EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1056696
Filing Year: 2022
Filename: 1056696_10-K_2022_0001564590-22-004100.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1.
Business
Overview
Manhattan Associates was founded in 1990 in Manhattan Beach, California and incorporated in Georgia in 1998. References in this filing to the “Company,” “Manhattan,” “Manhattan Associates,” “we,” “our” and “us” refer to Manhattan Associates, Inc., our predecessors, and our wholly-owned and consolidated subsidiaries. Our principal executive offices are located at 2300 Windy Ridge Parkway, Tenth Floor, Atlanta, Georgia 30339, and our telephone number is 770-955-7070.
We develop, sell, deploy, service and maintain software solutions designed to manage supply chains, inventory and omnichannel operations for retailers, wholesalers, manufacturers, logistics providers and other organizations. Our customers include many of the world’s premier and most profitable brands. Our Manhattan Active® applications are run in the cloud and delivered as subscription-based software as a service (SaaS), and its architecture is highly differentiated among enterprise application providers, particularly within the Omni Channel and Supply Chain categories. Our microservice based architecture delivers a versionless yet highly extensible experience for our customers. We offer our customers access to new innovation on a quarterly basis, ensuring all customers are running on a single fully up-to-date codebase. Manhattan Active also provides zero downtime updates, so access to innovation is delivered seamlessly into customer environments without the need for planned maintenance windows.
Specifically, Manhattan Associates develops modern commerce solutions that help its customers in three distinct areas of their business:
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Supply Chain - We provide companies the tools needed to manage distribution and optimize transportation costs throughout their entire commercial network. Manhattan’s Warehouse Management solutions are widely regarded as industry-leading systems designed to optimize productivity and throughput in distribution centers and warehouses around the world. Our software helps optimize fulfillment models to support our customers across a wide range of channels and fulfillment methods. Likewise, we provide shippers and carriers the most comprehensive transportation management solutions in the market. This includes software to help them move freight via the most cost-effective means possible while also meeting service-level expectations, to model their transportation network, and to automate the procurement-to-pay process.
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Omnichannel - Meeting ever-evolving consumer expectations of service, inventory availability, and delivery convenience is a challenge every merchant must meet head on. Manhattan’s Omnichannel solutions provide an operating platform for digital commerce, retailers, and wholesale businesses. Comprising Order Management, Store Inventory Fulfillment, Call Center, Point of Sale, and Customer Engagement as its core applications, Manhattan Omnichannel solutions provide CRM capabilities for contact center agents; end-to-end process enablement for store associates, and enterprise-wide inventory availability determination, order fulfillment optimization, and point of sale capabilities.
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Inventory - Manhattan’s solutions provide distributors of finished goods (apparel, food, auto parts, pharmaceuticals, etc.) the ability to forecast demand, determine when, where and how much inventory is needed, and translate this into a profitable inventory buying plan. These areas are ever more complex and critical to profitability as more wholesalers and retailers engage in omnichannel operations. Through the use of advanced science and sophisticated analytics, customer service level is maximized with the minimum necessary inventory investment. Industry changes driven by omnichannel retail, pharmaceutical regulations and other trends make this an area of particular need for many retailers and wholesale distributors.
Manhattan Associates’ Software Solution Portfolios
Our portfolio of solutions takes a platform-based approach to key areas. This approach employs a holistic technology approach that provides customers with three major benefits:
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Industry Leading Feature Function - Manhattan solutions are consistently rated by customers and industry analysts alike as providing the most comprehensive and innovative feature functionality in the market. From warehouse management to point of sale, our solutions are consistently at the top of the market with respect to configurability, capability and usability. Customers choose Manhattan applications to solve the industry’s most complex supply chain problems. Our combination of deep domain expertise, an in-house data science and operations research team, and a specialized user experience team combine to differentiate Manhattan solutions.
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Solution Unification - Manhattan solutions are organized into three groups: omni-channel, supply chain, and inventory. Each one of these groups are engineered to provide cross-application benefit that simplifies and improves operations within those three areas. This approach significantly reduces complexity, maintenance and application risk for our customers, providing an expanded set of so-called end-to-end capabilities. As complexity continues to grow for our customers, Manhattan provides value by eliminating the need to design, build and maintain complex system to system integration.
As previously described, Manhattan’s Supply Chain Solutions are focused on the distribution and transportation operations of the enterprise. There are three main components of Manhattan’s Supply Chain Solutions:
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Distribution Management - These applications comprise Manhattan’s Warehouse Management Solutions (WMS) commonly used to manage the complexity of the modern distribution center. WMS manages the flow of goods and information across the distribution center. WMS is now delivered for new and upgrading customers in the form of Manhattan Active Warehouse Management (MAWM), a cloud native and versionless application that delivers new innovation on a quarterly basis. Manhattan Active WM runs on Google Cloud Platform, is offered exclusively via subscription, and includes state of the art fulfillment optimization technology, a consumer grade mobile app experience for the associate; and embedded gamification capabilities to improve associate engagement and performance. Manhattan Active WM is fully configurable and technically extensible, meaning customers can build their own componentry to work alongside our base application. Manhattan Active WM also embeds labor management and slotting optimization capabilities. Manhattan’s WMS customers benefit from its embedded warehouse execution system that coordinates the interaction between automation, robotics and labor for maximum efficiency. Manhattan’s WMS also enables the efficient utilization of a single distribution center for direct-to-consumer, retail replenishment and high-volume wholesale fulfilment. Our WMS provides the customer the most productive operation that can scale to meet the highest demands during peak season while operating effectively and profitably throughout the course of the year.
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Transportation Management - Organizations today face a complex transportation environment with ever-changing demands driven by macro-economic trends and governmental regulations. Manhattan’s Transportation Management Solutions (TMS) are designed to help shippers navigate their way through these demands while meeting customer service expectations at the lowest possible freight costs. TMS components include procurement and modeling tools to setup a successful network, along with planning, execution and settlement tools to manage day-to-day transportation requirements. Our TMS can also connect shippers with a network of partners that can increase shipping capacity on an as-needed basis. Manhattan Carrier is a suite of solutions built specifically to help motor carriers optimize load assignments, minimize fuel costs, manage drivers’ hours of service and accommodate demand fluctuations.
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Visibility - Visibility into the movement of goods between locations in the supply chain and outside the enterprise’s realm of control is crucial to effective supply chain management. Manhattan provides best in class visibility and event management tools that not only alerts our customer when events occur in the global supply chain, but also when they don’t occur (such as missing a vessel overseas), as that can have a cascading effect on production lines, freight and most importantly, customer commitments.
Manhattan SCALETM (SCALE)
SCALE is our portfolio of logistics execution solutions built on Microsoft’s .NET® platform. Purpose built for rapid development and a value-based total cost of ownership, it is targeted toward companies with execution-focused supply chain needs that require speed-to-value, resource-light system configuration and maintenance, and the ability to quickly scale their logistics operations up or down in response to market fluctuations or business requirement changes. SCALE combines the features of Trading Partner Management, Yard Management, Optimization, Warehouse Management and Transportation Execution.
Because SCALE solutions leverage a common platform, they share common data elements, and each user can access all applications through a single sign-on. Users also can set up “dashboards” that enable easy access to real-time information most relevant to their jobs. SCALE’s ease of deployment, operation and support make it a popular choice for organizations operating in countries with emerging and developing economies, and where technical support resources are limited.
SCALE is now also available as Manhattan Active SCALE, delivered in the cloud on Microsoft’s Azure platform. Manhattan Active SCALE customers receive new capability on an annual basis and enjoy full configurability and elements of technical extensibility even when delivered on Azure. We continue to offer SCALE on premise via perpetual licenses or via the cloud on a subscription basis as Manhattan Active SCALE.
Omnichannel Solutions
As omnichannel retail has placed new demands on organizations, it has also created new software solution needs. These range from the ability to leverage inventory across the entire network to meet any demand, to providing store associates and call center representatives the means to take advantage of the available inventory. Our Manhattan Active Omni set of solutions brings together Order Management, Store Inventory & Fulfillment, Point of Sale and Customer Engagement tools into a single application built on a shared, cloud-native, microservices platform. This architecture enables our customers to more easily expand their systems to include more capabilities and quarterly product enhancements while always maintaining their customizations.
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Enterprise Omnichannel Solutions - There is a wide range of new capabilities that must be leveraged at a corporate or ‘central’ level in retail today to enable best-in-class customer service, full inventory visibility, direct to client distribution and seamless fulfillment operations. Our goal is to enable an omnichannel commerce platform that can be tapped into by any selling
system-such as webstore, ERP, point-of-sale, call center, and mobile app, to more cost-effectively promise and then meet delivery dates. Manhattan’s Enterprise Inventory builds out a complete inventory availability picture that can be updated in near-real time with feeds from the warehouse, the store and other fulfillment locations in the network. Enterprise Order Management merges this inventory availability data with demand feeds from across the organization to match supply with demand satisfying customer delivery expectations while striving to maximize revenue and profitability. Finally, Manhattan offers a unique Customer Engagement solution that enables contact center associates to see a holistic view of the customer, including a complete customer sales and interaction history, to better satisfy shopper needs while optimizing potential revenue and profit opportunities through new orders, exchanges or a returns. Manhattan Active Omni now also includes a set of Digital Self-Service capabilities, allowing consumers to manage their orders after they have placed them.
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Omnichannel Solutions for the Store - As the consumer enters the store with more information than ever, it is vital to equip the sales associate with relevant information and capabilities to satisfy their demands. Store solutions include Point of Sale, available on mobile and fixed stations, to process purchase transactions and Customer Engagement to provide the associate with a complete picture of the shopper’s purchase history. Manhattan brings these solutions together on a single mobile platform to enable retailers to offer unparalleled service and convenience for the shopper.
Another important part of the Manhattan Active store offering is Store Inventory and Fulfillment. Most retailers are now looking to leverage store inventory to fulfill ecommerce demand (driving greater sales revenue with less inventory). This requires solutions that can accurately maintain inventory integrity and enable productive, reliable fulfillment. Manhattan’s Store Fulfillment solutions provide store associates with capabilities that power fulfillment experiences like buy online, pickup in store, curbside pickup, same day delivery and ship from store.
Inventory Solutions
The ability to accurately forecast demand and project inventory needs is heightened by omnichannel retail requirements that change traditional approaches to inventory management. Manhattan’s Inventory solutions address which products should be carried and the quantity that will be needed at each location by date.
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Inventory Optimization - This set of applications includes sophisticated demand forecasting capabilities that can address the particularly challenging slow-moving and intermittent products that frequently result in excess inventory due to unpredictability. Also included is the Replenishment module that can evaluate inventory needs across all locations and channels. This module can even suggest transferring inventory between locations (warehouses or stores) or ‘protect’ merchandise at a store from online sales to save it for walk-in traffic.
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Planning - Manhattan’s Planning solutions provide merchants the tools they need to create channel-, store- or region-specific assortments. These tools offer channel-specific metrics and methodologies that optimize the planning process and maximize retailer revenues.
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Allocation - Manhattan’s Allocation is designed to serve the softlines/apparel market. It provides inventory planning capabilities from first receipt in the distribution center through to the end of season for a given assortment. Built on the Manhattan Active architecture, Manhattan Active Allocation is cloud native, versionless, runs on Google Cloud Platform and updated on a quarterly basis.
Technology Platform
To fulfill increasing market demand for software-as-a-service models, Manhattan offers Manhattan ActiveTM Solutions - cloud-native products designed to provide “always current” version-less product access. The server side full stack runs exclusively on Google Cloud Platform, and end users can access the system from almost any type of device - mobile, tablet or desktop. Manhattan Active solutions are sold directly in multi-year cloud subscription arrangements, typically for a period of five years or more, providing clients with regular software updates during the contract period to ensure access to the latest product features and benefiting Manhattan with a highly predictable and regular revenue stream.
As omnichannel and supply chain solutions necessarily interact with other business operation systems, our solutions are designed to interoperate with software from other providers as well as with a company’s existing legacy systems. This interfacing and open system capability enables customers to continue using existing computer resources and to choose among a wide variety of existing and emerging computer hardware and peripheral technologies. We also offer certain solutions in either on-premise software or cloud computing models so that customers can select the option that best meets their requirements for control, flexibility, cost of ownership and time-to-deployment.
Maintenance
We offer a comprehensive program that provides our on-premises software licensees with software upgrades for additional or improved functionality and technological advances incorporating emerging supply chain and industry advances. We are able to remotely access customer systems to perform diagnostics, provide online assistance, and facilitate software upgrades. We offer 24-
hour customer support 365 days in the year plus software upgrades for a pre-paid annual fee based on the specific solutions the customer has and the service level required. We provide software upgrades on a when-and-if-available basis.
Professional Services
We advise and assist our customers in planning and implementing our solutions through our global Professional Services Organization. To ensure successful long-term customer relationships, consultants assist customers with the initial deployment of our systems, the conversion and transfer of the customer’s historical data onto our systems, and ongoing training, education and system upgrades. We believe our Professional Services teams enable customers to implement our solutions knowledgeably and in the appropriate amount of time, help customers achieve expected results from system investments, continuously identify new opportunities for supply chain advancements and meaningfully add to our industry-specific knowledge base to improve future implementations and product innovations.
Substantially all of our customers utilize some portion of our Professional Services to implement and support our software solutions. Professional Services typically are rendered under time and materials contracts, with services billed by the hour. Professional Services sometimes are rendered under fixed-fee contracts, with payments due on specific dates or milestones. We believe that increased sales of our solutions will drive higher demand for our Professional Services.
Our Professional Services team delivers deep supply chain and enterprise commerce domain expertise to our customers through industry-specific “best-practices” protocols and processes developed through the collective knowledge we have gained from 30 years of implementing our supply chain solutions worldwide. We also extensively train our consulting personnel on enterprise commerce operations and on our solutions.
Our business consultants, systems analysts and technical personnel assist customers in all phases of implementing our systems, including planning and design, customer-specific module configuration, on-site implementation or conversion from existing systems and integration with customer systems such as Enterprise Resource Planning, web- and mobile-based commerce platforms, and Material Handling Equipment systems. At times, third-party consultants, such as those from major systems integrators, assist our customers with certain implementations.
Training and Change Management Services
We offer training and change management services for new and existing users, enabling our customers to align systems, people and processes. Services provided by Manhattan training experts cover a wide range of support from the intended design to the front line of the customer’s business, including critical end-user adoption with hands-on, live training in a virtualized Manhattan software environment. These programs are provided on a fixed fee per-person, per-class basis. In addition, computer-based training programs can be purchased for a fixed fee for use at client sites. Customers can also pursue certification at the Associate or Professional level through our certification programs for Omnichannel, Supply Chain or Inventory.
We offer Manhattan Training and Change Management Services under six categories: Role-Based Training Paths, Comprehensive Training Programs, Change Management Services, Individual Product Training Courses, End-User Enablement and Knowledge Resources.
Hardware Sales
As a convenience for our customers, we resell a variety of hardware developed and manufactured by others, including computer hardware, radio frequency terminal networks, radio frequency identification (RFID) chip readers, bar code printers and scanners, and other peripherals. We resell all third-party hardware products and related maintenance pursuant to agreements with manufacturers or through distributor-authorized reseller agreements pursuant to which we are entitled to purchase hardware products and services at discount prices and to receive technical support in connection with product installations and any subsequent product malfunctions. We do not maintain hardware inventory as we generally purchase hardware from vendors only after receiving related customer orders.
Strategy
Our objective is to extend our position as the leading global commerce solutions provider for organizations intent on creating and sustaining market advantages through technology-enabled commerce solutions. Our solutions help global distributors, wholesalers, retailers, logistics providers and manufacturers successfully manage accelerating and fluctuating market demands, as well as master the increasing complexity and volatility of their local and global supply chains. Our solutions are advanced, highly functional and highly scalable. They are designed to enable organizations to: create customer experiences consistent with their brand values; improve relationships with suppliers, customers and logistics providers; leverage investments across supply chain functions; effectively
generate revenue and manage costs; and meet dynamically changing customer requirements. We believe our solutions are uniquely positioned to holistically optimize the way companies bring together omnichannel, supply chain and inventory management:
Develop and Enhance Software Solutions. We continue to focus our research and development resources on enhancing our Supply Chain, Omnichannel Commerce and Inventory Solutions. We offer what we believe to be the broadest and most richly featured software portfolio in the marketplace. To continually expand functionality and value, we provide enhancements to existing solutions and introduce new solutions to address evolving industry standards and market needs. We identify these opportunities through our Product Management, Professional Services, Customer Support and Account Management organizations, through interactions such as ongoing customer consulting engagements and implementations, sessions with our solution user groups, association with leading industry analyst and market research firms and participation on industry standards and research committees. Our solutions address needs in various vertical markets, including retail, consumer goods, food and grocery, logistics service providers, industrial and wholesale, high technology and electronics, life sciences and government. We intend to continue to enhance our solutions to meet the dynamic requirements of these and new vertical markets as business opportunities dictate.
Expand International Presence. Our solutions offer significant benefits to customers in markets around the world, and for organizations with global operations. We have offices in Australia, Chile, China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Singapore, Spain, and the United Kingdom, as well as representatives in Mexico and reseller partnerships in Latin America, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, South Africa, and Asia. Our Europe, Middle East, and Africa (EMEA) operations support sales, implementation services, and customer support functions for customers in Europe, as well as a number of customers across the Middle East, concentrated in countries we consider politically and economically stable. Our Asia Pacific (APAC) operations service emerging opportunities in China, Southeast Asia, and India, as well as more established markets in Japan, Australia and New Zealand. Our emerging markets international strategy includes leveraging the strength of our relationships with current U.S. and Europe-based customers that also have significant international operations.
Strategic Alliances and Indirect Sales Channels. We currently sell our products primarily through our direct sales personnel, and through partnership agreements with a select number of organizations in emerging markets where we do not currently have a direct sales presence. We have worked on joint projects and joint sales initiatives with industry-leading consultants and software systems implementers, including most of the large consulting firms specializing in our targeted industries, to supplement our direct sales force and professional services organization. We expand our indirect sales channels through reseller agreements, marketing agreements, and agreements with third-party logistics providers. These alliances extend our market coverage and provide us with new business leads and access to trained implementation personnel.
Acquire or Invest in Complementary Businesses. We evaluate strategic acquisition opportunities of technologies, solutions and businesses that are consistent with our platform-based strategy and enable us to enhance and expand our offerings. Preferred acquisition targets are those that would complement our existing solutions and technologies, expand our geographic presence and distribution channels, extend our presence into additional vertical markets with challenges and requirements similar to those we currently serve, and further solidify our leadership position within the primary components of supply chain planning and execution.
Sales and Marketing
We employ multi-disciplinary sales teams of professionals with industry experience in sales and technical sales support. We have generated the majority of our cloud subscription revenue and software license revenue through our direct sales force. We plan to continue to invest in our sales, services, and marketing organizations within the Americas, EMEA and APAC, and to pursue strategic marketing partnerships. We conduct comprehensive global marketing programs that include advertising, prospect profiling and targeting, lead generation, public relations, analyst relations, trade show attendance and sponsorships, supply chain conference hosting, digital marketing, joint promotion programs with vendors and consultants, and ongoing customer communication programs.
Our sales cycle typically begins with the generation of a sales lead - through in-house marketing efforts, advertising, targeted promotions, web inquiries, trade show presence, speaking engagements, hosted seminars, or other means of referral - or the receipt of a request for proposal from a prospective customer. Leads are qualified and opportunities are closed through a process that includes telephone-based assessments of requirements, responses to requests for proposals, presentations and product demonstrations, site visits and reference calls with organizations already using our supply chain solutions, and contract negotiations. Sales cycles vary substantially from opportunity to opportunity, but typically require nine to twelve months.
In addition to new customer sales, we continue to leverage our existing customer base to drive revenue from system upgrades, sales of additional licenses of purchased solutions, and sales of new or add-on solutions. To efficiently penetrate emerging global markets, we leverage indirect sales channels, including sales through reseller agreements, marketing agreements, and agreements with third-party logistics providers. To extend our market coverage, generate new business leads, and provide access to trained implementation personnel, we leverage strategic alliances with systems integrators skilled at implementing our solutions. Business referrals and leads are positively influenced by systems integrators, which include most of the large consulting firms and other systems consulting firms specializing in our targeted industries.
Our Manhattan Value Partner (Manhattan MVP™) and Manhattan GeoPartner™ programs foster joint sales and marketing with other organizations. Manhattan Value Partners are proven software and hardware providers, trusted third-party integrators and consultants who bring added value to customer engagements through vertical industry knowledge or technical specialization. Manhattan MVPs support and complement our supply chain solutions so we can provide customers with a comprehensive approach that is suited to their business requirements. This collaborative program is designed to benefit both Manhattan and our partners through tailored joint marketing, sales and, in some cases, co-development efforts. Among others, Manhattan MVPs include Google Cloud, Deloitte, Accenture, Cognizant, Zebra, and Honeywell. Manhattan GeoPartners represent a select group of companies that sell and implement our solutions in specific geographies around the world, each providing valuable localized expertise to meet customer needs in areas such as Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Russia, the Middle East, Latin America, Africa, and the Asia Pacific region.
Customers
To date, our customers have been suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers, and logistics providers in a variety of industries. Our top five customers (new or pre-existing) in the aggregate accounted for 12%, 12%, and 11% of total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2021 (“2021”), the year ended December 31, 2020 (“2020”) and the year ended December 31, 2019 (“2019”), respectively. No single customer accounted for more than 10% of our total revenue in 2021, 2020 and 2019.
Product Development
We focus our development efforts on new product innovation and on adding new functionality to existing solutions; integrating our various solution offerings; and enhancing the operability of our solutions across our platform and across distributed and alternative hardware platforms, operating systems, and database systems. We believe that our future success depends, in part, on our ability to continue to enhance existing solutions, respond to dynamically changing customer requirements and develop new or enhanced solutions that incorporate new technological developments and emerging supply chain and industry standards. To that end, development frequently focuses on base system enhancements and incorporating new user requirements and features into our solutions. As a result, we deliver packaged, highly configurable solutions with increasingly rich functionality rather than custom-developed software. We also deliver interface toolkits for many major ERP systems to enhance communication and improve data flows between our core solutions and our customers’ host systems.
We leverage internal and external scientific advisors to inform our solution strategies and research and development approaches with the most advanced thinking on supply chain opportunities, challenges and technologies. Our internal research team is comprised of Ph.D.-credentialed math and science experts who work on creating and solving algorithms and other constructs that advance the optimization capabilities and other aspects of our solutions. We also regularly communicate with and are advised by experts from leading educational institutions known for their supply chain disciplines and practitioners from organizations deploying supply chain technology in innovative and market-advancing ways. Together, our research team and external advisors inform both the practical business approaches and the mathematical and scientific inventiveness of our solutions.
We conduct most research and development internally in the U.S. and India to retain domain knowledge and promote programming continuity standards. However, we may periodically outsource some projects that can be performed separately or that require special skills. We also use third-party translation companies to localize our application software into various languages including Chinese, French, Japanese and Spanish.
Competition
Our solutions are solely focused on enterprise commerce capabilities. Our solutions help global distributors, wholesalers, retailers, logistics providers and manufacturers successfully manage accelerating and fluctuating market demands, as well as master the increasing complexity and volatility of their local and global supply chains. Our solutions are designed to enable organizations to: create customer experiences consistent with their brand values; improve relationships with suppliers, customers and logistics providers; leverage investments across supply chain functions; effectively generate revenue and manage costs; and meet dynamically changing customer requirements characterized by rapid technological change in an intensely competitive environment. The principal competitive factors affecting the markets for our solutions include: industry expertise; company and solution reputation; company viability; compliance with industry standards; solution architecture; solution functionality and features; integration experience, particularly with ERP providers and material handling equipment providers; ease and speed of implementation; proven return on investment; historical and current solution quality and performance; total cost of ownership; solution price; and ongoing solution support structure. We believe we compete favorably with respect to each of these factors.
Our competitors are diverse and offer a variety of solutions directed at various aspects of enterprise commerce. Existing competitors include:
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Corporate information technology departments of current or potential customers capable of internally developing solutions;
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ERP vendors, including: Oracle, SAP and Infor, among others;
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Supply chain execution and planning vendors, including Blue Yonder (formerly JDA), Korber (formerly HighJump), SAS Institute, the Sterling Commerce division of IBM, Relex, and others;
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Point of sale vendors, including Aptos, Oracle, and others; and
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Smaller independent companies that have developed or are attempting to develop supply chain execution solutions or planning solutions that apply either globally or in specific countries.
We anticipate ongoing competition from ERP and supply chain management (SCM) applications vendors and from business application software vendors that may broaden their solution offerings by internally developing or acquiring or partnering with independent developers of supply chain planning and execution software. Some of these ERP and other potential competitors have longer operating histories; significantly more financial, technical, marketing and other resources; greater name recognition; broader solutions; and larger installed bases of customers than us. To the extent that ERP and SCM vendors or other large competitors develop or acquire systems with functionality comparable or superior to ours, their larger customer bases, long-standing customer relationships and ability to offer broader solutions outside the scope of supply chain could create significant competitive advantage for them. It also is possible that new competitors or alliances among current or new competitors could emerge to win significant market share. Increased competition could result in price reductions, fewer customer orders, reduced earnings and margins and loss of market share. In turn, this could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition.
We believe we have established meaningful competitive differentiation through our supply chain and omnichannel commerce expertise; our platform-based solution approach; our track record of continuous supply chain commerce innovation and investment; our strong and endorsing customer relationships; our significant success in deploying and supporting supply chain, inventory and omnichannel solutions for market-leading companies; our success in helping our clients address the enterprise impacts of digital commerce; and our ability to out-execute others in identifying sales opportunities and demonstrating expertise throughout the sales cycle. However, to further our market success, we must continue to respond promptly and effectively to economic consumption models such as cloud subscription, technological change and competitors’ innovations. Consequently, we cannot assure that we will not be required to make substantial additional investments in research, development, marketing, sales and customer service efforts in order to meet any competitive threat, or that we will be able to compete successfully in the future.
International Operations: Segments
We have three reportable segments based on geographic location: North and Latin America (“the Americas”); Europe, Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”); and Asia Pacific (“APAC”). For further information on our segments, see Note 8 of the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements. International revenue includes all revenue derived from sales to customers outside the United States. At December 31, 2021, we employed approximately 2,100 employees in our international operations.
Proprietary Rights
We rely on a combination of copyright, patent, trade secret, trademark and trade dress laws, confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to protect our proprietary rights in our products, processes and technology. We have registered trademarks for Manhattan Associates and the Manhattan Associates logo, as well as a number of our products and features. Generally, we enter into confidentiality and assignment-of-rights agreements with our employees, consultants, customers and potential customers and limit access to, and distribution of, our proprietary information. We provide our SaaS services and license our proprietary products to our customers under services contracts and license agreements that we believe contain appropriate use and other restrictions in order to try to best protect our ownership of our services and products and our proprietary rights and to protect our revenue potential. However, despite our efforts to safeguard and maintain our proprietary rights, we cannot ensure that we will successfully deter misappropriation, unintended disclosure or independent third-party development of our technology or our proprietary rights or information. Policing unauthorized use of our products is difficult, and, while we are unable to determine the extent to which piracy of our software solutions exists, as is the case with any software company, piracy could become a problem. Further, to the extent that we enter into transactions in countries where intellectual property laws are not well developed or are poorly enforced, our efforts to protect our proprietary rights may be ineffective. Whether we seek to enforce our proprietary rights in the U.S. or abroad, our efforts, including litigation to enforce our rights, can result in substantial costs and diversion of resources, and such efforts, or our failure to succeed in such efforts, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows, regardless of the final outcome.
As the number of supply chain management solutions available in the marketplace increases and solution functionality continues to overlap, supply chain software may increasingly become subject to claims of infringement or other misappropriation of intellectual property. Third parties may assert infringement or misappropriation claims against us relating to our products, processes or technology. Such claims, whether or not they have merit, generally are time-consuming and may result in costly litigation, divert management’s attention or cause product shipment delays or require us to enter into royalty or licensing arrangements. Defense of infringement or other misappropriation claims, entering into royalty or licensing agreements, the unavailability of such agreements, or
adverse determinations in proprietary rights litigation could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition.
Employees and Human Capital Management
At Manhattan, employees are our most-valued resource and are key to our success. We have offices in Australia, Chile, China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Singapore, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as representatives in Mexico and reseller partnerships in Latin America, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, South Africa, and Asia. As of December 31, 2021, we employed approximately 3,600 employees worldwide.
Diversity & Inclusion: Our workforce is highly educated and diverse, which we believe is important for our continued success as a leading innovator in supply chain and omnichannel commerce software and services. Our employees comprise software developers, engineers, and other technical workers and professionals in business operations and administration. To encourage our inclusive culture, we offer our Women’s Initiative Network (WINTM) and our Multicultural Network (MCNTM). We also have a dedicated learning path for all employees regarding diversity and inclusion.
Talent Acquisition, Retaining, and Engagement: We employ a number of strategies to best enable us to attract, retain, and engage our team members. To build a steady and diverse pipeline of talent, we have a robust in-house recruiting program, which includes campus recruiting focused on universities with leading supply chain, engineering, and computer science programs. Further, we employ recruiting processes that mitigate unconscious biases and promote diverse candidate pools. Additionally, we cultivate partnerships with organizations focused on hiring women, minorities, individuals with disabilities, and veterans, including Circa, Technologists of Color, and Society of Women Engineers. Our campus programs include recruitment at historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) and other schools with a relatively high percentage of females and minorities enrolled in engineering and computer science programs. Further, as a federal contractor, we comply with federal contractor affirmative action requirements to employ and advance women, minorities, individuals with disabilities, and protected veterans.
To attract and retain employees, we provide competitive compensation and benefits programs, employee recognition, career development opportunities, and access to continual growth through online learning platforms, external training, and in-house live training.
To further employee enrichment and engagement, we periodically survey our employees regarding their engagement levels. We use these survey results to determine how we can continue to create work environments that enable and energize our employees and to develop a positive working culture. None of our U.S. employees are subject to a collective bargaining agreement; our employees in both France (approximately 120 employees) and the Netherlands (approximately 70 employees) are represented by employee works councils. Globally, we have experienced no work stoppages, and we believe our relations with our employees are good.
Social Responsibilities: At Manhattan, we provide opportunities for our employees to take a half day each year to give back to their communities. We call this our Manhattan PurposeTM day. Our employees are also given multiple opportunities to serve through community partnerships that we cultivate through our Manhattan ConnectTM program.
Health and Safety: We have taken steps to best ensure the health and safety of our employees globally during the COVID-19 pandemic. With most of our workforce temporarily working virtually, we have provided learning resources to enable this transition, including how to host productive virtual meetings and managing employees remotely. We also have provided health and wellness sessions through the year to promote the continued wellbeing of our employees. Finally, despite the global pandemic, we have been able to maintain our employee workforce around the globe without material contraction.
Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG)
At Manhattan, we are committed to meeting our responsibilities to our stakeholders in the areas of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) and believe our ESG objectives align favorably with their interests. To set objectives, ensure our focus and track our progress, we have formed an Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Steering Committee, chaired by our CEO, and overseen by our Board of Directors. With participation of management at various levels throughout our organization, our Committee is creating our inaugural ESG Impact Report and committed to regularly reporting our progress on ESG.
Available Information
We file annual, quarterly and current reports and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC” or the “Commission”). The SEC maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC.
On our website, www.manh.com, we provide free of charge our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments thereto, as soon as reasonably practicable after they have been electronically filed or furnished to the SEC. Information contained on our website is not part of this Form 10-K or our other filings with the SEC.
Additionally, our code of business conduct and ethics and the charters of the Audit, Compensation, and Nomination and Governance Committees of our Board of Directors are available on our website.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Item 1A.
Risk Factors
You should consider the following and other risk factors in evaluating our business or an investment in our common stock. The occurrence of adverse events described in the following risk factors or other adverse events not described in the following risk factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition, and could cause the trading price of our common stock to decline.
Risks Related to Our Business
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of the novel coronavirus, and the disease it causes, COVID-19, a pandemic. The pandemic continues to spread throughout the U.S. and the world and has resulted in authorities implementing numerous measures from time to time to contain the virus, including travel bans and restrictions, quarantines, shelter-in-place orders, and business limitations and shutdowns. While we are unable to completely predict the full impact that COVID-19 and related remedial measures will have on our results from operations, financial condition, liquidity and cash flows due to numerous uncertainties, including the duration and severity of the pandemic and containment measures, our compliance with these measures has impacted our day-to-day operations and could disrupt our business and operations, as well as that of our customers, suppliers and other counterparties, for an indefinite period of time.
The negative effects of COVID-19 on the overall economy could cause our revenues and profitability to decline for numerous reasons, including:
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Our customers could implement cost-saving measures, which may include reductions in information technology expense or requests for extended payment terms;
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Some customers could file for bankruptcy;
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Forced store closures could accelerate pre-existing disruption in the retail sector; and/or
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The spending habits of our customers’ customers could change, reducing our customers’ own revenues and profitability, which in turn could affect our revenues and profitability.
While we have experienced strong demand during 2021 and expect continued growth for our Cloud solutions, sales cycles could extend as our customers and prospects continue to evaluate our solutions, including Manhattan Active Warehouse Management.
In addition, restrictions on in-person interaction, whether occasioned by government orders or changed habits or customs regarding social distancing and group activity after the expiration of strict government measures, may have a material impact on our business. For instance, implementation of our software may be impeded if either our personnel or our customer’s information technology personnel are working remotely.
A decrease in revenues could also negatively affect our liquidity, as we primarily rely on cash generated from operating activities for our liquidity needs. Compounding this issue, the COVID-19 pandemic may make outside capital less available or more expensive.
Our future revenue is dependent on continuing sales from cloud subscriptions, which in turn drive sales of professional services. We are dependent on our new customers as well as our large installed customer base to purchase additional cloud subscriptions and professional services from us. In future periods customers may discontinue the cloud subscriptions, and in turn may not renew post-contract support agreements or purchase additional professional services from us. If our customers decide to discontinue the cloud subscription, or if they reduce the scope of their professional services agreements, our revenue could decrease significantly, and that could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition.
In addition, many of our customers are using older versions of our products for which we are no longer developing any further upgrades or enhancements. While we intend to migrate our customers who are using these versions to newer version, products or convert to Cloud subscription, there can be no assurance that these customers will do so. If customers using older versions of our products decide not to license our current software products, or decide to discontinue the use of our products and associated post-contract support services, our revenue could decrease and our operating results could be materially adversely affected.
If we encounter defects, delays or interruptions in our cloud subscription services, the demand for these services could diminish, and we could incur significant liability. We currently utilize data center hosting facilities, which are managed by third-parties, to provide cloud solutions and hosting services to our customers. If the data center facilities fail or encounter any damage, it could result in interruptions in services to our customers. This could result in unanticipated downtime for our customers, and in turn, our reputation and business could be adversely affected. In addition, if our customers use our cloud arrangements in unanticipated ways, this could cause an interruption in service for other customers attempting to access their data.
If any defects, delays or interruption in our cloud solutions occur, customers could elect to cancel their service, delay or withhold payment to us, not purchase from us in the future or make claims against us, which could adversely affect our business reputation, results of operations, cash flow, and financial condition.
Delays in implementing our products could adversely impact our business, results of operations, cash flow, and financial condition. Due to the size and complexity of most of our software implementations, our implementation cycle can be lengthy and may result in delays. Our products may require modification or customization and must integrate with many existing computer systems and software programs of our customers. This can be time-consuming and expensive for customers and can result in implementation and deployment delays of our products. Additional delays could result if we fail to attract, train, and retain services personnel, or if our alliance companies fail to commit sufficient resources towards implementing our software. These delays and resulting customer dissatisfaction could limit our future sales opportunities, harm our reputation, and adversely impact results of operations, cash flow, and financial condition.
Our liability to clients may be substantial if our systems fail, which could adversely impact our business, results of operations, cash flow, and financial condition. Our products are often critical to the operations of our customers’ businesses and provide benefits that may be difficult to quantify. If our products fail to function as required-which, as described in more detail in other risk factors, could be due to software bugs, cloud hosting service failures, security breaches, faulty implementations or other reasons-we may be subject to claims for substantial damages. Courts may not enforce provisions in our contracts that would limit our liability or otherwise protect us from liability for damages. Defending a lawsuit, regardless of its merit, could be costly and divert management’s time and attention. Although we maintain general liability insurance and error and omissions coverage, these coverages may not continue to be available on reasonable terms or in sufficient amounts to cover claims against us. In addition, our insurer may disclaim coverage as to any future claim. If claims exceeding the available insurance coverage are successfully asserted against us, or our insurer imposes premium increases or large deductibles or co-insurance requirements on us, then our business, results of operations, cash flow, and financial condition could be adversely affected.
Our ability to sell our cloud solutions is highly dependent on the quality of our services offerings, and our failure to offer high quality services could adversely impact our business, results of operations, cash flow, and financial condition. Most of our customers rely to some extent on our professional services to aid in the implementation of our software solutions. Once our software has been installed and deployed, our customers may depend on us to provide them with ongoing support and resolution of issues relating to our software. Therefore, a high level of service is critical for the continued marketing and sale of our solutions. If we or our partners do not efficiently and effectively install and deploy our software products, or succeed in helping our customers quickly resolve post-deployment issues, our ability to sell software products to these customers would be adversely affected and our reputation in the marketplace with potential customers could suffer.
Our pricing models may need to be modified due to price competition. The competitive markets in which we operate may oblige us to reduce our prices in order to contend with the pricing models of our competitors. If our competitors discount certain products or services, we may have to lower prices on certain products or services in order to attract or retain customers. Any such price modifications would likely reduce margins and could adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flow, and financial condition.
We may encounter long sales cycles, particularly with our larger customers, which could have an adverse effect on the amount, timing, and predictability of our revenue, adversely affecting our business, results of operations, cash flow, and financial condition. Our products have lengthy sales cycles, which typically extend from nine to twelve months and may take up to several years. Potential and existing customers, particularly larger enterprise customers, often commit significant resources to an evaluation of available solutions and services and require us to expend substantial time and resources in connection with our sales efforts. The length of our sales cycles also varies depending on the type of customer to which we are selling, the product being sold, and customer requirements. We may incur substantial sales and marketing expenses and expend significant management effort during this time, regardless of whether we make a sale. Many of the key risks relating to sales processes are beyond our control, including: our customers’ budgetary and scheduling constraints; the timing of our customers’ budget cycles and approval processes; our customers’ willingness to replace their currently deployed software solutions; and general economic conditions.
As a result of these lengthy and uncertain sales cycles of our products and services, it is difficult for us to predict when customers may purchase products or services from us, thereby affecting when we can recognize the associated revenue, and our operating results may vary significantly and may be adversely affected. The length of our sales cycle makes us susceptible to having pending transactions delayed or terminated by our customers if they decide to delay or withdraw funding for IT projects. Our customers may
decide to delay or withdraw funding for IT projects for various reasons, including, but not limited to, global economic cycles and capital market fluctuations.
Our ability to maintain and develop our brand is critical for our continued success. The brand identity we have developed has significantly contributed to the continued success of our business. Our ability to maintain and develop our brand is critical in expanding our base of customers, partners and employees. Our brand will depend largely on our ability to remain a technology leader and continue to provide high-quality innovative products, services, and features. Significant investments may be required in order to maintain and develop our brand. However, the investments may later be proven to be unsuccessful. If we fail to maintain and develop our brand, or if we incur excessive expenses in our efforts to do so, our business, operating results and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.
Our technology must be advanced if we are to remain competitive. The market for our products is characterized by rapid technological change, frequent new product introductions and enhancements, changes in customer demands, and evolving industry standards. Our existing products could be rendered obsolete if we fail to continue to advance our technology. We have also found that the technological life cycles of our products are difficult to estimate, partially because of changing demands of other participants in the supply chain. We believe that our future success will depend in large part upon our ability to continue to enhance our current product line while we concurrently develop and introduce new products that keep pace with competitive and technological developments. These developments require us to continue to make substantial product development investments. Although we are presently developing a number of product enhancements to our product sets, we cannot assure you that these enhancements will be completed on a timely basis or gain customer acceptance.
Economic, political and market conditions can adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition, including our revenue growth and profitability, which in turn could adversely affect our stock price. Our business is influenced by a range of factors that are beyond our control and that we have no comparative advantage in forecasting. These include:
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general economic and business conditions;
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overall demand for enterprise software and services;
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governmental policy, budgetary constraints or shifts in government spending priorities;
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general geo-political developments; and
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currency exchange rate fluctuations.
Macroeconomic developments in the United States and Europe and in parts of Asia and South America could negatively affect our business, operating results, financial condition and outlook, which, in turn, could adversely affect our stock price. Any general weakening of, and related declining corporate confidence in, the global economy or the curtailment in government or corporate spending could cause current or potential customers to reduce or eliminate their information technology budgets and spending, which could cause customers to delay, decrease or cancel purchases of our products and services; or cause customers not to pay us; or to delay paying us for previously purchased products and services.
In addition, political unrest and the related potential impact on global stability, terrorist attacks and the potential for other hostilities in various parts of the world, potential public health crises and natural disasters continue to contribute to a climate of economic and political uncertainty that could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition, including our revenue growth and profitability.
Disruption in our vertical markets could materially affect our revenues and results of operations. Our largest market, retail, is experiencing significant business disruption and transformation, primarily driven by digital commerce. We believe that disruption is causing many traditional retailers to assess the challenges of the transformation and evaluate their store networks and costs, as they face increasing competitive pressures from ecommerce retailers. Since our solutions often require our customers to make significant capital investments, traditional retailers could delay purchase decisions on our products. While this disruption may present significant opportunity for our company, we believe extended sales cycles for large cloud subscriptions could have a material adverse effect on our revenues and results of operations.
Inability to attract, integrate, and retain management and other personnel could adversely impact our business, results of operations, cash flow, and financial condition. Our success greatly depends on the continued service of our executives, as well as our other key senior management, technical personnel, and sales personnel. Our future success will depend in large part upon our ability to attract, retain, and motivate highly skilled executives and employees. We face significant competition for individuals with the skills required to perform the services we offer, and thus we may encounter increased compensation costs that are not offset by increased revenue. In the broader technology industry in which we compete for talented hires, there is substantial and continuous competition for engineers with high levels of experience in designing, developing and managing software, as well as competition for sales executives and operations personnel. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to attract and retain sufficient numbers of these highly skilled employees or motivate them. Because of the complexity of the supply chain market, we may experience a significant time lag between the date on which technical and sales personnel are hired and the time at which these persons become fully productive.
We may not be able to continue to successfully compete with other companies. We compete in markets that are intensely competitive and are expected to become more competitive as current competitors expand their product offerings. Our current competitors come from many segments of the software industry and offer a variety of solutions directed at various aspects of the extended supply chain, as well as the enterprise as a whole. We face competition for product sales from:
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Corporate information technology departments of current or potential customers capable of internally developing solutions;
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ERP vendors, including: Oracle, SAP, and Infor, among others;
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Supply chain execution and planning vendors, including Blue Yonder (formerly JDA), Korber (formerly HighJump), SAS Institute, the Sterling Commerce division of IBM, Relex, and others;
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Point of sale vendors, including Aptos, Oracle, and others; and
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Smaller independent companies that have developed or are attempting to develop supply chain execution solutions or planning solutions that apply either globally or in specific countries.
Some of these potential competitors have longer operating histories, significantly more financial, technical, marketing, and other resources, greater name recognition, broader solutions, and larger installed bases of customers than we do. We believe the domain expertise required to continuously innovate supply chain technology in our target markets, effectively and efficiently implement solutions, identify and attract sales opportunities, and compete successfully in the sales cycle provides us with a competitive advantage and is a significant barrier to market entry. However, in order to be successful in the future, we must continue to respond promptly and effectively to technological change and competitors’ innovations, and consequently we cannot assure you that we will not be required to make substantial additional investments in connection with our research, development, marketing, sales, and customer service efforts in order to meet any competitive threat, or that we will be able to compete successfully in the future. Some of our competitors have significant resources at their disposal, and the degree to which we will compete with their new innovative products in the marketplace is undetermined. Increased competition could result in price reductions, fewer customer orders, reduced earnings and margins, and loss of market share. In turn, this could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flow, and financial condition.
Our operating results are substantially dependent on one line of business. We continue to derive our revenues from sales of our supply chain cloud solutions and related professional services. Accordingly, any factor adversely affecting the markets for supply chain cloud solutions could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flow, and financial condition.
Our research and development activities may not generate significant returns. We anticipate continuing to make significant investments in software research and development and related product opportunities because we believe that we must continue to allocate a significant amount of resources to our research and development activities in order to compete successfully. We cannot estimate with any certainty when we will, if ever, receive significant revenues from these investments.
Our growth is dependent upon the successful development of our direct and indirect sales channel mix. We believe that our future growth also will depend on further developing and maintaining a successful direct sales force and strategic relationships with systems integrators and other technology companies. We invest significant resources to maintain and develop our sales channels. Our investment could adversely affect our operating results if these efforts do not generate cloud and services revenue necessary to offset the investment.
Mergers or other strategic transactions involving our competitors could weaken our competitive position or reduce our revenue. Our competitors have been consolidating, which may make them more formidable. Competing with stronger companies may cause us to experience pricing pressure and loss of market share, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flow, and financial condition.
Our business, results of operations, cash flow, and financial condition may be adversely affected if we cannot integrate acquired companies or manage joint ventures. We may from time to time acquire companies with complementary products and
services. These acquisitions will expose us to increased risks and costs, including those arising from the following: assimilating new operations and personnel; diverting financial and management resources from existing operations; and integrating acquired technologies. We may not be able to generate sufficient revenue from any of these acquisitions to offset the associated acquisition costs. We may also evaluate joint venture relationships with complementary businesses. Any joint venture we enter into would involve many of the same risks posed by acquisitions, particularly the following: risks associated with the diversion of resources; the inability to generate sufficient revenue; the management of relationships with third parties; and potential additional expenses.
Our business may require additional capital. We may require additional capital to finance our growth or to fund acquisitions or investments in complementary businesses, technologies or product lines. Our capital requirements may be impacted by many factors, including: demand for our products; the timing of and extent to which we invest in new technology; the timing of and extent to which we acquire other companies; the level and timing of revenue; the expenses of sales and marketing and new product development; the success and related expense of increasing our brand awareness; the cost of facilities to accommodate a growing workforce; the extent to which competitors are successful in developing new products and increasing their market share; and the costs involved in maintaining and enforcing intellectual property rights.
Fires or other catastrophic events at our principal facilities could disrupt our business. Fires, natural disasters or other catastrophic events, particularly those affecting our Atlanta headquarters or India research and development center, may cause damage or disruption to our operations, and thus could have a strong negative effect on us. Our business operations are subject to interruption by natural disasters, fire, power shortages, pandemics and other events beyond our control. Although we maintain crisis management and disaster response plans, such events could make it difficult or impossible for us to deliver our services to our customers.
Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property and Cybersecurity
Our software may contain undetected errors or “bugs” causing harm to our reputation, which could adversely impact our business, results of operations, cash flow, and financial condition. Software products as complex as those we offer might contain undetected errors or failures when we first introduce them or when we release new versions. Despite testing, we cannot ensure errors will not be found in new products or product enhancements after commercial release. Any errors could cause substantial harm to our reputation, result in additional unplanned expenses to remedy any defects, delay the introduction of new products, result in the loss of existing or potential customers, or cause a loss in revenue. Further, such errors could subject us to customer claims for significant damages, and we cannot guarantee courts would enforce the provisions in our customer agreements limiting our damage liability. In turn, this could materially affect our business, results of operations, cash flow, and financial condition.
If our data protection or other security measures are compromised and, as a result, our data, our customers’ data or our IT systems are accessed improperly, made unavailable, or improperly modified, our products and services may be perceived as vulnerable, possibly damaging our brand and reputation, disrupting the IT services we provide to our customers, and causing our customers to stop using our products and services, all of which could reduce our revenue and earnings, increase our expenses and expose us to legal claims and regulatory actions. Our products and services can store, retrieve, manipulate and manage our customers’ information and data as well as our own. We have a reputation for secure and reliable software products and services and invest time and resources into protecting the integrity and security of our products, services and internal and external data that we manage.
Nevertheless, we encounter attempts by third parties to penetrate or bypass our data protection and other security measures and gain unauthorized access to our networks, systems and data or compromise our customers’ confidential information or data. Unauthorized third parties also could improperly access or modify data as a result of employee or supplier error or malfeasance and third parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees or customers into disclosing sensitive information such as user names, passwords or other information.
These risks are persistent and likely will increase as we continue to grow our cloud offerings and services and store and process increasingly large amounts of our customers’ confidential information and data. We also may acquire companies, products, services and technologies and inherit such risks when we integrate these acquisitions within Manhattan.
If a cyber-attack or other security incident were to occur, we could suffer damage to our brand and reputation, which could reduce our revenue, earnings, and operating cash flow resulting from increased expenses, including potential legal claims and regulatory actions to address and fix the incidents.
Further, as regulatory focus on privacy issues continues to increase and become more complex, these potential risks to our business will intensify. Changes in laws or regulations associated with the enhanced protection of certain types of sensitive data could significantly increase our cost of providing our products and services.
The use of open source software in our products may expose us to additional risks and harm our intellectual property, which could adversely impact our business, results of operations, cash flow, and financial condition. Some of our products use or incorporate software that is subject to one or more open source licenses. Open source software is typically freely accessible, usable
and modifiable. Certain open source software licenses require a user who intends to distribute the open source software as a component of the user’s software to disclose publicly part or all of the source code to the user’s software. In addition, certain open source software licenses require the user of such software to make any derivative works of the open source code available to others on unfavorable terms or at no cost. This can subject previously proprietary software to open source license terms.
While we monitor the use of all open source software in our products, processes, and technology and try to ensure that no open source software is used in such a way as to require us to disclose the source code to the related product or solution, such use could inadvertently occur. Additionally, if a third-party software provider has incorporated open source software into software we license from them for use in our products and solutions, we could, under certain circumstances, be required to disclose the source code to our products and solutions. This could harm our intellectual property position and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flow, and financial condition.
If we are unable to develop software applications that interoperate with computing platforms developed by others, our business, results of operations, cash flow, and financial condition may be adversely affected. We develop software applications that interoperate with operating systems, database platforms, and hardware devices developed by others, which we refer to collectively as computing platforms. If the developers of these computing platforms do not cooperate with us or we are unable to devote the necessary resources so that our applications interoperate with those computing platforms, our software development efforts may be delayed and our business and results of operations may be adversely affected. When new or updated versions of these computing platforms are introduced, it is often necessary for us to develop updated versions of our software applications so that they interoperate properly with these computing platforms. We may not accomplish these development efforts quickly or cost-effectively, and it is difficult to predict what the relative growth rates of adoption of these computing platforms will be. These development efforts require substantial investment, the devotion of substantial employee resources, and the cooperation of the developers of the computing platforms. For some computing platforms, we must obtain some proprietary application program interfaces from the owner in order to develop software applications that interoperate with the computing platforms. Computing platform providers have no obligation to assist in these development efforts. If they do not provide us with assistance or the necessary proprietary application program interfaces on a timely basis, we may experience delays or be unable to expand our software applications into other areas.
The computing platforms we use may not continue to be available to us on commercially reasonable terms. Any loss of the right to use any of these systems could result in delays in the provision of our products and services, and our results of operations may be adversely affected. Defects in computing platforms could result in errors or failure of our products, which could harm our business.
We incorporate third-party software in our solutions, the failure or unavailability of which could adversely affect our ability to sell, support, and service our products. We incorporate and include third-party software into and with certain of our products and solutions and expect to continue to do so. The operation of our products could be impaired if there are defects in that third-party software. It may be difficult for us to correct any defects in third-party software because the development and maintenance of the software is not within our control. Such defects could adversely affect our business.
In addition, there can be no assurance that these third parties will continue to make their software available to us on acceptable terms, or at all; not make their products available to our competitors on more favorable terms; invest the appropriate levels of resources in their products and services to maintain and enhance the capabilities of their software; or remain in business. Any impairment in our relationship with these third parties or our ability to license or otherwise use their software could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flow, and financial condition.
Liability for intellectual property claims can be costly and result in the loss of significant rights, which could adversely impact our business, results of operations, cash flow, and financial condition. It is possible that third parties will claim that we have infringed their current or future products, inventions, or other intellectual property. We expect that supply chain software developers like us will increasingly be subject to infringement claims as the number of products grows. Any claims, with or without merit, could be time-consuming, result in costly litigation, cause product shipment delays, or require us to pay monetary damages or to enter into royalty or licensing agreements, any of which could negatively impact our operating results. There are no assurances that these royalty or licensing agreements, if required, would be available on terms acceptable to us, if at all. We also may be required to indemnify our customers for damages they suffer as a result of such infringement. There are no assurances that legal action claiming patent infringement will not be commenced against us, or that we would prevail in litigation given the complex technical issues and inherent uncertainties in patent litigation. If a patent claim against us were successful and we could not obtain a license on acceptable terms or license a substitute technology or redesign the product or feature to avoid infringement, we may be prevented from distributing our software or required to incur significant expense and delay in developing non-infringing software. Any of these events could seriously harm our business, results of operations, cash flow, and financial condition.
Our failure to adequately protect our proprietary rights could adversely impact our business, results of operations, cash flow, and financial condition. Our success and ability to compete is dependent in part upon our proprietary technology. There are no assurances that we will be able to protect our proprietary rights against unauthorized disclosure or third-party copying or use. We rely on a combination of copyright, patent, trademark, and trade secret laws, as well as confidentiality agreements, licensing arrangements, and contractual commitments, to establish and protect our proprietary rights. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights,
existing copyright, patent, trademark, and trade secret laws afford only limited protection. In addition, the laws of certain foreign countries do not protect our rights to the same extent as do the laws of the United States. Attempts may be made to copy or reverse engineer aspects of our products or to obtain and use information that we regard as proprietary. Any infringement of our proprietary rights could negatively impact our future operating results. Furthermore, policing the unauthorized use of our products is difficult, and litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights, to protect our trade secrets, or to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others. Litigation could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources. In turn, our business, results of operations, cash flow, and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.
Risks Related to Laws and Regulations
We may have exposure to additional tax liabilities. As a multinational corporation, we are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and various foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining our global provision for income taxes and other tax liabilities. In the ordinary course of a global business, there are many intercompany transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Our income tax returns are routinely subject to audits by tax authorities. Although we regularly assess the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from these examinations to determine our tax estimates, a final determination of tax audits or tax disputes could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Also, the earnings of our foreign subsidiaries are considered to be indefinitely reinvested. If our plans change in the future or if we elect to repatriate the unremitted earnings of our foreign subsidiaries in the form of dividends or otherwise, we could be subject to additional local withholding taxes which may result in a higher effective tax rate.
In addition, the United States government enacted tax reform and other governments are considering adopting tax reform measures that could impact future effective tax rates favorably or unfavorably. These tax reforms could come in the form of changes in tax rates, changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets or liabilities, or changes in tax laws or their interpretation. Such changes could have a material adverse impact on our financial results.
We are also subject to non-income taxes, such as payroll, sales, use, value-added, net worth, property and goods and services taxes in the U.S. and various foreign jurisdictions. We are regularly under audit by tax authorities with respect to these non-income taxes and may have exposure to additional non-income tax liabilities, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
Other laws and regulations. We face risks related to other laws and regulations in areas discussed elsewhere in “Risk Factors” section, including data protection, export controls and immigration.
Risks Related to International Operations
Our international operations have many associated risks. We continue to strategically manage our presence in international markets, and these efforts require significant management attention and financial resources. We may not be able to successfully penetrate international markets, or, if we do, there can be no assurance that we will grow our business in these markets at the same rate as in North America. International sales are subject to many risks and difficulties, including those arising from complying with a variety of foreign laws, import and export restrictions and tariffs, reduced protection for intellectual property rights in some countries, potential adverse tax treatment, less stringent adherence to ethical and legal standards by prospective customers in some countries, language and cultural barriers and political and economic instability. Because of these inherent complexities and challenges, lack of success in international markets could adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flow, and financial condition.
Our operating results may include foreign currency gains and losses. We conduct a portion of our business in currencies other than the United States dollar. Our revenues, expenses, operating profit and net income are affected when the dollar weakens or strengthens in relation to other currencies. In addition, we have a large development center in Bangalore, India, that does not have a natural in-market revenue hedge to mitigate currency risk to our operating expense in India. Fluctuations in the value of other currencies could materially impact our revenues, expenses, operating profit and net income.
Our employee retention and hiring may be hindered by immigration restrictions, which could adversely impact our business, results of operations, cash flow, and financial condition. Foreign nationals who are not U.S. citizens or permanent residents constitute a significant part of our professional U.S. workforce. Our ability to hire and retain these workers, and their ability to remain and work in the U.S. are impacted by laws and regulations as well as by processing procedures of various government agencies. Changes in laws, regulations, or procedures may adversely affect our ability to hire or retain such workers and may affect our costs of doing business and/or our ability to deliver services.
Risks Related to Our Common Stock
Our stock price has been highly volatile. The trading price of our common stock could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, including: global macro-economic contraction impacting demand for supply chain solutions; quarterly variations in operating results; announcements of technological innovations or new products by us or our competitors; developments with respect to patents or proprietary rights; changes in financial estimates by securities analysts; and mergers, acquisitions, and combinations involving our competitors or us.
Our operating results are difficult to predict and could cause our stock price to fall. Our quarterly revenue and operating results are difficult to predict and can fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter. If our quarterly revenue or operating results fall below the expectations of investors or public market analysts, the price of our common stock could fall substantially. Our quarterly revenue is difficult to forecast for several reasons, including the following: global macro-economic disruptions; credit and equity market disruptions, which can significantly impact capital availability and spend timing of customers or potential customers; the varying sales cycle for our products and services from customer to customer, including multiple levels of authorization required by some customers; the varying demand for our products; customers’ budgeting and purchasing cycles; delays in our implementations at customer sites; timing of hiring new services employees and the rate at which these employees become productive; timing of introduction of new products; development and performance of our distribution channels; and timing of any acquisitions and related costs.
Most of our expenses, including employee compensation and rent, are relatively fixed. In addition, our expense levels are based, in part, on our expectations regarding future revenue increases. As a result, any shortfall in revenue in relation to our expectations could cause significant changes in our operating results from quarter to quarter and could result in quarterly losses. As a result of these factors, we believe that period-to-period comparisons of our revenue levels and operating results are not necessarily meaningful. Historical growth rates and historical quarterly revenue and operating results may not be a good indicator of future operating results and reliance on historical results should not be used to predict our future performance.
Our articles of incorporation and bylaws and Georgia law may inhibit a takeover of our company. Our corporate organizational documents and Georgia law contain provisions that might enable our management to resist a takeover of our company. These provisions might discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company or a change in our management. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for shareholders to elect their own director nominees and compel other corporate actions. The existence of these provisions could also limit the price that investors might be willing to pay for shares of our common stock.
General Risk Factors
Changes in, or interpretation of, accounting principles could result in unfavorable accounting changes. Our Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and accompanying accounting pronouncements, implementation guidelines, and interpretations. These rules are subject to interpretation by the SEC and various bodies formed to interpret and create appropriate accounting principles. Changes in these rules or their interpretation could significantly change our reported results and may even retroactively affect previously reported transactions. Changes resulting from these new accounting standards or the adoption of other new or revised accounting principles may result in materially different financial results and may require that we make changes to our systems, processes, and controls. In addition, as we work to align with the guidelines of the Financial Stability Board’s Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures (“TCFD”) and the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (“SASB”) environmental metrics, we may continue to expand our disclosure in these areas. Our failure to report accurately or achieve progress on our metrics timely could adversely affect our reputation, financial performance and business growth. For further detail, please see new accounting pronouncements discussion in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Adverse litigation results could affect our business. From time to time, we may be involved in litigation relating to claims arising in the ordinary course of business, and occasionally legal proceeding not in the ordinary course. Litigation can be lengthy, expensive and disruptive to our operations, and can divert our management’s attention away from running our core business. The results of any litigation also cannot be predicted with certainty. An adverse decision could result in monetary damages or injunctive relief that could affect our business, operating results or financial condition. Additional information regarding legal matters in which we are involved, if any, can be found in Note 5 of the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Item 1B.
Unresolved Staff Comments
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Item 2.
Properties
Our principal administrative, sales, marketing, support, and research and development facility is located in approximately 221,000 square feet of modern office space in Atlanta, Georgia. Substantially all of this space is leased to us through September 30, 2025. We have an additional office under a multi-year agreement in New Jersey. We also occupy facilities outside of the United States under multi-year agreements in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, France, Chile, China, Japan, Singapore, India, Italy and Australia. We also occupy offices under short-term agreements in Germany and Spain. We believe our office space is adequate to meet our immediate needs; however, we may expand into additional facilities in the future.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 3.
Legal Proceedings
From time to time, we may be a party to legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business or outside of the ordinary course. We are not currently a party to any legal proceeding the result of which we believe could have a material adverse impact upon our business, financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Many of our customer engagements involve services or products that are critical to the operations of our clients’ businesses. Any downtime or failure of our services or products could result in a claim for substantial damages against us, regardless of our responsibility for that failure. Although we attempt to contractually limit our liability for damages arising from services or product downtime or failures or negligent acts or omissions, there can be no assurance that the limitations of liability in our contracts will be enforceable.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Item 4.
Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
Item 5.
Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Market for Common Stock
Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “MANH”. The number of registered shareholders of record of our common stock as of January 27, 2022 was 14. The number of record holders does not include persons who held our common stock in nominee or “street name” accounts through brokers.
We do not intend to declare or pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Our management anticipates that all earnings and other cash resources, if any, will be retained for investment in our business.
Equity Compensation Plan Information
In the following table, we provide information regarding our current equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2021:
Plan Category
Number of securities to
be issued upon exercise of outstanding rights
Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding rights
Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans
Equity compensation plans
approved by security holders
1,388,467
$0.00
4,085,825
Equity compensation plans
not approved by security holders
-
-
-
Total
1,388,467
$0.00
4,085,825
You may find additional information regarding our equity compensation plans in Note 2 of the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Purchase of Equity Securities
In the following table, we provide information regarding our common stock repurchases under our publicly-announced share repurchase program for the quarter ended December 31, 2021.
Period
Total Number
of Shares
Purchased
Average Price
Paid per Share
Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs
Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
October 1 - October 31, 2021
-
$-
-
$50,000,000
November 1 - November 30, 2021
42,742
164.72
42,742
42,959,641
December 1 - December 31, 2021
85,632
152.72
85,632
29,882,135
Total
128,374
128,374
During the year ended December 31, 2021, we repurchased a total of 709,200 shares at an average price per share of $140.99 under our publicly-announced share repurchase program. In January 2022, our Board of Directors approved raising the Company’s remaining share repurchase authority to an aggregate of $50.0 million of our common stock.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Item 6.
[Reserved]

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Item 7.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
All statements, trend analyses, and other information contained in the following discussion relative to markets for our products and trends in revenue, gross margins, and anticipated expense levels, as well as other statements including words such as “may,” “expect,” “forecast,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “could,” “seek,” “project,” “estimate,” and other similar expressions constitute forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to business and economic risks and uncertainties, including those discussed under the caption “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of this Form 10-K, and our actual results of operations may differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements.
Business Overview
We develop, sell, deploy, service and maintain software solutions designed to manage Unified Omnichannel Commerce and Digital Supply Chain, inventory and omnichannel operations for retailers, wholesalers, manufacturers, logistics providers and other organizations. Our customers include many of the world’s most premier and profitable brands.
Our business model is singularly focused on the development and implementation of complex commerce enablement software solutions that are designed to optimize supply chains, and retail store operations including point of sale effectiveness and efficiency for our customers.
We have five principal sources of revenue:
●
cloud subscriptions, including software as a service (SaaS) and hosting of software;
●
licenses of our software;
●
customer support services and software enhancements (collectively, “maintenance”);
●
professional services, including solutions planning and implementation, related consulting, customer training, and reimbursements from customers for out-of-pocket expenses (collectively, “services”); and
●
hardware sales.
In 2021, we generated $663.6 million in total revenue, with a revenue mix of: cloud subscriptions 18%; software license 6%; maintenance 22%; services revenue 50%; and hardware 4%.
We have three geographic reportable segments: the Americas, EMEA, and APAC. Geographic revenue is based on the location of the sale. Our international revenue was approximately $196.4 million, $178.1 million and $189.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively, which represents approximately 30%, 30% and 31% of our total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. International revenue includes all revenue derived from sales to customers outside the United States. At December 31, 2021, we employed approximately 3,600 employees worldwide. We have offices in Australia, Chile, China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Singapore, Spain, and the United Kingdom, as well as representatives in Mexico and reseller partnerships in Latin America, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, South Africa, and Asia.
Future Expectations
Regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, we remain cautious about the global recovery, which we expect to be protracted. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, our results for the full year ended 2021 exceeded our expectations due to solid demand for our cloud solutions. Our solutions are mission critical, supporting complex global supply chains. Favorable secular tailwinds, such as the digital transformation of businesses in manufacturing, wholesale and retail, coupled with our commitment to investing in organic innovation to deliver leading cloud supply chain, inventory and omnichannel commerce solutions is in synergistic alignment with current market demand. This alignment is contributing to our strong financial results, higher demand and strong win rates for our solutions for the period.
We remain committed to investing in our business to drive customer success and expand our total addressable market, which we believe will position us well to achieve long-term sustainable growth and earnings. We have taken steps to best ensure the health and safety of our employees globally. Our daily execution has evolved into hybrid model, and we continue to find innovative ways to engage with employees, customers and prospects, ensuring that they are supported as they navigate their way through this period.
Going forward, we are investing in our cloud business, including enterprise investments in innovation, and strategic operating expenses to support growth objectives. The pace at which the market adopts our cloud subscriptions, resulting in revenue recognition spread out over the subscription period rather than up front, combined with extended lead times for developing new business, can cause uncertainty, impacting our ability to accurately forecast bookings and revenues from quarter to quarter and over the longer term.
For 2022, our five strategic goals continue to be:
•Focus on customer success and drive sustainable long-term growth;
•Invest in innovation to expand our products and total addressable market;
•Expand our cloud suites of Unified Omnichannel Commerce and Digital Supply Chain solutions;
•Develop and grow our cloud business and cloud subscription revenue; and
•Expand our global sales, marketing, and professional service teams.
Cloud Subscription
In 2017, we released Manhattan Active™ Solutions, accelerating our business transition to cloud subscriptions. Under a cloud subscription, customers pay a periodic fee for the right to use our software within a cloud environment that we provide and manage over a specified period of time. As part of our subscription program, we allow our existing customers to convert their maintenance contracts to cloud subscription contracts. Some customers have converted their maintenance contracts to cloud subscriptions, and we expect there will be continued opportunities to convert existing maintenance contracts to cloud subscription contracts in the future.
In the fourth year of our cloud transition, demand for our cloud solutions is the dominant preference of customers. Our perpetual license solutions are rapidly attritting due to market demand for cloud with 95% of our pipeline representing cloud. Cloud solutions are our fastest growing revenue line and represents 77% of total software revenue in 2021. We believe the reduction in license and maintenance revenue in favor of our cloud offerings is positive for our customers and Manhattan Associates.
Global Economic Trends and Industry Factors
Global macro-economic trends, technology spending, and supply chain management market growth are important barometers for our business. In 2021, approximately 70% of our total revenue was generated in the United States, 17% in EMEA, and the remaining balance in APAC, Canada, and Latin America. In addition, Gartner Inc. (“Gartner”), an information technology research and advisory company, estimates that nearly 75% of every supply chain software solutions dollar invested is spent in North America and Western Europe; consequently, the health of the U.S. and the Western European economies have a meaningful impact on our financial results.
We sell technology-based solutions with total pricing, including software and services, in many cases exceeding $1.0 million. Our software is often a part of our customers’ and prospects’ much larger capital commitment associated with facilities expansion and business improvement. We believe that, given the mission critical nature of our software, combined with a challenging global macro environment, our current sales cycles for large cloud subscriptions in our target markets could be extended. While demand for our
solutions is solid, the current business climate within the United States and geographic regions in which we operate may affect customers’ and prospects’ decisions regarding timing of strategic capital expenditures.
In January 2022, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) provided a World Economic Outlook (WEO) update. The WEO update noted, “global growth is expected to moderate from 5.9 in 2021 to 4.4 percent in 2022. Global growth is expected to slow to 3.8 percent in 2023. The forecast is conditional on adverse health outcomes declining to low levels in most countries by end-2022, assuming vaccination rates improve worldwide and therapies become more effective.”
The WEO update projected that advanced economies, which represent our primary revenue markets, would grow at about 3.9 and 2.6 percent in 2022 and 2023, while the emerging and developing economies would grow at about 4.8 percent in 2022 and 4.7 percent in 2023.
While we are encouraged by our results, we remain cautious regarding the pace of global economic growth. We believe global geopolitical and economic volatility associated with the pandemic likely will continue to shape customers’ and prospects’ enterprise software buying decisions.
Revenue
Cloud Subscriptions and Software License revenue: Cloud subscriptions revenue and remaining performance obligation (“RPO”) growth are the leading indicators of our business performance, primarily derived from cloud subscription fees that customers pay for our Unified Omnichannel Commerce and Digital Supply Chain solutions. Since we announced our transition to becoming a cloud-first company in 2017 with our launch of Manhattan ActiveTM Solutions, we have continued to see a significant shift in demand for cloud solutions versus software license. By comparison, in 2016, cloud subscriptions and software license revenue represented 7% and 93%, respectively, of our total cloud and software license revenue mix.
In the full year ended 2021, cloud subscriptions and software license revenue were 77% and 23%, respectively, of our total cloud subscriptions and software license revenue mix. RPO increased 126% over prior year on strong demand. As of December 31, 2021, approximately $699.2 million of revenue is expected to be recognized from RPO for cloud subscriptions, maintenance contracts, and application managed services with a non-cancelable term greater than 1 year (including deferred revenue as well as amounts that will be invoiced and recognized as revenue in future periods). Going forward, we expect cloud revenue to increase as a percentage of total software revenue mix on solid market demand supplanting legacy perpetual license demand.
In 2021, cloud subscriptions revenue totaled $122.2 million, or 18% of total revenue. The Americas, EMEA, and APAC segments recognized $103.9 million, $15.4 million and $2.9 million in cloud subscriptions revenue, respectively, in 2021. Cloud subscriptions revenue is recognized ratably over the term of the agreement, typically five years or more. Cloud subscription revenue growth is influenced by the strength of general economic and business conditions and the competitive position of our software products. These revenues generally have long sales cycles.
In 2021, license revenue totaled $37.1 million, or 6% of total revenue. The Americas, EMEA, and APAC segments totaled $29.3 million, $5.7 million, and $2.1 million in license revenue, respectively, in 2021. The percentage mix of new to existing customers for the combination of cloud subscriptions and software license sales was approximately 20/80 in 2021.
Our Unified Omnichannel Commerce and Digital Supply Chain solutions are focused on core omnichannel operation (e-commerce, retail store operations and point of sale), supply chain commerce operations (Warehouse Management, Transportation Management and Labor Management), and Inventory Optimization, which are intensely competitive markets characterized by rapid technological change. We are a market leader in the supply chain management and omnichannel software solutions market as defined by industry analysts such as ARC Advisory Group and Gartner. Our goal is to extend our position as a leading global supply chain solutions provider by growing our cloud subscriptions and software license revenues faster than our competitors through investment in innovation.
Maintenance Revenue: Our maintenance revenue totaled $145.8 million, or 22% of total revenue. The Americas, EMEA and APAC segments recognized $113.1 million, $23.1 million, and $9.6 million, respectively, in maintenance revenue in 2021. For maintenance, we offer a comprehensive 24 hours per day, 365 days per year program that provides our customers with software upgrades, when and if available, which include additional or improved functionality and technological advances incorporating emerging supply chain and industry initiatives. The growth of maintenance revenues is influenced by: (1) new software license revenue growth; (2) annual renewal of support contracts; (3) increase in customers through acquisitions; (4) fluctuations in currency rates, and (5) conversion of maintenance contracts to cloud subscription contracts. Substantially all of our customers renew their annual support contracts. Maintenance revenue is generally paid in advance and recognized ratably over the term of the agreement, typically twelve months. Maintenance renewal revenue is recognized over the renewal period once we have a contract upon payment from the customer.
Services Revenue: In 2021, our services revenue totaled $334.8 million, or 50% of total revenue. The Americas, EMEA, and APAC segments recognized $256.4 million, $66.1 million, and $12.3 million, respectively.
Our professional services organization provides our customers with expertise and assistance in planning and implementing our solutions. To ensure a successful product implementation, consultants assist customers with the initial installation of a system, the conversion and transfer of the customer’s historical data onto our system, and ongoing training, education, and system upgrades. We believe our professional services enable customers to implement our software rapidly, ensure the customer’s success with our solutions, strengthen our customer relationships, and add to our industry-specific knowledge base for use in future implementations and product innovations.
Although our professional services are optional, the majority of our customers use at least some portion of these services for their planning, implementation, or related needs. Professional services are typically rendered under time and materials-based contracts with services typically billed on an hourly basis. Professional services are sometimes rendered under fixed-fee based contracts with payments due on specific dates or milestones.
Services revenue growth is contingent upon cloud sales and customer upgrade cycles, which are influenced by the strength of general economic and business conditions and the competitive position of our software products. In addition, our professional services business has competitive exposure to offshore providers and other consulting companies.
Hardware Revenue: Our hardware revenue, which we recognize net of related costs, totaled $23.7 million in 2021 representing 4% of total revenue. In conjunction with the licensing of our software, and as a convenience for our customers, we resell a variety of hardware products developed and manufactured by third parties. These products include computer hardware, radio frequency terminal networks, RFID chip readers, bar code printers and scanners, and other peripherals. We resell all third-party hardware products and related maintenance pursuant to agreements with manufacturers or through distributor-authorized reseller agreements pursuant to which we are entitled to purchase hardware products and services at discount prices. We generally purchase hardware from our vendors only after receiving an order from a customer. As a result, we do not maintain hardware inventory.
Product Development
We continue to invest significantly in research and development (R&D) to provide leading Unified Omnichannel Commerce and Digital Supply Chain solutions to enable global retailers, manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors and logistics providers successfully manage accelerating and fluctuating demands as well as the increasing complexity and volatility of their local and global supply chains, retail store operations and point of sale. Our R&D expenses for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 were $97.6 million, $84.3 million, and $87.6 million, respectively.
We expect to continue to focus our R&D resources on the development and enhancement of our core supply chain, inventory optimization, omnichannel and point of sale software solutions. We offer what we believe to be the broadest solutions portfolio in the supply chain solutions marketplace, to address all aspects of inventory optimization, transportation management, distribution management, planning, and omnichannel operations including order management, store inventory & fulfillment, call center and point of sale.
We also plan to continue to enhance our existing solutions and to introduce new solutions to address evolving industry standards and market needs. We identify opportunities to further enhance our solutions and to develop and provide new solutions through our customer support organization, as well as through ongoing customer consulting engagements and implementations, interactions with our user groups, association with leading industry analysts and market research firms, and participation in industry standards and research committees. Our solutions address the needs of customers in various vertical markets, including retail, consumer goods, food and grocery logistics service providers, industrial and wholesale, high technology and electronics, life sciences, and government.
Cash Flow and Financial Condition
For 2021, we generated cash flow from operating activities of $185.2 million and have generated a cumulative total of $473.0 million for the three years ended December 31, 2021. Our cash at December 31, 2021 totaled $263.7 million, with no debt on our balance sheet. We currently have no credit facilities. During the past three years, our primary uses of cash have been for funding investments in R&D in our Unified Omnichannel Commerce and Digital Supply Chain solutions to drive revenue and earnings growth. In addition, we repurchased approximately $100.0 million of Manhattan Associates’ outstanding common stock under the share repurchase program approved by our Board of Directors. In January 2022, our Board of Directors approved raising the Company’s remaining share repurchase authority to an aggregate of $50.0 million of our common stock.
In 2022, our priorities for use of cash will continue to be investments in our Unified Omnichannel Commerce and Digital Supply Chain solutions. We also will prioritize capital allocation in our global teams to fund growth, and accretive share repurchases. We do not anticipate any borrowing requirements in 2022 for general corporate purposes.
Full Year 2021 Financial Summary
●
Diluted earnings per share: $1.72 for 2021 compared to $1.36 for 2020;
●
Consolidated revenue: $663.6 million for 2021 compared to $586.4 million for 2020;
●
Cloud subscription revenue: $122.2 million for 2021 compared to $79.8 million for 2020;
●
License revenue: $37.1 million for 2021 compared to $38.3 million for 2020;
●
Operating income: $134.3 million for 2021 compared to $114.1 million for 2020;
●
Operating margins: 20.2% for 2021 compared to operating margins of 19.5% for 2020;
●
Cash flow from operations: $185.2 million for 2021 compared to $140.9 million for 2020;
●
Cash and investments: $263.7 million at December 31, 2021 compared to $204.7 million at December 31, 2020; and
●
Share repurchases: In 2021, we repurchased 709,200 shares of Manhattan Associates’ outstanding common stock for approximately $100.0 million under the share repurchase program approved by our Board of Directors. In January 2022, our Board of Directors approved raising the Company’s remaining share repurchase authority to an aggregate of $50.0 million of our common stock.
Results of Operations
In the following table, we present a selection of certain Statement of Income data for 2021, 2020 and 2019.
Year Ended December 31,
% Change vs. Prior Year
(in thousands)
Revenue:
Cloud subscriptions
$122,195
$79,830
$46,831
53%
70%
Software license
37,070
38,284
48,855
-3%
-22%
Maintenance
145,841
147,748
149,230
-1%
-1%
Services
334,799
303,569
360,516
10%
-16%
Hardware
23,738
16,941
12,517
40%
35%
Total revenue
663,643
586,372
617,949
13%
-5%
Costs and expenses:
Cost of software license
2,309
2,894
2,626
-20%
10%
Cost of cloud subscriptions, maintenance and services
295,518
266,993
282,341
11%
-5%
Research and development
97,628
84,276
87,608
16%
-4%
Sales and marketing
57,855
47,758
56,860
21%
-16%
General and administrative
68,086
61,444
64,603
11%
-5%
Depreciation and amortization
7,914
8,946
7,987
-12%
12%
Total costs and expenses
529,310
472,311
502,025
12%
-6%
Income from operations
$134,333
$114,061
$115,924
18%
-2%
Operating margin
20.2%
19.5%
18.8%
We have three geographic reportable segments: the Americas, EMEA, and APAC. Geographic revenue information is based on the location of sale. The revenues represented below are from external customers only. The geography-based expenses include costs of personnel, direct sales, marketing expenses, and general and administrative costs to support the business. There are certain corporate expenses included in the Americas segment that we do not charge to the other segments including research and development, certain marketing and general and administrative costs that support the global organization, and the amortization of acquired developed technology. Included in the Americas costs are all research and development costs, including the costs associated with our operations in India. During 2021, 2020, or 2019, we derived the majority of our revenues from sales to customers within our Americas segment. In the following table, we present a summary of revenue and operating profit by segment:
Year Ended December 31,
% Change vs. Prior Year
Revenue:
(in thousands)
Cloud subscriptions
Americas
$
103,863
$
69,469
$
40,927
50%
70%
EMEA
15,380
8,465
4,762
82%
78%
APAC
2,952
1,896
1,142
56%
66%
Total cloud subscriptions
122,195
79,830
46,831
53%
70%
Software license
Americas
29,300
30,509
34,544
-4%
-12%
EMEA
5,729
4,308
11,518
33%
-63%
APAC
2,041
3,467
2,793
-41%
24%
Total software license
37,070
38,284
48,855
-3%
-22%
Maintenance
Americas
113,169
116,309
118,891
-3%
-2%
EMEA
23,091
22,208
21,322
4%
4%
APAC
9,581
9,231
9,017
4%
2%
Total maintenance
145,841
147,748
149,230
-1%
-1%
Services
Americas
256,392
232,954
283,008
10%
-18%
EMEA
66,131
58,360
60,618
13%
-4%
APAC
12,276
12,255
16,890
0%
-27%
Total services
334,799
303,569
360,516
10%
-16%
Hardware
Americas
23,491
16,698
12,464
41%
34%
EMEA
1%
355%
APAC
-
100%
NA
Total hardware
23,738
16,941
12,517
40%
35%
Total Revenue
Americas
526,215
465,939
489,834
13%
-5%
EMEA
110,574
93,582
98,273
18%
-5%
APAC
26,854
26,851
29,842
0%
-10%
Total revenue
$
663,643
$
586,372
$
617,949
13%
-5%
Operating income:
Americas
$
91,179
$
81,109
$
78,624
12%
3%
EMEA
34,747
24,637
26,934
41%
-9%
APAC
8,407
8,315
10,366
1%
-20%
Total operating income
$
134,333
$
114,061
$
115,924
18%
-2%
The consolidated results of our operations for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 are discussed below.
Revenue
Our revenue consists of fees generated from cloud subscriptions, software licensing, maintenance, professional services, and hardware sales.
Year Ended December 31,
% Change vs. Prior Year
% of Total Revenue
(in thousands)
Cloud subscriptions
$
122,195
$
79,830
$
46,831
%
%
%
%
%
Software license
37,070
38,284
48,855
%
%
%
%
%
Maintenance
145,841
147,748
149,230
%
%
%
%
%
Services
334,799
303,569
360,516
%
%
%
%
%
Hardware
23,738
16,941
12,517
%
%
%
%
%
Total revenue
$
663,643
$
586,372
$
617,949
%
%
%
%
%
Cloud Subscriptions Revenue
Year 2021 compared with year 2020
Cloud subscriptions revenue increased $42.4 million to $122.2 million in 2021 compared to 2020 as customers demand for our SaaS offerings is outpacing traditional perpetual license solutions. Our customers increasingly prefer cloud solutions, including existing customers that are migrating from on-premise to cloud offerings. Cloud subscriptions revenue for the Americas, EMEA and APAC segments increased $34.4 million, $6.9 million and $1.1 million, respectively.
Year 2020 compared with year 2019
Cloud subscriptions revenue increased $33.0 million to $79.8 million in 2020 compared to 2019 as customers continue to purchase our SaaS offerings rather than a traditional perpetual license. Our customers increasingly prefer cloud solutions, including existing customers that are migrating from on-premise to cloud offerings. Cloud subscriptions revenue for the Americas, EMEA and APAC segments increased $28.5 million, $3.7 million and $0.8 million, respectively.
Software License Revenue
Year 2021 compared with year 2020
Software license revenue decreased $1.2 million to $37.1 million in 2021 compared to 2020 as customers continue to purchase our SaaS offerings rather than a traditional perpetual license. License revenue for the Americas and APAC segments decreased $1.2 million and $1.4 million, respectively, and license revenue for the EMEA segment increased $1.4 million, in 2021 over 2020. The perpetual license sales percentage mix across our product suite in 2021 was approximately 85% warehouse management solutions.
Year 2020 compared with year 2019
Software license revenue decreased $10.6 million to $38.3 million in 2020 compared to 2019. License revenue for the Americas and EMEA segments decreased $4.0 million and $7.2 million, respectively, and license revenue for the APAC segment increased $0.6 million, in 2020 over 2019. The perpetual license sales percentage mix across our product suite in 2020 was approximately 80% warehouse management solutions.
Maintenance Revenue
Year 2021 compared with year 2020
Maintenance revenue decreased $1.9 million in 2021 compared to 2020. The Americas segment decreased $3.1 million, while the EMEA and APAC segments increased $0.9 million and $0.3 million compared to 2020, respectively.
Year 2020 compared with year 2019
Maintenance revenue increased $1.5 million in 2020 compared to 2019. Maintenance revenue for the Americas segments decreased $2.6 million, while EMEA and APAC segments increased $0.9 million and $0.2 million compared to 2019, respectively.
Services Revenue
Year 2021 compared with year 2020
Services revenue increased $31.2 million in 2021 compared to 2020. The Americas and EMEA segments increased $23.4 million and $7.8 million, respectively, while the APAC segment remained flat, compared to 2020. Services revenue was driven by adoption and implementation of our cloud solutions.
Year 2020 compared with year 2019
Services revenue decreased $56.9 million in 2020 compared to 2019. The Americas, EMEA and APAC segments decreased $50.0 million, $2.3 million and $4.6 million, respectively, compared to 2019. The decline in services revenue was primarily due to some customers delaying project implementation and upgrades as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Hardware Revenue
Hardware revenue, net increased $6.8 million in 2021 compared to 2020. Hardware revenue, net increased $4.4 million in 2020 compared to 2019. The majority of hardware sales are derived from our Americas segment. Sales of hardware are largely dependent upon customer-specific desires, which fluctuate.
Cost of Revenue
Year Ended December 31,
% Change vs. Prior Year
(in thousands)
Cost of software license
$
2,309
$
2,894
$
2,626
-20%
10%
Cost of cloud subscriptions, maintenance and services
295,518
266,993
282,341
11%
-5%
Total cost of revenue
$
297,827
$
269,887
$
284,967
10%
-5%
Cost of Software License
Cost of software license consists of the costs associated with software reproduction; media, packaging and delivery; documentation, and other related costs; and royalties on third-party software sold with or as part of our products. In 2021, cost of license decreased by $0.6 million, compared to 2020. In 2020, cost of software license increased by $0.3 million compared to 2019.
Cost of Cloud Subscriptions, Maintenance and Services
Year 2021 compared with year 2020
Cost of cloud subscriptions, maintenance and services consists primarily of salaries and other personnel-related expenses of employees dedicated to cloud subscriptions; maintenance services; and professional and technical services as well as hosting fees. The $28.5 million increase in 2021 compared to 2020 was principally due to a $17.0 million increase in compensation and other personnel-related expenses, and a $15.1 million increase in performance-based compensation expense, offset by a $2.0 million decrease in computer infrastructure costs and a $1.8 million decrease in travel expense.
Year 2020 compared with year 2019
The $15.3 million decrease in 2020 compared to 2019 was principally due to a $18.7 million decrease in travel expense, a $7.4 million decrease in performance-based compensation expense and a $0.7 million decrease in facilities expense, offset by a $6.1 million increase in compensation and other personnel-related expense, and a $7.0 million increase in computer infrastructure costs related to cloud business transition.
Operating Expenses
Year Ended December 31,
% Change vs. Prior Year
(in thousands)
Research and development
$
97,628
$
84,276
$
87,608
16%
-4%
Sales and marketing
57,855
47,758
56,860
21%
-16%
General and administrative
68,086
61,444
64,603
11%
-5%
Depreciation and amortization
7,914
8,946
7,987
-12%
12%
Operating expenses
$
231,483
$
202,424
$
217,058
14%
-7%
Research and Development
Our principal research and development (R&D) activities during 2021, 2020 and 2019 focused on the expansion and integration of new products and releases, including cloud solutions, while expanding the product footprint of our Unified Omnichannel Commerce and Digital Supply Chain solutions, including Inventory Optimization and point-of-sale.
For 2021, 2020 and 2019, we did not capitalize any R&D costs because the costs incurred following the attainment of technological feasibility for the related software product through the date of general release were insignificant.
Year 2021 compared with year 2020
R&D expenses primarily consist of salaries and other personnel-related costs for personnel involved in our research and development activities. Research and development expenses in 2021 increased by $13.4 million compared to 2020. This increase is principally due to a $7.8 million increase in compensation and other personnel-related expenses, and a $4.4 million increase in performance-based compensation expense.
Year 2020 compared with year 2019
Research and development expenses in 2020 decreased by $3.3 million compared to 2019. This decrease is primarily due to a $2.0 million decrease in performance-based compensation expense, and $1.1 million decrease in travel related expense.
Sales and Marketing
Year 2021 compared with year 2020
Sales and marketing expenses include salaries, commissions, travel and other personnel-related costs and the costs of our marketing and alliance programs and related activities. Sales and marketing expenses increased by $10.1 million in 2021 compared to 2020, primarily due to a $6.2 million increase in performance-based compensation expense, a $2.5 million increase in compensation and other personnel-related expenses, and a $1.6 million increase in marketing and campaign programs.
Year 2020 compared with year 2019
Sales and marketing expenses decreased $9.1 million in 2020 compared to 2019, primarily due to a $3.1 million decrease in marketing and campaign programs, a $2.7 million decrease in performance-based compensation expense, and a $2.6 million decrease in travel expenses.
General and Administrative
Year 2021 compared with year 2020
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and other personnel-related costs of executive, financial, human resources, information technology, and administrative personnel, as well as facilities, legal, insurance, accounting, and other administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses increased $6.6 million in 2021 primarily due to a $4.0 million increase in compensation and other personnel-related expenses, and a $2.5 million increase in performance-based compensation expenses.
Year 2020 compared with year 2019
General and administrative expenses decreased $3.2 million in 2020 primarily due to a $1.5 million decrease in performance-based compensation expense, a $0.5 million decrease in compensation and other personnel-related expenses, and a $0.5 million decrease in corporate event-related expenses.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization of intangibles and software expense amounted to $7.9 million, $8.9 million, and $8.0 million in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Amortization of intangibles was immaterial in 2021, 2020 and 2019. We have recorded goodwill and other acquisition-related intangible assets as part of the purchase accounting associated with various acquisitions.
Operating Income
Operating income in 2021 increased $20.2 million to $134.3 million, compared to $114.1 million for 2020. Operating margins were 20.2% for 2021 versus 19.5% for 2020. Operating income and operating margin increased primarily due to increased cloud subscriptions and services revenues. In 2021, operating income increased in both of the Americas and EMEA segments by $10.1 million, while the APAC segment remained relatively flat.
Operating income in 2020 decreased $1.8 million to $114.1 million, compared to $115.9 million for 2019. Operating margins were 19.5% for 2020 versus 18.8% for 2019. Operating income and margin decreased due to lower services revenue as we noticed some delays as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2020, operating income in the Americas segment increased by $2.5 million, and decreased in the EMEA and APAC segments by $2.3 million and $2.0 million, respectively.
Other Income and Income Taxes
Year Ended December 31,
% Change vs. Prior Year
Other (loss) income, net
$
(261
)
$
(285
)
$
-8%
-286%
Income tax provision
23,600
26,536
30,315
-11%
-12%
Other (Loss) Income, net
Other (loss) income, net primarily includes interest income, foreign currency gains and losses, and other non-operating expenses. Interest income was $0.1 million, $0.1 million and $0.7 million for 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The weighted-average interest rate earned on cash and investments was immaterial for 2021, 2020 and 2019. We recorded net foreign currency losses of $0.2 million, $0.4 million and $1.0 million in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The foreign currency gains and losses mainly resulted from gains or losses on intercompany transactions denominated in foreign currencies with subsidiaries due to the fluctuation of the U.S. dollar relative to other foreign currencies, primarily the British Pound Sterling, Euro and Indian Rupee.
Income Tax Provision
Our effective income tax rates were 17.6%, 23.3%, and 26.1% in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Our effective income tax rate takes into account the source of taxable income, domestically by state and internationally by country, and available income tax credits.
The effective tax rate in 2021 decreased from 2020 is mainly due to an increase of excess tax benefits on restricted stock vesting, a decrease in expense for tax contingencies, and an increase in foreign jurisdiction business incentives. These benefits were partially offset by a net increase in non-deductible equity-based compensation.
The effective income tax rate in 2020 decreased from 2019 mainly due to an increase of excess tax benefits on restricted stock vesting and a decrease in expense for tax contingencies. These benefits were partially offset by a net increase in non-deductible equity-based compensation.
The income tax provision for 2021, 2020 and 2019 included excess tax benefits of $6.6 million, $3.8 million, and $0.2 million on vesting of restricted stock.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
During 2021, 2020 and 2019, we funded our business through cash generated from operations. Our cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2021 included $219.6 million held in the U.S. and $44.1 million held by our foreign subsidiaries. We believe that our cash balances in the U.S. are sufficient to fund our U.S. operations. In the future, if we elect to repatriate the unremitted earnings of our foreign subsidiaries, we would no longer be subject to additional U.S. income taxes on such earnings due to the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act in December 2017, but we could be subject to additional local withholding taxes.
Cash flow from operating activities totaled $185.2 million, $140.9 million, and $146.9 million in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Typical factors affecting our cash provided by operating activities include our level of revenue and earnings for the period, the timing and amount of employee bonus and income tax payments, and the timing of cash collections from our customers which is our primary source of operating cash flow. Cash flow from operating activities for 2021 increased $44.3 million compared to 2020, which is mainly due to earnings growth in 2021, and the timing of cash collections, partially offset by an increase in income tax payments. Cash flow from operating activities for 2020 decreased $6.0 million compared to 2019, which is mainly due to an increase in employee bonus payments and the timing of cash collections, partially offset by a decrease in income tax payments. Days sales outstanding was 67, 68 and 61 at December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively, reflecting solid cash collections.
Investing activities used cash of approximately $4.0 million, $2.7 million, and $13.8 million in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Our investing activities for 2021, 2020 and 2019 consisted of capital spending to support company growth and short-term investing. For 2021, 2020 and 2019, capital expenditure was $4.0 million, $2.7 million, and $15.2 million, respectively. Net investment proceeds in 2019 was $1.4 million.
Financing activities used cash of approximately $120.4 million, $43.6 million, and $121.5 million in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The principal use of cash for financing activities in 2021, 2020 and 2019 was to purchase our common stock, including shares withheld for taxes due upon vesting of restricted stock. Repurchases of our common stock for 2021, 2020 and 2019 totaled $120.4 million, $43.6 million, and $121.5 million, respectively, including shares withheld for taxes of $20.4 million, $18.6 million, and $5.6 million, respectively. We suspended the share repurchase program, effective April 1, 2020, to position our Company for uncertainty in the near-term as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Our Board of Directors reinstated the program in January 2021. In January 2022, our Board of Directors approved raising the Company’s remaining share repurchase authority to an aggregate of $50.0 million of our outstanding common stock.
Periodically, opportunities may arise to grow our business through the acquisition of complementary products, and technologies. Any material acquisition could result in a decrease to our working capital depending on the amount, timing, and nature of the consideration to be paid. We believe that our existing cash will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure needs at least for the next twelve months, although there can be no assurance that this will be the case. With the COVID-19 impact, we continue to focus on managing liquidity, while investing in and growing our headcount capacity to support our customers and grow our business. In 2022, we anticipate that our priorities for use of cash will be similar to prior years, with our first priority being continued investment in product development and in our business to extend our market leadership. We will evaluate acquisition opportunities that are complementary to our product footprint and technology direction. We will also continue to weigh our share repurchase options against cash for acquisitions and investing in the business. At this time, we do not anticipate any borrowing requirements in 2022 for general corporate purposes.
Aggregate Contractual Obligations
Our principal commitments as of December 31, 2021 consist of multiple non-cancellable contracts for cloud infrastructure services and obligations under operating leases. As of December 31, 2021, our cloud infrastructure obligations are approximately $128.6 million over the next 5 years. We also enter into non-cancellable subscriptions in the ordinary course of business for internal software to support our operations. Our obligations, as of December 31, 2021, are approximately $13.5 million over the next 3 years. We expect to fulfill all of these commitments from our working capital.
Lease Commitments
We lease our facilities and some of our equipment under noncancelable operating lease arrangements that expire at various dates through 2029. Rent expense for these leases aggregated $7.9 million, $7.9 million, and $8.4 million during 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
In the following table, we present a summary of our contractual commitments as of December 31, 2021 (in thousands):
Total
Thereafter
Operating Lease Obligations
$34,060
$7,364
$7,116
$6,369
$5,568
$2,732
$4,911
Indemnities
Our customer contracts generally contain infringement indemnity provisions. Under those provisions, we generally agree, subject to certain exceptions, to indemnify, defend, and hold harmless the customer in connection with third party claims against the customer alleging that the customer’s use of our software services and products infringe third party intellectual property rights. Conditions to our obligations generally include that we are provided the right to control the defense of the claims and, in general, to control settlement negotiations. Those provisions generally provide also that, if the customer is prevented from using our services or products because of a third party infringement claim, our sole obligation (in addition to the indemnification, defense, and hold harmless obligation referred to above) is to, at our expense, (i) procure for the customer the right to continue to use the services or products, (ii) replace or modify the services or products so that the customer’s use does not infringe, or, if neither of those options is reasonably feasible, terminate that particular services or products and provide, as applicable, a refund of services fees paid for services not received or a refund of the unamortized portion of the license fees paid for the products (based on a five year amortization period). Our customer contracts sometimes also require us to indemnify, defend, and hold harmless the customer in connection with death, personal injury or property damage claims made by third parties with respect to actions of our personnel or contractors. The indemnity obligations contained in our customer contracts generally have no specified expiration date and no specified monetary limitation on liability, but they do not cover indirect or consequential damages, such as our customers’ lost revenues or profits. We have not previously incurred costs to settle claims or pay awards under these indemnification obligations. We account for these indemnity obligations in accordance with the FASB guidance on accounting for contingencies and record a liability for these obligations when a loss is probable and reasonably estimable. We have not recorded any liabilities for these indemnification obligations as of December 31, 2021.
Warranties
In general, in our customer contracts for purchase of our cloud SaaS services or license of our on-premises software products, we warrant that our services or software will perform in accordance with our published services or product specifications. Additionally, we may include other warranties such as “no-malware” warranties and warranties that we will perform our SaaS services consistent with generally accepted industry standards or similar standards. In our SaaS services agreements, we also include service level agreements (SLAs) under which we agree to provide service credits to our customers if our services availability drops below certain defined levels. If necessary, we would reserve for the estimated cost of product and service warranties based on specific warranty claims and claims history. However, we have not incurred significant recurring expense under our services or product warranties. As a result, we believe the estimated fair value of our warranty obligations is nominal and we have no liabilities recorded for them as of December 31, 2021.
New Accounting Pronouncements Adopted in Fiscal Year 2021
Income Taxes
In December 2019, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The new guidance eliminates certain exceptions related to the approach for intraperiod tax allocation, the methodology for calculating taxes during the quarters and the recognition of deferred tax liabilities for outside basis differences. This guidance also simplifies aspects of the accounting for franchise taxes and changes in tax laws or rates, as well as clarifies the accounting for transactions that result in a step-up in the tax basis of goodwill. On January 1, 2021, we adopted this guidance, and the adoption did not have a material impact on our financial statements.
Application of Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The SEC defines “critical accounting policies” as those that require application of management’s most difficult, subjective, or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain and may change in subsequent periods.
Our Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions in certain circumstances that affect amounts reported in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and related footnotes. We believe that the estimates, judgments, and assumptions upon which we rely are reasonable based on information available to us at the time that these estimates, judgments, and assumptions are made. To the extent there are material differences between those estimates, judgments, or assumptions and actual results, our financial statements will be affected. The accounting policies that reflect our more significant estimates, judgments, and assumptions are: Revenue Recognition and Accounting for Income Taxes.
Revenue Recognition
We recognize revenue when we transfer control of the promised products or services to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those products or services. We derive our revenue from cloud subscriptions, software licenses, customer support services and software enhancements (“maintenance”), implementation and training services, and sales of hardware. We exclude sales and usage-based taxes from revenue.
Nature of Products and Services
Cloud subscriptions includes software as a service and arrangements which provide customers with the right to use our software within a cloud environment that we provide and manage where the customer does not have the right to take possession of the software without significant penalty. SaaS and hosting revenues are recognized ratably over the contract period. For contracts that include a perpetual license and hosting services, we generally consider the arrangement as an overall service, recognized over the initial hosting term. The software license fee typically due at the outset of the arrangement is not payable again if the customer renews the hosting services, so that the customer’s option to renew the hosting services is a material right, the revenue from which, if the option is exercised, we will recognize over the applicable renewal period.
Our perpetual software licenses provide the customer with a right to use the software as it exists at the time of purchase. We recognize revenue for distinct software licenses once the license period has begun and we have made the software available to the customer. Our perpetual software licenses are typically sold with maintenance under which we provide a comprehensive 24 hours per day, 365 days per year program that provides customers with software upgrades, when and if available, which include additional or improved functionality and technological advances incorporating emerging supply chain and industry initiatives. Revenue related to maintenance is generally paid in advance and recognized ratably over the term of the agreement, typically twelve months.
Our services revenue consists of fees generated from implementation, training and application managed services, including reimbursements of out-of-pocket expenses in connection with our implementation services. Implementation services include system planning, design, configuration, testing, and other software implementation support, and are typically optional and distinct from our software. Following implementation, customers may purchase application managed services to support and maintain our software. Fees for our services are separately priced and are generally billed on an hourly basis, and revenue is recognized over time as the services are performed. In certain situations, we render professional services under agreements based upon a fixed fee for portions of or all of the engagement. Revenue related to fixed-fee-based services contracts is recognized over time based on the proportion performed.
Significant Judgements
Our customer contracts include the sale of multiple SaaS services or licensed products. Judgement is required to determine whether each service or product sold is a distinct performance obligation that should be accounted for separately. We allocate the transaction price to the distinct performance obligations based on relative standalone selling price (“SSP”). We estimate SSP based on the prices we charge our customers or by using other information such as market conditions and other observable inputs. However, the selling price of our software licenses is highly variable. Thus, we estimate SSP for software licenses using the residual approach, determined based on total transaction price less the SSP of other goods and services promised in the contract.
Contract Balances
Timing of invoicing to customers may differ from timing of revenue recognition. Payment terms for our software licenses vary. We have an established history of collecting under the terms of our software license contracts without providing refunds or concessions to our customers. Cloud subscriptions and maintenance are typically billed annually in advance. We typically bill our professional services monthly as performed. In instances where the timing of revenue recognition differs from the timing of invoicing, we have determined that our contracts generally do not include a significant financing component. The primary purpose of our invoicing terms is to provide customers with predictable ways to purchase our software and services, not to provide or receive financing. Additionally, we are applying the practical expedient to exclude from consideration any contracts with payment terms of one year or less as we rarely offer terms extending beyond one year.
Deferred revenue mainly represents amounts collected prior to having completed performance of maintenance, cloud subscriptions and professional services.
Accounting for Income Taxes
We provide for the effect of income taxes on our financial position and results of operations in accordance with the Income Taxes Topic of the ASC. Under this accounting pronouncement, income tax expense is recognized for the amount of income taxes payable or refundable for the current year and for the change in net deferred tax assets or liabilities resulting from events that are recorded for
financial reporting purposes in a different reporting period than recorded in the tax return. Management must make significant assumptions, judgments, and estimates to determine our current provision for income taxes and also our deferred tax assets and liabilities and any valuation allowance to be recorded against our net deferred tax asset.
Our judgments, assumptions, and estimates relative to the current provision for income tax take into account current tax laws, our interpretation of current tax laws, allowable deductions, projected tax credits, and possible outcomes of current and future audits conducted by foreign and domestic tax authorities. We do not recognize a tax benefit unless we conclude that it is more likely than not that the benefit will be sustained on audit by the taxing authority based solely on the technical merits of the associated tax position. If the recognition threshold is met, we recognize a tax benefit measured at the largest amount of the tax benefit that, in our judgment, is greater than 50 percent likely to be realized. Changes in tax law or our interpretation of tax laws and the resolution of current and future tax audits could significantly impact the amounts provided for income taxes in our statement of financial position and our statements of income. Our assumptions, judgments, and estimates relative to the value of our net deferred tax asset take into account predictions of the amount and category of future taxable income. Actual operating results and the underlying amount and category of income in future years could render our current assumptions, judgments, and estimates of recoverable net deferred taxes inaccurate, thus materially impacting our financial position and results of operations.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 7A.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Foreign Business
Our international business is subject to risks typical of an international business, including, but not limited to differing economic conditions, changes in political climate, differing tax structures, other regulations and restrictions, and foreign exchange rate volatility. Our international operations currently include business activity out of offices in the Australia, Chile, China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Singapore, Spain, and the United Kingdom. When the U.S. dollar strengthens against a foreign currency, the value of our sales and expenses in that currency converted to U.S. dollars decreases. When the U.S. dollar weakens, the value of our sales and expenses in that currency converted to U.S. dollars increases. We recognized foreign exchange losses of $0.2 million, $0.4 million, and $1.0 million in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Foreign exchange rate transaction gains and losses are classified in “Other (loss) income, net” in our Consolidated Statements of Income. A fluctuation of 10% in the period end exchange rates at December 31, 2021 relative to the U.S. dollar would have resulted in a change of approximately $4.4 million in the reported foreign currency loss. A fluctuation of 10% in the period end exchange rates at December 31, 2020 relative to the U.S. dollar would have resulted in a change of approximately $3.0 million in the reported foreign currency loss.
Interest Rates
We currently invest our cash and cash equivalents in a variety of financial instruments, including taxable floating rate obligations in money market funds and certificate of deposits with original maturities of less than three months when purchased. These investments are mainly denominated in U.S. dollars. Cash balances in foreign currencies overseas, except for India, are derived from business operations. Our operations in India are funded by the U.S. operations. At December 31, 2021, our cash and cash equivalents balances totaled $263.7 million, of which all is highly liquid. Our cash equivalents balance at December 31, 2021 was $13.8 million.
Investments in both fixed rate and floating rate interest-earning instruments carry interest rate risks. Fixed rate securities may have their fair market value adversely impacted due to a rise in interest rates, while floating rate securities may produce less income than expected if interest rates fall. Due in part to these factors, our future investment income may fall short of expectations due to changes in interest rates, or we may suffer losses in principal if forced to sell securities that have seen a decline in market value due to changes in interest rates. The weighted-average interest rate of return on cash equivalents and short-term investments was immaterial for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. The fair value of cash equivalents held at December 31, 2021 and 2020 was $13.8 million and $11.5 million, respectively. Based on the average cash equivalents and short-term investments outstanding during 2021 and 2020, increases or decreases in the rates of return of 25 basis points would result in increases or decreases to interest income of approximately $0.6 million and $0.4 million, respectively, from the reported interest income.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Item 8.
Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Financial Statements
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Page
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on the Consolidated Financial Statements
Consolidated Statements of Income
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
Consolidated Balance Sheets
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
MANAGEMENT’S ANNUAL REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
Management of Manhattan Associates, Inc. is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of the Company’s principal executive and principal financial officers to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the Company’s financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
The Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes policies and procedures that pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect transactions and dispositions of assets; provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and the directors of the Company; and provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
As of the end of the Company’s 2021 fiscal year, management conducted an assessment of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on the framework established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 Framework) (COSO). Based on this assessment, management has determined that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021 was effective.
Ernst & Young LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the Company’s financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021, has audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021 and has issued a report regarding the Company’s internal control over financial reporting appearing on page 37, which expresses an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021.
/s/ Eddie Capel
Eddie Capel
President and Chief Executive Officer
February 7, 2022
/s/ Dennis B. Story
Dennis B. Story
Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, and Treasurer
February 7, 2022
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM OF INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Manhattan Associates, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited Manhattan Associates, Inc. and subsidiaries’ internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 Framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Manhattan Associates, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company), maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on the COSO criteria.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a) and our report dated February 7, 2022 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
Atlanta, Georgia
February 7, 2022
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
ON THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Manhattan Associates, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Manhattan Associates, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 7, 2022 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgements. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter on the account or disclosure to which is relates.
Revenue Recognition - Multi-Element Arrangements
Description of the Matter
As described in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company's sales contracts typically contain promises to transfer multiple products and services to a customer. Substantially all of the Company’s transactions involve multiple element arrangements, primarily consisting of sales for software licenses, cloud subscriptions, maintenance and services, which represent potential multi-element arrangements. The Company also collects payments prior to having completed performance of maintenance, cloud subscription and professional services and defers the recognition of revenue until performance obligations are satisfied.
Auditing the Company's multi-element arrangements with customers is challenging because of the numerous judgements required in allocating the transaction price to the distinct performance obligations. The Company allocates the transaction price to the distinct performance obligations based on relative standalone selling price (“SSP”). SSP is estimated based on the prices charged to customers by region, size and offering. However, the selling price of software licenses is highly variable and therefore, the Company uses the residual approach, determined based on total transaction price less the SSP allocated to other goods and services promised in the contract.
How We Addressed the Matter
We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company's process to identify the elements in a customer arrangement, calculate the standalone selling price, allocate the revenue between revenue financial statement categories, and recognize the revenue or record the deferral of revenue when applicable.
Our audit procedures included, among others, reviewing significant individual contracts based on size or risk as well as reviewing a randomly selected sample of contracts from the remaining population and considering the requirements for revenue recognition as well as related deferral of revenue. We reviewed the selected contracts to evaluate whether there was an agreement with a customer, significant performance obligations were identified, a transaction price was determined, and proper allocation of the revenue between performance obligations in the contract was made. We reviewed delivery evidence to determine whether delivery had occurred per the agreement or if revenue was recognized when the entity satisfied the performance obligation. We tested management’s identification of significant terms for completeness, including the identification of distinct performance obligations and variable consideration. We held discussions with Project Managers to understand the services related to the implementation of the software, compared stated pricing in the selected contract to the “SSP” range, reviewed Management’s analysis of pricing offered to customers for future purchases identified in the selected contract to identify material rights, and sent contract confirmations directly to customers to confirm the terms and conditions of the arrangement and obtained sales personnel confirmation to evaluate completeness of significant elements of the agreement. In addition, we tested the mathematical accuracy of management’s calculations of revenue and the associated timing of revenue recognized in the financial statements.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2002
Atlanta, Georgia
February 7, 2022
MANHATTAN ASSOCIATES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Income
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Year Ended December 31,
Revenue:
Cloud subscriptions
$
122,195
$
79,830
$
46,831
Software license
37,070
38,284
48,855
Maintenance
145,841
147,748
149,230
Services
334,799
303,569
360,516
Hardware
23,738
16,941
12,517
Total revenue
663,643
586,372
617,949
Costs and expenses:
Cost of software license
2,309
2,894
2,626
Cost of cloud subscriptions, maintenance and services
295,518
266,993
282,341
Research and development
97,628
84,276
87,608
Sales and marketing
57,855
47,758
56,860
General and administrative
68,086
61,444
64,603
Depreciation and amortization
7,914
8,946
7,987
Total costs and expenses
529,310
472,311
502,025
Operating income
134,333
114,061
115,924
Interest income
Other loss, net
(329
)
(383
)
(562
)
Income before income taxes
134,072
113,776
116,077
Income tax provision
23,600
26,536
30,315
Net income
$
110,472
$
87,240
$
85,762
Basic earnings per share
$
1.74
$
1.37
$
1.33
Diluted earnings per share
$
1.72
$
1.36
$
1.32
Weighted average number of shares:
Basic
63,445
63,538
64,397
Diluted
64,323
64,333
65,103
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Statements of Income.
MANHATTAN ASSOCIATES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
(in thousands)
Year Ended December 31,
Net income
$
110,472
$
87,240
$
85,762
Foreign currency translation adjustment
(1,566
)
(415
)
(985
)
Comprehensive income
$
108,906
$
86,825
$
84,777
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
MANHATTAN ASSOCIATES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
December 31,
ASSETS
Current Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents
$
263,706
$
204,705
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $2,419 and $3,497 at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively
124,420
109,202
Income taxes receivable
2,597
1,874
Prepaid expenses
17,053
14,717
Other current assets
3,543
Total current assets
408,419
334,041
Property and equipment, net
13,889
17,903
Operating lease right-of-use assets
27,272
31,470
Goodwill, net
62,239
62,252
Deferred income taxes
7,650
5,760
Other assets
20,239
13,986
Total assets
$
539,708
$
465,412
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable
$
19,625
$
17,805
Accrued compensation and benefits
53,104
41,962
Accrued and other liabilities
22,741
21,181
Deferred revenue
153,196
114,164
Income taxes payable
1,874
Total current liabilities
249,042
196,986
Operating lease liabilities, long-term
23,157
27,843
Other non-current liabilities
16,865
21,686
Commitments and contingencies (Note 5)
Shareholders' equity:
Preferred stock, no par value; 20,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued or
outstanding at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020
-
-
Common stock, $.01 par value; 200,000,000 shares authorized; 63,154,494 and
63,527,186 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2021 and
December 31, 2020, respectively
Retained earnings
269,841
236,524
Accumulated other comprehensive loss
(19,828
)
(18,262
)
Total shareholders' equity
250,644
218,897
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity
$
539,708
$
465,412
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Balance Sheets.
MANHATTAN ASSOCIATES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(in thousands)
Year Ended December 31,
Operating activities:
Net income
$
110,472
$
87,240
$
85,762
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization
7,914
8,946
7,987
Equity-based compensation
43,259
33,355
31,841
Loss (gain) on disposal of equipment
(429
)
Deferred income taxes
(1,912
)
1,036
(1,406
)
Unrealized foreign currency (gain) loss
(493
)
(708
)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net
(16,650
)
(6,592
)
(1,065
)
Other assets
(6,533
)
(971
)
(8,924
)
Accounts payable, accrued and other liabilities
12,256
(3,097
)
20,812
Income taxes
(3,667
)
1,886
1,180
Deferred revenue
40,530
18,164
11,858
Net cash provided by operating activities
185,183
140,885
146,908
Investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment
(4,016
)
(2,730
)
(15,193
)
Maturities of short-term investments
-
-
1,439
Net cash used in investing activities
(4,016
)
(2,730
)
(13,754
)
Financing activities:
Purchase of common stock
(120,418
)
(43,561
)
(121,487
)
Net cash used in financing activities
(120,418
)
(43,561
)
(121,487
)
Foreign currency impact on cash
(1,748
)
(567
)
(115
)
Net change in cash and cash equivalents
59,001
94,027
11,552
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period
204,705
110,678
99,126
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period
$
263,706
$
204,705
$
110,678
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash paid for taxes
$
29,162
$
23,766
$
30,492
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
MANHATTAN ASSOCIATES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity
(in thousands, except share data)
Accumulated
Additional
Other
Total
Common Stock
Paid-In
Retained
Comprehensive
Shareholders'
Shares
Amount
Capital
Earnings
Income (Loss)
Equity
Balance, December 31, 2018
64,860,419
$
$
-
$
163,359
$
(16,861
)
$
147,147
Repurchase of common stock
(1,751,507
)
(18
)
(31,837
)
(89,631
)
-
(121,487
)
Restricted stock units issuance
348,074
(4
)
-
-
-
Equity-based compensation
-
-
31,841
-
-
31,841
Foreign currency translation adjustment
-
-
-
-
(985
)
(985
)
Net income
-
-
-
85,762
-
85,762
Balance, December 31, 2019
63,456,986
-
159,490
(17,847
)
142,278
Repurchase of common stock
(562,299
)
(6
)
(33,349
)
(10,206
)
-
(43,561
)
Restricted stock units issuance
632,499
(6
)
-
-
-
Equity-based compensation
-
-
33,355
-
-
33,355
Foreign currency translation adjustment
-
-
-
-
(415
)
(415
)
Net income
-
-
-
87,240
-
87,240
Balance, December 31, 2020
63,527,186
-
236,524
(18,262
)
218,897
Repurchase of common stock
(887,782
)
(9
)
(43,254
)
(77,155
)
-
(120,418
)
Restricted stock units issuance
515,090
(5
)
-
-
-
Equity-based compensation
-
-
43,259
-
-
43,259
Foreign currency translation adjustment
-
-
-
-
(1,566
)
(1,566
)
Net income
-
-
-
110,472
-
110,472
Balance, December 31, 2021
63,154,494
$
$
-
$
269,841
$
(19,828
)
$
250,644
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity.
MANHATTAN ASSOCIATES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
1. Organization, Consolidation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Organization and Business
Manhattan Associates, Inc. (“Manhattan”, the “Company”, “we”, “our”, or “us”) is a developer and provider of supply chain commerce solutions that help organizations optimize the effectiveness, efficiency, and strategic advantages of their supply chains. Our solutions consist of software, services, and hardware, which coordinate people, workflows, assets, events, and tasks holistically across the functions linked in a supply chain from planning through execution. These solutions also help coordinate the actions, data exchange, and communication of participants in supply chain ecosystems, such as manufacturers, suppliers, distributors, trading partners, transportation providers, channels (such as catalogers, store retailers, and Web outlets), and consumers.
Our operations are in North and South America (the “Americas"), Europe (EMEA), and the Asia/Pacific (APAC) region. The Americas operation are conducted through the Parent Company, Manhattan Associates, Inc., and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Manhattan Associates Chile Spa. The European operations are conducted through our wholly-owned subsidiaries, Manhattan Associates Limited, Manhattan Associates Europe B.V., Manhattan France SARL, and Manhattan Associates GmbH, in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, France, and Germany, respectively. Our Asia/Pacific operations are conducted through our wholly-owned subsidiaries, Manhattan Associates Pty Ltd., Manhattan Associates KK, Manhattan Associates Software (Shanghai), Co. Ltd., Manhattan Associates Software Pte Ltd., and Manhattan Associates (India) Development Centre Private Limited in Australia, Japan, China, Singapore, and India, respectively. We occasionally sell our products and services in other countries, such as countries in Latin America, Eastern Europe, Middle East, and Asia, through our direct sales channel as well as various reseller channels.
Risks Associated with Single Business Line, Technological Advances, and Foreign Operations
We currently derive a substantial portion of our revenues from sales of cloud solutions and related services and hardware. The markets for supply chain commerce solutions are highly competitive, subject to rapid technological change, changing customer needs, frequent new product introductions, and evolving industry standards that may render existing products and services obsolete. As a result, our position in these markets could be eroded rapidly by unforeseen changes in customer requirements for application features, functions, and technologies.
Our international business is subject to risks typical of an international business, including, but not limited to, differing economic conditions, changes in political climate, differing tax structures, other regulations and restrictions, and foreign exchange rate volatility. We recognized foreign exchange loss of $0.2 million, $0.4 million and $1.0 million in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Foreign exchange rate transaction gains and losses are classified in “Other (loss) income, net” on the Consolidated Statements of Income.
In addition, we have a large development center in Bangalore, India, that does not have a natural in-market revenue hedge to mitigate currency risk to our operating expenses in India. Fluctuations in the value of other currencies, particularly the Indian Rupee, could significantly affect our revenues, expenses, operating profit and net income.
Principles of Consolidation and Foreign Currency Translation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
The financial statements of foreign subsidiaries have been translated into United States dollars in accordance with the foreign currency matters topic in the FASB’s Accounting Standards Codification (the “Codification”). Revenues and expenses from international operations were denominated in the respective local currencies and translated using the average monthly exchange rates for the year. All balance sheet accounts have been translated using the exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date and the effect of changes in exchange rates from year to year are disclosed as a separate component of shareholders’ equity and comprehensive income.
New Accounting Pronouncements Adopted in Fiscal Year 2021
Income Taxes
In December 2019, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The new guidance eliminates certain exceptions related to the approach for intraperiod tax allocation, the methodology for calculating taxes during the quarters and the recognition of deferred tax liabilities for outside basis differences. This guidance also simplifies aspects of the accounting for franchise taxes and changes in tax laws or rates, as well as clarifies the accounting for transactions that result in a step-up in the tax basis of goodwill. On January 1, 2021, we adopted this guidance, and the adoption did not have a material impact on our financial statements.
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Cash and Cash Equivalents
We consider all highly liquid investments purchased with original maturities of three months or less to be cash or cash equivalents.
Concentrations of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject us to significant concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. We maintain cash and cash equivalents with various financial institutions. Amounts held are above the federally insured limit.
Our sales are primarily to companies located in the United States, Europe and Asia. We perform periodic credit evaluations of our customers’ financial condition and do not require collateral. Accounts receivable are due principally from large U.S., European and Asia Pacific companies under stated contract terms. Accounts receivable, net as of December 31, 2021 for the Americas, EMEA, and APAC segments were $100.4 million, $19.5 million, and $4.5 million, respectively. Accounts receivable, net as of December 31, 2020 for the Americas, EMEA, and APAC segments were $86.8 million, $17.3 million, and $5.1 million, respectively. Our top five customers in aggregate accounted for 12%, 12%, and 11% of total revenue recognized for each of the years ended December 31, 2021 (“2021”), the year ended December 31, 2020 (“2020”), and the year ended December 31, 2019 (“2019”), respectively. No single customer accounted for more than 10% of revenue in 2021, 2020 and 2019, or more than 10% of accounts receivable as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.
Fair Value Measurement
We measure our investments based on a fair value hierarchy disclosure framework that prioritizes and ranks the level of market price observability used in measuring assets and liabilities at fair value. Market price observability is affected by a number of factors, including the type of asset or liability and their characteristics. This hierarchy prioritizes the inputs into three broad levels as follows:
●
Level 1-Quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments.
●
Level 2-Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets.
●
Level 3-Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable.
Investments with maturities of 90 days or less from the date of purchase are classified as cash equivalents; investments with maturities of greater than 90 days from the date of purchase but less than one year are generally classified as short-term investments; and investments with maturities of one year or greater from the date of purchase are generally classified as long-term investments. Unrealized holding gains and losses are reflected as a net amount in a separate component of shareholders’ equity until realized. For the purposes of computing realized gains and losses, cost is determined on a specific identification basis.
At December 31, 2021, the Company’s cash and cash equivalents were $249.9 million and $13.8 million, respectively. We currently have no long-term investments. Cash equivalents consist of highly liquid money market funds of $10.0 million and certificates of deposit of $3.8 million. For money market funds, we use quoted prices from active markets that are classified as Level 1, the highest level of observable input in the disclosure hierarchy framework. The Company had no investments at December 31, 2021.
The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, accounts receivable, and accounts payable included in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets approximate their fair values principally due to the short-term maturities of these instruments.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates include the allowance for doubtful accounts, which is based upon an evaluation of historical amounts written-off, the customers’ ability to pay, and general economic conditions; self-insurance accruals; impairment testing of goodwill; and our effective income tax rate (including the impact of unrecognized tax benefits) and deferred tax assets, which are based upon our expectations of future taxable income, allowable deductions, and projected tax credits. Actual results will differ from these estimates.
Revenue Recognition
We recognize revenue when we transfer control of the promised products or services to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those products or services. We derive our revenue from cloud subscriptions, software licenses, customer support services and software enhancements (“maintenance”), implementation and training services, and sales of hardware. We exclude sales and usage-based taxes from revenue.
Nature of Products and Services
Cloud subscriptions includes software as a service (“SaaS”) and arrangements which provide customers with the right to use our software within a cloud environment that we provide and manage where the customer does not have the right to take possession of the software without significant penalty. SaaS and hosting revenues are recognized ratably over the contract period. For contracts that include a perpetual license and hosting services, we generally consider the arrangement as an overall service, recognized over the initial hosting term. The software license fee typically due at the outset of the arrangement is not payable again if the customer renews the hosting services, so that the customer’s option to renew the hosting services is a material right, the revenue from which, if the option is exercised, we will recognize over the applicable renewal period.
Our perpetual software licenses provide the customer with a right to use the software as it exists at the time of purchase. We recognize revenue for distinct software licenses once the license period has begun and we have made the software available to the customer. Our perpetual software licenses are typically sold with maintenance under which we provide a comprehensive 24 hours per day, 365 days per year program that provides customers with software upgrades, when and if available, which include additional or improved functionality and technological advances incorporating emerging supply chain and industry initiatives. Revenue related to maintenance is generally paid in advance and recognized ratably over the term of the agreement, typically twelve months.
Our services revenue consists of fees generated from implementation, training and application managed services, including reimbursements of out-pocket expenses in connection with our implementation services. Implementation services include system planning, design, configuration, testing, and other software implementation support, and are typically optional and distinct from our software. Following implementation, customers may purchase application managed services to support and maintain our software. Fees for our services are separately priced and are generally billed on an hourly basis, and revenue is recognized over time as the services are performed. In certain situations, we render professional services under agreements based upon a fixed fee for portions of or all of the engagement. Revenue related to fixed-fee-based services contracts is recognized over time based on the proportion performed.
As part of a complete solution, our customers periodically purchase hardware products developed and manufactured by third parties from us for use with the software licenses purchased from us. These products include computer hardware, radio frequency terminal networks, radio frequency identification (RFID) chip readers, bar code printers and scanners, and other peripherals. As we do not physically control the hardware that we sell, we are acting as an agent in the transaction and recognize our hardware revenue net of related cost. We recognize hardware revenue when control is transferred to the customer upon shipment.
Significant Judgements
Our contracts with customers typically contain promises to transfer multiple products and services to a customer. Judgement is required to determine whether each product and service is considered to be a distinct performance obligation that should be accounted for separately under the contract. We allocate the transaction price to the distinct performance obligations based on relative standalone selling price (“SSP”). We estimate SSP based on the prices charged to customers, or by using information such as market conditions and other observable inputs. However, the selling price of our software licenses is highly variable. Thus, we estimate SSP for software licenses using the residual approach, determined based on total transaction price less the SSP of other goods and services promised in the contract.
Contract Balances
Cloud subscriptions and maintenance are typically billed annually in advance. Timing of invoicing to customers may differ from timing of revenue recognition. Payment terms for our software licenses vary. We have an established history of collecting under the terms of our software license contracts without providing refunds or concessions to our customers. Cloud subscriptions and maintenance are typically billed annually in advance. Services are typically billed monthly as performed. In instances where the timing of revenue recognition differs from the timing of invoicing, we have determined that our contracts generally do not include a significant financing component. The primary purpose of our invoicing terms is to provide customers with predictable ways to purchase our software and services, not to provide or receive financing. Additionally, we are applying the practical expedient to exclude from consideration any contracts with payment terms of one year or less as we rarely offer terms extending beyond one year.
Deferred revenue mainly represents amounts collected prior to having completed performance of maintenance, cloud subscriptions and professional services. $107.8 million of revenue that was included in the deferred revenue balance as of December 31, 2020 was recognized in 2021.
No revenue was recognized in 2021 from performance obligations that were satisfied in prior periods.
Remaining Performance Obligations
As of December 31, 2021, approximately $699.2 million of revenue is expected to be recognized from remaining performance obligations for cloud subscriptions, maintenance contracts, and application managed services with a non-cancelable term greater than 1 year (including deferred revenue as well as amounts that will be invoiced and recognized as revenue in future periods). We expect to recognize revenue on approximately 40% of these remaining performance obligations over the next 24 months with the balance recognized thereafter. We have elected not to provide disclosures regarding remaining performance obligations for contracts with a term of 1 year or less.
Returns and Allowances
We have not experienced significant returns or warranty claims to date and, as a result, have not recorded a provision for the cost of returns and product warranty claims.
We record an allowance for doubtful accounts based on historical experience of write-offs and a detailed assessment of accounts receivable. Additions to the allowance for credit losses generally represent a sales allowance on services revenue, which are recorded to operations as a reduction to services revenue. Total amount charged to operations in 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $2.5 million, $3.5 million and $3.9 million, respectively.
Our analysis involved utilizing a model of internal historical losses data. In estimating the allowance for doubtful accounts, we consider the age of the accounts receivable, our historical write-offs, and the creditworthiness of the customer, among other factors. Should any of these factors change, the estimates made by us will also change accordingly, which could affect the level of our future allowances. We also analyzed future expected credit losses given ever present changes to future risks in projected economic conditions and future risks of customer collection.
Deferred Commissions
We consider sales commissions to be incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. We defer and recognize an asset for sales commissions related to performance obligations with an expected period of benefit of more than one year. We apply the practical expedient to expense sales commissions when the amortization period would have been one year or less. Deferred commissions were $23.2 million as of December 31, 2021, of which $16.9 million is included in other assets and $6.3 million is included in prepaid expenses. Deferred commissions were $12.9 million as of December 31, 2020, of which $9.2 million is included in other assets and $3.7 million is included in prepaid expenses. Sales commission expense is included in Sales and Marketing expense in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations. Amortization of sales commissions in 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $5.2 million, $3.1 million and $1.9 million respectively. No impairment losses were recognized during 2021, 2020 and 2019.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment is recorded at cost and consists of furniture, computers, other office equipment, and leasehold improvements. We depreciate the cost of furniture, computers, and other office equipment on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives (five years for office equipment, seven years for furniture and fixtures). Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the lesser of their useful lives or the term of the lease. Depreciation and amortization expense for 2021, 2020 and 2019 was approximately
$7.9 million, $8.9 million, and $8.0 million, respectively, and was included in “Depreciation and amortization” in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Amortization expense on intangible assets in 2021, 2020 and 2019 was immaterial.
Property and equipment, at cost, consist of the following (in thousands):
December 31,
Office equipment
$
37,435
$
39,250
Furniture and fixtures
5,012
5,051
Leasehold improvement
24,142
24,362
Property and equipment, gross
66,589
68,663
Less accumulated depreciation
(52,700
)
(50,760
)
Property and equipment, net
$
13,889
$
17,903
Software Development Costs
Research and development expenses are charged to expense as incurred. For 2021, 2020 and 2019, we did not capitalize any internal research and development costs because the costs incurred between the attainment of technological feasibility for the related software product through the date when the product was available for general release to customers were insignificant.
We determine the amount of development costs capitalizable under the provisions of FASB Codification accounting for costs of computer software to be sold, leased, or marketed. Under this guidance, computer software development costs are charged to R&D expense until technological feasibility is established, after which remaining software production costs are capitalized. We have defined technological feasibility as the point in time at which we have a detailed program design or a working model of the related product, depending on the type of development efforts, and high-risk development issues have been resolved through end-to-end system testing.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
We review the values assigned to long-lived assets, including property and certain intangible assets, to determine whether events and circumstances have occurred which indicate that the remaining estimated useful lives may warrant revision or that the remaining balances may not be recoverable. In such reviews, undiscounted cash flows associated with these assets are compared with their carrying value to determine if a write-down to fair value is required. During 2021, 2020 and 2019, we did not recognize any impairment charges associated with our long-lived or intangible assets.
The evaluation of asset impairment requires management to make assumptions about future cash flows over the life of the asset being evaluated. These assumptions require significant judgment, and actual results may differ from assumed and estimated amounts.
Goodwill and Impairment of Goodwill
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of the consideration transferred over the fair value of net identified tangible and intangible assets and liabilities acquired. We do not amortize goodwill. Instead, we test goodwill for impairment on at least an annual basis. Goodwill was $62.2 million and $62.3 million at the end of each of the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Impairment of Goodwill
We evaluate the carrying value of goodwill annually as of December 31 and between annual evaluations if events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying amount. Such circumstances could include, but are not limited to, (1) a significant adverse change in legal factors or in business climate, (2) unanticipated competition, or (3) an adverse action or assessment by a regulator.
We applied the simplified goodwill impairment test for 2021, that permits companies to perform a qualitative assessment based on economic, industry and company-specific factors as the initial step in the annual goodwill impairment test for all or selected reporting units. Based on the results of the qualitative assessment, companies are only required to perform Step 1 of the annual impairment test for a reporting unit if the company concludes that it is not more likely than not that the unit’s fair value is less than its carrying amount. To the extent we conclude that it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s estimated fair value is less than its carrying amount, the two-step approach is applied. The first step would require a comparison of each reporting unit’s fair value to the
respective carrying amount. If the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, a second step is performed to measure the amount of impairment loss, if any. We did not identify any macroeconomic or industry conditions as of December 31, 2021, that would indicate that the fair value of the reporting units were more likely than not to be less than their respective carrying values. If circumstances change or events occur to indicate that it is more likely than not that the fair value of any reporting units have fallen below their carrying amount, we would record an impairment charge based on that difference. We performed our periodic review of goodwill for impairment as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and did not identify any impairment as a result of the review.
Guarantees and Indemnities
We account for guarantees in accordance with the guarantee accounting topic in the FASB Codification. Our customer contracts generally contain infringement indemnity provisions. Under those provisions, we generally agree, subject to certain exceptions, to indemnify, defend, and hold harmless the customer in connection with third party claims against the customer alleging that the customer’s use of our software products in compliance with their license infringe the third party’s patent, copyright, or other intellectual property rights. Conditions to our obligations generally include that we are provided the right to control the defense of the claims and, in general, to control settlement negotiations. Those provisions generally provide also that, if the customer is prevented from using our software because of a third party infringement claim, our sole obligation (in addition to the indemnification, defense, and hold harmless obligation referred to above) is to, at our expense, (i) procure for the customer the right to continue to use the software, (ii) to replace or modify the product so that its use by the customer does not infringe, or, if either of the foregoing are not reasonably feasible, to terminate the customer contract and provide a refund of the unamortized portion of the customer’s license fee (based on a five year amortization period). Our customer contracts sometimes also require us to indemnify, defend, and hold harmless the customer in connection with death, personal injury, or property damage claims made by third parties with respect to actions of our personnel or contractors. The indemnity obligations contained in our customer contracts generally have no specified expiration date and no specified monetary limitation on liability. We have not previously incurred costs to settle claims or pay awards under these indemnification obligations. We account for these indemnity obligations in accordance with FASB guidance on accounting for contingencies, and record a liability for these obligations when a loss is probable and reasonably estimable. We have not recorded any liabilities for these contracts as of December 31, 2021, or 2020.
In general, in our customer software license contracts, we warrant to our customers that our software products will perform in all material respects in accordance with the standard published specifications in effect at the time of delivery of the licensed products to the customer for six months after first use of the licensed products, but no more than 24 months after execution of the license agreement. We also generally warrant in our Cloud subscription agreements that we will perform the Cloud services in all material respects as defined in the agreement during the service period. Additionally, we warrant to our customers that services will be performed consistent with generally accepted industry standards or specific service levels through completion of the agreed upon services. If necessary, we will provide for the estimated cost of product and service warranties based on specific warranty claims history. However, we have not incurred significant recurring expenses under product or service warranties. As a result, we believe the estimated fair value of these agreements is nominal. Accordingly, we have no liabilities recorded for these agreements as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.
Segment Information
We have three reportable segments as defined by the FASB Codification topic for segment reporting: Americas, EMEA, and APAC. See Note 8 for discussion of our reportable segments.
Basic and Diluted Net Income Per Share
Basic net income per share is computed using net income divided by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding (“Weighted Shares”) for the period presented.
Diluted net income per share is computed using net income divided by Weighted Shares and the treasury stock method effect of common equivalent shares (“CESs”) outstanding for each period presented. In the following table, we present a reconciliation of earnings per share and the shares used in the computation of earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands, except per share data):
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands, except per share data)
Net income
$
110,472
$
87,240
$
85,762
Earnings per share:
Basic
$
1.74
$
1.37
$
1.33
Effect of CESs
(0.02
)
(0.01
)
(0.01
)
Diluted
$
1.72
$
1.36
$
1.32
Weighted average number of shares:
Basic
63,445
63,538
64,397
Effect of CESs
Diluted
64,323
64,333
65,103
The number of anti-dilutive CESs in 2021, 2020 and 2019 was immaterial. See Note 2 for further information on those securities.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Comprehensive income includes net income and foreign currency translation adjustments that are excluded from net income and reflected in shareholders’ equity. The entire accumulated other comprehensive income balance as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 represents foreign currency translation adjustments.
Accounting for Income Taxes
We provide for the effect of income taxes on our financial position and results of operations in accordance with the Income Taxes Topic of the Codification. Under this accounting pronouncement, income tax expense is recognized for the amount of income taxes payable or refundable for the current year and for the change in net deferred tax assets or liabilities resulting from events that are recorded for financial reporting purposes in a different reporting period than recorded in the tax return. Management must make significant assumptions, judgments, and estimates to determine our current provision for income taxes and also, our deferred tax assets and liabilities, and any valuation allowance to be recorded against our net deferred tax asset.
Our judgments, assumptions, and estimates relative to the current provision for income tax take into account current tax laws, our interpretation of current tax laws, allowable deductions, projected tax credits, and possible outcomes of current and future audits conducted by foreign and domestic tax authorities. We do not recognize a tax benefit unless we conclude that it is more likely than not that the benefit will be sustained on audit by the taxing authority based solely on the technical merits of the associated tax position. If the recognition threshold is met, we recognize a tax benefit measured at the largest amount of the tax benefit that, in our judgment, is greater than 50 percent likely to be realized. Changes in tax law or our interpretation of tax laws and the resolution of current and future tax audits could significantly impact the amounts provided for income taxes in our financial position and results of operations. Our assumptions, judgments, and estimates relative to the value of our net deferred tax asset take into account predictions of the amount and category of future taxable income. Actual operating results and the underlying amount and category of income in future years could render our current assumptions, judgments, and estimates of recoverable net deferred taxes inaccurate, thus materially impacting our financial position and results of operations.
Equity-Based Compensation
We account for equity-based compensation in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation. See Note 2 for further information.
Advertising Costs
We expense advertising costs as incurred. Advertising expense was $2.3 million in 2021, $1.6 million in 2020, and immaterial for 2019.
Retirement of Repurchased Shares
We immediately retire shares repurchased pursuant to any share repurchase program. We allocate the share purchase price in excess of par value between additional paid-in capital and retained earnings.
2. Equity-Based Compensation
Equity Based Compensation Plans
In May 2020, the Manhattan Associates, Inc. 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”) was approved by our shareholders. The 2020 Plan provides for the grant of stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, and stock appreciation rights. Vesting conditions can be service-based or performance-based, or a combination of both. The number of shares subject to outstanding awards under the 2007 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2007 Plan”) that are forfeited or canceled or expire after the Effective Date, in accordance with the terms of the 2007 Plan, are counted as one share toward the 2020 Plan.
A maximum of 4,500,000 shares are available for grant under the amended 2020 Plan. Each stock option, stock appreciation right, restricted stock, or restricted stock unit granted is counted against the maximum share limitation as one share. Options and stock appreciation rights cannot have a term exceeding seven years. As of December 31, 2021, there were 4,085,825 shares available for issuance under the 2020 Plan. The 2020 Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. The committee has the authority to interpret the provisions thereof.
The restricted stock awards contain vesting provisions that are 50% service based and 50% performance based for employee awards and 100% service based for non-employee members of the Board of Directors (“Outside Directors”). The employee awards have a four year vesting period, with the performance portion tied to annual revenue and earnings per share targets. The awards to Outside Directors have a one year vesting period. We recognize compensation cost for service-based restricted awards with graded vesting on a straight-line basis over the entire vesting period, with the amount of compensation cost recognized at any date at least equal to the portion of the grant-date value of the award that is vested at that date. For our performance-based restricted stock awards with graded vesting, we recognize compensation cost on an accelerated basis applying straight-line expensing for each separately vesting portion of each award.
Restricted Stock Awards
We present below a summary of changes in unvested units of restricted stock during 2021:
Number of Units
Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2021
1,462,864
$59.48
Granted
515,724
128.62
Vested
(515,090)
57.01
Forfeited
(75,031)
78.58
Outstanding at December 31, 2021
1,388,467
$85.05
The Company recorded equity-based compensation expense related to restricted stock and RSUs (collectively “restricted stock awards”) of $43.3 million, $33.4 million, and $31.8 million in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The total fair value of restricted stock awards vested in 2021, 2020 and 2019, based on market value at the vesting dates was $59.8 million, $52.2 million, and $18.2 million, respectively. The weighted average grant-date fair value of RSUs granted during fiscal year 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $128.62, $77.2 and $49.48, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested RSU totaled $70.3 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 2.6 years. In January 2017, we elected to recognize forfeitures of equity-based payments as they occur.
Included in RSU grants for the year ended December 31, 2021 are 144,788 units that have performance-based vesting criteria granted at target level for 2021 and performance adjustments above target level for 2020. The performance criteria are tied to our financial performance. As of December 31, 2021, the associated equity-based compensation expense has been recognized for the portion of the award attributable to the 2021 performance criteria.
3. Income Taxes
We are subject to future federal, state, and foreign income taxes and have recorded net deferred tax assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2021 and 2020. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial accounting and tax bases of assets and liabilities. We present below significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (in thousands):
December 31,
Deferred tax assets:
Accounts receivable
$ 570
$ 832
Accrued liabilities
9,273
8,407
Equity-based compensation
7,763
5,902
Capitalized costs
Accrued sales taxes
Operating lease liabilities
4,593
8,828
State tax credits
4,521
3,408
Foreign subsidiary net operating losses
-
Tax credit - foreign
1,238
-
Valuation allowance
(4,403)
(3,375)
Other
24,797
25,462
Deferred tax liabilities:
Intangible Assets
7,380
7,414
Depreciation
1,250
Deferred commissions
4,763
2,713
Operating lease right-of-use assets
4,338
8,325
17,147
19,702
Net deferred tax assets
$
7,650
$
5,760
We present below income from domestic and foreign operations before income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 are as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
Domestic
$
120,565
$
101,681
$
104,878
Foreign
13,507
12,095
11,199
Total
$
134,072
$
113,776
$
116,077
The components of our income tax provision for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 are as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
Current:
Federal
14,042
$
13,860
$
18,682
State
5,188
4,793
5,711
Foreign
6,309
6,847
7,323
25,539
$
25,500
$
31,716
Deferred:
Federal
(427
)
(393
)
(863
)
State
(531
)
1,113
(326
)
Foreign
(981
)
(212
)
(1,939
)
1,036
(1,401
)
Total
$
23,600
$
26,536
$
30,315
We currently have a tax holiday in India under the Special Economic Zone Act through March 2029. As a result of this holiday, we had pre-tax income of approximately $8.7 million, for the year ended December 31, 2021, that was not subject to tax. Separately, we are subject to India’s Minimum Alternate Tax (“MAT”) and accordingly incurred income tax expense of approximately $1.2 million in 2021. The impact on diluted earnings per share if the income had been fully taxable would have been a decrease of $0.02 per share in 2021.
We have tax credit carry-forwards of approximately $5.7 million available to offset future state tax. These tax credit carry-forwards expire in 2025 to 2031. These credits represent a deferred tax asset of $4.5 million after consideration of the federal benefit of state tax deductions. A valuation allowance of $3.2 million has been established for these credits because the ability to use them is not more likely than not. We also have a tax credit carry-forward of approximately $1.2 million available to offset future foreign tax. This tax credit carryforward expires in 2036.
At December 31, 2021 we had approximately $62.2 million of undistributed earnings and profits. The undistributed earnings and profits are considered previously taxed income and would not be subject to U.S. income taxes upon repatriation of those earnings, in the form of dividends. The undistributed earnings and profits are considered to be permanently reinvested, accordingly no provision for local withholdings taxes have been provided, however, upon repatriation of those earnings, in the form of dividends, we could be subject to additional local withholding taxes.
We present below a summary of the items that cause recorded income taxes to differ from taxes computed using the statutory federal income tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019:
Year Ended December 31,
Statutory federal income tax rate
21.0
%
21.0
%
21.0
%
Effect of:
State income tax, net of federal benefit
3.6
3.9
3.5
State credit carryforwards
(0.8
)
0.5
1.3
U.S. federal R&D tax credit
(1.8
)
(1.9
)
(1.9
)
Excess benefit of equity compensation
(4.9
)
(3.4
)
(0.1
)
Employee compensation limitation
3.4
2.7
2.1
Global Intangible Low Taxed Income (GILTI)
0.2
0.1
-
Foreign-derived intangible income (FDII) deduction
(3.1
)
(2.7
)
(3.1
)
Foreign operations
(0.7
)
1.0
1.1
Tax contingencies
(0.3
)
1.9
3.7
Other permanent differences
0.3
(0.2
)
(0.6
)
Change in valuation allowance
0.7
0.4
(0.9
)
Income taxes
17.6
%
23.3
%
26.1
%
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):
December 31,
Unrecognized tax benefits at January 1,
$
(12,804
)
$
(11,239
)
$
(7,113
)
Gross amount of increases in unrecognized tax benefits as a
result of tax positions taken during a prior period
(408
)
(118
)
(2,428
)
Gross amount of decreases in unrecognized tax benefits as a
result of tax positions taken during a prior period
1,598
Gross amount of increases in unrecognized tax benefits as a
result of tax positions taken during the current period
(3,117
)
(3,256
)
(2,489
)
Reductions to unrecognized tax benefits relating to
settlements with taxing authorities
-
-
Reductions to unrecognized tax benefits as a result of a lapse of
the applicable statute of limitations
2,848
Unrecognized tax benefits at December 31,
$
(13,186
)
$
(12,804
)
$
(11,239
)
Our unrecognized tax benefits totaled $13.2 million and $12.8 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Included in these amounts are unrecognized tax benefits totaling $11.8 million and $11.9 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, which, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate.
We recognize potential accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within our global operations in income tax expense. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, the Company recognized the following income tax expense: $0.4 million, $0.4 million, and $0.5 million, respectively, for the potential payment of interest and penalties. Accrued interest and penalties were $1.3 million and $2.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. We conduct business globally and, as a result, file income tax returns in the United State federal jurisdiction and in many state and foreign jurisdictions. We are generally no longer subject to U.S. federal, state, and local, or non-US income tax examinations for the years before 2010. Due to the expiration of statutes of limitations in multiple jurisdictions globally during 2020, the Company anticipates it is reasonably possible that unrecognized tax benefits may decrease by $2.6 million.
4. Shareholders’ Equity
During 2021, 2020 and 2019, we purchased 709,200, 337,007, and 1,640,055 shares of the Company’s common stock for $100.0 million, $25.0 million, and $115.9 million, respectively, through open market transactions as part of a publicly-announced share repurchase program. In January 2022, our Board of Directors authorized the Company to repurchase up to an aggregate of $50 million of our common stock.
5. Contingencies
From time to time, we may be involved in litigation relating to claims arising in the ordinary course of business, and occasionally legal proceeding not in the ordinary course. Many of our installations involve products that are critical to the operations of our clients’ businesses. Any failure in our company’s products could result in a claim for substantial damages against us, regardless of our responsibility for such failure. Although we attempt to contractually limit our liability for damages arising from product failures or negligent acts or omissions, there can be no assurance that the limitations of liability set forth in its contracts will be enforceable in all instances. We are not currently a party to any legal proceeding in the ordinary course of business or other legal proceedings the result of which we believe is likely to have a material adverse impact upon our business, financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. We expense legal costs associated with loss contingencies as such legal costs are incurred.
6. Employee Benefit Plan
We sponsor the Manhattan Associates 401(k) Plan and Trust (the “401(k) Plan”), a qualified profit sharing plan with a 401(k) feature covering substantially all our employees. Under the 401(k) Plan’s deferred compensation arrangement, eligible employees who elect to participate in the 401(k) Plan may contribute up to 60% of eligible compensation up to $19,500, as defined, to the 401(k) Plan. The Internal Revenue Service sets the eligible compensation limit at $290,000 for 2021. Since 2012, we have provided a 50% matching contribution up to 6% of eligible compensation being contributed after the participant’s first year of employment. We temporarily suspended our 401k plan company match effective April 1, 2020 and reinstated the plan effective January 1, 2021. During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, the Company made matching contributions to the 401(k) Plan of $5.2 million, $1.7 million, and $5.0 million, respectively.
7. Leases
We lease our facilities and some of our equipment under noncancelable operating lease arrangements that expire at various dates through 2029. The total operating lease liabilities for these leases at December 31, 2021 was approximately $30.0 million. In 2014, we amended our Atlanta headquarters lease to obtain additional space and extended the lease term to September 2025. As part of this amended lease agreement, we received reimbursement of $1.3 million from the landlord in 2018 for leasehold improvements. For a few of our facility leases, we have certain options to extend the lease term for up to 10 years, at our sole discretion. We have no finance leases.
We present below the operating lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities as of December 31, 2021 (in thousands):
December 31, 2021
ASSETS
Operating lease right-of-use assets
$27,272
LIABILITIES
Operating lease liabilities, current (included in accrued and other liabilities)
$6,813
Operating lease liabilities, long-term
23,157
Total operating lease liabilities
$29,970
Aggregate future minimum lease payments under noncancelable operating leases as of December 31, 2021 are as follows (in thousands):
Year Ending December 31,
7,364
7,116
6,369
5,568
2,732
Thereafter
4,911
Total minimum payments required
34,060
Less short-term leases
-
Less imputed interest
(4,090)
Total operating lease liabilities
$29,970
We are applying the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components, which allows us to account for lease and non-lease components as a single lease component. The total lease cost in 2021 was $7.9 million, consisting of $7.5 million of operating lease costs, and $0.4 million of short-term lease costs. The total lease cost in 2020 was $7.9 million, consisting of $7.5 million of operating lease costs, and $0.4 million of short-term lease costs. Total lease costs in 2019 were $8.4 million, consisting of $8.0 million of operating lease costs, and $0.4 million of short-term lease costs. Our variable lease cost during 2021, 2020 and 2019 were immaterial.
Weighted average remaining lease term
5.1 years
Weighted average discount rate
%
Supplemental cash flow information - operating cash flows (in thousands):
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows for operating leases
$
7,197
8. Segment Reporting
We manage our business by geographic segment and have three geographic reportable segments: the Americas, EMEA, and APAC. All segments derive revenue from the sale and implementation of our supply chain commerce solutions. The individual products sold by the segments are similar in nature and are all designed to help companies manage the effectiveness and efficiency of their supply chain commerce. We use the same accounting policies for each reportable segment. The chief executive officer and chief financial officer evaluate performance based on revenue and operating results for each reportable segment.
The Americas segment charges royalty fees to the other segments based on cloud subscriptions and software licenses sold by those reportable segments. The royalties, which totaled $6.1 million, $3.8 million, and $4.5 million in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively, are included in costs of revenue for each segment with a corresponding reduction in the America’s cost of revenue. The revenues represented below are from external customers only. The geography-based costs consist of costs for professional services personnel, direct sales and marketing expenses, infrastructure costs to support the employee and customer base, billing and financial systems, management and general and administrative support. There are certain corporate expenses included in the Americas segment that we do not charge to the other segments. Such expenses include research and development, certain marketing and general and administrative costs that support the global organization, and the amortization of acquired developed technology. Costs in the Americas’ segment include all research and development costs including the costs associated with our operations in India.
In accordance with the segment reporting topic of the FASB Codification, we present below financial information by reportable segment for 2021, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
Americas
EMEA
APAC
Consolidated
Americas
EMEA
APAC
Consolidated
Revenue:
Cloud subscriptions
$
103,863
$
15,380
$
2,952
$
122,195
$
69,469
$
8,465
$
1,896
$
79,830
Software license
29,300
5,729
2,041
37,070
30,509
4,308
3,467
38,284
Maintenance
113,169
23,091
9,581
145,841
116,309
22,208
9,231
147,748
Services
256,392
66,131
12,276
334,799
232,954
58,360
12,255
303,569
Hardware
23,491
23,738
16,698
16,941
Total revenue
526,215
110,574
26,854
663,643
465,939
93,582
26,851
586,372
Costs and Expenses:
Cost of revenue
225,799
58,593
13,435
297,827
202,421
53,661
13,805
269,887
Operating expenses
202,217
16,496
4,856
223,569
174,477
14,461
4,540
193,478
Depreciation and amortization
7,020
7,914
7,932
8,946
Total costs and expenses
435,036
75,827
18,447
529,310
384,830
68,945
18,536
472,311
Operating income
$
91,179
$
34,747
$
8,407
$
134,333
$
81,109
$
24,637
$
8,315
$
114,061
Year Ended December 31, 2019
Americas
EMEA
APAC
Consolidated
Revenue:
Cloud subscriptions
$
40,927
$
4,762
$
1,142
$
46,831
Software license
34,544
11,518
2,793
48,855
Maintenance
118,891
21,322
9,017
$
149,230
Services
283,008
60,618
16,890
360,516
Hardware
12,464
-
$
12,517
Total revenue
489,834
98,273
29,842
617,949
Costs and Expenses:
Cost of revenue
218,850
51,938
14,179
284,967
Operating expenses
185,399
18,635
5,037
209,071
Depreciation and amortization
6,961
7,987
Total costs and expenses
411,210
71,339
19,476
502,025
Operating income
$
78,624
$
26,934
$
10,366
$
115,924
In the following table, we present goodwill, long-lived assets, and total assets by reportable segment as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands):
As of December 31, 2021
As of December 31, 2020
Americas
EMEA
APAC
Consolidated
Americas
EMEA
APAC
Consolidated
Goodwill, net
$
54,766
$
5,510
$
1,963
$
62,239
$
54,766
$
5,523
$
1,963
$
62,252
Long lived assets
51,246
8,214
1,940
61,400
54,309
8,015
1,035
63,359
Total assets
468,600
54,021
17,087
539,708
405,618
47,529
12,265
465,412
For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, we derived revenue from sales to customers outside the United States of approximately $196.4 million, $178.1 million, and $189.1 million, respectively. Our remaining revenue was derived from domestic sales.
Cloud subscriptions revenue primarily relates to the following product groups: Manhattan Active omnichannel, warehouse management solutions, and transportation management solutions. The majority of our software license revenue (approximately 85%) relates to our warehouse management product group.
9. Subsequent Events
We evaluated all subsequent events that occurred after the date of the accompanying financial statements and determined that there were no events or transactions during this subsequent event reporting period which require recognition or disclosure in our financial statements.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 9A.
Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
No system of controls, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide absolute assurance that the objectives of the system of controls are met, and no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that the system of controls has operated effectively in all cases. Our disclosure controls and procedures, however, are designed to provide reasonable assurance that the objectives of disclosure controls and procedures are met.
As of the end of the period covered by this report, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer evaluated, with the participation of management, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based on the evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that the objectives of disclosure controls and procedures are met.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management’s assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, and the report of Ernst & Young LLP on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting are contained on pages 36 and 37 of this report.
Change in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
During the fourth quarter of 2021, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting, including any corrective actions with regard to material weaknesses.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 9B.
Other Information
None.
PART III

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Item 10.
Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information contained in our Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders expected to be filed with the SEC on or prior to April 2, 2022, under the captions “Election of Directors,” “Executive Officers,” “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance,” “Code of Ethics,” and “Board Committees.”

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Item 11.
Executive Compensation
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the relevant information contained in our Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders expected to be filed with the SEC on or prior to April 2, 2022, under the captions “Director Compensation,” “Executive Compensation,” “Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation,” and “Compensation Committee Report.”

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
Item 12.
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the relevant information contained in our Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders expected to be filed with the SEC on or prior to April 2, 2022, under the caption “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management.” The information required by this item with respect to the Company’s securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans is included in Part II, Item 5 of this Form 10-K and is incorporated by reference herein.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Item 13.
Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the relevant information contained in our Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders expected to be filed with the SEC on or prior to April 2, 2022, under the captions “Related Party Transactions” and “Election of Directors.”

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Item 14.
Principal Accountant Fees and Services
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the relevant information contained in our Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders expected to be filed with the SEC on or prior to April 2, 2022, under the caption “Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.”
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15.
Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
(a) 1.
Financial Statements.
The response to this item is submitted as a separate section of this Form 10-K. See Item 8.
2.
Financial Statement Schedule.
The following financial statement schedule is filed as a part of this report:
SCHEDULE II
MANHATTAN ASSOCIATES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
(in thousands)
Classification:
Balance at Beginning of Period
Additions Charged to Operations
Net
Deductions
Balance at End of Period
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
For the year ended:
December 31, 2019
$
2,589
$
3,858
$
3,621
(a)
$
2,826
December 31, 2020
$
2,826
$
3,451
$
2,780
(a)
$
3,497
December 31, 2021
$
3,497
$
2,471
$
3,549
(a)
$
2,419
Deferred Tax Asset Valuation Allowance
For the year ended:
December 31, 2019
$
3,846
$
-
$
(b)
$
2,886
December 31, 2020
$
2,886
$
$
-
(b)
$
3,375
December 31, 2021
$
3,375
$
1,028
$
-
(b)
$
4,403
(a)
Represents write-offs of accounts, net of recoveries.
(b)
Represents current year releases credited to expenses and current year reductions due to decreases in net deferred tax assets.
(c) Represents current year cash payments.
All other schedules are omitted because they are not required or the required information is shown in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.
3.
Exhibits.
See (b) below.
(b)
The exhibits listed below under “Exhibit Index” are filed with or incorporated by reference in this Report. Where such filing is made by incorporation by reference to a previously filed registration statement or report, such registration statement or report is identified in parentheses.
(c)
See Item 15(a)(2).