EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 912752
Filing Year: 2023
Filename: 912752_10-K_2023_0000912752-23-000010.json

---

ITEM 1. BUSINESS
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc. ("SBG," the "Company," or sometimes referred to as "we" or "our") is a diversified media company with national reach and a strong focus on providing high-quality content on our local television stations, digital platform, and, prior to the Deconsolidation (as defined below under Local Sports in this Item 1), regional and national sports networks. The content, distributed through our broadcast platform and third-party platforms, consists of programming provided by third-party networks and syndicators, local news, other original programming produced by us and our owned networks, and, prior to the Deconsolidation, college and professional sports. Additionally, we own digital media products that are complementary to our extensive portfolio of television station related digital properties and we have interests in, own, manage and/or operate technical and software services companies, research and development for the advancement of broadcast technology, and other media and non-media related businesses and assets, including real estate, venture capital, private equity, and direct investments.
We are a Maryland corporation founded in 1986. Our principal executive offices are located at 10706 Beaver Dam Road, Hunt Valley, Maryland 21030. Our telephone number is (410) 568-1500 and our website address is www.sbgi.net. The information contained on, or accessible through, our website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and is not incorporated herein by reference.
Segments
As of December 31, 2022, we had one reportable segment for accounting purposes, broadcast. Prior to the Deconsolidation, we had two reportable segments for accounting purposes, broadcast and local sports. Our broadcast segment is comprised of our television stations, which are owned and/or operated by our wholly-owned subsidiary, Sinclair Television Group, Inc. ("STG") and its direct and indirect subsidiaries. Our local sports segment was comprised of our regional sports networks, which are owned and operated by our subsidiary, Diamond Sports Group, LLC ("DSG") and its direct and indirect subsidiaries. We also earn revenues from our owned networks, original content, digital and internet services, technical services, and non-media investments. These businesses are included within "other". Other is not a reportable segment but is included for reconciliation purposes. See Deconsolidation of Diamond Sports Intermediate Holdings LLC under Note 1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Broadcast
As of December 31, 2022, our broadcast segment primarily consisted of our broadcast television stations. We own, provide programming and operating services pursuant to local marketing agreements ("LMA"), or provide sales services and other non-programming operating services pursuant to other outsourcing agreements (such as joint sales agreements ("JSA") and shared services agreements ("SSA")) to 185 stations in 86 markets. These stations broadcast 636 channels, including 236 channels affiliated with primary networks or program service providers comprised of: FOX (55), ABC (40), CBS (30), NBC (25), CW (46), and MyNetworkTV ("MNT") (40). The other 400 channels broadcast programming from programming services including Antenna TV, Bounce, CHARGE!, Comet, Dabl, Decades, Estrella TV, GetTV, MeTV, Quest, Rewind, Stadium, TBD, TCN, Telemundo, This TV, UniMas, Univision, Weather, and two channels broadcasting independent programming. Solely for the purpose of this report, these 185 stations and 636 channels are referred to as “our” stations and channels, and the use of such term shall not be construed as an admission that we control such stations or channels. Refer to our Television Markets and Stations table later in this Item 1. for more information.
Our broadcast segment provides free over-the-air programming to television viewing audiences in the communities we serve through our local television stations. The programming that we provide on our primary channels consists of network provided programs, locally-produced news, local sporting events, programming from program service arrangements, syndicated entertainment programs, and internally originated programming. We provide live, local sporting events on many of our stations by acquiring the local television broadcast rights for these events or through our relationship with national networks.
We are one of the nation's largest producers of local news. We produce more than 2,500 hours of news per week at 126 stations in 80 markets. For the year ended December 31, 2022, our stations were awarded with 290 journalism awards, including 24 regional and two National RTDNA Edward R. Murrow awards, and 74 regional Emmy awards.
Our broadcast segment derives revenue primarily from the sale of advertising inventory on our television stations and fees received from Distributors, which includes distributors that distribute multiple television channels through the internet without supplying their own data transport infrastructure; as well as other over-the-top ("OTT") distributors that deliver live and on-demand programming, for the right to distribute our channels on their distribution platforms. We also earn revenues by selling digital advertisements on third-party platforms, providing digital content to non-linear devices via websites, mobile, and social media advertisements, and providing digital marketing services. Our objective is to meet the needs of our advertising customers by delivering significant audiences in key demographics. Our strategy is to achieve this objective by providing quality local news programming, popular network, syndicated and live sports programs, and other original content to our viewing audience. We attract most of our national television advertisers through national marketing representation firms. Our local television advertisers are primarily attracted through the use of a local sales force at each of our television stations, which is comprised of approximately 520 marketing consultants and 70 local sales managers company-wide.
Our operating results are subject to cyclical fluctuations from political advertising. Political spending has been significantly higher in the even-number years due to the cyclicality of political elections. In addition, every four years, political spending is typically elevated further due to the advertising related to the presidential election. Because of the political election cyclicality, there has been a significant difference in our operating results when comparing even-numbered years’ performance to the odd numbered years’ performance. Additionally, our operating results are impacted by the number and importance of individual political races and issues discussed on a national level as well as those within the local communities we serve. We believe political advertising will continue to be an important advertising category in our industry. Political advertising levels may increase further as political-activism, around social, political, economic, and environmental causes continues to draw attention and Political Action Committees ("PACs"), including so-called Super PACs, continue to increase spending.
Television Markets and Stations. As of December 31, 2022, our broadcast segment owns and operates or provides programming and/or sales and other shared services to television stations in the following 86 markets:
Market Market Rank (a) Number of Channels Stations Network
Affiliation (b)
Washington, D.C. 8 6 WJLA, WDCO-CD, WIAV-CD ABC
Seattle / Tacoma, WA 12 6 KOMO, KUNS ABC
Minneapolis / St. Paul, MN 15 6 WUCW CW
Portland, OR 22 7 KATU, KUNP ABC
Raleigh / Durham, NC 23 7 WLFL, WRDC CW, MNT
St. Louis, MO 24 4 KDNL ABC
Pittsburgh, PA 26 7 WPGH, WPNT FOX, MNT
Nashville, TN 27 10 WZTV, WUXP, WNAB(d) FOX, MNT, CW
Baltimore, MD 28 8 WBFF, WNUV(c), WUTB(d) FOX, CW, MNT
Salt Lake City, UT 29 10 KUTV, KMYU, KJZZ, KENV(d) CBS, MNT, IND
San Antonio, TX 31 10 KABB, WOAI, KMYS(d) FOX, NBC, CW
Columbus, OH 32 9 WSYX, WWHO(d), WTTE(c) ABC, CW, MNT, FOX
Austin, TX 35 2 KEYE CBS
Cincinnati, OH 36 8 WKRC, WSTR(d) CBS, MNT, CW
Asheville, NC / Greenville, SC 37 8 WLOS, WMYA(c) ABC, MNT
Milwaukee, WI 38 4 WVTV CW, MNT
West Palm Beach / Ft Pierce, FL 39 14 WPEC, WTVX, WTCN-CD, WWHB-CD CBS, CW, MNT
Las Vegas, NV 40 9 KSNV, KVCW NBC, CW, MNT
Grand Rapids / Kalamazoo / Battle Creek, MI 42 3 WWMT CBS, CW
Harrisburg / Lancaster / Lebanon / York, PA 43 3 WHP CBS, MNT, CW
Norfolk, VA 44 4 WTVZ MNT
Birmingham / Tuscaloosa, AL 45 15 WBMA-LD, WTTO, WDBB(c), WABM ABC, CW, MNT
Oklahoma City, OK 46 7 KOKH, KOCB FOX, CW
Greensboro / High Point / Winston-Salem, NC 47 7 WXLV, WMYV ABC, MNT
Providence, RI / New Bedford, MA 51 4 WJAR NBC
Fresno / Visalia, CA 53 11 KMPH, KMPH-CD, KFRE FOX, CW
Buffalo, NY 54 7 WUTV, WNYO FOX, MNT
Richmond, VA 56 5 WRLH FOX, MNT
Wilkes-Barre / Scranton, PA 57 11 WOLF(c), WSWB(d), WQMY(c) FOX, CW, MNT
Mobile, AL / Pensacola, FL 58 12 WEAR, WPMI(d), WFGX, WJTC(d) ABC, NBC, MNT, IND
Albany, NY 59 6 WRGB, WCWN CBS, CW
Little Rock / Pine Bluff, AR 60 5 KATV ABC
Tulsa, OK 62 5 KTUL ABC
Dayton, OH 64 8 WKEF, WRGT(d) ABC, FOX, MNT
Spokane, WA 67 4 KLEW CBS
Des Moines, IA 68 4 KDSM FOX
Green Bay / Appleton, WI 69 8 WLUK, WCWF FOX, CW
Wichita, KS 70 19 KSAS, KOCW, KAAS, KAAS-LD, KSAS-LD, KMTW(c) FOX, MNT
Roanoke / Lynchburg, VA 71 4 WSET ABC
Madison, WI 72 4 WMSN FOX
Omaha, NE 73 7 KPTM, KXVO(c) FOX , MNT, CW
Flint / Saginaw / Bay City, MI 74 11 WSMH, WEYI(d), WBSF(d) FOX, NBC, CW
Columbia, SC 76 4 WACH FOX
Rochester, NY 77 7 WHAM(d), WUHF ABC, FOX, CW
Portland, ME 78 7 WPFO(d), WGME FOX, CBS
Charleston / Huntington, WV 79 8 WCHS, WVAH(d) ABC, FOX
Market Market Rank (a) Number of Channels Stations Network
Affiliation (b)
Toledo, OH 80 4 WNWO NBC
Chattanooga, TN 84 7 WTVC, WFLI(d) ABC, CW, FOX, MNT
Syracuse, NY 85 6 WTVH(d), WSTM CBS, NBC, CW
Savannah, GA 87 5 WTGS FOX
Charleston, SC 88 3 WCIV MNT, ABC
Champaign / Springfield / Decatur, IL 90 17 WICS, WICD, WRSP(d), WCCU(d), WBUI(d) ABC, FOX, CW
El Paso, TX 91 8 KFOX, KDBC FOX, CBS, MNT
Cedar Rapids, IA 93 8 KGAN, KFXA(d) CBS, FOX
Boise, ID 98 8 KBOI, KYUU-LD CBS, CW Plus
South Bend-Elkhart, IN 99 3 WSBT CBS, FOX
Myrtle Beach / Florence, SC 100 8 WPDE, WWMB(c) ABC, CW
Tri-Cities, TN-VA 101 8 WEMT(d), WCYB FOX, NBC, CW
Reno, NV 102 10 KRXI, KRNV(d), KNSN(c) FOX, NBC, MNT
Greenville / New Bern / Washington, NC 103 8 WCTI, WYDO(d) ABC, FOX
Tallahassee, FL 105 8 WTWC, WTLF(d) NBC, CW Plus, FOX
Lincoln and Hastings-Kearney, NE 106 9 KHGI, KWNB, KWNB-LD, KHGI-CD, KFXL ABC, FOX
Johnstown / Altoona, PA 109 4 WJAC NBC, CW Plus
Yakima / Pasco / Richland / Kennewick, WA 117 18 KIMA, KEPR, KUNW-CD, KVVK-CD, KORX-CD CBS, CW Plus
Traverse City / Cadillac, MI 118 12 WGTU(d), WGTQ(d), WPBN, WTOM ABC, NBC
Eugene, OR 119 18 KVAL, KCBY, KPIC(e), KMTR(d), KMCB(d), KTCW(d) CBS, NBC, CW Plus
Macon, GA 120 3 WGXA FOX, ABC
Peoria / Bloomington, IL 122 3 WHOI TBD
Bakersfield, CA 123 8 KBFX-CD, KBAK FOX, CBS
Corpus Christi, TX 130 4 KSCC FOX, MNT
Amarillo, TX 131 10 KVII, KVIH ABC, CW Plus
Chico-Redding, CA 133 18 KRCR, KCVU(d), KRVU-LD, KKTF-LD, KUCO-LD ABC, FOX, MNT
Medford / Klamath Falls, OR 136 5 KTVL CBS, CW Plus
Columbia / Jefferson City, MO 137 4 KRCG CBS
Beaumont / Port Arthur / Orange, TX 143 8 KFDM, KBTV(d) CBS, CW Plus, FOX
Sioux City, IA 149 13 KPTH, KPTP-LD, KBVK-LP, KMEG(d) FOX, MNT, CBS
Albany, GA 154 4 WFXL FOX
Gainesville, FL 159 8 WGFL(c), WNBW(c), WYME-CD(c) CBS, NBC, MNT
Missoula, MT 162 8 KECI, KCFW NBC
Wheeling, WV / Steubenville, OH 163 3 WTOV NBC, FOX
Abilene / Sweetwater, TX 167 4 KTXS, KTES-LD ABC, CW Plus
Quincy, IL / Hannibal, MO / Keokuk, IA 176 3 KHQA CBS, ABC
Butte-Bozeman, MT 186 8 KTVM, KDBZ-CD NBC
Eureka, CA 195 10 KAEF, KBVU(d), KECA-LD, KEUV-LP ABC, FOX, CW Plus, MNT
San Angelo, TX 197 2 KTXE-LD ABC, CW Plus
Ottumwa, IA / Kirksville, MO 200 3 KTVO ABC, CBS
Total Television Channels 636
(a)Rankings are based on the relative size of a station’s Designated Market Area ("DMA") among the 210 generally recognized DMAs in the United States as estimated by Nielsen Media Research ("Nielsen") as of October 2022.
(b)We broadcast programming from the following providers on our channels and the channels of our JSA/LMA partners:
Affiliation Number of
Channels Number of
Markets Expiration Dates (1)
ABC 40 30 August 31, 2026
FOX 55 41 December 31, 2023 through December 31, 2024
CBS 30 24 October 31, 2023 through December 31, 2024
NBC 25 17 December 31, 2024
CW 46 37 August 31, 2023 through August 31, 2024
MNT 40 31 August 31, 2023
Total Major Network Affiliates 236
Affiliation Number of
Channels Number of
Markets Expiration Dates (1)
Antenna TV 24 22 December 31, 2024
Bounce 1 1 October 31, 2023
CHARGE! 84 74 (2)
Comet 93 76 (2)
Dabl 30 29 October 31, 2022
Decades 1 1 January 31, 2023
Estrella TV 1 1 September 30, 2024
GetTV 3 3 June 30, 2017
IND 2 2 N/A
MeTV 2 2 February 29, 2024 through August 1, 2024
Quest 3 3 October 31, 2025
Rewind 6 6 August 31, 2024
Stadium 46 43 (2)
TBD 84 70 (2)
TCN 3 2 October 31, 2025
Telemundo 1 1 February 28, 2023
This TV 1 1 December 31, 2023
UniMas 2 1 December 31, 2023
Univision 8 5 December 31, 2023
Weather 5 3 December 31, 2017
Total Other Affiliates 400
Total Television Channels 636
(1)When we negotiate the terms of our network affiliations or program service arrangements, we generally negotiate on behalf of our owned stations affiliated with that entity simultaneously, except in certain circumstances. This results in substantially similar terms for our stations, including the expiration date of the network affiliations or program service arrangements. If the affiliation agreement expires, we may continue to operate under the existing affiliation agreement on the same terms and conditions until a new affiliation agreement is entered into.
(2)An owned and operated network, which is carried on our multicast distribution platform or the platform of our JSA/LMA partners. Thus, there is no expiration date.
(c)The license assets for these stations are currently owned by third parties. We provide programming, sales, operational, and administrative services to these stations pursuant to certain service agreements, such as LMAs.
(d)The license and programming assets for these stations are currently owned by third parties. We provide certain non-programming related sales, operational, and administrative services to these stations pursuant to service agreements, such as JSAs and SSAs.
(e)We provide programming, sales, operational, and administrative services to this station, of which 50% is owned by a third party.
Local sports
Deconsolidation of Diamond Sports Intermediate Holdings LLC. On March 1, 2022, SBG's subsidiary Diamond Sports Intermediate Holdings, LLC, and certain of its subsidiaries (collectively "DSIH") completed a series of transactions (the "Transaction"). As part of the Transaction, the governance structure of DSIH was modified including changes to the composition of its Board of Managers, resulting in the Company's loss of voting control. As a result, DSIH, whose operations represented the entirety of our local sports segment, was deconsolidated from our consolidated financial statements effective as of March 1, 2022 (the "Deconsolidation"). The consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 therefore includes two months of activity related to DSIH prior to the Deconsolidation. Subsequent to February 28, 2022, the assets and liabilities of DSIH are no longer included within our consolidated balance sheets. Any discussions related to results, operations, and accounting policies associated with DSIH are referring to the periods prior to the Deconsolidation. See Deconsolidation of Diamond Sports Intermediate Holdings LLC under Note 1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Prior to the Deconsolidation, the local sports segment consisted primarily of our Bally Sports network brands ("Bally RSNs"), the Marquee Sports Network ("Marquee") joint venture, and a minority equity interest in the Yankee Entertainment and Sports Network, LLC ("YES Network") through February 28, 2022. On March 1, 2022, the Bally RSNs, Marquee, and YES Network were deconsolidated from our financial statements. Through February 28, 2022, we refer to the Bally RSNs and Marquee as "the RSNs." The RSNs and YES Network own the exclusive rights to air, among other sporting events, the games of professional sports teams in designated local viewing areas.
Other
Owned Networks and Content
We own and operate Tennis Channel, a cable network which includes coverage of many of tennis' top tournaments and original professional sport and tennis lifestyle shows; the Tennis Channel International streaming service; Tennis Channel Plus streaming service; T2 FAST, a 24-hours a day free ad-supported streaming television channel; and Tennis.com, the most visited online tennis platform in the world (collectively, "Tennis").
We also own and operate various networks carried on distribution platforms owned by us or others, including: Comet, our science fiction network; CHARGE!, our adventure and action-based network; and TBD, the first multiscreen TV network in the U.S. market to bring premium internet-first content to TV homes across America. We also have a majority ownership interest in Stadium, a network that brings together professional sports highlights and college games.
Our internally developed content, in addition to our local news, includes our original news program, The National Desk ("The National Desk"), with a morning edition hosted by Jan Jeffcoat, an evening edition hosted by Meagan O'Halloran, and a weekend edition hosted by Eugene Ramirez, and Full Measure with Sharyl Attkisson ("Full Measure"), our national Sunday morning investigative and political analysis program. In 2022, we announced a broad, multi-platform creative partnership with Anthony E. Zuiker, creator of the CSI: Crime Scene Investigation franchise, to create content across a range of formats and subjects. Working with our news teams, Mr. Zuiker will highlight the compelling stories that deserve to be told in a longer, more dynamic format, broadening the appeal for a global audience. Mr. Zuiker will also develop content that can live adjacent to news programming and across ancillary verticals. Potential programming categories include docuseries, game shows, and topical talk.
Digital and Internet
We earn revenues from Compulse, a marketing technology and managed services company, by licensing the platform to other local media companies and agencies, as well as executing their digital media initiatives across search, social, programmatic, email, and more.
NewsON is a free, ad-supported app that provides instant access to live or on-demand local news broadcasts, including non-Sinclair affiliate partners. Sinclair Digital Ventures focuses on investment in emerging digital technologies, ad tech, and digital content companies that support, complement, or expand the Company's businesses.
In November 2020, we entered into agreements for a long-term, enterprise-wide strategic partnership with Bally's Corporation ("Bally's") to combine Bally's vertically integrated, proprietary sports betting technology and expansive market access footprint with our premier portfolio of local broadcast stations, Tennis, digital and over-the-air television network Stadium and the RSN's. This partnership is expected to enhance the gamification of live sports to provide audiences interactive viewing experiences and drive legalized sports betting monetization. In connection with the agreement, we also received various equity interests in Bally's and branding integrations, including naming rights for the regional sports networks under the Bally's brand. See Note 1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note 6. Other Assets within the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.
Technical Services
We own subsidiaries which are dedicated to providing technical services to the broadcast industry, including: Dielectric, a designer and manufacturer of broadcast systems including all components from transmitter output to antenna; and ONE Media 3.0, whose purpose is to develop business opportunities, products, and services associated with the NextGen TV broadcast transmission standard and TV platform. We have also partnered with several other companies in the design and deployment of NextGen TV services including: Saankhya Labs to develop NextGen TV technologies to be used in consumer devices; CAST.ERA, a joint venture with South Korea’s leading mobile operator, SK Telecom, to develop wireless, cloud infrastructure and artificial intelligence technologies; and BitPath, a joint venture with another broadcaster, to deploy and exploit datacasting models using NextGen capabilities.
Non-media Investments
We own various non-media related investments across multiple asset classes including real estate, venture capital, private equity, and direct investments in market-defining companies. Our investments in real estate include commercial real estate, including office and retail space, and residential real estate, including apartment complexes and development projects. Our investments in venture capital and private equity funds include capital for the advertising, marketing, and media technology sectors, sports betting, e-sports, and sports tech, as well as funeral homes, cemeteries, and pet cremation facilities. We hold direct investments in technology driven companies, including wireless communication and semiconductor solutions, next-gen communication solutions, advertising intelligence and data security.
Customers
In 2022, the broadcast and, prior to the Deconsolidation, local sports segments had three customers that individually exceeded 10% of consolidated revenue. Any disruption in our relationship with these customers could have a material adverse effect on the broadcast segment and our results of operations.
Operating Strategy
Programming to Attract Viewership. We seek to target our programming offerings to attract viewership, to meet the needs of the communities in which we serve, and to meet the needs of our advertising customers by entering into network affiliation agreements that provide us the right to broadcast general entertainment network programming, national news, and sports programming.
Our stations seek to broadcast live, local, and national sporting events that would appeal to a large segment of the local community. Moreover, our stations produce local news at 126 stations in 80 markets. See News below for further discussion. Our stations also seek to develop original programming or obtain, at attractive prices, popular syndicated programming that is complementary to each station’s network programming, purchasing syndicated content, and producing live, local news and sports.
Television advertising prices are based on ratings information measured and distributed by Nielsen and Comscore. Ratings methodologies have been changing rapidly due to advancements in technology and changes in the manners in which viewers consume news, sports, and entertainment. Certain new methodologies are currently not accredited by the Media Rating Council ("MRC"), an independent organization that monitors rating services, and may not reflect actual viewership levels.
News. Through local news, our mission is to serve our communities by sharing relevant information to alert, protect, and empower our audiences. We believe that the production and broadcasting of local news is an important link to the community and an aid to a station’s efforts to expand its viewership. In addition, local news programming can provide access to advertising sources targeted specifically to local news viewers. Our news stations also produce content on digital platforms such as websites, mobile applications, OTT distributors, social media, digital newsletters, and podcasts.
Our local news initiatives are an important part of our strategy. We have entered into local news sharing arrangements in which we receive news in eight markets from other in-market broadcasters. We believe that, in the markets where we have news share arrangements, such arrangements generally provide both higher viewer ratings and revenues for the station receiving the news and generate a profit for the news share provider. Generally, both parties and the local community are beneficiaries of these arrangements.
In addition to our traditional local news stories, we have utilized our national reach and physical presence in the nation's capital to provide our local viewers with broader national news stories which are relevant to our local viewers.
Our local news coverage is supported by our national news desk and Capitol Hill bureau. These teams focus on providing context and perspective to important stories in the daily news cycle. This content provides a significant point of difference with a focus on accountability reporting. Available on-air and online, the bureau not only expands our news presence, but gives our local station viewers an opportunity to hear the views of their members of Congress through programs such as "Connect to Congress," our weekly on-air and digital feature which provides an electronic video pathway for lawmakers to speak to their constituents. Our weekly investigative news program, Full Measure with Sharyl Attkisson, reinforces our mission to provide our fearless storytelling on significant topics of public importance.
Our original news program, The National Desk, provides viewers with a comprehensive, commentary-free look at the most impactful national news and regional stories throughout the day. Leveraging our expansive local news footprint, The National Desk elevates some of the most important stories occurring in cities and towns across the country. With reporters residing in the communities they cover, The National Desk has access to real stories from the perspectives of those they affect directly. The goal of The National Desk is to leverage these assets into a single news program for a national audience. The program also supplements expansive local coverage by bringing the most important national headlines to audiences. The National Desk morning news edition is hosted by award-winning anchor Jan Jeffcoat with Cayle Thompson as the Live Desk anchor, giving viewers the news to start their day. The National Desk evening edition is hosted by award-winning journalist Meagan O’Halloran with Eugene Ramirez as the Live Desk Anchor. In March 2022, we added a weekend edition, anchored by Eugene Ramirez, featuring content from The National Desk's morning and evening newscasts as well as The National Desk’s journalists covering Capitol Hill, examining the key issues being debated in the halls of Congress. In May 2022, we added the National Weather Desk to the program, which provides viewers with a comprehensive look at the most impactful weather stories throughout the day. The National Desk weekday and/or weekend editions together air on 84 of our markets and across all of our news websites. TheNationalDesk.com features additional hours of breaking news, with content from The National Desk’s dedicated team of journalists as well as our newsrooms around the US. We have a national investigative team of 15 journalists, plus more than 30 local investigative reporters. We plan to continue to grow our investigative footprint, and to provide in-depth stories not covered elsewhere.
This is our 10th year of producing community "Your Voice Your Future" Town Halls. These Town Halls are produced in the local markets and give our viewers an opportunity to have a voice and ask their elected leaders questions on important local and national topics. In 2022 and 2021 we produced 198 and 162 Town Halls, respectively, throughout the country, covering a variety of topics including crime, police funding, police shortages, affordable housing, mental health, opioids, bullying, finance, and human trafficking. In 2022, we organized 56 political debates featuring gubernatorial, mayoral, senatorial, and congressional races, as well as School Superintendent in Oklahoma City and school board positions in Virginia. Since launching our commitment to give a voice to our viewers, our Town Halls have produced 1,198 productions to educate and address the needs of our audience.
Sports. Live sports have remained highly popular with fans and advertisers. Sports programming generally elicits strong emotional responses and attracts a loyal and passionate following among fans. Our premium live sports programming typically attracts viewership demographics that are highly desirable to advertisers. Every sports season is a new chapter in a story that has continued for decades and is popular across fans from multiple generations. As media has continued to trend toward on-demand consumption, sports events have remained an "appointment viewing" event. As such, live sports content is frequently the most watched programming in a local market on most nights.
Tennis has certain telecast rights to the US Open, Wimbledon, Roland Garros (French Open), Australian Open, ATP World Tour events, WTA competitions, Laver Cup, and Billie Jean King Cup. Our stations also broadcast programming and other content provided by Tennis, and we provide access to certain events through our DTC streaming service, Tennis Channel Plus. Tennis Channel International brings live competition and network content to 8 countries in Europe and Asia, including Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Greece, the U.K., the Netherlands, Monaco, and India, via digital subscription and free ad-supported streaming TV ("FAST"). Additional platforms Tennis.com, the world’s number one tennis website, and T2, Tennis Channel's first FAST offering in the United States, are complementary offerings which allow us to provide greater and more in-depth tennis content to consumers on TV and internet.
Additionally, some of our stations have the local television broadcast rights for certain sporting events, including Major League Baseball ("MLB"), National Basketball Association ("NBA"), National Hockey League ("NHL"), National Football League ("NFL") preseason, and certain other college and high school sports. Our CW and MNT stations generally face fewer preemption restrictions on broadcasting live local sporting events compared with our FOX, ABC, CBS, and NBC stations, which are required to broadcast a greater number of hours of programming supplied by the networks. In addition, our stations that are affiliated with FOX, ABC, CBS, and NBC have network arrangements to broadcast certain MLB, NBA, NHL, NFL, and Professional Golf Association events, as well as other popular sporting events.
Control of Operating and Programming Costs. By employing a disciplined approach to managing programming acquisition and other costs, our stations have been able to achieve operating margins that we believe are very competitive within the television broadcast industry. We believe our national reach as of December 31, 2022 of approximately 39% of the country provides us with a strong position to negotiate with programming providers and, as a result, the opportunity to purchase high quality programming at more favorable prices. Moreover, we emphasize control of each of our station’s programming and operating costs through program-specific profit analysis, detailed budgeting, regionalization of staff, and detailed long-term planning models. We also control our programming costs by creating original high-quality programming that is distributed on our broadcast platform.
Developing Local Franchises. We believe the greatest opportunity for a sustainable and growing customer base lies within our local communities. Therefore, we have focused on developing a strong local sales force, which is comprised of approximately 520 marketing consultants and 70 local sales managers company-wide. Excluding political advertising revenue, distribution revenues, and other revenues, 60% and 56% of net time sales were local for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Our goal is to grow our local revenues by increasing our market share, developing new business opportunities, and offering marketing solutions across our platforms.
Attract and Retain High Quality Management. We believe that much of our success is due to our ability to attract and retain highly-skilled and motivated managers at corporate, stations, and other businesses. We provide a combination of base salary, long-term incentive compensation including equity awards and, where appropriate, cash bonus pay designed to be competitive with comparable employers in our industry, competitive health benefits, and learning and development opportunities. A significant portion of the compensation available to certain members of our senior management and our sales force is based on their achievement of certain performance goals. We also encourage station and network managers and employees to utilize our diverse business to grow in their careers while remaining in the Sinclair family via internal promotion and relocation.
Multi-Channel Broadcasting. FCC rules allow television broadcasters to transmit additional digital channels within the spectrum allocated to each FCC license holder. This provides our stations' viewers with additional programming alternatives at no additional cost to them. We may consider other alternative programming formats that we could air using our multi-channel digital spectrum space with the goal towards achieving higher profits and community service. As of December 31, 2022, our stations have 451 multi-channels in our digital spectrum.
Distribution Agreements. We have distribution agreements with Distributors and other OTT distributors who compensate us for the right to retransmit our stations and other offerings on their respective distribution platforms. Our successful negotiations with Distributors and other OTT distributors have created agreements that produce meaningful sustainable revenue streams. We intend to maintain the strong relationships with our Distributors and other OTT distributors and believe our local news, sports, and entertainment content positions us to continue to expand our agreements within all of these distribution platforms. However, we cannot guarantee that some Distributors and other OTT distributors will not drop carriage of our channels or continue to experience elevated levels of subscriber churn.
Improvement and Maintenance of Broadcast Infrastructure. Our Dielectric subsidiary is a leader in servicing and manufacturing broadcast infrastructure. As a result, we maintain a strong infrastructure through which we provide high quality uninterrupted content on our stations. This subsidiary is critical in the build-out of the infrastructure behind NextGen TV for both our stations and other broadcasters.
Developing New Business. We strive to develop new business models to complement or enhance our traditional television broadcast business. We have developed new ways to sell online, mobile text messaging, social media advertising, and audience extension services along with our traditional commercial broadcasting model. Additionally, we continue to leverage our national reach to provide new high-quality content to our local communities.
We continue to expand our digital distribution platforms through initiatives such as our video management system, which simplifies and automates our broadcast-to-digital streaming workflow and allows for dynamic replacement of broadcast ads with digital ads targeted to each individual viewer and allows us to ingest and redistribute content across our platform so that we can break news first. By using a single ad-serving system across all of our web sites, mobile apps, and other digital assets, we are able to streamline our sales workflow, optimize yield, and deliver comprehensive sales opportunities across our digital footprint. Additionally, we are deploying DTC and OTT initiatives as well as our own content applications.
In 2022, we announced a broad, multi-platform creative partnership with Anthony E. Zuiker to create content across a range of formats and subjects, as discussed in more detail above in Owned Networks and Content.
Additionally, we continue to develop business opportunities, products, and services associated with NextGen TV (also known as ATSC 3.0) as discussed under Development of Next Generation Wireless Platform below.
In November 2020, we entered into agreements for a long-term strategic partnership with Bally's. as discussed in more detail above in Digital and Internet.
Strategic Realignment of Media Portfolio. We routinely review potential media acquisitions, dispositions, and swaps, or develop original networks and content. We expect to continue to assess acquisition and investment opportunities to complement our existing stations and other businesses. As we evaluate potential acquisitions and investments, we intend to focus on making disciplined, accretive acquisitions and investments that will complement our existing portfolio of television stations while providing increased scale. At any given time, we may be in discussions with one or more media owners.
Digital and Internet Expansion of Broadcast Segment. Our digital properties, Compulse and NewsON are innovative products and extensions of our core broadcast business that allow us to compete for digital, internet, network, and print impressions and revenues. We continue to seek additional opportunities to invest in emerging digital technologies, ad tech, and digital content companies that support and expand our digital capabilities and non-linear footprint.
Development of Next Generation Wireless Platform. In 2017, the FCC approved the use of NextGen TV, a next generation broadcast transmission standard. NextGen TV is capable of merging broadcast and broadband content and data services using over-the-air spectrum and Internet-provided data connectivity, allowing a mature broadcast industry to reinvent itself due to its mobility, addressability, capacity, Internet Protocol ("IP") connectivity, and conditional access.
NextGen TV will allow us to use our spectrum for more than just video-formatted data as we do today. As a data-agnostic IP based pipe, we also will be able to distribute data including text, audio, video, and software. While our one-to-many architecture will remain a strength, we will be able to deliver "the last mile" from program/data origination to the consumer's receiver device across a more robust system, connect legacy ATSC 1.0 televisions to NextGen TV using broadcast hot spots and wi-fi functionality, and provide compatible data-offload service offerings in conjunction with certain 5G platforms. Among the many emerging opportunities are hyper-local news, weather, and traffic; dynamic ad insertion; geographic and demographic-targeted advertising; customizable content; better measurement and analytics; the ability to interface with devices connected to the Internet; flexibility to add streams as needed; substantially enhanced picture quality with immersive audio; connectivity to automobiles, including 3D mapping, telematics and infotainment; geo-location services; enhanced GPS; distance e-learning; data wholesale models; and other content delivery networks. Conditional access capabilities also permit broadcasters to offer secure "skinny-bundle" pay services as well as various video-on-demand type offerings. In addition, NextGen TV provides new emergency and information capabilities, including advanced alerting functions which can provide crucial rich media including evacuation routes and device wake-up features. All of these features will be available to mobile and portable devices, allowing us to reach viewers virtually anywhere. In January 2020, we announced the formation of CAST.ERA, a joint venture with SK Telecom, focused on cloud infrastructure for broadcasting, ultra-low latency OTT broadcasting, and targeted advertising.
In order to bring this technology to the market, we have partnered with technology leaders to develop broadcasting solutions and services in the U.S. and globally. We have also formed BitPath, a joint venture with another broadcaster, to promote spectrum efficiency and innovation, aggregate and monetize underutilized spectrum capacity over which to deliver national services, and create opportunities such as robust video and data exchange. We continue to work with other NextGen TV stakeholders to build and test the single frequency network tower infrastructure, develop systems to allow the convergence of NextGen TV and 5G data delivery, and design NextGen TV receiver chips for mobile, portable and fixed devices. We expect the implementation and adoption of NextGen TV to occur over the next two years. In 2020, we and the industry began deployment of NextGen TV capabilities on some of our own television facilities and in conjunction with other station operators in our markets, as well as non-Sinclair markets. To date, NextGen TV is broadcasting in more than 60 markets, including 36 of our markets. When completed, the country will have a lower-cost, world class wireless IP data distribution network capable of supporting multiple business models.
Monetization of Certain Intellectual Property Rights. We have developed, through our ONE Media, LLC subsidiary, several NextGen Broadcast-related patents that we intend to monetize directly, through third-party agents, or through a patent pool designed to consolidate similar patents owned by independent licensors for licensing to equipment manufacturers.
FEDERAL REGULATION OF TELEVISION BROADCASTING
The ownership, operation, and sale of television stations are subject to the jurisdiction of the FCC, which acts under the authority granted by the Communications Act of 1934, as amended ("the Communications Act"). Among other things, the FCC assigns frequency bands for broadcasting; determines the particular frequencies, locations, and operating power of stations; issues, renews, revokes, and modifies station licenses; regulates equipment used by stations; adopts and implements regulations and policies that directly or indirectly affect the ownership, operation, and employment practices of stations; and has the power to impose penalties for violations of its rules and regulations of the Communications Act.
The following is a summary of certain provisions of the Communications Act and specific FCC regulations and policies. Reference should be made to the Communications Act, FCC rules, and the public notices and rulings of the FCC for further information concerning the nature and extent of federal regulation of broadcast stations.
License Grant and Renewal
Television stations operate pursuant to broadcasting licenses that are granted by the FCC for maximum terms of eight years and are subject to renewal upon application to the FCC. During certain periods when renewal applications are pending, petitions to deny license renewals can be filed by interested parties, including members of the public.
Although historically renewal of a license is granted in the vast majority of cases, even when petitions to deny are filed, there can be no assurance that the license of any station will be renewed or, if renewed, that the renewal terms will be for the maximum term permitted.
In the last completed license renewal cycle, all of our stations' license renewal applications were granted for the maximum term permitted. The current television license renewal application cycle began on June 1, 2020. On September 1, 2020, an individual filed a petition to deny the license renewal application of our Baltimore, MD station, WBFF(TV), and the renewal applications of two Baltimore stations with which we have a JSA or LMA, WUTB(TV) and WNUV(TV). We filed an opposition to the petition on October 1, 2020 with respect to WBFF(TV), and the petition remains pending at this time. We cannot predict when the FCC will take action on the petition or what the outcome of such action will be. To date, we have timely filed all renewal applications due for our stations during this renewal application cycle.
Ownership Matters
General. The Communications Act prohibits the assignment of a broadcast license or the transfer of control of a broadcast licensee without the prior approval of the FCC. In determining whether to permit the assignment or transfer of control of, or the grant or renewal of, a broadcast license, the FCC considers a number of factors pertaining to the licensee, including compliance with various rules limiting common ownership of media properties, the "character" of the licensee and those persons holding "attributable" interests in that licensee and compliance with the Communications Act's limitations on foreign ownership. The FCC has indicated that in order to approve an assignment or transfer of a broadcast license the FCC must make an affirmative determination that the proposed transaction serves the public interest, not merely that the transaction does not violate its rules or shares factual elements with other transactions previously approved by the FCC, and that it may deny a transaction if it determines that the transaction would not be in the public interest.
The FCC generally applies its ownership limits to "attributable" interests held by an individual, corporation, partnership or other association. In the case of corporations holding, or through subsidiaries controlling, broadcast licenses, the interests of officers, directors and those who, directly or indirectly, have the right to vote 5% or more of the corporation’s stock (or 20% or more of such stock in the case of insurance companies, investment companies and bank trust departments that are passive investors) are generally attributable. In addition, pursuant to what is known as the equity-debt-plus rule, a major programming supplier or same-market media entity will be an attributable owner of a station if the supplier or same-market media entity holds debt or equity, or both, in the station that is greater than 33% of the value of the station’s total debt plus equity. Further, the Communications Act generally prohibits foreign parties from having more than a 20% interest (voting or equity) in a broadcast licensee or more than a 25% interest in the parent of that licensee without receiving prior FCC approval to exceed these limits. Following a Declaratory Ruling in 2013 in which the FCC indicated that it was open to considering proposals for foreign investment in broadcast licenses that exceed the 25% benchmark on a case by case basis, on September 29, 2016, the FCC adopted a Report and Order which among other things, (i) simplified the foreign ownership approval process for broadcast licensees seeking to exceed the 25% benchmark and (ii) modified the methodology a licensee may use to determine compliance with the foreign ownership rules.
We and our subsidiaries are domestic entities, and the members of the Smith family (who, as of December 31, 2022, together hold approximately 80.8% of the common voting rights of Sinclair) are all United States citizens. Our articles of incorporation contain limitations on alien ownership and control that are substantially similar to those contained in the Communications Act. Pursuant to the articles of incorporation, we have the right to repurchase alien-owned shares at their fair market value to the extent necessary, in the judgment of the Board of Directors, to comply with the alien ownership restrictions.
Additional ownership rules as currently in effect are as follows:
Radio / Television Cross-Ownership Rule and Newspaper / Broadcast Cross-Ownership Rule. Until February 2018, the FCC's rules (i) limited the combined number of television and radio stations a party could own in a market to up to two television stations and six radio stations, depending on the number of independent media voices in the market ("radio/television cross-ownership rule"), and (ii) prohibited the common ownership of a radio or television broadcast station and a daily newspaper in the same market ("newspaper/broadcast cross-ownership rule"). On November 20, 2017, the FCC released an Order on Reconsideration ("Ownership Order on Reconsideration") that, among other changes, eliminated the radio/television cross-ownership rule and the newspaper/broadcast cross-ownership rule. The rule changes adopted in the Ownership Order on Reconsideration became effective on February 7, 2018. The Ownership Order on Reconsideration was vacated and remanded by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in September 2019, but the Supreme Court ultimately reversed the Third Circuit’s decision on April 1, 2021 and the Ownership Order on Reconsideration is currently in effect.
National Ownership Rule. The national television viewing audience reach cap is 39%. Under this rule, where an individual or entity has an attributable interest in more than one television station in a market, the percentage of the national television viewing audience encompassed within that market is only counted once. Additionally, because VHF stations (channels 2 through 13) historically covered a larger portion of the market than UHF stations (channels 14 through 51), only half of the households in the market area of any UHF station are included when calculating an entity’s national television viewing audience (commonly referred to as the "UHF discount"). On December 18, 2017, the FCC released a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking to examine the national ownership rule, including the UHF discount. The rulemaking proceeding remains pending. We cannot predict the outcome of the rulemaking proceeding.
The majority of the stations we own and operate, or to which we provide programming services, are UHF. With the UHF discount, our current reach (for FCC purposes) is approximately 24% of U.S. households. See Item 1A. Risk Factors for further discussion of the risk related to the outcome of rules governing the UHF discount.
Local Television Ownership Rule. A party may own television stations in adjoining markets, even if there is a digital noise limited service contour overlap between the two stations’ broadcast signals, and generally may own two stations in the same market ("local television ownership rule") only (i) if there is no digital overlap between the stations; or (ii) not more than one station is among the top-four rated stations in the market ("the top-four rule"). The Ownership Order on Reconsideration modified the top-four rule to permit parties to own up to two top-four rated stations in the same market on a case-by-case basis.
Local Marketing and Outsourcing Agreements
Certain of our stations have entered into agreements with other stations in the same market, through which we provide programming and operating services pursuant to LMAs or provide sales services and other non-programming operating services pursuant to outsourcing agreements, such as JSAs and SSAs. LMAs are attributable where a licensee holds an attributable interest in a television station and (i) programs more than 15% of the weekly broadcast hours and/or (ii) sells more than 15% of the weekly advertising time on another television station in the same market. LMAs existing prior to November 5, 1996, which include all of our LMAs, are currently exempt from attribution until further FCC action. If the FCC were to eliminate the exemption for these LMAs, we would have to terminate or modify these LMAs. JSAs and SSAs currently are not attributable.
In August 2016, the FCC completed both its 2010 and 2014 Quadrennial Regulatory Reviews of its media ownership rules and issued an order ("Ownership Order") which left most of the existing multiple ownership rules intact, but amended the rules to provide for the attribution of JSAs under certain circumstances. Certain existing JSAs were later exempted from attribution until 2025. The subsequent Ownership Order on Reconsideration eliminated the JSA attribution rule. If we are required to terminate or modify our LMAs or JSAs, our business could be adversely affected in several ways, including losses on investments and termination penalties. For more information on the risks, see "The FCC's multiple ownership rules and federal antitrust regulation may limit our ability to operate multiple television stations in some markets and may result in a reduction in our revenue or prevent us from reducing costs. Changes in these rules may threaten our existing strategic approach to certain television markets." under Item 1A. Risk Factors and Changes in the Rules of Television Ownership, Local Marketing Agreements, Joint Sales Agreements, Retransmission Consent Negotiations, and National Ownership Cap under Note 13. Commitments and Contingencies within the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.
Antitrust Regulation. The Department of Justice ("DOJ") and the Federal Trade Commission have increased their scrutiny of the television industry and have reviewed matters related to the concentration of ownership within markets (including "LMAs" and "outsourcing agreements") even when ownership or the LMA or other outsourcing agreement in question is permitted under the laws administered by the FCC or by FCC rules and regulations. The DOJ takes the position that an LMA or other outsourcing agreement entered into in anticipation of a station’s acquisition with the proposed buyer of the station constitutes a change in beneficial ownership of the station which, if subject to filing under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act, cannot be implemented until the waiting period required by that statute has ended or been terminated.
On January 4, 2019, the Company received three civil investigative demands ("CIDs") from the Antitrust Division of the DOJ. We believe the DOJ has similar CIDs to other companies in our industry. In each CID, the DOJ requested that the Company produce certain documents and materials relating to JSAs in a specific DMA. On July 1, 2021, the DOJ Antitrust Division advised the Company that it had closed the JSA investigation with respect to the Company without action.
Satellite Carriage
The Satellite Home Viewer Act, as extended by The Satellite Home Viewer Improvement Act of 1999, the Satellite Home Viewer Extension and Reauthorization Act, the Satellite Television Extension and Localism Act of 2010 and the Satellite Television Extension and Localism Act Reauthorization Act of 2014 ("STELAR") among other things, (i) allows satellite carriers to provide local television signals by satellite within a station market, and requires them to carry all local signals that asserted carriage rights in any market where they carry any local signals, (ii) requires all television stations to elect to exercise certain “must-carry” or “retransmission consent” rights in connection with their carriage by satellite carriers, and (iii) authorizes satellite delivery of distant network signals, significantly viewed signals and local low-power television station signals into local markets under defined circumstances. In adopting fiscal year 2020 appropriations legislation, Congress allowed STELAR to sunset on December 31, 2019 but made permanent STELAR’s (1) requirements that broadcasters and Distributors negotiate retransmission content in good faith and (2) distant signal satellite license provisions for recreational vehicles, truckers, tailgaters and short markets.
Must-Carry / Retransmission Consent
Television broadcasters are required to make triennial elections to exercise either certain "must-carry" or "retransmission consent" rights in connection with their carriage by cable systems in each broadcaster’s local market. By electing to exercise must-carry rights, a broadcaster demands carriage and receives a specific channel on cable systems within its DMA. Must carry rights are not absolute and are dependent on a number of factors which may or may not be present in a particular case. Alternatively, if a broadcaster chooses to exercise retransmission consent rights, it can prohibit cable systems from carrying its signal or grant the appropriate cable system the authority to retransmit the broadcast signal for a fee or other consideration. We have elected to exercise our retransmission consent rights with respect to all of our stations. In February 2015, the FCC issued an order implementing certain statutorily required changes to its rules governing the duty to negotiate retransmission consent agreements in good faith. Under these rules, unless the stations are directly or indirectly under common de jure control as permitted under the FCC regulations, a station may not delegate authority to negotiate or approve a retransmission consent agreement to a station located in the same market or to a third party that negotiates together with another television station in the same market, nor may stations in the same market facilitate or agree to facilitate coordinated negotiation of retransmission consent terms for their stations in that market, including through the sharing of information. In May 2020, the FCC revised its good faith negotiation rules to specify that certain small MVPDs can meet the obligation to negotiate in good faith by negotiating with a large station group through a qualified MVPD buying group and that large station groups have an obligation to negotiate in good faith with such MVPD buying groups.
Further, in September 2015, the FCC released a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking in response to a Congressional directive in STELAR to examine the "totality of the circumstances test" for good-faith negotiations of retransmission consent. The proposed rulemaking sought comment on new factors and evidence to consider in its evaluation of claims of bad faith negotiation, including service interruptions prior to a "marquee sports or entertainment event," restrictions on online access to broadcast programming during negotiation impasses, broadcasters' ability to offer bundles of broadcast signals with other broadcast stations or cable networks, and broadcasters’ ability to invoke the FCC’s exclusivity rules during service interruptions. On July 14, 2016, the FCC's then-Chairman Wheeler announced that the FCC would not, at that time, proceed to adopt additional rules governing good faith negotiations of retransmission consent. No formal action has yet been taken on this Proposed Rulemaking, and we cannot predict if the FCC will terminate the Rulemaking or take other action.
Network Non-Duplication / Syndicated Exclusivity / Territorial Exclusivity
The FCC’s syndicated exclusivity rules allow local broadcast television stations to demand that cable operators black out syndicated non-network programming carried on "distant signals" (i.e., signals of broadcast stations, including so-called "superstations," which serve areas substantially removed from the cable systems’ local community). The FCC’s network non-duplication rules allow local broadcast, network affiliated stations to require that cable operators black out duplicate network programming carried on distant signals. Both rules are subject to various exceptions and limitations. In a number of markets in which we own or program stations affiliated with a network, a station that is affiliated with the same network in a nearby market is carried on cable systems in our markets. Such significantly viewed signals are not subject to black out pursuant to the FCC's network non-duplication rules. The carriage of two network stations on the same cable system could result in a decline of viewership, adversely affecting the revenues of our owned or programmed stations. In March 2014, the FCC issued a Report and Order and Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, requesting comments on whether it has authority to, and should, eliminate or modify its network non-duplication and/or syndicated exclusivity rules. This proceeding is pending and we cannot predict when or how the FCC will resolve that rulemaking. The FCC's syndicated exclusivity rules allow local broadcast television stations to demand that cable operators black out syndicated non-network programming carried on "distant signals" (i.e., signals of broadcast stations, including so-called "superstations," which serve areas substantially removed from the cable systems' local community). The FCC's network non-duplication rules allow local broadcast, network affiliated stations to require that cable operators black out duplicate network programming carried on distant signals. Both rules are subject to various exceptions and limitations. In a number of markets in which we own or program stations affiliated with a network, a station that is affiliated with the same network in a nearby market is carried on cable systems in our markets. Such significantly viewed signals are not subject to black out pursuant to the FCC's network non-duplication rules. The carriage of two network stations on the same cable system could result in a decline of viewership, adversely affecting the revenues of our owned or programmed stations. In March 2014, the FCC issued a Report and Order and Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, requesting comments on whether it has authority to, and should, eliminate or modify its network non-duplication and/or syndicated exclusivity rules. This proceeding is pending and we cannot predict when or how the FCC will resolve that rulemaking.
Digital Television
FCC rules provide that television broadcast licensees may use their digital television ("DTV") channels for a wide variety of services such as HD television, multiple standard definition television programming, audio, data, and other types of communications, subject to the requirement that each broadcaster provide at least one free video channel equal in quality to the current technical standard and further subject to the requirement that broadcasters pay a fee of 5% of gross revenues from any DTV ancillary or supplementary service for which there is a subscription fee or for which the licensee receives a fee from a third party. These rules could impact the profitability related to ancillary or supplementary services provided as discussed within Development of Next Generation Wireless Platform under Operating Strategy above. In addition, possible new rules with respect to multicasting as discussed within Other Pending Matters below could impact the way we currently use our DTV channels and the services we are able to offer on those channels.
Programming and Operations
The Communications Act requires broadcasters to serve the "public interest." The FCC has relaxed or eliminated many of the more formalized procedures it had developed in the past to promote the broadcast of certain types of programming responsive to the needs of a station’s community of license. FCC licensees continue to be required, however, to present programming that is responsive to the needs and interests of their communities and to maintain certain records demonstrating such responsiveness. Complaints from viewers concerning a station’s programming may be considered by the FCC when it evaluates renewal applications of a licensee, although such complaints may be filed at any time and generally may be considered by the FCC at any time. Stations also must pay regulatory and application fees and follow various rules promulgated under the Communications Act that regulate, among other things, political advertising, sponsorship identifications, obscene and indecent broadcasts, and technical operations, including limits on radio frequency radiation. In addition, television licensees have obligations to create and follow employment outreach programs, provide a minimum amount of programming for children, comply with rules relating to the emergency alert system, maintain an online public inspection file, and abide by regulations specifying requirements to provide closed captions for its programming. FCC licensees are, in general, responsible for the content of their broadcast programming, including that supplied by television networks. Accordingly, there is a risk of being fined as a result of our broadcast programming, including network programming.
Other Pending Matters
Congress and the FCC have under consideration, and in the future may consider and adopt, new laws, regulations, and policies regarding a wide variety of matters that could affect, directly or indirectly, the operation, ownership, and profitability of our broadcast stations, result in the loss of audience share and advertising revenues for our broadcast stations, and affect our ability to acquire additional broadcast stations or finance such acquisitions.
On November 16, 2017, the FCC adopted a Report and Order and Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking authorizing the voluntary deployment of NextGen TV and adopting rules to afford broadcasters flexibility to deploy NextGen TV based transmissions while minimizing impact on consumers and industry stakeholders and seeking comment on certain additional matters. On June 3, 2020, the FCC adopted the Second Report and Order and Order on Reconsideration, providing additional guidance to broadcasters deploying NextGen TV. On November 9, 2020, the National Association of Broadcasters filed a Petition for Declaratory Ruling and Petition for Rulemaking requesting that the FCC (1) clarify that its existing regulatory framework for the hosting of simulcast primary programming streams also applies to simulcast multicast streams, and (2) expand the application of these rules to cover the transmission of ATSC 1.0 multicast streams regardless of whether those streams are simulcast in ATSC 3.0. On November 5, 2021, the FCC released a Second Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking seeking comment on these multicast host station licensing issues, and on June 22, 2022, the FCC released a Third Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking seeking comment on the state of the ATSC 3.0 transition and the scheduled sunsets of two rules adopted in the 2017 Report and Order. These rulemaking proceedings remain pending. We cannot predict what the outcome of the proceedings will be.
On December 13, 2018, the FCC released a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking to initiate the 2018 Quadrennial Regulatory Review of the FCC's broadcast ownership rules, pursuant to the statutory requirement that the FCC review its media ownership rules every four years to determine whether they remain "necessary in the public interest as the result of competition." The proposed rulemaking generally seeks comment on, among other things, whether the local television ownership rules (including the top-four rule and the eight voices test), should be retained, modified, or eliminated. With respect to the local television ownership rule specifically, among other things, the proposed rulemaking seeks comment on possible modifications to the rule’s operation, including the relevant product market, the numerical limit, the top-four prohibition; and the implications of multicasting, satellite stations, low power stations and the next generation standard. In addition, the proposed rulemaking examines further several diversity related proposals raised in the 2014 Quadrennial Regulatory Review. On July 16, 2021, the FCC extended the public comment period and the comment and reply comment deadline closed on October 1, 2021. The rulemaking remains pending. On December 22, 2022, the FCC released a Public Notice to initiate the 2022 Quadrennial Regulatory Review despite the pendency of the 2018 Quadrennial Review, seeking comment on the Local Radio Ownership Rule, the Local Television Ownership Rule, and the Dual Network Rule. Comments are due on March 3, 2023 and reply comments are due March 20, 2023.
Other matters that could affect our broadcast properties include technological innovations and developments generally affecting competition in the mass communications industry, such as DTC offerings, direct television broadcast satellite service, Class A television service, the continued establishment of wireless cable systems and low power television stations, digital television technologies, the internet and mobility, and portability of our broadcast signal to hand-held devices.
Other Considerations
The preceding summary is not a complete discussion of all provisions of the Communications Act or other congressional acts or of the regulations and policies of the FCC, or in some cases, the DOJ. For further information, reference should be made to the Communications Act, other congressional acts and regulations, and public notices circulated from time to time by the FCC, or in some cases, the DOJ. There are additional regulations and policies of the FCC and other federal agencies that govern political broadcasts, advertising, equal employment opportunity, and other matters affecting our business and operations.
ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION
Prior to our ownership or operation of our facilities, substances or waste that are, or might be considered, hazardous under applicable environmental laws may have been generated, used, stored, or disposed of at certain of those facilities. In addition, environmental conditions relating to the soil and groundwater at or under our facilities may be affected by the proximity of nearby properties that have generated, used, stored, or disposed of hazardous substances. As a result, it is possible that we could become subject to environmental liabilities in the future in connection with these facilities under applicable environmental laws and regulations. Although we believe that we are in substantial compliance with such environmental requirements and have not in the past been required to incur significant costs in connection therewith, there can be no assurance that our costs to comply with such requirements will not increase in the future or that we will not become subject to new governmental regulations, including those pertaining to potential climate change legislation, that may impose additional restrictions or costs on us. We presently believe that none of our properties have any condition that is likely to have a material adverse effect on our consolidated balance sheets, consolidated statements of operations, or consolidated statements of cash flows.
COMPETITION
Our stations compete for audience share and advertising revenue with other television stations and cable networks in their markets, as well as with other advertising media such as Distributors, other OTT distributors, cable networks, video on-demand, radio, newspapers, magazines, outdoor advertising, transit advertising, telecommunications providers, direct mail, internet, podcasts, other digital media, and 'Big Tech'.
Stations compete for audience share primarily on the basis of program popularity, which has a direct effect on advertising rates.
Our network affiliated stations are largely dependent upon the performance of network provided programs in order to attract viewers. Non-network time periods are programmed by the station primarily with syndicated programs purchased for cash, cash and barter, or barter-only, as well as through self-produced news, public affairs programs, live local sporting events, paid-programming, and other lifestyle and entertainment programming. We also compete for programming which involves negotiating with national program distributors or syndicators that sell first-run and rerun packages of programming. Our stations compete for access to those programs against in-market broadcast station competitors for syndicated products and with national cable networks. Public broadcasting stations generally compete with commercial broadcasters for viewers, but not for advertising dollars.
Competition in the television broadcasting industry occurs primarily in individual DMAs. Generally, a television broadcasting station in one DMA does not compete with stations in other DMAs. Our stations are located in highly competitive DMAs. Distributors can increase competition for viewership and broadcast television advertising inventory by carrying additional cable network channels within the same DMA as the broadcast television stations. Distributors sell advertising on these cable networks to local advertisers. These narrow cable network channels are typically low rated, and, as a result, advertisements are inexpensive to the local advertisers. Distributors may also connect two or more cable systems together, also called an interconnect, which gives advertisers the option to reach more households in a market with a single buy. In addition, certain of our DMAs are overlapped by over-the-air stations from adjacent DMAs and Distributors of stations from other DMAs, which tends to spread viewership and advertising expenditures over a larger number of television stations. In addition, there is significant increased competition with Google, Facebook, social media, OTT offerings, and the multitude of other digital offerings that air video advertisements and sell programmatically to agencies and advertisers. Distributor and OTT offerings have the ability to either blanket the market or target their advertising which broadcast stations do not.
Advertising rates are based upon factors which include the size of the market in which the stations operate; a program's popularity among the viewers that an advertiser wishes to attract; the number of advertisers competing for the available time; the demographic makeup of the market served by the stations; the availability of alternative advertising media in the DMA; the aggressiveness and knowledge of the sales forces in the market to call on and understand their client’s need; and development of projects, features, and programs that tie advertiser messages to programming. We believe that our sales and programming strategies allow us to compete effectively for advertising revenues within the stations' markets.
Further, the competition of obtaining distribution is highly competitive. Our stations face competition from other television stations and cable networks for the right to be carried by a particular distributor, and for the right to be carried on the service tier that will attract the most subscribers. Once one of our stations obtains distribution, that network competes for viewers not only with the other channels available through the distributor, but also with over-the-air television, pay-per-view channels and video-on-demand channels, as well as online services, mobile services, radio, print, streaming services, and other sources of media and information, sporting events, and entertainment. Important to our success in each area of competition the station faces are the price the station charges for its carriage; the quantity, quality, and variety of programming offered; and the effectiveness of its marketing efforts.
Our stations' ability to successfully compete with other television stations and cable networks for distribution may be hampered because the Distributors, through which distribution is sought, may be affiliated with other television stations, broadcast networks, or cable networks. Those Distributors may place their affiliated television station or cable network on a more desirable tier, thereby giving the affiliated television station or cable network a competitive advantage over our stations' own programming. Additionally, broadcast networks putting programming content on their own DTC platforms may also hinder our stations' ability to successfully compete within the broadcast market.
Moreover, technological advances and regulatory changes affecting programming delivery through fiber optic lines, video compression, and new wireless uses could lower entry barriers for new video channels and encourage the further development of increasingly specialized "niche" programming. Telecommunication companies are permitted to provide video distribution services, on a common carrier basis, as "cable systems" or as "open video systems," each pursuant to different regulatory schemes. Additionally, OTT services allow consumers to consume programming on-demand through access to the Internet and without a subscription with a Distributor. We continue to compete with the OTT services for viewership.
DTV technology allows our stations to provide viewers multiple channels of digital television over each of our existing standard digital channels, to provide certain programming in HD television format and to deliver other channels of information in the forms of data and programming to the internet, PCs, smart phones, tablet computers, and mobile and streaming devices. These additional capabilities may provide us with additional sources of revenue, as well as additional competition.
The financial success of our stations also depends in part upon unpredictable and volatile factors beyond our control, such as viewer preferences, the strength of the advertising market, the quality and appeal of competing programming, and the availability of other entertainment activities.
We believe we compete favorably against other television stations and cable networks because of our management skill and experience, our ability historically to generate revenue share greater than our audience share, our network affiliations and program service arrangements, and our local program acceptance. In addition, we believe that we benefit from the operation of multiple broadcast and network properties, affording us certain non-quantifiable economies of scale and competitive advantages in the purchase of programming.
ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL, AND GOVERNANCE ACTIVITIES AND PRACTICES
We have a long history of supporting environmental, social, and governance ("ESG") activities and, in the past few years, we have taken steps to better measure and quantify our progress in these areas. In addition to our ESG Committee, which is made up of executive leadership, we have also formed working groups in the areas of sustainability, employee experience, and diversity and inclusion.
Human Capital
Our success is driven by our most important asset - our employees. It is their hard work and dedication that enables us to be a trusted partner to our viewers and a valuable resource to our communities. As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately 7,900 employees, including part-time and temporary employees. Approximately 620 employees are represented by labor unions under certain collective bargaining agreements.
We support our employees by ensuring that we provide a fair, ethical, and safe workplace.
•We take pride in our practices to ensure the safety, health, and well-being of our employees. We maintain best practices for safety and health through policies and procedures and access to our employee assistance program.
•Our employment practices are rooted in our policies against discrimination, harassment, and retaliation to ensure a positive working environment for all.
•We are committed to an ethical workplace and provide our employees with guidance and reporting mechanisms to foster a culture of honesty and accountability.
•We provide our employees a comprehensive benefits package, recognition for their efforts, and resources to enable and enhance learning and development, and we have worked hard to ensure we provide a workplace where employees can feel that they belong.
Corporate Culture. We are committed to maintaining a safe, ethical, and harassment-free workplace. We recognize that our success as a team, and in our communications with one another, is grounded in our ability to trust team members to be fully engaged and to do the right thing. We support trusting relationships by offering clear guidance, structure, resources, and accountability. To this end, we maintain governance policies that apply to all of our directors, officers, and employees, including a code of business conduct and ethics, employee safety program, and no harassment and open-door policies. These policies are intended to identify, provide mechanisms for reporting, and provide a framework for solving potential issues. These policies are reviewed and updated by management, together with the Board, as our needs grow and change and upon stakeholder feedback and changes in applicable laws, regulations, and stock exchange requirements.
We value and support diversity and inclusion at all levels. Diversity and inclusion have been fundamental from our very beginning and we take pride in being an equal opportunity employer. Diversity, inclusion, equal employment opportunity, and strong anti-discrimination policies go hand-in-hand. Our Diversity and Inclusion Statement establishes clarity and alignment throughout our organization, at all levels, regarding how we connect with each other by embracing diversity and promoting inclusion among our employees, viewers, and customers. All employees are asked to honor the intent of our Diversity and Inclusion Statement in their daily activities and decisions and are required to take part in workplace diversity training.
Over several decades, our local television stations have built recruiting and outreach programs that encourage diversity in our workforce. Our activities are designed to ensure broad outreach to potential applicants by widely disseminating information concerning job vacancies, providing notification to community groups, attending diverse job fairs, participating in other various recruitment outreach activities, offering paid internships, and providing training to managers on equal employment opportunity and discrimination prevention.
Employee Engagement. We regularly gather feedback from employees to gain an understanding of and improve our employee experience and to foster an engaged workforce. This feedback is used to help create new, and refine existing, employee related programs and processes.
Sinclair takes a strategic approach to talent development. We provide on-the-job training and other learning opportunities to employees so that they gain and develop necessary skills for optimal job performance and to foster a creative and collaborative work environment. Our learning and development platform, Sinclair University, allows employees to access a vast collection of learning and development content. During 2022, we expanded employee's access to online courses for learning and development and instituted a program to encourage employees to complete areas of professional development. We also provide leadership development through targeted training programs. In addition, many of our leaders have their own employee development offerings, specific to their department and position.
We actively promote our internal job announcement program as a part of our efforts to support employee growth by taking on new career opportunities within Sinclair.
Our innovation project is a strategic lever that drives revenue, reduces waste, and engages employees to serve our customers and shareholders as a pioneer in the industry. We believe that the "next big idea" could come from anyone or anywhere and with this in mind, in 2020 we began an effort to gather innovation ideas from employees company-wide. In 2022, we launched a dedicated team that will build on our rich history of innovation to accelerate efforts across content, technology, audience development, distribution, marketing services, and business transformation. This new Innovation & Strategy team brought over 200 innovators together at our annual Innovation Summit in 2022, where we took dedicated time to celebrate our legacy of innovation and dive deeper into our growth pillars: Multi-Platform Content, Marketing Services, Data Distribution, and Interactivity & Community.
Health, Safety, and Wellness. The health, safety, and wellness of our employees is vital to our success and we maintain and continuously enhance affordable health care options for them. We continuously work to improve our practices, policies, and benefits to make meaningful impacts on our employees personal and professional lives, sponsoring an employee assistance program aimed at enhancing their physical, financial, and mental well-being. During 2022, we began a new program to provide employees and spouses discounted access to fitness facilities.
Compensation. Our employee compensation includes market-competitive pay, a 401(k) plan, an employee stock purchase plan, healthcare benefits, paid time off and family leave, and employer paid life and disability insurance. We continue to improve our compensation offerings. In 2022, we added two additional Company observed holidays, bringing the total number of Company observed holidays to nine; increased the minimum vacation accrual from two-weeks to three-weeks; increased paid parental leave from one week to six weeks; and again offered our employees the opportunity for additional time off through the Vacation Exchange Program.
Social Responsibility
As a local news broadcaster, we believe it is our responsibility to raise issues of local importance, through deep investigative reporting at our stations, and provide critical and relevant information to our viewers, including crucial news updates during potentially life-threatening situations when our viewers need them most. During 2022, our stations received 290 journalism awards, including 74 regional Emmy awards, and 24 Regional and two National RTDNA Edward R. Murrow awards which are awarded to recognize local and national news stories that uphold ethics, demonstrate technical expertise, and exemplify the importance and impact of journalism as a service to the community. More importantly than its award recognition is the impact our reporting has on the communities we serve. We are committed to getting results for the people living in the communities we serve. Our journalists' ground-breaking reporting has prompted government investigations as well as changes in government policies and new state and federal laws. Our unique reporting in under-served arenas has sparked much-needed public engagement on topics of high local importance and concern. WBFF's "Project Baltimore," which is now heading into its seventh year in 2023, has uncovered systemic failures within the Baltimore County and Baltimore City Public School Systems, resulting in investigations into the falsifying of report cards, inaccurate nurse timesheets, and violations of federal disability laws by the Inspector General for the U.S. Department of Education and the Maryland Inspector General for Education. Our national investigative team, "Spotlight on America," in conjunction with WJLA and WJLA's "Inside Your World Investigates," continue to reveal toxic forever chemicals and other dangerous pollutants negatively impacting water, food supplies, and consumer products, which cause significant health risks for people throughout the United States and especially U.S. Military personnel. These stories and countless others are examples of our ongoing commitment to relentless accountability reporting on behalf of voiceless viewers who live in the communities we are proud to serve.
Connect to Congress is our multimedia initiative that enables Members of Congress from our news markets to speak directly to their constituents on a regular basis, through their local TV news stations. The initiative, which launched in 2015, offers our local market viewers new ways to get answers to questions about what matters most to them at home. Each Wednesday when Congress is in session, we set up cameras in the Capitol Rotunda, connected remotely to our local stations, with anchors and reporters conducting interviews with lawmakers about the key issues affecting constituents, connecting our local stations directly to Congress. This also offers the hundreds of Congressional Members in our news markets their own media voice in their home districts. On average, over 300 interviews are conducted through Connect to Congress each year.
This is our 10th year of producing our community "Your Voice Your Future" Town Halls. These Town Halls are produced in the local markets and give our viewers an opportunity to have a voice and ask their elected leaders questions on important local and national topics. In 2022 and 2021 we produced 198 and 162 Town Halls, respectively, throughout the country, covering a variety of topics including crime, police funding, police shortages, affordable housing, mental health, opioids, bullying, finance, and human trafficking. In 2022, we organized 56 political debates featuring gubernatorial, mayoral, senatorial, and congressional races as well as School Superintendent in Oklahoma City and school board positions in Virginia. Since launching our commitment to give a voice to our viewers, our Town Halls have produced 1,198 productions to educate and address the needs of our audience.
We have steadfast dedication to providing content that alerts, protects, and empowers our audience. Distinctive, Disruptive, and Disciplined; these three simple words carry a great deal of weight as we meet the demands of today’s news consumer.
We believe it is our responsibility to be involved in our local communities. Sinclair Cares is our Company-wide community service and relief campaign program, which utilizes the strength of our properties to uplift organizations and inspire our audiences and employees to make a positive impact in our communities. Sinclair Cares mobilizes Sinclair’s assets to support various community and charitable endeavors and responses to natural disasters through financial assistance, volunteerism, and raising awareness of important topics through our media platforms. Over the last six years, Sinclair Cares has spearheaded the company’s efforts, including fund-raising and blood donations during weather and climate catastrophes, and raising funds and awareness for important social causes. Recent initiatives include:
•Sinclair Cares: Ukraine Relief - a fundraising partnership with Global Red Cross to help with their humanitarian relief efforts on the ground in Ukraine and neighboring countries. In one week, over $215,000 was raised, including a $50,000 donation from the Company.
•Sinclair Cares: Supporting All Veterans - a partnership with the Disabled American Veterans (DAV) with the goal of increasing support for our nation’s veterans, we encouraged employees and viewers to volunteer to support veterans in their communities or donate to help the DAV offer free support services to more than a million veterans across the U.S. each year.
•Sinclair Cares: Summer Hunger Relief - a partnership with Feeding America® to help provide meals to children and families across the U.S. through financial contributions, donors helped provide more than two million meals to children and families in their local communities, with funds going directly to the Feeding America food bank in the donor’s local community. The Company provided a $25,000 donation.
Our stations also sponsor countless philanthropic campaigns and events such as health expos, parades, and blood drives in their local markets and contribute to local charities. We encourage not only our stations, but also our employees to engage in the communities in which we serve and live. Through our continued partnership with the Salvation Army and over 300 local partner organizations in the communities in which we operate, and with the support of our local TV stations and digital properties, we helped to raise over $12 million in 2022 for non-profit organizations, schools, agencies, and local disaster relief; collected more than 330,000 pounds of food; provided close to 4.5 million meals; and collected toys, school supplies, diapers, hygiene products, and units of blood for those in need. In addition, we donated more than 5,700 hours of airtime.
Our Diversity Scholarship Fund provides support to college students demonstrating a promising future in the broadcast industry. In 2022, we expanded our scholarship program nationally and selected 17 winning applicants for the scholarship. We have distributed more than $250,000 in tuition assistance since 2013, with a goal to invest in the future of the broadcast industry and to help students from diverse backgrounds, who reflect our audience nationwide, complete their education and pursue careers in broadcast journalism, digital storytelling, and marketing.
Environmental Responsibility
Our mission is to identify and implement ways to reduce our impact on the environment through the education and engagement of internal and external audiences around sustainable solutions that can be adopted. We have accelerated actions within our organization to lessen our use of electricity over time and to measure and eventually report on our electricity usage. Our sustainability group is tasked with finding ways to help lower our carbon footprint through lowering our electricity consumption, purchasing greener supplies, and recycling. One such initiative is the efforts we are undertaking in proactively replacing our existing less efficient lighting with LED lighting, replacing HVAC equipment with higher efficiency models, and exploring solar energy, battery farms, and electric vehicles as other ways our company can reduce its reliance on energy sources that result in emissions of greenhouse gasses that are harmful to the environment. Since 2017, we have installed 117 new, energy efficient television transmitters, which are typically 25% more energy efficient than the units that they replace and generate less waste heat, and are currently installing, or have plans to install, an additional 38 during 2023 and 2024. Throughout the organization, we are seeking to reduce the use of paper products and, whenever possible, recycling paper, electronics, and other items. We were one of only 19 organizations recognized by Office Depot in 2021 for being a leader in green purchasing, recognizing our high degree of expenditures with eco-friendly attributes such as recycled content, energy-efficiency, and reduced use of harsh chemicals. In April 2022, we launched a public service campaign, with Batteries Plus, to encourage our viewers to recycle their batteries by bringing them to Batteries Plus locations and later in the year, we launched a pilot program to recycle the Company’s batteries and to identify ways to reduce our overall battery consumption. The initiative arose from a Company innovation contest, where employees were surveyed on ways our organization could lessen its impact on the environment. By partnering with Batteries Plus for this initiative, we are working towards an eco-friendly process to be utilized for the recycling program and proper safety precautions that we plan to utilize at all of our locations
In addition to our direct efforts to reduce our impact on the environment, we produce high quality news to increase our viewers' general awareness of environmental issues and programs by providing them information on how they can participate in improving environmental sustainability.
Governance
Sinclair takes corporate governance and responsibilities to its stakeholders very seriously. We remain committed to finding the best representation to drive success in the organization in the years ahead. Diversity of thought, skills, background, and experience are important elements the Company looks for in its leadership team. In 2021, we hired a Chief Compliance Officer and made changes to our Board of Directors (the "Board") structure, including adding a regulatory committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee. Our Chief Compliance Officer provides regular updates to Company management and meets quarterly with the regulatory committee. In 2021, Laurie R. Beyer was added to the Board as a new independent director and our first female Board member and, in 2022, Dr. Benjamin S. Carson, Sr. was added to the Board as a new independent director and our first racially diverse Board member.
Managing and governing cybersecurity risk remains a high priority. We continue to make investments to ensure continuous improvement of our cybersecurity control effectiveness and governance. We maintain a data protection policy and have invested in additional cybersecurity solutions, professional services, and the growth of our information security department. We continue to work closely with our key partners and supporting agencies to mature our security posture and quickly adjust to today’s rapidly changing threat landscape. Our Chief Information Officer and Chief Information Security Officer report quarterly to the Board of Directors’ cybersecurity subcommittee to ensure that they receive regular updates from Company management regarding the status of current and future cybersecurity plans, enabling the subcommittee to provide oversight of those issues. We did not experience any material cybersecurity incidents during 2022. In 2022, we launched a comprehensive Enterprise Risk Management program that is designed to both identify risks across the Company and actions to mitigate those risks. We continue to execute our plans to strengthen our existing cybersecurity defenses and intend to make further investments in the upcoming year.
AVAILABLE INFORMATION
We regularly use our website as a source of company information and it can be accessed at www.sbgi.net. We make available, free of charge through our website, our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after such documents are electronically submitted to the SEC, who also makes these reports available at http://www.sec.gov. We intend to comply with the requirements of Item 5.05 of Form 8-K regarding amendments to and waivers under the code of business conduct and ethics applicable to our Chief Executive Officer, Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer by providing such information on our website within four days after effecting any amendment to, or granting any waiver under, that code, and we will maintain such information on our website for at least twelve months. In addition, a replay of each of our quarterly earnings conference calls is available on our website until the subsequent quarter’s earnings call. The information contained on, or otherwise accessible through, our website is not a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and is not incorporated herein by reference.

---

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
You should carefully consider the risks described below before investing in our securities. The risks described below, along with risks not currently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial, may impair our business operations and our liquidity in an adverse way.
Risks relating to our operations
Our strategic acquisitions and investments could pose various risks and increase our leverage.
We have pursued and intend to selectively continue to pursue strategic acquisitions and investments, subject to market conditions, our liquidity, and the availability of attractive acquisition and investment candidates, with the goal of improving our business. We may not be able to identify attractive acquisitions or investment targets, or we may not be able to fund additional acquisitions or investments in the future.
Acquisitions involve inherent risks, such as increasing leverage and debt service requirements and combining company cultures and facilities, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and could strain our human resources. Additionally, we may not be able to successfully implement effective cost controls, achieve expected synergies, or increase revenues as a result of an acquisition. In addition, future acquisitions may result in our assumption of unexpected liabilities, may result in the diversion of management's attention from the operation of our core business and may limit our ability to generate higher returns elsewhere.
Certain acquisitions, such as television stations, are subject to the approval of the FCC and potentially, other regulatory authorities, such as the DOJ. The need for FCC and other regulatory approvals could restrict our ability to consummate future transactions and potentially require us to divest certain television stations or businesses if the FCC or other regulatory authority believes that a proposed acquisition would result in excessive concentration in a market, even if the proposed combinations may otherwise comply with FCC ownership limitations or other regulations. There can be no assurance that future acquisitions will be approved by the FCC or other regulatory authorities, or that a requirement to divest existing stations or businesses will not have an adverse outcome on the transaction.
If the rate of decline in the number of subscribers to Distributor services increases or these subscribers shift to other services or bundles that do not include our programming networks, there may be a material adverse effect on our revenues.
During the last few years, the number of subscribers to Distributor services in the United States has been declining as technological advancements have driven changes in consumer behavior and have empowered consumers to seek more control over when, where and how they consume news, sports, and other entertainment, including through the so-called "cutting the cord" and other consumption strategies. The Distributor subscriber decline has led to a decline in subscribers from some of our stations and networks. In addition, Distributors have introduced, marketed, and/or modified tiers or bundles of programming that have impacted the number of subscribers that receive our programming networks, including tiers or bundles of programming that exclude our programming networks.
If Distributor service offerings are not attractive to consumers for any reason (pricing, increased competition from OTT and DTC services, increased dissatisfaction with the quality of Distributor services, poor economic conditions or other factors), more consumers may (i) cancel their Distributor service subscriptions, (ii) elect to instead subscribe to OTT services, which in some cases may be offered at lower prices, or (iii) elect to subscribe to Distributors with smaller bundles of programming which may not include our programming networks.
If the rate of decline in the number of Distributor service subscribers increases or if subscribers shift to OTT services or smaller bundles of programming that do not include our programming networks, this may have a material adverse effect on our revenues.
We may not be able to renegotiate distribution agreements at terms comparable to or more favorable than our current agreements and networks with which we are affiliated currently, or in the future, may require us to share revenue from distribution agreements with them.
As distribution agreements expire, we may not be able to renegotiate such agreements at terms comparable to or more favorable than our current agreements. This may cause revenues and/or revenue growth from our distribution agreements to decrease under the renegotiated terms despite the fact that our current distribution agreements include automatic annual fee escalators. In addition, certain networks or program service providers with which our stations are affiliated are currently, or in the future are expected to, require us to share revenue from distribution agreements with them as part of renewing expiring affiliation agreements or pursuant to certain rights contained in existing affiliation agreements. Generally, our distribution agreements and agreements with networks or program service providers are for different lengths of time and expire in different periods. If we are unable to negotiate a distribution agreement or the revenue received as part of those agreements declines over time, then we may be exposed to a reduction in or loss from distribution revenue net of revenue shared with networks and program service providers. We cannot predict the outcome or provide assurances as to the outcome of any future negotiations relating to our distribution agreements or what impact, if any, they may have on our financial condition and results of operations. See Television Markets and Stations within Item 1. Business for a listing of current expirations of our affiliation agreements.
Further change in the current retransmission consent regulations could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Distributors lobby to change the regulations under which retransmission consent is negotiated before both Congress and the FCC in order to increase their bargaining leverage with television stations.
In September 2015, the FCC released a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking in response to a Congressional directive in STELAR to examine the "totality of the circumstances test" for good-faith negotiations of retransmission consent. The proposed rulemaking seeks comment on new factors and evidence to consider in its evaluation of claims of bad faith negotiation, including service interruptions prior to a "marquee sports or entertainment event," restrictions on online access to broadcast programming during negotiation impasses, broadcasters' ability to offer bundles of broadcast signals with other broadcast stations or cable networks, and broadcasters' ability to invoke the FCC's exclusivity rules during service interruptions. On July 14, 2016, the FCC’s Chairman at the time announced that the FCC would not, at that time, proceed to adopt additional rules governing good faith negotiations of retransmission consent but did not formally terminate the rulemaking. No formal action has yet been taken on this Proposed Rulemaking, and we cannot predict if the FCC will terminate the rulemaking or take other action.
The FCC rules governing "good faith" retransmission consent negotiations provide that, among other things, it is a per se violation of the statutory duty to negotiate in good faith for a television broadcast station to negotiate retransmission consent jointly with another station in the same market if the stations are not commonly owned. In May 2020, the FCC revised its good faith negotiation rules to specify that certain small MVPDs can meet the obligation to negotiate in good faith by negotiating with a large station group through a qualified MVPD buying group and that large station groups have an obligation to negotiate in good faith with such MVPD buying groups.
As further described under Item 1. Business - Federal Regulation of Television Broadcasting, the FCC also has pending a Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking which seeks additional comment on whether it has authority to, and should, eliminate or modify its network non-duplication and syndicated exclusivity rules.
The FCC's prohibition on certain joint retransmission consent negotiations and the possible elimination or modification of the network non-duplication and syndicated exclusivity protection rules may affect our ability to sustain our current level of distribution revenues or grow such revenues in the future and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We face intense, wide-ranging competition for viewers and advertisers.
We compete, in certain respects and to varying degrees, for viewers and advertisers with other programming networks, pay-per-view, video on demand, online streaming services, and other content offered by Distributors. We also compete for viewers and advertisers with OTT and DTC, mobile media, radio, motion picture, home video, stadiums and arenas, podcasts, outdoor advertising and other sources of information and entertainment and advertising services. Important competitive factors are the prices we charge for our programming networks, the quantity, quality and variety of the programming offered and the effectiveness of marketing efforts.
With respect to advertising services, factors affecting the degree and extent of competition include prices, reach and audience demographics, among others. Some of our competitors are large companies that have greater financial resources available to them than we do, which could impact our viewership and the resulting advertising revenues.
Rivals that may have greater resources than we have include:
•other local free over-the-air broadcast television and radio stations;
•Distributors, such as telecommunication companies, cable providers and direct broadcast satellite providers;
•print media providers such as newspapers, direct mail and periodicals;
•internet search engines, internet service providers, social media platforms, websites, and mobile applications;
•OTT technologies;
•Distributor "skinny" packages;
•mobile television; and
•other emerging technologies.
Competition from other broadcasters or other content providers and changes in consumer behavior and technology may cause a reduction in our advertising revenues and/or an increase in our operating costs.
The ways in which consumers view content and technology and business models in our industry continue to rapidly evolve and new distribution platforms and increased competition from new entrants and emerging technologies have added to the complexity of maintaining predictable revenue streams. Technological advancements have driven changes in consumer behavior as consumers seek more control over when, where and how they consume content and have affected advertisers' options for reaching their target audiences. Consumer preferences have evolved towards subscription video on demand and free advertising supported video on demand services and other DTC offerings and there has been a substantial increase in the availability of content with reduced advertising or without advertising at all. In addition, consumers are increasingly using time-shifting and advertising-skipping technologies that enable them to fast-forward or circumvent advertisements. There has also been a proliferation of high speed internet connections and expansion of 5G networks able to support high-quality streaming video within increasingly interactive and interconnected digital environments and on a wide variety of devices other than traditional televisions. Substantial use of these technologies could impact the attractiveness of the Company's programming to advertisers and adversely affect our advertising revenues. The inability to meet consumer demands and expectations in today's highly mobile, multi-screen and multi-platform environment for video delivery may affect the attractiveness of our offerings. Ineffective technology and product integration, lack of specific features and functionalities, poor interface design or ease of use, or performance issues, among other factors, may cause viewers to favor alternative offerings.
Distributors are developing or have developed new technology that allows them to transmit more channels on their existing equipment to highly targeted audiences, reducing the cost of creating channels and potentially leading to the division of the television industry into ever more specialized niche markets. Competitors who target programming to such sharply defined markets may gain an advantage over us for television advertising revenues. The decreased cost of creating channels may also encourage new competitors to enter our markets and compete with us for advertising revenue. In addition, technologies that allow viewers to digitally record, store, and play back television programming may decrease viewership of commercials as recorded by media measurement services such as Nielsen or Comscore and, as a result, lower our advertising revenues. The current ratings provided by Nielsen for use by broadcast stations for live viewing Digital Video Recording playback are limited to seven days past the original air date. Additionally, in most markets, no credit is given for online viewing. The effects of new ratings data methodologies, many of which are used in our markets, and the ability of such methodologies to be a reliable standard that can be used by advertisers is still under review for accreditation from the MRC. Local audience measurement has been severely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Nielsen relies heavily on in-person recruitment. Due to COVID-related guidelines, Nielsen was unable to recruit and maintain their panels to standards. As a result, panels have become skewed, unbalanced, and less reliable, which are issues that Nielsen is still working to address even after a return to in-person work. Due to this and other issues with measurement and reporting, MRC accreditation for certain data have been put on hiatus as Nielsen works to correct their local panels.
Distributors may include over-the-air antennas within their set-top boxes allowing them to provide free over-the-air signals to their subscribers which could result in decreases in our distribution revenues received for our signal being carried on their channels.
We cannot provide any assurances that we will remain competitive with these developing technologies.
We depend on the appeal of our programming, which may be unpredictable, and increased programming costs may have a material negative effect on our business and our results of operations.
We depend in part upon viewer preferences and audience acceptance of the programming on our stations and networks. These factors are often unpredictable and subject to influences that are beyond our control, such as the quality and appeal of competing programming, general economic conditions and the availability of other entertainment options. We may not be able to successfully predict interest in proposed new programming and viewer preferences could cause new programming not to be successful or cause our existing programming to decline in popularity. An increase in our costs associated with programming, including original programming, or a decrease in viewership of our programming, may materially negatively affect us and our results of operations.
In addition, we rely on third parties for broadcast, entertainment, news, sports and other programming for our stations and networks. We compete with other providers of programming to acquire the rights to distribute such programming. If we fail to continue to obtain broadcast, entertainment, news, sports and other programming for our stations and networks on reasonable terms for any reason, including as a result of competition, we could be forced to incur additional costs to acquire such programming or look for alternative programming, which may have a material negative effect on us and our results of operations.
The COVID-19 pandemic, or the future outbreak or pandemic of any other highly infectious or contagious diseases, could have a material and adverse effect on, or cause disruption to, our business or financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, the economy, our advertisers, viewership, Distributors, and their subscribers.
The COVID-19 pandemic and measures put in place to prevent the spread of the virus has had a significant negative impact on the global economy, including many industries in which our customers operate, curtailing advertising revenue and disrupting normal business activities in much of the world.
The extent to which COVID-19 or any future outbreak or pandemic impacts our operations, Distributors and advertisers will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, including the scope, severity and duration of the outbreak, the actions taken to contain the outbreak or mitigate its impact, and the direct and indirect economic effects of the outbreak and containment measures, among others. A prolonged imposition of mandated closures or other social-distancing guidelines may adversely impact the ability of our Distributors and advertisers to generate sufficient revenues, and could force them to default on their obligations to us or result in their bankruptcy or insolvency.
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we have taken measures to protect the health and safety of our employees and contractors at our facilities. Existing or new precautionary measures or modifications in our business practices and policies in response to COVID-19 or any future outbreak or pandemic may negatively impact our business or operations. In addition, any actions we take may not be sufficient to mitigate the risk of infection. If a significant number of our employees, or employees and third parties performing key functions, including our Chief Executive Officer and members of our Board of Directors, become ill, our business may be further adversely impacted.
Theft of our intellectual property may have a material negative effect on us and our results of operations, and we may become subject to infringement or other claims relating to our consent or technology.
Our success depends in part on our ability to maintain and monetize the material intellectual property rights in our programming, technology, digital and other content. Our intellectual property rights may be infringed upon by unauthorized usage of original broadcast content (including, without limitation, live and non-live content). Such unauthorized usage may occur on any and all distribution platforms, including, without limitation, linear and streaming services. Additionally, our intellectual property rights may be further infringed upon by third-party unauthorized distribution of original broadcast content, game content and/or highlights on social media platforms on a live or near live basis. Third-party licensors of content may infringe upon our intellectual property rights by not complying with content distribution rules.
Theft, misappropriation or the invalidity of our intellectual property or the intellectual property that is licensed to us by licensors could have a material negative effect on us and our results of operations by potentially reducing the revenue that we are able to obtain from the legitimate sale and distribution of our content, undermining lawful and revenue-generating distribution channels, limiting our ability to control the marketing of our content and inhibiting our ability to recoup expenses or profit from the costs we incur creating our programming content. Litigation may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights or protect our trade secrets. Any litigation of this nature, regardless of outcome, could cause us to incur significant costs and could divert management's attention from the operation of our business. Any impairment of our intellectual property rights, including due to changes in U.S. or foreign intellectual property laws or the absence of effective legal protections or enforcement measures, could have a materially negative impact on our business and the results of our operations.
While our programming personnel regularly monitor third-party streaming platforms and social media pages in an effort to identify intellectual property infringement and work closely with content distributors to notify content protection representatives to take the necessary steps to protect our and their intellectual property rights, those protective measures cannot ensure that theft, misappropriation or the invalidity of our intellectual property or the intellectual property that is licensed to us by licensors will not occur.
In addition, from time to time, third parties may assert claims against us alleging intellectual property infringement or other claims relating to our programming, technology, digital or other content. If any such infringement claim results in the loss of certain of our intellectual property rights, it could have a materially negative impact on our business and the results of our operations.
We have experienced a cyber security breach in the past and may be vulnerable to future security breaches, data privacy, and other information technology failures that could have a material adverse effect on our financial performance and operating results and disrupt our operations.
Our information technology systems are critically important to operating our business efficiently and effectively. We rely on our information technology systems to manage our data, communications, news, and advertising content, digital products, and other business processes, including many third-party systems and software, which are subject to supply chain and other cyber attacks. Despite our security measures (including, employee training, multi-factor authentication, security information and event management, firewalls and testing tools, and backup and recovery systems), on October 17, 2021, we identified the following: (i) certain servers and workstations in our environment were encrypted with ransomware, (ii) disruption of certain office and operational networks as a result of the encryption, and (iii) indications that data was taken from our network. Promptly upon detection of the security event, senior management was notified and we began to implement incident response measures to contain the incident, conduct an investigation, and plan for restoring operations. Legal counsel, a cybersecurity forensic firm, and other incident response professionals were engaged, and law enforcement and other governmental agencies were notified.
The cybersecurity incident identified on October 17, 2021 resulted in the loss in the fourth quarter of 2021 of approximately $63 million of advertising revenue, primarily related to our broadcast segment, as well as approximately $7 million through the date of filing of this Form 10-K in costs and expenses related to mitigation efforts, our investigation and the security improvements resulting therefrom. However, we did not pay the ransom that was being sought as a result of the cybersecurity incident.
These amounts exceeded the limits under our insurance policies and thus, based on the known effects of the cyber incident, the Company estimates that the cyber incident has resulted in approximately $20 million of unrecoverable net loss through the date of filing of this Form 10-K. Although we have received $30 million in reimbursement proceeds from our insurance policies through the date of filing of this Form 10-K, there can be no assurance that the insurance policies will pay their full coverage or the timing of such additional reimbursements. In addition, the Company may incur additional cyber incident response costs, and the estimated unrecoverable net loss above does not include an estimate of any liability the Company may have in the event that litigation or regulatory proceedings result from the incident.
We recurringly identify cyber threats as well as vulnerabilities in our systems and work to address them. Despite our efforts and the efforts of our third-party vendors to ensure the integrity of our software, computers, systems and information, we may not be able to anticipate, detect or recognize threats to our systems and assets, or to implement effective preventive measures against all cyber threats, especially because the techniques used are increasingly sophisticated, change frequently, are complex, and are often not recognized until launched. Cyber attacks can originate from a variety of sources, including external parties who are affiliated with foreign governments or are involved with organized crime or terrorist organizations. Third parties may also attempt to induce employees, customers or other users of our systems to disclose sensitive information or provide access to our systems or network, or to our data or that of our counterparties, and these types of risks may be difficult to detect or prevent. We expect cyber attack and breach incidents to continue, and we are unable to predict the direct or indirect impact of future attacks or breaches on our business operations.
Investigations of cyber attacks are inherently unpredictable, and it takes time to complete an investigation and have full and reliable information. While we are investigating a cyber attack, we do not necessarily know the extent of the harm or how best to remediate it, and we can repeat or compound certain errors or actions before we discover and remediate them.
The occurrence of a cyber attack, breach, unauthorized access, misuse, ransomware, computer virus or other malicious code or other cybersecurity event could jeopardize or result in the unauthorized disclosure, gathering, monitoring, misuse, corruption, loss or destruction of confidential and other information that belongs to us, our customers, our counterparties, our employees, and third-party service providers that is processed and stored in, and transmitted through, our computer systems and networks. The occurrence of such an event could also result in damage to our software, computers or systems, or otherwise cause interruptions or malfunctions in our, our customers', our counterparties' or third parties' operations. This could result in significant financial losses, loss of customers and business opportunities, reputational damage, litigation, regulatory fines, penalties, significant intervention, reimbursement or other compensatory costs, significant costs to investigate the event, remediate vulnerabilities and modify our protective measures, or otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. While we maintain insurance to cover losses related to cybersecurity risks and business interruption, such policies, as was the case with respect to the October 2021 cybersecurity incident, may not be sufficient to cover all losses of this incident or any future incidents.
Data privacy, data protection, and information security may require significant resources and present certain risks.
We collect, store, have access to and otherwise process certain confidential or sensitive data, including proprietary business information, personal data or other information that is subject to privacy and security laws, regulations and/or customer-imposed controls. Despite our efforts to protect such data, we may be vulnerable to material security breaches, theft, misplaced or lost data, programming errors, or employee errors that could potentially lead to the compromising of such data, improper use of our systems, software solutions or networks, unauthorized access, use, disclosure, modification or destruction of information, and operational disruptions. In addition, we operate in an environment in which there are different and potentially conflicting data privacy laws in effect in the various U.S. states in which we operate, and we must understand and comply with each law and standard in each of these jurisdictions while ensuring the data is secure. Our failure to comply with those regulations or to adequately secure the information we hold could result in significant liability or reputational harm.
The loss of key personnel, including talent, could disrupt the management or operations of our business and could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Our business depends upon the continued efforts, abilities and expertise of our Executive Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and other key employees. We believe that the unique combination of skills and experience possessed by our Executive Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and executive officers would be difficult to replace, and that the loss of our executive officers could have a material adverse effect on us, including the impairment of our ability to execute our business strategy. While we do not maintain a written succession plan with respect to the Executive Chairman or Chief Executive Officer, in accordance with our Corporate Governance Guidelines, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee of our Board of Directors periodically reviews and reports to the Board of Directors regarding succession planning for all executive officers, including the Executive Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, and all directors.
We could be adversely affected by labor disputes and legislation and other union activity.
The cost of producing and distributing entertainment programming has increased substantially in recent years due to, among other things, the increasing demands of creative talent and industry-wide collective bargaining agreements. Although we generally purchase programming content from others rather than produce such content ourselves, our program suppliers engage the services of writers, directors, actors and on-air and other talent, trade employees, and others, some of whom are subject to these collective bargaining agreements. Approximately 620 of our employees and freelance employees are represented by labor unions under collective bargaining agreements. If we or our program suppliers are unable to renew expiring collective bargaining agreements, it is possible that the affected unions could take action in the form of strikes or work stoppages. Failure to renew these agreements, higher costs in connection with these agreements or a significant labor dispute could adversely affect our business by causing, among other things, delays in production that lead to declining viewers, a significant disruption of operations, and reductions in the profit margins of our programming and the amounts we can charge advertisers for time. Our stations also broadcast certain professional sporting events, and our viewership may be adversely affected by player strikes or lockouts which could adversely affect our advertising revenues, results of operations and result in rebates to our Distributors for not meeting minimum event thresholds. The amounts paid under our sports licensing agreements could be negatively impacted by rising professional player salaries and collective bargaining agreements. Further, any changes in the existing labor laws, including the possible enactment of the Employee Free Choice Act, may further the realization of the foregoing risks.
The effects of the economic environment could require us to record an asset impairment of goodwill, indefinite-lived and definite-lived intangible assets.
We are required to evaluate our goodwill, indefinite-lived and definite-lived intangible assets for impairment. We evaluate our goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment annually, or more frequently, if events or changes in circumstances indicate an impairment may exist. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we did not identify any indicators that our definite-lived intangible assets may not be recoverable or that our goodwill or indefinite-lived assets were impaired. However, future losses of Distributors, continued elevated level of subscriber erosion, and any other factors that cause a deterioration in our financial results could result in future impairments charges. For additional information regarding impairments to our goodwill and intangible assets, see Valuation of Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets under Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates within Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Note 5. Goodwill, Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets, and Other Intangible Assets within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Unrelated third parties may bring claims against us based on the nature and content of information posted on our linear programming, social platforms, and websites maintained by us.
We host internet services that enable individuals to exchange information, generate content, comment on our content, and engage in various online activities. The law relating to the liability of providers of these online services for activities of their users is currently unsettled both within the United States and internationally. Claims may be brought against us for defamation, negligence, copyright or trademark infringement, unlawful activity, tort, including personal injury, fraud, or other theories based on the nature and content of information that may be posted online or generated by our users. Our defense of such actions could be costly and involve significant time and attention of our management and other resources.
Our advertising revenue can vary substantially from period to period based on many factors beyond our control. This volatility affects our operating results and may reduce our ability to repay debt or reduce the market value of our securities.
We rely on sales of advertising time for a significant portion of our revenues and, as a result, our operating results depend on the amount of advertising revenue we generate. If we generate less advertising revenue, it may be more difficult for us to repay debt and meet our debt service obligations, and the value of our business may decline. Our ability to sell advertising time depends on:
•the levels of automotive and services advertising, which historically have represented a large portion of our advertising revenue;
•the levels of political advertising, which are significantly higher in even-number years and elevated further every four years related to the presidential election (as was the case in 2020), historically have represented a large portion of our advertising revenue; for the year ended December 31, 2022 (a political year), political advertising represented 24% of broadcast segment advertising revenue; for the year ended December 31, 2021 (a non-political year), political advertising represented 4% of broadcast segment advertising revenue;
•the levels of political advertising, which are affected by political beliefs, public opinion, campaign finance laws, and the ability of political candidates and political action committees to raise and spend funds which are subject to seasonal fluctuations;
•the health of the economy in the areas where our television stations are located and in the nation as a whole;
•the popularity of our programming and that of our competition;
•the effects of declining live/appointment viewership as reported through rating systems and local television efforts to adopt and receive credit for same day viewing plus viewing on-demand thereafter;
•the effects of new rating methodologies;
•changes in the makeup of the population in the areas where our stations are located;
•the financial health of our underlying advertisers' businesses and demand for their products;
•the activities of our competitors, including increased competition from other forms of advertising-based mediums, such as other broadcast television stations, radio stations, Distributors, internet and broadband content providers and other print, outdoor, social media, and media outlets serving in the same markets;
•OTT and other emerging technologies and their potential impact on cord-cutting;
•the impact of Distributors and OTT distributors offering "skinny" programming bundles that may not include all programming of television broadcast stations and/or cable channels, such as Tennis;
•changes in pricing and sellout levels;
•the financial health of our underlying customers' that we provide management services to;
•the effectiveness of our salespeople; and
•other factors that may be beyond our control.
There can be no assurance that our advertising revenue will not be volatile in the future or that such volatility will not have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.
We purchase programming in advance based on expectations about future revenues. Actual revenues may be lower than our expectations. If this happens, we could experience losses that may make our securities less valuable.
One of our stations' most significant costs is network and syndicated programming. Our ability to generate revenue to cover this cost may affect the value of our securities. If a particular network or program is not popular in relation to its costs, we may not be able to sell enough advertising time to cover the cost.
We generally purchase syndicated programming content from others rather than producing such content ourselves, therefore, we have limited control over the costs of the programming. Often, we must purchase syndicated programming several years in advance and may have to commit to purchase more than one year's worth of programming. We may replace programs that are doing poorly before we have recaptured any significant portion of the costs we incurred or before we have fully amortized the costs. We also receive programming from networks with which we have network affiliation agreements. Generally, the agreements are for several years. The popularity of networks can affect revenue earned on those channels. Any of these factors could reduce our revenues or otherwise cause our costs to escalate relative to revenues. These factors are exacerbated during a weak advertising market.
We internally originate programming in advance based on expectations about future revenues. Actual revenues could fluctuate and may be lower than our expectations. If this happens, we could experience losses that may make our securities less valuable.
The production of internally originated programming requires a large up-front investment and the revenues derived from the airing of internally originated programming primarily depends upon its acceptance by the public, which is difficult to predict. The commercial success of original content also depends upon the quality and acceptance of other competing content released into the marketplace at or near the same time, the availability of a growing number of alternative forms of entertainment, general economic conditions and their effects on consumer spending, and other tangible and intangible factors, all of which can change and cannot be predicted with certainty. Any of these factors could reduce our revenues or otherwise cause our costs to escalate relative to revenues. These factors are exacerbated during a weak advertising market.
We may lose a large amount of programming if a network terminates its affiliation or program service arrangement with us, we are not able to negotiate arrangements at terms comparable to or more favorable than our current agreements, or if networks make programming available through services other than our local affiliates, which could increase our costs and/or reduce our revenue.
The networks produce and distribute programming in exchange for each station's commitment to air the programming at specified times and for commercial announcement time during programming and for cash fees. The amount and quality of programming provided by each network varies. See Television Markets and Stations within Item 1. Business for a detailed listing of our stations and channels as of December 31, 2022.
As network affiliation agreements come up for renewal, we (or licensees of the stations we provide programming and/or sales services to), may not be able to negotiate terms comparable to or more favorable than our current agreements. The non-renewal or termination of any of our network affiliation agreements would prevent us from being able to carry programming of the relevant network. This loss of programming would require us to obtain replacement programming, which may involve higher costs and which may not be as attractive to our target audiences, resulting in reduced revenues. Upon the termination of any of our network affiliation agreements, we would be required to establish a new network affiliation agreement for the affected station with another network or operate as an independent station.
We cannot predict the outcome of any future negotiations relating to our affiliation agreements or what impact, if any, they may have on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the impact of an increase in reverse network compensation payments, under which we compensate the network for programming pursuant to our affiliation agreements, may have a negative effect on our financial condition or results of operations. See Television Markets and Stations within Item 1. Business for a listing of current expirations of our affiliation agreements.
We may be subject to investigations or fines from governmental authorities, such as, but not limited to penalties related to violations of FCC indecency, children's programming, sponsorship identification, closed captioning and other FCC rules and policies, the enforcement of which has increased in recent years, and complaints related to such violations may delay our renewal applications with the FCC.
We provide a significant amount of live news reporting that is provided by the broadcast networks or is controlled by our on-air news talent. Although both broadcast network and our on-air talent have generally been professional and careful about the information they communicate, there is always the possibility that information may be reported that is inaccurate or even in violation of certain indecency rules promulgated by the FCC. In addition, entertainment and sports programming provided by broadcast syndicators and networks may contain content that is in violation of the indecency rules promulgated by the FCC. Because the interpretation by the courts and the FCC of the indecency rules is not always clear, it is sometimes difficult for us to determine in advance what may be indecent programming. We have insurance to cover some of the liabilities that may occur, but the FCC has enhanced its enforcement efforts relating to the regulation of indecency. Also, the FCC has various rules governing children's television programming, including commercial matter limitations, closed captioning and sponsorship identification. We are subject to such rules regardless of whether the programming is produced by us or by third parties. Violation of the indecency, children's programming or sponsorship identification rules could potentially subject us to penalties, license revocation, or renewal or qualification proceedings. For example, as described under Litigation within FCC Litigation Matters under Note 13. Commitments and Contingencies within the Consolidated Financial Statements, on May 22, 2020, the FCC released an Order and Consent Decree pursuant to which we agreed to pay $48 million and implement a four year compliance plan to resolve various matters and on September 21, 2022 issued a Notice of Apparent Liability (NAL) alleging violations of the FCC’s limits on commercial matter in children’s television programming and proposing a forfeiture of $2.7 million against the Company, and fines ranging from $20,000 to $26,000 per station for other licensees covered by the NAL (including certain stations with whom the Company has an LMA, JSA, and/or SSA), for a total of $3.4 million. There can be no assurance that future incidents that may lead to significant fines or other penalties by the FCC can be avoided.
From time to time, we may be the subject of an investigation by governmental authorities. For example, as described more fully under The FCC's multiple ownership rules and federal antitrust regulation may limit our ability to operate multiple television stations in some markets and may result in a reduction in our revenue or prevent us from reducing costs. Changes in these rules may threaten our existing strategic approach to certain television markets below, on January 4, 2019, the Company received three CIDs from the Antitrust Division of the DOJ relating to JSAs in a certain DMAs. Although, on July 1, 2021, the Department of Justice Antitrust Division advised the Company that it had closed the JSA investigation with respect to the Company without action, there can be no assurance that in the future an investigation for a similar matter will not lead to an action or proceeding against us. In the event an action or proceeding is commenced, we may be subject to fines, penalties and changes in our business that could have a negative effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Federal regulation of the broadcasting industry limits our operating flexibility, which may affect our ability to generate revenue or reduce our costs.
The FCC regulates our broadcast segment, just as it does all other companies in the broadcasting industry. We must obtain the FCC's approval whenever we need a new license, seek to renew, assign or modify a license, purchase a new station, sell an existing station, or transfer the control of one of our subsidiaries that hold a license. Our FCC licenses are critical to our broadcast segment operations; we cannot operate without them. We cannot be certain that the FCC will renew these licenses in the future or approve new acquisitions in a timely manner, if at all. If licenses are not renewed or acquisitions are not approved, we may lose revenue that we otherwise could have earned.
In addition, Congress and the FCC may, in the future, adopt new laws, regulations and policies regarding a wide variety of matters (including, but not limited to, technological changes in spectrum assigned to particular services) that could, directly or indirectly, materially and adversely affect the operation and ownership of our broadcast properties. (See Item 1. Business.)
The FCC's multiple ownership rules and federal antitrust regulation may limit our ability to operate multiple television stations in some markets and may result in a reduction in our revenue or prevent us from reducing costs. Changes in these rules may threaten our existing strategic approach to certain television markets.
Television station ownership
As discussed in National Ownership Rule under Ownership Matters under Federal Regulation of Television Broadcasting within Item 1. Business, in December 2017, the FCC released a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking to examine the National Ownership Rule, including the UHF discount, which remains pending. Because we are near the 39% cap without application of the UHF discount, changes to the UHF discount or National Ownership Rule could limit our ability to acquire television stations in additional markets.
As discussed in Local Marketing and Outsourcing Agreements under Federal Regulation of Television Broadcasting within Item 1. Business, in August 2016, the FCC issued the Ownership Order to provide for the attribution of JSAs where two television stations are located in the same market and a party with an attributable interest in one station sells more than 15% of the advertising time per week of the other station. JSAs that existed prior to March 31, 2014, were exempted from attribution until October 1, 2025. In 2017, in its Ownership Order on Reconsideration, the FCC eliminated the JSA attribution rule. The Ownership Order on Reconsideration was vacated and remanded by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in September 2019, but the Supreme Court ultimately reversed the Third Circuit's decision on April 1, 2021 and the Ownership Order on Reconsideration (including elimination of the "JSA attribution rule") is currently in effect. We have entered into outsourcing agreements (such as "JSAs") whereby 34 stations provide various non-programming related services such as sales, operational and managerial services to or by other stations within the same markets. For additional information, refer to Television Markets and Stations within Item 1. Business. See Note 14. Variable Interest Entities within the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of our JSAs which we consolidate as variable interest entities.
Certain of our stations have entered into LMAs pursuant to which we may provide programming to and sell advertising on a separately owned television station serving the same market. The FCC attributes LMAs to the programmer if the programmer provides more than 15% of a station’s weekly broadcast programming; provided, that, LMAs entered into prior to November 5, 1996, including ours, are currently exempt from attribution. The FCC may review these exempted LMAs in the future and if it determines to terminate or modify the exempt period and make all LMAs fully attributable we will be required to terminate or modify our exempted LMAs unless the FCC's local ownership rules would permit us to own both stations. As of December 31, 2021, we provide services under exempted LMAs to eight television stations owned by third parties. See Note 14. Variable Interest Entities within the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of our LMAs which we consolidate as variable interest entities.
As discussed in Other Pending Matters under Federal Regulation of Television Broadcasting within Item 1. Business, in December 2018, the FCC initiated the 2018 Quadrennial Review of its ownership rules. On July 16, 2021, the FCC extended the comment period and the comment and reply comment deadline closed on October 1, 2021. This proceeding remains pending. On December 22, 2022, the FCC released a Public Notice to initiate the 2022 Quadrennial Regulatory Review despite the pendency of the 2018 Quadrennial Review, seeking comment on the Local Radio Ownership Rule, the Local Television Ownership Rule, and the Dual Network Rule, among other things. Comments are due on March 3, 2023 and reply comments are due March 20, 2023.
On January 4, 2019, the Company received three CIDs from the Antitrust Division of the DOJ. In each CID, the DOJ requested that the Company produce certain documents and materials relating to JSAs in a specific DMA. We believe the DOJ has issued similar civil investigative demands to other companies in our industry. On July 1, 2021, the Department of Justice Antitrust Division advised the Company that it had closed the JSA investigation with respect to the Company without action.
See Changes in the Rules of Television Ownership, Local Marketing Agreements, Joint Sales Agreements, Retransmission Consent Negotiations, and National Ownership Cap under Note 13. Commitments and Contingencies within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
If we are required to terminate or modify our LMAs, JSAs and other outsourcing agreements, our business could be affected in the following ways:
•Loss of revenues. If the FCC requires us to modify or terminate existing arrangements, we would lose some or all of the revenues generated from those arrangements. We would lose revenue because we will have fewer demographic options, a smaller audience distribution and lower revenue share to offer to advertisers.
•Increased costs. If the FCC requires us to modify or terminate existing arrangements, our cost structure would increase as we would potentially lose significant operating synergies and we may also need to add new employees. With termination of LMAs, we likely would incur increased programming costs because we will be competing with the separately owned station for syndicated programming.
•Losses on investments. As part of certain of our arrangements, we own the non-license assets used by the stations with which we have arrangements. If certain of these arrangements are no longer permitted, we would be forced to sell these assets, restructure our agreements or find another use for them. If this happens, the market for such assets may not be as good as when we purchased them and, therefore, we cannot be certain of a favorable return on our original investments.
•Termination penalties. If the FCC requires us to modify or terminate existing arrangements before the terms of the arrangements expire, or under certain circumstances, we elect not to extend the terms of the arrangements, we may be forced to pay termination penalties under the terms of certain of our arrangements. Any such termination penalties could be material.
•Alternative arrangements. If the FCC requires us to terminate the existing arrangements, we may enter into one or more alternative arrangements. Any such arrangements may be on terms that are less beneficial to us than the existing arrangements.
Failure of owner / licensee to exercise control
The FCC requires the owner / licensee of a station to maintain independent control over the programming and operations of the station. As a result, the owners / licensees of those stations with which we have outsourcing agreements can exert their control in ways that may be counter to our interests, including the right to preempt or terminate programming in certain instances. The preemption and termination rights cause some uncertainty as to whether we will be able to air all of the programming that we have purchased under our LMAs and therefore, uncertainty about the advertising revenue that we will receive from such programming. In addition, if the FCC determines that the owner / licensee is not exercising sufficient control, it may penalize the owner licensee by a fine, revocation of the license for the station or a denial of the renewal of that license. Any one of these scenarios, especially the revocation of or denial of renewal of a license, might result in a reduction of our cash flow or margins and an increase in our operating costs. In addition, penalties might also affect our qualifications to hold FCC licenses, putting our own licenses at risk.
The pendency and indeterminacy of the outcome of these ownership rules and the CIDs, which may limit our ability to provide services to additional or existing stations pursuant to licenses, LMAs, outsourcing agreements or otherwise, expose us to a certain amount of volatility, particularly if the outcomes are adverse to us. Further, resolution of these ownership rules and the CIDs has been and will likely continue to be a cost burden and a distraction to our management and the continued absence of a resolution may have a negative effect on our business.
We have invested and will continue to invest in new technology initiatives which may not result in usable technology or intellectual property.
We have heavily invested in the development of the NextGen TV platforms as discussed in Development of Next Generation Wireless Platform under Operating Strategy within Item 1. Business. We do not know whether the outcome of our research and development will result in technology that will be usable on our distribution platform or available to license to third parties. Any failure to develop this technology could result in the loss of our investment. Our costs incurred related to the development of the NextGen TV platform is recorded within non-media expenses within our consolidated statements of operations. Additionally, we have developed, on our own and through joint ventures, several NextGen TV related patents that we will attempt to monetize directly, through third-party agents, or through a patent pool designed to consolidate similar patents owned by independent licensors for licensing to equipment manufacturers. We do not know whether our attempts at monetization will result in licensing arrangements that will be accepted by such equipment manufacturers or result in any royalty payments for our intellectual property rights.
Risks relating to our concentrated voting stock ownership
The Smiths exercise control over most matters submitted to a stockholder vote and may have interests that differ from other security holders. They may, therefore, take actions that are not in the interests of other security holders.
As of December 31, 2022, David D. Smith, Frederick G. Smith, J. Duncan Smith, and Robert E. Smith hold shares representing approximately 80.8% of our common stock voting rights and, therefore, control the outcome of most matters submitted to a vote of our stockholders, including, but not limited to, electing directors, adopting amendments to our certificate of incorporation, and approving corporate transactions. The Smiths hold substantially all of the Class B Common Stock, which have ten votes per share. Our Class A Common Stock has only one vote per share. Future transfers by holders of Class B Common Stock will generally result in those shares converting to Class A Common Stock, subject to limited exceptions, such as transfers effected for estate planning purposes. The conversion of Class B Common Stock to Class A Common Stock will have the effect, over time, of increasing the relative voting power of those holders of Class B Common Stock who retain their shares in the long term. In addition, the Smiths hold four of our Board of Directors' seats and, therefore, have the power to exert significant influence over our corporate management and policies. The Smiths have entered into a stockholders' agreement pursuant to which they have agreed to vote for each other as candidates for election to our Board of Directors until December 31, 2025.
Although in the past the Smiths have recused themselves from related person transactions, circumstances may occur in which the interests of the Smiths, as the controlling security holders, could be in conflict with the interests of other security holders and the Smiths would have the ability to cause us to take actions in their interest. In addition, the Smiths could pursue acquisitions, divestitures, or other transactions that, in their judgment, could enhance their equity investment, even though such transactions might involve risks to our other security holders. Further, the concentration of ownership the Smiths possess may have the effect of discouraging, delaying, or preventing a future change of control, which could deprive our stockholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and might reduce the price of our shares.
(See Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters and Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, which will be included as part of our Proxy Statement for our 2023 Annual Meeting.)
Significant divestitures by the Smiths could cause them to own or control less than 51% of the voting power of our shares, which in turn (i) could, as discussed under A failure to comply with covenants under debt instruments could result in a default under such debt instruments, acceleration of amounts due under our debt and loss of assets securing our loans within Item 1A. Risk Factors, under certain circumstances require us to offer to buy back some or all of our outstanding STG 5.125% unsecured notes due 2027, the STG 5.500% unsecured notes due 2030, and the STG 4.125% secured notes due 2030 (the STG notes are collectively referred to as the "STG Notes") and could result in an event of default under our credit agreement ("STG Bank Credit Agreement") and (ii) give Cunningham Broadcasting Corporation ("Cunningham") the right to terminate the LMAs and other outsourcing agreements with Cunningham due to a "change in control." Any such termination of LMAs could have an adverse effect on our results of operations. The FCC's multiple ownership rules may limit our ability to operate multiple television stations in some markets and may result in a reduction in our revenue or prevent us from reducing costs. Changes in these rules may threaten our existing strategic approach to certain television markets. See the risk factor below regarding the FCC's multiple ownership rules.
Risks relating to our debt
Our substantial debt could adversely affect our financial condition and prevent us from fulfilling our debt obligations.
We have a high level of debt, totaling $4,265 million at December 31, 2022, compared to the book value of shareholders' equity of $681 million on the same date.
Our high level of debt poses risks, including the following risks, particularly in periods of declining revenues:
•we may be unable to service our debt obligations, especially during negative economic, financial credit and market industry conditions;
•we may require a significant portion of our cash flow to pay principal and interest on our outstanding debt, especially during negative economic and market industry conditions;
•the amount available for joint ventures, working capital, capital expenditures, dividends and other general corporate purposes may be limited because a significant portion of cash flow is used to pay principal and interest on outstanding debt;
•if our distribution and advertising revenues decline, we may not be able to service our debt;
•our lenders may not be as willing to lend additional amounts to us for future joint ventures, working capital needs, additional acquisitions or other purposes;
•rating agencies may downgrade our corporate family rating and/or debt ratings which could impair our ability to raise funds, refinance debt, or incur a higher financing cost;
•the cost to borrow from lenders may increase or market rates may increase;
•our ability to access the capital markets may be limited, and we may be unable to issue securities with pricing or other terms that we find attractive, if at all;
•if our cash flow were inadequate to make interest and principal payments, we might have to restructure or refinance our debt or sell an equity interest in one or more of our broadcast stations to reduce debt service obligations;
•our interest rate hedges incurring losses and causing us to make additional interest payments;
•we may be limited in our flexibility in planning for and reacting to changes in the industry in which we compete; and
•we may be more vulnerable to adverse economic conditions than less leveraged competitors and thus, less able to withstand competitive pressures.
Any of these events could reduce our ability to generate cash available for debt service, investment, repay, restructure or refinance our debt, seek additional debt or equity capital, make capital improvements or to respond to events that would enhance profitability.
We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service all of our debt and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our obligations under our debt, which may not be successful.
Our ability to make scheduled payments on or refinance our debt obligations depends on our financial condition and operating performance, which are subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to certain financial, business, competitive, legislative, regulatory and other factors beyond our control. We may be unable to maintain a level of cash flows from operating activities sufficient to permit us to pay the principal, premium, if any, and interest on our debt.
If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we could face substantial liquidity problems and could be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures, or to dispose of equity interests in our equity investments, other material assets or operations, seek additional debt or equity capital or restructure or refinance our debt. We may not be able to affect any such alternative measures, if necessary, on commercially reasonable terms or at all and, even if successful, those alternative actions may not allow us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. The STG Bank Credit Agreement, and each of the indentures that govern the STG Notes restrict our ability to dispose of assets and use the proceeds from such dispositions and restrict our ability to raise debt or equity capital to be used to repay other debt when it becomes due. We may not be able to consummate those dispositions or to obtain proceeds in an amount sufficient to meet any debt service obligations then due.
If we cannot make scheduled payments on our debt, we will be in default and holders of our debt could declare all outstanding principal and interest to be due and payable, the lenders under the STG Bank Credit Agreement could terminate their commitments to loan us money, the lenders could foreclose against the assets securing their obligations and we and/or STG could be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation.
Despite our current level of debt, we and our subsidiaries may still be able to incur substantially more debt. This could further exacerbate the risks to our financial condition described herein.
We and our subsidiaries may be able to incur additional indebtedness in the future. Although the terms of the debt instruments to which we are subject contain restrictions on the incurrence of additional debt, these restrictions are subject to a number of qualifications and exceptions, and the additional debt incurred in compliance with these restrictions could be substantial. These restrictions also will not prevent us from incurring obligations that do not constitute indebtedness. If new debt is added to our current debt levels, the related risks that we and the guarantors now face could intensify.
Our variable rate debt subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our debt service obligations to increase significantly.
Interest rates may increase in the future. As a result, interest rates on the obligations under the STG Bank Credit Agreement or other variable rate debt offerings could be higher or lower than current levels. As of December 31, 2022, approximately $2,733 million principal amount of our debt relates to the STG Bank Credit Agreement and is subject to variable interest rates. If interest rates increase, our debt service obligations on our variable rate debt would increase even though the amount borrowed remained the same, and our net income and cash flows, including cash available for servicing our debt, would correspondingly decrease. While we may in the future enter into interest rate hedging agreements with respect to our borrowings under certain credit agreements, such agreements are not expected to fully mitigate against interest rate risk.
The replacement of LIBOR with SOFR may adversely affect interest expense related to outstanding debt.
In July 2017, Financial Conduct Authority (the authority that regulates LIBOR) announced its intent to stop compelling banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR after 2021, and the administrator of LIBOR announced its intention to cease the publication of LIBOR on June 30, 2023. The Alternative Reference Rates Committee has proposed that SOFR is the rate that represents best practice as the alternative to LIBOR for use in financial contracts currently indexed to LIBOR. Given the inherent differences between LIBOR and SOFR, or any other alternative benchmark rate that may be established, there are many uncertainties regarding a transition from LIBOR. Using SOFR could make borrowing more expensive because it lacks a credit component, which could cause lenders to increase spreads to price for this uncertainty. The market transition away from LIBOR to an alternative reference rate is complex and overall financial markets may be disrupted as a result of the phase-out. The availability and cost of our borrowings due to the adoption of SOFR or other alternative benchmark rates or a broader market disruption caused by the phase-out of LIBOR could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Our use of derivative financial instruments to reduce interest rate risk may result in added volatility in our operating results.
We do not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for trading purposes. However, we do utilize derivative financial instruments to reduce interest rate risk associated with our indebtedness. To manage variable interest rate risk, we entered into an interest rate swap agreement in February 2023, which will effectively convert a portion of our indebtedness into a fixed rate loan. The associated impact on our operating results is directly related to changes in prevailing interest rates. Consequently, these swaps may introduce additional volatility into our operating results.
Commitments we have made to our lenders limit our ability to take actions that could increase the value of our securities and business or may require us to take actions that decrease the value of our securities and business.
Our financing agreements prevent us from taking certain actions and require us to meet certain tests. These restrictions and tests may require us to conduct our business in ways that make it more difficult to repay unsecured debt or decrease the value of our securities and business. These restrictions and tests include the following:
•restrictions on the incurrence, assumption or guaranteeing of additional debt, or the issuance of disqualified stock or preferred stock;
•restrictions on the payment of dividends, other distributions or repurchases of equity;
•restrictions on certain investments and other restricted payments;
•restrictions on transactions with affiliates;
•restrictions on the creation, incurrence, assumption, or suffering the existence of liens;
•restrictions on the sale and disposition of certain assets to third parties;
•restrictions on the issuance of guarantees of and pledges for indebtedness;
•restrictions on consolidation, merger or sale of all or substantially all of our assets;
•restrictions on the ability of certain subsidiaries to limit their ability to pay dividends and make other payments to the Issuers or the guarantors;
•restrictions on the ability to designate restricted subsidiaries as unrestricted subsidiaries and on transfers of assets to unrestricted subsidiaries and other non-guarantor subsidiaries; and
•restrictions or costs to repay or refinance existing debt;
Future financing arrangements may contain additional restrictions, tests, and restrictive covenants that may limit our ability to pursue certain opportunities, limit our ability to raise additional debt or equity financing to operate during general economic or business downturns, and prevent us from taking action that could increase the value of our securities or require actions that decrease the value of our securities.
In addition, we may fail to meet the tests and thereby default on one or more of our obligations (particularly if the economy weakens and reduces our advertising revenues). If we default on our obligations, creditors could require immediate payment of the obligations or foreclose on collateral. If this happens, we could be forced to sell equity interests in our equity investments, TV stations or other assets or take other actions that could significantly reduce our value and we may not have sufficient assets or funds to pay our debt obligations.
A failure to comply with covenants under debt instruments could result in a default under such debt instruments, acceleration of amounts due under our debt, and loss of assets securing our loans.
Certain of our debt agreements will contain cross-default provisions with other debt, which means that a default under certain of our debt instruments may cause a default under such other debt.
If we breach certain of our debt covenants, we will be unable to utilize the full borrowing capacity under our debt arrangements and our lenders could require us to repay the debt immediately, and, if the debt is secured, could immediately take possession of the property securing such debt. In addition, because certain of our debt agreements contain cross-default and cross-acceleration provisions with other debt, if any other debtholder of STG were to declare its loan due and payable as a result of a default, the holders of the respective debt of STG ("STG Bank Credit Agreement" and "STG Notes"), might be able to require us to pay those debts immediately.
As a result, any default under debt covenants could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and our ability to meet our obligations.
General risk factors
Financial and economic conditions may have an adverse impact on our industry, business, and results of operations or financial condition.
Financial, economic and geopolitical conditions could have an adverse effect on the fundamentals of our business, results of operations, and/or financial condition. Poor economic and industry conditions could have a negative impact on our industry or the industry of those customers who advertise on our stations, including, among others, the automotive industry and service businesses, each of which is a significant source of our advertising revenue. Additionally, financial institutions, capital providers, or other consumers may be adversely affected. Potential consequences of any financial and economic decline include:
•the financial condition of those companies that advertise on our stations and digital platforms, including, among others, the automobile manufacturers and dealers, may be adversely affected and could result in a significant decline in our advertising revenue;
•geopolitical conditions could negatively impact global supply prices and disrupt supply chain levels, which could negatively impact our operations, our customers operations and our Distributors operations;
•our ability to pursue the divestiture of certain assets at attractive values may be limited;
•the possibility that our business partners, such as counterparties to our outsourcing and news share arrangements, could be negatively impacted and our ability to maintain these business relationships could also be impaired;
•our ability to refinance our existing debt on terms and at interest rates we find attractive, if at all, may be impaired;
•our ability to make certain capital expenditures may be significantly impaired;
•our ability to pursue the acquisition of attractive assets may be limited if we are unable to obtain any necessary additional capital on favorable terms, if at all;
•content providers may cut back on the amount of content we can acquire to program stations; and
•the possibility of our distribution customers losing subscribers, thereby impacting our distribution revenues.
Diamond Sports Group has announced that it is evaluating strategic alternatives.
On February 15, 2023, DSG announced that it entered into the 30-day grace period with respect to the approximately $140 million cash interest payments scheduled to be paid on February 15, 2023, on its 6.625% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2027, 5.375% 2L Senior Secured Notes due 2026, and 5.375% 3L Senior Secured Notes due 2026. DSG stated that it intends to use the 30-day grace period to continue progressing its ongoing discussions with creditors and other key stakeholders regarding potential strategic alternatives and deleveraging transactions. DSG is independently managed and the outcome of DSG’s strategic alternatives and/or deleveraging transactions is currently uncertain. Although DSG and its parent, DSIH, were deconsolidated from our financial statements effective March 1, 2022, we cannot ascertain whether potential resolutions will have a material impact on our cash flows and financial position.

---

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.

---

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
We own and lease facilities consisting of offices, studios, sales offices, and tower and transmitter sites throughout the U.S. Our owned and leased transmitter and tower sites are located in areas to provide maximum signal coverage to our stations' markets. We believe that all of our properties, both owned and leased, are generally in good operating condition, subject to normal wear and tear, and are suitable and adequate for our current business operations. We believe that no one property represents a material amount of the total properties owned or leased.

---

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
We are a party to lawsuits, claims, and regulatory matters from time to time in the ordinary course of business. Actions currently pending are in various stages and no material judgments or decisions have been rendered by hearing boards or courts in connection with such actions.
See Litigation under Note 13. Commitments and Contingencies within the Consolidated Financial Statements for discussion related to certain pending lawsuits.

---

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
None.
PART II

---

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Our Class A Common Stock is listed for trading on the NASDAQ stock market under the symbol "SBGI". Our Class B Common Stock is not traded on a public trading market or quotation system.
As of February 27, 2023, there are approximately 34 shareholders of record of our Class A Common Stock. Many of our shares of Class A Common Stock are held by brokers and institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of stockholders represented by these record holders.
We intend to pay regular quarterly dividends to our stockholders, although all future dividends on our Common Stock, if any, will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on several factors including our results of operations, cash requirements and surplus, financial condition, covenant restrictions, and other factors that the Board of Directors may deem relevant.
In February 2023, we declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.25 per share.
See Note 3. Stock-Based Compensation Plans within the Consolidated Financial Statements for discussion of our stock-based compensation plans.
Comparative Stock Performance
The following line graph compares the yearly percentage change in the cumulative total shareholder return on our Class A Common Stock with the cumulative total return of the NASDAQ Composite Index and the cumulative total return of the NASDAQ Telecommunications Index (an index containing performance data of radio and television broadcast companies and communication equipment and accessories manufacturers) from December 31, 2017 through December 31, 2022. The performance graph assumes that an investment of $100 was made in the Class A Common Stock and in each Index on December 31, 2017 and that all dividends were reinvested. Total shareholder return is measured by dividing total dividends (assuming dividend reinvestment) plus share price change for a period by the share price at the beginning of the measurement period.
Company/Index/Market 12/31/2017 12/31/2018 12/31/2019 12/31/2020 12/31/2021 12/31/2022
Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc. 100.00 71.33 92.04 91.20 77.71 47.64
NASDAQ Composite Index 100.00 97.16 132.81 192.47 235.15 158.65
NASDAQ Telecommunications Index 100.00 77.39 91.90 101.16 103.32 75.55
Stock Repurchases
The following table summarizes repurchases of our stock in the quarter ended December 31, 2022:
Period Total Number of Shares Purchased (a) Average Price Per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of a Publicly Announced Program Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Program (in millions)
Class A Common Stock: (b)
10/01/22 - 10/31/22 256,594 $ 18.61 256,594 $ 699
11/01/22 - 11/30/22 46,434 $ 17.83 46,434 $ 698
12/01/22 - 12/31/22 - $ - - $ 698
(a)All repurchases were made in open-market transactions.
(b)On August 4, 2020, the Board of Directors authorized an additional $500 million share repurchase authorization in addition to the previous repurchase authorization of $1 billion. There is no expiration date and currently, management has no plans to terminate this program. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we repurchased approximately 4.9 million shares for $120 million under a Rule 10b5-1 plan. As of December 31, 2022, the total remaining purchase authorization was $698 million.

---

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

---

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Forward Looking Statements
We make statements in this section that are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. For a complete discussion of forward-looking statements, see the section in this report entitled "Forward-Looking Statements." Certain risks may cause our actual results, performance, or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by the following discussion. For a discussion of such risk factors, see Item 1A. Risk Factors.
Overview
The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis provides qualitative and quantitative information about our financial performance and condition which should be read in conjunction with the other sections in this annual report, including Item 1. Business and the Consolidated Financial Statements, including the accompanying notes to those statements. This discussion consists of the following sections:
Executive Overview - a description of our business, summary of significant events, and information about industry trends;
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates - a discussion of the accounting policies that are most important in understanding the assumptions and judgments incorporated in the consolidated financial statements and a summary of recent accounting pronouncements;
Results of Operations - a summary of the components of our revenues by category and by network affiliation, a summary of other operating data, and an analysis of our revenues and expenses for 2022, 2021, and 2020, including a comparison between 2022 and 2021; and
Liquidity and Capital Resources - a discussion of our primary sources of liquidity and contractual cash obligations and an analysis of our cash flows from or used in operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities.
EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW
We are a diversified media company with national reach and a strong focus on providing high-quality content on our local television stations, digital platform, and, prior to the Deconsolidation, regional and national sports networks. The content, distributed through our broadcast platform and third-party platforms, consists of programming provided by third-party networks and syndicators, local news, other original programming produced by us and our owned networks, and, prior to the Deconsolidation, college and professional sports. Additionally, we own digital media products that are complementary to our extensive portfolio of television station related digital properties and we have interests in, own, manage and/or operate technical and software services companies, research and development for the advancement of broadcast technology, and other media and non-media related businesses and assets, including real estate, venture capital, private equity, and direct investments.
As of December 31, 2022, we had one reportable segment for accounting purposes, broadcast. Prior to the Deconsolidation, we had two reportable segments for accounting purposes, broadcast and local sports. Our broadcast segment is comprised of our television stations. Our local sports segment was comprised of the RSNs and the YES Network. We also earn revenues from our owned networks, original content, digital and internet services, technical services, and non-media investments. These businesses are included within other. Other and corporate are not reportable segments. See Deconsolidation of Diamond Sports Intermediate Holdings LLC under Note 1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
STG, for which certain assets and results of operations are included in the broadcast segment and which is one of our wholly owned subsidiaries, is the primary obligor under the STG Bank Credit Agreement and the STG Notes. We and substantially all of STG’s subsidiaries are guarantors under the STG debt instruments. Our Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock remain securities of SBG and not obligations or securities of STG.
For more information about our business, reportable segments, and our operating strategy, see Item 1. Business in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Summary of Significant Events
Transactions
•On March 1, 2022, SBG's subsidiary, Diamond Sports Intermediate Holdings, LLC, and certain of its direct and indirect subsidiaries, completed the Transaction. As part of the Transaction, the governance structure of DSIH was modified. As a result, DSIH, whose operations were the entirety of our local sports segment, was deconsolidated from the Company’s consolidated financial statements effective as of March 1, 2022. See Deconsolidation of Diamond Sports Intermediate Holdings LLC under Note 1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies within the Consolidated Financial Statements. In connection with the Transaction, we agreed to defer a portion of our management fees from DSG for the next several years.
•In March 2022, Tejas Networks ("Tejas"), part of the Tata Group, signed a definitive agreement to acquire approximately 65% of the shares of Saankhya Labs Private Ltd. Bangalore ("Saankhya"), in cash with the approximately 35% balance to be acquired subsequently through a merger process. ONE Media 3.0, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, owned a 49% interest in Saankhya and sold the majority of its interest, while retaining a minority interest in Tejas. The proceedings for merger with Tejas have been initiated, and closing of the merger is subject to Teja shareholder approval as well as customary regulatory approvals in India.
•In May 2022, we sold certain assets of Ring of Honor Entertainment, including the wrestling promotion’s extensive video library dating back to 2002, brand assets, intellectual property, production equipment, and more, to an affiliate of All Elite Wrestling.
Content and Distribution
•In January 2022, we entered into multi-year renewals of the NBC affiliations and FOX affiliations in a total of 20 of our markets. Our partners to which we provide sales and other services under joint sales agreements or master service agreements also renewed NBC affiliations in four markets and FOX affiliations in seven markets.
•In January 2022, Tennis reached a multiyear agreement with the Women’s Tennis Association ("WTA") to telecast year-round WTA matches in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and the Netherlands through Tennis’s subscription service and digital FAST channels.
•In March 2022, we announced the launch of our new business development unit, Free State Strategic Services ("Free State"). Free State’s mission is to provide the federal government, along with state and local agencies, a full suite of targeted digital marketing and advertising solutions to help government agencies communicate with the American public effectively and efficiently.
•In April 2022, we announced that we and Charter Communications, Inc. reached a comprehensive distribution agreement for continued carriage of our owned local broadcast stations and Tennis.
•In September 2022, our NewsON business, the nation's largest streaming service for local news content, added 13 CBS local stations to its platform, bringing its total station count to over 250 and its U.S. household coverage to 92%.
•In October 2022, we announced a broad, multi-platform creative partnership with Anthony Zuiker, the creator of the global hit franchise CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, to work with us in developing original programming and content across a range of formats and subjects.
•In October 2022, we announced a multi-year ABC network affiliation agreement with Disney Media & Entertainment Distribution for our stations and stations to which we provide sales and other services under joint sales agreements, together covering 30 markets.
•In February 2023, we announced that our free, over-the-air multicast networks COMET, CHARGE!, and TBD will add 2.4 million households through upgraded local broadcast affiliates and linear carriage. This brings the total new coverage since the start of 2022 to nearly 17 million households.
Environmental, Social, and Governance
•In March 2022, ONE Media 3.0 held a three-part, virtual webinar series tackling the intricacies of Advanced Emergency Information (AEI) powered by the NextGen Broadcast standard, including the ways in which AEI can strengthen relationships with local emergency managers and public safety professionals, and how AEI can enable TV newsrooms to better serve communities during threats.
•In April 2022, we nominated the renowned Dr. Ben Carson, an experienced board director, former United States Presidential primary candidate and former Secretary of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, for election to our Board of Directors, as we continue to seek to add diversity to our leadership. In June 2022, Dr. Carson was elected to our Board of Directors.
•In April 2022, Project Baltimore, the special investigative reporting unit of WBFF/Fox 45 News, was honored by Investigative Reporters and Editors ("IRE") for its reporting on Baltimore's failure in its public school system. This was the fourth consecutive year a Sinclair newsroom has been so honored. In addition, KUTV in Salt Lake City was an IRE finalist for their investigation into the systematic failures within Utah’s probation and parole system. Over the last three years, our newsrooms have won a total of over 1,000 journalism awards.
•In April 2022, we launched "Sinclair Green: Battery Recycling," a promotional campaign which ran throughout the month, in conjunction with Earth Month, encouraging our employees and viewers to recycle household batteries at a Batteries Plus location or through their local municipality. In addition, we began a pilot program to reduce the amount of batteries we use and to recycle our battery waste.
•In April 2022, we raised over $215,000, including a $50,000 donation from the Company, through "Sinclair Cares: Ukraine Relief," a fundraising partnership with Global Red Cross to help with their humanitarian relief efforts in Ukraine and neighboring countries.
•In April 2022, our television stations were honored with a total of six National Headliner Awards, including top honors in the Public Service and Health/Science categories.
•In June 2022, we launched "Sinclair Cares: Summer Hunger Relief," which raised approximately $205,000, including a $25,000 donation from the Company, helping provide more than two million meals to children and families across the U.S.
•In July 2022, we announced that we awarded $50,000 in tuition assistance as part of our annual Diversity Scholarship program, aiming to invest in the future of the broadcast industry while helping students from diverse backgrounds. The program, started in 2013, was expanded nationally this year.
•For the year ended December 31, 2022, our newsrooms won a total of 290 journalism awards, including 24 Regional and two National RTDNA Edward R. Murrow awards and 74 regional Emmy awards.
NextGen Broadcasting (ATSC 3.0)
•In January 2022, the NextGen Video Information Systems Alliance published new consumer-facing research, sponsored by our subsidiary, ONE Media 3.0, that offered the first insight into which features American consumers want most in a NextGen Broadcast-enabled emergency information service. These include a desire for geo-targeted alerts, the ability to screen for only selected alerts, options for updated alerts, and importantly, a robust/dependable system that does not crash when the Internet or cell system goes down. All of these features are embedded in the NextGen Broadcast service.
•In January 2022, MPEG LA, a pioneer in the formation and management of patent pools, completed the formation of the ATSC 3.0 Patent Pool, dramatically simplifying the efficient licensing of the new ATSC 3.0 broadcast technology in multiple-receive devices, easing the distribution and deployment process. Included in the ATSC 3.0 Patent Pool are various patents owned by our subsidiary, ONE Media.
•In August 2022, we announced that we entered into Memorandums of Understanding with two top Korean broadcast networks - Korean Broadcast Systems and Munhwa Broadcasting Corp - to collaborate on the development and implementation of NextGen broadcast models and technology in both Korea and the United States.
•In November 2022, we entered into a Memorandum of Understanding with Hyundai Mobis, one of the world's largest automotive parts and services companies, to collaborate on the development and implementation of ATSC 3.0-enabled automotive business models in both Korea and the United States.
•In 2022 and to date in 2023, we, in coordination with other broadcasters, and led by BitPath, our joint venture with another broadcaster, have deployed NextGen TV, powered by ATSC 3.0, in the 14 additional markets below. This brings the total number of our markets in which NextGen TV has been deployed to 36:
Month Market Number of Stations Company Stations
January 2022 Green Bay, WI 5 WLUK-TV (FOX), WCWF (CW)
March 2022 West Palm Beach, FL 5 WPEC (CBS), WWHB-CD (TBD)
March 2022 Charleston, SC 5 WCIV (ABC)
March 2022 Flint, MI 5 WSMH (FOX), WEYI-TV(a) (NBC), WBSF(a) (CW)
March 2022 Albany, NY 5 WRGB (CBS), WCWN (CW)
April 2022 Richmond-Petersburg, VA 7 WRLH-TV (FOX)
April 2022 Omaha, NE 5 KPTM (FOX), KXVO(b) (TBD)
June 2022 Greenville, SC 5 WLOS (ABC), WMYA(b) (MNT)
June 2022 Fresno / Visalia, CA 5 KMPH-TV (FOX), KFRE-TV (CW)
June 2022 San Antonio, TX 4 KABB (FOX), WOAI (NBC), KMYS(a) (DABL)
September 2022 Roanoke / Lynchburg, VA 5 WSET-TV
October 2022 Wichita / Hutchinson, KS 7 KSAS-TV (FOX), KMTW(b) (DABL)
December 2022 Birmingham / Tuscaloosa, AL 7 WTTO (CW), WABM (ABC), WDBB(b) (ABC and CW)
December 2022 Champaign / Springfield / Decatur, IL 8 WICS (ABC), WICD (ABC), WRSP-TV(a) (FOX), WCCU(a) (FOX), WBUI(a) (CW)
(a)The license and programming assets for these stations are currently owned by a third party. We provide certain non-programming related sales, operational, and administrative services to these stations pursuant to service agreements, such as JSAs and SSAs.
(b)The license asset for these stations are currently owned by a third party. We provide programming, sales, operational, and administrative services to these stations pursuant to certain service agreements, such as LMAs.
Financing, Capital Allocation, and Shareholder Returns
•In March 2022, we increased our quarterly cash dividend by 25% to $0.25 per share.
•In April 2022, we amended the STG Bank Credit Agreement to raise STG Term B-4 Loans in the amount of $750 million in order to refinance all outstanding STG Term B-1 loans and to redeem all of the outstanding STG 5.875% Notes. The amendment also extended the maturity of $612.5 million of revolving commitments to April 21, 2027.
•In the second quarter of 2022, we purchased $118 million aggregate principal amount of the STG 5.125% Notes in open market transactions for consideration of $104 million.
•For the year ended December 31, 2022, we repurchased approximately 4.9 million shares of Class A Common Stock for $120 million.
•For the year ended December 31, 2022, we paid dividends of $1.00 per share. In February 2023, we declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.25 per share.
Industry Trends
•During the last few years, the number of subscribers to Distributor services in the United States has been declining, as technological advancements have driven changes in consumer behavior and have empowered consumers to seek more control over when, where, and how they consume news, sports, and other entertainment, including through the so-called “cutting the cord” and other consumption strategies.
•The Distributor industry has continued to undergo significant consolidation, which gives top Distributors purchasing power.
•vMVPDs have continued to gain increasing importance and have quickly become a critical segment of the market. These vMVPDs offer a limited number of networks at a lower price point as compared to the traditional cable offering.
•Political spending is significantly higher in the even-numbered years due to the cyclicality of political elections. In addition, every four years, political spending is typically elevated further due to the advertising related to the presidential election. 2020 proved to be a record year in political advertising.
•The FCC has permitted broadcast television stations to use their digital spectrum for a wide variety of services including multi-channel broadcasts. The FCC "must-carry" rules only apply to a station's primary digital stream.
•Seasonal advertising increases within our broadcast segment occur in the second and fourth quarters due to the anticipation of certain seasonal and holiday spending by consumers.
•Broadcasters have found ways to increase returns on their news programming initiatives while continuing to maintain locally produced content through the use of news sharing arrangements.
•Broadcasters have begun to expand their own DTC platforms.
•'Big Tech' has begun offering OTT platforms and broadcast networks have begun launching their own DTC platforms.
•Advertising revenue related to the Summer Olympics occurs in even numbered years, with the exception of 2020 which was postponed due to COVID-19 and took place in Summer 2021. Advertising revenue related to the Winter Olympics also occurs in even numbered years but are two years apart from the Summer Olympics. The Super Bowl is aired on a different network each year. All of these popularly viewed events can have an impact on our advertising revenues.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES
This discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amount of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an on-going basis, we evaluate our estimates including those related to revenue recognition, goodwill and intangible assets, program contract costs, income taxes and variable interest entities. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. These estimates have been consistently applied for all years presented in this report and in the past we have not experienced material differences between these estimates and actual results. However, because future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty, actual results could differ from our estimates and such differences could be material.
We consider the following accounting policies to be the most critical as they are important to our financial condition and results of operations, and require significant judgment and estimates on the part of management in their application. For a detailed discussion of the application of these and other accounting policies, see Note 1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
The COVID-19 pandemic and war in Ukraine continue to create significant uncertainty and disruption in the global economy and financial markets. It is reasonably possible that these uncertainties continue to impact our estimates related to, but not limited to, revenue recognition, goodwill and intangible assets, program contract costs, and income taxes. As a result, many of our estimates and assumptions require increased judgment and carry a higher degree of variability and volatility. See Impairment of Goodwill, Intangibles, and Other Assets under Note 1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies within the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion on how COVID-19 has impacted the value of goodwill and definite-lived intangible assets. Our estimates may further change in the future as the COVID-19 pandemic and war in Ukraine continue, new events occur, and additional information emerges, and such changes are recognized or disclosed in the consolidated financial statements.
Revenue Recognition. As discussed in Revenue Recognition under Note 1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies within the Consolidated Financial Statements, we generate advertising revenue primarily from the sale of advertising spots/impressions on our broadcast television, digital platforms, and, prior to the Deconsolidation, the RSNs. Advertising revenue is recognized in the period in which the advertising spots/impressions are delivered. In arrangements where we provide audience ratings guarantees, to the extent that there is a ratings shortfall, we will defer a proportionate amount of revenue until the ratings shortfall is settled through the delivery of additional advertising. The term of our advertising arrangements is generally less than one year and the timing between when an advertisement is aired and when payment is realized is not significant. In certain circumstances, we require customers to pay in advance; payments received in advance of satisfying our performance obligations are reflected as deferred revenue.
We generate distribution revenue through fees received from Distributors and other OTT providers for the right to distribute our broadcast channels and cable networks on their distribution platforms. Distribution arrangements are generally governed by multi-year contracts and the underlying fees are based upon a contractual monthly rate per subscriber. These arrangements represent licenses of intellectual property; revenue is recognized as the signal is provided to our customers (as usage occurs) which corresponds with the satisfaction of our performance obligation. Revenue is calculated based upon the contractual rate multiplied by an estimated number of subscribers. Our customers will remit payments based upon actual subscribers a short time after the conclusion of a month, which generally does not exceed 120 days. Historical adjustments to subscriber estimates have not been material.
Impairment of Goodwill, Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets, and Other Long-Lived Assets. We evaluate our goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment annually, or more frequently, if events or changes in circumstances indicate an impairment may exist. As of December 31, 2022, our consolidated balance sheet includes $2,088 million and $150 million of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, respectively. We evaluate long-lived assets, including definite-lived intangible assets, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of our asset groups may not be recoverable.
In the performance of our annual goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment assessments we have the option to qualitatively assess whether it is more likely-than-not that the respective asset has been impaired. If we conclude that it is more-likely-than-not that a reporting unit or an indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired, we apply the quantitative assessment, which involves comparing the estimated fair value of the reporting unit or indefinite-lived intangible asset to its respective carrying value. See Impairment of Goodwill, Intangibles and Other Assets under Note 1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note 5. Goodwill, Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets, and Other Intangible Assets within the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of the significant judgments and estimates inherent in both qualitatively assessing whether impairment may exist and estimating the fair values of the reporting units and indefinite-lived intangible assets if a quantitative assessment is deemed necessary.
We are required to analyze our long-lived assets, including definite-lived intangible assets, for impairment. We evaluate our definite-lived intangible assets for impairment if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. In the event we identify indicators that these assets are not recoverable, we evaluate the recoverability of definite-lived intangible assets by comparing the carrying amount of the assets within an asset group to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows associated with the asset group. An asset group represents the lowest level of cash flows generated by a group of assets that are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets. At the time that such evaluations indicate that the future undiscounted cash flows are not sufficient to recover the carrying value of the asset group, an impairment loss is determined by comparing the estimated fair value of the asset group to the carrying value. We estimate fair value using an income approach involving the performance of a discounted cash flow analysis.
We believe we have made reasonable estimates and utilized appropriate assumptions in the performance of our impairment assessments. If future results are not consistent with our assumptions and estimates, including future events such as a deterioration of market conditions, loss of significant customers, and significant increases in discount rates, among other factors, we could be exposed to impairment charges in the future. Any resulting impairment loss could have a material adverse impact on our consolidated balance sheets, consolidated statements of operations, and consolidated statements of cash flows.
Program Contract Costs. As discussed in Broadcast Television Programming under Note 1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies within the Consolidated Financial Statements, we record an asset and corresponding liability for programming rights when the program is available for its first showing or telecast. These costs are expensed over the period in which an economic benefit is expected to be derived. To ensure the related assets for the programming rights are reflected in our consolidated balance sheets at the lower of unamortized cost or fair value, management estimates future advertising revenue to be generated by the remaining program material available under the contract terms. Management’s judgment is required in determining the timing of expense for these costs, which is dependent on the economic benefit expected to be generated from the program and may significantly differ from the timing of related payments under the contractual obligation. If our estimates of future advertising revenues decline, amortization expense could be accelerated or fair value adjustments may be required.
Fair Value Measurements of Investments in Bally's Securities. As discussed in Note 6. Other Assets and Note 18. Fair Value Measurements within the Consolidated Financial Statements, we entered into a commercial agreement with Bally’s Corporation on November 18, 2020. As part of this arrangement, the Company received warrants and options to acquire common equity in the business. These financial instruments are measured each period at fair value. The fair value of the options are derived utilizing a Black Scholes valuation model which utilizes a number of inputs which most significantly includes the trading price of the underlying common stock and the exercise price of the options. The fair value of the warrants are primarily derived from the trading price of the underlying common stock and the exercise price of the warrants. The determination of the fair value of these financial instruments requires the Company to exercise judgment.
Income Tax. As discussed in Income Taxes under Note 1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies within the Consolidated Financial Statements, we recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of assets and liabilities. We provide a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets if we determine that it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. In evaluating our ability to realize net deferred tax assets, we consider all available evidence, both positive and negative, including our past operating results, tax planning strategies, current and cumulative losses, and forecasts of future taxable income. In considering these sources of taxable income, we must make certain judgments that are based on the plans and estimates used to manage our underlying businesses on a long-term basis. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, a valuation allowance has been provided for deferred tax assets related to certain temporary basis differences, interest expense carryforwards under the Internal Revenue Code ("IRC") Section 163(j) and a substantial amount of our available state net operating loss carryforwards based on past operating results, expected timing of the reversals of existing temporary basis differences, alternative tax strategies and projected future taxable income. Future changes in operating and/or taxable income or other changes in facts and circumstances could significantly impact the ability to realize our deferred tax assets which could have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.
Management periodically performs a comprehensive review of our tax positions, and we record a liability for unrecognized tax benefits if such tax positions are more likely than not to be sustained upon examination based on their technical merits, including the resolution of any appeals or litigation processes. Significant judgment is required in determining whether positions taken are more likely than not to be sustained, and it is based on a variety of facts and circumstances, including interpretation of the relevant federal and state income tax codes, regulations, case law and other authoritative pronouncements. Based on this analysis, the status of ongoing audits and the expiration of applicable statute of limitations, liabilities are adjusted as necessary. The resolution of audits is unpredictable and could result in tax liabilities that are significantly higher or lower than for what we have provided. See Note 12. Income Taxes within the Consolidated Financial Statements, for further discussion of accrued unrecognized tax benefits.
Variable Interest Entities ("VIEs"). As discussed in Note 14. Variable Interest Entities within the Consolidated Financial Statements, we have determined that certain third-party licensees of stations for which we perform services pursuant to arrangements, including LMAs, JSAs, and SSAs, are VIEs and we are the primary beneficiary of those variable interests because, subject to the ultimate control of the licensees, we have the power to direct the activities which significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE through the services we provide and because we absorb losses and returns that would be considered significant to the VIEs.
Transactions with Related Parties. We have determined that we conduct certain business-related transactions with related persons or entities. See Note 15. Related Person Transactions within the Consolidated Financial Statements for discussion of these transactions.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Recent Accounting Pronouncements under Note 1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies within the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of recent accounting policies and their impact on our financial statements.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Any references to the first, second, third or fourth quarters are to the three months ended March 31, June 30, September 30, or December 31, respectively, for the year being discussed. As of December 31, 2022, we had one reportable segment, broadcast. Prior to the Deconsolidation, we had two reportable segments for accounting purposes, broadcast and local sports.
Seasonality / Cyclicality
The operating results of our broadcast segment are usually subject to cyclical fluctuations from political advertising. In even numbered years, political spending is usually significantly higher than in odd numbered years due to advertising expenditures preceding local and national elections. Additionally, every four years, political spending is usually elevated further due to advertising expenditures preceding the presidential election (as was the case in 2020). Also, the second and fourth quarter operating results are usually higher than the first and third quarter operating results because advertising expenditures are increased in anticipation of certain seasonal and holiday spending by consumers.
Prior to the Deconsolidation, the operating results of the local sports segment were usually subject to cyclical fluctuations based on the timing and overlap of the MLB, NBA, and NHL seasons. Usually, the second and third quarter operating results were higher than the first and fourth quarter operating results.
Consolidated Operating Data
The following table sets forth certain of our consolidated operating data for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 (in millions).
Years Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Media revenues (a) $ 3,894 $ 6,083 $ 5,843
Non-media revenues 34 51 100
Total revenues 3,928 6,134 5,943
Media programming and production expenses 1,942 4,291 2,735
Media selling, general and administrative expenses 812 908 832
Depreciation and amortization expenses (b) 321 591 674
Amortization of program contract costs 90 93 86
Non-media expenses 44 57 91
Corporate general and administrative expenses 160 170 148
Impairment of goodwill and definite-lived intangible assets - - 4,264
Gain on deconsolidation of subsidiary (3,357) - -
Gain on asset dispositions and other, net of impairment (64) (71) (115)
Operating income (loss) $ 3,980 $ 95 $ (2,772)
Net income (loss) attributable to Sinclair Broadcast Group $ 2,652 $ (414) $ (2,414)
(a)Media revenues include distribution revenue, advertising revenue, and other media related revenues.
(b)Depreciation and amortization includes depreciation of property and equipment and amortization of definite-lived intangible assets and other assets.
The Impact of COVID-19 on our Results of Operations
Overview
As of December 31, 2022, the national state of emergency related to COVID-19 is still in effect, although President Biden has announced that he intends to end the national state of emergency on May 11, 2023. In addition, as of December 31, 2022, no material economic shutdowns or closures in the United States were in effect. However, outbreaks of new variants of COVID-19 continue to occur, so it still remains unclear what the future impact of COVID-19 will be on our business.
Business continuity
Certain of our facilities experienced temporary disruptions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and we cannot predict whether our facilities will experience more significant disruptions in the future and how long these disruptions will last. The COVID-19 pandemic has heightened the risk that a significant portion of our workforce will suffer illness or otherwise be unable to work. The COVID-19 pandemic has also resulted in some workers leaving the workforce which has caused wage inflation and made it more difficult for us to find qualified employees.
A discussion regarding our financial results and operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 is presented below. A discussion of the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 can be found under Item 7 of Part II of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on March 1, 2022 (our "2021 Annual Report"), which is available free of charge on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov and our Investor Relations website at www.sbgi.net/investor-relations.
BROADCAST SEGMENT
The following table sets forth our revenue and expenses for our broadcast segment for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 (in millions):
Percent Change
Increase / (Decrease)
2022 2021 2020 ‘22 vs.‘21 ‘21 vs.‘20
Revenue:
Distribution revenue $ 1,530 $ 1,475 $ 1,414 4% 4%
Advertising revenue 1,399 1,106 1,364 26% (19)%
Other media revenue (a) 142 176 144 (19)% 22%
Media revenues $ 3,071 $ 2,757 $ 2,922 11% (6)%
Operating Expenses:
Media programming and production expenses $ 1,400 $ 1,344 $ 1,257 4% 7%
Media selling, general and administrative expenses (b) 650 593 553 10% 7%
Amortization of program contract costs 72 76 83 (5)% (8)%
Corporate general and administrative expenses 117 147 119 (20)% 24%
Depreciation and amortization expenses 240 247 239 (3)% 3%
Gain on asset dispositions and other, net of impairment (15) (24) (118) (38)% (80)%
Operating income $ 607 $ 374 $ 789 62% (53)%
(a)Includes $26 million, $111 million, and $100 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively, of intercompany revenue related to certain services provided by broadcast to other and local sports, prior to the Deconsolidation, under management services agreements, which was eliminated in consolidation and $39 million of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022 for services provided by broadcast under management services agreements after the Deconsolidation, which is not eliminated in consolidation.
(b)Includes $52 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 of intercompany expense related to certain services provided to broadcast from other, which is eliminated in consolidation.
Revenues
Distribution revenue. Distribution revenue, which includes payments from Distributors for our broadcast signals, increased $55 million in 2022, when compared to the same period in 2021, primarily due to an increase in contractual rates, partially offset by a decrease in subscribers.
Advertising revenue. Advertising revenue increased $293 million in 2022, when compared to the same period in 2021, primarily due to an increase in political advertising revenue, as 2022 was a political year, compared to 2021 which was a non-political year, as well as the loss of approximately $63 million in advertising revenue in 2021 as a result of the cyber incident.
The following table sets forth our primary types of programming and their approximate percentages of advertising revenue, excluding digital revenue, for the periods presented:
Percent of Advertising Revenue (Excluding Digital) for the
Twelve Months Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Local news 37% 34% 34%
Syndicated/Other programming 25% 27% 27%
Network programming 22% 23% 24%
Sports programming 13% 13% 12%
Paid programming 3% 3% 3%
The following table sets forth our affiliate percentages of advertising revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:
# of Percent of Advertising Revenue for the
Twelve Months Ended December 31,
Channels (a) 2022 2021 2020
ABC 40 29% 31% 28%
FOX 55 23% 24% 25%
CBS 30 20% 20% 22%
NBC 25 18% 14% 15%
CW 46 5% 5% 5%
MNT 40 4% 4% 4%
Other 400 1% 2% 1%
Total 636
(a)We broadcast other programming from the following providers on our channels including: Antenna TV, Bounce, CHARGE!, Comet, Dabl, Decades, Estrella TV, Get TV, Me TV, Quest, Rewind, Stadium, TBD, TCN, Telemundo, This TV, UniMas, Univision, and Weather.
Other media revenue. Other media revenue decreased $34 million in 2022, when compared to the same period in 2021. The decrease is primarily due to a $46 million decrease in revenue from the local sports segment related to providing certain services under a management services agreement due to the deferral of fees owed under the agreement, partially offset by a $6 million increase related to revenue recognized under the Bally's commercial agreement that we began performing on in the second quarter of 2021.
Expenses
Media programming and production expenses. Media programming and production expenses increased $56 million during 2022, when compared to the same period in 2021, primarily related to an increase in fees pursuant to network affiliation agreements of $49 million as a result of increased contractual rates, an $11 million increase in advertising and promotion costs, and a $4 million increase in building repairs and maintenance expenses. These increases were partially offset by a $10 million decrease in employee compensation cost.
Media selling, general and administrative expenses. Media selling, general and administrative expenses increased $57 million during 2022, when compared to the same period in 2021, primarily due to a $40 million increase in third-party fulfillment costs relating to our digital business and a $26 million increase in information technology costs. The increases were partially offset by a decrease of $8 million related to FCC penalties incurred by several consolidated VIEs recorded in our consolidated financial statements in 2021, as discussed in Note 13. Commitments and Contingencies within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Amortization of program contract costs. The amortization of program contract costs decreased $4 million during 2022, when compared to the same period in 2021, primarily related to the timing of amortization on long-term contracts and reduced renewal costs.
Corporate general and administrative expenses. See explanation under Corporate and Unallocated Expenses.
Depreciation and amortization expenses. Depreciation of property and equipment and amortization of definite-lived intangibles and other assets decreased $7 million during 2022, when compared to the same period in 2021, primarily due to assets retired during 2022.
Gain on asset dispositions and other, net of impairments. During 2022 and 2021, we recorded gains of $15 million and $24 million, respectively, of which $4 million and $24 million, respectively, related to reimbursements from the spectrum repack. The remaining amounts are primarily related to net gains on the sale of certain broadcast assets. See Dispositions within Note 2. Acquisitions and Dispositions of Assets within the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.
LOCAL SPORTS SEGMENT
Our local sports segment reflected the results of the Bally RSNs, Marquee, and a minority interest in the YES Network prior to the Deconsolidation on March 1, 2022. See Deconsolidation of Diamond Sports Intermediate Holdings LLC under Note 1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies within the Consolidated Financial Statements. The Bally RSNs, Marquee, and YES Network own the exclusive rights to air, among other sporting events, the games of professional sports teams in designated local viewing areas.
The following table sets forth our revenue and expenses for our local sports segment for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 (in millions):
Percent Change
Increase / (Decrease)
2022 2021 2020 ‘22 vs.‘21 ‘21 vs.‘20
Revenue: (b) / (c) (d)
Distribution revenue $ 433 $ 2,620 $ 2,472 n/m 6%
Advertising revenue 44 409 196 n/m 109%
Other media revenue 5 27 18 n/m 50%
Media revenue $ 482 $ 3,056 $ 2,686 n/m 14%
Operating Expenses:
Media programming and production expenses $ 376 $ 2,793 $ 1,361 n/m 105%
Media selling, general and administrative expenses (a) 55 297 243 n/m 22%
Depreciation and amortization expenses 54 316 410 n/m (23)%
Corporate general and administrative 1 10 10 n/m -%
Gain on asset dispositions and other, net of impairment - (43) - n/m n/m
Impairment of goodwill and definite-lived intangible assets - - 4,264 n/m n/m
Operating loss (a) $ (4) $ (317) $ (3,602) n/m (91)%
Income from equity method investments $ 10 $ 49 $ 6 n/m n/m
Other (expense) income, net $ (3) $ 15 $ 160 n/m (91)%
n/m - not meaningful
(a)Includes $24 million, $109 million, and $98 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, of intercompany expense related to certain services provided by the broadcast segment under a management services agreement, which is eliminated in consolidation.
(b)There was no reportable activity in this period following the Deconsolidation on March 1, 2022. See Deconsolidation of Diamond Sports Intermediate Holdings LLC under Note 1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
(c)Represents the activity prior to the Deconsolidation on March 1, 2022. See Deconsolidation of Diamond Sports Intermediate Holdings LLC under Note 1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
(d)Marquee was launched in late February 2020, therefore is a driver of the changes between the periods due to a full year of activity being included in the 2021, versus only 10 months of activity in 2020.
The decrease in the revenue and expense items noted above for the year ended December 31, 2022, when compared to the same period in the prior year, was primarily due to the Deconsolidation, as our current period results include only two months of activity, all of which occurred in the first quarter of 2022, due to the Deconsolidation, versus a full period of activity in the prior year, therefore the periods are not comparable. See Deconsolidation of Diamond Sports Intermediate Holdings LLC under Note 1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies within the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.
Media revenue. Media revenue is primarily derived from distribution and advertising revenue. Distribution revenue is generated through fees received from Distributors for the right to distribute the RSNs and advertising revenue is primarily generated from sales of commercial time within the RSNs' programming. Media revenue was $482 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease from $3,056 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 due to the Deconsolidation.
Media programming and production expenses. Media programming and production expenses are primarily related to amortization of our sports programming rights with MLB, NBA, and NHL teams, and the costs of producing and distributing content for our brands including live games, pre-game and post-game shows, and backdrop programming. Media programming and production expenses were $376 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease from $2,793 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 due to the Deconsolidation.
Media selling, general, and administrative expenses. Media selling, general, and administrative expenses are primarily related to management service agreement fees, employee compensation, advertising expenses, and consulting fees. Media selling, general, and administrative expenses were $55 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease from $297 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 due to the Deconsolidation.
Depreciation and amortization expenses. Depreciation and amortization expenses are primarily related to the depreciation of definite-lived assets and other assets. Depreciation and amortization expenses were $54 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease from $316 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 due to the Deconsolidation.
Corporate general and administrative expenses. See explanation under Corporate and Unallocated Expenses.
Other (expense) income, net. See explanation under Corporate and Unallocated Expenses.
Gain on asset dispositions and other, net of impairments. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized a gain of $43 million, related to the fair value of equipment that we received as part of an agreement with a communications provider in connection with the C-Band repack process in which we received equipment with a fair value of $58 million, at maximum cost to us of $15 million.
Income from equity method investments. Income from equity method investments was $10 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease from $49 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 due to the Deconsolidation, and is primarily related to the RSN's investment in the YES Network.
OTHER
The following table sets forth our revenue and expenses for our owned networks and content, non-broadcast digital and internet solutions, technical services, and non-media investments (collectively, other) for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 (in millions):
Percent Change
Increase / (Decrease)
2022 2021 2020 ‘22 vs.‘21 ‘21 vs.‘20
Revenue:
Distribution revenue $ 180 $ 193 $ 199 (7)% (3)%
Advertising revenue 233 217 131 7% 66%
Other media revenues 17 13 7 31% 86%
Media revenues (a) $ 430 $ 423 $ 337 2% 26%
Non-media revenues (b) $ 43 $ 58 $ 114 (26)% (49)%
Operating Expenses:
Media expenses (c) $ 362 $ 325 $ 254 11% 28%
Non-media expenses (d) $ 50 $ 60 $ 98 (17)% (39)%
Amortization of program contract costs $ 18 $ 17 $ 3 6% n/m
Corporate general and administrative expenses $ 1 $ 1 $ 1 -% -%
(Gain) loss on asset dispositions and other, net of impairments $ (15) $ (4) $ 3 n/m n/m
Operating income $ 27 $ 51 $ 65 (47)% (22)%
Income (loss) from equity method investments $ 46 $ (4) $ (42) n/m (90)%
n/m - not meaningful
(a)Media revenues for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 include $58 million and $39 million, respectively, of intercompany revenues related to certain services and sales provided to the broadcast segment, which are eliminated in consolidation.
(b)Non-media revenues for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 include $9 million, $7 million, and $14 million, respectively, of intercompany revenues related to certain services and sales provided to the broadcast segment, which are eliminated in consolidation.
(c)Media expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 includes $11 million, $10 million, and $2 million, respectively, of intercompany expenses primarily related to certain services provided by the broadcast segment, which are eliminated in consolidation.
(d)Non-media expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 include $6 million, $3 million, and $7 million, respectively, of intercompany expenses related to certain services provided by the broadcast segment, which are eliminated in consolidation.
Revenue. Media revenue increased $7 million during 2022, when compared to the same period in 2021, primarily due to an increase in advertising revenue related to our digital businesses. Non-media revenue decreased $15 million during 2022, when compared to the same period in 2021, primarily due to the sale of Triangle Sign & Service, LLC (Triangle) in the second quarter of 2021.
Expenses. Media expenses increased $37 million during 2022, when compared to the same period in 2021, primarily due to our digital businesses and owned networks. Non-media expenses decreased $10 million during 2022, when compared to the same period in 2021, primarily due to the sale of Triangle in the second quarter of 2021.
Corporate general and administrative expenses. See explanation under Corporate and Unallocated Expenses.
(Gain) loss on asset dispositions and other, net of impairments. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized income of $11 million related to our broadcast technology operating investments, as well as a $4 million gain on the sale of Ring of Honor Entertainment. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we sold our controlling interest in Triangle for $12 million and recognized a gain on the sale of Triangle of $6 million, which is included in the gain on asset dispositions and other, net of impairment in our consolidated statements of operations.
Income from equity method investments. Income from equity method investments increased $50 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, when compared to the same period in 2021, primarily due to a gain on the sale of one of our real estate investments.
CORPORATE AND UNALLOCATED EXPENSES
The following table presents our corporate and unallocated expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 (in millions):
Percent Change
Increase/ (Decrease)
2022 2021 2020 ‘22 vs.‘21 ‘21 vs.‘20
Corporate general and administrative expenses $ 160 $ 170 $ 148 (6)% 15%
Gain on deconsolidation of subsidiary $ (3,357) $ - $ - n/m n/m
Gain on asset dispositions and other, net of impairment $ (64) $ (71) $ (115) (10)% (38)%
Interest expense including amortization of debt discount and deferred financing costs $ 296 $ 618 $ 656 (52)% (6)%
Gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt $ 3 $ (7) $ (10) n/m (30)%
Other (expense) income, net $ (129) $ (14) $ 325 n/m n/m
Income tax (provision) benefit $ (913) $ 173 $ 720 n/m (76)%
Net income attributable to the redeemable noncontrolling interests $ (20) $ (18) $ (56) 11% (68)%
Net (income) loss attributable to the noncontrolling interests $ (29) $ (70) $ 71 (59)% n/m
n/m - not meaningful
Corporate general and administrative expenses. The table above and the explanation that follows cover total consolidated corporate general and administrative expenses. Corporate general and administrative expenses decreased in total by $10 million during 2022, when compared to the same period in 2021, primarily due to an $18 million decrease in employee compensation costs related to the reduction-in-force that occurred in the first quarter of 2021, as well as compensation expense savings within the current period as a result of the reduction-in-force, partially offset by an $8 million increase in general insurance expenses related to the cybersecurity incident that occurred in the fourth quarter of 2021.
Gain on deconsolidation of subsidiary. During the first quarter of 2022 we recorded a gain of $3,357 million related to the Deconsolidation, as discussed in Deconsolidation of Diamond Sports Intermediate Holdings LLC under Note 1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Gain on asset dispositions and other, net of impairments. The table above shows total consolidated gain on asset dispositions and other, net of impairment. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized $30 million of proceeds received from our insurance companies related to the cyber incident that occurred in the fourth quarter of 2021. The remainder of the amounts shown within the table above are discussed within the Broadcast Segment, Local Sports Segment and Other sections above.
Interest expense. The table above and explanation that follows cover total consolidated interest expense. Interest expense decreased by $322 million during 2022, when compared to the same period in 2021. The decrease is primarily due to a decrease in DSG interest expense of $364 million due to the Deconsolidation, as discussed in Deconsolidation of Diamond Sports Intermediate Holdings LLC under Note 1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies within the Consolidated Financial Statements. Excluding the impact of the Deconsolidation, interest expense increased by $42 million primarily due to increased interest expense related to our variable rate debt.
Other (expense) income, net. Other expense, net increased by $115 million during 2022, when compared to the same period in 2021, primarily due to changes in the fair value of certain investments recorded at fair value. See Note 6. Other Assets within the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.
Income tax (provision) benefit. The 2022 income tax provision for our pre-tax income of $3,614 million resulted in an effective tax rate of 25.3%. The 2021 income tax benefit for our pre-tax loss of $499 million resulted in an effective tax rate of 34.7%. The decrease in the effective tax rate from 2021 to 2022 is primarily due to the 2021 benefit from federal tax credits related to investments in sustainability initiatives.
As of December 31, 2022, we had a net deferred tax liability of $610 million as compared to a net deferred tax asset of $293 million as of December 31, 2021. The increase in net deferred tax liability primarily relates to the 2022 Deconsolidation, as discussed in Deconsolidation of Diamond Sports Intermediate Holdings LLC under Note 1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
As of December 31, 2022, we had $17 million of gross unrecognized tax benefits, all of which, if recognized, would favorably affect our effective tax rate. We recognized $2 million of income tax expense for interest related to uncertain tax positions for the year ended December 31, 2022. See Note 12. Income Taxes within the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.
Net (income) loss attributable to the noncontrolling interests. For the year ended December 31, 2022, net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests decreased $41 million, when compared to the same period in 2021, primarily as a result of the Deconsolidation, as discussed in Deconsolidation of Diamond Sports Intermediate Holdings LLC under Note 1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
As of December 31, 2022, we had net working capital of approximately $1,075 million, including $884 million in cash and cash equivalent balances and $650 million of available borrowing capacity. Cash on hand, cash generated by our operations, and borrowing capacity under the STG Bank Credit Agreement are used as our primary sources of liquidity.
The STG Bank Credit Agreement includes a financial maintenance covenant, the first lien leverage ratio (as defined in the STG Bank Credit Agreement), which requires such ratio not to exceed 4.5x, measured as of the end of each fiscal quarter. As of December 31, 2022, the STG first lien leverage ratio was below 4.5x. Under the STG Bank Credit Agreement, a financial maintenance covenant is only applicable if 35% or more of the capacity (as a percentage of total commitments) under the revolving credit facility, measured as of the last day of each fiscal quarter, is drawn under the revolving credit facility as of such date. Since there was no utilization under the revolving credit facility as of December 31, 2022, STG was not subject to the financial maintenance covenant under the STG Bank Credit Agreement. The STG Bank Credit Agreement contains other restrictions and covenants with which STG was in compliance as of December 31, 2022.
On April 21, 2022, STG entered into the Fourth Amendment to the STG Bank Credit Agreement with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, the Guarantors and the lenders and other parties thereto (the "Fourth Amendment"). Pursuant to the Fourth Amendment, STG raised the STG Term Loan B-4 in an aggregate principal amount of $750 million, which matures on April 21, 2029. The proceeds from the STG Term Loan B-4 were used to refinance all of STG’s outstanding STG Term Loan B-1 due January 2024 and to redeem the outstanding STG 5.875% Notes. In addition, the maturity of $612.5 million of the total $650 million of revolving commitments under the STG Bank Credit Agreement were extended to April 21, 2027, with the remaining $37.5 million continuing to mature on December 4, 2025.
During the second quarter of 2022, we purchased $118 million aggregate principal amount of the STG 5.125% Notes in open market transactions for consideration of $104 million. The STG 5.125% Notes acquired were canceled immediately following their acquisition.
For the year ending December 31, 2023, we expect capital expenditures to be within the range of $115 million to $125 million, primarily related to technical, maintenance, and building projects at our stations.
We have various contractual obligations which are recorded as liabilities in our consolidated financial statements, such as notes payable, finance leases, and commercial bank financing; operating leases; and active television program contracts. Certain other contractual obligations have not been recognized as liabilities in our consolidated financial statements, such as certain future television program contracts and network programming rights. Active television program contracts are included in the balance sheet as an asset and liability while future television program contracts are excluded until the cost is known, the program is available for its first showing or telecast, and the licensee has accepted the program. Industry protocol typically enables us to make payments for television program contracts on a three-month lag, which differs from the contractual timing. As of December 31, 2022, our significant contractual obligations include:
•Total debt, defined as current and long-term notes payable, finance leases, and commercial bank financing, including finance leases of affiliates, of $4,265 million, including current debt, due within the next 12 months, of $38 million. As of March 1, 2022, we no longer consolidate the debt of DSIH. See Deconsolidation of Diamond Sports Intermediate Holdings LLC under Note 1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
•Interest due on our total debt in the next twelve months of $275 million, including interest estimated on our variable rate debt calculated at an effective weighted average interest rate of 7.07% as of December 31, 2022.
•Contractual amounts owed through the expiration date of the underlying agreement for active and future television program contracts, network programming rights, and Tennis programming rights of $2,415 million, including $1,065 million due within the next 12 months. Network programming agreements may include variable fee components such as subscriber levels, which in certain circumstances have been estimated and reflected in the previous amounts based on current subscriber amounts.
See Note 7. Notes Payable and Commercial Bank Financing, Note 8. Leases, and Note 9. Program Contracts within the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.
We anticipate that existing cash and cash equivalents, cash flow from our operations, and borrowing capacity under the STG Bank Credit Agreement will be sufficient to satisfy our debt service obligations, capital expenditure requirements, and working capital needs for the next twelve months. However, certain factors, including but not limited to, the severity and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic, the war in Ukraine and other geopolitical matters and their resulting effect on the economy, our advertisers, and our Distributors and their subscribers, could affect our liquidity and our first lien leverage ratio which could affect our ability to access the full borrowing capacity under the STG Bank Credit Agreement. For our long-term liquidity needs, in addition to the sources described above, we may rely upon various sources, such as but not limited to, the issuance of long-term debt, the issuance of equity or other instruments convertible into or exchangeable for equity, or the sale of Company assets. However, there can be no assurance that additional financing or capital or buyers of our Company assets will be available, or that the terms of any transactions will be acceptable or advantageous to us.
Sources and Uses of Cash
The following table sets forth our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 (in millions):
2022 2021 2020
Net cash flows from operating activities $ 799 $ 327 $ 1,548
Cash flows used in investing activities:
Acquisition of property and equipment $ (105) $ (80) $ (157)
Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired - (4) (16)
Spectrum repack reimbursements 4 24 90
Proceeds from the sale of assets 9 43 36
Deconsolidation of subsidiary cash (315) - -
Purchases of investments (75) (256) (139)
Distributions from investments 99 26 26
Other, net 2 1 1
Net cash flows used in investing activities $ (381) $ (246) $ (159)
Cash flows used in financing activities:
Proceeds from notes payable and commercial bank financing $ 728 $ 357 $ 1,819
Repayments of notes payable, commercial bank financing, and finance leases (863) (601) (1,739)
Repurchase of outstanding Class A Common Stock (120) (61) (343)
Dividends paid on Class A and Class B Common Stock (70) (60) (63)
Dividends paid on redeemable subsidiary preferred equity (7) (5) (36)
Redemption of redeemable subsidiary preferred equity - - (547)
Debt issuance costs - (1) (19)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests (12) (95) (32)
Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests - (6) (383)
Other, net (9) (52) (117)
Net cash flows used in financing activities $ (353) $ (524) $ (1,460)
Operating Activities
Net cash flows from operating activities increased during the year ended December 31, 2022, when compared to the same period in 2021. The increase is primarily related to the receipt of income taxes receivable, increased cash collections on accounts receivable associated with increased political advertising revenue, as well as a partial period of payments for production and overhead costs, distributor rebate payments, and payments for sports rights as a result of the Deconsolidation, partially offset by the partial period of cash collections from Distributors and advertisers as a result of the Deconsolidation, as discussed in Deconsolidation of Diamond Sports Intermediate Holdings LLC under Note 1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Investing Activities
Net cash flows used in investing activities increased during the year ended December 31, 2022, when compared to the same period in 2021. The increase is primarily related to the removal of DSIH's cash balance as a result of the Deconsolidation, as discussed in Deconsolidation of Diamond Sports Intermediate Holdings LLC under Note 1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies within the Consolidated Financial Statements, partially offset by increased distributions from investments and decreased purchases of investments.
Financing Activities
Net cash flows used in financing activities decreased during the year ended December 31, 2022, when compared to the same period in 2021. The decrease is primarily related to the proceeds from the STG Term Loan B-4 issuance, partially offset by the repurchase of Class A Common Stock during 2022, the redemption of STG's Term Loan B-1, the redemption of the STG 5.875% Notes, and the partial redemption of the STG 5.125% Notes.

---

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
We are exposed to market risk from changes in interest rates and consider entering into derivative instruments primarily for the purpose of reducing the impact of changing interest rates on our floating rate debt and to reduce the impact of changing fair market values on our fixed rate debt. See Note 7. Notes Payable and Commercial Bank Financing within the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion. We did not have any outstanding derivative instruments during the three years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020. However, we did enter into an interest rate swap in February 2023. See Subsequent Events in Note 1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
We are exposed to risk from the changing interest rates of our variable rate debt issued under the STG Bank Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2022, our total variable rate debt under the STG Bank Credit Agreement was $2,733 million. We estimate that adding 1% to respective interest rates would result in an increase in our interest expense of $27 million.

---

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
The financial statements and supplementary data required by this item are filed as exhibits to this report, are listed under Item 15(a)(1) and (2), and are incorporated by reference in this report.

---

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
There were no changes in and/or disagreements with accountants on accounting and financial disclosure during the year ended December 31, 2022.

---

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the design and effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022.
The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be
disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.
The term “internal control over financial reporting,” as defined in Rules 13a-15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act, means a process designed by, or under the supervision of our Chief Executive and Chief Financial Officers and effected by our Board of Directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") and includes those policies and procedures that:
•pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets;
•provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP and that our receipts and expenditures are being made in accordance with authorizations of management or our Board of Directors; and
•provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material adverse effect on our financial statements.
Assessment of Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2022, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.
Report of Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 based on the criteria set forth in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) ("COSO"). Based on our assessment, management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2022, our internal control over financial reporting was effective based on those criteria.
The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included herein.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in "Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)" under the 'Exchange Act") during the quarter ended December 31, 2022, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls
Management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, do not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within our company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management’s override of the control. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

---

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
PART III

---

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The information required by this Item will be included in our Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders under the captions, “Directors, Executive Officers and Key Employees,” “Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports,” “Code of Business Conduct and Ethics” and “Corporate Governance,” which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 and is incorporated by reference in this report.

---

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by this Item will be included in our Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders under the captions, “Compensation Discussion and Analysis”, “Director Compensation for 2022,” “Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation,” and “Compensation Committee Report,” which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 and is incorporated by reference in this report.

---

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The information required by this Item will be included in our Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders under the caption, “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management,” which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 and is incorporated by reference in this report.

---

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required by this Item will be included in our Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders under the captions, “Related Person Transactions” and “Director Independence,” which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 and is incorporated by reference in this report.

---

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
The information required by this Item will be included in our Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders under the caption, “Disclosure of Fees Charged by Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm,” which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 and is incorporated by reference in this report.
PART IV

---

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a) (1) Financial Statements
The following financial statements required by this item are submitted in a separate section beginning on page of this report.
Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc. Financial Statements: Page:
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020
Consolidated Statements of Equity (Deficit) and Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(a) (2) Financial Statements Schedules
All schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the Financial Statements or the accompanying notes.
(a) (3) Exhibits
The following exhibits are filed with this report:
EXHIBIT NO. EXHIBIT DESCRIPTION
3.1 Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3.1 to Registrant’s Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 14, 1998.)
3.2 Amendment to Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc.'s Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation. (Incorporated by reference from Appendix B to Registrant's Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed April 22, 2022.)
3.3 Amended & Restated By-laws of Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc., effective as of March 4, 2015, as amended through the Second Amendment thereto effective as of April 8, 2021. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3.1 to Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed April 14, 2021.)
4.1 Indenture, dated as of August 30, 2016, by and among Sinclair Television Group, Inc., the guarantors identified therein and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 2, 2016.)
4.2 Indenture, dated as of November 27, 2019, by and among Sinclair Television Group, Inc., the guarantors party thereto and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.1 to Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 27, 2019.)
4.3 Secured Notes Indenture, dated as of December 4, 2020, by and among Sinclair Television Group, Inc., the guarantors party thereto and U.S. Bank National Association as trustee and notes collateral agent. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.1 to Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 4, 2020.)
4.4** Description of the Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc.'s Class A Common Stock.
10.1* 1996 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.36 to Registrant’s Report on Form 10-K/A filed on April 11, 1997.)
10.2* First Amendment to 1996 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit B to Registrant’s Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed April 10, 1998.)
10.3* Second Amendment to the 1996 Long-Term Incentive Plan of Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.39 to Registrant’s Report on Form 10-K filed on March 3, 2014.)
10.4* Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc. 2022 Stock Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit A to Registrant's Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed April 22, 2022.)
EXHIBIT NO. EXHIBIT DESCRIPTION
10.5* Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.4 to Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 10, 2018.)
10.6* Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.3 to Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 10, 2019.)
10.7* Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement - February 2021 Grants. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 10. 2021.)
10.8* Form of Stock Appreciation Right Agreement. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.4 to Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 11, 2020.)
10.9* Form of Stock Appreciation Rights Agreement - February 2021 Grants. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.2 to Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 10, 2021.)
10.10* Employment Agreement by and between Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc. and Frederick G. Smith, dated June 12, 1998. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.2 to Registrant’s Report on Form 10-Q filed November 13, 1998.)
10.11* Employment Agreement by and between Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc. and J. Duncan Smith, dated June 12, 1998. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Report on Form 10-Q filed November 13, 1998.)
10.12* Amended and Restated Employment Agreement by and between Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc. and Christopher Ripley dated August 23, 2017. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 8, 2017.)
10.13* Amended and Restated Employment Agreement by and between Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc. and Lucy Rutishauser dated August 28, 2017. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.2 to Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 8, 2017.)
10.14* Amended and Restated Employment Agreement by and between Sinclair Television Group, Inc. and Robert Weisbord dated January 16, 2020. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.3 to Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 10, 2021.)
10.15 Amended and Restated Lease dated as of February 8, 2010 between Gerstell Development Limited Partnership and Sinclair Media I, Inc. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.24 to Registrant’s Report on Form 10-K filed March 5, 2010.)
10.16 Amended and Restated Lease dated as of February 8, 2010 between Cunningham Communications, Inc. and Sinclair Communications, LLC. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.25 to Registrant’s Report on Form 10-K filed March 5, 2010.)
10.17 Amended and Restated Lease dated as of February 8, 2010 between Keyser Investment Group, Inc. and Sinclair Communications, LLC. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.26 to Registrant’s Report on Form 10-K filed March 5, 2010.)
10.18 Amended and Restated Lease dated as of February 8, 2010 between Keyser Investment Group, Inc. and Sinclair Communications, LLC. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.27 to Registrant’s Report on Form 10-K filed March 5, 2010.)
10.19 Amendment No. 1 to Lease dated as of January 1, 2013 between Keyser Investment Group, Inc. and Sinclair Communications LLC. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.34 to Registrant’s Report on Form 10-K filed on March 12, 2013.)
10.20 Amendment of Lease dated as of March 28, 2008 by and between Beaver Dam Limited Liability Company and Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc. (Incorporated by reference from Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 10, 2018.)
10.21 Professional Services Agreement dated as of March 6, 2020 by and between Executive Flight Solutions, LLC and Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.29 to Registrant's Report on Form 10-K filed on March 1, 2021.)
10.22 Amended and Restated Professional Services Agreement dated as of February 11, 2021 by and between Executive Flight Solutions, LLC and Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.30 to Registrant's Report on Form 10-K filed on March 1, 2021.)
10.23 Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Diamond Sports Holdings, LLC, dated as August 23, 2019. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 23, 2019.)
10.24 First Amendment to the Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Diamond Sports Holdings LLC, dated as of February 18, 2020. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.32 to Registrant's Report on Form 10-K filed on March 1, 2021.)
10.25 Second Amendment to the Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Diamond Sports Holdings LLC, dated as of June 30, 2020. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 10, 2020.)
EXHIBIT NO. EXHIBIT DESCRIPTION
10.26 Preferred Unit Purchase Agreement, by and among Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc., Diamond Sports Holdings LLC, Preferred Equity Holding Co LLC and JPMorgan Chase Funding Inc., dated February 10, 2023. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 10, 2023.)
10.27 Seventh Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of August 23, 2019, by and among Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc., Sinclair Television Group, Inc., the guarantors party thereto, JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and collateral agent, and the lenders party thereto. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.4 to Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 23, 2019.)
10.28 First Amendment, dated as of December 20, 2019, to the Seventh Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of August 23, 2019, among Sinclair Television Group, Inc., Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc., the guarantors party thereto, the lenders party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and collateral agent. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.38 to Registrant's Report on Form 10-K filed on March 1, 2021.)
10.29 Second Amendment, dated as of December 4, 2020, to the Seventh Amended and Restated Credit Agreement by and among Sinclair Television Group, Inc., Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc., the guarantors party thereto, the lenders party thereto, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as the administrative agent. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 4, 2020.)
10.30 Third Amendment, dated as of April 1, 2021, to the Seventh Amended and Restated Credit Agreement by and among Sinclair Television Group, Inc., Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc., the guarantors party thereto, the lenders party thereto, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as the administrative agent and collateral agent. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 1, 2021.)
10.31 Fourth Amendment, dated as of April 21, 2022, to the Seventh Amended and Restated Credit Agreement by and among Sinclair Television Group, Inc., Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc., the guarantors party thereto, the lenders party thereto, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as the administrative agent and collateral agent (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 21, 2022).
10.32 Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of June 25, 2021, by and among Diamond Sports Finance SPV, LLC, Fox Sports Net, LLC, Credit Suisse AG, New York Branch, as administrative agent, Wilmington Trust, National Association, as collateral agent, paying agent and account bank, and the lenders party thereto. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant's Current Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 9, 2021.)
10.33 First Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of September 15, 2021, by and among Diamond Sports Finance SPV, LLC, Diamond Sports Net, LLC (f/k/a Fox Sports Net, LLC), Credit Suisse AG, New York Branch, as administrative agent, Wilmington Trust, National Association, as collateral agent, paying agent and account bank, and the lenders party thereto. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.2 to Registrant's Current Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 9, 2021.)
10.34 Assignment and Acceptance Agreement, dated as of November 5, 2021, by and between Credit Suisse AG, Cayman Islands Branch, as assignor, and Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc., as assignee, and accepted by Credit Suisse AG, New York Branch, as administrative agent and Diamond Sports Finance SPV, LLC, as borrower. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.3 to Registrant's Current Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 9, 2021.)
10.35 Omnibus Amendment to Amended and Restated Loan Agreement & Purchase Agreement, dated as of November 5, 2021, by and among Diamond Sports Finance SPV, LLC, Diamond Sports Net, LLC (f/k/a Fox Sports Net, LLC), Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc., as administrative agent and lender, Wilmington Trust, National Association, as collateral agent, paying agent and account bank, and certain persons identified therein as originators. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.3 to Registrant's Current Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 9, 2021.)
21** Subsidiaries of the Registrant.
23** Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
24 Power of Attorney; included on the Signatures page of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
31.1*** Certification by Christopher S. Ripley, as Chief Executive Officer of Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc., pursuant to § 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (15 U.S.C. § 7241).
31.2*** Certification by Lucy A. Rutishauser, as Chief Financial Officer of Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc., pursuant to § 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (15 U.S.C. § 7241).
32.1*** Certification by Christopher S. Ripley, as Chief Executive Officer of Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc., pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (18 U.S.C. § 1350).
32.2*** Certification by Lucy A. Rutishauser, as Chief Financial Officer of Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc., pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (18 U.S.C. § 1350).
EXHIBIT NO. EXHIBIT DESCRIPTION
99.1 Stockholders’ Agreement dated April 2, 2015 by and among the Smith Brothers. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 99.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 6, 2015.)
101 The Company's Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes for the year ended December 31, 2022 from this Annual Report on Form 10-K, formatted in iXBRL (Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language).**
* Management contracts and compensatory plans or arrangements required to be filed as an exhibit pursuant to Item 15(b) of Form 10-K.
** Filed herewith.
*** In accordance with Item 601(b)(32) of Regulation S-K, this Exhibit is not deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section. Such certifications will not be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except to the extent that the registrant specifically incorporates it by reference.
(b) Exhibits
The exhibits required by this Item are listed under Item 15 (a) (3).