EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1801170
Filing Year: 2022
Filename: 1801170_10-K_2022_0001801170-22-000015.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1. Business.
General
At Clover Health, we are singularly focused on creating great, sustainable healthcare to improve every life. We have centered our strategy on building and deploying physician-enablement software that we believe can enable every physician to deliver data-driven value-based care, without the need to adopt complicated value-based payment schemes. We first launched this approach in our Medicare Advantage (MA) insurance business and have recently brought it to a new non-insurance line of business through fee-for-service Medicare.
The Clover Assistant, our proprietary software platform, is designed to enable healthcare providers to improve the care for all patients. Historically, value-based care has generally been restricted to sophisticated physician groups with the resources and infrastructure to support it. This has left behind physicians that care for many Medicare beneficiaries, especially among at-risk populations. With the Clover Assistant, we believe we can help all physicians, and thus all patients, enjoy the benefits of value-based care. This approach of empowering all physicians has allowed us to focus on driving Clover Assistant adoption as a means of rapidly growing our number of lives under management.
In our MA insurance business, we leverage our flagship software platform, the Clover Assistant, to provide America’s seniors with Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) and Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) plans that are the obvious choice for Medicare-eligible consumers. We call our plans “Obvious” because we aim to provide great, affordable healthcare for all - we offer most of our MA members, whom we refer to as members, the lowest average out-of-pocket costs for primary care provider (PCP) co-pays, specialist co-pays, drug deductibles and drug costs in their markets. Unlike most Medicare Advantage plans, we deeply believe in providing our MA members with provider choice, and we consider our PPO plan to be our flagship insurance product. An important feature of our MA product is wide network access, and we often offer the same cost-sharing (co-pays and deductibles) for visits with primary care providers who are in- and out-of-network. We manage care on our wide network by empowering providers with data-driven, personalized insights at the point of care through the Clover Assistant, which we believe allows us to improve clinical decision-making through a highly scalable asset-light approach. We reach a broad array of consumers, including traditionally underserved populations. As of January 1, 2022, we operated our MA plans in nine states and 209 counties.
In 2021, we expanded into a non-insurance line of business when we made the Clover Assistant available in Medicare fee-for-service through the new Global and Professional Direct Contracting Model (DC Model) of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Through our Direct Contracting Entity (DCE) under the DC Model, which launched on April 1, 2021, we have enabled providers to use the Clover Assistant when they are treating patients who are enrolled in Original Medicare, which is the largest segment of Medicare. The majority of Original Medicare beneficiaries aligned to our DCE (the “DCE Beneficiaries” and, together with our members, the “beneficiaries” or “Lives under Clover Management”), are aligned to our DCE when CMS’ attribution model attributes them to a provider with whom Clover has contracted as a “DC Participant” provider. Expanding into Original Medicare is a strategic milestone for Clover and demonstrates the scalability of the Clover Assistant into non-insurance segments. While other companies may be constrained by antiquated technologies, geographic limitations, or asset-heavy approaches, we believe our tech-centric strategy enables us to quickly and cost effectively deploy software to providers nationwide, including in historically underserved markets. As of January 1, 2022, we are contracted with participating providers across 22 states who manage care for our DCE Beneficiaries.
High provider engagement with the Clover Assistant enables real-time, data-driven decision-making for our beneficiaries and drives rapid software iteration: the more that providers use the Clover Assistant, the more it learns and furthers the precision of personalized data-driven recommendations. We combine our beneficiary data with provider-generated data and use this powerful closed feedback loop to continuously tune our clinical rules and machine learning models, as well as to select and prioritize future software capabilities. We believe the use and continuous improvement of the Clover Assistant has resulted in not only improved clinical decision-making but also enhanced MA plan performance. The platform facilitates identifying and engaging with our most at-risk patients for our clinical programs. These programs are designed to provide additional targeted care support and to further drive better plan performance. We believe that this framework, through our participation in the DC Model, will allow us to bring improvements to care and costs across a larger patient population, especially as it empowers our contracted providers to drive improved clinical outcomes.
We complement our contracted healthcare providers and their patients with our in-home primary care program, Clover Home Care, which covers the sickest, most medically complex patients, often with advanced comorbidities. We believe the Clover Assistant makes home care for high-risk individuals more scalable than fixed-site-based care and permits technology deployment to enhance care and outcomes directly where patients live because our value proposition is centered around software. Compared to the at-risk provider group models that may seek to take away patients from their existing PCPs, Clover Home Care seeks to preserve the PCP-to-patient relationship through collaboration, which improves health outcomes and reduces medical expense.
Unlike many other companies in Medicare, we have made it a priority to work with Medicare beneficiaries in underserved communities. For example, as of the third quarter of 2021, approximately 49% of our Medicare Advantage members who self-report their race or ethnicity identify as people of color while the industry average is 34%. Additionally, as of the third quarter of 2021, 72% of our members were diagnosed with at least two chronic diseases, and about 66% lived in communities that fall within the top five deciles of what the government defines as areas with high socioeconomic deprivation. Additionally, Clover was identified as a plan with strong performance on a prototype of the Medicare Advantage Health Equity Summary Score (HESS), which is a newly developed measurement tool for identifying plans that do well at providing high-quality, equitable care to their members, including groups who are disproportionately affected by social risk factors. We believe this achievement is evidence of Clover’s success in ensuring high-quality care for those most in need.
We were incorporated on October 18, 2019, as a special purpose acquisition company and a Cayman Islands exempted company under the name Social Capital Hedosophia Holdings Corp. III (SCH). On April 24, 2020, SCH completed its initial public offering. On January 7, 2021, SCH consummated a business combination with Clover Health Investments, Corp. and changed its name to Clover Health Investments, Corp. Our principal executive offices are located at 3401 Mallory Lane, Suite 210, Franklin, Tennessee 37067. Our telephone number is (201) 432-2133. Our website address is www.cloverhealth.com. The content on any website referred to in this report is not incorporated by reference in this 10-K unless expressly noted.
Our Opportunity
We believe we have an opportunity to fundamentally change healthcare by providing an easy-to-access on-ramp to value-based care for providers across the country. By leveraging the Clover Assistant platform, we believe we can raise the level of care provided by every provider and rapidly and broadly scale in ways that traditional managed care plans and risk-bearing provider groups cannot. We principally scale our model of care by deploying physician-enablement software to providers. We primarily contract with providers simply to use the Clover Assistant at the point of care for a flat fee rather than, for example, negotiating complicated contracts involving risk-sharing arrangements under which the provider assumes downside financial responsibilities for patient care. Our platform, which enables differentiated open network patient care, supports our expansion into virtually any market, including traditionally underserved markets that are generally not viable for others because those markets often lack providers willing or able to assume financial risk for the costs of patient care.
Medicare is the focal point of our opportunity. Over 60 million people were enrolled in Medicare in 2021, and that number is expected to rise, equating to over $1 trillion in total expenditures by 2025. Within Medicare, the MA market made up approximately $270 billion of annual spend in 2020 and is expected to grow to approximately $590 billion by 2025, and Original Medicare is expected to grow from $530 billion to $665 billion over the same period.
As of January 1, 2022, we operated MA plans in nine states and 209 counties, and under the DC Model, which launched in April 2021, we have had an opportunity to engage in the “Original Medicare” fee for service market, in which beneficiaries enroll in Medicare directly with the federal government, and to develop relationships with new and existing providers in any geography by giving them the opportunity to use the Clover Assistant with their Original Medicare patients while benefiting from higher compensation than that available under Original Medicare. As part of the program, Clover contracts directly with providers to use the Clover Assistant to help manage their Original Medicare patients. An Original Medicare patient becomes aligned to our DCE when CMS’ attribution model attributes them, based on claims data or a patient’s designation, to a provider with whom Clover has contracted as a “DC Participant” provider. We also contract with “preferred” providers, which include specialists and ancillary facilities that agree to participate in Direct Contracting with Clover’s DCE. In each of these scenarios, while Clover participates in the provider’s risk arrangements, we do not act as an insurer. Under our global risk arrangement, total medical costs borne by CMS for these aligned beneficiaries are calculated and compared to a risk-adjusted benchmark rate that is established by CMS. Our DCE will receive any savings, or bear any losses, generated, subject to several risk mitigation mechanisms. We believe this program represents a significant economic and market opportunity for us to deploy our platform across a national footprint, including in markets where we do not have a presence in MA.
We also believe that, in the future, there will be an opportunity to deploy a software-as-a-service model or risk management services for other value-based care organizations to utilize the Clover Assistant. These strategies are currently in development.
Our Technology Platform: The Clover Assistant
The Clover Assistant is a purpose-built technology platform that engages providers and empowers them to deliver data-driven, personalized care. This physician-enablement platform is designed to synthesize comprehensive, longitudinal sets of data to generate provider-focused machine learning, artificial intelligence, and rules-based insights, and drive action by surfacing the most relevant, personalized information to providers directly at the point of care. Through this democratization of data access for providers, we seek
to reduce the variability in clinical decision-making, drive improved adherence to evidence-based protocols, and help providers deliver better care. As a result, the Clover Assistant enables healthcare to work at the speed of software.
We believe the key and differentiated features of the Clover Assistant technology platform include:
Real-time actionable insights at the point of care
The Clover Assistant aggregates and structures millions of data points per day, derived from a variety of data sets, such as claims data, medical charts, medication data, diagnostic data, and data generated from electronic health records (EHR), across dozens of typically siloed and inconsistently formatted data feeds. It connects this data with up-to-date, evidence-based protocols and patient-specific plan information to drive real-time, personalized, and actionable insights to providers at the point of care. These real-time, data-rich insights are available to inform providers’ decision-making at the moment that they are interacting with and treating their patients.
Provider delight
Since launching our platform in July 2018, we have driven provider adoption of the Clover Assistant platform through its user-centric design, highly actionable and real-time clinical content, enhanced and rapid Clover Assistant payments and simple onboarding. These features have delighted providers. Because our platform provides highly-actionable clinical content through an intuitive interface that easily integrates into the providers’ workflow, our broad base of contracted providers are highly engaged.
Integrated into provider workflows via EHRs
In September 2021, we delivered the first of an ongoing program of anticipated integrations for the Clover Assistant into a third-party EHR systems. This technology program is designed to enable the Clover Assistant to be used seamlessly with major EHR systems, further improving physician workflows and reducing duplicative actions by providers and administrators. We aim for the Clover Assistant to be available to physicians in ways that best suit them and their practices.
Smoother workflows
Beyond the clinical benefits and intuitive technology, the Clover Assistant also provides providers serving our beneficiaries with a simple, streamlined administrative model. Upon completion of a patient visit with the Clover Assistant, providers are paid at predictable, prompt and enhanced per-visit rates, directly through the Clover Assistant program, which often requires separate billing and longer payment cycles. This enhanced and simplified payment model allows providers to focus on delivering care instead of documenting claims for payment.
Differentiated plan performance
The Clover Assistant platform is designed to enable our mission-aligned business model to drive the empowerment of providers and improve care for beneficiaries while contributing to improved margins for our MA plans and DCE. As a result of our provider-focused, data-driven platform, returning MA members with providers who have been using the Clover Assistant, on average, have had lower medical care ratios (MCRs) than members whose providers have not used the Clover Assistant.
Rapid software iteration via our closed feedback loop
Our platform is highly dynamic and continues to improve as we capture more data. As an MA plan and DCE that builds our own internally-developed physician-enablement software, we believe we are differentiated in our ability to continuously build upon our broad sets of rich data, resulting in a rapid learn-iterate-deploy software improvement cycle. We capture real-time data via live provider engagement and feedback through the Clover Assistant. This highly engaged, bi-directional data sharing construct creates a closed feedback loop, allowing us to continuously measure the results of our platform’s recommendations in real-time as well as iterate and improve our platform.
Additionally, we employ an agile software development methodology to introduce frequent updates to the platform. In addition to regular improvement of the Clover Assistant, this enables us to rapidly introduce new capabilities in response to changes in the market.
Rapid scalable implementations, powered by the cloud
The Clover Assistant’s flexible systems architecture allows us to scale and upgrade the platform across geographies, healthcare delivery systems, and information technology infrastructures rapidly and efficiently while providing a consistent and robust user experience. Our cloud-based software platform enables a low-touch onboarding process for our providers, who are trained and go live
on the Clover Assistant typically within one hour. Additionally, each new release is instantaneously available across our user base, so that all of our providers may use the same, latest version of the Clover Assistant available to them at any time.
Our differentiated clinical care capabilities
We work hard to drive better care for our lives under management. To accomplish this goal, we aim to develop a comprehensive understanding of each patient, their conditions and needs as well as how those factors change over time, so that we can provide guidance to their providers regarding when appropriate interventions should be delivered. We monitor a range of data sources over time and capitalize on emerging interoperability data standards to create a comprehensive view of each patient’s disease trajectory. Taking this holistic approach helps us to improve personalized chronic disease management and care coordination. Designed under the guidance of our clinical team physicians and utilizing the data we collect, the Clover Assistant is intended to provide insights in a clear and actionable format to the provider directly at the point of care, thereby facilitating adherence to evidence-based protocols for our lives under management. In addition, it enables rapid identification and enrollment of patient populations that would greatly benefit from complex care management or our other in-house clinical programs.
The following features of our clinical care capabilities provide significant value to providers and our beneficiaries:
Providers enabled and empowered with insights at the point of care
During a patient visit, in the office, via telemedicine or the home, a provider utilizing the Clover Assistant may encounter any of the following:
•Synthesized sets of collated, actionable data. Providers often do not have access to comprehensive information about their patients’ interactions, such as a recent hospital admission or specialist-prescribed medication, across the healthcare ecosystem. The Clover Assistant is designed to eliminate this inefficiency by surfacing relevant and important data from sources across the healthcare ecosystem for providers at the point of care.
•Personalized clinical guidelines for chronic condition management. Our lives under management are seniors and long-term disabled individuals who exhibit many common chronic conditions and often manage them with multiple medications. Through synthesizing our broad set of data and mapping up-to-date clinical research, we are able to identify when patients are “off evidence,” and for an increasing number of chronic conditions, surface for the provider’s consideration a medication or treatment regimen that may be more clinically appropriate for that particular patient. Our focus on personalized care differentiates us. For instance, many other MA plans create high-level disease management programs that apply across large portions of their patient groups while the Clover Assistant recommends specific therapies, based on personalized details, such as comorbidities and contraindications. Our clinical team is constantly refining the platform’s recommendations in order to provide the most up-to-date and evidence-based care standards.
•Quality gap closure. The Clover Assistant identifies and surfaces opportunities for improvement in clinical quality gaps, including those prioritized by CMS’ Star Ratings Program (plan performance measures that drive bonus payments for plan providers), such as prescription drug adherence, regular cancer screenings and the annual flu shot. By addressing these quality gaps with evidence-based guidelines we expect to reduce costs and improve care over the long term.
•Disease burden identification. The Clover Assistant reveals potential gaps in a provider’s understanding of a patient’s disease burden. By surfacing potential conditions that may be asymptomatic or otherwise unaddressed, providers can proactively treat conditions and drive better care for their patients.
•Specialist referrals and management. The Clover Assistant has integrated leading providers to help PCPs manage the care journeys for their patients and find care specialists in areas, such as cancer and chronic kidney disease. By addressing these needs, we believe we can enable PCPs to offer better care for patients and drive cost savings from better managing chronic illness.
The combination of these features enables providers to deliver a better consumer experience for our beneficiaries, as providers are able to more effectively identify clinical opportunities to treat patients at the point of care using data-driven, personalized insights.
Of critical importance, when providing actionable advice, the Clover Assistant shares with the providers the specific reasons why a recommendation is being made so that the provider can ultimately exercise his or her own judgment in deciding whether to accept or reject a care recommendation. This may include evidence such as specific lab results, records from prior encounters, and links to up-to-date medical journals and clinical resources. Additionally, the Clover Assistant receives specific information and feedback from providers on reasons why a patient may not be receiving evidence-based care or complying with protocols, which ultimately prompts other program outreach efforts or future care plan recommendations. This closed feedback loop continuously improves our clinical recommendation engine and understanding of individual patient needs.
Our clinical programs run on the Clover Assistant
In addition to supporting providers throughout our open network and our DCE’s participating providers, we operate clinical programs, either through our own employed clinicians or through vendors, that are designed to provide improved additive care for the most chronically-ill, frail and costly patients. Below is a snapshot of several clinical programs we offer:
•Clover Home Care. Home-based primary care/intensive care management for our most complex patients.
•Supportive Care. Advanced care planning support and palliative care for patients with limited life expectancy.
•Readmission Prevention Program. Care transition support for patients recently discharged from a hospital or post-acute care.
•Behavioral Health Program. Comprehensive care coordination for patients with behavioral health and social services needs.
The Clover Assistant supports every stage of our care and interaction with our high-risk members through our clinical programs, from identification through engagement to clinical care.
•Identification. The Clover Assistant enables us to identify members for whom our programs can provide needed support, fill gaps or reduce costs. For example, utilizing our machine learning algorithm, the Clover Health Acute Risk Model, we are able to accurately identify patients at high future hospitalization risk for our complex care management program.
•Engagement. The Clover Assistant enables us to partner with providers to determine if high-risk patients would benefit from our clinical care programs. The Clover Assistant’s bi-directional point-of-care approach not only prompts the provider to let us know which patients are appropriate for these programs, but encourages the provider to discuss the program with the patient at the point of care. We believe this introduction and engagement increases the likelihood that a patient will ultimately enroll in our clinical programs and receive the care that he or she needs.
•Clinical Care. With the right members identified and engaged, and the right protocols surfaced to program clinicians at the point of care, we believe we are able to further improve our patients’ quality of life and healthcare while driving significant medical expense savings.
Leveraging our data and engaging providers and beneficiaries has resulted in a number of meaningful clinical improvements.
Our Go-To-Market Strategy
We employ a simple go-to-market strategy. Utilizing the Clover Assistant to raise the standard of care of providers, we are able to target a broad spectrum of markets, including traditionally underserved markets that are generally not viable for others because those markets often lack large, integrated providers, commonly relied on by MA insurers, that are willing to assume the financial responsibility for patient care. Underpinned by our software, our go-to-market strategy varies by type of model, MA or the DC Model:
In MA, where we serve as an insurer, our strategy centers on the following four simple steps:
•Step one: Select markets to deploy our disruptive model. We seek opportunities to create differentiated and enhanced plans for consumers virtually anywhere in the United States, including traditionally underserved markets.
•Step two: Broadly disseminate the Clover Assistant. We contract with a wide array of primary and chronic care decision-makers and deploy the Clover Assistant wherever possible to empower providers to deliver data-driven, personalized care. Our contracts also have a simple payment model, with one enhanced rate for primary care visits using the Clover Assistant, relieving providers of significant administrative tasks. Our model expands our reach to providers beyond simply those large providers or other groups willing and able to structure complex risk-sharing arrangements. In addition, our plans with open network designs make it easier for our MA members to see providers outside our network, which can generate new leads for us to deploy the Clover Assistant with an increasing pool of providers.
•Step three: Powered by the Clover Assistant’s strong unit economics, deploy “Obvious” best-in-class plans. The use of the Clover Assistant is designed to drive the economic success of our plans, which allows us to return these strong economics back to our members in the form of enhanced benefits, lower out-of-pocket costs and freedom of choice. Our affordability is underpinned by our plans’ low average total out-of-pocket costs for PCP co-pays, specialist co-pays, drug deductibles and drug costs. The substantial majority of our members enjoy freedom of choice, which manifests in our expansive and open network with the same cost-sharing for members who see primary care providers in- and out-of-network. Our open network design is particularly attractive compared to our competitors’ usual narrow networks or higher cost-sharing for out-of-network providers.
•Step four: Drive strong, industry-leading, organic growth as consumers select our “Obvious” plans and receive care from providers on Clover Assistant. As we have entered and scaled in new markets, we have seen strong membership growth.
For the DC Model, where we are not an insurer, our strategy centers on the following four simple steps:
•Step one: Select and contract with providers to join our DCE. We market our DCE to new providers with whom we can contract to use the Clover Assistant. Providers who are contracted to our DCE receive enhanced reimbursement for visits through Clover Assistant which enables them to participate in value-based care arrangements with no financial downside. A number of our existing Clover Assistant MA providers have contracted with our DCE as well since the launch of the DC Model; however, our broader strategy is to contract with large providers in new geographies across the nation. Through Direct Contracting, we are able to market our DCE to providers anywhere, year round. We believe this will allow us to grow faster and deploy the Clover Assistant to many more providers by allowing us to develop initial entry points in new markets.
•Step two: Expand our DCE Lives under Clover Management. As we onboard new providers to DCE, CMS will annually claims-align new beneficiaries to our DCE, expanding our Lives under Clover Management. We also look to support our DCE providers as they serve as resources for beneficiaries interested in voluntarily-aligning to our DCE, thereby allowing us to capture the broader opportunity within their existing Medicare patient panel. The enhanced reimbursement and improved clinical outcomes driven by the Clover Assistant may allow our DCE providers to expand the number of DCE-eligible patients they serve within their panels.
•Step three: Deploying the Clover Assistant to drive savings and improved outcomes. We believe our experience in deploying the Clover Assistant across open networks in MA provides us with the expertise to manage the larger population within Original Medicare. We believe the Clover Assistant can drive similar clinical and financial value in DCE as it has in MA, allowing us to share in the savings driven by the value we bring to the Government. It is this opportunity to participate in the shared savings that affords us the opportunity to reimburse providers at an enhanced rate for Clover Assistant visits while they participate in value-based care models with no financial downside.
•Step four: Drive strong, industry-leading, organic growth as providers join our DCE. We expect our average number of DCE Beneficiaries to more than double in 2022 compared to our 2021 average, demonstrating our ability to grow at scale. We believe that our Clover Assistant centered DCE strategy allows us to scale more rapidly than other DCE participants who are dependent on scaling through a combination of brick-and-mortar expansion and competitive provider recruiting strategies.
Our Value Proposition
We believe our mission-aligned business model, powered by the Clover Assistant, enables us to deliver significant value to the entire healthcare ecosystem.
Clover is the “Obvious” plan for consumers
Our beneficiaries are our primary constituents. We believe that an approach focused on consumer healthcare choice, enhanced provider trust, and competitive pricing results in distinct value to our beneficiaries and makes great healthcare available to everyone.
•Provider of choice. We value the health decisions our patients make and believe that consumer-driven provider choice increases trust and patient satisfaction. Our differentiated, open network philosophy offers considerable consumer choice: discretion to choose any new Medicare provider willing to see them or keep an existing provider. The substantial majority of our lives under management are enrolled in our open network plans, meaning that our patients need not worry about verifying whether their Medicare provider is in or out of our network as they pay the same amount in either case. Clover also works with a patient’s existing PCP in the home instead of reassigning them a new PCP.
•The Clover Assistant makes the Provider the quarterback. The Clover Assistant, being focused on physician enablement, enhances each provider’s ability to coordinate care for each of our beneficiaries. We believe our beneficiaries can have confidence that, when using the Clover Assistant, their provider has ready access to their medical histories and personalized, data-driven clinical care recommendations.
•High value plans. We strive to ensure that consumers who choose our health plans get more for less. Our plans are benefit-rich while being highly affordable. Most of our beneficiaries are enrolled in plans that offer the lowest average out-of-pocket costs for PCP co-pays, specialist co-pays, drug deductibles and drug costs in their markets while also providing wide network access and with the same in- and out-of-network costs for primary care provider visits. By seeking to lower the financial burden on our patients, we reduce disincentives that inhibit our patients from seeking the care they need.
Clover delivers clinical and financial value for providers
Providers enjoy using the Clover Assistant as it allows them to focus on delivering care and rewards them for doing so.
•The Clover Assistant delights and engages providers. We are focused on empowering and delighting providers who use our platform. We believe providers are highly satisfied with the Clover Assistant platform, based on the level of their engagement.
•We pay an enhanced rate for primary care. We believe providers play a critical role in helping to keep our beneficiaries healthy, and we compensate them for the enhanced clinical experience they provide beneficiaries through the Clover Assistant. Our payment model is simple; we provide one enhanced rate for primary care visits using the Clover Assistant, or what we refer to as “Clover Assistant visits.” Our flat-fee per-visit provider compensation is approximately twice the average Medicare reimbursement fee rate for a primary care visit, and is consistent, predictable, and prompt, with payments received on average within four days of completion of the visit. We believe our payment process for Clover Assistant visits is substantially faster than our competitors’ payment processes, which can take weeks or months.
•We partner with providers and allow them to focus on providing quality care. We partner with all types of providers, including solo practitioners, large physician groups, hospital-employed physicians, and other providers. The combination of our growing beneficiary base, free use of the Clover Assistant and enhanced and rapid payment for Clover Assistant visits enables a highly efficient economic model that allows providers to build successful practices serving Medicare patients. This model focuses on relieving providers of additional administrative burdens, empowering them to spend more time on care.
Great healthcare for everyone, everywhere
We believe our software-powered, primary care-centric approach addresses key systemic issues in healthcare, improving the quality of care and making care more affordable and accessible, regardless of a patient’s socioeconomic status or geography. This scalable approach puts healthcare on a different trajectory, redistributing efficiencies and stretching the impact of each dollar spent on healthcare.
•We mean everyone. Every individual deserves the best care, and through the Clover Assistant we are democratizing the clinical data and insights providers need to deliver care. Because we drive this clinical improvement with technology, we believe we can scale in virtually any market, including traditionally underserved markets that are generally not viable for others.
•We mean everywhere. As patients are increasingly looking for access to care in a variety of settings, through the Clover Assistant we are able to empower clinicians to provide care in offices and hospitals as well as non-traditional settings both via telemedicine and in the home. Our software allows us to help providers to provide care everywhere that our patients want to receive it.
•Sustainable healthcare through reduced medical cost. We believe our focus on personalized evidence-based clinical recommendations at the point of care and quality gap closure allows us to reduce medical costs over the long-term. Our innovative approach to preventive care empowers providers to spend more time understanding their patient and personalized, evidence-based guidelines and helps reduce the incidence of high-cost events that drive the largest share of healthcare expenditures. We have a broad opportunity to bend the healthcare cost curve, driving true financial value to society, especially the American taxpayers who underwrite the medical costs of our current and future lives under management.
•Provide value, not overhead. Many insurers simply act as middlemen, taking a cut of premiums while assigning duties of care to providers via complex risk-sharing contracting. New payment approaches, such as CMS’ DC Model, may help eliminate entities that serve only as overhead. With our model and technology platform, we believe we are positioned to thrive in any program where entities are expected to empower providers to improve care while lowering costs.
The Clover Assistant Architecture
The Clover Assistant is a differentiated platform able to scalably combine data synthesis, insight generation, and point-of-care action. The Clover Assistant platform synthesizes comprehensive, longitudinal sets of data directly available to us as a health plan, generates clinically-focused machine learning, artificial intelligence, and rules-based insights, and drives action by surfacing the most relevant, personalized information to providers directly at the point of care. Our platform’s excellence is centered on this three-pronged approach:
•Synthesis. Because it is developed by a health plan, the Clover Assistant is uniquely positioned in its ability to directly access broad sets of personalized, longitudinal data unlike platforms developed by pure technology providers, which operate at an arm’s length to data, or platforms operated by verticalized healthcare companies, which generally can access data only in their own narrow ecosystems. Our data platform is designed to interoperate with a broad variety of other healthcare data sources, collecting and transferring data via Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), flat files, or even paper documents.
The Clover Assistant’s data synthesis layer ingests and structures millions of data points per day, derived from a variety of data sets, such as claims data, medical charts, medication data, diagnostic data, and EHR-generated data, across dozens of typically siloed and inconsistently formatted data feeds.
•Insight. Given the massive depth, breadth, and volume of data that we collect, it is critical to leverage technology to perform intelligent analytics. No provider could analyze this amount of data in real-time. Our insight engine applies a combination of advanced machine learning and clinically-driven business rules to curate actionable insights for providers at the point of care.
Our data scientists work in conjunction with providers to continually enhance our insight engine. We identify and target specific clinical problems, then seek to solve these problems with expert systems, combining the latest clinical and evidence-based research with machine learning-based insights.
•Action. The Clover Assistant provides real time, personalized, and actionable insights to help healthcare providers make better decisions and deliver the right care at the right time. Because our insights are provided in a clear, actionable format directly at the point of care, the Clover Assistant can instantaneously inform provider decision-making at the very moment that they are interacting with and treating our lives under management.
These three aspects of the Clover Assistant-Synthesis, Insight and Action-form a self-contained software improvement virtuous cycle. As providers take action based on our data insights, we receive rich feedback data in real time. We then input this data back into our data and insight layers, creating a loop of bi-directional information exchange.
Across all three prongs of our platform, the Clover Assistant is designed to ensure data integrity and security to protect our users’ and patients’ information, identities, and privacy. As such, we have invested significantly in data protection and have in place strict data protection protocols. Clover has in place policies designed to ensure compliance with guidelines promulgated pursuant to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), and all data in transit and at rest are encrypted. Data transfers, including API calls to and from third parties are authenticated via password, token, or two-way multiple transport layer security. Clover discourages and minimizes local data storage as a deterrence against physical device and data loss. The Clover Assistant data is stored in the cloud, with backups across Amazon Web Services and the Google Cloud Platform and secured by centralized identity access and management.
Additional Products Built on the Clover Assistant Platform
While the platform is currently primarily intended to be used by providers at the point of care, the Clover Assistant is designed to be scalable across a myriad of use cases. The platform is designed to surface the most relevant information for a specific context so that any users of the platform can make more informed decisions at the most actionable opportunity available. Use cases include:
•Office/virtual visits. The Clover Assistant empowers providers by recommending personalized, evidence-based medications, providing reminders of timely discussion topics and treatment, enabling requests for patient data and orders for tests or screening kits and identifies potential undiagnosed conditions based on clinical evidence. Our software makes these features available for in-person visits or through telemedicine solutions.
•Office staff. Through its Care Connect feature and embedded analytics, the Clover Assistant empowers office staff by identifying patients due for a visit, flagging members recently discharged from the hospital, and providing tools for scheduling various screenings and follow-up visits.
•In-home visits. The Clover Assistant empowers physicians and other providers who operate outside of clinical settings, offices, or hospitals. It supports, for example, our in-home primary care program enabling lengthy interactions for our lives under management with the most advanced illnesses or complex conditions. It also supports in-home programs targeting patients who have been recently discharged from hospitals or who do not receive regular care from a PCP.
•Specialty Care Management. In 2021, within the Clover Assistant we launched “Health Tracks,” which are dedicated care coordination programs for chronic kidney disease and oncology, that integrate these specialist services and protocols seamlessly into the platform. We believe we have the potential to improve our margin profile through the introduction of additional features into the Clover Assistant platform, including, but not limited to, medication management and orthopedic care.
Sales and Marketing
We market our “Obvious” MA plans through a broad range of activities and through an extensive network of insurance brokers and field marketing organizations. We also enter into co-branding arrangements with providers and other provider institutions. We market or may market our plans through a number of channels including, but not limited to, direct mail, marketing materials in providers’ offices, the Internet, telesales and free marketing channels provided by the U.S. government, such as the Medicare Plan Finder. Commissions paid to employed sales representatives and independent brokers and agents are based on a per unit commission structure, regulated in structure and amount by CMS.
We market participation in our DCE to providers through direct mail, the Internet, and direct telephonic outreach. We also are engaged with our participating providers to educate their Medicare eligible patients about voluntary alignment opportunities. Additionally, we participate in trade organizations such as the National Association of Accountable Care Organizations.
Research and Development
Key to our success is the time, attention, and investment we place on continued innovation in the Clover Assistant platform. We expect to continue investing in expanding our platform and enhancing the features and functionality of the Clover Assistant. We analyze the growing number of interactions our providers have with the Clover Assistant to recognize their needs quickly and guide future innovation. Our research and development team is responsible for the design, development, testing and delivery of solutions for our platform.
Our Competition
The physician enablement space is highly competitive, and there are many players competing within the technology space as well as within segments of Medicare such as MA and Original Medicare, including the DC Model. We compete in certain segments within the healthcare market, including MA plans as well as other healthcare technology platforms, and intend to enter into others, such as new payment models offered by CMS. Competition in our market involves rapidly changing technologies, evolving regulatory requirements and industry expectations, new product offerings and constantly evolving beneficiary and provider preferences and user requirements.
We face competition from incumbent MA plan providers and health insurance companies, many of whom are developing their own technology or partnering with third-party technology providers to drive improvements in care. Our competitors include large, national insurers, such as UnitedHealth, Aetna, Humana, Cigna, Centene, and Anthem, as well as regional-based companies such as Blue Cross Blue Shield affiliates, Bright Health, Alignment Health, Devoted Health, Oscar Health, hospital systems, and provider-based organizations. We also face competition from Original Medicare providers and health insurance companies.
As a result of our recent entry into CMS’ new DC Model, we face competition from other DCE participants including provider groups, accountable care organizations, and managed care organizations (MCOs). These competitors include Oak Street, VillageMD, Humana, Anthem, and Iora Health. Competition from these and other new entrants may intensify as the DCE market develops and business models evolve to address it.
We also face competition in the physician enablement space from offerings and tools that allow providers to offer value-based care, offerings such as EHRs and other tools that have high physician engagement, and any other product or tool designed to enable a physician to improve care. Companies such as Agilon, Privia, Epic, Cerner, and Athena Health compete directly or indirectly with our offerings. Also, as we develop other products and enter new lines of business, and other companies do the same, we may compete with providers of healthcare technology platforms, EHR providers, telehealth providers, healthcare data analytics providers, and accountable care organizations.
We believe our asset-light model allows us to compete favorably based on the following competitive factors: the use of the Clover Assistant platform to improve clinical decision-making, price, quality of service, access to broad and open provider networks, breadth and flexibility of plan benefits, brand strength, beneficiary and provider satisfaction, and financial stability.
Intellectual Property
Our intellectual property is an important aspect of our business. To establish and protect our intellectual property and other proprietary rights, we rely and expect to continue to rely upon a combination of patent, copyright, trade secret and trademark protection laws to protect our intellectual property rights in our internally-developed technology and information that we regard as proprietary, and maintain a policy requiring our employees, contractors, consultants and other third parties to enter into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements to control access to and use of our internally-developed technology and other information that we regard as proprietary and to ensure that any intellectual property developed by such employees, contractors, consultants and other third parties are assigned to us. These laws, procedures and restrictions provide only limited protection, and any of our intellectual property rights may be challenged, invalidated, circumvented, infringed or misappropriated. Despite our efforts to protect our intellectual property rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy aspects of our internally-developed technology or to obtain and use information that we regard as proprietary, and may also attempt to develop similar technology independently. Furthermore, the laws of certain countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and we therefore may be unable to protect our internally-developed technology in certain jurisdictions. In addition, we cannot guarantee that our confidentiality and invention assignment agreements will not be breached.
While we rely on software licensed from third parties for internal tools we use to operate our business, we do not currently in-license any intellectual property. Our intellectual property, including internally developed technology and products are developed by our
employees, who are distributed geographically across the United States and globally, including in Hong Kong (China). We outsource operational engineering support work to a third party vendor headquartered in the United States with a globally distributed workforce.
A portion of the technologies we use in our platform and mobile application incorporates “open source” software, which grants us broad permissions to use, copy, modify and redistribute on our platform and other products. While we employ practices designed to monitor our compliance with the licenses of third-party open source software and protect our valuable internally-developed source code, we may inadvertently use third-party open source software in a manner that exposes us to claims of non-compliance with the applicable terms of such license, including claims for infringement of intellectual property rights or for breach of contract. In addition, the use of third-party open source software typically exposes us to greater risks than the use of third-party commercial software because open-source licensors generally do not provide warranties or controls on the functionality or origin of the software.
As of December 31, 2021, we owned four U.S. patents and no foreign patents, and there were 22 U.S. patent applications pending. We have not applied for patents in foreign jurisdictions. We have registered our trademarks in the United States, European Union, China, and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China (Hong Kong), South Korea, Singapore, Australia and Taiwan. We continually review our development efforts to assess the existence and patentability of new intellectual property. We pursue the registration of our domain names, trademarks, and service marks in the United States and in certain locations outside the United States, including Canada and Hong Kong.
Human Capital
Choosing to tackle healthcare is no small feat. Our mission to improve every life is made possible through the Herculean efforts put forth by our teams. We strive to attract and retain diverse talent from all different backgrounds and industries--we value Machine Learning Data Scientists the same way we value Clinical Pharmacists, the same way we value Claims Analysts. Bringing together motivated, inquisitive, and mission oriented talent has provided us with a strategic advantage and is key to our success. Clover commits to providing a collaborative and inclusive work environment, competitive market compensation and benefits programs and growth opportunities that empower Cloverites to deliver positive outcomes for our beneficiaries.
As of December 31, 2021, we had 680 employees with approximately 95% in the U.S. and 5% in Hong Kong. Our workforce was 66% Female and 34% Male and was 44% Caucasian/White and 56% with racially/ethnically diverse backgrounds.
Excellence in Distributed Work
By establishing communication and decision making norms, placing an emphasis on transparency and working to build psychological safety and trust, we have found that colocation of employees is no longer a requirement. We are a distributed team from the Board of Directors on down, and believe our distributed approach to teams allows us to attract the best talent for each and every role. In August 2018, we opened an office in Hong Kong, which has since grown to a team of 36 employees. Prior to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, approximately 40% of our workforce was already remote- or field-based employees, meaning they did not regularly come into a brick and mortar facility. We expect over 60% of our teams to remain remote or in the field after offices reopen.
All remote employees receive a stipend to set up their home work space so they can be most productive. We also ensure new hires (office-based and remote) are provided with an onboarding plan which helps them understand our culture and also provides them with necessary training and modules to set them up for success. We use communication and meeting tools that enable teams to chat and interact in real-time, regardless of their physical location. We also host a variety of All Company meetings in an effort to provide updates to Cloverites as real-time as possible and provide opportunities for employees to ask questions of leadership.
COVID-19 Support and Flex Policies
Being a healthcare company means the health, wellness, and safety of our teams and beneficiaries is always a top priority. All teams, including our clinicians, worked remotely during the height of the pandemic. Our technology teams worked to quickly build out telehealth capabilities so that we could provide support to our beneficiaries in need. We have since allowed for certain clinical teams to return to the field, with strict guidance from our clinical leadership team and enhanced health and safety protocols. The Clover offices remain open when certain population health metrics are met and are available for employees to work out of on a voluntary basis.
We have expanded our employee support resources over the past year to include paid access to an online platform offering mental health and wellbeing options ranging from digital resources and meditations to a network of certified coaches. To help Cloverites managing competing priorities during the pandemic, we partnered with a company that provides remote tutoring support for families affected by school shutdowns. We also extended a special remote employee stipend to all employees to help with productivity while remote. We created a COVID-19 specific time-off policy to ensure employees can take care of themselves, or their family members, should they become sick, without having to use their accrued sick or vacation time.
Cultivating Diversity, Equity & Inclusion
In our very early days, we created a Diversity & Inclusion (D&I) Working Group focused on making Clover a more diverse, equitable, and inclusive Company. Diversity includes not only race and gender identity, but also age, disability status, veteran status, sexual orientation, religion, and many other parts of one’s identity. All of our employees’ points of view are key to our success, and inclusion is everyone’s responsibility. By creating a designated space for learning, conversations, and furthering initiatives, we aim to enrich Clover for our employees and communities. Members of our D&I Working Group also develop and deliver various resources to our teams, including an ally-ship training series.
Affinity Groups continue to grow as grassroots communities, bringing together employees with a shared affinity. They are employee-led groups creating peer connections around shared experiences and mutual support. We currently have three Affinity Groups with a total of over 140 members and growing: Black Employee Network; Asian, Asian American, and Pacific Islander Cloverites; and Mi Gente (Latine Cloverites). Additionally, our mental health benefits include options to join expert-led external peer circles around healing communities in times of crisis.
We are entering the third year of our New Perspectives Program, a reverse mentorship program that creates a space for leaders to receive mentorship from junior- and mid-level employees about lived experiences and key information leaders need to understand in their role. These conversations have focused on a range of themes, such as the experiences of LGBTQ+ employees. Latina employees, and understanding biases that lead to who gets elevated and who gets left behind in the workplace.
Building Future Leaders
We empower Cloverites to do their best work and aim to provide a variety of in-house and external resources to help them achieve their maximum potential. Our approach to development starts during onboarding, when employees are presented with customized 30/60/90-day onboarding plans. These plans are created by employees’ hiring managers and reviewed by our Hiring Committee, with the goal of providing structure to onboarding and defining key wins and early successes as they join Clover. The onboarding plans also provide opportunities for check-ins, feedback, and reprioritization of workload.
Given the vast experience of our teams, we operate a traditional mentorship program, with 84 employees completing the program in 2021, with a 100% satisfaction rate with the quality of mentoring received. The mentorship relationship is designed to enable employees to develop new skills and competencies, while concurrently networking and building relationships within the organization. We have partnered with an external vendor to provide Cloverites at and above the manager level with an outcome-based coaching program at both the group and individual level. Additionally, we rolled out a Manager Acceleration Program in 2021 to new and tenured mid-level managers with a goal to upskill, maximize impact, and invest in their development.
Employee Engagement & Feedback
We believe giving, receiving, and acting on feedback makes us better colleagues. Ensuring our teams have a variety of avenues to provide feedback in a safe way has been core to our ethos. Each year we conduct an inclusion survey, focused on equity, inclusion, and belonging. Key themes are shared with the entire company, and each leader receives feedback relating to their area.
Our evolving performance management process supports a culture of transparency, engagement, and continuous feedback. Quarterly check-ins are a frequent, light-weight check-in process to develop our internal talent and ingrain more transparency into Clover’s employee culture that focuses on goals, growth and progress. Our annual performance management cycle includes a 360 calibration review for all employees at all levels as we believe it provides the most holistic and meaningful snapshot on performance.
Attracting & Retaining Top Talent
We believe in using our total rewards program to incentivize employees to make decisions that are in the best interest of our stakeholders. It is important that our plans are aligned with the market so that we can attract, retain, and motivate Cloverites. Our compensation program is currently comprised of base salary, spot bonuses, annual cash incentive bonuses, and equity incentive awards. We also allow eligible employees to participate in an Employee Stock Purchase Plan, in which employees may purchase shares of the Company’s Class A common stock at a discount, subject to certain limitations and conditions. Our compensation program may continue to evolve over time.
Compensation is just one aspect of our offerings. We also provide employees with health (medical, dental, vision and telehealth) insurance, paid time off, paid sick leave, paid parental leave, a U.S. 401 (k) plan with Company match, and paid volunteer days, and we offer additional benefits to support work-life balance for all Cloverites.
Government Regulation
We work diligently to comply with all applicable laws and regulations. As an entity within the healthcare industry, and one operating Medicare plans, we are subject to comprehensive federal, state and international laws and are regulated by various regulatory agencies. Regulations and enforcement may vary significantly from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, new laws and regulations may be adopted, and the interpretation of existing laws and rules may change periodically. We are unable to predict what effect, if any, such changes may have on our operations, financial position, or cash flows. See the section entitled “Risk Factors” for a discussion of the risks related to our compliance with federal, state and international laws and regulations.
Our operations, current and past business practices, contracts and accounts and other books and records are subject to routine, regular and special investigations, audits, examinations and review by, and from time to time we receive subpoenas and other requests for information from, federal and state supervisory and enforcement agencies, attorneys general and other state, federal and international governmental authorities and legislators. For further information, see the section entitled “Risk Factors-We are and may be subject to investigations, and litigation which could be costly and time-consuming to defend, and the outcomes of which cannot be predicted.”
Federal laws and regulations, relevant agency oversight
We are subject to various federal laws and regulations, and our activities are subject to regulation by several federal agencies. Our most comprehensive oversight comes from CMS, which regulates our MA plans and is the primary regulator for the DC Model, in which we participate. CMS regulates the payments made to us and the submission of information relating to the health status of patients for purposes of determining the amounts of those payments. Additional CMS regulations govern benefit design, eligibility, enrollment and disenrollment processes, call center performance, plan marketing, record-keeping and record retention, quality assurance, timeliness of claims payment, network adequacy and certain aspects of our relationships with and compensation of providers. We perform ongoing monitoring of our, and our vendors’, compliance with CMS requirements.
We are also subject to CMS audits related to our compliance with CMS contracts, the performance of the plan, adherence to governing rules and regulations, and the quality of care we provide to Medicare beneficiaries, among other areas. For example, CMS currently conducts Risk Adjustments Data Validation audits of a subset of MA contracts for each contract year. In addition, the Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General also audits risk adjustments of companies offering MA plans, and we anticipate this remaining a focus of government inquiries and investigations in the next few years.
A portion of each MA plan’s reimbursement is tied to the plan’s “Star Ratings.” In addition, Star Ratings affect a plan’s image in the market, and higher-rated plans may offer enhanced benefits and additional enrollment opportunities than other plans. The Star Rating system considers a variety of measures adopted by CMS, including the quality of preventative services, chronic illness management, compliance and overall customer satisfaction. Our MA PPO plan received a 3.5 Star Rating for the 2020 measurement year, and our MA HMO plan received a 3.0 Star Rating. Our ability to maintain or improve our Star Rating may be significantly compromised by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has prevented all plans from incentivizing conduct to address patient care gaps and collecting information required to demonstrate plan compliance with and performance under the Star Rating metrics.
Privacy, security and data standards regulation
There are numerous state and federal laws and regulations related to the privacy and security of health information. Laws in all 50 states require businesses to provide notices to affected individuals whose personal information has been disclosed as a result of a data breach, and certain states require notifications for data breaches involving individually identifiable health information. Many states require holders of personal information to maintain safeguards and take certain actions in response to a data breach, such as maintaining reasonable security measures and providing prompt notification of the breach to affected individuals and the state’s attorney general.
In particular, regulations promulgated pursuant to HIPAA impose a number of obligations on issuers of health insurance coverage and health benefit plan sponsors. Health insurers, HMOs and healthcare providers who transmit health information electronically are included in HIPAA’s definition of “Covered Entities.” Regulations promulgated to implement HIPAA and the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act also require that “business associates” (e.g., entities that provide services to health plans and providers, such as electronic claims clearinghouses, print and fulfillment vendors, consultants and those services we expect to provide on behalf of our Direct Contracting providers) acting for or on behalf of Covered Entities be contractually obligated to meet HIPAA standards. These regulations govern privacy and security of electronic health information; require federal data breach notification and reporting to the Office for Civil Rights (OCR) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and, in some cases, to the local media; and provide for financial penalties and, in certain cases, criminal penalties for individuals, including employees, for privacy violations. In addition, OCR performs compliance audits in order
to proactively enforce the HIPAA privacy and security standards and, as a result, may conduct audits of health plans, providers and other parties to enforce HIPAA compliance. OCR has become an increasingly active regulator and has signaled its intention to continue this trend. OCR has the discretion to impose penalties without being required to attempt to resolve violations through informal means; further, OCR may require companies to enter into resolution agreements and corrective action plans which impose ongoing compliance requirements. OCR enforcement activity can result in financial liability and reputational harm, and responses to such enforcement activity can consume significant internal resources. In addition to enforcement by OCR, state attorneys general are authorized to bring civil actions under either HIPAA or relevant state laws seeking either injunctions or damages in response to violations that threaten the privacy of state residents. As explained above, depending on the line of business, the Corporation acts or intends to act as both a covered entity and a business associate.
HIPAA does not preempt state laws that provide more stringent privacy protection than that provided for under HIPAA; as such, we may be subject to additional state privacy laws in the states in which we operate. Additionally, states have adopted regulations to implement provisions of the Financial Modernization Act of 1999 (also known as the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA)) which generally require insurers to provide customers with notice regarding how their non-public personal health and financial information is used and the opportunity to “opt out” of certain disclosures before the insurer shares such information with a non-affiliated third party. The GLBA regulations apply to health, life and disability insurance. Like HIPAA, GLBA sets a “floor” standard, allowing states to adopt more stringent requirements governing privacy protection.
Federal and state consumer protection laws are being applied increasingly by the FTC and states’ attorneys general to regulate the collection, use, storage, and disclosure of personal or health information, through websites or otherwise, and to regulate the presentation of website content. Courts may also adopt the standards for fair information practices promulgated by the FTC, which concern consumer notice, choice, security and access. Consumer protection laws require us to publish statements to our lives under management that describe how we handle personal information and choices they may have about the way we handle personal information. If such information that we publish is considered untrue, we may be subject to government claims of unfair or deceptive trade practices, which could lead to significant liabilities and other consequences. The Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act of 2015 encourages organizations to share cyber threat indicators with the federal government and directs HHS to develop a set of voluntary cybersecurity best practices for organizations in the healthcare industry.
In addition, states have begun to enact more comprehensive privacy laws and regulations addressing consumer rights relating to data protection, transparency and cybersecurity. Violations of federal and state privacy and security laws and other contractual requirements may result in significant liability and expense, damage to our reputation and the termination of relationships with our customers.
Fraud and abuse laws
As an institution that contracts with the federal government, we are subject to federal laws and regulations relating to the award, administration and performance of U.S. government contracts, including laws aimed at preventing fraud, waste, and abuse. Fraud, waste, and abuse prohibitions encompass a wide range of activities, including kickbacks or other inducements for referral of patients or for the coverage of products by a plan, billing for unnecessary medical services by a healthcare provider, improper marketing and beneficiary inducements, and violations of patient privacy rights. Companies involved in federal and state healthcare programs such as Medicare are required to maintain compliance programs designed to detect and deter fraud, waste, and abuse, and are often the subject of fraud, waste, and abuse investigations and audits. The regulations and contractual requirements applicable to us and other participants in these programs are complex and subject to change. Although our compliance program is designed to meet all statutory and regulatory requirements, our policies and procedures are frequently under review and subject to updates, and our training and education programs continue to evolve.
The federal Anti-Kickback Statute and related regulations have been interpreted to prohibit the knowing and willful payment, solicitation, offering, or receipt of any form of remuneration (including kickbacks, bribes, and rebates) in return for the referral of federal healthcare program patients or any item or service that is reimbursed, in whole or in part, by any federal healthcare program. A person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it to have committed a violation. In some of our markets, states have adopted similar anti-kickback provisions, which apply regardless of the source of reimbursement. We have attempted to structure our relationships with providers and other entities to ensure compliance with the Anti-Kickback Statute and relevant safe harbors. It is, however, possible that regulatory authorities may challenge our approach to provider contracting and incentives, or other operations, and there can be no assurance that authorities will determine that our arrangements do not violate the federal Anti-Kickback Statute. Penalties for violations of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute include criminal penalties and civil sanctions, including fines, imprisonment and possible exclusion from Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs.
We are subject to federal and state laws and regulations that apply to the submission of information and claims to various government agencies. For example, the False Claims Act (FCA), provides, in part, that the federal government may bring a lawsuit against any person or entity who the government believes has knowingly presented, or caused to be presented, a false or fraudulent request for
payment from the federal government, or who has made a false statement or used a false record to get a claim approved. There also is FCA liability for knowingly or improperly avoiding repayment of an overpayment received from the government and/or failing to promptly report and return any such overpayment. The federal government, whistleblowers and some courts have taken the position that claims presented in violation of other statutes, for example, where a claim includes items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, may be considered a violation of the FCA. Violations of the FCA are punishable by treble damages and civil monetary penalties of up to a specified dollar amount per false claim. In addition, a special provision under the FCA allows a private person (for example, a “whistleblower,” such as a disgruntled current or former competitor, member, or employee) to bring an action under the FCA on behalf of the government alleging that a company has defrauded the federal government and permits the private person to share in any settlement of, or judgment entered in, the lawsuit. A number of states, including states in which we operate, have adopted their own false claims acts and whistleblower provisions that are similar to the FCA. Companies in the healthcare and related benefits industry, including ours, frequently are subject to actions brought under the FCA or similar state laws.
Additional federal regulations
Additionally, we may be subject to general consumer protection laws and regulations applicable to direct-to-consumer activities such as online communications including, but not limited to, the FTC’s Telemarketing Sales Rules and the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, which gives the FTC, Federal Communications Commission, and state attorneys general the ability to regulate, and bring enforcement actions relating to, telemarketing practices and certain automated outbound contacts such as phone calls, texts or emails. Under certain circumstances, these laws may provide consumers with a private right of action. Violations of these laws could result in substantial statutory penalties and other sanctions.
We are also regularly assessing the medical device status of certain health information technology products and/or solutions and clinical decision support tools, which may, at any time, require compliance with U.S. Food and Drug Administration requirements.
State laws and regulation
Healthcare regulation.
Our plans are regulated in, and must be licensed by, the jurisdictions in which they conduct business. The nature and extent of state regulation varies by jurisdiction, and state insurance regulators generally have broad administrative power with respect to all aspects of the insurance business. The majority of states in which we operate plans require periodic financial reports to be filed with the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC), while New Jersey, the state of domicile of our regulated insurance entity, requires reports to be filed directly with the New Jersey Department of Banking and Insurance (NJ DOBI). The establishment of minimum capital or restricted cash reserve requirements is determined on a state-by-state basis. The NAIC has adopted model regulations that, where adopted by states, require expanded governance practices and risk and solvency assessment reporting. Most states have adopted these or similar measures to expand the scope of regulations relating to corporate governance and internal control activities of HMOs and insurance companies. We are required to maintain a risk management framework and file a confidential self-assessment report with state insurance regulators. We are also required to file a variety of reports stipulated by each state in which we are licensed. These reports can be financial or informational in nature. As of December 31, 2021, our PPO plans were licensed in 45 states and the District of Columbia and were not licensed in Michigan, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, and Vermont. Our HMO is licensed in New Jersey and Texas. The most comprehensive reporting is required by the state of domicile of our regulated insurance entity which, for both the HMO and PPO, is New Jersey.
Because we operate through a holding-company structure, we are regulated under state insurance holding company regulations and are dependent upon dividends and administrative expense reimbursements from our subsidiaries. Most state insurance holding company laws and regulations require prior regulatory approval of acquisitions and material transfers of assets to affiliates, including transactions between the regulated companies and their parent holding companies or affiliates. These laws may restrict the ability of our regulated subsidiaries to pay dividends to our holding companies, and the amount of such dividends, or to obtain sufficient capital to fund our obligations.
Some of our business activity is subject to other healthcare-related regulations and requirements, including PPO, MCO, utilization review, pharmacy service, or care provider-related regulations and licensure requirements. These requirements differ from state to state and may contain network, contracting, product and rate, licensing and financial and reporting requirements. There are laws and regulations that set specific standards for delivery of services, appeals, grievances and payment of claims, adequacy of healthcare professional networks, fraud prevention, protection of consumer health information, pricing and underwriting practices and covered benefits and services.
Changes of control.
Before a person can acquire control of a U.S. domestic insurer, prior written approval, or exemption therefrom, must be obtained from the insurance commissioner of the state where the insurer is domiciled, or the acquiror must make a disclaimer of control filing with the insurance department of such state, which filing must be accepted by such insurance department. Prior to granting approval of an application to acquire control of a domestic insurer, the domiciliary state insurance commissioner will consider a number of factors, including the financial strength of the proposed acquiror, the acquiror’s plans for the future operations of the domestic insurer, and any anti-competitive results that may arise from the consummation of the acquisition of control.
Generally, state insurance statutes provide that control over a domestic insurer is presumed to exist if any person, directly or indirectly, owns, controls, holds the power to vote, or holds proxies representing, ten percent or more of the outstanding voting securities of the domestic insurer. This statutory presumption of control may be rebutted by a showing that control does not exist in fact. The state regulators, however, may also find that “control” exists in circumstances in which a person owns or controls less than ten percent of the voting securities of the domestic insurer.
As our regulated insurance entity is domiciled in New Jersey, the insurance laws and regulations of New Jersey would be applicable to any proposed acquisition of control of Clover. Under New Jersey law, generally no person may acquire control of any insurer, whether by purchase of its securities or otherwise, unless it gives prior notice to the insurer and receives prior approval, or exemption therefrom, from NJ DOBI. These regulations pertaining to an acquisition of control of an insurance company may discourage potential acquisition proposals and may delay, deter, or prevent a change of control of us, including through transactions that some or all of our stockholders might consider to be desirable. Such regulations may also inhibit our ability to acquire an insurance company should we wish to do so in the future.
Corporate practice of medicine and fee-splitting laws.
Certain of our subsidiaries function as direct medical service providers and, as such, are subject to additional laws and regulations. Some states have corporate practice of medicine laws that prohibit specific types of entities from practicing medicine or employing physicians to practice medicine. Moreover, some states prohibit certain entities from engaging in fee-splitting practices that involve sharing in the fees or revenues of a professional practice. These prohibitions may be statutory or regulatory, or may be imposed through judicial or regulatory interpretation, and are subject to change.
Additionally, our healthcare providers must be licensed to practice medicine in the state in which they are located. In addition, they must be in good standing with the applicable medical board, board of nursing or other applicable entity. Furthermore, they cannot be excluded from participation in certain government programs at either the state or federal levels, such as Medicare and Medicaid.
International Regulation
We have significant operations, including certain outsourced operations and software research and development in other countries, such as Hong Kong, the Philippines, Colombia, India and Eastern Europe, and are subject to regulation in the jurisdictions in which those operations are organized or conduct business. These regulatory regimes vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. In addition, our non-U.S. operations are subject to U.S. laws that regulate the conduct and activities of U.S.-based businesses operating abroad, such as export control laws and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the “FCPA”), the latter of which prohibits offering, promising, providing, or authorizing others to give anything of value to a foreign government official to obtain or retain business or otherwise secure a business advantage.
Additional Information
Our website address is www.cloverhealth.com. We use the investor relations page of our website for purposes of compliance with Regulation FD and as a routine channel for distribution of important information, including news releases, analyst presentations, financial information and corporate governance practices. Our filings with the SEC are posted on our website and available free of charge as soon as reasonably practical after they are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The SEC’s website, www.sec.gov, contains reports, proxy statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The content on any website referred to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K is not incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K unless expressly noted. Further, the Company’s references to website URLs are intended to be inactive textual references only.
Channels for Disclosure of Information
Investors and others should note that we routinely announce material information to investors and the marketplace using filings with the SEC, press releases, public conference calls, presentations, webcasts and our investor relations website. We also intend to use
certain social media channels as a means of disclosing information about the Company and our products to our customers, investors and the public, including @Clover-Health and #CloverHealth on Twitter, and the LinkedIn account of our President and Chief Technology Officer, Andrew Toy. The information posted on social media channels is not incorporated by reference in this report or in any other report or document we file with the SEC. While not all of the information that we post to our investor relations website or to social media accounts is of a material nature, some information could be deemed to be material. Accordingly, we encourage investors, the media, and others interested in the Company to review the information that we share at the “Investors” link located at the bottom of our webpage at https://investors.cloverhealth.com/investor-relations and to sign up for and regularly follow our social media accounts. Users may automatically receive email alerts and other information about the Company when enrolling an email address by visiting “Email Alerts” in the “Investor Resources” section of our website at https://investors.cloverhealth.com/investor-relations.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
In the course of conducting our business operations, we are exposed to a variety of risks, any of which have affected or could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. The market price of our common stock could decline, possibly significantly or permanently, if one or more of these risks and uncertainties occurs. Any factor described in this report or in any of our other SEC filings could by itself, or together with other factors, adversely affect our financial results and condition.
Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
We have incurred net losses in the past, we anticipate increased expenses in the future, and we may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability.
We have incurred net losses of $587.8 million, $136.4 million, and $363.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. Our accumulated deficit was approximately $1,616.7 million and $1,029.0 million as of December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020. We expect our operating costs will increase substantially in the foreseeable future and that our losses will continue as we expect to invest significant additional funds towards growing our business and operating as a public company. In particular, we expect to continue to invest in improving the Clover Assistant and our technology infrastructure, developing our clinical care programs, increasing adoption of the Clover Assistant platform, expanding our marketing and outreach efforts, growing our provider networks, expanding our operations geographically, increasing headcount to support our growth, and developing future offerings that improve care and supplement our revenue streams. These efforts may prove more expensive than we currently anticipate, and we may not succeed in increasing our revenue sufficiently to offset these higher expenses.
We currently generate revenue from (i) premiums earned (MA premiums earned) in connection with the members under our Medicare Advantage (MA) plans (the “members”), and (ii) capitation payments from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) (“Direct Contracting Revenue” and, collectively with MA premiums earned, “total revenues”) for medical services provided on behalf of the Original Medicare beneficiaries aligned to the Company’s Direct Contracting Entity (DCE) in connection with CMS’ Global and Professional Direct Contracting Model (the “DCE Beneficiaries” and, collectively with the members, “Lives under Clover Management” or the “beneficiaries”). Even if we are successful in increasing our Lives under Clover Management and consequently increasing our total revenues from MA premiums earned and Direct Contracting Revenue, we may not successfully and effectively predict, price, and manage the medical costs relating to our Lives under Clover Management. As a result, our expenses from net medical claims incurred could exceed any increase in total revenues.
Furthermore, even if we achieve profitability in the future, we may not be able to sustain profitability in subsequent periods. To date, we have financed our operations principally from the sale of our equity securities, MA premiums earned, Direct Contracting revenue, and the incurrence of indebtedness. Our cash flow from operations was negative for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, and we may not generate positive cash flow from operations in any given period. If we are not able to achieve or maintain profitability or positive cash flow, we will require additional financing, which may not be available on favorable terms, or at all, or which could be dilutive to our stockholders. If we are unable to successfully address these risks and challenges as we encounter them, our business may be harmed, which could negatively affect the value of our common stock.
We have relatively limited experience with the Clover Assistant, and initial results may not be indicative of future performance.
Since launching the Clover Assistant in 2018, we have continued to develop its features and capabilities, adapt our go-to-market strategy and adjust its integration with our MA plans, our Direct Contracting business, and third-party systems. As a result we may not fully understand the impact of the Clover Assistant on our business and long-term prospects. While the medical care ratio (MCR), a measure defined as our total net medical claims incurred divided by premiums earned, for returning Medicare Advantage members with a PCP who used the Clover Assistant, tends to be lower than the MCR for returning Medicare Advantage members with a PCP who did not use the Clover Assistant, our long-term success depends on maintaining and continuing to improve these effects over time
in the markets we serve. There can be no assurance that these effects will improve or persist over time in our current markets or that we can replicate these results as we expand into new markets or into Direct Contracting. We also cannot be certain about the extent to which this differential resulted from use of the Clover Assistant by providers or by other factors. If we are unable to drive and maintain significant reductions in MCR for our members or net medical claims incurred as a percentage of Direct Contracting revenue (Direct Contracting Margin) for our DCE Beneficiaries to support our business model, it would have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operation.
Our expansion into Direct Contracting presents new risks to our business.
We expanded our business into CMS’ new Direct Contracting Model (DC Model) in April 2021, enabling us to target a larger market opportunity, the Medicare fee-for-service (FFS) market, which is the largest segment of Medicare. As such, our Direct Contracting business is in the early stages of development, and we are subject to the risks inherent to the launch of any new business, including the risks that we may not generate sufficient returns to justify our investment and that it may take longer or be more costly to achieve the expected benefits from this new program. In connection with our expansion into Direct Contracting, we are enhancing and iterating the functionality of Clover Assistant as well as forming relationships with a greater number of providers, and we may face new risks and difficulties, many of which we may not be able to predict or foresee. Also, because the DC Model is a new model designed by CMS’ Center for Medicare & Medicaid Innovation (CMMI), CMMI is constantly evaluating the program and may revise the applicable rules and design at any time, and such changes may have a significant impact on our ability to carry out our business. For example, certain CMMI model methodologies, including but not limited to, allowed provider classes, beneficiary alignment, benchmark establishment, and risk score modeling, are subject to continued evaluation and could materially impact profitability. Similarly, while the DC Model is expected to run through December 31, 2026, CMMI can determine to terminate the program at any time, and in some cases may be required to do so, and if the program is terminated, we will no longer be able to target the FFS market, which in turn could reduce the return on our investments and negatively impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects. On February 24, 2022, CMS announced, among other things, that the DC Model would be transitioned to a new model called the ACO Realizing Equity, Access, and Community Health (REACH) Model. CMS announced that all active DCEs in the DC Model will be able to transition to the ACO REACH Model provided they have a strong compliance record and agree to meet requirements for the redesigned model by January 1, 2023. We are in the process of evaluating CMS’ release and determining what changes, if any, will be necessary.
Our future performance depends in part on increasing the lifetime value of enrollments, which are realized over several years, and any failure to do so could negatively affect our future prospects and results of operations, including our ability to attain or increase profitability.
Our future performance is primarily dependent on our ability to utilize the Clover Assistant to drive down the medical care ratios for our beneficiaries and utilize our clinical care capabilities to improve the quality of care for our beneficiaries. By doing so, we aim to drive per member per month (PMPM) medical expense savings and generate more accurate risk adjustment data over time. If we fail to achieve such decreases in cost of care, our business, results of operations, and financial condition will be adversely affected. See the section entitled “-If we fail to estimate, price for and manage medical expenses in an effective manner, the profitability of our Medicare Advantage plans and Direct Contracting business could decline, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial position, and cash flows.”
Furthermore, if we are unable to retain our members and DCE Beneficiaries, our ability to realize the returns on our investments in the Clover Assistant platform could be negatively affected. The lifetime value of our enrollments could be impacted by a variety of factors, including penetration of the Clover Assistant, cost of care reductions from our clinical programs and the length of time a member remains enrolled in our plan or a DCE Beneficiary remains aligned to our DCE. For example, since returning MA members tend to have lower MCR than do new MA members, rapid membership growth or other shifts in the mix of new and returning members could adversely affect our MCR in the near-term and lead to greater losses. Similarly, any investment we make in early identification and treatment of disease and preventative treatment to reduce healthcare costs that would be incurred in the future might not be realized if those members choose not to enroll with us in future years. Likewise, because any conditions identified and treated in a given year do not impact risk scores until the following plan year, if our members do not re-enroll in subsequent enrollment periods, we would not be compensated for the additional treatment of conditions that we otherwise would have been entitled to the following year. Accordingly, if we are unable to retain our members and realize a significant lifetime value for our enrollments in line with our projections, we may not be able to generate sufficient revenues to offset our losses and expenses, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations and our ability to attain or increase profitability.
While we are only in our first performance year under the DC Model, we believe that similar to our MA members, returning DCE Beneficiaries could also tend to have a lower Direct Contracting Margin than do the average DCE Beneficiaries who are newly aligned to our DCE due in part to consistent adoption of the DCE’s strategies by participating providers through the demonstration period.
Rapid growth in DCE Beneficiaries or other shifts in the mix of net and returning DCE Beneficiaries could adversely affect our Direct Contracting Margin in the near-term and lead to greater losses.
If we fail to estimate, price for and manage medical expenses in an effective manner, the profitability of our Medicare Advantage plans and Direct Contracting business could decline, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial position, and cash flows.
Through our MA plans, we assume the risk of both the cost of medical services for our members, or medical expenses, and administrative costs for our members in return for monthly premiums, which we are paid by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) on a per member basis. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) requires that we spend at least 85% of those premiums on healthcare services, covered benefits, and quality improvement efforts, and we generally use at least 85% of our premium revenues to pay for these costs. As a result, our ability to enhance the profitability of our MA plans and Direct Contracting business depends in significant part on our ability to predict, price, and effectively manage medical costs, which are affected by utilization rates, the cost of service and the type of service rendered.
Through our Direct Contracting business, with the exception of certain CMS risk mitigation mechanisms (i.e., the optional stop-loss program and the mandatory risk corridor program), we assume full risk (i.e., 100% shared savings and shared losses) for the total cost of care of DCE Beneficiaries. Our DCE’s expenditures on covered items and services (Medicare Parts A and B) for our DCE Beneficiaries and capitation paid to the DCE during a performance year are compared to a target amount of Medicare expenditures on those covered items and services (Performance Year Benchmark), and as such, managing those covered items and services in an effective manner is directly related to our financial impact. Further, as part of the DC Model, the Performance Year Benchmark is scheduled to be lowered by CMS on a gradual scale, starting at a 2% discount in 2021 and increasing to a 5% discount by 2026. Due to this increasing discount, one of the primary mechanisms to mitigate the financial impact of this adjustment will be for the DCE to continually improve its medical expense management over the demonstration period.
Two key factors in our ability to manage medical expenses are the adoption of and engagement with the Clover Assistant by the providers who treat our MA members and DCE Beneficiaries (collectively, the “Providers”) and enrollment in our clinical care programs, including our in-home primary care program (Clover Home Care), by our most at-risk members and DCE Beneficiaries. By driving adoption of and engagement with the Clover Assistant by our Providers, we seek to promote the provision of high-quality medical care driven by real-time, personalized and actionable insights to healthcare providers at the point of care. Through the Clover Assistant, we support effective care coordination and care management informed by data analytics, help members and DCE Beneficiaries receive appropriate preventive care, and promote proper utilization management. We also operate Clover Home Care, an in-home primary complex care program for our most chronically ill members and DCE Beneficiaries, whose medical costs are disproportionately high compared to our other members and DCE Beneficiaries, to further improve quality of life and healthcare for those individuals. If we fail to drive adoption of and engagement with the Clover Assistant by our Providers or fail to accurately identify members at high risk for near-term hospitalization for our complex care management program, we could fail to drive significant reductions in MCR for our members and Direct Contracting Margin for our DCE Beneficiaries, which would have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operation.
Our premiums under MA plans are based on bids submitted to CMS in June the year before the contract year. Although we base our MA plan bids on our estimates of future medical costs over the fixed contract period, many factors may cause actual costs to exceed the costs estimated and reflected in premiums or bids. These factors may include medical cost inflation; increased use of services; increased cost of individual services; large-scale medical emergencies (such as the COVID-19 pandemic); the introduction of new or costly drugs, treatments and technology; new treatment guidelines; new mandated benefits (such as the expansion of essential benefits coverage) or other regulatory changes; and insured population characteristics. While we believe the Clover Assistant may enable us to make better predictions regarding future medical costs, there can be no assurance that better predictions will be made or that we would be able to realize the benefits of those predictions.
Our DCE Performance Year Benchmark, which is a target amount of Medicare expenditures against which the DCE’s performance year expenditures are compared to measure shared savings or losses with CMS, is a product of a number of variables, many of which are difficult to estimate at the beginning of the performance year. While we believe our estimate of the Performance Year Benchmark will become more accurate through the performance year as claims are incurred, our exact Performance Year Benchmark will not be known until final reconciliation with CMS. These variables include, but are not limited to, claims trends, beneficiary risk scores, and the mix of claims aligned vs. voluntarily aligned beneficiaries. If the final Performance Year Benchmark is less than anticipated, the profitability of our Direct Contracting business will suffer.
In addition, Providers who treat our members and DCE Beneficiaries may decline to follow appropriate care recommendations and may not carry out effective care coordination and care management. While we deploy the Clover Assistant and promote its adoption by all of our Providers in order to mitigate such risks, even in settings where adoption and use of the Clover Assistant is widespread, there can be no assurances that adherence to evidence-based protocols will be pervasive. Furthermore, our members and DCE
Beneficiaries may decline to seek out appropriate preventive care, participate in our readmission and complex care programs, or follow their Provider’s care and healthful living recommendations. We and the Providers, moreover, might not identify the appropriate members and DCE Beneficiaries who can most benefit from our clinical care programs.
Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D plans are also subject to risks associated with increased medical or pharmaceutical costs. Business models for market participants involved in the financing and supply of pharmaceutical products rely on certain benchmarks and practices (e.g., pricing based on Average Wholesale Price, or the use of Maximum Allowable Cost lists). It is uncertain how these business models will evolve and whether other pricing benchmarks will be introduced and widely adopted. Legislation may also lead to changes in the pricing for the Medicare Advantage program. While we believe we have adequately reviewed our assumptions and estimates regarding these complex and wide ranging programs under Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D, including those related to collectability of receivables and establishment of liabilities, actual results may be materially different from our assumptions and estimates and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
CMS’ risk adjustment payment system makes our revenue and profitability difficult to predict and could result in material retroactive adjustments to our results of operations.
CMS has implemented a risk adjustment payment system for Medicare health plans to improve the accuracy of payments and establish appropriate compensation for Medicare plans that enroll and treat less healthy Medicare beneficiaries. CMS’ risk adjustment model bases a portion of the total CMS reimbursement payments on various clinical and demographic factors, including hospital inpatient diagnoses, diagnosis data from hospital outpatient facilities and provider visits, gender, age, and Medicaid eligibility. CMS requires that all managed care companies capture, collect, and report the necessary diagnosis code information to CMS, which information is subject to review and audit for accuracy by CMS. Although we have an auditing and monitoring process in place to collect and provide accurate risk adjustment data to CMS for these purposes, that program may not be sufficient to ensure accuracy, and additional investment and testing will be required to enhance and expand it. Therefore, there is a possibility that our risk adjustment data collection efforts and data submitted to CMS might have been or will be inadequate. If the risk adjustment data incorrectly overstates the health risk of our members, we might be required to return to CMS overpayments and/or be subject to penalties or sanctions, or if the data incorrectly understates the health risk of our members, we might be underpaid for the care that we must provide to our members, any of which could harm our reputation and have a negative impact on our results of operations and financial condition. CMS may also change the way that they measure risk or adjust risk scores, and the impact on any such changes on our business is uncertain.
CMS makes premium payments to MA plans based on approved bids, which are risk-adjusted to account for members' known demographic and health status information. As prescribed by CMS, the premium is retroactively adjusted on two separate occasions to account for shifts in the diagnosis collection periods. We calculate estimates for these retroactive payment adjustments on a monthly basis. In addition, from time to time, CMS makes changes to the way it calculates risk adjustment payments, which may impact our revenues. For example, CMS is phasing-in the process of calculating risk scores using diagnosis data from the Risk Adjustment Processing System (RAPS) to diagnosis data from the Encounter Data System (EDS). The RAPS process requires MA plans to apply a filter based on CMS guidelines and only submit diagnoses that satisfy those guidelines. For submissions through EDS, CMS requires MA plans to submit all the encounter data, and CMS will apply the risk adjustment filtering to determine the risk scores. In payment year 2020, 50% of the risk score was calculated from data submitted through RAPS and 50% from data submitted through EDS. CMS gradually increased the EDS percentage to 75% of the risk score for payment 2021 and ultimately transitioned to 100% EDS data for payment year 2022. The transition from RAPS to EDS could result in different risk scores from each dataset as a result of plan processing issues, CMS processing issues, or filtering differences between RAPS and EDS, and any reduction in risk adjustments for our members could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position, or cash flows.
The Direct Contracting Performance Year Benchmark is also risk adjusted based on the same CMS-Hierarchical Condition Categories (HCC) prospective risk adjustment model used in the MA program. There are additional adjustments applied to the DC Model risk score to mitigate the impacts of coding intensity on risk adjustment: normalization adjustment, +/- 3% symmetric cap, and a retrospective coding intensity factor. Unlike MA, the Direct Contracting risk score is based only on diagnosis confirmed on claims. The DC Model does not accept supplemental encounter data submissions. The DCE may make accruals in accounting periods to account for risk score accuracy for which we believe diagnoses are present, but not yet recognized in the beneficiaries’ risk scores. CMMI may revise the applicable rules and design of the Direct Contracting risk score methodology at any time.
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, risk adjustment scores may also fall as a result of reduced data collection, decreased patient visits, or delayed medical care, and limitations on payments for certain telehealth services. As a result of the variability of factors affecting plan risk scores that determine such estimations, the actual amount of CMS’ retroactive payment could be materially more or less than our estimates. Consequently, our estimate of our plans’ aggregate member risk scores for any period, and our accrual of premiums related thereto, may result in favorable or unfavorable adjustments to our Medicare premium revenue, which may affect our profitability.
We are subject to risks associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and financial performance.
We are susceptible to the adverse effects associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, which is having a major impact on health systems, businesses, governments and member activities. The ultimate severity, magnitude, and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic is uncertain and rapidly changing. The full extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic may impact our business, results of operations, and financial condition remains uncertain. Current uncertainties relating to the COVID-19 pandemic that could impact our future results include the development of new COVID-19 variants and the potential for further deferrals of elective or preventive care due to additional COVID-19 outbreaks and resulting stay-at-home orders, which in turn could result in exacerbated health conditions, higher future medical costs, and/or a reduction in risk adjustments and benchmarks against which future CMS bids will be assessed.
We continue to mobilize the full strength of our resources to deliver support for our members and Providers and deliver innovative solutions and support for the communities we serve. For example, we have implemented multi-channel member communications to support COVID-19 vaccination access and availability, Provider support for telehealth adoption by Clover Home Care practices, and the provision of in-home COVID-19 vaccinations for our most vulnerable beneficiaries. However, there can be no assurances that our efforts will be successful or that any of our solutions will be adopted by our Providers.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business is primarily dependent upon the ultimate pacing, intensity in our markets and duration of the crisis, which are factors we cannot predict at this time. These factors will drive the related treatment, testing, coverage and other services we provide our beneficiaries. In 2020, the healthcare system experienced deferrals of elective care due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which decreased utilization of healthcare services. The ultimate consequences of delaying medical care are uncertain but they may result in additional medical complications, increased medical costs in future periods and/or reduction in benchmarks that future bids will be assessed against. In particular, a significant portion of our strategy is based on the notion that we can reduce our beneficiaries’ medical costs by utilizing the Clover Assistant to encourage Providers to engage with our beneficiaries to help prevent a deterioration of their health. As a result of the crisis associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, in 2021 we experienced a significant increase in medical care costs. If a significant portion of our beneficiaries experience a deterioration in health, if our beneficiaries seek care that was deferred during the pandemic, or if our beneficiaries with chronic conditions require additional care resulting from missed treatments, we may experience a continued increase in medical care costs. There can be no assurance that these increased costs were appropriately taken into account when we set the prices for our premiums or that the premiums we receive from the U.S. government and fees we charge will be sufficient to cover the medical and administrative costs that we could ultimately incur. The decreased utilization of Medicare FFS healthcare services during the COVID-19 pandemic may also lead to a reduction in the benchmarks that future CMS bids will be assessed against. If we experience increased medical costs in future periods as a result of the delay in medical care during the COVID-19 pandemic, and those costs are set against reduced benchmarks, our revenue and operating results would be materially adversely impacted. Additionally, if the COVID-19 pandemic results in a decrease in the number of primary care or general wellness visits, adoption of the Clover Assistant by physicians and other providers may be impeded, and our ability to iterate and improve the accuracy of Clover Assistant may be affected. With respect to our Direct Contracting operating segment, the Direct Contracting Benchmark is based on national trends, and while we believe we have certain protections in our DCE's participation agreement with CMS, Clover could be disproportionately affected by COVID-19 if impacts in concentrated regional service areas are significantly above or below national averages.
Governments have modified, and may continue to modify, regulatory standards around various aspects of healthcare in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and these rapidly changing standards may create challenges for us to ensure timely compliance and meet various contractual obligations. Also, insofar as governments do not modify regulatory standards in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, the changing circumstances may undercut our ability to meet regulatory performance standards and carry out effective and efficient business operations. For example, the precipitous decline in provider office visits, and the concomitant rise of telehealth visits, including audio-only visits, may impair risk adjustment data collection efforts that CMS takes into account for purposes of determining risk adjustment revenue. Also, because our beneficiaries may elect not to leave home for provider visits or preventive care services and may experience heightened depression or other negative health consequences during the pandemic, our ability to address care gaps measured by the CMS Star Ratings programs may be limited. Because our members and DCE Beneficiaries are concentrated in areas that were and continue to be especially hard hit by the pandemic, our performance on CMS Star Ratings measures may be more negatively impacted than that of other MA plans.
The COVID-19 pandemic has also curtailed the ability of our clinical program physicians and providers to care for our most seriously ill members through Clover Home Care, our Clover Care Visit program, and our hospital readmissions prevention program. Although we have made great strides in treating our beneficiaries during this time through telemedicine, there are some conditions that cannot adequately be assessed and addressed remotely. Also some beneficiaries may be unwilling to participate or continue to participate in telehealth visits. In 2021, we performed in-person visits with our beneficiaries via our Clover Home Care program, but there were recurring instances of periods when we were not able to do so due to rising COVID-19 levels. Even when public health experts deem it safe to return to treat members in their homes, beneficiaries might be unwilling to accept care in their homes. Our Providers themselves might also become infected with COVID-19 and be unable to deliver care during these periods of acute infection or the
post-infectious period if they experience longstanding effects of COVID-19 infection. Because our most chronically ill members are responsible for a significantly disproportionately high share of our medical expenses, our potential inability or difficulty of providing targeted services to this population can undercut our ability to manage our overall medical expenses.
We have also transitioned a significant number of our team members to at-home work environments in an effort to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. This transition may decrease effectiveness, including our ability to maintain service levels and ratings, and exacerbate certain risks to our business, including demand for information technology resources, increased vulnerabilities to cybersecurity attacks, and increased risk of unauthorized dissemination of sensitive personal information or proprietary or confidential information about us or our beneficiaries. The COVID-19 pandemic and any resulting economic downturn may cause us to need less office space than we are contractually committed to leasing and prevent us from finding subtenants for such unused office space. Additional disruptive impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our workforce include business closures in impacted areas, further restrictions on our employees’ and service providers’ ability to travel, impacts to productivity if our employees or their family members experience health issues, and potential delays in hiring and onboarding of new employees. We may take further actions that alter our business operations as may be required by local, state, or federal authorities or that we determine are in the best interests of our employees or beneficiaries. Such measures could negatively affect our sales and marketing efforts, sales cycles, employee productivity, or beneficiary retention, any of which could harm our financial condition and business operations.
Disruptions in public and private infrastructure, including supply chains providing medical supplies, could also adversely disrupt our business operations. Additionally, the enactment of emergency powers by governments could disrupt our business operations, including further restricting our members’ ability to receive care, our providers’ ability to operate, or our ability to access necessary supplies.
The COVID-19 pandemic has also adversely impacted global access to capital and caused significant volatility in financial markets. Significant deterioration of the U.S. and global economies could have a significant adverse impact on our investment income, the value of our investments, or future liquidity needs.
Governmental authorities in the United States have proposed or issued vaccine mandates requiring certain employers, including certain federal contractors, to ensure that their employees are fully vaccinated against COVID-19, subject to certain exceptions as provided for in the applicable mandate, or, in some cases, be regularly subject to COVID-19 testing. As we are a federal contractor, any such recently issued or future vaccine mandate could negatively impact our ability to attract or retain workers, including healthcare providers. The loss of, or inability to attract, employees could negatively impact our ability to carry out our business and provide care to our beneficiaries and other critical services, and thus could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
If adoption and use of the Clover Assistant is lower than we expect, our growth may slow or stall, or we may experience a decline in our Lives under Clover Management, and our operating results could be adversely affected.
An important part of our growth strategy depends on our ability to increase adoption and use of the Clover Assistant, including by providers who also use electronic health records (EHR) systems. We have directed, and intend to continue to direct, a significant portion of our financial and operating resources to developing the Clover Assistant platform and expanding its usage. There can be no assurance that adoption of Clover Assistant will continue to grow, or that rates of engagement will be maintained or increase. A number of factors could potentially negatively affect adoption of the Clover Assistant and provider engagement, including but not limited to:
•difficulties convincing providers of the value, benefits, and usefulness of the Clover Assistant, particularly in markets where we have fewer beneficiaries;
•our failure to integrate with EHR systems;
•our failure to attract, effectively train and retain effective sales and marketing personnel;
•our failure to develop or expand relationships with strategic partners;
•our failure to capitalize on co-branding opportunities;
•delays in implementation of CMS interoperability requirements;
•difficulties in scheduling meetings with providers, and providing demonstrations and trainings related to the Clover Assistant;
•our failure to compete effectively against alternative products or services, including overcoming perceptions that existing systems, including EHR systems, are similar and adequate, or that Clover Assistant will increase administrative burdens;
•technical or other problems impacting availability or reliability of the platform, including limited broadband access in certain rural areas;
•difficulties for members and DCE Beneficiaries in accessing their Providers and a corresponding decrease in the number of primary care visits;
•privacy and communication, safety, security or other concerns;
•adverse changes in our platform that are mandated by, or that we elect to make, to address, legislation, regulatory authorities or litigation;
•poor user experiences; and
•the attractiveness of our brand or reputation.
In addition, if we are unable to enroll a sufficient number of patients of a particular physician or provider group in our MA plans, we may have difficulty motivating such physician or provider group to utilize the Clover Assistant, which is not available for use with non-Clover members. Furthermore, if we are unable to address the needs of providers using the Clover Assistant, if providers are dissatisfied with the Clover Assistant, or if new alternative solutions effectively compete with us, providers may decline to use the Clover Assistant.
If the Clover Assistant is not adopted as quickly as we anticipate in the markets in which we operate, we may be unable to collect and provide valuable actionable data to providers treating our beneficiaries in such markets, which could prevent us from driving significant reductions in MCR for our beneficiaries in such markets and would in turn curtail our ability to offer competitively priced MA Plans and realize shared savings against the DCE benchmark in such markets. Any such events could result in higher medical expenses and reduced cash flows. As a result, if we are unsuccessful in our efforts to drive adoption of the Clover Assistant, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be harmed.
Our ability to attract new users and retain existing users of the Clover Assistant also depends in large part on our ability to continually enhance and improve its features, integrations, and capabilities to continue to provide a useful tool for providers. Accordingly, we must continue investing resources in improving and enhancing the Clover Assistant. For example, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we incorporated changes related to telemedicine into the Clover Assistant. Among other things, these changes allow for integrated video usage within the Clover Assistant platform, allowing the provider to perform the telehealth visit while viewing the same actionable information all in one seamless platform. The success of any enhancement to the Clover Assistant will depend on several factors, including timely completion and delivery, adequate quality testing, integration with existing technologies, adequate training of and messaging to providers, and overall market acceptance. Any new features, integrations, and capabilities that we develop may not be introduced in a timely or cost-effective manner, may contain errors, failures, vulnerabilities, or bugs, or may not achieve market acceptance. Furthermore, we may be delayed in our plans to offer certain new features, integrations, and capabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly if our teams are unable to effectively interact with providers and their offices to provide training and appropriate support for new offerings, or our teams are required to further pivot to focus on our pandemic response, or our remote working strategies fail to maintain or increase productivity, or if there are delays in the hiring and onboarding of new employees, or if regulatory compliance issues arise.
If we are unable to succeed in expanding our Lives under Clover Management, our future growth would be limited, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be harmed.
We derive substantially all of our total revenues from MA premiums earned and Direct Contracting revenue, which are primarily driven by the number of members under our MA plans and the number of our DCE Beneficiaries, respectively. As a result, the number of Lives under Clover Management is critical to our success, and we are continually executing several growth initiatives, strategies, and operating plans designed to increase the number of Lives under Clover Management, including the expansion of our Medicare Advantage and DCE offerings in both additional markets across the United States and in markets we currently serve. We may not be able to successfully complete these growth initiatives, strategies, and operating plans and realize all of the expected potential benefits, including achieving cost savings, better plan economics and more affordable healthcare. In addition, even if we are successful in achieving this growth, doing so may be more costly than we anticipate, and if we are not able to manage our costs our results could be materially adversely affected. See the section entitled “-If we fail to estimate, price for and manage medical expenses in an effective manner, the profitability of our Medicare Advantage plans and Direct Contracting business could decline, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial position, and cash flows.”
Prior to 2020, we primarily focused on offering our MA plans in nine counties within New Jersey. In 2021, we offered our MA plans in 108 counties across eight states, and cared for 68,120 MA members as of December 31, 2021. Additionally, in January 2022, we launched our MA plans in an additional 101 counties and an additional state, and we announced that our MA membership had grown by over 25% versus the beginning of 2021. While we intend to continue to grow our MA membership by increasing our share in
existing service areas and entering into new service areas, we may not be able to successfully achieve this growth for a number of reasons. Our ability to attract and retain members may be impacted by several factors, including, without limitation:
•lack of brand recognition;
•difficulties developing strategic co-marketing relationships;
•general lack of shopping for plans by MA eligible beneficiaries;
•shifting consumer preferences, including a preference by members to enroll with an MA plan sponsored by the insurer of the commercial plan in which they enrolled before they became eligible for Medicare, a preference by members to enroll in various special needs plans, which we do not offer;
•a failure to effectively compete and offer low cost and high value plans;
•difficulties establishing an attractive network in new markets;
•regulatory changes affecting the overall pool of MA eligible beneficiaries; and
•difficulties growing our provider networks and contracting with providers and medical facilities on competitive terms.
In addition, in some instances, Original Medicare or other insurers’ MA plans may be more attractive to a consumer than our MA plans. For example, though a substantial majority of our members are on open-network plans that enable them to visit any doctor participating in Medicare who will see them, our HMO plans have restrictions on the network of doctors that HMO members can see, and other providers participating in Medicare may choose to see no MA members or only MA members participating in specific plans. It is also possible that Original Medicare or other insurers’ MA plans may offer better provider networks in particular markets or better benefits, in which case those plans may be more attractive to a consumer than our MA plans. When the time to choose an MA plan comes, Medicare-eligible consumers may also choose to stay with the same insurer that was offered by their employer instead of transitioning to our insurance plan. In those instances, consumers may opt not to purchase a MA plan from us.
The growth in our membership is highly dependent upon our success in attracting new members during the Medicare annual enrollment period and open enrollment period. If our ability or the ability of our partners to market and sell our MA plans is constrained during an enrollment period for any reason, such as technology failures, reduced allocation of resources, any inability on the part of our partners to timely employ, license, train, certify and retain employees and contractors and their agents to sell plans, interruptions in the operation of our website or systems, disruptions caused by other external factors, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, or issues with government-run health insurance exchanges, we could acquire fewer new members than expected or suffer a reduction in the number of our existing members and our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed.
As of December 31, 2021, we had 61,876 aligned DCE Beneficiaries. As of that date, we had approximately 720 contracted participating providers managing primary care for our DCE Beneficiaries and, additionally, we had approximately 635 preferred providers and preferred facilities in our DCE network. DCE Beneficiary growth is dependent upon the number and size of the providers that contract with the DCE, and CMS’ alignment rules. While we intend to continue to grow our DCE Beneficiaries by increasing our contracts in existing service areas and entering into new service areas, we may not be able to successfully achieve this growth for a number of reasons. Our ability to attract and retain DCE Beneficiaries may be impacted by several factors, including, without limitation:
•lack of brand recognition;
•regulatory changes affecting the overall pool of Medicare eligibles;
•regulatory changes impacting provider participation in Medicare value-based programs;
•failure to effectively compete and offer competitive payment incentives to attract participating providers and “preferred” providers, which include specialists and ancillary facilities that agree to participate in Direct Contracting with Clover’s DCE;
•programmatic adjustments made to the DC Model;
•changes in existing shared savings programs or the addition of new shared savings programs;
•changes in the alignment methodology that CMS uses to align beneficiaries to participants in the DC Model;
•changes in our ability or the process required to voluntarily align beneficiaries; and
•any notification that CMS intends to discontinue or alter the DC Model or our participation in the program in a significant manner.
Other factors that could limit our beneficiary growth include, among others, potential non-compliance with CMS requirements and other laws and regulations, which could result in sanctions against us that prevent us from, among other actions, marketing or enrolling in existing markets or entering new markets; delays in the anticipated timing of activities related to such growth initiatives, strategies, and operating plans; increased difficulty and cost in implementing these efforts, including difficulties in complying with existing as well as new regulatory requirements; and the incurrence of other unexpected costs associated with operating the business.
In addition, our decisions concerning the allocation of management and financial resources toward efforts to grow our Lives under Clover Management in certain markets may not lead to the growth we expect, or any growth. Similarly, our potential decisions to delay entering or terminate our services in any market may subsequently also prove to be suboptimal and could cause us to miss valuable opportunities. We may also choose to terminate contracts with providers contracted with our DCE if they do not meet our performance standards, or providers may choose not to continue working with us, either of which could reduce our number of DCE Beneficiaries. If we make incorrect determinations regarding the viability or potential for membership growth in any specific market, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. As a result, we may fail to capitalize on viable commercial opportunities or be required to forgo or delay pursuit of opportunities that may later prove to have greater commercial potential than those we choose to pursue.
As a result, we cannot assure you that we will be able to increase our number of Lives under Clover Management or to the extent to which we will be able to achieve beneficiary growth.
Our members and DCE Beneficiaries remain concentrated in certain geographic areas and populations, which exposes us to unfavorable changes in local benefit costs, reimbursement rates, competition, and economic conditions.
Our MA members and DCE Beneficiaries remain concentrated in certain geographic areas in the United States and in certain populations. Many are low-income, and a significant number are people of color. As of December 31, 2021, approximately 90.2% of our Medicare Advantage members, most of whom were in two metropolitan areas, were residents of New Jersey. With respect to the DCE, as of December 31, 2021, approximately 41.1% of our DCE Beneficiaries were aligned to providers in New York, with an additional 34.1% in New Jersey and 14.5% in Kansas. Unfavorable changes in healthcare or other benefit costs or reimbursement rates or increased competition in New Jersey or any other geographic area where our members and DCE Beneficiaries becomes concentrated in the future could therefore have a disproportionately adverse effect on our operating results. Additionally, the geographic concentration and low-income status of a significant portion of our members and DCE Beneficiaries may make them more vulnerable to events such as the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, a disproportionate number of our members and DCE Beneficiaries may be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, access to care may be more difficult, and proposed responses, including telehealth, may not be accessible.
Our new markets, particularly rural markets, may not be as profitable to serve as our existing markets.
While we have plans to grow our Lives under Clover Management geographically and across demographics, there is no guarantee that we will be successful in doing so. In addition, as a result of our mission to make great healthcare available to everyone, we seek to provide high-value and affordable MA plans in every market in which we operate and do not exclude MA-eligible beneficiaries that may be higher risk for requiring increased medical costs. Through our participation in the DC Model, we are also planning to expand into new markets through contracting with participating and preferred providers. Given that there are significant health disparities in the United States based on minority and socioeconomic status, and that our low-income and minority members tend to have more chronic illnesses, our strategy could result in our healthcare costs exceeding those of comparable MA plans and other participants in the DC Model who seek to curate their membership. While we believe that with the Clover Assistant we can reduce costs of all of our beneficiaries and drive increasingly better unit economics at scale, there can be no assurances that we will succeed in doing so. We intend to expand into an increasing percentage of counties that CMS classifies as rural. Due to the rural nature of these markets, including the disposition of healthcare in those areas, we may have difficulty providing the same level and types of clinical care as we provide in our other markets. If the medical expenses of beneficiaries in such counties are higher than we anticipate, or if the rates of Clover Assistant adoption in such counties are lower than we anticipate, we may not be able to serve such counties with economic results as favorable as we expect in non-rural counties that we currently predominately serve. If the clinical care we can provide in these rural markets is limited, we may not be able to achieve the same cost savings in these markets as we have previously achieved in our existing markets. As a result, if we are unable to profitably grow and diversify our Lives under Clover Management geographically, our revenue and operating results may be disproportionately affected by adverse changes affecting our beneficiaries.
Our operating results may be adversely affected if we are unable to grow our provider networks or contract with providers, medical facilities, and other entities on competitive terms.
Our success requires that we successfully maintain and grow our provider networks and contract with providers and medical facilities in new markets in order to meet CMS requirements relating to network adequacy. In addition, in order to retain our members and DCE Beneficiaries and attract additional beneficiaries, our provider networks, including those providers participating in Medicare and
willing to see our patients but who we have not contracted with, must be not only adequate, but attractive, providing Medicare-eligible beneficiaries access to the providers and facilities that they want. We also provide prescription drug benefits and contract with pharmacy benefit management service suppliers to manage pharmacy benefits for our members. There can be no assurance that we will be able to contract with new providers, facilities and other entities in our current markets or new markets in which we enter or renew any contracts we maintain with existing providers or facilities on favorable terms, if at all. If we are unable to enter into new contracts or maintain contracts with providers or facilities in certain markets, we may be unable to meet network adequacy requirements which would prevent us from serving such markets, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
In addition, certain markets in the United States are dominated by a few providers or facilities, have a limited number of providers in a particular specialty or have a limited number of facilities, which may make it particularly difficult for us to enter into such markets and compete effectively. This may be especially true if those providers, specialists, or facilities are unwilling to contract with us, demand higher payments or take other actions that could result in higher medical care costs for us, less desirable plans and products for members and providers, a decline in our growth rate or difficulty in meeting regulatory or accreditation requirements. Our ability to develop and maintain satisfactory relationships with providers and facilities may also be negatively impacted by factors not associated with us, such as changes in Medicare programs and other pressures on healthcare providers, including consolidation activity among hospitals, physician groups, and other healthcare providers. Such organizations or provider groups may compete directly with us, which could adversely affect our growth. The failure to maintain or to secure new cost-effective provider contracts may make it more difficult to increase adoption of the Clover Assistant by providers as well as lead to higher costs, healthcare provider network disruptions and less attractive options for our beneficiaries, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We may be unable to effectively manage our growth, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operation.
If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, we may incur unexpected expenses, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. To manage our current and anticipated future growth effectively, we must continue to maintain and enhance our information technology (IT), security infrastructure, and financial and accounting systems and controls, which will place additional demands on our resources and operations. We must also attract, train and retain, or contract with third parties to provide a significant number of qualified software engineers, IT engineers, data scientists, medical personnel, insurance operations personnel, sales and marketing personnel, management personnel and professional services personnel, and the availability of such personnel, in particular software engineers, may be constrained. This will require us to invest in and commit significant financial, operational, and management resources to grow and change in these areas which may disrupt our operations and performance and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operation.
We operate in a competitive industry, and if we are not able to compete effectively, our business, financial condition, and results of operations will be harmed.
The markets for MA plans and related products are highly competitive. We compete in certain segments within the healthcare market, including MA plans as well as other healthcare technology platforms, and have entered into other markets, such as the DC Model. Competition in our market involves rapidly changing technologies, evolving regulatory requirements and industry expectations, new product offerings and constantly evolving beneficiary and provider preferences and user requirements. We currently face competition from a range of companies, including other incumbent MA providers and health insurance companies, many of whom are developing their own technology or partnering with third-party technology providers to drive improvements in care. Our competitors generally include large, national insurers, such as United Health, Aetna, Humana, Cigna, Centene, and Anthem that provide MA plans, as well as regional-based companies or health plans that provide MA plans, including Blue Cross Blue Shield affiliates, Bright Health, Alignment Health, Devoted Health, Oscar Health, hospital systems, and provider-based organizations. As a result of our recent entry into CMS’ new DC Model, we also face competition from other DCE participants including provider groups, accountable care organizations (ACOs), and managed care organizations (MCOs). These competitors include Oak Street, VillageMD, Humana, Anthem, and Iora Health. Competition from these and other new entrants may intensify as the DCE market develops and business models evolve to address it. In addition, as we enter into new markets, including through Direct Contracting, we may compete with regional start-up companies that offer MA plans and other participants in the DC Model. Also, as we develop other products and enter new lines of business, such as Direct Contracting, and other companies do the same, we may compete with providers of healthcare technology platforms, EHR providers, telehealth providers, healthcare data analytics providers, and ACOs. Furthermore, ACOs and practice management companies, which aggregate physician practices for administrative efficiency and marketing leverage, and other organizational structures that physicians, hospitals, and other healthcare providers choose, may change the way in which providers interact with us and may change the competitive landscape. If we are unable to continue to grow and enhance our product and service offerings to our provider users and beneficiaries, develop and deliver innovative and potentially disruptive products and services to satisfy evolving market demands, or develop and recruit qualified physicians and other provider specialists, we may not remain competitive, and we risk inability to maintain or increase our Lives under Clover Management, lack of adoption of our products and
services by beneficiaries and provider users, and loss of current market share to existing competitors and disruptive new market entrants.
Any one of these competitive pressures in our market, or our failure to compete effectively, may result in fewer plans being offered; a reduction in plan benefits; reduced services; a loss of existing beneficiaries or inability to grow our number of beneficiaries; fewer provider users; reduced revenues; lower gross margins; and loss of market share. Any failure to meet and address these factors would harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
We compete with larger companies that may have stronger brands, and consolidation among competitors would increase competition.
Some of our competitors may have greater name recognition, longer operating histories, stronger and more extensive provider networks and other partner relationships, significantly greater financial, technical, marketing, and other resources, lower labor and development costs, greater access to healthcare data and larger member bases than we do. These competitors may engage in more extensive research and development efforts, undertake more far-reaching marketing campaigns, and adopt more aggressive pricing or payment policies that could allow them to build larger beneficiary bases or provider networks than we have. Our competitors may also provide more desirable products or services or take better care of their members.
Further, the healthcare industry in the United States has experienced a substantial amount of consolidation, resulting in a decrease in the number of insurance carriers, providers, and payors. For example, in January 2020, Centene Corporation acquired Wellcare Health Plans, Inc., which resulted in the significant expansion of Centene’s Medicare footprint. Continued consolidation among providers reduces the number of potential contracting providers in certain geographies, which could lead to reduced leverage in our contract negotiations with those parties, which would limit our ability to expand adoption of the Clover Assistant. If we are unable to contract with a provider in a market that has experienced significant consolidation, we may face challenges to establishing or maintaining network adequacy and attractiveness in those markets. Additionally, new competitors may arise as consolidation may create providers that, in and of themselves, meet network adequacy requirements for a market and, as a result, start their own MA plans in that market. In addition, our current or potential competitors may be acquired by third parties with greater available resources, as seen in the 2018 acquisition of Aetna by CVS Health. As a result, our competitors may be able to respond more quickly and effectively than we can to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards or customer requirements and may have the ability to initiate or withstand substantial price competition. Our future growth and success depend on our ability to successfully compete with other companies providing similar services and technological offerings. New competitors or alliances may emerge that have greater market share, a larger beneficiary base, a stronger and larger provider network, more widely adopted proprietary technologies, greater ability to care for their members, greater marketing expertise, or greater financial resources and larger sales forces than we have, which could put us at a competitive disadvantage. Considering these factors, even if our MA plans and technology platform are more effective than those of our competitors, current or potential beneficiaries may purchase competitive plans in lieu of purchasing our health plans, or providers may adopt competing technology platforms in lieu of the Clover Assistant. Any such events could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our failure to estimate incurred but not reported claims accurately would affect our results of operations.
Due to the time lag between when medical services are actually rendered by our providers and when we (or CMS with respect to the DCE) receive, process and pay a claim for those medical services, our medical care costs include estimates of our incurred but not reported (IBNR) claims. We estimate our medical expense liabilities using actuarial methods based on historical data adjusted for claims receipt and payment patterns, cost trends, product mix, seasonality, utilization of healthcare services, changes in beneficiaries, provider billing practices, benefit changes, known outbreaks of disease, including COVID-19, or increased incidence of illness such as influenza, the incidence of high dollar or catastrophic claims and other relevant factors. Actual conditions, however, could differ from those we assume in our estimation process. We continually review and update our estimation methods and the resulting accruals and make adjustments, as necessary, to medical expense when the criteria used to determine IBNR change and when actual claim costs are ultimately determined. As a result of the uncertainties associated with the factors used in these assumptions, the actual amount of medical expense that we incur may be materially more or less than the amount of IBNR originally estimated. If our estimates of IBNR are inadequate in the future, our reported results of operations would be negatively impacted. Further, our inability to estimate IBNR accurately may also affect our ability to take timely corrective actions, further exacerbating the extent of any adverse effect on our results.
Financial accounting for the Medicare Part D benefits requires difficult estimates and assumptions, and if they prove to be incorrect, our results of operations could be adversely affected.
With respect to our CMS contracts which cover members’ prescription drugs under Medicare Part D, these contracts contain provisions for risk sharing and certain payments for prescription drug costs for which we are not at risk. These provisions affect our ultimate payments from CMS. The premiums from CMS are subject to certain payment adjustments determined by comparing costs
targeted in our annual bids to actual prescription drug costs, reflected by the actual costs that would have been incurred under the standard coverage as defined by CMS. Variances exceeding certain thresholds may result in CMS making additional payments to us or require us to refund to CMS a portion of the premiums we received (known as a “risk corridor”). We estimate and recognize an adjustment to premium revenue related to this risk corridor payment settlement based upon pharmacy claims experience. The estimate of the settlement associated with these risk corridor provisions is subject to uncertainty, as it requires us to consider factors for which we lack complete data at the time of estimation.
Reinsurance and low-income cost subsidies represent payments from CMS in connection with the Medicare Part D program for which we assume no risk. Reinsurance subsidies represent payments for CMS’ portion of claims costs which exceed the member’s out-of-pocket threshold, or the catastrophic coverage level. Low-income cost subsidies represent payments from CMS for all or a portion of the deductible, the coinsurance and co-payment amounts above the out-of-pocket threshold for low-income beneficiaries. Monthly prospective payments from CMS for reinsurance and low-income cost subsidies are based on assumptions submitted with our annual bid. A reconciliation and settlement of CMS’ prospective subsidies against actual prescription drug costs we paid is made after the end of the applicable year.
Settlement of the reinsurance and low-income cost subsidies as well as the risk corridor payment is based on a reconciliation made approximately nine months after the close of each calendar year. This reconciliation process requires us to submit claims data necessary for CMS to administer the program. Our claims data may not pass CMS’ claims edit processes due to various reasons, including discrepancies in eligibility or classification of low-income members. To the extent our data does not pass CMS’ claim edit processes, we may bear the risk for all or a portion of the claim which otherwise may have been subject to the risk corridor provision or forgo payments we would have otherwise received as a low-income subsidy or reinsurance claim. In addition, in the event the settlement represents an amount CMS owes us, there is a negative impact on our cash flows and financial condition as a result of financing CMS’ share of the risk. The opposite is true in the event the settlement represents an amount we owe CMS.
If we are unable to expand our sales and marketing infrastructure or if we fail to overcome challenges relating to marketing of our MA plans and DC business, we may fail to enroll sufficient beneficiaries to meet our forecasts.
We derive substantially all of our total revenues from MA premiums and Direct Contracting revenue, and we expect that they will continue to account for a substantial portion of our total revenues for the foreseeable future. As a result, our financial condition and results of operations are and will continue to be highly dependent on the ability of our sales force to adequately promote and market our MA plans to enroll new members and retain our existing members, and to successfully market our DC business to the national provider network to contract with new participating providers and grow our number of DCE Beneficiaries. If our sales and marketing representatives fail to achieve their objectives, our Lives under Clover Management could decrease or may not increase at levels that are in line with our forecasts.
We plan to continue to expand our sales and marketing infrastructure to drive beneficiary growth through third-party partnerships, including marketing relationships with insurance brokers and field marketing organizations, strategic partners in certain geographical markets, and co-branding arrangements with doctors and other provider institutions to increase our local market penetration. If we are not successful at converting the opportunities presented by new distribution channels and access to local markets, we may not be able to grow our number of beneficiaries or our plans as quickly as we need to, or at all. For example, if insurance brokers and field marketing organizations choose not to market and sell our plans, our business and results of operations would be adversely affected. In addition to the financial impact of having fewer beneficiaries than we anticipated, if we do not grow our Lives under Clover Management, we could find it difficult to retain or increase our contracted providers at favorable rates, which could jeopardize both our ability to provide plans in our current markets or expand into new markets and also our ability to do so in a cost-efficient manner. Additionally, we could be limited in the amount of data that we are able to acquire to further iterate on and refine the Clover Assistant. This, in turn, could compromise our ability to deliver on our goals of using the Clover Assistant to decrease costs and improve care.
As we increase our sales and marketing efforts, we will need to further expand the reach of our sales and marketing networks. Our future success will depend in significant part on our ability to continue to hire, train, retain, and motivate skilled sales and marketing representatives with significant industry-specific knowledge in various areas, as well as the competitive landscape for our solutions. Recently hired sales and marketing representatives require training and take time to achieve full productivity. If we fail to train recent hires adequately, or if we experience high turnover in our sales force in the future, we cannot be certain that new hires will become as productive as may be necessary to maintain or increase our sales. In addition, the expansion of our sales and marketing personnel will continue to place significant burdens on our management team. Moreover, we rely significantly on outside vendors with respect to our sales and marketing efforts. Any disruption on the business operations of these vendors, or our ability to effectively oversee and work with them, may negatively affect our ability to effectively market our MA plans.
In addition to the challenges to expand our sales and marketing efforts, we face significant challenges generally in our marketing efforts. We may market our MA plans through a number of channels including, but not limited to, direct mail, marketing materials in providers’ offices, and telesales. Any disruption to any of these methods of communication may compromise our ability to effectively
market our MA plans. Further, due to regulations governing when and how we are allowed to market our plans, we have a limited time frame annually to plan and execute on our marketing plans and if we encounter issues with execution during this time frame, we have an even more limited window to address those issues before we are forced to wait for the next annual marketing window. Failure to execute on our marketing plans in the limited window allowed by Medicare regulations could negatively affect our annual member enrollment and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected. In addition, as one of the newest entrants in the MA business, we face certain disadvantages in free marketing channels provided by the federal government. For example, the Medicare Plan Finder, which provides Medicare-eligible beneficiaries a place to compare plans according to specific characteristics, currently sorts plans with similar characteristics in part based on their plan identification number. As a newer plan, our number is higher and accordingly, Medicare-eligible beneficiaries using this tool may have to click through many pages before they are ever made aware of our plan offerings. While we are engaging with CMS in an effort to change its sorting logic, incumbents in the MA business have increased visibility in this marketing channel and in similar marketing channels, which could reduce our take rate and negatively affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. If we are unable to expand our sales and marketing capabilities, we may not be able to effectively commercialize our existing or planned solutions, which could result in reduced member enrollment and the failure of our enrollment rate to increase in line with our forecasts.
If we fail to develop widespread brand recognition or are unable to maintain or enhance our reputation, our business, financial condition, and results of operations will be harmed.
We believe that developing widespread brand recognition and maintaining and enhancing our reputation is critical to our relationships with existing providers and beneficiaries, and to our ability to attract new providers and beneficiaries to our platform and offerings. The promotion of our brand may require us to make substantial investments, and we anticipate that, as our market becomes increasingly competitive, these marketing initiatives may become increasingly difficult and expensive. Brand promotion and marketing activities may not be successful or yield increased revenue, and to the extent that these activities yield increased revenue, the increased revenue may not offset the expenses we incur, and our results of operations could be harmed. In addition, any factor that diminishes our reputation or that of our management, including failing to meet the expectations of our providers or beneficiaries, could harm our reputation and brand and make it substantially more difficult for us to attract new providers or beneficiaries. If we do not successfully develop widespread brand recognition and maintain and enhance our reputation, our business may not grow and we could lose our relationships with providers or members and beneficiaries, which would harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
If we do not continue to innovate and provide services that are useful to our beneficiaries and providers, we may not remain competitive, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could suffer.
The market for healthcare in the United States is in the early stages of structural change and is rapidly evolving toward a more value-based care model. Our success depends on our ability to keep pace with technological developments, satisfy increasingly sophisticated beneficiary and provider user requirements, and sustain and grow market acceptance. Our future financial performance will depend in part on our growth in this market and on our ability to adapt to emerging market demands, including adapting to the ways our members and beneficiaries access and use our MA plans, DCE, and clinical care programs, and the ways our providers use and engage with the Clover Assistant. Our competitors may develop products and services that may appeal more to our beneficiaries and/or providers. As a result, we must continue to invest significant resources in research and development in order to enhance our existing platform and introduce new high-quality products and features that our beneficiaries and providers will want, while offering our MA plans at competitive prices. In particular, achieving and maintaining broad market acceptance of our MA plans and our products, including the Clover Assistant, could be negatively affected by many factors, including:
•changes in beneficiary and provider needs and preferences;
•lack of evidence supporting the ease-of-use, cost savings or other perceived benefits of our MA plans;
•lack of evidence supporting the ease-of-use, costs savings or other perceived benefits of our platform over competitive products and technology platforms; and
•perceived risks associated with the use of our platform, similar products or technologies generally.
In addition, our platform may be perceived by our providers, potential and current, to be more complicated or less effective than traditional approaches, and they may be unwilling to change their current workflows or healthcare practices. Healthcare providers are often slow to change their medical treatment practices for a variety of reasons, including perceived liability risks arising from the use of new products and services. Accordingly, healthcare providers may not utilize the Clover Assistant until there is enough evidence to convince them to alter their current approach or until the number of the Clover Assistant members that they see expands to a point where they feel it is necessary to do so. Any of these factors could adversely affect the demand for and market utilization of our solutions and our growth, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
If we fail to offer high-quality customer support, our business, results of operations, and reputation could suffer.
Our business is dependent upon providing high-quality customer support and service to both our beneficiaries and providers. In particular, our ability to attract and retain membership is dependent upon providing cost effective, quality customer service operations, such as call center operations and claim processing, that meet or exceed our beneficiaries’ expectations. We depend on third parties for certain of our customer service operations. If we or our vendors fail to provide service that meets our beneficiaries’ expectations, we may have difficulty retaining or growing our Lives under Clover Management, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
While we have designed the Clover Assistant to be easy to adopt and use, once providers begin using it, they rely on our support services to resolve any related issues. High-quality user education and customer experience have been key to the adoption of the Clover Assistant. We expect the importance of high-quality customer experience to increase as we expand our business and pursue new provider users. Any failure to maintain high- quality customer experience, or a market perception that we do not maintain high-quality customer experience, could harm our reputation, our ability to grow the number of users and increase user engagement of our platform, and our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Additionally, as the number of providers using the Clover Assistant grows, we will need to hire additional support personnel to provide efficient product support at scale. If we are unable to provide such support, our business, results of operations, financial condition, and reputation could be harmed.
Real or perceived errors, failures, vulnerabilities, or bugs in the Clover Assistant would harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
The software technology underlying and integrating with the Clover Assistant is inherently complex and may contain material defects or errors. Errors, failures, vulnerabilities, or bugs have in the past, and may in the future, occur in the Clover Assistant, especially when updates are deployed or new features, integrations, or capabilities are rolled out. For example, if the telemedicine feature or the real time suggestions provided through the Clover Assistant were to fail, our systems could experience data loss and/or providers may become frustrated with the Clover Assistant, which in turn may affect retention and adoption of the Clover Assistant by providers. Additionally, if a bug was discovered in the Clover Assistant that made the Clover Assistant vulnerable to malicious attacks or exposed our member data to third parties, providers may cease to trust and use the platform. Among other things, this would affect our ability to collect data. Any such errors, failures, vulnerabilities, or bugs may not be found until after new features, integrations, or capabilities have been released.
Furthermore, we will need to ensure that our platform can scale to meet the evolving needs of users, particularly as we expand our business and provider user base. Real or perceived errors, failures, vulnerabilities, or bugs in our platform could result in an interruption in the availability of our platform, negative publicity, unfavorable user experience, loss or leaking of personal data and data of organizations, loss of or delay in market acceptance of our platform, loss of competitive position, regulatory fines, or claims by organizations for losses sustained by them, all of which would harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
If we fail to manage our technical operations infrastructure, or experience service outages, interruptions, or delays in the deployment of our platform, our results of operations may be harmed.
We may experience system slowdowns and interruptions from time to time. In addition, continued growth in our beneficiary and provider base could place additional demands on our Clover Assistant platform and our technical operations infrastructure and could cause or exacerbate slowdowns or interrupt the availability of our platform and operations. If there is a substantial increase in the volume of usage on our platform or internal tools we use to operate our business, we will be required to further expand and upgrade our technology and infrastructure. There can be no assurance that we will be able to accurately project the rate or timing of increases, if any, in the use of our platform and internal tools or expand and upgrade our systems and infrastructure to accommodate such increases on a timely basis. In such cases, if our users are not able to access our platform or encounter slowdowns when doing so, we may lose users. In order to remain competitive, we must continue to enhance and improve the responsiveness, functionality, and features of our platform. Our disaster recovery plan may not be sufficient to address all aspects or any unanticipated consequence or incidents, and our insurance may not be sufficient to compensate us for the losses that could occur.
Our business, results of operations, and financial condition may fluctuate on a quarterly and annual basis, which may result in a decline in our stock price if such fluctuations result in a failure to meet any projections that we may provide or the expectations of securities analysts or investors.
Our operating results have in the past and could in the future vary significantly from quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year and may fail to match our past performance, our projections or the expectations of securities analysts because of a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control. As a result, we may not be able to accurately forecast our operating results and growth rate. Any of these
events could cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate. Factors that may contribute to the variability of our operating results include:
•the timing of the enrollment periods and related sales and marketing expenses;
•the timing of risk adjustments;
•the addition or loss of large hospital and healthcare systems in our provider network, including due to acquisitions or consolidations of such systems;
•the timing of recognition of revenue, including possible delays in the recognition of revenue;
•the amount and timing of operating expenses related to the maintenance and expansion of our business, operations, and infrastructure;
•our ability to effectively manage the size and composition of our in-house clinician program relative to the level of demand for services from our members;
•the timing and success of introductions of new products and services by us or our competitors or any other change in the competitive dynamics of our industry, including consolidation among competitors, hospital and healthcare systems or strategic partners;
•the timing of expenses related to the development or acquisition of technologies or businesses and potential future charges for impairment of goodwill from acquired companies;
•the timing and/or delays in rolling out technology or platform updates;
•technical difficulties or interruptions in the Clover Assistant;
•our ability to increase provider adoption of the Clover Assistant;
•our ability to attract new beneficiaries;
•breaches of information security or privacy, and any applicable fines or penalties;
•our ability to hire and retain qualified personnel, including for our in-house clinician program;
•changes in the structure of healthcare provider and payment systems;
•changes in the legislative or regulatory environment, including with respect to healthcare, privacy, or data protection, or enforcement by government regulators, including fines, orders, sanctions, or consent decrees;
•the cost and potential outcomes of ongoing or future regulatory audits, investigations, or litigation;
•travel restrictions, shelter-in-place orders and other social distancing measures implemented to combat any health emergency or pandemic (including the COVID-19 pandemic), and their impact on economic, industry and market conditions, patient visits and our ability to conduct business;
•political, economic and social instability, including terrorist activities and health epidemics (including the COVID-19 pandemic), and any disruption these events may cause to any of our offices, to the healthcare system, or to the global economy;
•changes in our and our competitors’ pricing policies; and
•changes in business or macroeconomic conditions.
The impact of one or more of the foregoing and other factors may cause our operating results to vary significantly. As such, we believe that quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year comparisons of our operating results may not be meaningful and should not be relied upon as an indication of our future performance.
Our estimates of market opportunity and forecasts of market growth may prove to be inaccurate, and even if the market in which we compete achieves the forecasted growth, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all.
Our market opportunity estimates and growth forecasts are subject to significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions and estimates that may prove to be inaccurate. Even if the market in which we compete meets our size estimates and forecasted growth, our business could fail to grow for a variety of reasons outside our control, including competition in our industry. The principal assumptions relating to our market opportunity include the growth of the Medicare eligible population as well as the growth and stability of risk-adjusted payments paid by CMS, among other things. Our market opportunity is also based on the assumption that our existing and future offerings will be more attractive to our beneficiaries and potential beneficiaries than competing MA plans and
other participants in the DC Model. If these assumptions prove inaccurate, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.
We may become subject to medical liability claims, which could cause us to incur significant expenses, may require us to pay significant damages if not covered by insurance, and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We and our affiliated professional entities may be subject to professional liability claims and, if these claims are successful, substantial damage awards. With respect to Clover Home Care, the direct provision of healthcare services by certain of our subsidiaries involves risks arising from medical malpractice claims arising out of the delivery of healthcare and related services. Although we maintain insurance covering medical malpractice claims in amounts that we believe are appropriate in light of the risks attendant to our business, we cannot predict the outcomes of medical malpractice cases, or the effect that any claims of this nature, regardless of their ultimate outcome, could have on our business or reputation or on our ability to attract and retain members.
Any claims made against us that are not fully covered by insurance could be costly to defend against, result in substantial damage awards against us and divert the attention of our management and our providers from our operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, any claims may adversely affect our reputation. Additionally, multiple claims against us could render it difficult or costly to obtain insurance for our affiliated professional entities, which could negatively impact our ability to staff our clinical programs and other operations.
Our international operations pose certain risks to our business that may be different from risks associated with our domestic operations.
We have significant operations, including certain outsourced operations in other countries, including in Hong Kong, the Philippines, Colombia, and India, and we may in the future expand our operations to other countries. Substantially all of our software research and development is performed internationally, by internal resources and a variety of offshore vendors in locations such as Hong Kong, Eastern Europe, and India. While these arrangements may lower operating costs, it also subjects us to the uncertain political climates and potential disruptions in international trade, including export control laws, including deemed export restrictions applicable to software and any amendments to those laws, as well as potentially increased data security and privacy risks and local economic and labor conditions. If we are unable to utilize our full software development team, this may result in decreased ability to innovate and maintain the Clover Assistant and carry out health plan data operations, which may in turn lead to adverse effects on our business, financial conditions and results of operations. Additionally, we outsource certain of our call center operations to the Philippines and Colombia and outsource our claims processing and coding to a company in India. Oversight aimed at ensuring adherence to applicable quality and compliance standards may be more difficult with vendor companies located outside of the United States and may both make it more difficult for us to achieve our operational objectives and expose us to additional liability. Countries outside of the United States may be subject to relatively higher degrees of political and social instability and may lack the infrastructure to withstand political unrest or natural disasters. The occurrence of natural disasters, pandemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, or political or economic instability in these countries could interfere with work performed by these labor sources or could result in our having to replace or reduce these labor sources. Our vendors in other countries could potentially shut down suddenly for any reason, including financial problems or personnel issues. Such disruptions could decrease efficiency, increase our costs, and have an adverse effect on our business or results of operations.
The practice of utilizing labor based in foreign countries has come under increased scrutiny in the United States. Governmental authorities, including CMS, could seek to impose financial costs or restrictions on foreign companies providing services to customers or companies in the United States. Governmental authorities may attempt to prohibit or otherwise discourage us from sourcing services from offshore labor. In addition, carriers may require us to use labor based in the United States for regulatory or other reasons. To the extent that we are required to use labor based in the United States, we may face increased costs as a result of higher-priced United States-based labor.
Compliance with applicable U.S. and foreign laws and regulations, such as import and export requirements, anti-corruption laws, tax laws, foreign exchange controls and data privacy and data localization requirements, labor laws, and anti-competition regulations, increases the costs of doing business in foreign jurisdictions. Although we have implemented policies and procedures to comply with these laws and regulations, a violation by our employees, contractors, or agents could nevertheless occur. In some cases, compliance with the laws and regulations of one country could violate the laws and regulations of another country. Violations of these laws and regulations could materially adversely affect our brand, growth efforts, and business.
Furthermore, weakness of the U.S. dollar in relation to the currencies used in these foreign countries may also reduce the savings achievable through this strategy and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our failure to successfully manage our international operations and the associated risks effectively could limit the future growth of our business.
If we are successful in expanding our Lives under Clover Management across the United States, we may incur increased expenses and risks related to compliance with state licensure requirements, which could impact our business and operating results.
State regulators require us to maintain a valid license in each state in which we transact health insurance business, maintain minimum amounts of capital and surplus, and further require that we adhere to sales, documentation and administration practices specific to that state. We must maintain our health insurance licenses to continue marketing our plans and might have to secure additional licenses if we expand in markets where we do not yet have licenses. In addition, each employee who participates in the sale of health insurance on our behalf must maintain a valid license in one or more states. If we are to do business in a number of jurisdictions or expand our plan offerings, compliance with health insurance-related laws, rules, and regulations may be difficult and may impose significant costs on our business. Each jurisdiction’s insurance department typically has the power, among other things, to:
•grant and revoke licenses to transact insurance business;
•monitor compliance with minimum capital and surplus requirements;
•conduct inquiries into the insurance-related activities and conduct of agents and agencies;
•require and regulate disclosure in connection with the sale and solicitation of health insurance;
•authorize how, by which personnel and under what circumstances insurance premiums can be quoted and published and an insurance policy can be sold;
•approve which entities can be paid commissions from carriers and the circumstances under which they may be paid;
•regulate the content of insurance-related advertisements, including web pages, and other marketing practices;
•approve policy forms, require specific benefits and benefit levels, and regulate premium rates;
•impose fines and other penalties; and
•impose continuing education requirements.
In addition, we must ensure that our agents have received all licenses, appointments, and certifications required by state authorities in order to transact business. If the relevant state authorities experience shutdowns or continued business disruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we may be unable to secure these required licenses, appointments, and certifications for our agents in a timely manner, or at all, and we may not always be, in compliance with such laws and regulations. New state insurance laws, regulations, and guidelines also may not be compatible with the sale of health insurance over the Internet or with various aspects of our platform or manner of marketing or selling health insurance plans. The applicability of state insurance laws to new healthcare payment models can be especially unclear and subject to differing interpretations. Failure to comply with insurance laws, regulations and guidelines or other laws and regulations applicable to our business could result in significant liability, additional department of insurance licensing requirements, required modification of our advertising and business practices, the revocation of our licenses in a particular jurisdiction, termination of our relationship with carriers, loss of commissions and/or our inability to sell health insurance plans, which could significantly increase our operating expenses, result in the loss of carrier relationships and our commission revenue and otherwise harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Moreover, an adverse regulatory action in one jurisdiction could result in penalties and adversely affect our license status, business or reputation in other jurisdictions due to the requirement that adverse regulatory actions in one jurisdiction be reported to other jurisdictions. Even if the allegations in any regulatory or other action against us are proven false, any surrounding negative publicity could harm consumer, marketing partner or carrier confidence in us, which could significantly damage our brand.
In addition to licensing requirements related to insurance laws, professional employees of our subsidiaries that provide in-home care must maintain a valid license in the state in which they practice. If our professional employees fail to maintain their required licenses or comply with state licensing laws related to the practice of medicine or provision of other healthcare services, it could disrupt the provision of in-home care services and/or result in negative publicity and loss of confidence in our services which could damage our brand, and our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be negatively impacted.
We rely on third-party providers for computing infrastructure, network connectivity, and other technology-related services needed to deliver our platform and products. Any disruption in the services provided by such third-party providers could adversely affect our business and subject us to liability.
We rely on cloud service providers, such as Amazon Web Services and Google Cloud, to provide the cloud computing infrastructure that we use to host our platform, products, and many of the internal tools we use to operate our business. While we control and have access to our servers, we do not control the operation of the facilities where the servers are located. While we have a long-term
commitment with these cloud service providers, and our platform, products, and internal tools use computing, storage capabilities, bandwidth, and other services provided by these cloud services providers, the services providers have no obligation to renew their agreements with us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, upon the expiration of such commitment. Any significant disruption of, limitation of our access to, or other interference with our use of these cloud service providers could negatively impact our operations and could materially harm our business. In addition, any transition of the cloud services currently provided by these cloud service providers to another cloud services provider would require significant time and expense and could disrupt or degrade delivery of our platform. Our business relies on the availability of our platform and products for our beneficiaries and provider users, and we may lose beneficiaries and provider users if they are not able to access our platform or encounter difficulties in doing so. The level of service provided by cloud service providers could affect the availability or speed of our platform, which may also impact the usage of, and our provider users’ satisfaction with, our platform and could materially harm our business and reputation. If cloud service providers increase pricing terms, terminate or seek to terminate our contractual relationship, or if we are unable to renew an agreement on commercially reasonable terms, establish more favorable relationships with our competitors, or change or interpret their terms of service or policies in a manner that is unfavorable with respect to us, we may be required to transfer our servers and other infrastructure to a different service provider, and our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be harmed, which may incur significant costs and possible services interruptions. Additionally, if our cloud service providers are unable to keep up with our growing needs for capacity, this could have an adverse effect on our business. For example, a rapid expansion of our business could cause the service levels provided by our cloud service providers to fail or experience delays. Any changes or disruptions in our cloud service providers’ service levels could adversely affect our reputation or result in lengthy interruptions in our services and negatively affect our business.
Our failure to protect our sites, networks, and systems against security breaches, or otherwise to protect our confidential or health information or the confidential or health information of our beneficiaries, providers, or other third parties, would damage our reputation and brand, and substantially harm our business and results of operations.
Breaches of our security measures or those of our third-party service providers or other cyber security incidents could result in unauthorized access to our sites, networks, systems, and accounts; unauthorized access to, and misappropriation of, individuals’ personal identifying information, personal health information, or other confidential or proprietary information of ourselves, our beneficiaries, or other third parties; viruses, worms, spyware, or other malware being served from our platform, networks, or systems; deletion or modification of content or the display of unauthorized content on our platform; the loss of access to critical data or systems through ransomware, destructive attacks or other means; and business delays, service or system disruptions or denials of service. If any of these breaches of security should occur, we cannot guarantee that recovery protocols and backup systems will be sufficient to prevent data loss. The losses related to such breaches might include interruption, disruption, or malfunction of operations; costs relating to breach remediation, deployment of additional personnel and protection technologies, and response to governmental investigations and media inquiries and coverage; engagement of third-party experts and consultants; and litigation, regulatory action, and other potential liabilities. Our reputation and brand could be damaged, our business may suffer, and we could be required to expend significant capital and other resources to alleviate problems caused by such breaches. Actual or anticipated security breaches or attacks may cause us to incur increasing costs, including costs to deploy additional personnel and protection technologies, train employees, and engage third-party experts and consultants. Additionally, there is an increased risk that we may experience cybersecurity-related events such as COVID-19-themed phishing attacks and other security challenges as a result of most of our employees and our service providers working remotely from non-corporate-managed networks during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and potentially beyond.
Any compromise or breach of our security measures, or those of our third-party service providers, could violate applicable privacy, data protection, data security, network and information systems security, and other laws, and cause significant legal and financial exposure, adverse publicity, and a loss of confidence in our security measures, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. We devote significant resources to protect against security breaches, and we may need to devote significantly more resources in the future to address problems caused by breaches, including notifying affected subscribers and responding to any resulting litigation, which in turn, diverts resources from the growth and expansion of our business.
Our growth depends in part on the success of our strategic relationships with third parties.
In order to grow our business, we anticipate that we will continue to depend on our relationships with third parties to perform certain operational functions and services, to support and use our Clover Assistant and technology platforms, and to support our general services and administration functions. These third parties include, for example, insurance brokers, our information technology system providers, data submission providers, coders, quality metrics auditors, pharmacy benefit management (PBM), services suppliers, enrollment administration providers, and customer service, provider support line, call center and claim and billing service providers. We also rely on integrations with EHR providers and clinical software developers. If their services become unavailable, our operations and business strategies could be significantly disrupted. For example, we have entered into agreements with our PBM services suppliers to provide us and certain of our beneficiaries with certain PBM services, such as claims processing, mail pharmacy services, specialty pharmacy services, retail network pharmacy network services, participating pharmacy audit services, reporting, formulary
services and were to terminate for any reason or one of our PBM services supplier’s ability to perform their respective obligations under their agreements with us were impaired, we may not be able to find an alternative supplier in a timely manner or on acceptable financial terms. As a result, our costs may increase, we would not realize the anticipated benefits of our agreements for PBM services, and we may not be able to meet the full demands of our beneficiaries, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, brand, reputation and results of operations. Furthermore, certain legislative authorities have in recent years discussed or proposed legislation that would restrict outsourcing. In addition, we may be held accountable for any failure of performance by our vendors. Significant failure by a third party to perform in accordance with the terms of our contracts or applicable law could subject us to fines or other sanctions or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. A termination of our agreements with, or disruption in the performance of, one or more of these service providers could result in service disruption or unavailability, and harm our ability to continue to develop, maintain and improve the Clover Assistant. This could decrease the usefulness of the Clover Assistant and result in decreased adoption by providers and potentially higher medical costs for our beneficiaries, increased or duplicative costs, an inability to meet our obligations to our beneficiaries or require us to seek alternative service providers on less favorable contract terms, any of which can adversely affect our business, brand, reputation or operating results. Additionally, if our service partners and vendors do not utilize industry standards with respect to privacy and data requirements, or other applicable safeguards, we may be exposed to additional liability, the breach of our patient data, or loss of our ability to provide plans and services.
Identifying partners, and negotiating and documenting relationships with them, requires significant time and resources. In addition, acquisitions of our partners by our competitors could result in a decrease in the number of our beneficiaries and provider users, as our partners may no longer facilitate the enrollment of Medicare eligibles into, or the effective and efficient operations of, our MA Plans and DCE or the adoption of the Clover Assistant by providers. If we are unsuccessful in establishing or maintaining our relationships with third parties, our ability to compete in the marketplace or to grow our revenue could be impaired and our results of operations may suffer. Even if we are successful, we cannot assure you that these relationships will result in increased revenue or an increase in the number of beneficiaries or provider users of the Clover Assistant.
Because competition for qualified personnel is intense, we may not be able to attract and retain the highly skilled employees we need to execute our business strategies and growth plans.
To execute on our growth plan, we must attract and retain highly qualified personnel. The pool of qualified personnel with experience working in the healthcare market, and particularly MA, is limited. As we become a more mature company, we may find our recruiting efforts more challenging. The incentives to attract, retain, and motivate employees provided by our stock options and other equity awards, or by other compensation arrangements, may not be as effective as in the past. As such, we may not be successful in continuing to attract and retain qualified personnel. Our recruiting efforts may also be limited by laws and regulations, such as restrictive immigration laws, and restrictions on travel or availability of visas (including during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic). If we fail to attract new personnel or fail to retain and motivate our current personnel, our business and future growth prospects could be severely harmed.
We depend on our senior management team and other key employees, and the loss of one or more of these employees or an inability to attract and retain qualified key personnel could adversely affect our business.
Our success depends largely upon the continued services and reputation of our senior management and other key personnel. From time to time, there may be changes in our senior management team resulting from the hiring or departure of executives and key employees, which could disrupt our business. For example, in July 2021, we announced that our Chief Financial Officer would be leaving the Corporation as of August 13, 2021, and that Mark C. Herbers would serve as interim Chief Financial Officer until a permanent replacement had been hired, and in January 2022, we announced our General Counsel would be leaving the Corporation and that Karen Soares would serve as interim General Counsel until a permanent replacement had been hired. We can provide no assurance that any of our other executives or key employees will continue their employment with us. Our senior management and key employees are “at-will” employees and therefore may terminate employment with us at any time with no advance notice. In addition, we currently do not have “key person” insurance on any of our employees. We also rely on our leadership team in the areas of research and development, marketing, services, and general and administrative functions. The loss and replacement of one or more of our members of senior management or other key employees, including our co-founder and Chief Executive Officer, Vivek Garipalli, and our President and Chief Technology Officer, Andrew Toy, would likely involve significant time and costs and may significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our business objectives. In addition, our positive reputation is in part derived from the business success and standing in the community of our senior management, in particular our Chief Executive Officer. As a result, any negative perception of our senior management by our current or prospective investors, beneficiaries, or providers, or any negative press stories about our senior management, may harm our reputation and damage our business prospects. Furthermore, executive officer transitions, volatility or lack of performance in our stock price may affect our ability to attract and retain replacements should key personnel depart. If we are not able to retain any of our key personnel, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be harmed.
Our management team has limited experience managing a public company.
Our management team has limited experience managing a publicly-traded company, interacting with public company investors and securities analysts, and complying with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies. These obligations and constituents require significant attention from our management team and could divert their attention away from the day-to-day management of our business, and such diversions could be elevated following the departures of our Chief Financial Officer and General Counsel, which could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
We may engage in merger and acquisition activities, which would require significant management attention, disrupt our business, dilute stockholder value, and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
As part of our business strategy to expand usage of our platform, offer our plans in additional markets, extend the provision of in-home care services in those additional markets and grow our business in response to changing technologies, provider and beneficiary demand, and competitive pressures, we may in the future make investments or acquisitions in other companies, products, or technologies. The identification of suitable acquisition candidates can be difficult, time-consuming, and costly, and we may not be able to complete acquisitions on favorable terms, if at all. If we do complete acquisitions, we may not ultimately strengthen our competitive position or achieve the goals of such acquisition, and any acquisitions we complete could be viewed negatively by beneficiaries or investors. We may encounter difficult or unforeseen expenditures in integrating an acquisition, particularly if we cannot retain the key personnel of the acquired company. In addition, if we fail to successfully integrate such acquisitions, or the assets, technologies, or personnel associated with such acquisitions, into the Company, the business and results of operations of the combined company would be adversely affected.
Acquisitions may disrupt our ongoing operations, divert management from their primary responsibilities, subject us to additional liabilities, increase our expenses, subject us to increased regulatory requirements, cause adverse tax consequences or unfavorable accounting treatment, expose us to claims and disputes by stockholders and third parties, and adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations. We may not successfully evaluate or utilize the acquired assets or accurately forecast the financial impact of an acquisition transaction, including accounting charges. We may pay cash for any such acquisition, which would limit other potential uses for our cash. If we incur debt to fund any such acquisition, such debt may subject us to material restrictions in our ability to conduct our business, result in increased fixed obligations, and subject us to covenants or other restrictions that would decrease our operational flexibility and impede our ability to manage our operations. If we issue a significant amount of equity securities in connection with future acquisitions, existing stockholders’ ownership would be diluted.
We may require additional capital to support business growth, and this capital might not be available on acceptable terms, or at all.
Historically, we have financed our operations and capital expenditures principally from the sale of our equity securities, MA premiums earned, Direct Contracting revenue, and the incurrence of indebtedness. In the future, we may raise additional capital through additional debt or equity financings to support our business growth, to respond to business opportunities, challenges, or unforeseen circumstances, or for other reasons. On an ongoing basis, we are evaluating sources of financing and may raise additional capital in the future. Our ability to obtain additional capital will depend on our development efforts, business plans, investor demand, operating performance, the condition of the capital markets, and other factors. We cannot assure you that additional financing will be available to us on favorable terms when required, or at all. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity, equity-linked, or debt securities, those securities may have rights, preferences, or privileges senior to the rights of existing stockholders, and existing stockholders may experience dilution. Further, if we are unable to obtain additional capital when required or are unable to obtain additional capital on satisfactory terms, our ability to continue to support our business growth or to respond to business opportunities, challenges, or unforeseen circumstances would be adversely affected.
If our estimates or judgments relating to our critical accounting policies prove to be incorrect, our results of operations could be adversely affected.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (GAAP) and our key metrics require management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes and amounts reported in our key metrics. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, as discussed further in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and Note 2 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) to Financial Statements in this report. The results of these estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets, liabilities and equity and the amount of revenue and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Significant assumptions and estimates used in preparing our consolidated financial statements include those related to the amounts of IBNR claims, recoveries from third parties for coordination of benefits, and the final determination of medical cost adjustment pools. Our results of operations may be adversely affected if our assumptions change or if actual circumstances differ from
those in our assumptions, which could cause our results of operations to fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors, resulting in a decline in the trading price of our common stock.
We are currently, and may in the future be, subject to investigations and litigation, which could be costly and time-consuming to defend, and the outcomes of which cannot be predicted.
We are currently subject to various litigation matters as described in the section entitled “Item 3. Legal Proceedings.”
We are currently, and may in the future be, subject to legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business, such as claims brought by providers, facilities, consultants, and vendors in connection with commercial disputes, or employment claims made by our current or former employees. We are also currently subject to an ongoing inquiry by the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), and also may in the future be, subject to regular and special governmental market conduct and other audits, investigations and reviews by, and we receive and may receive subpoenas and other requests for information from, various federal and state agencies, regulatory authorities, attorneys general, committees, subcommittees and members of the U.S. Congress and other state, federal and international governmental authorities. In the United States, federal and state governments have made investigating and prosecuting healthcare and other insurance fraud, waste, and abuse a priority. Fraud, waste, and abuse prohibitions encompass a wide range of activities, including kickbacks for referral of beneficiaries, fraudulent coding practices, billing for unnecessary medical and/or other covered services, improper marketing and violations of patient privacy rights. The DOJ and the Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General (the “OIG”), have recently increased their scrutiny of healthcare payers and providers, and Medicare Advantage insurers, under the federal False Claims Act (the “FCA”), in particular, and there have been a number of investigations, prosecutions, convictions, and settlements in the healthcare industry. CMS and the OIG also periodically perform risk adjustment data validation audits of selected MA health plans to validate the coding practices of and supporting documentation maintained by healthcare providers. Certain of our plans have been selected for such audits, which have in the past resulted and could in the future result in retrospective adjustments to payments made to our health plans, fines, corrective action plans, or other adverse action by CMS.
We also may be subject to lawsuits (including qui tam or “whistleblower” actions) under the FCA and comparable state laws for submitting allegedly fraudulent or otherwise inappropriate claims for payments for services under the Medicare program. In recent years, government oversight and law enforcement agencies, as well as private party relators, have become increasingly active and aggressive in investigating and taking legal action against potential fraud and abuse. These lawsuits, which may be initiated by government authorities or the relator alone, can involve significant monetary exposure under the FCA, which provides for treble damages and significant mandatory minimum penalties for each false claim or statement. Healthcare plans and providers thus often seek to resolve these types of allegations through settlement for significant and material amounts, including in circumstances where they do not acknowledge or admit liability, to avoid the uncertainty of treble damages that may be awarded in litigation proceedings. Such settlements often contain additional compliance and reporting requirements as part of a consent decree or settlement agreement, including, for example, corporate integrity agreements.
There has been increased government scrutiny and litigation involving MA plans under the FCA related to diagnosis coding and risk adjustment practices. In some proceedings involving MA plans, there have been allegations that certain financial arrangements with providers violate other laws governing fraud and abuse, such as the Anti-Kickback Statute. We perform ongoing monitoring of our compliance with CMS risk adjustment requirements and applicable laws, which includes review of the Clover Assistant features that may be relevant to patient risk assessments and the submission of risk adjustment data to CMS. We also monitor our physician payment practices to ensure compliance with applicable laws, such as the Anti-Kickback Statute. While we believe that our risk adjustment data collection efforts and relationships with providers, including those related to the Clover Assistant, comply with applicable laws, we are and may be subject to audits, reviews and investigation of our practices and arrangements, and the federal government might conclude that they violate the FCA, the Anti-Kickback Statute and/or other federal and state laws governing fraud and abuse. See the section entitled “-Our business activities are highly regulated, and new and proposed government regulation or legislative reforms could increase our cost of doing business and reduce our number of beneficiaries, profitability, and liquidity.”
Litigation and audits, investigations or reviews by governmental authorities or regulators may result in substantial costs and may divert management’s attention and resources, which may substantially harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Insurance may not cover such claims, may not provide sufficient payments to cover all of the costs to resolve one or more such claims and may not continue to be available on terms acceptable to us. Resolution of some of these types of matters against us may result in our having to pay significant fines, judgments, or settlements, which, if not covered by insurance, or if the fines, judgments, and settlements exceed insured levels, could adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows, thereby harming our business.
The regulations and contractual requirements applicable to us and other market participants are complex and subject to change, making it necessary for us to invest significant resources in complying with our regulatory and contractual requirements. Ongoing vigorous legal enforcement and the highly technical regulatory scheme mean that our compliance efforts in this area will continue to
require significant resources, and we may not always be successful in ensuring appropriate compliance by our Company, employees, consultants, or vendors, for whose compliance or lack thereof we may be held responsible and liable for. Regular and special governmental audits, investigations and reviews, including the current ongoing DOJ inquiry, could result in changes to our business practices, and also could result in significant or material premium refunds, fines, penalties, civil liabilities, criminal liabilities or other sanctions, including marketing and enrollment sanctions, suspension or exclusion from participation in government programs, and suspension or loss of licensure if we are determined to be in violation of applicable laws or regulations. Any of these audits, reviews, or investigations could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or business, or could result in significant liabilities and negative publicity for the Company.
Risks Related to Governmental Regulation
We derive substantially all of our total revenues from Medicare Advantage premiums and Direct Contracting revenue and expect to continue to derive a substantial portion of our total revenues in the future from these lines of business. Changes or developments in Medicare or the health insurance system and laws and regulations governing the health insurance markets in the United States could materially adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and prospects.
Historically, Medicare Advantage premiums accounted for a significant portion of our total revenues, and we expect that they will continue to account for a substantial portion of our total revenues in the future. As currently structured, the premium rates paid to Medicare health plans like ours are established by contract, although the rates differ depending on a combination of factors, including upper payment limits established by CMS, a beneficiary’s health profile and status, age, gender, county or region, benefit mix, beneficiary eligibility categories, and a beneficiary’s risk score. As a consequence, our profitability is dependent on government funding levels for Medicare programs. Funding for Medicare depends on many factors outside of our control, including general economic conditions and budgetary constraints at the federal or applicable state level. For example, CMS has in the past reduced or frozen Medicare Advantage benchmarks, and additional cuts to Medicare Advantage benchmarks are possible. CMS could apply similar changes to the DC Model in the future. See the section entitled “-Our expansion into Direct Contracting presents new risks to our business.”
Reductions or less than expected increases in funding for Medicare programs could significantly reduce our revenues and profitability. In addition, the Medicare Part A Hospital Insurance Trust Fund is currently estimated to be exhausted in 2026. If an unexpected reduction in payments, inadequate government funding, significantly delayed payments for Medicare programs or similar events were to occur, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be adversely affected.
Our business also depends upon the public and private sector of the U.S. insurance system, which is subject to a changing regulatory environment. Accordingly, the future financial performance of our business will depend in part on our ability to adapt to regulatory developments, including changes in laws and regulations or changes to interpretations of such laws or regulations, especially laws and regulations governing Medicare. For example, in March 2010, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) became law. The ACA substantially changed the way healthcare is financed by both commercial and government payers and contains a number of provisions that impact our business and operations, including requiring MA plans to spend at least 85% of premium dollars on medical care, requiring CMS to apply coding intensity adjustments to Medicare payments, which generated an across-the-board reduction to MA risk scores, and expanding Medicaid eligibility to additional categories of individuals. Since its enactment, there have been judicial and Congressional challenges to certain aspects of the ACA, as well as the act in its entirety, and there may be additional challenges and amendments to the ACA in the future.
Additionally, ongoing health reform efforts and measures may expand the role of government-sponsored coverage, including single payer or so called “Medicare-for-All” proposals, which could have far-reaching implications for the insurance industry if enacted, and reductions in the minimum age for Medicare eligibility. Some proposals would seek to eliminate the private marketplace, whereas others would expand a government-sponsored option to a larger population. We are unable to predict the full impact of healthcare reform initiatives on our operations in light of the uncertainty of whether initiatives will be enacted and the uncertainty regarding the terms and timing of any provisions enacted and the impact of any of those provisions on various healthcare and insurance industry participants. In particular, the expansion of government-sponsored coverage through “Medicare-for-All” or the implementation of a single payer system may cause us to reevaluate the manner in which we commercialize our platform and products.
Changes in laws, regulations, and guidelines governing health insurance may also be incompatible with various aspects of our business and require that we make significant modifications to our existing technology or practices, which may be costly and time-consuming to implement and could also harm our business, operating results, and financial condition. Various aspects of healthcare reform could also cause us to discontinue certain health insurance plans or prohibit us from distributing certain health insurance plans in particular jurisdictions. Our business, operating results, financial condition, and prospects may be materially and adversely affected if we are unable to adapt to developments in healthcare reform in the United States.
State corporate practice of medicine and fee-splitting laws govern at least some of our business operations, and violation of such laws could result in penalties and adversely affect our arrangements with contractors and our results of operations and financial condition.
In several states where we operate through our subsidiaries, we must comply with state corporate practice of medicine laws that prohibit a business corporation from practicing medicine, employing physicians to practice medicine, or exercising control over medical treatment decisions by physicians. In these states, typically only medical professionals or a professional corporation in which the shares are held by licensed physicians or other licensed medical professionals may provide medical care to patients. Health maintenance organizations are exempt from laws prohibiting the corporate practice of medicine in many states due to the integrated nature of the delivery system. Many states also have some form of fee-splitting law, prohibiting certain business arrangements that involve the splitting or sharing of medical professional fees earned by a physician or another medical professional for the delivery of healthcare services. Prohibitions on the corporate practice of medicine and fee-splitting between physicians and referral sources may be statutory or regulatory, or may be imposed through judicial or regulatory interpretation, and vary widely from state to state.
Through our HMO subsidiary, we employ providers and other clinical staff to provide medical services to medically complex beneficiaries enrolled in our in-home primary care program, which does not charge any additional fees for the services provided. We believe our health services operations comply with applicable state law regarding the corporate practice of medicine and fee-splitting and similar issues.
Despite structuring these arrangements in ways that we believe comply with applicable law, governmental authorities may assert that we are engaged in the corporate practice of medicine or that our contractual arrangements with providers constitute unlawful fee-splitting. Moreover, we cannot predict whether changes will be made to existing laws, regulations, or interpretations, or whether new ones will be enacted or adopted, which could cause us to be out of compliance with these requirements. If our arrangements are found to violate corporate practice of medicine or fee-splitting laws, our provision of services through our employed providers and clinical staff could be deemed impermissible, requiring us to do a restructuring or reorganization of our business, and we could be subject to injunctions or civil or, in some cases, criminal penalties.
Failure to maintain satisfactory quality and performance measures may negatively affect our premium rates, subject us to penalties, limit or reduce our number of beneficiaries, impede our ability to compete for new business in existing or new markets or result in the termination of our contracts, or affect our ability to establish new health plans or expand current health plans, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, rate of growth and results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.
Quality scores are used by certain regulatory agencies to establish premium rates and/or calculate performance incentives. In the case of CMS, for example, Star Ratings are used to pay quality bonuses to MA plans to enable high scoring plans to offer enhanced health benefits for their beneficiaries. Medicare Advantage and Part D plans with Star Ratings of five (5.0) stars or higher are eligible for year-round open enrollment; conversely, plans with lower Star Ratings have more restricted times for enrollment of beneficiaries. Medicare Advantage and Part D plans with Star Ratings of less than three (3.0) stars in three consecutive years are denoted as “low performing” plans on the CMS website and in the CMS “Medicare and You” handbook. In addition, CMS has the authority to terminate Medicare Advantage and Part D contracts for plans rated below three (3.0) stars in three consecutive years. As a result, Medicare Advantage and Part D plans that achieve higher Star Ratings may have a competitive advantage over plans with lower Star Ratings.
The Star Ratings system considers various measures adopted by CMS, including, among others, quality of care, preventative services, chronic illness management and beneficiary satisfaction. Our Star Ratings may be negatively impacted if we fail to meet the quality, performance and regulatory compliance criteria established by CMS. Furthermore, the Star Ratings system is also subject to change annually by CMS, which may make it more difficult to achieve and maintain three (3.0) stars or greater. For each year that our plans were rated, we received a Star Rating of 3.0, except for the 2017 and 2022 Star Ratings, when the Star Rating for our PPO plan was 3.5. Despite our operational efforts to improve our Star Ratings, there can be no assurances that we will be successful in maintaining or improving our Star Ratings in future years. For example, our Star Ratings may fall as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, since, among other factors, the deferrals of elective care during the pandemic could significantly impact the factors upon which our Star Ratings may be based. In addition, to the extent our beneficiaries are concentrated in geographical areas or comprised of populations that experienced some of the earliest and more severe outbreaks of the virus, our Star Ratings could be disproportionately negatively impacted as compared to our competitors. Furthermore, our higher concentration of minority beneficiaries and beneficiaries residing in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods generally may make it more difficult for us to achieve and maintain high Star Ratings as compared to our competitors, given the well-documented health disparities among different minority and socioeconomic groups. Also, audits of our performance for past or future periods may result in downgrades to our Star Ratings.
Failure to maintain satisfactory quality and service measures could also adversely affect our ability to establish new health plans or expand the business of our existing health plans. In addition, lower quality scores or Star Ratings, when compared to our competitors, may adversely affect our ability to attract beneficiaries and obtain regulatory approval for acquisitions or expansions. If we do not
maintain or continue to improve our Star Ratings, fail to meet or exceed our competitors’ ratings, or if quality-based bonus payments are reduced or eliminated, we may experience a negative impact on our revenues and the benefits that our plans can offer, which could materially and adversely affect the marketability of our plans, our number of beneficiaries, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
Our business activities are highly regulated, and new and proposed government regulation or legislative reforms could increase our cost of doing business and reduce our number of beneficiaries, profitability, and liquidity.
The healthcare industry is heavily regulated and closely scrutinized by federal, state and local governments. Comprehensive statutes and regulations govern the manner in which we are compensated for providing coverage for our MA members and DCE Beneficiaries, our contractual relationships with our providers, vendors and beneficiaries, our marketing activities and other aspects of our operations. Of particular importance are:
•the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits the knowing and willful offer, payment, solicitation or receipt of any bribe, kickback, rebate or other remuneration for referring an individual, in return for ordering, leasing, purchasing or recommending or arranging for or to induce the referral of an individual or the ordering, purchasing or leasing of items or services covered, in whole or in part, by any federal healthcare program, such as Medicare and Medicaid. A person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it to have committed a violation. In addition, the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the FCA;
•the federal physician self-referral law, commonly referred to as the Stark Law, which, subject to limited exceptions, prohibits physicians from referring Medicare or Medicaid patients to an entity for the provision of certain “designated health services” if the physician or a member of such physician’s immediate family has a direct or indirect financial relationship (including an ownership interest or a compensation arrangement) with the entity, and prohibits the entity from billing Medicare or Medicaid for such designated health services;
•the administrative simplification provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH) which impose a number of obligations on issuers of health insurance coverage and health benefit plan sponsors with respect to the privacy and security of health information and data standards regulation;
•the criminal healthcare fraud provisions of HIPAA and related rules that prohibit knowingly and willfully executing a scheme or artifice to defraud any healthcare benefit program or falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any material false, fictitious or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services. Similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it to have committed a violation;
•the federal FCA that imposes civil and criminal liability on individuals or entities for knowingly filing, or causing to be filed, a false claim to the federal government, or the knowing use of false statements to obtain payment from the federal government. Suits filed under the FCA, known as qui tam actions, can be brought by any individual on behalf of the government and such individuals, commonly known as “whistleblowers,” may share in any amounts paid by the entity to the government in fines or settlement;
•state insurance holding company laws and regulations pertaining to licensing and plan solvency requirements;
•reassignment of payment rules that prohibit certain types of billing and collection practices in connection with claims payable by the Medicare or Medicaid programs;
•similar state law provisions pertaining to anti-kickback, self-referral, and false claims issues, some of which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payer;
•state laws that prohibit general business corporations, such as us, from engaging in the corporate practice of medicine, controlling physicians’ medical decisions or engaging in some practices such as splitting fees with physicians;
•the provision of the Affordable Care Act that requires MA plans to spend at least 85% of premium dollars on medical care;
•federal and state laws that govern our relationships with pharmaceutical manufacturers, wholesalers, pharmacies, beneficiaries, and consumers;
•federal and state legislative proposals and/or regulatory activity that could adversely affect pharmacy benefit industry practices, including the management and breadth of provider networks; the regulation of the development and use of drug formularies and/or maximum allowable cost list pricing; and regulations or regulatory activity increasing the regulation of prescription drug pricing, imposing additional rights to access to drugs for individuals enrolled in
healthcare benefit plans or reducing the cost of such drugs to those individuals, imposing requirements relating to the receipt or required disclosure of rebates from pharmaceutical manufacturers, and restricting the use of average wholesale prices;
•laws that regulate debt collection practices;
•a provision of the Social Security Act that imposes civil and criminal penalties on healthcare providers who fail to disclose or refund known overpayments; and federal and state laws that prohibit providers from billing and receiving payment from Medicare and Medicaid for services unless the services are medically necessary, adequately and accurately documented, and billed using codes that accurately reflect the type and level of services rendered;
•federal and state laws and policies that require healthcare providers to maintain licensure, certification or accreditation to enroll and participate in the Medicare and Medicaid programs, and to report certain changes in their operations to the agencies that administer these programs;
•federal and state laws governing the ways in which we communicate with beneficiaries and market our services, including the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act;
•with respect to our non-U.S. operations, we are subject to regulation in the jurisdictions in which those operations are organized or in which we conduct business as well as U.S. laws that regulate the conduct and activities of U.S. based businesses operating abroad, such as the export controls laws or the FCPA, the latter of which prohibits offering, promising, providing or authorizing others to give anything of value to a foreign government official to obtain or retain business or otherwise secure a business advantage;
•with respect to the operations of our therapeutics affiliate, the extensive, complex, and evolving laws and regulations applicable to the operations of our therapeutics affiliate, primarily those of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”); and
•federal law governing CMMI models, such as the DC Model, including a requirement under section 1115A of the Social Security Act for CMMI to modify or terminate the design or implementation of a model if it is determined that it is not expected to achieve the aims of the statute to improve the quality of care without increasing Medicare spending, to reduce Medicare spending without reducing the quality of care, or to improve the quality of care and reduce spending.
Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the statutory exceptions and safe harbors available, it is possible that some of our business activities could be subject to scrutiny or challenge under one or more of such laws. Also, it is possible that some of our business activities, such as participation in the DC Model, could discontinue.
Achieving and sustaining compliance with these laws may also prove costly. We are currently and expect to be in communication with the DOJ and other regulators regarding our business. Failure to comply with these laws and other laws can result in civil and criminal penalties, such as fines, damages, overpayment, recoupment, loss of ability to provide in-home clinician services, loss of ability to access and use member data, loss of enrollment or licensure status or the ability to market our products, loss of the ability to expand into new markets, and exclusion from the Medicare and Medicaid programs. The risk of our being found in violation of these laws and regulations is increased by the fact that many of them have not been fully interpreted by the regulatory authorities or the courts, and their provisions are sometimes open to a variety of interpretations. Our failure to accurately anticipate the application of these laws and regulations to our business or any other failure to comply with regulatory requirements could create liability for us and negatively affect our business. We also could be held responsible for the failure of any of our downstream vendors to follow applicable laws and regulations. Any action against us for violation of these laws or regulations, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses, divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business, and result in adverse publicity.
If the Clover Assistant were to become subject to regulation by the FDA and we were unable to obtain the required approval or comply with these regulations, our business, operating results, financial condition, and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.
Medical or health-related software, including machine learning functionality and predictive algorithms, may be subject to regulation by the FDA if such software falls within the definition of a “medical device” under the federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the “FDCA”). Currently, the FDA exercises enforcement discretion for certain low-risk software that meets criteria announced in its guidance documents. In addition, in December of 2016, President Obama signed into law the 21st Century Cures Act, which included exemptions from the definition of “medical device” for certain medical-related software, including software used for administrative support functions at a healthcare facility, software intended for maintaining or encouraging a healthy lifestyle, EHR software, software for transferring, storing, or displaying medical device data or in vitro diagnostic data, and certain clinical decision support software. The FDA has also issued a number of draft guidance documents, concerning, for example, clinical decision software, to clarify how it
intends to interpret and apply the new exemptions under the 21st Century Cures Act. Although we believe that our Clover Assistant platform does not meet the definition of medical device and/or meet the criteria which the FDA has announced for its exercise of enforcement discretion to apply, there is a risk that the FDA could disagree with our determination or that the FDA could develop new guidance documents or finalize current draft guidance documents that would subject our platform to active FDA oversight. If the FDA determines that any of our current or future analytics applications are regulated as medical devices, we would become subject to various requirements under the FDCA and the FDA’s implementing regulations, including extensive requirements relating to premarket approval or clearance, labeling, manufacturing, adverse event reporting and quality controls, among others. Our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects may be materially and adversely affected if we were to become subject to regulation by the FDA and were unable to obtain approval or comply with these regulations.
If we are required to maintain higher statutory capital levels for our existing operations or if we are subject to additional capital reserve requirements as we pursue new business opportunities, our cash flows and liquidity may be adversely affected.
Our MA plans are operated through regulated insurance subsidiaries in various states. These subsidiaries are subject to state regulations that, among other things, require the maintenance of minimum levels of statutory capital, or net worth, as defined by each state. One or more of these states may raise the statutory capital level from time to time. Other states have adopted risk-based capital requirements based on guidelines adopted by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, which tend to be, although are not necessarily, higher than existing statutory capital requirements. Regardless of whether the other states in which we operate adopt risk-based capital requirements, the state departments of insurance can require our regulated insurance subsidiaries to maintain minimum levels of statutory capital in excess of amounts required under the applicable state laws if they determine that maintaining additional statutory capital is in the best interests of our beneficiaries. Any other changes in these requirements could materially increase our statutory capital requirements. In addition, as we continue to expand our plan offerings in new states, add new beneficiaries, or pursue new business opportunities, we may be required to maintain additional statutory capital. In any case, our available funds could be materially reduced, which could harm our ability to implement our business strategy.
Our use and disclosure of personally identifiable information, including health information, is subject to federal and state privacy and security regulations, and our failure to comply with those regulations or to adequately secure the information we hold could result in significant liability or reputational harm and, in turn, a material adverse effect on our client base and revenue.
Numerous state and federal laws and regulations govern the collection, dissemination, use, privacy, confidentiality, security, availability and integrity of personally identifiable information (PII), including protected health information (PHI). These laws and regulations include the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, HIPAA, as amended by HITECH, which we refer to collectively as HIPAA, and the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (the “CCPA”). HIPAA establishes a set of basic national privacy and security standards for the protection of PHI by health plans, healthcare clearinghouses and certain healthcare providers, referred to as covered entities, which includes us, and the business associates with whom such covered entities contract for services, which also includes us.
HIPAA requires healthcare payers and providers-and we are both-to develop and maintain policies and procedures with respect to PHI that is used or disclosed, including the adoption of administrative, physical and technical safeguards to protect such information. HIPAA also implemented the use of standard transaction code sets and standard identifiers that covered entities must use when submitting or receiving certain electronic healthcare transactions, including activities associated with the billing and collection of healthcare claims.
Penalties for failure to comply with a requirement of HIPAA vary significantly depending on the nature of violation and could include civil monetary or criminal penalties. HIPAA also authorizes state attorneys general to file suit on behalf of their residents. Courts are able to award damages, costs and attorneys’ fees related to violations of HIPAA in such cases. While HIPAA does not create a private right of action allowing individuals to sue us in civil court for violations of HIPAA, its standards have been used as the basis for duty of care in state civil suits such as those for negligence or recklessness in the misuse or breach of PHI.
In addition, HIPAA mandates that the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS), conduct periodic compliance audits of HIPAA-covered entities or business associates for compliance with the HIPAA Privacy and Security Standards. It also tasks HHS with establishing a methodology whereby harmed individuals who were the victims of breaches of unsecured PHI may receive a percentage of the Civil Monetary Penalty fine paid by the violator.
HIPAA further requires that patients be notified of any unauthorized acquisition, access, use or disclosure of their unsecured PHI that compromises the privacy or security of such information, with certain exceptions related to unintentional or inadvertent use or disclosure by employees or authorized individuals. HIPAA specifies that such notifications must be made “without unreasonable delay and in no case later than 60 calendar days after discovery of the breach.” If a breach affects 500 patients or more, it must be reported to HHS without unreasonable delay, and HHS will post the name of the breaching entity on its public web site. Breaches affecting 500
patients or more in the same state or jurisdiction must also be reported to the local media. If a breach involves fewer than 500 people, the covered entity must record it in a log and notify HHS at least annually.
Numerous other federal and state laws protect the confidentiality, privacy, availability, integrity, and security of PII, including PHI. These laws in many cases are more restrictive than, and may not be preempted by, the HIPAA rules and may be subject to varying interpretations by courts and government agencies, creating complex compliance issues for us and our providers and business associates and potentially exposing us to additional expense, adverse publicity and liability. For example, the CCPA came into effect on January 1, 2020. The CCPA requires companies that process information regarding California residents to make new disclosures to consumers, which could include certain of our employees, about their data collection, use, and sharing practices, allows consumers to opt out of certain data sharing with third parties and exercise certain individual rights regarding their personal information, provides a new cause of action for data breaches, and provides for penalties for non-compliance of up to $7,500 per violation. Regulations from the California attorney general’s office on the specific requirements of the CCPA have just recently been finalized and it remains unclear how stringent the California attorney general’s office will be in enforcing the law. It also remains unclear how much private litigation will ensue under the data breach private right of action, and whether existing amendments that are favorable to us that exclude business to business information and employee information from certain of the CCPA’s requirements will remain in effect, which would potentially result in additional compliance obligations. Additionally, on November 3, 2020, California voters approved the California Privacy Rights Act (the “CPRA”), which would impose additional data protection obligations on companies doing business in California, including additional consumer rights processes and opt outs for certain uses of sensitive data. It would also create a new California data protection agency specifically tasked to enforce the law, which would likely result in increased regulatory scrutiny of California businesses in the areas of data protection and security. Although the CPRA’s substantive provisions do not become effective until January 1, 2023, we may incur additional costs implementing compliance processes leading up to such date. Similar laws have been proposed in other states and at the federal level, and if passed, such laws may have potentially conflicting requirements that would make compliance challenging. In addition, in response to such laws, we may need to update and/or change our data collection practices which may be costly, time-consuming and present potential liability while we adapt to comply with such legislation.
New health information standards, whether implemented pursuant to HIPAA, state or federal legislative action or otherwise, could have a significant effect on the manner in which we must handle healthcare related data, and the cost of complying with standards could be significant. If we do not comply with existing or new laws and regulations related to PHI, we could be subject to criminal or civil sanctions.
Because of the extreme sensitivity of the personal information, including PHI, that we store and transmit, the security features of our technology platform are very important. If our security measures, some of which are managed by third parties, are breached or fail, unauthorized persons may be able to obtain access to sensitive provider and beneficiary data, including HIPAA-regulated PHI. As a result, our reputation could be severely damaged, adversely affecting PCP and beneficiary confidence. Beneficiaries may curtail their use of or stop using our services or our number of beneficiaries could decrease, which would cause our business to suffer. In addition, we could face litigation, damages for contract breach, penalties and regulatory actions for violation of HIPAA and other applicable laws or regulations and significant costs for remediation, notification to individuals and for measures to prevent future occurrences. Any potential security breach could also result in increased costs associated with liability for stolen assets or information, repairing system damage that may have been caused by such breaches, incentives offered to business partners in an effort to maintain our business relationships after a breach and implementing measures to prevent future occurrences, including organizational changes, deploying additional personnel and protection technologies, training employees and engaging third-party experts and consultants. While we maintain insurance covering certain security and privacy damages and claim expenses, we may not carry insurance or maintain coverage sufficient to compensate for all liability and, in any event, insurance coverage would not address the reputational damage that could result from a security incident.
We outsource important aspects of the storage and transmission of beneficiary information, and thus rely on third parties to manage functions that have material cyber-security risks. We attempt to address these risks by requiring outsourcing subcontractors who handle beneficiary information to sign business associate agreements contractually requiring those subcontractors to adequately safeguard personal health data to the same extent that applies to us and in some cases by requiring such outsourcing subcontractors to undergo third-party security examinations. However, we cannot ensure that these contractual measures and other safeguards will adequately protect us from the risks associated with the storage and transmission of such information on our behalf by our subcontractors.
We also publish statements to our beneficiaries that describe how we handle and protect personal information. Any failure or perceived failure by us to maintain posted privacy policies which are accurate, comprehensive and fully implemented, and any violation or perceived violation of our privacy-, data protection-, or information security-related obligations to providers, beneficiaries, or other third parties could result in claims of deceptive practices brought against the Company, which could lead to significant liabilities and consequences, including, without limitation, governmental investigations or enforcement actions, costs of responding to
investigations, defending against litigation, settling claims and complying with regulatory or court orders, all of which could have material impacts on our revenue and operations.
Furthermore, the Federal Trade Commission and many state attorneys general continue to enforce federal and state consumer protection laws against companies for online collection, use, dissemination, and security practices that appear to be unfair or deceptive. There are a number of legislative proposals in the United States, at both the federal and state level, that could impose new obligations or liability for copyright infringement by third parties. We cannot yet determine the impact that future laws, regulations, and standards may have on our business.
Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property
Failure to protect or enforce our intellectual property rights could impair our ability to protect our internally-developed technology and our brand, and our business may be adversely affected.
Our success is dependent, in part, upon protecting our intellectual property rights, internally-developed technology, and other proprietary information. We rely and expect to continue to rely on a combination of trademark, copyright, patent, and trade secret protection laws to protect our intellectual property rights, internally-developed technology and other information that we consider proprietary. Additionally, we maintain a policy requiring our employees, consultants, independent contractors, and third parties who are engaged to develop any intellectual property for us to enter into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements to control access to and use of our technology and other information that we consider proprietary and to ensure that any intellectual property developed by such employees, contractors, consultants, and other third parties are assigned to us. However, we cannot guarantee that such confidentiality and proprietary agreements or other employee, consultant, or independent contractor agreements we enter into will adequately protect our intellectual property rights, internally-developed technology and other information that we consider proprietary. In addition, we cannot guarantee that these agreements will not be breached, that we will have adequate remedies for any breach, or that the applicable counter-parties to such agreements will not assert rights to our intellectual property rights, internally-developed technology or other proprietary information that we consider proprietary arising out of these relationships. Furthermore, the steps we have taken and may take in the future may not prevent misappropriation of our internally-developed solutions or technologies, particularly with respect to officers and employees who are no longer employed by us.
In addition, third parties may knowingly or unknowingly infringe or circumvent our intellectual property rights, and we may not be able to prevent infringement even after incurring substantial expense. Litigation brought to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights would be costly, time-consuming, and distracting to management and key personnel, and could result in the impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property. Furthermore, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims, and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights. If the protection of our intellectual property rights is inadequate to prevent use or misappropriation by third parties, the value of our brand and other intangible assets may be diminished and competitors may be able to more effectively mimic our platform and methods of operations. Any of these events would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Our failure to obtain or maintain the right to use certain of our intellectual property could negatively affect our business.
Our future success and competitive position depends in part upon our ability to obtain or maintain certain intellectual property used in our platform and products. While we have patent applications pending in the United States, we have not applied for patent protection in foreign jurisdictions, and we may be unable to obtain patent protection for the technology covered in our patent applications. In addition, we cannot ensure that any of the patent applications will be approved or that the claims allowed on any patents issued in the future will be sufficiently broad to protect our technology or platform and provide us with competitive advantages. Furthermore, any patents that may be issued may be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented by third parties.
Many patent applications in the United States may not be public for a period of time after they are filed, and since publication of discoveries in the scientific or patent literature tends to lag behind actual discoveries by several months, we cannot be certain that we will be the first creator of inventions covered by any patent application we make or that we will be the first to file patent applications on such inventions. Because some patent applications may not be public for a period of time, there is also a risk that we could adopt a technology without knowledge of a pending patent application, which technology would infringe a third-party patent once that patent is issued.
We also rely on unpatented internally-developed technology. It is possible that others will independently develop the same or similar technology or otherwise obtain access to our unpatented technology. To protect our trade secrets, internally-developed technology, and other information that we consider proprietary, we require employees, consultants, and independent contractors to enter into confidentiality agreements. We cannot assure you that these agreements will provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets, know-how, internally-developed technology, or other information that we consider proprietary in the event of any unauthorized use, misappropriation, or disclosure of such trade secrets, know-how, internally-developed technology, or other information that we
consider proprietary. If we are unable to maintain our rights in our internally-developed technologies and other intellectual property, our business would be materially adversely affected.
We rely on our trademarks, trade names, and brand names to distinguish our solutions and branding from the products of our competitors, and have registered or applied to register many of these trademarks in the United States and certain countries outside the United States. However, occasionally third parties may have already registered identical or similar marks for products or solutions that also address our key markets. As we rely in part on brand names and trademark protection to enforce our intellectual property rights, efforts by third parties to limit use of our brand names or trademarks and barriers to the registration of brand names and trademarks in various countries may restrict our ability to promote and maintain a cohesive brand throughout our key markets. There can also be no assurance that pending or future U.S. or foreign trademark applications will be approved in a timely manner or at all, or that such registrations will effectively protect our brand names and trademarks. Third parties may also oppose our trademark applications, or otherwise challenge our use of the trademarks. In the event that our trademarks are successfully challenged, we could be forced to rebrand our platform, which would result in loss of brand recognition and would require us to devote resources to advertising and marketing new brands.
We could incur substantial costs as a result of any claim of infringement of another party’s intellectual property rights.
There is considerable activity in connection with the development of intellectual property, whether or not patentable, in our industry. Our competitors, as well as a number of other entities, including non-practicing entities and individuals, may own or claim to own intellectual property relating to our industry and our business. As we face increasing competition and our public profile increases, the possibility of intellectual property rights claims against us may also increase. Our competitors or other third parties may in the future claim that we are infringing upon, misappropriating, or violating their intellectual property rights, even if we are unaware of such intellectual property rights. Such claims, regardless of merit, may result in litigation. The costs of supporting such litigation are considerable, and such litigation may divert management and key personnel’s attention and resources, which could materially harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition. We may be required to settle such litigation on terms that are unfavorable to us. For example, a settlement may require us to obtain a license to continue practices found to be in violation of a third party’s rights, which may not be available on reasonable terms and may significantly increase our operating expenses. A license to continue such practices may not be available to us at all. As a result, we may also be required to develop alternative non-infringing technology or practices or discontinue the practices. The development of alternative non-infringing technology or practices would require significant effort and expense. Similarly, if any litigation to which we may be a party fails to settle and we go to trial, we may be subject to an unfavorable judgment which may not be reversible upon appeal. For example, the terms of a judgment may require us to cease some or all of our operations or require the payment of substantial amounts to the other party. Any of these events would cause our business and results of operations to be materially and adversely affected.
In addition, in most instances, we have agreed to indemnify our providers against certain third-party intellectual property claims, which may include claims that our platform and products infringe the intellectual property rights of such third parties, and our business could be adversely affected by any significant disputes between us and our providers as to the applicability or scope of our indemnification obligations to them.
Our use of “open source” and third-party software could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to commercialize our solutions and could subject us to possible litigation.
A portion of the technologies we use in the Clover Assistant incorporates “open source” software, and we may incorporate open source software in the Clover Assistant in the future. From time to time, companies that use third-party open source software have faced claims challenging the use of such open source software and their compliance with the terms of the applicable open source license. We may be subject to suits by parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be open source software, or claiming non-compliance with the applicable open source licensing terms. Some open source licenses require end-users who distribute or make available across a network software and services that include open source software to make available all or part of such software, which in some circumstances could include valuable proprietary code, at no cost, or license such code under the terms of the particular open source license. While we employ practices designed to monitor our compliance with the licenses of third-party open source software and protect our valuable internally-developed source code, we may inadvertently use third-party open source software in a manner that exposes us to claims of non-compliance with the applicable terms of such license, including claims for infringement of intellectual property rights or for breach of contract. Additionally, if a third-party software provider has incorporated open source software into software that we license from such provider, we could be required to disclose source code that incorporates or is a modification of such licensed software. Furthermore, there is an increasing number of open-source software license types, almost none of which have been tested in a court of law, resulting in a dearth of guidance regarding the proper legal interpretation of such license types. If an author or other third party that distributes open source software that we use or license were to allege that we had not complied with the conditions of the applicable open source license, we could expend substantial time and resources to re-engineer some or all of our software or be required to incur significant legal expenses defending against such allegations and could be subject to significant damages, enjoined from the use of our platform, products, or other technologies we use in our business that contained the
open source software, and required to comply with the foregoing conditions, including public release of certain portions of our internally-developed source code.
In addition, the use of third-party open source software typically exposes us to greater risks than the use of third-party commercial software because open-source licensors generally do not provide warranties or controls on the functionality or origin of the software. Use of open source software may also present additional security risks because the public availability of such software may make it easier for hackers and other third parties to determine how to compromise our platform. Any of the foregoing could be harmful to our business, financial condition, or operating results.
While we rely on software licensed from third parties for internal tools we use to operate our business we do not currently in-license any intellectual property. However, in the future, we may need to obtain licenses from third parties to use intellectual property rights associated with the development of our platform, products, and other internal tools, which might not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Any loss of the right to use any third-party software required for the development and maintenance of our platform, products, or other internal tools could result in loss of functionality or availability of our platform, products, or other internal tools until equivalent technology is either developed by us, or, if available, is identified, obtained, and integrated. Any errors or defects in third-party software could result in errors or a failure of our platform, products, or other internal tools. Any of the foregoing would disrupt the deployment of our platform, products, or other internal tools and harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Risks Related to Ownership of our Securities
The market prices and trading volume of our shares of Class A common stock have experienced extreme volatility in recent periods and such volatility could return, regardless of our operating performance.
The market prices and trading volume of our shares of Class A common stock have experienced extreme volatility in recent periods, particularly during June and July 2021, and such volatility could return. We believe that the extreme volatility we have experienced in recent periods reflects market and trading dynamics unrelated to our underlying business, or macro or industry fundamentals, and we do not know if these dynamics will return or how long they will last if they return.
Overall, there are various factors, many of which are beyond our control, that could negatively affect the market price of our Class A common stock or result in fluctuations in the price or trading volume of our Class A common stock, including:
•overall performance of the equity markets and the economy as a whole;
•changes in the financial projections we may provide to the public or our failure to meet these projections;
•actual or anticipated changes in our growth rate relative to that of our competitors;
•changes in the anticipated future size or growth rate of our addressable markets;
•announcements of new products and services, technological and platform updates or enhancements, or of acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital-raising activities or commitments, by us or by our competitors;
•disruptions to the Clover Assistant or our other technology;
•additions or departures of board members, management or key personnel;
•failure of securities analysts to initiate or maintain coverage of us, changes in financial estimates by any securities analysts who follow our company or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors;
•rumors and market speculation involving us or other companies in our industry;
•research or reports that securities analysts or others publish about us or our business;
•new laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations applicable to our business, including those related to Medicare;
•lawsuits threatened or filed against us or investigations by governmental authorities;
•the expiration of contractual lock-up agreements;
•other events or factors, including those resulting from war, incidents of terrorism, or responses to these events;
•health epidemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, influenza, and other highly communicable diseases; and
•sales of shares of our Class A common stock by us or our stockholders.
In addition, the stock market with respect to newly public companies, particularly companies in the healthcare and technology industry, have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of
stock prices of these companies. In the past, stockholders have instituted securities class action litigation against public companies following periods of market volatility. For example, following periods of volatility in the trading price of our Class A common stock, in 2021, we and certain of our directors and officers were named as defendants in putative class actions alleging various securities law violations. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future as well. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert resources and the attention of management, which could adversely affect our business. Further, we provide indemnification for our officers and directors for certain claims in connection with such litigation. Large indemnity payments would adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Our business and financial performance may differ from any projections that we disclose or any information that may be attributed to us by third parties.
From time to time, we may provide guidance via public disclosures regarding our projected business or financial performance. However, any such projections involve risks, assumptions and uncertainties, and our actual results could differ materially from such projections. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified in these Risk Factors, some or all of which are not predictable or within our control. Other unknown or unpredictable factors also could adversely impact our performance, and we undertake no obligation to update or revise any projections, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. In addition, various news sources, bloggers, and other publishers often make statements regarding our historical or projected business or financial performance, and you should not rely on any such information even if it is attributed directly or indirectly to us.
Sales of substantial amounts of our securities in the public markets, or the perception that they might occur, could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.
Sales of a substantial number of shares of our Class A common stock into the public market, particularly sales by our directors, executive officers, principal stockholders and their respective affiliates, or the perception that these sales might occur, could cause the market price of our common stock to decline and may make it more difficult for our other stockholders to sell their shares of common stock at a time and price that they deem appropriate.
As of December 31, 2021, the Sponsor, our directors, officers and principal stockholders and their affiliated entities (not including the shares of Class A common stock issued in the PIPE Investment) collectively owned approximately 81.8% of the outstanding shares of Class A and Class B common stock.
In addition, as of December 31, 2021, we had options outstanding that, if fully exercised, would result in the issuance of 31,155,742 shares of Class B common stock, and we had restricted stock units (RSUs) outstanding that would result in the issuance of 44,177,116 shares of Class B common stock. All of the shares of Class A common stock issuable upon the conversion of Class B common stock issuable upon exercise or settlement of stock options and RSUs, and the shares reserved for future issuance under our equity incentive plans, were registered for public resale under the Securities Act. Accordingly, these shares will be able to be freely sold in the public market upon issuance subject to applicable vesting requirements.
We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. While management has remediated or taken steps to remediate these material weaknesses, our failure to establish and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting more generally could adversely affect our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements and comply with disclosure and other requirements, which in turn could harm investor confidence in the Corporation and the trading price of our Class A Common Stock.
As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the rules and regulations of the applicable listing standards of Nasdaq. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting.
In connection with the preparation of the audited financial statements of the Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries for the year ended December 31, 2021, we identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting as further described below. A material weakness is defined as a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
As a result of management’s review, in connection with the preparation of the Corporation’s audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021, of certain performance restricted stock unit awards (PRSUs) issued by the Corporation in connection with its January 2021 business combination with Social Capital Hedosophia Holdings Corp. III, the expense associated with the PRSUs was determined to have been recognized over a shorter vesting period than required under Accounting Standards Codification 718,
during the first three quarters of 2021. As a result, the Corporation overstated the stock-based compensation expense, total operating expenses, loss from operations, net loss, comprehensive loss, additional paid-in capital, and accumulated deficit by approximately $13.2 million in the aggregate for the quarters ended March 31, 2021, June 30, 2021, and September 30, 2021. Our controls, specifically the review of assumptions related to determining the expense associated with stock-based compensation awards, did not operate as designed, resulting in an adjustment in fourth quarter 2021 to decrease operating expenses within the consolidated statements of operations and additional paid-in capital within the Corporation’s consolidated balance sheet. Management has concluded that these adjustments were immaterial both individually and in the aggregate with respect to each interim period during the year ended December 31, 2021. As a result of this deficiency, management has concluded that we did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on the COSO criteria described above.
In response to the material weakness, we intend to continue to take steps to remediate the material weakness through enhancements that include, but are not limited to, hiring additional resources and further enhancing our business processes and related internal controls. Additionally, the staff responsible for preparing and reviewing stock-based compensation expense will complete additional training in the accounting of these types of awards as prescribed by current accounting standards. We are committed to maintaining a strong internal control environment. With the implementation and operating effectiveness of these corrective actions, we anticipate that the material weakness identified above could be deemed remediated as soon as the quarter ending March 31, 2022.
Additional weaknesses in our disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting may be discovered in the future. Further, current controls and any new controls that we develop may become inadequate because of changes in conditions in our business. Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls or any difficulties encountered in their implementation or improvement could harm our results of operations or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and may result in a restatement of our consolidated financial statements for prior periods. Any failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting also could adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual independent registered public accounting firm attestation reports regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting that we are required to include in our periodic reports that are filed with the SEC. Ineffective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial and other information, which would likely have a negative effect on the trading price of our Class A common stock. In addition, if we are unable to continue to meet these requirements, we may not be able to remain listed on Nasdaq.
In addition to our results determined in accordance with GAAP, we believe certain non-GAAP measures may be useful in evaluating our operating performance. We have presented, and intend to continue to present, certain non-GAAP financial measures in filings with the SEC and other public statements. Any failure to accurately report and present our non-GAAP financial measures could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and could cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial and other information, which would likely have a negative effect on the trading price of our Class A common stock.
We expect that the requirements of these rules and regulations will continue to increase our legal, accounting and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming and costly and place significant strain on our personnel, systems and resources. In order to maintain and improve our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, we have expended, and anticipate that we will continue to expend, significant resources, including accounting-related costs and investments to strengthen and maintain our accounting systems and significant management oversight. If any of these new or improved controls and systems do not perform as expected, we may experience additional material weaknesses in our controls.
We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.
We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock and do not intend to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. We anticipate that we will retain all of our future earnings for use in the development of our business and for general corporate purposes. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors. Accordingly, investors must rely on sales of their common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investments.
The dual class structure of our common stock has the effect of concentrating voting control with our existing stockholders, including our directors, executive officers, principal stockholders and their respective affiliates, who held in the aggregate 81.8% of the voting power of our capital stock as of December 31, 2021. This ownership will limit or preclude the ability of our other stockholders to influence corporate matters, including the election of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, and any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or other major corporate transaction requiring stockholder approval.
Our Class B common stock has 10 votes per share, and our Class A common stock has one vote per share. As of December 31, 2021, our directors, executive officers, principal stockholders and their affiliates held in the aggregate 81.8% of the voting power of our
capital stock. Because of the 10-to-1 voting ratio between our Class B and Class A common stock, the holders of our Class B common stock collectively could continue to control a significant percentage of the combined voting power of our common stock and therefore be able to control all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval until the date of automatic conversion described below, when all outstanding shares of Class B common stock and Class A common stock will convert automatically into shares of a single class of common stock. So long as 42,804,771 shares of Class B common stock remain outstanding, the holders of our Class B common stock will be able to control the outcome of matters submitted to a stockholder vote. This concentrated control may limit or preclude the ability of other stockholders to influence corporate matters for the foreseeable future, including the election of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, and any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or other major corporate transaction requiring stockholder approval. In addition, this may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our capital stock that you may believe are in your best interest as one of our stockholders.
Future transfers by holders of Class B common stock will generally result in those shares converting to shares of Class A common stock, subject to limited exceptions, such as certain transfers effected for estate planning purposes. In addition, each of the outstanding shares of Class B common stock will convert automatically into one share of Class A common stock upon the earliest of (i) January 7, 2031, (ii) the separation date of the last to separate of Vivek Garipalli and Andrew Toy (the “Founders”), (iii) the date that is one (1) year after the death or permanent disability of the last to die or become disabled of the Founders and (iv) the date specified by the affirmative vote of the holders of our Class B common stock representing not less than two-thirds (2/3) of the voting power of the outstanding shares of our Class B common stock, voting separately as a single class. The conversion of Class B common stock to Class A common stock will have the effect, over time, of increasing the relative voting power of those holders of Class B common stock who retain their shares over the long term. As a result, it is possible that one or more of the persons or entities holding our Class B common stock could gain significant voting control as other holders of Class B common stock sell or otherwise convert their shares into Class A common stock.
We cannot predict the effect our dual class structure may have on the trading price of our Class A common stock.
We cannot predict whether our dual class structure will result in lower or more volatile trading price of our Class A common stock, in adverse publicity, or other adverse consequences. For example, certain index providers have announced restrictions on including companies with multiple-class share structures in certain of their indices. In July 2017, FTSE Russell announced plans to require new constituents of its indices to have greater than 5% of the company’s voting rights in the hands of public stockholders, and S&P Dow Jones announced that it will no longer admit companies with multiple-class share structures to certain of its indices. Affected indices include the Russell 2000 and the S&P 500, S&P MidCap 400, and S&P SmallCap 600, which together make up the S&P Composite 1500. Also in 2017, MSCI, a leading stock index provider, opened public consultations on their treatment of no-vote and multi-class structures and temporarily barred new multi-class listings from certain of its indices; however, in October 2018, MSCI announced its decision to include equity securities “with unequal voting structures” in its indices and to launch a new index that specifically includes voting rights in its eligibility criteria. Under such announced policies, the dual class structure of our common stock would make us ineligible for inclusion in certain indices and, as a result, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds, and other investment vehicles that attempt to passively track those indices would not invest in our Class A common stock. These policies are relatively new and it is unclear what effect, if any, they will have on the valuations of publicly-traded companies excluded from such indices, but it is possible that they may depress valuations, as compared to similar companies that are included. Because of the dual class structure of our common stock, we will likely be excluded from certain indices, and we cannot assure you that other stock indices will not take similar actions. Given the sustained flow of investment funds into passive strategies that seek to track certain indices, exclusion from certain stock indices would likely preclude investment by many of these funds and would make our Class A common stock less attractive to other investors. As a result, the trading price of our Class A common stock could be adversely affected. Our directors, executive officers and principal stockholders will have substantial control over us, which could limit the ability of our other stockholders to influence the outcome of key transactions, including a change of control.
Our ability to use our net operating losses to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations.
In general, under Section 382 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its pre-change net operating losses, or NOLs, to offset future taxable income. A Section 382 “ownership change” generally occurs if one or more stockholders or groups of stockholders who own at least 5% of our stock increase their ownership by more than 50 percentage points over their lowest ownership percentage within a rolling three-year period. Similar rules may apply under state tax laws. As of December 31, 2021, we had approximately $989.1 million of federal net operating loss carryforwards. The federal net operating loss carryforwards created subsequent to the year ended December 31, 2017, of $430.7 million carry forward indefinitely, while the remaining federal net operating loss carryforwards of $295.1 million begin to expire in 2033. Our ability to utilize NOLs may be subject to limitations due to prior ownership shifts, which could result in an ownership change under Section 382 of the Code, further limiting our ability to utilize NOLs arising prior to such ownership change in the future. A portion of our total NOLs may also be limited by special rules known as Separate Return Limitation Year rules. There is also a risk that due to statutory or regulatory changes, such as suspensions on the use of NOLs, or other
unforeseen reasons, our existing NOLs could expire or otherwise be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities. We have recorded a full valuation allowance against the deferred tax assets attributable to our NOLs.
Restrictions on our ability to obtain funds from our regulated subsidiaries could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial position and cash flows.
Because we operate as a holding company, we are dependent on dividends and administrative expense reimbursements from our subsidiaries to fund our obligations. Many of these subsidiaries are regulated by departments of insurance or similar regulatory authorities. We are also required by law or regulation to maintain specific prescribed minimum amounts of capital in these subsidiaries. The levels of capitalization required depend primarily on the volume of premium revenues generated by the applicable subsidiary. In most states, we are required to seek approval by state regulatory authorities before we transfer money or pay dividends from our regulated subsidiaries that exceed specified amounts. An inability of our regulated subsidiaries to pay dividends to their parent companies in the desired amounts or at the time of our choosing could adversely affect our ability to reinvest in our business through capital expenditures or business acquisitions, as well as our ability to pay dividends, repurchase shares of our common stock and repay our debt. If we are unable to obtain sufficient funds from our subsidiaries to fund our obligations, our results of operations, financial position, and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected.
The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources and divert management’s attention.
As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act, the listing standards of Nasdaq and other applicable securities rules and regulations. We expect that the requirements of these rules and regulations will continue to increase our legal, accounting, and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming, and costly, and place significant strain on our personnel, systems, and resources. For example, the Exchange Act requires, among other things, that we file annual, quarterly, and current reports with respect to our business and results of operations. As a result of the complexity involved in complying with the rules and regulations applicable to public companies, our management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns, which could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Although we have already hired additional employees to assist us in complying with these requirements, we may need to hire more employees in the future or engage outside consultants, which will increase our operating expenses. In addition, changing laws, regulations, and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure are creating uncertainty for public companies, increasing legal and financial compliance costs, and making some activities more time-consuming. These laws, regulations, and standards are subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. We intend to invest substantial resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations and standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management’s time and attention from business operations to compliance activities. If our efforts to comply with new laws, regulations, and standards differ from what is intended by regulatory or governing bodies due to ambiguities related to their application and practice, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us and our business may be harmed.
Unanticipated changes in effective tax rates or adverse outcomes resulting from examination of our income or other tax returns could expose us to greater than anticipated tax liabilities.
Our income tax obligations are based in part on our corporate structure and intercompany arrangements, including the way we develop, value, and use our intellectual property and the valuations of our intercompany transactions. The tax laws applicable to our business, including the laws of the United States and other jurisdictions, are subject to interpretation, and certain jurisdictions may aggressively interpret their laws in an effort to raise additional tax revenue. The amount of taxes we pay in these jurisdictions could increase substantially as a result of changes in the applicable tax principles, including increased tax rates, new tax laws or revised interpretations of existing tax laws and precedents.
The taxing authorities of the jurisdictions in which we operate may challenge our methodologies for valuing developed technology or intercompany arrangements, which could increase our effective tax rate and harm our financial position and results of operations. It is possible that tax authorities may disagree with certain positions we have taken and any adverse outcome of such a review or audit could have a negative effect on our financial position and results of operations. Further, the determination of our provision for income taxes and other tax liabilities requires significant judgment by management, and there are transactions where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Although we believe that our estimates are reasonable, the ultimate tax outcome may differ from the amounts recorded in our financial statements and may materially affect our financial results in the period or periods for which such determination is made.
Our trading price and trading volume could decline if securities or industry analysts do not publish research about our business, or if they publish unfavorable research.
We cannot assure that any equity research analysts will adequately provide research coverage of our Class A common stock. A lack of adequate research coverage may harm the liquidity and trading price of our Class A common stock. To the extent equity research analysts do provide research coverage of our Class A common stock, we will not have any control over the content and opinions included in their reports. The trading price of our Class A common stock could decline if one or more equity research analysts downgrade our stock or publish other unfavorable commentary or research. If one or more equity research analysts cease coverage of our company, or fail to regularly publish reports on us, the demand for our Class A common stock could decrease, which in turn could cause our trading price or trading volume to decline.
Applicable insurance laws may make it difficult to effect a change of control.
Under applicable state insurance laws and regulations, no person may acquire control of a domestic insurer until written approval, or exemption therefrom, is obtained from the state insurance commissioner on the proposed acquisition. Such approval would be contingent upon the state insurance commissioner’s consideration of a number of factors including, among others, the financial strength of the proposed acquiror, the acquiror’s plans for the future operations of the domestic insurer and any anti-competitive results that may arise from the consummation of the acquisition of control.
Our two insurance subsidiaries are domiciled in New Jersey and per the applicable laws and regulations of New Jersey, generally no person may acquire control of any insurer, whether by purchase of its securities or otherwise, unless it gives prior notice to the insurer and has received prior approval, or exemption therefrom, from the Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Banking and Insurance (NJ DOBI). Under New Jersey insurance law, an entity is presumed to have control of an insurance company if it owns, directly or indirectly, 10% or more of the voting stock of that insurance company or its parent company. To the extent that the NJ DOBI determines that the transactions require its consent pursuant to a Form A or exemption therefrom, there can be no assurance that the NJ DOBI’s consent will be obtained or that the NJ DOBI will not impose fines, penalties or sanctions in connection with the transactions.
In addition, as Form A requirements can be burdensome, such requirements could discourage potential acquisition proposals in the future and may delay, deter or prevent change of control transactions, including transactions that some or all of the stockholders might consider to be desirable. These requirements may also inhibit our ability to acquire an insurance company should we wish to do so in the future.
Certain provisions in our corporate charter documents and under Delaware law may prevent or hinder attempts by our stockholders to change our management or to acquire a controlling interest in us, and the trading price of our Class A common stock may be lower as a result.
There are provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws that may make it difficult for a third party to acquire, or attempt to acquire, control of the Corporation, even if a change in control were considered favorable by our stockholders. These anti-takeover provisions include:
•a classified board of directors so that not all members of our board of directors are elected at one time;
•the ability of our board of directors to determine the number of directors and to fill any vacancies and newly created directorships;
•a requirement that our directors may only be removed for cause;
•a prohibition on cumulative voting for directors;
•the requirement of a super-majority to amend some provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws;
•authorization of the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock that our board of directors could use to implement a stockholder rights plan;
•provide for a dual class common stock structure in which holders of our Class B common stock, which has 10 votes per share, have the ability to control the outcome of matters requiring stockholder approval, even if they own significantly less than a majority of the outstanding shares of our Class B and Class A common;
•stock, including the election of directors and significant corporate transactions, such as a merger or other sale of our company or its assets;
•an inability of our stockholders to call special meetings of stockholders; and
•a prohibition on stockholder actions by written consent, thereby requiring that all stockholder actions be taken at a meeting of our stockholders.
Moreover, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prohibit a person who owns 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us for a three-year period beginning on the date of the transaction in which the person acquired in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock, unless the merger or combination is approved in a prescribed manner. Any provision in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, our amended and restated bylaws or Delaware law that has the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our Class A common stock, and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our Class A common stock.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation designates the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and, to the extent enforceable, the federal district courts of the United States of America, as the exclusive forums for certain disputes between us and our stockholders, which will restrict our stockholders’ ability to choose the judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for the following types of actions or proceedings under Delaware statutory or common law: any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, any action asserting a breach of a fiduciary duty, any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to the Delaware General Corporation Law, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, or our amended and restated bylaws, or any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. The provisions would not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the U.S. federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. Furthermore, Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all such Securities Act actions. Accordingly, both state and federal courts have jurisdiction to entertain such claims. To prevent having to litigate claims in multiple jurisdictions and the threat of inconsistent or contrary rulings by different courts, among other considerations, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the federal district courts of the United States of America will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act.
We believe these provisions may benefit the Corporation by providing increased consistency in the application of Delaware law and federal securities laws by chancellors and judges, as applicable, particularly experienced in resolving corporate disputes, efficient administration of cases on a more expedited schedule relative to other forums and protection against the burdens of multi-forum litigation. These choice of forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees. While the Delaware courts have determined that such choice of forum provisions are facially valid, a stockholder may nevertheless seek to bring such a claim arising under the Securities Act against us, our directors, officers, or other employees in a venue other than in the federal district courts of the United States of America. In such instance, we would expect to vigorously assert the validity and enforceability of the exclusive forum provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation. This may require significant additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, and there can be no assurance that the provisions will be enforced by a court in those other jurisdictions.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
Not applicable.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Item 2. Properties.
Not applicable.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
From time to time, in the normal course of business, we are subject to various legal proceedings, investigations (both formal and informal), and claims incidental to the conduct of a highly regulated business. Such proceedings can be costly, time consuming, and unpredictable. Therefore, no assurance can be given on the outcome of any proceeding or the potential impact on our financial condition or results of operation.
For example, since February 2021, Clover has received subpoenas from the SEC related to certain disclosures and aspects of our business as well as certain matters described in an article issued on February 4, 2021, by Hindenburg Research LLC (the "Hindenburg article"). We are cooperating with the SEC's investigation. The Hindenburg article, which discussed, among other things, an ongoing inquiry by the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania relating to, among other things, certain of our arrangements with providers participating in our network and programs, and the Clover Assistant, was the subject of our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on February 5, 2021.
Additional information concerning legal proceedings can be found in Note 21 (Commitments and Contingencies) to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K, which information is incorporated by reference into this item.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Common Stock
The Corporation’s Class A common stock is listed on The Nasdaq Stock Market under the ticker symbol “CLOV.” The Corporation’s Class B common stock is not listed on any securities exchange.
Holders
As of February 7, 2022, there were 313 holders of record of our Class A common stock and 306 holders of record of our Class B common stock. Such figures do not include beneficial owners holding our securities through nominee names.
Dividend Policy
The Corporation has not declared or paid any dividends on shares of common stock and does not intend to pay dividends in the foreseeable future. The declaration, amount, and payment of any future dividend will be at the sole discretion of the Corporation’s board of directors, and the Corporation may reduce or discontinue entirely the payment of such dividends at any time. The board of directors may take into account general and economic conditions, its financial condition and operating results, its available cash and current and anticipated cash needs, capital requirements, contractual, legal, tax, and regulatory restrictions and implications on the payment of dividends by the Corporation to its stockholders, and such other factors as the board of directors may deem relevant.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
We did not purchase any shares of our common stock during the three months ended December 31, 2021.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
None.
Performance Graph

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Item 6. Reserved

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The following discussion and analysis provides information that management believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of our consolidated results of operations and financial condition. The discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2021, contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (the "Form 10-K"). This discussion contains forward-looking statements and involves numerous risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, those described in the "Risk Factors" section of this document. Actual results may differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” to "we," "us,” "our," "Clover," the “Company,” and the “Corporation" are intended to mean the business and operations of Clover Health Investments, Corp. and its consolidated subsidiaries subsequent to the closing of the Business Combination (as defined below).
Overview
At Clover Health, we are singularly focused on creating great, sustainable healthcare to improve every life. We have centered our strategy on building and deploying technology that we believe will enable us to solve a significant data problem while avoiding the limitations of legacy approaches. We leverage our flagship software platform, the Clover Assistant, to help America’s seniors receive better care at lower costs. By empowering physicians with data-driven, personalized insights at the point of care through our software, we believe we can improve clinical decision making.
We operate Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) and Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) Medicare Advantage (MA) plans for Medicare-eligible consumers. We call our plans "Obvious" because we aim to provide great, affordable healthcare for all-we offer most of our MA members (the “members”) the lowest average out-of-pocket costs for primary care provider co-pays, specialist co-pays, drug deductibles and drug costs in their markets. Unlike most MA plans, we deeply believe in providing our members provider choice, and we consider our PPO plan to be our flagship insurance plan. An important feature of our MA product is wide network access, and we often offer the same cost-sharing (co-pays and deductibles) for visits with primary care providers who are in- and out-of-network. We believe the use of the Clover Assistant and related data insights allows us to improve clinical decision-making through a highly scalable asset-light approach. As of January 1, 2022, we operated our MA plans in nine states and 209 counties, with 84,403 MA members.
On April 1, 2021, our subsidiary, Clover Health Partners, LLC (Health Partners), began participating as a direct contracting entity (DCE) in the Global and Professional Direct Contracting Model (DC Model) of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. Our DCE assumes full risk (i.e., 100.0% shared savings and shared losses) for the total cost of care of aligned Original Medicare beneficiaries (the “DCE Beneficiaries” and, collectively with the members, “Lives under Clover Management” or the “beneficiaries”). We operate our Direct Contracting (DC) operations through Health Partners, which focuses on our technology platform, the Clover Assistant, to enhance healthcare delivery, reduce expenditures, and improve care for DCE Beneficiaries. As of December 31, 2021, we had approximately 720 contracted participating providers who manage primary care for our DCE Beneficiaries. Additionally, as of December 31, 2021, we had approximately 635 preferred providers and preferred facilities in our DCE network. Our participation in the DC Model has enabled us to moved beyond the MA market and target the Medicare fee-for-service (FFS) market, which is the largest segment of Medicare. We believe that expanding into the FFS market is not only a strategic milestone for Clover but also demonstrates the scalability of the Clover Assistant. Additionally, in 2021, we announced our plans to scale our in-home primary care program, Clover Home Care, through our DC operations. Clover Home Care was designed to better identify and care for our most medically complex members, with a focus on health outcomes improvement and medical expense reduction rather than risk adjustment.
As of December 31, 2021, we were partnering with providers to care for 129,996 Lives under Clover Management, which included 68,120 Medicare Advantage members and 61,876 aligned DCE Beneficiaries. The number of Lives under Clover Management as of December 31, 2021, was approximately double the number of Lives under Clover Management as of January 1, 2021.
Recent Developments
Geographic Expansion
In January 2022, we launched our MA plans in 101 new counties and an additional state, and we announced that our MA membership had grown by over 25% versus the beginning of 2021. This expansion makes our MA plans available in a total of 209 counties across nine states. Additionally, after launching our DCE in eight states in April 2021, we have grown our Direct Contracting presence to 22 states in 2022.
Issuance of Common Stock
In November 2021, we completed an underwritten public offering of 52,173,913 shares of Class A Common Stock at $5.75 per share. We received net proceeds of $283.8 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering costs.
CMS Stars
On October 8, 2021, we announced that CMS assigned Clover’s PPO plan 3.5 stars on the Medicare Star Ratings for its MA plans for the 2020 measurement year. Over 90% of our MA membership is served through our PPO plan. The higher rating could positively impact the reimbursement rate for our PPO plan beginning in 2023 as well as potentially positively impact the plan’s image in the market. Higher-rated plans may offer enhanced benefits and additional enrollment opportunities compared to lower-rated plans.
Business Combination
On January 7, 2021, we consummated the previously announced domestication and mergers (the "Business Combination") pursuant to that certain Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated October 5, 2020 (the "Merger Agreement"), by and among Social Capital Hedosophia Holdings Corp III, a Cayman Islands exempted company (SCH), Asclepius Merger Sub Inc., a Delaware corporation and a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of SCH, and Clover Health Investments, Inc., a corporation originally incorporated on July 17, 2014, in the state of Delaware (Legacy Clover), and us. Additionally, in connection with the Business Combination, we issued and sold to certain investors an aggregate of 40,000,000 shares of our Class A Common Stock for an aggregate purchase price equal to $400.0 million (the "PIPE Investment") concurrently with the completion of the Business Combination. As a result of the Business Combination, we became the successor to a public company, which required us to hire additional personnel and implement procedures and processes to address public company regulatory requirements and customary practices.
For additional information regarding the impacts of the Business Combination, see Note 3 (Business Combination), Note 12 (Notes and Securities Payable), Note 13 (Warrants Payable), and Note 17 (Stockholders' Equity and Convertible Preferred Stock) to Financial Statements in this report.
Impact of COVID-19
The societal and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic continues to evolve, and the ultimate impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows is uncertain and difficult to predict. The global pandemic has severely impacted businesses worldwide, including many in the health insurance sector.
We are continuing to monitor the ongoing financial impact of COVID-19 on our business and operations and are making adjustments accordingly. A large portion of our membership is elderly and generally in the high-risk category for COVID-19, and we have worked closely with our network of providers to ensure that members are receiving necessary care. During 2021, we incurred elevated costs as compared to 2020 to care for those members who have contracted the virus, and indirect costs attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic increased as well, as deferral of services and increased costs related to conditions that were exacerbated by a lack of diagnoses and treatment in the earlier periods of the pandemic contributed to increased utilization. We will continue to monitor the pandemic’s emerging treatment-related trends as well as the impact on our beneficiaries. Additionally, CMS risk adjustment requires that a member’s health issues be documented annually regardless of the permanence of the underlying causes. Historically, this documentation was required to be completed during an in-person visit with a patient. As part of relief measures adopted pursuant to the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the "CARES Act"), CMS is allowing documentation prepared during video visits with patients to serve as support for CMS risk adjustments. While our ability to document health conditions was adversely impacted in 2020 and early 2021, the comprehensiveness of the documentation improved throughout 2021. We intend to leverage the Clover Assistant to increase in-person and video visits for our members and document their health conditions on a timely basis, which we expect to have a positive impact on risk adjustment and revenue for the applicable populations.
The information presented in the following table illustrates the financial results for our MA segment as impacted by COVID-19:
Years ended December 31, 2021 2020
Total PMPM (1)
Total PMPM (1)
(dollars in thousands, except PMPM amounts)
Premiums earned, net $ 799,414 $ 996 $ 665,698 $ 976
Medicare Advantage net medical claims incurred 847,286 (2)
1,056 591,038 866
Medical care ratio, net (MCR) (3)
106.0 % N/A 88.8 % N/A
(1) Calculated per member per month (PMPM) figures are based on the applicable amount divided by member months in the given period. Member months represents the number of months members are enrolled in a Clover Health Plan in the period.
(2) Net medical claims incurred reported for Medicare Advantage differs from the corresponding amount reported on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss due to the impacts of eliminations.
(3) Defined as MA net medical claims incurred divided by premiums earned, net.
For additional information regarding the risks to our business and results of operations related to the COVID-19 pandemic, see the section entitled "Risk Factors-Risks Related to Clover’s Business and Industry-We are subject to risks associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and financial performance" in Part I, Item IA of this document.
Key Performance Measures of Our Operating Segments
Operating Segments
We manage our business with two reportable segments: Medicare Advantage and Direct Contracting. The reportable segments are distinguished based on the healthcare delivery business model. Our MA segment is an insurance business model that focuses on leveraging the Clover Assistant at the point of care. Our DC segment is similar to a cost management and care coordination model accounted for as a performance guarantee, where Clover is responsible for coordinating care, managing costs, and providing support to providers and their DCE Beneficiaries through the use of Clover Assistant.
These segment groupings are consistent with information used by our Chief Executive Officer, our chief operating decision maker, to assess performance and allocate resources. The Medicare Advantage segment consists of MA plans that generally provide access to a wide network of primary care providers, specialists, and hospitals. The Direct Contracting segment consists of our operations in connection with the DC Model, which provides options aimed at reducing expenditures and preserving or enhancing quality of care for DCE Beneficiaries.
We review several key performance measures, discussed below, to evaluate our business and results, measure performance, identify trends, formulate plans, and make strategic decisions. We believe that the presentation of such metrics is useful to management and counterparties to model the performance of healthcare companies such as Clover.
Medicare Advantage
Through its MA operating segment, the Corporation provides PPO and HMO plans that generally provide access to a wide network of primary care providers, specialists, and hospitals. We seek to improve care and lower costs by empowering physicians with data-driven, personalized insights at the point of care through our software platform, the Clover Assistant.
Years ended December 31, 2021 2020
Total PMPM
Total PMPM
Medicare Advantage Data (Premium and expense amounts in thousands, except PMPM amounts)
Members as of period end (#) 68,120 N/A 58,056 N/A
Premiums earned, gross $ 799,903 $ 997 $ 666,297 $ 975
Premiums earned, net 799,414 996 665,698 976
MA medical claim expense incurred, gross 848,288 1,057 591,521 867
MA net medical claims incurred 847,286 (1)
1,056 591,038 866
Medical care ratio, gross (2)
106.0 % N/A 88.8 % N/A
Medical care ratio, net 106.0 N/A 88.8 N/A
(1) Net medical claims incurred reported for Medicare Advantage differs from the corresponding amount reported on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss due to the impacts of eliminations.
(2) Defined as our MA gross medical claims incurred divided by premiums earned, gross.
Membership and Associated Premiums Earned and Medical Claim Expenses
We define new and returning members on a calendar year basis. Any member who is active on July 1 of a given year is considered a returning member in the following year. Any member who joins a Clover plan after July 1 in a given year is considered a new member for the entirety of the following calendar year. We view our number of members and associated PMPM premiums earned and medical claim expenses, in the aggregate and on a PMPM basis, as important metrics to assess our financial performance because member growth aligns with our mission, drives our total revenues, expands brand awareness, deepens our market penetration, creates additional opportunities to inform our data-driven insights to improve care and decrease medical claim expenses, and generates additional data to continue to improve the functioning of the Clover Assistant. Among other things, the longer a member is enrolled in one of our MA plans, the more data we collect and synthesize and the more actionable insights we generate. We believe these data-driven insights lead to better care delivery as well as improved identification and documentation of members’ chronic conditions, helping to lower PMPM medical claim expenses.
Premiums Earned, Gross
Premiums earned, gross is the amount received, or to be received, for insurance policies written by us during a specific period of time without reduction for premiums ceded to reinsurance. We believe premiums earned, gross provides useful insight into the gross economic benefit generated by our business operations and allows us to evaluate our underwriting performance without regard to changes in our underlying reinsurance structure. Premiums earned, gross excludes the effects of premiums ceded to reinsurers, and therefore should not be used as a substitute for premiums earned, net, total revenue or any other measure presented in accordance with GAAP.
Premiums Earned, Net
Premiums earned, net represents the earned portion of our premiums earned, gross, less the earned portion that is ceded to third-party reinsurers under our reinsurance agreements. Premiums are earned in the period in which members are entitled to receive services, and are net of estimated uncollectible amounts, retroactive membership adjustments, and any adjustments to recognize rebates under the minimum benefit ratios required under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA).
Premiums earned, gross is the amount received, or to be received, for insurance policies written by us during a specific period of time without reduction for premiums ceded to reinsurance. We earn premiums through our plans offered under contracts with CMS. We receive premiums from CMS on a monthly basis based on our actuarial bid and the risk-adjustment model used by CMS. Premiums anticipated to be received within twelve months based on the documented diagnostic criteria of our members are estimated and included in revenue for the period including the member months for which the payment is designated by CMS.
Premiums ceded is the amount of premiums earned, gross ceded to reinsurers. From time to time, we enter into reinsurance contracts to limit our exposure to potential losses as well as to provide additional capacity for growth. Under these agreements, the "reinsurer," agrees to cover a portion of the claims of another insurer, i.e., us, the "primary insurer," in return for a portion of their premium. Ceded
earned premiums are earned over the reinsurance contract period in proportion to the period of risk covered. The volume of our ceded earned premium is impacted by the level of our premiums earned, gross and any decision we make to adjust our reinsurance agreements.
MA Gross Medical Claims Incurred
MA gross medical claims incurred reflects claims incurred excluding amounts ceded to reinsurers and the costs associated with processing those claims. We believe gross medical claims incurred provides useful insight into the gross medical expense incurred by members and allows us to evaluate our underwriting performance without regard to changes in our underlying reinsurance structure.
MA gross medical claims incurred excludes the effects of medical claims and associated costs ceded to reinsurers, and therefore should not be used as a substitute for net claims incurred, total expenses or any other measure presented in accordance with GAAP.
MA Net Medical Claims Incurred
MA net medical claims incurred are our medical expenses and consists of the costs of claims, including the costs incurred for claims net of amounts ceded to reinsurers. We enter into reinsurance contracts to limit our exposure to potential catastrophic losses. These expenses generally vary based on the total number of members and their utilization rate of our services.
Medical Care Ratio, Gross and Net
We calculate our medical care ratio by dividing total MA medical claim expenses incurred by premiums earned, in each case on a gross or net basis, as the case may be, in a given period. We believe our MCR is an indicator of our gross margin for our MA plans and the ability of our Clover Assistant platform to capture and analyze data over time to generate actionable insights for returning members to improve care and reduce medical expenses.
Direct Contracting
Our DC segment consists of operations in connection with the DC Model. provides a variety of programs aimed at reducing expenditures and preserving or enhancing quality of care for DCE Beneficiaries. We measure Direct Contracting revenue and medical claims on a per-beneficiary per-month (PBPM) basis. In the aggregate, we view these as important metrics to assess our financial performance, including our ability to reduce expenditures and preserve or enhance quality of care for DCE Beneficiaries.
Year ended December 31, 2021
Total PBPM
Direct Contracting Data(1)
(Revenue and claims amounts in thousands, except PBPM amounts)
Beneficiaries as of period end (#) 61,876 N/A
Direct Contracting revenue $ 667,639 $ 1,194
Direct Contracting net medical claims incurred 705,407 1,262
Direct Contracting margin(2)
105.7 % N/A
(1) We began participating in Direct Contracting in April 2021.
(2) Defined as Direct Contracting net medical claims incurred divided by Direct Contracting revenue.
Beneficiaries
A beneficiary is defined as an eligible Original Medicare covered life that has been aligned to our DCE, Health Partners, via attribution to a DCE-participating provider through alignment based on claims data or by beneficiary election through voluntary alignment. A beneficiary alignment is effective as of the first of the month, for the full calendar month, regardless of whether eligibility is lost during the course of the month.
Direct Contracting Revenue
Direct Contracting revenue represents CMS’ total expense incurred for medical services provided on behalf of DCE Beneficiaries during months in which they were alignment eligible during the performance year. Direct Contracting revenue is calculated by taking the sum of the capitation payments made to us for services within the scope of our capitation arrangement and FFS payments made to providers directly from CMS. Direct Contracting revenue is also known in the DC Model as performance year expenditures and is the primary component used to calculate shared savings or shared loss versus the performance year benchmark. Direct Contracting revenue includes a direct reduction or increase of shared savings or loss, as applicable. Premiums and recoupments incurred in direct relation to the DC Model are recognized as a reduction or increase in Direct Contracting revenue, as applicable. We believe Direct
Contracting revenue provides useful insight into the gross economic benefit generated by our business operations and allows us to evaluate our performance without regard to changes in our underlying reinsurance structure.
Direct Contracting Net Medical Claims Incurred
Direct Contracting net medical claims incurred consists of the total incurred expense that CMS and we will remit for medical services provided on behalf of DCE Beneficiaries during the months in which they are alignment eligible and aligned to the DCE. Additionally, Direct Contracting net medical claims incurred is inclusive of fees paid to providers for Clover Assistant usage, care coordination, and any shared savings or shared loss agreements with providers. Direct Contracting net medical claims incurred is presented on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss in accordance with GAAP.
Direct Contracting Margin (DCM)
We calculate our DCM by dividing Direct Contracting net medical claims incurred by Direct Contracting revenue in a given period. We believe our DCM is an indicator of our gross profitability and the ability to capture and analyze data over time to generate actionable insights for returning beneficiaries to improve care and reduce medical expenses.
Components of Our Results of Operations
In addition to the components described below, additional components of our results of operations include Premiums Earned, Net, Direct Contracting Revenue, MA Net Medical Claims Incurred, and Direct Contracting Net Medical Claims Incurred, which are described in the “Key Performance Measures of Our Operating Segments” section above.
Other Income
Other income mostly consists of income earned from rental agreements with third parties for subleases of our leased office facilities. In addition, other income includes income generated from ceded allowances under reinsurance agreements, which are amounts paid by the reinsurers to help cover certain expenses incurred by the ceding party in relation to the ceded contracts, and an immaterial amount of other income from commissions related to premiums ceded under our reinsurance agreements. Commissions from premiums ceded under reinsurance agreements are earned when ceded to reinsurers over the period of policies. The amount of commissions we earn is dependent upon the terms of our reinsurance contracts and the amount of premiums ceded.
Other income also includes interest earned from fixed-maturity securities, short-term securities and other investments, the gains or losses on sales and maturities of investments. Our cash and invested assets primarily consist of fixed-maturity securities, and may also include cash and cash equivalents, equity securities, and short-term investments. The principal factors that influence net investment income are the size of our investment portfolio and the yield on that portfolio. As measured by amortized cost (which excludes changes in fair value, such as changes in interest rates), the size of our investment portfolio is mainly a function of our invested equity capital along with premiums we receive less amounts paid in costs of care.
Other Medical Costs
Other medical costs consist of other clinical services not included in Medicare Advantage or Direct Contracting, and all other corporate overhead. Clinical services is comprised of Clover Home Care and other clinical services that are offered to eligible beneficiaries.
Salaries and Benefits
Salaries and benefits consist of salaries, sales commissions, stock-based compensation expense, employee benefit costs, severance costs, and payroll taxes for employees.
Following the consummation of the Business Combination, we have incurred and expect to continue to incur significant additional expenses for salaries and benefits as a result of expanding our headcount to support our increased compliance requirements associated with operating as a public company or otherwise and the growth of our business. As a result, we expect that our salaries and benefits will increase in absolute dollars in future periods and vary from period-to-period as a percentage of revenue.
General and Administrative Expense
General and administrative expense consists of legal, accounting, tax and other professional fees, consulting fees, hardware and software costs, payments to our third-party cloud infrastructure providers for hosting our software, travel expenses, recruiting fees, certain tax, license and insurance-related expenses, including industry assessments, advertising and marketing costs, membership-
driven administrative costs, lease and occupancy costs, statutory and other fees, and other overhead costs. Membership-driven administrative costs consist of enrollment-related costs, broker commissions, and call center expenses.
We are subject to the ACA, which established insurance industry assessments, including an annual health insurance industry fee. The annual health insurance industry fee was suspended in 2019. In 2020, the fee incurred and paid by the Corporation was approximately $8.0 million. The fee has been permanently repealed beginning in 2021.
Following the consummation of the Business Combination, we have incurred and expect to continue to incur significant additional general and administrative expenses as a result of operating as a public company, including expenses related to compliance with the rules and regulations of the SEC and the listing standards of Nasdaq, additional corporate, director and officer insurance expenses, greater investor relations expenses, and increased professional service fees. As a result, we expect that our general and administrative expenses will increase in absolute dollars in future periods and vary from period-to-period as a percentage of revenue.
Premium Deficiency Reserve Expense (Benefit)
Premium deficiency reserves are established to the extent that the sum of expected future costs, claim adjustment expenses, and maintenance costs exceeds related future premiums. We assess the profitability of our contracts with CMS to identify those contracts where current operating results or forecasts indicate probable future losses. Premium deficiency reserve expense (benefit) is recognized in the period in which the losses are identified. Premium deficiency reserves are then amortized over the period in which losses were expected to occur. The amortization is expected to have an offsetting impact to the operating losses in that period. We may identify and recognize additional premium deficiency reserves depending on the rates that are paid to us by CMS based on our actuarial bids and the utilization of healthcare services by our members.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization consists of all depreciation and amortization expenses associated with our property and equipment. Depreciation includes expenses associated with property and equipment. Amortization includes expenses associated with leasehold improvements.
Other Expense
Other expense consists primarily of debt issuance costs incurred in connection with the issuance of an aggregate of $373.8 million initial principal amount of convertible securities (Convertible Securities) in February, March, May, and August 2019. The Convertible Securities were converted into shares of the Corporation's Class B common stock upon the completion of the Business Combination on January 7, 2021.
Change in Fair Value of Warrants Payable
Change in fair value of warrants payable is related to a mark-to-market adjustment associated with warrants to purchase our capital stock. In connection with the Closing, the warrants of Legacy Clover automatically converted into shares of Class B Common Stock, and we are no longer required to re-measure the value of those warrants. Change in fair value of warrants payable for our public warrants (the “Public Warrants”) and private placements warrants (the “Private Placement Warrants”) assumed in connection with the Business Combination reflects the mark-to-market adjustment associated with warrants to purchase our Class A Common Stock from January 7, 2021, through the end of the reporting period. The change in fair value of warrants payable is inclusive of the warrant amortization expense associated with the warrants payable in each period. We had no Warrants outstanding following the exercises and redemptions of our Public Warrants and Private Placement Warrants in the third quarter of 2021.
Interest Expense
Interest expense consists mostly of interest expense associated with our previously outstanding non-convertible notes (Term Loan Notes) under a term loan facility entered into by us on March 21, 2017, for an aggregate principal amount of $60.0 million (the “Loan Facility”). All remaining principal and accrued interest under the Loan Facility was voluntarily paid, and the facility was terminated, as of June 29, 2021. We also have interest expense associated with the Seek Convertible Note entered into by Seek, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, on September 25, 2020, for an aggregate principal amount of $20.0 million.
Amortization of Notes and Securities Discounts
Amortization of notes and securities discounts consists of amortization of the debt discount associated with the Convertible Securities, warrants and debt issuance costs associated with the Term Loan Notes.
(Gain) Loss on Derivative
(Gain) loss on derivative activity primarily consists of (gain) loss on the embedded derivatives contained in the Convertible Securities. The embedded derivatives related to the conversion features of the Convertible Securities, which reflected a premium above the principal and accrued interest thereon.
We recorded gains or losses on those derivatives based on the changes in fair value of the embedded derivatives contained in the Convertible Securities. The carrying amounts of these embedded derivatives were recorded at fair value at issuance, marked-to-market as of each balance sheet date, and changes in fair value were reported as either income or expense during the period.
To estimate the fair value attributable to these features, we estimated the value of the Convertible Securities (i) with the embedded derivatives and (ii) without the embedded derivatives. The incremental difference between the two values was then used to estimate the fair value of the embedded derivatives. A probability-weighted present value of expected future returns model was then used to estimate the value of the conversion features under various probable scenarios. The assumptions used to arrive at the estimated fair value generally included the stock price, strike price, volatility, risk-free rate, and time to maturity, among others.
On January 7, 2021, in connection with the Closing, the Convertible Securities converted to shares of the Corporation's common stock and the associated derivative liability was eliminated.
Results of Operations
Comparison of the Years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020
The following table summarizes our consolidated results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. The period-to-period comparison of results is not necessarily indicative of results for future periods.
Years ended December 31, Change between
2021 and 2020
2021 2020 ($) (%)
($ in thousands)
Revenues
Premiums earned, net (Net of ceded premiums of $489 and $599 for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively) $ 799,414 $ 665,698 $ 133,716 20.1 %
Direct Contracting revenue 667,639 - 667,639 *
Other income
4,943 7,190 (2,247) (31.3)
Total revenues 1,471,996 672,888 799,108 118.8
Operating expenses
Medicare Advantage net medical claims incurred 838,134 585,432 252,702 43.2
Direct Contracting net medical claims incurred 705,407 - 705,407 *
Other medical costs 7,637 4,650 2,987 64.2
Salaries and benefits
260,458 71,256 189,202 265.5
General and administrative expenses 185,287 120,830 64,457 53.3
Premium deficiency reserve expense (benefit) 110,628 (17,128) 127,756 745.9
Depreciation and amortization 1,246 555 691 124.5
Other expense 191 - 191 *
Total operating expenses 2,108,988 765,595 1,343,393 175.5
Loss from operations (636,992) (92,707) (544,285) 587.1
Change in fair value of warrants payable (66,146) 80,328 (146,474) (182.3)
Interest expense 3,229 35,990 (32,761) (91.0)
Amortization of notes and securities discount 13,681 21,118 (7,437) (35.2)
(Gain) loss on derivative - (93,751) 93,751 (100.0)
Net loss $ (587,756) $ (136,392) $ (451,364) 330.9 %
* Not presented because the prior period amount is zero or the amount for the line item changed from a gain to a loss (or vice versa) and thus yields a result that is not meaningful.
Premiums Earned, Net
Premiums earned, net increased $133.7 million, or 20.1%, to $799.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase was primarily due to membership growth of 17.3% from 58,056 Medicare Advantage members at December 31, 2020, to 68,120 Medicare Advantage members at December 31, 2021. Additional risk adjustment revenue of $7.8 million was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2021.
Direct Contracting Revenue
Our participation in Direct Contracting launched in April 2021. Revenue related to Direct Contracting was $667.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. This revenue was attributable to the alignment of Original Medicare beneficiaries to our DCE, which numbered 61,876 at December 31, 2021.
Other Income
Other income decreased $2.2 million, or 31.3%, to $4.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease was primarily due to lower net investment income of $2.4 million and decreased rental income of $0.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2021, and the receipt of a $0.5 million state subsidy during the year ended December 31, 2020, that was not received in the year ended December 31, 2021.
MA Net Medical Claims Incurred
MA net medical claims incurred increased $252.7 million, or 43.2%, to $838.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase was primarily due to MA membership growth, the impact of COVID-19 related treatment costs, and the return of healthcare utilization that was reduced in 2020 in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic.
Direct Contracting Net Medical Claims Incurred
Our participation in Direct Contracting launched in April 2021. Direct Contracting net medical claims incurred of $705.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, was attributable to the alignment of Original Medicare beneficiaries to our DCE.
Other Medical Costs
Other medical costs increased $3.0 million, or 64.2%, to $7.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase was primarily related to an increase in beneficiaries receiving in-home care services for a flat monthly fee.
Salaries and Benefits
Salaries and benefits increased $189.2 million, or 265.5%, to $260.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase was primarily driven by higher year-over-year stock-based compensation expense of $156.6 million due to the issuance of stock-based compensation, increased headcount, and additional awards issued in connection with the Business Combination.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses increased $64.5 million, or 53.3%, to $185.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase was driven in part by increases in legal and other professional fees to support our growth and additional costs related to operating as a public company and higher costs associated with obtaining and maintaining directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, partially offset by the absence in 2021 of the ACA’s health insurance industry fee of $8.0 million that we incurred in 2020. Legal and professional fees increased $23.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to the year ended December 31, 2020, and directors’ and officers’ liability insurance costs increased $12.7 million over the same periods. Software application expense also increased due to the continued development of platform and information technology capabilities within the organization. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we also recognized $10.7 million in amortization expense related to deferred acquisition costs. There was no amortization expense related to deferred acquisition costs recognized for the year ended December 31, 2020.
Premium Deficiency Reserve Expense (Benefit)
A $110.6 million premium deficiency reserve expense was recorded for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to a benefit of $17.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. This expense includes amortization associated with a previously recorded
reserve, which has been fully amortized, and a reserve deemed necessary for fiscal year 2022. The change was due to management’s assessment of actual and anticipated experience related to the profitability of contracts.
Change in Fair Value of Warrants Payable
We reported an increase of $66.1 million on the change in fair value of warrants payable for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to a decrease of $80.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase for the year ended December 31, 2021, was due to the mark-to-market adjustment of the Public Warrants and Private Placement Warrants recognized for the year ended December 31, 2021 prior to being fully exercised and redeemed, compared to the initial measurement value as of January 7, 2021. The decrease for the year ended December 31, 2020, was related to an increase in the valuation of the legacy warrants during the period. For additional information, see Note 5 (Fair Value Measurements) and Note 13 (Warrants Payable) to Financial Statements in this report.
Interest Expense
Interest expense decreased $32.8 million, or 91.0%, to $3.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily related to the conversion of the Convertible Securities to shares of the Corporation’s common stock in connection with the completion of the Business Combination on January 7, 2021.
Amortization of Notes and Securities Discounts
Amortization of notes and securities discounts decreased $7.4 million, or 35.2%, to $13.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease primarily relates to the completion of the Business Combination on January 7, 2021, whereby the unamortized discount associated with the August 2019 tranche of the Convertible Securities was accelerated. The decrease was also driven by $0.6 million of amortization of debt discount associated with the Convertible Securities during the period from January 1, 2021, to January 7, 2021.
Gain (loss) on Derivative
There was no gain on derivative for the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to a $93.8 million gain on derivative for the year ended December 31, 2020. This change relates to the capital contribution treatment of the elimination of the derivative associated with the convertible securities upon completion of the Business Combination on January 7, 2021.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
We manage our liquidity and financial position in the context of our overall business strategy. We continually forecast and manage our cash, investments, working capital balances, and capital structure to meet the short-term and long-term obligations of our businesses while seeking to maintain liquidity and financial flexibility.
As of December 31, 2021, we had cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments of $593.8 million. Additionally, as of December 31, 2021, we had $197.4 million of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity investment securities, an outstanding balance of $22.0 million on convertible notes issued by an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, and no outstanding balance on our Term Loan Notes. Our cash equivalents, short-term investments, and investment securities consist primarily of money market funds and U.S. government debt securities.
Since inception, we have financed our operations primarily from the proceeds we received through public and private sales of equity securities, funds received in connection with the Business Combination, issuances of convertible notes, premiums earned under our MA plans, borrowings under our term loan facility and, most recently, with our Direct Contracting revenues. We expect that our cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments, and our current projections of cash flows, taken together, will be sufficient to meet our projected operating and regulatory requirements for the next 12 months based on our current plans. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including our needs to support our business growth, to respond to business opportunities, challenges or unforeseen circumstances, or for other reasons. We may be required to seek additional equity or debt financing. In the event that additional financing is required from outside sources, we may not be able to raise it on terms acceptable to us, or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when desired, our business, results of operations, and financial condition would be adversely affected.
We operate as a holding company in a highly regulated industry. As such, we may receive dividends and administrative expense reimbursements from our subsidiaries, two of which are subject to regulatory restrictions. We continue to maintain significant levels of aggregate excess statutory capital and surplus in our state-regulated operating subsidiaries. Cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments at the parent company were $350.9 million and $5.4 million as of December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020, respectively. This increase at the parent company primarily reflects proceeds from the Business Combination offset by capital
contributions made to insurance subsidiaries, operating expenses, and repayment of debt. Our unregulated subsidiaries held $55.7 million and $44.6 million of cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments as of December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020, respectively. Our regulated insurance subsidiaries held $187.2 million and $46.4 million of cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments as of December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020, respectively. Additionally, our regulated insurance subsidiaries held $118.0 million and $54.7 million of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity investment securities as of December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020, respectively. Our use of operating cash derived from our non-insurance subsidiaries is generally not restricted by departments of insurance (or comparable state regulatory agencies). Our regulated insurance subsidiaries have not paid dividends to the parent, and applicable insurance laws restrict the ability of our regulated insurance subsidiary to declare and pay dividends to the parent. Insurance regulators have broad powers to prevent reduction of statutory surplus to inadequate levels, and there is no assurance that dividends of the maximum amounts calculated under any applicable formula would be permitted. State insurance regulatory authorities that have jurisdiction over the payment of dividends by our regulated insurance subsidiary may in the future adopt statutory provisions more restrictive than those currently in effect. For additional information, please refer to the parent company financial statements and accompanying notes in Schedule II-Parent Company Financial Information contained in our consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K.
For a detailed discussion of our regulatory requirements, including aggregate statutory capital and surplus as well as dividends paid from the subsidiaries to the parent, please refer to Notes 24, 25, and 26 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K.
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our consolidated cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.
Years ended December 31, 2021 2020
(in thousands)
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Data:
Net cash used in operating activities $ (282,326) $ (118,498)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities (435,447) 137,404
Net cash provided by financing activities 925,393 5,844
2021 Cash Flows Compared to 2020 Cash Flows
Increased cash flows provided by finance activities were primarily driven by the business combination proceeds received in January 2021 and the underwritten public offering proceeds received in November 2021. A significant portion of these proceeds were invested for future use by the company. This was also partly offset by net cash operating outflows due to higher medical claims disbursements in 2021 due to COVID-19 and higher operating costs since becoming a public company.
Cash Requirements
Our cash requirements within the next twelve months include medical claims payable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, current liabilities, purchase commitments, and other obligations. We expect the cash required to meet these obligations to be primarily generated through cash flows from current operations and cash available for general corporate use.
Operating Activities
Our largest source of operating cash flows is capitated payments from CMS. Our primary uses of cash from operating activities are payments for medical benefits and payments of operating expenses.
For the year ended December 31, 2021, net cash used in operating activities was $282.3 million, which reflects net loss of $587.8 million. Non-cash activities included a $66.1 million gain as a result of the change in fair value of warrants payable and a $163.7 million charge to stock-based compensation expense. Changes to our working capital included a $110.6 million charge to our premium deficiency reserve and an increase of $12.6 million in surety bonds and deposits related to Direct Contracting.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, net cash used in operating activities was $118.5 million, which reflects a net loss of $136.4 million. Non-cash activities primarily consisted of a $93.8 million gain on derivative, an $80.1 million loss on the change in fair value of warrants payable, $28.3 million in paid-in-kind interest expense, $21.1 million in amortization of notes and securities discount, and $7.1 million of stock-based compensation expense.
Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021, of $435.4 million was primarily due to $876.3 million used to purchase investment securities, offset by $441.5 million provided from the sale and maturity of investment securities.
Net cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2020, of $137.4 million was primarily due to $312.4 million provided from the sale and maturity of investment securities, partially offset by $174.3 million used to purchase investment securities.
For additional information regarding our investing activities, please refer to Notes 2 and 4 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K.
Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021, of $925.4 million was the result of $666.2 million in proceeds from the reverse recapitalization in connection with the Business Combination, net of transaction costs, and $283.8 million in proceeds from the Class A common stock offering, net of fees, partially offset by $30.9 million in principal payments on our outstanding Term Loan Notes.
Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2020, of $5.8 million was primarily the result of $20.0 million in proceeds from the issuance of the Convertible Securities, $3.9 million from the acquisition of our noncontrolling interest, and $1.7 million in proceeds from the issuance of common stock, offset by $18.8 million in principal payments on our outstanding Term Loan Notes and $1.0 million in payments associated with the buyback and subsequent cancellation of common stock.
Financing Arrangements
Term Loan Notes
We entered into a loan and security agreement with a commercial lender in March 2017, which provided for term loans in an aggregate principal amount of up to $60.0 million. At that time, we borrowed $40.0 million as a term loan under the agreement which was subject to an interest rate of 11.0%, payable monthly, and had a maturity date of March 1, 2022. In October 2017, we borrowed the remaining $20.0 million as a term loan under the agreement which was subject to an interest rate of 11.25%, payable monthly, and had a maturity date of October 1, 2022. Each loan was payable in monthly installments of interest only for the first 24 months, and thereafter interest and principal were payable in 36 equal monthly installments. The loans were secured by substantially all of our assets, including our intellectual property, and equity interests in our unregulated subsidiaries.
On June 29, 2021, the Corporation voluntarily paid the remaining principal of $20.7 million and interest of $0.2 million, thereby terminating the Loan Facility.
Convertible Securities
In December 2018, we entered into a convertible securities purchase agreement with qualified institutional buyers, including entities affiliated with our Chief Executive Officer and other holders of more than 5.0% of our common stock, for an aggregate principal amount of up to $500.0 million. In February, March, May, and August 2019, we issued an aggregate of $373.8 million initial principal amount of convertible securities, or the Convertible Securities, under the agreement.
In connection with and upon the closing of the Business Combination, the Convertible Securities mandatorily converted into 74,694,107 shares of the Corporation's Class B Common Stock. For additional information about the Convertible Securities and the conversion of the Convertible Securities upon the closing of the Business Combination, see Note 12 (Notes and Securities Payable) to Financial Statements in this report.
Contractual Obligations and Commitments
We believe that funds from future operating cash flows, cash, and investments will be sufficient for future operations and commitments, and for capital acquisitions and other strategic transactions, over at least the next 12 months.
Material cash requirements from known contractual obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2021 include: (1) the recognition of a performance guarantee of $36.9 million in connection with the Corporation’s participation in the DC Model, (2) operating lease obligations of $7.9 million, and (3) the outstanding principal balance related to the Seek Convertible Note of $20.0 million. These commitments are associated with contracts that were enforceable and legally binding as of December 31, 2021, and that specified all significant terms, including fixed or minimum serves to be used, fixed, minimum, or variable price provisions, and the approximate timing of the actions under the contracts. There were no other material cash requirements from known contractual
obligations and commitments. For additional information regarding our remaining estimated contractual obligations and commitments, see Note 12 (Notes and Securities Payable), Note 16 (Leases), Note 21 (Commitments and Contingencies), and Note 22 (Direct Contracting) to Financial Statements in this report.
Indemnification Agreements
In the ordinary course of business, we enter into agreements, with various parties (providers, vendors, consultants, etc.), of varying scope and terms pursuant to which we agree to defend, indemnify, and hold harmless the other parties from any claim, demand, loss, lawsuit, settlement, judgment, fine, or other liability, and all related expenses which may accrue there from (including reasonable attorney’s fees), arising from or in connection with third party claims, including, but not limited to, negligence, recklessness, willful misconduct, fraud, or otherwise wrongful act or omission with respect to our obligations under the applicable Agreement.
Off-balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined by applicable regulations of the SEC, that are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures, or capital resources.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires our management to make a number of estimates and assumptions relating to the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the period. We evaluate, on an ongoing basis, our significant accounting estimates, which include, but are not limited to, net claims and claims adjustment expense and revenue recognition, including the risk adjustment provisions related to Medicare contracts. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ from those estimates under different assumptions or conditions, impacting our reported results of operations and financial condition.
We believe that the accounting policies and estimates described below involve a significant degree of judgment and complexity. Accordingly, we believe these are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our Consolidated Financial Condition and Results of Operations. For further information, see Note 2 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) to the Financial Statements in this Form 10-K.
MA Net Medical Claims Incurred
MA net medical claims incurred is recognized in the period in which services are provided and includes paid claims and an estimate of the cost of services which have been incurred but not yet reported (IBNR) and certain other unpaid claims and adjustments. IBNR represents a substantial portion of our unpaid claims, as reflected below:
Years ended December 31,
2021 2020
Total % Total %
(dollars in thousands)
IBNR $ 125,436 92.0 % $ 93,553 90.0 %
Other unpaid claims 5,863 4.3 6,681 6.4
Claims adjustment expense 5,018 3.7 3,742 3.6
Total unpaid claims and claims adjustment expense $ 136,317 100.0 % $ 103,976 100.0 %
Management determines the unpaid claims and claims adjustment expense with a supplemental perspective provided by a third-party actuarial firm. We estimate our unpaid claims by following a detailed actuarial process that uses both historical claim payment patterns as well as emerging medical expense trends to project the best estimate of claims liabilities. These data and trends include historical data adjusted for claims receipt and payment patterns, cost trends, product mix, seasonality, utilization of healthcare services, changes in membership, provider billing practices, benefit changes, known outbreaks of disease, including COVID-19 or increased incidence of illness such as influenza, the incidence of high dollar or catastrophic claims and other relevant factors. These factors are used to determine our lag-dependent completion factors, which represent the average percentage of total incurred claims that have been paid
through a given date after being incurred. Completion factors are applied to claims paid through the period-end date to estimate the ultimate claim expense incurred for the period.
The completion factors are the most significant factor impacting the IBNR estimate. We continually adjust our completion factor with our knowledge of recent events that may impact current completion factors when establishing our reserves. Because our reserving practice is to consistently recognize the actuarial best estimate using an assumption of moderately adverse conditions as required by actuarial standards, there is a reasonable possibility that there could be variances between actual completion factors and those assumed in our December 31, 2021 and 2020, unpaid claim estimates.
Actuarial standards require the use of assumptions based on moderately adverse experience, and as such, a provision for adverse deviation (PAD) is recognized on current reserves and released on prior reserves. For further discussion of our reserving methodology, including our use of completion factors to estimate IBNR, refer to Note 2 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) within the Financial Statements in this Form 10-K.
Direct Contracting Net Medical Claims Incurred
Direct Contracting net medical claims incurred is recognized in the period in which services are provided and includes paid claims and an estimate of the cost of services which have been incurred but not yet reported and certain other unpaid claims and adjustments. IBNR represents a substantial portion of our unpaid claims, as reflected below:
Years ended December 31, 2021
Total %
(dollars in thousands)
IBNR $ 4,607 100.0 %
Other unpaid claims - -
Claims adjustment expense - -
Total unpaid claims and claims adjustment expense $ 4,607 100.0 %
Our actuaries estimate the unpaid claims by following a detailed actuarial process that uses historical claim payment patterns. We extrapolate in order to form an opinion of ultimate incurred claims based on claims that have been paid to date. This is generally most effective for mature coverage months under stable periods of claims adjudication; therefore, for the estimates of Primary Care Qualified Evaluation and Management expenses, we evaluate IBNR using the historical rate of payment for services based on the lag between service date and payment date. Under this approach, we include an average historical “age-to-age” estimate, excluding the highest and lowest of the historical factors. We also set a lower limit on the cumulative or “age-to-ultimate” development factors at 1.0, to prevent negative amounts incurred but not paid as a result of expected claim recoveries from being factored into our IBNR.
In addition, for more recent coverage periods we utilize historical estimates of completed claims to estimate the cost of subsequent months based on either expected or known changes in cost drivers. These cost drivers include weekday seasonality, secular seasonality, direct COVID cases and other adjustments as necessary, which enable our actuaries to estimate claims when the available claims experience is either limited or ambiguous.
Our actuaries also consider this population’s history of observed completion percentages in estimating ultimate claims incurred, using completion percentages that are consistent with historical ranges and informed by new information with other functional departments.
Clover’s reserving practice is to recognize the actuarial best estimate of our ultimate liability for claims. Actuarial standards require the use of assumptions based on moderately adverse experience, and as such, a provision for adverse deviation is recognized on current reserves and released on prior reserves. The PAD is lower for DCE than MA; for DCE, claims submission and payment patterns support more precise estimates than are observed in MA.
Premium Deficiency Reserve Expense (Benefit)
A premium deficiency reserve is established when future premiums and current reserves are not sufficient to cover future claim payments and expenses for the remainder of a contract period. These reserves are required to monitor solvency and help ensure that a reporting entity’s contractual obligations will be adequately funded. We assess the profitability of our MA contracts to identify where current operating results or forecasts indicate potential future losses. We do not assess the impacts of the premium deficiency reserve for our Direct Contracting operations as that business segment is not an insurance plan and is not accounted for under ASC 944- Financial Services-Insurance.
The reserve is derived from the assessments performed and provides the amount that insurance related expenses are expected to exceed insurance revenues. There are key financial statement line items and associated drivers considered in determining the reserve. The most significant of financial statement line items considered when performing reserve assessments are premiums earned and MA net medical claims incurred. Key inputs considered for premiums earned include, expected enrollment changes, revenue rates, risk adjustment, and risk score forecasts. Key metrics considered for MA net medical claims incurred include claims experience, benefit changes, membership mix, membership changes, and medical management programs. Administrative expenses are assessed for expenses directly and indirectly incurred in order to operate the insurance entities and cannot exceed a percentage of regulatory entity premiums earned due to contractual agreements. There are other operating activities that are considered in accordance with regulatory guidelines.
The premium deficiency reserve assessment is performed on a quarterly basis. Every quarter, reserve assessments are made for the period following the most recently ended period through to the end of the current year. For the fourth quarter, assessments are made related to the entire subsequent fiscal year’s projected net performance. If a reserve is deemed necessary, a liability and expense will be recognized as of the end of the quarter directly preceding the period for which the future loss is projected. That reserve will be amortized over the course of the contract period assessed to have expected insurance expenses that will exceed insurance revenues. The amortization of the reserve occurs ratably over the assessed contract period and will offset expected future losses.
Revenue Recognition - MA
We receive monthly premiums from the federal government according to government specified payment rates and various contractual terms. Revenue from premiums earned is recognized as income in the period in which members are entitled to receive services. Premiums received in advance of the service period are reported as other liabilities and subsequently recognized as revenue in the period earned.
CMS uses a risk-adjustment model which adjusts premiums paid to MA contracts, based on member risk scores, which are meant to compensate plans that enroll beneficiaries with higher-than-average health risks and to reduce payments for healthier beneficiaries who have lower health risks. Risk scores are based on member diagnoses from the previous year and are periodically adjusted retroactively based on additional plan data collection. Risk adjustments can have a positive or negative retroactive impact to rates. Prospective payments to MA plans are based on the estimated cost of providing standard Medicare-covered benefits to a member with an average risk profile. Under the risk-adjustment methodology, all MA plans must collect and submit the necessary diagnosis code information to CMS within prescribed deadlines. Estimated retroactive lump-sum settlement payments are accrued within revenue for premiums earned to account for the difference between lag risk scores, mid-year risk scores and final risk scores. Any known or expected unfavorable risk score impacts related to quality assurance diagnosis deletions or risk adjustment data validation audits are also considered within accruals and are recorded as a reduction of revenue from premiums earned, based on available information.
Medicare Advantage Part D
Payments received from CMS and members in connection with our participation in the Medicare Advantage Part D program are determined from our annual bid and represent amounts for providing prescription drug insurance coverage; these amounts are recognized as premium revenue for providing this insurance coverage ratably over the term of the annual contract.
Part D CMS payments are subject to risk sharing through risk corridor provisions. The risk corridor provisions compare costs targeted in bids to actual prescription drug costs, limited to actual costs that would have been incurred under the standard coverage as defined by CMS. Variances exceeding certain thresholds may result in CMS making additional payments to us or requiring us to refund to CMS a portion of the premiums received. Management estimates and recognizes an adjustment to premium revenue related to these provisions based upon pharmacy claims experience and input from third-party experts. Management records a receivable or payable at the contract level.
Rebates are paid by drug manufacturers to our pharmacy benefit manager (PBM) which shares a portion of the rebates with us. Management estimates favorable adjustments to medical expenses related to rebates negotiated by the PBM on our behalf. Estimates are based on both actual and estimated pharmacy claims experience throughout the year as well as input from third-party experts and the PBM. Management records a receivable at the contract level.
There are additional cost-sharing elements that are recorded within medical expenses and take into account factors such as member income levels, brand-name versus generic drug spend, and total spend by member within a plan year. Management estimates and recognizes adjustments to medical expenses based upon inputs such as pharmacy claims experience, rebate activity, and input from third-party experts. Management records a receivable or payable at the end of the year based on these items.
Revenue Recognition - DCE
Direct Contracting revenue represents CMS’ total expense incurred for medical services provided on behalf of DCE Beneficiaries during months in which they were alignment eligible during the performance year. Direct Contracting revenue is calculated by taking the sum of the capitation payments made to us for services within the scope of our capitation arrangement and FFS payments made to providers directly from CMS. Direct Contracting revenue is also known in the DC Model as performance year expenditures and is the primary component used to calculate shared savings or shared loss versus the performance year benchmark. Direct Contracting revenue includes a direct reduction or increase of shared savings or loss, which is calculated as the difference between the total benchmark and the total cost of care. Premiums and recoupments incurred in direct relation to the DC Model are recognized as a reduction or increase in Direct Contracting revenue.
Direct Contracting Receivable and Performance Year Obligation
Performance year receivable and obligation represents the average Medicare beneficiary’s total cost of care for beneficiaries aligned to our DCE and refers to the target expenditure amount that will be compared to Medicare expenditures for items and services furnished to aligned beneficiaries during a performance year. This comparison will be used to calculate shared savings and shared losses.
The key inputs in determining the performance year receivable and obligation are trends, risk score, and the number of beneficiaries aligned to the DCE. We begin our benchmark estimation process with benchmark reports delivered from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Innovation Center (CMMI) on a quarterly basis, which drive the determination of whether certain inputs to that calculation need to be adjusted or accrued as a result of more accurate data. Prospective and retrospective trends are set at a national level, and while it is unlikely we would deviate from CMMI’s estimates, we could adjust from the benchmark report due to new information received directly from CMMI, national studies we complete ourselves, or other anticipated policy updates that we believe are probable and estimable. The preliminary benchmark is set based on risk scores with data captured as of a certain point in time. Once new data is received, an updated analysis of claims provides an opportunity for the benchmark to be adjusted. Lastly, beneficiary counts are updated through the year and represent a timing difference between CMMI reporting, for which we accrue. For the initial performance year, seasonality was assessed in the calculation of the benchmark.
Warrants
Legacy Warrants
In September 2015, we issued warrants to purchase 2,100,000 shares of our common stock. On March 21, 2017, we entered into a loan facility (the "Loan Facility") for an aggregate principal amount of $60.0 million. In conjunction with the Loan Facility, we issued 1,266,284 warrants to purchase shares of our Series D preferred stock. The September 2015 warrants and the Loan Facility warrants were determined to be freestanding instruments as they were detachable and separately exercisable. These warrants were accounted for as derivative instruments in accordance with ASC 815-40 and were presented within warrants payable on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The warrant liabilities were measured at fair value at inception and on a recurring basis until redeemed, with changes in fair value presented within change in fair value of warrants payable in the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.
In November 2016 and December 2017, we issued warrants to purchase 261,681 shares of our common stock to a service provider for services performed. For warrants issued to non-employees as payment for services, such as the November 2016 and December 2017 warrants, we consider the warrants to be in scope of stock-based compensation guidance to non-employees. To determine whether the warrants should be classified as liabilities or equity awards, we evaluate the criteria for debt accounting guidance because share-based payments classified as liabilities under this guidance would also be classified as liabilities under the stock-based accounting guidance. As the November 2016 and December 2017 warrants did not meet any of the criteria to be accounted for as debt, they were classified as equity awards. On the grant date, these warrants were measured by estimating the fair value of the equity instruments to be issued. Stock-based compensation expense was recorded for the vested portion of the warrants.
On October 5, 2020, we entered into the Merger Agreement with SCH and simultaneously amended the terms of the legacy warrants, and they were automatically converted into common stock in connection with the Business Combination.
Public Warrants and Private Placement Warrants
We assumed, in connection with the Business Combination, public warrants and private placement warrants to purchase shares of our Class A Common Stock. These warrants were accounted for as liabilities in accordance with ASC 815-40 and are presented within warrants payable on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The warrant liabilities were measured at fair value at inception and on a recurring basis until redeemed, with changes in fair value presented within change in fair value of warrants payable in the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. The Public Warrants were classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because the fair value was equal to the publicly traded price of the Public Warrants, and the Private Placement Warrants
were classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy because the fair value was estimated using the price of the Public Warrant. On July 22, 2021, we issued a press release stating that we would redeem all unexercised Public Warrants and Private Placement Warrants. In connection with the redemption, effective August 24, 2021, the Public Warrants were delisted and classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy as the fair value of the Public Warrants was based on proportional changes in the price of our common stock. There were no Private Warrants outstanding at August 24, 2021.
Derivative Liabilities
We evaluated the embedded features of the Convertible Securities by applying the derivatives accounting guidance. Derivatives embedded within non-derivative instruments, such as convertible securities, are bifurcated from the host instrument when the embedded derivative is not clearly and closely related to the host instrument. The embedded derivatives associated with the Convertible Securities were recognized as derivative liabilities and recorded at fair value.
For additional information around the fair value and inputs used in the modeling related to the liability-classified warrants, please see Note 13 (Warrants Payable) to our Consolidated Financial Statements in this report.
Fair values of the legacy warrants and derivative liabilities related to the Convertible Securities were estimated using a probability-weighted expected return method, where the values of various instruments were estimated based on an analysis of future values of our business, assuming various future outcomes. The resulting instruments’ values were based upon the probability-weighted present value of expected future investment returns, considering each of the possible future outcomes available to us, as well as the economic benefits attributable to each class of instruments. The expected future investment returns were estimated using a variety of methodologies, including both the market approach and the income approach, where an observable quoted market does not exist, and were generally classified as Level 3. Such methodologies included reviewing values ascribed to our most recent financing, comparing the subject instrument with similar instruments of publicly traded companies in similar lines of business, and reviewing our underlying financial performance and subject instrument, including estimating discounted cash flows. To estimate the fair value attributable to the derivative liabilities, the “with and without” approach is used. An evaluation of multiple scenarios for future payoffs for the underlying Convertible Securities was performed using option pricing models, and probability-weighted average value indications were used to arrive at the estimated fair values.
For information on fair values of the Public Warrants and Private Warrants, please refer to the section entitled “Warrants” above.
Stock-based Compensation
We measure and recognize compensation expense for all stock-based awards, including stock options, restricted stock units granted to employees, directors, and non-employees, and stock purchase rights granted under the 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP) to employees, based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant. The fair value of each stock option and ESPP opportunity granted is estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The fair value of each RSU is based on the estimated fair value of our common stock on the date of grant.
The measurement date for employee awards is the date of grant, and stock-based compensation costs are recognized as expense over the employees’ requisite service period, which is the vesting period, on a straight-line basis. The measurement date for non-employee awards is the date of grant without changes in the fair value of the award. Stock-based compensation costs for non-employees are recognized as expense over the vesting period on a straight-line basis. Stock-based compensation expense is classified in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss within salaries and benefits. We recognize stock-based compensation expense for the portion of awards that have vested. Forfeitures are recorded as they occur.
We also grant certain awards that have performance-based vesting conditions, including performance restricted stock units that become eligible to vest if prior to the vesting date the average closing price of one share of our common stock for ninety consecutive days equals or exceeds a specified price (Market PRSUs). Stock-based compensation expense for such awards is recognized using an accelerated attribution method from the time it is deemed probable that the vesting condition will be met through the time the service-based vesting condition has been achieved. The grant date fair value of the Market PRSUs is recognized as expense over the vesting period under the accelerated attribution method and is not adjusted in future periods for the success or failure to achieve the specified market condition. The Corporation has also determined the requisite service period for the PRSUs with multiple performance conditions to be the longest of the explicit, implicit, or derived service period. The determination of the grant-date fair value using an option-pricing model is affected by the estimated fair value of our common stock as well as assumptions regarding a number of other complex and subjective variables. These variables include expected stock price volatility over an expected term, actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors, the risk-free interest rate for an expected term, and expected dividends. The assumptions used in our option-pricing model represent our best estimates. These estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of judgment. If factors change and different assumptions are used, our stock-based compensation expense could be materially different in the future.
These assumptions are estimated as follows:
Expected term - For stock options considered to be “plain vanilla” options, we estimate the expected term based on the simplified method, which is essentially the weighted average of the vesting period and contractual term, as our historical option exercise experience does not provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate the expected term.
Expected volatility - We perform an analysis of using the average volatility of a peer group of representative public companies with sufficient trading history over the expected term to develop an expected volatility assumption.
The grant date fair value of the Market PRSUs is recognized as expense over the vesting period under the accelerated attribution method and is not adjusted in future periods for the success or failure to achieve the specified market condition. The grant date fair value of Market PRSUs is determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model that incorporates multiple valuation assumptions, including the probability of achieving the specified market condition, expected volatility and risk-free interest rate.
See Note 18 (Employee Benefit Plans) to our Consolidated Financial Statements in this report for a complete description of the accounting for stock-based compensation awards.
Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 2 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) to the Financial Statements in this report for a discussion of accounting pronouncements recently adopted and recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted and their potential impact to our financial statements.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Market risk is the risk of economic losses due to adverse changes in the estimated fair value of a financial instrument as the result of changes in equity prices, interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and commodity prices. Our consolidated balance sheets include assets and liabilities with estimated fair values that are subject to market risk. Our primary market risk has been interest rate risk associated with investments in instruments with fixed maturities. We do not have material exposure to commodity risk.
We are also exposed to credit risk on our investment portfolio. We manage the exposure to credit risk in our portfolio by investing in high quality securities and diversifying our holdings.
We monitor our investment portfolio to ensure that credit risk does not exceed prudent levels. Our investment policy is focused on preservation of capital, liquidity and earning a modest yield. Substantially all of our investment portfolio is invested in U.S. Treasury fixed maturity securities. As of December 31, 2021, none of our fixed maturity securities portfolio was unrated or rated below investment grade.
Inflation Risk
Inflationary factors such as increases in overhead costs may adversely affect our results of operations. Although we do not believe that inflation has had a material impact on our financial position or results of operations to date, a high rate of inflation in the future may have an adverse effect on our ability to maintain current levels of operating expenses as a percentage of total revenues, if the premiums earned or other payments we receive from CMS do not increase with these increased costs.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of
Clover Health Investments, Corp.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Clover Health Investments, Corp. (the Company) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, changes in convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ equity (deficit) and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes and financial statement schedules listed in the Index at Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 28, 2022 expressed an adverse opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Valuation of incurred but not reported reserves
Description of the Matter
As of December 31, 2021, the Company’s unpaid claims were $140.9 million, of which, a significant portion is incurred but not reported reserves. As discussed in Notes 1 and 10 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s incurred but not reported (IBNR) liability for its Medicare Advantage and Direct Contracting Entity programs is determined by using actuarial methods that include a number of factors and assumptions, including completion factors, which seek to measure the cumulative percentage of claims expense that have been paid as of the reporting date based on historical claim payment patterns, and assumed medical cost trend factors, which represent an estimate of claims expense based on recent claims expense levels and medical cost levels. There is significant uncertainty inherent in determining management’s best estimate of completion and trend factors, which are used to calculate actuarial estimates of IBNR.
Auditing management’s best estimate of the IBNR was complex and required the involvement of our actuarial specialists due to the highly judgmental nature of completion and trend factor assumptions used in the valuation process. These assumptions have a significant effect on the valuation of the IBNR liability.
We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company’s actuarial process for estimating the liability for incurred but not paid claims. These audit procedures included among others, testing management review controls over the application of the actuarial assumptions within the reserve models and the review and approval processes that management has in place for estimating the liability for incurred but not paid claims.
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit To test the Company’s liability for IBNR, our audit procedures included, among others, testing the completeness and accuracy of data used in the calculation by testing reconciliations of underlying claims and membership data recorded in source systems to the actuarial reserving calculations, and comparing a sample of claims to source documentation.
We involved actuarial specialists to assist with our audit procedures, which included, among others, evaluating the methodologies applied by the Company in determining the IBNR, evaluating the Company’s actuarial assumptions used in their analysis by comparing the significant assumptions to the Company’s historical claim experience, and independently calculating a range of IBNR estimates for comparison to management’s actuarial best estimate of the IBNR. Additionally, we performed a review of the prior period IBNR liabilities to subsequent claims development.
Premium deficiency reserve
Description of the Matter
As of December 31, 2021, the Company had recorded a premium deficiency reserve of $110 million (PDR). As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, a liability for premium deficiency reserves is an actuarial estimate for anticipated losses on the Corporation’s Medicare Advantage and Medicare Advantage Part D business. Management establishes premium deficiency reserves to the extent that the sum of expected future costs, claim adjustment expenses, and maintenance costs exceeds related future premiums.
Auditing management’s estimated PDR was complex and required the involvement of our actuarial specialists due to the significant estimation uncertainty surrounding the estimated future costs of care, claim expense and maintenance costs and trend assumptions utilized in the calculation of the PDR in comparison to the per month per member estimated premiums.
We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company’s PDR calculation, including those over the Company’s selection of assumptions such as the expected future costs, claim adjustment expenses, and maintenance costs.
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit
To test the Company’s calculation of PDR, our audit procedures included, among others, testing the completeness and accuracy of data used in the calculation by testing reconciliations of premium, claim and claim related expense costs to source documentation.
We involved actuarial specialists to assist with testing the significant assumptions described above, which included evaluating the methodologies applied by the Company in determining the premium deficiency reserve, evaluating the Company’s actuarial assumptions used in their claims expense analysis by comparing the significant assumptions to the Company’s historical claim experience and total cost of care trends. In addition to the Company’s historical claim experience, we also compared the Company’s claim and claim related expense costs to industry, market and economic trends to evaluate the assumptions utilized in the calculation of the PDR.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2018.
New York, NY
February 28, 2022
CLOVER HEALTH INVESTMENTS, CORP.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Dollars in thousands, except share amounts)
December 31, 2021
December 31, 2020
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents $ 299,968 $ 92,348
Short-term investments 293,851 4,098
Investment securities, available-for sale (Amortized cost: 2021: $21,142; 2020: $0)
21,131 -
Investment securities, held-to-maturity (Fair value: 2021: $307; 2020: $266)
305 265
Accrued retrospective premiums 34,923 34,829
Other receivables 14,282 11,368
Healthcare receivable 48,042 38,745
Surety bonds and deposits 12,613 -
Prepaid expenses 9,409 7,830
Other assets, current 18,022 299
Total current assets 752,546 189,782
Investment securities, available-for sale (Amortized cost: 2021: $177,527; 2020: $53,953)
175,604 53,963
Investment securities, held-to-maturity (Fair value: 2021: $364; 2020: $471)
335 429
Property and equipment, net 2,287 2,078
Operating lease right-of-use assets 5,367 7,882
Goodwill and other intangible assets 4,233 4,233
Other assets, non-current 10,432 8,885
Total assets $ 950,804 $ 267,252
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements
CLOVER HEALTH INVESTMENTS, CORP.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Dollars in thousands, except share amounts)
December 31, 2021
December 31, 2020
Liabilities, Convertible Preferred Stock, and Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)
Current liabilities
Unpaid claims $ 138,604 $ 102,429
Due to related parties, net 2,320 1,547
Direct Contracting performance year obligation 36,891 -
Direct Contracting payable 37,773 -
Accounts payable and accrued expenses 28,129 30,671
Accrued salaries and benefits 15,147 3,978
Operating lease liabilities 3,059 4,795
Current portion of notes and securities payable - 20,803
Premium deficiency reserve 110,628 -
Other liabilities, current 73 5
Total current liabilities 372,624 164,228
Notes and securities payable, net of discounts, and deferred issuance costs 19,938 106,413
Derivative liabilities - 44,810
Warrants payable - 97,782
Long-term operating lease liabilities 4,830 6,349
Other liabilities, non-current 14,095 13,116
Total liabilities 411,487 432,698
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 21 )
Convertible Preferred stock (Series Seed A, A-1, B, C, and D), $0.0001 par value; 0 and 155,387,025 shares authorized as of December 31, 2021, and 2020, respectively; 0 and 139,444,346 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2021, and 2020, respectively; aggregate liquidation preference of $0 and $470,256 as of December 31, 2021, and 2020, respectively (1)
- 447,747
Stockholders' equity (deficit)
Class A Common Stock, $0.0001 par value; 2,500,000,000 and 0 shares authorized as of December 31, 2021, and 2020, respectively; 352,645,626 and 0 issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2021, and 2020, respectively
34 -
Class B Common Stock, $0.0001 par value; 500,000,000 and 351,572,668 shares authorized; 118,206,768 and 89,206,266 issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2021, and 2020, respectively (1)
12 9
Additional paid-in capital 2,154,187 411,867
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income (1,934) 10
Accumulated deficit (1,616,738) (1,028,982)
Less: Treasury stock, at cost; 14,730 and 0 shares held as of December 31, 2021, and 2020, respectively
(147) -
Clover stockholders’ equity (deficit) 535,414 (617,096)
Noncontrolling interest 3,903 3,903
Total stockholders' equity (deficit) 539,317 (613,193)
Total liabilities, convertible preferred stock, and stockholders' equity (deficit) $ 950,804 $ 267,252
(1) Prior period results have been adjusted to reflect the exchange of Legacy Clover's common stock for Clover Class B Common Stock at an exchange ratio of approximately 2.0681 in January 2021 as a result of the Business Combination. See Note 3 (Business Combination) for additional information.
CLOVER HEALTH INVESTMENTS, CORP.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(Dollars in thousands, except per share and share amounts)
Years ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
Revenues:
Premiums earned, net (Net of ceded premiums of $489, $599, and $832 for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively)
$ 799,414 $ 665,698 $ 456,926
Direct Contracting revenue 667,639 - -
Other income 4,943 7,190 5,340
Total revenues 1,471,996 672,888 462,266
Operating expenses:
Medicare Advantage net medical claims incurred 838,134 585,432 446,692
Direct Contracting net medical claims incurred 705,407 - -
Other medical costs 7,637 4,650 3,009
Salaries and benefits 260,458 71,256 91,626
General and administrative expenses 185,287 120,830 95,701
Premium deficiency reserve expense (benefit) 110,628 (17,128) 7,523
Depreciation and amortization 1,246 555 551
Other expense 191 - 363
Total operating expenses 2,108,988 765,595 645,465
Loss from operations (636,992) (92,707) (183,199)
Change in fair value of warrants payable (66,146) 80,328 2,909
Interest expense 3,229 35,990 23,155
Amortization of notes and securities discounts 13,681 21,118 15,913
(Gain) loss on derivative - (93,751) 138,561
Net loss $ (587,756) $ (136,392) $ (363,737)
Per share data:
Net loss per share attributable to Class A and Class B common stockholders - basic and diluted (1)
$ (1.42) $ (1.54) $ (4.14)
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding
Basic and diluted weighted average number of Class A and Class B common shares and common share equivalents outstanding (1)
412,922,424 88,691,582 87,829,419
Unrealized (loss) gain on available-for-sale investments $ (1,944) $ (36) $ 46
Comprehensive loss $ (589,700) $ (136,428) $ (363,691)
(1) Prior period results have been adjusted to reflect the exchange of Legacy Clover's common stock for Clover Class B Common Stock at an exchange ratio of approximately 2.0681 in January 2021 as a result of the Business Combination. See Note 3 (Business Combination) for additional information. Because the Corporation had a net loss during the year ended December 31, 2021, and a net loss during the year ended December 31, 2020, the Corporation’s potentially dilutive securities, which include stock options, restricted stock, preferred stock and warrants to purchase shares of common stock and preferred stock, have been excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share, as the effect would be anti-dilutive.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
CLOVER HEALTH INVESTMENTS, CORP.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (DEFICIT)
(Dollars in thousands, except share amounts)
Convertible Preferred stock Class A Common Stock Class B Common Stock Treasury Stock Additional paid-in capital Accumulated
deficit Accumulated
other
comprehensive
income (loss) Noncontrolling
interest Total stockholders' equity (deficit)
Shares
Amount Shares Amount Shares
Amount Shares
Amount
Balance, December 31, 2018
67,427,138 $ 447,747 - $ - 42,243,445 $ 4 - $ - $ 25,318 $ (527,896) $ - $ - $ (502,574)
Retroactive application of reverse recapitalization 72,017,208 - - - 45,119,147 5 - - (5) - - - -
Adjusted balance, beginning of period 139,444,346 447,747 - - 87,362,592 9 - - 25,313 (527,896) - - (502,574)
Stock issuance for exercise of stock options, net of early exercise liability - - - - 916,527 - - - 601 - - - 601
Stock-based compensation - - - - - - - - 3,301 - - - 3,301
Unrealized holdings gain on investment securities, available-for-sale - - - - - - - - - 46 - 46
Beneficial conversion feature - - - - - - - - 373,826 - - - 373,826
Net loss - - - - - - - - - (363,737) - - (363,737)
Balance, December 31, 2019
139,444,346 $ 447,747 - $ - 88,279,119 $ 9 - $ - $ 403,041 $ (891,633) $ 46 $ - $ (488,537)
Balance, December 31, 2019
67,427,138 $ 447,747 - $ - 42,686,624 $ 4 $ - - $ 403,046 $ (891,633) $ 46 $ - $ (488,537)
Retroactive application of reverse recapitalization 72,017,208 - - - 45,592,495 5 - - (5) - - - -
Adjusted balance, beginning of period 139,444,346 447,747 - - 88,279,119 9 $ - $ - 403,041 (891,633) 46 $ - (488,537)
Stock issuance for exercise of stock options, net of early exercise liability - - - - 1,297,977 - - - 1,748 - - - 1,748
Stock-based compensation - - - - - - - - 7,078 - - - 7,078
Buyback and subsequent cancellation of common shares - - - - (370,830) - - - - (957) - - (957)
Unrealized holdings loss on investment securities, available-for-sale - - - - - - - - - - (36) - (36)
Interests issued - - - - - - - - - - - 3,903 3,903
Net loss - - - - - - - - - (136,392) - - (136,392)
Balance, December 31, 2020
139,444,346 $ 447,747 - $ - 89,206,266 $ 9 - $ - $ 411,867 $ (1,028,982) $ 10 $ 3,903 $ (613,193)
Balance, December 31, 2020
139,444,346 $ 447,747 - $ - 89,206,266 $ 9 - $ - $ 411,867 $ (1,028,982) $ 10 $ 3,903 $ (613,193)
Stock issuance for exercise of stock options, net of early exercise liability - - 4,303,062 - - - - - 6,144 - - - 6,144
Stock-based compensation - - - - - - - - 163,723 - - - 163,723
Vested restricted stock units - - 526,346 - - - - - - - - - -
Unrealized holdings loss on investment securities, available-for-sale - - - - - - - - - - (1,944) - (1,944)
Preferred stock conversion (139,444,346) (447,747) - - 139,444,346 14 - - 447,733 - - - 447,747
Issuance of common stock related to exercises of legacy warrants - - - - 7,205,490 1 - - 97,781 - - - 97,782
Convertible debt conversion and other issuances - - - - 75,084,703 7 - - 16,052 - - - 16,059
Issuance of common stock in connection with Business Combination and PIPE offering - - 143,475,108 14 (49,975,104) (5) - - 666,232 - - - 666,241
Conversion from Class B Common Stock to Class A Common Stock - - 231,273,129 23 (231,273,129) (23) - - - - - - -
Conversion from Class A Common Stock to Class B Common Stock - - (88,514,196) (9) 88,514,196 9 - - - - - - -
Capital contribution for extinguishment of debt - - - - - - - - 126,795 - - - 126,795
Acquisition of Public and Private Placement Warrants - - - - - - - - (147,582) - - - (147,582)
Issuance of common stock related to exercises of Public and Private Placement Warrants - - 9,408,264 1 - - - - 81,672 - - - 81,673
Issuance of common stock, net of stock issuance costs - - 52,173,913 5 - - - - 283,770 - - - 283,775
Treasury stock acquired - - - - - - 14,730 (147) - - - - (147)
Net loss - - - - - - - - - (587,756) - - (587,756)
Balance, December 31, 2021
- $ - 352,645,626 $ 34 118,206,768 $ 12 14,730 $ (147) $ 2,154,187 $ (1,616,738) $ (1,934) $ 3,903 $ 539,317
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
CLOVER HEALTH INVESTMENTS, CORP.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Dollars in thousands)
Years ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss $ (587,756) $ (136,392) $ (363,737)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization expense 1,246 555 551
Amortization of notes and securities discounts and debt issuance costs 13,681 21,118 15,913
Loss on disposal of property and equipment - - 23
Stock-based compensation expense 163,723 7,078 3,301
Paid-in-kind interest - 28,334 11,633
Change in fair value of warrants payable and amortization of warrants (66,146) 80,328 2,909
Change in derivative liabilities - (93,751) 138,561
Accretion, net of amortization 200 (195) (2,857)
Net realized losses (gains) on available-for-sale securities 53 (1,114) (111)
Asset impairment charges - - 1,632
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accrued retrospective premiums (94) (21,604) 7,546
Other receivables (2,914) (5,865) 4,115
Reinsurance recoverable (96) 481 63,610
Surety bonds and deposits (12,613) - -
Prepaid expenses (1,579) (6,473) 600
Other assets (19,757) 1,003 (470)
Healthcare receivables (9,297) (12,926) (14,511)
Operating lease right-of-use assets 3,591 3,257 (11,933)
Unpaid claims 36,948 26,090 23,882
Accounts payable and accrued expenses 5,307 10,845 6,298
Accrued salaries and benefits 11,169 186 (2,235)
Premium deficiency reserve 110,628 (17,128) 7,523
Reinsurance premium payable - - (64,414)
Deferred rent 68 - (2,677)
Other liabilities 979 1,378 168
Performance year obligation 36,891 - -
Direct Contracting payable 37,773 - -
Operating lease liabilities (4,331) (3,703) 14,805
Net cash used in operating activities (282,326) (118,498) (159,875)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of short-term investments and available-for-sale securities (876,252) (174,318) (505,545)
Proceeds from sales of short-term investments and available-for-sale securities 126,862 248,664 269,205
Proceeds from maturities of short-term investments and available-for-sale securities 314,666 63,751 46,415
Proceeds from maturities of held-to-maturity securities - - 9,220
Acquisition of business, net of cash acquired - - (1,180)
Purchases of property and equipment (723) (693) (23)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities (435,447) 137,404 (181,908)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of convertible notes - 20,000 343,410
Deferred financing costs - (98) (363)
Payment of notes payable principal (30,925) (18,752) (9,670)
Issuance of common stock, net of early exercise liability 6,144 1,748 601
Proceeds from reverse recapitalization, net of transaction costs 666,241 - -
Buyback and subsequent cancellation of common shares - (957) -
Proceeds received for the exercise of Public and Private Warrants 390 - -
Issuance of common stock, net of stock issuance costs 283,775 - -
Payment for the redemptions of Public Warrants (85) - -
Treasury stock acquired (147) - -
Acquisition of noncontrolling interest - 3,903 -
Net cash provided by financing activities 925,393 5,844 333,978
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 207,620 24,750 (7,805)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year 92,348 67,598 75,403
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year $ 299,968 $ 92,348 $ 67,598
Supplemental cash flow disclosures
Cash paid during the year for interest $ 1,677 $ 4,578 $ 6,257
Cash paid during the year for health insurance industry fee - 8,022 -
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities
Fair value of warrants issued in connection with notes payable $ - $ - $ 17,672
Settlement of bridge loan in connection with convertible notes - - 30,416
Conversion of preferred stock to common stock 447,747 - -
Issuance of common stock related to convertible debt 16,059 - -
Capital contribution for extinguishment of debt 126,795 - -
Issuance of common stock related to warrants exercised 97,782 - -
Acquisition of Public and Private Warrants 147,582 - -
Issuance of common stock related to the exercise of Public and Private Warrants 81,283 - -
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities 1,076 42 459
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
CLOVER HEALTH INVESTMENTS, CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
1. Organization and Operations
Clover Health Investments, Corp. (collectively with its affiliates and subsidiaries, "Clover" or the "Corporation") is singularly focused on creating great, sustainable healthcare to improve every life. Clover has centered its strategy on building and deploying technology through its flagship software platform, the Clover Assistant, to help America’s seniors receive better care at lower costs.
Clover provides affordable, high-quality Medicare Advantage (MA) plans, including Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) and Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) plans, through its regulated insurance subsidiaries. The Corporation's regulated insurance subsidiaries consist of Clover Insurance Company and Clover HMO of New Jersey Inc., which operate the Corporation's PPO and HMO health plans, respectively. On April 1, 2021, the Corporation's subsidiary Clover Health Partners, LLC, began participating as a Direct Contracting Entity (DCE) in the Global and Professional Direct Contracting Model (DC Model) of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. Medical Service Professionals of NJ, LLC, houses Clover's employed physicians and the related support staff for Clover's in-home care program. Clover's administrative functions and insurance operations are primarily operated by its Clover Health, LLC and Clover Health Labs, LLC subsidiaries.
Clover's approach is to combine technology, data analytics, and preventive care to lower costs and increase the quality of health and life of Medicare beneficiaries. Clover's technology platform uses machine learning-powered systems to deliver data and insights to physicians at the point of care in order to improve outcomes for beneficiaries and drive down costs. Clover's MA plans generally provide access to a wide network of primary care providers, specialists, and hospitals, enabling its members to see any doctor participating in Medicare willing to accept them. Clover focuses on minimizing members' out-of-pocket costs and offers many plans that allow members to pay the same co-pays for primary care provider visits regardless of whether their physician is in- or out-of-network. Clover's DCE, which assumes full risk (i.e., 100.0% shared savings and shared losses) for the total cost of care of aligned Original Medicare beneficiaries (DCE Beneficiaries), focuses on its technology platform to enhance healthcare delivery, reduce expenditures, and improve care for DCE Beneficiaries.
Clover was originally incorporated as a Cayman Islands exempted company on October 18, 2019, as a special purpose acquisition company (SPAC) under the name Social Capital Hedosophia Holdings Corp. III (SCH). On October 5, 2020, SCH entered into a Merger Agreement (the "Merger Agreement") with Clover Health Investments, Inc., a corporation originally incorporated on July 17, 2014, in the state of Delaware (Legacy Clover). Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, and a favorable vote of SCH's stockholders on January 6, 2021, Asclepius Merger Sub Inc., a Delaware corporation and a newly formed, wholly-owned subsidiary of SCH (Merger Sub), was merged with and into Legacy Clover. Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, the separate corporate existence of Merger Sub ceased, Legacy Clover survived and merged with and into SCH, with SCH as the surviving corporation, and SCH was redomesticated as a Delaware corporation and renamed Clover Health Investments, Corp. (the "Business Combination"). The Business Combination was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (GAAP). Under the guidance in Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 805, Legacy Clover is treated as the "acquirer" for financial reporting purposes. Legacy Clover is deemed the accounting predecessor of the combined business, and Clover, as the parent company of the combined business, is the successor SEC registrant, meaning that Legacy Clover's financial statements for previous periods are disclosed in periodic reports filed with the SEC. As a result of the Business Combination, there were simultaneous changes to Legacy Clover's convertible securities, warrants, and convertible preferred stock. See Note 12 (Notes and Securities Payable), Note 13 (Warrants Payable), and Note 17 (Stockholders' Equity and Convertible Preferred Stock) for additional information regarding these changes. See also Note 3 (Business Combination) for additional information related to the Business Combination.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Emerging Growth Company
The Corporation was previously treated as an “emerging growth company” under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act. Effective January 1, 2022, the Corporation is no longer eligible for treatment as an emerging growth company in accordance with SEC’s Topic 10 - Emerging Growth Companies. Accordingly, the Corporation is now required to adopt all accounting guidance within the same period as all other large accelerated filers. The Corporation has adopted all new or revised accounting guidance as indicated below.
Basis of presentation
The Corporation has prepared these consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which differs from the statutory accounting practices prescribed by various insurance regulatory authorities. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Corporation and its subsidiaries. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidating these financial statements.
Use of estimates
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that impact the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes.
The areas involving the most significant use of estimates are the amounts of incurred but not reported claims. Many factors can cause actual outcomes to deviate from these assumptions and estimates, such as changes in economic conditions, changes in government healthcare policy, advances in medical technology, changes in treatment patterns, and changes in average lifespan. Accordingly, the Corporation cannot determine with precision the ultimate amounts that it will pay for, or the timing of payment of actual claims, or whether the assets supporting the liabilities will grow to the level the Corporation assumes prior to payment of claims. If the Corporation's actual experience is different from its assumptions or estimates, the Corporation's reserves may prove inadequate. As a result, the Corporation would incur a charge to operations in the period in which it determines such a shortfall exists, which could have a material adverse effect on the Corporation's business, results of operations, and financial condition. Other areas involving significant estimates include risk adjustment provisions related to Medicare contracts and the valuation of the Corporation's investment securities, goodwill and other intangible assets, reinsurance, premium deficiency reserve, warrants, embedded derivative related to the convertible securities, stock-based compensation, recoveries from third parties for coordination of benefits, Direct Contracting benchmark specifically cost trend and risk score estimates that can develop over time, and final determination of medical cost adjustment pools.
Reclassifications
To conform to the current period presentation, prepaid expenses, which were previously included in other assets, current, are presented as a separate line item in the prior year’s Consolidated Balance Sheet. Certain amounts in the prior years’ Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation, primarily related to the amortization of notes and securities discounts and debt issuance costs, change in fair value of warrants payable and amortization of warrants, prepaid expenses, and other assets. Additionally, certain amounts in the prior years’ Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation, primarily related to MA net medical claims incurred and other medical costs. These reclassifications had no effect on the previously reported Consolidated Financial Statements.
Segment information
The Corporation’s chief operating decision maker is the Chief Executive Officer. The chief operating decision maker manages operations, allocates resources, and evaluates financial performance on a company-wide basis. The Corporation operates in two reporting segments: the MA segment and DC segment.
Performance guarantees
Certain of the Corporation’s arrangements with third-party providers require it to guarantee the performance of its care network to CMS. As a result of the Corporation’s participation in the DC Model, the Corporation determined that it was making a performance guarantee with respect to providers of DCE Beneficiaries that should be recognized in the financial statements. Accordingly, a liability for the performance guarantee was recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Each month, as the performance guarantee is fulfilled, the guarantee is amortized on a straight-line basis for the amount that represents the completed performance. With respect to each performance year in which the DCE is a participant, the final consideration due to the DCE by CMS (shared savings) or the consideration due to CMS by the DCE (shared loss) is reconciled in the subsequent years following the performance year. The shared savings or loss is measured periodically and will be applied to the Direct Contracting performance obligation if the Corporation is in a probable loss position. Direct Contracting revenue is also known in the DC Model as CMS’ performance year expenditures and is the primary component used to calculate shared savings or shared loss versus the performance year benchmark. Direct Contracting revenue is representative of CMS’ total expenditures incurred for medical services provided on behalf of DCE Beneficiaries during months in which those beneficiaries were alignment-eligible and aligned to the DCE. Direct Contracting revenue is calculated by taking the sum of the capitation payments made to the Corporation for services within the scope of the Corporation’s capitation arrangement and fee-for-service (FFS) payments made to providers directly from CMS. Additionally, the DCE has entered into a surety bond agreement with CMS and a third-party surety to cover the reserve requirement, which is fifty percent of the amount determined by the CMS agreement.
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, amounts due from banks, money market instruments and other highly liquid investments with original maturities of 90 days or less. The carrying values of these instruments approximate their respective fair value due to the short-term maturity of these investments.
At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Corporation had cash and cash equivalents at financial institutions, which are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). At times, balances may exceed the FDIC insured limits. Management believes that credit risk related to those balances is minimal.
Investment securities
Short-term investments
Short-term investments consist of investments which the Corporation expects to convert into cash within one year of the balance sheet date, including time deposits and debt securities, which have original maturities greater than 90 days. Short-term investments are measured at their amortized cost. The carrying value of these instruments approximate their respective fair value due to the short-term maturity of these investments.
Investment securities, available-for-sale
Investment securities, which consist entirely of debt securities with fixed or determinable payments and fixed maturity dates, that the Corporation purchases that are not classified as held-to-maturity, are classified as available-for-sale financial assets. The Corporation’s available-for-sale investments are U.S. Treasury fixed maturity securities.
Available-for-sale investments are measured at fair value, and unrealized gains and losses, if any, are recorded in other comprehensive income, net of applicable income taxes, until realized from a sale or an expected credit loss is recognized.
Investment securities, held-to-maturity
Investment securities, which consist entirely of debt securities with fixed or determinable payments and fixed maturity dates, where the Corporation has a positive intent and ability to hold to maturity, are classified as held-to-maturity financial assets. The Corporation’s held-to-maturity investments are comprised of U.S. Treasury fixed maturity securities. The held-to-maturity investments are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method less impairment. Unrealized holding gains or losses are not recognized.
Impairment of investment securities
Effective January 1, 2021, the Corporation adopted the provisions of ASC 326 and modified its accounting policy for the assessment of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities for impairment, as further described below. Prior to January 1, 2021, the Corporation applied the other-than-temporary impairment model for available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position which did not result in impairments for 2020 or 2019. Beginning on January 1, 2021, the Corporation adopted ASC 326, which retained many similarities from the previous other-than-temporary impairment model but eliminated the consideration of the length of time over which the fair value had been less than cost. Additionally, under ASC 326, the expected losses on securities are recognized through an allowance for credit losses rather than as a reduction in the amortized cost of the security.
The Corporation identifies securities that are in an unrealized loss position and could potentially have an impairment. This process involves monitoring market events that could impact issuers’ credit ratings, business climate, management changes, litigation and government actions, and other similar factors. This process also involves monitoring late payments, downgrades by rating agencies, key financial ratios, financial statements, revenue forecasts and cash flow projections as indicators of credit risks. The Corporation considers relevant facts and circumstances in evaluating the impairment of a security. Relevant facts and circumstances considered include (1) the extent to which the fair value has been below cost or amortized cost, (2) adverse conditions specifically to the financial condition of the issuer or related to the industry, (3) geographic area of the issuer, or the underlying collateral of a security including the current and future impact of any specific events, (4) the payment structure of the security, (5) changes in credit rating of the security by the rating agencies, and (6) the volatility of the fair value changes. There are a number of significant risks and uncertainties inherent in the process of monitoring impairments. These risks and uncertainties include (1) the risk that management’s assessment of an issuer’s ability to meet all of its contractual obligations will change based on changes in the credit characteristics of that issuer, (2) the risk that the economic outlook will be worse than expected or have more of an impact on the issuer than anticipated, (3) erroneous information or fraudulent financial statements could be provided to the Corporation’s management to determine the fair value
estimates and impairments, and (4) the risk that new information obtained by the Corporation, or changes in other facts and circumstances lead the Corporation to change its intent to hold the security to maturity or until it recovers in value. Any of these situations could result in a charge to operations in a future period.
For available-for-sale securities whose fair value is less than their amortized cost which the Corporation does not intend to sell or is not required to sell, management evaluates the expected cash flows to be received as compared to amortized cost and determines if an expected credit loss has occurred. In the event of an expected credit loss, only the amount of the impairment related to the expected credit loss is recognized in income with the remainder, if any, of the loss recognized in other comprehensive income.
To the extent the Corporation has the intent to sell the security or it is more likely than not that the Corporation will be required to sell the security before recovery of the amortized cost basis, management recognizes an impairment loss in income in an amount equal to the full difference between the amortized cost basis and the fair value.
Expected cash flows to be received are evaluated as compared to amortized cost to determine if a credit loss has occurred. The amount of the credit loss component of the security is estimated as the difference between the amortized cost and the present value of the expected cash flows of the security. In developing the expected recovery analysis for debt securities, the Corporation reviews business prospects, credit ratings and available information from asset managers and rating agencies for individual securities. The present value is determined using the best estimate of future cash flows discounted at the implicit interest rate at the date of purchase. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively, there has been no impairment loss reported.
Held-to-maturity securities are evaluated for potential credit loss on a collective basis. The estimate of credit losses considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts.
Allowance for expected credit losses
The Corporation assesses outstanding receivables at each period for credit risk. The majority of receivables are from CMS, a United States government entity that presents very limited credit risk.
Other income
Other income consists of income from operating subleases, miscellaneous revenue, investment income, and commissions.
Investment income includes interest, dividends received or accrued on investments, and realized gains or losses. Investment income is reported as earned and is presented net of related investment expenses and expected credit losses. Realized gains or losses are recognized based on the specific identification method. Purchases and sales are recorded on a trade-date basis.
Fair value measurements
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received upon the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between willing, able and knowledgeable market participants at the measurement date. Fair value measurements are not adjusted for transaction costs.
To determine the fair value of its investments, the Corporation utilizes third-party valuation service providers to gather, analyze and interpret market information and derive fair values based upon relevant methodologies and assumptions for individual instruments. Valuation service providers typically obtain data about market transactions and other key valuation model inputs from multiple sources and, through the use of widely accepted valuation models, provide a single fair value measurement for individual securities for which a fair value has been requested under the terms of service agreements. The inputs used by the valuation service providers include, but are not limited to, market prices from recently completed transactions and transactions of comparable securities, interest rate yield curves, credit spreads, currency rates and other market observable information, as applicable. The valuation models consider, among other things, observable market information as of the measurement date as well as the specific attributes of the security being valued including its term, interest rate, credit rating, industry sector and, when applicable, collateral quality and other issue or issuer specific information. When market transactions or other observable market data is limited, the extent to which judgment is applied in determining fair value is greatly increased.
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are categorized into a fair value hierarchy based on whether the inputs to valuation techniques are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs are those that market participants operating within the same marketplace as the Corporation would use in pricing the Corporation’s assets or liabilities based on independently derived and observable market data. Unobservable inputs are inputs that cannot be sourced from a broad active market in which assets or liabilities identical or similar to those of the Corporation are traded.
The fair value hierarchy includes three levels of inputs based on the degree to which the exit price is independently observable or determinable that may be used to measure fair value as described below:
Level 1 - Valuations are based on quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Since valuations are based on quoted prices that are readily and regularly available in an active market, valuation of these products does not entail a significant degree of judgment. An active market is defined as a market where transactions for the financial instrument occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis;
Level 2 - Valuations are based on observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities;
Level 3 - Valuations are based on techniques that use significant inputs that are unobservable and reflect management’s best estimate of what market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, including assumptions about risk. The valuation of Level 3 assets and liabilities requires the greatest degree of judgment. These measurements may be made under circumstances in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability. The Corporation’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment. In making the assessment, the Corporation considers factors specific to the asset or liability. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement is classified is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.
Fair values of actively traded investments securities are based on quoted market prices. Fair values of other investment securities are based on quoted market prices of identical or similar securities or based on observable inputs, like interest rates generally using a market valuation approach, or, less frequently, an income valuation approach, and are generally classified as Level 2. The Corporation obtains at least one price for each security from a third-party pricing service. These prices are generally derived from recently reported trades for identical or similar securities, including adjustments through the reporting date based upon observable market information. When quoted prices are not available, the third-party pricing service may use quoted market prices of comparable securities or a discounted cash flow analysis, incorporating inputs that are currently observable in the markets for similar securities. Inputs that are often used in the valuation methodologies include benchmark yields, reported trades, credit spreads, broker quotes, default rates, and prepayment speeds.
Concentrations of credit risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Corporation to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents are held with financial institutions of high quality. Balances may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such balances.
The ceding of insurance does not legally discharge the Corporation from its primary liability for the full amount of the policy coverage, and therefore the Corporation will be required to pay the loss and bear collection risk if the reinsurer fails to meet its obligations under the reinsurance agreement. To minimize exposure to significant losses from reinsurance insolvencies, the Corporation evaluates the financial condition of its reinsurers and monitors concentrations of credit risk with its reinsurers.
Capitalized software development costs - cloud computing arrangements
The Corporation's cloud computing arrangements mostly comprise hosting arrangements which are service contracts, whereby the Corporation gains remote access to use enterprise software hosted by the vendor or another third party on an as-needed basis for a period of time in exchange for a subscription fee. Implementation costs for cloud computing arrangements are capitalized if certain criteria are met and consist of internal and external costs directly attributable to developing and configuring cloud computing software for its intended use. These capitalized implementation costs are presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets in other assets, and are generally amortized over the fixed, non-cancelable term of the associated hosting arrangement on a straight-line basis.
Deferred acquisition costs
Acquisition costs directly related to the successful acquisition of new business, which is primarily made up of commissions costs, are deferred and subsequently amortized. Deferred acquisition costs are recorded as other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet and are amortized over the estimated life of the related contracts. The amortization of deferred acquisition costs is recorded in general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. As of December 31, 2021, there were no deferred acquisition costs as a result of the acceleration of amortization for deferred acquisition costs due to the recognition of a premium deficiency reserve during the year ended December 31, 2021. For the year ended December 31, 2021, amortization expense
of deferred acquisition costs of $10.7 million was recognized in general and administrative expenses. There was no amortization expense of deferred acquisition costs for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.
Property and equipment, net
Property and equipment, net is reported at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is recorded using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, which are generally three to seven years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the remaining lease term or estimated useful life of the leasehold improvement. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. Costs related to the development of internal-use software that do not meet capitalization criteria are expensed as incurred. Gains and losses on sales or disposals of property and equipment are included in other income (loss).
Property and equipment is reviewed for impairment periodically whenever adverse events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. Losses are recognized in operations when the undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset are less than its carrying value. An impairment loss is recognized based on the excess of the carrying value over the fair value of the asset.
Goodwill and other intangible assets
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired in business combinations. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment on an annual basis at a level of reporting referred to as the reporting unit, and more frequently if adverse events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset may be impaired. A component is considered a reporting unit if the component constitutes a business for which discrete financial information is available that is regularly reviewed by management. Management aggregates components into one reporting unit if they have similar economic characteristics.
Goodwill is assigned to the reporting units that are expected to benefit from the specific synergies of the business combination. Management reviews goodwill for impairment to determine both the existence and amount of goodwill impairment, if any. Impairment tests are performed, at a minimum, in the fourth quarter of each year. Management first uses a qualitative assessment to determine if it is more likely than not that a reporting unit is impaired. The qualitative test is used as a screening to help determine if it is necessary to perform the quantitative test. If there are indicators that the fair value is less than the carrying amount of any reporting unit, management performs a quantitative assessment where management allocates the fair value of the reporting units to the assets and liabilities with the unallocated fair value representing an implied fair value of goodwill which is then compared to the carrying amount of goodwill. The impairment review requires management to make judgments in determining various assumptions with respect to changes in economic conditions, revenues, operating margins, growth rates and discount rates. There was no impairment of goodwill during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively.
Other intangible assets arising from business combinations are initially recognized at fair value at the date of acquisition. Other intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are tested for impairment at least annually, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the assets may be impaired. The annual impairment test for indefinite-lived intangible assets may be completed through a qualitative assessment to determine if the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible assets is more likely than not greater than the carrying amount. The Corporation may elect to bypass a qualitative assessment, or if a qualitative assessment indicates it is more likely than not that the estimated carrying value exceeds the fair value, the Corporation will test for impairment using a quantitative process. If the Corporation determines that impairment of its intangible assets may exist, the amount of impairment loss is measured as the excess of carrying value over fair value. The estimates in the determination of the fair value of indefinite-lived intangible assets include the anticipated future revenues of the Corporation and the resulting cash flows. As of December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively, there were no circumstances that indicate that the carrying amount of intangible assets deemed to have an indefinite useful life may not be recoverable.
Reinsurance
In the normal course of business, the Corporation seeks to reduce losses by reinsuring certain levels of risk in areas of exposure with other insurance enterprises or reinsurers. Amounts recoverable from reinsurers are estimated in a manner consistent with the claim liability associated with the reinsured policy. To minimize exposure to losses related to a reinsurer’s inability to pay, the financial condition of such reinsurer is evaluated initially upon placement of the reinsurance and periodically thereafter. In addition to considering the financial condition of a reinsurer, the expected credit losses of reinsurance recoverable is evaluated based upon a number of factors. Such factors include the amounts outstanding, history of losses, ratings of reinsurers, disputes, any collateral or letters of credit held and other relevant factors. The Corporation had no material credit allowances for reinsurance recoverable as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Amounts recoverable from reinsurers are estimated in a manner consistent with the liability associated with the reinsured business and consistent with the terms of the underlying contracts. Although reinsurance agreements contractually obligate reinsurers to reimburse the Corporation for their share of losses, they do not discharge the primary liability of the Corporation. The Corporation remains liable for unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses associated with ceded
insured risks in the event the assuming reinsurers fail to meet their contractual obligations. The costs of the reinsurance are recognized over the life of the contract in a manner consistent with the earning of premiums on the underlying policies subject to the reinsurance contracts.
Unpaid claims
Unpaid claims and unpaid claims adjustment expenses include reported claims and incurred but not yet reported (IBNR) claims, as well as the estimated expense of processing these claims. Management develops an estimate for IBNR using actuarial methodologies and assumptions, primarily based upon historical claim experience.
Although there is considerable variability in such estimates, management believes that the unpaid claims and unpaid claims adjustment expense liability is adequate and represents management’s best estimate of the ultimate cost of all reported and unreported claims incurred through the balance sheet date. The estimates are continually reviewed and adjusted as experience develops or new information becomes known. Changes in estimates are reflected in current consolidated operating results.
Liabilities for both reported claims and IBNR not yet processed through the Corporation’s systems are determined in the aggregate, employing actuarial methods that are commonly used by health insurance actuaries and meet actuarial standards of practice. Actuarial standards of practice require that the claim liabilities be appropriate under moderately adverse circumstances. Clover determines the amount of the liability for incurred but not paid claims by following a detailed actuarial process that uses both historical claim payment patterns as well as emerging medical cost trends to project the best estimate of claim liabilities. Under this process, historical paid claims data is formatted into “claim triangles,” which compare claim incurred dates to the dates of claim payments. This information is analyzed to create “completion factors” that represent the average percentage of total incurred claims that have been paid through a given date after being incurred. Completion factors are applied to claims paid through the period-end date to estimate the ultimate claim expense incurred for the period. Actuarial estimates of incurred but not paid claim liabilities are then determined by subtracting the actual paid claims from the estimate of the ultimate incurred claims. The Corporation’s reserving practice is to consistently recognize an actuarial best estimate inclusive of a provision for moderately adverse conditions. This provision is reported as part of incurred claims.
Medical claims incurred
The Corporation recognizes the cost of medical claims in the period in which services are provided, including an estimate of the cost of medical claims IBNR. This methodology is applied for both the Corporation’s MA and Direct Contracting operations. Medical claim expense reported in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss includes direct medical expenses.
Direct medical expenses include amounts paid or payable to hospitals, physicians, pharmacy benefit managers, providers of ancillary services, mandatory supplemental benefits, and is inclusive of the medical expense related to the Corporation’s employed clinicians providing in-home care. Recorded direct medical expenses are reduced by the amount of pharmacy rebates earned, which are estimated based on historical utilization of specific pharmaceuticals, current utilization and contract terms. Pharmacy rebates earned but not yet received from pharmaceutical manufacturers are included in healthcare receivable in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Overpayments to providers are recognized as a contra medical expense and reported as other receivables in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Premium deficiency reserve
A liability for premium deficiency reserves is an actuarial estimate for anticipated losses on the Corporation’s MA and MA Part D (MAPD) business.
Management reassesses the profitability of contracts for providing insurance coverage to members when operating results or forecasts indicate probable future losses. Management establishes a premium deficiency reserve in current operations to the extent that the sum of expected future costs, claim adjustment expenses, and maintenance costs exceeds related future premiums under contracts without consideration of investment income.
For purposes of calculating premium deficiency reserves, management groups contracts in a manner consistent with the method of acquiring, servicing, and measuring the profitability of such contracts.
Losses recognized as a premium deficiency are recorded in the period in which such losses were identified and reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. Losses recognized as a premium deficiency result in a beneficial effect in subsequent periods as operating losses under these contracts are charged to the liability previously established.
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and The Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (the “Health Care Reform Law”) enacted significant reforms to various aspects of the U.S. health insurance industry. As part of the Health Care Reform Law insurance industry assessments were established, including an annual health insurance industry fee (HIF), which became effective in 2014. The HIF was applicable in 2018, suspended in 2019, and resumed for calendar year 2020. The HIF is not deductible for income tax purposes. The 2019 premium deficiency reserve was inclusive of the 2020 HIF. The Corporation estimates a liability for the HIF and records it in full once qualifying insurance coverage is provided in the applicable calendar year in which the fee is payable, with a corresponding deferred cost that is amortized ratably to expense over the same calendar year. The deferred cost is recorded in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Corporation paid the federal government approximately $8.0 million for the HIF in 2020, which is reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.
Notes and securities payable
Debt issuance costs
Costs incurred in connection with Corporation’s debt financings are capitalized and amortized to interest expense over the life of the related debt using the effective interest method. Debt issuance costs are presented as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the related debt liability, consistent with the presentation of debt discounts.
Non-convertible notes
The Corporation records the non-convertible notes at carrying value, net of discounts on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Revenue recognition
Premiums earned, net
Premiums revenue is recognized as income in the period members are entitled to receive services, and is net of estimated uncollectible amounts, retroactive membership adjustments, and any adjustments to recognize rebates under the minimum benefit ratios required under the Health Care Reform Law. Premiums received in advance of the service period are reported as other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and recognized as revenue when earned.
Premiums anticipated to be received within twelve months based on the documented diagnostic criteria of the Corporation’s enrollees are estimated and included in revenue for the period including the member months for which the payment is designated by CMS.
CMS uses a risk-adjustment model which adjusts premiums paid to MA contracts, based on risk scores that are compared with the overall average risk scores for the relevant state and market pool. Generally, if a risk score is below the average risk score the Corporation is required to make a risk adjustment payment into the risk pool, and if a risk score is above the average risk score the Corporation receives a risk adjustment payment from the risk pool. Risk adjustments can have a positive or negative retroactive impact to rates. Under this model, rates paid to MA plans are based on actuarially determined bids, which include a process whereby prospective payments are based on the Corporation’s estimated cost of providing standard Medicare-covered benefits to a member with an average risk profile. That baseline payment amount is adjusted to reflect the health status of enrolled membership. Under the risk-adjustment methodology, all MA plans must collect and submit the necessary diagnosis code information to CMS within prescribed deadlines. Estimated audit settlements are recorded as a reduction of premiums revenue in the Corporation’s Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss, based upon available information.
Retrospective premiums involve the evaluation of past claims experience for the purpose of determining the actual cost of providing insurance for the customer. This evaluation is performed once every year and retrospective premiums are recognized in the year earned.
MAPD revenue
Payments received from CMS and members from Clover’s participation in the MAPD program are determined from the Corporation’s annual bid and represent amounts for providing prescription drug insurance coverage and are recognized as premium revenue ratably over the term of the annual contract. Such CMS payments are subject to risk sharing through risk corridor provisions. The risk corridor provisions compare costs targeted in bids to actual prescription drug costs, limited to actual costs that would have been incurred under the standard coverage as defined by CMS. Variances exceeding certain thresholds may result in CMS making additional payments to the Corporation or require the Corporation to refund to CMS a portion of the premiums received. As risk corridor provisions are considered in the overall annual bid process, management estimates and recognizes an adjustment to premiums revenue related to these provisions based upon pharmacy claims experience. Management records a receivable or payable at the contract level on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Reinsurance and low-income cost subsidies represent funding from CMS in connection with the MAPD program for which Clover assumes no risk. Reinsurance subsidies represent funding from CMS for its portion of prescription drug costs which exceed the member’s out-of-pocket threshold, or the catastrophic coverage level. Low-income cost subsidies represent funding from CMS for all or a portion of the deductible, the coinsurance and co-payment amounts above the out-of-pocket threshold for low-income beneficiaries.
Payments from CMS for reinsurance and low-income cost subsidies are based on assumptions submitted with the annual bid. A reconciliation and related settlement of CMS’ prospective subsidies against actual prescription drug costs paid is made after the end of the year. Consumer discounts of 50.0% on brand name prescription drugs for participants in the coverage gap are funded by CMS and pharmaceutical manufacturers. The Corporation accounts for these subsidies and discounts in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and as an operating activity in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The Corporation does not recognize premiums revenue or claim expenses for these subsidies or discounts.
Leases
At the inception of an arrangement, the Corporation determines whether the arrangement is or contains a lease based on the unique facts and circumstances present in the arrangement including the use of an identified asset(s) and the Corporation’s control over the use of that identified asset. The Corporation does not recognize leases with a lease term of one year or less on its balance sheet. Leases with a term greater than one year are recognized on the balance sheet as right-of-use (ROU) assets and lease liabilities. The Corporation has sublease arrangements and recognizes sublease income from leasing excess space. Sublease income is recognized on a straight-line basis over the sublease term. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, the Corporation does not have any financing leases.
Lease liabilities and their corresponding ROU assets are initially recorded based on the present value of lease payments over the expected remaining lease term. Certain adjustments to the ROU asset may be required for items such as incentives received or initial direct costs. When an option to extend the lease exists, a determination is made whether that option is reasonably certain of exercise based on economic factors present at the measurement date and as circumstances may change. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, the Corporation has not included optional extension periods in the measurement of its leases as they are not reasonably certain of exercise. The Corporation monitors its plans to renew its material leases on a quarterly basis.
Where the rates implicit in the Corporation’s leases are not readily determinable, the Corporation utilizes the appropriate incremental borrowing rate, which is the rate incurred to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term, an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment over the lease term. Historically, the rate implicit in the leases has not been readily determinable and the appropriate incremental borrowing rate has been utilized. To estimate the appropriate incremental borrowing rate, a credit rating applicable to the Corporation is estimated using a synthetic credit rating analysis since the Corporation does not currently have a rating agency-based credit rating.
Components of a lease are split into three categories: lease components, non-lease components, and non-components. The fixed and in-substance fixed contract consideration (including any consideration related to non-components) are allocated, based on the respective relative fair values, to the lease components and non-lease components. The Corporation has elected to account for lease and non-lease components together as a single lease component for all underlying assets and allocate all of the contract consideration to the lease component only.
In determining the classification of a lease as operating or finance, ASC 842, Leases, allows for the use of judgment in determining whether the assumed lease term is for a major part of the remaining economic life of the underlying asset and whether the present value of lease payments represents substantially all of the fair value of the underlying asset. The Corporation applies the bright line thresholds referenced in the lease guidance of 75.0% to represent “a major part” and 90.0% to represent “substantially all” as allowed in ASC 842 in evaluating leases for appropriate classification. These are applied consistently to the Corporation’s entire portfolio of leases.
Stock-based compensation
The Corporation accounts for all stock-based payment awards granted to employees and non-employees as stock-based compensation expense at fair value. The Corporation’s stock-based payments include stock options, restricted stock units, and grants of common stock, including common stock subject to vesting. The measurement date for employee awards is the grant date, and stock-based compensation costs are recognized as expense over the employees’ requisite service period, which is the vesting period, on a straight-line basis. Nonemployee share-based payment equity awards are measured at the grant-date fair value of the equity instruments, similar to employee share-based payment equity awards. Stock-based compensation costs for non-employees are recognized as expense over the vesting period on a straight-line basis. Stock-based compensation expense is classified in the accompanying
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss in salaries and benefits. The Corporation recognizes stock-based compensation expense for the portion of awards that have vested. Forfeitures are recorded as they occur.
The fair value of each stock option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The expected term of the Corporation’s stock options has been determined utilizing the “simplified” method for awards that qualify as “plain-vanilla” options. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the award for time periods approximately equal to the expected term of the award. Expected dividend yield is based on the fact that the Corporation has never paid cash dividends on common stock and does not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.
For warrants issued to non-employees as payments for services, the Corporation considers the warrants to be in scope of stock-based compensation guidance to non-employees. To determine whether the warrants should be classified as liabilities or equity awards, the Corporation evaluates the criteria for debt accounting guidance because share-based payments classified as liabilities under this guidance would also be classified as liabilities under the stock-based accounting guidance. As these warrants do not meet any of the criteria to be accounted for as debt, they are classified as equity awards. On the grant date, these warrants are measured by estimating the fair value of the equity instruments to be issued. Stock-based compensation expense is recorded for the vested portion of the warrants.
Comprehensive income
Comprehensive income is a measurement of certain changes in stockholders’ equity that results from transactions and other economic events other than transactions with the stockholders. The cumulative amount of these changes is reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Contingent liabilities
The Corporation records a provision for a contingent liability when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. With respect to legal matters, provisions are reviewed and adjusted to reflect the impact of negotiations, estimated settlements, legal rulings, advice of legal counsel and other information and events pertaining to a particular matter.
Federal income taxes
The Corporation recognizes an asset or liability for the deferred tax consequences of temporary differences between the tax bases of assets or liabilities and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements. These temporary differences will result in taxable or deductible amounts in future years when the reported amounts of the assets or liabilities are recovered or settled. The Corporation also recognizes the future tax benefits such as net operating and capital loss carryforwards as deferred tax assets. A valuation allowance is provided against these deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Future years’ tax expense may be increased or decreased by adjustments to the valuation allowance or to the estimated accrual for income taxes. Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are further adjusted for changes in the enacted tax rates. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, sufficient doubt existed over the Corporation’s ability to generate sufficient taxable income to realize its deferred income tax assets, and accordingly, the Corporation has provided a full valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets.
The Corporation records tax benefits when it is more likely than not that the tax return position taken with respect to a particular transaction will be sustained. A liability for an uncertain tax position, if recorded, is not considered resolved until the statute of limitations for the relevant taxing authority to examine and challenge the tax position has expired, or the tax position is ultimately settled through examination, negotiation, or litigation. The Corporation did not have any material uncertain tax positions during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The Corporation classifies interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions in its provision for income taxes. The Corporation did not incur or record any interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as of or during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively.
General and administrative expenses
General and administrative expenses include professional service fees, outside legal, tax and accounting service fees, insurance, software application and system expenses, advertising and marketing, lease and occupancy costs and other overhead costs. General and administrative expenses also include claim adjudication and processing costs.
Net loss per share
The Corporation follows the two-class method when computing net loss per share as the Corporation has issued shares that meet the definition of participating securities. The two-class method determines net loss per share for each class of common and participating securities according to dividends declared or accumulated and participation rights in undistributed earnings. The two-class method requires income available to common stockholders for the period to be allocated between common and participating securities based upon their respective rights to receive dividends as if all income for the period had been distributed.
Basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted net loss attributable to common stockholders is computed by adjusting net loss attributable to common stockholders to reallocate undistributed earnings based on the potential impact of dilutive securities. Diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the diluted net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period, including potentially dilutive common shares. For purpose of this calculation, outstanding stock options, convertible preferred stock and warrants to purchase shares of convertible preferred stock are considered potential dilutive common shares.
The Corporation’s convertible preferred stock contractually entitled the holders of such shares to participate in dividends but did not contractually require the holders of such shares to participate in losses of the Corporation. Accordingly, in periods in which the Corporation reported a net loss attributable to common stockholders, such losses were not allocated to such participating securities.
In periods in which the Corporation reports a net loss attributable to common stockholders, diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is the same as basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, since dilutive common shares are not assumed to have been issued if their effect is anti-dilutive. The Corporation reported a net loss attributable to common stockholders for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019.
COVID-19
The societal and economic impact of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is continuing to evolve, and the ultimate impact on the Corporation’s business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows is uncertain and difficult to predict. The global pandemic has severely impacted businesses worldwide, including many in the health insurance sector. In response to the pandemic, the Corporation has implemented additional steps related to its care delivery, member support, and internal policies and operations.
Recent accounting pronouncements
Recently adopted accounting pronouncements
Fair value measurements
In August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the "FASB") issued Accounting Standard Update (ASU) 2018-13, Changes to Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurements, the purpose of which is to improve the effectiveness of disclosure requirements for recurring and nonrecurring fair value measurements. The standard removes, modifies, and adds certain disclosure requirements and is in effect for all entities in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. This standard became effective for the Corporation on January 1, 2020, and did not have a material impact on the Corporation's disclosures.
Cloud computing arrangements
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350) - Internal Use Software: Customer's Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract. This update changes the accounting guidance for cloud computing arrangements. If a cloud computing arrangement includes a license to internal-use software, the software license is accounted for by the customer by recognizing an asset for the software license and, to the extent that the payments attributable to the software license are made over time, recognizing a corresponding liability. If a cloud computing arrangement does not include a software license, the entity should account for the arrangement as a service contract and should expense any fees associated with the hosting element (service) of the arrangement as incurred. ASU 2018-15 is effective for nonpublic entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. The Corporation adopted ASU 2018-15 on January 1, 2021, on a prospective basis. The Corporation's cloud computing arrangements relate to the set-up of various platforms, including but not limited to clinical data repositories and other system integrations. The capitalized implementation costs are presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheet in other assets, current and are amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the underlying cloud computing hosting contract, which is the noncancelable term of the arrangement plus any reasonably certain renewal periods. As of December 31, 2021, $5.9 million was recorded in other assets, current, as deferred implementation costs. For the year ended December 31, 2021, amortization expense associated with the Corporation’s cloud computing arrangements was $0.7 million. No
impairment was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2021, as there were no events or changes in circumstances to indicate that the carrying amount of the Corporation's cloud computing arrangements may not be recoverable.
Credit losses
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which was subsequently modified by several ASUs issued in 2018 and 2019. The guidance introduces a new current expected credit loss (CECL) model for measuring expected credit losses for certain types of financial instruments measured at amortized cost and replaces the incurred loss model. The CECL model requires an entity to recognize an allowance for credit losses for the difference between the amortized cost basis of a financial instrument and the amount the entity expects to collect over the instrument's contractual life after consideration of historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. This standard also introduces targeted changes to the available-for-sale debt securities impairment model. It eliminates the concept of other-than-temporary impairment and requires an entity to determine whether any impairment is the result of a credit loss or other factors. The Corporation’s investment portfolio consists primarily of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities. ASU 2016-13 is effective for nonpublic entities in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, and public entities beginning after December 15, 2021. The Corporation adopted ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2021. Due to the high concentration of the Corporation’s financial assets with the federal government, the Corporation has determined that most of these assets pose zero nonpayment risk; consequently, the adoption of ASU 2016-13 did not have a material impact on the Corporation’s financial statements.
Goodwill and other intangible assets
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. This update removes Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test under current guidance, which requires a hypothetical purchase price allocation. The new guidance requires an impairment charge to be recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit's fair value. Upon adoption, the guidance is to be applied prospectively. ASU 2017-04 is effective for nonpublic entities in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, and public entities beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. The Corporation adopted ASU 2017-04 on January 1, 2021. The adoption of ASU 2017-04 did not have an impact on the Corporation’s financial statements.
Income taxes
In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The amendments in ASU 2019-12 remove certain exceptions to the general principles in ASC Topic 740. The amendments also clarify and amend existing guidance to improve consistent application. The amendments are effective for nonpublic entities in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, and public entities beginning after December 15, 2020. Early adoption is permitted. The transition method (retrospective, modified retrospective, or prospective basis) related to the amendments depends on the applicable guidance, and all amendments for which there is no transition guidance specified are to be applied on a prospective basis. The Corporation adopted this standard on January 1, 2021. The adoption of ASU 2019-12 did not have an impact on the Corporation’s financial statements.
Accounting for convertible instruments and contracts in an entity's own equity
In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, Debt-Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging-Contracts in Entity's Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40). The amendments in ASU 2020-06 simplify the accounting for convertible instruments by removing certain separation models for convertible instruments. Under the amendments in ASU 2020-06, the embedded conversion features no longer are separated from the host contract for convertible instruments with conversion features that are not required to be accounted for as derivatives, or that do not result in substantial premiums accounted for as paid-in capital. Consequently, a convertible debt instrument will be accounted for as a single liability measured at its amortized cost, and a convertible preferred stock will be accounted for as a single equity instrument measured at its historical cost, as long as no other features require bifurcation and recognition as derivatives. ASU 2020-06 is effective for nonpublic entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. Early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and public entities beginning after December 15, 2021. The Corporation adopted this standard on January 1, 2022. The adoption of ASU 2020-06 did not have an impact on the Corporation’s financial statements.
3. Business Combination
On October 5, 2020, Legacy Clover entered into a Merger Agreement with SCH, a SPAC, and Merger Sub. On January 7, 2021, as contemplated by the Merger Agreement and following approval by SCH's shareholders at an extraordinary general meeting held January 6, 2021 (the "Special Meeting"):
•SCH filed a notice of deregistration with the Cayman Islands Registrar of Companies, together with the necessary accompanying documents, and filed a certificate of incorporation and a certificate of corporate domestication with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware, under which SCH was domesticated and continued as a Delaware corporation (the "Domestication"); and
•Merger Sub merged with and into Legacy Clover, the separate corporate existence of Merger Sub ceased and Legacy Clover became the surviving corporation and a wholly-owned subsidiary of SCH (the "First Merger") and Legacy Clover merged with and into SCH, the separate corporate existence of Legacy Clover ceased and SCH became the surviving corporation, changing its name to "Clover Health Investments, Corp." (together with the First Merger, the "Mergers," and collectively with the Domestication, the “Business Combination”).
As a result of the Mergers, among other things, (i) all outstanding shares of common stock of Legacy Clover immediately prior to the effective time of the First Merger were canceled in exchange for the right to receive, at the election of the holders thereof (except with respect to the shares held by entities controlled by Vivek Garipalli and the holders of convertible securities previously issued by Legacy Clover to certain holders who received only shares of Class B Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of Clover (Class B Common Stock), which are entitled to 10 votes per share, an amount in cash, shares of Class B Common Stock, or a combination thereof, as adjusted in accordance with the Merger Agreement, which equaled in the aggregate $499.8 million in cash and 260,965,701 shares of Class B Common Stock (at a deemed value of $10.00 per share); (ii) shares of Legacy Clover held by entities controlled by Vivek Garipalli and the holders of the convertible securities immediately prior to the effective time of the First Merger were canceled in exchange for the right to receive shares of Class B Common Stock based on an Exchange Ratio (as defined in the Merger Agreement) of approximately 2.0681; and (iii) all shares of common stock of Legacy Clover reserved in respect of Legacy Clover stock options and restricted stock units outstanding as of immediately prior to the effective time of the First Merger, were converted, based on the Exchange Ratio, into awards based on shares of Class B Common Stock. The consideration that a Clover stockholder received was subject to pro rata adjustment depending on the election made by such stockholder, if any, in accordance with the terms of the Merger Agreement. The pro rata adjustments were made based on an Actual Cash/Stock Ratio (as defined in the Merger Agreement) of 32.3%.
In connection with the consummation of the Business Combination (the "Closing"), (i) each issued and outstanding Class A ordinary share, par value $0.0001 per share, of SCH (SCH Class A ordinary shares) converted automatically, on a one-for-one basis, into a share of Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of Clover (the "Class A Common Stock," and together with the Class B Common Stock, the "Common Stock"), which will be entitled to one vote per share, (ii) each of the issued and outstanding Class B ordinary shares, par value $0.0001 per share, of SCH, converted automatically, on a one-for-one basis, into a share of Class A Common Stock, (iii) each issued and outstanding warrant of SCH converted automatically into a warrant to acquire one share of Class A Common Stock (Warrant), pursuant to the Warrant Agreement, dated April 21, 2020, between SCH and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as warrant agent, and (iv) each issued and outstanding unit of SCH (SCH unit) that had not been previously separated into the underlying Class A ordinary share and underlying warrant of SCH upon the request of the holder thereof, was canceled and the holder thereof is entitled to one share of Class A Common Stock and one-third of one Warrant. As of January 7, 2021, there were public warrants outstanding to purchase an aggregate of 27,599,938 shares of Class A Common Stock (the "Public Warrants") and private placement warrants outstanding to purchase an aggregate of 10,933,333 shares of Class A Common Stock (the "Private Placement Warrants" and, together with the Public Warrants, the “Warrants”). Each whole Warrant entitled the registered holder to purchase one whole share of Class A Common Stock at a price of $11.50 per share, subject to adjustment at any time commencing on April 24, 2021, which was 12 months from the closing of SCH's initial public offering.
Pursuant to the subscription agreements (the "Subscription Agreements") entered into on October 5, 2020, by and among SCH and certain investors (collectively, the "PIPE Investors"), Clover issued and sold to the PIPE Investors (substantially concurrently with the consummation of the Mergers) an aggregate of 40,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock for an aggregate purchase price equal to $400.0 million (the "PIPE Investment"), of which 15,200,000 shares were purchased by affiliates of SCH Sponsor III LLC (the "Sponsor," and collectively, the "Sponsor Related PIPE Investors").
The Business Combination and PIPE Investment were approved by the SCH shareholders at the Special Meeting. Prior to and in connection with the Special Meeting, holders of 24,892 shares of SCH Class A ordinary shares (including those that underlie the SCH units) that were registered pursuant to the Registration Statements on Form S-1 (333-236776 and 333-237777) and the shares of Class A Common Stock issued as a matter of law upon the conversion thereof on the effective date of the Domestication (the "Public
Shares") exercised their right to redeem those shares for cash at a price of $10.00 per share, for an aggregate of $0.2 million. The per share redemption price of $10.00 for public shareholders electing redemption was paid out of the SCH Trust Account, which after taking into account the redemptions, had a balance immediately prior to the Closing of $827.9 million, which cash balance was used to pay the $499.8 million cash component of the merger consideration.
Immediately after giving effect to the Business Combination and the PIPE Investment, there were 143,475,108 shares of Class A Common Stock, 260,965,701 shares of Class B Common Stock and 38,533,271 Warrants outstanding, equaling 404,440,809 total shares of common stock outstanding and 38,533,271 Warrants outstanding.
The Corporation is authorized to issue 25,000,000 shares of preferred stock having a par value of $0.0001 per share. See Note 17 (Stockholders' Equity and Convertible Preferred Stock) for additional information.
The Business Combination has had and will have a significant impact on the Corporation's future reported financial position and results as a consequence of the reverse recapitalization. The most significant change in Clover's future reported financial position and results is an estimated net increase in cash (as compared to the Corporation's consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2020) of approximately $670.0 million. The redemption included approximately $400.0 million in proceeds from the PIPE Investment that was consummated substantially simultaneously with the Business Combination, offset by additional transaction costs incurred in connection with the Business Combination. The estimated transaction costs for the Business Combination were approximately $61.0 million, of which $29.0 million represents deferred underwriter fees related to SCH's initial public offering.
The transaction closed on January 7, 2021, and on the following day the Corporation's Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants were listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market (Nasdaq) under the symbols "CLOV" and "CLOVW," respectively, for trading in the public market.
See also Note 12 (Notes and Securities Payable), Note 13 (Warrants Payable), and Note 17 (Stockholders' Equity and Convertible Preferred Stock) for additional information regarding changes to the instruments as a result of the Business Combination.
4. Investment Securities
The following tables present amortized cost and fair values of investments as of December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020, respectively:
December 31, 2021 Amortized cost Accumulated unrealized gains Accumulated unrealized losses Fair value
(in thousands)
Investment securities, held-to-maturity
U.S. government and government agencies and authorities
$ 640 $ 40 $ (9) $ 671
Investment securities, available-for-sale
U.S. government and government agencies and authorities
198,669 10 (1,944) 196,735
Total investment securities
$ 199,309 $ 50 $ (1,953) $ 197,406
December 31, 2020 Amortized cost Accumulated unrealized gains Accumulated unrealized losses Fair value
(in thousands)
Investment securities, held-to-maturity
U.S. government and government agencies and authorities
$ 694 $ 43 $ - $ 737
Investment securities, available-for-sale
U.S. government and government agencies and authorities
53,953 51 (41) 53,963
Total investment securities
$ 54,647 $ 94 $ (41) $ 54,700
The following table presents the amortized cost and fair value of debt securities as of December 31, 2021, by contractual maturity:
December 31, 2021 Held-to-maturity Available-for-sale
Amortized cost Fair value Amortized cost Fair value
(in thousands)
Due within one year $ 305 $ 307 $ 21,142 $ 21,131
Due after one year through five years 15 16 172,564 170,820
Due after five years through ten years 210 201 4,963 4,784
Due after ten years 110 147 - -
Total $ 640 $ 671 $ 198,669 $ 196,735
For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively, net investment income, which is included within other income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss, was derived from the following sources:
Years ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
(in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents $ 1 $ 108 $ 1,249
Short-term investments 195 1,722 2,904
Investment securities 348 1,146 386
Investment income, net $ 544 $ 2,976 $ 4,539
Gross unrealized losses and fair values aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position were as follows at December 31, 2021:
December 31, 2021 Less than 12 months Greater than 12 months Total
Fair value Unrealized loss Fair value Unrealized loss Fair value Unrealized loss
(in thousands, except number of positions)
U.S. government and government agencies and authorities $ 187,251 $ (1,555) $ 7,902 $ (398) $ 195,153 $ (1,953)
Total $ 187,251 $ (1,555) $ 7,902 $ (398) $ 195,153 $ (1,953)
Number of positions 18 4 22
The Corporation did not record any credit allowances for debt securities that were in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2021.
As of December 31, 2021, all securities were investment grade, with credit ratings of AA+ or higher by S&P. Unrealized losses on investment grade securities are principally related to changes in interest rates or changes in issuer or sector related credit spreads since the securities were acquired. The gross unrealized investment losses as of December 31, 2021, were assessed, based on, among other things:
•The relative magnitude to which fair values of these securities have been below their amortized cost was not indicative of an impairment loss;
•The absence of compelling evidence that would cause the Corporation to call into question the financial condition or near-term prospects of the issuer of the applicable security; and
•The Corporation's ability and intent to hold the applicable security for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery.
Proceeds from sales and maturities of investment securities, inclusive of short-term investments, and related gross realized gains (losses) which are included within other income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss, were as follows for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively:
Years ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
(in thousands)
Proceeds from sales of investment securities $ 126,862 $ 248,664 $ 269,205
Proceeds from maturities of investment securities 314,666 63,751 55,635
Gross realized gains 24 1,117 114
Gross realized losses (77) (3) (3)
Net realized (losses) gains $ (53) $ 1,114 $ 111
As of December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020, the Corporation had $11.1 million and $7.5 million, respectively, in deposits with various states and regulatory bodies that are included as part of the Corporation's investment balances.
5. Fair Value Measurements
The following table presents a summary of fair value measurements for financial instruments as of December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020, respectively:
December 31, 2021 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total fair
value
(in thousands)
U.S. government and government agencies $ - $ 196,735 $ - $ 196,735
Total assets at fair value $ - $ 196,735 $ - $ 196,735
December 31, 2020 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total fair
value
(in thousands)
U.S. government and government agencies $ - $ 53,963 $ - $ 53,963
Total assets at fair value $ - $ 53,963 $ - $ 53,963
Derivative liabilities $ - $ - $ 44,810 $ 44,810
Warrants payable - - 97,782 97,782
Total liabilities at fair value $ - $ - $ 142,592 $ 142,592
See Note 12 (Notes and Securities Payable), Note 13 (Warrants Payable), and Note 14 (Derivative Liabilities) for additional information regarding liabilities.
The fair value of the convertible securities was based on Level 3 inputs, which were unobservable and reflect management’s best estimate of what market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, including assumptions about risk. There was no fair value associated with convertible securities at December 31, 2021, due to the conversion of the securities to shares of the Corporation’s common stock due to the completion of the Business Combination, and the estimated fair value of convertible securities was $949.6 million at December 31, 2020. The estimated fair value of the convertible securities and derivative liabilities at December 31, 2020, was calculated as the product of (i) the number of conversion shares at the valuation date and (ii) the marketable value per common share at the valuation date.
The significant unobservable inputs used in the Black-Scholes model to measure the warrants payable that are categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, as of the year ended December 31, 2020, are as follows:
December 31, 2020 Preferred stock purchase warrants Common stock purchase warrants
Beginning stock price N/A $ 30.14
Strike price N/A 1.04
Expected volatility N/A 56.0 %
Expected term N/A 0.02 years
Risk-free interest rate N/A 0.09 %
Discount factor N/A 13.0
The changes in balances of Level 3 financial liabilities during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, are as follows:
Convertible securities Derivative liabilities Warrants payable Total
(in thousands)
Balance, December 31, 2020
$ 949,553 $ 44,810 $ 97,782 $ 1,092,145
Issuances - - - -
Settlements (949,553) (44,810) (97,782) (1,092,145)
Transfers in - - - -
Transfers out - - - -
Total realized losses (gains) - - - -
Balance, December 31, 2021
$ - $ - $ - $ -
Convertible securities Derivative liabilities Warrants payable Total
(in thousands)
Balance, December 31, 2019
$ 251,885 $ 138,561 $ 17,672 $ 408,118
Issuances - - - -
Settlements - - - -
Transfers in - - - -
Transfers out - - - -
Total realized losses (gains) 697,668 (93,751) 80,110 684,027
Balance, December 31, 2020
$ 949,553 $ 44,810 $ 97,782 $ 1,092,145
In addition to the Level 3 financial liabilities in the table above, on September 25, 2020, Seek Insurance Services, Inc. (Seek), a field marketing organization and an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of the Corporation, entered into a note purchase agreement with a third-party investor and issued a note (the “Seek Convertible Note”) in the principal amount of $20.0 million, for which the carrying value is approximately the same as the fair value. For additional information, see Note 12 (Notes and Securities Payable). As of December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020, both the carrying values, which includes accrued interest, and the fair values of the Seek Convertible Note were $22.0 million and $20.4 million, respectively, and these were considered Level 3 financial liabilities.
There were no transfers in or out of Level 3 financial assets or liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2021 or 2020.
Warrants
The Warrants were accounted for as liabilities in accordance with ASC 815-40 and are presented within warrants payable on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The warrant liabilities were measured at fair value at inception and measured on a recurring basis, with changes in fair value presented within change in fair value of warrants payable in the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. On July 22, 2021, the Corporation issued a press release stating that it would redeem all of its Warrants. The end of the redemption period was September 9, 2021, at which time the Corporation redeemed all unexercised Warrants at a price of $0.10
per warrant. Following the redemption exercise, no Warrants were outstanding. For additional information, please see Note 13 (Warrants Payable).
Liability Measurement
The Warrants were measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The Corporation classified the Warrants as a liability due to certain settlement terms and provisions related to certain tender offers and indexation characteristics following the Business Combination and accounted for them as liability instruments in accordance with ASC 815, adjusting the fair value at the end of each reporting period. Additionally, the Corporation determined that the Public Warrants were classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy as the fair value was equal to the publicly traded price of the Public Warrants, and the Private Placement Warrants were classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy as the fair value was estimated using the price of the Public Warrants. In connection with the redemption, effective August 24, 2021, the Public Warrants were delisted and classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy as the fair value of the Public Warrants was based on proportional changes in the price of the Corporation’s common stock. There were no Private Warrants outstanding at August 24, 2021. See Note 13 (Warrants Payable) for additional information on the exercises and redemption of Warrants.
The following table presents the changes in the fair value of warrants payable:
December 31, 2021 Public and Private Placement Warrants
(in thousands)
Initial measurement, January 7, 2021
$ 147,582
Mark-to-market adjustment (66,214)
Warrants exercised (81,283)
Warrants redeemed (85)
Warrants payable balance, December 31, 2021
$ -
6. Healthcare Receivables
Included within healthcare receivables are pharmaceutical rebates which are accrued as they are earned and estimated based on contracted rebate rates, eligible amounts submitted to the manufacturers by the Corporation's pharmacy manager, pharmacy utilization volume and historical collection patterns. As of December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020, the Corporation recognized rebate receivables of approximately $33.1 million and $26.6 million, respectively. In addition to pharmaceutical rebates, Medicare Part D settlement receivables, member premium receivables and other CMS receivables included in healthcare receivables totaled $14.9 million and $12.1 million at December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020, respectively.
7. Related Party Transactions
Related party agreements
The Corporation has various contracts with IJKG Opco LLC (d/b/a CarePoint Health - Bayonne Medical Center), Hudson Hospital Opco LLC (d/b/a CarePoint Health - Christ Hospital) and Hoboken University Medical Center Opco LLC (d/b/a CarePoint Health - Hoboken University Medical Center), which collectively do business as the CarePoint Health System (CarePoint Health). CarePoint Health is ultimately held and controlled by Mr. Vivek Garipalli, the Chief Executive Officer and stockholder of the Corporation. The Corporation contracts with CarePoint Health for the provision of inpatient and hospital-based outpatient services. Expenses and fees incurred related to these contracts, recorded in net medical claims incurred, were $12.7 million, $11.1 million, and $9.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. Additionally, $2.3 million and $1.5 million were payable to CarePoint Health as of December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020, respectively.
The Corporation has contracted with Rogue Trading, LLC (Rogue), a marketing services provider. The Corporation’s President and Chief Technology Officer, Andrew Toy, is related to the Chief Executive Officer of Rogue. Expenses and fees related to these contracts were $0.3 million, $0.3 million, and $0.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively.
The Corporation has a contract with Medical Records Exchange, LLC (d/b/a ChartFast) pursuant to which the Corporation receives administrative services related to medical records via ChartFast’s electronic applications and web portal platform. ChartFast is
ultimately owned and controlled by Mr. Garipalli. Expenses and fees incurred related to this agreement were $0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, and none for the year ended December 31, 2019.
On July 2, 2021, the Corporation signed a contract with Thyme Care, Inc. (Thyme Care), an oncology benefit management company, through which Thyme Care will provide concierge cancer coordination services to the Corporation’s Medicare Advantage members in New Jersey and develop a provider network to help ensure member access to high-value oncology care. Mr. Garipalli is a member of Thyme Care’s board of directors. Expenses and fees incurred related to this agreement were $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.
8. Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment, net consists of the following:
December 31, 2021 2020
(in thousands)
Capitalized software $ 1,416 $ 693
Leasehold improvements 3,035 3,088
Office furniture and fixtures 35 29
Equipment 113 104
Property and equipment, gross 4,599 3,914
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization (2,312) (1,836)
Property and equipment, net $ 2,287 $ 2,078
Depreciation expense recorded by the Corporation was approximately $0.3 million, $0.5 million, and $0.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. Amortization expense recorded by the Corporation was approximately $0.2 million, $0.1 million, and none for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively.
9. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Other intangible assets was $3.0 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020. The other intangible assets consist of licenses with indefinite useful lives that are related to Certificates of Operating Authority in 45 states and the District of Columbia. Goodwill was $1.2 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives and goodwill are not amortized but are tested for impairment in the fourth quarter, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the assets may be impaired. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, there were no circumstances that indicate that the carrying amount of goodwill and intangible assets deemed to have an indefinite useful life may not be recoverable. No impairment was recorded during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
10. Unpaid Claims
Activity in the liability for unpaid claims, including claims adjustment expenses, for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, is summarized as follows:
Years ended December 31, 2021 2020
(in thousands)
Gross and net balance, beginning of period (1)
$ 103,976 $ 77,886
Incurred related to:
Current year 822,300 599,147
Prior years 15,834 (13,715)
Total incurred 838,134 585,432
Paid related to:
Current year 692,116 496,303
Prior years 113,677 63,039
Total paid 805,793 559,342
Gross and net balance, end of period (1)(2)
$ 136,317 $ 103,976
(1) Includes amounts due to related parties.
(2) Differs from the total unpaid claims amount reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets due to the fact the figure here excludes unpaid claims for the Corporation’s DCE of $4.6 million as of December 31, 2021.
The Corporation uses a variety of standard actuarial techniques to establish unpaid claims reserves. Management estimates are supported by the Corporation's actuarial analysis. The Corporation utilizes an internal actuarial team to review the adequacy of unpaid claim and unpaid claim adjustment expense. The estimation of claim costs is inherently difficult and requires significant judgment. The estimation has considerable inherent variability and can vary significantly depending upon several factors, including medical cost trends and claim payment patterns, general economic conditions and regulatory changes. The time value of money is not taken into account for the purposes of calculating the liability for unpaid claims. Management believes that the current reserves are adequate based on currently available information.
The Corporation counts a claim when either a claim or claim adjustment expense amount has been paid, or at any period end, when the Corporation has recorded a medical unpaid claim reserve. The cumulative number of reported claims for each claim year has been developed using historical data captured by claim systems. As such, the cumulative number of reported claims may not be comparable to similar measures reported by other companies.
Unpaid Claims for MA Operations
Unpaid claims for MA operations as reported on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss as of December 31, 2021, were $136.3 million. During the year ended December 31, 2021, $113.7 million was paid for incurred claims attributable to insured events of prior years. The unfavorable development of $15.8 million was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2021, resulting from the Corporation's claims experience, partially attributable to the direct cost of COVID-19 and the increased utilization from the deferral of healthcare services as a result of the stay-at-home orders and closure of certain provider facilities throughout 2020 due to COVID-19 restrictions. A favorable development of $13.7 million was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2020, resulting from the actualization of fee-for-service claims. Original estimates are increased or decreased, as additional information becomes known regarding individual claims. The ratio of current year medical claims paid as a percentage of current year net medical claims incurred was 84.2% for the year ended December 31, 2021, and 82.8% for the year ended December 31, 2020. This ratio serves as an indicator of claims processing speed, indicating that claims were processed at a faster rate during the year ended December 31, 2021, than during the year ended December 31, 2020.
The following tables provide information regarding incurred and paid claims development for medical claims, as well as cumulative claim frequency and the total of incurred but not reported liabilities as of December 31, 2021, respectively:
Cumulative incurred claims for the
years ended December 31,
Incurred year 2019*
2020*
2021 Total IBNR(1)
Number of reported claims
(in thousands) (in ones)
2019 and prior
$ 962,373 $ 948,658 $ 947,323 $ 843 2,926,156
2020 599,148 616,316 5,289 1,433,039
2021 822,300 130,184 2,384,691
Total $ 962,373 $ 1,547,806 $ 2,385,940 $ 136,317 6,743,886
(1) Differs from the total unpaid claims amount reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets due to the fact the figure here excludes unpaid claims for the Corporation’s DCE of $4.6 million as of December 31, 2021.
Cumulative net paid claims through December 31,
Paid year 2019* 2020* 2021
(in thousands)
Incurred year
2019 and prior $ 894,877 $ 947,526 $ 946,480
2020 496,304 611,027
2021 692,116
Total $ 894,877 $ 1,443,830 $ 2,249,623
*Unaudited supplemental information
The reconciliation of net incurred and paid claims development tables to unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses for medical claims on the Consolidated Balance Sheets is as follows:
December 31, 2021 (in thousands)
Cumulative incurred claims, net $ 2,385,940
Less: cumulative paid claims, net 2,249,623
Net unpaid claims, including claims adjustment expenses(1)
$ 136,317
(1) The following balance reflects the unpaid claims for Medicare Advantage only. The DCE and other medical unpaid claims should be included in order to reconcile to the total unpaid claims on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
11. Reinsurance
Medicare Advantage Reinsurance Agreement
On January 1, 2021, the Corporation renewed a specific excess loss reinsurance agreement to reinsure its MA plan liabilities in excess of approximately $0.6 million per covered person per agreement terms for the year ended December 31, 2021, and $0.5 million per covered person per agreement terms for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
The effects of the reinsurance agreements on the accompanying consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively, are as follows:
Years ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019
(in thousands)
Premiums earned, gross
$ 799,903 $ 666,297 $ 457,758
Premiums earned, ceded
(489) (599) (832)
Net premiums earned
$ 799,414 $ 665,698 $ 456,926
Years ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019
(in thousands)
Claims incurred, gross $ 839,136 $ 585,915 $ 448,308
Claims incurred, ceded (1,002) (483) (1,616)
Net claims incurred $ 838,134 $ 585,432 $ 446,692
Reinsurance recoverable for the MA plan as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, were comprised of the following:
Years ended December 31, 2021 2020
(in thousands)
Reinsurance recoverable on paid claims, gross and net
$ 96 $ -
Direct Contracting Reinsurance Arrangement
Within the DCE arrangement there is an option election for each direct contracting entity participant to elect participation in a reinsurance, which is not a separate contract and is included in the current DCE arrangement. The stop loss (charges) premiums and recoupments are incurred in accordance with the regulations set forth in the participation agreement in direct relation to the direct contracting program and will reduce the exposure of high dollar claims to the Corporation. The premiums (recoupments) will be recognized as revenue (contra-revenue), respectively, in Direct Contracting revenue on the Statement of Operations as there is a right to the recoupments as the point of attachment in the stop loss agreement.
The effects of the DCE reinsurance arrangements on the accompanying consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021 are as follows:
Year ended December 31, 2021
(in thousands)
Direct Contracting revenue, gross and net
$ 667,639
Claims incurred, gross and net 705,407
Reinsurance recoverable, gross and net 12,170
Reinsurance recoverable represents the portion of paid claims and unpaid claims that are covered by reinsurance. Amounts recoverable from reinsurers are estimated in a manner consistent with the methods used to determine unpaid claims as detailed in Note 2 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies).
Clover acquired certain policies and related reinsurance agreements with the purchase of stock of Union Life Labor Insurance Company (Ullico) in April 2016. Ullico originally underwrote those policies which are primarily life policies and annuity contracts, prior to entering “run-off.” All of the underwriting risk related to those policies and contracts has been ceded to third party reinsurers. A large portion of these cessions are in the form of 100% coinsurance where, in addition to the underwriting risk, administrative responsibilities, including premium collections and claim payments, are ceded to third party reinsurers.
Approximately $5.3 million of life insurance reserves as of both December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, related to life insurance policies originally issued by Ullico are 100% coinsured with Southern Financial Life Insurance Company (SFLIC), a Louisiana domestic company, in full transfer of risk related to these policies. The life reserves are computed principally in accordance with Net Level Premium Method using mortality and persistency assumptions based upon the Corporation’s experience and industry data. Interest rate assumptions used in establishing such reserves range from less than 1.0% to 4.5%. Under the arrangement, SFLIC is required to hold in trust all of the outstanding liabilities as of the reporting date.
Approximately $0.9 million of annuity reserves as of both December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, related to annuity contracts originally issued by Ullico, are 100% ceded to Sagicor Life Insurance Company, a Texas domestic company, in full transfer of risk related to these contracts. The annuity reserves are computed principally using assumptions based on the Corporation’s experience and industry data. Interest rate assumptions used in establishing such reserves range from less than 1.0% to 5.8%. Ceded life insurance and
annuity reserves are included in other assets and gross life insurance and annuity reserves are included in other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, respectively.
A reinsurance agreement between two entities transfers the underwriting risk and liabilities to the reinsurer while the insurer retains the contractual relationship with the ultimate insured. As such, these reinsurance agreements do not completely relieve the Corporation of its potential liability to the ultimate insured. However, given the transfer of underwriting risk, such potential liability is limited to the credit exposure which exists should the reinsurer be unable to meet its obligations under these reinsurance agreements. The Corporation evaluates its reinsurers on a regular basis including their ratings and financial conditions.
12. Notes and Securities Payable
Non-convertible Notes
On March 21, 2017, the Corporation entered into a loan facility (the "Loan Facility") for an aggregate principal amount of $60.0 million with the proceeds used to pay all obligations under a $30.0 million 2015 senior secured note, and to provide additional working capital for the Corporation's subsidiaries. The Loan Facility was secured by the assets of the Corporation. The initial obligation of $40.0 million had a maturity date of March 1, 2022, and was subject to an interest rate of 11.0%, payable monthly, with the majority of principal payments commencing 36 months prior to the maturity date. The additional $20.0 million obligation had a maturity date of October 1, 2022, and was subject to an interest rate of 11.3%, payable monthly, with the majority of principal payments commencing 36 months prior to the maturity date. In conjunction with the Loan Facility, the Corporation issued warrants. See Note 13 (Warrants Payable) for additional information.
On June 29, 2021, the Corporation voluntarily paid the remaining principal of $20.7 million and interest of $0.2 million, thereby terminating the Loan Facility.
Convertible Securities
Pursuant to that certain Convertible Agreement, dated December 27, 2018, between the Corporation and certain qualified institutional buyers, including entities affiliated with the Corporation, for an aggregate principal amount of up to $500.0 million (the "Convertible Agreement"), the Corporation issued convertible securities during 2019 in multiple tranches. On October 5, 2020, the Corporation entered into the Merger Agreement with SCH and simultaneously amended the Convertible Agreement, pursuant to which the convertible securities of Legacy Clover converted into Class Z common stock in connection with the Business Combination. All Class Z common stock converted into Class B Common Stock as of the Closing. Additionally, the conversion incurred a 9.4% charge to account for dilution after the Business Combination to convert the securities as if they had been converted under the mandatory qualified public offering conversion. On January 7, 2021, the Business Combination was completed and the convertible securities were redeemed or converted into a total of 36,117,708 shares of Class Z common stock depending on whether each tranche's conversion price was a conversion or share-settled redemption feature as follows:
•Redemption: The February, March, and May 2019 tranches were redeemed for 34,806,921 shares of Class Z common stock pursuant to the share-settled redemption feature. The redemption of the convertible securities was accounted for as a debt extinguishment as they contained a beneficial conversion feature (BCF), and were redeemed prior to the stated maturity date. As the extinguishment date intrinsic value of the BCF was in excess of the fair value of the shares issued to settle the convertible securities, the full amount of the settlement consideration was treated as the price of reacquiring the BCF. As there was no remaining consideration available to allocate to the re-acquisition of the convertible securities, the extinguishment resulted in a gain equal to the full carrying value of the convertible securities of $126.8 million. This gain was treated as a capital contribution and was recorded as an increase in additional paid in capital as the convertible securities were issued to affiliates of the Corporation. The $126.8 million is comprised of: (a) the carrying value of the tranches of $74.6 million, (b) accrued interest of $7.4 million, and (c) the fair value of the embedded derivative of $44.8 million.
•Conversion: The August 2019 tranche converted into 1,310,787 shares of Class Z common stock pursuant to the conversion feature. Prior to the conversion, the carrying value of the tranche was $2.6 million and accrued interest was $0.4 million. As the converted securities contained a BCF, the $13.0 million unamortized debt discount remaining at the date of conversion was recognized in amortization of notes and securities discount in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.
After giving effect to the Exchange Ratio, pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, these shares of Class Z common stock were converted into 74,694,107 shares of Class B Common Stock upon the closing of the Business Combination. See Note 3 (Business Combination) for additional information on the Business Combination.
The convertible securities bore a yield ("interest") at the increasing rates noted below which compounded semi-annually, and would mature April 1, 2023, unless earlier converted, repurchased, or extended. The interest rate and embedded feature discount factor varied based on the length of time elapsed from the issue date of the securities. The interest rates began at 6.5% for the first twelve-month period through the first anniversary of the security issue date, increasing ratably on a semi-annual basis, to 13.5% at the third anniversary of the security issue date until the convertible securities ceased to be outstanding. The embedded feature discount factors began at 75.0% for the first twelve-month period through the first anniversary of the security issue date, decreasing ratably on a semi-annual basis, to 55.0% at the forty-two month anniversary of the security issue date until the convertible securities ceased to be outstanding.
The carrying amount of the convertible securities was $76.5 million at December 31, 2020. Since the carrying amount of the convertible securities was initially recognized as $0, debt issuance costs incurred in the amount of approximately $0.4 million were expensed on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss during the year ended December 31, 2019. The unamortized discount was $337.3 million at December 31, 2020. Amortization of the debt discount was approximately $21.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2020. Interest expense on the convertible securities was $31.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2020. The effective interest rate, inclusive of amortization of the discount and the contractual rate, was 90.1% during the year ended December 31, 2020. The effective interest rate, inclusive of amortization of the discount and the contractual rate, was in excess of 100% during the year ended December 31, 2019, as a result of the beginning convertible securities carrying value of $0. The results presented as of and for the year ended December 31, 2021, above, reflect the impact of the conversion of the convertible securities into common stock in connection with the Business Combination.
Seek Convertible Note
On September 25, 2020, Seek issued the Seek Convertible Note in the principal amount of $20.0 million. The note bears simple interest at an annual rate of 8.0% and matures on September 25, 2023, unless earlier accelerated, converted, or paid in full. The outstanding principal and any accrued but unpaid interest will become immediately due and payable at the election of the note holder upon the occurrence of any event of default as defined in the note. The outstanding principal and accrued but unpaid interest will convert into an equity interest in Seek if prior to maturity, repayment or conversion of the note: (1) the note holder elects to convert the note, (2) upon the closing of Seek's next equity financing; or (3) upon consummation of an initial public offering of Seek's common stock or a SPAC or reverse merger transaction with Seek.
The Corporation analyzed the embedded features for derivative accounting consideration and determined that the features are clearly and closely related to the debt host and do not require separate accounting as a derivative.
The carrying amount of the note was $19.9 million at both December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020. The Corporation capitalized $0.1 million of issuance costs which are being amortized using the effective interest method over the term of the note. Unamortized debt issuance costs were $0.1 million at both December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020. Amortization of the debt issuance costs and interest expense on the note were $1.6 million and $0.4 million during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
The effective interest rate was 8.2% during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
The below table summarizes maturities of the Corporation’s securities payable over the next five years as of December 31, 2021:
(in thousands)
2022 $ -
2023 -
2024 20,000
2025 -
2026 -
Total $ 20,000
13. Warrants Payable
Legacy Warrants
In conjunction with the Loan Facility, the Corporation issued warrants to purchase 2,618,770 shares of the Corporation's Series D preferred stock at an exercise price of $4.53 per share. On October 5, 2020, the Corporation entered into the Merger Agreement with SCH and simultaneously amended the warrants to be automatically exercisable for common stock in connection with the Business Combination. The warrants were accounted for as derivative instruments, and the initial fair value of approximately $1.2 million,
which was calculated using a Black-Scholes based valuation model, was recorded as a discount to the carrying amount of the Loan Facility. This discount was being amortized using the effective interest method over the term of the Loan Facility. The warrants were recorded as liabilities and were being marked to market at each reporting period.
In September 2015, the Corporation issued warrants to purchase 4,342,956 shares of the Corporation's common stock at an exercise price of $0.50 per share. The warrants were also contingently exercisable for an additional 4,342,956 shares based proportionally on the aggregate principal amounts of additional notes borrowed by the Corporation.
Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, the Loan Facility warrants and the September 2015 warrants automatically converted into 3,484,154 shares of Legacy Clover common stock and, after giving effect to the Exchange Ratio converted into 7,205,490 shares of Class B Common Stock upon the closing of the Business Combination.
Public Warrants and Private Placement Warrants
As a result of the Business Combination, the Corporation assumed, as of January 7, 2021, Public Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 27,599,938 shares of the Corporation's Class A Common Stock and Private Placement Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 10,933,333 shares of the Corporation's Class A Common Stock. Each whole Warrant entitled the registered holder to purchase one whole share of Class A Common Stock at a price of $11.50 per share, at any time commencing on April 24, 2021.
The Warrants were accounted for as liabilities in accordance with ASC 815-40 and are presented within warrants payable on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The warrant liabilities were measured at fair value at inception and on a recurring basis until redeemed, with changes in fair value presented within change in fair value of warrants payable in the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. See Note 5 (Fair Value Measurements) for additional information.
On July 22, 2021, the Corporation issued a press release stating that it would redeem all of its Warrants that remained outstanding on August 23, 2021, the redemption date, for a redemption price of $0.10 per Warrant. On August 25, 2021, the Corporation announced that it was extending the period during which holders of the Public Warrants could exercise the Warrants to September 9, 2021, at which time any unexercised Public Warrants would be redeemed at a price of $0.10 per Warrant. Payment upon exercise of the Warrants could be made either (i) in cash, at an exercise price of $11.50 per share of Class A Common Stock or (ii) on a "cashless basis" in which the exercising holder received 0.249 shares of Class A Common Stock per Warrant shares of Class A Common Stock.
Prior to the redemption date, 33,932 Public Warrants were exercised for cash, and 26,716,041 were exercised on a cashless basis in exchange for an aggregate of 6,685,865 shares of Common Stock, in each case in accordance with the terms of the Warrant Agreement, representing 96.9% of the Public Warrants. In addition, all of the Private Placement Warrants were exercised on a cashless basis in exchange for an aggregate of 2,722,399 shares of Common Stock, in accordance with the terms of the Warrant Agreement. In connection with the redemption, the Public Warrants were delisted and total cash proceeds generated from exercises of the Public Warrants were $0.4 million. The remaining unexercised 849,965 Public Warrants were redeemed by the Corporation for $0.1 million. Following the warrant redemption exercises, no Warrants were outstanding.
14. Derivative Liabilities
In connection with the $373.8 million of convertible securities issued in 2019, the Corporation determined that certain of the conversion and redemption features were embedded derivatives and were bifurcated from the host instrument and accounted for as embedded derivative instruments. In connection with the convertible securities, the Corporation recognized a capital contribution of $44.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2021. This capital contribution of $44.8 million was recorded as an increase in additional paid in capital as the notes were issued to affiliates of the Corporation. The Corporation recognized a gain of $93.8 million and a loss of $138.6 million from activity related to derivative liabilities in connection with the convertible securities during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, which was recognized in (gain) loss on derivative in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. Upon the completion of the Business Combination with SCH on January 7, 2021, the derivative balance was extinguished as of January 7, 2021. See Note 3 (Business Combination), Note 5 (Fair Value Measurements), and Note 12 (Notes and Securities Payable) for additional information.
15. Letter of Credit
On April 19, 2018, the Corporation entered into a secured letter of credit agreement (the “Letter”) for up to an aggregate amount of $2.5 million with a commercial lender that renews on an annual basis. The Letter bears an interest rate of 0.75%. There was an unused balance of $2.5 million at both December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020.
16. Leases
Operating Leases
The Corporation leases office space in New Jersey, Minnesota, Tennessee, Georgia, Florida, California, and Hong Kong under non-cancelable operating leases. At December 31, 2021, the remaining terms of the operating leases were between four months and 75 months, and certain lease agreements contain provisions for future rent increases. For each lease the Corporation recorded a right-of-use (ROU) asset and lease liability at the earlier of the ASC 842 effective date or lease commencement date. The Corporation utilizes the straight-line method of recognizing lease expense. However, the Corporation is required to pay certain variable executory costs including common area maintenance, real estate taxes, and insurance that are expensed as incurred. These variable costs are excluded from the measurement of leases. Certain of the Corporation’s leases include options to renew, with renewal terms that can extend the lease term. The exercise of lease renewal options is at the Corporation’s sole discretion. The ability to terminate a lease is determined by the applicable lease terms and conditions. The Corporation is not reasonably certain that it will exercise the renewal or termination options. Therefore, these options are not recognized as part of the ROU asset and lease liability.
The Corporation subleases certain of its leases to third parties for which it receives rental income to manage occupancy costs. These subleases are classified as operating leases.
Mallory Green Lease:
On September 22, 2021, the Corporation entered into an agreement to lease office space for its new corporate headquarters in Franklin, Tennessee, for a period of 37 months.
Montgomery Lease:
From May 2020 through April 9, 2021, the Corporation was in default with respect to its agreement to lease office space in Jersey City, New Jersey (the "Montgomery Lease"), for not paying rent owed to the lessor. The Corporation accrued for all interest owed and began reducing its security deposit asset in lieu of recording rental payments. On April 9, 2021, the Corporation replenished its security deposit and, therefore, was no longer in default with respect to the Montgomery Lease.
Summary of Lease Costs Recognized Under ASC 842:
The following table contains a summary of the lease costs recognized under ASC 842 and other information pertaining to the Corporation's operating leases for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019:
Years ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019
(in thousands)
Operating lease cost $ 4,515 $ 4,533 $ 4,552
Variable lease cost 515 632 654
Short-term lease cost 45 20 58
Sublease income (2,727) (3,098) (989)
Total lease cost $ 2,348 $ 2,087 $ 4,275
Other information
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities $ 5,248 $ 4,979 $ 4,804
Weighted-average remaining lease term 5.0 years 4.4 years 4.8 years
Weighted-average discount rate 10.36 % 10.17 % 10.05 %
The following table summarizes the Corporation's future lease payments for non-cancelable operating lease liabilities as of December 31, 2021:
(in thousands)
2022 $ 3,164
2023 1,665
2024 1,319
2025 1,170
2026 1,155
Thereafter 1,486
Total lease payments 9,959
Less: imputed interest (2,070)
Total $ 7,889
17. Stockholders' Equity and Convertible Preferred Stock
Stockholders’ Equity
The Corporation was authorized to issue up to 2,500,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock as of December 31, 2021, and up to 500,000,000 and 351,572,668 shares of Class B Common Stock as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, there were 352,645,626 shares of Class A Common Stock issued and outstanding. There were 118,206,768 and 89,206,266 shares of Class B Common Stock issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Class B common stock has 10 votes per share, and Class A common stock has one vote per share.
The Corporation is authorized to issue 25,000,000 shares of preferred stock having a par value of $0.0001 per share, and the Corporation's board of directors has the authority to determine the rights, preferences, privileges, and restrictions, including voting rights, of those shares. As of December 31, 2021, there were no shares of preferred stock issued and outstanding.
Issuance of Common Stock
In November 2021, the Corporation sold 52,173,913 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $5.75 per share for gross proceeds, before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other expenses payable by the Corporation, of $16.2 million.
Convertible Preferred Stock
Each share of Legacy Clover's preferred stock was convertible at the option of the holder, at any time and from time to time, and without the payment of additional consideration by the holder thereof, into fully paid and non-assessable shares of common stock.
Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, all outstanding shares of Legacy Clover's preferred stock automatically converted into 139,444,346 shares of Class B Common Stock after giving effect to the Exchange Ratio upon the closing of the Business Combination. See Note 3 (Business Combination) for additional information on the Business Combination.
18. Employee Benefit Plans
Employee Savings Plan
The Corporation has a defined contribution retirement savings plan (the “401(k) Plan”) covering eligible employees, which includes safe harbor matching contributions based on the amount of employees' contributions to the 401(k) Plan. The Corporation contributes to the 401(k) Plan annually 100.0% of the first 4.0% compensation that is contributed by the employee up to 4.0% of eligible annual compensation. The Corporation's service contributions to the 401(k) Plan amounted to approximately $1.2 million, $1.2 million, and $1.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively, and are included in salaries and benefits on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. The Corporation's cash match is invested pursuant to the participant's contribution direction. Employer contributions are immediately 100.0% vested.
Stock-based Compensation
The Corporation's 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2020 Plan") and 2020 Management Incentive Plan (the “2020 MIP”) provide for grants of restricted stocks units (RSUs) and/or options to acquire shares of the Corporation's common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, to employees, directors, officers, and consultants of the Corporation. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Corporation approved the 2020 Plan and the 2020 MIP, and the Corporation’s 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2014 Plan” and, collectively with the 2020 Plan and the 2020 MIP, the “Plans”) was retired.
The maximum number of shares of the Corporation's common stock reserved for issuance over the term of the Plans, shares outstanding under the Plans, and shares remaining under the Plans, after giving effect to the Exchange Ratio, as of December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020, were as follows:
December 31, 2021 Shares Authorized Under Plans Shares Outstanding Under Plans Shares Remaining Under Plans
2014 Plan
54,402,264 41,905,875 N/A
2020 Plan
30,641,401 6,690,048 23,442,323
2020 MIP
33,426,983 33,426,983 -
December 31, 2020 Shares Authorized Under Plan Shares Outstanding Under Plan Shares Remaining Under Plan
2014 Plan
54,402,264 36,557,759 17,844,505
Effective as of the closing of the Business Combination, the 2014 Plan terminated, at which time the outstanding awards previously granted thereunder were assumed by the Corporation, and no new awards are available for grant under the 2014 Plan. Shares that are expired, terminated, surrendered or canceled under the 2014 Plan without having been fully exercised are available for awards under the 2020 Plan. Shares may be issued from authorized but unissued Corporation stock.
The Plans are administered by the Talent and Compensation Committee of the Corporation’s Board of Directors (the “Compensation Committee”). The options are subject to the terms and conditions applicable to options granted under the Plans, as described in the applicable Plan and the applicable stock option grant agreement. The exercise prices, vesting and other restrictions applicable to the stock options are determined at the discretion of the Compensation Committee, except that the exercise price per share of incentive stock options may not be less than 100.0% of the fair value of a share of common stock on the date of grant. Stock options awarded under the Plans expire 10 years after the grant date. Incentive stock options and non-statutory options granted to employees, directors, officers and consultants of the Corporation typically vest over four or five years. RSU awards are subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Plans and the applicable RSU grant agreement. Vesting and other restrictions applicable to RSU awards are determined at the discretion of the Compensation Committee. The number of shares of common stock subject to an RSU award is determined by dividing the cash value of an RSU award by the average closing price of a share of the Corporation’s Class A common stock over a specified period through the date of grant, and such awards typically vest over four years from the grant date. The total estimated fair value is amortized as an expense over the requisite service period as approved by the Compensation Committee.
The Corporation granted options to purchase 1,937,968 shares of common stock during the year ended December 31, 2021. The Corporation recorded stock-based compensation expense for options, RSUs, and performance restricted stock units (PRSUs) granted under the Plans and discounts offered in connection with the Corporation’s 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP) of $163.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2021, and such expenses are presented in salaries and benefits in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. Compensation cost presented in salaries and benefits in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss were as follows:
Years ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019
(in thousands)
Stock options $ 7,998 $ 7,078 $ 3,301
RSUs 65,514 - -
PRSUs 89,930 - -
ESPP 281 - -
Total compensation cost recognized for stock-based compensation plans $ 163,723 $ 7,078 $ 3,301
As of December 31, 2021, there was approximately $435.6 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested stock options, RSUs, PRSUs, and the ESPP, estimated to be recognized over a period of 4.02 years. As of December 31, 2020, there was approximately $14.9 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested stock options.
Stock Options
The assumptions that the Corporation used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the grant-date fair value of stock options granted for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively, were as follows:
Years ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019
Weighted-average risk-free interest rate 1.06 % 0.84 % 1.95 %
Expected term (in years) 6.06 4.68 6.29
Expected volatility 37.74 % 34.66 % 28.37 %
Expected dividend yield - - -
A summary of option activity under the 2020 Plan during the year ended December 31, 2021 is as follows:
Number of options Weighted-average exercise price
Outstanding, January 1, 2021
- $ -
Granted during 2021
1,937,968 8.88
Exercised - -
Forfeited (184,169) 8.88
Outstanding, December 31, 2021
1,753,799 $ 8.88
A summary of option activity under the 2014 Plan during the year ended December 31, 2021 is as follows:
Number of options Weighted-average exercise price
Outstanding, January 1, 2021
36,513,193 $ 2.26
Granted during 2021
- -
Exercised (4,284,070) 1.42
Forfeited (1,073,381) 2.79
Outstanding, December 31, 2021
31,155,742 $ 2.35
The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the stock options and the fair value of the Corporation's common stock for those stock options that had exercise prices lower than the fair value of the Corporation's common stock.
The weighted-average grant date fair value of stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 was $3.36 per share, $1.04 per share, and $0.62 per share, respectively.
As of December 31, 2021, outstanding stock options, substantially all of which are expected to vest, had an aggregate intrinsic value of $52.5 million, and a weighted-average remaining contractual term of 6.80 years. As of December 31, 2021, there were 21,872,378 options exercisable under the Plan, with an aggregate intrinsic value of $39.2 million, a weighted-average exercise price of $2.32 per share, and a weighted-average remaining contractual term of 6.20 years. The total value of stock options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, was $39.3 million, $5.8 million, and $1.3 million, respectively. Cash received from stock option exercises during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, totaled $6.1 million, $2.1 million, and $0.7 million, respectively.
Pursuant to the terms of the applicable Plan and stock option award agreement, employees may exercise options at any time after grant while maintaining the original vesting period. The proceeds from exercise of unvested options are recorded as a liability until the option vests at which time the liability is reclassified to equity. If the employee terminates or otherwise forfeits an unvested option that
has been exercised, the Corporation must redeem those shares at the original exercise price and remit payment of the forfeited portion of shares back to the employee.
Restricted Stock Units
A summary of total RSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2021, is presented below:
Year ended December 31, 2021 Number of RSUs Weighted-average grant date fair value per share
Granted 22,031,869 $ 14.34
Released (639,752) (6.64)
Forfeited (97,276) (8.42)
Outstanding, December 31, 2021
21,294,841 $ 14.60
The weighted-average grant date fair value of the RSUs was $14.34 per underlying share.
Performance Restricted Stock Units
The Corporation has granted PRSUs which become eligible to vest if prior to the vesting date the average closing price of one share of the Corporation's common stock for 90 consecutive days equals or exceeds a specified price (the "Market PRSUs"). Additionally, the Corporation has granted PRSUs that vest based on pre-established milestones including Corporation performance. The grant date fair value of the Market PRSUs is recognized as expense over the vesting period under the accelerated attribution method and is not adjusted in future periods for the success or failure to achieve the specified market condition. The Corporation has also determined the requisite service period for the PRSUs with multiple performance conditions to be the longest of the explicit, implicit, or derived service period.
There were no Market PRSUs granted prior to 2021. The grant date fair value of Market PRSUs was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model that incorporated multiple valuation assumptions, including the probability of achieving the specified market condition and the following assumptions:
Year ended December 31, 2021
Expected volatility (1)
40.70 %
Risk-free interest rate (2)
0.50
Dividend yield (3)
-
(1) Expected volatility is based on a blend of peer group company historical data adjusted for the Corporation's leverage.
(2) Risk-free interest rate based on U.S. Treasury yields with a term equal to the remaining Performance Period as of the grant date.
(3) Dividend yield was assumed to be zero as the Corporation does not anticipate paying dividends.
A summary of total PRSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2021, is presented below:
Year ended December 31, 2021 Number of PRSUs Weighted-average grant date fair value per share
Granted 27,818,524 $ 9.58
Non-vested at December 31, 2021
27,818,524 $ 9.58
As of December 31, 2021, there was $173.7 million of unrecognized share-based compensation expense related to PRSUs, which is expected to be recognized over a period of 3.13 years.
2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
On October 5, 2020, SCH’s board of directors adopted, and on January 6, 2021, stockholders approved the ESPP. The ESPP provides a means by which eligible employees and/or eligible service providers of either the Corporation or designated related corporations and
affiliates may be given an opportunity to purchase shares of Class A common stock at a 15.0% discount from the fair market value of the common stock as determined on specific dates at specified intervals. Subject to adjustments provided in the ESPP that are discussed below, the maximum number of shares of common stock that may be purchased under the ESPP is 2,785,582 shares, and the maximum number of shares that may be purchased on any single purchase date by any one participant is 5,000 shares. As of December 31, 2021, 2,785,582 shares of Class A common stock were available for issuance under the ESPP.
On the first day of each fiscal year, beginning with the 2022 fiscal year and ending on (and including) the first day of the 2030 fiscal year, the calculation of the maximum number of ESPP shares shall include automatic increases in an amount equal to the lesser of (i) 1.0% of the total number of shares of Class A common stock outstanding on the last day of the calendar month prior to the date of such automatic increase, and (ii) such number of shares of Class A common stock as determined by the administrator of the ESPP; provided that the maximum number of shares of Class A common stock reserved under the ESPP shall not exceed 10.0% of the total outstanding capital stock of the Corporation (inclusive of the shares reserved under the ESPP) as of January 7, 2021, on an as-converted basis.
The initial offering period for the ESPP was five months, commencing on September 1, 2021, and ending on January 31, 2022. The second offering period will begin on March 14, 2022, and end on November 22, 2022, and the third offering period will begin on November 23, 2022, and end on May 21, 2023.
As of the date of this report, 214,797 shares of the Corporation’s common stock have been purchased or distributed pursuant to the ESPP.
The assumptions that the Corporation used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the fair value of the purchase rights under the ESPP for the year ended December 31, 2021, were as follows:
Year ended December 31, 2021
Weighted-average risk-free interest rate 0.06 %
Expected term (in years) 0.42
Expected volatility 147.42 %
Equity warrants
In November 2016 and December 2017, the Corporation issued warrants to purchase 139,629 shares of the Corporation's common stock at an exercise price of $2.61 per share, and 122,052 shares of the Corporation's common stock at an exercise price of $3.45 per share, respectively, as part of payment to certain providers for services provided to the Corporation. These warrants were automatically exercised in connection with the Business Combination. See Note 3 (Business Combination) for additional information. The total fair value of warrants vested during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 was $0.0 million, $7.0 million, and $0.9 million, respectively.
A summary of activity relating to the warrants of the service providers during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, is as follows:
Number of warrants Weighted-average exercise price
Outstanding, December 31, 2019
261,681 $ 3.00
Granted during 2020
- -
Exercised - -
Forfeited - -
Outstanding, December 31, 2020
261,681 $ 3.00
Outstanding, December 31, 2020
261,681 $ 3.00
Granted during 2021
- -
Exercised (261,681) 3.00
Forfeited - -
Outstanding, December 31, 2021
- $ -
19. Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes consisted of the following for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively:
Years ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019
(in thousands)
Current provision $ - $ (2) $ (2)
Deferred expense - 2 2
Provision for income taxes $ - $ - $ -
The provision for income taxes was different from the amount computed using the federal statutory rate of 21% for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively, due to the following:
Years ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019
(in thousands)
Income tax provision at federal statutory rate (21%)
$ (123,429) $ (28,642) $ (76,385)
Interest on convertible securities - 6,537 3,505
Interest on convertible securities discount 2,867 4,423 3,257
Debt issuance cost related to convertible securities - - 76
Derivative liability related to convertible securities - (19,688) 29,098
Warrant expense 13,905 16,823 596
Meals and entertainment 26 13 210
Health insurance industry fee - 2,715 -
Stock based compensation (5,665) 350 -
Other, net (365) (1,116) -
Valuation allowance 112,661 18,585 39,643
Provision for income taxes
$ - $ - $ -
The Corporation issued convertible securities for which the interest expense recorded in 2021 was none, and approximately $31.1 million, and $16.7 million, for 2020, and 2019, respectively, and is not deductible for tax purposes.
Deferred income tax balances reflect the impact of temporary differences between the tax bases of assets or liabilities and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements and are stated at enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when the reported amounts are actually recovered or settled.
Principal components of net deferred tax balances at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, were as follows:
Years ended December 31, 2021 2020
(in thousands)
Deferred income tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforward (NOL) $ 207,713 $ 152,423
Stock based compensation 35,374 2,568
Premium deficiency reserve 23,232 -
Unpaid claim reserve discounting 404 335
Operating lease liability 1,657 2,340
Fixed assets and intangible assets 2,267 1,786
Accruals 2,950 2,984
Other 3,434 2,472
Total deferred income tax assets 277,031 164,908
Less: valuation allowance (275,865) (163,204)
Total deferred income tax assets, net of valuation allowance 1,166 1,704
Deferred income tax liabilities:
Operating lease right-of-use assets (1,127) (1,655)
Other (39) (49)
Total deferred income tax liabilities (1,166) (1,704)
Net deferred income tax assets $ - $ -
Operating loss and tax credit carryforwards and protective tax deposits
The Corporation has unused operating loss carryforwards available of approximately $989.1 million and $725.8 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, that may be applied against future taxable income. Losses incurred before 2018 in the amount of approximately $295.1 million begin to expire in 2033. The total net operating losses (NOL) is made up of NOLs generated by the consolidated group and NOLs obtained with the 2014 reorganization. A portion of the pre-consolidated NOLs may be limited by special rules known as Separate Return Limitation Year (SRLY) rules. SRLY NOLs can only be used in years that both the consolidated group and the entity that created the SRLY NOLs have taxable income. Due to these limitations and uncertainty regarding the Corporation’s ability to use the loss carryforwards and other deferred tax assets, a valuation allowance of approximately $275.9 million and $163.2 million was established in 2021 and 2020, respectively.
The Corporation does not have deposits admitted under Section 6603 of the Internal Revenue Code.
Impact of tax planning strategies
The Corporation does not have any tax planning strategies that include the use of reinsurance and there are no deferred tax liabilities not recognized.
The Corporation files income tax returns in the United States. The U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is not currently conducting any income tax audits. The Corporation’s federal income tax returns filed related to tax years subsequent to 2016 remain subject to examination by the IRS. The Corporation is not aware of any material adjustments that may be proposed as a result of any ongoing or future examinations and does not have material uncertain tax positions reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) was signed into law in the U.S. to provide certain relief in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, governments around the world have enacted or implemented various forms of tax relief measures in response to the economic conditions in the wake of COVID-19. On December 27, 2020, the "Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021" was signed into law in the U.S. to amend or extend several significant COVID related relief provisions of the CARES Act. The Corporation has determined that neither the CARES Act and Consolidated Appropriations Act nor changes to income tax laws or regulations in other jurisdictions had a significant impact on the Corporation’s effective tax rate.
20. Net Loss Per Share
Net Loss Per Share
Basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to Class A and Class B common stockholders was calculated as follows:
Years ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
(in thousands, except per share data)
Net loss $ (587,756) $ (136,392) $ (363,737)
Net loss attributable to Class A and Class B common stockholders (587,786) (136,392) (363,737)
Basic and diluted weighted average number of Class A and Class B common shares and common share equivalents outstanding(1)
412,922,424 88,691,582 87,829,419
Net loss per share attributable to Class A and Class B common stockholders-basic and diluted $ (1.42) $ (1.54) $ (4.14)
(1) Prior period results have been adjusted to reflect the exchange of Legacy Clover's common stock for Clover Class B Common Stock at an exchange ratio of approximately 2.0681 in January 2021 as a result of the Business Combination. See Note 3 (Business Combination) for details.
Because the Corporation had a net loss during the year ended December 31, 2021, a net loss during the year ended December 31, 2020, and a net loss during the year ended December 31, 2019, the Corporation’s potentially dilutive securities, which include stock options, RSUs, PRSUs, preferred stock, and warrants to purchase shares of common stock and preferred stock, have been excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share, as the effect would be anti-dilutive. Therefore, during these periods, the diluted common shares outstanding equals the average common shares outstanding. The Corporation excluded the following potential common shares, presented based on amounts outstanding at each period end, from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to Class A and Class B common stockholders for the periods indicated because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect:
Years ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
Options to purchase common stock (1)
32,879,626 36,557,759 24,344,848
RSUs 21,294,841 - -
PRSUs 27,818,524 - -
Convertible preferred stock (as converted to common stock) (1)
- 139,444,346 139,444,346
Warrants to purchase common stock (as converted to common stock) (1)
- 7,502,902 4,884,132
Warrants to purchase convertible preferred stock (as converted to common stock) (1)
- - 2,618,770
Total anti-dilutive shares excluded from computation of earnings per share 81,992,991 183,505,007 171,292,096
(1) Prior period results have been adjusted to reflect the exchange of Legacy Clover's common stock for Clover Class B Common Stock at an exchange ratio of approximately 2.0681 in January 2021 as a result of the Business Combination. See Note 3 (Business Combination) for details.
21. Commitments and Contingencies
Legal Actions
Various lawsuits against the Corporation may arise in the ordinary course of the Corporation's business. Contingent liabilities arising from ordinary course litigation, income taxes and other matters are not expected to be material in relation to the financial position of the Corporation. At December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020, respectively, there were no material known contingent liabilities arising outside the normal course of business.
Securities Class Actions and Derivative Litigation
In February 2021, the Corporation and certain of its directors and officers were named as defendants in putative class actions filed in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee: Bond v. Clover Health Investments, Corp. et al., Case No. 3:21-cv-00096 (M.D. Tenn.); Kaul v. Clover Health Investments, Corp., et al., Case No. 3:21-cv-00101 (M.D. Tenn.); Yaniv v. Clover Health Investments, Corp., et al., Case No. 3:21-cv-00109 (M.D. Tenn.); and Tremblay v. Clover Health Investments, Corp., et al.,
Case No. 3:21-cv-00138 (M.D. Tenn.). The complaints asserted violations of sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 promulgated under the Exchange Act. The Kaul action asserted additional claims under sections 11 and 15 of the Securities Act.
The complaints generally related to allegations published in an article issued on February 4, 2021, by Hindenburg Research LLC (the “Hindenburg Article”). The complaints seek unspecified damages on behalf of all persons and entities who purchased or acquired Clover securities during the proposed class period (which begins on October 6, 2020, and, depending on the complaint, ends on February 3, 2021, or February 4, 2021), as well as certain other costs.
In April 2021, the Middle District of Tennessee class actions described above were consolidated under Bond v. Clover Health Investments, Corp., et al., Case No. 3:21-cv-00096 (M.D. Tenn.) as lead case. The court appointed a lead plaintiff, approved a lead counsel and a liaison counsel, and approved the parties' proposed schedule for filing an amended complaint and the defendants' responses. In June 2021, the lead plaintiff and a named plaintiff filed the amended complaint, asserting violations of sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 promulgated under the Exchange Act. The amended complaint names Clover and certain of its officers and directors as defendants and removes certain defendants named in the initial complaints. The amended complaint generally relates to allegations published in the Hindenburg Article and seeks unspecified damages on behalf of all persons and entities other than the defendants who purchased or acquired Clover securities during the proposed class period (which begins on October 6, 2020, and ends on February 3, 2021), as well as certain other costs. The Corporation moved to dismiss the complaint on August 27, 2021; that motion is fully briefed and pending before the court. In light of the consolidation and appointment of lead counsel for the proposed class members, the plaintiffs in the Kaul and Yaniv actions filed notices of voluntary dismissal without prejudice on April 23, 2021, and January 28, 2022, respectively.
Parallel shareholder derivative actions have also been filed, naming Clover as a nominal defendant. The first action was filed in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware and is captioned Furman v. Garipalli, et al., Case No. 1:21-cv-00191 (D. Del.). The complaint asserts violations of sections 10(b) and 21D of the Exchange Act, breach of fiduciary duty, and waste of corporate assets against certain of the Corporation’s directors. It seeks unspecified damages and an order requiring Clover to take certain actions to enhance Clover's corporate governance policies, and procedures. The second and third actions were filed in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee and are captioned Sun v. Garipalli, et al., Case No. 3:21-cv-00311 (M.D. Tenn.), and Luthra v. Garipalli, et al., Case No. 3:21-cv-00320 (M.D. Tenn.). The complaints assert violations of section 14(a) of the Exchange Act, breach of fiduciary duty, and aiding and abetting a breach of fiduciary duty. The Sun action also asserts unjust enrichment, abuse of control, gross mismanagement, waste of corporate assets, and contribution under section 11(f) of the Securities Act, and sections 10(b) and 21D of the Exchange Act. The complaints name certain current and former officers and directors as defendants. They seek unspecified damages and an order requiring Clover to take certain actions to enhance Clover's corporate governance policies and procedures.
The fourth action was filed in the United States District of Delaware and is captioned Wiegand v. Garipalli, et al., Case No. 1:21-cv-01053 (D. Del.). The complaint asserts violations of sections 14(a) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act, breach of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment, and waste of corporate assets. The complaint names certain current and former officers and directors as defendants. It seeks, among other things, unspecified damages and an order requiring Clover to take certain actions to improve Clover’s corporate governance and internal procedures. The fifth action was filed in the Supreme Court of the State of New York and is captioned Sankaranarayanan v. Palihapitiya, et al., Index No. 655420/2021 (N.Y. Sup. Ct., N.Y. Cnty.). The complaint asserts breach of fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment. The complaint names certain former officers and directors as defendants. It seeks, among other things, unspecified damages and an order directing Clover to take certain actions to reform and improve its corporate governance and internal procedures.
The sixth action was filed in the Delaware Court of Chancery and is captioned Davies v. Garipalli, et al., No. 2021-1016-SG (Del. Ch.). The complaint asserts breach of fiduciary duty. The complaint names certain current and former officers and directors as defendants. It seeks, among other things, unspecified damages and an order directing Clover to take certain actions to reform and improve its corporate governance and internal procedures. The seventh action was filed in the Supreme Court of the State of New York and is captioned Uvaydov v. Palihapitiya, et al., Index No. 656978/2021 (N.Y Sup. Ct., N.Y. Cnty.). The complaint asserts breach of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment, and aiding and abetting a breach of fiduciary duty. The complaint names certain current and former officers and directors as defendants. It seeks, among other things, unspecified damages, restitution, and disgorgement of profits obtained by defendants.
On May 10, 2021, the Middle District of Tennessee shareholder derivative actions described above were consolidated under Sun v. Garipalli, et al., Case No. 3:21-cv-00311 (M.D. Tenn.) as lead case. The court designated co-lead counsel and liaison counsel and ordered the parties to submit a proposed schedule for the initial stage of the case. In June 2021, the parties in the Sun and Furman actions submitted joint stipulations and proposed orders to stay both actions. Soon thereafter, the courts in both actions approved the stipulations, thereby staying all proceedings and deadlines in the Sun and Furman actions pending a final decision on the motion to dismiss in the Middle District of Tennessee class actions consolidated under the Bond action, and approving the filing of an amended complaint. On November 30, 2021, the Sun and Luthra plaintiffs filed an amended complaint, asserting violations of section 14(a) of
the Exchange Act, breach of fiduciary duty, aiding and abetting a breach of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment, abuse of control, gross mismanagement, waste of corporate assets, and contribution under sections 10(b) and 21D of the Exchange Act. The amended complaint generally relates to the allegations published in the Hindenburg Article, and names certain current and former officers and directors as defendants. It seeks, among other things, unspecified damages and an order requiring Clover to take certain actions to enhance Clover's corporate governance policies and procedures.
On September 16, 2021, the two District of Delaware derivative actions were consolidated under In re Clover Health Investments, Corp. Derivative Litigation, Case No. 1:21-cv-00191-LPS (Consolidated). The Furman complaint was deemed the operative complaint. All proceedings and deadlines in that matter are also stayed pending a final decision on the motion to dismiss in the Bond Action. On January 19, 2022, the court in Davies approved the parties’ joint stipulation and proposed order to stay all proceedings and deadlines in the action pending a final decision on the motion to dismiss in the Middle District of Tennessee class actions consolidated under the Bond action.
The parties in the New York derivative actions agreed to stay and consolidate those two actions into one action. On February 2, 2022, the parties filed a stipulation with the court to that effect. Upon the court’s approval, the complaint in the Sankaranarayanan action will be deemed the operative complaint in the New York derivative actions and the parties will submit a proposed scheduling order for defendants’ response to that complaint.
All of these cases remain in the preliminary stages. Given the inherent uncertainty of litigation and the legal standards that must be met, including class certification and success on the merits, the Corporation has determined that it is not probable or estimable that an unfavorable outcome or potential loss will occur. Clover intends to vigorously defend itself against the claims asserted against it.
Provider Payment Disputes
The Corporation is currently involved in multiple disputes with healthcare providers and facilities involving allegations that the Corporation failed to appropriately reimburse the providers/facilities for services provided to the Corporation’s Medicare Advantage plan members. These disputes include, but are not limited to, a suit filed on December 15, 2021 in the Superior Court of New Jersey that is captioned Columbus Ltach, LLC vs. Wellcare Health Plans, Inc., et. al., Docket No. L-009587-21 (N.J. Super. Ct. Law Div.), in which the plaintiff claims underpayments of over $0.3 million, and seeks related relief.
Guaranty Assessments
Under state guaranty assessment laws, including those related to state cooperative failures in the industry, the Corporation may be assessed, up to prescribed limits, for certain obligations to the policyholders and claimants of insolvent insurance companies that write the same line or lines of business as the Corporation.
22. Direct Contracting
In April 2021, the Corporation began participating in the DC Model, which utilizes a structured model intended to reduce expenditures and preserve or enhance quality of care for beneficiaries in Medicare FFS. As a participating entity in the DC Model with a global risk arrangement, the Corporation assumes the responsibility of guaranteeing the performance of its care network. The DC Model is intended to reduce the administrative burden, support a focus on complex, chronically ill patients, and encourage physician organizations that have not typically participated in Medicare FFS to serve beneficiaries in Medicare FFS.
Key components of the financial agreement for Direct Contracting include:
•Performance Year Benchmark The target amount for Medicare expenditures on covered items and services (Medicare Part A and B) furnished to a DCE’s aligned beneficiaries during a performance year. The Performance Year Benchmark will be compared to the DCE’s performance year expenditures. This comparison will be used to calculate shared savings and shared losses. The Performance Year Benchmark is established at the beginning of the performance year utilizing prospective trend estimates and is subject to retrospective trend adjustments, if warranted, before the Financial Reconciliation.
•Performance Year A calendar year except for the commencement year, which began on April 1, 2021, and will end on December 31, 2021.
•Risk-Sharing Arrangements Used in determining the percent of savings and losses that DCEs are eligible to receive as shared savings or may be required to repay as shared losses.
•Financial Reconciliation The process by which CMS determines shared savings or shared losses by comparing the calculated total benchmark expenditure for a given DCE’s aligned population to the actual expenditures of that DCE’s aligned beneficiaries over the course of a performance year that includes various risk-mitigation options such as stop-loss reinsurance and risk corridors.
•Risk-Mitigation Options DCEs may elect a “stop-loss arrangement” each performance year, which is designed to reduce the financial uncertainty associated with high-cost expenditures of individual beneficiaries. The Corporation has elected participation in the program for the current performance year. Additionally, CMS has created a mandatory risk corridor program that allocates the DCE’s shared savings and losses in bands of percentage thresholds, after a deviation of greater than 25.0% of the Performance Year Benchmark.
Performance Guarantees
Certain of the Corporation’s arrangements with third-party providers require it to guarantee the performance of its care network to CMS, which if not obtained, could potentially result in payment to CMS during the financial reconciliation period. As a result of the DC agreement, the Corporation determined that there was a performance guarantee with the providers of DCE Beneficiaries that should be recognized in the consolidated financial statements. The Direct Contracting performance year obligation and receivable were initially measured as the target amount for Medicare expenditures on covered items and services. The obligation and receivable were subsequently amortized on a straight-line basis for the amount that represented the completed performance. The DCE is entitled to all of the consideration under the arrangement for all aligned beneficiaries and in the performance year in which the DCE is a participant, the final consideration due to the DCE by CMS (shared savings) or the consideration due to CMS by the DCE (shared loss) is reconciled in the subsequent years following the performance year. The shared savings or loss is measured periodically and will be applied to the Direct Contracting performance obligation if the Corporation is in a probable loss position. The Corporation is unable to estimate the maximum potential amount of future payments under the guarantee. This is attributable to the stop-loss arrangement and the corridors (tiered levels) in the arrangement. A certain percentage of these arrangements will still be the responsibility of the Corporation in addition to a number of variables that are not reasonable for the Corporation to estimate such as, but not limited to, risk ratings and benchmark trends that have an inestimable impact on the estimate of future payments.
The tables below include the financial statement impacts of the performance guarantee:
December 31, 2021
(in thousands)
Direct Contracting performance year receivable $ -
Direct Contracting performance year obligation (1)
36,891
(1) This obligation represents the consideration due to providers, net of the shared savings or loss for the period and amortization of the liability.
Year ended December 31, 2021
(in thousands)
Amortization of the Direct Contracting performance year receivable $ (664,224)
Amortization of the Direct Contracting performance year obligation 664,224
Direct Contracting revenue 667,639
23. Operating Segments
The Corporation manages operations based on two reportable segments: Medicare Advantage and Direct Contracting. The reportable segments are distinguished based on the healthcare delivery business model. Its Medicare Advantage segment is an insurance business model that focuses on leveraging the Clover Assistant at the point of care. Its Direct Contracting segment is similar to a cost management and care coordination model accounted for as a performance guarantee, where Clover is responsible for coordinating care, managing costs, and providing support to providers and their DCE Beneficiaries through the use of Clover Assistant. These segment groupings are consistent with information used by the Chief Executive Officer, the Corporation’s chief operating decision maker, to assess performance and allocate resources. There are certain revenues and expenses that are attributable to clinical services and corporate overhead; these amounts are reported separately from reportable segments in the tables presenting segment results below.
The operations of the Corporation are organized into the following two segments:
•Medicare Advantage Segment includes operations related to the Corporation’s MA plans, which generally provide access to a wide network of primary care providers, specialists, and hospitals.
•Direct Contracting Segment includes the Corporation’s operations relating to CMS’ DC Model, which provides options aimed at reducing expenditures and preserving or enhancing quality of care for beneficiaries.
•Corporate/Other (Non-Segment) includes other clinical services not included in Medicare Advantage and Direct Contracting and all other corporate overhead. Clinical services is comprised of Clover Home Care and other clinical services that are offered to eligible beneficiaries.
The table below summarizes the Corporation’s results by operating segment:
Medicare
Advantage Direct Contracting Corporate/Other Eliminations Consolidated Total
Year ended December 31, 2021 (in thousands)
Premiums earned, net (Net of ceded premiums of $489)
$ 799,414 $ - $ - $ - $ 799,414
Direct Contracting revenue - 667,639 - - 667,639
Other income 216 - 94,090 (89,363) 4,943
Intersegment revenues - - 41,932 (41,932) -
Net medical claims incurred and other medical costs(1)
847,286 705,407 7,637 (9,152) 1,551,178
Gross (loss) profit $ (47,656) $ (37,768) $ 128,385 $ (122,143) $ (79,182)
Total assets $ 416,947 $ 58,027 $ 1,116,331 $ (640,501) $ 950,804
(1) Net medical claims incurred reported for Medicare Advantage in this footnote differs from corresponding amount reported on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss due to the impacts of eliminations.
A reconciliation of the reportable segments’ gross loss to the net loss included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss is as follows:
Year ended December 31, 2021
(in thousands)
Gross loss $ (79,182)
Salaries and benefits 260,458
General and administrative expenses 185,287
Premium deficiency reserve 110,628
Depreciation and amortization 1,246
Other expense 191
Change in fair value of warrants payable (66,146)
Interest expense 3,229
Amortization of notes and securities discounts 13,681
Net loss $ (587,756)
24. Dividend Restrictions
The Corporation's regulated insurance subsidiaries are subject to regulations and standards in their respective jurisdictions. These standards, among other things, require these subsidiaries to maintain specified levels of statutory capital and limit the timing and amount of dividends and other distributions that may be paid to their parent companies. Therefore, the Corporation's regulated insurance subsidiaries' ability to declare and pay dividends is limited by state regulations including obtaining prior approval by the New Jersey Department of Banking and Insurance. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, neither of the regulated insurance subsidiaries had paid any dividends.
25. Statutory Equity
Applicable insurance department regulations require that the Corporation’s regulated insurance subsidiaries prepare statutory financial statements in accordance with statutory accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the department of insurance of the respective state of domicile. These practices vary in some aspects from U.S. GAAP, with significant differences including that (a) certain assets are not included in statutory surplus, (b) certain statutory reserves are established by a direct charge to surplus, and (c) certain charges are reported as charges to capital and surplus, rather than as a component of net income.
The regulated insurance subsidiaries are subject to certain Risk-Based Capital (RBC) requirements specified by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC). Under those requirements, the amount of capital and surplus maintained by the Corporation’s regulated insurance subsidiaries is to be determined based on various risk factors, such as (a) asset quality, (b) asset and liability matching, (c) loss reserve adequacy, and other business factors. Regulatory compliance is determined by a ratio of the Corporation’s regulatory total adjusted capital, as defined by the NAIC, to its authorized control level RBC, as defined by the NAIC. Generally, a ratio in excess of the regulatory threshold requires no corrective actions by the Corporation or regulators. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the regulated insurance subsidiaries’ capital and surplus of $128.9 million and $79.4 million, respectively, exceeded the minimum RBC requirements of approximately $99.7 million and $75.8 million, respectively.
26. Regulatory Matters
The Corporation operates in a highly regulated environment. It is regulated by federal and state of New Jersey regulators. The Corporation’s regulated insurance subsidiaries must be licensed by and are subject to regulation by New Jersey Department of Banking and Insurance, which requires periodic financial reports and enforces minimum capital and/or reserve requirements.
The laws and regulations governing the Corporation’s business and interpretations of those laws and regulations are subject to frequent change. Legislative, administrative, and public policy changes to the Health Care Reform Law continue to be debated, and the Corporation cannot predict if the Health Care Reform Law will be further modified, repealed, or replaced. The broad latitude given to the agencies administering, interpreting and enforcing current and future regulations governing the Corporation’s business could require the Corporation to change how it conducts its business, restrict revenue and enrollment growth, increase health care and administrative costs and capital requirements, or expose the Corporation to increased liability in the courts for coverage determinations, contract interpretation and other actions.
The health care industry is also regularly subject to negative publicity, including as a result of governmental investigations, adverse media coverage and political debate surrounding industry regulation. Negative publicity may adversely affect the Corporation’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows and damage its reputation.
CLOVER HEALTH INVESTMENTS, CORP.
CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS (PARENT COMPANY)
(Dollars in thousands, except share amounts)
Schedule I
December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents $ 115,894 $ 5,432
Short-term investments 234,986 -
Investment securities, available-for sale 79,268 -
Investment securities, held-to-maturity 59 -
Other assets, current 38 102
Total current assets 430,245 5,534
Intercompany interest receivable 4,958 4,958
Intercompany note receivable 40,000 40,000
Investments in consolidated subsidiaries 140,834 77,212
Total assets $ 616,037 $ 127,704
Liabilities, Convertible Preferred Stock, and Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)
Current liabilities
Accounts payable and accrued expenses
$ 1,199 $ 13,140
Accrued salaries and benefits
1,640 229
Total current liabilities 2,839 13,369
Intercompany payable
76,211 27,251
Notes payable, net of discount and deferred issuance costs
- 107,674
Derivative liabilities
- 44,810
Warrants payable
- 97,782
Other liabilities 360 -
Total liabilities
79,410 290,886
Convertible Preferred stock (Series Seed A, A-1, B, C, and D), $0.0001 par value; 0 and 155,387,025 shares authorized as of December 31, 2021, and 2020, respectively; 0 and 139,444,346 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2021, and 2020, respectively; aggregate liquidation preference of $0 and $470,256 as of December 31, 2021, and 2020, respectively (1)
- 447,747
Stockholders’ equity (deficit)
Class A Common Stock, $0.0001 par value; 2,500,000,000 and 0 shares authorized as of December 31, 2021, and 2020, respectively; 352,645,626 and 0 issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively
34 -
Class B Common Stock, $0.0001 par value; 500,000,000 and 351,572,668 shares authorized; 118,206,768 and 89,206,266 issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2021, and 2020, respectively (1)
12 9
Additional paid-in capital
2,153,909 411,843
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (443) -
Accumulated deficit
(1,616,738) (1,022,781)
Less: Treasury stock, at cost; 14,730 and 0 shares held as of December 31, 2021, and 2020, respectively
(147) -
Total stockholders’ equity (deficit)
536,627 (610,929)
Total liabilities, convertible preferred stock, and stockholders’ equity (deficit)
$ 616,037 $ 127,704
(1) Prior period results have been adjusted to reflect the exchange of Legacy Clover's common stock for Clover Class B Common Stock at an exchange ratio of approximately 2.0681 in January 2021 as a result of the Business Combination. See Note 3 (Business Combination) for additional information.
CLOVER HEALTH INVESTMENTS, CORP.
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (PARENT COMPANY)
(Dollars in thousands, except share amounts)
Years ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
Revenues:
Other income $ 3,938 $ 3,685 $ 3,442
Total revenues 3,938 3,685 3,442
Operating expenses:
General and administrative expenses
187 4,831 79
Other expense
- - 363
Total operating expenses
187 4,831 442
Income (loss) from operations
3,751 (1,146) 3,000
Change in fair value of warrants payable
(66,146) 80,328 2,909
Interest expense
1,593 35,556 23,155
Amortization of notes and securities discount
13,681 21,118 15,913
(Gain) loss on derivative
- (93,751) 138,561
Equity in net losses of consolidated subsidiaries
648,580 91,995 186,199
Net loss
$ (593,957) $ (136,392) $ (363,737)
CLOVER HEALTH INVESTMENTS, CORP.
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (PARENT COMPANY)
(Dollars in thousands, except share amounts)
Years ended December 31,
2021 2020 2019
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss $ (593,957) $ (136,392) $ (363,737)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Amortization of notes and securities discount and debt issuance costs 13,681 21,118 15,913
Intercompany stock-based compensation expense 163,470 7,078 3,301
Paid in kind interest - 28,334 11,633
Change in fair value of warrants and amortization of warrants (66,146) 80,328 2,909
Change in derivative liabilities - (93,751) 138,561
Accretion, net of amortization (163) - -
Net realized losses on investment securities (53) - -
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Other assets 165 214 9
Accounts payable and accrued expenses (4,092) 7,669 5,728
Intercompany accrued salaries and benefits 1,411 229 (169)
Intercompany interest receivable - (1,208) (1,200)
Intercompany payable 48,960 23,158 (23,921)
Net cash used in operating activities (436,724) (63,223) (210,973)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of short-term investments and available-for-sale securities (689,582) - -
Proceeds from sales of short-term investments and available-for-sale securities 89,997 - -
Proceeds from maturities of short-term investments available-for-sale securities 285,000 - -
Investments in consolidated subsidiaries (63,622) 82,047 (154,469)
Net cash provided (used in) by investing activities (378,207) 82,047 (154,469)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of convertible securities - - 343,410
Deferred financing costs - - (363)
Payment of notes payable principal (30,925) (18,752) (9,670)
Issuance of common stock, net of early exercise liability 6,144 1,748 601
Buyback and subsequent cancellation of common stock - (957) -
Proceeds from reverse recapitalization, net of transaction costs 666,241 - -
Proceeds received for the exercise of Public and Private Warrants 390 - -
Issuance of common stock, net of stock issuance costs 283,775 - -
Payment for the redemptions of Public Warrants (85) - -
Purchase of treasury stock (147) - -
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities 925,393 (17,961) 333,978
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 110,462 863 (31,464)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year 5,432 4,569 36,033
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year $ 115,894 $ 5,432 $ 4,569
Supplemental cash flow disclosures
Cash paid during the period for interest 1,677
Cash paid during the year for health insurance industry fee - 8,022 -
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities
Fair value of warrants issued in connection with notes payable - - 17,672
Settlement of bridge loan in connection with convertible notes - - 30,416
Conversion of preferred stock to common stock 447,747 - -
Issuance of common stock related to convertible debt 16,059 - -
Capital contribution for extinguishment of debt 126,795 - -
Issuance of common stock related to warrants exercised 97,782 - -
Acquisition of public and private warrants 147,582 - -
Issuance of common stock related to the exercise of Public and Private Warrants 81,283 - -
CLOVER HEALTH INVESTMENTS, CORP.
Notes to Condensed Financial Statements (Parent Company)
1. Organization and Operations
Clover Health Investments, Corp. (the “Corporation”) is a holding company incorporated on July 17, 2014, in the state of Delaware.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
The accompanying Condensed Financial Statements have been prepared using the equity method. Under the equity method, the investment in consolidated subsidiaries is stated at cost plus equity in undistributed earnings of consolidated subsidiaries since the date of acquisition. These Condensed Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements.
Use of estimates
The preparation of the Condensed financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying disclosures. Those estimates are inherently subject to change, and actual results may ultimately differ from those estimates.
Reclassifications
Certain amounts in the prior years’ Condensed Statements of Cash Flows have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation, primarily related to the amortization of notes and securities discounts and debt issuance costs, change in fair value of warrants payable and amortization of warrants. These reclassifications had no effect on the previously reported Condensed Financial Statements
3. Insurance Subsidiaries
Investments in consolidated subsidiaries include regulated insurance subsidiaries and unregulated subsidiaries. The Corporation holds $485.9 million and $50.0 million of cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments and investment securities at the parent and unregulated subsidiaries as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The Corporation holds $305.3 million and $101.1 million of cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments and investment securities in regulated insurance subsidiaries as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
4. Surplus Note
Effective December 22, 2016, the Corporation contributed $40.0 million to Clover Insurance Company, a wholly-owned subsidiary, in exchange for a surplus note. The outstanding balance, including accrued interest, was due and payable on December 31, 2020, but remains unpaid with the payment terms under review for extension until December 31, 2024, by the Commissioner of Banking and Insurance of the State of New Jersey. No payment of principal or interest on the surplus note shall be made without the prior written approval of the Commissioner of Banking and Insurance of the State of New Jersey.
Schedule II
CLOVER HEALTH INVESTMENTS, CORP.
VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
Additions
(in thousands) Balance at
beginning
of period Charged to
costs and
expenses Charge to other
accounts (Deductions) Balance at
end of period
Year ended December 31, 2020
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets $ 144,619 $ 18,585 $ - $ - $ 163,204
Year ended December 31, 2021
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets 163,204 112,661 - - 275,865
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed financial statements.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Disclosure controls are procedures that are designed with the objective of ensuring that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Exchange Act, such as this report, is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time period specified in the SEC's rules and forms. Disclosure controls are also designed with the objective of ensuring that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including the chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our management evaluated, with the participation of our current chief executive officer and chief financial officer (our "Certifying Officers"), the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2021, pursuant to Rule 13a-15(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). Based upon that evaluation, our Certifying Officers concluded that, as of December 31, 2021, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective due to a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting, as described below.
We do not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures will prevent all errors and all instances of fraud. Disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the disclosure controls and procedures are met. Further, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all disclosure controls and procedures, no evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures can provide absolute assurance that we have detected all our control deficiencies and instances of fraud, if any. The design of disclosure controls and procedures also is based partly on certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions.
Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the Corporation’s principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by the Corporation’s Board, management, and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and includes those policies and procedures that:
•pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of assets of the Corporation;
•provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of the Corporation are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Corporation; and
•provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Corporation’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. With the exception of the material weakness noted below, no change occurred during the fourth quarter of 2021 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report on internal control over financial reporting is set forth below and should be read with these limitations in mind.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
The Corporation’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Corporation. Management assessed the effectiveness of the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, using the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013). Based on this assessment, management identified a deficiency in internal control over financial reporting that resulted in a material weakness as discussed below. Notwithstanding the identified material weakness, management believes the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K fairly represent in all material respects our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows at and for the periods presented in accordance with GAAP.
The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm (PCAOB ID: 42), as stated in their report which appears below.
Background and Remediation of Material Weakness - Technical Accounting Related to Stock-Based Compensation Expense
A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal controls over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Corporation’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The Corporation’s management, with the oversight of the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors, concluded that the deficiency described below rises to the level of a material weakness, as it had the potential to allow for a material dollar amount of misstatement to our financial statements being made without being detected.
As a result of management’s review, in connection with the preparation of the Corporation’s audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021, of certain performance restricted stock unit awards (PRSUs) issued by the Corporation in connection with its January 2021 business combination with Social Capital Hedosophia Holdings Corp. III, the expense associated with the PRSUs was determined to have been recognized over a shorter vesting period than required under Accounting Standards Codification 718, during the first three quarters of 2021. As a result, the Corporation overstated the stock-based compensation expense, total operating expenses, loss from operations, net loss, comprehensive loss, additional paid-in capital, and accumulated deficit by approximately $13.2 million in the aggregate for the quarters ended March 31, 2021, June 30, 2021, and September 30, 2021. Our controls, specifically the review of assumptions related to determining the expense associated with stock-based compensation awards, did not operate as designed, resulting in an adjustment in fourth quarter 2021 to decrease operating expenses within the consolidated statements of operations and additional paid-in capital within the Corporation’s consolidated balance sheet. Management has concluded that these adjustments were immaterial both individually and in the aggregate with respect to each interim period during the year ended December 31, 2021. As a result of this deficiency, management has concluded that we did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on the COSO criteria described above.
In response to the material weakness, we intend to continue to take steps to remediate the material weakness through enhancements that include, but are not limited to, hiring additional resources and further enhancing our business processes and related internal controls. Additionally, the staff responsible for preparing and reviewing stock-based compensation expense will complete additional training in the accounting of these types of complex stock awards as prescribed by current accounting standards.
We are committed to maintaining a strong internal control environment. With the implementation and operating effectiveness of these corrective actions, we anticipate that the material weakness identified above could be deemed remediated as early as the quarter ending March 31, 2022.
.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Clover Health Investments, Corp.
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Clover Health Investments, Corp.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, because of the effect of the material weakness described below on the achievement of the objectives of the control criteria, Clover Health Investments, Corp. (the Company) has not maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on the COSO criteria.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The following material weakness has been identified and included in management’s assessment. Management has identified a material weakness in controls; specifically, the review of assumptions used in determining the expense associated with stock-based compensation awards did not operate as designed.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, changes in stockholders’ deficit and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes and the financial statement schedules listed in the Index at Item 15(a). This material weakness was considered in determining the nature, timing and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the 2021 consolidated financial statements, and this report does not affect our report dated February 28, 2022, which expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
New York, New York
February 28, 2022

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 9B. Other Information
None.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
Executive Officers and Directors
The following table provides information regarding our executive officers and directors as of February 22, 2022:
Name Age Position(s)
Executive Officers
Vivek Garipalli 43 Chief Executive Officer and Chairman
Andrew Toy 43 President, Chief Technology Officer and Director
Mark C. Herbers 67 Interim Chief Financial Officer
Jamie L. Reynoso 52 Chief Operating Officer
Prabhdeep Singh 37 Chief Growth Officer
Non-Employee Directors
Chelsea Clinton(1)(2)
41 Director
Demetrios L. Kouzoukas(3)
46 Director
William G. Robinson, Jr.(1)(3)
57 Director
Lee A. Shapiro(2)(3)
65 Director
Nathaniel S. Turner 36 Director
(1) Member of the Talent and Compensation Committee.
(2) Member of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee.
(3) Member of the Audit Committee.
Executive Officers
Vivek Garipalli. Vivek Garipalli has served as our Chief Executive Officer and as a member of our Board of Directors since the Closing and previously held the same positions with Clover, which Mr. Garipalli co-founded, since July 2014. Previously, Mr. Garipalli also served as Clover’s President from July 2014 to March 2019. Mr. Garipalli holds a B.B.A. in entrepreneurship from Emory University.
We believe that Mr. Garipalli is qualified to serve as a member of our Board of Directors due to the perspective and experience he brings as Clover’s co-founder and Chief Executive Officer and due to his extensive experience managing healthcare companies.
Andrew Toy. Andrew Toy has served as our President, our Chief Technology Officer and as a member of our Board of Directors since the Closing and previously held the same positions with Clover since March 2019, February 2018 and November 2018, respectively. Prior to joining Clover, from May 2014 to February 2018, Mr. Toy served as a Product Director at Google LLC, a multinational technology company, where we coordinated enterprise activities for the Android team and ran Machine Learning, Enterprise Search, and analytics for the G-Suite team. Before that, he was the CEO and co-founder of Divide, a company focused on creating a split between work and personal data on mobile devices, which was acquired by Google in 2014. Mr. Toy holds a B.S. and an M.S. in computer science from Stanford University.
We believe that Mr. Toy is qualified to serve as a member of our Board of Directors due to the perspective and experience he brings as Clover’s President and Chief Technology Officer and due to his extensive experience overseeing technology and analytics and serving in leadership positions at other companies.
Mark C. Herbers. Mark C. Herbers has served as our Interim Chief Financial Officer since August 2021. Since 2014, Mr. Herbers has served as a Director of AlixPartners, LLP, a global consulting firm. He also served as Interim CFO of American Renal Associates, a provider of outpatient dialysis services, from 2019 to 2021, as CEO/CRO of El Paso Children’s Hospital, a hospital, from 2015 to 2016, as Chief Financial Officer of St. Clare’s Health System, a hospital system, from 2012 to 2014, and as Managing Director at FTI Consulting, a consulting firm, from 2005 to 2014. Mr. Herbers holds a B.S. from Georgetown University and an MBA from Washington University in St. Louis, and he is a certified public accountant.
Jamie L. Reynoso. Jamie L. Reynoso has served as our Chief Operating Officer since the Closing and previously held the same position with Clover since July 2020. Prior to joining Clover, Ms. Reynoso served as the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Operating Officer of Memorial Hermann Health Solutions, Inc., a provider of health insurance plans, from April 2016 to December 2019. From November 2012 to April 2016, Ms. Reynoso served as the Regional Vice President of Payer Strategy and Operations at Catholic Health Initiatives, a nonprofit, faith-based health system. Ms. Reynoso holds a B.B.A. from Texas A&M University-Kingsville.
Prabhdeep Singh. Prabhdeep Singh has served as our Chief Growth Officer since July 2021. Prior to joining Clover, Mr. Singh held the following positions at WeWork, a commercial real estate company: Global Head of Marketplace from February 2020 to July 2021, and Global Head of WeWork Labs from October 2018 to February 2020. Mr. Singh also held several positions at Uber Eats, an online food ordering and delivery company, including Head of Enterprise from January 2018 to October 2018 and as a General Manager from December 2016 to December 2017. From January 2013 to December 2016, Mr. Singh was a General Manager and Head of GLG Labs at the Gerson Lehrman Group, an international consulting firm. Mr. Singh holds a B.A. in Political Science and Philosophy from Boston College.
Non-Employee Directors
Chelsea Clinton. Chelsea Clinton has served as a member of our Board of Directors since the Closing and previously held the same position with Clover since February 2017. Since March 2013, Ms. Clinton has served as Vice Chair of the Clinton Foundation, where her work emphasizes improving global and domestic health, creating service opportunities and empowering the next generation of leaders. Ms. Clinton has also served as an Adjunct Assistant Professor at Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health since 2012. Ms. Clinton has served as a member of the board of directors of the Clinton Health Access Initiative since September 2011. Ms. Clinton has served as a member of the boards of directors of IAC Holdings, Inc., a media and internet company, since September 2011, Expedia Group, Inc. (formerly Expedia, Inc.), an online travel shopping company, since March 2017 and Nurx Inc., a telemedicine start-up company, since June 2018. In addition to her for-profit affiliations, Ms. Clinton currently serves on the boards of directors of The School of American Ballet, The Africa Center, the Weill Cornell Medical College and Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health, and as Co-Chair of the Advisory Board of the Of Many Institute at New York University. Ms. Clinton holds a B.A. in history from Stanford University, an MPhil and a DPhil in international relations from Oxford University and an M.P.H. from Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health.
We believe that Ms. Clinton is qualified to serve as a member of our Board of Directors because of her extensive health background, her experience as a director of public companies and non-profit organizations and her knowledge of our industry.
Demetrios L. Kouzoukas. Demetrios L. Kouzoukas has served as a member of Clover’s Board of Directors since April 13, 2021. From February 2017 until January 2021, Mr. Kouzoukas served as the Director of the Center for Medicare and the Principal Deputy Administrator of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Prior to joining CMS, from 2012 to 2016, Mr. Kouzoukas served as General Counsel of the Medicare and Retirement Division of UnitedHealthcare, a health insurance company. Prior to UnitedHealthcare, from 2003 to 2009, Mr. Kouzoukas was Principal Associate Deputy Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), with responsibility for regulatory policy across HHS, and Deputy General Counsel. In 2014, Mr. Kouzoukas was appointed a Public Member of the Administrative Conference of the United States. Mr. Kouzoukas holds a B.A. in Political Science and Public Policy from The George Washington University and a J.D. from the University of Illinois College of Law.
We believe that Mr. Kouzoukas is qualified to serve as a member of our Board of Directors because of his in depth regulatory healthcare background, his experience as general counsel of a division of a health insurance company and his knowledge of our industry.
William G. Robinson, Jr. William G. Robinson, Jr. has served as a member of our Board of Directors since March 25, 2021. Mr. Robinson has served as the President of Broadgate Human Capital, LLC, a management consulting firm, since October 2018. Prior to Broadgate, Mr. Robinson served as the Executive Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer for Sabre Corporation, a travel
technology company, from December 2013 to September 2017. Prior to Sabre, Mr. Robinson served as the Senior Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer at Coventry Health Care, a diversified managed health care company from 2012 to 2013. From 2010 to 2011, Mr. Robinson served as Senior Vice President for human resources at Outcomes Health Information Solutions, a healthcare analytics and information company specializing in the optimization and acquisition of medical records. Prior to that, from 1990 to 2010, he worked for General Electric, where he held several human resources leadership roles in diverse industries including information technology, healthcare, energy, security and industrial. Mr. Robinson has served as a member of the board of directors of American Public Education, Inc. since June 2016 and Must Ministries since June 2019. He has also served as a member of the board of trustees for the American Public University System since May 2020. Mr. Robinson holds a B.A. in communications from Wake Forest University and an M.A. in human resources from Bowie State University.
We believe that Mr. Robinson is qualified to serve as a member of our Board of Directors because of his extensive experience as an executive officer in technology and healthcare companies, his experience as a director of a public company, and his knowledge of our industry.
Lee A. Shapiro. Lee A. Shapiro has served as a member of our Board of Directors since the Closing. Mr. Shapiro co-founded and has served as the Managing Partner at 7Wire Ventures, an early-stage healthcare venture fund, since June 2013. Mr. Shapiro previously served as Chief Financial Officer of Livongo Health, Inc., a mobile health monitoring technology company, from December 2018 to November 2020, and as a member of the board of directors from August 2013 until April 2019. Mr. Shapiro joined Allscripts Healthcare Solutions, Inc., a provider of electronic prescribing, practice management and electronic health record technology, in April 2000 and served as President from April 2002 to December 2012. He previously served as a director of Tivity Health, Inc., a provider of fitness and health improvement programs, from May 2015 to May 2020 and a director of Medidata Solutions, Inc., a global provider of cloud-based solutions for life sciences, from June 2011 to October 2019. He has served as a director of Click Therapeutics, Inc., a biotechnology company, since April 2021, and also serves as a director of some of the 7Wire Ventures portfolio companies. He serves on the National Board of the American Heart Association and the advisory board of the University of Chicago George Schulz Innovation Fund. Mr. Shapiro holds a B.S. in accountancy from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and a J.D. from The University of Chicago Law School.
We believe that Mr. Shapiro is qualified to serve as a member of our Board of Directors because of his extensive finance background, including service as a Chief Financial Officer of a public company, his experience as a director of a public company, and his knowledge of our industry.
Nathaniel S. Turner. Nathaniel S. Turner has served as a member of our Board of Directors since the Closing and previously held the same position with Clover since April 2015. Mr. Turner co-founded and served as the Chief Executive Officer of Flatiron Health, Inc., a cancer research and data collection software company, from June 2012 to April 2021 and since that time has served as Chairman of the Board of that entity. Since July 2021, Mr. Turner has served as a director of Sema4 Holdings Corp., a health intelligence company. From June 2010 to June 2012, Mr. Turner served as a Product Manager at Google Inc. Mr. Turner holds a B.S. in economics from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.
We believe that Mr. Turner is qualified to serve as a member of our Board of Directors because of his extensive experience as an investor in many technology, high-growth, healthcare companies, his experience as an executive at a healthcare company, and his knowledge of our industry.
Family Relationships
There are no family relationships among any of our directors or executive officers.
Delinquent Section 16 Reports
Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act requires our directors, executive officers and any persons who own more than 10% of our common stock to file initial reports of ownership and reports of changes in ownership with the SEC. Based solely on our review of the copies of such forms filed with the SEC and written representations from the directors and executive officers, we believe that all Section 16(a) filing requirements were timely met in the year ended December 31, 2021, except for one Form 4 reporting a grant of restricted stock units to Lee A. Shapiro, which was filed one day late due to an administrative error.
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
Our Board of Directors has adopted a code of ethics that applies to all of our executive officers, directors and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller or persons performing similar functions. The code of ethics is available on our website, www.investors.cloverhealth.com. In addition, we intend to make any legally
required disclosures regarding amendments to, or waivers of, provisions of our code of ethics on our website rather than by filing a Current Report on Form 8-K.
Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee
Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee consists of Chelsea Clinton and Lee A. Shapiro, with Mr. Shapiro serving as chair of the committee. The composition of our nominating and governance committee meets the requirements for independence under the current Nasdaq listing standards and SEC rules and regulations. Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is responsible for, among other things:
•identifying, evaluating and recommending nominees to our Board of Directors and its committees;
•conducting searches for appropriate directors;
•evaluating the performance of our Board of Directors and of individual directors;
•considering and making recommendations to our Board of Directors regarding the composition of the board and its committees;
•reviewing developments in our corporate governance practices;
•evaluating the adequacy of our corporate governance practices and reporting; and
•making recommendations to our Board of Directors concerning corporate governance matters.
Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee has a written charter approved by our Board of Directors. A copy of the charter is available on the Investor Relations section of our website, which is located at https://investors.cloverhealth.com, by clicking on “Governance Overview” in the “Governance” section of our website.
Nomination to the Board of Directors
Candidates for nomination to our Board of Directors are selected by our Board of Directors based on the recommendation of our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee in accordance with its charter, our restated certificate of incorporation and restated bylaws, our Corporate Governance Guidelines and the criteria approved by our Board of Directors regarding director candidate qualifications. In recommending candidates for nomination, our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee considers candidates recommended by directors, officers, employees, stockholders and others, using the same criteria to evaluate all candidates. Among the criteria the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and the Board of Directors may consider are experience and diversity; and with respect to diversity, the Board may consider, among others, demographic factors, differences in professional background, experience at policy-making levels in business, finance, healthcare, law, technology, and other areas, education, skill, and other individual qualities and attributes. The Committee and the Board endorse the value of seeking qualified directors from backgrounds otherwise relevant to the Corporation’s mission, strategy and business operations and perceived needs of the Board at a given time.
Our restated bylaws provide that stockholders may present nominations to be considered at an annual meeting by providing timely notice to our Secretary at our principal executive office.
A stockholder’s notice to the Secretary must set forth the information required by our restated bylaws. If a stockholder who has notified Clover Health of such stockholder’s intention to present a nomination for persons for election at an annual meeting does not appear to present such stockholder’s proposal at such meeting, Clover Health does not need to present the nomination of persons for election for vote at such meeting.
Audit Committee
Our Audit Committee consists of Lee A. Shapiro, William G. Robinson, Jr., and Demetrios L. Kouzoukas, with Mr. Shapiro serving as the chair of the committee. The composition of our Audit Committee meets the requirements for independence under the current Nasdaq listing standards and SEC rules and regulations. Each member of our Audit Committee is financially literate. In addition, our Board of Directors has determined that Mr. Shapiro is an Audit Committee financial expert within the meaning of Item 407(d) of Regulation S-K of the Securities Act. Our Audit Committee is responsible for, among other things:
•selecting a firm to serve as the independent registered public accounting firm to audit our financial statements;
•helping to ensure the independence of the independent registered public accounting firm;
•discussing the scope and results of the audit with the independent registered public accounting firm, and reviewing, with management and the independent accountants, our interim and year-end operating results;
•developing procedures for employees to anonymously submit concerns about questionable accounting or audit matters; and
•considering the adequacy of our internal accounting controls and audit procedures.
Our Audit Committee has a written charter approved by our Board of Directors. A copy of the charter is available on the Investor Relations section of our website, which is located at https://investors.cloverhealth.com, by clicking on “Governance Overview” in the “Governance” section of our website.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Item 11. Executive Compensation
Director Compensation
Prior to the Closing, we had neither a formal compensation policy for our non-employee directors nor a formal policy of reimbursing expenses incurred by non-employee directors in connection with their board service. However, we reimbursed our non-employee directors for reasonable expenses incurred in connection with their attendance at Board of Directors or committee meetings and occasionally granted stock options.
Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy
In connection with the Business Combination, we adopted a new non-employee director compensation policy that became effective as of the Closing. Our non-employee director compensation policy is designed to align the interests of the non-employee directors with the interests of stockholders through equity awards and to attract and retain high quality non-employee directors by providing competitive compensation. Our policy is also designed to provide the appropriate amount of compensation based on the roles served, with additional cash retainers for service on committees and higher retainers for service as the lead independent director of our Board of Directors and as chairperson of our committees. Our policy also provides that we will reimburse our non-employee directors for reasonable expenses incurred in connection with their attendance at Board of Directors or committee meetings. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the non-employee directors eligible for compensation under the Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy were Chelsea Clinton, Demetrios L. Kouzoukas, William G. Robinson, Jr., Lee A. Shapiro, and Nathaniel S. Turner. Neither Mr. Garipalli nor Mr. Toy received any additional compensation for service as a director for 2021.
The policy provides for the following annual cash retainers, which are payable quarterly in arrears and pro-rated for partial quarters of service:
Annual Board Member Service Retainer
•All Outside Directors: $50,000
•Outside Director serving as Chairperson: $50,000 (in addition to above)
•Outside Director serving as Lead Independent Director: $30,000 (in addition to above)
Annual Committee Member Service Retainer
•Member of the Audit Committee: $10,000
•Member of the Talent and Compensation Committee: $7,500
•Member of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee: $5,000
Annual Committee Chair Service Retainer (in lieu of the Annual Committee Member Service Retainer)
•Chairperson of the Audit Committee: $25,000
•Chairperson of the Talent and Compensation Committee: $20,000
•Chairperson of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee: $15,000
The policy also provides for equity awards of restricted stock units (RSUs) to be granted to the non-employee directors. Beginning with our 2022 annual meeting of stockholders (2022 Annual Meeting), these grants will be made to non-employee directors upon their initial election or appointment to our Board of Directors and annually during their continued service thereafter. During 2021 and until our 2022 Annual Meeting, transitional initial and annual RSU grants have been or will be made to our non-employee directors as follows:
Equity Grants Prior to 2022 Annual Meeting
Prior to the 2022 Annual Meeting, non-employee directors will receive transitional RSU grants upon the following terms, which will vest, subject to continuous service through the applicable vesting dates:
•Non-employee directors who are initially elected or appointed on or after January 7, 2021, but before April 1, 2021, will be granted RSUs valued at $400,000, which will vest as to 50% of the RSUs on the first anniversary of the Closing and as to the remaining RSUs on the date of the 2022 Annual Meeting.
•Non-employee directors who are initially elected or appointed on or after April 1, 2021, but before the 2022 Annual Meeting, will be granted RSUs valued at $200,000, which will vest in full on the date of the 2022 Annual Meeting.
•Non-employee directors who served as members of the Board of Directors of Legacy Clover prior to the Business Combination and continue to serve as members of our Board of Directors after the Closing Date will be granted RSUs valued at $400,000 multiplied by the anticipated number of whole months from the Closing Date until the 2022 Annual Meeting divided by 24, which will vest in full on the date of the 2022 Annual Meeting.
•We granted 54,200 transitional RSUs to each of Mr. Robinson and Mr. Shapiro, effective April 1, 2021, 38,392 transitional RSUs to each of Mr. Turner and Ms. Clinton effective April 1, 2021, and 25,608 transitional RSUs to Mr. Kouzoukas effective April 13, 2021.
Equity Grants Beginning at 2022 Annual Meeting
Beginning at the 2022 Annual Meeting, non-employee directors will receive RSU grants upon the following terms, which will vest, subject to continuous service through the applicable vesting dates:
•Non-employee directors who are initially elected or appointed on or after the 2022 Annual Meeting will be granted RSUs valued at $200,000, which will vest in full on the one-year anniversary of the director’s election or appointment.
•In addition, at the close of business on each annual meeting of the shareholders beginning with the 2022 Annual Meeting, each non-employee director who has served at least three full months prior to such annual meeting will be granted RSUs valued at $200,000, which will vest in full on the earlier to occur of the next annual meeting of the shareholders or the one-year anniversary of the date of grant.
Other Equity Grant Terms
If a non-employee director remains in service on our Board of Directors until immediately prior to the closing of a “change in control” (as defined in our 2020 Equity Incentive Plan), the unvested portion of any RSU award granted to such director under the policy will vest in full immediately prior to and contingent upon the consummation of such change in control. In addition, the number of RSUs granted based on the values specified in our policy is determined by dividing the specified value by the closing price of our Class A common stock on the date of grant (or on the closest prior trading date), rounded down to the nearest whole number.
Director Compensation Table for Fiscal Year 2021
The following table contains information concerning the compensation of our non-employee directors for the year ended December 31, 2021:
Name
Fees Earned or Paid in Cash ($) Stock Awards ($)(1)(2)
All Other Compensation ($) Total ($)
Chelsea Clinton 65,625 283,333 (3) - 348,958
Demetrios L. Kouzoukas 58,250 199,998 (4) - 258,248
William G. Robinson, Jr. 60,999 399,996 (5) - 460,995
Lee A. Shapiro 90,000 399,996 (5) - 489,996
Nathaniel S. Turner 55,007 283,333 (3) - 338,340
(1) Amounts shown in this column reflect the aggregate grant date fair value calculated in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic 718 (FASB ASC Topic 718) for the transitional RSUs granted during 2021. These amounts reflect our accounting expense for these RSUs and do not represent the actual economic value that may be realized by the non-employee director. The grant date fair value of the RSUs is measured based on the closing price of our Class A common stock on the date of grant. See Note 18 (Employee Benefit Plans) to our audited financial statements in this report for further information about the assumptions underlying the calculations made with respect to RSU grants.
(2) Our non-employee directors who served in 2021 held the following number of unexercised stock options and unvested RSUs as of December 31, 2021:
Name
Options Outstanding Unvested Restricted Stock Units Outstanding
Chelsea Clinton 685,690 38,392
Demetrios L. Kouzoukas N/A 25,608
William G. Robinson, Jr. N/A 54,200
Lee A. Shapiro N/A 54,200
Nathaniel S. Turner N/A 38,392
(3) Represents the aggregate grant date fair value of 38,392 RSUs granted on April 1, 2021, which vest in full on the date of our 2022 annual meeting of our stockholders (2022 Annual Meeting).
(4) Represents the aggregate grant date fair value of 25,608 RSUs granted on April 13, 2021, which vest in full on the date of our 2022 Annual Meeting.
(5) Represents the aggregate grant date fair value of 54,200 RSUs granted on April 1, 2021, 50% of which vested on January 7, 2022, and 50% of which will vest on the date of our 2022 Annual Meeting.
The information contained in the following report of the Talent and Compensation Committee is not considered to be “soliciting material,” “filed,” or incorporated by reference in any past or future filing by the Corporation under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or the Securities Act of 1933 unless and only to the extent that the Corporation specifically incorporates it by reference.
Compensation Committee Report
The Talent and Compensation Committee has reviewed and discussed the following Compensation Discussion and Analysis with management. Based upon this review and discussion, the Talent and Compensation Committee recommended to the Board of Directors that the Compensation Discussion and Analysis be included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.
Submitted by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors:
Chelsea Clinton
William G. Robinson, Jr.
Compensation Discussion and Analysis
This Compensation Discussion and Analysis, or CD&A, explains our executive compensation philosophy and objectives. It also describes our fiscal year 2021 executive compensation program and the compensation paid in 2021 to our our named executive officers (NEOs), who were:
•Vivek Garipalli, our Chief Executive Officer (CEO)
•Mark C. Herbers, our Interim Chief Financial Officer
•Andrew Toy, our President and Chief Technology Officer
•Jamie L. Reynoso, our Chief Operating Officer
•Prabhdeep Singh, our Chief Growth Officer
•Joseph Wagner, our former Chief Financial Officer
In July 2021, Prabhdeep Singh joined the company as our Chief Growth Officer. In August 2021, Joseph Wagner stepped down from his role as Chief Financial Officer of the Corporation, and Mark C. Herbers joined the Corporation as Interim Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Herbers provides services to us under an agreement with AP Services, LLC, an affiliate of Mr. Herbers’ employer, AlixPartners, LLP. Mr. Herbers is expected to serve in the role of Interim Chief Financial Officer while the Company conducts a search for a permanent Chief Financial Officer and until it appoints his replacement.
This CD&A provides an overview of our executive compensation philosophy, the overall objectives of our executive compensation program, how each element of our executive compensation program is designed to satisfy those objectives, the policies underlying our 2021 executive compensation program, and the compensation awarded to our named executive officers for 2021. The following discussion and analysis of compensation arrangements of our named executive officers should be read together with the compensation tables and related disclosures.
2021 Executive Compensation Overview
Philosophy and Objectives
The cornerstone of our compensation philosophy is pay for performance. We tie a significant portion of our compensation for our named executive officers (NEOs) to the achievement of both near-term and long-term Corporation operating and financial goals. We consider all equity awards to be “at-risk” compensation because their value depends on Corporation performance. Under this rubric, all of the compensation awarded in fiscal 2021 to Vivek Garipalli, our CEO, was performance-based or at risk, and a substantial majority of the target compensation awarded in fiscal 2021 to our other NEOs, as a group, was performance-based or at risk. Pay-for-performance compensation motivates our NEOs to achieve our strategic plan targets.
By linking compensation to the achievement of the Corporation’s performance goals and refraining from special benefits, “golden parachute” excise tax gross-ups, or accelerated equity vesting (except in limited circumstances), we create long-term stockholder value and aligns the interests of our NEOs with those of our stockholders.
We also seek to attract, motivate, and retain highly-qualified, top-performing executives who are committed to the Corporation’s mission, performance, and culture, by paying them competitively compared to our peer companies.
What We Do
•Reward performance that meets our predetermined goals
•Base a significant portion of our CEO’s and NEOs’ compensation on performance
•Align the interests of our NEOs with our stockholders by having a significant portion of compensation be equity awards
•Cap payouts under our plans to discourage inappropriate risk taking by our NEOs
•Have double-trigger change in control provisions for equity awards
•Have only independent directors on our Talent and Compensation Committee
•Our Talent and Compensation Committee retains an independent compensation consultant
What We Do Not Do
•Permit short-sales, hedging or pledging of our stock
•Enter into employment agreements that provide for fixed terms or automatic compensation increases
•Pay excessive change in control benefits
•Provide executives with golden parachute tax gross-ups or excessive perquisites
•Permit repricing or cashing out underwater stock options without stockholder approval
•Maintain executive pension plans or retirement programs not generally available to all employees
•Take excessive risks due to our compensation program’s annual risk assessment
Executive Compensation Decisions Related to Executive Team Changes
Employment Agreement with Prabhdeep Singh
In June 2021, we entered into an employment agreement with Mr. Singh, our Chief Growth Officer, under which Mr. Singh will receive an annual base salary of $400,000 and an initial target cash bonus opportunity of fifty percent (50%) of his base salary, which was prorated for his first year of employment. Pursuant to his employment agreement, we also granted Mr. Singh certain equity awards as described in “-Equity Awards for Other Executive Officers” below.
Mr. Singh’s employment agreement also provides for certain severance benefits, which we discuss in “Potential Payments upon Termination or Change in Control” below.
Joseph Wagner Separation Agreement
In connection with his departure from employment on August 13, 2021, the Corporation entered into a separation agreement with Mr. Wagner, pursuant to which in exchange for a general release of claims against the Corporation, Mr. Wagner (i) received one month of COBRA premiums, (ii) received an extension of the post-termination exercise period in which he can exercise his then-vested and unexercised non-qualified stock options until August 13, 2022, and (iii) retained his Corporation-issued laptop. Pursuant to the separation agreement, Mr. Wagner will also receive $10,000 per month for a period of up to one year in exchange for consulting services provided to the Corporation.
This agreement is discussed in more detail in “Severance and Change in Control Benefits” below.
Agreement with AP Services, LLC
Upon the departure of Mr. Wagner on August 13, 2021, Mr. Herbers was appointed to serve as our Interim Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Herbers is expected to serve in this role while we conducts our search for a permanent Chief Financial Officer and appoint his replacement. In connection with Mr. Herbers’ appointment, we entered into an Agreement for the Provision of Interim Management Services (Interim Service Agreement) with AP Services, LLC (APS), an affiliate of AlixPartners, LLP, where Mr. Herbers has been employed as a Director since 2014. Pursuant to the terms of the Interim Services Agreement, Mr. Herbers will continue to be employed by APS during the term of his service to us, and we will pay $175,000 per month in professional fees and $3,500 per month in administrative fees for his services as interim Chief Financial Officer. The Interim Services Agreement may be terminated by either party at any time by written notice to the other party, subject to the payment of fees and expenses incurred by APS through the date of the termination.
Employment Agreement with Jamie L. Reynoso
Effective as of December 31, 2021, we entered into an employment agreement with Ms. Reynoso, our Chief Operating Officer, which provides for an annual base salary of $425,000 and an initial target cash bonus opportunity of sixty (60%) of her base salary. Pursuant to her employment agreement, Ms. Reynoso is also entitled to receive certain equity awards as described in “-Equity Awards for Other Executive Officers” below. The December 31, 2021, employment agreement replaced an offer letter agreed to between Ms. Reynoso and the Corporation when Ms. Reynoso joined the Corporation as Chief Operating Officer in July 2020.
Ms. Reynoso’s employment agreement also provides for certain severance benefits, which we discuss in “Potential Payments upon Termination or Change in Control” below.
Elements of Compensation
The three core components of our NEO direct compensation program are base salary, annual incentive bonuses, and equity awards. The Talent and Compensation Committee considers each compensation component individually and all components in the aggregate when making decisions regarding amounts awarded under each component. The Talent and Compensation Committee’s intent is generally to set each NEO’s base salary, target total cash compensation (base salary plus annual incentive bonuses at the target performance level), and total direct compensation (which also includes equity awards) to be competitive with the 50th to 75th percentile of the peer group survey data received from the Talent and Compensation Committee’s independent consultant, with appropriate adjustments to reflect the specific situation of each NEO, including how their roles may differ from those at other companies.
Base salary is viewed as a primary indicator of the market value needed to attract and retain executives with the skills and expertise to perform the duties and discharge the responsibilities of their positions. Annual incentive awards are a means of rewarding job performance against that year’s operating plan. Equity awards are generally utilized as a means of linking executives’ long-term compensation to the Corporation’s long-term performance and retaining talent.
The Corporation’s compensation program rewards executive officers for progress against corporate operating goals and for their individual contributions.
Element Form Objectives and Basis
Base Salary Cash Attract and retain highly qualified executives to drive our success
Annual Incentive Bonuses Cash Drive short-term Corporation performance
Target bonus amount set as a percentage of base salary
Actual payout based 80% on achievement of specified Corporation operating goals and 20% on individual performance
Equity Awards Performance-Based RSUs (PRSUs) and Time-Based RSUs Drive long-term Corporation performance, align interests of executives with those shareholders, retain executives through long-term vesting, and provide potential wealth accumulation
PRSUs for CEO and President are earned based on pre-established stock price milestones and continued service
PRSUs for Ms. Reynoso were earned based on achievement of pre-established Corporation performance operating goals and vest with continued service
RSUs typically vest annually over four-year periods, subject to continued service with us, and become more valuable as our stock price increases, which aligns our NEOs’ interests with those of all stockholders
Other Executive Benefits Limited (See “Other Executive Benefits” below)
Provide for the safety and wellness of our executives
Offer competitive benefits generally available to all employees
There are two notable exceptions to our overall 2021 compensation program. Mr. Garipalli, our CEO, pursuant to his employment agreement with us, agreed to forgo any base salary and annual incentive compensation. In addition, Mr. Herbers, our Interim Chief Financial Officer, is compensated through our agreement with AP Services, LLC, an affiliate of Mr. Herbers’ employer, AlixPartners, LLP, under which the Corporation pays $175,000 per month in professional fees and a monthly administrative fee of $3,500 for Mr. Herbers’ services. Mr. Herbers and AP Services, LLC are entitled to no other compensation from us in connection with Mr. Herbers’ service to the Corporation.
Base Salary
Base salary is a fixed component of our NEOs’ compensation and does not vary with Corporation performance. Base salaries are generally set at levels intended to be competitive and commensurate with each executive officer’s position, performance, skills and experience to attract and retain the best talent. The Talent and Compensation Committee reviews base salaries for our executive officers annually and adjusts them, if needed, to reflect changes in market conditions or other factors, including changed responsibilities as our executive officers’ positions evolve.
Two of our NEOs’ base salaries increased in fiscal 2021. Pursuant to his employment agreement, effective as of the closing of the Business Combination, Mr. Toy’s annual base salary increased from $400,000 to $450,000. In addition, in July 2021, our Talent and Compensation Committee raised Ms. Reynoso’s base salary from $400,000 to $425,000. These base salary increases reflected market competitiveness and Mr. Toy’s and Ms. Reynoso’s increased duties.
Annual Incentive Bonuses
The Corporation implemented an annual cash bonus program in 2021. We use annual cash bonuses to align NEO performance with our near-term financial and operating objectives. Cash bonus target amounts are set as a percentage of base salary, and our Talent and Compensation Committee establishes Corporation performance goals, which are described in more detail below. For each executive officer eligible for an annual cash bonus for fiscal year 2021, 80% of the target bonus payout was based on Corporation performance against the pre-determined performance goals, and 20% was based on individual performance. In January 2022, the Talent and
Compensation Committee certified the bonus payouts based on achievement against the pre-determined performance goals and its assessment of individual NEO performance.
As noted above, Mr. Garipalli and Mr. Herbers were not eligible for annual cash bonuses and did not receive bonus payments for 2021, and Mr. Wagner forfeited eligibility for a cash bonus when he departed employment in August 2021. Mr. Toy, Ms. Reynoso, and Mr. Singh, pursuant to their employment agreements with us, were eligible for annual cash bonuses of up to 100%, 60%, and 50% of their annual base salaries, respectively.
Name
2021 Target Cash Bonus (% of Base Salary)
Vivek Garipalli
-
Mark C. Herbers
-
Andrew Toy
100%
Jamie L. Reynoso
60%
Prabhdeep Singh
50%
Joseph Wagner
N/A
For fiscal year 2021, the Talent and Compensation Committee established three equally-weighted Corporation performance metrics for annual incentive bonuses for the Corporation’s executive officers:
•Growth in the number of our Medicare Advantage members on January 1, 2022, versus January 1, 2021 (MA Growth);
•Growth in the number of our Direct Contracting beneficiaries on January 1, 2022, versus the launch of the program in April 2021 (DC Growth); and
•The normalized medical care ratio for our Medicare Advantage plans, which is a measure that excludes the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic from the calculation of our Medicare Advantage medical care ratio, which is defined as total net medical claims incurred divided by premiums earned, net (MCR).
It also established threshold and target performance levels and maximum payout amounts for annual bonuses for each metric, with the achievement percentage to be interpolated between these levels linearly. In January 2022, the Talent and Compensation Committee reviewed Corporation performance against these performance levels and determined that the MA Growth performance metric was achieved at 66%, based on Corporation performance against the MA Growth performance levels, which were as follows:
MA Growth
50% (Threshold) 75% 100% (Target) 150% (Maximum) FY 2021 Achievement %
82,303 85,595 88,888 93,826 66%
The Talent and Compensation Committee also determined that the threshold performance level of 200,000 Direct Contract beneficiaries for the DC Growth performance metric and the threshold performance level of 94% for the normalized MCR performance metric were not satisfied and that these performance metrics would therefore be assigned an achievement percentage of 0%. Accordingly, the Talent and Compensation Committee determined that overall performance against the Corporation performance metrics was achieved at 22% for the Corporation’s executive officers.
In January 2022, our Talent and Compensation Committee also assigned each executive officer eligible to receive an annual bonus an individual performance at 0% of target for fiscal year 2021 based on factors which included the Corporation’s overall performance achievement level. Based on these performance determinations, i.e., 22% company performance weighted at 80% and 0% individual performance weighted at 20%, Mr. Toy, Ms. Reynoso, and Mr. Singh were paid cash incentive bonuses for fiscal year 2021 of $79,200, $43,459, and $17,600, respectively. Ms. Reynoso’s incentive bonus payment reflects the fact that her base salary was increased part-way through the year, and Mr. Singh’s incentive bonus payment was pro-rated to reflect the fact that he joined us halfway through the fiscal year.
Equity Awards
The majority of the target total direct compensation of our NEOs is provided through equity awards of restricted stock units (RSUs) and performance-based vesting RSUs (PRSUs). For example, for fiscal year 2021, 100% of Mr. Garipalli’s compensation was in the form of RSU and PRSU grants. By having a significant percentage of target total direct compensation payable in the form of equity
awards that vest over a number of years and, for PRSUs, upon the achievement of Corporation goals and, thus, subject to higher risk than cash compensation, our executive officers are motivated to remain employed and to take actions that will benefit us and our stockholders over the long term. We structure our equity awards to maximize retention in consideration of the executive officer’s total compensation package. Pursuant to this end, we have made equity grants in connection with the Business Combination, the hiring of an executive officer, and the annual review of compensation packages by our Talent and Compensation Committee.
The Talent and Compensation Committee considers each NEO’s role, responsibilities, past performance, future potential, current level of ownership, and amount of unvested equity holdings in determining whether and the amount of equity to grant to each NEO. We grant service-based vesting RSUs that generally vest annually over a four-year period, PRSUs, and hybrid PRSUs that have both service and performance-based vesting requirements. Our PRSUs require achievement of a threshold level of performance to vest in the minimum number of PRSUs. If the performance level is satisfied, generally one third of the PRSUs for which the requisite performance level has been satisfied vest on the date on which the Talent and Compensation Committee certifies the performance results, and the remaining portion of the PRSUs vest in two equal installments on the first day of the two fiscal years following the certification date, subject to the applicable executive officer’s continued service through each vesting date.
Equity Awards for Vivek Garipalli and Andrew Toy
In 2021, our Board of Directors granted the following special long-term equity awards to Mr. Garipalli and Mr. Toy in connection with the Business Combination and pursuant to their employment agreements with us.
Vivek Garipalli
Mr. Garipalli was granted a hybrid PRSU award covering 7,164,581 shares of Class B common stock, which vests if both of the following two conditions are satisfied:
•Service - 20% will be satisfied on each anniversary of January 7, 2021, subject to Mr. Garipalli’s continued service to us as our CEO, Co-CEO or Executive Chairman through each date; and
•Performance - Measured beginning after January 7, 2022, 50% will be satisfied upon our volume-weighted average stock closing price reaching $20 for 90 consecutive calendar days, and the remaining 50% will be satisfied upon our volume-weighted average stock closing price reaching $25 for 90 consecutive calendar days; provided such events occur within five years of January 7, 2021.
In addition, Mr. Garipalli received a hybrid PRSU award covering 5,571,164 shares of Class B common stock, which vest if each of the following two conditions are satisfied:
•Service - 20% will be satisfied on each anniversary of January 7, 2021, subject to Mr. Garipalli’s continued service to us as our CEO, Co-CEO or Executive Chairman through each date; and
•Performance - Measured beginning after January 7, 2022, the performance condition will be satisfied if our volume-weighted average stock closing price reaches $30 for 90 consecutive calendar days, provided such events occur within five years of January 7, 2021.
Mr. Garipalli was also granted an RSU award covering 16,713,491 shares of Class B common stock that vests as to 20% of the RSUs on each of the first five anniversaries of January 7, 2021, subject to Mr. Garipalli’s continuous service as our CEO, Co-CEO or Executive Chairman through each vesting date.
Andrew Toy
Mr. Toy was granted a hybrid PRSU award covering 3,582,291 shares of Class B common stock, which vests if both of the following two conditions are satisfied:
•Service - 20% will be satisfied on each anniversary of January 7, 2021, subject to Mr. Toy’s continued service to us through each date; and
•Performance - Measured beginning after January 7, 2022, the performance condition will be satisfied upon our volume-weighted average stock closing price reaching $20 for 90 consecutive calendar days; provided it occurs within five years of January 7, 2021.
In addition, Mr. Toy received a hybrid PRSU award covering 11,142,328 shares of Class B common stock, which vest if each of the following two conditions are satisfied:
•Service - 20% will be satisfied on each anniversary of January 7, 2021, subject to Mr. Toy’s continued service to us through each date; and
•Performance - Measured beginning after January 7, 2022, 50% will be satisfied upon our volume-weighted average stock closing price reaching $25 for 90 consecutive calendar days, and the remaining 50% will be satisfied upon our volume-weighted average stock closing price reaching $30 for 90 consecutive calendar days; provided it occurs within five years of January 7, 2021.
Also in connection with the Business Combination and pursuant to his employment agreement, the Board of Directors accelerated in full the vesting of Mr. Toy’s stock option granted on February 4, 2020, to purchase 3,669,607 shares of our Class A common stock.
For a description of the change in control and severance provisions related to Mr. Garipalli’s and Mr. Toy’s PRSU and RSU grants in 2021, please see “-Potential Payments Upon Termination or Change in Control” below.
To date, none of the performance conditions for Mr. Garipalli’s and Mr. Toy’s hybrid PRSU awards has been satisfied.
Equity Awards for Other Executive Officers
Jamie L. Reynoso
For fiscal year 2021, Ms. Reynoso received an equity award, 70% of which was in the form of service-based RSUs covering 220,820 shares of Class A common stock, and 30% of which was in the form of performance-earned PRSUs covering 94,637 shares of Class A common stock, representing the number of PRSUs that would be earned if the target level of performance was achieved. The specific number of PRSUs earned was determined based on the Corporation’s achievement against MA Growth and DC Growth goals as of January 1, 2022, and an MCR goal for fiscal year 2021. Please see the discussion under “Annual Incentive Bonuses,” above, for more information about these Corporation operating metrics. The three metrics were weighted equally, and the Talent and Compensation Committee assigned threshold (50%), target (100%) and maximum (150%) performance levels and the number of units earned at each level for each metric. The maximum number of PRSUs that could have been earned if maximum performance was achieved under each metric was 141,955. The Talent and Compensation Committee reviewed Corporation performance against the performance goals for 2021 and determined that performance was achieved at 17% of target. Accordingly, effective January 31, 2022, Ms. Reynoso earned 15,771 PRSUs, which will vest in three equal installments on January 31, 2022, January 1, 2023, and January 1, 2024, subject to her continued service to the Corporation through each vesting date. The 220,820 RSUs vest in four equal installments on the first four anniversaries of January 7, 2021, subject to Ms. Reynoso continuing to provide services to the Corporation through each vesting date. Under her employment agreement with the Corporation, Ms. Reynoso is also eligible for future annual RSU or PRSU awards.
For a description of the change in control and severance provisions related to Ms. Reynoso’s equity grants, please see “-Potential Payments Upon Termination or Change in Control” below.
Prabhdeep Singh
Pursuant to his employment agreement, Mr. Singh received a grant of 52,798 RSUs, which will vest in full on July 6, 2022, and a grant of 211,193 RSUs, which will vest as to 25% of the RSUs on each of the first four anniversaries of July 6, 2021, in each case subject to his continued service to us through such vesting dates.
In addition, pursuant to his employment agreement, Mr. Singh was also eligible for additional RSU grants if the number of members enrolled in one of the Corporation’s Medicare Advantage plans met or exceeded certain thresholds established by the Talent and Compensation Committee. After the end of the fiscal year, the Talent and Compensation Committee reviewed Corporation performance against these performance goals and determined that the thresholds were not met and that these grants would not be made to Mr. Singh.
For a description of the change in control and severance provisions related to Mr. Singh’s equity grants, please see “-Potential Payments Upon Termination or Change in Control” below.
Joseph Wagner and Mark C. Herbers
Mr. Wagner did not receive any equity awards during fiscal year 2021. Please see the discussion below under “Separation Agreement - Joseph Wagner” for information about the treatment of his equity awards in connection with his separation from the Corporation in
August 2021. Pursuant to the agreement between AP Services, LLC, an affiliate of AlixPartners, LLP, Mr. Herbers’ employer, and the Corporation, Mr. Herbers was not eligible for and did not receive any equity awards during 2021.
Severance and Change in Control Benefits
The following table describes the severance benefits in the employment agreements we have with our NEOs.
Termination and Change in Control Protections
Philosophy Considerations Terms
Attract and Retain Executives:
Intended to ease an NEO’s transition due to an unexpected employment termination or retirement.
Retain and encourage our NEOs to remain focused on our business and the interests of our stockholders when considering strategic alternatives.
The employment of our NEOs is “at will,” meaning we can terminate them at any time and they can terminate their employment with us at any time.
Arrangements should be designed to: (i) provide reasonable compensation to executive officers who leave the Corporation under certain circumstances to facilitate their transition to new employment and (ii) require a departing executive officer to sign a separation and release agreement acceptable to us as a condition to receiving post-employment compensation payments or benefits.
Agreements with Certain NEOs:
Provide for certain cash payments, and/or the vesting of certain equity awards and COBRA benefits, in the event there is a separation of employment under various circumstances, subject to the execution of a release of claims.
Generally provide for accelerated vesting of equity awards upon a change in control if the recipient is terminated by the acquiring entity in connection with the change in control under specified circumstances, subject to the execution of a release of claims.
Align Interests with Stockholders:
Mitigate any potential employer liability and avoid future disputes or litigation
“Double-trigger” provisions preserve morale and productivity, and encourage executive retention in the event of a change in control.
These provisions are considered typical components of compensation programs for executive officers among our fiscal year 2021 peer group.
Separation Agreement with Joseph Wagner
In August 2021, we entered into a separation agreement with our former Chief Financial Officer, Mr. Wagner, pursuant to which in exchange for a general release of claims against the Corporation, Mr. Wagner (i) received reimbursement of one month of COBRA premiums, (ii) received an extension of the post-termination exercise period in which he can exercise his then-vested and unexercised non-qualified stock options until August 12, 2022, and (iii) retained his Corporation-issued laptop. Pursuant to the separation agreement, Mr. Wagner also entered into a consulting relationship with the Corporation for a period of up to one year for which he will be compensated $10,000 per month of service. If during Mr. Wagner’s one year consulting period we hire and onboard a new Chief Financial Officer, Mr. Wagner’s services to us will terminate 60 days after the Chief Financial Officer begins employment, and Mr. Wagner will become entitled to the consulting fees that he would have received if he had continued providing services to us for the full one-year consulting period.
For additional information, please see “-Potential Payments Upon Termination or Change in Control” below.
Other Executive Benefits
In fiscal year 2021, subject to minor exceptions, we did not provide perquisites to our NEOs that were not generally available to other employees. Our executive officers are eligible to participate in our employee benefit plans, including our medical, dental, vision, group life, disability and accidental death and dismemberment insurance plans, in each case, on the same basis as all other employees.
We maintain a 401(k) plan that provides eligible employees, including our executive officers, with an opportunity to save for retirement on a tax advantaged basis. Eligible employees are able to defer eligible compensation subject to applicable annual Code limits. Employees are immediately and fully vested in their contributions. The 401(k) plan permits us to make matching contributions and profit-sharing contributions to eligible participants.
We believe these benefits are generally consistent with those offered by other companies and specifically with those companies with which we compete for employees.
Executive Compensation Policies and Practices
Hedging, Pledging and Insider Trading
Our Insider Trading Policy applies to all of our directors, officers, employees and certain designated contractors and vendors and expressly bars ownership of financial instruments or participation in investment strategies that hedge the economic risk of owning our equity securities, such as prepaid variable forward contracts, equity swaps, collars, and exchange funds. Directors, officers, and other employees are prohibited from holding the Corporation’s securities in a margin account or otherwise pledging the Corporation’s securities as collateral for a loan unless approved by the Corporation’s Corporate Compliance Officer. In addition, we prohibit our executive officers, directors and employees from purchasing or selling our securities while in possession of material, non-public information, or otherwise using such information for their personal benefit, and we maintain quarterly black-out windows during which applicable individuals may not trade.
Our executive officers and members of our Board of Directors are permitted to enter into trading plans that are intended to comply with the requirements of Exchange Act Rule 10b5-1 so they may make predetermined trades of our stock.
Equity Grant Practices
Equity awards for our executive officers are typically granted pursuant to a formula based on a specified dollar amount, with the number of RSUs for each RSU and PRSU grant determined by dividing the dollar amount by the closing market price of our stock for a specified period through the grant date. In addition, the Talent and Compensation Committee has delegated authority to our CEO and President to make new hire and promotion grants, within certain parameters, to employees at the vice president level and below. All other equity grants must be approved by the Talent and Compensation Committee.
Our Compensation-Setting Process
Role of Talent and Compensation Committee
The Talent and Compensation Committee works closely with its independent consultant and meets regularly, including in executive sessions without members of management present, to make decisions about the compensation of our CEO and other executive officers. The committee reviews a variety of market data and information, including Corporation, peer company and industry compensation information, and considers the recommendations of its independent consultant when making compensation decisions. The committee chairperson reports the actions of the committee to our Board of Directors. The responsibilities of the Talent and Compensation Committee include, among other things, reviewing and approving (or making recommendations to the Board of Directors, as applicable, regarding):
•overall compensation strategy;
•amounts and forms of executive compensation, including base salary, incentive compensation and equity-based compensation;
•goals and objectives to be considered in determining the compensation of the CEO and other executive officers;
•annual and long-term incentive plans and benefit plans;
•Board of Director compensation;
•annual proxy disclosure/CD&A disclosure; and
•compensation peer group.
Role of Independent Compensation Consultant
The Talent and Compensation Committee generally retains an independent compensation consultant to help understand competitive compensation levels and incentive designs. The independent compensation consultant is solely hired by, and reports directly to, the Talent and Compensation Committee. The committee has sole authority to retain and terminate the independent compensation consultant. At the Talent and Compensation Committee’s discretion, the independent compensation consultant:
•provides independent advice to the committee on current trends and best practices in compensation design;
•advises on plans or practices that may improve the effectiveness of our compensation program;
•attends committee meetings;
•assists the committee in determining peer companies and evaluation compensation proposals; and
•conducts compensation-related research.
In making fiscal year 2021 compensation decisions, the Talent and Compensation Committee retained Radford Data & Analytics of Aon (Radford) to assist with selecting an appropriate peer group for executive compensation benchmarking purposes, designing and reviewing our executive compensation programs and understanding executive compensation trends and best practices in compensation design.
The Talent and Compensation Committee has analyzed and determined that the work of Radford, as a compensation consultant, has not created any conflict of interest and is independent under the applicable listing rules.
Role of Management
Our CEO and our other executive officers do not set their own compensation nor are they present when the Talent and Compensation Committee establishes their specific individual compensation. Our CEO will provide an evaluation of each other NEO’s performance to the Talent and Compensation Committee and will make recommendations regarding the base salary, target annual incentive bonuses and equity awards for other executive officers than himself. The CEO’s recommendations are considered by the Talent and Compensation Committee, which makes its own ultimate determinations as to compensation.
The human resources department provides additional analysis and guidance as requested by the Talent and Compensation Committee related to NEO compensation, including the following:
•developing, summarizing, and presenting information and analyses to enable the committee to execute its responsibilities, as well as addressing specific requests for information from the committee;
•attending committee meetings, as requested, to provide information, respond to questions, and otherwise assist the committee; and
•assisting the CEO in making preliminary recommendations of base salary structure and cash and equity incentive awards.
Peer Group
For fiscal 2021, the primary peer group used to inform our Talent and Compensation Committee of pay decisions and practices included:
Primary Peer Group Companies
1Life Healthcare Lemonade Inc.
Alarm.com Livongo Health
Allscripts Healthcare Solutions Medallia
Change Healthcare Oak Street Health
Dropbox Omnicell
eHealth Progyny
Evolent Health SelectQuote, Inc
GoHealth, Inc. Stitch Fix
Guidewire Software Tabula Rasa HealthCare
HealthEquity Teladoc Health
Inovalon
The peer group companies were chosen based on, among other things, (i) industry, including healthcare and technology companies, (ii) revenue, (iii) revenue growth, (iv) market cap and (v) market cap as a multiple of revenue.
Tax Considerations
Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, places a limit of $1 million on the amount of compensation that we may deduct as a business expense in any year with respect to certain of our most highly paid executive officers. While the Talent and Compensation Committee considers the deductibility of compensation as one factor in determining executive compensation, the Talent and Compensation Committee retains the discretion to award compensation that is not deductible as it believes that it is in the
best interests of our stockholders to maintain flexibility in our approach to executive compensation in order to structure a program that we consider to be the most effective in attracting, motivating and retaining key executives.
Compensation Risk Assessment
The Talent and Compensation Committee has assessed our compensation philosophy and objectives, and the forms of compensation and benefits for all employees, including executives, and has concluded that our compensation policies and practices do not create risks that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on the Corporation.
The Talent and Compensation Committee believes that the design and objectives of our executive compensation program provide an appropriate balance of incentives for our NEOs, thereby discouraging them from taking inappropriate risks. Among other things, our executive compensation program includes the following design features:
•a balanced mix of cash and equity; as well as appropriately balanced fixed (base salary) and variable compensation (cash incentives and equity-based awards);
•a mix of short-term and long-term incentives, with short-term incentives currently representing a lower proportion of the total mix;
•cash and equity incentives solely based on achieving company performance objectives;
•caps on annual cash incentive payouts;
•general alignment with prevalent low-risk pay practices; and
•policies prohibiting hedging and pledging by our employees, officers or directors.
Summary Compensation Table
The following table sets forth information concerning the compensation of the named executive officers for each of the last three or fewer fiscal years during which such individuals were determined to be NEOs:
Name and Principal Position
Fiscal Year
Salary ($)(1)
Bonus ($)(2)
Stock Awards ($)(3)
Option Awards ($)
Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation ($) (3)
All Other Compensation ($)(4)
Total ($)
Vivek Garipalli 2021 - (5)
- 389,569,439 (6)
- - - 389,569,439
Chief Executive Officer
2020 - (5)
- - - - - -
2019 - (5)
- - - - - -
Mark C. Herbers
2021 - - - - - 1,034,886 (7)
1,034,886
Interim Chief Financial Officer
Andrew Toy
2021 450,000 200 141,449,617 (6)
- 79,200 8,490 141,987,507
President and Chief Technology Officer
2020 415,385 - - 8,190,695 (8)
- 11,805 8,617,885
2019 400,000 - - - - 23,593 423,593
Jamie L. Reynoso
2021 411,539 200 2,586,747 (9)
- 43,459 6,539 3,048,484
Chief Operating Officer
Prabhdeep Singh
2021 190,769 - 2,470,956 (9)
- 17,600 - 2,679,325
Chief Growth Officer
Joseph Wagner
2021 291,958 200 60,000 (10)
- - 55,184 407,342
Former Chief Financial Officer
(1) For 2019 and 2020, this column represents base salary earned. For 2021, this column represents base salary or base compensation earned, and the figure reported for Mr. Wagner for 2021 includes (i) base salary of $253,846 and (ii) accrued and unused vacation of $38,112 paid to Mr. Wagner in connection with his termination of employment.
(2) Amounts in this column reflect employee appreciation bonuses.
(3) See the “Grants of Plan-Based Awards for the Year Ended December 31, 2021” table below for information on awards reported in these columns.
(4) The amounts reported consist of (i) car services and related transportation costs for Mr. Toy, (ii) matching 401(k) contributions by the Corporation, (iii) consulting fees for Mr. Wagner earned in the period after his August 13, 2021 termination of employment, (iv) one month of COBRA premiums paid for Mr. Wagner, (v) the value of Mr. Wagner’s Corporation-issued laptop ((iv) and (v), as further described in “--Separation Agreement with Joseph Wagner”) and (vi) the value of a gift card awarded to Mr. Toy, in the following amounts:
Name Fiscal Year Transportation 401(k) Contributions Consulting Fees COBRA premium Laptop Gift Card
Andrew Toy 2021 $ 456 $ 8,001 $ 33
Prabhdeep Singh 2021 -
Jamie L. Reynoso 2021 6,539
Joseph Wagner 2021 11,577 $ 40,000 $ 2,407 $ 1,200
(5) At his own recommendation to our Board of Directors and in accordance with his employment agreement, Mr. Garipalli elected to forgo any compensation other than equity awards for 2021, 2020, and 2019.
(6) Represents the aggregate grant date fair value of RSU and hybrid PRSU awards granted computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718, as discussed in Note 18 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report. Note that the amounts reported in this column reflect the accounting value for the RSU and hybrid PRSU awards and may not correspond to the actual economic value that may be received by the named executive officer from the award. The grant date fair value of the RSU awards to Mr. Garipalli and Mr. Toy were measured based on the closing price of our Class A common stock on the date of grant. The stock price milestone conditions of the PRSUs awarded during 2021 to Mr. Garipalli and Mr. Toy constitute a “market condition” under FASB ASC Topic 718. The full grant date fair value of the hybrid PRSUs was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation pricing model (Monte Carlo model) on the date the hybrid PRSUs were awarded. The table below sets forth the significant inputs and assumptions used in the Monte Carlo model for the hybrid PRSUs:
Name Fiscal Year Grant Date Units Market-Related Component Grant Date Fair Value ($) Expected Volatility (%) Risk-Free Interest Rate for Remaining Performance Period (%) Expected Dividend Yield
Vivek Garipalli 2021 01/07/2021 7,164,581 76,804,308 40.70 0.05 -
2021 01/07/2021 5,571,164 45,015,005 40.70 0.05 -
Andrew Toy 2021 01/07/2021 3,582,281 41,948,628 40.70 0.05 -
2021 01/07/2021 11,142,328 99,500,989 40.70 0.05 -
(7) Effective August 13, 2021, Mr. Wagner departed as our Chief Financial Officer, and Mr. Herbers began providing professional services as our Interim Chief Financial Officer. Compensation for Mr. Herbers’ services to the Corporation is made directly to AP Services, LLC, an affiliate of Mr. Herbers’ employer, AlixPartners LLP, pursuant to the Agreement for the Provision of Interim Management Services between the Corporation and AP Services, LLC. For Mr. Herbers’ services, the Corporation pays AP Services, LLC, $175,000 per month in professional fees and a monthly administrative fee of $3,500.
(8) Represents the aggregate grant date fair value of stock options granted in the applicable year computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. The assumptions used in calculating the dollar amount recognized for financial statement reporting purposes of the stock option awards are set forth in Note 18 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report. Note that the amounts reported reflect the accounting value for the stock option awards and may not correspond to the actual economic value that may be received by the named executive officer from the awards. The grant date fair value of the stock options was determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model based on the fair market value on the date of grant without regard to the service-based vesting conditions.
(9) The amounts reported represent the aggregate grant date fair value of RSU awards and, for Ms. Reynoso, PRSU awards, granted in the applicable year computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. The assumptions used in calculating the dollar amounts recognized for financial statement reporting purposes of the RSUs and PRSUs are set forth in Note 18 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report. Note that the amounts reported reflect the accounting value for the RSU and PRSU awards and may not correspond to the actual economic value that may be received by the named executive officers from the awards. The grant date fair value of the RSUs is measured based on the closing price of our Class A common stock on the date of grant, and the grant date fair value of the PRSUs is measured using the same fair value as service based RSUs and recognized in compensation expense in accordance with ASC 718. Ms. Reynoso’s RSU and PRSU grants for fiscal year 2021 are further described in the following table:
Name Grant Date Approval Date Award Grant Date Fair Value ($) Probable Outcome of Performance Conditions Grant Date Fair Value ($) Maximum Outcome of Performance Conditions Grant Date Fair Value ($)
Jamie L. Reynoso 7/16/2021 7/16/2021 RSUs 1,810,724 N/A N/A
Jamie L. Reynoso 7/16/2021 1/31/2022 PRSUs 776,023 776,023 1,164,031
(10) The amount reported represents the incremental fair value of the amendment to Mr. Wagner’s non-statutory stock options effective August 13, 2021 to extend the post-termination exercise period applicable to his vested and unexercised shares until August 13, 2022.
Grants of Plan-Based Awards for the Year Ended December 31, 2021
Name
Grant Date
Approval Date Estimated Possible Payouts Under Non-Equity Incentive Plan Awards ($)(1)
Estimated Future Payouts Under Equity Incentive Plan Awards (#) All Other Stock Awards Number of Shares or Units (#)
Exercise or Base Price of Option Awards ($)/Sh)
Grant Date Fair Value of Stock and Option Awards ($)
Threshold ($) Target ($) Maximum ($) Threshold (#) Target (#) Maximum (#)
Vivek Garipalli 1/7/2021 (2)
16,713,491 267,750,126
1/7/2021 (3)
3,582,290 7,164,581 76,804,308
1/7/2021 (4)
5,571,164 45,015,005
Mark C. Herbers
N/A - -
Andrew Toy
N/A 450,000 675,000 - -
1/7/2021 (4)
3,582,291 41,948,628
1/7/2021 (3)
5,571,164 11,142,328 99,500,989
Jamie L. Reynoso
N/A 246,923 370,385
7/16/2021 (5)
1/31/2022 47,313 94,637 141,955 776,023
7/16/2021 (6)
220,820 1,810,724
Prabhdeep Singh
N/A 95,385 143,078
7/8/2021 (7)
211,193 1,976,767
7/8/2021 (8)
52,798 494,189
Joseph Wagner
N/A (9)
N/A N/A
(1) Represents possible cash incentive awards to be earned under our 2020 Executive Incentive Bonus Plan (Bonus Plan) based 80% upon the achievement of certain performance levels with respect to Corporation operating metrics of MA Growth, DC Growth and normalized MCR, with each metric weighed equally, and 20% based on individual NEO performance. The actual total incentive award could range from 0% of the NEO’s target incentive amounts to 150% of the NEO’s target incentive amounts if the goals were all achieved at the maximum level and individual performance was determined to be exceptional. Cash incentives earned for 2021 performance are reported in the Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation column of the Summary Compensation Table above. See “--Annual Incentive Bonuses” above for more information about these awards. Mr. Wagner forfeited any right to a cash incentive award upon his termination of employment.
(2) Represents an RSU award covering shares of Class B common stock which vest in five equal annual installments on the anniversaries of the grant date. For additional detail on the grant date fair value, see footnote (6) to the Summary Compensation Table.
(3) Represents a hybrid PRSU award covering shares of Class B common stock which will vest if both the service and performance requirements are met. The service requirement will be satisfied in five equal annual installments on the anniversaries of the grant date. The performance requirement will be satisfied at 50% and 100% upon the Corporation’s reaching certain stock price milestones on or before January 7, 2026. For additional detail regarding the vesting terms of the award, see “--Equity Awards of Vivek Garipalli and Andrew Toy” above. For additional detail on the grant date fair value, see footnote (6) to the Summary Compensation Table.
(4) Represents a hybrid PSRU award covering shares of Class B common stock which will vest if both the service and performance requirements are met. The service requirement will be satisfied in five equal annual installments on the anniversaries of the grant date. The performance requirement will be fully satisfied upon the Corporation’s reaching a stock price milestone on or before January 7, 2026. For additional detail regarding the vesting terms of this award, see “--Equity Awards of Vivek Garipalli and Andrew Toy” above. For additional detail on the grant date fair value, see footnote (6) to the Summary Compensation Table.
(5) Represents a PRSU award covering shares of Class A common stock for which units were earned based on the achievement of certain performance levels with respect to Corporation operating metrics of MA Growth, DC Growth, and normalized MCR, with each metric weighed equally. The PRSUs earned could range from 0 to 141,955 if the goals were all achieved at the highest level. The Talent and Compensation Committee certified achieved performance on January 31, 2022 at 17%. The earned PRSUs vest as to 1/3rd of the PRSUs on each of January 31, 2022, January 1, 2023 and January 1, 2024. See “Equity Awards for Other Executive Officers” above for more information about this award. For additional detail on the grant date fair value, see footnote (9) to the Summary Compensation Table.
(6) Represents an RSU award covering shares of Class A common stock which vests in four equal annual installments on the anniversaries of January 7, 2021. For additional detail on grant date fair value, see footnote (9) to the Summary Compensation Table.
(7) Represents an RSU award covering shares of Class A common stock which vests in four equal installments on the anniversaries of July 6, 2021. For additional detail on grant date fair value, see footnote (10) to the Summary Compensation Table.
(8) Represents an RSU award covering shares of Class A common stock which vests in full on July 6, 2022. For additional detail on grant date fair value, see footnote (10) to the Summary Compensation Table.
(9) Mr. Wagner did not receive any new equity awards in fiscal year 2021, and he forfeited eligibility for a cash incentive bonus for fiscal year 2021 when he departed employment in August 2021.
Outstanding Equity Awards at December 31, 2021
The following table summarizes the number of shares of common stock underlying outstanding equity incentive plan awards for each named executive officer as of December 31, 2021.
Option Awards Stock Awards
Name Grant Date Approval Date Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Exercisable(1)
Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Unexercisable Option Exercise Price ($)(2)
Option Expiration Date Number of Shares or Units of Stock That Have Not Vested (#) Market Value of Shares or Units of Stock That Have Not Vested ($) (3)
Equity Incentive Plan Awards: Number of Unearned Shares, Units or Other Rights That have Not Vested (#) Equity Incentive Plan Awards: Market or Payout Value of Unearned Shares, Units or Other Rights That Have Not Vested ($)(3)
Vivek Garipalli 1/7/2021 (4)
- - - - 16,713,491 62,174,187
1/7/2021 (5)
- - - - 7,164,581 13,326,119
1/7/2021 (6)
- - - - 5,571,164 20,724,730
Mark C. Herbers N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Andrew Toy 7/22/2018 (7)
631,033 - 1.67 7/21/2028 - -
7/22/2018 (8)
3,155,168 - 1.67 7/21/2028 736,207 2,738,690
2/4/2020 (9)
5,344,515 - 2.23 2/3/2030 2,667,258 9,922,200
2/4/2020 (10)
3,669,607 - 5.45 2/3/2030 - -
1/7/2021 (11)
3,582,291 13,326,123
1/7/2021 (12)
11,142,328 20,724,730
Jamie L. Reynoso 6/29/2020 (13)
51,701 - 3.66 6/28/2030 36,190 134,627
7/27/2020 (14)
465,316 - 4.67 7/26/2030 333,476 1,240,531
7/16/2021 (15)
220,820 821,450
7/16/2021 (16)
1/31/2022 15,771 58,668
Prabhdeep Singh 7/8/2021 (17)
211,193 785,638
7/8/2021 (18)
52,798 196,409
Joseph Wagner 8/22/2020 (19)
39,741 - 5.41 8/17/2022 - -
2/4/2020 (19)
118,864 - 2.23 8/17/2022 - -
(1) All of the outstanding options granted under our 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (2014 Plan) are options to purchase shares of our Class A common stock and are immediately exercisable. The below chart summarizes the vested and unvested shares subject to the options as of December 31, 2021. There have been no early exercises of any unvested options by the named executive officers.
Name Grant Date Total Number of Options Vested Options Unvested Options
Andrew Toy 7/22/2018 631,033 631,033 -
7/22/2018 3,155,168 2,418,961 736,207
2/4/2020 5,344,515 2,677,257 2,667,258
2/4/2020 3,669,607 3,669,607 -
Jamie L. Reynoso 6/29/2020 51,701 15,511 36,190
7/27/2020 465,316 131,840 333,476
(2) Represents the fair market value of a share of our Class A common stock on the date of grant for all stock options except for the stock option granted on February 4, 2020 to Mr. Toy for 3,669,607 shares, which represents two times the fair market value on the date of grant, each as determined by our Board of Directors.
(3) RSUs and PRSUs represent the right to receive a share of the applicable class of our common stock upon vesting. Market and payout values were determined by multiplying the number of shares or units by the closing price per share of our Class A common stock of $3.72 on December 31, 2021.
(4) Represents an RSU award under the 2020 Management Incentive Plan (Management Plan) denominated in shares of Class B common stock that vests in five equal installments on each anniversary of January 7, 2021.
(5) The number of underlying unvested units listed reflects the maximum outcome of the performance conditions for the hybrid PRSU award granted under our 2014 Plan denominated in shares of our Class B common stock. The hybrid PRSU award vests if both the service and performance requirements are met. The service requirement will be satisfied in five equal annual installments on the anniversaries of the grant date. The performance requirement will be satisfied 50% and 100% upon the Corporation’s reaching certain stock price milestones or before January 7, 2026. The payout value assumes performance was achieved at the threshold level.
(6) The number of underlying unvested units listed reflect the maximum outcome of the performance conditions for the hybrid PRSU award granted under our Management Plan denominated in shares of our Class B common stock. The hybrid PRSU award vests if both the service and performance requirements are met. The service requirement will be satisfied in five equal annual installments on the anniversaries of the grant date. The performance requirement will be satisfied upon the Corporation’s reaching a stock price milestone or before January 7, 2026.
(7) Represents a fully vested and exercisable stock option. The grant vested in full on February 5, 2019.
(8) Represents a fully exercisable stock option received in connection with the Business Combination in exchange for an option to acquire 1,525,655 shares of common stock of Legacy Clover for $3.45 per share. 1/5th of the shares subject to the option vested on February 5, 2019, and an additional 1/48th of the remaining shares vest monthly thereafter.
(9) Represents a fully exercisable stock option received in connection with the Business Combination in exchange for an option to acquire 2,579,460 shares of common stock of Legacy Clover for $4.61 per share. 1/60th of the shares subject to the option vested on July 1, 2019 and an additional 1/60th of the remaining shares vest monthly thereafter.
(10) Represents fully vested and exercisable stock options received in connection with the Business Combination in exchange for options to acquire 1,774,408 shares of common stock of Legacy Clover for $11.27 per share. The vesting of the shares subject to this option was fully accelerated in connection with the Business Combination as of January 7, 2021.
(11) The number of underlying unvested units listed reflects the maximum outcome of the performance conditions for the hybrid PRSU award granted under our 2014 Plan denominated in shares of our Class B common stock. The hybrid PRSU award vests if both the service and performance requirements are met. The service requirement will be satisfied in five equal annual installments on the anniversaries of the grant date. The performance requirement will be satisfied upon the Corporation’s reaching a stock price milestones or before January 7, 2026.
(12) The number of underlying unvested units listed reflect the maximum outcome of the performance conditions for the hybrid PRSU award granted under our Management Plan denominated in shares of our Class B common stock. The hybrid PRSU award vests if both the service and performance requirements are met. The service requirement will be satisfied in five equal annual installments on the anniversaries of the grant date. The performance requirement will be satisfied 50% and 100% upon the Corporation’s reaching certain stock price milestones or before January 7, 2026. The payout value assumes performance was achieved at the threshold level.
(13) Represents a fully exercisable stock option of which 1/5th of the shares subject to the option vested on June 8, 2021, and an additional 1/48th of the remaining shares vest monthly thereafter.
(14) Represents a fully exercisable stock option of which 1/5th of the shares subject to the option vested on July 27, 2021, and an additional 1/48th of the remaining shares vest monthly thereafter.
(15) Represents an RSU award granted under the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (2020 Plan) denominated in shares of our Class A common stock that vests in four equal installments on each anniversary of January 7, 2021.
(16) Represents a PRSU award granted under the 2020 Plan denominated in shares of our Class A common stock that was earned based on our performance during fiscal 2021, and which vests as to one third of the units on each of January 31, 2022, January 1, 2023, and January 1, 2024.
(17) Represents an RSU award granted under the 2020 Plan denominated in shares of our Class A common stock that vests in four equal annual installments on the anniversaries of January 7, 2021.
(18) Represents an RSU award granted under the 2020 Plan denominated in shares of our Class A common stock that fully vests on July 6, 2022.
(19) Mr. Wagner forfeited the unvested shares subject to his stock options upon his August 2021 departure from employment. Pursuant to our Separation Agreement with Mr. Wagner, his non-qualified stock options that were vested and unexercised as of his departure date will remain exercisable until August 17, 2022.
2021 Option Exercises and Stock Vested
The following table shows the number of shares of common stock acquired and their value upon the exercise of stock options and the vesting of RSUs and PRSUs during 2021 for each NEO.
Option Awards Stock Awards
Name Number of Shares Acquired on Exercise (#) Value Realized on Exercise ($) Number of Shares Acquired on Vesting (#) Value Realized on Vesting ($)
Vivek Garipalli - - - -
Mark C. Herbers N/A N/A N/A N/A
Andrew Toy - - - -
Jamie L. Reynoso - - - -
Prabhdeep Singh - - - -
Joseph Wagner 44,858 274,513(1)
- -
(1) The value realized on the exercise of a stock option is calculated by multiplying the number of shares underlying the stock option exercised by the difference between (i) the closing price of our Class A common stock on the exercise date and (ii) the exercise price of the stock option, and does not necessarily reflect actual proceeds received.
Potential Payments Upon Termination or Change in Control
Separation Arrangements
We have entered into employment agreements with our executive officers that provide them severance protections in certain circumstances following their termination of employment without cause or with good reason, whether or not in connection with change in control.
Vivek Garipalli
If Mr. Garipalli’s employment is terminated by us without “cause” or by Mr. Garipalli for “good reason” (in each case, as defined in his employment agreement), during the period beginning one month prior to and ending 12 months following a change in control (as defined in the 2020 Plan) (CIC Period), subject to his execution and non-revocation of a release of claims in our favor and continued compliance with customary confidentiality and non-solicitation requirements, Mr. Garipalli will be entitled to receive full accelerated vesting of all outstanding and unvested equity awards.
In addition, if the benefits payable to Mr. Garipalli are subject to Sections 280G and 4999 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (Code), such payments will be reduced to the extent necessary to provide Mr. Garipalli the greatest after-tax benefit.
Andrew Toy
If Mr. Toy is terminated by us without “cause” or by Mr. Toy for “good reason” (in each case, as defined in his employment agreement), Mr. Toy will be entitled, subject to his execution and non-revocation of a release of claims in our favor, to the following: (i) continued payment of his current annual base salary for 12 months following the termination date and (ii) reimbursement of COBRA health care premiums for 12 months after the termination date. In addition, if Mr. Toy terminates his employment due to the
failure to promote him to Chief Executive Officer immediately following the resignation or termination of Mr. Garipalli as our Chief Executive Officer, he will receive full accelerated vesting of all outstanding and unvested equity awards.
If either such qualifying termination of Mr. Toy’s employment occurs during the CIC Period, subject to his execution and non-revocation a general release of claims in our favor and continued compliance with restrictive covenants, then, instead of the benefits described above, Mr. Toy will be entitled to receive the following: (i) an amount equal to one and one-half times Mr. Toy’s annual base salary then in effect, (ii) reimbursement of COBRA health care premiums for 18 months after the termination date and (iii) full accelerated vesting of all outstanding and unvested equity awards.
Furthermore, if the benefits payable to Mr. Toy are subject to Sections 280G and 4999 of the Code, such payments will be reduced to the extent necessary to provide Mr. Toy the greatest after-tax benefit.
Prabhdeep Singh and Jamie L. Reynoso
If Mr. Singh’s or Ms. Reynoso’s employment is terminated by us without “cause” (as defined in the NEO’s employment agreement), subject to the execution and and non-revocation of a general release of claims in our favor, Mr. Singh or Ms. Reynoso will be entitled to receive the following severance payments and benefits: (i) an amount equal to annual base salary then in effect and (ii) reimbursement of COBRA health care premiums for 12 months after the termination date.
If either such termination of employment occurs during the CIC Period, subject to the NEO’s execution and non-revocation a general release of claims in our favor and continued compliance with restrictive covenants, the, Mr. Singh or Ms. Reynoso, instead of the benefits described above, will be entitled to receive the following severance payments and benefits: (i) a lump sum payment equal to twelve months of base salary as in effect immediately prior to the date of his termination plus applicable cash bonus, (ii) reimbursement of COBRA health care premiums for twelve months after the termination date, and (iii) full accelerated vesting of all outstanding and unvested time-based equity awards. Any unvested and outstanding performance-based awards shall be subject to the terms and conditions of the 2020 Plan.
Joseph Wagner
In connection with Mr. Wagner’s departure from the Company on August 13, 2021, the Company entered into a separation agreement with Mr. Wagner pursuant to which in exchange for his execution and non-revocation of a release of claims in our favor, Mr. Wagner (i) received an extension of the period in which he can exercise his vested and unexercised non-qualified stock options until August 13, 2022, (ii) received one month reimbursement of COBRA health care premiums, and (iii) retained his Corporation-issued laptop.
Mark C. Herbers
Mr. Herbers’ employer, AP Services, LLC, is entitled to no payment or benefit other than accrued compensation upon his termination of service as our Interim Chief Financial Officer.
Change in Control Arrangements
The three hybrid PRSU awards granted to Mr. Garipalli and Mr. Toy in connection with the closing of our Business Combination (as described further above under “-Equity Awards for Vivek Garipalli and Andrew Toy”), in addition to having the acceleration provisions discussed above in connection with certain terminations of Mr. Garipalli’s and Mr. Toy’s employment, will accelerate upon certain changes in control of the Corporation. “Change in control” in each hybrid PRSU award is defined in the respective equity plan under which the hybrid PRSUs was granted. Upon a change in control, the hybrid PRSU awards will each fully vest as to their service conditions, and if the per share value in the change in control equals or exceeds the required stock closing price under the hybrid PRSU award’s performance conditions, the awards will also fully vest as to the applicable performance conditions. Any portion of the PRSU award unvested at the consummation of the change in control will be forfeited.
The table below summarizes the approximate value of benefits that would be received in connection with qualifying terminations of Mr. Garipalli’s, Mr. Toy’s, Mr. Singh’s, and Ms. Reynoso’s employment, assuming each NEO’s termination of employment occurred on December 31, 2021, based on the closing price per share of our Class A common stock of $3.72 on December 31, 2021, and where relevant, that a change in control occurred on December 31, 2021. It also summarizes the approximate value of benefits that would be received by Mr. Toy if he resigned on December 31, 2021, for “good reason” due to the failure to promote him to Chief Executive Officer immediately following the resignation or termination of Mr. Garipalli as our Chief Executive Officer. Finally, it summarizes the value of benefits that were received in connection with Mr. Wagner’s termination of employment.
Name Benefit Qualifying Termination ($) Change in Control with Qualifying Termination ($)
Vivek Garipalli Cash Payment - -
Vesting of Equity Awards (1)
109,551,158
Value of Benefits - -
Total - 109,551,158
Mark C. Herbers Cash Payment N/A N/A
Vesting of Equity Awards
N/A N/A
Value of Benefits N/A N/A
Total N/A N/A
Andrew Toy (3)
Cash Payment 450,000 675,000
Vesting of Equity Awards (1)
-/ 102,355,584
102,355,584
Value of Benefits (2)
28,883 43,324
Total 478,883/102,834,467 103,073,908
Jamie L. Reynoso Cash Payment 425,000 425,000
Vesting of Equity Awards (1)
- 2,744,754
Value of Benefits (2)
28,883 28,883
Total 453,883 3,198,637
Prabhdeep Singh Cash Payment 400,000 400,000
Vesting of Equity Awards
- 982,047
Value of Benefits (2)
28,883 28,883
Total 428,883 1,410,930
Joseph Wagner Cash Payment - -
Vesting of Equity Awards
- -
Value of Benefits (4)
3,607 -
Total 3,607 -
(1) The value for stock options is calculated by multiplying the number of unvested shares that would be subject to an acceleration of vesting by the difference between the closing price per share of $3.72 on December 31, 2021, and the applicable exercise price of the stock option.
(2) For Mr. Toy, Ms. Reynoso, and Mr. Singh, the COBRA premium reimbursement cost is estimated to be $2,400 per month.
(3) For Mr. Toy, the numbers on the left in the “Qualifying Termination ($)” column represent the value of what he would receive upon his qualifying termination and the numbers on the right represent what he would receive upon the specific qualifying termination or his resignation for “good reason” due to the failure to promote him to CEO immediately following the termination or resignation of Mr. Garipalli as our Chief Executive Officer.
(4) For Mr. Wagner, this represents (i) $2,407, the cost of one month of COBRA premium reimbursement and (ii) $1,200, the estimated value of his Corporation issued laptop.
For the purposes of the table above, because the per share value in the assumed change in control is $3.72, the closing price per share of our Class A common stock on December 31, 2021, none of Mr. Garapalli’s or Mr. Toy’s hybrid PRSU awards would be deemed to have vested upon a change in control that is not in connection with a qualifying termination of Mr. Garipalli’s or Mr. Toy’s employment.
Indemnification Agreements
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation includes provisions that limit the liability of our directors for monetary damages to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law. Consequently, our directors will not be personally liable to us or our stockholders for monetary damages for any breach of fiduciary duties as directors, except liability for the following:
•for any breach of their duty of loyalty to us or our stockholders;
•for any act or omission not in good faith or that involves intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law;
•unlawful payments of dividends or unlawful stock repurchases or redemptions as provided in Section 174 of the Delaware General Corporation Law; or
•for any transaction from which they derived an improper personal benefit.
Our amended and restated bylaws provide that we shall indemnify, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any person who is or was a party or is threatened to be made a party to any action, suit or proceeding, by reason of the fact that he or she is or was one of our
directors or officers or is or was serving at our request as a director or officer of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise. Our amended and restated bylaws provide that we may indemnify our employees or agents. Our amended and restated bylaws also provide that we must advance expenses incurred by or on behalf of a director or officer in advance of the final disposition of any action or proceeding, subject to limited exceptions.
We maintain insurance policies under which, subject to the limitations of the policies, coverage is provided to our directors and officers against loss arising from claims made by reason of breach of fiduciary duty or other wrongful acts as a director or officer, including claims relating to public securities matters, and to us with respect to payments that may be made by us to these officers and directors pursuant to our indemnification obligations or otherwise as a matter of law.
We entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers that are broader than the specific indemnification provisions contained in the Delaware General Corporation Law. These indemnification agreements require us, among other things, to indemnify our directors and executive officers against liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service. These indemnification agreements also require us to advance all expenses incurred by the directors and executive officers in investigating or defending any such action, suit or proceeding. We believe that these agreements are necessary to attract and retain qualified individuals to serve as directors and executive officers.
Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation
In fiscal year 2021, the members of our Talent and Compensation Committee were Chelsea Clinton, Nathaniel S. Turner (from January 1, 2021, to April 13, 2021), and William G. Robinson, Jr. (from April 13, 2021 through the end of the year). None of the members of our Talent and Compensation Committee in fiscal year 2021 was at any time during fiscal year 2021 or at any other time an officer or employee of the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries, and none had or have any relationships with the Corporation that are required to be disclosed under Item 404 of Regulation S-K.
None of our executive officers has served as a member of the board of directors or compensation committee (or similar committee) of any entity, other than Clover, that has one or more executive officers who have served as a member of our Board of Directors or Talent and Compensation Committee during fiscal year 2021.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
Equity Compensation Plan Information
The following table provides information as of December 31, 2021, with respect to shares of our common stock that may be issued under our existing equity compensation plans.
Plan Category Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants, and Rights Weighted-Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants, and Rights Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities Reflected in Column (a))
(a) (b)(2)
(c)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders 40,117,031 (1)
$ 8.88 26,227,905 (3)
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders N/A N/A N/A
Total 40,117,031 $8.88 26,227,905
(1) Amount includes 1,753,799 stock options, 4,578,089 RSUs and 358,160 PRSUs covering shares of Class A common stock granted under the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (“2020 Plan”) and 16,713,492 PRSUs and 16,713,491 RSUs covering shares of Class B common stock granted under the 2020 Management Incentive Plan. Legacy Clover’s 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (“2014 Plan”) terminated in connection with the January 7, 2021 closing of the Business Combination and no further awards may be granted under it. The Corporation assumed the outstanding awards under the 2014 Plan, which consist of 31,155,472 stock options to purchase shares of Class A common stock, which have a weighted average exercise price of $2.35, and 10,750,133 covering shares of Class B common stock (which were converted from Class A common pursuant to the Business Combination upon assumption).
(2) The calculation of the weighted average exercised price does not take into account shares to be issued under outstanding RSU and PRSU awards, which have no exercise price.
(3) Includes 23,442,323 shares remaining for issuance under the 2020 Plan and 2,785,582 shares remaining for issuance or subject to outstanding purchase rights under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”). The number of shares available for issuance under the 2020 Plan increases on the first day of each fiscal year beginning with the 2022 fiscal year to an amount equal to the lesser of (i) seven percent (7%) of the number of shares of Class A common stock outstanding on the last day of
the immediately preceding fiscal year, and (ii) such number of shares determined by the Board of Directors; provided that for each fiscal year beginning with the 2025 fiscal year through the expiration of the 2020 Plan, each such increase shall be reduced to the lesser of five percent (5%) of the number of shares of Class A common stock on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year or such number of shares determined by the Board of Directors. On the first day of each fiscal year, beginning with the 2022 fiscal year and ending on (and including) the first day of the 2030 fiscal year, the calculation of the maximum number of shares available for issuance under the ESPP shall include automatic increases in an amount equal to the lesser of (x) 1.0% of the total number of shares of Class A common stock outstanding on the last day of the calendar month prior to the date of such automatic increase, and (y) such number of shares of Class A common stock as determined by the administrator of the ESPP; provided that the maximum number of shares of Class A common stock reserved under the ESPP shall not exceed 10.0% of the total outstanding capital stock of the Corporation (inclusive of the shares reserved under the ESPP) as of January 7, 2021, on an as-converted basis.
A description of the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan is included in Note 18 (Employee Benefit Plans) to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management
The following table sets forth information known to us regarding the beneficial ownership of our common stock as of February 7, 2022, by:
•each person who is known by us to be the beneficial owner of more than five percent (5%) of the outstanding shares of any class of our common stock;
•each of our named executive officers;
•each of our directors ; and
•all of our executive officers and directors, as a group.
Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and generally includes any shares over which a person exercises sole or shared voting or investment power. Unless otherwise indicated below, to our knowledge, the persons and entities named in the table have sole voting and sole investment power with respect to all shares beneficially owned by them, subject to community property laws where applicable. Shares of our common stock subject to stock options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of February 7, 2022, and all shares of our common stock issuable pursuant to restricted stock units that will vest within 60 days of February 7, 2022, are deemed to be outstanding and to be beneficially owned by the person holding the stock options or restricted stock units for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of that person, but are not treated as outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person.
The percentage ownership of the common stock is based on 378,521,950 shares of Class A Common Stock and 94,746,806 shares of Class B Common Stock outstanding as of February 7, 2022. Unless otherwise indicated, the address of each beneficial owner listed in the table below is c/o Clover Health Investments, Corp., 3401 Mallory Lane, Suite 210, Franklin, Tennessee 37067.
Name and Address of Beneficial Owner Number of
Shares of
Class A
Common
Stock % of
Class A
Common
Stock Number of
Shares of
Class B
Common
Stock % of
Class B
Common
Stock % of
Total
Voting
Power**
5% Holders
Entities affiliated with Vivek Garipalli(1)
- - 83,584,543 88.2 63.0
Greenoaks Capital and affiliated entities(2)
24,847,610 6.6 - - 1.9
Entities affiliated with Chamath Palihapitiya(3)
30,147,610 8.0 284,891 * 2.5
The Vanguard Group, Inc. (4)
25,887,351 6.8 - - 2.0
Executive Officers and Directors
Vivek Garipalli(5)
- - 85,262,416 90.0 64.3
Andrew Toy(6)
- - 12,790,323 11.9 8.8
Joseph Wagner - - 158,605 * *
Mark C. Herbers - - - - -
Jamie L. Reynoso(7)
60,462 * 517,017 * *
Prabhdeep Singh - - - - -
Chelsea Clinton(8)
- - 499,390 * *
Lee A. Shapiro 27,100 * - - -
Nathaniel S. Turner(9)
- - 1,324,728 1.4 1.0
Demetrios L. Kouzoukas - - - - -
William G. Robinson, Jr. 27,100 * - - -
All executive officers and directors as a group (11 persons) (10)
114,662 * 100,552,479 92.5 68.6
* Less than one percent.
** Percentage of total voting power represents voting power with respect to all shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock, as a single class. Each share of Class B common stock is entitled to ten votes per share and each share of Class A common stock is entitled to one vote per share.
(1) Consists of (i) 5,645,934 shares of Class B common stock held by Caesar Ventures, LLC (Caesar Ventures), (ii) 2,062,265 shares of Class B common stock held by Caesar Clover, LLC (Caesar Clover), (iii) 75,694,143 shares of Class B common stock held by NJ Healthcare Investments, LLC (NJ Healthcare), and (iv) 182,201 shares of Class B common stock held by Titus Ventures, LLC (Titus Ventures). Mr. Garipalli serves as the sole manager of Caesar Ventures, Caesar Clover, NJ Healthcare and Titus Ventures, respectively. Therefore, Mr. Garipalli may be deemed to share voting power and dispositive power over the shares held by these entities.
(2) Based on information contained in a Schedule 13G/A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 10, 2021, consists of (i) 1,004,577 shares of Class A common stock held of record by Greenoaks Capital MS LP - Banting Series, (ii) 771,331 shares of Class A common stock held of record by Greenoaks Capital MS LP - Blackwell Series, (iii) 2,169,635 shares of Class A common stock held of record by Greenoaks Capital MS LP - Joslin Series, (iv) 679,056 shares of Class A common stock held of record by Greenoaks Capital MS LP - Osler Series, (v) 3,009,089 shares of Class A common stock held of record Greenoaks Capital Opportunities Fund, L.P., (vi) 6,514,694 shares of Class A common stock held of record by Greenoaks Capital MS LP - Lister Series, (vii) 8,024,421 shares of Class A common stock held of record by Greenoaks Magnolia Fund LP, (viii) 2,674,807 shares of Class A common stock held of record by Greenoaks Magnolia MS Fund LP - Pasteur Series, (ix) 157,158 shares of Class A common stock held of record by Neil Mehta, (x) 440,655 shares of Class A common stock held of record by Neil Mehta Separate Property Trust and (xi) 309,133 shares of Class A common stock held by the Peretz Family Trust. Greenoaks Capital Partners LLC is the investment adviser to these entities and related persons or entities. Each of Neil Mehta and Benjamin Peretz is a managing member of Greenoaks Capital Partners LLC. Therefore, Mr. Peretz and Mr. Mehta may be deemed to share voting power and dispositive power over the shares held by these entities and related persons or related entities. The principal business address of each of these entities and related persons or entities is 535 Pacific Avenue, 4th Floor, San Francisco, California 94133.
(3) Based on information contained in a Schedule 13D/A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 14, 2022, consists of (i) 28,408,480 shares of Class A common stock held by ChaChaCha SPAC C LLC, (ii) 1,739,130 shares of Class A common stock held by SC Master Holdings, LLC. and (iii) 284,891 shares of Class B common stock held by Social + Capital Partnership III. Mr. Palihapitiya beneficially owns shares held by ChaChaCha SPAC C LLC, SC Master Holdings, LLC and Social + Capital Partnership III by virtue of his voting and investment control over these entities. All the shares held by ChaChaCha SPAC C LLC are subject to a pledge in favor of Credit Suisse AG, New York Branch as collateral with respect to a loan agreement. The address of these entities is 317 University Ave, Suite 200, Palo Alto, CA 94301. Includes 2,245,980 shares of Class A common stock received upon exercise of warrants.
(4) Based on information contained in a Schedule 13G/A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 9, 2022, The Vanguard Group, Inc. (Vanguard), an independent advisor, has sole voting power over 0 shares of Class A common stock, shared voting power over 94,531 shares of Class A common stock, sole dispositive power over 25,566,805 shares of Class A common stock and shared dispositive power over 320,546 shares of Class A common stock. The Schedule 13G/A filed by Vanguard provides information only as of December 31, 2021 and, consequently, the beneficial ownership of Vanguard may have changed between December 31, 2021 and February 7, 2022. The principal business address of Vanguard is 100 Vanguard Blvd., Malvern, PA 19355.
(5) Consists of (i) the shares listed in footnote (1) of which Mr. Garipalli may be deemed to share voting and dispositive power, and (ii) 1,677,873 shares of Class B common stock held directly by Mr. Garipalli.
(6) Consists of 12,790,323 shares of Class B common stock issuable upon exercise of options exercisable on or within 60 days of February 7, 2022.
(7) Consists of (i) 517,017 shares of Class B common stock issuable upon exercise of options exercisable on or within 60 days of February 7, 2022, and (ii) 60,462 shares of Class A common stock.
(8) Consists of 499,390 shares of Class B common stock issuable upon exercise of options exercisable on or within 60 days of February 7, 2022.
(9) Consists of 1,324,728 shares of Class B common stock held by Multiple Holdings, LLC. Nathaniel S. Turner is a partner in Multiple Holdings, LLC and may be deemed to share voting power and dispositive power over these shares. The address of Multiple Holdings, LLC is 180 Varick Street, Suite 1220 New York, NY 10014.
(10) Consists of (i) 114,662 shares of Class A common stock, (ii) 86,587,144 shares of Class B common stock and (iii) 13,965,335 shares of Class B common stock issuable upon exercise of options exercisable within 60 days of February 7, 2022.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Person Transactions, and Director Independence
Related Person Transactions Policy
In connection with the Closing, our Board of Directors adopted a written related person transactions policy that our executive officers, directors, nominees for election as a director, beneficial owners of more than 5% of our common stock and any members of the immediate family of and any entity affiliated with any of the foregoing persons are not permitted to enter into a material related person transaction with us without the review and approval of our Audit Committee or a committee composed solely of independent directors in the event it is inappropriate for our Audit Committee to review such transaction due to a conflict of interest. The policy provides that any request for us to enter into a transaction with an executive officer, director, nominee for election as a director, beneficial owner of more than 5% of our common stock or with any of their immediate family members or affiliates, in which the amount involved exceeds $120,000 will be presented to our Audit Committee for review, consideration and approval. In approving or rejecting any such proposal, we expect that our Audit Committee will consider the relevant facts and circumstances available and deemed relevant to the Audit Committee, including, but not limited to, whether the transaction is on terms no less favorable than terms generally available to an unaffiliated third party under the same or similar circumstances and the extent of the related person’s interest in the transaction.
Although, prior to the Closing, we did not have a written policy for the review and approval of transactions with related persons, our Board of Directors historically reviewed and approved any transaction where a director or officer had a financial interest, including all of the transactions described above. Prior to approving such a transaction, the material facts as to a director’s or officer’s relationship or interest as to the agreement or transaction were disclosed to our Board of Directors. Our Board of Directors would take this information into account when evaluating the transaction and in determining whether such transaction was fair to our company and in the best interest of all of our stockholders.
Other than compensation arrangements for our directors and executive officers, which are described elsewhere in this report, the following describes transactions since January 1, 2021, and each currently proposed transaction in which:
•we or SCH have been or are to be a participant;
•the amounts involved exceeded or will exceed $120,000; and
•any of our directors, executive officers, or holders of more than 5% of our outstanding capital stock, or any immediate family member of, or person sharing the household with, any of these individuals or entities, had or will have a direct or indirect material interest.
Registration Rights Agreement
In connection with the Closing, we, the Sponsor, SCH’s independent directors, certain stockholders of Clover, including entities affiliated with Mr. Garipalli, our Chief Executive Officer, entities affiliated with Greenoaks Capital, which was a holder of more than 5% of our outstanding capital stock, and entities affiliated with our director, Nathaniel S. Turner, and the other parties thereto entered into an Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement dated as of January 7, 2021 (the “Registration Rights Agreement”). Under the Registration Rights Agreement, we are obligated to file a registration statement to register the resale of shares of our Class A common stock held by the parties thereto and the private placement warrants held by the Sponsor and shares of our Class A common stock issuable upon the exercise of the private placement warrants. The Registration Rights Agreement will terminate on the earlier of (i) the tenth anniversary of the date of the Registration Rights Agreement or (ii) with respect to any party thereto, on the date that such party no longer holds any registrable securities.
Pre-Business Combination Related Party Transactions of Clover
Hospital Contracts
We have various contracts with IJKG Opco LLC (d/b/a CarePoint Health-Bayonne Medical Center), Hudson Hospital Opco LLC (d/b/a CarePoint Health-Christ Hospital) and Hoboken University Medical Center Opco LLC (d/b/a CarePoint Health-Hoboken University Medical Center), which collectively do business as CarePoint Health System. CarePoint Health System is ultimately held and controlled by Mr. Garipalli, our Chief Executive Officer, and who, through his affiliated entities, owns greater than 5% of our
capital stock. The Corporation contracts with CarePoint Health for the provision of inpatient and hospital-based outpatient services. Expenses and fees incurred related to these contracts, recorded in MA net medical claims incurred, were $12.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Service contracts
We have a contract with Medical Records Exchange, LLC (d/b/a ChartFast) pursuant to which we receive administrative services related to medical records via ChartFast’s electronic applications and web portal platform. ChartFast is ultimately owned and controlled by Mr. Garipalli. Expenses and fees related to this agreement were $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.
The Corporation has contracted with Rogue Trading, LLC (Rogue), a marketing services provider. The Corporation’s President and Chief Technology Officer, Andrew Toy, is related to the Chief Executive Officer of Rogue. Expenses and fees related to these contracts were $0.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2021.
On July 2, 2021, the Corporation signed a contract with Thyme Care, Inc. (Thyme Care), an oncology benefit management company, through which Thyme Care will provide concierge cancer coordination services to the Corporation’s Medicare Advantage members in New Jersey and develop a provider network to help ensure member access to high-value oncology care. Mr. Garipalli is a member of Thyme Care’s Board of Directors. Expenses and fees incurred related to this agreement were $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Executive Compensation and Employment Arrangements
See the “Executive Compensation” section in this report for information on compensation arrangements with our executive officers and directors, which include, among other things, stock awards, agreements with executive officers and certain other benefits, and for information on termination arrangements with executive officers.
Limitation of Liability and Indemnification of Directors and Officers
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation contain provisions that limit the liability of our directors for monetary damages to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law. Consequently, our directors will not be personally liable to us or our stockholders for monetary damages for any breach of fiduciary duties as directors, except liability for the following:
•for any breach of their duty of loyalty to us or our stockholders;
•for any act or omission not in good faith or that involves intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law;
•unlawful payments of dividends or unlawful stock repurchases or redemptions as provided in Section 174 of the Delaware General Corporation Law; or
•for any transaction from which they derived an improper personal benefit.
Our amended and restated bylaws provide that we shall indemnify, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any person who is or was a party or is threatened to be made a party to any action, suit or proceeding, by reason of the fact that he or she is or was one of our directors or officers or is or was serving at our request as a director or officer of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise. Our amended and restated bylaws provide that we may indemnify our employees or agents. Our amended and restated bylaws also provide that we must advance expenses incurred by or on behalf of a director or officer in advance of the final disposition of any action or proceeding, subject to limited exceptions.
We maintain insurance policies under which, subject to the limitations of the policies, coverage is provided to our directors and officers against loss arising from claims made by reason of breach of fiduciary duty or other wrongful acts as a director or officer, including claims relating to public securities matters, and to us with respect to payments that may be made by us to these officers and directors pursuant to our indemnification obligations or otherwise as a matter of law.
We entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers that are broader than the specific indemnification provisions contained in the Delaware General Corporation Law. These indemnification agreements require us, among other things, to indemnify our directors and executive officers against liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service. These indemnification agreements also require us to advance all expenses incurred by the directors and executive officers in investigating or defending any such action, suit or proceeding. We believe that these agreements are necessary to attract and retain qualified individuals to serve as directors and executive officers.
Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling our company pursuant to the foregoing provisions, we have been informed that, in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.
Pre-Business Combination Related Party Transactions of SCH
Private Placement Warrants
Simultaneously with the consummation of the initial public offering of SCH, the Sponsor purchased 10,933,333 private placement warrants to purchase one SCH Class A ordinary share at an exercise price of $11.50 at a price of $1.50 per warrant, or 16.4 million in the aggregate, in a private placement. A portion of the proceeds from the sale of the private placement warrants was placed in the trust account of SCH. In connection with the Business Combination, upon the Domestication, each of the 10,933,333 private placement warrants automatically converted into a warrant to acquire one share of our Class A common stock. In the third quarter of 2021, we announced that we were redeeming all of the outstanding private placement warrants. Prior to the redemption date, all private placement warrants were exercised on a cashless basis in exchange for an aggregate of 2,722,399 shares of our Class A common stock.
Subscription Agreements
Concurrently with the execution of the Merger Agreement, we entered into subscription agreements with the PIPE investors that are existing directors, officers or equity holders of the Sponsor and its affiliates (together with their permitted transferees) (collectively, the “Sponsor Related PIPE Investors”), pursuant to which the Sponsor Related PIPE Investors have subscribed for shares of our Class A common stock in connection with the PIPE Investment. Certain of the Sponsor Related PIPE Investors are expected to fund $152,000,000 of the PIPE Investment, for which they will receive 15,200,000 shares of our Class A common stock. Specifically, (i) ChaChaCha SPAC C LLC, an entity affiliated with Chamath Palihapitiya (SCH’s Chairman and Chief Executive Officer), subscribed for 10,000,000 shares of our Class A common stock, (ii) Hedosophia Group Limited, an entity affiliated with Ian Osborne (SCH’s President and director), subscribed for 5,000,000 shares of our Class A common stock and (iii) Jacqueline D. Reses subscribed for 200,000 shares of our Class A common stock.
The PIPE Investment was consummated concurrently with the Closing.
Director Independence
In evaluating the independence of our board members and the composition of the committees of our board, we utilize the definition of “independence” as that term is defined by the Nasdaq Listing Rules. The Nasdaq listing rules generally require that a majority of the members of a listed company’s Board of Directors be independent within specified periods following the completion of an initial public offering. In addition, the listing rules generally require that, subject to specified exceptions, each member of a listed company’s audit, compensation and governance committees be independent.
Audit Committee members must also satisfy the independence criteria set forth in Rule 10A-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or Exchange Act. In order to be considered independent for purposes of Rule 10A-3, a member of an audit committee of a listed company may not, other than in his or her capacity as a member of the audit committee, the board of directors, or any other board committee accept, directly or indirectly, any consulting, advisory, or other compensatory fee from the listed company or any of its subsidiaries, or be an affiliated person of the listed company or any of its subsidiaries. Compensation committee members must also satisfy the independence criteria as required by Rule 10C-1 under the Exchange Act.
Our Board of Directors has determined that none of the members of our Board of Directors other than Messrs. Garipalli and Toy has a relationship that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director and that each of the members of our Board of Directors other than Messrs. Garipalli and Toy, and each of the members of the Audit Committee, Talent and Compensation Committee, and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, is “independent” as that term is defined under the Nasdaq rules.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
The table below sets forth the aggregate fees billed by Ernst & Young LLP in 2021 and 2020.
Audit Fees (1)
$ 1,358,375 $ 935,100
Audit Related Fees (2)
46,125 45,000
Tax Fees (3)
211,595 313,800
All Other Fees (4)
125,000 1,116,487
Total $ 1,741,095 $ 2,410,387
(1) Audit fees principally related to the audit of our annual financial statements, the review of our quarterly financial statements included in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, and the audit of our internal control over financial reporting. Audit fees also relate to services such as subsidiary and statutory audits.
(2) Audit Related Fees principally relate to audits of employee benefit plans, review of internal controls for selected information systems, and due diligence work.
(3) Tax Fees principally relate to the preparation of tax returns and compliance services and tax planning and consultation services.
(4) All Other Fees relate to non-tax related advisory and consulting services, including fees billed for services involving due diligence performed in connection with directors’ and officers’ insurance under SCH’s engagement entered into prior to the Clover Health Business Combination, a Section 382(g) analysis, registration work in connection with a potential initial public offering, and special purpose acquisition vehicle advisory work.
Pre-Approval Policy
The Corporation’s Audit Committee was formed in connection with the Business Combination. As a result, the Audit Committee did not pre-approve all of the foregoing services, although any services rendered prior to the formation of our Audit Committee were approved by our Board of Directors. Since the formation of our Audit Committee, and on a going-forward basis, the Audit Committee has pre-approved and will continue to pre-approve all auditing services and permitted non-audit services to be performed for us by our auditors, including the fees and terms thereof (subject to the de minimis exceptions for non-audit services described in the Exchange Act which are approved by the Audit Committee prior to the completion of the audit).
Part IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.
(a) The Financial Statements, Financial Statement Schedules, and exhibits set forth below are filed as part of this report.
(1) Financial Statements - The response to this portion of Item 15 is submitted as Item 8 of Part II of this report.
(2) Financial Statement Schedules - The response to this portion of Item 15 is submitted as Item 8 of Part II of this report.
(3) A list of exhibits to this Form 10-K is set forth below:
Incorporated by reference
Exhibit
No.
Exhibit title Form File No. Exhibit No. Filing date Filed or furnished herewith
2.1 Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 5, 2020, by and among the Registrant, Asclepius Merger Sub Inc. and Clover Health Investments, Corp.
8-K 001-39252 2.1 10/6/2020
2.1(a) Amendment to the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of December 8, 2020
8-K 001-39252 2.1 12/10/2020
3.1 Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant
8-K 001-39252 3.1 1/12/2021
3.2 Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant
8-K 001-39252 3.2 1/12/2021
4.1 Specimen Class A Common Stock Certificate of the Registrant
S-4/A 333-249558 4.5 11/20/2020
4.2 Specimen Class B Common Stock Certificate of the Registrant
S-4/A 333-249558 4.6 11/20/2020
4.3 Description of Securities
X
10.1 Form of Indemnification Agreement
8-K 001-39252 10.2 1/12/2021
10.2 Amended and Restated 2014 Equity Incentive Plan, and forms of agreement thereunder
S-4 333-249558 10.15 10/20/2020
10.3 2020 Equity Incentive Plan and forms of agreement thereunder
8-K 001-39252 10.4 1/12/2021
10.4 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
8-K 001-39252 10.5 1/12/2021
10.5 Management Incentive Plan
8-K 001-39252 10.6 1/12/2021
10.6 Executive Incentive Bonus Plan
8-K 001-39252 10.7 1/12/2021
10.7 Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy
8-K 001-39252 10.8 1/12/2021
10.8 Employment Agreement dated as of December 31, 2020, by and between the Registrant and Vivek Garipalli
8-K 001-39252 10.9 1/12/2021
10.9 Employment Agreement dated as of December 31, 2020, by and between the Registrant and Andrew Toy
8-K 001-39252 10.10 1/12/2021
10.10 Letter Agreement dated as of August 13, 2021, by and between the Registrant and Joseph Wagner
10-Q 001-39252 10.1 11/09/2021
10.11 Agreement for the Provision of Interim Management Services between the Registrant and AP Services, LLC
8-K 001-39252 10.2 11/09/2021
10.12 Employment Agreement, effective as of December 31, 2021, between the Registrant and Jamie L. Reynoso
X
10.13 Employment Agreement, effective as of July 6, 2021, between the Registrant and Prabhdeep Singh
X
10.14 Letter Agreement, dated January 19, 2022, between the Registrant and Gia Lee
X
21.1 List of Subsidiaries
8-K 001-39252 21.1 1/12/2021
23.1 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
X
24.1 Power of Attorney (included on signature page) X
31.1 Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
X
31.2 Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
X
32.1†
Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
X
32.2†
Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
X
101.INS Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)
_____________
† Furnished and not filed.