EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1428205
Filing Year: 2022
Filename: 1428205_10-K_2022_0001428205-22-000026.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1. Business
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
References to “we,” “us,” “our,” or the “Company” are to ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc. (“ARMOUR”) and its subsidiaries. References to “ACM” are to ARMOUR Capital Management LP, a Delaware limited partnership. ARMOUR owns a 10% equity interest in BUCKLER Securities LLC ("BUCKLER"), a Delaware limited liability company and a FINRA-regulated broker-dealer, controlled by ACM and certain executive officers of ARMOUR. Refer to the Glossary of Terms for definitions of capitalized terms and abbreviations used in this report. U.S. dollar amounts are presented in thousands, except per share amounts or as otherwise noted.
ARMOUR is an externally managed Maryland corporation incorporated in 2008. The Company is managed by ACM, an investment advisor registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), (see Note 9 and Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements). We have elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust ("REIT") under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"). We believe that we are organized in conformity with the requirements for qualification as a REIT under the Code and our manner of operations enables us to meet the requirements for taxation as a REIT for federal income tax purposes (See Real Estate Investment Trust Requirements section below).
Strategies
We seek to create shareholder value through thoughtful investment and risk management that produces current yield and superior risk adjusted returns over the long term. Our focus on residential real estate finance supports home ownership for a broad and diverse spectrum of Americans by bringing private capital into the mortgage markets. We are deeply committed to implementing sustainable environmental, responsible social, and prudent governance practices that improve our work and our world.
We strive to contribute to a healthy, sustainable environment by utilizing resources efficiently. As an organization, we create a relatively small environmental footprint. Still, we are focused on minimizing the environmental impact of our business where possible.
Assets
At December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, we invested in mortgage backed securities ("MBS"), issued or guaranteed by a United States ("U.S.") Government-sponsored entity ("GSE"), such as the Federal National Mortgage Association ("Fannie Mae"), the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ("Freddie Mac"), or a government agency such as Government National Mortgage Administration ("Ginnie Mae") (collectively, "Agency Securities"). Our Agency Securities consist primarily of fixed rate loans. The remaining are either backed by hybrid adjustable rate or adjustable rate loans. From time to time we have also invested in Credit Risk and Non-Agency Securities, Interest-Only Securities, U.S. Treasury Securities and money market instruments.
Borrowings
We borrow against our MBS using repurchase agreements. Our borrowings generally have maturities that range from overnight to three months, although occasionally we may enter into longer dated borrowing agreements. Our borrowings (on a recourse basis) are generally between six and ten times the amount of our total stockholders’ equity, but we are not limited to that range. The level of our borrowings may vary periodically depending on market conditions. In addition, certain of our MRAs and ISDAs contain a restriction that prohibits our leverage from exceeding twelve times our total stockholders’ equity as well as termination events in the case of significant reductions in equity capital.
Hedging
We use derivatives in the normal course of our business to reduce the impact of interest rate fluctuations on our cost of funding consistent with our REIT tax requirements. These techniques primarily consist of entering into interest rate swap contracts, basis swaps and swaptions and purchasing or selling Futures Contracts and may
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Business (continued)
also include entering into interest rate cap or floor agreements, purchasing put and call options on securities or Futures Contracts, or entering into forward rate agreements. Although we are not legally limited, we intend to limit our use of derivative instruments to only those techniques described above and to enter into derivative transactions only with counterparties that we believe have a strong credit rating to help limit the risk of counterparty default or insolvency. These transactions are not entered into for speculative purposes.
Our hedging activities are designed so that changes in the fair values of our derivatives will tend to offset changes in the fair values of our MBS. The actual extent of such offset will depend on the relative size of our derivative portfolio in relation to our MBS and the actual correlation of changes. However, changes in the fair value of our derivatives are reported in net income, while changes in the fair values of our available for sale securities are reported directly in our total stockholders’ equity. Therefore, earnings reported in accordance with GAAP will fluctuate even in situations where our derivatives are operating as intended. As a result of this mark-to-market accounting treatment, our reported results of operations are likely to fluctuate far more than if we used cash flow hedge accounting. Comparisons with companies that use cash flow hedge accounting for all or part of their derivative activities may not be meaningful.
Management
The Company is managed by ACM, pursuant to a management agreement (see Note 9 and Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements). ACM manages our day-to-day operations, subject to the direction and oversight of the Board. The management agreement runs through June 18, 2027 and is thereafter automatically renewed for an additional five-year term unless terminated under certain circumstances.
The management agreement entitles ACM to receive management fees payable monthly in arrears. Currently, the monthly management fee is 1/12th of the sum of (a) 1.5% of gross equity raised up to $1.0 billion plus (b) 0.75% of gross equity raised in excess of $1.0 billion. The cost of repurchased stock and any dividend specifically designated by the Board as liquidation dividends will reduce the amount of gross equity raised used to calculate the monthly management fee. Realized and unrealized gains and losses do not affect the amount of gross equity raised. At December 31, 2021, December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the effective management fee, prior to management fees waived, was 0.98%, 1.00% and 1.00% based on gross equity raised of $3,313,937, $2,944,169 and $2,965,163, respectively.
ACM began waiving 40% of its management fee during the second quarter of 2020 and on January 13, 2021, ACM notified ARMOUR that it intended to adjust the fee waiver to the rate of $2,400 for the first quarter of 2021 and $800 per month thereafter. On April 20, 2021, ACM notified ARMOUR that it intended to adjust the fee waiver to the rate of $2,100 for the second quarter of 2021 and $700 per month thereafter. On October 25, 2021, ACM notified ARMOUR that it intended to adjust the fee waiver from the rate of $700 per month to $650 per month, effective November 1, 2021, until further notice. During the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, ACM waived management fees of $8,600 and $8,855, respectively. The monthly management fees are not calculated based on the performance of our assets. Accordingly, the payment of our monthly management fees may not decline in the event of a decline in our earnings and may cause us to incur losses. We are also responsible for any costs and expenses that ACM incurs solely on our behalf other than the various overhead expenses specified in the terms of the management agreement. ACM is further entitled to receive termination fees from us under certain circumstances.
We are required to take actions as may be reasonably required to permit and enable ACM to carry out its duties and obligations. From time to time we grant restricted stock unit awards to our executive officers and other ACM employees through ACM and to the Board that vest over various periods through 2027 (see Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements).
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Business (continued)
Environmental, Social and Governance ("ESG")
Initiatives
ARMOUR is committed to best practices in our environmental, social and governance policies. We have incorporated many ESG principles into our corporate culture over time in growing the Company. We understand that ESG practices can create value by improving the environment and the lives of ACM's employees, our shareholders, our business partners, and the community and we recognize that understanding our efforts on ESG practices is increasingly important to those key relationships. ARMOUR’s Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee has primary oversight of our efforts in ESG policies, activities, and communications. We assess our practices with a goal of meeting or exceeding industry and peer standards. We continually seek opportunities to enhance the communities where we operate through corporate giving, employee volunteering, human capital development, and environmental sustainability programs. We continue to evaluate relevant corporate sustainability reporting frameworks with a goal of adopting and implementing best practices in our reporting framework.
Environmental Sustainability
ARMOUR is committed to promoting sustainable and environmentally friendly practices in our workplace to reduce energy-usage, increase recycling and decrease waste. ACM’s 23 office based employees work in a 4,250 square feet leased office space in Vero Beach, Florida. As an organization, we are focused on minimizing the environmental impact of our business where possible. Energy conservation and environmental sustainability efforts are a priority and include:
Recycling:
•paper, glass and aluminum cans.
•electronic equipment, batteries and ink cartridges.
Reducing carbon footprint through:
•video conferencing as an alternative to travel.
•utilizing LED lighting throughout the ACM office space.
•films on windows to reduce heating, ventilation, and air conditioning ("HVAC") system usage.
•low flow water fixtures in bathrooms to reduce water consumption.
•power management features that automatically put the computers and printers into a "sleep mode" after a designated period of inactivity.
Using Energy Star® certified products:
•computers, monitors, printers and televisions.
•filtered water dispenser to eliminate the need for plastic bottles.
Reduction of waste:
•of single-use plastics by providing reusable, compostable and recycled kitchen products.
•of office paper usage by emphasizing electronic communications, record storage and opting to receive e-statements and invoices from vendors.
Other Initiatives:
•installation of an eco-friendly porcelain tile flooring, produced with 40% of pre-consumer recycled materials, in high traffic areas that emits zero volatile organic compounds and moderates indoor temperature swings, reducing HVAC system usage.
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•installation of a Self-Contained Commercial Air Cleaner with a high efficiency particulate air filter that removes airborne contaminants like smoke, dust, pollen and dander that contribute to allergies and asthma and reduces British thermal unit loads associated with larger amounts of outside air while helping lower energy costs and maintenance.
Social Responsibility
ARMOUR’s primary social impact comes from its investment activity. As a provider of housing capital, we are honored to assist and strengthen the American housing market and those seeking home ownership. Through thoughtful investment and risk management, our focus on residential real estate finance supports home ownership for a broad and diverse spectrum of Americans. We take this duty seriously, as the benefits of homeownership are wide-reaching and well documented. Homeownership has long been understood as an important part of individual wealth creation and social mobility.
Improving homeownership rates stabilizes communities because homeowners are often engaged in and beneficial to their communities due to their financial and emotional investments in the space. The residential real estate market is an important part of the U.S. economy, and investing in home mortgages is a strong way to support and improve this market and the economy as a whole.
Community Involvement
We believe that sharing our success is key to community and employee development. We strive to create a positive impact in the community in which we do business, making it a better place to live and work. ARMOUR's and ACM’s employees' community involvement is a combination of charitable contributions and employees volunteering in local civic and charitable organizations or providing financial support.
While ACM's employees have the opportunity to donate time and funds to the community organization of their choice, ACM has chosen some key areas of high-impact focus that its employees feel strongly connected to:
•Food security
•Affordable housing projects
•Cancer support
•Children’s health and social services
•Financial literacy
•Career counseling in underserved communities
Human Capital
Our greatest strength and most important assets are the members of the ARMOUR team, and their overall well-being is paramount. ACM ensures its employees have a rewarding, supportive, and healthy working environment in which to thrive, and endeavors to support their success in all things. A diverse and inclusive internal climate is supported. ACM provides employees with opportunities for growth and development, both in the personal and professional spheres, as well as a wide variety of resources to support their work and personal lives. ACM’s compensation and comprehensive benefits are thoughtfully designed to recognize and reward their professional skills, resulting in a low voluntary turnover rate for ARMOUR.
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Coronavirus ("COVID-19") Response:
The health, safety, and security of ACM's employees is of highest priority. Our approach to a COVID-19 response was grounded in the Company’s purpose and striving to make a difference in our community and workplace. ACM executives have constantly monitored the evolving situation and along with the IT department, adapted efforts and responses to ensure a seamless transition to a remote working environment. Internal communications and virtual meetings were increased and there were no layoffs or salary cuts implemented in response to COVID-19. All of ACM's employees worked remotely ahead of any mandated guidelines and our remote work protocol has allowed us to shift quickly between in-person and virtual work environments to adapt effectively to changing conditions. The emergence of variant strains of the COVID-19 virus continues to influence individual and institutional behaviors and likely will for some time to come.
Corporate Governance
ARMOUR is committed to corporate governance that aligns with the interests of our stockholders and other stakeholders. We strive to maintain a well-rounded and diverse Board that balances financial industry expertise with independence, and the institutional knowledge of longer-tenured directors with the fresh perspectives brought by newer directors. Our directors bring to our Board a variety of skills and experiences developed across a broad range of industries, both in established and growth markets, and in each of the public, private and not-for-profit sectors. Our Board leads this effort by example.
Our Board of Directors has:
•60% independent directors and a lead independent director.
•20% representation of female directors.
•80% of directors have more than 10 years of tenure.
•ARMOUR common stock ownership targets, with a prohibition on pledging or hedging.
•Annual election of directors.
•Majority election and Director Resignation Policy.
•Written Board and committee charters with annual self-assessments.
•Regular meetings of independent directors without management and with independent auditors.
Similarly, our executive officers have ARMOUR stock awards that vest over 5 years or longer, significant common stock ownership targets, and prohibitions on pledging or hedging their stock positions.
See the section titled Corporate Information below for our website and other information.
We rely on our financial, accounting and other data processing systems. Computer malware, viruses, computer hacking and phishing attacks have become more prevalent in our industry and may occur on our systems. Although we have not detected a material cybersecurity breach to date, other financial services institutions have reported material breaches of their systems, some of which have been significant. Even with all reasonable security efforts, not every breach can be prevented or even detected. It is possible that we have experienced an undetected breach. There is no assurance that we, or the third parties that facilitate our business activities, have not or will not experience a breach. It is difficult to determine what, if any, negative impact may directly result from any specific interruption or cyber-attacks or security breaches of our networks or systems (or the networks or systems of third parties that facilitate our business activities) or any failure to maintain performance.
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Business (continued)
ACM has established an Information Technology Steering Committee (“the Committee”) to help mitigate technology risks including cybersecurity. One of the roles of the Committee is to oversee cyber risk assessments, monitor applicable key risk indicators, review cybersecurity training procedures, oversee the Company’s Cybersecurity Incident Response Plan and engage third parties to conduct periodic penetration testing. Our cybersecurity risk assessment includes an evaluation of cyber risk related to sensitive data held by third parties on their systems. There is no assurance that these efforts will effectively mitigate cybersecurity risk and mitigation efforts are not an assurance that no cybersecurity incidents will occur.
In addition, our Audit Committee periodically monitors and oversees our information and cybersecurity risks including reviewing and approving any information and cybersecurity policies, procedures and resources, and reviewing our information and cybersecurity risk assessment, detection, protection, and mitigation systems.
Funding Activities
If ACM and the Board determine that additional funding is advisable, we may raise such funds through equity offerings (including preferred equity), unsecured debt securities, convertible securities (including warrants, preferred equity and debt) or the retention of cash flow (subject to provisions in the Code concerning taxability of undistributed REIT taxable income) or a combination of these methods. In the event that ACM and the Board determine that we should raise additional equity capital, we have the authority, without stockholder approval, to issue additional stock in any manner and on such terms and for such consideration as we deem appropriate, at any time. At December 31, 2021, there were 105,847 authorized shares of common stock and 43,153 authorized shares of preferred stock available for issuance. At December 31, 2021, there were 8,210 authorized shares remaining available for repurchase under our Repurchase Program. See Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements for other activities subsequent to December 31, 2021.
Real Estate Investment Trust Requirements
As a REIT, we will generally not be subject to federal income tax on the REIT taxable income that we currently distribute to our stockholders. Our qualification as a REIT depends on our ability to meet, on a continuing basis, various complex requirements under the Code relating to, among other things, the sources of our gross income, the composition and values of our assets, our distribution levels and the concentration of ownership of our capital stock. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year and do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, we will be subject to federal income tax at regular corporate rates. Even if we qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we may still be subject to some federal, state and local taxes on our income. See, Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure in Item 1A. Risk Factors of this Form 10-K for further discussion.
In order to maintain our qualification as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we are required to timely distribute, with respect to each year at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding any net capital gain. To satisfy these requirements, we presently intend to continue to make regular cash distributions of all or substantially all of our taxable income to holders of our stock out of assets legally available for such purposes. We are not restricted from using the proceeds of equity or debt offerings to pay dividends. The timing and amount of any dividends we pay to holders of our stock will be at the discretion of our Board and will depend upon various factors, including our earnings and financial condition, maintenance of REIT status, applicable provisions of MGCL and such other factors as our Board deems relevant. Dividends in excess of REIT taxable income for the year (including taxable income carried forward from the previous year) will generally not be taxable to common stockholders.
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The below table shows the percentage of taxable income and non-taxable return of capital to shareholders for the years presented.
Preferred Common
Year Non-dividend distributions Ordinary Dividends Non-dividend distributions Ordinary Dividends
2019 - % 100.00 % 56.84 % 43.16 %
2020 100.00 % - % 100.00 % - %
2021 100.00 % - % 100.00 % - %
At December 31, 2021, we had approximately $607,000 in tax deductible expense relating to previously terminated interest rate swap contracts amortizing through the year 2031.
Investment Company Act of 1940 Exclusion
We conduct our business so as not to become regulated as an investment company under the 1940 Act. We rely on the exclusion provided by Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the 1940 Act as interpreted by the staff of the SEC. To qualify for this exclusion we must invest at least 55% of our assets in “mortgages and other liens on and interest in real estate” or “qualifying real estate interests” and at least 80% of our assets in qualifying real estate interests and “real estate related assets.” In satisfying this 55% requirement we treat MBS issued with respect to an underlying pool of mortgage loans in which we hold all of the certificates issued by the pool (“whole pool” securities) as qualifying real estate interests. We currently treat MBS in which we hold less than all of the certificates issued by the pool (“partial pool” securities) as real estate related assets and not qualifying real estate interests. Our business would be materially and adversely affected if we fail to qualify for an exclusion from regulation under the 1940 Act. See Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure in Item 1A. Risk Factors of this Form 10-K for further discussion.
Compliance with NYSE Corporate Governance Standards
We comply with the corporate governance standards of the NYSE. Our Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee are comprised entirely of independent directors and a majority of our directors are “independent” in accordance with the rules of the NYSE.
Competition
Our success depends, in large part, on our ability to acquire assets with favorable margins over our borrowing costs. In acquiring MBS, we compete with numerous mortgage REITs, mortgage finance and specialty finance companies, savings and loan associations, banks, mortgage bankers, insurance companies, mutual funds, institutional investors, investment banking firms, other lenders, governmental bodies and other entities. Additional firms in the marketplace may increase competition for the available supply of mortgage assets suitable for purchase and could adversely affect the availability and cost of our financing. Many of these organizations have greater financial resources and access to lower costs of capital than we do. Some of these entities may not be subject to the same regulatory constraints that we are (i.e., REIT compliance or maintaining an exclusion under the 1940 Act).
Corporate Information
We are managed by ACM pursuant to a management agreement between ARMOUR and ACM. We do not have any employees. As of December 31, 2021, ACM had 23 employees that provide services to us.
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Business (continued)
Principal office location: 3001 Ocean Drive, Suite 201, Vero Beach, FL 32963
Phone number: (772) 617-4340.
Website: www.armourreit.com.
Our investor relations website can be found under the “Investor Relations” tab at www.armourreit.com. We make available on our website under “SEC filings,” free of charge, our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file or furnish such materials to the SEC. We also make available on our website, our Board committee charters as well as our corporate governance documents, including our code of business conduct and ethics and whistleblower policy. Any amendments or waivers thereto will be provided on our website within four business days following the date of the amendment or waiver. Information provided on our website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and not incorporated herein.
We are required to file Annual Reports on Form 10-K and Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q with the SEC on a regular basis and are required to disclose certain material events in a Current Report on Form 8-K. The SEC also maintains an Internet website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The SEC’s Internet website is located at http://www.sec.gov.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Item 1A. Risk Factors
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
You should consider carefully all of the risks described below together with the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, before making a decision to invest in our securities. This Annual Report on Form 10-K also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. The risks and uncertainties described herein should not be considered to be a complete list of all potential risks that may affect us. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us, or not presently deemed material by us, may also impair our operations and performance. If any of the following events occur, our business, financial condition and operating results may be materially adversely affected, the trading price of our securities could decline and you may lose all or part of your investment. Refer to the Glossary of Terms for definitions of capitalized terms and abbreviations used in this report. U.S. dollar amounts are presented in thousands, except per share amounts or as otherwise noted.
Risk Factor Summary
ARMOUR’s business of investing in MBS relies heavily on financial leverage which magnifies our interest rate and spread risks:
•Changes in interest rates generally, and volatility in the relationship between market prices and yields on our MBS and the prices and yields on benchmark fixed income securities, have previously and may in the future adversely impact our net interest income, total comprehensive income, asset values and stockholders’ equity;
•Our MBS have maturities ranging from 10 to 30 years (although average lives are much shorter due to amortization and prepayments) while our repurchase agreement borrowings generally have maturities ranging from one to 90 days;
•Fed monetary policy significantly influences the term structure of interest rates as well as the availability of short-term financing;
•During stressful market conditions, we have sold and may in the future be forced to sell MBS at distressed prices, thereby potentially incurring permanent equity losses;
•We have credit exposure to our financing and derivative counterparties for the value of our collateral they hold in excess of our current liabilities; and
•Substantially all of our MBS portfolio consists of premium securities. Premium value represents a significant portion of our stockholders’ equity, is not guaranteed and will erode over time as principal payments are made.
ARMOUR is externally managed by ACM:
•ACM may terminate the management agreement for any reason without incurring a termination fee. If ACM ceases to be our manager, it may constitute an event of default under our financing arrangements;
•ACM’s liability is contractually limited and we have agreed to indemnify ACM;
•ACM is not precluded from serving our competitors or pursuing competing businesses;
•We may experience reductions in our total stockholders’ equity without a commensurate reduction in our management fee expense;
•ACM has voluntarily waived a portion of its contractual management fee. ACM has reduced and may further reduce the amount of or discontinue entirely its voluntary waiver without our consent; and
•Our management agreement with ACM extends through June 18, 2027. ARMOUR may terminate the agreement without cause only under limited circumstances, which include a termination fee equal four times the contractual management fee for the preceding 12 months. This management agreement will automatically renew for an additional five-year term to June 18, 2032 unless the Company gives ACM
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Risk Factors (continued)
written notice of non-renewal on or before December 20, 2026 as the result of either (i) a vote of two-thirds of our independent directors or (ii) a vote of a majority of the shares of common stock outstanding (other than shares held by ACM or its affiliates). The Board of Directors has previously agreed to, and may in the future agree to, extend the current term of our management agreement without requiring shareholder approval.
We and equity analysts use Distributable Earnings as a measure of ARMOUR’s investment performance:
•Distributable Earnings is a non-GAAP measure which excludes gains and losses in portfolio value, which makes Distributable Earnings more stable from month to month but also an imperfect measure of our overall financial performance as compared to total comprehensive income (loss) computed in accordance with GAAP. We believe that Distributable Earnings is useful to investors because it is related to the amount of dividends we may distribute. Our Board of Directors considers Distributable Earnings among other factors when declaring dividends on our common stock. Since 2010, ARMOUR has distributed common stock dividends totaling approximately $1,634,462 while incurring cumulative total comprehensive (loss) attributable to common stockholders of $(623,795). Such losses include approximately $(622,300) in 2013 and $(539,942) in the first quarter of 2020; and
•Using Distributable Earnings may cause ACM to make portfolio decisions that accelerate the realization of losses and delay the realization of gains, which may not maximize the risk-adjusted returns on our investment portfolio.
Our affiliate BUCKLER is our largest financing counterparty:
•We hold a 10% equity ownership in BUCKLER and a subordinated loan for $105 million, which qualifies as regulatory capital;
•BUCKLER relies primarily on bilateral and triparty repurchase agreement funding through the FICC. If BUCKLER became unable to access these facilities, our own funding could become more difficult and more expensive. We maintain repurchase relationships with other counterparties which may reduce this risk;
•BUCKLER has acted as placement agent for 73.5% of the shares of common stock that ARMOUR has issued through its ATM programs in 2021.
•BUCKLER provides repurchase financing to third parties and may pursue other lines of business. We cannot guarantee that BUCKLER will not incur losses from these activities. Significant losses by BUCKLER from other business could impair the value of our investment in BUCKLER and limit BUCKLER’s ability to provide attractive repurchase financing to ARMOUR; and
•ACM owns 70% of the equity in BUCKLER and certain of our officers are also officers and equity owners of BUCKLER, which may lead to conflicts of interest between BUCKLER and ARMOUR.
General risks common to ARMOUR and our peer mortgage REITs:
•Our ability to make attractive portfolio investments consistent with our strategy;
•The future of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac;
•Complying with REIT and other tax requirements and Maryland law;
•Maintaining exemptions from the 1940 Act and CFTC commodity pool regulations;
•The impact of COVID-19 on our operations;
•Our dependence on key personnel, information systems and communication systems;
•We have, and may in the future, declare dividends that exceed our total economic return and repurchase or redeem our common and preferred stock, which reduces our capital base thereby increasing our expense ratio and potentially limiting our ability to invest in, finance and hedge our MBS portfolio; and
•Capital markets risks related to our securities.
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Risk Factors (continued)
ARMOUR’s business of investing in MBS relies heavily on financial leverage which magnifies our interest rate and spread risks:
Changes in interest rates impact our level of net interest income, total comprehensive income and stockholders' equity and we cannot always successfully mitigate such interest rate risks.
We invest predominately in MBS backed by loans with fixed interest rates, and to a lesser extent from time to time, in MBS backed by loans with interest rates that adjust on a regular basis, usually either monthly or annually. Our MBS have maturities ranging from 10 to 30 years (although average lives are much shorter due to amortization and prepayments). Our repurchase agreement borrowings generally have maturities ranging from one to 90 days. This mismatch in the interest rate terms between our assets and our liabilities is the primary source of our ability to generate positive net interest income because long-term interest rates tend to be higher than short-term rates. Short-term and long-term interest rates do not always move together. If short-term rates increase faster than long-term rates, the difference between the two may become zero or negative, and we may not have the ability to generate positive net interest income.
Changes in short-term rates will most significantly impact our level of net interest income, with rising interest rates likely to reduce our net interest income. Changes in long-term rates will initially impact the fair value of our investments in securities, with rising interest rates reducing their fair value. Changes in the fair values of our available for sale securities are generally not reflected in our net income or our earnings per share, but rather are reflected directly in our stockholders’ equity. Changes in the values of our trading securities are reflected in our income as other gain or loss with rising rates likely to generate losses. Over longer periods of time, rising long-term interest rates will provide us the opportunity to reinvest principal receipts and otherwise make additional investments in securities with higher yields.
We attempt to mitigate interest rate risk by moderating the amount of our financial leverage, diversifying our securities portfolio across both maturities and interest rate coupons, and economic hedging with derivatives. For example, we enter into interest rate swaps that require us to pay fixed rates and receive variable rates. These swaps are designed to offset the fluctuations in the interest costs of our repurchase financing due to movements in short-term interest rates. We record our derivatives and our trading securities at fair value and periodic changes in fair value are reflected in our net income (loss) and earnings per share. To the extent that fair value changes on derivatives offset fair value changes in our investments in securities, the fluctuation in our stockholders’ equity will be lower. However, our income statement volatility will not be reduced, because the fair value changes in our available for sale securities are reflected directly in stockholders’ equity. Rising interest rates may tend to result in an overall increase in our reported net income even while our total stockholders’ equity declines.
Volatility in the relationships between the market prices and yields for our securities and certain benchmark prices and interest rates periodically will adversely affect our net income, earnings per share and stockholders' equity.
The market prices and yields for Agency Securities and interest rate derivatives like those we hold are generally negatively correlated over time to each other and to certain benchmark prices and interest rates, such as those for U.S. Treasury Securities. Those correlations are never perfect, and can vary widely on occasion, particularly in times of market stress. This variation in the “spread” relationship among the market yields, and therefore prices, of different instruments can result in our hedging positions being not as effective as normally would be expected, exposing us to the risk of unexpected volatility in our net income, earnings per share, and total stockholders’ equity. Our most recent significant experience of this phenomena occurred in the first half of 2020.
Spread risk is difficult and expensive to hedge effectively. Avoiding holding MBS with interest rate spread risk would severely limit our opportunity to generate net interest income because low spread risk investments, such as U.S. Treasury Securities, usually have substantially lower yields. Our efforts to mitigate spread risk are
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Risk Factors (continued)
limited to attempting to identify characteristics that might cause particular MBS to have relatively higher or lower spread risk under potential future market conditions. Such characteristics include characteristics of the underlying loans and current market premium levels. However, other investment considerations, such as prepayment risk, tend to overshadow spread risk in our selection of Agency Securities.
We cannot predict the impact of future Fed monetary policy on the prices and liquidity of Agency Securities or other securities in which we invest, although Fed action could increase the prices of our target assets and reduce the spread on our investments or decrease our book value.
Changes in Fed policy affect our financial results because our cost of funds is largely dependent on short-term rates. An increase in our cost of funds without a corresponding increase in interest income earned on our investments in securities causes our net income to decline. We cannot predict the impact of any future actions by the Fed on the prices and liquidity of the securities in which we invest. Future Fed action could reduce the value of our assets, reduce the spread on our investments and/or decrease our book value. Changes by the Fed in its securities purchase programs or other monetary policy could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders.
During stressful market conditions, we may be forced to sell MBS at depressed prices, thereby potentially incurring permanent equity losses.
Occasionally, the cash and financing markets for MBS experience temporary periods of significant distress, as evidenced by limited liquidity, low bid prices and few transactions. In such circumstances, our lenders may increase their margin requirements and significantly reduce their collateral value for our pledged securities. Our lenders are contractually entitled to adjust margin requirements on relatively short notice and collateral values as frequently as daily. Depending on the duration and severity of the market distress, ARMOUR has sold, and may in the future need to sell, MBS at prices significantly below their long-term value in order to meet lender margin calls. We may not be able to participate in any potential market recovery and the resulting losses may permanently and materially reduce our equity.
Our lenders may insist on financing terms that could result in reducing the availability and/or increasing the cost of our financing or may terminate our financing.
In order to achieve a competitive return for our investors, we use financial leverage to hold a portfolio of MBS that is several times larger than our total stockholders’ equity. Our borrowings are essentially all in the form of repurchase agreements where we nominally sell MBS to counterparties with an agreement to repurchase them at a later date. The sale and purchase prices are set several percentage points below the current fair value of the MBS. This “haircut” percentage provides the counterparty with excess collateral to secure their loan and provides us with an incentive to complete the repurchase transaction on schedule.
There is a risk that our counterparties might be unwilling to continue to extend repurchase financing to us. Changes in regulation, market conditions or the financial position or business strategy of our counterparties could cause them to reduce or terminate our repurchase financing facilities.
We attempt to mitigate our funding risk by maintaining repurchase funding relationships with a variety of counterparties that are diversified as to size, character and primary regulatory jurisdiction, including a substantial funding relationship with BUCKLER. We also monitor our borrowing levels with each counterparty, attempt to establish appropriate additional business relationships beyond our borrowing and regularly communicate with their credit and business officers responsible for our relationship. From time to time, we explore new funding structures and opportunities, but there can be no assurance that any such additional funding will become available on attractive terms.
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Risk Factors (continued)
We may not be able to minimize potential credit risks that could arise in the event of bankruptcy of one or more of our counterparties.
Substantially all of our Agency Securities are issued or guaranteed by GSEs, which we consider the functional equivalent of the full faith and credit of the U.S Government. Our primary credit risk relates to our exposure to our counterparties for the amount of the excess collateral they hold to secure our repurchase financing and derivative obligations. We would typically become a general unsecured creditor for that amount in the event of the bankruptcy of a counterparty.
Our forward settling transactions, including TBAs, subject us to certain risks, including price risks and counterparty risks. We purchase a portion of our Agency Securities through forward settling transactions, including TBAs. In a forward settling transaction, we enter into a forward purchase agreement with a counterparty to purchase either (i) an identified Agency Security, or (ii) a TBA, or to-be-issued, Agency Securities with certain terms. As with any forward purchase contract, the value of the underlying Agency Security may decrease between the contract date and the settlement date. Furthermore, a transaction counterparty may fail to deliver the underlying Agency Securities at the settlement date. If any of the above risks were to occur, our financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.
We mitigate our credit risk by evaluating the credit quality of our counterparties on an ongoing basis, reducing or closing positions with counterparties where we have credit concerns, monitoring our collateral positions to minimize excess collateral balances and diversifying our repurchase financing and derivatives positions among numerous counterparties. At December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, BUCKLER (see Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements) accounted for 49.7% and 66.1%, respectively, of our aggregate borrowings and had an amount at risk of 5.0% and 8.3%, respectively, of our total stockholders' equity.
Substantially all of our MBS portfolio consists of premium securities. Premium securities may be subject to more risk than par value securities.
Premium securities have market values that exceed their unpaid principal balance. Typically our MBS are premium securities, which represent prices that we believe appropriately reflect the risks involved. Declining interest rates increase the premium level of our MBS and generate unrealized holding gains. Because we carry our MBS at fair value, unrealized holding gains are reflected in total stockholders’ equity.
MBS premium is not guaranteed by the Agencies and rising interest rates tend to reduce premium values. In residential MBS, the premium is also subject to prepayment risk. Premium value will also erode over time as principal payments are made. At December 31, 2021, the total premium associated with our MBS portfolio was approximately $321,336, which represents approximately 33% of our equity attributable to common stockholders.
Factors beyond our control may increase the prepayment speeds on our MBS, thereby reducing our interest income.
Agency Securities backed by single-family residential loans allow the underlying borrowers to prepay their loans without premium or penalty. When borrowers default on their loans, the GSE or government entity that issued or guaranteed the Agency Securities (including Agency Securities backed by multi-family loans) pay off the remaining loan balance. Those prepayments, including default payoffs, are passed through to us, reducing the balance of the Agency Security. We generally purchase Agency Securities at premium prices, and the premium amortization associated with prepayments reduces our interest income.
We experience prepayments on our Agency Security every month and the speed of prepayments varies widely from month to month and across individual Agency Securities. Factors driving prepayment speeds include the rate of new and existing home sales, the level of borrower refinancing activities and the frequency of borrower defaults. Such factors are themselves influenced by government monetary, fiscal and regulatory policies and
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Risk Factors (continued)
general economic conditions such as the level of and trends in interest rates, GDP, employment and consumer confidence. Prepayment expectations are an integral part of pricing Agency Securities in the marketplace. Volatility in actual prepayment speedsl creates volatility in the amount of premium amortization we recognize. Higher speeds reduce our interest income and lower speeds increase our interest income.
We consider our expectations of future prepayments when evaluating the prices at which we purchase and sell Agency Securities. We attempt to mitigate the risk of unexpected prepayments by identifying characteristics of the underlying loans, such as the loan size, coupon rate, loan age and maturity, geographic location, borrower credit scores and originator/servicer that might predict relatively faster or slower prepayment speed tendencies for a particular Agency Security. Agency Securities with characteristics expected to be favorable often command marginally higher prices, or “pay ups.” We seek to purchase Agency Securities with favorable prepayment characteristics when the required pay ups are relatively lower and may sell our Agency Securities when their pay ups are relatively higher.
ARMOUR is externally managed by ACM:
ACM may terminate the management agreement for any reason. If ACM ceases to be our investment manager, financial institutions providing any financing arrangements to us may not provide future financing to us.
The management agreement allows ACM to terminate its service to ARMOUR for any reason upon 180 days prior written notice. No termination fee shall be due from ACM to ARMOUR following any termination by ACM.
Financial institutions that finance our investments may require that ACM continue to act in such capacity. If ACM ceases to be our manager, it may constitute an event of default and the financial institution providing the arrangement may have acceleration rights with respect to outstanding borrowings and termination rights with respect to our ability to finance our future investments with that institution. If we are unable to obtain financing for our accelerated borrowings and for our future investments under such circumstances, it is likely that we would be materially and adversely affected.
ACM’s liability is limited under the management agreement and we have agreed to indemnify ACM and its affiliates against certain liabilities. As a result, we could experience poor performance or losses for which ACM would not be liable.
The management agreement limits the liability of ACM and any directors and officers of ACM for money damages, except for liability resulting from actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services, or a final judgment based upon a finding of active and deliberate dishonesty by the director or officer that was material to the cause of action adjudicated.
Pursuant to the management agreement, ACM will not assume any responsibility other than to render the services called for thereunder and will not be responsible for any action of our Board in following or declining to follow its advice or recommendations. ACM and its affiliates, directors, officers, stockholders, equity holders, employees, representatives and agents and any affiliates thereof, will not be liable to us, our stockholders, any subsidiary of ours, the stockholders of any subsidiary of ours, our Board, any issuer of mortgage securities, any credit-party, any counterparty under any agreement, or any other person for any acts or omissions, errors of judgment or mistakes of law by ACM or its affiliates, directors, officers, stockholders, equity holders, employees, representatives or agents, or any affiliates thereof, under or in connection with the management agreement, except if ACM was grossly negligent, acted with reckless disregard or engaged in willful misconduct or fraud while discharging its duties under the management agreement. We have agreed to indemnify ACM and its affiliates, directors, officers, stockholders, equity holders, employees, representatives and agents and any affiliates thereof, with respect to all expenses, losses, costs, damages, liabilities, demands, charges and claims of any nature, actual or threatened (including reasonable attorneys’ fees), arising from or in respect of any acts or omissions, errors of
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Risk Factors (continued)
judgment or mistakes of law (or any alleged acts or omissions, errors of judgment or mistakes of law) performed or made while acting in any capacity contemplated under the management agreement or pursuant to any underwriting or similar agreement to which ACM is a party that is related to our activities, unless ACM was grossly negligent, acted with reckless disregard or engaged in willful misconduct or fraud while discharging its duties under the management agreement. As a result, we could experience poor performance or losses for which ACM would not be liable.
In addition, our articles of incorporation provide that no director or officer of ours shall be personally liable to us or our stockholders for money damages. Furthermore, our articles of incorporation permit and our by-laws require, us to indemnify, pay or reimburse any present or former director or officer of ours who is made or threatened to be made a party to a proceeding by reason of his or her service to us in such capacity. Officers and directors of ours who are also officers of ACM will therefore benefit from the exculpation and indemnification provisions of our articles of incorporation and by-laws and accordingly may not be liable to us in such circumstances.
There are potential conflicts of interest with current and future investment entities affiliated with ACM.
There are potential conflicts of interest in allocating investment opportunities among us and other funds, investment vehicles and ventures managed by ACM. ACM and its affiliates may in the future form additional funds or sponsor additional investment vehicles and ventures that have overlapping objectives with us and therefore may compete with us for investment opportunities and ACM resources. ACM has an allocation policy that addresses the manner in which investment opportunities are allocated among the various entities and strategies for which they provide investment management services. However, we cannot assure you that ACM will always allocate every investment opportunity in a manner that is advantageous for us; indeed, we may expect that the allocation of investment opportunities will at times result in our receiving only a portion of, or none of, certain investment opportunities.
There are potential conflicts of interest with the allocation of investment opportunities by ACM.
In allocating investment opportunities among us and any other funds or accounts that may be managed by them, ACM's personnel are guided by the principles that they will treat all entities fairly and equitably, they will not arbitrarily distinguish among entities and they will not favor one entity over another.
In allocating a specific investment opportunity among funds or accounts, ACM will make a determination, exercising its judgment in good faith, as to whether the opportunity is appropriate for each entity. Factors in making such a determination may include an evaluation of each entity's liquidity, overall investment strategy and objectives, the composition of the existing portfolio, the size or amount of the available opportunity, the characteristics of the securities involved, the liquidity of the markets in which the securities trade, the risks involved, and other factors relating to the entity and the investment opportunity. ACM is not required to provide every opportunity to each entity.
If ACM determines that an investment opportunity is appropriate for us, then ACM will allocate that opportunity in a manner that it determines, exercising its judgment in good faith, to be fair and equitable, taking into consideration all allocations taken as a whole. ACM has broad discretion in making that determination, and in amending that determination over time.
In the future, ACM may adopt additional conflicts of interest resolution policies and procedures designed to support the equitable allocation and to prevent the preferential allocation of investment opportunities among entities with overlapping investment objectives.
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Risk Factors (continued)
Members of our management team have competing duties to other entities, which could result in decisions that are not in the best interests of our stockholders.
Our executive officers and the employees of ACM are not required to spend all of their time managing our activities and our investment portfolio. Our executive officers and the employees of ACM currently allocate a substantial majority of their time to ARMOUR. Certain executive officers and the employees of ACM also allocate some of their time to other businesses and activities. None of these individuals is required to devote a specific minimum amount of time to our affairs, and the portion of their time devoted elsewhere could become material. As a result of these overlapping responsibilities, there may be conflicts of interest among and reduced time commitments from our officers and employees of ACM that we will face in making investment decisions on our behalf. Accordingly, we will compete with ACM, and its existing activities, other ventures and possibly other entities in the future for the time and attention of these officers.
In the future, we may enter, or ACM may cause us to enter, into additional transactions with ACM or its affiliates. In particular, we may make loans to ACM or its affiliates or purchase, or ACM may cause us to purchase, assets from ACM or its affiliates or make co-purchases alongside ACM or its affiliates. These transactions may not be the result of arm’s length negotiations and may involve conflicts between our interests and the interests of ACM and/or its affiliates in obtaining favorable terms and conditions.
ACM's management fees are calculated based on our gross equity raised and not on our performance. Therefore, the management fee structure may not provide sufficient incentive to ACM to maximize risk adjusted returns on our investment portfolio and management fee expenses may not decline with reductions in our total stockholders’ equity.
ACM is entitled to receive monthly management fees that are based on the total of all gross equity raised (including both common and preferred equity, see Note 9 and Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements), as measured as of the date of determination (i.e., each month), regardless of our performance. Accordingly, ARMOUR has paid, and may in the future pay, significant management fees to ACM for a given month in which we experience a total comprehensive loss. ACM’s entitlement to such significant nonperformance-based compensation may not provide sufficient incentive to ACM to devote its time and effort to source and maximize risk adjusted returns on our investment portfolio, which could, in turn, adversely affect our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders and the market price of our stock. Further, the management fee structure gives ACM the incentive to maximize gross equity raised by the issuance of new equity securities or the retention of existing equity, regardless of the effect of these actions on existing stockholders. In other words, the management fee structure will reward ACM primarily based on the size of our equity raised and not on our current common equity capital or financial returns to common stockholders.
Gross equity raised is reduced by the repurchase and redemption of our previously issued common and preferred stock and liquidation distributions specifically so designated by the Board of Directors. To date, the Board of Directors has made no such specific designation. Regular dividends, (including those treated as non-taxable return of capital for tax purposes) and investment losses do not reduce gross equity raised. Accordingly, we have experienced and may continue to experience reductions in our total stockholders’ equity without a commensurate reduction in management fee expense.
ACM has voluntarily waived a portion of its contractual management fee. ACM has reduced, and may further reduce, the amount of or discontinue entirely its voluntary fee waiver without our consent.
ACM began waiving 40% of its management fee during the second quarter of 2020 and on January 13, 2021, ACM notified ARMOUR that it intended to adjust the fee waiver to the rate of $2,400 for the first quarter of 2021 and $800 per month thereafter. On April 20, 2021, ACM notified ARMOUR that it intended to adjust the fee waiver to the rate of $2,100 for the second quarter of 2021 and $700 per month thereafter. On October 25, 2021,
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Risk Factors (continued)
ACM notified ARMOUR that it intended to adjust the fee waiver from the rate of $700 per month to $650 per month, effective November 1, 2021, until further notice. During the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, ACM waived management fees of $8,600 and $8,855, respectively. ACM may prospectively further reduce the amount of or discontinue entirely its voluntary fee waiver at its sole discretion and without requiring our consent.
The termination of the management agreement may be difficult and costly, which may adversely affect our inclination to end our relationship with ACM.
ACM may terminate the management agreement at any time and for any reason upon 180 days prior notice. If the management agreement is terminated and no suitable replacement is found to manage us, we may not be able to execute our business plan.
Termination of the management agreement with ACM without cause may be difficult and costly. The term “cause” is limited to those circumstances described in the management agreement with ACM and generally includes a final court determination of material breach of the management agreement, willful misconduct, gross negligence or fraud. We may not terminate the management agreement during the current term, except for cause or in connection with a Corporate Event, as defined therein. Upon a termination by us without cause, which shall include a Corporate Event, the management agreement provides that ARMOUR will pay ACM a termination payment equal to four times the contractual base management fee payable to ACM in the preceding full twelve (12) months, calculated as of the effective date of the termination of the agreement. ACM's voluntary fee waiver does not reduce the amount of such termination payment. The contractual management fee payable to ACM for the 12 months ended December 31, 2021, was $31,063. The contractually required termination payment would increase the effective cost to us of electing to terminate, without cause, the management agreement early, thereby adversely affecting our inclination to end our relationship with ACM, even if we believe ACM’s performance is not satisfactory.
The management agreement with ACM will automatically renew for an additional 5-year term unless ARMOUR gives 180-day written notice of non-renewal.
The current term of our management agreement with ACM extends through June 18, 2027. This management agreement will automatically renew for an additional five-year term to June 18, 2032 unless ARMOUR gives ACM written notice of non-renewal on or before December 20, 2026. Such non-renewal notice requires either two-thirds of our independent directors or holders of a majority of the common stock outstanding to find that (i) there has been unsatisfactory performance by ACM that is materially detrimental to ARMOUR or (ii) that the compensation to ACM is unfair, in which case ACM may endeavor to renegotiate such compensation on terms agreeable to two-thirds of the independent directors.
On July 21, 2020, the Board of Directors voted to extend the end date of the current term of our management agreement from June 18, 2024 to June 18, 2027.
The management agreement was not negotiated on an arm’s-length basis and the terms, including fees payable, may not be as favorable to us as if they were negotiated with an unaffiliated third-party.
The management agreement that we entered into with ACM was negotiated between related parties, and we did not have the benefit of arm’s-length negotiations of the type normally conducted with an unaffiliated third-party. The terms of the management agreement, including fees payable, may not reflect the terms that we may have received if it were negotiated with an unrelated third-party. In addition, we may choose not to enforce, or to enforce less vigorously, our rights under the management agreement because of our desire to maintain our ongoing relationship with ACM.
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Risk Factors (continued)
We and equity analysts use Distributable Earnings as a measure of ARMOUR’s investment performance:
Distributable Earnings is a non-GAAP measure which excludes gains and losses, and therefore is an imperfect measure of our overall financial performance. Distributable Earnings is not a standardized metric.
We use Distributable Earnings as a measure of our investment performance and discuss our periodic financial results in terms of Distributable Earnings in our press releases and conference calls with equity analysts. Distributable Earnings, including TBA Drop Income, is a non-GAAP measure which excludes gains or losses from securities sales and early termination of derivatives, market value adjustments (including impairments) and certain non-recurring expenses. Distributable Earnings is an incomplete measure of the Company’s financial performance and involves differences from total comprehensive income (loss) computed in accordance with GAAP. Distributable Earnings should be considered as supplementary to, and not as a substitute for, the Company’s total comprehensive income (loss) computed in accordance with GAAP as a measure of the Company’s financial performance.
Other mortgage REITs report Distributable Earnings or similar measures that are calculated on a different basis than the basis we use. For example, other calculations may exclude some or all prepayment effects and/or more hedging activities. Because Distributable Earnings is not a standardized metric, it may not be directly comparable across various reporting companies.
Using Distributable Earnings may not provide sufficient incentive to ACM to maximize risk adjusted returns on our investment portfolio.
Because Distributable Earnings excludes gains and losses in portfolio value, using it as a measure of investment performance may encourage ACM to make portfolio decisions on our behalf that have the effect of accelerating the realization of losses and delaying the realization of gains. For example, in declining interest rate environments, we may replace interest rate swaps that have declined in value with new swaps requiring a lower fixed coupon payment while retaining in portfolio appreciated mortgage securities. Conversely, in rising interest rate environments, we may replace mortgage securities that have declined in value with new, higher coupon securities while retaining interest rate swaps that have increased in value.
Our affiliate BUCKLER is our largest financing counterparty:
A material portion of our aggregate repurchase financing is facilitated through BUCKLER.
At December 31, 2021, BUCKLER provided approximately $1,963,679, or 49.7% of ARMOUR’s repurchase financing. BUCKLER is subject to various broker-dealer regulations. BUCKLER’s failure to comply with these regulations, facilitate attractive repurchase financing and its ability to conduct business with third parties could adversely affect ARMOUR’s funding costs, “haircuts” and/or counterparty exposure.
We hold a 10% equity ownership interest in BUCKLER and additionally, provided it with an aggregate of $105.0 million in an unsecured subordinated loan which qualifies as regulatory capital.
The primary purpose of our investment in BUCKLER is to facilitate our access to repurchase financing, on potentially more attractive terms (considering rate, term, size, haircut, relationship, and funding commitment) compared to other suitable repurchase financing counterparties. To facilitate this, a subsidiary of ARMOUR has made a $105.0 million subordinated loan to BUCKLER, which qualifies as regulatory capital, and holds a 10% equity ownership interest in BUCKLER (see Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements). We cannot guarantee that BUCKLER will be able to provide repurchase financing on more attractive terms in the future.
BUCKLER relies primarily on bilateral and triparty repurchase agreement funding through the FICC.
BUCKLER’s ability to access bilateral and triparty repo funding and to raise funds through the General Collateral Finance Repo service offered by the FICC, requires that it continuously meet the regulatory and
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Risk Factors (continued)
membership requirements of FINRA and the FICC, which may change over time. If BUCKLER fails to meet these requirements and is unable to access such funding, we would be required to find alternative funding, which we may be unable to do, and our funding costs, “haircuts” and/or counterparty exposure could increase, and our liquidity could be adversely impacted.
ARMOUR continues to maintain active repurchase financing arrangements with numerous other counterparties with the intention of reducing our risk of relying primarily on BUCKLER. At December 31, 2021, we had repurchase borrowings from 18 different counterparties including BUCKLER. However, there can be no assurance as to the availability, terms, or cost of additional repurchase financing that might be available from other counterparties if we needed to replace BUCKLER’s financing capacity, particularly on short notice or during times of market distress.
BUCKLER is the primary placement agent for ARMOUR's common share ATM Programs.
BUCKLER has acted as placement agent for 73.5% of the shares of common stock that ARMOUR has issued through its ATM programs in 2021. BUCKLER’s commission rate for these placements has been lower than the commission rates of other placement agents involved in our ATM program. Placement commissions represent a significant contribution to BUCKLER profitability. If BUCKLER became unable to participate in our ATM program, our placement costs would increase. If we reduce the volume of ATM placements with BUCKLER, its profitability would be adversely affected.
BUCKLER may pursue business opportunities with third parties.
So long as our subordinated loan is outstanding, our independent directors must approve, in their sole discretion, any third-party business engaged by BUCKLER. However, we cannot guarantee that BUCKLER’s pursuit of business with third parties will not incur losses for us or that BUCKLER will be able to continue to provide us with attractive repurchase financing.
There are conflicts of interest in our relationship with ACM and its affiliates, including BUCKLER, which could result in decisions that are not in the best interests of our stockholders.
We are subject to conflicts of interest arising out of our relationship with ACM and its affiliates, including BUCKLER. Entities affiliated with Mr. Ulm and Mr. Zimmer are the general partners of ACM and each of Mr. Ulm, Mr. Zimmer, Mr. Staton and Mr. Bell is a limited partner in ACM. ACM and our executive officers control BUCKLER.
The management agreement with ACM may create a conflict of interest and the terms, including fees payable to ACM, may not be as favorable to us as if they had been negotiated with an unaffiliated third-party. In addition, we may choose not to enforce, or to enforce less vigorously, our rights under the management agreement because of our desire to maintain our ongoing relationship with ACM. ACM maintains a contractual and fiduciary relationship with us. The management agreement with ACM does not prevent ACM and its affiliates from engaging in additional management or investment opportunities some of which will compete with us. ACM and its affiliates may engage in additional management or investment opportunities that have overlapping objectives with ours and may thus face conflicts in the allocation of investment opportunities to these other investments. Such allocation is at the discretion of ACM and there is no guarantee that this allocation would be made in the best interest of our stockholders. We are not entitled to receive preferential treatment as compared with the treatment given by ACM or its affiliates to any investment company, fund or advisory account other than any fund or advisory account which contains only funds invested by ACM (and not of any of its clients or customers) or its officers and directors. Additionally, the ability of ACM and its respective officers and employees to engage in other business activities may reduce the time spent and resources used managing our activities.
ACM owns 70% of the equity of BUCKLER. BUCKLER may offer repurchase agreement financing to us at rates and terms that may be less advantageous to us than if they had been negotiated with third parties.
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Risk Factors (continued)
General risks common to ARMOUR and our peer mortgage REITs:
We operate in a highly competitive market for investment opportunities and related financing and competition may limit our ability and financing to acquire desirable investments in our target assets, obtain necessary financing and could also affect the pricing of these assets and cost of funds.
We operate in a highly competitive market for investment opportunities and borrowing facilities. Our profitability depends, in large part, on our ability to acquire our target assets at attractive prices and finance them economically. In acquiring and financing our target assets, we will compete with a variety of institutional investors, including other REITs, specialty finance companies, public and private funds, government entities, commercial and investment banks, commercial finance and insurance companies and other financial institutions. Several of our competitors are substantially larger and have considerably greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we do. Several other REITs may have investment objectives that overlap with ours, which may create additional competition for investment opportunities and financing. Some competitors may have a lower cost of funds and access to funding sources that may not be available to us, such as funding from the U.S. or foreign governments. Many of our competitors are not subject to the operating constraints associated with REIT tax compliance or maintenance of an exemption from the Investment Company Act. In addition, some of our competitors may have higher risk tolerances or different risk assessments, which could allow them to consider a wider variety of investments and establish more relationships than us. Furthermore, competition for investments in our target assets may lead to the price of such assets increasing, which may further limit our ability to generate desired returns. We cannot provide assurance that the competitive pressures we face will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Also, as a result of this competition, desirable investments in our target assets may be limited in the future and we may not be able to take advantage of attractive investment opportunities from time to time, as we can provide no assurance that we will be able to identify, finance and make investments that are consistent with our investment objectives.
Our ability to buy or sell our securities and derivatives may be severely limited or not profitable and we may be required to post additional collateral in connection with our financing and derivatives.
Our MBS and our hedging derivatives are traded in the over-the-counter market. Therefore, we must buy and sell our securities and derivatives in privately negotiated transactions with banks, brokers, dealers, or principal counter parties such as originators, the GSEs and other investors. Without the benefit of a securities exchange, there may be times when the supply of or demand for the MBS and derivatives we wish to buy or sell is severely limited. Our hedging derivatives, depending on their characteristics, are traded on either the over-the-counter market or on derivatives exchanges. The bid-ask spread between the prices at which we can purchase and sell MBS and derivatives may also become temporarily wide relative to historical levels. This could exacerbate our losses or limit our opportunities to profit during times of market stress or dislocation. We attempt to mitigate this risk by concentrating our investments in MBS that have more widespread trading interest resulting in deeper and more liquid trading.
All of our repurchase financing and our hedging derivatives have daily collateral maintenance requirements, and a substantial portion of our MBS are pledged as collateral. These collateral requirements are monitored by our counterparties and we may be required to post additional collateral when the value of our posted collateral declines and/or the fair value of our net liability under a derivative increase. We attempt to mitigate this risk by moderating the amount of our financial leverage, monitoring collateral maintenance requirements, timely calling for collateral (or a return of collateral) from our counterparties on financing positions and derivatives, and maintaining reserve liquidity in the form of cash or unpledged Agency Securities that are widely acceptable as collateral. By concentrating our investments in more liquid Agency Securities, we also seek to be able to quickly sell positions and reduce our financial leverage if necessary.
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Risk Factors (continued)
The daily collateral maintenance required for our repurchase financing and our hedging derivatives generally move in opposite directions as market interest rates change. However, because market yields on our Agency Securities are not perfectly correlated with interest rate swap market yields, it is likely that our daily requirements to post collateral to our counterparties will not equal the collateral our counterparties are required to post to us. In times of higher market volatility, those differences can become more significant.
The adoption of derivatives legislation by Congress could have an adverse impact on our ability to hedge risks associated with our business.
The Dodd-Frank Act regulates derivative transactions, which include certain instruments used in our risk management activities. Under the Dodd-Frank Act, certain swaps are required to clear through a registered clearing facility and traded on a designated exchange or swap execution facility. We have established an account with a futures commission merchant for this purpose. To date, we have not entered into any cleared interest rate swap contracts. There are some exceptions to these requirements for entities that use swaps to hedge or mitigate commercial risk. However, we do not qualify for an exception. Among the other provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act that may affect derivative transactions are those relating to establishment of capital and margin requirements for certain derivative participants, establishment of business conduct standards, record keeping and reporting requirements, and imposition of position limits. Although we currently do not meet the requirements for some of the provisions of the regulations, there may be a time when we become subject to them due to the size of our equity capital, assets, derivatives, liabilities or any other metric that may be defined by current or new regulations. Any new legislation and any new regulations could increase the operational and transactional cost of derivatives contracts and affect the number and/or creditworthiness of available hedge counterparties to us.
We may change our target assets, financing and investment strategy and other operational policies without stockholder consent, which may adversely affect the market price of our common stock and our ability to make distributions to stockholders.
Within our overall investment guidelines, we may change our target assets financing strategy and investment guidelines at any time without the consent of our stockholders, which could result in our making investments that are different from, and possibly riskier than, the investments described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our Board also determines our other operational policies and may amend or revise such policies, including our policies with respect to our REIT qualification, acquisitions, dispositions, operations, indebtedness and distributions, or approve transactions that deviate from these policies, without a vote of, or notice to, our stockholders. A change in our targeted investments, financing strategy, investment guidelines and other operational policies may increase our exposure to interest rate risk, default risk and real estate market fluctuations, all of which could adversely affect the market price of our stock and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
Changes in laws and regulations affecting the relationship between Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and the U.S. Government may adversely affect our business.
The payments we receive on the Agency Securities in which we invest depend upon a steady stream of payments by borrowers on the underlying mortgages and the fulfillment of guarantees by GSEs. There can be no assurance that the U.S. Government's intervention in Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac will continue to be adequate for the longer-term viability of these GSEs. These uncertainties may lead to concerns about the availability of and trading market for Agency Securities in the long term. Accordingly, if the GSEs defaulted on their guaranteed obligations, suffered losses or ceased to exist, the value of our Agency Securities and our business, operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.
The passage of any new federal legislation affecting Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac may create market uncertainty and reduce the actual or perceived credit quality of securities issued or guaranteed by them. If Fannie
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Risk Factors (continued)
Mae and Freddie Mac were reformed or wound down, it is unclear what effect, if any, this would have on the value of the existing Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Agency Securities. The foregoing could materially adversely affect the pricing, supply, liquidity and value of the Agency Securities in which we invest and otherwise materially adversely affect our business, operations and financial condition.
There are significant restrictions on ownership of our common stock.
In order for us to maintain our qualification as a REIT under the Code, not more than 50% in value of the issued and outstanding shares of our capital stock may be owned, actually or constructively, by five or fewer individuals (as defined in the Code to include certain entities) at any time during the last half of each taxable year (other than our first year as a REIT). This test is known as the “5/50 test.” Attribution rules in the Code apply to determine if any individual actually or constructively owns our capital stock for purposes of this requirement, including, without limitation, a rule that deems, in certain cases, a certain holder of a warrant or option to purchase stock as owning the shares underlying such warrant or option and a rule that treats shares owned (or treated as owned, including shares underlying warrants) by entities in which an individual has a direct or indirect interest as if they were owned by such individual. Additionally, at least 100 persons must beneficially own our capital stock during at least 335 days of each taxable year (other than our first year as a REIT). While we believe that we meet the 5/50 test, no assurance can be given that we will continue to meet this test.
Our charter prohibits beneficial or constructive ownership by any person of more than 9.8% in value or in number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding shares of our common stock or all classes of our capital stock. Additionally, our charter prohibits beneficial or constructive ownership of our stock that would otherwise result in our failure to qualify as a REIT. In each case, such prohibition includes a prohibition on owning warrants or options to purchase stock if ownership of the underlying stock would cause the holder or beneficial owner to exceed the prohibited thresholds. The ownership rules in our charter are complex and may cause the outstanding stock owned by a group of related individuals or entities to be deemed to be owned by one individual or entity. As a result, these ownership rules could cause an individual or entity to unintentionally own shares beneficially or constructively in excess of our ownership limits. Any attempt to own or transfer shares of our common or preferred stock, in excess of our ownership limits without the consent of our board of directors shall be void, and will result in the shares being transferred to a charitable trust. These provisions may inhibit market activity and the resulting opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares that might otherwise exist if any person were to attempt to assemble a block of shares of our stock in excess of the number of shares permitted under our charter and which may be in the best interests of our stockholders. We may grant waivers from the 9.8% charter restriction for holders where, based on representations, covenants and agreements received from certain equity holders, we determine that such waivers would not jeopardize our status as a REIT.
Legislative or other actions affecting the tax status of REITs could materially and adversely affect us and our stockholders.
The rules dealing with U.S. federal income taxation are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process and by the IRS and the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Changes to the tax laws, with or without retroactive application, could materially and adversely affect us and our stockholders. We cannot predict how changes in the tax laws might affect us or our stockholders. New legislation, U.S. Treasury regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions could significantly and negatively affect our ability to qualify as a REIT or the U.S. federal income tax consequences of such qualification.
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If we fail to comply with the REIT tax requirements, we must dispose of a portion of our assets within 30 days after the end of the calendar quarter in order to avoid losing our REIT status and suffering adverse tax consequences. If we fail to qualify as a REIT, we will be subject to federal income tax as a regular corporation and may face substantial tax liability.
Qualification as a REIT involves the satisfaction of numerous requirements (some on an annual or quarterly basis) established under highly technical and complex provisions of the Code for which only a limited number of judicial or administrative interpretations exist. We believe we currently satisfy all the requirements of a REIT. However, the determination that we satisfy all REIT requirements requires an analysis of various factual matters and circumstances that may not be totally within our control. We have not requested and do not intend to request a ruling from the IRS that we qualify as a REIT. Accordingly, we are not certain we will be able to qualify and remain qualified as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. Even a technical or inadvertent mistake could jeopardize our REIT status. Furthermore, the U.S. Congress or the IRS might change tax laws or regulations and the courts might issue new rulings, in each case potentially having retroactive effect, which could make it more difficult or impossible for us to qualify as a REIT.
If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any tax year, then:
•we would be taxed as a regular domestic corporation, which, among other things, means that we would be unable to deduct distributions to stockholders in computing taxable income and would be subject to federal income tax on our net income at regular corporate rates;
•any resulting tax liability could be substantial and would reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to stockholders and could force us to liquidate assets at inopportune times, causing lower income or higher losses than would result if these assets were not liquidated; and
•unless we were entitled to relief under applicable statutory provisions, we would be disqualified from treatment as a REIT for the subsequent four taxable years following the year during which we lost our qualification and thus, our cash available for distribution to our stockholders would be reduced for each of the years during which we do not qualify as a REIT.
If we remain qualified as a REIT, we may face other tax liabilities that reduce our cash flow.
If we remain qualified for taxation as a REIT, we may be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and assets, including taxes on any undistributed income, taxes on income from some activities conducted as a result of a foreclosure, excise taxes, state or local income, property and transfer taxes, such as mortgage recording taxes, and other taxes. In addition, in order to meet the REIT qualification requirements, prevent the recognition of certain types of non-cash income, or to avert the imposition of a 100% tax that applies to certain gains derived by a REIT from dealer property or inventory, we may hold some of our assets through a taxable REIT subsidiary ("TRS") or other subsidiary corporations that will be subject to corporate level income tax at regular rates. In addition, if we lend money to a TRS, the TRS may be unable to deduct all or a portion of the interest paid to us, which could result in an even higher corporate level tax liability. Any of these taxes would decrease cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
REIT distribution requirements could adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan.
We generally must distribute annually at least 90% of our taxable income, subject to certain adjustments and excluding any net capital gain, in order for federal corporate income tax not to apply to earnings that we distribute. To the extent that we satisfy this distribution requirement, but distribute less than 100% of our taxable income, we will be subject to federal corporate income tax on our undistributed taxable income. In addition, if the actual amount that we pay out to our stockholders in a calendar year is less than the sum of 85% of our REIT ordinary income for that year, 95% of our REIT capital gain net income for that year and any undistributed taxable income from prior periods, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the excess of the required
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distribution over the amounts actually distributed. We intend to make distributions to our stockholders to comply with the REIT requirements of the Code.
From time to time, we may generate taxable income greater than our income for financial reporting purposes prepared in accordance with GAAP, or differences in timing between the recognition of taxable income and the actual receipt of cash may occur. For example, we may be required to accrue income from MBS and other types of debt securities or interests in debt securities before we receive any payments of interest or principal on such assets. We may also acquire discounted debt investments that are subsequently modified by agreement with the borrower. If such arrangements constitute “significant modifications” of such debt under the applicable Treasury regulations, the modified debt may be considered to have been reissued to us in a debt-for-debt exchange with the borrower, with gain recognized by us to the extent that the principal amount of the modified debt exceeds our cost of purchasing it prior to modification.
As a result, we may find it difficult or impossible to meet distribution requirements in certain circumstances. In particular, where we experience differences in timing between the recognition of taxable income and the actual receipt of cash, the requirement to distribute a substantial portion of our taxable income could cause us to: (i) sell assets in adverse market conditions, (ii) borrow on unfavorable terms, (iii) distribute amounts that would otherwise be invested in future acquisitions, capital expenditures or repayment of debt, in order to comply with REIT requirements, or (iv) make taxable distributions of our capital stock or debt securities. These alternatives could increase our costs or reduce our equity. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our ability to grow, which could adversely affect the value of our common stock.
Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to forgo otherwise attractive opportunities.
To qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we must continually satisfy tests concerning, among other things, the sources of our income, the nature and diversification of our assets, the amounts that we distribute to our stockholders and the ownership of our stock. We may be required to make distributions to stockholders at disadvantageous times or when we do not have funds readily available for distribution, and may be unable to pursue investments that would be otherwise advantageous to us in order to satisfy the source-of-income or asset-diversification requirements for qualifying as a REIT. In addition, in certain cases, the modification of a debt instrument or, potentially, an increase in the value of a debt instrument that we acquired at a significant discount, could result in the conversion of the instrument from a qualifying real estate asset to a wholly or partially non-qualifying asset that must be contributed to a TRS or disposed of in order for us to qualify or maintain our qualification as a REIT. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our ability to make and, in certain cases, to maintain ownership of, certain attractive investments.
Complying with REIT requirements may force us to liquidate otherwise attractive investments.
To qualify as a REIT, we must ensure that at the end of each calendar quarter, at least 75% of our gross income each year is derived from certain real estate related sources, at least 75% of the value of our assets consists of cash, cash items, government securities and qualified REIT real estate assets, including certain mortgage loans and certain kinds of MBS. The remainder of our investment in securities (other than government securities, TRSs and qualified real estate assets) generally cannot include more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer or more than 10% of the total value of the outstanding securities of any one issuer. In addition, in general, no more than 5% of the value of our assets (other than government securities, TRSs and qualified real estate assets) can consist of the securities of any one issuer, and no more than 20% of the value of our total securities can be represented by securities of one or more TRSs. If we fail to comply with these requirements at the end of any calendar quarter, we must correct the failure within 30 days after the end of the calendar quarter or qualify for certain statutory relief provisions to avoid losing our REIT qualification and suffering adverse tax consequences. As a result, we may be required to liquidate from our investment portfolio otherwise attractive investments. For example, in certain cases, the modification of a debt instrument or, potentially, an increase in the
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value of a debt instrument that we acquired at a significant discount, could result in the conversion of the instrument from a qualifying real estate asset to a wholly or partially non-qualifying asset that must be liquidated in order for us to qualify or maintain our qualification as a REIT. These actions could have the effect of reducing our income and amounts available for distribution to our stockholders.
The failure of assets subject to repurchase agreements to qualify as real estate assets could adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT.
In order to finance some of our assets that we hold or acquire, we may enter into repurchase agreements, including with persons who sell us those assets. Under a repurchase agreement, we will nominally sell certain of our assets to a counterparty and simultaneously enter into an agreement to repurchase those sold assets. Although the tax treatment of repurchase transactions is unclear, we take the position that we are treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as the owner of those assets that are the subject of any such repurchase agreement notwithstanding that we may transfer record ownership of those assets to the counterparty during the term of any such agreement. Because we enter into repurchase agreements the tax treatment of which is unclear, the IRS could assert, particularly in respect of our repurchase agreements with persons who sell us the assets that we wish to finance by way of repurchase agreements, that we did not own those assets during the term of the repurchase agreements, in which case we could fail to satisfy the 75% asset test necessary to qualify as a REIT.
We may be required to report taxable income for certain investments in excess of the economic income we ultimately realize from them.
We may acquire debt instruments in the secondary market for less than their face amount. The discount at which such debt instruments are acquired may reflect doubts about their ultimate collectability rather than current market interest rates. The amount of such discount will nevertheless generally be treated as “market discount” for federal income tax purposes. Accrued market discount is reported as income when, and to the extent that, any payment of principal of the debt instrument is made. If we collect less on the debt instrument than our purchase price plus the market discount we had previously reported as income, we may not be able to benefit from any offsetting loss deductions. Some of the debt instruments that we acquire may have been issued with original issue discount. We are required to report such original issue discount based on a constant yield method and will be taxed based on the assumption that all future projected payments due on such debt instruments will be made. If such debt instruments or MBS turn out not to be fully collectible, an offsetting loss deduction will become available only in the later year that uncollectability is provable.
In addition, we may acquire debt instruments that are subsequently modified by agreement with the borrower. If the amendments to the outstanding instrument are “significant modifications” under the applicable Treasury regulations, the modified instrument is considered to have been reissued to us in a debt-for-debt exchange with the borrower. In that event, we may be required to recognize taxable gain to the extent the principal amount of the modified instrument exceeds our adjusted tax basis in the unmodified instrument, even if the value of the instrument or the payment expectations have not changed. Following such a taxable modification, we would hold the modified loan with a cost basis equal to its principal amount for federal tax purposes.
Finally, in the event that any debt instruments acquired by us are delinquent as to mandatory principal and interest payments, or in the event payments with respect to a particular instrument are not made when due, we may nonetheless be required to continue to recognize the unpaid interest as taxable income as it accrues, despite doubt as to its ultimate collectability. Similarly, we may be required to accrue interest income with respect to debt instruments at its stated rate regardless of whether corresponding cash payments are received or are ultimately collectible. In each case, while we would in general ultimately have an offsetting loss deduction available to us when such interest was determined to be uncollectible, the utility of that deduction could depend on our having taxable income in that later year or thereafter.
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Our capital loss carry forward for tax purposes may expire before we can fully use it to offset otherwise taxable income or gains.
For U.S. federal income tax purposes, we previously have incurred net capital losses. Such net capital losses may be carried forward for five taxable years and generally used to offset undistributed taxable net capital gains realized during the carry forward period. Net capital losses realized totaling $(136,388) and $(13,819) will be available to offset future capital gains realized in 2023 and 2024, respectively. Any capital loss carry forward that we have not used to offset undistributed otherwise taxable net capital gains will expire after the end of such five-year period, and will no longer be available to us. Capital loss carry forwards totaling $921,172 expired unused in 2021 and prior years because we did not generate enough taxable net capital gains during that period relative to our level of distributions. Our current practice of declaring dividends based on non-GAAP Distributable Earnings increases the likelihood that net capital gains realized will be treated as distributed in the year realized. In the absence of offsetting net capital loss carry forward amounts, we will be required to make timely distributions of future net capital gains realized, or alternatively, pay U.S. federal income tax on such realized net capital gains not distributed.
Distributions to tax-exempt investors may be classified as unrelated business taxable income.
Neither ordinary nor capital gain distributions with respect to our common stock nor gain from the sale of common stock should generally constitute unrelated business taxable income to a tax-exempt investor. However, there are certain exceptions to this rule, including: (i) part of the income and gain recognized by certain qualified employee pension trusts with respect to our common stock may be treated as unrelated business taxable income if we become a “pension held” REIT and such qualified employee pension trust owns more than 10% of our common stock; (ii) part of the income and gain recognized by a tax-exempt investor with respect to our common stock would constitute unrelated business taxable income if the investor incurs debt in order to acquire the common stock; (iii) part or all of the income or gain recognized with respect to our common stock by social clubs, voluntary employee benefit associations, supplemental unemployment benefit trusts and qualified group legal services plans which are exempt from federal income taxation under the Code may be treated as unrelated business taxable income; and (iv) to the extent that we are (or a part of us, or a disregarded subsidiary of ours, is) a “taxable mortgage pool,” (or if we hold residual interests in a REMIC), a portion of the distributions paid to a tax-exempt stockholder that is allocable to excess inclusion income may be treated as unrelated business taxable income.
The “taxable mortgage pool” rules may increase the taxes that we or our stockholders may incur and may limit the manner in which we effect future securitizations.
Securitizations could result in the creation of taxable mortgage pools for federal income tax purposes. As a REIT, so long as we own 100% of the equity interests in a taxable mortgage pool, we generally would not be adversely affected by the characterization of the securitization as a taxable mortgage pool. Certain categories of stockholders, however, such as foreign stockholders eligible for treaty or other benefits, stockholders with net operating losses and certain tax-exempt stockholders that are subject to unrelated business income tax, could be subject to increased taxes on a portion of their distribution income from us that is attributable to the taxable mortgage pool. In addition, to the extent that our stock is owned by tax-exempt “disqualified organizations,” such as certain government-related entities and charitable remainder trusts that are not subject to tax on unrelated business income, we may incur a corporate level tax on a portion of our income from the taxable mortgage pool. In that case, we will reduce the amount of our distributions to any disqualified organization whose stock ownership gave rise to the tax. Moreover, we would be precluded from selling equity interests in these securitizations to outside investors or selling any debt securities issued in connection with these securitizations that might be considered to be equity interests for tax purposes. These limitations may prevent us from using certain techniques to maximize our returns from securitization transactions.
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We may incur excess inclusion income that would increase the tax liability of our stockholders or the Company.
In general, dividend income that a tax-exempt entity receives from us should not constitute unrelated business taxable income as defined in Section 512 of the Code. If we realize excess inclusion income and allocate it to stockholders, however, then this income would be fully taxable as unrelated business taxable income under Section 512 of the Code. If the stockholder is foreign, it would generally be subject to U.S. federal income tax withholding on this income without reduction pursuant to any otherwise applicable income tax treaty. U.S. stockholders would not be able to offset such income with their operating losses. If our stock is held in record name by “disqualified organizations” (generally government entities and certain tax-exempt investors, such as certain state pension plans and charitable remainder trusts, that are not subject to the tax on unrelated business taxable income), the Company must pay tax at the highest corporate rate on any excess inclusion income attributable to such disqualified organization investors. That tax would reduce our taxable REIT income.
We generally structure our borrowing arrangements in a manner designed to avoid generating significant amounts of excess inclusion income. However, excess inclusion income could result if we held a residual interest in a REMIC. Excess inclusion income also may be generated if we were to issue debt obligations with two or more maturities and the terms of the payments on these obligations bore a relationship to the payments that we received on our Agency Securities securing those debt obligations. For example, we may engage in non-REMIC CMO securitizations. We also enter into various repurchase agreements that have differing maturity dates and afford the lender the right to sell any pledged mortgage securities if we default on our obligations. These transactions may give rise to excess inclusion income that requires allocation among our stockholders. We may invest in equity securities of other REITs and it is possible that we might receive excess inclusion income from those investments. Some types of entities, including, without limitation, voluntarily employee benefit associations and entities that have borrowed funds to acquire their shares of our stock, may be required to treat a portion of or all of the dividends they receive from us as unrelated business taxable income.
Liquidation of assets may jeopardize our REIT qualification or create additional tax liability for us.
To qualify as a REIT, we must comply with requirements regarding the composition of our assets and our sources of income. If we are compelled to liquidate our investments to repay obligations to our lenders, we may be unable to comply with these requirements, ultimately jeopardizing our qualification as a REIT, or we may be subject to a 100% tax on any resultant gain if we sell assets that are treated as dealer property or inventory.
The tax on prohibited transactions limits our ability to engage in transactions, including certain methods of securitizing mortgage loans, which would be treated as prohibited transactions for federal income tax purposes.
Net income that we derive from a prohibited transaction is subject to a 100% tax. The term “prohibited transaction” generally includes a sale or other disposition of property (including mortgage loans, but other than foreclosure property, as discussed below) that is held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business by us or by a borrower that has issued a shared appreciation mortgage or similar debt instrument to us. We might be subject to this tax if we were to dispose of or securitize loans in a manner that was treated as a prohibited transaction for federal income tax purposes.
We conduct our operations so that no asset that we own (or are treated as owning) will be treated as, or as having been, held for sale to customers, and that a sale of any such asset will not be treated as having been in the ordinary course of our business. As a result, we may choose not to engage in certain sales of loans at the REIT level and may limit the structures we utilize for our securitization transactions, even though the sales or structures might otherwise be beneficial to us. In addition, whether property is held “primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business” depends on the particular facts and circumstances. No assurance can be given that any property that we sell will not be treated as property held for sale to customers, or that we can
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comply with certain safe-harbor provisions of the Code that would prevent such treatment. The 100% tax does not apply to gains from the sale of property that is held through a TRS or other taxable corporation, although such income will be subject to tax in the hands of the corporation at regular corporate rates. We structure our activities to avoid prohibited transaction characterization.
Plans should consider ERISA risks of investing in our common stock.
Investment in our common stock may not be appropriate for a pension, profit-sharing, employee benefit, or retirement plan, considering the plan’s particular circumstances, under the fiduciary standards of ERISA, or other applicable similar laws including standards with respect to prudence, diversification and delegation of control and the prohibited transaction provisions of ERISA, the Code and any applicable similar laws.
ERISA and Section 4975 of the Code prohibit certain transactions that involve (i) certain pension, profit-sharing, employee benefit, or retirement plans or individual retirement accounts and (ii) any person who is a “party in interest” or “disqualified person” with respect to such plan. Consequently, the fiduciary of a plan contemplating an investment in our common stock should consider whether its company, any other person associated with the issuance of its common stock or any affiliate of the foregoing is or may become a “party in interest” or “disqualified person” with respect to the plan and, if so, whether an exemption from such prohibited transaction rules is applicable.
ERISA may limit our ability to attract capital from Benefit Plan Investors.
It is unlikely that we will qualify as an operating company for purposes of ERISA. Consequently, in order to avoid our assets being deemed to include so-called “plan assets” under ERISA, we will initially limit equity ownership in us by Benefit Plan Investors to less than 25% of the value of each class or series of capital stock issued by us and to prohibit transfers of our common stock to Benefit Plan Investors. Our charter prohibits Benefit Plan Investors from holding any interest in any shares of our capital stock that are not publicly traded. These restrictions on investments in us by Benefit Plan Investors (and certain similar investors) may adversely affect the ability of our stockholders to transfer their shares of our common stock and our ability to attract private equity capital in the future.
Provisions of Maryland law and other provisions of our organizational documents may limit the ability of a third-party to acquire control of the company.
Certain provisions of the MGCL may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a transaction or a change in control of the company that might involve a premium price for holders of our common stock or otherwise be in their best interests. Additionally, our charter and bylaws contain other provisions that may delay or prevent a change of control of the company.
If we have a class of equity securities registered under the Exchange Act and meet certain other requirements, Title 3, Subtitle 8 of the MGCL permits us without stockholder approval and regardless of what is currently provided in our charter or bylaws, to elect to be subject to statutory provisions that may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a transaction or a change in control of the company that might involve a premium price for holders of our common stock or otherwise be in their best interest. Pursuant to Title 3, Subtitle 8 of the MGCL, once we meet the applicable requirements, our charter provides that our Board will have the exclusive power to fill vacancies on our Board. As a result, unless all of the directorships are vacant, our stockholders will not be able to fill vacancies with nominees of their own choosing. We may elect to opt into additional provisions of Title 3, Subtitle 8 of the MGCL without stockholder approval at any time that we have a class of equity securities registered under the Exchange Act and satisfy certain other requirements.
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Rapid changes in the values of our target assets may make it more difficult for us to maintain our qualification as a REIT or our exemption from the 1940 Act.
If the market value or income potential of our MBS declines as a result of increased interest rates, prepayment rates, general market conditions, government actions or other factors, we may need to increase certain types of our assets and income or liquidate our non-qualifying assets to maintain our REIT qualifications or our exemption from the 1940 Act. If the decline in real estate asset values or income occurs quickly, this may be especially difficult to accomplish. We may have to make decisions that we otherwise would not make absent the REIT and the 1940 Act considerations.
Maintenance of our exclusion from the 1940 Act will impose limits on our business.
There can be no assurance that the laws and regulations governing the 1940 Act status of REITs, including guidance and interpretations from the SEC staff regarding the Section 3(c)(5)(C) exclusion, will not change in a manner that adversely affects our operations or business. For example, such changes might require us to employ less leverage in financing certain of our mortgage related investments and we may be precluded from acquiring certain types of higher yielding securities. The net effect of these factors would be to lower our net interest income. If we fail to qualify for an exclusion from registration as an investment company or an exclusion from the definition of an investment company, our ability to use leverage would be substantially reduced. Our business will be materially and adversely affected if we fail to qualify for an exclusion from regulation under the 1940 Act.
We conduct our business so as not to become regulated as an investment company under the 1940 Act. If we were to fall within the definition of investment company, we would be unable to conduct our business as described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Section 3(a)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act defines an investment company as any issuer that is or holds itself out as being engaged primarily in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities. Section 3(a)(1)(C) of the 1940 Act also defines an investment company as any issuer that is engaged or proposes to engage in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities and owns or proposes to acquire investment securities having a value exceeding 40% of the value of the issuer’s total assets (exclusive of U.S. Government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis. Excluded from the term “investment securities,” among other things, in Section 3(a)(1)(C) of the 1940 Act, as defined above, are U.S. Government securities and securities issued by majority-owned subsidiaries that are not themselves investment companies and are not relying on the exclusion from the definition of investment company set forth in Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) of the 1940 Act.
We rely on the exclusion from the definition of “investment company” provided by Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the 1940 Act. To qualify for the exclusion, we make investments so that at least 55% of the assets we own consist of “qualifying assets” and so that at least 80% of the assets we own consist of qualifying assets and other real estate related assets. We generally expect that our investments in our target assets will be treated as either qualifying assets or real estate related assets under Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the 1940 Act in a manner consistent with SEC staff no-action letters. Qualifying assets for this purpose include mortgage loans and other assets, such as whole pool Agency Securities that are considered the functional equivalent of mortgage loans for purposes of the 1940 Act. The SEC staff has not issued guidance with respect to whole pool Credit Risk and Non-Agency Securities. Accordingly, based on our own judgment and analysis of the SEC’s pronouncements with respect to agency whole pool certificates, we may also treat Credit Risk and Non-Agency Securities issued with respect to an underlying pool of mortgage loans in which we hold all the certificates issued by the pool as qualifying assets. We invest at least 55% of our assets in whole pool Agency Securities and Credit Risk and Non-Agency Securities that constitute qualifying assets in accordance with SEC staff guidance and at least 80% of our assets in qualifying assets plus other real estate related assets. Other real estate related assets would consist primarily of Agency Securities and Credit Risk and Non-Agency Securities that are not whole pools, such as CMOs and CMBS. As a result of the foregoing restrictions, we are limited in our ability to make or dispose of certain investments. To the extent that the SEC staff publishes new or different guidance with respect to these matters, we may be required to adjust our strategy
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accordingly. These restrictions could also result in our holding assets we might wish to sell or selling assets we might wish to hold. Although we monitor our portfolio for compliance with the Section 3(c)(5)(C) exclusion periodically and prior to each acquisition and disposition, there can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain this exclusion.
To the extent that we elect in the future to conduct our operations through majority-owned subsidiaries, such business will be conducted in such a manner as to ensure that we do not meet the definition of investment company under either Section 3(a)(1)(A) or Section 3(a)(1)(C) of the 1940 Act, because less than 40% of the value of our total assets on an unconsolidated basis would consist of investment securities. We intend to monitor our portfolio periodically to ensure compliance with the 40% test. In such case, we would be a holding company which conducts business exclusively through majority-owned subsidiaries and we would be engaged in the non-investment company business of our subsidiaries.
Loss of the 1940 Act exclusion would adversely affect us, the market price of shares of our stock and our ability to distribute dividends.
As described above, we conduct our operations so as not to become required to register as an investment company under the 1940 Act based on current laws, regulations and guidance. Although we monitor our portfolio, we may not be able to maintain this exclusion under the 1940 Act. If we were to fail to qualify for this exclusion in the future, we could be required to restructure our activities or the activities of our subsidiaries, if any, including effecting sales of assets in a manner that, or at a time when we would not otherwise choose, which could negatively affect the value of our stock, the sustainability of our business model and our ability to make distributions. The sale could occur during adverse market conditions and we could be forced to accept a price below that which we believe is appropriate.
There can be no assurance that the laws and regulations governing the 1940 Act status of REITs, including guidance and interpretations from the SEC and its staff regarding the Section 3(c)(5)(C) exclusion, will not change in a manner that adversely affects our operations or business. The SEC or its staff may issue new interpretations of the Section 3(c)(5)(C) exclusion causing us to change the way we conduct our business, including changes that may adversely affect our ability to achieve our investment objective. We may be required at times to adopt less efficient methods of financing certain of our mortgage related investments and we may be precluded from acquiring certain types of higher yielding securities. The net effect of these factors would be to lower our net interest income. If we fail to qualify for an exclusion from registration as an investment company or an exclusion from the definition of an investment company, our ability to use leverage would be substantially reduced. Our business will be materially and adversely affected if we fail to qualify for an exclusion from regulation under the 1940 Act.
Failure to maintain an exemption from being registered as a CPO could subject us to additional regulation and compliance requirements and may result in fines and other penalties which could materially adversely affect our business and financial condition.
Rules adopted under the Dodd-Frank Act establish a comprehensive new regulatory framework for derivative contracts commonly referred to as swaps. Under these rules, any investment fund that trades in swaps may be considered a “commodity pool,” which would cause its directors to be regulated as CPOs. Under the rules, which became effective on October 12, 2012 for those who became CPOs solely because of their use of swaps, CPOs must register with the NFA, which requires compliance with NFA's rules, and are subject to regulation by the CFTC including with respect to disclosure, reporting, record keeping and business conduct.
On December 7, 2012, the CFTC staff issued a no-action letter (CFTC Staff Letter 12-44) to provide exemptive relief to mortgage REITs that claim such relief. On December 11, 2012, we submitted our claim and our directors do not intend to register as CPOs with the NFA. To comply with CFTC Staff Letter 12-44, we are restricted
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Risk Factors (continued)
to operating within certain parameters discussed in the no-action letter. For example, the exemptive relief limits our ability to enter into interest rate hedging transactions such that the initial margin and premiums for such hedges will not exceed five percent of the fair market value of our total assets. Furthermore, while the exemptive relief eliminates the CPO requirement, we still operate a commodity pool and are therefore subject to other CFTC requirements. Such other requirements may include having our interest rate swap contracts cleared through recognized clearing organizations or having to post higher initial margins on uncleared swaps.
Our hedging strategies are designed to reduce the impact on our earnings caused by the potential adverse effects of changes in interest rates on our target assets and liabilities. Subject to complying with REIT requirements, we use hedging techniques in the ordinary course of our business to limit the risk of adverse changes in interest rates on the value of our target assets as well as the differences between the interest rate adjustments on our target assets and borrowings. These techniques primarily consist of entering into interest rate swap contracts (including swaptions) and purchasing or selling Futures Contracts and may also include entering into interest rate cap or floor agreements, purchasing put and call options on securities or securities underlying Futures Contracts, or entering into forward rate agreements. Although we are not legally limited to our use of hedging, we limit our use of derivative instruments to only those techniques described above and enter into derivative transactions only with counterparties that we believe have a strong credit rating to help limit the risk of counterparty default or insolvency. These transactions are not entered into for speculative purposes. We do not use these instruments for the purpose of trading in commodity interests, and we do not consider our company or its operations to require CPO registration.
The CFTC has substantial enforcement power with respect to violations of the laws over which it has jurisdiction, including their anti-fraud and anti-manipulation provisions. Among other things, the CFTC may suspend or revoke the registration of a person who fails to comply, prohibit such a person from trading or doing business with registered entities, impose civil money penalties, require restitution and seek fines or imprisonment for criminal violations. Additionally, a private right of action exists against those who violate the laws over which the CFTC has jurisdiction or who willfully aid, abet, counsel, induce or procure a violation of those laws. In the event we fail to maintain exemptive relief with the CFTC on this matter and our directors fail to comply with the regulatory requirements of these new rules, we may be subject to significant fines, penalties and other civil or governmental actions or proceedings, any of which could have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
COVID-19 has had a significant effect on our results of operations. In addition, it has resulted in significant financial market volatility, and its impact on the global economy appears to be significant. A continuation or worsening of the pandemic will have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition and on the market price of our common stock.
COVID-19 caused significant business disruptions and financial market volatility. In the first half of 2021, a new Delta variant of COVID-19 began to spread globally and caused an increase in COVID-19 cases in many places in the United States, and in November 2021, a new Omicron variant, which appears to be the most transmissible variant to date, was detected. The Omicron variant has since caused an increase in COVID-19 cases in multiple countries, including the United States. Public health officials and medical professionals have warned that COVID-19 cases may continue to spike if additional potent disease variants emerge. Despite a recent decline in cases, hospitalizations and deaths in large portions of the United States, mask mandates, social distancing, travel restrictions and stay-at-home orders could be reinstated. The impact of potential new variants cannot be predicted at this time, and could depend on numerous factors, including vaccination rates among the population, the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against new variants and the response by governmental bodies and regulators. A continuation or worsening of the levels of business disruption and market volatility seen could have an adverse effect on our ability to access capital, on our business, results of operations and financial condition, and on the market price of our common stock. Depending upon the duration and severity of the pandemic, as well as other
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Risk Factors (continued)
future developments which cannot be accurately predicted, including the continued emergence of new strains of COVID-19, additional or modified government actions and the actions taken to contain COVID-19 or address its impact in the short and long term, among others, the continuing effect on our results over the long term is uncertain.
Responding to COVID-19, both Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac announced mortgage forbearance policies in 2020 that allow borrowers to delay their mortgage payments. Individual states also adopted forbearance policies addressing loan payments, rent payments, foreclosures and evictions. These policies, which may be revised or reinstated, may impact our investments in many ways, some that are foreseeable, others that are not. The impact of high levels of forbearance on our securities portfolio could range from immaterial to significant depending upon not only actual losses incurred on underlying loans but also future public policy choices and actions by the GSEs, their regulator the Federal Housing Finance Authority ("FHFA"), the Fed, and federal and state governments. The nature and timing of any such future public policy choices and actions are unpredictable.
We depend on ACM for our key personnel. The loss of those key personnel could severely and detrimentally affect our operations.
As an externally managed company, we depend on the diligence, experience and skill of ACM personnel for the selection, acquisition, structuring, hedging and monitoring of our MBS and associated borrowings. We depend on the efforts and expertise of our operating officers to manage our day-to-day operations and strategic business direction. If any of our key personnel were to leave the Company, locating individuals with specialized industry knowledge and skills similar to that of our key personnel may not be possible or could take months. Because we have no employees, the loss of ACM could harm our business, financial condition, cash flow and results of operations.
We have a contract with AVM to administer clearing and settlement services for our securities and derivative transactions. We have also entered into a second contract with AVM to assist us with financing transaction services such as repurchase financings and managing the margin arrangement between us and our lenders for each of our repurchase agreements. We use the services of AVM for these aspects of our business so our executive officers can focus on our daily operations and strategic direction. Further, as our business expands, reliance on AVM to provide us with timely, effective services will increase. In the future, as we expand our staff, we may absorb internally some or all of the services provided by AVM. Until we elect to move those services in-house, we continue to use AVM or other third-parties that provide similar services. If we are unable to maintain a relationship with AVM or are unable to establish a successful relationship with other third-parties providing similar services at comparable pricing, we may have to reduce or delay our operations and/or increase our expenditures and undertake the repurchase agreement and trading and administrative activities on our own, which could have a material adverse effect on our business operations and financial condition. However, we believe that the breadth and scope of ACM’s experience will enable it to fill any needs created by discontinuing a relationship with AVM.
We have very broad investment guidelines, and our Board will not approve each investment and financing decision made by ACM.
We are authorized to invest in MBS backed by fixed rate, hybrid adjustable rate and adjustable rate home loans as well as unsecured notes and bonds issued by GSEs, U.S. Treasuries and money market instruments, subject to certain income tests we must satisfy for our qualification as a REIT. ACM is authorized to invest and obtain financing on our behalf within these guidelines. Our Board periodically reviews our investment guidelines and our investment portfolio but does not, and is not required to, review all our investments on an individual basis or in advance. In conducting periodic reviews, our Board relies primarily on information provided to it by ACM. Furthermore, ACM may use complex strategies and transactions that may be costly, difficult, or impossible to unwind if our Board determines that they are not consistent with our investment guidelines. In addition, because ACM has a certain amount of discretion in investment, financing and hedging decisions, ACM’s decisions could
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Risk Factors (continued)
result in investment returns that are substantially below expectations or that result in losses, which would materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We are highly dependent on information and communications systems. System failures, security breaches or cyber-attacks of networks or systems could significantly disrupt our business and negatively affect the market price of our common stock and our ability to distribute dividends.
Our business is highly dependent on communications and information systems that allow us to monitor, value, buy, sell, finance, and hedge our investments. These systems are primarily operated by third-parties and, as a result, we have limited ability to ensure their continued operation. In the event of systems failure or interruption, we will have limited ability to affect the timing and success of systems restoration. Any failure or interruption of our systems could cause delays or other problems in our securities trading activities, including Agency Securities trading activities, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and negatively affect the market price of our stock and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
We rely on sophisticated information technology systems, networks, and infrastructure in managing our day-to-day operations. Despite cyber-security measures already in place, which we monitor on a regular basis, our information technology systems, networks, and infrastructure may be vulnerable to deliberate attacks or unintentional events that could interrupt or interfere with their functionality or the confidentiality of our information. Our inability to effectively utilize our information technology systems, networks, and infrastructure, and protect our information could adversely affect our business.
We rely on our financial, accounting, and other data processing systems. Computer malware, viruses, computer hacking, and phishing attacks have become more prevalent in our industry and may occur on our systems. Although we have not detected a material cybersecurity breach to date, other financial services institutions have reported material breaches of their systems, some of which have been significant. Even with all reasonable security efforts, not every breach can be prevented or even detected. It is possible that we have experienced an undetected breach. There is no assurance that we, or the third parties that facilitate our business activities, have not or will not experience a breach. It is difficult to determine what, if any, negative impact may directly result from any specific interruption or cyber-attacks or security breaches of our networks or systems (or the networks or systems of third parties that facilitate our business activities) or any failure to maintain performance.
We are subject to financial reporting and other requirements for which our accounting, internal audit and other management systems and resources may not be adequately prepared.
We are subject to reporting and other obligations under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, including the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. These reporting and other obligations may place significant demands on our management, administrative, operational, internal audit and accounting resources and cause us to incur significant expenses. We may need to upgrade our systems or create new systems; implement additional financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures; expand or outsource our internal audit function; and hire additional accounting, internal audit and finance staff. If we are unable to accomplish these objectives in a timely and effective fashion, our ability to comply with the financial reporting requirements and other rules that apply to reporting companies could be impaired. Any failure to maintain effective internal controls could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and stock price.
We have not established a minimum dividend payment level and there are no guarantees of our ability to pay dividends in the future.
We expect to continue to make regular cash distributions to our stockholders in amounts such that all or substantially all our taxable income in each year, subject to certain adjustments, is distributed. This, along with other factors, should enable us to qualify for the tax benefits accorded to a REIT under the Code. However, we
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Risk Factors (continued)
have not established a minimum dividend payment level and our ability to pay dividends may be adversely affected by the risk factors described in this report. Future distributions are made at the discretion of our Board and will depend on our earnings, our financial condition, maintenance of our REIT status, restrictions on making distributions under the MGCL and such other factors as our Board may deem relevant from time to time. There are no guarantees of our ability to pay dividends in the future. In addition, some of our distributions may include a return of capital.
We have returned, and may continue to return, capital to stockholders by paying dividends in excess of our comprehensive income and/or repurchasing shares, which may adversely affect our business.
Our Board of Directors considers Distributable Earnings when determining the level of dividends on our common stock. Distributable Earnings tends to be more stable over time and this practice is designed to increase the stability of our common stock dividend from month to month. However, Distributable Earnings excludes gains and losses in portfolio value that are reflected in total comprehensive income (loss) computed in accordance with GAAP. These differences cause us to distribute common stock dividends that differ from our total economic return. Since 2010, ARMOUR has distributed common stock dividends totaling approximately $1,634,462 while incurring cumulative total comprehensive (loss) attributable to common stockholders of $(623,795). Such losses include approximately $(622,300) in 2013 and $(539,942) in the first quarter of 2020.
Dividends paid in excess of comprehensive income and common and preferred stock share repurchases will reduce our capital base and our ability to invest in MBS without increasing financial leverage. Reducing our capital base will increase our expense ratio and could potentially reduce the availability of our repurchase financing and interest rate swap hedges. We will be more likely to consider future returns of capital to stockholders when the market trading price for our common stock represents a significant discount to our book value.
We may use proceeds from equity and debt offerings and other financings to fund distributions, which will decrease the amount of capital available for purchasing our target assets.
There are no restrictions in our charter or in any agreement to which we are a party that prohibits us from using the proceeds of any offering of our equity or debt or other financings to fund distributions to stockholders. In the event that we elect to fund any distribution to our stockholders from sources other than our earnings, the amount of capital available to us to purchase our target assets would decrease, which could have an adverse effect on our overall financial results and performance.
Our return of capital distributions may increase capital gains.
Differences in accounting methods for tax and financial reporting purposes have periodically resulted in ARMOUR reporting taxable income that is less than our comprehensive income for the same period. ARMOUR has also reported taxable losses for periods in which it reported comprehensive income. In order to maintain our REIT status, we are generally required to make timely distributions at least equal to 90% of our current taxable income. We have made and may continue to make distributions in excess of the amounts required to maintain our REIT status. Such distributions represent a return of capital for tax purposes and thus will generally not be immediately taxable. Such return of capital distributions will generally reduce stockholders’ tax basis in their shares and potentially increase the taxable gain, if any, recognized by such stockholders upon disposition of their shares. In addition, if stockholders hold our shares as a capital asset, to the extent return of capital distributions exceed their adjusted tax basis in their shares, such stockholders would be required to include those distributions in income as long-term capital gain (or short-term capital gain if their shares have been held for one year or less).
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Risk Factors (continued)
The performance of our common stock correlates to the performance of our REIT investments, which may be speculative and aggressive compared to other types of investments.
The investments we make in accordance with our investment objectives may result in a greater amount of risk as compared to alternative investment options, including relatively higher risk of volatility or loss of principal. Our investments may be speculative and aggressive, and therefore an investment in our common stock may not be suitable for someone with lower risk tolerance.
One of the factors that investors may consider in deciding whether to buy or sell shares of our common stock is our distribution rate as a percentage of the trading price of our common stock relative to market interest rates. If the market price of our common stock is based primarily on the earnings and return that we derive from our investments and income with respect to our investments and our related distributions to stockholders, and not from the market value of the investments themselves, then interest rate fluctuations and capital market conditions are likely to affect adversely the market price of our common stock. For instance, if market rates rise without an increase in our distribution rate, the market price of our common stock could decrease as potential investors may require a higher distribution yield on our common stock or seek other securities paying higher distributions or interest. In addition, rising interest rates would result in increased interest expense on our variable rate debt, thereby reducing cash flow and our ability to service our indebtedness and pay distributions.
Any future offerings of debt securities and/or preferred stock, which would rank senior to our common stock upon our liquidation, and future offerings of equity securities, which would dilute our existing stockholders and may be senior to our common stock for the purposes of dividend and liquidation distributions, may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
In the future, we may raise capital through the issuance of debt, preferred equity or common equity securities. Upon liquidation, holders of our debt securities and preferred stock, if any, and lenders with respect to other borrowings will be entitled to our available assets prior to the holders of our common stock. Additional equity offerings may dilute the holdings of our existing stockholders or reduce the market price of our common stock, or both. Additional series of preferred stock, if issued, could have a preference on liquidation distributions or a preference on dividend payments that could limit our ability to pay dividends to the holders of our common stock. Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock (including shares of our common stock issued pursuant to our 2009 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended), or the perception that these sales could occur, could have a material adverse effect on the price of our common stock. Because our decision to issue debt or equity securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing, or nature of our future offerings. Thus, holders of our common stock bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the market price of our common stock and diluting the value of their stock holdings in us.
Future issuances or sales of stock could cause our stock price to decline.
Sales of substantial amounts of our stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales might occur, could adversely affect the market price of our stock. In addition, the sale of these shares could impair our ability to raise capital through a sale of additional equity securities.
Other issuances of our stock could have an adverse effect on the market price of our stock. In addition, future issuances of our stock may be dilutive to existing stockholders.
Our business could be negatively affected as a result of stockholder activism, which could cause us to incur significant expense, hinder execution of our business strategy and impact the trading value of our stock.
Stockholder activism, which can take many forms or arise in a variety of situations, has been increasing in publicly traded companies in recent years and we are subject to the risks associated with such activism.
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Risk Factors (continued)
Stockholder activism, including potential proxy contests, requires significant time and attention by management and the Board, potentially interfering with our ability to execute our strategic plan. Additionally, such stockholder activism could give rise to perceived uncertainties as to our future direction, adversely affect our relationships with key business partners and make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel. Also, we may be required to incur significant legal fees and other expenses related to activist stockholder matters. Any of these impacts could materially and adversely affect our business and operating results. Further, the market price of our common stock could be subject to significant fluctuation or otherwise be adversely affected by the events, risks and uncertainties described above.
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Item 2. Properties
We do not own or lease any real estate or other physical properties. Pursuant to the management agreement, ACM maintains our executive offices at 3001 Ocean Drive, Suite 201, Vero Beach, Florida 32963. We consider our current office space adequate for our current operations.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
See Note 9 - Commitments and Contingencies for information on legal proceedings.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters
and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Stock Symbols and Holders of Common Equity
Our 7.00% Series C Cumulative Preferred Stock (“Series C Preferred Stock”), and our common stock are currently listed on the NYSE under the symbols “ARR-PRC”and “ARR,” respectively. On February 15, 2022, the closing per share price of our common stock as reported on the NYSE was $8.73.
As of February 15, 2022, we had 141 stockholders of record of our outstanding common stock. We believe that there are more beneficial owners of shares of our common stock.
Dividend Policy
We intend to continue to make regular cash distributions to holders of shares of common stock. Future dividends will be at the discretion of the Board and will depend on our earnings and financial condition, maintenance of our REIT qualification, restrictions on making distributions under MGCL and such other factors as our Board deems relevant. Dividends cannot be paid on our common stock unless we have paid full cumulative dividends on all classes of our preferred stock. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we paid full cumulative dividends on our preferred stock.
For historical information on the frequency and amount of cash dividends paid to the holders of shares of our preferred stock and common stock see Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements. See Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements for cash dividends paid to the holders of our Series C Preferred Stock and common stock subsequent to December 31, 2021.
Our REIT taxable income and dividend requirements are determined on an annual basis. Total dividend payments to common stockholders were $96,630 and dividend payments to preferred stockholders were $11,473 for the year ended December 31, 2021. Our estimated REIT taxable loss available to pay dividends was $(148,471) for the year ended December 31, 2021. Dividends in excess of REIT taxable income for the year (including taxable income carried forward from the previous year) will generally not be taxable to common stockholders. The portion of the dividends on our common stock which represented non-taxable return of capital was approximately 100.0% in 2021, 100.0% in 2020, and 56.8% in 2019.
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters
and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities (continued)
Performance Graph
The following graph compares the stockholder’s cumulative total return, assuming $100 invested at December 31, 2016, with all reinvestment of dividends, as if such amounts had been invested in: (i) our common stock; (ii) the stocks included in the S&P 500 and (iii) the stocks included in the NAREIT Mortgage REIT Index.
Period Ending
Index 12/31/16 12/31/17 12/31/18 12/31/19 12/31/20 12/31/21
ARMOUR Residential REIT $ 100.00 $ 130.13 $ 114.61 $ 112.28 $ 74.93 $ 75.82
S&P 500 Index $ 100.00 $ 121.83 $ 116.49 $ 153.17 $ 181.35 $ 233.41
NAREIT Mortgage REIT Index $ 100.00 $ 119.79 $ 116.77 $ 141.67 $ 115.08 $ 133.08
The information in the performance graph and table has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but neither its accuracy nor its completeness can be guaranteed. The historical information set forth above is not necessarily indicative of future performance. Accordingly, we do not make or endorse any predictions as to future performance.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Item 6. [Reserved]
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
The Company has adopted the amendments to Items 301 of Regulation S-K contained in SEC Release No. 33-10890. As a result, the disclosure previously provided in Part II, Item 6 is no longer required.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with “Risk Factors,” and “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” that appear elsewhere in this Form 10-K. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions. Actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including, but not limited to, those presented under “Risk Factors” included in this Form 10-K.
References to “we,” “us,” “our,” or the “Company” are to ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc. (“ARMOUR”) and its subsidiaries. References to “ACM” are to ARMOUR Capital Management LP, a Delaware limited partnership. ARMOUR owns a 10% equity interest in BUCKLER Securities LLC ("BUCKLER"), a Delaware limited liability company and a FINRA-regulated broker-dealer, controlled by ACM and certain executive officers of ARMOUR. Refer to the Glossary of Terms for definitions of capitalized terms and abbreviations used in this report.
The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this report. U.S. dollar amounts are presented in thousands, except per share amounts or as otherwise noted.
Overview
ARMOUR is a Maryland corporation formed in 2008 and managed by ACM, an investment advisor registered with the SEC (see Note 9 and Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements). We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. We believe that we are organized in conformity with the requirements for qualification as a REIT under the Code and our manner of operations enables us to meet the requirements for taxation as a REIT for federal income tax purposes.
Our strategy is to create shareholder value through thoughtful investment and risk management that produces current yield and superior risk adjusted returns over the long term. Our focus on residential real estate finance supports home ownership for a broad and diverse spectrum of Americans by bringing private capital into the mortgage markets. We are deeply committed to implementing sustainable environmental, responsible social, and prudent governance practices that improve our work and our world.
We strive to contribute to a healthy, sustainable environment by utilizing resources efficiently. As an organization, we create a relatively small environmental footprint. Still, we are focused on minimizing the environmental impact of our business where possible.
At December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, we invested in MBS, issued or guaranteed by a U.S. GSE, such as Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, or a government agency such as Ginnie Mae (collectively, Agency Securities). Our Agency Securities consist primarily of fixed rate loans. The remaining are either backed by hybrid adjustable rate or adjustable rate loans. From time to time we have also invested in Credit Risk and Non-Agency Securities, Interest-Only Securities, U.S. Treasury Securities and money market instruments.
We earn returns on the spread between the yield on our assets and our costs, including the interest cost of the funds we borrow, after giving effect to our hedges. We identify and acquire MBS, finance our acquisitions with borrowings under a series of short-term repurchase agreements and then hedge certain risks based on our entire portfolio of assets and liabilities and our management’s view of the market.
Factors that Affect our Results of Operations and Financial Condition
Our results of operations and financial condition are affected by various factors, many of which are beyond our control, including, among other things, our net interest income, the market value of our assets and the supply of and demand for such assets. Recent events, such as those discussed below, can affect our business in ways that are difficult to predict and may produce results outside of typical operating variances. Our net interest
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(continued)
income varies primarily as a result of changes in interest rates, borrowing costs and prepayment speeds, the behavior of which involves various risks and uncertainties. We currently invest primarily in Agency Securities, for which the principal and interest payments are guaranteed by a GSE or other government agency. We also invest in U.S. Treasury Securities and money market instruments. In the past, we have invested in Credit Risk and Non-Agency Securities and it is possible we may do so in the future. We expect our investments to be subject to risks arising from prepayments resulting from existing home sales, financings, delinquencies and foreclosures. We are exposed to changing mortgage spreads, which could result in declines in the fair value of our investments. Our asset selection, financing and hedging strategies are designed to work together to generate current net interest income while moderating our exposure to market volatility.
Interest Rates
Changes in interest rates, particularly short-term interest rates, may significantly influence our net interest income. With the maturities of our assets, generally of a longer term than those of our liabilities, interest rate increases will tend to decrease our net interest income and the market value of our assets (and therefore our book value). Such rate increases could possibly result in operating losses or adversely affect our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. Our operating results depend, in large part, upon our ability to manage interest rate risks effectively while maintaining our status as a REIT.
Prepayment Rates
Prepayments on MBS and the underlying mortgage loans may be influenced by changes in market interest rates and a variety of economic and geographic factors, policy decisions by regulators, as well as other factors beyond our control. To the extent we hold MBS acquired at a premium or discount to par, or face value, changes in prepayment rates may impact our anticipated yield. In periods of declining interest rates, prepayments on our MBS will likely increase. If we are unable to reinvest the proceeds of such prepayments at comparable yields, our net interest income may decline. Our operating results depend, in large part, upon our ability to manage prepayment risks effectively while maintaining our status as a REIT.
While we use strategies to economically hedge some of our interest rate risk, we do not hedge all of our exposure to changes in interest rates and prepayment rates, as there are practical limitations on our ability to insulate our securities portfolio from all potential negative consequences associated with changes in short-term interest rates in a manner that will allow us to seek attractive net spreads on our securities portfolio. Also, since we have not elected to use cash flow hedge accounting, earnings reported in accordance with GAAP will fluctuate even in situations where our derivatives are operating as intended. As a result of this mark-to-market accounting treatment, our results of operations are likely to fluctuate far more than if we were to designate our derivative activities as cash flow hedges. Comparisons with companies that use cash flow hedge accounting for all or part of their derivative activities may not be meaningful. For these and other reasons more fully described under the section captioned “Derivative Instruments” below, no assurance can be given that our derivatives will have the desired beneficial impact on our results of operations or financial condition.
In addition to the use of derivatives to hedge interest rate risk, a variety of other factors relating to our business may also impact our financial condition and operating performance; these factors include:
•our degree of leverage;
•our access to funding and borrowing capacity;
•the REIT requirements under the Code; and
•the requirements to qualify for an exclusion under the 1940 Act and other regulatory and accounting policies related to our business.
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(continued)
Management
See sections titled Management in Item 1. Business and also in Note 9 and Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements. The emergence of variant strains of the COVID-19 virus continues to influence individual and institutional behaviors and likely will for some time to come. Our remote work protocol has allowed us to shift quickly between in-person and virtual work environments to adapt effectively to changing conditions.
Market and Interest Rate Trends and the Effect on our Securities Portfolio
Federal Reserve Actions
In Q4 2021, the Federal Reserve commenced tapering the interventions which began in March 2020. The Fed has indicated that it will accelerate the reduction of its monthly bond purchases, including agency residential and commercial mortgage backed securities, in 2022. The Fed has also indicated that it will likely increase the Federal Funds Rate in 2022. Financial markets will likely be highly sensitive to the Fed’s interest rate and bond purchasing decisions and communication. ARMOUR continues to mitigate risk, use moderate leverage (as compared to historical levels) and maximize liquidity within the scope of its business plan. ARMOUR has carefully selected new Agency Securities within the context of the current historically high prices of our target assets. The agency mortgage backed securities market remains highly dependent on the future course and timing of the Fed's actions on interest rates and market purchases of our target assets.
Developments at Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac
The payments we receive on the Agency Securities in which we invest depend upon a steady stream of payments by borrowers on the underlying mortgages and the fulfillment of guarantees by GSEs. There can be no assurance that the U.S. Government's intervention in Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac will continue to be adequate or assured for the longer-term viability of these GSEs. These uncertainties may lead to concerns about the availability of and market for Agency Securities in the long term. Accordingly, if the GSEs defaulted on their guaranteed obligations, suffered losses or ceased to exist, the value of our Agency Securities and our business, operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.
The passage of any new federal legislation affecting Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac may create market uncertainty and reduce the actual or perceived credit quality of securities issued or guaranteed by them. If Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were reformed or wound down, it is unclear what effect, if any, this would have on the value of the existing Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Agency Securities. The foregoing could materially adversely affect the pricing, supply, liquidity and value of the Agency Securities in which we invest and otherwise materially adversely affect our business, operations and financial condition.
Short-term Interest Rates and Funding Costs
Changes in Fed policy affect our financial results, since our cost of funds is largely dependent on short-term rates. An increase in our cost of funds without a corresponding increase in interest income earned on our MBS would cause our net income to decline. Below is the Fed's target range for the Federal Funds Rate at each Fed meeting where a change was made since March 2019.
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(continued)
Meeting Date Lower Bound Higher Bound
March 16, 2020 0.00 % 0.25 %
March 3, 2020 1.00 % 1.25 %
October 2019 1.50 % 1.75 %
September 2019 1.75 % 2.00 %
July 2019 2.00 % 2.25 %
March 2019 2.25 % 2.50 %
Our borrowings in the repurchase market have historically closely tracked the Federal Funds Rate and LIBOR, and more recently SOFR. Traditionally, a lower Federal Funds Rate has indicated a time of increased net interest margin and higher asset values. Volatility in these rates and divergence from the historical relationship among these rates could negatively impact our ability to manage our securities portfolio. If rates were to increase as a result, our net interest margin and the value of our securities portfolio might suffer as a result. The scheduled discontinuation of LIBOR contracts in December 2021 did not significantly impact our liquidity or the value of our MBS. Our remaining MBS exposure to LIBOR at December 31, 2021 is $6,657 of legacy ARMs. Our derivatives are either Federal Funds Rate or SOFR-based interest rate swap contracts; none are LIBOR-based (see Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements).
The following graph shows 30-day LIBOR as compared to the Effective Federal Funds Rate and SOFR Rate on a monthly basis from December 31, 2019 to December 31, 2021.
Long-term Interest Rates and Mortgage Spreads
Our securities are valued at an interest rate spread versus long-term interest rates (mortgage spread). This mortgage spread varies over time and can be above or below long-term averages, depending upon market participants' current desire to own MBS over other investment alternatives. When the mortgage spread gets smaller (or negative) versus long-term interest rates, our book value will be positively affected. When this spread gets larger (or positive), our book value will be negatively affected.
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(continued)
Mortgage spreads can vary due to movements in securities valuations, movements in long-term interest rates or a combination of both. We mainly use interest rate swap contracts, interest rate swaptions, basis swap contracts and Futures Contracts to economically hedge against changes in the valuation of our securities. We do not use such hedging contracts for speculative purposes.
We may reduce our mortgage spread exposure by entering in to certain TBA Agency Securities short positions. The TBA short positions may represent different securities and maturities than our MBS and TBA Agency Security long positions, and accordingly, may perform somewhat differently. While we expect our TBA Agency Securities short positions to perform well compared to our related mortgage securities, there can be no assurance as to their relative performance.
Results of Operations
For the Years Ended
December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
Net Interest Income 73,681 106,783 151,336
Total Other Loss (23,403) (289,929) (362,761)
Total Expenses after fees waived (34,915) (31,966) (38,480)
Net Income (Loss) 15,363 (215,112) (249,905)
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gain) on sale of available for sale Agency Securities (10,952) (143,877) (9,611)
Reclassification adjustment for credit loss expense on available for sale Agency Securities - 1,012 -
Net unrealized gain (loss) on available for sale Agency Securities $ (61,106) $ (33,577) $ 408,954
Other comprehensive income (loss) (72,058) (176,442) 399,343
Comprehensive Income (Loss) (56,695) (391,554) 149,438
Net income for the year ended December 31, 2021 reflects interest income from a smaller average securities portfolio as well as gains (losses) on our Agency Securities and the realized and unrealized gains (losses) on our derivatives, including TBA Agency Securities. Our results for the year ended December 31, 2020 were significantly impacted by COVID-19 that started in the second week of March 2020. To increase liquidity, we significantly reduced our portfolio of Agency Securities (including TBA Agency Securities) by 39.1% from December 31, 2019. During the third quarter of 2020, we completed the liquidation of our Credit Risk and Non-Agency Securities. The net loss for the year ended December 31, 2020 reflected losses on derivatives due to the termination of interest rate swap contracts and losses on Credit Risk Transfer and Non-Agency Securities that were offset by gains on sales of Agency Securities and gains on TBA Agency Securities.
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(continued)
Net interest income is a function of both our securities portfolio size and net interest rate spread.
For the Years Ended
December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
Interest Income:
Agency Securities, net of amortization of premium and fees $ 80,134 $ 151,206 $ 382,811
Credit Risk and Non-Agency Securities, including discount accretion - 17,746 52,919
Interest-Only Securities - - 596
U.S. Treasury Securities 587 469 1,353
Buckler Subordinated loan 70 333 1,886
Total Interest Income $ 80,791 $ 169,754 $ 439,565
Interest expense-repurchase agreements (7,023) (62,939) (288,229)
Interest expense-U.S. Treasury Securities sold short (87) (32) -
Net Interest Income $ 73,681 $ 106,783 $ 151,336
Year Ended December 31, 2021 vs. Year Ended December 31, 2020:
•Our average securities portfolio, including TBA Agency Securities, decreased 2.0% from $7,834,588 for the year ended December 31, 2020 to $7,677,721 for the year ended December 31, 2021.
•Our average securities portfolio yield decreased 0.55% and our average cost of funds decreased 0.60% year over year.
•Our net interest rate spread increased 0.05% year over year.
•MBS prepayments were $4,292 for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to $202 for the year ended December 31, 2020.
Year Ended December 31, 2020 vs. Year Ended December 31, 2019:
•Our average securities portfolio, including TBA Agency Securities, decreased 37.1% from $12,461,442 for the year ended December 31, 2019 to $7,834,588 for the year ended December 31, 2020.
•Our average securities portfolio yield decreased 1.04% and our average cost of funds decreased 1.16% year over year.
•Our net interest rate spread increased 0.12% year over year, however net interest income decreased due to a lower average securities portfolio balance.
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(continued)
The following table presents the components of the yield earned on our securities portfolio for the quarterly periods ended on the dates shown below:
Asset Yield Cost of Funds Net Interest Margin Interest Expense on Repurchase Agreements
December 31, 2021 2.15 % 0.40 % 1.75 % 0.16 %
September 30, 2021 2.15 % 0.45 % 1.70 % 0.17 %
June 30, 2021 1.95 % 0.50 % 1.45 % 0.17 %
March 31, 2021 1.84 % 0.35 % 1.49 % 0.23 %
December 2020 1.99 % 0.27 % 1.72 % 0.26 %
September 2020 2.21 % 0.26 % 1.95 % 0.26 %
June 2020 2.53 % 0.90 % 1.63 % 0.55 %
March 2020 3.18 % 1.95 % 1.23 % 1.94 %
December 2019 3.63 % 2.14 % 1.49 % 2.14 %
The yield on our assets is most significantly affected by the rate of repayments on our Agency Securities. The following graph shows the annualized CPR on a monthly basis for the quarterly periods ended on the dates shown below.
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(continued)
For the Years Ended
December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
Other Loss:
Realized gain on sale of available for sale Agency Securities (reclassified from Other comprehensive income (loss)) $ 10,952 $ 143,877 $ 9,611
Credit loss expense - (1,012) -
Gain (loss) on Agency Securities, trading (77,145) 19,557 -
Loss on Credit Risk and Non-Agency Securities - (189,555) (24,396)
Gain on Interest-Only Securities - - 123
Gain (loss) on U.S. Treasury Securities (9,363) 21,771 2,024
Loss on short sale of U.S. Treasury Securities (28) (414) -
Subtotal $ (75,584) $ (5,776) $ (12,638)
Realized loss on derivatives (1)
(98,143) (378,208) (213,996)
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives 150,324 94,055 (136,127)
Subtotal $ 52,181 $ (284,153) $ (350,123)
Total Other Loss $ (23,403) $ (289,929) $ (362,761)
Year Ended December 31, 2021 vs. Year Ended December 31, 2020:
•Gains on Agency Securities, available for sale, resulted from the proceeds from sales of Agency Securities during the year ended December 31, 2021 of $167,202 compared to $10,800,879 during the year ended December 31, 2020.
•During the year ended December 31, 2021 we evaluated our available for sale securities to determine if the available for sale securities in an unrealized loss position were impaired. No credit loss expense was required for the year ended December 31, 2021.
•Gains (losses) on Agency Securities, trading, resulted from the change in fair value of the securities as well as losses on sales during the year ended December 31, 2021. The change in fair value of the securities was $(74,214) for the year ended December 31, 2021. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we sold $813,178 of these securities which resulted in a loss of $(2,931) for the year ended December 31, 2021. The change in fair value of the securities was $20,691 for the year ended December 31, 2020. For the year ended December 31, 2020, we sold $158,708 of these securities which resulted in a loss of $1,134.
•Loss on Credit Risk and Non-Agency Securities results from the sale of securities as well as the change in fair value of the securities. We did not have any Credit Risk and Non-Agency Securities at December 31, 2021 or December 31, 2020.
•Gains on Interest-Only Securities results from the sale of securities as well as the change in fair value of the securities. We did not have any Interest-Only Securities at December 31, 2021 or December 31, 2020.
•Gains (loss) on U.S. Treasury Securities resulted from the change in fair value of the securities as well as gains on sales during the year ended December 31, 2021. The change in fair value of the securities was $154 for the year ended December 31, 2021. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we sold $389,586 of these securities which resulted in a realized gain of $9,209 for the year ended December 31, 2021. Sales of U.S. Treasury Securities were $3,785,248 for the year ended December 31, 2020 resulting in realized gain of $21,771.
•Gain (losses) on Derivatives resulted from a combination of the following:
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(continued)
▪Interest rate swap contracts' aggregate notional balance was $7,210,000 at December 31, 2021 and $5,337,000 at December 31, 2020.
▪Our total TBA Agency Securities aggregate notional balance was $4,500,000 at December 31, 2021 and $2,600,000 at December 31, 2020.. The rolling of TBA positions throughout 2021 resulted in losses of $(21,347) for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior period income of $111,927.
Year Ended December 31, 2020 vs. Year Ended December 31, 2019:
•Gains (losses) on Agency Securities, available for sale, resulted from the proceeds from sales of Agency Securities, available for sale, during the year ended December 31, 2020 of $10,800,879 compared to $2,894,339 during the year ended December 31, 2019.
•During the year ended December 31, 2020, we evaluated our available for sale securities to determine if the available for sale securities in an unrealized loss position were impaired. It was determined in the first quarter that, as we may have been required to sell certain securities in the near future, we recognized an impairment of $1,012 in our consolidated statements of operations. No credit loss expense was required for the remaining quarters of 2020.
•Gains on Agency Securities, trading, resulted from the change in fair value of the securities as well as losses on sales during the year ended December 31, 2020. The change in fair value of the securities was $20,691 for the year ended December 31, 2020. For the year ended December 31, 2020, we sold $158,708 of these securities which resulted in a loss of $1,134.
•Gain (loss) on Credit Risk and Non-Agency Securities resulted from the sale of securities as well as the change in fair value of the securities. We did not have any Credit Risk and Non-Agency Securities at December 31, 2020.
•Gain on Interest-Only Securities for the year ended December 31, 2019, resulted from a change in the fair value of these securities of $682 in Q1 2019 as well as a loss of $(805) in Q2 2019 from the sale of $18,822 Interest-Only Securities. We did not have Interest-Only Securities at December 31, 2020 or December 31, 2019.
•Sales of U.S. Treasury Securities of $3,785,248 resulted in a realized gain of $21,771 for the year ended December 31, 2020. Sales of U.S. Treasury Securities of $1,786,090 for the year ended December 31, 2019 resulted in realized gain of $1,967. The change in fair value of the securities was $57 for the year ended December 31, 2019.
•Gain (losses) on Derivatives resulted from a combination of the following:
▪Interest rate swap contracts' aggregate notional balance decreased from $7,975,000 at December 31, 2019 to $5,337,000 at December 31, 2020.
▪The increase in TBA prices and in our total TBA Agency Securities aggregate notional balance from $1,000,000 at December 31, 2019 to $2,600,000 at December 31, 2020 resulted in income of $111,927 for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the prior period loss of $(5,465).
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(continued)
The Company is managed by ACM, pursuant to the management agreement. The management fees are determined based on gross equity raised. Therefore, management fees increase when we raise capital and decline when we repurchase previously issued stock and liquidate distributions as approved and so designated by a majority of the Board. However, because the management fee rate decreased to 0.75% per annum for gross equity raised in excess of $1.0 billion pursuant to the management agreement, the effective average management fee rate declines as equity is raised. The cost of repurchased stock and any dividend specifically designated by the Board as liquidation dividends will reduce the amount of gross equity raised used to calculate the monthly management fee. Realized and unrealized gains and losses do not affect the amount of gross equity raised. At December 31, 2021, December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the effective management fee, prior to management fees waived was 0.98%, 1.00% and 1.00% based on gross equity raised of $3,313,937, $2,944,169 and $2,965,163, respectively. ACM began waiving 40% of its management fee during the second quarter of 2020 and on January 13, 2021, ACM notified ARMOUR that it intended to adjust the fee waiver to the rate of $2,400 for the first quarter of 2021 and $800 per month thereafter. On April 20, 2021, ACM notified ARMOUR that it intended to adjust the fee waiver to the rate of $2,100 for the second quarter of 2021 and $700 per month thereafter. On October 25, 2021, ACM notified ARMOUR that it intended to adjust the fee waiver from the rate of $700 per month to $650 per month, effective November 1, 2021, until further notice. During the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, ACM waived management fees of $8,600 and $8,855, respectively.
Professional fees include securities clearing, legal, audit and consulting costs and are generally driven by the size and complexity of our securities portfolio, the volume of transactions we execute and the extent of research and due diligence activities we undertake on potential transactions.
Insurance includes premiums for both general business and directors and officers liability coverage. The fluctuation from year to year is due to changes in premiums.
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(continued)
Compensation includes non-executive director compensation as well as the restricted stock units awarded to our Board, executive officers and other ACM employees through ACM. The fluctuation from year to year is due to the number of awards vesting.
Other expenses include fees for market and pricing data, analytics and risk management systems and portfolio related data processing costs as well as stock exchange listing fees and similar stockholder related expenses, net of other miscellaneous income.
Taxable Income
As a REIT that regularly distributes all of its taxable income, we are generally not required to pay federal income tax (see Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements).
Realized gains and losses on interest rate contracts terminated before their maturity are deferred and amortized over the remainder of the original term of the contract for REIT taxable income. At December 31, 2021 and at December 31, 2020, we had approximately $607,000 and $717,000 in tax deductible expense relating to previously terminated interest rate swap contracts amortizing through the years 2031 and 2029, respectively. We currently project that such amortization will exceed the Company's other taxable income for 2022. As a result, we currently project that all 2022 dividends on the Company's common stock and Series C Preferred Stock will be treated as basis adjustments rather than currently taxable income for stockholder tax purposes. This is consistent with the treatment of dividends for 2021. At December 31, 2021, we had $91,961 of net operating loss carryforwards available for use indefinitely.
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Comprehensive income (loss) includes all changes in equity during a period, except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners (see Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements).
Financial Condition
Investment In Securities
Our securities portfolio consists primarily of Agency Securities backed by fixed rate home loans. From time to time, a portion of our Agency Securities may be backed by hybrid adjustable rate and adjustable rate home loans as well as unsecured notes and bonds issued by GSEs, U.S. Treasuries and money market instruments, subject to certain income tests we must satisfy for our qualification as a REIT. Our charter permits us to invest in MBS. Our TBA Agency Securities are reported at net carrying value and are reported in Derivatives, at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets (see Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements).
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(continued)
The charts below present our investment in securities by percentage of our total investment in securities, at fair value as of the dates indicated.
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(continued)
Agency Securities:
Agency Security purchase and sale transactions, including purchases and sales for forward settlement, are recorded on the trade date to the extent it is probable that we will take or make timely physical delivery of the related securities. Gains or losses realized from the sale of securities are included in income and are determined using the specific identification method. We typically purchase Agency Securities at premium prices. The premium price paid over par value on those assets is expensed as the underlying mortgages experience repayment or prepayment. The lower the prepayment rate, the lower the amount of amortization expense for a particular period. Accordingly, the yield on an asset and earnings are higher. If prepayment rates increase, the amount of amortization expense for a particular period will go up. These increased prepayment rates would act to decrease the yield on an asset and would decrease earnings.
Our net interest income is primarily a function of the difference between the yield on our assets and the financing (borrowing and hedging) cost of owning those assets. Since we tend to purchase Agency Securities at a premium to par, the main item that can affect the yield on our Agency Securities after they are purchased is the rate at which the mortgage borrowers repay the loan. While the scheduled repayments, which are the principal portion of the homeowners’ regular monthly payments, are fairly predictable, the unscheduled repayments, which are generally refinancing of the mortgage but can also result from repurchases of delinquent, defaulted, or modified loans, are less so. Being able to accurately estimate and manage these repayment rates is a critical portion of the management of our securities portfolio, not only for estimating current yield but also for considering the rate of reinvestment of those proceeds into new securities, the yields on those new securities and the impact of the repayments on our hedging strategy.
Adjustable and hybrid adjustable rate mortgage loans underlying some of our Agency Securities have fixed interest rates after which time the interest rates reset and become adjustable. After a reset date, interest rates on our adjustable and hybrid adjustable Agency Securities float based on spreads over various indices, typically LIBOR or the one-year constant maturity treasury rate. These interest rates are subject to caps that limit the amount the applicable interest rate can increase during any year, known as an annual cap and through the maturity of the security, known as a lifetime cap.
Beginning in the second quarter of 2020, we designated Agency MBS purchased as “trading securities” for financial reporting purposes, and consequently, fair value changes for these investments will be reported in net income. We anticipate continuing this designation for newly acquired Agency MBS positions because it is more representative of our results of operations insofar as the fair value changes for these securities are presented in a manner consistent with the presentation and timing of the fair value changes of our hedging instruments. Fair value changes for the legacy Agency MBS positions designated as “available for sale” will continue to be reported in other comprehensive income as required by GAAP.
TBA Agency Securities:
We account for TBA Agency Securities as derivative instruments if it is reasonably possible that we will not take or make physical delivery of the Agency Security upon settlement of the contract. TBA Agency Securities are forward contracts for the purchase (“long position”) or sale (“short position”) of Agency Securities at a predetermined price, face amount, issuer, coupon and stated maturity on an agreed-upon future date. The specific Agency Securities delivered pursuant to the contract upon the settlement date, published each month by the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association, are not known at the time of the transaction. We estimate the fair value of TBA Agency Securities based on similar methods used to value our Agency Securities. TBA Agency Securities are included in the table below on a gross basis as they can be used to establish and finance portfolio positions in Agency Securities.
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(continued)
The tables below summarize certain characteristics of our investments in securities at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.
Investment in Securities Summary
Asset Type Principal Amount Fair Value Weighted Average Coupon CPR (1)
Weighted Average Months to Maturity Percent of Total
December 31, 2021
Agency Securities:
Total Fannie Mae $ 3,316,796 $ 3,523,449 3.0 % 8.5 % 255 38.4 %
Total Freddie Mac 829,325 869,731 3.0 % 16.7 % 283 9.5
Total Ginne Mae 12,957 13,341 1.8 % 10.7 % 210 0.1
Total Agency Securities $ 4,159,078 $ 4,406,521 3.0 % 10.2 % 260 48.0 %
TBA Agency Securities:
15 Year Long (2)
2,700,000 2,741,820 1.8 % n/a n/a 29.8 %
30 Year Long (2)
1,800,000 1,833,240 2.5 % n/a n/a 20.0
Total TBA Agency Securities $ 4,500,000 $ 4,575,060 2.1 % n/a n/a 49.8 %
U.S. Treasury Securities $ 200,000 $ 198,833 0.68 % n/a 61 2.2 %
Total Investments in Securities $ 8,859,078 $ 9,180,414 100.0 %
Investment in Securities Summary
Asset Type Principal Amount Fair Value Weighted Average Coupon CPR (1)
Weighted Average Months to Maturity Percent of Total
December 31, 2020
Agency Securities:
Total Fannie Mae $ 3,779,964 $ 4,158,987 3.2 % 14.8 % 255 52.7 %
Total Freddie Mac 925,036 993,173 3.3 % 23.9 % 262 12.6
Total Ginne Mae 25,388 26,162 2.9 % 7.6 % 206 0.3
Total Agency Securities $ 4,730,388 $ 5,178,322 3.3 % 16.6 % 256 65.6 %
TBA Agency Securities:
15 Year Long (2)
1,400,000 1,459,135 1.9 % n/a n/a 18.5 %
30 Year Long (2)
1,200,000 1,252,842 2.1 % n/a n/a 15.9
Total TBA Agency Securities $ 2,600,000 $ 2,711,977 2.0 % n/a n/a 34.4 %
Total Investments in Securities $ 7,330,388 $ 7,890,299 100.0 %
(1)Weighted average CPR during the fourth quarter for the securities owned at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.
(2)Our TBA Agency Securities are recorded as derivative instruments in our accompanying consolidated financial statements. Our TBA Agency Securities are reported at net carrying value of $7,697 and $19,747, at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, and are reported in Derivatives, at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets (see Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements).
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(continued)
Repurchase Agreements
We have entered into repurchase agreements to finance the majority of our MBS. Our repurchase agreements are secured by our MBS and bear interest at rates that have historically moved in close relationship to the Federal Funds Rate and LIBOR and more recently SOFR. We have established borrowing relationships with numerous investment banking firms and other lenders, 18 of which had open repurchase agreements with us at December 31, 2021 and 18 of which had open repurchases agreements with us at December 31, 2020. We had outstanding balances under our repurchase agreements at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 of $3,948,037 and $4,536,065, respectively, consistent with the increase in our MBS in our securities portfolio. At December 31, 2021, BUCKLER accounted for 49.7% of our aggregate borrowings and had an amount at risk of 5.0% of our total stockholders' equity with a weighted average maturity of 35 days on repurchase agreements (see Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements).
Our repurchase agreements require excess collateral, known as a “haircut.” At December 31, 2021, the average haircut percentage was 3.45% compared to 3.13% at December 31, 2020. The change in the average haircut percentage is a reflection of the decrease in our securities portfolio and the disposition of our Credit Risk and Non-Agency Securities which had higher haircut levels than our Agency Securities.
Derivative Instruments
We use various contracts to manage our interest rate risk as we deem prudent in light of market conditions and the associated costs with counterparties that have a high quality credit rating and with futures exchanges. We generally pay a fixed rate and receive a floating rate with the objective of fixing a portion of our borrowing costs and hedging the change in our book value to some degree. The floating rate we receive is generally the Federal Funds Rate or SOFR. We had contractual commitments under derivatives at December 31, 2021. We had interest rate swap contracts with an aggregate notional balance of $7,210,000, a weighted average swap rate of 0.63% and a weighted average term of 77 months at December 31, 2021. We also entered into $4,500,000 notional of TBA Agency Securities during the year ended December 31, 2021 (see Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements).
Our policies do not contain specific requirements as to the percentages or amount of interest rate risk that we are required to hedge. No assurance can be given that our derivatives will have the desired beneficial impact on our results of operations or financial condition. We have not elected cash flow hedge accounting treatment as allowed by GAAP. Since we do not designate our derivative activities as cash flow hedges, realized as well as unrealized gains/losses from these transactions will impact our GAAP earnings.
Use of derivative instruments may fail to protect or could adversely affect us because, among other things:
•available derivatives may not correspond directly with the interest rate risk for which protection is sought (e.g., the difference in interest rate movements for long-term U.S. Treasury Securities compared to Agency Securities);
•the duration of the derivatives may not match the duration of the related liability;
•the counterparty to a derivative agreement with us may default on its obligation to pay or not perform under the terms of the agreement and the collateral posted may not be sufficient to protect against any consequent loss;
•we may lose collateral we have pledged to secure our obligations under a derivative agreement if the associated counterparty becomes insolvent or files for bankruptcy;
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(continued)
•we may experience a termination event under one or more of our derivative agreements related to our REIT status, equity levels and performance, which could result in a payout to the associated counterparty and a taxable loss to us;
•the credit-quality of the party owing money on the derivatives may be downgraded to such an extent that it impairs our ability to sell or assign our side of the hedging transaction; and
•the value of derivatives may be adjusted from time to time in accordance with GAAP to reflect changes in fair value; downward adjustments, or “mark-to-market losses,” would reduce our net income or increase any net loss.
The following graphs present the notional and weighted average interest rate of our interest rate swap contracts by year of maturity.
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(continued)
At December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, we had derivatives with a net fair value of $188,173 and $53,469, respectively. At December 31, 2021, we had interest rate swap contracts with an aggregate notional balance of $7,210,000, a weighted average swap rate of 0.63% and a weighted average term of 77 months. At December 31, 2020, we had interest rate swap contracts with an aggregate notional balance of $5,337,000, a weighted average swap rate of 0.24% and a weighted average term of 58 months. In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2021, we purchased and sold Futures Contracts with an aggregate notional balance of $500. Futures Contracts are traded on the CME and substantial credit support for the Futures Contracts is provided by the CME. Counterparty risk of derivatives is limited to some degree because of daily mark-to-market and collateral requirements. These derivative transactions are designed to: (1) lock in a portion of funding costs for financing activities associated with our assets in such a way as to help assure the realization of attractive net interest margins and (2) vary inversely in value with our MBS. Such contracts are based on assumptions about prepayments which, if not realized, will cause results to differ from expectations.
We also had TBA Agency Securities with an aggregate notional balance of $4,500,000 and $2,600,000 at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
Although we attempt to structure our derivatives to offset the changes in asset prices, the complexity of the actual and expected prepayment characteristics of the underlying mortgages as well as the volatility in mortgage interest rates relative to U.S. Treasury and interest rate swap contract rates makes achieving high levels of off-set difficult. We recognized net gains (losses) of $52,181, $(284,153) and $(350,123), for the years ended December 31, 2021, December 31, 2020, and December 31, 2019, respectively, related to our derivatives.
As required by the Dodd-Frank Act, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission has adopted rules requiring certain interest rate swap contracts to be cleared through a derivatives clearing organization. We are required to clear certain new interest rate swap contracts. Cleared interest rate swaps may have higher margin requirements than un-cleared interest rate swaps we previously had. We have established an account with a
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(continued)
futures commission merchant for this purpose. To date, we have not entered into any cleared interest rate swap contracts.
We are required to account for our TBA Agency Securities as derivatives when it is reasonably possible that we will not take or make timely physical delivery of the related securities. However, from time to time, we use TBA Agency Securities primarily to effectively establish portfolio positions. See the section, "TBA Agency Securities" above.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
At December 31, 2021, our liquidity totaled $848,354, consisting of $337,664 of cash plus $510,690 of unencumbered Agency Securities and U.S. government securities (including securities received as collateral). Our primary sources of funds are borrowings under repurchase arrangements, monthly principal and interest payments on our MBS and cash generated from our operating results. Other potential sources of liquidity include our automatic shelf registration filed with the SEC, pursuant to which we may offer an unspecified amount of shares of our common stock, preferred stock, warrants, depositary shares and debt securities (refer to Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements). We generally maintain liquidity to pay down borrowings under repurchase arrangements to reduce borrowing costs and otherwise efficiently manage our long-term investment capital. Because the level of our borrowings can be adjusted on a daily basis, the level of cash carried on our consolidated balance sheet is significantly less important than our potential liquidity available under our borrowing arrangements. We continue to pursue additional lending counterparties in order to help increase our financial flexibility and ability to withstand periods of contracting liquidity in the credit markets.
In addition to the repurchase agreement financing discussed above, from time to time we have entered into reverse repurchase agreements with certain of our repurchase agreement counterparties. Under a typical reverse repurchase agreement, we purchase U.S. Treasury Securities from a borrower in exchange for cash and agree to sell the same securities back in the future. We then sell such U.S. Treasury Securities to third parties and recognize a liability to return the securities to the original borrower. Reverse repurchase agreement receivables and repurchase agreement liabilities are presented net when they meet certain criteria, including being with the same counterparty, being governed by the same MRA, settlement through the same brokerage or clearing account and maturing on the same day. The practical effect of these transactions is to replace a portion of our repurchase agreement financing of our MBS in our securities portfolio with short positions in U.S. Treasury Securities. We believe that this helps to reduce interest rate risk, and therefore counterparty credit and liquidity risk. Both parties to the repurchase and reverse repurchase transactions have the right to make daily margin calls based on changes in the value of the collateral obtained and/or pledged. We did not have any reverse repurchase agreements outstanding at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.
Our primary uses of cash are to purchase MBS, pay interest and principal on our borrowings, fund our operations and pay dividends. From time to time, we purchase or sell assets for forward settlement up to 90 days in the future to lock in purchase prices or sales proceeds. At December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, we financed our securities portfolio with $3,948,037 and $4,536,065 of borrowings under repurchase agreements. We generally seek to borrow (on a recourse basis) between six and ten times the amount of our total stockholders’ equity. Our debt to equity ratios at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, were 3.45:1 and 4.83:1, respectively, as we substituted TBA Agency Securities for some of our Agency MBS portfolio. Our leverage ratios, including notional on our TBA Agency Securities, were 7.39:1 and 7.61:1 at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(continued)
Securities Portfolio Matters
For the Years Ended
December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
Securities purchased using proceeds from repurchase agreements and principal repayments $ 2,253,829 $ 10,698,641 $ 11,120,526
Average securities portfolio $ 7,677,721 7,834,588 12,461,442
Cash received from principal repayments on MBS $ 870,985 1,262,930 1,755,047
Net cash increase (decrease) from repurchase agreements $ (588,028) (6,818,482) 4,316,896
Cash interest payments made on liabilities $ 21,262 183,365 425,746
Cash and cash collateral posted to counterparties provided by (used in) operating activities (1)
$ 11,738 (257,824) (40,717)
(1)The decrease in cash and cash collateral posted to counterparties related to operating activities from 2019 to 2020 was primarily due to the liquidation of our Credit Risk and Non-Agency Securities as we determined that securities that exhibit these characteristics did not fit with our current investment strategy. The increase in cash and cash collateral posted to counterparties related to operating activities from 2020 to 2021 is related to the realized gains on derivatives.
Other Contractual Obligations
The Company is managed by ACM, pursuant to a management agreement (see Note 9 and Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements). The management agreement runs through June 18, 2027 and is thereafter automatically renewed for an additional five-year term unless terminated under certain circumstances.
The following table reconciles the fees incurred in accordance with the management agreement for the years ended December 31, 2021, December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019.
For the Years Ended
December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
ARMOUR management fees $ 31,063 $ 29,580 $ 29,513
Less management fees waived (8,600) (8,855) -
Total Management fee expense $ 22,463 $ 20,725 $ 29,513
We adopted the 2009 Stock Incentive Plan as amended (the “Plan”) to attract, retain and reward directors and other persons who provide services to us in the course of operations. The Plan authorizes the Board to grant awards including common stock, restricted shares of common stock (“RSUs”), stock options, performance shares, performance units, stock appreciation rights and other equity and cash-based awards (collectively, “Awards”), subject to terms as provided in the Plan. At December 31, 2021, there were 2,167 shares available for future issuance under the Plan.
At December 31, 2021, there was approximately $11,584 of unvested stock based compensation related to the Awards (based on a weighted grant date price of $14.07 per share), which we expect to recognize as an expense as follows: in 2022 an expense of $4,263, in 2023 an expense of $2,416, and thereafter an expense of $4,905. Our policy is to account for forfeitures as they occur. We also pay each of our non-executive Board members quarterly fees, which are payable in cash, common stock, RSUs or a combination of common stock, RSUs
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(continued)
and cash at the option of the director. Compensation to be paid to our non-executive Board in the form of cash and common equity is $1,351 annually (see Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements).
We currently believe that we have sufficient liquidity and capital resources available for the acquisition of additional investments, repayments on repurchase borrowings, reacquisition of securities to be returned to borrowers and the payment of cash dividends as required for continued qualification as a REIT.
Repurchase Agreements
Declines in the value of our Agency Securities portfolio can trigger margin calls by our lenders under our repurchase agreements. An event of default or termination event under the standard MRA would give our counterparty the option to terminate all repurchase transactions existing with us and require any amount due to be payable immediately.
Changing capital or other financial market regulatory requirements may cause our lenders to exit the repurchase market, increase financing rates, tighten lending standards or increase the amount of required equity capital or haircut we post, any of which could make it more difficult or costly for us to obtain financing.
The following graph represents the outstanding balances of our repurchase agreements (before the effect of netting reverse repurchase agreements), which finance most of our MBS. Our repurchase agreements balance will fluctuate based on our change in capital, leverage targets and the market prices of our assets (including the effects of principal paydowns) and the level and timing of investment and reinvestment activity (see Note 7 and Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements).
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(continued)
Effects of Margin Requirements, Leverage and Credit Spreads
Our MBS have values that fluctuate according to market conditions and, as discussed above, the market value of our MBS will decrease as prevailing interest rates or credit spreads increase. When the value of the securities pledged to secure a repurchase agreement decreases to the point where the positive difference between the collateral value and the loan amount is less than the haircut, our lenders may issue a margin call, which requires us to pay the difference in cash or pledge additional collateral to meet the obligations under our repurchase agreements. Under our repurchase facilities, our lenders have full discretion to determine the value of the MBS we pledge to them. Most of our lenders will value securities based on recent trades in the market. Lenders also issue margin calls as the published current principal balance factors change on the pool of mortgages underlying the securities pledged as collateral when scheduled and unscheduled principal repayments are announced monthly.
Forward-Looking Statements Regarding Liquidity
Based on our current portfolio, leverage rate and available borrowing arrangements, we believe that our cash flow from operations and our ability to make timely portfolio adjustments will be sufficient to enable us to meet anticipated short-term (one year or less) liquidity requirements such as to fund our investment activities, meet our financing obligations, pay fees under the management agreement and fund our distributions to stockholders and pay general corporate expenses.
We may increase our capital resources by obtaining long-term credit facilities or making public or private offerings of equity or debt securities, including classes of preferred stock, common stock and senior or subordinated notes to meet our liquidity requirements. These requirements include maturing repurchase agreements, settling TBA Agency Security positions and potentially making net payments on our interest rate swap contracts, and in each case, continue to meet ongoing margin requirements. Such financing will depend on market conditions for capital raises and for the investment of any proceeds and there can be no assurances that we will successfully obtain any such financing.
Stockholders’ Equity
See Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements.
Critical Accounting Estimates
Valuation
Fair value is based on valuations obtained from third-party pricing services and/or dealer quotes. The third-party pricing services use common market pricing methods that include valuation models which incorporate such factors as coupons, collateral type, bond structure, historical and projected future prepayment speeds, priority of payments, historical and projected future delinquency rates and default severities, spread to the Treasury curve and interest rate swap curves, duration, periodic and life caps and credit enhancement. If the fair value of the MBS is not available from the third-party pricing services or such data appears unreliable, we obtain pricing indications from up to three dealers who make markets in similar MBS. Management reviews pricing used to ensure that current market conditions are properly reflected. This review includes, but is not limited to, comparisons of similar market transactions or alternative third-party pricing services, dealer pricing indications and comparisons to a third-party pricing model.
Valuation modeling is required because each individual MBS pool is a separately identified security with individual combinations of characteristics that influence market pricing. While the Agency Security market is generally very active and liquid within the context of broader classes of MBS, any particular security will likely trade infrequently. Our interest rate contracts are bilateral contracts with individual dealers and counterparties and are
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(continued)
not cleared through recognized clearing organizations. Valuation models for these positions rely on information from the active and liquid general interest rate swap market to infer the value of these unique positions.
From time to time, we challenge the information and valuations we receive from third-party pricing services. Occasionally, the third-party pricing services revise their information or valuations as a result of such challenges. While we have concluded that the fair values reflected in the financial statements are appropriate, there is no way to verify that the particular fair value estimated for any individual position represents the price at which it may actually be bought or sold at any given date.
Fair value for our U.S. Treasury Securities is based on obtaining a valuation for each U.S. Treasury Security from third-party pricing services and/or dealer quotes.
We update our fair value estimates at the end of each business day to reflect current market dynamics. During times of high market volatility, it can be difficult to obtain accurate market information timely, and accordingly, the confidence interval around our valuation estimates will increase, potentially significantly. During 2021, the largest inter-day movement was the overall estimated values of our investment and hedge positions translated to a change in estimated book value of $0.38 per common share. Similarly, 95% of inter-day movements in estimated value translated to changes in estimated book value per share of $0.19 or less.
Available for Sale Securities
Agency Securities acquired on or before March 31, 2020 are classified as available for sale. We realize gains and losses on our available for sale securities upon their sale. At that time, previously unrealized amounts included in accumulated other comprehensive income are reclassified and reported in net income as other gain or loss. To the extent that we sell available for sale securities in later periods after changes in the fair value of those available for sale securities have occurred, we may report significant net income or net loss without a corresponding change in our total stockholders' equity.
Declines in the fair values of our available for sale securities that represent credit impairments are also treated as realized losses and reported in net income as other loss. We evaluate available for sale securities for impairment at least on a quarterly basis and more frequently when economic or market concerns warrant such evaluation. We consider available for sale securities impaired if we (1) intend to sell the available for sale securities, (2) believe it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the securities before recovery (for example, because of liquidity requirements or contractual obligations), and (3) a credit loss exists. Impairment losses recognized establish a new cost basis for the related available for sale securities. Gains or losses on subsequent sales are determined by reference to such new cost basis.
Gains and losses on available for sale Agency Securities are included in net income only when realized upon sale or recognized as impairments; therefore, reported net income will generally not reflect all elements of our overall investment performance for the period. At December 31, 2021, the fair value of our available for sale Agency Securities totaled $1,387,845 which represented 30.1% of our securities positions, or 15.1% of our total investment securities, including TBA Agency Securities.
Inflation
Virtually all of our assets and liabilities are interest rate-sensitive in nature. As a result, interest rates and other factors influence our performance far more than inflation. Changes in interest rates do not necessarily correlate with inflation rates or changes in inflation rates. Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP and any distributions we may make will be determined by our Board based in part on our REIT taxable income as calculated according to the requirements of the Code; in each case, our activities and balance sheet are measured with reference to fair value without considering inflation.
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(continued)
Subsequent Events
See Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements.
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
The forward-looking statements in this report are based on our beliefs, assumptions and expectations of our future performance, taking into account all information currently available to us. These beliefs, assumptions and expectations are subject to risks and uncertainties and can change as a result of many possible events or factors, not all of which are known to us. If a change occurs, our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations may vary materially from those expressed in our forward-looking statements. See Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. You should carefully consider these risks before you make an investment decision with respect to our stock, along with the following factors that could cause actual results to vary from our forward-looking statements:
•the impact of COVID-19 on our operations;
•the impact of the federal conservatorship of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and related efforts, along with any changes in laws and regulations affecting the relationship between Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and the federal government and the Fed system;
•the possible material adverse effect on our business if the U.S. Congress passed legislation reforming or winding down Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac;
•mortgage loan modification programs and future legislative action;
•actions by the Fed which could cause a change of the yield curve, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders;
•the impact of a delay or failure of the U.S. Government in reaching an agreement on the national debt ceiling;
•availability, terms and deployment of capital;
•extended trade disputes with foreign countries;
•changes in economic conditions generally;
•changes in interest rates, interest rate spreads and the yield curve or prepayment rates;
•general volatility of the financial markets, including markets for mortgage securities;
•a downgrade of the U.S. Government's or certain European countries' credit ratings and future downgrades of the U.S. Government's or certain European countries' credit ratings may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations;
•our inability to maintain the level of non-taxable returns of capital through the payment of dividends to our stockholders or to pay dividends to our stockholders at all;
•inflation or deflation;
•the impact of a shutdown of the U.S. Government;
•availability of suitable investment opportunities;
•the degree and nature of our competition, including competition for MBS;
•changes in our business and investment strategy;
•our failure to maintain our qualification as a REIT;
•our failure to maintain an exemption from being regulated as a commodity pool operator;
•our dependence on ACM and ability to find a suitable replacement if ACM was to terminate its management relationship with us;
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations
(continued)
•the existence of conflicts of interest in our relationship with ACM, BUCKLER, certain of our directors and our officers, which could result in decisions that are not in the best interest of our stockholders;
•the potential for Buckler's inability to access attractive repurchase financing on our behalf or secure profitable third-party business;
•our management's competing duties to other affiliated entities, which could result in decisions that are not in the best interest of our stockholders;
•changes in personnel at ACM or the availability of qualified personnel at ACM;
•limitations imposed on our business by our status as a REIT under the Code;
•the potential burdens on our business of maintaining our exclusion from the 1940 Act and possible consequences of losing that exclusion;
•changes in GAAP, including interpretations thereof; and
•changes in applicable laws and regulations.
We cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which apply only as of the date of this report. We do not intend and disclaim any duty or obligation to update or revise any industry information or forward-looking statements set forth in this report to reflect new information, future events or otherwise, except as required under the U.S. federal securities laws.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
We seek to manage our risks related to the credit-quality of our assets, interest rates, liquidity, prepayment speeds and market value while, at the same time, seeking to provide an opportunity to stockholders to realize attractive risk adjusted returns through ownership of our capital stock. While we do not seek to avoid risk completely, we believe the risk can be quantified from historical experience and seek to actively manage that risk, to earn sufficient compensation to justify taking those risks and to maintain capital levels consistent with the risks we undertake.
Interest Rate Risk
Our primary market risk is interest rate risk. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary and tax policies, domestic and international economic and political considerations and other factors beyond our control. Changes in the general level of interest rates can affect net interest income, which is the difference between the interest income earned on our assets and the interest expense incurred in connection with our liabilities, by affecting the spread between the interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. Changes in the level of interest rates also can affect the value of MBS and our ability to realize gains from the sale of these assets. A decline in the value of the MBS pledged as collateral for borrowings under repurchase agreements could result in the counterparties demanding additional collateral pledges or liquidation of some of the existing collateral to reduce borrowing levels.
A portion of our securities portfolio consists of hybrid adjustable rate and adjustable rate MBS. Hybrid mortgages are ARMs that have a fixed interest rate for an initial period of time (typically three years or greater) and then convert to an adjustable rate for the remaining loan term. ARMs are typically subject to periodic and lifetime interest rate caps that limit the amount the interest rate can change during any given period. Furthermore, some ARMs may be subject to periodic payment caps that result in some portion of the interest being deferred and added to the principal outstanding. ARMs are also typically subject to a minimum interest rate payable. Most of our adjustable rate assets are based on the one-year constant maturity treasury rate and the one-year LIBOR rate. Our fixed rate MBS have interest rates that are not variable and are constant for the entire loan term.
Our borrowings are not subject to similar restrictions and are generally repurchase agreements of limited duration that track the Federal Funds Rate, LIBOR and SOFR and are periodically refinanced at current market rates. Therefore, on average, our cost of funds may rise or fall more quickly than our earnings rate on our assets. Hence, in a period of increasing interest rates, interest rates on our borrowings could increase without limitation, while the changes in the interest rates on our mortgage related assets could be limited. These factors could lower our net interest income or cause a net loss during periods of rising interest rates, which would negatively impact our liquidity, net income and our ability to make distributions to stockholders.
We anticipate that in most cases the interest rates, interest rate indices and repricing terms of our mortgage assets and our funding sources will not be identical, thereby creating an interest rate mismatch between assets and liabilities. These indices generally move in the same direction, but there can be no assurance that this will continue to occur. Furthermore, our net income may vary somewhat as the spread between one-month interest rates, the typical term for our repurchase agreements, and the interest rates on our mortgage assets varies. During periods of changing interest rates, such interest rate mismatches could negatively impact our net interest income, dividend yield and the market price of our stock.
Another component of interest rate risk is the effect changes in interest rates will have on the market value of our MBS. We face the risk that the market value of our MBS will increase or decrease at different rates than that of our liabilities, including our derivative instruments.
We primarily assess our interest rate risk by estimating the effective duration of our assets and the effective duration of our liabilities and by estimating the time difference between the interest rate adjustment of our assets and the interest rate adjustment of our liabilities. Effective duration essentially measures the market
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Market Risk Disclosures (continued)
price volatility of financial instruments as interest rates change. We generally estimate effective duration using various financial models and empirical data. Different models and methodologies can produce different effective duration estimates for the same securities.
The sensitivity analysis tables presented below reflect the estimated impact of an instantaneous parallel shift in the yield curve, up and down 50 and 100 basis points, on the market value of our interest rate-sensitive investments and net interest income, at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. It assumes that the mortgage spread on our MBS remains constant. Actual interest rate movements over time will likely be different, and such differences may be material. When evaluating the impact of changes in interest rates, prepayment assumptions and principal reinvestment rates are adjusted based on ACM’s expectations. Interest rates for interest rate swaps and repurchase agreements are assumed to remain positive. The analysis presented utilized assumptions, models and estimates of ACM based on ACM's judgment and experience.
Percentage Change in Projected
Change in Interest Rates Net Interest Income Portfolio Including Derivatives Shareholder's Equity
December 31, 2021
1.00% 48.15% (0.85)% (6.98)%
0.50% 24.45% (0.30)% (2.49)%
(0.50)% (3.93)% (0.07)% (0.57)%
(1.00)% (6.69)% (0.56)% (4.60)%
December 31, 2020
1.00% 27.41% (1.45)% (12.20)%
0.50% 13.19% (0.52)% (4.40)%
(0.50)% 1.48% 0.06% 0.50%
(1.00)% (2.52)% (0.30)% (2.50)%
While the tables above reflect the estimated immediate impact of interest rate increases and decreases on a static securities portfolio, we rebalance our securities portfolio from time to time either to seek to take advantage of or reduce the impact of changes in interest rates. It is important to note that the impact of changing interest rates on market value and net interest income can change significantly when interest rates change beyond 100 basis points from current levels. Therefore, the volatility in the market value of our assets could increase significantly when interest rates change beyond amounts shown in the tables above. In addition, other factors impact the market value of and net interest income from our interest rate-sensitive investments and derivative instruments, such as the shape of the yield curve, market expectations as to future interest rate changes and other market conditions. Accordingly, interest income would likely differ from that shown above and such difference might be material and adverse to our stockholders.
Mortgage Spread Risk
Weakness in the mortgage market may adversely affect the performance and market value of our investments. This could negatively impact our book value. Furthermore, if our lenders are unwilling or unable to provide additional financing, we could be forced to sell our MBS at an inopportune time when prices are depressed.
The table below quantifies the estimated changes in the fair value of our securities portfolio and in our shareholders' equity as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. The estimated impact of changes in spreads
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Market Risk Disclosures (continued)
is in addition to our interest rate sensitivity presented above. Our securities portfolio's sensitivity to mortgage spread changes will vary with changes in interest rates and in the size and composition of our securities portfolio. Therefore, actual results could differ materially from our estimates.
December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020
Percentage Change in Projected Percentage Change in Projected
Change in MBS spread Portfolio Value Shareholders' Equity Portfolio Value Shareholders' Equity
+25 BPS (1.35)% (10.81)% (1.18)% (9.88)%
+10 BPS (0.54)% (4.32)% (0.47)% (3.95)%
-10 BPS 0.54% 4.32% 0.47% 3.95%
-25 BPS 1.35% 10.81% 1.18% 9.88%
Prepayment Risk
As we receive payments of principal on our MBS, premiums paid on such securities are amortized against interest income and discounts are accreted to interest income as realized. Premiums arise when we acquire MBS at prices in excess of the principal balance of the mortgage loans underlying such MBS. Conversely, discounts arise when we acquire MBS at prices below the principal balance, adjusted for expected credit losses, of the mortgage loans underlying such MBS. Volatility in actual prepayment speeds will create volatility in the amount of premium amortization we recognize. Higher speeds will reduce our interest income and lower speeds will increase our interest income.
Credit Risk
We have limited our exposure to credit losses on our securities portfolio of Agency Securities. The payment of principal and interest on the Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae Agency Securities are guaranteed by those respective agencies and the payment of principal and interest on the Agency Securities guaranteed by Ginnie Mae are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac remain in conservatorship of the U.S. Government. There can be no assurances as to how or when the U.S. Government will end these conservatorships or how the future profitability of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and any future credit rating actions may impact the credit risk associated with Agency Securities and, therefore, the value of the Agency Securities. All of our Agency Securities are issued and guaranteed by GSEs or Ginnie Mae. The GSEs have a long term credit rating of AA+.
At December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, we did not own any Credit Risk and Non-Agency Securities. From time to time we may purchase Credit Risk and Non-Agency Securities at prices which incorporate our expectations for prepayment speeds, defaults, delinquencies and severities. These expectations determine the yields we receive on our assets. If actual prepayment speeds, defaults, delinquencies and severities are different from our expectations, our actual yields could be higher or lower. We evaluate each investment based on the characteristics of the underlying collateral and securitization structure, rather than relying on the ratings assigned by rating agencies. Credit Risk and Non-Agency Securities are subject to risk of loss with regard to principal and interest payments.
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Market Risk Disclosures (continued)
Liquidity Risk
Our primary liquidity risk arises from financing long-maturity MBS with short-term debt. The interest rates on our borrowings generally adjust more frequently than the interest rates on our ARMs. Accordingly, in a period of rising interest rates, our borrowing costs will usually increase faster than our interest earnings from MBS. Our repurchase agreements require that we maintain adequate pledged collateral. A decline in the value of the MBS pledged as collateral for borrowings under repurchase agreements could result in the counterparties demanding additional collateral pledges or liquidation of some of the existing collateral to reduce borrowing levels.
Operational Risk
We rely on our financial, accounting and other data processing systems. Computer malware, viruses, computer hacking and phishing attacks have become more prevalent in our industry and may occur on our systems. Although we have not detected a material cybersecurity breach to date, other financial services institutions have reported material breaches of their systems, some of which have been significant. Even with all reasonable security efforts, not every breach can be prevented or even detected. It is possible that we have experienced an undetected breach. There is no assurance that we, or the third parties that facilitate our business activities, have not or will not experience a breach. It is difficult to determine what, if any, negative impact may directly result from any specific interruption or cyber-attacks or security breaches of our networks or systems (or the networks or systems of third parties that facilitate our business activities) or any failure to maintain performance.
ACM has established an Information Technology Steering Committee (“the Committee”) to help mitigate technology risks including cybersecurity. One of the roles of the Committee is to oversee cyber risk assessments, monitor applicable key risk indicators, review cybersecurity training procedures, oversee the Company’s Cybersecurity Incident Response Plan and engage third parties to conduct periodic penetration testing. Our cybersecurity risk assessment includes an evaluation of cyber risk related to sensitive data held by third parties on their systems. There is no assurance that these efforts will effectively mitigate cybersecurity risk and mitigation efforts are not an assurance that no cybersecurity incidents will occur.
In addition, our Audit Committee periodically monitors and oversees our information and cybersecurity risks including reviewing and approving any information and cybersecurity policies, procedures and resources, and reviewing our information and cybersecurity risk assessment, detection, protection, and mitigation systems.
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Reference is made to the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements that appears on page of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Financial Statement Notes, listed in the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements, which appear beginning on page of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, are incorporated by reference to this Item 8. The selected quarterly financial data is no longer required, as we have adopted the amendment to Item 302 of Regulation S-K contained in SEC Release No. 33-10890, which became effective on February 10, 2021. There were no material retrospective changes to any quarters in the two most recent fiscal years that would require this disclosure.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our Co-CEOs and CFO participated in an evaluation by our management of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of our fiscal year that ended on December 31, 2021. Based on their participation in that evaluation, our Co-CEOs and CFO concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2021 to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or furnished under the Exchange Act, is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Co-CEOs and CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.
Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our Co-CEOs and CFO also participated in an evaluation by our management of any changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2021. That evaluation did not identify any changes that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Management Report On Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by our Board, management and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP and includes those policies and procedures that:
•pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets;
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
•provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and
•provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. As a result, even systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance regarding the preparation and presentation of financial statements. Moreover, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risks that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
There have been no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2021, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to affect our internal control over financial reporting.
Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021. Management used criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) when making this assessment.
Based on management’s assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2021, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective. The Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, Deloitte & Touche LLP, has issued its attestation report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. This report appears on page of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 9B. Other Information
None.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
The information required by Item 10 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K will be contained in and is hereby incorporated by reference to, the proxy statement for our 2022 annual meeting of stockholders, which will be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this report.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information required by Item 11 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K will be contained in and is hereby incorporated by reference to, the proxy statement for our 2022 annual meeting of stockholders, which will be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this report.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The information required by Item 12 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K will be contained in and is hereby incorporated by reference to, the proxy statement for our 2022 annual meeting of stockholders, which will be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this report.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information required by Item 13 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K will be contained in and is hereby incorporated by reference to, the proxy statement for our 2022 annual meeting of stockholders, which will be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this report.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
The information required by Item 14 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K will be contained in and is hereby incorporated by reference to, the proxy statement for our 2022 annual meeting of stockholders, which will be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this report.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Term
Definition
Agency Securities
Securities issued or guaranteed by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae; interests in or obligations backed by pools of fixed rate, hybrid adjustable rate and adjustable rate mortgage loans.
ARMs
Adjustable Rate Mortgage backed securities.
AVM
A securities broker dealer, which we contract with for administering clearing and settlement services for our securities and derivative transactions, as well as assistance with financing transaction services such as repurchase financing.
Basis swap contracts
Derivative contracts that allow us to exchange one floating interest rate basis for another, for example, Federal Funds Rate and SOFR, thereby allowing us to diversify our floating rate basis exposures.
Board
ARMOUR’s Board of Directors.
BUCKLER
A Delaware limited liability company, and a FINRA-regulated broker-dealer. The primary purpose of our investment in BUCKLER is to facilitate our access to repurchase financing, on potentially more attractive terms (considering rate, term, size, haircut, relationship and funding commitment) compared to other suitable repurchase financing counterparties.
CFO
Chief Financial Officer of ARMOUR, James Mountain.
CFTC
U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission.
CME Chicago Mercantile Exchange.
Co-CEOs
Co-Chief Executive Officers of ARMOUR, Jeffrey Zimmer and Scott Ulm.
CPOs
Commodity pool operators.
CMBS
Commercial mortgage backed securities.
CMOs
Collateralized mortgage obligations.
Code
The Internal Revenue Code of 1986.
COVID-19 The Coronavirus pandemic.
CPR
Constant prepayment rate.
Credit Risk and Non-Agency Securities
Securities backed by residential mortgages in which we may invest, which are not issued or guaranteed by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae.
Distributable Earnings Distributable Earnings, including TBA Drop Income, is a non-GAAP measure which excludes gains or losses from securities sales and early termination of derivatives, market value adjustments (including impairments) and certain non-recurring expenses. Distributable Earnings should be considered as supplementary to, and not as a substitute for, the Company’s total comprehensive income (loss) computed in accordance with GAAP as a measure of the Company’s financial performance.
Dodd-Frank Act
The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act.
ERISA
Employee Retirement Income Security Act.
Exchange Act
Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Fannie Mae
The Federal National Mortgage Association.
Fed
The U.S. Federal Reserve.
FICC
Fixed Income Clearing Corporation. An agency that deals with the confirmation, settlement and delivery of fixed-income assets in the U.S. They ensure the systematic and efficient settlement of MBS and U.S. government securities.
FINRA
The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority. A private corporation that acts as a self-regulatory organization.
Freddie Mac
The Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation.
Futures Contracts Eurodollar Futures Contracts.
GAAP
Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
GDP
Gross domestic product.
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Glossary of Terms (continued)
Ginnie Mae
the Government National Mortgage Administration.
GSE
A U.S. Government Sponsored Entity. Obligations of agencies originally established or chartered by the U.S. government to serve public purposes as specified by the U.S. Congress; these obligations are not explicitly guaranteed as to the timely payment of principal and interest by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government.
Haircut
The weighted average margin requirement, or the percentage amount by which the collateral value must exceed the loan amount. Among other things, it is a measure of our unsecured credit risk to our lenders.
Hybrid
A mortgage that has a fixed rate for an initial term after which the rate becomes adjustable according to a specific schedule.
Interest-Only Securities
The interest portion of Agency Securities, which is separated and sold individually from the principal portion of the same payment.
IRS
The Internal Revenue Service.
ISDA
International Swaps and Derivatives Association.
JAVELIN
JAVELIN Mortgage Investment Corp., formerly a publicly-traded REIT. Since its acquisition on April 6, 2016, JAVELIN became a wholly-owned, qualified REIT subsidiary of ARMOUR and continues to be managed by ACM pursuant to the pre-existing management agreement between JAVELIN and ACM.
LIBOR
The London Interbank Offered Rate.
MBS
Mortgage backed securities. A security representing a direct interest in a pool of mortgage loans. The pass-through issuer or servicer collects the payments on the loans in the pool and “passes through” the principal and interest to the security holders on a pro rata basis.
Merger
The merger of JMI Acquisition Corporation ("Acquisition") with and into JAVELIN on April 6, 2016.
MGCL
Maryland General Corporation Law.
MRA
Master repurchase agreement. A document that outlines standard terms between the Company and counterparties for repurchase agreement transactions.
Multi-Family MBS
MBS issued under Fannie Mae's Delegated Underwriting System (DUS) program.
NYSE
New York Stock Exchange.
REIT
Real Estate Investment Trust. A special purpose investment vehicle that provides investors with the ability to participate directly in the ownership or financing of real-estate related assets by pooling their capital to purchase and manage mortgage loans and/or income property.
Repurchase Program
ARMOUR's common stock repurchase program authorized by our Board.
Sarbanes-Oxley Act
A U.S. federal law that set new or enhanced standards for all U.S. public company boards, management and public accounting firms. Section 302 requires senior management to certify the accuracy of the financial statements. Section 404 requires that management and auditors establish internal controls and reporting methods on the adequacy of those controls.
SEC
The Securities and Exchange Commission.
S&P 500
Standard and Poor's 500 Stock Index.
SOFR Secured overnight funding rate. A measure of the cost of borrowing cash overnight collateralized by U.S. Treasury Securities.
TBA Agency Securities
Forward contracts for the purchase (“long position”) or sale (“short position”) of Agency Securities at a predetermined price, face amount, issuer, coupon and stated maturity on an agreed-upon future date.
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Glossary of Terms (continued)
TBA Drop Income
The discount associated with TBA Agency Securities contracts which reflects the expected interest income on the underlying deliverable Agency Securities, net of an implied financing cost, which would have been earned by the buyer if the TBA Agency Securities contract had settled on the next regular settlement date instead of the forward settlement date specified. TBA Drop Income is calculated as the difference between the forward settlement price of the TBA Agency Securities contract and the spot price of similar TBA Agency Securities contracts for regular settlement. The Company generally accounts for TBA Agency Securities contracts as derivatives and TBA Drop Income is included as part of the periodic changes in fair value of the TBA Agency Securities that the Company recognizes in the Other Income (Loss) section of its Consolidated Statement of Operations.
TRS
Taxable REIT subsidiary.
U.S.
United States.
1940 Act
The Investment Company Act of 1940.
Part IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
(1) Financial Statements
See Item 8 - Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
(2) Financial Statement Schedules
All supplemental schedules have been omitted since the required information is not present in amounts sufficient to require submission of the schedule, or because the required information is included in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.
(3) Exhibits
See Exhibit Index.
EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibit Number Description
3.1 Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Articles of Incorporation of ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 to ARMOUR's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 12, 2009)
3.2 Articles of Amendment to Articles of Amendment and Restatement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to ARMOUR's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 8, 2011)
3.3 Articles of Amendment to Articles of Amendment and Restatement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to ARMOUR's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on December 1, 2011)
3.4 Articles of Amendment to Articles of Amendment and Restatement of ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to ARMOUR's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on November 1, 2012)
3.5 Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Amendment and Restatement of ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc, effective July 31, 2015 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to ARMOUR's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 3, 2015)
3.6 Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Amendment and Restatement of ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc, effective July 31, 2015 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to ARMOUR's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 3, 2015)
3.7 Articles Supplementary of 7.00% Series C Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.11 to ARMOUR's Registration Statement on Form 8-A (Reg. No. 001-34766), filed with the SEC on January 28, 2020)
3.8 Articles of Amendment to Articles of Amendment and Restatement of ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc., effective August 20, 2021, (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to ARMOUR's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 20, 2021)
3.9 Amended and Restated Bylaws of ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc., as amended on October 28, 2014 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to ARMOUR's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on October 29, 2014)
3.10 First Amendment to Amended and Restated Bylaws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to ARMOUR's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on April 25, 2018)
4.1 Description of securities registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 †
4.2 Specimen Common Stock Certificate of ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of ARMOUR's Registration Statement on Form S-4 (Reg. No. 333-160870))
4.4 Specimen 7.00% Series C Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock Certificate of ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to ARMOUR's Registration Statement on Form 8-A (Reg. No. 001-34766) filed with the SEC on January 28, 2020)
ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.
Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules (continued)
10.1 ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc.'s Third Amended and Restated 2009 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Appendix A to ARMOUR's Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, filed April 1, 2021)
10.2 Seventh Amended and Restated Management Agreement, dated and effective as of July 21, 2020, by and between ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc. and ARMOUR Capital Management LP (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to ARMOUR's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on July 22, 2020)
10.3 First Amended and Restated Sub-Management Agreement, dated February 23, 2015, by and among Staton Bell Blank Check LLC, ARMOUR Capital Management LP and ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to ARMOUR's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 24, 2015)
10.4 Equity Sales Agreement, dated January 29, 2020, among ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc., ARMOUR Capital Management LP, B. Riley FBR, Inc. and BUCKLER Securities LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed by ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc. with the SEC on January 31, 2020)
10.5 Amended and Restated Equity Sales Agreement, dated November 12, 2021, by and among ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc. and ARMOUR Capital Management LP, and BUCKLER Securities LLC, JMP Securities LLC, Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc., B. Riley Securities, Inc., and JonesTrading Institutional Services LLC, as sales agents (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed by ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc. with the SEC on November 16, 2021)
23.1 Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP †
31.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to SEC Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) †
31.2 Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to SEC Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) †
31.3 Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to SEC Rule 13a14(a)/15d-14(a) †
32.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350 ††
32.2 Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350 ††
32.3 Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350 ††
101.INS XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document †
101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document †
101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document †
101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document †
101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document †
104 Cover Page Interactive Data (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)
† Filed herewith.
†† Furnished herewith.
††† Management contract or compensatory plan, contract or arrangement.