EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1004036
Filing Year: 2021
Filename: 1004036_10-K_2021_0000899715-21-000065.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
ITEM 1.BUSINESS
The Company and the Operating Partnership
Tanger Factory Outlet Centers, Inc. and subsidiaries, which we refer to as the Company, is one of the largest owners and operators of outlet centers in the United States and Canada. We are a fully-integrated, self-administered and self-managed REIT, which focuses exclusively on developing, acquiring, owning, operating and managing outlet shopping centers. As of December 31, 2020, our consolidated portfolio consisted of 31 outlet centers, with a total gross leasable area of approximately 11.9 million square feet, which were 92% occupied and contained over 2,200 stores representing approximately 400 store brands. We also had partial ownership interests in 7 unconsolidated outlet centers totaling approximately 2.2 million square feet, including 3 outlet centers in Canada.
Our outlet centers and other assets are held by, and all of our operations are conducted by, Tanger Properties Limited Partnership and subsidiaries, which we refer to as the Operating Partnership. The Company owns the majority of the units of partnership interest issued by the Operating Partnership through its two wholly-owned subsidiaries, Tanger GP Trust and Tanger LP Trust. Tanger GP Trust controls the Operating Partnership as its sole general partner. Tanger LP Trust holds a limited partnership interest.
As of December 31, 2020, the Company, through its ownership of the Tanger GP Trust and Tanger LP Trust, owned 93,569,801 units of the Operating Partnership and the Non-Company LPs collectively owned 4,794,643 Class A common limited partnership units. Each Class A common limited partnership unit held by the Non-Company LPs is exchangeable for one of the Company's common shares, subject to certain limitations to preserve the Company's status as a REIT. Class B common limited partnership units, which are held by Tanger LP Trust, are not exchangeable for common shares of the Company.
Ownership of the Company's common shares is restricted to preserve the Company's status as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. Subject to certain exceptions, a person may not actually or constructively own more than 4% of our common shares. We also operate in a manner intended to enable us to preserve our status as a REIT, including, among other things, making distributions with respect to our then outstanding common shares and preferred shares, if applicable, equal to at least 90% of our taxable income each year.
The Company is a North Carolina corporation that was incorporated in March 1993 and the Operating Partnership is a North Carolina partnership that was formed in May 1993. Our executive offices are currently located at 3200 Northline Avenue, Suite 360, Greensboro, North Carolina, 27408 and our telephone number is (336) 292-3010. Our website can be accessed at www.tangeroutlet.com. Copies of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and any amendments thereto can be obtained, free of charge, on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we file such material with, or furnish it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). The information found on, or otherwise accessible through, our website is not incorporated into, and does not form a part of, this Annual Report on Form 10-K or any other report or document we file with or furnish to the SEC.
Recent Developments
COVID-19 Pandemic
In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 ("COVID-19") to be a pandemic, which continues to be a serious challenge throughout the United States. The current COVID-19 pandemic has had, and will continue to have, repercussions across local, national and global economies and financial markets. Although our outlet centers remained open, retailers began closing their stores in our outlet centers in mid-March and by April 6, 2020, substantially all of the stores in our portfolio were closed as a result of mandates by order of local and state authorities. Reopened stores as a percentage of total leased stores improved over time as mandates were lifted, from 1% on April 6, 2020 to 56% on June 3, 2020 to 72% on June 14, 2020. By June 15, 2020, in-store shopping for non-essential retail was allowed in every market in which our centers are located. As of December 31, 2020, 99.9% of total occupied stores in our consolidated portfolio had reopened, representing 99.9% of leased square footage and 99.9% of annualized base rent. Our outlet centers may experience additional short-term store closures as retailers implement additional safety protocols at specific locations impacted by increased exposure to COVID-19.
A number of our tenants have requested rent deferrals, rent abatements or other types of rent relief during this pandemic. As a response, in late March 2020, we offered all tenants in our consolidated portfolio the option to defer 100% of April and May rents interest free, payable in equal installments due in January and February of 2021. Our rent collection rates on contractually billed fixed rents were significantly impacted during the second quarter but steadily improved during the second half of the year, as the Company collected approximately 63% of second quarter billed rents, 91% of third quarter billed rents, and 95% of fourth quarter billed rents. In addition, traffic during the fourth quarter represented approximately 90% of prior year levels and increased to approximately 96% in January. Governmental mandates effective between late December and early-to-mid-February impacted traffic at the Tanger Outlet Centers in Canada, and excluding those centers, domestic traffic was over 99% in January compared to prior year levels.
Given the economic environment as a result of COVID-19, a select number of our tenants underwent liquidity hardships and filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we recaptured approximately 903,000 square feet within the consolidated portfolio related to bankruptcies and brand-wide restructurings by retailers, compared to 198,000 square feet during the year ended December 31, 2019.
As a direct result of the pandemic, bankruptcies and restructurings discussed above, the Company's earnings were negatively impacted by approximately $47.3 million due to (1) write-offs related to bankruptcies and other uncollectible accounts due to financial weakness, (2) one-time concessions in exchange for landlord-favorable amendments to lease structure, (3) reserves for a portion of deferred and under negotiation billings that we expect to become uncollectible in future periods, (4) and write-offs of straight-line rents associated with the bankruptcies and uncollectible accounts.
Please see "COVID-19 Pandemic" in the Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations/Overview of this report for a more complete discussion.
Organizational Changes
In April 2020, Stephen Yalof, a successful and proven retail real estate executive, joined the Company as President and Chief Operating Officer, as part of an executive succession plan for the role of Chief Executive Officer ("CEO"). Effective January 1, 2021, Steven B. Tanger, the Company's CEO, transitioned to the position of Executive Chair of the Company's Board of Directors, effective through January 1, 2024, and Mr. Yalof assumed the role of CEO of the Company. David B. Henry, previously Non-Executive Chair of the Board, was appointed to Lead Director of the Board.
In October 2020, Leslie Swanson joined the Company as Executive Vice President of Operations. In this role, she will be responsible for overseeing the operations of Tanger's outlet portfolio, including planning and execution of operational strategies, driving center occupancy and developing new revenue opportunities.
Financing Transactions
Lines of credit and Term Loan Covenant Modifications
In June 2020, we amended the debt agreements for our lines of credit and bank term loan, primarily to improve future covenant flexibility. The amendments, among other things, allow us to access the existing surge leverage provision, which provides for an increase to the maximum thresholds to 65% from 60% for total leverage and unsecured leverage, for twelve months starting July 1, 2020, during which time share repurchases are prohibited. Additionally, the leverage covenants are determined based on the calculation period which is modified to be based on the immediately preceding three calendar month period annualized for the calculation date occurring on December 31, 2020; the immediately preceding six calendar month period annualized for the calculation date occurring on March 31, 2021; the immediately preceding nine calendar month period annualized for the calculation date occurring on June 30, 2021; and for all other calculation dates occurring during the term on the agreement, the immediately preceding twelve calendar month period.
Impairments
In March 2020, we recorded a $45.7 million impairment charge in our consolidated statement of operations which equaled the excess of the carrying value of our Mashantucket (Foxwoods), Connecticut outlet center over its estimated fair value. In December 2020, in anticipation of further store closings and declining operating results, we recorded an additional impairment charge of $19.2 million in our consolidated statement of operations which equaled the excess of the carrying value of our Foxwoods outlet center over its estimated fair value.
In December 2020, due to the pending sale in January 2021 of the Jeffersonville, Ohio outlet center we recorded an additional impairment charge of $2.4 million in our consolidated statement of operations which equaled the excess of the carrying value over its estimated fair value.
Property Sales
In August 2020, we sold a non-core outlet center in Terrell, Texas for net proceeds of $7.6 million, which resulted in a gain on sale of assets of $2.3 million. The proceeds from the sale of this unencumbered asset were used to pay down balances outstanding under our unsecured lines of credit.
In January 2021, we sold a non-core outlet center in Jeffersonville, Ohio for net proceeds of $8.1 million.
Unconsolidated Real Estate Joint Ventures Financing Transactions
RioCan Canada
In May 2020, the joint venture’s mortgage loan for the outlet center in Saint-Sauveur matured and the joint venture repaid the approximately $8.3 million owed in full.
Columbus, Ohio
In December 2020, the Columbus joint venture amended the mortgage loan to extend the maturity to November 2022, which required a reduction in principal balance from $85.0 million to $71.0 million. The amendment increased the interest rate from LIBOR + 1.65% to LIBOR + 1.85% and the mortgage loan guarantee by each partner was increased from $6.4 million to $11.9 million.
Galveston/Houston, Texas
In February 2021, the Galveston/Houston joint venture amended the mortgage loan to extend the maturity to July 2023, which required a reduction in principal balance from $80.0 million to $64.5 million. The amendment also changed the interest rate from LIBOR + 1.65% to LIBOR + 1.85%.
The Outlet Concept
Outlet centers generally consist of stores operated by manufacturers and brand name retailers that sell primarily first quality, branded products, some of which are made specifically for the outlet distribution channel, to consumers at significant discounts from regular retail prices charged by department stores and specialty stores. Outlet centers offer advantages to manufacturers and brand name retailers as they are often able to charge customers lower prices for brand name and designer products by eliminating the third party retailer. Outlet centers also typically have lower operating costs than other retailing formats, enhancing their profit potential. Outlet centers enable retailers to optimize the size of production runs while continuing to maintain control of their distribution channels. Outlet centers also enable manufacturers and brand name retailers to establish a direct relationship with their customers.
We believe that outlet centers present an attractive opportunity for capital investment as many retailers view the outlet concept as a profitable distribution channel. However, due to present economic conditions, the availability of multiple retail channels, and the potential for increased competition from other outlet center developers, new developments or expansions may not provide an initial return on investment as high as has been historically achieved and there may not be as many opportunities to develop or expand.
Our Outlet Centers
Each of our outlet centers, except one joint venture property, carries the Tanger brand name. We believe that our tenants and consumers recognize the Tanger brand as one that provides outlet shopping centers where consumers can trust the brand, quality and price of the merchandise they purchase directly from the manufacturers and brand name retailers.
As one of the original participants in this industry, we have established long-standing relationships with many of our tenants that we believe is critical in developing and operating successful outlet centers.
Our consolidated outlet centers range in size from 104,009 to 739,110 square feet and are typically located at least 10 miles from major department stores and manufacturer-owned, full-price retail stores. Historically, manufacturers prefer these locations so that they do not compete directly with their major customers and their own stores. Many of our outlet centers are located near tourist destinations to attract tourists who consider shopping to be a recreational activity. Additionally, our centers are often situated in close proximity to interstate highways that provide accessibility and visibility to potential customers.
We have a diverse tenant base throughout our consolidated portfolio, comprised of approximately 400 manufacturers, brand name and discount apparel and home retailers such as American Eagle Outfitters, Banana Republic Factory Store, Calvin Klein, Coach, Gap Outlet, Hugo Boss Factory Store, Kate Spade New York, Lululemon Athletica, Nike Factory Store, North Face, Saks Fifth Avenue Off 5th, T.J. Maxx, Tory Burch, Under Armour, Vineyard Vines, West Elm Outlet, Williams-Sonoma Outlet, and many more.
No single tenant, including all of its store concepts, accounted for 10% or more of our combined base and percentage rental revenues during 2020, 2019 or 2018. As of December 31, 2020, no single tenant accounted for more than 7% of our leasable square feet or 7% of our combined base and percentage rental revenues.
A portion of our rental revenues are dependent on variable revenue sources. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the components of rental revenues are as follows (in thousands):
Rental revenues - fixed $ 289,676
Rental revenues - variable (1)
88,256
Rental revenues $ 377,932
(1)Primarily includes rents based on a percentage of tenant sales volume and reimbursable expenses such as common area expenses, utilities, insurance and real estate taxes.
Business History
Stanley K. Tanger, the Company's founder, entered the outlet center business in 1981. Prior to founding our company, Stanley K. Tanger and his son, Steven B. Tanger, our Executive Chair, built and managed a successful family owned apparel manufacturing business, Tanger/Creighton, Inc., which included the operation of five outlet stores. Based on their knowledge of the apparel and retail industries, as well as their experience operating Tanger/Creighton, Inc.'s outlet stores, they recognized that there would be a demand for outlet centers where a number of manufacturers could operate in a single location and attract a large number of shoppers.
Steven B. Tanger joined the predecessor company in 1986, and by June 1993, the Tangers had developed 17 outlet centers totaling approximately 1.5 million square feet. In June 1993, we completed our initial public offering, making Tanger Factory Outlet Centers, Inc. the first publicly traded outlet center company. Since our initial public offering, we have grown our portfolio through the strategic development, expansion and acquisition of outlet centers and are now one of the largest owner operators of outlet centers in the United States and Canada.
In April 2020, Stephen Yalof, a successful and proven retail real estate executive, joined the Company as President and Chief Operating Officer, as part of an executive succession plan for the role of CEO. Effective January 1, 2021, Steven B. Tanger, the Company's CEO, transitioned to the position of Executive Chair of the Company's Board of Directors, effective through January 1, 2024, and Mr. Yalof assumed the role of CEO of the Company.
Business Strategy
Our company has been built on a firm foundation of strong and enduring business relationships coupled with conservative business practices. We partner with many of the world's best known and most respected retailers and manufacturers. By fostering and maintaining strong tenant relationships with these successful, high volume companies, we have been able to solidify our position as a leader in the outlet industry for well over a quarter century. The confidence and trust that we have developed with our retail partners from the very beginning has allowed us to forge the impressive retail alliances that we enjoy today with our brand name retailers and manufacturers. Our seasoned team of real estate professionals utilize the knowledge and experience that we have gained to give us a competitive advantage in the outlet business.
Growth Strategy
Our goal is to build shareholder value through a comprehensive, conservative plan for sustained, long-term growth. We focus our efforts on increasing rents in our existing outlet centers, renovating and expanding selected outlet centers and reaching new markets through ground-up developments or acquisitions of existing outlet centers. We expect new development to continue to be important to the growth of our portfolio in the long-term. However, the number of new development opportunities may be limited or completed at a slower pace than historically given the current disruption in the retail environment caused in part by Internet competition and numerous store closings as a result of bankruptcy filings or brand wide restructuring of certain retailers. Future outlet centers may be wholly-owned by us or developed through joint venture arrangements.
Increasing rents at existing outlet centers
Our leasing team focuses on the marketing of available space to maintain our standard for high occupancy levels. The majority of our leases are negotiated to provide for inflation-based contractual rent increases or periodic fixed contractual rent increases and percentage rents. We have historically been able to renew many leases at higher base rents per square-foot and replace underperforming tenants with new or existing tenants in our portfolio. Given the current retail environment as discussed above, we may choose to renew certain tenants or execute leases with new tenants at lower rental rates to maintain a high portfolio occupancy rate.
Developing new outlet centers
We believe that there continue to be opportunities to introduce the Tanger brand in untapped or under-served markets across the United States and Canada in the long-term. We believe our 40 years of outlet industry experience, extensive development expertise and strong retail relationships give us a distinct competitive advantage.
In order to identify new markets across North America, we follow a general set of guidelines when evaluating opportunities for the development of new outlet centers. This typically includes seeking locations within markets that have at least one million people residing within a 30 to 40 mile radius with an average household income of at least $65,000 per year, frontage on a major interstate or roadway that has excellent visibility and a traffic count of at least 55,000 cars per day. Leading tourist, vacation and resort markets that receive at least five million visitors annually are also closely evaluated. Although our current goal is to target sites that are large enough to support outlet centers with approximately 60 to 90 stores totaling at least 250,000 to 350,000 square feet, we maintain the flexibility to vary our minimum requirements based on the unique characteristics of a site, tenant demand and our prospects for future growth and success.
In order to help ensure the viability of proceeding with a project, we gauge the interest of our retail partners first. We typically prefer to have signed leases or leases out for negotiation with tenants for at least 60% of the space in each outlet center prior to acquiring the site and beginning construction; however, we may choose to proceed with construction with less than 60% of the space pre-leased under certain circumstances. Construction of a new outlet center has typically taken us nine to twelve months from groundbreaking to grand opening of the outlet center.
Expanding and renovating existing outlet centers
Keeping our outlet shopping centers vibrant and growing is a key part of our formula for success. In order to maintain our reputation as the premiere outlet shopping destination in the markets that we serve, we have an ongoing program of renovations and expansions taking place at our outlet centers. Construction for expansion and renovation to existing properties typically takes less time, usually between six to nine months depending on the scope of the project.
Acquiring outlet centers
We may selectively choose to acquire individual properties or portfolios of properties that meet our strategic investment criteria. We believe that our extensive experience in the outlet center business, access to capital markets, familiarity with real estate markets and our management experience will allow us to evaluate and execute our acquisition strategy successfully over time. Through our tenant relationships, our leasing professionals have the ability to implement a re-merchandising strategy when needed to increase occupancy rates and value. We believe that our managerial skills, marketing expertise and overall outlet industry experience will also allow us to add long-term value and viability to these outlet centers.
Operating Strategy
Increasing cash flow to enhance the value of our properties and operations remains a primary business objective. Through targeted marketing and operational efficiencies, we strive to improve sales and profitability of our tenants and our outlet centers as a whole. Achieving higher base and percentage rents and generating additional income from temporary leasing, vending and other sources also remains an important focus and goal.
Leasing
Our long-standing retailer relationships and our focus on identifying emerging retailers allow us the ability to provide our shoppers with a collection of the world's most popular outlet stores. Tanger customers shop and save on their favorite brand name merchandise including men's, women's and children's ready-to-wear, lifestyle apparel, footwear, jewelry and accessories, tableware, housewares, luggage and home goods. In order for our outlet centers to perform at a high level, our leasing professionals continually monitor and evaluate tenant mix, store size, store location and sales performance. They also work to assist our tenants through re-sizing and re-location of retail space within each of our outlet centers for maximum sales of each retail unit across our portfolio.
Marketing
Our marketing plans deliver compelling, well-crafted messages and enticing promotions and events to targeted audiences. Our plans are based on a basic measure of success - increase sales and traffic for our retail partners and we will create successful outlet centers. Utilizing a strategic mix of print, radio, television, direct mail, our consumer website, Internet advertising, social networks, mobile applications and public relations, we consistently reinforce the Tanger brand. Our marketing efforts are also designed to build loyalty with current Tanger shoppers and create awareness with potential customers. The majority of consumer-marketing expenses incurred by us are reimbursable by our tenants.
Capital Strategy
We believe we achieve a strong and flexible financial position by attempting to: (1) maintain a conservative leverage position relative to our portfolio when pursuing new development, expansion and acquisition opportunities, (2) extend and sequence debt maturities, (3) manage our interest rate risk through a proper mix of fixed and variable rate debt, (4) maintain access to liquidity by using our lines of credit in a conservative manner and (5) preserve internally generated sources of capital by strategically divesting of our non-core assets and maintaining a conservative distribution payout ratio. We manage our capital structure to reflect a long-term investment approach and utilize multiple sources of capital to meet our requirements.
We intend to retain the ability to raise additional capital, including public debt or equity, to pursue attractive investment opportunities that may arise and to otherwise act in a manner that we believe to be in the best interests of our shareholders and unitholders. We are a well-known seasoned issuer with a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 that allows us to register unspecified amounts of different classes of securities. To generate capital to reinvest into other attractive investment opportunities, we may also consider the use of additional operational and developmental joint ventures, the sale or lease of outparcels on our existing properties and the sale of certain properties that do not meet our long-term investment criteria. Based on cash provided by operations, existing lines of credit, ongoing relationships with certain financial institutions and our ability to issue debt or equity subject to market conditions, we believe that we have access to the necessary financing to fund our planned capital expenditures during 2021.
We anticipate that adequate cash will be available to fund our operating and administrative expenses, regular debt service obligations, and the payment of dividends in accordance with REIT requirements in both the short and long-term. Although we receive most of our rental payments on a monthly basis, distributions to shareholders and unitholders are made quarterly and interest payments on the senior, unsecured notes are made semi-annually. Amounts accumulated for such payments will be used in the interim to reduce the outstanding borrowings under our existing lines of credit or invested in short-term money market or other suitable instruments adhering to our investment policies.
We believe our current balance sheet position is financially sound; however, due to the uncertainty and unpredictability of the capital and credit markets, we can give no assurance that affordable access to capital will exist between now and when our next significant debt maturity, which is our unsecured lines of credit. The unsecured lines of credit expire in 2021, with a one-year extension option that may extend the maturity to 2022. As a result, our current primary focus is to continually strengthen our capital and liquidity position by controlling and reducing construction and overhead costs, generating positive cash flows from operations to cover our distributions and reducing outstanding debt.
Competition
We carefully consider the degree of existing and planned competition in a proposed area before deciding to develop, acquire or expand a new outlet center. Our outlet centers compete for customers primarily with outlet centers built and operated by different developers, traditional shopping malls, full- and off-price retailers and e-commerce retailers. We believe that the majority of our customers visit outlet centers because they are intent on buying name-brand products at discounted prices. Traditional full-and off-price retailers and e-commerce retailers are often unable to provide such a variety and depth of name-brand products at attractive prices.
Because our revenues are ultimately linked to our tenants' success, we are affected by the same competitive factors, such as consumer spending habits and on-line shopping, as our tenants. Tenants of outlet centers are generally adverse to direct competition with major brick and mortar retailers and their own specialty stores. For this reason, our outlet centers generally compete only to a limited extent with traditional malls in or near metropolitan areas as our centers are typically located at least 10 miles from major department stores and manufacturer-owned, full-price retail stores. In recent years, some of our tenants have been adversely impacted by changes in consumer spending habits and the convenience of on-line shopping.
We compete with institutional pension funds, private equity investors, other REITs, individual owners of outlet centers, specialty stores and others who are engaged in the acquisition, development or ownership of outlet centers and stores. In addition, the number of entities competing to acquire or develop outlet centers has increased and may continue to increase in the future, which could increase demand for these outlet centers and the prices we must pay to acquire or develop them. Nevertheless, we believe the high barriers to entry in the outlet industry, including the need for extensive marketing programs to drive traffic to the centers and relationships with premier manufacturers and brand name retailers, will continue to limit the number of new outlet centers developed each year.
Financial Information
We have one reportable operating segment. For financial information regarding our segment, see our consolidated financial statements.
Corporate and Regional Headquarters
We rent space in an office building in Greensboro, North Carolina where our corporate headquarters is located as well as a regional office in Miami, Florida.
As of December 31, 2020, we maintain offices and employ on-site management at 33 consolidated and unconsolidated outlet centers. The managers closely monitor the operation, marketing and local relationships at each of their outlet centers.
Insurance
We believe that as a whole our properties are covered by adequate comprehensive liability, fire, flood, earthquake and extended loss insurance provided by reputable companies with commercially reasonable and customary deductibles and limits. Northline Indemnity, LLC, ("Northline"), a wholly-owned captive insurance subsidiary of the Operating Partnership, is responsible for losses up to certain levels for property damage (including wind damage from hurricanes) prior to third-party insurance coverage. Specified types and amounts of insurance are required to be carried by each tenant under their lease. There are however, types of losses, like those resulting from wars or nuclear radiation, which may either be uninsurable or not economically insurable in some or all of our locations. An uninsured loss could result in a loss to us of both our capital investment and anticipated profits from the affected property.
Human Capital Resources
As of December 31, 2020, we had 262 full-time employees, located at our corporate headquarters in North Carolina, our regional office in Miami and 33 business offices. At that date, we also employed 265 part-time employees at various locations. We are committed to a diverse, collaborative, and entrepreneurial workplace. As of December 31, 2020, female employees made up 72% of field employees and 45% of our Executive Leadership Team. Ethnic minorities made up 22% of our workforce in 2020. The Company's Board gender composition was 25% female, with 13% ethnic diversity. Additionally, we performed an internal gender pay gap analysis in 2020, comparing positions with similar roles and responsibilities, that considered tenure, education, work experience and performance. Also, in 2020 we formed a Diversity and Inclusion Council with representation from across the Company. The Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Council will focus on making diversity, equity and inclusion a top-level focus in our Company and with our people, our places and our partners. We are deeply committed to representing and reflecting the unique experiences, perspectives and viewpoints of our people, partners, and the communities we serve. We strive to champion diversity, equity and inclusion for all. This empowers us to reach our full potential, fueling innovation and connection with our employees and the customers and communities we serve.
Our success is highly dependent on part-time employees and the institutional knowledge that comes with high retention rates. Our part-time workforce is 50% of our 527-person workforce. At 28%, turnover is significantly below industry averages of 39%, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. 48% of our team members have been with us for five years or longer, and the average tenure for full time employees in 2020 was 9.3 years.
We focus on developing strategies that enhance an environment where high performance, training and expression of our core competencies are rewarded and publicly recognized. We provide numerous training programs which included topics related to, among other things, operational training, leadership development, customer service and technology training. We recognize that motivation and rewards are different for individuals at various times in their careers, and a balanced blend of monetary and non-monetary rewards can generate valuable business results. We provide employee benefits on par or above industry standards. Part-time employees are included in our 401(k) plans, which offer immediate vesting and dollar-for-dollar matches for employee contributions up to 3%, and $0.50 for every dollar contributed on the next 2% deferred. Part-time employees also participate in paid time off (PTO) after five years of service. In addition, employees are allowed, and encouraged by us to spend, 40 hours per year of paid time off to volunteer for worthwhile activities in their local communities.
Government Regulations
We are subject to regulation by various federal, state, provincial and local agencies. These agencies include the Environmental Protection Agency, Occupational Safety and Health Administration and Department of Labor and Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. We believe we comply, in all material respects, with existing applicable statutes and regulations affecting environmental issues and our employment, workplace health and workplace safety practices, and compliance with such statutes and regulations has no material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
ITEM 1A.RISK FACTORS
Important risk factors that could materially affect our business, financial condition or results of operations in future periods are described below. These factors are not intended to be an all-encompassing list of risks and uncertainties and are not the only risks and uncertainties we face. Additional risks not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations in future periods.
Risks Related to Real Estate Investments
We may be unable to develop new outlet centers or expand existing outlet centers successfully.
We intend to continue to develop new outlet centers and expand existing outlet centers as opportunities arise. However, there are significant risks associated with our development activities in addition to those generally associated with the ownership and operation of established retail properties. While we have policies in place designed to limit the risks associated with development, these policies do not mitigate all development risks associated with a project. These risks include the following:
•significant expenditure of money and time on projects that may be delayed or never be completed;
•higher than projected construction costs;
•shortage of construction materials and supplies;
•failure to obtain zoning, occupancy or other governmental approvals or to the extent required, tenant approvals; and
•late completion because of construction delays, delays in the receipt of zoning, occupancy and other approvals or other factors outside of our control.
Any or all of these factors may impede our development strategy and adversely affect our overall business.
The economic performance and the market value of our outlet centers are dependent on risks associated with real property investments.
Real property investments are subject to varying degrees of risk. The economic performance and values of real estate may be affected by many factors, including changes in the national, regional and local economic climate, inflation, changes in government policies and regulations, unemployment rates, consumer confidence, consumer shopping preferences, local conditions such as an oversupply of space or a reduction in demand for real estate in the area, the attractiveness of the properties to tenants, competition from other available space, our ability to provide adequate maintenance and insurance and increased operating costs.
Real property investments are relatively illiquid.
Our outlet centers represent a substantial portion of our total consolidated assets. These assets are relatively illiquid. As a result, our ability to sell one or more of our outlet centers in response to any changes in economic or other conditions is limited. If we want to sell an outlet center, there can be no assurance that we will be able to dispose of it in the desired time period or that the sales price will exceed the cost of our investment.
Properties have been in the past and may be in the future subject to impairment charges which can adversely affect our financial results.
We periodically evaluate long-lived assets to determine if there has been any impairment in their carrying values or if there are other indicators of impairment and record impairment losses if the undiscounted cash flows estimated to be generated by those assets are less than their carrying amounts. If it is determined that an impairment has occurred, we would be required to record an impairment charge equal to the excess of the asset's carrying value over its estimated fair value, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial results in the accounting period in which the adjustment is made. Our estimates of undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by each property are based on a number of assumptions that are subject to economic and market uncertainties including, but not limited to, estimated hold period, terminal capitalization rates, demand for space, competition for tenants, changes in market rental rates and costs to operate each property. As these factors are difficult to predict and are subject to future events that may alter our assumptions, the future cash flows estimated in our impairment analysis may not be achieved.
Also, we assess whether there are any indicators that the value of our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures may be impaired. An investment is impaired only if management's estimate of the value of the investment is less than the carrying value of the investments, and such decline in value is deemed to be other than temporary. To the extent impairment has occurred, the loss is measured as the excess of the carrying amount of the investment over the estimated fair value of the investment. Our estimates of value for each joint venture investment are based on a number of assumptions that are subject to economic and market uncertainties including, among others, estimated hold period, terminal capitalization rates, demand for space, competition for tenants, discount and capitalization rates, changes in market rental rates and operating costs of the property. As these factors are difficult to predict and are subject to future events that may alter our assumptions, the values estimated by us in our impairment analysis may not be realized.
In the current and recent years, we have recorded impairment charges related to both our long-lived assets and our investments in consolidated joint ventures. In addition, based upon current market conditions, one of our outlet centers has an estimated fair value significantly less than its recorded carrying value of approximately $122.5 million. However, based on our current plan with respect to that outlet center, we believe that its carrying amount is recoverable and therefore no impairment charge was recorded. Accordingly, we will continue to monitor circumstances and events in future periods that could affect inputs such as the expected holding period, operating cash flow forecasts and capitalization rates, utilized to determine whether an impairment charge is necessary. As these inputs are difficult to predict and are subject to future events that may alter our assumptions, the future cash flows estimated by management in its impairment analysis may not be achieved, and actual losses or impairment may be realized in the future.
Dispositions may not achieve anticipated results.
From time to time, we have strategically disposed of assets, and may dispose of additional assets in the future, with the goal of improving the overall performance of our core portfolio. However, we may not achieve the results we originally anticipated at the time of disposition. If we are not successful at achieving the anticipated results, there is a potential for a significant adverse impact on our returns and our overall profitability.
We face competition for the acquisition and development of outlet centers, and we may not be able to complete acquisitions or developments that we have identified.
We intend to grow our business in part through acquisitions and new developments. We compete with institutional pension funds, private equity investors, other REITs, small owners of outlet centers, specialty stores and others who are engaged in the acquisition, development or ownership of outlet centers and stores. These competitors may succeed in acquiring or developing outlet centers themselves. Also, our potential acquisition targets may find our competitors to be more attractive acquirers because they may have greater marketing and financial resources, may be willing to pay more, or may have a more compatible operating philosophy. In addition, the number of entities competing to acquire or develop outlet centers has increased and may continue to increase in the future, which could increase demand for these outlet centers and the prices we must pay to acquire or develop them. If we pay higher prices for outlet centers, our profitability may be reduced. Also, once we have identified potential acquisitions, such acquisitions are subject to the successful completion of due diligence, the negotiation of definitive agreements and the satisfaction of customary closing conditions. We cannot assure you that we will be able to reach acceptable terms with the sellers or that these conditions will be satisfied.
We may be subject to environmental regulation.
Under various federal, state and local laws, ordinances and regulations, we may be considered an owner or operator of real property and may be responsible for paying for the disposal or treatment of hazardous or toxic substances released on or in our property or disposed of by us, as well as certain other potential costs which could relate to hazardous or toxic substances (including governmental fines and injuries to persons and property). This liability may be imposed whether or not we knew about, or were responsible for, the presence of hazardous or toxic substances.
Possible terrorist activity, other acts or threats of violence, public health crises and threats to public safety could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Terrorist attacks and threats of terrorist attacks, whether in the United States, Canada or elsewhere, or other acts or threats of violence may result in declining economic activity, which could harm the demand for goods and services offered by our tenants and the value of our properties and might adversely affect the value of an investment in our securities. Similarly, public health crises may negatively impact consumer spending. Such a resulting decrease in retail demand could make it difficult for us to renew or re-lease our properties and may adversely impact our results of operations to the extent our revenues are dependent on variable revenue sources.
Terrorist activities or violence also could directly affect the value of our properties through damage, destruction or loss. In addition, these acts and threats might erode business and consumer confidence and spending, and might result in increased volatility in national and international financial markets and economies. Any one of these events might decrease demand for real estate, decrease or delay the occupancy of our properties, impair the ability of tenants to meet their obligations under their existing leases, limit our access to capital, increase our cost of raising capital and/or give rise to third party claims.
Risks Related to our Business
The current COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected and will likely continue to negatively affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations and those of our tenants.
The current COVID-19 pandemic has had, and likely will continue to have, repercussions across local, national and global economies and financial markets. COVID-19 has impacted all states where our tenants operate their businesses or where our properties are located and measures taken to prevent the spread of or remediate outbreaks of COVID-19, including “shelter-in place” or “stay-at-home” orders or other quarantine mandates issued by local, state or federal authorities, have had an adverse effect on our business and the businesses of our tenants. The full extent of the adverse impact on our results of operations, liquidity (including our ability to access capital markets), and our ability to develop, acquire, dispose or lease properties for our portfolio, is unknown and will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. Our results of operations, liquidity and cash flows may continue to be materially affected.
Many of our tenants operate in industries that depend on in-person interactions with their customers to be profitable and to fund their obligations under lease agreements with us. Measures taken to prevent or remediate COVID-19, including “shelter-in-place” or “stay-at-home” orders or other quarantine mandates, with respect to some portion of our tenants, (i) prevented our tenants from being able to open their stores and conduct business or limited the hours in which they may conduct business, and/or (ii) decreased or prevented our tenants’ customers’ willingness or ability to frequent their businesses, and/or (iii) impacted supply chains from local, national and international suppliers or otherwise delayed the delivery of inventory or other materials necessary for our tenants’ operations, all of which have adversely affected, and are likely to continue to adversely affect, their ability to maintain profitability and make rental payments to us under their leases. Tenants have also, as a result of such public health crisis, orders or mandates and any resulting economic downturn, requested rent deferrals, rent abatement or early termination of their leases and may continue to do so. In addition, tenants have and may continue to be forced to temporarily or permanently close or declare bankruptcy which could reduce our cash flows and negatively affect our ability to pay dividends. Specifically, as a result of COVID-19 and various governmental orders currently in place, a significant number of our tenants either closed their business or operated with limited operations and/or have submitted requests for rent relief or failed to pay rent. In addition, state, local or industry-initiated efforts, such as tenant rent freezes or suspension of a landlord’s ability to enforce evictions, may also affect our ability to collect rent or enforce remedies for the failure to pay rent.
We are closely monitoring changes in the collectability assessment of our tenant receivables as a result of certain tenants suffering adverse financial consequences due to COVID-19 and should our estimates change, there could be material modifications to our revenues in future periods. We believe our tenants do not have a clear contractual right to cease paying rent due to government mandated closures and we intend to enforce our rights under the lease agreements. However, COVID-19 and the related governmental orders present fairly novel situations for which the ultimate legal outcome cannot be assured and it is possible future governmental action could impact our rights under the lease agreements. The extent of tenant requests and actions and the impact to the Company’s results of operations and cash flows is uncertain and cannot be predicted.
The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows will depend on future developments which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, including the scope, severity and duration of the pandemic, the actions taken to contain the pandemic or mitigate its impact, the availability or effectiveness of vaccines or treatments, future mutations or variants of the virus, and the direct and indirect economic effects of the pandemic and containment measures, among others. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our rental revenue for the future cannot be determined at present. The situation surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic remains fluid, and we are continuing to manage our response in collaboration with tenants, government officials and business partners and assessing potential impacts to our financial position and operating results, as well as potential adverse developments in our business.
The COVID-19 pandemic, or a future pandemic, could also have material and adverse effects on our ability to successfully operate and on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows due to, among other factors:
•The reduced economic activity that could result in a prolonged recession and may consequently negatively impact consumer discretionary spending; difficulty accessing debt and equity capital on attractive terms, or at all, deterioration in our credit ratings, a severe disruption and instability in the global financial markets or deterioration in credit and financing conditions may affect our access to capital necessary to fund business operations or address maturing liabilities on a timely basis and our tenants' ability to fund their business operations and meet their obligations to us.
•The financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic could negatively impact our future compliance with financial covenants of our credit facility and other debt agreements and result in a default and potentially an acceleration of indebtedness, which non-compliance could negatively impact our liquidity.
•Any impairment in value of our tangible or intangible assets which could be recorded as a result of weaker economic conditions
•A general decline in business activity and demand for real estate transactions could adversely affect our ability or desire to grow our portfolio of properties or dispose of properties at a net gain, as applicable.
•A deterioration in our or our tenants' ability to operate in affected areas or delays in the supply of products or services to us or our tenants from vendors that are needed for our or our tenants' efficient operations could adversely affect our operations and those of our tenants.
•A significant increase in the number of tenants that file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy; adverse impacts from requiring most employees to work remotely, such as reductions in productivity and heightened cybersecurity risks; and the potential negative impact on the health of our personnel, particularly if a significant number of them are impacted, could result in a deterioration in our ability to ensure business continuity during this disruption.
Our earnings and therefore our profitability are dependent on rental income from real property.
Substantially all of our income is derived from rental income from real property. Our income and funds for distribution would be adversely affected if rental rates at our centers decrease, if a significant number of our tenants were unable to meet their obligations to us or if we were unable to lease a significant amount of space in our outlet centers on economically favorable lease terms. In addition, the terms of outlet store tenant leases traditionally have been significantly shorter than in other retail segments. There can be no assurance that any tenant whose lease expires in the future will renew such lease or that we will be able to re-lease space on economically favorable terms.
We are substantially dependent on the results of operations of our retail tenants and their bankruptcy, early termination or closing could adversely affect us.
Our operations are subject to the results of operations of our retail tenants. A portion of our rental revenues are derived from percentage rents that directly depend on the sales volume of certain tenants. Accordingly, declines in these tenants' results of operations would reduce the income produced by our properties. If the sales or profitability of our retail tenants decline sufficiently, whether due to a change in consumer preferences, legislative changes that increase the cost of their operations or otherwise, such tenants may be unable to pay their existing rents as such rents would represent a higher percentage of their sales. Any resulting leasing delays, failures to make payments or tenant bankruptcies could result in the termination of such tenants' leases.
A number of companies in the retail industry, including some of our tenants, have declared bankruptcy or have voluntarily closed all or certain of their stores in recent years. The bankruptcy of a major tenant or number of tenants may result in the closing of certain affected stores or reduction of rent for stores that remain operating. For example, in the past three years, our revenues were adversely affected by higher than historical averages of bankruptcy filings and other tenant closures during those periods. We expect other store closings to impact our operating results in 2021. In addition, certain of our lease agreements include co-tenancy and/or sales-based provisions that may allow a tenant to pay reduced rent and/or terminate a lease prior to its natural expiration if we fail to maintain certain occupancy levels or retain specified named tenants, or if the tenant does not achieve certain specified sales targets. Our occupancy at our consolidated centers has declined from 97% at the end of 2019 to 92% at then end of 2020. If our occupancy continues to decline, certain outlet centers may fall below the minimum co-tenancy thresholds and could trigger many tenants ability to pay reduced rents, which in turn may negatively impact our results of operations.
Re-leasing this space may take longer than our historical experience. In addition, we may be unable to replace the space at equal or greater rent, and/or we may incur significant tenant allowances to induce tenants to enter into leases. As such, the closings of a significant amount of stores could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and could result in a lower level of funds for distribution.
Certain of our properties are subject to ownership interests held by third parties, whose interests may conflict with ours and thereby constrain us from taking actions concerning these properties which otherwise would be in our best interests and our shareholders' interests.
We own partial interests in outlet centers with various joint venture partners. The approval or consent of the other members of these joint ventures is required before we may sell, finance, expand or make other significant changes in the operations of these properties. We also may not have control over certain major decisions, including approval of the annual operating budgets, selection or termination of the property management company, leasing and the timing and amount of distributions, which could result in decisions that do not fully reflect our interests. To the extent such approvals or consents are required, we may experience difficulty in, or may be prevented from, implementing our plans and strategies with respect to expansion, development, property management, on-going operations, financing (for example, decisions as to whether to refinance or obtain financing, when and whether to pay down principal of any loan and whether and how to cure any defaults under loan documents) or other similar transactions with respect to such properties.
We face risks associated with climate change.
To the extent climate change causes changes in weather patterns, our properties in certain markets could experience, among other impacts, increases in storm intensity, rising sea levels and other natural disasters. Over time, these conditions could result in volatile or decreased demand for retail space at certain of our properties or, in extreme cases, our inability to operate the properties at all. Climate change may also have indirect effects on our business by increasing the cost of (or making unavailable) insurance on favorable terms, or at all, increasing the cost of energy at our properties or requiring us to spend funds to repair and protect our properties against such risks. Moreover, compliance with new laws or regulations related to climate change, including compliance with “green” building codes, may require us to make improvements to our existing properties or increase taxes and fees assessed on us or our properties.
An uninsured loss or a loss that exceeds our insurance policies on our outlet centers or the insurance policies of our tenants could subject us to lost capital and revenue on those outlet centers.
Some of the risks to which our outlet centers are subject, including risks of terrorist attacks, war, earthquakes, hurricanes and other natural disasters, are not insurable or may not be insurable in the future. Should a loss occur that is uninsured or in an amount exceeding the combined aggregate limits for the insurance policies noted above or in the event of a loss that is subject to a substantial deductible under an insurance policy, we could lose all or part of our capital invested in and anticipated revenue from one or more of our outlet centers, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition, as well as our ability to make distributions to our shareholders.
Under the terms and conditions of our leases, tenants generally are required to indemnify and hold us harmless from liabilities resulting from injury to persons and contamination of air, water, land or property, on or off the premises, due to activities conducted in the leased space, except for claims arising from negligence or intentional misconduct by us or our agents. Additionally, tenants generally are required, at the tenant's expense, to obtain and keep in full force during the term of the lease, liability and property damage insurance policies issued by companies acceptable to us. These policies include liability coverage for bodily injury and property damage arising out of the ownership, use, occupancy or maintenance of the leased space. All of these policies may involve substantial deductibles and certain exclusions. Therefore, an uninsured loss or loss that exceeds the insurance policies of our tenants could also subject us to lost capital and revenue.
Consumer spending habits have changed and may continue to evolve.
Certain retailers have experienced, and may continue to experience for the foreseeable future considerable decreases in customer traffic in their retail stores, increased competition from alternative retail options such as those accessible via the Internet and other forms of pressure on their business models. As pressure on such retailers increases, their ability to maintain their stores, meet their obligations both to us and to their external lenders and suppliers, withstand takeover attempts by investors or rivals or avoid bankruptcy and/or liquidation may be impaired, adversely impacting our results of operations to the extent our revenues are dependent on variable revenue sources, and resulting in closures of their stores or their seeking a lease modification with us. Any lease renewal or modification could be unfavorable to us as the lessor and could decrease rents or expense recovery charges.
Our Canadian investments may subject us to different or greater risk from those associated with our domestic operations.
As of December 31, 2020, through a co-ownership arrangement with a Canadian REIT, we have an ownership interest in three properties in Canada. Our operating results and the value of our Canadian operations may be impacted by any unhedged movements in the Canadian dollar. Canadian ownership activities carry risks that are different from those we face with our domestic properties. These risks include:
•adverse effects of changes in the exchange rate between the U.S. and Canadian dollar;
•changes in Canadian political and economic environments, regionally, nationally, and locally;
•challenges of complying with a wide variety of foreign laws;
•changes in applicable laws and regulations in the United States that affect foreign operations;
•property management services being provided directly by our 50/50 co-owner, not by us; and
•obstacles to the repatriation of earnings and cash.
Any or all of these factors may adversely impact our operations and financial results, as well as our overall business.
Our success significantly depends on our key personnel and our ability to attract and retain key personnel.
Our success depends upon the personal efforts and abilities of our senior management team and other key personnel. Although we believe we have a strong management team with relevant industry expertise, the extended loss of the services of key personnel could have a material adverse effect on the securities markets' view of our prospects and materially harm our business. Also, our success and the achievement of our goals are dependent upon our ability to attract and retain qualified employees.
Risks Related to our Indebtedness and Financial Markets
We are subject to the risks associated with debt financing.
We are subject to risks associated with debt financing, including the risk that the cash provided by our operating activities will be insufficient to meet required payments of principal and interest. Disruptions in the capital and credit markets may adversely affect our operations, including the ability to fund planned capital expenditures and potential new developments or acquisitions. Further, there is the risk that we will not be able to repay or refinance existing indebtedness or that the terms of any refinancing will not be as favorable as the terms of existing indebtedness. If we are unable to access capital markets to refinance our indebtedness on acceptable terms, we might be forced to dispose of properties on disadvantageous terms, which might result in losses.
The Operating Partnership guarantees debt or otherwise provides support for a number of joint venture properties.
Joint venture debt is the liability of the joint venture and is typically secured by a mortgage on the joint venture property. A default by a joint venture under its debt obligations may expose us to liability under a guaranty. We may elect to fund cash needs of a joint venture through equity contributions (generally on a basis proportionate to our ownership interests), advances or partner loans, although such funding is not typically required contractually or otherwise.
Our interest rate hedging arrangements may not effectively limit our interest rate risk exposure.
We manage our exposure to interest rate risk by periodically entering into interest rate hedging agreements to effectively fix a portion of our variable rate debt. Our use of interest rate hedging arrangements to manage risk associated with interest rate volatility may expose us to additional risks, including that a counterparty to a hedging arrangement may fail to honor its obligations. We enter into swaps that are exempt from the requirements of central clearing and/or trading on a designated contract market or swap execution facility pursuant to the applicable regulations and rules, and thus there may be more counterparty risk relative to others who do not utilize such exemption. Developing an effective interest rate risk strategy is complex and no strategy can completely insulate us from risks associated with interest rate fluctuations. There can be no assurance that our hedging activities will have the desired beneficial impact on our results of operations or financial condition. We might be subject to additional costs, such as transaction fees or breakage costs, if we terminate these arrangements.
Uncertainty relating to the determination of LIBOR and the phasing out of LIBOR after 2021, or, in certain cases, 2023, may adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, liquidity and net worth.
The Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”) that regulates the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) announced it intends to stop compelling banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR after 2021, or, in certain cases, 2023. As a result, the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York organized the Alternative Reference Rates Committee (“ARRC”), which identified the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as its preferred alternative to LIBOR in derivatives and other financial contracts. We are not able to predict when LIBOR may be limited or discontinued or when there will be sufficient liquidity in the SOFR market.
As of December 31, 2020, we had $401.4 million of debt and nine interest rate swaps with an aggregate notional value of $390.0 million outstanding that were indexed to LIBOR. In addition, we have a $600.0 million unsecured revolving line of credit facility that is indexed to LIBOR but had no borrowings under it. We are monitoring and evaluating the risks related to potential changes in LIBOR availability, which include potential changes in interest paid on debt and amounts received and paid on interest rate swaps. In addition, the value of debt or derivative instruments tied to LIBOR could also be impacted when LIBOR is limited or discontinued and contracts must be transitioned to a new alternative rate. For some instruments, the method of transitioning to an alternative rate may be challenging, as they may require negotiation with the respective counterparty. If a contract is not transitioned to an alternative rate and LIBOR is discontinued, the impact on our contracts is likely to vary by contract.
While we expect LIBOR to be available in substantially its current form until the end of 2021, or in certain cases, -2023, it is possible that LIBOR will become unavailable prior to that time. This could occur, for example, if a sufficient number of banks decline to make submissions to the LIBOR administrator. In that case, the risks associated with the transition to an alternative reference rate would be accelerated and/or magnified. Any of these events could have an adverse effect on our financing costs, and as a result, our financial condition, operating results and cash flows.
The market price of our common shares or other securities may fluctuate significantly in response to many factors.
Factors that could cause our securities to fluctuate significantly include but are not limited to; actual or anticipated variations in our operating results; cash flows or liquidity; changes in our earnings estimates or those of analysts; changes in our dividend policy; impairment charges affecting the carrying value of one or more of our outlet centers; changes in the general retail environment; shareholder activism and bankruptcy or brand-wide restructurings of retailers. In addition, a large proportion of our common shares has been and may continue to be traded by short sellers which may put pressure on the supply and demand for our common shares.
Risks Related to Federal Income Tax Laws
The Company's failure to qualify as a REIT could subject our earnings to corporate level taxation.
We believe that we have operated and intend to operate in a manner that permits the Company to qualify as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Internal Revenue Code"). However, we cannot assure you that the Company has qualified or will remain qualified as a REIT. If in any taxable year the Company were to fail to qualify as a REIT and certain statutory relief provisions were not applicable, the Company would not be allowed a deduction for dividends paid to shareholders in computing taxable income and would be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income at the regular corporate rate. Also, we could be disqualified from treatment as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which qualification was lost. Accordingly, the Company's failure to qualify for taxation as a REIT would result in a significant reduction in cash available for distribution to our shareholders, and thus may adversely affect the market price and marketability of our securities.
The Company is required by law to make distributions to our shareholders.
To obtain the favorable tax treatment associated with the Company's qualification as a REIT, generally, the Company is required to distribute to its shareholders at least 90% of its net taxable income (excluding capital gains) each year. The Company depends upon distributions or other payments from the Operating Partnership to make distributions to the Company's common shareholders. The Company is allowed to satisfy the REIT income distribution requirement by distributing up to 80% of the dividends on its common shares in the form of additional common shares in lieu of paying dividends entirely in cash. Although we reserve the right to utilize this procedure in the future, we currently have no intent to do so.
Federal or state legislative or other actions could adversely affect our shareholders.
Future changes to tax laws may adversely affect the taxation of the REIT, its subsidiaries or its shareholders. These changes could have an adverse effect on an investment in our shares or on the market value or the resale potential of our assets.
These potential changes could generally result in REITs having fewer tax advantages, and may lead REITs to determine that it would be more advantageous to elect to be taxed, for federal income tax purposes, as a corporation.
Additionally, not all states automatically conform to changes in the Internal Revenue Code. This could increase the complexity of our compliance costs, and may subject us to additional tax and audit risk.
Risks Related to our Organizational Structure
The Company depends on distributions from the Operating Partnership to meet its financial obligations, including dividends.
The Company's operations are conducted by the Operating Partnership, and the Company's only significant asset is its interest in the Operating Partnership. As a result, the Company depends upon distributions or other payments from the Operating Partnership in order to meet its financial obligations, including its obligations under any guarantees or to pay dividends or liquidation payments to its common shareholders. As a result, these obligations are effectively subordinated to existing and future liabilities of the Operating Partnership. The Operating Partnership is a party to loan agreements with various bank lenders that require the Operating Partnership to comply with various financial and other covenants before it may make distributions to the Company. Although the Operating Partnership presently is in compliance with these covenants, there is no assurance that the Operating Partnership will continue to be in compliance and that it will be able to make distributions to the Company.
Risks Related to Cyber Security
Cyber-attacks or acts of cyber-terrorism could disrupt our business operations and information technology systems or result in the loss or exposure of confidential or sensitive customer, employee or Company information.
Our information technology systems have been and may in the future be attacked or breached by individuals or organizations intending to obtain sensitive data regarding our business, customers, employees, tenants or other third parties with whom we do business or disrupt our business operations and information technology systems. A security compromise of our information technology systems or business operations could occur through cyber-attacks or cyber-intrusions over the Internet, malware, ransomware, computer viruses, attachments to e-mails, persons inside our organization, or persons with access to systems inside our organization. Like many companies, we have experienced intrusions and threats to data and information technology systems, and the risk of a future security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attacks or cyber-intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments, and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. We use information technology systems to manage our outlet centers and other business processes. Disruption of those systems could adversely impact our ability to operate our business to provide timely service to our customers and maintain our relationships with our tenants. Accordingly, if such an attack or act of terrorism were to occur, our operations and financial results could be adversely affected. In addition, we use our information technology systems to protect confidential or sensitive customer, employee and Company information developed and maintained in the normal course of our business. Certain of these systems have been attacked, and any attack on such systems that results in the unauthorized release or loss of customer, employee or other confidential or sensitive data could have a material adverse effect on our business reputation, increase our costs and expose us to material legal claims and liability. If the unauthorized release or loss of customer, employee or other confidential or sensitive data were to occur, our operations and financial results and our share price could be adversely affected.
While we maintain some of our own critical information technology systems, we also depend on third parties to provide important information technology services relating to several key business functions, such as payroll, electronic communications and certain accounting and finance functions. Our measures to prevent, detect and mitigate these threats, including password protection, firewalls, backup servers, threat monitoring and periodic penetration testing, may not be successful in preventing a data breach or limiting the effects of a breach. Furthermore, the security measures employed by third-party service providers may prove to be ineffective at preventing breaches of their systems.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
ITEM 1B.UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
There are no unresolved staff comments from the SEC for either the Company or the Operating Partnership.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
ITEM 2.PROPERTIES
As of December 31, 2020, our consolidated portfolio consisted of 31 outlet centers totaling 11.9 million square feet located in 19 states. We own interests in seven other outlet centers totaling approximately 2.2 million square feet through unconsolidated joint ventures, including three outlet centers in Canada. Our consolidated outlet centers range in size from 104,009 to 739,110 square feet. The outlet centers are generally located near tourist destinations or along major interstate highways to provide visibility and accessibility to potential customers.
We believe that the outlet centers are well diversified geographically and by tenant and that we are not dependent upon any single property or tenant. The outlet center in Deer Park, New York is the only property that comprises 10% or more of our consolidated total assets as of December 31, 2020. No property comprises more than 10% of our consolidated revenues for the year ended December 31, 2020. See "Properties - Significant Property" for further details.
We have an ongoing strategy of acquiring outlet centers, developing new outlet centers and expanding existing outlet centers. See “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Liquidity and Capital Resources” for a discussion of the cost of such programs and the sources of financing thereof.
As of December 31, 2020, of the 31 outlet centers in our consolidated portfolio, we own the land underlying 25 and have ground leases on six. The following table sets forth information about the land leases on which all or a portion of the outlet centers are located:
Outlet Center Acres Expiration Expiration including renewal terms at our option
Myrtle Beach Hwy 17, SC 40.0 2027 2096
Atlantic City, NJ 21.3 2101 2101
Sevierville, TN 43.6 2086 2086
Riverhead, NY 47.0 2024 2039
Mashantucket, CT (Foxwoods) 8.1 2040 2090
Rehoboth Beach, DE 2.7 2044 (1)
(1)Lease may be renewed at our option for additional terms of twenty years each.
Generally, our leases with our outlet center tenants typically have an initial term that ranges from 5 to 10 years and provide for the payment of fixed monthly rent in advance. There are often contractual base rent increases during the initial term of the lease. In addition, the rental payments are customarily subject to upward adjustments based upon tenant sales volume. A component of most leases includes a pro-rata share or escalating fixed contributions by the tenant for property operating expenses, including common area maintenance, real estate taxes, insurance and advertising and promotion, thereby reducing exposure to increases in costs and operating expenses resulting from inflation.
The following table summarizes certain information with respect to our consolidated outlet centers as of December 31, 2020:
State Number of
Outlet Centers Square
Feet %
of Square Feet
South Carolina 5 1,604,510 13
New York 2 1,468,668 12
Georgia 3 1,121,579 9
Pennsylvania 3 999,416 8
Texas 2 823,557 7
Michigan 2 671,560 6
Delaware 1 557,392 5
Alabama 1 554,649 5
New Jersey 1 489,718 4
Tennessee 1 447,810 4
North Carolina 2 422,895 4
Ohio 1 411,915 3
Arizona 1 410,753 3
Florida 1 351,721 3
Missouri 1 329,861 3
Mississippi 1 324,717 3
Louisiana 1 321,066 3
Connecticut 1 311,299 3
New Hampshire 1 250,107 2
Total 31 11,873,193 100
The following table summarizes certain information with respect to our existing outlet centers in which we have an ownership interest as of December 31, 2020. Except as noted, all properties are fee owned:
Location Legal Ownership % Square Feet % Occupied
Consolidated Outlet Centers
Deer Park, New York 100 739,110 89
Riverhead, New York (1)
100 729,558 89
Rehoboth Beach, Delaware (1)
100 557,392 92
Foley, Alabama 100 554,649 89
Atlantic City, New Jersey (1) (3)
100 489,718 79
San Marcos, Texas 100 471,816 91
Sevierville, Tennessee (1)
100 447,810 99
Savannah, Georgia 100 429,089 97
Myrtle Beach Hwy 501, South Carolina 100 426,523 98
Jeffersonville, Ohio 100 411,915 78
Glendale, Arizona (Westgate) 100 410,753 95
Myrtle Beach Hwy 17, South Carolina (1)
100 403,425 100
Charleston, South Carolina 100 386,328 95
Lancaster, Pennsylvania 100 375,857 98
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 100 373,863 91
Commerce, Georgia 100 371,408 93
Grand Rapids, Michigan 100 357,122 87
Fort Worth, Texas 100 351,741 98
Daytona Beach, Florida 100 351,721 98
Branson, Missouri 100 329,861 98
Southaven, Mississippi (2) (3)
50 324,717 98
Locust Grove, Georgia 100 321,082 96
Gonzales, Louisiana 100 321,066 98
Mebane, North Carolina 100 318,886 97
Howell, Michigan 100 314,438 76
Mashantucket, Connecticut (Foxwoods) (1)
100 311,299 81
Tilton, New Hampshire 100 250,107 84
Hershey, Pennsylvania 100 249,696 95
Hilton Head II, South Carolina 100 206,564 93
Hilton Head I, South Carolina 100 181,670 95
Blowing Rock, North Carolina 100 104,009 85
Total 11,873,193 92
(1)These properties or a portion thereof are subject to a ground lease.
(2)Based on capital contribution and distribution provisions in the joint venture agreement, we expect our economic interest in the venture's cash flow to be greater than our legal ownership percentage. We currently receive substantially all the economic interest of the property.
(3)Property encumbered by mortgage. See Notes 7 and 8 to the consolidated financial statements for further details of our debt obligations.
Location Legal Ownership % Square
Feet %
Occupied
Unconsolidated joint venture properties
Charlotte, North Carolina (1)
50 398,676 98
Ottawa, Ontario 50 357,217 96
Columbus, Ohio (1)
50 355,245 95
Texas City, Texas (Galveston/Houston) (1)
50 352,705 93
National Harbor, Maryland (1)
50 341,156 99
Cookstown, Ontario 50 307,883 94
Saint-Sauveur, Quebec (1)
50 99,405 87
Total 2,212,287 96
(1)Property encumbered by mortgage. See Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements for further details of our joint ventures' debt obligations.
Lease Expirations
The following table sets forth, as of December 31, 2020, scheduled lease expirations for our consolidated outlet centers, assuming none of the tenants exercise renewal options:
Year No. of Leases Expiring Approx. Square Feet (in 000's) (1)
Average Annualized Base Rent per sq. ft Annualized Base Rent
(in 000's) (2)
% of Annualized Base Rent Represented by Expiring Leases
2021 304 1,333 $ 23.47 $ 31,291 14
2022 328 1,601 23.83 38,145 17
2023 260 1,314 24.77 32,549 14
2024 194 918 31.75 29,145 9
2025 262 1,422 24.36 34,635 15
2026 190 929 24.19 22,468 10
2027 118 599 26.66 15,971 6
2028 110 767 19.59 15,024 8
2029 73 328 22.41 7,351 3
2030 48 299 28.25 8,446 3
2031 and after 8 182 12.93 2,354 1
1,895 9,692 $ 24.49 $ 237,379 100
(1)Excludes leases that have been entered into but which tenant has not yet taken possession, vacant suites, space under construction, temporary leases and month-to-month leases totaling in the aggregate approximately 2.2 million square feet.
(2)Annualized base rent is defined as the minimum monthly payments due as of December 31, 2020 annualized, excluding periodic contractual fixed increases and rents calculated based on a percentage of tenants' sales. The annualized base rent disclosed in the table above includes all concessions, abatements and reimbursements of rent to tenants.
Changes in rental income associated with individual signed leases on comparable spaces may be positive or negative, and we can provide no assurance that the rents on new leases or renewals of existing leases will increase from current levels, if at all.
Base Rents and Occupancy Rates
The following table sets forth our year end occupancy and average annual base rent per square foot during each of the last five calendar years for our consolidated properties:
2020 2019 2018 2017 2016
Occupancy 92 % 97 % 97 % 97 % 98 %
Average annual base rent per square foot (1)
$ 21.10 $ 25.35 $ 25.51 $ 25.81 $ 26.10
(1)Average annual base rent per square foot is calculated based on base rental revenues recognized during the year on a straight-line basis including non-cash adjustments to base rent required by United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("GAAP") and the effects of inducements and rent concessions divided by the weighted average square feet of the consolidated portfolio.
The decline in the average annual base rent per square foot in 2020 compared to previous years reflects the decline in occupancy from 97% in 2019 to 92% in 2020 and rent modifications primarily due to a number of tenants filing bankruptcy during 2020.
The following table sets forth information regarding the expiring leases for our consolidated outlet centers during each of the last five calendar years:
Total Expiring Renewed by Existing
Tenants
Year(1)
Square Feet
(in 000's) % of
Total Outlet Center Square Feet (2)
Square Feet
(in 000's) % of
Expiring Square Feet
2020 1,526 13 1,096 72
2019 1,320 11 1,020 77
2018 1,742 13 1,418 81
2017 1,549 12 1,296 84
2016 1,440 12 1,223 85
(1)Excludes data for properties sold in each respective year.
(2)Represents the percentage of total square footage at the beginning of each year that is scheduled to expire during the respective year.
The following table sets forth the weighted average rental rate increases (decreases) per square foot on a straight-line basis (includes periodic, contractual fixed rent increases) for our consolidated outlet centers upon re-leasing stores that were turned over or renewed during each of the last five calendar years:
Renewals of Existing Leases Stores Re-leased to New Tenants (1)
Average Annualized Rent (2)
Average Annualized Rent (2)
($ per sq. ft.) ($ per sq. ft.)
Year(3)
Square Feet
(in 000's) Expiring New %
Increase (Decrease) Square Feet
(in 000's) Expiring New %
Increase (Decrease)
2020 1,132 $ 27.23 $ 25.33 (7) 350 $ 32.43 $ 30.44 (6)
2019 1,064 $ 31.93 $ 31.91 - 460 $ 35.88 $ 38.93 9
2018 1,398 $ 30.12 $ 31.65 5 431 $ 30.63 $ 32.40 6
2017 1,261 $ 28.21 $ 30.65 9 413 $ 30.46 $ 33.24 9
2016 1,187 $ 27.44 $ 32.26 18 384 $ 32.15 $ 42.84 33
(1)The square footage re-leased to new tenants for 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, and 2016, contains 46,000, 109,000, 144,000, 107,000, and 93,000 square feet respectively, that was re-leased to new tenants upon expiration of an existing lease during the respective year.
(2)Represents base rent and CAM, excluding license agreements, seasonal tenants, and month-to-month leases.
(3)Excludes data for properties sold in each respective year.
Occupancy Costs
We believe that our ratio of average tenant occupancy cost (which includes base rent, common area maintenance, real estate taxes, insurance, advertising and promotions) to average sales per square foot is low relative to other forms of retail distribution. The following table sets forth for tenants that report sales, for each of the last five calendar years, tenant occupancy costs per square foot as a percentage of reported tenant sales per square foot for our consolidated outlet centers:
Year Occupancy Costs as a
% of Tenant Sales
2020 (1)
2019 10.0
2018 9.9
2017 10.0
2016 9.9
(1)As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, retailers stores were closed for much of the second quarter of 2020 due to mandates by order of local and state authorities. Given the fewer than twelve months of sales reported by our tenants for 2020, an average tenant occupancy cost is not provided for this period.
Tenants
The following table sets forth certain information for our consolidated outlet centers with respect to our 25 largest tenants based on total annualized base rent as of December 31, 2020 (1):
Tenant Brands # of
Stores Gross Leasable Area (GLA) % of
Total GLA % of Total Annualized Base Rent (2)
The Gap, Inc. Gap, Banana Republic, Janie & Jack, Old Navy 94 926,819 7.8 % 6.6 %
PVH Corp. Tommy Hilfiger, Van Heusen, Calvin Klein 59 376,121 3.2 % 4.5 %
Ascena Retail Group, Inc. LOFT, Ann Taylor, Lane Bryant, Justice 59 359,893 3.0 % 3.6 %
Under Armour, Inc. Under Armour, Under Armour Kids 30 233,877 2.0 % 3.1 %
SPARC Group Aéropostale, Brooks Brothers, Forever 21, Lucky Brands, Nautica 61 361,884 3.0 % 3.1 %
American Eagle Outfitters, Inc. American Eagle Outfitters, Aerie 40 276,204 2.3 % 3.0 %
Nike, Inc. Nike, Converse, Hurley 35 404,195 3.4 % 2.9 %
Tapestry, Inc. Coach, Kate Spade, Stuart Weitzman 47 224,149 1.9 % 2.7 %
Carter’s, Inc. Carters, OshKosh B Gosh 48 211,701 1.8 % 2.3 %
Adidas AG Adidas, Reebok 31 198,425 1.7 % 2.2 %
Hanesbrands Inc. Hanesbrands, Maidenform, Champion 37 178,607 1.5 % 2.2 %
Capri Holdings Limited Michael Kors, Michael Kors Men’s 28 138,454 1.2 % 2.1 %
Signet Jewelers Limited Kay Jewelers, Zales, Jared Vault 48 108,923 0.9 % 2.1 %
Columbia Sportswear Company Columbia Sportswear 19 147,361 1.2 % 2.0 %
Skechers USA, Inc. Skechers 29 158,067 1.3 % 2.0 %
Chico’s, FAS Inc. Chicos, White House/Black Market, Soma Intimates 40 116,231 1.0 % 2.0 %
V. F. Corporation The North Face, Vans, Timberland, Dickies 27 143,207 1.2 % 1.9 %
Express Inc. Express Factory 24 168,000 1.4 % 1.8 %
Caleres Inc. Famous Footwear, Naturalizer, Allen Edmonds 31 160,018 1.4 % 1.7 %
Levi Strauss & Co. Levi's 28 116,486 1.0 % 1.6 %
L Brands, Inc. Bath & Body Works, Victoria's Secret, Pink by Victoria's Secret 30 118,516 1.0 % 1.6 %
Rack Room Shoes, Inc. Rack Room Shoes 22 129,699 1.1 % 1.6 %
Luxottica Group S.p.A. Sunglass Hut, Oakley, Lenscrafters 51 74,228 0.6 % 1.6 %
Ralph Lauren Corporation Polo Ralph Lauren, Polo Children, Polo Ralph Lauren Big & Tall, Club Monaco 33 358,736 3.0 % 1.6 %
Childrens Place Childrens Place 23 136,276 1.2 % 1.5 %
Total of Top 25 tenants 974 5,826,077 49.1 % 61.3 %
(1)Excludes leases that have been entered into but which tenant has not yet taken possession, temporary leases and month-to-month leases.
(2)Annualized base rent is defined as the minimum monthly payments due as of the end of the reporting period annualized, excluding periodic contractual fixed increases. Includes rents which are based on a percentage of sales in lieu of fixed contractual rents.
Significant Property
The Deer Park, New York outlet center is the only property that comprises 10% or more of our consolidated total assets. No property comprises more than 10% of our consolidated revenues.
Tenants at the Deer Park outlet center principally conduct retail sales operations. The following table shows occupancy and certain base rental information related to this property as of December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018:
Deer Park Square Feet 2020 2019 2018
Outlet Center Occupancy 739,110 89 % 99 % 96 %
Average base rental rates per weighted average square foot (1)
$ 19.25 $ 34.41 $ 31.67
(1)Average annual base rent per square foot is calculated based on base rental revenues recognized during the year on a straight-line basis including non-cash adjustments to base rent required by GAAP and the effects of inducements and rent concessions divided by the weighted average square feet of the Deer Park Outlet Center.
The decline in the average annual base rent per square foot in 2020 compared to previous years reflects the decline in occupancy from 99% in 2019 to 89% in 2020 and rent modifications primarily due to a number of tenants filing bankruptcy during 2020.
Depreciation on the outlet centers is computed on the straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. We generally use estimated lives up to 33 years for buildings, 15 years for land improvements and 7 years for equipment. Expenditures for ordinary repairs and maintenance are charged to operations as incurred while significant renovations and improvements, including tenant finishing allowances, which improve and/or extend the useful life of the asset are capitalized and depreciated over their estimated useful life. Real estate taxes assessed on this outlet center during 2020 amounted to $4.7 million. Real estate taxes for 2021 are estimated to be approximately $5.1 million.
The following table sets forth, as of December 31, 2020, scheduled lease expirations for the Deer Park outlet center assuming that none of the tenants exercise renewal options:
Year No. of
Leases
Expiring (1)
Square Feet
(in 000's) (1)
Annualized
Base Rent
per Square Foot Annualized
Base Rent
(in 000's) (2)
% of Gross
Annualized
Base Rent
Represented
by Expiring
Leases
2021 13 63 $ 43.65 $ 2,750 10
2022 8 33 42.09 1,389 5
2023 12 80 27.84 2,227 13
2024 13 130 33.43 4,346 22
2025 6 26 29.42 765 4
2026 7 22 35.18 774 4
2027 4 12 34.75 417 2
2028 10 105 38.58 4,051 17
2029 7 21 24.10 506 4
2030 4 29 41.03 1,190 5
2031 and after 1 85 14.21 1,208 14
Total 85 606 $ 32.38 $ 19,623 100 %
(1)Excludes leases that have been entered into but which tenant has not taken possession, vacant suites, temporary leases and month-to-month leases totaling in the aggregate approximately 133,000 square feet.
(2)Annualized base rent is defined as the minimum monthly payments due as of December 31, 2020, excluding periodic contractual fixed increases and rents calculated based on a percentage of tenants' sales. The annualized base rent disclosed in the table above includes all concessions, abatements and reimbursements of rent to tenants.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ITEM 3.LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
The Company and the Operating Partnership are, from time to time, engaged in a variety of legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business. Although the results of these legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, management believes that the final outcome of such proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
ITEM 4.MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
Information about the Executive Officers of Tanger Factory Outlet Centers, Inc.
The following table sets forth certain information concerning the Company's executive officers. The Operating Partnership does not have executive officers:
NAME AGE POSITION
Steven B. Tanger 72 Executive Chair of the Board
Stephen J. Yalof 58 Director, President and Chief Executive Officer
James F. Williams 56 Executive Vice President - Chief Financial Officer
Chad D. Perry 48 Executive Vice President - General Counsel and Secretary
Lisa J. Morrison 61 Executive Vice President - Leasing
Leslie A. Swanson 50 Executive Vice President of Operations
Carrie A. Warren 58 Executive Vice President - Chief Marketing Officer
Thomas J. Guerrieri Jr. 48 Senior Vice President - Chief Accounting Officer
The following is a biographical summary of the experience of our executive officers:
Steven B. Tanger. Mr. Tanger has served as Executive Chair of the Board since January 1, 2021 and as a director of the Company since May 13, 1993. Mr. Tanger previously served as Chief Executive Officer from May 2017 to December 2020. President and Chief Executive Officer from January 2009 to May 2017. President and Chief Operating Officer from January 1995 to December 2008; and Executive Vice President from 1986 to December 1994. Mr. Tanger is a former Trustee of the International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC); a former Director of The Fresh Market, a member of the Real Estate Roundtable and a Director and Member of the Executive Committee of the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (NAREIT). Mr. Tanger provides an insider's perspective in Board discussions about the business and strategic direction of the Company and has experience in all aspects of the Company's business.
Stephen J. Yalof. Mr. Yalorf has served as a director of the Company since July 20, 2020. President and Chief Executive Officer since January 2021. Mr. Yalof joined the Company in April 2020 as President and Chief Operating Officer. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Yalof served as the Chief Executive Officer of Simon Premium Outlets of the Simon Property Group, Inc., a commercial real estate company and mall operator, from September 2014 to April 2020. Mr. Yalof also has more than 20 years of experience in the retail industry, previously serving as Senior Vice President of Real Estate for Ralph Lauren Corporation and Senior Director of Real Estate for The Gap, Inc. Mr. Yalof provides insight into the Company's operations and strategy as well as extensive experience in the real estate and retail industries.
James F. Williams. Mr. Williams was named Executive Vice President - Chief Financial Officer in May 2018, previously serving as Senior Vice President - Chief Financial Officer from May 2016 to May 2018. He joined the Company in September 1993, served as Controller from January 1995 to March 2015 and Chief Accounting Officer from March 2013 to May 2016. He was also named Assistant Vice President in January 1997, Vice President in April 2004, and Senior Vice President in February 2006. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Williams was the Financial Reporting Manager of Guilford Mills, Inc. from April 1991 to September 1993 and was employed by Arthur Andersen from 1987 to 1991. He is responsible for the Company's financial reporting processes, as well as supervisory responsibility over the senior officers that oversee the Company's accounting, finance, investor relations and information systems functions. Mr. Williams is a graduate of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and is a certified public accountant.
Chad D. Perry. Mr. Perry joined the Company in December 2011 as Executive Vice President - General Counsel and was named Secretary in May 2012. He was Executive Vice President and Deputy General Counsel of LPL Financial Corporation from May 2006 to December 2011. Previously, he was Senior Corporate Counsel of EMC Corporation. Mr. Perry began his legal career with international law firm Ropes & Gray LLP. His responsibilities include corporate governance, compliance, and other legal matters, as well as management of outside counsel relationships and the Company's in house legal department. Mr. Perry is a graduate of Princeton University, and earned a J.D. from Columbia University, where he was a Harlan Fiske Stone Scholar. He is a member of both the Massachusetts and California bar associations.
Lisa J. Morrison. Ms. Morrison was named Executive Vice President - Leasing in May 2018. Previously, she held the positions of Senior Vice President - Leasing from August 2004 to May 2018, Vice President - Leasing from May 2001 to August 2004, Assistant Vice President of Leasing from August 2000 to May 2001 and Director of Leasing from April 1999 until August 2000. Prior to joining the Company, Ms. Morrison was employed by the Taubman Company and Trizec Properties, Inc. where she served as a leasing agent. Previously, she was a director of leasing for Nelson Ross Properties. Her major responsibilities include managing the leasing strategies for our operating properties, as well as expansions and new developments. She also oversees the leasing personnel and the merchandising and occupancy for Tanger properties. Ms. Morrison is a graduate of the University of Detroit and holds an MA degree from Michigan State University.
Leslie A. Swanson. Ms. Swanson joined the Company in October 2020 as Executive Vice President of Operations. She is responsible for overseeing operations of Tanger’s entire portfolio, driving strategic planning, execution, and efficiencies for the properties and the overall business, and securing new opportunities for increased revenue and profit. Leslie joins the Tanger team with over 25 years of experience in shopping center operations, management and marketing. Prior to joining Tanger, was employed with Simon Premium Outlets of the Simon Property Group, Inc., a commercial real estate company and mall operator for 8 years where she served as Executive Vice President of Property Management from 2016 to 2020 and Senior Vice President Property Management from 2012 to 2016.. Leslie is a graduate of Illinois State University, where she earned her Bachelor of Arts and Science degree in Public Relations and Organizational Communication Psychology.
Carrie A. Warren. Ms. Warren was named Executive Vice President - Chief Marketing Officer in January 2021. Previously, she held the positions of Senior Vice President - Chief Marketing Officer from January 2012 to January 2021, Senior Vice President - Marketing from May 2000 to January 2012, Vice President - Marketing from September 1996 to May 2000 and Assistant Vice President - Marketing from December 1995 to September 1996. Prior to joining Tanger, Ms. Warren was with Prime Retail, L.P. for 4 years where she served as Regional Marketing Director responsible for coordinating and directing marketing for five outlet centers in the southeast region. Previously, Ms. Warren was Marketing Manager for North Hills, Inc. for five years and also served in the same role for the Edward J. DeBartolo Corp. for two years. Her major responsibilities include managing the Company's marketing department and developing and overseeing implementation of all corporate and field marketing programs. Ms. Warren is a graduate of East Carolina University.
Thomas J. Guerrieri Jr. Mr. Guerrieri was named Senior Vice President - Chief Accounting Officer in January 2021. He previously held the positions of Vice President - Chief Accounting Officer and Controller from May 2017 to January 2021, Vice President and Controller from January 2016 to May 2017, and joined the company in 2000 as Vice President, Financial Reporting. Prior to joining Tanger in 2000, Mr. Guerrieri was a Senior Accountant at PriceWaterhouse Coopers. He is responsible for SEC reporting, accounting, and financial reporting and financial reporting systems. Mr. Guerrieri graduated from the Kenan-Flagler Business School at the University of North Carolina in 1995 and is a certified public accountant.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
ITEM 5.MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Tanger Factory Outlet Centers, Inc. Market Information
The common shares commenced trading on the New York Stock Exchange on May 28, 1993. Our common shares are listed on the New York Stock Exchange with the ticker symbol "SKT".
Holders
As of February 1, 2021, there were approximately 371 common shareholders of record.
Share Repurchases
In May 2017, we announced that our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $125 million of our outstanding common shares as market conditions warrant over a period commencing on May 19, 2017 and expiring on May 18, 2019. In February 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of an additional $44.3 million of our outstanding common shares for an aggregate authorization of $169.3 million until May 2021. Repurchases may be made from time to time through open market, privately-negotiated, structured or derivative transactions (including accelerated stock repurchase transactions), or other methods of acquiring shares. The Company intends to structure open market purchases to occur within pricing and volume requirements of Rule 10b-18. The Company may, from time to time, enter into Rule 10b5-1 plans to facilitate the repurchase of its shares under this authorization. The Company has temporarily suspended share repurchases for at least the twelve months starting July 1, 2020 as the June 2020 amendments to our debt agreements for our lines of credit and bank term loan prohibit share repurchases during such time and in order to preserve our liquidity position.
The following table summarizes our common share repurchases for the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2020:
Period Total number of shares purchased Average price paid per share Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs Approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs
(in millions)
October 1, 2020 to October 31, 2020 - $ - - $ 80.0
November 1, 2020 to November 30, 2020 - - - 80.0
December 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020 - - - 80.0
Total - $ - - $ 80.0
Dividends
The Company operates in a manner intended to enable it to qualify as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code. A REIT is required to distribute at least 90% of its taxable income to its shareholders each year. We intend to continue to qualify as a REIT and to distribute substantially all of our taxable income to our shareholders through the payment of regular quarterly dividends. Certain of our debt agreements limit the payment of dividends such that dividends shall not exceed funds from operations ("FFO"), as defined in the agreements, for the prior fiscal year on an annual basis or 95% of FFO on a cumulative basis. Given the uncertainty related to the pandemic’s near and potential long-term impact, in May 2020 the Company’s Board of Directors temporarily suspended dividend distributions to conserve approximately $35.0 million in cash per quarter and preserve our balance sheet strength and flexibility. On January 14, 2021, the Board reinstated dividend distributions and declared a dividend of $0.1775 per share paid in February 2021. The Board continues to evaluate the potential for future dividend distributions on a quarterly basis. We were in compliance with REIT taxable income distribution requirements for the 2020 tax year.
Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans
The information required by this Item is set forth in Part III, Item 12 of this document.
Performance Graph
The following Performance Graph and related information shall not be deemed “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC, nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, except to the extent that the Company specifically incorporates it by reference into such filing.
The following share price performance chart compares our performance to an index of U.S. equity REITs and an index of U.S. retail REITs, both prepared by SNL Financial.
Equity REITs are defined as those that derive more than 75% of their income from equity investments in real estate assets. The SNL Retail index includes all publicly traded retail REITs (including malls, shopping centers and other retail REITs) listed on the New York Stock Exchange, NYSE MKT, NASDAQ National Market System or the OTC Market Group.
All share price performance assumes an initial investment of $100 at the beginning of the period and assumes the reinvestment of dividends. Share price performance, presented for the five years ended December 31, 2020, is not necessarily indicative of future results.
Period Ended
Index 12/31/2015 12/31/2016 12/31/2017 12/31/2018 12/31/2019 12/31/2020
Tanger Factory Outlet Centers, Inc. 100.00 113.36 88.08 71.28 56.09 40.60
SNL US REIT Equity 100.00 108.88 118.00 112.46 144.54 137.09
SNL US REIT Retail 100.00 101.02 95.99 89.85 93.88 69.40
Tanger Properties Limited Partnership Market Information
There is no established public trading market for the Operating Partnership's common units. As of December 31, 2020, the Company's wholly-owned subsidiaries, Tanger GP Trust and Tanger LP Trust, owned 93,569,801 units of the Operating Partnership and the Non-Company LPs owned 4,794,643 units. We made distributions per common unit during 2020 as follows:
First Quarter $ 0.3550
Second Quarter 0.3575
Third Quarter (1)
-
Fourth Quarter (1)
-
Distributions per unit $ 0.7125
(1)Given the uncertainty related to the pandemic’s near and potential long-term impact, in May 2020 the Company’s Board of Directors temporarily suspended dividend distributions to conserve approximately $35.0 million in cash per quarter and preserve our balance sheet strength and flexibility. On January 14, 2021, the Board reinstated dividends and declared a dividend of $0.1775 per share paid in February 2021. The Board continues to evaluate the potential for future dividend distributions on a quarterly basis. We were in compliance with REIT taxable income distribution requirements for the 2020 tax year.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
ITEM 6.SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA (TANGER FACTORY OUTLET CENTERS, INC.)
The following data should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto and Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K:
2020 2019 2018 2017 2016
(in thousands, except per share and outlet center data)
OPERATING DATA
Total revenues(1)(3)
$ 389,991 $ 478,348 $ 494,681 $ 488,234 $ 465,834
Net income (loss) (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)
(38,013) 92,728 45,563 71,876 204,329
Net income (loss) available to common
shareholders(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)
(36,970) 86,519 42,444 66,793 191,818
SHARE DATA
Basic:
Net income (loss) available to common
shareholders (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)
$ (0.40) $ 0.93 $ 0.45 $ 0.71 $ 2.02
Weighted average common shares 92,618 92,808 93,309 94,506 95,102
Diluted:
Net income (loss) available to common
shareholders(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)
$ (0.40) $ 0.93 $ 0.45 $ 0.71 $ 2.01
Weighted average common shares 92,618 92,808 93,310 94,522 95,345
Common dividends $ 0.7125 $ 1.4150 $ 1.3925 $ 1.3525 $ 1.2600
BALANCE SHEET DATA
Real estate assets, before depreciation $ 2,793,372 $ 2,896,894 $ 3,046,179 $ 3,088,470 $ 2,965,907
Total assets 2,189,531 2,285,211 2,384,902 2,540,105 2,526,214
Debt 1,567,886 1,569,773 1,712,918 1,763,651 1,687,866
Total equity 358,883 456,109 505,535 612,302 705,441
CASH FLOW DATA
Cash flows provided by (used in):
Operating activities $ 164,747 $ 220,452 $ 258,318 $ 253,159 $ 239,316
Investing activities (18,771) 99,289 (40,023) (117,545) (45,501)
Financing activities (77,593) (312,133) (215,203) (141,679) (203,467)
OTHER DATA
Square feet open:
Consolidated 11,873 12,048 12,923 12,930 12,710
Partially-owned (unconsolidated) 2,212 2,212 2,371 2,370 2,348
Number of outlet centers:
Consolidated 31 32 36 36 36
Partially-owned (unconsolidated) 7 7 8 8 8
(1)For the year ended December 31, 2020, we had significant revenue reductions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.
(2)For the year ended December 31, 2020, net loss includes a $2.3 million gain recorded on the sale of our Terrell, Texas outlet center in August 2020 and impairments charges of $67.2 million on the outlet center in Mashantucket, Connecticut, and our Jeffersonville, Ohio outlet center. Also includes our share of an impairment charge totaling $3.1 million related to the Saint-Sauveur, Quebec outlet center in our Canadian joint venture.
(3)For the year ended December 31, 2019, in connection with the adoption of ASC 842 on January 1, 2019, rental revenues is presented net of uncollectible tenant revenues and includes a straight-line rent adjustment of $6.4 million to record contractual payments received as consideration from certain executory costs on a straight-line basis.
(4)For the year ended December 31, 2019, net income includes a $43.4 million gain recorded on the sale of our Nags Head, Ocean City, Park City, and Williamsburg outlet centers in March 2019 and a $37.6 million impairment charge related to our Jeffersonville, Ohio outlet center. In addition, due to the adoption of ASC 842 $4.9 million of indirect internal leasing costs previously capitalized were expensed as general and administrative expenses.
(5)For the year ended December 31, 2018, net income includes a $49.7 million impairment charge related to our Jeffersonville, Ohio outlet center and a $7.2 million impairment charge associated with our RioCan Canada unconsolidated joint ventures.
(6)For the year ended December 31, 2017, net income includes a $6.9 million gain on the sale of our outlet center in Westbrook, Connecticut, a $35.6 million loss on early extinguishment of debt related to the early redemption of senior notes due 2020 and a $9.0 million impairment charge associated with our RioCan Canada unconsolidated joint ventures.
(7)For the year ended December 31, 2016, net income includes gains of approximately $95.5 million related to the acquisitions of our other venture partners' equity interests in the Westgate and Savannah joint ventures, and $6.3 million in gains on the sales of our Fort Myers, Florida outlet center and an outparcel at our Hwy 501 outlet center in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina.
ITEM 6.SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA (TANGER PROPERTIES LIMITED PARTNERSHIP)
The following data should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto and Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K:
2020 2019 2018 2017 2016
(in thousands, except per unit and outlet center data)
OPERATING DATA
Total revenues(1)(3)
$ 389,991 $ 478,348 $ 494,681 $ 488,234 $ 465,834
Net income (loss) (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)
(38,013) 92,728 45,563 71,876 204,329
Net income (loss) available to common unitholders(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)
(38,895) 91,197 44,773 70,402 202,103
UNIT DATA
Basic:
Net income (loss) available to common unitholders(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)
$ (0.40) $ 0.93 $ 0.45 $ 0.71 $ 2.02
Weighted average common units 97,521 97,766 98,302 99,533 100,155
Diluted:
Net income (loss) available to common unitholders(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)
$ (0.40) $ 0.93 $ 0.45 $ 0.71 $ 2.01
Weighted average common units 97,521 97,766 98,303 99,549 100,398
Common distributions
$ 0.7125 $ 1.4150 $ 1.3925 $ 1.3525 $ 1.2600
BALANCE SHEET DATA
Real estate assets, before depreciation $ 2,793,372 $ 2,896,894 $ 3,046,179 $ 3,088,470 $ 2,965,907
Total assets 2,188,967 2,284,814 2,384,540 2,539,434 2,525,687
Debt 1,567,886 1,569,773 1,712,918 1,763,651 1,687,866
Total equity 358,883 456,109 505,535 612,302 705,441
CASH FLOW DATA
Cash flows provided by (used in):
Operating activities $ 164,818 $ 220,391 $ 258,277 $ 253,131 $ 239,299
Investing activities (18,771) 99,289 (40,023) (117,545) (45,501)
Financing activities (77,593) (312,133) (215,203) (141,679) (203,467)
OTHER DATA
Consolidated 11,873 12,048 12,923 12,930 12,710
Partially-owned (unconsolidated) 2,212 2,212 2,371 2,370 2,348
Number of outlet centers:
Consolidated 31 32 36 36 36
Partially-owned (unconsolidated) 7 7 8 8 8
(1)For the year ended December 31, 2020, we had significant revenue reductions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.
(2)For the year ended December 31, 2020, net loss includes a $2.3 million gain recorded on the sale of our Terrell, Texas outlet center in August 2020 and impairments charges of $67.2 million on the outlet center in Mashantucket, Connecticut, and our Jeffersonville Ohio outlet center. Also includes our share of an impairment charge totaling $3.1 million related to the Saint-Sauveur, Quebec outlet center in our Canadian joint venture.
(3)For the year ended December 31, 2019, in connection with the adoption of ASC 842 on January 1, 2019, rental revenues is presented net of uncollectible tenant revenues and includes a straight-line rent adjustment of $6.4 million to record contractual payments received as consideration from certain executory costs on a straight-line basis.
(4)For the year ended December 31, 2019, net income includes a $43.4 million gain recorded on the sale of our Nags Head, Ocean City, Park City, and Williamsburg outlet centers in March 2019 and a $37.6 million impairment charge related to our Jeffersonville, Ohio outlet center. In addition, due to the adoption of ASC 842 $4.9 million of indirect internal leasing costs previously capitalized were expensed as general and administrative expenses.
(5)For the year ended December 31, 2018, net income includes a $49.7 million impairment charge related to our Jeffersonville, Ohio outlet center and a $7.2 million impairment charge associated with our RioCan Canada unconsolidated joint ventures.
(6)For the year ended December 31, 2017, net income includes a $6.9 million gain on the sale of our outlet center in Westbrook, Connecticut, a $35.6 million loss on early extinguishment of debt related to the early redemption of senior notes due 2020 and a $9.0 million impairment charge associated with our RioCan Canada unconsolidated joint ventures.
(7)For the year ended December 31, 2016, net income includes gains of approximately $95.5 million related to the acquisitions of our other venture partners' equity interests in the Westgate and Savannah joint ventures, and $6.3 million in gains on the sales of our Fort Myers, Florida outlet center and an outparcel at our Hwy 501 outlet center in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
ITEM 7.MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Cautionary Statements
Certain statements made in Item 1 - Business and this Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations below are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. We intend such forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements contained in the Private Securities Reform Act of 1995 and included this statement for purposes of complying with these safe harbor provisions. Forward-looking statements, which are based on certain assumptions and describe our future plans, strategies, beliefs and expectations, are generally identifiable by use of the words "believe", "expect", "intend", "anticipate", "estimate", "project", or similar expressions. Such forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding: the expected impact of the novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”) pandemic on our business, financial results and financial condition; our ability to raise additional capital, including via future issuances of equity and debt, and the use of proceeds from such issuances; our results of operations and financial condition; capital expenditure and working capital needs and the funding thereof; the repurchase of the Company's common shares, including the potential use of a 10b5-1 plan to facilitate repurchases; future dividend payments; the possibility of future asset impairments; potential developments, expansions, renovations, acquisitions or dispositions of outlet centers; compliance with debt covenants; renewal and re-lease of leased space; the outlook for the retail environment, potential bankruptcies, and other store closings; the outcome of legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business; and real estate joint ventures. You should not rely on forward-looking statements since they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors which are, in some cases, beyond our control and which could materially affect our actual results, performance or achievements.
Currently, one of the most significant factors, however, is the adverse effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, compliance with debt covenants and performance of the Company and its tenants, the real estate market and the global economy and financial markets. The extent to which COVID-19 impacts us and our tenants will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, including the scope, severity and duration of the pandemic, the actions taken to contain the pandemic or mitigate its impact, the availability or effectiveness of vaccines or treatments, future mutations or variations of the virus, and the direct and indirect economic effects of the pandemic and containment measures, among others. Moreover, you should interpret many of the risks identified in this report, as well as the risks set forth below, as being heightened as a result of the ongoing and numerous adverse impacts of COVID-19.
Other important factors which may cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations include, but are not limited to: our inability to develop new outlet centers or expand existing outlet centers successfully; risks related to the economic performance and market value of our outlet centers; the relative illiquidity of real property investments; impairment charges affecting our properties; our dispositions of assets may not achieve anticipated results; competition for the acquisition and development of outlet centers, and our inability to complete outlet centers we have identified; environmental regulations affecting our business; risk associated with a possible terrorist activity or other acts or threats of violence, public health crises and threats to public safety; our dependence on rental income from real property; our dependence on the results of operations of our retailers; the fact certain of our lease agreements include co-tenancy and/or sales-based provisions that may allow a tenant to pay reduced rent and/or terminate a lease prior to its natural expiration; the fact that certain of our properties are subject to ownership interests held by third parties, whose interests may conflict with ours; risks related to uninsured losses; risks related to changes in consumer spending habits; risks associated with our Canadian investments; risks associated with attracting and retaining key personnel; risks associated with debt financing; risk associated with our guarantees of debt for, or other support we may provide to, joint venture properties; the effectiveness of our interest rate hedging arrangements; uncertainty relating to the phasing out of LIBOR; risk associated with our interest rate hedging arrangements; risk associated to uncertainty related to determination of LIBOR; our potential failure to qualify as a REIT; our legal obligation to make distributions to our shareholders; legislative or regulatory actions that could adversely affect our shareholders; our dependence on distributions from the Operating Partnership to meet our financial obligations, including dividends; the risk of a cyber-attack or an act of cyber-terrorism.
We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements. The forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are only predictions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Because forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified, you should not rely on these forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The events and circumstances reflected in our forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur and actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Except as required by applicable law, we do not plan to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements contained herein, whether as a result of any new information, future events, changed circumstances or otherwise. For a further discussion of the risks relating to our business, see “Item 1A - Risk Factors” in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this report. Historical results and percentage relationships set forth in the consolidated statements of operations, including trends which might appear, are not necessarily indicative of future operations.
General Overview
As of December 31, 2020, we had 31 consolidated outlet centers in 19 states totaling 11.9 million square feet. We also had 7 unconsolidated outlet centers totaling 2.2 million square feet, including 3 outlet centers in Canada. The table below details our acquisitions, new developments, expansions and dispositions of consolidated and unconsolidated outlet centers that significantly impacted our results of operations and liquidity from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2020:
Consolidated Outlet Centers Unconsolidated Joint Venture Outlet Centers
Outlet Center Quarter Acquired/Open/Disposed/Demolished Square Feet (in thousands) Number of
Outlet Centers Square Feet (in thousands) Number of
Outlet Centers
As of January 1, 2018 12,930 36 2,370 8
Other (7) - 1 -
As of December 31, 2018 12,923 36 2,371 8
Dispositions:
Nags Head First Quarter (82) (1) - -
Ocean City First Quarter (200) (1) - -
Park City First Quarter (320) (1) - -
Williamsburg First Quarter (276) (1) - -
Bromont Second Quarter - - (161) (1)
Other 3 - 2 -
As of December 31, 2019 12,048 32 2,212 7
Dispositions:
Terrell Third Quarter (178) (1) - -
Other 3 - - -
As of December 31, 2020
11,873 31 2,212 7
Leasing Activity
The following table provides information for our consolidated outlet centers related to leases for new stores that opened or renewals that commenced during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively:
2020(1),(2)
# of Leases Square Feet (in 000's) Average
Annual
Straight-line Rent (psf) Average
Tenant
Allowance (psf) Average Initial Term (in years) Net Average
Annual
Straight-line Rent (psf) (4)
Re-tenant 70 350 $ 30.44 $ 66.43 6.96 $ 20.90
Renewal 209 1,132 25.33 1.23 3.79 25.01
2019(1),(3)
# of Leases Square Feet (in 000's) Average
Annual
Straight-line Rent (psf) Average
Tenant
Allowance (psf) Average Initial Term (in years) Net Average
Annual
Straight-line Rent (psf) (4)
Re-tenant 113 460 $ 38.93 $ 43.48 7.89 $ 33.42
Renewal 224 1,064 31.91 0.59 3.54 31.74
(1)Rent includes both minimum base rents and common area maintenance ("CAM") rents. Excludes license agreements, temporary tenants, and month-to-month leases.
(2)Excludes the Terrell outlet center sold in August 2020.
(3)Excludes outlet centers sold in March 2019 (Nags Head, Ocean City, Park City, and Williamsburg Outlet Centers).
(4)Net average annual straight-line base rent is calculated by dividing the average tenant allowance costs per square foot by the average initial term and subtracting this calculated number from the average straight-line rent per year amount. The average annual straight-line rent disclosed in the table above includes all concessions, abatements and reimbursements of rent to tenants. The average tenant allowance disclosed in the table above includes other landlord costs.
COVID-19 Pandemic
The current COVID-19 pandemic has had, and will continue to have, repercussions across local, national and global economies and financial markets. COVID-19 has impacted all states where our tenants operate their businesses or where our properties are located and measures taken to prevent or remediate COVID-19, including “shelter-in-place” or “stay-at-home” orders or other quarantine mandates issued by local, state or federal authorities, have had an adverse effect on our business and the businesses of our tenants. The full extent of the adverse impact on our results of operations, liquidity (including our ability to access capital markets), the possibility of future impairments of long-lived assets or our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures, our compliance with debt covenants, our ability to collect rent under our existing leases, our ability to renew and re-lease our leased space, the outlook for the retail environment, bankruptcies and potential further bankruptcies or other store closings and our ability to develop, acquire, dispose or lease properties for our portfolio, is unknown and will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. Our results of operations, liquidity and cash flows have been and may continue to be in the future materially affected.
Many of our tenants operate in industries that depend on in-person interactions with their customers to be profitable and to fund their obligations under lease agreements with us. Measures taken to prevent or remediate COVID-19, including “shelter-in-place” or “stay-at-home” orders or other quarantine mandates, with respect to virtually all of our tenants, has (i) prevented our tenants from being able to open their stores and conduct business or limited the hours in which they may conduct business, (ii) decreased or prevented our tenants’ customers’ willingness or ability to frequent their businesses, and/or (iii) impacted supply chains from local, national and international suppliers or otherwise delayed the delivery of inventory or other materials necessary for our tenants’ operations, all of which have adversely affected, and are likely to continue to adversely affect, their ability to maintain profitability and make rental payments to us under their leases. Tenants have also, as a result of such public health crisis, orders or mandates and the resulting economic downturn, requested rent deferrals, rent abatement or early termination of their leases and may be forced to temporarily or permanently close or declare bankruptcy which could reduce our cash flows and negatively affect our ability to pay dividends. Specifically, as a result of COVID-19 and various governmental orders currently in place, a number of our tenants either closed their business or operated with limited operations and/or have submitted requests for rent relief or failed to pay rent. Certain other of our tenants have declared bankruptcy as discussed below. In addition, state, local or industry-initiated efforts, such as tenant rent freezes or suspension of a landlord’s ability to enforce evictions, may also affect our ability to collect rent or enforce remedies for the failure to pay rent. We believe our tenants do not have a clear contractual right to cease paying rent due to government mandated closures. We have instituted legal proceedings against a limited number of tenants related to collection of delinquent rental payments, and we intend to continue to enforce our rights under our lease agreements. However, COVID-19 and the related governmental orders present fairly novel situations for which the ultimate legal outcome cannot be assured and it is possible future governmental action could impact our rights under the lease agreements. The extent of future tenant requests and actions and the impact on our results of operations and cash flows is uncertain and cannot be predicted at this time. Some states are experiencing a resurgence of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has resulted in mandatory closures in certain markets. While none of our domestic outlet centers are in these markets, our centers in Canada were required to shut down the last week of the year, two of which reopened in mid-February 2021 and the other is expected to open soon thereafter. If store closures were to occur again in our domestic markets, this could have a material adverse impact on our financial position and results.
Although our outlet centers remained open, retailers began closing their stores in our outlet centers in mid-March and by April 6, 2020, substantially all of the stores in our portfolio were closed as a result of mandates by order of local and state authorities. Reopened stores as a percentage of total leased stores improved over time as mandates were lifted, from 1% on April 6, 2020 to 56% on June 3, 2020 to 72% on June 14, 2020. By June 15, 2020, in-store shopping for non-essential retail was allowed in every market in which our centers are located. As of December 31, 2020, 99.9% of total occupied stores in our consolidated portfolio had reopened, representing 99.9% of leased square footage and 99.9% of annualized base rent. In addition, traffic during the fourth quarter represented approximately 90% of prior year levels and increased to approximately 96% in January. Governmental mandates effective between late December and early-to-mid-February impacted traffic at the Tanger Outlet Centers in Canada. Excluding those centers, domestic traffic was over 99% in January. Our outlet centers may experience additional short-term store closures as retailers implement additional safety protocols at specific locations impacted by increased exposure to COVID-19.
While our outlet centers have not closed throughout the pandemic, we operated under reduced hours since late April when the first stores began to reopen. Prior to the pandemic, our outlet centers operated an average of 12 hours per day. Upon reopening, our centers were open an average of 8 hours per day. Effective November 6, 2020, center hours expanded to an average of 10 hours per day to accommodate the holiday shopping season.
A number of our tenants have requested rent deferrals, rent abatements or other types of rent relief during this pandemic. As a response, in late March 2020, we offered all tenants in our consolidated portfolio the option to defer 100% of April and May rents interest free, payable in equal installments due in January and February of 2021.
The following table sets forth information regarding the status of rents billed during the fourth, third and second quarters (in thousands):
As of January 31, 2021
Fourth Quarter Third Quarter Second Quarter
Collection Status: (1)
Rents Billed % of Rents Rents Billed % of Rents Rents Billed % of Rents
Rents collected $ 83,281 95 % $ 86,682 91 % $ 61,139 63 %
Rents expected to be collected 278 - 113 - 404 - %
Rents deferred (2)
507 1 473 1 9,361 9 %
Under negotiation 702 1 755 1 1,760 2 %
One-time rent concessions in exchange for amendments to lease structure 1,205 1 2,829 3 13,687 14 %
Bankruptcy related, primarily pre-petition rents 821 1 3,015 3 9,290 10 %
At risk due to tenant financial weakness 1,116 1 934 1 1,867 2 %
Total rents billed $ 87,910 100 % $ 94,801 100 % $ 97,508 100 %
(1)Excludes variable revenue which is derived from tenant sales and lease termination fees.
(2)Includes rents deferred with substantially all payments due in 2021, for which the majority is due in January/February of 2021
As a direct result of the pandemic, bankruptcies and restructurings, the Company's earnings were negatively impacted by approximately $47.3 million due to (1) write-offs related to bankruptcies and other uncollectible accounts due to financial weakness, (2) one-time concessions in exchange for landlord-favorable amendments to lease structure, (3) reserves for a portion of deferred and under negotiation billings that we expect to become uncollectible in future periods, (4) and write-offs of straight-line rents associated with the bankruptcies and uncollectible accounts.
Included in the negative impact discussed above, for the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded a $5.3 million reserve for a portion of deferred and under negotiation billings that are expected to become uncollectible in future periods and recognized a write-off of revenue of approximately $7.2 million of straight-line rents associated with the tenant bankruptcies and uncollectible accounts. We are closely monitoring changes in the collectability assessment of our tenant receivables as a result of certain tenants suffering adverse financial consequences due to COVID-19 and should our estimates change, there could be material modifications to our revenues in future periods.
Given the economic environment as a result of COVID-19, a select number of our tenants underwent liquidity hardships and filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection during the year. Although some of these tenants intend to exit the Chapter 11 bankruptcy process and resume operations, the outcomes of such proceedings are unknown and we are currently exploring leasing alternatives for stores we expect to close. Recent Chapter 11 bankruptcy filings include, but not limited to, J. Crew Group, Inc. (filed in May 2020) and Brooks Brothers, Lucky Brand Jeans, New York and Company and Ascena Retail Group, Inc. (all filed in July 2020), Francesca's (filed in December 2020) and Christopher and Banks (filed in January 2021). Also, in 2020, G-III Apparel announced a brand-wide restructuring, including its intention to close all of its Wilsons and Bass stores. Approximately 93% of the amounts included in the table above under the caption (“Bankruptcy related, primarily pre-petition rents”) that were written off as uncollectible rents during the year ended December 31, 2020 were related to these tenants.
Due to the potential impact of COVID-19 and related bankruptcies and brand-wide restructurings, our revenues may continue to be significantly impacted in 2021. The extent of the impact to our results of operations and cash flows is uncertain and cannot be predicted at this time. While our preference is to work with our tenant partners to reach a financial resolution that maintains occupancy and positions both parties for long-term growth, certain tenants may close a number of their stores or seek significant rent reductions. We reserve all rights under our lease agreements and have pursued, and will continue to pursue, legal remedies to collect rent as appropriate. However, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our tenants' ability to pay rent has had and could have a significant impact in future periods.
In March 2020, to increase liquidity, preserve financial flexibility and help meet our obligations for a sustained period of time, we drew down substantially all of the available capacity under our $600.0 million unsecured lines of credit. Beginning in June 2020 through August 2020, we repaid the entire $599.8 million outstanding balance. No amount was outstanding under the lines of credit as of December 31, 2020.
We also took steps to reduce cash outflows, including the reduction or deferral of certain operating and general and administrative expenses, which included temporary base salary reductions for our named executive officers and other employees. During the last nine months of 2020, these reductions reduced cash outflows by approximately $17.9 million, including $1.3 million of general and administrative and $16.6 million of property operating expenses. In July 2020, we restored the above mentioned salary reductions.
We also deferred our Nashville pre-development-stage project and certain other planned capital expenditures. While we paid the dividends that were declared for the first and second quarters, given the uncertainty related to the pandemic’s near and potential long-term impact, in May 2020 the Company’s Board of Directors temporarily suspended dividend distributions for the rest of the year to conserve approximately $35.0 million in cash per quarter and preserve our balance sheet strength and flexibility. The dividend was reinstated in January 2021 and the Board declared a dividend of $0.1775 per share paid in February 2021. The Board continues to evaluate the potential for future dividend distributions on a quarterly basis. We were in compliance with REIT taxable income distribution requirements for the 2020 tax year.
The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact our future financial condition, results of operations and cash flows will depend on future developments which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, including the scope, severity and duration of the pandemic, the actions taken to contain the pandemic or mitigate its impact, the availability or effectiveness of vaccines or treatments, future mutations or variants of the virus, and the direct and indirect economic effects of the pandemic and containment measures, among others. Accordingly, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our rental revenue for 2021 and thereafter cannot be determined at present. The situation surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic remains fluid, and we are continuing to manage our response in collaboration with tenants, government officials and business partners and assess potential impacts to our financial position and operating results, as well as potential adverse developments in our business. For further information regarding the impact of COVID-19 on us, see "Item 1 - Business" and “Item 1A - Risk Factors” in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Results of Operations
2020 Compared to 2019
Net income (loss)
Net income decreased $130.7 million in the 2020 period to a net loss of $38.0 million as compared to net income of $92.7 million for the 2019 period. The decrease in income is primarily due to:
•significant revenue reductions in the 2020 period caused by the COVID-19 pandemic discussed above,
•the $43.4 million gain recorded on the sale of four outlet centers in March 2019,
•the loss of revenues from the four outlet centers sold in March 2019,
•the $64.8 million in impairment charges recognized in 2020 on the outlet center in Mashantucket, Connecticut,
•the $2.4 million impairment charge recognized in 2020 on the outlet center in Jeffersonville, Ohio, and
•a decrease in equity in earnings (losses), which includes our share of an impairment charge totaling $3.1 million in the 2020 period related to the Saint-Sauveur, Quebec outlet center in our Canadian joint venture.
The decrease in net income was partially offset by the following:
•the $37.6 million in impairment charges recognized in 2019 on the outlet center in Jeffersonville, Ohio,
•the $10.5 million increase in lease termination fees over the prior year,
•the $2.3 million gain recorded on the sale of our Terrell outlet center,
•decreased operating costs in the 2020 period due to lower operating and advertising costs as a result of COVID-19 government mandated store closures,
•a $4.4 million charge in the 2019 period related to the accelerated recognition of compensation cost as a result of a transition agreement with the Company’s former President and Chief Operating Officer in connection with his retirement (the “COO Transition Agreement”), and
•a $3.6 million foreign currency loss recorded in the 2019 period upon the sale of the Bromont property by the RioCan Canada joint venture.
In the tables below, information set forth for properties disposed includes the four outlet centers sold in March 2019 and the Terrell outlet center sold in August 2020.
Rental Revenues
Rental revenues decreased $86.0 million in the 2020 period compared to the 2019 period. The following table sets forth the changes in various components of rental revenues (in thousands):
2020 2019 Increase/(Decrease)
Rental revenues from existing properties $ 369,860 $ 445,613 $ (75,753)
Rental revenues from properties disposed 1,669 10,042 (8,373)
Straight-line rent adjustments (3,372) 7,721 (11,093)
Lease termination fees 12,125 1,614 10,511
Amortization of above and below market rent adjustments, net (2,350) (1,044) (1,306)
$ 377,932 $ 463,946 $ (86,014)
Rental revenues from existing properties decreased largely due to the impact of the $40.1 million COVID-19 pandemic-related revenue reduction in the year ended December 31, 2020 as discussed above. Also as a result of the pandemic, variable revenue which is derived from tenant sales was negatively impacted by mandatory closures of a vast majority of stores in our outlet centers by local and state authorities during the second quarter of 2020 and a reduction in overall traffic to the centers during the year as well due to our centers operating under reduced hours since the pandemic began. Further, we recognized a write-off to revenue of approximately $7.2 million of straight-line rents associated with the tenant bankruptcies and uncollectible accounts.
Rental revenues also decreased in 2020 due to decline in the overall portfolio occupancy rate to 91.9% as of the end of 2020 compared to 97.0% as of the end of 2019. The decline in occupancy was impacted by space recaptured totaling approximately 903,000 square feet within our consolidated portfolio during the year ended December 31, 2020 from the early termination of leases related to bankruptcies and brand-wide restructurings by retailers, compared to 198,000 square feet for the year ended December 31, 2019. However, we received a significant increase in termination fees from certain of the early lease terminations, helping to offset some of these lost revenues.
Management, Leasing and Other Services
Management, leasing and other services decreased $483,000 in the 2020 period compared to the 2019 period. The following table sets forth the changes in various components of management, leasing and other services (in thousands):
2020 2019 Increase/(Decrease)
Management and marketing $ 1,859 $ 2,308 $ (449)
Leasing and other fees 60 126 (66)
Expense reimbursements from unconsolidated joint ventures 3,017 2,985 32
Total Fees $ 4,936 $ 5,419 $ (483)
Management, leasing and other service revenue decreased in the 2020 period due to reduced management fee income from unconsolidated joint ventures which are earned based on cash basis revenues recognized by the joint venture properties. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in materially lower tenant payments during the 2020 period which resulted in lower management fees.
Other Revenues
The following table sets forth the changes in various components of other income (in thousands):
2020 2019 Increase/(Decrease)
Other revenues from existing properties $ 7,097 $ 8,871 $ (1,774)
Other revenues from property disposed 26 112 (86)
$ 7,123 $ 8,983 $ (1,860)
Other revenues from existing properties decreased primarily due to reductions in variable vending and other revenue sources due to mandatory closures of a vast majority of stores in our outlet centers by local and state authorities during the second quarter of 2020, a reduction in overall traffic to the centers during the year as well due to our centers operating under reduced hours since the pandemic began.
Property Operating Expenses
Property operating expenses decreased $20.6 million in the 2020 period compared to the 2019 period. The following table sets forth the changes in various components of property operating expenses (in thousands):
2020 2019 Increase/(Decrease)
Property operating expenses from existing properties $ 130,670 $ 147,790 $ (17,120)
Property operating expenses from property disposed 1,016 4,380 (3,364)
Expenses related to unconsolidated joint ventures 3,017 2,985 32
Other property operating expense 2,432 2,579 (147)
$ 137,135 $ 157,734 $ (20,599)
The decrease in property operating expenses at existing properties primarily reflects the lower costs needed to operate and advertise the centers while stores were closed under government mandates in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and as a result of our stores operating under reduced operating hours subsequent to such stores reopening.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses in the 2020 period decreased $6.1 million compared to the 2019 period, primarily as a result of a $4.4 million charge in the 2019 period related to the COO Transition Agreement. In addition, as a result of COVID-19, the compensation costs of our executive officers and other employees were temporarily reduced during the 2020 period through salary and wage reductions and government assistance programs and virtually all travel and entertainment expenses were eliminated. These reductions were partially offset by approximately $573,000 in compensation cost related to a voluntary retirement plan offer which required eligible participants to give notice of acceptance by December 1, 2020 for an effective retirement date of March 31, 2021 and higher expenses related to legal and professional fees.
Impairment Charges
We recorded $67.2 million and $37.6 million in impairment charges in the 2020 and 2019 periods, respectively, related to our Mashantucket (Foxwoods), CT outlet center and Jeffersonville, OH properties in 2020 and our Jeffersonville, OH property in 2019.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization expense decreased $6.2 million in the 2020 period compared to the 2019 period. The following table sets forth the changes in various components of depreciation and amortization (in thousands):
2020 2019 Increase/(Decrease)
Depreciation and amortization expenses from existing properties $ 116,782 $ 121,447 $ (4,665)
Depreciation and amortization from property disposed 361 1,867 (1,506)
$ 117,143 $ 123,314 $ (6,171)
Depreciation and amortization decreased at our existing properties primarily due to the lower basis of our Foxwoods and Jeffersonville properties as a result of impairment charges recognized in 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Interest Expense
Interest expense increased $1.5 million in the 2020 period compared to the 2019 period as a result higher debt outstanding during the 2020 period due to of our borrowing approximately $599.8 million under our lines of credit at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 to increase liquidity and preserve financial flexibility. Beginning in June 2020 through August 2020, we repaid the entire $599.8 million outstanding balance bringing the outstanding balance to zero as of December 31, 2020.
Gain on Sale of Assets
In August 2020, we sold a non-core outlet center in Terrell, Texas for net proceeds of $7.6 million, which resulted in a gain on sale of assets of $2.3 million. The proceeds from the sale of this unencumbered asset were used to pay down balances, which were outstanding under our unsecured lines of credit at that time.
In March 2019, we sold four outlet centers for net proceeds of approximately $128.2 million, which resulted in a gain on sale of assets of $43.4 million. The proceeds from the sale of these unencumbered assets were used to pay down balances outstanding under our unsecured lines of credit.
Equity in Earnings of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated joint ventures decreased approximately $6.7 million in the 2020 period compared to the 2019 period. The following table sets forth the changes in various components of equity in earnings of unconsolidated joint ventures (in thousands):
2020 2019 Increase/(Decrease)
Equity in earnings from existing properties $ 1,126 $ 7,831 $ (6,705)
Equity in earnings from property disposed - 8 (8)
$ 1,126 $ 7,839 $ (6,713)
Equity in earnings from existing properties includes our share of an impairment charge totaling $3.1 million in 2020 related to the Saint-Sauveur, Quebec outlet center in our Canadian joint venture. The impairment charge was primarily driven by deterioration of net operating income caused by market competition and the COVID-19 pandemic. Equity in earnings of unconsolidated joint ventures from existing properties also decreased due to the impact of COVID-19 on the properties.
Information set forth above for properties disposed includes the RioCan joint venture’s Bromont outlet center, which was sold in May 2019.
2019 Compared to 2018
For a discussion of our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018, including a year-to-year comparison between 2019 and 2018, refer to Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our Annual Report Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.
Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Company
In this “Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Company” section, the term, the "Company", refers only to Tanger Factory Outlet Centers, Inc. on an unconsolidated basis, excluding the Operating Partnership.
The Company's business is operated primarily through the Operating Partnership. The Company issues public equity from time to time, but does not otherwise generate any capital itself or conduct any business itself, other than incurring certain expenses in operating as a public company, which are fully reimbursed by the Operating Partnership. The Company does not hold any indebtedness, and its only material asset is its ownership of partnership interests of the Operating Partnership. The Company's principal funding requirement is the payment of dividends on its common shares. The Company's principal source of funding for its dividend payments is distributions it receives from the Operating Partnership.
Through its ownership of the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, the Company has the full, exclusive and complete responsibility for the Operating Partnership's day-to-day management and control. The Company causes the Operating Partnership to distribute all, or such portion as the Company may in its discretion determine, of its available cash in the manner provided in the Operating Partnership's partnership agreement. The Company receives proceeds from equity issuances from time to time, but is required by the Operating Partnership's partnership agreement to contribute the proceeds from its equity issuances to the Operating Partnership in exchange for partnership units of the Operating Partnership.
We are a well-known seasoned issuer with a shelf registration which expires in March 2021 that allows the Company to register various unspecified classes of equity securities and the Operating Partnership to register various unspecified classes of debt securities. We expect to file a new joint shelf registration statement on Form S-3 prior to the expiration of the current registration statement. . As circumstances warrant, the Company may issue equity from time to time on an opportunistic basis, dependent upon market conditions and available pricing. The Operating Partnership may use the proceeds to repay debt, including borrowings under its lines of credit, develop new or existing properties, make acquisitions of properties or portfolios of properties, invest in existing or newly created joint ventures, or for general corporate purposes.
The liquidity of the Company is dependent on the Operating Partnership's ability to make sufficient distributions to the Company. The Operating Partnership is a party to loan agreements with various bank lenders that require the Operating Partnership to comply with various financial and other covenants before it may make distributions to the Company. The Company also guarantees some of the Operating Partnership's debt. If the Operating Partnership fails to fulfill its debt requirements, which trigger the Company's guarantee obligations, then the Company may be required to fulfill its cash payment commitments under such guarantees. However, the Company's only material asset is its investment in the Operating Partnership.
The Company believes the Operating Partnership's sources of working capital, specifically its cash flow from operations, and borrowings available under its unsecured credit facilities, are adequate for it to make its distribution payments to the Company and, in turn, for the Company to make its dividend payments to its shareholders and to finance its continued operations, growth strategy and additional expenses we expect to incur. However, there can be no assurance that the Operating Partnership's sources of capital will continue to be available at all or in amounts sufficient to meet its needs, including its ability to make distribution payments to the Company. The unavailability of capital could adversely affect the Operating Partnership's ability to pay its distributions to the Company, which will in turn, adversely affect the Company's ability to pay cash dividends to its shareholders.
We operate in a manner intended to enable us to qualify as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code, or the Code. For the Company to maintain its qualification as a REIT, it must pay dividends to its shareholders aggregating annually at least 90% of its taxable income. While historically the Company has satisfied this distribution requirement by making cash distributions to its shareholders, it may choose to satisfy this requirement by making distributions of cash or other property, including, in limited circumstances, the Company's own shares. Based on our 2020 estimated taxable income, we were required to distribute approximately $54.6 million to our shareholders in order to maintain our REIT status as described above. For tax reporting purposes, we distributed approximately $65.9 million during 2020. Given the uncertainty related to the pandemic’s near and potential long-term impact, in May 2020 the Company’s Board of Directors temporarily suspended dividend distributions to conserve approximately $35.0 million in cash per quarter and preserve our balance sheet strength and flexibility. On January 14, 2021, the Board reinstated dividend distributions and declared a dividend of $0.1775 per share paid in February 2021. . The Board continues to evaluate the potential for future dividend distributions on a quarterly basis. If in any taxable year the Company were to fail to qualify as a REIT and certain statutory relief provisions were not applicable, we would not be allowed a deduction for distributions to shareholders in computing taxable income and would be subject to U.S. federal income tax (including any applicable alternative minimum tax for tax years prior to 2018) on our taxable income at the regular corporate rate.
As a result of this distribution requirement, the Operating Partnership cannot rely on retained earnings to fund its on-going operations to the same extent that other companies whose parent companies are not real estate investment trusts can. The Company may need to continue to raise capital in the equity markets to fund the Operating Partnership's working capital needs, as well as potential developments of new or existing properties, acquisitions or investments in existing or newly created joint ventures.
The Company currently consolidates the Operating Partnership because it has (1) the power to direct the activities of the Operating Partnership that most significantly impact the Operating Partnership’s economic performance and (2) the obligation to absorb losses and the right to receive the residual returns of the Operating Partnership that could be potentially significant. The Company does not have significant assets other than its investment in the Operating Partnership. Therefore, the assets and liabilities and the revenues and expenses of the Company and the Operating Partnership are the same on their respective financial statements, except for immaterial differences related to cash, other assets and accrued liabilities that arise from public company expenses paid by the Company. However, all debt is held directly or indirectly at the Operating Partnership level, and the Company has guaranteed some of the Operating Partnership's unsecured debt as discussed below. Because the Company consolidates the Operating Partnership, the section entitled "Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Operating Partnership" should be read in conjunction with this section to understand the liquidity and capital resources of the Company on a consolidated basis and how the Company is operated as a whole.
In May 2017, we announced that our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $125 million of our outstanding common shares as market conditions warrant over a period commencing on May 19, 2017 and expiring on May 18, 2019. In February 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of an additional $44.3 million of our outstanding common shares for an aggregate authorization of $169.3 million until May 2021. Repurchases may be made from time to time through open market, privately-negotiated, structured or derivative transactions (including accelerated share repurchase transactions), or other methods of acquiring shares. The Company intends to structure open market purchases to occur within pricing and volume requirements of Rule 10b-18. The Company may, from time to time, enter into Rule 10b5-1 plans to facilitate the repurchase of its shares under this authorization. The Company has temporarily suspended share repurchases for at least the twelve months starting July 1, 2020 as the June 2020 amendments to our debt agreements for our lines of credit and bank term loan prohibit share repurchases during such time and in order to preserve our liquidity position.
Shares repurchased during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 were as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018
Total number of shares purchased - 1,209,328 919,249
Average price paid per share $ - $ 16.52 $ 21.74
Total price paid exclusive of commissions and related fees (in thousands) $ - $ 19,976 $ 19,980
The remaining amount authorized to be repurchased under the program as of December 31, 2020 was approximately $80.0 million.
In January 2021, the Company's Board of Directors declared a $0.1775 cash dividend per common share payable on February 12, 2021 to each shareholder of record on January 29, 2021, and the Trustees of Tanger GP Trust declared a $0.1775 cash distribution per Operating Partnership unit to the Operating Partnership's unitholders.
Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Operating Partnership
General Overview
In this “Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Operating Partnership” section, the terms “we”, “our” and “us” refer to the Operating Partnership or the Operating Partnership and the Company together, as the text requires.
Property rental income represents our primary source to pay property operating expenses, debt service, capital expenditures and distributions, excluding non-recurring capital expenditures and acquisitions. To the extent that our cash flow from operating activities is insufficient to cover such non-recurring capital expenditures and acquisitions, we finance such activities from borrowings under our unsecured lines of credit or from the proceeds from the Operating Partnership’s debt offerings and the Company’s equity offerings.
We believe we achieve a strong and flexible financial position by attempting to: (1) maintain a conservative leverage position relative to our portfolio when pursuing new development, expansion and acquisition opportunities, (2) extend and sequence debt maturities, (3) manage our interest rate risk through a proper mix of fixed and variable rate debt, (4) maintain access to liquidity by using our lines of credit in a conservative manner and (5) preserve internally generated sources of capital by strategically divesting of our non-core assets and maintaining a conservative distribution payout ratio. We manage our capital structure to reflect a long-term investment approach and utilize multiple sources of capital to meet our requirements.
Statements of Cash Flows
The following table sets forth our changes in cash flows from 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):
2020 2019 Change
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 164,818 $ 220,391 $ (55,573)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities (18,771) 99,289 (118,060)
Net cash used in financing activities (77,593) (312,133) 234,540
Effect of foreign currency rate changes on cash and equivalents (223) (19) (204)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents $ 68,231 $ 7,528 $ 60,703
Operating Activities
The decrease in net cash provided by operating activities was primarily due to reduced revenues, as well as uncollected and deferred contractual rents as a result of COVID-19. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-COVID-19 Pandemic”. In addition, the decrease was also due to the sale of the four outlet centers in the 2019 period, lower average portfolio occupancy during 2020 compared to 2019 and rent modifications for certain tenants.
Investing Activities
The primary cause for the decrease in net cash provided by investing activities was due to the net proceeds of approximately $128.2 million from the sale of the four outlet centers in the 2019 period, partially offset by the net proceeds from the sale of our Terrell, Texas outlet center in 2020. In addition, during the 2020 period, we had lower distributions in excess of cumulative earnings from unconsolidated joint ventures due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Financing Activities
The primary cause for the decrease in net cash used in financing activities was due to paying down our unsecured lines of credit in 2019 using proceeds from the sale of the four outlet centers. In 2019, we also repurchased of common shares totaling $20.0 million as compared to no repurchases for the 2020 period. In addition, the 2019 had higher dividend payments than 2020. Given the uncertainty related to the pandemic’s near and potential long-term impact, in May 2020 the Company’s Board of Directors temporarily suspended dividend distributions after paying the initial first and second quarter dividends.
Development Activities
Development in Unconsolidated Real Estate Joint Ventures
From time to time, we form joint venture arrangements to develop outlet centers. See "Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements" for a discussion of unconsolidated joint venture development activities.
Potential Future Developments, Acquisitions and Dispositions
As of the date of this filing, we are in the initial study period for potential new developments, including a potential site in Nashville, Tennessee. We may also use joint venture arrangements to develop other potential sites. Given the uncertainties of the COVID-19 Pandemic, we have temporarily deferred the Nashville project. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that these potential future projects will ultimately be developed.
In the case of projects to be wholly-owned by us, we expect to fund these projects with borrowings under our unsecured lines of credit and cash flow from operations, but may also fund them with capital from additional public debt and equity offerings. For projects to be developed through joint venture arrangements, we may use collateralized construction loans to fund a portion of the project, with our share of the equity requirements funded from sources described above.
We intend to continue to grow our portfolio by developing, expanding or acquiring additional outlet centers. However, you should note that any developments or expansions that we, or a joint venture that we have an ownership interest in, have planned or anticipated may not be started or completed as scheduled, or may not result in accretive net income or funds from operations ("FFO"). See the section "Non-GAAP Supplemental Earnings Measures" - "Funds From Operations" below for further discussion of FFO. In addition, we regularly evaluate acquisition or disposition proposals and engage from time to time in negotiations for acquisitions or dispositions of properties. We may also enter into letters of intent for the purchase or sale of properties. Any prospective acquisition or disposition that is being evaluated or which is subject to a letter of intent may not be consummated, or if consummated, may not result in an increase in earnings or liquidity.
Financing Arrangements
See Notes 7 and 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, for details of our current outstanding debt, financing transactions that have occurred over the past three years and debt maturities. As of December 31, 2020, unsecured borrowings represented 95% of our outstanding debt and 92% of the gross book value of our real estate portfolio was unencumbered. As of December 31, 2020, 1% of our outstanding debt, excluding variable rate debt with interest rate protection agreements in place, had variable interest rates and therefore was subject to market fluctuations.
We maintain unsecured lines of credit that, as of December 31, 2020, provided for borrowings of up to $600.0 million, including a separate $20.0 million liquidity line and a $580.0 million syndicated line. The syndicated line may be increased up to $1.2 billion through an accordion feature in certain circumstances. As of December 31, 2020, we had no borrowings outstanding under the lines of credit.
We intend to retain the ability to raise additional capital, including public debt or equity, to pursue attractive investment opportunities that may arise and to otherwise act in a manner that we believe to be in the best interests of our shareholders and unitholders. The Company and Operating Partnership are well-known seasoned issuers with a joint shelf registration statement on Form S-3, expiring in March 2021, that allows us to register unspecified amounts of different classes of securities. We expect to file a new joint shelf registration statement on Form S-3 prior to the expiration of the current registration statement. To generate capital to reinvest into other attractive investment opportunities, we may also consider the use of additional operational and developmental joint ventures, the sale or lease of outparcels on our existing properties and the sale of certain properties that do not meet our long-term investment criteria. Based on cash provided by operations, existing lines of credit, ongoing relationships with certain financial institutions and our ability to sell debt or issue equity subject to market conditions, we believe that we have access to the necessary financing to fund the planned capital expenditures for at least the next twelve months.
We anticipate that adequate cash will be available to fund our operating and administrative expenses, regular debt service obligations, and the payment of dividends in accordance with REIT requirements in both the short and long-term. Although we receive most of our rental payments on a monthly basis, distributions to shareholders and unitholders are typically made quarterly and interest payments on the senior, unsecured notes are made semi-annually. Amounts accumulated for such payments will be used in the interim to reduce the outstanding borrowings under our existing unsecured lines of credit or invested in short-term money market or other suitable instruments.
The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows will depend on future developments which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, including the scope, severity and duration of the pandemic, the actions taken to contain the pandemic or mitigate its impact, the availability or effectiveness of vaccines or treatments, future mutations or variants of the virus, and the direct and indirect economic effects of the pandemic and containment measures, among others. As of December 31, 2020, our total liquidity was approximately $684.8 million, including cash and cash equivalents on our balance sheet and unused capacity under our lines of credit. Based on estimated monthly cash expenditures of approximately $26.1 million (excluding dividends and debt maturities) for 2021, we expect to have sufficient liquidity to meet our obligations for at least the next 12 months. For further discussion of COVID-19, please see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-COVID-19 Pandemic”.
We believe our current balance sheet position is financially sound; however, due to the economic uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the inherent uncertainty and unpredictability of the capital and credit markets, we can give no assurance that affordable access to capital will exist between now and when our next significant debt matures, which is our unsecured lines of credit to the extent there are amounts outstanding. The unsecured lines of credit expire in October 2021, with a one-year extension option whereby we may extend the maturity to October 2022. The company intends to extend it's lines of credit beyond October 2022. However, their can be no assurance that we will be able to extend the lines with similar terms or amounts.
The interest rate spreads associated with our unsecured lines of credit and our unsecured term loan are based on the higher of our two investment grade credit ratings. Changes to our credit ratings could cause our interest rate spread to adjust accordingly. In February 2020, due to a change in our credit rating, our interest rate spread over LIBOR on our $600.0 million unsecured line of credit facility increased from 0.875% to 1.0% and our annual facility fee increased from 0.15% to 0.20%. In addition, our interest rate spread over LIBOR on our $350.0 million unsecured term loan increased from 0.90% to 1.0%.
The Operating Partnership’s debt agreements require the maintenance of certain ratios, including debt service coverage and leverage, and limit the payment of dividends such that dividends and distributions will not exceed funds from operations, as defined in the agreements, for the prior fiscal year on an annual basis or 95% on a cumulative basis.
In June 2020, we amended the debt agreements for our lines of credit and bank term loan, primarily to improve future covenant flexibility. The amendments, among other things, allow us to access the existing surge leverage provision, which provides for an increase to the maximum thresholds to 65% from 60% for total leverage and unsecured leverage, for twelve months starting July 1, 2020, during which time share repurchases are prohibited. Additionally, the leverage covenants are determined based on the calculation period which is modified to be based on the immediately preceding three calendar month period annualized for the calculation date occurring on December 31, 2020; the immediately preceding six calendar month period annualized for the calculation date occurring on March 31, 2021; the immediately preceding nine calendar month period annualized for the calculation date occurring on June 30, 2021; and for all other calculation dates occurring during the term on the agreement, the immediately preceding twelve calendar month period. Some definitional modifications related to the calculation of certain covenants are permanent, including the netting of cash balances in excess of $30.0 million (or debt maturing in the next 24 months, if less) as well as using adjusted EBITDA, which adds back general and administrative expenses not attributable to the subsidiaries or properties and deducts a management fee of 3% of rental revenues in liability and asset calculations for certain covenants. The amendments revised the interest rate to provide a LIBOR floor of 0.25% for the portions of the lines of credit and bank term loan that are not fixed with an interest rate swap. Although the amended covenants provide additional flexibility and we expect to remain in compliance with such covenants, the potential impacts from COVID-19 are highly uncertain and therefore could impact covenant compliance in the future.
We have historically been and currently are in compliance with all of our debt covenants. While the amendments discussed above will provide additional covenant flexibility, the financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic could potentially negatively impact our future compliance with financial covenants of our credit facilities, term loan and other debt agreements and result in a default and potentially an acceleration of indebtedness. Our continued compliance with these covenants depends on many factors and could be impacted by current or future economic conditions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Failure to comply with these covenants would result in a default which, if we were unable to cure or obtain a waiver from the lenders, could accelerate the repayment obligations. Further, in the event of default, the Company may be restricted from paying dividends to its shareholders in excess of dividends required to maintain its REIT qualification. Accordingly, an event of default could have a material and adverse impact on us. As a result, we have considered our short-term (one year or less from the date of filing these financial statements) and long-term liquidity needs and the adequacy of our estimated cash flows from operating activities and other financing sources to meet these needs. These other sources include but are not limited to: existing cash, ongoing relationships with certain financial institutions, our ability to sell debt or issue equity subject to market conditions and proceeds from the potential sale of non-core assets. We believe that we have access to the necessary financing to fund our short-term liquidity needs.
As of December 31, 2020, we believe our most restrictive covenants are contained in our senior, unsecured notes. Key financial covenants and their covenant levels, which are calculated based on contractual terms, include the following:
Senior unsecured notes financial covenants Required Actual
Total consolidated debt to adjusted total assets <60% 46 %
Total secured debt to adjusted total assets <40% 3 %
Total unencumbered assets to unsecured debt >150% 210 %
In addition key financial covenants for our line of credit and term loan, include the following:
Required Actual
Total Liabilities to Total Adjusted Asset Value(1)
<65% (2)
36 %
Secured Indebtedness to Adjusted Unencumbered Asset Value <35% 5 %
EBITDA to Fixed Charges >1.5 3.4
Total Unsecured Indebtedness to Adjusted Unencumbered Asset Value(1)
<65% (2)
33 %
Unencumbered Interest Coverage Ratio >1.5 3.8
(1) Leverage ratios are based on a trailing three month period annualized at December 31, 2020.
(2)In June 2020, we amended the debt agreements for our lines of credit and bank term loan which, among other things, allow us to access the existing surge leverage provision, which provides for an increase to the maximum thresholds to 65% from 60% for total leverage and unsecured leverage, for twelve months starting July 1, 2020.
Capital Expenditures
The following table details our capital expenditures for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively (in thousands):
2020 2019 Change
Capital expenditures analysis:
New outlet center developments and expansions $ 2,432 $ 8,865 $ (6,433)
Renovations 5,505 2,930 2,575
Second generation tenant allowances 12,273 18,189 (5,916)
Other capital expenditures 10,279 20,133 (9,854)
30,489 50,117 (19,628)
Conversion from accrual to cash basis (1,923) (2,233) 310
Additions to rental property-cash basis $ 28,566 $ 47,884 $ (19,318)
Contractual Obligations and Commercial Commitments
The following table details our contractual obligations over the next five years and thereafter as of December 31, 2020 (in thousands):
Contractual Obligations 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Thereafter Total
Debt (1)
$ 57,193 $ 4,436 $ 254,768 $ 605,140 $ 1,501 $ 655,705 $ 1,578,743
Interest payments (2)
50,254 48,227 47,088 33,573 22,983 25,534 227,659
Operating leases 5,613 5,669 5,709 5,765 5,816 221,059 249,631
Other contractual obligations 1,434 1,316 1,161 1,148 1,310 3,216 9,585
$ 114,494 $ 59,648 $ 308,726 $ 645,626 $ 31,610 $ 905,514 $ 2,065,618
(1)These amounts represent total future cash payments related to debt obligations outstanding as of December 31, 2020.
(2)These amounts represent future interest payments related to our debt obligations based on the fixed and variable interest rates specified in the associated debt agreements, including the effects of our interest rate swaps. All of our variable rate debt agreements are based on the one month LIBOR rate or a LIBOR floor of 0.25%, thus for purposes of calculating future interest amounts on variable interest rate debt, the one month LIBOR rate as of December 31, 2020 or the 0.25% floor was used where applicable.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We have partial ownership interests in seven unconsolidated outlet centers totaling approximately 2.2 million square feet, including 3 outlet centers in Canada. See Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for details of our individual joint ventures, including, but not limited to, carrying values of our investments, fees we receive for services provided to the joint ventures, recent development and financing transactions and condensed combined summary financial information.
We may elect to fund cash needs of a joint venture through equity contributions (generally on a basis proportionate to our ownership interests), advances or partner loans, although such funding is not typically required contractually or otherwise. We separately report investments in joint ventures for which accumulated distributions have exceeded investments in, and our share of net income or loss of, the joint ventures within other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets because we are committed and intend to provide further financial support to these joint ventures. We believe our joint ventures will be able to fund their operating and capital needs during 2021 based on their sources of working capital, specifically cash flow from operations, access to contributions from partners, and ability to refinance all or portion of its debt obligations, including the ability to exercise upcoming extensions of near term maturities.
Our joint ventures are typically encumbered by a mortgage on the joint venture property. We provide guarantees to lenders for our joint ventures which include standard non-recourse carve out indemnifications for losses arising from items such as but not limited to fraud, physical waste, payment of taxes, environmental indemnities, misapplication of insurance proceeds or security deposits and failure to maintain required insurance. A default by a joint venture under its debt obligations may expose us to liability under the guaranty. For construction and mortgage loans, we may include a guaranty of completion as well as a principal guaranty ranging from 5% to 100% of principal. The principal guarantees include terms for release based upon satisfactory completion of construction and performance targets including occupancy thresholds and minimum debt service coverage tests. Our joint ventures may contain make whole provisions in the event that demands are made on any existing guarantees.
Debt of unconsolidated joint ventures
The following table details information regarding the outstanding debt of the unconsolidated joint ventures and guarantees of such debt provided by us as of December 31, 2020 (dollars in millions):
Joint Venture Total Joint
Venture Debt Maturity Date Interest Rate Percent Guaranteed by the Operating Partnership Maximum Guaranteed Amount by the Company
Charlotte $ 100.0 July 2028 4.27 % - % $ -
Columbus (1)
71.0 November 2022 LIBOR + 1.85% 16.8 % 11.9
Galveston/Houston(2)
80.0 February 2021 LIBOR + 1.65% 12.5 % 10.0
National Harbor 95.0 January 2030 4.63 % - % -
Debt origination costs (1.1)
$ 344.9 $ 21.9
(1)In December 2020, the Columbus joint venture amended the mortgage loan to extend the maturity to November 2022, which required a reduction in principal balance from $85.0 million to $71.0 million. The amendment also changed the interest rate from LIBOR + 1.65% to LIBOR + 1.85%. In addition, the mortgage loan guarantee by us was increased from $6.4 million to $11.9 million. We are providing property management, marketing and leasing services to the joint venture.
(2)In June 2020, in response to the COVID-19 impact on the property, the Galveston/Houston joint venture amended its mortgage loan. The loan modification amended the first one-year extension option to provide for two six-month options (the “First Extension” and “Second Extension”, respectively). Under the loan modification, the joint venture is prohibited from making partner distributions during the term of the First Extension. If the joint venture exercises all available options, the loan would mature in July 2022. The joint venture exercised its First Extension option to extend the mortgage loan for six months to January 2021. In December 2020, the partnership further extended this maturity to February 15, 2021 while it works with the existing lenders on a modification of this loan. In February 2021, the Galveston/Houston joint venture amended the mortgage loan to extend the maturity to July 2023, which required a reduction in principal balance from $80.0 million to $64.5 million The amendment also changed the interest rate from LIBOR + 1.65% to LIBOR + 1.85%.
Our joint ventures are generally subject to buy-sell provisions which are customary for joint venture agreements in the real estate industry. Either partner may initiate these provisions (subject to any applicable lock up period), which could result in either the sale of our interest or the use of available cash or additional borrowings to acquire the other party's interest. Under these provisions, one partner sets a price for the property, then the other partner has the option to either (1) purchase their partner's interest based on that price or (2) sell its interest to the other partner based on that price. Since the partner other than the partner who triggers the provision has the option to be the buyer or seller, we do not consider this arrangement to be a mandatory redeemable obligation.
Impairments
Rental property held and used by our joint ventures are reviewed for impairment in the event that facts and circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. In such an event, the estimated future undiscounted cash flows associated with the asset is compared to the asset's carrying amount, and if less than such carrying amount, the joint venture recognizes an impairment loss in an amount by which the carrying amount exceeds its fair value.
During 2020 and 2018, the Rio-Can joint venture recognized impairment charges related to its Bromont and Saint Sauveur properties. The impairment charges were primarily driven by, among other things, new competition in the market and changes in market capitalization rates and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.
The table below summarizes the impairment charges taken during 2020 and 2018 (in thousands):
Impairment Charge(1)
Outlet Center Total Our Share
2020 Saint-Sauveur $ 6,181 $ 3,091
2018 Bromont and Saint Sauveur $ 14,359 $ 7,180
(1)The fair value was determined using an income approach considering the prevailing market income capitalization rates for similar assets.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and the Company’s discussion and analysis of its financial condition and operating results require the Company’s management to make judgments, assumptions and estimates that affect the amounts reported. Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K describes the significant accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results may differ from these estimates, and such differences may be material. Management believes the Company’s critical accounting policies and estimates are those related to principles of consolidation, rental property, impairment of long-lived assets, impairment of investments, revenue recognition and collectibility of operating lease receivables. Management considers these policies critical because they are both important to the portrayal of the Company’s financial condition and operating results, and they require management to make judgments and estimates about inherently uncertain matters. The Company’s senior management has reviewed these critical accounting policies and related disclosures with the Audit Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors.
Impairments
If the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic cause economic and market conditions to deteriorate beyond our current expectations or if our expected holding periods for assets change, subsequent tests for impairment could result in additional impairment charges in the future. For example, the Foxwoods outlet center, which is part of a casino property, and our Atlantic city outlet center both continue to face leasing challenges that could lead to further declines in occupancy, rental revenues and cash flows in the future. Such challenges could result in additional impairments. We can provide no assurance that material impairment charges with respect to our properties will not occur in future periods.
New Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 2 and Note 20 to the consolidated financial statements for information on recently adopted accounting standards and new accounting pronouncements issued.
COVID-19
Historically, our accounts receivable from tenants has not been material; however, given the impacts from COVID-19 discussed below, our net accounts receivable balance, which is recorded in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet, has increased from approximately $4.8 million at December 31, 2019 to approximately $18.8 million at December 31, 2020. Straight-line rent adjustments recorded as a receivable in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets were approximately $65.8 million and $61.6 million as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Individual leases are assessed for collectability and upon the determination that the collection of rents is not probable, accrued rent and accounts receivable are reduced as an adjustment to rental revenue. Revenue from leases where collection is deemed to be less than probable is recorded on a cash basis until collectability is determined to be probable. Further we assess whether operating lease receivables, at a portfolio level, are appropriately valued based upon an analysis of balances outstanding, historical bad debt levels and current economic trends including discussions with tenants for potential lease amendments. Our estimate of the collectability of accrued rents and accounts receivable is based on the best information available to us at the time of preparing the financial statements.
The duration of the COVID 19 pandemic, recent tenant bankruptcies and other significant uncertainties with the economy required significant judgment to be used when estimating the collection of rents through December 31, 2020. As a direct result of the pandemic, bankruptcies and restructurings, the Company's earnings were negatively impacted by approximately $47.3 million due to (1) write-offs related to bankruptcies and other uncollectible accounts due to financial weakness, (2) one-time concessions in exchange for landlord-favorable amendments to lease structure, (3) reserves for a portion of deferred and under negotiation billings that we expect to become uncollectible in future periods, (4) and write-offs of straight-line rents associated with the bankruptcies and uncollectible accounts.
Included in the negative impact discussed above, for the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded a $5.3 million reserve for a portion of deferred and under negotiation billings that are expected to become uncollectible in future periods and recognized a write-off of revenue of approximately $7.2 million of straight-line rents associated with the tenant bankruptcies and uncollectible accounts. We are closely monitoring changes in the collectability assessment of our tenant receivables as a result of certain tenants suffering adverse financial consequences due to COVID-19 and should our estimates change, there could be material modifications to our revenues in future periods.
After considering current write-offs and reserves for rents we do not expect to collect, the accounts receivables associated with deferred rental payments and unresolved leases of $8.3 million represent the greatest uncertainty with regards to our estimation of collectability. As a result of this uncertainty, there is a risk that a significant reduction in revenues could be recorded in the future if our assessment of collectability changes in subsequent periods.
In April 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) staff issued a question and answer document (the “Lease Modification Q&A”) focused on the application of lease accounting guidance to lease concessions provided as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Under existing accounting lease guidance under ASC 842, the Company would have to determine, on a lease by lease basis, if a lease concession was the result of a new arrangement reached with the tenant (treated within the lease modification accounting framework) or if a lease concession was under the enforceable rights and obligations within the existing lease agreement (precluded from applying the lease modification accounting framework). The Lease Modification Q&A allows the Company, if certain criteria have been met, to bypass the lease by lease analysis, and instead make an accounting policy election to account for COVID-19 related lease concessions as either a lease modification or a negative variable adjustment to rental revenue. The Lease Modification Q&A allows the Company to determine accounting policy elections at a disaggregated level, and the elections should be applied consistently by either the type of concession or another reasonable disaggregated level. We have evaluated and elected to apply the Lease Modification Q&A to eligible lease concessions. We applied modification accounting to individual leases that are in bankruptcy and those that did not qualify for the concession. As a result, for lease concessions not treated as a lease modification we have made the following policy elections by the type of concession agreed to with the respective tenant.
Rent Deferrals
We account for rental deferrals using the receivables model as described within the Lease Modification Q&A. Under the receivables model, we will continue to recognize lease revenue in a manner that is unchanged from the original lease agreement and continue to recognize lease receivables and rental revenue until such deferral is paid.
Rent Abatements
We account for rental abatements as negative variable adjustments to rental revenue as described within the Lease Modification Q&A.
New Auditing Standard
On June 1, 2017, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board issued Auditing Standard 3101, The Auditor's Report on an Audit of Financial Statements When the Auditor Expresses an Unqualified Opinion (“AS 3101”). As a result of AS 3101, the most significant change to the auditor’s report on the financial statements is a new requirement to describe critical audit matters arising from the audit of the current period’s financial statements in the auditor’s report. The requirements related to critical audit matters in AS 3101 were effective for audits of fiscal years ending on or after June 30, 2019, for large accelerated filers; and for fiscal years ending on or after December 15, 2020, for all other companies to which the requirements apply. Therefore, critical audit matters are included in the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm for Tanger Factory Outlet Centers, Inc.'s consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2019, and are included in the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm for Tanger Properties Limited Partnership's consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2020.
NON-GAAP SUPPLEMENTAL MEASURES
Beginning with the three months ended March 31, 2020, we elected to supplement our disclosure with three additional non-GAAP measures, Adjusted EBITDA, EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre (each as defined below), that are commonly provided in the REIT industry. See “Adjusted EBITDA, EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre” below for more information. We also now refer to Adjusted Funds from Operations (“AFFO”) as Core Funds From Operations (“Core FFO”), but there has been no change to the definition of this measure.
Funds From Operations
Funds From Operations (“FFO”) is a widely used measure of the operating performance for real estate companies that supplements net income (loss) determined in accordance with GAAP. We determine FFO based on the definition set forth by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“NAREIT”), of which we are a member. In December 2018, NAREIT issued “NAREIT Funds From Operations White Paper - 2018 Restatement” which clarifies, where necessary, existing guidance and consolidates alerts and policy bulletins into a single document for ease of use. NAREIT defines FFO as net income (loss) available to the Company’s common shareholders computed in accordance with GAAP, excluding (i) depreciation and amortization related to real estate, (ii) gains or losses from sales of certain real estate assets, (iii) gains and losses from change in control, (iv) impairment write-downs of certain real estate assets and investments in entities when the impairment is directly attributable to decreases in the value of depreciable real estate held by the entity and (v) after adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures calculated to reflect FFO on the same basis.
FFO is intended to exclude historical cost depreciation of real estate as required by GAAP which assumes that the value of real estate assets diminishes ratably over time. Historically, however, real estate values have risen or fallen with market conditions. Because FFO excludes depreciation and amortization of real estate assets, gains and losses from property dispositions and extraordinary items, it provides a performance measure that, when compared year over year, reflects the impact to operations from trends in occupancy rates, rental rates, operating costs, development activities and interest costs, providing perspective not immediately apparent from net income (loss).
We present FFO because we consider it an important supplemental measure of our operating performance. In addition, a portion of cash bonus compensation to certain members of management is based on our FFO or Core FFO, which is described in the section below. We believe it is useful for investors to have enhanced transparency into how we evaluate our performance and that of our management. In addition, FFO is frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties in the evaluation of REITs, many of which present FFO when reporting their results. FFO is also widely used by us and others in our industry to evaluate and price potential acquisition candidates. We believe that FFO payout ratio, which represents regular distributions to common shareholders and unit holders of the Operating Partnership expressed as a percentage of FFO, is useful to investors because it facilitates the comparison of dividend coverage between REITs. NAREIT has encouraged its member companies to report their FFO as a supplemental, industry-wide standard measure of REIT operating performance.
FFO has significant limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation, or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are:
•FFO does not reflect our cash expenditures, or future requirements, for capital expenditures or contractual commitments;
•FFO does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs;
•Although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized will often have to be replaced in the future, and FFO does not reflect any cash requirements for such replacements; and
•Other companies in our industry may calculate FFO differently than we do, limiting its usefulness as a comparative measure.
Because of these limitations, FFO should not be considered as a measure of discretionary cash available to us to invest in the growth of our business or our dividend paying capacity. We compensate for these limitations by relying primarily on our GAAP results and using FFO only as a supplemental measure.
Core Funds From Operations
We present Core FFO (formerly referred to as AFFO) as a supplemental measure of our performance. We define Core FFO as FFO further adjusted to eliminate the impact of certain items that we do not consider indicative of our ongoing operating performance. These further adjustments are itemized in the table below, if applicable. You are encouraged to evaluate these adjustments and the reasons we consider them appropriate for supplemental analysis. In evaluating Core FFO you should be aware that in the future we may incur expenses that are the same as or similar to some of the adjustments in this presentation. Our presentation of Core FFO should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or non-recurring items.
We present Core FFO because we believe it assists investors and analysts in comparing our performance across reporting periods on a consistent basis by excluding items that we do not believe are indicative of our core operating performance. In addition, we believe it is useful for investors to have enhanced transparency into how we evaluate management’s performance and the effectiveness of our business strategies. We use Core FFO when certain material, unplanned transactions occur as a factor in evaluating management’s performance and to evaluate the effectiveness of our business strategies, and may use Core FFO when determining incentive compensation.
Core FFO has limitations as an analytical tool. Some of these limitations are:
•Core FFO does not reflect our cash expenditures, or future requirements, for capital expenditures or contractual commitments;
•Core FFO does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs;
•Although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized will often have to be replaced in the future, and Core FFO does not reflect any cash requirements for such replacements;
•Core FFO does not reflect the impact of certain cash charges resulting from matters we consider not to be indicative of our ongoing operations; and
•Other companies in our industry may calculate Core FFO differently than we do, limiting its usefulness as a comparative measure.
Because of these limitations, Core FFO should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for performance measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. We compensate for these limitations by relying primarily on our GAAP results and using Core FFO only as a supplemental measure.
Below is a reconciliation of net income (loss) to FFO and Core FFO available to common shareholders (in thousands, except per share amounts):
2020 2019 2018
Net income (loss) $ (38,013) $ 92,728 $ 45,563
Adjusted for:
Depreciation and amortization of real estate assets - consolidated 114,021 120,856 129,281
Depreciation and amortization of real estate assets - unconsolidated joint ventures 12,024 12,512 13,314
Impairment charges - consolidated(2)
67,226 37,610 49,739
Impairment charge - unconsolidated joint ventures 3,091 - 7,180
Foreign currency loss from sale of joint venture property - 3,641
Gain on sale of assets (2,324) (43,422) -
FFO 156,025 223,925 245,077
FFO attributable to noncontrolling interests in other consolidated partnerships (190) (195) 421
Allocation of earnings to participating securities (1,713) (1,991) (2,151)
FFO available to common shareholders (1)
$ 154,122 $ 221,739 $ 243,347
As further adjusted for:
Compensation related to voluntary retirement plan and executive officer retirement (3)
573 4,371 -
Gain on sale of outparcel (992) - -
Impact of above adjustments to the allocation of earnings to participating securities 5 (35) -
Core FFO available to common shareholders (1)
$ 153,708 $ 226,075 $ 243,347
FFO available to common shareholders per share - diluted (1)
$ 1.58 $ 2.27 $ 2.48
Core FFO available to common shareholders per share - diluted (1)
$ 1.57 $ 2.31 $ 2.48
Weighted Average Shares:
Basic weighted average common shares 92,618 92,808 93,309
Effect of outstanding options and restricted common shares - - 1
Diluted weighted average common shares (for earnings per share computations) 92,618 92,808 93,310
Effect of outstanding options 94 - -
Exchangeable operating partnership units 4,903 4,958 4,993
Diluted weighted average common shares (for FFO and Core FFO per share computations) (1)
97,615 97,766 98,303
(1)Assumes the Class A common limited partnership units of the Operating Partnership held by the noncontrolling interests are exchanged for common shares of the Company. Each Class A common limited partnership unit is exchangeable for one of the Company's common shares, subject to certain limitations to preserve the Company's REIT status.
(2)The 2020 amount includes $4.0 million of impairment loss attributable to the right-of-use asset associated with the ground lease at the Mashantucket (Foxwoods), Connecticut outlet center.
(3)The 2019 amount represents the accelerated recognition of compensation cost entitled to be received by the Company’s former President and Chief Operating Officer per the terms of a transition agreement executed in connection with his retirement. The 2020 amount represents compensation cost related to a voluntary retirement plan offer which required eligible participants to give notice of acceptance by December 1, 2020 for an effective retirement date of March 31, 2021.
Portfolio Net Operating Income and Same Center NOI
We present portfolio net operating income (“Portfolio NOI”) and same center net operating income (“Same Center NOI”) as supplemental measures of our operating performance. Portfolio NOI represents our property level net operating income which is defined as total operating revenues less property operating expenses and excludes termination fees and non-cash adjustments including straight-line rent, net above and below market rent amortization, impairment charges and gains or losses on the sale of assets recognized during the periods presented. We define Same Center NOI as Portfolio NOI for the properties that were operational for the entire portion of both comparable reporting periods and which were not acquired, or subject to a material expansion or non-recurring event, such as a natural disaster, during the comparable reporting periods.
We believe Portfolio NOI and Same Center NOI are non-GAAP metrics used by industry analysts, investors and management to measure the operating performance of our properties because they provide performance measures directly related to the revenues and expenses involved in owning and operating real estate assets and provide a perspective not immediately apparent from net income (loss), FFO or Core FFO. Because Same Center NOI excludes properties developed, redeveloped, acquired and sold; as well as non-cash adjustments, gains or losses on the sale of outparcels and termination rents; it highlights operating trends such as occupancy levels, rental rates and operating costs on properties that were operational for both comparable periods. Other REITs may use different methodologies for calculating Portfolio NOI and Same Center NOI, and accordingly, our Portfolio NOI and Same Center NOI may not be comparable to other REITs.
Portfolio NOI and Same Center NOI should not be considered alternatives to net income (loss) or as an indicator of our financial performance since they do not reflect the entire operations of our portfolio, nor do they reflect the impact of general and administrative expenses, acquisition-related expenses, interest expense, depreciation and amortization costs, other non-property income and losses, the level of capital expenditures and leasing costs necessary to maintain the operating performance of our properties, or trends in development and construction activities which are significant economic costs and activities that could materially impact our results from operations. Because of these limitations, Portfolio NOI and Same Center NOI should not be viewed in isolation or as a substitute for performance measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. We compensate for these limitations by relying primarily on our GAAP results and using Portfolio NOI and Same Center NOI only as supplemental measures.
Below is a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Portfolio NOI and Same Center NOI for the consolidated portfolio (in thousands):
2020 2019
Net income (loss) $ (38,013) $ 92,728
Adjusted to exclude:
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated joint ventures (1,126) (7,839)
Interest expense 63,142 61,672
Gain on sale of assets (2,324) (43,422)
Other (income) expense (925) 2,761
Impairment charges 67,226 37,610
Depreciation and amortization 117,143 123,314
Other non-property expenses 1,359 1,049
Corporate general and administrative expenses 48,172 53,881
Non-cash adjustments (1)
6,170 (6,237)
Lease termination fees (12,125) (1,615)
Portfolio NOI 248,699 313,902
Non-same center NOI (2)
(728) (5,993)
Same Center NOI $ 247,971 $ 307,909
(1)Non-cash items include straight-line rent, above and below market rent amortization, straight-line rent expense on land leases and gains or losses on outparcel sales, as applicable.
(2)Excluded from Same Center NOI:
Outlet centers sold:
Nags Head, Ocean City, Park City, and Williamsburg
March 2019
Terrell August 2020
Adjusted EBITDA, EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre
We present Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (“EBITDA”) as adjusted for items described below (“Adjusted EBITDA”), EBITDA for Real Estate (“EBITDAre”) and Adjusted EBITDAre, all non-GAAP measures, as supplemental measures of our operating performance. Each of these measures is defined as follows:
We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) available to the Company’s common shareholders computed in accordance with GAAP before interest expense, income taxes (if applicable), depreciation and amortization, gains and losses on sale of operating properties, joint venture properties, outparcels and other assets, gains and losses on change of control, impairment write-downs of depreciated property and of investment in unconsolidated joint ventures caused by a decrease in value of depreciated property in the affiliate, compensation related to voluntary retirement plan and executive officer retirement, gains and losses on extinguishment of debt, net and other items that we do not consider indicative of the Company's ongoing operating performance.
We determine EBITDAre based on the definition set forth by NAREIT, which is defined as net income (loss) available to the Company’s common shareholders computed in accordance with GAAP before interest expense, income taxes (if applicable), depreciation and amortization, gains and losses on sale of operating properties, gains and losses on change of control and impairment write-downs of depreciated property and of investment in unconsolidated joint ventures caused by a decrease in value of depreciated property in the affiliate and after adjustments to reflect our share of the EBITDAre of unconsolidated joint ventures.
Adjusted EBITDAre is defined as EBITDAre excluding gains and losses on extinguishment of debt, net, compensation related to voluntary retirement plan and executive officer retirement, gains and losses on sale of outparcels, and other items that that we do not consider indicative of the Company's ongoing operating performance.
We present Adjusted EBITDA, EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre as we believe they are useful for investors, creditors and rating agencies as they provide additional performance measures that are independent of a Company’s existing capital structure to facilitate the evaluation and comparison of the Company’s operating performance to other REITs and provide a more consistent metric for comparing the operating performance of the Company’s real estate between periods.
Adjusted EBITDA, EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre have significant limitations as analytical tools, including:
•They do not reflect our interest expense;
•They do not reflect gains or losses on sales of operating properties or impairment write-downs of depreciated property and of investment in unconsolidated joint ventures caused by a decrease in value of depreciated property in the affiliate;
•Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDAre do not reflect gains and losses on extinguishment of debt and other items that may affect operations; and
•Other companies in our industry may calculate these measures differently than we do, limiting its usefulness as a comparative measure.
Because of these limitations, Adjusted EBITDA, EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for performance measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. We compensate for these limitations by relying primarily on our GAAP results and using Adjusted EBITDA, EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre only as supplemental measures.
Below is a reconciliation of Net Income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA (in thousands):
2020 2019 2018
Net income (loss) $ (38,013) $ 92,728 $ 45,563
Adjusted to exclude:
Interest expense 63,142 61,672 64,821
Depreciation and amortization 117,143 123,314 131,722
Impairment charges - consolidated(1)
67,226 37,610 49,739
Impairment charge - unconsolidated joint ventures 3,091 - 7,180
Loss on sale of joint venture property, including foreign currency effect - 3,641 -
Gain on sale of assets (2,324) (43,422) -
Compensation related to voluntary retirement plan and executive officer retirement(2)
573 4,371 -
Gain on sale of outparcel - unconsolidated joint ventures (992) -
Adjusted EBITDA $ 209,846 $ 279,914 $ 299,025
Below is a reconciliation of Net Income (loss) to EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre (in thousands):
2020 2019 2018
Net income (loss) $ (38,013) $ 92,728 $ 45,563
Adjusted to exclude:
Interest expense 63,142 61,672 64,821
Depreciation and amortization 117,143 123,314 131,722
Impairment charges - consolidated(1)
67,226 37,610 49,739
Impairment charge - unconsolidated joint ventures 3,091 - 7,180
Loss on sale of joint venture property, including foreign currency effect - 3,641 -
Gain on sale of assets (2,324) (43,422) -
Pro-rata share of interest expense - unconsolidated joint ventures 6,545 8,117 7,259
Pro-rata share of depreciation and amortization - unconsolidated joint ventures 12,024 12,458 13,315
EBITDAre $ 228,834 $ 296,118 $ 319,599
Compensation related to voluntary retirement plan and executive officer retirement(2)
573 4,371 -
Gain on sale of outparcel - unconsolidated joint ventures (992) - -
Adjusted EBITDAre $ 228,415 $ 300,489 $ 319,599
(1)The 2020 amount includes $4.0 million of impairment loss attributable to the right-of-use asset associated with the ground lease at the Mashantucket (Foxwoods), Connecticut outlet center.
(2)The 2019 amount represents the accelerated recognition of compensation cost entitled to be received by the Company’s former President and Chief Operating Officer per the terms of a transition agreement executed in connection with his retirement. The 2020 amount represents compensation cost related to a voluntary retirement plan offer which required eligible participants to give notice of acceptance by December 1, 2020 for an effective retirement date of March 31, 2021.
Economic Conditions and Outlook
We are closely monitoring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on all aspects of our business and geographies, including how it will impact our tenants and business partners. For a complete discussion of the impact the pandemic is having on our current operations, the steps we have taken to increase liquidity and preserve financial flexibility and the uncertainties around our future operations and financial condition, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-COVID-19 Pandemic”.
The majority of our leases contain provisions designed to mitigate the impact of inflation. Such provisions include clauses for the escalation of base rent and clauses enabling us to receive percentage rentals based on tenants' gross sales (above predetermined levels), which generally increase as prices rise. A component of most leases includes a pro-rata share or escalating fixed contributions by the tenant for property operating expenses, including common area maintenance, real estate taxes, insurance and advertising and promotion, thereby reducing exposure to increases in costs and operating expenses resulting from inflation.
A portion of our rental revenues are derived from percentage rents that directly depend on the sales volume of certain tenants. Accordingly, declines in these tenants' sales would reduce the income produced by our properties. If the sales or profitability of our retail tenants decline sufficiently, whether due to a change in consumer preferences, legislative changes that increase the cost of their operations or otherwise, such tenants may be unable to pay their existing rents as such rents would represent a higher percentage of their sales.
In addition, certain of our lease agreements include co-tenancy and/or sales-based provisions that may allow a tenant to pay reduced rent and/or terminate a lease prior to its natural expiration if we fail to maintain certain occupancy levels or retain specified named tenants, or if the tenant does not achieve certain specified sales targets. Our occupancy at our consolidated centers has declined from 97% at the end of 2019 to 92% at then end of 2020. If our occupancy continues to decline, certain outlet centers may fall below the minimum co-tenancy thresholds and could trigger many tenants ability to pay reduced rents, which in turn may negatively impact our results of operations.
Our outlet centers typically include well-known, national, brand name companies. By maintaining a broad base of well-known tenants and a geographically diverse portfolio of properties located across the United States, we believe we reduce our operating and leasing risks. No one tenant (including affiliates) accounts for more than 8% of our square feet or 7% of our rental revenues.
Due to the relatively short-term nature of our tenants’ leases, a significant portion of the leases in our portfolio come up for renewal each year. As of January 1, 2020, we had approximately 1.5 million square feet, or 13% of our consolidated portfolio at that time coming up for renewal during 2020. As of December 31, 2020, we had renewed approximately 70%of this space. In addition, for the twelve months ended December 31, 2020, we completed renewals and re-tenanted space totaling 1.5 million square feet at a blended 6.7% decrease in average base rental rates compared to the expiring rates. During 2021, approximately 1.7 million square feet, or 15%, of our current consolidated portfolio will come up for renewal.
Our operations are subject to the operating results and operating decisions of our retail tenants. As is typical in the retail industry, certain tenants have closed, or will close, certain stores by terminating their lease prior to its natural expiration or as a result of filing for protection under bankruptcy laws, or may request modifications to their existing lease terms.
The current environment has negatively impacted certain retailers, in particular some who were already pressured prior to the pandemic. During 2020 and 2021, 16 retailers on our tenant roster declared bankruptcy or announced a brand-wide restructuring. Recent Chapter 11 bankruptcy filings include, but not limited to, J. Crew Group, Inc. (filed in May 2020) and Brooks Brothers, Lucky Brand Jeans, New York and Company and Ascena Retail Group, Inc. (all filed in July, 2020), Francesca's (filed in December 2020) and Christopher and Banks (filed in January 2021). Also, in 2020, G-III Apparel announced a brand-wide restructuring, including its intention to close all of its Wilsons and Bass stores.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, we recaptured approximately 903,000 square feet within the consolidated portfolio related to bankruptcies and brand-wide restructurings by retailers, compared to 198,000 square feet during the year ended December 31, 2019. While a number of tenant bankruptcies and brand-wide restructurings remain fluid, at this time, we expect approximately 50 stores comprising approximately 200,000 square feet to close mostly during the first half of 2021. We also expect there will be an impact on rental rates as some of these tenant leases are renewed at reduced spreads, or in select cases mid-lease modifications are implemented. As many of these are still in process, we don’t yet know what the ultimate impact of store closures, timing, lease adjustments or potential early termination fees will be.
Due to store closures, tenant bankruptcies and rent adjustments that may result from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, our Same Center NOI for 2020 compared to 2019 was adversely impacted and may continue to be adversely impacted in 2021.
We believe outlet stores will continue to be a profitable and fundamental distribution channel for many brand name manufacturers. While we continue to attract and retain additional tenants, if we were unable to successfully renew or re-lease a significant amount of this space on favorable economic terms or in a timely manner, the loss in rent and our Same Center NOI could be further negatively impacted in 2021. Occupancy at our consolidated centers was 91.9% and 97.0% as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. As a result of COVID-19, occupancy could be further negatively impacted in 2021.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Market Risk
We are exposed to various market risks, including changes in interest rates. Market risk is the potential loss arising from adverse changes in market rates and prices, such as interest rates.
Interest Rate Risk
We may periodically enter into certain interest rate protection and interest rate swap agreements to effectively convert existing floating rate debt to a fixed rate basis. We do not enter into derivatives or other financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. We currently have interest rate swap agreements to fix the interest rates on outstanding debt with notional amounts totaling $640.0 million. See Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional details related to our outstanding derivatives.
As of December 31, 2020, 1% of our outstanding consolidated debt, excluding the amount of variable rate debt with interest rate protection agreements in place, had variable interest rates and therefore was subject to market fluctuations. A change in the LIBOR index of 100 basis points would result in an increase or decrease of approximately $114,000 in interest expense on an annual basis.
The interest rate spreads associated with our unsecured lines of credit and our unsecured term loan are based on the higher of our two investment grade credit ratings. Changes to our credit ratings could cause our interest rate spread to adjust accordingly. In February 2020, due to a change in our credit rating, our interest rate spread over LIBOR on our $600.0 million unsecured line of credit facility increased from 0.875% to 1.0% and our annual facility fee increased from 0.15% to 0.20%. As of December 31, 2020, there were no outstanding balances under our unsecured lines of credit. In addition, our interest rate spread over LIBOR on our $350.0 million unsecured term loan increased from 0.90% to 1.0%. If additional decreases to our credit ratings occurs, interest expense could increase depending upon the level of downgrade.
The information presented herein is merely an estimate and has limited predictive value. As a result, the ultimate effect upon our operating results of interest rate fluctuations will depend on the interest rate exposures that arise during the period, our hedging strategies at that time and future changes in the level of interest rates.
The estimated fair value and recorded value of our debt consisting of senior unsecured notes, unsecured term loans, secured mortgages and unsecured lines of credit was as follows (in thousands):
December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
Fair value of debt $ 1,639,803 $ 1,603,814
Recorded value of debt $ 1,567,886 $ 1,569,773
A 100 basis point increase from prevailing interest rates at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 would result in a decrease in fair value of total consolidated debt of approximately $55.8 million and $62.9 million, respectively. Refer to Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements for a description of our methodology in calculating the estimated fair value of debt. Considerable judgment is necessary to develop estimated fair values of financial instruments. Accordingly, the estimates presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts we could realize on the disposition of the financial instruments.
Foreign Currency Risk
We are also exposed to foreign currency risk on investments in outlet centers that are located in Canada. Our currency exposure is concentrated in the Canadian Dollar. To mitigate the risk related to changes in foreign currency, cash flows received from our Canadian joint ventures are either reinvested to fund ongoing Canadian development activities, if applicable, or converted to U.S. dollars and utilized to repay amounts outstanding under our unsecured lines of credit, if any. Accordingly, cash held in Canadian Dollars at any point in time is insignificant. We generally do not hedge currency translation exposures.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8.FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
The information required by this Item is set forth on the pages indicated in Item 15(a) below.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ITEM 9.CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
Not applicable.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Tanger Factory Outlet Centers, Inc.
(a)Evaluation of disclosure control procedures.
The President and Chief Executive Officer, Stephen J. Yalof (Principal Executive Officer), and Chief Financial Officer, James F. Williams (Principal Financial Officer), evaluated the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures and concluded that, as of December 31, 2020, the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that the information the Company is required to disclose in its filings with the SEC under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company's management, including the President and Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
(b)Management's report on internal control over financial reporting.
Internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act, is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the Company's President and Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by the Company's board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The Company's management, with the participation of the Company's President and Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, is
responsible for establishing and maintaining policies and procedures designed to maintain the adequacy of the Company's internal control over financial reporting, including those policies and procedures that:
(1)Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;
(2)Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and
(3)Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
The Company's management has evaluated the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020 based on the criteria established in a report entitled Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our assessment and those criteria, the Company's management has concluded that the Company's internal control over financial reporting was effective at the reasonable assurance level as of December 31, 2020.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
The effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020 has been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears herein.
(c)There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by paragraph (d) of Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 or 15d-15 that occurred during our last fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2020 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Tanger Properties Limited Partnership
(a)Evaluation of disclosure control procedures.
The President, Chief Executive Officer, Stephen J. Yalof (Principal Executive Officer), and Vice President and Treasurer, James F. Williams (Principal Financial Officer) of Tanger GP Trust, sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, evaluated the effectiveness of the Operating Partnership's disclosure controls and procedures and concluded that, as of December 31, 2020, the Operating Partnership's disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that the information the registrant is required to disclose in its filings with the SEC under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Operating Partnership's in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Operating Partnership's management, including the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
(b)Management's report on internal control over financial reporting.
Internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act, is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the Operating Partnership's Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by the Operating Partnership's board of trustees, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for
external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The Operating Partnership's management, with the participation of the Operating Partnership's Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, is responsible for establishing and maintaining policies and procedures designed to maintain the adequacy of the Operating Partnership's internal control over financial reporting, including those policies and procedures that:
(1)Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Operating Partnership;
(2)Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Operating Partnership are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and trustees of the Operating Partnership; and
(3)Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Operating Partnership's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
The Operating Partnership's management has evaluated the effectiveness of the Operating Partnership's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020 based on the criteria established in a report entitled Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our assessment and those criteria, the Operating Partnership's management has concluded that the Operating Partnership's internal control over financial reporting was effective at the reasonable assurance level as of December 31, 2020.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
The effectiveness of the Operating Partnership's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020 has been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears herein.
(c)There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by paragraph (d) of Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 or 15d-15 that occurred during our last fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2020 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9B.OTHER INFORMATION
All information required to be disclosed in a report on Form 8-K during the fourth quarter of 2020 was reported.
PART III
Certain information required by Part III is omitted from this Report in that the Company will file a definitive proxy statement pursuant to Regulation 14A, or the Proxy Statement, not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Report, and certain information included therein is incorporated herein by reference. Only those sections of the Proxy Statement which specifically address the items set forth herein are incorporated by reference.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
ITEM 10.DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The information concerning the Company's directors required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the Company's Proxy Statement to be filed with respect to the Company's 2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders.
The information concerning the Company's executive officers required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the section at the end of Part I, entitled “Information About The Executive Officers of Tanger Factory Outlet Centers, Inc.”
The information concerning our Company Code of Ethics required by this Item, which is posted on our website at www.tangeroutlet.com, is incorporated herein by reference to the Company's Proxy Statement to be filed with respect to the Company's 2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders. The information found on, or otherwise accessible through, our website is not incorporated into, and does not form a part of, this Annual Report on Form 10-K or any other report or document we file with or furnish to the SEC.
The additional information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the Company's Proxy Statement to be filed with respect to the Company's 2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 11.EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the Company's Proxy Statement to be filed with respect to the Company's 2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
ITEM 12.SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS.
The information concerning the security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management required by this Item is incorporated by reference herein to the Company's Proxy Statement to be filed with respect to the Company's 2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders.
The table below provides information as of December 31, 2020 with respect to compensation plans under which our equity securities are authorized for issuance. For each common share issued by the Company, the Operating Partnership issues one corresponding unit of partnership interest to the Company's wholly-owned subsidiaries. Therefore, when the Company grants an equity based award, the Operating Partnership treats each award as having been granted by the Operating Partnership. In the discussion below, the term "we" refers to the Company and the Operating Partnership together and the term "common shares" is meant to also include corresponding units of the Operating Partnership.
Plan Category (a)
Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights (b)
Weighted Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights (c)
Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities Reflected in Column (a))
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders 2,515,474 (1) $ 17.33 2,608,218 (2)
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders 1,000,000 (3) $ 7.15 -
Total 3,515,474 11.69 2,608,218
(1)Includes (a) 805,700 common shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding options (560,300 of which are vested and exercisable), (b) 375,505 restricted common shares that may be issued under the 2018 Outperformance Plan (the "2018 OPP") upon the satisfaction of certain conditions, (c) 445,018 restricted common shares that may be issued under the 2019 Outperformance Plan (the "2019 OPP") upon the satisfaction of certain conditions and (d) 889,251 restricted common shares that may be issued under the 2020 Outperformance Plan (the "2020 OPP") upon the satisfaction of certain conditions. Because there is no exercise price associated with the 2018, 2019 and 2020 OPP awards, such restricted common shares are not included in the weighted average exercise price calculation.
(2)Represents common shares available for issuance under the Amended and Restated Incentive Award Plan. Under the Amended and Restated Incentive Award Plan, the Company may award restricted common shares, restricted share units, performance awards, dividend equivalents, deferred shares, deferred share units, share payments profit interests, and share appreciation rights.
(3)Includes 1,000,000 common shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding options (250,000 of which are vested and exercisable) that were issued to our Chief Executive Officer, Stephen J. Yalof, as an inducement to his entering into employment with the Company and were granted outside of the Company’s shareholder approved equity plan pursuant to New York Stock Exchange rules. The options to purchase common shares have an exercise price of $7.15. One-fourth of the options vested on December 31, 2020 and the remaining options will vest equally on each December 31 through December 31, 2023, subject to Mr. Yalof’s continued employment through each vesting date. Vested options will become exercisable on and after the date the fair market value of the Common Shares underlying the options is at least equal to 110% of the exercise price of the options.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
ITEM 13.CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the Company's Proxy Statement to be filed with respect to the Company's 2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
ITEM 14.PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the Company's Proxy Statement to be filed with respect to the Company's 2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
ITEM 15.EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a) (1) and (2) Documents filed as a part of this report:
(a) (1) Financial Statements
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (Tanger Factory Outlet Centers, Inc.)
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (Tanger Properties Limited Partnership)
Financial Statements of Tanger Factory Outlet Centers, Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheets - December 31, 2020 and 2019
Consolidated Statements of Operations - Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income - Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity - Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018
Financial Statements of Tanger Properties Limited Partnership
Consolidated Balance Sheets - December 31, 2020 and 2019
Consolidated Statements of Operations - Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income - Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018
Consolidated Statements of Equity - Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Tanger Factory Outlet Centers, Inc. and Tanger Properties Limited Partnership)
(a) (2) Financial Statement Schedules
Schedule III
Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation
All other schedules have been omitted because of the absence of conditions under which they are required or because the required information is given in the above-listed financial statements or notes thereto.
3.Exhibits
Exhibit No. Description
3.1 Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of the Company. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1996.)
3.1A Amendment to Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation dated May 29, 1996. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1A to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1996.)
3.1B Amendment to Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation dated August 20, 1998. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1B to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1998.)
3.1C Amendment to Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation dated September 30, 1999. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1C to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1999.)
3.1D Amendment to Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation dated November 10, 2005. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K dated November 10, 2005.)
3.1E Amendment to Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation dated June 13, 2007. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1E of the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2007.)
3.1F Articles of Amendment to Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation dated August 27, 2008. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1F of the Company's current report on Form 8-K dated August 29, 2008.)
3.1G Articles of Amendment to Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Tanger Factory Outlet Centers, Inc. dated May 18, 2011. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company's and Operating Partnership's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2011.)
3.1H Articles of Amendment to Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Tanger Factory Outlet Centers, Inc., dated May 24, 2012. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1H to the Company's and Operating Partnership's Form S-3 dated June 7, 2012.)
3.2 By-laws of Tanger Factory Outlet Centers, Inc. restated to reflect all amendments through May 18, 2012. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company's and Operating Partnership's Form S-3 dated June 7, 2012.)
3.3 Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership for Tanger Properties Limited Partnership dated August 30, 2013. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016.)
4.1 Senior Indenture dated as of March 1, 1996. (Incorporated by reference to the exhibits to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K dated March 6, 1996.)
4.1A Sixth Supplemental Indenture (Supplement to Senior Indenture dated as of March 1, 1996) dated July 2, 2009. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.13 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed on July 2, 2009.)
4.1B Seventh Supplemental Indenture (Supplement to Senior Indenture dated March 1, 1996) dated June 7, 2010. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's and Operating Partnership's Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 7, 2010.)
4.1C Eighth Supplemental Indenture (Supplement to Senior Indenture dated March 1, 1996) dated November 25, 2013. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's and Operating Partnership's Current Report on Form 8-K dated November 25, 2013.)
4.1D Ninth Supplemental Indenture (Supplement to Senior Indenture dated March 1, 1996) dated November 21, 2014. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's and Operating Partnership's Current Report on Form 8-K dated November 21, 2014.)
4.1E Tenth Supplemental Indenture (Supplement to Senior Indenture dated as of March 1, 1996) dated August 8, 2016. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 filed with the Company's and Operating Partnership's Report on Form 8-K dated August 8, 2016.)
4.1F First Amendment, dated October 13, 2016, to Tenth Supplemental Indenture dated August 8, 2016. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 filed with the Company's and Operating Partnership's Report on Form 8-K dated October 13, 2016.)
4.1G Eleventh Supplemental Indenture (Supplement to Senior Indenture dated as of March 1, 1996) dated as of July 3, 2017. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 filed with the Company's and Operating Partnership's Report on Form 8-K dated July 3, 2017.)
4.2 Description of Common Shares. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s and Operating Partnership’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019)
10.1 * Incentive Award Plan of Tanger Factory Outlet Centers, Inc. and Tanger Properties Limited Partnership (Amended and Restated as of April 4, 2014) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's and Operating Partnership's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2014.)
10.2 * Form of Non-Qualified Share Option Agreement between Tanger Factory Outlet Centers, Inc., Tanger Properties Limited Partnership and certain employees. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's and Operating Partnership's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2011.)
10.4 Amended and Restated Employment Agreement for Lisa J. Morrison, as of December 29, 2008. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 31, 2008.)
10.4A * Amendment to Amended and Restated Employment Agreement for Lisa J. Morrison as of June 5, 2020 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s and Operating Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 8, 2020.)
10.5 * Amended and Restated Employment Agreement for Carrie A. Warren, as of December 29, 2008. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009.)
10.5A Amendment to Amended and Restated Employment Agreement for Carrie A. Warren as of June 5, 2020 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s and Operating Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 8, 2020.)
10.6 * Employment Agreement for Chad D. Perry, dated as of December 12, 2011. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Company's and Operating Partnership's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011.)
10.6A Amendment to Employment Agreement for Chad D. Perry as of June 5, 2020 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s and Operating Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 8, 2020.)
10.7 * Amended and Restated Employment Agreement for James F. Williams, as of December 29, 2008. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Company's and Operating Partnership's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012.)
10.7A Amendment to Amended and Restated Employment Agreement for James F. Williams as of June 5, 2020 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s and Operating Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 8, 2020.)
10.8* Amended and Restated Employment Agreement for Virginia R. Summerell, as of December 29, 2008. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Company's and Operating Partnership's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012.)
10.9* Employment Agreement for Charles A. Worsham, dated July 17, 2014. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's and Operating Partnership's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2014.)
10.9A Amendment to Employment Agreement for Charles A. Worsham as of June 8, 2020 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s and Operating Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 8, 2020.)
10.10 Registration Rights Agreement among the Company, the Tanger Family Limited Partnership and Stanley K. Tanger. (Incorporated by reference to the exhibits to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-11 filed May 27, 1993, as amended.)
10.10A Amendment to Registration Rights Agreement among the Company, the Tanger Family Limited Partnership and Stanley K. Tanger. (Incorporated by reference to the exhibits to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1995.)
10.10B Second Amendment to Registration Rights Agreement among the Company, the Tanger Family Limited Partnership and Stanley K. Tanger dated September 4, 2002. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11B to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2003.)
10.10C Third Amendment to Registration Rights Agreement among the Company, the Tanger Family Limited Partnership and Stanley K. Tanger dated December 5, 2003. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11B to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2003.)
10.10D Fourth Amendment to Registration Rights Agreement among the Company, the Tanger Family Limited Partnership and Stanley K. Tanger dated August 8, 2006. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12D to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-3, dated August 9, 2006.)
10.10E Fifth Amendment to Registration Rights Agreement among the Company, The Tanger Family Limited Partnership and Stanley K. Tanger dated August 10, 2009. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K dated August 14, 2009.)
10.11 Registration Rights Agreement amount Tanger Factory Outlet Centers, Inc., Tanger Properties Limited Partnership and DPSW Deer Park LLC. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's and the Operating Partnership's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2013.)
10.12 Agreement Pursuant to Item 601(b)(4)(iii)(A) of Regulation S-K. (Incorporated by reference to the exhibits to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-11 filed May 27, 1993, as amended.)
10.13 Assignment and Assumption Agreement among Stanley K. Tanger, Stanley K. Tanger & Company, the Tanger Family Limited Partnership, the Operating Partnership and the Company. (Incorporated by reference to the exhibits to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-11 filed May 27, 1993, as amended.)
10.14 COROC Holdings, LLC Limited Liability Company Agreement dated October 3, 2003. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 8, 2003.)
10.15 Form of Shopping Center Management Agreement between owners of COROC Holdings, LLC and Tanger Properties Limited Partnership. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 8, 2003.)
10.16 * Form of Restricted Share Agreement between the Company and certain Officers. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008.)
10.17 * Form of Restricted Share Agreement between the Company and certain Officers with certain performance criteria vesting. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2005.)
10.17A * Form of Amendment to Restricted Share Agreement between the Company and certain Officers with certain performance criteria vesting. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008.)
10.18* Form of Restricted Share Agreement between the Company and certain Directors. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2005.)
10.19* Restricted Share Agreement between the Company and Steven. B. Tanger dated February 28, 2012. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's and Operating Partnership's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2012.)
10.20* Form of Tanger Factory Outlet Centers, Inc. Notional Unit Award Agreement between the Company and certain Officers. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2010.)
10.21* Form of 2013 Outperformance Plan Notional Unit Award agreement. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's and Operating Partnership's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2013.)
10.22* Form of 2014 Outperformance Plan Notional Unit Award agreement. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to the Company's and the Operating Partnership's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014.)
10.23* Form of 2015 Outperformance Plan Notional Unit Award agreement. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's and Operating Partnership's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2015.)
10.24* Form of 2016 Outperformance Plan Notional Unit Award agreement. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's and Operating Partnership's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2016.)
10.25* Director Deferred Share Program of Tanger Factory Outlet Centers, Inc. and Tanger Properties Limited Partnership. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to the Company's and the Operating Partnership's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012.)
10.26*
2018 Declaration of Amendment to Incentive Award Plan of Tanger Factory Outlet Centers, Inc. and Tanger Properties Limited Partnership. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's and Operating Partnership's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2018.)
10.27*
Form of 2018 Outperformance Plan Notional Unit Award agreement between the Company and Certain Officers.(Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's and Operating Partnership's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2018.)
10.28*
Form of 2018 Outperformance Plan Notional Unit Award agreement between the Company and Steven B. Tanger. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's and Operating Partnership's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2018.)
10.29*
Form of 2018 Restricted Share Unit Agreement between the Company and Steven B. Tanger.(Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company's and Operating Partnership's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2018.)
10.30 Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of November 10, 2011, among Tanger Properties Limited Partnership, as the Borrower, Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent, Swing Line Lender and L/C Issuer, and The Other Lenders Party Hereto, Bank of America Merrill Lynch, Well Fargo Securities, LLC, and US Bank National Association, as Joint Bookrunners and Joint Lead Arrangers, Well Fargo Bank, National Association, as Syndication Agent, US Bank National Association, as Syndication Agent, Suntrust Bank, as Documentation Agent and Branch Banking and Trust Company, as Documentation Agent. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's and Operating Partnership's Current Report on Form 8-K dated November 15, 2011.)
10.31 Modification Agreement, dated October 24, 2013 to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of November 10, 2011, among Tanger Properties Limited Partnership, as the Borrower, Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent, Swing Line Lender and L/C Issuer, and The Other Lenders Party Hereto, Bank of America Merrill Lynch, Well Fargo Securities, LLC, and US Bank National Association, as Joint Bookrunners and Joint Lead Arrangers, Well Fargo Bank, National Association, as Syndication Agent, US Bank National Association, as Syndication Agent, Suntrust Bank, as Documentation Agent and Branch Banking and Trust Company, as Documentation Agent. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30 to the Company's and the Operating Partnership's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013.)
10.32 Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of October 29, 2015 among Tanger Properties Limited Partnership, as the Borrower, Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent, Swing Line Lender and L/C Issuer, and The Other Lenders Party Thereto, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, Well Fargo Securities, LLC, and US Bank National Association, as Joint Bookrunners and Joint Lead Arrangers, Well Fargo Bank, National Association, as Syndication Agent, US Bank National Association, as Syndication Agent, Suntrust Bank, as Documentation Agent, Branch Banking and Trust Company, as Documentation Agent, PNC Bank, National Association as Document Agent, and Regions Bank as Managing Agent (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K dated February 23, 2016.)
10.33 Amended and Restated Term Loan Agreement dated October 29, 2015 between Tanger Properties Limited Partnership and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent, Wells Fargo Bank Securities, LLC, SunTrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc.m and PNC Capital Markets LLC, as Joint Lead Arrangers, SunTrust Bank and PNC Bank, National Association, as Co-Syndication Agents, Regions Bank, as Documentation Agent and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, as Sole Bookrunner, and the other lenders party thereto. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to the Company's and Operating Partnership's Current Report on Form 8-K dated April 15, 2016.)
10.34 First Amendment to Amended and Restated Term Loan Agreement dated as of April 13, 2016 between Tanger Properties Limited Partnership and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent, and the lenders party thereto (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K dated April 15, 2016.)
10.35 Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of January 9, 2018, by and among Tanger Properties Limited Partnership, as the Borrower, Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent and L/C Issuer, and the Other Lenders Party Thereto, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, and US Bank National Association, as Joint Bookrunners and Joint Lead Arrangers, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Syndication Agent, US Bank National Association, as Syndication Agent, Suntrust Bank, as Documentation Agent, Branch Banking and Trust Company, as Documentation Agent, PNC Bank, National Association, as Document Agent, and Regions Bank as Managing Agent. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's and Operating Partnership's Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 9, 2018.)
10.35A June 2020 Modification relating to the Operating Partnership’s Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s and Operating Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 16, 2020.)
10.36 Third Amended and Restated Liquidity Credit Agreement, dated as of January 9, 2018, by and among Tanger Properties Limited Partnership, as the Borrower, Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent, and the Other Lenders Party Thereto. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's and Operating Partnership's Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 9, 2018.)
10.36A June 2020 Modification relating to the Operating Partnership’s Third Amended and Restated Liquidity Credit Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s and Operating Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 16, 2020.)
10.37 Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Term Loan Agreement dated as of January 9, 2018, by and among Tanger Properties Limited Partnership, as the Borrower, Tanger Factory Outlet Centers, Inc., as the Guarantor, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent, and the lenders party thereto. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's and Operating Partnership's Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 9, 2018.)
10.37A First Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Term Loan Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s and Operating Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 16, 2020.)
10.38 Second Amended and Restated Term Loan Agreement dated as of October 25, 2018 between Tanger Properties Limited Partnership and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent, and the lenders party thereto. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's and Operating Partnership's Current Report on Form 8-K dated October 26, 2018.)
10.39 Second Amended and Restated Continuing Guaranty dated October 25, 2018 by and between Tanger Factory Outlet Centers, Inc. and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's and Operating Partnership's Current Report on Form 8-K dated October 26, 2018.)
10.4 2019 Declaration of Amendment to Incentive Award Plan of Tanger Factory Outlet Centers, Inc. and Tanger Properties Limited Partnership (As Amended and Restated as of April 4, 2014), as amended, dated as of March 29, 2019 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q dated August 5, 2019.)
10.42* Employment Agreement of Stephen Yalof Dated April 6, 2020 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s and Operating Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated April 6, 2020.)
10.43* First Amendment to Employment Agreement of Stephen Yalof Dated April 9, 2020 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s and Operating Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated April 6, 2020.)
10.44* Amended and Restated Employment Agreement of Steven B. Tanger Dated April 28, 2020 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s and Operating Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated April 29, 2020.)
10.45 Form of Inducement Restricted Share Award Agreement between the Company and Stephen Yalof (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 dated April 10, 2020).
10.46 Inducement Option Award Agreement between the Company and Stephen Yalof, dated April 10, 2020 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q dated May 11, 2020).
10.47 Offer Letter of Leslie A. Swanson, dated September 28, 2020.
21.1 List of Subsidiaries of the Company.
21.2 List of Subsidiaries of the Operating Partnership.
22.1 List of Subsidiary Issuers and Guarantors of Registered Securities.
23.1 Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP (Tanger Factory Outlet Centers, Inc.)
23.2 Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP (Tanger Properties Limited Partnership.)
31.1 Principal Executive Officer Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for Tanger Factory Outlet Centers, Inc.
31.2 Principal Financial Officer Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for Tanger Factory Outlet Centers, Inc.
31.3 Principal Executive Officer Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for Tanger Properties Limited Partnership.
31.4 Principal Financial Officer Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for Tanger Properties Limited Partnership.
32.1 Principal Executive Officer Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for Tanger Factory Outlet Centers, Inc.
32.2 Principal Financial Officer Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for Tanger Factory Outlet Centers, Inc.
32.3 Principal Executive Officer Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for Tanger Properties Limited Partnership.
32.4 Principal Financial Officer Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for Tanger Properties Limited Partnership.
101.INS** Inline XBRL Instance Document - the Instance Document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH** Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL** Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.LAB** Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE** Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
101.DEF** Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
104** Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)
* Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
** Submitted herewith.