EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1033128
Filing Year: 2024
Filename: 1033128_10-K_2024_0000921825-24-000018.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1. Business
Background
First Industrial Realty Trust, Inc. is a self-administered and fully integrated real estate company which owns, manages, acquires, sells, develops and redevelops industrial real estate. The Company is a Maryland corporation organized on August 10, 1993 and a real estate investment trust ("REIT") as defined in the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (the "Code"). As of December 31, 2023, our in-service portfolio consisted of 422 industrial properties, located in 18 states, containing an aggregate of approximately 64.9 million square feet of gross leasable area ("GLA").
We began operations on July 1, 1994. The Company's operations are conducted primarily through the Operating Partnership, a Delaware limited partnership formed on November 23, 1993 of which the Company is the sole general partner (the "General Partner"), with an approximate 97.5% ownership interest ("General Partner Units") at December 31, 2023. The Operating Partnership also conducts operations through several other limited partnerships (the "Other Real Estate Partnerships"), numerous limited liability companies ("LLCs") and certain taxable REIT subsidiaries ("TRSs"), the operating data of which, together with that of the Operating Partnership, is consolidated with that of the Company as presented herein. The Operating Partnership holds at least a 99% limited partnership interest in each of the Other Real Estate Partnerships. The general partners of the Other Real Estate Partnerships are separate corporations, wholly-owned by the Company, each with at least a .01% general partnership interest in the Other Real Estate Partnerships. The Company does not have any significant assets or liabilities other than its investment in the Operating Partnership and its 100% ownership interest in the general partners of the Other Real Estate Partnerships. The noncontrolling interest in the Operating Partnership of approximately 2.5% at December 31, 2023, represents the aggregate partnership interest held by the limited partners thereof ("Limited Partner Units" and together with the General Partner Units, the "Units").
Through a wholly-owned TRS of the Operating Partnership, we own an equity interest in a joint venture (the "Joint Venture"). We also provide various services to the Joint Venture. The Joint Venture is accounted for under the equity method of accounting. The operating data of the Joint Venture is not consolidated with that of the Company or the Operating Partnership as presented herein.
Business Objectives and Growth Plans
Our fundamental business objective is to maximize the total return to the Company's stockholders and the Operating Partnership's partners by increasing our cash flow and property values. Our long-term business growth plans include the following elements:
•Internal Growth. We seek to grow internally by (i) increasing revenues by renewing or re-leasing spaces subject to expiring leases at higher rental levels; (ii) obtaining contractual rent escalations on our long-term leases; (iii) increasing occupancy levels at properties where vacancies exist and maintaining occupancy elsewhere; (iv) controlling and minimizing property operating expenses, general and administrative expenses and releasing costs; and (v) renovating existing properties.
•External Growth. We seek to grow externally through (i) the development of best-in-class industrial properties and the acquisition of individual or portfolios of industrial properties, which meet our investment parameters within our 15 key logistics markets, with a primary emphasis on coastal markets; (ii) the expansion of our existing properties; and (iii) securing additional joint venture investments.
•Portfolio Enhancement. We continually seek to upgrade our overall portfolio via new investments as well as through the sale of select assets that we believe do not exhibit favorable characteristics for long-term cash flow growth. We target new investments in 15 key logistics markets, with a primary emphasis on coastal markets, where developable land is more scarce and which exhibit desirable long-term growth characteristics. We seek to refine our portfolio over the coming years by focusing on bulk and regional warehouses properties and downsizing our light industrial holdings.
Our ability to pursue our long-term growth plans is affected by market conditions and our financial condition and operating capabilities. See "Summary of Significant Transactions in 2023" under Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations."
Business Strategies
We utilize the following strategies in connection with the operation of our business:
•Organizational Strategy. We implement a decentralized property operations strategy through the deployment of experienced regional management teams and local property managers. We provide acquisition, development and financing assistance, asset management oversight and financial reporting functions from our headquarters in Chicago, Illinois to support our regional operations. We believe the size of our portfolio enables us to realize operating efficiencies by spreading overhead among many properties and by negotiating purchasing discounts.
•Market Strategy. Our market strategy is to concentrate on 15 key logistics markets in the United States, with a primary emphasis on coastal markets. These markets have one or more of the following characteristics: (i) favorable industrial real estate fundamentals, including improving industrial demand and constrained future supply that can lead to long-term rent growth; (ii) favorable economic and business environments that should benefit from increases in distribution activity driven by growth in global trade and local consumption; (iii) population growth as it generally drives industrial demand; (iv) natural barriers to entry and scarcity of land which are key elements in delivering future rent growth; and (v) sufficient size to provide ample opportunity for growth through incremental investments as well as offer asset liquidity.
•Leasing and Marketing Strategy. We have an operational management strategy designed to enhance tenant satisfaction and portfolio performance. We pursue an active leasing strategy, which includes broadly marketing available space, seeking to renew existing leases at higher rents while minimizing re-leasing costs and seeking leases which provide for the pass-through of property-related expenses to the tenant. We also have local and national marketing programs which focus on the business and real estate brokerage communities and multi-national tenants.
•Acquisition/Development Strategy. Our investment strategy is primarily focused on developing and acquiring industrial properties in 15 key logistics markets in the United States, with an emphasis on markets with a coastal orientation, through the deployment of experienced regional management teams. When evaluating potential industrial property acquisitions and developments, we consider such factors as: (i) the geographic area and type of property; (ii) the location, construction quality, functionality, condition and design of the property; (iii) the terms of tenant leases, including the potential for rent increases; (iv) the potential for economic growth and the general business, tax and regulatory environment of the area in which the property is located; (v) the occupancy and demand by tenants for properties of a similar type in the vicinity; (vi) competition from existing properties and the potential for the construction of new properties in the area; (vii) the potential for capital appreciation of the property; (viii) the ability to improve the property's performance through renovation; and (ix) the potential for expansion of the physical layout of the property and/or the number of sites.
•Disposition Strategy. We continually evaluate local market conditions and property-related factors in all of our markets for purposes of identifying assets suitable for disposition. We look to sell properties with lower rent growth prospects and/or assets with less than optimal functionality and redeploy the capital into higher rent growth assets in key logistics markets primarily with a coastal orientation. We also seek to shrink our holdings of light industrial assets over time.
•Financing Strategy. To finance acquisitions, developments and debt maturities, as market conditions permit, we may utilize a portion of proceeds from property sales, unsecured debt offerings, term loans, mortgage financings and line of credit borrowings under our $750.0 million unsecured revolving credit agreement (the "Unsecured Credit Facility"), and proceeds from the issuance, when and as warranted, of additional equity securities. We also continually evaluate joint venture arrangements as another source of capital to finance acquisitions and developments. As of February 14, 2024, we had approximately $409.9 million available for additional borrowings under the Unsecured Credit Facility.
Competition
In connection with the acquisition of industrial properties and land for development, we compete with other public industrial property sector REITs, income-oriented non-traded REITs, private real estate funds and other real estate investors and developers, some of which have greater financial resources than we do or other competitive advantages relative to us. Such competition may result in an increase in the amount we must pay to acquire a property or may require us to forgo an investment in a property that would otherwise meet our investment criteria. We also face significant competition in leasing available properties to prospective tenants and in re-leasing space to existing tenants. As a result, we may have to provide rent concessions, incur expenses for tenant improvements or offer other inducements to enable us to timely lease vacant space, all of which may have an adverse impact on our results of operations.
Government Regulation
We are subject to laws and regulations of the United States and the states and local municipalities in which we operate, including laws and regulations relating to environmental protection and human health and safety. Compliance with these laws and regulations has not had, and is not expected to have, a material effect on our capital expenditures, results of operations and competitive position as compared to prior periods.
Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance
We are focused on building and maintaining a socially responsible and sustainable business that succeeds by delivering long-term value for our stockholders. We continuously look for new and better ways to minimize our environmental impact as well as that of our tenants. We have an established committee (the "Corporate Responsibility Committee") consisting of members of our team across a range of functions responsible for advising senior management, our Audit Committee and our Board of Directors on various matters related to sustainability, social responsibility and other non-financial issues that are of significance to us and our stockholders.
Because we primarily net lease the properties in our portfolio to our tenants whereby each tenant is ultimately responsible for maintaining the leased property, one of our key corporate responsibility priorities is to engage with and encourage our tenants to implement environmentally sustainable practices, such as the use of energy and water efficient fixtures and recycling programs. Additionally, as we add properties to our portfolio or enhance existing facilities, environmental sustainability is a key consideration of our efforts to improve or develop such properties. We have obtained LEED certification for certain recent development projects and are also pursuing LEED certification for the vast majority of our new development projects through a LEED volume program. We extend the same commitment to environmental excellence to our own offices, promoting sustainable practices and energy efficiency that can both reduce environmental impact and achieve lower operating costs. Our headquarters office in Chicago is an energy-efficient LEED-certified building.
Social responsibility and engagement is an integral part of our business, as we are committed to developing and maintaining strong relationships with our customers, business partners, investors, and the communities in which we operate and invest. In addition, we aim to provide a positive work environment for our employees by offering competitive compensation, quality benefit offerings including health and wellness and retirement plans and financial education, and career training and growth opportunities.
Our governance efforts are led by our Board of Directors, which is elected by our stockholders to oversee their interest in the long-term financial strength and overall success of the Company, exercising its members' business judgment using their collective experience, knowledge and skills. Directors must fulfill their responsibilities as members of the Board of Directors consistent with their fiduciary duty to our stockholders, in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations and our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics. The Board of Directors provides advice and counsel to the Chief Executive Officer and other senior officers of the Company. The Board of Directors ensures that the assets of the Company are properly safeguarded, that appropriate financial and other controls are maintained, and that the Company's business is conducted wisely and in compliance with applicable laws and regulations.
Human Capital
We believe we have the appropriate human capital resources to successfully operate our business and create value for our shareholders. At December 31, 2023, we had 156 employees, 100% of whom are full-time employees. The average tenure of our workforce is approximately 11 years.
In addition to the sustainability efforts overseen by the Corporate Responsibility Committee, the committee also advises on ways to foster a diverse and inclusive work environment, protect the health and safety of our employees and engage our surrounding communities. We are an equal opportunity employer and, as such, promote an equitable workplace that acknowledges and values differences in race, gender, age, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, abilities and religious beliefs. We apply these policies throughout our organization, including at the senior management level and in our composition of our Board of Directors. We believe such diversity of experience and background helps make us strong and achieve our mission to create long-term shareholder value by providing industrial real estate solutions that mutually benefit our customers and our stockholders. Our Board of Directors is comprised of 43% directors who identify as female, people of color or both.
In managing our business, we focus on attracting and retaining employees by providing compensation and benefits packages that are competitive within the applicable market, taking into account the skills required, responsibilities and geographic location. All employees are eligible to participate in one of our incentive plans, under which payments are tied to pre-established performance goals. In addition, we endeavor to develop each of our employees’ skillsets and decision-making abilities through challenging project assignments, formal training, mentorship and recognition. Taken together, these efforts promote higher levels of satisfaction and employee retention, while creating an enhanced leadership pipeline, which is evidenced through our 2023 employee survey engagement score of 92% favorability.
Available Information
Our principal executive offices are located at One North Wacker Drive, 42nd Floor, Chicago, Illinois 60606. Our telephone number is (312) 344-4300.
Copies of our respective annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to such reports that we file with the SEC are available without charge as soon as reasonably practicable on our website at www.firstindustrial.com. These documents also may be accessed through the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. In addition, our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, charters of each committee of the Board of Directors, along with supplemental financial and operating information prepared by us, are all available without charge on the Company's website or upon request to the Company. Amendments to, or waivers from, our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that apply to our executive officers or directors will also be posted to our website. The information found on, or otherwise accessible through our website, is not incorporated into, and does not form a part of, this report or any other report or document we file with or furnish to the SEC.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Our operations involve various risks that could adversely affect our business, including our financial condition, our results of operations, our cash flow, our liquidity, our ability to make distributions to holders of the Company's common stock and the Operating Partnership's Units, the market price of the Company's common stock and the market value of the Units. These risks, among others contained in our other filings with the SEC, include:
Risks Related to our Business:
Real estate investments fluctuate in value depending on conditions in the general economy and the real estate industry. These conditions may limit our revenues and available cash.
The factors that affect the value of our real estate and the revenues we derive from our properties include, among other things:
•general economic conditions;
•local, regional, national and international economic conditions and other events and occurrences that affect the markets in which we own properties;
•local conditions such as oversupply or a reduction in demand;
•increasing labor and material costs;
•the ability to collect on a timely basis all rents from tenants;
•changes in tenant operations, real estate needs and credit;
•changes in interest rates and in the availability, cost and terms of financing;
•zoning or other legislative and regulatory restrictions;
•competition from other available real estate;
•operating costs, including maintenance, insurance premiums and real estate taxes; and
•other factors that are beyond our control.
Our investments in real estate assets are concentrated in the industrial sector, and the demand for industrial space in the United States is related to the level of economic output. Accordingly, reduced economic output may lead to lower occupancy rates for our properties. In addition, if any of our tenants experiences a downturn in its business that weakens its financial condition, delays lease commencement, fails to make rental payments when due, becomes insolvent or declares bankruptcy, the result could be a termination of the tenant's lease, which could adversely affect our cash flow from operations. These factors may be amplified by a disruption of financial markets or more general economic conditions.
General economic conditions and other events or occurrences that affect areas in which our properties are geographically concentrated may impact financial results.
We are exposed to the economic conditions and other events and occurrences in the local, regional and national geographies in which we own properties. We are also impacted by global events and occurrences. Our operating performance is further impacted by the economic conditions of the specific markets in which we have concentrations of properties.
At December 31, 2023, operating properties located in California (Northern California and Southern California markets) and Pennsylvania represented 24.8% and 11.2%, respectively, of our consolidated net operating income for the year ended December 31, 2023. Our revenues from, and the value of, our properties located in California and Pennsylvania may be affected by local real estate conditions (such as an oversupply of or reduced demand for industrial properties) and the local economic climate. Business layoffs, downsizing, industry slowdowns, changing demographics and other factors may adversely impact California’s and Pennsylvania's economic climate. Because of the investments we have located in California and Pennsylvania, a downturn in California’s or Pennsylvania's economy or changes to factors affecting the real estate market, including changes to state income tax and property tax laws, could adversely affect our business.
No other market besides California and Pennsylvania contributed more than 10% of our total consolidated net operating income for the year ended December 31, 2023. Our operating performance could be adversely affected if conditions become less favorable in any of the markets in which we have a concentration of properties. Conditions such as an oversupply of logistics space or a reduction in demand for logistics space, among other factors, may impact operating conditions. Any material oversupply of logistics space or material reduction in demand for logistics space could adversely affect our overall business.
Many real estate costs are fixed, even if income from properties decreases.
Our financial results depend on leasing space to tenants on terms favorable to us. Our income and funds available for distribution to our stockholders and unitholders will decrease if a significant number of our tenants cannot pay their rent or we are unable to lease properties on favorable terms. In addition, if a tenant does not pay its rent, we may not be able to enforce our rights as landlord without delays and we may incur substantial legal costs. Costs associated with real property, such as real estate taxes and maintenance costs, generally are not reduced when circumstances cause a reduction in income from the property. Tenants may declare bankruptcy, resulting in limited remedies and rejection of leases.
We may be unable to renew leases or find other tenants on advantageous terms or at all.
We are subject to the risks that, upon expiration, leases may not be renewed, the space subject to such leases may not be relet or the terms of renewal or reletting, including the cost of required renovations, may be less favorable than the expiring lease terms. If we were unable to promptly renew a significant number of expiring leases or to promptly relet the spaces covered by such leases, or if the rental rates upon renewal or reletting were significantly lower than the current rates, our financial condition, results of operation, cash flow and ability to make distributions to our stockholders and unitholders, the market price of the Company's common stock and the market value of the Units could be adversely affected.
We may be unable to acquire real estate on advantageous terms or acquisitions may not perform as we expect.
We have routinely acquired real estate from third parties as conditions warrant and, as part of our business, we intend to continue to do so. The acquisition of properties entails various risks, including risks that our investments may not perform as expected and that our cost estimates for bringing an acquired property up to market standards, if necessary, may prove inaccurate. Further, we face significant competition for attractive investment opportunities from other well-capitalized real estate investors, including publicly-traded REITs and private investors. This competition increases as investments in real estate become attractive relative to other forms of investment. As a result of competition, we may be unable to acquire additional real estate and purchase prices may increase. In addition, we expect to finance future acquisitions through a combination of borrowings under the Unsecured Credit Facility, proceeds from equity or debt offerings and debt originations and proceeds from property sales, which may not be available.
The seller of a property often sells such property in its "as is" condition on a "where is" basis and "with all faults," without any warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular use or purpose. In addition, purchase agreements may contain only limited warranties, representations and indemnifications that will only survive for a limited period after the closing. The purchase of properties with limited warranties increases the risk that we may lose some or all of our invested capital in the property as well as the loss of rental income from that property.
Any of the above risks could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow and ability to make distributions to our stockholders and unitholders, the market price of the Company's common stock and the market value of the Units.
We may be unable to sell properties when appropriate or at all because real estate investments are not as liquid as certain other types of assets.
Real estate investments generally cannot be sold quickly, which could limit our ability to adjust our property portfolio in response to changes in economic conditions or in the performance of the portfolio. This could adversely affect our financial condition and our ability to service debt and make distributions to our stockholders and unitholders. In addition, like other companies qualifying as REITs under the Code, our ability to sell assets may be restricted by tax laws that potentially result in punitive taxation on asset sales that fail to meet certain safe harbor rules or other criteria established under case law.
We may be unable to sell properties on advantageous terms.
We have routinely sold properties to third parties as conditions warrant and, as part of our business, we intend to continue to do so. However, our ability to sell properties on advantageous terms depends on factors beyond our control, including competition from other sellers and the availability of attractive financing for potential buyers. If we are unable to sell properties on favorable terms or to redeploy the proceeds in accordance with our business strategy, then our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow and ability to make distributions to our stockholders and unitholders, the market price of the Company's common stock and the market value of the Units could be adversely affected. Further, if we sell properties by providing financing to purchasers, defaults by the purchasers would adversely affect our operations and financial condition.
We may be unable to complete development and re-development projects on advantageous terms.
As part of our business, we develop new properties and re-develop existing properties as conditions warrant. This part of our business involves significant risks, including the following:
•we may not be able to obtain financing for these projects on favorable terms;
•we may have delays in obtaining construction materials and may be subject to increases in costs of materials;
•we may not complete construction on schedule or within budget;
•we may not be able to obtain, or may experience delays in obtaining, all necessary zoning, land-use, building, occupancy and other governmental permits and authorizations;
•contractor and subcontractor disputes, strikes, lack of available labor, labor disputes or supply chain disruptions may occur; and
•properties may perform below anticipated levels, producing cash flow below budgeted amounts, which may result in us paying too much for a property, cause the property to not be profitable and limit our ability to sell such properties to third parties.
To the extent these risks result in increased debt service expense, construction costs and delays in budgeted leasing, they could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow and ability to make distributions to our stockholders and unitholders, the market price of the Company's common stock and the market value of the Units.
We may incur unanticipated costs and liabilities due to environmental problems.
Under various federal, state and local laws and regulations, we may, as a current or previous owner, developer or operator of real estate, be liable for the costs of clean-up of certain conditions relating to the presence of hazardous or toxic materials on, in or emanating from a property and any related damages to natural resources. Environmental laws and regulations often impose liability without regard to whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of hazardous or toxic materials. The presence of such materials, or the failure to address those conditions properly, may adversely affect our ability to rent or sell a property or to borrow using a property as collateral. The disposal or treatment of hazardous or toxic materials, or the arrangement of such disposal or treatment, may cause us to be liable for the costs of clean-up of such materials or for related natural resource damages occurring at or emanating from an off-site disposal or treatment facility, whether or not the facility is owned or operated by us. No assurance can be given that existing environmental assessments with respect to any of our properties reveal all environmental liabilities, that any prior owner or operator of any of our properties did not create any material environmental condition not known to us or that a material environmental condition does not otherwise exist as to any of our properties. Moreover, there can be no assurance that (i) changes to existing laws and regulations will not impose any material environmental liability or (ii) the current environmental condition of our properties will not be affected by customers, by the condition of land or operations in the vicinity of our properties (such as releases from underground storage tanks), or by third parties unrelated to us.
All of our properties were subject to a Phase I or similar environmental assessment by independent environmental consultants at the time of acquisition. Phase I assessments are intended to discover and evaluate information regarding the environmental condition of the surveyed property and surrounding properties. Phase I assessments do not include soil sampling or subsurface investigation, sampling and remediation and typically do not include an asbestos survey. While some of these assessments have led to further investigation and sampling, none of our environmental assessments of our properties have revealed an environmental liability that we believe would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations taken as a whole. However, we cannot give any assurance that such conditions do not exist or may not arise in the future. Material environmental conditions, liabilities or compliance concerns may arise after the environmental assessment has been completed.
Environmental laws and regulations in the U.S. also require that owners or operators of buildings containing asbestos properly manage the asbestos, adequately inform or train those who may come into contact with asbestos and undertake special precautions, including removal or other abatement, in the event that asbestos is disturbed during building renovation or demolition. These laws and regulations may impose fines and penalties on building owners or operators who fail to comply with these requirements and may allow third parties to seek recovery from owners or operators for personal injury associated with exposure to asbestos. Some of our properties may contain asbestos-containing building materials.
We have a portfolio environmental insurance policy that provides coverage for certain potential unknown environmental liabilities, subject to the policy's coverage conditions and limitations. Such policy may not be able to be renewed or may be subject to additional restrictions, limitations or be insufficient to fully respond to a loss. From time to time, we may acquire properties or interests in properties, with known adverse environmental conditions where we believe that the environmental liabilities associated with these conditions are quantifiable and that the acquisition will yield a superior risk-adjusted return. In such an instance, we underwrite the costs of environmental investigation, clean-up and monitoring into the cost. Further, in connection with property dispositions, we may agree to remain responsible for, and to bear the cost of, remediating or monitoring certain environmental conditions on the properties.
We may incur significant costs complying with various federal, state and local laws and regulations that are applicable to our properties.
We may incur significant costs complying with various federal, state and local laws and regulations that are applicable to our properties including, without limitation, those related to the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (the "ADA"), state and local fire and safety regulations, and greenhouse gas emissions. We may be required to make substantial improvements or capital expenditures, or implement operational changes, to comply with applicable laws and regulations, and we may not be able to effectively pass on these additional costs to our tenants. Noncompliance with these laws and regulations, including but not limited to, the ADA, could result in the imposition of fines or the award of damages or attorneys’ fees to private litigants. Any such laws or regulations could also impose substantial costs on our tenants, thereby impacting the financial condition of our tenants and their ability to meet their lease obligations and to lease or re-lease our properties. There can be no assurance that existing laws and regulatory policies will not adversely affect us or the timing or cost of any future acquisitions or renovations, or that additional laws or regulation will not be adopted that increase such delays or result in additional costs. If we incur substantial costs to comply with applicable laws or regulations, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, our ability to satisfy debt service obligations and to make distributions to our stockholders and unitholders, the market price of the Company's common stock and the market value of the Units could be adversely affected.
Adverse market and economic conditions could cause us to recognize impairment charges.
We regularly review our real estate assets for impairment indicators, such as a decline in a property's occupancy rate, decline in general market conditions or a change in the expected hold period of an asset. If we determine that indicators of impairment are present, we review the properties affected by these indicators to determine whether an impairment charge is required. As a result, we may be required to recognize asset impairment, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We use considerable judgment in making determinations about impairments, from analyzing whether there are indicators of impairment, to the assumptions used in calculating the fair value of the investment. Accordingly, our subjective estimates and evaluations may not be accurate, and such estimates and evaluations are subject to change or revision.
We could be subject to risks and liabilities in connection with joint venture arrangements.
Our organizational documents do not limit the amount of available funds that we may invest in joint ventures. We currently have and may in the future selectively acquire, own and/or develop properties through joint ventures with other persons or entities when we deem such transactions are warranted by the circumstances. Joint venture investments, in general, involve certain risks not present where we act alone, including: (i) joint venture partners may share certain approval rights over major decisions, which might significantly delay or make impossible actions and decisions we believe are necessary or advisable with respect to properties owned through a joint venture, and/or adversely affect our ability to develop, finance, lease or sell properties owned through a joint venture at the most advantageous time for us, if at all; (ii) joint venture partners might experience financial distress and fail to fund their share of any required capital contributions; (iii) joint venture partners might have economic or other business interests or goals that are competitive or inconsistent with our business interests or goals that would affect our ability to develop, finance, lease, operate, manage or sell any properties owned by the applicable joint venture; (iv) joint venture partners may have the power to act contrary to our policies or objectives, including our current policy with respect to maintaining the Company's qualification as a REIT; (v) joint venture agreements often restrict the transfer of a member’s or joint venture’s interest or may otherwise restrict our ability to sell our interest when we would like to or on advantageous terms; (vi) disputes between us and our joint venture partners may result in litigation or arbitration that would increase our expenses and prevent our employees, officers and directors from focusing their time and effort on our business and subject the properties owned by the applicable joint venture to additional risk; and (vii) we may in certain circumstances be liable for the actions of our joint venture partners.
The occurrence of one or more of these events could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow and ability to make distributions to our stockholders and unitholders, the market price of the Company's common stock and the market value of the Units.
We own certain properties subject to ground leases that expose us to the loss of such property upon breach or termination of the ground lease.
We own the building and improvements and lease the land underlying the improvements under several long-term ground leases. We could lose our interests in the properties if the ground leases are breached by us, terminated or lapse. As we get closer to the lease termination dates, the values of the properties could decrease without an extension in place. Certain of these ground leases have payments subject to annual escalations and/or periodic fair market value adjustments which could adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.
We are exposed to the impacts of climate change.
We are exposed to physical risks from changes in climate. We have significant investment in properties in coastal markets such as Southern California, Northern California, Houston and South Florida and have also targeted those markets for future growth. Our properties, especially the coastal market properties, may be exposed to catastrophic weather events, such as severe storms, drought, earthquakes, floods, wildfires or other extreme weather events. If the frequency or severity of extreme weather events increases, our exposure to these events could increase and could impact our tenants' operations and their ability to pay rent. The impacts of climate change on our real estate properties could adversely affect our ability to lease, develop or sell such properties or to borrow using such properties as collateral. We currently carry comprehensive insurance coverage to mitigate our casualty risk, in amounts and of a kind that we believe are appropriate for the markets where each of our properties and their business operations are located. Given climate change risk, we cannot be sure that insurance companies will continue to offer products with sufficient coverage at commercially reasonable rates
Our insurance coverage does not include all potential losses.
Real property is subject to casualty risk including damage, destruction, or loss resulting from events that are unusual, sudden and unexpected. Some of our properties are located in areas where casualty risk is higher due to earthquake, wind, wildfire and/or flood risk. We carry comprehensive insurance coverage to mitigate our casualty risk, in amounts and of a kind that we believe are appropriate for the markets where each of our properties and their business operations are located. Among other coverage, we carry property, boiler and machinery, general liability, cyber liability, fire, flood, terrorism, earthquake, wind storm, owner's protective professional indemnity and rental loss insurance. Our coverage includes policy specifications and limits customarily carried for similar properties and business activities. Our insurance coverage does not insure the total replacement cost of the portfolio. We evaluate our insurance limits and deductibles using analysis and modeling, as is customary in our industry. However, we do not insure against all types of casualty, and we may not fully insure against certain perils including, without limitation, earthquake, windstorm, flood, pandemic, war, civil unrest and cyber risk, either because coverage is not available or because we do not deem it to be economically feasible or prudent to do so. Furthermore, we cannot be sure that insurance companies will continue to offer products with sufficient coverage at commercially reasonable rates. As a result, we could experience a significant loss of capital or revenues, and be exposed to obligations under recourse debt associated with a property. This could occur due to an uninsured or high deductible loss, a loss in excess of insured limits, or a loss not paid due to insurer insolvency.
Financing and Capital Risks:
Disruptions in the financial markets could affect our ability to obtain financing and may negatively impact our liquidity, financial condition and operating results.
A significant amount of our existing indebtedness was issued through capital markets transactions. We anticipate that the capital markets could be a source of refinancing of our existing indebtedness in the future. This source of refinancing may not be available if volatility in or disruption of the capital markets occurs. From time to time, the capital and credit markets in the United States and other countries experience significant price volatility, dislocations and liquidity disruptions, which can cause the market prices of many securities and the spreads on prospective debt financings to fluctuate substantially. These circumstances can materially impact liquidity in the financial markets, making terms for certain financings less attractive, and in some cases result in the unavailability of financing. Furthermore, we could potentially lose access to available liquidity under our Unsecured Credit Facility if one or more participating lenders were to default on their commitments. If our ability to issue additional debt or equity securities or to borrow under our Unsecured Credit Facility were to be impaired by volatility in or disruption of the capital markets, it could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and financial condition.
In addition, price volatility in the capital and credit markets could make the valuation of our properties more difficult. There may be significant uncertainty in the valuation, or in the stability of the value, of our properties that could result in a substantial decrease in the value of our properties. As a result, we may not be able to recover the carrying amount of our properties, which may require us to recognize an impairment loss in earnings.
Our liquidity may be adversely affected if events such as limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments occur with respect to the banks or other financial institutions that hold our funds, with respect to financial institutions or the financial services industry generally, or based on concerns or rumors related to these or similar risks. For example, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation took control of, and was appointed receiver of, Silicon Valley Bank, New York Signature Bank and First Republic Bank on March 10, 2023, March 12, 2023 and May 1, 2023, respectively. Although we did not have any funds held by these banks or other institutions that have been closed, we cannot guarantee that the banks or other financial institutions that hold our funds will not experience similar issues. Additionally, if any of our tenants or other parties with whom we conduct business are unable to access funds from their bank or financial institutions, such parties’ ability to pay their obligations to us could be adversely affected.
Debt financing, the degree of leverage and rising interest rates could reduce our cash flow.
We use debt to increase the rate of return to our stockholders and unitholders and to allow us to make more investments than we otherwise could. Our use of leverage presents an additional element of risk in the event that the cash flow from our properties is insufficient to meet both debt payment obligations and the distribution requirements of the REIT provisions of the Code. In addition, rising interest rates would reduce our cash flow by increasing the amount of interest due on our floating rate debt and on our fixed rate debt as it matures and is refinanced. Our organizational documents do not contain any limitation on the amount or percentage of indebtedness we may incur.
Failure to comply with covenants in our debt agreements could adversely affect our financial condition.
The terms of our agreements governing our indebtedness require that we comply with a number of financial and other covenants, such as maintaining debt service coverage and leverage ratios and maintaining insurance coverage. Complying with such covenants may limit our operational flexibility. Our failure to comply with these covenants could cause a default under the applicable debt agreement even if we have satisfied our payment obligations. Consistent with our historical practice, we will continue to interpret and certify our performance under these covenants in a good faith manner that we deem reasonable and appropriate. However, these financial covenants are complex and there can be no assurance that these provisions would not be interpreted by the noteholders or lenders in a manner that could impose and cause us to incur material costs. Our ability to meet our financial covenants may be adversely affected if economic and credit market conditions limit our ability to reduce our debt levels consistent with, or result in net operating income below, our current expectations. Under our Unsecured Credit Facility and our unsecured term loans, an event of default can also occur if the lenders, in their good faith judgment, determine that a material adverse change has occurred that could prevent timely repayment or materially impair our ability to perform our obligations under the loan agreement.
Upon the occurrence of an event of default, we would be subject to higher finance costs and fees, and the lenders under our Unsecured Credit Facility will not be required to lend any additional amounts to us. In addition, our indebtedness, together with accrued and unpaid interest and fees, could be accelerated and declared to be immediately due and payable. Furthermore, our Unsecured Credit Facility, our unsecured term loans and the indentures governing our senior unsecured notes contain certain cross-default provisions that may be triggered in the event that our other material indebtedness is in default. These cross-default provisions may require us to repay or restructure our Unsecured Credit Facility, our unsecured term loans or our senior unsecured notes (which includes our private placement notes), depending on which is in default, and such restructuring could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow and ability to make distributions to our stockholders and unitholders, the market price of the Company's common stock and the market value of the Units. If repayment of any of our indebtedness is accelerated, we cannot provide assurance that we would be able to borrow sufficient funds to refinance such indebtedness or that we would be able to sell sufficient assets to repay such indebtedness. Even if we were able to obtain new financing, it may not be on commercially reasonable terms, or terms that are acceptable to us.
Adverse changes in our credit ratings could negatively affect our liquidity and business operations.
The credit ratings of our senior unsecured notes are based on our operating performance, liquidity and leverage ratios, overall financial position and other factors employed by the credit rating agencies in their rating analyses. Our credit ratings can affect the availability, terms and pricing of any indebtedness we may incur or preferred stock that we might issue going forward. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain any credit rating and, in the event any credit rating is downgraded, we could incur higher borrowing costs or may be unable to access certain or any capital markets.
The REIT distribution requirements may limit our ability to retain capital and require us to turn to external financing sources.
As a REIT, the Company must distribute to its stockholders at least 90% of its taxable income (determined without regard to the dividends-paid deduction and by excluding any net capital gain) each year, and we may be subject to additional tax to the extent our taxable income is not fully distributed. The Company could, in certain instances, have taxable income without sufficient cash to enable it to meet this requirement. In that situation, we could be required to borrow funds or sell properties on adverse terms in order to satisfy the distribution requirement. The distribution requirement could also limit our ability to accumulate capital to provide capital resources for our ongoing business, and to satisfy our debt repayment obligations and other liquidity needs, we may be more dependent on outside sources of financing, such as debt financing or issuances of additional capital stock, which may or may not be available on favorable terms. Additional debt financings may substantially increase our leverage and additional equity offerings may result in substantial dilution of stockholders' and unitholders' interests.
We may have to make lump-sum payments on our existing indebtedness.
We are required to make lump-sum or "balloon" payments under the terms of some of our indebtedness. Our ability to make required payments of principal on outstanding indebtedness, whether at maturity or otherwise, may depend on our ability to refinance the applicable indebtedness or to sell properties. Currently, we have no commitments to refinance any of our indebtedness.
Failure to hedge effectively against interest rate changes may adversely affect our results of operations.
In the normal course of business, we use derivatives to manage our exposure to interest rate volatility on debt instruments, including hedging for future debt issuances. At other times we may utilize derivatives to increase our exposure to floating interest rates. There can be no assurance that these hedging arrangements will have the desired beneficial impact. These arrangements, which can include a number of counterparties, may expose us to additional risks, including failure of any of our counterparties to perform under these contracts, and may involve extensive costs, such as transaction fees or breakage costs, if we terminate them. Hedging may reduce the overall returns on our investments, which could reduce our cash available for distribution to our stockholders and unitholders. Failure to hedge effectively against interest rate changes may materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. No strategy can completely insulate us from the risks associated with interest rate fluctuations.
We have adopted a practice relating to the use of derivative financial instruments which requires the Company's Board of Directors to authorize our use of derivative financial instruments to fix the interest rate on anticipated offerings of unsecured debt and to manage the interest rates on our variable rate borrowings. Our practice is that we do not use derivatives for speculative or trading purposes and intend only to enter into contracts with major financial institutions based on their credit rating and other factors, but the Company's Board of Directors may choose to change these practices in the future.
Our mortgages may impact our ability to sell encumbered properties on advantageous terms or at all.
Our outstanding mortgage contains, and some future mortgages may contain, substantial prepayment premiums that we would have to pay upon the sale of a property, thereby reducing the net proceeds to us from the sale of any such property. As a result, our willingness to sell certain properties and the price at which we may desire to sell a property may be impacted. If we are unable to sell properties on favorable terms or redeploy the proceeds of property sales in accordance with our business strategy, then our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow and ability to make distributions to our stockholders and unitholders, the market price of the Company's common stock and the market value of the Units could be adversely affected.
Earnings and cash dividends, asset value and market interest rates affect the price of the Company's common stock.
The market value of the Company's common stock is based in large part upon the market's perception of the growth potential of the Company's earnings and cash dividends. The market value of the Company's common stock is also based upon the value of the Company's underlying real estate assets. For this reason, shares of the Company's common stock may trade at prices that are higher or lower than the Company's net asset value per share. To the extent that the Company retains operating cash flow for investment purposes, working capital reserves, or other purposes, these retained funds, while increasing the value of the Company's underlying assets, may not correspondingly increase the market price of the Company's common stock. The Company's failure to meet the market's expectations with regard to future earnings and the payment of cash dividends/distributions likely would adversely affect the market price of the Company's common stock. Further, the distribution yield on the common stock (as a percentage of the price of the common stock) relative to market interest rates may also influence the market price of the Company's common stock. An increase in market interest rates might lead prospective purchasers of the Company's common stock to expect a higher distribution yield, which would adversely affect the market price of the Company's common stock. Any reduction in the market price of the Company's common stock would, in turn, reduce the market value of the Units.
Future sales or issuances of our common stock may cause the market price of our common stock to decline.
The sale of substantial amounts of our common stock, whether directly by us or in the secondary market, the perception that such sales could occur or the availability of future issuances of shares of our common stock, limited partnership units of the Operating Partnership or other securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for our common stock, could materially and adversely affect the market price of our common stock and our ability to raise capital through future offerings of equity or equity-related securities. In addition, we may issue capital stock that is senior to our common stock in the future for a number of reasons, including to finance our operations and business strategy, to adjust our ratio of debt to equity or for other reasons.
The market price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly.
The market price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to many factors, including:
•actual or anticipated variations in our operating results, funds from operations, cash flows or liquidity;
•changes in our earnings estimates or those of analysts;
•changes in asset valuations and related impairment charges;
•changes in our dividend policy;
•publication of research reports about us or the real estate industry generally;
•the ability of our tenants to pay rent to us and meet their obligations to us under the current lease terms and our ability to re-lease space as leases expire;
•increases in market interest rates that lead purchasers of our common stock to demand a higher dividend yield;
•changes in market valuations of similar companies;
•adverse market reaction to the amount of our debt outstanding at any time, the amount of our debt maturing in the near- and medium-term and our ability to refinance our debt, or our plans to incur additional debt in the future;
•our ability to comply with applicable financial covenants under our unsecured line of credit and the indentures under which our senior unsecured indebtedness is, or may be, issued;
•additions or departures of key management personnel;
•actions by institutional stockholders;
•speculation in the press or investment community; and
•general market and economic conditions.
Many of the factors listed above are beyond our control. Those factors may cause the market price of our common stock to decline significantly, regardless of our financial condition, results of operations and prospects. It is impossible to provide any assurance that the market price of our common stock will not fall in the future, and it may be difficult for holders to resell shares of our common stock at prices they find attractive, or at all.
Risks Related to Our Organization and Structure:
The Company is authorized to issue preferred stock. The issuance of preferred stock could adversely affect the holders of the Company's common stock issued pursuant to its public offerings.
Our declaration of trust authorizes the Company to issue 225,000,000 common shares and 10,000,000 shares designated as preferred stock. Subject to approval by the Company's Board of Directors, the Company may issue preferred stock with rights, preferences and privileges that are more beneficial than the rights, preferences and privileges of its common stock. Holders of the Company's common stock do not have preemptive rights to acquire any shares issued by the Company in the future. If the Company ever creates and issues preferred stock with a distribution preference over common stock, payment of any distribution preferences on outstanding preferred stock would reduce the amount of funds available for the payment of distributions to our common stockholders and unitholders. In addition, holders of preferred stock are normally entitled to receive a preference payment in the event of liquidation, dissolution or winding up before any payment is made to our common stockholders, which would reduce the amount our common stockholders and unitholders might otherwise receive upon such an occurrence. Also, under certain circumstances, the issuance of preferred stock may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control of the Company.
The Company's Board of Directors may change its strategies, policies or procedures without stockholder approval, which may subject us to different and more significant risks in the future.
Our investment, financing, leverage and distribution policies and our policies with respect to all other activities, including growth, debt, capitalization and operations, are determined by the Company's Board of Directors. These policies may be amended or revised at any time and from time to time at the discretion of the Company's Board of Directors without notice to or a vote of its stockholders. This could result in us conducting operational matters or making investments differently or pursuing alternate business or growth strategies. Under these circumstances, we may expose ourselves to different and more significant risks in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and growth. In addition, the Company's Board of Directors may change its governance policies, provided that such changes are consistent with applicable legal requirements. A change in these policies could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, ability to satisfy our principal and interest obligations, ability to make distributions to our stockholders and unitholders, the market price of the Company's common stock and the market value of the Units.
Certain provisions of our charter and bylaws could hinder, delay or prevent a change in control of our company.
Certain provisions of our charter and our bylaws could have the effect of discouraging, delaying or preventing transactions that involve an actual or threatened change in control of our company. These provisions include the following:
•Removal of Directors. Under our charter, subject to the rights of one or more classes or series of preferred stock to elect one or more directors, a director may be removed only for cause and only by the affirmative vote of at least a majority of all votes entitled to be cast by our stockholders generally in the election of directors.
•Preferred Stock. Under our charter, our board of directors has the power to issue preferred stock from time to time in one or more series and to establish the terms, preferences and rights of any such series of preferred stock, all without approval of our stockholders.
•Advance Notice Bylaws. Our bylaws require advance notice procedures with respect to nominations of directors and shareholder proposals.
•Ownership Limit. For the purpose, among others, of preserving our status as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, our charter generally prohibits any single stockholder, or any group of affiliated stockholders, from beneficially owning more than 9.8% of our outstanding common and preferred stock unless our board of directors waives or modifies this ownership limit.
•Stockholder Action by Written Consent. Our bylaws contain a provision that permits our stockholders to take action by written consent in lieu of an annual or special meeting of stockholders only if the unanimous consent of the stockholders is obtained.
•Ability of Stockholders to Call Special Meeting. Under our bylaws, we are only required to call a special meeting at the request of the stockholders if the request is made by at least a majority of all votes entitled to be cast by our stockholders generally in the election of directors.
•Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act. Our bylaws contain a provision exempting acquisitions of our shares from the Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act. However, our board of directors may amend our bylaws in the future to repeal or modify this exemption, in which case any control shares of our company acquired in a control share acquisition will be subject to the Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act.
Income Tax Risks:
The Company might fail to qualify as a REIT under existing laws and/or federal income tax laws could change.
The Company intends to operate so as to qualify as a REIT under the Code, and we believe that the Company is organized and will operate in a manner that allows us to continue to do so. However, qualification as a REIT involves the satisfaction of numerous requirements, some of which must be met on a recurring basis. These requirements are established under highly technical and complex Code provisions and they involve the determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control.
If the Company were to fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, the Company would be subject to federal income tax at corporate rates. This could result in a discontinuation or substantial reduction in distributions to our stockholders and unitholders and could reduce the cash available to pay interest and principal on debt securities and make further investments in real estate. Unless entitled to relief under certain statutory provisions, the Company would be disqualified from electing treatment as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which the Company failed to qualify.
The IRS, the United States Treasury Department and Congress frequently review federal income tax legislation, and we cannot predict whether, when or to what extent new federal laws, regulations, interpretations or rulings will be adopted. Additional changes to tax laws are likely to continue to occur in the future and any such legislative action may prospectively or retroactively modify the Company's tax treatment and therefore, may adversely affect taxation of us and/or our stockholders and unitholders. Any such changes could have an adverse effect on an investment in shares of our common stock or on the market value or the resale potential of our properties. Stockholders and unitholders are urged to consult with their own tax advisor with respect to the impact of recent legislation, the status of legislative, regulatory, or administrative developments and proposals, and their potential effect on ownership of our shares.
Certain property transfers may generate prohibited transaction income, resulting in a penalty tax on the gain attributable to the transaction.
As part of our business, we sell properties to third parties as opportunities arise. Under the Code, a 100% penalty tax could be assessed on the taxable gain recognized from sales of properties that are deemed to be prohibited transactions. The question of what constitutes a prohibited transaction is based on the facts and circumstances surrounding each transaction. The IRS could contend that certain sales of properties by us are prohibited transactions. While we implement controls to avoid prohibited transactions, if a dispute were to arise that was successfully argued by the IRS, the 100% penalty tax could be assessed against the Company's profits from these transactions.
Even if we maintain our qualification as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we may be subject to other tax liabilities that reduce our cash flow and our ability to make distributions to stockholders.
Even if we qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we may be subject to federal, state and local taxes on our income and property. From time to time changes in state and local tax laws or regulations are enacted, which may result in an increase in our tax liability. A shortfall in tax revenues for states and municipalities in which we operate may lead to an increase in the frequency and amount of such increase. These actions could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, our TRSs will be subject to federal, state and local income tax for income received.
In the normal course of business, certain of our legal entities have undergone tax audits and may undergo audits in the future. There can be no assurance that future audits will not occur with increased frequency or that the ultimate result of such audits will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
General Risk Factors:
A future outbreak of highly infectious or contagious diseases similar to COVID-19 may adversely affect our business.
A future contagious disease outbreak or pandemic could cause disruptions to regional and global economies and significant volatility and negative pressure in the financial markets. Such an outbreak or pandemic could also have a material and adverse effect on our ability to successfully operate and on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows due to, among other factors: (i) reduced economic activity which may severely impact our tenants' businesses and may cause certain of our tenants to be unable to meet their obligations to us in full, or at all, or to otherwise seek modifications of such obligations and/or terminate their leases early or not renew; (ii) delays to or halting of construction activities, including permitting and obtaining approvals, related to our ongoing development and redevelopment projects as well as tenant improvements; (iii) difficulty in accessing the capital and lending markets (or a significant increase in the costs of doing so), impacts to our credit ratings, a severe disruption or instability in the global financial markets, or deteriorations in credit and financing conditions, which may affect our access to capital necessary to fund business operations or address maturing debt obligations on a timely basis; (iv) potential impact on our ability to meet the financial covenants of our Unsecured Credit Facility and other debt agreements, which may result in a default or an acceleration of indebtedness, and such non-compliance could negatively impact our ability to make additional borrowings under our Unsecured Credit Facility and pay dividends; (v) any impairment in value of our tangible or intangible assets which could be recorded as a result of weaker economic conditions; (vi) a general decline in business activity and demand for real estate transactions, which could adversely affect our ability to sell or purchase properties, at attractive pricing or at all; (vii) an inability to initiate or pursue litigation due to various court closures, increased case volume and/or moratoriums on certain types of activities; (viii) the potential negative impact on the health of our employees, particularly if a significant number of them are impacted, which could result in a deterioration in our ability to ensure business continuity during the disruption and which may negatively impact our disclosure controls and procedures over financial reporting; and (ix) an extended period of remote work arrangements for our employees which could strain our business continuity plans and introduce operational risk including, but not limited to, cybersecurity risks.
We face risks relating to cybersecurity attacks and other disruptions to our computer systems.
We rely extensively on computer systems to manage our business, and our business is at risk from and may be impacted by cybersecurity attacks and security breaches. These could include attempts to gain unauthorized access to our computer systems, data and the data of third parties retained within our systems through malware, computer viruses, attachments to e-mails, persons inside our Company or persons with access to systems inside our Company, and other significant disruptions of our information technology networks and related systems. Our business is also at risk from and may be impacted by our computer systems malfunctioning or being subject of a significant disruption.
The risk of a cybersecurity breach or disruption, particularly through a cyber-incident, including by computer hackers, foreign governments and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. Although we employ a number of measures to prevent, detect and mitigate these threats, even the most well-protected information, networks, systems and facilities remain potentially vulnerable because the techniques used in such attempted security breaches evolve and generally are not recognized until launched against a target, and in some cases are designed to not be detected and, in fact, may not be detected. Accordingly, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate security barriers or other preventative measures, and thus it is impossible for us to entirely mitigate this risk.
Moreover, security events or disruptions impacting our vendors, sub-processors and service providers could also impact our data and operations or the data of third parties retained within our system via unauthorized access to information or disruption of services.
Our computer systems are essential to the operation of our business and our ability to perform day-to-day operations and, in some cases, may be critical to the operations of certain of our tenants. A successful cybersecurity attack or other disruption of our computer systems could, among other things: (i) disrupt the proper functioning of our networks and systems, and therefore our operations and/or those of certain of our tenants; (ii) result in the unauthorized access to, and destruction, loss, theft, misappropriation or release of proprietary, confidential, sensitive or otherwise valuable information of ours or others, which others could use to compete against us or for disruptive, destructive or otherwise harmful purposes and outcomes; (iii) result in misstated financial reports, violations of loan covenants and/or missed reporting deadlines; (iv) result in our inability to properly monitor our compliance with the rules and regulations regarding our qualification as a REIT; (v) require significant management attention and resources to remedy any damages that result; (vi) subject us to claims for breach of contract, damages, credits, penalties or termination of leases or other agreements; (vii) subject us to legal liability; or (viii) damage our reputation among our tenants, investors and associates.
We may become subject to litigation.
We may become subject to litigation, including claims relating to our operations, offerings, and otherwise in the ordinary course of business. Some of these claims may result in significant defense costs and potentially significant judgments against us, some of which are not, or cannot be, insured against. Resolution of these types of matters could adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. Certain litigation or the resolution of certain litigation may affect the availability or cost of some of our insurance coverage, which could adversely impact our results of operations and cash flows, expose us to increased risks that would be uninsured, and/or adversely impact our ability to attract officers and directors.
Terrorist attacks and other acts of violence or war may affect the market for the Company's common stock, the industry in which we conduct our operations and our profitability.
Acts of violence, including terrorist attacks, could occur in the localities in which we conduct business. More generally, these events could cause consumer confidence and spending to decrease or result in increased volatility in the worldwide financial markets and economy. These attacks or armed conflicts may adversely impact our operations or financial condition. In addition, losses resulting from these types of events may be uninsurable.
Our business could be adversely impacted if we have deficiencies in our disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting.
The design and effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting may not prevent all errors, misstatements or misrepresentations. While management will continue to review the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, there can be no guarantee that our internal control over financial reporting will be effective in accomplishing all control objectives all of the time. Deficiencies, including any material weakness, in our internal control over financial reporting which may occur could result in misstatements of our results of operations, restatements of our financial statements, a decline in the price/value of our securities, or otherwise materially adversely affect our business, reputation, results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.
We may be unable to retain and attract key management personnel.
Our success depends to a significant degree upon the continued contributions of certain key personnel including, but not limited to, our executive officers, whose continued service is not guaranteed, and each of whom would be difficult to replace. In the event of the loss of key management personnel or upon unexpected death, disability or retirement, we may not be able to find replacements with comparable skill, ability and industry expertise. Until suitable replacements are identified and retained, if at all, our operating results and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Item 1B. Unresolved SEC Comments
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Item 2. Properties
General
At December 31, 2023, we owned 428 industrial properties of which 422 were classified as in-service. Of the 428 properties owned on a consolidated basis, none of them are directly owned by the Company. The 422 in-service industrial properties contained an aggregate of approximately 64.9 million square feet of GLA in 18 states, with a diverse base of approximately 1,000 tenants engaged in a wide variety of businesses, including e-commerce, third-party logistics and transportation, consumer and other manufactured products, retail and consumer services, food and beverage, lumber and building materials, wholesale goods, health services, governmental and other. Our in-service portfolio includes all properties that have reached stabilized occupancy (defined as properties that are 90% leased), (re)developed properties upon the earlier of reaching 90% occupancy or one year from the date construction is completed and acquired properties that are at least 75% occupied at acquisition, unless we anticipate tenant move-outs within two years of ownership would drop occupancy below 75%. Acquired properties that are less than 75% occupied at acquisition or with tenants that we anticipate will move out within the first two years of ownership are placed in service upon the earlier of reaching 90% occupancy or one year after move out. The average annual base rent per square foot for our in-service portfolio, calculated at December 31, 2023, was $7.21. The properties are generally located in business parks that have convenient access to interstate highways and/or rail and air transportation. We maintain insurance on our properties that we believe is adequate.
The following tables summarize, by market, certain information as of December 31, 2023, with respect to the in-service properties.
In-Service Property Summary Totals
Metropolitan Area GLA Number of
Properties Occupancy
at 12/31/23
Atlanta, GA 5,249,774 23 99.0%
Baltimore, MD 3,416,464 14 89.8%
Central Florida 1,060,469 11 100.0%
Central/Eastern Pennsylvania (A)
7,761,506 25 100.0%
Chicago, IL 6,262,880 27 96.1%
Cincinnati, OH 745,320 8 98.9%
Dallas/Ft. Worth, TX 7,390,236 53 99.0%
Denver, CO (A)
3,802,262 37 78.9%
Detroit, MI 802,193 16 100.0%
Houston, TX 3,478,978 29 96.8%
Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN 2,136,628 12 100.0%
Nashville, TN 2,335,079 7 78.6%
New Jersey (A)
2,519,231 24 99.5%
Northern California 246,800 7 81.4%
Phoenix, AZ 4,152,314 17 97.8%
Seattle, WA 552,163 9 88.3%
South Florida 2,655,652 23 98.0%
Southern California (A)
10,306,157 80 94.8%
Total 64,874,106 422 95.5%
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(A)Central/Eastern Pennsylvania includes the markets of Central Pennsylvania and Philadelphia. Denver includes one property in Salt Lake City. New Jersey includes the markets of Northern and Central New Jersey. Southern California includes the markets of Los Angeles, the Inland Empire and San Diego.
Indebtedness
As of December 31, 2023, three of our 422 in-service industrial properties, with a net carrying value of $31.1 million, are pledged as collateral under a mortgage financing, totaling $10.0 million. See Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying Schedule III for additional information.
Development Activity
During the year ended December 31, 2023, we moved 13 development properties totaling approximately 2.8 million square feet of GLA to our in-service portfolio at a total estimated cost of approximately $354.9 million. Included in the estimated total cost is $10.6 million of leasing commissions. The capitalization rate for these development projects, calculated using the estimated stabilized net operating income (excluding straight-line rent adjustments) divided by the total investment in the developed property is 6.6%. The placed in-service development projects have the following characteristics:
Metropolitan Area Number of
Properties GLA Occupancy
at 12/31/23
Central/Eastern Pennsylvania 1 105,000 100%
Central Florida 3 239,306 100%
Chicago, IL 1 451,022 46%
Denver, CO 2 787,585 0%
Nashville, TN 1 500,240 0%
Seattle, WA 1 128,682 50%
South Florida 4 605,235 100%
Total 13 2,817,070
As of December 31, 2023, we substantially completed six developments totaling approximately 1.7 million square feet of GLA. The estimated total investment for the six developments is approximately $286.9 million, of which $248.1 million has been funded as of December 31, 2023. There can be no assurance that the actual completion cost for these developments will not exceed the estimated completion cost. The substantially completed developments have the following characteristics:
Metropolitan Area Number of
Properties GLA Occupancy
at 12/31/23
Central/Eastern Pennsylvania 2 1,057,728 33%
Central Florida 1 107,984 0%
Southern California 2 543,928 0%
Northern California 1 37,056 0%
Total 6 1,746,696
As of December 31, 2023, we have six development projects that are under construction totaling approximately 1.9 million square feet of GLA. The estimated total investment for the six development projects under construction is $284.8 million, of which $171.0 million has been funded as of December 31, 2023. There can be no assurance that the actual completion cost for these developments will not exceed the estimated completion cost. The development projects under construction have the following characteristics:
Metropolitan Area Number of
Properties GLA Anticipated Quarter of Building Completion
Southern California 3 637,668 Q1 2024
South Florida 1 135,707 Q2 2024
Northern California 1 1,015,791 Q3 2024
Central Florida 1 112,000 Q2 2025
Total (A)
6 1,901,166
(A) The six properties were 6% pre-leased at December 31, 2023.
Property Acquisitions
During the year ended December 31, 2023, we acquired four industrial properties and 239 acres of land located in our Central/Eastern Pennsylvania, Central Florida, Houston, Nashville, South Florida and Southern California markets for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $124.5 million. The industrial properties were acquired at an expected stabilized capitalization rate of approximately 6.2%. The capitalization rate for these industrial property acquisitions was calculated using the estimated stabilized net operating income (excluding straight-line rent adjustments and above and below market lease amortization) and dividing it by the sum of the purchase price plus closing costs and estimated costs to stabilize the properties. The acquired industrial properties have the following characteristics:
Metropolitan Area Number of
Properties GLA Occupancy
at 12/31/23
Houston, TX 1 54,080 100%
Southern California 3 101,701 100%
Total 4 155,781
Property Sales
During the year ended December 31, 2023, we sold 11 industrial properties comprising approximately 1.0 million square feet of GLA, at a weighted average capitalization rate of 6.5%, and two land parcels for total gross sales proceeds of approximately $125.3 million. The capitalization rate for the 11 industrial property sales is calculated by taking revenues of the property (excluding straight-line rent adjustments, lease inducement amortization and above and below market lease amortization) less operating expenses of the property for a period of the last twelve full months prior to sale and dividing the sum by the sales price of the property. The sold industrial properties have the following characteristics:
Metropolitan Area Number of
Properties GLA
Central/Eastern Pennsylvania 1 264,120
Cincinnati, OH 2 346,969
Detroit, MI 6 157,879
Houston, TX 1 182,563
Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN 1 48,000
Total 11 999,531
Tenant and Lease Information
We have a diverse base of approximately 1,000 tenants engaged in a wide variety of businesses including e-commerce, third-party logistics and transportation, consumer and other manufactured products, retail and consumer services, food and beverage, lumber and building materials, wholesale goods, health services, governmental and other. At December 31, 2023, our leases have a weighted average lease length of 7.6 years and the majority provide for periodic rent increases that are either fixed or based on changes in the Consumer Price Index. Industrial tenants typically have net or semi-net leases and pay as additional rent their percentage of the property's operating costs, including the costs of common area maintenance, insurance, property taxes and utilities. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 95.5% of the GLA of our in-service properties was leased, and no single tenant or group of related tenants accounted for more than 5.6% of our rent revenues, nor did any single tenant or group of related tenants occupy more than 5.4% of the total GLA of our in-service properties.
Leasing Activity
The following table provides a summary of our leasing activity for the year ended December 31, 2023. The table does not include month-to-month leases or leases with terms less than twelve months.
Number of
Leases
Commenced Square Feet
Commenced
(in 000's) Net Rent Per
Square Foot (A)
Straight Line Basis
Rent Growth (B)
Weighted
Average Lease
Term (C)
Lease Costs
Per Square
Foot (D)
Weighted
Average Tenant
Retention (E)
New Leases 73 2,865 $11.20 98.6% 6.8 $6.85 N/A
Renewal Leases 127 5,379 $9.96 76.6% 5.1 $2.28 63.5%
Development / Acquisition Leases 15 1,590 $11.95 N/A 8.8 N/A N/A
Total / Weighted Average
215 9,834 $10.65 84.2% 6.2 $3.87 63.5%
(A)Net rent is the average base rent calculated in accordance with GAAP, over the term of the lease.
(B)Straight Line basis rent growth is a ratio of the change in net rent (including straight-line rent adjustments) on a new or renewal lease compared to the net rent (including straight-line rent adjustments) of the comparable lease. New leases where there were no prior comparable leases are excluded.
(C)The lease term is expressed in years. Assumes no exercise of lease renewal options, if any.
(D)Lease costs are comprised of the costs incurred or capitalized for improvements of vacant and renewal spaces, as well as the commissions funded and costs capitalized for leasing transactions. Lease costs per square foot represent the total turnover costs expected to be incurred on the leases signed during the period and do not reflect actual expenditures for the period. First generation lease costs for development and acquisition properties are excluded.
(E)Represents the weighted average square feet of tenants renewing their respective leases.
The following table provides a summary of our leases that commenced during the year ended December 31, 2023, which included rent concessions during the lease term.
Number of
Leases
With Rent Concessions Square Feet
(in 000's) Rent Concessions
New Leases 50 2,279 $3,674
Renewal Leases 12 897 $1,238
Development / Acquisition Leases 14 1,573 $5,477
Total
76 4,749 $10,389
Lease Expirations
Fundamentals for the United States industrial real estate market remained favorable in 2023. Overall demand for new industrial space nationally grew, but at lower levels than the post-COVID-19 pandemic inventory rebuilding periods of 2021 and 2022. New industrial space continued to be developed and delivered throughout the year in response to this growth in demand and the levels of existing competing supply. In 2023, new supply exceeded incremental demand. National vacancy levels remained low and overall industry conditions resulted in an environment that was supportive of market-level rental rate growth in virtually all of the markets in which we own and operate, albeit at lower levels than in 2022. Based on our recent experience, low levels of vacancy generally throughout our markets and the 2024 forecast of a leading national research company, we expect our average net rental rates for renewal leases on a cash basis to be higher than the expiring rates. For 2024, net rental rates for new leases on a cash basis on average are also expected to be higher than the comparative prior leases, primarily due to market rent growth since when the comparative leases were signed. The following table shows scheduled lease expirations for our in-service properties as of December 31, 2023:
Year of Expiration (A)
Number of
Leases
Expiring GLA
Expiring (B)
Percentage
of GLA
Expiring (B)
Annualized Base Rent
Under
Expiring
Leases
(In thousands) (C)
Percentage
of Total
Annualized
Base Rent
Expiring (C)
2024 101 3,096,841 5.1% $22,452 5.1%
2025 163 6,695,360 10.9% 45,863 10.4%
2026 187 8,914,480 14.5% 58,779 13.3%
2027 180 9,245,056 15.1% 64,744 14.6%
2028 149 9,524,122 15.5% 83,046 18.7%
2029 92 6,523,519 10.6% 48,527 11.0%
2030 42 3,202,975 5.2% 23,632 5.3%
2031 19 2,894,891 4.7% 23,256 5.2%
2032 23 4,256,732 7.0% 27,475 6.2%
2033 18 2,145,182 3.5% 19,214 4.3%
Thereafter 13 4,831,821 7.9% 25,974 5.9%
Total 987 61,330,979 100% $442,962 100%
_______________
(A)Includes leases that expire on or after January 1, 2024 and assumes tenants do not exercise existing renewal, termination or purchase options. Reflects the impact of renewals signed prior to January 1, 2024 which are now reflected in the new year of expiration.
(B)Does not include existing vacancies of 2,937,033 aggregate square feet and December 31, 2023 move outs of 606,094 aggregate square feet.
(C)Annualized base rent is calculated as monthly contractual base rent per the terms of the lease, as of December 31, 2023, multiplied by 12. If free rent is granted, then the first positive rent value is used.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
We are involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. All such proceedings, taken together, are not expected to have a material impact on our results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
None.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity / Partners' Capital, Related Stockholder / Unitholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Market Information and Holders
The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high and low closing prices per share of the Company's common stock, which trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the trading symbol "FR" and the dividends declared per share for the Company's common stock and the distributions declared per Unit for the Operating Partnership's Units. There is no established public trading market for the Units.
Quarter Ended Closing High Closing Low Dividend/Distribution
Declared
December 31, 2023 $53.97 $40.64 $0.320
September 30, 2023 $54.86 $47.59 $0.320
June 30, 2023 $54.36 $50.09 $0.320
March 31, 2023 $54.94 $47.64 $0.320
December 31, 2022 $50.68 $43.82 $0.295
September 30, 2022 $55.62 $44.14 $0.295
June 30, 2022 $65.32 $46.13 $0.295
March 31, 2022 $65.01 $56.31 $0.295
As of February 14, 2024, the Company had 315 common stockholders of record. The number of holders does not include individuals or entities who beneficially own shares but whose shares are held of record by a broker or clearing agency, but does include each such broker or clearing agency as one record holder. The Operating Partnership had 114 holders of record of Units registered with our transfer agent.
Dividends
In order to comply with the REIT requirements of the Code, the Company is generally required to make common share distributions and preferred share distributions (other than capital gain distributions) to its shareholders in amounts that together at least equal (i) the sum of (a) 90% of the Company's "REIT taxable income" computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction and net capital gains and (b) 90% of net income (after tax), if any, from foreclosure property, minus (ii) certain excess non-cash income.
Our dividend/distribution policy is determined by the Company's Board of Directors and is dependent on multiple factors, including cash flow and capital expenditure requirements, as well as ensuring that the Company meets the minimum distribution requirements set forth in the Code. The Company met the minimum distribution requirements with respect to 2023.
Holders of Units are entitled to receive distributions when, as and if declared by the Company's Board of Directors, after the priority distributions required under the Operating Partnership's partnership agreement have been made with respect to preferred partnership interests in the Operating Partnership out of any funds legally available for that purpose.
Limited Partner Units
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Operating Partnership issued 405,618 Limited Partner Units in connection with the issuance of equity compensation, inclusive of Limited Partner Units issued related to dividends accrued on the underlying common stock, to certain employees and directors. See Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.
Subject to certain lock-up periods, holders of Limited Partner Units can redeem their Units by providing written notification to the General Partner of the Operating Partnership. Unless the General Partner provides notice of a redemption restriction to the holder, redemption must be made within seven business days after receipt of the holder's notice. The redemption can be effectuated, as determined by the General Partner, either by exchanging the Limited Partner Units for shares of common stock of the Company on a one-for-one basis, subject to adjustment, or by paying cash equal to the fair market value of such shares. Prior requests for redemption have generally been fulfilled with shares of common stock of the Company, and the Operating Partnership intends to continue this practice. If each Limited Partner Unit of the Operating Partnership were redeemed as of December 31, 2023, the Operating Partnership could satisfy its redemption obligations by making an aggregate cash payment of approximately $177.9 million or by issuing 3,378,165 shares of the Company's common stock.
Performance Graph
The following graph provides a comparison of the cumulative total stockholder return among the Company, the FTSE NAREIT Equity REIT Total Return Index (the "NAREIT Index") and the Standard & Poor's 500 Index ("S&P 500"). The NAREIT Index represents the performance of our publicly traded REIT peers. The historical information set forth below is not necessarily indicative of future performance.
(A)
$100 invested on 12/31/18 in stock or index, including reinvestment of dividends. Fiscal year ending December 31.
12/18 12/19 12/20 12/21 12/22 12/23
FIRST INDUSTRIAL REALTY TRUST, INC. $ 100.00 $ 147.35 $ 153.51 $ 246.11 $ 183.69 $ 205.54
S&P 500 $ 100.00 $ 131.49 $ 155.68 $ 200.37 $ 164.08 $ 207.21
FTSE NAREIT Equity REITs $ 100.00 $ 126.00 $ 115.92 $ 166.04 $ 125.58 $ 142.83
_______________
(A)
The information provided in this performance graph shall not be deemed to be "soliciting material," to be "filed" or to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 unless specifically treated as such.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Item 6. [Reserved]
None.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the sections of this Form 10-K titled "Forward-Looking Statements" and the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K.
Summary of 2023
Our operating results were solid in 2023. Our year end in-service occupancy was 95.5%, 330 basis points lower than our in-service occupancy at December 31, 2022, reflecting the impact of completed developments in lease-up entering our in-service portfolio. Also, during the year ended December 31, 2023, we grew cash rental rates by 58.3% on new and renewal leasing, establishing a new annual company record for this metric. At December 31, 2023, we had six projects comprising 1.9 million square feet of GLA under development with an estimated investment of $284.8 million. Additionally, we continue to position ourselves for future development activity by acquiring land located in our target markets with an emphasis on supply constrained coastal markets.
In 2023, we completed the following significant real estate activities:
•We acquired four industrial properties comprised of approximately 0.2 million square feet of GLA located in our Houston and Southern California markets for an aggregate purchase price of $43.9 million, excluding transaction costs. These properties were 100% leased at December 31, 2023.
•We acquired approximately 239.2 acres of land for development located in our Central Florida, Nashville, Philadelphia, South Florida and Southern California markets for an aggregate purchase price of $80.6 million, excluding transaction costs.
•We placed in-service 13 industrial properties comprising approximately 2.8 million square feet of GLA located in our Central Florida, Chicago, Denver, Nashville, Philadelphia, Seattle and South Florida markets at an estimated total cost of $354.9 million. These properties were 45% leased at December 31, 2023.
•We commenced speculative development of four industrial buildings comprised of 0.8 million square feet of GLA in our Central Florida, Philadelphia, South Florida and Southern California markets.
•We sold 11 industrial properties comprising approximately 1.0 million square feet of GLA and two land parcels for gross proceeds of $125.3 million.
•Our Joint Venture sold approximately 31 acres of land located in Phoenix for gross proceeds of $50 million. Our pro-rata share of the gain was $17.3 million and we recognized an incentive fee of $7.1 million. These amounts exclude our partner's 6% share in the Joint Venture that we consolidate and report in our financial statements as Noncontrolling Interest.
We completed the following financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2023:
•We declared an annual cash dividend of $1.28 per common share or Unit, an increase of 8.5% from 2022.
•At December 31, 2023, we had $449.8 million available for additional borrowings under our Unsecured Credit Facility and cash and cash equivalents was $42.9 million, after excluding our Joint Venture minority partner's share of cash and cash equivalents that we consolidate and report in our financial statements.
Results of Operations
Comparison of Year Ended December 31, 2023 to Year Ended December 31, 2022
Our net income was $285.8 million and $381.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The tables below summarize our revenues, property expenses and depreciation and other amortization by various categories for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Same store properties are properties owned prior to January 1, 2022 and held as an in-service property through December 31, 2023 and developments and redevelopments that were placed in service prior to January 1, 2022. Properties which are at least 75% occupied at acquisition are placed in service, unless we anticipate the tenants to move out within the first two years of ownership. Acquisitions that are less than 75% occupied at the date of acquisition, developments and redevelopments are placed in service as they reach the earlier of (a) stabilized occupancy (defined as 90% occupied), or (b) one year subsequent to acquisition or development/redevelopment construction completion. Acquired properties with occupancy greater than 75% at acquisition, but with tenants that we anticipate will move out within two years of ownership, will be placed in service upon the earlier of reaching 90% occupancy or twelve months after move out. Properties are moved from the same store classification to the redevelopment classification when capital expenditures for a project are estimated to exceed 25% of the undepreciated gross book value of the property. Acquired properties are properties that were acquired subsequent to December 31, 2021 and held as an operating property through December 31, 2023. Sold properties are properties that were sold subsequent to December 31, 2021. (Re)Developments include developments and redevelopments that were not: (a) substantially complete 12 months prior to January 1, 2022; or (b) stabilized prior to January 1, 2022. Other revenues are derived from the operations of properties not placed in service under one of the categories discussed above, the operations of our maintenance company, interest income and other miscellaneous revenues. Other property expenses are derived from the operations of properties not placed in service under one of the categories discussed above, the operations of our maintenance company, vacant land expenses and other miscellaneous regional expenses.
Our future financial condition and results of operations, including rental revenues, may be impacted by the future acquisition, (re)development and sale of properties. Our future revenues and expenses may vary materially from historical rates.
For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the average occupancy rates of our same store properties were 97.4% and 98.0%, respectively.
2023 2022 $ Change % Change
(In thousands)
REVENUES
Same Store Properties $ 519,477 $ 483,976 $ 35,501 7.3 %
Acquired Properties 10,434 5,029 5,405 107.5 %
Sold Properties 5,691 17,699 (12,008) (67.8) %
(Re) Developments 56,204 20,241 35,963 177.7 %
Other 22,221 12,984 9,237 71.1 %
Total Revenues $ 614,027 $ 539,929 $ 74,098 13.7 %
Revenues from same store properties increased $35.5 million primarily due to increases in rental rates and tenant recoveries, offset by a slight decrease in occupancy. Revenues from acquired properties increased $5.4 million due to the 15 industrial properties acquired subsequent to December 31, 2021 totaling approximately 0.6 million square feet of GLA. Revenues from sold properties decreased $12.0 million due to the 20 industrial properties sold subsequent to December 31, 2021 totaling approximately 3.2 million square feet of GLA. Revenues from (re)developments increased $36.0 million due to an increase in occupancy and tenant recoveries. Revenues from other increased $9.2 million due to joint venture fees, legal settlement proceeds, interest income earned on cash balances, revenues from income-producing land parcels for which our ultimate intent, for the majority of the land parcels, is to redevelop or develop in the future and revenues related to acquisitions that were not yet stabilized at December 31, 2021 and therefore are not yet included in the same store pool.
2023 2022 $ Change % Change
(In thousands)
PROPERTY EXPENSES
Same Store Properties $ 127,967 $ 119,955 $ 8,012 6.7 %
Acquired Properties 2,271 1,061 1,210 114.0 %
Sold Properties 1,271 4,048 (2,777) (68.6) %
(Re) Developments 16,951 3,592 13,359 371.9 %
Other 17,195 15,007 2,188 14.6 %
Total Property Expenses $ 165,655 $ 143,663 $ 21,992 15.3 %
Property expenses include real estate taxes, repairs and maintenance, property management, utilities, insurance and other property related expenses. Property expenses from same store properties increased $8.0 million primarily due to increases in real estate tax expense and insurance expense. Property expenses from acquired properties increased $1.2 million due to properties acquired subsequent to December 31, 2021. Property expenses from sold properties decreased $2.8 million due to properties sold subsequent to December 31, 2021. Property expenses from (re)developments increased $13.4 million primarily due to the substantial completion of developments. Property expenses from other increased $2.2 million primarily due to an increase in real estate tax expense related to land parcels purchased in 2022 and 2023 and an increase in certain miscellaneous expenses.
General and administrative expense increased by $3.1 million, or 9.3%, due to an increase in compensation and other professional costs.
Joint Venture development services expense increased by $2.8 million, or 303.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2023, which primarily relates to expenses paid to a third party to assist with the development of properties in the Joint Venture.
2023 2022 $ Change % Change
(In thousands)
DEPRECIATION AND OTHER AMORTIZATION
Same Store Properties $ 129,427 $ 128,083 $ 1,344 1.0 %
Acquired Properties 4,475 2,627 1,848 70.3 %
Sold Properties 814 3,933 (3,119) (79.3) %
(Re) Developments 23,455 9,198 14,257 155.0 %
Corporate Furniture, Fixtures and Equipment and Other 4,780 3,579 1,201 33.6 %
Total Depreciation and Other Amortization $ 162,951 $ 147,420 $ 15,531 10.5 %
Depreciation and other amortization from same store properties remained relatively unchanged. Depreciation and other amortization from acquired properties increased $1.8 million due to properties acquired subsequent to December 31, 2021. Depreciation and other amortization from sold properties decreased $3.1 million due to properties sold subsequent to December 31, 2021. Depreciation and other amortization from (re)developments increased $14.3 million primarily due to an increase in depreciation and amortization related to completed developments. Depreciation from corporate furniture, fixtures and equipment and other increased $1.2 million primarily due to depreciation and amortization related to properties acquired that were not yet stabilized at December 31, 2021 and therefore are not yet included in the same store pool.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized $95.7 million of gain on sale of real estate related to the sale of eleven industrial properties comprising approximately 1.0 million square feet of GLA and two land parcels. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized $128.3 million of gain on sale of real estate related to the sale of nine industrial properties comprising approximately 2.2 million square feet of GLA and one land parcel.
Interest expense increased $25.3 million, or 51.7%, primarily due to an increase in the weighted average interest rate for the year ended December 31, 2023 (4.05%) as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 (3.41%), an increase in the weighted average debt balance outstanding for the year ended December 31, 2023 ($2,175.0 million) as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 ($1,917.4 million) and a decrease in capitalized interest of $2.5 million caused by a decrease in development projects eligible for capitalization during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.
Amortization of debt issuance costs increased $0.4 million, or 13.8%, primarily due to debt issuance costs incurred during the year ended December 31, 2022 related to the issuance of a $300.0 million term loan.
Equity in income of joint venture decreased $82.7 million, or 72.0%, due to a decrease in our pro-rata share of gain from the sale of real estate by the Joint Venture and incentive fees related to the Joint Venture, partially offset by an increase in rental and interest income we earned from the Joint Venture. These amounts include our partner's 6% interest in the Joint Venture that we consolidate and report within our financial statements.
Income tax expense decreased $14.7 million, or 62.8%, primarily due to decreases in our share of taxable gains and incentive fees from the Joint Venture, partially offset by an increase in our share of equity in income from the Joint Venture related to increases in rental and interest income recognized by the Joint Venture.
Comparison of Year Ended December 31, 2022 to Year Ended December 31, 2021
A discussion of changes in our results of operations between 2022 and 2021 can be found in "Item 7 - Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Comparison of Year Ended December 31, 2022 to Year Ended December 31, 2021" of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.
Critical Accounting Policies
A critical accounting policy is one that involves an estimate or assumption that is subjective and requires management judgment about the effect of a matter that is inherently uncertain and material to an entity's financial condition and results of operations. Of the significant accounting policies discussed in Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, we believe the following policies relate to the more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements:
•Acquisitions of Real Estate Assets: We allocate the purchase price of acquired real estate, including real estate acquired as a portfolio, based upon the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, which generally consists of land, buildings, tenant improvements, construction in progress, leasing commissions and deferred lease intangible assets and liabilities. The purchase price is allocated to the fair value of the tangible assets of an acquired property by valuing the property as if it were vacant. The determination of fair value includes the use of significant assumptions such as land comparables, discount rates, terminal capitalization rates and market rent assumptions. Acquired above and below market lease intangibles are valued based on the present value of the difference between prevailing market rental rates and the in-place rental rates measured over a period equal to the remaining term of the lease for above market leases or the remaining term of the lease plus the term of any below market fixed rate renewal options for below market leases. The purchase price is further allocated to in-place lease values based on an estimate of the lease revenue received during a reasonable lease-up period as if the property was vacant on the date of acquisition.
•Impairment of Real Estate Assets: We review the carrying value of our long-lived real estate assets for possible impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. The judgments regarding the existence of indicators of impairment are based on the operating performance, market conditions, as well as our ability to hold and our intent with regard to each property. The judgments regarding whether the carrying amounts of these assets may not be recoverable are based on estimates of future undiscounted cash flows from properties which include estimates of future operating performance and market conditions. If any real estate investment is considered permanently impaired, a loss is recorded to reduce the carrying value of the property to its estimated fair value. The impairment assessment and fair value measurement requires the use of estimates and assumptions related to the timing and amounts of cash flow projections, discount rates and terminal capitalization rates.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Cash Flow Activity
The following table summarizes our cash flow activity for the Company for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022
(In thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 304,815 $ 410,943
Net cash used in investing activities (378,306) (629,108)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities (27,783) 304,503
The following table summarizes our cash flow activity for the Operating Partnership for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022
(In thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 304,813 $ 410,897
Net cash used in investing activities (378,306) (629,108)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities (27,781) 304,549
Changes in cash flow for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the prior year are described as follows:
Operating Activities: Cash provided by operating activities decreased $106.1 million, primarily due to the following:
•decrease in distributions from our Joint Venture of $110.6 million in 2023 as compared to 2022 due to funds received from a sale of real estate from our Joint Venture;
•increase of $25.3 million in interest expense; and
•decrease in accounts payable, accrued expenses, other liabilities, rents received in advance and security deposits due to timing of cash payments; offset by:
◦increase in net operating income from same store properties, acquired properties and recently developed properties of $54.3 million, offset by a decrease in net operating income due to the disposition of real estate of $9.2 million; and
◦decrease of $14.7 million in income tax provision.
Investing Activities: Cash used in investing activities decreased $250.8 million, primarily due to the following:
•decrease of $334.7 million related to the acquisition, development and investment in real estate attributable to fewer acquisitions and a reduction in expenditures related to developments under construction during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022; and
•decrease of $4.3 million in escrow deposits; offset by:
◦decrease of $55.0 million in net proceeds received from the disposition of real estate in 2023 as compared to 2022; and
◦decrease of $36.1 million in net distributions from our Joint Venture in 2023 as compared to 2022.
Financing Activities: Cash used in financing activities was $27.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to $304.5 million provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022, resulting in a decrease of cash provided by financing activities of $332.3 million, primarily due to the following:
•decrease of $465.0 million in proceeds from refinancing the expiring $260.0 million unsecured term loan with a $425.0 million unsecured term loan in 2022 and $300.0 million related to the new unsecured term loan we entered into in 2022;
•increase in dividend and unit distributions of $14.0 million due to the Company increasing the dividend rate in 2023 as well as an increase in common shares and Units outstanding;
•decrease of $12.8 million related to net proceeds from the issuance of 218,230 shares of the Company's common stock under our ATM in 2022; and
•increase in distributions to noncontrolling interests of $7.1 million in 2023 as compared to 2022; offset by:
◦increase in net borrowings under our Unsecured Credit Facility of $92.0 million in 2023 as compared to 2022;
◦decrease in repayments of mortgage loans payable of $69.1 million in 2023 compared to 2022; and
◦decrease in debt issuance costs of $5.1 million related to the $425.0 million unsecured term loan refinancing and $300.0 million unsecured term loan issuance.
Material Cash Requirements
At December 31, 2023, our cash and cash equivalents were $42.9 million, after excluding our Joint Venture partner's share of cash and cash equivalents that we consolidate and report in our financial statements. We also had $449.8 million available for additional borrowings under our Unsecured Credit Facility as of December 31, 2023.
We have considered our short-term (through December 31, 2024) liquidity needs and the adequacy of our estimated cash flow from operations and other expected liquidity sources to meet these needs. We believe that our principal short-term liquidity needs are to fund normal recurring expenses, property acquisitions, developments, renovations, expansions and other nonrecurring capital improvements, debt service requirements, the minimum distributions required to maintain the Company's REIT qualification under the Code and distributions approved by the Company's Board of Directors. We anticipate that these needs will be met with cash flows provided by operating activities as well as the disposition of select assets. These needs may also be met by the issuance of other debt or equity securities, subject to market conditions or borrowings under our Unsecured Credit Facility.
We expect to meet long-term (after December 31, 2024) liquidity requirements such as property acquisitions, developments, scheduled debt maturities, major renovations, expansions and other nonrecurring capital improvements through long-term unsecured and secured indebtedness, the disposition of select assets and the issuance of additional equity or debt securities, subject to market conditions.
We believe that we were in compliance with our financial covenants as of December 31, 2023, and we anticipate that we will be able to operate in compliance with our financial covenants in 2024. However, these financial covenants are complex and there can be no assurance that these provisions would not be interpreted by our lenders and noteholders in a manner that could impose and cause us to incur material costs and our access to borrowings on our Unsecured Credit Facility may be limited if we fail to meet any of these covenants. Total debt, exclusive of unamortized debt issuance costs and unamortized discounts, at December 31, 2023 and 2022 is detailed below.
Weighted Average Interest Rate at December 31, 2023 Outstanding Balance at Weighted Average Maturity in Years at December 31, 2023
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
(In thousands)
Mortgage Loan Payable (A)
4.17% $ 9,978 $ 10,299 4.7
Senior Unsecured Notes, Gross
Senior Unsecured Bonds (A)
7.58% 48,571 48,571 5.3
Private Placement Notes (A)
3.66% 950,000 950,000 6.0
Subtotal 998,571 998,571
Unsecured Term Loans, Gross
2021 Unsecured Term Loan (B)
1.81% 200,000 200,000 2.5
2022 Unsecured Term Loan (C)
3.64% 425,000 425,000 3.8
2022 Unsecured Term Loan II (D)
4.88% 300,000 300,000 3.6
Subtotal 925,000 925,000
Unsecured Credit Facility (E)
6.19% 299,000 143,000 2.5
Total Debt $ 2,232,549 $ 2,076,870
(A) These loans have a fixed interest rate.
(B) The interest rate is based on SOFR, plus a 0.10% SOFR adjustment, plus a credit spread of 0.85%. We have interest rate swaps, with an aggregate notional value of $200.0 million, that effectively fix the SOFR rate that results in an all-in interest rate of 1.81% at December 31, 2023. These interest rate swaps mature in February 2026.
(C) The interest rate is based on SOFR, plus a 0.10% SOFR adjustment, plus a credit spread of 0.85%. We have interest rate swaps, with an aggregate notional value of $425.0 million, that effectively fix the SOFR rate that results in an all-in interest rate of 3.64% at December 31, 2023. These interest rate swaps mature in September 2027.
(D) The interest rate is based on SOFR, plus a 0.10% SOFR adjustment, plus a credit spread of 0.85%. We have interest rate swaps, with an aggregate notional value of $300.0 million, that effectively fix the SOFR rate that results in an all-in interest rate of 4.88% at December 31, 2023. These interest rate swaps mature in December 2025 ($150.0 million notional) and August 2027 ($150.0 million notional). Weighted average maturity reflected in the table above assumes we extended the maturity pursuant to two, one-year extension options, subject to certain conditions.
(E) The interest rate is a variable rate based on SOFR, plus a 0.10% SOFR adjustment, plus a credit spread of 0.775% and a facility fee of 15 basis points. Our balance under our Unsecured Credit Facility changes depending on our cash needs and the interest rate and facility fee are each subject to adjustment based on our leverage and investment grade rating. Weighted average maturity reflected in the table above assumes we extended the maturity pursuant to two, six-month extension options, subject to certain conditions. As of February 14, 2024, we had approximately $409.9 million available for additional borrowings under our Unsecured Credit Facility.
As of December 31, 2023, our senior unsecured notes have been assigned credit ratings from Standard & Poor's, Moody's and Fitch Ratings of BBB/Stable, Baa2/Stable and BBB/Stable, respectively. A securities rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities and is subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the rating organization. In the event of a downgrade, we believe we would continue to have access to sufficient capital; however, our cost of borrowing would increase and our ability to access certain financial markets may be limited.
Our other material cash requirements from known contractual and other obligations as of December 31, 2023 include an estimate of remaining payments on the completion of development projects under construction for the Company of $113.8 million which includes all costs necessary to place the properties into service. In addition, the remaining estimated equity that the Company will need to contribute to complete the development projects in our Joint Venture is approximately $7.9 million. The majority of the construction costs and our proportionate share of equity contributions to the Joint Venture need to be funded in one year or less.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
At December 31, 2023, we had letters of credit and performance bonds outstanding amounting to $20.7 million in the aggregate. The letters of credit and performance bonds are not reflected as liabilities on our balance sheet. We have no other off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, results of operation or liquidity and capital resources.
Environmental
We paid approximately $0.7 million and $0.6 million during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, related to environmental expenditures. We estimate 2024 expenditures of approximately $2.1 million which has been accrued at December 31, 2023. We estimate that the aggregate expenditures which need to be expended in 2024 and beyond with regard to currently identified environmental issues will not exceed approximately $5.5 million which has been accrued at December 31, 2023.
Inflation
Prior to 2021, inflation had been low and had a minimal impact on the operating performance of our industrial properties in our markets of operation; however, inflation significantly increased in 2021 and 2022 and, while it moderated in 2023, it could increase in the future. Many of our leases contain provisions designed to mitigate the adverse impact of inflation, including contractual rent escalations and requirements for tenants to pay their proportionate share of property operating expenses, including common area expenses, utilities, insurance, and real estate taxes, and certain capital expenditures related to the maintenance of our properties, thereby reducing our exposure to increases in property operating expenses resulting from inflation. However, under our leases we typically have exposure to increases in non-reimbursable property operating expenses, including expenses incurred related to vacant premises. In addition, we believe that some of the existing rental rates under our leases subject to renewal are below current market rates for comparable space and that upon renewal or re-leasing, such rates may be increased to be consistent with, or closer to, current market rates, which may also offset our exposure to inflationary expense pressures related to our leased properties. We also have exposure to inflation with respect to our development portfolio, as increases in materials and other costs related to our development activities make it more expensive to develop properties. With respect to our outstanding indebtedness, we periodically evaluate our exposure to interest rate fluctuations, and may continue to enter into derivatives that mitigate, but do not eliminate, the impact of changes in interest rates on our Unsecured Credit Facility.
Market Risk
The following discussion about our risk-management activities includes "forward-looking statements" that involve risk and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Our business subjects us to market risk from interest rates, as described below.
Interest Rate Risk
The following analysis presents the hypothetical gain or loss in earnings, cash flows or fair value of the financial instruments and derivative instruments which are held by us at December 31, 2023 that are sensitive to changes in interest rates. While this analysis may have some use as a benchmark, it should not be viewed as a forecast.
In the normal course of business, we also face risks that are either non-financial or non-quantifiable. Such risks principally include credit risk and legal risk and are not represented in the following analysis.
At December 31, 2023, $1,933.5 million or 86.6% of our total debt, excluding unamortized debt issuance costs, was fixed rate debt. As of the same date, $299.0 million or 13.4% of our total debt, excluding unamortized debt issuance costs, was variable rate debt. At December 31, 2022, $1,933.8 million or 93.1% of our total debt, excluding unamortized debt issuance costs, was fixed rate debt. As of the same date, $143.0 million or 6.9% of our total debt, excluding unamortized debt issuance costs, was variable rate debt. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the fixed rate debt amounts include variable rate debt that has been effectively swapped to a fixed rate through the use of derivative instruments with an aggregate notional amount outstanding of $925.0 million that mitigate our exposure to our Unsecured Term Loans' variable interest rates, which are currently based on SOFR. The use of derivative financial instruments allows us to manage risks of increases in interest rates with respect to the effect these fluctuations would have on our earnings and cash flows. We designated all of the swaps related to our Unsecured Term Loans as cash flow hedges. Currently, we do not enter into financial instruments for trading or other speculative purposes. See Material Cash Requirements for further details on the derivative instruments. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the estimated fair value of our debt was approximately $2,135.7 million and $1,945.4 million, respectively, based on our estimate of the then-current market interest rates.
For fixed rate debt, changes in interest rates generally affect the fair value of the debt, but not our earnings or cash flows. Conversely, for variable rate debt, changes in the base interest rate used to calculate the all-in interest rate generally do not impact the fair value of the debt, but would affect our future earnings and cash flows. The interest rate risk and changes in fair market value of fixed rate debt generally do not have a significant impact on us until we are required to refinance such debt. See Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of the maturity dates of our various fixed rate debt.
Our variable rate debt is subject to risk based upon prevailing market interest rates. If the SOFR and LIBOR rates relevant to our variable rate debt were to have increased 10%, we estimate that our interest expense during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 would have increased by approximately $1.3 million and $0.8 million, respectively, based on our average outstanding floating-rate debt during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Additionally, if weighted average interest rates on our fixed rate debt were to have increased by 10% due to refinancing, interest expense would have increased by approximately $7.5 million and $5.5 million during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Supplemental Earnings Measure
Investors in and industry analysts following the real estate industry utilize funds from operations ("FFO") and net operating income ("NOI") as supplemental operating performance measures of an equity REIT. Historical cost accounting for real estate assets in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") implicitly assumes that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time through depreciation. Since real estate values instead have historically risen or fallen with market conditions, many industry analysts and investors prefer to supplement operating results that use historical cost accounting with measures such as FFO and NOI, among others. We provide information related to FFO and same store NOI ("SS NOI") both because such industry analysts are interested in such information, and because our management believes FFO and SS NOI are important performance measures. FFO and SS NOI are factors used by management in measuring our performance, including for purposes of determining the compensation of our executive officers under our 2023 incentive compensation plan.
Neither FFO nor SS NOI should be considered as a substitute for net income, or any other measures derived in accordance with GAAP. Neither FFO nor SS NOI represents cash generated from operating activities in accordance with GAAP and neither should be considered as an alternative to cash flow from operating activities as a measure of our liquidity, nor is either indicative of funds available for our cash needs, including our ability to make cash distributions.
Funds From Operations
The National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts ("NAREIT") has recognized and defined for the real estate industry a supplemental measure of REIT operating performance, FFO, that excludes historical cost depreciation, among other items, from net income determined in accordance with GAAP. FFO is a non-GAAP financial measure. FFO is calculated by us in accordance with the definition adopted by the Board of Governors of NAREIT and therefore may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies.
Management believes that the use of FFO available to common stockholders and participating securities, combined with net income (which remains the primary measure of performance), improves the understanding of operating results of REITs among the investing public and makes comparisons of REIT operating results more meaningful. Management believes that, by excluding gains or losses related to sales of real estate assets, real estate asset depreciation and amortization and impairment of real estate, investors and analysts are able to identify the operating results of the long-term assets that form the core of a REIT's activity and use these operating results for assistance in comparing these operating results between periods or to those of different companies.
The following table shows a reconciliation of net income available to common stockholders and participating securities to the calculation of FFO available to common stockholders and participating securities as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021 2020 2019
(In thousands)
Net Income Available to First Industrial Realty Trust, Inc.'s Common Stockholders and Participating Securities $ 274,816 $ 359,134 $ 270,997 $ 195,989 $ 238,775
Adjustments:
Depreciation and Other Amortization of Real Estate 162,098 146,448 130,062 128,814 120,516
Gain on Sale of Real Estate (95,650) (128,268) (150,310) (86,751) (124,942)
Gain on Sale of Real Estate from Joint Ventures (28,034) (115,024) - (4,443) (16,714)
Income Tax Provision - Allocable to Gain on Sale of Real Estate, Including Joint Ventures 7,311 23,658 4,853 2,198 3,095
Noncontrolling Interest Share of Adjustments 2,126 15,222 357 (843) 406
Funds from Operations Available to First Industrial Realty Trust, Inc.'s Common Stockholders and Participating Securities
$ 322,667 $ 301,170 $ 255,959 $ 234,964 $ 221,136
Same Store Net Operating Income
SS NOI is a non-GAAP financial measure that provides a measure of rental operations and, as calculated by us, that does not factor in joint venture fees, depreciation and amortization, general and administrative expense, joint venture development services expense, interest expense, equity in income and loss from joint ventures, income tax benefit and provision and gains and losses on the sale of real estate. We define SS NOI as revenues minus property expenses such as real estate taxes, repairs and maintenance, property management, utilities, insurance and other expenses, minus the NOI of properties that are not same store properties and minus the impact of straight-line rent, the amortization of above/below market leases and lease termination fees. As so defined, SS NOI may not be comparable to same store net operating income or similar measures reported by other REITs that define same store properties or NOI differently. The major factors influencing SS NOI are occupancy levels, rental rate increases or decreases and tenant recoveries increases or decreases. Our success depends largely upon our ability to lease space and to recover the operating costs associated with those leases from our tenants.
The following table shows a reconciliation of the same store revenues and property expenses disclosed in the results of operations (and reconciled to revenues and expenses reflected on the statements of operations) to SS NOI for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022
(In thousands)
Same Store Revenues $ 519,477 $ 483,976
Same Store Property Expenses (127,967) (119,955)
Same Store Net Operating Income Before Same Store Adjustments $ 391,510 $ 364,021
Same Store Adjustments:
Straight-line Rent
(11,486) (12,254)
Above (Below) Market Lease Amortization
(1,232) (1,034)
Lease Termination Fees
(309) (118)
Same Store Net Operating Income $ 378,483 $ 350,615
Subsequent Events
From January 1, 2024 to February 14, 2024, we sold five industrial buildings and one land parcel for a sales price of approximately $33.0 million, excluding transaction costs.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Response to this item is included in Item 7 "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" above.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
See Index to Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedule included in Item 15.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
First Industrial Realty Trust, Inc.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in its periodic reports pursuant to the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Company's principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required financial disclosure.
The Company carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Company's principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(b) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon this evaluation, the Company's principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that its disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.
Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. The Company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
Management has assessed the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. In making its assessment of internal control over financial reporting, management used the Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
Management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2023, the Company's internal control over financial reporting was effective.
The effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears herein within Item 15. See Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There has been no change in the Company's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fourth quarter of 2023 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
First Industrial, L.P.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
The Operating Partnership maintains disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in its periodic reports pursuant to the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Company's principal executive officer and principal financial officer, on behalf of the Company in its capacity as the general partner of the Operating Partnership, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required financial disclosure.
The Operating Partnership carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Company's principal executive officer and principal financial officer, on behalf of the Company in its capacity as the general partner of the Operating Partnership, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Operating Partnership's disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(b) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon this evaluation, the Company's principal executive officer and principal financial officer, on behalf of the Company in its capacity as the general partner of the Operating Partnership, concluded that the Operating Partnership's disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.
Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. The Operating Partnership's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
Management has assessed the effectiveness of the Operating Partnership's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. In making its assessment of internal control over financial reporting, management used the Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
Management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2023, the Operating Partnership's internal control over financial reporting was effective.
The effectiveness of the Operating Partnership's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears herein within Item 15. See Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There has been no change in the Operating Partnership's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fourth quarter of 2023 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Operating Partnership's internal control over financial reporting.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 9B. Other Information
During the three months ended December 31, 2023, none of the Company’s directors or officers adopted or terminated any Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (as such terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K of the Securities Act of 1933).

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedule
(a) Financial Statements, Financial Statement Schedule and Exhibits
(1 & 2) See Index to Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedule.
(3) Exhibits: The Exhibits required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K are listed in the Exhibit Index on page 45 to 48 of this report, which is incorporated herein by reference.
EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibits Description
3.1
Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Form 10-Q of the Company for the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 1996, File No. 1-13102)
3.2
Third Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company, dated May 7, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Form 8-K of the Company, filed May 7, 2015, File No. 1-13102)
3.3
Articles of Amendment to the Company's Articles of Incorporation, dated June 20, 1994 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Form 10-Q of the Company for the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 1996, File No. 1-13102)
3.4
Articles of Amendment to the Company's Articles of Incorporation, dated May 31, 1996 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 of the Form 10-Q of the Company for the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 1996, File No. 1-13102)
3.5
Articles Supplementary relating to the Company's Junior Participating Preferred Stock, $0.01 par value (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.10 of Form S-3 of the Company and First Industrial, L.P. dated September 24, 1997, Registration No. 333-29879)
3.6
Articles of Amendment to the Company's Articles of Incorporation, dated May 12, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Form 8-K of the Company filed June 2, 2011, File No. 1-13102)
3.7
Articles of Amendment to the Company's Articles of Incorporation, dated May 9, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Form 8-K of the Company filed May 10, 2013, File No. 1-13102)
3.8
Articles of Amendment to the Company's Articles of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Form 8-K of the Company filed May 12, 2017, File No. 001-13102)
3.9
Thirteenth Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of First Industrial, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.9 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, File No. 1-13102)
4.1
Indenture, dated as of May 13, 1997, between First Industrial, L.P. and First Trust National Association, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Form 10-Q of the Company for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 1997, as amended by Form 10-Q/A No. 1 of the Company filed May 30, 1997, File No. 1-13102)
4.2
Supplemental Indenture No. 1, dated as of May 13, 1997, between First Industrial, L.P. and First Trust National Association as Trustee relating to $100 million of 7.15% Notes due 2027 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Form 10-Q of the Company for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 1997, as amended by Form 10-Q/A No. 1 of the Company filed May 30, 1997, File No. 1-13102)
4.3
Supplemental Indenture No. 3 dated October 28, 1997 between First Industrial, L.P. and First Trust National Association providing for the issuance of Medium-Term Notes due Nine Months or more from Date of Issue (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Form 8-K of First Industrial, L.P., dated November 3, 1997, as filed November 3, 1997, File No. 333-21873)
4.4
7.50% Medium-Term Note due 2017 in principal amount of $100 million issued by First Industrial, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.19 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1997, File No. 1-13102)
4.5
Trust Agreement, dated as of May 16, 1997, between First Industrial, L.P. and First Bank National Association, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 of the Form 10-Q of First Industrial, L.P. for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 1997, File No. 333-21873)
4.6
7.60% Notes due 2028 in principal amount of $200 million issued by First Industrial, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Form 8-K of First Industrial, L.P. dated July 15, 1998, File No. 333-21873)
4.7
Supplemental Indenture No. 5, dated as of July 14, 1998, between First Industrial, L.P. and U.S. Bank Trust National Association, relating to First Industrial, L.P.'s 7.60% Notes due July 15, 2028 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Form 8-K of First Industrial, L.P. dated July 15, 1998, File No. 333-21873)
4.8
Supplemental Indenture No. 11, dated as of May 7, 2007, relating to 5.95% Senior Notes due 2017, by and between the First Industrial, L.P. and U.S. Bank National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Form 8-K of the Company, filed May 7, 2007, File No. 1-13102)
4.9
Description of the Registrant's Securities registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.9 of the Form 10-K of the Company and the Operating Partnership, filed February 18, 2022, Company's File No. 1-13102 and Operating Partnership's File No. 333-21873)
10.1†
Form of 2013 Long-Term Incentive Program (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Form 8-K of the Company filed June 25, 2013, File No. 1-13102)
10.2†
2014 Stock Incentive Plan (as amended and restated) as of December 31, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, File No. 1-13102)
10.3†
First Amendment to the 2014 Stock Incentive Plan (amended and restated as of December 31, 2018), dated February 27, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Form 8-K of the Company and the Operating Partnership, filed May 7, 2020, Company's File No. 1-13102 and Operating Partnership's File No. 333-21873)
Exhibits Description
10.4†
Employment Agreement, dated February 11, 2020, by and among First Industrial, L.P., First Industrial Realty Trust, Inc. and Peter E. Baccile (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of the Form 10-K of the Company and the Operating Partnership, filed February 13, 2020, Company's File No. 1-13102 and Operating Partnership's File No. 333-21873)
10.5†
Form of Time Based LTIP Unit Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of the Form 10-K of the Company and the Operating Partnership, filed February 18, 2022, Company's File No. 1-13102 and Operating Partnership's File No. 333-21873)
10.6†
Form of Time Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of the Form 10-K of the Company and the Operating Partnership, filed February 18, 2022, Company's File No. 1-13102 and Operating Partnership's File No. 333-21873)
10.7†
Form of Performance Based LTIP Unit Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 of the Form 10-K of the Company and the Operating Partnership, filed February 18, 2022, Company's File No. 1-13102 and Operating Partnership's File No. 333-21873)
10.8†
Form of Performance Based Stock Unit Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 of the Form 10-K of the Company and the Operating Partnership, filed February 18, 2022, Company's File No. 1-13102 and Operating Partnership's File No. 333-21873)
10.9†
Form of Time Based LTIP Unit Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 of the Form 10-K of the Company and the Operating Partnership, filed February 16, 2023, Company's File No. 1-13102 and Operating Partnership's File No. 333-21873)
10.10†
Form of Time Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 of the Form 10-K of the Company and the Operating Partnership, filed February 16, 2023, Company's File No. 1-13102 and Operating Partnership's File No. 333-21873)
10.11†
Form of Performance Based LTIP Unit Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 of the Form 10-K of the Company and the Operating Partnership, filed February 16, 2023, Company's File No. 1-13102 and Operating Partnership's File No. 333-21873)
10.12†
Form of Performance Based Stock Unit Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 of the Form 10-K of the Company and the Operating Partnership, filed February 16, 2023, Company's File No. 1-13102 and Operating Partnership's File No. 333-21873)
10.13†
Executive Change in Control Severance Policy, dated February 11, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 of the Form 10-K of the Company and the Operating Partnership, filed February 13, 2020, Company's File No. 1-13102 and Operating Partnership's File No. 333-21873)
10.14
Note and Guaranty Agreement, dated as of February 21, 2017, by and among First Industrial, L.P., First Industrial Realty Trust, Inc. and the purchasers of the notes party thereto (including the forms of each of the 4.30% Series A Guaranteed Senior Notes due April 20, 2027 and 4.40% Series B Guaranteed Senior Notes due April 20, 2029) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Form 8-K of the Company and the Operating Partnership, filed February 23, 2017, Company's File No. 1-13102 and Operating Partnership's File No. 333-21873)
10.15
Note and Guaranty Agreement, dated as of December 12, 2017, by and among First Industrial, L.P., First Industrial Realty Trust, Inc. and the purchasers of the notes party thereto (including the forms of each of the 3.86% Series C Guaranteed Senior Notes due February 15, 2028 and 3.96% Series D Guaranteed Senior Notes due February 15, 2030) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Form 8-K of the Company and the Operating Partnership, filed December 15, 2017, Company's File No. 1-13102 and Operating Partnership's File No. 333-21873)
10.16
First Amendment, dated as of December 12, 2017, to Note and Guaranty Agreement, dated as of February 21, 2017, among First Industrial, L.P., First Industrial Realty Trust, Inc. and the purchasers of the notes party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Form 8-K of the Company and the Operating Partnership, filed December 15, 2017, Company's File No. 1-13102 and Operating Partnership's File No. 333-21873)
10.17
Note and Guaranty Agreement, dated as of May 16, 2019, by and among First Industrial, L.P., First Industrial Realty Trust, Inc. and the purchasers of the notes party thereto (including the form of the 3.97% Series E Guaranteed Senior Notes due July 23, 2029) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Form 8-K of the Company and the Operating Partnership, filed May 20, 2019, Company's File No. 1-13102 and Operating Partnership's File No. 333-21873)
10.18
Equity Distribution Agreement, dated as of February 24, 2023, among First Industrial Realty Trust, Inc., First Industrial, L.P., Wells Fargo Securities, LLC and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Form 8-K of the Company and the Operating Partnership, filed February 24, 2023, Company's File No. 1-13102 and Operating Partnership's File No. 333-21873)
10.19
Master Forward Confirmation, dated as of February 24, 2023, among First Industrial Realty Trust, Inc., First Industrial, L.P., and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Form 8-K of the Company and the Operating Partnership, filed February 24, 2023, Company's File No. 1-13102 and Operating Partnership's File No. 333-21873)
Exhibits Description
10.20
Note and Guaranty Agreement, dated as of July 7, 2020 by and among First Industrial, L.P., First Industrial Realty Trust, Inc. and the purchasers of the notes party thereto (including the form of the 2.74% Series F Guaranteed Senior Notes due September 17, 2030 and the 2.84% Series G Guaranteed Senior Notes due September 17, 2032) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Form 8-K of the Company and the Operating Partnership, filed July 8, 2020, Company's File No. 1-13102 and Operating Partnership's File No. 333-21873)
10.21
Fourth Amended and Restated Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility Agreement, dated as of July 7, 2021, among First Industrial, L.P., First Industrial Realty Trust, Inc., Wells Fargo Bank, National Association and the other lenders thereunder (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Form 8-K of the Company and the Operating Partnership, filed July 13, 2021, Company's File No. 1-13102 and Operating Partnership's File No. 333-21873)
10.22
First Amendment, dated May 31, 2023, to Fourth Amended and Restated Unsecured Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of July 7, 2021, among First Industrial, L.P., First Industrial Realty Trust, Inc., Wells Fargo Bank, National Association and the other lenders thereunder (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Form 8-K of the Company and the Operating Partnership, filed June 2, 2023, Company's File No. 1-13102 and Operating Partnership's File No. 333-21873)
10.23
Amended and Restated Unsecured Term Loan Agreement, dated as of July 7, 2021, among First Industrial, L.P., First Industrial Realty Trust, Inc., Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, PNC Bank, National Association, and the other lenders thereunder (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Form 8-K of the Company and the Operating Partnership, filed July 13, 2021, Company's File No. 1-13102 and Operating Partnership's File No. 333-21873)
10.24
First Amendment, dated May 31, 2023, to Amended and Restated Unsecured Term Loan Agreement, dated as of July 7, 2021, among First Industrial, L.P., First Industrial Realty Trust, Inc., Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, PNC Bank, National Association, and the other lenders thereunder (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Form 8-K of the Company and the Operating Partnership, filed June 2, 2023, Company's File No. 1-13102 and Operating Partnership's File No. 333-21873)
10.25
Amended and Restated Unsecured Term Loan Agreement, dated as of April 18, 2022 among First Industrial, L.P., First Industrial Realty Trust, Inc., Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, PNC Bank, National Association, Fifth Third Bank, National Association, Regions Bank, U.S. Bank National Association and the other lenders thereunder (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Form 8-K of the Company and the Operating Partnership, filed April 20, 2022, Company's File No. 1-13102 and Operating Partnership's File No. 333-21873)
10.26
First Amendment, dated May 31, 2023, to Amended and Restated Unsecured Term Loan Agreement, dated as of April 18, 2022, among First Industrial, L.P., First Industrial Realty Trust, Inc., Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, PNC Bank, National Association, Fifth Third Bank, National Association, Regions Bank, U.S. Bank National Association and the other lenders thereunder (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Form 8-K of the Company and the Operating Partnership, filed June 2, 2023, Company's File No. 1-13102 and Operating Partnership's File No. 333-21873)
10.27
Unsecured Term Loan Agreement, dated as of August 12, 2022 among First Industrial, L.P., First Industrial Realty Trust, Inc., U.S. Bank National Association, Bank of America, N.A., PNC Bank, National Association, Regions Bank and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Form 8-K of the Company and the Operating Partnership, filed August 15, 2022, Company's File No. 1-13102 and Operating Partnership's File No. 333-21873)
21.1*
Subsidiaries of the Registrants
23.1*
Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP with respect to First Industrial Realty Trust, Inc.
23.2*
Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP with respect to First Industrial, L.P.
23.3*
Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP with respect to DRI FR Glendale, LLC
31.1*
Certification of Principal Executive Officer of First Industrial Realty Trust, Inc. pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
31.2*
Certification of Principal Financial Officer of First Industrial Realty Trust, Inc. pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
31.3*
Certification of Principal Executive Officer of First Industrial Realty Trust, Inc., in its capacity as the sole general partner of First Industrial, L.P., pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
31.4*
Certification of Principal Financial Officer of First Industrial Realty Trust, Inc., in its capacity as the sole general partner of First Industrial, L.P., pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
32.1**
Certification of the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer of First Industrial Realty Trust, Inc. pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2**
Certification of the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer of First Industrial Realty Trust, Inc., in its capacity as the sole general partner of First Industrial, L.P., pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
97.1*
First Industrial Realty Trust, Inc. Compensation Recovery Policy
Exhibits Description
101.1* The following financial statements from First Industrial Realty Trust, Inc.'s and First Industrial L.P.'s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, formatted in XBRL: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets (audited), (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations (audited), (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (audited), (iv) Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity / Consolidated Statement of Changes in Partners' Capital (audited), (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (audited) and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (audited)
104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)
_______________
* Filed herewith.
** Furnished herewith.
† Indicates a compensatory plan or arrangement contemplated by Item 15 a (3) of Form 10-K.