EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1600626
Filing Year: 2023
Filename: 1600626_10-K_2023_0001600626-23-000032.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
The use herein of the words “PKST,” “the Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Peakstone Realty Trust, a Maryland real estate investment trust, and its subsidiaries, including PKST OP L.P., our operating partnership (our “Operating Partnership”), except where the context otherwise requires.
Overview
Peakstone Realty Trust is an internally managed, publicly registered real estate investment trust (“REIT”) that owns and operates a high-quality, newer-vintage portfolio of predominantly single-tenant industrial and office properties. These assets are generally leased to creditworthy tenants under long-term net lease agreements with contractual rent escalations. The Company’s wholly-owned portfolio contains properties with key characteristics, including difficult-to-replicate locations and significant tenant investment in the building, which the Company believes make these properties more essential to the tenants. Nearly 75% of the Annualized Base Rent (as defined below) from our wholly-owned portfolio is generated from properties located in coastal and sun belt markets, areas where we believe demographic drivers such as strong median household income and educational attainment create a more favorable economic backdrop.
The Company, founded in 2009 and headquartered in El Segundo, California, is led by an experienced, cycle-tested management team that, through equity ownership, is financially aligned with shareholders. Our executive management team has an average of approximately 34 years of commercial real estate experience and decades of experience operating public companies. In addition to the executive team, the Company’s nine senior real estate professionals average approximately 23 years of experience, and the entire senior real estate team has averaged nine years of experience working together. The team has extensive knowledge of the Company’s existing portfolio and has nurtured a broad network of long-standing industry relationships, especially in the markets where the Company’s properties are located.
As of December 31, 2022, we owned 81 properties in 24 states. Our contractual base rent before abatements and deducting base year operating expenses for gross and modified gross leases multiplied by 12 months (“Annualized Base Rent”) as of December 31, 2022 is approximately $223.9 million. As of December 31, 2022, our portfolio was approximately 95.5% leased (based on square footage), with a weighted average remaining lease term of 7.1 years and weighted average annual rent increases of approximately 2.0%. Approximately 61.5% of our Annualized Base Rent as of December 31, 2022 was generated by properties leased and/or guaranteed, directly or indirectly, by companies that have investment grade credit ratings or what management believes are generally equivalent ratings.
History and Structure
Our platform was founded in 2009 with the launch of our predecessor, Griffin Capital Essential Asset REIT, Inc. (our “Predecessor”), a publicly-registered, non-traded REIT that acquired a geographically diversified portfolio of strategically located, high-quality corporate industrial and office properties primarily leased to single tenants. Our Predecessor’s business plan was focused on the acquisition of assets that, in Predecessor management’s opinion, were more essential to the tenant.
In 2013, our Predecessor completed its primary offering, and we (then named Griffin Capital Essential Asset REIT II, Inc.) were launched with the same business plan as our Predecessor.
On December 14, 2018, our Predecessor further aligned management with investors by internalizing management in a transaction whereby the former sponsor of our Predecessor and us, Griffin Capital Company, LLC (“GCC”), and Griffin Capital, LLC sold the advisory, asset management and property management business of Griffin Capital Real Estate Company, LLC to us in exchange for limited partnership units of our Operating Partnership. On that date, we also announced a proposed combination of operations with our Predecessor and certain other related entities (the “Predecessor Merger”). The Predecessor Merger closed on April 30, 2019 and the surviving company was renamed Griffin Capital Essential Asset REIT, Inc.
On March 1, 2021, we completed our acquisition of Cole Office & Industrial REIT (CCIT II), Inc. for approximately $1.3 billion, including transaction costs, in a stock-for-stock transaction (the “CCIT II Merger”). On July 1, 2021, we changed our name from Griffin Capital Essential Asset REIT, Inc. to Griffin Realty Trust, Inc. and our operating partnership changed its name from Griffin Capital Essential Asset Operating Partnership L.P. to GRT OP, L.P.
On August 26, 2022, we completed the sale of a 41-property office portfolio (the “Office Portfolio Sale”) to a joint venture (the “Office Joint Venture”) in which we hold a 49% interest and are a member. On December 27, 2022, we completed a companion sale of a five-property portfolio (the “Companion Office Portfolio Sale”) to the Office Joint Venture.
On February 21, 2023, we announced our intention to list our common shares on the New York Stock Exchange (the “Listing”). We expect the Listing to occur on or about April 13, 2023, subject to, among other things, obtaining approval from the NYSE to list our common shares.
Structure
Like many other REITs, we utilize a structure known as an umbrella partnership REIT (“UPREIT”), pursuant to which we conduct all of our business through our Operating Partnership, with our Operating Partnership, directly and indirectly through subsidiaries, owning all of our assets and liabilities.
As of December 31, 2022, the Company, as the general partner, controlled our Operating Partnership and owned approximately 91.0% of the OP Units. The remaining 9.0% of OP Units are owned by GCC and other affiliates of the Company, as well as unaffiliated, third-party members.
On January 19, 2023, we converted our form of organization from a Maryland corporation to a Maryland real estate investment trust and changed our name from Griffin Realty Trust, Inc. to Griffin Realty Trust. On March 10, 2023, in anticipation of our Listing, we changed our name from Griffin Realty Trust to Peakstone Realty Trust and our Operating Partnership changed its name to PKST OP, L.P.
Our Business Strategy
The Company’s primary long-term objective is to maximize shareholder value over time. Operating through three distinct business segments - Industrial, Office and Other (for more details on segmentation see “Results of Operations - Segment Information” below) - the Company is focused on improving per share metrics through internal and external growth, pursuing multi-channel investments across the risk and capital spectrum, and maximizing strategic flexibility by targeting an investment grade credit rating. The Company seeks to achieve this objective by leveraging the Company’s experienced, real estate-focused, cycle-tested management team to pursue the following three-part strategy:
•Own and operate a stabilized portfolio of wholly-owned, high-quality, newer-vintage single-tenant industrial and office properties located in diverse, strategic growth markets: The Company intends to prudently and proactively manage the cash flow generated from its portfolio. With a weighted average remaining lease duration exceeding seven years as of December 31, 2022, our wholly-owned portfolio’s stability enables management to thoughtfully and without undue pressure execute the Company’s self-funded business plan.
•Operate a self-funded business plan through capital recycling and free cash flow: Cash generated from the Company’s portfolio provides management with a range of allocation options, none of which rely upon near term outside capital. These options include (i) sale of properties, most likely certain office assets, (ii) selective reinvestment in the portfolio where return on capital warrants such investment, (iii) further repayment of the Company’s outstanding debt, (iv) return of capital to shareholders, and (v) selective acquisition of industrial properties.
•Selectively acquire high-quality, Class A industrial properties: We intend to acquire additional well-located, high-quality industrial properties over time to benefit from secular tailwinds expected in this sector. Management has identified specific markets where access to key transportation arteries including trade ports, intermodal (rail to truck) hubs and interstate highway systems make these locations more desirable to tenants. The Company believes that acquiring properties primarily in these areas provides the potential for rent rate growth, lower capital expenditure requirements and higher returns.
Competition
The commercial real estate markets in which we operate are highly competitive. The leasing of real estate is also often highly competitive, and we may experience competition for tenants from owners and managers of competing projects. As a result, we may have to provide free rent, incur charges for tenant improvements, or offer other inducements, or we might not be able to timely lease the space, all of which may have material adverse effect on us. Competition may also lead to an increase in tenants electing to not renew their lease, seeking to reduce the amount of space they lease with us and/or seeking shorter lease terms, which may also have a material effect on us. At the time we elect to dispose of our properties, we will also be in competition with sellers of similar properties to locate suitable purchasers for our properties which could have a material adverse impact on us.
Regulatory Matters
Overview
Our business is subject to many laws and governmental regulations. Changes in these laws and regulations, or their interpretation by agencies and courts, occur frequently. We and any of our operating subsidiaries that we may form may be subject to state and local tax in states and localities in which they or we do business or own property. The tax treatment of us, our Operating Partnership, any of our operating subsidiaries we may form and the holders of our shares in local jurisdictions may differ from our U.S. federal income tax treatment.
Americans with Disabilities Act
Under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (the “ADA”), all public accommodations and commercial facilities are required to meet certain federal requirements related to access and use by disabled persons. Failing to comply could result in the imposition of fines by the federal government or an award of damages to private litigants. Although we diligence compliance with laws, including the ADA, when we acquire properties, we may incur additional costs to comply with the ADA or other regulations related to access by disabled persons. Although we believe that these costs will not have a material adverse effect on us, if required changes involve a greater amount of expenditures than we currently anticipate, our ability to make expected distributions could be adversely affected.
Environmental Matters
Under various federal, state and local laws, ordinances and regulations, a current or previous owner or operator of real property may be held liable for the costs of removing or remediating hazardous or toxic substances. These laws often impose clean-up responsibility and liability without regard to whether the owner or operator was responsible for, or even knew of, the presence of the hazardous or toxic substances. The costs of investigating, removing or remediating these substances may be substantial, and the presence of these substances may adversely affect our ability to lease or sell the property or to borrow using the property as collateral and may expose us to liability resulting from any release of or exposure to these substances. If we arrange for the disposal or treatment of hazardous or toxic substances at another location, we may be liable for the costs of removing or remediating these substances at the disposal or treatment facility, whether or not the facility is owned or operated by us. We may be subject to common law claims by third parties based on damages and costs resulting from environmental contamination emanating from a site that we own or operate. Certain environmental laws also impose liability in connection with the handling of or exposure to asbestos-containing materials, pursuant to which third parties may seek recovery from owners or operators of real properties for personal injury associated with asbestos-containing materials and other hazardous or toxic substances. We maintain a pollution insurance policy for all of our properties to insure against the potential liability of remediation and exposure risk. Also, numerous states and municipalities have adopted laws and policies on climate change and emission reduction targets. If we are unable to meet the required emissions reductions, we may be subject to material fines that will continue to be assessed each year we fail to comply.
Other Regulations
The properties we own and operate generally are subject to various federal, state and local regulatory requirements, such as zoning and state and local fire and life safety requirements. Failure to comply with these requirements could result in the imposition of fines by governmental authorities or awards of damages to private litigants. Through our due diligence process and protections in our leases, we aim to own and operate properties that are in material compliance with all such regulatory requirements. However, we cannot assure our shareholders that these requirements will not be changed or that new requirements will not be imposed which would require significant unanticipated expenditures by us and could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
We conduct our operations so that we and our subsidiaries are not required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”), and monitor the structure and nature of our assets so that we do not come within the definition of an “investment company” under the 1940 Act. If we or our subsidiaries fail to maintain an exception or exemption from the 1940 Act, we may be required to, among other things, substantially change the manner in which we conduct our operations to avoid being required to register as an investment company under the 1940 Act or register as an investment company under the 1940 Act.
Human Capital Management
We are internally managed by an experienced and proven team that specializes in industrial and office properties. As of December 31, 2022, we employed 36 people. We believe our employees are our greatest asset. Because of this perspective, we have implemented a number of programs to foster their professional growth and their growth as global citizens.
We offer all of our employees a comprehensive benefits and wellness package, which includes paid time off and parental leave, high-quality medical, dental and vision insurance, disability, pet and life insurance, fitness programs, 401(k) and long-term incentive plans. We also encourage internal mobility in our organization and provide career enhancement and education opportunities, as well as educational grants.
We believe that a wide range of opinions and experiences are key to our continued success, and we therefore value racial, gender, and generational diversity throughout our organization. As of December 31, 2022, approximately 49% of our employees were people of color/minorities and approximately 46% were women. In addition, as of December 31, 2022, half of our eight-member Board was composed of women and/or minorities.
Our social policy extends beyond the individuals within our organization and encourages our employees to have a positive impact on the community around us. Throughout our organization, we have a shared passion and dedication to giving back to the communities in which we live and work.
Available Information
We make available on the “SEC Filings” subpage of the investor section of our website (www.pkst.com) free of charge our annual reports on Form 10-K, including this Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements, ownership reports on Forms 3, 4 and 5 and any amendments to those reports as soon as practicable after we electronically file such reports with the SEC. Our electronically filed reports can also be obtained on the SEC’s internet site at http://www.sec.gov. Further, copies of our Code of Ethics and Business Conduct and the charters for the Audit, Compensation, and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committees of our Board are also available on the “Governance Documents” subpage of the “Investors” section of our website. The Company also will routinely post important information to its website about its business, operating results and financial condition and prospects, including, for example, information about material acquisitions and dispositions, earnings releases and copies of investor presentations.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Shareholders should carefully consider the following risks in evaluating our company and our common shares. If any of the following risks were to occur, our business, prospects, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, cash flow, ability to satisfy our debt obligations, returns to our shareholders, the value of our shareholders’ investment in us and/or our ability to make distributions to our shareholders could be materially and adversely affected, which we refer herein collectively as a “material adverse effect on us.” Some statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including statements in the following risk factors, constitute forward-looking statements. Refer to the section entitled “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” for additional information regarding these forward-looking statements.
Risks Related to Our Common Shares
There is currently no public trading market for our common shares and there may never be one. While we have announced our intention to pursue the Listing, there is no assurance that the Listing will be completed, and if it is not completed, it will be difficult for our shareholders to sell their shares.
There is currently no public trading market for our common shares and there may never be one. While we have announced our intention to pursue the Listing, there is no assurance that the Listing will be completed, and if it is not completed, it will be difficult for shareholders to sell their shares.
If we do not complete the proposed Listing, we have a share redemption program (the “SRP”), but it currently is suspended. Even if the SRP was reinstated and is active and in effect, we may not have sufficient cash to satisfy the permitted quarterly value of redemption requests. Our Board may limit, suspend, terminate or amend any provision of our SRP at any time upon 10 days’ notice.
Furthermore, to ensure that we do not fail to qualify as a REIT, our charter also prohibits the ownership by any Person (as defined in our charter) of more than 9.8% (in value or in number, whichever is more restrictive, as determined in good faith by our Board) of the aggregate of our common shares or more than 9.8% of the value (as determined in good faith by our Board) of the aggregate of outstanding Shares (as defined in our charter), unless waived by our Board. Such restriction may inhibit large investors from desiring to purchase a shareholder’s shares, including in connection with a takeover that could otherwise result in a premium price for our shareholders, and could impose further impediments to a shareholder’s ability to sell their common shares.
If the proposed Listing occurs, trading in our shares, at the time of and following, the proposed Listing, could experience substantial volatility, and the trading price of our common shares could decline significantly due to actual or anticipated sales of our shares by our shareholders or other factors, which could have a material adverse effect on us. In addition, if the proposed Listing occurs, the trading price of our common shares may vary significantly from our previously published NAV (as defined below). Further, if you elect to sell your shares following the Listing, you may receive less for the sale of those shares than the price you paid for those shares.
Our common shares currently are not listed on any national securities exchange and, as noted above, the ability of our shareholders to liquidate their investments currently is limited. As a result, if the Listing occurs, there may be significant pent-up demand by our shareholders seeking liquidity by selling their common shares. Therefore, if the proposed Listing occurs, trading in our shares at the time of, and following, the proposed Listing could experience substantial volatility. The trading price of our common shares could decline significantly due to the sale of substantial amounts of our common shares in the public market by our shareholders, or the perception that such sales could occur, or other factors, which could have a material adverse effect on us. In addition, if the proposed Listing occurs, the trading price of our common shares may vary significantly from our previously published NAV. Further, if you elect to sell your shares following the Listing, you may receive less for the sale of those shares than the price you paid for those shares.
Furthermore, the U.S. stock markets, including the NYSE, on which we have applied to list our common shares, have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations, especially office REITs. As a result, the market price of our common shares is likely to be similarly volatile, and investors in our common shares may experience a decrease in the value of their shares, including decreases unrelated to our operating performance or prospects. We cannot assure you that the market price of our common shares will not fluctuate or decline significantly in the future.
In addition to the risks listed in this “Risk Factors” section, a number of factors could negatively affect the share price of our common shares or result in fluctuations in the price or trading volume of our common shares, including:
•the annual yield from distributions on our common shares as compared to yields on other financial instruments;
•equity issuances by us, or future sales of substantial amounts of our common shares by our existing or future shareholders, or the perception that such issuances or future sales may occur;
•increases in market interest rates or a decrease in our distributions to shareholders that lead purchasers of our common shares to demand a higher yield;
•changes in market valuations of similar companies;
•fluctuations in stock market prices and volumes from time to time due to a variety of factors, including from sales of our common shares sold by our shareholders;
•additions or departures of key management personnel;
•our operating performance and the performance of other similar companies;
•actual or anticipated differences in our quarterly operating results;
•changes in expectations of future financial performance or changes in estimates of securities analysts;
•publication of research reports about us or our industry by securities analysts;
•failure to qualify as a REIT;
•adverse market reaction to any indebtedness we incur in the future, or our failure to establish debt levels that investors believe are appropriate;
•strategic decisions by us or our competitors, such as acquisitions, divestments, spin offs, joint ventures, strategic investments or changes in business strategy;
•the passage of legislation or other regulatory developments that adversely affect us or our industry;
• speculation in the press or investment community;
• changes in our earnings;
• changes in the underlying value of real estate;
• failure to satisfy the listing requirements of the NYSE;
• failure to comply with the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act;
• actions by institutional shareholders;
• changes in accounting principles; and
• general market conditions, including factors unrelated to our performance.
In the past, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the price of their common shares. This type of litigation could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention and resources, which could have a material adverse effect on our cash flows, our ability to execute our business strategy and our ability to make distributions to our shareholders.
Our shares are subject to the risk that our distributions to shareholders may change, which could adversely impact the attractiveness of owning our shares.
Considering the need to retain greater liquidity as a listed company, on February 21, 2023, the Company announced that the Board had declared a reduced distribution rate of $0.90 per common share annualized, subject to adjustments for class-specific expenses, for the month of February 2023, which was paid to shareholders on February 24, 2023. In addition, for distributions following the February distribution, the Company will cease calculating and determining record holders for its distribution rate daily, and instead will pay distributions to holders of common shares in a specific amount and on a specified record date. Accordingly, on March 24, 2023, the Company announced that the Board had declared a distribution of $0.075 per common share payable on May 12, 2023 to holders of record of its common shares on May 2, 2023, and if the Listing occurs after the record date, the distribution will be paid with respect to each class of the Company’s currently outstanding common shares, with appropriate adjustments for each class.
All distributions will be at the sole discretion of our Board and will depend upon our actual and projected financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, liquidity and FFO, AFFO, maintenance of our REIT qualification and such other matters as our Board may deem relevant from time to time. We intend to evaluate distributions throughout 2023, and it is expected that shareholders will not receive distributions equivalent to those previously paid by us for various reasons, including need to retain cash to satisfy our current obligations, including debt maturities, for investment purposes, working capital reserves or other purposes. Shareholders have no contractual or other legal right to distributions that have not been authorized and declared by the Board. We may not be able to make distributions in the future or may need to fund such distributions from external sources, as to which no assurances can be given. In addition, as noted above, we may choose to retain operating cash flow, and these retained funds, although increasing the value of our assets on our balance sheet, may not correspondingly increase the market price of our common shares. Our failure to meet the market’s expectations with regard to future cash distributions likely would adversely affect the market price of our common shares.
Our shareholders are subject to the risk that our business and operating plans may change.
Our Board may change our investment objectives, targeted investments, borrowing policies or other corporate policies without shareholder approval.
Increases in market interest rates may result in a decrease in the value of our common shares.
One of the factors that may influence the price of our common shares will be the dividend distribution rate on our common shares (as a percentage of the price of our common shares) relative to market interest rates. If market interest rates rise, prospective purchasers of our common shares may expect a higher distribution rate. Higher interest rates would not, however, result in more funds being available for distribution and, in fact, would likely increase our borrowing costs and might decrease our funds available for distribution. We therefore may not be able, or we may not choose, to provide a higher distribution rate. As a result, prospective purchasers may decide to purchase other securities rather than our common shares, which would reduce the demand for, and result in a decline in the market price of, our common shares.
Risks Related to Our Conflicts of Interest
Conflicts of interest may exist or could arise in the future between the interests of our shareholders and the interests of holders of OP Units, which may impede business decisions that could benefit our shareholders. Additionally, the current chairman of our Board is a controlling person of entities that own OP Units, and therefore may face conflicts with regard to his fiduciary duties to the Company and those entities.
Conflicts of interest exist or could arise in the future between the interests of our shareholders and the interests of holders of OP Units. Our trustees and officers have duties to the Company under applicable Maryland law in connection with their management of the Company. At the same time, we, as the general partner of our Operating Partnership have fiduciary duties, and obligations to our Operating Partnership and its partners in connection with the management of our Operating Partnership under Delaware law and the partnership agreement of our Operating Partnership. Our fiduciary duties and obligations as general partner to our Operating Partnership and its partners may come into conflict with the duties of our trustees and officers to the Company. Additionally, the current chairman of our Board is a controlling person of entities that own OP Units, and therefore may face conflicts of interest with respect to his fiduciary duties to the Company and those entities.
Certain of our executive officers own an interest in an incentive compensation plan controlled by the current chairman of our Board and pursuant to which they may be entitled to receive substantial payments, which could cause these executive officers to make decisions with respect to the Company that are not in the best interest of the Company.
Our chief executive officer (Mr. Escalante), chief financial officer (Mr. Bitar), and two of our executive vice presidents (Messrs. Sohn and Tausk) are participants in a long-term incentive program of GCC, an entity owned and controlled by the current chairman of our Board (the “GCC Incentive Plan”) as a result of their prior service to GCC, including as a result of their role in our internalization transaction in 2018. Each of these executives may be entitled to receive certain payments from the GCC Incentive Plan, which payments could be substantial. The possibility of receiving these payments could cause these executive officers to make decisions with respect to the Company that are not in the best interest of our Company.
Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure
If the Company has not redeemed the Series A Preferred Shares, completed the Listing or listed the Series A Preferred Shares on a national exchange by August 1, 2023, then on or after such date the holder of our Series A Preferred Shares has a right to require us to redeem the Series A Preferred Shares for cash. Accordingly, unless we have completed the Listing or listed our Series A Preferred Shares on a national securities exchange by such date, if the holder exercises this right we will need to allocate cash to satisfy this redemption when there may be a shortage of cash or when we may prefer to allocate cash to other uses consistent with our business plans. In addition, after August 8, 2023, the preferred holder has the right, at its option, to convert its Series A Preferred Shares into common shares of the Company. Any such conversion would dilute the interests of our other shareholders unless the Company elects to satisfy such conversion by making a cash payment to the preferred holder (in which case we would have to allocate cash thereto when there may be a shortage of cash or when we may prefer to allocate cash to other uses consistent with our business plans). Any of the foregoing risks could have a material adverse effect on us.
We have issued 5,000,000 Series A Preferred Shares that rank senior to all of our other shares, including our common shares, and grant the holder certain rights that are superior or additional to the rights of common shareholders, including with respect to the payment of distributions, liquidation preference, redemption rights, and conversion rights. Distributions on the
Series A Preferred Shares are cumulative and are declared and payable quarterly in arrears. Under the terms of the original purchase agreement for the Series A Preferred Shares, the holder of the Series A Preferred Shares agreed to purchase an additional 5,000,000 Series A Preferred Shares at a later date for an additional purchase price of $125.0 million, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions. Accordingly, under certain circumstances, the preferred holder may have a right to purchase a second tranche of the Series A Preferred Shares.
If the Company has not completed the Listing or listed its Series A Preferred Shares on a national exchange by August 1, 2023, then on or after such date, the holder of the Series A Preferred Shares has a right to require us to redeem the Series A Preferred Shares for cash. Accordingly, unless we have completed the Listing or listed our Series A Preferred Shares on a national securities exchange by such date, if the holder exercises this right we will need to allocate cash to satisfy this redemption when there may be a shortage of cash or when we may prefer to allocate cash to other uses consistent with our business plans. In addition, after August 8, 2023, the preferred holder has the right, at its option, to convert its Series A Preferred Shares into common shares of the Company. Any such conversion would dilute the interests of our other shareholders unless the Company elects to satisfy such conversion by making a cash payment to the preferred holder (in which case we would have to allocate cash thereto when there may be a shortage of cash or when we may prefer to allocate cash to other uses consistent with our business plans). Any issuance of a second tranche of Series A Preferred Shares and the subsequent conversion of such Series A Preferred Shares (which may be converted by the holder as soon as five years from the issuance date thereof) would similarly be dilutive to our common shareholders, unless the Company elects to satisfy such conversion in cash (in which case we would have to allocate cash thereto when there may be a shortage of cash or when we may prefer to allocate cash to other uses consistent with our business plans). The Company has the right to redeem the Series A Preferred Shares (including Series A Preferred Shares that may be issued in any such second tranche) at any time.
We are obligated to pay the holder of the Series A Preferred Shares its current distributions and any accumulated and unpaid distributions prior to any distributions being paid to our common shareholders and, therefore, any cash available for distribution is used first to pay distributions to the holder of the Series A Preferred Shares. The Series A Preferred Shares also have a liquidation preference in the event of our voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution, or winding up of our affairs (a “liquidation”) which could negatively affect any payments to the common shareholders in the event of a liquidation.
If we fail to pay distributions on the Series A Preferred Shares for six quarters (whether or not consecutive), the holder will be entitled to elect two additional trustees of the Company (the “Preferred Shares Trustees”). The election will take place at the next annual meeting of shareholders, or at a special meeting of the holder of Series A Preferred Shares called for that purpose, and such right to elect Preferred Shares Trustees shall continue until all distributions accumulated on the Series A Preferred Shares have been paid in full for all past distribution periods and the accumulated distribution for the then current distribution period shall have been authorized, declared and paid in full or authorized, declared and a sum sufficient for the payment thereof irrevocably set apart for payment in trust.
If any of the foregoing risks were to materialize, it could have a material adverse effect on us.
Our shareholders’ percentage ownership interest in the Company will be diluted if we issue additional shares or if our Operating Partnership issues additional OP Units.
Our shareholders’ interest in the Company will be diluted if we issue additional shares. Our shareholders do not have preemptive rights to any shares issued by us in the future. Subject to Maryland law, our Board may increase the number of authorized common shares, increase or decrease the number of shares of any class or series of shares designated, or reclassify any unissued shares without obtaining shareholder approval. Further, our outstanding and any later-issued Series A Preferred Shares may be converted into our common shares under certain circumstances unless the Company elects to satisfy such conversion by making a cash payment to the preferred holder. Existing shareholders will experience dilution of their equity investment or voting power in the Company if we issue additional shares in the future, including issuing restricted common shares or restricted share units (“RSUs”) to our independent trustees and executive officers, issuing shares in connection with an exchange of partnership interests of the Operating Partnership, issuing additional OP Units or converting shares of the outstanding tranche of our Series A Preferred Shares into our common shares.
Our charter contains certain ownership limits with respect to our shares.
Generally, to maintain our qualification as a REIT, no more than 50% in value of our outstanding shares may be owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals at any time during the last half of our taxable year (except with respect to the first taxable year for which an election to be taxed as a REIT is made). The Code defines “individuals” for purposes of the requirement described in the preceding sentence to include some types of entities. Our charter authorizes our Board to take such actions as it determines are necessary or appropriate to preserve our qualification as a REIT. Our charter prohibits the
ownership by any Person (as defined in our charter) of more than 9.8% (in value or in number, whichever is more restrictive, as determined in good faith by our Board) of the aggregate of our common shares or more than 9.8% of the value (as determined in good faith by our Board) of the aggregate of our outstanding Shares (as defined in our charter), unless waived by our Board. For these purposes, our charter includes a “group” as that term is used for purposes of Section 13(d)(3) of the Exchange Act in the definition of “Person.” Our Board may exempt a person, prospectively or retroactively, from these ownership limits if certain conditions are satisfied.
This ownership limit and the other restrictions on ownership and transfer of our shares contained in our charter may:
•discourage a tender offer or other transactions or a change in management or of control that might involve a premium price for our shares or that our shareholders might otherwise believe to be in their best interest; or
•result in the transfer of shares acquired in excess of the restrictions to a trust for the benefit of a charitable beneficiary and, as a result, the forfeiture by the acquirer of the benefits of owning the additional shares.
Certain provisions of Maryland law could inhibit changes in control, which may discourage third parties from conducting a tender offer or seeking other change of control transactions that might involve a premium price for our shares or that our shareholders might otherwise believe to be in their best interest.
Certain provisions of the MGCL may have the effect of inhibiting a third party from making a proposal to acquire us or of impeding a change of control under circumstances that otherwise could provide the holders of common shares with the opportunity to realize a premium price for our common shares, including:
• “business combination” provisions that, subject to limitations, prohibit certain business combinations between us and an “interested shareholder” (defined generally as any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of the voting power of our shares or an affiliate thereof or an affiliate or associate of ours who was the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly, of 10% or more of the voting power of our then-outstanding voting shares at any time within the two-year period immediately prior to the date in question) for five years after the most recent date on which the shareholder becomes an interested shareholder, and thereafter impose fair price and/or supermajority shareholder voting requirements on these combinations; and
• “control share” provisions that provide that a shareholder’s “control shares” of our Company (defined as shares (other than shares acquired directly from us) that, when aggregated with other shares controlled by the shareholder, entitle the shareholder to exercise one of three increasing ranges of voting power in electing trustees) acquired in a “control share acquisition” (defined as the direct or indirect acquisition of ownership or control of issued and outstanding “control shares”) have no voting rights with respect to their control shares, except to the extent approved by our shareholders by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of all the votes entitled to be cast on the matter, excluding all interested shares.
As permitted by the MGCL, we have elected to opt out of the business combination and control share provisions of the MGCL. However, we cannot assure you that our Board will not opt to be subject to such provisions of the MGCL in the future, including opting to be subject to such provisions retroactively.
Further, Maryland statutory law provides that an act of a trustee relating to or affecting an acquisition or a potential acquisition of control of a real estate investment trust may not be subject to a higher duty or greater scrutiny than is applied to any other act of a trustee. Hence, trustees of a Maryland real estate investment trust by statute are not required to act in certain takeover situations under the same standards of care, and are not subject to the same standards of review, as apply in Delaware and other corporate jurisdictions.
Our shareholders’ investment return would be reduced if we were required to register as an investment company under the 1940 Act and we would not be able to continue our business unless and until we registered under the 1940 Act.
We conduct our operations so that we and our subsidiaries are not required to register as an investment company under the 1940 Act.
To maintain compliance with our 1940 Act exemption, we may be unable to sell assets we would otherwise want to sell and may sell assets we would otherwise wish to retain. If we or our subsidiaries fail to maintain an exception or exemption from the 1940 Act, we may be required to, among other things, substantially change the manner in which we conduct our operations to avoid being required to register as an investment company under the 1940 Act or alternatively, register as an investment company under the 1940 Act. If we were required to register as an investment company but failed to do so, we would be prohibited from engaging in our business, and criminal and civil actions could be brought against us. In addition, our contracts would be unenforceable unless a court required enforcement, and a court could appoint a receiver to take control of the Company and liquidate our business.
Our rights and the rights of our shareholders to recover claims against our officers and trustees are limited, which could reduce our shareholders’ and our recovery against them if they cause us to incur losses.
Maryland law provides that a trustee has no liability in that capacity if he or she performs his or her duties in good faith, in a manner he or she reasonably believes to be in the real estate investment trust’s best interests and with the care that an ordinarily prudent person in a like position would use under similar circumstances. Our charter requires us to indemnify our trustees and officers to the maximum extent permitted under Maryland law. Additionally, our charter limits the liability of our trustees and officers for monetary damages to the maximum extent permitted under Maryland law. Further, our charter permits the Company, with the approval of our Board, to provide such indemnification and advancement of expenses to any of our employees or agents. As a result, we and our shareholders may have more limited rights against our trustees, officers, employees and agents, than might otherwise exist under common law, which could reduce our shareholders’ and our recovery against them. In addition, we may be obligated to fund the defense costs incurred by our trustees, officers, employees and agents in some cases which would decrease the cash otherwise available for distribution to our shareholders.
We are uncertain of our sources of funding our future capital needs. If we cannot obtain funding on acceptable terms, our ability to make necessary capital improvements to our properties may be impaired or delayed.
To continue to qualify as a REIT, we generally must distribute to our shareholders at least 90% of our taxable income each year, excluding capital gains. Because of this distribution requirement, it is not likely that we will be able to fund a significant portion of our future capital needs from retained earnings. We have not identified all of our sources of funding, and such sources of funding may not be available to us on favorable terms or at all. If we do not have access to sufficient funding in the future, we may not be able to make necessary capital improvements to our properties, pay other expenses, make distributions or expand our business.
Our bylaws designate the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland as the sole and exclusive forum for certain actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our shareholders.
Our bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of a different forum, the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland, or, if that court does not have jurisdiction, the U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland, Baltimore Division, will be the sole and exclusive forum for: (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Company, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach by any trustee, officer or other employee of the Company of a duty owed to the Company or our shareholders or of any standard of conduct set forth in the Maryland General Corporation Law (“MGCL”), (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the MGCL including, but not limited to, the meaning, interpretation, effect, validity, performance or enforcement of our charter or our bylaws, (iv) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine , or (v), upon the Listing, any Internal Corporate Claim (as defined the MGCL). This exclusive forum provision does not apply to claims under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act, or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring or holding any interest in our common shares will be deemed to have notice of and to have consented to these provisions of our bylaws, as they may be amended from time to time. Our Board, without shareholder approval, adopted this provision of our bylaws so that we may respond to such litigation more efficiently and reduce the costs associated with our responses to such litigation, particularly litigation that might otherwise be brought in multiple forums. This exclusive forum provision may limit a shareholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that the shareholder believes is favorable for disputes with the Company or our trustees, officers, agents or employees, if any, and may discourage lawsuits against us and our trustees, officers, agents or employees, if any. Alternatively, if a court were to find this provision of our bylaws inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings notwithstanding that the MGCL expressly provides that the charter or bylaws of a Maryland real estate investment trust may require that any internal corporate claim be brought only in courts sitting in one or more specified jurisdictions, we may incur additional costs that we do not currently anticipate associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could have a material adverse effect on us.
Risks Related to Our Business
A substantial portion of our portfolio is comprised of office assets, which have generally experienced a decrease in demand. Office assets may experience a further decrease in leasing and investment demand and such decrease in demand could have a material adverse effect on us. Further, our ability to sell any of our office assets may be limited in the current economic climate.
A substantial portion of our portfolio is comprised of office assets, which have generally experienced a decrease in demand. Current economic conditions could lead our office tenants to elect to not renew their leases, or to renew their leases for less space than they currently occupy, which could increase vacancy rates and decrease rental income. Remote and hybrid work practices are likely to continue in a post-pandemic environment. Changes to tenants’ space requirements and configurations may require us to spend increased amounts for property improvements. Additionally, if substantial office space reconfiguration is required, it may be more attractive for our tenants to pursue relocating to other office space than renewing their leases and renovating their existing space, which could have a material adverse effect on us.
Further, our current business plan contemplates the sale of a number of our office assets. Our ability to sell our office assets at attractive prices may be limited in the current economic climate, and there is no assurance that we will be able to effect such sales on attractive terms, or at all.
Most of our properties are occupied by a single tenant; therefore, income generated by nearly all of our properties is dependent on the financial stability of a single tenant at each property. The bankruptcy, insolvency, merger, lack of access to debt or equity capital or downturn in the business of, or a lease termination or election by a tenant not to renew could have a material adverse effect on us.
Our properties are primarily leased to single tenants or will derive a majority of their rental income from single tenants and, therefore, the success of those properties is materially dependent on the financial stability of the companies to which we have leased and/or who have guaranteed such leases. Lease payment defaults, including those caused by the current economic climate or tenant liquidity limitations resulting from adverse developments affecting the financial services industry, could cause us to reduce the amount of distributions we pay and/or force us to find an alternative source of revenue to meet a debt payment and prevent a foreclosure if the property secures a loan. In the event of a default under a lease, we may experience delays in enforcing our rights as landlord and may incur substantial costs in protecting our investment and re-letting the property. If a lease is terminated or an existing tenant elects not to renew a lease upon its expiration, there is no assurance that we will be able to lease the property for the rent previously received or sell the property without incurring a loss. A default by a tenant, the failure of a guarantor to fulfill its obligations, a premature termination of a lease, or a tenant’s election not to extend a lease upon its expiration, could have a material adverse effect on us. Additionally, in certain instances, we may enter into leases that do not include a credit party guaranty. Moreover, we can provide no assurance that our strategy of owning and operating industrial and office properties that are primarily leased to single tenants will be successful or that we will attain our investment and portfolio management objectives. Furthermore, although we have no current intention to do so, we may also invest in single-tenant, leased industrial and office properties outside of the United States and we can provide no assurance that we will have success in any such investments. The occurrence of any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on us.
We currently rely on five tenants for approximately a quarter of our revenue and adverse effects to their business could have a material adverse effect on us.
Our five largest tenants, based on Annualized Base Rent as of December 31, 2022, were Amazon located in Illinois, Ohio and Virginia (approximately 7.3%), Keurig Dr. Pepper, located in Massachusetts (approximately 5.1%), Wood Group located in Georgia, Ohio and Texas (approximately 4.5%), Southern Company Services located in Texas (approximately 4.0%) and LPL located in Alabama (approximately 3.8%). The revenues generated by the properties leased and/or guaranteed by these companies are substantially reliant upon the financial condition of such companies and, accordingly, any event of bankruptcy, insolvency, or a general downturn in the business of any of these tenants may result in the failure or delay of such tenant’s rental payments, which could have a material adverse effect on us.
Approximately a quarter of the leases in our portfolio are scheduled to expire in the next four years, which may cause a loss in the value of our shareholders’ investment until the affected properties are re-leased, increase our exposure to downturns in the real estate market during the time that we are trying to re-lease such space, and increase our capital expenditure requirements during the re-leasing period, any of which could have a material adverse effect on us.
Our lease expirations by year based on Annualized Base Rent as of December 31, 2022 are as follows (dollars in thousands):
Year of Lease Expiration (1)
Annualized Base Rent
(unaudited)
Number of Leases Approx. Square Feet Percentage of Annualized Base Rent
2023 $ 6,583 3 746,600 2.9 %
2024 24,003 11 2,357,400 10.7
2025 9,242 7 869,400 4.1
2026 12,567 4 1,449,100 5.6
2027 14,179 7 570,700 6.3
2028 20,990 14 2,233,700 9.4
>2029 136,378 41 10,763,600 61.0
Vacant - - 896,600 -
Total $ 223,942 87 19,887,100 100.0 %
(1) Expirations that occur on the last day of the month are shown as expiring in the subsequent month.
We may experience concentrations of lease expiration dates in the future. As the expiration date of a lease for a single-tenant building approaches, the value of the property generally declines because of the risk that the building may not be re-leased upon expiration of the existing lease or may not be re-leased on terms as favorable as those of the current lease(s). Therefore, if we were to liquidate any of these assets prior to the favorable re-leasing of the space, we may suffer a loss on our investment. Our shareholders may also suffer a loss (and a reduction in distributions) after the expiration of the applicable lease term if we are not able to re-lease such space on favorable terms. These expiring leases, therefore, increase our risk to real estate downturns during and approaching these periods of concentrated lease expirations. To meet our need for cash during these times, we may have to increase borrowings or reduce our distributions, or both. The occurrence of any of the foregoing risks could have a material adverse effect on us.
Our portfolio has geographic market concentrations that make us especially susceptible to adverse developments in those geographic markets.
In addition to general, regional, national and international economic conditions, our operating performance is impacted by the economic conditions of the specific geographic markets in which we have concentrations of properties. We have significant property concentrations based on Annualized Base Rent as of December 31, 2022 in Arizona (9.9%), New Jersey (8.4%), Texas (8.1%), Massachusetts (7.4%), and California (7.3%). In the future, we may experience additional geographic concentrations, which could adversely affect our operating performance if conditions become less favorable in any of the states or markets within such states in which we have a concentration of properties. We cannot assure you that any of our markets will grow, not experience adverse developments or that such markets will not become less desirable to investors. Our operations may also be affected if competing properties are built in our markets. A downturn in the economy in the states or regions in which we have a concentration of properties, or markets within such states or regions, could adversely affect our tenants operating businesses in those states, impair their ability to pay rent to us and materially and adversely affect us.
We may be unable to fully benefit from increases in market rental rates because our leases typically are long-term, have initial lease term rent escalations that are fixed and some leases contain limitations on market rental rate resets upon renewal.
Based on Annualized Base Rent, as of December 31, 2022, our weighted average lease term was approximately 7.1 years and approximately 98.5% of our leases contained fixed rental rate increases during the initial lease term. By entering into longer term leases, we are subject to the risk during the initial term that we would not be able to increase our rental rates to market rental rates if prevailing rental rates have increased. In addition, during periods of high inflation, fixed rental rate increases subject us to the risk of receiving lower rental revenue than we otherwise would have been entitled to receive if the rental rate increases were based on an increase in the consumer price index over a specified period. In addition, our leases may contain provisions (including caps, collars, fixed increases, etc.) that may limit our ability to reset rental rates to market rental rates upon expiration of the initial lease term. Any inability to take advantage of increases in prevailing rental rates could adversely impact the value of our properties and on the market price of our common shares.
To the extent we are unable to pass along our property operating expenses to our tenants, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow, may be negatively impacted.
Operating expenses associated with owning a property typically include real estate taxes, insurance, maintenance, repair and renovation costs, the cost of compliance with governmental regulation (including zoning) and the potential for liability under applicable laws. We generally lease our properties to tenants pursuant to triple-net leases that require the tenant to pay
their proportionate share of substantially all such property operating expenses. However, on a limited basis we lease our properties to tenants pursuant to leases that do not pass along all such property operating expenses. We have mostly entered into leases pursuant to which we retain responsibility for the costs of structural repairs and maintenance. An increase in property operating expenses that we are unable to pass along to our tenants could negatively impact our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. Similarly, vacancy in our portfolio would negatively impact our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow, as we would be responsible for all property operating expenses that we have formerly passed on to our tenants.
Our real estate investments may include special use single tenant properties, and, as such, it may be difficult to re-lease or sell these properties, which could have a material adverse effect on us.
We focus our investments on industrial and office properties, a number of which may have special uses. Special use properties may be relatively illiquid compared to other types of real estate and financial assets. Upon expiration or early termination of a lease, this illiquidity could limit our ability to quickly change our portfolio in response to changes in economic, market or other conditions to an even greater extent than the typically illiquid nature of real estate assets. With these properties, we may be required to renovate or demolish a vacant property in order to try to re-lease or sell it, grant rent or other concessions and/or make significant capital expenditures to improve these properties in order to retain existing tenants. In addition, in the event we are forced to sell the property, we may have difficulty selling it to a party other than the company that has leased and/or guaranteed the lease of the property due to the special purpose for which the property may have been designed. These and other limitations could have a material adverse effect on us and may affect our ability to re-lease or sell these properties upon expiration or early termination of a lease, which could have a material adverse effect on us.
We face significant competition for tenants, which may decrease or prevent increases of the occupancy and rental rates of our properties. Furthermore, at the time we elect to dispose of our properties, we will also be in competition with sellers of similar properties to locate suitable purchasers for our properties. The occurrence of any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on us.
The commercial real estate markets in which we operate are highly competitive. The leasing of real estate is also often highly competitive, and we may experience competition for tenants from owners and managers of competing properties. An oversupply of properties in the industries and geographies in which we concentrate could further increase competition. As a result, we may have to reduce our rental rates or to offer more substantial rent abatements, tenant improvements, early termination rights, below-market renewal options or other lease incentive payments or we might not be able to timely lease the space. If our competitors offer space at rental rates below current market rates or below the rental rates we currently charge our tenants, we may lose existing or potential tenants and we may be pressured to reduce our rental rates or to offer more substantial rent abatements, tenant improvements, early termination rights, below-market renewal options or other lease incentives in order to retain tenants when our leases expire. Competition for companies that may lease or guarantee our properties could decrease or prevent increases of the occupancy and rental rates of our properties. Furthermore, at the time we elect to dispose of our properties, we will also be in competition with sellers of similar properties to locate suitable purchasers for our properties. The occurrence of any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on us.
We depend on current key personnel for our future success, and the loss of such personnel or inability to attract and retain personnel could harm our business and the loss of services of one or more members of our executive management team, or our inability to attract and retain highly qualified personnel, could adversely affect our business, diminish our investment opportunities and weaken our business relationships with lenders, business partners, companies that may lease or guarantee our properties and other industry participants, any of which could have a material adverse effect on us.
Our future success will depend in large part on our ability to attract and retain a sufficient number of qualified personnel. Competition for such personnel is intense, and we cannot assure shareholders that we will be successful in attracting and retaining such skilled personnel. Our future success also depends upon the service of our executive management team, who we believe have extensive market knowledge and business relationships and will exercise substantial influence over the Company’s operating, financing, acquisition and disposition activity. Among the reasons that they are important to our success is that we believe that each has a national or regional industry reputation that is expected to attract business and investment opportunities and assist us in negotiations with lenders, companies that may lease or guarantee our properties and other industry personnel. We believe that many of our other key personnel also have extensive experience and strong reputations in the industry. The loss of services of one or more members of our executive management team, or our inability to attract and retain highly qualified personnel, could adversely affect our business and weaken our business relationships with lenders, business partners, companies that may lease or guarantee our properties and other industry participants, any of which could have a material adverse effect on us.
Cybersecurity risks and cyber incidents may adversely affect our business by causing a disruption to our operations, a compromise or corruption of our confidential information, and/or damage to our business relationships, any of which could have a material adverse effect on us.
A cyber incident is any intentional or unintentional adverse event that threatens the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of our information resources and can include unauthorized persons gaining access to systems to disrupt operations, corrupting data or stealing confidential information. The risk of a cyber incident or disruption, including by computer hackers, foreign governments, information service interruptions and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks have increased globally. As our reliance on technology increases, so do the risks posed to our systems - both internal and external. Our primary risks that could directly result from the occurrence of a cyber incident are theft of assets; operational interruption; regulatory enforcement, lawsuits and other legal proceedings; damage to our relationships with our tenants; and private data exposure. A significant and extended disruption could damage our business or reputation, cause a loss of revenue, have an adverse effect on tenant relations, cause an unintended or unauthorized public disclosure, or lead to the misappropriation of proprietary, personally identifying, or confidential information, any of which could result in us incurring significant expenses to resolve these kinds of issues. Although we have implemented processes, procedures and controls based on published best practices cybersecurity controls to help mitigate the risks associated with a cyber incident, there can be no assurance that these measures will be sufficient for all possible situations. Even security measures that are appropriate, reasonable and/or in accordance with applicable legal requirements may not be sufficient to protect the information we maintain. Unauthorized parties, whether within or outside the Company, may disrupt or gain access to our systems, or those of third parties with whom we do business, through human error, misfeasance, fraud, trickery, or other forms of deceit, including break-ins, use of stolen credentials, social engineering, phishing, computer viruses or other malicious codes, and similar means of unauthorized and destructive tampering. Even the most well-protected information, networks, systems and facilities remain potentially vulnerable because the techniques used in such attempted cyber incidents evolve and generally are not recognized until launched against a target. Accordingly, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate security barriers or other preventative measures, making it impossible for us to entirely mitigate this risk. The occurrence of any of the foregoing risks could have a material adverse effect on us.
If global market and economic conditions deteriorate, it could have a material adverse effect on us.
Weak economic conditions generally, sustained uncertainty about global economic conditions, a tightening of credit markets, business layoffs, downsizing, industry slowdowns and other similar factors that affect our tenants could negatively impact real estate fundamentals and result in lower occupancy, lower rental rates and declining values in our real estate portfolio. In particular, the recent failures of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank, together with the impact such failures have had on other financial institutions, customers, vendors and depositors, could have significant adverse effects on economic conditions which could materially and adversely affect our business and operations. Additionally, these factors and conditions could have an impact on our lenders or tenants, causing them to fail to meet their obligations to us. No assurances can be given regarding such macroeconomic factors or conditions, and our ability to lease our properties and increase or maintain rental rates may be negatively impacted, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The COVID-19 pandemic, and the future outbreak of other highly infectious or contagious diseases, could have a material adverse effect on us.
The COVID-19 pandemic has had, and another outbreak in the future could have, repercussions across regional and global economies and financial markets. The COVID-19 pandemic is negatively impacting many industries in the United States, directly or indirectly, including industries in which the Company and our tenants operate, which could result in a general decline in rents, an increased incidence of defaults under existing leases and negatively impact our ability to achieve new leases as existing leases expire.
The significance, extent, and duration of the overall operational and financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business is highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, including the continued severity, duration, transmission rate and geographic spread of COVID-19 in the United States, effectiveness and willingness of people to take COVID-19 vaccines, the duration of associated immunity and efficacy against emerging variants of COVID-19, the extent and effectiveness of other containment measures taken, and the response of the overall economy, the financial markets and the population, particularly in areas in which we operate. If we cannot operate our properties so as to meet our financial expectations, because of these or other risks, we may be prevented from growing the values of our properties and it may have a material adverse effect on us.
Furthermore, we cannot predict the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic will have on our tenants and other business partners; however, any material effect on these parties could have a material adverse effect on us.
Inflation may materially and adversely affect us and our tenants.
Increased inflation could have a negative impact on variable rate debt we currently have or that we may incur in the future. During times when inflation is greater than the increases in rent provided by many of our leases, rent increases in existing leases may not keep up with the rate of inflation. Also, increased costs may have an adverse impact on our tenants if increases in their operating expenses exceed increases in revenue, which may adversely affect the tenants’ ability to pay rent owed to us.
Corporate responsibility, specifically related to environmental, social, and governance (“ESG”) factors, may impose additional costs and expose us to new risks.
The importance of sustainability evaluations is becoming more broadly accepted by investors and shareholders. Certain organizations that provide corporate governance and other corporate risk information to investors and shareholders have developed scores and ratings to evaluate companies and investment funds based upon ESG or “sustainability” metrics. Many investment funds focus on positive ESG business practices and sustainability scores when making investments and may consider a company’s sustainability score as a reputational or other factor in making an investment decision. In addition, investors, particularly institutional investors, use these scores to benchmark companies against their peers, and if a company is perceived as lagging, these investors may engage with companies to require improved ESG disclosure or performance. We may face reputational damage in the event our corporate responsibility procedures or standards do not meet the standards set by various constituencies. A low sustainability score could result in a negative perception of the Company, or exclusion of our common shares from consideration by certain investors.
If we fail to maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately and timely report our financial results.
Effective internal controls over financial reporting are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports, effectively prevent fraud and operate successfully. If we cannot provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, our reputation and operating results would be harmed. For so long as our common shares are not traded on a national securities exchange, we will be exempt from compliance with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and we can provide no assurance that the system and process evaluation and testing of our internal control over financial reporting that we perform to allow management to report on the effectiveness of such internal controls will be effective. Furthermore, as of the date of this filing, we have no operating history as a publicly traded company. We cannot assure you that the past experience of our executive management team will be sufficient to successfully operate our Company as a publicly traded company if the Listing occurs. Upon completion of the Listing, we will be required to comply with NYSE listing standards, and this transition could place a significant strain on our management systems, infrastructure and other resources. Failure to operate successfully as a publicly traded company would have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow and market price of our common shares.
As a result of material weaknesses or significant deficiencies that may be identified in our internal control over financial reporting in the future, we may also identify certain deficiencies in some of our disclosure controls and procedures that we believe require remediation. If we or our independent registered public accounting firm discover any such material weaknesses or significant deficiencies, we will make efforts to further improve our internal control over financial reporting controls, but there is no assurance that we will be successful. Any failure to maintain effective controls or timely effect any necessary improvement of our internal control over financial reporting controls could harm operating results or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. Ineffective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information.
A lack of research analyst coverage, including when we report our results of operations, could materially and adversely affect the market price and liquidity of our common shares.
If the Listing occurs, we cannot assure you that research analysts will initiate or maintain research coverage of us or our common shares. Accordingly, it could be the case that research concerning our results of operations or the possible effects on us of significant news or a significant event will not be published or will be published on a delayed basis. A lack of research or the inability of certain research analysts to publish research relating to our results of operations or significant news or a significant event in a timely manner could materially and adversely affect the market price and liquidity of our common shares following the Listing.
Risks Related to Investments in Real Estate
Our operating results will be affected by economic and regulatory changes, such as inflation and rising interest rates, that have an adverse impact on the real estate market in general, and we cannot provide any assurance that we will be profitable or that we will realize growth in the value of our real estate properties.
We own and operate real estate and face risks related to investments in real estate. As of December 31, 2022, our real estate portfolio included 81 properties in 24 states and 74 lessees. Our operating results will be subject to risks generally incident to the ownership of real estate. These include risks described elsewhere in this "Risk Factors" section and other risks, including the following:
•the value of real estate fluctuates depending on conditions in the general economy and the real estate business. Additionally, adverse changes in these conditions may result in a decline in rental revenues, sales proceeds and occupancy levels at our properties and could have a material adverse effect on us. If rental revenues, sales proceeds and/or occupancy levels decline, we generally would expect to have less cash available to pay indebtedness and for distribution to shareholders;
•it may be difficult to sell real estate quickly, or potential buyers of our properties may experience difficulty in obtaining financing, which may limit our ability to dispose of properties promptly in response to changes in economic or other conditions. Additionally, we may be unable to identify, negotiate, finance or consummate dispositions of our properties, on favorable terms, or at all;
•our properties may be subject to impairment losses, which could have a material adverse effect on us;
•changes in tax, real estate, environmental or zoning laws and regulations;
•changes in property tax assessments and insurance costs;
•changes in interest rates and rising inflation;
•the cost and availability of credit may be adversely affected by illiquid credit markets and wider credit spreads, and our inability or the inability of our tenants to timely refinance maturing liabilities to meet liquidity needs could have a material adverse effect on us; and
•we may from time to time be subject to litigation, which may significantly divert the attention and resources of the Company’s management and result in defense costs, settlements, fines or judgments against us, some of which are not, or cannot be, covered by insurance, and any of which could have a material adverse effect on us.
These and other risks could have a material adverse effect on us and may prevent us from realizing value from our real estate properties.
We may not be able to control the extent of warranties and indemnities we may obtain when purchasing properties or that we are required to provide when disposing of properties.
The seller of a property will often seek to sell such property in its “as is” condition on a “where is” basis and “with all faults,” without any warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular use or purpose. In addition, purchase agreements typically contain limited warranties, representations and indemnifications that will only survive for a limited period after the closing and subject to a floor and cap. Also, most sellers of large commercial properties are special purpose entities without assets other than the property itself and there is often no credit behind the surviving provisions of a purchase agreement. The purchase of properties by us with limited warranties and/or from undercapitalized sellers increases the risk that we may lose some or all of our invested capital in the property as well as the loss of rental income from that property and could expose us to unknown liabilities.
As we look to dispose of certain properties, in some circumstances market conditions may impact the terms on which we are able to sell properties, which may require us to provide warranties, representations and covenants, and agree to
indemnification obligations or to retain certain liabilities, in order to complete such dispositions. As we complete property dispositions, the overall size of our post-closing indemnification and retained liability obligations to purchasers may increase, and no assurance can be given that such the extent of such indemnification obligations and retained liabilities will not, individually or in the aggregate, be material to our financial condition or results of operations.
We may finance properties with lock-out provisions, which may prohibit us from selling a property, or may require us to maintain specified debt levels for a period of years on some properties.
Lock-out provisions are provisions that generally prohibit repayment of a loan balance for a certain number of years following the origination date of a loan. We may finance properties with lock-out provisions, which could materially restrict us from selling or otherwise disposing of or refinancing properties. These provisions would affect our ability to turn our investments into cash and thus affect cash available for distribution to our shareholders and may prohibit us from reducing the outstanding indebtedness with respect to any such properties by repaying or refinancing such indebtedness. Any mortgage debt that we place on our properties may also impose prepayment penalties. If a lender invokes these penalties, the cost to the Company to sell, repay or refinance the property could increase substantially. Lock-out provisions could preclude us from participating in major transactions that could result in a disposition of our assets or a change in control even though that disposition or change in control might be in our shareholders’ best interests. The occurrence of any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on us.
If we suffer losses that are not covered by insurance or that are in excess of insurance coverage, it could have a material adverse effect on us.
We may suffer losses that are not covered by insurance or that are in excess of insurance. There are types of losses, generally of a catastrophic nature, such as losses due to wars, acts of terrorism, earthquakes, fires, floods, hurricanes, pollution or environmental matters, which are either uninsurable or not economically insurable, or may be insured subject to limitations, such as large deductibles or co-payments. In addition, we may decide not to obtain, even though available, any or adequate earthquake or similar catastrophic insurance coverage because the premiums are too high. Generally, our leases require each tenant to procure, at its own expense, commercial general liability insurance, as well as property insurance covering the building for the full replacement value and naming the ownership entity and the lender, if applicable, as the additional insured on the policy. Separately, we obtain, to the extent available, contingent liability and property insurance and flood insurance, rent loss insurance covering at least one year of rental loss, and a pollution insurance policy for all of our properties. However, the coverage and amounts of our environmental and flood insurance policies may not be sufficient to cover our entire risk. We cannot assure shareholders that we will have adequate coverage for losses. If we suffer losses that are not covered by insurance or that are in excess of insurance coverage, it could have a material adverse effect on us.
We are subject to risks from climate change and natural disasters such as earthquakes and severe weather conditions.
Our properties are located in areas that may be subject to climate change and natural disasters, such as earthquakes and wildfires, and severe weather conditions. Climate change and natural disasters, including rising sea levels, flooding, extreme weather, and changes in precipitation and temperature, may result in physical damage to, or a total loss of, our properties located in areas affected by these conditions, including those in low-lying areas close to sea level, and/or decreases in demand, rent from, or the value of those properties. In addition, we may incur material costs to protect these properties, including increases in our insurance premiums as a result of the threat of climate change, or the effects of climate change, and may not be covered by our insurance policies. Furthermore, changes in federal and state legislation and regulations on climate change, including the increasing number of state and municipality laws and policies on climate change and emission reduction targets, could result in increased utility expenses and/or increased capital expenditures to improve the energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions of our properties in order to comply with such regulations or result in fines for non-compliance.
The extent of our casualty losses and loss in operating income in connection with such events is a function of the severity of the event and the total amount of exposure in the affected area. When we have a geographic concentration of exposures, a single catastrophe (such as an earthquake) affecting an area in which we have a significant concentration of properties, such as in Texas, California, Ohio, Arizona, Georgia, Illinois or New Jersey, could have a material adverse effect on us. We also own at least one property near an earthquake fault line. As a result, our operating and financial results may vary significantly from one period to the next, and our financial results may be adversely affected by our exposure to losses arising from climate change, natural disasters or severe weather conditions.
Costs of complying with governmental laws and regulations, including those relating to environmental matters and the ADA, may have a material adverse effect on us.
Our operations conducted on real property are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to environmental protection and zoning and state and local fire and life safety requirements.
Under various federal, state and local laws, ordinances and regulations, a current or previous owner or operator of real property may be held liable for the costs of removing or remediating hazardous or toxic substances. These laws often impose clean-up responsibility and liability without regard to whether the owner or operator was responsible for, or even knew of, the presence of the hazardous or toxic substances. The costs of investigating, removing or remediating these substances may be substantial, and the presence of these substances may adversely affect our ability to lease or sell the property or to borrow using the property as collateral and may expose us to liability resulting from any release of or exposure to these substances, any of which could have a material adverse effect on us. If we arrange for the disposal or treatment of hazardous or toxic substances at another location, we may be liable for the costs of removing or remediating these substances at the disposal or treatment facility, whether or not the facility is owned or operated by us. We may be subject to common law claims by third parties based on damages and costs resulting from environmental contamination emanating from a site that we own or operate. Certain environmental laws also impose liability in connection with the handling of or exposure to asbestos-containing materials, pursuant to which third parties may seek recovery from owners or operators of real properties for personal injury associated with asbestos-containing materials and other hazardous or toxic substances. We maintain a pollution insurance policy for all of our properties to insure against the potential liability of remediation and exposure risk. Compliance with current and future laws and regulations may require us to incur material expenditures, which could have a material adverse effect on us. Some of these laws and regulations may impose joint and several liability on tenants, owners or operators for the costs to investigate or remediate contaminated properties, regardless of fault or whether the acts causing the contamination were legal. In addition, the presence of hazardous substances, or the failure to properly remediate these substances, may adversely affect our ability to sell, rent or pledge such property as collateral for future borrowings.
Additionally, our tenants’ operations, the existing condition of land when we acquired it, operations in the vicinity of our properties, such as the presence of underground storage tanks, or activities of unrelated third parties may affect our properties. There are various local, state and federal fire, health, life-safety and similar regulations with which we may be required to comply, and that may subject us to liability in the form of fines or damages for noncompliance, which could result in material expenditures. We cannot assure our shareholders that the independent third-party environmental assessments we obtain prior to acquiring any properties we purchase will reveal all environmental liabilities or that a prior owner of a property did not create a material environmental condition not known to us.
Under the ADA all public accommodations and commercial facilities are required to meet certain federal requirements related to access and use by disabled persons. The ADA generally requires that buildings and services, including restaurants and retail stores, be made accessible and available to people with disabilities. The ADA’s requirements could require removal of access barriers and could result in the imposition of injunctive relief, monetary penalties, or, in some cases, an award of damages. We aim to own and operate properties that comply with the ADA or may place the burden on a third party to ensure compliance with the ADA. However, we cannot assure our shareholders that we will be able to allocate responsibilities in this manner. Failing to comply could result in the imposition of fines by the federal government or an award of damages to private litigants. Although we diligence compliance with laws, including the ADA, when we acquire properties, we may incur additional costs to comply with the ADA or other regulations related to access by disabled persons. If required changes involve a greater amount of expenditures than we currently anticipate, it could have a material adverse effect on us.
Furthermore, our properties may be subject to various federal, state and local regulatory requirements, such as zoning and state and local fire and life safety requirements. Failure to comply with these requirements could result in the imposition of fines by governmental authorities or awards of damages to private litigants. Through our due diligence process and protections in our leases, we aim to own and operate properties that are in material compliance with all such regulatory requirements. However, we cannot assure our shareholders that these requirements will not be changed or that new requirements will not be imposed which would require significant unanticipated expenditures by us and could have a material adverse effect on us.
The occurrence of any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on us.
If we sell properties by providing financing to purchasers, defaults by the purchasers could have a material adverse effect on us.
If we provide financing to purchasers, we will bear the risk that the purchaser may default, which could have a material adverse effect on us. Even in the absence of a purchaser default, the distribution of the proceeds of sales to our shareholders, or their reinvestment in other assets, will be delayed until the promissory notes or other property we may accept upon the sale are actually paid, sold, refinanced or otherwise disposed of. In some cases, we may receive initial down payments in cash and other property in the year of sale in an amount less than the selling price and subsequent payments will be spread over a number of years. If any purchaser defaults under a financing arrangement with us, it could have a material adverse effect on us.
Risks Related to Debt Financing
If we breach covenants under our unsecured credit agreement with KeyBank and other syndication partners, we could be held in default under such agreement, which could accelerate our repayment date could have a material adverse effect on us.
If we were to default under our credit agreement, the lenders would have the ability to immediately declare the loans due and payable in whole or in part. In such event, we may not have sufficient available cash to repay such debt at the time it becomes due, or be able to refinance such debt on acceptable terms or at all. Pursuant to the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of April 30, 2019 (as amended, the “Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement”), with KeyBank, National Association (“KeyBank”), as administrative agent, and a syndicate of lenders, we, through our Operating Partnership, as the borrower, have a $1.3 billion credit facility consisting of a revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) maturing in September 2023 with (subject to the satisfaction of certain customary conditions) a series of three-month extension options, and if the Subsequent Extension (as defined below) is exercised, an additional extension to January 2026, a delayed draw $400 million senior unsecured term loan maturing in December 2025 (the “$400M 5-Year Term Loan 2025”), and a $150 million senior unsecured term loan maturing in April 2026 (the “$150M 7-Year Term Loan”) (collectively, the “KeyBank Loans”). The credit facility also provides the option, subject to obtaining additional commitments from lenders and certain other customary conditions, to increase the commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility, increase the existing term loans and/or incur new term loans by up to an additional $1.0 billion in the aggregate. In addition to customary representations, warranties, covenants, and indemnities, the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement contains a number of financial covenants as described in Note 5, Debt, to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on us.
We have broad authority to incur debt, and our indebtedness could have a material adverse effect on us.
We have broad authority to incur debt. High debt levels would cause us to incur higher interest charges, which would result in higher debt service payments, and could be accompanied by restrictive covenants.
Our indebtedness could have a material adverse effect on us, as well as:
•increasing our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions;
•limiting our ability to obtain additional financing to fund future working capital, acquisitions, capital expenditures and other general corporate requirements;
•requiring the use of an increased portion of our cash flow from operations for the payment of principal and interest on our indebtedness, thereby reducing our ability to use our cash flow to fund working capital, acquisitions, capital expenditures and general corporate requirements;
•limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and our industry;
•putting us at a disadvantage compared to our competitors with less indebtedness; and
•limiting our ability to access capital markets or limiting the possibility of a listing on a national securities exchange.
We have placed, and may continue to place, permanent financing on our properties or increase our credit facility or other similar financing arrangement in order to acquire properties. We may also decide to later further leverage our properties or to rely on securitization vehicles. We may borrow funds for any purposes related to our business. A shortfall between the cash flow from our properties and the cash flow needed to service debt could have a material adverse effect on us.
Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on us.
If the Listing occurs, approximately $67.7 million (or approximately 4.5%) of our debt is scheduled to mature in 2023 and 2024. If we are unable to refinance our existing debt or obtain new debt to replace such maturing debt, would have to use cash on hand to repay such debt at maturity, and we may not have sufficient cash available to repay such debt at maturity. In that event, we could default under the associated loan agreement, which could have a material adverse effect on us.
Under the terms of our existing debt instruments, we have $37.1 million of debt scheduled to mature in 2023. Additionally, under the terms of our existing debt instruments, if the Listing occurs, we have $30.6 million of debt scheduled to mature in 2024. The credit markets have experienced dislocation in recent months and owners of office assets have experienced particular challenges in refinancing existing debt and in obtaining new debt. Our business depends on the availability of credit. If we are unable to refinance our existing debt or obtain new debt to replace such maturing debt, we would have to use cash on hand to repay such debt at maturity, and we may not have sufficient cash available to repay such debt at maturity. In that event, we could default under the associated loan agreement, which could have a material adverse effect on us.
We have incurred, and intend to continue to incur, indebtedness secured by our properties. If we are unable to make our debt payments when required, a lender could foreclose on the property or properties securing such debt, which could have a material adverse effect on us.
Some of our borrowings to acquire properties will be secured by mortgages on our properties, and we may in the future rely on securitization vehicles. In addition, some of our properties contain mortgage financing. If we default on our secured indebtedness, the lender may foreclose and we could lose our entire investment in the properties securing such loan or vehicle, which could have a material adverse effect on us. To the extent lenders require us to cross-collateralize our properties, or provisions in our loan documents contain cross-default provisions, a default under a single loan agreement could subject multiple properties to foreclosure. Foreclosures of one or more of our properties could have a material adverse effect on us.
Lenders may require us to enter into restrictive covenants relating to our operations, which could limit our ability to make distributions to our shareholders at our current level or otherwise have a material adverse effect on us.
When providing financing, a lender could impose restrictions on us that affect our distribution and operating policies and our ability to incur additional debt, including customary restrictive covenants, that, among other things, restrict our ability to incur additional indebtedness, to engage in material asset sales, mergers, consolidations and acquisitions, to make capital expenditures, and to make special distributions. In certain cases we are required to and maintain certain specified financial ratios. Loan documents we enter into may contain covenants that limit our ability to further mortgage the property or discontinue insurance coverage. These or other limitations may adversely affect our flexibility and limit our ability to make distributions to shareholders at our current level or otherwise have a material adverse effect on us.
Increases in interest rates could increase the amount of our debt payments and adversely affect our ability to make distributions to shareholders at our current level or otherwise have a material adverse effect on us.
We expect that we will incur indebtedness in the future. Interest we pay on our indebtedness will reduce cash available for distribution. Additionally, if we incur variable rate debt, increases in interest rates would increase our interest costs could reduce our cash flows and our ability to make distributions to shareholders at our current level. In addition, if we need to repay existing debt during periods of rising interest rates, we could be required to liquidate one or more of our investments in properties at times that may not permit realization of the maximum return on such investments. Any of the foregoing risks could have a material adverse effect on us.
Failure to hedge effectively against interest rate changes may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, per share trading price of our common shares and ability to make distributions to our shareholders.
The REIT provisions of the Code impose certain restrictions on our ability to utilize hedges, swaps and other types of derivatives to hedge our liabilities. Subject to these restrictions, we have entered, and may continue to enter into, hedging transactions to protect ourselves from the effects of interest rate fluctuations on floating rate debt. Our hedging transactions include entering into interest rate swap agreements. These agreements involve risks, such as the risk that such arrangements would not be effective in reducing our exposure to interest rate changes or that a court could rule that such an agreement is not legally enforceable. In addition, interest rate hedging can be expensive, particularly during periods of rising and volatile interest rates, which could reduce the overall returns on our investments. Failure to hedge effectively against interest rate changes could materially adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow and ability to make distributions to our shareholders. In addition, while such agreements would be intended to lessen the impact of rising interest rates on us, they
could also expose us to the risk that the other parties to the agreements would not perform, and that the hedging arrangements may not be effective in reducing our exposure to interest rate changes. Should we desire to terminate a hedging agreement, there could be significant costs and cash requirements involved to fulfill our obligation under the hedging agreement.
A substantial portion of our indebtedness transitioned to interest at variable rates based on Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”), yet certain of our financial contracts continue to be indexed to US Dollar London Interbank Offered Rate (“ LIBOR”). Changes in the method of determining LIBOR, or the replacement of LIBOR with an alternative reference rate such as SOFR, could have a material adverse effect on us.
On March 5, 2021, LIBOR’s regulator, the Financial Conduct Authority, and administrator, ICE Benchmark Administration, Limited, announced that the publication of the one-week and two-month USD LIBOR maturities and non-USD LIBOR maturities will cease immediately after December 31, 2021, with the remaining USD LIBOR maturities ceasing immediately after June 30, 2023. In the U.S., the Alternative Rates Reference Committee, a group of market participants convened in 2014 to help ensure a successful transition away from USD LIBOR, has identified SOFR as its preferred alternative rate. SOFR is a measure of the cost of borrowing cash overnight, collateralized by U.S. Treasury securities, and is based on directly observable U.S. Treasury-backed repurchase transactions. Liquidity in SOFR-linked products has increased significantly this year after the implementation of the SOFR First best practice as recommended by the Market Risk Advisory Committee of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission.
We have interest swap agreements with a total notional amount of $750 million that currently use LIBOR as a reference rate and extend past June 30, 2023. Our term loans and credit facilities have transitioned to using SOFR as a reference rate. The use of SOFR based rates may result in interest rates and/or payments that are higher or lower than the rates and payments that we previously experienced when referenced to LIBOR. SOFR is a relatively new reference rate, has a very limited history and is based on short-term repurchase agreements, backed by Treasury securities. Changes in SOFR could be volatile and difficult to predict, and there can be no assurance that SOFR will perform similarly to the way LIBOR would have performed at any time. As a result, the amount of interest we may pay on our credit facilities is difficult to predict. We have entered into LIBOR-based interest rate swap agreements to manage our exposure to interest rate movements under certain of our variable-rate debt obligations. Using SOFR as the basis on which interest on our variable-rate debt and/or under our interest rate swaps is calculated may result in interest rates and/or payments that do not directly correlate over time with the interest rates and/or payments that would have been made on our obligations if LIBOR was available in its current form.
The potential effect of the replacement of LIBOR on our cost of capital cannot yet be determined. We can provide no assurance regarding the future of LIBOR and when our LIBOR-based instruments will transition from LIBOR as a reference rate to SOFR or another reference rate. The discontinuation of a benchmark rate or other financial metric, changes in a benchmark rate or other financial metric, or changes in market perceptions of the acceptability of a benchmark rate or other financial metric, including LIBOR, could, among other things, result in increased interest payments, changes to our risk exposures, or require renegotiation of previous transactions. In addition, any such discontinuation or changes, whether actual or anticipated, could result in market volatility, adverse tax or accounting effects, increased compliance, legal and operational costs, and risks associated with contract negotiations.
U.S. Federal Income Tax Risks
Failure to continue to qualify as a REIT would adversely affect our operations and our ability to make distributions because we would incur additional tax liabilities, which could have a material adverse effect on us.
We believe we operate in a manner that allows us to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes under the Code. Qualification as a REIT involves highly technical and complex Code provisions for which there are only limited judicial and administrative interpretations. Our qualification as a REIT will depend upon our ability to meet, through investments, actual operating results, distributions and satisfaction of specific shareholder rules, and various other requirements imposed by the Code.
If we fail to qualify as a REIT for any taxable year, we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income at corporate rates. In addition, we would generally be disqualified from treatment as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year of losing our REIT status. Losing our REIT status would reduce our net earnings available for investment or distribution to shareholders because of the additional tax liability. If this occurs, we might be required to borrow funds or liquidate some investments in order to pay the applicable tax. In addition, distributions to our shareholders would no longer qualify for the dividends paid deduction, and we would no longer be required to make distributions.
Qualification as a REIT is subject to the satisfaction of tax requirements and various factual matters and circumstances that are not entirely within our control. New legislation, regulations, administrative interpretations, or court decisions could change the tax laws with respect to qualification as a REIT or the U.S. federal income tax consequences of being a REIT. Our failure to continue to qualify as a REIT could have a material adverse effect on us.
To qualify as a REIT, and to avoid the payment of U.S. federal income and excise taxes and maintain our REIT status, we may be forced to borrow funds, use proceeds from the issuance of securities, or sell assets to pay distributions, which may result in our distributing amounts that may otherwise be used for our operations, which could have a material adverse effect on us.
To qualify as a REIT, we will be required each year to distribute to our shareholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, generally determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and by excluding net capital gains. We will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our undistributed taxable income and net capital gain and to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on any amount by which dividends we pay with respect to any taxable year are less than the sum of (i) 85% of our ordinary income, (ii) 95% of our capital gain net income, and (iii) 100% of our undistributed income from prior years. These requirements could cause us to distribute amounts that otherwise would be spent on the acquisition, maintenance or development of properties and it is possible that we might be required to borrow funds, use proceeds from the issuance of securities, or sell assets in order to distribute enough of our taxable income to maintain our REIT status and to avoid the payment of U.S. federal income and excise taxes. We may be required to make distributions to our shareholders at times it would be more advantageous to reinvest cash in our business or when we do not have cash readily available for distribution, and we may be forced to liquidate assets on terms and at times unfavorable to us, which could have a material adverse effect on us. These methods of obtaining funding could affect future distributions by increasing operating costs and decreasing available cash. In addition, such distributions may constitute a return of capital.
If our Operating Partnership fails to maintain its status as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, its income would be subject to taxation and our REIT status could be terminated.
We intend to maintain the status of our Operating Partnership as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. However, if the IRS were to successfully challenge the status of our Operating Partnership as a partnership, it would be taxable as a corporation. In such event, this would reduce the amount of distributions that our Operating Partnership could make. This would also result in our losing REIT status and becoming subject to a corporate level tax on our income. This would substantially reduce our cash available to pay distributions and the return on our shareholders’ investment, which could have a material adverse effect on us. In addition, if any of the entities through which our Operating Partnership owns its properties, in whole or in part, loses its characterization as an entity disregarded from its parent, a REIT or a partnership for federal income tax purposes, the underlying entity could become subject to taxation as a corporation, thereby reducing distributions to our Operating Partnership and jeopardizing our ability to maintain REIT status.
In certain circumstances, even if we qualify as a REIT, we and our subsidiaries may be subject to certain federal, state, and other income taxes, which would reduce our cash available for distribution to our shareholders and could have a material adverse effect on us.
Even if we qualify and maintain our status as a REIT, we may be subject to certain U.S. federal, state and local income taxes on our income and assets, including taxes and undistributed income, built in gain tax on the taxable sale of assets, tax on income from some activities conducted as a result of a foreclosure, and non-U.S., state or local income, property and transfer taxes. Moreover, if we have net income from “prohibited transactions”, that income will be subject to a 100% tax. In addition, we could, in certain circumstances, be required to pay an excise or penalty tax (which could be significant in amount) in order to utilize one or more relief provisions under the Code to maintain our qualification as a REIT. We may also decide to retain income we earn from the sale or other disposition of our property and pay income tax directly on such income. In that event, our shareholders would be treated as if they earned that income and paid the tax on it directly. However, our shareholders that are tax-exempt, such as charities or qualified pension plans, would have no benefit from their deemed payment of such tax liability. We may also be subject to state and local taxes on our income or property, either directly or at the level of our Operating Partnership or at the level of the other companies through which we indirectly own our assets. In particular, we will be subject to U.S. federal and state income tax (and any applicable non-U.S. taxes) on the income earned by our taxable REIT subsidiaries. Any U.S. or federal, state or other taxes we pay will reduce our cash available for distribution to our shareholders and could have a material adverse effect on us.
We may be required to pay some taxes due to actions of our taxable REIT subsidiaries, which would reduce our cash available for distribution to our shareholders and could have a material adverse effect on us.
Any net taxable income earned directly by our taxable REIT subsidiaries, or through entities that are disregarded for U.S. federal income tax purposes as entities separate from our taxable REIT subsidiaries, will be subject to U.S. federal and possibly state corporate income tax. We have elected to treat Griffin Capital Essential Asset TRS, Inc. as a taxable REIT subsidiary, and we may elect to treat other subsidiaries as taxable REIT subsidiaries in the future. In this regard, several provisions of the laws applicable to REITs and their subsidiaries ensure that a taxable REIT subsidiary will be subject to an appropriate level of U.S. federal income taxation. For example, a taxable REIT subsidiary is limited in its ability to deduct certain interest payments made to an affiliated REIT. In addition, the REIT has to pay a 100% penalty tax on some payments that it receives or on some deductions taken by a taxable REIT subsidiary if the economic arrangements between the REIT, the REIT’s customers, and the taxable REIT subsidiary are not comparable to similar arrangements between unrelated parties. To the extent that we and our affiliates are required to pay U.S. federal, state and local taxes, we will have less cash available for distributions to our shareholders.
Complying with the REIT requirements may cause us to forgo otherwise attractive opportunities, which could have a material adverse effect on us.
To qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we must continually satisfy tests concerning, among other things, the sources of our income, the nature and diversification of our assets, the amounts we distribute to our shareholders and the ownership of our common shares. We may be required to make distributions to shareholders at disadvantageous times or when we do not have funds readily available for distribution, or we may be required to liquidate otherwise attractive investments in order to comply with the REIT tests, any of which could have a material adverse effect on us. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our ability to operate solely on the basis of maximizing profits.
To the extent our distributions represent a return of capital for tax purposes, a shareholder could recognize an increased capital gain upon a subsequent sale of the shareholder’s common shares.
Distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits and not treated by us as a dividend will not be taxable to a shareholder to the extent those distributions do not exceed the shareholder’s adjusted tax basis in his or her common shares, but instead will constitute a return of capital and will reduce such adjusted basis. (Such distributions to non-U.S. shareholders may be subject to withholding, which may be refundable.) If distributions exceed such adjusted basis, then such adjusted basis will be reduced to zero and the excess will be capital gain to the shareholder (assuming such shares are held as a capital asset for U.S. federal income tax purposes). If distributions result in a reduction of a shareholder’s adjusted basis in his or her common shares, then subsequent sales of such shareholder’s common shares potentially will result in recognition of an increased capital gain.
Legislation that modifies the rules applicable to partnership tax audits may affect us.
Under the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015, liability is imposed on the partnership (rather than its partners) for adjustments to reported partnership taxable income resulting from audits or other tax proceedings. The liability can include an imputed underpayment of tax, calculated by using the highest marginal U.S. federal income tax rate, as well as interest and penalties on such imputed underpayment of tax. It is possible that the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 rules could result in partnerships in which we directly or indirectly invest (including our Operating Partnership) being required to pay additional taxes, interest and penalties as a result of an audit adjustment, and we, as a direct or indirect partner of these partnerships, could be required to bear the economic burden of those taxes, interest, and penalties even though we may have not been a partner in the partnership during the year to which the audit relates and we, as a REIT, may not otherwise have been required to pay additional corporate-level taxes as a result of the related audit adjustment. Using certain rules, partnerships may be able to transfer these liabilities to their partners. In the event any adjustments are imposed by the IRS on the taxable income reported by any subsidiary partnerships, we intend to utilize certain rules to the extent possible to allow us to transfer any liability with respect to such adjustments to the partners of the subsidiary partnerships who should properly bear such liability. However, there is no assurance that we will qualify under those rules or that we will have the authority to use those rules under the operating agreements for certain of our subsidiary partnerships.
The changes created by the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 rules are sweeping. Investors are urged to consult their tax advisors with respect to these changes and their potential impact on their investment in our common shares.
Legislative or regulatory tax changes related to REITs could materially and adversely affect our business.
The U.S. federal income tax laws and regulations governing REITs and their shareholders, as well as the administrative interpretations of those laws and regulations, are constantly under review and may be changed at any time, possibly with retroactive effect. No assurance can be given as to whether, when, or in what form, the U.S. federal income tax laws applicable
to us and our shareholders may be enacted. Changes to the U.S. federal income tax laws and interpretations of U.S. federal tax laws could adversely affect an investment in our common shares.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Not Applicable.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
As of December 31, 2022, we owned a fee simple interest and a leasehold interest in 75 and 6 properties, respectively, encompassing approximately 19.9 million rentable square feet. See Part IV, Item 15. “Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules-Schedule III-Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation and Amortization,” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a detailed listing of our properties. See Note 5, Debt, to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information about our indebtedness secured by our properties.
Revenue Concentration
No lessee or property, based on Annualized Base Rent as of December 31, 2022, pursuant to the respective in-place leases, was greater than 7.3% as of December 31, 2022.
The percentage of Annualized Base Rent as of December 31, 2022, by state, based on the respective in-place leases, is as follows (dollars in thousands):
State Annualized Base Rent
(unaudited)
Number of
Properties (2)
Percentage of Annualized Base Rent
Arizona $ 22,069 7 9.9 %
New Jersey 18,862 5 8.4
Texas 18,212 6 8.1
Massachusetts 16,673 5 7.4
California 16,450 4 7.3
Colorado 16,060 6 7.2
Ohio 13,023 5 5.8
South Carolina 11,843 4 5.3
Alabama 11,153 2 5.0
Virginia 10,374 3 4.6
All Others (1)
69,223 34 31.0
Total $ 223,942 81 100.0 %
(1)All others account for 4.0% or less of total Annualized Base Rent on an individual state basis.
(2)Includes properties held for sale and sold subsequent to year-end; excludes properties in the Office Joint Venture.
The percentage of Annualized Base Rent as of December 31, 2022, by industry, based on the respective in-place leases, is as follows (dollars in thousands):
Industry (1)(3)
Annualized Base Rent
(unaudited)
Number of
Lessees Percentage of Annualized Base Rent
Capital Goods $ 34,218 15 15.3 %
Consumer Services 21,199 5 9.5
Materials 19,816 5 8.8
Food, Beverage & Tobacco 16,455 3 7.3
E-Commerce 16,312 1 7.3
Energy 15,895 3 7.1
Health Care Equipment & Services 13,825 6 6.2
Commercial & Professional Services 12,401 7 5.5
Consumer Durables & Apparel 11,751 4 5.2
Utilities 11,085 2 4.9
All others (2)
50,985 23 22.9
Total $ 223,942 74 100.0 %
(1) Industry classification based on the Global Industry Classification Standard.
(2) All others account for 4.3% or less of total Annualized Base Rent on an individual industry basis.
(3)Includes properties held for sale and sold subsequent to year-end; excludes properties in the Office Joint Venture.
The percentage of Annualized Base Rent as of December 31, 2022, for the top 10 tenants, based on the respective in-place leases, is as follows (dollars in thousands):
Tenant(1)
Annualized Base Rent
(unaudited)
Percentage of Annualized Base Rent
Amazon $ 16,312 7.3 %
Keurig Dr. Pepper 11,419 5.1 %
Wood Group 10,050 4.5 %
Southern Company Services 9,043 4.0 %
LPL 8,552 3.8 %
Freeport McMoRan 7,867 3.5 %
Maxar Technologies 7,535 3.4 %
RH 7,340 3.3 %
Wyndham Hotels & Resorts 7,265 3.2 %
McKesson 5,973 2.7 %
(1) Excludes properties in the Office Joint Venture.
The tenant lease expirations by year based on Annualized Base Rent as of December 31, 2022 are as follows (dollars in thousands):
Year of Lease Expiration (1)(2)
Annualized Base Rent
(unaudited)
Number of
Leases Approx. Square Feet Percentage of Annualized Base Rent
2023 $ 6,583 3 746,600 2.9 %
2024 24,003 11 2,357,400 10.7
2025 9,242 7 869,400 4.1
2026 12,567 4 1,449,100 5.6
2027 14,179 7 570,700 6.3
2028 20,990 14 2,233,700 9.4
>2028 136,378 41 10,763,600 61.0
Vacant - - 896,600 -
Total $ 223,942 87 19,887,100 100.0 %
(1)Expirations that occur on the last day of the month are shown as expiring in the subsequent month.
(2)Includes properties held for sale and sold subsequent to year-end; excludes properties in the Office Joint Venture.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
From time to time, we may become subject to legal proceedings, claims and litigation arising in the ordinary course of our business. We are not a party to any material legal proceedings, nor are we aware of any pending or threatened litigation that would have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows or financial condition should such litigation be resolved unfavorably.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Market Information
As of March 24, 2023, we had approximately 62,124 Class T common shares, 200 Class S common shares, 4,668 Class D common shares, 212,424 Class I common shares, 2,714,120 Class A common shares, 5,272,834 Class AA common shares, 102,993 Class AAA common shares and 27,629,649 Class E common shares outstanding, including common shares issued pursuant to our DRP and share distributions held by a total of approximately 58,000 shareholders of record. There is currently no established public trading market for our common shares. Therefore, if the proposed Listing is not completed, there is a risk that a shareholder may not be able to sell our shares at a time or price acceptable to the shareholder, or at all.
Pursuant to the terms of our charter, certain restrictions are imposed on the ownership and transfer of shares.
As described in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” we expect to pay distributions regularly unless our results of operations, our general financial condition, general economic conditions, or other factors inhibit us from doing so. Distributions will be authorized at the discretion of our Board, which will be directed, in substantial part, by its obligation to cause us to comply with the REIT requirements of the Code.
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
During the year ended December 31, 2022, there were no sales of unregistered securities.
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
Prior to its suspension in February 2023 in anticipation of the proposed Listing, the Company had adopted the SRP that enabled shareholders to sell their shares to the Company in limited circumstances. The SRP was suspended on October 1, 2021 but resumed on a limited basis on August 5, 2022 (i.e., limited to redemptions in connection with a holder’s death, disability or incompetence) with the cap on quarterly redemptions tied to a dollar amount to be set by the Board and disclosed by the Company. Quarterly redemptions were capped at $5 million (or some other quarterly or annual amount determined by the Board and announced at least 10 business days before the applicable redemption date). In addition, during any calendar year, with respect to each share class, the Company was permitted to redeem no more than 5% of the weighted-average number of shares of such class outstanding during the prior calendar year.
During the quarter ended December 31, 2022, we redeemed shares under the SRP as follows:
For the Month Ended Total Number of Shares Repurchased Average Price Paid per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares (or Units) That May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
October 31, 2022 - $ - - -
November 30, 2022 8,633 $ 66.60 - -
December 31, 2022 66,247 $ 66.78 - (1)
(1) For a description of the maximum number of shares that may be purchased under our SRP, see Note 9, Equity, to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
ITEM 6. [Reserved]

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Overview
Peakstone Realty Trust is an internally managed, publicly registered real estate investment trust (“REIT”) that owns and operates a high-quality, newer-vintage portfolio of predominantly single-tenant industrial and office properties. These assets are generally leased to creditworthy tenants under long-term net lease agreements with contractual rent escalations. The Company’s wholly-owned portfolio contains properties with key characteristics, including difficult-to-replicate locations and significant tenant investment in the building, which the Company believes make these properties more essential to the tenants. Nearly 75% of the Annualized Base Rent (as defined below) from our wholly-owned portfolio is generated from properties located in coastal and sun belt markets, areas where we believe demographic drivers such as strong median household income and educational attainment create a more favorable economic backdrop.
The Company, founded in 2009 and headquartered in Los Angeles, California, is led by an experienced, cycle-tested management team that, through equity ownership, is financially aligned with shareholders. Our executive management team has an average of approximately 34 years of commercial real estate experience and decades of experience operating public companies. In addition to the executive team, the Company’s nine senior real estate professionals average approximately 23 years of experience, and the entire senior real estate team has averaged nine years of experience working together. The team has extensive knowledge of the Company’s existing portfolio and has nurtured a broad network of long-standing industry relationships, especially in the markets where the Company’s properties are located.
On March 1, 2021, we completed our acquisition of Cole Office & Industrial REIT (CCIT II), Inc. for approximately $1.3 billion, including transaction costs, in a stock-for-stock transaction. On July 1, 2021, we changed our name from Griffin Capital Essential Asset REIT, Inc. to Griffin Realty Trust, Inc. and our operating partnership changed its name from Griffin Capital Essential Asset Operating Partnership L.P. to GRT OP, L.P.
On August 26, 2022, we completed the Office Portfolio Sale for a sale price of approximately $1.1 billion. On December 27, 2022, we completed the Companion Office Portfolio Sale, for a sale price of approximately $170.4 million.
On February 21, 2023, we announced our intention to list our common shares on the New York Stock Exchange (the “Listing”). We expect the Listing to occur on or about April 13, 2023, subject to, among other things, obtaining approval from the NYSE to list our common shares.
In connection with the Office Portfolio Sale, we invested $159.9 million for a 49% interest in the Office Joint Venture in which we are a member. In connection with the Companion Office Portfolio Sale, we invested an additional $24.3 million in the Office Joint Venture. Our obligation to the Office Joint Venture is generally limited to such investments, and we are not obligated to make any capital contributions. The Office Joint Venture, through various subsidiary borrowers, obtained acquisition financing for the Office Portfolio Sale comprised of (a) a $736.0 million mortgage loan (the “Mortgage Loan”), and (b) a $194.8 million mezzanine loan (the “Mezzanine Loan”, and together with the Mortgage Loan, the “Office JV Loans”). The initial maturity date of the Office JV Loans is September 9, 2023, subject to two, one-year extension options. The interest rates during the initial term of the Mortgage Loan and the Mezzanine Loan are Term SOFR (1-month) (with a 3% interest rate cap on SOFR) + 3.635% (subject to a 0.25% increase during each extension term) and Term SOFR (1-month) with a 3% interest rate cap on SOFR + 6.574% (subject to a 0.25% increase during each extension term), respectively.
The Office Joint Venture, through various subsidiary borrowers, also obtained acquisition financing for the Companion Office Portfolio Sale comprised of a $142.1 million mortgage loan, having an initial maturity date of January 6, 2024 (subject to two, one-year extension options), and an interest rate during the initial term of Term SOFR (1-month) with a 4% interest rate cap on SOFR + 4.25% (subject to a 0.25% increase during each extension term). We have not guaranteed any debt obligations and have not otherwise committed to providing financial support in respect of the debt. In addition, we do not anticipate receiving any near-term cash flow distributions. Considering our limited economic exposure to the Office Joint Venture, we exclude interests in the assets in the Office Joint Venture from operating data (including annualized base rent and leasing and occupancy percentages).
In connection with the Office JV Loans, our Operating Partnership and GRT VAO Sub entered into a certain Put Agreement with JPM, pursuant to which JPM had the right to put to our Operating Partnership and GRT VAO Sub a portion of
the Mezzanine Interest. On September 29, 2022, JPM sold to GRT VAO Sub the Mezzanine Interest for approximately $34.4 million, which was included in the line item “Investments in unconsolidated entities” in the consolidated balance sheets. On December 23, 2022, we sold the Mezzanine Interest for $31.0 million and recorded a loss of approximately $3.6 million, which includes accrued interest and is presented in the “Net loss from investment in unconsolidated entities” in the consolidated statement of operations.
As of December 31, 2022, our wholly owned properties consisted of 81 properties in 24 states and excludes the properties included in the Office Joint Venture, as discussed above. Our Annualized Base Rent as of December 31, 2022 is approximately $223.9 million. As of December 31, 2022, our portfolio was approximately 95.5% leased (based on square footage) and 94.8% occupied (based on square footage) with a weighted average remaining lease term of 7.11 years, and had a weighted average annual rent increases of approximately 2.0%. Approximately 61.5% of our Annualized Base Rent as of December 31, 2022 is expected to be generated by properties leased and/or guaranteed, directly or indirectly, by companies that have investment grade credit ratings or what management believes are generally equivalent ratings. Management can provide no assurance as to the comparability of these ratings methodologies or that any particular rating for a company is indicative of the rating that a single Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organization (“NRSRO”) would provide in the event that it rated all companies for which the Company provides credit ratings; to the extent such companies are rated only by non-NRSRO ratings providers, such ratings providers may use methodologies that are different and less rigorous than those applied by NRSROs; moreover, because we provide credit ratings for some companies that are non-guarantor parents of our tenants, such credit ratings may not be indicative of the creditworthiness of the relevant tenants.
Outlook
Demand for office space nationwide has declined and may continue to decline due to the current economic downturn, recent and ongoing disruption in the debt and banking markets, bankruptcies, downsizing, layoffs, government regulations and restrictions on travel and permitted businesses operations that may be extended in duration and become recurring, increased usage of teleworking arrangements and cost cutting resulting from the pandemic, which could lead to lower office occupancy. We expect such decline in demand for office space to have a negative impact on our ability to renew and replace office leases as they expire, including office leases in more than a quarter of leases in our portfolio (as a percentage of Annualized Base Rent) that are scheduled to expire in the next three years. See “Revenue Concentration” above and “Results of Operations - Outlook” below. Further, our ability to sell our office assets may be limited in the current economic climate.
While we did not incur significant disruptions from the COVID-19 pandemic during the year ended December 31, 2022, we are unable to predict the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic and associated hybrid work practices will have on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows due to numerous uncertainties. As of March 15, 2023, we have received approximately 100% of our portfolio rent payments for the full year 2022 and January and February 2023.
Critical Accounting Estimates
We have established accounting estimates which conform to GAAP in the United States as contained in the FASB ASC. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses. If our judgment or interpretation of the facts and circumstances relating to the various transactions had been different, it is possible that different estimates would have been applied, thus resulting in a different presentation of the financial statements. Additionally, other companies may use different estimates and assumptions that may impact the comparability of our financial condition and results of operations to those companies.
The following critical accounting estimates discussion reflects what we believe are the most significant estimates, assumptions, and judgments that have had or are reasonably likely to have a material impact on our financial condition or our results of operations. This discussion of our critical accounting estimates is intended to supplement the description of our accounting policies in the footnotes to our consolidated financial statements and to provide additional insight into the information used by management when evaluating significant estimates, assumptions, and judgments. For further discussion on our significant accounting policies, see Note 2, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Real Estate - Valuation and Purchase Price Allocation
When we acquire operating properties, we allocate the purchase price on an asset acquisition to the various components of the acquisition based upon the relative fair value of each component. The components typically include land, building and improvements, tenant improvements, intangible assets related to above and below market leases, intangible assets related to in-
place leases, debt and other assumed assets and liabilities. Transaction costs are capitalized as a component of the cost of the asset acquisition.
We allocate the purchase price to the relative fair value of the tangible assets of a property by valuing the property as if it were vacant. This “as-if vacant” value is estimated using an income, or discounted cash flow, approach that relies upon Level 3 inputs, which are unobservable inputs based on our assumptions about the assumptions a market participant would use. These Level 3 inputs include discount rates, capitalization rates, market rents and comparable sales data for similar properties. Estimates of future cash flows are based on a number of factors, including historical operating results, known and anticipated trends, and market and economic conditions.
In determining the relative fair value of intangible lease assets or liabilities, we also consider Level 3 inputs. Acquired above- and below-market leases are valued based on the present value of the difference between prevailing market rates and the in-place rates measured over a period equal to the remaining term of the lease for above-market leases and the initial term plus the term of any below-market fixed rate renewal options for below-market leases, if applicable. The estimated relative fair value of acquired in-place at-market tenant leases are the costs that would have been incurred to lease the property to the occupancy level of the property at the date of acquisition. Such estimates include the value associated with leasing commissions, legal and other costs, as well as the estimated period necessary to lease such property that would be incurred to lease the property to its occupancy level at the time of its acquisition. Acquisition costs associated with an asset acquisition are capitalized as a component of the transaction.
The difference between the fair value and the face value of debt assumed in connection with an acquisition is recorded as a premium or discount and amortized to “interest expense” over the life of the debt assumed. The valuation of assumed liabilities is based on our estimate of the current market rates for similar liabilities in effect at the acquisition date.
For acquisitions that do not meet the accounting criteria of an asset acquisition, acquisition costs are expensed as incurred.
Impairment of Real Estate and Related Intangible Assets and Liabilities
We continually monitor events and changes in circumstances that could indicate that the carrying amounts of real estate and related intangible assets may not be recoverable. When indicators of potential impairment are present that indicate that the carrying amounts of real estate and related intangible assets may not be recoverable, management will assess the recoverability of the assets by determining whether the carrying value of the assets will be recovered through the undiscounted future operating cash flows expected from the use of the assets and the eventual disposition. If, based on this analysis, we do not believe that we will be able to recover the carrying value of the asset, we will record an impairment loss to the extent the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value of the asset.
Projections of expected future undiscounted cash flows require management to estimate future market rental income amounts subsequent to the expiration of current lease agreements, property operating expenses, discount rates, the number of months it takes to re-lease the property and the number of years the property is held for investment. For the year ended December 31, 2022, in connection with the preparation and review of the Company's financial statements, we recorded an impairment provision related to the building and land on eleven office properties. See Note 3, Real Estate, to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for details.
Impairment of Goodwill
Goodwill arises from business combinations and represents the excess of the cost of an acquired entity over the net fair value amounts that were assigned to the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. The Company recorded goodwill as a result of the transaction that resulted in the internalization of GRT management in December 2018 (“Self-Administration Transaction”).
The Company’s goodwill has an indeterminate life and is not amortized, but is tested for impairment on an annual basis for each reporting unit, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset is more likely than not impaired. On October 1st of each period, the Company performs a qualitative analysis to determine whether an impairment of goodwill exists prior to quantitatively determining the fair value of the reporting units in step one of the impairment test. If a quantitative assessment is deemed necessary, and to the extent the carrying amount of the reporting unit’s allocated goodwill exceeds the unit’s fair value, the Company recognizes an impairment of goodwill for the excess up to the amount of goodwill of that reporting unit.
Due to the Company’s operating segment realignment in the fourth quarter of 2022 (refer to Segment Information within the Results of Operations below), the composition of its reporting units for the evaluation of goodwill impairment was changed and resulted in a quantitative assessment of goodwill impairment. Prior to the change, the Company tested the goodwill for impairment at the previous single reporting unit, which did not result in any impairment charge. Goodwill is now allocated across all three of the Company’s Office, Industrial, and Other reporting units on a relative fair value basis, which is determined as the fair value of assets less liabilities for each reporting unit. Given this method, the fair value of real estate assets and mortgage loans included within each reporting unit were the significant components in determining relative fair value. The Company estimated the fair value of real estate assets using a discounted cash flow model, including forecasted future cash flows based on significant assumptions such as market rent, and the determination of appropriate discount and terminal capitalization rates. The Company estimated the fair value of the mortgage loans in each reporting unit by discounting each loan’s principal balance over the remaining term of the mortgage using current borrowing rates available to the Company for debt instruments with similar terms and maturities. The Company determined that the amounts within the consolidated financial statements for the remaining assets and liabilities approximated fair value. For any corporate related amounts that were not specifically identifiable to any reporting unit, the Company allocated those amounts on a relative fair value basis using the specifically identified assets and liabilities.
As a result of the quantitative assessment as of December 31, 2022, the Company concluded that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the office reporting unit was less than the carrying amount, especially given the general decline in overall demand for office assets. Thus, the Company recorded a $135.3 million goodwill impairment, which represents the entire amount of goodwill allocated to the office segment.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 2, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Results of Operations
Overview
Our ability to re-lease space subject to expiring leases will impact our results of operations and is affected by economic and competitive conditions in our markets. Leases that comprise approximately a quarter of the leases in our portfolio are scheduled to expire in the next three years, including approximately 2.9%, 10.7% and 4.1% of our Annualized Base Rent expiring in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. We assume, based upon internal renewal probability estimates, that some of our tenants will renew and others will vacate and the associated space will be re-let subject to market leasing assumptions.
Segment Information
In the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company evolved the management strategy of its real estate portfolio to focus on three different property types in order to maximize the value of the assets within each group. As a result, the Company changed to three reportable segments: Industrial, Office, and Other. The Industrial segment consists of high-quality, well-located industrial properties with modern specifications. The Office segment consists of newer, high-quality, and business-essential office properties. The Other segment consists of vacant and non-core properties, together with other properties in the same cross-collateralized loan pools. This segment includes properties that are either non-stabilized, leased to tenants with shorter lease terms or are being evaluated for repositioning, re-leasing or potential sale. The Company recast its segment results for all prior periods presented to show the three reportable segments.
Recent Developments
The following are significant developments in our business during 2022 and since the end of 2022:
•On August 26, 2022, we sold a 41-property office portfolio located across the continental United States as part of the Office Portfolio Sale for a sale price of $1.1 billion, less closing costs and other closing credits. In connection with the sale, we entered into the Office Joint Venture, in which we own a minority interest in the 41-property portfolio (see Note 4, Investment in Unconsolidated Entities to the consolidated financial statements);
•Upon the closing of the Office Portfolio Sale, we repaid approximately $1.0 billion of outstanding debt primarily from the proceeds of property sales during the year;
•On September 23, 2022, we sold one property in Phoenix, Arizona for a sale price of $93.0 million, less closing costs and other closing credits;
•On September 28, 2022, we executed a fifth amendment to our existing credit agreement, which extended the maturity date from September 28, 2022 to September 2023 (see Liquidity and Capital Resource section);
•On September 29, 2022, in connection with the Office JV Loans, we purchased an interest in the Mezzanine Loan for $34.4 million;
•On November 30, 2022, we executed a sixth amendment to our existing credit agreement, which amended the covenant regarding Tangible Net Worth (see Liquidity and Capital Resource section);
•On December 22, 2022, we sold one property located in Birmingham, Alabama for total proceeds of $33.3 million, less closing costs and other credits;
•On December 23, 2022, we sold the Mezzanine Interest, which we purchased for $34.4 million, for $31.0 million;
•On December 27, 2022, we sold a five-property office portfolio for a sale price of $170.4 million and purchased additional interest in the Office Joint Venture (see Note 4, Investment in Unconsolidated Entities to the consolidated financial statements).
•On January 6, 2023, we sold one property located in Irvine, California for approximately $40.0 million, less closing costs and other credits;
•On February 16, 2023, we sold one property located in Clinton, South Carolina for approximately $19.3 million, less closing costs and other credits;
•On March 2, 2023, we sold one property located in Herndon, Virginia for approximately $110.3 million, less closing costs and other credits;
•On March 21, 2023, we further extended the maturity date of the Revolving Credit Facility through January 2026, subject to, among other things, the Company completing a listing of its common shares on the New York Stock Exchange; and
•In connection with the Revolving Credit Facility extension, we prepaid the outstanding principal balance ($400,000,000) of our 2024 Term Loan by drawing on our revolver.
Same Store Analysis
Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021
For the year ended December 31, 2022, our "Same Store" portfolio consisted of 63 properties, encompassing approximately 16.9 million square feet, with an acquisition value of $2.5 billion and Annualized Base Rent as of December 31, 2022 was $167.7 million. Our Same Store portfolio includes properties which were held for a full period for all periods presented. The following table provides a comparative summary of the results of operations for the 63 properties for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, Increase/(Decrease) Percentage
Change
2022 2021
Rental income $ 214,702 $ 206,016 $ 8,686 4 %
Property operating expense 21,793 20,830 963 5 %
Property tax expense 17,424 16,248 1,176 7 %
Rental Income
The following table provides summary information for our Same Store portfolio revenues, by reportable segment, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, Increase/(Decrease) Percentage
Change
2022 2021
Rental income
Industrial $ 57,647 $ 56,237 $ 1,410 3 %
Office 101,857 91,549 10,308 11 %
Other 55,198 58,230 (3,032) (5) %
Total rental income $ 214,702 $ 206,016 $ 8,686 4 %
Same Store rental income increased by approximately $8.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily due to the Office segment.
Office rental income increased $10.3 million primarily due to (1) an $8.2 million increase in termination income; (2) a $4.2 million increase in lease commencements and amendments to existing tenant leases during the year ended December 31, 2022; (3) $1.0 million of fully amortized and written off intangibles in the year ended December 31, 2022 due to terminations or amendments to existing leases; and (4) an approximately $0.3 million increase in common area reconciliations due to timing of operating expense reconciliations; offset by (5) a reduction of $3.4 million in rental income related to expiring and early terminated leases in the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to prior year.
Other rental income decreased approximately $3.0 million primarily due to (1) a $5.9 million decrease from naturally expiring leases, terminations, and vacancies; offset by (2) a $2.3 million increase in termination income; and (3) $0.4 million in new leasing activity and amendments in 2021.
Property Operating Expense
The following table provides summary information for our Same Store portfolio operating expense, by reportable segment, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (dollars in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, Increase/(Decrease) Percentage
Change
2022 2021
Property operating expense
Industrial $ 3,305 $ 2,559 $ 746 29 %
Office 7,937 7,416 521 7 %
Other 10,551 10,855 (304) (3) %
Total property operating expense $ 21,793 $ 20,830 $ 963 5 %
Same Store property operating expense increased by approximately $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily due to the Industrial segment. Industrial property operating expenses increased $0.8 million primarily as a result of a $0.5 million increase in repair, maintenance and snow removal expenses.
Property Tax Expense
The following table provides summary information for our Same Store portfolio property tax expense, by reportable segment, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (dollars in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, Increase/(Decrease) Percentage
Change
2022 2021
Property tax expense
Industrial $ 4,305 $ 4,100 $ 205 5 %
Office 5,781 4,775 1,006 21 %
Other 7,338 7,373 (35) - %
Total property tax expense $ 17,424 $ 16,248 $ 1,176 7 %
Same Store property tax expense increased by approximately $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily due to the Office segment.
Office property tax expense increased $1.0 million primarily as a result of (1) an increase of $0.7 million due to one property becoming landlord-managed instead of tenant-managed, which requires us to record property tax expense and corresponding recovery revenue and (2) a $0.3 million increase due to a reassessments and special assessments at two properties during the year ended December 31, 2022.
The following chart sets forth expenses not directly related to the operations of the reportable segments for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, Increase/(Decrease) Percentage
Change
2022 2021
Property management fees to non-affiliates $ 1,647 $ 1,609 $ 38 2 %
Depreciation and amortization 98,178 91,246 6,932 8 %
Depreciation and Amortization
Same Store depreciation and amortization increased by approximately $6.9 million due to (1) an increase of $5.4 million in accelerated amortization of intangibles due to early terminated leases and (2) $1.7 million of new assets being placed into service.
Portfolio Analysis
Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021
The following table provides summary information about our results of operations directly related to the operations of the reportable segments for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, Increase/(Decrease) Percentage
Change
2022 2021
Rental income $ 416,485 $ 459,872 $ (43,387) (9) %
Property operating expense 52,451 61,259 (8,808) (14) %
Property tax expense 37,317 41,248 (3,931) (10) %
Rental Income
The following table provides summary information for our consolidated portfolio revenues, by reportable segment, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, Increase/(Decrease) Percentage
Change
2022 2021
Rental income
Industrial $ 61,347 $ 59,320 $ 2,027 3 %
Office 297,110 340,265 (43,155) (13) %
Other 58,028 60,287 (2,259) (4) %
Total rental income $ 416,485 $ 459,872 $ (43,387) (9) %
Rental income decreased approximately $43.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the same period a year ago primarily due to the Office segment.
Office rental income decreased $43.2 million primarily due to (1) $56.0 million decrease due to the Office Portfolio Sale in August 2022; offset by an increase of (2) $9.2 million due to two additional months of rental income in the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the prior year as a result of the CCIT II Merger in March 2021; (3) $2.1 million in higher termination income in the year ended December 31, 2022; (4) $1.5 million in 2022 leasing activity and amendments to existing tenant leases; and (5) an increase of $1.2 million in recoveries from common area and operating expense reconciliations.
Property Operating Expense
The following table provides summary information for our consolidated portfolio operating expense, by reportable segment, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, Increase/(Decrease) Percentage
Change
2022 2021
Property operating expense
Industrial $ 3,319 $ 3,197 $ 122 4 %
Office 38,200 47,027 (8,827) (19) %
Other 10,932 11,036 (104) (1) %
Total property operating expense $ 52,451 $ 61,260 $ (8,809) (14) %
Property operating expense decreased approximately $8.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the same period a year ago primarily due to the Office segment.
Office property operating expense decreased $8.8 million primarily due to (1) a $10.9 million decrease related to the sale of the Office Portfolio Sale in 2022; offset by (2) a $1.7 million increase in repair, maintenance and utility expense.
Property Tax Expense
The following table provides summary information for our consolidated portfolio property tax expense, by reportable segment, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (dollars in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, Increase/(Decrease) Percentage
Change
2022 2021
Property tax expense
Industrial $ 4,299 $ 3,734 $ 565 15 %
Office 25,593 30,073 (4,480) (15) %
Other 7,425 7,442 (17) - %
Total property tax expense $ 37,317 $ 41,249 $ (3,932) (10) %
Property tax expense decreased approximately $3.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the same period a year ago primarily due to the Industrial and Office segments.
Office property tax expense decreased $4.5 million primarily due to (1) a $6.2 million decrease related to property dispositions, primarily relating to the Office Portfolio Sale; offset by (2) a $1.0 million increase due to CCIT II properties acquired in March 2021, driving two additional months of property tax expense in 2022; and (3) $0.7 million due to one property becoming landlord-managed instead of tenant-managed, which requires us to record property tax expense and corresponding recovery revenue.
Industrial property tax expense increased $0.6 million primarily due to tax rate changes at two properties.
The following chart sets forth expenses not directly related to the operations of the reportable segments for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, Increase/(Decrease) Percentage
Change
2022 2021
Property management fees to non-affiliates $ 3,496 $ 4,066 $ (570) (14) %
General and administrative expenses 39,893 40,479 (586) (1) %
Corporate operating expenses to affiliates 1,349 2,520 (1,171) (46) %
Depreciation and amortization 190,745 209,638 (18,893) (9) %
Impairment provision, real estate 127,577 4,242 123,335 2,907 %
Impairment provision, goodwill 135,270 - 135,270 100 %
Interest expense 84,816 85,087 (271) - %
Debt breakage costs 13,249 - 13,249 100 %
(Loss) income from investment in unconsolidated entities (9,993) 8 (10,001) (125,013) %
Net loss from disposition of assets 139,280 326 138,954 42,624 %
Transaction expense 22,386 966 21,420 2,217 %
Property Management Fees to Non-Affiliates
Property management fees to non-affiliates decreased approximately $0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the same period a year ago primarily due to the Office Portfolio Sale.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses decreased approximately $0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the same period a year ago primarily due to (1) a $1.9 million decrease in corporate payroll due to lower employment numbers and shared services allocations in 2022; (2) a $0.7 million decrease in professional fees, less professional services rendered in 2022 compared to a year prior; offset by (3) a $2.1 million increase due to 2022 restricted share award amortization.
Corporate Operating Expenses to Affiliates
Corporate operating expenses to affiliates decreased approximately $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the same period a year ago primarily due to the amendment to the Administrative Services Agreement in the year ended December 31, 2022, which reduces the services provided.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization decreased approximately $18.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the same period a year ago primarily due to (1) a $25.2 million decrease due to the Office Portfolio Sale in August 2022; (2) $2.0 million related to accelerated amortization due to terminated leases in the prior year; offset by an increase of (3) $7.3 million as a result of two additional months of depreciation and amortization expense in the year ended December 31, 2022 from the CCIT II Merger compared to prior year; and (4) $1.6 million related to fixed asset additions during the year ended December 31, 2022.
Impairment Provision, Real Estate
Impairment provision, real estate increased approximately $123.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the same period a year ago primarily due to the Company’s assessment that eleven properties were impaired in 2022.
Impairment Provision, Goodwill
Impairment provision, goodwill increased approximately $135.3 million for year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the same period a year ago primarily due to the assignment of goodwill to new reporting units in 2022.
Debt Breakage Costs
Debt breakage costs increased approximately $13.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the same period a year ago due to breakage costs for the early payoff of the Midland Mortgage Loan of $0.9 million and the Bank of America Loan of $12.3 million made in connection with the Office Portfolio Sale.
(Loss) Income from Investment in Unconsolidated Entities
Loss from investment in unconsolidated entities increased approximately $10.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the same period a year ago primarily due to (1) $7.4 million of our share of the Office Joint Venture net loss; (2) a $3.6 million loss on the sale of the Mezzanine Interest; offset by (3) $0.9 million interest payments received on the Mezzanine Loan.
Net Loss from Disposition of Assets
Loss from disposition of assets increased approximately $139.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the same period a year ago primarily due to (1) the loss of $105.9 million related to the Office Portfolio Sale in August 2022; (2) the loss of $43.0 million related to the Companion Office Portfolio Sale in December 2022; (3) the loss of $0.8 million related the sale of one property in December 2022; offset by the (4) gain on sale of $10.4 million due to the sale of one property in September 2022.
Transaction Expense
Transaction expense increased approximately $21.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the same period a year ago due to the timing of costs incurred related to strategic transactions.
Same Store Analysis
Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020
For the year ended December 31, 2021, our "Same Store" portfolio consisted of 97 properties, encompassing approximately 24.7 million square feet, with an acquisition value of $4.0 billion and Annualized Base Rent of $288.0 million. Our "Same Store" portfolio includes properties which were held for a full period for all periods presented. The following table provides a comparative summary of the results of operations directly related to the operations of the reportable segments for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, Increase/(Decrease) Percentage
Change
2021 2020
Rental income $ 380,189 $ 384,220 $ (4,031) (1) %
Property operating expense 52,465 52,565 (100) - %
Property tax expense 36,479 36,107 372 1 %
Rental Income
Year Ended December 31, Increase/(Decrease) Percentage
Change
2021 2020
Rental income
Industrial $ 54,140 $ 62,415 $ (8,275) (13) %
Office 267,819 262,328 5,491 2 %
Other 58,230 59,477 (1,247) (2) %
Total rental income $ 380,189 $ 384,220 $ (4,031) (1) %
Rental income decreased by approximately $4.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily due to the Industrial and Office segments.
Industrial rental income decreased approximately $8.3 million primarily due to (1) a decrease of $11.0 million of termination income in 2021; offset by an increase of approximately (2) $1.1 million due to intangibles written off in 2020 that was non-recurring in 2021; (3) $0.6 million in recoveries of prior year reconciliations due to timing of operating expenses; and (4) $0.4 million of new leases and amendment commencements.
Office rental income increased approximately $5.5 million primarily due to (1) a $4.1 million increase in termination income; (2) a $5.6 million increase in 2021 leasing activity and amendments to existing tenant leases; offset by a decrease of (3) $5.0 million due to naturally expiring and early terminated leases.
Property Operating Expense
The following table provides summary information for our Same Store portfolio operating expense, by reportable segment, for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, Increase/(Decrease) Percentage
Change
2021 2020
Property operating expense
Industrial $ 2,550 $ 1,958 $ 592 30 %
Office 39,059 40,441 (1,382) (3) %
Other 10,856 10,166 690 7 %
Total property operating expense $ 52,465 $ 52,565 $ (100) 0 %
Same Store Industrial property operating expense increased by approximately $0.6 million due to increased repair, maintenance, and snow removal expense at two properties.
Same Store Office property operating expense decreased by approximately $1.4 million due to a $1.0 decrease in repair, maintenance, and service expense at five properties.
Property Tax Expense
The following table provides summary information for our Same Store portfolio property tax expense, by reportable segment, for the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (dollars in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, Increase/(Decrease) Percentage
Change
2021 2020
Property tax expense
Industrial $ 4,100 $ 3,981 $ 119 3 %
Office 25,006 24,587 419 2 %
Other 7,373 7,539 (166) (2) %
Total property tax expense $ 36,479 $ 36,107 $ 372 1 %
Office Same Store property tax expense increased $0.4 million primarily due to the adjustment of final property tax amounts and tax rate increases from prior year.
The following chart sets forth expenses not directly related to the operations of the reportable segments for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, Increase/(Decrease) Percentage
Change
2021 2020
Property management fees to non-affiliates $ 3,409 $ 3,414 $ (5) - %
Depreciation and amortization 160,022 156,069 3,953 3 %
Same Store depreciation and amortization expense increased approximately $4.0 million primarily due to (1) $3.6 million related to fixed asset additions subsequent to December 31, 2020; and (2) $0.1 million related to accelerated amortization due to terminated leases.
Portfolio Analysis
Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020
The following table provides summary information about our results of operations directly related to the operations of the reportable segments for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, Increase/(Decrease) Percentage
Change
2021 2020
Rental income $ 459,872 $ 397,452 $ 62,420 16 %
Property operating expense 61,259 57,461 3,798 7 %
Property tax expense 41,248 37,590 3,658 10 %
Rental Income
Year Ended December 31, Increase/(Decrease) Percentage
Change
2021 2020
Rental income
Industrial $ 59,320 $ 69,047 $ (9,727) (14) %
Office 340,265 268,928 71,337 27 %
Other 60,287 59,477 810 1 %
Total rental income $ 459,872 $ 397,452 $ 62,420 16 %
Rental income increased approximately $62.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily due to the Office and Industrial segments.
Office rental income increased approximately $71.3 million primarily due to (1) a $71.6 million increase primarily related to the CCIT II Merger in 2021; (2) $5.6 million increase in 2021 leasing activity and amendments to existing tenant leases; (3) a $4.5 million increase in termination income; offset by a (4) $5.0 million lower base rent income due to expiring leases and terminations; (5) a $4.4 million decrease due to the sale of properties; and (6) a $1.2 million decrease due to the early termination and related write-off of the in-place lease (above market) of one office property.
Industrial rental income decreased approximately $9.7 million primarily due to (1) a $15.4 million decrease in termination income in 2021; offset by (2) an increase of $3.1 million primarily related to the CCIT II Merger during the year; (3) an increase of $1.1 million due to intangibles written off in the prior year; (4) a $0.4 million increase in 2021 leasing activity and amendments to existing tenant leases; (5) a $0.4 million increase due to one property becoming landlord-managed instead of tenant-managed, which requires us to record recovery revenue and corresponding recoverable expenses; and (6) $0.3 million increase due to timing of common area and operating expense reconciliations.
Property Operating Expense
Year Ended December 31, Increase/(Decrease) Percentage
Change
2021 2020
Property operating expense
Industrial $ 3,197 $ 4,421 $ (1,224) (28) %
Office 47,027 42,867 4,160 10 %
Other 11,035 10,173 862 8 %
Total property operating expense $ 61,259 $ 57,461 $ 3,798 7 %
Property operating expense increased approximately $3.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily due to the Office and Industrial segments.
Office property operating expense increased approximately $4.2 million primarily due to (1) $7.7 million related to the CCIT II Merger in 2021; offset by (2) a decrease of $2.2 million due to the sale of four properties and (3) $0.6 million decrease in repair, maintenance, service and utility expense primarily related to services not renewed in 2021.
Industrial property operating expense decreased $1.2 million primarily due to the sale of one property.
Property Tax Expense
Year Ended December 31, Increase/(Decrease) Percentage
Change
2021 2020
Property operating expense
Industrial $ 3,734 $ 4,493 $ (759) (17) %
Office 30,073 25,559 4,514 18 %
Other 7,441 7,538 (97) (1) %
Total property operating expense $ 41,248 $ 37,590 $ 3,658 10 %
Property tax expense increased approximately $3.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily due to the Office segment.
Office property tax expense increased $4.5 million primarily due to (1) $5.2 million related to the CCIT II Merger in 2021; offset by (2) a $1.1 million decrease as a result of the sale of four properties.
The following chart sets forth expenses not directly related to the operations of the reportable segments for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, Increase/(Decrease) Percentage
Change
2021 2020
Property management fees to non-affiliates $ 4,066 $ 3,656 $ 410 11 %
General and administrative expenses 40,479 38,633 1,846 5 %
Corporate operating expenses to affiliates 2,520 2,500 20 1 %
Depreciation and amortization 209,638 161,056 48,582 30 %
Impairment provision, real estate 4,242 23,472 (19,230) (82) %
Interest expense 85,087 79,646 5,441 7 %
Income (loss) from investment in unconsolidated entities 8 (6,523) 6,531 (100) %
(Loss) gain from disposition of assets (326) 4,083 (4,409) (108) %
Other income, net 1,521 3,228 (1,707) (53) %
Transaction expense (966) - (966) 100 %
Property Management Fees to Non-Affiliates
The increase in property management fees to non-affiliates of approximately $0.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 is primarily due to the CCIT II Merger occurring during the period.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2021 increased by approximately $1.8 million primarily due to (1) $1.9 million in additional restricted stock expense primarily as a result of the amortization of 2021 restricted stock unit grants, including a one-time grant associated with the CCIT II Merger; (2) an increase of $2.5 million in professional and transfer agent fees; (3) a $0.9 million in increase in information technology costs and state taxes; offset by (4) write-offs of $4.4 million in project costs in the fourth quarter of 2020.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization for the year ended December 31, 2021 increased by approximately $48.6 million as a result of (1) $48.3 million as a result of the CCIT II Merger during the year ended December 31, 2021; and (2) $3.6 million related to fixed asset additions subsequent to December 31, 2020; offset by (3) approximately $3.5 million related to accelerated amortization due to terminated leases and assets sold in 2020.
Impairment Provision, Real Estate
Impairment provision, real estate decreased by approximately $19.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily due to the Company’s assessment that three properties were impaired in 2021.
Interest Expense
The increase of approximately $5.4 million in interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2021 is primarily due to (1) $6.6 million of interest and financing expenses related to the $400M 5-Year Term Loan 2025; offset by (2) a $0.9 million decrease as a result of lower interest rates compared to the prior year.
Income (Loss) from Investment in Unconsolidated Entities
The reduction of approximately $6.5 million in loss from investment in unconsolidated entities for the year ended December 31, 2021 is primarily due to an other-than-temporary impairment loss and winding down of our investments in our unconsolidated joint venture in the prior period.
Loss from Disposition of Assets
The increase in loss from disposition of assets of approximately $4.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 is primarily the result of the gain on the sale of one property in 2020.
Other Income, net
The decrease in other income of approximately $1.7 million is primarily a result of adjusting our earn-out liability in 2020 due to changes in equity raise projections.
Transaction expense
The increase in transaction expense of approximately $1.0 million is primarily due to certain strategic initiative costs in 2021.
Funds from Operations and Adjusted Funds from Operations
Our reported results are presented in accordance with GAAP. We also disclose Funds from Operations (“FFO”) and Adjusted Funds from Operations (“AFFO”) both of which are non-GAAP financial measures. We believe these two non-GAAP financial measures are useful to investors because they are widely accepted industry measures used by analysts and investors to compare the operating performance of REITs.
We compute FFO in accordance with the definition adopted by the Board of Governors of the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“NAREIT”). FFO is defined as net income or loss computed in accordance with GAAP, excluding extraordinary items, as defined by GAAP, and gains and losses from sales of depreciable real estate assets, adding back impairment write-downs of depreciable real estate assets, plus real estate related depreciation and amortization (excluding amortization of deferred financing costs and depreciation of non-real estate assets), and after adjustment for unconsolidated partnerships, joint ventures and preferred distributions. Because FFO calculations exclude such items as depreciation and amortization of depreciable real estate assets and gains and losses from sales of depreciable real estate assets (which can vary among owners of identical assets in similar conditions based on historical cost accounting and useful-life estimates), they facilitate comparisons of operating performance between periods and between other REITs. As a result, we believe that the use of FFO, together with the required GAAP presentations, provides a more complete understanding of our performance relative to our competitors and a more informed and appropriate basis on which to make decisions involving operating, financing, and investing activities. It should be noted, however, that other REITs may not define FFO in accordance with the current NAREIT definition or may interpret the current NAREIT definition differently than we do, making comparisons less meaningful.
Additionally, we use AFFO as a non-GAAP financial measure to evaluate our operating performance. AFFO excludes non-routine and certain non-cash items such as revenues in excess of cash received, amortization of share-based compensation net, deferred rent, amortization of in-place lease valuation, acquisition-related costs, financed termination fee, net of payments received, gain or loss from the extinguishment of debt, unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments, write-off transaction costs and other one-time transactions. FFO and AFFO have been revised to include amounts available to both common shareholders and limited partners for all periods presented.
AFFO is a measure used among our peer group. We also believe that AFFO is a recognized measure of sustainable operating performance by the REIT industry. Further, we believe AFFO is useful in comparing the sustainability of our operating performance with the sustainability of the operating performance of other real estate companies.
Management believes that AFFO is a beneficial indicator of our ongoing portfolio performance and ability to sustain our current distribution level. More specifically, AFFO isolates the financial results of our operations. AFFO, however, is not considered an appropriate measure of historical earnings as it excludes certain significant costs that are otherwise included in reported earnings. Further, since the measure is based on historical financial information, AFFO for the period presented may not be indicative of future results or our future ability to make or sustain distributions. By providing FFO and AFFO, we present information that assists investors in aligning their analysis with management’s analysis of long-term operating activities.
For all of these reasons, we believe the non-GAAP measures of FFO and AFFO, in addition to net income (loss) are helpful supplemental performance measures and useful to investors in evaluating the performance of our real estate portfolio. However, a material limitation associated with FFO and AFFO is that they are not indicative of our cash available to fund distributions since other uses of cash, such as capital expenditures at our properties and principal payments of debt, are not deducted when calculating FFO and AFFO. The use of AFFO as a measure of long-term operating performance on value is also limited if we do not continue to operate under our current business plan as noted above. FFO and AFFO should not be viewed as a more prominent measure of performance than net income (loss) and each should be reviewed in connection with GAAP measurements.
Neither the SEC, NAREIT, nor any other applicable regulatory body has opined on the acceptability of the adjustments contemplated to adjust FFO in order to calculate AFFO and its use as a non-GAAP performance measure. In the future, NAREIT may decide to standardize the allowable exclusions across the REIT industry, and we may have to adjust the calculation and characterization of this non-GAAP measure.
Our calculation of FFO and AFFO is presented in the following table for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands, except per share amounts):
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Net (loss) income $ (441,382) $ 11,570 $ (5,774)
Adjustments:
Depreciation of building and improvements 113,191 125,388 93,979
Amortization of leasing costs and intangibles 77,926 84,598 67,366
Impairment provision, real estate 127,577 4,242 23,472
Equity interest of depreciation of building and improvements - unconsolidated entities 4,643 - 1,438
Equity interest of amortization of intangible assets - unconsolidated entities - - 1,751
Loss from disposition of assets, net 139,280 326 (4,083)
Company's share of loss on sale of unconsolidated entity 3,558 (8) -
Impairment of unconsolidated entities - - 1,906
FFO $ 24,793 $ 226,116 $ 180,055
Distributions to redeemable preferred shareholders (10,063) (9,698) (8,708)
FFO attributable to common shareholders and partners $ 14,730 $ 216,418 $ 171,347
Reconciliation of FFO to AFFO:
FFO attributable to common shareholders and partners $ 14,730 $ 216,418 $ 171,347
Adjustments:
Non-cash earn-out adjustment - - (2,581)
Revenues in excess of cash received, net (15,407) (10,780) (25,686)
Amortization of share-based compensation 9,573 7,470 4,108
Deferred rent - ground lease 1,951 2,064 2,065
Amortization of above/(below) market rent, net (2,205) (1,323) (2,292)
Amortization of debt premium/(discount), net 409 409 412
Amortization of below tax benefit amortization 1,494 1,252 -
Amortization of deferred financing costs 3,544 3,184 2,195
Amortization of lease inducements 537 278 -
Company's share of amortization of deferred financing costs- unconsolidated entity 3,740 - 82
Amortization of ground leasehold interests (372) (350) (290)
Financed termination fee payments received - - 7,557
Loss on debt breakage costs - write-off of deferred financing costs 1,771 - -
Company's share of revenues in excess of cash received (straight-line rents) - unconsolidated entity (257) - 505
Unrealized loss (gain) on investments 195 (15) 31
Company's share of amortization of above market rent - unconsolidated entity (58) - 1,419
Unconsolidated joint venture valuation adjustment - - 4,452
Employee separation expense 72 777 2,666
Write-off of reserve liability - (1,166) -
Write-off of transaction costs 28 65 4,427
Transaction expenses 22,386 966 -
Impairment provision, goodwill 135,270 - -
Debt breakage costs 13,249 - -
AFFO available to common shareholders and partners $ 190,650 $ 219,249 $ 170,417
FFO per share, basic and diluted $ 0.37 $ 5.71 $ 5.89
AFFO per share, basic and diluted $ 4.81 $ 5.79 $ 5.85
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - basic EPS 36,057,825 34,361,208 25,560,283
Weighted-average OP Units 3,537,654 3,537,654 3,546,614
Weighted-average common shares and OP Units outstanding - basic FFO/AFFO 39,595,479 37,898,862 29,106,897
NOI, Cash NOI and Same-Store Cash NOI
Net operating income is a non-GAAP financial measure calculated as net (loss) income, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP, excluding equity in the earnings of our unconsolidated real estate joint ventures, general and administrative expenses, interest expense, depreciation and amortization, impairment of real estate, gains or losses on early extinguishment of debt, gains or losses on sales of real estate, investment income or loss and termination income. Net operating income on a cash basis (“Cash NOI”) is net operating income adjusted to exclude the effect of straight-line rent and amortization of acquired above- and below-market lease intangibles adjustments required by GAAP. Net operating income on a cash basis for our Same-Store portfolio (“Same-Store Cash NOI”) is Cash NOI for properties held for the entirety of all periods presented. We believe that NOI, Cash NOI and Same-Store Cash NOI are helpful to investors as additional measures of operating performance because we believe they help both investors and management to understand the core operations of our properties excluding corporate and financing-related costs and non-cash depreciation and amortization. NOI, Cash NOI and Same-Store Cash NOI are unlevered operating performance metrics of our properties and allow for a useful comparison of the operating performance of individual assets or groups of assets. These measures thereby provide an operating perspective not immediately apparent from GAAP income from operations or net income. In addition, NOI, Cash NOI and Same-Store Cash NOI are considered by many in the real estate industry to be useful starting points for determining the value of a real estate asset or group of assets.
Our calculation of each of NOI, Cash NOI and Same-Store Cash NOI is presented in the following table for the year ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Reconciliation of Net Income to Total NOI
Net (loss) income $ (441,382) $ 11,570 $ (5,774)
General and administrative expenses 39,893 40,479 38,633
Corporate operating expenses to affiliates 1,349 2,520 2,500
Impairment provision, real estate 127,577 4,242 23,472
Impairment provision, goodwill 135,270 - -
Depreciation and amortization 190,745 209,638 161,056
Interest expense 84,816 85,087 79,646
Debt breakage costs 13,249 - -
Other loss (income), net 45 (1,521) (3,228)
Loss (income) from investment in unconsolidated entities 9,993 (8) 6,523
Loss (gain) from disposition of assets 139,280 326 (4,083)
Transaction expense 22,386 966 -
Total NOI $ 323,221 $ 353,299 $ 298,745
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Cash NOI Adjustments
Industrial:
Industrial NOI $ 53,477 $ 52,125 $ 59,837
Straight-line rents (1,018) (1,700) (1,684)
Amortization of acquired lease intangibles (369) (345) (297)
Deferred termination income (39) - -
Industrial cash NOI 52,051 50,080 57,856
Office:
Office NOI 230,967 260,255 198,113
Straight-line rents (12,207) (12,171) (22,618)
Amortization of acquired lease intangibles (1,346) (231) (1,515)
Deferred termination income - - (1)
Deferred ground lease 1,945 2,066 2,067
Other intangible amortization 1,495 1,252 -
Inducement amortization 537 278 -
Financed termination fee - - 7,557
Office Cash NOI 221,391 251,449 183,603
Other NOI 38,777 40,919 40,795
Straight-line rents 634 313 (1,384)
Amortization of acquired lease intangibles - (749) (480)
Deferred termination income (2,779) 2,779 -
Deferred ground lease 5 (3) -
Other intangible amortization (489) - -
Inducement amortization - - -
Other Cash NOI 36,148 43,259 38,931
Total Cash NOI $ 309,590 $ 344,788 $ 280,390
Same Store Cash NOI Adjustments
Industrial:
Industrial cash NOI $ 52,051 $ 50,080 $ 57,856
Cash NOI for recently acquired properties (3,311) (4,545) (18,311)
Cash net operating (income) loss for recently disposed properties (6) 272 -
Industrial Same Store cash NOI 48,734 45,807 39,545
Office:
Office cash NOI 221,391 251,449 183,603
Cash NOI for recently acquired properties (50,369) (55,756) (49,019)
Cash net operating (income) loss for recently disposed properties (93,290) 159 (4,192)
Office Same Store cash NOI 77,732 195,852 130,392
Other:
Other cash NOI 36,148 43,259 38,931
Cash NOI for recently acquired properties (2,364) (1,751) (9,796)
Cash net operating (income) loss for recently disposed properties - - -
Other Same Store cash NOI 33,784 41,508 29,135
Cash NOI from the operating partnership 32 30 20
Total Same Store cash NOI $ 160,282 $ 283,197 $ 199,092
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Property rental income is our primary source of operating cash flow and is dependent on a number of factors including occupancy levels and rental rates, as well as the ability and willingness of our tenants’ to pay rent. Our assets provide a relatively consistent level of cash flow that enables us to pay operating expenses, distributions, including preferred equity distribution, redemptions, and for the payment of debt service on our outstanding indebtedness, including repayment of our Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, and property secured mortgage loans. Generally, we anticipate that cash needs will be met from funds from operations and our Credit Facility. We anticipate that cash flows from continuing operations and proceeds from financings, together with existing cash balances, will be adequate to fund our business operations, debt amortization, capital expenditures, distributions and other requirements over the next 12 months and beyond.
Financing Activities
Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement
Pursuant to the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, we, through our Operating Partnership as the borrower, have been provided with a $1.3 billion credit facility consisting of the Revolving Credit Facility maturing in September 2023 with (subject to the satisfaction of certain customary conditions) a series of three-month extension options, the $400M 5-Year Term Loan 2025, and the $150M 7-Year Term Loan. The credit facility also provides the option, subject to obtaining additional commitments from lenders and certain other customary conditions, to increase the commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility, increase the existing term loans and/or incur new term loans by up to an additional $1.0 billion in the aggregate. As of December 31, 2022, the remaining capacity under the Revolving Credit Facility was $202.9 million.
Fourth Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement
On April 28, 2022, we, through our Operating Partnership, entered into the Fourth Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of April 28, 2022, which amended our maturity extension on the Revolving Credit Facility from a one-year extension option (from June 2022 to June 2023) to a series of four three-month extension options (to September 28, 2022, December 28, 2022, March 28, 2023 and June 28, 2023, respectively). On May 24, 2022, we exercised the first three-month extension option on the Revolving Credit Facility, which extended the maturity date from June 28, 2022 to September 28, 2022.
Fifth Amendment to the Second Amendment and Restated Credit Agreement
On September 28, 2022, we, through our Operating Partnership, entered into the Fifth Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of September 28, 2022, which extended the maturity date on the Revolving Credit Facility from September 28, 2022 to September 30, 2023 and amended the maturity date extension options to a series of three three-month extensions (to December 30, 2023, March 30, 2024 and June 30, 2024, respectively). In addition, the contract interest rate was amended from LIBOR to SOFR plus 0.10% per annum (collectively, the “Adjusted SOFR”).
Sixth Amendment to the Second Amendment and Restated Credit Agreement
On November 30, 2022, we, through our Operating Partnership , entered into the Sixth Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of November 30, 2022, which, among other things, amended the covenant regarding Tangible Net Worth (as defined in the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement) such that the calculation thereof takes into account certain distributions and/or dividends (defined as “Restricted Payments”) that are otherwise permitted by the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement.
Based on the terms as of December 31, 2022, the interest rate for the credit facility varies based on our consolidated leverage ratio and ranges (a) in the case of the Revolving Credit Facility, from Adjusted SOFR plus 1.30% to Adjusted SOFR plus 2.20%, (b) in the case of each of the $400M 5-Year Term Loan 2025, and the $150M 7-Year Term Loan from Adjusted SOFR plus 1.25% to Adjusted SOFR plus 2.15%. If our Operating Partnership obtains an investment grade rating of its senior unsecured long term debt from Standard & Poor's Rating Services, Moody's Investors Service, Inc., or Fitch, Inc., the applicable SOFR margin and base rate margin will vary based on such rating and range (i) in the case of the Revolving Credit Facility, from Adjusted SOFR plus 0.825% to Adjusted SOFR plus 1.55%, (ii) in the case of the $400M 5-Year Term Loan 2025 and the $150M 7-Year Term Loan, from Adjusted SOFR plus 0.90% to Adjusted SOFR plus 1.75%.
See Part I "Item 1A. Risk Factors" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion about risks that the replacement of LIBOR with an alternative reference rate may adversely affect interest rates on our current or future indebtedness and may otherwise adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Seventh Amendment to the Second Amendment and Restated Credit Agreement
Prior to the Seventh Amendment, the final Revolving Credit Maturity Date (as defined in the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement) was June 30, 2024. On March 21, 2023, we, through our Operating Partnership, entered into the Seventh Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of March 21, 2023 (the “Seventh Amendment”), which, among other things, (i) permits our Operating Partnership to extend the Revolving Commitments (as defined in the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement) of each Revolving Lender (as defined in the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement) to January 31, 2026 (the “Subsequent Extension”); (ii) amended the covenant regarding Tangible Net Worth (as defined in the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement) to reduce the baseline calculation for the required Tangible Net Worth from $2,030,720,237 to $1,000,000,000; and (iii) added a covenant that prohibits any special distributions from extraordinary non-recurring income.
The exercise of the Subsequent Extension by our Operating Partnership is conditioned upon, among other things, (i) prior to June 30, 2024, the Company consummating a listing of its equity interests which results in such equity interests being traded on the New York Stock Exchange and (ii) the payment of an extension fee on the effective date of the Subsequent Extension in an amount equal to 20 basis points of the amount of Revolving Commitments being extended in connection with the Subsequent Extension.
In connection with the Seventh Amendment, and as a condition to the effectiveness thereof, our Operating Partnership prepaid the outstanding principal balance ($400,000,000) of the 2024 Term Loan (as defined in the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement). The prepayment was funded through a draw on the revolving credit facility portion of the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement.
Derivative Instruments
As discussed in Note 6, Interest Rate Contracts, to the consolidated financial statements, we entered into interest rate swap agreements to hedge the variable cash flows associated with certain existing or forecasted, LIBOR-based variable-rate debt, including our Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. The effective portion of changes in the fair value of derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI") and is subsequently reclassified into earnings in the period that the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings. Derivatives were used to hedge the variable cash flows associated with existing variable-rate debt and forecasted issuances of debt. The ineffective portion of the change in the fair value of the derivatives is recognized directly in earnings.
The following table sets forth a summary of the interest rate swaps at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (dollars in thousands):
Fair Value (1)
Current Notional Amount
December 31, December 31,
Derivative Instrument Effective Date Maturity Date Interest Strike Rate 2022 2021 2022 2021
Assets/(Liabilities)
Interest Rate Swap 3/10/2020 7/1/2025 0.83% $ 12,391 $ 1,648 $ 150,000 $ 150,000
Interest Rate Swap 3/10/2020 7/1/2025 0.84% 8,244 1,059 100,000 100,000
Interest Rate Swap 3/10/2020 7/1/2025 0.86% 6,145 749 75,000 75,000
Interest Rate Swap 7/1/2020 7/1/2025 2.82% 4,331 (7,342) 125,000 125,000
Interest Rate Swap 7/1/2020 7/1/2025 2.82% 3,444 (5,909) 100,000 100,000
Interest Rate Swap 7/1/2020 7/1/2025 2.83% 3,441 (5,899) 100,000 100,000
Interest Rate Swap 7/1/2020 7/1/2025 2.84% 3,408 (5,958) 100,000 100,000
Total $ 41,404 $ (21,652) $ 750,000 $ 750,000
(1) We record all derivative instruments on a gross basis in the consolidated balance sheets, and accordingly, there are no offsetting amounts that net assets against liabilities. As of December 31, 2022, derivatives where in an asset or/liability position are included in the line item "Other assets or Interest rate swap liability," respectively, in the consolidated balance sheets at fair value.
Common Equity
Distribution Reinvestment Plan
On July 17, 2020, we filed a registration statement on Form S-3 for the registration of up to $100 million in shares pursuant to our DRP (the “DRP Offering”). The DRP Offering may be terminated at any time upon 10 days prior written notice to shareholders. As of December 31, 2022, we had sold 3,946,642 shares for approximately $341.1 million in our DRP Offering.
On October 1, 2021, the Company announced a suspension of our DRP, effective October 11, 2021, which remains in effect as of the date of this filing.
Share Redemption Program
Prior to its suspension in February 2023 in anticipation of the proposed Listing, the Company had adopted the SRP that enables shareholders to sell their shares to the Company in limited circumstances. The SRP was suspended on October 1, 2021 but resumed on a limited basis on August 5, 2022 (i.e., limited to redemptions in connection with a holder’s death, disability or incompetence) with the cap on quarterly redemptions was tied to a dollar amount to be set by the Board and disclosed by the Company. Quarterly redemptions were capped at $5 million (or some other quarterly or annual amount determined by the Board and announced at least 10 business days before the applicable redemption date). In addition, during any calendar year, with respect to each share class, the Company was permitted to redeem no more than 5% of the weighted-average number of shares of such class outstanding during the prior calendar year.
Under the SRP, when the SRP is not suspended, the Company will redeem shares as of the last business day of each quarter. The redemption price is equal to the most recently published NAV per share for the applicable class prior to quarter end. Redemption requests must be received by 3:00 p.m. (Central time) one business day before on the last business day of the applicable quarter. Redemption requests exceeding the quarterly cap are filled on a pro rata basis, except that if pro rata redemption would result in a shareholder owning less than the minimum balance of $2,500 of the Company’s common shares, then the Company would redeem all of such shareholder’s shares to the extent that there are funds available. All unsatisfied redemption requests were treated as a request for redemption at the redemption date unless withdrawn by the shareholder. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we redeemed 149,730 shares.
Perpetual Convertible Preferred Shares
Upon consummation of the Predecessor Merger, we issued 5,000,000 Series A Preferred Shares to the Purchaser (defined below). We assumed the purchase agreement (the "Purchase Agreement") that our Predecessor entered into on August 8, 2018 with SHBNPP Global Professional Investment Type Private Real Estate Trust No. 13(H) (acting through Kookmin Bank as trustee) (the "Purchaser") and Shinhan BNP Paribas Asset Management Corporation, as an asset manager of the Purchaser, pursuant to which the Purchaser agreed to purchase an aggregate of 10,000,000 shares of Series A Cumulative Perpetual Convertible Preferred Shares at a price of $25.00 per share (the "Series A Preferred Shares") in two tranches, each comprising 5,000,000 Series A Preferred Shares.
Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, the Purchaser has agreed to purchase an additional 5,000,000 Series A Preferred Shares (the "Second Issuance") at a later date (the "Second Issuance Date") for an additional purchase price of $125 million subject to approval by the Purchaser’s internal investment committee and the satisfaction of certain other conditions set forth in the Purchase Agreement. Pursuant to the Purchaser is generally restricted from transferring the Series A Preferred Shares or the economic interest in the Series A Preferred Shares for a period of five years from the applicable closing date. We do not expect that additional Series A Preferred Shares will be issued.
Distributions for Perpetual Convertible Preferred Shares
Subject to the terms of the applicable articles supplementary, the holder of the Series A Preferred Shares are entitled to receive distributions quarterly in arrears at a rate equal to one-fourth (1/4) of the applicable varying rate, as follows:
i.6.55% from and after August 8, 2018 until August 8, 2023, or if the Second Issuance occurs, the five year anniversary of the Second Issuance Date (the "Reset Date"), subject to paragraphs (iii) and (iv) below;
ii.6.75% from and after the Reset Date, subject to paragraphs (iii) and (iv) below;
iii.if a listing of our common shares or the Series A Preferred Shares on a national securities exchange registered under Section 6(a) of the Exchange Act, does not occur by August 1, 2020 (the "First Triggering Event"), 7.55% from and after August 2, 2020 and 7.75% from and after the Reset Date, subject to paragraph (iv) below and certain conditions as set forth in the articles supplementary; or
iv.if such a listing does not occur by August 1, 2021, 8.05% from and after August 2, 2021 until the Reset Date, and 8.25% from and after the Reset Date.
As of December 31, 2022, our annual distribution rate was 8.05% for the Series A Preferred Shares since no listing of either our common shares or the Series A Preferred Shares occurred prior to August 1, 2021.
Liquidation Preference
Upon any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, the holders of the Series A Preferred Shares will be entitled to be paid out of our assets legally available for distribution to the shareholders, after payment of or provision for our debts and other liabilities, liquidating distributions, in cash or property at its fair market value as determined by the Board, in the amount, for each outstanding Series A Preferred Share equal to $25.00 per Series A Preferred Share (the "Liquidation Preference"), plus an amount equal to any accumulated and unpaid distributions to the date of payment, before any distribution or payment is made to holders of common shares or any other class or series of equity securities ranking junior to the Series A Preferred Shares but subject to the preferential rights of holders of any class or series of equity securities ranking senior to the Series A Preferred Shares. After payment of the full amount of the Liquidation Preference to which they are entitled, plus an amount equal to any accumulated and unpaid distributions to the date of payment, the holders of Series A Preferred Shares will have no right or claim to any of our remaining assets.
Company Redemption Rights
The Series A Preferred Shares may be redeemed by the Company, in whole or in part, at our option, at a per share redemption price in cash equal to $25.00 per Series A Preferred Share (the "Redemption Price"), plus any accumulated and unpaid distributions on the Series A Preferred Shares up to the redemption date, plus, a redemption fee of 1.5% of the Redemption Price in the case of a redemption that occurs on or after the date of the First Triggering Event, but before August 8, 2023.
Holder Redemption Rights
In the event we fail to effect a listing of common shares or Series A Preferred Shares by August 1, 2023, the holder of any Series A Preferred Shares has the option to request a redemption of such shares on or on any date following August 1, 2023, at the Redemption Price, plus any accumulated and unpaid distributions up to the redemption date (the "Redemption Right"); provided, however, that no holder of the Series A Preferred Shares shall have a Redemption Right if such a listing occurs prior to or on August 1, 2023.
Conversion Rights
Subject to our redemption rights and certain conditions set forth in the articles supplementary, a holder of the Series A Preferred Shares, at his or her option, will have the right to convert such holder's Series A Preferred Shares into common shares any time after the earlier of (i) August 8, 2023, or if the Second Issuance occurs, five years from the Second Issuance Date or (ii) a Change of Control (as defined in the articles supplementary) at a per share conversion rate equal to the Liquidation Preference divided by the then Common Shares Fair Market Value (as defined in the articles supplementary).
Other Potential Future Sources of Capital
Other potential future sources of capital include proceeds from potential private or public offerings of our shares or OP Units, proceeds from secured or unsecured financings from banks or other lenders, including debt assumed in a real estate acquisition transaction, proceeds from the sale of properties and undistributed funds from operations, and entering into joint venture arrangements to acquire or develop facilities. If necessary, we may use financings or other sources of capital in the event of unforeseen significant capital expenditures. To the extent we are not able to secure additional financing in the form of a credit facility or other third party source of liquidity, we will be heavily dependent upon our current financing and income from operations.
Liquidity Requirements
Our principal liquidity needs for the next 12 months and beyond are to fund:
•normal recurring expenses;
•debt service and principal repayment obligations; including any maturing debt that we may be unable to refinance on attractive terms or at all;
•satisfaction of the Redemption Right held by the holder of the Series A Preferred Shares, in the event that a listing has not occurred prior to or August 1, 2023;
•capital expenditures, including tenant improvements and leasing costs;
•redemptions;
•distributions to shareholders, including preferred equity distribution and distributions to holders of OP Units;
•possible acquisitions of properties.
Our long-term liquidity requirements consist primarily of funds necessary to acquire additional properties and repay indebtedness. We expect to meet our long-term liquidity requirements through various sources of capital, including proceeds from secured or unsecured financings from banks or other lenders, proceeds from the sale of properties and undistributed funds from operations, and entering into joint venture arrangements to acquire or develop facilities. If necessary, we may use financings or other sources of capital in the event of unforeseen significant capital expenditures. To the extent we are not able to secure additional financing in the form of a credit facility, securitization vehicle or other third party source of liquidity, we will be heavily dependent upon our current financing and income from operations. The success of our business strategy will depend, to a significant degree, on our ability to access these various capital sources.
To qualify as a REIT, we must meet a number of organizational and operational requirements on a continuing basis, including the requirement that we annually distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding net capital gain, to our shareholders. As a result of this requirement, we cannot rely on retained earnings to fund our business needs to the same extent as other entities that are not REITs. If we do not have sufficient funds available to us from our operations to fund our business needs, we will need to find alternative ways to fund those needs. Such alternatives may include, among other things, divesting ourselves of properties (whether or not the sales price is optimal or otherwise meets our strategic long-term objectives), incurring additional indebtedness or issuing equity securities in public or private transactions, the availability and attractiveness of the terms of which cannot be assured.
Cash Requirements
The Company’s material cash requirements as of as of December 31, 2022 include the following contractual obligations (in thousands):
Payments Due During the Years Ending December 31,
2023 Thereafter Total
Outstanding debt obligations (1)
$ 43,101 $ 1,446,702 $ 1,489,803
Interest on outstanding debt obligations (2)
77,015 169,682 246,697
Ground lease obligations 2,300 262,890 265,190
Total(3)
$ 122,416 $ 1,879,274 $ 2,001,690
(1)Amounts only include principal payments. The payments on our mortgage debt do not include the premium/discount or debt financing costs.
(2)Projected interest payments are based on the outstanding principal amounts at December 31, 2022. Projected interest payments on the Credit Facility and Term Loan are based on the contractual interest rates in effect at December 31, 2022.
(3)Does not include amounts required to satisfy the Redemption Right held by the holder of Series A Preferred Shares.
Capital Expenditures and Tenant Improvement Commitments
As of December 31, 2022, we had aggregate remaining contractual commitments for repositioning, capital expenditure projects, leasing commitments and tenant improvements of approximately $29.7 million.
Summary of Cash Flows
We expect to meet our short-term operating liquidity requirements with operating cash flows generated from our properties and draws from our KeyBank loans.
Our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash activity increased by approximately $69.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the same period a year ago and were primarily used in or provided by the following (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 Change
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 152,676 $ 204,979 $ (52,303)
Net cash used in investing activities $ 1,098,343 $ (62,810) $ 1,161,153
Net cash used in financing activities $ (1,199,215) $ (159,335) $ (1,039,880)
Operating Activities. Cash flows provided by operating activities are primarily dependent on the occupancy level, the rental rates of our leases, the collectability of rent and recovery of operating expenses from our tenants, and the timing of acquisitions. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we generated $152.7 million in cash from operating activities compared to $205.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease in cash from operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily due to the property dispositions that occurred in the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Investing Activities. Cash provided by investing activities for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 consisted of the following (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 Increase (decrease)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities:
Distributions of capital from investment in unconsolidated entities $ - $ 42 $ (42)
Proceeds from disposition of properties 1,120,803 22,408 1,098,395
Restricted reserves - 1,078 (1,078)
Sale of investment in unconsolidated entities 31,000 - 31,000
Total sources of cash provided by investing activities $ 1,151,803 $ 23,528 $ 1,097,275
Uses of cash for investing activities:
Cash acquired in connection with the Company Merger, net of acquisition costs $ - $ (36,746) $ 36,746
Restricted reserves (266) - (266)
Payments for construction in progress (17,494) (49,260) 31,766
Purchase of investment in unconsolidated entities (34,558) - (34,558)
Purchase of investments (1,142) (332) (810)
Total sources of cash (used in) provided by investing activities $ (53,460) $ (86,338) $ 32,878
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities $ 1,098,343 $ (62,810) $ 1,130,153
Financing Activities. Cash used in financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 consisted of the following (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 Increase (decrease)
Sources of cash provided by financing activities:
Proceeds from borrowings - Term Loan $ - $ 400,000 $ (400,000)
Total sources of cash provided by financing activities $ - $ 400,000 $ (400,000)
Uses of cash (used in) provided by financing activities:
Principal payoff of indebtedness - CCIT II Credit Facility $ - $ (415,500) $ 415,500
Principal payoff of secured indebtedness - Mortgage Debt (469,777) (1,292) (468,485)
Principal pay down of indebtedness - Revolving Credit Facility (373,500) - (373,500)
Principal payoff of indebtedness - Term Loan (200,000) - (200,000)
Principal amortization payments on secured indebtedness (8,736) (9,786) 1,050
Repurchase of common shares to satisfy employee tax withholding requirements (3,189) (2,874) (315)
Repurchase of common shares (5,617) (25,517) 19,900
Distributions to common shareholders (114,110) (82,976) (31,134)
Dividends paid on preferred units subject to redemption (10,063) (9,542) (521)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests (11,136) (11,134) (2)
Deferred financing costs (2,724) (567) (2,157)
Offering costs (43) (47) 4
Financing lease payment (320) (100) (220)
Total sources of cash (used in) provided by financing activities $ (1,199,215) $ (559,335) $ (639,880)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities $ (1,199,215) $ (159,335) $ (1,039,880)
Distributions will be paid to our shareholders as of the record date selected by our Board. We expect to pay distributions regularly unless our results of operations, our general financial condition, general economic conditions, or other factors inhibit us from doing so. Distributions will be authorized at the discretion of our Board, which will be directed, in substantial part, by its obligation to cause us to comply with the REIT requirements of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. The funds we receive from operations that are available for distribution may be affected by a number of factors, including the following:
•our operating and interest expenses;
•the amount of distributions or dividends received by us from our indirect real estate investments;
•our ability to keep our properties occupied;
•our ability to maintain or increase rental rates;
•tenant improvements, capital expenditures and reserves for such expenditures;
•the issuance of additional shares; and
•financings, refinancings, and debt repayment.
Distributions may be funded with operating cash flow from our properties To the extent that we do not have taxable income, distributions paid will be considered a return of capital to shareholders. The following table shows distributions paid, and cash flow provided by operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (dollars in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2021
Distributions paid in cash - noncontrolling interests $ 11,136 $ 11,134
Distributions paid in cash - common shareholders 114,110 82,976
Distributions paid in cash - preferred shareholders 10,063 9,542
Distributions of DRP - 22,886
Total distributions $ 135,309 (1)
$ 126,538
Source of distributions (2)
Paid from cash flows provided by operations $ 135,309 100 % $ 103,652 82 %
Offering proceeds from issuance of common shares pursuant to the DRP - - 22,886 18
Total sources $ 135,309 (3)
100 % $ 126,538 100 %
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 152,676 $ 204,979
(1)Distributions are paid on a monthly basis in arrears. Distributions for all record dates of a given month are paid on or about the first business day of the following month. Total cash distributions declared but not paid as of December 31, 2022 were $10.6 million for common shareholders and noncontrolling interests.
(2)Percentages were calculated by dividing the respective source amount by the total sources of distributions.
(3)Allocation of total sources are calculated on a quarterly basis.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, we paid and declared cash distributions of approximately $114.1 million to common shareholders including shares issued pursuant to the DRP, and approximately $11.1 million to the partners of our Operating Partnership, as compared to FFO attributable to common shareholders and partners and AFFO available to common shareholders and partners for the year ended December 31, 2022 of approximately $14.7 million and $190.7 million, respectively. The payment of distributions from sources other than FFO or AFFO may reduce the amount of proceeds available for investment and operations or cause us to incur additional interest expense as a result of borrowed funds. From our inception through December 31, 2022, we paid approximately $1.1 billion of cumulative distributions (excluding preferred distributions), including approximately $341.2 million reinvested through our DRP, as compared to net cash provided by operating activities of approximately $766.1 million.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Market risks include risks that arise from changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices, equity prices and other market changes that affect market-sensitive instruments. We expect that the primary market risk to which we will be exposed is interest rate risk, including the risk of changes in the underlying rates on our variable rate debt. Our current indebtedness consists of the KeyBank loans and other loans and property secured mortgages as described in Note 5, Debt, to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. These instruments were not entered into for trading purposes.
Our interest rate risk management objectives will be to limit the impact of interest rate changes on earnings and cash flows and to lower overall borrowing costs. To achieve our objectives, we may borrow at fixed rates or variable rates. We may also utilize a variety of financial instruments, including interest rate swap agreements, caps, floors, and other interest rate exchange contracts. We will not enter into these financial instruments for speculative purposes. The use of these types of instruments to hedge a portion of our exposure to changes in interest rates carries additional risks, such as counterparty credit risk and the legal enforceability of hedging contracts.
As of December 31, 2022, our debt consisted of approximately $1.3 billion in fixed rate debt (including the interest rate swaps) and approximately $200.0 million in variable rate debt (excluding unamortized deferred financing cost and discounts, net, of approximately $4.4 million). As of December 31, 2021, our debt consisted of approximately $1.8 billion in fixed rate debt (including the effect of interest rate swaps) and approximately $773.5 million in variable rate debt (excluding unamortized deferred financing cost and discounts, net, of approximately $9.1 million). Changes in interest rates have different impacts on the fixed and variable rate debt. A change in interest rates on fixed rate debt impacts its fair value but has no effect on interest incurred or cash flows. A change in interest rates on variable rate debt could affect the interest incurred and cash flows and its fair value.
Our future earnings and fair values relating to variable rate financial instruments are primarily dependent upon prevalent market rates of interest, such as LIBOR. However, our interest rate swap agreements are intended to reduce the effects of interest rate changes. The effect of an increase of 100 basis points in interest rates, assuming a LIBOR floor of 0%, on our variable-rate debt, including our KeyBank loans, after considering the effect of our interest rate swap agreements, would decrease our future earnings and cash flows by approximately $2.0 million annually.
Interest rate risk amounts were determined by considering the impact of hypothetical interest rates on our financial instruments. These analyses do not consider the effect of any change in overall economic activity that could occur. Further, in the event of a change of that magnitude, we may take actions to further mitigate our exposure to the change. However, due to the uncertainty of the specific actions that would be taken and their possible effects, these analyses assume no changes in our financial structure.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
The financial statements and supplementary data filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K are set forth beginning on page of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, management, with the participation of our principal executive and principal financial officers, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based upon, and as of the date of the evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file and submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported as and when required. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file and submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for us. Our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, evaluated, as of December 31, 2022, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting using the framework in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on that evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2022.
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Employment Agreements With Named Executive Officers
On March 23, 2023, the Company entered into amended and restated employment agreements with each of Michael J. Escalante, Javier F. Bitar and Nina Momtazee Sitzer (each, an “Executive”), effective as of the date of the Listing (each, an “Employment Agreement,” and together, the “Employment Agreements”). The Employment Agreements amend and restate the employment agreements that the Company previously entered into with each Executive. Pursuant to these Employment Agreements, Michael J. Escalante continues in his roles as Chief Executive Officer and President, Mr. Javier F. Bitar continues
in his role as Chief Financial Officer and Ms. Nina Momtazee Sitzer is appointed Chief Legal and Administrative Officer, Executive Vice President - Operations.
The Employment Agreements have an initial term of five years and automatically renew for additional one year periods thereafter, unless either the Company or the Executive provide advance written notice of their respective intents not to renew or unless sooner terminated in accordance with the terms thereof (the “Term”).
Employment Agreement with Mr. Escalante
Pursuant to the terms of the Employment Agreement with Mr. Escalante (the “Escalante Employment Agreement”), Mr. Escalante is entitled to, among other things:
•Beginning January 1, 2023, an annual base salary of $925,000, subject to annual review for increase (but not decrease) by the Board or a committee thereof;
•Beginning January 1, 2023, an annual cash bonus opportunity (“Incentive Bonus”) with threshold, target and maximum award opportunities of 175%, 250% and 325%, respectively, of the base salary actually paid for such year, with the threshold, target and maximum Incentive Bonus levels for calendar years following 2023 established by the compensation committee of the Board in its sole discretion, provided the goals and objectives applicable to the payment of the Incentive Bonus for the executive team shall be established in good faith consultation with Mr. Escalante, and with the entitlement to and payment of an Incentive Bonus subject to the reasonable and good faith approval of the compensation committee of the Board;
•Equity awards during the Term, if any, subject to the sole discretion of the compensation Committee of the Board;
•Payments and benefits upon termination of employment as follows:
◦Death or Disability (as defined in the Escalante Employment Agreement): (i) base salary earned but not paid as of the termination date, any Incentive Bonus earned by Mr. Escalante for the prior calendar year but not yet paid, reimbursement for unpaid expenses to which Mr. Escalante is entitled to reimbursement, and any other vested compensation or benefits to which Mr. Escalante is entitled under any benefits plans (collectively, the “Accrued Obligations”); (ii) the Incentive Bonus for the calendar year in which the termination occurs, pro-rated for the amount of time Mr. Escalante was employed during such calendar year, assuming target performance; (iii) a lump sum payment equal to 24 months of Healthcare Benefits (as defined in the Escalante Employment Agreement); and (iv) the automatic vesting of (1) all outstanding equity awards held by Mr. Escalante as of immediately prior to his termination, assuming target performance for any performance period that has not yet ended (the “Equity Award Vesting”), and (2) Mr. Escalante's account under the Company’s Executive Deferred Compensation Plan, in full.
◦Without Cause or with Good Reason (as such terms are defined in the Escalante Employment Agreement): (i) the Accrued Obligations; (ii) a pro-rated Incentive Bonus for the calendar year in which such termination occurs (assuming at least target individual performance and actual Company performance for the entire performance period), pro-rated for the amount of time Mr. Escalante was employed during such calendar year; (iii) a lump sum payment equal to three (3) times the sum of (A) his base salary then in effect plus (B) the average of the target Incentive Bonus for the prior two calendar years preceding the year in which such termination; (iv) a lump sum payment equal to 24 months of Healthcare Benefits (as defined in the Escalante Employment Agreement); (v) the Equity Award Vesting; and (vi) the vesting in full of Mr. Escalante's account under the Company’s Executive Deferred Compensation Plan
◦Termination by the Company without Cause or by Mr. Escalante with Good Reason during the Term and within six months preceding or 12 months following a Change in Control (as defined in the Escalante Employment Agreement) of the Company: all of the benefits and payments described in the paragraph “Without Cause or with Good Reason” above, except that (i) the Healthcare Benefits will be calculated to cover 36 months, and (ii) the pro-rated Incentive Bonus shall be calculated using the greater of actual Company performance or target Company performance, should such an applicable target level have been established as of the termination
◦Termination following a Liquidation Event (as defined in the Escalante Employment Agreement to include the earlier of the Board’s approval of a plan of liquidation or dissolution of the Company, or the total combined book value of the Company, along with the Company’s management and operating companies, falling below $250 million dollars) either: (i) due to (1) expiration of the Term (other than due Mr. Escalante’s election not to renew), or (2) because Mr. Escalante is terminated by the Company without Cause (as defined in the Escalante Employment Agreement), (ii) by Mr. Escalante for Good Reason within six months preceding or 12 months following a Change in Control, or (iii) due to Good Reason, other than a Duty
Diminution (as defined in the Escalante Employment Agreement), all the benefits and payments described in the paragraph “Termination by the Company without Cause or by Mr. Escalante with Good Reason during the Term and within six months preceding or 12 months following a Change in Control” with sufficient assets to pay such amounts promptly reserved by the Company upon such Liquidation Event.
The Escalante Employment Agreement also provides that Mr. Escalante will be subject to customary non-compete, non-solicitation, non-disparagement and other restrictive covenants.
Employment Agreements With Mr. Bitar and Ms. Sitzer
The Employment Agreements for Javier F. Bitar and Nina Momtazee Sitzer are substantially similar to the material terms of the Escalante Employment Agreement except as noted below:
Javier F. Bitar. Mr. Bitar serves as the Company’s Chief Financial Officer. His initial base salary is $525,000 and his Incentive Bonus threshold, target and maximum award opportunities are 100%, 150%, and 200%, respectively. Upon termination for Death or Disability, the lump sum payment will be equal to 18 months of Healthcare Benefits. Upon termination Without Cause or with Good Reason, Mr. Bitar will receive a lump sum payment equal to 1.5 times his base salary plus Incentive Bonus (as described above) and a lump sum payment equal to 18 months of Healthcare Benefits. Upon termination six months preceding or 12 months following a Change in Control, Mr. Bitar will receive a lump sum payment equal to 2.5 times his base salary plus Incentive Bonus and a lump sum payment equal to 30 months of Healthcare Benefits.
Nina Momtazee Sitzer. Ms. Sitzer serves as the Company’s Chief Legal and Administrative Officer, Executive Vice President - Operations. Her initial base salary is $500,000 and her Incentive Bonus threshold, target and maximum award opportunities are 100%, 150%, and 200%, respectively. Upon termination for Death or Disability, the lump sum payment will be equal to 18 months of Healthcare Benefits. Upon termination Without Cause or with Good Reason, Ms. Sitzer will receive a lump sum payment equal to 1.5 times her base salary plus Incentive Bonus (as described above) and a lump sum payment equal to 18 months of Healthcare Benefits. Upon termination six months preceding or 12 months following a Change in Control, Ms. Sitzer will receive a lump sum payment equal to 2.5 times her base salary plus Incentive Bonus and a lump sum payment equal to 30 months of Healthcare Benefits.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the 2023 Proxy Statement to be filed within 120 days after the end of the year ended December 31, 2022.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the 2023 Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the year ended December 31, 2022.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the 2023 Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the year ended December 31, 2022.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the 2023 Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the year ended December 31, 2022.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the 2023 Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the year ended December 31, 2022.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a) List of Documents Filed.
1. The list of the financial statements contained herein is set forth on page hereof.
2. Schedule III - Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation is set forth beginning on page S-1 hereof. All other schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulations of the SEC are not required under the related instructions or are not applicable and therefore have been omitted.
3. The Exhibits filed in response to Item 601 of Regulation S-K are listed on the Exhibit Index below.
(b) See (a) 3 above.
(c) See (a) 2 above.
EXHIBIT INDEX
The following exhibits are included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (and are numbered in accordance with Item 601 of Regulation S-K).
Exhibit No. Description
2.1
Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 29, 2020, by and among Griffin Capital Essential Asset REIT, Inc., GRT (Cardinal REIT Merger Sub), LLC, Griffin Capital Essential Asset Operating Partnership, L.P., GRT OP (Cardinal New GP Sub), LLC, GRT OP (Cardinal LP Merger Sub), LLC, GRT OP (Cardinal OP Merger Sub), LLC, Cole Office & Industrial REIT (CCIT II), Inc., Cole Corporate Income Operating Partnership II, LP and CRI CCIT II LLC (incorporated by reference to Annex A to the Proxy Statement/Prospectus that is part of the Registration Statement on Form S-4, filed on November 25, 2020, SEC File No. 333-250962)
2.2
Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of December 14, 2018, by and among Griffin Capital Essential Asset REIT II, Inc., Griffin Capital Essential Asset Operating Partnership II, L.P., Globe Merger Sub, LLC, Griffin Capital Essential Asset REIT, Inc. and Griffin Capital Essential Asset Operating Partnership, L.P., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant's Current on Form 8-K, filed on December 20, 2018, SEC File No. 000-55605
3.1
Declaration of Trust, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on January 20, 2023, SEC File No. 000-55605
3.2
Amended and Restated Bylaws, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on January 20, 2023, SEC File No. 000-55605
3.3
Second Amended and Restated Bylaws, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on March 20, 2023, SEC File No. 000-55605
3.4
Articles Supplementary to First Articles of Amendment and Restatement, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on May 1, 2019, SEC File No. 000-55605
3.5
Articles of Amendment to Declaration of Trust, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on March 10, 2023, SEC File No. 000-55605
4.1
Third Amended and Restated Share Redemption Program
4.2
Description of Securities
10.1+
Employee and Director Long-Term Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on August 21, 2014, SEC File No. 333-194280
10.2+
Griffin Realty Trust Amended and Restated Employee and Trustee Long-Term Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Appendix B included in the Registrant's Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed on April 15, 2020, SEC File No. 000-55605
10.2+*
Amendment No. 1 to the Griffin Realty Trust Amended and Restated Employee and Trustee Long-Term Incentive Plan, , incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed on February 28, 2022, SEC File No. 000-55605
10.3+*
Amendment No. 2 to the Griffin Realty Trust Amended and Restated Employee and Trustee Long-Term Incentive Plan
10.4+
Griffin Capital Essential Asset REIT II, Inc.’s Employee and Director Long-Term Incentive Plan Form of Restricted Share Award for Directors, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed on March 15, 2017, SEC File No. 000-55605
10.5
Seventh Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of GRT OP, L.P., dated February 23, 2023, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on February 27, 2023, SEC File No. 000-55605
10.6
Amendment No. 1 to the Seventh Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of PKST OP, L.P., dated March 16, 2023
10.7
Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated April 30, 2019, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on May 2019, SEC File No. 000-55605
10.8
First Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated October 1, 2020, by and among Griffin Capital Essential Asset Operating Partnership, L.P., the lending institutions party thereto as lenders and KeyBank, National Association, as administrative agent, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on November 9, 2020, SEC File No. 000-55605
10.9
Second Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated December 18, 2020, by and among Griffin Capital Essential Asset Operating Partnership, L.P., the lending institutions party thereto as lenders and KeyBank, National Association, as administrative agent, incorporated by reference to Exhibit10.1 the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on December 23, 2020, SEC File No. 000-55605
10.10
Third Amendment to Second Amendment and Restated Credit Agreement dated July 14, 2021, by and among Griffin Realty Trust, GRT OP, L.P., and the subsidiary guarantors party thereto, the lending institutions party thereto as lenders and KeyBank National Association, as administrative agent, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on July 16, 2021, SEC File No. 000-555605
10.11
Fourth Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated April 28, 2022, by and among Griffin Realty Trust, GRT OP, L.P., the subsidiary guarantors party thereto, the lending institutions party thereto as lenders and KeyBank National Association as administrative agent, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on August 8, 2022, SEC File No. 000-555605
10.12
Fifth Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated September 28, 2022, by and among Griffin Realty Trust, GRT OP, L.P., the subsidiary guarantors party thereto, the lending institutions party thereto as lenders and KeyBank National Association, as administrative agent, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on October 4, 2022, SEC File No. 000-55605
10.13
Sixth Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated November 30, 2022, by and among Griffin Realty Trust, GRT OP, L.P., the subsidiary guarantors party thereto, the lending institutions party thereto as lenders and KeyBank National Association, as administrative agent, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on December 5, 2022, SEC File No. 000-55605
10.14
Guaranty Agreement with KeyBank dated April 30, 2019, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on May 1, 2019, SEC File No. 000-55605
10.15
Amended and Restated 2023 Term Note payable to KeyBank dated April 30, 2019, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on May 1, 2019, SEC File No. 000-55605
10.16
2024 Term Note payable to KeyBank dated April 30, 2019, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on May 1, 2019, SEC File No. 000-55605
10.17
2026 Term Note payable to KeyBank dated April 30, 2019, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on May 1, 2019, SEC File No. 000-55605
10.18
Second Amended and Restated Revolving Note payable to KeyBank dated April 30, 2019, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on May 1, 2019, SEC File No. 000-55605
10.19
Swingline Note with KeyBank dated April 30, 2019, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on May 1, 2019, SEC File No. 000-55605
10.20
Schedule of Omitted Documents for KeyBank Loan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on May 1, 2019, SEC File No. 000-55605
10.21
2025 Term Note payable to KeyBank, National Association dated December 18, 2020, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on December 23, 2020, SEC File No. 000-55605
10.22
Schedule of Omitted Documents for New $400M 5-Year Term Loan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on December 23, 2020, SEC File No. 000-55605
10.23
Registration Rights Agreement dated December 14, 2018, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to our Predecessor's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on December 20, 2018, SEC File No. 000-54377
10.24
Contribution Agreement dated December 14, 2018, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 to our Predecessor's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on December 20, 2018, SEC File No. 000-54377
10.25
Form of Master Property Management, Leasing and Construction Management Agreement, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to our Predecessor's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on December 10, 2009, SEC File No. 333-159167
10.26
Series A Cumulative Perpetual Convertible Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement dated August 8, 2018, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Predecessor's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on August 13, 2018, SEC File No. 000-54377
10.27
Administrative Services Agreement dated December 14, 2018, by and among our Predecessor, our Predecessor Operating Partnership, Griffin Capital Company, LLC, Griffin Capital, LLC, Griffin Capital Essential Asset TRS, Inc., and Griffin Capital Real Estate Company, LLC, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.35 to our Predecessor's Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed on March 15, 2019, SEC File No. 000-54377
10.28
Form of Indemnification Agreement dated December 14, 2018, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to our Predecessor’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on December 20, 2018, SEC File No. 000-54377
10.29+
Escalante Employment Agreement dated December 14, 2018, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to our Predecessor’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on December 20, 2018, SEC File No. 000-54377
10.30+
Form of Employment Agreement for Other Officers dated December 14, 2018, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to our Predecessor’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on December 20, 2018, SEC File No. 000-54377
10.31+
Employment Agreement with Nina Momtazee Sitzer effective June 10, 2019, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on August 14, 2019, SEC File No. 000-55605
10.32+
Form of Time-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (NEOs), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on May 12, 2020, SEC File No. 000- 55605
10.33+
Form of Time-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Employees), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on May 12, 2020, SEC File No. 000-55605
10.34+
Form of Restricted Share Award for Directors, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on August 7, 2020, SEC File No. 000- 55605
10.35+
Form of Time-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (NEOs) dated January 22, 2021 incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on May 7, 2021, SEC File No. 000-55605
10.36+
Form of Time-Based Restricted Stock-Unit Agreement (Employees) dated January 22, 2021, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on May 7, 2021, SEC File No. 000-55605
10.37+
Form of Initial Restricted Stock Agreement (New Directors) dated March 1, 2021, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on May 7, 2021, SEC File No. 000-55605
10.38+
Form of One-Time Restricted Stock Unit (NEOs) dated March 25, 2021, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on May 7, 2021, SEC File No. 000-55605
10.39+
Form of One-Time Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Employees) dated March 25, 2021, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on May 7, 2021, SEC File No. 000-55605
10.40+
Form of One-Time Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Director) dated March 25, 2021, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on May 7, 2021, SEC File No. 000-55605
10.41
Sublease executed March 25, 2022, by and between Griffin Capital Company, LLC and Griffin Realty Trust, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 31, 2022, SEC File No. 000-55605
10.42
Letter Agreement dated March 30, 2022, by and among Griffin Capital Company, LLC, Griffin Capital, LLC, Griffin Realty Trust, GRT OP, L.P., Griffin Capital Essential Asset TRS, Inc. and Griffin Capital Real Estate Company, LLC, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 31, 2022, SEC File No. 000-55605
10.43
Letter Agreement dated June 30, 2022, by and among Griffin Capital Company, LLC, Griffin Capital, LLC, Griffin Realty Trust, GRT OP, L.P., Griffin Capital Essential Asset TRS, Inc. and Griffin Capital Real Estate Company, LLC, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on August 8, 2022, SEC File No. 000-555605
10.44
Purchase and Sale Agreement dated August 26, 2022, by and between the Office Buyers and the GRT Sellers, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on September 1, 2022, SEC File No. 000-55605
10.45
Joint Venture and Limited Liability Company Agreement of NVO Promote LLC, dated August 26, 2022, by and between GRT VAO OP, LLC and RVMC Capital LLC, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on September 1, 2022, SEC File No. 000-55605
21.1*
Subsidiaries of Peakstone Realty Trust
23.1*
Consent of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
31.1*
Certification of Principal Executive Officer, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2*
Certification of Principal Financial Officer, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1**
Certification of Principal Executive Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as created by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2**
Certification of Principal Financial Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as created by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101* The following Peakstone Realty Trust financial information for the period ended December 31, 2022 formatted in iXBRL (Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Equity, (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).
*
Filed herewith.
**
Furnished herewith.
+
Management contract, compensatory plan or arrangement filed in response to Item 15(a)(3) of Form 10-K.