As noted previously, our best estimate of our loss reserves involves considerable judgement, considering the results from a number of reserving methodologies. Therefore, these estimates are susceptible to changes in assumptions. We consider each of the following sensitivities a reasonable deviation for the key assumptions for each of our significant lines of business.
Line of Business Net Reserves Sensitivity Estimated range in variation
(in millions of U.S. Dollars)
Asbestos $ 1,517 17 +/- 10% in expected number of claims
+/- 10% in average indemnity +/- $115
+/- $150
General Casualty 4,068 +/- 10% in tail costs (5+ years)
+/- 1% in loss cost trend +/- $190
+/- $265
Workers’ Compensation 1,741 +/- 2.5% increase in medical inflation +/- $360
Professional Indemnity/Directors and Officers 1,985 +/- 2.5% in loss cost trend +/- $185
Motor 655 +/- 2.5% in loss cost trend +/- $40
Asbestos - Reserve estimates for this line are subject to greater variability than reserves for more traditional exposures. Claims are spread across multiple policy years based on the still evolving case law in various jurisdictions and inconsistent court decisions and judicial interpretations, making historical development patterns unreliable to forecast the future claim payments. A key consideration in setting our asbestos reserves is the volume of future claim filings, and the average indemnity of those claims.
General Casualty - This is a long tail class of business with long reporting and paid developing factors, and we generally use a combination of reserving methodologies on this line. Because of the long tail nature, the reserves are susceptible to variation in loss development factors and loss cost trends that may develop over an extended period of time over multiple accident years. A key assumption in setting our general casualty reserves is the provision for claim payments in the tail.
Workers’ Compensation - We generally use a combination of loss development and expected loss ratio methods due to the long tail nature of this line. A portion of our workers’ compensation reserves cover medical expense for
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future treatments of injured workers. Given the long development patterns associated with workers’ compensation business, these claims are exposed to medical inflation.
Professional Indemnity/Directors and Officers - Due to the nature of this line, there is increased uncertainty in the number and severity of claims, which results in an expectation of high volatility and uncertainty in loss trends.
Motor - This business is generally more short tail in nature, and the majority of the claims are resolved within a few years of occurrence. A key component in estimating motor reserves is the severity of claims.
Asbestos Claims
A number of our subsidiaries, and counterparties who underwrote the insurance policy portfolios we assumed, have exposure to bodily injury claims from alleged exposure to asbestos.
•The United States asbestos exposure arises mainly from general liability insurance policies underwritten prior to 1986, which our subsidiaries or counterparties either wrote directly, on a primary or excess basis, or as reinsurance.
•Our United Kingdom asbestos exposures emanate from Employers' Liability insurance policies written in 2005 and prior.
Asbestos bodily injury claims differ from other bodily injury claims due to the long latency period for asbestos, which often triggers a policyholder’s coverage over multiple policy periods. The long latency period, combined with the lack of clear judicial precedent with respect to coverage interpretations and expanded theories of liability, increases the uncertainty of the asbestos claim reserve estimates.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the net loss reserves for asbestos-related claims comprised 13.0% and 13.6%, respectively, of total Run-off net reserves for losses and LAE liabilities excluding ULAE. In addition as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we also had $734 million and $786 million of defendant asbestos liabilities, respectively18 .
Environmental Claims
Our subsidiaries and counterparties who underwrote the insurance policy portfolios we assumed have exposure to environmental claims from general liability insurance policies written prior to the mid-1980s, that were not specifically written to cover damage to the environment from gradual releases of pollutants. Similar to asbestos, there is additional uncertainty with respect to environmental reserves as compared to other general liability exposures. This added uncertainty is due to the multiple policy periods and allocation of claims to policy years, number of solvent potentially responsible parties at any site, ultimate cost of the remediation, the number of ultimate sites and changes to judicial precedence.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the net loss reserves for environmental pollution-related claims comprised 2.6% and 2.8%, respectively, of total Run-off net reserves for losses and LAE excluding ULAE. In addition, at both December 31, 2023 and 2022 we had $10 million of accrued direct environmental liabilities19.
Asbestos and Environmental Reserving
The ultimate losses from A&E claims cannot be estimated using traditional actuarial reserving methods that extrapolate losses to an ultimate basis using loss development, and therefore we use alternative projection methods. Claims are spread across multiple policy years based on the still evolving case law in each jurisdiction, making historical development patterns unreliable to forecast the future claim payments. Our estimate of loss reserves for A&E claims relies on the following key factors and judgements:
•The degree of reliance or adjustment based on the legal and social environment, to which these liabilities are particularly sensitive. The current legal environment and the impact of specific settlements that may be used as precedents to settle future claims are key with these types of claims.
•The degree of reliance upon actual claims data and trends or industry data for claims trends.
•Methods used in analyzing and projecting potential reserve positions and the mix of methods selected to form an aggregate reserve position for each portfolio20.
18 As described in Note 13 in our consolidated financial statements.
19 As described in Note 13 in our consolidated financial statements.
20 Refer to Note 11 in our consolidated financial statements, for further description of the methodologies used for establishing reserves.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 102
Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Critical Accounting Estimates
Judgements are based on numerous factors and may be revised as additional data becomes available, as new or improved methods are developed, or as laws change. This means that ultimate loss payments may differ from the losses and LAE estimate made at the balance sheet date.
Key assumptions are made within each method, although the sensitivity to each assumption may vary within each method and even within each reserving class and accident year of each method. When the asbestos exposure analysis (frequency and severity) method is applied, such assumptions would include:
•Trends with respect to average claim indemnity, which are used to extrapolate future claim costs.
•Trends in claim filing patterns, which will be used to estimate the number of future claims.
We also use a combination of additional actuarial methods, including the paid survival ratio, paid market share, decay factor, and other methods to periodically reevaluate the continued reasonableness of recorded loss reserves.
Change in Reserve Assumptions
Changes in reserve estimates can be driven by updated experience and by changes in assumptions. These are linked as updated information leads to changes in assumptions. We have estimated what portion of changes in ultimate losses from acquisition years 2014 to 2023 are attributable to experience and what portion are attributable to assumptions.
Line of Business Change in Ultimate Losses Change due to Experience Change due to Assumptions
Asbestos 0.9 % 0.8 % 0.1 %
General Casualty 2.1 % 0.7 % 1.4 %
Workers’ Compensation (5.9) % (3.1) % (2.8) %
Professional Indemnity/Directors and Officers (0.3) % (2.4) % 2.1 %
Motor (1.1) % (0.1) % (1.0) %
Defendant asbestos and environmental liabilities
Defendant A&E liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets include amounts for indemnity and defense costs for pending and future claims, determined using standard actuarial techniques for asbestos-related exposures. Defendant A&E liabilities also include amounts for environmental liabilities associated with our properties. These are non-insurance liabilities since they are held by non-insurance subsidiaries and are presented separately on our consolidated balance sheets. These reserves will be sensitive to similar industry trends and assumptions as observed in our A&E reserves as described under the Loss and LAE section above, specifically claim trends and indemnity. However, we use utilize different methodologies to estimate the defendant A&E liabilities as compared to our loss reserves21.
Key drivers for this estimate are the amount of future claim filings and average indemnity, which are key indicators of the amount of liabilities. The table below provides sensitivities of these drivers for defendant A&E.
Net Liability Sensitivity Estimated Range in Variation
(in millions of U.S. Dollars)
$527 +/- 10% in expected number of claims
+/- 10% in average indemnity +/- $40
+/- $55
Change in Liability Assumptions
Similar to reserves, changes in defendant A&E liabilities can be driven by updated experience and by changes in assumptions. These are linked as updated information leads to changes in assumptions. We have estimated what portion of changes in the liabilities are attributable to experience and what portion are attributable to assumptions22.
21 As described in Note 13 in our consolidated financial statements.
22 For information on our defendant A&E liabilities, refer to Note 2 and Note 13 in our consolidated financial statements.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 103
Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Critical Accounting Estimates
Change in Total Liability Change due to Experience Change due to Assumptions
(in millions of U.S. Dollars)
$1 $1 $-
Valuation Allowances on Deferred Tax Assets
At each balance sheet date, we assess the need to establish a valuation allowance that reduces deferred tax assets (including those generated from operations as well as those acquired in business combinations) when it is more likely than not that all, or some portion, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
The determination of the need for a valuation allowance is based on all available information including
•projections of future taxable income;
•our forecast of future taxable income considers several factors, including actual net income in recent years, future sustainability and likelihood of positive earnings; and
•tax planning strategies.
Projections of future taxable income incorporate assumptions of future business and operations that may differ from actual experience.
If our assumptions and estimates that resulted in our forecast of future taxable income prove to be incorrect, an additional valuation allowance could become necessary, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.
From 2022 to 2023, we recorded a net decrease in our valuation allowance of $25 million, primarily due to a $27 million partial valuation allowance release and utilization of $5 million of deferred tax assets in the U.S. jurisdiction. In the U.K. and EU jurisdictions, we recorded a valuation allowance increase of $16 million primarily due to the losses for which a net tax benefit was not recognized for the period. The remaining valuation allowance releases totaling $9 million relate to a reduction in deferred tax assets associated with decreases in unrealized losses on investment securities reported in AOCI in the U.S. and U.K. jurisdictions. In assessing the recoverability of the DTA, we consider forecasts of future income for our U.S. business using assumptions about future macroeconomic and company specific conditions and events. While our forecasts of future taxable income have remained consistent, these forecasts are judgmental and involve a level of uncertainty, such that a 10% increase to forecasted future income could decrease the valuation allowance by up to 4% or $6 million and a 10% decrease to forecasted future income could increase the valuation allowance by up to 8% or $12 million23.
Bermuda Corporate Income Tax
In December 2023, legislation implementing a Corporate Income Tax Act 2023 (“the Act”) in Bermuda was enacted. The Bermuda income tax regulations aim to closely align with the global anti-base erosion rules of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development to ensure consistent and predictable tax outcomes. The Act includes a provision referred to as the Economic Transition Adjustment ("ETA"), which is intended to provide a fair and equitable transition into the tax regime.
The ETA allows Bermuda subject entities to establish tax basis in the assets and liabilities of such Bermuda entities (as of September 30, 2023 (the “Basis Valuation Date”)) using fair values which results in deductible and taxable temporary differences which are reflected as deferred income tax assets and liabilities in the financial statements. For each asset and liability subject to the adjustment, the amount of the adjustment would generally be the difference, as of the Basis Valuation Date, between each asset/liability’s fair market value and the carrying value of the item in the consolidated financial statements. As the ETA is assessed based on fair value only as of the Basis Valuation Date, it is not subsequently reassessed and therefore, not subject to any sensitivities to changes in fair value.
The application of the ETA resulted in our recognition of a deferred tax asset of $205 million in 2023. We have not recorded a valuation allowance against these deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2023.24
23 For information on valuation allowances on deferred tax assets, refer to "Income Taxes" within Note 2 in our consolidated financial statements.
24 For additional information on our income taxes, including the Bermuda corporate income tax, refer to Item 1A and Note 23 to the consolidated financial statements.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 104
Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Critical Accounting Estimates
The most significant deferred tax asset recognized relates to the fair value adjustments for the liability for losses and LAE. We used an internal model to calculate the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE, which is consistent with the model used for the liability for losses and LAE under contracts for which we had elected the fair value option.25
We may be required to change our provision for income taxes when estimates used in determining valuation allowances on deferred tax assets change, or when receipt of new information indicates the need for adjustment in valuation allowances, however, such changes would need to be significant to establish a valuation allowance. Additionally, future events, such as changes in Bermuda tax laws and tax regulations, or interpretations of such laws or regulations, could have an impact on the provision for income tax and the effective tax rate. Any such changes could significantly affect the amounts reported on the financial statements in the year these changes occur.
Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
Level 3 Investments
We measure fair value using a standard hierarchy based on the quality of inputs used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements).
Level 3 fair value measurements are based on unobservable inputs where there is little or no market activity. We utilize unadjusted third party pricing sources and internal valuation models to determine these fair values. Our assessment of the significance of these unobservable inputs to the fair value measurement requires judgement.
Our Level 3 investments consist primarily of privately held equity securities, and we value these securities using observable and unobservable inputs. While the observable inputs are based on readily available market data, the unobservable inputs involve increased uncertainty and judgement in their selection and application. Key drivers of the valuation are the peer multiple and the expected term (in years). The peer multiple is calculated from a group of peer companies and that multiple is then applied to the invested company as a key input to calculate the value. The expected term is used in the option pricing model as a key input to calculate the value of the privately held equity securities. The option pricing model is only used for one investment which has a more complex securities structure that includes different liquidation preferences for each security class. We consider the following sensitivity a reasonable deviation for this key input:
Sensitivity Investments Estimated Range in Variation
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
+/- 10% peer multiple $ 265 +/- $26
+/- 3 year exit term $ 181 +/- $22
Fair Value Option - Insurance Contracts
We have elected to apply the fair value option for certain reinsurance contracts including, loss portfolio transfers ("LPTs") and reinsurance to close ("RITC") transactions. This is an irrevocable election that applies to all balances under the reinsurance contract, including reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses and the liability for losses and LAE. The primary reason for electing the fair value option was to reduce the earnings volatility created by carrying the liabilities for losses and LAE at cost and the assets supporting those liabilities at fair value. During 2017 and 2018, we elected the fair value option on certain LPTs and classified the supporting portfolio investments as trading securities, whereby all changes in fair value were recorded in the statements of operations. Commencing in 2019, we discontinued electing the fair value option on new business in order to better align with our evolving investment objectives.
The fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance recoverable under these contracts is presented separately in our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Changes in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses are included in net incurred losses and LAE in our consolidated statement of operations.
25 Refer to Fair Value Option - Insurance Contracts within the Critical Accounting Estimates for additional information on the model and key assumptions used to calculate the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 105
Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Critical Accounting Estimates
We use an internal model to calculate the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance recoverable asset for certain retroactive reinsurance contracts where we have elected the fair value option.
The fair value is calculated as the aggregate of discounted cash flows plus a risk margin.
The discounted cash flow approach uses:
i.estimated nominal cash flows based upon an appropriate payment pattern developed in accordance with actuarial methods and
ii.a discount rate based upon high quality rated corporate bond yields plus a credit spread for non-performance risk. The model uses corporate bond rates across the yield curve depending on the estimated timing of the future cash flows and specific to the currency of the risk.
The risk margin was calculated using the present value of the cost of capital. The cost of capital approach uses
i.projected capital requirements,
ii.multiplied by the risk cost of capital representing the return required for non-hedgeable risk based upon the weighted average cost of capital less investment income, and
iii.discounted using the weighted average cost of capital.
The fair value model uses a combination of observable and unobservable inputs in its use and application. While the observable inputs are based on readily available market data, the unobservable inputs involve increased uncertainty and judgement in their selection and application. Specifically, the risk margin calculated is dependent on the following inputs:
a.Yield curve using high quality rated corporate bond rates across different currencies, notably the British Pound, US dollar, and the Euro.
b.Weighted average cost of capital (“WACC”), which represents a proxy for the industry cost of capital, and is calculated utilizing various inputs.
c.Average payout of the liabilities, which reflects the timing of expected future claim payments.
We consider the following sensitivity a reasonable deviation for these key assumptions26:
Net Fair Value Liabilities Sensitivity Estimated Range in Variation
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
$ 946 +/- 50bps WACC +/- $5
$ 946 +/- 1 year in average payout +/- $30
$ 946 +/- 50bps yield curve +/- $25
While the yield curve is an observable input since it is based on readily determinable corporate bond rates, it generally has the biggest impact to the fair value in a given year apart from changes in loss estimates. During 2023, there was substantial volatility in the yield curves and a net $18 million increase in the liability. In 2022, there was a $21 million decrease in the liability due to a 0.45% increase in the credit spread for non-performance risk as credit spreads had widened with the increase in yield curve. This assumption remained unchanged during 2023.
The WACC remained unchanged from 2020 until 2023 when it was increased by 0.50%, resulting in a $7 million increase in the liability.
The average payout period of the liability is adjusted every period to reflect actual net payments during the period and expected future payments, and any acceleration or deceleration of the estimated payment pattern will impact the average payout period that would result in an impact to the value of the liability. Changes in the average payout period resulted in a $32 million increase in the liability, which contributed to the majority of the $78 million increase in the fair value of liabilities during 2023 along with the volatility in the yield curves.
During 2023, there was a slight deceleration in the payment pattern, which increased the average payout period and resulted in a $1 million decrease to the liability.
26The observable and unobservable inputs used in the model are further described in Note 14 in our consolidated financial statements.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 106
Item 7 | Management Discussion and Analysis | Critical Accounting Estimates
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted27
We have summarized below Accounting Standard Updates (“ASUs”) issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) during 2023 that may have an impact to Enstar but have not yet been adopted:
ASU Date Issued Summary of Guidance Effective Date Expected Impact to Enstar
ASU 2023-07 - Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures
November 2023 Amends required disclosures under Topic 280 - Segment Reporting, including the requirement to include annual disclosures on an interim basis and permitting one or more additional measures of segment profit or loss if used by the CODM in assessing segment performance and allocating resources, among other changes. Annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods beginning after December 31, 2024. Must be applied retrospectively. Early adoption permitted. We will be required to expand our segment disclosures. We are currently determining the period in which the new guidance will be adopted.
ASU 2023-09 - Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures
December 2023 Amends required disclosures under Topic 740 - Income Taxes, including the requirement to disclose specific categories and other reconciling items above a 5% threshold within the rate reconciliation and additional disaggregation of income taxes paid, among other changes. Annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Should be applied prospectively, however, retrospective application is permitted. Early adoption is permitted. We will be required to expand our income tax disclosures. We are currently determining the period in which the new guidance will be adopted and whether we elect to adopt it on a prospective or retrospective basis.
27See Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements for a more detailed discussion of recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted, as well as newly adopted accounting pronouncements.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 107

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
The following risk management discussion and the estimated amounts generated from the sensitivity analysis presented are forward-looking statements of market risk assuming certain market conditions occur. Future results may differ materially from these estimated results due to, among other things, actual developments in the global financial markets, changes in the composition of our investment portfolio or changes in our business strategies. The results of the analysis we use to assess and mitigate risk are not projections of future events or losses. See "Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" for additional information regarding our forward-looking statements.
We are principally exposed to four types of market risk: interest rate risk; credit risk; equity price risk and foreign currency risk. Our policies to address these risks in 2023 are not materially different than those used in 2022, and based on our current knowledge and expectations, we do not currently anticipate significant changes in our market risk exposures or in how we will manage those exposures in future reporting periods. However, due to the ongoing uncertainty and volatility in financial markets as a result of continued inflationary pressure, ongoing disruptions and decoupling of supply chains, geopolitical conflicts and tensions and various governmental responses thereto, we expect interest rates, credit spreads and global equity markets to remain volatile in the near-term. Furthermore, inflation and tightening of financial conditions by global central banks have increased the risk of defaults across many industries. As a result, we continue to closely monitor market risk during this time.
Interest Rate and Credit Spread Risk
Interest rate risk is the price sensitivity of a security to changes in interest rates. Credit spread risk is the price sensitivity of a security to changes in credit spreads. Our investment portfolio and funds held - directly managed includes fixed maturity and short-term investments, whose fair values will fluctuate with changes in interest rates and credit spreads. We attempt to maintain adequate liquidity in our fixed income securities portfolio with a strategy designed to emphasize the preservation of our invested assets and provide sufficient liquidity for the prompt payment of claims, contract liabilities and future policyholder benefits, as well as for settlement of commutation payments. We also monitor the duration and structure of our investment portfolio.
The following tables, presented on a consolidated, Run-off and Legacy Underwriting business and Assumed Life business basis (Assumed Life is only presented as of December 31, 2022, as all operations of the segment were ceased during 2023), summarize the aggregate hypothetical change in fair value from an immediate parallel shift in the treasury yield curve, assuming credit spreads remain constant in our fixed maturity and short-term investments portfolio classified as trading and AFS, our funds held directly managed portfolio and our fixed income funds and our fixed income exchange-traded funds, and excludes investments classified as held-for-sale:
Consolidated
Interest Rate Shift in Basis Points
As of December 31, 2023 -100 -50 - +50 +100
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Total Market Value (1)
$ 10,600 $ 10,364 $ 10,139 $ 9,925 $ 9,721
Market Value Change from Base 4.5 % 2.2 % - (2.1) % (4.1) %
Change in Unrealized Value $ 461 $ 225 $ - $ (214) $ (418)
As of December 31, 2022 -100 -50 - +50 +100
Total Market Value (1)
$ 10,794 $ 10,513 $ 10,246 $ 9,993 $ 9,755
Market Value Change from Base 5.3 % 2.6 % - (2.5) % (4.8) %
Change in Unrealized Value $ 548 $ 267 $ - $ (253) $ (491)
(1) Excludes equity exchange-traded funds of $38 million and $439 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which are included in the Equity Price Risk section below.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 108
Item 7A | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Run-off and Legacy Underwriting
Interest Rate Shift in Basis Points
As of December 31, 2023 -100 -50 - +50 +100
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Total Market Value (1)
$ 10,600 $ 10,364 $ 10,139 $ 9,925 $ 9,721
Market Value Change from Base 4.5 % 2.2 % - % (2.1) % (4.1) %
Change in Unrealized Value $ 461 $ 225 $ - $ (214) $ (418)
As of December 31, 2022 -100 -50 - +50 +100
Total Market Value (1)
$ 9,773 $ 9,550 $ 9,338 $ 9,136 $ 8,945
Market Value Change from Base 4.7 % 2.3 % - % (2.2) % (4.2) %
Change in Unrealized Value $ 435 $ 212 $ - $ (202) $ (393)
(1) Excludes equity exchange-traded funds of $38 million and $439 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, which are included in the Equity Price Risk section below.
Assumed Life
Interest Rate Shift in Basis Points
As of December 31, 2022 -100 -50 - +50 +100
Total Market Value $ 1,021 $ 963 $ 908 $ 857 $ 810
Market Value Change from Base 12.4 % 6.1 % - % (5.6) % (10.8) %
Change in Unrealized Value $ 113 $ 55 $ - $ (51) $ (98)
Actual shifts in interest rates may not change by the same magnitude across the maturity spectrum or on an individual security and, as a result, the impact on the fair value of our fixed maturities, short-term investments, funds held - directly managed, fixed income funds and fixed income exchange-traded funds may be materially different from the resulting change in value indicated in the tables above.
The following tables, presented on a consolidated, Run-off and Legacy Underwriting business and Assumed Life business basis, summarize the aggregate hypothetical change in fair value from an immediate parallel shift in credit spreads assuming interest rates remain fixed, in our fixed maturity and short-term investments portfolio classified as trading and AFS, our funds held directly managed portfolio, our fixed income funds and our fixed income exchange-traded funds, and excludes investments classified as held-for-sale:
Consolidated
Credit Spread Shift in Basis Points
As of December 31, 2023 -100 -50 - +50 +100
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Total Market Value (1)
$ 10,589 $ 10,360 $ 10,139 $ 9,928 $ 9,725
Market Value Change from Base 4.4 % 2.2 % - (2.1) % (4.1) %
Change in Unrealized Value $ 450 $ 221 $ - $ (211) $ (414)
As of December 31, 2022 -100 -50 - +50 +100
Total Market Value (1)
$ 10,797 $ 10,515 $ 10,246 $ 9,991 $ 9,749
Market Value Change from Base 5.4 % 2.6 % - (2.5) % (4.9) %
Change in Unrealized Value $ 551 $ 269 $ - $ (255) $ (497)
(1) Excludes equity exchange-traded funds of $38 million and $439 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, which are included in the Equity Price Risk section below.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 109
Item 7A | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Run-off and Legacy Underwriting
Credit Spread Shift in Basis Points
As at December 31, 2023 -100 -50 - +50 +100
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Total Market Value (1)
$ 10,589 $ 10,360 $ 10,139 $ 9,928 $ 9,725
Market Value Change from Base 4.4 % 2.2 % - % (2.1) % (4.1) %
Change in Unrealized Value $ 450 $ 221 $ - $ (211) $ (414)
As at December 31, 2022 -100 -50 - +50 +100
Total Market Value (1)
$ 9,771 $ 9,550 $ 9,338 $ 9,136 $ 8,943
Market Value Change from Base 4.6 % 2.3 % - % (2.2) % (4.2) %
Change in Unrealized Value $ 433 $ 212 $ - $ (202) $ (395)
(1) Excludes equity exchange-traded funds of $38 million and $439 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, which are included in the Equity Price Risk section below.
Assumed Life
Credit Spread Shift in Basis Points
As at December 31, 2022 -100 -50 - +50 +100
Total Market Value $ 1,026 $ 965 $ 908 $ 855 $ 806
Market Value Change from Base 13.0 % 6.3 % - % (5.8) % (11.2) %
Change in Unrealized Value $ 118 $ 57 $ - $ (53) $ (102)
Credit Risk
Credit risk relates to the uncertainty of a counterparty’s ability to make timely payments in accordance with contractual terms of the instrument or contract. We are exposed to direct credit risk primarily within our portfolios of fixed maturity and short-term investments, through customers, brokers and reinsurers in the form of premiums receivable and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses, respectively, and through ceding companies who retain premium owed to us as collateral for the payment of claims, each as discussed below.
Fixed Maturities and Short-Term Investments
As a holder of $9.5 billion of fixed maturity and short-term investments, including fixed maturities within our funds held - directly managed, we also have exposure to credit risk as a result of investment ratings downgrades or issuer defaults. In an effort to mitigate this risk, our investment portfolio consists primarily of investment grade-rated, liquid, fixed maturities of short-to-medium duration. At December 31, 2023, 36.0% of our fixed maturity and short-term investment portfolio was rated AA or higher by a major rating agency (December 31, 2022: 36.9%) with 4.8% rated lower than BBB- or non-rated (December 31, 2022: 6.5%). The portfolio as a whole, including cash, restricted cash, fixed maturity and short term investments and funds held - directly managed, had an average credit quality rating of A+ as of December 31, 2023 (December 31, 2022: A+). In addition, we manage our portfolio pursuant to guidelines that follow what we believe are prudent standards of diversification. The guidelines limit the allowable holdings of a single issue and issuers and, as a result, we believe we do not have significant concentrations of credit risk.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 110
Item 7A | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
A summary of our fixed maturity and short-term investments by credit rating is as follows:
Credit rating 2023 2022 Change
AAA 14.1 % 23.3 % (9.2) %
AA 21.4 % 13.6 % 7.8 %
A 39.9 % 33.4 % 6.5 %
BBB 20.4 % 23.2 % (2.8) %
Non-investment grade 3.7 % 6.0 % (2.3) %
Not rated 0.5 % 0.5 % - %
Total 100.0 % 100.0 %
Average credit rating A+ A+
Reinsurance Balances Recoverable on Paid and Unpaid Losses
We have exposure to credit risk as it relates to our reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses. Our (re)insurance subsidiaries remain liable to the extent that retrocessionaires do not meet their contractual obligations and, therefore, we evaluate and monitor concentration of credit risk among our reinsurers28.
Funds Held
Under funds held arrangements, the reinsured company has retained funds that would otherwise have been remitted to our reinsurance subsidiaries. The funds held balance is credited with investment income and losses payable are deducted. We are subject to credit risk if the reinsured company is unable to honor the value of the funds held balances, such as in the event of insolvency. Our funds held are presented as a single category within our consolidated balance sheets. Funds held upon which we receive the underlying portfolio investment returns and the contractual right to direct the asset allocation strategies are known as "Funds held - directly managed", and funds held where we receive a fixed crediting rate or other contractually agreed return are known as "Funds held by reinsured companies". Both types of funds held are subject to credit risk. We routinely monitor the creditworthiness of reinsured companies with whom we have funds held arrangements. As of December 31, 2023, we had funds held concentrations to reinsured companies exceeding 10% of shareholders’ equity of $4.8 billion (December 31, 2022: $5.0 billion) in aggregate. However, we generally have the contractual ability to offset any shortfall in the payment of the funds held balances with amounts owed by us to the reinsured for losses payable and other amounts contractually due.
Equity Price Risk
Our portfolio of equity investments, excluding our fixed income exchange-traded funds but including the equity funds, has exposure to equity price risk, which is the risk of potential loss in fair value resulting from adverse changes in stock prices. Our fixed income exchange-traded funds are excluded from the below analysis and have been included within the interest rate and credit spread risk analysis above, as these exchange-traded funds are part of our fixed income investment strategy and are backed by fixed income instruments. The following table summarizes the aggregate hypothetical change in fair value from a 10% decline in the overall market prices of our equities at risk:
28 A discussion of our reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses is in Note 9 in our consolidated financial statements.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 111
Item 7A | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
2023 2022 Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Publicly traded equity investments in common and preferred stocks $ 275 $ 385 $ (110)
Privately held equity investments in common and preferred stocks 344 358 (14)
Private equity funds 1,617 1,282 335
Equity funds 4 3 1
Equity exchange traded funds 38 439 (401)
Fair value of equities at risk $ 2,278 $ 2,467 $ (189)
Impact of 10% decline in fair value $ 228 $ 247 $ (19)
Hedge Funds
As of December 31, 2023, we had investments of $491 million (December 31, 2022: $549 million) in hedge funds, included within our other investments, at fair value, that have exposure to interest rate, credit spread, and equity price risk given the underlying assets in those funds.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the impact of a 10% decline in the fair value of these investments would have been $49 million and $55 million, respectively.
Convertible Bonds
As of December 31, 2023, we had investments of $20 million (December 31, 2022: $233 million) in convertible bonds, included within our fixed income portfolio, that have exposure to equity price risk given the embedded derivatives in those investments.
As of December 31, 2023, a 10% decline in the underlying equity prices would result in a less than $1 million (December 31, 2022: $8 million) decline in the fair value of these investments. The sensitivity of the convertible bonds to interest rate and credit spread shocks have been included in the interest rate and credit spread analysis above.
Foreign Currency Risk
The table below summarizes our net exposures as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 to foreign currencies:
AUD CAD EUR GBP Other Total
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
As of December 31, 2023
Total net foreign currency exposure $ 34 $ (29) $ 57 $ (44) $ 52 $ 70
Pre-tax impact of a 10% movement in USD(1)
$ 3 $ (3) $ 6 $ (4) $ 5 $ 7
As of December 31, 2022
Total net foreign currency exposure $ 17 $ 7 $ (313) $ 96 $ 29 $ (164)
Pre-tax impact of a 10% movement in USD(1)
$ 2 $ 1 $ (32) $ 10 $ 3 $ (16)
(1) Assumes 10% change in U.S. dollar relative to other currencies.
Through our subsidiaries located in various jurisdictions, we conduct our (re)insurance operations in a variety of non-U.S. currencies. We have the following exposures to foreign currency risk:
•Transaction Risk: The functional currency for the majority of our subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar. Within these entities, any fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar has a direct impact on the valuation of our assets and liabilities denominated in other currencies. All changes in foreign exchange rates, with the exception of non-U.S. dollar fixed maturities, AFS, are recognized in our consolidated statements of operations. Changes in foreign exchange rates relating to non-U.S. dollar fixed maturities, AFS are recorded in AOCI in shareholders’ equity. Our subsidiaries with non-U.S. dollar functional currencies are also exposed to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates relative to their own functional currency.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 112
Item 7A | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
•Translation Risk: We have net investments in certain European, British, and Australian subsidiaries whose functional currencies are the Euro, British pound and Australian dollar, respectively. The foreign exchange gain or loss resulting from the translation of their financial statements from their respective functional currency into U.S. dollars is recorded in the cumulative translation adjustment account, which is a component of AOCI in shareholders’ equity.
Our foreign currency policy is to broadly manage, where possible, our foreign currency risk by:
•Seeking to match our liabilities under (re)insurance policies that are payable in foreign currencies with assets that are denominated in such currencies, subject to regulatory constraints.
•Selectively utilizing foreign currency forward contracts to mitigate foreign currency risk.
We use foreign currency forward exchange rate contracts to manage foreign currency risk. To the extent our foreign currency exposure is not matched or hedged, we may experience foreign exchange losses or gains, which would be reflected in our consolidated results of operations and financial condition.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 113

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SCHEDULES
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 238)
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (on the 2021 consolidated financial statements) (PCAOB ID 1297)
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Note 1 - Basis of Presentation
Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies
Note 3 - Significant New Business
Note 4 - Segment Information
Note 5 - Business Acquisitions
Note 6 - Divestitures, Held-for-Sale Businesses and Discontinued Operations
Note 7 - Investments
Note 8 - Derivatives and Hedging Instruments
Note 9 - Reinsurance Balances Recoverable on Paid and Unpaid Losses
Note 10 - Deferred Charge Assets and Deferred Gain Liabilities
Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Note 12 - Future Policyholder Benefits
Note 13 - Defendant Asbestos and Environmental Liabilities
Note 14 - Fair Value Measurements
Note 15 - Variable Interest Entities
Note 16 - Premiums Written and Earned
Note 17 - Goodwill
Note 18 - Debt Obligations and Credit Facilities
Note 19 - Noncontrolling Interests
Note 20 - Shareholders' Equity
Note 21 - Earnings per Share
Note 22 - Share-Based Compensation
Note 23 - Income Taxation
Note 24 - Related Party Transactions
Note 25 - Dividend Restrictions and Statutory Financial Information
Note 26 - Commitments and Contingencies
SCHEDULES
I. Summary of Investments Other than Investments in Related Parties as of December 31, 2023
II. Condensed Financial Information of Registrant as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
III. Supplementary Insurance Information as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
IV. Reinsurance for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
V. Valuation and Qualifying Accounts for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
VI. Supplementary Information Concerning Property/Casualty Insurance Operations as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Schedules other than those listed above are omitted as they are not applicable or the information has been included in the consolidated financial statements, notes thereto, or elsewhere herein.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 114
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Enstar Group Limited
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Enstar Group Limited and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related consolidated statements of operations, of comprehensive income, of changes in shareholders’ equity, and of cash flows for the years then ended, including the related notes and schedules of summary of investments other than investments in related parties (Schedule I) as of December 31, 2023, condensed financial information of registrant (Schedule II), supplementary insurance information (Schedule III), and supplemental information concerning property/casualty insurance operations (Schedule VI) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and for the years then ended, and reinsurance (Schedule IV) and valuation and qualifying accounts (Schedule V) for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 listed in the accompanying index (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.
Change in Accounting Principle
As discussed in Notes 2 and 12 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it accounts for long-duration insurance contracts in 2023.
Basis for Opinions
The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 115
assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Valuation of losses and loss adjustment expenses (including those at fair value)
As described in Notes 11 and 14 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has $11.2 billion of liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses and $1.2 billion of liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses, at fair value, as of December 31, 2023. The liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses, also referred to as loss reserves, represents management’s gross estimates before reinsurance for unpaid reported losses and includes losses that have been incurred but not yet reported using actuarial methods. Management performs an analysis of loss reserves by each portfolio that the Company has acquired. Exposures are separated into homogenous reserving classes, generally lines of business, within each portfolio. As disclosed by management, considerable judgment is used in the process of developing estimates of loss reserves, which involves uncertainty in several areas, including use of actual or industry data for model inputs, and various projection assumptions and judgments depending on product lines, coverage type, or policy year. Several actuarial methods may be used in analyzing and projecting potential reserve positions, and a mix of methods may be considered to form an aggregate reserve position for each portfolio. For loss reserves reported at fair value, the fair value is calculated as the aggregate of discounted cash flow plus a risk margin. The discounted cash flow approach uses estimated nominal cash flows based upon a payment pattern developed in accordance with actuarial methods and a discount rate based upon a high quality rated corporate bond yield plus a credit spread for non-performance risk. Key assumptions are made within each actuarial method, including loss development factors and expected loss ratios. In addition, in developing loss reserves for insurance claims with asbestos and environmental exposures, traditional actuarial methods cannot be used and therefore alternative actuarial methods are employed by management, including the asbestos ground-up exposure analysis (frequency-severity) method. Management uses a combination of additional actuarial methods, including the paid survival ratio, paid market share, and decay factor, among others, to periodically reevaluate the continued reasonableness of recorded loss reserves for these exposures. These methods involve the use of assumptions relating to expected future annual average payment amounts, paid survival ratios, estimated market share, and decay factors. Judgment is applied by management in evaluating the mix of methods selected to form an aggregate reserve position for each portfolio.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the valuation of losses and loss adjustment expenses (including those at fair value) is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when developing the estimate of loss reserves, (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s significant assumptions related to the loss development factors, expected loss ratios, and selected aggregate reserve position for each portfolio for non-asbestos and environmental loss reserves, and expected future annual average payment amounts, paid survival ratios, estimated market share, decay factors, and the mix of methods selected to form an aggregate reserve position for asbestos and environmental loss reserves, and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the valuation of loss reserves, including controls over the development of significant assumptions. These procedures also included, among others (i) the involvement of professionals with specialized
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 116
skill and knowledge to assist in developing an independent estimate of loss reserves, by reserving class, on a test basis, and (ii) comparing the independent estimate to management’s actuarial determined reserves to evaluate the reasonableness of management’s estimate. Developing the independent estimate involved, on a test basis (i) independently developing the significant assumptions using actual historical data and loss development patterns, as well as industry data and other benchmarks, for the respective reserving classes, and (ii) testing the completeness and accuracy of data provided by management. For certain other reserving classes, professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in testing management’s process on a sample basis. Testing management’s process included evaluating the reasonableness of the significant assumptions, the appropriateness of the actuarial methods used, and testing the completeness and accuracy of data used by management.
Valuation of defendant asbestos liabilities
As described in Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has $567 million of defendant asbestos and environmental liabilities as of December 31, 2023, substantially all of which consists of defendant asbestos liabilities. Defendant asbestos liabilities include amounts for indemnity and defense costs for pending and future asbestos-related claims, determined by management using actuarial methods. The actuarial methods utilize data resulting from claims experience and include the development of estimates of the potential value of asbestos-related claims asserted but not yet resolved, as well as the number and potential value of asbestos-related claims not yet asserted. In developing the estimate of liability for potential future claims, the actuarial methods project the potential number of future claims based on historical claim filings and health studies. The actuarial methods also utilize assumptions based on the Company’s historical proportion of claims resolved without payment, historical claim resolution costs for those claims that result in a payment, and historical defense costs. The liabilities are estimated by management using pending and projected future claim filings, projected payment rates, average claim resolution amounts, and estimated defense costs, which are derived based on assumptions relating to defense cost to indemnity cost ratios. Management utilizes judgment when determining the assumptions related to projected future claim filings, projected payment rates, and estimated defense costs.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the valuation of defendant asbestos liabilities is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when developing the estimate of the liability, (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s significant assumptions related to future claim filings, average claim resolution amounts, and defense cost to indemnity cost ratios, and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the valuation of defendant asbestos liabilities, including controls over the development of significant assumptions. These procedures also included, among others, the involvement of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in testing management’s process relating to the valuation of defendant asbestos liabilities, which included evaluating the reasonableness of the significant assumptions and the appropriateness of the actuarial methods used. Testing management’s process also included testing the completeness and accuracy of data used by management on a sample basis.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
New York, New York
February 22, 2024
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2022.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 117
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
Enstar Group Limited:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows of Enstar Group Limited and subsidiaries (the Company) for the year ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes and financial statement schedules II to VI (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the results of operations of the Company and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2021, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ KPMG Audit Limited
KPMG Audit Limited
We served as the Company’s auditor from 2012 to 2022
Hamilton, Bermuda
February 24, 2022, except as to changes to deferred charge assets as described in Note 10 which is as of March 1, 2023.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 118
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022
2023 2022
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except share data)
ASSETS
Short-term investments, trading, at fair value $ 2 $ 14
Short-term investments, available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost: 2023 - $62; 2022 - $37)
62 38
Fixed maturities, trading, at fair value 1,949 2,370
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost: 2023 - $5,642; 2022 - $5,871; net of allowance: 2023 - $16; 2022 - $33)
5,261 5,223
Funds held 5,251 5,622
Equity securities, at fair value (cost: 2023 - $615; 2022 - $1,357)
701 1,250
Other investments, at fair value (includes consolidated variable interest entity: 2023 - $59; 2022 - $3 )
3,853 3,296
Equity method investments 334 397
Total investments (Note 7) and (Note 14)
17,413 18,210
Cash and cash equivalents (includes consolidated variable interest entity: 2023 - $8; 2022 - $0)
564 822
Restricted cash and cash equivalents 266 508
Accrued interest receivable 71 72
Reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses (net of allowance: 2023 - $131; 2022 - $131) (Note 9)
740 856
Reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses, at fair value (Note 9) and (Note 14)
217 275
Insurance balances recoverable (net of allowance: 2023 and 2022 - $5) (Note 13)
172 177
Net deferred charge assets (Note 10)
731 658
Other assets 739 576
TOTAL ASSETS $ 20,913 $ 22,154
LIABILITIES
Losses and loss adjustment expenses (Note 11)
$ 11,196 $ 11,721
Losses and loss adjustment expenses, at fair value (Note 11) and (Note 14)
1,163 1,286
Future policyholder benefits (Note 12) (1)
- 821
Defendant asbestos and environmental liabilities (Note 13)
567 607
Insurance and reinsurance balances payable 43 100
Debt obligations (Note 18)
1,831 1,829
Other liabilities (includes consolidated variable interest entity: 2023 - $1; 2022 - $0)
465 462
TOTAL LIABILITIES 15,265 16,826
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Note 26)
REDEEMABLE NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS (Note 19)
- 168
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Note 20)
Ordinary Shares (par value $1 each, issued and outstanding 2023: 15,196,685; 2022: 17,588,050):
Voting Ordinary Shares (issued and outstanding 2023: 15,196,685; 2022: 15,990,338)
15 16
Non-voting convertible ordinary Series C Shares (issued and outstanding 2023: 0; 2022: 1,192,941)
- 1
Non-voting convertible ordinary Series E Shares (issued and outstanding 2023: 0; 2022: 404,771)
- -
Preferred Shares:
Series C Preferred Shares (issued and held in treasury 2023 and 2022: 388,571)
- -
Series D Preferred Shares (issued and outstanding 2023 and 2022: 16,000; liquidation preference $400)
400 400
Series E Preferred Shares (issued and outstanding 2023 and 2022: 4,400; liquidation preference $110)
110 110
Treasury shares, at cost (Series C Preferred Shares 2023 and 2022: 388,571)
(422) (422)
Joint Share Ownership Plan (voting ordinary shares, held in trust 2023 and 2022: 565,630)
(1) (1)
Additional paid-in capital 579 766
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (1)
(336) (302)
Retained earnings 5,190 4,406
Total Enstar Shareholders’ Equity 5,535 4,974
Noncontrolling interests (Note 19) (1)
113 186
TOTAL SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY 5,648 5,160
TOTAL LIABILITIES, REDEEMABLE NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY $ 20,913 $ 22,154
(1) Amounts have been retrospectively adjusted for all applicable prior periods for the impact of adopting ASU 2018-12 on January 1, 2023. Refer to Notes 2 and 12 for additional information.
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 119
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
For the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
2023 2022 2021
(expressed in millions of U.S.
dollars, except share and per share data)
REVENUES
Net premiums earned $ 43 $ 66 $ 245
Net investment income 647 455 312
Net realized losses (65) (111) (61)
Net unrealized gains (losses) 528 (1,503) 178
Other income 276 35 42
Net gain on purchase and sales of subsidiaries - - 73
Total revenues 1,429 (1,058) 789
EXPENSES
Net incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses
Current period 30 48 172
Prior period (131) (756) (403)
Total net incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses (101) (708) (231)
Policyholder benefit expenses - 25 (3)
Amortization of net deferred charge assets 106 80 55
Acquisition costs 10 23 57
General and administrative expenses 369 331 367
Interest expense 90 89 69
Net foreign exchange losses (gains) - (15) (12)
Total expenses 474 (175) 302
INCOME (LOSS) BEFORE INCOME TAXES 955 (883) 487
Income tax benefit (expense) 250 12 (27)
Income (losses) from equity method investments 13 (74) 93
NET INCOME (LOSS) 1,218 (945) 553
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest (100) 75 (15)
NET INCOME (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED 1,118 (870) 538
Dividends on preferred shares (36) (36) (36)
NET INCOME (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED ORDINARY SHAREHOLDERS $ 1,082 $ (906) $ 502
Earnings (loss) per ordinary share attributable to Enstar Group Limited:
Basic $ 69.22 $ (52.65) $ 25.33
Diluted $ 68.47 $ (52.65) $ 24.94
Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding:
Basic 15,631,770 17,207,229 19,821,259
Diluted 15,802,618 17,323,130 20,127,131
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 120
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
For the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
2023 2022 2021
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars)
NET INCOME (LOSS) $ 1,218 $ (945) $ 553
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes:
Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity available-for-sale investments arising during the year 154 (681) (106)
Reclassification adjustment for change in allowance for credit losses recognized in net income (loss) (11) 28 10
Reclassification adjustment for net realized losses (gains) recognized in net income (loss) 75 81 (6)
Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the year, net of reclassification adjustments 218 (572) (102)
Remeasurement of future policyholder benefits - change in discount rate - 363 -
Reclassification adjustment for remeasurement of future policyholder benefits included in net income (363) - -
Change in currency translation adjustment 3 - 2
Change in net liability for losses and LAE at fair value - Instrument-specific credit risk 20 - -
Other - (2) 2
Total other comprehensive loss (122) (211) (98)
Comprehensive income (loss) 1,096 (1,156) 455
Less: Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest (12) - (15)
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED $ 1,084 $ (1,156) $ 440
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 121
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
For the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
2023 2022 2021
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars)
Share Capital - Voting Ordinary Shares
Balance, beginning of year $ 16 $ 17 $ 19
Shares repurchased (1) (1) (2)
Balance, end of year $ 15 $ 16 $ 17
Share Capital - Non-Voting Convertible Ordinary Series C Shares
Balance, beginning of year $ 1 $ 1 $ 3
Shares repurchased (1) - (2)
Balance, end of year $ - $ 1 $ 1
Share Capital - Non-Voting Convertible Ordinary Series E Shares
Balance, beginning of year $ - $ - $ 1
Shares repurchased - - (1)
Balance, end of year $ - $ - $ -
Share Capital - Series C Convertible Participating Non-Voting Preferred Shares
Balance, beginning and end of year $ - $ - $ -
Share Capital - Series D Preferred Shares
Balance, beginning and end of year $ 400 $ 400 $ 400
Share Capital - Series E Preferred Shares
Balance, beginning and end of year $ 110 $ 110 $ 110
Treasury Shares (Series C Preferred Shares)
Balance, beginning and end of year $ (422) $ (422) $ (422)
Joint Share Ownership Plan - Voting Ordinary Shares, Held in Trust
Balance, beginning and end of year $ (1) $ (1) $ (1)
Additional Paid-in Capital
Balance, beginning of year $ 766 $ 922 $ 1,836
Repurchase of voting ordinary shares (3) (4) (3)
Ordinary shares repurchased (230) (162) (937)
Amortization of share-based compensation 28 10 26
Acquisition of noncontrolling and redeemable noncontrolling shareholders’ interests in subsidiaries 18 - -
Balance, end of year $ 579 $ 766 $ 922
Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income
Balance, beginning of year $ (302) $ (16) $ 81
Cumulative currency translation adjustment
Balance, beginning of year 9 9 8
Change in currency translation adjustment 3 - 1
Balance, end of year 12 9 9
Defined benefit pension liability
Balance, beginning of year - 2 -
Change in defined benefit pension liability - (2) 2
Balance, end of year - - 2
Unrealized (losses) gains on available-for-sale investments
Balance, beginning of year (584) (27) 73
Acquisition of noncontrolling and redeemable noncontrolling shareholders’ interests in subsidiaries (14) - -
Change in unrealized (losses) gains on available-for-sale investments 230 (557) (100)
Balance, end of year (368) (584) (27)
Remeasurement of future policyholder benefits - change in discount rate
Balance, beginning of year (1)
273 - -
Change in remeasurement of future policyholder benefits (273) 273 -
Balance, end of year - 273 -
Insurance contracts - net liability for losses and LAE at fair value - Instrument-specific credit risk
Balance, beginning of period - - -
Change in net liability for losses and LAE at fair value - Instrument-specific credit risk 20 - -
Balance, end of year 20 - -
Balance, end of year $ (336) $ (302) $ (16)
Retained Earnings
Balance, beginning of year $ 4,406 $ 5,312 $ 4,809
Net income (loss) 1,218 (945) 553
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests (100) 75 (15)
Ordinary shares repurchased (298) - -
Dividends on preferred shares (36) (36) (36)
Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests - - 1
Balance, end of year $ 5,190 $ 4,406 $ 5,312
Noncontrolling Interests (excludes redeemable noncontrolling interests)
Balance, beginning of year (1)
$ 186 $ 230 $ 14
Consolidation of noncontrolling interests 107 - 219
Change in unrealized losses on available-for-sale investments attributable to noncontrolling interests - (9) (1)
Acquisition of noncontrolling shareholders’ interest in subsidiary (175) (55) (1)
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 122
Change in remeasurement of future policyholder benefits attributable to noncontrolling interests (90) 90 -
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests 85 (70) (1)
Balance, end of year $ 113 $ 186 $ 230
Total Shareholders’ Equity $ 5,648 $ 5,160 $ 6,553
(1) Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income attributable to both Enstar and our noncontrolling interests as of January 1, 2023 has been retrospectively adjusted for all applicable prior periods for the impact of adopting ASU 2018-12 on January 1, 2023. Refer to Note 2 and Note 12 for additional information.
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
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ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
For the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
2023 2022 2021
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars)
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income (loss) $ 1,218 $ (945) $ 553
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to cash flows provided by operating activities:
Realized losses on investments (307) 111 61
Unrealized (gains) losses on investments (114) 941 (178)
Amortization of net deferred charge assets 106 80 55
Depreciation and other amortization 7 47 74
Net gain on Enhanzed Re novation (275) - -
Cash consideration for the Enhanzed Re novation 94 - -
(Income) losses from equity method investments (13) 74 (93)
Sales and maturities of trading securities 1,530 2,376 6,175
Purchases of trading securities (492) (1,450) (3,064)
Payments to cover securities sold short - - (1,156)
Proceeds from securities sold short - - 534
Net payments for derivative contracts - - (94)
Net gain on purchase and sales of subsidiaries - - (73)
Other adjustments 5 13 30
Changes in:
Reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses 142 375 248
Funds held (338) (612) (1,491)
Losses and loss adjustment expenses (624) (151) 1,870
Defendant asbestos and environmental liabilities (40) (31) (68)
Insurance and reinsurance balances payable (23) (154) (300)
Other operating assets and liabilities (353) (417) 718
Net cash flows provided by operating activities 523 257 3,801
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Acquisition, net of cash acquired $ - $ - $ (206)
Sales of subsidiaries, net of cash previously held - - (214)
Sales and maturities of available-for-sale securities 2,132 2,502 3,085
Purchase of available-for-sale securities (1,959) (2,295) (5,233)
Purchase of other investments (911) (1,552) (910)
Proceeds from other investments 530 420 330
Sale of equity method investments 48 - -
Other investing activities 12 6 1
Consolidation of the InRe Fund opening cash and restricted cash balances (Note 15)
- - 574
Net cash flows used in investing activities (148) (919) (2,573)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Dividends on preferred shares $ (36) $ (36) $ (36)
Dividends paid to noncontrolling interests - (55) (1)
Acquisition of noncontrolling and redeemable noncontrolling shareholders’ interests in subsidiaries (294) - -
Repurchase of shares (531) (163) (942)
Issuance of debt, net of issuance costs (1)
- 494 816
Repayment of debt (1)
- (356) (574)
Net cash flows (used in) provided by financing activities (861) (116) (737)
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 124
EFFECT OF EXCHANGE RATE CHANGES ON FOREIGN CURRENCY CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH (14) 16 4
NET (DECREASE) INCREASE IN CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH (500) (762) 495
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH, BEGINNING OF YEAR 1,330 2,092 1,373
NET CHANGE IN CASH OF BUSINESSES HELD-FOR-SALE - - 224
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH, END OF YEAR $ 830 $ 1,330 $ 2,092
(1) We borrowed and fully repaid $150 million of loans under our revolving credit facility during the first quarter of 2023.
Supplemental Cash Flow Information:
Income taxes paid, net of refunds $ 16 $ 3 $ 10
Interest paid 88 86 64
Reconciliation to Consolidated Balance Sheets:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 564 $ 822 $ 1,646
Restricted cash and cash equivalents 266 508 446
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash $ 830 $ 1,330 $ 2,092
Non-cash operating activities:
Novation of future policy holder benefits $ 828 - $ -
Funds held directly managed transferred in exchange on novation of future policy holder benefits (949) - -
Other assets / liabilities transferred on novation of future policy holder benefits (62) - -
Losses and loss adjustment expenses transferred in connection with settlement of participation in Atrium's Syndicate 609 173 - -
Investments transferred in connection with settlement of participation in Atrium's Syndicate 609 (173) - -
Non-cash investing activities:
Unsettled purchases of available-for-sale securities and other investments $ (5) $ (1) $ -
Unsettled sales of available-for-sale securities and other investments 1 6 -
Receipt of available-for-sale securities as consideration in exchange for assumption of reinsurance contract liabilities 113 - -
Receipt of available-for-sale debt securities as consideration in exchange for assumption of liabilities - 508 -
Removal of equity method investment relating to acquisition of a subsidiary - - (412)
Receipt of other investments as consideration - - 52
Contributions to other investments (1)
- - (481)
Redemption of other investments (1)
- - 381
Reduction in investment fees (1)
- - 100
Non-cash financing activities (2):
Settlement of loan receivable as partial consideration for RNCI redemption $ 15 - -
Transfer of equity interest in Northshore as partial consideration for RNCI redemption 48 - -
Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests - - (202)
Increase in noncontrolling interests due to the acquisition of a subsidiary - - (219)
Third-party capital withdrawal from the InRe Fund through transfer of trading security - - (61)
(1) The contributions to other investments was fully funded through the redemption of other investments and the reduction in investment fees.
(2) Our non-cash financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 included the issuance of 89,590 shares following the exercise of 175,901 warrants on a non-cash basis.
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 125
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
1. BASIS OF PRESENTATION
Enstar Group Limited ("Enstar") is a leading global (re)insurance group that offers innovative capital release solutions through its network of group companies in Bermuda, the United States, the United Kingdom, Continental Europe and Australia. Our core focus is acquiring and managing (re)insurance companies and portfolios of (re)insurance business in run-off.
Our voting ordinary shares are listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the ticker symbol "ESGR". Unless the context indicates otherwise, the terms "Enstar," "we," "us" or "our" mean Enstar Group Limited and its consolidated subsidiaries and the term "Parent Company" means Enstar Group Limited and not any of its consolidated subsidiaries.
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("U.S. GAAP"). All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Certain comparative information has been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.
Enhanzed Re
Our subsidiary, Enhanzed Reinsurance Ltd. ("Enhanzed Re"), is included in the consolidated financial statements reported on a one quarter lag. The effect on our consolidated financial condition and results of operations of all material events occurring at Enhanzed Re through December 31, 2023 has been considered for adjustment and/or disclosure.
In August 2022, Enhanzed Re entered into a Master Agreement with Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited (“Cavello”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Enstar, and Allianz SE (“Allianz”). Pursuant to the Master Agreement, Enhanzed Re, Cavello and Allianz agreed to a series of transactions that allowed us to unwind Enhanzed Re’s operations in an orderly manner. The transactions included (i) commuting or novating all of the reinsurance contracts written by Enhanzed Re, (ii) repaying the $70 million of subordinated notes issued by Enhanzed Re to an affiliate of Allianz, and (iii) distributing Enhanzed Re’s excess capital to Cavello and Allianz in accordance with their respective equity ownership. As of December 31, 2022, all of the transactions were complete, and the impact of transactions completed in the fourth quarter 2022 were recognized in our first quarter 2023 results, as a result of the one quarter reporting lag.
Use of Estimates, Risks and Uncertainties
The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
The estimation of unpaid claim liabilities at any given point in time is subject to a high degree of uncertainty for a number of reasons. A significant amount of time can lapse between the assumption of risk, the occurrence of a loss event, the reporting of the event to an (re)insurance company and the ultimate payment of the claim on the loss event. Certain estimates for unpaid claim liabilities involve considerable uncertainty due to significant coverage litigation and it can be unclear whether past claim experience will be representative of future claim experience.
We are subject to economic factors such as interest rates, inflation, foreign exchange rates, adverse reserve developments, regulation, tax policy changes, political risks and other market risks that can impact our strategy, operations, and results.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 126
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies
2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
The following table identifies our significant accounting policies presented in other notes to our consolidated financial statements:
Significant Accounting Policies Note Reference(s)
•Acquisitions
Note 5 - Business Acquisitions
•Held-for-sale business and discontinued operations
Note 6 - Divestitures, Held-for-Sale Business and Discontinued Operations
•Short-term investments and fixed maturities
•Allowance for credit losses
•Equity securities
•Other investments, at fair value
•Equity method investments
•Funds held
Note 7 - Investments
•Derivative instruments
Note 8 - Derivatives and Hedging Instruments
•Reinsurance Balances Recoverable on Paid and Unpaid Losses
Note 9 - Reinsurance Balances Recoverable on Paid and Unpaid Losses
•Deferred Charge Assets and Deferred Gain Liabilities
Note 10 - Deferred Charge Assets and Deferred Gain Liabilities
•Losses and LAE
Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
•Defendant Asbestos and Environmental Liabilities
•Insurance Balances Recoverable
Note 13 - Defendant Asbestos and Environmental Liabilities
•Variable Interest Entities
Note 15 - Variable Interest Entities
•Premiums Written
Note 16 - Premiums Written and Earned
•Goodwill
Note 17 - Goodwill
•Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests
Note 19 - Noncontrolling Interests
•Earnings Per Share
Note 21 - Earnings Per Share
•Share-Based Compensation
Note 22 - Share-Based Compensation
•Income Taxes
Note 23 - Income Taxation
Other Significant Accounting Policies
Retroactive Reinsurance Contracts
For each of our reinsurance agreements, we determine whether the agreement provides indemnification against loss or liability relating to insurance risk in accordance with applicable accounting standards. We review all contractual features, including those that may limit the amount of insurance risk to which the reinsurer is subject or features that delay the timely reimbursement of claims.
Cessions under reinsurance agreements do not discharge our obligations under the assumed reinsurance contracts.
If we determine that a reinsurance agreement does not expose us or the reinsurer to a reasonable possibility of a significant loss from insurance risk, we record the agreement using the deposit method of accounting. Deposits received are included in other liabilities and deposits made are included within other assets. As amounts are paid or received, consistent with the underlying contracts, the deposit assets or liabilities are adjusted. Interest on such deposits is recorded as other revenues or other expenses, as appropriate. Periodically, we evaluate the adequacy of the expected payments or recoveries and adjust the deposit asset or liability through other revenues or other expenses, as appropriate.
Retroactive reinsurance contracts provide indemnification for losses and loss adjustment expenses ("LAE") with respect to past loss events. We do not record any income or expense on recognition of the contracts assets and liabilities. Any subsequent remeasurement of the value of liabilities is recorded to net incurred losses and LAE within the consolidated statements of operations.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 127
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies
Prospective reinsurance and insurance contracts
For prospective reinsurance of short-duration contracts that meet the criteria for reinsurance accounting, amounts received (paid) are recorded as assumed (ceded) premiums and assumed (ceded) unearned premiums. Assumed (ceded) unearned premiums are reflected as premiums within the consolidated statement of operations and, losses and loss adjustment expenses (reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses) within the consolidated balance sheet. Such amounts are amortized through net earned premiums over the remaining contract period in proportion to the amount of insurance protection provided.
Premiums on property and casualty insurance contracts are recognized as revenue on a pro rata basis over the applicable contract term.
Unearned Premium Reserves and Premiums Receivable
Unearned premium reserves, included within other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, represent the unexpired portion of policy premiums. For retrospectively rated contracts as well as those contracts whose written premium amounts are recorded based on premium estimates at inception, changes to accrued premiums arising from changes to these estimates are reflected as changes in premium balances receivable where appropriate.
Premiums receivable are reported net of an allowance for expected credit losses as appropriate. The allowance is based upon our ongoing review of amounts outstanding, historical loss data, including delinquencies and write-offs, current and forecasted economic conditions and other relevant factors. The credit risk on our premiums receivable balances is substantially reduced where we have the ability to cancel the underlying policy if the policyholder does not pay the related premium.
Acquisition Costs
Acquisition costs, consisting principally of incremental costs including, commissions and brokerage expenses and certain premium taxes and fees incurred at the time a contract or policy is issued and which are directly related to the successful efforts of acquiring new insurance contracts or renewing existing insurance contracts, are deferred and amortized over the period in which the related premiums are earned.
Deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”), recorded within other assets on the consolidated balance sheets, are limited to their estimated realizable value by line of business based on the related unearned premiums, anticipated claims and claim expenses and anticipated investment income.
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash equivalents includes money market funds, fixed interest deposits and all highly liquid debt instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less. Securities included within cash equivalents are stated at estimated fair value, while other investments included within cash equivalents are stated at amortized cost which approximates estimated fair value.
Foreign Exchange
Assets, liabilities and operations of foreign affiliates and subsidiaries, as well as investments accounted for under the equity method, are recorded based on the functional currency of each entity. The determination of the functional currency is made based on the appropriate economic and management indicators. For most of our foreign operations, the local currency is the functional currency.
Assets and liabilities of foreign affiliates and subsidiaries are translated from the functional currency to our reporting currency U.S. dollars, at the exchange rates in effect at each year-end and revenues and expenses are translated at the average exchange rates during the year. The resulting translation adjustments are charged or credited directly to OCI, net of applicable taxes. Gains and losses from foreign currency transactions, including the effect of re-measurement of monetary assets and liabilities to the appropriate functional currency, are reported separately in the consolidated statement of operations in the period in which they occur.
New Accounting Standards Adopted in 2023
ASU 2018-12 - Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-12 and subsequently issued ASUs 2019-09 and 2020-11 serving to defer the effective date of implementation. These updates:
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 128
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies
•Require at least annual review of assumptions used to determine the provision for future policyholder benefits with the recognition of any resulting re-measurement gains or losses, excluding those related to discount rate changes, in the consolidated statement of operations;
•Use upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument rates to discount future cash flows with the impact of these changes recognized in other comprehensive income; and
•Introduce new disclosure requirements around the provisions for future policyholder benefits, policyholder account balances, market risk benefits, separate account liabilities, and deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”), which includes information about significant inputs, judgments, assumptions and methods used in measurement.
These amendments were effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022.
We adopted ASU 2018-12 on January 1, 2023 using the modified retrospective transition approach, with a transition date of September 1, 2021. This is the date that we acquired Enhanzed Re through the Step Acquisition and consolidated Enhanzed Re’s existing assets and liabilities, including all of our future policyholder benefit contracts. Prior to the acquisition of Enhanzed Re, we did not hold any long-duration insurance liabilities.
We recognized an increase to AOCI of $363 million to account for the impact of remeasuring our future policyholder benefits from September 1, 2021 to December 31, 2022. This measurement adjustment had the effect of reducing our long-duration insurance liabilities and was primarily driven by a change in the discount rates during 2022.
The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our shareholders’ equity as of the September 1, 2021 transition date, and the period between the transition date through to December 31, 2021.29
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
ASU 2023-07 - Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, which includes the following amendments to Topic 280 Segment Reporting:
•Disclose, on an annual and interim basis, significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) and included within the segment measure of profit or loss;
•Disclose, on an annual and interim basis, an amount for other segment items by reportable segment and a description of its composition;
•Disclose, on an interim basis, all annual disclosures about a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets currently required by Topic 280;
•Clarify that an entity is not precluded from reporting one or more additional measure(s) of segment profit or loss if the CODM uses more than one measure in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources;
•Disclose the title and position of the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources; and
•Require an entity with a single reportable segment to provide all disclosures required by the amendments in ASU 2023-07 and all existing segment disclosures in Topic 280.
These amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2024, and must be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented. Early adoption is permitted.
Adopting ASU 2023-07 will require us to expand our segment disclosures. We are currently determining the period in which the new guidance will be adopted.
ASU 2023-09 - Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, which includes the following amendments to Topic 740 Income Taxes:
29 Refer to Note 12 for the expanded future policyholder benefit disclosures required upon adoption of ASU 2018-12.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 129
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies
•Disclose, on an annual basis, specific categories in the rate reconciliation;
•Disclose, on an annual basis, additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold (if the effect of those reconciling items is equal to or greater than 5% of the amount computed by multiplying pretax income (or loss) by the applicable statutory income tax rate);
•Disclose, on an annual basis, the amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by federal (national), state, and foreign taxes;
•Disclose, on an annual basis, the amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by individual jurisdictions in which income taxes paid (net of refunds received) is equal to or greater than 5% of total income taxes paid (net of refunds received);
•Disclose income (or loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense (or benefit) disaggregated between domestic and foreign;
•Disclose income tax expense (or benefit) from continuing operations disaggregated by federal (national), state, and foreign;
•Eliminates the requirement to disclose the nature and estimate of the range of the reasonably possible change in the unrecognized tax benefits balance in the next 12 months or make a statement that an estimate of the range cannot be made; and
•Eliminates the requirement to disclose the cumulative amount of each type of temporary difference when a deferred tax liability is not recognized because of the exceptions to comprehensive recognition of deferred taxes related to subsidiaries and corporate joint ventures.
These amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2024, and should be applied prospectively, however retrospective application is permitted. Early adoption is permitted.
Adopting ASU 2023-09 will require us to expand our income tax disclosures. We are currently determining the period in which the new guidance will be adopted.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 130
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 3 - Significant New Business
3. SIGNIFICANT NEW BUSINESS
We define new business as material transactions, which generally take the form of reinsurance or direct business transfers, or business acquisitions.
Completed transactions
The table below sets forth a summary of new business that we have completed between January 1, 2023 and December 31, 2023:
Transaction Consideration Received Net Loss Reserves Assumed DCA (1)
Type of Transaction Remaining Limit upon Acquisition Line of Business Jurisdiction
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
QBE (2)
$ 1,857 $ 2,036 $ 179 LPT $ 838 Diversified mix of financial lines, casualty, multiline and discontinued business North America and International
RACQ (3)
179 179 - LPT 195 Motor vehicle Compulsory Third Party (“CTP”) liabilities Australia
AIG (4)
100 - - Prospective insurance (5)
400 Diversified mix of global casualty and professional lines North America and International
Total 2023
$ 2,136 $ 2,215 $ 179
(1) Where the estimated ultimate losses payable exceed the consideration received at the inception of an LPT agreement, a deferred charge asset (“DCA”) is recorded. Refer to Note 10 for additional information.
(2) Total consideration received is comprised of $1,539 million of funds held - directly managed and $344 million of restricted cash, net of consideration payable of $26 million.
(3) Total consideration received is comprised of $58 million of restricted cash, $113 million of investments and $8 million of funds held by reinsured companies.
(4) Total consideration received is comprised of $100 million of cash.
(5) Enstar entered into agreement with AIG, concurrent with AIG’s sale of Validus Re to RenaissanceRe. Pursuant to the agreement, there is insurance protection to AIG’s indemnification of the adequacy of the carried loss reserves on assumed reinsurance contracts underwritten by Validus Re as of December 31, 2022 (“subject reserves”). Enstar’s insurance of this indemnification covers 95% of adverse development in excess of the subject reserves of $3.0 billion up to a limit of $400 million.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 131
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 4 - Segment Information
4. SEGMENT INFORMATION
We have four segments that align with how our chief operating decision maker ("CODM"), our Chief Executive Officer, views our business, assesses performance and allocates resources to our business components. In addition, we report certain results of operations in Corporate & Other.
•Run-off: consists of our acquired property and casualty and other (re)insurance business, including our defendant asbestos and environmental (“A&E”) businesses and StarStone International (from January 1, 2021) following our decision to place it into an orderly run-off.
Our primary objective of the Run-off segment is to recognize favorable prior period development in our net incurred losses and LAE (run-off liability earnings or “RLE”) over time by settling claims in a timely, cost efficient manner using our claims management expertise, including settling claims for lower than outstanding ultimate loss estimates and implementation of reinsurance and commutation strategies.
The Run-off segment results comprises net premiums earned, other income, net incurred losses and LAE, acquisition costs and general and administrative expenses.
•Assumed Life: previously included Enhanzed Re’s life and property aggregate excess of loss (catastrophe) business.
In August 2022, Enhanzed Re entered into a Master Agreement with Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited (“Cavello”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Enstar, and Allianz SE (“Allianz”), pursuant to which a series of commutation and novation agreements were completed which ceased any continuing reinsurance obligations for this segment. We recognized the impact of transactions that closed in the fourth quarter of 2022 in the first quarter of 2023 due to the quarter lag in reporting.
The Assumed Life segment results comprises net premiums earned, other income, net incurred losses and LAE, policyholder benefit expenses, acquisition costs and general and administrative expenses.
•Investments: consists of our investment activities and the performance of our investment portfolio, excluding those investable assets attributable to our Legacy Underwriting segment.
Our primary objective of the Investments segment is to obtain the highest possible risk and capital adjusted returns while maintaining prudent diversification of assets and operating within the constraints of a global regulated (re)insurance company. We additionally consider the liquidity requirements and duration of our claims, policyholder benefits and contract liabilities.
The Investments segment results comprises net investment income, net realized gains (losses), net unrealized gains (losses), general and administrative expenses and income from equity method investments.
•Legacy Underwriting: comprises SGL No.1's 25% gross share of the 2020 and prior underwriting years of Atrium's Syndicate 609 at Lloyd's, offset by the contractual transfer of the results of that business to the Atrium entities that were divested in an exchange transaction (the “Exchange Transaction”).
There is no net retention for Enstar on Atrium's 2020 and prior underwriting years. The contractual arrangements between SGL No. 1, Arden and Atrium relating to the reinsurance agreements and the Capacity Lease Agreement were settled in the second quarter of 2023. Other than the settlement of these amounts, we did not record any transactions in the Legacy Underwriting segment in 2023.
The Legacy Underwriting segment results comprises net premiums earned, net investment income, net realized gains (losses), net unrealized gains (losses), other income (expense), net incurred losses and LAE, acquisition costs and general and administrative expenses.
Management measures segment performance based on segment income (loss). Segment income (loss) is derived by including certain items from total income and net income (loss) attributable to Enstar ordinary shareholders, as defined above. Income and expense items that are not directly attributable to our reportable segments are included within our corporate and other activities, which do not qualify as an operating segment. These include,
a.holding company income and expenses,
b.the amortization of net DCAs on retroactive reinsurance contracts,
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 132
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 4 - Segment Information
c.the amortization of fair value adjustments associated with the acquisition of companies,
d.changes in the discount rate and risk margin components of the fair value of assets and liabilities related to our assumed retroactive reinsurance contracts for which we have elected the fair value option,
e.corporate expenses not allocated to our reportable segments,
f.debt servicing costs,
g.net foreign exchange gains (losses),
h.gains (losses) arising on the purchases and sales of subsidiaries (if any),
i.income tax benefit (expense),
j.net income (losses) from discontinued operations, net of income tax (if any),
k.net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest, and
l.preferred share dividends.
Items b, c and d above form part of corporate and other activities as the CODM evaluates the performance of the Run-off and Legacy Underwriting segments without consideration of these amounts.
Expenses that are directly attributable to our four reportable segments are disclosed under those segments while non-direct expenses, as well as costs related to shared services that are not directly attributable to our reportable segments, are allocated to our reportable segments as well as to our corporate and other activities, on the basis of the actual or proportion of benefit derived from the services provided.
Our assets are reviewed on a consolidated basis by management for decision making purposes since they support business operations across all of our four reportable segments as well as our corporate and other activities. We do not allocate assets to our reportable segments with the exception of reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses and goodwill that are directly attributable to our reportable segments.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 133
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 4 - Segment Information
The following table sets forth select consolidated statements of operations results by segment for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021:
2023 2022 2021
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Revenues
Run-off $ 53 $ 62 $ 255
Assumed Life 277 17 5
Investments 1,110 (1,159) 429
Legacy Underwriting - 10 43
Subtotal 1,440 (1,070) 732
Corporate and other (11) 12 57
Total revenues $ 1,429 $ (1,058) $ 789
Income (losses) from equity method investments
Investments $ 13 $ (74) $ 93
Segment net income (loss)
Run-off $ 62 $ 339 $ 217
Assumed Life 277 40 6
Investments 1,080 (1,270) 485
Legacy Underwriting - - -
Total segment net income (loss) 1,419 (891) 708
Corporate and other net (loss) income:
Other (expense) income (1)
(11) 12 (16)
Net gain on purchase and sale of subsidiaries - - 73
Net incurred losses and LAE (2)
(95) 218 59
Policyholder benefit expenses - - (1)
Amortization of net deferred charge assets (106) (80) (55)
General and administrative expenses (149) (142) (131)
Interest expense (90) (89) (69)
Net foreign exchange gains (losses) - 15 12
Income tax benefit (expense) 250 12 (27)
Less: Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest (100) 75 (15)
Less: Dividends on preferred shares (36) (36) (36)
Total - Corporate and other net (loss) income
(337) (15) (206)
Net income (loss) attributable to Enstar Ordinary Shareholders $ 1,082 $ (906) $ 502
(1) Other income (expense) for corporate and other activities includes the amortization of fair value adjustments associated with the acquisition of DCo, LLC (“Dco”) and Morse TEC LLC (“Morse TEC”).
(2) Net incurred losses and LAE for corporate and other activities includes the fair value adjustments associated with the acquisition of companies and the changes in the discount rate and risk margin components of the fair value of assets and liabilities related to our assumed retroactive reinsurance contracts for which we have elected the fair value option.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 134
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 4 - Segment Information
Gross Premiums Written by Geographical Area
The following tables summarize our gross premiums written by geographical region, which is based upon the location of the subsidiaries underwriting the policies, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (2023 only consisted of the Run-off Segment):
Total/Run-off %
(In millions of U.S. dollars, except percentages)
United States $ 98 97 %
United Kingdom 6 6 %
Europe (3) (3) %
Total $ 101 100 %
Run-off Assumed Life Legacy Underwriting Total
Total % Total % Total % Total %
(In millions of U.S. dollars, except percentages)
United States $ 3 60.0 % $ - - % $ 8 100.0 % $ 11 44.0 %
United Kingdom(1)
(7) (140.0) % - - % - - % (7) (28.0) %
Europe 1 20.0 % 12 100.0 % - - % 13 52.0 %
Asia 8 160.0 % - - % - - % 8 32.0 %
Total $ 5 100.0 % $ 12 100.0 % $ 8 100.0 % $ 25 100.0 %
(1) Gross premiums written were negative for Run-off segment business located in the U.K., primarily as a result of an agreement made between one of our subsidiaries and a cedant to return premiums written.
Run-off Assumed Life Legacy Underwriting Total
Total % Total % Total % Total %
(In millions of U.S. dollars, except percentages)
United States $ 14 27.5 % $ - - % $ 25 48.1 % $ 39 36.9 %
United Kingdom 15 29.4 % - - % 4 7.7 % 19 17.9 %
Europe 9 17.6 % 3 100.0 % 5 9.6 % 17 16.0 %
Asia 6 11.8 % - - % 2 3.8 % 8 7.5 %
Rest of World 7 13.7 % - - % 16 30.8 % 23 21.7 %
Total $ 51 100.0 % $ 3 100.0 % $ 52 100.0 % $ 106 100.0 %
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 135
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 5 - Business Acquisitions
5. BUSINESS ACQUISITIONS
We record business acquisition assets and liabilities at their estimated fair value. The fair values of each of the acquired (re)insurance assets and liabilities are derived from probability-weighted ranges of the associated projected cash flows, based on actuarially prepared information and our run-off strategy.
Our run-off strategy is expected to be different from the seller's, who generally do not specialize in running off (re)insurance liabilities.
The key assumptions used by us in the valuation of acquired companies are (i) the projected payout, timing and amount of claims liabilities; (ii) the related projected timing and amount of reinsurance collections; (iii) an appropriate discount rate, which is applied to determine the present value of the future cash flows; (iv) the estimated unallocated LAE to be incurred over the life of the run-off; (v) the impact of any accelerated run-off strategy; and (vi) an appropriate risk margin.
The difference between the nominal carrying values of the acquired reinsurance liabilities and assets as of the acquisition date and their fair value is recorded as a fair value adjustment ("FVA") on the consolidated balance sheet. The FVA is amortized over the estimated payout period of the acquired outstanding losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable. We carry unamortized FVA balances on the following consolidated balance sheet captions: losses and loss adjustment expenses, defendant asbestos and environmental liabilities and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses.
To the extent the actual payout experience after the acquisition is materially faster or slower than anticipated at the time of the acquisition as a result of, (i) our active claims management strategies, which include commutations and policy buybacks, (ii) an adjustment to the estimated ultimate loss reserves, (iii) changes in bad debt provisions, or (iv) changes in estimates of future run-off costs following accelerated payouts, then the amortization of the FVA is adjusted to reflect such changes.
The difference between the fair value of net assets acquired and the purchase price is recorded as goodwill and included as an asset on the consolidated balance sheet or as a gain from bargain purchase in the consolidated statements of operations.
Enhanzed Re
On September 1, 2021, we completed the purchase of the entire 27.7% equity interest in Enhanzed Re held by an affiliate of Hillhouse Group for cash consideration of $217 million and assumed the Hillhouse Group's affiliate's remaining outstanding capital commitment to Enhanzed Re of $40 million (the "Step Acquisition").
Following the completion of the Step Acquisition, our equity interest in Enhanzed Re increased from 47.4% to 75.1%. Effective September 1, 2021, we consolidated Enhanzed Re (previously accounted for as an equity method investment) and eliminated any intercompany transactions and balances between us and Enhanzed Re.
During the third quarter of 2021, we recognized a total gain on the Step Acquisition of $47 million, which was recorded in net gain on purchase and sales of subsidiaries in our consolidated statements of operations, and consisted of a bargain purchase gain, a gain on remeasurement of our previously held equity investment to fair value and a gain on settlement of pre-existing relationships.
On December 28, 2022, Enhanzed Re acquired Allianz SE’s ("Allianz") remaining 24.9% interest for $175 million, which was based on the final net book value of Enhanzed Re as of December 31, 2022. Following the repurchase, Enhanzed Re became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Enstar.
We record Enhanzed Re's results on a one quarter lag. The table below summarizes the results of Enhanzed Re's operations, which are included in our consolidated statement of operations from September 1, 2021, the date of acquisition, to December 31, 2021:
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 136
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 5 - Business Acquisitions
September 1 to December 31, 2021 (1)
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Total revenues $ (17)
Net loss (19)
Net loss attributable to Enstar ordinary shareholders (15)
(1)Excludes income from our previously held equity method investment in Enhanzed Re30.
Supplemental Pro Forma Financial Information (Unaudited)
The following selected unaudited pro forma financial information is a summary of our combined results with Enhanzed Re, giving effect to the Step Acquisition as if it had occurred on January 1, 2020. The unaudited pro forma financial information presented below is for informational purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of the results that would have been achieved if the Step Acquisition had taken place on January 1, 2020, nor is it indicative of future results.
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Total revenues
$ 1,071
Net income
Net income attributable to Enstar
Net income attributable to Enstar ordinary shareholders
The unaudited pro forma financial information is presented on a fully consolidated basis. Aside from a pro forma adjustment made to recognize the gain on the Step Acquisition as of January 1, 2020, there were no further non-recurring pro forma adjustments recorded.
30 Refer to Note 24 for further information.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 137
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 6 - Divestitures, Held-for-Sale Businesses and Discontinued Operations
6. DIVESTITURES, HELD-FOR-SALE BUSINESSES AND DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS
We report a business as held-for-sale when certain criteria are met, which include (i) management has either approved the sale or is in the process of obtaining approval to sell the business and is committed to a formal plan to sell the business, (ii) the business is available for immediate sale in its present condition, (iii) the business is being actively marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current fair value, and (iv) the sale is anticipated to occur within the next 12 months, among other specified criteria.
A business classified as held-for-sale is recorded at the lower of its carrying amount or estimated fair value less costs to sell. If the carrying amount of the business exceeds its estimated fair value, a loss is recognized. Assets and liabilities related to the business classified as held-for-sale are separately reported in our consolidated balance sheets beginning in the period in which the business is classified as held-for-sale.
Disposals that represent strategic shifts that have or will have a major effect on our operations and financial results are reported as discontinued operations which requires the restatement of the comparatives reflected on our consolidated financial statements. In addition, transactions with discontinued operations are not eliminated on consolidation and any transactions that were previously eliminated on consolidation but which will continue with the discontinued operations are restated for all periods presented and reflected within continuing operations in our consolidated financial statements.
The following table provides a summary of the net gain on sales of subsidiaries which was recorded as a component of the net gain on purchase and sales of subsidiaries included in our consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021:
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Atrium $ (8)
SUL 23
Other 11
Net gain on sales of subsidiaries $ 26
Atrium Exchange Transaction
In January 2021, we acquired an interest in Core Specialty (an insurance entity formed in 2021) in exchange for a portion of our indirect interest in Northshore Holdings Limited (“Northshore”) (the holding company of Atrium and Arden), and subsequently deconsolidated Northshore. In December 2023, our remaining 13.5% interest in Northshore formed a component of the consideration we paid to acquire the remaining 41.0% equity interest in StarStone Specialty Holdings Limited (“SSHL”) from Trident V Funds and Dowling Funds31. As of December 31, 2023, we hold a 19.9% interest in Core Specialty.
Through our wholly owned subsidiary, SGL No. 1, a Lloyd’s corporate member, we provided 25% of the underwriting capacity on the 2017 to 2020 underwriting years of Atrium's Syndicate 609 at Lloyd’s. In conjunction with the completion of the Exchange Transaction, SGL No.1 ceased its provision of underwriting capacity on Syndicate 609 for future underwriting years.
SGL No.1 was obligated to support underwriting capacity on Syndicate 609 through the provision of Funds at Lloyd’s (“FAL”), and settled its share of the 2020 and prior underwriting years for the economic benefit of Atrium via reinsurance agreements with Arden and a capacity lease agreement with Atrium 5 Limited, a U.K. domiciled subsidiary of Atrium through December 31, 2022.
During the second quarter of 2023, as a result of these contractual arrangements, the net loss reserve liabilities, cash, investments and other assets that supported those liabilities were settled by: i) the distribution of SGL No.1’s share of the Syndicate 609 result; ii) the settlement of the net payable or receivable position on the reinsurance agreement with Arden; and iii) the required settlement of the capacity lease agreement payable.
31 Refer to Note 19 for further information.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 138
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 6 - Divestitures, Held-for-Sale Businesses and Discontinued Operations
As of December 31, 2022, we carried gross loss reserves of $173 million, reinsurance recoverables of $35 million and net assets required to support the net insurance liabilities of $138 million.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, there was no retention by Enstar of the net results of Atrium's 2020 and prior underwriting years as the business was contractually transferred to the Atrium entities that were divested in the Exchange Transaction.
Run-off of StarStone International (non-U.S.)
In June 2020, we placed StarStone International into an orderly run-off (the "StarStone International Run-Off"). The results of StarStone International are included within continuing operations.
In March 2021, we sold StarStone Underwriting Limited ("SUL"), a Lloyd's managing agency, together with the right to operate Lloyd's Syndicate 1301 for the 2021 and future years of account, to Inigo Limited ("Inigo"), in exchange for shares in Inigo and cash. We recognized a gain on the sale of $23 million.
As of December 31, 2023, our investment in Inigo, which is accounted for as a privately held equity investment and carried at fair value, was $54 million (2022: $40 million).
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 139
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 7 - Investments
7. INVESTMENTS
We hold:
i.trading portfolios of short-term and fixed maturities and equities, carried at fair value;
ii.AFS portfolios of short-term and fixed maturities, carried at fair value;
iii.other investments carried at fair value;
iv.equity method investments; and
v.funds held.
Short-term and Fixed Maturities
Short-term investments comprise investments with a maturity greater than three months up to one year from the date of purchase. Fixed maturities comprise investments with a maturity of greater than one year from the date of purchase.
Short-term and fixed maturities classified as trading are carried at fair value, with realized and unrealized gains and losses included in net income and reported as net unrealized gains and losses.
Short-term and fixed maturities classified as available-for-sale ("AFS") are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses excluded from net income and reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI"). Realized gains and losses on sales of investments classified as AFS are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations.
The costs of short-term and fixed maturities are adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts, recognized using the effective yield method and included in net investment income. For mortgage-backed and asset-backed investments, and any other holdings for which there is a prepayment risk, prepayment assumptions are evaluated and reviewed on a regular basis.
Investment purchases and sales are recorded on a trade-date basis. Realized gains and losses on the sale of investments are based upon specific identification of the cost of investments.
Asset Types
The fair values of the underlying asset categories comprising our short-term and fixed maturities classified as trading and AFS as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:
Short-term investments, trading Short-term investments, AFS Fixed maturities, trading Fixed maturities, AFS Total
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
U.S. government and agency $ - $ 38 $ 76 $ 212 $ 326
U.K. government - - 21 51 72
Other government - 2 144 245 391
Corporate 2 22 1,349 2,758 4,131
Municipal - - 49 93 142
Residential mortgage-backed - - 55 432 487
Commercial mortgage-backed - - 138 703 841
Asset-backed - - 117 767 884
Total fixed maturity and short-term investments $ 2 $ 62 $ 1,949 $ 5,261 $ 7,274
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 140
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 7 - Investments
Short-term investments, trading Short-term investments, AFS Fixed maturities, trading Fixed maturities, AFS Total
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
U.S. government and agency $ 14 $ 10 $ 64 $ 300 $ 388
U.K. government - 3 42 33 78
Other government - - 188 131 319
Corporate (1)
- 25 1,594 2,988 4,607
Municipal - - 59 99 158
Residential mortgage-backed - - 77 362 439
Commercial mortgage-backed - - 191 628 819
Asset-backed - - 155 682 837
Total fixed maturity and short-term investments $ 14 $ 38 $ 2,370 $ 5,223 $ 7,645
(1) Includes convertible bonds of $233 million, which includes embedded derivatives of $34 million.
Included within residential mortgage-backed securities as of December 31, 2023 were securities issued by U.S. governmental agencies with a fair value of $306 million (December 31, 2022: $312 million).
Included within commercial mortgage-backed securities as of December 31, 2023 were securities issued by U.S. governmental agencies with a fair value of $73 million (December 31, 2022: $69 million)
Contractual Maturities
The contractual maturities of our short-term and fixed maturities, classified as trading and AFS, are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
As of December 31, 2023 Amortized Cost Fair Value % of Total Fair Value
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
One year or less $ 355 $ 353 4.9 %
More than one year through five years 2,315 2,215 30.4 %
More than five years through ten years 1,561 1,430 19.6 %
More than ten years 1,339 1,064 14.6 %
Residential mortgage-backed 525 487 6.7 %
Commercial mortgage-backed 909 841 11.6 %
Asset-backed 885 884 12.2 %
$ 7,889 $ 7,274 100.0 %
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 141
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 7 - Investments
Unrealized Gains and Losses on AFS Short-Term and Fixed Maturities
The amortized cost, unrealized gains and losses, allowance for credit losses and fair values of our short-term and fixed maturities classified as AFS as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:
Gross Unrealized Losses
As of December 31, 2023
Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Non-Credit Related Losses Allowance for Credit Losses Fair Value
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
U.S. government and agency $ 268 $ 1 $ (19) $ - $ 250
U.K. government 49 3 (1) - 51
Other government 250 5 (8) - 247
Corporate 3,040 23 (268) (15) 2,780
Municipal 107 1 (15) - 93
Residential mortgage-backed 466 3 (37) - 432
Commercial mortgage-backed 760 1 (57) (1) 703
Asset-backed 764 10 (7) - 767
$ 5,704 $ 47 $ (412) $ (16) $ 5,323
Gross Unrealized Losses
As of December 31, 2022
Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Non-Credit Related Losses Allowance for Credit Losses Fair Value
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
U.S. government and agency $ 338 $ - $ (28) $ - $ 310
U.K. government 36 2 (2) - 36
Other government 146 1 (15) (1) 131
Corporate 3,466 7 (428) (32) 3,013
Municipal 120 1 (22) - 99
Residential mortgage-backed 407 - (45) - 362
Commercial mortgage-backed 689 2 (63) - 628
Asset-backed 706 1 (25) - 682
$ 5,908 $ 14 $ (628) $ (33) $ 5,261
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 142
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 7 - Investments
Gross Unrealized Losses on AFS Short-term and Fixed Maturities
The following table summarizes our short-term and fixed maturities classified as AFS that were in a gross unrealized loss position, for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:
12 Months or Greater Less Than 12 Months Total
As of December 31, 2023 Fair
Value Gross Unrealized
Losses Fair
Value Gross Unrealized
Losses Fair
Value Gross Unrealized
Losses
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
U.S. government and agency $ 135 $ (18) $ 43 $ (1) $ 178 $ (19)
U.K. government 9 (1) 4 - 13 (1)
Other government 70 (8) 10 - 80 (8)
Corporate 1,854 (265) 243 (3) 2,097 (268)
Municipal 78 (15) 2 - 80 (15)
Residential mortgage-backed 267 (36) 41 (1) 308 (37)
Commercial mortgage-backed 410 (48) 225 (9) 635 (57)
Asset-backed 239 (6) 100 (1) 339 (7)
Total short-term and fixed maturity investments $ 3,062 $ (397) $ 668 $ (15) $ 3,730 $ (412)
12 Months or Greater Less Than 12 Months Total
As of December 31, 2022 Fair
Value Gross Unrealized
Losses Fair
Value Gross Unrealized
Losses Fair
Value Gross Unrealized
Losses
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
U.S. government and agency $ 188 $ (19) $ 112 $ (9) $ 300 $ (28)
U.K. government 1 - 10 (2) 11 (2)
Other government 25 (4) 89 (11) 114 (15)
Corporate 1,261 (246) 1,542 (182) 2,803 (428)
Municipal 58 (14) 32 (8) 90 (22)
Residential mortgage-backed 185 (35) 154 (10) 339 (45)
Commercial mortgage-backed 277 (43) 275 (20) 552 (63)
Asset-backed 186 (10) 357 (15) 543 (25)
Total short-term and fixed maturities $ 2,181 $ (371) $ 2,571 $ (257) $ 4,752 $ (628)
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the number of securities classified as AFS in an unrealized loss position for which an allowance for credit loss is not recorded was 2,156 and 2,935, respectively. Of these securities, the number of securities that had been in an unrealized loss position for twelve months or longer was 1,736 and 1,155, respectively.
The contractual terms of a majority of these investments do not permit the issuers to settle the securities at a price less than the amortized cost basis of the security. While interest rates have increased and credit spreads have widened, and in certain cases credit ratings were downgraded, we currently do not expect the issuers of these fixed income securities to settle them at a price less than their amortized cost basis and therefore it is expected that we will recover the entire amortized cost basis of each security. Furthermore, we do not intend to sell the securities that are currently in an unrealized loss position, and it is also not more likely than not that we will be required to sell the securities before the recovery of their amortized cost bases.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 143
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 7 - Investments
Allowance for Credit Losses on AFS Fixed Maturities
Each reporting period we identify any credit losses on our investment portfolios not measured at fair value through net income. Credit losses on our fixed income securities, AFS are recognized through an allowance account which is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the security, with the net carrying value of the security presented on the consolidated balance sheet at the amount expected to be collected.
To calculate the amount of the credit loss, we compare the present value of the expected future cash flows with the amortized cost basis of the fixed income securities, AFS, with the amount of the credit loss recognized being limited to the excess of the amortized cost basis over the fair value of the fixed income securities, AFS, effectively creating a “fair value floor”.
For our fixed income securities, AFS that we do not intend to sell or for which it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell before an anticipated recovery in value, we separate the credit loss component of any unrealized losses from the amount related to all other factors and record the credit loss component in net realized gains (losses) in our consolidated statements of operations. The unrealized losses related to non-credit factors is recorded in other comprehensive income. The allowance for credit losses account is adjusted for any additional credit losses, write-offs and subsequent recoveries and is reflected in our consolidated statements of operations.
For our fixed income securities, AFS where we record a credit loss, a determination is made as to the cause of the credit loss and whether we expect a recovery in the fair value of the security. For our fixed income securities, AFS where we expect a recovery in fair value, the constant effective yield method is utilized, and the investment is amortized to par.
For our fixed income securities, AFS that we intend to sell or for which it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell before an anticipated recovery in fair value, the full amount of the unrealized loss is included in net realized gains (losses). The new cost basis of the investment is the previous amortized cost basis less the credit loss recognized in net realized gains (losses). The new cost basis is not adjusted for any subsequent recoveries in fair value.
Our allowance for credit losses is derived based on various data sources, multiple key inputs and forecast scenarios. These include default rates specific to the individual security, vintage of the security, geography of the issuer of the security, industry analyst reports, credit ratings and consensus economic forecasts.
To determine the credit losses on our fixed income securities, AFS, we use the probability of default (“PD”) and loss given default (“LGD”) methodology through a third-party proprietary tool which calculates the expected credit losses based on a discounted cash flow method. The tool uses effective interest rates to discount the expected cash flows associated with each AFS security to determine its fair value, which is then compared with its amortized cost basis to derive the credit loss on the security.
The methodology and inputs used to determine the credit loss by security type are as follows:
•Corporate and government securities: Expected cashflows are derived that are specific to each security. The PD is based on a quantitative model that converts agency ratings to term structures that vary by country, industry and the state of the credit cycle. This is used along with macroeconomic forecasts to produce scenario conditioned PDs. The LGD is based on default studies provided by a third party which we use along with macroeconomic forecasts to produce scenario conditioned LGDs.
•Municipal securities: Expected cash flows are derived that are specific to each security. The PD model produces scenario conditioned PD output over the lifetime of the municipal security. These PDs are based on key macroeconomic and instrument specific risk factors. The LGD is derived based on a model which uses assumptions specific to the municipal securities.
For corporate, government and municipal securities, we use an explicit reversion and a three year forecast period, which we consider to be a reasonable duration during which an economic forecast could continue to be reliable.
•Asset-backed, commercial and residential mortgaged-backed securities: Expected cash flows are derived that are specific to each security. The PD and LGD for each security is based on a quantitative model that generates scenario conditioned PD and LGD term structures based on the underlying collateral type, waterfall and other trustee information. This model also considers prepayments. For these security types, there is no explicit reversion and the forecasts are deemed reasonable and supportable over the life of the portfolio.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 144
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 7 - Investments
We report the investment income accrued on our fixed income securities, AFS within accrued investment income and therefore separately from the underlying fixed income securities, AFS. Due to the short-term period during which accrued investment income remains unpaid, which is typically six months or less since the coupon on our debt securities is paid semi-annually or more frequently, we elected not to establish an allowance for credit losses on our accrued investment income balances. Accrued investment income is written off through net realized gains (losses) at the time the issuer of the debt security defaults or is expected to default on payments.
Uncollectible fixed income securities are written off when we determine that no additional payments of principal or interest will be received.
The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending allowance for credit losses on our AFS debt securities:
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Other
government Corporate Commercial
mortgage
backed Total Other
government Corporate Total
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Allowance for credit losses, beginning of year $ (1) $ (32) $ - $ (33) $ - $ (10) $ (10)
Allowances for credit losses on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded - (3) (4) (7) - (31) (31)
Reductions for securities sold during the year - 6 - 6 - 5 5
Decrease (increase) to the allowance for credit losses on securities that had an allowance recorded in the previous period 1 14 3 18 (1) 4 3
Allowance for credit losses, end of year $ - $ (15) $ (1) $ (16) $ (1) $ (32) $ (33)
During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we did not have any write-offs charged against the allowance for credit losses or any recoveries of amounts previously written-off.
Equity Investments
We hold investments in publicly traded equities, exchange-traded funds and privately held equities. Our equity investments are carried at fair value with realized and unrealized gains and losses included in our consolidated statements of operations and recorded as net unrealized gains and losses.
We may elect to measure a privately held equity without a readily determinable fair value that does not qualify for the practical expedient to estimate fair value at its cost less impairment, if any.
The following table summarizes our equity investments as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:
2023 2022
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Publicly traded equity investments in common and preferred stocks $ 275 $ 385
Exchange-traded funds 82 507
Privately held equity investments in common and preferred stocks 344 358
$ 701 $ 1,250
Our publicly traded equity investments in common and preferred stocks predominantly trade on major exchanges and are managed by our external advisors. Our investments in exchange-traded funds also trade on major exchanges.
Our privately held equity investments in common and preferred stocks are direct investments in companies that we believe offer attractive risk adjusted returns and/or offer other strategic advantages. Each investment may have its own unique terms and conditions and there may be restrictions on disposals. There is no active market for these investments32.
32 Refer to Note 24 for further information on certain privately held equity investments.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 145
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 7 - Investments
Other Investments, at fair value
Other investments include investments in limited partnerships and limited liability companies (collectively "private equity funds") and hedge funds, fixed income funds, equity funds, private credit funds, real estate funds, collateralized loan obligation ("CLO") equities and CLO equity funds that carry their investments at fair value and CLO equities.
We have elected the fair value option for certain of our other investments that would otherwise be accounted for as an equity method investment. The primary reason for electing the fair value option is because we believe this measurement basis is consistent with the applicable accounting guidance used by the investment funds themselves.
Our other investments are stated at fair value, which ordinarily will be the most recently reported net asset value ("NAV") as advised by the fund manager or administrator. The NAV is based on the fund manager's or administrator's valuation of the underlying holdings in accordance with the fund's governing documents. Many of our fund investments publish NAVs on a daily basis and provide daily liquidity while others report on a monthly or quarterly basis. Unrealized gains and losses on other investments are included in net income and reported as net unrealized gains and losses.
The following table summarizes our other investments carried at fair value as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:
2023 2022
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Hedge funds $ 491 $ 549
Fixed income funds 605 547
Private equity funds 1,617 1,282
Private credit funds 625 362
Equity funds 4 3
CLO equity funds 182 203
CLO equities 60 148
Real estate funds 269 202
$ 3,853 $ 3,296
The following is a description of the nature of each of these investment categories:
•Hedge funds invest in fixed income, equity and other investments.
•Fixed income funds comprise a number of positions in diversified fixed income funds that are managed by third-party managers. Underlying investments vary from high-grade corporate bonds to non-investment grade senior secured loans and bonds, in both liquid and illiquid markets. The liquid fixed income funds have regularly published prices.
•Private equity funds include primary, secondaries diversified by asset classes, regional vintage and sectors and direct co-investment opportunities.
•Private credit funds invest in direct senior or collateralized loans.
•Equity funds invest primarily in public equities.
•CLO equity funds invest primarily in the equity tranches of term-financed securitizations of diversified pools of corporate bank loans.
•CLO equities comprise investments in the equity tranches of term-financed securitizations of diversified pools of corporate bank loans.
•Real estate funds comprise of real estate funds that invest primarily in commercial real estate equity.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 146
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 7 - Investments
Other investments, including equities measured at fair value using NAV as a practical expedient
We use NAV as a practical expedient to fair value certain of our other investments, including equities. Due to a lag in the valuations of certain funds reported by the managers, we may record changes in valuation with up to a three-month lag33. We regularly review and discuss fund performance with the fund managers to corroborate the reasonableness of the reported net asset values and to assess whether any events have occurred within the lag period that would affect the valuation of the investments.
Certain of our other investments are subject to restrictions on redemptions and sales that are determined by the governing documents, which limits our ability to liquidate those investments. These restrictions may include lock-ups, redemption gates, restricted share classes or side pockets, restrictions on the frequency of redemption and notice periods.
Certain of our other investments may not have any restrictions governing their sale, but there is no active market and no guarantee that we will be able to execute a sale in a timely manner. In addition, even if these investments are not eligible for redemption or sales are restricted, we may still receive income distributions from those other investments.
The table below details the estimated period by which proceeds would be received if we had provided notice of our intent to redeem or initiated a sales process as of December 31, 2023 for our investments measured at fair value using NAV as a practical expedient:
Less than 1 Year 1-2 years 2-3 years More than 3 years Not Eligible/ Restricted Total Redemption Frequency (1)
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Equities
Privately held equity investments $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 45 $ 45 N/A
Other investments
Hedge funds $ 491 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 491 monthly to bi-annually
Fixed income funds 500 - - - 52 552 monthly to quarterly
Private equity funds - 62 - - 1,556 1,618 quarterly
Private credit funds - - - - 442 442 N/A
CLO equity funds 180 - - - 2 182 quarterly to bi-annually
Real estate funds - - - - 269 269 N/A
$ 1,171 $ 62 $ - $ - $ 2,366 $ 3,599
(1) Redemption frequency relates to unrestricted amounts.
Equity Method Investments
Investments that we do not consolidate but in which we have significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the investee are classified as equity method investments and are accounted for using the equity method of accounting unless we have elected the fair value option.
In applying the equity method of accounting, investments are initially recorded at cost and are subsequently adjusted based on our proportionate share of net income or loss of the investee, net of any distributions received from the investee.
We typically record our proportionate share of an investee's net income or loss on a quarter lag in line with the timing of when they report their financial information to us. Any adjustments made to the carrying value of our equity method investees are based on the most recently available financial information from the investees.
33 The valuation of our other investments is described in Note 14.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 147
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 7 - Investments
Changes in the carrying value of such investments are recorded in our consolidated statements of operations as income (losses) from equity method investments. Any decline in the value of our equity method investments considered by management to be other-than-temporary is reflected in our consolidated statements of operations in the period in which it is determined.
During the fourth quarter of 2023, we divested of our entire equity interest in Citco and recognized a gain of $5 million, which is included in income from equity method investments in our consolidated statements of operations.
The table below shows our equity method investments as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:
2023 2022
Ownership % Carrying Value Ownership % Carrying Value
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Citco (1)
- % - 31.9 % 60
Monument Re (2)
20.0 % 95 20.0 % 110
Core Specialty 19.9 % 225 19.9 % 211
Other 27.0 % 14 27.0%
$ 334 $ 397
(1) Prior to our divestiture of our entire equity interest in Citco during the fourth quarter of 2023, we owned 31.9% of the common shares in HH CTCO Holdings Limited which in turn owned 15.4% of the convertible preferred shares of Citco III Limited (“Citco”), or a 6.2% interest in the total equity of Citco.
(2) We own 20.0% of the common shares in Monument Re as well as different classes of preferred shares which have fixed dividend yields and whose balances are included in the Investment amount. The carrying value of Monument Re is net of an impairment recorded in 2022.
Summarized Financial Information
The following is the aggregated summarized financial information of our equity method investees that meet the significance disclosure requirement, including those for which the fair value option was elected and would otherwise be accounted for as an equity method investment, and may be presented on a lag due to the availability of financial information from the investee:
2023 2022
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Balance Sheet
Total assets $ 59,859 $ 51,278
Total liabilities 45,430 39,496
2023 2022 2021
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Operating Results(1)
Total income $ 14,610 $ 6,524 $ 9,190
Total expenses 12,989 6,885 8,098
Net (loss) income $ 1,621 $ (361) $ 1,092
(1) Refer to Note 15 for the summarized operating results of our equity method investment in the InRe Fund for the three months ended March 31, 2021, prior to our consolidation of the InRe Fund on April 1, 2021
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 148
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 7 - Investments
The following table presents the carrying value by ownership percentage of our equity method investees, including those for which the fair value option was elected:
2023 2022
Equity Method Investments Fair Value Option Equity Method Investments Fair Value Option
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Ownership percentage
20%-99% 109 1,208 186 1,096
3%-19% 225 825 211 809
Total $ 334 $ 2,033 $ 397 $ 1,905
Funds Held
Under funds held arrangements, the reinsured company has retained funds that would otherwise have been remitted to us. The funds held balance is credited with investment income and losses paid are deducted.
We present funds held as a single category within the consolidated balance sheets. The following table summarizes the components of funds held as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:
2023 2022
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Funds held - directly managed $ 2,502 $ 2,040
Funds held by reinsured companies 2,749 3,582
Total funds held $ 5,251 $ 5,622
Funds held arrangements where we receive the underlying portfolio economics and the contractual right to direct the asset allocation strategies are known as "Funds held - directly managed". Funds held arrangements where we receive a fixed crediting rate or other contractually agreed return are known as "Funds held by reinsured companies". Where we receive a contractually agreed return, we evaluate whether we are required to recognize an embedded derivative.
Funds held by reinsured companies are carried at cost and any embedded derivative is carried at fair value.
Funds held - directly managed are carried at fair value because it represents the aggregate of funds held at cost and the value of an embedded derivative. The embedded derivative relates to our contractual right to receive the return on the underlying investment portfolio and the performance risk of the individual assets supporting the reinsurance contract.
We include the estimated fair value of these embedded derivatives in the consolidated balance sheets with the host contract in order to reflect the expected settlement of these features with the host contract34.
The investment returns on both categories of funds held are recognized in net investment income and net unrealized gains (losses), respectively. The change in the fair value of the embedded derivative is included in net unrealized gains (losses).
34 Refer to Note 8 for our accounting policy on embedded derivatives.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 149
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 7 - Investments
Funds Held - Directly Managed
The following table summarizes the components of funds held - directly managed as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:
2023 2022
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Funds held - directly managed, at cost $ 2,608 $ 2,819
Net unrealized gains (losses):
Accumulated change in fair value - embedded derivative accounting (106) (572)
Accumulated change in fair value (1)
- (207)
Funds held - directly managed, at fair value $ 2,502 $ 2,040
(1) Is clearly and closely related to the host contract.
The majority of our funds held - directly managed is comprised of short-term and fixed maturities. The $462 million increase in funds held - directly managed from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023 was primarily driven by an LPT transaction with QBE completed during the second quarter of 2023, partially offset by the derecognition of the assets supporting the Enhanzed Re reinsurance of a closed block of life annuity policies that were novated during the first quarter of 2023.
Funds Held by Reinsured Companies
Pursuant to the terms of the Aspen Insurance Holdings transaction entered into in 2022, in addition to earning a fixed crediting rate (“base crediting rate”) on the funds withheld, as of October 1, 2022 and through September 30, 2025 we will also receive a variable return (together, the “full crediting rate”).
The nature of the arrangement results in an embedded derivative, which represents the fair value of the amount by which all future interest payments on the funds withheld balance made at the full crediting rate are expected to exceed all future interest payments made on the funds withheld balance at the base crediting rate.
The following table summarizes the components of our funds held by reinsured companies:
2023 2022
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Fund held by reinsured companies, at amortized cost $ 2,709 $ 3,538
Fair value of embedded derivative 40 44
Funds held by reinsured companies $ 2,749 $ 3,582
The $833 million decrease in funds held by reinsured companies from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023 was primarily driven by net paid losses specific to the Aspen LPT.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 150
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 7 - Investments
Net Investment Income
Major categories of net investment income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 are summarized as follows:
2023 2022 2021
Fixed maturities $ 326 $ 237 $ 191
Short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents 38 10 -
Funds held 211 151 85
Investment income from fixed maturities, cash and cash equivalents and funds held 575 398 276
Equity investments 41 39 32
Other investments(1)
51 43 41
Investment income from equities and other investments 92 82 73
Gross investment income 667 480 349
Investment expenses (20) (25) (37)
Net investment income $ 647 $ 455 $ 312
(1) Effective April 1, 2021, the InRe Fund was consolidated by us and subsequently liquidated by December 31, 2021. Refer to Note 15 for additional information. Prior to April 1, 2021, all income or loss from the InRe Fund was determined by the change in net asset value (NAV) of our holdings in the fund, which was included within net unrealized gains (losses) from other investments.
Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses)
Components of net realized and unrealized gains (losses) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:
2023 2022 2021
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Net realized (losses) gains on sale:
Gross realized gains on fixed maturities, AFS $ 5 $ 6 $ 19
Gross realized losses on fixed maturities, AFS (81) (89) (13)
Decrease (increase) in allowance for expected credit losses on fixed maturities, AFS 11 (28) (10)
Total net realized losses on sale $ (65) $ (111) $ (4)
Net (losses) gains recognized on equity securities sold during the period - - 9
Other investments (1)
- - 66
Net realized investment (losses) gains on investment derivatives - (132)
Total net realized (losses) gains on sale $ (65) $ (111) $ (61)
Net unrealized gains (losses):
Fixed maturities, trading $ 84 $ (503) $ (144)
Funds held - directly managed 47 (567) (62)
Equity securities 167 (290) 146
Other investments (1)
225 (125) 259
Investment derivatives 5 (18) (21)
Total net unrealized gains (losses) $ 528 $ (1,503) $ 178
(1) Effective April 1, 2021, the InRe Fund was consolidated by us and subsequently liquidated by December 31, 2021. Refer to Note 15 for additional information. Prior to April 1, 2021, all income or loss from the InRe Fund was determined by the change in net asset value (NAV) of our holdings in the fund, which was included within net unrealized gains (losses) from other investments.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 151
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 7 - Investments
The gross realized gains and losses on AFS investments included in the table above resulted from sales of $1.8 billion, $2.1 billion and $2.5 billion for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, net unrealized gains (losses) recorded within the statement of operations relating to equity securities still held of the balance sheet date were $109 million, $(269) million and $146 million, respectively.
Restricted Assets
We utilize trust accounts to collateralize business with our (re)insurance counterparties. We are also required to maintain investments and cash and cash equivalents on deposit with regulatory authorities and Lloyd's to support our (re)insurance operations. The investments and cash and cash equivalents on deposit are available to settle (re)insurance liabilities. Collateral generally takes the form of assets held in trust, letters of credit or funds held. The assets used as collateral are primarily highly rated fixed maturities. The carrying value of our restricted assets, including restricted cash of $266 million and $508 million, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, was as follows:
2023 2022
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Collateral in trust for third party agreements $ 5,301 $ 5,343
Assets on deposit with regulatory authorities 80 159
Collateral for secured letter of credit facilities 78 82
Funds at Lloyd’s (“FAL”) (1)
389 365
$ 5,848 $ 5,949
(1) We managed and provided capacity for one Lloyd’s syndicate as of December 31, 2023 (December 31, 2022: we managed and/or provided capacity for three Lloyd's syndicates). Lloyd's determines the required capital principally through the use of an internal model that calculates a solvency capital requirement for each syndicate. This capital is referred to as FAL and will be drawn upon in the event that a syndicate has a loss that cannot be funded from other sources. We also utilize unsecured letters of credit for a significant portion of our FAL, as described in Note 18.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 152
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 8 - Derivatives and Hedging Instruments
8. DERIVATIVES AND HEDGING INSTRUMENTS
Accounting for Derivatives
Freestanding Derivatives
Freestanding derivatives are recorded on trade-dates and carried on the consolidated balance sheet either as assets within other assets or as liabilities within other liabilities at estimated fair value. We do not offset the estimated fair value amounts recognized for derivatives executed with the same counterparty under the same master netting agreement.
If a derivative is not designated as an accounting hedge or its use in managing risk does not qualify for hedge accounting, changes in the estimated fair value of the derivative are reported in net unrealized gains (losses) included in our consolidated statements of operations.
Hedge Accounting
To qualify for hedge accounting, at the inception of the hedging relationship, we formally document the risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedging transaction, as well as the designation of the hedge.
We have qualifying net investment in foreign operation (“NIFO”) hedges. We recognize changes in the estimated fair value of the hedging derivatives within OCI, consistent with the translation adjustment for the hedged net investment in the foreign operation.
Our documentation sets forth how the hedging instrument is expected to hedge the designated risks related to the hedged item and also sets forth the method that will be used to retrospectively and prospectively assess the hedging instrument’s effectiveness. A derivative designated as a hedging instrument must be assessed as being highly effective in offsetting the designated risk of the hedged item. Hedge effectiveness is formally assessed at inception and at least quarterly throughout the life of the designated hedging relationship. Assessments of hedge effectiveness are also subject to interpretation and estimation and different interpretations or estimates may have a material effect on the amount reported in net income.
When hedge accounting is discontinued pursuant to a NIFO hedge (due to a revaluation, payment of a dividend or the disposal of our investment in a foreign operation), the derivative continues to be carried on the balance sheet at its estimated fair value. Deferred gains and losses recorded in OCI pursuant to a discontinued NIFO hedge are recognized immediately in net foreign exchange losses (gains) in our consolidated statements of operations.
Embedded Derivatives
We are party to certain reinsurance agreements that have embedded derivatives. We also have embedded derivatives on our convertible bond portfolio, recorded within fixed maturities, trading on the consolidated balance sheets. We assess each identified embedded derivative to determine whether it is required to be bifurcated. The embedded derivative is bifurcated from the host contract and accounted for as a freestanding derivative if:
•the combined instrument is not accounted for in its entirety at estimated fair value with changes in estimated fair value recorded in net income;
•the terms of the embedded derivative are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics of the host contract; and
•a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded derivative would qualify as a derivative instrument.
Such embedded derivatives are carried on the consolidated balance sheet at estimated fair value with the host contract and changes in their estimated fair value are generally reported within net unrealized gains (losses).
Derivative Strategies
We are exposed to various risks relating to our ongoing business operations, including interest rate, foreign currency exchange rate, credit and equity price risks. We use a variety of strategies to manage these risks, including the use of derivatives.
Derivatives are financial instruments with values derived from interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, credit spreads and/or other financial indices. The types of derivatives we use include swaps and forwards.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 153
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 8 - Derivatives and Hedging Instruments
Foreign currency derivatives
We use foreign currency exchange rate derivatives, including foreign currency forwards, to reduce the risk from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates associated with our assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. We also use foreign currency derivatives to hedge the foreign currency exchange rate risk associated with certain of our net investments in foreign operations.
In a foreign currency forward transaction, we agree with another party to deliver a specified amount of an identified currency at a specified future date. The price is agreed upon at the time of the contract and payment for such a contract is made at the specified future date. We utilize foreign currency forwards in fair value, NIFO hedges and nonqualifying hedging relationships.
Interest rate derivatives
We use interest rate derivatives, specifically interest rate swaps, to reduce our exposure to changes in interest rates.
Interest rate swaps are used by us primarily to reduce market risks from changes in interest rates and to alter interest rate exposure arising from mismatches between assets and liabilities (duration mismatches). In an interest rate swap, we agree with another party to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between fixed rate and floating rate interest amounts as calculated by reference to an agreed notional amount. We utilize interest rate swaps in nonqualifying hedging relationships.
In February 2023, we entered into a two-month forward starting receive fixed, pay floating interest rate swap with a notional value of $800 million to partially mitigate the risk that interest rates could decrease prior to our receipt of the cash consideration for the QBE LPT transaction. Following the expiration of the forward period in April 2023, we took delivery of a three-year receive fixed, pay floating interest rate swap. The notional value of the swap was subsequently partially unwound as the consideration received was invested. The swap was fully unwound in July 2023. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had no interest rate swaps.
The following table presents the gross notional amounts and estimated fair values of our derivatives recorded within other assets and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:
2023 2022
Fair Value (1)
Fair Value (1)
Gross Notional Amount Assets Liabilities Gross Notional Amount Assets Liabilities
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
Foreign currency forward contracts $ 424 $ 1 $ 6 $ 442 $ 1 $ 11
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
Foreign currency forward contracts 313 3 3 244 5 1
Others 14 - - 7 - -
Total $ 751 $ 4 $ 9 $ 693 $ 6 $ 12
(1) Refer to Note 14 for additional information regarding the fair value of our derivatives.
The following table presents the net gains and losses relating to our derivative instruments for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 154
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 8 - Derivatives and Hedging Instruments
Amount of Net Gains (Losses)
Location of gain (loss) recognized on derivatives 2023 2022 2021
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
Foreign currency forward contracts Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) $ (15) $ 50 $ 24
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
Foreign currency forward contracts Net foreign exchange gains (losses) 9 (10) (4)
Interest rate swap Net unrealized gains (losses) 7 - -
Others Net unrealized gains (losses) (2) - -
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 155
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 9 - Reinsurance Balances Recoverable on Paid and Unpaid Losses
9. REINSURANCE BALANCES RECOVERABLE ON PAID AND UNPAID LOSSES
Amounts recoverable from reinsurers are estimated in a manner consistent with the underlying liability for losses and LAE. We report our reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses net of an allowance for estimated uncollectible amounts.
Our allowance for estimated uncollectible reinsurance is derived based on various data sources, multiple key inputs and forecast scenarios. These include the duration of the collection period, credit quality, changes in reinsurer credit standing, default rates specific to the individual reinsurer, the geographical location of the reinsurer, contractual disputes with reinsurers over individual contentious claims, contract language or coverage issues, industry analyst reports and consensus economic forecasts.
To determine the allowance for estimated uncollectible reinsurance, we use the PD and LGD methodology whereby each reinsurer is allocated an appropriate PD percentage based on the expected payout duration by portfolio. This PD percentage is then multiplied by an appropriate LGD percentage to arrive at an overall credit allowance percentage which is then applied to the reinsurance balance recoverable for each reinsurer, net of any specific bad debt provisions, collateral or other contract related offsets, to arrive at the overall allowance for estimated uncollectible reinsurance by reinsurer.
Amounts deemed to be uncollectible, including amounts due from known insolvent reinsurers, are written off against the allowance.
Changes in the allowance, as well as any subsequent collections of amounts previously written off, are reported as part of the net incurred losses and LAE in our consolidated statements of operations.
On an ongoing basis, we also evaluate and monitor the credit risk of our reinsurers, including those under voluntary schemes of arrangement, to minimize our exposure to significant losses from potential insolvencies.
The following tables provide the total reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses.
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Recoverable from reinsurers on unpaid:
Outstanding losses and IBNR $ 836 $ 1,075
ULAE 5 6
Fair value adjustments - acquired companies (5) (6)
Fair value adjustments - fair value option (62) (79)
Total reinsurance reserves recoverable 774 996
Paid losses recoverable 183 135
Total $ 957 $ 1,131
Reconciliation to Consolidated Balance Sheet:
Reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses $ 740 $ 856
Reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses - fair value option 217 275
Total $ 957 $ 1,131
Certain of our subsidiaries and assumed portfolios, prior to acquisition, used retrocessional agreements to reduce their exposure to the risk of (re)insurance assumed.
The fair value adjustments, determined on acquisition of (re)insurance subsidiaries, are based on the estimated timing of loss and LAE recoveries and an assumed interest rate equivalent to a risk free rate for securities with similar duration to the acquired reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses plus a spread for credit risk, and are amortized over the estimated recovery period, as adjusted for accelerations in timing of payments as a result of commutation settlements35.
35The determination of the fair value adjustments on the retroactive reinsurance contracts for which we have elected the fair value option is described in Note 14.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 156
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 9 - Reinsurance Balances Recoverable on Paid and Unpaid Losses
The decrease in reinsurance balances on paid and unpaid losses from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023 was primarily due to cash collections, adverse ceded development and foreign exchange movement.
Top Ten Reinsurers
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Number Total ($) % Number Total ($) %
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for number of top 10 reinsurers)
Information regarding top ten reinsurers:
Top 10 reinsurers rated A- or better 8 $ 436 8 $ 578
Top 10 non-rated reinsurers:
Due from a U.S. state backed reinsurer that is supported by assessments on active auto writers operating within the state 149 171
Due from a U.S. Workers' Compensation Reinsurance Pool that is secured through an allocation to insurers actively writing workers' compensation in the covered state 42 43
Total top 10 non-rated reinsurers 2 191 2 214
Total top 10 reinsurers 627 65.5 % 792 70.0 %
Other reinsurers > $1 million 316 33.0 % 319 28.2 %
Other reinsurers < $1 million 14 1.5 % 20 1.8 %
Total $ 957 100.0 % $ 1,131 100.0 %
Single reinsurers that represent 10% or more of total reinsurance balance recoverables as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:
Lloyd's Syndicates (1)
$ 135 $ 193
Michigan Catastrophic Claims Association(2)
$ 149 $ 171
(1) Lloyd's Syndicates are rated AA- by Standard & Poor's and A by A.M. Best.
(2) U.S. state backed reinsurer that is supported by assessments on active auto writers operating within the state.
The table below provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending allowance for estimated uncollectible reinsurance balances for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:
2023 2022
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Allowance for estimated uncollectible reinsurance, beginning of year $ 131 $ 136
Effect of exchange rate movement 1 1
Current period change in the allowance 2 (6)
Recoveries collected (3) -
Allowance for estimated uncollectible reinsurance, end of year $ 131 $ 131
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 157
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 10 - Deferred Charge Assets and Deferred Gain Liabilities
10. DEFERRED CHARGE ASSETS AND DEFERRED GAIN LIABILITIES
If, at the inception of a retroactive reinsurance contract, the estimated liabilities for losses and LAE exceed the premiums received, a deferred charge asset (“DCA”) is recorded for this difference. In contrast, if the premiums received are in excess of the estimated undiscounted ultimate losses payable, a deferred gain liability (“DGL”) is recorded.
The consideration that we charge the ceding companies under retroactive reinsurance contracts may be lower than our estimate of losses and LAE liabilities as these liabilities may not be settled for many years. Our contractual counterparties (cedants) settle the consideration upon inception of the contract and we invest the consideration received over an extended period of time, thereby generating investment income. As a result, we expect to generate profits from these retroactive reinsurance contracts when taking into account the consideration received and expected investment income, less contractual obligations and expenses.
We amortize the originating DCA balances over the estimated claim payment period of the related contracts with the amortization adjusted prospectively at each reporting period to reflect new estimates of the pattern and timing of remaining losses and LAE payments. We present the amortization of our DCAs and DGLs as a separate line item in our consolidated statements of operations.
When liabilities for losses and LAE are extinguished through commutations and policy buybacks, they are removed from our estimates for the remaining loss and LAE payments, and this will generally result in an acceleration of the amortization of the DCAs.
DCAs are assessed at each reporting period for impairment and if the asset is determined to be impaired, then it is written down in the period in which the determination is made with that write down reflected in earnings as a component of net incurred losses and LAE. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 we completed our assessment for impairment of deferred charge assets and concluded that there had been no impairment of our carried deferred charge asset balances.
For each reinsurance contact where a DCA has been recorded we assess for impairment at each reporting period by determining the rate of return that we are required to earn on the invested assets to ensure that all cashflows arising from the assumed liabilities are met in full over the projected remaining payout period. This required rate of return is compared against the modeled rate of return, the weighted average portfolio yield and the actual annualized rate of return in order to identify indicators that would lead us to record an impairment of the DCA.
Change in net DCA Amortization
Effective December 31, 2022, we voluntarily changed our accounting policy for calculating the amortization of our DCAs. Previously, any change in ultimate losses on the contracts with a recognized DCA would result in the recognition of an adjustment to the DCA, as if the adjusted reserves had existed upon inception of the contract. We will no longer adjust the DCA for these events.
We continue to amortize the originating DCA balances over the estimated claim payment period of the related contracts with the amortization adjusted prospectively at each reporting period to reflect new estimates of the pattern and timing of remaining losses and LAE payments. Previously, the amortization of our DCAs and DGLs was included in net incurred losses and LAE. We now present the amortization of our DCAs and DGLs as a separate line item in our consolidated statements of operations.
We made the change in accounting policy because the primary basis for accepting consideration that is lower than the estimate of losses and LAE liabilities assumed is due to the time value of money, inclusive of our expectation of generating investment income, rather than expectations of changes in ultimate losses on the contracts.
We believe that the change in policy improves the usefulness of our financial statements as the changes in amortization of the DCA will no longer offset the loss developments, which allows the insurance loss developments to be recognized consistently through our consolidated statement of operations regardless of whether the contract resulted in a DCA at inception.
We have retrospectively applied this change in accounting policy to all applicable prior period information presented herein as required. As of January 1, 2020, the cumulative effect of this change resulted in a $158 million increase to retained earnings, which is reflected as a cumulative change in accounting principle in the consolidated statements of changes in shareholders’ equity.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 158
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 10 - Deferred Charge Assets and Deferred Gain Liabilities
The following tables provide a summary of the effect of the change in accounting policy on our 2022 and previously reported consolidated financial statements:
Consolidated Balance Sheets
As of December 31, 2022
As Computed Under Previous Method Effect of Accounting Change As Reported Under New Method
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Deferred charge assets $ 268 $ 390 $ 658
Retained earnings 4,016 390 4,406
Consolidated Statements of Operations
Year Ended December 31, 2022
As Computed Under Previous Method Effect of Accounting Change As Reported Under New Method
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share data)
Net incurred losses and LAE:
Prior Period $ (513) $ (243) $ (756)
Total net incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses (465) (243) (708)
Amortization of net deferred charge assets - 80 80
Total expenses (12) (163) (175)
NET LOSS FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS (1,108) 163 (945)
NET LOSS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR ORDINARY SHAREHOLDERS $ (1,069) 163 (906)
$ -
Loss per ordinary share attributable to Enstar:
Basic $ (62.13) $ 9.48 $ (52.65)
Diluted $ (62.13) $ 9.48 $ (52.65)
Year Ended December 31, 2021
As previously reported Adjustment As adjusted
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share data)
Net incurred losses and LAE:
Prior period $ (283) $ (120) $ (403)
Total net incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses (111) (120) (231)
Amortization of net deferred charge assets - 55 55
Total expenses 367 (65) 302
NET INCOME FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS 488 65 553
NET INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR ORDINARY SHAREHOLDERS $ 437 $ 65 $ 502
Earnings per ordinary share attributable to Enstar:
Basic $ 22.05 $ 3.28 $ 25.33
Diluted $ 21.71 $ 3.23 $ 24.94
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 159
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 10 - Deferred Charge Assets and Deferred Gain Liabilities
Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2021
As Computed Under Previous Method Effect of Accounting Change As Reported Under New Method As previously reported Adjustment As adjusted
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
NET (LOSS) INCOME $ (1,108) $ 163 $ (945) $ 488 $ 65 $ 553
COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR $ (1,319) $ 163 $ (1,156) $ 375 $ 65 $ 440
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity
Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2021
As Computed Under Previous Method Effect of Accounting Change As Reported Under New Method As previously reported Adjustment As adjusted
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Retained Earnings
Balance, beginning of year $ 5,085 $ 227 $ 5,312 $ 4,647 $ 162 $ 4,809
Net (loss) income (1,108) 163 (945) 488 65 553
Balance, end of year $ 4,016 $ 390 $ 4,406 $ 5,085 $ 227 $ 5,312
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2021
As Computed Under Previous Method Effect of Accounting Change As Reported Under New Method As previously reported Adjustment As adjusted
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Net (loss) income $ (1,108) $ 163 $ (945) $ 488 $ 65 $ 553
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to cash flows provided by operating activities:
Amortization of net deferred charge assets $ - $ 80 $ 80 $ - $ 55 $ 55
Other operating assets and liabilities(1)
$ (174) $ (243) $ (417) $ 838 $ (120) $ 718
(1) As previously reported changes in other operating assets and liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2021 includes changes in premiums receivable of $324 million.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 160
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 10 - Deferred Charge Assets and Deferred Gain Liabilities
The following tables provide a summary of the effect of the change in accounting policy on our 2022 and previously reported consolidated reconciliation of beginning and ending liability for losses and LAE:
Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2021
As Computed Under Previous Method Effect of Accounting Change As Reported Under New Method As previously reported Adjustment As adjusted
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
DCAs on retroactive reinsurance $ (371) $ 371 $ - $ (219) $ 219 $ -
Net balance as of January 1 11,555 371 11,926 8,709 219 8,928
Net incurred losses and LAE:
Prior periods:
Amortization of DCAs 243 (243) - 120 (120) -
Total prior periods (513) (243) (756) (283) (120) (403)
Total net incurred losses and LAE (465) (243) (708) (111) (120) (231)
Other changes:
Acquired business(2)
- - - 1,098 29 1,127
Assumed business(1)
2,520 140 2,660 3,445 254 3,699
Ceded business(3)
- - - (92) (11) (103)
Total other changes 2,333 140 2,473 4,388 272 4,660
Net balance as of December 31 11,743 268 12,011 11,555 371 11,926
DCAs on retroactive reinsurance $ 268 $ (268) $ - $ 371 $ (371) $ -
(1) 2022 and 2021 assumed business is net of DCAs of $140 million and $254 million, respectively.
(2) 2021 acquired business included $257 million of loss reserves which are deemed to effectively settle balances relating to pre-existing relationships, the latter comprising of $286 million of reinsurance recoverables, partially offset by a DGL of $29 million, carried by two of our reinsurance subsidiaries. The impact of the DGL has been adjusted in the above table.
(3) 2021 ceded business is net of DGLs of $11 million.
Additionally, all relevant notes to the financial statements have been updated for impacts of the change in accounting policy.
Deferred Charge Assets and Deferred Gain Liabilities
The following table presents a reconciliation of the deferred charge assets and deferred gain liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:
2023 2022 2021
DCA DGL Net DCA DGL Net DCA DGL Net
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Beginning carrying value $ 658 $ - $ 658 $ 599 $ 1 $ 598 $ 401 $ 20 $ 381
New business 179 - 179 140 - 140 254 11 243
Realized on acquisition - - - - - - - (29) 29
Amortization (106) - (106) (81) (1) (80) (56) (1) (55)
Ending carrying value $ 731 $ - $ 731 $ 658 $ - $ 658 $ 599 $ 1 $ 598
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 161
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
11. LOSSES AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSES
The liability for losses and LAE, also referred to as loss reserves, represents our gross estimates before reinsurance for unpaid reported losses (Outstanding Loss Reserves, or "OLR") and includes losses that have been incurred but not yet reported ("IBNR") using actuarial methods. We recognize an asset for the portion of the liability that we expect to recover from reinsurers. LAE reserves include allocated LAE ("ALAE") and unallocated LAE ("ULAE"). ALAE are linked to the settlement of an individual claim or loss, whereas ULAE are based on our estimates of future costs to administer the claims. IBNR includes amounts for unreported claims, development on known claims and reopened claims.
Our loss reserves cover multiple lines of business, including asbestos, environmental, general casualty, workers' compensation, marine, aviation and transit, construction defect, professional indemnity/directors and officers, motor, property and other non-life lines of business.
The liability for losses and LAE includes reserves for unpaid reported losses and losses incurred but not reported ("IBNR").
We establish reserves for unpaid reported losses and LAE based on reports from brokers, ceding companies and insureds and these represent the estimated ultimate cost of events or conditions that have been reported to or specifically identified by us.
The reserves for IBNR losses are established by us based on actuarially determined estimates of ultimate losses and LAE. Inherent in the estimate of ultimate losses and LAE are expected trends in claim severity and frequency, historical loss experience, industry statistics and other factors which may vary significantly as claims are settled.
These estimates are reviewed regularly and are subject to the impact of future changes in the factors noted above as well as economic conditions including the impact of inflation, legal and judicial developments, and medical cost trends.
Any subsequent remeasurement of our reserves will be recorded in net income in the period in which they become known and reflected as part of the net increase or reduction in the estimates of ultimate losses included within net incurred losses and LAE in the consolidated statements of operations.
Prior period development ("PPD") arises from changes to loss estimates recognized in the current calendar year that relate to loss reserves established in previous calendar years.
Our estimates, at inception and on an ongoing basis, do not include an estimate for potential future commutations and policy buybacks. Commutations and policy buybacks are often unique and circumstance-based, and each commutation or policy buyback is separately negotiated. Therefore, the successful execution of one commutation or policy buyback does not necessarily impact the likelihood of other commutations or policy buybacks occurring in the future.
Commutations and policy buybacks provide an opportunity for us to exit exposures to certain policies and insureds generally at a discount to our estimate of the ultimate liability and provide us with the ability to eliminate exposure to further losses which can be beneficial to us as they legally extinguish liabilities in full, reducing the potential for future adverse loss development and future claims handling costs.
Commutations of acquired companies’ exposures have the effect of accelerating the payout of claims compared to the probability-weighted ranges of actuarially projected cash flows that we applied when estimating the fair values of assets and liabilities at the time of acquisition.
Commutations are only executed directly with (re)insureds and any changes in ultimate losses are recognized upon the execution of a commutation or policy buyback with the (re)insured.
Any material acceleration of payout together with the impact of any material loss reserve savings in any period will also accelerate the amortization of any associated fair value adjustments in that period.
Our (re)insurance subsidiaries also establish provisions for unallocated loss adjustment expenses ("ULAE") for LAE relating to run-off costs for the estimated duration of the run-off, such as internal claim management or associated operational support costs, which are included in the liability for losses and LAE. These provisions are assessed at each reporting date, and provisions relating to future periods are adjusted to reflect any changes in estimates of the periodic run-off costs or the duration of the run-off, including the impact of any acceleration of the run-off period that
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Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
may be caused by commutations. Provisions relating to the current period together with any adjustment to future run-off provisions are included in net incurred losses and LAE in the consolidated statements of operations.
Fair Value Option
We have elected to apply the fair value option for certain reinsurance contracts including, loss portfolio transfers ("LPTs") and reinsurance to close ("RITC") transactions. This is an irrevocable election that applies to all balances under the reinsurance contract, including reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses and the liability for losses and LAE. The primary reason for electing the fair value option was to reduce the earnings volatility created by carrying the liabilities for losses and LAE at cost and the assets supporting those liabilities at fair value. During 2017 and 2018, we elected the fair value option on select new business and classified the supporting portfolio investments as trading securities, whereby all changes in fair value were recorded in the statements of operations. Commencing in 2019, we discontinued electing the fair value option on new business in order to better align with our evolving investment objectives.
We use an internal model to calculate the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and the reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses. The nominal amounts related to reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses and the liability for losses and LAE are inputs in our internal model. These liabilities are included in losses and LAE, at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets, and the changes in the liability are included in net incurred losses and LAE on the consolidated statements of operations.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 163
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
The table below provides a consolidated reconciliation of the beginning and ending liability for losses and LAE.
2023 2022 2021
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Balance as of January 1 $ 13,007 $ 13,258 $ 10,593
Losses and LAE relating to SGL No.1 (1)
- - 255
Reinsurance reserves recoverable (2)
(996) (1,332) (1,830)
Reinsurance reserves recoverable relating to SGL No. 1 (1)
- - (90)
Net balance as of January 1 12,011 11,926 8,928
Net incurred losses and LAE:
Current period:
Increase in estimates of net ultimate losses 28 46 168
Increase in provisions for ULAE 2 2 4
Total current period 30 48 172
Prior periods:
Reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses (157) (403) (281)
Reduction in provisions for ULAE (69) (135) (63)
Amortization of fair value adjustments (3)
17 (18) 16
Changes in fair value - fair value option (4)
78 (200) (75)
Total prior periods (131) (756) (403)
Total net incurred losses and LAE (101) (708) (231)
Net paid losses:
Current period - (3) (29)
Prior periods (2,467) (1,677) (1,402)
Total net paid losses (2,467) (1,680) (1,431)
Other changes:
Effect of exchange rate movement 87 (187) (63)
Change in net liability for losses and LAE at fair value - Instrument-specific credit risk (21) - -
Acquired business (5)
- - 1,127
Assumed business 2,215 2,660 3,699
Ceded business (6)
(139) - (103)
Total other changes 2,142 2,473 4,660
Net balance as of December 31 11,585 12,011 11,926
Reinsurance reserves recoverable (2)
774 996 1,332
Balance as of December 31 $ 12,359 $ 13,007 $ 13,258
Reconciliation to Consolidated Balance Sheet:
Loss and loss adjustment expenses $ 11,196 $ 11,721
Loss and loss adjustment expenses, at fair value 1,163 1,286
Total $ 12,359 $ 13,007
(1) This balance represents our participation in Atrium's Syndicate 609 relating to the 2020 and prior underwriting years, which was no longer eliminated on our consolidated financial statements following the completion of the Exchange Transaction on January 1, 2021.
(2) Excludes paid losses recoverable.
(3) 2022 amortization of fair value adjustments includes accelerated amortization of $33 million representing the remaining risk margin fair value adjustment liability originally recorded upon acquisition of the Enhanzed Re catastrophe reinsurance business. The liability was released following the commutation of the catastrophe business back to Allianz.
(4) Comprises discount rate and risk margin components.
(5) 2021 acquired business of $1.1 billion includes $842 million of third party loss reserves and $257 million of loss reserves which are deemed to effectively settle balances relating to pre-existing relationships, the latter comprising of $286 million of reinsurance recoverables carried by two
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Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
of our reinsurance subsidiaries. These pre-existing relationships were fair valued at $271 million in accordance with the acquisition method of accounting.
(6) 2023 ceded business represents the settlement of our participation in Atrium’s Syndicate 609 relating to the 2020 and prior underwriting years, comprised of losses and LAE expenses of $173 million, net of reinsurance reserves recoverable of $34 million.
Prior Period Development (“PPD”)
Reduction in Estimates of Net Ultimate Losses
The following table summarizes the (reductions) increases in estimates of net ultimate losses related to prior years by segment and line of business:
2023 2022 2021
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Run-off segment:
Asbestos $ 23 $ (14) $ (16)
Environmental (1) (6) 7
General casualty 127 57 116
Workers' compensation (200) (318) (234)
Marine, aviation and transit (2) (56) (47)
Construction defect 17 (25) (33)
Professional indemnity/Directors and Officers (11) (10) (31)
Motor (28) 74 43
Property (68) (35) (45)
All Other (14) (22) (37)
Total Run-off segment
(157) (355) (277)
Total Assumed Life segment
- (52) -
Total Legacy Underwriting segment
- 4 (4)
Total $ (157) $ (403) $ (281)
2023: The reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses of $157 million related to prior periods was driven by development in the following Run-off segment lines of business:
•Workers’ Compensation - The workers' compensation line of business experienced $200 million of favorable development, most notably in our 2018, 2019 and 2021 acquisition years, as a result of continued favorable incurred development driven by:
◦lower severity trends on certain existing claims;
◦reduced levels of expected frequency of claims for excess workers’ compensation; and
◦favorable claim settlements, including accelerated and favorable claim settlement patterns on certain portfolios.
•Property - The property line of business experienced $68 million of favorable development, most notably in the 2022 acquisition year, as a result of continued favorable claims experience.
•General Casualty - The experience in the general casualty reserves was adverse by $127 million. This was driven by higher average incurred severities as compared to assumptions, most notably in our 2019 and 2020 acquisition years.
◦Our 2020 acquisition year general casualty liabilities experienced additional claim reporting latency and unexpected increased severity on a small number of large New York Labor Law claims which resulted in increased loss estimates.
◦Our 2019 acquisition year ADC general casualty liabilities showed ground up adverse development which has resulted in higher loss estimates.
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Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
2022: The reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses of $403 million related to prior periods was primarily driven by development in the following Run-off segment lines of business:
•Workers’ Compensation - The workers' compensation line of business experienced $318 million of favorable development, most notably in our 2017 and 2019 to 2021 acquisition years, as a result of:
◦lower severity trends on certain existing claims;
◦reduced levels of expected frequency of claims for excess workers’ compensation;
◦favorable claim settlements, including accelerated and favorable claim settlement patterns on certain portfolios; and
◦an ADC contract where the cedants have experienced continued favorable ground-up performance.
During 2022, we also completed 15 commutations that resulted in a net reduction of ultimate losses of $11 million in our workers' compensation line of business.
•Motor - The experience in the motor line was adverse by $74 million due to higher-than-expected claims severity relating to our 2020 acquisition year.
•General Casualty - The experience in the general casualty reserves was adverse by $57 million, including adverse development on an LPT portfolio from our 2020 acquisition year, partially offset by favorable development on certain of our 2019 and 2021 ADC contracts. Notably,
◦Our 2020 acquisition year general casualty liabilities experienced additional claim reporting latency and unexpected increased severity on a small number of large New York Labor Law claims which resulted in increased loss estimates.
◦Our 2019 and 2021 acquisition year ADC general casualty liabilities show a continued pattern of ground up favorable development which has resulted in lower estimates of our reserves for these exposures.
•Marine, Aviation and Transit - The marine, aviation and transit line of business experienced a $56 million reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses due to favorable experience across a variety of claim types of favorable development as a result of favorable experience across a variety of claim types, related to the 2014, 2018 and 2019 acquisition years.
Our Assumed Life segment also experienced favorable claim activity on our 2021 acquisition year catastrophe business. During 2022, we commuted back to Allianz the catastrophe reinsurance business originally ceded to Enhanzed Re by Allianz and recognized a favorable commutation gain of $59 million, of which $26 million contributed to a favorable reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses. The remaining $33 million represented the accelerated amortization of the remaining fair value adjustment liability and is included within amortization of fair value adjustments.
2021: The reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses of $281 million related to prior periods was primarily driven by development in the following Run-off segment lines of business:
•Workers’ Compensation - The workers' compensation line of business experienced a $234 million favorable development as a result of reduced claims activity and favorable settlements on open claims in 2011 & prior accident years in one portfolio as well as recent 2015 - 2018 accident years on another.
During 2021, we also completed 15 commutations that resulted in a net reduction of ultimate losses of $10 million in our workers' compensation line of business.
•General Casualty - The experience in the general casualty reserves was adverse by $116 million. This was partially due to an increase in opioid exposure from our 2020 acquisition year and increased expectations of latent claims and a lengthening of the payment pattern related to our 2019 acquisition year.
During 2021, we also completed 18 commutations that resulted in a net reduction of ultimate losses of $2 million in our general casualty line of business.
•Marine, Aviation and Transit - The marine, aviation and transit line of business experienced a $47 million reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses due to favorable experience across a variety of claim types.
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Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
During 2021, we also completed 4 commutations that resulted in a net increase of ultimate losses of $1 million in our marine, aviation and transit line of business.
•Motor - The experience in the motor line was adverse by $43 million due to higher-than-expected claims severity relating to our 2020 acquisition year.
Reduction in Provisions for ULAE
During 2023, 2022 and 2021, the favorable reduction in provisions for ULAE was driven by ULAE provision adjustments from our run-off operations, due to the corresponding reductions in loss reserves and the associated cost of managing such liabilities, which favorably impacted PPD. The reduction in provisions for ULAE in 2023 was partially offset by an increase of $21 million as a result of assuming active claims control on a 2022 LPT agreement with Argo.
Changes in Fair Value - Fair Value Option
During 2023, PPD was adversely impacted by changes in the fair value of liabilities for which we previously elected the fair value option of $78 million, which was primarily driven by an increase in the average payout period of the underlying liabilities and a decrease in global corporate bond yields.
During 2022 and 2021, decreases in the fair value of liabilities for which we have elected the fair value option of $200 million and $75 million, respectively, were primarily driven by an increase in corporate bond yields, which favorably impacted PPD.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 167
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Reconciliation of the Net Liability for Losses and LAE, Prior to the Provision for Bad debt to the Gross Liability for Losses and LAE included in the Consolidated Balance Sheet
The table below presents the reconciliation of the loss development tables disclosed further below to the liability for losses and LAE in the consolidated balance sheet. Loss development tables that we presented are those that are most significant to our financial statements.
December 31, 2023
Net Liability for Losses and LAE, Prior to Provision for Bad Debt Provision for Bad Debt Net Liability for Losses and LAE Reinsurance Recoverable on Liabilities for Losses and LAE Gross Liabilities for Losses and LAE
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Presented in the loss development tables:
Run-off segment:
Asbestos $ 1,499 $ 18 $ 1,517 $ 59 $ 1,576
General casualty 4,061 7 4,068 102 4,170
Workers' compensation 1,740 1 1,741 201 1,942
Professional indemnity/Directors and Officers 1,984 1 1,985 124 2,109
Motor 653 2 655 173 828
Excluded from the loss development tables:
Run-off segment:
Environmental 299 3 302 10 312
Marine, aviation and transit 315 2 317 43 360
Construction defect 317 - 317 - 317
Property 244 1 245 93 338
Other 407 3 410 31 441
Total Run-off segment OLR and IBNR 11,519 38 11,557 836 12,393
ULAE 381 - 381 5 386
Fair value adjustments - acquired companies (107) - (107) (5) (112)
Fair value adjustments - fair value option (246) - (246) (62) (308)
Total $ 11,547 $ 38 $ 11,585 $ 774 $ 12,359
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 168
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Loss Development Information
Methodology for Establishing Reserves (Excluding Asbestos and Environmental Claims)
We perform our analysis of loss reserves and IBNR by each portfolio that we have acquired. Exposures for each portfolio are separated into homogenous reserving classes, generally lines of business, within each portfolio. Each reserving class contains either direct insurance or assumed reinsurance reserves and groups of relatively similar types of risks and exposures and lines of business written.
Based upon the exposure characteristics and the nature of available data for each individual reserving class, we select loss development extrapolation methods to calculate an estimate of ultimate losses.
We establish our recorded reserves as an estimate of unpaid losses for each class primarily by utilizing actuarial expertise and projection methods. The actuarial methodologies are selected after consideration of exposure characteristics, data limitations, and strengths and weaknesses of each method applied.
We use generally accepted actuarial methodologies to estimate ultimate losses and LAE, including:
•Cumulative Reported and Paid Loss Development Methods: The Cumulative Reported (Case Incurred) Loss Development method estimates ultimate losses by multiplying cumulative reported losses (paid losses plus case reserves) by a cumulative development factor.
Historical "age-to-age" loss development factors (“LDFs”) are calculated to measure the relative development of an accident year from one maturity point to the next. Age-to-age LDFs are then selected based on these historical factors. The selected age-to-age LDFs are used to project the ultimate losses.
The Cumulative Paid Loss Development Method is mechanically identical to the Cumulative Reported Loss Development Method described above, but the paid method does not rely on case reserves or claim reporting patterns in making projections.
•Incremental Reported and Paid Loss Development Methods: Incremental incurred and paid analyses are performed in cases where cumulative data is not available. The concept of the incremental loss development methods is similar to the cumulative loss development methods described above, in that the pattern of historical paid or incurred losses is used to project the remaining future development.
•IBNR-to-Case Outstanding Method: This method requires the estimation of consistent cumulative paid and reported (case) incurred loss development patterns and age-to-ultimate LDFs, either from data that is specific to the segment being analyzed or from applicable benchmark or industry data. These patterns imply a specific expected relationship between IBNR, including both development on known claims (bulk reserve) and losses on true late reported claims, and reported case incurred losses.
•Bornhuetter-Ferguson Expected Loss Projection Reported and Paid Methods: The Bornhuetter-Ferguson Expected Loss Projection method produces expected unreported losses by multiplying the expected losses, which are based on initial selected ultimate loss ratios by year, by the unreported percentage. The unreported percentage is calculated as one minus the reciprocal of the selected cumulative incurred LDFs. Finally, the expected unreported losses are added to the current reported losses to produce ultimate losses.
The calculations underlying the Bornhuetter-Ferguson Expected Loss Projection method based on paid loss data are similar to the Bornhuetter-Ferguson calculations based on reported losses, with the exception that paid losses and unpaid percentages replace reported losses and unreported percentages.
•Reserve Run-off Method: This method first projects the future values of case reserves for all underwriting years to future ages of development by selecting a run-off pattern of case reserves based on the observed run-off ratios at each age of development. Once the ratios have been selected, they are used to project the future values of case reserves.
A paid on reserve factor is selected in a similar way. The ratios of the observed amounts paid during each development period to the respective case reserves at the beginning of the periods are used to estimate how much will be paid on the case reserves during each development period. These paid on reserve factors are then applied to the case reserve amounts that were projected during the first phase of this method. A summation of the resulting paid amounts yields an estimate of the liability.
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Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
We also consider additional information, such as, but not limited to, changes in the legal, regulatory and judicial environment; medical cost trends and general inflation; and adjust the estimate of ultimate losses as deemed necessary.
Paid-to-date losses are then deducted from the estimate of ultimate losses and LAE to arrive at an estimated total loss reserve, and reported outstanding case reserves are then deducted from estimated total loss reserves to calculate the estimated IBNR reserve.
These estimates are reviewed regularly and, as experience develops and new information becomes known, the reserves are adjusted as necessary. We generally perform a full review of each portfolio annually and additionally we perform interim reviews quarterly to ascertain whether changes to claims paid or case reserve amounts have varied from our expectations developed during the last annual reserve review. In this event, we consider the timing and magnitude of the actual versus expected development and may record an interim adjustment to our recorded reserves.
Asbestos and Environmental Reserving Methodologies
The ultimate losses from A&E claims cannot be estimated using traditional actuarial reserving methods that extrapolate losses to an ultimate basis using loss development, and therefore use alternative projection methods. Claims are spread across multiple policy years, generally from 1985 and prior, based on the still evolving case law in each jurisdiction, making historical development patterns unreliable to forecast the future claim payments.
As such, we estimate IBNR reserves for each of our portfolios with A&E exposures separately using the following methodologies:
•Paid Survival Ratio Method: In this method, our historical calendar year payments are examined to determine an expected future annual average payment amount. This amount is multiplied by an expected number of future payment years to estimate a reserve.
Trends in calendar year payment activity are considered when selecting an expected future annual average payment amount (which is derived from an expected paid survival ratio) and accepted industry benchmarks are used in determining an expected number of future payment years.
•Paid Market Share Method: In this method, our estimated market share is applied to the industry estimated unpaid losses or estimate of industry ultimate losses. The ratio of our historical calendar year payments to industry historical calendar year payments is examined to estimate our market share. This ratio is then applied to the estimate of industry unpaid losses or estimate of industry ultimate losses.
•Reserve-to-Paid Method: In this method, the ratio of estimated industry reserves to industry paid-to-date losses is multiplied by our paid-to-date losses to estimate our reserves.
•IBNR - Case Ratio Method: In this method, the ratio of estimated industry IBNR reserves to industry case reserves is multiplied by our case reserves to estimate our IBNR reserves.
•Ultimate-to-Incurred Method: In this method, the ratio of estimated industry ultimate losses to industry incurred-to-date losses is applied to our incurred-to-date losses to estimate our IBNR reserves.
•Decay Factor Method: In this method, a decay factor is directly applied to our payment data to estimate future payments. The decay factors were selected based on a review of our own decays and industry decays.
•Asbestos Ground-up Exposure Analysis Using Frequency-Severity Method: This method is used when we have policy and claim data at the defendant or claimant level. In a frequency-severity method there are two components that need to be estimated, namely, (1) the number of claims that will ultimately be settled with payment and (2) the severity of these claims including legal costs.
The estimate of future settled claims is based on the historical claim filing rates, historical claim dismissal rates, current pending claims and epidemiological forecasts of asbestos disease incident for future claim filings.
The net liability for unpaid losses and LAE as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 included $1.8 billion and $2.0 billion, respectively, which represented an estimate of the net ultimate liability for A&E claims. The gross liability for such claims as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $1.9 billion and $2.0 billion, respectively.
The decreases on a net and gross basis, respectively, in 2023 were primarily due to net paid losses during the year.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 170
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Disclosures of Incurred and Paid Loss Development, IBNR, Claims Counts and Payout Percentages
The loss development tables set forth our historic incurred and paid loss development through December 31, 2023, net of reinsurance, as well as the cumulative number of reported claims, IBNR balances, and other supplementary information for our segment lines of business with material net losses and LAE balances as of December 31, 2023.
The following factors are relevant to the loss development information presented in the tables below:
•Level of Disaggregation: In addition to accident year, we have disaggregated the information in the loss development tables by segment, line of business and acquisition year. We have presented only the last 10 years of portfolio acquisitions as we believe that the current activity on the preceding acquisition years is not meaningful. We have presented only our Run-off segment as we retain no net economic interest in the activity of our Legacy Underwriting segment. We have not presented empty rows where we did not acquire any business for that combination of line of business, acquisition and accident year.
We present acquisition year information so that the impact of take-on positions from acquired and assumed business (as described below) is additionally separated and provides a consistent trend of the development of our ultimate loss reserves.
•StarStone International: Effective January 1, 2021, StarStone International (an active underwriting business we had discontinued) reserves totaling $955 million were transferred from the Legacy Underwriting segment to the Run-off segment.
As such, on a prospective basis we have separately presented the Starstone International loss development tables on a standalone basis from the date of acquisition (April 2014). Additionally, the loss development information for StarStone International has been included in the Run-off segment loss development tables as an acquisition in 2021. In both instances, we have aligned the StarStone International lines of business with the Run-off segment lines of business.
•Cessions to Enhanzed Re: As a result of the Step Acquisition of Enhanzed Re, the Run-off segment business previously ceded to Enhanzed Re became subject to elimination upon consolidation. As such, the loss development disclosures presented for the Run-off segment have been restated to exclude the historical incurred and paid loss development related to these cessions.
•Acquired and Assumed Business: Acquired and assumed net reserves arising from business acquisitions and retroactive reinsurance agreements are included in the loss development tables on a prospective basis as the loss reserves are effectively re-underwritten at the date that they are acquired or assumed.
We believe that the historical loss development prior to our acquisition is not relevant with respect to our own experience managing these acquired loss reserves. Furthermore, the information required to prepare the loss development disclosures on a retrospective basis is not always available to us or reliable.
•Commutations and Policy Buybacks: The loss development tables include the net incurred effect of agreeing a commutation or policy buyback in the year in which the commutation or policy buyback is contractually agreed and the related settlement in the year in which it is paid or received.
We do not recast prior years to remove commuted or bought back claims, since this practice would eliminate any historical favorable or adverse development we may have experienced on the commuted loss and LAE reserves.
•Net Liabilities for Losses and LAE and Net Paid Losses and LAE: The loss development tables include reported case reserves and IBNR liabilities as well as cumulative paid losses, both of which include ALAE and are net of reinsurance recoveries.
The loss development tables exclude ULAE and fair value adjustments related to both business acquisitions and retroactive reinsurance agreements for which we have elected the fair value option.
•PPD: PPD included in the loss development tables is calculated as follows: i) for acquisition years 2022 and prior, subtract the 2022 calendar year net cumulative incurred losses and ALAE from the 2023 calendar year for all accident years excluding 2023; and ii) add the result of subtracting the 2023 acquisition year net reserves acquired from the 2023 net cumulative incurred losses and ALE for all accident year excluding 2023.
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Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
•Foreign Exchange: The loss development tables exclude the impact of foreign exchange rates. Historical amounts are disclosed on a constant-currency basis, which is achieved by using constant foreign exchange rates between years in the loss development tables, and translating prior year amounts denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, which is our reporting currency, using the closing exchange rates as of December 31, 2023.
•Reported Claim Counts: Reported claim counts are included in the loss development tables on a cumulative basis. We measure claim frequency information on an individual claim count basis as follows:
◦The claim frequency information includes direct and assumed open and closed claims at the claimant level. Reported claims that are closed without a payment are included within our cumulative number of reported claims because we typically incur claim adjustment expenses on them prior to their closure.
◦The claim count numbers exclude counts related to claims within policy deductibles where the insured is responsible for the payment of losses within the deductible layer.
◦Individual claim counts related to certain assumed reinsurance contracts such as excess-of-loss and quota share treaties are not available to us, and the losses arising from these treaties have been treated as single claims for the purposes of determining claim counts. Therefore, each treaty year within the reinsurance contract is deemed a single claim because the detailed underlying individual claim information is generally not reported to us by our cedants.
◦For certain insurance facilities and business produced or managed by managing general agents, coverholders and third party administrators where the underlying claims data is reported to us in an aggregated format, the information necessary to provide cumulative claims frequency is not available. In such cases, we typically record a “block” claim in our system.
Our reported claim frequency information is subject to the following inherent limitations when analyzing our loss experience and severity:
◦Claim counts are presented only on a reported and not on an ultimate basis. Reported claim counts include open claims which have outstanding reserves but excludes claim counts that may relate to IBNR. As such the reported claims are consistent with reported losses, which can be calculated by subtracting IBNR losses from incurred losses. However, the reported claim counts are inconsistent with the losses in the incurred loss development tables, which include IBNR losses, and to losses in the paid loss development tables, which exclude outstanding reserves.
◦Reported claim counts have not been adjusted for ceded reinsurance, which may distort any measures of frequency or severity.
◦For lines of business that have a mix of primary and excess layer exposures, such as our general casualty and workers’ compensation lines of business, the reported claim counts may fluctuate from period to period between exposure layers, thereby distorting any measure of frequency and severity.
◦The use of our reported claim frequency information to project ultimate loss payouts by disaggregated disclosure category or line of business may not be as meaningful as claim count information related to individual contracts at a more granular level.
•Annual Percentage Payout: Annual percentage payout disclosures are based on the payout of claims by age, net of reinsurance. Claim age reflects the number of years that have lapsed since the original acquisition to the date the claim is paid, or in the case of StarStone International, the number of years that have lapsed since the claim’s accident year to the date the claims is paid.
There may be occasions where, due to our claims management strategies (including commutations and policy buybacks) or due to the timing of claims payments relative to the associated recovery, the cash received from reinsurance recoveries is greater than the cash paid out to our claimants, (i.e. a net recovery rather than a net payout for a particular calendar year), thereby resulting in a negative annual percentage payout for that calendar year.
•Supplemental Information: The information related to net incurred and paid loss development for all calendar years preceding the year ended December 31, 2023, as well as 2013 and prior accident year and all acquisition
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 172
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
year information (including net acquired reserves), and the related historical average claims payout percentage disclosure is unaudited and is presented as supplementary information.
Run-off Segment
Asbestos
Net cumulative incurred losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses Year Ended December 31, 2023
As of December 31, 2023
For the years ended December 31
Acquisition Year Accident Year Net Acquired Reserves 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 PPD IBNR Cumulative number of claims
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except cumulative number of claims)
Unaudited
2016 2013 and Prior $ 507 $ 506 $ 565 $ 563 $ 582 $ 632 $ 635 $ 635 $ 635 $ - $ 154 2,118
2017 2013 and Prior 886 816 761 799 810 791 777 797 20 438 6,458
2018 2013 and Prior 54 49 46 3 1 - (1) (1) 2 31
2019 2013 and Prior 366 367 354 356 355 356 1 92 1,291
2021 2013 and Prior 386 386 385 385 - 152 2,059
Grand Total $ 2,199 $ 2,172 $ 20 $ 838 11,957
Net cumulative paid losses and ALAE (from table below) (834)
2014 to 2023 acquisition years - net liabilities for losses and ALAE 1,338
2013 and prior acquisition years - net liabilities for losses and ALAE / net increase (reduction) in estimates of net ultimate losses related to prior years 161 3
Total net liabilities for losses and ALAE / net increase (reduction) in estimates of net ultimate losses related to prior years $ 1,499 $ 23
Run-off Segment
Asbestos
Net cumulative paid losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses
For the years ended December 31
Acquisition Year Accident Year 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except cumulative number of claims)
Unaudited
2016 2013 and Prior 20 71 124 183 228 268 299 332
2017 2013 and Prior 18 50 85 124 165 203 249
2018 2013 and Prior (1) (3) (2) (2) (2) (2)
2019 2013 and Prior 4 45 89 135 170
2021 2013 and Prior (1) 52 85
Grand Total $ 834
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 173
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Run-off Segment
Asbestos
Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses since Year of Acquisition, Net of Reinsurance
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8
Acquisition Year Unaudited
2016 3.15 % 8.03 % 8.35 % 9.29 % 7.09 % 6.30 % 4.88 % 5.20 %
2017 2.26 % 4.02 % 4.39 % 4.89 % 5.14 % 4.77 % 5.77 %
2018 100.00 % 200.00 % (100.00) % - % - % - %
2019 1.12 % 11.52 % 12.36 % 12.92 % 9.83 %
2021 (0.26) % 13.77 % 8.57 %
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 174
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Run-off Segment
General Casualty
Net cumulative incurred losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses Year Ended December 31, 2023
As of December 31, 2023
For the years ended December 31
Acquisition Year Accident Year Net Reserves Acquired 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 PPD IBNR Cumulative number of claims
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except cumulative number of claims)
Unaudited
2014 2013 and Prior $ 57 $ 76 $ 81 $ 83 $ 81 $ 79 $ 80 $ 87 $ 77 $ 76 $ 74 $ (2) $ 2 957
2014 2014 - 1 1 - - 1 1 2 1 1 1 - - 3
2014 2015 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2
2014 2016 - - - - - - - - - - - 1
2014 2017 - - - - - - - - - - 1
Total 57 77 82 83 81 80 81 89 78 77 75 (2) 2 964
2015 2013 and Prior 130 91 96 99 96 92 94 95 96 94 (2) - 5,617
2015 2014 33 20 23 27 29 45 38 38 40 42 2 1 1,167
2015 2015 4 10 9 9 11 16 21 18 19 18 (1) 2 1,345
2015 2016 - 2 2 2 2 3 5 5 5 - 1 250
2015 2017 - - - - - - - - - - 37
2015 2018 - 2 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 12
2015 2019 - 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 1
2015 2020 - 2 2 2 2 - 2 -
2015 2021 - 1 1 1 - 1 -
Total 167 121 130 137 140 158 161 162 166 165 (1) 10 8,429
2016 2013 and Prior (1) 4 9 8 8 6 5 4 4 - - 1,787
Total (1) 4 9 8 8 6 5 4 4 - - 1,787
2017 2013 and Prior 200 177 161 145 141 139 136 133 (3) 1 405
Total 200 177 161 145 141 139 136 133 (3) 1 405
2018 2013 and Prior 178 152 142 135 136 138 138 - 10 51,769
2018 2014 50 49 47 43 46 47 49 2 4 2,147
2018 2015 91 91 96 92 93 100 113 13 - 3,152
2018 2016 63 63 81 83 83 90 91 1 4 3,366
2018 2017 38 41 42 49 52 50 47 (3) 5 1,037
2018 2018 40 40 41 39 36 34 42 8 1 641
2018 2019 - 7 6 7 7 7 - - 8
2018 2020 - - - - - - - 1
2018 2021 - - - - - - 1
2018 2022 - - - - - 1
Total 460 436 456 447 453 466 487 21 24 62,123
2019 2013 and Prior 34 30 31 38 31 34 3 12 3,196
2019 2014 24 20 17 29 18 23 5 15 771
2019 2015 71 64 60 68 56 76 20 28 1,329
2019 2016 34 33 31 37 40 51 11 32 2,688
2019 2017 40 48 48 59 74 88 14 40 1,933
2019 2018 49 49 50 54 52 68 16 44 405
2019 2019 - 1 2 2 2 2 - - 249
2019 2020 - - - - - - - 148
2019 2021 - - - 1 1 - 82
2019 2022 - - - - - 56
2019 2023 - - - 7
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 175
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Run-off Segment
General Casualty
Net cumulative incurred losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses Year Ended December 31, 2023
As of December 31, 2023
For the years ended December 31
Acquisition Year Accident Year Net Reserves Acquired 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 PPD IBNR Cumulative number of claims
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except cumulative number of claims)
Unaudited
Total 252 245 239 287 273 343 70 171 10,864
2020(1)
2013 and Prior 49 45 41 48 47 (1) 4 404
2020(1)
2014 33 36 34 51 56 5 7 248
2020(1)
2015 62 63 53 67 75 8 17 362
2020(1)
2016 69 71 70 94 111 17 24 484
2020(1)
2017 52 47 55 71 83 12 28 542
2020(1)
2018 59 56 47 62 71 9 14 366
2020(1)
2019 109 108 99 88 104 16 41 511
2020(1)
2020 84 83 94 83 58 (25) 33 551
Total 517 509 493 564 605 41 168 3,468
2021 2013 and Prior 206 211 199 271 72 253 10,858
2021 2014 66 64 61 78 17 63 5,145
2021 2015 137 140 131 129 (2) 90 7,295
2021 2016 193 203 197 198 1 145 7,915
2021 2017 296 305 325 337 12 207 6,729
2021 2018 376 371 414 353 (61) 263 5,791
2021 2019 423 427 479 449 (30) 323 4,727
2021 2020 60 75 42 47 5 6 898
2021 2021 - 1 - 1 1 - 183
2021 2022 - - - - - 137
2021 2023 - - - 25
Total 1,757 1,797 1,848 1,863 15 1,350 49,703
2022(1)
2013 and Prior 625 137 115 442 351 (91) 50 23,029
2022(1)
2014 188 55 43 140 142 2 12 6,330
2022(1)
2015 258 80 65 172 154 (18) 39 6,020
2022(1)
2016 310 75 102 70 219 149 90 6,012
2022(1)
2017 351 91 98 218 234 16 71 8,101
2022(1)
2018 388 84 97 403 285 (118) 102 8,810
2022(1)
2019 440 94 136 460 498 38 127 8,984
2022(1)
2020 - - - - (10) (10) 2 86
2022(1)
2021 - - - - - - 19
2022(1)
2022 - - - - - 13
2022(1)
2023 - 1 2 13
Total 2,560 616 656 1,905 1,874 (32) 495 67,417
2023 2013 and Prior 84 86 2 2 105,148
2023 2014 10 14 4 5 43,842
2023 2015 15 15 - 4 38,404
2023 2016 21 23 2 7 36,346
2023 2017 41 39 (2) 12 34,482
2023 2018 55 56 1 15 31,525
2023 2019 94 111 17 41 14,566
2023 2020 122 125 3 79 3,742
2023 2021 71 66 (5) 56 4
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 176
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Run-off Segment
General Casualty
Net cumulative incurred losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses Year Ended December 31, 2023
As of December 31, 2023
For the years ended December 31
Acquisition Year Accident Year Net Reserves Acquired 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 PPD IBNR Cumulative number of claims
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except cumulative number of claims)
Unaudited
2023 2022 16 12 (4) 13 1
Total 529 547 18 234 308,060
Grand Total $ 6,498 $ 6,096 $ 127 $ 2,455 513,220
Net cumulative paid losses and ALAE (from table below) (2,116)
2014 to 2023 acquisition years - net liabilities for losses and ALAE 3,980
2013 and prior acquisition years - net liabilities for losses and ALAE / net increase (reduction) in estimates of net ultimate losses related to prior years 81 -
Total net liabilities for losses and ALAE / net increase (reduction) in estimates of net ultimate losses related to prior years $ 4,061 $ 127
(1) In 2022, we entered into a LPT agreement with Aspen, which absorbed the Aspen ADC agreement we entered into in 2020. As such, we have reclassified the net reserves acquired in acquisition year 2020 and the net cumulative incurred losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses recorded through December 31, 2022 to acquisition year 2022.
Run-off Segment
General Casualty
Net cumulative paid losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses
For the years ended December 31
Acquisition Year Accident Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except cumulative number of claims)
Unaudited
2014 2013 and Prior $ 34 $ 37 $ 45 $ 47 $ 51 $ 55 $ 56 $ 59 $ 65 $ 66
2014 2014 - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1
Total 34 37 45 47 52 56 57 60 66 67
2015 2013 and Prior 26 37 50 64 74 80 84 87 92
2015 2014 3 7 15 20 28 32 32 34 37
2015 2015 1 1 2 6 12 14 14 18 18
2015 2016 - - - 1 1 2 4 5
Total 30 45 67 90 115 127 132 143 152
2016 2013 and Prior 1 2 2 3 4 3 4 3
Total 1 2 2 3 4 3 4 3
2017 2013 and Prior 34 67 87 100 106 112 117
Total 34 67 87 100 106 112 117
2018 2013 and Prior 17 43 66 79 89 96
2018 2014 4 15 22 29 33 36
2018 2015 17 32 45 60 69 92
2018 2016 11 33 47 57 67 79
2018 2017 - 12 24 32 37 44
2018 2018 - 9 17 26 30 38
2018 2019 2 3 6 6 7
Total 49 146 224 289 331 392
2019 2013 and Prior 7 10 11 13 13
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 177
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Run-off Segment
General Casualty
Net cumulative paid losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses
For the years ended December 31
Acquisition Year Accident Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except cumulative number of claims)
Unaudited
2019 2014 4 2 3 1 2
2019 2015 3 12 15 24 32
2019 2016 (2) (1) (1) 3 5
2019 2017 7 10 14 16 17
2019 2018 1 3 4 5 4
2019 2019 - 1 1 1 1
Total 20 37 47 63 74
2020 2013 and Prior 4 12 30 37
2020 2014 6 15 35 49
2020 2015 11 21 37 51
2020 2016 10 35 53 74
2020 2017 4 24 39 50
2020 2018 - 17 33 56
2020 2019 - 19 33 61
2020 2020 2 9 20 23
Total 37 152 280 401
2021 2013 and Prior 2 6 13
2021 2014 2 11 15
2021 2015 9 18 30
2021 2016 16 24 37
2021 2017 24 51 77
2021 2018 6 44 65
2021 2019 3 26 41
2021 2020 9 17 21
Total 71 197 299
2022 2013 and Prior 20 68
2022 2014 7 38
2022 2015 8 35
2022 2016 9 43
2022 2017 11 51
2022 2018 10 47
2022 2019 12 243
2022 2020 - 5
2022 2023 2
Total 77 532
2023 2013 and Prior 6
2023 2014 3
2023 2015 3
2023 2016 7
2023 2017 4
2023 2018 17
2023 2019 24
2023 2020 13
2023 2021 2
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 178
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Run-off Segment
General Casualty
Net cumulative paid losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses
For the years ended December 31
Acquisition Year Accident Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except cumulative number of claims)
Unaudited
Total 79
Grand Total $ 2,116
Run-off Segment
General Casualty
Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses since Year of Acquisition, Net of Reinsurance
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10
Year of Acquisition Unaudited
2014 45.33 % 4.00 % 10.67 % 2.67 % 6.67 % 5.33 % 1.33 % 4.00 % 8.00 % 1.33 %
2015 18.18 % 9.09 % 13.33 % 13.94 % 15.15 % 7.27 % 3.03 % 6.67 % 5.45 %
2016 25.00 % 25.00 % - % 25.00 % 25.00 % (25.00) % 25.00 % (25.00) %
2017 25.56 % 24.81 % 15.04 % 9.77 % 4.51 % 4.51 % 3.76 %
2018 10.06 % 19.92 % 16.02 % 13.35 % 8.62 % 12.53 %
2019 5.83 % 4.96 % 2.92 % 4.66 % 3.21 %
2020 6.12 % 19.01 % 21.16 % 20.00 %
2021 3.81 % 6.76 % 5.48 %
2022 4.11 % 24.28 %
2023 14.44 %
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 179
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Run-off Segment
Workers' Compensation
Net cumulative incurred losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses Year Ended December 31, 2023
As of December 31, 2023
For the years ended December 31
Acquisition Year Accident Year Net Reserves Acquired 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 PPD IBNR Cumulative number of claims
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except cumulative number of claims)
Unaudited
2015 2013 and Prior $ 1,298 $ 1,180 $ 871 $ 817 $ 771 $ 729 $ 715 $ 699 $ 696 $ 685 $ (11) $ 35 14,183
2015 2014 84 89 84 84 81 80 82 83 82 83 1 - 3,956
2015 2015 7 22 16 15 15 14 15 14 14 14 - 1 5,280
2015 2016 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - 10,722
2015 2017 - - - - - - - - - - 2,251
2015 2018 - - - - - - - - - 10
Total 1,389 1,291 972 917 868 824 813 797 792 782 (10) 36 36,402
2016 2013 and Prior 466 466 434 471 457 399 392 389 388 (1) 13 10,533
Total 466 466 434 471 457 399 392 389 388 (1) 13 10,533
2017 2013 and Prior 145 104 112 117 110 104 84 79 (5) 10 21
Total 145 104 112 117 110 104 84 79 (5) 10 21
2018 2013 and Prior 244 233 226 220 224 209 199 (10) 48 6,896
2018 2014 62 63 57 53 51 52 49 (3) 8 1,517
2018 2015 37 37 33 32 30 29 26 (3) 5 1,438
2018 2016 44 45 40 39 40 37 35 (2) 8 1,281
2018 2017 53 55 49 47 47 46 43 (3) 9 1,132
2018 2018 65 65 60 60 55 56 48 (8) 7 975
2018 2019 - 21 21 21 21 20 (1) - 124
2018 2020 - - - - - - - 2
2018 2021 - - - - - - 1
Total 505 498 486 472 468 450 420 (30) 85 13,366
2019 2013 and Prior 30 27 27 41 39 36 (3) 19 13,904
2019 2014 35 37 37 31 31 29 (2) 14 3,240
2019 2015 55 54 54 44 42 39 (3) 20 4,260
2019 2016 82 82 83 61 57 53 (4) 22 5,040
2019 2017 87 88 90 66 62 57 (5) 28 2,432
2019 2018 119 119 119 82 71 63 (8) 37 372
2019 2019 - - - - - - - - 14
2019 2020 - - - - - - - 3
2019 2021 - - - - - - 1
Total 408 407 410 325 302 277 (25) 140 29,266
2020 2013 and Prior 208 121 105 90 92 2 23 8
2020 2014 - - 1 1 - (1) - 16
2020 2015 2 2 2 1 1 - - 56
2020 2016 3 3 3 3 2 (1) - 131
2020 2017 2 2 2 1 1 - - 129
2020 2018 10 10 8 8 7 (1) 1 335
2020 2019 32 32 26 26 26 - 3 677
2020 2020 32 33 26 28 29 1 3 1,225
Total 289 203 173 158 158 - 30 2,577
2021 2013 and Prior 1,031 966 783 676 (107) 148 20,978
2021 2014 13 14 15 14 (1) 6 2,148
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 180
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Run-off Segment
Workers' Compensation
Net cumulative incurred losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses Year Ended December 31, 2023
As of December 31, 2023
For the years ended December 31
Acquisition Year Accident Year Net Reserves Acquired 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 PPD IBNR Cumulative number of claims
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except cumulative number of claims)
Unaudited
2021 2015 43 35 30 34 4 13 3,553
2021 2016 55 54 49 45 (4) 17 3,919
2021 2017 46 46 42 36 (6) 14 5,941
2021 2018 66 64 55 54 (1) 25 5,287
2021 2019 46 47 42 41 (1) 11 5,126
2021 2020 46 56 55 54 (1) 4 6,451
2021 2021 - 23 19 21 2 5 4,121
2021 2022 - 3 3 - - 26
2021 2023 - - - - 1
Total 1,346 1,305 1,093 978 (115) 243 57,551
2022 2013 and Prior 3 4 1 (3) - 4,328
2022 2014 2 3 1 (2) - 650
2022 2015 3 5 3 (2) - 304
2022 2016 2 1 3 2 - 239
2022 2017 5 5 3 (2) (1) 240
2022 2018 11 9 9 - 5 356
2022 2019 18 11 6 (5) - 518
Total 44 38 26 (12) 4 6,635
Grand Total $ 4,592 $ 3,108 $ (198) $ 561 $ 156,351
Net cumulative paid losses and ALAE (from table below) (1,501)
2014 to 2023 acquisition years - net liabilities for losses and ALAE 1,607
2013 and prior acquisition years - net liabilities for losses and ALAE / net increase (reduction) in estimates of net ultimate losses related to prior years 133 (2)
Total net liabilities for losses and ALAE / net increase (reduction) in estimates of net ultimate losses related to prior years $ 1,740 $ (200)
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 181
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Run-off Segment
Workers' Compensation
Net cumulative paid losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses
For the years ended December 31
Acquisition Year Accident Year 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except cumulative number of claims)
Unaudited
2015 2013 and Prior 89 206 290 355 401 432 463 477 502
2015 2014 18 38 54 67 75 78 79 79 81
2015 2015 3 8 10 11 12 12 12 13 13
Total 110 252 354 433 488 522 554 569 596
2016 2013 and Prior 41 76 104 143 175 198 216 237
Total 41 76 104 143 175 198 216 237
2017 2013 and Prior 26 33 46 57 61 53 56
Total 26 33 46 57 61 53 56
2018 2013 and Prior 5 29 52 61 74 92
2018 2014 3 14 21 28 32 37
2018 2015 1 3 8 11 14 18
2018 2016 - 5 8 13 16 21
2018 2017 - 7 10 12 16 24
2018 2018 - 29 34 36 37 39
2018 2019 13 16 16 16 19
Total 9 100 149 177 205 250
2019 2013 and Prior 1 1 1 1 1
2019 2014 2 3 4 4 4
2019 2015 3 4 4 4 4
2019 2016 5 9 10 11 12
2019 2017 2 4 5 7 8
2019 2018 1 1 1 1 1
Total 14 22 25 28 30
2020 2013 and Prior 2 10 14 22
2020 2016 - 1 1 2
2020 2017 - 1 1 1
2020 2018 - 1 4 4
2020 2019 1 10 15 19
2020 2020 1 10 18 23
Total 4 33 53 71
2021 2013 and Prior 16 54 105
2021 2014 2 3 5
2021 2015 3 8 12
2021 2016 5 14 18
2021 2017 7 13 17
2021 2018 6 13 19
2021 2019 8 16 21
2021 2020 23 37 43
2021 2021 4 10 13
Total 74 168 253
2022 2013 and Prior - 1
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 182
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Run-off Segment
Workers' Compensation
Net cumulative paid losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses
For the years ended December 31
Acquisition Year Accident Year 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except cumulative number of claims)
Unaudited
2022 2015 - 1
2022 2016 - 1
2022 2017 - 2
2022 2018 - 3
Total - 8
Grand Total $ 1,501
Run-off Segment
Workers' Compensation
Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses since Year of Acquisition, Net of Reinsurance
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9
Year of Acquisition Unaudited
2015 14.07 % 18.16 % 13.04 % 10.10 % 7.03 % 4.35 % 4.09 % 1.92 % 3.45 %
2016 10.57 % 9.02 % 7.22 % 10.05 % 8.25 % 5.93 % 4.64 % 5.41 %
2017 32.91 % 8.86 % 16.46 % 13.92 % 5.06 % (10.13) % 3.80 %
2018 2.14 % 21.67 % 11.67 % 6.67 % 6.67 % 10.71 %
2019 5.05 % 2.89 % 1.08 % 1.08 % 0.72 %
2020 2.53 % 18.35 % 12.66 % 11.39 %
2021 7.57 % 9.61 % 8.69 %
2022 - % 30.77 %
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 183
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Run-off Segment
Professional Indemnity / Directors and Officers
Net cumulative incurred losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses Year Ended December 31, 2023
As of December 31, 2023
For the years ended December 31
Acquisition Year Accident Year Net Reserves Acquired 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 PPD IBNR Cumulative number of claims
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except cumulative number of claims)
Unaudited
2014 2013 and Prior $ 103 $ 102 $ 136 $ 123 $ 125 $ 120 $ 113 $ 110 $ 111 $ 111 $ 110 $ (1) $ 4 5,553
2014 2014 - 7 5 5 4 6 5 5 9 10 10 - 1 549
2014 2015 - - 6 9 8 6 6 2 2 2 - - 76
2014 2016 - - - - - - - - - - - 18
2014 2017 - - - - - - - - - - 24
2014 2018 - - - - - - - - - 13
2014 2019 - - - - - - - - 5
2014 2020 - - - - - - - 5
2014 2021 - - - - - - 3
Total 103 109 141 134 138 134 124 121 122 123 122 (1) 5 6,246
2016 2013 and Prior 119 115 118 117 104 102 98 95 85 (10) (7) 3,010
Total 119 115 118 117 104 102 98 95 85 (10) (7) 3,010
2018 2013 and Prior 354 355 309 306 299 281 264 (17) 14 65,999
2018 2014 69 63 66 65 64 69 73 4 3 3,688
2018 2015 49 63 70 70 57 61 47 (14) (7) 3,831
2018 2016 16 36 40 55 71 76 87 11 9 2,186
2018 2017 1 3 7 8 11 12 28 16 4 200
2018 2018 - - 1 1 1 1 1 - - 14
2018 2019 - - - - - - - - 8
2018 2020 - - - 1 1 - - 24
2018 2021 - - - - - - 3
2018 2022 - - - - - 1
Total 489 520 493 505 503 501 501 - 23 75,954
2019 2013 and Prior 86 69 57 56 52 70 18 6 14,338
2019 2014 44 28 26 23 25 24 (1) 1 3,923
2019 2015 64 61 36 35 34 28 (6) (2) 4,652
2019 2016 15 37 47 56 49 42 (7) 3 5,425
2019 2017 6 19 35 38 42 43 1 5 3,150
2019 2018 - 4 4 4 4 (4) (8) 1 385
2019 2019 - 2 1 2 2 2 - - 64
2019 2020 - - - - - - - 41
2019 2021 - - - - - - 7
2019 2022 - - - - - 11
2019 2023 - - - 8
Total 215 220 206 214 208 205 (3) 14 32,004
2020 (1)
2013 and Prior 1 1 1 1 1 - - 11
2020 (1)
2014 - - - - - - - 3
2020 (1)
2015 1 1 1 - - - - 3
2020 (1)
2016 - - - - - - - 8
2020 (1)
2017 1 1 1 (1) (1) - - 42
2020 (1)
2018 13 13 14 12 12 - 1 123
2020 (1)
2019 32 32 21 31 32 1 4 157
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 184
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Run-off Segment
Professional Indemnity / Directors and Officers
Net cumulative incurred losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses Year Ended December 31, 2023
As of December 31, 2023
For the years ended December 31
Acquisition Year Accident Year Net Reserves Acquired 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 PPD IBNR Cumulative number of claims
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except cumulative number of claims)
Unaudited
2020 (1)
2020 35 35 37 32 32 - 2 163
Total 83 83 75 75 76 1 7 510
2021 2013 and Prior 82 92 71 31 (40) 8 7,451
2021 2014 21 22 20 18 (2) 9 1,927
2021 2015 43 46 34 26 (8) 12 2,553
2021 2016 45 45 38 34 (4) 19 2,362
2021 2017 74 67 67 64 (3) 24 3,084
2021 2018 142 133 120 112 (8) 44 3,368
2021 2019 176 162 186 176 (10) 79 3,507
2021 2020 48 40 27 19 (8) 10 872
2021 2021 - 10 10 16 6 10 243
2021 2022 - 2 10 8 8 62
2021 2023 - - - 3
Total 631 617 575 506 (69) 223 25,432
2022 (1)
2013 and Prior 38 13 28 92 48 (44) 6 2,066
2022 (1)
2014 31 12 11 25 20 (5) 2 904
2022 (1)
2015 47 16 16 33 56 23 1 1,436
2022 (1)
2016 45 16 26 20 46 26 21 2,700
2022 (1)
2017 91 16 25 55 56 1 12 3,482
2022 (1)
2018 85 13 24 108 108 - 48 4,165
2022 (1)
2019 181 68 35 110 139 29 48 5,348
2022 (1)
2020 - - - - - - - 44
2022 (1)
2021 - - - - - - 15
2022 (1)
2022 - - - - - 17
2022 (1)
2023 - - - - 19
Total 518 154 165 443 473 30 138 20,196
2023 2013 and Prior 135 189 54 30 62,529
2023 2014 34 39 5 2 2,056
2023 2015 43 64 21 20 2,629
2023 2016 128 128 - 50 4,451
2023 2017 260 287 27 101 5,528
2023 2018 218 164 (54) 20 5,142
2023 2019 169 172 3 87 3,887
2023 2020 229 217 (12) 133 2,087
2023 2021 27 25 (2) 27 199
2023 2022 3 3 - 3 31
2023 2023 - - - 7
Total 1,246 1,288 42 473 88,546
Grand Total $ 3,404 $ 3,256 $ (10) $ 876 251,898
Net cumulative paid losses and ALAE (from table below) (1,284)
2014 to 2023 acquisition years - net liabilities for losses and ALAE 1,972
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 185
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Run-off Segment
Professional Indemnity / Directors and Officers
Net cumulative incurred losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses Year Ended December 31, 2023
As of December 31, 2023
For the years ended December 31
Acquisition Year Accident Year Net Reserves Acquired 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 PPD IBNR Cumulative number of claims
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except cumulative number of claims)
Unaudited
2013 and prior acquisition years - net liabilities for losses and ALAE / net increase (reduction) in estimates of net ultimate losses related to prior years 12 (1)
Total net liabilities for losses and ALAE / net increase (reduction) in estimates of net ultimate losses related to prior years $ 1,984 $ (11)
(1) In 2022, we entered into a LPT agreement with Aspen, which absorbed the Aspen ADC agreement we entered into in 2020. As such, we have reclassified the net reserves acquired in acquisition year 2020 and the net cumulative incurred losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses recorded through December 31, 2022 to acquisition year 2022.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 186
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Run-off Segment
Professional Indemnity / Directors and Officers
Net cumulative paid losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses
For the years ended December 31
Acquisition Year Accident Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except cumulative number of claims)
Unaudited
2014 2013 and Prior 39 64 78 90 92 92 94 95 96 98
2014 2014 - - 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 9
2014 2015 - - 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
Total 39 64 80 93 97 97 99 100 102 109
2016 2013 and Prior 9 20 32 29 33 41 44 53
Total 9 20 32 29 33 41 44 53
2018 2013 and Prior 57 95 84 105 136 156
2018 2014 12 26 40 50 57 60
2018 2015 17 21 28 24 24 19
2018 2016 8 24 39 47 61 71
2018 2017 - 2 5 9 10 25
2018 2018 - 1 1 1 1 1
Total 94 169 197 236 289 332
2019 2013 and Prior 8 11 20 22 38
2019 2014 5 5 12 14 17
2019 2015 10 8 10 12 14
2019 2016 9 21 28 38 33
2019 2017 3 14 16 27 40
2019 2018 1 1 3 4 (3)
2019 2019 - - 1 2 2
Total 36 60 90 119 141
2020 2013 and Prior 1 1 1 1
2020 2017 - (1) - (1)
2020 2018 - 4 9 10
2020 2019 - 9 21 27
2020 2020 1 8 17 29
Total 2 21 48 66
2021 2013 and Prior 3 3 17
2021 2014 - 2 6
2021 2015 2 4 11
2021 2016 2 6 13
2021 2017 2 15 27
2021 2018 7 38 50
2021 2019 3 43 54
2021 2020 2 3 4
2021 2021 1 2 5
Total 22 116 187
2022 2013 and Prior 43 19
2022 2014 1 13
2022 2015 2 17
2022 2016 1 13
2022 2017 2 16
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 187
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Run-off Segment
Professional Indemnity / Directors and Officers
Net cumulative paid losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses
For the years ended December 31
Acquisition Year Accident Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except cumulative number of claims)
Unaudited
2022 2018 1 41
2022 2019 3 56
Total 53 175
2023 2013 and Prior 40
2023 2014 10
2023 2015 2
2023 2016 16
2023 2017 56
2023 2018 48
2023 2019 13
2023 2020 40
2023 2021 (4)
Total 221
Grand Total $ 1,284
Run-off Segment
Professional Indemnity/Directors & Officers
Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses since Year of Acquisition, Net of Reinsurance
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10
Year of Acquisition Unaudited
2014 31.97 % 20.49 % 13.11 % 10.66 % 3.28 % - % 1.64 % 0.82 % 1.64 % 5.74 %
2016 10.59 % 12.94 % 14.12 % (3.53) % 4.71 % 9.41 % 3.53 % 10.59 %
2018 18.76 % 14.97 % 5.59 % 7.78 % 10.58 % 8.58 %
2019 17.56 % 11.71 % 14.63 % 14.15 % 10.73 %
2020 2.63 % 25.00 % 35.53 % 23.68 %
2021 4.35 % 18.58 % 14.03 %
2022 11.21 % 25.79 %
2023 17.16 %
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 188
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Run-off Segment
Motor
Net cumulative incurred losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses Year Ended December 31, 2023
As of December 31, 2023
For the years ended December 31
Acquisition Year Accident Year Net Reserves Acquired 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 PPD IBNR Cumulative number of claims
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except cumulative number of claims)
Unaudited
2014 2013 and Prior $ 33 $ 39 $ 42 $ 42 $ 42 $ 43 $ 44 $ 44 $ 42 $ 42 $ 42 $ - $ - 2,126
2014 2014 - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - 5
2014 2015 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
2014 2016 - - - - - - - - - - - 1
2014 2017 - - - - - - - - - - 1
Total 33 39 42 42 43 44 45 45 43 43 43 - - 2,134
2015 2013 and Prior 51 61 63 65 63 63 63 63 63 63 - 1 1,132
2015 2014 8 12 13 12 13 12 12 12 11 11 - - 668
2015 2015 4 7 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 - - 1,385
2015 2016 - 1 - - - - - - 1 1 - 229
2015 2017 - - - - - - - - - - 14
2015 2018 - - - - - - - - - 5
Total 63 80 83 85 84 83 83 83 82 83 1 1 3,433
2017 2013 and Prior 19 27 20 19 23 29 26 30 4 - 124
2017 2014 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - 26
2017 2015 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 - - 15
2017 2016 - - - 1 1 1 1 1 - - 4
Total 22 30 24 23 27 33 30 34 4 - 169
2018 2013 and Prior 190 158 172 166 165 161 164 3 6 4,956
2018 2014 115 100 88 84 77 84 88 4 5 802
2018 2015 122 112 118 113 109 116 114 (2) 6 1,041
2018 2016 105 103 108 102 100 101 103 2 2 637
2018 2017 101 102 98 102 102 103 103 - 2 104
2018 2018 181 181 158 160 161 167 166 (1) 5 29
2018 2019 - 39 39 40 44 43 (1) - 42
Total 814 756 781 766 754 776 781 5 26 7,611
2019 2013 and Prior 20 22 20 20 18 19 1 1 3,605
Total 20 22 20 20 18 19 1 1 3,605
2020 2015 2 3 3 3 3 - - 19
2020 2016 49 42 49 51 51 - 1 221
2020 2017 154 186 215 231 232 1 8 1,167
2020 2018 250 397 415 469 454 (15) 23 2,395
Total 455 628 682 754 740 (14) 32 3,802
2021 2013 and Prior 12 11 6 2 (4) 2 2,160
2021 2014 6 6 3 3 - 1 911
2021 2015 7 4 (1) (1) - 1 821
2021 2016 6 5 2 3 1 1 795
2021 2017 5 4 2 2 - 1 591
2021 2018 6 7 5 6 1 3 1
2021 2019 8 10 8 19 11 4 1
2021 2020 5 6 4 6 2 2 1
Total 55 53 29 40 11 15 5,281
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 189
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Run-off Segment
Motor
Net cumulative incurred losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses Year Ended December 31, 2023
As of December 31, 2023
For the years ended December 31
Acquisition Year Accident Year Net Reserves Acquired 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 PPD IBNR Cumulative number of claims
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except cumulative number of claims)
Unaudited
2022 2013 and Prior - - - - - 23,610
2022 2014 1 1 - (1) - 6,143
2022 2015 2 2 - (2) - 6,321
2022 2016 3 3 1 (2) - 5,052
2022 2017 2 2 1 (1) - 5,371
2022 2018 8 8 1 (7) - 5,672
2022 2019 - - 5 5 1 5,775
Total 16 16 8 (8) 1 57,944
2023 2013 and Prior 267 267 - 58 148
2023 2014 2 2 - - 76
2023 2015 4 4 - - 81
2023 2016 8 11 3 - 151
2023 2017 18 10 (8) 1 270
2023 2018 21 17 (4) 2 492
2023 2019 30 28 (2) 2 690
2023 2020 52 40 (12) 5 1,125
2023 2021 51 49 (2) 5 2,050
Total 453 428 (25) 73 5,083
Grand Total $ 1,931 $ 2,176 $ (25) $ 149 89,062
Net cumulative paid losses and ALAE (from table below) (1,541)
2014 to 2023 acquisition years - net liabilities for losses and ALAE 635
2013 and prior acquisition years - net liabilities for losses and ALAE / net increase (reduction) in estimates of net ultimate losses related to prior years 18 (3)
Total net liabilities for losses and ALAE / net increase (reduction) in estimates of net ultimate losses related to prior years $ 653 $ (28)
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 190
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Run-off Segment
Motor
Net cumulative paid losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses
For the years ended December 31
Acquisition Year Accident Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except cumulative number of claims)
Unaudited
2014 2013 and Prior $ 19 $ 34 $ 38 $ 40 $ 42 $ 42 $ 42 $ 42 $ 43 $ 42
2014 2014 - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Total 19 34 38 41 43 43 43 43 44 43
2015 2013 and Prior 25 36 43 47 50 52 53 54 55
2015 2014 4 8 9 11 11 11 12 12 12
2015 2015 3 4 6 7 7 8 8 8 8
Total 32 48 58 65 68 71 73 74 75
2017 2013 and Prior 12 15 18 20 21 24 27
2017 2014 - - 1 1 2 2 1
2017 2015 - - 1 1 1 1 1
2017 2016 - - 1 1 1 1 1
Total 12 15 21 23 25 28 30
2018 2013 and Prior 32 71 88 106 114 118
2018 2014 22 48 57 61 69 71
2018 2015 19 57 79 86 95 104
2018 2016 6 43 65 76 85 90
2018 2017 - 48 73 83 92 98
2018 2018 - 87 120 136 149 159
2018 2019 22 30 36 40 42
Total 79 376 512 584 644 682
2019 2013 and Prior - 1 4 5 5
Total - 1 4 5 5
2020 2015 2 3 3 3
2020 2016 25 40 45 48
2020 2017 69 148 196 215
2020 2018 110 247 353 409
Total 206 438 597 675
2021 2015 - (2) (3)
Total - (2) (3)
2022 2019 - 2
Total - 2
2013 and Prior 2
2023 2016 3
2023 2017 2
2023 2018 3
2023 2019 7
2023 2020 7
2023 2021 8
Total 32
Grand Total $ 1,541
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 191
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Run-off Segment
Motor
Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses since Year of Acquisition, Net of Reinsurance
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10
Year of Acquisition Unaudited
2014 44.19 % 34.88 % 9.30 % 6.98 % 4.65 % - % - % - % 2.33 % (2.33) %
2015 38.55 % 19.28 % 12.05 % 8.43 % 3.61 % 3.61 % 2.41 % 1.20 % 1.20 %
2017 35.29 % 8.82 % 17.65 % 5.88 % 5.88 % 8.82 % 5.88 %
2018 10.12 % 38.03 % 17.41 % 9.22 % 7.68 % 4.87 %
2019 - % 5.26 % 15.79 % 5.26 % - %
2020 27.84 % 31.35 % 21.49 % 10.54 %
2021 - % (5.00) % (2.50) %
2022 - % 25.00 %
2023 7.48 %
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 192
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
StarStone International
As described above, the loss development information for StarStone International has been included in the Run-off segment loss development tables above as an acquisition in 2021 and also presented separately on a standalone basis from the date of acquisition (April 2014) below.
StarStone International
General Casualty
Net Cumulative Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For The Year Ended December 31, 2023 As of December 31, 2023
Accident Year For The Years Ended December 31,
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 PPD IBNR(1)
Cumulative Number of Claims
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except cumulative number of claims)
(unaudited)
2013 and Prior $ 69 $ 63 $ 69 $ 65 $ 73 $ 76 $ 76 $ 77 $ 77 $ 79 $ 2 $ 5 9,496
2014 41 42 41 41 41 47 45 43 44 44 - 1 4,365
2015 52 53 55 62 70 67 68 73 74 1 2 4,037
2016 55 54 80 103 98 106 103 104 1 9 4,225
2017 60 94 132 141 150 160 174 14 20 4,194
2018 41 47 50 45 56 52 (4) 24 3,005
2019 10 11 16 16 18 2 1 1,925
2020 31 48 34 40 6 4 897
2021 1 - 1 1 - 183
2022 - - - 137
2023 - - - 25
Total $ 586 $ 23 $ 66 32,489
(1) Total of IBNR plus expected development on reported losses.
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
Accident Year For The Years Ended December 31,
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
(unaudited)
2013 and Prior $ 18 $ 33 $ 47 $ 51 $ 64 $ 69 $ 71 $ 71 $ 73 $ 73
2014 3 9 16 23 28 30 32 34 41 43
2015 3 10 21 31 45 48 55 62 69
2016 1 15 32 52 64 78 82 86
2017 3 23 61 97 118 129 142
2018 2 6 17 21 29 37
2019 1 4 5 7 12
2020 1 9 17 21
Total $ 483
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and ALAE, net of reinsurance $ 103
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 193
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
The reconciliation of incurred and paid loss development to the liability for unpaid losses and LAE as presented in the tables above for the year ended December 31, 2023 is set forth below:
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Liabilities for unpaid losses and allocated LAE, net of reinsurance $ 103
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses 12
Gross liability for unpaid losses and LAE before unallocated loss adjustment expenses and fair value adjustments $ 115
The following is unaudited supplementary information for average annual historical duration of claims:
Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10
General Casualty 6.03 % 13.92 % 16.67 % 12.90 % 16.22 % 8.35 % 5.57 % 4.46 % 9.30 % 2.27 %
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 194
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
StarStone International
Workers' Compensation
Net Cumulative Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For The Year Ended December 31, 2023 As of December 31, 2023
For The Years Ended December 31,
Accident Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 PPD IBNR(1)
Cumulative Number of Claims
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except cumulative number of claims)
(unaudited)
2013 and Prior $ 102 $ 102 $ 102 $ 102 $ 102 $ 102 $ 103 $ 103 $ 103 $ 103 $ - $ - 7,951
2014 14 17 17 15 16 16 15 15 16 15 (1) - 1,994
2015 42 44 40 39 38 37 36 36 35 (1) - 3,327
2016 55 53 53 56 52 52 52 51 (1) - 3,499
2017 41 42 38 41 40 39 35 (4) 2 3,175
2018 37 37 38 38 37 36 (1) 2 4,005
2019 17 23 26 26 29 3 2 4,302
2020 30 40 35 35 - 2 3,234
2021 8 4 5 1 2 191
2022 3 3 - - 26
2023 - - 1
$ 347 $ (4) $ 10 31,705
(1) Total of IBNR plus expected development on reported losses.
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
For The Years Ended December 31,
Accident Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
(unaudited)
2013 and Prior $ 100 $ 101 $ 101 $ 101 $ 102 $ 102 $ 102 $ 102 $ 102 $ 102
2014 2 7 10 11 13 13 14 14 14 14
2015 5 17 26 30 32 33 33 34 34
2016 8 25 36 43 45 47 49 50
2017 6 17 28 32 34 35 33
2018 14 22 27 30 32 34
2019 3 18 20 22 23
2020 5 20 27 29
2021 - 1 2
$ 321
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and ALAE, net of reinsurance $ 26
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 195
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
The reconciliation of incurred and paid loss development to the liability for unpaid losses and LAE as presented in the tables above for the year ended December 31, 2023 is set forth below:
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Liabilities for unpaid losses and allocated LAE, net of reinsurance $ 26
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses -
Gross liability for unpaid losses and LAE before ULAE and fair value adjustments $ 26
The following is unaudited supplementary information for average annual historical duration of claims:
Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10
Workers Compensation 27.63 % 31.27 % 17.72 % 8.02 % 5.52 % 2.53 % 0.97 % 1.20 % - % - %
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 196
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
StarStone International
Professional Indemnity / Directors and Officers
Net Cumulative Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For The Year Ended December 31, 2023 As of December 31, 2023
For The Years Ended December 31,
Accident Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 PPD IBNR(1)
Cumulative Number of Claims
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except cumulative number of claims)
(unaudited)
2013 and Prior $ 38 $ 32 $ 31 $ 29 $ 36 $ 43 $ 45 $ 50 $ 48 $ 45 $ (3) $ 5 3,019
2014 21 21 20 22 19 23 22 23 23 21 (2) 3 937
2015 20 26 26 29 29 32 34 32 32 - 3 1,184
2016 27 26 27 26 23 24 25 22 (3) 3 842
2017 31 42 37 32 29 27 21 (6) 2 997
2018 31 33 35 37 40 35 (5) 1 1,173
2019 21 27 28 31 24 (7) 8 1,256
2020 33 28 27 19 (8) 10 872
2021 10 10 16 6 10 243
2022 2 10 8 8 62
2023 - - 3
$ 245 $ (20) $ 53 10,588
(1) Total of IBNR plus expected development on reported losses.
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
Accident Year For The Years Ended December 31,
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
(unaudited)
2013 and Prior $ 14 $ 17 $ 22 $ 22 $ 29 $ 31 $ 33 $ 32 $ 32 $ 33
2014 - 3 5 9 13 14 14 14 16 16
2015 2 7 12 15 18 22 22 23 24
2016 1 7 13 15 18 18 18 18
2017 2 11 16 20 20 20 21
2018 3 9 14 19 28 30
2019 - 4 6 11 11
2020 - 2 3 4
2021 1 2 5
2022 - -
$ 162
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and ALAE, net of reinsurance $ 83
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 197
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 11 - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
The reconciliation of incurred and paid loss development to the liability for unpaid losses and LAE as presented in the tables above for the year ended December 31, 2023 is set forth below:
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Liabilities for unpaid losses and allocated LAE, net of reinsurance $ 83
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses 7
Gross liability for unpaid losses and LAE before ULAE and fair value adjustments $ 90
The following is unaudited supplementary information for average annual historical duration of claims:
Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10
Professional Indemnity / Directors and Officers 11.04 % 19.30 % 14.89 % 12.12 % 11.90 % 4.57 % 1.84 % 0.23 % 4.22 % 1.11 %
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 198
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 12 - Future Policyholder Benefits
12. FUTURE POLICYHOLDER BENEFITS
The provision for future policyholder benefits includes provisions for life contingent liabilities assumed as well as other policy benefits for insureds. The future policyholder benefits are equal to the present value of the future benefits payments and related expenses less the present value of future net premiums.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had future policyholder benefit liabilities of $0 and $821 million, respectively. The decrease of $821 million was due to the novation of the reinsurance of a closed block of life annuity policies, which is described further below.
We adopted ASU 2018-12 effective January 1, 2023 using the modified retrospective transition approach, with a transition date of September 1, 2021. This is the date that we acquired Enhanzed Re through the Step Acquisition and consolidated Enhanzed Re’s existing assets and liabilities, including all of our future policyholder benefit contracts. The effects of the adoption as of the transition date and through December 31, 2021 were not material, primarily due to the overall consistency of the interest rate assumption that was previously established based on investment yields (net of related investment expenses) expected as of September 1, 2021 compared to the upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yield, as applied under ASU 2018-12, as of the same dates.
The assumed liabilities for future policyholder benefits are comprised primarily of in-payment annuity contract liabilities, which are classified as limited-payment contracts. The balances of and changes in liability for future policyholder benefits is as follows:
December 31,
2023 2022
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Beginning Balance (1)
$ 821 $ 1,502
Interest accretion and other policyholder benefit expenses - 25
Benefits paid (6) (56)
Recapture of assumed liabilities by ceding company - (34)
Terminations (surrenders) - (15)
Effect of exchange rate movement 13 (223)
Derecognition (2)
(828) -
Effect of changes in discount rate - (363)
Other - (15)
Balance as of December 31 $ - $ 821
(1) The liability for future policyholder benefits as of January 1, 2022 has not been adjusted for the impact of adopting ASU 2018-12 given the proximity of the acquisition of a controlling interest in Enhanzed Re on September 1, 2021, in which we recorded the liabilities at fair value in accordance with purchase accounting requirements. The corresponding balance as of September 30, 2021 would be the amount recorded as of December 31, 2021 given our one quarter reporting lag for Enhanzed Re. Furthermore, the effect of remeasuring the liabilities using an upper medium grade fixed-income instrument yield in this one month period were inconsequential.
(2) In November 2022, we completed a novation of the reinsurance of a closed block of life annuity policies, which was recorded in our first quarter 2023 results due to a one quarter reporting lag. See below for additional information.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized $17 million of gross premiums. There were no gross premiums recognized for the year ended December 31, 2023.
As required by the adoption of ASU 2018-12, discount rate assumptions associated with liability remeasurement are updated at each reporting period to reflect the current upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yield, with changes in the interest rate from inception to current period reported through accumulated other comprehensive loss.
We designed a discount rate methodology to incorporate the currency and duration characteristics of the liabilities. For interest accretion, interest rates are fixed at inception. Significant assumptions to the calculation of future policyholder benefits also include mortality, mortality improvement, and timing of cash flow payments. The
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 199
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 12 - Future Policyholder Benefits
assumptions are reviewed at least annually. During 2022, we undertook a review of all significant assumptions and did not make any changes to the mortality, mortality improvement, or timing of cash flow payments as actual experience was materially consistent with established assumptions for the same date. Accordingly, there was no effect of changes in the liability relating to changes in cash flow assumptions. In addition, the effects of actual variances from expected policyholder behavior experience were not material for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
The undiscounted expected future net benefit payments as of December 31, 2022 were $1.3 billion. The weighted-average duration of the liability, interest accretion rate and interest rate for discounting the liability for future policyholder benefits as of December 31, 2022 was 9.8 years, 0.7% and 4.1%, respectively.
Novation of Future Policyholder Benefits
In November 2022, Enhanzed Re completed a novation of the reinsurance of a closed block of life annuity policies to Monument Re Limited, a subsidiary of Monument Insurance Group Limited (“Monument Re”). We settled the life liabilities and the related assets at carrying value in return for cash consideration of $94 million as of the closing date and recorded other income of $275 million. This amount consists of a reclassification adjustment of the component of AOCI related to the unlocking of the discount rate assumption from the adoption of ASU 2018-12 into net income. Our net income attributable to Enstar was reduced by the amount attributable to Allianz’s 24.9% noncontrolling interest in Enhanzed Re at the time of the transaction and our other income recorded was subject to deferral as profits emerge from the underlying novated business, which is generally over the expected settlement period of the life annuity policies, to account for our preexisting 20% ownership interest in Monument Re.
The following table illustrates the calculation of the gain as of the closing date of the novation:
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Calculation of carrying value as of transaction closing:
Funds held - directly managed and other assumed reinsurance recoverables $ 973
Future policyholder benefits (828)
Other assumed reinsurance liabilities (12)
Carrying value of net assets $ 133
Calculation of gain on novation (recorded in first quarter 2023):
Cash consideration received $ 94
Less: carrying value of net assets (133)
Add: reclassification of remeasurement of future policyholder benefits from AOCI and NCI (1)
Amount deferred relating to 20% ownership interest in Monument Re (2)
(49)
Gain on novation (3)
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest (81)
Gain on novation attributable to Enstar (4)
$ 194
(1) Comprised of $273 million from AOCI and $90 million from NCI.
(2) Calculated as 20% of the net Enstar transaction gain of $243 million (representing $324 million, consisting of the $39 million loss when comparing cash consideration to carrying value plus the $363 million reclassification benefit, less Allianz’s 24.9% share equal to $81 million).
(3) Recognized in other income in our consolidated statements of operations.
(4) Recognized in net income in our consolidated statements of operations.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, we amortized $2 million into other income relating to the portion of the gain that was deferred to account for our preexisting ownership interest in Monument Re and the total gain on novation attributable to Enstar was $196 million. The deferred gain will be amortized over the expected settlement period of the transferred life annuity policies, which is projected to be 50 years, with the majority of benefit payments occurring in the earlier years.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 200
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 13 - Defendant Asbestos and Environmental Liabilities
13. DEFENDANT ASBESTOS AND ENVIRONMENTAL LIABILITIES
Defendant asbestos and environmental liabilities ("defendant A&E liabilities") on our consolidated balance sheets include amounts for indemnity and defense costs for pending and future asbestos-related claims, determined using standard actuarial techniques for asbestos-related exposures.
We acquired DCo and Morse TEC in 2016 and 2019, respectively. These companies hold liabilities associated with personal injury asbestos claims and environmental claims arising from their legacy manufacturing operations. DCo and Morse TEC continue to process asbestos personal injury claims.
Defendant A&E liabilities also include amounts for environmental liabilities, associated with the acquired companies' properties, relating to estimated clean-up costs associated with the DCo’s and Morse TEC’s former operations based on engineering reports.
Changes to our estimate of these liabilities are recorded to other income (expense) within the consolidated statements of operations in the period that our estimate is adjusted.
Amounts billed to and due from insurers providing coverage for our defendant A&E liabilities are calculated in accordance with the terms of the individual insurance contracts.
Insurance balances recoverable on our consolidated balance sheets include estimated insurance recoveries relating to our defendant asbestos liabilities. The recorded asset represents our assessment of the capacity of the insurance agreements to indemnify our subsidiaries for the anticipated defense and loss payments for pending claims and projected future claims.
The recognition of these recoveries is based on an assessment of the right to recover under the respective contracts and on the financial strength of the insurers. The recorded asset does not represent the limits of our insurance coverage, but rather the amount we would expect to recover if the accrued and projected loss and defense costs were paid in full.
On an ongoing basis, we evaluate and monitor the credit risk related to our insurers and an allowance for estimated uncollectible insurance balances recoverable on our defendant A&E liabilities ("allowance for estimated uncollectible insurance") is established for amounts considered potentially uncollectible. To determine the allowance for estimated uncollectible reinsurance, we use the PD and LGD methodology whereby each reinsurer is allocated an appropriate PD percentage based on the expected payout duration by portfolio. This PD percentage is then multiplied by an appropriate LGD percentage to arrive at an overall credit allowance percentage which is then applied to the reinsurance balance recoverable for each reinsurer, net of any specific bad debt provisions, collateral or other contract related offsets, to arrive at the overall allowance for estimated uncollectible reinsurance by reinsurer.
Amounts deemed to be uncollectible, including amounts due from known insolvent insurers, are written off against the allowance.
Changes in the allowance, as well as any subsequent collections of amounts previously written off, are reported as part of other income (expense) in our consolidated statements of operations.
Included within insurance balances recoverable and defendant A&E liabilities are the fair value adjustments that were initially recognized upon acquisition. These fair value adjustments are amortized in proportion to the actual payout of claims and recoveries.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 201
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 13 - Defendant Asbestos and Environmental Liabilities
The carrying value of the defendant A&E liabilities, insurance recoveries, future estimated expenses and the fair value adjustments related to DCo and Morse TEC as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 was as follows:
2023 2022
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Defendant A&E liabilities:
Defendant asbestos liabilities $ 734 $ 786
Defendant environmental liabilities 10 10
Estimated future expenses 33 35
Fair value adjustments (210) (224)
Defendant A&E liabilities
567 607
Insurance balances recoverable:
Insurance recoveries related to defendant asbestos liabilities (net of allowance: 2023 - $5; 2022 - $5)
217 224
Fair value adjustments (45) (47)
Insurance balances recoverable 172 177
Net liabilities relating to defendant A&E exposures
$ 395 $ 430
Methodologies for determining liabilities
Defendant Asbestos Liabilities
We review, on an ongoing basis, our own experience in handling asbestos-related claims and trends affecting asbestos-related claims in the U.S. tort system generally, for the purposes of assessing the value of pending asbestos-related claims and the number and value of those that may be asserted in the future, as well as potential recoveries from our insurance carriers with respect to such claims and defense costs.
The actuarial analysis for these asbestos-related exposures utilizes data resulting from claim experience, including input from national coordinating counsel and local counsel, and includes the development of an estimate of the potential value of asbestos-related claims asserted but not yet resolved as well as the number and potential value of asbestos-related claims not yet asserted.
In developing the estimate of liability for potential future claims, the actuarial methods project the potential number of future claims based on our historical claim filings and health studies. The actuarial methods also utilize assumptions based on our historical proportion of claims resolved without payment, historical claim resolution costs for those claims that result in a payment, and historical defense costs. The liabilities are estimated by using pending and projected future claim filings, projected payments rates, average claim resolution amounts and an estimate for defense costs, which is derived based on assumptions relating to defense costs to indemnity cost ratios. We utilize judgment when determining the assumptions related to projected future claims filings, projected payment rates and estimated defense costs.
We determine, based on the factors described above, including the actuarial analysis, that their best estimate of the aggregate liability both for asbestos-related claims asserted but not yet resolved and potential asbestos-related claims not yet asserted, including estimated defense costs, was $734 million and $786 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 202
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 13 - Defendant Asbestos and Environmental Liabilities
The table below provides a consolidated reconciliation of the beginning and ending liability for defendant A&E liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:
2023 2022 2021
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Balance as of January 1 $ 607 $ 638 $ 706
Insurance balances recoverable (177) (213) (250)
Net balance as of January 1 430 425 456
Amounts recorded in other expense (income):
Increase (reduction) in estimate of net ultimate liabilities 1 (2) (38)
Reduction in estimated future expenses (2) (1) (5)
Amortization of fair value adjustments 13 7 16
Total other expense (income) 12 4 (27)
Total net (paid claims) recoveries (47) 1 (4)
Net balance as of December 31 395 430 425
Insurance balances recoverable 172 177 213
Balance as of December 31 $ 567 $ 607 $ 638
Total other expense from our defendant A&E liabilities was $12 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to the amortization of fair value adjustments.
Total other expense was $4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to the amortization of fair value adjustments and partially offset by favorable changes in the estimate of liabilities and future expenses.
Total other income was $27 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, driven by a reduction in the actuarially estimated ultimate net liabilities as a result of a decline in mesothelioma filings.
Defendant Environmental Liabilities
As a result of our acquisition of DCo and Morse TEC, we have been identified by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and certain U.S. state environmental agencies and private parties as potentially responsible parties ("PRP") at various hazardous waste disposal sites under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act ("Superfund") and equivalent U.S. state laws.
The PRPs may currently be liable for the cost of clean-up and other remedial activities at 26 such sites. Responsibility for clean-up and other remedial activities at a Superfund site is typically shared among PRPs based on an allocation formula.
We have a liability for defendant environmental liabilities of $10 million and $10 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The estimate for defendant environmental liabilities is based on information available to us, including an estimate of the allocation of liability among PRPs, the probability that other PRPs will pay the cost apportioned to them, currently available information from PRPs and/or federal or state environmental agencies concerning the scope of contamination and estimated remediation and consulting costs, and remediation alternatives.
Allowance for Estimated Uncollectible Insurance Balances Recoverable on Defendant Asbestos Liabilities
We maintained a beginning and ending allowance for estimated uncollectible insurance balances related to our defendant asbestos liabilities of $5 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we did not have any new provisions, write-offs charged against the allowance for estimated uncollectible insurance or any recoveries of amounts previously written off.
We did not have significant non-disputed past due balances receivable from our insurers related to our defendant asbestos liabilities, that were older than one year for any of the periods presented. Any balances that are part of ongoing legal activity are estimated to be recovered at the level of our recorded asset which is consistent with our legal advice and past collection experience.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 203
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 14 - Fair Value Measurements
14. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
Fair Value Hierarchy
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e. the "exit price") in an orderly transaction between market participants. We use a fair value hierarchy that gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable data. The hierarchy is broken down into three levels as follows:
•Level 1 - Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that we have the ability to access for identical assets or liabilities. Valuation adjustments and block discounts are not applied to Level 1 instruments.
•Level 2 - Valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or significant inputs that are observable (e.g. interest rates, yield curves, prepayment speeds, default rates, loss severities, etc.) or can be corroborated by observable market data.
•Level 3 - Valuations based on unobservable inputs where there is little or no market activity. Unadjusted third party pricing sources or management's assumptions and internal valuation models may be used to determine the fair values.
In addition, certain of our other investments are measured at fair value using net asset value ("NAV") per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient and have not been classified within the fair value hierarchy above.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 204
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 14 - Fair Value Measurements
We have categorized our assets and liabilities that are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis among levels based on the observability of inputs, or at fair value using NAV per share (or its equivalent) as follows:
December 31, 2023
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1) Significant
Other Observable
Inputs
(Level 2) Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3) Fair Value Based on NAV as Practical Expedient Total Fair
Value
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Investments:
Short-term and Fixed maturities:
U.S. government and agency $ - $ 326 $ - $ - $ 326
U.K. government - 72 - - 72
Other government - 391 - - 391
Corporate - 4,119 12 - 4,131
Municipal - 142 - - 142
Residential mortgage-backed - 487 - - 487
Commercial mortgage-backed - 841 - - 841
Asset-backed - 873 11 - 884
- 7,251 23 - 7,274
Funds held (1)
58 2,342 40 102 2,542
Equities:
Publicly traded equity investments 243 31 1 - 275
Exchange-traded funds 82 - - - 82
Privately held equity investments - - 299 45 344
325 31 300 45 701
Other investments:
Hedge funds - - - 491 491
Fixed income funds - 53 - 552 605
Equity funds - 4 - - 4
Private equity funds - - - 1,617 1,617
CLO equities - 60 - - 60
CLO equity funds - - - 182 182
Private credit funds - 183 - 442 625
Real estate fund - - - 269 269
- 300 - 3,553 3,853
Total Investments $ 383 $ 9,924 $ 363 $ 3,700 $ 14,370
Reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses: $ - $ - $ 217 $ - $ 217
Other Assets:
Derivatives qualifying as hedging $ - $ 1 $ - $ - $ 1
Derivatives not qualifying as hedges - 3 - - 3
Derivative instruments $ - $ 4 $ - $ - $ 4
Losses and LAE: $ - $ - $ 1,163 $ - $ 1,163
Other Liabilities:
Derivatives qualifying as hedging $ - $ 6 $ - $ - $ 6
Derivatives not qualifying as hedges - 3 - - 3
Derivative instruments $ - $ 9 $ - $ - $ 9
(1) The difference in the amount of funds held shown at fair value and the funds held shown in our consolidated balance sheet relates to the $2.7 billion of funds held by reinsured companies carried at amortized cost.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 205
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 14 - Fair Value Measurements
December 31, 2022
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1) Significant
Other Observable
Inputs
(Level 2) Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3) Fair Value Based on NAV as Practical Expedient Total Fair
Value
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Investments:
Short-term and Fixed maturities:
U.S. government and agency $ - $ 388 $ - $ - $ 388
U.K government - 78 - - 78
Other government - 319 - - 319
Corporate - 4,607 - - 4,607
Municipal - 158 - - 158
Residential mortgage-backed - 439 - - 439
Commercial mortgage-backed - 819 - - 819
Asset-backed - 837 - - 837
- 7,645 - - 7,645
Funds held (1)
- 2,040 44 - 2,084
Equities:
Publicly traded equity investments 351 34 - - 385
Exchange-traded funds 507 - - - 507
Privately held equity investments - - 319 39 358
858 34 319 39 1,250
Other investments:
Hedge funds - - - 549 549
Fixed income funds - 90 - 457 547
Equity funds - 3 - - 3
Private equity funds - - - 1,282 1,282
CLO equities - 148 - - 148
CLO equity funds - - - 203 203
Private credit funds - - - 362 362
Real estate fund - - - 202 202
- 241 - 3,055 3,296
Total Investments $ 858 $ 9,960 $ 363 $ 3,094 $ 14,275
Reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses: $ - $ - $ 275 $ - $ 275
Other Assets:
Derivatives qualifying as hedging $ - $ 1 $ - $ - $ 1
Derivatives not qualifying as hedges - 5 - - 5
Derivative instruments $ - $ 6 $ - $ - $ 6
Losses and LAE: $ - $ - $ 1,286 $ - $ 1,286
Other Liabilities:
Derivatives qualifying as hedging $ - $ 11 $ - $ - $ 11
Derivatives not qualifying as hedges - 1 - - 1
Derivative instruments $ - $ 12 $ - $ - $ 12
(1) The difference in the amount of funds held shown at fair value and the funds held shown in our consolidated balance sheet relates to the $3.5 billion of funds held by reinsured companies carried at amortized cost.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 206
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 14 - Fair Value Measurements
Valuation Methodologies of Financial Instruments Measured at Fair Value
Short-term and Fixed Maturities
The fair values for all securities in the short-term and fixed maturities and funds held - directly managed portfolios are obtained or validated from independent pricing services either directly or through our accounting service provider or investment managers.
We record the unadjusted price and validate this price through a process that includes, but is not limited to:
i.comparison of prices against alternative pricing sources;
ii.quantitative analysis (e.g. comparing the quarterly return for each managed portfolio to its target benchmark);
iii.evaluation of methodologies used by external parties to estimate fair value, including a review of the inputs used for pricing; and
iv.comparing the price to our knowledge of the current investment market.
Our internal price validation procedures and review of fair value methodology documentation provided by independent pricing services have not historically resulted in adjustment in the prices obtained from the pricing service.
The independent pricing services used by our service providers obtain actual transaction prices for securities that have quoted prices in active markets. Where we utilize single unadjusted broker-dealer quotes, they are generally provided by market makers or broker-dealers who are recognized as market participants in the markets for which they are providing the quotes.
For determining the fair value of securities that are not actively traded, in general, pricing services use "matrix pricing" in which the independent pricing service uses observable market inputs including, but not limited to, reported trades, benchmark yields, broker-dealer quotes, interest rates, prepayment speeds, default rates and other such inputs as are available from market sources to determine a reasonable fair value.
The following describes the techniques generally used to determine the fair value of our short-term and fixed maturities by asset class, including the investments underlying the funds held - directly managed.
•U.S. and non-U.S. government and agency securities consist of securities issued by the U.S. Treasury and mortgage pass-through agencies such as the Federal National Mortgage Association, the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation and other agencies, or consist of bonds issued by non-U.S. governments and agencies along with supranational organizations. The significant inputs used to determine the fair value of these securities include the spread above the risk-free yield curve, reported trades and broker-dealer quotes. These are considered to be observable market inputs and, therefore, the fair values of these securities are classified as Level 2.
•Corporate securities consist primarily of investment-grade debt of a wide variety of corporate issuers and industries. The fair values of these securities are determined using the spread above the risk-free yield curve, reported trades, broker-dealer quotes, benchmark yields, and industry and market indicators. These are considered observable market inputs and, therefore, the fair values of these securities are classified as Level 2. Certain private placement investments classified within Corporate are valued using prices obtained from external managers using independent valuation agents and the valuation inputs used are considered unobservable with no active market at the measurement date. As a result, these private placement investments are classified as Level 3.
•Municipal securities consist primarily of bonds issued by U.S.-domiciled state and municipal entities. The fair values of these securities are determined using the spread above the risk-free yield curve, reported trades, broker-dealer quotes and benchmark yields. These are considered observable market inputs and therefore the fair values of these securities are classified as Level 2.
•Asset-backed and commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities consist primarily of investment-grade bonds backed by pools of loans with a variety of underlying collateral. Residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities include both agency and non-agency originated securities. The significant inputs used to determine the fair value of these securities include the spread above the risk-free yield curve, reported trades, benchmark yields, prepayment speeds and default rates. These are considered observable market
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 207
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 14 - Fair Value Measurements
inputs and therefore the fair value of these securities are classified as Level 2. Certain private placement investments classified within Asset-backed are valued using prices obtained from external managers using independent valuation agents and the valuation inputs used are considered unobservable with no active market at the measurement date. As a result, these private placement investments are classified as Level 3.
Equities
Our investments in equities consist of a combination of publicly traded and privately held investments. Our publicly traded equity investments in common and preferred stocks predominantly trade on major exchanges and are managed by our external advisors. Our exchange-traded funds also trade on major exchanges.
Our publicly traded equities are widely diversified and there is no significant concentration in any specific industry. We use an internationally recognized pricing service to estimate the fair value of our publicly traded equities and exchange-traded funds. We have categorized the majority of our publicly traded equity investments, other than preferred stock, and our exchange-traded funds as Level 1 investments because the fair values of these investments are based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets. Two equity securities trade in an inactive market and, as a result have been classified as Level 2. The fair value estimates of our investments in publicly traded preferred stock are based on observable market data and, as a result, have been categorized as Level 2. Certain private placement investments classified within Equities are valued using prices obtained from external managers using independent valuation agents and the valuation inputs used are considered unobservable with no active market at the measurement date. As a result, these private placement investments are classified as Level 3.
Our privately held equity investments in common and preferred stocks are direct investments in companies that we believe offer attractive risk adjusted returns and/or offer other strategic advantages. Each investment may have its own unique terms and conditions and there may be restrictions on disposals. The market for these investments is illiquid and there is no active market. For the majority of these we use a combination of cost, internal models and reported values from co-investors/managers to calculate the fair value of the privately held equity investments. The fair value estimates of these are based on unobservable market data so have been categorized as Level 3. We also have one direct investment in the equity of a privately held business development company which values its underlying investments using NAV as a practical expedient; therefore, the investment has not been categorized within the fair value hierarchy.
Other investments, at fair value
We have ongoing due diligence processes with respect to the other investments carried at fair value in which we invest, including active discussions with managers of the investments. These processes are designed to assist us in assessing the quality of information provided by, or on behalf of, each fund and in determining whether such information continues to be reliable or whether further review is warranted.
Certain funds do not provide full transparency of their underlying holdings; however, we obtain the audited financial statements for funds annually and review the audited results relative to the net asset values provided by the managers, and regularly review and discuss the fund performance with the fund managers to corroborate the reasonableness of the reported NAV.
The use of NAV as an estimate of the fair value for investments in certain entities that calculate NAV is a permitted practical expedient. Due to the time lag in the NAV reported by certain fund managers we adjust the valuation for capital calls and distributions. Other investments measured at fair value using NAV as a practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. Other investments for which we do not use NAV as a practical expedient have been valued using prices from independent pricing services and investment managers.
The following describes the techniques generally used to determine the fair value of our other investments.
•For our investments in hedge funds, private equity funds, CLO equity funds, private credit funds and the real estate debt fund, we primarily measure fair value by obtaining the most recently available NAV as advised by the external fund manager or third-party administrator. The fair values of these investments are measured using the NAV as a practical expedient and therefore have not been categorized within the fair value hierarchy.
•Our investments in fixed income funds and equity funds are valued based on a combination of prices from independent pricing services, external fund managers or third-party administrators. For the publicly available
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 208
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 14 - Fair Value Measurements
prices we have classified the investments as Level 2. For the non-publicly available prices we are using NAV as a practical expedient and therefore these have not been categorized within the fair value hierarchy.
•We measure the fair value of our direct investment in CLO equities based on valuations provided by independent pricing services. The fair values measured using prices provided by independent pricing services have been classified as Level 2.
Insurance Contracts - Fair Value Option
The Company uses an internal model to calculate the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses for certain retroactive reinsurance contracts where we have elected the fair value option.
The fair value was calculated as the aggregate of discounted cash flows plus a risk margin. The discounted cash flow approach uses:
i.estimated nominal cash flows based upon an appropriate payment pattern developed in accordance with actuarial methods; and
ii.a discount rate based upon a high quality rated corporate bond yield plus a credit spread for non-performance risk.
The model uses corporate bond rates across the yield curve depending on the estimated timing of the future cash flows and specific to the currency of the risk.
The risk margin was calculated using the present value of the cost of capital. The cost of capital approach uses:
i.projected capital requirements;
ii.multiplied by the risk cost of capital representing the return required for non-hedgeable risk based upon the weighted average cost of capital less investment income; and
iii.discounted using the weighted average cost of capital.
Derivative Instruments
The fair values of our derivative instruments are classified as Level 2. The fair values are based upon prices in active markets for identical contracts.
Funds Held by Reinsured Companies
The fair value of the embedded derivative representing the contractually agreed variable return on the funds held by reinsured companies associated with the Aspen LPT transaction is classified as Level 3 and is calculated using an internal model.
The fair value is calculated as the difference between:
i.the present value of all future expected interest payments based on the full crediting rate, calculated using a Monte Carlo simulation model; and
ii.the present value of all future expected interest payments based on the base crediting rate, calculated using a discounted cash flow model.
The Monte Carlo simulation model uses:
i.a continuous forward risk-free rate commensurate with the crediting interest rate period (observable); and
ii.an estimated historical volatility rate based upon the annualized standard deviation of daily log returns observed on a portfolio replicating the Aspen investment portfolio over a period commensurate with the crediting rate period (unobservable).
The discounted cash flow model uses:
i.estimated expected loss payments based upon an appropriate payment pattern developed in accordance with standard actuarial techniques (unobservable);
ii.a risk-free rate based on U.S. treasury rates as of the valuation date (observable); and
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 209
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 14 - Fair Value Measurements
iii.a credit spread based upon the historical option adjusted spread of the Aspen publicly traded corporate debt instrument (observable).
Level 3 Measurements and Changes in Leveling
Transfers into or out of levels are recorded at their fair values as of the end of the reporting period, consistent with the date of determination of fair value.
Investments
The following table present a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for all our equity investments and fixed maturity investments measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:
2023 2022
Fixed Maturities Equity Investments Total Privately-held Equities Total
Corporate Asset-backed Privately-held Equities Publicly traded equity investments
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Beginning fair value $ - $ - $ 294 $ - $ 294 $ 347 $ 347
Purchases - - 2 - 2 5 5
Sales - - (48) - (48) (15) (15)
Total net unrealized gains (losses) (1)
- - 26 - 26 (43) (43)
Transfer into Level 3 from Level 2 12 11 - 1 24 - -
Reclassification from non-recurring to recurring - - 25 - 25 - -
Ending fair value $ 12 $ 11 $ 299 $ 1 $ 323 $ 294 $ 294
(1) Net unrealized (losses) gains included in our consolidated statements of operations is equal to the change in unrealized gains (losses) relating to assets held at the end of the reporting period.
Net unrealized (losses) gains related to Level 3 assets in the table above are included in net unrealized gains (losses) in our consolidated statements of operations.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 210
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 14 - Fair Value Measurements
Valuations Techniques and Inputs
The table below presents the quantitative information related to the fair value measurements for our fixed maturity and equity investments measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs:
Qualitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
Valuation Techniques Fair Value as of December 31, 2023 Unobservable Input Range (Average) (1)
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Fixed maturities
Corporate $ 12 YTM
Illiquidity premium
Credit risk premium
WAL
Trade date spread differential 5.53% - 9.43%
0.88% - 3.13%
2.82% - 4.48%
1.70 - 4.74
(0.03)% - 0.33%
Discounted cash flow
Asset-backed 11
Discounted cash flow
Total fixed maturities $ 23
Privately held equity investments
Guideline company methodology;
Option pricing model $ 181 P/BV multiple
P/BV (excluding AOCI) multiple
Expected term 1.50x - 1.9x
1.4x -1.5x
1-3 years
Guideline companies method 54 P/BV multiple
Price/2024 earnings 1.5x - 1.7x
7.7x - 8.9x
Guideline companies method;
Earnings 30 LTM Enterprise Value/ EBITDA multiples
LTM EV/Revenue multiples
Multiple on earnings 12x - 13x
2.5x - 3x
5x
Dividend discount model 34 Discount rate 8.5%
Publicly traded equity investments
Discounted cash flow 1 Implied total yield 8.62%
Total equity investments $ 300
(1) The average represents the arithmetic average of the inputs and is not weighted by the relative fair value.
As of December 31, 2023, we elected to change the measurement of a privately held equity investment to recurring fair value measurements that was previously accounted for under the measurement alternative. We used a dividend discount model as the valuation technique to fair value the $34 million privately held equity investment, which is an industry standard approach. The unobservable input to the dividend discount model has been identified and disclosed in the table above.
Funds Held by Reinsured Companies - Embedded Derivative
As described in Note 7, we have an embedded derivative in relation to the Aspen LPT transaction to account for the fair value of the full crediting rate we expect to earn on the funds withheld received as consideration.
The following table presents a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for the embedded derivative measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs during the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:
2023 2022
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Beginning fair value $ 44 $ -
Initial recognition - 27
Net unrealized gains 13 17
Partial settlement (17) -
Ending fair value $ 40 $ 44
Net unrealized gains in the table above are included in net unrealized gains (losses) in our consolidated statements
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 211
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 14 - Fair Value Measurements
of operations.
Valuations Techniques and Inputs
The table below presents the quantitative information related to the fair value measurements for the embedded derivative on our funds held by reinsured companies measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs:
Qualitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
Valuation Techniques Fair Value as of December 31, 2023 Unobservable Input Average
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Monte Carlo simulation model;
Discounted cash flow analysis $ 40 Volatility rate;
Expected Loss Payments 6.98%
$651 million
Insurance Contracts - Fair Value Option
The following table presents a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for all insurance contracts measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:
2023 2022
Liability for losses and LAE Reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses Net Liability for losses and LAE Reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses Net
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Beginning fair value $ 1,286 $ 275 $ 1,011 $ 1,989 $ 432 $ 1,557
Incurred losses and LAE:
Increase (reduction) in estimates of ultimate losses 21 (20) 41 (79) (29) (50)
Reduction in provisions for ULAE (11) - (11) (18) - (18)
Change in fair value 100 22 78 (247) (47) (200)
Total incurred losses and LAE 110 2 108 (344) (76) (268)
Paid losses (247) (59) (188) (245) (65) (180)
Change in net liability for losses and LAE at fair value - Instrument-specific credit risk (27) (6) (21) - - -
Effect of exchange rate movements 41 5 36 (114) (16) (98)
Ending fair value $ 1,163 $ 217 $ 946 $ 1,286 $ 275 $ 1,011
The following table presents the components of the net change in fair value for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:
2023 2022 2021
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Changes in fair value due to changes in:
Average payout $ 32 $ 40 $ 22
Corporate bond yield 18 (219) (97)
Credit spread for non-performance 21 (21) -
Weighted cost of capital 7 - -
Change in fair value $ 78 $ (200) $ (75)
Changes in the fair value due to changes in average payout and corporate bond yields are included in net incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses in our consolidated statements of operations. Changes in the fair value due to changes in credit spread for instrument-specific credit risk are classified to other comprehensive income.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 212
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 14 - Fair Value Measurements
Valuations Techniques and Inputs
Below is a summary of the quantitative information regarding the significant observable and unobservable inputs used in the internal model to determine fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:
2023 2022
Valuation Technique Unobservable (U) and Observable (O) Inputs Weighted Average Weighted Average
Internal model Corporate bond yield (O) A rated A rated
Internal model Credit spread for Instrument-specific credit risk (U) 0.65% 0.65%
Internal model Risk cost of capital (U) 5.60% 5.10%
Internal model Weighted average cost of capital (U) 8.75% 8.25%
Internal model Average payout - liability (U) 8.12 years 7.89 years
Internal model Average payout - reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses (U) 8.35 years 7.71 years
The fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses may increase or decrease due to changes in the corporate bond rate, the credit spread for non-performance risk, the risk cost of capital, the weighted average cost of capital and the estimated payment pattern.
In addition, the estimate of the capital required to support the liabilities is based upon current industry standards for capital adequacy.
Disclosure of Fair Values for Financial Instruments Carried at Cost
Senior and Subordinated Notes
The following table presents the fair values of our Senior and Subordinated Notes carried at amortized cost:
December 31, 2023
Amortized Cost Fair Value
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
4.95% Senior Notes due 2029
$ 496 $ 488
3.10% Senior Notes due 2031
496 408
Total Senior Notes $ 992 $ 896
5.75% Junior Subordinated Notes due 2040
$ 345 $ 331
5.50% Junior Subordinated Notes due 2042
494 425
Total Junior Subordinated Notes $ 839 $ 756
The fair value of our Senior Notes and our Subordinated Notes was based on observable market pricing from a third party pricing service.
Both the Senior and Subordinated Notes are classified as Level 2.
Insurance Contracts
Disclosure of fair value of amounts relating to insurance contracts is not required, except those for which we elected the fair value option, as described above.
Remaining Financial Assets and Liabilities
Our remaining financial assets and liabilities were generally carried at cost or amortized cost, which due to their short-term nature approximates fair value as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 213
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 15 - Variable Interest Entities
15. VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES
We have investments in certain limited partnership funds which are deemed to be variable interest entities (“VIEs”) and which are included in other investments at the reported NAV. The activities of these VIEs are generally limited to holding investments and our involvement in these entities is passive in nature. We consolidate all VIEs in which we are considered to be the primary beneficiary.
Determining whether to consolidate a VIE may require judgment in assessing (i) whether an entity is a VIE, and (ii) if we are the entity’s primary beneficiary and thus required to consolidate the entity. To determine if we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE, we evaluate whether we have (i) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE.
Our evaluation includes identification of the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and an assessment of our ability to direct those activities based on governance provisions, contractual arrangements to provide or receive certain services, funding commitments and other applicable agreements and circumstances. Our assessment of whether we are the primary beneficiary of our VIEs requires significant assumptions and judgment.
GCM Fund
In July 2022, we entered into an agreement to become a limited partner of GCM Blue Sails Infrastructure Offshore Opportunities Fund, L.P. (“GCM Fund”), with an initial commitment of $150 million. At that time, we performed an assessment and concluded that as a result of being a limited partner and having no substantive kick-out or participating rights, the GCM Fund is a VIE. We also concluded that we are the primary beneficiary, as our 99.5% economic interest in the GCM Fund is disproportionately greater than our lack of stated power to direct the activities of the GCM Fund that will most significantly impact the GCM Fund’s economic performance. As a result, we have consolidated the results of the GCM Fund. There was no gain or loss recognized on consolidation.
We have elected to recognize the results of the GCM Fund on a one quarter lag due to anticipated delays in obtaining timely financial information. As of December 31, 2023, $72 million of the initial commitment has been called. The carrying amounts of the assets and liabilities of the GCM Fund are presented within existing captions on our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Net investment income, changes in the fair value of assets and liabilities of the GCM Fund and management fees will be presented within existing captions in the consolidated statements of operations.
We recognized net unrealized gains on other investments of $6 million and $0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Our exposure to risk of loss is limited to the amount of our investment, in accordance with the limited partnership agreement. We have not committed to provide any financial support to the general partner of the GCM Fund. In addition, we have not committed to provide any additional financial support to the GCM Fund in excess of previously funded capital commitments and all undistributed profits and income.
The assets of Enstar are not available to the creditors of the GCM Fund.
InRe Fund
During 2021, we redeemed an aggregate of $2.7 billion and completed the liquidation of our investment in the InRe Fund.
On April 1, 2021, we obtained control of the InRe Fund following redemption by the general partner, an affiliate of Hillhouse Group, of all of its outstanding ownership interests and the termination of its investment management activities. From that date we had both full ownership of the InRe Fund and the power to direct its activities, which led to our determination to consolidate the InRe Fund.
Prior to consolidation, our investment in the InRe Fund was recorded at fair value using the NAV as a practical expedient, with any changes included within net unrealized gains in the consolidated statements of operations. Thus, there was no gain or loss upon consolidation.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 214
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 15 - Variable Interest Entities
During the year ended December 31, 2021 we recognized net investment expenses for the InRe Fund of $13 million and net realized losses of $58 million (as all investments were redeemed and liquidated during the year subsequent to consolidation).
During the year ended December 31, 2021, our consolidated statements of cash flows included net operating cash flows of $2.1 billion attributed to the InRe Fund driven by net sales of trading securities, partially offset by net payments to cover securities sold short, and net investing cash flows of $574 million resulting from the initial consolidation of the InRe Fund's cash and restricted cash balances.
Summarized Financial Information
Prior to consolidating the InRe Fund, total income, expenses and net income (including Enstar’s and Hillhouse’s combined interests) for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was $311 million, $19 million and $292 million, respectively. Enstar recognized $77 million of net unrealized gains from its allocated share of total net income for the three months ended March 31, 2021.
Nonconsolidated VIEs
The tables below present the fair value of our investments in nonconsolidated VIEs as well as our maximum exposure to loss associated with these VIEs:
As of December 31, 2023 Fair Value Unfunded Commitments Maximum Exposure to Loss
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Equities
Publicly traded equity investment in common stock $ 55 $ - $ 55
Privately held equity 34 - 34
Total 89 - 89
Other investments
Hedge funds $ 491 $ - $ 491
Fixed income funds 147 35 182
Private equity funds 1,262 667 1,929
CLO equity funds 182 - 182
Private credit funds 349 242 591
Real estate funds 121 139 260
Total $ 2,552 $ 1,083 $ 3,635
Total investments in nonconsolidated VIEs $ 2,641 $ 1,083 $ 3,724
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 215
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 15 - Variable Interest Entities
As of December 31, 2022
Fair Value Unfunded Commitments Maximum Exposure to Loss
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Equities
Publicly traded equity investment in common stock $ 52 $ - $ 52
Privately held equity 25 - 25
Total $ 77 $ - $ 77
Other investments
Hedge funds $ 549 $ - $ 549
Fixed income funds 277 33 310
Private equity funds 1,210 911 2,121
CLO equity funds 203 - 203
Private credit funds 79 149 228
Real estate funds 203 529 732
Total $ 2,521 $ 1,622 $ 4,143
Total investments in nonconsolidated VIEs $ 2,598 $ 1,622 $ 4,220
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 216
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 16 - Premiums Written and Earned
16. PREMIUMS WRITTEN AND EARNED
Premiums written related to prospective risk policies are earned on a pro-rata basis over the period of the related coverage. Reinsurance premiums on prospective risks are recorded at the inception of the policy, are based upon contractual terms and, for certain business, are estimated based on underlying contracts or from information provided by insureds and/or brokers.
Changes in reinsurance premium estimates for prospective risks are recorded as premiums written in the period in which they are determined.
Certain contracts are retrospectively rated and provide for a final adjustment to the premium based on the final settlement of all losses. Premiums on such contracts are adjusted based upon contractual terms, and management judgment is involved with respect to the estimate of the amount of losses that we expect to incur. These adjustments to the premium are recognized at the time loss thresholds specified in the contract are exceeded and are earned over the coverage period, or are earned immediately if the period of risk coverage has passed.
The following tables provide a summary of net premiums written and earned for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:
2023 2022 2021
Premiums
Written Premiums
Earned Premiums
Written Premiums
Earned Premiums
Written Premiums
Earned
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Total gross $ 101 $ 49 $ 25 $ 97 $ 106 $ 373
Total ceded (5) (6) (13) (31) (44) (128)
Total net $ 96 $ 43 $ 12 $ 66 $ 62 $ 245
Gross premiums written for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased by $76 million from 2022, primarily due to the fourth quarter 2023 transaction with AIG. Gross premiums written for the year ended December 31, 2022 decreased by $81 million from 2021, primary due to our strategic exit from our active underwriting platforms beginning in 2020.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 217
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 17. Goodwill and Intangible Assets
17. GOODWILL
Goodwill represents the future economic benefits arising from net assets acquired in a business combination that are not individually identified and recognized.
Goodwill is calculated as the excess of the cost of the acquired entity over the estimated fair value of such assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually or more frequently if events or circumstances, such as adverse changes in the business climate, indicate that there may be justification for conducting an interim test. We perform our annual goodwill impairment testing during the fourth quarter based upon data as of December 31.
If the goodwill asset is determined to be impaired it is written down in the period in which the determination is made.
We have goodwill of $63 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 that was included within other assets in the consolidated balance sheets. There were no changes in this balance for each of the three years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. We have no other intangible assets in any of the periods presented within these financial statements.
We test goodwill for impairment by performing a qualitative assessment test. The qualitative impairment assessment is an assessment of historical information and relevant current events and circumstances, including economic, industry and market considerations, to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. As a result of performing these procedures we determined that goodwill was not impaired as of December 31, 2023.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 218
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 18 - Debt Obligations and Credit Facilities
18. DEBT OBLIGATIONS AND CREDIT FACILITIES
We utilize debt financing and credit facilities primarily for funding acquisitions and significant new business, investment activities and, from time to time, for general corporate purposes.
Our debt obligations were as follows:
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Facility Origination (1)
Term Principal (Unamortized Cost) / Fair Value Adjustments Carrying Value (Unamortized Cost) / Fair Value Adjustments Carrying Value
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
4.95% Senior Notes due 2029
May 2019 10 years 500 (4) 496 (4) 496
3.10% Senior Notes due 2031
August 2021 10 years 500 (4) 496 (5) 495
Total Senior Notes 992 991
5.75% Junior Subordinated Notes due 2040
August 2020 20 years 350 (5) 345 (5) 345
5.50% Junior Subordinated Notes due 2042
January 2022 20 years 500 (6) 494 (7) 493
Total Junior Subordinated Notes 839 838
EGL Revolving Credit Facility May 2023 5 years - -
Total debt obligations $ 1,831 $ 1,829
(1) Origination date on EGL Revolving Credit Facility represents the date of the most recent amendment and restatement.
The table below provides a summary of the total interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:
2023 2022 2021
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Interest expense on debt obligations $ 88 $ 93 $ 68
Amortization of debt issuance costs 2 2 1
Gain on extinguishment - (6) -
Total interest expense $ 90 $ 89 $ 69
Senior Notes
The Senior Notes are effectively subordinated to all of our secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness, and structurally subordinated to all liabilities of our subsidiaries, including claims of policyholders. The Senior Notes are also contractually subordinated to claims of policyholders.
We may repurchase the 2029 Senior Notes and 2031 Senior Notes at any time prior to the date which is three months and six months, respectively, prior to maturity, subject to the payment of a make-whole premium. After such respective date, we may repurchase the 2029 Senior Notes and the 2031 Senior Notes at a purchase price equal to 100% of the outstanding principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest. In each case, any such repurchases are also subject to satisfying certain regulatory requirements.
Subordinated Notes
The Junior Subordinated Notes are unsecured junior subordinated obligations of Enstar Finance LLC (“Enstar Finance”). The Junior Subordinated Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by us on an unsecured and junior subordinated basis. These debt securities of Enstar Finance are effectively subordinated to the obligations of our other subsidiaries.
The 2040 Junior Subordinated Notes bear interest (i) during the initial five-year period ending August 30, 2025, at a fixed rate per annum of 5.75% and (ii) during each five-year reset period thereafter beginning September 1, 2025, at a fixed rate per annum equal to the five-year U.S. treasury rate calculated as of two business days prior to the
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 219
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 18 - Debt Obligations and Credit Facilities
beginning of such five-year period plus 5.468%.
The 2042 Junior Subordinated Notes bear interest (i) during the initial five-year period ending January 14, 2027, at a fixed rate per annum of 5.50% and (ii) during each five-year reset period thereafter beginning January 15, 2027, at a fixed rate per annum equal to the five-year U.S. treasury rate calculated as of two business days prior to the beginning of such five-year period plus 4.006%.
The Junior Subordinated Notes are exclusively the obligations of Enstar Finance and us, to the extent of the guarantee, and are not guaranteed by any of our other subsidiaries, which are separate and distinct legal entities and, except for Enstar Finance, have no obligation, contingent or otherwise, to pay holders any amounts due on the Junior Subordinated Notes or to make any funds available for payment on the Junior Subordinated Notes, whether by dividends, loans or other payments.
Generally, if an event of default occurs, the trustee or the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the then outstanding Junior Subordinated Notes may declare the principal and accrued and unpaid interest on all of the then outstanding Junior Subordinated Notes to be due and payable immediately.
Subject to certain threshold regulatory requirements and during certain time periods, Enstar Finance may repurchase the Junior Subordinated Notes, in whole or in part, at any time, at a repurchase price equal to at least 100% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest.
Maturities
As of December 31, 2023, there are no outstanding debt obligations that will become due in each of the next five years. Our debt of $1.9 billion upon maturity becomes due in periods beyond five years from December 31, 2023.
Revolving Credit Facility
In May 2023, we and certain of our subsidiaries, as borrowers and guarantors, amended and restated our existing revolving credit agreement. The amendment increased the total commitments under the revolving credit facility from $600 million to $800 million and extended the expiry date to May 30, 2028. We may request additional commitments under the facility by up to an aggregate amount of $200 million, which the existing lenders, in their discretion, or new lenders, may provide. Under the amended facility, we may borrow revolving loans or request the issuance of syndicated or fronted letters of credit, in each case on a senior, unsecured basis.
Pricing under the facility will continue to be based on a per annum rate comprising a reference rate determined based on the type and currency of loan we borrow plus a margin that varies based on changes to our long term senior unsecured debt ratings assigned by S&P or Fitch (the “Debt Ratings”). The applicable reference rate is an adjusted forward-looking term rate based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“Adjusted Term SOFR”) for loans denominated in U.S. dollars, a rate based on the Sterling Overnight Index Average for loans denominated in British pounds sterling, an adjusted rate based on the Euro Interbank Offered Rate for loans denominated in euros and a rate equal to the highest of the Prime Rate, an adjusted rate based on the Federal Funds Effective Rate and Adjusted Term SOFR (for a one-month period) for swingline loans. We pay letter of credit fees based on the average daily aggregate stated amount of outstanding letters of credit and the Debt Ratings. In addition, we pay commitment fees based on the average daily unused amount of the commitments and the Debt Ratings. If an event of default occurs, the interest rate will increase and the agent may, and at the request of the required lenders shall, terminate lender commitments and demand early repayment of any outstanding amounts borrowed (or cash collateralization of a percentage excess of the amount of outstanding letters of credit issued) under the facility.
Financial and business covenants imposed on us in relation to the amended facility include certain limitations on indebtedness and guarantees, liens, mergers, consolidations and other fundamental changes, and dispositions. Generally, the financial covenants require us to maintain a gearing ratio of consolidated financial indebtedness to total capitalization of not greater than 0.35 to 1.0 and to maintain a consolidated net worth of not less than the aggregate of (i) $4.3 billion, plus (ii) 50% of net income available for distribution to ordinary shareholders at any time after June 30, 2022 (excluding net unrealized gains or losses on investments), plus (iii) 50% of the proceeds of any issuance of ordinary shares made after June 30, 2022. In addition, we must maintain eligible capital in excess of the enhanced capital requirement imposed by the Bermuda Monetary Authority pursuant to the Insurance (Group Supervision) Rules 2011 of Bermuda. As of December 31, 2023, we are in compliance with the covenants of the EGL Revolving Credit Facility.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 220
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 18 - Debt Obligations and Credit Facilities
As of December 31, 2023, we had no borrowings outstanding and therefore had $800 million of available unutilized capacity under our unsecured revolving credit agreement.
Credit and Deposit Facilities
We utilize unsecured and secured letters of credit ("LOCs") and a deposit facility to support certain of our (re)insurance performance obligations. We also utilize unsecured LOCs to support the regulatory capital requirements of certain of our subsidiaries.
Our credit and deposit facilities were as follows:
Aggregate Amount Issued /
Requested as Deposits /
Face Amount
Commitment Additional Commitments Available (1)
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
$275 million FAL LOC Facility (2)
$ 275 $ 75 $ 150 $ 135
$90 million FAL Deposit Facility (2)
90 10 90 90
$346 million LOC Facility
346 - 346 365
$100 million LOC Facility
100 - 100 100
$120 million LOC Facility
120 60 74 97
$23 million LOC Facility (3)
23 - 23 -
$800 million Syndicated LOC Facility
800 - 655 625
$1 million LOC Facility
1 - 1 -
$100 million Bermuda LOC Facility (4)
100 - 100 100
$100 million Bermuda LOC Facility (4)
100 - 100 100
$100 million Bermuda LOC Facility (4)
100 - 100 100
£32 million United Kingdom LOC Facility (3)
£ 32 £ - $ 41 $ 39
(1) We may request additional commitments under the facility in an aggregate amount not to exceed this amount.
(2) The FAL LOC facility will expire on September 30, 2024, with an option to extend the termination date to September 30, 2025. The FAL Deposit Facility will expire on July 21, 2025. Under the FAL Deposit facility, a third-party lender deposits a requested market valuation amount of eligible securities into Lloyd’s on behalf of our Lloyd’s corporate member. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, our combined FAL comprised cash and investments of $483 million (including $94 million provided under the FAL Deposit Facility) and $455 million (including $90 million provided under the FAL Deposit Facility), respectively, and unsecured LOCs of $150 million and $135 million, respectively.
(3) The LOC issued under this facility qualifies as Ancillary Own Funds capital for one of our U.K. regulated subsidiaries.
(4) The LOC issued under this facility qualifies as Eligible Capital for one of our Bermuda regulated subsidiaries.
We also utilize secured operating LOCs. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the total balance of such secured operating LOCs issued and outstanding was $67 million and $83 million, respectively.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 221
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 19 - Noncontrolling Interests
19. NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS
We have both redeemable noncontrolling interests ("RNCI") and noncontrolling interests ("NCI") on our consolidated balance sheets.
We have contracted with certain parties holding noncontrolling interests in certain of our subsidiaries. These contracts provided certain redemption rights to the holders, which may be settled in our own shares or cash or a combination of cash and shares, at our option.
RNCI with redemption features that are not solely within our control is classified within temporary equity in the consolidated balance sheets and carried at their redemption value, which is fair value. Any change in the fair value is recognized through additional paid in capital as if the balance sheet date was also the redemption date.
NCI, which is carried at book value, does not have redemption features and is classified within equity in the consolidated balance sheets.
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests
In December 2023, we entered into a Purchase Agreement with Trident V Funds and Dowling Capital Partners (together, the “RNCI Holders”) to purchase their remaining equity interest in StarStone Specialty Holdings Limited (“SSHL”). We paid total consideration of $182 million in exchange for acquiring the 41.0% interest in SSHL, comprised as follows:
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Cash $ 119
Remaining ownership interest in Northshore (13.5%)
Settlement of existing loan receivable 15
Total consideration paid 182
Less: carrying value of RNCI (185)
Gain on redemption of RNCI $ 3
The transaction was completed on December 22, 2023. Following the completion of the transaction, SSHL became a wholly-owned subsidiary and we no longer have a direct or indirect ownership interest in Atrium. We have recognized the gain on redemption of RNCI within APIC.
The following is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending carrying amount of the equity attributable to the RNCI for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:
2023 2022
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Balance as of January 1 $ 168 $ 179
Net income (losses) attributable to RNCI 15 (5)
Change in unrealized gains (losses) on AFS investments attributable to RNCI 2 (6)
Change in redemption value of RNCI (3) -
Redemption of RNCI (182) -
Balance as of December 31 $ - $ 168
Noncontrolling Interests
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had $113 million and $186 million, respectively, of noncontrolling interests primarily related to external interests in three (December 31, 2022: three) of our subsidiaries.
In December 2022, Enhanzed Re repurchased the entire 24.9% ownership interest Allianz held in Enhanzed Re for $175 million. We recorded the impact of reclassifying the carrying value of the NCI acquired to Enstar shareholders’ equity in our first quarter 2023 results, as we report the results of Enhanzed Re on a one quarter reporting lag.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending carrying amount of the equity attributable to NCI is included in the consolidated statements of changes in shareholder's equity.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 222
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 20 - Shareholders' Equity
20. SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, our authorized share capital was as follows:
Par Value Per Share Number of Shares
Authorized share capital 2023 2022
Ordinary shares (“Voting Ordinary Shares”) and Non-voting convertible ordinary shares (“Non-Voting Ordinary Shares”) $ 1.00 111,000,000 111,000,000
Preferred shares $ 1.00 45,000,000 45,000,000
Ordinary Shares
The following is a reconciliation of our beginning and ending ordinary shares for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:
Voting Ordinary Shares Non-Voting Convertible Ordinary Series C Shares Non-Voting Convertible Ordinary Series E Shares Total Ordinary Shares
Balance as of January 1, 2021 18,575,550 2,599,672 910,010 22,085,232
Shares issued (1)
59,447 - - 59,447
Shares repurchased (2)
(2,009,135) (1,496,321) (505,239) (4,010,695)
Warrant exercise (3)
- 89,590 - 89,590
Balance as of December 31, 2021 16,625,862 1,192,941 404,771 18,223,574
Shares issued (1)
62,056 - - 62,056
Shares repurchased (2)
(697,580) - - (697,580)
Balance as of December 31, 2022 15,990,338 1,192,941 404,771 17,588,050
Shares issued (1)
48,082 - - 48,082
Shares repurchased (2)
(841,735) (1,192,941) (404,771) (2,439,447)
Balance as of December 31, 2023 15,196,685 - - 15,196,685
(1) Ordinary Shares issued in relation to share-based compensation plan awards and the Employee Share Purchase Plan.
(2) Ordinary Shares that we have repurchased are subject to immediate retirement, resulting in a reduction to the number of Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding.
(3) Warrants to acquire 175,901 Series C Non-Voting Ordinary Shares for an exercise price of $115.00 per share were exercised on a non-cash basis during the year ended December 31, 2021, which resulted in a total of 89,590 Series C Non-Voting Ordinary Shares being issued in the year.
Voting Ordinary Shares
Each voting ordinary share entitles the holder thereof to one vote.
Share Repurchase Programs
There were no voting ordinary shares repurchased under a share repurchase program for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 223
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 20 - Shareholders' Equity
The following table presents our ordinary shares repurchased under our share repurchase programs for the year ended December 31, 2022:
Ordinary shares repurchased Average price per ordinary share Aggregate price
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for share data)
2021 Repurchase Program (1)
227,383 $ 257.02 $ 58
2022 Repurchase Program (2)
470,197 $ 222.74 105
Total share repurchases under repurchase programs 697,580 $ 233.92 $ 163
(1) Our Board approved an ordinary share repurchase program in November 2021 (as subsequently amended, the “2021 Repurchase Program”), not to exceed $100 million in aggregate. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we repurchased 167,617 ordinary shares at an average price per share of $241.13, for an aggregate price of $40 million. The 2021 Repurchase Program was fully utilized as of April 2022.
(2) In May 2022, our Board authorized the repurchase of up to $200 million of our ordinary shares (the “2022 Repurchase Program”), originally effective through May 5, 2023, of which $95 million had been utilized as of December 31, 2022. In February 2023, our Board authorized the repurchase of an additional $105 million of our ordinary shares under the 2022 Repurchase Program and extended the effective date through February 23, 2024. In March 23, 2023, the 2022 Repurchase Program was terminated following the repurchase of our non-voting convertible ordinary shares as described below.
In May 2022, we entered into two share repurchase agreements in relation to our 2022 Repurchase Program. The first was with Trident Public Equity LP, an affiliate of Stone Point, to repurchase 89,790 of our ordinary shares for an aggregate price of $20 million. The second was with an unaffiliated institutional shareholder, to repurchase 380,407 shares for an aggregate price of $85 million. Both transactions were priced at $222.74 per share, representing a 5% discount to the closing price of our ordinary shares on the NASDAQ stock market on May 9, 2022.
Strategic Share Repurchases
In November 2023, we repurchased 791,735 of our voting ordinary shares held by Canada Pension Plan Investment Board (“CPP Investments”) and its affiliate, and 50,000 of our voting ordinary shares held by the Trident V funds managed by Stone Point Capital LLC (“the Trident V Funds”), for a total of $191 million in aggregate. The transactions were executed at a price per share of $227.18, representing a 5% discount to the trailing 10-day volume weighted average price of our voting ordinary shares as of the close of business on November 3, 2023.
In March 2023, we repurchased 1,597,712 of our non-voting convertible ordinary shares held by CPP Investments for an aggregate $341 million, representing a price per share of $213.13 and a 5% discount to the trailing 10-day volume weighted average price of our voting ordinary shares as at the agreed March 2023 measurement date. The shares comprised all of our outstanding Series C and Series E non-voting ordinary shares.
In July 2021, we repurchased 3,749,400 of our ordinary shares, comprising (a) 1,747,840 of our voting ordinary shares, (b) 1,496,321 of our Series C non-voting ordinary shares, and (c) 505,239 of our Series E non-voting ordinary shares, held by funds managed by Hillhouse Group (the “Hillhouse Funds”), a related party, for a price of $234.52 per share, totaling $879 million in aggregate. The shares represented the Hillhouse Funds' entire interest in Enstar, which constituted 16.9% of our total ordinary shares and 9.4% of our voting ordinary shares.
Joint Share Ownership Plan
In January 2020, 565,630 voting ordinary shares were issued to the trustee of the Enstar Group Limited Employee Benefit Trust (the "EB Trust"). Voting rights in respect of shares held in the EB Trust have been contractually waived. We have consolidated the EB Trust, and shares held in the EB Trust are classified like treasury shares as contra-equity in our consolidated balance sheet. The EB Trust supports awards made under our Joint Share Ownership Plan36.
Preferred Shares
Series C Preferred Shares
As of December 31, 2023, there were 388,571 Series C participating non-voting perpetual preferred shares ("Series C Preferred Shares") issued and held by one of our wholly-owned subsidiaries.
36 As described in Note 22.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 224
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 20 - Shareholders' Equity
The Series C Preferred Shares:
i.upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, entitle their holders to a preference over holders of our ordinary voting and non-voting shares of an amount equal to $0.001 per share with respect to surplus assets; and
ii.are non-voting except in certain limited circumstances.
The Series C Preferred shares have dividend rights equal to those of the ordinary voting shares, subject to certain limitations and in an amount determined by a "participation rate" that is generally reflective of the reduction in the number of Series C Preferred Shares issued in exchange for the previously outstanding Series A shares.
The Series C Preferred Shares otherwise rank on parity with the ordinary voting and non-voting shares, and they rank senior to each other class or series of share capital, unless the terms of any such class or series shall expressly provide otherwise.
Series D Preferred Shares
In June 2018, the Company raised $400 million of gross proceeds through the public offering of 16,000 shares of its 7.00% non-cumulative fixed-to-floating rate Series D perpetual preferred shares ("Series D Preferred Shares") (equivalent to 16,000,000 depositary shares, each of which represents a 1/1,000th interest in a Series D Preferred Share), $1.00 par value and $25,000 liquidation preference per share (equivalent to $25.00 per depositary share). The depositary shares are listed and trade under the "ESGRP" ticker symbol on the NASDAQ Global Select Market.
The Series D Preferred Shares are not redeemable prior to September 1, 2028, except in specified circumstances as described in the prospectus supplement relating to the offering. On and after September 1, 2028, the Series D Preferred Shares, represented by the depositary shares, will be redeemable at the Company’s option, in whole or from time to time in part, at a redemption price equal to $25,000 per Series D Preferred Share (equivalent to $25.00 per depositary share), plus any declared and unpaid dividends.
Series E Preferred Shares
On November 2018, the Company raised $110 million of gross proceeds through the public offering of 4,400 shares of its 7.00% fixed rate non-cumulative Series E perpetual preferred shares ("Series E Preferred Shares") (equivalent to 4,400,000 depositary shares, each of which represents a 1/1,000th interest in a Series E Preferred Share), $1.00 par value and $25,000 liquidation preference per share (equivalent to $25.00 per depositary share). The depositary shares are listed and trade under the "ESGRO" ticker symbol on the NASDAQ Global Select Market.
The Series E Preferred Shares are not redeemable prior to March 1, 2024, except in specified circumstances as described in the prospectus supplement relating to the offering. On and after March 1, 2024, the Series E Preferred Shares, represented by the depositary shares, will be redeemable at the Company’s option, in whole or from time to time in part, at a redemption price equal to $25,000 per Series E Preferred Share (equivalent to $25.00 per depositary share), plus any declared and unpaid dividends.
Dividends on Preferred Shares
Holders of Series D and Series E Preferred Shares are entitled to receive, only when, as and if declared, non-cumulative cash dividends, paid quarterly in arrears on the 1st day of March, June, September and December of each year, of 7.00% per annum.
Commencing on September 1, 2028, the Series D Preferred Shares will convert to a floating rate basis and dividends will be payable on a non-cumulative basis, when, as and if declared, at an alternative reference rate (with spread adjustment) to three-month LIBOR, as determined by the calculation agent consistent with accepted market practice, plus 4.015% per annum. Dividends that are not declared will not accumulate and will not be payable.
For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we declared and paid dividends on Series D Preferred Shares of $28 million and on Series E Preferred Shares of $8 million.
Any payment of dividends must be approved by our Board. Our ability to pay dividends is subject to certain restrictions37.
37 As described in Note 25.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 225
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 20 - Shareholders' Equity
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
The following table presents details about the tax effects allocated to each component of other comprehensive income (loss):
2023 2022 2021
Before Tax Amount Tax (Expense) Benefit Net of Tax Amount Before Tax Amount Tax (Expense) Benefit Net of Tax Amount Before Tax Amount Tax (Expense) Benefit Net of Tax Amount
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Unrealized (losses) gains on fixed income securities, AFS arising during the year $ 150 $ 4 $ 154 $ (689) $ 8 $ (681) $ (112) $ 6 $ (106)
Reclassification adjustment for change in allowance for credit losses recognized in net income (11) - (11) 28 - 28 10 - 10
Reclassification adjustment for net realized (gains) losses included in net income 76 (1) 75 83 (2) 81 (7) 1 (6)
Change in currency translation adjustment 3 - 3 - - - 2 - 2
Remeasurement of future policyholder benefits - change in interest rate - - - 363 - 363 - - -
Reclassification adjustment for remeasurement of future policyholder benefits included in net income (363) - (363) - - - - - -
Change in net liability for losses and LAE at fair value - Instrument-specific credit risk 20 - 20 - - - - - -
Other - - - (2) - (2) 2 - 2
Other comprehensive (loss) income $ (125) $ 3 $ (122) $ (217) $ 6 $ (211) $ (105) $ 7 $ (98)
The following table presents details amounts reclassified from AOCI:
Details about AOCI components 2023 2022 2021 Affected Line Item in Statement where Net Income are presented
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Unrealized (losses) gains on fixed maturities, AFS $ (65) $ (111) $ (6) Net unrealized (losses) gains
(65) (111) (6) Total before tax
1 2 (1) Income tax expense
(64) (109) (7) Net of tax
Other - 2 - General and administrative expenses
Remeasurement of future policyholder benefits 363 - - Other income
Total reclassifications for the period, net of tax $ 299 $ (107) $ (7) Net of tax
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 226
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 20 - Shareholders' Equity
Changes in Ownership of Consolidated Subsidiaries
The following table summarizes changes in the ownership interest in consolidated subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:
2023 2022 2021
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Net income (loss) attributable to Enstar ordinary shareholders $ 1,082 $ (906) $ 502
Transfers from noncontrolling and redeemable noncontrolling interests:
Increase in Enstar’s additional paid-in capital for purchase of noncontrolling interest and redeemable noncontrolling interests (1)
18 - -
Change from net income (loss) attributable to Enstar ordinary shareholders and net transfers from noncontrolling and redeemable noncontrolling interests $ 1,100 $ (906) $ 502
(1) The transfer from the noncontrolling interests and redeemable noncontrolling interests for the year ended December 31, 2023 relates to the repurchase of the entire 24.9% ownership interest Allianz held in Enhanzed Re recorded in the first quarter of 2023 and the repurchase of the remaining 41.0% ownership interest the RNCI Holders held in SSHL recorded in the fourth quarter of 2023, respectively.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 227
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 21 - Earnings per Share
21. EARNINGS PER SHARE
Basic earnings per share is based on the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding and excludes potentially dilutive securities such as restricted shares, restricted share units, warrants, options and convertible securities.
Diluted earnings per share is based on the weighted average number of ordinary and ordinary share equivalents outstanding calculated using the treasury stock method for all potentially dilutive securities. When the effect of dilutive securities would be anti-dilutive, these securities are excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share.
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net income per ordinary share:
2023 2022 2021
Numerator: (in millions of U.S. dollars, except share data)
Earnings (loss) per share attributable to Enstar ordinary shareholders:
Net income (loss) attributable to Enstar ordinary shareholders $ 1,082 $ (906) $ 502
Denominator:
Weighted-average ordinary shares outstanding - basic (1)
15,631,770 17,207,229 19,821,259
Effect of dilutive securities:
Share-based compensation plans (2)
170,848 115,901 225,213
Warrants (3)
- - 80,659
Weighted-average ordinary shares outstanding - diluted (4)
15,802,618 17,323,130 20,127,131
Earnings (loss) per share attributable to Enstar ordinary shareholders:
Basic $ 69.22 $ (52.65) $ 25.33
Diluted (4)
$ 68.47 $ (52.65) $ 24.94
(1) Weighted-average ordinary shares for basic earnings per share includes ordinary shares (voting and non-voting), but excludes ordinary shares held in the Enstar Group Limited Employee Benefit Trust (the "EB Trust") in respect of Joint Share Ownership Plan ("JSOP") awards, which, as a result of us consolidating the EB trust, are classified as treasury shares.
(2) Share-based dilutive securities include restricted shares, restricted share units, and performance share units. Certain share-based compensation awards were excluded from the calculation for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 because they were anti-dilutive.
(3) Warrants to acquire 175,901 Series C Non-Voting Ordinary Shares for an exercise price of $115.00 per share were exercised on a non-cash basis during the year ended December 31, 2021, which resulted in a total of 89,590 Series C Non-Voting Ordinary Shares being issued in the year. As of December 31, 2021, there were no warrants outstanding following the exercise described. The warrants presented in the table above are a weighted-average of the warrants outstanding for the year.
(4) During a period of loss, the basic weighted-average ordinary shares outstanding is used in the denominator of the diluted loss per ordinary share computation as the effect of including potentially dilutive securities would be anti-dilutive, as it would decrease the loss per share.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 228
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 22 - Share-Based Compensation
22. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
We use three types of share-based compensation arrangements: (i) restricted shares, restricted share units (“RSUs”) and performance share units ("PSUs"), (ii) joint share ownership program ("JSOP"), and (iii) shares issued under our employee share purchase plans. Our share-based compensation awards qualify for equity classification. We issue new shares once the awards have vested.
For equity-classified awards, the fair value of the compensation cost is measured at the grant date and is expensed over the service period of the award within general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Expenses for the PSU awards are adjusted for changes in the performance multiplier on the award. We recognize forfeitures as they occur.
The 2016 Equity Incentive Plan is our primary share-based compensation plan. We also maintain other share-based compensation plans as discussed below.
The table below provides a summary of the compensation costs for all of our share-based compensation plans for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:
2023 2022 2021
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Share-based compensation plans:
Restricted shares and restricted share units $ 12 $ 10 $ 7
Performance share units 8 (8) 13
Joint share ownership plan expense 6 8 5
Other share-based compensation plans 4 - 3
Total share-based compensation $ 30 $ 10 $ 28
We recognized negative compensation costs on our performance share units for the year ended December 31, 2022 as a result of reducing the estimated performance multiplier on certain of our previously granted awards.
The associated tax benefit recorded to income tax benefit (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations was $3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, less than $1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 and $3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Shares authorized for issuance as of December 31, 2023 were as follows:
Authorized
2016 Equity Incentive Plan 1,739,654
Employee Share Repurchase Plan 200,000
Restricted Shares and Restricted Share Units
Restricted shares and restricted share units are service awards that typically vest over three years. These awards are share-settled and are recorded in additional paid-in capital on the consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of these awards is measured by multiplying the number of shares subject to the award by the closing price of our ordinary shares on the grant date and expensed over the service period.
The following table summarizes the activity related to restricted shares and restricted share awards during 2023:
Number of Shares Weighted-Average Share Price
Nonvested - January 1 114,134 $228.75
Granted 61,967 224.54
Vested (39,094) 198.72
Forfeited (6,194) 239.01
Nonvested - December 31 130,813 235.25
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 229
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 22 - Share-Based Compensation
The unrecognized compensation cost related to our unvested restricted share and restricted share unit awards as of December 31, 2023 was $17 million. This cost is recognizable over the next 1.6 years, which is the weighted average contractual life.
Performance Share Units ("PSUs")
PSUs are share-settled and vest following the end of the three-year performance period. The fair value of these awards is measured by multiplying the number of shares subject to the award by the closing price of our ordinary shares on the grant date and considering any performance related adjustments. The number of shares to vest will be determined by a performance adjustment based on either:
i.the change in fully diluted book value per share ("FDBVPS") over three years; or
ii.average annual non-GAAP operating income return on equity, excluding StarStone Group for the 2020 grant year only.
Performance Share Units based on FDBVPS
The following table summarizes the awards granted, the vested and unvested PSU awards at December 31, 2023, and the performance criteria and associated performance multipliers at various levels of achievement.
Grant Year Inception-to-date Activity Roll-forward Performance Criteria:
Change in FDBVPS (3 year) Performance Multiplier
Levels Per Award Agreements
PSUs Granted
at Target Forfeited Estimated Change in Multiplier Vested Unvested at December 31, 2023
Threshold Target Target + Maximum Threshold Target Target + Maximum
2020 22,591 (8,607) (12,656) (1,328) - 25.0 % 32.5 % N/A 40.0 % 60.0 % 100.0 % N/A 150.0 %
2020 52,948 - (52,948) - - 33.1 % 36.8 % 44.3 % 52.1 % 50.0 % 100.0 % 150.0 % 200.0 %
2021 14,429 (3,144) (10,640) (645) - 25.0 % 32.5 % N/A 40.0 % 60.0 % 100.0 % N/A 150.0 %
2022 15,120 (1,685) (13,244) (191) - 16.6 % 22.6 % N/A 28.6 % 60.0 % 100.0 % N/A 150.0 %
2023 37,797 (136) 34,835 (29) 72,467 21.4 % 42.7 % N/A 64.1 % 50.0 % 100.0 % N/A 200.0 %
142,885 (13,572) (54,653) (2,193) 72,467
For each type of PSU based on FDBVPS, a change in the FDBVPS Performance Criteria at each of Threshold, Target and Maximum will result in the application of the respective Threshold, Target and Maximum Performance Multiplier and a settlement of awards at that level. In addition, for the 2020 FDBVPS Type II award, a change in the FDBVPS Performance Criteria at "Target +" will result in the application of the "Target +" Performance Multiplier. For the 2021, 2022, and 2023 awards, the impact of the Bermuda deferred tax benefit of $205 million has been excluded from the calculation.Straight-line interpolation applies within these ranges, and no settlement occurs if the increase in FDBVPS is less than the Threshold.
Performance Share Units based on Average Annual Non-GAAP Operating Income Return on Equity ("Operating ROE")
The following table summarizes the awards granted, the vested and unvested units at December 31, 2023, and the performance criteria and associated performance multipliers at various levels of achievement.
Grant Year Inception-to-date Activity Roll-forward Performance Criteria:
Average Annual Operating ROE Performance Multiplier
Levels Per Award Agreements
PSUs Granted
at Target Forfeited Estimated Change in Multiplier Vested Unvested at December 31, 2023
Threshold Target Maximum Threshold Target Maximum
2020 22,560 (8,511) 6,373 (20,422) - 9.6 % 12.0 % 14.4 % 60.0 % 100.0 % 150.0 %
2021 14,401 (2,846) (3,637) (939) 6,979 9.6 % 12.0 % 14.4 % 60.0 % 100.0 % 150.0 %
2022 15,080 (1,629) (2,888) (242) 10,321 8.0 % 10.5 % 13.0 % 60.0 % 100.0 % 150.0 %
2023 37,728 (135) (2,597) (29) 34,967 7.3 % 14.6 % 21.9 % 50.0 % 100.0 % 200.0 %
89,769 (13,121) (2,749) (21,632) 52,267
For the 2020 and 2021 awards Annual Operating ROE is calculated based on the non-GAAP adjusted operating income return on opening shareholder's equity after adjusting opening shareholder’s equity for share repurchases on a weighted average basis. Starstone is excluded from the calculation for the 2020 grant year only. Average Annual Operating ROE is the sum of the three individual year annual operating ROE %'s divided by three.
For the 2022 and 2023 awards, Annual Operating ROE is calculated based on the non-GAAP adjusted operating income (loss) attributable to Enstar ordinary shareholders divided by adjusted opening Enstar ordinary
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 230
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 22 - Share-Based Compensation
shareholders’ equity adjusted for the impact of share repurchases on a weighted average basis. Average Annual Operating ROE is the sum of the three individual year annual operating ROE %'s divided by three. For the 2021, 2022, and 2023 awards, the impact of the Bermuda deferred tax benefit of $205 million has been excluded from the calculation.
Straight-line interpolation applies within these ranges and no settlement occurs if the Average Annual Operating ROE is less than the Threshold.
Performance Multipliers
For expense purposes we assume a Target vesting at the initial time of award. At the end of each reporting period, we estimate the expected performance multiplier, as shown in the table below:
Award Description 2023 2022 2021
2020 FDBVPS Type I (32.5% Target Change)
0.0% 0.0% 150.0%
2020 Average Operating ROE 150.0% 150.0% 150.0%
2020 FDBVPS Type II (36.8% Target Change)
0.0% 0.0% 150.0%
2021 FDBVPS 0.0% 0.0% 100.0%
2021 Average Operating ROE 65.7% 100.0% 100.0%
2022 FDBVPS 0.0% 100.0% N/A
2022 Average Operating ROE 78.1% 100.0% N/A
2023 FDBVPS 192.6% N/A N/A
2023 Average Operating ROE 93.1% N/A N/A
The unrecognized compensation cost related to our unvested PSU share awards as of December 31, 2023 was $17 million. This cost is recognizable over the next 2.0 years, which is the weighted average contractual life.
Roll-forward of Performance Share Units
The following table summarizes the activity related to PSUs during 2023:
Number of
Shares Weighted-Average Share Price
Nonvested - January 1 60,070 $216.15
Granted 75,525 222.80
Change in performance multiplier 13,353 171.14
Vested (19,708) 132.50
Forfeited (4,506) 245.15
Nonvested - December 31 124,734 227.45
Joint Share Ownership Plan
Under the JSOP, we have the ability to make equity awards to our U.K.-based staff through which a recipient acquires jointly held interests in a set number of our voting ordinary shares together with the independent trustee of the EB Trust at fair market value, pursuant to the terms of a joint ownership agreement. Voting rights in respect of shares held in the EB Trust are contractually waived. Shares held in the EB Trust are classified as treasury shares.
In January 2020, a JSOP award comprising 565,630 underlying voting ordinary shares was made to our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) which cliff-vests upon the vesting date. The value of the award at vesting, if any, is determined based on the price of our voting ordinary shares appreciating above a certain threshold between the date of grant and the vesting date.
If the higher of the closing price per share on the vesting date and the 10-day volume weighted average price per share for the ten consecutive trading days ending on the vesting date (each, the "Market Price") is equal to or greater than the hurdle price, the award will have a value equal to the Market Price, less $205.89, multiplied by 565,630. If the Market Price is less than the hurdle price on such date, the award will have no value. In addition, 20.0% of the award is subject to a performance condition based on growth in FDBVPS over a five year period starting January 1, 2020.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 231
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 22 - Share-Based Compensation
The accounting for stock-settled JSOP awards is similar to options, whereby the grant date fair value of $14 million is expensed over the life of the award. To determine the grant date fair value of $24.13 per share, we utilized a Monte-Carlo valuation model with the following assumptions:
Weighted-average volatility 18.7 %
Weighted-average risk-free interest rate 1.6 %
Dividend yield 0.0 %
On July 1, 2022, the terms of the JSOP award made to our CEO were amended to extend the vesting date of the award from January 20, 2023 to January 20, 2025. The amendment preserved the compound annual growth used to determine the hurdle price that must be achieved in order for the JSOP award to vest, which resulted in an increase to the hurdle price from $266.00 to $315.53. A corresponding extension was made to the term of the performance condition based on growth in FDBVPS from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024. All other terms of the award remained the same.
The incremental fair value of the amended award on July 1, 2022 was $15 million, or $27.25 per share, which will be expensed over the remaining life of the award commencing from July 1, 2022. To determine the incremental fair value of the amended award, we utilized a Monte-Carlo valuation model with the following assumptions:
Weighted-average volatility 35.2 %
Weighted-average risk-free interest rate 2.8 %
Dividend yield 0.0 %
The total unrecognized compensation cost related to our unvested JSOP share awards as of December 31, 2023 was $6 million. This cost is recognizable over the next 1.1 years, which is the weighted average contractual life.
Other share-based compensation plans
Deferred Compensation and Ordinary Share Plan for Non-Employee Directors
The number of units credited to the accounts of non-employee directors for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 under the Enstar Group Limited Deferred Compensation and Ordinary Share Plan for Non-Employee Directors (the "Deferred Compensation Plan") were 6,936, 6,438 and 5,092, respectively.
Employee Share Purchase Plan
We provide an Employee Share Purchase Plan ("ESPP") whereby eligible employees may purchase Enstar shares at a 15.0% discount to market price, in an amount of share value limited to the lower of $21,250 or 15.0% of the employee's base salary. The 15.0% discount is expensed as compensation cost. The number of shares issued to employees under the ESPP for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were 8,276, 9,025 and 9,432, respectively.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 232
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 23 - Income Taxation
23. INCOME TAXATION
Enstar is incorporated under the laws of Bermuda and is not required to pay taxes in Bermuda based upon income or capital gains under the Exempted Undertakings Tax Protection Act of 1996. However in December 2023, the Government of Bermuda enacted the Corporate Income Tax Act 2023 (the “Act”), which amended the Bermuda Exempted Undertakings Tax Protection Act of 1966. The Act introduces a 15% corporate income tax on Bermuda businesses that are part of an In Scope Multinational Enterprise Group (“MNE Group”), effective for tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2025. An MNE Group is an In Scope MNE Group if, with respect to any fiscal year beginning on or after January 1, 2025, the MNE Group had annual revenue of €750 million or more in the consolidated financial statements for at least two of the four fiscal years immediately preceding such fiscal year. Based on annual revenue in our consolidated financial statements, we will be an In Scope MNE Group commencing with the tax year beginning on January 1, 2025.
The ETA allows Bermuda subject entities to establish tax basis in the assets and liabilities of such Bermuda entities (as of September 30, 2023 (the “Basis Valuation Date”)) using fair values which results in deductible and taxable temporary differences which are reflected as deferred income tax assets and liabilities in the financial statements. For each asset and liability subject to the adjustment, the amount of the adjustment would generally be the difference, as of the Basis Adjustment Valuation Date, between each asset/liability’s fair market value and the carrying value of the item in the entity’s consolidated financial statements.
In accordance with ASC 740, effects of changes in tax laws are required to be recognized in the period in which the law is enacted, regardless of the effective date. The application of the ETA resulted in our recognition of net deferred tax assets of $205 million in 2023. We have not recorded a valuation allowance against these deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2023. In addition, because of the Act’s enactment, we have recognized a deferred tax charge related to the remeasurement of deferred taxes on unrealized gains on AFS securities recorded in OCI, due to the change in income tax rate.
The incremental financial statement impact related to the Act was as follows:
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Provision for income tax (benefit) expense
Economic Transition Adjustment $ (221)
Effect of change in income tax rate on the net change in unrealized gains (losses) on AFS securities recorded in OCI since the Basis Valuation Date 16
Total provision for income tax (benefit) expense $ (205)
We have foreign operating subsidiaries and branch operations principally located in the U.S., U.K., Continental Europe and Australia that are subject to federal, foreign, state and local taxes in those jurisdictions. The undistributed earnings from our foreign subsidiaries will be indefinitely reinvested in those jurisdictions where the undistributed earnings were earned.
Deferred tax liabilities have not been accrued with respect to the undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries. Generally, when earnings are distributed as dividends, withholding taxes may be imposed by the jurisdiction of the paying subsidiary. For our U.S. subsidiaries, we have not currently accrued any withholding taxes with respect to unremitted earnings because, solely for U.S. Federal income tax purposes, there are no accumulated positive earnings and profits that could be subject to U.S. dividend withholding tax. For our U.K. subsidiaries, there are no withholding taxes imposed as a matter of U.K. domestic tax law. For our other foreign subsidiaries, an insignificant amount of earnings is indefinitely reinvested; however, it would not be practicable to compute the related amounts of withholding taxes due to a variety of factors, including the amount, timing and manner of any repatriation. Because we operate in many jurisdictions, our net income are subject to risk due to changing tax laws and tax rates around the world. The current, rapidly changing economic environment may increase the likelihood of substantial changes to tax laws in the jurisdictions in which we operate.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 233
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 23 - Income Taxation
Income Tax Expense
The following table presents income (loss) before income taxes by jurisdiction, including income (losses) from equity method investments, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:
2023 2022 2021
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Domestic (Bermuda) $ 1,046 $ (710) $ 430
Foreign (78) (247) 150
Income (loss) before income taxes, including income (losses) from equity method investments $ 968 $ (957) $ 580
The following table presents our current and deferred income tax (benefit) expense attributable to continuing operations by jurisdiction for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:
2023 2022 2021
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Current:
Domestic (Bermuda) $ - $ - $ -
Foreign 6 - 6
6 - 6
Deferred:
Domestic (Bermuda) (205) - -
Foreign (51) (12) 21
(256) (12) 21
Total income tax (benefit) expense attributable to continuing operations $ (250) $ (12) $ 27
The actual effective income tax rate differs from the statutory rate of 0 percent under Bermuda law applied to income (loss) before income taxes, including income (losses) from equity method investments for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 as shown in the following reconciliation:
2023 2022 2021
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Income (loss) before income taxes $ 968 $ (957) $ 580
Bermuda income taxes at statutory rate 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 %
Foreign income tax rate differential (2.0) % 4.6 % 5.4 %
Economic Transition Adjustment (1)
(22.8) % 0.0 % 0.0 %
Change in valuation allowance (1.6) % (3.9) % 1.6 %
Effect of change in income tax rate 1.4 % 0.1 % (1.2) %
Other (0.8) % 0.5 % (1.1) %
Effective income tax rate (25.8) % 1.3 % 4.7 %
(1) For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded a deferred tax benefit of $221 million associated with certain Bermuda Constituent Entities anticipated to remain within the ETA.
Our effective tax rate is generally driven by the geographical distribution of our income (loss) before income taxes between our taxable and non-taxable jurisdictions.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 234
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 23 - Income Taxation
Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
Deferred tax assets and liabilities (included in other assets and other liabilities, respectively, in the consolidated balance sheets) reflect the tax effect of the differences between the financial statement carrying amount and the income tax bases of assets and liabilities.
Significant components of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:
2023 2022
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards $ 204 $ 214
Capital loss carryforwards 7 3
Insurance reserves 192 14
Unearned premiums 8 -
Provisions for bad debt 3 3
Defendant A&E liabilities 86 94
Fair value of investments 2 40
Lloyd’s underwriting result in future periods 21 5
Fair value of financial instruments 35 -
Other deferred tax assets 29 18
Deferred tax assets 587 391
Valuation allowance (156) (181)
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance 431 210
Deferred tax liabilities:
Fair value and other basis differences (32) (62)
Other deferred tax liabilities (7) (7)
Deferred tax liabilities (39) (69)
Net deferred tax asset $ 392 $ 141
Net Deferred Tax Asset (Liability) Balance by Major Jurisdiction
Net Deferred Tax Asset
2023 2022
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Australia $ 4 $ 4
Bermuda 205 -
United States 191 164
United Kingdom (8) (27)
Total $ 392 $ 141
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 235
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 23 - Income Taxation
Net Operating, Capital Loss and Foreign Tax Credit Carryforwards
As of December 31, 2023, we had net operating loss carryforwards that could be available to offset future taxable income, as follows:
Tax Jurisdiction Loss Carryforwards Tax effect Expiration
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Net Operating Loss Carryforwards:
United States - Net operating loss $ 470 $ 98 2028-2042
United States - Net operating loss 74 16 Indefinitely
United Kingdom 271 68 Indefinitely
Luxembourg 34 9 2035-2036
Other 66 13 Indefinitely
Capital Loss Carryforwards:
United States - Capital Loss 32 7 2027-2028
The U.S. and U.K. net operating loss carryforwards are also subject to certain utilization limitations and have been considered in management's assessment of valuation allowance.
Foreign Tax Credit Carryforwards:
As of December 31, 2023, we had foreign tax credit carryforwards available for tax purposes, as follows:
Tax Jurisdiction Tax effect Expiration
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
United Kingdom $ 8 Indefinitely
Assessment of Valuation Allowance on Deferred Tax Assets
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had deferred tax asset valuation allowances of $156 million and $181 million, respectively, related to foreign subsidiaries. We recorded a net decrease of $25 million in our deferred tax valuation allowance for the year ended December 31, 2023. This is primarily due to a $27 million partial valuation allowance release and utilization of $5 million of deferred tax assets in the U.S. jurisdiction. In the U.K. and EU jurisdictions, a $16 million increase was recorded primarily due to the losses for which a tax benefit was not recognized for the period. The remaining $9 million of valuation allowance release relates to a reduction in deferred tax assets associated with decreases in unrealized losses on investment securities reported in AOCI in the U.S. and U.K. jurisdictions.
The realization of deferred tax assets is dependent on generating sufficient taxable income in future periods in which the tax benefits are deductible or creditable. The amount of the deferred tax asset considered realizable, however, could be adjusted in the future if estimates of future taxable income change.
Income taxes are determined and assessed jurisdictionally by legal entity or by filing group. Certain jurisdictions require or allow combined or consolidated tax filings. We have estimated the future taxable income of our foreign subsidiaries and provided a valuation allowance in respect of those assets where we do not expect to realize a benefit. We have considered all available evidence using a “more likely than not” standard in determining the amount of the valuation allowance. We considered the following evidence:
i.net income or losses in recent years;
ii.the future sustainability and likelihood of positive net income of our subsidiaries;
iii.the carryforward periods of tax losses including the effect of reversing temporary differences; and
iv.tax planning strategies.
In making our determination, the assumptions used in determining future taxable income require significant judgment and any changes in these assumptions could have an impact on net income.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 236
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 23 - Income Taxation
Unrecognized Tax Benefits
During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, there were no unrecognized tax benefits. There were no accruals for the payment of interest and penalties related to income taxes as of each of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.
Open Tax Years
Our operating subsidiaries may be subject to examination by various tax authorities and may have different statutes of limitations expiration dates. Taxing authorities may propose adjustments to our income taxes.
Listed below are the tax years that remain subject to examination by a major tax jurisdiction as of December 31, 2023:
Major Tax Jurisdiction Open Tax Years
United States 2020-2023
United Kingdom 2021-2023
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 237
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 24 - Related Party Transactions
24. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
The following tables summarize our related party balances and transactions. Additional details about the nature of our relationships and transactions are included further below.
As of December 31, 2023
Stone Point (1)
Monument AmTrust Citco Core
Specialty Other
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Assets
Fixed maturities, trading, at fair value $ 69 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ -
Fixed maturities, AFS, at fair value 428 - - - - -
Equities, at fair value 136 - 181 - - -
Funds held - - - - 19 -
Other investments, at fair value 446 - - - - 1,602
Equity method investments - 95 - - 225 14
Total investments 1,079 95 181 - 244 1,616
Cash and cash equivalents 19 - - - - -
Other assets - - - 20 9 -
Liabilities
Losses and LAE - - - - 192 -
Net assets $ 1,098 $ 95 $ 181 $ 20 $ 61 $ 1,616
(1) As of December 31, 2023, we had unfunded commitments of $156 million to other investments and $12 million to privately held equity investments managed by Stone Point and its affiliated entities.
As of December 31, 2022 Stone Point Northshore Monument AmTrust Citco Core
Specialty Other
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Assets
Short-term investments, AFS, at fair value $ 1 $ 11 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ -
Fixed maturities, trading, at fair value 85 148 - - - - -
Fixed maturities, AFS, at fair value 447 - - - - - -
Equities, at fair value 148 37 - 190 - - -
Funds held - 31 - - - 25 -
Other investments, at fair value 467 14 - - - - 1,918
Equity method investments - - 110 - 60 211 16
Total investments 1,148 241 110 190 60 236 1,934
Cash and cash equivalents 37 20 - - - - -
Restricted cash and cash equivalents - 2 - - - - -
Reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses - 36 - - - 2 -
Other assets - 21 - - - 5 -
Liabilities
Losses and LAE - 183 - - - 334 -
Insurance and reinsurance balances payable - 22 - - - 11 -
Other liabilities - 76 - - - - -
Net assets (liabilities) $ 1,185 $ 39 $ 110 $ 190 $ 60 $ (102) $ 1,934
Redeemable noncontrolling interest $ 161 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ -
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 238
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 24 - Related Party Transactions
Stone Point Northshore (1)
Monument AmTrust Citco Core
Specialty Other
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Net premiums earned $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ (5) $ -
Net investment income 13 - - 6 - 1 6
Net unrealized losses 46 (11) - (9) - - 113
Other income - - - - - - -
59 (11) - (3) - (4) 119
Net incurred losses and LAE - (2) - - - (21) -
- (2) - - - (21) -
(Losses) income from equity method investments - - (10) - 9 14 -
Total net income (loss) $ 59 $ (9) $ (10) $ (3) $ 9 $ 31 $ 119
(1) Northshore ceased to be a related party in December 2023, following the completion of the RNCI redemption.
Stone Point Northshore Monument AmTrust Citco Core
Specialty Other
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Net premiums earned $ - $ 9 $ - $ - $ - $ 2 $ -
Net investment income (expense) 16 10 - 6 - - 4
Net unrealized gains (losses) (80) (10) - (34) - - (64)
Other (expense) income - 1 - - - 9 -
(64) 10 - (28) - 11 (60)
Net incurred losses and LAE - 10 - - - (16) -
- 10 - - - (16) -
(Losses) income from equity method investments - - (65) - 5 (14) -
Total net (loss) income $ (64) $ - $ (65) $ (28) $ 5 $ 13 $ (60)
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 239
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 24 - Related Party Transactions
Stone Point Hillhouse (1)
AnglePoint HK (2)
Northshore Monument AmTrust Citco Enhanzed Re (3)
Core
Specialty Other
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Net premiums earned $ - $ - $ - $ 58 $ - $ - $ - $ (2) $ 8 $ -
Net investment income (expense) 21 - (13) 3 - 6 - (4) - 3
Net realized gains - 77 - - - - - - - -
Net unrealized gains (losses) 83 20 (69) - - (6) - - - 136
Other (expense) income - - - (15) - - - 2 15 -
104 97 (82) 46 - - - (4) 23 139
Net incurred losses and LAE - - - 18 - - - - (32) -
Acquisition costs - - - 13 - - - (1) (6) -
General and administrative expenses - - - 10 - - - - - -
- - - 41 - - - (1) (38) -
Income (losses) from equity method investments - - - - 14 - 4 82 (6) -
Total net income (loss) $ 104 $ 97 $ (82) $ 5 $ 14 $ - $ 4 $ 79 $ 55 $ 139
(1) Includes earnings from our direct investment in the InRe Fund, which was managed by AnglePoint Cayman through March 31, 2021, and the impact of a $100 million deduction from amounts due to affiliates of Hillhouse Group from the InRe Fund, which had the effect of increasing our NAV in the InRe Fund in February 2021. Hillhouse Group ceased to be a related party in July 2021.
(2) Includes earnings from our direct investment in the InRe Fund, which was managed by AnglePoint HK from April 2021 to October 2021, and another fund managed by AnglePoint HK. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we incurred management and performance fees of $16 million in relation to the InRe Fund, which consisted of a $10 million minimum performance fee and operating expense reimbursements of $6 million. These fees were deducted from the AnglePoint HK funds’ reported net asset values and recorded as net investment expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. AnglePoint HK ceased to be a related party subsequent to December 31, 2021.
(3) Following completion of the Step Acquisition and related consolidation, Enhanzed Re ceased to be a related party on September 1, 2021.
Stone Point
In November 2023, we repurchased voting ordinary shares held by Trident V Funds managed by Stone Point Capital LLC38. In November 2023, our Chief Executive Officer, Dominic Silvester, agreed to acquire 45,000 of our voting ordinary shares held by the Trident Public Equity LP for a price of $10 million.
In May 2022, we entered into a share purchase agreement with an affiliate of Stone Point39.
As of December 31, 2023, investment funds managed by Stone Point own 1,451,196 of our voting ordinary shares, which constitutes 9.5% of our outstanding voting ordinary shares. James D. Carey, president of Stone Point, is a member of our Board.
In December 2023, we agreed to purchase from investment funds managed by Stone Point their remaining 39.3% interest in our subsidiary SSHL, in exchange for cash consideration, settlement of an existing loan receivable and our remaining interest in Northshore40,41. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the RNCI on our balance sheet relating to these co-investment transactions was $0 million and $161 million, respectively.
We have made various investments in funds and separate accounts managed by Stone Point or affiliates of Stone Point, and we have also made direct investments in entities affiliated with Stone Point. Where we have made an
38 Refer to Note 20 for further details.
39 Refer to Note 20 for further details.
40 Refer to Note 6 for a description of transactions impacting Stone Point's interests in SSHL and Northshore that occurred during 2021 and 2020.
41 Refer to Note 19 for further details.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 240
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 24 - Related Party Transactions
investment in a fund, the manager of such fund generally charges certain fees to the fund, which are deducted from the net asset value.
We also have certain co-investments alongside Stone Point and its affiliates, including our investment in AmTrust, described below, Mitchell TopCo Holdings, the parent company of Mitchell International ("Mitchell"), and Genex Services in which we have invested $25 million and account for as a privately held equity investment. Mitchell provides third-party outsourcing managed care services to one of our subsidiaries in the ordinary course of its business.
CPP Investments
We completed two share repurchase transactions with CPP Investments in 2023. In March 2023, we repurchased all of our outstanding Series C and Series E non-voting convertible ordinary shares held by CPP Investments, and in November 2023, we repurchased voting ordinary shares held by CPP Investments and its affiliate42.
Hillhouse Group
In July 2021, we repurchased the Hillhouse Funds’ (as defined below) entire equity interest in Enstar, and as a result the Hillhouse Group (as defined below) ceased to be a related party43.
We have historically made significant direct investments in funds (the "Hillhouse Funds") managed by Hillhouse Capital Management, Ltd. and Hillhouse Capital Advisors, Ltd. (together, "Hillhouse Group") and AnglePoint Asset Management Ltd., an affiliate of Hillhouse Group ("AnglePoint Cayman"). From February 2017 to February 2021, Jie Liu, a partner of AnglePoint HK (as defined below), served on our Board.
In February 2021, we entered into a Termination and Release Agreement (the "TRA") with the InRe Fund, Hillhouse Group, AnglePoint Cayman, AnglePoint Asset Management Limited (“AnglePoint HK”), and InRe Fund GP, Ltd. pursuant to which we agreed to terminate certain relationships with Hillhouse and its affiliates, primarily with respect to the InRe Fund.
AnglePoint Cayman previously received sub-advisory services with respect to the InRe Fund from its affiliate, AnglePoint HK, an investment advisory company licensed by the Securities and Futures Commission in Hong Kong. Pursuant to the TRA, we acquired an option to buy AnglePoint HK, which we also had the right to assign to a third-party. In April 2021, we entered into a Designation Agreement with Jie Liu (the "Designation Agreement"), pursuant to which we designated Mr. Liu, an AnglePoint HK partner, as the purchaser of AnglePoint HK, and he acquired the company from an affiliate of Hillhouse Group on the same day. AnglePoint Cayman simultaneously assigned its investment management agreement with the InRe Fund to AnglePoint HK, at which point AnglePoint HK became a related party.
As a result of the terms of the Designation Agreement, the InRe Fund qualified as a VIE and was consolidated effective April 1, 2021. During the fourth quarter of 2021, we completed the liquidation of our investment in the InRe Fund44.
On September 1, 2021, we completed the purchase of the Hillhouse Group’s entire 27.7% interest in Enhanzed Re for a purchase price of $217 million45.
AnglePoint HK
In October 2021, we terminated our investment management agreement with AnglePoint HK, the InRe Fund and the general partner of the InRe Fund, and placed the InRe Fund into an orderly liquidation. As of December 31, 2021, AnglePoint HK ceased to be a related party.
Northshore
In December 2023, our remaining equity interest in Northshore comprised a portion of the consideration we paid to our RNCI holders in exchange for acquiring the remaining equity interest in SSHL46. As of December 22, 2023, Northshore ceased to be a related party.
42 Refer to Note 20 for further details.
43Refer to Note 20 for transactions involving Hillhouse Group, which included the exercise of warrants in the first quarter of 2021 and our repurchase of our ordinary shares held by funds managed by Hillhouse Group in the third quarter of 2021.
44 Refer to Note 15 for further details.
45 Refer to Note 5 for further details.
46 Refer to Note 19 for further details.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 241
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 24 - Related Party Transactions
Following the completion of the Exchange Transaction47 on January 1, 2021, our equity interest in Northshore, the holding company that owns Atrium and Arden, was reduced to 13.8% from 54.1%. We have accounted for our residual equity interest in Northshore as an investment in a privately held equity security at fair value.
Concurrent with the closing of the Exchange Transaction:
•Arden entered into an LPT retrocession agreement with one of our majority owned subsidiaries, through which Arden fully reinsured its run-off portfolio with total liabilities of $19 million to our majority owned subsidiary, in exchange for a retrocession consideration of an equal amount.
Arden retained the premium under a funds held arrangement, to secure the payment obligations of our majority owned subsidiary.
•One of our wholly-owned subsidiaries entered in a TSA to provide certain transitional services to Northshore. The TSA was terminated in November 2022.
•SGL No.1 ceased its provision of underwriting capacity on Syndicate 609. We continued to report SGL No. 1's 25% gross share of the 2020 and prior underwriting years of Syndicate 609 through the year ended December 31, 2022. In 2023, the 2020 underwriting year completed an RITC into a successor year, at which point the existing contractual arrangements were settled.
Historically, there was no net retention for Enstar on Atrium's 2020 and prior underwriting years as the business was contractually transferred to the Atrium entities that were divested in the Exchange Transaction.
Monument Re
As of December 31, 2023, we own 20.0% of the common shares of Monument Re and 13.7% of its preferred shares. As of December 31, 2023, a fund managed by Stone Point owns 11.2% of Monument Re’s preferred shares.
In November 2022, we closed a transaction with Monument Re to novate our reinsurance closed block of life annuity policies written by Enhanzed Re48. A portion of the net gain on novation will be subject to deferral to account for our existing ownership interest in Monument Re. The final impact of the novation was reflected in our first quarter 2023 results, as we report the results of Enhanzed Re on a one quarter reporting lag.
We have accounted for our investment in the common and preferred shares of Monument Re as an equity method investment.
AmTrust
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we own 8.7% of the equity interest in Evergreen Parent L.P. ("Evergreen") and Trident Pine Acquisition LP ("Trident Pine") owns 22.6%. Evergreen owns all of the equity interest in AmTrust Financial Services, Inc. (“AmTrust"). Trident Pine is an entity owned by private equity funds managed by Stone Point.
We have accounted for our investment in the shares of AmTrust as an investment in a privately held equity security at fair value.
Citco
During the fourth quarter of 2023, we divested our equity ownership in the common shares of HH CTCO Holdings Limited and recorded a $5 million gain in our consolidated statements of operations.
As of December 31, 2022, we owned 31.9% of the common shares in HH CTCO Holdings Limited, which in turn owns 15.4% of the convertible preferred shares, amounting to a 6.2% interest in the total equity of Citco III Limited ("Citco"). As of December 31, 2022, Trident owned 3.4% interest in Citco.
We have accounted for our indirect investment in the shares of Citco as an equity method investment.
47 Refer to Note 6 for further details on the Exchange Transaction.
48 Refer to Note 27 for further information.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 242
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 24 - Related Party Transactions
Enhanzed Re
In September 2021 we repurchased the Hillhouse Group’s entire 27.7% interest in Enhanzed Re for a purchase price of $217 million, assumed its remaining outstanding capital commitment to Enhanzed Re of $40 million, and increased our equity interests in Enhanzed Re from 47.4% to 75.1%49. Upon closing, we consolidated Enhanzed Re (previously accounted for as an equity method investment) and as a result, it ceased to be a related party.
Core Specialty
We account for our investment in the common shares of Core Specialty as an equity method investment on a one quarter lag.
We also have a LPT and ADC reinsurance agreement and an ASA between certain of our subsidiaries and StarStone U.S. and Core Specialty. The TSA was terminated in November 2022.
Furthermore, there are existing reinsurance agreements whereby (i) certain of our subsidiaries provide reinsurance protection to StarStone U.S. and (ii) StarStone U.S. provides reinsurance protection to certain of our subsidiaries. These arrangements remain in place.
Other
We also have certain other investments, including investments in limited partnerships and partnership-like limited liability companies, that had we not elected the fair value option would otherwise be accounted for as equity method investments50. We have disclosed our investments in these entities on an aggregated basis as they are individually immaterial.
49 Refer to Note 5 for further information regarding the Step Acquisition of Enhanzed Re.
50 Refer to Note 7 for further information regarding our other investments, including summarized financial information of our equity method investees, including those for which the fair value option was elected.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 243
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 25 - Dividend Restrictions and Statutory Financial Information
25. DIVIDEND RESTRICTIONS AND STATUTORY FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Parent Company Dividend Restrictions
There were no significant restrictions on the Parent Company's ability to pay dividends from retained earnings as of December 31, 2023. Bermuda law permits the payment of dividends if:
i) we are not, or would not be after payment, unable to pay our liabilities as they become due; and
ii) the realizable value of our assets is in excess of our liabilities after taking such payment into account.
We have not historically declared a dividend on our ordinary shares. The issuance of our Series D and E Preferred Shares have resulted in the declaration of dividends. Holders of Series D and Series E Preferred Shares are entitled to receive, only when, as and if declared, non-cumulative cash dividends, paid quarterly in arrears on the 1st day of March, June, September and December of each year of 7.0% per annum51.
The Bermuda Monetary Authority ("BMA") acts as group supervisor to Enstar. On an annual basis, we are required to file group statutory financial statements, a group statutory financial return, a group capital and solvency return, audited group financial statements and a Group Solvency Self-Assessment ("GSSA") with the BMA. The GSSA is designed to document our perspective on the capital resources necessary to achieve our business strategies and remain solvent, and to provide the BMA with insights on our risk management, governance procedures and documentation related to this process. We are required to maintain available group statutory capital and surplus in an amount that is at least equal to the group enhanced capital requirement (“ECR”). The BMA has also established a group target capital level equal to 120% of the group ECR. We are in compliance with these requirements.
Our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders is dependent upon the ability of our (re)insurance subsidiaries to distribute capital and pay dividends to us. Our (re)insurance subsidiaries are subject to certain regulatory restrictions on the distribution of capital and payment of dividends in the jurisdictions in which they operate, as described below. The restrictions are generally based on net income or levels of capital and surplus as determined in accordance with the relevant statutory accounting practices. Failure of these subsidiaries to meet their applicable regulatory requirements could result in restrictions on any distributions of capital or retained earnings or stricter regulatory oversight of the subsidiaries.
Our ability to pay dividends and make other forms of distributions may also be limited by repayment obligations and financial covenants in our outstanding loan facility agreements.
Subsidiary Statutory Financial Information and Dividend Restrictions
Our (re)insurance subsidiaries prepare their statutory financial statements in accordance with statutory accounting practices prescribed or permitted by local regulators. Statutory and local accounting differs from U.S. GAAP, including in the treatment of investments, acquisition costs and deferred income taxes, amongst other items.
The statutory capital and surplus amounts as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and statutory net income (loss) amounts for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 for our (re)insurance subsidiaries based in Bermuda, the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia and Continental Europe are summarized in the table below which includes information relating to acquisitions from the year of acquisition:
Statutory Capital and Surplus
Required Actual Statutory Income (Loss)
2023 2022 2023 2022 2023 2022 2021
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Bermuda $ 3,265 $ 3,031 $ 7,003 $ 5,833 $ 1,395 $ (710) $ 524
U.K. 575 619 971 848 42 (11) 163
U.S. 162 161 426 434 19 (58) 23
Australia 9 10 39 35 3 (1) 2
Europe 49 53 193 188 (6) (30) (2)
51 Refer to Note 20 for details regarding dividends on preferred shares.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 244
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 25 - Dividend Restrictions and Statutory Financial Information
As of December 31, 2023, the total amount of net assets of our consolidated subsidiaries that were restricted was $4.1 billion.
Certain material aspects of these laws and regulations as they relate to solvency, dividends and capital and surplus are summarized below.
Bermuda
Our Bermuda-based (re)insurance subsidiaries are registered under the Insurance Act 1978 of Bermuda and related regulations, as amended (the "Insurance Act"). The Insurance Act imposes certain solvency and liquidity standards and auditing and reporting requirements and grants the BMA powers to supervise, investigate, require information and the production of documents and intervene in the affairs of insurance companies.
The Insurance Act requires that our Bermuda-based (re)insurance subsidiaries maintain certain solvency and liquidity standards. The minimum liquidity ratio requires that the value of relevant assets not be less than 75% of the amount of relevant liabilities. The minimum solvency margin, which varies depending on the class of the insurer, is determined as a percentage of either net reserves for losses and LAE or premiums. Our Bermuda subsidiaries with commercial insurance licenses are required to maintain a minimum statutory capital and surplus (Enhanced Capital Requirement or "ECR") at least equal to the greater of a minimum solvency margin or the Bermuda Solvency Capital Requirement ("BSCR"). The BSCR is calculated based on a standardized risk-based capital model as provided by the BMA.
Each of our regulated Bermuda subsidiaries would be prohibited from declaring or paying any dividends if it were in breach of its minimum solvency margin or liquidity ratio or if the declaration or payment of such dividends would cause it to fail to meet such margin or ratio. In addition, each of our regulated Bermuda subsidiaries is prohibited, without the prior approval of the BMA, from reducing by 15% or more its total statutory capital, or from reducing by 25% or more its total statutory capital and surplus, as set out in its previous year’s statutory financial statements. Our Bermuda (re)insurance companies that are in run-off are required to seek BMA approval for any dividends or distributions.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, our Bermuda-based (re)insurance subsidiaries exceeded applicable minimum solvency and liquidity requirements. The Bermuda (re)insurance subsidiaries in aggregate exceeded minimum solvency requirements by $3.7 billion as of December 31, 2023 (2022: $2.8 billion) and were in compliance with their liquidity requirements.
United Kingdom
U.K. Insurance Companies (non-Lloyd's)
Our U.K. based insurance subsidiaries are regulated by the U.K. Prudential Regulatory Authority (the "PRA") and the Financial Conduct Authority (the "FCA", together with the PRA, the "U.K. Regulator").
Our U.K.-based insurance subsidiaries are required to maintain adequate financial resources in accordance with the requirements of the U.K. Regulator. Insurers must comply with a Solvency Capital Requirement ("SCR"), which is calculated using either the Solvency II standard formula or a bespoke internal model. Our non-Lloyd's U.K. companies use the standard formula for determining compliance with the SCR.
The calculation of the minimum capital resources requirements in any particular case depends on, among other things, the type and amount of insurance business written and claims paid by the insurance company. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, all of our U.K. insurance subsidiaries maintained capital in excess of the minimum capital resources requirements and complied with the relevant U.K. Regulator requirements. Our U.K.-based insurance subsidiaries, including our Lloyd's Syndicates described below, in aggregate, maintained capital in excess of the minimum capital resources requirements by $396 million and $229 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The U.K. Regulator’s rules require our U.K. insurance subsidiaries to obtain regulatory approval for any proposed or actual payment of a dividend. The U.K. Regulator uses the SCR, among other tests, when assessing requests to make distributions.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 245
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 25 - Dividend Restrictions and Statutory Financial Information
Lloyd’s
As of December 31, 2023, we participated in the Lloyd’s market through our interests in Syndicate 2008, a syndicate that has permission to underwrite RITC business and other run-off or discontinued business type transactions with other Lloyd’s syndicates.
We participated on the syndicate through a single, wholly owned Lloyd’s managing agent, Enstar Managing Agency Limited.
The underwriting capacity of a corporate member of Lloyd’s must be supported by providing FAL in the form of cash, securities, letters of credit or other approved capital instrument in satisfaction of its capital requirement52. The amount of the FAL is assessed quarterly and is determined by Lloyd’s in accordance with applicable capital adequacy rules. To release their capital, Lloyd’s members are usually required to have transferred their liabilities through an approved RITC, such as those offered by Syndicate 2008.
Business plans, including maximum underwriting capacity, for Lloyd’s syndicates require annual approval by the Lloyd’s Franchise Board, which may require changes to any business plan or additional capital to support underwriting plans.
The Lloyd’s market has applied the Solvency II internal model under Lloyd’s supervision, and our Lloyd’s operations are required to meet Solvency II standards. The Society of Lloyd's has received approval from the PRA to use its bespoke internal model under the Solvency II regime.
Lloyd’s approval is required before any person can acquire control of a Lloyd’s managing agent or Lloyd’s corporate member.
United States
Our U.S. Run-off (re)insurance subsidiaries are subject to the insurance laws and regulations of the states in which they are domiciled, licensed and/or eligible to conduct business. These laws restrict the amount of dividends the subsidiaries can pay to us. The restrictions are generally based on statutory net income and/or certain levels of statutory surplus as determined in accordance with the relevant statutory accounting requirements of the individual domiciliary states or states in which any of the (re)insurance subsidiaries are commercially domiciled. Generally, prior regulatory approval must be obtained before an insurer may make a distribution above a specified level.
The U.S. (re)insurance subsidiaries are also required to maintain minimum levels of solvency and liquidity as determined by law, and to comply with Risk-Based Capital ("RBC") requirements and licensing rules as specified by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC"). RBC is used to evaluate the adequacy of capital and surplus maintained by our U.S. (re)insurance subsidiaries in relation to three major risk areas associated with: (i) asset risk; (ii) insurance risk and (iii) other risks. For all of our U.S. (re)insurance subsidiaries, with the exception of one subsidiary which has a permitted accounting practice to treat an adverse development cover reinsurance agreement as prospective reinsurance, there are no prescribed or permitted statutory accounting practices that differ significantly from the statutory accounting principles established by NAIC.
As of December 31, 2023, all of our U.S. non-life (re)insurance subsidiaries exceeded their required levels of RBC. On an aggregate basis, our U.S. non-life (re)insurance subsidiaries exceeded their minimum levels of RBC as of December 31, 2023 by $264 million (2022: $273 million).
Australia
The Company’s Australian insurance subsidiary is regulated and subject to prudential supervision by the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (“APRA”). APRA is the primary regulatory body responsible for regulating compliance with the Insurance Act 1973. APRA’s prudential standards require that all insurers maintain and meet prescribed capital adequacy requirements designed to ensure that insurers to meet their insurance obligations under a wide range of scenarios.
A run-off insurer must obtain APRA’s written consent prior to making any capital releases, including any payment of dividends, not from current year profits. The Company’s insurance subsidiary must provide APRA a valuation prepared by its Appointed Actuary that demonstrates that the tangible assets of the insurer, after the proposed capital reduction, are sufficient to cover its insurance liabilities to a 99.5% probability of sufficiency.
52 As described in Note 7.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 246
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 25 - Dividend Restrictions and Statutory Financial Information
Europe
Our Liechtenstein insurance subsidiary (StarStone Insurance SE) is regulated by the Liechtenstein Financial Market Authority ("FMA") pursuant to the Liechtenstein Insurance Supervisory Act. This subsidiary is obligated to maintain a minimum solvency margin based on the Solvency II regulations. As of December 31, 2023, this subsidiary exceeded the Solvency II requirements by $118 million (2022: $111 million). The amount of dividends that this subsidiary is permitted to distribute is restricted to freely distributable reserves, which consist of retained earnings, the current year profit and legal reserves. Any dividend exceeding the current year profit requires the FMA’s approval. Solvency and capital requirements for this subsidiary are based on the Solvency II framework and must continue to be met following any distribution.
Our Belgian insurance subsidiary files financial statements and returns with the National Bank of Belgium. This subsidiary was in compliance with its solvency and capital requirements under Solvency II.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 247
Item 8 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 26 - Commitments and Contingencies
26. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Concentration of Credit Risk
We believe that there are no significant concentrations of credit risk associated with our cash and cash equivalents, fixed maturities, or other investments. Our cash and investments are managed pursuant to guidelines that follow prudent standards of diversification and liquidity, and limit the allowable holdings of a single issue and issuers. We are also subject to custodial credit risk on our investments, which we manage by diversifying our holdings amongst large financial institutions that are highly regulated.
We have exposure to credit risk on certain of our assets pledged to ceding companies under insurance contracts. In addition, we are potentially exposed should any insurance intermediaries be unable to fulfill their contractual obligations with respect to payments of balances owed to and by us.
Credit risk exists in relation to (re)insurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses. We remain liable to the extent that counterparties do not meet their contractual obligations and, therefore, we evaluate and monitor concentration of credit risk among our (re)insurers.
We are also subject to credit risk in relation to funds held by reinsured companies. Under funds held arrangements, the reinsured company has retained funds that would otherwise have been remitted to our reinsurance subsidiaries. The funds are not typically placed into trust or subject to other security arrangements. However, we generally have the contractual ability to offset any shortfall in the payment of the funds held balances with amounts owed by us.
As of December 31, 2023, concentrations of funds held balances with reinsurance counterparties that individually exceeded 10% of shareholders’ equity totaled $4.8 billion (December 31, 2022: $5.0 billion) in aggregate.
We limit the amount of credit exposure to any one counterparty and none of our counterparty credit exposures, excluding U.S. government instruments and the reinsurance counterparties noted above, exceeded 10% of shareholders’ equity as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023 our credit exposure to the U.S. government and agency instruments was $932 million (December 31, 2022: $945 million).
Legal Proceedings
We are, from time to time, involved in various legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business, including litigation and arbitration regarding claims. Estimated losses relating to claims arising in the ordinary course of business, including the anticipated outcome of any pending arbitration or litigation, are included in the liability for losses and LAE in our consolidated balance sheets. In addition to claims litigation, we may be subject to other lawsuits and regulatory actions in the normal course of business, which may involve, among other things, allegations of underwriting errors or omissions, employment claims or regulatory activity. We do not believe that the resolution of any currently pending legal proceedings, either individually or taken as a whole, will have a material effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition. We anticipate that, similar to the rest of the (re)insurance industry, we will continue to be subject to litigation and arbitration proceedings in the ordinary course of business, including litigation generally related to the scope of coverage with respect to A&E and other claims.
Unfunded Investment Commitments
As of December 31, 2023, we had unfunded commitments of $1.7 billion to other investments, $48 million to fixed maturities and $12 million to privately held equity.
Guarantees
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, parental guarantees supporting reinsurance obligations, defendant A&E liabilities, subsidiary capital support arrangements and credit facilities were $2.3 billion and $2.4 billion respectively. We also guarantee the 2040 and 2042 Junior Subordinated Notes, which have an aggregate principal amount of $850 million53 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.
53 As described in Note 18.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 248
Item 8 | Schedules
SCHEDULE I
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
SUMMARY OF INVESTMENTS OTHER THAN INVESTMENTS IN RELATED PARTIES54
As of December 31, 2023
(Expressed in millions of U.S. Dollars)
Type of investment Cost (1)
Fair Value Amount at which shown in the balance sheet
Short-term and fixed maturities - Trading:
U.S. government and agency $ 75 $ 76 $ 76
U.K. government 28 21 21
Other government 165 144 144
Corporate 1,525 1,343 1,343
Municipal 54 49 49
Residential mortgage-backed 59 55 55
Commercial mortgage-backed 128 119 119
Asset-backed 76 75 75
Total 2,110 1,882 1,882
Short-term and fixed maturities - AFS:
U.S. government and agency 268 250 250
U.K. government 49 51 51
Other government 250 247 247
Corporate 2,914 2,654 2,654
Municipal 107 93 93
Residential mortgage-backed 466 432 432
Commercial mortgage-backed 702 652 652
Asset-backed 520 516 516
Total 5,276 4,895 4,895
Funds held 5,298 5,232 5,232
Equities 246 384 384
Other investments, at fair value 1,805 1,805 1,805
Total $ 14,735 $ 14,198 $ 14,198
(1)Original cost of fixed maturities is reduced by repayments and adjusted for amortization of premiums or accretion of discounts.
Reconciliation to balance sheet Short-term and fixed maturities - Trading Short-term and fixed maturities - AFS Funds held Equities Other Investments
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Fair value of investments, other than investments in related parties $ 1,882 $ 4,895 5,232 $ 384 $ 1,805
Investments in related parties:
Affiliates of Stone Point 69 428 63 446
Co-investor with Stone Point 73
AmTrust 181
Core Specialty 19
Other (1)
1,602
Total per balance sheet $ 1,951 $ 5,323 $ 5,251 $ 701 $ 3,853
(1)Comprised of investments in limited partnerships and partnership-like limited liability companies, that had we not elected the fair value option would otherwise be accounted for as equity method investments.
54 Refer to Note 24 in our consolidated financial statements.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 249
Item 8 | Schedules
SCHEDULE II
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT
Balance Sheets - Parent Company Only
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022
2023 2022
(in millions of U.S.
dollars, except share data)
ASSETS
Equities, at fair value (cost: 2023 - $0; 2022 - $273)
$ - $ 286
Cash and cash equivalents 6 15
Balances due from subsidiaries 12 193
Investments in subsidiaries 7,454 6,003
Other assets 42 8
TOTAL ASSETS $ 7,514 $ 6,505
LIABILITIES
Debt obligations $ 992 $ 991
Balances due to subsidiaries 966 515
Other liabilities 21 25
TOTAL LIABILITIES 1,979 1,531
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Ordinary shares (par value $1 each, issued and outstanding 2023: 15,196,685; 2022: 17,588,050):
Voting Ordinary Shares (issued and outstanding 2023: 15,196,685; 2021: 15,990,338)
15 16
Non-voting convertible ordinary Series C Shares (issued and outstanding 2023: 0 and 2022: 1,192,941)
- 1
Non-voting convertible ordinary Series E Shares (issued and outstanding 2023: 0 and 2022: 404,771)
- -
Preferred Shares:
Series C Preferred Shares (issued and held in treasury 2023 and 2022: 388,571)
- -
Series D Preferred Shares (issued and outstanding 2023 and 2022: 16,000; liquidation preference $400)
400 400
Series E Preferred Shares (issued and outstanding 2023 and 2022: 4,400; liquidation preference $110)
110 110
Treasury shares, at cost (Series C Preferred Shares 2023 and 2022: 388,571)
(422) (422)
Joint Share Ownership Plan (voting ordinary shares, held in trust 2023 and 2022: 565,630)
(1) (1)
Additional paid-in capital 579 766
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (336) (302)
Retained earnings 5,190 4,406
Total Enstar Group Limited Shareholders’ Equity 5,535 4,974
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY $ 7,514 $ 6,505
See accompanying notes to the Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 250
Item 8 | Schedules
SCHEDULE II
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT - CONTINUED
Statements of Operations - Parent Company Only
For the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
2023 2022 2021
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
REVENUES
Net investment income $ 12 $ 2 $ -
Net unrealized gains 16 13 -
Total revenues 28 15 -
EXPENSES
General and administrative expenses 34 24 41
Interest expense 80 70 54
Net foreign exchange losses 5 3 3
Total expenses 119 97 98
NET LOSS BEFORE EQUITY IN UNDISTRIBUTED INCOME OF SUBSIDIARIES (91) (82) (98)
Income tax benefit 31 - -
Equity in undistributed income (losses) of subsidiaries 1,178 (788) 636
NET INCOME (LOSS) 1,118 (870) 538
Dividends on preferred shares (36) (36) (36)
NET INCOME (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED ORDINARY SHAREHOLDERS $ 1,082 $ (906) $ 502
See accompanying notes to the Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
Statements of Comprehensive Income - Parent Company Only
For the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
2023 2022 2021
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
NET INCOME (LOSS) $ 1,118 $ (870) $ 538
Other comprehensive (loss) income relating to subsidiaries, net of tax (34) (286) (98)
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) $ 1,084 $ (1,156) $ 440
See accompanying notes to the Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 251
Item 8 | Schedules
SCHEDULE II
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT - CONTINUED
Statements of Cash Flows - Parent Company Only
For the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
2023 2022 2021
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities $ 496 $ 87 $ (72)
INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Dividends and return of capital from subsidiaries - 14 675
Contributions to subsidiaries - (102) -
Net cash flows (used in) provided by investing activities - (88) 675
FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Dividends on preferred shares (36) (36) (36)
Repurchase of shares (531) (163) (942)
Repayment of loans - (302) (429)
Receipt of loans 62 445 868
Net cash flows used in financing activities (505) (56) (539)
NET (DECREASE) INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS (9) (57) 64
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, BEGINNING OF YEAR 15 72 8
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, END OF YEAR $ 6 $ 15 $ 72
See accompanying notes to the Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
Notes to the Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
The Condensed Financial Information of Registrant should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes thereto included in Part II - Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our wholly-owned and majority owned subsidiaries are recorded based upon our proportionate share of our subsidiaries' net assets (similar to presenting them on the equity method).
Net investment income relates to interest on loans to subsidiaries. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, interest paid was $40 million, $47 million, and $41 million, respectively.
Investing activities in the Condensed Statements of Cash Flows primarily represents the flow of funds to and from subsidiaries to provide cash on hand to fund business acquisitions and significant new business.
There were no non-cash activities during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2021. Non-Cash investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2022 consisted of $600 million for dividends and return of capital from subsidiaries, representing an intercompany transfer of equity securities at book value and an increase in balances due from subsidiaries (resulting in a decrease in investments in subsidiaries).
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, parental guarantees supporting reinsurance obligations, defendant A&E liabilities, subsidiary capital support arrangements and credit facilities were $2.3 billion and $2.4 billion. In addition, as of December 31, 2023, we also guarantee the Junior Subordinated Notes issued in 2020 and 2022 for an aggregate principal amount of $850 million (December 31, 2022: $850 million).
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, retained earnings were $5.2 billion and $4.4 billion, respectively, an increase of $784 million. This increase was attributable to the net income of $1.1 billion, partially offset by retirement of certain acquired common shares.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 252
Item 8 | Schedules
SCHEDULE III
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION
(Expressed in millions of U.S. Dollars)
As of December 31, Year ended December 31,
Deferred
Acquisition
Costs Reserves
for Losses
and Loss
Adjustment
Expenses Unearned
Premiums Policy Benefits for Life and Annuity Contracts (1)
Net
Premiums
Earned Net
Investment
Income Losses and Loss Expenses and Policy Benefits Acquisition
Costs Other Operating Expenses
Net
Premiums
Written
Run-off $ 4 $ 12,779 $ 171 $ - $ 43 $ - $ (196) $ 10 $ 177 $ 96
Assumed Life - - - - - - - - - -
Investments - - - - - 647 - - 43 -
Legacy Underwriting - - - - - - - - - -
Corporate & Other - (420) - - - - 95 - 149 -
Total $ 4 $ 12,359 $ 171 $ - $ 43 $ 647 $ (101) $ 10 $ 369 $ 96
Run-off $ 7 $ 13,337 $ 114 $ - $ 40 $ - $ (442) $ 22 $ 143 $ (4)
Assumed Life - - - 821 17 - (30) - 7 12
Investments - - - - - 445 - - 37 -
Legacy Underwriting - 173 - - 9 10 7 1 2 4
Corporate & Other - (503) - - - - (218) - 142 -
Total $ 7 $ 13,007 $ 114 $ 821 $ 66 $ 455 $ (683) $ 23 $ 331 $ 12
Run-off $ 14 $ 13,117 $ 171 $ - $ 182 $ - $ (194) $ 44 $ 188 $ 35
Assumed Life - 181 5 1,502 5 - (2) - 1 3
Investments - - - - - 309 - - 37 -
Legacy Underwriting 2 215 12 - 58 3 20 13 10 24
Corporate & Other - (255) - - - - (58) - 131 -
Total $ 16 $ 13,258 $ 188 $ 1,502 $ 245 $ 312 $ (234) $ 57 $ 367 $ 62
(1) The liability for future policyholder benefits as of January 1, 2023 has been adjusted by $363 million for the impact of adopting ASU 2018-12 due to the effect of remeasuring the liabilities using an upper medium grade fixed-income instrument yield.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 253
Item 8 | Schedules
SCHEDULE IV
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
REINSURANCE
For the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
(Expressed in millions of U.S. Dollars)
Gross Ceded to Other Companies Assumed from
Other Companies Net Amount Percentage of Amount Assumed to Net
Premiums earned:
Property and casualty $ 47 $ (6) $ 2 $ 43 4.7 %
Total premiums earned $ 47 $ (6) $ 2 $ 43
Premiums earned:
Property and casualty 62 (31) 18 49 36.7 %
Future policyholder benefits - - 17 17 100.0 %
Total premiums earned $ 62 $ (31) $ 35 $ 66
Premiums earned:
Property and casualty 295 (128) 75 242 31.0 %
Future policyholder benefits - - 3 3 100.0 %
Total premiums earned $ 295 $ (128) $ 78 $ 245
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 254
Item 8 | Schedules
SCHEDULE V
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
For the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
(Expressed in millions of U.S. Dollars)
Balance at Beginning of Year Charged to costs and expenses Charged to other accounts Deductions (1)
Balance at End of Year
December 31, 2023
Reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses:
Allowance for estimated uncollectible reinsurance $ 131 $ - $ 3 $ (3) $ 131
Insurance balances recoverable:
Allowance for estimated uncollectible insurance 5 - - - 5
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets 181 16 - (41) 156
December 31, 2022
Reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses:
Allowance for estimated uncollectible reinsurance $ 136 $ - $ (5) $ - $ 131
Insurance balances recoverable:
Allowance for estimated uncollectible insurance 5 - - - 5
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets 129 52 - - 181
December 31, 2021
Reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses:
Allowance for estimated uncollectible reinsurance $ 137 $ - $ 1 $ (2) $ 136
Insurance balances recoverable:
Allowance for estimated uncollectible insurance 5 - - - 5
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets 118 12 - (1) 129
.
(1)Credited to the related asset account.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 255
Item 8 | Schedules
SCHEDULE VI
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION CONCERNING PROPERTY/CASUALTY INSURANCE OPERATIONS
As of and for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
(Expressed in millions of U.S. Dollars)
As of December 31, Year ended December 31,
Affiliation with Registrant
Deferred Acquisition Costs Reserves for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses Unearned
Premiums Net Premiums Earned Net Investment Income Net Losses and Loss Expenses Incurred Net Paid Losses and Loss Expenses Amortization of Deferred Acquisition Costs Net Premiums Written
Current Period Prior Periods
Consolidated Subsidiaries
2023 $ 4 $ 12,359 $ 171 $ 43 $ 647 $ 30 $ (131) $ (2,467) $ 10 $ 96
2022 7 13,007 114 49 455 48 (756) (1,680) 23 -
2021 16 13,258 188 242 312 172 (403) (1,431) 57 59
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 256

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
Not applicable.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2023. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer have concluded that we maintained effective disclosure controls and procedures to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act). Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013). Based on that evaluation, our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023.
The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears herein.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the three months ended December 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Enstar Group Limited | 2023 Form 10-K 257

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
During the three months ended December 31, 2023, none of our directors or officers adopted, modified or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” as such terms are defined under Item 408 of Regulation S-K.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
All information required by Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is incorporated by reference from the definitive proxy statement for our 2024 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders that will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 pursuant to Regulation 14A.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
See Item 10 herein.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
See Item 10 herein.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
See Item 10 herein.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
See Item 10 herein.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a)Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedules: see Item 8 in Part II of this report.
(b)Exhibits: see accompanying exhibit index that precedes the signature page of this report.