EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1326771
Filing Year: 2025
Filename: 1326771_10-K_2025_0001326771-25-000054.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1. Business.
COMPANY INFORMATION
Company Background
The FHLB is a regional wholesale bank that serves the public interest by providing financial products and services to our members to fulfill a public-policy mission of supporting housing finance and community investment. We are part of the FHLBank System. Each of the 11 FHLBanks operates as a separate entity with its own stockholders, employees, Board of Directors, and business model. Our region, known as the Fifth District, comprises Kentucky, Ohio and Tennessee.
The U.S. Congress chartered the FHLBank System in the FHLBank Act as a GSE to help provide liquidity and credit to the U.S. housing market and support home ownership. Promoting home ownership is a long-standing central theme of U.S. government policy. The System has a critical public-policy role as important national liquidity providers to the financial system through our member stockholders, particularly during stressful conditions when private-sector liquidity often proves unreliable.
The FHLBanks are not government agencies and the U.S. government does not guarantee, directly or indirectly, the debt securities or other obligations of the FHLBank System. Rather, the FHLBanks are GSEs, which combine private sector ownership with public sector sponsorship. In addition, the FHLBanks are cooperative institutions, privately and wholly owned by stockholders who are also the primary customers.
The FHLBank System also includes the Finance Agency and the Office of Finance. The Finance Agency is an independent agency in the executive branch of the U.S. government that regulates the FHLBanks, the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae), the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac), and the Office of Finance. The Office of Finance is a joint office of the FHLBanks that facilitates the issuance and servicing of the FHLBank System's Consolidated Obligations (Obligations).
Thrift institutions, commercial banks, credit unions, certain insurance companies, and certified community development financial institutions chartered in the Fifth District may voluntarily apply for membership in our FHLB. Applicants must satisfy membership requirements in accordance with statutes and Finance Agency regulations. These requirements deal primarily with home financing activities, satisfactory financial condition such that Advances may be made safely, and matters related to the regulatory, supervisory and management oversight of the applicant. By law, an institution is permitted to apply for membership in only one FHLBank, although a holding company may have memberships in more than one FHLBank through its subsidiaries. At December 31, 2024, we had 605 members.
We are exempt from all federal, state, and local taxation other than real property taxes. Any cash dividends we issue are taxable to members and do not benefit from the corporate dividends received exclusion. Notes 1 and 10 of the Notes to Financial Statements provide additional details regarding the assessment for the Affordable Housing Program.
Our internet address is www.fhlbcin.com. Information on our website is not incorporated by reference into this report.
Mission and Corporate Objectives
Our mission is to provide members with funding to support housing finance.
How We Achieve the Mission
We achieve our mission through a cooperative business model. We raise private-sector capital from member stockholders and issue low-cost, high-quality debt in the global capital markets jointly with other FHLBanks. The capital and proceeds from debt issuance enable us to provide members services-primarily, access to liquidity via reliable, readily available, and low-cost sources of funding to support their business activities including housing finance and affordable housing and community investment. We also offer a program to purchase certain mortgage loans, which provides members liquidity and helps them reduce market risk. Additionally, we provide a competitive return on members' capital investment in our company.
The primary products we offer are readily available low-cost loans called Advances, purchases of certain whole mortgage loans sold by qualifying members through the Mortgage Purchase Program (MPP), and Letters of Credit. We also offer affordable housing programs and related activities to support members in their efforts to assist very low-, low- and moderate-income
households and their local communities. To a more limited extent, we also have several correspondent services that assist members in operational administration.
The primary way we obtain funding is through participation in the issuance of the FHLBank System's Consolidated Obligations in the global capital markets. Secondary sources of funding are capital and deposits we accept from our members. A critical component of the success of the FHLBank System is its ability to maintain a comparative advantage in funding given its GSE status, low risk operations, and joint and several liability across the 11 FHLBanks. We regularly issue Obligations with a wide range of maturities, structures, and amounts, and at relatively favorable spreads to benchmark market interest rates (such as U.S. Treasury securities, Federal funds effective, and the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR)) compared with many other financial institutions.
Because we are a cooperative organization with some members using our products more heavily than others and members having different amounts of capital stock, we must achieve a balance in generating membership value from product prices and characteristics and paying a competitive dividend rate. We attempt to achieve this balance by pricing our products at relatively narrow spreads over funding costs, compared with other financial institutions, while still achieving acceptable profitability. Our cooperative ownership structure and extensive access to debt markets allow our business to be scalable and self-capitalizing without taking undue risks, diminishing capital adequacy, or jeopardizing profitability.
Our franchise value is derived from the synergies brought by the various components of our business model, including the public-policy mandate, GSE status, cooperative ownership structure, consistent ability to issue large amounts of debt at acceptable funding costs, and mechanisms of providing housing finance liquidity through products and services to financial institutions rather than directly to homeowners.
Corporate Objectives
Our corporate objectives, listed below, are intended to promote housing finance among members and ensure our operations and governance are effective and efficient.
▪Mission Assets and Activities (as defined below): Implement strategies and tactics and effectively manage operations to promote members’ usage of Primary Mission Assets and Supplemental Mission Activities and stand ready at all times to provide liquidity to members.
▪Housing and Community Investment Programs: Maintain effective housing and community investment programs and offer targeted voluntary assistance programs.
▪Safe and Sound Operations: Optimize our counterparty and deposit ratings, achieve an acceptable rating on annual examinations, and have an adequate amount and composition of capital.
▪Risk Management: Employ effective risk optimization management practices and maintain risk exposures at low to moderate levels.
▪Stock Return: Earn adequate profitability so that members receive a competitive long-term dividend on their capital stock investment.
▪Governance: Operate in accordance with effective corporate governance processes that emphasize compliance and consider the interest of all stakeholders (members, stockholders, employees, creditors, housing partners, and regulators).
Business Activities
Mission Assets and Activities
The following are our principal business activities with members:
▪We lend readily-available, competitively-priced, and fully-collateralized Advances.
▪We issue fully-collateralized Letters of Credit.
▪We purchase qualifying residential mortgage loans through the MPP and hold them on our balance sheet.
We also may execute standby bond purchase agreements with state housing authorities, which is a minor source of business activity. Together, these product offerings constitute “Mission Assets and Activities.” We refer to Advances and Letters of Credit as Credit Services.
Affordable Housing and Community Investment
In addition, through various Housing and Community Investment programs, we assist members in serving very low-, low-, and moderate-income households and community economic development. These programs include Advances at below-market rates of interest, as well as direct grants.
Investments
To help us achieve our mission and corporate objectives, we invest in highly-rated debt instruments of financial institutions and the U.S. government and in mortgage-related securities. In practice, these investments normally include liquidity instruments and longer-term mortgage-backed securities (MBS), as permitted by Finance Agency regulation. Investments provide liquidity, help us manage market risk exposure, enhance earnings, and through the purchase of mortgage-related securities, support the housing market.
Sources of Earnings
Our major source of revenue is interest income earned on Advances, MPP loans, and investments.
Major items of expense are:
▪interest paid on Consolidated Obligations and deposits to fund assets;
▪costs of providing below-market-rate Advances and direct grants and subsidies under the Affordable Housing Program; and
▪non-interest expenses.
The largest component of earnings is net interest income, which equals interest income minus interest expense. We derive net interest income from the interest rate spread earned on assets versus funding costs and the use of financial leverage.
We believe members' capital investment is comparable to investing in adjustable-rate preferred equity instruments. Therefore, we structure our balance sheet risk exposures so that earnings tend to move in the same direction as changes in short-term market rates, which can help provide a degree of predictability for dividend returns.
Capital
Due to our cooperative structure, we obtain capital from members. Each member must own capital stock as a condition of membership and normally must acquire additional stock above the membership stock amount in order to gain access to Mission Assets and Activities. Acquiring capital in connection with growth in Mission Assets and Activities ensures that these assets are self-capitalizing. We issue, redeem, and repurchase capital stock only at its stated par value of $100 per share. By law, our stock is not publicly traded.
We also maintain an amount of capital to ensure we meet all of our regulatory and business requirements relating to capital adequacy and protection of creditors against losses. We hold retained earnings to protect members' stock investment against impairment risk and to help stabilize dividend payments when earnings may be volatile.
Governance
Board of Directors
Our Board of Directors is responsible for the overall oversight and management of the FHLBank pursuant to the Federal Home Loan Bank Act. The combination of public sponsorship and private ownership that drives our business model is reflected in the composition of our 17-member Board of Directors, all of whom members elect. Ten directors are officers and/or directors of our member institutions, while the remaining directors are Independent directors who represent the public interest. When nominating Independent director candidates, our Board values other attributes, skills and experience such as professional backgrounds, sex, race, and ethnicity. The professional backgrounds of our Independent directors cover a wide range of industries and expertise in areas such as financial markets, accounting, and economics, affordable housing organizations, and technology, including cybersecurity.
Culture of Ethical Behavior
We are committed to the highest possible standards of honesty, integrity and conduct. These standards are essential to our business and foster confidence in our FHLBank and the FHLB System. To promote these standards with our employees and our vendors, we maintain a Whistleblower Policy, Standards of Conduct that apply to all employees, and a Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers. The Standards of Conduct outline employees’ responsibilities to promptly raise compliance and ethics questions and concerns, and provide a description of the types of questions and concerns that should be raised. Each employee receives training on and certifies understanding and acceptance of the Standards of Conduct at the inception of their employment and, thereafter, must certify their compliance with the Standards of Conduct at least once each year.
Legal and Regulatory Oversight
Our business is subject to extensive federal laws, regulation and supervision. The laws and regulations to which we are subject cover all key aspects of our business, and directly and indirectly affect our product and service offerings, pricing, competitive position and strategic plan, relationship with members and third parties, capital structure, cash needs and uses, and information security. As discussed throughout this report, such laws and regulations can have a significant effect on key drivers of our results of operations, including, for example, our capital and liquidity, product and service offerings, risk management, and costs of compliance.
The Finance Agency has regulatory authority over the FHLBanks and is charged with ensuring that each FHLBank carries out its liquidity provider and housing finance mission, remains adequately capitalized, operates in a safe and sound manner, and complies with Finance Agency regulations. The Finance Agency is headed by a Director who has authority to promulgate regulations and to make other supervisory decisions.
To carry out these responsibilities, the Finance Agency conducts safety and soundness examinations of each FHLBank at least annually, as well as periodic reviews, and receives information on a daily or monthly basis relating to each FHLBank's activities, financial condition, and operating results. Each FHLBank also is examined for compliance with laws and regulations governing Housing and Community Development and Office of Minority and Women Inclusion activities and programs, and Fair Lending, Fair Housing and Consumer Protection. While an individual FHLBank has substantial discretion in governance and operational structure, the Finance Agency maintains broad supervisory and regulatory authority. In addition, the Comptroller General has authority to audit or examine the Finance Agency and the FHLBanks, to decide the extent to which the FHLBanks fairly and effectively fulfill the purposes of the FHLBank Act, and to review any audit, or conduct its own audit, of the financial statements of an FHLBank.
Ratings of Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations
The FHLBank System's comparative advantage in funding is acknowledged in its excellent credit ratings from nationally recognized statistical rating organizations (NRSROs). Moody's Investors Service (Moody's) currently assigns, and historically has assigned, the System's Consolidated Obligations the highest ratings available: long-term debt is rated Aaa and short-term debt is rated P-1. It also assigns a Prime-1 short-term bond rating on each FHLBank. It affirmed these ratings in 2024, but kept a negative outlook because of its rating with respect to the United States. In 2024, Standard & Poor's affirmed its issuer credit ratings on each FHLBank and its AA+ ratings on the System's senior debt and maintained a stable outlook. The ratings closely follow the U.S. sovereign ratings from both agencies.
The agencies' rationales for their ratings of the System and our FHLB include the System's status as a GSE; the joint and several liability for Obligations; excellent overall asset quality; extremely strong capacity to meet commitments to pay timely principal and interest on debt; strong liquidity; conservative use of derivatives; adequate capitalization relative to our risk profile; a stable capital structure; and the fact that no FHLBank has ever defaulted on repayment of, or delayed return of principal or interest on, any Obligation.
A credit rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities. A rating organization may revise or withdraw its ratings at any time, and each rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating. We cannot predict what future actions, if any, a rating organization may take regarding the System's or our ratings.
BUSINESS SEGMENTS
We manage the development, resource allocation, product delivery, pricing, credit risk management, and operational administration of our Mission Assets and Activities in two business segments: Traditional Member Finance and the MPP. Traditional Member Finance includes Credit Services, housing and community investment, investments, correspondent and deposit services, and other financial products of the FHLB. See the “Segment Information” section of “Results of Operations” in Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Note 14 of the Notes to Financial Statements for more information on our business segments, including their results of operations.
Traditional Member Finance
Credit Services
Advances. Advances are competitively priced sources of funds available for members to help manage their asset/liability and liquidity needs. Advances can both complement and be alternatives to retail deposits, other wholesale funding sources, and corporate debt issuance. We strive to facilitate efficient, fast, and continuous member access to funds. In most cases, members can access funds on a same-day basis.
We price a variety of standard Advance programs every business day and several other standard programs on demand. We also offer customized, non-standard Advances. Having a variety of programs gives members the flexibility to choose and customize their borrowings according to size, maturity, interest rate, interest rate index (for adjustable-rate coupons), interest rate options, and other features.
Repurchase based (REPO) Advances are short-term, fixed-rate instruments structured similarly to repurchase agreements from investment banks, with one principal difference. Members collateralize their REPO Advances through our normal collateralization process, instead of being required to pledge specific securities as would be required in a typical repurchase agreement.
Adjustable-rate Advances have interest rates typically priced off benchmark rate indices, primarily SOFR. Adjustable-rate Advances may be structured at the member's option as either prepayable with a fee or prepayable without a fee if the prepayment is made on a repricing date.
Regular Fixed-Rate Advances have terms of 3 months to 30 years, with interest normally paid monthly and principal repayment normally at maturity. Members may choose to purchase call options on these Advances, although in the last several years, balances with call options have been at or close to zero.
Putable Advances are fixed-rate Advances that provide us an option to terminate the Advance, usually after an initial “lockout” period. Most have long-term original maturities. Selling us these options enables members to secure lower rates on Putable Advances compared to Regular Fixed-Rate Advances with the same final maturity.
Mortgage-Related Advances are fixed-rate, amortizing Advances with final maturities of 5 to 30 years. Some of these Advances, at the choice of the member, provide members with prepayment options without fees.
We also offer various other Advance programs that have smaller outstanding balances.
Letters of Credit. Letters of Credit are collateralized contractual commitments we issue on a member's behalf to guarantee its performance to third parties. A Letter of Credit may obligate us to make direct payments to a third party, in which case it is
treated as an Advance to the member. The most popular use of Letters of Credit is as collateral supporting public unit deposits, which are deposits held by governmental units at financial institutions. We normally earn fees on Letters of Credit based on the actual average amount of the letters utilized, which generally is less than the notional amount issued.
How We Manage Risks of Credit Services. We manage market risk from Advances by funding them with Consolidated Obligations and hedging them with interest rate swaps that have similar interest rate risk characteristics as the Advances. In addition, for many, but not all Advance programs, Finance Agency regulations require us to charge members prepayment fees for early termination of principal when the early termination results in an economic loss to us. We determine prepayment fees using standard present-value calculations that make us economically indifferent to the prepayment. The prepayment fee equals the present value of the estimated profit that we would have earned over the remaining life of the prepaid Advance. If a member prepays principal on an Advance that we have hedged with an interest rate swap, we may also assess the member a fee to compensate us for the cost we incur in terminating the swap before its stated final maturity. Some Advance programs are structured as non-prepayable and may have additional restrictions in order to terminate. The net effect is that in practice we mitigate market risk exposure associated with Advances sufficiently and within our risk tolerance.
The objective of our credit risk management activities for Credit Services is to equalize risk exposure across members to a zero level of expected losses. We require each member to supply us with a security interest in eligible collateral that in the aggregate has estimated value in excess of the total Advances and Letters of Credit. Collateral is comprised mostly of single- and multi-family residential loans, commercial real estate loans, home equity loans, government guaranteed loans and bond securities. The combination of conservative collateral policies and risk-based credit underwriting activities sufficiently mitigates potential credit risk associated with Advances and Letters of Credit. As a result, at December 31, 2024, we did not expect any credit losses on Advances and, therefore, no allowance for credit losses on Advances was recorded. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Risk Management” in Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Note 5 of the Notes to Financial Statements provide more detail on our credit risk management of member borrowings.
Investments
Types of Investments. A primary reason we hold investments is to carry sufficient asset liquidity. Permissible liquidity investments include Federal funds, certificates of deposit, bank notes, bankers' acceptances, commercial paper, demand deposits, securities purchased under agreements to resell, and debt securities issued by the U.S. government, its agencies, or other GSE's. We also may place deposits with the Federal Reserve Bank. We are prohibited by Finance Agency regulations from investing (secured or unsecured) in financial investments issued by non-U.S. entities other than those issued by U.S. branches and agency offices of foreign commercial banks. Many liquidity investments have short-term maturities.
We are also permitted by regulation to purchase the following other investments, which have longer original maturities than liquidity investments:
▪MBS and collateralized mortgage obligations (together, referred to as MBS) issued by GSEs, other U.S. government agencies or private issuers;
▪asset-backed securities collateralized by manufactured housing loans or home equity loans issued by GSEs or private issuers; and
▪marketable direct obligations of certain government units and agencies (such as state housing finance agencies) that supply needed funding for housing or community lending and that do not exceed 20 percent of our regulatory capital.
We do not own any asset-backed securities or privately-issued MBS.
Per Finance Agency regulations, the total investment in MBS and asset-backed securities may not exceed 300 percent of previous month-end regulatory capital on the day we purchase the securities. See the “Capital Resources” section below for the definition of regulatory capital.
Purposes of Having Investments. The investments portfolio helps achieve corporate objectives in the following ways:
▪Liquidity management. Liquidity investments support the ability to fund assets on a timely basis, especially Advances, and when it may be more difficult to issue new debt. These investments supply liquidity because we normally fund them with longer-term debt than asset maturities. Liquidity investments are either short-term (primarily overnight), or longer-term investments (such as U.S. Treasuries) that may be pledged or sold and converted to cash.
▪Earnings enhancement. The investments portfolio, especially MBS, assists with earning a competitive return on capital, and increasing funding for Housing and Community Investment programs. In addition, liquidity investments help stabilize earnings because they typically earn a relatively stable spread to the cost of debt issued to fund them.
▪Management of debt issuance. Maintaining a short-term liquidity investment portfolio can help us participate in attractively priced debt issuances, on an opportunistic basis. We can temporarily invest proceeds from debt issuances in short-term liquid assets and quickly access them to fund demand for Mission Assets and Activities, rather than having debt issuances dictated solely by the timing of member demand.
▪Support of housing market. Investment in MBS and state housing finance agency bonds directly supports the residential mortgage market by providing capital and financing for mortgages.
How We Manage Risks of Investments. We manage our investment holdings to have a low to moderate degree of market risk and very limited credit risk. We believe that a philosophy of purchasing investments with a high amount of market or credit risk would be inconsistent with our GSE status and corporate objectives.
Market risk associated with short-term investments tends to be minimal because of their short maturities and because we typically fund them with short-term Consolidated Obligations. We mitigate much of the market risk of MBS, which exists primarily from changes in mortgage prepayment speeds, by limiting their balances to 300 percent of regulatory capital and by funding them with a portfolio of long-term fixed-rate callable and non-callable Obligations. Additionally, we mitigate much of the market risk of longer-term non-MBS securities, and a portion of our MBS, by using interest rate swaps to effectively convert the fixed rate investments to adjustable-rate investments. We also manage the market risk exposure of the entire balance sheet within prudent policy limits.
Finance Agency regulations and internal policies also provide controls on market risk exposure by restricting the types of mortgage loans, MBS and other investments we can hold. These restrictions prohibit, among others, the purchase of interest only or principal only stripped MBS and MBS whose average life varies more than six years under a 300 basis points interest rate shock.
Our internal policies specify guidelines for, and relatively tight constraints on, the types and amounts of short-term investments we are permitted to hold and the maximum amount of credit risk exposure we are permitted to have with eligible counterparties. We believe all of our investments have high credit quality because of our conservative investment policies and practices. As a result, at December 31, 2024, we did not expect any credit losses on our investments and, therefore, no allowance for credit losses on investments was recorded.
Deposits
We provide a variety of deposit programs, including demand, overnight, term and Federal funds, which enable depositors to invest funds in short-term liquid assets. We accept deposits from members, other FHLBanks, any institution to which we offer correspondent services, and other government instrumentalities. The rates of interest we pay on deposits are subject to change daily based on comparable money market interest rates. The balances in deposit programs tend to vary positively with the amount of idle funds members have available to invest, as well as the level of short-term interest rates. Deposits are a minor source of our funding.
Mortgage Purchase Program (MPP or Mortgage Loans Held for Portfolio)
Description of the MPP
Types of Loans and Benefits. Finance Agency regulations permit FHLBanks to purchase and hold specified whole mortgage loans from their members, which offers members a competitive alternative to the traditional secondary mortgage market and directly supports housing finance. We account for MPP loans as mortgage loans held for portfolio. By selling mortgage loans to us, members can increase their balance sheet liquidity and lower interest rate and mortgage prepayment risks. The MPP particularly enables small- and medium-sized community-based financial institutions to use their existing relationship with us to participate more effectively in the secondary mortgage market.
We purchase two types of mortgage loans: qualifying conforming fixed-rate conventional 1-4 family residential mortgages and residential mortgages fully insured by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA). Members approved to sell us these loans are referred to as Participating Financial Institutions (PFIs).
A “conventional” mortgage refers to a non-government-guaranteed mortgage. A “conforming” mortgage refers to a loan that meets the dollar limit permissible to be lent as a regular prime (i.e., non-jumbo, non-subprime) mortgage and other funding criteria of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. For 2025, the Finance Agency established the conforming limit for mortgages that finance single-family one-unit properties at $806,500. Additionally, the Finance Agency allows higher conforming limits on loans originated in a limited number of high-cost areas. We have elected to only purchase mortgages up to the $806,500 conforming limit.
Loan Purchase Process. We purchase loans from PFIs pursuant to a Mandatory Delivery Contract, which is a legal commitment we make to purchase, and a PFI makes to deliver, a specified dollar amount of mortgage loans, with a forward settlement date, at a specified range of note rates and prices. Shortly before delivering the loans that will fill the Mandatory Delivery Contract, the PFI must submit loan level detail including underwriting information. We apply procedures through an automated system designed to screen loans that do not comply with our policies. Our underwriting guidelines generally mirror those of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac for conforming conventional loans, although our guidelines and pool composition requirements are more conservative in a number of ways in order to further limit credit risk exposure. PFIs are required to make certain representations and warranties against our underwriting guidelines on the loans they sell to us. If a PFI sells us a loan in breach of those representations and warranties, we have the contractual right to require the PFI to repurchase the loan.
How We Manage Risks of the MPP
Market Risk. We mitigate the MPP's market risk similarly to how we mitigate market risk from MBS.
Credit Risk - Conventional Mortgage Loans. A unique feature of the MPP is that it separates the various activities and risks associated with residential mortgage lending for conventional loans and allows these risks and activities to be taken on by different entities. We manage the market risk (including interest rate risk and prepayment risk) and liquidity risk. PFIs manage marketing, originating and, in most cases, servicing the loans. PFIs may either retain servicing or sell it to a qualified and approved third-party servicer (also referred to as a PFI). Because PFIs manage and bear most of the credit risk, they do not pay us a guarantee fee to transfer credit risk.
We manage credit risk exposure for conventional loans primarily through underwriting and pool composition requirements and by applying layered credit enhancements. These enhancements, which apply after a homeowner's equity is exhausted, currently include available primary mortgage insurance and the Lender Risk Account (discussed below). These credit enhancements are designed to protect us against credit losses in scenarios of severe downward movements in housing prices and unfavorable changes in other factors that can affect loan delinquencies and defaults.
The Lender Risk Account is a key component of how we manage residual credit risk. It is a holdback of a portion of the initial purchase price. Starting after five years from the loan purchase date, we may return the holdback to PFIs if they manage credit risk to predefined acceptable levels of exposure on the loans they sell to us. Actual loan losses are deducted from the amount of the purchase-price holdback we return to the PFI. The Lender Risk Account provides PFIs with a strong incentive to sell us high quality performing mortgage loans.
Credit Risk - FHA Mortgage Loans. Because the FHA makes an explicit guarantee on FHA loans, we do not require any credit enhancements on these loans beyond primary mortgage insurance.
"Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Risk Management” in Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations provides more detail on how we manage market and credit risks for the MPP.
Earnings from the MPP
The MPP enhances long-term profitability on a risk-adjusted basis and augments the return on member stockholders' capital investment. We generate earnings in the MPP from monthly interest payments minus the cost of funding and the cost of hedging the MPP's interest rate risk. Interest income on each loan is generally computed as the mortgage note rate multiplied by the loan's principal balance:
▪minus servicing costs (0.25 percent for conventional loans and 0.44 percent for FHA loans); and
▪adjusted for the amortization of purchase premiums or the accretion of purchase discounts and for the amortization or accretion of fair value adjustments on loans initially classified as mortgage loan commitments.
For new loan purchases, we consider the cost of the Lender Risk Account when we set conventional loan prices and evaluate the MPP's potential return on investment. We do not receive fees or income for retaining the risk of losses in excess of any credit enhancements.
FUNDING - CONSOLIDATED OBLIGATIONS
Our primary source of funding and hedging market risk exposure is through participation in the sale of Consolidated Obligation debt securities to global investors. Obligations are the joint and several liabilities of all the FHLBanks, backed only by the financial resources of the FHLBanks. Consolidated Obligations are the principal funding source used to make Advances and to purchase mortgage loans and investments. There are two types of Consolidated Obligations: Consolidated Bonds (Bonds) and Consolidated Discount Notes (Discount Notes).
Bonds may have fixed or adjustable rates of interest. Fixed-rate Bonds are either non-callable or callable. A callable Bond is one that we are able to redeem in whole or in part at our discretion on one or more predetermined call dates according to the Bond's offering notice. The maturity of Bonds are typically up to 20 years. Adjustable-rate Bonds use a benchmark market interest rate, typically SOFR, for interest rate resets.
Discount Notes are issued primarily to raise short-term funds and have original maturities from one day to one year. Discount Notes generally sell at less than their face amount and are redeemed at par value when they mature.
The mix of Obligations fluctuates in response to relative changes in short-term versus long-term assets, relative changes in fixed-rate versus adjustable-rate assets, decisions on market risk management (particularly the amount of funding of longer-term assets with short-term Obligations), and differences in relative costs of various Obligations.
Interest rates on Obligations are affected by a multitude of factors such as: overall economic and credit conditions; credit ratings of the FHLBank System; investor demand and preferences for our debt securities; the level and shape of market interest rates (e.g., U.S. Treasury rates); and the supply, volume, timing, and characteristics of debt issuances by the FHLBanks, other GSEs, and other highly-rated issuers.
Finance Agency regulations govern the issuance of Obligations. An FHLBank may not issue individual debt securities without Finance Agency approval, and we have never done so. The Office of Finance services Obligations, prepares the FHLBank System's quarterly and annual combined financial statements, and serves as a source of information for the FHLBanks on capital market developments.
We have the primary liability for any Obligations issued on our behalf for which we received the proceeds. However, we also are jointly and severally liable with the other FHLBanks for the payment of principal and interest on all Obligations. If we do not pay the principal or interest in full when due on any Obligation issued on our FHLB's behalf, we are prohibited from paying dividends or redeeming or repurchasing shares of capital stock. If any FHLBank was financially unable to repay its participation in an Obligation for which it is the primary obligor, the Finance Agency could call on each of the other FHLBanks to repay all or part of the Obligation. The Finance Agency has never invoked this authority.
LIQUIDITY
Our business requires a substantial and continual amount of liquidity to satisfy financial obligations (primarily maturing Consolidated Obligations) in a timely and cost-efficient manner and to provide members access to timely Advance funding and mortgage loan sales in all financial environments. We obtain liquidity by issuing debt, holding short-term assets that mature before their associated funding, and having the ability to sell certain investments without significant accounting consequences. Sources of asset liquidity include cash, maturing Advances, maturing investments, principal paydowns of mortgage assets, the ability to sell certain investments, and interest payments received. Uses of liquidity primarily include repayments of Obligations, issuances of new Advances, purchases of loans under the MPP, purchases of investments, and payments of interest.
Liquidity requirements are significant because Advance balances can be volatile, many have short-term maturities, and we strive to allow members to borrow Advances on the same day they request them. We regularly monitor liquidity risks and the investment and cash resources available to meet liquidity needs, as well as statutory and regulatory liquidity requirements.
Because Obligations have favorable credit ratings and because the FHLBank System is one of the largest sellers of debt in the worldwide capital markets, the System historically has been able to satisfy its liquidity needs through debt issuance across a wide range of structures at relatively favorable spreads to benchmark market interest rates, such as U.S. Treasury rates.
CAPITAL RESOURCES
Capital Requirements
Statutory and Regulatory Requirements
Under Finance Agency regulations, regulatory capital is composed of all capital stock (including stock classified as mandatorily redeemable), retained earnings, general loss allowances, and other amounts from sources the Finance Agency determines are available to absorb losses. Under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 (GLB Act), permanent capital equals Class B stock plus retained earnings.
Finance Agency regulations stipulate that we must comply with three limits on capital leverage and risk-based capital. These ensure a low amount of capital risk while providing for competitive profitability. We have always complied with these regulatory capital requirements.
▪We must maintain at least a four percent minimum regulatory capital-to-assets ratio.
▪We must maintain at least a five percent minimum leverage ratio of capital divided by total assets, which includes a 1.5 weighting factor applicable to permanent capital. Because all of our Class B stock is permanent capital, this requirement is met automatically if we satisfy the four percent unweighted capital requirement.
▪We are subject to a risk-based capital rule in which we must hold an amount of "permanent" capital that exceeds the amount of exposure to market risk, credit risk, and operational risk. How we determine the amount of these risk exposures is stipulated by Finance Agency regulation. Permanent capital includes retained earnings and the regulatory amount of Class B capital stock.
In addition to the minimum capital requirements, the GLB Act and our Capital Plan promote the adequacy of our capital to absorb financial losses in three ways. These combine to give member stockholders a clear incentive to require us to minimize our risk profile:
▪the five-year redemption period for Class B stock;
▪the option we have to call on members to purchase additional capital if required to preserve safety and soundness; and
▪the limitations, described below, on our ability to honor requested redemptions of capital if we are at risk of not maintaining safe and sound operations.
In accordance with the GLB Act, our stock is also putable by members. There are statutory and regulatory restrictions on our obligation or right to redeem or repurchase outstanding stock, including, but not limited to, the following:
▪We may not redeem any capital stock if, following the redemption, we would fail to satisfy any regulatory capital requirements. By law, we may not redeem any stock if we become undercapitalized.
▪We may not redeem any capital stock without approval of the Finance Agency if either our Board of Directors or the Finance Agency determines that we have incurred or are likely to incur losses resulting or expected to result in a charge against capital.
If we were to be liquidated, stockholders would be entitled to receive the par value of their capital stock after payment in full to our creditors. In addition, each stockholder would be entitled to any retained earnings in an amount proportional to the stockholder's share of the total shares of capital stock. In the event of a merger or consolidation of the FHLB, the Board of Directors would determine the rights and preferences of the FHLB's stockholders, subject to any terms and conditions imposed by the Finance Agency.
Capital Plan
Our Capital Plan ties the amount of each member's required capital stock to the amount of the member's assets and the amount and type of its activity with us. The Capital Plan has the following basic characteristics:
▪We offer only one class of capital stock, Class B, which is generally redeemable upon a member's five-year advance written notice. We strive to manage capital risks to be able to safely and soundly satisfy redemption requests sooner than five years, although we may elect to wait up to five years (or longer under certain conditions).
▪We issue shares of capital stock as required for an institution to become a member or maintain membership (membership stock), as required for members to capitalize certain Mission Assets and Activities (activity stock), and if we pay dividends in the form of additional shares of stock.
▪We may, subject to the restrictions described above, repurchase certain capital stock (i.e., "excess" capital stock).
We believe the Capital Plan enables us to efficiently increase and decrease capital stock needed to capitalize assets in response to changes in the membership base and demand for Mission Assets and Activities. This enables us to maintain a prudent amount of financial leverage and consistently generate a competitive dividend return.
At December 31, 2024, the amount of membership stock required for each member ranged from a minimum of $1,000 to a maximum of $20 million, with the amount within that range determined as a percentage of member assets. Separate from its membership stock, each member is required to purchase and hold activity stock to capitalize Mission Assets and Activities. Activity stock is required to capitalize the principal balance of Advances, guaranteed funds and rate Advance commitments, the principal balance of loans and commitments in the MPP, and the notional balance of Letters of Credit.
The FHLB must capitalize its total assets at a rate of at least four percent. The Capital Plan supports the membership's stock component towards this overall requirement. As specified within the Capital Plan, each member is required to maintain a percentage of activity stock depending on the type of transaction. Currently, the activity percentages are as follows:
Transaction Type Activity Percentage
Advances 4.50%
Advance Commitments 4.50
MPP 3.00
Letters of Credit 0.10
If a member owns more stock than is needed to satisfy both its membership and activity stock requirements, we designate the remaining stock as the member's excess capital stock. The member utilizes its excess stock to capitalize additional Mission Assets and Activities, before purchasing activity stock.
Retained Earnings
Purposes and Amount of Retained Earnings
Retained earnings are important to protect members' capital stock investment against the risk of impairment and to enhance our ability to pay stable and competitive dividends when earnings may be volatile. Impairment risk is the risk that members would have to write down the par value of their capital stock investment in our FHLB as a result of their analysis of ultimate recoverability. An extreme situation of earnings instability, for example, in which substantial credit losses were experienced and expected for a period of time, could result in members determining that the value of their capital stock investment was impaired.
Consistent with Finance Agency requirements, we have a policy that sets forth a minimum amount of retained earnings we believe is needed to mitigate impairment risk and facilitate dividend stability in light of the risks we face. At December 31, 2024, the minimum retained earnings requirement was approximately $840 million, based on mitigating quantifiable risks under very stressed business and market scenarios to a 99 percent confidence level. At the end of 2024, our retained earnings totaled $1.8 billion. We believe the current amount of retained earnings is fully sufficient to protect our capital stock against impairment risk and to provide for dividend stability.
Joint Capital Agreement to Augment Retained Earnings
The FHLBanks entered into a Joint Capital Enhancement Agreement (the Capital Agreement) in 2011. The Capital Agreement provides that each FHLBank will, on a quarterly basis, allocate at least 20 percent of its net income to a restricted retained earnings account (the Account) until the balance of the Account, calculated as of the last day of each calendar quarter, equals at least one percent of that FHLBank's average balance of outstanding Consolidated Obligations for the calendar quarter. The Account is not available to be distributed as dividends except under certain limited circumstances. The Capital Agreement does not limit our ability to use retained earnings held outside of the Account to pay dividends. Although we have always maintained compliance with our capital requirements, we believe the Capital Agreement enhances risk mitigation by building a larger capital buffer over time to absorb unexpected losses, if any, that we may experience.
USE OF DERIVATIVES
Finance Agency regulations and our policies establish guidelines for the execution and use of derivative transactions. We are prohibited from trading in, or the speculative use of, derivatives and have limits on the amount of credit risk to which we may be exposed. Most of our derivatives activity involves interest rate swaps, some of which may include options. We account for all derivatives at fair value.
Similar to our participation in debt issuances, use of derivatives is integral to hedging market risk created by Advances, certain longer-term fixed-rate investments and mortgage assets, including commitments. Derivatives related to Advances most commonly hedge either:
▪below-market rates and/or the market risk exposure on Putable Advances, and certain other Advances, for which members have sold us options embedded within the Advances; or
▪Regular Fixed-Rate Advances when it may not be as advantageous to issue Obligations or when it may improve our market risk management.
We hedge market risk exposure related to investments by entering into interest rate swaps, which effectively converts fixed-rate investments to adjustable-rate investments.
The derivatives we transact related to mortgage loans are designed to hedge interest rate risk and prepayment risk. Such derivatives include options on interest rates swaps (swaptions) and sales of to-be-announced MBS for forward settlement.
Derivatives transactions related to Bonds help us intermediate between the preference of capital market investors for intermediate- and long-term fixed-rate debt securities and the preference of our members for shorter-term or adjustable-rate Advances. We can satisfy the preferences of both groups by issuing long-term fixed-rate Bonds and entering into an interest rate swap that synthetically converts the Bonds to an adjustable-rate funding basis that matches up with the short-term and adjustable-rate Advances, thereby preserving a favorable interest rate spread.
We may also transact derivatives to reduce the repricing risk of Discount Notes that fund certain overnight and shorter-term assets.
Use of derivatives can result in a substantial amount of volatility of accounting and economic earnings. Overall, in a stable market environment, we target a low amount of earnings volatility from gains and losses on derivatives. However, we accept a higher amount of earnings volatility from gains and losses on derivatives, to the extent our use of derivatives effectively hedges market risk exposure.
COMPETITION
Advances
Members' demand for our Advances is affected by, among other things, the cost of other sources of funding available, including our members' customer deposits. We compete with other suppliers of wholesale funding, both secured and unsecured, including the federal government, commercial banks, investment banking divisions of commercial banks, brokered deposits and other FHLBanks when our members' affiliated institutions are members of other FHLBanks. In addition, competition is often more significant when originating Advances to larger members, which have greater access to the national and global capital markets.
Our ability to compete successfully with other suppliers of wholesale funding, including other FHLBanks, depends primarily on the total cost of Advances to members, which include the rates we charge, earnings and dividend performance, collateral policies, capital stock requirements, product features and members' perceptions of our relative safety and soundness. See Item 1A. Risk Factors below for further discussion.
Mortgage Purchase Program
The primary competitors for mortgage loans we purchase in the MPP are Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, government agencies such as the Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae), and other secondary mortgage market conduits. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, in particular, are the dominant purchasers of fixed-rate conventional mortgages. In addition, a number of private financial institutions have securitization programs as well. The MPP also competes with the Federal Reserve to the extent it purchases MBS and affects market prices and the availability of supply.
Debt Issuance
The FHLBank System primarily competes with the U.S. government and other GSEs for funds raised through the issuance of unsecured debt in the national and global debt markets. Increases in the supply of competing debt products may, in the absence of increases in demand, result in higher debt costs.
HOUSING FINANCE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Housing and Community Investment Programs
We support affordable housing, necessary housing repairs, disaster reconstruction and home ownership for very low- to moderate-income individuals through multiple programs across Kentucky, Ohio and Tennessee. By using our programs individually or in combination, our members and their community partners can create economically competitive solutions that contribute to the quality of life in the communities they serve. We have an Affordable Housing Advisory Council that advises the Board of Directors and management on affordable housing and economic development needs within our district and other related issues as requested.
Our Housing and Community Investment Programs include the Affordable Housing Program (AHP) and various housing and community economic development-related Advance and grant programs. We fund the AHP with an accrual equal to 10 percent of our previous year's net earnings, mandated by the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989. In addition to the mandated 10 percent accrual, the Board of Directors may elect to make voluntary contributions to the AHP. See Note 10 of the Notes to Financial Statements for a complete description of the AHP calculation.
The AHP provides funding for the development of affordable housing, from large rental complexes that provide homes to seniors to individual homes for first-time homebuyers. The Program consists of a Competitive Program and a homeownership program called Welcome Home, which assists homebuyers with down payments and closing costs. Under the Competitive Program, we may distribute funds in the form of grants or below-market rate Advances to members that apply and successfully compete in an annual offering. Under Welcome Home, we make funds available beginning in the first quarter of each year until they have been fully committed. For both programs, the income of qualifying individuals or households must be 80 percent or less of the area median income. We set aside up to 35 percent of the AHP accrual for Welcome Home and allocate the remainder to the Competitive Program.
Two other housing programs that fall outside of the AHP are the Community Investment Program and the Economic Development Program. Advances under the former program have rates equal to our cost of funds, while Advances under the latter program have rates equal to our cost of funds plus reasonable administrative costs. Members use the Community Investment Program to serve housing needs of low- and moderate-income households and, under certain conditions, community economic development projects. Examples of Community Investment Program Advance uses are converting commercial buildings into low-income rentals, developing condominiums for underserved senior citizens, creating living centers for at-risk veterans, and other projects. The Economic Development Program is a discounted Advance program used to promote economic development and job creation and retention.
In addition to the statutory AHP assessment, the Board of Directors may elect to make voluntary contributions to the AHP or other housing and community investment activities. In 2024, we committed to making voluntary contributions representing at least five percent of our earnings in support of affordable housing and community investment initiatives. During 2024, we offered four voluntary housing programs, the Carol M. Peterson (CMP) Housing Fund, the Rise Up program, the Disaster Reconstruction Program and the Zero Interest Fund. In 2024, the FHLB disbursed $15 million through the CMP Housing Fund. In January 2025, the Board authorized $10 million for the CMP Housing Fund for use in 2025. These funds are primarily offered as grants to low-income homeowners to pay for accessibility rehabilitation and emergency repairs for those who have special needs or are over age 60. The Rise Up program disbursed $6 million during 2024. This program offered grants of $25,000 for down payment, closing costs, and principal reduction assistance for first-generation homebuyers who were purchasing their first home in Franklin County, Ohio. The Disaster Reconstruction Program disbursed approximately $1 million in 2024 to help very low- to moderate-income families whose homes were impacted by fires, tornadoes, flooding, landslides or other state or federally declared natural disasters in the Fifth District. The program offers up to $20,000 to help repair and rebuild homes affected by disasters and $10,000 for displaced renters to purchase homes. The Zero Interest Fund, a $2 million revolving loan fund, provides loans with a zero percent interest rate to support upfront infrastructure costs on residential and economic development projects. We continue to evaluate our voluntary housing programs and may add new programs in 2025 to further support the housing and community investment needs within the Fifth District.
Serving the Community
We offer a range of opportunities for our employees to connect and grow personally and professionally through educational opportunities, employee resource groups, community outreach, fundraising campaigns and volunteer opportunities that support and give back to our local communities. Our corporate outreach and development efforts in 2024 included participation in or donations to various organizations including Cincinnati USA Regional Chamber, Special Olympics, the YWCA of Greater Cincinnati, the YWCA of Knoxville, the United Way Campaign, the Cincinnati Wish Tree Program, African American Chamber of Commerce, Artswave, Heart Mini-Marathon and Walk sponsored by the American Heart Association, Adopt-A Class, Habitat for Humanity, Vietnamese Student Association, City Gospel Mission, Autism Connections Cincinnati, ORANCO River Clean Up, Freestore Foodbank, and Welcome House of Northern Kentucky.
HUMAN CAPITAL RESOURCES
Our human capital is a significant contributor to the success of our strategic business objectives. In managing human capital, we focus on our workforce profile and the various programs and philosophies described below.
Workforce Profile
Our workforce is primarily comprised of corporate employees, with one location of principal operations. As of December 31, 2024, we had 274 employees. Our workforce is leanly staffed, and historically has included a number of longer-tenured employees. As of December 31, 2024, the average tenure of our employees was nine years. We strive to both develop talent from within the organization and supplement with external hires. Developing talent internally results in institutional strength and continuity and promotes loyalty and commitment in our employee base, which furthers our success. However, adding new employees contributes to new ideas, continuous improvement, and our goals of an inclusive workforce. We encourage feedback from employees through third party surveys, internal surveys and a dedicated email address to send in questions or comments for review by the Chief Executive Officer. Our employees are not represented by a collective bargaining unit.
Total Rewards
We seek to attract, develop and retain talented employees. We strive to achieve this objective through a combination of development programs, benefits and employee wellness programs, and recognizing and rewarding performance. Specifically, our programs include:
▪Cash compensation - provides competitive salary and performance based incentives.
▪Benefits - offers health insurance with a health savings account contribution, dental and vision insurance, life and AD&D insurance, supplemental life insurance, short-term disability, long-term disability insurance, dependent care and transportation reimbursement programs, employee assistance program, 401(k) retirement savings plan with employer match, and defined benefit pension benefits. Beginning January 1, 2024, the 401(k) retirement savings plan includes non-elective retirement contributions and the defined benefit pension plan was closed to new entrants.
▪Recognition programs - sponsors peer-to-peer recognition program, department recognition program and company-wide recognition.
▪Time off programs - provides paid time off for any reason (vacation, illness, personal) and other paid leave programs for bereavement, jury duty, and for times when caring for a sick family member, bonding with a newborn or recovering from childbirth.
▪Work / life balance - provides flexible work arrangements and scheduling including allowing a hybrid work arrangement where employees may work up to three days per week from home and two days in the office. Additional flexibility is provided through our "Work from Anywhere" weeks, which allow employees to work fully remote for a limited number of weeks in the year.
▪Culture - promotes employee resource groups and various cultural and inclusion initiatives.
▪Development programs and training - offers tuition assistance programs, internal educational and development opportunities, and fee reimbursement for external educational and development programs.
▪Management succession planning - assesses talent annually with our leadership and Board of Directors with, at a minimum, a defined plan for positions at Vice President and above.
Office of Minority and Women Inclusion
We are required by federal statute (12 U.S.C. § 4520) and Finance Agency regulations to have an Office of Minority and Women Inclusion. Our Office of Minority and Women Inclusion officer is a member of the senior management team reporting to the President and Chief Executive Officer, who then acts as a liaison to the Board of Directors. As required by applicable law, we operationalize our commitment to the principles of equal opportunity in employment and contracting through the development and execution of a three-year strategic plan, and we report regularly on our performance to management and the Board of Directors. We offer a range of educational opportunities, and we support connections and belonging as well as the personal and professional growth of our workforce.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
The following discussion summarizes risks and uncertainties we currently face. The realization of one or more of the risks could negatively affect our results of operations, financial condition, safety and soundness, and, at the extreme, the viability of our business franchise. The effects could include reductions in Mission Assets and Activities, lower earnings and dividends, and, at the extreme, impair our capital or hinder our ability to participate in issuances of Consolidated Obligations. The risks identified below are not the only risks we face. Other risks not presently known or which we deem to be currently immaterial may also impact our business. Additionally, the risks identified may adversely affect our business in ways we do not expect or anticipate.
BUSINESS AND REGULATORY RISK
A prolonged downturn in the economy, including the U.S. housing market, and related U.S. government monetary policy responses, could lower Mission Assets and Activities and profitability.
Member demand for Mission Assets and Activities depends in large part on the general health of the economy and overall business conditions. Numerous external factors can affect our Mission Assets and Activities and earnings including:
▪the general state and trends of the economy and financial institutions, especially in the Fifth District;
▪conditions in the financial, credit, mortgage, and housing markets;
▪interest rates;
▪Federal Reserve actions to influence the Fed funds rate or use its balance sheet to influence financial markets and economic conditions;
▪competitive alternatives to our products, such as retail deposits and other sources of wholesale funding;
▪inflation;
▪regulations affecting our members' liquidity requirements;
▪the willingness and ability of financial institutions to expand lending; and
▪natural disasters, pandemics or other widespread health emergencies, terrorist attacks, cyberattacks, civil unrest, geopolitical instability or conflicts, trade disruptions, economic or other sanctions, or other unanticipated or catastrophic events could create economic and financial disruptions and uncertainties.
These external factors are likely to have a more severe impact if a prolonged economic downturn is accompanied by significant changes in interest rates, stresses in the housing market, elevated competitive forces, or actual or potential changes in the legislative and regulatory environment. Any of these factors, or a combination of factors, could adversely affect our business activities and results of operations and may ultimately cause stockholders to request redemption of a portion of their capital or request withdrawal from membership (both referred to in this report as “request withdrawal of capital”).
Historically, overall Advance demand has been unfavorably affected when a substantial amount of deposit-based liquidity is provided to financial institutions through the monetary and fiscal policies of the U.S. government and its agencies, including the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve’s policies directly and indirectly influence interest rates on our assets and liabilities and could adversely affect the demand for Advances and Consolidated Obligations as well as our financial condition and results of operations. See "Executive Overview" in Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for additional information on recent market activity.
The competitive environment for our products could adversely affect business activities, including decreasing the level and utilization rates of Mission Assets and Activities, earnings, and capitalization.
We provide liquidity to our members by making Advances to, and purchasing mortgage loans from, our members. Members have access to alternative funding sources, including their customers' deposits, wholesale funding and other liquidity programs of the Federal Reserve. Some of our competitors are not subject to the same body of regulations applicable to us, which may enable those competitors to offer products with more favorable terms than we offer, such as
lower rates or more flexible credit or collateral standards. In addition, state and federal regulators’ perception of the stability and reliability of our Advances can also directly impact the amount of Advances used by members.
In connection with purchasing mortgage loans from our members, we face competition in the areas of customer service, purchase prices for the MPP loans and ancillary services such as automated underwriting and loan servicing options. Our primary competitors are Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, government agencies such as Ginnie Mae, and other secondary mortgage market conduits.
Increased competition could decrease the amount of Advances and mortgage loans and narrow profitability, both of which could cause stockholders to request withdrawals of capital and ultimately result in a failure to meet our capital adequacy requirements.
In addition, the FHLBank System's offerings of debt compete with the U.S. Treasury, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, other GSEs, and corporate, state, and sovereign entities, among others. Increases in the supply and types of competing debt products or other regulatory factors could adversely affect the System's ability to access funding or increase the cost of our debt issuance. Either of these effects could in turn adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations and the value of FHLB membership.
Sharp reductions in Mission Assets and Activities resulting from lower usage by large members, consolidation of large members, or continued shift in mortgage lending activities towards entities not eligible for FHLB membership could adversely impact our net income and dividends.
The amount of Mission Assets and Activities and capital is concentrated among a small number of our large members. As the financial industry continues to consolidate into a smaller number of institutions, this could lead to further concentration of Advances to and capital with large members and a decrease in our number of members. If Advances are concentrated in a smaller number of members, our risk of loss resulting from a single event could become greater. Loss of members or decreased business activities with large members due to withdrawal from membership, acquisition by a non-member, or failure could also result in a reduction of our Mission Assets and Activities, capital, and net income. Our business model is structured to be able to absorb sharp changes in Mission Assets and Activities because we can undertake commensurate reductions in liability balances and capital and because of our relatively modest operating expenses. However, an extremely large and sustained reduction in Mission Assets and Activities could affect our profitability and ability to pay competitive dividends, as well as, at the FHLBank System level, raise policy questions about the relevance of the FHLBank System in its traditional mission of supporting housing finance. Ultimately, our ongoing viability and that of the FHLBank System is subject to the ability to provide sufficient membership value through the combination of products, services and return on investment of capital stock.
Additionally, in recent years there has been a systemic trend of financial institutions that are currently ineligible for FHLB membership gaining an increasing market share, especially related to mortgage finance. However, the legislative and regulatory environment faced by the FHLBanks has not changed in response to this trend. As non-bank financial institutions that are currently ineligible for membership continue to play an increasing role in mortgage origination, we could experience a decrease in demand for Advances or a decrease in volume of mortgage loans available for purchase from our members, which could negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Changes in the legislative and regulatory environment could unfavorably affect our business model, financial condition, and results of operations.
In addition to potential GSE reform, the legislative, federal executive administration and regulatory environment in which the System operates continues to undergo change and could experience significant volatility. We cannot predict when or what regulations will be issued or revised or what legislation will be enacted or repealed, and we cannot predict the effect of any such regulations or legislation on our business operations and/or financial condition. Recently-promulgated and future legislative and regulatory actions could result in, among other things: an increase in our cost of funding and regulatory compliance; a change in membership or permissible business activities; additional capital and liquidity requirements; additional contributions under our AHP; reduced demand for Advances or limitation on Advances made to members (including changes relating to credit underwriting standards and member credit risk management requirements); or a change in the size, scope, or nature of our lending, investment, or mortgage financing activities. Furthermore, since we are reliant upon a voluntary membership base, a member’s willingness to maintain the required level of capital stock investment may be influenced by changes in the legislative and regulatory environment.
For example, the Finance Agency issued the “FHLBank System at 100: Focusing on the Future” report (System at 100 Report) in November 2023, which is a potential source of important regulatory changes. The report focuses on the FHLBank System's: (i) mission; (ii) role as a stable and reliable source of liquidity; (iii) role in housing and community development; and (iv) operational efficiency, structure and governance. The report is discussed in greater detail in the "Legislative and Regulatory Developments - Finance Agency’s Review and Analysis of the FHLBank System" section of the "Executive Overview" in Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
We are not able to predict what changes, if any, will ultimately result from the Finance Agency's recommendations in the report nor are we able to predict the extent or timing of such changes, particularly in light of the changes in the Finance Agency’s leadership and potential changes in the regulatory environment. Any such changes as well as any resulting increased scrutiny of us and the FHLBank System and our mission and activities could materially affect our business operations, results of operations and reputation, and the value of FHLBank membership.
See the "Legislative and Regulatory Developments" section of the "Executive Overview" in Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for additional information about recent legislative and regulatory developments.
Potential GSE reform could unfavorably affect our business model, financial condition, and results of operations.
Due to our GSE status, the ultimate resolution to the conservatorship of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac could affect the FHLBanks. While there appears to be consensus that a permanent financial and political solution to the current conservatorship status should be implemented, no consensus has evolved to date around any of the various legislative proposals. Some policy proposals directed towards Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have included provisions applicable to the FHLBank System, such as limitations on Advances and portfolio investments. Other proposals have included broader changes in GSE mortgage finance, such as the FHLBank System being a greater participant in the secondary mortgage market, which could affect the FHLBank System's long-standing business model.
There are significant differences between the FHLBank System and Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, including the System's focus on lending as opposed to guaranteeing mortgages and its distinctive cooperative business model. GSE legislation could inadequately account for these differences. This could jeopardize the ability of the FHLBank System to continue operating effectively within its current business model, including by adversely changing the perceptions of the capital markets about the risk associated with the debt of housing GSEs. This change in the perception of risk generally, or any actual or perceived competitive advantage to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac arising from the ultimate resolution to their conservatorship, could adversely affect our funding costs, access to funding, competitive position, and financial condition and results of operations.
Failure to meet minimum capital adequacy requirements mandated by Finance Agency regulations and supervisory guidance could affect our ability to pay dividends or repurchase or redeem members' capital stock, which may cause a decrease in demand for Advances or difficulties in retaining existing members and attracting new members.
To ensure safe and sound operations, we must hold a minimum amount of capital relative to our asset levels. Additionally, we must also hold a sufficient amount of retained earnings to help protect members' capital stock investment against impairment risk. If we are unable to satisfy our minimum capital requirements, we would be subject to capital restoration requirements. Until the minimum capital levels have been restored, we would also be prohibited from paying dividends and redeeming or repurchasing capital stock without prior approval from the Finance Agency, which could adversely affect the value of membership in our company. For example, the competitiveness of our Advances depends on the total cost to members, which includes the rates we charge, dividends paid, and members' perceptions of our relative safety and soundness, among other things. Therefore, outcomes of failing to meet capital adequacy requirements may include reduced demand for Advances, decreased profitability, or difficulty in retaining members or attracting new members.
MARKET AND LIQUIDITY RISK
Changes in interest rates and mortgage prepayment speeds (together referred to as market risk exposure or interest rate risk exposure) could significantly affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Exposure of earnings to unhedged changes in interest rates and mortgage prepayment speeds is a source of residual risk. We derive most of our income from the interest earned on assets less the interest paid on Consolidated Obligations and deposits used to fund the assets. Spreads on our assets tend to be narrow compared to those of many other financial institutions due to our cooperative business model. Market conditions, yield curve shape, competitive forces, and market risk exposure could cause these already narrow asset spreads to decline, which could substantially reduce our profitability. A key spread relationship is that we tend to utilize Consolidated Discount Notes to fund a significant amount of assets that have adjustable-rates tied to a benchmark interest rate, such as SOFR. Because rates on Discount Notes do not perfectly correlate with other adjustable benchmark interest rates, a narrowing of this spread, for example from investors changing perceptions about the quality of our debt, could lower income and reduce balances of Mission Assets and Activities.
We hedge mortgage assets with a combination of Consolidated Obligations and derivatives transactions. Interest rate movements can lower profitability in two primary ways: 1) directly due to their impact on earnings from cash flow mismatches between assets and liabilities; and 2) indirectly via their impact on prepayment speeds on our MBS investments and mortgages purchased under our MPP, which can unfavorably affect the cash flow mismatches. The effects on income can also include acceleration in the amortization of purchased premiums on mortgage assets.
Although we mitigate a large portion of our market risk exposure, a residual amount of market risk normally remains after incorporating risk management activities. Sharp increases or decreases in interest rates could adversely affect us and our stockholders by making dividend rates less competitive relative to the returns available to members on alternative investments.
In some extremely stressful scenarios, changes in interest rates and prepayment speeds could result in dividends being below stockholders' expectations for an extended period of time and/or market capitalization ratios falling below par, which could indicate potential impairment of member stock. In such a situation, members could engage in less Mission Assets and Activities and could request a withdrawal of capital. See "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Risk Management" in Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for additional information about market risk exposure.
Impaired access to the capital markets for debt issuance could decrease the amount of Mission Assets and Activities, lower earnings by raising debt costs and, at the extreme, prevent the System from meeting its financial obligations.
Our principal long-term source of funding, liquidity, and market risk management is through access on acceptable terms to the capital markets for participation in the issuances of debt securities and execution of derivative transactions at prices and yields that are adequate to support our business model. Our ability to obtain funds through the sale of Consolidated Obligations depends in part on prevailing conditions in the capital markets, particularly the short-term capital markets, because we and the System normally have a large reliance on short-term funding. The System's strong debt ratings, the implicit U.S. government backing of our debt, strong investor demand for FHLBank System debt, and effective funding management are instrumental in ensuring satisfactory access to the capital markets.
We are exposed to liquidity risk if significant disruptions in the capital markets occur. Although the System has been able to maintain access to the capital markets for debt issuances on acceptable terms in its history, there is no assurance this will continue to be the case. Our ability to effectively access the capital markets on acceptable terms could be adversely affected by external events (such as general economic and financial instabilities, political instability, wars, natural disasters, pandemics or other widespread health emergencies, civil unrest or other unanticipated or catastrophic events), deterioration in the perception of financial market participants about the financial strength of Consolidated Obligations, or downgrades to the System's credit ratings or the U.S. sovereign credit rating or outlook. For example, a failure by the U.S. Congress to adequately address its statutory debt limit in a timely manner, or uncertainty relating to the debt limit, could result in additional downgrades to the U.S. sovereign credit rating or outlook and cause significant disruptions in the capital markets. The System could also be affected by the continued changes in the capital markets in response to financial regulations and by the joint and several liability for Consolidated Obligations, which exposes the System as a whole to
events at individual FHLBanks. If access to capital markets were to be impaired for an extended period, the effect on our financial condition and results of operations could be material. At the extreme, the System's ability to achieve its mission and satisfy its financial obligations could be threatened.
CREDIT RISK
We are exposed to credit risk that, if realized, could materially affect our financial condition and results of operations.
We are exposed to credit risk as part of our normal business operations through funding Advances, purchasing mortgage loans and investments, extending other credit products, such as Letters of Credit, and transacting derivatives.
Advances and Letters of Credit are over-collateralized and we have a perfected security interest on all pledged collateral. However, we do not have full information on the characteristics of, nor do we estimate current market values on, a large portion of non-securities collateral subject to a blanket pledge. This results in a degree of uncertainty as to the precise amount of over-collateralization.
Our MPP consists of mortgage loans considered to have high credit quality and conservative underwriting and loan characteristics with additional credit enhancements in place designed to protect us against credit losses. The result has been a minimal amount of credit losses historically.
Although Advances and Letters of Credit are over-collateralized and mortgage loans in the MPP are of high credit quality with various credit enhancements, credit risk could increase under a number adverse scenarios, such as damage or destruction of collateral that members pledge to secure Credit Services or mortgages that we hold in the MPP as a result of natural disasters, which may be caused by the effects of climate change or other catastrophic events. Significant declines in the value of collateral pledged to secure Credit Services could lead to greater exposure to credit losses in the event of a member default. Additionally, significant and sustained reductions in home prices and sustained elevated levels of unemployment and other factors that influence delinquencies and defaults could increase the risk of credit losses in the MPP.
Some of our liquidity investments and portions of certain derivatives are unsecured. We make unsecured liquidity investments in and transact derivatives with highly rated, investment-grade institutions, have conservative limits on dollar and maturity exposure to each institution, and have strong credit underwriting practices. Failure of an investment or derivative counterparty with which we have a large unsecured position could have a material adverse effect on our financial conditions and results of operations. To the extent we engage in derivative transactions required to be cleared under provisions of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act), we may be exposed to nonperformance from central clearinghouses and Futures Commission Merchants.
Financial institutions are increasingly inter-related as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty, and other relationships. As a result, actual or potential defaults of one or more financial institutions could lead to market-wide disruptions that could impact our financial condition or results of operations and make it difficult for us to find qualified counterparties for transactions.
Financial difficulties at other FHLBanks could require us to provide financial assistance to another FHLBank, which could adversely affect our results of operations or our financial condition.
Each FHLBank has a joint and several liability for principal and interest payments on Consolidated Obligations, which are backed only by the financial resources of the FHLBanks. Although no FHLBank has ever defaulted on its principal or interest share of an Obligation, there can be no assurance that this will continue to be the case. Financial performance issues could require our FHLB to provide financial assistance to one or more other FHLBanks, for example, by making a payment on an Obligation on behalf of another FHLBank. Such assistance could adversely affect our financial condition, earnings, ability to pay dividends, or ability to redeem or repurchase capital stock.
OPERATIONAL RISK
Failures or interruptions of the Office of Finance's services could disrupt the ability to conduct and manage our business.
The Office of Finance is a joint office of the FHLBanks established to facilitate the issuance and servicing of Consolidated Obligations, which are the principal source of funding for the FHLBanks. The Office of Finance relies heavily on its information systems and technology for its operations. A failure or interruption of the Office of Finance's services as a result of breaches, cyberattacks, system malfunctions, disruptions or failures (including those associated with implementing technology initiatives), natural disasters, or other technological risks could negatively affect the business operations of each FHLBank, including disruptions to the FHLBanks' access to funding through the sale of Consolidated Obligations. Although the Office of Finance has business continuity and security incident response plans in place, our business operations could be constrained, disrupted or otherwise negatively affected if the Office of Finance was not able to perform its functions for a period of time.
Failures or interruptions in our information systems and other technologies and our reliance on third-party vendors could harm our financial condition, results of operations, reputation, and relations with members.
As a financial institution, we rely heavily on internal and third-party information systems and other technology to manage our business, including the secure processing, storage and transmission of confidential borrower and financial information in computer systems and networks. For instance, due to our reliance on the book-entry system of the Federal Reserve Banks for debt issuance and servicing operations, we depend on them and their fiscal agent, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and one or more settlement agents to issue and make payments of principal and interest on Consolidated Obligations. Failures in information systems and other technologies could occur from human error, fraud, cyberattacks, errors or misuse of systems and services we employ, failures to follow established protocols, lapses in operating processes, or natural or man-made disasters. Also, if key technology platforms become obsolete, if we fail to keep pace with technological changes or innovation, including artificial intelligence, or if we experience disruptions, our results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
Computer systems, software and networks are increasingly more vulnerable to failures and interruptions from cyberattacks, which may include breaches, unauthorized access, misuse, computer viruses or other malicious or destructive code (such as ransomware) and other events against information owned by our company and customers. These failures and interruptions could jeopardize the confidentiality or integrity of information, or otherwise cause interruptions or malfunctions in operations. Cyberattacks, in particular those on financial institutions and financial market infrastructures, have become more frequent, sophisticated, and increasingly difficult to detect or prevent, including as a result of the increased capabilities of artificial intelligence and other emerging technologies that may be used maliciously. It could take considerable time for us to determine the scope, extent, amount, and type of information compromised under a cyberattack. Additionally, threats of cyber terrorism, external extremist parties, including state-sponsored actors, result in heightened risk exposure. These threats may increase as a result of geopolitical conflicts. We can make no assurance that we will be able to prevent, timely and adequately address, or mitigate failures, interruptions, or cyberattacks in information systems and other technology. If we experience a failure, interruption, or cyberattack in any of these systems, we may be unable to effectively conduct or manage business activities, operating processes, and risk management, which could significantly harm customer relations, our reputation, and operating costs, potentially resulting in material adverse effects on our financial condition and results of operations. We may not be able to foresee, prevent, mitigate, reverse or repair the negative effects of such failures, interruptions, cyberattacks, or cyber terrorism.
We rely on financial models to manage certain risks, support business decisions, and for accounting and reporting purposes. The impact of financial models and the underlying assumptions used could have an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
We make significant use of financial models for managing risk. For example, we use models to measure and monitor exposures to interest rate and other market risks, including prepayment risk and credit risk. We also use models to determine the fair value of financial instruments for accounting and reporting purposes when independent price quotations are not available or reliable. The information provided by models is also used in making business decisions relating to strategies, initiatives, transactions, and products. We have adopted policies, procedures, controls and perform regular validations to manage the use of these models. However, models are inherently imperfect predictors of actual results because they are based on assumptions about future performance. Changes in models or in the assumptions, judgments, or estimates used may cause the results generated by a model to be materially different. If the results are not reliable due to
inaccurate assumptions, judgments, or estimates, we could make poor business decisions, including asset and liability management, or other decisions, which could result in an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
Natural disasters, including those resulting from significant climate change, could adversely affect our business and our members’ businesses.
Natural disasters, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, wild fires, and droughts may impact our operations or our members’ businesses. Climate change is increasing the frequency, intensity and duration of these weather events. These natural disasters, including those resulting from significant climate change, could destroy or damage facilities or other properties (such as collateral that members have pledged to secure Advances or mortgages), disrupt business, increase the probability of power or other outages, or otherwise cause significant economic dislocation in the affected regions. Any of these situations may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Our financial condition and results of operations could suffer if we are unable to hire and retain skilled key personnel.
We rely on key personnel for many of our functions and have a relatively small workforce, given the size and complexity of our business. The success of our mission depends, in large part, on the ability to attract and retain key personnel. We must continue to recruit, retain and motivate a qualified pool of employees, both to maintain our current business, and to execute strategic initiatives. Failure to attract and retain skilled key personnel or ineffective succession planning related to key personnel could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Item 2. Properties.
Our primary offices are located in approximately 79,000 square feet of leased space in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio. We also maintain a leased, fully functioning, back-up facility in suburban Cincinnati. We believe that our facilities are in good condition, well maintained, and adequate for our current needs.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
From time to time, we are subject to various legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business. Management does not anticipate that the ultimate liability, if any, arising out of these matters will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
By law our stock is not publicly traded, and only our members (and former members with a withdrawal notice pending) may own our stock. The par value of our capital stock is $100 per share. As of February 28, 2025, we had 614 member and former member stockholders and approximately 50 million shares of capital stock outstanding, all of which were Class B Stock.
Generally, the Board of Directors has discretion to declare or not declare dividends and to determine the rate of any dividend declared. Our policy states that dividends for a quarter are declared and paid from retained earnings after the close of a calendar quarter and are based on average stock balances for the then closed quarter. The Board of Directors' decision to declare dividends is influenced by the financial condition, overall financial performance and retained earnings of the FHLB, and actual and anticipated developments in the overall economic and financial environment including interest rates and the mortgage and credit markets. The dividend rate is generally referenced as a spread to average short-term interest rates experienced during the quarter to help assess a competitive level for our stockholders. In 2024, 2023, and 2022 we declared quarterly cash dividends.
We may not declare a dividend if, at the time, we are not in compliance with all of our capital requirements. We also may not declare or pay a dividend if, after distributing the dividend, we would fail to meet any of our capital requirements or if we determine that the dividend would create a safety and soundness issue for the FHLB. See Note 11 of the Notes to the Financial Statements for additional information regarding our capital stock.
RECENT SALES OF UNREGISTERED SECURITIES
We provide Letters of Credit in the ordinary course of business to support members' obligations issued in support of unaffiliated, third-party offerings of notes, bonds or other securities. We provided $51 million, $92 million, and $11 million of such credit support during 2024, 2023, and 2022. To the extent that these Letters of Credit are securities for purposes of the Securities Act of 1933, their issuance is exempt from registration pursuant to Section 3(a)(2) thereof.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Item 6. [Reserved].

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
This discussion and analysis of the FHLB's financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the Financial Statements and related Notes to Financial Statements contained in this Form 10-K.
EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW
During 2024, we delivered on our dual mission of providing access to ongoing liquidity funding to member financial institutions and expanding support for affordable housing and community investment. We continue to monitor the changing economic landscape and are committed to assisting members in meeting their funding needs.
We maintained strong profitability, which enabled us to bolster capital adequacy by increasing retained earnings, to pay a competitive dividend rate to stockholders, and to make meaningful contributions to affordable housing. We exceeded all minimum regulatory capital and liquidity requirements, and we were able to fund operations through the issuance of Consolidated Obligations at acceptable interest costs. Additionally, overall residual credit risk exposure from our Credit Services, mortgage loan portfolio, investments, and derivative transactions has remained de minimis. Likewise, our market risk measures continue to be within our risk appetite.
Mission Assets and Activities
Primary Mission Assets (i.e., principal balances of Advances and mortgage loans held for portfolio) and Supplemental Mission Activities (i.e., Letters of Credit, Mandatory Delivery Contracts and standby bond purchase agreements) are the principal business activities by which we fulfill our mission with direct connections to members and what we refer to as Mission Assets and Activities. We regularly monitor our level of Mission Assets and Activities. One measure we use to assess mission achievement is our Primary Mission Asset ratio, which measures the sum of average Advances and mortgage loans as a percentage of average Consolidated Obligations (adjusted for certain high-quality liquid assets, as permitted by regulation). In 2024, the Primary Mission Asset ratio averaged 75 percent, above the Finance Agency's preferred ratio of 70 percent. In assessing overall mission achievement, we also consider supplemental sources of Mission Assets and Activities, the most significant of which is Letters of Credit issued for the benefit of members.
The following table summarizes our Mission Assets and Activities.
Year Ended December 31,
Ending Balances Average Balances
(In millions) 2024 2023 2024 2023
Primary Mission Assets (1):
Advances $ 79,545 $ 73,638 $ 74,669 $ 83,678
Mortgage loans held for portfolio 7,093 6,960 7,032 6,917
Total Primary Mission Assets $ 86,638 $ 80,598 $ 81,701 $ 90,595
Supplemental Mission Activities (2):
Letters of Credit (notional) $ 48,915 $ 47,098 $ 47,458 $ 43,775
Mandatory Delivery Contracts (notional) 26 101 60 62
Standby bond purchase agreements (notional) - - - 1
Total Supplemental Mission Activities $ 48,941 $ 47,199 $ 47,518 $ 43,838
(1)Amounts represent principal balances.
(2)Amounts represent off-balance sheet commitments.
Advance principal balances increased $5.9 billion (eight percent) from year-end 2023 given depository members' strong demand for liquidity. However, average principal Advance balances for 2024 decreased $9.0 billion (11 percent) compared to 2023. Average Advance balances were higher for 2023 as member demand increased in March 2023 in response to the turmoil in the banking industry and financial markets. Most of these Advances had matured or were prepaid by the end of 2023.
Advance balances are often volatile given our members' ability to quickly, normally on the same day, increase or decrease the amount of their Advances. We believe that a key benefit of membership comes from our business model as a wholesale lender GSE, which provides members flexibility in their Advance funding levels and helps support their asset-liability management needs. We act as a reliable source of funding for our members. Our business model is designed to support significant changes in asset levels without having to undergo material changes in staffing, operations, risk practices, or general resource needs. A key reason for this scalability is that our Capital Plan provides for additional capital when Advances grow and the opportunity for us to retire capital when Advances decline, thereby acting to preserve competitive profitability.
MPP principal balances increased $0.1 billion (two percent) from the year-end 2023 balance. During 2024, we purchased $0.8 billion of mortgage loans, while principal reductions were $0.7 billion. Principal purchases and reductions in 2024 were limited due in large part to the elevated mortgage rate environment.
Letters of Credit increased $1.8 billion (four percent) from year-end 2023. Letters of Credit balances are primarily used by members to secure public unit deposits. We normally earn fees on Letters of Credit based on the actual average amount of the Letters utilized, which generally is less than the notional amount issued.
Affordable Housing and Community Investment
In addition to providing readily-available, competitively-priced sources of funds to members, one of our core missions is to support affordable housing and community investment. We are statutorily required to set aside a portion of our profits to support affordable housing each year. These funds assist members in serving very low-, low-, and moderate-income households and community economic development. Our net income for 2024 resulted in a statutory assessment of $68 million to the AHP pool of funds available to members in 2025.
In addition to the statutory AHP assessment, the Board of Directors may elect to make voluntary contributions to the AHP or other housing and community investment activities. In 2024, we committed to making voluntary contributions representing at least five percent of our earnings in support of affordable housing and community investment initiatives. These voluntary contributions are recorded in non-interest expense on the Statements of Income, which reduces net income before assessments, and, in turn, reduces the statutory AHP assessment each year. As such, in 2024, we committed to make supplemental voluntary contributions to the AHP by an amount that equals what the statutory AHP assessment would be in the absence of these effects. The table below provides a summary of our voluntary contribution commitment and fulfillment for the year ended December 31, 2024.
(Dollars in millions)
Year Ended December 31, 2024
Voluntary contribution commitment
$ 38
Voluntary contribution fulfillment
Fulfillment excess (shortfall)
$ -
Fulfillment, as a percentage of prior year net income subject to assessment, as adjusted
5 %
Voluntary contribution fulfillment
$ 38
Supplemental voluntary contributions to AHP
Total voluntary contributions, including supplemental contributions to AHP assessment
$ 42
Results of Operations
Our earnings over time reflect the combination of a stable business model and conservative management of risk. Key market driven factors that can cause significant periodic volatility in our profitability include changes in Mission Assets and Activities, the level of interest rates, changes in spreads between benchmark interest rates and our short-term funding costs, recognition of net amortization from accelerated prepayments of mortgage assets, fair value adjustments related to the use of derivatives and the associated hedged items, and general economic conditions. The table below summarizes our results of operations.
Year Ended December 31,
(Dollars in millions) 2024 2023 2022
Net income $ 608 $ 668 $ 252
Return on average equity (ROE) 9.48 % 9.63 % 4.78 %
Return on average assets 0.49 0.49 0.25
Weighted average dividend rate 9.00 7.60 4.31
Dividend payout ratio (1)
70.2 61.5 57.1
Average Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR)
5.14 5.01 1.65
ROE spread to average SOFR
4.34 4.62 3.13
Dividend rate spread to average SOFR
3.86 2.59 2.66
(1)Dividend payout ratio is dividends declared in the period as a percentage of net income.
Our profitability was strong in 2024, which enabled us to pay a competitive return to stockholders, make meaningful contributions to support affordable housing and community investment and grow capital by increasing retained earnings. However, net income decreased $60 million in 2024 compared to 2023 primarily due to lower spreads earned on mortgage loans held for portfolio, lower average Advance balances and increased voluntary housing and community investment contributions. Higher spreads earned on MBS partially offset some of the factors decreasing net income.
We strive to provide a competitive return on members' capital investment in our company through quarterly dividend payments. In December 2024, we paid stockholders a quarterly dividend at a 9.00 percent annualized rate on their capital investment in our company, which was 4.33 percentage points above the fourth quarter average SOFR. After we paid our quarterly dividend, retained earnings totaled $1.8 billion on December 31, 2024, an increase of 11 percent from year-end 2023. We believe the amount of retained earnings is sufficient to protect against members' impairment risk of their capital stock investment in the FHLB and to provide the opportunity to stabilize or increase future dividends.
Effect of Interest Rate Environment
Trends in market interest rates and the resulting shapes of the market yield curves strongly influence our results of operations and profitability because of how they affect members' demand for Mission Assets and Activities, spreads on assets, funding costs and decisions in managing the tradeoffs in our market risk/return profile. The following tables present key market interest rates (obtained from Bloomberg L.P.).
Year 2024
Year 2023
Year 2022
Ending Average Ending Average Ending Average
Federal funds effective
4.33 % 5.14 % 5.33 % 5.03 % 4.33 % 1.69 %
SOFR 4.49 5.14 5.38 5.01 4.30 1.65
2-year U.S. Treasury 4.24 4.38 4.25 4.60 4.43 2.98
10-year U.S. Treasury
4.57 4.21 3.88 3.96 3.88 2.95
15-year mortgage current coupon (1)
5.11 4.95 4.62 5.11 4.71 3.60
30-year mortgage current coupon (1)
5.83 5.59 5.25 5.62 5.39 4.25
Year 2024 by Quarter - Average
Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4
Federal funds effective 5.33 % 5.33 % 5.26 % 4.65 %
SOFR 5.31 5.32 5.27 4.67
2-year U.S. Treasury 4.49 4.84 4.05 4.16
10-year U.S. Treasury 4.15 4.45 3.95 4.28
15-year mortgage current coupon (1)
5.03 5.31 4.56 4.90
30-year mortgage current coupon (1)
5.61 5.90 5.24 5.60
(1) Current coupon rate of Fannie Mae par mortgage-backed securities (MBS) indications.
On December 31, 2024, the target overnight Federal funds rate was in the range of 4.25 to 4.50 percent, a decrease of 100 basis points from the range on December 31, 2023.
Average overnight rates were approximately 10 basis points higher in 2024 compared to the same period of 2023, while average mortgage rates decreased slightly. Our earnings from capital increased $4 million in 2024 because of the higher average short-term rates.
During 2024 and throughout 2023, the market risk exposure to changing interest rates was moderate and within policy limits. We believe that longer-term profitability will be competitive, unless interest rates were to increase significantly for a sustained period of time.
Legislative and Regulatory Developments
Certain significant legislative and regulatory actions and developments are summarized below.
General
The FHLBank System is subject to legislative and regulatory oversight. Legislative and regulatory actions applicable, directly or indirectly, to the FHLBank System have increased uncertainty regarding the business model and membership base under which the FHLBanks may operate in the future. This is due primarily to the uncertainty around potential actions related to the change in priorities under the new federal executive administration and Congress, the Finance Agency's review of the FHLBank System, future GSE reform, and the evolution of mortgage financing moving towards financial institutions currently not eligible for FHLBank membership. Certain early actions by the current federal executive administration suggest the FHLBank’s regulatory environment is changing. For example, on January 20, 2025, the new administration ordered all executive departments and agencies to, among other things, not propose or issue any rule until a department or agency head appointed or designated by the president reviews and approves the rule. This order applies to proposed rules, among other regulatory actions, including those discussed below. As a result, there is uncertainty with respect to the ultimate result of the impacted regulatory actions and their ultimate effects on us and the FHLBank System. Likewise, certain executive orders may impact the regulatory priorities of the federal regulators, including the Finance Agency.
We cannot predict the ultimate outcomes of these uncertainties, which could affect our business operations, results of operations and reputation. See Item 1A. Risk Factors for more discussion.
Finance Agency’s Review and Analysis of the FHLBank System
On November 7, 2023, the Finance Agency issued a written report titled “FHLBank System at 100: Focusing on the Future,” (System at 100 Report) presenting its review and analysis of the FHLBank System and the actions and recommendations that it plans to pursue in service of its vision for the future of the FHLBank System. The report focuses on four broad themes as part of a multi-year collaborative effort with the FHLBanks, their member institutions, and other stakeholders to:
▪update and clarify its regulatory statement of the FHLBanks' mission;
▪clarify the FHLBanks' liquidity;
▪expand the FHLBanks' housing and community development focus; and
▪promote the FHLBanks' operational efficiency.
The Finance Agency has since issued rulemakings and requests for input and made legislative recommendations for the FHLBank System in its 2023 Report to Congress issued on June 14, 2024 consistent with proposed plans and actions included in the System at 100 Report.
Given the current regulatory environment, we are not able to predict what actions, if any, will ultimately result from the Finance Agency’s recommendations in the report, the timing of any such actions, the extent of any changes to us or the FHLBank System, or the ultimate effect on us or the FHLBank System of any such actions.
Advisory Bulletin on FHLBank Member Credit Risk Management
On September 27, 2024, the Finance Agency issued an advisory bulletin setting forth the Finance Agency’s expectations that an FHLBank’s underwriting and credit decisions should reflect a member’s financial condition and not rely solely on the collateral securing the member’s credit obligations. The advisory bulletin provides guidance for the FHLBanks to implement policies for credit risk governance, member credit assessment, and monitoring of credit conditions, among other considerations. It also provides guidance on the oversight of members in financial distress by recommending implementation of escalation policies; processes for coordination with members’ prudential regulators; and management policies addressing default, failure, and insolvency situations. We are in the process of implementing appropriate adjustments to relevant policies and procedures.
Advisory Bulletin on Federal Home Loan Bank System Climate-Related Risk Management
On September 30, 2024, the Finance Agency issued an advisory bulletin setting forth the Finance Agency’s expectation that each FHLBank should integrate climate-related risk management into its existing enterprise risk management framework over time. The advisory bulletin provides that an effective framework should address climate-related risk governance, such as selection of the related risk appetite and setting strategy and objectives, establishing and implementing plans to mitigate and monitor and report material exposures to such risks, and establishing roles and responsibilities for the board of directors and management. The advisory bulletin requires us to establish metrics that track exposure to climate-related risks and collect related data to quantify risk exposures; conduct climate-related scenario analyses; implement processes to report and communicate climate-related risks to internal stakeholders; and have a plan to respond to natural disasters and support climate resiliency. The advisory bulletin also requires us to identify and incorporate climate-related legal and compliance risk into our existing enterprise risk management framework, including applicable climate-related regulations and federal and state disclosure requirements.
Likewise, we continue to monitor developments relevant to the SEC’s final rule on the enhancement and standardization of climate-related disclosures, including recent statements from the Acting Chairman of the SEC that indicate that the SEC could take steps to rescind the rule. We also continue to monitor the status of certain climate-related state laws to assess their possible impacts on us.
Proposed Rule on FHLBank System Boards of Directors and Executive Management
On November 4, 2024, the Finance Agency published a notice of proposed rulemaking in the Federal Register that would revise regulations addressing boards of directors and overall corporate governance of the FHLBanks and the Office of Finance. If adopted as proposed, it would, among other things: (1) affect director compensation by allowing the Director of the Finance Agency to establish an annual amount of director compensation that the Director determines is reasonable; (2) require us to complete and submit background checks to the Finance Agency on every nominee for a directorship; (3) change public interest independent director qualifications, in part, by requiring a person to have advocated for, or otherwise acted primarily on behalf
of or for the direct benefit of, consumers or the community to meet the representation requirement; (4) expand the list of qualifying experiences for all independent directors to include artificial intelligence, information technology and security, climate-related risk, Community Development Financial Institutions business models, and modeling; and (5) establish a review process for director performance and participation, together with a process for removing our directors for cause. Other proposed revisions address, among other things, our conflicts of interest policies, covering all employees, including specific limitations on executive officers and senior management, and record retention.
Several of the proposed revisions could result in significant changes to the nomination, election, and retention of our Board of Directors. Additional director eligibility requirements and limitations on, and potential reductions or limitations to, director compensation resulting from the proposed rule could hinder our ability to recruit and retain the talent and expertise that are critical to the ability to satisfy our mission, particularly given the growing complexities of the finance industry. We continue to consider the effect that the proposed rule could have on us.
Finance Agency Final Rule on Fair Lending, Fair Housing, and Equitable Housing Finance Plans
On May 16, 2024, the Finance Agency published in the Federal Register its final rule that specifies requirements related to FHLBanks’ compliance with fair housing and fair lending laws and related regulations, including the Fair Housing Act and the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, and prohibitions on unfair or deceptive acts or practices under the Federal Trade Commission Act (the FTC Act). The final rule (i) addresses the enforcement authority of the Finance Agency; (ii) articulates standards related to boards of directors’ oversight of fair housing, fair lending, and the prohibitions on unfair or deceptive acts or practices under the FTC Act; and (iii) requires each FHLBank to annually report actions it voluntarily takes to address barriers to sustainable housing opportunities for underserved communities (Equitable Housing Report Requirements). The final rule became effective on July 15, 2024, except that the Equitable Housing Report Requirements will become effective on February 15, 2026. The Finance Agency has since issued advisory bulletins setting forth its expectations regarding the FHLBanks’ compliance with the final rule. We have reviewed this rule and related advisory bulletins and have taken steps to comply with the requirements and proceed in accordance with the guidance. We expect to continue to make progress in these efforts.
Agreements Regarding Process to End the Conservatorships of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac (the Enterprises)
The Enterprises have been in conservatorship since September 2008. On January 2, 2025, the Finance Agency and the U.S. Department of the Treasury entered into certain agreements, one of which sets out a process that would govern the resolution of the conservatorships of the Enterprises other than in the instances of receivership of the Enterprises.
Under applicable law, we are permitted to invest in unsecured debt of the Enterprises in an amount of up to 100 percent of our regulatory capital, which consists of Class B stock, retained earnings, and mandatorily redeemable capital stock. However, the amount in which we are permitted to invest in such debt could be reduced or eliminated entirely depending on the nature of the resolution of the Enterprises’ conservatorships. Further, the resolution of the Enterprises’ conservatorships could result in heightened competition with the Enterprises for the purchase of mortgage loans. For example, the Enterprises currently operate subject to certain asset and indebtedness limitations. However, the resolution of their conservatorships could result in such limitations being lifted resulting in increases of their purchases of mortgage loans, which could result in upward pressure on mortgage loan prices. As a result, our opportunities to purchase mortgage loans or the profitability from investments in mortgage loans could be reduced. The ultimate resolution of their conservatorships could result in an actual or perceived competitive advantage to the Enterprises in the issuance of unsecured debt relative to the FHLBanks thereby resulting in less favorable debt funding costs for us.
ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
Credit Services
Credit Activity and Advance Composition
The table below shows trends in Advance balances by major programs and in the notional amount of Letters of Credit.
(Dollars in millions) December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Balance Percent(1)
Balance Percent(1)
Adjustable/Variable-Rate Indexed:
SOFR $ 27,745 35 % $ 30,306 41 %
Other 2,461 3 1,217 2
Total 30,206 38 31,523 43
Fixed-Rate:
Repurchase based (REPO) 7,384 9 7,232 10
Regular Fixed-Rate 39,637 50 30,805 42
Putable (2)
615 1 565 1
Amortizing/Mortgage Matched
1,015 1 1,210 1
Other 688 1 2,303 3
Total 49,339 62 42,115 57
Total Advances Principal $ 79,545 100 % $ 73,638 100 %
Letters of Credit (notional) (3)
$ 48,915 $ 47,098
(1)As a percentage of total Advances principal.
(2)Excludes Putable Advances where the related put options have expired or where the Advance is indexed to a variable-rate. These Advances are classified based on their current terms.
(3)Represents the amount of an off-balance sheet commitment.
Advance principal balances on December 31, 2024 increased $5.9 billion compared to year-end 2023. The increase in Advances resulted primarily from depository members' strong demand for liquidity. The future levels of Advance balances are difficult to predict and depend on many factors, including changes in the level of liquidity in the financial markets, changes in our members' deposit levels compared to loan growth and the general health of the economy.
Letters of Credit are issued on behalf of members to support certain obligations of members (or members' customers) to third-party beneficiaries. Letters of Credit increased $1.8 billion (four percent) in 2024 as members continue to use them primarily to secure higher levels of public unit deposits. Letters of Credit usually expire without being drawn upon.
The following table shows Advance usage of members by charter type.
(Dollars in millions) December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Principal Amount of Advances Percent of Total Principal Amount of Advances Principal Amount of Advances Percent of Total Principal Amount of Advances
Commercial Banks $ 55,198 69 % $ 49,885 68 %
Savings Institutions 7,144 9 8,022 11
Credit Unions 3,509 5 3,302 4
Insurance Companies 13,686 17 12,420 17
Total member Advances 79,537 100 73,629 100
Former member borrowings 8 - 9 -
Total principal amount of Advances $ 79,545 100 % $ 73,638 100 %
The following tables present principal balances for the five members with the largest Advance borrowings.
(Dollars in millions)
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Name Principal Amount of Advances Percent of Total Principal Amount of Advances Name Principal Amount of Advances Percent of Total Principal Amount of Advances
JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. $ 20,000 25 % JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. $ 14,000 19 %
U.S. Bank, N.A. 14,500 18 U.S. Bank, N.A. 10,000 14
Fifth Third Bank 5,601 7 Keybank, N.A. 9,836 13
Third Federal Savings and Loan Association 4,637 6 Third Federal Savings and Loan Association 5,008 7
The Huntington National Bank 4,501 6 Fifth Third Bank 4,001 5
Total of Top 5 $ 49,239 62 % Total of Top 5 $ 42,845 58 %
Mortgage Loans Held for Portfolio (Mortgage Purchase Program, or MPP)
MPP balances are influenced by conditions in the housing and mortgage markets, the competitiveness of prices we offer to purchase loans, as well as program features and activity from our largest sellers. We manage purchases and balances at a prudent level relative to capital and total assets to effectively manage market and credit risks consistent with our risk appetite.
The table below shows principal purchases and collections of loans in the MPP for each of the last two years. All loans acquired in 2024 and 2023 were conventional loans.
(In millions) 2024 2023
Balance, beginning of year
$ 6,960 $ 7,006
Principal purchases 809 568
Principal collections
(676) (614)
Balance, end of year
$ 7,093 $ 6,960
We closely track the refinancing incentives of our mortgage assets (including loans in the MPP and MBS) because the option for homeowners to change their principal payments normally represents the largest portion of our market risk exposure and can affect MPP balances. MPP principal paydowns increased slightly in 2024 to a six percent annual constant prepayment rate, compared to the five percent rate during 2023. Mortgage prepayment rates have remained low due to the elevated mortgage rate environment that has persisted over the last two years. Likewise, elevated mortgage rates and low housing inventories have substantially eliminated borrower incentive to refinance and have slowed mortgage purchase originations, which in turn contributed to the continued slow pace of our purchases of new MPP loans in 2024.
Overall, MPP yields on new purchases and existing portfolio balances, relative to their market and credit risks, are expected to continue to generate a profitable long-term return.
The following tables show the percentage of principal balances from Participating Financial Institutions (PFIs) supplying five percent or more of total principal and the percentage of principal balances from all other PFIs. As shown below, MPP activity is concentrated amongst a few members.
(Dollars in millions) December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Principal % of Total Principal % of Total
Union Savings Bank $ 1,472 21 % Union Savings Bank $ 1,513 22 %
FirstBank 688 10 FirstBank 725 10
LCNB National Bank
441 6 Guardian Savings Bank FSB 405 6
Guardian Savings Bank FSB
402 6 The Huntington National Bank
404 6
The Huntington National Bank 389 5 All others 3,913 56
All others 3,701 52 Total $ 6,960 100 %
Total $ 7,093 100 %
Housing and Community Investment
Our Housing and Community Investment programs include the AHP and various housing and community economic development-related Advance and grant programs. The AHP, which is required by the FHLBank Act, includes funding with an accrual equal to 10 percent of our previous year's net earnings.
In 2024, we accrued $68 million of earnings for the AHP pool of funds available to members in 2025. The AHP consists of a Competitive Program and a homeownership program called Welcome Home, which assists homebuyers with down payments and closing costs. In 2024, the Board also made a separate voluntary contribution of $16 million to the Welcome Home Program.
Including funds available in 2024 from previous years, we had $50 million available for the Competitive Program in 2024, which we awarded to 56 projects through a single competitive offering. In addition, we disbursed $40 million to 197 members on behalf of 2,008 homebuyers through the Welcome Home Program, which assists homebuyers with down payments and closing costs.
Our activities to support affordable housing and economic development also include offering Advances and loans through the AHP, Community Investment Program, Economic Development Program and Zero Interest Fund with below-market interest rates and, in some cases, rates as low as zero percent. At the end of 2024, Advance balances under these programs totaled $286 million.
In addition to the statutory AHP assessment, we have committed to making voluntary contributions representing at least five percent of our earnings in support of affordable housing and community investment initiatives. However, our voluntary contributions reduce net income before assessments which, in turn, reduces the statutory AHP assessment each year. As such, we have committed to make supplemental voluntary contributions to AHP by an amount that equals what the statutory AHP assessment would be in the absence of these effects. The table below provides a calculation of the net income subject to assessment, adjusted for voluntary contributions recognized in net income to show how our supplemental voluntary AHP contribution restores the AHP amounts to 10 percent of our earnings absent the voluntary contributions.
(Dollars in millions)
Year Ended December 31, 2024
Net income subject to statutory assessment
$ 677
Adjustments:
Voluntary commitment fulfillment, recognized in net income
Supplemental voluntary AHP contributions for the current year (1)
Net income subject to assessment, as adjusted (2)
$ 719
10% of net income subject to assessment, as adjusted
$ 72
Statutory AHP assessments
$ 68
Supplemental voluntary AHP contributions for the current year
Total statutory AHP assessment and supplemental voluntary AHP contributions for the current year
$ 72
(1) Included in voluntary housing and community investment expense on the Statements of Income.
(2) Represents the calculated amount of earnings that would be available for AHP assessment if we had not made the voluntary contributions to other initiatives, which reduce net income before assessments and, in turn, reduces the statutory AHP assessment.
As noted above, in 2024, we committed to make voluntary contributions representing at least five percent of our earnings. In 2023 and 2022, we also made voluntary contributions of $15 million and $5 million, respectively. The table below provides the calculation of the five percent voluntary housing contribution target.
(Dollars in millions)
Year Ended December 31, 2024
Prior year's net income before assessment
$ 742
Adjustment for prior year's interest expense on mandatorily redeemable capital stock
Prior year's net income subject to statutory assessment
$ 745
Unadjusted voluntary contribution commitment (5%)
$ 37
Adjustment for prior year voluntary contributions (1)
Voluntary contribution commitment target $ 38
(1) Our voluntary contributions reduce net income before assessments which, in turn, reduces the voluntarily contributions in the subsequent year. In order to restore the voluntary contributions to the dollar amount it would be in the absence of these effects, we voluntarily contributed an additional amount to our voluntary affordable housing and community investment initiatives.
Collectively, our voluntary contributions and supplemental voluntary contributions to the AHP totaled $42 million in 2024. A portion of these contributions supported three voluntary housing programs (non-AHP) in 2024. The Carol M. Peterson (CMP) Housing Fund disbursed $15 million during 2024. This program provides grants to cover accessibility and emergency repairs for special needs and elderly homeowners within the Fifth District. The Rise Up program received contributions of $6 million during 2024. This program offers grants of $25,000 for down payment, closing cost, and principal reduction assistance for first-generation homebuyers who are looking to purchase their first home in Franklin County, Ohio. The Disaster Reconstruction Program disbursed approximately $1 million for the replacement or repair of homes damaged or destroyed by natural disasters within the Fifth District.
For 2025, the Board has committed to $36 million, or approximately five percent of prior year income before assessments, in voluntary contributions to support its Housing and Community Investment programs. In January 2025, our Board approved a $10 million contribution to the CMP Housing Fund. Additional contributions will be announced over the course of 2025.
Investments
The table below presents the ending and average balances of our investment portfolio.
(In millions) 2024 2023
Ending Balance Average Balance Ending Balance Average Balance
Liquidity investments $ 26,363 $ 23,998 $ 23,418 $ 26,346
MBS 18,776 18,973 19,223 18,106
Other investments (1)
- 67 - 532
Total investments $ 45,139 $ 43,038 $ 42,641 $ 44,984
(1)The average balance includes the rights or obligations to cash collateral, which are included in the fair value of derivative assets or derivative liabilities on the Statements of Condition at period end.
Liquidity investments are either short-term (primarily overnight), or longer-term investments that consist of U.S. Treasury and GSE obligations. These longer-term investments may be pledged or sold and converted to cash. It is normal for liquidity investments to vary by up to several billion dollars on a daily basis. Liquidity investment levels can vary significantly based on changes in the amount of actual Advances, anticipated demand for Advances, regulatory liquidity requirements, the availability of acceptable net spreads, and the number of eligible counterparties that meet our unsecured credit risk criteria.
Our overarching strategy for balances of MBS is to keep holdings as close as possible to the regulatory maximum. Finance Agency regulations prohibit us from purchasing MBS if our investment in these securities exceeds three times regulatory capital on the day we intend to purchase the securities. The ratio of MBS to regulatory capital was 2.81 on December 31, 2024. The balance of MBS at December 31, 2024 consisted of $17.8 billion of securities issued by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac (of which $10.8 billion were floating-rate securities), and $1.0 billion of securities issued by Ginnie Mae (which are primarily fixed rate).
The table below shows principal purchases and paydowns of our MBS for each of the last two years.
(In millions) MBS Principal
2024 2023
Balance, beginning of year
$ 19,409 $ 16,798
Principal purchases 2,544 4,597
Principal paydowns (2,933) (1,986)
Balance, end of year
$ 19,020 $ 19,409
MBS principal paydowns increased to a 14 percent annual constant prepayment rate from the 10 percent rate experienced in all of 2023.
Consolidated Obligations
We generally fund variable-rate assets with Discount Notes (a portion of which may be swapped), adjustable-rate Bonds, and fixed-rate Bonds that have been swapped to a variable rate because they give us the ability to effectively match the underlying rate reset periods embedded in these assets. Total Consolidated Obligations on December 31, 2024 were $123.3 billion, an increase of $7.9 billion compared to the balance at year-end 2023. The balances and composition of our Consolidated Obligations tend to fluctuate with changes in the balances and composition of our assets. In addition, changes in the amount and composition of our funding may be necessary from time to time to meet the days of positive liquidity and asset/liability maturity funding gap requirements discussed in the "Liquidity Risk" section of "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Risk Management."
Deposits
Total deposits with us are normally a relatively minor source of funding. Deposits with us are not insured, but are subject to statutory deposit reserve requirements. Total interest-bearing deposits on December 31, 2024 were $1.1 billion, a decrease of two percent compared to the balance at year-end 2023.
Derivatives Hedging Activity and Liquidity
Our use of derivatives is discussed in the "Effect of the Use of Derivatives on Net Interest Income" and "Non-Interest Income (Loss)" sections in "Results of Operations." Liquidity is discussed in the "Liquidity Risk" section in “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Risk Management.”
Capital Resources
The following tables present capital amounts and capital-to-assets ratios, on both a GAAP and regulatory basis. We consider the regulatory ratio to be a better representation of financial leverage than the GAAP ratio because, although the GAAP ratio treats mandatorily redeemable capital stock as a liability, it protects investors in our debt in the same manner as GAAP capital stock and retained earnings.
Year Ended December 31,
(In millions) 2024 2023
Period End Average Period End Average
GAAP and Regulatory Capital
GAAP Capital Stock $ 4,936 $ 4,676 $ 4,846 $ 5,397
Mandatorily Redeemable Capital Stock 14 16 17 34
Regulatory Capital Stock 4,950 4,692 4,863 5,431
Retained Earnings 1,839 1,784 1,658 1,586
Regulatory Capital $ 6,789 $ 6,476 $ 6,521 $ 7,017
2024 2023
Period End Average Period End Average
GAAP and Regulatory Capital-to-Assets Ratio
GAAP 5.09 % 5.12 % 5.18 % 5.07 %
Regulatory (1)
5.13 5.17 5.26 5.14
(1) At all times, the FHLB must maintain at least a four percent minimum regulatory capital-to-assets ratio.
The following table presents the sources of change in regulatory capital stock balances in 2024 and 2023.
(In millions) 2024 2023
Regulatory stock balance at beginning of year $ 4,863 $ 5,168
Stock purchases:
Membership stock 11 12
Activity stock 2,722 5,464
Stock repurchases/redemptions:
Redemption of member excess (1) (570)
Repurchase of member excess (2,636) (5,207)
Withdrawals (9) (4)
Regulatory stock balance at the end of the year $ 4,950 $ 4,863
Our business model is structured to be able to absorb sharp changes in assets because we can execute commensurate changes in liability and capital stock balances. For example, in 2024, we issued $2.7 billion of capital stock to members primarily in support of Advance borrowings, while repurchasing $2.6 billion of excess capital stock no longer supporting Mission Assets and Activities. Excess capital stock is the amount of stock held by a member (or former member) in excess of that institution's minimum stock ownership requirement. Excess capital stock provides a base of capital to manage financial leverage at prudent levels, augments loss protections for bondholders, and may be used by a member to capitalize additional Mission Assets and Activities, before purchasing activity stock.
See the "Capital Adequacy" section in “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Risk Management” for discussion of our retained earnings.
Membership and Stockholders
In 2024, we added four new member stockholders and lost eight member stockholders, ending the year at 605 member stockholders. Of the eight members lost, five merged with other Fifth District members and three merged out of district.
In 2024, there were no material changes in the allocation of membership by state, charter type, or asset size. At the end of 2024, the composition of membership by state was Ohio with 298, Kentucky with 157, and Tennessee with 150.
The following table provides the number of member stockholders by charter type.
December 31,
2024 2023
Commercial Banks 323 329
Savings Institutions 72 73
Credit Unions 148 146
Insurance Companies 55 54
Community Development Financial Institutions 7 7
Total 605 609
The following table provides the ownership of capital stock by charter type.
(In millions) December 31,
2024 2023
Commercial Banks $ 3,303 $ 3,247
Savings Institutions 472 522
Credit Unions 324 280
Insurance Companies 836 796
Community Development Financial Institutions 1 1
Total GAAP Capital Stock 4,936 4,846
Mandatorily Redeemable Capital Stock 14 17
Total Regulatory Capital Stock $ 4,950 $ 4,863
Credit union members hold relatively less stock than their membership proportion because they tend to be smaller than the average member and borrow less. Insurance company members hold relatively more stock than their membership proportion because they tend to be larger than the average member and borrow more.
The following table provides a summary of member stockholders by asset size.
December 31,
Member Asset Size (1)
2024 2023
Up to $100 million 99 111
> $100 up to $500 million 290 288
> $500 million up to $1 billion 82 82
> $1 billion 134 128
Total Member Stockholders 605 609
(1) The December 31 membership composition reflects members' assets as of the most-recently available figures for total assets.
Most members are smaller community financial institutions, with 64 percent having assets up to $500 million. Having larger members is important to help achieve our mission objectives, including providing valuable products and services to all members.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following sections provide tabular information for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 and a discussion of the results between 2024 and 2023. For a discussion of the results between 2023 and 2022, see Part II, Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Components of Earnings and Return on Equity
The following table is a summary income statement for the last three years. Each ROE percentage is computed by dividing income or expense for the category by the average amount of stockholders' equity for the period.
(Dollars in millions) 2024 2023 2022
Amount ROE (1)
Amount ROE (1)
Amount ROE (1)
Net interest income $ 800 12.46 % $ 864 12.47 % $ 487 9.25 %
Non-interest income (loss):
Net gains (losses) on trading securities
(25) (0.39) 16 0.23 (337) (6.39)
Net gains (losses) on sales of available-for-sale securities 1 0.02 - - - -
Net gains (losses) on derivatives 54 0.84 (2) (0.03) 131 2.48
Net gains (losses) on financial instruments held under fair value option (26) (0.41) (40) (0.57) 75 1.42
Other non-interest income, net 32 0.50 30 0.43 28 0.53
Total non-interest income (loss)
36 0.56 4 0.06 (103) (1.96)
Total income 836 13.02 868 12.53 384 7.29
Non-interest expense 160 2.49 126 1.82 103 1.97
Affordable Housing Program assessments
68 1.05 74 1.08 29 0.54
Net income $ 608 9.48 % $ 668 9.63 % $ 252 4.78 %
(1)The ROE amounts have been computed using dollars in thousands. Accordingly, recalculations based upon the disclosed amounts in millions may produce nominally different results.
Details on the individual factors contributing to the level and changes in profitability are explained in the sections below.
Net Interest Income
The largest component of net income is net interest income. Our principal goal in managing net interest income is to maintain a low to moderate market risk profile while also ensuring profitability remains competitive. Effective risk/return management requires us to focus principally on the relationships among assets and liabilities that affect net interest income, rather than individual balance sheet and income statement accounts in isolation.
Our ROE normally is lower than that of many other financial institutions because of the cooperative wholesale business model that results in narrow spreads earned on our assets, the moderate overall risk profile, and the strategic objective to have a positive correlation of earnings to short-term interest rates.
Components of Net Interest Income
We generate net interest income from the following two components:
▪Net interest rate spread. This component equals the balance of total earning assets multiplied by the difference between the book yield on interest-earning assets and the book cost of interest-bearing liabilities. It is composed of net (amortization)/accretion, prepayment fees on Advances, and all other earnings from interest-earning assets net of funding costs.
▪Earnings from funding assets with capital (or earnings from capital). Because of our relatively low net interest rate spread compared to other financial institutions, we have historically derived a substantial portion of net interest income from deploying interest-free capital in interest-earning assets. We deploy much of the capital in short-term and adjustable-rate assets in order to help ensure that ROE moves in the same direction as short-term interest rates and to help control market risk exposure.
The following table shows selected components of net interest income. Reasons for the variance in net interest income between the 2024 and 2023 periods are discussed below.
(Dollars in millions) 2024 2023 2022
Amount % of Earning Assets Amount % of Earning Assets Amount % of Earning Assets
Components of net interest rate spread:
Net (amortization)/accretion (1) (2)
$ (29) (0.02) % $ (24) (0.02) % $ (31) (0.03) %
Prepayment fees on Advances, net (2)
1 - 3 - 3 -
Other components of net interest rate spread
472 0.38 533 0.40 393 0.40
Total net interest rate spread 444 0.36 512 0.38 365 0.37
Earnings from funding assets with interest-free capital
356 0.28 352 0.26 122 0.13
Total net interest income/net interest margin (3)
$ 800 0.64 % $ 864 0.64 % $ 487 0.50 %
(1)Includes monthly recognition of premiums and discounts paid on purchases of mortgage assets, premiums, discounts and concessions paid on Consolidated Obligations and other hedging basis adjustments.
(2)This component of net interest rate spread has been segregated to display its relative impact.
(3)Net interest margin is net interest income as a percentage of average total interest-earning assets.
Net Amortization/Accretion (generally referred to as amortization): Net amortization can become substantial and volatile with changes in interest rates, especially for mortgage assets. For example, when mortgage rates decrease, premium amortization of mortgage assets generally increases, which reduces net interest income. In 2024 and 2023, mortgage rates were relatively stable and remained at elevated levels, keeping mortgage refinance activity low and amortization relatively modest.
Prepayment Fees on Advances: Fees received from members for their early repayment of certain Advances, which are included in net interest income, are designed to make us economically indifferent to whether members hold Advances to maturity or repay them before maturity. We record prepayment fees net of basis adjustments, which are primarily related to hedging activities included in the carrying value of the Advance. Both gross and net Advance prepayment fees were minimal in 2024 and 2023.
Other Components of Net Interest Rate Spread: The total other components of net interest rate spread decreased $61 million in 2024 compared to 2023. The net decrease was primarily due to the factors below.
2024 Versus 2023
▪Lower net interest rate spreads earned on mortgage loans held for portfolio-Unfavorable: Lower spreads on mortgage loans held for portfolio decreased net interest income by an estimated $43 million. Spreads declined primarily because of the maturity of lower-cost debt.
▪Lower average Advance balances-Unfavorable: A decline of $8.8 billion in average Advance balances decreased net interest income by an estimated $35 million. Average Advance balances were higher in 2023 as member demand increased in March 2023 in response to the turmoil in the banking industry and financial markets. Most of these Advances had matured or were prepaid by the end of 2023.
▪Lower net interest rate spreads earned on liquidity investments-Unfavorable: Lower spreads earned on liquidity investments decreased net interest income by an estimated $22 million. However, the decrease in net interest income was offset by net interest settlements received on related derivatives not receiving hedge accounting, as discussed below.
▪Higher net interest rate spreads earned on MBS-Favorable: Higher spreads earned on MBS increased net interest income by an estimated $23 million. The higher spreads were driven by widening market spreads, which benefited new MBS purchases.
▪Lower price alignment amounts paid on derivatives-Favorable: Lower price alignment amounts paid improved net interest income by $16 million. Price alignment amounts approximate the interest that we would pay to counterparties if the variation margin payments for derivative contracts were characterized as collateral pledged to secure outstanding credit exposure.
Earnings from Capital: Earnings from capital increased $4 million in 2024 compared to 2023 because of higher average short-term rates.
Average Balance Sheet and Rates
The following table provides average balances and rates for major balance sheet accounts, which determine the changes in net interest rate spreads. Interest amounts and average rates are affected by our use of derivatives and the related accounting elections we make. Interest amounts reported for Advances, MBS, Other investments and Swapped Bonds include gains (losses) on hedged items and derivatives in qualifying fair value hedge relationships.
In addition, the net interest settlements of interest receivables or payables and the price alignment amount associated with derivatives in a fair value hedge relationship are included in net interest income and interest rate spread. The price alignment amount approximates the amount of interest that we would receive or pay if the variation margin payments were characterized as collateral pledged to secure outstanding credit exposure on the derivative contracts. However, if the derivatives do not qualify for fair value hedge accounting, the related net interest settlements of interest receivables or payables and the price alignment amount are recorded in “Non-interest income (loss)” as “Net gains (losses) on derivatives” and therefore are excluded from the calculation of net interest rate spread. Amortization associated with some hedging-related basis adjustments is also reflected in net interest income, which affects interest rate spread.
(Dollars in millions) 2024 2023 2022
Average Balance Interest Average Rate (1)
Average Balance Interest Average Rate (1)
Average Balance Interest Average Rate (1)
Assets:
Advances (2)
$ 74,456 $ 4,165 5.59 % $ 83,237 $ 4,450 5.35 % $ 52,167 $ 1,211 2.32 %
Mortgage loans held for portfolio (3)
7,181 238 3.31 7,067 214 3.02 7,431 204 2.75
Securities purchased under agreements to resell 2,065 107 5.20 2,898 147 5.08 2,354 49 2.09
Federal funds sold
10,811 557 5.15 12,193 627 5.14 11,183 204 1.82
Interest-bearing deposits in banks (4)
2,117 111 5.23 2,414 121 5.00 1,298 25 1.94
MBS (5)
19,013 1,024 5.39 18,160 923 5.08 13,702 288 2.11
Other investments (5)
9,073 473 5.21 9,369 475 5.07 10,209 238 2.33
Loans to other FHLBanks 7 - 4.97 22 1 4.93 25 1 2.77
Total interest-earning assets 124,723 6,675 5.36 135,360 6,958 5.14 98,369 2,220 2.26
Other assets 652 1,226 578
Total assets $ 125,375 $ 136,586 $ 98,947
Liabilities and Capital:
Term deposits $ 136 7 5.19 $ 91 4 4.31 $ 77 1 1.03
Other interest-bearing deposits (4)
997 47 4.72 1,100 50 4.57 1,329 16 1.21
Discount Notes 19,134 987 5.16 43,050 2,105 4.89 46,450 775 1.67
Unswapped fixed-rate Bonds 11,789 326 2.77 12,162 271 2.23 14,087 282 2.00
Unswapped adjustable-rate Bonds 73,707 3,916 5.31 54,973 2,847 5.18 22,833 539 2.36
Swapped Bonds 11,826 591 4.99 16,554 814 4.92 7,020 114 1.62
Mandatorily redeemable capital stock 16 1 9.01 34 3 8.31 115 6 4.77
Total interest-bearing liabilities 117,605 5,875 5.00 127,964 6,094 4.76 91,911 1,733 1.89
Other liabilities 1,352 1,691 1,765
Total capital 6,418 6,931 5,271
Total liabilities and capital $ 125,375 $ 136,586 $ 98,947
Net interest rate spread 0.36 % 0.38 % 0.37 %
Net interest income and net interest margin (6)
$ 800 0.64 % $ 864 0.64 % $ 487 0.50 %
Average interest-earning assets to interest-bearing liabilities 106.05 % 105.78 % 107.03 %
(1)Amounts used to calculate average rates are based on dollars in thousands. Accordingly, recalculations based upon the disclosed amounts in millions may not produce the same results.
(2)Interest on Advances includes prepayment fees of (in millions) $1, $3, and $3 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.
(3)Non-accrual loans are included in average balances used to determine average rate.
(4)The average balance amounts include the rights or obligations to cash collateral, which are included in the fair value of derivative assets or derivative liabilities on the Statements of Condition at period end.
(5)Includes available-for-sale securities based on their amortized costs. The yield information does not give effect to changes in fair value that are reflected as a component of stockholders' equity for available-for-sale securities.
(6)Net interest margin is net interest income as a percentage of average total interest-earning assets.
Rates on our interest-bearing assets and liabilities generally increased in 2024 compared to 2023, as these assets and liabilities have repriced to the higher interest rates.
Volume/Rate Analysis
Changes in both average balances (volume) and interest rates influence changes in net interest income, as shown in the following table.
(In millions) 2024 over 2023
2023 over 2022
Volume (1)(3)
Rate (2)(3)
Total Volume (1)(3)
Rate (2)(3)
Total
Increase (decrease) in interest income
Advances $ (485) $ 200 $ (285) $ 1,016 $ 2,223 $ 3,239
Mortgage loans held for portfolio 3 21 24 (10) 20 10
Securities purchased under agreements to resell (43) 3 (40) 13 85 98
Federal funds sold (71) 1 (70) 20 403 423
Interest-bearing deposits in banks (15) 5 (10) 34 62 96
MBS 44 57 101 119 516 635
Other investments (15) 13 (2) (21) 258 237
Loans to other FHLBanks (1) - (1) - - -
Total (583) 300 (283) 1,171 3,567 4,738
Increase (decrease) in interest expense
Term deposits 2 1 3 - 3 3
Other interest-bearing deposits (5) 2 (3) (3) 37 34
Discount Notes (1,227) 109 (1,118) (60) 1,390 1,330
Unswapped fixed-rate Bonds
(9) 64 55 (41) 30 (11)
Unswapped adjustable-rate Bonds
994 75 1,069 1,249 1,059 2,308
Swapped Bonds (236) 13 (223) 280 420 700
Mandatorily redeemable capital stock
(2) - (2) (5) 2 (3)
Total (483) 264 (219) 1,420 2,941 4,361
Increase (decrease) in net interest income
$ (100) $ 36 $ (64) $ (249) $ 626 $ 377
(1)Volume changes are calculated as the change in volume multiplied by the prior year rate.
(2)Rate changes are calculated as the change in rate multiplied by the prior year average balance.
(3)Changes that are not identifiable as either volume-related or rate-related, but rather are equally attributable to both volume and rate changes, have been allocated to the volume and rate categories based upon the proportion of the absolute value of the volume and rate changes.
Effect of the Use of Derivatives on Net Interest Income
The following table shows the impact on net interest income from the effect of derivatives and hedging activities. As noted above, gains (losses) on hedged items and derivatives in qualifying fair value hedge relationships are recorded in interest income or expense. In addition, for derivatives designated as a fair value hedge, the net interest settlements of interest receivables or payables and the price alignment amount related to such derivatives are recognized as adjustments to the interest income or expense of the designated hedged item. As such, all the effects on earnings of derivatives qualifying for fair value hedge accounting are reflected in net interest income. The effect on earnings from derivatives not receiving fair value hedge accounting is provided in the “Non-Interest Income (Loss)” section below.
(In millions) Advances Investment Securities Mortgage Loans Bonds
For the Year Ended December 31, 2024
(Amortization)/accretion of hedging activities in net interest income
$ - $ (2) $ (1) $ -
Gains (losses) on designated fair value hedges 1 6 - -
Net interest settlements included in net interest income 395 342 - (29)
Price alignment amount (1)
(15) (45) - -
Increase (decrease) to net interest income $ 381 $ 301 $ (1) $ (29)
For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
(Amortization)/accretion of hedging activities in net interest income $ - $ (2) $ (1) $ -
Gains (losses) on designated fair value hedges - 8 - -
Net interest settlements included in net interest income 344 351 - (33)
Price alignment amount (1)
(23) (53) - -
Increase (decrease) to net interest income $ 321 $ 304 $ (1) $ (33)
For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
(Amortization)/accretion of hedging activities in net interest income $ - $ (1) $ (2) $ -
Gains (losses) on designated fair value hedges 17 (1) - -
Net interest settlements included in net interest income 12 39 - (4)
Price alignment amount (1)
(6) (14) - -
Increase (decrease) to net interest income $ 23 $ 23 $ (2) $ (4)
(1) This amount is for derivatives for which variation margin is characterized as a daily settled contract.
We primarily use derivatives to more closely match actual cash flows between assets and liabilities by synthetically converting the fixed interest rates on certain Advances, investments and Consolidated Obligations to adjustable rates tied to an eligible benchmark rate (e.g., the Federal funds effective rate or SOFR). The increases in average short-term interest rates primarily benefited net interest income in 2024 as the conversion of certain Advances' fixed interest rates to adjustable-coupon rates resulted in an increase in the amount of net interest settlements being received. The fluctuation in net interest income from the use of derivatives was acceptable because it enabled us to lower market risk exposure.
Non-Interest Income (Loss)
Non-interest income (loss) consists of certain gains (losses) on investment securities, derivatives activities, financial instruments held under the fair value option, and other non-interest earning activities. The following tables present the net effect of derivatives and hedging activities on non-interest income (loss). The effects of derivatives and hedging activities on non-interest income (loss) relate only to derivatives not qualifying for fair value hedge accounting.
(In millions) Advances Investment Securities Mortgage Loans Bonds Discount Notes Balance Sheet
Other Total
Net effect of derivatives and hedging activities
Gains (losses) on derivatives not receiving hedge accounting
$ 4 $ 10 $ 1 $ 14 $ 2 $ - $ - $ 31
Net interest settlements on derivatives not receiving hedge accounting
5 56 - (25) (8) - - 28
Price alignment amount (1)
- - - - - - (5) (5)
Net gains (losses) on derivatives 9 66 1 (11) (6) - (5) 54
Gains (losses) on trading securities (2)
- (25) - - - - - (25)
Gains (losses) on financial instruments held under fair value option (3)
(3) - - (23) - - - (26)
Total net effect on non-interest income (loss)
$ 6 $ 41 $ 1 $ (34) $ (6) $ - $ (5) $ 3
(In millions) Advances Investment Securities Mortgage Loans Bonds Discount Notes Balance Sheet
Other Total
Net effect of derivatives and hedging activities
Gains (losses) on derivatives not receiving hedge accounting
$ (2) $ (34) $ (6) $ 35 $ 14 $ - $ - $ 7
Net interest settlements on derivatives not receiving hedge accounting
2 51 - (32) (24) - - (3)
Price alignment amount (1)
- - - - - - (6) (6)
Net gains (losses) on derivatives - 17 (6) 3 (10) - (6) (2)
Gains (losses) on trading securities (2)
- 16 - - - - - 16
Gains (losses) on financial instruments held under fair value option (3)
4 - - (32) (12) - - (40)
Total net effect on non-interest income (loss)
$ 4 $ 33 $ (6) $ (29) $ (22) $ - $ (6) $ (26)
(In millions) Advances Investment Securities Mortgage Loans Bonds Discount Notes Balance Sheet (4)
Other Total
Net effect of derivatives and hedging activities
Gains (losses) on derivatives not receiving hedge accounting
$ (1) $ 291 $ (9) $ (57) $ (12) $ 10 $ - $ 222
Net interest settlements on derivatives not receiving hedge accounting
- (42) - (14) (34) - - (90)
Price alignment amount (1)
- - - - - - (1) (1)
Net gains (losses) on derivatives (1) 249 (9) (71) (46) 10 (1) 131
Gains (losses) on trading securities (2)
- (337) - - - - - (337)
Gains (losses) on financial instruments held under fair value option (3)
1 - - 69 5 - - 75
Total net effect on non-interest income (loss)
$ - $ (88) $ (9) $ (2) $ (41) $ 10 $ (1) $ (131)
(1)This amount is for derivatives for which variation margin is characterized as a daily settled contract.
(2)Includes only those gains (losses) on trading securities that have an assigned economic derivative; therefore, this line item may not agree to the Statements of Income.
(3)Includes only those gains or losses on financial instruments held at fair value that have an economic derivative "assigned."
(4)For the year ended December 31, 2022, "Balance Sheet" includes swaptions, which were not designated as hedging a specific financial instrument.
The increase in earnings from the net effect of derivatives and hedging activities in 2024 compared to 2023 was primarily due to lower net interest settlements being paid on derivatives related to Consolidated Obligations where the fixed interest rates were converted to adjustable-coupon rates.
We elect to use the fair value option for certain financial instruments that either do not qualify for hedge accounting or may be at risk for not meeting hedge effectiveness requirements. Because we intend to hold these derivatives and the related financial instruments to maturity, any unrealized gains or losses are expected to reverse in future periods.
In the tables above, "Gains (losses) on trading securities" consist of fixed-rate U.S. Treasury and GSE obligations that have been swapped to a variable rate. Trading securities are recorded at fair value, with changes in fair value reported in non-interest income (loss). There are a number of factors that affect the fair value of these securities, such as changes in interest rates, the passage of time, and volatility. By hedging these trading securities, the gains or losses on these trading securities will generally be offset by the gains or losses on the associated interest rate swaps.
As noted above, the fluctuation in earnings from the use of derivatives was acceptable because it enabled us to lower market risk exposure.
Non-Interest Expense
The following table presents non-interest expense for each of the last three years.
(In millions) 2024 2023 2022
Non-interest expense
Compensation and benefits $ 56 $ 54 $ 51
Other operating expense 38 33 25
Finance Agency 11 11 8
Office of Finance 7 6 6
Voluntary housing and community investment
42 15 5
Other 6 7 8
Total non-interest expense $ 160 $ 126 $ 103
Our business is designed to support significant changes in asset levels without having to undergo material changes in staffing, operations, risk practices, or general resource needs. Total non-interest expense increased in 2024 compared to 2023 primarily as a result of making voluntary contributions to help address affordable housing needs and community investment in our District. These voluntary contributions are in addition to the 10 percent of earnings that are required to be set aside as statutory AHP assessments.
Segment Information
Note 14 of the Notes to Financial Statements presents information on our two business segments. We manage financial operations and market risk exposure primarily at the macro level, and within the context of the entire balance sheet, rather than exclusively at the level of individual segments. Under this approach, the market risk/return profile of each segment may not match, or possibly even have the same trends as, what would occur if we managed each segment on a stand-alone basis. The table below summarizes each segment's operating results for the periods shown.
(Dollars in millions) Traditional Member Finance MPP Total
Net interest income (loss) $ 709 $ 91 $ 800
Net income (loss) $ 540 $ 68 $ 608
Average assets $ 117,646 $ 7,729 $ 125,375
Assumed average capital allocation $ 6,022 $ 396 $ 6,418
Return on average assets (1)
0.46 % 0.89 % 0.49 %
Return on average equity (1)
8.96 % 17.31 % 9.48 %
Net interest income (loss) $ 730 $ 134 $ 864
Net income (loss) $ 564 $ 104 $ 668
Average assets $ 128,019 $ 8,567 $ 136,586
Assumed average capital allocation $ 6,495 $ 436 $ 6,931
Return on average assets (1)
0.44 % 1.21 % 0.49 %
Return on average equity (1)
8.69 % 23.74 % 9.63 %
Net interest income (loss) $ 421 $ 66 $ 487
Net income (loss) $ 202 $ 50 $ 252
Average assets $ 89,202 $ 9,745 $ 98,947
Assumed average capital allocation $ 4,747 $ 524 $ 5,271
Return on average assets (1)
0.23 % 0.51 % 0.25 %
Return on average equity (1)
4.26 % 9.46 % 4.78 %
(1)Amounts used to calculate returns are based on numbers in thousands. Accordingly, recalculations based upon the disclosed amounts in millions may not produce the same results.
Traditional Member Finance Segment
Net income declined in 2024 compared to 2023 largely because of lower average Advance balances and higher voluntary housing and community investment contributions. These declines in net income were partially offset by higher spreads earned on MBS.
MPP Segment
Earnings from the MPP segment decreased in 2024 compared to 2023 primarily because the benefits from low cost debt diminished in 2024. However, the decrease was partially offset by net gains on derivatives related to the MPP segment in 2024 compared to net losses in 2023.
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT RISK MANAGEMENT
Overview
We face various risks that could affect the ability to achieve our mission and corporate objectives. We generally categorize risks as: 1) business/strategic risk, 2) compliance, 3) market risk (also referred to as interest rate or prepayment risk), 4) credit risk, 5) funding/liquidity risk, and 6) operational risk (which includes technology and information security risks). Our Board of Directors establishes objectives regarding risk philosophy, risk appetite, risk tolerances, and financial performance expectations. Market, capital adequacy, credit, liquidity, concentration, and operational risks are discussed below. Other risks are discussed throughout this report.
We strive to maintain a risk profile that ensures we operate safely and soundly, promotes prudent growth in Mission Assets and Activities, consistently generates competitive earnings, and protects the par value of members' capital stock investment. We believe our business is financially sound and adequately capitalized on a risk-adjusted basis.
We practice this conservative risk philosophy in many ways:
▪We operate with low to moderate market risk and limited residual credit risk, liquidity risk, operational risk, and capital impairment risk.
▪We have a business objective to ensure competitive and relatively stable profitability.
▪We make conservative investment choices in terms of the types of investments we purchase and counterparties with which we engage.
▪We use derivatives to hedge assets and liabilities and to help reduce market risk exposure.
▪We maintain a prudent amount of financial leverage.
▪We are judicious in instituting regular, district-wide repurchases of excess stock.
▪We hold an amount of retained earnings that we believe will protect the par value of capital stock and provide for dividend stabilization in a wide range of stressful scenarios.
▪We create a working and operating environment that emphasizes a stable employee base.
We have numerous Board-adopted policies and processes that address risk management including risk appetite, tolerances, limits, guidelines, and regulatory compliance. Our cooperative business model, corporate objectives, capital structure, and regulatory oversight provide us clear incentives to minimize risk exposures. Our policies and operating practices are designed to limit risk exposures from ongoing operations in the following broad ways:
▪by anticipating potential business risks and developing appropriate responses;
▪by defining permissible lines of business;
▪by limiting the kinds of assets we are permitted to hold in terms of their credit risk exposure and the kinds of hedging and financing arrangements we are permitted to use;
▪by limiting the amount of market risk to which we are permitted to be exposed;
▪by specifying very conservative tolerances for credit risk posed by Advances;
▪by specifying capital adequacy minimums; and
▪by requiring strict adherence to internal controls and operating procedures, adequate insurance coverage, and comprehensive Human Resources policies, procedures, and strategies.
Market Risk
Overview
Market risk exposure is the risk that profitability and the value of stockholders' capital investment may decrease and that profitability may become uncompetitive for an extended period as a result of changes and volatility in the market environment and economy. Along with business/strategic risk, market risk is normally our largest residual risk.
Our risk appetite is to maintain market risk exposure in a low to moderate range while earning a competitive return on members' capital stock investment. There is normally a tradeoff between long-term market risk exposure and shorter-term exposure. Effective management of each component is important in order to attract and retain members and capital and to support Mission Assets and Activities.
The primary challenge in managing market risk exposure arises from owning fixed-rate mortgage assets. Mortgage assets grant homeowners prepayment options that could adversely affect our financial performance when interest rates increase or decrease. We mitigate the market risk of mortgage assets primarily by funding them principally with a portfolio of long-term fixed-rate callable and non-callable Bonds. We may also hedge a portion of our MBS by using interest rate swaps to effectively convert the fixed rate investments to adjustable-rate investments. Secondarily, we use swaption derivative transactions to a limited extent to mitigate the market risk of mortgage loans. The Bonds and use of derivatives can provide expected cash flows that are similar to the cash flows expected from mortgage assets under a wide range of interest rate and prepayment environments. Because it is normally cost-prohibitive to completely mitigate mortgage prepayment risk, a residual amount of market risk remains after funding and hedging activities.
We analyze market risk using numerous analytical measures under a variety of interest rate and business scenarios, including stressed scenarios, and perform sensitivity analyses on the many variables that can affect market risk, using several market risk models from third-party software companies. These models employ rigorous valuation techniques for the optionality that exists in mortgage prepayments, call and put options, and caps/floors. We regularly assess the effects of different assumptions, techniques and methodologies on the measurements of market risk exposure, including comparisons to alternative models and information from brokers/dealers.
Policy Limits on Market Risk Exposure
We have six sets of policy limits regarding market risk exposure, which primarily measure long-term market risk exposure. We determine compliance with our policy limits at every month end or more frequently if market or business conditions change significantly or are volatile.
▪Market Value of Equity Sensitivity. The market value of equity for the entire balance sheet in two hypothetical interest rate scenarios (up 200 basis points and down 100 to 200 basis points from the applicable interest rate environment) must be between positive and negative 10 percent of the current balance sheet's market value of equity. The interest rate movements are “shocks,” defined as instantaneous, permanent, and parallel changes in interest rates in which every point on the yield curve is changed by the same amount. The size of the down shock varies with the level of long-term interest rates observed when measuring the risk.
▪Duration of Equity. The duration of equity for the entire balance sheet in the current (“base case”) interest rate environment must be between positive and negative five years and in the two interest rate shock scenarios (up 200 basis points and down 100 to 200 basis points from the applicable interest rate environment) must be between positive and negative six years.
▪Mortgage Assets Portfolio. The change in net market value of the mortgage assets portfolio as a percentage of the book value of portfolio assets must be between positive and negative three percent in each of the two interest rate shock scenarios. Net market value is defined as the market value of assets minus the market value of liabilities, with no assumed capital allocation.
▪Market Capitalization. The market capitalization ratio (defined as the ratio of the market value of equity to the par value of regulatory stock) must be above 100 percent in the current rate environment and must be above 95 percent in each of the two interest rate shock scenarios.
▪Fixed-Rate Mortgage Assets as a Multiple of Regulatory Capital. The amount of fixed-rate mortgage assets must be less than five times the amount of regulatory capital.
▪MPP Assets as a Multiple of Regulatory Capital. The amount of MPP assets must be less than four times the amount of regulatory capital.
In addition, Finance Agency regulations and an internal policy provide controls on market risk exposure by restricting the types of mortgage loans, mortgage-backed securities and other investments we can hold. We also manage market risk exposure by charging members prepayment fees on many Advance programs where an early termination of an Advance would result in an economic loss to us.
In practice we carry a substantially smaller amount of market risk exposure by establishing a strategic management range that is well within policy limits.
Market Value of Equity and Duration of Equity
Two key measures of long-term market risk exposure are the sensitivities of the market value of equity and the duration of equity to changes in interest rates and other variables, as presented in the following tables for various instantaneous and permanent interest rate shocks (in basis points). Market value of equity represents the difference between the market value of total assets and the market value of total liabilities, including off-balance sheet items. The duration of equity provides an estimate of the change in market value of equity to further changes in interest rates. We compiled average results using data for each month end.
Market Value of Equity
Interest Rate Scenarios
(Dollars in millions) Down 300 Down 200 Down 100 Flat Rates Up 100 Up 200 Up 300
Average Results
2024 Full Year
Market Value of Equity $ 6,087 $ 6,117 $ 6,106 $ 6,055 $ 5,980 $ 5,896 $ 5,811
% Change from Flat Case 0.5 % 1.0 % 0.8 % - (1.2) % (2.6) % (4.0) %
2023 Full Year
Market Value of Equity $ 6,919 $ 6,788 $ 6,688 $ 6,579 $ 6,461 $ 6,347 $ 6,241
% Change from Flat Case 5.2 % 3.2 % 1.7 % - (1.8) % (3.5) % (5.1) %
Month-End Results
December 31, 2024
Market Value of Equity $ 6,261 $ 6,298 $ 6,289 $ 6,237 $ 6,168 $ 6,091 $ 6,014
% Change from Flat Case 0.4 % 1.0 % 0.8 % - (1.1) % (2.3) % (3.6) %
December 31, 2023
Market Value of Equity $ 6,241 $ 6,170 $ 6,084 $ 5,968 $ 5,845 $ 5,718 $ 5,595
% Change from Flat Case 4.6 % 3.4 % 1.9 % - (2.1) % (4.2) % (6.2) %
Duration of Equity
Interest Rate Scenarios
(In years) Down 300 Down 200 Down 100 Flat Rates Up 100 Up 200 Up 300
Average Results
2024 Full Year
(0.6) - 0.7 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.5
2023 Full Year
1.8 1.4 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.5
Month-End Results
December 31, 2024 (1.0) (0.2) 0.6 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.3
December 31, 2023 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.1 1.9
The mortgage assets portfolio normally accounts for almost all market risk exposure because of prepayment volatility that we cannot completely hedge while maintaining sufficient net spreads. The overall market risk exposure to changing interest rates was well within policy limits during the periods presented. At December 31, 2024, market risk exposure to falling and rising rate shocks remained stable.
Based on the totality of our risk analysis, we expect that overall profitability, defined as the level of ROE compared with short-term market rates, will be competitive over the long term unless interest rates increase by large amounts in a short period of time. Substantial declines in long-term interest rates could decrease income temporarily before reverting to average levels. This
temporary reduction in income would be driven by additional recognition of mortgage asset premiums as the incentive for borrowers to refinance results in faster than anticipated repayments of those mortgage assets. However, we believe the mortgage assets portfolio will continue to provide an acceptable risk-adjusted return consistent with our risk appetite philosophy.
Use of Derivatives in Market Risk Management
The FHLB enters into derivatives to manage the market risk exposures inherent in otherwise unhedged assets and funding positions. Finance Agency regulations and the FHLB's financial management policy prohibit trading in, or the speculative use of, derivative instruments. The following table presents the notional amounts of the derivatives classified by how we designate the hedging relationship.
(In millions) December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Hedged Item/Hedging Instrument Hedging Objective Fair Value Hedge Economic Hedge Fair Value Hedge Economic Hedge
Advances:
Pay-fixed, receive-float interest rate swap (without options) Converts the Advance's fixed rate to a variable-rate index. $ 32,784 $ - $ 27,724 $ -
Pay-fixed, receive-float interest rate swap (with options) Converts the Advance's fixed rate to a variable-rate index and offsets option risk in the Advance. 370 280 380 210
Total Advances 33,154 280 28,104 210
Investment securities:
Pay-fixed, receive-float interest rate swap (without options) Converts the investment security's fixed rate to a variable-rate index. 9,828 2,685 11,003 1,702
Mortgage Loans:
Interest rate swaptions
Provides the option to enter into an interest rate swap to offset interest-rate or prepayment risk in a pooled mortgage portfolio hedge
- 350 - 425
Consolidated Obligations Bonds:
Receive-fixed, pay-float interest rate swap (without options) Converts the Bond's fixed rate to a variable-rate index. 1,351 - 1,571 1,130
Receive-fixed, pay-float interest rate swap (with options) Converts the Bond's fixed rate to a variable-rate index and offsets option risk in the Bond. 1,056 8,283 705 19,351
Total Consolidated Obligations
Bonds 2,407 8,283 2,276 20,481
Consolidated Discount Notes:
Receive-fixed, pay-float interest rate swap (without options) Converts the Discount Note's fixed rate to a variable-rate index. - 8,718 - 14,193
Stand-Alone Derivatives:
Mandatory Delivery Contracts Exposure to fair-value risk associated with fixed-rate mortgage purchase commitments.
- 26 - 101
Total $ 45,389 $ 20,342 $ 41,383 $ 37,112
See Note 7 of the Notes to Financial Statements for additional information on how we use derivatives and the types of assets and liabilities hedged with derivatives.
Capital Adequacy
Retained Earnings
We must hold sufficient capital to protect against exposure to various risks, including market, credit, and operational risks. We regularly conduct a variety of measurements and assessments for capital adequacy. At December 31, 2024, our capital management policy set forth approximately $840 million as the minimum amount of retained earnings we believe is necessary to mitigate impairment risk.
The following table presents retained earnings.
(In millions) December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Unrestricted retained earnings $ 1,024 $ 964
Restricted retained earnings (1)
815 694
Total retained earnings $ 1,839 $ 1,658
(1) Pursuant to the FHLBank System's Joint Capital Enhancement Agreement we are not permitted to distribute as dividends.
As indicated in the table above, our current balance of retained earnings exceeds the policy minimum, which we expect will continue to be the case as we bolster capital adequacy over time by allocating a portion of earnings to the restricted retained earnings account.
Risk-Based Capital
The following table shows the amount of risk-based capital required based on Finance Agency prescribed measurements. By regulation, we are required to hold permanent capital at least equal to the amount of risk-based capital.
(Dollars in millions) December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Market risk-based capital $ 435 $ 545
Credit risk-based capital 580 511
Operational risk-based capital 305 317
Total risk-based capital requirement 1,320 1,373
Total permanent capital 6,789 6,521
Excess permanent capital $ 5,469 $ 5,148
Risk-based capital as a percent of permanent capital 19 % 21 %
The risk-based capital requirement has historically not been a constraint on operations. It has normally ranged from 10 to 25 percent of permanent capital.
Market Capitalization Ratios
We measure two sets of market capitalization ratios. One measures the market value of equity (i.e., total capital) relative to the par value of regulatory capital stock (which is GAAP capital stock and mandatorily redeemable capital stock). The other measures the market value of total capital relative to the book value of total capital, which includes all components of capital, and mandatorily redeemable capital stock. The measures provide a point-in-time indication of the FHLB's liquidation or franchise value and can also serve as a measure of realized or potential market risk exposure.
The following table presents the market value of equity to regulatory capital stock (excluding retained earnings) for several interest rate environments.
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Market Value of Equity to Par Value of Regulatory Capital Stock - Base Case (Flat Rates) Scenario
126 % 123 %
Market Value of Equity to Par Value of Regulatory Capital Stock - Down Shock (1)
127 127
Market Value of Equity to Par Value of Regulatory Capital Stock - Up Shock (2)
123 118
(1) Represents a down shock of 200 basis points.
(2) Represents an up shock of 200 basis points.
A base case value below 100 percent could indicate that, in the remote event of an immediate liquidation scenario involving redemption of all capital stock, capital stock may be returned to stockholders at a value below par. This could be due to experiencing risks that lower the market value of capital and/or to having an insufficient amount of retained earnings. In 2024, the market capitalization ratios in the scenarios presented continued to be above our policy requirements. The base case ratio at
December 31, 2024 was still well above 100 percent because retained earnings were 37 percent of regulatory capital stock and we maintained stable market risk exposure.
The following table presents the market value of equity to the book value of total capital and mandatorily redeemable capital stock.
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Market Value of Equity to Book Value of Capital - Base Case (Flat Rates) Scenario (1)
92 % 93 %
Market Value of Equity to Book Value of Capital - Down Shock (1)(2)
93 96
Market Value of Equity to Book Value of Capital - Up Shock (1)(3)
90 89
(1) Capital includes total capital and mandatorily redeemable capital stock.
(2) Represents a down shock of 200 basis points.
(3) Represents an up shock of 200 basis points.
A base-case value below 100 percent can indicate that we have realized or could realize risks (especially market risk), such that the market value of total capital owned by stockholders is below the book value of total capital. The base-case ratio at December 31, 2024 indicates that the market value of total capital is $514 million below the book value of total capital. In a scenario in which interest rates increase 200 basis points, the market value of total capital would be $660 million below the book value of total capital. This indicates that in a liquidation scenario, stockholders would not receive the full sum of their total equity ownership in the FHLB. We believe the likelihood of a liquidation scenario is extremely remote.
Credit Risk
Overview
We believe our risk management practices, discussed below, minimize residual credit risk levels. At December 31, 2024, we had no loan loss reserves or impairment recorded for Credit Services, investments, or derivatives and had a minimal amount of credit risk exposure in the MPP.
Credit Services
Overview: The objective of our credit risk management activities is to equalize risk exposure across members and counterparties to a zero level of expected losses. This approach is consistent with our conservative risk management principles and desire to have no residual credit risk related to Advances and Letters of Credit.
Collateral: We require each member to provide a security interest in eligible collateral before it can undertake any secured borrowing. Eligible loan collateral types include the following: single- and multi-family residential, home equity, commercial real estate, government guaranteed and farm real estate. Eligible security types include those that are government or agency backed, highly-rated municipal securities, and highly-rated private-label residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities. We have conservative eligibility criteria within each of the above asset types. The estimated value of pledged collateral is discounted in order to offset market, credit, and liquidity risks that may affect the collateral's realizable value in the event it must be liquidated. At December 31, 2024, total eligible pledged collateral of $516.1 billion resulted in total borrowing capacity of $371.4 billion of which $128.5 billion was used to support outstanding Advances and Letters of Credit. Borrowers often pledge collateral in excess of their collateral requirement to demonstrate access to liquidity and to have the ability to borrow additional amounts in the future. Over-collateralization by one member is not applied to another member. The collateral composition remained relatively stable compared to the end of 2023.
The table below shows total collateral pledged by type.
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
(Dollars in billions) Percent of Total Percent of Total
Eligible Collateral Pledged Collateral Eligible Collateral Pledged Collateral
Single-family loans $ 323.4 63 % $ 346.7 67 %
Multi-family loans 79.1 15 64.7 13
Commercial real estate loans 54.7 11 52.9 10
Bond Securities 33.2 6 30.5 6
Home equity loans/lines of credit 24.4 5 22.8 4
Farm real estate loans 1.3 - 1.0 -
Total $ 516.1 100 % $ 518.6 100 %
At December 31, 2024, 68 percent of collateral was related to residential mortgage lending in single-family loans and home equity loans/lines of credit.
Our management of credit risk related to Advances and Letters of Credit includes risk-based variations in collateral requirements, including discounts or haircuts, eligibility criteria, form of valuation, custody arrangements, the level of detail in periodic reporting, and asset pledge requirements, as discussed below.
▪Haircuts. We discount collateral values for purposes of determining borrowing capacity. These haircuts result in lendable values that are less than the amount of pledged collateral. In general, higher discounts are applied to more risky forms of collateral and to collateral pledged by higher risk members.
▪Eligibility. The balances of loans and securities we lend against are subject to conservative eligibility criteria such that Advances and Letters of Credit are supported by high quality assets within each collateral type.
▪Custody. All pledged securities and loans pledged by higher risk members must be delivered into our custody or that of a third-party custodian that we have engaged.
▪Security Interest. Generally, we require members to grant us a security interest in approved assets by specific collateral type.
▪Valuation. All members' securities collateral and individually listed loans are subject to a market valuation process to establish the borrowing base. For loan collateral, this involves submission of extensive loan level information, or Detailed (Listing) Reporting, to facilitate the valuation process. Any member allowed to make a specific asset pledge (non-depositories and certain highly-rated commercial banks) is required to submit this level of reporting.
We use third-party services and internally run models to regularly estimate market values of individually listed loan collateral. Third-party services use various proprietary models to estimate market values. Assumptions may be made on factors that affect collateral value, such as market liquidity, discount rates, prepayments, liquidation and servicing costs in the event of a default and economic and market conditions. We have policies and procedures for evaluating the reasonableness of collateral valuations.
Borrowing Capacity/Lendable Value: Lendable Value Rates (LVRs) represent the percent of collateral value net of the haircut. LVRs are derived using scenario analysis, statistical analysis and management assumptions relating to historical price volatility, inherent credit risks, liquidation costs, and the current credit and economic environment. We apply LVR results to the estimated values of pledged assets. LVRs vary among pledged assets and members based on the member institution type, the financial strength of the member institution, the form of valuation, lien position, the issuer of bond collateral or the quality of securitized assets, the quality of the loan collateral as reflected in the manner in which it was underwritten, and the marketability of the pledged assets.
The table below indicates the range of LVRs applied at December 31, 2024 to each major collateral type.
Lendable Value Rates Applied to Collateral
Summary (Blanket) Reporting:
Prime 1-4 family loans 61-66%
Multi-family loans 62-68%
Prime home equity loans/lines of credit 55-66%
Commercial real estate loans 64-69%
Farm real estate loans 58-63%
Detailed (Listing) Reporting/Physical Delivery:
Cash/U.S. Government/U.S. Treasury/U.S. agency securities 87-100%
U.S. agency residential MBS/collateralized mortgage obligations 87-95%
U.S. agency commercial MBS/collateralized mortgage obligations 78-90%
Private-label residential MBS 62-89%
Private-label commercial MBS 49-85%
Municipal securities 75-94%
SBA certificates 87-92%
Prime 1-4 family loans 72-80%
Multi-family loans 69-79%
Prime home equity loans/lines of credit 66-79%
Commercial real estate loans 74-82%
Farm real estate loans 63-77%
SBA Paycheck Protection Program loans 10-90%
The ranges of lendable values exclude subprime residential loan collateral. Loans pledged by lower risk members for which we require only high level, summary reporting of eligible balances are generally discounted more heavily than loans on which we have detailed loan structure and underwriting information. For any form of loan collateral, additional credit risk based adjustments may be made to an individual member’s collateral that results in a lower lendable value than that indicated in the above table.
Subprime Loan Collateral: We have policies and processes to identify subprime residential mortgage loans pledged by members. We perform collateral reviews to estimate the volume of subprime loans pledged by members. Depending on the quality of underwriting and administration, we may subject these loans to lower LVRs.
Internal Credit Ratings: We perform credit underwriting of our members and nonmember institutions and assign them an internal credit rating on a scale of one to seven, with a higher number representing a less favorable assessment of the institution's financial condition. These credit ratings are based on internal and third-party ratings models, credit analyses and consideration of credit ratings from independent credit rating organizations. Credit ratings are used in conjunction with other measures of credit risk in managing secured credit risk exposure.
A less favorable credit rating can cause us to 1) decrease the institution's borrowing capacity via lower LVRs, 2) require the institution to provide an increased level of detail on pledged collateral, 3) require it to deliver collateral into our custody, 4) prompt us to more closely and/or frequently monitor the institution, and/or 5) limit the institution's exposure through borrowing restrictions (e.g., maturity restrictions on new Advances or restrictions on borrowing capacity from higher risk collateral sources).
The following tables show the distribution of internal credit ratings we assigned to member and nonmember institutions, which we use to help manage credit risk exposure.
(Dollars in billions)
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Number Collateral-Based Number Collateral-Based
Credit of Borrowing Credit of Borrowing
Rating Institutions Capacity Rating Institutions Capacity
1-3 440 $ 322.8 1-3 460 $ 351.7
4 107 46.1 4 96 44.7
5 42 2.3 5 38 1.4
6 14 0.2 6 14 0.2
7 4 - 7 3 -
Total 607 $ 371.4 Total 611 $ 398.0
We consider institutions with credit ratings of "1" through "4" to be financially sound. At December 31, 2024, only 60 institutions (10 percent of the total) had credit ratings of "5" through "7." These institutions had $2.5 billion of borrowing capacity at December 31, 2024. We believe the credit ratings distribution continues to show a financially sound membership base.
Member Failures, Closures, and Receiverships: There were no member failures in 2024.
MPP
Overview: The residual amount of credit risk exposure to loans in the MPP is minimal, based on the following factors:
▪various credit enhancements for conventional loans, which are designed to protect us against credit losses;
▪conservative underwriting and loan characteristics consistent with favorable expected credit performance;
▪a small overall amount of delinquencies and defaults when compared to national averages;
▪no credit losses in 2024 and a de minimis amount of credit losses in 2023.
Portfolio Loan Characteristics: The following table shows FICO® credit scores of homeowners at origination dates for the conventional loan portfolio.
FICO® Score (1)
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
< 620 - % - %
620 to < 660 - -
660 to < 700 7 8
700 to < 740 18 18
>= 740 75 74
Weighted Average 762 762
(1)Represents the FICO® score at origination.
The distribution of FICO® scores at origination as of December 31, 2024 was similar to that at year-end 2023. The distribution of FICO® scores at origination is one indication of the portfolio's overall favorable credit quality. At December 31, 2024, 75 percent of the portfolio had scores at an excellent level of 740 or above and 93 percent had scores above 700, which is a threshold generally considered indicative of homeowners with good credit quality.
The following tables show loan-to-value ratios for conventional loans based on values estimated at the origination dates and current values estimated at the noted periods. The estimated current ratios are based on original loan values, principal paydowns that have occurred since origination, and a third-party estimate of changes in historical home prices for the zip code in which each loan resides. Both measures are weighted by current unpaid principal.
Based on Estimated Origination Value Based On Estimated Current Value
Loan-to-Value December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Loan-to-Value December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
<= 60% 16 % 16 % <= 60% 75 % 77 %
> 60% to 70% 17 17 > 60% to 70% 10 11
> 70% to 80% 55 55 > 70% to 80% 12 8
> 80% to 90% 8 8 > 80% to 90% 3 4
> 90% 4 4 > 90% to 100% - -
> 100% - -
Weighted Average 73 % 73 % Weighted Average 48 % 48 %
The levels of loan-to-value ratios are consistent with the portfolio's excellent credit quality. The percent of loans with current loan-to-value ratios of 60 percent and below at December 31, 2024 remained similar with those at year-end 2023, as the changes in home values have been relatively stable.
Based on the available data, we believe we have minimal exposure to loans in the MPP considered to have characteristics of “subprime” or “alternative/nontraditional” loans. Further, we do not knowingly purchase any loan that violates the terms of our Anti-Predatory Lending Policy.
The following table presents the geographical allocation based on the unpaid principal balance of conventional loans in the MPP.
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Ohio 60 % Ohio 62 %
Kentucky 12 Kentucky 11
Indiana 8 Indiana 8
Tennessee 5 Tennessee 5
Alabama 2 Alabama 2
All others 13 All others 12
Total 100 % Total 100 %
Credit Enhancements: Conventional mortgage loans are primarily supported against credit losses by some combination of credit enhancements (primary mortgage insurance (PMI) and the Lender Risk Account (LRA)). The LRA is a hold back of a portion of the initial purchase price to cover potential credit losses. Starting after five years from the loan purchase date, we may return the hold back to PFIs if they manage credit risk to predefined acceptable levels of exposure on the pools of loans they sell to us. As a result, some pools of loans may have sufficient credit enhancements to recapture all losses while other pools of loans may not. The LRA had balances of $240 million and $239 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. For more information, see Note 6 of the Notes to Financial Statements.
Credit Performance: The table below provides an analysis of conventional loans delinquent or in the process of foreclosure, along with the national average serious delinquency rate.
Conventional Loan Delinquencies
(Dollars in millions) December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Early stage delinquencies - unpaid principal balance (1)
$ 39 $ 32
Serious delinquencies - unpaid principal balance (2)
$ 7 $ 10
Early stage delinquency rate (3)
0.6 % 0.5 %
Serious delinquency rate (4)
0.1 % 0.1 %
National average serious delinquency rate (5)
1.1 % 1.1 %
(1)Includes conventional loans 30 to 89 days delinquent and not in foreclosure.
(2)Includes conventional loans that are 90 days or more past due or where the decision of foreclosure or a similar alternative such as pursuit of deed-in-lieu has been reported.
(3)Early stage delinquencies expressed as a percentage of the total conventional loan portfolio.
(4)Serious delinquencies expressed as a percentage of the total conventional loan portfolio.
(5)National average number of fixed-rate prime and subprime conventional loans that are 90 days or more past due or in the process of foreclosure is based on the most recent national delinquency data available. The December 31, 2024 rate is based on September 30, 2024 data.
Overall, the MPP has experienced a minimal amount of delinquencies, with delinquency rates continuing to be well below national averages.
We consider a high risk loan as having a current loan-to-value ratio above 100 percent. At December 31, 2024, none of our loans had a current loan-to-value ratio above 100 percent. We believe these data further support our view that the overall portfolio is comprised of high-quality, well-performing loans.
Credit Losses: Residual credit risk exposure depends on the actual and potential credit performance of the loans in each pool compared to the pool's equity (on individual loans) and credit enhancements. Our available credit enhancements at December 31, 2024 were ample and able to cover nearly all of the estimated gross credit losses. As a result, estimated credit losses at December 31, 2024 were less than $1 million. Estimated credit losses, after credit enhancements, are accounted for in the allowance for credit losses or as a charge off (i.e., a reduction to the principal of mortgage loans held for portfolio).
Separate from our allowance for credit losses analysis, we regularly analyze potential adverse scenarios of lifetime credit risk exposure for the loans in the MPP. Even under severely adverse macroeconomic scenarios, we expect credit losses to remain low.
Investments
Liquidity Investments: We hold liquidity investments that can be converted to cash and may be unsecured, guaranteed or supported by the U.S. government, or secured (i.e., collateralized). For unsecured liquidity investments, we invest in the instruments of investment-grade rated institutions, have appropriate and conservative limits on dollar and maturity exposure to each institution, and have strong credit underwriting practices, including active monitoring of credit quality of our counterparties and of the environment in which they operate.
Our unsecured liquidity investments to a counterparty or group of affiliated counterparties are limited by Finance Agency regulations to maturities of no more than nine months and limited to a dollar amount based on a percentage of eligible regulatory capital (defined as the lessor of our regulatory capital or the eligible amount of a counterparty's Tier 1 capital). The permissible percentage ranges from 1 percent to 15 percent. The permissible range is solely based on consideration of the internal credit risk ratings of unsecured counterparties as required by Finance Agency regulations.
The lowest long-term credit rating for a counterparty to which we are permitted to extend credit on an unsecured basis is double-B. However, we have generally only invested funds on an unsecured basis with eligible institutions that have long-term credit ratings of at least single-A. In addition, we restrict maturities, reduce dollar exposure, and avoid new investments with counterparties we deem to represent elevated credit risk. Furthermore, a portion of our total liquidity investments are with counterparties for which the investments are secured with collateral (secured resale agreements). We believe these investments present no credit risk exposure to us.
The following table presents the carrying value of liquidity investments outstanding in relation to the counterparties' lowest long-term credit ratings provided by Standard & Poor's, Moody's, and/or Fitch Advisory Services. Our internal ratings of these investments may differ from those obtained from Standard & Poor's, Moody's, and/or Fitch Advisory Services. The ratings displayed in this table should not be taken as an indication of future ratings.
(In millions) December 31, 2024
Long-Term Rating
AA A Unrated Total
Unsecured Liquidity Investments
Interest-bearing deposits $ - $ 2,360 $ - $ 2,360
Federal funds sold 1,850 3,050 - 4,900
Total unsecured liquidity investments 1,850 5,410 - 7,260
Guaranteed/Secured Liquidity Investments
Securities purchased under agreements to resell 7,760 1,700 1,279 10,739
U.S. Treasury obligations 6,787 - - 6,787
GSE obligations 1,577 - - 1,577
Total guaranteed/secured liquidity investments 16,124 1,700 1,279 19,103
Total liquidity investments $ 17,974 $ 7,110 $ 1,279 $ 26,363
Some counterparties used to transact our securities purchased under agreements to resell are not rated by an NRSRO because they are not issuers of debt or are otherwise not required to be rated by an NRSRO. However, each of the counterparties are considered to have the equivalent of at least an investment grade rating based on our internal ratings resulting from a fundamental credit analysis. Securities purchased under agreements to resell are generally secured by the following types of collateral: U.S. Treasury obligations, U.S. agency/GSE obligations, or U.S. agency/GSE MBS. At December 31, 2024, the collateral received had long-term credit ratings of AA, based on the lowest long-term credit ratings of the issuer as provided by Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s, and/or Fitch Advisory Services. The terms of our securities purchased under agreements to resell are structured such that if the fair value of the underlying securities decreases below the fair value required as collateral, the counterparty must place an equivalent amount of additional securities as collateral or remit an equivalent amount of cash. Additionally, these investments primarily mature overnight. All overnight investments in securities purchased under agreements to resell outstanding at December 31, 2024 were repaid according to their respective contractual terms.
The following table presents the lowest long-term credit ratings provided by Standard & Poor's, Moody's, and/or Fitch Advisory Services of our unsecured investment credit exposure by the domicile of the counterparty or the domicile of the counterparty's immediate parent for U.S. branches and agency offices of foreign commercial banks. Our internal ratings of these investments may differ from those obtained from Standard & Poor's, Moody's, and/or Fitch Advisory Services. The ratings displayed in this table should not be taken as an indication of future ratings.
(In millions) December 31, 2024
Counterparty Rating
Domicile of Counterparty AA A Total
Domestic $ - $ 2,710 $ 2,710
U.S. branches and agency offices of foreign commercial banks:
Canada 750 1,800 2,550
Netherlands - 750 750
Australia 650 - 650
Finland 450 - 450
Germany - 150 150
Total U.S. branches and agency offices of foreign commercial banks
1,850 2,700 4,550
Total unsecured investment credit exposure $ 1,850 $ 5,410 $ 7,260
We restrict a significant portion of unsecured lending to overnight maturities, which further limits risk exposure to these counterparties. By Finance Agency regulation, all counterparties exposed to non-U.S. countries are required to be domestic U.S. branches of foreign counterparties.
MBS:
GSE MBS
At December 31, 2024, $17.8 billion of MBS held were GSE securities issued by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, which provide credit safeguards by guaranteeing either timely or ultimate payments of principal and interest. We believe that the conservatorships of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac lower the chance that they would not be able to fulfill their credit guarantees.
MBS Issued by Other Government Agencies
We also invest in MBS issued and guaranteed by Ginnie Mae. These investments totaled $1.0 billion at December 31, 2024. We believe that the strength of Ginnie Mae's guarantee and backing by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government is sufficient to protect us against credit losses on these securities.
Derivatives
Credit Risk Exposure: We mitigate most of the credit risk exposure resulting from derivative transactions through collateralization or use of daily settled contracts. The table below presents the lowest long-term counterparty credit ratings provided by Standard & Poor's, Moody's, and/or Fitch Advisory Services for derivative positions to which we had credit risk exposure at December 31, 2024. The ratings displayed in this table should not be taken as an indication of future ratings.
(In millions)
Total Notional Net Derivatives Fair Value Before Collateral Cash Collateral Pledged to (from) Counterparties Non-cash Collateral Pledged to (from) Counterparties Net Credit Exposure to Counterparties
Nonmember counterparties:
Asset positions with credit exposure:
Uncleared derivatives:
A-rated $ 15 $ - $ - $ - $ -
BBB-rated
2,496 8 (6) - 2
Total uncleared derivatives
2,511 8 (6) - 2
Cleared derivatives (1)
55,235 5 59 838 902
Liability positions with credit exposure:
Uncleared derivatives:
A-rated 1,603 (2) 2 - -
Total uncleared derivatives 1,603 (2) 2 - -
Total derivative positions with credit exposure to nonmember counterparties
59,349 11 55 838 904
Member institutions (2)
4 - - - -
Total $ 59,353 $ 11 $ 55 $ 838 $ 904
(1)Represents derivative transactions cleared with LCH Ltd. and CME Clearing, the FHLB's clearinghouses. LCH Ltd. is rated AA- by Standard & Poor's, and CME Clearing is not rated, but its parent company, CME Group Inc., is rated AA- by Standard & Poor's and Fitch Ratings.
(2)Represents Mandatory Delivery Contracts.
Our exposure to cleared derivatives is primarily associated with the requirement to post initial margin through the clearing agent to the Derivatives Clearing Organizations. We may pledge both cash and non-cash (i.e., securities) as collateral to satisfy this initial margin requirement. However, the use of cleared derivatives mitigates credit risk exposure because a central counterparty is substituted for individual counterparties.
At December 31, 2024, the net exposure of uncleared derivatives with residual credit risk exposure was $2 million. If interest rates or the composition of our derivatives change resulting in an increase to our gross exposure to uncleared derivatives, the contractual collateral provisions in these derivatives would limit our net exposure to acceptable levels.
Although we cannot predict if we will realize credit risk losses from any of our derivatives counterparties, we believe that all of the counterparties will be able to continue making timely interest payments and, more generally, to continue to satisfy the terms and conditions of their derivative contracts with us.
Liquidity Risk
Liquidity Overview
We strive to be in a liquidity position at all times to meet the borrowing needs of our members and to meet all current and future financial commitments. This objective is achieved by managing liquidity positions to maintain stable, reliable, and cost-effective sources of funds while taking into account market conditions, member demand, and the maturity profile of assets and liabilities. At December 31, 2024, our liquidity position complied with the FHLBank Act, Finance Agency regulations, and internal policies.
The FHLBank System's primary source of funds is the sale of Consolidated Obligations in the capital markets. Our ability to obtain funds through the sale of Consolidated Obligations at acceptable interest costs depends on the financial market's perception of the riskiness of the Obligations and on prevailing conditions in the capital markets, particularly the short-term capital markets. The System's favorable debt ratings, which take into account our status as a GSE, and our effective risk management practices are instrumental in ensuring stable and satisfactory access to the capital markets.
We believe our liquidity position, as well as that of the System, continued to be strong during 2024. Our overall ability to effectively fund our operations through debt issuances remained sufficient. Investor demand for System debt was robust in 2024, as investors continued to prefer high-quality money market instruments. We believe there is a low probability of a liquidity or funding crisis in the System that would impair our ability to participate, on a cost-effective basis, in issuances of debt, service outstanding debt, maintain adequate capitalization, or pay competitive dividends.
The System works collectively to manage and monitor the System-wide liquidity and funding risks. Liquidity risk includes the risk that the System could have difficulty rolling over short-term Obligations when market conditions change, also called refinancing risk. The System has a large reliance on short-term funding; therefore, it has a sharp focus on managing liquidity risk to very low levels. As shown on the Statements of Cash Flows, in 2024, our portion of the System's debt issuances totaled $122.1 billion for Discount Notes and $127.6 billion for Bonds. Access to short-term debt markets has been reliable because investors, driven by liquidity preferences and risk aversion, have sought the System’s short-term debt, which has resulted in strong demand for debt maturing in one year or less.
See the Notes to Financial Statements for more detailed information regarding maturities of certain financial assets and liabilities which are instrumental in determining the amount of liquidity risk. In addition to contractual maturities, other assumptions regarding cash flows such as estimated prepayments, embedded call optionality, and scheduled amortization are considered when managing liquidity risks.
Liquidity Management and Regulatory Requirements
We manage liquidity risk by ensuring compliance with our regulatory liquidity requirements and regularly monitoring other metrics.
The Finance Agency establishes the expectations with respect to the maintenance of sufficient liquidity without access to the capital markets for a specified number of days, which was set as a period of between 10 to 30 calendar days in the base case. Under these expectations, all Advance maturities are assumed to renew, unless the Advances relate to former members who are ineligible to borrow new Advances. The maintenance of sufficient liquidity each day is intended to provide additional assurance that we can continue to provide Advances and Letters of Credit to members over an extended period without access to the capital markets. We were in compliance with these liquidity requirements at all times during 2024.
The Finance Agency also provides guidance related to asset/liability maturity funding gap limits. Funding gap metrics measure the difference between assets and liabilities that are scheduled to mature during a specified period of time and are expressed as a percentage of total assets. Although subject to change depending on conditions in the financial markets, the current regulatory requirement for funding gaps is between -10 percent to -20 percent for the three-month maturity horizon and is between -25 percent to -35 percent for the one-year maturity horizon. During 2024, we operated within those limits.
To support our member deposits, we also must meet a statutory deposit reserve requirement. The sum of our investments in obligations of the United States, deposits in eligible banks or trust companies, and Advances with a final maturity not exceeding five years must equal or exceed the current amount of member deposits. The following table presents the components of this liquidity requirement.
(In millions) December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Deposit Reserve Requirement
Total Eligible Deposit Reserves $ 92,794 $ 88,988
Total Member Deposits (1,099) (1,120)
Excess Deposit Reserves $ 91,695 $ 87,868
Member Concentration Risk
We regularly assess concentration risks from business activity. We believe the effect on credit risk exposure from borrower concentration is minimal because of our application of credit risk mitigations, specifically credit underwriting of our members and the over-collateralization of borrowings. Advance concentration has a minimal effect on market risk exposure because Advances are largely funded by Consolidated Obligations and interest rate swaps that have similar interest rate characteristics. Furthermore, additional increases in Advance concentration would not materially affect capital adequacy because Advance growth is supported by new purchases of capital stock as required by the Capital Plan.
Operational Risks
Operational risk is defined as the risk of an unexpected loss resulting from human error, fraud, inability to enforce legal contracts, or deficiencies in internal controls or information systems. We mitigate operational risks through adherence to internal policies, conformance with entity level controls, and through an emphasis on the importance of risk management, as further discussed below. In addition, the Internal Audit Department, which reports directly to the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, regularly monitors and tests compliance with our policies, procedures and applicable regulatory requirements.
Internal Department Procedures and Controls
Each of our departments maintains and regularly reviews and enhances, as needed, a system of internal procedures and controls, including those that address proper segregation of duties. Each system is designed to prevent any one individual from processing the entirety of a transaction that affects member accounts, correspondent FHLB accounts or third-party servicers providing support to us. We review daily and periodic transaction activity reports in a timely manner to detect erroneous or fraudulent activity. Procedures and controls also are assessed on an enterprise-wide basis, independently from the business unit departments. We also are in compliance with Sarbanes-Oxley Sections 302 and 404, which focus on the control environment over financial reporting.
Information Systems
We rely heavily upon internal and third-party information systems and other technology to conduct and manage our business. Our operations rely on the secure processing, storage and transmission of confidential and other information in our computer systems and networks. Our computer systems, software and networks may be subjected to cyberattacks (e.g., breaches, unauthorized access, misuse, computer viruses or other malicious code and other events) that could jeopardize the confidentiality or integrity of such information, or otherwise cause interruptions or malfunctions in our operations.
We mitigate the risk associated with cyberattacks through the implementation of multiple layers of security controls. Administrative, physical, and logical controls are in place for establishing, administering and actively monitoring system access, sensitive data, and system change. Additionally, separate groups within our organization and/or third parties test the strength of our security controls and responses, and recommend changes as needed to bolster resilience to security risks. See Item 1C. Cybersecurity for further discussion.
Disaster Recovery Provisions
We have a Business Resiliency Management Plan that provides us with the ability to maintain operations in various scenarios of business disruption. We review and update this plan periodically to ensure that it serves our changing operational needs and those of our members. In case of business disruptions, we have an off-site facility in a suburb of Cincinnati, Ohio, which is kept ready for use and tested at least annually, and employees are set up to work from home. We also have a back-up agreement in place with another FHLBank in the event that both of our Cincinnati-based facilities are inoperable.
Insurance Coverage
We have insurance coverage for cyber risks, employee fraud, forgery and wrongdoing, and Directors' and Officers' liability. This coverage primarily provides protection for claims alleging breach of duty, misappropriation of funds, neglect, acts of omission, employment practices, and fiduciary liability. We also have property, casualty, computer equipment, automobile, and various other types of coverage.
Human Resources Policies and Procedures
The risks associated with our Human Resources function are categorized as either Employment Practices Risk or Human Capital Risk. Employment Practices Risk is the potential failure to properly administer our policies regarding employment practices and compensation and benefit programs for eligible staff and retirees, and the potential failure to observe and properly comply with federal, state and municipal laws and regulations. Comprehensive policies and procedures are in place to limit Employment Practices Risk. These are supported by an established internal control system that is routinely monitored and audited.
Human Capital Risk is the potential inability to attract and retain appropriate levels of qualified human resources to maintain efficient operations. With respect to Human Capital Risk, we strive to maintain a competitive salary and benefit structure, which is regularly reviewed and updated as appropriate to attract and retain qualified staff. In addition, we have a management succession plan that is reviewed and approved by our Board of Directors. See "Human Capital Resources" in Item 1. Business for further discussion.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
Introduction
The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make a number of significant judgments, estimates, and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities (if applicable), and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reported periods. Although management believes its judgments, estimates, and assumptions are reasonable, actual results may differ and other parties could arrive at different conclusions.
Given the assumptions and judgment used, we have identified the fair value measurement of interest rate derivatives and hedged items as our critical accounting estimate. Our financial condition and results of operations could be materially affected under different conditions or different assumptions related to this accounting estimate.
Fair Value Measurement of Interest Rate Derivatives and Hedged Items
In accordance with Finance Agency regulations, we execute all derivatives to manage market risk exposure, not for speculation or solely for earnings enhancement. We record derivative instruments at their fair values on the Statements of Condition, and we record changes in these fair values in current period earnings. We strive to ensure that our use of derivatives maximizes the probability that they are highly effective in offsetting changes in the market values of the designated balance sheet instruments, as applicable. The judgments and assumptions that are most critical to the application of this accounting policy are those affecting the estimation of fair values of derivative instruments and the related hedged items, which may have a significant impact on the results reported. At December 31, 2024, our derivatives portfolio included notional amounts of $45.4 billion accounted for as fair value hedges and $20.3 billion accounted for as economic hedges and the fair value of derivative assets and liabilities was $65.8 million and $3.6 million, respectively.
Our interest rate related derivatives (swaps and swaptions) are traded in the over-the-counter market. Therefore, we determine the fair value of each individual instrument using market value models that use readily observable market inputs as their basis (inputs that are actively quoted and can be validated to external sources). The fair value determination uses the standard valuation technique of discounted cash flow analysis, which uses observable market inputs, such as discount rate, forward interest rate, and volatility assumptions. Observable market inputs are those that are actively quoted and can be validated to external sources.
For derivatives accounted for as fair value hedges, the hedged risk is generally designated to be changes in the eligible benchmark interest rate. The result is that there has been a relatively small amount of unrealized earnings volatility from hedging market risk with derivatives. However, each month, we also compute fair values on all derivatives and related hedged instruments across a range of interest rate scenarios to understand the sensitivity to interest rate changes. For derivatives
receiving long-haul fair value hedge accounting, the additional amount of earnings volatility under an assumption of stressed interest rate environments as of year-end 2024 was in a range of negative $5 million to positive $8 million.
In addition to fair value hedges, a portion of our derivatives are considered economic hedges. In order to help offset the derivative's fair market value with the market value of the hedged instrument, we hold related investments as trading securities or make an accounting election called "fair value option" for other instruments, as applicable. Under these elections, we record the fair market value of the hedged instruments (e.g., certain Advances, investment securities, Bonds and Discount Notes) at their full fair value instead of only the value related to the benchmark interest rate. See Note 15 of the Notes to Financial Statements for discussion of the valuation methodologies and primary inputs used to develop the fair value measurement for these instruments. The effect of electing full fair value is that the hedged instrument's market value includes the impact of changes in spreads between the designated benchmark interest rate and the interest rate index related to the hedged instrument, as well as other risk components, such as liquidity. Therefore, full fair value results in a different kind of unrealized earnings volatility, which could be higher or lower, compared to accounting under fair value hedge treatment. However, the estimated fair values of the derivatives and hedged items in the economic hedge category do not have any cumulative economic effect if the derivative and the hedged item are held to maturity, or contain mutual optional termination provisions at par. Since these fair values fluctuate throughout the hedge period and eventually return to zero (derivative) or par value (hedged item) on the maturity or option exercise date, the earnings impact of fair value changes is only a timing issue for hedging relationships that remain outstanding to maturity or the call termination date.
RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS AND INTERPRETATIONS
See Note 2 of the Notes to Financial Statements for a discussion of recently issued accounting standards and interpretations.
OTHER FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Investments
Data on investments for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 are provided in the tables below.
(In millions) Carrying Value at December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Interest-bearing deposits
$ 2,360 $ 1,875 $ 1,770
Securities purchased under agreements to resell
10,739 5,242 520
Federal funds sold
4,900 6,774 5,399
Trading securities:
U.S. Treasury obligations
1,249 249 492
GSE obligations
1,457 1,497 1,488
Total trading securities
2,706 1,746 1,980
Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. Treasury obligations
5,488 7,612 7,194
GSE obligations
120 120 118
MBS:
GSE multi-family 3,454 2,440 1,320
Total available-for-sale securities
9,062 10,172 8,632
Held-to-maturity securities:
U.S. Treasury obligations
50 49 47
MBS:
U.S. obligation single-family 998 1,109 1,232
GSE single-family 3,627 3,147 1,632
GSE multi-family 10,697 12,527 12,393
Total held-to-maturity securities
15,372 16,832 15,304
Total securities
27,140 28,750 25,916
Total investments
$ 45,139 $ 42,641 $ 33,605
As of December 31, 2024, available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities had the following maturity and yield characteristics.
(Dollars in millions) Due in one year or less Due after one year through five years Due after five through 10 years Due after 10 years Carrying Value
Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. Treasury obligations
$ - $ 5,488 $ - $ - $ 5,488
GSE obligations
10 100 10 - 120
MBS (1):
GSE multi-family - 646 2,724 84 3,454
Total available-for-sale securities
$ 10 $ 6,234 $ 2,734 $ 84 $ 9,062
Weighted average yield on available-for sale securities (2)
3.28 % 1.94 % 3.41 % 4.80 %
Held-to-maturity securities:
U.S. Treasury obligations
$ 50 $ - $ - $ - $ 50
MBS (1):
U.S. obligation single-family - - - 998 998
GSE single-family - 1 713 2,913 3,627
GSE multi-family 174 3,394 7,129 - 10,697
Total held-to-maturity securities
$ 224 $ 3,395 $ 7,842 $ 3,911 $ 15,372
Weighted average yield on held-to-maturity securities (2)
5.06 % 5.18 % 4.87 % 4.71 %
(1)MBS allocated based on contractual principal maturities assuming no prepayments.
(2)The weighted average yields on available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities are calculated as the sum of each debt security's period end balance adjusted by the effect of amortization and accretion of premiums and discounts multiplied by the coupon rate, divided by the total debt securities. The result is then multiplied by 100 to express it as a percentage.
Advances
The following table presents Advances by product type and redemption term, including index-amortizing Advances, which are presented according to their predetermined amortization schedules.
(In millions) December 31,
Types of Advances by Redemption Term 2024 2023
Fixed-rate:
Due in 1 year or less $ 20,878 $ 18,309
Due after 1 year through 3 years 21,828 13,183
Due after 3 years through 5 years 4,278 7,908
Due after 5 years through 15 years 645 852
Thereafter 2 3
Total par value 47,631 40,255
Fixed-rate, callable or prepayable (1):
Due in 1 year or less - -
Due after 1 year through 3 years 9 -
Due after 3 years through 5 years 29 33
Due after 5 years through 15 years - -
Thereafter - -
Total par value 38 33
Fixed-rate, putable:
Due in 1 year or less - -
Due after 1 year through 3 years 110 60
Due after 3 years through 5 years 110 100
Due after 5 years through 15 years 395 405
Thereafter - -
Total par value 615 565
Variable-rate:
Due in 1 year or less 7,120 11,762
Due after 1 year through 3 years 1,626 5,495
Due after 3 years through 5 years - 50
Due after 5 years through 15 years - -
Thereafter - -
Total par value 8,746 17,307
Variable-rate, callable or prepayable (1):
Due in 1 year or less 3,960 1,216
Due after 1 year through 3 years 13,500 9,000
Due after 3 years through 5 years 4,000 4,000
Due after 5 years through 15 years - -
Thereafter - -
Total par value 21,460 14,216
Other (2) :
Due in 1 year or less 260 273
Due after 1 year through 3 years 367 426
Due after 3 years through 5 years 197 255
Due after 5 years through 15 years 228 303
Thereafter 3 5
Total par value 1,055 1,262
Total par value Advances $ 79,545 $ 73,638
(1)Prepayable Advances are those Advances that may be contractually prepaid by the borrower on specified dates without incurring prepayment or termination fees.
(2)Includes fixed-rate amortizing/mortgage matched and other fixed-rate Advances.
Mortgage Loans
The following table presents mortgage loan redemptions according to their predetermined amortization schedules. All of our mortgage loans have fixed rates.
(In millions) December 31,
Redemption Term 2024 2023
Due in 1 year or less $ 261 $ 254
Due after 1 year through 5 years 1,061 1,038
Due after 5 years through 15 years 2,778 2,642
Thereafter 2,993 3,026
Total unpaid principal balance $ 7,093 $ 6,960
The following table presents certain credit risk related balances and ratios for mortgage loans.
(Dollars in millions) December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Unpaid Principal Balance
Mortgage loans held for portfolio $ 7,093 $ 6,960
Average loans outstanding during the period 7,032 6,917
Non-accrual loans 1 1
Allowance for credit losses on mortgage loans held for portfolio - -
Net charge-offs - -
Ratios (1)
Net charge-offs to average loans outstanding during the period - % - %
Allowance for credit losses to mortgage loans held for portfolio - % - %
Non-accrual loans to mortgage loans held for portfolio 0.02 % 0.02 %
Allowance for credit losses to non-accrual loans 23.81 % 24.73 %
(1)The ratios have been computed using dollars in thousands. Accordingly, recalculations based upon the disclosed amounts in millions may produce nominally different results.
Uninsured Term Deposits
The table below presents the maturities for uninsured term deposits:
(In millions)
By remaining maturity at December 31, 2024
3 months or less Over 3 months but within 6 months Over 6 months but within 12 months Over 12 months but within 24 months Total
Uninsured term deposits $ 53 $ 9 $ 43 $ 4 $ 109

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Information required under this Item is set forth in the “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Risk Management” caption at Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, of this report.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying statements of condition of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati (the "FHLB") as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the related statements of income, of comprehensive income (loss), of capital and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). We also have audited the FHLB’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the FHLB as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the FHLB maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The FHLB’s management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the FHLB’s financial statements and on the FHLB’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the FHLB in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Valuation of Interest-Rate Derivatives and Hedged Items
As described in Notes 7 and 15 to the financial statements, the FHLB uses derivatives to manage interest-rate risk and reduce funding costs, among other risk management objectives. The total notional amount of derivatives as of December 31, 2024 was $65.7 billion, of which 69% were designated as hedging instruments, and the fair value of derivative assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2024 was $65.8 million and $3.6 million, respectively. The fair values of interest-rate derivatives and hedged items are determined using the standard valuation technique of discounted cash flow analysis, which uses market-observable inputs, such as discount rate, forward interest rate, and volatility assumptions.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the valuation of interest-rate derivatives and hedged items is a critical audit matter are the significant audit effort in evaluating the discount rate, forward interest rate, and volatility assumptions used to fair value these derivatives and hedged items, and the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the valuation of interest-rate derivatives and hedged items, including controls over the method, data and assumptions. These procedures also included, among others, the involvement of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in developing an independent range of prices for a sample of interest rate derivatives and hedged items and comparison of management’s estimate to the independently developed ranges. Developing the independent range of prices involved testing the completeness and accuracy of data provided by management and independently developing the discount rate, forward interest rate, and volatility assumptions.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Cincinnati, Ohio
March 20, 2025
We have served as the FHLB’s auditor since 1990.
FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK OF CINCINNATI
STATEMENTS OF CONDITION
(In thousands, except par value) December 31,
2024 2023
ASSETS
Cash and due from banks (Note 3)
$ 28,276 $ 20,824
Interest-bearing deposits 2,360,203 1,875,037
Securities purchased under agreements to resell 10,738,637 5,242,480
Federal funds sold 4,900,000 6,774,000
Investment securities: (Note 4)
Trading securities 2,705,895 1,745,742
Available-for-sale securities (amortized cost of $9,101,909 and $10,247,585 and includes $838,490 and $819,794 pledged as collateral that may be repledged)
9,062,735 10,171,588
Held-to-maturity securities (fair value of $15,119,557 and $16,576,613)
15,371,712 16,832,133
Total investment securities 27,140,342 28,749,463
Advances (includes $281,299 and $214,035 at fair value under fair value option) (Note 5)
79,346,365 73,553,162
Mortgage loans held for portfolio, net of allowance for credit losses of $331 and $316 (Note 6)
7,244,200 7,108,334
Accrued interest receivable 464,032 535,564
Derivative assets (Note 7)
65,767 101,991
Other assets, net 39,775 34,883
TOTAL ASSETS $ 132,327,597 $ 123,995,738
LIABILITIES
Deposits (Note 8)
$ 1,094,313 $ 1,113,704
Consolidated Obligations: (Note 9)
Discount Notes (includes $8,670,557 and $14,085,003 at fair value under fair value option)
19,508,823 23,690,526
Bonds (includes $7,324,443 and $20,657,254 at fair value under fair value option)
103,817,800 91,756,430
Total Consolidated Obligations 123,326,623 115,446,956
Mandatorily redeemable capital stock (Note 11)
14,384 17,314
Accrued interest payable 526,384 422,886
Affordable Housing Program payable (Note 10)
171,224 139,807
Derivative liabilities 3,584 9,831
Other liabilities 454,340 418,557
Total liabilities 125,590,852 117,569,055
Commitments and contingencies (Note 16)
CAPITAL (Note 11)
Capital stock Class B putable ($100 par value); issued and outstanding shares: 49,358 and 48,459
4,935,775 4,845,902
Retained earnings:
Unrestricted 1,023,841 964,436
Restricted 815,335 693,682
Total retained earnings 1,839,176 1,658,118
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (Note 12)
(38,206) (77,337)
Total capital 6,736,745 6,426,683
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND CAPITAL $ 132,327,597 $ 123,995,738
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK OF CINCINNATI
STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(In thousands) For the Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
INTEREST INCOME:
Advances $ 4,164,523 $ 4,447,281 $ 1,208,130
Prepayment fees on Advances, net 675 2,984 3,114
Interest-bearing deposits 110,835 120,733 25,192
Securities purchased under agreements to resell 107,425 147,325 49,132
Federal funds sold 556,712 626,682 203,630
Investment securities:
Trading securities 104,476 69,288 105,247
Available-for-sale securities 532,229 522,793 162,394
Held-to-maturity securities 859,915 805,862 258,682
Total investment securities 1,496,620 1,397,943 526,323
Mortgage loans held for portfolio 237,919 213,545 204,011
Loans to other FHLBanks 367 1,075 687
Total interest income 6,675,076 6,957,568 2,220,219
INTEREST EXPENSE:
Consolidated Obligations:
Discount Notes 986,521 2,104,787 775,421
Bonds 4,833,171 3,931,630 935,003
Total Consolidated Obligations 5,819,692 6,036,417 1,710,424
Deposits 54,093 54,192 16,838
Loans from other FHLBanks 1 1 1
Mandatorily redeemable capital stock 1,445 2,885 5,522
Other borrowings - 1 -
Total interest expense 5,875,231 6,093,496 1,732,785
NET INTEREST INCOME 799,845 864,072 487,434
NON-INTEREST INCOME (LOSS):
Net gains (losses) on trading securities
(25,112) 15,999 (336,889)
Net gains (losses) on sales of available-for-sale securities
1,268 - -
Net gains (losses) on financial instruments held under fair value option
(26,241) (39,713) 74,712
Net gains (losses) on derivatives 53,901 (2,065) 130,991
Other, net 32,055 30,240 27,919
Total non-interest income (loss) 35,871 4,461 (103,267)
NON-INTEREST EXPENSE:
Compensation and benefits 55,551 53,666 51,122
Other operating expenses 37,532 32,853 25,107
Finance Agency 11,338 11,073 7,842
Office of Finance 7,004 6,410 6,373
Voluntary housing and community investment
42,239 15,081 5,025
Other 6,041 7,110 8,089
Total non-interest expense 159,705 126,193 103,558
INCOME BEFORE ASSESSMENTS 676,011 742,340 280,609
Affordable Housing Program assessments 67,745 74,522 28,613
NET INCOME $ 608,266 $ 667,818 $ 251,996
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK OF CINCINNATI
STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(In thousands) For the Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Net income $ 608,266 $ 667,818 $ 251,996
Other comprehensive income (loss) adjustments:
Net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities 38,091 (27,271) (74,851)
Reclassification adjustment for net realized (gains) losses on sale of available-for-sale securities included in net income
(1,268) - -
Pension and postretirement benefits 2,308 (726) 12,417
Total other comprehensive income (loss) adjustments
39,131 (27,997) (62,434)
Comprehensive income (loss) $ 647,397 $ 639,821 $ 189,562
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK OF CINCINNATI
STATEMENTS OF CAPITAL
(In thousands) Capital Stock
Class B - Putable Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Total
Shares Par Value Unrestricted Restricted Total Capital
BALANCE, DECEMBER 31, 2021 24,900 $ 2,490,016 $ 783,072 $ 509,719 $ 1,292,791 $ 13,094 $ 3,795,901
Comprehensive income (loss) 201,597 50,399 251,996 (62,434) 189,562
Proceeds from issuance of capital stock
55,337 5,533,659 5,533,659
Repurchase of capital stock (2,082) (208,150) (208,150)
Net stock reclassified to mandatorily redeemable capital stock
(26,648) (2,664,846) (2,664,846)
Cash dividends on capital stock (143,895) (143,895) (143,895)
BALANCE, DECEMBER 31, 2022 51,507 $ 5,150,679 $ 840,774 $ 560,118 $ 1,400,892 $ (49,340) $ 6,502,231
Comprehensive income (loss) 534,254 133,564 667,818 (27,997) 639,821
Proceeds from issuance of capital stock
54,759 5,475,895 5,475,895
Repurchase of capital stock (52,074) (5,207,381) (5,207,381)
Net stock reclassified to mandatorily redeemable capital stock
(5,733) (573,291) (573,291)
Cash dividends on capital stock (410,592) (410,592) (410,592)
BALANCE, DECEMBER 31, 2023 48,459 $ 4,845,902 $ 964,436 $ 693,682 $ 1,658,118 $ (77,337) $ 6,426,683
Comprehensive income (loss) 486,613 121,653 608,266 39,131 647,397
Proceeds from issuance of capital stock
27,333 2,733,273 2,733,273
Repurchase of capital stock (26,358) (2,635,837) (2,635,837)
Net stock reclassified to mandatorily redeemable capital stock
(76) (7,563) (7,563)
Cash dividends on capital stock (427,208) (427,208) (427,208)
BALANCE, DECEMBER 31, 2024 49,358 $ 4,935,775 $ 1,023,841 $ 815,335 $ 1,839,176 $ (38,206) $ 6,736,745
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK OF CINCINNATI
STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands) For the Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income $ 608,266 $ 667,818 $ 251,996
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization/(accretion) (46,267) 33 304,480
Net change in derivative and hedging activities
210,796 (631,889) 1,356,601
Net change in fair value adjustments on trading securities 25,112 (15,999) 336,889
Net realized (gains) losses from sales of available-for-sale securities
(1,268) - -
Net change in fair value adjustments on financial instruments held under fair value option
26,241 39,713 (74,712)
Other adjustments, net 1,103 1,470 754
Net change in:
Accrued interest receivable 71,455 (251,893) (196,020)
Other assets (372) (1,830) (2,695)
Accrued interest payable (30,216) 321,176 254,707
Other liabilities 32,115 51,197 (2,106)
Total adjustments 288,699 (488,022) 1,977,898
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities 896,965 179,796 2,229,894
INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Net change in:
Interest-bearing deposits (447,893) 328,821 (1,590,953)
Securities purchased under agreements to resell (5,496,157) (4,722,940) 762,900
Federal funds sold 1,874,000 (1,375,000) 106,000
Trading securities:
Proceeds from maturities and paydowns 267,045 250,073 2,975,089
Proceeds from sales - - 1,489,023
Purchases (1,252,309) - -
Available-for-sale securities:
Proceeds from maturities and paydowns 21,329 - -
Proceeds from sales
2,182,572 - -
Purchases (1,069,639) (1,240,419) (4,505,274)
Held-to-maturity securities:
Proceeds from maturities and paydowns 3,007,893 2,078,730 1,815,470
Purchases (1,552,521) (3,608,759) (7,218,330)
Advances, net
(5,905,342) (6,209,773) (44,473,600)
Mortgage loans held for portfolio:
Principal collected 676,132 614,451 1,110,219
Purchases (831,475) (579,560) (724,885)
Premises, software, and equipment, net
(8,485) (6,990) (1,512)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities (8,534,850) (14,471,366) (50,255,853)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
(continued from previous page)
FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK OF CINCINNATI
STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands) For the Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Net change in deposits
$ (78,041) $ 171,528 $ (370,784)
Net proceeds from issuance of Consolidated Obligations:
Discount Notes 122,131,671 171,458,400 259,185,837
Discount Notes transferred from other FHLBanks
996 - -
Bonds 127,567,946 137,501,180 85,793,046
Bonds transferred from other FHLBanks - 249,999 -
Payments for maturing and retiring Consolidated Obligations:
Discount Notes (126,239,572) (188,453,189) (248,606,483)
Discount Notes transferred to other FHLBanks
(3,993) - -
Bonds (115,393,405) (105,919,620) (50,636,885)
Proceeds from issuance of capital stock 2,733,273 5,475,895 5,533,659
Payments for repurchase of capital stock
(2,635,837) (5,207,381) (208,150)
Payments for repurchase/redemption of mandatorily redeemable capital stock
(10,493) (573,430) (2,668,604)
Cash dividends paid (427,208) (410,592) (143,895)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities 7,645,337 14,292,790 47,877,741
Net increase (decrease) in cash and due from banks 7,452 1,220 (148,218)
Cash and due from banks at beginning of the period 20,824 19,604 167,822
Cash and due from banks at end of the period $ 28,276 $ 20,824 $ 19,604
Supplemental Disclosures:
Interest paid $ 5,883,521 $ 5,927,421 $ 1,214,471
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK OF CINCINNATI
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Background Information
The Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati (the FHLB), a federally chartered corporation, is one of 11 District Federal Home Loan Banks (FHLBanks). The FHLBanks are government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) that serve the public by enhancing the availability of credit for residential mortgages and targeted community development. The FHLB provides a readily available, competitively-priced source of funds to its member institutions. The FHLB is a cooperative whose member institutions own nearly all of the capital stock of the FHLB and may receive dividends on their investment to the extent declared by the FHLB's Board of Directors. Former members own the remaining capital stock to support business transactions still carried on the FHLB's Statements of Condition. Regulated financial depositories and insurance companies engaged in residential housing finance may apply for membership. Additionally, qualified Community Development Financial Institutions (CDFIs) are eligible to be members. Housing associates, including state and local housing authorities, may also borrow from the FHLB; while eligible to borrow, housing authorities are not members of the FHLB and, therefore, are not allowed to hold capital stock. A housing authority is eligible to utilize the Advance programs of the FHLB if it meets applicable statutory requirements. It must be a U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development approved mortgagee and must also meet applicable mortgage lending, financial condition, as well as charter, inspection and supervision requirements.
All members must purchase stock in the FHLB. Members must own capital stock in the FHLB based on the amount of their total assets. Each member also may be required to purchase activity-based capital stock as it engages in certain business activities with the FHLB. As a result of these requirements, the FHLB conducts business with stockholders in the normal course of business. For financial statement purposes, the FHLB defines related parties as those members with more than 10 percent of the voting interests of the FHLB's outstanding capital stock. See Note 18 for more information relating to transactions with stockholders.
The Federal Housing Finance Agency (Finance Agency), an independent agency in the executive branch of the U.S. government, supervises and regulates the FHLBanks, Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac) and Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae). The Finance Agency's stated mission, with respect to the FHLBanks, is to ensure the FHLBanks fulfill their mission by operating in a safe and sound manner to serve as a reliable source of liquidity and funding for the housing finance market throughout the economic cycle.
Each FHLBank operates as a separate entity with its own management, employees, and board of directors. The FHLB does not sponsor any special purpose entities or any other type of off-balance sheet conduits.
The Office of Finance is a joint office of the FHLBanks established to facilitate the issuance and servicing of the debt instruments of the FHLBanks, known as Consolidated Obligations, and to prepare combined quarterly and annual financial reports of all FHLBanks. As provided by the Federal Home Loan Bank Act of 1932, as amended (the FHLBank Act), or by Finance Agency regulation, the FHLBanks' Consolidated Obligations are backed only by the financial resources of the FHLBanks and are the primary source of funds for the FHLBanks. Deposits, other borrowings, and capital stock issued to members provide other funds. The FHLB primarily uses its funds to provide Advances to members and to purchase loans from members through its Mortgage Purchase Program (MPP). The FHLB also provides member institutions with correspondent services, such as wire transfer, security safekeeping, and settlement services.
Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The FHLB's accounting and financial reporting policies conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP).
Significant Accounting Policies
Cash Flows. In the Statements of Cash Flows, the FHLB considers non-interest bearing cash and due from banks as cash and cash equivalents. Federal funds sold are not treated as cash equivalents for purposes of the Statements of Cash Flows, but are instead treated as short-term investments and are reflected in the investing activities section of the Statements of Cash Flows.
Subsequent Events. The FHLB has evaluated subsequent events for potential recognition or disclosure through the issuance of these financial statements and believes there have been no material subsequent events requiring additional disclosure or recognition in these financial statements.
Use of Estimates. The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make subjective assumptions and estimates. These assumptions and estimates affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, and the reported amounts of income and expenses. Actual results could differ from these estimates.
Fair Values. Some of the FHLB's financial instruments lack an available trading market with prices characterized as those that would be received to sell an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Therefore, the FHLB uses pricing services and/or internal models employing significant estimates and present value calculations when disclosing fair values. See Note 15 for more information.
Interest-Bearing Deposits, Securities Purchased Under Agreements to Resell, and Federal Funds Sold. These investments provide short-term liquidity and are carried at amortized cost; however, accrued interest receivable is recorded separately on the Statement of Condition. Interest-bearing deposits include certificates of deposits not meeting the definition of an investment security. The FHLB treats securities purchased under agreements to resell as short-term collateralized loans. Federal funds sold are unsecured loans that are generally transacted on an overnight term.
Interest-bearing deposits and federal funds sold are evaluated quarterly for expected credit losses if they are not expected to be repaid according to the relevant contractual terms. If applicable, an allowance for credit losses is recorded with a corresponding adjustment to the provision (reversal) for credit losses.
Securities purchased under agreements to resell are evaluated quarterly for expected credit losses. The FHLB applies the collateral maintenance provision practical expedient, which allows expected credit losses to be measured based on the difference between the fair value of the collateral and the investment's amortized cost, for securities purchased under agreements to resell. The credit loss would be limited to the difference between the fair value of the collateral and the investment’s amortized cost.
Debt Securities. The FHLB classifies investment securities as trading, available-for-sale and held-to-maturity at the date of acquisition. Purchases and sales of securities are recorded on a trade date basis.
Trading. Securities classified as trading are acquired for liquidity purposes and asset/liability management and are carried at fair value. The FHLB records changes in the fair value of these securities through non-interest income (loss) as a net gain or loss on trading securities. Finance Agency regulations and the FHLB's risk management policies prohibit the speculative trading of these instruments and limit credit risk arising from them.
Available-for-Sale. Securities that are not classified as held-to-maturity or trading are classified as available-for-sale and are carried at fair value. The change in fair value of available-for-sale securities not in qualifying fair value hedging relationships is recorded in other comprehensive income as net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities. For available-for-sale securities in hedging relationships that qualify as fair value hedges, the FHLB records the portion of the change in the fair value of the investment related to the risk being hedged in interest income on available-for-sale securities together with the related change in the fair value of the derivative, and records the remainder of the change in the fair value of the investment in other comprehensive income as net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities.
For securities classified as available-for-sale, the FHLB evaluates an individual security for impairment on a quarterly basis by comparing the security’s fair value to its amortized cost. Accrued interest receivable is recorded separately on the Statements of Condition. Impairment exists when the fair value of the investment is less than its amortized cost (i.e., in an unrealized loss position). In assessing whether a credit loss exists on an impaired security, the FHLB considers whether there would be a shortfall in receiving all cash flows contractually due. When a shortfall is considered possible, the FHLB compares the present value of cash flows to be collected from the security with the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows is less than amortized cost, an allowance for credit losses is recorded with a corresponding adjustment to the provision (reversal) for credit losses. The allowance is limited by the amount of the unrealized loss. The allowance for credit losses excludes uncollectible accrued interest receivable, which is measured separately.
If management intends to sell an impaired security classified as available-for-sale, or more likely than not will be required to sell the security before expected recovery of its amortized cost basis, any allowance for credit losses is written off and the
amortized cost basis is written down to the security’s fair value at the reporting date with any incremental impairment reported in earnings as net gains (losses) on investment securities. If management does not intend to sell an impaired security classified as available-for-sale and it is not more likely than not that management will be required to sell the debt security, then the credit portion of the difference is recognized as an allowance for credit losses and any remaining difference between the security’s fair value and amortized cost is recorded to net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities within other comprehensive income (loss).
Held-to-Maturity. Securities that the FHLB has both the ability and intent to hold to maturity are classified as held-to-maturity and are carried at amortized cost, which is original cost net of periodic principal repayments and amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. Accrued interest receivable is recorded separately on the Statements of Condition.
Certain changes in circumstances may cause the FHLB to change its intent to hold a security to maturity without calling into question its intent to hold other debt securities to maturity in the future. Thus, the sale or transfer of a held-to-maturity security due to certain changes in circumstances, such as evidence of significant deterioration in the issuer's creditworthiness or changes in regulatory requirements, is not considered to be inconsistent with its original classification. Other events that are isolated, nonrecurring, and unusual for the FHLB that could not have been reasonably anticipated may cause the FHLB to sell or transfer a held-to-maturity security without necessarily calling into question its intent to hold other debt securities to maturity.
In addition, sales of held-to-maturity debt securities that meet either of the following two conditions may be considered as maturities for purposes of the classification of securities: (1) the sale occurs near enough to the security's maturity date (for example, within three months of maturity), or call date if exercise of the call is probable, that interest rate risk is substantially eliminated as a pricing factor and changes in market interest rates would not have a significant effect on the security's fair value, or (2) the sale of the security occurs after the FHLB has already collected a substantial portion (at least 85 percent) of the principal outstanding at acquisition due either to prepayments on the security or to scheduled payments on the security payable in equal installments (both principal and interest) over its term.
Held-to-maturity securities are evaluated on a quarterly basis for expected credit losses on a pool basis unless an individual assessment is deemed necessary because the securities do not possess similar risk characteristics. If applicable, an allowance for credit losses is recorded with a corresponding adjustment to the provision (reversal) for credit losses. The allowance for credit losses excludes uncollectible accrued interest receivable, which is measured separately.
Premiums and Discounts. For mortgage-backed securities (MBS) with multiple underlying loans classified as available-for-sale or held-to-maturity, the FHLB amortizes the related purchased premiums and accretes the related purchased discounts using the retrospective interest method (retrospective method). The retrospective method requires that the FHLB estimate prepayments over the estimated life of the securities and make a retrospective adjustment of the effective yield each time that the FHLB changes the estimated life as if the new estimate had been known since the original acquisition date of the securities. The FHLB uses nationally recognized third-party prepayment models to project estimated cash flows. For MBS with single or few underlying loans classified as available-for-sale or held-to-maturity, the FHLB amortizes the related purchased premiums and accretes the related purchased discounts using the contractual interest method (contractual method). Due to their short term nature, the FHLB amortizes premiums and accretes discounts on other investment categories with a term of one year or less using a straight-line methodology based on the contractual maturity of the securities. Analyses of the straight-line compared to the interest, or level-yield, methodology have been performed by the FHLB, and it has determined that the impact of the difference on the financial statements for each period reported, taken individually and as a whole, is not material.
Gains and Losses on Sales. The FHLB computes gains and losses on sales of investment securities using the specific identification method and includes these gains and losses in non-interest income (loss).
Advances. The FHLB records Advances (loans to members, former members or housing associates) either at amortized cost or at fair value when the fair value option has been elected. Advances recorded at amortized cost are carried at original cost net of periodic principal repayments and amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts (including discounts related to the Affordable Housing Program), unearned commitment fees, and fair value hedge adjustments. The FHLB amortizes or accretes premiums and discounts, and recognizes unearned commitment fees and fair value hedging adjustments on Advances to interest income using a level-yield methodology. For Advances recorded at amortized cost, accrued interest receivable is recorded separately on the Statements of Condition.
The Advances carried at amortized cost are evaluated quarterly for expected credit losses. If deemed necessary, an allowance for credit losses is recorded with a corresponding adjustment to the provision (reversal) for credit losses.
Advance Modifications. In cases in which the FHLB funds a new Advance concurrent with or within a short period of time before or after the prepayment of an existing Advance by the same borrower, the FHLB evaluates whether the new Advance meets the accounting criteria to qualify as a modification of an existing Advance or whether it constitutes a new Advance. The FHLB compares the present value of cash flows on the new Advance to the present value of cash flows remaining on the existing Advance. If there is at least a 10 percent difference in the cash flows, or if the FHLB concludes the differences between the Advances are more than minor based on qualitative factors, the Advance is accounted for as a new Advance. In all other instances, the new Advance is accounted for as a modification.
Prepayment Fees. The FHLB charges a borrower a prepayment fee when the borrower prepays certain Advances before the original maturity. The recognition of prepayment fees is dependent on whether a new Advance was funded. If there were no new Advances funded, the FHLB records prepayment fees, net of basis adjustments related to hedging activities included in the carrying value of the Advances, as “Prepayment fees on Advances, net” in the interest income section of the Statements of Income.
If a new Advance was funded, but does not qualify as a modification of a prepaid Advance, the prepaid Advance is treated as an Advance termination with subsequent funding of a new Advance and the fees on the prepaid Advance, net of related fair value hedging adjustments, are recorded in interest income as “Prepayment fees on Advances, net.”
If a new Advance is funded and qualifies as a modification of the original Advance, the net prepayment fee is deferred, recorded in the basis of the modified Advance, and amortized/accreted using a level-yield methodology over the life of the modified Advance to Advance interest income. If the modified Advance is hedged and meets the hedge accounting requirements, the associated fair value gains or losses of the Advance and the prepayment fees are included in the basis of the modified Advance. Such gains or losses and prepayment fees are then amortized in interest income over the life of the modified Advance using a level-yield methodology.
Mortgage Loans Held for Portfolio. Mortgage loans held for portfolio are recorded at amortized cost, which is original cost, net of periodic principal repayments and amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts, hedging basis adjustments on loans initially classified as mortgage loan commitments, and direct write-downs. The FHLB has the intent and ability to hold these mortgage loans to maturity. Accrued interest receivable is recorded separately on the Statements of Condition. If deemed necessary, an allowance for credit losses is recorded with a corresponding adjustment to the provision (reversal) for credit losses. The FHLB does not purchase mortgage loans with credit deterioration present at the time of purchase.
The FHLB performs a quarterly assessment of its mortgage loans held for portfolio to estimate expected credit losses. The FHLB measures expected credit losses on mortgage loans on a collective basis, pooling loans with similar risk characteristics. If a mortgage loan no longer shares risk characteristics with other loans, it is removed from the pool and evaluated for expected credit losses on an individual basis.
When developing the allowance for credit losses, the FHLB measures the expected loss over the estimated remaining life of a mortgage loan, which also considers how the FHLB’s credit enhancements mitigate credit losses. If a loan is purchased at a discount, the discount does not offset the allowance for credit losses. The FHLB includes estimates of expected recoveries within the allowance for credit losses.
The allowance excludes uncollectible accrued interest receivable, as the FHLB writes off accrued interest receivable by reversing interest income if a mortgage loan is placed on non-accrual status.
Premiums and Discounts. The FHLB defers and amortizes premiums and accretes discounts paid to and received by the FHLB's participating members (Participating Financial Institutions, or PFIs) and hedging basis adjustments, as interest income using the contractual interest method (contractual method).
Other Fees. The FHLB may receive non-origination fees, called pair-off fees. Pair-off fees represent a make-whole provision and are assessed when a member fails to deliver the quantity of loans committed to in a Mandatory Delivery Contract. Pair-off fees are recorded in non-interest income (loss). A Mandatory Delivery Contract is a legal commitment the FHLB makes to purchase, and a PFI makes to deliver, a specified dollar amount of mortgage loans, with a forward settlement date, at a specified range of mortgage note rates and prices.
Modifications. Generally, the FHLB only grants mortgage loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. If the terms of the modified loan are at least as favorable to the lender as the terms offered to borrowers with similar collection risks for comparable loans and the modification to the terms of the loan is more than minor, the loan meets the accounting
criteria for a new loan. Generally, a modification would not result in a new loan because the modified terms are not as favorable to the lender as terms for comparable loans that would be offered to similar borrowers.
Collateral-dependent Loans. An impaired loan is considered collateral-dependent when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be substantially through the sale of the underlying collateral. A loan that is considered collateral-dependent is measured for impairment based on the fair value of the underlying property less estimated selling costs, with any shortfall recognized as an allowance for loan loss or charged-off. Interest income on impaired loans is recognized in the same manner as non-accrual loans noted below.
Non-accrual Loans. The FHLB places a conventional mortgage loan on non-accrual status if it is determined that either (1) the collection of interest or principal is doubtful (e.g., when a related charge-off is recorded on a loan), or (2) interest or principal is past due for 90 days or more, except when the loan is well-secured and in the process of collection (e.g., through credit enhancements and with monthly remittances on a schedule/scheduled basis). Past due loans are those where the borrower has failed to make a full payment of principal and interest within one month of its due date. Loans with remittances on a schedule/scheduled basis means the FHLB receives monthly principal and interest payments from the servicer regardless of whether the mortgagee is making payments to the servicer. Loans with monthly remittances on an actual/actual basis are considered well-secured; however, servicers of actual/actual remittance types contractually do not advance principal and interest regardless of borrower creditworthiness. As a result, these loans are placed on non-accrual status once they become 90 days delinquent.
For those mortgage loans placed on non-accrual status, accrued but uncollected interest is reversed against interest income. The FHLB records cash payments received on non-accrual loans first as interest income and then as a reduction of principal as specified in the contractual agreement, unless the collection of the remaining principal amount due is considered doubtful. If the collection of the remaining principal amount due is considered doubtful, cash payments received are applied first solely to principal until the remaining principal amount due is expected to be collected and then as a recovery of any charge-off, if applicable, followed by recording interest income. A loan on non-accrual status may be restored to accrual status when (1) none of its contractual principal and interest is due and unpaid, and the FHLB expects repayment of the remaining contractual interest and principal, or (2) it otherwise becomes well secured and in the process of collection.
Charge-off Policy. A charge-off is recorded if it is estimated that the amortized cost and any applicable accrued interest in a loan will not be recovered. The FHLB evaluates whether to record a charge-off on a conventional mortgage loan upon the occurrence of a confirming event, such as notification of a claim against any of the credit enhancements. The FHLB also charges off the portion of outstanding conventional mortgage loan balances in excess of fair value of the underlying property, less cost to sell and adjusted for any available credit enhancements, for loans that are 180 days or more delinquent and/or certain loans where the borrower has filed for bankruptcy.
Premises, Software and Equipment, Net. Premises, software and equipment are included in other assets on the Statements of Condition. The FHLB records premises, software and equipment at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. The FHLB computes depreciation on a straight-line methodology over the estimated useful lives of assets ranging from three to ten years. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the improvement or the remaining term of the lease. The FHLB capitalizes improvements and major renewals but expenses ordinary maintenance and repairs when incurred. The FHLB capitalizes and amortizes the cost of computer software developed or obtained for internal use over future periods. In addition, the FHLB includes gains and losses on the disposal of premises, software and equipment in other non-interest income (loss) in the Statements of Income.
Premises, software and equipment were $16,191,000 and $10,589,000, which was net of accumulated depreciation and amortization of $42,617,000 and $39,774,000 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the depreciation and amortization expense for premises, software and equipment was $2,862,000, $2,135,000, and $2,256,000, respectively.
Leases. The FHLB leases office space and office equipment to run its business operations. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the FHLB included in the Statements of Condition $1,563,000 and $2,644,000 of operating lease right-of-use assets in other assets, net, and $1,719,000 and $2,801,000 of operating lease liabilities in other liabilities. The FHLB recognized operating lease costs in the other operating expenses line of the Statements of Income of $2,135,000, $1,921,000 and $1,840,000 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.
Derivatives and Hedging Activities. All derivatives are recognized on the Statements of Condition at their fair values and are reported as either derivative assets or derivative liabilities, net of cash collateral, and accrued interest from counterparties. The fair values of derivatives are netted by counterparty when the netting requirements have been met. If these netted amounts are positive, they are classified as an asset and, if negative, they are classified as a liability. Cash flows associated with a derivative
are reflected as cash flows from operating activities in the Statements of Cash Flows unless the derivative meets the criteria to be a financing derivative.
The FHLB utilizes two Derivative Clearing Organizations (Clearinghouses), for all cleared derivative transactions, LCH Ltd. and CME Clearing. At both Clearinghouses, variation margin is characterized as daily settlement payments and initial margin is considered collateral.
Types of Qualifying and Non-Qualifying Hedges. The FHLB has the following types of hedges qualifying for hedge accounting treatment (fair value hedges) and hedges that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment (economic hedges):
a.a qualifying hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability or an unrecognized firm commitment (a "fair value" hedge); or
b.a non-qualifying hedge (“economic hedge”) for asset/liability management purposes.
Accounting for Fair Value Hedges. If hedging relationships meet certain criteria including, but not limited to, formal documentation of the hedging relationship and an expectation to be highly effective, they are eligible for fair value hedge accounting and the offsetting changes in fair value of the hedged items attributable to the hedged risk may be recorded in earnings. The application of fair value hedge accounting generally requires the FHLB to evaluate the effectiveness of the hedging relationships at inception and on an ongoing basis and to calculate the changes in fair value of the derivatives and related hedged items independently. This is known as the “long-haul” method of accounting. Transactions that meet more stringent criteria qualify for the “shortcut” method of hedge accounting in which an assumption can be made that the change in fair value of a hedged item exactly offsets the change in value of the related derivative.
Derivatives are typically executed at the same time as the hedged item, and the FHLB designates the hedged item in a qualifying hedging relationship as of the trade date. In many hedging relationships, the FHLB may designate the hedging relationship upon its commitment to disburse an Advance, trade a Consolidated Obligation or purchase an investment security in which settlement occurs within the shortest period of time possible for the type of instrument based on market settlement conventions. The FHLB records the changes in fair value of the derivative and the hedged item beginning on the trade date.
Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is designated and qualifies as a fair value hedge, along with changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or liability that are attributable to the hedged risk, are recorded in net interest income in the same line as the earnings effect of the hedged item.
Accounting for Economic Hedges. An economic hedge is defined as a derivative hedging specific or non-specific underlying assets, liabilities, or firm commitments that does not qualify, or was not designated, for hedge accounting, but is an acceptable hedging strategy under the FHLB's risk management program. These economic hedging strategies also comply with Finance Agency regulatory requirements prohibiting speculative hedge transactions. An economic hedge introduces the potential for earnings variability caused by the changes in fair value of the derivatives that are recorded in the FHLB's income but that are not offset by corresponding changes in the value of the economically hedged assets, liabilities, or firm commitments. The FHLB recognizes the net interest and the change in fair value of these derivatives in non-interest income (loss) as “Net gains (losses) on derivatives.”
Accrued Interest Receivables and Payables. The difference between accruals of interest receivables and payables on derivatives that are designated as fair value hedging relationships is recognized as adjustments to the interest income or expense of the designated hedged item. The difference between accruals of interest receivables and payables on economic hedges are recognized in non-interest income (loss) as “Net gains (losses) on derivatives.”
Discontinuance of Hedge Accounting. The FHLB discontinues hedge accounting prospectively when: (1) it determines that the derivative is no longer highly effective in offsetting changes in the fair value of a hedged item attributable to the hedged risk; (2) the derivative and/or the hedged item expires or is sold, terminated, or exercised; or (3) management determines that designating the derivative as a hedging instrument is no longer appropriate.
When fair value hedge accounting is discontinued because the FHLB determines that the derivative no longer qualifies as an effective fair value hedge of an existing hedged item, the FHLB continues to carry the derivative on the Statements of Condition at its fair value, ceases to adjust the hedged asset or liability for changes in fair value, and amortizes the cumulative basis adjustment on the hedged item into earnings over the remaining life of the hedged item using a level-yield methodology.
Embedded Derivatives. The FHLB may issue debt, make Advances, or purchase financial instruments in which a derivative instrument is “embedded.” The FHLB assesses whether the economic characteristics of the embedded derivative are clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics of the remaining component of the debt, Advance, or purchased financial instrument (the host contract) and whether a separate, non-embedded instrument with the same terms as the embedded instrument would meet the definition of a derivative instrument. When the FHLB determines that (1) the embedded derivative has economic characteristics that are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics of the host contract and (2) a separate, stand-alone instrument with the same terms would qualify as a derivative instrument, the embedded derivative is separated from the host contract, carried at fair value, and designated as a stand-alone derivative instrument pursuant to an economic hedge. However, the entire contract is carried at fair value and no portion of the contract is designated as a hedging instrument if the entire contract (the host contract and the embedded derivative) is to be measured at fair value, with changes in fair value reported in current-period earnings (such as an investment security classified as “trading” as well as hybrid financial instruments for which the fair value option is elected), or if the FHLB cannot reliably identify and measure the embedded derivative for purposes of separating that derivative from its host contract.
Consolidated Obligations. Consolidated Obligations are recorded at amortized cost unless the FHLB has elected the fair value option, in which case the Consolidated Obligations are carried at fair value.
Concessions. Dealers receive concessions in connection with the issuance of certain Consolidated Obligations. The Office of Finance prorates the amount of the concession to the FHLB based upon the percentage of the debt issued that is assumed by the FHLB. Concessions paid on Consolidated Obligations designated under the fair value option are expensed as incurred in other non-interest expense. The FHLB records concessions paid on Consolidated Obligation Bonds not designated under the fair value option as a direct deduction from their carrying amounts, consistent with the presentation of discounts on Consolidated Obligations. The concessions are amortized, using a level-yield methodology, over the terms to maturity or the expected lives of the Consolidated Obligation Bonds. The amortization of those concessions is included in Consolidated Obligation Bond interest expense.
The FHLB charges to expense as incurred the concessions applicable to Consolidated Obligation Discount Notes because of the short maturities of these Notes. Analyses of expensing concessions as incurred compared to a level-yield methodology have been performed by the FHLB, and it has determined that the impact of the difference on the financial statements for each period reported, taken individually and as a whole, is not material.
Discounts and Premiums. The FHLB accretes the discounts and amortizes the premiums on Consolidated Obligation Bonds to interest expense using a level-yield methodology over the terms to maturity or estimated lives of the corresponding Consolidated Obligation Bonds. Due to their short-term nature, the FHLB expenses the discounts on Consolidated Obligation Discount Notes using a straight-line methodology over the term of the Discount Notes. Analyses of a straight-line compared to a level-yield methodology have been performed by the FHLB, and the FHLB has determined that the impact of the difference on the financial statements for each period reported, taken individually and as a whole, is not material.
Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures. The FHLB evaluates its off-balance sheet credit exposures on a quarterly basis for expected credit losses. If deemed necessary, an allowance for expected credit losses on these off-balance sheet exposures is recorded in other liabilities with a corresponding adjustment to the provision (reversal) for credit losses.
Mandatorily Redeemable Capital Stock. The FHLB reclassifies stock subject to redemption from capital stock to a liability upon expiration of the “grace period” after a member provides written notice of redemption, gives notice of intent to withdraw from membership, or attains nonmember status by merger or acquisition, charter termination, or involuntary termination from membership, because the member's shares then meet the definition of a mandatorily redeemable financial instrument. Shares meeting this definition are reclassified to a liability at fair value. Dividends declared on shares classified as a liability are accrued at the expected dividend rate and reflected as interest expense in the Statements of Income. The repurchase or redemption of mandatorily redeemable capital stock is reflected as a cash outflow in the financing activities section of the Statements of Cash Flows.
If a member cancels its written notice of redemption or notice of withdrawal, the FHLB reclassifies the mandatorily redeemable capital stock from a liability to capital. After the reclassification, dividends on the capital stock are no longer classified as interest expense.
Restricted Retained Earnings. The Joint Capital Enhancement Agreement, as amended (Capital Agreement), provides that the FHLB will, on a quarterly basis, allocate 20 percent of its quarterly net income to a separate restricted retained earnings account until the balance of that account, calculated as of the last day of each calendar quarter, equals at least one percent of the FHLB's average balance of outstanding Consolidated Obligations for the calendar quarter. Additionally, the Capital Agreement provides
that amounts in restricted retained earnings in excess of 150 percent of the FHLB's restricted retained earnings minimum (i.e., one percent of the FHLB's average balance of outstanding Consolidated Obligations calculated as of the last day of each calendar quarter) may be released from restricted retained earnings. Restricted retained earnings are not available to pay dividends and are presented separately on the Statements of Condition.
Letters of Credit. The FHLB records commitment fees for Letters of Credit as deferred income when it receives the fees and accretes them using a straight-line methodology over the term of the Letter of Credit. Based upon past experience, the FHLB's management believes that the likelihood of Letters of Credit being drawn upon is remote.
Finance Agency Expenses. The FHLB funds its proportionate share of the costs of operating the Finance Agency. The portion of the Finance Agency's expenses and working capital fund paid by each FHLBank has been allocated based on each FHLBank's pro rata share of total annual assessments (which are based on the ratio between each FHLBank's minimum required regulatory capital and the aggregate minimum required regulatory capital of every FHLBank).
Office of Finance Expenses. The FHLB is assessed for its proportionate share of the costs of operating the Office of Finance. Each FHLBank's proportionate share of Office of Finance operating and capital expenditures is calculated using a formula that is based upon the following components: (1) two-thirds based upon each FHLBank's share of total Consolidated Obligations outstanding and (2) one-third based upon an equal pro rata allocation.
Voluntary Housing and Community Investment Expenses. The FHLB classifies amounts awarded under its voluntary housing programs as other non-interest expenses. Voluntary Affordable Housing Program (AHP) contributions are expensed when the FHLB's Board of Directors approves the irrevocable terms of the award, and the likelihood of the award is probable and the amount is estimable. Any voluntary AHP contribution is subject to the same regulatory requirements as AHP assessments. Other voluntary housing and community investment initiatives primarily consist of voluntary grants and contributions. Voluntary grants and contributions are recognized as expenses in the period in which the grants or contributions are considered unconditional promises to give.
Affordable Housing Program Assessments. The FHLBank Act requires each FHLBank to establish and fund an AHP. The FHLB recognizes the required funding for the AHP on the Statements of Income as a reduction to income before assessments and establishes an AHP liability on the Statements of Condition. The AHP funds provide subsidies to members to assist in the purchase, construction, or rehabilitation of housing for very low-, low-, and moderate-income households. Currently, the FHLB makes subsidies available to members in the form of grants. The FHLB also provides AHP subsidized Advances, which are issued at interest rates below the customary interest rate for non-subsidized Advances. For an AHP Advance, the present value of the variation in the cash flow caused by the difference in the interest rate between the AHP Advance rate and the FHLB's related cost of funds for comparable maturity funding is charged against the AHP liability and recorded as a discount on the AHP Advance. The discount on an AHP Advance is accreted to interest income on Advances using a level-yield methodology over the life of the Advance.
Note 2 - Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Guidance
Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. In November 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued guidance that requires disclosure, in the notes to the financial statements, of specified information about certain costs and expenses on an interim and annual basis. The guidance becomes effective for the FHLB for the annual period ending December 31, 2027 and the interim periods thereafter. Early adoption is permitted. The FHLB does not intend to adopt this guidance early. The adoption of this new guidance may impact the FHLB's disclosures, but will not have a material impact on its financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.
Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. In November 2023, the FASB issued guidance that improves reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. Among other things, the new guidance requires disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss, requires segment disclosures for entities with a single reportable segment, and expands interim disclosure requirements. This guidance became effective for the FHLB for the annual period ended December 31, 2024 and the interim periods thereafter. The adoption of this guidance affected the disclosures in Note 14 - Segment Information, but did not have any effect on the FHLB's financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.
Note 3 - Cash and Due from Banks
Cash and due from banks on the Statements of Condition includes cash on hand, cash items in the process of collection, compensating balances, and amounts due from correspondent banks and the Federal Reserve Bank.
Compensating Balances. The FHLB maintains collected cash balances with commercial banks in return for certain services. These agreements contain no legal restrictions on the withdrawal of funds. The average collected cash balances for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were approximately $694,000 and $764,000, respectively.
Note 4 - Investments
The FHLB makes short-term investments in interest-bearing deposits, securities purchased under agreements to resell, and Federal funds sold and may make other investments in debt securities, which are classified as either trading, available-for-sale, or held-to-maturity.
Interest-Bearing Deposits, Securities Purchased under Agreements to Resell, and Federal Funds Sold
The FHLB invests in interest-bearing deposits, securities purchased under agreements to resell, and Federal funds sold to provide liquidity.
At December 31, 2024 and 2023, interest-bearing deposits and Federal funds sold were transacted with counterparties that have received a credit rating of single-A or greater by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization (NRSRO). Finance Agency regulations include a limit on the amount of unsecured credit the FHLB may extend to a counterparty. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, all investments in interest-bearing deposits and Federal funds sold were repaid or expected to be repaid according to their respective contractual terms. No allowance for credit losses was recorded for these assets at December 31, 2024 and 2023. Carrying values of interest-bearing deposits and Federal funds sold exclude accrued interest receivable of (in thousands) $9,154 and $590 as of December 31, 2024, and $8,627 and $3,006 as of December 31, 2023.
Securities purchased under agreements to resell are short-term and are structured such that they are evaluated regularly to determine if the market value of the underlying securities decreases below the market value required as collateral (i.e., subject to collateral maintenance provisions). If so, the counterparty must place an equivalent amount of additional securities as collateral or remit an equivalent amount of cash, generally by the next business day. Based upon the collateral held as security and collateral maintenance provisions with counterparties, the FHLB determined that no allowance for credit losses was needed for its securities purchased under agreements to resell at December 31, 2024 and 2023. The carrying value of securities purchased under agreements to resell excludes accrued interest receivable of (in thousands) $1,319 and $2,373 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Debt Securities
The FHLB invests in debt securities, which are classified as either trading, available-for-sale, or held-to-maturity. The FHLB is prohibited by Finance Agency regulations from purchasing certain higher-risk securities, such as equity securities and debt instruments that are not investment quality, other than certain investments targeted at low-income persons or communities. The FHLB is not required to divest instruments that experience credit deterioration after their purchase.
Trading Securities
Table 4.1 - Trading Securities by Major Security Types (in thousands)
Fair Value December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Non-mortgage-backed securities (non-MBS):
U.S. Treasury obligations $ 1,248,651 $ 248,688
GSE obligations 1,457,242 1,497,009
Total non-MBS 2,705,893 1,745,697
Mortgage-backed securities (MBS):
U.S. obligation single-family 2 45
Total MBS 2 45
Total $ 2,705,895 $ 1,745,742
Table 4.2 - Net Gains (Losses) on Trading Securities (in thousands)
For the Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Net unrealized gains (losses) on trading securities held at period end $ (26,697) $ 14,592 $ (284,575)
Net gains (losses) on trading securities sold/matured during the period 1,585 1,407 (52,314)
Net gains (losses) on trading securities $ (25,112) $ 15,999 $ (336,889)
Available-for-Sale Securities
Table 4.3 - Available-for-Sale Securities by Major Security Types (in thousands)
December 31, 2024
Amortized
Cost (1)
Gross
Unrealized
Gains Gross
Unrealized
Losses Fair
Value
Non-MBS:
U.S. Treasury obligations $ 5,489,303 $ 1,985 $ (2,719) $ 5,488,569
GSE obligations 119,640 671 - 120,311
Total non-MBS 5,608,943 2,656 (2,719) 5,608,880
MBS:
GSE multi-family 3,492,966 1,186 (40,297) 3,453,855
Total MBS 3,492,966 1,186 (40,297) 3,453,855
Total $ 9,101,909 $ 3,842 $ (43,016) $ 9,062,735
December 31, 2023
Amortized
Cost (1)
Gross
Unrealized
Gains Gross
Unrealized
Losses Fair
Value
Non-MBS:
U.S. Treasury obligations $ 7,630,467 $ 564 $ (19,212) $ 7,611,819
GSE obligations 119,366 575 (29) 119,912
Total non-MBS 7,749,833 1,139 (19,241) 7,731,731
MBS:
GSE multi-family 2,497,752 97 (57,992) 2,439,857
Total MBS 2,497,752 97 (57,992) 2,439,857
Total $ 10,247,585 $ 1,236 $ (77,233) $ 10,171,588
(1)Amortized cost of available-for-sale securities includes adjustments made to the cost basis of an investment for accretion, amortization, and/or fair value hedge accounting adjustments, and excludes accrued interest receivable of (in thousands) $29,534 and $47,969 at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Table 4.4 summarizes the available-for-sale securities with gross unrealized losses, which are aggregated by major security type and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous gross unrealized loss position.
Table 4.4 - Available-for-Sale Securities in a Continuous Gross Unrealized Loss Position (in thousands)
December 31, 2024
Less than 12 Months 12 Months or more Total
Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses
Non-MBS:
U.S. Treasury obligations $ 2,034,543 $ (1,456) $ 918,782 $ (1,263) $ 2,953,325 $ (2,719)
Total non-MBS 2,034,543 (1,456) 918,782 (1,263) 2,953,325 (2,719)
MBS:
GSE multi-family MBS 1,590,377 (7,822) 1,457,592 (32,475) 3,047,969 (40,297)
Total MBS 1,590,377 (7,822) 1,457,592 (32,475) 3,047,969 (40,297)
Total $ 3,624,920 $ (9,278) $ 2,376,374 $ (33,738) $ 6,001,294 $ (43,016)
December 31, 2023
Less than 12 Months 12 Months or more Total
Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses
Non-MBS:
U.S. Treasury obligations $ 5,738,322 $ (14,385) $ 907,749 $ (4,827) $ 6,646,071 $ (19,212)
GSE obligations - - 4,478 (29) 4,478 (29)
Total non-MBS 5,738,322 (14,385) 912,227 (4,856) 6,650,549 (19,241)
MBS:
GSE multi-family MBS 1,103,524 (12,797) 1,196,774 (45,195) 2,300,298 (57,992)
Total MBS 1,103,524 (12,797) 1,196,774 (45,195) 2,300,298 (57,992)
Total $ 6,841,846 $ (27,182) $ 2,109,001 $ (50,051) $ 8,950,847 $ (77,233)
Table 4.5 - Available-for-Sale Securities by Contractual Maturity (in thousands)
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Year of Maturity Amortized
Cost Fair
Value Amortized
Cost Fair
Value
Non-MBS:
Due in 1 year or less $ 9,900 $ 9,924 $ - $ -
Due after 1 year through 5 years 5,589,159 5,588,968 7,010,815 6,994,480
Due after 5 years through 10 years 9,884 9,988 728,761 726,993
Due after 10 years - - 10,257 10,258
Total non-MBS 5,608,943 5,608,880 7,749,833 7,731,731
MBS (1)
3,492,966 3,453,855 2,497,752 2,439,857
Total $ 9,101,909 $ 9,062,735 $ 10,247,585 $ 10,171,588
(1)MBS are not presented by contractual maturity because their expected maturities will likely differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment fees.
Table 4.6 - Interest Rate Payment Terms of Available-for-Sale Securities (in thousands)
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Amortized cost of non-MBS:
Fixed-rate $ 5,608,943 $ 7,749,833
Total amortized cost of non-MBS 5,608,943 7,749,833
Amortized cost of MBS:
Fixed-rate 3,492,966 2,497,752
Total amortized cost of MBS 3,492,966 2,497,752
Total $ 9,101,909 $ 10,247,585
Realized Gains and Losses. During the year ended December 31, 2024, for strategic and economic reasons, the FHLB sold a portion of available-for-sale securities. These securities had an amortized cost (determined by the specific identification method) of (in thousands) $2,181,304. During the year ended December 31, 2024, proceeds from the sales totaled (in thousands) $2,182,572, resulting in realized gains (losses) of (in thousands) $1,268. The FHLB had no sales of securities out of its available-for-sale portfolio for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Held-to-Maturity Securities
Table 4.7 - Held-to-Maturity Securities by Major Security Types (in thousands)
December 31, 2024
Amortized Cost (1)
Gross Unrecognized Holding
Gains Gross Unrecognized Holding Losses Fair Value
Non-MBS:
U.S. Treasury obligations
$ 49,948 $ 17 $ - $ 49,965
Total non-MBS 49,948 17 - 49,965
MBS:
U.S. obligation single-family 997,725 - (146,742) 850,983
GSE single-family 3,626,755 11,048 (83,441) 3,554,362
GSE multi-family 10,697,284 3,836 (36,873) 10,664,247
Total MBS 15,321,764 14,884 (267,056) 15,069,592
Total $ 15,371,712 $ 14,901 $ (267,056) $ 15,119,557
December 31, 2023
Amortized Cost (1)
Gross Unrecognized Holding
Gains Gross Unrecognized Holding Losses Fair Value
Non-MBS:
U.S. Treasury obligations $ 49,078 $ - $ (6) $ 49,072
Total non-MBS 49,078 - (6) 49,072
MBS:
U.S. obligation single-family 1,109,265 - (129,457) 979,808
GSE single-family 3,146,571 23,124 (79,336) 3,090,359
GSE multi-family 12,527,219 2,159 (72,004) 12,457,374
Total MBS 16,783,055 25,283 (280,797) 16,527,541
Total $ 16,832,133 $ 25,283 $ (280,803) $ 16,576,613
(1)Carrying value equals amortized cost. Amortized cost of held-to-maturity securities includes adjustments made to the cost basis of an investment for accretion and amortization and excludes accrued interest receivable of (in thousands) $56,118 and $68,866 at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Table 4.8 - Held-to-Maturity Securities by Contractual Maturity (in thousands)
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Year of Maturity Amortized Cost (1)
Fair Value Amortized Cost (1)
Fair Value
Non-MBS:
Due in 1 year or less $ 49,948 $ 49,965 $ 49,078 $ 49,072
Due after 1 year through 5 years - - - -
Due after 5 years through 10 years - - - -
Due after 10 years - - - -
Total non-MBS 49,948 49,965 49,078 49,072
MBS (2)
15,321,764 15,069,592 16,783,055 16,527,541
Total $ 15,371,712 $ 15,119,557 $ 16,832,133 $ 16,576,613
(1)Carrying value equals amortized cost.
(2)MBS are not presented by contractual maturity because their expected maturities will likely differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment fees.
Table 4.9 - Interest Rate Payment Terms of Held-to-Maturity Securities (in thousands)
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Amortized cost of non-MBS:
Fixed-rate $ 49,948 $ 49,078
Total amortized cost of non-MBS 49,948 49,078
Amortized cost of MBS:
Fixed-rate 4,501,701 4,118,328
Variable-rate 10,820,063 12,664,727
Total amortized cost of MBS 15,321,764 16,783,055
Total $ 15,371,712 $ 16,832,133
For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the FHLB did not sell any held-to-maturity securities.
Allowance for Credit Losses on Available-for-Sale and Held-to-Maturity Securities
The FHLB evaluates available-for-sale and held-to-maturity investment securities for credit losses on a quarterly basis. The FHLB’s available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities are U.S. Treasury obligations, GSE obligations, and MBS issued by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae that are backed by single-family or multi-family mortgage loans. The FHLB only purchases securities considered investment quality. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, all available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities were rated single-A, or above, by an NRSRO, based on the lowest long-term credit rating for each security owned by the FHLB. The FHLB’s internal ratings of these securities may differ from those obtained from an NRSRO.
The FHLB evaluates individual available-for-sale securities for impairment by comparing the security’s fair value to its amortized cost. Impairment may exist when the fair value of the investment is less than its amortized cost (i.e., in an unrealized loss position). At December 31, 2024 and 2023, certain available-for-sale securities were in an unrealized loss position. These losses are considered temporary as the FHLB expects to recover the entire amortized cost basis on these available-for-sale investment securities and does not intend to sell these securities nor considers it more likely than not that it will be required to sell these securities before the anticipated recovery of each security's remaining amortized cost basis. Further, the FHLB has not experienced any payment defaults on the instruments at December 31, 2024 or 2023 and all of these securities are highly-rated. In the case of U.S. obligations, they carry an explicit government guarantee. In the case of GSE securities, they are purchased under the assumption that the issuers' obligation to pay principal and interest on those securities will be honored, taking into account their status as GSEs. As a result, no allowance for credit losses was recorded on these available-for-sale securities at December 31, 2024 and 2023.
The FHLB evaluates its held-to-maturity securities for impairment on a collective, or pooled basis, unless an individual assessment is deemed necessary because the securities do not possess similar risk characteristics. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the FHLB had not established an allowance for credit loss on any held-to-maturity securities because the securities: (1) were all highly-rated and/or had short remaining terms to maturity, (2) had not experienced, nor did the FHLB expect, any payment defaults on the instruments, (3) in the case of U.S. obligations, the securities carry an explicit government guarantee
such that the FHLB considered the risk of nonpayment to be zero, and (4) in the case of GSE securities, they are purchased under an assumption that the issuers' obligation to pay principal and interest on those securities will be honored, taking into account their status as GSEs.
Note 5 - Advances
The FHLB offers a wide range of fixed- and variable-rate Advance products with different maturities, interest rates, payment characteristics and optionality. Fixed-rate Advances generally have maturities ranging from one day to 30 years. Variable-rate Advances generally have maturities ranging from less than 30 days to 10 years, where the interest rates reset periodically at a fixed spread to a specified index. The following table presents Advance redemptions by contractual maturity, including index-amortizing Advances, which are presented according to their predetermined amortization schedules.
Table 5.1 - Advances by Redemption Term (dollars in thousands)
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Redemption Term Amount Weighted Average Interest
Rate Amount Weighted Average Interest
Rate
Overdrawn demand deposit accounts $ 53 4.51 % $ 458 5.54 %
Due in 1 year or less 32,217,458 4.59 31,560,442 5.42
Due after 1 year through 2 years 28,816,073 4.81 10,707,268 5.18
Due after 2 years through 3 years 8,625,464 4.08 17,456,336 5.28
Due after 3 years through 4 years 7,977,928 4.51 4,668,018 3.90
Due after 4 years through 5 years 635,321 3.57 7,677,484 5.05
Thereafter 1,272,852 2.54 1,567,786 2.52
Total principal amount 79,545,149 4.57 73,637,792 5.15
Commitment fees (65) (81)
Discounts (2,738) (1,463)
Fair value hedging adjustments (197,188) (87,501)
Fair value option valuation adjustments and accrued interest
1,207 4,415
Total (1)
$ 79,346,365 $ 73,553,162
(1)Carrying values exclude accrued interest receivable of (in thousands) $314,958 and $366,930 at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
The FHLB offers certain fixed- and variable-rate Advances to members that may be prepaid on specified dates (call dates) without incurring prepayment or termination fees (callable Advances). Other Advances may only be prepaid subject to a prepayment fee paid to the FHLB that makes the FHLB financially indifferent to the prepayment of the Advance.
Table 5.2 - Advances by Redemption Term or Next Call Date (in thousands)
Redemption Term or Next Call Date December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Overdrawn demand deposit accounts $ 53 $ 458
Due in 1 year or less 45,727,929 34,560,442
Due after 1 year through 2 years 15,343,693 15,207,268
Due after 2 years through 3 years 12,616,040 9,988,956
Due after 3 years through 4 years 3,950,308 8,668,018
Due after 4 years through 5 years 634,274 3,644,864
Thereafter 1,272,852 1,567,786
Total principal amount $ 79,545,149 $ 73,637,792
The FHLB also offers putable Advances. With a putable Advance, the FHLB effectively purchases put options from the member that allows the FHLB to terminate the Advance at predetermined dates. The FHLB normally would exercise its put option when interest rates increase relative to contractual rates.
Table 5.3 - Advances by Redemption Term or Next Put Date for Putable Advances (in thousands)
Redemption Term or Next Put Date December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Overdrawn demand deposit accounts $ 53 $ 458
Due in 1 year or less 32,757,458 31,985,442
Due after 1 year through 2 years 28,816,073 10,772,268
Due after 2 years through 3 years 8,590,464 17,471,336
Due after 3 years through 4 years 7,897,928 4,668,018
Due after 4 years through 5 years 605,321 7,577,484
Thereafter 877,852 1,162,786
Total principal amount $ 79,545,149 $ 73,637,792
Table 5.4 - Advances by Interest Rate Payment Terms (in thousands)
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Fixed-rate (1)
Due in one year or less $ 21,137,822 $ 18,582,772
Due after one year 28,201,170 23,531,967
Total fixed-rate (1)
$ 49,338,992 $ 42,114,739
Variable-rate (1)
Due in one year or less 11,079,689 12,978,128
Due after one year 19,126,468 18,544,925
Total variable-rate (1)
30,206,157 31,523,053
Total principal amount $ 79,545,149 $ 73,637,792
(1)Payment terms based on current interest rate terms, which reflect any option exercises or rate conversions that have occurred subsequent to the related Advance issuance.
Credit Risk Exposure and Security Terms
The FHLB manages its credit exposure to Advances through an integrated approach that includes establishing a credit limit for each borrower and ongoing review of each borrower's financial condition, coupled with collateral and lending policies to limit risk of loss while balancing borrowers' needs for a reliable source of funding.
In addition, the FHLB lends to eligible borrowers in accordance with federal law and Finance Agency regulations, which require the FHLB to obtain sufficient collateral to fully secure credit products. Under these regulations, collateral eligible to secure new or renewed Advances includes:
▪one-to-four family mortgage loans (delinquent for no more than 60 days) and multi-family mortgage loans (delinquent for no more than 30 days) and securities representing such mortgages;
▪loans and securities issued and insured, or guaranteed by the U.S. government or any U.S. government agency (for example, mortgage-backed securities issued or guaranteed by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, or Ginnie Mae);
▪cash or deposits in the FHLB;
▪certain other collateral that is real estate-related, provided that the collateral has a readily ascertainable value, can be reliably discounted to account for liquidation and other risks, can be liquidated in due course and the FHLB can perfect a security interest in it; and
▪certain qualifying securities representing undivided equity interests in eligible Advance collateral.
Residential mortgage loans are the principal form of collateral for Advances. The estimated value of the collateral required to secure each member's credit products is calculated by applying collateral discounts, or haircuts, to the value of the collateral. In addition, community financial institutions are eligible to utilize expanded statutory collateral provisions for small business and agribusiness loans. The FHLB's capital stock owned by its member borrowers is also pledged as collateral. Collateral
arrangements and a member’s borrowing capacity vary based on the financial condition and performance of the institution, the type of member (e.g., commercial bank, insurance company or CDFI), the types of collateral pledged and the overall quality of those assets. The FHLB can also require additional or substitute collateral to protect its security interest. The FHLB also has policies and procedures for validating the reasonableness of its collateral valuations and makes changes to its collateral guidelines, as necessary, based on current market conditions. In addition, collateral verifications and reviews are performed by the FHLB based on the risk profile of the borrower. Management of the FHLB believes that these policies effectively manage the FHLB's credit risk from Advances.
Members experiencing financial difficulties are subject to FHLB-performed “stress tests” to evaluate the impact of poorly performing assets on the member’s capital and loss reserve positions. Depending on the results of these tests, a member may be allowed to maintain pledged loan assets in its custody, may be required to deliver those loans into the custody of the FHLB or its agent, or may be required to provide details on those loans to facilitate an estimate of their fair value. The FHLB perfects its security interest in all pledged collateral. The FHLBank Act affords any security interest granted to the FHLB by a member priority over the claims or rights of any other party except for claims or rights of a third party that would otherwise be entitled to priority under applicable law and that are held by a bona fide purchaser for value or by a secured party holding a prior perfected security interest.
The FHLB considers each borrower's ability to repay, payment status, as well as the types and levels of collateral to be the primary indicators of credit quality for its credit products. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the FHLB did not have any Advances that were past due, in non-accrual status or considered impaired. In addition, there were no modifications of Advances with borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during 2024 or 2023. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the FHLB had rights to collateral on a member-by-member basis with an estimated value in excess of its outstanding extensions of credit.
Based upon the collateral held as security, its credit extension and collateral policies and the repayment history on Advances, the FHLB did not expect any credit losses on Advances as of December 31, 2024 and, therefore, no allowance for credit losses on Advances was recorded. For the same reasons, the FHLB did not record any allowance for credit losses on Advances at December 31, 2023.
Advance Concentrations. Advance balances, as well as the associated interest income earned, are concentrated among a small number of members. Interest income from Advances is a significant source of total revenues, and a member's Advance borrowings at a point in time generally represent its portion of the FHLB's Advance interest income.
Table 5.5 - Borrowers Holding Five Percent or more of Total Advances, Including Any Known Affiliates that are Members of the FHLB (dollars in millions)
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Principal % of Total Principal Amount of Advances Principal % of Total Principal Amount of Advances
JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. $ 20,000 25 % JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. $ 14,000 19 %
U.S. Bank, N.A. 14,500 18 U.S. Bank, N.A. 10,000 14
Fifth Third Bank 5,601 7 Keybank, N.A. 9,836 13
Third Federal Savings and Loan Association 4,637 6 Third Federal Savings and Loan Association 5,008 7
The Huntington National Bank 4,501 6 Fifth Third Bank 4,001 5
Total $ 49,239 62 % Total $ 42,845 58 %
Note 6 - Mortgage Loans
Total mortgage loans held for portfolio represent residential mortgage loans under the Mortgage Purchase Program (MPP) that the FHLB's members originate, credit enhance, and then sell to the FHLB. The FHLB does not service any of these loans.
Table 6.1 - Mortgage Loans Held for Portfolio (in thousands)
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Fixed rate medium-term single-family mortgage loans (1)
$ 542,802 $ 462,554
Fixed rate long-term single-family mortgage loans (2)
6,550,097 6,497,563
Total unpaid principal balance 7,092,899 6,960,117
Premiums 151,414 146,380
Discounts (3,683) (3,200)
Hedging basis adjustments (3)
3,901 5,353
Total mortgage loans held for portfolio (4)
7,244,531 7,108,650
Allowance for credit losses on mortgage loans (331) (316)
Mortgage loans held for portfolio, net
$ 7,244,200 $ 7,108,334
(1)Medium-term is defined as an original term of 15 years or less.
(2)Long-term is defined as an original term of greater than 15 years up to 30 years.
(3)Represents the unamortized balance of the mortgage purchase commitments' market values at the time of settlement. The market value of the commitment is included in the basis of the mortgage loan and amortized accordingly.
(4)Excludes accrued interest receivable of (in thousands) $25,903 and $23,193 at December 31, 2024 and 2023.
Table 6.2 - Mortgage Loans Held for Portfolio by Collateral/Guarantee Type (in thousands)
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Conventional mortgage loans $ 7,009,800 $ 6,863,020
Federal Housing Administration (FHA) mortgage loans 83,099 97,097
Total unpaid principal balance $ 7,092,899 $ 6,960,117
Table 6.3 - Members, Including Any Known Affiliates that are Members of the FHLB, and Former Members Selling Five Percent or more of Total Unpaid Principal (dollars in millions)
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Principal % of Total Principal % of Total
Union Savings Bank $ 1,472 21 % Union Savings Bank $ 1,513 22 %
FirstBank 688 10 FirstBank 725 10
LCNB National Bank 441 6 Guardian Savings Bank FSB 405 6
Guardian Savings Bank FSB 402 6 The Huntington National Bank 404 6
The Huntington National Bank 389 5
Credit Risk Exposure
The FHLB manages credit risk exposure for conventional mortgage loans primarily though conservative underwriting and purchasing loans with characteristics consistent with favorable expected credit performance and by applying various credit enhancements.
Credit Enhancements. The conventional mortgage loans under the MPP are primarily supported by some combination of credit enhancements (primary mortgage insurance (PMI) and the Lender Risk Account (LRA), including pooled LRA for those members participating in an aggregated MPP pool). These credit enhancements apply after a homeowner’s equity is exhausted. The LRA is funded by the FHLB upfront as a portion of the purchase proceeds to cover potential credit losses. The LRA is recorded in other liabilities in the Statements of Condition. Excess funds from the LRA are released to the member in accordance with the terms of the Master Commitment Contract, which is typically after five years, subject to performance of the related loan pool. Because the FHA makes an explicit guarantee on FHA mortgage loans, the FHLB does not require any credit enhancements on these loans beyond primary mortgage insurance.
Table 6.4 - Changes in the LRA (in thousands)
For the Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
LRA at beginning of year $ 239,051 $ 244,254 $ 252,310
Additions 17,305 8,248 7,476
Claims (34) (219) (25)
Scheduled distributions (16,571) (13,232) (15,507)
LRA at end of period $ 239,751 $ 239,051 $ 244,254
Payment Status of Mortgage Loans. The key credit quality indicator for conventional mortgage loans is payment status, which allows the FHLB to monitor borrower performance. Past due loans are those where the borrower has failed to make a full payment of principal and interest within one month of its due date. Table 6.5 presents the payment status of conventional mortgage loans.
Table 6.5 - Credit Quality Indicator of Conventional Mortgage Loans (in thousands)
December 31, 2024
Origination Year
Payment status, at amortized cost: Prior to 2020
2020 to 2024
Total
Past due 30-59 days $ 16,518 $ 15,639 $ 32,157
Past due 60-89 days 4,560 3,370 7,930
Past due 90 days or more 4,968 1,478 6,446
Total past due mortgage loans 26,046 20,487 46,533
Current mortgage loans 2,804,549 4,309,801 7,114,350
Total conventional mortgage loans $ 2,830,595 $ 4,330,288 $ 7,160,883
December 31, 2023
Origination Year
Payment status, at amortized cost: Prior to 2019
2019 to 2023
Total
Past due 30-59 days $ 15,870 $ 13,220 $ 29,090
Past due 60-89 days 2,989 821 3,810
Past due 90 days or more 7,379 2,568 9,947
Total past due mortgage loans 26,238 16,609 42,847
Current mortgage loans 2,316,368 4,651,660 6,968,028
Total conventional mortgage loans $ 2,342,606 $ 4,668,269 $ 7,010,875
Other delinquency statistics include loans in process of foreclosure, serious delinquency rates, loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest, and non-accrual loans. Table 6.6 presents other delinquency statistics of mortgage loans.
Table 6.6 - Other Delinquency Statistics (dollars in thousands)
December 31, 2024
Amortized Cost: Conventional MPP Loans FHA Loans Total
In process of foreclosure (1)
$ 2,323 $ 25 $ 2,348
Serious delinquency rate (2)
0.09 % 0.84 % 0.10 %
Past due 90 days or more still accruing interest (3)
$ 5,745 $ 702 $ 6,447
Loans on non-accrual status (4)
$ 1,409 $ - $ 1,409
December 31, 2023
Amortized Cost: Conventional MPP Loans FHA Loans Total
In process of foreclosure (1)
$ 5,826 $ 134 $ 5,960
Serious delinquency rate (2)
0.14 % 0.98 % 0.16 %
Past due 90 days or more still accruing interest (3)
$ 9,383 $ 959 $ 10,342
Loans on non-accrual status (4)
$ 1,294 $ - $ 1,294
(1)Includes loans where the decision of foreclosure or a similar alternative such as pursuit of deed-in-lieu has been reported.
(2)Loans that are 90 days or more past due or in the process of foreclosure (including past due or current loans in the process of foreclosure) expressed as a percentage of the total loan portfolio class.
(3)Each conventional loan past due 90 days or more still accruing interest is on a schedule/scheduled monthly settlement basis and contains one or more credit enhancements. Loans that are well secured and in the process of collection as a result of remaining credit enhancements and schedule/scheduled settlement are not placed on non-accrual status.
(4)At December 31, 2024 and 2023, (in thousands) $1,409 and $1,162, respectively, of conventional MPP loans on non-accrual status do not have a related allowance because these loans were either previously charged off to their expected recoverable value and/or the fair value of the underlying collateral, including any credit enhancements, is greater than the amortized cost of the loans.
The FHLB did not have any real estate owned at December 31, 2024 or 2023.
Mortgage Loan Modifications. Under certain circumstances, the FHLB offers loan modifications within its MPP. Most commonly, loan modifications consist of capitalization of any past due interest with a corresponding increase in unpaid principal and a recast of the monthly principal and interest payment. Less frequently, loan modifications may include interest rate reductions, term extensions, balloon payments, or a combination of these types. The amortized cost basis of mortgage loans modified with borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was (in thousands) $2,797 and $5,278, respectively. The financial effect of the modifications was not material to the FHLB’s financial condition or results of operations.
Evaluation of Current Expected Credit Losses
Mortgage Loans - FHA. The FHLB invests in fixed-rate mortgage loans secured by one-to-four-family residential properties insured by the FHA. The FHLB expects to recover any losses from such loans from the FHA. Any losses from these loans that are not recovered from the FHA would be caused by a claim rejection by the FHA and, as such, would be recoverable from the selling participating financial institutions. Therefore, the FHLB only has credit risk for these loans if the seller or servicer fails to pay for losses not covered by the FHA insurance, but in such instance, the FHLB would have recourse against the servicer for such failure. As a result, the FHLB did not record an allowance for credit losses on its FHA insured mortgage loans. Furthermore, due to the insurance, none of these mortgage loans have been placed on non-accrual status.
Mortgage Loans - Conventional. Conventional loans are evaluated collectively when similar risk characteristics exist; loans that do not share risk characteristics with other pools are removed from the collective evaluation and evaluated for expected credit losses on an individual basis. For loans with similar risk characteristics, the FHLB determines the allowance for credit losses through analyses that include considering various loan portfolio and collateral-related characteristics, such as past performance, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts of expected economic conditions. The FHLB uses a model that employs a variety of methods, such as projected cash flows to estimate expected credit losses over the life of the loans. This model relies on a number of inputs, such as both current and forecasted property values and interest rates, as well as historical borrower behavior experience. The FHLB’s calculation of expected credit losses includes a forecast of home prices over the entire contractual terms of its conventional loans rather than a reversion to historical home price trends after an initial forecast period. The FHLB also incorporates associated credit enhancements to determine estimated expected credit losses.
Certain conventional loans may be evaluated for credit losses by using the practical expedient for collateral dependent assets. A mortgage loan is considered collateral dependent when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be substantially through the sale of the underlying collateral. The FHLB may estimate the fair value of this collateral by either applying an appropriate loss severity rate, using third-party estimates, or using a property valuation model. The expected credit loss of a collateral dependent mortgage loan is equal to the difference between the amortized cost of the loan and the estimated fair value of the collateral, less estimated selling costs. The FHLB will either reserve for these estimated losses or record a direct charge-off of the loan balance, if certain triggering criteria are met. Expected recoveries of prior charge-offs, if any, are included in the allowance for credit losses.
The FHLB also assesses other qualitative factors in its estimation of loan losses for the collectively evaluated population. This amount represents a subjective management judgment, based on facts and circumstances that exist as of the reporting date, which is intended to cover other expected losses that may not otherwise be captured in the methodology described above.
Allowance for Credit Losses. At December 31, 2024 and 2023 the FHLB's allowance for credit losses on its conventional mortgage loans held for portfolio was (in thousands) $331 and $316, respectively.
Note 7 - Derivatives and Hedging Activities
Nature of Business Activity
The FHLB is exposed to interest rate risk primarily from the effect of changes in interest rates. The goal of the FHLB's interest-rate risk management strategy is not to eliminate interest-rate risk, but to manage it within appropriate limits. To mitigate the risk of loss, the FHLB has established policies and procedures, which include guidelines on the amount of exposure to interest rate changes it is willing to accept. In addition, the FHLB monitors the risk to its interest income, net interest margin and average maturity of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. The FHLB uses derivatives when they are considered to be the most cost-effective alternative to achieve the FHLB's financial and risk management objectives.
The FHLB transacts its derivatives with counterparties that are large banks and major broker-dealers. Some of these banks and broker-dealers or their affiliates buy, sell, and distribute Consolidated Obligations. Derivative transactions may be executed either with a counterparty, referred to as uncleared derivatives, or cleared through a Futures Commission Merchant (i.e., clearing agent) with a Derivative Clearing Organization, referred to as cleared derivatives. The FHLB is not a derivative dealer and does not trade derivatives for short-term profit.
Consistent with Finance Agency regulations, the FHLB enters into derivatives to manage the interest rate risk exposures inherent in otherwise unhedged assets and funding positions, to achieve the FHLB's risk management objectives and to act as an intermediary between its members and counterparties. The use of derivatives is an integral part of the FHLB's financial management strategy. However, Finance Agency regulations and the FHLB's financial management policy prohibit trading in, or the speculative use of, derivative instruments and limit credit risk arising from them.
The most common ways in which the FHLB uses derivatives are to:
▪reduce the interest rate sensitivity and repricing gaps of assets and liabilities;
▪preserve a favorable interest rate spread between the yield of an asset (e.g., an Advance) and the cost of the related liability (e.g., the Consolidated Obligation used to fund the Advance);
▪manage embedded options in assets and liabilities;
▪reduce funding costs by combining a derivative with a Consolidated Obligation, as the cost of a combined funding structure can be lower than the cost of a comparable Consolidated Obligation; and
▪protect the value of existing asset or liability positions.
Types of Derivatives
The FHLB primarily uses the following derivative instruments:
Interest rate swaps - An interest rate swap is an agreement between two entities to exchange cash flows in the future. The agreement sets the dates on which the cash flows will be exchanged and the manner in which the cash flows will be calculated. One of the simplest forms of an interest rate swap involves the promise by one party to pay cash flows equivalent to the interest on a notional principal amount at a predetermined fixed rate for a given period of time. In return for this promise, this party receives cash flows equivalent to the interest on the same notional principal amount at a variable-rate index for the same period of time. As of December 31, 2024, the variable-rates received or paid by the FHLB in its derivative transactions were based on the Federal Funds Overnight Index Swap (OIS) and Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR).
Swaptions - A swaption is an option on a swap that gives the buyer the right to enter into a specified interest rate swap at a certain time in the future. The FHLB may enter into both payer swaptions and receiver swaptions. A payer swaption is the option to make fixed interest payments at a later date and a receiver swaption is the option to receive fixed interest payments at a later date.
Forwards Contracts - Forwards contracts gives the buyer the right to buy or sell a specific type of asset at a specific time at a given price. For example, certain mortgage delivery commitments entered into by the FHLB are considered derivatives. The FHLB may hedge these commitments by selling to-be-announced (TBA) mortgage-backed securities for forward settlement. A TBA represents a forward contract for the sale of mortgage-backed securities at a future agreed upon date for an established price.
Application of Derivatives
The FHLB documents at inception all relationships between derivatives designated as hedging instruments and the hedged items, its risk management objectives and strategies for undertaking various hedge transactions, and its method of assessing hedge effectiveness. This process includes linking all derivatives that are designated as fair value hedges to assets and liabilities on the Statements of Condition.
The FHLB may use certain derivatives as fair value hedges of associated financial instruments. However, because the FHLB uses derivatives when they are considered to be the most cost-effective alternative to achieve the FHLB's financial and risk management objectives, it may enter into derivatives that do not necessarily qualify for hedge accounting (economic hedges). The FHLB re-evaluates its hedging strategies from time to time and may change the hedging techniques it uses or adopt new strategies.
Types of Hedged Items
The types of assets and liabilities currently hedged with derivatives are:
Investments - The interest rate and prepayment risks associated with the FHLB's investment securities are managed through a combination of debt issuance and derivatives. The FHLB may manage the prepayment and interest rate risk by funding investment securities with Consolidated Obligations that have call features or by hedging these risks with interest rate swaps or swaptions. The FHLB may also manage the risk arising from changing market prices and volatility of investment securities by entering into economic derivatives that generally offset the changes in fair value of the securities. Derivatives held by the FHLB that are associated with trading and held-to-maturity securities are economic hedges, and derivatives specifically linked to individual available-for-sale securities may qualify as fair value hedges or be economic hedges.
Advances - The FHLB offers a wide range of fixed- and variable-rate Advance products with different maturities, interest rates, payment characteristics, and optionality. The FHLB may use derivatives to manage the repricing and/or option characteristics of Advances in order to more closely match the characteristics of the FHLB's funding liabilities. In general, whenever a member executes a fixed-rate Advance or a variable-rate Advance with embedded options, the FHLB may simultaneously execute a derivative with terms that offset the terms and embedded options in the Advance. For example, the FHLB may hedge
a fixed-rate Advance with an interest rate swap where the FHLB pays a fixed-rate and receives a variable-rate, effectively converting the fixed-rate Advance to a variable-rate Advance. These types of hedges are typically treated as fair value hedges.
When issuing a putable Advance, the FHLB effectively purchases a put option from the member that allows the FHLB to put or extinguish the fixed-rate Advance, which the FHLB normally would exercise when interest rates increase. The FHLB may hedge these Advances by entering into a cancelable derivative.
Mortgage Loans - The FHLB invests in fixed-rate mortgage loans. The prepayment options embedded in mortgage loans can result in extensions or contractions in the expected repayment of these investments, depending on changes in actual and estimated prepayment speeds. The FHLB may manage the interest rate and prepayment risks associated with mortgage loans through a combination of debt issuance and derivatives. The FHLB issues both callable and non-callable debt and prepayment linked Consolidated Obligations to achieve cash flow patterns and liability durations similar to those expected on the mortgage loans. The FHLB may purchase swaptions to minimize the prepayment risk embedded in mortgage loans. Although these derivatives are valid economic hedges against the prepayment risk of the loans, they are not specifically linked to individual loans and therefore do not receive fair value hedge accounting. These derivatives are marked-to-market through earnings.
Consolidated Obligations - The FHLB may enter into derivatives to hedge the interest rate risk associated with its debt issuances. The FHLB manages the risk arising from changing market prices and volatility of a Consolidated Obligation by matching the cash inflow on a derivative with the cash outflow on the Consolidated Obligation.
For example, fixed-rate Consolidated Obligations are issued and the FHLB may simultaneously enter into a matching interest rate swap in which the counterparty pays fixed cash flows to the FHLB designed to mirror in timing and amount the cash outflows the FHLB pays on the Consolidated Obligation. The FHLB pays a variable cash flow that closely matches the interest payments it receives on short-term or variable-rate Advances. These transactions are treated as fair value hedges.
This strategy of issuing Consolidated Obligations while simultaneously entering into derivatives enables the FHLB to offer a wider range of attractively priced Advances to its members and may allow the FHLB to reduce its funding costs. The continued attractiveness of such debt depends on yield relationships between the FHLB's Consolidated Obligations and the derivative markets. If conditions in these markets change, the FHLB may alter the types or terms of the Consolidated Obligations.
Firm Commitments - Certain mortgage loan purchase commitments, such as mortgage delivery commitments, are considered derivatives. The FHLB may hedge these commitments by selling TBA mortgage-backed securities for forward settlement. The mortgage loan purchase commitment and the TBA used in the firm commitment hedging strategy are treated as an economic hedge and are marked-to-market through earnings. When the mortgage loan purchase commitment derivative settles, the current market value of the commitment is included in the basis of the mortgage loan and amortized accordingly.
Financial Statement Effect and Additional Financial Information
The notional amount of derivatives serves as a factor in determining periodic interest payments or cash flows received and paid. The notional amount reflects the FHLB's involvement in the various classes of financial instruments and represents neither the actual amounts exchanged nor the overall exposure of the FHLB to credit and market risk. The risks of derivatives only can be measured meaningfully on a portfolio basis that takes into account the counterparties, the types of derivatives, the items being hedged and any offsets between the derivatives and the items being hedged.
Table 7.1 summarizes the notional amount and fair value of derivative instruments and total derivative assets and liabilities. Total derivative assets and liabilities include the effect of netting adjustments and cash collateral. For purposes of this disclosure, the derivative values include the fair value of derivatives and the related accrued interest.
Table 7.1 - Fair Value of Derivative Instruments (in thousands)
December 31, 2024
Notional Amount of Derivatives Derivative Assets Derivative Liabilities
Derivatives designated as fair value hedging instruments:
Interest rate swaps $ 45,388,585 $ 9,101 $ 13,995
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate swaps 19,966,198 52,099 8,776
Interest rate swaptions 350,000 7,521 -
Mortgage delivery commitments 26,193 7 121
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments 20,342,391 59,627 8,897
Total derivatives before adjustments $ 65,730,976 68,728 22,892
Netting adjustments and cash collateral (1)
(2,961) (19,308)
Total derivative assets and total derivative liabilities $ 65,767 $ 3,584
December 31, 2023
Notional Amount of Derivatives Derivative Assets Derivative Liabilities
Derivatives designated as fair value hedging instruments:
Interest rate swaps $ 41,383,192 $ 9,352 $ 34,302
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate swaps 36,585,870 141,676 23,465
Interest rate swaptions 425,000 2,748 -
Mortgage delivery commitments 100,924 1,202 6
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments 37,111,794 145,626 23,471
Total derivatives before adjustments $ 78,494,986 154,978 57,773
Netting adjustments and cash collateral (1)
(52,987) (47,942)
Total derivative assets and total derivative liabilities $ 101,991 $ 9,831
(1)Amounts represent the application of the netting requirements that allow the FHLB to settle positive and negative positions, and also cash collateral, including accrued interest, held or placed by the FHLB with the same clearing agent and/or counterparty. Cash collateral posted, including accrued interest, was (in thousands) $60,978 and $98,438 at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Cash collateral received, including accrued interest, was (in thousands) $44,631 and $103,483 at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Table 7.2 presents the impact of qualifying fair value hedging relationships on net interest income as well as the total interest income (expense) by product.
Table 7.2 - Impact of Fair Value Hedging Relationships on Net Interest Income (in thousands)
For the Year Ended December 31, 2024
Advances Available-for-Sale Securities Consolidated Bonds
Total interest income (expense) recorded in the Statements of Income
$ 4,164,523 $ 532,229 $ (4,833,171)
Impact of Fair Value Hedging Relationships
Interest rate swaps:
Net interest settlements $ 394,855 $ 341,752 $ (28,875)
Gain (loss) on derivatives 111,683 59,673 (3,173)
Gain (loss) on hedged items (110,997) (55,856) 3,152
Price alignment amount (1)
(14,916) (44,755) (63)
Effect on net interest income $ 380,625 $ 300,814 $ (28,959)
For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
Advances Available-for-Sale Securities Consolidated Bonds
Total interest income (expense) recorded in the Statements of Income
$ 4,447,281 $ 522,793 $ (3,931,630)
Impact of Fair Value Hedging Relationships
Interest rate swaps:
Net interest settlements $ 343,745 $ 350,619 $ (32,645)
Gain (loss) on derivatives (319,157) (206,696) 39,487
Gain (loss) on hedged items 318,755 213,133 (39,511)
Price alignment amount (1)
(22,764) (53,393) 396
Effect on net interest income $ 320,579 $ 303,663 $ (32,273)
For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
Advances Available-for-Sale Securities Consolidated Bonds
Total interest income (expense) recorded in the Statements of Income
$ 1,208,130 $ 162,394 $ (935,003)
Impact of Fair Value Hedging Relationships
Interest rate swaps:
Net interest settlements $ 11,923 $ 39,382 $ (4,263)
Gain (loss) on derivatives 526,936 927,048 (40,524)
Gain (loss) on hedged items (510,628) (928,860) 40,640
Price alignment amount (1)
(5,756) (14,027) 245
Effect on net interest income $ 22,475 $ 23,543 $ (3,902)
(1) This amount is for derivatives for which variation margin is characterized as a daily settled contract.
Table 7.3 presents the cumulative basis adjustments on hedged items designated as fair value hedges and the related amortized cost of the hedged items.
Table 7.3 - Cumulative Basis Adjustments for Fair Value Hedges (in thousands)
December 31, 2024
Advances Available-for-Sale Securities Consolidated Bonds
Amortized cost of hedged asset or liability (1)
$ 32,954,860 $ 9,070,467 $ 2,399,539
Fair value hedging adjustments
Basis adjustments for active hedging relationships included in amortized cost $ (198,618) $ (764,833) $ (5,386)
Basis adjustments for discontinued hedging relationships included in amortized cost 1,430 14,429 -
Total amount of fair value hedging basis adjustments $ (197,188) $ (750,404) $ (5,386)
December 31, 2023
Advances Available-for-Sale Securities Consolidated Bonds
Amortized cost of hedged asset or liability (1)
$ 28,017,560 $ 10,222,924 $ 2,271,192
Fair value hedging adjustments
Basis adjustments for active hedging relationships included in amortized cost $ (88,047) $ (775,129) $ (2,234)
Basis adjustments for discontinued hedging relationships included in amortized cost 546 16,064 -
Total amount of fair value hedging basis adjustments $ (87,501) $ (759,065) $ (2,234)
(1) Includes only the portion of amortized cost representing the hedged items in active or discontinued fair value hedging relationships. Amortized cost includes fair value hedging adjustments.
Table 7.4 presents net gains (losses) recorded in non-interest income (loss) on derivatives not designated as hedging instruments.
Table 7.4 - Net Gains (Losses) Recorded in Non-interest Income (Loss) on Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments (in thousands)
For the Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Economic hedges:
Interest rate swaps $ 29,050 $ 12,795 $ 220,342
Interest rate swaptions 3,191 (6,670) 9,617
Net interest settlements 28,232 (3,267) (89,583)
Mortgage delivery commitments (1,798) 845 (8,507)
Total net gains (losses) related to derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
58,675 3,703 131,869
Price alignment amount (1)
(4,774) (5,768) (878)
Net gains (losses) on derivatives $ 53,901 $ (2,065) $ 130,991
(1) This amount is for derivatives for which variation margin is characterized as a daily settled contract.
Credit Risk on Derivatives
The FHLB is subject to credit risk given the risk of non-performance by counterparties to its derivative transactions and manages credit risk through credit analyses of derivative counterparties, collateral requirements and adherence to the requirements set forth in its policies, U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission regulations, and Finance Agency regulations.
For uncleared derivatives, the degree of credit risk depends on the extent to which master netting arrangements are included in these contracts to mitigate this risk. The FHLB requires collateral agreements on its uncleared derivatives with the collateral delivery threshold set to zero.
For cleared derivatives, the Clearinghouse is the FHLB's counterparty. The Clearinghouse notifies the clearing agent of the required initial and variation margin and the clearing agent in turn notifies the FHLB. The FHLB utilizes two Clearinghouses for all cleared derivative transactions, LCH Ltd. and CME Clearing. At both Clearinghouses, variation margin is characterized as daily settlement payments, while initial margin is considered to be collateral. The requirement that the FHLB post initial and variation margin through the clearing agent, to the Clearinghouse, exposes the FHLB to credit risk if the clearing agent or the Clearinghouse fails to meet its obligations. The use of cleared derivatives is intended to mitigate credit risk exposure because a central counterparty is substituted for individual counterparties and collateral/payments for changes in the value of cleared derivatives is posted daily through a clearing agent. On the Statements of Cash Flows, the variation margin cash payments, or daily settlement payments, are included in net change in derivative and hedging activities, as an operating activity.
For cleared derivatives, the Clearinghouse determines initial margin requirements and generally credit ratings are not factored into the initial margin. However, clearing agents may require additional initial margin to be posted based on credit considerations, including, but not limited to, credit rating downgrades. At December 31, 2024, the FHLB was not required to post additional initial margin by its clearing agents based on credit considerations.
Offsetting of Derivative Assets and Derivative Liabilities
The FHLB presents derivative instruments, related cash collateral received or pledged, and associated accrued interest, on a net basis by clearing agent and/or by counterparty when it has met the netting requirements.
The FHLB has analyzed the enforceability of offsetting rights incorporated in its cleared derivative transactions, and it expects that the exercise of those offsetting rights by a non-defaulting party under these transactions would be upheld under applicable law upon an event of default, including bankruptcy, insolvency, or similar proceeding involving the Clearinghouse or the FHLB's clearing agent, or both. Based on this analysis, the FHLB presents a net derivative receivable or payable for all of its transactions through a particular clearing agent with a particular Clearinghouse.
Table 7.5 presents separately the fair value of derivative instruments meeting or not meeting netting requirements, including the related collateral. Any over-collateralization under an individual clearing agent and/or counterparty level is not included in the determination of the net unsecured amount.
Table 7.5 - Offsetting of Derivative Assets and Derivative Liabilities (in thousands)
December 31, 2024
Derivative Instruments Meeting Netting Requirements Non-cash Collateral Not Offset
Gross Recognized Amount Gross Amount of Netting Adjustments and Cash Collateral Derivative Instruments Not Meeting Netting Requirements (1)
Total Derivative Assets and Total Derivative Liabilities Can Be Sold or Repledged
Net Amount (2)
Derivative Assets:
Uncleared $ 62,243 $ (60,404) $ 7 $ 1,846 $ - $ 1,846
Cleared 6,478 57,443 - 63,921 - 63,921
Total $ 65,767 $ 65,767
Derivative Liabilities:
Uncleared $ 21,598 $ (18,135) $ 121 $ 3,584 $ - $ 3,584
Cleared 1,173 (1,173) - - - -
Total $ 3,584 $ 3,584
December 31, 2023
Derivative Instruments Meeting Netting Requirements Non-cash Collateral Not Offset
Gross Recognized Amount Gross Amount of Netting Adjustments and Cash Collateral Derivative Instruments Not Meeting Netting Requirements (1)
Total Derivative Assets and Total Derivative Liabilities Can Be Sold or Repledged
Net Amount (2)
Derivative Assets:
Uncleared $ 149,580 $ (139,559) $ 1,202 $ 11,223 $ - $ 11,223
Cleared 4,196 86,572 - 90,768 - 90,768
Total $ 101,991 $ 101,991
Derivative Liabilities:
Uncleared $ 42,910 $ (42,320) $ 6 $ 596 $ - $ 596
Cleared 14,857 (5,622) - 9,235 9,235 -
Total $ 9,831 $ 596
(1) Includes mortgage delivery commitments that are not subject to an enforceable netting agreement.
(2) Any over-collateralization at the individual clearing agent and/or counterparty level is not included in the determination of the net amount. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the FHLB had additional net credit exposure of (in thousands) $838,490 and $810,559, respectively, due to instances where the FHLB's non-cash collateral to a counterparty exceeded the FHLB's net derivative position.
Note 8 - Deposits
The FHLB offers demand and overnight deposits to members and to qualifying nonmembers. In addition, the FHLB offers short-term interest-bearing deposit programs to members, and in certain cases, to qualifying nonmembers. A member that services mortgage loans may deposit funds collected in connection with the mortgage loans at the FHLB, pending disbursement of such funds. The FHLB classifies these funds as other interest-bearing deposits. Deposits classified as demand, overnight, and other pay interest based on a daily interest rate. Term deposits pay interest based on a fixed rate determined at the issuance of the deposit.
Table 8.1 - Deposits (in thousands)
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Interest-bearing:
Demand and overnight $ 985,222 $ 986,509
Term 108,850 121,325
Other 241 5,870
Total interest-bearing deposits $ 1,094,313 $ 1,113,704
Note 9- Consolidated Obligations
Consolidated Obligations consist of Consolidated Bonds and Discount Notes. The FHLBanks issue Consolidated Obligations through the Office of Finance as their agent. In connection with each debt issuance, each FHLBank specifies the amount of debt it wants issued on its behalf. The Office of Finance tracks the amount of debt issued on behalf of each FHLBank. In addition, the FHLBank records as a liability its specific portion of Consolidated Obligations for which it is the primary obligor.
The Finance Agency and the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury oversee the issuance of FHLBank debt through the Office of Finance. Consolidated Bonds may be issued to raise short-, intermediate-, and long-term funds for the FHLBanks and are not subject to any statutory or regulatory limits on maturity. Consolidated Discount Notes are issued primarily to raise short-term funds and have original maturities up to one year. These notes generally sell at less than their face amount and are redeemed at par value when they mature.
Although the FHLB is primarily liable for its portion of Consolidated Obligations, the FHLB is also jointly and severally liable with the other 10 FHLBanks for the payment of principal and interest on all Consolidated Obligations of each of the other FHLBanks. The Finance Agency, at its discretion, may require any FHLBank to make principal or interest payments due on any Consolidated Obligation whether or not the Consolidated Obligation represents a primary liability of such FHLBank. Although an FHLBank has never paid the principal or interest payments due on a Consolidated Obligation on behalf of another FHLBank, if that event should occur, Finance Agency regulations provide that the paying FHLBank is entitled to reimbursement from the FHLBank that is primarily liable for that Consolidated Obligation for any payments and other associated costs, including interest to be determined by the Finance Agency. If, however, that FHLBank is unable to satisfy its repayment obligations, the Finance Agency may allocate the outstanding liabilities of that FHLBank among the remaining FHLBanks on a pro rata basis in proportion to each FHLBank's participation in all Consolidated Obligations outstanding or in any other manner it may determine to ensure that the FHLBanks operate in a safe and sound manner.
The par values of the 11 FHLBanks' outstanding Consolidated Obligations were approximately $1,193.0 billion and $1,204.3 billion at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Finance Agency regulations require the FHLB to maintain unpledged qualifying assets equal to its participation in the Consolidated Obligations outstanding. Qualifying assets are defined as cash; secured Advances; obligations of or fully guaranteed by the United States; and investments (i.e., obligations, participations or other instruments of or issued by Fannie Mae or Ginnie Mae; mortgage, obligations, or other securities which are or ever have been sold by Freddie Mac; and such securities as fiduciary and trust funds may invest in under the laws of the state in which the FHLB is located). Any assets subject to a lien or pledge for the benefit of holders of any issue of Consolidated Obligations are treated as if they were free from lien or pledge for purposes of compliance with these regulations.
Table 9.1 - Consolidated Discount Notes Outstanding (dollars in thousands)
Carrying Value Principal Amount Weighted Average Interest Rate (1)
December 31, 2024 $ 19,508,823 $ 19,602,106 4.45 %
December 31, 2023 $ 23,690,526 $ 23,837,675 5.22 %
(1)Represents an implied rate without consideration of concessions.
Table 9.2 - Consolidated Bonds Outstanding by Original Contractual Maturity (dollars in thousands)
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Year of Original Contractual Maturity Amount Weighted Average Interest Rate Amount Weighted Average Interest Rate
Due in 1 year or less $ 66,507,655 4.32 % $ 59,008,905 5.30 %
Due after 1 year through 2 years 27,564,000 4.45 23,809,000 5.09
Due after 2 years through 3 years 2,129,300 2.64 2,111,000 3.49
Due after 3 years through 4 years 1,544,500 3.42 1,604,500 1.96
Due after 4 years through 5 years 1,028,000 4.01 1,536,500 3.45
Thereafter 4,969,140 3.99 3,502,140 3.42
Total principal amount 103,742,595 4.29 91,572,045 5.04
Premiums 44,607 37,559
Discounts (29,804) (27,194)
Fair value hedging adjustments (5,386) (2,234)
Fair value option valuation adjustment and accrued interest 65,788 176,254
Total
$ 103,817,800 $ 91,756,430
Consolidated Bonds outstanding were issued with either fixed-rate coupon payment terms or variable-rate coupon payment terms that are indexed to SOFR. To meet the expected specific needs of certain investors in Consolidated Obligations, both fixed-rate and variable-rate Bonds may contain features that result in complex coupon payment terms and call options. When these Consolidated Bonds are issued, the FHLB may enter into derivatives containing features that offset the terms and embedded options, if any, of the Consolidated Bonds.
Table 9.3 - Consolidated Bonds Outstanding by Call Features (in thousands)
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Principal Amount of Consolidated Bonds:
Non-callable $ 67,952,140 $ 63,921,045
Callable 35,790,455 27,651,000
Total principal amount $ 103,742,595 $ 91,572,045
Table 9.4 - Consolidated Bonds Outstanding by Original Contractual Maturity or Next Call Date (in thousands)
Year of Original Contractual Maturity or Next Call Date December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Due in 1 year or less $ 94,002,455 $ 69,410,905
Due after 1 year through 2 years 3,602,000 16,402,000
Due after 2 years through 3 years 700,500 1,648,000
Due after 3 years through 4 years 1,119,500 326,500
Due after 4 years through 5 years 823,000 1,081,500
Thereafter 3,495,140 2,703,140
Total principal amount $ 103,742,595 $ 91,572,045
Table 9.5 - Consolidated Bonds by Interest-rate Payment Type (in thousands)
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Principal Amount of Consolidated Bonds:
Fixed-rate $ 21,438,595 $ 33,686,045
Variable-rate 82,304,000 57,886,000
Total principal amount $ 103,742,595 $ 91,572,045
Note 10 - Affordable Housing Program (AHP) and Voluntary Contributions
The FHLBank Act requires each FHLBank to establish an AHP. Each FHLBank provides direct grants or below-market interest rate subsidies on Advances to members who provide the funds to assist in the purchase, construction, or rehabilitation of housing for very low-, low-, and moderate-income households. Each FHLBank recognizes AHP assessment expense equal to the greater of 10 percent of its annual income subject to assessment or the prorated sum required to ensure the aggregate contribution by the FHLBanks is no less than $100 million for each year. For purposes of the statutory AHP calculation, income subject to assessment is defined as net income before AHP assessments, plus interest expense related to mandatorily redeemable capital stock. The FHLB accrues AHP expense monthly based on its income subject to assessment.
If the FHLB experiences a net loss during a quarter, but still had income subject to AHP assessment for the year, the FHLB's obligation to the AHP would be calculated based on the FHLB's year-to-date income subject to assessment. If the FHLB had income subject to assessment in subsequent quarters, it would be required to contribute additional amounts to meet its calculated annual obligation. If the FHLB experiences a net loss for a full year, the FHLB would have no obligation to the AHP for the year, because each FHLBank's required annual AHP contribution is limited to its annual income subject to assessment. If the aggregate 10 percent calculation was less than $100 million for the FHLBanks, each FHLBank would be required to contribute a prorated sum to ensure that the aggregate contributions by the FHLBanks equaled $100 million. The proration would be made on the basis of an FHLBank's income in relation to the income of all FHLBanks for the previous year.
There was no shortfall, as described above, in 2024, 2023, or 2022. If an FHLBank finds that its required AHP obligations are contributing to its financial instability, it may apply to the Finance Agency for a temporary suspension of its contributions under the FHLBank Act. The FHLB has never made such an application.
In addition to the statutory AHP assessment, the Board of Directors may elect to make voluntary contributions to the AHP or other housing and community investment activities, which are recorded as other non-interest expense. The FHLBank's voluntary contributions reduce net income before assessments, which, in turn, reduces the statutory AHP assessment each year. As such, beginning in 2024, the FHLBank has committed to make supplemental voluntary contributions to AHP by an amount that equals what the statutory AHP assessment would be in the absence of these effects.
Statutory AHP assessments and all voluntary contributions to the AHP are recorded in the AHP liability on the Statements of Condition. Statutory AHP assessments and supplemental voluntary AHP expenses recorded in the current year are generally awarded in the subsequent year and may be disbursed over several years. The FHLB reduces the AHP liability when it makes grant disbursements or as members use Advance subsidies.
Table 10.1 - Rollforward of the AHP Liability (in thousands)
2024 2023
AHP liability balance, at beginning of year
$ 139,807 $ 87,923
Statutory AHP assessment
67,745 74,522
Voluntary AHP expense
15,885 7,307
Supplemental voluntary AHP expense
4,224 -
Direct grant subsidy disbursements, net (1)
(56,437) (29,945)
AHP liability balance, at end of year
$ 171,224 $ 139,807
(1) Includes disbursements for both statutory and voluntary AHP grant subsidies.
Voluntary contributions to support other housing and community investments (non-AHP) are recorded within Other Liabilities on the Statements of Condition.
Table 10.2 - Rollforward of the Voluntary Contribution Liability (Non-AHP) (in thousands)
2024 2023
Voluntary contribution liability balance, at beginning of year
$ 823 $ 548
Voluntary other housing and community investment expenses (non-AHP)
22,130 7,774
Voluntary grants and donations, net
(22,410) (7,499)
Voluntary contribution liability balance, at end of year
$ 543 $ 823
Note 11 - Capital
The FHLB is subject to three capital requirements under its Capital Plan and the Finance Agency rules and regulations. Regulatory capital does not include accumulated other comprehensive income, but does include mandatorily redeemable capital stock.
1. Risk-based capital. The FHLB must maintain at all times permanent capital, defined as Class B stock and retained earnings, in an amount at least equal to the sum of its credit risk, market risk, and operational risk capital requirements, all of which are calculated in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Finance Agency.
2. Total regulatory capital. The FHLB must maintain at all times a total regulatory capital-to-assets ratio of at least four percent. Total regulatory capital is the sum of permanent capital, the amounts paid-in for Class A stock, any general loss allowance, if consistent with GAAP and not established for specific assets, and other amounts from sources determined by the Finance Agency as available to absorb losses.
3. Leverage capital. The FHLB must maintain at all times a leverage capital-to-assets ratio of at least five percent. Leverage capital is defined as the sum of permanent capital weighted 1.5 times and all other components of total capital.
The Finance Agency may require the FHLB to maintain greater permanent capital than is required based on Finance Agency rules and regulations.
At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the FHLB was in compliance with each of these capital requirements.
Table 11.1 - Capital Requirements (dollars in thousands)
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Minimum Requirement Actual Minimum Requirement Actual
Risk-based capital $ 1,319,952 $ 6,789,335 $ 1,373,464 $ 6,521,334
Capital-to-assets ratio (regulatory) 4.00 % 5.13 % 4.00 % 5.26 %
Regulatory capital $ 5,293,104 $ 6,789,335 $ 4,959,830 $ 6,521,334
Leverage capital-to-assets ratio (regulatory) 5.00 % 7.70 % 5.00 % 7.89 %
Leverage capital $ 6,616,380 $ 10,184,003 $ 6,199,787 $ 9,782,001
The FHLB currently offers only Class B stock, which is issued and redeemed at a par value of $100 per share. Class B stock may be issued to meet membership and activity stock purchase requirements, to pay dividends, and to pay interest on mandatorily redeemable capital stock. Membership stock is required to become a member of and maintain membership in the FHLB. The membership stock requirement is based upon a percentage of the member's total assets. At December 31, 2024, the membership stock requirement was determined within a declining range from 0.08 percent to 0.02 percent of each member's total assets, with a minimum of $1 thousand and a maximum of $20 million for each member.
In addition to membership stock, a member may be required to hold activity stock to capitalize certain transactions with the FHLB, including Advances, certain funds and rate Advance commitments, Letters of Credit, and MPP activity that occurred after implementation of the Capital Plan on December 30, 2002. Members were required to maintain activity stock capitalization percentages as follows for 2024 and 2023: 4.50 percent for Advances and Advance commitments, 0.10 percent for Letters of Credit, and 3.00 percent for MPP. If a member owns more than its required activity stock, the additional stock is classified as excess stock.
A member may request redemption of all or part of its Class B stock or may withdraw from membership by giving five years' advance written notice. When the FHLB repurchases capital stock, it must first repurchase shares for which a redemption or withdrawal notice's five-year redemption period or withdrawal period has expired. Typically, the FHLB repurchases member shares subject to outstanding redemption notices prior to the expiration of the five-year redemption period.
Any member that has withdrawn from membership, or otherwise has had its membership terminated, may not be readmitted to membership in any FHLBank until five years from the divestiture date for all capital stock that was held as a condition of membership, unless the institution has canceled its notice of withdrawal prior to the divestiture date. This restriction does not apply if the member is transferring its membership from one FHLBank to another on an uninterrupted basis.
Each class of FHLB stock is considered putable by the member and the FHLB may repurchase, in its sole discretion, any member's stock investments that exceed the required minimum amount. However, there are significant statutory and regulatory restrictions on the obligation to redeem, or right to repurchase, the outstanding stock. As a result, whether or not a member may have its capital stock in the FHLB repurchased (at the FHLB's discretion at any time before the end of the redemption period) or redeemed (at a member's request, completed at the end of a redemption period) will depend on whether the FHLB is in compliance with those restrictions.
The FHLB's retained earnings are owned proportionately by the current holders of Class B stock. The holders' interest in the retained earnings is realized at the time the FHLB periodically declares dividends or at such time as the FHLB is liquidated. The FHLB's Board of Directors may declare and pay dividends in either cash or capital stock, assuming the FHLB is in compliance with Finance Agency rules and regulations.
Restricted Retained Earnings. The Capital Agreement is intended to enhance the capital position of each FHLBank. The Capital Agreement provides that each FHLBank will, on a quarterly basis, allocate 20 percent of its net income to a separate restricted retained earnings account until the balance of that account, calculated as of the last day of each calendar quarter, equals at least one percent of that FHLBank's average balance of outstanding Consolidated Obligations for the calendar quarter. These restricted retained earnings are not available to pay dividends but are available to absorb unexpected losses, if any, that an FHLBank may experience. At December 31, 2024 and 2023 the FHLB had (in thousands) $815,335 and $693,682, respectively, in restricted retained earnings. Additionally, the Capital Agreement provides that amounts in restricted retained earnings in excess of 150 percent of the FHLB's restricted retained earnings minimum (i.e., one percent of the FHLB's average balance of outstanding Consolidated Obligations calculated as of the last day of each calendar quarter) may be released from restricted retained earnings.
Mandatorily Redeemable Capital Stock. The FHLB is a cooperative whose members own most of the FHLB's capital stock. Former members (including certain nonmembers that own the FHLB's capital stock as a result of a merger or acquisition, relocation, charter termination, or involuntary termination of an FHLB member) own the remaining capital stock to support business transactions still carried on the FHLB's Statements of Condition. Member shares cannot be purchased or sold except between the FHLB and its members at its $100 per share par value, as mandated by the FHLB's Capital Plan. The FHLB reclassifies stock subject to redemption from equity to liability upon expiration of the “grace period” after a member submits a written redemption request or withdrawal notice, or when the member attains nonmember status by merger or acquisition, relocation, charter termination, or involuntary termination of membership. A member may cancel or revoke its written redemption request or its withdrawal notice prior to the end of the five-year redemption period. Under the FHLB's Capital Plan, there is a five calendar day “grace period” for revocation of a redemption request and a 30 calendar day “grace period” for revocation of a withdrawal notice during which the member may cancel the redemption request or withdrawal notice without a penalty or fee. The cancellation fee after the “grace period” is currently two percent of the requested amount in the first year and increases one percent a year until it reaches a maximum of six percent in the fifth year. The cancellation fee can be waived by the FHLB's Board of Directors for a bona fide business purpose.
Stock subject to a redemption or withdrawal notice that is within the “grace period” continues to be considered equity because there is no penalty or fee to retract these notices. Expiration of the “grace period” triggers the reclassification from equity to a liability (mandatorily redeemable capital stock) at fair value because after the “grace period” the penalty to retract these notices is considered substantive. If a member cancels its written notice of redemption or notice of withdrawal, the FHLB will reclassify mandatorily redeemable capital stock from a liability to equity. Dividends related to capital stock classified as a liability are accrued at the expected dividend rate and reported as interest expense in the Statements of Income. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 dividends on mandatorily redeemable capital stock (in thousands) of $1,445, $2,885 and $5,522, respectively, were recorded as interest expense.
Table 11.2 - Rollforward of Mandatorily Redeemable Capital Stock (in thousands)
2024 2023 2022
Balance, beginning of year
$ 17,314 $ 17,453 $ 21,211
Capital stock subject to mandatory redemption reclassified from equity
7,563 573,291 2,664,846
Repurchase/redemption of mandatorily redeemable capital stock
(10,493) (573,430) (2,668,604)
Balance, end of year
$ 14,384 $ 17,314 $ 17,453
The number of stockholders holding the mandatorily redeemable capital stock was 15, 15 and 16 at December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.
As of December 31, 2024 there were no members or former members that had requested redemptions of capital stock whose stock had not been reclassified as mandatorily redeemable capital stock because the “grace periods” had not yet expired on these requests.
Table 11.3 shows the amount of mandatorily redeemable capital stock by contractual year of redemption. The year of redemption in the table is the end of the five-year redemption period. Consistent with the Capital Plan currently in effect, the FHLB is not required to redeem membership stock until five years after either (i) the membership is terminated or (ii) the FHLB receives notice of withdrawal. The FHLB is not required to redeem activity-based stock until the later of the expiration of the notice of redemption or until the activity to which the capital stock relates no longer remains outstanding. If activity-based stock becomes excess stock as a result of an activity no longer remaining outstanding, the FHLB may repurchase such shares, in its sole discretion, subject to the statutory and regulatory restrictions on capital stock redemption.
Table 11.3 - Mandatorily Redeemable Capital Stock by Contractual Year of Redemption (in thousands)
Contractual Year of Redemption December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Year 1 $ - $ 9
Year 2 4,170 -
Year 3 2,696 4,915
Year 4 1,466 2,963
Year 5 331 2,865
Past contractual redemption date due to remaining activity (1)
5,721 6,562
Total $ 14,384 $ 17,314
(1)Represents mandatorily redeemable capital stock that is past the end of the contractual redemption period because there is activity outstanding to which the mandatorily redeemable capital stock relates.
Excess Capital Stock. Excess capital stock is the amount of stock held by a member (or former member) in excess of that institution's minimum stock ownership requirement. Finance Agency rules limit the ability of an FHLBank to create member excess stock under certain circumstances. The FHLB may not pay dividends in the form of capital stock or issue new excess stock to members if its excess stock exceeds one percent of its total assets or if the issuance of excess stock would cause the FHLB's excess stock to exceed one percent of its total assets. At December 31, 2024, the FHLB had excess capital stock outstanding totaling less than one percent of its total assets. At December 31, 2024, the FHLB was in compliance with the Finance Agency's excess stock rules.
Note 12 - Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The following tables summarize the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.
Table 12.1 - Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (in thousands)
Net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities Pension and postretirement benefits Total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
BALANCE, DECEMBER 31, 2021 $ 26,125 $ (13,031) $ 13,094
Other comprehensive income before reclassification:
Net unrealized gains (losses) (74,851) - (74,851)
Net actuarial gains (losses)
- 11,108 11,108
Reclassifications from other comprehensive income (loss) to net income:
Amortization - pension and postretirement benefits (1)
- 1,309 1,309
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)
(74,851) 12,417 (62,434)
BALANCE, DECEMBER 31, 2022 (48,726) (614) (49,340)
Other comprehensive income before reclassification:
Net unrealized gains (losses) (27,271) - (27,271)
Net actuarial gains (losses) - (334) (334)
Reclassifications from other comprehensive income (loss) to net income:
Amortization - pension and postretirement benefits (1)
- (392) (392)
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)
(27,271) (726) (27,997)
BALANCE, DECEMBER 31, 2023 (75,997) (1,340) (77,337)
Other comprehensive income before reclassification:
Net unrealized gains (losses) 38,091 - 38,091
Net actuarial gains (losses) - 2,670 2,670
Reclassifications from other comprehensive income (loss) to net income:
Net realized (gains) losses from sale of available-for-sale securities
(1,268) - (1,268)
Amortization - pension and postretirement benefits (1)
- (362) (362)
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss) 36,823 2,308 39,131
BALANCE, DECEMBER 31, 2024 $ (39,174) $ 968 $ (38,206)
(1)Included in Non-Interest Expense - Other in the Statements of Income.
Note 13 - Employee Retirement Plans
Qualified Defined Benefit Multi-employer Plan. The FHLB participates in the Pentegra Defined Benefit Plan for Financial Institutions (Pentegra Defined Benefit Plan), a tax-qualified defined benefit pension plan. The Pentegra Defined Benefit Plan is treated as a multi-employer plan for accounting purposes, but operates as a multiple-employer plan under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) and the Internal Revenue Code. As a result, certain multi-employer plan disclosures, including the certified zone status, are not applicable to the Pentegra Defined Benefit Plan. Under the Pentegra Defined Benefit Plan, contributions made by one participating employer may be used to provide benefits to employees of other participating employers because assets contributed by an employer are not segregated in a separate account or restricted to provide benefits only to employees of that employer. Also, in the event a participating employer is unable to meet its contribution requirements, the required contributions for the other participating employers could increase proportionately. The
Pentegra Defined Benefit Plan covers all officers and employees of the FHLB hired prior to January 1, 2024 and who meet certain eligibility requirements.
The Pentegra Defined Benefit Plan operates on a plan year from July 1 through June 30. The Pentegra Defined Benefit Plan files one Form 5500 on behalf of all employers who participate in the plan. The Employer Identification Number is 13-5645888 and the three-digit plan number is 333. There are no collective bargaining agreements in place at the FHLB.
The Pentegra Defined Benefit Plan's annual valuation process includes calculating the plan's funded status and separately calculating the funded status of each participating employer. The funded status is defined as the market value of assets divided by the funding target (100 percent of the present value of all benefit liabilities accrued at that date). As permitted by ERISA, the Pentegra Defined Benefit Plan accepts contributions for the prior plan year up to eight and a half months after the end of the prior plan year. As a result, the market value of assets at the valuation date (July 1) will increase by any subsequent contributions designated for the immediately preceding plan year ended June 30.
The most recent Form 5500 available for the Pentegra Defined Benefit Plan is for the year ended June 30, 2023. The FHLB did not contribute more than five percent of the total contributions to the Pentegra Defined Benefit Plan for the plan years ended June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021.
Table 13.1 - Pentegra Defined Benefit Plan Net Pension Cost and Funded Status (dollars in thousands)
2024 2023 2022
Net pension cost charged to compensation and benefit expense for the year ended December 31
$ 3,705 $ 5,163 $ 5,911
Pentegra Defined Benefit Plan funded status as of July 1 111.97 % (a)
113.99 % (b)
119.09 %
FHLB's funded status as of July 1 129.26 % 130.76 % 135.80 %
(a) The Pentegra Defined Benefit Plan's funded status as of July 1, 2024 is preliminary and may increase because the plan's participants were permitted to make contributions for the plan year ended June 30, 2024 through March 15, 2025. Contributions made on or before March 15, 2025, and designated for the plan year ended June 30, 2024, will be included in the final valuation as of July 1, 2024. The final funded status as of July 1, 2024 will not be available until the Form 5500 for the plan year July 1, 2024 through June 30, 2025 is filed (this Form 5500 is due to be filed no later than April 2026).
(b) The final funded status as of July 1, 2023 will not be available until the Form 5500 for the plan year July 1, 2023 through June 30, 2024 is filed (this Form 5500 is due to be filed no later than April 2025).
Qualified Defined Contribution Plan. The FHLB maintains a tax-qualified, defined contribution plan for its employees. The FHLB contributes a percentage of the participants' compensation by making a matching contribution equal to a certain percentage of voluntary employee contributions, subject to certain IRS limitations. Additionally, for employees who were hired after January 1, 2024, the FHLB makes an annual six percent non-elective retirement contribution. The FHLB contributed (in thousands) $2,645, $2,475, and $2,336 in the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. The FHLB's contributions are recorded as compensation and benefits expense in the Statements of Income.
Non-qualified Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (SERP). In 2023, the FHLB established a non-qualified, unfunded supplemental defined contribution plan for executive officers and certain other highly compensated employees. The SERP is not considered material to the FHLB's financial condition or results of operations. However, the unfunded liability associated with the SERP was (in thousands) $725 and $411 at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The benefit obligation is recognized in "Other liabilities" on the Statements of Condition.
Postretirement Benefits Plan. The FHLB also sponsors a Postretirement Benefits Plan that includes health care and life insurance benefits for eligible retirees. Future retirees are eligible if they were hired prior to August 1, 1990 and meet certain criteria. The postretirement benefits plan is not considered material to the FHLB's financial condition or results of operations. However, the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation for the Postretirement Benefits Plan was (in thousands) $3,601 and $3,663 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The benefit obligation is recognized in “Other liabilities” on the Statements of Condition.
Non-qualified Supplemental Defined Benefit Retirement Plan (Defined Benefit Retirement Plan). The FHLB maintains a non-qualified, unfunded defined benefit plan for its employees. The plan ensures that participants receive the full amount of benefits to which they would have been entitled under the qualified defined benefit plan in the absence of limits on benefit levels imposed by the IRS. There are no funded plan assets and as such, no contributions are required to be made. The FHLB has established a grantor trust, which is included in held-to-maturity securities on the Statements of Condition, to meet future
benefit obligations and current payments to beneficiaries. The benefit obligation, which represents the projected benefit obligation, was (in thousands) $34,085 and $35,956 at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These amounts are recognized in “Other liabilities” on the Statements of Condition. The components driving changes in the benefit obligations were immaterial.
Table 13.2 - Net Periodic Benefit Cost for the Defined Benefit Retirement Plan (in thousands)
For the Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Net Periodic Benefit Cost
Service cost $ 377 $ 344 $ 537
Interest cost 1,680 1,683 1,206
Amortization of prior service benefit (362) (361) (361)
Amortization of net loss - - 1,670
Net periodic benefit cost $ 1,695 $ 1,666 $ 3,052
For the Defined Benefit Retirement Plan, the related service cost is recorded as part of Non-Interest Expense - Compensation and Benefits on the Statements of Income. The non-service related components of interest cost, amortization of prior service benefit and amortization of net loss are recorded as Non-Interest Expense - Other in the Statements of Income.
The amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income for the Defined Benefit Retirement Plan as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 were immaterial. Likewise, the changes in benefit obligations related to the Defined Benefit Retirement Plan recognized in other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 were immaterial.
Table 13.3 presents the key assumptions used for the actuarial calculations to determine benefit obligations for the Defined Benefit Retirement Plan.
Table 13.3 - Benefit Obligation Key Assumptions
2024 2023
Discount rate 5.43 % 4.76 %
Salary increases 5.00 % 5.00 %
Table 13.4 presents the key assumptions used for the actuarial calculations to determine net periodic benefit cost for the Defined Benefit Retirement Plan.
Table 13.4 - Net Periodic Benefit Cost Key Assumptions
2024 2023 2022
Discount rate
4.76 % 4.96 % 2.64 %
Salary increases 5.00 % 5.00 % 5.00 %
The discount rates for the disclosures as of December 31, 2024 were determined by using a discounted cash flow approach, which incorporates the timing of each expected future benefit payment. Estimated future benefit payments are based on the plan's census data, benefit formulas and provisions, and valuation assumptions reflecting the probability of decrement and survival. The present value of the future benefit payments is determined by using weighted average duration based interest rate yields from a variety of highly rated relevant corporate bond indices as of December 31, 2024, and solving for the single discount rate that produces the same present value.
Table 13.5 presents the estimated future benefits payments reflecting expected future services for the years ended after December 31, 2024.
Table 13.5 - Estimated Future Benefit Payments (in thousands)
Years Defined Benefit Retirement Plan
2025 $ 1,781
2026 1,967
2027 2,484
2028 2,555
2029 2,575
2030 - 2034 12,948
Note 14 - Segment Information
The FHLB has identified two primary segments based on its method of internal reporting: Traditional Member Finance and the MPP. These segments reflect the FHLB's two primary Mission Asset Activities and identify the principal ways the FHLB provides services to member stockholders. The FHLB's chief operating decision maker (CODM) is the President and Chief Executive Officer. The CODM primarily considers each segment's net interest income, non-interest expenses and, ultimately, net income when evaluating segment performance. The CODM uses the reported segments' financial performance as shown in Table 14.1 to manage the development, product delivery, resource allocation, pricing, and operational administration of the FHLB's Mission Assets and Activities. Resource allocation decisions are made by considering these profitability measures in the context of the historical, current and expected risk profile of each segment and the entire balance sheet.
Overall financial performance and risk management are dynamically managed primarily at the level of, and within the context of, the entire balance sheet rather than at the level of individual business segments or product lines. Also, the FHLB hedges specific asset purchases and specific subportfolios in the context of the entire mortgage asset portfolio and the entire balance sheet. Under this holistic approach, the market risk/return profile of each business segment does not correspond, in general, to the performance that each segment would generate if it were completely managed on a separate basis, and it is not possible to accurately determine what the performance would be if the two business segments were managed on a stand-alone basis. Further, because financial and risk management is a dynamic process, the performance of a segment over a single identified period may not reflect the long-term expected or actual future trends for the segment.
The Traditional Member Finance segment includes products such as Advances and investments and the borrowing costs related to those assets. The FHLB assigns its investments to this segment primarily because they historically have been used to provide liquidity for Advances and to support the level and volatility of earnings from Advances. All interest rate swaps, which are used in the management of market risk, and their corresponding market value adjustments, are allocated to the Traditional Member Finance segment.
Income from the MPP is derived primarily from the difference, or spread, between the yield on mortgage loans and the borrowing cost of Consolidated Obligations outstanding allocated to this segment at the time debt is issued. MPP income also considers the market value gains (losses) on swaptions, which are used in managing prepayment risks, mortgage delivery commitments and forward rate agreements.
Both segments also earn income from investment of interest-free capital. Capital is allocated proportionate to each segment's average assets based on the total balance sheet's average capital-to-assets ratio. Expenses are allocated based on cost accounting techniques such as direct usage, time allocations and square footage of space used. AHP assessments are calculated using the current assessment rates based on the income before assessments for each segment.
Table 14.1 - Financial Performance by Operating Segment (in thousands)
For the Years Ended December 31,
Traditional Member
Finance MPP Total
Total interest income $ 6,409,794 $ 265,282 $ 6,675,076
Total interest expense 5,700,662 174,569 5,875,231
Net interest income (loss) 709,132 90,713 799,845
Non-interest income (loss) 34,477 1,394 35,871
Non-interest expense:
Operating expenses
83,140 9,943 93,083
Voluntary housing and community investment
37,361 4,878 42,239
Other
23,208 1,175 24,383
Total non-interest expense
143,709 15,996 159,705
Income (loss) before assessments 599,900 76,111 676,011
Affordable Housing Program assessments 60,134 7,611 67,745
Net income (loss) $ 539,766 $ 68,500 $ 608,266
Total interest income $ 6,669,641 $ 287,927 $ 6,957,568
Total interest expense 5,939,128 154,368 6,093,496
Net interest income (loss) 730,513 133,559 864,072
Non-interest income (loss) 10,286 (5,825) 4,461
Non-interest expense:
Operating expenses 76,431 10,088 86,519
Voluntary housing and community investment
12,873 2,208 15,081
Other 24,162 431 24,593
Total non-interest expense
113,466 12,727 126,193
Income (loss) before assessments 627,333 115,007 742,340
Affordable Housing Program assessments 63,021 11,501 74,522
Net income (loss) $ 564,312 $ 103,506 $ 667,818
Total interest income $ 1,981,271 $ 238,948 $ 2,220,219
Total interest expense 1,560,020 172,765 1,732,785
Net interest income (loss) 421,251 66,183 487,434
Non-interest income (loss) (102,696) (571) (103,267)
Non-interest expense:
Operating expenses 66,269 9,960 76,229
Voluntary housing and community investment
5,025 - 5,025
Other 21,752 552 22,304
Total non-interest expense 93,046 10,512 103,558
Income (loss) before assessments 225,509 55,100 280,609
Affordable Housing Program assessments 23,103 5,510 28,613
Net income (loss) $ 202,406 $ 49,590 $ 251,996
Table 14.2 - Asset Balances by Operating Segment (in thousands)
Assets
Traditional Member
Finance MPP Total
December 31, 2024 $ 124,721,757 $ 7,605,840 $ 132,327,597
December 31, 2023 116,828,245 7,167,493 123,995,738
Note 15 - Fair Value Disclosures
The fair value amounts recorded on the Statements of Condition and presented in the related note disclosures have been determined by the FHLB using available market information and the FHLB's best judgment of appropriate valuation methods. GAAP defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (i.e., an exit price). The fair values reflect the FHLB's judgment of how a market participant would estimate the fair values.
Fair Value Hierarchy. GAAP establishes a fair value hierarchy and requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The inputs are evaluated and an overall level for the measurement is determined. This overall level is an indication of how market observable the fair value measurement is.
The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value into three broad levels:
Level 1 Inputs - Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in an active market that the reporting entity can access on the measurement date. An active market for the asset or liability is a market in which the transactions for the asset or liability occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis.
Level 2 Inputs - Inputs other than quoted prices within Level 1 that are observable inputs for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. If the asset or liability has a specified (contractual) term, a Level 2 input must be observable for substantially the full term of the asset or liability. Level 2 inputs include the following: (1) quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; (2) quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; (3) inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (e.g., interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals, and implied volatilities); and (4) inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.
Level 3 Inputs - Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, which are supported by limited to no market activity and reflect the FHLB's own assumptions.
The FHLB reviews the fair value hierarchy classifications on a quarterly basis. Changes in the observability of the valuation inputs may result in a reclassification of certain financial assets or liabilities. The FHLB did not have any transfers of assets or liabilities into or out of Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy during the years ended December 31, 2024 or 2023.
Table 15.1 presents the carrying value, fair value, and fair value hierarchy of financial assets and liabilities of the FHLB. The FHLB records trading securities, available-for-sale securities, derivative assets, derivative liabilities, certain Advances and certain Consolidated Obligations at fair value on a recurring basis, and on occasion, certain mortgage loans held for portfolio on a nonrecurring basis. The FHLB records all other financial assets and liabilities at amortized cost. Refer to Table 15.2 for further details about the financial assets and liabilities held at fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis.
Table 15.1 - Fair Value Summary (in thousands)
December 31, 2024
Fair Value
Financial Instruments Carrying Value (1)
Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Netting Adjustments and Cash Collateral (2)
Assets:
Cash and due from banks $ 28,276 $ 28,276 $ 28,276 $ - $ - $ -
Interest-bearing deposits 2,360,203 2,360,203 - 2,360,203 - -
Securities purchased under agreements to resell
10,738,637 10,738,639 - 10,738,639 - -
Federal funds sold 4,900,000 4,900,000 - 4,900,000 - -
Trading securities 2,705,895 2,705,895 - 2,705,895 - -
Available-for-sale securities 9,062,735 9,062,735 - 9,062,735 - -
Held-to-maturity securities 15,371,712 15,119,557 - 15,119,557 - -
Advances (3)
79,346,365 79,394,645 - 79,394,645 - -
Mortgage loans held for portfolio
7,244,200 6,400,342 - 6,393,934 6,408 -
Accrued interest receivable 464,032 464,032 - 464,032 - -
Derivative assets 65,767 65,767 - 68,728 - (2,961)
Liabilities:
Deposits 1,094,313 1,094,460 - 1,094,460 - -
Consolidated Obligations:
Discount Notes (4)
19,508,823 19,510,279 - 19,510,279 - -
Bonds (5)
103,817,800 103,212,752 - 103,212,752 - -
Mandatorily redeemable capital stock
14,384 14,384 14,384 - - -
Accrued interest payable 526,384 526,384 - 526,384 - -
Derivative liabilities 3,584 3,584 - 22,892 - (19,308)
(1)For certain financial instruments, the amounts represent net carrying value, which include an allowance for credit losses.
(2)Amounts represent the application of the netting requirements that allow the FHLB to settle positive and negative positions and also cash collateral and related accrued interest held or placed by the FHLB with the same counterparty.
(3)Includes (in thousands) $281,299 of Advances recorded under the fair value option at December 31, 2024.
(4)Includes (in thousands) $8,670,557 of Consolidated Obligation Discount Notes recorded under the fair value option at December 31, 2024.
(5)Includes (in thousands) $7,324,443 of Consolidated Obligation Bonds recorded under the fair value option at December 31, 2024.
December 31, 2023
Fair Value
Financial Instruments Carrying Value (1)
Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Netting Adjustments and Cash Collateral (2)
Assets:
Cash and due from banks $ 20,824 $ 20,824 $ 20,824 $ - $ - $ -
Interest-bearing deposits 1,875,037 1,875,037 - 1,875,037 - -
Securities purchased under agreements to resell
5,242,480 5,242,482 - 5,242,482 - -
Federal funds sold 6,774,000 6,774,000 - 6,774,000 - -
Trading securities 1,745,742 1,745,742 - 1,745,742 - -
Available-for-sale securities 10,171,588 10,171,588 - 10,171,588 - -
Held-to-maturity securities 16,832,133 16,576,613 - 16,576,613 - -
Advances (3)
73,553,162 73,499,705 - 73,499,705 - -
Mortgage loans held for portfolio 7,108,334 6,369,152 - 6,359,230 9,922 -
Accrued interest receivable 535,564 535,564 - 535,564 - -
Derivative assets 101,991 101,991 - 154,978 - (52,987)
Liabilities:
Deposits 1,113,704 1,109,999 - 1,109,999 - -
Consolidated Obligations:
Discount Notes (4)
23,690,526 23,689,599 - 23,689,599 - -
Bonds (5)
91,756,430 90,983,204 - 90,983,204 - -
Mandatorily redeemable capital stock
17,314 17,314 17,314 - - -
Accrued interest payable 422,886 422,886 - 422,886 - -
Derivative liabilities 9,831 9,831 - 57,773 - (47,942)
(1)For certain financial instruments, the amounts represent net carrying value, which include an allowance for credit losses.
(2)Amounts represent the application of the netting requirements that allow the FHLB to settle positive and negative positions and also cash collateral and related accrued interest held or placed by the FHLB with the same counterparty.
(3)Includes (in thousands) $214,035 of Advances recorded under the fair value option at December 31, 2023.
(4)Includes (in thousands) $14,085,003 of Consolidated Obligation Discount Notes recorded under the fair value option at December 31, 2023.
(5)Includes (in thousands) $20,657,254 of Consolidated Obligation Bonds recorded under the fair value option at December 31, 2023.
Summary of Valuation Methodologies and Primary Inputs.
The valuation methodologies and primary inputs used to develop the measurement of fair value for assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring or nonrecurring basis in the Statements of Condition are listed below. The fair values and level within the fair value hierarchy of these assets and liabilities are reported in Table 15.2.
Investment securities - MBS: To value MBS holdings, the FHLB incorporates prices from multiple designated third-party pricing vendors, when available. The pricing vendors use various proprietary models to price MBS. The inputs to those models are derived from various sources including, but not limited to: benchmark yields, reported trades, dealer estimates, issuer spreads, benchmark securities, bids, offers and other market-related data. As many MBS do not trade on a daily basis, the pricing vendors use available information such as benchmark curves, benchmarking of like securities, sector groupings and matrix pricing to determine the prices for individual securities. Each pricing vendor has an established challenge process in place for all MBS valuations, which facilitates resolution of potentially erroneous prices identified by the FHLB. Periodically, the FHLB conducts reviews of multiple pricing vendors to confirm and further augment its understanding of the vendors' pricing processes, methodologies and control procedures for specific instruments.
The FHLB's valuation technique for estimating the fair values of MBS first requires the establishment of a “median” price for each security. All prices that are outside the threshold (“outliers”) are subject to further analysis (including, but not limited to, comparison to prices provided by an additional third-party valuation service, prices for similar securities, non-binding dealer estimates, and/or use of an internal model that is deemed most appropriate) to determine if an outlier is a better estimate of fair value. If an outlier (or some other price identified in the analysis) is determined to be a better estimate of fair value, then the outlier (or the other price as appropriate) is used as the final price rather than the default price. Alternatively, if the analysis confirms that an outlier is in fact not representative of fair value and the default price is the best estimate, then the default price is used as the final price. In all cases, the final price is used to determine the fair value of the security.
If all prices received for a security are outside the tolerance threshold level of the median price, then there is no default price, and the final price is determined by an evaluation of all outlier prices as described above.
Multiple prices were received for substantially all of the FHLB's MBS holdings and the final prices for those securities were computed by averaging the prices received. Based on the FHLB's review of the pricing methods and controls employed by the third-party pricing vendors and the relative lack of dispersion among the vendor prices, the FHLB believes its final prices result in reasonable estimates of fair value and further that the fair value measurements are classified appropriately in the fair value hierarchy.
Investment securities - Non-MBS: To determine the estimated fair values of non-MBS investment securities, the FHLB can use either (a) an income approach based on a market-observable interest rate curve that may be adjusted for a spread, or (b) prices received from third-party pricing vendors. For its U.S. Treasury obligations, the FHLB determines the fair value using the income approach. The income approach uses indicative fair values derived from a discounted cash flow methodology. The FHLB uses the Treasury curve as the market-observable interest rate curve. For GSE obligations, the fair value is determined using prices received from multiple third-party pricing vendors. The pricing vendors' methodology and the FHLB's validation process is consistent with the MBS process described above.
Advances recorded under the fair value option: The FHLB determines the fair values of Advances recorded under the fair value option by calculating the present value of expected future cash flows from these Advances. The discount rates used in these calculations are the replacement rates for Advances with similar terms, as approximated either by adding an estimated current spread to the SOFR Swap Curve or by using current indicative market yields, as indicated by the FHLB's pricing methodologies for Advances with similar current terms. Advance pricing is determined based on the FHLB's rates on Consolidated Obligations. To determine the estimated fair value for Advances with optionality, market-based expectations of future interest rate volatility implied from current prices for similar options are also used. In accordance with Finance Agency regulations, Advances with a maturity and repricing period greater than six months require a prepayment fee sufficient to make the FHLB financially indifferent to the borrower's decision to prepay the Advances. Therefore, the fair value of Advances does not assume prepayment risk.
Derivative assets/liabilities: The FHLB's derivative assets/liabilities generally consist of interest rate swaps, interest rate swaptions, and mortgage delivery commitments.
The FHLB's interest rate related derivatives (swaps and swaptions) are traded in the over-the-counter market. Therefore, the FHLB determines the fair value of each individual instrument using market value models that use readily observable market inputs as their basis (inputs that are actively quoted and can be validated to external sources). The FHLB uses a mid-market pricing convention as a practical expedient for fair value measurements within a bid-ask spread. These models reflect the contractual terms, including the period to maturity, as well as the significant inputs noted below. The fair value determination uses the standard valuation technique of discounted cash flow analysis. The FHLB performs several validation steps to verify the reasonableness of the fair value output generated by the primary market value model. In addition to an annual model validation, the FHLB prepares a monthly reconciliation of the model's fair values to estimates of fair values provided by the derivative counterparties. The FHLB believes these processes provide a reasonable basis for it to place continued reliance on the derivative fair values generated by the model.
The FHLB determines the fair value of mortgage delivery commitments using market prices from the TBA/mortgage-backed security market or TBA/Ginnie Mae market and adjustments noted below.
The FHLB's discounted cash flow analysis uses market-observable inputs. Inputs, by class of derivative, are as follows:
Interest rate swaps and interest rate swaptions:
▪Discount rate assumption. OIS or SOFR Swap Curve;
▪Forward interest rate assumption. OIS or SOFR Swap Curve; and
▪Volatility assumption. Market-based expectations of future interest rate volatility implied from current market prices for similar options.
Mortgage delivery commitments:
▪TBA securities prices. Market-based prices by coupon class and expected term until settlement, adjusted to reflect the contractual terms of the mortgage delivery commitments. The adjustments to the market prices are market observable, or can be corroborated with observable market data.
The FHLB is subject to credit risk due to the risk of nonperformance by counterparties to its derivative transactions. For uncleared derivatives, the degree of credit risk depends on the extent to which master netting arrangements are included in these contracts to mitigate the risk. The FHLB has evaluated the potential for the fair value of the instruments to be impacted by counterparty credit risk and has determined that no adjustments were significant or necessary to the overall fair value measurements.
The fair values of the FHLB's derivatives include accrued interest receivable/payable and related cash collateral. The estimated fair values of the accrued interest receivable/payable and cash collateral approximate their carrying values due to their short-term nature. Derivatives are presented on a net basis by counterparty when it has met the netting requirements. If these netted amounts are positive, they are classified as an asset and if negative, they are classified as a liability.
Consolidated Obligations recorded under the fair value option: The FHLB determines the fair values of non-option-based Consolidated Obligation Bonds and all Consolidated Obligation Discount Notes recorded under the fair value option by calculating the present value of scheduled future cash flows. Inputs used to determine the fair value of these Consolidated Obligation Bonds and Discount Notes are the discount rates, which are estimated current market yields. For non-option-based Bonds and all Discount Notes, the market yields are either indicated by the Office of Finance for Consolidated Obligations with similar current terms or the SOFR swap curve for SOFR indexed Consolidated Obligations.
The FHLB determines the fair values of option-based Consolidated Obligation Bonds recorded under the fair value option based on pricing received from designated third-party pricing vendors. The pricing vendors used apply various proprietary models to price these Consolidated Obligation Bonds. The inputs to those models are derived from various sources including, but not limited to, benchmark yields, reported trades, dealer estimates, issuer spreads, benchmark securities, bids, offers, and other market-related data. Since many Consolidated Obligation Bonds do not trade on a daily basis, the pricing vendors use available information, as applicable, such as benchmark curves, benchmarking of like securities, sector groupings and matrix pricing to determine the prices for individual Consolidated Obligation Bonds. Each pricing vendor has an established challenge process in place for all valuations, which facilitates resolution of potentially erroneous prices identified by the FHLB.
When pricing vendors are used, the FHLB's valuation technique first requires the establishment of a “median” price for each Consolidated Obligation Bond. All prices that are outside the threshold (“outliers”) are subject to further analysis (including, but not limited to, comparison to prices provided by an additional third-party valuation service, prices for similar securities, non-binding dealer estimates, and/or use of an internal model that is deemed most appropriate) to determine if an outlier is a better estimate of fair value. If an outlier (or some other price identified in the analysis) is determined to be a better estimate of fair value, then the outlier (or the other price as appropriate) is used as the final price rather than the default price. Alternatively, if the analysis confirms that an outlier is in fact not representative of fair value and the default price is the best estimate, then the default price is used as the final price. In all cases, the final price is used to determine the fair value of the security.
If all prices received for a Consolidated Obligation Bond are outside the tolerance threshold level of the median price, then there is no default price, and the final price is determined by an evaluation of all outlier prices as described above.
Multiple vendor prices were received for the FHLB's Consolidated Obligation Bonds and the final prices for those bonds were computed by averaging the prices received. Based on the FHLB's review of the pricing methods and controls employed by the third-party pricing vendors and the relative lack of dispersion among the vendor prices, the FHLB believes its final prices result in reasonable estimates of fair value and that the fair value measurements are classified appropriately in the fair value hierarchy.
The FHLB has conducted reviews of its pricing vendors to confirm and further augment its understanding of the vendors' pricing processes, methodologies and control procedures for Consolidated Obligation Bonds.
Adjustments may be necessary to reflect the 11 FHLBanks' credit quality when valuing Consolidated Obligation Bonds recorded under the fair value option. Due to the joint and several liability for Consolidated Obligations, the FHLB monitors its own creditworthiness and the creditworthiness of the other FHLBanks to determine whether any credit adjustments are necessary in its fair value measurement of Consolidated Obligation Bonds. No adjustments were considered necessary at December 31, 2024 or 2023.
Subjectivity of estimates. Estimates of the fair values of financial assets and liabilities using the methods described above and other methods are highly subjective and require judgments regarding significant matters such as the amount and timing of future cash flows, prepayment speeds, interest rate volatility, distributions of future interest rates used to value options, and discount rates that appropriately reflect market and credit risks. The judgments also include the parameters, methods, and assumptions used in models to value the options. The use of different assumptions could have a material effect on the fair value estimates. Since these estimates are made as of a specific point in time, they are susceptible to material near term changes.
Fair Value Measurements.
Table 15.2 presents the fair value of financial assets and liabilities that are recorded on a recurring basis at December 31, 2024 and 2023, by level within the fair value hierarchy.
Table 15.2 - Fair Value Measurements (in thousands)
Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2024
Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Netting Adjustments and Cash Collateral (1)
Recurring fair value measurements - Assets
Trading securities:
U.S. Treasury obligations $ 1,248,651 $ - $ 1,248,651 $ - $ -
GSE obligations
1,457,242 - 1,457,242 - -
U.S. obligation single-family MBS
2 - 2 - -
Total trading securities 2,705,895 - 2,705,895 - -
Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. Treasury obligations 5,488,569 - 5,488,569 - -
GSE obligations 120,311 - 120,311 - -
GSE multi-family MBS 3,453,855 - 3,453,855 - -
Total available-for-sale securities 9,062,735 - 9,062,735 - -
Advances 281,299 - 281,299 - -
Derivative assets:
Interest rate related 65,760 - 68,721 - (2,961)
Mortgage delivery commitments 7 - 7 - -
Total derivative assets 65,767 - 68,728 - (2,961)
Total assets at fair value $ 12,115,696 $ - $ 12,118,657 $ - $ (2,961)
Recurring fair value measurements - Liabilities
Consolidated Obligations:
Discount Notes $ 8,670,557 $ - $ 8,670,557 $ - $ -
Bonds 7,324,443 - 7,324,443 - -
Total Consolidated Obligations 15,995,000 - 15,995,000 - -
Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate related 3,463 - 22,771 - (19,308)
Mortgage delivery commitments 121 - 121 - -
Total derivative liabilities 3,584 - 22,892 - (19,308)
Total liabilities at fair value $ 15,998,584 $ - $ 16,017,892 $ - $ (19,308)
(1)Amounts represent the application of the netting requirements that allow the FHLB to settle positive and negative positions and also cash collateral and related accrued interest held or placed by the FHLB with the same counterparty.
Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2023
Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Netting Adjustments and Cash Collateral (1)
Recurring fair value measurements - Assets
Trading securities:
U.S. Treasury obligations $ 248,688 $ - $ 248,688 $ - $ -
GSE obligations
1,497,009 - 1,497,009 - -
U.S. obligation single-family MBS
45 - 45 - -
Total trading securities 1,745,742 - 1,745,742 - -
Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. Treasury obligations 7,611,819 - 7,611,819 - -
GSE obligations 119,912 - 119,912 - -
GSE multi-family MBS 2,439,857 - 2,439,857 - -
Total available-for-sale securities 10,171,588 - 10,171,588 - -
Advances 214,035 - 214,035 - -
Derivative assets:
Interest rate related 100,789 - 153,776 - (52,987)
Mortgage delivery commitments 1,202 - 1,202 - -
Total derivative assets 101,991 - 154,978 - (52,987)
Total assets at fair value $ 12,233,356 $ - $ 12,286,343 $ - $ (52,987)
Recurring fair value measurements - Liabilities
Consolidated Obligations:
Discount Notes
$ 14,085,003 $ - $ 14,085,003 $ - $ -
Bonds 20,657,254 - 20,657,254 - -
Total Consolidated Obligations 34,742,257 - 34,742,257 - -
Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate related 9,825 - 57,767 - (47,942)
Mortgage delivery commitments 6 - 6 - -
Total derivative liabilities 9,831 - 57,773 - (47,942)
Total liabilities at fair value $ 34,752,088 $ - $ 34,800,030 $ - $ (47,942)
(1)Amounts represent the application of the netting requirements that allow the FHLB to settle positive and negative positions and also cash collateral and related accrued interest held or placed by the FHLB with the same counterparty.
Fair Value Option. The fair value option provides an irrevocable option to elect fair value as an alternative measurement for selected financial assets, financial liabilities, unrecognized firm commitments, and written loan commitments not previously carried at fair value. It requires a company to display the fair value of those assets and liabilities for which it has chosen to use fair value on the face of the Statements of Condition. Fair value is used for both the initial and subsequent measurement of the designated assets, liabilities and commitments, with the changes in fair value recognized in net income. If elected, interest income and interest expense on Advances and Consolidated Obligations carried at fair value are recognized based solely on the contractual amount of interest due or unpaid. Any transaction fees or costs are immediately recognized into other non-interest income or other non-interest expense.
The FHLB has elected the fair value option for certain financial instruments that either do not qualify for hedge accounting or may be at risk for not meeting hedge effectiveness requirements. These fair value elections were made primarily in an effort to mitigate the potential income statement volatility that can arise from economic hedging relationships in which the carrying value of the hedged item is not adjusted for changes in fair value.
Table 15.3 presents net gains (losses) recognized in earnings related to financial assets and liabilities in which the fair value option was elected during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.
Table 15.3 - Fair Value Option - Financial Assets and Liabilities (in thousands)
For the Years Ended December 31,
Net Gains (Losses) from Changes in Fair Value Recognized in Earnings
2024 2023 2022
Advances
$ (3,472) $ 3,832 $ 674
Consolidated Discount Notes
277 (11,541) 4,884
Consolidated Bonds
(23,046) (32,004) 69,154
Total net gains (losses)
$ (26,241) $ (39,713) $ 74,712
For instruments recorded under the fair value option, the related contractual interest income, contractual interest expense and the discount amortization on Discount Notes are recorded as part of net interest income on the Statements of Income. The remaining changes in fair value for instruments in which the fair value option has been elected are recorded as “Net gains (losses) on financial instruments held under fair value option” in the Statements of Income, except for changes in fair value related to instrument specific credit risk, which are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the Statements of Condition. The FHLB has determined that none of the remaining changes in fair value were related to instrument-specific credit risk for the years ended December 31, 2024 or 2023. In determining that there has been no change in instrument-specific credit risk period to period, the FHLB primarily considered the following factors:
▪The FHLB is a federally chartered GSE, and as a result of this status, the FHLB’s Consolidated Obligations have historically received the same credit ratings as the government bond credit rating of the United States, even though they are not obligations of the United States and are not guaranteed by the United States.
▪The FHLB is jointly and severally liable with the other 10 FHLBanks for the payment of principal and interest on all Consolidated Obligations of each of the other FHLBanks.
The following table reflects the difference between the aggregate unpaid principal balance outstanding and the aggregate fair value for Advances and Consolidated Obligations for which the fair value option has been elected.
Table 15.4 - Aggregate Unpaid Balance and Aggregate Fair Value (in thousands)
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Aggregate Unpaid Principal Balance Aggregate Fair Value Aggregate Fair Value Over/(Under) Aggregate Unpaid Principal Balance Aggregate Unpaid Principal Balance Aggregate Fair Value Aggregate Fair Value Over/(Under) Aggregate Unpaid Principal Balance
Advances
$ 280,092 $ 281,299 $ 1,207 $ 209,620 $ 214,035 $ 4,415
Consolidated Discount Notes
8,717,688 8,670,557 (47,131) 14,193,486 14,085,003 (108,483)
Consolidated Bonds
7,258,655 7,324,443 65,788 20,481,000 20,657,254 176,254
Note 16- Commitments and Contingencies
Off-Balance Sheet Commitments. Table 16.1 represents off-balance sheet commitments at December 31, 2024 and 2023. The FHLB has deemed it unnecessary to record any liabilities for credit losses on these commitments at December 31, 2024 and 2023, based on its credit extension and collateral policies.
Table 16.1 - Off-Balance Sheet Commitments (in thousands)
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Notional Amount Expire within one year Expire after one year Total Expire within one year Expire after one year Total
Letters of Credit $ 48,399,746 $ 514,758 $ 48,914,504 $ 46,707,728 $ 389,930 $ 47,097,658
Commitments to purchase mortgage loans 26,193 - 26,193 100,924 - 100,924
Unsettled Consolidated Bonds, principal amount (1)
1,025,000 - 1,025,000 - - -
Unsettled Consolidated Discount Notes, principal amount (1)
131,561 - 131,561 - - -
(1)Expiration is based on settlement period rather than underlying contractual maturity of Consolidated Obligations.
Letters of Credit: The FHLB issues Letters of Credit on behalf of its members to support certain obligations of the members to third-party beneficiaries. Letters of Credit may be offered to assist members and non-member housing associates in facilitating residential housing finance, community lending, and asset-liability management, and to provide liquidity. In particular, members often use Letters of Credit as collateral for deposits from federal and state government agencies. Letters of Credit are executed for members for a fee. If the FHLB is required to make payment for a beneficiary's draw, the member either reimburses the FHLB for the amount drawn or, subject to the FHLB's discretion, the amount drawn may be converted into a collateralized Advance to the member. However, Letters of Credit usually expire without being drawn upon. Letters of Credit issued by the FHLB expire no later than 2034. The carrying value of guarantees related to Letters of Credit are recorded in other liabilities and were (in thousands) $12,276 and $11,775 at December 31, 2024 and 2023.
The FHLB monitors the creditworthiness of its members that have Letters of Credit. In addition, Letters of Credit are subject to the same collateralization and borrowing limits that apply to Advances and are fully collateralized at the time of issuance.
Commitments to Purchase Mortgage Loans: The FHLB enters into commitments that unconditionally obligate the FHLB to purchase mortgage loans. Commitments are generally for periods not to exceed 90 days. The delivery commitments are recorded as derivatives at their fair values.
Consolidated Obligations: As previously described, Consolidated Obligations are backed only by the financial resources of the FHLBanks. The joint and several liability Finance Agency regulation authorizes the Finance Agency to require any FHLBank to repay all or a portion of the principal and interest on Consolidated Obligations for which another FHLBank is the primary obligor. No FHLBank has been required to repay the principal or interest on any Consolidated Obligation on behalf of another FHLBank during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, or 2022 and the FHLB does not believe that it is probable that it will be asked to do so through the filing date of this report.
The FHLB determined that it was not necessary to recognize a liability for the fair values of its joint and several obligation related to other FHLBanks' Consolidated Obligations at December 31, 2024, 2023, or 2022. The joint and several obligations are mandated by Finance Agency regulations and are not the result of arms-length transactions among the FHLBanks. The FHLBanks have no control over the amount of the guaranty or the determination of how each FHLBank would perform under the joint and several obligation.
Pledged Collateral. The FHLB pledged securities, as collateral, related to derivatives. See Note 7 - Derivatives and Hedging Activities for additional information about the FHLB’s pledged collateral.
Legal Proceedings. From time to time, the FHLB is subject to legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business. The FHLB would record an accrual for a loss contingency when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount could be reasonably estimated. After consultation with legal counsel, management does not anticipate that the ultimate liability and the range of reasonably possible losses, if any, arising out of any matters will have a material effect on the FHLB's financial condition or results of operations.
Note 17 - Transactions with Other FHLBanks
The FHLB notes transactions with other FHLBanks on the face of its financial statements. Occasionally, the FHLB loans short-term funds to and borrows short-term funds from other FHLBanks. These loans and borrowings are transacted at current market rates when traded. There were no such loans or borrowings outstanding at December 31, 2024, 2023 or 2022. The following table details the average daily balance of lending and borrowing between the FHLB and other FHLBanks for the years ended December 31.
Table 17.1 - Lending and Borrowing Between the FHLB and Other FHLBanks (in thousands)
Average Daily Balances for the Years Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Loans to other FHLBanks $ 7,391 $ 21,784 $ 24,797
Borrowings from other FHLBanks 14 27 27
In addition, from time to time, one FHLBank may transfer to another FHLBank the Consolidated Obligations (at current market rates on the day when the transfer is traded) for which the transferring FHLBank was originally the primary obligor but upon transfer the assuming FHLBank becomes the primary obligor. There are no formal arrangements governing the transfer of Consolidated Obligations between the FHLBanks, and these transfers are not investments of one FHLBank in another FHLBank. Transferring debt at current market rates enables the FHLBank System to satisfy the debt issuance needs of individual FHLBanks without incurring the additional selling expenses (concession fees) associated with new debt. It also provides the transferring FHLBanks with outlets for extinguishing debt structures no longer required for their balance sheet management strategies.
During the year ended December 31, 2024, the par amount of the liability on Consolidated Obligations transferred to the FHLB totaled (in thousands) $1,000. The Consolidated Obligation matured prior to December 31, 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the par amount of the liability on Consolidated Obligations transferred to the FHLB totaled (in thousands) $250,000. There were no Consolidated Obligations transferred to the FHLB during the year ended December 31, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the FHLB transferred Consolidated Obligations with a par amount of (in thousands) $4,000 to other FHLBanks. The gains on the transfers during the year ended December 31, 2024 were immaterial. There were no Consolidated Obligations transferred to another FHLBank during the years ended December 31, 2023 or 2022.
Note 18 - Transactions with Stockholders
As a cooperative, the FHLB's capital stock is owned by its members, by former members that retain the stock as provided in the FHLB's Capital Plan and by nonmember institutions that have acquired members and must retain the stock to support Advances or other capital-requiring activities with the FHLB. All Advances were issued to members and all mortgage loans held for portfolio were purchased from members during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. The FHLB also maintains demand deposit accounts for members, primarily to facilitate settlement activities that are directly related to Advances and mortgage loan purchases. Additionally, the FHLB may enter into interest rate swaps with its stockholders. The FHLB may not invest in any equity securities issued by its stockholders. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the FHLB did not own any MBS securitized by, or other direct long-term investments issued by its stockholders.
For financial statement purposes, the FHLB defines related parties as those members with more than 10 percent of the voting interests of the FHLB capital stock outstanding. Given statutory limitations, no member owned more than 10 percent of the voting interests of the FHLB at December 31, 2024 or 2023. Specifically, federal statute prescribes the voting rights of members in the election of both Member and Independent directors. For Member directorships, the Finance Agency designates the number of Member directorships in a given year and an eligible voting member may vote only for candidates seeking election in its respective state. For Independent directors, the FHLB's Board of Directors nominates candidates to be placed on the ballot in an at-large election. For both Member and Independent director elections, a member is entitled to vote one share of required capital stock, subject to a statutory limitation, for each applicable directorship. Under this limitation, the total number of votes that a member may cast is limited to the average number of shares of the FHLB's capital stock that were required to be held by all members in that state as of the record date for voting. Nonmember stockholders are not eligible to vote in director elections.
All transactions with stockholders are entered into in the ordinary course of business. Finance Agency regulations require the FHLB to offer the same pricing for Advances and other services to all members regardless of asset or transaction size, charter type, or geographic location. However, the FHLB may, in pricing its Advances, distinguish among members based upon its assessment of the credit and other risks to the FHLB of lending to any particular member or upon other reasonable criteria that may be applied equally to all members. The FHLB's policies and procedures require that such standards and criteria be applied consistently and without discrimination to all members applying for Advances and other services.
Transactions with Directors' Financial Institutions. In the ordinary course of its business, the FHLB provides products and services to members whose officers or directors serve as directors of the FHLB (Directors' Financial Institutions). Finance Agency regulations require that transactions with Directors' Financial Institutions be made on the same terms as those with any other member. The following table reflects balances with Directors' Financial Institutions for the items indicated below. The FHLB had no MBS or derivatives transactions with Directors' Financial Institutions at December 31, 2024 or 2023.
Table 18.1 - Transactions with Directors' Financial Institutions (dollars in millions)
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Balance % of Total (1)
Balance % of Total (1)
Advances $ 9,157 11.5 % $ 7,309 9.9 %
MPP 109 1.5 47 0.7
Regulatory capital stock 497 10.0 431 8.9
(1)Percentage of total principal (Advances), unpaid principal balance (MPP), and regulatory capital stock.
Concentrations. The following table shows regulatory capital stock balances, outstanding Advance principal balances, and unpaid principal balances of mortgage loans held for portfolio of stockholders holding five percent or more of regulatory capital stock and includes any known affiliates that are members of the FHLB.
Table 18.2 - Stockholders Holding Five Percent or more of Regulatory Capital Stock (dollars in millions)
Regulatory Capital Stock Advance MPP Unpaid
December 31, 2024 Balance % of Total Principal Principal Balance
JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. $ 946 19 % $ 20,000 $ -
U.S. Bank, N.A. 763 15 14,500 6
Fifth Third Bank 275 6 5,601 60
Keybank, N.A. 261 5 1,329 -
Regulatory Capital Stock Advance MPP Unpaid
December 31, 2023 Balance % of Total Principal Principal Balance
U.S. Bank, N.A. $ 858 18 % $ 10,000 $ 7
JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. 673 14 14,000 -
Keybank, N.A. 526 11 9,836 -
Third Federal Savings & Loan Association 255 5 5,008 23
Nonmember Housing Associates. The FHLB has relationships with three nonmember housing associates, the Kentucky Housing Corporation, the Ohio Housing Finance Agency and the Tennessee Housing Development Agency. The FHLB had no investments in or borrowings to any of these nonmember housing associates at December 31, 2024 or 2023.
SUPPLEMENTAL FINANCIAL DATA
Supplemental financial data required is set forth in the “Other Financial Information” caption at Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of this report.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
There were no changes in or disagreements with our accountants on accounting and financial disclosure during the two most recent fiscal years.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
DISCLOSURE CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
As of December 31, 2024, the FHLB's management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). Based upon that evaluation, these two officers each concluded that, as of December 31, 2024, the FHLB maintained effective disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that it files under the Exchange Act is (1) accumulated and communicated to management
as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding disclosure and (2) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
MANAGEMENT'S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
The management of the FHLB is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. The FHLB's internal control over financial reporting is designed by, or under the supervision of, the FHLB's management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
The FHLB's management assessed the effectiveness of the FHLB's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. In making this assessment, it used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). Based on its assessment, management of the FHLB determined that, as of December 31, 2024, the FHLB's internal control over financial reporting was effective based on those criteria.
The effectiveness of the FHLB's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (PwC), an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
CHANGES IN INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
There were no changes in the FHLB's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fourth quarter ended December 31, 2024 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the FHLB's internal control over financial reporting.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 9B. Other Information.
None.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
NOMINATION AND ELECTION OF DIRECTORS
The Finance Agency authorized us to have a total of 17 directors: 10 Member directors and seven Independent directors. Three of our Independent directors are designated as Public Interest directors and all 17 directors are elected by our members.
For both Member and Independent directorship elections, a member institution may cast one vote per seat or directorship up for election for each share of stock that the member was required to hold as of December 31 of the calendar year immediately preceding the election year. However, the number of votes that any member may cast for any one directorship cannot exceed the average number of shares of FHLB stock that were required to be held by all members located in its state. The election process is conducted electronically. Our Board of Directors does not solicit proxies nor is any member institution permitted to solicit proxies in an election.
Finance Agency regulations also provide for two separate selection processes for Member and Independent director candidates.
Member director candidates are nominated by any officer or director of a member institution eligible to vote in the respective statewide election, including the candidate's own institution. After the FHLB determines that the candidate meets all Member director eligibility requirements per Finance Agency regulations, the candidate may run for election and the candidate's name is placed on the ballot.
Independent director candidates are self-nominated. Any individual may submit an Independent director application form to the FHLB and request to be considered for election. The FHLB reviews all application forms to determine that the individual satisfies the appropriate public interest or non-public interest Independent director eligibility requirements per Finance Agency regulations before forwarding the application form to the Board for review of the candidate's qualifications and skills. The Board then nominates an individual whose name will appear on the ballot after consultation with the Affordable Housing Advisory Council and after the nominee information has been submitted to the Finance Agency for review. As part of the nomination process, the Board may consider several factors including the individual's contributions and service on the Board, if a former or incumbent director, and the specific experience and qualifications of the candidate. The Board also considers how other attributes, skills, and experiences of Independent director candidates may add to the overall strength of the Board. These same factors are considered when the Board fills a Member or Independent director vacancy.
DIRECTORS
The following table sets forth certain information (ages as of March 1, 2025) regarding each of our current directors.
Name Age Director Since Expiration of Term as a Director Independent or Member (State)
J. Wade Berry 55 2022 12/31/25 Member (KY)
Brady T. Burt 52 2017 12/31/28 Member (OH)
Greg W. Caudill 66 2014 12/31/25 Member (KY)
Susan E. Collins 59 2025
12/31/28 Independent (TN)
Kristin H. Darby 50 2021 12/31/28 Independent (TN)
Lewis Diaz
46 2022 12/31/27 Independent (KY)
Roy Molitor Ford, Jr. 59 2023 12/31/26 Member (TN)
Danny J. Herron 67 2022 12/31/25 Independent (TN)
Robert T. Lameier 72 2016 12/31/27 Member (OH)
Michael P. Pell, Vice Chair 61 2019 12/31/26 Member (OH)
Kathleen A. Rogers (1)
59 2020 12/31/25 Member (OH)
Leslie Scott Spivey 67 2022 12/31/26 Independent (OH)
Steven E. Stivers 59 2024
12/31/27 Independent (OH)
Nancy E. Uridil, Chair 73 2015 12/31/26 Independent (OH)
James J. Vance 63 2017 12/31/28 Member (OH)
Jonathan D. Welty 55 2020 12/31/27 Member (OH)
H. McCall Wilson, Jr. 59 2023 12/31/26 Member (TN)
(1)Ms. Rogers was elected by the Board on November 21, 2023 to fill a vacant Ohio Member Director position, which is the position she previously held prior to her retirement as an officer at another Ohio member bank. Ms. Rogers will complete the remainder of the vacant term, ending December 31, 2025.
Member Directors
Finance Agency regulations govern the eligibility requirements for our Member directors. Each Member director, and each nominee to a Member directorship, must be a U.S. citizen and an officer or director of a member that: is located in the voting state to be represented by the Member directorship, was a member of the FHLB as of the record date, and meets all minimum capital requirements established by its appropriate Federal banking agency or state regulator.
Generally, each Member director is nominated and elected by our members through an annual voting process administered by us. Any member that is entitled to vote in the election may nominate an eligible individual to fill each available Member directorship for its voting state, and all eligible nominees must be presented to the membership in the voting state. Our directors are not permitted to nominate or elect Member directors, except to fill a vacancy for the remainder of an unexpired term or to fill a vacancy for which no nominations were received. In accordance with Finance Agency regulations, except when acting in a personal capacity, no director, officer, attorney, employee or agent of the FHLB may communicate in any manner that he or she directly or indirectly, supports or opposes the nomination or election of a particular individual for a Member directorship or take any other action to influence the voting with respect to a particular individual. As a result, the FHLB is not in a position to know which factors its member institutions considered in nominating candidates for Member directorships or in voting to elect Member directors. However, if the Board takes action to fill a vacant Member directorship, facts considered in electing such director may be communicated by the FHLB.
The business experiences of our current Member directors are as follows:
Mr. Berry has been the President and Chief Executive Officer of Farmers Bank & Trust Company, Marion, Kentucky, since 2011.
Mr. Burt has been the Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of The Park National Bank, Newark, Ohio, a subsidiary of Park National Corporation, since December 2012. He also serves as the Secretary, Treasurer, and Chief Financial Officer of Park National Corporation.
Mr. Caudill has served on the Board of Directors of Farmers National Bank, Danville, Kentucky since 1996. Previously, Mr. Caudill was the Chief Executive Officer of Farmers National Bank from December 2002 to December 2020. He also served as the President of Farmers National Bank from December 2002 until April 2016.
Mr. Ford has been the Chairman of the Board of Commercial Bank and Trust (CBTC) since May 2019. He has served as the Chief Executive Officer since 1994. He also serves as President of Commercial Holding Company, the holding company for CBTC. CBTC is a $1 billion financial institution with offices in four counties in west Tennessee. CBTC has been serving commercial and retail clients since it was established in Paris, Tennessee in 1877. CBTC also provides Trust services for clients with assets under management of approximately $750 million.
Mr. Lameier has been a director of Miami Savings Bank, Miamitown, Ohio since 1993. He also served as the Chief Executive Officer of Miami Savings Bank from 1993 to December 2022 as well as President from 1993 to February 2022.
Mr. Pell has been the President and Chief Executive Officer of First State Bank, Winchester, Ohio since March 2006.
Ms. Rogers has served on the Board of Directors of Fifth Third Bank, Cincinnati, Ohio since August 2023. Previously, she served in various executive financial positions at U.S. Bancorp and U.S. Bank, N.A. including Vice Chairman and Chief Financial Officer from January 2015 to August 2016, Director of Business Line Reporting, Planning and Financial Systems from 1998 to December 2014, Director of Stress Testing from 2009 to December 2014 and again from September 2016 to August 2021, finishing her career in June 2023 as the Chief Finance Administration, Data and Transformation Officer.
Mr. Vance has been the Senior Vice President of Western-Southern Life Assurance Company and related subsidiaries (Cincinnati, Ohio) since January 2024. Previously, he served as Senior Vice President and Co-Chief Investment Officer of Western-Southern Life Assurance Company and related subsidiaries from October 2020 to January 2024, and as the Senior Vice President and Treasurer from March 2016 to October 2020.
Mr. Welty has been the President of Ohio Capital Finance Corporation (OCFC), Columbus, Ohio since August 2019 and the Executive Vice President of Ohio Capital Corporation for Housing (OCCH), an affiliate of OCFC, since November 2020. Prior to serving as the President of OCFC, Mr. Welty served as an Executive Director from January 2010 to August 2019.
Mr. Wilson has been the President and Chief Executive Officer of The Bank of Fayette County, Collierville, Tennessee since June 2001.
Independent Directors
Finance Agency regulations also govern the eligibility requirements of our Independent directors. Each Independent director, and each nominee to an Independent directorship, must be a U.S. citizen and bona fide resident of our District. At least two of our Independent directors must be designated by our Board as public interest directors. Public interest Independent directors must have more than four years' experience representing consumer or community interest in banking services, credit needs, housing, or consumer financial protections. All other Independent directors must have knowledge of or experience in one or more of the following areas: auditing and accounting; derivatives; financial management; organizational management; project development; risk management practices; and the law. Our Board of Directors nominates candidates for Independent directorships. Directors, officers, employees, attorneys, or agents of the FHLB are permitted to support directly or indirectly the nomination or election of a particular individual for an Independent directorship.
The business experiences of our current Independent directors are as follows:
Ms. Collins is retired from Tennessee Valley Authority, where she served as Executive Vice President, Chief Human Resources Officer and Chief Administrative Officer from July 2023 to May 2024. Ms. Collins also served as the Executive Vice President People and Communications, Chief Human Resources Officer of Tennessee Valley Authority from November 2020 to July 2023 and as Senior Vice President, Chief Human Resources Officer of Tennessee Valley Authority from 2016 to November 2020. Ms. Collins provides the Board expertise in the areas of executive compensation, human capital strategy, and succession planning.
Ms. Darby has been a Strategic Technology Advisor at KHD Ventures, LLC, since August 2021. She was Chief Information Officer at HarmonyCares from January 2022 to February 2025. Prior to that, Ms. Darby served as the Chief Information Officer of Envision Healthcare from November 2018 to July 2021, and was the Chief Information Officer of Cancer Treatment Centers of America from April 2014 to November 2018. Ms. Darby is a Certified Public Accountant and Certified Fraud Examiner.
Having served as a technology leader at a large public organization, Ms. Darby offers the Board comprehensive knowledge on technology strategy and operations, and cybersecurity.
Mr. Diaz has been a Partner at the law firm of Dinsmore & Shohl, LLP since April 2014 where he leads the firm's national public finance practice and concentrates on affordable housing and traditional governmental finance. Mr. Diaz also served from 2002 to 2008 in multiple capacities, including Program Counsel and interim Chief Council, at the Kentucky Housing Corporation, the state’s housing finance agency. Mr. Diaz contributes an extensive skill set to the Board including public interest representation, public and private housing development, legal expertise and complex financing structures to support affordable housing.
Mr. Herron has been the President and Chief Executive Officer of Habitat for Humanity of Greater Nashville since 2010. Previously, he was the President and Chief Executive Officer of Cumberland Bank, Franklin, Tennessee from 1993 to 2007. He also served as a member of the FHLB’s Advisory Council from 2014 to 2021 and was Council Chair from 2019 to 2020. Mr. Herron’s years of experience in non-profit housing development and community banking brings insight to the Board that contributes to the FHLB’s vision of helping members achieve business success and enhance communities.
Mr. Spivey is retired from First Student, Inc., where he served as the Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer from January 2015 to October 2022. Mr. Spivey also served as the Senior Vice President of Finance of CHEP Global Pallets from 2013 to 2014 and as Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer of CHEP Americas from 2008 to 2013. Mr. Spivey has extensive experience in financial operations across multiple industries ranging from transportation and logistics to telecommunications and packaged goods. Mr. Spivey contributes private sector strategic financial leadership and operations perspectives to the Board.
Mr. Stivers has been the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Ohio Chamber of Commerce since May 2021. Previously, he served as Congressman of Ohio’s 15th Congressional District from January 2011 until May 2021, where he served on the Rules and Financial Services Committees and was a Ranking Member on the Housing, Community Development, and Insurance Subcommittee. Mr. Stivers also served as an Ohio State Senator from 2003 to 2008, where he served as Chairman of the Insurance, Commerce and Labor Committee as well as Vice Chairman of the Finance and Financial Institutions Committee. Additionally, Mr. Stivers served over 30 years in the Ohio Army National Guard and holds the rank of Major General. Mr. Stivers brings extensive government and private sector experience to the Board that contributes to the FHLB’s mission to promote affordable housing and economic development.
Ms. Uridil has more than 18 years of experience as a Senior Vice President of $1 billion to $6 billion global businesses (consumer packaged goods, cosmetics, durables) creating and delivering corporate and functional strategies. Specifically, she was the Senior Vice President of Global Operations for Moen Incorporated from 2005 to her retirement in 2014, Senior Vice President at Estée Lauder Cos from 2000 to 2005 and Senior Vice President at Mary Kay, Inc. from 1996 to 2000. Ms. Uridil served on the Board of Directors of Flexsteel Industries, Inc. (Nasdaq: FLXS) from 2010 to 2019, where she served on the Compensation Committee and led the Governance Committee. Ms. Uridil has extensive experience in strategy, expense and capital management, merger and acquisition integration and sourcing. Ms. Uridil's qualifications and insight provide valuable skills to the Board in the areas of personnel, compensation, information technology and operations.
EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
The following table sets forth certain information (ages as of March 1, 2025) regarding our executive officers.
Name Age Position Employee of the FHLB Since
Andrew S. Howell 63 President and Chief Executive Officer 1989
Stephen J. Sponaugle 62 Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer 1992
Roger B. Batsel 53 Executive Vice President, Chief Operating Officer 2014
Daniel A. Tully 47 Executive Vice President, Chief Risk and Compliance Officer 2006
Damon V. Allen 54 Senior Vice President, Chief Marketing and Community Investment Officer 1999
J. Christopher Bates 49 Senior Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer 2005
Brian C. Comp 62 Senior Vice President, Chief Information Officer 2016
James C. Frondorf 47 Senior Vice President, Chief Credit Officer 2001
Tami L. Hendrickson 64 Senior Vice President, Treasurer 2006
Bridget C. Hoffman 48 Senior Vice President, General Counsel 2018
Amy L. Konow 50 Senior Vice President, Chief Audit Executive 2020
Karla M. Russo 56 Senior Vice President, Chief Human Resources and Inclusion Officer 2014
The business experiences of our current executive officers are as follows:
Mr. Howell became the President and Chief Executive Officer in June 2012. Previously, he served as the Executive Vice President, Chief Operating Officer since January 2008. His career with the FHLB also included multiple years in the roles of Senior Vice President, Chief Credit Officer and Executive Vice President, Chief Business Officer.
Mr. Sponaugle became the Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer in January 2018. Previously, he served as the Executive Vice President, Chief Risk and Compliance Officer since January 2017.
Mr. Batsel became the Executive Vice President, Chief Operating Officer in January 2020. Previously, he served as the FHLB's Senior Vice President, Chief Information and Operations Officer since July 2018.
Mr. Tully became the Executive Vice President, Chief Risk and Compliance Officer in January 2025. Previously, he served as the FHLB's Senior Vice President, Chief Risk and Compliance Officer since April 2020. Prior to that, he served as the Senior Vice President, Assistant Chief Risk and Compliance Officer since January 2020.
Mr. Allen became the Senior Vice President, Chief Marketing and Community Investment Officer in January 2023. Previously, he served as the FHLB's Senior Vice President, Housing and Community Investment Officer since January 2012.
Mr. Bates became the Senior Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer in January 2015. Previously, he served as the FHLB's Vice President, Controller since January 2013.
Mr. Comp became the Senior Vice President, Chief Information Officer in January 2025. Previously, he served as the FHLB's First Vice President, Chief Information Officer since January 2020.
Mr. Frondorf became the Senior Vice President, Chief Credit Officer in June 2021 after serving as the Senior Vice President, Assistant Chief Credit Officer since January 2021. Prior to that, he served as the FHLB’s First Vice President, Credit Services since January 2018.
Ms. Hendrickson became the Senior Vice President, Treasurer in January 2015. Previously, she served as the FHLB's Vice President, Treasurer since January 2010.
Ms. Hoffman became the Senior Vice President, General Counsel in May 2018. Previously, she was a partner of the law firm Taft Stettinius & Hollister LLP from January 2011 to May 2018.
Ms. Konow became the Senior Vice President, Chief Audit Executive in July 2020. Previously, she was the Chief Financial Officer at Landrum & Brown, Inc. from November 2019 to June 2020 and the Vice President, Accounting and Finance from April 2018 to November 2019.
Ms. Russo became the Senior Vice President, Chief Human Resources and Inclusion Officer in January 2022. Previously, she served as the FHLB's First Vice President, Human Resources and Office of Minority and Woman Inclusion Officer since January 2018.
All officers are appointed annually by our Board of Directors.
AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT
The Board of Directors has determined (1) that Mr. Brady T. Burt, Chair of the Audit Committee, and Committee member Mr. Leslie Scott Spivey, have the relevant accounting and related financial management expertise, and therefore are qualified, to serve as the Audit Committee financial experts within the meaning of the regulations of the SEC and (2) that each is independent under SEC Rule 10A-3(b)(1). Mr. Burt is a Certified Public Accountant and his experience has principally been in the accounting and finance disciplines within the financial industry, and has included managing various accounting functions. Mr. Spivey's experience has principally been in the finance disciplines crossing multiple industries. For additional information regarding the independence of the directors of the FHLB, see Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
CODES OF ETHICS
The Board of Directors has adopted a “Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers” that applies to the principal executive officer and the principal financial officer, as well as all other executive officers. This policy serves to promote honest and ethical conduct, full, fair and accurate disclosure in the FHLB's reports to regulatory authorities and other public communications, and compliance with applicable laws, rules and regulations. The Code is posted on the FHLB's website (www.fhlbcin.com). If a waiver of any provision of the Code is granted to a covered officer, or if any amendment is made to the Code, information concerning the waiver or amendment will be posted on our website.
The Board of Directors has also adopted a “Standards of Conduct” policy that applies to all employees. The purpose of this policy is to promote a strong ethical climate that protects the FHLB against fraudulent activities and fosters an environment in which open communication is expected and protected.
INSIDER TRADING
We have adopted an insider trading policy (the "Insider Trading Policy") that prohibits our directors, officers, employees, and contractors and consultants, as well as their respective family members, from purchasing, selling, or otherwise transacting in our securities and in the securities of other issuers while in possession of material nonpublic information. Our Insider Trading Policy is designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules, and regulations. It generally prohibits insider trading by any covered person and imposes blackout periods during which persons covered under the Insider Trading Policy are prohibited from trading.
By law, our capital stock cannot be held by individuals, including officers, directors or employees of the FHLB. In addition, under our capital plan, our capital stock may be issued, transferred, redeemed, and repurchased only at its par value of $100 per share, subject to certain regulatory and statutory limits. Our structure and regulatory posture are designed to ensure that our directors, officers and employees are not able to own or trade in our capital stock, and we are permitted to issue or repurchase such stock only to or from our members in defined and limited circumstances.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Item 11. Executive Compensation.
2024 COMPENSATION DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
The following provides discussion and analysis regarding our 2024 compensation program for our executive officers, and in particular our Named Executive Officers. Our named Executive Officers for 2024 were:
▪Andrew S. Howell, President and Chief Executive Officer (CEO);
▪Stephen J. Sponaugle, Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer;
▪Roger B. Batsel, Executive Vice President, Chief Operating Officer;
▪Bridget C. Hoffman, Senior Vice President, General Counsel; and
▪Tami L. Hendrickson, Senior Vice President, Treasurer.
Compensation Program Overview (Philosophy and Objectives)
Our Board of Directors (the Board) is responsible for determining the philosophy and objectives of the compensation program. The philosophy of the program is to provide a flexible and market-based approach to compensation that attracts, retains and motivates high performing, accomplished financial services executives who, by their individual and collective performance, achieve strategic business initiatives to fulfill our mission. The program is primarily designed to focus executives on increasing business with member institutions within established profitability and risk tolerance levels, while also encouraging teamwork.
We compensate executive officers using a combination of base salary, short-term and deferred incentive-based cash compensation, retirement benefits and modest fringe benefits. We believe the compensation program communicates short and long-term goals and standards of performance for our mission and key business objectives and appropriately motivates and rewards executives commensurate with their contributions and achievements. The combination of base salary and short-term and deferred incentive pay creates a total compensation opportunity for executives who contribute to and influence strategic plans and who are primarily responsible for the strategic business plan, execution, and performance.
Oversight of the compensation program is the responsibility of the Board's Human Resources, Compensation and Inclusion Committee (the Committee). The Committee annually reviews the components of the compensation program to ensure it is consistent with and supports our mission, strategic business objectives, and short and long-term goals. In carrying out its responsibilities, the Committee may engage executive compensation consultants to assist in evaluating the effectiveness of the program and in determining the appropriate mix of compensation provided to executive officers. Because individuals are not permitted to own our capital stock, all compensation is paid in cash, and we have no equity compensation plans or arrangements.
The Committee recommends the CEO's annual compensation package to the Board, which is responsible for approving all compensation provided to the CEO. Additionally, the Committee is responsible for reviewing and approving the compensation program's budget for all officers, including the other Named Executive Officers, and submitting its recommendations to the Board for final approval.
Management Involvement - Executive Compensation
While the Board is ultimately responsible for determining the compensation of the CEO and all other executive officers, the CEO and the Human Resources department periodically advise the Committee regarding competitive and administrative issues affecting the compensation program. The CEO and the Human Resources department also present recommendations to the Committee regarding the compensation of all other executive officers and administer programs approved by the Committee and the Board.
Finance Agency Oversight - Executive Compensation
The Finance Agency has oversight authority over our executive compensation. The Director of the Finance Agency is required by statute to prohibit an FHLBank from paying compensation to its executive officers that is not reasonable and comparable to that paid for employment in similar businesses (including other publicly held financial institutions or major financial services companies) involving similar duties and responsibilities. Finance Agency rules direct the FHLBanks to provide all compensation actions affecting their Named Executive Officers to the Finance Agency for review. Accordingly, following our
Board's approval, we submitted the 2025 base salaries as well as incentive payments earned for 2024 for the Named Executive Officers to the Finance Agency. While we do not expect the regulatory requirements to have a significant impact on our executive compensation programs, the Finance Agency has taken certain actions to curtail the Board’s ability to set all incentive compensation goals and weightings. This is evident in the goals and weightings for Diversity, Equity and Inclusion and the Housing Mission. In the“FHLBank System at 100 - Focusing on the Future” report, the Finance Agency stated it planned to recommend that Congress amend the FHLBank Act to eliminate the restrictions on the Finance Agency’s authority to prescribe levels or ranges for the compensation of executive officers of the FHLBanks. In light of this report and the Finance Agency's authority as reflected in the recent directives for incentive compensation goals and corresponding weightings, our compensation practices and policies have been subject to adjustment as a result of regulatory guidance and directives.
In addition to these rules, the Finance Agency previously issued Advisory Bulletin 2009-AB-02 regarding principles for FHLBank executive compensation as to which the FHLBanks and the Office of Finance are expected to adhere in setting executive compensation policies and practices. These principles consist of the following:
▪executive compensation must be reasonable and comparable to that offered to executives in similar positions at other comparable financial institutions;
▪executive incentive compensation should be consistent with sound risk management and preservation of the par value of our capital stock;
▪a significant percentage of an executive’s incentive-based compensation should be tied to longer-term performance and outcome indicators;
▪a significant percentage of an executive’s incentive-based compensation should be deferred and made contingent upon performance over several years; and
▪our Board of Directors should promote accountability and transparency in the process of setting compensation.
Use of Comparative Compensation Data
The compensation program aims to provide a market competitive compensation package when recruiting and retaining highly talented executives seeking stable, long-term employment. To this end, we gather compensation data from a wide variety of sources, including broad-based national and regional surveys, information on compensation programs at other FHLBanks, and formal and informal interactions with our compensation consultant. Our consultant, McLagan (an Aon company), is a nationally recognized compensation consulting firm specializing in the financial services industry. We also participate in multiple surveys including the annual McLagan Federal Home Loan Bank Custom Survey and other national Human Resources consulting firms' surveys. Surveys contain executive and non-executive compensation information for various key positions across all FHLBanks. When determining the compensation program, the Committee and the CEO use compensation data collected from these sources to inform themselves regarding trends in compensation practices and as a comparison check against general market data (market check).
In setting 2024 and 2025 compensation, we primarily relied upon information from the McLagan Custom Survey. It encompasses information relating to the prior year's compensation from mortgage banks, commercial financial institutions that typically have assets of less than $20 billion, and other FHLBanks. However, we believe the positions at other FHLBanks generally are more directly comparable to ours given the unique nature of the FHLBank System. The FHLBanks share the same public policy mission, interact routinely with each other, and share a common regulator and regulatory constraints, including the need for Finance Agency review of all compensation actions affecting executive officers. However, there are significant differences across the FHLBank System, including the sizes of the various FHLBanks, the complexity of their operations, their organizational and cost structures, their locations and the cost of living in those locations, and the types of compensation packages offered. Thus, we do not typically calculate compensation packages for our Named Executive Officers based solely on comparisons to the other FHLBanks.
Compensation Program Approach
The Committee utilizes a balanced approach for our compensation program, offering base salary, short-term incentive and deferred pay. The annual (short-term) incentive compensation component rewards all officers and staff for the achievement of the annual strategic business goals. The deferred compensation component is payable to certain officers, including the Named Executive Officers, after a three-year deferral period if the market capitalization ratio of our capital stock is maintained above a minimum threshold [set by the Committee] over the period. The Committee has not established or assigned specific percentages to each element of the compensation program. Instead, the Committee strives to create a program that generally delivers a total compensation opportunity, i.e., base salary, annual and deferred incentive compensation and other benefits, to each executive
officer that, when target performance goals are met, is at or near the median of the other FHLBanks and is generally consistent with the market check. However, individual elements of compensation as well as total compensation for individual executives may vary from the median due to an executive's tenure, experience and responsibilities.
While the competitiveness of the compensation program is an important factor for attracting and retaining executives, the Committee also reviews all elements of the program to ensure it is well designed and fiscally responsible from both a regulatory and corporate governance perspective.
Impact of Risk-Taking on Compensation Program
The Committee reviews the overall program to ensure the compensation of executive officers does not encourage unnecessary or excessive risk-taking that could threaten our long-term value. Strong risk management is an integral part of our culture. The Committee believes that base salary is a sufficient percentage of total compensation to discourage excessive risk-taking by executive officers. The Committee also believes the mix of incentive goals, which include risk-related metrics, does not encourage unnecessary or excessive risk-taking and achieves an appropriate balance of incentives for meeting short and long-term organizational goals. Moreover, the Committee and the Board retain the discretion to reduce or withhold incentive compensation payments if a determination is made that an executive has caused us to incur such a risk that could threaten our long-term value.
Elements of Total Compensation Program
The following table summarizes all compensation to our Named Executive Officers for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. Discussion of each component follows the table.
Summary Compensation Table
Name and Principal Position Year Salary(1)
Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation(2)
Change in Pension Value & Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation Earnings(3)
All Other Compensation(4)
Total
Andrew S. Howell 2024 $ 1,025,000 $ 887,478 $ 38,000 $ 255,849 $ 2,206,327
President and CEO 2023 995,000 878,098 1,330,000 349,494 3,552,592
2022 1,026,923 841,215 - 69,456 1,937,594
Stephen J. Sponaugle 2024 486,000 336,376 - 103,323 925,699
Executive Vice President- 2023 468,000 329,899 542,000 127,210 1,467,109
Chief Financial Officer 2022 457,866 315,948 - 48,800 822,614
Roger B. Batsel 2024 431,000 296,599 25,000 34,638 787,237
Executive Vice President- 2023 414,000 289,764 98,000 33,182 834,946
Chief Operating Officer 2022 384,000 253,694 - 18,300 655,994
Bridget C. Hoffman 2024 425,000 255,659 20,000 33,088 733,747
Senior Vice President- 2023 409,000 249,952 51,000 27,805 737,757
General Counsel 2022 384,352 237,442 - 13,725 635,519
Tami L. Hendrickson 2024 374,000 224,055 83,000 22,003 703,058
Senior Vice President- 2023 360,000 218,769 192,000 20,992 791,761
Treasurer 2022 352,769 205,422 - 18,300 576,491
(1)For 2022, includes excess accrued vacation benefits automatically paid in accordance with established policy (applicable to all employees).
(2)Amounts shown for 2024 reflect total payments pursuant to the current portion of the 2024 Incentive Plan and the deferred portion of the 2021 Incentive Plan (2022 - 2024 performance period), as follows.
Name 2024 Incentive Plan (current incentive)
2021 Incentive Plan
(three-year deferred incentive)
Total
Andrew S. Howell $ 486,029 $ 401,449 $ 887,478
Stephen J. Sponaugle 184,359 152,017 336,376
Roger B. Batsel 163,495 133,104 296,599
Bridget C. Hoffman 141,066 114,593 255,659
Tami L. Hendrickson 124,138 99,917 224,055
(3) Represents change in the actuarial present value of accumulated pension benefits only, which is primarily dependent on changes in interest rates, years of benefit service and salary. Decreases in pension values are reported in the table as $0. For 2024, the change in pension value decreased $66,000 for Mr. Sponaugle. No above-market or preferential earnings are paid on any deferred compensation under any plan or agreement. See "Retirement Benefits" and "2024 Pension Benefits" for additional information.
(4) For 2024, all other compensation included the following:
FHLB Contributions to Vested Defined Contribution Plans (a)
Name Qualified Defined Contribution Plan
Non-qualified Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan
Perquisites (b)
Total
Andrew S. Howell $ 55,200 $ 177,627 $ 23,022 $ 255,849
Stephen J. Sponaugle 55,200 48,123 - 103,323
Roger B. Batsel 20,700 13,938 - 34,638
Bridget C. Hoffman 20,700 12,388 - 33,088
Tami L. Hendrickson 13,584 8,419 - 22,003
(a)For Mr. Howell and Mr. Sponaugle, includes a transitional service credit in the form of an annual contribution to offset future losses due to adjusting the benefit formula under the defined benefit pension plan.
(b)For Mr. Howell, perquisites consisted of personal use of an FHLB-owned vehicle, premiums for an Executive long-term disability plan, guest travel expenses and an airline program membership. The value of perquisites are based on their actual cash cost. No other Named Executive Officer received perquisites over $10,000.
Salary
Base salary is both a key component of the total compensation program and a key factor when attracting and retaining executive talent. While base salaries for the Named Executive Officers are influenced by a number of factors, including the employee salary increase pool, market conditions, business trends and uncertainties, the Board generally targets the median of the competitive market. Other factors affecting an executive's base salary include length of time in position, relevant experience, individual achievement, and the size and scope of assigned responsibilities as compared to the responsibilities of other executives. Base salary increases traditionally take effect at the beginning of each calendar year and are granted after a review of the individual's performance and leadership contributions to the achievement of our annual business plan goals and strategic objectives.
Each of the current Named Executive Officers received a base salary increase at the beginning of 2024. For each of the current Named Executive Officers other than the CEO, total salary increases, including merit, market, and promotional adjustments, ranged from 3.85 percent to 4.11 percent. These increases were based on the CEO's recommendation for each executive, which took into consideration market data, and expected business and industry trends. For Mr. Howell, directors provided feedback to the Chair, and the Committee recommended, and the Board subsequently approved a salary increase of 3.02 percent. In recommending and approving Mr. Howell's 2024 increase, the Committee and Board took into consideration competitive market analysis and the Committee's appraisals of his performance during the year.
In October 2024, the Committee recommended and the Board approved a 5.00 percent salary increase pool for 2025 for all employees, comprised of 3.75 percent for merit increases and 1.25 percent for market and promotional adjustments. Using the same process as described above and considering the current labor market environment, in November 2024, the Committee recommended, and the Board approved, the following 2025 base salaries and percent increases for the Named Executive Officers: Mr. Howell, $1,060,000 (3.41 percent); Mr. Sponaugle, $504,000 (3.70 percent); Mr. Batsel, $450,000 (4.41 percent); Ms. Hoffman, $440,000 (3.53 percent); and Ms. Hendrickson, $388,000 (3.74 percent). In January 2025, we were informed that the Finance Agency had completed its review and did not object to the Board-approved compensation actions affecting the Named Executive Officers in 2025.
Non-Equity Incentive Compensation Plan (Incentive Plan)
The Incentive Plan is a cash-based total incentive award that is divided into two equal parts: (1) a current incentive award, and (2) a three-year deferred incentive award. The current component of the Incentive Plan is awarded annually and designed to promote and reward higher levels of performance for accomplishing Board-approved annual goals. The long-term component of the Incentive Plan is a three-year deferred incentive award that is designed to promote safety and soundness and serve as an employment retention tool for executive officers, including the Named Executive Officers.
The Incentive Plan annual goals reflect desired financial, operational, risk management and public mission objectives for the current and future fiscal years. Generally, each goal is weighted to reflect its relative importance and potential impact on our mission and annual strategic business plan while subject to recent Finance Agency directives on Diversity, Equity and Inclusion and Housing goals and corresponding weightings. Each goal is assigned a quantitative threshold, target and maximum level of performance. Each Named Executive Officer's award opportunity is based entirely on bank-wide performance.
When establishing the Incentive Plan goals and corresponding performance levels, the Board anticipates that we will successfully achieve a threshold level of performance nearly every year. The target level is aligned with expected performance and is anticipated to be reasonably achievable in a majority of plan years. The maximum level of performance reflects a graduated level of difficulty from the target performance level and is designed to require superior performance to achieve.
Each Named Executive Officer is assigned a total incentive award opportunity, stated as a percentage of base salary, which corresponds to the individual's level of organizational responsibility and ability to contribute to and influence overall performance. The total incentive award opportunity established for executives is designed to be comparable to incentive opportunities for executives with similar duties and responsibilities at other financial institutions, primarily other FHLBanks, and generally consistent with our market check. The Board believes the total incentive opportunity and plan design provide an appropriate, competitive reward to all officers, including the Named Executive Officers, commensurate with the achievement levels expected for the incentive goals.
The total incentive award earned is determined based on the actual achievement level for each goal in comparison with the performance levels established for that goal.
The total incentive award opportunities for the 2024 plan year stated as a percentage of base salary were as follows:
Incentive Opportunity
Name Threshold Target Maximum
Andrew S. Howell 50.0 % 75.0 % 100.0 %
Stephen J. Sponaugle 40.0 60.0 80.0
Roger B. Batsel 40.0 60.0 80.0
Bridget C. Hoffman 35.0 52.5 70.0
Tami L. Hendrickson 35.0 52.5 70.0
If actual performance falls below the threshold level of performance, no payment is made for that goal. If actual performance exceeds the maximum level, only the value assigned as the performance maximum is paid. When actual performance falls between the assigned threshold, target and maximum performance levels, an interpolated achievement is calculated for that goal. The achievement for each goal is then multiplied by the corresponding incentive weight assigned to that goal and the results for each goal are summed to arrive at the final incentive award payable to the executive. No final awards (or payments) will be made to executives under the Incentive Plan if we receive the lowest "Composite Rating" during the most recent examination by the Finance Agency. Such a rating would indicate that we have been found to be operating in an unacceptable manner, that we exhibit serious deficiencies in corporate governance, risk management or financial condition and performance, or that we are in substantial noncompliance with laws, Finance Agency regulations or supervisory guidance.
Fifty percent of the total opportunity for the Incentive Plan is awarded in cash following the plan year (current incentive award) and 50 percent is mandatorily deferred for three years after the end of the Plan year (deferred incentive award). The deferred incentive awards are earned based on the safety and soundness metric, which is tied to our market capitalization ratio defined as the market value of total capital divided by the par value of capital stock. The market capitalization ratio is measured as the simple average at 36 month ends in the three-year performance period using the base-case interest rate and business environment used in reports to the Board at each month end. If our market capitalization ratio is greater than 100 percent during the deferred performance period, the final value will be 100 percent of the deferred award plus interest based on the annual interest rates applicable to the qualified defined benefit plan. No payment would be made for the deferred incentive award if the market capitalization ratio, calculated as noted above, was less than 100 percent for the three-year deferral period.
Except as noted above with respect to exam ratings, the Board has ultimate authority over the Incentive Plan and may modify or terminate the Plan at any time or for any reason. The Board also has discretion to increase or decrease any Incentive Plan awards. In addition, payments under the Plan are subject to certain clawback provisions that allow us to recover any incentive paid to a participant based on achievement of financial or operational goals that subsequently are deemed to be inaccurate, misstated or misleading. The Board believes these clawback requirements serve as a deterrent to any manipulation of financial statements or performance metrics in a manner that would assure and/or increase an incentive payment.
2024 Incentive Plan. For calendar year 2024, the Board approved a total of seven performance measures in the functional areas of Franchise Value Promotion, Mission Assets and Activities and Stockholder Risk/Return. The mix of financial and non-financial goals measures performance across our mission and corporate objectives and is intended to discourage unnecessary or excessive risk-taking. Because we consider risk management to be an essential component in the achievement of our mission and corporate objectives, the goals below include a separate risk-related metric.
At its January 2025 meeting, following certification of the 2024 performance results and in accordance with those results, the Board authorized the distribution to the Named Executive Officers of the current awards shown in Note 2 to the Summary Compensation Table. For the 2024 plan year, we cumulatively achieved approximately 95 percent of the available maximum incentive opportunity. This was higher than the 88 percent overall performance achieved for 2023, primarily because all of the seven goals in 2024 exceeded target performance, with three of the seven goals meeting or exceeding the maximum achievement level.
The following table presents the incentive weights, threshold, target and maximum performance levels, and the actual results achieved for the 2024 Incentive Plan performance measures for all Named Executive Officers.
2024 Incentive Plan Performance Levels and Results
Incentive Weight Threshold Performance Target Performance Maximum Performance Results Achieved
Franchise Value Promotion
1) Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Strategic Plan Achievement
10.0 % Pass 8 of 16 metrics Pass 11 of 16 metrics Pass all 16 metrics 16 pass
2) Strategic Initiatives 10.0 Pass 3 of 6 objectives Pass 4 of 6 objectives Pass all 6 objectives Pass 6 of 6 objectives
Mission Assets and Activities
3) Mission Assets and Activities Participation 10.0 65 % 70 % 80 % 75 %
4) Core Mission Assets and Activities Ratio 5.0 70 % 80 % 85 % 82 %
5) Housing Mission
30.0
New Community Investment Cash Advances users
6 members 12 members 18 members 15 members
Voluntary Program disbursement percentage
65 % 80 % 90 % 91 %
Percent of members applying to one or more Housing Community Investments programs
30 % 35 % 42 % 39 %
Stockholder Risk/Return
6) Change in Market Value of Equity
15.0
+200 bps (7) % (6) % (4) % (2.6) %
'-200 bps
(2) % - % 2 % 1.1 %
7) Profitability-Available Earnings vs. Average SOFR
20.0 325 bps
400 bps 500 bps
556 bps
During 2024, the Board, the Committee and the CEO periodically reviewed the Incentive Plan goals presented above to determine progress toward the goals. Although the Board and the CEO discussed various external factors that were affecting achievement of the performance measures, the Board did not take any actions to revise or change the Incentive Plan goals.
2025 Incentive Plan. At its November 2024 meeting, the Board considered and approved 2025 Incentive Plan goals, incentive weights, and award opportunities for the Named Executive Officers and eligible employees. At its March 2025 meeting, the Board approved changes to the plan goals. After each of those meetings, the plan was sent to the Finance Agency for its review. As of the date of this filing, the Finance Agency has not yet provided its final non-objection, and therefore, the plan is subject to change. We intend to file a Form 8-K of the final plan structure after the Finance Agency provides non-objection.
Three-Year Deferred Incentive Awards. During 2024, the Board, the Committee and the CEO periodically reviewed progress toward the deferred plan safety and soundness metric for each ongoing performance period. At its January 2025 meeting, following certification of the performance results for the deferred portion of the 2021 Incentive Plan (2022 - 2024 performance period) and in accordance with those results, the Board authorized the distribution of payments to eligible officers including the Named Executive Officers. Cumulatively, our market capitalization ratio was greater than 100 percent during the 2022 - 2024 performance period. As a result, the final value was 100 percent of the deferred award plus interest based on the annual interest rates applicable to the qualified defined benefit plan. The deferred payments for the 2022 - 2024 performance period are shown in Note 2 to the Summary Compensation Table.
As described above, the deferred portion of the 2024 Incentive Plan (2025 - 2027 performance period) is payable based on the result of a safety and soundness metric tied to the market capitalization ratio as defined in the 2025 Incentive Plan. If our market capitalization ratio is greater than 100 percent during the 2025 - 2027 performance period, the final value will be 100 percent of the deferred award plus interest based on the annual interest rates applicable to the qualified defined benefit plan.
Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation Grants
The following table provides information on grants made under our Incentive Plan.
Grants of Plan-Based Awards
Estimated Future Payouts Under
Non-Equity Incentive Plan Awards
Name Grant Date (1)
Threshold Target Maximum
Andrew S. Howell November 21, 2024 $ 530,000 $ 795,000 $ 1,060,000
Stephen J. Sponaugle November 21, 2024 201,600 302,400 403,200
Roger B. Batsel November 21, 2024 180,000 270,000 360,000
Bridget C. Hoffman November 21, 2024 154,000 231,000 308,000
Tami L. Hendrickson November 21, 2024 135,800 203,700 271,600
(1)Awards granted on this date are for the 2025 Incentive Plan.
Under the awards shown above, 50 percent of the estimated future payout will be awarded in cash following the Plan year. The other 50 percent of the estimated future payout will be mandatorily deferred for three years after the end of the Plan year. If we operate in a safe and sound manner according to the market capitalization ratio metric during the deferred performance period, the final value will be 100 percent of the deferred award plus interest based on the annual interest rates applicable to the qualified defined benefit plan. See the "Non-Equity Incentive Compensation Plan (Incentive Plan)" section above for further detail.
Retirement Benefits
We maintain a comprehensive retirement program for executive officers comprised of two qualified retirement plans (a defined benefit plan and a defined contribution plan) and two non-qualified pension plans. For our qualified plans, we participate in the Pentegra Defined Benefit Plan for Financial Institutions and a Defined Contribution Plan administered by Fidelity. The non-qualified plans, the Benefit Equalization Plan (BEP) and the Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (SERP), were designed to restore benefits that eligible highly compensated employees would have received were it not for Internal Revenue Service limitations. The BEP restores benefits related to the limits on the defined benefit plan and benefits vest and are payable according to the corresponding provisions of the qualified plan. The SERP restores benefits related to the limitations within the defined contribution plan while also providing the Board another compensation option to consider when determining the market competitiveness of executive compensation.
The plans provide benefits based on a combination of an employee's tenure and annual compensation. As such, the benefits provided by the plans are one component of the total compensation opportunity for executive officers and, the Board believes, serve as valuable retention tools since retirement benefits increase as executives' tenure and compensation grow.
Qualified Defined Benefit Pension Plan. The Pentegra Defined Benefit Plan for Financial Institutions (Pentegra DB) is a funded tax-qualified plan that is maintained on a non-contributory basis, meaning, employee contributions are not required. The pension benefit applies to employees who were hired prior to January 1, 2024. Participants' pension benefits vest upon completion of five years of service. The pension benefits payable under the Pentegra DB plan are determined using a pre-established formula that provides a single life annuity payable monthly at age 65 or normal retirement. The Pentegra DB plan provides certain actuarially equivalent forms of benefit payments other than a single life annuity, including a limited lump sum distribution option, which is available only for those benefits accrued prior to January 1, 2006.
Prior to July 1, 2021, the benefit formula for employees hired before January 1, 2006, which includes Messrs. Howell and Sponaugle, was 2.50 percent for each year of benefit service multiplied by the highest three-year average compensation. Compensation was defined as base salary and annual incentive compensation, and excludes any deferred incentive payments.
For employees who were hired after January 1, 2006, which includes Mr. Batsel and Mses. Hoffman and Hendrickson, the benefit formula was 1.25 percent for each year of benefit service multiplied by the highest five-year average compensation. Compensation is defined as base salary and annual incentive compensation, and excludes any deferred incentive payments.
Effective July 1, 2021, the Pentegra DB plan design that applies to future benefits for employees hired before January 1, 2024 was adjusted. The revised benefit formula is 1.25 percent for each year of benefit service multiplied by the highest five-year average compensation. The plan allows a reduced benefit for those retiring before age 65 and early retirement eligibility for all employees to as early as age 45 with 10 years of service. To offset future benefit losses, employees hired prior to January 1, 2006 will receive a transitional service credit beginning in 2022 and concluding in 2026 in the form of an annual contribution to
their Defined Contribution account (up to the IRS maximum) or their SERP account. The annual contribution is equal to 10 percent of their eligible pension income. Employees must be employed for the full plan year to receive the transition contribution for that year.
Non-Qualified Defined Benefit Pension Plan. Executive officers and other employees whose pay or pension benefit exceeds IRS pension limitations are eligible to participate in the Defined Benefit component of the Benefit Equalization Plan (DB/BEP), an unfunded, non-qualified pension plan that mirrors the Pentegra DB plan in all material respects. In determining whether a restoration of retirement benefits is due an eligible employee, the DB/BEP utilizes the identical benefit formula applicable to the Pentegra DB plan. In the event that the benefits payable from the Pentegra DB plan have been reduced or otherwise limited, the executive's lost benefits are payable under the terms of the DB/BEP. Because the DB/BEP is a non-qualified plan, the benefits received from this plan do not receive the same tax treatment and funding protection associated with the qualified plan.
The following table provides the present value of benefits payable to the Named Executive Officers upon retirement at age 65 from the Pentegra DB plan and the DB/BEP, and is calculated in accordance with the formula currently in effect for specified years-of-service and remuneration for participating in both plans. Our pension benefits do not include any reduction for a participant's Social Security benefits.
2024 Pension Benefits
Name Plan Name Number of Years Credited Service (1)
Present Value (2) of Accumulated Benefits
Andrew S. Howell Pentegra DB 34.50 $ 2,994,000
DB/BEP 34.50 11,691,000
Stephen J. Sponaugle Pentegra DB 31.33 2,775,000
DB/BEP 31.33 2,645,000
Roger B. Batsel Pentegra DB 9.92 259,000
DB/BEP 9.92 179,000
Bridget C. Hoffman Pentegra DB 5.58 111,000
DB/BEP 5.58 71,000
Tami L. Hendrickson Pentegra DB 17.92 845,000
DB/BEP 17.92 380,000
(1)For pension plan purposes, the calculation of credited service begins upon completion of a required waiting period following the date of employment. Accordingly, the years shown are less than the executive's actual years of employment. Because IRS regulations generally prohibit the crediting of additional years of service under the qualified plan, such additional service also is precluded under the DB/BEP, which only restores those benefits lost under the qualified plan.
(2) See Note 13 of the Notes to Financial Statements for details regarding valuation assumptions.
Qualified Defined Contribution (DC) Plan. Our DC plan is a tax-qualified defined contribution plan to which we make tenure-based matching contributions for all employees, and non-elective retirement contributions for employees hired after January 1, 2024. Matching contributions begin immediately and subsequently increase based on length of employment to a maximum of six percent of eligible compensation. Additionally, employees hired after January 1, 2024 receive a non-elective retirement contribution equal to six percent of eligible compensation. Eligible compensation in the DC plan is defined as base salary and annual incentive compensation, and excludes any deferred incentive awards.
Under the DC plan, a participant may elect to contribute up to 75 percent of eligible compensation on either a before-tax or after-tax basis. The plan permits participants to self-direct investment elections into one or more investment funds. All returns are at the market rate of the related fund. Investment fund elections may be changed daily by the participants. A participant may withdraw vested account balances while employed, subject to certain plan limitations, which include those under IRS regulations. Participants also are permitted to revise their contribution/deferral election once each pay period. However, the revised election is only applicable to future earnings and may also be limited by IRS regulations.
SERP. Effective in 2023, executive officers and other highly compensated employees whose pay exceeds the IRS limit on pension eligible earnings may be approved by the Board to participate in the SERP. For executives approved for participation, the SERP restores match contributions on pay in excess of the IRS limits if the executive has contributed a minimum of three
percent of eligible pay to the qualified defined contribution plan. For executives hired after January 1, 2024 and approved for participation, the SERP also restores non-elective retirement contributions on pay in excess of the IRS limits and includes an additional six percent contribution on all eligible pay.
For executives eligible to receive a transitional service credit due to the Defined Benefit Pension Plan revised benefit formula, the portion of the transitional credit attributed to the earnings in excess of the IRS limit on pension eligible earnings, will receive a contribution to the SERP.
Contributions will typically be allocated to accounts annually. The plan permits participants to self-direct investment elections into one or more investments funds. All returns are the market rate of the related fund. Plan benefits are paid out of an investment account established for each participant under a grantor trust. Because the SERP is a non-qualified plan, the benefits under this plan do not receive the same tax treatment and funding protection associated with the qualified plan.
2024 Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation
Name Registrant Contributions in Last Fiscal Year (1)
Aggregate Earnings in Last Fiscal Year (2)
Aggregate Balance at Last Fiscal Year-End (3)
Andrew S. Howell $ 177,627 $ 15,673 $ 470,852
Stephen J. Sponaugle 48,123 4,852 127,385
Roger B. Batsel 13,938 1,071 28,391
Bridget C. Hoffman 12,388 914 25,227
Tami L. Hendrickson 8,419 1,217 17,709
(1)These amounts are included as a component of "All Other Compensation" in the Summary Compensation Table.
(2)These amounts are not included in the Summary Compensation Table as no Named Executive Officer received above-market or preferential earnings.
(3)To the extent that a participant was a Named Executive Officer in prior years, FHLB contributions included in the “Aggregate Balance at Last Fiscal Year-End” column have been reported as compensation in the Summary Compensation Table for the applicable year.
Fringe Benefits and Perquisites
Executive officers are eligible to participate in the traditional fringe benefit plans made available to all other employees, including participation in the retirement plans, medical, dental and vision insurance program and group term life and standard long term disability (LTD) insurance plans, as well as short-term disability coverage and paid time off. Executives participate in our subsidized medical, dental and vision insurance and group term life and standard LTD insurance programs on the same basis and terms as all of our employees. However, executives are required to pay higher premiums for medical coverage. Executive officers also receive on-site parking at our expense.
During 2024, the CEO was also provided with an FHLB-owned vehicle for his business and personal use, along with the operating expenses associated with the vehicle. An executive officer's personal use of an FHLB-owned vehicle, including use for the daily commute to and from work, is reported as a taxable fringe benefit. In addition to the standard LTD insurance plan provided to all employees, Named Executive Officers may elect to receive additional LTD coverage. The premiums the FHLB pays for the additional LTD coverage are considered a taxable fringe benefit. Additionally, with prior approval, our current Travel Policy permits a guest to accompany an executive officer on authorized business trips. Executive officers are reimbursed for transportation and other related expenses associated with their guest's travel. Such reimbursements are reported as a taxable fringe benefit.
The perquisites provided to an executive officer represent a small fraction of annual compensation. During 2024, perquisites totaled $23,022 for Mr. Howell, as shown in the Summary Compensation Table. Perquisites did not individually or collectively exceed $10,000 for any other Named Executive Officers and are therefore excluded from the Summary Compensation Table.
Employment Arrangements and Severance Benefits
Pursuant to the FHLBank Act, all employees of the FHLB are “at will” employees. Accordingly, an employee may resign employment at any time and an employee's employment may be terminated at any time for any reason, with or without cause and with or without notice.
We have no employment agreements with any Named Executive Officer. Other than normal pension benefits and eligibility to participate in our retiree medical and life insurance programs (if hired prior to August 1, 1990), no perquisites, tax gross-ups or
other special benefits are provided to our executive officers in the event of a resignation, retirement or other termination of employment. However, Named Executive Officers may receive certain benefits under our severance policy and Change in Control Plan, described below.
Severance Policy. We have a severance policy under which all employees may receive benefits in the event of termination of employment resulting from job elimination, substantial job modification, job relocation, or a planned reduction in staff. Under this policy, an executive officer is entitled to one month's pay for each year of continuous employment, rounded to the next whole year for partial years, with a minimum of one month and a maximum of six months' severance pay, as well as payment for all unused, accrued paid time off. At our discretion, executive officers and employees receiving benefits under this policy may also receive outplacement assistance as well as continuation of health insurance coverage on a limited basis.
Executive Change in Control Plan (Change in Control Plan). We have a Change in Control Plan that provides certain payments and benefits in the event of a qualifying termination within 24 months following a change in control. The purpose of the Change in Control Plan is to facilitate the hiring and retention of senior executives by providing them with certain protection and benefits in the event of a qualifying termination following a defined change in control. Change in control benefit payments are in lieu of, not in addition to, the severance benefit payments described above. The Change in Control Plan applies to officers as designated by the Board. Current designees are the CEO, all Executive Vice Presidents, and all Senior Vice Presidents.
Under the Change in Control Plan, a “qualifying termination” is defined as any separation, termination or other end of employment relationship between the FHLB and a participant, (a) by the FHLB, other than for “cause” (as defined in the Change in Control Plan), death or disability; or (b) by the participant, for “good reason” (as defined in the Change in Control Plan).
“Change in Control” is defined under the Change in Control Plan as:
▪the merger, reorganization, or consolidation of the FHLB with or into, or acquisition of the FHLB by, another Federal Home Loan Bank or other entity;
▪the sale or transfer of all or substantially all of the business or assets of the FHLB to another Federal Home Loan Bank or other entity;
▪a change in the composition of the board that causes the combined number of Member directors from the jurisdictions of Kentucky, Ohio and Tennessee to cease to constitute a majority of the Bank’s directors; or
▪liquidation or dissolution.
“Cause” is defined in the Change in Control Plan to include:
▪the participant’s failure to perform substantially his/her duties;
▪the participant’s engagement in illegal conduct or willful misconduct injurious to the FHLB;
▪the participant’s material violation of law or regulation or of the FHLB’s written policies or guidelines;
▪a written request from the Finance Agency requesting that the FHLB terminate the participant’s employment;
▪crimes involving a felony, fraud or other dishonest acts;
▪certain other notices from or actions by the Finance Agency;
▪the participant’s breach of fiduciary duty or breach of certain covenants in the Change in Control Plan; or
▪the participant’s refusal to comply with a lawful directive from the CEO or the Board of Directors.
“Good Reason” is defined in the Change in Control Plan to include:
▪a material diminution in the participant’s base salary or in his/her duties or authority;
▪the FHLB requiring the participant to be based at any office or location more than 100 miles from Cincinnati, Ohio; or
▪a material breach of the Change in Control Plan by the FHLB.
In the event of a qualifying termination, the participant will receive a severance payment equal to a compensation multiplier times the sum of the participant's base salary plus target annual incentive amount for the year in which the Change in Control occurs. The CEO (Tier 1) is subject to a compensation multiplier of 2.50, Executive Vice Presidents (Tier 2) are subject to a
compensation multiplier of 1.75 and Senior Vice Presidents (Tier 3) are subject to a compensation multiplier of 1.50. Participants will also receive a lump sum cash payment equal to accrued and unused paid time off and the amount that would have been payable pursuant to the participant’s annual incentive compensation award for the year in which the date of a qualifying termination occurs based on actual performance, prorated based on the number of days the participant was employed that year. In addition, participants will receive a cash payment for outplacement assistance of $7,500 for Tier 1, $4,500 for Tier 2 and $2,500 for Tier 3, as well as the continuation of health care coverage for 24 months for Tier 1, 18 months for Tier 2 and 12 months for Tier 3.
The following table presents the total amounts that would be payable to our Named Executive Officers if their employment had terminated as of December 31, 2024.
Total Potential Payment Upon Termination (1)
Separation Event Andrew S.
Howell Stephen J. Sponaugle Roger B.
Batsel Bridget C. Hoffman Tami L. Hendrickson
Involuntary termination for Cause $ - $ - $ - $ - $ -
Voluntary resignation not due to a Change in Control or resignation without Good Reason due to a Change in Control (2)
210,913 62,117 41,287 39,294 69,046
Involuntary termination without Cause not due to a Change in Control (3)
723,413 305,117 256,787 251,794 256,046
Involuntary termination without Cause due to a Change in Control or resignation for Good Reason due to a Change in Control (4)
5,493,265 1,735,312 1,535,901 1,253,583 1,128,910
(1)Due to the number of factors that affect the nature and amounts of compensation and benefits provided upon the potential termination events, the actual amounts paid may be different than the estimates presented.
(2)Named Executive Officers would only receive payment for unused, accrued paid time off.
(3)Named Executive Officers would receive payment for one month's pay for each year of continuous employment, rounded to the next whole year for partial years, subject to a six months' pay maximum, plus unused, accrued paid time off.
(4)Named Executive Officers would receive payment as follows:
Component Andrew S. Howell Stephen J. Sponaugle Roger B.
Batsel Bridget C. Hoffman Tami L. Hendrickson
Salary $ 2,562,500 $ 850,500 $ 754,250 $ 637,500 $ 561,000
Incentive compensation 1,921,875 510,300 452,550 334,688 294,525
Other (a)
1,008,890 374,512 329,101 281,395 273,385
Total $ 5,493,265 $ 1,735,312 $ 1,535,901 $ 1,253,583 $ 1,128,910
(a) Includes accrued annual incentive compensation from the current year, accrued and unused paid time off, outplacement assistance and health care coverage.
COMPENSATION COMMITTEE REPORT
The Committee has furnished the following report for inclusion in this Annual Report on Form 10-K:
The Committee has reviewed and discussed the 2024 Compensation Discussion and Analysis set forth above with the FHLB's management. Based on such review and discussions, the Committee recommended to the Board of Directors that the Compensation Discussion and Analysis be included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Lewis Diaz (Chair)
Susan E. Collins
Robert T. Lameier
Kathleen A. Rogers
Nancy E. Uridil
COMPENSATION OF DIRECTORS
As required by Finance Agency regulations and the FHLBank Act, we have established a formal policy governing the compensation and travel reimbursement provided to our directors. The goal of the policy is to compensate Board members for work performed. Under our policy, compensation is comprised of a maximum base fee, paid in 1/6th increments, and reimbursement for reasonable travel-related expenses. The fees are intended to compensate directors for time spent reviewing materials sent to them, preparing for meetings, participating in other activities and attending the meetings of the Board and its committees.
In connection with setting director compensation, we participated in an FHLBank System review of director compensation in 2024, which included a director compensation study prepared by McLagan. The McLagan study includes peer group analysis of director compensation at the FHLBanks, publicly traded banks with between $10 billion and $20 billion in assets, and publicly traded banks with between $20 billion and $65 billion in assets. However, when determining director compensation, the Board only considered the director compensation for peer groups at the FHLBanks and the publically traded banks with assets between $10 billion and $20 billion.
The following table sets forth the maximum base fees, which are subject to certain attendance requirements, for 2024 and 2025:
2024 2025
Maximum Base Fees Maximum Base Fees (1)
Chair $ 160,813 $ 160,813
Vice Chair 138,000 138,000
Audit Committee Chair
137,000 137,000
Human Resources, Compensation and Inclusion Committee Chair
135,000 135,000
Risk Committee Chair
135,000 135,000
Other Committee Chairs
130,210 130,210
Other Directors
123,000 123,000
(1) The 2025 base fees remained the same as those in 2024 due to the objection letter received from the Finance Agency denying the proposed increases to the 2025 base fees.
In addition to the base fees, under the 2024 and 2025 policies, Audit Committee members other than the Audit Committee Chair, Chair or Vice Chair of the Board receive an annual fee of $5,000.
During 2024, total directors' fees and travel expenses incurred were $2,228,443 and $118,270, respectively.
With prior approval, our Travel Policy permits a guest to accompany a director on authorized business trips. We reimburse the transportation and other related expenses associated with the guest's travel, subject to certain limitations, which are reported as a taxable fringe benefit. During 2024, there were no directors that received reimbursement for guest travel expenses.
The following table sets forth the fees earned by each director for the year ended December 31, 2024.
2024 Directors Compensation Table
Name Fees Earned or Paid in Cash
J. Lynn Anderson, Chair $ 160,813
J. Wade Berry 135,000
Brady T. Burt 137,000
Greg W. Caudill 123,000
Kristin H. Darby 130,210
Lewis Diaz 123,000
Roy Molitor Ford, Jr. 128,000
Danny J. Herron 123,000
Robert T. Lameier 135,000
Michael P. Pell 123,000
Kathleen A. Rogers 128,000
Leslie Scott Spivey 128,000
Steven E. Stivers 123,000
Nancy E. Uridil 135,210
James J. Vance, Vice Chair 138,000
Jonathan D. Welty 130,210
H. McCall Wilson, Jr. 128,000
Total $ 2,228,443
The FHLB's non-qualified deferred compensation plan for directors allows directors to defer any portion of their fees for the year and receive earnings based on returns available under or comparable to certain publicly available mutual funds, including equity funds and money market funds. In the table above, "Fees Earned or Paid in Cash" does not include payouts of previously deferred director fees for prior years' service or earnings on such fees for those directors participating in the plan.
The following table summarizes the total number of board meetings and meetings of its designated committees held in 2023 and 2024.
Number of Meetings Held
Meeting Type 2023 2024
Board Meeting 8 8
Audit Committee 11 11
Risk Committee 6 6
Business and Operations Committee
5 5
Governance 7 7
Housing and Community Development Committee 5 4
Human Resources, Compensation and Inclusion Committee
6 5
COMPENSATION COMMITTEE INTERLOCKS AND INSIDER PARTICIPATION
The Committee is charged with responsibility for the FHLB's compensation policies and programs. None of the 2024 or 2025 Committee members are or previously were officers or employees of the FHLB. Additionally, none of the FHLB's executive officers served or serve on the board of directors or the compensation committee of any entity whose executive officers served on the Committee or Board of Directors. This Committee was and is composed of the following members:
2024 2025
Robert T. Lameier (Chair) Lewis Diaz (Chair)
J. Lynn Anderson Susan E. Collins
Lewis Diaz Robert T. Lameier
Danny J. Herron Kathleen A. Rogers
Kathleen A. Rogers Nancy E. Uridil
Nancy E. Uridil
PAY RATIO
As required by the Dodd-Frank Act, information about the 2024 total compensation for our median employee and the President and CEO, Mr. Howell, is as follows:
▪the median of the annual total compensation of all of our employees (other than the CEO) was $123,913; and
▪the annual total compensation of the CEO, as reported in the Summary Compensation Table, was $2,206,327.
Based on this information, for 2024, the ratio of the annual total compensation of the CEO to the median of the annual total compensation of all employees was 18 to 1.
We identified our median employee by comparing the compensation of all full-time and part-time employees who were employed as of December 15, 2024. We annualized the compensation of employees who were hired in 2024 but did not work for us the entire fiscal year. This compensation measure, which was consistently applied to all employees, included base salary, overtime pay and incentive compensation that was all payable in cash.
The median employee's compensation for 2024 includes base salary, incentive compensation, matching contributions to the qualified defined contribution plan, and the value of such employee’s pension benefits (if applicable). The value of the pension benefits represents only the change in the actuarial present value of accumulated pension benefits, which is primarily dependent on changes in interest rates, years of benefit service and salary. With respect to the annual total compensation of the CEO, we used the amount reported in the “Total” column of our 2024 Summary Compensation Table.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
We have one class of capital stock, Class B Stock, all of which is owned by our current and former member institutions. Individuals, including directors and officers of the FHLB, are not permitted to own our capital stock. Therefore, we have no equity compensation plans.
The following table lists institutions holding five percent or more of outstanding capital stock at February 28, 2025 and includes any known affiliates that are members of the FHLB:
(Dollars in thousands)
Capital Percent of Total Number
Name Address Stock Capital Stock of Shares
JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. 1111 Polaris Parkway Columbus, OH 43240 $ 945,791 19 % 9,457,914
U.S. Bank, N.A. 425 Walnut Street Cincinnati, OH 45202 881,497 18 8,814,967
Fifth Third Bank 38 Fountain Square Plaza Cincinnati, OH 45202 320,715 6 3,207,151
The Huntington National Bank 41 South High Street
Columbus, OH 43215 281,311 6 2,813,106
The following table lists capital stock outstanding as of February 28, 2025 held by member institutions that have an officer or director who serves as a director of the FHLB:
(Dollars in thousands)
Capital Percent of Total
Name Address Stock Capital Stock
Fifth Third Bank 38 Fountain Square Plaza Cincinnati, OH 45202 $ 320,715 6.4 %
Western & Southern Financial Group (1)
400 Broadway Street
Cincinnati, OH 45202 236,780 4.7
The Park National Bank 50 North Third Street
Newark, OH 43055 7,983 0.2
The Bank of Fayette County 1265 Highway 57 E
Collierville, TN 38017 2,568 0.1
Farmers Bank & Trust Company 201 South Main Street
Marion, KY 42064 1,701 0.0
First State Bank 19230 State Route 136
Winchester, OH 45697 1,586 0.0
Miami Savings Bank 8008 Ferry Street
Miamitown, OH 45041 1,100 0.0
Farmers National Bank 304 West Main Street
Danville, KY 40422 1,009 0.0
Commercial Bank & Trust Company 107 North Poplar
Paris, TN 38242 863 0.0
Ohio Capital Finance Corporation 671 South High Street, Suite 600
Columbus, OH 43206 130 0.0
(1) Includes five subsidiaries (Western-Southern Life Assurance Co., Integrity Life Insurance Company, Lafayette Life Insurance Company, Columbus Life Insurance Company and National Integrity Life Insurance Company), which are FHLB members.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
Because we are a cooperative, capital stock ownership is a prerequisite to transacting any business with us. Transactions with our stockholders are part of the ordinary course of - and are essential to the purpose of - our business.
Our capital stock is not permitted to be publicly traded and is not listed on any stock exchange. Therefore, we are not governed by stock exchange rules relating to director independence. If we were so governed, arguably none of our industry directors, who are elected by our members, would be deemed independent because all are directors and/or officers of members that do business with us. Messrs. Diaz, Herron, Spivey and Stivers and Mses. Collins, Darby and Uridil, our seven non-industry directors, have no material transactions, relationships or arrangements with the FHLB other than in their capacity as directors.
Therefore, our Board of Directors has determined that each of them is independent under the independence standards of the New York Stock Exchange.
The Finance Agency director independence standards specify independence criteria for members of our Audit Committee. Under these criteria, all of our directors serving on the Audit Committee are independent.
TRANSACTIONS WITH RELATED PERSONS
See Note 18 of the Notes to Financial Statements for information on transactions with stockholders, including information on transactions with Directors' Financial Institutions and concentrations of business, and transactions with nonmember affiliates, which information is incorporated herein by reference.
See also “Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation” in Item 11. Executive Compensation.
Review and Approval of Related Persons Transactions. Ordinary course transactions with Directors' Financial Institutions and with members holding five percent or more of our capital stock are reviewed and approved by our management in the normal course of events so as to assure compliance with Finance Agency regulations.
As required by Finance Agency regulations, we have a written conflict of interest policy. This policy requires directors (1) to disclose to the Board of Directors any known personal financial interests that they, their immediate family members or their business associates have in any matter to be considered by the Board and in any other matter in which another person or entity does or proposes to do business with the FHLB and (2) to recuse themselves from considering or voting on any such matter. The scope of the Finance Agency's conflict of interest regulation (available at www.fhfa.gov) and our conflict of interest policy (posted on our website at www.fhlbcin.com) is similar, although not identical, to the scope of the SEC's requirements governing transactions with related persons. In 2007, our Board of Directors adopted a written related person transaction policy that is intended to close any gaps between Finance Agency and SEC requirements. The policy includes procedures for identifying, approving and reporting related person transactions as defined by the SEC. One of the tools that we used to monitor non-ordinary course transactions and other relationships with our directors and executive officers is an annual questionnaire that uses the New York Stock Exchange criteria for independence. Finally, our policy covering insider trading provides that any request for redemption of excess stock unrelated to Mission Assets and Activities volatility held by a Director's Financial Institution must be approved by the Board of Directors or by the Executive Committee of the Board.
We believe these policies are effective in bringing to the attention of management and the Board any non-ordinary course transactions that require Board review and approval and that all such transactions since January 1, 2024 have been so reviewed and approved.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.
The following table sets forth the aggregate fees billed to the FHLB for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 by its independent registered public accounting firm, PwC:
For the Years Ended
(In thousands) December 31,
2024 2023
Audit fees $ 1,065 $ 921
Audit-related fees 91 84
Tax fees - -
All other fees 2 1
Total fees $ 1,158 $ 1,006
Audit fees were for professional services rendered for the audits of the FHLB's financial statements.
Audit-related fees were for assurance and services related to the performance of the audit and review of the FHLB's financial statements and primarily consisted of accounting consultations and fees related to participation in and presentations at conferences.
The FHLB is exempt from all federal, state and local income taxation. Therefore, no fees were paid for tax services during the years presented.
All other fees were for the annual license of a disclosure compliance checklist.
The Audit Committee approves the annual engagement letter for the FHLB's audit. In evaluating the performance of the independent registered public accounting firm, the Audit Committee considers a number of factors, such as:
▪PwC's independence and process for maintaining independence;
▪PwC's historical and recent performance on the FHLB's audit, including the results of an internal survey of PwC service and quality with the FHLB and the FHLBank System;
▪external data related to audit quality and performance, including recent Public Company Accounting Oversight Board audit quality inspection reports on PwC; and
▪the appropriateness of PwC's audit fees.
The Audit Committee also establishes a fixed dollar limit for other recurring annual accounting related consultations, which include the FHLB's share of FHLBank System-related accounting issues. The status of these services is periodically reviewed by the Audit Committee throughout the year with any increase in these services requiring pre-approval. All other services provided by the independent accounting firm are specifically approved by the Audit Committee in advance of commitment.
The FHLB paid additional fees to PwC in the form of assessments paid to the Office of Finance. The FHLB is assessed its proportionate share of the costs of operating the Office of Finance, which includes the expenses associated with the annual audits of the combined financial statements of the FHLBanks. These assessments, which totaled $64,000 and $59,000 in 2024 and 2023, respectively, are not included in the table above.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.
(a)Financial Statements. The following financial statements of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati, set forth in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data above, are filed as a part of this registration statement.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 238)
Statements of Condition as of December 31, 2024 and 2023
Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
Statements of Capital for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
Notes to Financial Statements
(b)Exhibits.
Exhibit
Number (1)
Description of exhibit Document filed or
furnished, as indicated below
3.1 Organization Certificate
Form 10, filed
December 5, 2005
3.2 Bylaws, as amended through January 18, 2024
Form 8-K, filed January 23, 2024
4.1 Capital Plan, effective April 18, 2022
Form 10-Q, filed May 5, 2022
4.2 Description of Capital Stock
Form 10-K, filed March 17, 2022
10.1 Form of Blanket Agreement for Advances and Security Agreement, as in effect for signatories prior to November 21, 2005
Form 10, filed
December 5, 2005
10.2 Form of Blanket Security Agreement, for new signatories on and after November 21, 2005
Form 10, filed
December 5, 2005
10.3 Form of Mortgage Purchase Program Master Selling and Servicing Master Agreement
Form 10, filed
December 5, 2005
10.4 Federal Home Loan Banks P&I Funding and Contingency Plan Agreement, entered into as of July 20, 2006, by and among the Office of Finance and each of the Federal Home Loan Banks, as amended and restated on January 1, 2017
Form 10-K, filed March 16, 2017
10.5 Joint Capital Enhancement Agreement, as amended on August 5, 2011, by and among each of the Federal Home Loan Banks
Form 8-K, filed August 5, 2011
10.6 (2)
Incentive Compensation Plan as of January 1, 2023
Form 10-K, filed March 16, 2023
10.7 (2)
Incentive Compensation Plan as of January 1, 2024
Form 10-Q, filed August 8, 2024
10.8 (2)
Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati Benefit Equalization Plan (December 2008 Restatement)
Form 10-K, filed
March 18, 2010
10.9 (2)
First Amendment to the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati Benefit Equalization Plan (December 2008 Restatement)
Form 10-K, filed
March 18, 2010
10.10
Form of indemnification agreement between the Federal Home Loan Bank and each of its directors and executive officers (used from July 29, 2009 to December 31, 2016)
Form 8-K, filed
July 30, 2009
10.11
Form of indemnification agreement between the Federal Home Loan Bank and each of its directors and executive officers (used from January 1, 2017 to November 4, 2018)
Form 10-K, filed March 16, 2017
10.12 Form of indemnification agreement between the Federal Home Loan Bank and each of its directors and executive officers (used after November 5, 2018)
Form 10-K, filed March 21, 2019
10.13 Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati Executive Change in Control Severance Plan
Form 10-Q, filed November 9, 2017
10.14 Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan
Form10-K, filed March 21, 2024
Insider Trading Policy
Filed Herewith
24 Power of Attorney (included in Signature Page)
Filed Herewith
31.1 Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Principal Executive Officer
Filed Herewith
31.2 Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Principal Financial Officer
Filed Herewith
32 Section 1350 Certifications
Furnished Herewith
99.1 Audit Committee Letter
Furnished Herewith
99.2 Audit Committee Charter
Furnished Herewith
101.INS XBRL Instance Document The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document
101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document Filed Herewith
101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document Filed Herewith
101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document Filed Herewith
101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document Filed Herewith
101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document Filed Herewith
104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) Filed Herewith
(1)Numbers coincide with Item 601 of Regulation S-K.
(2)Indicates management compensation plan or arrangement.