EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 806517
Filing Year: 2023
Filename: 806517_10-K_2023_0001171843-23-001908.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1. Business
General
Psychemedics Corporation is a Delaware corporation organized on September 24, 1986. The consolidated financial statements of the Company include the accounts and results of operations of Psychemedics Corporation and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Psychemedics International, LLC and their jointly-owned subsidiary, Psychemedics Laboratórios Ltd. All significant inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. All the Company’s physical assets are located within the United States. The Company provides testing services for the detection of drugs of abuse through the analysis of hair samples. The Company’s testing methods utilize a patented technology that digests the hair and releases drugs trapped in the hair without destroying the drugs. This is fundamental to the entire process because the patented method gets virtually 100% of the drug out of the hair, and if you cannot get the drug out of the hair, you cannot measure it. The Company then performs a proprietary custom-designed patented (US 10,539,580) enzyme immunoassay (“EIA”) on the liquid supernatant, with confirmation testing by mass spectrometry.
The Company’s primary application of its patented technology is as a testing service that analyzes hair samples for the presence of certain drugs of abuse. The Company’s customized proprietary EIA procedures to drug test hair samples differ from the more commonly used immunoassay procedures employed by other hair testing companies. The Company’s testing results provide quantitative information that can indicate the approximate amount of drug ingested as well as historical data, which can show a pattern of individual drug use over a longer period of time, thereby providing superior detection compared to other types of drug testing. This information is useful to employers for both applicant and employee testing, as well as treatment professionals, law enforcement agencies, school administrators, and parents concerned about their children’s drug use. The Company provides screening and confirmation by mass spectrometry using industry-accepted practices for cocaine, marijuana, PCP, amphetamines (including ecstasy, eve and Adderall®), opiates (including heroin, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, oxycodone, oxymorphone and codeine), synthetic cannabinoids (including K2, Spice, Blaze), benzodiazepines (Xanax®, Valium®, and Ativan®), nicotine, Fentanyl, and alcohol.
Hair drug testing services are currently performed at the Company’s Culver City, California campus located at 5832 Uplander Way and 5750 Hannum Avenue.
Background on Drug Testing with Hair
When certain chemical substances enter the bloodstream, the blood carries these substances to the hair where they become “entrapped” in the protein matrix in amounts approximately proportional to the amount ingested. The Company utilizes a patented drug extraction method followed by a unique patented EIA procedure to identify drugs in the hair. The patented drug extraction method effectively releases drugs from the hair without destroying the drugs, getting virtually 100% of the drug out of the hair. The patented method can be used with a broad range of immunoassay screen techniques and mass spectrometry methods.
The immunoassays used by the Company have been patented under the name “Solid Phase Multi-Analyte Assay.” The immunoassays produced by the Psychemedics R&D team were uniquely designed specifically to meet and even exceed the standards of radioimmunoassay (“RIAH”), the original testing method created and utilized by the Company prior to 2013. Because Psychemedics is the only hair testing laboratory that manufactures its own screening assays, it has full control over all aspects of its technology, and that powerful advantage facilitated the Company's creation of its EIA assays with equivalence to its own previously FDA-cleared radioimmunoassays.
The EIA screened positive results are then confirmed by mass spectrometry. Depending upon the length of hair, the Company is able to provide historical information on drug use by the person from whom the sample was obtained. Because head hair grows approximately 1.3 centimeters per month, a 3.9-centimeter head hair sample can reflect drug ingestion over the approximate three months prior to the collection of the sample. Another option is sectional analysis of the head hair sample, in which the hair is sectioned into lengths which approximately correspond to certain time periods, thereby providing information on patterns of drug use.
Validation of the Company’s Proprietary Testing Methods
The process of analyzing human hair for the presence of drugs has been the subject of numerous peer-reviewed, scientific field studies. Many of the studies have been funded by the National Institute of Justice or the National Institute on Drug Abuse (“NIDA”). Several hundred research articles written by independent researchers have been published supporting the general validity and usefulness of hair analysis.
Some of the Company’s customers have also completed their own testing to validate the Company’s hair test results compared to other companies’ urine test results. These studies consistently confirmed the Company’s superior detection rate compared to urinalysis testing. When results from the Company’s hair testing methods were compared to urine results in side-by-side evaluations, 5 to 10 times as many drug abusers were accurately identified by the Company’s proprietary methods.
In 1998, the National Institute of Justice, utilizing Psychemedics’ previously utilized RIAH hair testing assay, completed a Pennsylvania Prison study where hair analysis revealed an average prison drug use level of approximately 7.9% in 1996. Comparatively, urinalysis revealed virtually no positives. After measures to curtail drug use were instituted (drug-sniffing dogs, searches and scanners), the usage level fell to approximately 2% according to the results of hair analysis in 1998. Again, the urine tests showed virtually no positives. The study illustrates the usefulness of hair analysis to monitor populations and the weakness of urinalysis.
The Company has received 510k clearance from the FDA on nine EIA assays used to test head and body hair for drugs of abuse.
The Company’s decontamination wash protocol and the effects in eliminating surface contamination were analyzed in a study conducted by scientists at the Laboratory of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (the “FBI”) and published in August 2014 in the Journal of Analytical Toxicology. The FBI concluded that the use of an extended wash protocol of the type used by the Company will exclude false positive results from environmental contact with cocaine. In the study, the FBI cited Psychemedics’ studies published in 1993, 2002, 2004, and 2005, and named our Vice President of Laboratory Operations, and our laboratory, in its acknowledgments. The FBI study also supported the use of metabolites known as hydroxycocaines as evidence of ingestion. These metabolites were first identified in hair by Psychemedics.
Advantages of Using the Company’s Patented Method
The Company asserts that hair testing using its patented method confers substantive advantages over detection through urinalysis. Although urinalysis testing can provide accurate drug use information, the scope of the information is short-term and is generally limited to the type of drug ingested within a few days of the test. Studies published in many scientific publications have indicated that most drugs disappear from urine within a few days.
In contrast to urinalysis testing, hair testing using the Company’s patented method can provide long-term historical drug use information resulting in a significantly wider window of detection. This window may be several months or longer depending on the length of the hair sample. The Company’s standard test offering, however, uses a 3.9-centimeter length head hair sample cut close to the scalp, which measures use for approximately three months prior to collection of the sample.
This wider window enhances the detection efficiency of hair analysis, making it particularly useful in pre-employment and random testing. Hair testing not only identifies more drug users, but it may also uncover patterns and severity of drug use (information most helpful in determining the scope of an individual’s involvement with drugs), while serving as a deterrent against drug use. Hair testing employing the Company’s patented method greatly reduces the incidence of “false negatives” associated with evasive measures typically encountered with urinalysis testing. For example, urinalysis test results are adversely impacted by excessive fluid intake prior to testing and by adulteration or substitution of the urine sample. Moreover, a drug user who abstains from use for a few days prior to urinalysis testing can usually escape detection. Hair testing is effectively free of these problems, as it cannot be thwarted by evasive measures typically encountered with urinalysis testing. Hair testing is also attractive to customers since sample collection is typically performed under close supervision yet is less intrusive and less embarrassing for test subjects.
Hair testing using the Company’s patented method, along with mass spectrometry confirmation, further reduces the prospects of error in conducting drug detection tests. Urinalysis testing is more susceptible to problems such as “evidentiary false positives” resulting from passive drug exposure or poppy seeds. To combat this problem, in federally mandated testing, the opiate cutoff levels for urine testing were raised 667% (from 300 to 2,000 ng/ml) on December 1, 1998, and testing for the presence of a heroin metabolite, 6-MAM, was required. These requirements, however, effectively reduced the detection time frame for confirmed heroin use, such that 6-MAM in urine can typically only be detected for several hours post drug use. In contrast, the metabolite 6-MAM is stable in hair and can be detected for months.
In the event a positive urinalysis test result is challenged, a test on a newly collected urine sample is not a viable remedy. Unless the forewarned individual continues to use drugs prior to the date of the newly collected sample, a re-test may yield a negative result when using urinalysis testing because of temporary abstinence. In contrast, when the Company’s hair testing method is offered on a repeat hair sample, the individual suspected of drug use cannot as easily affect the results because historical drug use data remains locked in the hair fiber.
When compared to other hair testing methods, not only are the Company’s assays cleared by the FDA for head and body hair, the assays also employ a unique patented method of digesting hair that the Company believes allows for the most efficient release of drugs from the hair without destroying the drugs. The Company’s method of releasing drugs from hair is a key advantage and results in superior detection rates.
Disadvantages of Hair Testing
There are some disadvantages of hair testing as compared to drug detection through urinalysis. Because hair starts growing below the skin surface, drug ingestion evidence does not appear in hair above the scalp until approximately five to seven days after use. Thus, hair testing is not suitable for determining drug presence in “for cause” testing as is done in connection with an accident investigation. It does, however, provide a drug history which can complement urinalysis information in “for cause” testing.
The Company’s prices for its tests are generally slightly higher than prices for tests using urinalysis, but the Company believes that its superior detection rates provide more value to the customer. This higher pricing policy could, however, adversely impact the growth of the Company’s current base business and failure to obtain new business customers.
Hair Alcohol Testing
In 2013, the Company launched a test for alcohol using hair. This test measures average alcohol consumption over a period of approximately three months, indicates the approximate level of alcohol use during that time period, and can provide a behavioral indication of excessive use. The test measures the amount of ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in the hair - a trace metabolite of ethanol and a direct alcohol biomarker.
Intellectual Property
Certain aspects of the hair analysis method currently used by the Company are covered by US and foreign patents owned by the Company. The Company has been granted a total of twelve US patents, including a patent issued to the Company in 2011 that focuses on digesting hair and releasing drugs trapped in the hair without destroying the drugs. This patent can be used with a broad range of immunoassay screen techniques, mass spectrometry methods, and chromatographic procedures. In 2012, the Company received an additional US patent that extended the range of the patent received in 2011. Two US patents related to integrity testing of hair samples issued in 2015 and 2016, and a US patent application directed to detection of multiple analytes was allowed. Additional patent applications are currently pending in the U.S. and internationally. In 2019, US Patent 10,539,580 was issued covering our Solid Phase Multi-Analyte Assay used in all our cleared EIA FDA submissions.
The Company also relies on trade secrets to protect certain aspects of its proprietary technology. The Company’s ability to protect the confidentiality of its trade secrets is dependent upon the Company’s internal safeguards and upon the laws protecting trade secrets and unfair competition.
In the event that patent protection or protection under the laws of trade secrets is not sufficient and the Company’s competitors succeed in duplicating the Company’s products, the Company’s business could be materially adversely affected.
Target Markets
Workplace
The Company focuses its primary marketing efforts on the domestic private sector, with particular emphasis on job applicants and employee testing.
Most businesses use drug testing to screen job applicants and employees. The Hazeldon Foundation survey from 2007 indicated that 85% of Human Resource (“HR”) professionals believe that drug testing is an effective way to identify substance abuse. The prevalence of drug screening programs reflects a concern that drug use contributes to employee health problems and costs. As the same study found that 62% of HR professionals believe that absenteeism is the most significant problem caused by substance abuse and addiction, followed at 49% by reduced productivity, a lack of trustworthiness at 39%, a negative impact on the company’s external image at 32%t, missed deadlines at 31%, and in certain industries, safety hazards. It has been estimated that substance abuse costs to American businesses is more than $100 billion annually.
The principal criticism of employee drug testing programs centers on the effectiveness of the testing program. Most private sector testing programs use urinalysis. Such programs are susceptible to evasive maneuvers and the inability to obtain confirmation through repeat samples in the event of a challenged result. An industry has developed over the Internet, and through direct mail, marketing a wide variety of adulterants, dilutants, clean urine and devices to assist drug users in falsifying urine test results.
Moreover, scheduled tests such as pre-employment testing and some random testing programs provide an opportunity for many drug users to simply abstain for a few days in order to escape detection by urinalysis.
The Company presents its patented hair analysis method to potential clients as a better technology well suited to employer needs. Field studies and actual client results support the accuracy and superior effectiveness of the Company’s patented technology and its ability to detect varying levels of drug use.
The Company performs a confirmation test of all screened positive results through mass spectrometry. The use of mass spectrometry is an industry accepted practice used to confirm a positive test result from the screening process. The Company offers its clients an expanded drug screen with mass spectrometry confirmation of cocaine, PCP, marijuana, amphetamines, alcohol, opiates, synthetic cannabinoids and benzodiazepines.
Schools
The Company currently serves hundreds of schools throughout the United States and in several foreign countries. The Company offers its school clients the same five-drug screen with mass spectrometry confirmation that is used with the Company’s workplace testing service.
Parents
The Company also offers a personal drug testing service, known as “PDT-90”®, for parents concerned about drug use by their children. It allows parents to collect a small sample of hair from their child in the privacy of the home, send it directly to the Company’s laboratory and have it tested for drugs of abuse by the Company. The PDT-90 testing service uses the same patented method that is used with the Company’s workplace testing services.
Research
The Company is involved in the following ongoing studies involving use of drugs of abuse in various populations: In 2017, the Company partnered with an NIH-funded study titled “Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development” (“ABCD”) which expects to enroll 12,000 youths age 9-10 over a 2-2.5 year recruitment period. The objective of the ABCD consortium is to establish a national, multisite, longitudinal cohort and database by studying youth prospectively in order to examine brain and cognitive development in children and adolescents through a period (10 years) when significant development of intellectual and emotional functions occurs. Psychemedics’ role in this study is to test hair to detect use of drugs over the time period. The Company is also partnering with Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center Institute of Living Hartford Hospital in a research study entitled, “Neurochemical and Functional Correlates of Memory in Emerging Adult Marijuana Users.” The study is aiming to better characterize the impact of heavy marijuana use on memory and is funded by a grant from NIDA.
Geographic Scope
Revenues outside the United States were 3%, 5%, and 9% of consolidated revenues for years ended, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Distribution
The Company markets its corporate drug testing services through its own sales force, distributors and webinars. The Company markets its home drug testing service, PDT-90®, through the Internet.
Significant Customers and Concentration of Credit Risk
The Company had no customers that represented 10% or more of total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The Company had one customer that represented 11% and 12% of the total accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
The Company maintains its cash in a bank account at one of the largest financial institutions in the U.S. The individual balance, at times, may exceed federally insured limits. These deposits may be redeemed upon demand, and the Company believes that the financial institution that holds the Company’s cash is financially sound and, accordingly, minimal credit risk exists with respect to cash.
Competition
The Company competes directly with numerous commercial laboratories that test for drugs primarily through urinalysis testing. Most of these laboratories, such as Quest Diagnostics, have substantially greater financial resources, market identity, drug testing market share, marketing organizations, facilities, and more personnel than the Company. Psychemedics has developed a strong base of corporate customers and believes that future success with new business customers is dependent on the Company’s ability to communicate the advantages of implementing a drug program utilizing the Company’s patented hair analysis method.
The Company’s ability to compete is also a function of pricing. The Company’s prices for its tests are generally slightly higher than prices for tests using urinalysis. However, the Company believes that its superior detection rates, coupled with the customer’s ability to test less frequently due to hair testing’s wider window of detection (three months versus approximately three days with urinalysis), provide more value to the customer. This pricing policy could, however, lead to slower volume growth for the Company.
The Company also competes with other hair testing laboratories. The Company distinguishes itself from hair testing competitors by emphasizing the superior results the Company obtains through use of its unique patented extraction method in combination with the Company’s FDA cleared immunoassay screen.
Government Regulation
The Company is licensed as a clinical laboratory by the State of California as well as certain other states. All tests are performed according to the laboratory standards established by the Department of Health and Human Services, through the Clinical Laboratories Improvement Amendments, and various state licensing statutes.
A substantial number of states regulate drug testing. The scope and nature of such regulations varies greatly from state to state and is subject to change from time to time. The Company addresses state law issues on an ongoing basis.
The Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, as amended, requires companies engaged in the business of testing for drugs of abuse using a test (screening assay) not previously recognized by the FDA to submit their assay to the FDA for recognition prior to marketing. In addition, the laboratory performing the tests is required to be certified by a recognized agency. In 2002, the Company received 510k clearance to market all five of its assays utilizing RIAH technology.
In 2008, the Company received the first College of American Pathologists certification specifically including hair testing.
In 2011, the Company received ISO/IEC 17025 International Accreditation for a broad spectrum of laboratory testing including drugs of abuse and forensics in hair and urine specimens. ISO/IEC 17025 accreditation provides formal recognition to laboratories that demonstrate technical competency and maintains this recognition through periodic evaluations to ensure continued compliance.
In 2012, the Company received 510k clearance from the FDA to market five of its assays utilizing the Company’s custom developed EIA technology.
In 2013, the Company received 510k clearance from the FDA to market two additional assays utilizing the Company’s custom developed EIA technology.
In 2016, the Company received accreditation from the Standards Council of Canada as an accredited testing laboratory.
In 2017, the Company received 510k clearance from the FDA to market one additional assay utilizing the Company’s custom developed EIA technology.
In 2019, the Company received 510k clearance from the FDA to market one additional assay utilizing the Company’s custom developed EIA technology.
Research and Development
The Company is continuously engaged in research and development activities. During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, $1.3 million, $1.1 million and $1.3 million, respectively, were expended for research and development. The Company continues to perform research activities to develop new products and services and to improve existing products and services utilizing the Company’s proprietary technology. The Company also continues to evaluate methodologies to enhance its drug screening capabilities. Additional research using the Company’s proprietary technology is being conducted by outside research organizations through government-funded studies.
Employees
As of December 31, 2022, the Company employed 133 employees, 3 of whom were in R&D. None of the Company’s employees are subject to a collective bargaining agreement and the Company believes that overall relations with employees are good.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Item 1A. Risk Factors
In addition to other information contained in this Form 10-K, the following risk factors should be carefully considered in evaluating Psychemedics Corporation and its business because such factors could have a significant impact on our business, operating results, and financial condition. Additional risks not presently known to the Company, or that it presently deems immaterial, may also negatively impact the Company. These risk factors could cause actual results to materially differ from those projected in any forward-looking statements.
Risks Related to Our Business and Operations
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic may continue to adversely affect our business, results of operation and financial condition.
The Company is closely monitoring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on all aspects of its business. Fluctuations in the number of COVID-19 cases may have a negative effect on the Company's business and financial performance. Given the continued unpredictability pertaining to the COVID-19 pandemic, the impact on the Company's business continues to be uncertain and depends on a number of evolving factors that the Company may not be able to predict or effectively respond to. These factors include: the timing, extent, trajectory, and duration of any pandemic; increases in COVID-19 infection rates and the geographic location of such increases; the development, availability, distribution and effectiveness of vaccines and treatments; the imposition of protective public safety measures; and the impact of any pandemic on supply chain and the global economy. To the extent the COVID-19 pandemic or any future pandemic adversely affects our business, results of operations and financial condition, it may also have the effect of heightening other risks.
The Company incurred additional costs to implement operational changes in response to this pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted, and along with other economic factors, a resurgence in COVID-19 could continue to disrupt, the Company’s supply chain, including its ability to secure test collection and testing supplies and equipment and personal protective equipment for its employees.
Companies may develop products that compete with our products and some of these companies may be larger and better capitalized than we are.
Many of our competitors and potential competitors are larger and have greater financial resources than we do and offer a range of products broader than our products. Some of the companies with which we now compete or may compete in the future may develop more extensive research and marketing capabilities and greater technical and personnel resources than we do and may become better positioned to compete in an evolving industry. Inability to compete successfully could harm our business and prospects.
Increased competition, including price competition, could have a material impact on the Company’s net revenues and profitability.
Our business is intensely competitive, both in terms of price and service. Pricing of drug testing services is a significant factor often considered by customers in selecting a drug testing laboratory. Larger clinical laboratory providers can increase cost efficiencies afforded by large-scale automated testing. This results in greater price competition. The Company may be unable to increase cost efficiencies sufficiently, if at all, and as a result, its net earnings and operating cash flows could be negatively impacted by such price competition. The Company may also face increased competition from companies that do not comply with existing laws or regulations or otherwise disregard compliance standards in the industry. Additional competition, including price competition, could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s net revenues and profitability.
Inflationary pressures on the costs of direct materials, supplies, and personnel expenses could have a material impact on the Company’s gross profit and profitability.
Inflationary pressures have resulted in increases in the costs of shipping charges, supplies, and other services that we purchase from vendors, suppliers, and others. Inflationary pressures, along with the competition for labor, have also resulted in an increase of our labor costs, which include the costs of compensation, benefits, and other employee-related expenses. Continuation of the current inflationary environment may adversely impact the Company.
Our results of operations are subject in part to variation in our customers’ hiring practices and other factors beyond our control.
Our results of operations have been and may continue to be subject to variation in our customers’ hiring practices and job creation, which in turn is dependent, to a large extent, on the general condition of the economy, especially within our major market segments. Results for a particular quarter may vary due to several factors, including but not limited to:
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economic conditions in our markets in general;
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economic conditions affecting our customers and their particular industries;
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the introduction of new products and product enhancements by us or our competitors; and
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pricing and other competitive conditions.
A failure to obtain and retain new customers, or a loss of existing customers, or a reduction in tests ordered, could impact the Company’s ability to successfully grow its business.
The Company needs to obtain and retain new customers. In addition, a reduction in tests ordered, without offsetting growth in its customer base, could impact the Company’s ability to successfully grow its business and could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s net revenues and profitability. We compete primarily based on the quality of testing, timeliness of results, reputation in the industry, the pricing of services and ability to employ qualified personnel. The Company’s failure to successfully compete on any of these factors could result in the loss of customers and a reduction in the Company’s ability to expand its customer base.
Our business could be harmed if we are unable to protect our technology.
We rely primarily on a combination of trade secrets, patents and trademark laws and confidentiality procedures to protect our technology. Despite these precautions, unauthorized third parties may infringe or copy portions of our technology. In addition, because patent applications in the United States are not publicly disclosed until either: (1) 18 months after the application filing date or (2) the publication date of an issued patent wherein applicant(s) seek only US patent protection, applications not yet disclosed may have been filed which relate to our technology. Moreover, there is a risk that foreign intellectual property laws will not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as United States intellectual property laws. In the absence of the foregoing protections, we may be vulnerable to competitors who attempt to copy our products, processes or technology.
Our business could be affected by IT system failures or Cybersecurity breaches.
A computer or IT system failure could affect our ability to perform tests, report test results or properly bill customers for services performed. Failures could occur as a result of the standardization of our IT systems and other system conversions, telecommunications failures, malicious human acts (such as electronic break-ins or computer viruses) or natural disasters. Sustained system failures or interruption of the Company’s systems in one or more of its operations could disrupt the Company’s ability to process and provide test results in a timely manner and/or bill the appropriate party. Failure of the Company’s information systems could adversely affect the Company’s business, profitability and financial condition.
Our technologies, systems and networks may be subject to cybersecurity breaches. Although we have experienced occasional, actual or attempted breaches of our cybersecurity, none of these breaches has had a material effect on our business, operations or reputation. If our systems for protecting against cybersecurity risks prove to be insufficient, we could be adversely affected by having our business systems compromised, our proprietary information altered, lost or stolen, or our business operations disrupted. As cyber-attacks continue to evolve, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures or to investigate and remediate any information systems and related infrastructure security vulnerabilities.
In addition, certain third parties to whom we outsource our services and functions, or with whom we interface, store our confidential patient data or other confidential information as also subject to the same IT risks. A breach or attack affecting these outsourced third parties could negatively impact our business.
Failure to maintain confidential information could result in a significant financial impact.
The Company maintains confidential information regarding the results of drug tests and other information including credit card and payment information from our customers. The failure to protect this information could result in lawsuits, fines or penalties. Any loss of data or breach of confidentiality, such as through a computer security breach, could expose the Company to a financial liability.
Adverse results in material litigation could have an adverse financial impact and an adverse impact on our client base and reputation.
We are or may in the future become subject to a variety of litigation and legal proceedings relating to, among other things: corporate matters; commercial matters; financial and securities regulations; and employment matters. These proceedings may result in substantial monetary damages. Results of legal and regulatory proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty and for some matters, such as class actions, no insurance is cost-effectively available. Regardless of merit, legal and regulatory proceedings may be both time-consuming and disruptive to our operations and could divert the attention of our management and key personnel from our business operations. We estimate loss contingencies and establish accruals as required by generally accepted accounting principles, based on our assessment of contingencies where liability is deemed probable and reasonably estimable, in light of the facts and circumstances known to us at a particular point in time.
We are subject to, and could be further subject to, governmental investigations or actions by other third parties.
We are subject to various federal and state laws, including employment laws and regulations, violations of which can involve civil or criminal sanctions. Responding to governmental investigations or other actions may be both time-consuming and disruptive to our operations and could divert the attention of our management and key personnel from our business operations.
Our future success will depend on the continued service of our key employees.
Our people are a critical resource. The loss of any of our key personnel, including our Chief Executive Officer, executive team and other highly skilled employees, could harm our business and prospects. We may not be able to attract and retain personnel necessary for the development of our business. We do not have key personnel under contract other than 3 officers who have agreements providing for severance and non-compete covenants in the event of termination of employment following a change of control. Further, we do not have any key man life insurance for any of our officers or other key personnel.
There is a risk that our insurance will not be sufficient to protect us from errors and omissions liability or other claims, or that in the future errors and omissions insurance will not be available to us at a reasonable cost, if at all.
Our business involves the risk of claims of errors and omissions and other claims inherent to our business. We maintain errors and omissions and general liability insurance subject to deductibles and exclusions. There is a risk that our insurance will not be sufficient to protect us from all such possible claims. An under-insured or uninsured claim could harm our operating results or financial condition.
Our research and development capabilities may not produce viable new services or products.
In order to remain competitive, we need to continually improve our products, develop new technologies to replace older technologies that have either become obsolete or for which patent protection is has expired. It is uncertain whether we will continually be able to develop services that are more efficient, effective or that are suitable for our customers. Our ability to create viable products or services depends on many factors, including the implementation of appropriate technologies, the development of effective new research tools, the complexity of the chemistry and biology, the lack of predictability in the scientific process and the performance and decision-making capabilities of our scientists. There is no guarantee that our research and development teams will be successful in developing improvements to our technology.
Improved testing technologies, or the Company’s customers using new technologies to perform their own tests, could adversely affect the Company’s business.
Advances in technology may lead to the development of more cost-effective technologies that can be operated by third parties or customers themselves in their own offices, without requiring the services of a freestanding laboratory. Development of such technology and its use by the Company’s customers could reduce the demand for its testing services and negatively impact our revenues.
We may not be able to recruit and retain the experienced scientists and management we need to compete in our industry.
Our future success depends upon our ability to attract, retain and motivate highly skilled scientists and management. Our ability to achieve our business strategies depends on our ability to hire and retain high caliber scientists and other qualified experts. We compete with other testing companies, research companies and academic and research institutions to recruit personnel and face significant competition for qualified personnel. We may incur greater costs than anticipated, or may not be successful, in attracting new scientists or management or in retaining or motivating our existing personnel.
Our future success also depends on the personal efforts and abilities of the principal members of our senior management and scientific staff to provide strategic direction, to manage our operations and maintain a cohesive and stable environment.
Our facilities and practices may fail to comply with government regulations.
Our testing facilities and processes must be operated in conformity with current government regulations. These requirements include, among other things, quality control, quality assurance and the maintenance of records and documentation. If we fail to comply with these requirements, we may not be able to continue our services to certain customers, or we could be subject to fines and penalties, suspension of production, or withdrawal of our certifications. We operate a facility that we believe conforms to all applicable requirements. This facility and our testing practices are subject to periodic regulatory inspections to ensure compliance.
Our business could be harmed from the loss or suspension of any licenses.
The forensic laboratory testing industry is subject to significant regulation and many of these statutes and regulations are subject to change. The Company cannot assure that applicable statutes and regulations will not be interpreted or applied by a regulatory authority in a manner that would adversely affect its business. Potential sanctions for violation of these regulations could include the suspension or loss of various licenses, certificates and authorizations, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business. In addition, potential delays in renewals of licenses could also harm the Company.
If our use of chemical and hazardous materials violates applicable laws or regulations or causes personal injury, we may be liable for damages.
Our drug testing activities, including the analysis and synthesis of chemicals, involve the controlled use of chemicals, including flammable, combustible, and toxic materials that are potentially hazardous. Our use, storage, handling and disposal of these materials is subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations, including the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Occupational Safety and Health Act and local fire codes, and regulations promulgated by the Department of Transportation, the Drug Enforcement Agency, the Department of Energy, and the California Department of Public Health and Environment. We may incur significant costs to comply with these laws and regulations in the future. In addition, we cannot completely eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials, which could result in material unanticipated expenses, such as substantial fines or penalties, remediation costs or damages, or the loss of a permit or other authorization to operate or engage in our business. Those expenses could exceed our net worth and limit our ability to raise additional capital.
Our operations could be interrupted by damage to our laboratory facilities.
Our operations are dependent upon the continued use of our laboratories and equipment in Culver City, California. Catastrophic events, including earthquakes, fires or explosions, could damage our laboratories, equipment, scientific data, work in progress or inventories of chemicals and may materially interrupt our business. We employ safety precautions in our laboratory activities in order to reduce the likelihood of the occurrence of certain catastrophic events; however, we cannot eliminate the chance that such events will occur. Rebuilding our facilities could be time consuming and result in substantial delays in fulfilling our agreements with our customers. We maintain business interruption insurance to cover continuing expenses and lost revenue caused by such occurrences. However, this insurance does not compensate us for the loss of opportunity and potential harm to customer relations that our inability to meet our customers’ needs in a timely manner could create.
Agreements we have with our employees, consultants and customers may not afford adequate protection for our trade secrets, confidential information and other proprietary information.
In addition to patent protection, we also rely on copyright and trademark protection, trade secrets, know-how, continuing technological innovation and licensing opportunities. In an effort to maintain the confidentiality and ownership of our trade secrets and proprietary information, we require our employees, consultants and advisors to execute confidentiality and proprietary information agreements. However, these agreements may not provide us with adequate protection against improper use or disclosure of confidential information and there may not be adequate remedies in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure. Furthermore, we may from time to time hire scientific personnel formerly employed by other companies involved in one or more areas similar to the activities we conduct. In some situations, our confidentiality and proprietary information agreements may conflict with, or be subject to, the rights of third parties with whom our employees, consultants or advisors have prior employment or consulting relationships. Although we require our employees and consultants to maintain the confidentiality of all proprietary information of their previous employers, these individuals, or we, may be subject to allegations of trade secret misappropriation or other similar claims as a result of their prior affiliations. Finally, others may independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information and techniques or otherwise gain access to our trade secrets. Our failure or inability to protect our proprietary information and techniques may inhibit or limit our ability to compete effectively or exclude certain competitors from the market.
International trade policies may impact demand for our products and our competitive position.
Government policies on international trade and investment such as import quotas, capital controls or tariffs, whether adopted by individual governments or addressed by regional trade blocs, can affect the demand for our services, impact the competitive position of our products or prevent us from being able to sell products in certain countries. The implementation of more restrictive trade policies, such as more detailed inspections, higher tariffs or new barriers to entry, could negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition. For example, a government’s adoption of “buy national” policies or retaliation by another government against such policies could have a negative impact on our results of operations.
Global operations are subject to extensive trade and anti-corruption laws and regulations.
The U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar foreign anti-corruption laws generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments or providing anything of value to improperly influence foreign government officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business or obtaining an unfair advantage. Recent years have seen a substantial increase in the global enforcement of anti-corruption laws. Our operations outside the United States could increase the risk of such violations. Violations of anti-corruption laws or regulations by our employees or by intermediaries acting on our behalf may result in severe criminal or civil sanctions, could disrupt our business, and result in an adverse effect on our business and results of operations or financial condition.
Our approach to environmental, social, and governance (ESG) matters may not satisfy all our stakeholders.
We assess opportunities and risks related to environmental, social and governance (ESG) matters. As part of this process, we may make decisions related to ESG matters and may set goals and targets related to ESG matters. We have a broad range of stakeholders, including our stockholders, employees, schools, and communities we serve, some of whom increasingly focus on ESG matters. Certain stakeholders may not be satisfied with our decisions related to ESG matters, the goals we set regarding ESG matters, our progress towards these goals or the resulting outcomes. This could lead to negative perceptions of, or loss of support for our business, difficulty recruiting or attracting new employees and our stock price being negatively impacted.
Risks Related to Our Stock
Our quarterly operating results could fluctuate significantly, which could cause our stock price to decline.
Our quarterly operating results have fluctuated in the past and are likely to fluctuate in the future. Our results are impacted by the extent to which we are able to gain new customers, competitive pricing, and on the hiring practices of our existing customers, including seasonality. Demand for drug testing can be impacted by changes in government requirements regarding testing for drugs of abuse, delays in implementation of such requirements, as well as general economic conditions. Entering into new customer contracts can involve a long lead time. Accordingly, negotiation can be lengthy and is subject to a number of significant risks, including customers’ budgetary constraints and internal reviews. Due to these and other market factors, our operating results could fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter. In addition, we may experience significant fluctuations in quarterly operating results due to factors such as general and industry-specific economic conditions that may affect the budgets and the hiring practices of our customers.
Due to the possibility of fluctuations in our revenue and expenses, we believe that quarter-to-quarter comparisons of our operating results are not necessarily a good indication of our future performance. Our operating results in some quarters may not meet the expectations of stock market analysts and investors. If we do not meet analysts’ or investors’ expectations, our stock price could decline.
Payment of a cash dividend could decline or cease.
With some interruptions during the COVID pandemic, the Company has historically paid cash dividends. Any cessation of our program or reduction in our cash dividend could affect our stock price. If we cease this practice or reduce the amount of the regular cash dividend, due to operating or economic conditions, our stock price could suffer. Further, if the Company ceases its future cash dividends, a return on investment in our common stock would depend entirely upon future appreciation. There is no guarantee that our common stock will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which stockholders have purchased their shares.
Our stock price could experience substantial volatility.
The market price of our common stock has historically experienced and may continue to experience extensive volatility. Our quarterly operating results, the success or failure of future development efforts, changes in general conditions in the economy or the financial markets and other developments affecting our customers, our distributors, our competitors or us could cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate substantially. This volatility may adversely affect the price of our common stock. In the past, securities class action litigation has often been instituted following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities. A securities class action suit against us could result in potential liabilities, substantial costs and the diversion of management’s attention and resources, regardless of whether we win or lose.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
Not applicable.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Item 2. Properties
The Company maintains its corporate office at 289 Great Road, Acton, Massachusetts, 01720; the office consists of six thousand square feet and is leased through February 2024.
The Company leases two facilities for laboratory testing purposes in Culver City, California. The first is fourteen thousand square feet of space with an additional ten thousand square feet of storage space. This facility is leased through December 2024. The second facility of sixteen thousand square feet is leased through March 2025.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
Information pertaining to legal proceedings can be found in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Note 9 - “Commitments and Contingencies” to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The Company’s common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Stock Market under the symbol “PMD”. As of March 15, 2023, there were 157 record holders of the Company’s common stock. The number of record owners was determined from the Company’s stockholder records maintained by the Company’s transfer agent and does not include beneficial owners of the Company’s common stock whose shares are held in the names of various security holders, dealers and clearing agencies. The Company believes that the number of beneficial owners of the Company’s common stock held by others as or in nominee names exceeds 3,100.
The following table sets forth for the periods indicated the range of prices for the Company’s common stock as reported by the NASDAQ Stock Market and cash dividends declared by the Company.
High
Low
Dividends
Fiscal 2022:
First Quarter
$ 7.77
$ 6.25
$ -
Second Quarter
7.21
6.01
0.07
Third Quarter
6.94
6.05
0.07
Fourth Quarter
6.70
4.85
0.07
Fiscal 2021:
First Quarter
$ 7.90
$ 4.95
$ -
Second Quarter
8.36
6.20
-
Third Quarter
8.60
8.05
-
Fourth Quarter
8.90
6.76
0.05
The Company most recently declared a cash dividend of $0.07 per share on March 21, 2023, which will be paid on April 10, 2023.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
During 2022, the Company did not repurchase any common shares for treasury.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
There were no unregistered sales of common stock of the Company during 2022.
Performance Graph
Calculated by the Company using www.yahoo.com/finance historical prices.
PMD
PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION
100.00
80.54
51.36
32.49
42.12
32.83
Russell 2000
RUSSELL 2000 INDEX
100.00
87.82
108.66
128.61
146.23
114.70
NASDAQ
NASDAQ COMPOSITE INDEX
100.00
96.12
129.97
186.69
226.63
151.61
(1)
The above graph assumes a $100 investment on December 31, 2017, through the end of the 5-year period ended December 31, 2022, in the Company’s Common Stock, the Russell 2000 Index and the NASDAQ Composite Index. The prices all assume the reinvestment of cash dividends.
(2)
The Russell 2000 Index is composed of the smallest 2,000 companies in the Russell 3,000 Index. The Company has been unable to identify a peer group of companies that engage in testing of drugs of abuse, except for large pharmaceutical companies where such business is insignificant to such companies’ other lines of businesses. The Company therefore uses in its proxy statements a peer index based on market capitalization.
(3)
The NASDAQ Composite Index includes companies whose shares are traded on the NASDAQ Stock Market.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Item 6. Reserved

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read together with the more detailed business information and financial statements and related notes that appear elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K. This annual report may contain certain “forward-looking” information within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. This information involves risks and uncertainties. Actual results may differ materially from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such a difference include, but are not limited to, those discussed in Item 1A - Risk Factors.
Overview
Psychemedics Corporation is the world’s largest provider of hair testing for drugs of abuse, utilizing a patented hair analysis method involving digestion of hair, enzyme immunoassay technology and confirmation by mass spectrometry to analyze human hair to detect abused substances. The Company’s customers include Fortune 500 companies, as well as small to mid-size corporations, schools, and governmental entities, located in the United States and internationally. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company’s revenues were $25.2 million, an increase of 1% from $24.9 million in 2021. The increase was due to higher organic growth in the Company’s largest market segment offset by a decline in Brazil revenues, including the Brazil driver license business.
Under the provisions of the CARES Act signed into law on March 27, 2020, and the subsequent extension of the CARES Act, the Company was eligible for a refundable employee retention credit subject to certain criteria through the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. The Company recognized $2.6 million of employee retention credits during fiscal year 2021 of which $1.8 million was included in cost of revenues and $0.8 million in operating expenses in the statement of operations.
As the Company has disclosed previously, most recently in its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q in the third quarter of 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the Company to explore shareholder enhancement opportunities, including strategic alternatives, such as the potential sale or merger of the Company, capitalization optimization and cash dividend strategies. Management and the Board of Directors are committed to continuing to evaluate all avenues for enhancing shareholder value. There can be no assurances that the shareholder enhancement review process will result in a transaction or other strategic change or outcome. The Company has not set a timetable for the conclusion of its review of strategic alternatives, and it does not intend to comment further unless and until the Board has approved a specific course of action or the Company has otherwise determined that further disclosure is appropriate or required by law. The Company’s Board of Directors has designated a subcommittee of the Board to review shareholder enhancement opportunities. The Company has retained investment banking firms and corporate transaction legal advisors in connection with its exploration of shareholder enhancement opportunities.
The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the selected statements of operations data as a percentage of total revenue:
Year Ended December 31,
Revenues
100.0 %
100.0 %
100.0 %
Cost of revenues
63.2 %
58.8 %
77.1 %
Gross profit
36.8 %
41.2 %
22.9 %
Operating Expenses:
General & administrative
23.2 %
24.6 %
28.5 %
Marketing & selling
12.6 %
11.3 %
16.7 %
Research & development
5.3 %
4.5 %
6.0 %
Total Operating Expenses
41.1 %
40.4 %
51.2 %
Operating (loss) income
-4.3 %
0.8 %
-28.3 %
Other Income (Expense):
Gain on forgiveness of PPP Loan
0.0 %
8.8 %
0.0 %
Settlements
0.0 %
-12.6 %
0.0 %
Other income (expense)
0.2 %
-0.2 %
-0.7 %
Total Other Income (Expense)
0.2 %
-4.0 %
-0.7 %
Net loss before provision for (benefit from) income taxes
-4.1 %
-3.2 %
-29.0 %
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes
0.2 %
-0.6 %
-11.0 %
Net loss
-4.3 %
-2.6 %
-18.0 %
Revenue by Geographic Region
Year Ended December 31,
Consolidated Revenue:
United States
$ 24,509
$ 23,584
$ 19,486
International
1,325
1,874
Total Revenue
$ 25,240
$ 24,909
$ 21,360
Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2022, Compared to Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2021 (in thousands)
Change
%
Revenues
$ 25,240
$ 24,909
$
%
Cost of revenues
15,949
14,645
1,304
%
Gross profit
9,291
10,264
( 973 )
%
Operating Expenses:
General & administrative
5,857
6,126
( 269 )
%
Marketing & selling
3,191
2,799
%
Research & development
1,326
1,130
%
Total Operating Expenses
10,374
10,055
%
Operating (loss) income
( 1,083 )
( 1,292 )
%
Other Income (Expense):
Gain on forgiveness of PPP Loan
-
2,181
( 2,181 )
%
Settlements
-
( 3,150 )
3,150
%
Other income (expense)
( 61 )
%
Total Other Income (Expense)
( 1,030 )
1,073
%
Net loss before provision for (benefit from) income taxes
( 1,040 )
( 821 )
( 219 )
%
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes
( 156 )
%
Net loss
$ ( 1,084 )
$ ( 665 )
$ ( 419 )
%
Revenue: The revenue increase of 1% was primarily due to a 6% increase in average revenue per sample, offset by a 5% decrease in volume. Domestic revenues increased by 4% compared to the prior year period, due to an increase in average revenue per sample with similar volumes. International revenues decreased by 45% compared to the prior year period, due to decline in volume from unfavorable market forces in Brazil. See geographic breakdown of revenue above. The Company does not expect any material change in its Brazil driver license business as this market continues to be considerably uncertain.
Gross profit: The 9% decrease in gross profit was due to an increase in personnel and related costs, which was primarily due to the recognition of the refundable Employee Retention Tax Credits in 2021.
General and administrative (“G&A”) expenses: G&A expenses decreased 4% from 2021 to 2022, primarily driven by reductions in legal expenses related to lawsuit settlements and the exploration of possible strategic alternatives in the prior year. The decrease was also attributed to lower professional fees related to the employee retention tax credit recognized in 2021. As a percentage of revenue, G&A expenses represented 23.2% in 2022 compared to 24.6% in 2021.
Marketing and selling expenses: Marketing and selling expenses increased 14% from 2021 to 2022, primarily driven by higher personnel costs due to the employee retention tax credit recognized in 2021. As a percentage of revenue, marketing and selling expenses represented 12.6% in 2022 compared to 11.3% in 2021.
Income Taxes: During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded a tax expense of $0.04 million representing a tax rate of (4%) compared to a tax rate of 19% in 2021. For information regarding additional matters related to our taxes, please see Note 5 - "Income Taxes" to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report.
Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2021, Compared to Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2020 (in thousands)
Change
%
Revenues
$ 24,909
$ 21,360
$ 3,549
%
Cost of revenues
14,645
16,474
( 1,829 )
%
Gross profit
10,264
4,886
5,378
%
Operating Expenses:
General & administrative
6,126
6,095
%
Marketing & selling
2,799
3,577
( 778 )
%
Research & development
1,130
1,280
( 150 )
%
Total Operating Expenses
10,055
10,952
( 897 )
%
Operating income (loss)
( 6,066 )
6,275
%
Other (Expense) Income:
Gain on forgiveness of PPP Loan
2,181
-
2,181
%
Settlements
( 3,150 )
-
( 3,150 )
%
Other expense
( 61 )
( 140 )
%
Total Other (Expense) Income
( 1,030 )
( 140 )
( 890 )
%
Net loss before benefit from income taxes
( 821 )
( 6,206 )
5,385
%
Benefit from income taxes
( 156 )
( 2,347 )
2,191
%
Net loss
$ ( 665 )
$ ( 3,859 )
$ 3,194
%
Revenue: The revenue increase of 17% was primarily due to a 9% increase in volume, compounded by an 8% increase in average revenue per sample, primarily as a result of business mix and increased domestic volumes. Domestic revenues increased by 21% compared to the prior year period, due to an increase in volume and growth in the base business. International revenues decreased by 29% from 2020 to 2021, due to decline in volume from unfavorable market forces in Brazil and the COVID-19 pandemic. See geographic breakdown of revenue above. The Company does not expect any material change in its Brazil driver license business as this market continues to be considerably uncertain.
Gross profit: The 110% increase in gross profit was due to higher sales volume and lower personnel costs. Higher volume and lower personnel costs was the primary factor in the gross profit percentage increase from 23% in 2020 to 41% in 2021. The decrease in lower labor and related costs was primarily due to the recognition of the refundable employee retention tax credits in 2021 and the retention of certain laboratory employees during 2020, to qualify for PPP Loan forgiveness with no offsetting proportional revenue.
General and administrative (“G&A”) expenses: G&A expenses increased 1% from 2020 to 2021, primarily driven by higher legal expenses related to the exploration of possible strategic alternatives in an effort to enhance shareholder value. As a percentage of revenue, G&A expenses represented 24.6% in 2021 compared to 28.5% in 2020.
Marketing and selling expenses: Marketing and selling expenses decreased 22% from 2020 to 2021, primarily driven by cost reduction initiatives; specifically, lower personnel related costs (including less travel and meals) and in addition refundable employee retention tax credits. As a percentage of revenue, marketing and selling expenses represented 11.3% in 2021 compared to 16.7% in 2020.
Income Taxes: During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recorded a tax benefit of $0.2 million representing a tax rate of 19% compared to a tax rate of 38% in 2020. For information regarding additional matters related to our taxes, please see Note 5 - "Income Taxes" to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
The Company had $4.8 million and $2.0 million of cash as of December 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively. The Company’s operating activities generated net cash of $4.9 and $0.4 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively. Investing activities used net cash of $0.2 million in both 2022 and 2021. Financing activities used net cash of $1.9 million and $1.0 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Operating cash generated in operations of $4.9 million in 2022 primarily reflected the net loss of $1.1 million adjusted for depreciation and amortization of $2.4 million and stock compensation expense of $0.9 million. Cash generated in operations was also affected by the following changes in assets and liabilities: collection of a tax receivable of $2.3 million, accounts receivable of $0.4 million, prepaid expenses of $0.4 million, and an increase in accrued expenses of $0.7 million. The $4.5 million change in operating cash from a positive $0.4 million in 2021 to a positive $4.9 million in 2022 was primarily driven by the income tax receivable in 2022 and the forgiveness of the PPP loan in 2021.
Operating cash generated in operations of $0.4 million in 2021 primarily reflected the net loss of $0.7 million adjusted for PPP Loan forgiveness of $2.2 million, depreciation and amortization of $2.8 million and stock compensation expense of $0.7 million. Cash generated in operations was also affected by the following changes in assets and liabilities: an increase in accounts receivable of $0.8 million and an increase in accrued expenses of $1.4 million. The $4.5 million change in operating cash from a negative $4.1 million in 2020 to a positive $0.4 million in 2021 was primarily driven by improved operating results in 2021.
Cash used in investing activities primarily reflected the purchase of capital expenditures. Capital expenditures were $0.2 million and $0.2 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively. In both 2022 and 2021, the expenditures related principally to laboratory equipment, machinery, and computer software.
During 2022 and 2021, the Company did not repurchase any shares of common stock for treasury. The Company has authorized 750,000 shares for repurchase since June of 1998, of which 250,000 shares of common stock were authorized in March of 2008 for repurchase. Since 1998, a total of 550,684 shares have been repurchased. The Company distributed cash dividends to its shareholders of $1.2 million in 2022 and $0.3 million in 2021. Cash flows used in financing activities also reflected repayments under the Equipment Loan Arrangement of $0.7 million in both 2022 and 2021.
During the last three consecutive quarters of 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.07 per common share. In March 2023, the Company announced that the Board of Directors authorized a quarterly cash dividend of $0.07 per share, payable in April 2023. There can be no assurance that the Company will pay dividends in the future. The Company will continue to evaluate the dividend as it moves forward.
At December 31, 2022, the Company’s principal sources of liquidity included $4.8 million of cash on hand. Management currently believes that such funds, together with future operating profits, should be adequate to fund anticipated working capital requirements, including debt obligations, and capital expenditures for at least the next 12 months. Depending upon the Company’s results of operations, its future capital needs and available marketing opportunities, the Company may use various financing sources to raise additional funds. Such sources could include but are not limited to, issuance of common stock or debt financing, lines of credit, or equipment leasing; although there is no assurance that such financings will be available to the Company on terms it deems acceptable, if at all.
On May 4, 2020, the Company borrowed $2.2 million from Bank of America, N.A., pursuant to the PPP, established under the CARES Act. These funds were used to maintain operations, including the employment of both exempt and non-exempt employees, in order to meet the drug testing needs of our customers and adhere to strict quality standards in the midst of the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic.
During the third quarter of 2021, the PPP Loan and accrued interest was 100% forgiven by the SBA. The PPP Loan exceeded $2.0 million audit threshold established by the SBA, and therefore, could be subject to audit by the SBA in the future.
Purchase Commitment
Operating leases consist of rent obligations for the company’s facilities and corporate office. The Company has no significant contractual obligation for supply agreements as of December 31, 2022.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles require the Company’s management to make judgments, assumptions and estimates that affect the amounts reported. Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K describes the significant accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates, and such differences may be material.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 2 - “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for further detail on recent accounting pronouncements.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Not required.

---

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
(a)
Financial Statements:
Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (BDO USA, LLP; Boston, Massachusetts; PCAOB ID# 243)
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
Shareholders and Board of Directors
Psychemedics Corporation
Acton, Massachusetts
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Psychemedics Corporation (the “Company”) and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company and subsidiaries at December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
Critical audit matters are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. We determined that there are no critical audit matters.
/s/ BDO USA, LLP
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2004.
Boston, Massachusetts
March 24, 2023
PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except par value)
December 31,
December 31,
ASSETS
Current Assets:
Cash
$ 4,750 $ 1,992
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $87 and $89 at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively
3,739 4,116
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
1,136 1,499
Income tax receivable
339 2,678
Total Current Assets
9,964 10,285
Property and equipment:
Computer software
4,648 4,521
Office furniture and equipment
2,247 2,195
Laboratory equipment
16,013 16,005
Leasehold improvements
3,629 3,629
26,537 26,350
Accumulated depreciation and amortization
( 21,964 ) ( 19,659 )
4,573 6,691
Other assets
823 864
Deferred tax assets
691 160
Operating lease right-of-use assets
2,681 3,552
Total Assets
$ 18,732 $ 21,552
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Current Liabilities:
Accounts payable
$ 448 $ 994
Accrued expenses
3,939 3,188
Current portion of long-term debt
294 664
Current portion of operating lease liabilities
1,037 984
Total Current Liabilities
5,718 5,830
Long-term debt
305 599
Long-term portion of operating lease liabilities
1,938 2,880
Total Liabilities
7,961 9,309
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 9)
Shareholders' Equity:
Preferred stock, $0.005 par value, 873 shares authorized, no shares issued or outstanding
- -
Common stock, $0.005 par value; 50,000 shares authorized 6,349 shares and 6,257 shares issued at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, 5,681 shares outstanding and 5,589 shares outstanding at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively
32 31
Additional paid-in capital
34,275 33,478
Less - Treasury stock, at cost, 668 shares
( 10,082 ) ( 10,082 )
Accumulated deficit
( 11,820 ) ( 9,550 )
Accumulated other comprehensive loss
( 1,634 ) ( 1,634 )
Total Shareholders' Equity
10,771 12,243
Total Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity
$ 18,732 $ 21,552
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND
COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Year Ended December 31,
Revenues
$ 25,240
$ 24,909
$ 21,360
Cost of revenues
15,949
14,645
16,474
Gross profit
9,291
10,264
4,886
Operating Expenses:
General & administrative
5,857
6,126
6,095
Marketing & selling
3,191
2,799
3,577
Research & development
1,326
1,130
1,280
Total Operating Expenses
10,374
10,055
10,952
Operating (loss) income
( 1,083 )
( 6,066 )
Other Income (Expense):
Gain on forgiveness of PPP Loan
-
2,181
-
Settlements
-
( 3,150 )
-
Other income (expense)
( 61 )
( 140 )
Total Other Income (Expense)
( 1,030 )
( 140 )
Net loss before provision for (benefit from) income taxes
( 1,040 )
( 821 )
( 6,206 )
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes
( 156 )
( 2,347 )
Net loss
$ (1,084 )
$ (665 )
$ (3,859 )
Other Comprehensive Loss:
Foreign currency translation, net of taxes
-
-
( 10 )
Total Comprehensive Loss
$ (1,084 )
$ (665 )
$ (3,869 )
Basic net loss per share
$ (0.19 )
$ (0.12 )
$ (0.70 )
Diluted net loss per share
$ (0.19 )
$ (0.12 )
$ (0.70 )
Dividends declared per share
$ 0.21
$ 0.05
$ 0.18
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic
5,626
5,549
5,524
Diluted
5,626
5,549
5,524
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Common Stock
Treasury Stock
Accumulated Other
$0.005 Paid-In
Accumulated
Comprehensive
Shares
par Value
Capital
Shares
Cost
Deficit
Income (loss)
Total
BALANCE, December 31, 2019
6,185 $ 31 $ 32,249 668 $ ( 10,082 ) $ ( 3,754 ) $ ( 1,624 ) $ 16,820
Shares issued - vested
20 - - - - - -
Tax withholding related to vested shares from employee stock plans
- - ( 9 ) - - - - ( 9 )
Stock compensation expense
- - 563 - - - - 563
Cash dividends declared ($0.18 per share)
- - - - - ( 993 ) - ( 993 )
Net loss
- - - - - ( 3,859 ) - ( 3,859 )
Foreign currency translation, net of taxes
- - - - - - ( 10 ) ( 10 )
BALANCE, December 31, 2020
6,205 31 32,803 668 ( 10,082 ) ( 8,606 ) ( 1,634 ) 12,512
Shares issued - vested
51 - - - - - - -
Exercise of stock options
1 - 4 - - - - 4
Tax withholding related to vested shares from employee stock plans
- - ( 72 ) - - - - ( 72 )
Stock compensation expense
- - 743 - - - - 743
Cash dividends declared ($0.05 per share)
- - - - - ( 279 ) - ( 279 )
Net loss
- - - - - ( 665 ) - ( 665 )
BALANCE, December 31, 2021
6,257 31 33,478 668 ( 10,082 ) ( 9,550 ) ( 1,634 ) 12,243
Shares issued - vested
91 1 ( 1 ) - - - - -
Exercise of stock options
1 - 4 - - - - 4
Tax withholding related to vested shares from employee stock plans
- - ( 78 ) - - - - ( 78 )
Stock compensation expense
- - 872 - - - - 872
Cash dividends declared ($0.21 per share)
- - - - - ( 1,186 ) - ( 1,186 )
Net loss
- - - - - ( 1,084 ) - ( 1,084 )
BALANCE, December 31, 2022
6,349 $ 32 $ 34,275 668 $ ( 10,082 ) $ ( 11,820 ) $ ( 1,634 ) $ 10,771
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
Year Ended December 31,
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss
$ (1,084 ) $ (665 ) $ (3,859 )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
Forgiveness of PPP loan
- ( 2,181 ) -
Depreciation and amortization
2,367 2,784 2,691
ROU asset amortization
949 906 935
Deferred income taxes
( 531 ) ( 371 ) ( 339 )
Loss on sale of fixed assets
- - 94
Stock compensation expense
872 743 563
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable
377 ( 760 ) 424
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
363 ( 585 ) 392
Income tax receivable
2,339 ( 183 ) ( 2,013 )
Accounts payable
( 546 ) 417 ( 281 )
Operating lease liabilities
( 967 ) ( 1,078 ) ( 914 )
Accrued expenses
751 1,387 ( 1,776 )
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities
4,890 414 ( 4,083 )
Cash flows from investing activities:
Proceeds from sale of fixed assets
- - 140
Other assets
( 21 ) ( 38 ) ( 7 )
Purchases of property and equipment and capitalized software development costs
( 187 ) ( 182 ) ( 991 )
Net cash used in investing activities
( 208 ) ( 220 ) ( 858 )
Cash flows from financing activities:
Cash dividends paid
( 1,186 ) ( 279 ) ( 993 )
Proceeds from stock options and tax withholding related to vested shares from employee stock plans
( 74 ) ( 68 ) ( 9 )
Proceeds from PPP Loan
- - 2,181
Payments of equipment financing
( 664 ) ( 688 ) ( 678 )
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities
( 1,924 ) ( 1,035 ) 501
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash
- - ( 10 )
Net increase (decrease) in cash
2,758 ( 841 ) ( 4,450 )
Cash, beginning of year
1,992 2,833 7,283
Cash, end of year
$ 4,750 $ 1,992 $ 2,833
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash paid for income taxes
$ - $ 405 $ 249
Cash paid for interest
$ 33 $ 50 $ 75
Cash paid for operating leases
$ 1,044 $ 1,151 $ 1,038
Right-of-use assets acquired through operating leases
$ 78 $ 172 $ 2,346
Non-cash investing and financing activities:
Purchases of equipment through accounts payable and accrued liabilities
$ - $ - $ 241
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2022
1. Nature of Business
Company Overview
Psychemedics Corporation (the “Company”) provides hair testing for drugs of abuse, utilizing a patented hair analysis method involving digestion of hair, enzyme immunoassay and mass spectrometry to analyze hair to detect abused substances. The Company’s customers include Fortune 500 companies, as well as small to mid-size corporations, schools and governmental entities located in the United States and Internationally.
COVID-19 Pandemic
The outbreak of coronavirus (“COVID-19”) which was declared by the World Health Organization to be a pandemic, has, and is expected to continue to impact worldwide economic activity. COVID-19 has had a significant impact on our entire operations. Additionally, COVID-19’s effect on the overall economy has had an adverse impact on hiring, which is having a negative impact on our testing volume.
The Coronavirus Aid, Relieve and Economic Security Act (“CARES”) Act, enacted on March 27, 2020, and the Families First Coronavirus Response Act, in each case modified by the Consolidated Appropriations Act enacted in December 2020, were emergency economic stimulus packages that included spending provisions and tax cuts to strengthen the United States economy and to fund a nationwide effort to curtail the effect of COVID-19. The principal impact of the CARES Act and subsequent legislation was the adoption of the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”). The CARES Act, together with subsequent legislation, also provided sweeping tax changes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, including amendments to certain provisions of the previously enacted Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. The Company recognized a benefit of $2.6 million and $0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020, respectively, as a reduction to cost of revenues and operating expenses related to the employee retention credit which was a tax provision in the CARES Act and subsequent legislation. Additionally, the CARES Act allowed the Company to fully carryback the 2020 net operating loss, for a refund of corporate income taxes previously paid.
Liquidity and Management’s Plans
At December 31, 2022, the Company’s principal sources of liquidity included $4.8 million of cash on hand. Management currently believes that such funds, together with future operating profits, should be adequate to fund anticipated working capital requirements, including debt obligations, and capital expenditures for at least the next 12 months. Depending upon the Company’s results of operations, its future capital needs and available marketing opportunities, the Company may use various financing sources to raise additional funds. Such sources could include but are not limited to, issuance of common stock or debt financing, lines of credit, or equipment leasing, although there is no assurance that such financings will be available to the Company on terms it deems acceptable, if at all.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Risks and Uncertainties
The Company is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties similar to those of other companies, such as those associated with the continued expansion of the Company’s sales and marketing network, technological developments, intellectual property protection, development of markets for new products and services offered by the Company, the economic health of principal customers of the Company, financial and operational risks associated with expansion of testing facilities used by the Company, government regulation (including, but not limited to, FDA regulations, proposed laws and regulations, and delays in implementation of laws and regulations), competition and general economic conditions.
Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. requires management to make estimates, including those related to bad debts, long-lived asset lives, income tax valuation and share based compensation, and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities at the date of purchase of 90 days or less as cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2022, and 2021, there were no investments classified as cash equivalents.
Property and Equipment
Property & equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation and amortization is computed over the estimated useful lives of the assets, using the straight-line method. Repair and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. The estimated useful lives of the assets are:
PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2022
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
Computer software
3 to 5 years
Office furniture and equipment
3 to 7 years
Laboratory equipment
5 to 7 years
Leasehold improvements
Lesser of estimated useful life or lease term
The Company recorded depreciation and amortization related to property and equipment and capitalized software of $2.4 million, $2.8 million, and $2.7 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The Company had $0.5 million of capitalized software and equipment that was not placed in service as of December 31, 2022, which is included as a component of computer software on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
Capitalized Software Development Costs
We capitalize costs related to significant software projects developed or obtained for internal use, including costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement. Costs incurred during the preliminary project work stage or conceptual stage, such as determining the performance requirements, system requirements and data conversion, are expensed as incurred. Costs incurred in the application development phase, such as coding, testing for new software and upgrades that result in additional functionality, are capitalized and are amortized using the straight-line method over the useful life of the software for three to five years. Costs incurred during the post-implementation/operation stage, including training costs and maintenance costs, are expensed as incurred. In accordance with Company policy, during the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021, we capitalized internally developed software costs of $127 thousand and $99 thousand, respectively. Amortization expense related to software development costs was $282 thousand, $421 thousand and $293 thousand in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Determining whether particular costs incurred are more properly attributable to the preliminary or conceptual stage, and thus expensed, or to the application development phase, and thus capitalized and amortized, depends on subjective judgments about the nature of the development work, and our judgments in this regard may differ from those made by other companies. General and administrative costs related to developing or obtaining such software is expensed as incurred.
Other Assets
Other assets primarily consist of capitalized legal costs relating to patent applications. The Company amortizes these costs over the lesser of the legal life or estimated useful life of the patent from the date of grant of the applicable patent. The typical life is twenty years. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had capitalized legal costs relating to patent applications of $1.1 million with accumulated amortization of $0.5 million, for a net balance of $0.6 million. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had capitalized legal costs relating to patent applications of $1.1 million with accumulated amortization of $0.4 million, for a net balance of $0.7 million. Amortization expense was $62 thousand, $62 thousand, and $62 thousand in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Based on payments made as of December 31, 2022, remaining amortization expense is expected to be $62 thousand for each of the five years ending December 31, 2027 and $109 thousand thereafter.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
The allowance for doubtful accounts is based on management’s assessment of the ability to collect amounts owed to it by its customers. Management reviews its accounts receivable aging for doubtful accounts and uses a methodology based on calculating the allowance using a combination of factors including the age of the receivable along with management’s judgment to identify accounts that may not be collectible. The Company routinely assesses the financial strength of its customers and, as a consequence, believes that its accounts receivable credit risk exposure is limited. The Company maintains an allowance for potential credit losses but historically has not experienced any significant losses related to individual customers or groups of customers in any particular industry or geographic area. Bad debt expense has been within management’s expectations.
Revenue Recognition
The Company is in the business of performing drug testing services and reporting the results thereof. The Company’s services are primarily drug and alcohol testing for its customers for an agreed-upon fee per unit tested. The revenues are recognized when the drug test is performed and reported to the customer.
Revenue is recognized when control of the services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration (none of which is variable) the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those services. The Company typically invoices customers monthly for services provided and payments are generally due within 30 to 60 days of the invoice date.
PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2022
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
The table below disaggregates our external revenue by major source (in thousands). For additional revenue detail relating to geographic breakdown of sales, see Note 13 - “Business Segment Reporting” to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report.
Year Ended December 31,
Consolidated Revenue:
Testing
$ 21,608 $ 21,894 $ 19,068
Shipping / Collection (hair)
3,476 2,847 2,174
Other
156 168 118
Total Revenue
$ 25,240 $ 24,909 $ 21,360
Testing Revenue
Drug and alcohol tests for drugs of abuse using hair, performed in the Company’s forensic laboratory in California, represents our primary service. Sales to customers are initiated through sales agreements, most of which have standard terms. Most tests are identified through a chain of custody form (“CCF”) and can therefore be uniquely tracked. Revenue is recognized when performance obligations under the terms of the contract with a customer are satisfied; generally, this occurs with the transfer of control of our service, which occurs at a specific point-in-time. The specific point-in-time is the completion of the test and availability of test results to the customer. Most tests are completed the same day that the hair specimen is received.
Substantially all tests are completed within a few days once received for processing at our laboratory in California. As the tests are performed in a forensic laboratory, the exact date and time of each test completion is available and used in the timing of recognition of revenue.
Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for providing services. Sales taxes the Company pays concurrent with revenue-producing activities are excluded from revenue.
Shipping and Hair Collection Revenue
Shipping revenue represents the amount billed to customers related to shipping of the hair specimen and CCF (collectively called the “sample”) to the Company’s laboratory. Collection revenue represents the amount billed to customers related to the collection of the hair specimen. This collection is done by third parties who have contracted with the Company. Shipping and hair collection revenue is recognized when performance obligations under the terms of the contract with a customer are satisfied; generally, this occurs with the transfer of control of the Company’s service, which occurs at a specific point-in-time. The specific point-in-time is the completion of the test (associated with the shipping or hair collection charge) and availability of test results to the customer.
Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for providing services. As the Company controls the service before transferring to the customer, it is considered a principal in the transaction, and therefore records revenues on gross basis, with shipping and hair collection costs in costs of revenues.
Other Revenue
Other revenue represents several items including: urine testing performed by other labs, medical review officer charges, legal/testifying services, and other miscellaneous charges. The total of all these items is less than 1% of total revenue. The amounts are generally billed to customers as services are performed, which occurs at a specific point-in-time.
Practical Expedients and Exemptions
The Company generally expenses sales commissions when incurred as they are typically not related to costs to fulfill customer contracts but relate to overall sales targets. These costs are recorded within marketing and selling expense on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
Research and Development Expenses
The Company expenses all research and development costs as incurred.
Contingencies
Loss contingencies from legal proceedings and claims may occur from government investigations, shareholder lawsuits, product liability, contractual claims, tax and other matters. Accruals are recognized when it is probable that a liability will be incurred, and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. Legal fees are expensed as incurred.
PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2022
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
Income Taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes using the liability method pursuant to ASC 740, “Income Taxes”. Under this method, the Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected tax consequences of temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts using enacted tax rates in effect for the year the differences are expected to reverse. The Company evaluates uncertain tax positions annually and considers whether the amounts recorded for income taxes are adequate to address the Company’s tax risk profile. The Company analyzes the potential tax liabilities of specific transactions and tax positions based on management’s judgment as to the expected outcome.
Concentration of Credit Risk and Off-Balance Sheet Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk are principally cash and accounts receivable. The Company’s policy is to place its cash in high quality financial institutions. At times, these deposits may exceed or be exempt from federally insured limits. The Company does not believe significant credit risk exists with respect to these institutions. Concentration of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable is limited to certain customers to whom the Company makes substantial sales. To reduce risk, the Company routinely assesses the financial strength of its customers and, as a consequence, believes that its accounts receivable credit risk exposure is limited. The Company maintains an allowance for potential credit losses but historically has not experienced any significant losses related to individual customers or groups of customers in any particular industry or geographic area. The Company does not require collateral. The Company has no significant off-balance-sheet risk such as foreign exchange contracts, option contracts, or other foreign hedging arrangements.
Significant Customers and Concentration of Credit Risk
The Company had no customers that represented 10% or more of total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. The Company had one customer that represented 11% and 12% of the total accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Stock-Based Compensation
The Company accounts for equity awards in accordance with ASC 718, “Compensation - Stock Compensation” (“ASC 718”). ASC 718 requires employee equity awards to be accounted for under the fair value method. It also requires the measurement of compensation cost at fair value on the date of grant and recognition of compensation expense over the service period for awards expected to vest. Accordingly, share-based compensation is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award. The Company uses the straight-line method to recognize share-based compensation over the service period of the award, which is generally equal to the vesting period. The Company uses the simplified approach to calculate the expected exercise date of options, which is one of the components used to determine the fair value of the options. This approach is used due to the small number of recipients receiving stock options not providing a reasonable basis for estimating expected term. In 2016, the Company adopted ASU 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which simplifies several aspects of the accounting for employee share-based payment transactions including the accounting for income taxes, forfeitures, and statutory tax withholding requirements, as well as classification of related amounts within the statement of cash flows. As a result, we recognize the impact of forfeitures when they occur with no adjustment for estimated forfeitures and recognize excess tax benefits as a reduction of income tax expense regardless of whether the benefit reduces income taxes payable.
Stock compensation expense by statements of operations account is as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
Cost of revenues
$ 63 $ 63 $ 50
General & administrative
626 503 380
Marketing & selling
113 114 74
Research & development
70 63 59
Total stock compensation
$ 872 $ 743 $ 563
See Note 7 - “Stock-Based Awards” to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report for additional information relating to the Company’s stock plan.
PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2022
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
Basic and Diluted Net Loss per Share
Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares and dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding during the period. The number of dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding during the period has been determined in accordance with the treasury-stock method. Common equivalent shares consist of common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding options and the unvested portion of stock unit awards (“SUAs”).
Basic and diluted weighted average common shares outstanding are as follows (in thousands):
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic
5,626 5,549 5,524
Dilutive common equivalent shares
- - -
Weighted average common shares outstanding, assuming dilution
5,626 5,549 5,524
For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, options to purchase 508 thousand, 574 thousand and 588 thousand common shares were outstanding but not included in the dilutive common equivalent share calculation as their effect would have been anti-dilutive.
Fair Value Measurements
The fair values of the Company’s cash, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate their carrying values due to their short maturities. The carrying value of the Company’s note payable approximates its fair value, as it is based on current market rates at which the Company could borrow funds with similar terms.
Basis of Preparation and Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries have been prepared using accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.
Segment Reporting
The Company manages its operations as one segment, drug testing services. As a result, the financial information disclosed herein materially represents all of the financial information related to the Company’s principal operating segment. See Note 14 - “Business Segment Reporting” to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report for geographic breakdown of revenue.
PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2022
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”), which modifies the measurement of expected credit losses on certain financial instruments. The Company will adopt ASU 2016-13 in its first quarter of 2023. Based on the Company’s historical credit loss activity, the adoption of ASU 2016-13 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
3. Accounts Receivable
The Company maintains an allowance for uncollectible accounts receivable based on management’s assessment of the collectability of its customer accounts by reviewing customer payment patterns and other relevant factors. The Company reviews the adequacy of the allowance for uncollectible accounts on a quarterly basis and adjusts the balance as determined necessary. Write-offs are recorded at the time a customer account is deemed uncollectable. The following is a rollforward of the Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts (in thousands):
As of December 31,
Balance, beginning of period
$ 89 $ 37
Provision for doubtful accounts
9 55
Write-offs
( 11 ) ( 3 )
Balance, end of period
$ 87 $ 89
4. Accrued Expenses
Accrued expenses consist of the following (in thousands):
As of December 31,
Accrued compensation and employee benefits
$ 442 $ 507
Accrued vacation expense
409 373
Accrued taxes
771 200
Accrued shipping expense
338 488
Accrued legal settlement
1,150 1,150
Other accrued expenses
829 470
Total Accrued Expenses
$ 3,939 $ 3,188
PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2022
5. Income Taxes
The income tax provision consists of the following (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
Current
Federal
$ 552 $ 131 $ ( 2,006 )
State
23 84 ( 2 )
Total Current
575 215 ( 2,008 )
Federal
( 959 ) ( 704 ) ( 13 )
State
428 333 ( 326 )
Total Deferred
( 531 ) ( 371 ) ( 339 )
Income Tax Provision
$ 44 $ ( 156 ) $ ( 2,347 )
A reconciliation of the effective rate with the federal statutory rate is as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
Federal statutory rate
21.0 % 21.0 % 21.0 %
State income taxes, net of federal benefit
12.0 % 10.4 % 4.4 %
Permanent differences
(0.4% ) 47.6 % 0.0 %
Stock based compensation
0.5 % 1.4 % (0.4% )
Federal R&D Credits
8.9 % 0.0 % 1.6 %
Foreign taxes, net of federal benefit
0.0 % (10.9% ) (2.2% )
Difference in tax rate for carryback claim
0.0 % 0.0 % 13.4 %
Increase/(decrease) in valuation reserve
(46.2% ) (50.5% ) 0.0 %
Effective tax rate
-4.2 % 19.0 % 37.8 %
The change in effective tax rate from 2021 to 2022 was primarily driven by the Company’s 2021 non-taxable debt forgiveness from the Paycheck Protection Plan in 2021 that was included in income for GAAP purposes partially offset by the decrease in foreign taxes in 2022. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had no federal net operating loss carryforwards. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had $1.3 million of state net operating loss carryforwards, of which $1.2 million expire at various dates between 2030 and 2040, and $0.1 million do not expire. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had no federal tax credit carryforwards and $1.4 million of California tax credit carryforwards relating to the years 2013 through 2022 which have an unlimited carryforward period. In 2022, the 12.0% state income tax effective rate primarily consisted of California research tax credits of 8.3%.
The components of the net deferred tax liabilities included in the accompanying balance sheets are as follows (in thousands):
As of December 31,
Deferred Tax Assets
Allowance for doubtful accounts
$ 21 $ 21
Accrued expenses
414 129
Stock-based compensation
381 325
R&D tax credits
1,086 1,083
Operating lease
701 944
Capitalized research expenses
404 -
NOL carryforward
72 219
Gross Deferred Tax Assets
3,079 2,721
Valuation Allowance
( 895 ) ( 414 )
Deferred Tax Assets After Valuation Allowance
2,184 2,307
Deferred Tax Liabilities
Excess of tax over book depreciation and amortization
( 783 ) ( 1,249 )
Prepaid expenses
( 78 ) ( 61 )
Operating lease
( 632 ) ( 837 )
Gross Deferred Tax Liabilities
( 1,493 ) ( 2,147 )
Net Deferred Tax Assets
$ 691 $ 160
PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2022
5. Income Taxes (continued)
Income taxes are recorded in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), which provides for deferred taxes using an asset and liability approach. The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is provided, if, based upon the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the net deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company adopted ASU 2019-12 as of January 1, 2021, with no material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
ASC 740 contains a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions (tax contingencies). The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on an audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount which is more than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company considers many factors when evaluating and estimating the Company’s tax positions and tax benefits, which may require periodic adjustments and which may not accurately forecast actual outcomes. The Company had immaterial uncertain tax positions at December 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
The Company operates within multiple taxing jurisdictions and could be subject to audit in these jurisdictions. These audits may involve complex issues, which may require an extended period of time to resolve. The Company has provided for its estimated taxes payable in the accompanying financial statements. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters as a general and administrative expense, when and if incurred. Interest and penalties for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 or 2020 were not material.
6. Preferred Stock
The Board of Directors has the authority to designate authorized preferred shares in one or more series and to fix the relative rights and preferences without vote or action by the stockholders. The Board of Directors has no present plans to designate or issue any shares of preferred stock.
7. Stock-Based Awards
The 2006 Incentive Plan initially adopted in 2006 provides for grants of options with terms of up to ten years, grants of restricted stock or stock unit awards (“SUAs”), issuances of stock bonuses or grants other stock-based awards plus cash-based awards, to officers, directors, employees, and consultants. Such shares are issuable out of the Company’s authorized but unissued common stock. In May 2021, the 2006 Incentive Plan was amended to increase the total number of shares issuable thereunder from 1.2 million to 1.6 million. As of December 31, 2022, 183 thousand shares remained available for future grant under the 2006 Incentive Plan.
The fair value of the SUAs is determined by the closing price on the date of grant. The fair value of options is determined using a Black-Scholes model. The SUAs and options vest over a period of two to four years and are convertible or exercisable into an equivalent number of shares of the Company’s common stock provided that the employee receiving the award remains continuously employed throughout the vesting period. The Company records stock compensation expense related to the SUAs and options on a straight-line basis over the vesting term. Employees are issued shares upon vesting of SUAs, net of tax withholdings. As a result of our adoption of ASU 2016-09 in 2016, we recognize the impact of forfeitures when they occur with no adjustment for estimated forfeitures and recognize excess tax benefits as a reduction of income tax expense regardless of whether the benefit reduces income taxes payable.
PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2022
7. Stock-Based Awards (continued)
On April 4, 2022, the Company granted SUAs covering two thousand shares of common stock. On May 20, 2022, the Company granted SUAs covering 126 thousand shares of common stock. On August 12, 2022, the Company granted SUAs covering 18 thousand shares of common stock.
The following table represents all shares granted by the Company under the 2006 Incentive Plan for the last three years (shares in thousands):
Grant Date
Type
Shares
Fair Value
Per Share (1)
August 12, 2022
SUA
18 $ 6.65
May 20, 2022
SUA
126 $ 6.51
April 4, 2022
SUA
2 $ 7.04
May 13, 2021
SUA
116 $ 6.55
March 16, 2021
SUA
2 $ 7.04
January 25, 2021
SUA
2 $ 5.54
December 16, 2020
SUA
5 $ 4.71
November 11, 2020
Options
40 $ 1.13
November 11, 2020
SUA
190 $ 4.07
(1)
The fair value for the SUA’s is the closing price of the Company’s stock on that date. The fair value for options represents the fair value calculated using the Black-Scholes model. Options have contractual lives of 10 years. The options granted on November 11, 2020, have a fair value of $1.13 per share based on the $4.07 grant date and exercise prices and assuming 6.25 and 5.75 year estimated terms, 45% volatility, 0.9% interest rate and a 4.0% dividend yield rate. No options were granted during fiscal years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021. For options granted during fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, the weighted average grant date fair value was $3.47. For SUAs granted during fiscal years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the weighted average grant date fair values were $6.53, $6.55, and $4.89, respectively.
A summary of the Company’s stock option activity is as follows (in thousands, except price per share):
Number of
Shares
Weighted Average
Exercise Price Per
Share
Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual Life
Aggregate
Intrinsic Value (2)
Outstanding, December 31, 2021
574 $ 14.23 6.1 years
$ 100
Granted
- $ -
Exercised
(1 ) $ 4.07
Forfeited
(1 ) $ 4.07
Canceled
(64 ) $ 15.03
Outstanding, December 31, 2022
508 $ 14.19 5.1 years
$ 25
Exercisable, December 31, 2022
467 $ 14.70 4.9 years
$ 14
(2)
The aggregate intrinsic value on this table was calculated based on the amount, if any, by which the closing market price of the Company’s stock on December 31 of the applicable year exceeded the exercise price of any of the underlying options, multiplied by the number of shares subject to each such option. The closing stock price as of December 31, 2022, and 2021 was $4.90 and $7.02, respectively.
PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2022
7. Stock-Based Awards (continued)
A summary of the Company’s stock unit award activity is as follows (in thousands, except price per share):
Number of Shares
Weighted Average
Grant-Date Fair Value per Share (3)
Outstanding & Unvested, December 31, 2021
224 $ 5.48
Granted
146 $ 6.53
Converted to common stock
( 90 ) $ 6.33
Cancelled
( 12 ) $ 6.29
Forfeited
( 30 ) $ 6.26
Outstanding & Unvested, December 31, 2022
238 $ 6.10
(3)
Weighted average price per share is the weighted grant price based on the closing market price of each of the stock grants related to each transaction type. The weighted average fair value is the weighted average share price times the number of shares.
The fair value of stock unit award vesting was $548 thousand, $296 thousand and $274 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. The intrinsic value of stock unit awards converted to common stock was based on the stock price on the vesting date and amounted to $650 thousand, $501 thousand and $115 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.
As of December 31, 2022, a total of 1,032 thousand shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under 2006 Incentive Plan. As of December 31, 2022, the unamortized fair value of outstanding options and awards was $1.2 million to be amortized over a weighted average period of 2.3 years.
The Board of Directors approved the accelerated vesting of 35 thousand SUAs to certain directors upon retirement from the Board of the Company during the year ended December 31, 2022. The Company determined the value of the modifications to be $230 thousand, which is included in stock-based compensation in the accompanying consolidated financial statements, for the year ended December 31, 2022.
8. Employee Benefit Plan
The Psychemedics Corporation 401(k) Savings and Retirement Plan (the “401(k) Plan”) is a qualified defined contribution plan in accordance with Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. All employees over the age of 21 are eligible to make pre-tax contributions up to a specified percentage of their compensation. Under the 401(k) Plan, the Company may, but is not obligated to, match a portion of the employees’ contributions up to a defined maximum. Matching contributions of zero, zero, and $198 thousand were made in the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
9. Commitments and Contingencies
Commitments
The Company leases certain of its facilities and equipment under operating lease agreements expiring on various dates through December 2026. Total minimum lease payments, including scheduled increases, are charged to operations on the straight-line basis over the life of the respective lease. Rent expense was $1.0 million, $1.1 million and $1.1 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. See Note 10 - “Operating Leases” to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report for commitments remaining under lease agreements.
Contingencies
In the normal course of business, we are subject to contingencies, such as legal proceedings and claims arising out of our business, that cover a wide range of matters, including, among others, government investigations, shareholder lawsuits, product liability, contractual claims and tax matters. We recognize accruals for such contingencies when it is probable that a liability will be incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. These estimates are subject to uncertainties that are difficult to predict and, as such, actual results could vary from these estimates.
Settlements
On December 6, 2021, the Company entered into a binding Memorandum of Understanding (the “MOU”) to settle a purported class action lawsuit against it related to certain California wage and hour laws. The lawsuit, Enma Sagastume v. Psychemedics Corporation, Case No. 2:20-CV-06624-DSF, is pending in the United States District Court for the Central District of California (the “California Lawsuit”) and is similar to numerous lawsuits filed against employers with operations in California.
In the binding MOU, the parties agreed to settle this matter for a payment by the Company of $1.2 million in exchange for the dismissal of the California Lawsuit and a customary release of liability, subject only to final court approval and the process described below. Factoring in that process, the Company estimates that the settlement funds will be dispersed in the second half of 2023, subject to the actual timing of final court approval.
Although the Company believes that the allegations in the California Lawsuit lack merit, it agreed at a mediation to enter into the binding MOU to settle the claims in the California Lawsuit in order to avoid potentially significant legal fees, other expenses, and management time that would have to be devoted to protracted litigation in California regarding its wage and hour laws. The foregoing was also impacted in part by new California case law in February 2021 regarding meal period compliance. The allegations in the California Lawsuit relate to alleged discrepancies in compliance with meal and rest periods required by California law and other alleged compliance discrepancies relating to the California wage and hour laws with respect to non-exempt hourly employees of the Company in California for a period since June 9, 2017. The California Lawsuit sought recovery of wages, penalties, interest, attorneys’ fees and other alleged damages. As part of the settlement, the Company continues to deny any liability or wrongdoing with respect to the claims made in the California Lawsuit.
The MOU assumes class certification for purposes of the settlement only. The settlement amount of $1.2 million, which includes plaintiff attorneys' fees and costs, is subject to potential increase based on any adjustments in the final class size and the exact period to be covered, as determined by the court’s final approval. However, the Company believes that such adjustments, if any, would likely be immaterial. Once court approved, in exchange for the settlement payment, the plaintiff and all class members who do not opt out of the settlement will provide a broad release of any liability relating to the subject matter of the California Lawsuit, including any claims of such persons under California’s Private Attorneys' General Act of 2004. Such release is for the benefit of the Company, its affiliates, and any successor to the Company. The Company has the right to revoke the settlement prior to court approval in the event opt-outs, if any, from the class membership exceed a specified level. While the settlement is subject to final court approval as is customary, the MOU expressly provides that it is binding on and enforceable by each of the parties thereto, including by any successor to the Company. There is a $1.2 million liability reserve in connection with the California Lawsuit as of December 31, 2022, and 2021 included in accrued expenses in the accompanying balance sheets.
PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2022
10. Operating Leases
The Company has five operating leases for office and laboratory space used to conduct business. The exercise of lease renewal options is at our discretion and there are no renewals to extend the lease terms included in our Right-Of-Use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities as they are not reasonably certain of exercise. The Company regularly evaluates the renewal options and when they are reasonably certain of exercise. As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses the incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date in determining the net present value (NPV) of the lease payments.
The weighted average discount rate used for leases as of December 31, 2022, is 3.8%. The weighted average lease term as of December 31, 2022, is 3.2 years. The operating lease expense for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, and 2021, was $1.0 million and $1.1 million, respectively.
Maturities and balance sheet presentation of the Company’s lease liabilities for all operating leases as of December 31, 2022, is as follows (in thousands):
$ 1,134
1,061
Total lease payments
3,208
Less: interest
( 233 )
Present value of lease liabilities
$ 2,975
Current operating lease liabilities
$ 1,037
Long-term operating lease liabilities
1,938
Total
$ 2,975
11. Debt and Other Financing Arrangements
On March 20, 2014, the Company entered into an equipment financing arrangement with Banc of America Leasing & Capital, LLC (the “Lender”), which it amended on various dates, most recently on March 23, 2021, including a Master Loan and Security Agreement and related documentation (collectively the “Equipment Loan Arrangement”) which provided the Company with the ability to finance, at its option, up to $16 million of new and used equipment purchases. Each such purchase financed under the Equipment Loan Arrangement was documented by the execution of an equipment note with a maturity date of 60 months from the applicable loan date. The loans bore interest at the then current 30-day LIBOR rate plus a premium ranging from 1.75% to 3.79%. Principal and interest were payable over the 60 month repayment period. Borrowings under the Equipment Loan Arrangement were secured by a first priority security interest in the equipment acquired with the proceeds of the equipment notes. Under the Equipment Loan Arrangement, the Company has been subject to a maximum quarterly funded debt to EBITDA ratio and a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio each of which was waived for certain quarters in 2020 and 2021. The Company was in compliance with all covenants under the Equipment Loan Arrangement as of December 31, 2022.
Under the Equipment Loan Arrangement, the Company executed notes on various dates between March 24, 2014, and December 4, 2019 in the aggregate amount of $12.2 million, of which $0.7 million and $0.7 million was repaid in 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, the aggregate amount outstanding under the equipment notes was $0.6 million. The weighted average interest rate for these notes for the year ended December 31, 2022, was 3.7% and represented $32 thousand of interest expense. As of December 31, 2022, weighted average interest rate was 3.8%.
On May 1, 2020, the Company entered into a term loan with Bank of America N.A. under the PPP administered by the United States Small Business Administration (“SBA”) under the CARES Act (the “PPP Loan”). The principal amount of the PPP Loan was $2.1 million, which was evidenced by a promissory note with a maturity date of May 4, 2022. The note bore interest on the unpaid balance at the rate of one percent (1%) per annum.
In July 2021, the PPP Loan was 100% forgiven by the SBA and recorded as a gain on forgiveness of the PPP Loan in the 2021 consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.
The annual principal repayment requirements for debt obligations as of December 31, 2022, are as follows (in thousands):
$ 294
Long-term debt from equipment financing
Less current portion of long-term debt from equipment financing
(294 )
Long-term debt from equipment financing, net of current portion
$ 305
PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2022
12. Other Income/(Expense)
Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 was $32 thousand, $49 thousand, and $75 thousand, respectively. There was no interest income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020. Interest expense is included as a component of other income (expense) on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
13. Business Segment Reporting
The Company manages its operations as one segment, drug testing services. As a result, the financial information disclosed herein materially represents all the financial information related to the Company’s principal operating segment. The Company’s revenues by geographic region, based on the location of the customer, were as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
Consolidated Revenue:
United States
$ 24,509
$ 23,584
$ 19,486
International
1,325
1,874
Total Revenue
$ 25,240
$ 24,909
$ 21,360
14. Subsequent Event
On March 21, 2023, the Company declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.07 per share, payable on April 10, 2023 to shareholders of record on March 31, 2023.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
a)
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
The Company carried out an evaluation as of December 31, 2022, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Controller as well as a third-party internal control firm, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Controller have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2022, to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that the Company files or submits under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Controller, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
b)
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining an adequate system of internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance, as opposed to absolute assurance, of achieving their internal control objectives.
Management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Controller, conducted an assessment of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on the assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2022, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting is effective.
c)
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There was no change the Company's internal control over financial reporting during the Company's most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 9B. Other Information
On March 21, 2023, the Board established August 17, 2023, as the scheduled date of the Company’s 2023 annual meeting of stockholders (the “2023 Annual Meeting”). The Company will publish additional details regarding the 2023 Annual Meeting, including its record date and the exact time, location and matters to be voted on at the 2023 Annual Meeting, in the Company’s proxy statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting when it is filed, which the Company currently expects will be in late June 2023.
On March 21, 2023, the Company entered into new change in control severance agreements with Raymond C. Kubacki, Chairman, Chief Executive and President, and Charles Doucot, Executive Vice President. The agreements each run until May 2, 2024. They provide that if, during the term, the Company terminates the employee’s employment for any reason other than for Cause (as defined in the agreement), death or disability (as defined in the agreement) or if the employee terminates his employment for Good Reason (as defined below), in either case, within twelve months following a Change in Control (as defined in the agreement), he will be entitled to receive a continuation of base salary for a period of up to twelve months from the date of such termination, except that for Mr. Kubacki only, Good Reason termination solely on account of a change in location would give rise to a continuation of base salary for a period of up to six months rather than twelve months. Good Reason includes a change in title, a reduction in base salary then in effect, a material decrease in duties or responsibilities, or, in the case of Mr. Kubacki, a change of location. The agreement also prohibits the employee from working for a competitor of the Company or from soliciting employees of the Company during the period he is eligible to receive salary continuation under the agreement. Mr. Kubacki’s agreements was in replacement of an agreement executed in 2018, which had a five-year term and expired in February 2023. Mr. Doucot’s agreement was in replacement of his agreement executed in 2018, which had a five-year term and was due to expire in May 2023.
The foregoing summary of the change in control severance agreements with Messrs. Kubacki and Doucot does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the change in control severance agreements with such executives which are attached hereto as Exhibits and are incorporated by reference into this report.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
Following is a list that sets forth the names, ages and positions within the Company of all of the Executive Officers of the Company and the Directors of the Company, as well as Directors nominated or chosen to become directors, in each case, as of March 24, 2023.
Name
Age
Position
Raymond C. Kubacki
Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, President, Director
Charles M. Doucot
Executive Vice President
William B. Norris
Controller
Michael I. Schaffer, Ph.D.
Vice President, Laboratory Operations
Peter H. Kamin
Director, Compensation Committee Member, Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee Member
Darius G. Nevin
Director, Audit Committee Member, Compensation Committee Member
Robyn C. Davis
Director, Audit Committee Member, Compensation Committee Member, Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee Member
Fred J. Weinert
Director, Audit Committee Member, Compensation Committee Member, Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee Member, Lead Independent Director
Andrew M. Reynolds
Director, Audit Committee Member, Compensation Committee Member, Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee Member
All Directors hold office until the next annual meeting of stockholders or until their successors are elected. Officers serve at the discretion of the Board of Directors.
Raymond C. Kubacki has been the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer since 1991. He has also served as Chairman of the Board of the Company since 2003. He is also a trustee of the Center for Excellence in Education based in Washington, D.C. and holds an Executive Masters Professional Director Certification from the American College of Corporate Directors, an organization that provides educational and other services to public and private company directors. Mr. Kubacki received an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School and an A.B. from Harvard University. Mr. Kubacki has been a director of the Company since 1991.
Charles M. Doucot has served as Executive Vice President since January 2019. From May 2018 until January 2019, he served as Vice President Sales & Marketing. Prior to joining the Company, he served as Vice President Sales & GM of Burning Glass Technologies, a data analytics company, from January 2016 to December 2017. From April 2014 to January 2016, he served as Sr. VP and GM at Lumesse, an HR technology company, responsible for the Americas Business and starting a new business unit. From August 2009 to February 2014, he served as VP WW Sales and Marketing for Kalido, a big data and analytics company. Mr. Doucot began his career spending over 15 years at Hewlett-Packard Company with increasing levels of global responsibility. Mr. Doucot received a B.S. in Electrical Engineering from Northeastern University.
William B. Norris has served as Controller since December 2022. Most recently, he served as Assistant Controller for the Company since August 2022 and as Accounting Manager for the Company from April 2021 until August 2022. From February 2020 until April 2021, he served as a Senior Accountant at Vicinity Energy, a clean energy company that owns and operates a portfolio of district energy systems. From 2016 to 2019, he served as an external auditor at Warren Averett, a public accounting firm. Mr. Norris received a B.S. in Accounting from Birmingham-Southern College, his M.B.A. from Boston University, and is a Certified Public Accountant.
Michael I. Schaffer has served as Vice President of Laboratory Operations since 1999. From December 2016 - December 2020, Dr. Schaffer served as a member of the Drug Testing Advisory Board (DTAB) which advises the administrator of Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) on drug testing activities and laboratory certification. From 1990 to 1999, Dr. Schaffer served as Director of Toxicology, Technical Manager and Responsible Person for the Leesburg, Florida laboratory of SmithKline Beecham Clinical Laboratories. From 1990 to 1999, Dr. Schaffer was also a member of the Board of Directors of the American Board of Forensic Toxicologists. He has been Board certified since 1977. Dr. Schaffer has also served as an inspector for the College of American Pathologists since 1990. Dr. Schaffer received a Ph. D from the University of Chicago in Pharmacology and Toxicology, a B.S. in Zoology from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, a B.S. and M.S. in Pharmacy and Pharmacognosy from the University of Illinois, College of Pharmacy. He has served as Chairman of the Society of Forensic Toxicologists as well as the Toxicology section of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences. He was awarded the Alexander O. Gettler Award for outstanding contribution to the field of Forensic Toxicology.
Peter H. Kamin is the founder and Managing Partner of 3K Limited Partnership. Prior to the formation of 3K, Mr. Kamin was a founding member and Managing Partner of ValueAct Capital. Mr. Kamin has served on the Board of Directors of Tile Shop Holdings, Inc. (NASDAQ: TTSH) (“Tile Shop Holdings”), a specialty retailer of natural stone and man-made tiles, setting and maintenance materials, and related accessories, since 2012, and as Chairman since July 2018. Mr. Kamin previously served on the boards of directors of MAM Software Group, Inc. (formerly NASDAQ: MAM), a leading provider of cloud-based business and on-premise management solutions for the auto parts, tires and vertical distribution industries, from 2012 to October 2019, and IAA, Inc. (NYSE: IAA), a publicly traded multi-channel vehicle marketplace and former subsidiary of KAR Auction Services, Inc from June, 2019 until it was sold in March, 2023. Mr. Kamin holds a BA from Tufts University and an MBA from Harvard’s Graduate School of Business. Mr. Kamin has served as a member of our Board since August 2022.
Darius G. Nevin has served as a member of our Board since August 2022. Mr. Nevin has been a member of G3 Capital Partners LLC, an adviser to private equity firms in the fields of security, telecommunications, and recurring services, and of G3 Investment Holdings LLC, an affiliated investment holding company, since 2010. Mr. Nevin has served on the boards of directors of Alarm.com Holdings, Inc. (NASDAQ: ALRM), a provider of interactive security solutions for home and business owners, since 2016, and of Cohealo, Inc., a venture-backed technology and services company that develops products for health systems, also since 2016. Prior to co-founding G3 Capital Partners, LLC, Mr. Nevin served as chief financial officer of Protection One, Inc., a then publicly traded company, from 2001 until June 2010. He served as a director and chairman of the audit committee of WCI Communities, Inc., a then publicly traded community developer and luxury homebuilder, from July 2013 through its acquisition in February 2017. Mr. Nevin earned an A.B. from Harvard College and an M.B.A. from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business.
Robyn C. Davis has been managing director of Angel Healthcare Investors, LLC, an early-stage investment group focused on medical devices, life sciences and specialty pharmaceutical companies since 2000. Additionally, Ms. Davis is a global Executive Coach at The Leadership Consortium. Prior to Angel Healthcare, Ms. Davis was a director of the merchant banking services practices for Barents Group, LLC, a strategy consultant at Bain & Company and a consultant at Computer Sciences Corporation. She currently serves as a director of Azenta Life Sciences (AZTA:Nasdaq-GS), a provider of life sciences sample management solutions, and Akston Biosciences, an early-stage company developing a novel fusion-protein platform for multiple conditions. Ms. Davis holds a B.A. in International Relations from Tufts University and an M.B.A from Harvard Business School. She holds an Executive Masters Professional Director Certification from the American College of Corporate Directors. Ms. Davis has served as a member of our Board since March 2021.
Fred J. Weinert is an entrepreneur who currently serves as President of Barrington Services Group, an international business consulting company as well as the Managing Member of a commercial real estate development group. From 1989 to 1995, Mr. Weinert was President of MW Partners LP, a private partnership, focused on retail product and services sector in the UK and USA, and was also an early-stage equity investor in Psychemedics. From 1973 to 1989 Mr. Weinert had an expansive career with Waste Management (NYSE: WM) that included 6 years as President of Waste Management International with responsibility for business development, partner relations, and operations in Argentina, Saudi Arabia, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong and Europe. During his career at WM, Mr. Weinert held other positions including Vice President, Mobilization Director, Regional Controller and Financial Analyst for acquisitions and government tenders. Prior to his WM career, Mr. Weinert was an Accounting Manager and Controller for a private company, and a public auditor for Arthur Andersen & Co. Mr. Weinert received a B.S. in Accounting from the University of Dayton (UD) in 1969. Mr. Weinert served as a member of the UD School of Business Advisory Council for 22 years, and in 2002 Mr. Weinert was awarded the UD Alumni Lifetime Achievement Award, and in 1999 he was recognized as the Department of Accounting Alumnus of the year. Mr. Weinert has been a director of the Company since 1991.
Andrew M. Reynolds serves as an independent director for AddSecure, Idle Smart, and Linxup. From June 2011 until December 2017, Mr. Reynolds served as Senior Vice President of Global Business Development at Fleetmatics, PLC, of Dublin, Ireland (FLTX). From July 2007 until January 2011, Mr. Reynolds served as Senior Vice President of Corporate Development at Art Technology Group (ARTG). From September 2002 until June 2007, Mr. Reynolds served as Vice President of Corporate Development for Hyperion Solutions (HYSL). Mr. Reynolds received an M.B.A. from Cornell University and an A.B. from Dartmouth College. Mr. Reynolds has served as a member of our Board since April 2022.
Our Common Stock is listed on the NASDAQ Stock Market LLC, or Nasdaq, and Nasdaq’s listing standards relating to director independence apply to us. The Board of Directors has determined that the following current directors are independent under applicable Nasdaq listing standards: Messrs. Weinert, Kamin, Nevin and Reynolds, as well as Ms. Davis.
The Company strives to have the members of its Board of Directors possess a diverse set of skills and background so as to best provide guidance to the management team and oversight to the Company. While the Nominating Committee does not have a formal policy in this regard, the Nominating Committee views diversity broadly to include a diversity of experience, skills and viewpoint, as well as diversity of gender and race. The Nominating Committee does not assign specific weights to particular criteria and no particular criterion is necessarily applicable to all prospective nominees. Skills sought include financial, capital markets, executive leadership, sales and marketing, domestic and international business development and strategic planning.
The Company recognizes that different board leadership structures may be appropriate for companies in different situations and believe that no one structure is suitable for all companies. We believe our current board leadership structure is optimal for us because it demonstrates to our employees, suppliers, customers, and other stakeholders that we are under strong leadership, with a single person setting the tone and having primary responsibility for managing our operations. A single leader for both the Company and the Board of Directors eliminates the potential for confusion or duplication of efforts and provides us with clear leadership.
Because the positions of Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer are held by the same person, the Board also believes it is appropriate for the independent directors to elect one independent director to serve as a Lead Independent Director. In addition to presiding at executive sessions of independent directors, the Lead Independent Director has the responsibility to: (1) coordinate with the Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer in establishing the agenda and topic items for Board meetings; (2) retain independent advisors on behalf of the Board as the Board may determine is necessary or appropriate; and (3) perform such other functions as the independent directors may designate from time to time. Mr. Weinert currently serves as the Lead Independent Director, a position he has held since March 2021.
Our overall leadership structure consists of a single individual serving as Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board, with independent and experienced directors making up the majority of our Board. Having a single leader for both the Company and the Board eliminates the potential for confusion or duplication of efforts. We believe that this structure is beneficial to us and our stockholders.
The Company has a code of ethics that applies to all employees and non-employee directors. This code satisfies the requirements set forth in Item 406 of Regulation S-K and applies to all relevant persons set forth therein. The Company will mail to interested parties a copy of the Code of Ethics upon written request and without charge. Such request shall be made to our General Counsel, 289 Great Road, Acton, Massachusetts 01720.
The Audit Committee, whose members are Ms. Davis and Messrs. Nevin, Reynolds and Weinert, reviews the appropriateness, quality and acceptability of the Company’s accounting policies and the integrity of financial statements reported to the public, and compliance with legal and regulatory requirements. The Board has determined that each member of the Audit Committee is an “independent director” under the rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market governing the qualifications of the members of audit committees, and each member of the Audit Committee satisfies the requirements of the Nasdaq Stock Market regarding competency in financial matters. In addition, the Board of Directors has determined that Mr. Weinert, the Chairman of the Audit Committee, qualifies as an “Audit Committee Financial Expert” as defined by the Securities and Exchange Commission rules.

---

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Item 11. Executive Compensation
Director Compensation
Mr. Kubacki receives no additional compensation for serving on the Company’s Board of Directors. Each of the Company’s outside (non-employee) directors received cash compensation of $12,500 per quarter served in 2022. Both Messrs. Kamin and Nevin received pro-rated cash compensation for the third quarter of 2022 since they were elected on August 12, 2022. In addition, Mr. Weinert received additional cash compensation of $15,000 in 2022 for serving as Chairman of the Audit Committee, and $40,300 for serving as Lead Independent Director and as the Board’s corporate governance representative overseeing the Corporation’s activities in Brazil. Each of the outside directors has also been granted from time-to-time equity awards under the Company’s equity compensation plans, most recently in August 2022. In each case the directors were granted stock unit awards or non-qualified stock options with an equivalent fair value, that in each case vest with respect to 50% of the number of shares covered thereunder on approximately the first anniversary of the date of grant, and with respect to the balance of 50% of the shares on approximately the second anniversary of the date of grant. Any unvested stock unit awards or options generally terminate upon the cessation of a recipient’s service as a member of the Board of Directors, subject to partial or full vesting in the case of termination on account of death or permanent disability. In the event of a change in control of the Company (as defined in the stock unit award or option agreement evidencing the award) the stock unit awards or options become fully vested immediately prior to the effective date of such change in control.
The following table shows, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, the compensation paid by the Company or accrued for such year, to the Company’s non-employee directors. The compensation paid to Mr. Kubacki for his service as Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President, is reported in the Summary Compensation Table under the caption “Executive Compensation” below.
Director Compensation for Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2022
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Name
Fees Earned or Paid in Cash
Stock Awards
(1)
Option Awards
(1)
All other Compensation (4)
(4)
Total
Robyn C. Davis
$ 50,000
$ 78,120
(2)
$ -
(3)
$ -
$ 128,120
Harry F. Connick*
$ 12,500
$ -
(2)
$ -
(3)
$ -
$ 12,500
Peter H. Kamin
$ 18,750
$ 59,850
(2)
$ -
(3)
$ -
$ 78,600
Darius G. Nevin
$ 18,750
$ 59,850
(2)
$ -
(3)
$ -
$ 78,600
Andrew M. Reynolds
$ 37,500
$ 78,120
(2)
$ -
(3)
$ -
$ 115,620
Walter S. Tomenson, Jr.**
$ 31,250
$ 78,120
(2)
$ -
(3)
$ -
$ 109,370
Fred J. Weinert
$ 105,300
$ 78,120
(2)
$ -
(3)
$ -
$ 183,420
* Director Harry F. Connick retired from the Board of Directors on April 4, 2022.
** Director Walter S. Tomenson, Jr. retired from the Board of Directors on August 12, 2022.
(1)
The amounts in columns (c) and (d) reflect the grant date fair values of awards and options to the named individuals in 2022.
(2) As of December 31, 2022, the number of shares underlying unvested stock unit awards held by the non-employee directors was as follows: Mr. Connick: 5,500, which vest on April 30, 2023; Mr. Kamin: 9,000, of which 4,500 vest on August 12, 2023, and the balance vest on August 12, 2024; Mr. Nevin: 9,000, of which 4,500 vest on August 12, 2023, and the balance vest on August 12, 2024; Mr. Reynolds: 14,000, of which 1,000 vest on April 4, 2023, 6,000 vest on April 30, 2023, 1,000 vest on April 4, 2024 and 6,000 vest on April 30, 2024; Mr. Weinert: 17,500, of which 11,500 vest on April 30, 2023, and the balance vest on April 30, 2024; and Ms. Davis: 18,500, of which 1,000 shares vested on March 16, 2023, 11,500 vest on April 30, 2023, and the balance vest on April 30, 2024; Mr. Tomenson: 0.
(3)
As of December 31, 2022, the number of shares underlying non-qualified stock options held by the non-employee directors was as follows: Mr. Connick: 2,000; and Mr. Weinert: 81,500.
(4)
Any perquisites or other personal benefits received from the Company by the named director were less than the reporting thresholds established by the Securities and Exchange Commission ($10,000).
EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Overview of Compensation Program
The Compensation Committee of the Board has responsibility for establishing, implementing and continually monitoring adherence to the Company’s compensation philosophy. The Compensation Committee ensures that the total compensation paid to the executive officers is fair, reasonable and competitive.
Throughout this annual report the individual who served as the Company’s Chief Executive Officer during fiscal 2022, as well as those individuals who were the Company’s two most highly compensated executive officers other than the Chief Executive Officer are included in the Summary Compensation Table below and are referred to as the “named executive officers”.
Compensation Philosophy and Objectives
The Compensation Committee believes that the most effective executive compensation program is one that is designed to reward the achievement of specific annual performance goals by the Company, and which aligns executives’ interests with those of the stockholders by rewarding performance with the ultimate objective of improving stockholder value. The Compensation Committee evaluates both performance and compensation to ensure that the Company maintains its ability to attract and retain superior employees in key positions and that compensation provided to key employees remains competitive relative to the compensation paid to similarly situated executives of similarly sized public companies. To that end, the Compensation Committee believes executive compensation packages provided by the Company to its executives, including the named executive officers, should include both cash and stock-based compensation and that its executives’ performance should be rewarded as measured against established goals.
Role of Executive Officers in Compensation Decisions
The Compensation Committee makes all compensation decisions for the Chief Executive Officer but takes into account his recommendations when making compensation decisions with respect to the other executive officers.
The Chief Executive Officer annually reviews the performance of each other executive officer. The conclusions reached and recommendations based on these reviews, including with respect to salary adjustments and annual award amounts, are presented to the Compensation Committee. The Compensation Committee can exercise its discretion in modifying any recommended adjustments or awards to executives.
Setting Executive Compensation
Based on the foregoing objectives, the Compensation Committee has structured the Company’s annual and long-term incentive-based cash and non-cash executive compensation to motivate executives to achieve the business goals set by the Company and reward the executives for achieving such goals.
In making compensation decisions, the Compensation Committee compares each element of total compensation against what the Compensation Committee believes to be the average amount paid to similarly situated executives at comparably sized publicly-traded and privately-held companies.
A significant percentage of total compensation is allocated to incentives as a result of the philosophy mentioned above. The Compensation Committee determines the appropriate level and mix of incentive compensation. Income from such incentive compensation is realized as a result of the performance of the Company or the individual, depending on the type of award, compared to established goals. A significant portion of its total compensation payable to executive officers is in the form of cash bonus awards tied to achievement of performance goals and to the award of restricted stock units or stock options that would become vested over a period of time.
2022 Executive Compensation Components
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, the principal components of compensation for named executive officers were:
●
base salary
●
performance-based cash incentive compensation; and
●
long-term equity incentive compensation
Base Salary
Base salary ranges for named executive officers are determined by the Compensation Committee for each executive based on his or her position and responsibility, a market competitive assessment of similar roles at other companies and a comparison of salaries paid to peers within the Company. Salary levels are typically considered annually as part of the Company’s performance review process as well as upon a promotion or other change in job responsibility. Merit based increases to salaries of executive officers are based on the Compensation Committee’s assessment of the individual’s performance.
In the third quarter of 2020, at the request of the Chief Executive Officer, each of the named executive officers took a 10% base salary reduction to curtail costs. During the first quarter of 2021, again at the request of the Chief Executive Officer, each of the named executive officers took an additional salary cut of 10% of his or her current base salary to curtail costs. The additional cuts from 2021 remained in place throughout the remainder of 2021 until the first quarter ended 2022 and are reflected in the Summary Compensation Table below. The initial 10% base salary reduction made during the third quarter of 2020 for executive officers remains in place.
Incentive Cash Bonus Compensation
The Company typically provides its named executive officers with the opportunity to earn cash incentive bonuses. For most years, bonuses are determined based on a combination of qualitative and quantitative, company and individual measures, the details of which are established annually in the form of business objectives. The business objectives may vary for each executive based upon his or her responsibilities and may include financial and/or strategic measures. The Compensation Committee typically retains the discretion to amend the bonus program including the ability to increase or decrease any bonus payment and make changes to any financial and/or strategic measures. In 2022, the named executive officers’ bonuses were computed as follows: (i) up to seven and one-half percent (7.5%) of base salary would be payable if the Company achieved pre-determined revenue targets; (ii) up to an additional seven and one-half percent (7.5%) of base salary would be payable if the Company achieved pre-determined earnings per share targets; and (iii) up to an additional ten percent (10%) of base salary would be payable based on achievement of individual written performance objectives for the fiscal year, as determined by Mr. Kubacki (for named executive officers other than himself) and as determined by the Compensation Committee (with respect to achievement by Mr. Kubacki of his performance objectives). The Compensation Committee retained sole discretion over all matters relating to the annual bonus payments, including, without limitation, the decision to pay any bonuses, the amount of each bonus, if any, the ability to increase or decrease any bonus payment and make changes to any financial and/or strategic measures.
Long-Term Equity Incentive Compensation
It is the philosophy of the Company to provide executives with incentives to receive equity in the Company and, thus, align their financial interests with those of the Company’s shareholders. The Company’s 2006 Incentive Plan provides long-term rewards and incentives to the Company’s named executive officers, as well as other participants.
Stock Unit Awards.
Stock unit awards (“Awards”) represent a right to receive shares of the Company’s Common Stock in varying amounts subject to satisfaction of certain time-based vesting requirements. The amount of stock unit awards granted to the named executive officers typically varies based upon their levels of responsibility, their individual performance and the Company’s performance for the year preceding the year of grant. Each of the units provides for vesting over the four-year period following the date of grant and are convertible into shares of Common Stock of the Company upon vesting.
Stock Options.
Stock options (“Option Awards”) represent a right to acquire shares of the Company’s Common Stock in varying amounts at a strike price equal to the closing price on the date of grant, subject to satisfaction of certain time-based vesting requirements. The number of Option Awards granted to the executive officers typically varies based upon their levels of responsibility and their individual performance. Each of the Option Awards provides for vesting over the four-year period following the date of grant.
Retirement and Other Benefits
The Company maintains a 401(k) plan for the benefit of all employees who have satisfied minimum age requirements. Employees have the opportunity to contribute to the plan on a before tax basis, subject to limits prescribed under the Internal Revenue Code. All employee contributions are 100% vested on the date of contribution. The Company does not maintain any separate non-qualified retirement plans.
Perquisites and Other Personal Benefits
Any perquisites or other personal benefits that the Company offers to its executive officers are below the threshold limit ($10,000 per executive, per annum) for reporting under Securities and Exchange Commission rules.
The Company has entered into Change of Control Severance Agreements with Messrs. Kubacki and Doucot. The Change of Control Severance Agreements are designed to promote stability and continuity of senior management. Information regarding applicable payments under such agreements for Messrs. Kubacki and Doucot is provided under the heading “Potential Payments upon Termination and Change in Control” below.
Tax and Accounting Implications
As part of its role, the Compensation Committee reviews and considers the deductibility of executive compensation under Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code, which provides that the Company may not deduct compensation of more than $1,000,000 per year to named executive officers except, in the case of equity awards granted prior to 2018, to the extent they constituted performance-based compensation. Depending on future stock prices, it is possible that a portion of the payments that might be payable to Mr. Kubacki under the agreement with him described under the heading “Potential Payments upon Termination and Change in Control” below may not be fully deductible. Subject to the foregoing, the Company believes that all compensation paid to its executive officers is, or will be when paid, fully deductible for federal income tax purposes.
Summary of Cash and Certain Other Compensation
The following tables show, the total compensation earned by the named executive officers during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, and outstanding equity awards held by the named executive officers as of December 31, 2022.
Summary Compensation Table
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
Name and Position
Year
Salary
Bonus (1)
Stock Awards
Option Awards
Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation
Change in Pension Value and Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Earnings
All Other Compensation (2)
Total
Raymond C. Kubacki
$ 470,138
$ -
$ 130,200
$ -
$ -
$ -
$ -
$ 600,338
Chairman, CEO, & President
$ 430,702
$ 42,500
$ 150,650
$ -
$ -
$ -
$ -
$ 623,852
Charles M. Doucot
$ 282,896
$ 15,000
$ 71,610
$ -
$ -
$ -
$ -
$ 369,506
Executive Vice President
$ 238,750
$ 24,000
$ 78,600
$ -
$ -
$ -
$ -
$ 341,350
Michael I. Schaffer
$ 258,456
$ 2,700
$ 32,550
$ -
$ -
$ -
$ -
$ 293,706
Vice President, Labortory Operations
$ 236,024
$ 12,000
$ 29,475
$ -
$ -
$ -
$ -
$ 277,499
(1)
The amounts in column (d) reflect cash bonus awards made to the named executive officers based on achievement of certain financial and individual objectives, as described in more detail below under the heading “Incentive Cash Bonus Compensation”.
(2)
The amounts shown in column (i) reflect for each named executive officer matching contributions allocated by the Company to each of the named executive officers during the applicable year pursuant to the Company’s 401(k) Plan (which is more fully described below under the heading “Retirement and Other Benefits”); the amount of perquisites attributable to each named executive officer did not exceed $10,000 in either 2021 or 2022.
Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End
Option Awards
Stock Awards
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
Name
Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options Exercisable
Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options Unexercisable
Equity Incentive Plan Awards: Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Unearned Options
Option Exercise Price
Option Expiration Date
Number of Shares or Units of Stock That Have Not Vested
Market Value of Shares or Units of Stock That Have Not Vested (1)
Equity Incentive Plan Awards: Number of Unearned Shares, Units or Other Rights That Have Not Vested
Equity Incentive Plan Awards: Market or Payout Value of Unearned Shares, Units or Other Rights That Have Not Vested
Raymond C. Kubacki
22,000
-
$10.20
9/15/2025
42,000
-
$13.82
5/12/2026
40,000
-
$18.87
5/4/2027
28,000
-
$21.04
5/3/2028
45,000
15,000
$10.60
5/3/2029
7,500
7,500
$4.07
11/11/2030
17,500
$85,750
-
-
-
-
17,250
$84,525
-
-
-
-
20,000
$98,000
Charles M. Doucot
18,000
-
$21.04
5/3/2028
22,500
7,500
$10.60
5/3/2029
3,500
3,500
$4.07
11/11/2030
9,000
$44,100
-
-
-
-
9,000
$44,100
-
-
-
-
11,000
$53,900
Michael I. Schaffer
7,500
-
$13.82
5/12/2026
8,000
-
$18.87
5/4/2027
5,000
-
$21.04
5/3/2028
7,500
2,500
$10.60
5/3/2029
1,000
1,000
$4.07
11/11/2030
3,500
$17,150
-
-
-
-
3,375
$16,538
-
-
-
-
5,000
$24,500
(1) Based on closing price of $4.90 per share on December 31, 2022 on the Nasdaq Stock Market.
Potential Payments upon Termination and Change in Control
The Company has change-in-control severance agreements in place with each of Messrs. Kubacki and Doucot providing for severance benefits for a period of up to 12 months in the event of termination within 12 months following a change in control (as defined in the agreements). The agreements provide for severance benefits only if (1) the Company undergoes a change in control (as defined in the agreement) and (2) within 12 months thereafter either (a) the Company (or its successor) terminates the employee (other than termination for “cause”), or (b) the employee terminates his employment for “good reason” (as defined in his agreement). The agreements do not provide for severance benefits in the event of an employee’s death or disability, or in the event of his voluntary termination without good reason. The agreements provide that the employee shall not compete with the Company during the period in which he is entitled to receive severance payments. Except for such change-in-control severance agreements, and except for the separate employment severance agreement with Mr. Doucot described below, none of the named executive officers has an employment agreement with the Company.
Each of the stock unit award and option agreements with Messrs. Kubacki, Doucot and Schaffer described in the Summary Compensation Table above provides that the vesting would accelerate upon a change in control. In the event the Company had incurred a change in control on December 31, 2022, and terminated the employment of Messrs. Kubacki, Doucot and Schaffer on such date, the amounts paid out to such named executive officers: (i) the Change in Control agreements with Messrs. Kubacki and Doucot in effect on the date of filing this Report and (ii) the existing equity award agreements with Messrs. Kubacki, Doucot and Schaffer would have been as follows:
Payments and Benefits Upon Termination and Change in Control
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Name
Salary (1)
Accrued Vacation (2)
Health Benefits (3)
Acceleration of Equity Awards (4)
Total
Raymond C. Kubacki (5)
12 Month
$ 486,500
$ 18,718
$ 33,325
$ 268,275
$ 806,818
6 Month (change of location only)
$ 243,250
$ 18,718
$ 16,663
$ 268,275
$ 546,906
Charles Doucot (6)
12 Month
$ 355,000
$ 11,489
$ 29,136
$ 142,100
$ 537,725
Michael I. Schaffer
12 Month
$ -
$ 11,764
$ -
$ 58,188
$ 69,952
(1)
The amounts in column (b) reflect current base salary in effect on December 31, 2022 for Mr. Kubacki and on August 1, 2020 for Mr. Doucot.
(2)
Accrued vacation is payable upon separation of service whether or not in connection with a change in control.
(3)
The amounts in column (d) represent the amount payable by the Company during the applicable period for continuation of health benefits.
(4)
The amounts in column (e) reflect: (i) the acceleration of the vesting under stock unit awards granted under the Company’s 2006 Incentive Plan triggered by a change in control, as provided in each executive officer’s respective stock unit award agreement with the Company, the valuation of which is determined by multiplying the number of stock unit awards that would have become vested on December 31, 2022, pursuant to such acceleration provision, times the closing price of the Company stock on such date ($4.90 per share); plus (ii) the acceleration of the vesting under in-the-money unvested stock options granted under the Company’s 2006 Incentive Plan triggered by a change in control, as provided in each executive officer’s respective stock option agreement with the Company, the valuation of which is determined by assuming a net exercise of all unvested stock options having an exercise price that is less than the closing price of the Company stock on such date ($4.90 per share).
(5)
Mr. Kubacki’s arrangement provides for up to 12 months of salary in the event of a termination by the Company without cause (as defined in his agreement) or a termination by him for good reason (as defined in his agreement) in either case, within a 12 month period following a change in control of the Company (as such term is defined in the agreement), provided, however, that in the event of termination by Mr. Kubacki for good reason solely on account of a change in his required place of employment, following a change in control, then in lieu of 12 months of salary and bonus compensation, his benefits would be limited up to 6 months of salary and bonus compensation.
(6)
Mr. Doucot’s arrangement provides for 12 months of salary (at the rate that was in effect for the 12-month period preceding August 1, 2020, or any higher rate thereafter in effect) and bonus continuation, in the event of a termination by the Company without cause (as defined in his agreement) or a termination by him for good reason (as defined in his agreement) in either case, within a 12 month period following a change in control of the Company (as such term is defined in the agreement).
Employment Severance Agreement
In addition to a change-in-control severance agreement, the Company also entered into an employment severance agreement with Mr. Doucot providing for severance benefits for a period of up to 6 months. The agreement provides for severance benefits if (a) the Company (or its successor) terminates Mr. Doucot (other than termination for “cause”), or (b) Mr. Doucot terminates his employment for “good reason” (as defined in his agreement). The agreement does not provide for severance benefits in the event of his death or disability, or in the event of his voluntary termination without good reason. Any payments under the severance agreement are reduced by the amount of any payments received by him under his change-in-control severance agreement.
Equity Compensation Plan Information
The following table provides information as of December 31, 2022, with respect to shares of the Company’s common stock that were issuable under the Company’s 2006 Incentive Plan (the “2006 Incentive Plan”).
Plan Category
Number of Securities to Be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights
Weighted Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights
Number of Securities that Remained Available for Future Issuance
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders
745,375 (1)
$ 14.19 (2)
182,992
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders
-
-
-
Total
745,375
$ 14.19
182,992
(1)
This amount includes 508,500 shares subject to outstanding stock options with a weighted average remaining contractual term of 4.9 years and 238,000 shares subject to outstanding stock unit awards.
(2)
The weighted-average exercise price information does not include any outstanding stock unit awards.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The following table shows, as of March 15, 2023, the number of shares beneficially owned (i) by those stockholders who are known to the Company to own beneficially more than five percent of the outstanding Common Stock of the Company, (including their addresses) (ii) by each director and nominee for director of the Company, (iii) by each named executive officer, and (iv) by all directors and executive officers as a group.
Name
Amount and Nature of Beneficial Ownership
(1)
Percentage Owned (2)
Peter H. Kamin
624,737
(3)
11.0%
289 Great Road, Suite 200
Acton, MA 01720
Raymond C. Kubacki
400,462
(4)(6)
6.8%
289 Great Road, Suite 200
Acton, MA 01720
Renaissance Technologies LLC
290,463
(5)
5.1%
800 Third Avenue
New York, NY 10022
Fred J. Weinert
260,064
(4)(6)(7)
4.5%
Robyn C. Davis
19,000
(6)
*
Andrew M. Reynolds
7,000
(6)
*
Darius G. Nevin
25,181
*
Michael I. Schaffer
57,951
(4)(6)
1.0%
Charles M. Doucot
63,175
(4)(6)
1.1%
All Executive Officers and Directors (9 persons)
1,123,296
(8)
23.9%
* Denotes ownership of less than 1%.
(1)
Shares are considered beneficially owned, for the purpose of this table only, if held by the person indicated as beneficial owner, or if such person, directly or indirectly, through any contract, arrangement, understanding, relationship or otherwise has or shares the power to vote, to direct the voting of and/or to dispose of or to direct the disposition of such security, or if the person has the right to acquire beneficial ownership within sixty (60) days, unless otherwise indicated in these footnotes.
(2)
Pursuant to the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission, shares of Common Stock which an individual or group has a right to acquire within 60 days pursuant to the exercise of options or pursuant to the vesting of stock unit awards are deemed to be outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of such individual or group, but with respect to options and stock unit awards, are not deemed outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person shown in this table.
(3)
Based on a Statement of Changes in Beneficial Ownership on Form 4 filed by Mr. Kamin on June 9, 2022. Includes 365,726 shares held by Mr. Kamin as trustee of certain trusts and 44,980 shares held by a limited partnership of which Mr. Kamin serves as general partner.
(4)
Includes the following number of shares of Common Stock which the individual had a right to acquire within 60 days pursuant to the exercise of options: Mr. Kubacki - 199,500; Mr. Weinert - 81,500; Dr. Schaffer - 31,500; and Mr. Doucot - 51,500.
(5)
Based on the statement on Schedule 13G/A filed on February 13, 2023, each of Renaissance Technologies, LLC, a registered investment adviser, and Renaissance Technologies Holding Company has sole voting and dispositive power over 290,463 shares of Common Stock.
(6)
Includes the following number of shares of Common Stock which the individual had the right to receive within 60 days pursuant to the vesting of stock unit awards: Mr. Kubacki - 5,750; Mr. Weinert - 11,500; Mr. Reynolds - 7,000; Ms. Davis - 12,500; Dr. Schaffer - 1,125; and Mr. Doucot - 3,000.
(7)
Includes 108,381 shares held by Mr. Weinert as trustee of a trust and 1,600 shares held by Mr. Weinert’s spouse.
(8)
Includes 364,000 shares which the executive officers and directors had the right to acquire within 60 days pursuant to the exercise of options, and 34,875 shares which were issuable to the executive officers and directors within 60 days pursuant to the vesting of stock unit awards.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence
Under the rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market, a majority of the directors and all of the members of the Audit Committee must qualify as independent directors. The Board of Directors of the Company conducts an annual review of the independence of the members of the Board and its committees. Five of our six directors are nonemployee directors (all except Mr. Kubacki). Although the Board has not adopted categorical standards of materiality for independence purposes (other than those set forth in Securities and Exchange Commission Regulations and the Nasdaq Stock Market listing standards), information provided by the directors and the Company did not indicate any relationships (e.g., commercial, industrial, banking, consulting, legal, accounting, charitable, or familial), which would impair the independence of any of the nonemployee directors.
The Board of Directors has adopted a policy whereby the Company’s Audit Committee is responsible for reviewing any proposed related party transaction. The types of transactions covered by the policy include payments for products or services to or indebtedness to or from, related parties, as defined in Item 404(b) of Regulation S-K under the federal securities laws. The Audit Committee has determined that there were no related party transactions with any related party in fiscal 2022 that would require disclosure under Item 404(a) of Regulation S-K.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
The following table presents fees paid or payable to BDO USA, LLP for services attributable to fiscal years 2022 and 2021:
Fiscal Year
Audit Fees (1)
$ 440,861
$ 392,309
Audit-Related Fees (2)
23,873
15,950
Tax Fees (3)
57,593
182,275
Total
$ 522,327
$ 590,534
(1)
Audit Fees - Fees for professional services rendered to the Company (or estimates of fees for services to be rendered) in connection with auditing the Company’s annual financial statements and reviewing the interim financial information included in the Company’s Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and consents and assistance with the review of documents filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
(2)
Audit-Related Fees - Fees billed to the Company or to the Company’s employee retirement plan for services related to the audit of the Company’s financial statements that are not reported under Audit Fees, which include audit work performed on certain of the Company’s benefit plans.
(3)
Tax Fees - Fees billed to the Company related to tax compliance and consultation.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules
(a) (1) Financial Statements required by Item 15 are included and indexed in Part II, Item 8.
(a) (2) Financial Statement Schedules included in Part IV of this report. Schedule II is omitted because information is included in Notes to Financial Statements. All other schedules under the accounting regulations of the SEC are not required under the related instructions and are inapplicable and, thus have been omitted.
(a) (3) See “Exhibit Index” included elsewhere in this Report.