EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1011509
Filing Year: 2025
Filename: 1011509_10-K_2025_0001558370-25-004847.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
ITEMS 1 AND 2: BUSINESS AND PROPERTIES
Overview
We are an exploration company holding majority joint venture interests in the Desierto and Sarita Este concessions, adjoining gold-silver-copper exploration projects located in northwest Salta Province Argentina (the “Sarita Este/Desierto project”); a 60% joint venture interest in Sand Canyon, an exploration stage, gold-silver project in northwestern Nevada; and other mineral exploration properties located primarily in or near historical precious metals producing regions in Argentina and Mexico.
We are primarily focused on advancing exploration activities at the Sarita Este/Desierto project, as further described below under “Description of Properties - Sarita Este” and “-Desierto”.
We restarted mining at our former Velardeña and Chicago gold-silver mining properties (the “Velardeña Properties”) in December 2023 and continued operations through the end of February 2024. However, the initial performance of both the mine and processing plant did not meet expectations. By the end of March 2024, we had processed all mined mineralized material and subsequently shut down the sulfide processing plant. The Velardeña Properties were then classified as discontinued operations held for short-term sale. We have entered into four separate sales agreements (collectively, the “Velardeña Sales Agreements”) to sell the Velardeña and Chicago mines, including both sulfide and oxide processing plants, water wells, and related equipment, to a privately held Mexican company (the “Velardeña Buyer”) for an aggregate purchase price of $5.5 million in cash, plus value added tax (“VAT”). The transactions under the first three of the Velardeña Sales Agreements, which included the combined sales of the Velardeña and Chicago mines, the sulfide processing plant and various related equipment were completed on June 20, 2024. The Velardeña Buyer agreed to pay $3.0 million plus VAT on July 1, 2024, to complete the transaction covered by the fourth Velardeña Sales Agreement, which included the oxide processing plant and water wells. The Velardeña Buyer has made payments of approximately $1.8 million through December 31, 2024. Subsequent to December 31, 2024, the Velardeña Buyer made additional payments of approximately $1.0 million bringing the total amounts paid through April 4, 2025 to approximately $2.8 million, however the Velardeña Buyer remains in default. While we retain title to the plant, the Velardeña Buyer has operational control of the plant, and we have not had access to the property since mid-year 2024. We continue to hold our remaining interests in the oxide plant at Velardeña as assets held for sale. The Velardeña Buyer has been making periodic payments and the Company believes at this time that it will eventually collect the full amount, at which time the Company will record the sale under the fourth and final Velardeña Sales Agreement. The collection of the amount due from the final Velardeña Sales Agreement may satisfy a portion of our projected capital needs over the next twelve months.
In 2024, we also completed the sale of our wholly owned subsidiary, Silex Argentina S.A. (“Silex Argentina”), which was the sole owner of El Quevar, our former advanced exploration silver property in Argentina, for $3.5 million. We also completed the sale of our former Yoquivo gold-silver project located in Chihuahua State, Mexico (the “Yoquivo Project”) for $570,000 plus VAT, and the sale of a Mexican subsidiary holding tax losses for $445,000 plus VAT. In April 2025, the Company completed the sale of an additional Mexican subsidiary holding tax losses and five property concessions for $600,000 plus VAT. The Company is evaluating the potential sale of certain other Mexican subsidiaries that hold tax losses. Whether we can sell these subsidiaries, and the timing and price of any sale, is uncertain.
Because we no longer have operating properties to generate cash flow and do not hold any significant assets for sale, we are evaluating and pursuing alternatives to obtain funds to continue as a going concern, including the potential sale of the Company, collection of the $0.2 million plus VAT balance from the sale of the Velardeña Properties, seeking buyers or partners for certain of the Company’s other assets or obtaining equity or other external financing. In the absence of additional cash inflows, the Company anticipates that its cash resources will be exhausted in the first quarter of 2026. If we are unable to obtain additional cash resources or sell the Company, we will be forced to cease operations and liquidate.
See “-Liquidity, Capital Resources and Going Concern-2025 Liquidity Forecast and Going Concern Qualification” below.
This discussion should be read in conjunction with the section entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation” included in this Form 10-K.
Our principal office is located at 1312 17th St., Unit 2136, Denver, CO 80202, and our registered office is the Corporation Trust Company, 1209 Orange Street, Wilmington, DE 19801.
Company History
We were incorporated in Delaware under the Delaware General Corporation Law in March 2009. From March 2009 through September 2011, we focused on the advancement of our El Quevar silver project in Argentina. In September 2011, we completed a business combination transaction with ECU Silver Mining Inc. (“ECU”), resulting in our ownership of the Velardeña and Chicago silver, gold and base metals mines located in the Velardeña mining district in the State of Durango, Mexico, which the Company most recently operated from December 2023 until March 2024.
Corporate Structure
Golden Minerals Company, headquartered in Denver, Colorado, is the operating entity through which we conduct our business. We have a number of wholly owned subsidiaries organized throughout the world, including in Mexico, Canada, South America, the Caribbean and Europe. We generally hold our exploration rights and properties through subsidiaries organized in the countries in which our rights and properties are located.
Summary of Mining Properties
We do not have mineral reserves as defined under S-K 1300 and therefore all of our mining properties are considered to be in the exploration stage. We have approximately eight mining properties, which are listed under “Summary of Certain Mining Properties” below. In total, Golden Minerals’ properties, including our options, cover approximately 17,200 hectares.
Property Locations
Argentina Properties
United States Property
Mexico Properties
Summary of Certain Mining Properties
Argentina
Property
Mine and Mineral Types
Ownership,
Operator, and
Permitting
Facilities and
Processing Plants
Recent Activities
Desierto(1)
Gold and silver exploration.
33% ownership with an option to increase its ownership to 51%. Two mining concessions (totaling 2505 hectares).
No significant facilities.
The Company has a proposed joint venture agreement with Cascadero for 51% ownership once option payment is complete.
Sarita Este(1)
Gold, silver and copper exploration.
51% ownership. Full JV documentation still in progress.
One concession totaling 830 hectares.
Drill permit received.
No significant facilities.
In January 2022, announced initial results from 2,516-meter diamond drill program and plans for trenching and drilling in 2022 field campaign.
In August 2022, announced results from second phase 1,286-meter diamond drill program.
In December 2022, announced results from third phase 1,120-meter diamond drill program.
Carolina and Tocota
Preliminary mineral exploration.
100% ownership interest in three concessions in the San Juan and Santa Cruz provinces.
No significant facilities.
No material exploration work has been conducted to date on Carolina. Historic drilling has been conducted on Tocota.
Nevada, United States
Property
Mine and Mineral Types
Ownership,
Operator, and
Permitting
Facilities and
Processing Plants
Recent Activities
Sand Canyon (2)
Gold and silver exploration.
60% interest from Golden Gryphon Enterprises. Full JV documentation is in progress. 354 claims totaling 2,923 hectares.
Drill permit received.
No significant facilities.
Results from initial drill program completed Q1 2020.
Currently evaluating results and considering future activities.
Mexico
Property
Mine and Mineral Types
Ownership,
Operator, and
Permitting
Facilities and
Processing Plants
Recent Activities
Rodeo
Gold and silver.
Depleted open pit mine (surface).
100% owned.
Two concessions covering 1,866 hectares.
No significant facilities.
Mining activities concluded during the second quarter of 2023 and processing of mined material in Q3 2023. The Company does not believe this property has material residual economic value and has a remaining asset retirement obligation.
Velardeña
None
100% owned.
Oxide processing plant, three water wells and tailings facility.
The Company is holding this property for sale. 92% of purchase price has been paid as of April 4, 2025.
Flechas
Gold and silver exploration.
100% ownership. Four concessions (totaling 951 hectares).
No significant facilities.
The property has historic production.
Miscellaneous
Preliminary mineral exploration.
Ownership interest or right to acquire an ownership in three individual concessions located in Durango.
No significant facilities.
No material exploration work has been conducted to date. Concessions were subsequently sold April 1, 2025.
(1) See “Description of Properties - Desierto” and “Description of Properties - Sarita Este” for additional details.
(2) See “Exploration Properties - Sand Canyon” for additional details.
Quality Assurance and Quality Control
Our internal controls relating to Quality Assurance and Quality Control (“QA/QC”) consist of monitoring the chain of custody of samples and including blanks, duplicates, and reference material standards in each batch of samples for lab analysis, consistent with industry standards and best practices. Additionally, umpire check assays are regularly submitted and analyzed to ensure lab performance, as well as continuous oversight and review by senior staff to ensure all QA/QC procedures and protocols are followed under company standards and guidelines.
Qualified Persons
Scientific and technical information contained in this Form 10-K was reviewed and approved by Warren Rehn of Rehn Consulting LLC, who is a “qualified person” as defined by National Instrument 43-101. Mr. Rehn is the former President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company and entered into a consultant agreement with the Company in 2024 upon his resignation.
No Proven or Probable Mineral Reserves/Exploration Stage Company
We are considered an exploration stage company under the criteria of S-K 1300 because we have not demonstrated the existence of mineral reserves at any of our properties. Mineral reserves cannot be considered proven or probable unless and until they are supported by a preliminary feasibility study or feasibility study, indicating that the mineral reserves have had the requisite geologic, technical and economic work performed and are economically and legally extractable.
We have not completed a preliminary feasibility study or feasibility study with regard to any of our properties to date. We expect to remain an exploration stage company for the foreseeable future. We will not exit the exploration stage until such time, if ever, that we demonstrate the existence of proven or probable mineral reserves that meet the guidelines under S-K 1300.
Description of Properties
Golden Minerals does not currently have any material properties. However, the Company is providing information on two of its exploration stage projects, the Desierto and Sarita Este properties, to provide additional context regarding its ongoing exploration activities. Neither property has established reportable mineral resources as of December 31, 2024.
Desierto
Location and Access
The center of the 2,505 hectare property is located at 24.61 degrees S latitude and 67.77 degrees W longitude. Access to the Desierto property from the city of Salta is mostly by paved roads for approximately 176 km followed by all-weather gravel roads for 230 km via National Highway 51 and Provincial Highway 27. Numerous 4 x 4 trails cross the property. Travel time is 7 to 8 hours from the city of Salta. The Desierto I and Desierto II concessions are immediately adjacent to and south of the Sarita Este concession.
There is no permanent camp at the Desierto property. Accommodation and services for exploration workers are located at the village of Tolar Grande, about 30 km away. Tolar Grande has a population of approximately 175. Travel to the Desierto property includes crossing a portion of the Salar de Arizaro. The Salta - Antofagasta railway is located 9 km to the north and the Argentine to Chile high tension power line is 110 km to the east of the property. The area is sparsely populated and there is sufficient land for mining operations. Surface water is scarce but subsurface water can be obtained from the surrounding aquifers.
Property History
In July 2011 Golden Minerals acquired, through its wholly owned Argentina subsidiary, a one-third interest in the Desierto I and Desierto II concessions in the Tolar Grande municipality, Los Andes department, Salta Province, in the altiplano region of northwestern Argentina.
The first recorded exploration in the area was related to the Taca Taca Bajo copper-gold porphyry deposit, the center of which is located 5 km to the northeast of the Desierto property Mansfield Minerals was quite active in the area in the 1990’s, acquired the Desierto concessions and is thought to be the first company to recognize the gold mineralization in the Sarita Este/Desierto gold zone. In 2002, Mansfield entered into an agreement with Antares Minerals S.A. (“Antares”). Antares drilled four shallow angled core holes to test two quartz veins with high surface silver grades. The holes cut only low-grade silver mineralization, and the property was abandoned in 2010. No mineral resources or reserves have been established and no mineralized production has occurred on the Desierto property. The Desierto property does not have reportable mineral resources as of December 31, 2024.
Title and Ownership Rights
By mutual agreement with two other parties who were also successful in a 2011 province-run lottery process to acquire the concessions, ownership of the Desierto I and Desierto II concessions is shared with a subsidiary of Cascadero, which is publicly listed on the TSXV, and a private Argentinian company, Pacha Minerals, each of the three parties with a one-third interest. The concessions total 2505 hectares and are located immediately south of the Sarita Este concession and southwest of the Taca Taca copper-gold deposit owned by First Quantum Minerals. In July 2019 Golden Minerals entered into an option agreement with Pacha Minerals to acquire its one-third interest in the Desierto Concessions. The agreement calls for payments of $1.5 million over 6 years for 28.33% of the 33.33% interest controlled by Pacha Minerals. Remaining annual payments required under the option are $200,000, $200,000, and $800,000 due in July of each year beginning in 2025. Golden Minerals holds a further option to purchase the remaining 5% for an additional payment of $1 million with no defined time limit. Pacha will retain a 0.5% NSR royalty interest upon the sale of the entirety of its one-third interest.
Cascadero Joint Venture
In 2021 Cascadero and Golden Minerals signed a non-binding letter agreement to form a joint venture on the Desierto concessions, 51% controlled by Golden Minerals and 49% by Cascadero. The letter agreement provided that Golden Minerals would contribute its option on the Pacha Minerals interest to the joint venture. The parties agreed to split
the payments for the option according to the proposed joint venture interests. The parties agreed to delay the formation of the joint venture while legal action was underway to unwind the cancelation of the Desierto I concession, a decision made in error by the Salta Ministry of Mines. That legal action was successfully completed in November of 2024. The parties are now in the process of negotiating the formation of the joint venture.
Geology and Mineralization
The properties are located in the southern portion of the Sierra de Taca Taca, a mountain range formed of uplifted Ordovician granite along a fault located at the western margin of the Salar de Arizaro. To the west and paralleling the salar margin, lies a 2 km wide graben that likely postdates the uplift faulting. The properties of La Sarita Este and Desierto I and II lie between these two major structures. Although the granite is cut by numerous dykes from the Late Permian through to Triassic, it is thought that the Oligocene rhyodacitic intrusions are responsible for the majority of the copper porphyry mineralization in the area. It is unclear what is responsible for volcanic hosted gold veining on the La Sarita Este and Desierto I properties, but there is strong evidence of a larger system at depth.
The prominent feature on the eastern portion of the concessions is the Ordovician Taca Taca granitic batholith which has been intruded by Permo - Triassic syenite to trachyte dykes and local monzonite plugs. The north-central portion of the area is dominated by a Late Permian volcanic unit. The northwest central portion of the area is covered by a recent dacitic dome and related intermediate to felsic volcanic rocks. The dome and related volcanics occupy what appears to be a large 2 km wide graben structure. West of the graben lie granite and quartz monzonite of the Sierra de Taca Taca Range, hosting the Taca Taca Alto porphyry. Intermediate to felsic Tertiary volcanic tuffs, flows, and volcaniclastic sediments cover most of the southern portion of the concession area.
Alteration and Mineralization
Hydrothermal alteration related to prospective mineralization is parallel to, and zoned away from, the margins of the salar. The southern region is characterized by potassic and alunite-clay alteration in the vicinity of syenite/trachyte dykes. The central region is characterized by a weak sericite-clay-limonite alteration reminiscent of hanging wall alteration around a porphyry system. The westernmost alteration, before entering the large graben structure, is predominantly moderate to strong hematite. The surface alteration pattern suggests a deeper mineralizing system could be found at depth, centered in the region of the monzonite plugs. The volcanic unit, separating Taca Taca Bajo from the La Sarita Este and Desierto I, has moderate hornfelsing.
Structurally the region is cut by an abundance of strong NW-SE and NNW-SSE linear features which are likely fault-related although there is little evidence of fault displacement. Regardless of their origin, the linear structures appear to control alteration and mineralization patterns. A 3 km x 1 km trend of silica ‘ribs’ representing veins extends south from the dacite dome into Desierto II. Sampling of the silica ribs has defined gold and silver grades of potential economic significance.
A permit has been approved for exploration drilling on the concessions, which is expected to commence in 2025 once the potential Cascadero joint venture agreement is formalized, to test for the extension of gold mineralization encountered on the Sarita Este concession immediately north of Desierto I and to test several other prospective geochemical and geophysical anomalies on the Desierto property.
Sarita Este
Location and Access
Access to the Sarita Este property from the city of Salta is mostly by paved roads for approximately 176 km followed by all-weather gravel roads for 230 km via National Highway 51 and Provincial Highway 27. Numerous 4 x 4
trails cross the property. Travel time is 7 to 8 hours from the city of Salta. The center of the concession is located at 24.58 degrees S latitude and 67.77 degrees W longitude.
There is no permanent camp at the Sarita Este property. Accommodation and services for exploration workers are located at the village of Tolar Grande, about 30 km away. Tolar Grande has a population of approximately 175. Travel to the property includes crossing a portion of the Salar de Arizaro. The Salta - Antofagasta railway is located 9 kilometers to the north and the Argentine to Chile high tension power line is 110 km to the east of the property. The area is sparsely populated and there is sufficient land for mining operations. Surface water is scarce but subsurface water can be obtained from the surrounding aquifers.
Property History
There has been historical prospecting on the Sarita Este property, commencing with its discovery by Mansfield Minerals in 1996. Three small trenches were dug but not sampled in 2012. Historically, no systematic sampling had occurred on the property; however, grab samples from prospecting have yielded high grade gold results in excess of one ounce per ton. Limited historic mapping outlined encouraging sericitic and phyllic alteration that is coincident with the known mineralization.
Soil sampling, trench sampling, mapping and prospecting, ground and air magnetic surveys, and analysis of spectral imagery was carried out by Cascadero up to 2018 and by the Company after the option agreement was signed in 2019. Soil sampling delineated a gold in soil anomaly covering an area of about 1 square kilometer in the south central portion of the Sarita Este concession and extending south onto the Desierto I concession.
In the fourth quarter of 2021, we completed the first drill program ever conducted at Sarita Este, which involved drilling 10 diamond drill holes totaling 2,518 meters to explore untested epithermal gold-silver and copper porphyry targets. In January 2022, we announced assay results from the drill program, which we believe indicate the potential for a significant gold system. We completed a second drill program in June 2022 designed to offset and further delineate mineralization associated with the gold intervals encountered in the first drill program. The Sarita Este property does not have reportable mineral resources as of the year ended December 31, 2024.
Title and Ownership Rights
The Sarita Este concession is titled to Cascadero. There is a 1% NSR royalty on the Sarita Este concession to Northwestern Enterprises Ltd.
In December 2019, we paid $150,000 to enter into an option agreement with Cascadero to acquire a 51% interest in the Sarita Este concession (830 hectares). The option agreement called for us to spend at least $0.3 million in exploration expenditures and complete a 2,000-meter drill program by the end of 2021, another $0.5 million by the end of 2022, and another approximately $1.6 million by 2023 for a total $2.5 million. We have exceeded the drilling requirements and have spent approximately $3.0 million since entering into the agreement in December 2019. We have completed the earn-in requirements and are working with Cascadero to complete the joint venture documents. The concessions are on Argentine federal land within the municipality of Tolar Grande. The surface rights are not allocated or granted to any party. Salta province has set a 3% royalty on production value subject to deductions for some costs of production.
Geology and Mineralization
The basement lithologies in the map area consist of granodiorite and granite of Ordovician age referred to as the Taca Taca granite. The Taca Taca granite has been intruded by Late Permian granite and aplite rocks and overlain by Late Permian sediments and volcaniclastics. These have been cross cut and overlain by Eocene-Oligocene volcanic rocks of the Santa Inez complex, including rhyodacitic hypabyssal intrusions, dykes, flow domes, crystal lapilli tuff and crystal tuff. The west central portion of the property is covered by a recent dacitic dome. This large feature occupies an interpreted 2
km wide graben structure. The structural fabric observed in the Ordovician granite host rock of the Taca Taca Bajo deposit is characterized by the presence of discrete but widespread NNE-SSW and NW-SE trending, steeply dipping proto-mylonite to mylonite zones. The emplacement of Oligocene rhyodacitic dykes, quartz veining related to the porphyry system, fractures, and small scale faults were controlled by these pre-existing zones of structural weakness. The Sierra de Taca Taca region also contains an abundance of strong NW-SE and NNW-SSE lineaments.
The predominant style of mineralization on the property is oxidized gold bearing quartz-limonite after pyrite micro veins that also yield anomalous values in lead, zinc and copper. These veins occur within sinuous zones of mostly quartz-sericite and lesser clay altered crystal lapilli tuff. The Sarita Este soil geochemistry grid and resulting anomalous gold zone is positioned over these zones. Mineralization at the Taca Taca Bajo porphyry deposit to the northeast is Oligocene in age. Although no geochronology has been performed on the Sarita Este mineralization, it is believed to be of similar age.
Drill Results
Golden Minerals drilled 4,923 meters in 51 diamond drill holes between 2020 and 2022. Results indicate a contiguous area of gold mineralization along the south-central property boundary over an area of about 40,000 square meters defined by gold results in 25 drill holes. The best drill hole to date yielded 52.5m of 1.49 g/t Au and 5.2 g/t Ag from 0m, including 3.7m of 7.27 g/t Au and 12.1 g/t Ag. Other significant mineralized intervals are:
● 2.2m of 27.47 g/t Au and 3.1 g/t Ag from 14.8m, including 0.6m of 102.5 g/t Au and 10.6 g/t Ag
● 20.6m of 1.37 g/t Au and 3.0 g/t Ag from19.5m, including 10.9m of 2.01 g/t Au and 4. g/t Ag
● 5.2m of 1.65 g/t Au, 1.5 g/t Ag from 0m
● 16.3m of 1.56 g/t Au and 6.0 g/t Ag from 12m, including 2.8m of 3.04g/t Au and 8.5 g/t Ag
● 12.5m of 2.11 g/t Au and 2.5 g/t Ag from 23.5m, including 1.5m of 10.29 g/t Au and 2.7 g/t Ag
● 15.8m of 2.76g/t Au and 0.8 g/t Ag from 32.5m, including 4.3m of 8.39 g/t Au and 2.3 g/t Ag
● 9.5m of 2.39 g/t Au and 5.6 g/t Ag from 40.5m, including 3.5m of 4.84 g/t Au and 11.2 g/t Ag
● 6.3m of 4.38 g/t Au and 7.5 g/t Ag from 0m, including 2.5m of 9.14 g/t Au and 11.7 g/t
● 12.8m of 1.68 g/t Au and 6.2 g/t Ag from 7.0m
● 2.5m of 3.98g/t Au and 4.3g/t Ag from 28.5m
● 9.9m of 1.91 grams per tonne (“g/t”) Au and 5.0 g/t Ag including 3.7m of 2.52 g/t Au and 5.3 g/t Ag
● 8.0m of 1.74 g/t Au and 1.0 g/t Ag including 1.0m of 12.0 g/t Au and 1.9 g/t Ag
● 3.7m of 1.64 g/t Au and 0.3 g/t Ag including 1.0m of 5.17 g/t Au and 0.3 g/t Ag
The gold mineralized area is open to the south, north, and east. The largest untested portion of the soil gold anomaly is to the south on the Desierto I concession. We believe that the assay results from these programs point to a potentially economic shallow oxidized gold system.
Exploration Properties
We currently control a portfolio of six exploration properties located primarily in certain traditional precious metals producing regions of Mexico, Argentina, and Nevada, USA. We do not consider any of our exploration properties to be individually material, including those noted above.
Sand Canyon
During the second quarter of 2019 we entered into an earn-in agreement with Golden Gryphon Explorations, Inc. (“Golden Gryphon”) for the Sand Canyon project located in northwestern Nevada, where surface work has identified a large system of epithermal veins with potential for gold and silver deposits. The Sand Canyon property consists of 354 unpatented mining claims totaling approximately 7,223 acres (2,923 hectares). We have since amended that agreement on
three occasions in order to extend the time period during which we are able to satisfy the spending commitments, which were completed in 2024. We earned a 60% interest in the Sand Canyon project by spending $2.5 million in exploration expenses over six years. In January 2025, we notified Golden Gryphon of our intent to exercise our earn-in right for a 60% interest in the project, and we are working to complete the joint venture documentation.
We completed an initial drill program of approximately 1,800 meters in 4 diamond drill holes in Q1 2020. The drill holes were placed to target surface geochemical and geophysical anomalies associated with epithermal veining observed in outcrops. Drill holes tested two epithermal vein target areas on the property, the DeLong Canyon target and the Sand Canyon target. The drill hole collared to test the DeLong Canyon target did not encounter any veins or significant anomalous geochemical values. Interpretation shows that a fault offset and rotation due to faulting likely caused the drill hole to miss the vein system as projected from surface. The three drill holes collared to test the veins and anomalies in the Sand Canyon target area all intersected narrow vein and breccia structures with low anomalous values of Ag, As, Sb, and Mo. No potentially economic concentrations of precious metals were encountered in any of the four drill holes. Plans for further testing of the mineralized system are being considered, including further drill targeting studies in areas of favorable geochemical anomalies and geologic structures.
Mexican Properties
We hold a 100% interest in the Rodeo gold mine (“the Rodeo Property”) in Durango State, Mexico. We believe the mineral resource at the Rodeo Property is depleted and is no longer considered to have reasonable prospects for economic extraction. The Company has a remaining asset retirement obligation for which it has accrued approximately $450,000. The Company also holds four concessions at Flechas and seven other minor concessions at various sites, all of which have had no material exploration work conducted on them.
In December 2023, we sold the Santa Maria gold-silver exploration property in Mexico to a private party for $1.5 million in cash plus VAT, plus a 1.5% NSR royalty on gold and silver production, capped at $1.0 million.
In November 2024, we sold the Yoquivo Project to Advance Metals Limited (“AVM”) for $570,000 in cash, plus VAT.
Our Competitive Strengths and Business Strategy
We are focused on evaluating and advancing properties currently under company control in North and South America. Our exploration efforts will continue primarily at the Sarita Este/Desierto and Sand Canyon projects.
Experienced Management Team. Our board of directors and management combined have decades of experience in exploration, project development, and operations management, primarily in the Americas.
Executive Officers of Golden Minerals
Name
Age
Position
Pablo Castanos
President and Chief Executive Officer; Director
Joseph G. Dwyer
Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Pablo Castanos (53). Mr. Castanos joined Golden Minerals in July of 2023 as Executive Vice President and was appointed President and Chief Executive Officer in June 2024. Prior to joining Golden Minerals, since 2016, Mr. Castanos acted as a private investor in real estate development and construction companies located in Querétaro, Mexico and Austin, Texas. Mr. Castanos has more than twenty years of global and strategic expertise, including fifteen years in the mining industry, in positions focusing on strategic planning, finance, compliance, sustainability, government affairs and risk
management. He holds a Master of Business Administration in Finance from Gabriela Mistral University in Santiago, Chile.
Joseph G. Dwyer (56). Mr. Dwyer joined Golden Minerals as Corporate Controller in September 2022 and was appointed Chief Financial Officer and Corporate Secretary in August 2024. Previously, he served as a consultant at Bridgepoint Consulting in 2022, Vice President and Corporate Controller at Kärcher North America from 2020 to 2022, and Director of Business Operations at Westmoreland Coal Company from 2016 to 2019. Mr. Dwyer has over twenty years of experience with publicly held companies in corporate accounting, financial process and internal audit and as a manager within Deloitte’s assurance practice. Mr. Dwyer has informed the Company that he will resign from this position effective May 31, 2025, and has agreed to provide consulting services for a limited period following his resignation.
Metals Market Overview
We are an emerging precious metals exploration company with silver and gold exploration properties in Argentina and Nevada. Descriptions of the markets for these metals are provided below.
Silver Market
Silver has traditionally served as a medium of exchange, much like gold. Silver’s strength, malleability, ductility, thermal and electrical conductivity, sensitivity to light and ability to endure extreme changes in temperature combine to make it a widely used industrial metal. While silver continues to be used as a form of investment and a financial asset, the principal uses of silver are industrial, primarily in electrical and electronic components, photography, jewelry, silverware, batteries, computer chips, electrical contacts, and high technology printing. Silver’s anti-bacterial properties also make it valuable for use in medicine and in water purification. Additionally, the use of silver in the photovoltaic and solar panel industries is growing rapidly, and new uses of silver are being developed in connection with the use of superconductive wire and radio frequency identification devices.
The following table sets forth for the periods indicated on the London Fix high and low silver fixes in U.S. dollars per troy ounce. On April 4, 2025, the closing price of silver was $29.59 per troy ounce.
Silver
Year
High
Low
$
32.23
$
18.61
$
22.05
$
15.28
$
18.23
$
13.71
$
20.71
$
13.58
$
18.56
$
15.22
$
17.52
$
14.13
$
19.31
$
14.38
$
19.31
$
12.01
$
28.89
$
21.53
$
29.59
$
17.77
$
26.03
$
20.09
$
24.50
$
22.09
2025*
$
34.57
$
28.84
* Through April 4, 2025.
Gold Market
Gold has two main categories of use: fabrication and investment. Fabricated gold has a variety of end uses, including jewelry, electronics, dentistry, industrial and decorative uses, medals, medallions and official coins. Gold investors buy gold bullion, official coins and jewelry. The supply of gold consists of a combination of production from mining and the draw-down of existing stocks of gold held by governments, financial institutions, industrial organizations and private individuals.
The following table sets forth for the periods indicated on the London Fix PM high and low gold fixes in U.S. dollars per troy ounce. On April 4, 2025, the closing price of gold was $3,037 per troy ounce.
Gold
Year
High
Low
$
1,694
$
1,192
$
1,385
$
1,142
$
1,296
$
1,049
$
1,366
$
1,077
$
1,346
$
1,151
$
1,355
$
1,178
$
1,546
$
1,270
$
1,672
$
1,527
$
1,957
$
1,685
$
2,039
$
1,629
$
2,078
$
1,811
$
2,171
$
1,985
2025*
$
3,167
$
2,616
* Through April 4, 2025.
Employees
As of April 4, 2025 we have four full-time employees in the United States.
Competition
There is aggressive competition within the mining industry for the acquisition of a limited number of mineral resource opportunities, and many of the mining companies with which we compete have greater financial and technical resources than we do. Accordingly, these competitors may be able to spend greater amounts on acquisitions of mineral properties, as well as on exploration and advancement of their mineral properties. We also compete with other mining companies for the acquisition and retention of skilled mining engineers and mechanics, geologists, geophysicists and other experienced technical personnel. Our competitive position depends upon our ability to successfully and economically advance new and existing silver and gold properties. Failure to achieve and maintain a competitive position could adversely impact our ability to obtain the financing necessary for us to advance our exploration properties.
Available Information
We make available, free of charge through our website at www.goldenminerals.com, our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. Information on our website
is not incorporated into this Form 10-K and is not a part of this report. The SEC also maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at http://www.sec.gov. The Company also files reports under Canadian regulatory requirements on the System for Electronic Document Analysis and Retrieval (“SEDAR+”). The Company’s reports which are filed on SEDAR+ can be found under the Company’s SEDAR+ profile at www.sedarplus.ca.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
ITEM 1A: RISK FACTORS
Investors in Golden Minerals should consider carefully, in addition to the other information contained in, or incorporated by reference into, this Form 10-K, the following risk factors:
Risk Factors related to our Financial Circumstances
There is substantial doubt about whether we can continue as a going concern.
At April 4, 2025, our aggregate cash and cash equivalents totaled approximately $4.0 million. In the absence of sufficient sales of certain dormant subsidiary tax losses, the collection of the balance due from the sale of the Velardeña Properties, equity financing or other external funding, the Company’s cash balance is expected to be depleted during the first quarter of 2026. Therefore, our continuation as a going concern is dependent upon our achieving future external funding or a strategic transaction. However, there is no assurance that we will be successful in selling tax losses or collecting the balance from the fourth Velardeña Sales Agreement, or completing a financing or a strategic transaction. Accordingly, there is substantial doubt as to whether our existing cash resources and working capital are sufficient to enable us to continue our operations for the next twelve months as a going concern. Ultimately, in the event that we cannot obtain additional financial resources, we will have to liquidate our business interests and investors may lose their investment. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that our company will continue as a going concern. Continued operations are dependent on our ability to obtain additional financial resources. Such additional financial resources may not be available or may not be available on acceptable terms. Our consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty. Such adjustments could be material.
We are an exploration stage company and do not have a source of revenue.
We have a history of operating losses. Although our Rodeo Property generated revenue and free cash flow in 2021 and 2022, that project concluded operations as expected in 2023. We restarted mineral extraction at the Velardeña Properties in late December 2023; however, we elected to shut down mining operations in February 2024 because initial production did not achieve our expected results. Since we were unable to generate sufficient revenue and net operating margins from operating the Velardeña Properties, we are dependent on future external financing to fund our corporate expenses and exploration activities. There is no assurance that such financing will be available on acceptable terms or at all (see “- We may not have access to sufficient future capital.”).
Our results of operations, cash flows and the value of our exploration properties is highly dependent on the market prices of gold and silver and certain base metals, and these prices can be volatile.
The value of our exploration properties is directly related to the market price of gold, silver, and certain base metals. The price of gold and silver may also have a significant influence on the market price of our common stock. The market prices of these metals historically have fluctuated significantly and are affected by numerous factors beyond our control, including: (i) global or regional consumption patterns; (ii) supply of and demand for gold and silver on a worldwide basis; (iii) speculative and hedging activities; (iv) expectations for inflation; (v) political and economic conditions; (vi) supply of, and demand for, consumables required for extraction and processing of metals; and (vii) general economic conditions worldwide. In the event metal prices decline or remain low for prolonged periods of time, we might be unable to advance or develop our exploration properties, which may adversely affect our results of operations, financial performance, and cash flows. An asset impairment charge may result from the occurrence of unexpected adverse events that impact the market value of our exploration properties, including a material diminution in the price of metals.
We may not have access to sufficient future capital.
We expect to require additional external financing to fund our continuing business activities.
We do not have a credit or other commercial financing arrangement in place that would finance our general and administrative costs and other working capital needs to fund our continuing business activities in the future, and we believe that securing credit for these purposes would be challenging. In addition, commercial financing arrangements may not be available on favorable terms or on terms that would not further restrict our flexibility and ongoing ability to meet our cash requirements over a reasonable period of time.
We also may not be able to obtain funding by monetizing additional non-core exploration or other assets at an acceptable price. Although we may be able to access public equity markets, significant equity issuances may be dilutive to our existing stockholders.
We cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain financing to fund our general and administrative costs and other working capital needs and to fund our continuing business activities in the future on favorable terms or at all. Failure to obtain financing could result in delay or indefinite postponement of exploration, the possible partial or total loss of our interest in our exploration properties, or liquidation of the Company.
The December 2024 delisting of our common stock from the NYSE American may result in lower trading volumes and liquidity and lower prices of our common stock and make it more difficult for us to raise capital.
Our common stock was delisted from the NYSE American LLC (the “NYSE American”) on December 16, 2024, due to our inability to maintain a minimum amount of stockholders’ equity in compliance with Sections 1003(a)(i), (ii) and (iii) of the NYSE American Company Guide (the “Company Guide”). Since our delisting, our common stock traded on the OTC Pink Market until February 3, 2025, when quotation of our common stock commenced on the OTCQB Venture Market. Our delisting from the NYSE American adversely impacted our share price and may make it more difficult for us to raise capital in the future.
The OTCQB market may remove our securities from trading on its marketplace, which could limit investors’ ability
to make transactions in our securities and subject us to additional trading restrictions.
Our common stock trades on the OTCQB. We cannot assure you that our securities will continue to trade on the OTCQB or any other marketplace in the future. To remain eligible for trading on the OTCQB, we must: (i) maintain a minimum bid price of $0.01; (ii) have a minimum freely traded float of at least 10% of our total issued and outstanding common stock; (iii) maintain at least 50 beneficial shareholders, each holding a minimum of 100 shares; (iv) not be in bankruptcy; (v) remain in good standing in each jurisdiction where we are organized or conduct business; and (vi) file all required applications and pay all necessary fees to the OTCQB. We cannot assure you that we will be able to meet these listing requirements in the future. If we are unable to maintain our quotation for trading on the OTCQB, it could significantly limit an individual investor’s ability to buy or sell our securities, if at all.
The impact of our 1-for-25 reverse stock split on the future market price of our common stock is uncertain.
On May 30, 2023, we filed an amendment to our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware to effectuate, effective June 9, 2023, a one-for-25 reverse stock split of the shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share. The Company’s common stock began trading on a split-adjusted basis on June 9, 2023. In connection with the reverse stock split, the total number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance was reduced from 350,000,000 shares to 28,000,000 shares in proportion to the reverse stock split. Our decision to undergo the reverse stock split was prompted by receipt of a notice letter from NYSE American citing our low stock price and NYSE American’s concerns about our compliance with its continued listing standards. Effective May 13, 2024, we increased our total number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance from 28,000,000 to
100,000,000. Then, effective December 16, 2024, our common stock was delisted from the NYSE American due to noncompliance with certain listing maintenance standards related to the Company’s stockholders’ equity (see “- The delisting of our common stock from the NYSE American may result in lower trading volumes and liquidity, lower prices of our common stock and make it more difficult for us to raise capital.”).
The continued effect of the reverse stock split on our stock price cannot be predicted with any certainty, and the history of reverse stock splits for us and other companies, is varied, particularly since some investors may view a reverse stock split negatively. In addition, the reverse stock split may decrease the liquidity of our common stock and result in higher transaction costs. Lastly, the reverse stock split increased the number of stockholders owning “odd lots” of fewer than 100 shares, which generally means that trading our stock results in higher transaction costs. Accordingly, the reverse stock split may not achieve the desired results of increasing marketability and liquidity.
Risks Related to our Operations
We are party to a collective bargaining agreement with a union in Mexico that, together with labor and employment regulations, could adversely affect our financial condition.
Mine employees in Mexico are typically represented by a union, and our relationship with most of our employees in Mexico was governed in part by a collective bargaining agreement which remains in effect. We have no certainty as to the terms under which the collective bargaining agreement may be terminated, if at all, and the negotiation process could involve risks that may further impact our financial condition.
Competition in the mining industry is intense, and we have limited financial and personnel resources with which to compete.
Competition in the mining industry for desirable properties, investment capital and human capital is intense. Numerous companies headquartered in the United States, Canada, and elsewhere throughout the world compete for properties and human capital on a global basis. We are a small participant in the mining industry due to our limited financial and human capital resources. We presently operate with a limited number of people and we anticipate operating in the same manner going forward. We compete with other companies in our industry to hire qualified employees and consultants when needed to successfully advance our exploration properties. We may be unable to attract the necessary human capital to fully explore our properties and to acquire other desirable properties. Additionally, if we lose key personnel or one or more members of our senior management team, and we fail to develop adequate succession plans, or if we fail to hire or contract for, retain and develop qualified and diverse employees, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be harmed. We believe that competition for acquiring mineral properties, as well as the competition to attract and retain qualified human capital, will continue to be intense in the future.
The nature of mineral exploration, mining, and processing activities involves significant hazards, a high degree of risk, and the possibility of uninsured losses.
Exploration for minerals is highly speculative and involves greater risk than many other businesses. Many exploration programs do not result in the discovery of mineralization, and any mineralization discovered may not be of sufficient quantity or quality to be profitably mined. Our operations are subject to all of the operating hazards and risks normally incident to exploring for minerals, such as; social, community or labor disputes resulting in work stoppages or delays, or related loss of social acceptance of community support; changes to legal and regulatory requirements; unanticipated variations in grade and other geologic problems; environmental hazards; ground and water conditions; access to water for exploration or future operations; difficult surface or underground conditions; industrial accidents; security and technology failures or incidents; metallurgical and other processing problems; mechanical and equipment issues; unusual or unexpected rock formations; personal injury; natural disasters; and decrease in the value of mineralized material due to lower gold, silver and metal prices, any of which could result in damage to, or destruction of, life or property, environmental damage and possible legal liability. We may also not be insured against all interruptions to our operations. Losses from
these or other events may cause us to incur significant costs which could materially adversely affect our financial condition and our ability to fund activities on our properties. A significant loss could force us to reduce or suspend exploration of our properties, adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow and cause us to have to liquidate our business interests and investors to lose their investments.
Our exploration activities, strategic transactions, or any acquisition activities may not be commercially successful and could fail to lead to metal production or fail to add value.
Substantial expenditures are required to acquire mining or exploration properties, establish mineral reserves through drilling and analysis, develop metallurgical processes to extract metal from the ore and develop the mining and processing facilities and infrastructure at any site chosen for mining. We cannot be assured that any such activities will be commercially successful, lead to metal production, or add value.
Risks related to our Exploration Activities
Our exploration properties may not contain mineral reserves.
We have not established that our current or previously owned properties contain any mineral reserve, nor can there be any assurance that we will be able to do so. A mineral reserve is defined by the SEC in Regulation S-K 1300 as that part of a mineral deposit which could be economically and legally extracted or produced at the time of the reserve determination. The probability of an individual prospect ever having a “reserve” that meets the requirements of Regulation S-K 1300 is extremely remote; in all probability our mineral properties do not contain any “reserves” and any funds that we spend on exploration could be lost. Even if we do eventually discover mineral reserves on our properties, there can be no assurance that they can be developed into producing mines and we can extract those minerals. Both mineral exploration and development involve a high degree of risk and few mineral properties which are explored are ultimately developed into producing mines.
The exploration of mineral properties is highly speculative in nature, involves substantial expenditures and is frequently non-productive.
Mineral exploration is highly speculative in nature and frequently results in no or very little return on amounts invested to evaluate a particular property. Substantial expenditures are required to: (i) establish the existence of a potential ore body through drilling and metallurgical and other testing techniques; (ii) determine metal content and metallurgical recovery processes to process metal from the ore; (iii) determine the feasibility of mine development and mineral extraction; and (iv) construct, renovate or expand mining and processing facilities. If we discover a deposit or ore at a property, it usually takes several years from the initial phases of exploration until mineral extraction is possible, if at all. During this time, the economic feasibility of a project may change because of increased costs, lower metal prices or other factors. As a result of these uncertainties, our exploration programs may not result in the identification of proven and probable mineral reserves in sufficient quantities to justify developing a particular property.
We may acquire additional exploration or mining properties, and our business may be negatively impacted if reserves are not located on acquired properties or if we are unable to successfully execute and/or integrate the acquisitions.
We have in the past, and may in the future, acquire additional exploration or mining properties. There can be no assurance that reserves will be identified on any properties that we acquire. We may experience negative reactions from the financial markets if we complete acquisitions of additional properties and reserves are not located on acquired properties. There can be no assurance that we will be able to complete any acquisitions successfully, or that any acquisition will achieve anticipated synergies or other positive results. Any material problems that we encounter in connection with such an acquisition could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial position. These factors may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.
Regulatory Risks
Our operations are subject to ongoing permitting requirements, which could result in the delay, suspension or termination of our operations.
Our operations, including our exploration drilling programs, require ongoing permits from governmental and local authorities. The continued evaluation of our Sarita Este/Desierto project and other exploration activities will require additional permits from various governmental authorities. We may also be required to obtain certain property rights to access or use our properties. Obtaining or renewing licenses and permits, and acquiring property rights, can be complex and time-consuming processes. There can be no assurance that we will be able to acquire all required licenses, permits or property rights on reasonable terms or in a timely manner, or at all, and that such terms will not be adversely changed, that required extensions will be granted, or that the issuance of such licenses, permits or property rights will not be challenged by third parties. If we cannot obtain or maintain the necessary permits or if there is a delay in receiving future permits, our timetable and business plan will be adversely affected and may prevent or make future exploration, mining and processing activities economically unfeasible.
Our primary exploration activities are in countries with developing economies and are subject to the risks of political and economic instability associated with these countries.
We currently conduct exploration activities in Argentina and the United States. Argentina and other emerging markets in which we may conduct business have from time to time experienced economic or political instability. We may be materially adversely affected by risks associated with conducting exploration activities in countries with developing economies, including various levels of political, economic, legal and other risks and uncertainties, local acts of violence; military repression; extreme fluctuations in currency exchange rates; high rates of inflation; labor unrest; the risks of war or civil unrest; expropriation and nationalization; renegotiation or nullification of existing concessions, licenses, permits and contracts; illegal mining; acts of political corruption; changes in taxation policies; restrictions on foreign exchange and repatriation; and changing political conditions, currency controls and governmental regulations that favor or require the awarding of contracts to local contractors or require foreign contractors to employ citizens of, or purchase supplies from, a particular jurisdiction.
Our Mexican properties are subject to a variety of governmental regulations governing health and worker safety, employment standards, waste disposal, protection of historic and archaeological sites, mine development, protection of endangered and protected species, purchase, storage and use of explosives and other matters. Specifically, our discontinued activities related to the Rodeo and Velardeña Properties are subject to regulation by SEMARNAT, the Comisión Nacional del Agua, which regulates water rights, and Mexican mining laws. Mexican regulators have broad authority to shut down and levy fines against facilities that do not comply with regulations or standards. As such, our properties and activities in Mexico may be adversely affected in varying degrees by changing government regulations relating to the mining industry or shifts in political conditions that increase the costs related to our mining and exploration activities or the maintenance of our properties.
Our properties in Argentina are subject to similar risks. The Argentine economy has experienced significant volatility in recent decades, characterized by periods of low or negative gross domestic product growth, high and variable levels of inflation and currency depreciation and devaluation. The Argentine government has not only historically exercised significant influence over the country’s economy through changing monetary, taxation, credit, tariff and other policies, but the country’s legal and regulatory frameworks have at times suffered radical changes due to political influence and significant political uncertainties as well. Future government policies to preempt, or in response to, social unrest may include expropriation, nationalization, forced renegotiation or modification of existing contracts, suspension of the enforcement of creditors’ rights, new taxation policies including royalty and tax increases and retroactive tax claims, and changes in laws and policies affecting foreign trade and investment. Such policies could destabilize the country and adversely and materially affect the economy and, thereby, our business.
Future changes in applicable laws and regulations, changes in their enforcement or regulatory interpretation, or shifts in the prevailing political climate in Argentina, the United States or any of the countries in which we may conduct exploration activities could adversely affect our business, could negatively impact current or planned exploration activities at our properties or in respect of any of our projects currently in, or projects with which we become involved in, such countries. Any failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations, even if inadvertent, could result in the interruption of exploration or material fines, penalties or other liabilities.
Most of our properties are subject to extensive environmental laws and regulations, which could materially adversely affect our business.
Our exploration and processing operations are subject to extensive laws and regulations governing land use and the protection of the environment which control the exploration and mining of mineral properties and their effects on the environment, including air and water quality, mine reclamation, waste generation, handling and disposal, the protection of different species of flora and fauna and the preservation of lands. These laws and regulations require us to acquire permits and other authorizations for conducting certain activities. In many countries, there is relatively new comprehensive environmental legislation, and the permitting and the authorization processes may not be established or predictable. We may not be able to acquire necessary permits or authorizations on a timely basis, if at all. Delays in acquiring any permit or authorization could increase the cost of our projects and could suspend or delay the commencement of extraction and processing of mineralized material.
Environmental legislation in Argentina and in many other countries is evolving in a manner which will likely require stricter standards and enforcement, increased fines and penalties for non-compliance, more stringent environmental assessments of proposed projects, and a heightened degree of responsibility for companies and their officers, directors and employees. Future changes in environmental regulation in the jurisdictions where our properties are located may adversely affect our business, make our business prohibitively expensive, or prohibit it altogether. We cannot predict what environmental legislation or regulations will be enacted or adopted in the future or how future laws and regulations will be administered or interpreted. Compliance with more stringent laws and regulations, as well as potentially more vigorous enforcement policies or regulatory agencies or stricter interpretation of existing laws, may (i) necessitate significant capital outlays, (ii) cause us to delay, terminate or otherwise change our intended activities with respect to one or more projects, or (iii) materially adversely affect our future exploration activities.
Many of our properties are located in areas of prior mining activity and we may encounter legacy environmental damage.
The Velardeña Properties and many of our exploration properties or sold properties are located in historic mining districts where prior owners, including ECU in the case of the Velardeña Properties, may have caused environmental damage that may not be known to us or to applicable regulators. At the Velardeña Properties and in most other cases, we have not conducted comprehensive environmental analyses of our mineral properties. Insurance fully covering many environmental risks (including potential liability for pollution or other hazards as a result of disposal of waste products occurring from exploration and mining) is not generally available. To the extent environmental hazards may exist on the properties in which we currently hold interests, have sold our interest or may hold interests in the future, that are unknown to us at present and that have been caused by us, or by previous owners or operators, or that may have occurred naturally, and to the extent we are subject to environmental requirements or liabilities, the cost of compliance with these requirements and satisfaction of these liabilities could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. If we are unable to fully fund the cost of remediation of any environmental condition, we may be required to suspend activities or enter into interim compliance measures pending completion of the required remediation.
Climate change and climate change legislation or regulations could impact our business.
We are subject to physical risks associated with climate change which could seriously harm our results of operations and increase our costs and expenses. The occurrence of severe adverse weather conditions, including increased
temperatures and droughts, fires, longer wet or dry seasons, increased precipitation, floods, hail, snow, or more severe storms, may have a potentially devastating impact on our operations. Adverse weather may result in physical damage to our operations, instability of our infrastructure and equipment, washed-out roads to our projects, and alter the supply of water and electricity to our properties. Increased temperatures may also decrease worker productivity at our projects and raise cooling costs. Should the impacts of climate change be material in nature or occur for lengthy periods of time in the areas in which we operate, our financial condition or results of operations would be adversely affected.
Changes in the quantity of water, whether in excess or deficient amounts, may impact exploration and development activities, mining and processing operations, water storage and treatment facilities, tailings storage facilities, closure and reclamation efforts, and may increase levels of dust in dry conditions and land erosion and slope stability in case of prolonged wet conditions. Increased precipitation, extreme rainfall events or increased snowfall may potentially impact tailings storage facilities through flooding of the water management infrastructure, exceeding surface water runoff network capacity, overtopping the facility, or undermining the slope stability of the structure. Increased amounts of water may also result in extended periods of flooding affecting exploration activities, maintenance and storage facilities, or may exceed current water treatment facility capacity to store and treat water or other physical conditions resulting in an unintended overflow either on or off of the mine site property.
U.S. and international legislative and regulatory action intended to ensure the protection of the environment are constantly changing and evolving in a manner expected to result in stricter standards and enforcement, larger fines and liability, and potentially increased capital expenditures and operating costs. Transitioning our business to meet regulatory, societal and investor expectations may cause us to incur greater costs than originally estimated for new exploration projects and development plans of existing operations.
Mining companies are increasingly required to consider and provide benefits to the communities, regions, and countries in which they operate, and are subject to extensive environmental, health and safety laws and regulations.
As a result of public concern about the real or perceived detrimental effects of economic globalization, global climate impacts, and other adverse environmental effects resulting from the operation of extractive industries, businesses in general and the mining industry in particular face increasing public scrutiny of their activities. These businesses are under pressure to demonstrate that as they seek to generate satisfactory returns on investment to shareholders, other stakeholders, including employees, governments, communities surrounding operations, adjacent regions, and the countries in which they operate, such constituencies benefit and will continue to benefit from their commercial activities. The potential consequences of these pressures include reputational damage, delays, suspension of activities, legal claims, increased costs, increased social investment obligations, difficulty in acquiring permits, and increased taxes and royalties payable to governments and communities.
Title to the Velardeña, Sarita Este/Desierto properties and our other properties and rights may be defective or may be challenged.
Our policy is to seek to confirm the validity of our rights to, title to, or contract rights with respect to, each mineral property in which we have a material interest. However, we cannot guarantee that title to our properties will not be challenged. Title insurance is not available for our mineral properties, and our ability to ensure that we have obtained secure rights to individual mineral properties or mining concessions may be severely constrained. Accordingly, the Velardeña, Sarita Este/Desierto properties and our other mineral properties may be subject to prior unregistered agreements, transfers or claims, and title may be affected by, among other things, undetected defects. In addition, we may be unable to conduct activities on our properties as permitted or to enforce our rights with respect to our properties, and the title to our mineral properties may also be impacted by government action. We have not conducted surveys of all of the exploration properties in which we hold direct or indirect interests and, therefore, the precise area and location of these exploration properties may be in doubt.
In most of the countries in which we operate, failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations relating to mineral right applications and tenure could result in loss, reduction or expropriation of entitlements, or the imposition of additional local or foreign parties as joint venture partners. Any such loss, reduction or imposition of partners could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
Under the laws of Mexico, mineral resources belong to the state, and government concessions are required to explore for or exploit mineral reserves. Mineral rights derive from concessions granted, on a discretionary basis, by the Ministry of Economy, pursuant to the Mexican mining law and regulations thereunder. We hold title to the Rodeo Property and our other properties in Mexico through these government concessions, but there is no assurance that title to our other properties will not be challenged or impaired. The properties may be subject to prior unregistered agreements, interests or native land mining claims, and title may be affected by undetected defects. A defect could result in our losing all or a portion of our right, title, and interest in and to the properties to which the title defect relates.
Our Sarita Este/Desierto mining concessions and our other mining concessions in Argentina and Mexico may be terminated if our obligations to maintain the concessions in good standing are not satisfied, including obligations to explore or exploit the relevant concession, to pay any relevant fees, to comply with all environmental and safety standards, to provide information or to allow inspections by appropriate agencies. In addition to termination, failure to make timely concession maintenance payments and otherwise comply strictly with applicable laws, regulations and local practices relating to mineral right applications and tenure could result in reduction or expropriation of entitlements.
Mining concessions in Mexico and Argentina give exclusive exploration and exploitation rights to the minerals located in the concessions but do not include surface rights to the real property, which requires that we negotiate the necessary agreements with surface landowners. Many of our mining properties are subject to the Mexican ejido system requiring us to contract with the local communities surrounding the properties in order to obtain surface rights to land needed in connection with our mining exploration activities (see “-Our ability to develop our Mexican properties is subject to the rights of the Ejido (agrarian cooperatives) who use or own the surface for agricultural purposes.”). Our inability to maintain and periodically renew or expand these surface rights on favorable terms or otherwise could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.
Our ability to develop our Mexican properties is subject to the rights of the Ejido (agrarian cooperatives) who use or own the surface for agricultural purposes.
Our ability to mine minerals is subject to maintaining satisfactory arrangements and relationships with the Ejido for access and surface disturbances. Ejidos are groups of local inhabitants who were granted rights to conduct agricultural activities on the property. We must negotiate and maintain a satisfactory arrangement with these residents in order to disturb or discontinue their rights to farm.
Some of our costs are subject to exchange control policies, the effects of inflation, and currency fluctuations between the U.S. dollar and the Mexican peso or the Argentine peso.
Our general administrative costs and some exploration costs and external funding are primarily denominated in U.S. dollars. However, certain future costs at the Rodeo Property are denominated in Mexican pesos and at our Sarita Este/Desierto properties are denominated in Argentine pesos. These costs principally include electricity, labor, water, maintenance, local contractors and fuel. The appreciation of the foreign currency against the U.S. dollar increases expenses and the cost of purchasing capital assets in U.S. dollar terms in Mexico and Argentina, which can adversely impact our operating results and cash flows. Conversely, depreciation of the foreign currency decreases operating costs and capital asset purchases in U.S. dollar terms. When inflation in Mexico or Argentina increases without a corresponding devaluation of the Mexican or Argentine peso, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows could be adversely affected. The annual average inflation rate in Mexico was approximately 4.7% in 2024, 5.9% in 2023 and 7.9% in 2022, and in Argentina was approximately 117.8% in 2024, 211.4% in 2023, and 72.4% in 2022. At the same time, the local currency has been subject to fluctuation, which may not have been proportionate to the inflation rate and may not be proportionate
to the inflation rate in the future. The value of the Mexican peso decreased by 18.7% in 2024, 11.8% in 2023, and 4.9% in 2022, and the value of the Argentine peso decreased by 21.4% in 2024, 77.9% in 2023 and 41.7% in 2022. Current and future inflationary effects may be driven by, among other things, supply chain disruptions and governmental stimulus or fiscal policies, and geopolitical instability, including ongoing conflicts between Ukraine and Russia and in the Middle East. Continuing increases in inflation could increase our costs of labor and other costs related to our business, which could have an adverse impact on our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
In addition, fluctuations in currency exchange rates may have a significant impact on our financial results. There can be no assurance that the Mexican government or the Argentine government will maintain their current policies with regard to their currencies or that the value of these currencies will not fluctuate significantly in the future. We cannot assure you that currency fluctuations, inflation and exchange control policies will not have an adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations, earnings and cash flows.
Lack of infrastructure could forestall or prevent further exploration and advancement.
Exploration activities, as well as any advancement activities, depend on adequate infrastructure. Reliable roads, bridges, power sources and water supply are important factors that affect capital and operating costs and the feasibility and economic viability of a project. Unanticipated or higher than expected costs and unusual or infrequent weather phenomena, or government or other interference in the maintenance or provision of such infrastructure, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Risks related to our Common Stock
Our stock price may be volatile and as a result shareholders could lose part or all of their investment.
In addition to other risk factors identified in this Form 10-K and due to volatility associated with equity securities in general, the value of a shareholder’s investment could decline due to the impact of numerous factors upon the market price of our common stock, including:
● Changes in the worldwide price for the metals for which we explore;
● Adverse results from our exploration efforts;
● Political and regulatory risks and social unrest, including the conflicts between Ukraine and Russia and in the Middle East;
● Weather conditions and extreme weather events, including unusually heavy rains;
● Failure to meet our revenue or profit goals or operating budget;
● Decline in demand for our common stock;
● Downward revisions in securities analysts’ estimates or changes in global financial markets and global economies and general market conditions;
● Technological innovations by competitors or in competing technologies;
● Investor perception of our industry or our prospects;
● Lawsuits;
● Economic impact from spread of disease;
● Our ability to integrate and operate the companies and the businesses that we acquire;
● Actions by government or central banks; and
● General economic trends.
Stock markets in general have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations and the market prices of individual securities have been highly volatile. These fluctuations are often unrelated to operating performance and may materially adversely affect the market price of our common stock. As a result, shareholders may be unable to sell their shares at a desired price.
The existence of a significant number of warrants may have a negative effect on the market price of our common stock.
As of December 31, 2024, we had 10.8 million warrants outstanding with a weighted average exercise price per share of $1.14. The existence of securities available for exercise and resale is referred to as an “overhang,” and, particularly if the warrants are “in the money,” the anticipation of potential sales could exert downward pressure on the market price of our common stock.
Following delisting of our common stock from the NYSE American in December 2024, our stock may be determined to be a “penny stock,” a broker-dealer may find it more difficult to trade our common stock and an investor may find it more difficult to acquire or dispose of our common stock in the secondary market.
Following delisting of our common stock on the NYSE American effective December 16, 2024, it may be subject to the so-called “penny stock” rules. The SEC has adopted regulations that define a “penny stock” to be any equity security that has a market price per share of less than $5.00, subject to certain exceptions, such as any securities listed on a national securities exchange. For any transaction involving a “penny stock,” unless exempt, the rules impose additional sales practice requirements on broker-dealers, subject to certain exceptions. If our common stock were determined to be a “penny stock,” a broker-dealer may find it more difficult to trade our common stock and an investor may find it more difficult to acquire or dispose of our common stock on the secondary market. These factors could significantly negatively affect the market price of our common stock and our ability to raise capital. 
General Risks
Our operations may be disrupted, and our financial results may be materially adversely affected by any future pandemic.
Any pandemic may pose a risk to our business and operations. If a significant portion of our workforce becomes unable to work or travel to our operations due to illness or state or federal government restrictions (including travel restrictions and “shelter-in-place” and similar orders restricting certain activities that may be issued or extended by authorities), we may be forced to reduce or suspend exploration activities, which may impact our liquidity and financial results. These restrictions have significantly disrupted economic activity in both the world, national and local economies and have caused volatility in capital markets.
To the extent any pandemic materially adversely affects our business and financial results, as discussed above, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in this “Risk Factors” section, such as those relating to our exploration activities and financing. We are unable to predict the ultimate adverse impact of any pandemic on our business, which would depend on numerous evolving factors and future developments, including a pandemic’s ongoing effect on the demand for silver and gold, as well as the response of the overall economy and the financial markets during and after a pandemic and response measures come to an end, the timing of which remains highly unpredictable.
We may not be able to operate successfully if we are unable to recruit, hire, retain and develop key personnel and a qualified and diverse workforce. In addition, we are dependent upon our employees being able to safely perform their jobs, including the potential for physical injuries or illness.
We depend upon the services of a small number of key executives and management personnel. These individuals include our executive officers and other key employees. If any of these individuals were to die, become disabled or leave our company, we would be forced to identify and retain individuals to replace them. We may be unable to hire a suitable replacement on favorable terms should that become necessary.
Our success is also dependent on the contributions of our skilled and experienced consultants and workforce and their ability to safely perform their jobs. To achieve our operating goals, we must be able to recruit, hire, retain and develop qualified and diverse personnel to execute on our strategy. See “-Competition in the mining industry is intense, and we
have limited financial and personnel resources with which to compete.” If we experience periods where our employees are unable to perform their jobs for any reason, including as a result of illness, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be adversely affected.
Market factors outside of our control could have significant adverse impacts on our business, operations and/or prospects.
Operating in the volatile and cyclical natural resource industry subjects us to numerous market factors outside of our control that could have significant and sometimes adverse impacts on our business. Such factors could include significant price declines in our industry, inflationary impacts on capital and exploration and operating costs, public opposition, poor financial and operating performance of other companies in the same industry sector, environmental incidents from resource projects, major technological advances that reduce demand for mineral resources, unforeseen regulation, military conflict, such as the Russia/Ukraine war, the conflicts in Gaza and the Middle East, terrorism, banking institution stability, or other geopolitical events that broadly impact the global or domestic economy or natural resource industry. To the extent that such events affect attitudes toward investments in the natural resource sector, or impact the overall economic climate, could affect our ability to raise the additional capital needed to continue to advance our projects and business plan.
Global and regional political and economic conditions could adversely impact our business.
Political and economic shifts, both domestic and international, may create uncertainty and pose risks to our operations. Policies related to populism, protectionism, economic nationalism, and attitudes toward multinational corporations could result in regulatory changes, trade barriers, or investment restrictions. Additionally, international trade disputes-including tariffs, counter-tariffs, export controls, sanctions, and currency regulations-may increase costs and disrupt supply chain, operating model, and customer relationships.
Further, market volatility, driven by shifts in U.S. and foreign trade policies, fluctuating interest rates, or currency controls may affect gold prices, capital availability, and investor confidence. Even the perception of these risks could lead to reduced investment, higher production costs, and operational challenges. If such trends continue, they may have a material adverse effect on the business and financial performance.
We are dependent on information technology systems, which are subject to certain risks, including cybersecurity risks and data leakage risks.
We are dependent upon information technology systems in the conduct of our business. Any significant breakdown, invasion, virus, cyberattack, security breach, destruction or interruption of these systems by employees, others with authorized access to our systems, or unauthorized persons could negatively impact our business. To the extent any invasion, cyberattack or security breach results in disruption to our business, loss or disclosure of, or damage to, our data or confidential information, our reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. Our systems and insurance coverage for protecting against cyber security risks may not be sufficient. Although to date we have not experienced any material losses relating to cyberattacks, we may suffer such losses in the future. We may be required to expend significant additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures. We also may be subject to significant litigation, regulatory investigation and remediation costs associated with any information security vulnerabilities, cyberattacks or security breaches.
The Company could also be adversely affected by system or network disruptions if new or upgraded information technology systems are defective, not installed properly or not properly integrated into operations. Various measures have been implemented to manage the risks related to the system implementation and modification, but system modification failures could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial position, and results of operations.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
ITEM 1B: UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ITEM 3: LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Claims Related to Shutdown or Reduction of Operations
Ten former employees of some of the Company’s Mexican subsidiaries filed labor claims in 2024 against the subsidiary companies claiming the companies had not compensated them properly for their termination. A severance accrual has been estimated and recorded in connection with these lawsuits for $230,000.
One supplier of some of the Mexican subsidiaries filed a lawsuit in 2024 against the subsidiary companies for non-payment for services rendered. In total, the supplier is seeking approximately $55,000 and this amount is recorded in accounts payable as of December 31, 2024.
As a result of the Company’s reduced or ceased operations in the US, Mexico, Argentina and Peru, the Company has been and may in the future be exposed to claims from former employees, labor unions, suppliers, consultants or contractors and tax and environmental claims, which may individually or in the aggregate be material.
Unifin Lawsuit
During April 2021, the Company became aware of a lawsuit in Mexico against one of the Company’s Mexican subsidiaries, Minera William, S.A. de C.V. (“Minera William”). The plaintiff in the matter was Unifin Financiera, S.A.B de C.V. (“Unifin”). The lawsuit was assigned to the Fifth Specialized Commercial District Court. In November 2022, the Company was formally served with the complaint in connection with the lawsuit and in December 2022 the Company filed its answer to the complaint. As a preemptive measure, Unifin obtained a preliminary court order freezing Minera William’s bank accounts in Mexico, which limited the Company’s and Minera William’s ability to access approximately US$153,000 according to current currency exchange rates.
The Company and Unifin agreed to settle the dispute in late 2023. An accrued liability was recorded for the settlement amount of $250,000 as of December 31, 2023 and for $113,000 as of March 31, 2024. During the first quarter of 2024, the Court unfroze the Minera William bank accounts, and the bank remitted the funds to Unifin as per the settlement agreement. Subsequent to March 31, 2024, the Company paid Unifin the remaining amount due under the agreement upon settlement. The court published a writ subsequent to March 31, 2024 stating that the parties had complied with the settlement agreement and declared that Unifin has withdrawn the lawsuit against Minera William.
On June 13, 2024, the Trial Court published the judgment in the commercial oral proceeding initiated by Unifin against Minera William, Procesadora de Minerales de Durango, and Jorge Alberto Samaniego Mota. Since Unifin and Minera William had previously settled the dispute and Unifin desisted or withdrew its action against Minera William, the company was not condemned in the judgment. Procesadora de Minerales de Durango and Jorge Alberto Samaniego Mota were ordered to pay all the amounts claimed by Unifin. However, the judgment states that Minera William, Procesadora de Minerales de Durango, and Jorge Samaniego Mota are jointly and severally liable to Unifin. The Company believes the Judge should not have ruled on whether or not Minera William was jointly and severally liable. Moreover, the Judge did not assess Minera William’s arguments that it was not jointly and severally liable to Unifin. Minera William is appealing that ruling as it is clearly contrary to the settlement agreement between Unifin and Minera William. The Company currently believes that it is unlikely any future liability will arise from this judgement.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
ITEM 4: MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
ITEM 5: MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Our common stock began trading on the NYSE American under the symbol “AUMN” on March 19, 2010. Effective December 16, 2024, our common stock was delisted from the NYSE American and commenced trading on the OTC Pink Sheets. Effective February 3, 2025, our common stock commenced trading on the OTCQB Venture Marketplace.
Our common stock is also listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”), and trades under the symbol “AUMN”.
As of March 31, 2025, we had 103 record holders of our common stock of record based upon the stockholders list provided by our transfer agent, Computershare Trust Company, N.A.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
ITEM 6: [RESERVED]

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
ITEM 7: MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our financial statements and related notes beginning on page in this Form 10-K. This section contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” in this Form 10-K.
Our Company
We were incorporated in Delaware in March 2009 under the Delaware General Corporation Law. During the year ended December 31, 2024, our principal source of revenue was from the sale of gold and silver contained in concentrate from our Velardeña Properties in Durango, Mexico. We also had secondary sources of revenue from tolling material at our oxide plant for a third party and selling various assets held for sale. We incurred net operating losses for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
We restarted mining at our Velardeña Properties in December 2023 and continued through the end of February 2024 when it was determined that the initial performance of both the mine and the plant did not achieve expected results. We processed all the mineralized material that had been mined, shut down the sulfide processing plant at the end of March 2024 and held the Velardeña Properties for short-term sale as we evaluated options to realize value from the assets. We entered into the Velardeña Sales Agreements to sell the Velardeña and Chicago mines, both sulfide and oxide processing plants, water wells, and related equipment of the Velardeña Properties to the Velardeña Buyer in exchange for an aggregate purchase price of $5.5 million in cash, plus VAT. The first three of the Velardeña Sales Agreements which include the combined sales of the Velardeña and Chicago mines, the sulfide processing plant and various related equipment were completed on June 20, 2024, and the titles to the assets were transferred to the Velardeña Buyer. The Velardeña Buyer agreed to pay $3.0 million plus VAT on July 1, 2024, to complete the fourth and final of the Velardeña Sales Agreements which covered the oxide processing plant and water wells. The Buyer has made payments of approximately $2.8 million through April 4, 2025, and is currently in default. While we retain title to the plant, the Velardeña Buyer has had operational control of the plant, and we have not had access to the property since mid-year 2024. We continue to hold our remaining interests in the oxide plant at Velardeña as assets held for sale. The Velardeña Buyer has been making periodic payments and the Company believes at this time that it will eventually collect the full amount, at which time the Company will record the sale under the fourth and final Velardeña Sales Agreement The collection of the amount due from the sale may satisfy a portion of our projected capital needs over the next twelve months. (see “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Note 4. Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations”).
In October 2024, we completed the sale of Silex Argentina, which is the sole owner of El Quevar, our advanced exploration property in Argentina for $3.5 million. We also completed the sale of our Yoquivo exploration property in Mexico in November 2024 for $570,000 plus VAT and the sale of a Mexican subsidiary holding tax losses for $445,000 plus VAT. In April 2025 the Company completed the sale of an additional Mexican subsidiary holding tax losses and 5 minor property concessions for $600,000 plus VAT. The Company continues to hold an interest in several remaining exploration properties, including Sarita Este/Desierto, a gold-silver-copper exploration project located in northwest Salta Province Argentina and Sand Canyon, an exploration stage, gold-silver project in northwestern Nevada.
Because we have ceased production at the Velardeña Properties, our only near-term opportunity to generate cash flow is from the sale of assets or new sources of debt or equity capital. We are evaluating and pursuing alternatives to obtain funds to continue as a going concern, including the potential sale of the Company, finalizing the sale of its assets at the Velardeña Properties, seeking buyers or partners for certain of the Company’s other assets or obtaining equity or other external financing. In the absence of additional cash inflows, the Company anticipates that its cash resources will be exhausted in the first quarter of 2026. If we are unable to obtain additional cash resources or sell the Company, we will be forced to cease operations and liquidate. See “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data- Note 4. Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations.”
2024 Highlights
Velardeña Properties
The Velardeña Properties contain two underground mines. Prior to the recent restart in December 2023, the last time the mines were operated was in late 2015, at which point mining activities were suspended when a combination of low metals prices, mining dilution and metallurgical challenges rendered operations unprofitable. We elected to preserve the asset for future use, and continued to evaluate and test various mining methods and processing alternatives that could enable sustainable profitable operations.
We restarted mining at Velardeña in December 2023. In the first quarter of 2024, we sold just over 2,000 tonnes of concentrate containing approximately 640 ounces of gold and approximately 21,750 ounces of silver. Mill throughput of mined material totaled 5,186 tonnes over the period of operations in February and March 2024. We stopped mining at the end of February when we determined that the initial performance of the mine and the processing plant had not achieved expected results due to operational issues caused by a combination of insufficient experienced miners, issues with ventilation and issues with aging mining equipment at the mine. We stopped processing the mined material at the end of March 2024.
As noted above, we have entered into sales agreements pursuant to which a third-party has purchased the Velardeña and Chicago mines, mining equipment and the sulfide plant, and agreed to purchase the oxide processing plant and water wells. The Buyer has made payments of approximately $2.8 million for the oxide plant and water wells through April 4, 2025, and is currently in default. While we retain title to the plant, the Velardeña Buyer has had operational control of the plant, and we have not had access to the property since mid-year 2024. We continue to hold our remaining interests in the oxide plant at Velardeña as assets held for sale. The Velardeña Buyer has been making periodic payments and the Company believes at this time that it will eventually collect the full amount, at which time the Company will record the sale under the fourth and final sales agreement.
Minera Labri
On August 28, 2024, the Company sold its wholly owned Mexican subsidiary, Minera Labri S.A. de C.V. (“Minera Labri”), to a private Mexican company for approximately $445,000 plus VAT. Minera Labri previously owned the Velardeña Properties’ sulfide plant, which together with the Velardeña mines, was sold to another privately held Mexican group earlier in 2024. Upon consummation of that transaction, Minera Labri held no assets but held net operating losses and inflation-adjusted capital contributions. Under Mexican law, the balance of Minera Labri’s capital contribution accounts (“CUCAs”) may be bought and sold.
Silex Argentina
On October 24, 2024, the Company closed on the sale of Silex Argentina S.A., the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary that owns the El Quevar Project, located in Salta Province, Argentina to Butte Energy Inc. for total consideration of $3.5 million, paid in cash.
Yoquivo Project
On November 22, 2024, the Company closed on the sale of the Yoquivo Project to AVM. Pursuant to the sales agreement, AVM has purchased 100% of the Yoquivo Project from Minera de Cordilleras S. de R.L. de C.V., a wholly owned subsidiary of Golden Minerals, for total cash consideration of $570,000 plus VAT.
Sarita Este / Desierto
In December 2019, we entered into an option agreement with Cascadero to acquire a 51% interest in the gold/copper Sarita Este concession, located in the northwest portion of the Province of Salta, Argentina, adjacent to the Taca Taca project owned by First Quantum Minerals. We have exceeded the drilling requirement and have spent approximately $3.0 million since entering into the agreement in December 2019. After satisfying the drilling and expenditure requirements, we notified Cascadero of our intention to proceed with the joint venture as 51% owners of the concession. Completion of the joint venture documents and formation of the joint venture company are in progress.
In the fourth quarter of 2021, we completed the first drill program ever conducted at Sarita Este, which involved drilling 10 diamond drill holes totaling 2,518 meters to explore untested epithermal gold-silver and copper porphyry targets. In January 2022, we announced assay results from the drill program, including the potential of an oxidized gold system. We completed a second drill program in June 2022 designed to offset and further delineate mineralization associated with the gold interval encountered in the first drill program. In August 2022, we released partial results from the second drill program which point to a potentially economic shallow oxidized gold system. Our third drill program, completed in October 2022, returned results confirming that the mineralization at the Sico epithermal targets is concentrated on the eastern flank of the prospect.
The Desierto concessions (Desierto 1 and 2) which are adjacent to and south of the Sarita Este concession, are subject to an option agreement with a third-party partial owner and a proposed joint venture agreement also between the Company and Cascadero. The Desierto 1 concession was the object of a legal dispute between the Company and the Salta Ministry of Mines in which the Company was disputing the cancellation of the concession by the province. On August 28, 2024, the judges of the Court of Appeals of Salta (i) accepted the Company’s appeal, (ii) revoked the Mining Court’s resolutions of cancellation and (iii) ordered the restitution to the Company of the Desierto I mining concession.
Results of Operations
For the results of operations discussed below, we compare the results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024, to the results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Exploration expense. Our exploration expense, including property holding costs and allocated administrative expenses, totaled $0.6 million and $1.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The lower exploration expense for 2024 is primarily related to less activity in 2024 due to the cash constraints of the Company.
Administrative expense. Administrative expenses totaled $3.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $4.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Administrative expenses, including costs associated with being a public company, are incurred primarily by our corporate activities in support of our exploration portfolio. The $3.6 million of administrative expenses we incurred during 2024 is comprised of $1.7 million of employee compensation and directors’ fees, $1.2 million of professional fees, and $0.7 million of insurance, rents, travel expenses, utilities and other office costs. The $4.7 million of administrative expenses we incurred during 2023 is comprised of $2.1 million of employee compensation and directors’ fees, $1.6 million of professional fees, and $1.0 million of insurance, rents, travel expenses, utilities and other office costs.
Stock-based compensation. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we incurred expense related to stock-based compensation in the amount of $0.4 million compared to $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Stock-based compensation varies from period to period depending on the number and timing of shares granted, the type of grant, the market value of the shares on the date of grant and other variables.
Other operating income, net. We recorded zero other operating income, net for the year ended December 31, 2024, and $19,000 in other operating income, net for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Depreciation and amortization. We recorded a nominal amount of depreciation and amortization for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
Interest and other income, net. We recorded a nominal amount of interest and other income, net for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
Gain (loss) on foreign currency. We recorded an $83,000 foreign currency loss and a $121,000 foreign currency gain for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Foreign currency gains and losses are primarily related to the effect of currency fluctuations on monetary assets net of liabilities held by our foreign subsidiaries that are denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars.
Income Taxes. We recorded zero income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2024, and zero income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes. In 2024 and 2023, certain businesses were classified as assets held for sale and discontinued operations, including the Rodeo and Velardeña Properties in Mexico and the El Quevar property in Argentina. Loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes was $3.0 million and $3.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes included the following major components:
● Sale of metals. Revenue from the sale of metals decreased from $12.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 to $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to ceasing mining operations at the Rodeo and Velardeña Properties in 2023 and 2024, respectively.
● Cost of metals sold. For the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we recorded $6.4 million and $12.4 million of cost of metals sold, respectively. Lower costs in 2024 compared to 2023 were due primarily to lower mining costs from the discontinuation of operations.
● Exploration. Exploration decreased from $2.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 to $0.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to cash constraints of the Company.
● Velardeña care and maintenance costs. We recorded no expenses related to care and maintenance at our Velardeña Properties for the year ended December 31, 2024 as the Velardeña Properties were operating during that period and have either been sold or are now being held for sale. We recorded $1.2 million related to care and maintenance for the year ended December 31, 2023, for expenses related to care and maintenance at our Velardeña Properties as the result of the previous suspension of mining and processing activities in November 2015.
● Other operating income, net. We recorded $0.4 million of other operating income for the year ended December 31, 2024 relating primarily to toll mineral processing services. We recorded $2.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 relating mainly to the sale of non-core assets.
● Gain on sale of assets held for sale. We recorded $3.6 million of gain on sale of assets held for sale for the year ended December 31, 2024 relating to the sale of the following properties: Velardeña sulfide plant and the Velardeña and Chicago mines, Minera Labri, Silex Argentina, and Yoquivo.
For additional details on the major components of the loss from discontinued operations, please refer to “Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Note 4. Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations” in this Form 10-K.
Liquidity, Capital Resources and Going Concern
2025 Liquidity Forecast and Going Concern Qualification
Our forecasted expenditures during the twelve months ending December 31, 2025 total approximately $3.3 million. These forecasted expenditures include: (i) exploration expenses of $1.0 million, (ii) administrative expense of $1.8 million, and (iii) $0.5 million for administrative and shutdown costs in Mexico. The actual amount of cash expenditures that we incur during the twelve-month period ending December 31, 2025 may vary significantly from the amounts specified above and will depend on a number of factors, including variations in the anticipated administrative expenses, resolution of existing and potential claims related to the shutdown of our activities in Mexico and costs for continued exploration, project assessment, and advancement of our other exploration properties.
We do not currently have sufficient resources to meet our expected cash needs for a period of twelve months beyond the filing date of this 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. At December 31, 2024, we had current assets of approximately $3.9 million including cash and cash equivalents of approximately $3.2 million. On the same date, we also had current liabilities of approximately $3.6 million, which includes $1.8 million in deferred revenue for the sale of the Velardeña oxide plant and water wells recorded within Current liabilities held for sale on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
As previously disclosed, the Company ceased mining at the Velardeña mines in Mexico in the first quarter 2024 and subsequently sold the mines and certain related assets. As of December 31, 2024, the Company was owed $1.2 million plus $0.2 million of VAT of the $3.0 million purchase price for the Velardeña oxide plant and water wells and other minor remaining Velardeña assets. Subsequent to December 31, 2024, the Velardeña Buyer made additional payments of approximately $1.0 million bringing the total amounts paid through April 4, 2025 to approximately $2.8 million, but the Velardeña Buyer remains in default. As of April 4, 2025, the Company is still owed approximately $0.2 million, plus VAT, of the $3.0 million purchase price for the Velardeña oxide plant and water wells and other minor remaining Velardeña assets.
The Company’s only near-term opportunity to generate cash flow to meet its expected cash requirements is from the sale of assets, equity or other external financing. The Company is evaluating and pursuing alternatives, including the potential sale of the Company, finalizing the sale of its assets at the Velardeña Properties, seeking buyers or partners for the Company’s other assets or obtaining equity or other external financing. In the absence of additional cash inflows, the Company anticipates that its cash resources will be exhausted in the first quarter of 2026. If we are unable to obtain additional cash resources or sell the Company, we will be forced to cease operations and liquidate.
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis under which an entity is considered to be able to realize its assets and satisfy its liabilities in the normal course of business. However, as noted above, our continuing long-term operations will be dependent upon our ability to secure sufficient funding to generate future profitable operations. The underlying value and recoverability of the amounts shown as property, plant and equipment in our consolidated financial statements are dependent on our ability to continue to generate positive cash flows from operations and to continue to fund exploration activities that would lead to additional profitable mining and processing activities or to generate proceeds from the disposition of property, plant and equipment.
The ability of the Company to maintain a positive cash balance for a period of twelve months beyond the filing date of this Form 10-K is dependent upon its ability to reduce expenses, sell non-core assets, and raise sufficient funds through equity and debt sources. There can be no assurance the Company will be successful in generating sufficient funds from these sources to maintain liquidity throughout the twelve month period. These material uncertainties cast significant doubt on the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Therefore, the Company cannot conclude that substantial doubt does not exist as to the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for the twelve months following the filing date of this Form 10-K. The financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded assets or liabilities which might be necessary should the Company not continue as a going concern.
2024 Liquidity Discussion
At December 31, 2024, our aggregate cash and cash equivalents totaled $3.2 million, compared to the $3.8 million in similar assets held at December 31, 2023. The December 31, 2024 decrease is the result of the following expenditures and cash inflows for the year ended December 31, 2024. Expenditures totaled $10.2 million from the following:
● $6.0 million from the net loss on discontinued operations and assets held for sale, which includes, $4.9 million of net operating costs, $0.4 million in care and maintenance costs at the El Quevar project net of zero reimbursements from Barrick, and $0.7 million in exploration expense;
● $3.6 million in general and administrative expenses; and
● $0.6 million in exploration expenditures.
The above expenditures were offset by cash inflows of $9.6 million from the following:
● $8.8 million of proceeds received from the sale of the assets held for sale and discontinued operations as follows;
o $2.5 million of proceeds received from the sale of the Velardeña and Chicago mines, sulfide plant, mine equipment and mine concessions;
o $1.8 million of proceeds received from the sale of Velardeña oxide plant and water wells;
o $0.4 million of proceeds received from the sale of Minera Labri;
o $3.5 million of proceeds received from the sale of Silex Argentina; and
o $0.6 million of proceeds received from the sale of Yoquivo.
● $0.6 million of other working capital changes.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The selection and application of accounting policies is an important process that has developed as our business activities have evolved and as the accounting rules have changed. Accounting rules generally do not involve a selection among alternatives, but involve an implementation and interpretation of existing rules, and the use of judgment, to the
specific set of circumstances existing in our business. Discussed below are the accounting policies that we believe are critical to our financial statements due to the degree of uncertainty regarding the estimates or assumptions involved and the magnitude of the asset, liability, revenue or expense being reported.
Income Recognition
We record income from farm-out agreements with third parties in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 610 “Sale or Transfer of Non-Financial Assets” and ASC 606 “Revenue Recognition”, which generally provides that income be recognized as the Company performs its obligations according to the contract. In most instances, this will result in income being recognized ratably over a period of time relating to the receipt of periodic payments as the Company satisfies its performance obligation.
Mineral Reserves
We do not have defined mineral reserves pursuant to S-K 1300 and all of our mining properties are in the exploration stage. When and if we determine that a mining property has mineral reserves, subsequent development costs will be capitalized to those properties. When we commence extraction at our mining properties with defined mineral reserves, capitalized costs would be charged to operations using the units-of-production method. We cannot be certain that any part of the deposits at our properties will ever be confirmed or converted into S-K 1300 compliant reserves.
Asset Retirement Obligations
We record asset retirement obligations in accordance with ASC 410, “Asset Retirement and Environmental Obligations” (“ASC 410”), which establishes a uniform methodology for accounting for estimated reclamation and abandonment costs. According to ASC 410, the fair value of a liability for an asset retirement obligation (“ARO”) is recognized in the period in which it is incurred if a reasonable estimate of fair value can be made. To the extent that the ARO is related to fixed plant and equipment, an offsetting asset retirement cost is capitalized as part of the carrying value of the assets with which it is associated and depreciated over the useful life of the asset.
Long-Lived Assets
Long-lived assets are recorded at cost and per the guidance of ASC 360 “Long-Lived Assets,” we assess the recoverability of our long-lived assets, including goodwill, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. If the sum of estimated future net cash flows on an undiscounted basis is less than the carrying amount of the related asset, impairment is considered to exist. The related impairment loss is measured by comparing estimated future net cash flows on a discounted basis or by comparing other market indicators to the carrying amount of the asset.
Functional Currency
Our revenue and external funding are primarily denominated in U.S. dollars. Additionally, substantially all of our significant expenditures are made with reference to U.S. dollars. Accordingly, the Company and its subsidiaries use the U.S. dollar as their functional and reporting currency.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8: FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
The consolidated financial statements and supplementary information filed as part of this Item 8 are listed under Part IV, Item 15, “Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules” and contained in this Form 10-K at page.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ITEM 9: CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9A: CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management has evaluated, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2024.
Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of December 31, 2024, our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) were effective and designed to provide reasonable assurance that (i) information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and (ii) information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.
The management of Golden Minerals, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.
Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of our controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework. Based on our assessment, management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2024, our internal control over financial reporting is effective based on these criteria.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9B: OTHER INFORMATION
Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangements
During the three months ended December 31, 2024, no director or Section 16 officer of the Company adopted, modified or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
ITEM 10: DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Incorporated by reference from the information in our proxy statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we will file with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year to which this report relates.
Code of Ethics
We have adopted a code of ethics that applies to all of our employees, including the principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer, and those of our officers performing similar functions. The full text of our code of ethics can be found on the Corporate Governance page on our website. In the event our Board of Directors approves an amendment to or waiver from any provision of our code of ethics, we will disclose the required information pertaining to such amendment or waiver on our website.
Insider Trading Policy
The Company has also adopted an insider trading policy, which is available on the Company’s website and filed as Exhibit 19.1 to this Form 10-K. The Company’s insider trading policy specifically prohibits all directors and employees from engaging in short sales, publicly traded options, puts and calls, forward sale contracts, and other swap, hedging and derivative transactions relating to securities of the Company. The policy also specifically prohibits the Company’s executive officers and directors from holding securities of the Company in margin accounts or pledging securities of the Company as collateral for loans.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 11: EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Incorporated by reference from the information in our proxy statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we will file with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year to which this report relates.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
ITEM 12: SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
Incorporated by reference from the information in our proxy statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we will file with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year to which this report relates.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
ITEM 13: CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
Incorporated by reference from the information in our proxy statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we will file with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year to which this report relates.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
ITEM 14: PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Incorporated by reference from the information in our proxy statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we will file with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year to which this report relates.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
ITEM 15: EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
a. Documents filed as part of this Form 10-K or incorporated by reference:
(1) Our consolidated financial statements are listed on the “Index to Financial Statements” on Page to this report.
(2) Financial Statement Schedules (omitted because they are either not required, are not applicable, or the required information is disclosed in the notes to the financial statements or related notes).
(3) The following exhibits are filed with this Form 10-K or incorporated by reference.