EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 51434
Filing Year: 2025
Filename: 51434_10-K_2025_0000051434-25-000013.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
GENERAL
International Paper Company (the "Company," "International Paper" or "IP", which may also be referred to as "we" or "us") is a global leader in sustainable packaging solutions. We produce renewable fiber-based packaging and pulp products with manufacturing operations in North America, Latin America, Europe and North Africa. We are a New York corporation, incorporated in 1941 as the successor to the New York corporation of the same name organized in 1898. You can learn more about us by visiting our website at www.internationalpaper.com.
In the United States, at December 31, 2024, the Company operated 22 pulp and packaging mills, 157 converting and packaging plants, 16 recycling plants and three bag facilities. Production facilities at December 31, 2024 in Canada, Europe, North Africa and Latin America included four pulp and packaging mills, 36 converting and packaging plants, and two recycling plants. We operate a packaging products distribution business principally through six branches in Asia. Substantially all of our businesses have experienced, and are likely to continue to experience, cycles relating to industry capacity and general economic conditions.
We are guided by our core values. We do the right things, in the right ways, for the right reasons, all of the time - this is The IP Way. Our overarching values are safety, ethics, and excellence.
•Safety - Above all else, we care about people. We look out for each other to ensure everyone returns home safely each day.
•Ethics - We act honestly and operate with integrity and respect. We promote a culture of openness and accountability.
•Excellence - We set high expectations and aim to deliver outstanding results for each other, our customers and our shareholders.
For management and financial reporting purposes, our businesses are separated into two segments: Industrial Packaging and Global Cellulose Fibers. A description of these business segments can be found on page 42 of Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
In 2024, International Paper made significant strides to further enhance our performance-driven culture that we believe will enable us to create significant
value for our employees, customers and share owners. In April 2024, International Paper announced a proposed business combination with DS Smith Plc ("DS Smith"), a global packaging, paper and recycling company and leading provider of sustainable fiber-based packaging headquartered in England in an all-stock transaction. This highly complementary business combination is designed to create a truly sustainable packaging solutions leader that can serve a broad set of customers across a wide range of attractive and growing end-markets to generate significant shareholder value. Shareholders of DS Smith and International Paper overwhelmingly approved the business combination at separate meetings in October 2024. On January 24, 2025, the Company announced plans to divest plants located in Mortagne, Saint-Amand, and Cabourg (France), Ovar (Portugal) and Bilbao (Spain) in connection with the European Commission’s clearance of the business combination. The business combination closed on January 31, 2025. Thereafter, the Company obtained a secondary listing of International Paper common stock on the London Stock Exchange (LSE: IPC) and established a Europe, Middle East and Africa ("EMEA") headquarters in DS Smith's existing main office in London. DS Smith re-registered as DS Smith Limited, a private limited company effective on February 5, 2025.
In the third quarter of 2024, the Company also began implementing an 80/20 strategic approach to drive transformational performance. The 80/20 approach suggests that 80% of our results come from 20% of efforts. As applied to our business, the approach is used to determine the most impactful areas to focus on. Through the 80/20 strategic approach, we intend to deliver profitable market share growth by striving to be the lowest-cost producer and the most reliable and innovative sustainable packaging solutions provider to our customers across North America and EMEA. As part of the Company’s 80/20 strategic approach, the Company intends to guide investments and align resources to win with our most strategic customers, while reducing complexity and cost across the Company.
To that end, the Company initiated a corporate overhead restructuring plan in the third quarter of 2024 aimed at better aligning our workforce with the needs of the business and our customers, optimizing our organizational structure and reducing operating costs. Additionally, we committed to investing to strengthen our most competitive and strategic assets and closed facilities to structurally reduce operating costs. Further, in October 2024, we announced that we are exploring strategic options for our Global Cellulose Fibers business.
These significant undertakings follow the September 2023 completion of the sale of our 50% equity interest in Ilim S.A. ("Ilim"), the sale of all of our Ilim Group shares (constituting a 2.39% stake) and divestment of other non-material residual interests associated with Ilim. Ilim was a joint venture that operated a pulp and paper business in Russia and has subsidiaries including Ilim Group. Following the completed sales, we no longer have an interest in Ilim or any of its subsidiaries, and no longer have any investments in Russia. As a result, all current and historical results of the Ilim investment reportable segment are presented as Discontinued Operations, net of taxes. See discussion in Note 10 - Equity Method Investments on page 75 of Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
We remain confident that the initiatives undertaken as part of our transformational journey in 2024 will unlock substantial value at IP and strengthen the Company for our employees, customers and shareholders.
From 2020 through 2024, International Paper’s capital spending approximated $4.3 billion, excluding mergers and acquisitions. These expenditures reflect our continuing efforts to use our capital strategically to improve product quality and environmental performance, as well as lower costs, maintain reliability of operations and deploy strategic capital for capacity expansion. Capital spending in 2024 was approximately $921 million and is expected to be approximately $1.2 billion in 2025. You can find more information about capital spending on page 46 of Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Discussions of acquisitions can be found in Note 7 Acquisitions on page 72 of Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
You can find discussions of restructuring charges and other special items on page 37 of Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we “incorporate by reference” certain information in parts of other documents filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). The SEC permits us to disclose important information by referring you to those documents. Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and proxy statements, along with all other reports and any amendments thereto filed with or furnished to the SEC, are publicly available free of charge on the Investors section of our website at www.internationalpaper.com as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material
with, or furnish it to, the SEC. We encourage you to refer to such information.
Our website contains a significant amount of information about the Company, including our SEC filings and financial and other information for investors. The information that we post on our website could be deemed to be material information. We encourage investors, the media, and others interested in the Company to visit this website from time to time, as information is updated and new information is posted. The information contained on or connected to our website, however, is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K and should not be considered part of this or any other report that we file with or furnish to the SEC. Our internet address is included as an inactive textual reference only.
HUMAN CAPITAL
EMPLOYEES
As of December 31, 2024, we have approximately 37,000 employees, nearly 31,000 of whom are located in the United States. Of our U.S. employees, 21,000 are hourly, with unions representing approximately 13,000 employees. Of this number, 9,600 are represented by the United Steelworkers union ("USW").
International Paper, the USW, and several other unions have entered into five master agreements covering various U.S. mills and converting facilities. Four of the master agreements are with the USW and include members from the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers, International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, United Food and Commercial Workers International Union and Workers Unite at certain U.S. mills and converting facilities. The Company also has a master agreement with District Counsel 2, which is affiliated with the Printing Packaging & Production Workers Union of North America that covers additional converting facilities. Individual facilities continue to have local agreements for subjects not covered by the master agreements. If local facility agreements are not successfully negotiated at the time of expiration, under the terms of the master agreements, the local agreements will automatically renew with the same terms in effect.
SAFETY AND WELLBEING
At International Paper, we prioritize the safety and well-being of every employee and contractor. Safety is core to who we are and how we operate - at IP we strive to put safety above all else. To achieve this, we are cultivating a resilient safety culture where every team member is empowered to stop work they
believe is unsafe. We work tirelessly to anticipate and address unexpected events by incorporating layers of protection, continuously enhancing our systems and engaging all team members in learning events to prevent injuries before they take place. In 2024, we engaged an independent safety consultant firm to help the Company improve workplace safety performance through risk assessments, safety culture development and programs designed to reduce accidents and injuries. We launched a Company-wide safety culture survey in 2024 to all U.S.-based employees. Results of the survey will be analyzed in 2025 with the goal of learning, growing and aspiring to achieve our Vision 2030 goal to create a 100% injury-free workplace for our team members and contractors.
We believe workplace safety includes psychological and emotional safety. At International Paper we also care deeply about the mental, emotional, physical and professional wellbeing of our employees by providing an Employee Assistance Program (“EAP”) at no cost to employees and family members. Our EAP offers coaching and counseling sessions aimed at problem solving, achieving goals, and dealing with stress and anxiety management through resilience. We embrace a holistic wellness approach providing employees with resources on incorporating wellness habits into their daily lives.
HUMAN CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
The attraction, retention and development of our employees is critical to our success. We create a positive employee experience that begins at onboarding. Our Human Resources Talent Management Team hosts online Global New Employee Orientation for employees and each business conducts onsite new hire integration training unique to its business and/or facility. This experience continues through our continuous learning, development and performance management programs. We provide continuing education courses that are relevant to our industry and job functions within the Company, including both instructor-led and online training through our Learning Management System (“LMS”) MyLearning platform. Across the enterprise in 2024, employees completed 2.7 million learning activities through our platform.
In addition, we have created learning paths for specific positions that are designed to encourage an employee’s advancement and growth within our organization, such as our REACH (Recruit, Engage, Align College Hires) program and Global Manufacturing Training Initiative programs. Through REACH we recruit and develop early-career engineers and safety professionals for our U.S. mills, preparing them to become future leaders. We invest
in the growth and development of our employees by providing a multi-dimensional approach to learning that empowers, intellectually grows and professionally develops our employees. Our Global Manufacturing Training Initiative provides training services to hourly operations and maintenance employees in our mills in a standardized and structured manner. On the converting side of our business, more than 200 front line and future leaders participated in our multi-day in-person Leadership Application and Professional Development and Manufacturing Management Associate Programs during 2024.
We develop leaders through our IP Leadership Institute offering a broad range of LMS virtual and in person resources, courses and workshops for individual contributors, people leaders and teams. We also offer peer mentoring and leadership and career development training to support and develop our employees.
We help our employees better themselves by offering tuition reimbursement to employees to pursue additional education to prepare for other positions at the Company. We also provide student loan assistance to help employees repay qualified student loans. These resources provide employees with the skills and support they need to achieve their career goals, build management skills and become leaders within our Company.
The labor market for both hourly and salaried workers continues to be competitive. For additional information regarding risks related to the current labor market, see Item 1A. Risk Factors - We operate in a challenging market for talent and my fail to attract and retain qualified personnel, including key management personnel.
COMPENSATION AND BENEFITS
We view compensation and benefits as part of how we attract, engage and retain our talented workforce. We do so by rewarding performance while ensuring competitive compensation in our local markets around the world. We continually evaluate our compensation and benefits so that we offer optimal compensation programs and remain a leading employer of choice in the areas in which we operate.
TEAM-ORIENTED CULTURE
As a result of our recent business combination with DS Smith, the Company has significantly expanded our global footprint. The business combination not only enhances our operational capabilities but also enriches our cross-culturalism, bringing together a broader range of perspectives, experiences, and
talents. With the integration of DS Smith, we are dedicated to ensuring our efforts to embrace a team-oriented culture are effectively extended across our newly expanded organization and guided by our commitment to equal employment opportunity for all. The Company is focused on promoting a culture that leverages the talents of all employees, and implementing practices that attract, recruit and retain a broad array of talent. We believe our efforts will lead to improved business results, as teams with a broad range of perspectives drive innovation, enhance decision-making, and better reflect the markets we serve.
The Company supports enterprise-wide employee-led networking circles (“ENCs”) that are open to all employees and provide a forum to communicate and exchange ideas and build a network of relationships across the Company. Our ENCs help educate and motivate our global workforce, strengthening our business practices.
The make-up of our Board of Directors and Executive Leadership Team ("ELT") reflects our efforts to seek the most qualified board candidates with a broad range of experiences and perspectives.
Our Executive Leadership Team is currently comprised of our chief executive officer, one executive vice president and four senior vice presidents who oversee crucial functions and business units within the Company.
By virtue of the Company’s secondary listing on the London Stock Exchange, International Paper is now subject to certain board composition disclosure requirements under the UK Listing Rules (the “UKLR”) established by the UK Financial Conduct
Authority (the "FCA"). The information below is disclosed solely in order to comply with UKLR 14.3.30R and for no other purpose. The required disclosure below is set out as of December 31, 2024, and the data provided in relation to the Board and executive officers has been collected through the annual Directors and Officers’ questionnaire.
As of December 31, 2024, the Company can confirm the following in relation to each of the following reporting standards contained in the UKLR:
UKLR Reporting Standards (the "Standards") Result Implementation Progress
At least 40% of the Board are women. Not met 30% of the Board were women.
At least one member of the Board is from an ethnic minority. Met There were two ethnic minority men on the Board.
At least one of the senior Board positions (Chair, CEO, Senior Independent Director (SID) or CFO) is a woman. Not met The senior Board positions of Chairman, CEO, CFO and Lead Director are currently held by men. Until the individuals in those positions retire or otherwise leave, the Company will not meet the Standards.
An additional director David A. Robbie was appointed to the Board effective February 11, 2025. Mr. Robbie's appointment does not affect the result of any of the Standards set out above.
In accordance with UKLR 14.3.31R, and for no other purpose, numerical data on the ethnic background and the gender identity or sex of the individuals on the Company’s Board and in its executive management as of December 31, 2024 is set out below:
Number of Board Members Percentage of the Board Number of senior positions on the Board (CEO, CFO, SID and Chair) 1
Number in executive management2
Percentage of executive management
Men 7 70% 3 3
5 83%
Women 3 30% - 1 17%
Not specified/prefer not to say - -% - - -%
White British or other White (including minority white groups) 8 80% 2 6 100%
Mixed multiple ethnic groups - -% - - -%
Asian/Asian British - -% - - -%
Black/African Caribbean/Black British 2 20% - - -%
Other ethnic group including Arab - -% - - -%
Not specified/prefer not to say - -% - - -%
1 The Company is reporting on the positions of CEO, CFO, Chairman of the Board and Lead Director positions.
2 Executive management is defined, in accordance with the UKLR, as International Paper’s Executive Leadership Team, including the Corporate Secretary.
3 Andrew K. Silvernail holds the position of CEO and Chair. Christopher M. Connor holds the position of Lead Director. The position of CFO is not held by a member of the Board.
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT
We encourage our employees to support the communities in which they live and in which the Company operates. Our community engagement efforts extend across the globe and support social and educational needs. To that end, in 2024 we invested approximately $17 million to address critical needs in the communities in which we work and live. Our Vision 2030 goal is to strengthen the resilience of our communities, in numerous ways, and improve the lives of 100 million people in our communities in numerous ways, including the support of education, reducing hunger, promoting health and wellness and supporting disaster relief.
One way we lead is by addressing hunger and food security for children, families and seniors in partnership with The Global FoodBanking Network (the “GFN”) and Feeding America. The Company delivers dependable and sustainable packaging solutions that protect and transport foods to our community and customers. We also promote health and wellness through our award-winning Fighting Period Poverty in Our Communities program. Period poverty is lack of access to period products and education and affects at least 500 million women and girls globally. Period poverty leads to school truancy, reproductive issues, health risks and unnecessary shame. Through this program, we collaborate with partners to create awareness of period poverty
globally and provide period care kits to people who need them most.
Also in 2024, the Company was awarded a Leadership in Sustainability Award for Resilient U.S. Forests by the American Forest & Paper Association recognizing the positive outcomes from the Company’s longstanding Forestland Stewards partnership with the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation. Through this partnership, the Company also endeavored to support the restoration of forest ecosystems to restore critical bat habitats through oak regeneration projects in Alabama. In 2024, we received the Grassroots Innovation Award from the Public Affairs Council. Additionally, we are proud to have been named among the world’s most ethical companies by Ethisphere for 18 consecutive years.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, PATENTS, AND TRADEMARKS
We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark, design, trade secret, and internet domain laws to establish and protect our intellectual property rights in the United States and in foreign jurisdictions. The Company’s practice is to file applications and obtain patents for products and services we believe improve our value proposition to customers. We maintain a portfolio of trademarks and service marks registered with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
and in certain foreign jurisdictions, unregistered trademarks, licenses, and internet domain names that we consider important to the marketing of our products and business. These trademarks and service marks include those entity and product names that appear in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and our logo, as well as names of other products and marketing-related taglines. Our registered intellectual property has various expiration dates. The Company also relies on trade secret and other confidential information protection for manufacturing processes, product specifications, formulae, analyses, market information, forecasts, and other competitively sensitive information.
COMPETITION AND COSTS
The pulp and packaging sectors are large and fragmented, and the areas into which we sell our principal products are very competitive. Our products compete with similar products produced by other forest products companies. We also compete, in some instances, with companies in other industries and against substitutes for wood-fiber products.
Many factors influence the Company’s competitive position, including price, cost, product quality and services. You can find more information about the impact of these factors on operating profits on pages 34 through 44 of Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. You can find information about the Company’s manufacturing capacities on page A-3 of Appendix II.
MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION
The Company sells products directly to end users and converters, as well as through agents, resellers and distributors.
DESCRIPTION OF PRINCIPAL PRODUCTS
The Company’s principal products are described on page 42 of Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
GOVERNMENTAL REGULATION
The Company’s policy is to operate its mills and factories in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations such that it protects the environment and the health and safety of its employees. We operate our businesses and sell products globally. In each of the jurisdictions in which we operate, we are subject to a variety of laws and regulations governing various aspects of our business, including general business
regulations as well as those governing the manufacturing, production, content, handling, storage, transport, marketing and sale of our products. Our operations are also subject to forestry reserve requirements, other environmental regulations and occupational health and safety laws. Violations can result in substantial fines, administrative sanctions, criminal penalties, revocations of operating permits and/or shutdowns of our facilities, litigation, other liabilities, as well as damage to our reputation. We incur costs to comply with these requirements. For additional information regarding risks associated with environmental matters, see Item 1A. Risk Factors - We may fail to successfully integrate DS Smith and realize the anticipated benefits and operating synergies expected from the business combination, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results; We are subject to a wide variety of laws, regulations and other governmental requirements that may change in significant ways, and the cost of compliance, or the failure to comply with such requirements, could impact our business and results of operations.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Our Vision 2030 goals provide a framework to build a better future for people, the planet and the Company in the areas of healthy and abundant forests, thriving people and communities, sustainable operations and renewable solutions. Through these efforts and more, the Company tackles the toughest issues in the value chain to improve its environmental footprint and promote the long-term sustainability of natural capital.
Our approach to sustainability considers our entire value chain, from sourcing raw materials responsibly and working safely, to making renewable, recyclable products and providing a market for recovered products. To help inform and prioritize the focus of our sustainability strategy, we have engaged with internal and external stakeholders using a variety of methods, assessed key issues and associated risks and opportunities, and incorporated sustainability considerations into our processes.
The Company operations are subject to extensive and evolving federal, state, local, and international laws and regulations governing the protection of the environment and will be more so in light of our increased scale and global presence following completion of our business combination with DS Smith. Company manufacturing processes involve discharges to water, air emissions, water intake and waste handling and disposal activities, all of which are subject to a variety of environmental laws and
regulations, along with requirements of environmental permits or analogous authorizations issued by various governmental authorities. Our continuing objectives include: (i) controlling emissions and discharges from our facilities to avoid adverse impacts on the environment, and (ii) maintaining compliance with applicable laws and regulations. The Company spent approximately $20 million in 2024 for capital projects to control environmental releases into the air and water, and to assure environmentally sound management and disposal of waste. We expect to spend approximately $35 million in 2025 for environmental capital projects. Capital expenditures on environmental projects for 2026 and 2027, respectively, are anticipated to be approximately $35 million and $30 million. It is possible that our capital expenditure assumptions, estimates and project completion dates may change, and our projections are subject to change due to items such as the finalization of ongoing engineering projects, varying costs or changes in environmental laws and regulations.
The Company has been named as a potentially responsible party ("PRP") in environmental remediation actions under various federal and state laws, including the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, as amended ("CERCLA"). For additional information regarding certain remediation actions, see Note 13 Commitments and Contingent Liabilities of Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data on pages 79 through 83. For additional information regarding risks associated with environmental matters, see Item 1A. Risk Factors - We are subject to a wide variety of laws, regulations and other governmental requirements that may change in significant ways, and the cost of compliance with such requirements, or the failure to comply with such requirements, could impact our business and results of operations.
CLIMATE CHANGE
The Company recognizes the impact of climate change on people and our planet. To manage climate-related risks, we are taking actions throughout our value chain to help advance a low-carbon economy. We aligned our annual sustainability reporting with the recommendations of the International Financial Reporting Standards S2 Climate-related Disclosures in the 2024 reporting cycle (based upon data from 2023). As part of our climate reports, we identify and report on climate-related opportunities. We identify and evaluate physical and transition climate-related risks through our enterprise risk management process.
The Company has included in its 2023 Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures Report (the "TCFD Report," which can be found at www.internationalpaper.com and provides information as of December 31, 2023) climate related disclosures consistent with the four recommendations and the 11 recommended disclosures set out in the June 2017 report on the Task force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures entitled “Recommendations of the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures.” Our 2024 International Sustainability Standards Board IFRS Sustainability Disclosure Standard 2 (the "ISSB IFRS S2 Report," formerly the TCFD Report), which will be available later in 2025 at www.internationalpaper.com and which will provide information as of December 31, 2024), will contain similar consistent disclosures. For ease of review and given the detailed and technical content of these disclosures, the TCFD Report is considered to be the most appropriate location for the disclosures. This statement is provided in accordance with UKLR 14.3.24R.
We transform renewable resources into recyclable products that people depend on every day. We aim to produce low carbon products that have a positive impact on nature. To this end, we source renewable fiber from responsibly managed forests and recycled raw materials. We then use a circular manufacturing process that makes the most of resources and byproducts, while reducing the environmental impacts of our operations. At the end of use, the majority of our low-carbon fiber-based products are recycled into new products at a higher rate than any other base material. We work to advance the shift to a low-carbon, circular economy by designing products that are 100% reusable, recyclable or compostable.
Through improvements in operations, equipment, energy efficiency and fuel diversity, we are working to achieve company-wide reductions in Scope 1 and Scope 2 greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions. As part of our Vision 2030 goals, we targeted incremental reductions of 35% in our Scope 1, 2, and 3 GHG emissions by 2030 in comparison to 2019 levels. We intend to continue to evaluate and implement projects as we pursue this Vision 2030 GHG goal. This includes ongoing energy efficiency efforts and capital projects to phase out our most carbon intensive fuel sources (Scope 1) as well as developing GHG reduction strategies for our energy sourcing (Scope 2) and broader supply chain footprint (Scope 3). In addition, we have committed to be an early adopter of the Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures (“TNFD”) and plan to publish our first TNFD report in 2025 with 2024 data. TNFD adopters intend to make corporate reporting disclosures that are aligned with TNFD recommendations, which have been designed to (i) meet the corporate reporting requirements of
organizations across jurisdictions; (ii) be consistent with the global baseline for corporate sustainability reporting; and (iii) be aligned with the global policy goals outlined in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, which was adopted to halt and reverse nature loss by 2030.
We use carbon-neutral biomass and manufacturing residuals to generate a majority of the manufacturing energy at our mills. We believe our efforts to advance sustainable forest management and restore forest landscapes are an important lever for mitigating climate change through carbon storage in forests.
INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS
The 2015 Paris Agreement compels international efforts and voluntary commitments toward reducing the emissions of GHGs. While the United States has officially withdrawn from the 2015 Paris Agreement, IP recognizes the importance of global policy action to achieve emission reductions consistent with an increase of “well below 2 ° Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 ° Celsius.” Consistent with this objective, participating countries aim to balance GHG emissions generation and sequestration in the second half of this century or, in effect, achieve net-zero global GHG emissions.
To assist member countries in meeting GHG reduction obligations, the European Union operates an Emissions Trading System ("EU ETS"). Our operations in the EU experience indirect impacts of the EU ETS through purchased power pricing. Neither the direct nor indirect impacts of the EU ETS have been material to the Company. However, these impacts could become material in the future due to (i) our recent business combination with DS Smith and the resulting increased global footprint and (ii) depending on how the 2015 Paris Agreement's non-binding commitments or allocation of, and market prices for, GHG credits under existing rules evolve over the coming years.
Additionally, the EU’s Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (“CSRD”), Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive ("CSDDD") and Deforestation Regulation (“EUDR”), each impose additional compliance responsibilities on the Company. The CSRD requires additional reporting processes for greater accountability. The Company’s first reporting year under the CSRD is expected to be 2026. The CSRD standards replace the existing Non-Financial Reporting Directive and expands reporting requirements for companies operating in the EU. The implementation timeline varies depending on the type of entity.
The CSDDD requires reporting and documentation about due diligence systems covering company and supply chains. The CSDDD entered into force in 2024 and EU member states have two years to implement through national laws and decide on enforcement. CSDDD implementation and compliance timeline may vary based on details once finalized by each member state.
The EUDR requires companies trading in products derived from certain commodities to conduct extensive diligence on the value chain to ensure goods do not result from recent deforestation, forest degradation or breaches of local environmental and social laws. Currently, the Company is evaluating the implications of the EUDR to its business with the expected reporting date now postponed until 2026.
U.S. EFFORTS, INCLUDING STATE, REGIONAL AND LOCAL MEASURES
Responses to climate change may result in regulatory risks as new laws and regulations aimed at reducing GHG emissions come into effect. The EPA manages regulations to: (i) control GHGs from mobile sources by adopting transportation fuel efficiency standards; (ii) control GHG emissions from new Electric Generating Units (“EGUs”); (iii) control emissions from new oil and gas processing operations; and (iv) require reporting of GHGs from sources of GHGs greater than 25,000 tons per year.
Several U.S. states, including states in which we operate facilities, have enacted or are considering legal measures to require the reduction and reporting of emissions of GHGs by companies and public utilities. California, New York and Virginia have already enacted such programs, although these regulations have not had, and are not expected to have a material impact on the Company. For example, the State of California passed the Climate Corporate Data Accountability Act and the Climate-Related Financial Risk Act, which imposes climate-related reporting obligations on companies doing business in California meeting specified thresholds, including the Company. We monitor proposed programs in other states as well; however, it is unclear what impacts, if any, future state-level or local GHG rules will have on the Company’s operations, as well as the outcome of any legal challenges to these rules.
SUMMARY
Regulation related to GHGs and climate change continues to evolve in the areas of the world in which we do business and areas in which we will do business following completion of our business combination with DS Smith. However, it is unclear
what actions will be taken and when such actions will occur and at this time it is not reasonably possible to estimate the Company’s costs of compliance with rules that have not yet been adopted or implemented and may not be adopted or implemented in the future and may be undergoing legal challenges. In addition to possible direct impacts, future legislation and regulation could have indirect impacts on the Company, such as higher prices for transportation, energy and other inputs, as well as more protracted air permitting processes, causing delays and higher costs to implement capital projects. Other possible indirect impacts may include influence on competitive position due to customer and end-consumer preferences regarding low-carbon, circular products with a high recycling rate along with tax credit and funding opportunities to expand green energy production and carbon credit generation. The Company has controls and procedures in place to track GHG emissions from our facilities, as well as to stay informed about developments concerning possible climate-related laws, regulations, accords, and policies where we operate. We regularly assess whether such developments may have a material effect on the Company, its operations or financial condition, and whether we have any related disclosure obligations under applicable rules and regulations.
Moreover, compliance with legal requirements related to GHGs and/or climate change which are currently in effect or which may be effective or enacted in the future are expected to require future expenditures to meet GHG emission reduction, disclosure or other obligations. These obligations may include carbon taxes, the requirement to purchase GHG credits or the need to acquire carbon offsets. We may also incur significant expenditures in relation to our efforts to meet our internal targets or goals with respect to GHGs and climate change, including our Vision 2030 goal on GHGs as discussed above. Furthermore, in connection with complying with legal requirements and/or our efforts to meet our internal targets and goals, we have made and expect to continue to make capital and other investments to displace traditional fossil fuels, such as fuel oil and coal, with lower carbon alternatives, such as biomass and natural gas. Rather than rely on carbon offsets, we focus on reducing energy consumption as well as relative GHG emissions across our mills and manufacturing facilities. Currently, these efforts and obligations have not materially impacted the Company but such efforts and obligations may have a material impact on the Company in the future.
We believe sustainability is a key element of corporate governance promoted by our Board of Directors, committees of the Board of Directors and management.
Our Board of Directors has primary oversight of the Company's enterprise risk management program, which includes sustainability. The Board receives updates from our Chief Sustainability Officer ("CSO") and additional members of management. Our Board of Directors also conducts periodic reviews of components of the sustainability strategy and performance and reviews material key sustainability-related developments and issues. Our standing committees share responsibility on sustainability as described below:
Audit and Finance Committee
•Reviews processes and controls for external reporting of sustainability and social impact data and metrics.
•Reviews related disclosures in Annual Report on Form 10-K and other sustainability reports.
Governance Committee
•Reviews and reassesses adequacy of, and oversees compliance with, our Corporate Governance Guidelines.
•Seeks Board of Director candidates with diverse backgrounds.
Management Development and Compensation Committee ("MDCC Committee")
•Recommends approval of our Chief Executive Officer's ("CEO") sustainability-focused objectives and evaluates performance.
•Considers sustainability factors in ELT compensation and in overall compensation plan design.
Public Policy and Environment Committee ("PPE Committee")
•Reviews sustainability and social impact policies, plans and performance to ensure commitments to stewardship.
•Stays current on emerging sustainability and social impact trends and issues impacting the Company.
At the management level, ownership and governance of sustainability matters is embedded in the organization from the top down. Our CEO and ELT are responsible for corporate strategy and leadership including incorporation of our sustainability goals and standards into our daily operations and long-term business strategy. Our ELT, which is comprised of one executive vice president and four senior vice presidents who report directly to the CEO and oversee critical functions and business units within the Company, evaluates sustainability issues based on input from function-specific councils that report to
the ELT. The ELT receives several sustainability updates throughout the year from our CSO.
For additional information regarding risks associated with climate change and the evolving regulatory landscape, see Item 1A. Risk Factors - We are subject to risks associated with climate change and other sustainability matters and global, regional and local weather conditions as well as legal, regulatory and market responses to climate change and we are subject to a wide variety of laws, regulations and other government requirements that may change in significant ways, and the cost of compliance with such requirements, or the failure to comply with such requirements, could impact our business and results of operations.
Additional information regarding climate change and the Company is available in our annual Sustainability Report and ISSB IFRS S2 Report (previously TCFD), both of which can, or will be, found on our website at www.internationalpaper.com. Our 2024 Sustainability Report and 2024 ISSB IFRS S2 will be available later in 2025. The information contained in such reports is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K and should not be considered part of this or any other report that we file with or furnish to the SEC. Any targets or goals with respect to sustainability matters discussed herein or in our sustainability reports as noted above are forward-looking statements and may be aspirational. These targets or goals are not guarantees of future results and involve assumptions and known and unknown risks and uncertainties, some of which are beyond our control.
RAW MATERIALS
Raw materials essential to our businesses include wood fiber, purchased in the form of pulpwood, wood chips and old corrugated containers ("OCC"), and certain chemicals, including caustic soda, starch and adhesives. For further information concerning fiber supply purchase agreements, see page 46.
INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
The following are the executive officers of our Company as of the date of this filing.
Andrew K. Silvernail, 54, joined International Paper as chief executive officer on May 1, 2024 and became chairman of the International Paper Board of Directors on October 1, 2024. Mr. Silvernail has two decades of experience leading global companies in the manufacturing and technology sectors. He joined IP from KKR & Co., Inc., a global investment firm,
where he served as an executive advisor, and 5 Nails, LLC, a private investment advisory firm where he served as founder, chair and chief executive officer (2022-2024). Mr. Silvernail served as the chairman and chief executive officer of Madison Industries, one of the world’s largest privately held companies (2021). Prior to that, Silvernail served as chairman and chief executive officer of IDEX Corporation (NYSE: IEX) (2011-2020). Mr. Silvernail previously held executive positions at Rexnord Industries, Newell Rubbermaid (NASDAQ: NWL) and Danaher Corporation (NYSE: DHR). He serves on the board of directors of Stryker Corporation (NYSE: SYK) and Potter Global Technologies, a privately held company specializing in fire and safety solutions.
Clay R. Ellis, 54, senior vice president - Global Cellulose Fibers and IP Asia since January 2023. Mr. Ellis previously served as senior vice president - Enterprise Operational Excellence (2019-2022) and vice president - Manufacturing, Global Cellulose Fibers (2016-2019). Prior to that, he served as vice president of Pulp (2014-2016), and vice president Manufacturing, North American Papers (2012-2014). Mr. Ellis joined International Paper in 1992.
W. Thomas Hamic, 58, was appointed executive vice president and president - North American Packaging Solutions effective September 1, 2024. In this newly created role, Mr. Hamic leads the Container and Containerboard businesses in North America. Prior to this promotion, Mr. Hamic served as senior vice president - North American Container and chief commercial officer since January 2023. Mr. Hamic also served as senior vice president - Global Cellulose Fibers and Enterprise Commercial Excellence (2020-2022), senior vice president - Containerboard and Enterprise Commercial Excellence (2019-2020), vice president and general manager - Containerboard and Recycling, North American Container (2015-2019), vice president and general manager of the South Area Container the Americas (2009), and vice president, Industrial Packaging Group’s Finance and Strategy (2010). Mr. Hamic joined International Paper in 1991.
Timothy S. Nicholls, 63, has been the Company’s chief financial officer since June 2018. At completion of the DS Smith business combination, Mr. Nicholls also began serving as the interim leader of the combined Company’s Europe Middle East & Africa team responsible for leading integration planning. Mr. Nicholls previously served as senior vice president - Industrial Packaging the Americas (2017-2018), senior vice president - Industrial Packaging (2014-2016), senior vice president - Printing and Communications Papers of the Americas (2011-2014), senior vice president and chief financial officer (2007-2011), vice president and executive
project leader of IP Europe (2007), and vice president and chief financial officer - IP Europe (2005-2006). Mr. Nicholls joined International Paper in 1999 following our acquisition of Union Camp Corporation where he had worked since 1991.
Joy N. Roman, 46, was appointed as the Company’s senior vice president, chief strategy and people officer effective February 3, 2025. Ms. Roman has broad experience and a proven track record in talent development, organizational effectiveness and strategy deployment in large global companies. Ms. Roman joined the Company from Berry Global, Inc. (NYSE: BERY), a manufacturer and marketer of plastic packaging solutions, where she served as chief people and strategy officer since April 2024. Prior to this position, Roman served as group head of human resources for the technical and sustainability functions for Anglo American (LSE: AAL), a global mining company (2022-2023), and as chief human resources officer for the De Beers Group, a diamond company and joint venture of Anglo American and the government of the Republic of Botswana (2021-2022). She also spent four years as senior vice president and chief human resources officer for Toll Brothers (NYSE: TOL) (2017-2021), a builder of luxury homes, and served in various roles of increasing responsibility across the strategy and human resource functions at 3M (NYSE: MMM), a diversified technology company (2015-2017).
Joseph R. Saab, 56, has been senior vice president, general counsel and corporate secretary since July 2022 and served as interim senior vice president - Human Resources and Corporate Affairs (August 2024-February 2025). Mr. Saab previously served as vice president, deputy general counsel and assistant corporate secretary (2019-2022) and associate general counsel - Industrial Packaging North America, Europe, Middle East & Africa (2014-2019). Mr. Saab joined International Paper in 2001.
There are no family relationships, as defined by the instructions to this item, among any of the Company’s executive officers and any other executive officers or directors of the Company.
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Certain statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K that are not historical in nature may be considered “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended. Forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking or conditional words such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “could,” “should,” “can,” “forecast,” “intend,” “look,” “may,” “will,” “remain,” “confident,” “commit” and “plan” or similar expressions. These
statements are not guarantees of future performance and reflect management’s current views and speak only as to the dates the statements are made and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in these statements. All statements, other than statements of historical fact, are forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, statements regarding anticipated financial results, economic conditions, industry trends, future prospects, and the anticipated benefits, execution and consummation of corporate transactions or contemplated acquisitions, including our recently completed business combination with DS Smith Plc, subsequently re-registered as DS Smith Limited ("DS Smith"), which closed on January 31, 2025. Factors which could cause actual results to differ include but are not limited to: (i) our ability to consummate and achieve the benefits expected from, and other risks associated with, acquisitions, joint ventures, divestitures, spinoffs, capital investments and other corporate transactions, including, but not limited to, our business combination with DS Smith; (ii) our ability to integrate and implement our plans, forecasts, and other expectations with respect to the combined company, including in light of our increased scale and global presence; (iii) our failure to comply with the obligations associated with being a public company listed on the New York Stock Exchange and the London Stock Exchange and the costs associated therewith; (iv) risks with respect to climate change and global, regional, and local weather conditions, as well as risks related to our targets and goals with respect to climate change and the emission of greenhouse gases and other environmental, social and governance matters, including our ability to meet such targets and goals; (v) loss contingencies and pending, threatened or future litigation, including with respect to environmental related matters; (vi) the level of our indebtedness, risks associated with our variable rate debt, and changes in interest rates (including the impact of current elevated interest rate levels); (vii) the impact of global and domestic economic conditions and industry conditions, including with respect to current challenging macroeconomic conditions, recent inflationary pressures and changes in the cost or availability of raw materials, energy sources and transportation sources, supply chain shortages and disruptions, competition we face, cyclicality and changes in consumer preferences, demand and pricing for our products, and conditions impacting the credit, capital and financial markets; (viii) risks arising from conducting business internationally, domestic and global geopolitical conditions, military conflict (including the Russia/Ukraine conflict, the conflict in the Middle East, the further expansion of such conflicts, and the geopolitical and economic consequences associated therewith), changes in
currency exchange rates, including in light of our increased proportion of assets, liabilities and earnings denominated in foreign currencies as a result of our business combination with DS Smith, trade policies (including but not limited to protectionist measures and increased tariffs and retaliatory tariffs) and trade tensions, downgrades in our credit ratings, and/or the credit ratings of banks issuing certain letters of credit, issued by recognized credit rating organizations; (ix) the amount of our future pension funding obligations, and pension and healthcare costs; (x) the costs of compliance, or the failure to comply with, existing, evolving or new environmental (including with respect to climate change and greenhouse gas emissions), tax, trade, labor and employment, privacy, anti- bribery and anti-corruption, and other U.S. and non-U.S. governmental laws, regulations and policies (including but not limited to those in the United Kingdom and European Union); (xi) any material disruption at any of our manufacturing facilities or other adverse impact on our operations due to severe weather, natural disasters, climate change or other causes; (xii) our ability to realize expected benefits and cost savings associated with restructuring initiatives; (xiii) cybersecurity and information technology risks, including as a result of security breaches and cybersecurity incidents; (xiv) our exposure to claims under our agreements with Sylvamo Corporation; (xv) the qualification of such spin-off as a tax-free transaction for U.S. federal income tax purposes; (xvi) risks associated with our review of strategic options for our Global Cellulose Fibers business; (xvii) our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel and maintain good employee or labor relations; (xviii) our ability to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting; and (xix) our ability to adequately secure and protect our intellectual property rights. These and other factors that could cause or contribute to actual results differing materially from such forward-looking statements can be found in our press releases and reports filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. In addition, other risks and uncertainties not presently known to the Company or that we currently believe to be immaterial could affect the accuracy of any forward-looking statements. The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
The following is a summary of the material risks and uncertainties that could affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. You should read this summary together with the more detailed description of each risk factor contained below.
Risks Related to the Business Combination and the Share Issuance
•Failure to achieve the benefits and operating synergies expected from the business combination of DS Smith.
•Significant integration costs that could cause an interruption of, or loss of momentum in, the activities of the Company.
•Exposure to significant unanticipated liabilities.
•Shareholders are more exposed to currency exchange rate fluctuations.
•Failure to successfully integrate DS Smith and realize the benefits and operating synergies expected from the business combination to the extent or within the timeframes anticipated
•Adverse effects and pricing differentials arising from the maintenance of two exchange listings
Risks Related to Industry Conditions
•Fluctuations in the prices of and the demand for our products due to factors such as economic cyclicality and changes in customer or consumer preferences, and government regulations.
•Changes in the cost and availability of raw materials, energy and transportation have recently affected, and could continue to affect, our profitability.
•Competition and downward pricing pressure in the global packaging industry could negatively impact our financial results.
Risks Related to Market and Economic Factors
•Developments in general business and economic conditions could have an adverse effect on the demand for our products, our financial condition and the results of our operations.
•Changes in international conditions or other risks arising from conducting business internationally could adversely affect our business and operations.
Risks Related to Climate and Weather and Social and Environmental Impact Reporting
•We are subject to risks associated with climate change and other sustainability matters and global, regional and local weather conditions as well as by legal, regulatory, and market responses to climate change.
Risks Related to our Operations
•We are subject to cybersecurity and information technology risks related to breaches of security pertaining to sensitive company, customer, employee and vendor information as well as breaches in the technology used to manage operations and other business processes.
•We are subject to a wide variety of laws, regulations and other government requirements that may change in significant ways, and the cost of compliance with such requirements, or the failure to comply with such requirements could impact our business and results of operations.
•Material disruptions at one of our manufacturing facilities could negatively impact financial results.
•We operate in a challenging market for talent and may fail to attract and retain qualified personnel, including key management personnel.
•Our failure to maintain good employee or labor relations may affect our respective operations.
•We may be unable to realize the expected benefits and costs savings associated with restructuring initiatives, including our 80/20 strategic approach.
•We may not achieve the expected benefits from strategic acquisitions, joint ventures, divestitures, spin-offs, capital investments, capital projects and other corporate transactions that are or will be pursued.
•There are risks associated with our review of strategic options for our Global Cellulose Fibers business, and there is no assurance that this review will result in any transaction or other outcome.
•Our continued growth will depend on our ability to retain existing customers and attract new customers.
•Uninsured losses or losses in excess of our insurance coverage for various risks could have an adverse financial effect on our business.
•We may not be able to adequately secure and protect our intellectual property rights, which could harm our competitive advantage.
•We may fail to identify or leverage digital transformation initiatives.
Risks Related to Legal Proceedings and Compliance Costs
•Results of legal proceedings could have a material effect on our consolidated financial results.
•We could be exposed to liability for Brazilian taxes under our agreements with Sylvamo Corporation.
•If our spin-off of Sylvamo Corporation were to fail to qualify for non-recognition treatment for U.S. federal income tax purposes, then we may be subject to significant U.S. federal income taxes.
Risks Related to our Indebtedness
•Changes in credit ratings issued by nationally recognized statistical rating organizations could adversely affect our cost of financing and have an adverse effect on the market price of our securities.
•The level of our indebtedness could adversely affect our financial condition and impair our ability to operate our business.
•We are subject to risks associated with variable rate debt.
•Downgrades in the credit ratings of banks issuing certain letters of credit will increase our cost of maintaining certain indebtedness and may result in the acceleration of deferred taxes.
Risks Related to our Pension and Healthcare Costs
•Our pension and health care costs are subject to numerous factors which could cause these costs to change.
•Our U.S. funded pension plan is currently fully funded on a projected benefit obligation basis; however, the possibility exists that over time we may be required to make cash payments to the plan, reducing the cash available for our business.
The Company faces a variety of risks, including risks in the normal course of business and through global, regional, and local events that could have an adverse impact on its reputation, operations, and financial performance.
The following are material risk factors of which we are aware, including risk factors that could cause the Company’s actual results to differ materially from those contemplated in any forward-looking statement. If any of the events or circumstances described in any of the following risk factors occurs, our business, results of operations and/or financial condition could be materially and adversely affected, and our actual results may differ materially from those contemplated in any forward-looking statements we make in any public disclosures. Additional factors that could affect our business, results of operations and/or financial condition are discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (including in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations) and in the Company’s other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
RISKS RELATED TO THE BUSINESS COMBINATION AND THE SHARE ISSUANCE
We may fail to successfully integrate DS Smith and realize the anticipated benefits and operating synergies expected from the business combination, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.
On January 31, 2025, we completed the previously announced business combination with DS Smith. The success of the business combination will depend, in significant part, on our ability to successfully integrate DS Smith, grow the revenue of the combined company and realize the anticipated strategic benefits and synergies from the business combination.
The complexity and magnitude of the integration effort associated with the business combination are significant, and integrating DS Smith has resulted, and will continue to result, in significant costs. The integration process could cause an interruption of, or loss of momentum in, the other activities of the Company, and our failure to meet the challenges involved in integrating DS Smith and realize the anticipated benefits of the business combination could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. These challenges include, without limitation:
•Diversion of management’s attention from ongoing business concerns;
•Managing the larger combined business, including in light of our increased scale and global presence;
•Difficulties in the integration of operations and systems, including significant modifications to our internal control systems, processes and critical information systems;
•Designing, implementing and maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and remediating the previously disclosed material weaknesses of DS Smith;
•Unanticipated expenses, difficulties of delays; and
•Designing and implementing control processes to comply with additional regulations and laws related to the environment, climate change, privacy, and data protection in light of our increased scale and global presence.
There are many factors beyond our control that could affect the timing or total amount of integration-related risks. The failure to effectively address any of these risks, or any other risks related to the integration of DS Smith, could materially adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the impact and extent of these integration challenges may exacerbate the other risks described in this “Risk Factors” section, which could materially adversely affect us.
The anticipated benefits of the business combination may not be realized fully or at all, or may take longer to realize than we expect. Actual operating, technological, strategic and revenue benefits, if achieved at all, may be less significant than we expect or may take longer to achieve than anticipated. Further, our results of operations may differ from the projections made with respect to the business combination prior to closing, which were based on assumptions and estimates known to management at the time. If we are not able to realize the anticipated benefits and synergies expected from the business combination within a reasonable time, our business, financial condition and operating results may be adversely affected.
The business combination may expose us to significant unanticipated liabilities that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The business combination may expose us to significant unanticipated liabilities relating to the operation of the combined company. These liabilities could include tax liabilities, employment or severance-related obligations under applicable law or other benefits arrangements, legal claims, warranty or similar liabilities to customers, and claims by or amounts owed to vendors. Particularly in international jurisdictions, the business combination, or our decision to enter new international markets where DS Smith previously conducted business, could also expose us to tax liabilities and other amounts previously owed by DS Smith. The occurrence of such unforeseen or unanticipated liabilities, should
they be significant, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
As a result of the business combination, our financial results are more exposed to currency exchange rate fluctuations and an increased proportion of assets, liabilities and earnings are denominated in non-U.S. Dollar currencies. We present our financial statements in U.S. Dollars and will have a significant proportion of net assets and income in non-U.S. Dollar currencies, primarily the Pound Sterling and Euro. Our financial condition and results of operation will therefore be more sensitive to movements in foreign exchange rates. A depreciation of non-U.S. Dollar currencies relative to the U.S. Dollar could have an adverse impact on our financial results.
Our maintenance of two exchange listings may adversely affect liquidity in the market for our shares of common stock and result in pricing differentials of shares of common stock between the two exchanges.
Trading in shares of common stock on the London Stock Exchange ("LSE") and the NYSE takes place in different currencies (Pound Sterling on the LSE and U.S. Dollars on the NYSE) and at different times (resulting from different time zones, different trading hours and different trading days for the LSE and the NYSE). The trading prices of shares of common stock on these two exchanges may at times differ due to these and other factors. Any decrease in the price of shares of common stock on the NYSE could cause a decrease in the trading price of shares of common stock on the LSE and vice versa.
The benefits we expect of the dual listing on the NYSE and the LSE, which are increased liquidity, visibility among investors and access to investors who may be able to hold listed shares in the United Kingdom, but not the United States, and vice versa, may not be realized or, if realized, may not be sustained, and the costs and additional regulatory burdens associated with a dual listing may ultimately outweigh the associated benefits.
RISKS RELATED TO INDUSTRY CONDITIONS
Fluctuations in the prices of and the demand for our products due to factors such as economic cyclicality and changes in customer or consumer preferences, and government regulation could materially affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Substantially all of our business has experienced, and is expected to continue to experience, cycles relating to industry capacity, customer demand, and general
economic conditions. The length and magnitude of these cycles have varied over time and by product. Product prices and sales volumes have fallen in the past in periods and regions where demand was lower than available supply, and there can be no assurance that this will not recur. New or existing producers of pulp or paper products may add or adjust capacity affecting available supply. Further, changes in customer or consumer preferences may increase or decrease the demand for fiber-based products and non-fiber substitutes. Customer and consumer preferences change based on, among other factors, cost, convenience, health concerns and perceptions and an increased awareness of sustainability considerations. In some areas, customers have increasingly shown interest in environmentally-friendly products such as fiber-based packaging. Advances in non-fiber technologies such as plastic packaging or other materials could result in decreased demand for our products. In addition, legal developments, such as new governmental regulations on single-use packaging products could significantly alter the market for our products. Any of the foregoing, including a failure to anticipate and respond to changing trends, customer preferences and technological and regulatory developments could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or future prospects. A lack of investor confidence in the paper and packaging industry could also have a negative impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or future prospects.
Changes in the cost and availability of raw materials, energy and transportation have recently affected, and could continue to affect, our profitability.
We rely heavily on the use of certain raw materials (principally virgin wood fiber, recycled fiber, caustic soda, starch and adhesives), energy sources (principally biomass, natural gas, electricity and fuel oil) and third-party transport companies. The market price of virgin wood fiber varies based upon availability, demand, quality, and source. The global supply and demand for recycled fiber may be affected by factors such as trade policies between countries, individual governments’ legislation and regulations, and general macroeconomic conditions. In addition, the increase in demand of products manufactured, in whole or in part, from recycled fiber, on a global basis, may cause significant fluctuations in recycled fiber prices. Taking into account ongoing inflationary conditions in domestic and global markets, we have experienced, and may continue to experience, a significant increase in various costs, including recycled fiber, energy, freight, chemical, and other supply chain costs, which has adversely affected, and may continue to adversely affect, our operations.
Moreover, the availability of labor and the market price for fuel may affect third-party transportation costs.
In addition, because our business operates in highly competitive industry segments, we have not always been able to, and may in the future be unable to, recoup past or future increases in the costs of any raw materials, energy sources or transportation sources from customers, which significantly affect profitability. In addition, where we are able to recoup our cost increases, there may be a delay between the onset of the cost increases and the recoupment. Any inability to recover input cost increases could lead to a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or future prospects.
We have significant exposure to energy costs, in particular gas, electricity and other fuel costs. Energy prices have fluctuated dramatically in the past and may continue to increase and/or fluctuate in the future. Transportation costs are also impacted by energy costs since a key component of transportation costs relates to the cost of oil. We have employed and expect to continue to employ, strategies and tools to reduce the volatility of energy costs and ensure a degree of certainty over future energy costs. However, there can be no certainty that those strategies and tools will continue to manage such impact in the future. Volatile and increasing energy prices, including as a consequence of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and other geopolitical conflicts, or a failure to effectively implement such strategies and tools could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or future prospects.
Competition and downward pricing pressure in the global packaging industry could negatively impact our financial results.
We operate in a competitive international environment in all operating segments. Our products compete with products produced by other forest products companies. Product innovations, manufacturing and operating efficiencies, additional manufacturing capacity, distribution and commercial strategies pursued or achieved by competitors, the increased use of artificial intelligence ("AI") and machine learning solutions in the paper industry, and the entry of new competitors, could negatively impact our financial results. In addition, our products compete with companies that produce substitutes for wood-fiber products, such as plastics and various types of metal. Customer shifts away from wood-fiber products toward such substitute products may adversely affect our business and financial results. Further, we depend on critical suppliers and key
customers. An inability to foster these relationships and to manage any material changes in commercial terms and service levels could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or future prospects.
Pricing in the paper and packaging industry can be affected by, among other things, product commoditization, changes in demand, price reductions, entrance of new competitors or capacity, changes in product supply, and the introduction of new products, technologies and equipment, including the use of AI and machine learning solutions. We face significant pressure to reduce per unit costs to achieve commercially acceptable returns. In circumstances where we are unable to adjust the relevant cost base sufficiently, pricing pressure could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or future prospects.
RISKS RELATED TO MARKET AND ECONOMIC FACTORS
We are affected by adverse developments in general business and economic conditions, which could have an adverse effect on the demand for our products, our financial condition and the results of our operations.
General economic conditions may adversely affect industrial non-durable goods production, consumer confidence and spending, and employment levels, all of which impact demand for our products, or otherwise adversely affect our business. We may also be adversely affected by catastrophic or other unforeseen events, including health epidemics or pandemics, natural disasters, geopolitical events, military conflicts, terrorism, port and canal blockages and similar disruptions, political, financial or social instability, or civil or social unrest. Future health pandemics could also adversely impact portions of our business to varying degrees, including as the result of lower demand for certain products, supply chain and labor disruptions, and higher costs. These effects could have a material impact on our business, results of operations, cash flow, liquidity, or financial condition. Moreover, negative economic conditions or other adverse developments with respect to our business have resulted in, and may in the future result in impairment charges which could be material. Volatility or uncertainty in the financial, capital and credit markets, and negative developments associated with interest rates, asset values, currency exchange rates and the availability of credit, could also have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Macroeconomic conditions in the U.S., Europe and globally continue to be challenging in certain respects, including as the result of significant inflationary pressures impacting recent periods, elevated interest rates, challenging labor market conditions, and adverse effects and uncertainty associated with current geopolitical conditions. Our operations have been adversely affected, and could continue to be adversely affected in the future, by these challenging macroeconomic and geopolitical conditions, including as the result of lower demand for certain products, and higher raw material and labor costs. Further, because the markets for packaging products in many industrialized countries are generally mature, there is a significant degree of correlation between economic growth and demand for packaging products. Therefore, any deterioration in macroeconomic conditions in the U.S., Europe and/or globally resulting in a slowdown in economic growth may correlate with a corresponding decline in demand for packaging products in those markets. Moreover, any significant deterioration in current negative macroeconomic conditions, or any recovery therefrom that is significantly slower than anticipated, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition. Further, if negative macroeconomic conditions result in significant disruptions to capital and financial markets, the cost of borrowing, our ability to access capital on favorable terms, and our overall liquidity could be adversely affected.
Changes in international conditions or other risks arising from conducting business internationally could adversely affect our business and operations.
As a global producer of renewable fiber-based packaging and pulp products, we operate in many different countries. As a result, we are vulnerable to risks related to our international operations. These risks, which can vary substantially by country, may include economic or political instability, geopolitical events, corruption, anti-American sentiment, expropriation measures, social and ethnic unrest, natural disasters, military conflicts and terrorism, the regulatory environment (including the risks of operating in developing or emerging markets in which there are significant uncertainties regarding the interpretation and enforceability of legal requirements and the enforceability of contractual rights and intellectual property rights), adverse currency fluctuations, foreign exchange control regimes (including restrictions on currency conversion), downturns or changes in economic conditions (including in relation to commodity inflation), adverse tax consequences or rulings, import restrictions, controls or other trade protection measures, economic sanctions, health guidelines and safety
protocols, nationalization, changes in social, political or labor conditions, and adverse developments regarding sustainability, environmental regulations and trade policies and agreements, any of which risks could negatively affect our financial results. For example, a significant portion of sales from our Global Cellulose Fibers business are concentrated in China and could be adversely affected by changes in economic conditions and demographics. Trade protection measures in favor of local producers of competing products, including governmental subsidies, tax benefits and other measures giving local producers a competitive advantage may also adversely impact our operating results and our business prospects in these countries. Likewise, disruption in existing trade agreements or increased trade friction between countries (such as in relation to the trade tensions between the U.S. and China), could have a negative effect on our business and results of operations by restricting the free flow of goods and services across borders. Additionally, the current U.S. presidential administration has indicated a desire to significantly increase the rates and broaden the scope of tariffs imposed on goods imported into the U.S., such as from China, which may strain international trade relations and increase the risk that foreign governments implement retaliatory tariffs on goods imported from the United States. Specifically, the U.S. federal government has implemented tariffs on certain foreign goods and may implement additional tariffs on foreign goods. Such tariffs and any further legislation or actions taken by the U.S. federal government that restrict trade, such as additional tariffs, trade barriers, and other protectionist or retaliatory measures taken by governments in Europe, Asia, and other countries, could adversely impact our ability to sell products and services in our international markets. Tariffs could increase the cost of our products and the components and raw materials that go into making them. These increased costs could adversely impact the profit margin that we earn on our products, which could make our products less competitive and reduce consumer demand. Countries may also adopt other protectionist measures that could limit our ability to offer our products and services. The ultimate impact of any tariffs will depend on various factors, including if any tariffs are ultimately implemented, the timing of implementation, and the amount, scope, and nature of the tariffs.
We may continue to be adversely affected by ongoing geopolitical instability and the economic consequences and disruptions arising therefrom, including as the result of the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the conflict in the Middle East, and increasing tensions between China and Taiwan. For example, prior to the closing of the disposal of our ownership stake in Ilim and Ilim Group in the third
quarter of 2023, the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine adversely affected our Ilim joint venture and financial results, including as the result of economic sanctions, actions by the Russian government, and associated domestic and global economic and geopolitical conditions. These risks may be further heightened in the event of the expansion in the scope or escalation of any such conflicts. In addition, changes to economic sanctions programs, such as in response to the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, could put us at risk of violating sanctions as a result of an existing presence in a newly sanctioned jurisdiction or relationship with a newly sanctioned entity if we fail or are unable to end such presence or relationship in a timely manner.
In addition, our international operations are subject to laws related to operations in foreign jurisdictions, including laws prohibiting bribery of government officials and other corrupt practices. Anti-bribery laws such as the U.K. Bribery Act 2010, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, and similar worldwide anti-corruption laws generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to public officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. Further, the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control and other non-U.S. government entities maintain economic sanctions targeting various countries, persons and entities. We are also subject to the laws and regulations of governmental and regulatory agencies. Failure to comply with domestic or foreign laws could result in various adverse consequences for us including the imposition of civil or criminal sanctions, reputational damage and the prosecution of executives overseeing international operations.
We are exposed to the translation of the results of overseas subsidiaries into their respective reporting currencies, as well as the impact of currency fluctuations on their commercial transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Adverse movements in foreign exchange rates relating to foreign currency denominated commodities, assets and liabilities, and transactions could have a material impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or future prospects.
RISKS RELATED TO CLIMATE AND WEATHER AND SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORTING
We are subject to risks associated with climate change and other sustainability matters and global, regional and local weather conditions as well as by legal, regulatory, and market responses to climate change.
Climate change impacts, including rising temperatures and the increasing severity and/or frequency of adverse weather conditions, may result in operational impacts on our facilities, as well as supply chain disruptions and increased raw material and other costs. These adverse weather conditions and other physical impacts which may be exacerbated as the result of climate change include floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, hailstorms, wildfires, snow, ice storms and drought. Climate change may also contribute to the decreased productivity of forests, a key source in the production of paper products, and adverse impacts on the distribution and abundance of species, and the spread of disease and insect epidemics, any of which developments could adversely affect forestland management and the availability of energy and water resources. The effects of climate change and global, regional and local weather conditions, including the resulting financial costs of compliance with legal or regulatory initiatives, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and business.
In recent years, there has been a heightened focus, including from investors, customers, the general public, domestic and foreign governmental (including but not limited to the United Kingdom and the European Union) and nongovernmental authorities, regarding sustainability matters, including with respect to climate change, greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions, packaging and waste, sustainable supply chain practices, biodiversity, deforestation, land, energy and water use, and human capital matters. This heightened focus on sustainability matters, including climate change, has resulted in more prescriptive reporting requirements with respect to sustainability metrics and other new requirements, an increased expectation that such metrics will be voluntarily disclosed by companies such as ours, and increased pressure with respect to making commitments, setting targets, or establishing goals, and taking action to meet them, which has caused and is expected to continue to cause the incurrence by us of increased compliance costs. As the result of this increased focus and commitment to sustainability matters, we (either voluntarily and/or as required by applicable law and regulation) have provided disclosure and established targets and goals with respect to various sustainability matters, including climate change. For example, we have publicly committed to reducing our Scope 1, 2 and 3 GHG emissions by 35% from 2019 to 2030. Meeting these and other sustainability targets and goals have increased our capital and operational costs. Further, we may continue to establish, increase and/or revise such disclosure, targets and goals in the future. For example, following the completion of our business combination with DS Smith, we are reassessing our Vision 2030 goals to ensure that they align with our
expanded operations and capabilities, which may result in modifications to our existing targets and timelines. While we aim to lever the strengths and synergies of our combined Company to enhance our initiatives, there is a risk that we may need to revise our Vision 2030 goals to ensure they align with our expanded business operations, increased scale and global presence. Efforts to achieve our initiatives and goals, including collecting, measuring, and reporting sustainability information, involve operational, reputational, financial, legal, and other challenges and may result in additional costs or delays related to achieving our Vision 2030 goals. Such efforts may have a negative impact on us, including our brand name, reputation, and the market price of our common stock.
There also continues to be a lack of consistency in legal and regulatory initiatives regarding climate change across jurisdictions and various governmental entities. Additional expenses are expected to be incurred as a result of domestic and international regulators requiring additional disclosures regarding GHG emissions. Further, there can be no assurance regarding the extent to which our climate and other sustainability targets can be achieved, and the achievement of these targets is subject to various risks and uncertainties, some of which are outside our control. Moreover, there is no assurance that investments made in furtherance of achieving such targets and goals will meet investor expectations or any binding or non-binding legal standards regarding sustainability performance. If we are unable to meet climate and other sustainability targets and goals, on projected timelines or at all, or if such goals and targets are perceived negatively, including the perception that they are not sufficiently robust or, conversely, are too costly or not otherwise in our best interests, investor, customer and other stakeholder relationships could be damaged, which could adversely impact our reputation, business and results of operations. Moreover, not all of our competitors establish climate or other sustainability targets and goals at comparable levels, which could result in competitors having lower supply chain or operating costs as well as reduced reputational risks associated with not meeting such goals.
We may be unable to manage energy demand needs within our sustainability targets and certain of our respective acquisitions, may bring new sustainability challenges. Such inability to manage sustainability demands and challenges could have a significant impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or future prospects. Other climate-related business risks that we face, include risks related to the transition to a lower-carbon economy, such as increased prices for fossil fuels; the introduction of a carbon tax; increased regulation of
operations and products, and the resulting potential for increased litigation; and more stringent and/or complex environmental and other permitting requirements. To the extent that climate-related business risks materialize, particularly if we are unprepared for them, we may incur unexpected costs, and our business may be materially and adversely affected.
Additionally, sustainability reporting is becoming more broadly expected by regulators, investors, shareholders, and other third parties. If we do not adapt to or comply with such investor, customer, or other stakeholder expectations, or if we are perceived to have not responded appropriately or quickly enough to growing sustainability related concerns for sustainability issues, regardless of whether there is a regulatory or legal requirement to do so, we may suffer reputational damage or be precluded from doing business with certain customers. Our business, financial condition, and/or the market price of our common stock could be materially and adversely affected. Further, our sustainability and goals may not be favored by certain stakeholders, whose priorities and expectations may not align or may be opposed to one another, which could result in public scrutiny or reputational damage, and could impact the attraction and retention of investors, customers, and employees.
RISKS RELATED TO OUR OPERATIONS
We are subject to cybersecurity and information technology risks related to breaches of security pertaining to sensitive company, customer, employee and vendor information as well as breaches in the technology used to manage operations and other business processes.
Our business operations rely on securely managed information technology systems, some of which are provided or managed by third parties, for data capture, processing, storage and reporting. We have invested in information technology security initiatives and risk management, as well as incident response, business continuity and disaster recovery plans, but it is not possible to eliminate all systematic or external risk. Further, the development and maintenance of information technology security measures is costly and requires ongoing monitoring, testing and updating as technologies and processes change, and efforts to overcome security measures become increasingly sophisticated. Additionally, the global regulatory environment surrounding information security, data privacy and data protection is becoming increasingly restrictive and is evolving frequently.
The current cyber threat environment presents increased risk for all companies, including those in
our industry. Like other global companies, our systems are subject to recurring attempts by third parties to access information, manipulate data or disrupt operations. In this regard, we have experienced cyber threats and events from time to time, although none have materially affected us, including our results of operations or financial condition. Given the current cyber threat environment, the volume and intensity of cybersecurity attacks and attempted intrusions are expected to increase in the future. We work with a large number of third-party vendors, suppliers, platforms, software, applications, and technologies, each of which may be subject to a cybersecurity incident or information technology failure that impacts our business or operations. We may be required to spend significant resources to verify the implementation of cybersecurity controls by our vendors and suppliers. In addition, despite careful security and controls design, implementation, updating, monitoring and independent third-party verification, our information technology systems, together with those of our third-party providers or joint venture partners, have been and could again be compromised or disrupted due to factors such as employee error or malfeasance, cyber-attacks, including ransomware, malware, phishing attacks, advanced persistent threats, social engineering, credential stuffing or distributed denial-of-service attacks or data or security breaches by malicious actors such as common hackers, criminal groups or nation-state organizations or social activist (“hacktivist”) organizations, disruptions resulting from geopolitical events, natural disasters, failures or impairments of telecommunications networks or other catastrophic events. Such attacks are increasing in complexity, and the rapid evolution and increased adoption of AI technologies may intensify cybersecurity risks by making cyber-attacks more difficult to detect, contain, and mitigate. Furthermore, remote working and personal device use increases the risks of cyber incidents and the improper dissemination of personal or confidential information. Moreover, the hardware, software or applications we use may have inherent vulnerabilities or defects of design, manufacture or operations or could be inadvertently or intentionally implemented or used in a manner that could compromise information security. In addition, cybersecurity-related threats may remain undetected for an extended period of time.
Any cybersecurity attack, data or security breach, other security incident, compromise, damage, disruption, outage or shutdown to our or the information technology systems or networks, or those of any businesses with which we interact could result in lost sales, business delays, negative publicity or reputational impact, and a loss of customer confidence, and have a material adverse effect on our business or financial results. Any such incident or
breach could also result in operational or supply chain disruptions, data loss, corruption or manipulation, or information misappropriation including, but not limited to, interruption to systems availability, denial of access to and misuse of applications required by customers to conduct business, the acquisition, use or disclosure of data or inability to access data, the release of confidential information about our operations, and subject us to litigation and government enforcement actions. Further, in such event, access to applications required to plan operations, source materials, manufacture and ship finished goods and account for orders could be denied or misused. Theft of intellectual property or trade secrets, and loss or inappropriate disclosure of confidential company, employee, customer or vendor information, could also stem from such incidents. Moreover, any significant cybersecurity event could require us to devote significant management time and resources in response to such event, interfere with the pursuit of other important business strategies and initiatives, and cause us to incur additional expenditures, which could be material, including to investigate and remediate such event, recover lost data, prevent future compromises and adapt systems and practices in response to such events. There is no assurance that any remedial actions will meaningfully limit the success of future attempts to breach our information systems, particularly because malicious actors are increasingly sophisticated and utilize tools and techniques specifically designed to circumvent security measures, avoid detection and obfuscate forensic evidence, which means we may be unable to identify, investigate or remediate effectively or in a timely manner. Further, following completion of our business combination with DS Smith, we are subject to an increasing number of cybersecurity reporting obligations in different jurisdictions that vary in their scope and application, which may add complexities in providing complete and reliable information about cybersecurity incidents to customers, counterparties, and regulators, as well as the public. The recent completion of our business combination with DS Smith has resulted in increased scale and a broader global presence, which will impact our cybersecurity risk profile. As part of the integration of the newly acquired business, we are actively assessing and addressing these cybersecurity risks to ensure robust protection of our expanded operations and data assets. Additionally, while insurance coverage designed to address certain aspects of cyber risks may be in place, such insurance coverage may be insufficient to cover all losses or all types of claims that may arise in connection with such incidents.
We are subject to a wide variety of laws, regulations and other government requirements that may change in significant ways, and the cost of compliance with such requirements, or the failure to comply with such requirements, could impact our business and results of operations.
As a publicly listed company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), and the listing requirements of the NYSE. By virtue of our secondary listing on the LSE, we are now subject to the listing requirements of the LSE, the Market Abuse Regulation and Disclosure Guidance and Transparency Rules. The Exchange Act requires that we file annual and other reports with respect to our business, financial condition and results of operations. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we establish and maintain effective internal controls and procedures for financial reporting. Any failure to maintain effective controls or any difficulties encountered implementing required new or improved controls could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and the trading price of our common stock.
Our operations are subject to regulation under a wide variety of domestic and international laws, regulations and other government requirements, including, among others, those relating to the environment, health and safety, labor and employment, data privacy, tax, trade and health care. There can be no assurance that laws, regulations and government requirements will not be changed, applied or interpreted in ways that will require us to modify our respective operations and objectives or affect our respective returns on investments by restricting existing activities and products or increasing costs. In addition, any failure or alleged failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations or other government requirements could have an adverse effect on our reputation and financial results or may result in, among other things, litigation, revocation of required licenses, internal investigations, governmental investigations or proceedings, administrative enforcement actions, fines and civil and criminal liability.
We are subject to increasingly stringent federal, state, local and international laws governing the protection of the environment that continue to evolve as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies and as pending or future litigation is resolved. The changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance, ESG matters and public disclosures in various jurisdictions create uncertainty for public companies, increase legal and compliance costs and make activities more time
consuming. We have incurred, and, following completion of our business combination with DS Smith, expect to continue to incur and invest resources, significant capital, operating and other expenditures complying with applicable and forthcoming environmental laws and regulations, including with respect to GHG emissions and other climate-related matters. These investments may lead to higher operating expenses as the cost of compliance increases. Our environmental expenditures include, among other areas, those related to air and water quality, waste disposal and the cleanup of soil and groundwater, including situations where we have been identified as a potentially responsible party. There can be no assurance that future remediation requirements and compliance with existing and new laws and requirements will not require significant expenditures, or that existing reserves for specific matters will be adequate to cover future costs. We could also incur substantial fines or sanctions, enforcement actions (including orders limiting operations or requiring corrective measures), natural resource damages claims, cleanup and closure costs, third-party claims for property damage and personal injury and reputational harm as a result of violations of, or liabilities under, environmental laws, regulations, codes and common law. The amount and timing of environmental expenditures is difficult to predict, and, in some cases, liability may be imposed without regard to contribution or to whether we knew of, or caused, the release of hazardous substances. Additionally, if our compliance efforts with new applicable laws, regulations, and standards do not align with the expectations of regulatory or governing bodies due to ambiguities in their application and implementation, or if they differ from interpretations arising from related litigation, we may face legal actions. This could negatively impact our business, financial condition, operational results, and cash flow.
Our global operations are subject to complex and evolving domestic and international data privacy laws and regulations, such as the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation, the UK's General Data Protection Regulation, any supplemental applicable European Union member state or UK national data protection laws, China’s Personal Information Protection Law and comprehensive privacy laws in many U.S. states, including California, Connecticut, Colorado, Utah, and Virginia. These laws impose a range of compliance obligations regarding the handling of personal data. There are significant penalties for non-compliance, including monetary fines, disruption of operations and reputational harm. Moreover, other states and governmental authorities around the world have introduced or passed, or are considering, similar legislation which may impose varying standards and
requirements on data collection, use and processing activities.
This increasingly restrictive and evolving global regulatory environment related to data privacy and data protection may continue to require changes to our business practices, and give rise to significantly expanded compliance burdens, costs and enforcement risks. Moreover, many of these laws and regulations are subject to uncertain application, interpretation or enforcement standards that could result in claims, changes to business practices, data processing and security systems, penalties, increased operating costs or other impacts on our business. Additionally, regulatory bodies and others tasked with enforcing privacy and data protection laws have been actively engaging in enforcement investigations and actions. These laws often provide for civil penalties for violations, as well as private rights of action for data breaches that may increase data breach litigation. We use internal and external resources to monitor compliance with relevant legislation and continually evaluate and, where necessary, modify data processing practices and policies to comply with evolving privacy laws. Nevertheless, relevant regulatory authorities could determine that our data handling practices fail to address all the requirements of certain new laws, which could subject us to penalties and/or litigation. In addition, there is no assurance that our security controls over personal data, the training of employees and vendors on data privacy and data security, and policies, procedures and practices will prevent the improper handling of, disclosure of or access to personal data. Improper handling and disclosure of or access to personal data in violation of other data privacy and protection laws could cause reputational harm and loss of consumer confidence and subject us to government enforcement actions (including fines), or result in private litigation, which could result in loss of revenue, increased costs, liability for monetary damages, fines and/or criminal prosecution, all of which could negatively affect our business and operating results.
We are also exposed to the risk of changes in tax law and tax rates in a number of jurisdictions. The costs associated to comply with these laws and regulations are substantial and possible future laws and regulations or changes to existing laws and regulations (including the imposition of higher taxes) could require us to incur additional expenses or capital expenditures or result in restrictions on or suspensions of operations. For example, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (the “OECD”), the EU and various countries (including countries in which we operate) have enacted or committed to enact a 15% global minimum tax applied on a country-by-country basis
(the “Pillar Two rule”). In many of the countries implementing the Pillar Two rule, the first component of the Pillar Two rule became effective in 2024, with the second component expected to come into effect in 2025. It is possible that the Pillar Two rule could adversely impact our effective tax rate in future periods. Additionally, administrative guidance with respect to tax law can be incomplete or vary from legislative intent, and therefore the application of the tax law is uncertain. While we believe our reported positions comply with relevant tax laws and regulations, taxing authorities could interpret the application of certain laws and regulations differently. We have been and continue to be subject to tax audits in various taxing jurisdictions around the world. In some cases, we have appealed, and may continue to appeal, assessments by taxing authorities, including in the court system. As such, tax controversy matters may result in previously unrecorded tax expenses, accelerated cash tax payments, higher future tax expenses, or the assessment of interest and penalties.
As with many technological innovations, AI presents risks and challenges that could affect its adoption, and therefore our business. Uncertainty in the legal regulatory regime relating to AI may require significant resources to modify and maintain business practices to comply with international laws, the nature of which cannot be determined at this time. Several jurisdictions, including Europe, the U.S. federal government, and certain U.S. states, have already proposed or enacted laws, regulations, and other requirements governing AI. For example, on May 21, 2024, the Council of the European Union adopted the EU AI Act, regulating the developments and deployment of AI systems. The EU AI Act imposes obligations on transparency, risk management and data governance for AI systems, particularly those classified as high risk, with significant fines for noncompliance. Other jurisdictions may decide to adopt similar or more restrictive requirements that may render the use of AI challenging. These requirements may make it harder for us to conduct our business using AI, lead to regulatory fines or penalties, require us to change our business practices, or limit AI usage, which may lead to inefficiencies or competitive disadvantages.
Material disruptions at one of our manufacturing facilities could negatively impact financial results.
We operate facilities in compliance with applicable rules and regulations and take measures to minimize the risks of disruption. A material disruption at our corporate headquarters, a manufacturing facility or key mill could prevent us from meeting customer demand, reduce sales and/or negatively impact our financial condition. Any of our manufacturing facilities
or any machines within an otherwise operational facility, could cease operations unexpectedly due to a number of events, including:
•adverse weather events like fires, floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, winter storms and extreme temperatures, or other catastrophes (including adverse weather conditions that may be intensified by climate change);
• the effect of a drought or reduced rainfall on its water supply;
•disruption in the supply of raw materials or other manufacturing inputs;
•terrorism or threats of terrorism;
•information system disruptions or failures due to any number of causes, including cyber-attacks;
•domestic and international laws and regulations applicable to us and any of our respective business partners, including joint venture partners, around the world;
•unscheduled maintenance outages;
•prolonged power failures;
•an equipment failure;
•a chemical spill or release;
•explosion of a boiler or other equipment;
•damage or disruptions caused by third parties operating on or adjacent to a manufacturing facility;
•disruptions in the transportation infrastructure, including roads, bridges, railroad tracks and tunnels;
•a widespread outbreak of an illness or any other communicable disease, or any other public health crisis or any impacts related to government regulation as a result thereof;
•failure of third-party service providers and business partners to satisfactorily fulfill their commitments and responsibilities in a timely manner and in accordance with agreed upon terms;
•labor difficulties; and
•other operational problems.
Any such downtime or facility damage could prevent us from meeting production targets, customer demand and satisfying customer requirements, which may necessitate unplanned expenditures, resulting in lower sales and have a negative effect on our financial results.
We operate in a challenging market for talent and may fail to attract and retain qualified personnel, including key management personnel.
Our ability to operate and grow our business depends on our ability to attract and retain employees with the skills necessary to operate and maintain our facilities, produce our products and serve our customers. The market for both hourly workers and salaried workers continues to be competitive, particularly for employees with specialized technical and trade experience. This, along with the current competitive labor market and ongoing inflationary conditions, has led to higher labor costs. In addition, we rely on our key executive and management personnel to manage our business efficiently and effectively. The unanticipated departure of key executive and management employees, particularly in a challenging market for attracting and retaining employees, could adversely affect our business. Moreover, changing demographics and labor work force trends, including remote work and changing work-life balance expectations, may make it difficult for us to replace retiring or departing employees. The failure to retain and/or recruit additional or substitute senior managers and/or other key employees and a failure to identify and resource for future capability requirements such that there is a gap in skills and knowledge across key business areas, or if higher labor costs and shortages persist, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or future prospects.
Our failure to maintain good employee or labor relations may affect our respective operations.
Future developments in relation to our business could adversely affect employee or labor relations. Good employee and labor relations depend on the ability to drive innovation, manage change and engage the workforce, and failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or future prospects. Further, labor disputes or other problems could lead to a substantial interruption to our business and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or future prospects.
Following the completion of our business combination with DS Smith, a significant number of our employees are represented by unions, trade unions and national works councils. We have collective bargaining agreements in place with U.S. and international trade unions. In the U.S., we may not be able to successfully negotiate new collective bargaining agreements once our current contracts with unions expire without work stoppages or labor difficulties, or we may be unable to renegotiate such contracts on favorable terms. Negotiations between us and the United Steelworkers union (the “USW”) regarding the mill master collective bargaining agreement and related mill joint pension council master agreement resulted in new agreements which will expire August 2027 and September 2027, respectively. Negotiations between us and the USW regarding the converting master collective bargaining agreement (which expired in April 2024) and related converting joint pension council master (which expired September 2024) took place in February 2024 and resulted in new agreements which will expire in April and September 2028, respectively. The USW represents approximately 10,600 employees in our mills and converting facilities. In Europe, we have collective agreements in place with trade unions, and also have agreements in place with a European Works Council, which brings together employee representatives from the different European countries in which we operate and provides a forum for information sharing and consultation. We have experienced limited work stoppages in the past and may experience work stoppages in the future. Further, labor organizations may attempt to organize groups of additional employees from time to time, and recent and potential changes in labor laws could make it easier for them to do so.
If there is a substantial change to the terms of any collective bargaining agreements or an agreement acceptable to us cannot be reached at all when the collective agreements are renewed, we could face increased labor costs or disruptions as a result of labor union activity in the future. If we experience any extended interruption of operations at any of the relevant facilities as a result of strikes or other work stoppages, or if unions, trade unions and national works councils are able to organize additional groups of our employees, our operating costs could increase and our operational flexibility could be reduced.
We may be unable to realize the expected benefits and cost savings associated with restructuring initiatives, including our 80/20 strategic approach.
We have restructured portions of our operations from time to time and have current restructuring initiatives taking place, and it is likely that we will engage in restructuring activities in the future. For example, as
previously disclosed in October 2023, we committed to certain strategic actions impacting our Containerboard and Global Cellulose Fibers businesses. Consistent with this initiative, in December 2023, we permanently closed our containerboard mill in Orange, Texas, and permanently ceased production on two of our pulp machines at our mills in Riegelwood, North Carolina, and Pensacola, Florida. We recorded charges associated with these actions during the three months ended December 31, 2023. Moreover, in 2024, we began implementing an 80/20 strategic approach to drive transformational performance. Through the 80/20 strategic approach, we intend to deliver profitable market share growth by striving to be the lowest-cost producer, and the most reliable and innovative sustainable packaging solutions provider to our customers across North America and EMEA. As part of our 80/20 strategic approach, we intend to guide investments and align resources to win with customers, while reducing complexity and cost across the Company. To that end, we have been implementing restructuring initiatives. For example, on October 15, 2024, we announced a corporate overhead restructuring plan to reduce operating costs, optimize organizational structure and better align our workforce with the needs to our customers, pursuant to which we reduced our workforce by approximately 650 employees. This restructuring plan was substantially implemented in the fourth quarter of 2024. We recorded charges associated with these actions during the three months ended September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2024. Further, on October 31, 2024, we announced plans to permanently close our pulp and paper mill in Georgetown, South Carolina. We incurred $119 million of charges during the three months ended December 31, 2024 for the Georgetown, South Carolina mill closure. On February 13, 2025, we announced plans to permanently close our containerboard mill in Campti, Louisiana. We expect to incur pre-tax charges of approximately $357 million during the three months ending March 31, 2025.
We have also been implementing certain commercial initiatives as a part of our 80/20 strategic approach and our box go-to-market strategy. Among other things, these commercial initiatives include strategically focusing our business, pricing to better reflect the services and value we provide, and aligning resources with our best and most strategic customers.
We may be unable to realize the expected benefits from these and other restructuring initiatives that we may in the future undertake. In particular, restructuring activities may divert the attention of management, disrupt operations and fail to achieve the intended cost and operational benefits. If the
Company is unable to realize the expected benefits from its restructuring initiatives, the Company’s financial results could be adversely impacted. In addition, because we are unable to predict or control market conditions, including changes in the supply and demand for our products, product prices or manufacturing costs, we may not be able to predict the appropriate time to undertake restructurings. Further, cash and non-cash charges may be incurred in connection with restructuring activities, which may be material. Moreover, judgment is required to estimate restructuring charges, and these estimates, and the assumptions underlying them, may change as additional information becomes available or facts or circumstances related to restructuring initiatives change.
We may not achieve the expected benefits from strategic acquisitions, joint ventures, divestitures, spin-offs, capital investments, capital projects and other corporate transactions that are or will be pursued.
Our strategy for long-term growth, productivity and profitability depends, in part, on our ability to accomplish prudent acquisitions, joint ventures, divestitures, spin-offs, and other corporate transactions and to realize the benefits expected from such transactions, including the acquisition of DS Smith as set forth above. Ongoing capital investment is also required to expand, maintain and upgrade existing facilities, to develop new facilities and to ensure compliance with new regulatory requirements. Our expenditures on capital projects could be higher than anticipated, the projects may experience unanticipated disruptions or delays in completing the projects and the desired benefits from those projects may not be achieved, including as a result of a deterioration in macroeconomic conditions, the unavailability of capital equipment or related materials, delays in obtaining permits or other requisite approvals or changes in laws and regulations. We are subject to the risk that the expected benefits from such transactions may not be achieved. This failure could require an impairment charge to be recorded for goodwill or other intangible assets, which could lead to decreased assets and reduced net earnings. Among the benefits expected from potential as well as completed acquisitions and joint ventures are synergies, cost savings, growth opportunities and access to new markets (or a combination thereof), and in the case of divestitures, the realization of proceeds from the sale of businesses and assets to purchasers who place a higher strategic value on such businesses and assets.
Corporate transactions of this nature that we may pursue involve a number of special risks, including
with respect to the inability to realize business goals with such transactions as noted above, including our acquisition assumptions, the focus of management’s attention on these transactions and the assimilation of acquired businesses into existing operations, the demands on financial, operational and information technology systems resulting from acquired businesses, our ability to integrate personnel, labor models, financials, customer relationships, supply chain and logistics, IT and other systems successfully, business culture compatibility, the possibility of becoming responsible for substantial contingent or unanticipated legal liabilities as the result of acquisitions or other corporate transactions, and increasing the scope geographic diversity and complexity of our operations.
Moreover, effective internal controls are necessary to provide reliable and accurate financial reports, and the integration of businesses may create complexity in our financial systems and internal controls and make them more difficult to manage. Integration of businesses into our internal control system could cause us to fail to meet our financial reporting obligations. Moreover, any failure to integrate, or delay in integrating, IT systems of acquired businesses could create an increased risk of cybersecurity incidents. Following integration, an acquired business may not produce the expected margins or cash flows. Furthermore, we may finance these strategic transactions by incurring additional debt or issuing equity, which could increase leverage or impact our ability to access capital in the future.
There are risks associated with our review of strategic options for our Global Cellulose Fibers business, and there is no assurance that this review will result in any transaction or other outcome.
On October 31, 2024, we announced that we were reviewing strategic options for our Global Cellulose Fibers business. There can be no assurance that this review will result in any kind of transaction or other outcome, or, if any transaction or other outcome occurs, the timing or terms thereof. Moreover, our ability to affect any transaction or other outcome may be dependent on a number of factors that may be beyond our control, such as market conditions, industry trends, regulatory approvals, and the availability of financing on favorable terms. In addition, even if this review ultimately results in a transaction or other outcome, there can be no assurance that such transaction or other outcome will have a positive effect on shareholder value.
Further, there can be no assurance that this review of strategic options will not cause the diversion of management’s attention, interfere with our ability to
retain or attract key personnel, disrupt our business, adversely impact important business relationships, adversely impact our financial results, or expose us to litigation. In addition, we may incur significant costs and expenses in connection with this process. It is also possible that speculation regarding any developments related to this review and perceived uncertainties associated therewith could cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate significantly or to decline.
Our continued growth will depend on our ability to retain existing customers and attract new customers.
Our future growth will depend on our ability to retain existing customers, attract new customers as well as make existing customers and new customers increase their volume commitments. There can be no assurance that customers will continue to use our products or that they will be able to continue to attract new volumes at the same rate as in the past.
A customer’s use of our products may decrease for a variety of reasons, including the customer’s level of satisfaction with our products and services, the expansion of business to offer new products, the effectiveness of our support services, the pricing of our products, the pricing, range and quality of competing products, the effects of global economic conditions, regulatory limitations, trust, perception and interest in the paper and packaging industry and in their products. Furthermore, the complexity and costs associated with switching to a competitor may not be significant enough to prevent a customer from switching packaging providers.
Any failure by us to retain existing customers, attract new customers, and increase revenue from both new and existing customers could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and/or future prospects. These efforts may require substantial financial expenditures, commitments of resources, developments of processes, and other investments and innovations without a guarantee that existing customers will be retained and/or new customers will be attracted.
Uninsured losses or losses in excess of our insurance coverage for various risks could have an adverse financial effect on our business.
We maintain business insurance that we consider to be adequate and appropriate for our business and activities. Certain types of risks such as losses due to natural disasters, riots, acts of war or terrorism are, however, either uninsurable or not economically insurable. In addition, even if a loss is insured, we may be required to pay a significant deductible on
any claim for recovery of such loss prior to the insurer being obliged to reimburse the loss, or the amount of the loss may exceed the coverage for the loss. Any uninsured losses could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or future prospects.
We may not be able to adequately secure and protect our intellectual property rights, which could harm our competitive advantage.
We rely on intellectual property laws to protect our rights to certain aspects of our systems, products and processes including product designs, proprietary technologies, research and concepts. For example, our packaging business owns hundreds of patents covering our designs and products. Trademarks and licenses and their effective management play an important role in protecting intellectual property rights. The actions taken by us to protect our respective proprietary rights may be inadequate to prevent imitation or unauthorized use. The laws of various countries offer different levels of protection for intellectual property rights and there can be no assurance that our intellectual property rights will not be challenged, invalidated, misappropriated or circumvented by third parties. Any of these possibilities could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or future prospects.
We may fail to identify or leverage digital and/or AI transformation initiatives.
We may fail to identify or leverage digital and/or AI transformation initiatives in areas from point-of-sale through to manufacture and delivery to customers, or miss the opportunity to meet the demand for smart products. Failure to implement digital and data programs or identify or prioritize the latest digital and/or AI transformation initiatives may result in us falling behind our competitors with regards to speed to market, smart product offerings, manufacturing capacity and service levels, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or future prospects.
RISKS RELATED TO LEGAL PROCEEDINGS AND COMPLIANCE COSTS
Results of legal proceedings could have a material effect on our consolidated financial results.
We are a party to various legal, regulatory and governmental proceedings and other related matters, including with respect to environmental matters. In addition, we are and may become subject to other loss contingencies, both known and unknown, which
may relate to past, present and future facts, events, circumstances and occurrences. Should an unfavorable outcome occur in connection with the legal, regulatory or governmental proceedings or our other loss contingencies or we become subject to any such loss contingencies in the future, there could be a material adverse impact on our financial results. See Note 13 - Commitments and Contingent Liabilities of Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for further information.
For example, we (through both International Paper and our newly acquired DS Smith subsidiaries operating in Italy) are among a number of companies operating in the paper packaging industry subject to a decision by the Italian Competition Authority concerning anti-competitive behavior in Italy. We are further subject to a number of actual and threatened claims for compensation arising out of or relating to the decision by the Italian Competition Authority. Given the early stages of these claims and our intention to defend robustly against such claims, it is too early to predict or reasonably estimate the overall outcome or ultimate potential liability (if any) that might be incurred in connection therewith, and there can be no guarantee that the aggregate of possible damages could not have a material impact on our financial condition.
We could be exposed to liability for Brazilian taxes under our agreements with Sylvamo Corporation.
In connection with the spin-off of Sylvamo Corporation (“Sylvamo”), we previously entered into agreements with Sylvamo and its subsidiaries, including among others a tax matters agreement. Under the tax matters agreement, we could have significant payment obligations in connection with certain Brazilian tax matters. Under this agreement, we have agreed to pay 60% of the first $300 million of any liability resulting from the resolution of these Brazilian tax matters (with Sylvamo paying the remaining 40% of the first $300 million of any such liability) and 100% of any liability resulting from the Brazilian tax matters over $300 million. These Brazilian tax matters relate to assessments for the tax years 2007-2015 of approximately $95 million in tax (adjusted for variation in currency exchange rates) and approximately $235 million in interest, penalties, and fees (adjusted for variation in currency exchange rates). Accordingly, the assessments total approximately $330 million (adjusted for variation in currency exchange rates), although interest, penalties and fees continue to accrue over time. Under the tax matters agreement, our potential liability for such assessments would currently be approximately $210 million (adjusted for variation in currency exchange rates). If we were found liable to pay such amounts,
this could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or cash flow. See Note 13 - Commitments and Contingent Liabilities of Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for further information.
If our spin-off of Sylvamo Corporation were to fail to qualify for non-recognition treatment for U.S. federal income tax purposes, then we may be subject to significant U.S. federal income taxes.
We received opinions from tax advisors and a private letter ruling from the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) regarding the qualification of the spin-off of Sylvamo and certain related transactions as a transaction that is generally tax-free for U.S. federal income tax purposes to Sylvamo, us and our shareholders who received a distribution of Sylvamo common stock in connection with the spin-off. A tax opinion is not binding on the IRS or the courts, and there can be no assurance that the IRS or a court will not take a contrary position. In addition, our advisors and the IRS relied on certain representations and covenants delivered by us and Sylvamo in rendering such opinions and in the private letter ruling. If any of the representations or covenants relied upon for the tax opinions or private letter ruling were inaccurate, incomplete or not complied with by us, Sylvamo or any of their respective subsidiaries, the tax opinions and private letter ruling may be invalid and the conclusions reached therein could be jeopardized.
If the IRS ultimately determines that the spin-off is taxable, then the spin-off could be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a taxable gain to us (determined as of the date of the spin-off). In such event, significant U.S. federal income tax liabilities could be incurred by us. These income tax liabilities may be indemnifiable by Sylvamo pursuant to a tax matters agreement between us and Sylvamo. However, there can be no assurance that Sylvamo would have adequate resources or liquidity if it were required to indemnify us.
RISKS RELATED TO OUR INDEBTEDNESS
Changes in credit ratings issued by nationally recognized statistical rating organizations could adversely affect our cost of financing and have an adverse effect on the market price of our securities.
Maintaining an investment-grade credit rating is an important element of our financial strategy. A downgrade of ratings below investment grade will likely eliminate our ability to access the commercial paper market, may limit access to the capital markets, have an adverse effect on the market price of our securities, increase borrowing costs and require us to
post collateral for derivatives in a net liability position. The desire to maintain an investment grade rating may cause us to take certain actions designed to improve our respective cash flow, including a sale of assets, suspension or reduction of dividends and reductions in capital expenditures and working capital.
Certain of our debt agreements provide for an interest rate increase in case of a credit rating downgrade. This applies to agreements governing approximately $539 million of our debt as of December 31, 2024. As a result, a downgrade in credit rating may lead to an increase in interest expenses. There can be no assurance that our credit ratings will remain in effect for any given period of time or that such ratings will not be lowered, suspended or withdrawn entirely by the rating agencies if, in each rating agency’s judgment, circumstances so warrant. Any such downgrade, suspension or withdrawal of credit ratings could adversely affect our cost of borrowing, limit access to the capital markets or result in more restrictive covenants in agreements governing the terms of any future indebtedness that we may incur.
The level of our indebtedness could adversely affect our financial condition and impair our ability to operate our business.
As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $5.6 billion of outstanding indebtedness. The level of our indebtedness could have important consequences to our financial condition, operating results and business, including the following:
•it may limit our ability to obtain additional debt or equity financing for working capital, capital expenditures, product development, dividends, share repurchases, debt service requirements, acquisitions and general corporate or other purposes;
•a portion of our cash flows from operations will be dedicated to payments on indebtedness and will not be available for other purposes, including operations, capital expenditures and future business opportunities;
•the debt service requirements of our indebtedness could make it more difficult for us to satisfy other obligations;
•it may limit our ability to adjust to changing market conditions, including to take actions in connection with changes in interest rates (such as in the current elevated interest rate environment), and place us at a competitive
disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less debt;
•it may increase our exposure to risks related to fluctuations in foreign currency as we earn profits in a variety of currencies around the world and our debt is denominated in U.S. dollars;
•it may increase our exposure to the risk of increased interest rates insofar as we are compelled to refinance indebtedness at higher interest rates, which risk is heightened by the current high interest rate environment; and
•it may increase our vulnerability to a downturn in general economic conditions or in our business, and may make us unable to carry out capital spending that is important to our growth.
In addition, we are subject to agreements governing our indebtedness that require us to meet and maintain certain financial ratios and covenants. A significant or prolonged downturn in general business and economic conditions, or other significant adverse developments with respect to our results of operations or financial condition, may affect our ability to comply with these covenants or meet those financial ratios and tests and could require us to take action to reduce our debt or to act in a manner contrary to our current business objectives. Moreover, the restrictions associated with these financial ratios and covenants may prevent us from taking actions that we believe would be in the best interest of our business and may make it difficult for us to execute our business strategy successfully or effectively compete with companies that are not similarly restricted. Additionally, despite these restrictions, we may be able to incur substantial additional indebtedness in the future, which might subject us to additional restrictive covenants that could affect our financial and operational flexibility and otherwise increase the risks associated with our indebtedness as noted above.
We are subject to risks associated with variable rate debt.
We are subject to interest rate risk associated with short-term cash investments, variable rate debts, supply chain financing and short-term debt. We are also exposed to interest rate risk in relation to our installment notes and loans in the Temple Inland timber monetization special purpose entities. We have variable rate debt in the aggregate amount of approximately $908 million as of December 31, 2024. Interest rates rose significantly during 2022 and 2023
with adjustments made by the Federal Reserve in 2024 to address economic conditions. Interest rates could remain volatile in 2025. Changes in interest rates impacts the earnings on our short-term cash investments, the interest rate payable on our variable rate debt and credit agreements, the cost of supply chain financing and the refinance rate on our short-term debt.
Downgrades in the credit ratings of banks issuing certain letters of credit will increase our cost of maintaining certain indebtedness and may result in the acceleration of deferred taxes.
We are subject to the risk that a bank with currently issued irrevocable letters of credit supporting installment notes in connection with Temple Inland’s 2007 sales of forestlands, may be downgraded below a required rating. Prior to 2013, certain banks had fallen below the required ratings threshold and were successfully replaced, or waivers were obtained regarding their replacement. As a result of continuing uncertainty in the banking environment, the three letter-of-credit banks currently in place remain subject to risk of downgrade and the number of qualified replacement banks remains limited. The downgrade of one or more of these banks may subject us to additional costs of securing a replacement letter-of-credit bank or could result in an acceleration of payments of up to $486 million in deferred income taxes if replacement banks cannot be obtained.
RISKS RELATED TO OUR PENSION AND HEALTHCARE COSTS
Our pension and health care costs are subject to numerous factors which could cause these costs to change.
We have defined benefit pension plans covering substantially all U.S. salaried employees hired prior to July 1, 2004, and substantially all hourly union and non-union employees regardless of hire date. We froze participation for U.S. salaried employees under these plans, including credited service and compensation on or after January 1, 2019; however, the pension freeze does not affect benefits accrued through December 31, 2018. We provide retiree health care benefits to certain former U.S. employees, as well as financial assistance toward the cost of individual retiree medical coverage for certain former U.S. salaried employees. Pension costs are dependent upon numerous factors resulting from actual plan experience and assumptions of future experience. Pension plan assets are primarily made up of equity and fixed income investments. Fluctuations in actual market returns on plan assets, changes in general interest rates and in the number of retirees may impact pension costs in future
periods. Likewise, changes in assumptions regarding current discount rates and expected rates of return on plan assets could increase pension costs. However, the impact of market fluctuations has been reduced as a result of investments in our pension plan asset portfolio which hedge the impact of changes in interest rates on the plan’s funded status. Drivers for fluctuating health costs include unit cost changes, health care utilization by participants, and potential changes in legal requirements and government oversight. If any of these factors cause pension costs or health care benefits to increase in future periods, this could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or cash flow.
Our U.S. funded pension plan is currently fully funded on a projected benefit obligation basis; however, the possibility exists that over time we may be required to make cash payments to the plan, reducing the cash available for our business.
We record an asset or a liability associated with our pension plans equal to the surplus of the fair value of plan assets above the benefit obligation or the excess of the benefit obligation over the fair value of plan assets. As of December 31, 2024, we had an overfunded U.S. qualified pension with a surplus of $92 million. When aggregated with U.S. nonqualified pension obligations, the benefit deficit recorded under the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification 715, “Compensation - Retirement Benefits,” as of December 31, 2024 was $156 million. The amount and timing of future contributions, which could be material, will depend upon a number of factors, including the actual earnings, changes in values of plan assets and changes in interest rates. If benefit obligations under the U.S. qualified pension exceed the value of plan assets by more than permitted under applicable statutory minimum funding requirements, then we may be required to make additional contributions to the U.S. qualified pension. Such contributions may have an adverse effect on our operational results and cash flow.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
MILLS AND PLANTS
A listing of our production facilities by segment, the vast majority of which we own, can be found in Appendix I hereto, which is incorporated herein by reference.
The Company’s facilities are in good operating condition and are suited for the purposes for which they are presently being used. We continue to study the economics of modernization or adopting other alternatives for higher cost facilities.
CAPITAL INVESTMENTS AND DISPOSITIONS
Given the size, scope and complexity of our business interests, we continually examine and evaluate a wide variety of business opportunities and planning alternatives, including possible acquisitions and sales or other dispositions of properties. You can find a discussion about the level of planned capital investments for 2025 on page 45, and dispositions and restructuring activities as of December 31, 2024, on page 37 of Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, and in Note 7 Acquisitions on page 72 of Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Information concerning certain legal proceedings of the Company is set forth in Note 13 Commitments and Contingent Liabilities on pages 79 through 83 of Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data which is incorporated herein by reference.
The Company is not subject to any administrative or judicial proceeding arising under any federal, state or local provisions that have been enacted or adopted regulating the discharge of materials into the environment or primarily for the purpose of protecting the environment that is likely to result in monetary sanctions of $1 million or more.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
PART II.

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
As of the filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the Company’s common shares are traded on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE: IP) and on the London Stock Exchange (LSE: IPC). As of February 14, 2025, there were approximately 9,900 record holders of common stock of the Company.
We pay regular quarterly cash dividends and expect to continue to pay regular quarterly cash dividends in the foreseeable future, though each quarterly dividend payment is subject to review and approval by our Board of Directors.
The table below presents information regarding the Company’s purchases of its equity securities for the time periods presented.
PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS.
Period Total Number of Shares Purchased (a) Average Price Paid per Share Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Programs Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (in billions)
October 1, 2024 - October 31, 2024 11,250 $ 48.62 - $ 2.96
November 1, 2024 - November 30, 2024 3,381 51.57 - 2.96
December 1, 2024 - December 31, 2024 1,957 53.64 - 2.96
Total 16,588
(a)16,588 shares were acquired from employees or members of our Board of Directors as a result of share withholdings to pay income taxes under the Company's stock program. On October 11, 2022, our Board of Directors increased the authorization up to a total of $3.35 billion shares. This repurchase program does not have an expiration date. As of December 31, 2024, approximately $2.96 billion aggregate shares of our common stock remained authorized for repurchase.
PERFORMANCE GRAPH
The performance graph shall not be deemed "soliciting material" or to be "filed" with the Commission or subject to Regulation 14A or 14C under, or to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (the "Exchange Act") and will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act, except to the extent
the Company specifically incorporates it by reference into such a filing.
The following line graph compares a $100 investment in Company stock on December 31, 2019 with a $100 investment in our peer group and the S&P Composite-500 Stock Index (S&P 500 Index) also made at market close on December 31, 2019. The graph portrays total return, 2019-2024, assuming reinvestment of all dividends.
1)The companies included in the Peer Group are DS Smith PLC, Klabin S.A., Mondi Group, Packaging Corporation of America, and Stora Enso Group.
2)Returns are calculated in $USD.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
ITEM 6. RESERVED

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to historical
consolidated financial information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates, and beliefs that involve significant risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to those differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in “Risk Factors” and “Forward-Looking Statements.”
The following generally discusses 2024 and 2023 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2024 and 2023. Discussion of historical items in 2022, and year-to-year comparisons between 2023 and 2022, can be found in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on February 16, 2024, under Part II, Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Full-year 2024 net earnings attributable to shareholders were $557 million ($1.57 per diluted share) compared with $288 million ($0.82 per diluted share) for full-year 2023.
In 2024, we initiated our strategy to deliver profitable growth as the low-cost, most reliable and innovative sustainable packaging solutions provider for our customers. Through a disciplined 80/20 approach, we restructured our corporate organization, added resources to the business, reduced structural costs through footprint actions and successfully piloted regional box plant optimization. Our earnings stabilized in the fourth quarter 2024 and we intend to accelerate earnings improvement in 2025. Our Go-to-Market value over volume reset was largely complete in 2024 and we expect the final unfavorable impacts to volume to be behind us later in 2025. There was a significant focus throughout 2024 on cost reduction. This included a zero-up approach to the corporate organization, including shifting resources to the business and reducing corporate staffing to the level required as a public company. We expect this to reduce costs by approximately $120 million on a run rate basis. Additionally, we made the challenging decision to close five box plants and our Global Cellulose Fibers Georgetown, South Carolina mill. These actions are expected to remove roughly another $110 million of annual cost on a run rate basis. Mill reliability was an issue in 2024 resulting in elevated costs throughout the year. This presents a significant cost reduction opportunity and we will continue to improve the reliability at our mills and optimize our mill and box system so that we are able to reduce structural costs. Finally, we completed the acquisition of DS Smith on January 31, 2025, creating a global leader in sustainable packaging solutions, focused on the attractive and growing North American and EMEA regions.
Comparing 2024 financial performance to 2023, sales in our North American Industrial Packaging business were relatively flat versus the prior year. This was due in part to higher price and mix driven by favorable prior index movements and the execution of our go-to-market strategy. The improved price and mix was offset by lower volumes as we worked through
customer contract restructuring. This decline was in line with our expectations. Sales in our Global Cellulose Fibers business were lower compared to prior year. This was due to lower price and mix driven by prior index movements. Volume was relatively flat versus 2023. Cost of products sold in our North American Industrial Packaging business was lower versus the prior year in line with lower sales during 2024 along with lower maintenance outage expenses. This was partially offset by higher costs associated with mill reliability issues along with increased input costs on higher recovered fiber costs. Cost of products sold in our Global Cellulose Fibers business was lower versus the prior year in line with lower sales during 2024 along with lower maintenance outage expenses and lower input costs. Cost of products sold includes higher costs associated with mill reliability issues. Selling and administrative expenses were higher in our North American Industrial Packaging and Global Cellulose Fibers businesses primarily driven by higher employee incentive compensation expense. Distribution expenses were lower in both our North American Industrial Packaging and Global Cellulose Fibers businesses primarily driven by lower freight expense on reduced sales.
Looking ahead to the first quarter 2025 in our North American Industrial Packaging business, as compared to the fourth quarter 2024 and without consideration of the DS Smith acquisition, we expect slightly lower price and mix based on lower export pricing observed to date along with an unfavorable seasonal mix impact. Volume is expected to be slightly higher in the first quarter 2025 due to two more shipping days partially offset by the near-term impact of our go-to-market strategy. Operations and costs are expected to increase earnings driven by the benefits of our box plant optimization as well as the non-repeat of the higher incentive compensation costs and other unfavorable items from the fourth quarter 2024. Maintenance outage expense is expected to be marginally lower relative to the fourth quarter 2024. Input costs are expected to be relatively flat as higher energy costs will be offset by lower recovered fiber costs. Finally, in February we announced our plan to close the containerboard mill in Campti, Louisiana with operations expected to cease by March 31, 2025. We estimate that the closure will result in aggregate pre-tax charges of approximately $357 million, including pre-tax noncash asset write-offs of approximately $311 million (of which $276 million is accelerated depreciation), and pre-tax cash severance and other shutdown charges of approximately $46 million. In our Global Cellulose Fibers business, we expect price and mix to be lower due to unfavorable prior index movements. We expect volume to be relatively flat. Operations and costs are expected to increase earnings due to
improved mill performance and reliability along with the non-repeat of the higher incentive compensation costs and other unfavorable one-time items from the fourth quarter 2024. Maintenance outage expense is expected to decrease earnings while input costs are expected to be stable relative to the fourth quarter 2024.
In closing, we believe 2025 will be a transformational year. During the first few months, we anticipate earnings will continue the stabilization trend we saw in the fourth quarter 2024. As we progress further in the year, we expect our earnings to progressively ramp up as the commercial contract restructuring is completed and the 80/20 initiatives deliver value. We have an ambitious pipeline of capital projects that we predict will facilitate the regional optimization of our box system and deliver profitable market share growth. We believe we are well on our way to building a performance-driven and customer-centric culture. We are confident we have developed the right strategy and a concrete plan that will deliver customer excellence and drive profitable growth. We believe our actions will drive transformational improvements and create significant value for our shareholders.
Acquisition of DS Smith
On January 31, 2025, the Company, through its indirect wholly owned subsidiary, International Paper UK Holdings Limited, completed the closing (the “Closing”) of its previously announced business combination of the entire issued and to be issued ordinary shares of DS Smith plc, a public limited company registered in England and Wales that has since been re-registered as DS Smith Limited, a private limited company (“DS Smith”). The business combination was effected by means of a court-sanctioned scheme of arrangement between DS Smith and shareholders of DS Smith under Part 26 of the UK Companies Act 2006, as amended.
The consummation followed the Company’s April 16, 2024 announcement pursuant to Rule 2.7 of the United Kingdom City Code on Takeovers and Mergers disclosing the terms of the business combination (the “Rule 2.7 Announcement”), pursuant to which, for each ordinary share of DS Smith (the “DS Smith Shares”), DS Smith shareholders would receive 0.1285 of a new share of common stock of the Company, par value $1.00 per share (the “Company Common Stock”), resulting in the issuance of 178,126,631 new shares of Company Common Stock (the “New Company Common Stock”).
On January 24, 2025, the European Commission issued its Phase I clearance of the business combination, conditional on International Paper
entering into commitments to divest its plants in Mortagne, Saint-Amand, and Cabourg (France), Over (Portugal) and Bilbao (Spain). As such, the Company has agreed to divest these locations.
On February 4, 2025, the DS Smith Shares were delisted from the London Stock Exchange (the “LSE”) and the shares of New Company Common Stock began trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “IP” and the shares of Company Common Stock, including the shares of New Company Common Stock, began trading on the LSE via a secondary listing under the symbol “IPC.”
Reconciliation of Net earnings (loss) to Adjusted operating earnings (loss)
Adjusted Operating Earnings and Adjusted Operating Earnings Per Share are non-GAAP measures defined as net earnings (loss) (a GAAP measure) excluding discontinued operations, net special items and non-operating pension expense (income). Net earnings (loss) and Diluted earnings (loss) per share are the most directly comparable GAAP measures. The Company calculates Adjusted Operating Earnings by excluding the after-tax effect of discontinued operations, non-operating pension expense (income) and net special items, as described in greater detail below, from net earnings (loss) reported under GAAP. Adjusted Operating Earnings Per Share is calculated by dividing Adjusted Operating Earnings by diluted average shares of common stock outstanding. Management uses these non-GAAP measures to focus on ongoing operations and believes that such non-GAAP measures are useful to investors in assessing the operational performance of the Company and enabling investors to perform meaningful comparisons of past and present consolidated operating results from continuing operations. The Company believes that using these non-GAAP measures, along with the most directly comparable GAAP measures, provides for a more complete analysis of the Company's results of operations.
Non-operating pension expense (income) represents amortization of prior service cost, amortization of actuarial gains/losses, expected return on assets and interest cost. The Company excludes these amounts from our Adjusted Operating Earnings as the Company does not believe these items reflect ongoing operations. These particular pension cost elements are not directly attributable to current employee service. The Company includes service cost in our non-GAAP measure as it is directly attributable to employee service, and the corresponding employees’ other compensation elements, in connection with ongoing operations.
The following is a reconciliation of Net earnings (loss) to Adjusted operating earnings (loss) on a total basis. Additional detail is provided below regarding the net special items expense (income) referenced in the charts below.
In millions 2024 2023
Net Earnings (Loss) $ 557 $ 288
Less - Discontinued operations, net of taxes (gain) loss - 14
Earnings (Loss) from Continuing Operations 557 302
Add back - Non-operating pension expense (income) (42) 54
Add back - Net special items expense (income) (a) 363 150
Income tax effect - Non-operating pension and special items (b) (478) (68)
Adjusted Operating Earnings (Loss) $ 400 $ 438
(a) Adjusted operating earnings (non-GAAP), and adjusted operating earnings per share (non-GAAP) for the year ended December 31, 2023, included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K have been adjusted to include the pre-tax charge of $422 million for accelerated depreciation related to mill strategic actions in the year ended December 31, 2023. This charge was previously treated as a special item and excluded from these non-GAAP earnings measures.
(b) Special items for the year ended December 31, 2024 include a tax benefit of $416 million related to internal legal entity restructuring. This amount also includes tax expense of $10 million on the non-operating pension income and a tax benefit of $72 million associated with special items. Special items for the year ended December 31, 2023 includes a tax benefit of $23 million for the settlement of tax audits and tax expense of $4 million related to internal legal entity restructuring. This amount also includes tax benefit of $13 million on the non-operating pension expense and a tax benefit of $36 million associated with special items.
In millions Three Months Ended December 31, 2024 Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 Three Months Ended December 31, 2023
Net Earnings (Loss) $ (147) $ 150 $ (284)
Less - Discontinued operations, net of taxes (gain) loss - - -
Earnings (Loss) from Continuing Operations (147) 150 (284)
Add back - Non-operating pension expense (income) (8) (12) 14
Add back - Net special items expense (income) 182 114 124
Income tax effect - Non-operating pension and special items (a) (34) (99) (29)
Adjusted Operating Earnings (Loss) $ (7) $ 153 $ (175)
(a) This amount for the three months ended December 31, 2024 includes tax expense of $2 million on the non-operating pension income and a tax benefit of $36 million associated with special items. Special items for the three months ended September 30, 2024 include a tax benefit of $78 million related to internal legal entity restructuring. This amount also includes tax expense of $3 million on the non-operating pension income and a tax benefit of $24 million associated with special items. Special items for the
three months ended December 31, 2023 include tax expense of $4 million related to internal legal entity restructuring. This amount also includes tax benefit of $3 million on the non-operating pension expense and a tax benefit of $30 million associated with special items.
Effects of Net Special Items Expense (Income)
Pre-tax special items included in continuing operations totaling $363 million and $150 million were recorded in 2024 and 2023, respectively. Details of these charges were as follows:
Special Items
In millions 2024 2023
Mill closure costs $ 121 (a) $ 118 (a)
Severance and other costs 105 (b) (19) (j)
DS Smith combination costs 86 (c) -
Environmental remediation reserve adjustments 60 (d) 36 (d)
Strategic advisory fees 37 (c) -
Third-party warehouse fire 13 (e) -
Legal reserve adjustments 10 (f) -
Global Cellulose Fibers strategic options costs 5 (c)
Net (gains) on sales of fixed assets (58) (g) -
Italy antitrust (6) (h) -
Equity method investment impairment - 18 (k)
Interest related to settlement of tax audits (10) (i) (6) (i)
Interest related to the timber monetization settlement - 3 (l)
Total Pre-Tax Special Items $ 363 $ 150
(a) Severance and other closure costs associated with our mill strategic actions recorded in restructuring and other charges, net.
(b) Severance and other costs associated with the Company's 80/20 strategic approach which includes the realignment of resources recorded in restructuring and other charges, net.
(c) Transaction related costs that the Company believes are not reflective of the Company's underlying operations recorded in selling and administrative expenses.
(d) Environmental remediation adjustments associated with remediation work at sites that have been closed/divested that the Company believes are not reflective of the Company's underlying operations recorded in cost of products sold.
(e) The Company's cost for third-party damages associated with a warehouse fire in Morocco recorded in cost of products sold.
(f) Legal reserve adjustment associated with a previously discontinued business recorded in cost of products sold.
(g) Net gains related to the sale of a building at our permanently closed Orange, Texas containerboard mill, miscellaneous land sales and other items that the Company does not believe are reflective of the Company's underlying operations recorded in net (gains) losses on fixed assets.
(h) Settlement associated with an Italian antitrust matter initially recorded as a special item in 2019 recorded in cost of products sold.
(i) Interest income on tax overpayments in prior years associated with the settlement of certain tax audits recorded in interest expense, net.
(j) Revision of severance estimates related to the Company's Build a Better IP initiative recorded in restructuring and other charges, net.
(k) Other-than-temporary impairment of an equity method investment recorded in equity earnings (loss), net of taxes.
(l) Interest income related to the settlement of the timber monetization restructuring tax matter recorded in interest expense, net.
The following is a reconciliation of Net earnings (loss) to Adjusted operating earnings (loss) on a per share basis.
2024 2023
Diluted Earnings (Loss) Per Share $ 1.57 $ 0.82
Less - Discontinued operations, net of taxes (gain) loss per share - 0.04
Diluted Earnings (Loss) Per Share from Continuing Operations 1.57 0.86
Add back - Non-operating pension expense (income) per share (0.12) 0.15
Add back - Net special items expense (income) per share 1.02 0.43
Income tax effect per share - Non-operating pension and special items (1.34) (0.19)
Adjusted Operating Earnings (Loss) Per Share $ 1.13 $ 1.25
Three Months Ended December 31, 2024 Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 Three Months Ended December 31, 2023
Diluted Earnings (Loss) Per Share $ (0.42) $ 0.42 $ (0.82)
Less - Discontinued operations, net of taxes (gain) loss per share - - -
Diluted Earnings (Loss) Per Share from Continuing Operations (0.42) 0.42 (0.82)
Add back - Non-operating pension expense (income) per share (0.02) (0.03) 0.04
Add back - Net special items expense (income) per share 0.52 0.33 0.36
Income tax effect per share - Non-operating pension and special items (0.10) (0.28) (0.09)
Adjusted Operating Earnings (Loss) Per Share $ (0.02) $ 0.44 $ (0.51)
Cash provided by operations, including discontinued operations, totaled approximately $1.7 billion and $1.8 billion for 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company generated free cash flow of approximately $757 million in 2024 and $692 million in 2023. Free cash flow is a non-GAAP measure, which equals cash provided by operations less cash invested in capital projects, and the most directly comparable GAAP measure is cash provided by (used for) operations. Management utilizes this measure in connection with managing our business and believes that free cash flow is useful to investors as a liquidity measure because it measures the amount of cash generated that is available, after reinvesting in the
business, to maintain a strong balance sheet, pay dividends, repurchase stock, service debt and make investments for future growth. It should not be inferred that the entire free cash flow amount is available for discretionary expenditures.
The following are reconciliations of free cash flow to cash provided by operations:
In millions 2024 2023
Cash provided by operations $ 1,678 $ 1,833
Adjustments:
Cash invested in capital projects (921) (1,141)
Free Cash Flow $ 757 $ 692
In millions Three Months Ended December 31, 2024 Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 Three Months Ended December 31, 2023
Cash provided by operations $ 397 $ 521 $ 492
Adjustments:
Cash invested in capital projects (260) (212) (305)
Free Cash Flow $ 137 $ 309 $ 187
The non-GAAP financial measures presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K as referenced above have limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for an analysis of our results calculated in accordance with GAAP. In addition, because not all companies utilize identical calculations, the Company's presentation of non-GAAP measures in this Annual Report on Form 10-K may not be comparable to similarly titled measures disclosed by other companies, including companies in the same industry as the Company. Investors are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any non-GAAP financial measures used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
International Paper generated $1.7 billion of cash flow from operations for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with $1.8 billion, including discontinued operations, in 2023. Capital spending for 2024 totaled $921 million, or 71% of depreciation and amortization expense. Our liquidity position remains strong, supported by approximately $1.9 billion of credit facilities.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
While the operating results for International Paper’s various business segments are driven by a number of business-specific factors, changes in International Paper’s operating results are closely tied to changes in general economic conditions in North America,
Europe, Latin America, North Africa and the Middle East.
Factors that impact the demand for our products include industrial non-durable goods production, consumer preferences, consumer spending and movements in currency exchange rates.
Product prices are affected by a variety of factors including general economic trends, inventory levels, currency exchange rate movements and worldwide capacity utilization. In addition to these revenue-related factors, net earnings are impacted by various cost drivers, the more significant of which include changes in raw material costs, principally wood, recovered fiber and chemical costs; energy costs; freight costs; mill outage costs; salary and benefits costs, including pensions; and manufacturing conversion costs.
The following summarizes our results from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared with the year ended December 31, 2023:
In millions 2024 2023
Net sales $ 18,619 $ 18,916
Cost of products sold 13,376 13,629
Selling and administrative expenses 1,840 1,360
Depreciation and amortization 1,305 1,432
Distribution expenses 1,475 1,575
Taxes other than payroll and income taxes 147 154
Restructuring and other charges, net 221 99
Net (gains) losses on sales of fixed assets (58) -
Interest expense, net 208 231
Non-operating pension (income) expense (42) 54
Earnings from continuing operations before income taxes and equity earnings (loss) 147 382
Income tax provision (benefit) (415) 59
Equity earnings (loss), net of taxes (5) (21)
Earnings (loss) from continuing operations $ 557 $ 302
TWELVE MONTHS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 COMPARED TO THE TWELVE MONTHS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023
The following is a discussion of International Paper’s consolidated results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024, and the major factors affecting these results compared to 2023.
Refer to the Effects of Net Special Items Expense (Income) section beginning on page 37 for details of net special items expense (income) discussed below.
Net sales
Net sales for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased by $297 million or 2% compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease was driven by lower sales volumes partially offset by higher sales prices. International net sales (based on the location of the seller and including U.S. exports) totaled $5.2 billion or 28% of total sales in 2024. This compares with international net sales of $5.3 billion in 2023 or 28% of total sales. Additional details on net sales are provided in the Business Segment Results section below.
Cost of products sold
Compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, cost of products sold for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased by $253 million or 2%. Net special items includes charges of $77 million and $36 million in the year ended December 31, 2024 and the year ended December 31, 2023, respectively, in cost of products sold. Additionally, there were decreases of $368 million driven by lower sales and lower fuel and packaging expense, partially offset by an increase in raw materials, maintenance and other expenses of $75 million.
Selling and administrative expenses
Compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, selling and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased by $480 million or 35%. Net special items includes charges of $128 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 in selling and administrative expenses. There were no special items included in selling and administrative expense for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in 2024 compared to the 2023 was primarily driven by higher incentive compensation of $325 million.
Depreciation and amortization
Compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, depreciation and amortization for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased by $127 million or 9%. Depreciation expense includes $233 million and $422 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, for accelerated depreciation related to mill and other 80/20 strategic actions. The decrease in 2024 compared to 2023 was primarily driven by less accelerated depreciation, partially offset by the write-down of fixed assets for the Ixtac, Mexico box plant fire in 2024.
Distribution expenses
Compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, distribution expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased by $100 million or 6%, primarily driven by lower freight expense of $76 million reflecting lower sales volumes.
Taxes other than payroll and income taxes
Compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, taxes other than payroll and income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased by $7 million or 5%, primarily driven by lower real estate tax expense of $8 million due to the divestiture of real estate.
Interest expense, net
Compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, interest expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased by $23 million or 10%. Net special items includes income of $10 million and $3 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, in interest expense, net. The decrease in 2024 compared to 2023 was primarily driven by higher interest income of $22 million in 2024.
Income tax provision (benefit)
Refer to Income Taxes section on pages 41 and 42 for discussion on income tax provision (benefit) and income tax rates.
Net earnings (loss) and earnings (loss) from continuing operations
Full year 2024 net earnings totaled $557 million ($1.57 per diluted share), compared with net earnings of $288 million ($0.82 per diluted share) in 2023. Amounts in 2023 include the results of discontinued operations.
Earnings from continuing operations after taxes in 2024 and 2023 were as follows:
In millions 2024 2023
Earnings from continuing operations $ 557 (a) $ 302 (b)
(a)Includes $125 million of net special items income and $32 million of non-operating pension income.
(b)Includes $95 million of net special items charges and $41 million of non-operating pension expense.
Compared with 2023, the benefits from higher sales prices net of an unfavorable mix ($163 million), lower maintenance outage costs ($52 million), lower accelerated depreciation expense ($147 million), lower net interest expense ($12 million) and lower tax expense ($41 million) were partially offset by lower sales volumes ($92 million), higher operating costs ($293 million), higher input costs ($54 million) and higher corporate and other costs ($12 million). In addition, 2024 results included lower equity earnings, net of taxes.
See Business Segment Results on pages 42 through 44 of Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for a discussion of the impact of these factors by segment.
DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS
On September 18, 2023, the Company completed the sale of its Ilim equity investment and, as a result, all current and historical results of the Ilim investment are presented as Discontinued Operations, net of taxes and our equity investment is no longer a separate reportable industry segment. This transaction is discussed further in Note 10 - Equity Method Investments on page 75 of Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for further discussion.
Discontinued operations include the equity earnings of the prior Ilim joint venture. Discontinued operations also includes after-tax losses of $126 million in 2023 for impairment and transaction costs related to our former equity method investment in the Ilim joint venture.
INCOME TAXES
The following is a reconciliation of the net income tax provision (benefit) to the operational income tax provision and the reported effective income tax rate to the operational effective income tax rate:
In millions 2024 2023
Provision (Benefit) Rate Provision (Benefit) Rate
Income tax provision (benefit) and reported effective income tax rate $ (415) (282) % $ 59 15 %
Income tax effect - non-operating pension (income) expense and special items 478 68
Operational Tax Provision and Operational Effective Tax Rate $ 63 13 % $ 127 22 %
A net income tax benefit from continuing operations of $415 million was recorded for 2024 and the reported effective income tax rate was (282)%. This includes a tax benefit of $416 million related to internal legal entity restructuring. Excluding this item, a $72 million net tax benefit for other special items and a $10 million tax expense related to non-operating pension expense, the operational tax provision (non-GAAP) for 2024 was $63 million, or 13% of pre-tax earnings before equity earnings.
A net income tax provision from continuing operations of $59 million was recorded for 2023 and the reported effective income tax rate was 15%. This includes a tax benefit of $23 million related to the settlement of tax audits and tax expense of $4 million related to internal legal entity restructuring. Excluding these items, a $36 million net tax benefit for other special items and a $13 million tax benefit related to non-operating pension income, the operational tax
provision (non-GAAP) for 2023 was $127 million, or 22% of pre-tax earnings before equity earnings.
The operational income tax provision and operational effective income tax rate are non-GAAP financial measures and are calculated by adjusting the income tax provision from continuing operations and rate to exclude the tax effect of net special items and non-operating pension expense (income). The most directly comparable GAAP measures are the reported income tax provision and effective income tax rate, respectively. Management believes that this presentation provides useful information to investors by providing a meaningful comparison of the income tax rate between past and present periods.
DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS SEGMENTS
International Paper’s business segments discussed below are consistent with the internal structure used to manage these businesses. All segments are differentiated on a common product, common customer basis consistent with the business segmentation generally used in the forest products industry.
INDUSTRIAL PACKAGING
The majority of our business is focused on creating fiber-based packaging that protects and promotes goods, enables worldwide commerce and helps keep consumers safe. We meet our customers’ most challenging sales, shipping, storage and display requirements with sustainable solutions. Our U.S. production capacity is approximately 13 million tons annually.
Containerboard includes linerboard, medium, whitetop, recycled linerboard, recycled medium and saturating kraft. Approximately 75% of our production is converted into corrugated packaging and other packaging by our 168 North American corrugated packaging plants. Additionally, we recycle approximately one million tons of OCC and mixed and white paper through our 16 U.S. recycling plants. Our corrugated packaging plants are supported by regional design centers, which offer total packaging solutions and supply chain initiatives. In EMEA, our operations include one recycled fiber containerboard mill in Morocco and one in Spain and 23 corrugated packaging plants in France, Italy, Spain, Morocco and Portugal.
GLOBAL CELLULOSE FIBERS
Cellulose fibers are a sustainable, renewable raw material used in a variety of products people depend on every day. We create safe, quality pulp for a wide range of applications like diapers, towel and tissue products, feminine care, incontinence and other
personal care products that promote health and wellness. In addition, our innovative specialty pulps serve as a sustainable raw material used in textiles, construction materials, paints, coatings and more. Our products are made in the United States and Canada and sold around the world. International Paper facilities have annual dried pulp capacity of about 3 million metric tons.
BUSINESS SEGMENT RESULTS
The Company currently operates in two segments: Industrial Packaging and Global Cellulose Fibers. On September 18, 2023, the Company completed the sale of its Ilim equity investment and, as a result, all historical results of the Ilim investment are presented as Discontinued Operations, net of taxes and our equity investment is no longer a separate reportable segment.
The following tables present net sales and business segment operating profit (loss), which is the Company's measure of segment profitability. Business segment operating profit (loss) is a measure reported to our management for purposes of making decisions about allocating resources to our business segments and assessing the performance of our business segments and is presented in our financial statement footnotes in accordance with ASC 280 - "Segment Reporting". During 2024, business segment operating profits (losses) used by the chief operating decision maker were adjusted to include accelerated depreciation as part of the measure of business performance. As such, results for the year ended December 31, 2023 have been recast to reflect $422 million for accelerated depreciation related to mill strategic actions in business segment operating profit (losses). For additional information regarding business segment operating profit (loss), including a description of the manner in which business segment operating profit (loss) is calculated, see Note 20 - Financial Information by Business Segment starting on page 95 of Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
INDUSTRIAL PACKAGING
Demand for Industrial Packaging products is closely correlated with non-durable industrial goods production, as well as with demand for e-commerce, processed foods, poultry, meat and agricultural products. In addition to prices and volumes, major factors affecting the profitability of Industrial Packaging are raw material and energy costs, freight costs, mill outage costs, manufacturing efficiency and product mix.
Industrial Packaging
In millions 2024 2023
Net Sales $ 15,534 $ 15,596
Operating Profit (Loss) $ 951 $ 919
Industrial Packaging net sales for 2024 decreased to $15.5 billion compared with $15.6 billion in 2023. Operating profits in 2024 were 3% higher than in 2023. Comparing 2024 with 2023, benefits from higher sales prices net of an unfavorable mix ($310 million), lower maintenance outage costs ($17 million) and lower accelerated depreciation expense ($336 million) were partially offset by lower sales volumes ($128 million), higher operating costs ($390 million) and higher input costs ($113 million).
North American Packaging Solutions
In millions 2024 2023
Net Sales (a) $ 14,293 $ 14,293
Operating Profit (Loss) $ 891 $ 839
(a) Includes intra-segment sales of $114 million for 2024 and $95 million for 2023.
North American Packaging Solutions' net sales were flat as the benefits of higher prices for both containerboard and corrugated boxes were offset by an unfavorable geographic mix and lower sales volumes. Sales volumes decreased in 2024 compared with 2023 for corrugated boxes reflecting the impact of our box go-to-market strategy. Total maintenance and economic downtime was about 1.2 million short tons lower in 2024 compared with 2023, primarily due to economic downtime that was favorably impacted by the mill strategic actions taken in the fourth quarter of 2023. Cost of products sold decreased by $53 million and was impacted by higher operating costs, lower planned maintenance downtime costs and higher input costs. Operating costs were higher primarily due to increased costs on materials and services, increased spending on maintenance and reliability and higher employee benefits costs, partially offset by lower economic downtime. Input costs were higher, driven by higher recovered fiber costs, partially offset by lower energy, freight and wood costs. Selling and administrative expenses were $347 million higher due to higher incentive compensation expense. Distribution costs were $64 million lower driven by lower sales volumes.
Looking ahead to the first quarter of 2025, compared with the fourth quarter of 2024, sales volumes for corrugated boxes are expected to be higher. Average sales margins are expected to be lower. Operating costs are expected to be lower. Planned maintenance downtime costs are expected to be lower. Input costs are expected to be lower, primarily for recovered fiber.
EMEA Industrial Packaging
In millions 2024 2023
Net Sales $ 1,355 $ 1,398
Operating Profit (Loss) $ 60 $ 80
EMEA Industrial Packaging's net sales were lower in 2024 than in 2023 reflecting lower average sales prices partially offset by a favorable product mix and higher sales volumes. Cost of products sold decreased $55 million and was impacted by higher operating costs, higher planned maintenance downtime costs and lower input costs. Operating costs were negatively impacted by a warehouse fire in Morocco and higher administrative spend. Input costs were lower in 2024, driven by energy and chemical costs mostly offset by higher purchased pulp costs. Input costs benefited from an energy subsidy in both 2024 and 2023. Selling and administrative expenses were $26 million higher driven by incentive compensation expense. Distribution expenses were flat.
Entering the first quarter of 2025, compared with the fourth quarter of 2024, sales volumes are expected to be stable. Average sales margins are expected to be lower, reflecting higher containerboard costs. Operating costs are expected to be lower. Planned maintenance outage costs are expected to be lower. Other input costs are expected to be lower. Earnings will be impacted by the non-repeat of an energy subsidy received in the fourth quarter 2024.
GLOBAL CELLULOSE FIBERS
Demand for Cellulose Fibers products is closely correlated with changes in demand for absorbent hygiene products, primarily driven by the demographics and income growth in various geographic regions. It is further affected by changes in currency rates that can benefit or hurt producers in different geographic regions. Principal cost drivers include manufacturing efficiency, raw material and energy costs, mill outage costs, and freight costs.
Global Cellulose Fibers
In millions 2024 2023
Net Sales $ 2,793 $ 2,890
Operating Profit (Loss) $ (226) $ (92)
Global Cellulose Fibers net sales for 2024 decreased 3% to $2.8 billion, compared with $2.9 billion in 2023. Operating profits in 2024 decreased compared to 2023. Comparing 2024 with 2023, benefits from higher sales volumes ($9 million), lower operating costs ($11 million), lower planned maintenance outage costs ($50 million) and lower input costs ($43 million) were more than offset by lower average sales price net of a favorable mix
($100 million) and higher accelerated depreciation expense ($147 million).
Net sales in 2024 compared with 2023 were lower, driven by lower average sales prices. Total maintenance and economic downtime was about 535,000 short tons lower in 2024 compared with 2023, due to both economic and maintenance downtime. Economic downtime was impacted by the mill strategic actions taken in the second half of 2023 and the fourth quarter of 2024. Cost of products sold decreased by $138 million and was impacted by higher operating costs, lower planned downtime costs and lower input costs. Operating costs increased, driven by higher costs on materials and services and reliability incidents. Input costs were lower, driven by energy, chemicals, freight and wood. Selling and administrative expenses increased $51 million driven by higher incentive compensation expense. Distribution costs were lower by $40 million.
Entering the first quarter of 2025, compared with the fourth quarter of 2024, sales volumes are expected to be stable. Average sales margins are expected to be lower. Operating costs are expected to be lower. Planned maintenance outage costs are expected to be higher than in the fourth quarter of 2024. Input costs are expected to be stable. Operating profit will benefit from the non-repeat of accelerated depreciation expense in the fourth quarter of 2024.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
OVERVIEW
A major factor in International Paper’s liquidity and capital resource planning is generation of operating cash flow, which is highly sensitive to changes in the pricing and demand for our major products. While changes in key operating cash costs, such as raw material, energy, mill outage and distribution, have an effect on operating cash generation, we believe our focus on commercial and operational excellence, as well as our ability to tightly manage costs and working capital has improved our cash flow generation over an operating cycle.
Use of cash during 2024 was primarily focused on working capital requirements, capital spending and returning cash to shareholders through dividends.
CASH PROVIDED BY OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Cash provided by operations, including discontinued operations, totaled $1.7 billion in 2024, compared with $1.8 billion for 2023. Cash used by working capital components (accounts receivable, contract assets and inventory less accounts payable and accrued liabilities, interest payable and other) totaled $10 million in 2024, compared with cash used by
working capital components of $2 million in 2023. Cash dividends received from equity investments were $13 million in 2023. There were no cash dividends received from equity method investments in 2024. The change in cash provided by operations in 2024 compared to the 2023 period was primarily due to lower accounts receivable cash receipts due to the timing of sales, partially offset by higher incentive compensation.
INVESTMENT ACTIVITIES
Cash used for investment activities totaled $808 million in 2024 compared with $668 million in 2023. The increase in cash used for investment activities in 2024 compared to 2023 is mainly due to proceeds from sales of equity method investments of $472 million received in 2023. Additionally, 2024 includes lower capital spending and proceeds from insurance recoveries and the sale of fixed assets.
Capital spending was $921 million in 2024, or 71% of depreciation and amortization, compared with $1.1 billion in 2023, or 80% of depreciation and amortization. Capital spending as a percentage of depreciation and amortization was impacted by accelerated depreciation of $233 million and $422 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, related to mill strategic actions and other 80/20 strategic actions.
The following table shows capital spending by business segment for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:
In millions 2024 2023
Industrial Packaging $ 763 $ 928
Global Cellulose Fibers 133 177
Subtotal 896 1,105
Corporate and other 25 36
Capital Spending $ 921 $ 1,141
Acquisitions
See Note 7 Acquisitions on page 72 of Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for a discussion of the Company's acquisitions.
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Financing activities during 2024 included debt issuances of $102 million and reductions of $141 million for a net decrease of $39 million. Financing activities during 2023 included debt issuances of $783 million and reductions of $780 million.
There were no early debt extinguishments during the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
Other financing activities during 2024 included the net issuance of approximately 2.0 million shares of treasury stock, while repurchases of common stock and payments of restricted stock withholding taxes totaled $23 million. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company did not repurchase any shares of common stock under our share repurchase program. Through December 31, 2024, the Company had repurchased 119.8 million shares at an average price of $46.23, for a total of approximately $5.5 billion, since the repurchase program began in September 2013. The Company paid cash dividends totaling $643 million during 2024.
Other financing activities during 2023 included the net issuance of approximately 1.6 million shares of treasury stock. Repurchases of common stock and payments of restricted stock withholding taxes totaled $218 million, including $197 million related to shares repurchased under the Company's share repurchase program. The Company paid cash dividends totaling $642 million during 2023.
Interest Rate Swaps
Our policy is to manage interest cost using a mixture of fixed-rate and variable-rate debt. To manage this risk, International Paper utilizes interest rate swaps to change the mix of fixed and variable rate debt. During 2020, International Paper terminated its interest rate swaps with a notional amount of $700 million and maturities ranging from 2024 to 2026 with an approximate fair value of $85 million. Subsequent to the termination of the interest rate swaps, the fair value basis adjustment is amortized to earnings as interest income over the same period as a debt premium on the previously hedged debt. The Company had no outstanding interest rate swaps for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
Variable Interest Entities
Information concerning variable interest entities is set forth in Note 14 Variable Interest Entities on pages 83 and 84 of Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. In connection with the 2006 International Paper installment sale of forestlands, we received $4.8 billion of installment notes. These installment notes were used by variable interest entities as collateral for borrowings from third-party lenders. These variable interest entities were restructured in 2015 (the "2015 Financing Entities") when the installment notes and third-party loans were extended. The 2015 Financing Entities held installment notes of $4.8 billion and third-party loans
of $4.2 billion which both matured in August 2021. We settled the third-party loans at their maturity with the proceeds from the installment notes. This resulted in cash proceeds of approximately $630 million representing our equity in the 2015 Financing Entities. Maturity of the installment notes and termination of the monetization structure also resulted in a $72 million tax liability that was paid in the fourth quarter of 2021. On September 2, 2022, the Company and the Internal Revenue Service agreed to settle the 2015 Financing Entities timber monetization restructuring tax matter. Under this agreement, the Company agreed to fully resolve the matter and pay $252 million in U.S. federal income taxes. As a result, interest was charged upon closing of the audit. The amount of interest expense recognized in 2022 was $58 million. As of December 31, 2023, $252 million in U.S. federal income taxes and $58 million in interest expense have been paid as a result of the settlement agreement. The Company has now fully satisfied the payment terms of the settlement agreement regarding the 2015 Financing Entities timber monetization restructuring tax matter. The reversal of the Company’s remaining deferred tax liability associated with the 2015 Financing Entities of $604 million was recognized as a one-time tax benefit in the third quarter of 2022.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES OUTLOOK FOR 2025
We intend to continue making choices for the use of cash that are consistent with our capital allocation framework to drive long-term value creation. These include maintaining a strong balance sheet and investment grade credit rating, and creating value with a continued focus on cost reduction and making organic investments to maintain our world-class system and strengthen our businesses.
On October 11, 2022, our Board of Directors approved an additional $1.5 billion under our share repurchase program. This program does not have an expiration date and has approximately $2.96 billion aggregate amount of shares of common stock remaining authorized for purchase as of December 31, 2024. We may repurchase shares under such authorization in open market transactions (including block trades), privately negotiated transactions or otherwise, subject to prevailing market conditions, our liquidity requirements, applicable securities laws requirements and other factors. In addition, we have paid regular quarterly cash dividends and expect to continue to pay regular quarterly cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Each quarterly dividend is subject to review and approval by our Board of Directors.
Capital Expenditures and Long-Term Debt
Capital spending for 2025 is planned at approximately $1.2 billion, or about 117% of depreciation and amortization.
At December 31, 2024, International Paper’s credit agreements totaled $1.9 billion, which is comprised of the $1.4 billion contractually committed bank credit agreement and up to $500 million under the receivables securitization program. In June 2023, the Company amended and restated its credit agreement to, among other things (i) reduce the size of the contractually committed bank facility from $1.5 billion to $1.4 billion, (ii) extend the maturity date from June 2026 to June 2028, and (iii) replace the LIBOR-based rate with a SOFR-based rate. Management believes these credit agreements are adequate to cover expected operating cash flow variability during the current economic cycle. The credit agreements generally provide for interest rates at a floating rate index plus a pre-determined margin dependent upon International Paper’s credit rating. At December 31, 2024, the Company had no borrowings outstanding under the $1.4 billion credit agreement or the $500 million receivables securitization program. The Company’s credit agreements are not subject to any restrictive covenants other than the financial covenants as disclosed on pages 84 and 85 in Note 15 - Debt and Lines of Credit of Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, and the borrowings under the receivables securitization program being limited by eligible receivables. The Company was in compliance with all its debt covenants at December 31, 2024 and was well below the thresholds stipulated under the covenants as defined in the credit agreements. Further the financial covenants do not restrict any borrowings under the credit agreements.
In addition to the $1.9 billion capacity under the Company's credit agreements, International Paper has a commercial paper program with a borrowing capacity of $1.0 billion supported by its $1.4 billion credit agreement. Under the terms of the Company's commercial paper program, individual maturities on borrowings may vary, but not exceed one year from the date of issue. Interest bearing notes may be issued either as fixed or floating rate notes. The Company had no borrowings outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 under this program.
During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company had debt reductions of $141 million in 2024, related primarily to $14 million of capital leases and $127 million of environmental development bonds ("EDB"). In addition, during the year ended
December 31, 2024, the Company also had debt issuances of $102 million of EDBs.
For additional information regarding the Company’s credit agreements and outstanding indebtedness, see Note 15 Debt and Lines of Credit on pages 84 and 85 of Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
International Paper expects to be able to meet projected capital expenditures, service existing debt, meet working capital and dividend requirements and make common stock and/or debt repurchases for the next 12 months and for the foreseeable future thereafter with current cash balances and cash from operations, supplemented as required by its existing credit facilities. The Company will continue to rely on debt and capital markets for the majority of any necessary long-term funding not provided by operating cash flows. Funding decisions will be guided by our capital structure planning objectives. The primary goals of the Company’s capital structure planning are to maximize financial flexibility and maintain appropriate levels of liquidity to meet our needs while managing balance sheet debt and interest expense. We have repurchased, and may continue to repurchase, our common stock (under our existing share repurchase program) and debt (including through open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise) to the extent consistent with this capital structure planning, and subject to prevailing market conditions, our liquidity requirements, applicable securities laws requirements and other factors. The majority of International Paper’s debt is accessed through global public capital markets where we have a wide base of investors.
Maintaining an investment grade credit rating is an important element of International Paper’s financing strategy. At December 31, 2024, the Company held long-term credit ratings of BBB (stable outlook) and Baa2 (stable outlook) by S&P and Moody’s, respectively.
Contractual obligations for future payments under existing debt and lease commitments and purchase obligations at December 31, 2024, were as follows:
In millions 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 Thereafter
Debt maturities (a) $ 193 $ 142 $ 346 $ 672 $ 18 $ 4,190
Operating lease obligations 175 133 94 49 21 21
Purchase obligations (b) 2,121 1,062 866 618 415 1,574
Total (c) $ 2,489 $ 1,337 $ 1,306 $ 1,339 $ 454 $ 5,785
(a)Includes financing lease obligations.
(b)Includes $3.2 billion relating to fiber supply agreements.
(c)Not included in the above table due to the uncertainty of the amount and timing of the payment are unrecognized tax benefits of approximately $199 million. Also not included in
the above table is $67 million of Deemed Repatriation Transition Tax associated with the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act which will be settled from 2025 - 2026. Additionally, the deferred tax liability of $486 million related to the Temple-Inland timber monetization is not included in the table above. It will be settled with the maturity of the notes in 2027.
We consider the undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries as of December 31, 2024, to be permanently reinvested and, accordingly, no U.S. income taxes have been provided thereon (see Note 12 Income Taxes on pages 77 through 79 of Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data). We do not anticipate the need to repatriate funds to the United States to satisfy domestic liquidity needs arising in the ordinary course of business, including liquidity needs associated with our domestic debt service requirements.
Pension Obligations and Funding
At December 31, 2024, the projected benefit obligation for the Company’s U.S. defined benefit plans determined under U.S. GAAP was approximately $156 million higher than the fair value of plan assets, excluding non-U.S. plans. Plans that are subject to minimum funding requirements had plan assets of $92 million higher than the projected benefit obligation. Under current IRS funding rules, the calculation of minimum funding requirements differs from the calculation of the present value of plan benefits (the "projected benefit obligation") for accounting purposes. Funding contributions depend on the funding methods selected by the Company. The selected methods allow for the smoothing of asset values and interest rates used to measure the funding obligations. The Company continually reassesses the amount and timing of any discretionary contributions and elected not to make any voluntary contributions in 2022, 2023 or 2024. At this time, we do not expect to have any required contributions to our plans in 2025, although the Company may elect to make future voluntary contributions. The timing and amount of future contributions, which could be material, will depend on a number of factors, including the actual earnings and changes in values of plan assets and changes in interest rates.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires International Paper to establish accounting policies and to make estimates that affect both the amounts and timing of the recording of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. Some of these estimates require subjective judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain.
Accounting policies whose application has had or is reasonably likely to have a material impact on the reported results of operations and financial position of International Paper, and that can require a significant level of estimation or uncertainty by management that affect their application, include the accounting for contingencies, impairment or disposal of long-lived assets and goodwill, pensions and income taxes. Management has discussed the selection of critical accounting policies and the effect of significant estimates with the Audit and Finance Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors and with its independent registered public accounting firm.
CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
Accruals for contingent liabilities, including personal injury, product liability, environmental, asbestos and other legal matters, are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred or an asset impaired and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Liabilities accrued for legal matters require judgments regarding projected outcomes and range of loss based on historical litigation and settlement experience and recommendations of legal counsel and, if applicable, other experts. Liabilities for environmental matters require evaluations of relevant environmental regulations and estimates of future remediation alternatives and costs. The Company estimated the probable liability associated with environmental matters to be approximately $279 million and $251 million in the aggregate as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Liabilities for asbestos-related matters require reviews of recent and historical claims data. The Company's total recorded liability with respect to pending and future asbestos-related claims was $100 million and $97 million, net of estimated insurance recoveries, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company utilizes its in-house legal counsel and environmental experts to develop estimates of its legal, environmental and asbestos obligations, supplemented as needed by third-party specialists to analyze its most complex contingent liabilities.
IMPAIRMENT OF LONG-LIVED ASSETS AND GOODWILL
Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment upon the occurrence of events or changes in circumstances that indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. A recoverability test is performed by comparing the undiscounted cash flows to carrying value of the assets. If the carrying amount is less than the undiscounted cash flows, the fair value of the assets is compared to the carrying value to determine if they are impaired. An impairment of a long-lived asset exists when the asset’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value.
We perform an annual goodwill impairment as of October 1. Additionally, interim assessments of possible impairments of goodwill are also made when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable through future operations. A goodwill impairment exists when the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its fair value.
The amount and timing of goodwill and long-lived asset impairment charges based on these assessments requires the estimation of future cash flows or the fair market value of the related assets based on management’s best estimates of certain key factors, including future selling prices and volumes, operating, raw material, energy and freight costs, various other projected operating economic factors and other intended uses of the assets.
ASU 2011-08, "Intangibles - Goodwill and Other," allows entities testing goodwill for impairment the option of performing a qualitative assessment before performing the quantitative goodwill impairment test. If a qualitative assessment is performed, an entity is not required to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test unless the entity determines that, based on that qualitative assessment, it is more likely than not that its fair value is less than its carrying value.
The North America Industrial Packaging reporting unit is the Company’s only reporting unit with goodwill. As of October 1, 2024, we performed our annual goodwill impairment test for this reporting unit through a quantitative goodwill impairment test. For the 2024 quantitative assessment, the estimated fair value of the reporting unit was calculated using a weighted approach based on discounted future cash flows, market multiples and transaction multiples. The determination of fair value using the discounted cash flow approach requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions including forecasts of revenues, operating profit margins, and discount rates. The determination of fair value using market multiples and transaction multiples requires management to make significant assumptions related to revenue multiples and adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization ("EBITDA") multiples. The results of our quantitative goodwill impairment test indicated that the carrying amount did not exceed the estimated fair value of the North America Industrial Packaging reporting unit.
PENSION BENEFIT OBLIGATIONS
The calculation of the pension benefit obligation and corresponding expense amounts are determined annually, with involvement of International Paper’s consulting actuary, and are dependent upon various assumptions including the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets, discount rates, projected future compensation increases and mortality rates.
The calculations of pension benefit obligations and expense require decisions about a number of key assumptions that can significantly affect liability and expense amounts, including the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets and the discount rate used to calculate plan liabilities.
Benefit obligations and fair values of plan assets as of December 31, 2024, for International Paper’s pension plan were as follows:
In millions Benefit
Obligation Fair Value of
Plan Assets
U.S. qualified pension $ 8,096 $ 8,189
U.S. nonqualified pension 248 -
Non-U.S. pension 56 20
The table below shows the discount rate used by International Paper to calculate U.S. pension obligations for the years shown:
2024 2023 2022
Discount rate 5.68 % 5.10 % 5.40 %
International Paper determines the actuarial assumptions to calculate liability information as of December 31 each year or more frequently if required and pension expense for the following year. International Paper consults with our third-party actuary in determining these actuarial assumptions. The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets is based on projected rates of return for current asset classes in the plan’s investment portfolio. The discount rate assumption was determined based on a hypothetical settlement portfolio selected from a universe of high-quality corporate bonds.
The expected long-term rate of return on U.S. pension plan assets used to determine net periodic cost for the year ended December 31, 2024 was 7.00%.
Increasing the expected long-term rate of return on U.S. plan assets by an additional 0.25% would decrease 2025 pension expense by approximately $20 million, while a (decrease) increase of 0.25% in the discount rate would (increase) decrease pension expense by approximately $14 million.
Actual rates of return earned on U.S. pension plan assets for each of the last 10 years were:
Year Return Year Return
2024 (0.1) % 2019 23.9 %
2023 7.3 % 2018 (3.0) %
2022 (22.0) % 2017 19.3 %
2021 7.7 % 2016 7.1 %
2020 24.7 % 2015 1.3 %
ASC 715, “Compensation - Retirement Benefits,” provides for delayed recognition of actuarial gains and losses, including amounts arising from changes in the estimated projected plan benefit obligation due to changes in the assumed discount rate, differences between the actual and expected return on plan assets, and other assumption changes. These net gains and losses are recognized in pension expense prospectively over a period that approximates the average remaining service period of active employees expected to receive benefits under the plans to the extent that they are not offset by gains and losses in subsequent years.
Net periodic pension plan expenses, calculated for all of International Paper’s plans, were as follows:
In millions 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020
Pension (income) expense
U.S. plans $ 1 $ 94 $ (116) $ (112) $ 32
Non-U.S. plans 6 5 5 4 5
Net (income) expense $ 7 $ 99 $ (111) $ (108) $ 37
The decrease in 2024 pension expense primarily reflects higher asset returns, lower interest cost due to a lower discount rate, and lower actuarial loss.
Assuming that discount rates, expected long-term returns on plan assets and rates of future compensation increases remain the same as of December 31, 2024, projected future net periodic pension plan expense (income) would be as follows:
In millions 2026 2025
Pension expense (income)
U.S. plans $ 13 $ 36
Non-U.S. plans 5 5
Net (income) expense $ 18 $ 41
The Company estimates that it will record net pension expense of approximately $36 million for its U.S. defined benefit plans in 2025, compared to expense of $1 million in 2024.
The market value of plan assets for International Paper’s U.S. qualified pension plan at December 31, 2024 totaled approximately $8.2 billion, consisting of approximately 62% hedging assets and 38% return seeking assets. The Company’s funding policy for its qualified pension plan is to contribute amounts sufficient to meet legal funding requirements, plus any additional amounts that the Company may determine to be appropriate considering the funded status of the plan, tax deductibility, the cash flows generated by the Company, and other factors. The Company continually reassesses the amount and timing of any discretionary contributions and could elect to make voluntary contributions in the future. There were no required contributions to the U.S. qualified plan in 2024. The nonqualified defined benefit plans are funded to the extent of benefit payments, which totaled $23 million for the year ended December 31, 2024.
INCOME TAXES
International Paper records its global tax provision based on the respective tax rules and regulations for the jurisdictions in which it operates. Where the Company believes that a tax position is supportable for income tax purposes, the item is included in its income tax returns. Where treatment of a position is uncertain, liabilities are recorded based upon the Company’s evaluation of the “more likely than not” outcome considering technical merits of the position based on specific tax regulations and facts of each matter. Changes to recorded liabilities are only made when an identifiable event occurs that changes the likely outcome, such as settlement with the relevant tax authority, the expiration of statutes of limitation for the subject tax year, change in tax laws, or recent court cases that are relevant to the matter. Accrued interest related to these uncertain tax positions is recorded in our consolidated statement of operations in Interest expense, net. The Company's uncertain tax positions were $204 million and $173 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized. Significant judgment is required in assessing the need for and magnitude of appropriate valuation allowances against deferred tax assets. This assessment is completed by tax jurisdiction and relies on both positive and negative evidence available, with significant weight placed on recent financial results. Cumulative reported pre-tax income is considered objectively verifiable positive
evidence of our ability to generate positive pre-tax income in the future. In accordance with GAAP, when there is a recent history of pre-tax losses, there is little or no weight placed on forecasts for purposes of assessing the recoverability of our deferred tax assets. When necessary, we use systematic and logical methods to estimate when deferred tax liabilities will reverse and generate taxable income and when deferred tax assets will reverse and generate tax deductions. Assumptions, judgment, and the use of estimates are required when scheduling the reversal of deferred tax assets and liabilities, and the exercise is inherently complex and subjective. The realization of these assets is dependent on generating future taxable income, as well as successful implementation of various tax planning strategies. The Company's valuation allowance was $1.2 billion and $848 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
While International Paper believes that these judgments and estimates are appropriate and reasonable under the circumstances, actual resolution of these matters may differ from recorded estimated amounts.
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Information concerning certain legal proceedings involving the Company is set forth on pages 79 through 83 of Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, which is incorporated by reference herein. Except as set forth in Note 13 Commitments and Contingent Liabilities, the Company is not subject to any administrative or judicial proceeding arising under any federal, state or local provisions that have been enacted or adopted regulating the discharge of materials into the environment or primarily for the purpose of protecting the environment that is likely to result in monetary sanctions of $1 million or more.
RECENT ACCOUNTING DEVELOPMENTS
See Note 2 Recent Accounting Developments starting on page 66 of Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for a discussion of new accounting pronouncements.
EFFECT OF INFLATION
Inflationary increases in certain input costs, such as energy, wood fiber and chemical costs, can impact the Company’s operating results as can general inflationary conditions, including labor market conditions, economic activity, consumer behavior, and supply shortages and disruptions. During 2024, inflationary pressures stabilized and moderated over the year and did not have a significant impact on our
operating results. The Company's operating results are more strongly influenced by economic supply and demand factors in specific markets due to the impact on sales prices and volumes and exchange rate fluctuations when compared to inflationary factors.
FOREIGN CURRENCY EFFECTS
International Paper has operations in a number of countries. Its operations in those countries also export to, and compete with imports from other regions. As such, currency movements can have a number of direct and indirect impacts on the Company’s financial statements. Direct impacts include the translation of international operations’ local currency financial statements into U.S. dollars and the remeasurement impact associated with non-functional currency financial assets and liabilities. Indirect impacts include the change in competitiveness of imports into, and exports out of, the United States (and the impact on local currency pricing of products that are traded internationally). In general, a weaker U.S. dollar and stronger local currency is beneficial to International Paper. The currency that has the most impact is the Euro.
MARKET RISK
We use financial instruments, including fixed and variable rate debt, to finance operations, for capital spending programs and for general corporate purposes. Additionally, financial instruments, including various derivative contracts, are used to hedge exposures to interest rate, commodity and foreign currency risks. We do not use financial instruments for trading purposes. Information related to International Paper’s debt obligations is included in Note 15 Debt and Lines of Credit on pages 84 and 85 of Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
The fair value of our debt and financial instruments varies due to changes in market interest and foreign currency rates and commodity prices since the inception of the related instruments. We assess this market risk utilizing a sensitivity analysis. The sensitivity analysis measures the potential loss in earnings, fair values and cash flows based on a hypothetical 10% change (increase and decrease) in interest and currency rates and commodity prices.
INTEREST RATE RISK
Our exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to short- and long-term debt obligations and investments in marketable securities. We invest in investment-grade securities of financial institutions and money market mutual funds with a minimum rating of AAA and limit exposure to any one
issuer or fund. Our investments in marketable securities at December 31, 2024 and 2023 are stated at cost, which approximates market due to their short-term nature. Our interest rate risk exposure related to these investments was not material.
We issue fixed and floating rate debt in a proportion that management deems appropriate based on current and projected market conditions. Derivative instruments, such as interest rate swaps, may be used to execute this strategy. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the fair value of the net liability of financial instruments with exposure to interest rate risk was approximately $4.0 billion and $4.3 billion, respectively. The potential increase in fair value resulting from a 10% adverse shift in quoted interest rates would have been approximately $206 million and $301 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
COMMODITY PRICE RISK
The objective of our commodity exposure management is to minimize volatility in earnings due to large fluctuations in the price of commodities. Commodity swap or forward purchase contracts may be used to manage risks associated with market fluctuations in energy prices. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the net fair value of these contracts was $3 million asset and $27 million asset. The potential loss in fair value from a 10% adverse change in quoted commodity prices for these contracts would have been approximately $1 million and $4 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
FOREIGN CURRENCY RISK
International Paper transacts business in many currencies and is also subject to currency exchange rate risk through investments and businesses owned and operated in foreign countries. The currency that has the most impact is the Euro. Our objective in managing the associated foreign currency risks is to minimize the effect of adverse exchange rate fluctuations on our after-tax cash flows. We address these risks on a limited basis by entering into cross-currency interest rate swaps, or foreign exchange contracts.
At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the net fair value of financial instruments with exposure to foreign currency risk was immaterial. The potential loss in fair value for such financial instruments from a 10% adverse change in quoted foreign currency exchange rates was also immaterial.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
See the preceding discussion regarding market risk.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
REPORT OF MANAGEMENT ON:
Financial Statements
The management of International Paper Company is responsible for the preparation of the consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared using accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America considered appropriate in the circumstances to present fairly the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows on a consistent basis. Management has also prepared the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and is responsible for its accuracy and consistency with the consolidated financial statements.
As can be expected in a complex and dynamic business environment, some financial statement amounts are based on estimates and judgments. Even though estimates and judgments are used, measures have been taken to provide reasonable assurance of the integrity and reliability of the financial information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We have formed a Disclosure Committee to oversee this process.
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been audited by the independent registered public accounting firm Deloitte & Touche LLP (PCAOB ID No. 34). During its audits, Deloitte & Touche LLP was given unrestricted access to all financial records and related data, including minutes of all meetings of shareholders and the Board of Directors and all committees of the Board of Directors. Management believes that all representations made to the independent auditors during their audits were valid and appropriate.
Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
The management of International Paper Company is also responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules (13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Internal control over financial reporting is the process designed by, or under the supervision of, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, and effected by our Board of Directors, management and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes. All internal control systems have inherent limitations, including the possibility of circumvention and overriding of controls,
and therefore can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the designed control objectives. The Company’s internal control system is supported by written policies and procedures, contains self-monitoring mechanisms, and is audited by our internal audit function. Appropriate actions are taken by management to correct deficiencies as they are identified. Our procedures for financial reporting include the active involvement of senior management, our Audit and Finance Committee and our staff of highly qualified financial and legal professionals.
The Company has assessed the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. In making this assessment, it used the criteria described in “Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013)” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ("COSO"). Based on this assessment, management believes that, as of December 31, 2024, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective.
The Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, Deloitte & Touche LLP, has issued its report on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. The report appears on pages 54 through 57.
Internal Control Environment And Board Of Directors Oversight
Our internal control environment includes an enterprise-wide attitude of integrity and control consciousness that establishes a positive “tone at the top.” This is exemplified by our ethics program that includes long-standing principles and policies on ethical business conduct that require employees to maintain the highest ethical and legal standards in the conduct of International Paper business, which have been distributed to all employees. The Company provides a toll-free telephone helpline whereby any employee may anonymously report suspected violations of law or International Paper’s policy; and maintains an office of ethics and business practice. The internal control system further includes careful selection and training of supervisory and management personnel, appropriate delegation of authority and division of responsibility, dissemination of accounting and business policies throughout International Paper, and an extensive program of internal audits with management follow-up.
The Board of Directors, assisted by the Audit and Finance Committee, monitors the integrity of the Company’s financial statements and financial reporting procedures, the performance of the Company’s internal audit function and independent auditors, and other matters set forth in its charter. The
Audit and Finance Committee, which consists of independent directors, meets regularly with representatives of management, and with the independent auditors and the Internal Auditor, with and without management representatives in attendance, to review their activities. The Audit and Finance Committee Charter takes into account the New York Stock Exchange rules relating to audit committees and the SEC rules and regulations promulgated as a result of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The Audit and Finance Committee has reviewed and discussed the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024, including critical accounting policies and significant management judgments, with management and the independent auditors. The Audit and Finance Committee’s report recommending the inclusion of such financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K will be set forth in our Proxy Statement.
ANDREW K. SILVERNAIL
CHAIRMAN AND CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER
TIMOTHY S. NICHOLLS
SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT AND CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of International Paper Company:
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of International Paper Company and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We did not audit the financial statements of Ilim S.A. for the year ended December 31, 2022. The Company’s investment in Ilim S.A. was accounted for by use of the equity method and was presented as held-for-sale and within discontinued operations as of December 31, 2022, as disclosed in Note 10. The accompanying financial statements of the Company include its equity earnings in Ilim S.A. of $296 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The financial statements of Ilim S.A. were audited by AO Business Solutions and Technologies whose report has been furnished to us, and our opinion, insofar as it relates to the amounts included for Ilim S.A. for the year ended December 31, 2022, is based solely on the report of AO Business Solutions and Technologies.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 21, 2025, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public
accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the Audit and Finance Committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Retirement Plans - Fair value of other investments - Refer to Note 17 to the financial statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
As of December 31, 2024, the Company’s qualified Pension Plan held approximately $2.4 billion in investments whose reported value is determined based on net asset value (“NAV”). The strategic asset allocation policy prescribed by the Company’s qualified Pension Plan includes permissible investments in certain hedge funds, private equity funds, and real estate funds whose reported values
are determined based on the estimated NAV of each investment.
These NAVs are generally determined by the qualified Pension Plan’s third-party administrators or fund managers and are subject to review and oversight by management of the Company and its third-party investment advisors.
Given a lack of a readily determinable value of these investments and the subjective nature of the valuation methodologies and unobservable inputs used in these methodologies, auditing the NAV associated with these investments requires a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to the determination of NAV associated with the Company’s qualified Pension Plan’s investments in hedge funds, private equity funds, and real estate funds included the following, among others:
•We tested the effectiveness of controls over the Company’s determination and evaluation of NAV, including those related to the reliability of NAVs reported by third-party administrators and fund managers.
•We inquired of management and the investment advisors regarding changes to the investment portfolio and investment strategies.
•We obtained a confirmation from the third-party custodian as of December 31, 2024 of all individual investments held in trust for the qualified Pension Plan to confirm the existence of each individual asset held in trust.
•For selected investment funds with a fiscal year end of December 31, we performed a retrospective review in which we compared the estimated fair value recorded by the Company in the December 31, 2023 financial statements, to the actual fair value of the fund (using the per-share NAV disclosed in the fund’s subsequently issued audited financial statements), to evaluate the appropriateness of management’s estimation process.
•We rolled forward the valuation from selected funds’ most recently audited financial statements to December 31, 2024. This roll forward procedure included consideration of the Company’s transactions in the fund
during the period, as well as an estimate of the funds’ returns based on an appropriate, independently obtained benchmark or index. We then compared our independent fund valuation estimate to the December 31, 2024, balance recorded by the Company. For certain selected funds, our roll forward procedures included alternative procedures, such as inspecting trust statements for observable transactions near year-end to compare to the estimated fair value.
•For certain investments, we inquired of management to understand year-over-year changes in the fund manager’s estimate of NAV and compared the fund’s return on investment to other available qualitative and quantitative information.
Income taxes - Legal entity restructuring - Refer to Note 12 to the financial statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
During 2024, the Company completed a legal entity restructuring for which a tax benefit was recognized for U.S. federal tax purposes. The tax benefit was derived from the associated tax basis and the fair value of the legal entities subject to the restructuring.
Given the complexity of the legal entity restructuring, including the interpretation of relevant tax regulations, tax authority rulings and the determination of both the associated tax basis and fair values of the legal entities involved, we identified the resulting U.S. federal tax benefit as a critical audit matter. Evaluating the reasonableness of the legal entity restructuring plan and determination of the tax basis requires a high degree of expertise and increased extent of audit effort, including the need to involve our tax specialists. In addition, evaluating the reasonableness of management's estimate of fair value of the legal entities requires a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort, including the need to involve our fair value specialists.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to the reasonableness of the U.S. federal tax benefit recorded in association with the legal entity restructuring included the following procedures, among others:
•We tested the effectiveness of controls over management's evaluation of the U.S. federal tax benefit, including those over the determination of the tax basis and the determination of the fair value of the
Company’s legal entities, such as controls related to management's evaluation of the forecast of revenue and EBITDA, as well as the selection of fair value assumptions, including discount rates and long-term growth rates.
•We evaluated the experience, qualifications, and objectivity of management's experts.
•With the assistance of our tax specialists, we evaluated the reasonableness of the tax basis by:
•Evaluating the underlying transactions that created the tax basis in the legal entities, on a sample basis.
•Evaluating the completeness of the tax basis adjustments.
•Evaluating management's interpretation of relevant tax regulations and tax authority rulings.
•We evaluated key business assumptions, such as revenues and EBITDA forecasts used in the fair value discounted cash flow model by:
•Performing a sensitivity analysis of the revenue and EBITDA forecasts, and their impact to fair value.
•For certain legal entities, we evaluated the reasonableness of management's forecasts of revenue and EBITDA by comparing the forecasts to historical information and information included in third-party macroeconomic benchmarking reports.
•With the assistance of our fair value specialists, we evaluated the reasonableness of the valuation methodology and valuation assumptions, for certain entities, including, discount rates, and long-term growth rates by:
•Testing the source information underlying the determination of discount rates and long-term growth rates, including the mathematical accuracy of the calculations.
•Comparing the long-term growth rates to third-party macroeconomic benchmarking reports.
•Developing a range of independent estimates for the selection of discount rates and comparing the discount rates selected by management to those ranges.
•Performing a sensitivity analysis of the discount rates and long-term growth rates used in the fair value cash flow models, and their impact to fair value.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
Memphis, Tennessee
February 21, 2025
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2002.
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of International Paper Company:
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of International Paper Company and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, of the Company and our report dated February 21, 2025, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Report of Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and
regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
Memphis, Tennessee
February 21, 2025
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS
In millions, except per share amounts, for the years ended December 31 2024 2023 2022
NET SALES $ 18,619 $ 18,916 $ 21,161
COSTS AND EXPENSES
Cost of products sold 13,376 13,629 15,143
Selling and administrative expenses 1,840 1,360 1,293
Depreciation and amortization 1,305 1,432 1,040
Distribution expenses 1,475 1,575 1,783
Taxes other than payroll and income taxes 147 154 148
Restructuring and other charges, net 221 99 89
Net (gains) losses on sales and impairments of businesses - - 76
Net (gains) losses on sales of equity method investments - - 10
Net (gains) losses on sales of fixed assets (58) - -
Net (gains) losses on mark to market investments - - (65)
Interest expense, net 208 231 325
Non-operating pension (income) expense (42) 54 (192)
EARNINGS (LOSS) FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS BEFORE INCOME TAXES AND EQUITY EARNINGS (LOSSES) 147 382 1,511
Income tax provision (benefit) (415) 59 (236)
Equity earnings (loss), net of taxes (5) (21) (6)
EARNINGS (LOSS) FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS 557 302 1,741
Discontinued operations, net of taxes - (14) (237)
NET EARNINGS (LOSS) 557 288 1,504
BASIC EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE
Earnings (loss) from continuing operations $ 1.60 $ 0.87 $ 4.79
Discontinued operations, net of taxes - (0.04) (0.65)
Net earnings (loss) $ 1.60 $ 0.83 $ 4.14
DILUTED EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE
Earnings (loss) from continuing operations $ 1.57 $ 0.86 $ 4.74
Discontinued operations, net of taxes - (0.04) (0.64)
Net earnings (loss) $ 1.57 $ 0.82 $ 4.10
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
In millions for the years ended December 31 2024 2023 2022
NET EARNINGS (LOSS) $ 557 $ 288 $ 1,504
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS), NET OF TAX
Amortization of pension and postretirement prior service costs and net loss:
U.S. plans (less tax of $22, $29 and $28)
69 87 85
Non-U.S. plans (less tax of $0, $0 and $0)
- (1) 1
Pension and postretirement liability adjustments:
U.S. plans (less tax of $(33), $(56) and $(109))
(102) (170) (327)
Non-U.S. plans (less tax of $1, $0 and $1)
(3) 3 8
Change in cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment (less tax of $0, $0 and $0)
(121) 441 (28)
Net gains/losses on cash flow hedging derivatives (less tax of $0, $0 and $1)
- - 2
TOTAL OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS), NET OF TAX (157) 360 (259)
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) 400 648 1,245
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET
In millions, except per share amounts, at December 31 2024 2023
ASSETS
Current Assets
Cash and temporary investments $ 1,170 $ 1,113
Accounts and notes receivable (less allowances of $30 in 2024 and $34 in 2023)
2,966 3,059
Contract assets 396 433
Inventories 1,784 1,889
Other current assets 108 114
Total Current Assets 6,424 6,608
Plants, Properties and Equipment, net 9,658 10,150
Investments 160 163
Long-Term Financial Assets of Variable Interest Entities (Note 14) 2,331 2,312
Goodwill 3,038 3,041
Overfunded Pension Plan Assets 92 118
Right of Use Assets 433 448
Deferred Charges and Other Assets 664 421
TOTAL ASSETS $ 22,800 $ 23,261
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Current Liabilities
Notes payable and current maturities of long-term debt $ 193 $ 138
Accounts payable 2,316 2,442
Accrued payroll and benefits 749 397
Other current liabilities 1,000 982
Total Current Liabilities 4,258 3,959
Long-Term Debt 5,368 5,455
Long-Term Nonrecourse Financial Liabilities of Variable Interest Entities (Note 14) 2,120 2,113
Deferred Income Taxes 1,072 1,552
Underfunded Pension Benefit Obligation 233 280
Postretirement and Postemployment Benefit Obligation 133 140
Long-Term Lease Obligations 292 312
Other Liabilities 1,151 1,095
Commitments and Contingent Liabilities (Note 13)
Equity
Common stock $1 par value, 2024 - 448.9 shares and 2023 - 448.9 shares
449 449
Paid-in capital 4,732 4,730
Retained earnings 9,393 9,491
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (1,722) (1,565)
12,852 13,105
Less: Common stock held in treasury, at cost, 2024 - 101.5 shares and 2023 - 102.9 shares
4,679 4,750
Total Equity 8,173 8,355
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY $ 22,800 $ 23,261
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
In millions for the years ended December 31 2024 2023 2022
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net earnings (loss) $ 557 $ 288 $ 1,504
Depreciation and amortization 1,305 1,432 1,040
Deferred income tax provision (benefit), net (473) (156) (773)
Restructuring and other charges, net 221 99 89
Periodic pension (income) expense, net 1 94 (116)
Net (gains) losses on mark to market investments - - (65)
Net (gains) losses on sales and impairments of businesses - - 76
Net (gains) losses on sales and impairments of equity method investments - 153 543
Net (gains) losses on sales of fixed assets (58) - -
Equity method dividends received - 13 204
Equity (earnings) losses, net 5 (108) (291)
Other, net 130 20 108
Changes in operating assets and liabilities
Accounts and notes receivable 59 255 (59)
Contract assets 36 48 (103)
Inventories 12 73 (162)
Accounts payable and other liabilities (140) (402) 110
Interest payable 16 (19) 41
Other 7 43 28
CASH PROVIDED BY (USED FOR) OPERATING ACTIVITIES 1,678 1,833 2,174
INVESTMENT ACTIVITIES
Invested in capital projects (921) (1,141) (931)
Proceeds from sales of equity method investments, net of transaction costs - 472 -
Proceeds from exchange of equity securities - - 311
Proceeds from insurance recoveries 25 - -
Proceeds from sale of fixed assets 91 4 13
Other (3) (3) (1)
CASH PROVIDED BY (USED FOR) INVESTMENT ACTIVITIES (808) (668) (608)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Repurchases of common stock and payments of restricted stock tax withholding (23) (218) (1,284)
Issuance of debt 102 783 1,011
Reduction of debt (141) (780) (1,017)
Change in book overdrafts (69) (8) 1
Dividends paid (643) (642) (673)
Net debt tender premiums paid - - (89)
Other (1) (1) (3)
CASH PROVIDED BY (USED FOR) FINANCING ACTIVITIES (775) (866) (2,054)
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash (38) 10 (3)
Change in Cash and Temporary Investments 57 309 (491)
Cash and Temporary Investments
Beginning of the period 1,113 804 1,295
End of the period $ 1,170 $ 1,113 $ 804
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
In millions Common Stock Issued Paid-in Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Common Stock Held In Treasury, At Cost Total Equity
BALANCE, JANUARY 1, 2022 $ 449 $ 4,668 $ 9,029 $ (1,666) $ 3,398 $ 9,082
Issuance of stock for various plans, net - 57 - - (75) 132
Repurchase of stock - - - - 1,284 (1,284)
Dividends ($1.850 per share)
- - (678) - - (678)
Comprehensive income (loss) - - 1,504 (259) - 1,245
BALANCE, DECEMBER 31, 2022 449 4,725 9,855 (1,925) 4,607 8,497
Issuance of stock for various plans, net - 5 - - (77) 82
Repurchase of stock - - - - 220 (220)
Dividends ($1.850 per share)
- - (652) - - (652)
Comprehensive income (loss) - - 288 360 - 648
BALANCE, DECEMBER 31, 2023 449 4,730 9,491 (1,565) 4,750 8,355
Issuance of stock for various plans, net - 2 - - (94) 96
Repurchase of stock - - - - 23 (23)
Dividends ($1.850 per share)
- - (655) - - (655)
Comprehensive income (loss) - - 557 (157) - 400
BALANCE, DECEMBER 31, 2024 $ 449 $ 4,732 $ 9,393 $ (1,722) $ 4,679 $ 8,173
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1 SUMMARY OF BUSINESS AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
NATURE OF BUSINESS
International Paper (the "Company") is a global producer of renewable fiber-based packaging and pulp products with primary markets and manufacturing operations in North America and Europe and additional markets and manufacturing operations in Latin America, North Africa and Asia. Substantially all of our businesses have experienced, and are likely to continue to experience, cycles relating to available industry capacity and general economic conditions.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States that require the use of management’s estimates. Actual results could differ from management’s estimates. Certain amounts from prior year have been reclassified to conform with the current year financial statement presentation.
DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS
A discontinued operation may include a component or a group of components of the Company's operations. A disposal of a component or a group of components is reported in discontinued operations if the disposal represents a strategic shift that has or will have a major effect on the Company's operations and financial results when the following occurs: (1) a component (or group of components) meets the criteria to be classified as held for sale; (2) the component or group of components is disposed of by sale; or (3) the component or group of components is disposed of other than by sale (for example, by abandonment or in a distribution to owners in a spin-off). For any component classified as held for sale or disposed of by sale or other than by sale, qualifying for presentation as a discontinued operation, the Company reports the results of operations of the discontinued operations (including any gain or loss recognized on the disposal or loss recognized on classification as held for sale of a discontinued operation), less applicable income taxes (benefit), as a separate component in the consolidated statement of operations for current and all prior periods presented. The Company also reports assets and liabilities associated with discontinued operations as separate line items on the consolidated balance sheet. The Company recorded discontinued
operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 in connection with the sale of its equity method investment in Ilim. See Note 10 for further details.
CONSOLIDATION
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of International Paper and subsidiaries for which we have a controlling financial interest, including variable interest entities for which we are the primary beneficiary. All significant intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated.
EQUITY METHOD INVESTMENTS
The equity method of accounting is applied for investments when the Company has significant influence over the investee’s operations, or when the investee is structured with separate capital accounts. Our material equity method investments are described in Note 10.
OTHER-THAN-TEMPORARY IMPAIRMENT
The Company evaluates our equity method investments for other-than-temporary impairment ("OTTI") when circumstances indicate the investment may be impaired. When a decline in fair value is deemed to be an OTTI, an impairment is recognized to the extent that the fair value is less than the carrying value of the investment. We consider various factors in determining whether a loss in value of an investment is other than temporary including: the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been below cost, the financial condition of the investee, and our intent and ability to retain the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for recovery of value. Management makes certain judgments and estimates in its assessment including but not limited to: identifying if circumstances indicate a decline in value is other than temporary, expectations about operations, as well as industry, financial, regulatory and market factors.
BUSINESS COMBINATIONS
The Company allocates the total consideration of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair value as of the business combination date. In developing estimates of fair values for long-lived assets, including identifiable intangible assets, the Company utilizes a variety of inputs including forecasted cash flows, anticipated growth rates, discount rates, estimated replacement costs and depreciation and obsolescence factors. Determining the fair value for specifically identified intangible assets such as customer lists and developed technology involves judgment. We may refine our estimates and make adjustments to the
assets acquired and liabilities assumed over a measurement period, not to exceed one year. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or the final determination of the values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are charged to the consolidated statement of operations. Subsequent actual results of the underlying business activity supporting the specifically identified intangible assets could change, requiring us to record impairment charges or adjust their economic lives in future periods. See Note 7 for further details.
RESTRUCTURING LIABILITIES AND COSTS
For operations to be closed or restructured, a liability and related expense is recorded in the period when operations cease. For termination costs associated with employees covered by a written or substantive plan, a liability is recorded when it is probable that employees will be entitled to benefits and the amount can be reasonably estimated. For termination costs associated with employees not covered by a written and broadly communicated policy covering involuntary termination benefits (severance plan), a liability is recorded for costs to terminate employees (one-time termination benefits) when the termination plan has been approved and committed to by management, the employees to be terminated have been identified, the termination plan benefit terms are communicated, the employees identified in the plan have been notified and actions required to complete the plan indicate that it is unlikely that significant changes to the plan will be made or that the plan will be withdrawn. The timing and amount of an accrual is dependent upon the type of benefits granted, the timing of communication and other provisions that may be provided in the benefit plan. The accounting for each termination is evaluated individually. See Note 6 for further details.
REVENUE RECOGNITION
Generally, the Company recognizes revenue on a point-in-time basis when the Company transfers control of the goods to the customer. For customized goods where the Company has a legally enforceable right to payment for the goods, the Company recognizes revenue over time, which generally is, as the goods are produced.
The Company’s revenue is primarily derived from fixed consideration; however, we do have contract terms that give rise to variable consideration, primarily volume rebates, early payment discounts and other customer refunds. The Company estimates its volume rebates at the individual customer level based on the most likely amount method outlined in ASC 606 "Revenue from Contracts with Customers".
The Company estimates early payment discounts and other customer refunds based on the historical experience across the Company's portfolio of customers to record reductions in revenue that is consistent with the expected value method outlined in ASC 606. Management has concluded that these methods result in the best estimate of the consideration the Company will be entitled to from its customers.
The Company has elected to present all sales taxes on a net basis, account for shipping and handling activities as fulfillment activities, recognize the incremental costs of obtaining a contract as expense when incurred if the amortization period of the asset the Company would recognize is one year or less, and not record interest income or interest expense when the difference in timing of control or transfer and customer payment is one year or less. See Note 3 for further details.
TEMPORARY INVESTMENTS
Temporary investments with an original maturity of three months or less and money market funds with greater than three-month maturities but with the right to redeem without notice are treated as cash equivalents and are stated at cost, which approximates market value. See Note 8 for further details.
INVENTORIES
Inventories include all costs directly associated with manufacturing products: materials, labor, and manufacturing overhead. In the United States, costs of raw materials and finished pulp and paper products are generally determined using the last-in, first-out method. These inventories are measured at the lower of cost or market. Other inventories are valued using the first-in, first-out or average cost methods. These inventories are measured at the lower of cost or net realizable value. See Note 8 for further details.
LEASED ASSETS
Operating lease right of use ("ROU") assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date of the lease based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The Company's leases may include options to extend or terminate the lease. These options to extend are included in the lease term when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Some leases have variable payments, however, because they are not based on an index or rate, they are not included in the ROU assets and liabilities. Variable payments for real estate leases primarily relate to common area maintenance, insurance, taxes and utilities. Variable payments for equipment, vehicles, and leases within
supply agreements primarily relate to usage, repairs and maintenance. As the implicit rate is not readily determinable for most of the Company's leases, the Company applies a portfolio approach using an estimated incremental borrowing rate to determine the initial present value of lease payments over the lease terms on a collateralized basis over a similar term, which is based on market and company specific information. We use the unsecured borrowing rate and risk-adjust that rate to approximate a collateralized rate, and apply the rate based on the currency of the lease, which is updated on a quarterly basis for measurement of new lease liabilities. Leases having a lease term of twelve months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet and the related lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. In addition, the Company has applied the practical expedient to account for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component for all of the Company's leases except for certain gas and chemical agreements. See Note 9 for further details.
PLANTS, PROPERTIES AND EQUIPMENT
Plants, properties and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Expenditures for betterments are capitalized, whereas normal repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. The units-of-production method of depreciation is used for pulp and paper mills, and the straight-line method is used for other plants and equipment. If a decision is made to abandon plants, properties or equipment before the end of its useful life, depreciation expense is revised to reflect the shortened useful life. See Note 8 for further details.
GOODWILL
Annual evaluation for possible goodwill impairment is performed as of the beginning of the fourth quarter of each year, with additional interim evaluation performed when management believes that it is more likely than not, that events or circumstances have occurred that would result in the impairment of a reporting unit’s goodwill.
The Company has the option to evaluate goodwill for impairment by first performing a qualitative assessment of events and circumstances to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, the Company determines that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amounts, then the quantitative goodwill impairment test is not required to be performed. If the Company determines that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, or if the
Company does not elect the option to perform an initial qualitative assessment, the Company is required to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. In performing this evaluation, the Company estimates the fair value of its reporting unit using a weighted approach based on discounted future cash flows, market multiples and transaction multiples. The determination of fair value using the discounted cash flow approach requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions related to forecasts of future revenues, operating profit margins, and discount rates. The determination of fair value using market multiples and transaction multiples requires management to make significant assumptions related to revenue multiples and adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization ("EBITDA") multiples. For reporting units whose carrying amount is in excess of their estimated fair value, the reporting unit will record an impairment charge by the amount that the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit's fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.
IMPAIRMENT OF LONG-LIVED ASSETS
Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment upon the occurrence of events or changes in circumstances that indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. A recoverability test is performed by comparing the undiscounted cash flows to carrying value of the assets. The inputs related to the undiscounted cash flows requires judgments as to whether assets are held and used or held for sale, the weighting of operational alternatives being considered by management and estimates of the amount and timing of expected future cash flows from the use of the long-lived assets generated by their use. If the carrying amount is less than the undiscounted cash flows, the fair value of the assets is compared to the carrying value to determine if they are impaired. We estimate fair value using discounted cash flows and other valuation techniques as needed. Impaired assets are recorded at their estimated fair value.
INCOME TAXES
International Paper uses the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes whereby deferred income taxes are recorded for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are remeasured to reflect new tax rates in the periods rate changes are enacted.
International Paper records its global tax provision based on the respective tax rules and regulations for the jurisdictions in which it operates. Where the Company believes that a tax position is supportable for income tax purposes, the item is included in its income tax returns. Where treatment of a position is uncertain, liabilities are recorded based upon the Company’s evaluation of the “more likely than not” outcome considering technical merits of the position based on specific tax regulations and facts of each matter. Changes to recorded liabilities are only made when an identifiable event occurs that changes the likely outcome, such as settlement with the relevant tax authority, the expiration of statutes of limitation for the subject tax year, change in tax laws, or recent court cases that are relevant to the matter. Accrued interest related to these uncertain tax positions is recorded in our consolidated statement of operations in Interest expense, net.
The judgments and estimates made by the Company are based on management’s evaluation of the technical merits of a matter, assisted as necessary by consultation with outside consultants, historical experience and other assumptions that management believes are appropriate and reasonable under current circumstances. Actual resolution of these matters may differ from recorded estimated amounts, resulting in adjustments that could materially affect future financial statements. See Note 12 for further details.
Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized. Significant judgment is required in assessing the need for and magnitude of appropriate valuation allowances against deferred tax assets. This assessment is completed by tax jurisdiction and relies on both positive and negative evidence available, with significant weight placed on recent financial results. Cumulative reported pre-tax income is considered objectively verifiable positive evidence of our ability to generate positive pre-tax income in the future. In accordance with GAAP, when there is a recent history of pre-tax losses, there is little or no weight placed on forecasts for purposes of assessing the recoverability of our deferred tax assets. When necessary, we use systematic and logical methods to estimate when deferred tax liabilities will reverse and generate taxable income and when deferred tax assets will reverse and generate tax deductions. Assumptions, judgment, and the use of estimates are required when scheduling the reversal of deferred tax assets and liabilities, and the exercise is inherently complex and subjective. The realization of these assets is dependent on generating future taxable income, as well as
successful implementation of various tax planning strategies.
International Paper uses the flow-through method to account for investment tax credits earned on eligible open-loop biomass facilities and combined heat and power system expenditures. Under this method, the investment tax credits are recognized as a reduction to income tax expense in the year they are earned rather than a reduction in the asset basis.
ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION COSTS
Costs associated with environmental remediation obligations are accrued when such costs are probable and reasonably estimable. Such accruals are adjusted as further information develops or circumstances change. See Note 13 for further details.
TRANSLATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Balance sheets of international operations are translated into U.S. dollars at year-end exchange rates, while statements of operations are translated at average rates. Adjustments resulting from financial statement translations are included as cumulative translation adjustments in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
The guidance for fair value measurements and disclosures sets out a fair value hierarchy that groups fair value measurement inputs into the following three classifications:
Level 1: Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2: Observable market-based inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.
Level 3: Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability reflecting the reporting entity’s own assumptions or external inputs from inactive markets.
Transfers between levels are recognized at the end of the reporting period.
NOTE 2 RECENT ACCOUNTING DEVELOPMENTS
Other than as described below, no new accounting pronouncement issued or effective during the fiscal year has had or is expected to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.
RECENTLY ADOPTED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
Reference Rate Reform
In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standard Update ("ASU") 2020-04, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting." This guidance provides companies with optional guidance to ease the potential accounting burden associated with transitioning away from reference rates that are expected to be discontinued. This guidance is effective upon issuance and generally can be applied through December 31, 2024. The Company has applied this guidance to account for contract modifications due to changes in reference rates as those modifications occurred. This guidance has not had a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
Segment Reporting
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, "Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures." This guidance requires companies to disclose incremental segment information on an annual and interim basis. This guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2024. Amendments are required to be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company adopted this guidance as of January 1, 2024 which only impacted the related disclosure - see Note 20 - Financial Information by Business Segment and Geographic Area.
RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS NOT YET ADOPTED
Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, "Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40)." This guidance requires companies to provide more detailed information of certain income statement expenses within the footnotes to the financial statements. This guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted and should be applied prospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the provisions of this guidance.
Income Taxes
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures." This guidance requires companies to enhance income tax disclosures, particularly around rate reconciliations and income taxes paid information. This guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption of these amendments is permitted and amendments should be applied prospectively. The Company plans to adopt this guidance as of January 1, 2025 and will update disclosures within the Company's 2025 annual filing.
NOTE 3 REVENUE RECOGNITION
DISAGGREGATED REVENUE
Reportable Segments Industrial Packaging Global Cellulose Fibers Corporate & Intersegment Total
Primary Geographical Markets (a)
United States $ 13,386 $ 2,623 $ 291 $ 16,300
EMEA 1,355 77 - 1,432
Pacific Rim and Asia 63 93 1 157
Americas, other than U.S. 730 - - 730
Total $ 15,534 $ 2,793 $ 292 $ 18,619
Operating Segments
North American Industrial Packaging $ 14,293 $ - $ - $ 14,293
EMEA Industrial Packaging 1,355 - - 1,355
Global Cellulose Fibers - 2,793 - 2,793
Intrasegment Eliminations (114) - - (114)
Corporate & Intersegment Sales - - 292 292
Total $ 15,534 $ 2,793 $ 292 $ 18,619
(a) Net sales are attributed to countries based on the location of the reportable segment making the sale.
Reportable Segments Industrial Packaging Global Cellulose Fibers Corporate & Intersegment Total
Primary Geographical Markets (a)
United States $ 13,340 $ 2,570 $ 430 $ 16,340
EMEA 1,398 96 - 1,494
Pacific Rim and Asia 37 224 - 261
Americas, other than U.S. 821 - - 821
Total $ 15,596 $ 2,890 $ 430 $ 18,916
Operating Segments
North American Industrial Packaging $ 14,293 $ - $ - $ 14,293
EMEA Industrial Packaging 1,398 - - 1,398
Global Cellulose Fibers - 2,890 - 2,890
Intrasegment Eliminations (95) - - (95)
Corporate & Intersegment Sales - - 430 430
Total $ 15,596 $ 2,890 $ 430 $ 18,916
(a) Net sales are attributed to countries based on the location of the reportable segment making the sale.
Reportable Segments Industrial Packaging Global Cellulose Fibers Corporate & Intersegment Total
Primary Geographical Markets (a)
United States $ 14,970 $ 3,032 $ 480 $ 18,482
EMEA 1,572 121 - 1,693
Pacific Rim and Asia 46 74 3 123
Americas, other than U.S. 863 - - 863
Total $ 17,451 $ 3,227 $ 483 $ 21,161
Operating Segments
North American Industrial Packaging $ 16,011 $ - $ - $ 16,011
EMEA Industrial Packaging 1,572 - - 1,572
Global Cellulose Fibers - 3,227 - 3,227
Intrasegment Eliminations (132) - - (132)
Corporate & Intersegment Sales - - 483 483
Total $ 17,451 $ 3,227 $ 483 $ 21,161
(a) Net sales are attributed to countries based on the location of the reportable segment making the sale.
REVENUE CONTRACT BALANCES
A contract asset is created when the Company recognizes revenue on its customized products prior to having an unconditional right to payment from the customer, which generally does not occur until title and risk of loss passes to the customer.
A contract liability is created when customers prepay for goods prior to the Company transferring those goods to the customer. The contract liability is reduced once control of the goods is transferred to the customer. The majority of our customer prepayments are received during the fourth quarter each year for goods that will be transferred to customers over the following twelve months. Current liabilities of $30 million and $32 million are included in Other current liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company also recorded a contract liability of $115 million related to a previous acquisition. The balance of this contract liability was $84 million and $92 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and is recorded in Other current liabilities and Other Liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet.
The difference between the opening and closing balances of the Company's contract assets and contract liabilities primarily results from the difference between the price and quantity at comparable points in time for goods which we have an unconditional right to payment or receive prepayment from the customer, respectively.
PERFORMANCE OBLIGATIONS AND SIGNIFICANT JUDGMENTS
International Paper's principal business is to manufacture and sell fiber-based packaging and pulp goods. As a general rule, none of our businesses provide equipment installation or other ancillary services outside of producing and shipping packaging and pulp products to customers.
The nature of the Company's contracts can vary based on the business, customer type and region; however, in all instances it is International Paper's customary business practice to receive a valid order from the customer, in which each parties' rights and related payment terms are clearly identifiable.
Contracts or purchase orders with customers could include a single type of product or it could include multiple types/grades of products. Regardless, the contracted price with the customer is agreed to at the individual product level outlined in the customer contracts or purchase orders. The Company does not
bundle prices; however, we do negotiate with customers on pricing and rebates for the same products based on a variety of factors (e.g. level of contractual volume, geographical location, etc.).
Management has concluded that the prices negotiated with each individual customer are representative of the stand-alone selling price of the product.
NOTE 4 EARNINGS PER SHARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO INTERNATIONAL PAPER COMPANY COMMON SHAREHOLDERS
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing earnings by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share is computed assuming that all potentially dilutive securities were converted into common shares.
There are no adjustments required to be made to net income for purposes of computing basic and diluted earnings per share.
A reconciliation of the amounts included in the computation of basic earnings (loss) per share from continuing operations, and diluted earnings (loss) per share from continuing operations is as follows:
In millions, except per share amounts 2024 2023 2022
Earnings (loss) from continuing operations attributable to International Paper common shareholders $ 557 $ 302 $ 1,741
Weighted average common shares outstanding 347.2 346.9 363.5
Effect of dilutive securities:
Restricted performance share plan 7.0 2.2 3.5
Weighted average common shares outstanding - assuming dilution 354.2 349.1 367.0
Basic earnings (loss) per share from continuing operations $ 1.60 $ 0.87 $ 4.79
Diluted earnings (loss) per share from continuing operations $ 1.57 $ 0.86 $ 4.74
NOTE 5 OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
The following table presents changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss ("AOCI"), net of tax, reported in the consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31:
In millions 2024 2023 2022
Defined Benefit Pension and Postretirement Adjustments
Balance at beginning of period $ (1,276) $ (1,195) $ (962)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications (105) (167) (319)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss 69 86 86
Balance at end of period (1,312) (1,276) (1,195)
Change in Cumulative Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments
Balance at beginning of period (281) (722) (694)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications (121) (76) (38)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss - 517 10
Balance at end of period (402) (281) (722)
Net Gains and Losses on Cash Flow Hedging Derivatives
Balance at beginning of period (8) (8) (10)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss - - 2
Balance at end of period (8) (8) (8)
Total Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) at End of Period $ (1,722) $ (1,565) $ (1,925)
Reclassifications out of AOCI for the three years ended December 31 were as follows:
Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Location of Amount Reclassified from AOCI
2024 2023 2022
In millions
Defined benefit pension and postretirement items:
Prior-service costs $ (13) $ (23) $ (23) (a) Non-operating pension expense
Actuarial gains/(losses) (78) (92) (91) (a) Non-operating pension expense
Total pre-tax amount (91) (115) (114)
Tax (expense)/benefit 22 29 28
Net of tax (69) (86) (86)
Change in cumulative foreign currency translation adjustments:
Business divestiture - (517) (10) (b) Net (gains) losses on sales of equity method investments and Discontinued Operations, net of taxes
Tax (expense)/benefit - - -
Net of tax - (517) (10)
Net gains and losses on cash flow hedging derivatives:
Cash flow hedges - - (3) Interest expense, net
Total pre-tax amount - - (3)
Tax (expense)/benefit - - 1
Total, net of tax - - (2)
Total reclassifications for the period, net of tax $ (69) $ (603) $ (98)
(a) These accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost (see Note 17 - Retirement Plans for additional details).
(b) See Note 10 - Equity Method Investments for additional details for 2023 amounts.
NOTE 6 RESTRUCTURING AND OTHER CHARGES, NET
2024: During 2024, restructuring and other charges, net, totaling $221 million before taxes were recorded. The charges included:
In millions 2024
80/20 strategic approach (a) $ 105
Georgetown mill closure costs (b) 119
Other restructuring items (3)
Total $ 221
(a) Severance and other costs related to the resource alignment component of our 80/20 strategic approach. These severance and other costs include $61 million, $42 million and $2 million in the Corporate, Industrial Packaging and Global Cellulose Fibers segments, respectively. The severance charges are recorded in Accrued payroll and benefits and Other Liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. The majority of these charges will be paid in 2025.
(b) Includes $39 million of severance charges recorded in Accrued payroll and benefits in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet, $34 million of inventory charges recorded in Inventories in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet and $46 million of other costs recorded in Other current liabilities and Other Liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet, associated with the permanent closure of our Georgetown, South Carolina mill. The majority of the severance charges will be paid in 2025.
2023: During 2023, restructuring and other charges, net, totaling $99 million before taxes were recorded. The charges included:
In millions 2023
Orange, Texas mill closure costs (a) $ 81
Pensacola mill and Riegelwood mill pulp machine shutdowns (b) 37
Building a Better IP (c) (19)
Total $ 99
(a) Includes $25 million of severance charges, $30 million of inventory charges and $26 million of other costs associated with the closure of our containerboard mill in Orange, Texas. The majority of the severance charges were paid in 2024.
(b) Includes $21 million of severance charges, $12 million of inventory charges and $4 million of other costs associated with the permanent shutdown of pulp machines at our Riegelwood, North Carolina and Pensacola, Florida mills. The majority of the severance charges were paid in 2024.
(c) Revision of severance estimates related to our Building a Better IP initiative.
2022: During 2022, restructuring and other charges, net, totaling $89 million before taxes were recorded. These charges included:
In millions 2022
Early debt extinguishment costs (see Note 16) $ 93
Other restructuring items (4)
Total $ 89
NOTE 7 ACQUISITIONS
COMPLETED BUSINESS COMBINATION OF DS SMITH
2024: On April 16, 2024, the Company issued an announcement, pursuant to Rule 2.7 of the United Kingdom City Code on Takeovers and Mergers, disclosing the terms of a recommended offer by the Company to acquire the entire issued and to be issued share capital of DS Smith Plc, a public limited company incorporated in England and Wales (“DS Smith”), in an all-stock transaction (the “Business Combination”). Costs related to the transaction were $86 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 and were recorded in selling and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations.
On January 24, 2025, the European Commission issued its Phase I clearance of the business combination, conditional on International Paper entering into commitments to divest its plants in Mortagne, Saint-Amand, and Cabourg (France), Over (Portugal) and Bilbao (Spain). As such, the Company has agreed to divest these locations.
On January 31, 2025, the Company closed on the acquisition of the entire issued and to be issued share capital of DS Smith. Upon closing of the acquisition, IP issued 0.1285 shares for each DS Smith share, resulting in the issuance of 178,126,631 new shares of IP common stock ("New Company Common Stock"). As a result of the share issuance, the holders of the New Company Common Stock own approximately 34.1% of the Company's outstanding share capital. Based on the issuance of 178,126,631 new shares and the closing price of $55.63 on the close of January 31, 2025, the total purchase consideration for the completed acquisition was approximately $9.9 billion. On February 4, 2025, the Company began trading the New Company Common Stock and continues to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "IP" and via a secondary listing on the London Stock Exchange under the symbol "IPC". The headquarters of the combined company is based in Memphis, Tennessee, and the EMEA headquarters has been established at DS Smith's existing main office in London.
NOTE 8 SUPPLEMENTARY FINANCIAL STATEMENT INFORMATION
TEMPORARY INVESTMENTS
Temporary investments totaled $990 million and $950 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
ACCOUNTS AND NOTES RECEIVABLE
Accounts and notes receivable, net, by classification were:
In millions at December 31 2024 2023
Accounts and notes receivable:
Trade (less allowances of $30 in 2024 and $34 in 2023)
$ 2,703 $ 2,841
Other 263 218
Total $ 2,966 $ 3,059
INVENTORIES
In millions at December 31 2024 2023
Raw materials $ 188 $ 229
Finished pulp and packaging products 934 975
Operating supplies 623 622
Other 39 63
Inventories $ 1,784 $ 1,889
The last-in, first-out inventory method is used to value most of International Paper’s U.S. inventories. Approximately 81% of total raw materials and finished products inventories were valued using this method. The last-in, first-out inventory reserve was $336 million and $343 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
PLANTS, PROPERTIES AND EQUIPMENT
In millions at December 31 2024 2023
Pulp and packaging facilities $ 28,249 $ 28,661
Other properties and equipment 1,031 1,050
Gross cost 29,280 29,711
Less: Accumulated depreciation 19,622 19,561
Plants, properties and equipment, net $ 9,658 $ 10,150
Non-cash additions to plants, properties and equipment included within accounts payable were $110 million, $141 million and $185 million at December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Annual straight-line depreciable lives generally are, for buildings - 20 to 40 years, and for machinery and equipment - 3 to 20 years. Depreciation expense was $1.3 billion, $1.4 billion and $996 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, includes $233 million and $422 million, respectively,
of accelerated depreciation related to mill strategic actions and other 80/20 strategic actions. Cost of products sold excludes depreciation and amortization expense.
ACCOUNTS PAYABLE
Under a supplier finance program, International Paper agrees to pay a bank the stated amount of confirmed invoices from its designated suppliers on the original maturity dates of the invoices. International Paper or the bank may terminate the agreement upon at least 90 days’ notice. The supplier invoices that have been confirmed as valid under the program require payment in full on the due date with no terms exceeding 180 days. The accounts payable balance included $115 million and $122 million of supplier finance program liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
The following table presents supplier finance program obligations confirmed and paid for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:
In millions
Confirmed obligations outstanding at December 31, 2022 $ 122
Invoiced confirmed during the year 594
Confirmed invoices paid during the year (594)
Confirmed obligations outstanding at December 31, 2023 122
Invoiced confirmed during the year 516
Confirmed invoices paid during the year (523)
Confirmed obligations outstanding at December 31, 2024 $ 115
INTEREST
Interest payments of $437 million, $463 million and $380 million were made during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Amounts related to interest were as follows:
In millions 2024 2023 2022
Interest expense $ 430 $ 421 $ 403
Interest income 222 190 78
Capitalized interest costs 21 22 18
ASSET RETIREMENT OBLIGATIONS
At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had recorded liabilities of $128 million and $103 million, respectively, related to asset retirement obligations.
In connection with potential future closures or redesigns of certain production facilities, it is possible that the Company may be required to take steps to remove certain materials from these facilities.
Applicable regulations and standards provide that the removal of certain materials would only be required if
the facility were to be demolished or underwent major renovations. At this time, any such obligations have an indeterminate settlement date, and the Company believes that adequate information does not exist to apply an expected-present-value technique to estimate any such potential obligations. Accordingly, the Company does not record a liability for such remediation until a decision is made that allows reasonable estimation of the timing of such remediation.
NOTE 9 LEASES
International Paper leases various real estate, including certain operating facilities, warehouses, office space and land. The Company also leases material handling equipment, vehicles, and certain other equipment. The Company's leases have remaining lease terms of up to 29 years.
COMPONENTS OF LEASE EXPENSE
In millions 2024 2023 2022
Operating lease costs, net $ 188 $ 177 $ 153
Variable lease costs 52 39 39
Short-term lease costs, net 74 71 57
Finance lease cost
Amortization of lease assets 11 12 11
Interest on lease liabilities 3 3 3
Total lease cost, net $ 328 $ 302 $ 263
SUPPLEMENTAL BALANCE SHEET INFORMATION RELATED TO LEASES
In millions Classification 2024 2023
Assets
Operating lease assets Right of use assets $ 433 $ 448
Finance lease assets Plants, properties and equipment, net (a) 39 47
Total leased assets $ 472 $ 495
Liabilities
Current
Operating Other current liabilities $ 156 $ 153
Finance Notes payable and current maturities of long-term debt 11 11
Noncurrent
Operating Long-term lease obligations 292 312
Finance Long-term debt 38 44
Total lease liabilities $ 497 $ 520
(a) Finance leases are recorded net of accumulated amortization of $70 million and $67 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
LEASE TERM AND DISCOUNT RATE
In millions 2024 2023
Weighted average remaining lease term (years)
Operating leases 3.6 years 4.0 years
Finance leases 7.2 years 7.7 years
Weighted average discount rate
Operating leases 4.34 % 3.99 %
Finance leases 4.93 % 4.78 %
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION RELATED TO LEASES
In millions 2024 2023 2022
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows related to operating leases $ 202 $ 180 $ 160
Operating cash flows related to financing leases 3 3 3
Financing cash flows related to finance leases 9 13 10
Right of use assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities
Operating leases 185 216 221
Finance leases 6 12 6
MATURITY OF LEASE LIABILITIES
In millions Operating Leases Financing Leases Total
2025 $ 175 $ 13 $ 188
2026 133 12 145
2027 94 10 104
2028 49 8 57
2029 21 7 28
Thereafter 21 13 34
Total lease payments 493 63 556
Less imputed interest 45 14 59
Present value of lease liabilities $ 448 $ 49 $ 497
NOTE 10 EQUITY METHOD INVESTMENTS
The Company accounts for the following investments under the equity method of accounting.
ILIM S.A. ("Ilim")
On September 18, 2023, pursuant to a previously announced agreement, the Company completed the
sale of its 50% equity interest in Ilim S.A. ("Ilim"), which was a joint venture that operated a pulp and paper business in Russia and its subsidiaries including Ilim Group, to its joint venture partners for $484 million in cash. The Company also completed the sale of all of its Ilim Group shares (constituting a
2.39% stake) for $24 million, and divested other non-material residual interests associated with Ilim, to its joint venture partners. Following the completed sales, the Company no longer has an interest in Ilim or any of its subsidiaries. Additionally, we incurred transaction fees of $36 million in the third quarter of 2023 in connection with the sale of our investment.
The Company reclassified currency translation adjustments in AOCI of $517 million to the investment at the completion of the transaction.
All historical results of the Ilim investment are presented as Discontinued Operations, net of taxes in the consolidated statement of operations.
The following summarizes the items comprising Equity Earnings, Impairment Charges, Tax Expense (Benefit), Discontinued Operations and Dividends related to the sale of our equity interest in Ilim:
In millions Equity Earnings Impairment Charges Tax Expense (Benefit) Discontinued Operations, net of tax (a) Dividends
Year Ended December 31, 2022 $ 296 $ 533 $ - $ (237) $ 204
Year Ended December 31, 2023 $ 112 $ 135 $ (9) $ (14) $ 13
(a) Discontinued operations, net of tax is Equity Earnings less Impairment Charges and Tax Expense (Benefit).
The Company's remaining equity method investments are not material.
NOTE 11 GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLES
GOODWILL
The following table presents changes in the goodwill balances as allocated to each reportable business segment for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:
In millions Industrial
Packaging Global Cellulose Fibers Total
Balance as of December 31, 2022
Goodwill $ 3,413 $ 52 $ 3,465
Accumulated impairment losses (372) (52) (424)
3,041 - 3,041
Balance as of December 31, 2023
Goodwill 3,413 52 3,465
Accumulated impairment losses (372) (52) (424)
3,041 - 3,041
Currency translation and other (a) (3) - (3)
Balance as of December 31, 2024
Goodwill 3,410 52 3,462
Accumulated impairment losses (372) (52) (424)
Total $ 3,038 $ - $ 3,038
(a) Represents the effects of foreign currency translations and reclassifications.
The Company performed its annual goodwill impairment testing by applying the quantitative goodwill impairment test to its North America Industrial Packaging reporting unit as of October 1, 2024. This was performed by comparing the carrying amount of the North America Industrial Packaging reporting unit to its estimated fair value. The estimated fair value of the reporting unit was calculated using a weighted approach based on discounted future cash flows, market multiples and transaction multiples which are classified as Level 2 and Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. The determination of fair value using the discounted cash flow approach requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions related to forecasts of future revenues, operating profit margins, and discount rates. The determination of fair value using market multiples and transaction multiples requires management to make significant assumptions related to revenue multiples and adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation,
and amortization ("EBITDA") multiples. The results of our quantitative goodwill impairment test indicated that the carrying amount did not exceed the estimated fair value of the North America Industrial Packaging reporting unit.
In the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company performed the quantitative goodwill impairment test related to its EMEA Industrial Packaging reporting unit and estimated fair value in the same manner noted above. The results of our quantitative goodwill impairment test indicated that the carrying amount exceeded the estimated fair value of the EMEA Industrial Packaging reporting unit and it was determined that all of the goodwill in the reporting unit, totaling $76 million, was impaired. The decline in the fair value of EMEA Industrial Packaging and resulting impairment charge was due to the impacts of certain negative macroeconomic conditions, including the impacts from inflation and the geopolitical environment to the reporting unit.
OTHER INTANGIBLES
Identifiable intangible assets are recorded in Deferred Charges and Other Assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet and comprised the following:
2024 2023
In millions at December 31 Gross
Carrying
Amount Accumulated
Amortization Net Intangible Assets Gross
Carrying
Amount Accumulated
Amortization Net Intangible Assets
Customer relationships and lists $ 489 $ 360 $ 129 $ 494 $ 335 $ 159
Tradenames, patents and trademarks, and developed technology 170 162 8 170 154 16
Land and water rights 8 2 6 8 2 6
Other 19 17 2 21 19 2
Total $ 686 $ 541 $ 145 $ 693 $ 510 $ 183
The Company recognized the following amounts as amortization expense related to intangible assets:
In millions 2024 2023 2022
Amortization expense related to intangible assets $ 37 $ 37 $ 44
Based on current intangibles subject to amortization, estimated amortization expense for each of the succeeding years is as follows: 2025 - $38 million, 2026 - $29 million, 2027 - $10 million, 2028 - $8 million, 2029 - $7 million, and cumulatively thereafter - $47 million.
NOTE 12 INCOME TAXES
The components of International Paper’s earnings from continuing operations before income taxes and equity earnings by taxing jurisdiction were as follows:
In millions 2024 2023 2022
Earnings (loss)
U.S. $ (140) $ 129 $ 1,469
Non-U.S. 287 253 42
Earnings (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity earnings (losses) $ 147 $ 382 $ 1,511
The provision (benefit) for income taxes from continuing operations (excluding noncontrolling interests) by taxing jurisdiction was as follows:
In millions 2024 2023 2022
Current tax provision (benefit)
U.S. federal $ (4) $ 157 $ 454
U.S. state and local 20 16 56
Non-U.S. 42 42 27
$ 58 $ 215 $ 537
Deferred tax provision (benefit)
U.S. federal $ (367) $ (164) $ (775)
U.S. state and local (98) 3 (39)
Non-U.S. (8) 5 41
$ (473) $ (156) $ (773)
Income tax provision (benefit) $ (415) $ 59 $ (236)
The Company’s deferred income tax provision (benefit) includes a $1 million expense, a $6 million benefit and an $3 million benefit for 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, for the effect of various changes in non-U.S. and U.S. federal and state tax rates.
International Paper made income tax payments, net of refunds, of $394 million, $340 million and $345 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
A reconciliation of income tax expense using the statutory U.S. income tax rate compared with the actual income tax provision follows:
In millions 2024 2023 2022
Earnings (loss) from continuing
operations before income taxes
and equity earnings $ 147 $ 382 $ 1,511
Statutory U.S. income tax rate 21 % 21 % 21 %
Tax expense (benefit) using statutory U.S. income tax rate 31 80 317
State and local income taxes (62) 2 44
Impact of rate differential on non-U.S. permanent differences and earnings (26) (10) 1
Foreign valuation allowance - - 45
Tax expense (benefit) on exchange of Sylvamo shares - - (56)
Non-taxable income (4) (2) (2)
Non-deductible business expenses 21 7 2
Non-deductible impairments - - 16
Non-deductible compensation 8 7 13
Tax audits - (4) 6
Timber Monetization Audit Settlement - - (604)
Foreign derived intangible income deduction - 2 (8)
US tax on non-U.S. earnings (GILTI and Subpart F) 32 - 27
Foreign tax credits 7 8 8
General business and other tax credits (31) (38) (43)
Tax expense (benefit) on equity earnings (1) (4) (1)
Legal entity restructuring expense (benefit) (391) 4 -
Other, net 1 7 (1)
Income tax provision (benefit) $ (415) $ 59 $ (236)
Effective income tax rate (282) % 15 % (16) %
The tax effects of significant temporary differences, representing deferred income tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2024 and 2023, were as follows:
In millions 2024 2023
Deferred income tax assets:
Postretirement benefit accruals $ 72 $ 67
Pension obligations 63 61
Tax credits 183 182
Net operating and capital loss carryforwards 1,181 699
Compensation reserves 224 146
Lease obligations 112 116
Environmental reserves 131 114
Investments 4 -
Research and development expenditures 240 162
Other 203 157
Gross deferred income tax assets $ 2,413 $ 1,704
Less: valuation allowance (a) (1,201) (848)
Net deferred income tax asset $ 1,212 $ 856
Deferred income tax liabilities:
Intangibles $ (133) $ (141)
Investments - 3
Right of use assets (112) (116)
Plants, properties and equipment (1,528) (1,650)
Forestlands, related installment sales, and investment in subsidiary (486) (485)
Gross deferred income tax liabilities $ (2,259) $ (2,389)
Net deferred income tax liability $ (1,047) $ (1,533)
(a) The net change in the total valuation allowance for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was an increase of $353 million and a increase of $171 million, respectively.
Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recorded in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet under the captions Deferred charges and other assets and Deferred income taxes, respectively. The $486 million of deferred tax liabilities for forestlands, related installment sales, and investment in subsidiary is attributable to a 2007 Temple-Inland installment sale of forestlands (see Note 14 - Variable Interest Entities).
During 2024, the Company completed an internal legal entity restructuring for which a capital loss was recognized for U.S. federal and state income tax purposes resulting in a tax benefit of $416 million. The Company intends to carry back a portion of the loss to prior years and has set up a non-current receivable in the amount of $279 million. The remaining capital loss will be carried forward to offset future capital gains, and, as such, the Company recorded a deferred tax asset in the amount of $137 million for the year ended December 31, 2024.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits recorded in Other Liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance
sheet for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:
In millions 2024 2023 2022
Balance at January 1 $ (173) $ (177) $ (166)
(Additions) reductions for tax positions related to current year (10) (13) (7)
(Additions) for tax positions related to prior years (40) (11) (10)
Reductions for tax positions related to prior years 7 1 3
Settlements 4 17 1
Expiration of statutes of
limitations 6 11 1
Currency translation adjustment 2 (1) 1
Balance at December 31 $ (204) $ (173) $ (177)
If the Company were to prevail on the unrecognized tax benefits recorded, substantially all of the balances at December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 would benefit the effective tax rate. Pending audit settlements and the expiration of statutes of limitation are not expected to reduce uncertain tax positions during the next twelve months.
The Company accrues interest on unrecognized tax benefits as a component of interest expense. Penalties, if incurred, are recognized as a component of income tax expense. The Company had approximately $50 million and $34 million accrued for the payment of estimated interest and penalties associated with unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
The Company is currently subject to audits in the United States and other taxing jurisdictions around the world. Generally, tax years 2012 through 2023 remain open and subject to examination by the relevant tax authorities. The Company frequently faces challenges regarding the amount of taxes due. These challenges include positions taken by the Company related to the timing, nature, and amount of deductions and the allocation of income among various tax jurisdictions.
On September 3, 2024, the Company received the Unagreed Revenue Agent Report from the Internal Revenue Service relating to investment tax credits for the 2017-2019 years that currently are under examination. The estimated net incremental tax liability associated with the proposed adjustments would be approximately $50 million. The Company disagrees with the proposed adjustments and initiated the administrative appeals process on October 30, 2024 with the filing of our Protest of the proposed adjustments. An unfavorable resolution in the administrative appeals process or future tax litigation could result in cash tax payments and could adversely impact the effective tax rate.
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development has proposed a 15% global minimum tax applied on a country-by-country basis (the "Pillar Two rule"), and many countries, including countries in which we operate, have enacted or begun the process of enacting laws adopting the Pillar Two rule. The first component of the Pillar Two rule became effective as of January 1, 2024 and did not have a material impact on the Company’s effective tax rate. The second component is expected to go into effect in 2025.
The Company provides for foreign withholding taxes and any applicable U.S. state income taxes on earnings intended to be repatriated from non-U.S. subsidiaries, which we believe will be limited in the future to each year's current earnings. No provision for these taxes on approximately $1.1 billion of undistributed earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries as of December 31, 2024 has been made, as these earnings are considered indefinitely invested. Determination of the amount of taxes that might be paid on these undistributed earnings if eventually remitted in a taxable manner is not practicable.
If management decided to monetize the Company’s foreign investments, we would recognize the tax cost related to the excess of the book value over the tax basis of those investments. This would include foreign withholding taxes and any applicable U.S. Federal and state income taxes. Determination of the
tax cost that would be incurred upon monetization of the Company’s foreign investments is not practicable; however, we do not believe it would be material.
The following details the scheduled expiration dates of the Company’s net operating loss and income tax credit and capital loss carryforwards:
In millions 2025
Through
2034 2035
Through
2044 Indefinite Total
U.S. federal and non-U.S. NOLs $ 3 $ 603 $ 397 $ 1,003
State taxing jurisdiction NOLs (a) 28 9 - 37
U.S. federal, non-
U.S. and state tax credit carryforwards (a) 73 14 96 183
U.S. federal and state capital loss carryforwards (a) 141 - - 141
Total $ 245 $ 626 $ 493 $ 1,364
Less: valuation allowance (a) (58) (612) (449) (1,119)
Total, net $ 187 $ 14 $ 44 $ 245
(a) State amounts are presented net of federal benefit.
NOTE 13 COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
GENERAL
The Company is involved in various inquiries, administrative proceedings and litigation relating to environmental and safety matters, personal injury, product liability, labor and employment, contracts, sales of property, intellectual property, tax, and other matters, that arise in the normal course of business. These matters may raise difficult and complicated legal issues and may be subject to many uncertainties and complexities. Moreover, some of these matters allege substantial or indeterminate monetary damages.
International Paper reviews inquiries, administrative proceedings and litigation, including with respect to environmental matters, on an ongoing basis and establishes an estimated liability for specific legal proceedings and other loss contingencies when it determines that the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome is probable, and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. In addition, if the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome with respect to material loss contingencies is reasonably possible and International Paper is able to determine an estimate of the possible loss or range of loss, whether in excess of a related accrued liability of where there is no accrued liability, International Paper will disclose the estimate of the possible loss or range of loss. When no amount in a range of loss is more likely than any other amount in the range, the low end of the range is used as the estimate of the possible loss. International Paper’s assessment of whether a loss is probable is based on management’s assessment of the ultimate outcome of the matter.
Assessments of lawsuits and claims and the estimates reflected herein, are subject to significant judgments about future events, rely heavily on estimates and assumptions, and are otherwise subject to significant known and unknown uncertainties. The matters underlying such estimates may change from time to time and actual losses may vary significantly from current estimates. Additionally, the estimated liability for loss contingencies does not include matters or losses that are not reasonably estimable and probable.
Based on information currently known to International Paper, management believes that loss contingencies arising from pending matters, including the matters described herein, will not have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial position or liquidity of the Company. However, in light of the inherent uncertainties involved in such matters, some of which are beyond the Company's control, and the large or
indeterminate damages sought in some of these matters, a future adverse ruling, settlement, unfavorable development, or increase in accruals with respect to these matters could result in future charges that could be materially adverse to the Company's results of operations or cash flows in any particular reporting period.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Environmental
The Company has been named as a potentially responsible party ("PRP") in environmental remediation actions under various federal and state laws, including the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, as amended ("CERCLA"). Many of these proceedings involve the cleanup of hazardous substances at large commercial landfills that received waste from many different sources. While joint and several liability is authorized under CERCLA and equivalent state laws, as a practical matter, liability for CERCLA cleanups is typically allocated among the many PRPs. There are other remediation costs typically associated with the cleanup of hazardous substances at the Company’s current, closed and formerly-owned facilities, and recorded as liabilities in the balance sheet.
Remediation costs are recorded in the consolidated financial statements when they become probable and reasonably estimable. International Paper has estimated the probable liability associated with these environmental remediation matters, including those described herein, to be approximately $279 million and $251 million in the aggregate as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Other than as described below, completion of required environmental remedial actions ("RAs") is not expected to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.
Cass Lake: One of the matters included above arises out of a closed wood-treatment facility located in Cass Lake, Minnesota. In June 2011, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") selected and published a proposed soil remedy at the site. In April 2020, the EPA issued a final plan concerning clean-up standards at a portion of the site. The Company is performing RA and continues to cooperate with the EPA on the remaining remediation goals at the site. The estimated liability for the Cass Lake superfund site was $48 million and $46 million as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
Kalamazoo River: The Company is a PRP with respect to the Allied Paper, Inc./Portage Creek/Kalamazoo River Superfund Site in Michigan. The
EPA asserts that the site is contaminated by polychlorinated biphenyls primarily as a result of discharges from various paper mills located along the Kalamazoo River, including a paper mill formerly owned by St. Regis Paper Company ("St. Regis"). The Company is a successor in interest to St. Regis.
•Operable Unit 5, Area 1: In March 2016, the Company received a special notice letter from the EPA (i) inviting participation in implementing a remedy for a portion of the site known as Operable Unit 5 ("OU5"), Area 1, and (ii) demanding reimbursement of EPA past costs totaling $37 million. In December 2016, the EPA issued a unilateral administrative order ("UAO") to the Company and other PRPs to perform the remedy. The Company responded to the UAO, agreeing to comply with the order subject to its sufficient cause defenses. The Company continues to comply with the UAO in performing remediation activities at OU5, Area 1.
•Operable Unit 1 ("OU1"): In October 2016, the Company and another PRP received a special notice letter from the EPA inviting participation in the remedial design ("RD") component of the landfill remedy for the Allied Paper Mill, which is also known as Operable Unit 1. A Record of Decision ("ROD") establishing the final landfill remedy for the Allied Paper Mill was issued by the EPA in September 2016. The Company responded to the Allied Paper Mill special notice letter in December 2016 denying liability for OU1. In 2021, the EPA initiated RA activities. In October 2022, the Company received a unilateral administrative order to perform the RA. The Company began performing the RA in 2023 and established a $27 million reserve to account for this liability in the fourth quarter of 2022. In the fourth quarter of 2024, the Company increased the reserve by $27 million to account for the reasonably estimable costs for the next phases of the RA, following an EPA approved design modification in October to the original remedial design.
The total reserve for the combined liabilities for OU5, Area 1 and OU1 at the Kalamazoo River superfund site was $29 million and $27 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
The Company was named as a defendant by Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products LP, Fort James Corporation and Georgia Pacific LLC (collectively, "GP") in a contribution and cost recovery action for alleged pollution at the site related to the Company's potential CERCLA liability. NCR Corporation and Weyerhaeuser Company were also named as defendants. The lawsuit seeks contribution under CERCLA for costs purportedly expended by plaintiffs
($79 million as of the filing of the complaint) and for future remediation costs. In June 2018, the District Court issued its Final Judgment and Order, which fixed the past cost amount at approximately $50 million (plus interest to be determined) and allocated to the Company a 15% share of responsibility for those past costs. The District Court did not address responsibility for future costs in its decision. In July 2018, the Company and each of the other parties filed notices appealing the Final Judgment and prior orders incorporated into the Final Judgment. In April 2022, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals (the "Sixth Circuit") reversed the Final Judgment of the Court, finding that the lawsuit against the Company was time-barred by the applicable statute of limitations. In May 2022, GP filed a petition for rehearing with the Sixth Circuit, which was denied in July 2022. In November 2022, GP filed a petition for writ of certiorari with the U.S. Supreme Court. In October 2023, the U.S. Supreme Court denied GP's writ petition, thus rendering final the Sixth Circuit's decision that GP's lawsuit against the Company was time-barred. In January 2024 GP requested that the District Court’s final order declare that each party is jointly and severally liable for future costs, arguing that the Sixth Circuit decision only applies to past costs. On April 9, 2024, the District Court entered Final Judgment After Remand, declaring, consistent with the Sixth Circuit's decision, that GP’s past costs are time-barred by the applicable statute of limitations. The District Court also entered Final Judgment on Remand that all three parties, including the Company, are jointly and severally liable for future response costs at the site. The Company believes the District Court’s Final Judgment on Remand regarding liability for future costs is in error and has appealed the Final Judgment on Remand on future costs liability to the Sixth Circuit.
Harris County: International Paper and McGinnis Industrial Maintenance Corporation ("MIMC"), a subsidiary of Waste Management, Inc. ("WMI"), are PRPs at the San Jacinto River Waste Pits Superfund Site in Harris County, Texas. The PRPs have been actively participating in the activities at the site and share the costs of these activities.
In October 2017, the EPA issued a ROD selecting the final remedy for the site: removal and relocation of the waste material from both the northern and southern impoundments.
In April 2018, the PRPs entered into an Administrative Order on Consent ("AOC") with the EPA, agreeing to work together to develop the RD for the northern impoundment. The AOC does not include any agreement to perform waste removal or other construction activity at the site.
In 2020, the Company reserved the following estimated liability amounts in relation to remediation at this site: (a) $10 million for the southern impoundment; and (b) $55 million for the northern impoundment, which represented the Company's 50% share of our estimate of the low end of the range of probable remediation costs.
The Company submitted the Final Design Package for the southern impoundment to the EPA, and the EPA approved the plan in May 2021. The EPA issued a Unilateral Administrative Order for RA of the southern impoundment in August 2021. An addendum to the Final 100% RD (Amended April 2021) was submitted to the EPA for the southern impoundment in June 2022. The Company substantially completed the RA for the southern impoundment in 2024.
With respect to the northern impoundment, the PRPs submitted a Final 100% RD to EPA in July 2024. EPA provided comments at the end of October and a Revised Final 100% RD was submitted at the end of November 2024. The total estimated liability for the southern and northern impoundment was $98 million and $83 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The current reserve is primarily for the Company’s 50% share of our estimate of the low end of the range of probable costs to implement the RD. Because of ongoing questions regarding cost effectiveness, timing and gathering other technical data, additional losses in excess of our recorded liability are possible.
Versailles Pond: The Company is a responsible party for the investigation and remediation of Versailles Pond, a 57-acre dammed river impoundment that historically received paperboard mill wastewater in Sprague, Connecticut. A comprehensive investigation has determined that Versailles Pond is contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls, mercury, and metals. A preliminary remediation plan was prepared in the third quarter of 2023. Negotiations with state and federal governmental officials are ongoing regarding the scope and timing of the remediation. The total estimated liability for Versailles Pond was $30 million as of both December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
Asbestos-Related Matters
We have been named as a defendant in various asbestos-related personal injury litigation, in both state and federal court, primarily in relation to the prior operations of certain companies previously acquired by the Company. The Company's total recorded liability with respect to pending and future asbestos-related claims was $100 million and $97 million, both net of insurance recoveries as of
December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. While it is reasonably possible that the Company may incur losses in excess of its recorded liability with respect to asbestos-related matters, we are unable to estimate any loss or range of loss in excess of such liability, and do not believe additional material losses are probable.
Antitrust
In March 2017, the Italian Competition Authority ("ICA") commenced an investigation into the Italian packaging industry to determine whether producers of corrugated sheets and boxes violated the applicable European competition law. In April 2019, the ICA concluded its investigation and issued initial findings alleging that over 30 producers, including our Italian packaging subsidiary ("IP Italy") and, prior to completion of the business combination certain subsidiaries of DS Smith operating in Italy ("DS Smith Italy"), improperly coordinated the production and sale of corrugated sheets and boxes. In August 2019, the ICA issued its decision and assessed IP Italy a fine of €29 million (approximately $31 million at the then-current exchange rates) for participation in the boxes coordination, which was recorded in the third quarter of 2019. We appealed the ICA decision, and our appeal was denied in May 2021. We further appealed the decision to the Italian Council of State ("Council of State"), and in March 2023 the Council of State largely upheld the ICA’s findings, but referred the calculation of IP Italy’s fine back to the ICA, finding that it was disproportionately high based on the conduct found. Given the failure of the Council of State to address certain arguments brought by IP, we further appealed the Council of State decision to uphold the ICA’s findings. In March 2024, the Council of State published its decision holding that its earlier decision should be interpreted as accepting many of IP Italy’s earlier arguments and that the ICA should reduce IP Italy’s fine accordingly. Notwithstanding these decisions by the Council of State, in March 2024 the ICA served IP Italy with its redetermination decision leaving IP Italy’s fine unchanged. IP appealed the ICA's redetermination decision as inconsistent with the Council of State's 2024 and 2023 decision. In July 2024, the Council of State partially annulled the ICA redetermination decision, reducing IP Italy's fine by $6 million (€6 million). As of December 31, 2024, after giving effect to this development, the Company did not have any remaining liability related to IP Italy's fine. IP Italy has further appealed the Council of State's July 2024 decision seeking further reduction. DS Smith Italy was also subject to the ICA decision but not fined, given its position as leniency applicant. IP Italy, DS Smith Italy, and other producers also have been named in lawsuits, and we have received other claims, by a number of customers for damages
associated with the alleged anticompetitive conduct. Given the early stages of these claims and the intention of the Company to defend robustly against such claims, it is too early to predict with any real degree of certainty, the precise overall outcome and ultimate potential liability (if any) that might be incurred in connection therewith, and there can be no guarantee that the aggregate of possible damages against IP Italy and DS Smith Italy could not, together, have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition.
GUARANTEES
In connection with sales of businesses, property, equipment, forestlands and other assets, International Paper commonly makes representations and warranties relating to such businesses or assets, and may agree to indemnify buyers with respect to tax and environmental liabilities, breaches of representations and warranties, and other matters. Where liabilities for such matters are determined to be probable and reasonably estimable, accrued liabilities are recorded at the time of sale as a cost of the transaction.
Brazil Goodwill Tax Matter: The Brazilian Federal Revenue Service has challenged the deductibility of goodwill amortization generated in a 2007 acquisition by Sylvamo do Brasil Ltda. ("Sylvamo Brazil"), which was a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company until the October 1, 2021 spin-off of the Printing Papers business, after which it became a subsidiary of Sylvamo Corporation ("Sylvamo"). Sylvamo Brazil received assessments for the tax years 2007-2015 totaling approximately $95 million (adjusted for variation in currency exchange rates) in tax, plus interest, penalties and fees. The interest, penalties and fees currently total approximately $235 million (adjusted for variation in currency exchange rates). Accordingly, the assessments currently total approximately $330 million (adjusted for variation in currency exchange rates). After an initial favorable ruling challenging the basis for these assessments, Sylvamo Brazil received subsequent unfavorable decisions from the Brazilian Administrative Council of Tax Appeals. Sylvamo Brazil appealed these decisions. On October 11, 2024, the federal regional court issued a ruling favorable to Sylvamo Brazil in the first stage of judicial review on the assessments for tax years 2007 and 2008-2012, comprising approximately $210 million of the total $330 million as of December 31, 2024. On December 18, 2024, the Brazilian Federal Revenue Service appealed this ruling. This tax litigation matter may take many years to resolve. Sylvamo Brazil and International Paper believe the transaction underlying these assessments was appropriately evaluated, and that Sylvamo
Brazil's tax position should be sustained, based on Brazilian tax law.
This matter pertains to a business that was conveyed to Sylvamo on October 1, 2021, as part of our spin-off transaction. Pursuant to the terms of the tax matters agreement entered into between the Company and Sylvamo, the Company will pay 60% and Sylvamo will pay 40%, on up to $300 million of any assessment related to this matter, and the Company will pay all amounts of the assessment over $300 million. Under the terms of the tax matters agreement, decisions concerning the conduct of the litigation related to this matter, including strategy, settlement, pursuit and abandonment, will be made by the Company. Sylvamo thus has no control over any decision related to this ongoing litigation. The Company intends to vigorously defend this historical tax position against the current assessments and any similar assessments that may be issued for tax years subsequent to 2015. The Brazilian government may enact a tax amnesty program that would allow Sylvamo Brazil to resolve this dispute for less than the assessed amount. As of October 1, 2021, in connection with the recording of the distribution of assets and liabilities resulting from the spin-off transaction, the Company established a liability representing the initial fair value of the contingent liability under the tax matters agreement. The contingent liability was determined in accordance with ASC 460 "Guarantees" based on the probability weighting of various possible outcomes. The initial fair value estimate and recorded liability as of December 31, 2021 was $48 million and remains this amount at December 31, 2024. This liability will not be increased in subsequent periods unless facts and circumstances change such that an amount greater than the initial recognized liability becomes probable and estimable.
NOTE 14 VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES
In connection with the acquisition of Temple-Inland in February 2012, two special purpose entities became wholly-owned subsidiaries of International Paper. The use of the two wholly-owned special purpose entities discussed below preserved the tax deferral that resulted from the 2007 Temple-Inland timberlands sales. As of December 31, 2024, this deferred tax liability was $486 million, which will be settled with the maturity of the notes in 2027.
In October 2007, Temple-Inland sold 1.55 million acres of timberland for $2.4 billion. The total consideration consisted almost entirely of notes due in 2027 issued by the buyer of the timberland, which Temple-Inland contributed to two wholly-owned, bankruptcy-remote special purpose entities. The notes are shown in Long-term financial assets of
variable interest entities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet and are supported by $2.4 billion of irrevocable letters of credit issued by three banks, which are required to maintain minimum credit ratings on their long-term debt.
In December 2007, Temple-Inland's two wholly-owned special purpose entities borrowed $2.1 billion which is shown in Long-term nonrecourse financial liabilities of variable interest entities. The loans are repayable in 2027 and are secured by the $2.4 billion of notes and the irrevocable letters of credit securing the notes, and are nonrecourse to us. The loan agreements provide that if a credit rating of any of the banks issuing the letters of credit is downgraded below the specified threshold, the letters of credit issued by that bank must be replaced within 30 days with letters of credit from another qualifying financial institution.
As of both December 31, 2024 and 2023, the fair value of the notes receivable was $2.3 billion. As of both December 31, 2024 and 2023, the fair value of this debt was $2.1 billion. The notes receivable and debt are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.
Activity between the Company and the 2007 financing entities was as follows:
In millions 2024 2023 2022
Revenue (a) $ 152 $ 146 $ 65
Expense (b) 136 136 58
Cash receipts (c) 135 122 28
Cash payments (d) 130 123 40
(a)The revenue is included in Interest expense, net, in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations and includes approximately $19 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, of accretion income for the amortization of the purchase accounting adjustment on the Financial assets of variable interest entities.
(b) The expense is included in Interest expense, net, in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations and includes approximately $7 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 respectively, of accretion expense for the amortization of the purchase accounting adjustment on the Long-term nonrecourse financial liabilities of variable interest entities.
(c) The cash receipts are interest received on the Financial assets of special purpose entities.
(d) The cash payments are interest paid on Nonrecourse financial liabilities of special purpose entities.
In connection with the 2006 sale of approximately 5.6 million acres of forestlands, International Paper received installment notes (the "Timber Notes") totaling approximately $4.8 billion. The Timber Notes were used as collateral for borrowings from third party lenders, which effectively monetized the Timber Notes through the creation of newly formed special
purposes entities (the "Entities"). The monetization structure preserved the tax deferral that resulted from the 2006 forestlands sales. During 2015, International Paper initiated a series of actions to extend the 2006 monetization structure and maintain the long-term nature of the deferred tax liability. The Entities, with assets and liabilities primarily consisting of the Timber Notes and third-party bank loans (the "Extension Loans"), were restructured which resulted in the formation of wholly-owned, bankruptcy-remote special purpose entities (the "2015 Financing Entities").
In August 2021, the Timber Notes of $4.8 billion and the Extension Loans of $4.2 billion related to the 2015 Financing Entities both matured. We settled the Extension Loans at their maturity with the proceeds from the Timber Notes. This resulted in cash proceeds of approximately $630 million representing our equity in the variable interest entities. Maturity of the installment notes and termination of the monetization structure also resulted in a $72 million tax liability that was paid in the fourth quarter of 2021.
On September 2, 2022, the Company and the Internal Revenue Service agreed to settle the previously disclosed timber monetization restructuring tax matter involving the 2015 Financing Entities. Under this agreement, the Company was required to fully resolve the matter and pay $252 million in U.S. federal income taxes. As a result, interest was charged upon closing of the audit. The amount of interest expense recognized in 2022 was $58 million. As of December 31, 2023, $252 million in U.S. federal income taxes and $58 million in interest expense have been paid as a result of the settlement agreement. The Company paid $163 million in U.S. federal income taxes and $30 million in interest during the first quarter of 2023 and fully satisfied the payment terms of the settlement agreement regarding the 2015 Financing Entities timber monetization restructuring tax matter during the second quarter of 2023. The reversal of the Company’s remaining deferred tax liability associated with the 2015 Financing Entities of $604 million was recognized as a one-time tax benefit in the third quarter of 2022.
NOTE 15 DEBT AND LINES OF CREDIT
Amounts related to early debt extinguishment during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:
In millions 2024 2023 2022
Early debt reductions (a) $ - $ - $ 503
Pre-tax early debt extinguishment costs (b) - - 93
(a)Reductions related to notes with interest rates ranging from 4.35% to 8.70% with original maturities from 2023 to 2048 for the year ended December 31, 2022.
(b)Amounts are included in Restructuring and other charges in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
The Company had debt reductions of $141 million in 2024, related primarily to $14 million of capital leases and $127 million of environmental development bonds ("EDB"). The Company also had debt issuances of $102 million of EDBs.
The Company had debt issuances in 2023 of $600 million of term loan agreements and $183 million of EDBs.
The Company had debt issuances in 2022 of $354 million of term loan agreements, $410 million of commercial paper and $248 million of EDBs.
The borrowing capacity of the Company's commercial paper program is $1.0 billion supported by its $1.4 billion credit agreement. Under the terms of this program, individual maturities on borrowings may vary, but not exceed one year from the date of issue. Interest bearing notes may be issued either as fixed or floating rate notes. The Company had no borrowings outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 under this program.
At December 31, 2024, the Company's credit facilities totaled $1.9 billion. The credit facilities generally provide for interest rates at a floating rate index plus a pre-determined margin dependent upon International Paper's credit rating. The credit facilities previously included a $1.5 billion contractually committed bank facility with a maturity date of June 2026. In June 2023, the Company amended and restated its credit agreement to, among other things, (i) reduce the size of the contractually committed bank facility from $1.5 billion to $1.4 billion, (ii) extend the maturity date from June 2026 to June 2028, and (iii) replace the LIBOR-based rate with a SOFR-based rate. The liquidity facilities also include up to $500 million of uncommitted financings based on eligible receivables balances under a receivable securitization program that expires in June 2025. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had no borrowings outstanding under the program.
A summary of long-term debt follows:
In millions at December 31 2024 2023
7.350% notes - due 2025
$ 39 $ 39
7.750% notes - due 2025
22 22
7.200% notes - due 2026
58 58
6.400% notes - due 2026
5 5
7.150% notes - due 2027
7 7
6.875% notes - due 2029
10 10
5.000% notes - due 2035
407 407
6.650% notes - due 2037
3 3
8.700% notes - due 2038
86 86
7.300% notes - due 2039
453 453
6.000% notes - due 2041
585 585
4.800% notes - due 2044
686 686
5.150% notes - due 2046
449 449
4.400% notes - due 2047
647 647
4.350% notes - due 2048
740 740
Floating rate notes - due 2027 - 2030 (a)
308 308
Environmental and industrial development bonds - due 2025 - 2031 (b)
394 419
Floating rate term loan - due 2028
600 600
Total principal 5,499 5,524
Capitalized leases 49 55
Premiums, discounts, and debt issuance costs (39) (41)
Terminated interest rate swaps 51 54
Other 1 1
Total (c) 5,561 5,593
Less: current maturities 193 138
Long-term debt $ 5,368 $ 5,455
(a)The weighted average interest rate on these notes was 4.6% in 2024 and 5.4% in 2023.
(b)The weighted average interest rate on these bonds was 2.8% in 2024 and 2.4% in 2023.
(c)The fair market value was approximately $5.2 billion at December 31, 2024 and $5.5 billion at December 31, 2023. Debt fair value measurements use Level 2 inputs.
At December 31, 2024, contractual obligations for future payments of debt maturities (including finance lease liabilities disclosed in Note 9 - Leases and excluding the timber monetization structures disclosed in Note 14 - Variable Interest Entities) by calendar year were as follows over the next five years: 2025 - $193 million; 2026 - $142 million; 2027 - $346 million; 2028 - $672 million; and 2029 - $18 million.
The Company’s financial covenants require the maintenance of a minimum net worth, as defined in our debt agreements, of $9 billion and a total debt-to-capital ratio of less than 60%. Net worth is defined as the sum of common stock, paid-in capital and retained earnings, less treasury stock plus any cumulative goodwill impairment charges. The calculation also excludes accumulated other comprehensive income/loss and both the current and long-term Nonrecourse Financial Liabilities of Variable Interest Entities. The total debt-to-capital ratio is defined as total debt divided by the sum of total debt plus net worth. As of December 31, 2024, we were in compliance with our debt covenants.
NOTE 16 CAPITAL STOCK
The authorized capital stock at both December 31, 2024 and 2023, consisted of 990,850,000 shares of common stock, $1 par value; 400,000 shares of cumulative $4 preferred stock, without par value (stated value $100 per share); and 8,750,000 shares of serial preferred stock, $1 par value. The serial preferred stock is issuable in one or more series by the Board of Directors without further shareholder action.
The following is a roll forward of shares of common stock for the three years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:
Common Stock
In thousands Issued Treasury
Balance at January 1, 2022 448,916 70,362
Issuance of stock for various plans, net - (1,569)
Repurchase of stock - 29,839
Balance at December 31, 2022 448,916 98,632
Issuance of stock for various plans, net - (1,647)
Repurchase of stock - 5,894
Balance at December 31, 2023 448,916 102,879
Issuance of stock for various plans, net - (2,028)
Repurchase of stock - 648
Balance at December 31, 2024 448,916 101,499
NOTE 17 RETIREMENT PLANS
International Paper sponsors and maintains the Retirement Plan of International Paper Company (the "Pension Plan"), a tax-qualified defined benefit pension plan that provides retirement benefits to certain employees.
The Pension Plan provides defined pension benefits based on years of credited service and either final average earnings (salaried employees and hourly employees receiving salaried benefits), hourly job rates or specified benefit rates (hourly and union employees).
The Company also has two unfunded nonqualified defined benefit pension plans: the Pension Restoration Plan that provides retirement benefits based on eligible compensation in excess of limits set by the Internal Revenue Service, and the Unfunded Supplemental Retirement Plan for Senior Managers ("SERP"), which is an alternative retirement plan for salaried employees who are senior vice presidents and above or who are designated by the chief executive officer as participants. These nonqualified plans are only funded to the extent of benefits paid, which totaled $23 million, $22 million and $29 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and which are expected to be $49 million in 2025.
Effective January 1, 2019, the Company froze participation, including credited service and compensation, for salaried employees under the Pension Plan, the Pension Restoration Plan and the SERP. This change does not affect benefits accrued through December 31, 2018. For service after December 31, 2018, employees affected by the freeze receive a Company contribution to their individual Retirement Savings Account as described later in this Note 17.
Many non-U.S. employees are covered by various retirement benefit arrangements, some of which are considered to be defined benefit pension plans for accounting purposes.
OBLIGATIONS AND FUNDED STATUS
The following table shows the changes in the benefit obligation and plan assets for 2024 and 2023 and the plans’ funded status.
2024 2023
In millions U.S.
Plans Non-
U.S.
Plans U.S.
Plans Non-
U.S.
Plans
Change in projected benefit obligation:
Benefit obligation, January 1 $ 8,982 $ 58 $ 8,816 $ 54
Service cost 53 3 48 4
Interest cost 447 3 459 3
Actuarial loss (gain) (547) 5 225 (3)
Plan amendments 16 - 26 -
Curtailments - (4) - -
Settlements - (2) - -
Benefits paid (609) (3) (593) (3)
Special termination benefits 3 - 1 -
Effect of foreign currency exchange rate movements - (4) - 3
Benefit obligation, December 31 $ 8,345 $ 56 $ 8,982 $ 58
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets, January 1 $ 8,836 $ 20 $ 8,845 $ 18
Actual return on plan assets (57) 1 562 1
Company contributions 23 4 22 3
Benefits paid (609) (2) (593) (3)
Settlements - (2) - -
Transfer Payments (4) - - -
Effect of foreign currency exchange rate movements - (1) - 1
Fair value of plan assets, December 31 $ 8,189 $ 20 $ 8,836 $ 20
Funded status, December 31 $ (156) $ (36) $ (146) $ (38)
Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet:
Overfunded pension plan assets $ 92 $ - $ 118 $ -
Underfunded pension benefit obligation - current (49) (2) (20) (2)
Underfunded pension benefit obligation - non-current (199) (34) (244) (36)
$ (156) $ (36) $ (146) $ (38)
Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) under ASC 715 (pre-tax):
Prior service cost (credit) $ 94 $ - $ 91 $ -
Net actuarial loss (gain) 1,691 (5) 1,663 (10)
$ 1,785 $ (5) $ 1,754 $ (10)
The non-current asset for the qualified plan is included in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet under Overfunded Pension Plan Assets. The non-current portion of the liability is included with the pension liability under Underfunded Pension Benefit Obligation.
The largest contributor to the actuarial loss affecting the benefit obligation was the increase in the discount rate from 5.10% at December 31, 2023 to 5.68% at December 31, 2024.
The components of the $31 million and $5 million related to U.S. plans and non-U.S. plans, respectively, in the amounts recognized in other comprehensive income ("OCI") during 2024 consisted of:
In millions U.S.
Plans Non-
U.S.
Plans
Current year actuarial (gain) loss $ 106 $ -
Amortization of actuarial loss (78) -
Current year prior service cost 16 -
Amortization of prior service cost (13) -
Settlements/curtailments - 4
Effect of foreign currency exchange rate movements - 1
$ 31 $ 5
The portion of the change in the funded status that was recognized in net periodic benefit cost and OCI for the U.S. plans was $32 million, $197 million and $474 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The portion of the change in funded status for the non-U.S. plans was $11 million, $2 million, and $(6) million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The accumulated benefit obligation at December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $8.3 billion and $9.0 billion, respectively, for our U.S. defined benefit plans and $46 million and $49 million, respectively, at December 31, 2024 and 2023 for our non-U.S. defined benefit plans.
The following table summarizes information for pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets at December 31, 2024 and 2023:
2024 2023
In millions U.S.
Plans Non-U.S.
Plans U.S.
Plans Non-U.S.
Plans
Projected benefit obligation $ 248 $ 55 $ 264 $ 57
Accumulated benefit obligation 248 46 264 49
Fair value of plan assets - 20 - 20
ASC 715, “Compensation - Retirement Benefits” provides for delayed recognition of actuarial gains and losses, including amounts arising from changes in the estimated projected plan benefit obligation due to changes in the assumed discount rate, differences
between the actual and expected return on plan assets and other assumption changes. These net gains and losses are recognized prospectively over a period that approximates the average remaining service period of active employees expected to receive benefits under the plans to the extent that they are not offset by gains in subsequent years.
NET PERIODIC PENSION EXPENSE
Service cost is the actuarial present value of benefits attributed by the plans’ benefit formula to services rendered by employees during the year. Interest cost represents the increase in the projected benefit obligation, which is a discounted amount, due to the passage of time. The expected return on plan assets reflects the computed amount of current-year earnings from the investment of plan assets using an estimated long-term rate of return.
Net periodic pension expense for qualified and nonqualified U.S. and non-U.S. defined benefit plans comprised the following:
2024 2023 2022
In millions U.S.
Plans Non-
U.S.
Plans U.S.
Plans Non-
U.S.
Plans U.S.
Plans Non-
U.S.
Plans
Service cost $ 53 $ 3 $ 48 $ 4 $ 85 $ 3
Interest cost 447 3 459 3 338 2
Expected return on plan assets (593) - (530) (1) (649) (1)
Actuarial loss (gain) 78 - 93 (1) 87 1
Amortization of prior service cost 13 - 23 - 23 -
Special termination benefits 3 - 1 - - -
Net periodic pension (income) expense $ 1 $ 6 $ 94 $ 5 $ (116) $ 5
The components of net periodic pension expense other than the Service cost component are included in Non-operating pension (income) expense in the Consolidated Statement of Operations.
The decrease in 2024 pension expense primarily reflects higher asset returns, lower interest cost due to a lower discount rate, and lower actuarial loss.
ASSUMPTIONS
International Paper evaluates its actuarial assumptions annually as of December 31 (the measurement date) and considers changes in these long-term factors based upon market conditions and the requirements for employers’ accounting for
pensions. These assumptions are used to calculate benefit obligations as of December 31 of the current year and pension expense to be recorded in the following year (i.e., the discount rate used to determine the benefit obligation as of December 31, 2024 is also the discount rate used to determine net pension expense for the 2025 year).
Major actuarial assumptions used in determining the benefit obligations and net periodic pension cost for our defined benefit plans are presented in the following table:
2024 2023 2022
U.S.
Plans Non-
U.S.
Plans U.S.
Plans Non-
U.S.
Plans U.S.
Plans Non-
U.S.
Plans
Actuarial assumptions used to determine benefit obligations as of December 31:
Discount rate 5.68 % 4.99 % 5.10 % 5.88 % 5.40 % 5.31 %
Rate of compensation increase 3.00 % 3.37 % 3.00 % 3.40 % 3.00 % 3.36 %
Actuarial assumptions used to determine net periodic pension cost for years ended December 31:
Discount rate (a) 5.10 % 5.88 % 5.40 % 5.31 % 2.90 % 2.59 %
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets (a) 7.00 % 3.79 % 6.50 % 3.83 % 6.00 % 3.66 %
Rate of compensation increase 3.00 % 3.40 % 3.00 % 3.36 % 3.00 % 2.92 %
(a) Represents the weighted average rate for the U.S. qualified plans in 2021 due to the spin-off remeasurement.
The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets is based on projected rates of return for current asset classes in the plan’s investment portfolio. Projected rates of return are developed through an asset/liability study in which projected returns for each of the plan’s asset classes are determined after analyzing historical experience and future expectations of returns and volatility of the various asset classes.
Based on the target asset allocation for each asset class, the overall expected rate of return for the portfolio is developed considering the effects of active portfolio management and expenses paid from plan assets. The discount rate assumption was determined from a universe of high-quality corporate bonds. A settlement portfolio is selected and matched to the present value of the plan’s projected benefit payments. To calculate pension expense for 2025, the Company will use an expected long-term rate of return on plan assets of 7.00% for the Retirement Plan of International Paper, a discount rate of 5.68% and an assumed rate of compensation increase of 3.00%. The Company estimates that it will record net pension expense of approximately $36 million for its U.S. defined benefit plans in 2025, compared to expense of $1 million in 2024.
For non-U.S. pension plans, assumptions reflect economic assumptions applicable to each country.
The following illustrates the effect on pension expense for 2025 of a 25 basis point decrease in the above assumptions:
In millions 2025
Expense (Income):
Discount rate $ 14
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets 20
PLAN ASSETS
International Paper’s Board of Directors has appointed a Fiduciary Review Committee that is responsible for fiduciary oversight of the U.S. Pension Plan, approving investment policy and reviewing the management and control of plan assets. Pension Plan assets are invested to maximize returns within prudent levels of risk.
The Pension Plan maintains a strategic asset allocation policy that designates target allocations by asset class. Investments are diversified across classes and within each class to minimize the risk of large losses. Derivatives, including swaps, forward and futures contracts, may be used as asset class substitutes or for hedging or other risk management purposes. Periodic reviews are made of investment
policy objectives and investment manager performance. For non-U.S. plans, assets consist principally of common stock and fixed income securities.
International Paper’s U.S. pension allocations by type of fund at December 31, 2024 and 2023 and target allocations were as follows:
Asset Class 2024 2023 Target
Allocations
Hedging assets 62 % 66 % 61% - 72%
Return seeking assets (a) 38 % 34 % 28% - 39%
Total 100 % 100 %
(a) Return seeking assets include Real Estate (8% for 2024 and 9% for 2023) and Private Equity (7% and 7% for 2024 and 2023, respectively).
The fair values of International Paper’s pension plan assets at December 31, 2024 and 2023 by asset class are shown below. Hedge funds disclosed in the following table are allocated to hedging assets for target allocation purposes.
Fair Value Measurement at December 31, 2024
Asset Class Total Quoted
Prices
in
Active
Markets
For
Identical
Assets
(Level 1) Significant
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2) Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
In millions
Equities $ 1,537 $ 972 $ 565 $ -
Fixed income 4,227 - 4,220 7
Derivatives 9 - - 9
Cash and cash equivalents (20) (20) - -
Other investments:
Hedge funds 1,148
Private equity 599
Real estate funds 689
Total Investments $ 8,189 $ 952 $ 4,785 $ 16
Fair Value Measurement at December 31, 2023
Asset Class Total Quoted
Prices in
Active
Markets
For
Identical
Assets
(Level 1) Significant
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2) Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
In millions
Equities $ 1,336 $ 835 $ 501 $ -
Fixed income 4,691 - 4,684 7
Derivatives 71 - - 71
Cash and cash equivalents 49 49 - -
Other investments:
Hedge funds 1,293
Private equity 644
Real estate funds 752
Total Investments $ 8,836 $ 884 $ 5,185 $ 78
In accordance with accounting standards, certain investments that are measured at NAV are not classified in the fair value hierarchy.
Other Investments at December 31, 2024
Investment Fair Value Unfunded Commitments Redemption Frequency Remediation Notice Period
In millions
Hedge funds $ 1,148 $ 93 Quarterly to semi-annually 45 - 60 days
Private equity 599 50 (a) None
Real estate funds 689 79 Quarterly 45 - 60 days
Total $ 2,436 $ 222
(a) A private equity fund investment ("partnership interest") is contractually locked up for the life of the private equity fund by the partnership agreement. Limited partners do not have the option to redeem partnership interests.
Other Investments at December 31, 2023
Investment Fair Value Unfunded Commitments Redemption Frequency Remediation Notice Period
In millions
Hedge funds $ 1,293 $ 103 Quarterly to semi-annually 45 - 60 days
Private equity 644 81 (a) None
Real estate funds 752 94 Quarterly 45 - 60 days
Total $ 2,689 $ 278
(a) A private equity fund investment ("partnership interest") is contractually locked up for the life of the private equity fund by the partnership agreement. Limited partners do not have the option to redeem partnership interests.
Equity securities consist primarily of publicly traded U.S. companies and international companies. Publicly traded equities are valued at the closing prices reported in the active market in which the individual securities are traded.
Fixed income consists of government securities, mortgage-backed securities, corporate bonds, common collective funds and other fixed income investments. Government securities are valued by third-party pricing sources. Mortgage-backed security holdings consist primarily of agency-rated holdings. The fair value estimates for mortgage securities are calculated by third-party pricing sources chosen by the custodian’s price matrix. Corporate bonds are valued using either the yields currently available on comparable securities of issuers with similar credit ratings or using a discounted cash flows approach that utilizes observable inputs, such as current yields of similar instruments, but includes adjustments for certain risks that may not be observable, such as credit and liquidity risks. Common collective funds are valued at the net asset value per share multiplied by the number of shares held as of the measurement date.
Derivative investments such as futures, forward contracts, options and swaps are used to help manage risks. Derivatives are generally employed as asset class substitutes (such as when employed in a portable alpha strategy), for managing asset/liability mismatches, or bona fide hedging or other
appropriate risk management purposes. Derivative instruments are generally valued by the investment managers or in certain instances by third-party pricing sources.
The following tables summarize derivative holdings as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively:
Derivatives at December 31, 2024
In millions Gross Asset Gross Liability Total
Collateral $ 17 $ (1) $ 16
Credit Default Swap 3 - 3
Interest Rate Swap 7 - 7
Bond/Equity Swap - (17) (17)
Total $ 27 $ (18) $ 9
Derivatives at December 31, 2023
In millions Gross Asset Gross Liability Total
Collateral $ 7 $ (7) $ -
Credit Default Swap 2 - 2
Interest Rate Swap 4 - 4
Bond/Equity Swap 65 - 65
Total $ 78 $ (7) $ 71
Hedge funds are investment structures for managing private, loosely-regulated investment pools that can pursue a diverse array of investment strategies with a
wide range of different securities and derivative instruments. These investments are made through funds-of-funds (commingled, multi-manager fund structures) and through direct investments in individual hedge funds. Hedge funds are primarily valued by each fund’s third-party administrator based upon the valuation of the underlying securities and instruments and primarily by applying a market or income valuation methodology as appropriate depending on the specific type of security or instrument held. Funds-of-funds are valued based upon the net asset values of the underlying investments in hedge funds.
Private equity consists of interests in partnerships that invest in U.S. and non-U.S. debt and equity securities. Partnership interests are valued using the most recent general partner statement of fair value, updated for any subsequent partnership interest cash flows.
Real estate funds include commercial properties, land and timberland, and generally include, but are not limited to, retail, office, industrial, multifamily and hotel properties. Real estate fund values are primarily reported by the fund manager and are based on valuation of the underlying investments which include inputs such as cost, discounted cash flows, independent appraisals and market based comparable data.
The following is a reconciliation of the assets that are classified using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) at December 31, 2024:
Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
In millions Other
fixed
income Derivatives Total
Beginning balance at December 31, 2022 $ 7 $ 25 $ 32
Actual return on plan assets:
Relating to assets still held at the reporting date - 57 57
Relating to assets sold during the period - 48 48
Purchases, sales and settlements - (59) (59)
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3 - - -
Ending balance at December 31, 2023 $ 7 $ 71 $ 78
Actual return on plan assets:
Relating to assets still held at the reporting date - (80) (80)
Relating to assets sold during the period - 31 31
Purchases, sales and settlements - (13) (13)
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3 - - -
Ending balance at December 31, 2024 $ 7 $ 9 $ 16
FUNDING AND CASH FLOWS
The Company’s funding policy for the Pension Plan is to contribute amounts sufficient to meet legal funding requirements, plus any additional amounts that the Company may determine to be appropriate considering the funded status of the plans, tax deductibility, cash flow generated by the Company, and other factors. The Company continually reassesses the amount and timing of any discretionary contributions. No voluntary contributions were made in 2022, 2023 or 2024. Generally, International Paper’s non-U.S. pension plans are funded using the projected benefit as a target, except in certain countries where funding of benefit plans is not required.
At December 31, 2024, projected future pension benefit payments, excluding any termination benefits, were as follows:
In millions
2025 $ 663
2026 638
2027 639
2028 638
2029 637
2030-2034 3,135
OTHER U.S. PLANS
International Paper sponsors the International Paper Company Salaried Savings Plan and the International Paper Company Hourly Savings Plan, both of which
are tax-qualified defined contribution 401(k) savings plans. Substantially all U.S. salaried and certain hourly employees are eligible to participate and may make elective deferrals to such plans to save for retirement. International Paper makes matching contributions to participant accounts on a specified percentage of employee deferrals as determined by the provisions of each plan. The Company makes Retirement Savings Account contributions equal to a percentage of an eligible employee’s pay. Beginning in 2019, as a result of the freeze for salaried employees under the Pension Plan, all salaried employees are eligible for the contribution to the Retirement Savings Account.
The Company also sponsors the International Paper Company Deferred Compensation Savings Plan, which is an unfunded nonqualified defined contribution plan. This plan permits eligible employees to continue to make deferrals and receive company matching contributions (and Retirement Savings Account contributions) when their contributions to the International Paper Salaried Savings Plan are stopped due to limitations under U.S. tax law. Participant deferrals and Company contributions are not invested in a separate trust, but are paid directly from International Paper’s general assets at the time benefits become due and payable. Company contributions to the plans totaled approximately $177 million, $160 million and $159 million for the plan years ended in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
NOTE 18 POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS
U.S. POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS
International Paper provides certain retiree health care and life insurance benefits covering certain U.S. salaried and hourly employees. These employees are generally eligible for benefits upon retirement and completion of a specified number of years of creditable service. International Paper does not fund these benefits prior to payment and has the right to modify or terminate certain of these plans in the future.
In addition to the U.S. plan, certain Moroccan employees are eligible for retiree health care and life insurance benefits.
The components of postretirement benefit expense in 2024, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:
In millions 2024 2023 2022
U.S.
Plans Non-
U.S.
Plans U.S.
Plans Non-
U.S.
Plans U.S.
Plans Non-
U.S.
Plans
Interest cost $ 6 $ - $ 7 $ - $ 5 $ -
Actuarial loss 1 - - - 3 -
Net postretirement expense $ 7 $ - $ 7 $ - $ 8 $ -
International Paper evaluates its actuarial assumptions annually as of December 31 (the measurement date) and considers changes in these long-term factors based upon market conditions and the requirements of employers’ accounting for postretirement benefits other than pensions. The discount rate assumption was determined based on a hypothetical settlement portfolio selected from a universe of high-quality corporate bonds.
The discount rates used to determine net U.S. and non-U.S. postretirement benefit cost for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:
2024 2023 2022
U.S.
Plans Non-
U.S.
Plans U.S.
Plans Non-
U.S.
Plans U.S.
Plans Non-
U.S.
Plans
Discount rate 5.20 % 6.10 % 5.50 % 5.70 % 2.90 % 5.20 %
The weighted average assumptions used to determine the benefit obligation at December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:
2024 2023
U.S.
Plans Non-
U.S.
Plans U.S.
Plans Non-
U.S.
Plans
Discount rate 5.67 % 5.70 % 5.20 % 6.10 %
Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year 6.75 % 4.00 % 7.00 % 4.00 %
Rate that the cost trend rate gradually declines to 5.00 % 4.00 % 5.00 % 4.00 %
Year that the rate reaches the rate it is assumed to remain 2032 2024 2032 2023
The plans are only funded in an amount equal to benefits paid. The following table presents the changes in benefit obligation and plan assets for 2024 and 2023:
In millions 2024 2023
U.S.
Plans Non-
U.S.
Plans U.S.
Plans Non-
U.S.
Plans
Change in projected benefit obligation:
Benefit obligation, January 1 $ 118 $ 4 $ 125 $ 4
Interest cost 6 - 7 -
Participants’ contributions 1 1 2 -
Actuarial (gain) loss 15 (1) 8 -
Benefits paid (22) - (24) -
Benefit obligation, December 31 $ 118 $ 4 $ 118 $ 4
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets, January 1 $ - $ - $ - $ -
Company contributions 21 - 22 -
Participants’ contributions 1 - 2 -
Benefits paid (22) - (24) -
Fair value of plan assets, December 31 $ - $ - $ - $ -
Funded status, December 31 $ (118) $ (4) $ (118) $ (4)
Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet under ASC 715:
Current liability $ (14) $ - $ (13) $ -
Non-current liability (104) (4) (105) (4)
$ (118) $ (4) $ (118) $ (4)
Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) under ASC 715 (pre-tax):
Net actuarial loss (gain) $ 16 $ (2) $ 2 $ (1)
$ 16 $ (2) $ 2 $ (1)
The non-current portion of the liability is included with the postemployment liability in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet under Postretirement and postemployment benefit obligation.
The components of the $14 million and ($1) million change in the amounts recognized in OCI during 2024 for U.S. and non-U.S. plans, respectively, consisted of:
In millions U.S.
Plans Non-
U.S.
Plans
Current year actuarial (gain) loss $ 15 $ (1)
Amortization of actuarial (loss) gain (1) -
$ 14 $ (1)
The portion of the change in the funded status that was recognized in net periodic benefit cost and OCI for the U.S. plans was $(7) million, $(2) million and $44 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The portion of the change in funded status for the non-U.S. plans was $(1) million, $0 million, and $0 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
At December 31, 2024, estimated total future postretirement benefit payments, net of participant contributions and estimated future Medicare Part D subsidy receipts, were as follows:
In millions Benefit
Payments Subsidy Receipts Benefit
Payments
U.S.
Plans U.S.
Plans Non-
U.S.
Plans
2025 $ 14 $ 1 $ -
2026 14 1 -
2027 13 1 -
2028 12 1 -
2029 11 1 -
2030- 2034 47 2 1
NOTE 19 INCENTIVE PLANS
On February 13, 2024, the Company's Board of Directors, upon recommendation of the Management Development and Compensation Committee (the "MDCC"), authorized adoption of a 2024 Long-Term Incentive Compensation Plan (the "2024 LTICP") to replace the 2009 Amended and Restated Incentive Compensation Plan (the "2009 Plan"), subject to shareholder approval at the Company's annual meeting of shareholders held on May 13, 2024. The 2024 LTICP became effective following approval by shareholders at the May 13, 2024 annual meeting and replaced the 2009 Plan. The 2024 LTICP authorized up to 9,250,000 shares of our Class A common stock, par value $1.00 per share, available for future grants in the form of restricted stock,
restricted or deferred stock units, performance awards payable in cash or stock upon the attainment of specified performance goals, dividend equivalents, options, stock appreciation rights, other stock-based awards and cash-based awards at the discretion of the Committee. The LTICP is administered by the Committee.
Additionally, restricted stock, which may be deferred into RSUs, may be awarded under a Restricted Stock and Deferred Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors.
LONG-TERM INCENTIVE PLAN
Effective January 1, 2023, the MDCC renamed the Performance Share Plan ("PSP") to the Long-Term Incentive Plan ("LTIP") and began incorporating RSUs into its annual grant process as a complement to PSUs to better align with market and aid in our recruitment and retention efforts. Under the LTIP, contingent awards of International Paper common stock are granted by the MDCC.
The maximum aggregate number of shares of the Company’s common stock that may be issued pursuant to awards under the LTICP shall not exceed 9,250,000 shares. Shares for which payment is in cash, including the shares withheld to cover associate payroll taxes, as well as shares that expire, terminate, or are canceled or forfeited, may be awarded or granted again under the LTICP.
Performance Stock Units
PSU awards are earned over a three-year period based on the achievement of pre-established performance goals of Return on Invested Capital ("ROIC") measured against our internal benchmark and our relative performance in Total Shareholder Return ("TSR") compared to the TSR peer group. The 2022-2024, 2023-2025 and 2024-2026 Awards are weighted 50% ROIC and 50% TSR for all participants. The ROIC component of the PSU awards is valued at the 20-trading day average closing price immediately prior to the grant date. As the ROIC component contains a performance condition, compensation expense, net of estimated forfeitures, is recorded over the requisite service period based on the most probable number of awards expected to vest. The TSR component of the PSU awards is valued using the same methodology as the RSUs but then adjusted using a factor derived from a Monte Carlo simulation as the TSR component contains a market condition. The Monte Carlo simulation estimates the fair value of the TSR component based on the expected term of the award, a risk-free rate, expected dividends, and the expected volatility for the Company and its competitors. The
expected term is estimated based on the vesting period of the awards, the risk-free rate is based on the yield on U.S. Treasury securities matching the vesting period, and the volatility is based on the Company’s historical volatility over the expected term. PSUs are payable in cash or shares at the Company's discretion.
Restricted Stock Units
Time-based RSU awards granted under the LTIP are expected to vest in three equal installments commencing on February 1st following the first anniversary of the grant date over a 3-year service period, subject to forfeiture and transfer restrictions. RSUs are payable in cash or shares at the Company’s discretion.
Generally, the requisite service period is the vesting period. In the case of retirement (eligibility for which is based on the associate's age and years of service as provided in the relevant award agreement), awards vest pro-rata based on length of service during the award period, subject to continued employment and paid upon termination.
Dividend equivalents are generally accrued on PSUs and RSUs outstanding as of the record date. These dividend equivalents are paid only on PSUs and RSUs that ultimately vest.
The following table sets forth the assumptions used to determine compensation cost for the market condition component of the LTIP plan:
Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2024
Expected volatility 27.09% - 37.11%
Risk-free interest rate 0.97% - 4.79%
The following summarizes LTIP activity for the three years ended December 31, 2024:
Share/Units Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2021 5,926,142 $35.43
Granted 1,899,211 50.32
Shares issued (1,130,236) 40.23
Forfeited (1,382,637) 42.03
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 5,312,480 38.01
Granted - LTIP PSU 1,619,481 37.78
Granted - LTIP RSU 1,411,042 34.63
Shares issued - LTIP PSU (972,563) 40.44
Shares issued - LTIP RSU (15,161) 34.63
Forfeited (1,234,328) 45.38
Outstanding at December 31, 2023 6,120,951 35.31
Granted - LTIP PSU 2,039,725 35.28
Granted - LTIP RSU 1,414,316 36.15
Shares issued - LTIP PSU (851,962) 53.32
Shares issued - LTIP RSU (446,582) 34.63
Shares issued - LTIP RSU (8,060) 36.15
Forfeited (1,350,063) 45.58
Outstanding at December 31, 2024 6,918,325 $31.29
RECOGNITION AWARD PROGRAM
The Recognition Award Program ("RA Program") is service-based and designed for recruitment, retention and special recognition purposes. It provides for awards of RSUs to key employees.
The following summarizes the activity of the RA Program for the three years ended December 31, 2024:
Shares Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2021 103,769 $49.03
Granted 132,200 43.38
Shares issued (104,177) 44.53
Forfeited (5,400) 47.78
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 126,392 46.88
Granted 123,454 35.51
Shares issued (81,629) 45.40
Forfeited (11,643) 39.77
Outstanding at December 31, 2023 156,574 39.22
Granted 115,200 43.26
Shares issued (85,236) 37.53
Forfeited (6,700) 38.30
Outstanding at December 31, 2024 179,838 $42.64
At December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 a total of 9.1 million, 5.5 million and 7.3 million shares, respectively, were available for grant under the LTICP.
Stock-based compensation expense and related income tax benefits were as follows:
In millions 2024 2023 2022
Total stock-based compensation expense (included in selling and administrative expense) $ 82 $ 58 $ 124
Income tax benefits related to stock-based compensation 14 12 13
At December 31, 2024, $72 million of compensation cost, net of estimated forfeitures, related to unvested restricted stock unit awards, performance stock unit awards and restricted stock attributable to future performance had not yet been recognized. This amount will be recognized in expense over a weighted-average period of 1.7 years.
NOTE 20 FINANCIAL INFORMATION BY BUSINESS SEGMENT AND GEOGRAPHIC AREA
International Paper operates in two segments: Industrial Packaging and Global Cellulose Fibers.
Industrial Packaging is primarily focused on producing fiber-based packaging. We produce linerboard, medium, whitetop, recycled linerboard, recycled medium and saturating kraft of which approximately 75% of our production is converted into corrugated packaging and other packaging. The revenue for our Industrial Packaging segment is derived from selling these products to our customers.
Global Cellulose Fibers primarily focus on producing cellulose fibers which is a renewable raw material used in a variety of products people depend on every day such as diapers, towel and tissue products, feminine care, incontinence and other personal care products. In addition, our innovative specialty pulps serve as a sustainable raw material used in textiles, construction materials, paints, coatings and more. The revenue for our Global Cellulose Fibers segment is derived from selling these products to our customers.
The accounting policies of the Industrial Packaging and Global Cellulose Fibers segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies.
The chief operating decision maker ("CODM") assesses performance for these segments and decides how to allocate resources based on business segment operating profit. Business segment operating profits (losses) are also used by International Paper's CODM to measure the earnings performance of its businesses and to focus on on-going operations. During 2024, business segment operating profits (losses) used by the CODM were adjusted to include accelerated depreciation as part of the measure of business performance. As such, results for the year ended December 31, 2023 have been recast to reflect $422 million for accelerated depreciation related to mill strategic actions in business segment operating profit (losses).
International Paper's reportable segments are strategic business units that offer different products. They are managed separately because each business requires different resources and strategies.
International Paper’s CODM is the chief executive officer.
External sales by major product is determined by aggregating sales from each segment based on similar products or services. External sales are defined as those that are made to parties outside International Paper’s consolidated group, whereas sales by segment in the Net Sales table are determined using a management approach and include intersegment sales.
INFORMATION BY BUSINESS SEGMENT
The following tables illustrate reportable segment revenue, significant segment expenses, and measures of a segment’s profit or loss for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. The table also reconciles these amounts to Earnings (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity earnings.
2024:
In millions Industrial Packaging Global Cellulose Fibers Total
Net Sales $ 15,534 $ 2,793 $ 18,327
Corporate and Intrasegment Sales 292
Total Net Sales 18,619
Less:
Cost of products sold 10,985 1,983
Selling and administrative expenses 1,451 262
Depreciation and amortization 850 450
Distribution expenses 1,179 295
Other segment items (a) 118 29
Business Segment Operating Profit (Losses) 951 (226) 725
Interest Expense, net 208
Adjustment for less than wholly owned subsidiaries (b) (5)
Corporate expenses, net 44
Corporate net special items 251
Business net special items 122
Non-operating pension (income) expense (42)
Earnings (losses) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity earnings (losses) $ 147
2023:
In millions Industrial Packaging Global Cellulose Fibers Total
Net Sales $ 15,596 $ 2,890 $ 18,486
Corporate and Intrasegment Sales 430
Total Net Sales 18,916
Less:
Cost of products sold 11,093 2,121
Selling and administrative expenses 1,078 211
Depreciation and amortization 1,144 286
Distribution expenses 1,240 335
Other segment items (a) 122 29
Business Segment Operating Profit (Losses) 919 (92) 827
Interest Expense, net 231
Adjustment for less than wholly owned subsidiaries (b) (2)
Corporate expenses, net 27
Corporate net special items 28
Business net special items 107
Non-operating pension (income) expense 54
Earnings (losses) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity earnings (losses) $ 382
2022:
In millions Industrial Packaging Global Cellulose Fibers Total
Net Sales $ 17,451 $ 3,227 $ 20,678
Corporate and Intrasegment Sales 483
Total Net Sales 21,161
Less:
Cost of products sold 12,509 2,183
Selling and administrative expenses 983 189
Depreciation and amortization 783 255
Distribution expenses 1,315 468
Other segment items (a) 119 26
Business Segment Operating Profit (Losses) 1,742 106 1,848
Interest Expense, net 325
Adjustment for less than wholly owned subsidiaries (b) (5)
Corporate expenses, net 34
Corporate net special items 99
Business net special items 76
Non-operating pension (income) expense (192)
Earnings (losses) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity earnings (losses) $ 1,511
Assets
In millions 2024 2023
Industrial Packaging $ 15,805 $ 16,060
Global Cellulose Fibers 2,857 3,369
Corporate and other 4,138 3,832
Assets $ 22,800 $ 23,261
Capital Spending
In millions 2024 2023 2022
Industrial Packaging $ 763 $ 928 $ 762
Global Cellulose Fibers 133 177 143
Subtotal 896 1,105 905
Corporate and other 25 36 26
Capital Spending $ 921 $ 1,141 $ 931
External Sales By Major Product
In millions 2024 2023 2022
Industrial Packaging $ 15,533 $ 15,596 $ 17,441
Global Cellulose Fibers 2,784 2,883 3,219
Other 302 437 501
Net Sales $ 18,619 $ 18,916 $ 21,161
INFORMATION BY GEOGRAPHIC AREA
Net Sales (c)
In millions 2024 2023 2022
United States (d) $ 16,300 $ 16,340 $ 18,482
EMEA 1,432 1,494 1,693
Pacific Rim and Asia 157 261 123
Americas, other than U.S. 730 821 863
Net Sales $ 18,619 $ 18,916 $ 21,161
Long-Lived Assets (e)
In millions 2024 2023
United States $ 8,617 $ 9,021
EMEA 706 757
Americas, other than U.S. 352 390
Long-Lived Assets $ 9,675 $ 10,168
(a)Other segment items includes Taxes other than payroll.
(b)Operating profits for industry segments include each segment’s percentage share of the profits of subsidiaries included in that segment that are less than wholly-owned. The pre-tax earnings for these subsidiaries is added here to present consolidated earnings from continuing operations before income taxes and equity earnings.
(c)Net sales are attributed to countries based on the location of the seller.
(d)Export sales to unaffiliated customers were $2.9 billion in 2024, $2.7 billion in 2023 and $3.2 billion in 2022.
(e)Long-Lived Assets includes Forestlands and Plants, Properties and Equipment, net.
NOTE 21 SUBSEQUENT EVENT
On February 13, 2025, the Company announced the permanent closure of its Red River containerboard mill in Campti, Louisiana with operations expected to cease by March 31, 2025. The Company expects to recognize costs associated with the closure in the first quarter of 2025, including accelerated depreciation, pre-tax cash severance and other shutdown charges.
For discussion of the DS Smith acquisition that was completed subsequent to December 31, 2024, refer to Note 7.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
As of December 31, 2024, an evaluation was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as that term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act). Based upon this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2024.
CHANGES IN INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2024, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
See Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data on pages 52 and 53 of this Form 10-K for management's annual report on our internal control over financial reporting and the attestation report of our independent public accounting firm.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
During the quarter ended December 31, 2024, no director or Section 16 officer adopted or terminated any Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements, as defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Information concerning our directors is hereby incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareowners (the "Proxy Statement") to be held in May 2025 that will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") within 120 days of the close of our fiscal year. The Audit and Finance Committee of
the Board of Directors has at least one member who is a financial expert, as that term is defined in Item 401(d)(5) of Regulation S-K. Further information concerning the composition of the Audit and Finance Committee is hereby incorporated by reference to the Proxy Statement. Information with respect to our executive officers is set forth on pages 10 and 11 in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-K under the caption, “Information About Our Executive Officers.”
Executive officers of International Paper are elected to hold office until the next annual meeting of the Board of Directors following the annual meeting of shareholders and, until the election of successors, subject to removal by the Board.
The Company’s Code of Conduct (the "Code") is applicable to all employees of the Company, including the CEO and senior financial officers, as well as the Board of Directors. We disclose any amendments to our Code and any waivers from a provision of our Code granted to our directors, CEO and senior financial officers on our website within four business days following such amendment or waiver. To date, no waivers of the Code have been granted.
We have adopted an Insider Trading Policy applicable to our directors, officers, and employees, and have implemented processes for the Company, that we believe are reasonably designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules, and regulations, the UK Market Abuse Regulation, and the NYSE listing standards.
Our Insider Trading Policy prohibits our employees and related persons and entities from trading in securities of International Paper and other companies while in possession of material, non-public information. Our Insider Trading Policy also prohibits our employees from disclosing material, non-public information regarding International Paper, or any other publicly traded company, to others who may trade on the basis of that information. In addition, with regard to the Company’s trading in its own securities, it is the Company’s policy to comply with the federal securities laws and the applicable exchange listing requirements. A copy of our Insider Trading Policy is filed as Exhibit 19 to this Form 10-K.
We make our Corporate Governance Guidelines, our Code, our Insider Trading Policy and the Charters of our Audit and Finance Committee, MDCC, Governance Committee and PPE Committee available free of charge on our website (www.internationalpaper.com), and in print to any shareholder who requests them. Our Corporate Governance Statement as required under the FCA's Disclosure Guidance and Transparency Rule ("DTR") 7.2.2 is available on the Governance page of the
Investors tab of our website at internationalpaper.com under Governance Documents. In addition, requests for printed copies may be directed to the corporate
secretary at our corporate headquarters.
Please direct your request to:
International Paper Company
Attn: Mr. Joseph R. Saab, Corporate Secretary
6400 Poplar Avenue
Memphis, TN 38197
Information with respect to compliance with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act and our corporate governance is hereby incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Information with respect to the compensation of executives and directors of the Company is hereby incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement that will be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the close of our fiscal year.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
A description of the security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management and equity compensation plan information is hereby incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement that will be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the close of our fiscal year.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
A description of applicable information with respect to certain relationships and related transactions and director independence matters, is hereby incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement that will be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the close of our fiscal year.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Information with respect to fees paid to, and services rendered by, our independent registered public accounting firm, and our policies and procedures for pre-approving those services, is hereby incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement that will be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the close of our fiscal year.
PART IV.

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(1)Financial Statements - See Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
(2)Financial Statement Schedules - The following additional financial data should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. Schedules not included with this additional financial data have been omitted because they are not applicable, or the required information is shown in the consolidated financial statements or the notes thereto.
Additional Financial Data
2024, 2023 and 2022
(2.1) Transaction Agreement, dated October 23, 2017, by and among the Company, Graphic Packaging Holding Company, Gazelle Newco LLC and Graphic Packaging International, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated October 24, 2017).
(2.2) Separation and Distribution Agreement, dated as of September 29, 2021, by and between International Paper Company and Sylvamo Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s’ Current Report on Form 8-K dated October 1, 2021).
(2.3) Rule 2.7 Announcement dated April 16, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated April 16, 2024).
(2.4) Co-operation Agreement between International Paper Company and DS Smith, Plc (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated April 16, 2024).
(3.1) Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 13, 2013).
(3.2) By-laws of the Company, as amended through May 9, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 9, 2023).
(4.1) Indenture, dated as of April 12, 1999, between the Company and The Bank of New York, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 16, 2000).
(4.2) Supplemental Indenture (including the form of Notes), dated as of June 4, 2008, between the Company and The Bank of New York, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 4, 2008).
(4.3) Supplemental Indenture (including the form of Notes), dated as of December 7, 2009, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 7, 2009).
(4.4) Supplemental Indenture (including the form of Notes), dated as of November 16, 2011, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K dated November 16, 2011).
(4.5) Supplemental Indenture (including the form of Notes), dated as of June 10, 2014, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 10, 2014).
(4.6) Supplemental Indenture (including the form of Notes), dated as of May 26, 2015, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 26, 2015).
(4.7) Supplemental Indenture (including the form of Notes), dated as of August 11, 2016, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K dated August 11, 2016).
(4.8) Supplemental Indenture (including the form of Notes), dated as of August 9, 2017, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K dated August 9, 2017.
(4.10) In accordance with Item 601 (b)(4)(iii)(A) of Regulation S-K, certain instruments respecting long-term debt of the Company have been omitted but will be furnished to the SEC upon request.
(4.11) Description of Securities*.
(10.1) Amended and Restated 2009 Incentive Compensation Plan ("ICP") (corrected version of a previously filed exhibit) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2019). +
(10.1.1) 2024 Long-Term Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 16, 2024). +
(10.2) Restricted Stock and Deferred Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors, Amended and Restated as of May 10, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2010). +
(10.3) Form of Notice of Award under the Recognition Plan Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (stock settled) providing for accelerated vesting. +
(10.4) Form of Notice of Award under the Recognition Plan Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (stock settled). +
(10.5) Form of Notice of Award under the Recognition Plan Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (cash settled). +
(10.6) Form of Performance Share Plan award certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017). +
(10.6.1) Form of Notice of Award under the Long-Term Incentive Plan Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement (cash settled). +
(10.6.1(a)) Form of Notice of Award under the Long-Term Incentive Plan Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement (cash settled, 100% total shareholder return performance metrics). * +
(10.6.2) Form of Notice of Award under the Long-Term Incentive Plan Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement (stock settled). * +
(10.6.2(a)) Form of Notice of Award under the Long-Term Incentive Plan Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement (stock settled, 100% total shareholder return performance metrics). * +
(10.6.3) Form of Notice of Award under the Long-Term Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (cash settled). +
(10.6.4) Form of Notice of Award under the Long-Term Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (stock settled). +
(10.6.5) Notice of Award under the Recognition Award Plan Restricted Stock Units (stock settled) between International Paper Company and W. Thomas Hamic, providing for accelerated vesting, accepted June 26, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2024).+
(10.7) International Paper Company Pension Restoration Plan for Salaried Employees effective April 1, 1991 (corrected version of previously filed exhibit). +
(10.8) Amendment Number One to the International Paper Company Pension Restoration Plan for Salaried Employees effective January 1, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019). +
(10.9) Amendment Number Two to the International Paper Company Pension Restoration Plan for Salaried Employees effective January 1, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019). +
(10.10) Amendment Number Three to the International Paper Company Pension Restoration Plan for Salaried Employees effective January 1, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019). +
(10.11) Amendment Number Four to the International Paper Company Pension Restoration Plan for Salaried Employees effective July 1, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019). +
(10.12) Amendment Number Five to the International Paper Company Pension Restoration Plan for Salaried Employees effective January 1, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019). +
(10.13) Amendment Number Six to the International Paper Company Pension Restoration Plan for Salaried Employees effective January 1, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020). +
(10.13.1) Amendment Number Seven to the International Paper Company Pension Restoration Plan for Salaried Employees effective September 1, 2021. +
(10.13.2) Amendment Number Eight to the International Paper Company Pension Restoration Plan for Salaried Employees effective January 1, 2023. +
(10.14) International Paper Company Unfunded Supplemental Retirement Plan for Senior Managers, as amended and restated effective January 1, 2008 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007). +
(10.15) Amendment No. 1 to the International Paper Company Unfunded Supplemental Retirement Plan for Senior Managers, effective October 13, 2008 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated October 17, 2008). +
(10.16) Amendment No. 2 to the International Paper Company Unfunded Supplemental Retirement Plan for Senior Managers, effective October 14, 2008 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated October 17, 2008). +
(10.17) Amendment No. 3 to the International Paper Company Unfunded Supplemental Retirement Plan for Senior Managers, effective December 8, 2008 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008). +
(10.18) Amendment No. 4 to the International Paper Company Unfunded Supplemental Retirement Plan for Senior Managers, effective January 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2009). +
(10.19) Amendment No. 5 to the International Paper Company Unfunded Supplemental Retirement Plan for Senior Managers, effective October 31, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2009). +
(10.20) Amendment No. 6 to the International Paper Company Unfunded Supplemental Retirement Plan for Senior Managers, effective January 1, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011). +
(10.21) Amendment No. 7 to the International Paper Company Unfunded Supplemental Retirement Plan for Senior Managers effective July 12, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019). +
(10.22) Amendment No. 8 to the International Paper Company Unfunded Supplemental Retirement Plan for Senior Managers effective January 1, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019). +
(10.23) Amendment No. 9 to the International Paper Company Unfunded Supplemental Retirement Plan for Senior Managers effective November 1, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2019. +
(10.24) Form of Non-Competition Agreement, entered into by certain Company employees (including named executive officers) who have received restricted stock units. +
(10.25) Form of Non-Solicitation Agreement, entered into by certain Company employees (including named executive officers) who have received restricted stock units. +
(10.26) Form of Change-in-Control Agreement - Tier I, for the Chief Executive Officer and all "grandfathered" senior vice presidents elected prior to 2012 (all but one named executive officer) - approved September 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2013). +
(10.27) Form of Change-in-Control Agreement - Tier II, for all future senior vice presidents and all "grandfathered" vice presidents (one named executive officer) elected prior to February 2008 - approved September 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2013). +
(10.27.1) Form of Change-in-Control Agreement - Tier II, for all current and future senior vice presidents and all “grandfathered” vice presidents elected prior to February 2008 - approved October 14, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2024) +.
(10.28) Form of Indemnity Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2003). +
(10.31) Time Sharing Agreement, dated October 17, 2014 (and effective November 1, 2014), by and between Mark S. Sutton and International Paper Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated October 14, 2014). +
(10.32) Commitment Agreement, dated September 26, 2017, between International Paper Company and The Prudential Insurance Company of America, relating to the Retirement Plan of International Paper Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2017). +
(10.33) Commitment Agreement, dated September 25, 2018, between International Paper Company and The Prudential Insurance Company of America, relating to the Retirement Plan of International Paper Company (corrected version of previously filed exhibit) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018). +
(10.34) Amendment No. 20 to the Second Amended and Restated Credit and Security Agreement, dated June 8, 2023, by and among International Paper Company, as servicer, Red Bird Receivables, LLC, as borrower, the lenders and co-agents from time to time party thereto, and Mizuho Bank, Ltd., as Administrative Agent.
(10.35) Third Amended and Restated Five-Year Credit Agreement, dated as of June 7, 2023, among International Paper Company, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., individually and as administrative agent, Citibank, individually and as syndication agent, and certain lenders (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 7, 2023.
(10.36) Term Loan Agreement dated January 24, 2023, between International Paper Company and CoBank, ACB, as administrative agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 24, 2023).+
(10.37) Share Purchase Agreement for the Divestiture of International Paper-Kwidzyn SP. Z.O.O. by and among International Paper (Poland) Holding SP. Z.O.O., Mayr-Melnhof Containerboard International, GMBH, Mayr-Melnhof Karton AG and International Paper Company dated August 4, 2021, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed October 28. 2021.
(10.38) Share Purchase Agreement, dated February 12, 2021, by and between International Paper Investments (Luxembourg) S.a.r.l, Mayr-Melnhoff Cartonboard International GmbH, Mayr-Melnhof Karton AG, International Paper Company (Poland) Holding Sp. Z O.O., and International Paper Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on April 30, 2021).
(10.39) Transfer Notice from International Paper Switzerland GmbH to Pulp Holding Luxembourg S.A.R.L and ILIM Holding Luxembourg S.A.R.L dated December 15, 2022.
(10.40) Employment Offer Letter dated March 14, 2024, between International Paper Company and Andrew K. Silvernail (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated March 19, 2024). +
(10.40.1) Addendum to Terms and Conditions of Offer of Employment Agreement dated October 30, 2024, by and between Andrew K. Silvernail and International Paper Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2024). +
(10.41) Notice of Award under the 2024 Long-Term Incentive Plan Performance Stock Unit Inducement Award (stock settled) between International Paper Company and Andrew K. Silvernail, accepted May 7, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2024). +
(10.42) Form of Notice of Award under the Long-Term Incentive Plan Performance Stock Units (stock settled) between International Paper Company and Andrew K. Silvernail providing for retirement eligibility at 60 years of age regardless of service (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2024). +
(10.43) Form of Notice of Award under the Long-Term Incentive Plan Performance Stock Units (stock settled) between International Paper Company and Andrew K. Silvernail providing for retirement eligibility at 60 years of age regardless of service and 100% total shareholder return performance metrics. * +
(10.44) Time Sharing Agreement dated May 14, 2024 (and effective May 1, 2024) by and between Andrew K Silvernail and International Paper Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2024). +
(10.45) Change-in-Control Agreement dated May 6, 2024, by and between Andrew K. Silvernail and International Paper Company providing for retirement eligibility at 60 years of age regardless of service and cash severance payment equal to 2.99 times the sum of base salary plus target bonus (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2024). +
(10.46) International Paper Company Executive Severance Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated February 11, 2025). +
(19) International Paper Company Insider Trading Policy amended and restated as of January 31, 2025.*
(21) Subsidiaries and Joint Ventures.*
(23.1) Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. *
(23.2) Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. *
(24) Power of Attorney (contained on the signature page to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014). *
(31.1) Certification by Andrew K. Silvernail, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. *
(31.2) Certification by Timothy S. Nicholls, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. *
(32) Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.**
(97) International Paper Company Clawback Policy.
(99) Report of Independent Auditors for Ilim S.A and subsidiaries as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. *
(101.INS) XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document. *
(101.SCH) XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema *
(101.CAL) XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase *
(101.DEF) XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase *
(101.LAB) XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase *
(101.PRE) XBRL Extension Presentation Linkbase *
(104) Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL, and contained in Exhibit 101. *
+ Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
* Filed herewith
** Furnished herewith
† Confidential treatment has been granted for certain information pursuant to Rule 24b-2 under the Securities Act of 1934, as amended.