EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1031308
Filing Year: 2023
Filename: 1031308_10-K_2023_0001628280-23-005568.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1. Business
Bentley Systems: The Infrastructure Engineering Software Company
We enable infrastructure professionals and their organizations, by “going digital” through our software and cloud services offerings, to better design, build, and operate better infrastructure. We were founded in 1984 by the Bentley brothers and on September 25, 2020, we completed our initial public offering (“IPO”).
Our enduring commitment is to develop and support the most comprehensive portfolio of integrated software offerings across professional disciplines, project and asset lifecycles, infrastructure sectors, and geographies. Our software enables digital workflows across engineering disciplines, across distributed project teams, and from offices to the field. Moreover, we believe that our offerings, in particular our infrastructure digital twin solutions, empower the achievement of sustainable development goals (“SDGs”) by helping our users - infrastructure professionals - realize outcomes that are more sustainable and resilient.
We deliver our solutions via on-premises, cloud, and hybrid environments. Our users engineer, construct, and operate projects and assets across the following infrastructure sectors:
•public works (including roads, rail, bridges, tunnels, airports, ports, and federal, state, and municipal agencies)/utilities (including networks for electricity, gas, communications, and water, wastewater, and drainage). We estimate that this sector represents 49% of the net infrastructure asset value of the global top 500 infrastructure owners based on the 2022 edition of the Bentley Infrastructure 500 Top Owners, our annual compilation of the world’s largest infrastructure owners ranked by net depreciated value of their tangible fixed assets;
•resources (including mining, oil and gas “upstream,” offshore, pipelines, environmental management, and renewable energy). We estimate that this sector represents 21% of the global top 500 infrastructure owners’ net infrastructure asset value;
•industrial (including discrete and process manufacturing, oil and gas “downstream,” and power generation). We estimate that this sector represents 18% of the global top 500 infrastructure owners’ net infrastructure asset value; and
•commercial/facilities (including office buildings, retail facilities, hospitals, and campuses). We estimate that this sector represents 12% of the global top 500 infrastructure owners’ net infrastructure asset value.
We address both the project and asset lifecycle phases of infrastructure, each with applications and enterprise information systems. Our Project Lifecycle solutions encompass conception, planning, surveying, design, engineering, simulation, and construction, as well as the collaboration offerings required to coordinate and share the work of interdisciplinary and/or distributed project teams. Our Asset Lifecycle solutions span the operating life of commissioned infrastructure assets, allowing our accounts to manage engineering changes for safety and compliance and to model performance and reliability to support operating and maintenance decisions.
Our Solutions
We offer solutions for enterprises and professionals across the infrastructure lifecycle. Our Engineering Applications and Geoprofessional Applications support the breadth of engineering and geoprofessional disciplines and are primarily desktop applications for professional practitioners. Our project delivery and asset performance Enterprise Systems are provided via cloud and hybrid environments, developed respectively to extend enterprise collaboration during project delivery, and to manage and leverage engineering information during operations and maintenance. Our Industry Solutions solve domain-specific problems for owners of infrastructure assets, and the project delivery ecosystems that support these owners. Our cloud-native iTwin Platform solutions enable digital twin workflows, which can span project and asset lifecycles.
Our comprehensive solutions for the entire project delivery and asset performance lifecycle-spanning conception, planning, surveying, subsurface, design, simulation, construction, and operations-include Engineering Applications, Geoprofessional Applications, Enterprise Systems, Industry Solutions, and our iTwin Platform for infrastructure digital twins.
Engineering Applications. Our Engineering Applications are for modeling and simulation. Our modeling applications are domain-specific authoring tools used by professionals for the 3D design and documentation of infrastructure assets. Our simulation applications enable engineers to analyze the functional performance of the designs created with our modeling applications (or those of competitive vendors), preferably in iterative digital workflows, to improve engineering outcomes and to ensure compliance with design codes.
Benefits of our Engineering Applications to infrastructure engineers include:
•Better designs. Our modeling and simulation applications work together to improve infrastructure engineering quality, for instance to enable users to participate in data-centric workflows, including for integration, validation of design intent, rules checking, clash detection, component queries and reuse, quality assurance, and digital-twin deliverables creation. Each application is for a specific purpose (asset-type or discipline; for example, OpenRoads for roadway design), and supports corresponding asset-specific engineering workflows (for example, the workflow a civil engineer would use in designing a road) by virtue of:
•Better engineering productivity. We endeavor to provide in our applications the most advanced and automated intelligence for transforming engineers’ conceptual decisions into complete, detailed, and editable deliverables; and
•Better configurability and continuity. We take care to enable users to continuously refine their modeling preferences and standards across successive generations of our applications. This capability enables engineers, throughout their careers, to maintain continuity and compatibility with their preferred interfaces, formats, and methodologies, while advancing their work at the leading edge of innovation;
•Better deliverables. Our applications share a common modeling environment to enable streamlined coordination and production of multi-discipline documentation; and
•Better handoff. Our comprehensive modeling environment and our supplemental cloud services enable projects to enrich information sharing (and to minimize problematic translations) across project delivery processes. For instance:
•by starting with reality modeling of existing conditions (often from drone surveying);
•by sharing engineering component definitions across disciplines and projects; and
•through “constructioneering” digital workflows, which automate the exchange of 3D design models to control GPS-enabled construction equipment (for earthmoving and paving), and to validate and preserve the resulting 3D as-built models for maintenance.
Geoprofessional Applications. Our Geoprofessional Applications support modeling and simulation to help engineers and scientists develop a detailed understanding, and take full account of, near and deep subsurface conditions.
Our acquisition of Seequent Holdings Limited (“Seequent”) added industry-leading earth modeling, subsurface-data management, and geoprofessional team collaboration software to our portfolio. The integration of these sophisticated technologies in combination with our existing geotechnical products, supplements visible built asset representations above ground with more probabilistic modeling of invisible subsurface conditions - deepening the potential of infrastructure digital twins.
Benefits of our geoprofessional applications to infrastructure professionals include:
•Delivering a clearer picture of what lies beneath. Our geodata modeling and visualization technologies helps geoprofessionals see what lies in the subsurface. When they can see it, they can understand it and make better decisions that reduce ground risk throughout the project lifecycle - saving budget and compressing timelines;
•Connecting workflows. As infrastructure and engineering projects become ever more complex, users need greater confidence in the earth sciences disciplines which support all surface infrastructure. The combination of Seequent’s subsurface and our existing geotechnical products means users have more flexibility in how they comprehensively solve complex subsurface and engineering problems; and
•Better decisions that benefit people and the planet. Our geoprofessional applications help geoprofessionals to develop vital mineral resources more sustainably, design and build better infrastructure, protect the environment, source renewable energy, and help resolve historical challenges such as groundwater contamination. Our technology enables engineers and geoprofessionals to collaborate - ensuring infrastructure digital twins can reach full subsurface depths and augment environmental and economic resilience.
Enterprise Systems. Our Enterprise Systems, which span the end-to-end lifecycle and value chain of the world’s infrastructure, support data management and collaborative workflows for both project delivery and asset performance. Our Enterprise Systems combine to form the Bentley Infrastructure Cloud, encompassing ProjectWise, for project delivery, SYNCHRO, for construction; and AssetWise, for asset operations. This data-centric, federated environment leverages digital twin workflows, powered by iTwin, to open up data contained in engineering files through automated and intrinsic mapping to our infrastructure schemas. These schemas are open and extensible, and can link to reality modeling and Internet of Things (“IoT”) devices, thereby creating the potential for unifying, cloud-based solutions across the lifecycle of infrastructure engineering.
Project Delivery Systems. Our Project Delivery systems support information and document management, engineering-specific collaboration and work-sharing for distributed project teams and enterprises, and construction planning, modeling and execution. The scope of these solutions is not limited to users of only our own engineering applications.
Often during the project delivery lifecycle, key data are constantly changing, with inputs received from multiple sources, resulting in the need for a single source of information that is used to collect, manage, and disseminate information for the whole project team. Our software assures that the rapidly-changing data are managed in a common data environment (“CDE”) such that only the correct milestone versions can be shared and referenced across the project, while embedded digital twin workflows, powered by iTwin, enable interdisciplinary design review and advanced design validation to improve the effectiveness and quality of designs and the integration of reality modeling data. This functionality enables infrastructure project organizations to “virtualize” their talent so that the required work can be shared by all participants everywhere through our software, reducing the need for physical co-location of the project resources. Users of our Project Delivery systems can also apply analytics at the level of engineering fidelity across all projects, learn from and reuse rich project data, and retain knowledge to enhance the quality and efficiency of future projects.
Our SYNCHRO 4D construction modeling software spatially and temporally integrates a project’s 3D engineering models into its construction schedules to assess sequencing strategies and to visualize and understand planned and actual progress over the project timeline. Our solutions also enable project delivery teams to optimally define and manage discrete engineering, construction, and installation work packages, including the construction trades’ “workface planning,” which considers crafts and materials by day and zone. For work packages, which increasingly take advantage of modular offsite fabrication and manufacturing, our software manages and enables 4D visualization of the necessary spatial and logistical interfaces, which enable users to, among other things, perform virtual walk-throughs, query model information, and analyze embedded property data using a simple web browser.
Benefits of our Project Delivery systems to project delivery enterprises include:
•Distributed work-sharing. Our solutions incorporate the rigorous workflow protocols required for structured coordination across engineering and construction supply chains and across geographies, enabling global sourcing for integrated project delivery, while maximizing economics, quality, and safety; and simultaneously creating visibility and traceability in deliverables workflows, with a comprehensive audit trail;
•Comprehensive collaboration. Our software leverages cloud and hybrid environments to streamline the aggregation, distribution, and interaction for project deliverables, ensuring that the right project participants have the right information in the right format at the right time, including at the project site and on every device; and
•Construction visibility. Our solutions’ broad span and continuous detail across design integration, construction modeling and work packaging, and mixed-reality 4D visualization, advances predictability, accountability, and safety throughout the construction process.
Asset Performance Systems. Our Asset Performance systems span the operating life of commissioned infrastructure assets, capturing and managing changes to engineering models and enterprise information for compliance and safety, and to model performance and reliability to support operating and maintenance decisions.
Our Asset Performance systems are used to manage engineering information and geospatial relationships for operating and provisioning infrastructure across all sectors, including linear networks for transportation, energy transmission and distribution, water, and communications. Our asset performance modeling provides the needed analytical context for “right-time” data, including from IoT sensor capabilities, to yield actionable insights.
Benefits of our Asset Performance systems for owner-operators include:
•Better compliance and assurance. Our systems intrinsically enforce the rigor appropriate for operating infrastructure assets in order to provide dependable visibility into the impact of changes;
•Better asset performance. Our solutions include operational dashboards that provide decision support insights to maintain and improve throughput and reliability; and
•Better risk management. Our solutions include predictive analytics that identify potential problems before they occur and ensure the accessibility of best-available engineering information and models for mitigation and resilience.
Industry Solutions. Our Industry Solutions solve domain-specific problems for owners of infrastructure assets, and the project delivery ecosystems that support these owners. These offerings span reality modeling, urban mobility simulation, and design and engineering of utility and communication networks; and support fit-for-purpose infrastructure digital twins through configurations of our iTwin Platform.
Benefits of our current Industry Solutions include:
•Evergreen reality models. Our reality modeling software maintains engineering-ready 3D models of cities, asset sites, or project sites, incorporating incrementally updated surveys, and thus ensures that project teams or engineering departments can rely on up-to-date geospatial context for digital workflows;
•Domain specific solutions. Our Industry Solutions for transportation owners solve such problems as managing their assets, bridge inspections, and determining safe routes for oversize or overweight vehicles. For cities, our solutions help with planning, visualization, and mapping, including 3D mobile mapping. For utilities, our solutions help in the design and operation of electric distribution and transmission networks and substations, and gas and district energy networks;
•Better resilience. Our solutions can integrate geotechnical, structural/seismic, and hydrological engineering modeling with evergreen 3D city models to harden infrastructure from flood and other natural hazards, and to apply engineering simulations for mitigation and emergency response;
•Resource conservation. Taking full advantage of our solutions can significantly increase efficiency and reduce waste. For instance, our water network modeling tools, applied to compare “as-designed” specifications to observed flows and pressures, can help to non-invasively locate subsurface water network leaks; and
•Fit-for-purpose infrastructure digital twins. We leverage our deep domain expertise and our iTwin Platform to support fit-for-purpose digital twins, such as our current offerings for industrial plants, water and wastewater networks, and communications towers, as well as asset-specific solutions, powered by iTwin, such as those for bridge or dam operators that enable virtual asset inspections, unified access to sensor data, and the ability to identify and classify defects.
iTwin Platform. Our iTwin Platform for infrastructure digital twin offerings, leveraging our infrastructure schemas, enables our users to create and curate cloud-native 4D/5D digital representations of physical infrastructure assets, incorporating underlying engineering information, federated with operational data, and then to model, simulate, analyze, chronicle, and predict performance over time. Using digital twins, our users can more fully extend digital workflows across project delivery and asset performance, increasing the value of infrastructure engineers’ work.
Our iTwin Platform powers the Bentley Infrastructure Cloud to add digital twin capabilities to our project delivery, 4D construction, and asset performance offerings. It also supports an emerging ecosystem of third-party developers who can participate by using iTwin.js, an open-source development library, to develop desktop, mobile, or web apps that leverage the iTwin Platform or that augment iTwin products from us or from other third parties. While iTwin.js is open source, use of the iTwin Platform or of our products built on the iTwin Platform do require licenses from us.
Applications from Bentley Systems and third parties can participate in digital twin workflows through connectors, which enable any engineering file format to create an iModel, populating the iTwin Platform database. An iModel is a distributed database based on our infrastructure schema. It maintains transactional information to manage change as data is added or changed.
In 2022, we took further advantage of our iTwin Platform to introduce the following productized offerings:
•iTwin Experience. A cloud product that empowers owner-operators’ and their constituents’ insights into critical infrastructure by visualizing and navigating digital twins. iTwin Experience accelerates engineering firms’ “digital integrator” initiatives to create and curate asset-specific digital twins, incorporating their proprietary machine learning, analytics, and asset performance algorithms. iTwin Experience acts as a “single pane of glass,” overlaying engineering technology (“ET”), operations technology (“OT”), and information technology (“IT”) to enable users to visualize, query, and analyze infrastructure digital twins in their full context, at any level of granularity, at any scale, all geo-coordinated and fully searchable;
•iTwin Capture. A solution for capturing, analyzing, and sharing reality data, that enables users to create engineering-ready, high resolution 3D models of infrastructure assets using drone video and survey imagery from any digital camera, scanner, or mobile mapping device. Infrastructure digital twins of any existing assets can accordingly start with reality modeling, rather than requiring building information modeling (“BIM”). iTwin Capture offers the highest-fidelity and most versatile means of capturing reality to serve as the digital context for surveying, design, monitoring, and inspection processes; and
•iTwin IoT. A solution for acquiring and analyzing sensor data, that enables users to incorporate IoT data created by sensors and condition monitoring devices. Infrastructure IoT can be used for real-time safety and risk monitoring in operations and construction activities, including to measure and visualize environmental changes, structural movement, or deterioration for condition assessment, maintenance scheduling, and to prompt precautionary interventions. By incorporating real-time data at scale from among hundreds of sensor types, iTwin IoT increases the value of engineering and geotechnical data.
The iTwin Platform accordingly powers the Bentley Infrastructure Cloud, which encompasses ProjectWise, for project delivery, SYNCHRO, for construction; and AssetWise, for asset operations. In addition to these specific use cases, benefits of our digital twin solutions broadly to project delivery firms and owner-operators include:
•Managing change. The design and construction of an infrastructure asset is complex and can take many years with participation of many different organizations working together as a widely distributed team. An operational asset may be designed to last many decades, with even more different stakeholders. Managing data transactions (who, what, when) against a timeline is key to enabling many digital twin workflows, such as revisiting why a design change was made at a particular point in time, orchestrating data from contributing disciplines to conduct design reviews, or comparing the performance of an asset at different points in time;
•Advanced insights. For project delivery, digital twins can reveal insights beyond what would be visible with traditional workflows; for example, a digital twin can show 3D heat maps highlighting where changes in a design have been unusually pervasive, indicating possible design flaws. For asset performance, such insights from digital twins can be used to evaluate different strategies for optimizing operational efficiencies and throughput;
•Predictive analytics. For project delivery, digital twins and machine learning can compare the progress of a current project with similar projects that have been previously completed, and identify in advance potential bottlenecks, in time to take corrective action. For asset performance, a digital twin can track observations from various operational inputs against design intelligence to predict future failures and recommend maintenance actions to minimize downtime;
•Continuous and comprehensive design reviews. For project delivery, digital twins can aggregate and align design models and data from all sources “on the fly” (without interruptions for translations, and without specialized software) to present immersive 3D status visualization in a web browser for any authorized stakeholder to participate in ongoing interactive design reviews;
•Convergence of OT, IT, and now ET. Infrastructure owner-operators are increasingly able to instrument their assets with IoT sensors, producing torrents of OT data that are difficult to interpret. Software advances in IT can in turn make data from enterprise resource systems, such as maintenance work order history, accessible for analytics. But even OT and IT together cannot inform decisions for improved asset performance as sufficiently as when combined with accessibility to comparable analytics from the assets’ engineering models, which we refer to as ET. Infrastructure digital twins notably enable the convergence of ET with OT and IT. With infrastructure digital twins, the design intent (the “digital DNA” captured in the digital twins’ engineering models and simulations) can serve as a baseline for comparison to IoT-monitored “as-operated” performance, in light of the asset’s operations and maintenance history stored in IT systems, to enable integrated analytics to provide timely insights and recommended actions to optimize safety and performance; and
•Addressing a wide range of emerging use cases. There are proliferating use cases to address infrastructure lifecycle issues that are made possible by semantically opening up engineering data to be combined with observed operational data. Many of these use cases have heretofore been impractical by virtue of having required multiple disconnected steps in a manual process. For example, maintenance of a bridge traditionally depends upon manual visual inspections, generally requiring human inspectors climbing precariously to capture photographs and to produce written inspection assessments. The work can be dangerous, and entail subjective judgements which may not be repeatable. A digital twin for a bridge, on the other hand, advances periodic inspections to more continuous and/or real-time monitoring. Sensors on the bridge can gather data on traffic flow, vibration, and other indicators. Drones can (increasingly autonomously) capture imagery to be processed into a high-resolution reality model of the bridge, to which artificial intelligence (machine learning) can be applied to recognize cracks, corrosion, or other defects or changes in the bridge that may affect structural integrity. The digital twin’s structural models (which were initially developed to validate the “as-designed” capacity) can then be reapplied to the “as-operated” bridge conditions, to indicate to engineers potential needs for maintenance or remediation interventions. In addition to comparable operational engineering use cases for every existing infrastructure asset, there are at least as many non-engineering use cases where infrastructure digital twins can be leveraged, such as 3D city models being used to adapt for mobility and safety under pandemic lockdowns.
Comprehensiveness of Our Offerings
Our offerings are comprehensive across professional disciplines, lifecycle stages, infrastructure sectors, and geographies, resulting in what we believe to be durable competitive advantages:
Professional Disciplines. Each infrastructure project requires seamless and deep collaboration among professional disciplines, which can include civil, structural, geotechnical, subsurface engineers, and process engineers, architects, geospatial professionals, city and regional planners, contractors, fabricators, and operations and maintenance engineers. Our open modeling and open simulation applications facilitate iterative interactions between disciplines and coordination across project participants. Additionally, we believe our collaboration systems lead the market in managing infrastructure engineering firms’ preferred work-in-progress workflows.
For example, to illustrate the benefits of interdisciplinary digital workflows in roadway design, our offerings’ comprehensiveness can enhance both safety and economics by enriching the interfaces between geotechnical (earthworks) and structural analyses to share full 3D modeling details. Previously, structural decisions tended to be based on just a single imported parameter for subsurface foundation strength, frequently resulting in designs that included specifications and reinforcing materials beyond what was necessary to sufficiently mitigate risk.
The importance of integrating our offerings broadly across disciplines is also a reason that we have always prioritized interoperability with competitors’ design tools. For major projects, owners and their contractors want to have the choice of the best professionals in every discipline, rather than limiting their choices to those using a particular software vendor’s applications. Our offerings win acceptance within major organizations and projects both through our breadth of applications, and through each application’s virtuosity in interpreting and emulating formats beyond our own.
Lifecycle Stages. Both project delivery enterprises and owner-operators benefit from our solutions, which enable digital workflows to extend between project and asset lifecycles, from design to construction and ultimately asset management. This capability allows our users’ digital engineering models to be leveraged as the context for real-time condition monitoring to achieve better and safer operations and maintenance.
For an example of advantageous digital workflows from projects to assets, consider our solutions for permitting and routing of over-weight and over-sized loads by departments of transportation. Instead of routing based merely on static maximum load ratings for each bridge, we use actual bridge design models for dynamic structural simulations, and 3D clearances of the actual load configurations. As a result, user organizations are able to engineer safe routes to maximize commerce while protecting bridge longevity.
Infrastructure Sectors. Most major engineering and project delivery firms pursue an ever-changing mix of projects across the public works/utilities, industrial, resources, and commercial/facilities sectors and for flexibility tend to favor an infrastructure engineering software vendor whose portfolio correspondingly spans their full breadth. This comprehensiveness provides diversification for our own business, as an incidental advantage. For example, when there have been cyclical downturns in the primarily privately-financed industrial, resources, and commercial/facilities sectors, we have historically witnessed offsetting counter-cyclical government investment in public works/utilities.
Geographies. While design codes may vary by country, infrastructure purposes and engineering practices are fundamentally the same throughout the world, which makes it possible for our infrastructure modeling applications to be used globally. Our offerings are available in most major languages, supporting country-specific design codes, standards, and conventions. Our development teams are also globally dispersed, due in part to acquisitions made in various countries, but also to provide any needed last mile localization of our applications. Our global comprehensiveness enables our project delivery accounts to compete more efficiently across geographic markets, thus also providing global supply-chain sourcing choices for owners.
The Digital Twins Opportunity
We believe that digital progress in infrastructure advancement has to date lagged other economic domains for several reasons, including that:
•most existing infrastructure assets predate engineering modeling software;
•engineers’ work, including by way of BIM or geographic information systems (“GIS”), has been sequestered in native file formats that amount to “dark data,” inaccessible without the software that was used to create it, and therefore unavailable for use in digital workflows or analytics; and
•construction processes are often fragmented and isolated from digital workflows altogether, resulting in engineering information being effectively abandoned between the project and the asset lifecycle phases of infrastructure.
Over our company’s history, as computing capabilities have advanced, the scope of infrastructure engineering software has correspondingly increased. However, project and asset lifecycle software markets have developed independently from one another and connecting digital workflows have not been offered. We believe that the new advancement of BIM and GIS to “evergreen” infrastructure digital twins will have the effect of merging what have to date been separate market spaces as well as enabling new use cases that were not possible or practical with previous technologies.
Period Project Lifecycle Software
Asset Lifecycle Software
1985 - 1995
2D Drafting (Computer Aided Design or CAD): Workstations and then personal computers make possible interactive graphical applications to automate the creation of previously manually drafted 2D engineering drawings.
2D Mapping: Workstations and personal computers make possible interactive graphical applications to automate the creation of maps.
1996 - 2005
Collaboration: Networked personal computers and servers provide platforms for file-sharing and referencing. CDEs are introduced.
GIS: Networked personal computers and servers enable querying and visualization of geographic data.
2006 - 2015
3D BIM: Increased personal computing power enables the development of 3D applications for design of specific asset types including buildings, process plants, roads, and water networks. CDEs and the internet lead to global work-sharing and collaborative BIM.
Geospatial: Increased computing address space enables geo-coordinated engineering models. GPS technology enables alignment of digital components and real-world coordinates.
Asset Performance Management (“APM”): solutions are introduced for reliability-centered maintenance and risk-based inspection.
2015 - 2018
Reality Modeling: Advances in digital imagery, unmanned aerial vehicles (“UAVs” or “drones”), and specialized software enable the automated capture of “as-operated” conditions of an asset or site in an engineering-ready, geo-coordinated 3D model. Cloud ubiquity enables Common Data Environments to evolve into Connected Data Environments.
APM evolves into Asset Performance Modeling, with engineering models recalibrated to reproduce and understand observed behaviors, and apply algorithms and analytics to derive insights and drive decisions.
2019 - Present
4D Digital Twins: Digital twins make possible the simulation of the behavior and the visualization (including through both virtual and augmented reality environments) of the changes of a project or infrastructure asset over time. Digital twins are continually updated in a cloud database and remain current and “evergreen,” over the full project and asset lifecycle, through continuous surveying of the physical context and embedded links to inputs from connected IoT sensors in the operating asset. With digital twins, users are empowered to better understand the impact of changes over time for projects and assets to improve project, construction, and operational efficiencies, predictability, and overall outcomes, while the leveraging of artificial intelligence and machine learning automates processes and workflows.
2022 The Industrial Metaverse: Many of the use cases for digital twins - visualization, real-time collaboration and enhanced simulation - are well served by emerging and immersive technologies that support the metaverse, including virtual reality headsets and holographic technology that simulates the real world. We are supporting this new technology enthusiastically by facilitating interoperability between our digital twin technology and the consumer-facing interfaces created by prominent gaming and mixed-reality leaders, such as Epic, Nvidia, and Microsoft, thereby enabling iTwin platform to provide the key content that makes the industrial metaverse valuable for purposes including 4D planning, autonomous inspection, remote operations, and real-time collaboration.
To enable infrastructure engineering to catch up to other sectors and to advance in “going digital,” we have enabled infrastructure digital twins, cloud-provisioned digital representations of projects and assets that incorporate and converge their 3D physical conditions (digital context) for reality, their underlying engineering information (digital components) for veracity, and their 4D timeline of changes (digital chronology) for fidelity, enabling the merging of project and asset lifecycle workflows. This merging, for example, enables, among other things, carbon assessment in infrastructure digital twin solutions to allow for the benchmarking, assessment, and reduction in carbon embodied in infrastructure assets.
Digital twin solutions are now made possible by new technologies including UAVs and their intrinsic “surveying” sensors, machine learning, cloud computing, open-source development libraries, distributed ledger software, and mixed-reality visualization.
Our software to leverage these advancements for digital twin offerings includes:
•Reality modeling software, which processes any combination of overlapping digital photography, video, and scanned imagery to produce a 3D reality model. Our software then uses machine learning to recognize and classify components within the 3D model (such as equipment, structural elements, pipes, valves, tags, and nameplates). This process populates the reality model’s digital context with these digital components, adding intelligence which can be aligned with engineering models from the design stage; and
•iModels, which can be created through connectors which we provide for our own engineering applications or for the major third-party applications (and which can be developed for any others using our Application Programming Interfaces (“APIs”)). Connectors transform data from the application’s proprietary format to correspond to the iModel’s distributed database schema. Since the iModel schema is comprehensive across infrastructure engineering disciplines (and can be extended as needed), all project and asset data can be aligned semantically and spatially with all other relevant models and data, allowing all this information to be accessed and queried to maximize the digital twin’s values of reality, veracity, and fidelity.
We believe that the growing adoption of infrastructure digital twins will serve to overcome the factors that have held back the digital advancement of infrastructure engineering, and will facilitate the broader use of intelligent engineering data in the operation of infrastructure assets. Moreover, we believe that due to the comprehensiveness of our solutions across project and asset lifecycles, infrastructure digital twins and newly enabled digital workflows spanning design, construction, and operations, will most particularly benefit our users and enhance our competitiveness. To further benefit us in the long run, our iTwin Ventures initiative invests in early-stage software companies building infrastructure digital twin solutions, especially those leveraging our iTwin platform.
Our Primary Growth Initiatives
Incremental to our long-standing programmatic acquisition strategy, since 2020 we have determinedly invested internal resources to augment our organic growth rate, with increasing success, through the following primary growth initiatives:
•For Accretion in Enterprise Accounts: E365 Success Teams. Enterprise 365 (“E365”) is our premier enterprise subscription that bundles virtually-delivered expert services through our Success Force with our software solutions, enabling us to work strategically with subscriber accounts to achieve the business outcomes they seek. Through our embedded Enterprise Success teams and established Success processes, E365 accounts prioritize each calendar quarter their choices among our growing library of “Blueprints” for digital workflows. The Blueprints for establishing and propagating these workflows, which increase productivity and throughput by leveraging our products and cloud services, are implemented by our virtually dedicated Success professionals, most of whom are credentialed and experienced infrastructure engineers. In each E365 account’s quarterly business review, the completed Blueprints are assessed, and newly prioritized Blueprints assigned. We have honed this process and are continuously improving our Blueprints based on feedback in their adoption. Accordingly, we have substantiated that E365 helps our users implement, propagate, and upgrade our solutions more quickly, encouraging greater consumption of our software and stronger account relationships. We intend to continue to expand the reach of our E365 subscription within ultimately virtually all of our enterprise accounts;
•For Penetration and Accretion in Small and Medium-Sized Businesses (“SMBs”): Virtuosity. Our Virtuoso subscription, which was our first ecommerce offering ever, combines the benefits of our software as well as our Success Force. Through a software subscription for each individual practitioner and the bundled availability of “keys” entitling expert assistance, SMBs are led to take advantage of the full breadth and depth of our software solutions enabling cost-effective implementations and increased usage. Initially, this Virtuosity-branded business was staffed with inside sales colleagues, many with an engineering background, and we continue to grow this global group now exceeding 160 quota carriers. However, our strategy for SMBs, in competition with competitors who reach these prospects through typically small channel partners, is to transition an ever-greater portion of the interaction to be via “low touch” and ultimately “no touch” digital experience. The deployment and development of digital technologies for this is a substantial part of our capital program. New business from SMB accounts, including from hundreds of new “logos” each quarter, has become a substantial contributor to our overall Annualized Recurring Revenues (ARR) growth, and we are encouraged to continue and increase this Virtuosity investment; and
•Catalyzing the Infrastructure Digital Twin Ecosystem: BSY Investments. We believe more than ever that infrastructure digital twins will provide the greatest benefits from “going digital” in infrastructure engineering, as digital twins enable the practices and workflows of our users to become more data-centric. This evolution, we believe, will enable our users to apply new technologies such as machine learning and artificial intelligence to their projects and will create opportunities for engineering services to introduce data-centric offerings to owner-operators, such as proprietary analytics, benchmarking, and for data quality improvement. While we intend for our iTwin Platform to serve as the foundational system that makes all these data-centric benefits possible, their realization depends upon a digital twin ecosystem to provide these surrounding data services, which fall outside of our own preferred business focus. However, while engineering firms (which make up approximately half of our existing business) express interest in this “digital integrator” services opportunity, they lack firsthand experience or examples of successful business models. Hence, Cohesive represents our own investment to create a captive global “digital integrator.” Its charter is to adopt and prove successful commercial models that we can subsequently demonstrate and impart to engineering firms, who could together provide at scale these valuable digital integrator services to all infrastructure owner operators, accelerating infrastructure digital twins. In addition, our corporate venture capital fund iTwin Ventures is chartered to foster digital twin innovations through startups and emerging companies. iTwin Ventures also evangelizes and may initially subsidize the adoption of our iTwin Platform by many investee companies and others. We believe these investments will catalyze the further propagation of digital twins and, accordingly, the consumption of our solutions.
Our Software Offerings
Our software offerings are managed within Engineering Applications, Geoprofessional Applications, Enterprise Systems, Industry Solutions, and iTwin Platform.
Engineering Applications
We undertake to provide comprehensive open modeling and open simulation applications for infrastructure design integration.
Our open modeling applications include:
•MicroStation, for flexible 3D design and documentation providing the common modeling environment upon which our applications are built;
•OpenRoads, for the planning, 3D design, and documentation of roads and highways;
•OpenRail, for the planning, 3D design, and documentation of rail and transit systems;
•OpenPlant, for the 2D and 3D design and documentation of process plants;
•OpenBuildings, for the 3D design and documentation of buildings and their integrated structural, HVAC, electrical, and plumbing systems;
•OpenBridge, for the 3D design and documentation of bridges;
•OpenSite, for the optimal planning, 3D design, and documentation of building, residential development, and infrastructure sites; and
•OpenFlows, for water, wastewater, and stormwater system planning, design, and operations, incorporating hydrological, hydraulic, and flood modeling.
Our open simulation applications include:
•STAAD and RAM, for analysis and simulation respectively of infrastructure and building structural performance;
•ADINA, for nonlinear simulation and analysis;
•SACS, for analysis and simulation of offshore structural performance;
•MOSES, for analysis and simulation of floating structures;
•AutoPIPE, for analysis and simulation of pipe stress in industrial process plants;
•SITEOPS, for simulation of compliant site layout, and optimization of earthworks, drainage, and parking;
•CUBE, for multi-modal transportation network modeling and land-use modeling;
•EMME, for multimodal urban, regional, and transport planning; and
•LEGION, for pedestrian traffic simulation.
Geoprofessional Applications
We undertake to provide comprehensive modeling and simulation of near and deep subsurface conditions.
Our applications include:
•Leapfrog, for 3D implicit modeling designed to rapidly integrate, communicate, and interpret geological data;
•AGS Workbench, for processing, inversion, and visualization of geophysical data;
•GeoStudio, for integrated geotechnical analysis for analyzing slope stability, groundwater flow, and heat and mass transfer in soil and rock;
•Imago, for the capture and management of drilling core images;
•MX Deposit, cloud drill hole software for simplifying and controlling how drill and other field data is collected, managed, and shared throughout the lifecycle of an ore deposit from early exploration through to mine production;
•Oasis montaj, for the quality control, correction, visualization, analysis, and interpretation of geophysical, geologic and geochemical data;
•PLAXIS, for geotechnical analysis to solve common and complex geotechnical problems, including advanced analysis for excavations, foundations, tunnels, and other infrastructure projects; and
•OpenGround, for geotechnical information management for collecting, reporting, managing, visualizing, analyzing, and accessing geotechnical data.
Enterprise Systems
Our Enterprise Systems, which include solutions for both project delivery and asset performance, are powered by our iTwin Platform and infrastructure schemas, and integrate with our engineering applications to enable better creation, delivery, and ongoing operation of better infrastructure, through complete and evergreen digital twins. These offerings, which combine to form the Bentley Infrastructure Cloud, include the following:
Our Project Delivery systems support collaboration, work-sharing, and 4D construction modeling for infrastructure project delivery enterprises and include:
•ProjectWise, for helping teams to manage, share, and distribute work-in-progress engineering content. ProjectWise enables all stakeholders involved in design and engineering to share and find information, conduct collaborative design reviews, and manage contractual exchanges faster for maximum team productivity;
•4D Design Review, a ProjectWise service built on the iTwin Platform that allows project participants to leverage a digital twin throughout the project delivery lifecycle and that provides browser-level immersive visualization, change management, and project analytics. Through our infrastructure schemas, this solution also aligns design file data across multiple disciplines for comprehensive 3D and 4D design reviews and across all projects to understand dependencies, and to reuse datasets, including for machine learning to develop proprietary analytics; and
•SYNCHRO, for 4D/5D construction modeling across schedule simulation and immersive virtual or augmented visualization; cloud-based construction operational solutions for project and field management; and advanced work packaging, inclusive of engineering, construction, and installation work packages, and trade and task workface planning.
Our Asset Performance systems manage engineering information and geospatial relationships for operating and provisioning infrastructure across all sectors and include:
•AssetWise, for asset performance throughout the operations and maintenance lifecycle of infrastructure assets and their associated networks, in transportation, energy, and communications. AssetWise services include:
•AssetWise ALIM, for managing infrastructure asset information and linear networks and for controlling and managing change over the asset lifecycle;
•AssetWise Asset Reliability, for reducing equipment downtime and limiting business risk associated with equipment failures, while increasing safety, reliability, and cost effectiveness;
•AssetWise Enterprise Interoperability, for enabling access to multiple data sources from third-party providers, and integrating them in operations and maintenance workflows;
•AssetWise 4D Analytics, for employing advanced analytics and machine learning, particularly to IoT time series, to gather insights to understand current conditions and predict future performance;
•AssetWise Linear Network Management, for managing transportation network infrastructure and associated information including assets and linear events; and
•Seequent Central, a cloud solution designed for geoprofessional teams to visualize, track, integrate, and manage their subsurface data in a single, centralized, auditable environment.
Industry Solutions
Our Industry Solution offerings solve domain-specific problems for owners of infrastructure assets, and the project delivery ecosystems that support these owners. Many offerings extend AssetWise and/or leverage the iTwin Platform.
Industry Solution offerings include:
•iTwin Experience, for empowering owner-operators’ and their constituents’ insights into critical infrastructure by visualizing and navigating digital twins by enabling users to visualize, query, and analyze infrastructure digital twins in their full context, at any level of granularity, at any scale, all geo-coordinated and fully searchable. Predecessor products include OpenCities;
•iTwin Capture, for capturing, analyzing, and sharing reality data, enables users to create engineering-ready, high resolution 3D models of infrastructure assets using drone video and survey imagery. Predecessor products include ContextCapture and Orbit3D;
•iTwin IoT, for acquiring and analyzing sensor data, enables users to seamlessly incorporate IoT data created by sensors and condition monitoring devices. Predecessor products include those from sensemetrics, Vista Data Vision, and eagle.io;
•AssetWise Linear SUPERLOAD, for automating the safe routing and permitting of overweight/oversized vehicles;
•AssetWise Linear Analytics, for visualizing and understanding vast quantities of linear network data to identify trends and anomalies, and optimize maintenance decisions, for rail or road networks;
•AssetWise Inspections, for performing inspections of bridges and related assets;
•OpenUtilities, for the design and management of electric, gas, and district energy networks, and substations;
•OpenTower, for the design of communications towers, including for 5G capacity;
•OpenWindPower, for the design of fixed and floating wind turbine structures;
•Power Line (PLS) applications, for design of overhead electric power transmission, distribution, and communication lines and their structures;
•SPIDA, for modeling and analysis of overhead electric distribution network systems;
•PlantSight, a digital twin solution for operating industrial plants; and
•WaterSight, a digital twin solution for water and wastewater networks.
iTwin Platform
Our iTwin Platform for infrastructure digital twins enables Bentley Systems and other third-party developers to build applications and solutions for a wide range of potential digital twin use cases. We have used this platform to create cloud services which complement and extend project delivery systems and asset performance systems offerings, to create fit-for-purpose industry digital twin solutions, and to support an emerging ecosystem of third-party developers. This platform powers the Bentley Infrastructure Cloud and its constituent solutions, which are unified and made interoperable by Bentley Systems’ incorporated infrastructure schemas.
The next priority for the iTwin Platform is to improve our modelling and simulation applications by incorporating the simultaneous creation of iModels along with existing deliverable files. We expect that users of such applications will accordingly gain new data-centric benefits to make their projects more efficient, more connected, and the results more valuable than before. Rather than disrupting our users’ existing workflows, we expect that this will be accomplished by seamlessly augmenting their current tools, file formats, and deliverables.
Our Commercial Offerings
Licensing Models
Our applications are offered through perpetual licenses or term licenses, priced dependent on the country of purchase and use. Most accounts owning perpetual licenses subscribe to our SELECT coverage which, in addition to providing support and upgrades, enables the use of their licenses for each product to be pooled within each country. For most larger accounts (generally a minimum of $100,000 annualized recurring revenues), our enterprise subscription offerings provide complete and unlimited global access to our comprehensive portfolio of solutions. Our E365 subscription is a global consumption-based plan with consumption measurement durations of less than one year, primarily priced uniformly per application per day of actual usage in any country, and inclusive of Success Services (described below) delivered by our colleagues to assist with expanding and gaining the most value from usage of our software. Prior to the launch of our E365 subscription in 2018, we traditionally offered an enterprise license subscription (“ELS”), which entitles unlimited use of any of our applications for an annual fixed fee, reset annually generally based on actual usage (within each country) for the previous year. Almost all of our largest ELS accounts have upgraded to E365, and each quarter many of the largest remaining SELECT subscriber accounts upgrade to the E365 program.
Our ProjectWise and AssetWise Enterprise Systems are offered under our cloud services subscription program, charged quarterly based on actual users of “visas” for various levels of functionality. Visa pricing include Azure provisioning at our cost, although some accounts elect to continue on-premises and/or hybrid hosting. Commercial models eligible for our Cloud Services Subscription (“CSS”), such as our E365 subscription, entail an annual funding commitment, generally paid upfront, based on an estimation of services to be used for the upcoming year. Actual consumption is monitored and invoiced against the deposit on a calendar quarter basis. Accounts are charged only for what gets used, and deposited amounts never expire. At the end of 2022, accounts representing approximately 60% of our total annualized recurring revenues had chosen to institute our commercial models of CSS and/or E365 consumption funding for licensing of our software.
User Success
Over the last three years, we have reorganized our activities focused on substantive support for existing users and their accounts into our User Success group, consisting of over 600 colleagues, most with domain experience and credentials in infrastructure engineering. User Success has enabled us to transition from traditional paradigms of on-demand technical support, and episodically contracted professional services, to instead delivering proactive and continuous engagement with users and accounts through “Success Plans.” Success Plans are designed with our accounts’ business outcomes in mind ensuring that users and accounts maximize the value achieved from our solutions. Working collaboratively with our accounts, User Success Specialists deliver Success Plans through structured engagements based on explicit and standardized “Success Blueprints” that include annual planning, virtual or in-person engagements with subject matter experts, and quarterly business reviews. Typically, our User Success colleagues engage with our accounts remotely. Success Plans, based on allotted credits toward multiple Success Blueprints per calendar quarter, are bundled into our E365 commercial program which has grown rapidly among our larger accounts.
Our Accounts
We provide our software solutions to over 40,000 accounts in 194 countries worldwide. Our revenues are balanced and diversified between engineering and construction contracting firms who work together to deliver the design and construction of capital projects (representing 50%, 56%, and 57% of our 2022, 2021, and 2020 total revenues, respectively), and their clients, the world’s public and private infrastructure asset owners and operators (representing 50%, 44%, and 43% of our 2022, 2021, and 2020 total revenues, respectively).
We do not have material account concentration. No account, including any group of accounts under common control or accounts that are affiliates of each other, represented more than 2.0% of our total revenues in 2022, or more than 2.5% of our total revenues in 2021, or 2020.
Our Technology
Our business is singularly focused on software for infrastructure engineering, primarily for the world’s largest projects and assets. As a result, we manage our software products to meet constraints imposed for fitness to this purpose. Our market position is built on several reputational hallmarks, including:
•generational stability of file formats, corresponding to the long lives of infrastructure projects and assets;
•commitment to openness and interoperability with competitors’ file formats;
•continuity of software applications’ lifecycles, never jeopardizing users’ cumulative investments by requiring them to “start over”; and
•highest capacity and performance, versus competitors, for large infrastructure models and datasets.
Application Framework
Our software solutions are delivered using flexible, reusable, and open technology, which results in highly integrated applications and cloud services that support comprehensive digital workflows in a scalable manner. For example, our modeling and simulation applications, including MicroStation, leverage a set of reusable components for graphics editing, visualization, solid modeling, and other capabilities. This open framework supports the addition of domain specific features, allowing us to offer highly compatible and well-integrated discipline-specific applications based on this common framework.
Microsoft Integration
Our software leverages Microsoft’s platform technologies. We seek to take full advantage of integration with Microsoft Office 365 and other horizontal applications such as Teams for workflows that unify our engineering applications within enterprise environments across all computing form factors and devices.
iTwin Platform
Our iTwin Platform is a collection of cloud services used to create, curate, and leverage digital twins. The platform is used by us to create complementary digital twin offerings for current products, to embed digital twin capabilities in current products, and to support fit-for-purpose digital twin solutions for particular domains. Third parties can use the iModel.js open-source APIs to create desktop, mobile, and web apps, as well as cloud services and agents, that leverage and extend the iTwin Platform. They can create new digital twin applications or solutions or provide complementary applications or services to existing Bentley Systems and third-party solutions. The iTwin platform is managed by us on Azure providing anywhere, anytime access to infrastructure digital twin solutions for all stakeholders.
Our Licensing and Administration Platform
All of our applications and systems share a cloud-native platform for license pooling, management of subscription entitlements, and usage reporting for us and for accounts, including for commercial consumption metrics. Our platform also logs usage of particular “instrumented” functions within our applications to enable our Blueprints to be of most value. Our platform can also provide in-application messaging to users from our User Success group.
Our Acquisitions
Since our founding, we have purposefully pursued a strategy of regularly acquiring and integrating specialized infrastructure engineering software businesses, including 36 acquisitions over the past five years.
As a public company, we have been able to make platform acquisitions which appreciably increase our scale and/or the scope of our platform capabilities. Our platform acquisitions have been:
•Seequent (2021), and subsequent complementary programmatic acquisitions, to enable infrastructure digital twin capabilities to incorporate modeling and simulation of full subsurface depths, and advancing infrastructure resilience and sustainability by helping geoprofessionals to understand environmental conditions and to mitigate environmental risks; and
•Power Line Systems (2022), to bring design, analysis, and management of overhead electric power transmission lines and structures to our grid digital twin solutions. Power Line Systems substantially completes the reach of our comprehensive portfolio for the lifecycle integration of grid infrastructure across electrical transmission, substation, and distribution assets, and communications towers.
Our relatively numerous and frequent programmatic acquisitions, which most often “fill white space” within our ecosystem and add their particular value principally by virtue of our existing platform comprehensiveness, and accordingly we consider this programmatic aspect of our growth as characteristically within our mainstream business performance (unlike platform acquisitions). Our average historical annualized recurring revenues growth rate from programmatic acquisitions over the last five years has been approximately 1.5% measured on a constant currency basis. Examples of recent programmatic acquisitions, along with their purposes, include:
•GroupBC (2020), to bring additional common data environment solutions for construction projects and infrastructure assets, and federate to iTwin cloud services, extending the value of project and asset information through digital twins;
•Cohesive Solutions (2020), and subsequent complementary programmatic acquisitions, to bring digital integrator expertise for the convergence, through digital twin cloud services, of digital engineering models (ET), with IT and OT, for infrastructure assets in the utilities, energy, and facilities sectors;
•Inro (2021), to add traffic simulation software for multi-modal mobility digital twins;
•Vista Data Vision (2021), to add intrinsic IoT capabilities for infrastructure digital twins to incorporate real-time sensor data. By virtue of the resulting “infrastructure IoT” standardization, the full IoT ecosystem becomes seamlessly accessible for IT/OT/ET integration through infrastructure digital twins;
•SPIDA Software (2021), adds a key element to our grid digital twin solutions, the design, analysis, and management of utility pole systems, which deliver the environmentally vulnerable “last mile” of critical infrastructure for vital energy and communications;
•Adina R&D (2022), adds nonlinear simulation capabilities to users of our comprehensive modeling and simulation software portfolio for infrastructure engineering; and
•Vetasi (2022), acquired through Cohesive, adds the largest IBM Maximo and enterprise asset management system consultancy team across Europe, Africa, and ASEAN countries, with headquarters in the United Kingdom and operations based in Poland, Indonesia, South Africa, Spain, Ukraine, and Australia.
Our Competition
The market for our software solutions is highly competitive and subject to change. We compete against large, global, publicly-traded companies that have resources greater than our own, and also against small, new, or geographically-focused firms that specialize in developing niche software offerings. While we do not believe that any competitor offers a portfolio as comprehensive as ours, we do face strong competition, varying by infrastructure lifecycle phase and sector:
•our key competitors in public works/utilities applications include Autodesk, Inc., Trimble Inc., and Hexagon AB;
•our key competitors in industrial applications include Hexagon AB, the AVEVA unit of Schneider Electric, and Dassault Systèmes;
•our key competitors in resources applications include Hexagon AB, the AVEVA unit of Schneider Electric, and Dassault Systèmes;
•our key competitors in commercial/facilities applications include Autodesk, Inc., Nemetschek SE, and Trimble Inc.;
•our key competitors in project delivery systems include Autodesk, Inc. and Oracle Corporation; and
•our key competitors in asset performance systems include Aspen Technology, Inc., the AVEVA unit of Schneider Electric, Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc., and General Electric Corp.
The principal competitive factors affecting our market include:
•product features, performance, and effectiveness;
•reliability and security;
•product line breadth, depth, and continuity;
•comprehensiveness of offerings across disciplines and infrastructure sectors;
•specification by and endorsement of infrastructure owners, and degree of adoption across the relevant supply chain;
•familiarity and loyalty by professionals throughout their training and careers;
•ability to integrate with other technology;
•capacity to operate at scale;
•capabilities for configurability and APIs;
•ease of use and efficient workflows;
•price, commercial model, and total cost of use;
•support of industry standards;
•strength of sales and marketing efforts; and
•brand awareness and reputation.
We believe we compete favorably against our competitors based on the factors above and that we distinguish ourselves through our comprehensive software portfolio, our commitment to both integration and interoperability across the entire infrastructure lifecycle, our flexible commercial models, and our direct sales channels.
Our Sales and Marketing
We bring our offerings to market primarily through direct sales channels that generated approximately 92% of our 2022 total revenues. Our direct sales channel includes:
•Account Managers, who are responsible for our largest accounts. For pre-sales technical activities, Account Managers are supported by the engineering domain experts within our User Success organization; and
•Our Virtuosity inside sales colleagues and global ecommerce platform, which serves primarily our smaller- to medium-sized prospects and accounts, incorporating our Success Force technical experts who help to sell to and advise users across our account base.
We rely on specialist channel partners in geographic regions where we do not currently have a meaningful presence or where, for some of our offerings, direct sales efforts are less economically feasible. Channel partners accounted for approximately 8% of our 2022 total revenues.
Sales cycles for our applications tend to be relatively short, measured in weeks. The most prevalent transactions are increases by accounts in their use of our applications already in use. Our sales model allows and encourages accounts to try usage of our applications that are new to them with minimal obligation. We act upon our logs of such new usage to assign user success colleagues to help the new users in this expanded adoption.
Our ProjectWise and AssetWise Enterprise Systems offerings are generally sold through either proactive proposals or responses to requests for proposal, so sales cycles for those offerings range from months to several quarters. We have a comprehensive global proposals team to assure appropriate business development resources are allocated, to quality-assure efficient and effective proposal contents, and to maximize the capture ratio for our proposal pursuit.
Our marketing functions include:
•Corporate marketing, to build brand awareness, brand equity, and thought leadership, including through corporate events and programs covering industry trends and challenges, and to conduct market research and industry studies;
•Industry and product marketing, for demand generation through digital marketing channels, including our website, Internet advertising, webinars, and virtual events, and paid and organic social media, and through traditional marketing channels such as trade print advertising, press releases, editorial placements, industry-specific trade shows and conferences, in-person seminars, and locally-sponsored events; and
•Regional marketing, to localize and deliver our marketing programs throughout the world.
We also invest in our annual Year in Infrastructure Conference, which brings together leading infrastructure thought leaders from around the world for presentations on innovative projects, to learn about the latest advances to our applications and cloud offerings, and to network and share best practices. Our associated Year in Infrastructure and Going Digital Awards in 2022, which was livestreamed across the globe, attracted over 250 project nominations from our accounts to be judged by independent juries in 12 categories for digital advancements in infrastructure engineering.
Our Research and Development
We continue to make substantial investments in research and development because we believe the infrastructure engineering software market presents compelling opportunities for the application of new technologies that advance our current solutions. Our research and development roadmap balances technology advances and new offerings with continuous enhancements to existing offerings. Our allocation of research and development resources is guided by management-established priorities, input from product managers, and user and sales force feedback.
We had approximately 2,100 colleagues engaged globally in software research and development as of December 31, 2022. Each of our product advancement groups for Engineering Applications, Geoprofessional Applications, Enterprise Systems, and Industry Solutions have research and development resources and responsibilities. Our iTwin Platform group consists of approximately 200 colleagues and is entirely devoted to the rapid development of new and incremental cloud-native services for infrastructure digital twins. Our separate Technology office assesses the potential of new software technologies and sources.
As part of our resource allocation process, we also conduct a cost-benefit analysis of acquiring available technology in the marketplace versus developing our own solutions. Our Portfolio Development office, in addition to pursuing appropriate acquisitions and digital-integrator startups, allocates funding for internal “acceleration” projects, to “make” rather than “buy.” Each such project is staffed with colleagues dedicated to the “intrapreneurial” incubation of a new offering, which is brought back to its respective sponsoring product advancement group after market introduction.
For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, our research and development spending was $257.9 million, $220.9 million, and $185.5 million, respectively, and as a percentage of our total revenues was 23.5%, 22.9%, and 23.1%, respectively.
Our Intellectual Property
We believe that the success of our business depends more on the quality of our proprietary software solutions, technology, processes, and domain expertise than on copyrights, patents, trademarks, and trade secrets. While we consider our intellectual property rights to be valuable, we do not believe that our competitive position depends primarily on obtaining legal protection for our software solutions and technology. Instead, we believe that our competitive position depends primarily on our ability to maintain a leadership position by developing innovative proprietary software solutions, technology, information, processes, and know-how. Nevertheless, we rely on a combination of copyrights, patents, trademarks, and trade secrets in the United States (“U.S.”) and other jurisdictions to secure our intellectual property, and we use contractual provisions and non-disclosure agreements to protect it. As of December 31, 2022, we had 143 patents granted and 61 patents pending in the U.S., the first of which expires on January 3, 2023, and 27 patents granted and 59 patents pending internationally, the first of which expires on September 9, 2023. In addition, from time to time we enter into collaboration arrangements and in-bound licensing agreements with third parties, including certain of our competitors, in order to expand the functionality and interoperability of our software solutions. We are not substantially dependent upon any one of these arrangements, and we are not obligated to pay any material royalty or license fees with respect to them.
Our patents cover systems and methods relating to various aspects of software for infrastructure design and modeling, collaboration and work-sharing, and infrastructure asset operations. Among other things, our patents address a broad range of issues in infrastructure domains from analyzing building energy usage and structural analysis, railway system maintenance, water network design and operation and augmented reality, as well as techniques for creating, storing, displaying, and processing infrastructure models.
To innovate and increase our strategic position, our software developers are incentivized to alert our internal patent committee to innovations that might be patentable or of strategic value. In 2022, our patent committee reviewed 26 invention disclosures submitted by our software developers, and filed 26 U.S. and two foreign patent applications, while 17 U.S. and four foreign patents were granted. We also plan to assess appropriate occasions for seeking patent and other intellectual property protections for aspects of our technology and solutions that we believe constitute innovations providing significant competitive advantages. We have registered 167 trademarks, including “Bentley,” “MicroStation,” “AssetWise,” and “ProjectWise,” with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and in several jurisdictions outside the U.S.
Our names, logos, website names, and addresses are owned by us or licensed by us. This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains trademarks, trade names, and service marks of other companies, which are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, trademarks and trade names referred to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K may appear without the ®, TM, or SM symbols, but the lack of those references is not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or the right of the applicable licensor to these trademarks, trade names, and service marks. We do not intend our use or display of other parties’ trademarks, trade names, or service marks to imply, and such use or display should not be construed to imply, endorsement or sponsorship of us by these other parties.
Environmental, Social, and Governance (“ESG”)
At Bentley Systems, our commitment to ESG is driven by our service to engineering and related professions, and the positive impacts our products enable through the design, building, and operation of the world’s infrastructure. Enabling the United Nations’ SDGs is our commitment that we will continually innovate in ways that promote sustainable infrastructure and drive progress towards ambitious global goals. Our purpose is to empower SDGs through our users’ use of our technology, most notably through infrastructure digital twin solutions, helping to drive resilient and sustainable infrastructure outcomes. In support of that vision, we have combined the two acronyms ESG and SDG to form ES(D)G, our approach to conducting our business in ways that ensures trust and responsibility by empowering sustainable development goals and bringing to light the environmental handprint of our software and services. In 2022, we continued to build upon our strong commitment to sustainability with an emphasis on strategy, governance, and transparency.
ESG Strategy
In our second year of formal ESG strategy, we wanted to engage our stakeholders to assess our current performance and ensure that our priorities are aligned with their needs. We conducted our inaugural ESG materiality assessment by interviewing directors, executive leadership, and colleagues from across the organization as well as key accounts, users, suppliers, and investors to determine the areas of ESG that are most important for our business and to our stakeholders. The results showed us that we are well aligned with our stakeholders and identified the topics that will be the focal point of our ESG efforts. The full details of this assessment will be released in our inaugural ESG report later this year.
From this assessment, our ESG steering committee is working to develop approaches to manage and improve on priority ESG topics. One such area is our climate strategy, where we have made significant progress in the last year. While our products support climate solutions for our users, we learned through our engagement that our stakeholders would like us to align our business with leading climate science. In 2022, we worked with a climate consultancy firm to quantify our entire greenhouse gas footprint, including our value chain emissions, to understand our current performance and trends. From this analysis, we were able to model feasible pathways to align our business with a Net-Zero future. Late last year, we submitted a near term (2030) climate target to the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) to reduce our absolute emissions for direct operations (Scope 1 and 2) and the emissions intensity of our value chain emissions (Scope 3) on an economic intensity basis.
ESG Governance
In 2022, we continued to drive good governance of ESG across our organization through regular engagement and enhanced policies. The sustainability committee of our board of directors met quarterly to assess the progress of our ESG efforts, including engagement in our materiality assessment. We also published new ESG-related policies, including our global tax policy, to ensure proper controls of priority topics. We also increased the size of our internal ESG steering committee to include additional business function leads for better governance. The group is working to enhance our strategies for priority ESG topics following our materiality assessment and to increase organizational efficiency for reporting, responding to relevant inquiries, and allocating resources to enhance performance.
ESG Disclosure
We enhanced several areas of disclosure in 2022, including publishing our greenhouse gas inventory, Employment Information Report (EEO-1) data, Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) index, and Global Reporting Index (GRI) index on our ESG data center. We also reported to Climate Disclosure Program (CDP) and other relevant questionnaires to ensure our current performance is understood and easy to reference for our stakeholders. Our emphasis on increased transparency has yielded several improvements to relevant ratings, including an A rating from MSCI and a Low-Risk rating from Sustainalytics. We are continuing to increase transparency aligned with our materiality assessment and look forward to publishing several new disclosures in our inaugural ESG report later this year.
To learn more, visit our ESG website at https://www.bentley.com/company/esg-overview/. The information posted on this website is not incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Human Capital Management
We consider our colleagues a key success factor in driving our continued growth. Our overall talent strategy focuses on creating a meaningful experience for our colleagues through our inclusive and engaging culture in which our colleagues develop, collaborate, contribute, thrive, and ultimately make a positive impact through advancing the world’s infrastructure.
As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately 5,000 full-time colleagues globally, including approximately 2,000 in the Americas (the U.S., Canada, and Latin America (including the Caribbean)), approximately 1,400 in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa (“EMEA”), and approximately 1,600 in Asia-Pacific (“APAC”). None of our full-time U.S. colleagues are unionized. Outside the U.S., a small overall portion of our colleagues in certain countries are represented by a colleague representative organization, such as a union or colleague association. Our colleagues bring 67 languages to fulfill the needs of our globally dispersed accounts and users. Our colleagues are highly qualified with an average of six years of total service with the Company and advanced academic credentials, including over 130 doctoral degrees and over 1,300 master’s-level degrees.
We believe our enriching experience, culture of belonging, and core values are key drivers for attracting, developing, and retaining successful colleagues. Our approach to colleague success focuses on supporting and empowering all our colleagues to create their unique, multi-dimensional success stories at Bentley Systems. Successful colleague career journeys in turn enable our success at Bentley Systems and that of our users. We do this by creating a purposeful experience centered on our colleagues and their well-being, striving to remain competitive with our peers, and embed opportunity, engagement, diversity, inclusion, and continuous growth throughout the entire colleague lifecycle.
Talent Acquisition Strategy
Our Talent Acquisition Strategy leverages best practices to attract, engage, and hire diverse top talent who will accelerate Bentley Systems’ success. Thanks to our culture and values, investment in colleague development opportunities, and competitive total rewards, we enjoy high levels of colleague referrals to supplement our corporate hiring practices, which are encouraged through our colleague referral program. We also build relationships with universities around the world as part of our Graduate Development Program to hire talented graduates into rotational assignments, which provides curated growth and development opportunities while creating a solid talent pipeline for our critical business units and teams.
As part of our commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion (“DEI”), we deploy strategies to identify diverse candidates with each open position, take measures to keep our Talent Acquisition process free of bias, and in the U.S., we intentionally partner and advertise jobs with organizations focused on women, veterans, people of color, people with disabilities, and LGBTQ+ populations. As part of our university efforts, we partner with Historically Black Colleges and Universities (“HBCUs”) in the U.S. and provide free Bentley Systems software learning licenses to HBCU students. We also expand our reach to students in our local communities via partnerships with organizations like CodePath, a non-profit organization striving to eliminate educational inequity in technical education.
Colleague Experience
We define Colleague Experience as the way in which our colleagues observe, internalize, and interpret interactions at work. It is shaped by experiences along our colleague journey and moments that matter within our role, workspace, manager, culture, and community. Our colleague strategy is to ensure that these experiences are positive and impactful, and that we take a colleague-centric approach in all that we do. We will achieve this through focused efforts to enhance personal, work, and organizational experiences, creating a strong sense of belonging, and building trust. Our colleague strategy includes a variety of approaches including investing in learning and development, career growth, regular performance feedback, rewards and recognition, opportunities for meaningful connection, and equipping our colleagues with tools and facilities so they can perform at their best. We involve colleagues in surveys, focus groups, and other discussions to influence our priorities and talent agenda so each colleague can be successful.
Professional Development
We are committed to investing in our most valuable resource, our colleagues. We provide our colleagues with various tools and opportunities to enhance their professional development and, as a result, the career potential of each individual. Our goal is to enable and empower colleagues with learning and development resources to support their continuous growth as individual contributors, team managers, or organization leaders.
We offer:
•Dedicated On-Demand Resources. Colleagues across the company have continuous access to resources and information to support their needs across the colleague lifecycle. Customized content includes focused support for various populations like colleagues, managers, and new hires to meet the various needs of our diverse colleague base. These robust offerings provide colleagues with just-in-time support and guidance. Content focuses on topics such as goal setting, competency training, coaching, feedback, performance reviews, and career development as relevant to each colleague;
•Learning and Development Opportunities. Colleagues are encouraged to create a habit of learning and to develop foundational and core job function skills to improve efficiency and productivity. We offer live classroom learning, curated learning pathways, and open access to a powerful learning platform, connecting colleagues with content from over 30 integrated providers and millions of curated articles, videos, courses, podcasts, and events. Learning focuses on not only functional or technical skills but also those that enhance colleague experience and well-being, such as FranklinCovey’s The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People and Mental Health First Aid;
•Career Development. We encourage colleagues to take ownership of their career development. We support our colleagues in crafting their development plans with their managers and provide opportunities for career growth and mobility through internal transfers, promotions, and expansion of roles and skills. Our managers are trained to support and empower their team members by giving continuous feedback and supporting their career goals. Career Development offerings for colleagues include self-assessments, career planning guides, goal-setting tools, skill development, mentorship, and career management resources. Our Bentley Network of Women (NOW) Program is a career development program focused on supporting women at Bentley Systems to develop their skills and advance their careers through mentorship, networking, and live sessions featuring senior colleagues at Bentley Systems, as well as external speakers and subject matter experts;
•Leadership Development Programs. Through our Leadership Excellence and Development (LEAD) program, participants are partnered with another leader in a cross-functional role at Bentley Systems and together leverage a custom-curated learning pathway that equips participants to succeed in current and future challenges. The program is founded on our leadership competencies and, in addition to developing leadership skills, also facilitates a “one Bentley” mindset through cross-functional collaboration and alignment. The learning pathway features internal and external learning and development content, 360 feedback, personality assessment, reflection, and action to solidify learnings and new skills. In addition to the LEAD program, we also offer foundational skill training and executive coaching as needed to invest in our leaders;
•Educational Assistance Program. The Educational Assistance Program encourages professional development through formal education so that colleagues may further develop job-related skills and enhance career progression within Bentley Systems. This program covers a range of training programs and courses leading to degrees and certifications; and
•Subsidized Professional Memberships and Subscriptions. We reimburse colleagues for the annual fees related to continuing membership in, or subscription to, professional organizations that are directly related to the colleague’s role.
Engagement and Performance Management
Colleague engagement is critical to maintaining our strong sense of corporate culture. We encourage meaningful and continuous performance feedback through efforts like annual performance and feedback reviews, quarterly alignment sessions, 360 feedback, and engagement and pulse surveys. These regular exercises ensure that we are executing business objectives, providing resources to optimize our colleagues’ performance and potential, and ensuring our colleagues are motivated and engaged.
In our 2022 Annual Colleague Engagement Survey, we were pleased to report a 92% participation rate across the organization despite macro challenges like remote work impacting our colleagues. Of the colleagues who participated in the survey, 85% responded they were proud to work for Bentley Systems and 87% responded they would gladly recommend Bentley Systems as a place to work to people they know and respect.
Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
As a global company with colleagues of different cultures, backgrounds, and perspectives based in more than 40 countries worldwide, our diversity is what makes us successful. We are committed to fostering and continuing to build programs to promote DEI so all colleagues can reach their highest performance and potential. We have developed intentional strategies and programs focused on increasing diversity and equity, as well as fostering a culture of inclusion and well-being in the workplace. These strategies and programs include:
•Building Diversity. In 2022, we continued to invest in our diversity partnerships to create a more diverse workplace. We enhanced our Bentley Education focus on exposing diverse students to Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education. We partnered with Building 21, a school district of Philadelphia public high school, to pilot a paid summer internship for interested students. We are also a supporter of the American Heart Association’s STEM for Red campaign, bringing STEM education and career advice to female students in the Philadelphia School District. In addition, we continue to partner with HBCUs to provide mentoring and engineering programs for college students. We enhanced our partnerships with diverse professional organizations such as the Conference of Minority Transportation Officials (COMTO) and the National Society of Black Engineers (NSBE) to advance equitable opportunities for underrepresented groups in the transportation and engineering industries. We pro-actively implemented pre-hire assessments to reduce implicit bias in the hiring process;
•Colleagues. We continue to foster belonging and create an inclusive workplace through our colleague resource groups, the Inclusion, Diversity, and Equity Alliance (“IDEA”), which provides our colleagues a platform to join other colleagues from all regions, levels, demographics, and departments to build community and celebrate our diversity and differences. IDEA currently has five focus groups: OpenPride, OpenAbilities, People of Color in the U.S., Women at Bentley, and our newest group, Veterans at Bentley. Our IDEA groups have built strong communities and provided platforms for discussion and learning by hosting book clubs, anti-racist training, panel discussions, speaker sessions, community engagement, and celebrating global awareness days and events. We continue to develop ways in which we can better serve and support our global colleagues through peer written articles geared at cultivating a more accepting workplace. Internally, we continue to actively invest in the advancement of women colleagues through Bentley Network of Women (NOW), a development and mentoring program for women globally at the Director level and below; and
•Awareness and Training. We have implemented robust DEI training as part of our annual compliance commitments. We have held interactive sessions with our executives, emerging leaders, and talent acquisition in fostering DEI and eliminating unconscious bias, and have implemented training for hiring managers to ensure fairness in the interview process.
We provide paid parental leave in several countries around the world, including the U.S., and in the U.S., we provide benefits for qualified gender affirming surgery and regularly invest in our colleagues’ mental health. We plan to continue our commitments to gender pay parity and analysis, and benefits to ensure our colleagues’ well-being.
As a result of these efforts, we were named a 2022 Chambers and Partners Diversity and Inclusion Awards: North America winner. These awards celebrate the achievements of firms, companies, and individuals who are furthering the advancement of diversity and inclusion across the U.S. and Canada. We were also named a Civic 50 Greater Philadelphia 2022 honoree by the Philadelphia Foundation, honoring the top community-minded companies in Philadelphia for good corporate citizenship.
Additional information on our DEI program can be found on our website at www.bentley.com/en/about-us/diversity-equity-inclusion.
Infrastructure-Empowered Work Flexibility
Our global footprint, with a substantial proportion of colleagues reporting to a manager on a different continent, prepared us well for the adaptions which became necessary during the COVID-19 pandemic, and accelerated our learning curve for colleague success. Work flexibility continues to be instrumental both for our business and for our colleagues’ well-being. Our Infrastructure Empowered Workforce Plan (“IEWP”) is our intentional approach which is meant, through productive and enjoyable facilities, to attract colleagues to take advantage of our evolving physical offices for necessary in-person collaboration, while institutionalizing the flexibility to work remotely otherwise, fully enabled by appropriate technologies. IEWP is a deliberate strategy that differentiates us as an employer of choice as we encourage our colleagues to make the best of both remote and in-office working worlds to perform at a high level, make meaningful connections, and contribute to our success and, accordingly, to the world’s economy and environment, which depends on infrastructure.
IEWP is built on a solid foundation of trust, empowering colleagues and their managers to make responsible and effective choices about the right balance between working from the office and remotely. This plan does not require colleagues to come into the office at any specific frequency. Rather, it allows colleagues the flexibility to make these choices with their manager, to achieve business success, and maintain a high level of productivity and engagement. We are modernizing our workplace related policies and processes, and are providing the equipment, facilities, tools, and training for colleagues and managers to work effectively in a globally dispersed environment while enhancing colleague experience and success. IEWP allows our colleagues across the globe to contribute to Bentley Systems’ success in a meaningful way while enhancing belonging and work-life balance.
Corporate Information
Bentley Systems, Incorporated was incorporated in Delaware in 1987 and is headquartered in Exton, Pennsylvania. We were originally incorporated in California in 1984 upon our founding.
Website Access to Reports
Our internet address is www.bentley.com. The information posted on our website is not incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to reports filed or furnished pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, are available free of charge on the Investor Relations portion of our website at www.bentley.com (or investors.bentley.com) as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Item 1A. Risk Factors
The following is a discussion of the material factors that make an investment in the Company and its securities speculative or risky. The risks described herein are not the only risks we may face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial may also materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, or operating results.
Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
Demand for our software solutions is subject to volatility in our accounts’ underlying businesses, which includes infrastructure projects that typically have long timelines.
Our sales are based significantly on accounts’ demand for software solutions in the following infrastructure sectors: (i) public works/utilities; (ii) industrial; (iii) resources; and (iv) commercial/facilities. Although these sectors are typically countercyclical to one another in nature, each periodically experiences economic declines and may be exacerbated by other economic factors. If participants in any of these sectors reduce spending or allocate future funding in a manner that results in fewer infrastructure improvement or expansion projects, then our accounts’ underlying business may be impacted and demand for our software solutions may decrease or our rate of contract renewals may decrease. A prolonged decrease in such spending may harm our results of operations. Our accounts may request discounts or extended payment terms on new arrangements or seek to extend payment terms on existing arrangements due to lower levels of infrastructure spending or for other reasons, all of which may reduce revenue. We may not be able to adjust our operating expenses to offset such discounts or other arrangements because a substantial portion of our operating expenses is related to personnel, facilities, and marketing programs. The level of personnel and related expenses may not be able to be adjusted quickly and is based, in significant part, on our expectations for future revenues and demand.
Infrastructure projects typically have long timelines and we may invest in building capacity based on expected demand for our software solutions that takes longer to develop than we expect or fails to develop at all. Additionally, government spending on infrastructure may decrease, which could decrease the demand for our software solutions and have a negative impact on our results of operations. We may not be successful in forecasting future demand levels and could fail to win business at the expected rates. If we underestimate the demand for our software solutions, we may be unable to fulfill the increased demand in a timely fashion or at all. If we overestimate the demand for our software solutions, we may incur additional expenses for which we would not have corresponding revenues, negatively impacting our results of operations.
The continuing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is unpredictable and could materially and adversely affect our business.
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is unpredictable in nature and has adversely affected and may continue to adversely affect global economies, financial markets, and the overall macroeconomic environment in which we do business. As a result, the extent to which our business will continue to be affected will depend on a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control, including the persistence of the pandemic, impacts on economic activity, including infrastructure projects, and the possibility of recession or continued financial market instability. Accordingly, our future results of operations and financial condition may not meet our expectations.
The majority of our revenues and an increasing percentage of our operations are attributable to operations outside the U.S., and our results of operations therefore may be materially affected by the legal, regulatory, social, political, economic, and other risks of foreign operations.
Approximately 58%, 59%, and 57% of our total revenues were from outside the U.S. for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. We anticipate that revenues from accounts outside the U.S. will continue to comprise a majority of our total revenues for the foreseeable future.
Our international revenues, including from emerging economies, are subject to general economic and political conditions in foreign markets and our revenues are impacted by the relative geographical and country mix of our
revenues over time. These factors could adversely impact our international revenues and, consequently, our business. Our dependency on international revenues also makes us more exposed to global economic and political trends, which can negatively impact our financial results. Further, our operations outside the U.S. are subject to legal, regulatory, social, political, economic, and other risks inherent in international business operations, including, without limitation, local product preference and product requirements, trade protection measures, sanctions, quotas, embargoes, import and export licensing requirements, duties, tariffs or surcharges and more stringent regulations relating to privacy and data security and access to, or use of, commercial and personal information, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (the “GDPR”) applicable in the European Union (“E.U.”), the Personal Information Protection Law (the “PIPL”) applicable in China, and Brazil’s General Data Protection Law (the “LGPD”).
The occurrence of any one of these risks could negatively affect our international business and, consequently, our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Additionally, operating in international markets requires significant management attention and financial resources. We cannot be certain that the investment and additional resources required to operate in other countries will produce desired levels of revenue or profitability.
Decreased investment by APAC, including China, may have a negative effect on our business.
Approximately 18% for the year ended December 31, 2022 and approximately 19% of our total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 relate to infrastructure projects in APAC, including China. We cannot assure you that spending in these countries on infrastructure projects will continue at historical levels or increase in the future, or that demand for our software solutions in APAC in general will not be negatively affected by reductions in spending or other limitations.
We are exposed to fluctuations in currency exchange rates that could negatively impact our financial results and cash flows.
We sell our solutions in 194 countries, primarily through a direct sales force located throughout the world. Approximately 58%, 59%, and 57% of our total revenues were from outside the U.S. for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. As we continue to expand our presence in international regions, the portion of our revenues, expenses, cash, accounts receivable, and payment obligations denominated in foreign currencies continues to increase. Further, we anticipate that revenues from accounts outside of the U.S. will continue to comprise the majority of our total revenues for the foreseeable future.
Because of our international activities, we have revenues, expenses, cash, accounts receivable and payment obligations denominated in foreign currencies. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, 36%, 47%, and 43%, respectively, of our total revenues were denominated in a currency other than the U.S. Dollar. As a result, we are subject to currency exchange risk. Our revenues and results of operations are adversely affected when the U.S. Dollar strengthens relative to other currencies and are positively affected when the U.S. Dollar weakens. As a result, changes in currency exchange rates will affect our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. In the event that there are economic declines in countries in which we conduct transactions, the resulting changes in currency exchange rates may affect our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. We are most impacted by movements in and among the Euro, British Pound, Canadian Dollar, Australian Dollar, Chinese Yuan Renminbi, and New Zealand Dollars. For example, the Chinese Yuan Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. Dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably, due to changes in foreign exchange for a wide variety of reasons, including actions instituted by China. Because of changes in trade between the U.S. and China and Renminbi internationalization, China may in the future announce further changes to the exchange rate system, and we cannot assure you that the Renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. Dollar in the future.
In addition, countries in which we operate may be classified as highly inflationary economies, requiring special accounting and financial reporting treatment for such operations, or such countries’ currencies may be devalued, or both, which may harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We cannot predict the impact of foreign currency fluctuations and we may not be successful in minimizing the risks of these fluctuations. In addition, the fluctuation and volatility of currencies, even when it increases our revenues or decreases our expenses, impacts our ability to accurately predict our future results and earnings.
We may not be able to increase the number of new subscription-based accounts or cause existing accounts to renew their subscriptions, which could have a negative impact on our future revenues and results of operations.
We may not be able to increase demand for our subscription-based services in line with our growth strategy. Our accounts are not obligated to renew their subscriptions for our offerings, and they may elect not to renew. We cannot assure renewal rates or the mix of subscriptions renewals. Account renewal rates may decline or fluctuate due to a number of factors, including offering pricing, competitive offerings, account satisfaction, and reductions in account spending levels or account activity due to economic downturns or financial markets uncertainty. If our accounts do not renew their subscriptions or if they renew on less favorable terms, our revenues may decline, which could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Consolidation among our accounts and other enterprises in the markets in which we operate may result in a loss of business.
It is likely that some of our existing accounts will consolidate, be acquired, or experience a change in management, which could lead to a decrease in the size of our account base. We expect consolidation among our accounts as they attempt to strengthen or maintain their market positions. If two or more of our accounts consolidate, they may also wish to consolidate the software solutions and services that we provide to them. If an existing account is acquired by another company that uses the solutions of one of our competitors, we may lose business in that account to our competitor. In addition, if an account experiences a change in management, the new management team may be accustomed to the software of one of our competitors, and we could lose that account. Any such consolidation, acquisition, or management change could lead to pricing pressure, erosion of our margins, loss of accounts, and loss of market share, all of which could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We have in the past and expect to continue in the future to seek to grow our business through acquisitions of or investments in new or complementary businesses, software solutions, or technologies, and the failure to manage acquisitions or investments, or the failure to integrate them with our existing platform and business, could harm us.
Since our founding, we have strategically acquired and integrated numerous software assets and businesses. We may, however, be unable to identify suitable acquisition candidates in the future or, if suitable candidates are identified, we may be unable to complete the business combination on commercially acceptable terms. The process of exploring and pursuing acquisition opportunities may result in devotion of significant management and financial resources.
Even if we are able to consummate acquisitions that we believe will be successful, these transactions present many risks including, among others, failing to achieve anticipated synergies and revenue increases, difficulty incorporating and integrating the acquired technologies or software solutions with our offerings and existing applications, difficulties managing an acquired company’s technologies or lines of business or entering new markets where we have limited prior experience or where competitors may have stronger market positions, the loss of key colleagues, accounts, and channel partners of ours or of the acquired company, and the requirement to test and assimilate the internal control processes of the acquired business in accordance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
Quality problems, defects, errors, failures, or vulnerabilities in our software solutions or services could harm our reputation and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.
Our solutions are, in some cases, highly complex and incorporate advanced software technologies that we attempt to make interoperable with the products of other software providers. Despite testing prior to release, our software may contain undetected defects or errors. Further, the combined use of our software with those of other software providers may cause errors or failures, or it may expose undetected defects, errors, or failures in our software. These defects, errors, or failures could affect software performance and damage the businesses of our accounts, as well as delay the development or release of new software or new versions of software. Further, we cannot guarantee that all of our accounts are using the latest versions of our software solutions with enhanced security features and may be more vulnerable to cyber-attacks. Allegations of unsatisfactory performance in any of these situations could damage our reputation in the market and our relationships with our accounts, cause us to lose revenue or market share, increase our service costs, cause us to incur substantial costs in analyzing, correcting, or redesigning the software, cause us to lose
accounts, subject us to liability for damages, and divert our resources from other tasks, any one of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. We may also be required to provide full replacements or refunds for such defective software. We cannot assure you that such remediation would not harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.
Our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects may be harmed if we are unable to cross-sell our solutions.
A significant component of our growth strategy is to increase the cross-selling of our solutions to current and future accounts, however, we may not be successful in doing so if our accounts find our additional solutions to be unnecessary or unattractive. We have invested, and intend to continue to invest, significant resources in developing and acquiring additional solutions, which resources may not be recovered if we are unable to successfully cross-sell these solutions to accounts using our existing solutions. Any failure to sell additional solutions to current and future accounts could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.
There are significant costs and restrictions associated with the repatriation of cash from our non-U.S. operations.
Our cash and cash equivalents balances are concentrated in a few locations around the world, with approximately 95% and 48% of those balances held outside of the U.S. as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. Cash repatriation restrictions may limit our ability to repatriate cash held by our foreign subsidiaries. Additionally, the repatriation of cash held by our foreign subsidiaries may result in adverse tax consequences. Any repatriation of cash may be restricted or may result in our incurring substantial costs. As a result, we may be required to seek sources of cash to fund our operations, including through the issuance of equity securities, which may be dilutive to existing stockholders, or by incurring additional indebtedness. There can be no assurance that we will be able to secure sources of financing on terms favorable to us, or at all.
From time to time we realign or introduce new business initiatives, including reorganizing our sales and marketing, research and development, and administrative functions; if we fail to successfully execute and manage these initiatives, our results of operations could be negatively impacted.
We rely heavily on our direct sales force. From time to time, we reorganize and make adjustments to our sales leadership and/or our sales force in response to such factors as management changes, performance issues, market opportunities, and other considerations. These changes may result in a temporary lack of sales production and may adversely impact revenues in future quarters. Market acceptance of any new business or sales initiative is dependent on our ability to match our accounts’ needs at the right time and price. There can be no assurance that we will not restructure our sales force in future periods or that the transition issues associated with such a restructuring will not occur. Similarly, reorganization of our research and development and administrative functions can disrupt our operations and negatively impact our results of operations if the execution is not managed properly. If any of our assumptions about expenses, revenues, or revenue recognition principles from these initiatives proves incorrect, or our attempts to improve efficiency are not successful, our actual results may vary materially from those anticipated, and our financial results could be negatively impacted.
A portion of our revenues are from sales by our channel partners and we could be subject to loss or liability based on their actions.
Sales through our global network of independent regional channel partners accounted for 8% of our total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020. These channel partners sell our software solutions to smaller-sized accounts, in geographic regions where we do not have a meaningful presence, and in niche markets where they have specialized industry and technical knowledge. Where we rely on channel partners, we may have reduced contact with ultimate users that purchase through such channel partners, thereby making it more difficult to establish brand awareness, ensure proper installation, service ongoing requirements, estimate demand, and respond to the evolving needs of an account. Any of our channel partners may choose to terminate its relationship with us at any time. As a result, our ability to service the ultimate users who were interfacing with that channel partner may take time to develop as we divert resources to service those users directly or find a suitable alternative channel partner to continue the relationship. Any disruption in service may damage our reputation and business. In addition, our channel partners may be unable to meet their payment obligations to us, which would have a negative impact on our results of operations and
revenues. Our channel partners may also not have loyalty to our brand and therefore may not be particularly motivated to sell our software solutions or services.
The use of channel partners could also subject us to lawsuits, potential liability, and reputational harm if, for example, any channel partners misrepresent the functionality of our software solutions or services to accounts, fail to comply with their contractual obligations, or violate laws or our corporate policies. Such actions may impact our ability to distribute our software solutions into certain regions and markets, and may have an adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flows.
Risks Related to Information Technology Systems and Intellectual Property
Interruptions in the availability of server systems or communications with Internet, third-party hosting facilities or cloud-based services, or failure to maintain the security, confidentiality, accessibility, or integrity of data stored on such systems, could harm our business or impair the delivery of our managed services.
A significant portion of our software development personnel, source code, and computer equipment is located at operating facilities outside the U.S. We also depend on data maintained on servers running third-party enterprise resource planning, account relationship management, and other business operations systems. We further rely upon a variety of Internet service providers, third-party hosting facilities, and cloud computing platform providers, such as Microsoft Azure, as well as local service providers to support project teams and users in most regions and countries throughout the world, particularly with respect to our cloud service solutions. Failure to maintain the security, confidentiality, accessibility, or integrity of data stored on such systems could damage our reputation in the market and our relationships with our accounts, cause us to lose revenue or market share, increase our service costs, cause us to incur substantial costs, cause us to lose accounts, subject us to liability for damages, and divert our resources from other tasks, any one of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Any damage to, or failure of, such systems, or communications to and between such systems, could result in interruptions in our operations, managed services, and software development activities. Such interruptions may reduce our revenue, delay billing, cause us to issue credits or pay penalties, cause accounts to terminate their subscriptions, or adversely affect our attrition rates and our ability to attract new accounts. Our business would also be harmed if our accounts and potential accounts believe our products or services are unreliable.
If our security measures or those of our third-party cloud data hosts, cloud computing platform providers, or third-party service partners, are breached, and unauthorized access is obtained to an account’s data, our data or our IT systems, our services may be perceived as not being secure, accounts may curtail or stop using our services, and we may incur significant legal and financial exposure and liabilities.
As we digitize and use cloud and web-based technologies to leverage account data to deliver a more complete account experience, we are exposed to increased security risks and the potential for unauthorized access to, or improper use of, our and our accounts’ information. Certain of our services involve the storage and transmission of accounts’ proprietary information, and security breaches could expose us to a risk of loss of this information, litigation, and possible liability. Although we devote resources to maintaining our security and integrity, we may not prevent security incidents.
The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attack or cyber intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments, and cyber terrorists, has increased as the number, intensity, and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. These threats include but are not limited to identity theft, unauthorized access, domain name system attacks, wireless network attacks, viruses and worms, advanced persistent threat, application centric attacks, peer-to-peer attacks, phishing, backdoor trojans, and distributed denial of service attacks. Any of the foregoing could attack our accounts’ data (including their employees’ personal data), our data (including colleagues’ personal data), or our IT systems. It is virtually impossible for us to entirely eliminate this risk. Like all software, our software is vulnerable to cyber-attacks. The impact of cyber-attacks could disrupt the proper functioning of our software solutions or services, cause errors in the output of our accounts’ work, allow unauthorized access to sensitive, proprietary, or confidential information of ours or our accounts, and other destructive outcomes.
Additionally, third parties may attempt to fraudulently induce colleagues or accounts into disclosing sensitive information such as user names, passwords, or other information in order to gain access to our accounts’ data, our data, or our IT systems. Malicious third parties may also conduct attacks designed to temporarily deny accounts access to our services. Any security breach could result in a loss of confidence in the security of our products and services, damage our reputation, negatively impact our future sales, disrupt our business, and lead to regulatory inquiry and legal liability.
Failure to protect our intellectual property rights could impair our ability to protect our proprietary technology and our brand.
Our future success and competitive position depend in large part on our ability to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technologies. We rely on a combination of copyright, patent, trademark, and trade secret laws, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual restrictions, to secure and protect our intellectual property rights, all of which provide only limited protection and may not currently or in the future provide us with a competitive advantage. Patents or trademarks may not issue from any of our pending or future patent or trademark applications. Patents or trademarks that do issue from such applications may not give us the protection that we seek, and such patents or trademarks may be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented. Any patents or trademarks that may issue in the future from our pending or future patent and trademark applications may not provide sufficiently broad protection and may not be enforceable in actions against alleged infringers.
The steps we take may not be adequate to protect our technologies and intellectual property, our patent and trademark applications may not lead to issued patents or registered trademarks, others may develop or patent similar or superior technologies or solutions, and our patents, trademarks, and other intellectual property may be challenged, invalidated, designed around, or circumvented by others. Furthermore, effective copyright, patent, trademark, and trade secret protection may not be available in every country in which our solutions are available or where we do business.
Increasingly stringent and growing data protection and privacy laws with respect to cloud computing, cross-border data transfer restrictions, and other restrictions may apply to our business and non-compliance with such rules may limit the use and adoption of our services, adversely affect our business, or expose us to increased liability.
As a global software and service provider, we collect and process personal data and other data from our users and prospective users. We use this information to provide solutions and applications to our accounts, to validate user identity, to fulfill contractual duties and administer billing and support, to expand and improve our business, and to communicate and recommend products and services through our marketing and advertising efforts. We may also share accounts’ personal data with certain third parties as described in the privacy policy provided to each account. We may also share accounts’ personal data with certain third parties as described in the privacy policy provided to each account. Further, we collect and otherwise process personal data of our global employees and contractors.
Governments, regulators, privacy advocates, plaintiffs’ attorneys, and our users and accounts are increasingly focused on how companies collect, process, use, store, share, and transmit personal data. Regulation relating to the provision of our solutions and applications, is evolving, as federal, state, and foreign governments continue to adopt new, or modify existing, laws and regulations addressing privacy, data protection, data sovereignty, information security and the collection, processing, storage, sharing, transmission, and use of data generally. This evolving regulatory landscape may be subject to differing interpretations, jurisdiction specific inconsistencies, or may conflict with other rules. We expect the regulatory landscape to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. Further, our expectation is that there will continue to be new laws, regulations, and industry standards applicable to our collection, processing, storage, sharing, transmission, and use of data generally.
Globally, laws such as the GDPR in the European Economic Area (the “EEA”), the LGPD in Brazil, and the PIPL in China, impose obligations directly on us as both a data controller and a data processor, as well as on many of our users. Further, new, and emerging domestic privacy legislation, such as the California Consumer Privacy Act (the “CCPA”), the California Privacy Rights Act (the “CPRA”), which will amend the CCPA in January 2023, the Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act, which also goes into effect in January 2023, the Colorado Privacy Act, which goes into effect in July 2023, and the Utah Consumer Privacy Act, which goes into effect December 2023, similarly impose new
obligations on us and many of our users, potentially as both businesses and service providers. As these laws, regulations, and legislative proposals continue to evolve, and as various states introduce similar proposals, we and our users may be exposed to additional burdens associated with operating in an increasingly complex regulatory landscape. In addition, laws, and legislative proposals such as the E.U.’s proposed e-Privacy Regulation are increasingly aimed at the use of personal data for marketing and advertising purposes which could impact our marketing and advertising efforts. Further, evolving definitions of what constitutes personal data, personal information, and covered data in the E.U., the U.S., and other jurisdictions, especially in relation to the classification of IP addresses, machine or device information, location data, and other information, further enhance the complexity of the global regulatory landscape. These laws may require us to make additional changes to our practices and services to enable us or our users to meet the new requirements and may also increase our potential liability exposure through new or higher potential penalties for non-compliance, including as a result of penalties, fines, and lawsuits related to data breaches. For example, in the EEA the GDPR provides for penalties of up to €20 million or 4% of global turnover for the preceding year, whichever is greater. Similarly, the PIPL provides for penalties of up to 50 million renminbi or 5% of global turnover for the preceding year, and/or disgorgement of all illegal gains, whichever is greater. Domestically, privacy legislation such as the CCPA provides for penalties of up to $7,500 per violation and the CPRA has created a new agency to implement and enforce the law in California.
Although, we monitor the regulatory environment and have invested in addressing these developments, operating in an increasingly complex regulatory landscape may impact our innovation and business drivers in developing new and emerging technologies (e.g., artificial intelligence and machine learning). Globally, these and other requirements are causing increased scrutiny amongst users, particularly in the public sector and highly regulated industries, which could restrict the use and adoption of our solutions and applications (in particular cloud services). Further, these developments may require us to take on more onerous obligations in our contracts, restrict our ability to store, transfer and process data or, in some cases, impact our ability or our users’ ability to offer our services in certain locations, to deploy our solutions, or to derive insights from user data globally.
Around the world, there is continued uncertainty in relation to the legal mechanisms supporting cross-border data flows which are subject to evolving guidance, active litigation, and enforcement proceedings in a number of jurisdictions. For example, in the EEA following the invalidation of the E.U.-U.S. Privacy Shield Framework, the European Commission introduced a new set of modular standard contractual clauses (“SCCs”) providing for an 18-month implementation period which concluded December 27, 2022. The SCCs impose new obligations relating to personal data transfers including the obligation to conduct transfer impact assessment, adopt additional information security measures, and update organizational controls and practices. Further, following the United Kingdom’s (“U.K.”) exit from the E.U., the U.K.’s Information Commissioner’s Office has issued new standard contractual clauses which are compatible with the SCCs to support data transfers out of the U.K. (“U.K. SCCs”). Data transfers from the EEA to the U.K. are covered by a European Commission adequacy decision issued on June 28, 2021; however, this decision is subject to regular review by the European Commission and may be revoked if the U.K. diverges from its current data protection laws. Complying with both the SCCs and U.K. SCCs increases our compliance burden and increases the demand from users for data localization. A number of countries including China, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, and Japan have established specific requirements for cross-border data transfers. Further, a number of countries and states have adopted or are considering adopting data localization policies which would further restrict cross-border data transfers and may require data to be localized in the country of origin (potentially at a state level) which could substantially impact our operations.
Our failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations, or to protect data, could result in enforcement action against us, including fines and public censure, claims for damages by users, accounts, and other affected individuals, damage to our reputation and loss of goodwill (both in relation to existing accounts and prospective accounts), any of which could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Around the world, there are numerous lawsuits in process against various technology companies that process personal data. If those lawsuits are successful, it could increase the likelihood that we may be exposed to liability for our own policies and practices concerning the processing of personal data and could hurt our business.
Our accounts expect us to meet voluntary certification or other standards established by third parties or imposed by the accounts themselves. If we are unable to maintain these certifications or meet these standards, it could adversely affect our ability to provide our solutions to certain accounts and could harm our business. Further, if we were to experience a breach of systems compromising our accounts’ sensitive data, our brand and reputation could be adversely affected, use of our software solutions and services could decrease, and we could be exposed to a risk of loss, litigation, and regulatory proceedings.
The costs of compliance with and other burdens imposed by laws, regulations, and standards may limit the use and adoption of our services and reduce overall demand for them, or lead to significant fines, penalties, or liabilities for any noncompliance.
Furthermore, concerns regarding privacy, data protection, and information security may cause our accounts’ customers to resist providing the data necessary to allow our accounts to use our services effectively. Even the perception that the privacy of data is not satisfactorily protected or does not meet regulatory requirements could inhibit sales of our software solutions or services, and could limit adoption of our cloud-based solutions.
We license third-party technologies for the development of certain of our software solutions, and, in some instances, we incorporate third-party technologies, including open source software, into our software solutions. If we fail to maintain these licenses or are unable to secure alternative licenses on reasonable terms, our business could be adversely affected.
We license third-party technologies to develop certain of our products, and, in some cases, we incorporate third-party technologies into our own software solutions, including technologies owned by our competitors. If we were to seek to expand the scope of this activity in the future, we could be required to obtain additional licenses and enter into long-term arrangements with third parties on whose technology we could become substantially dependent.
If we are unable to use or license these third-party technologies on reasonable terms, including commercially justifiable royalty rates, or if these technologies fail to operate properly or be appropriately supported, maintained, or enhanced, we may not be able to secure alternatives in a timely manner and our ability to develop and commercialize our own software solutions could be adversely impacted. In addition, licensed technology may be subject to claims that it infringes others’ intellectual property rights and we may lose access to or have restrictions placed on our use of the licensed technology. We also incorporate open source software into our products. While we have attempted not to use open source code in a manner which could adversely impact our proprietary code, the terms of many open source licenses have not been interpreted by U.S. courts, and there is a risk that such licenses could be construed in a manner that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to market or sell our products or to develop new products.
Assertions by third parties of infringement or other violations by us of their intellectual property rights could result in significant costs and harm our business and results of operations.
Vigorous protection and pursuit of intellectual property rights has resulted in protracted and expensive litigation for many companies in our industry. Although claims of this kind have not materially affected our business to date, there can be no assurance such claims will not arise in the future. Any claims or proceedings against us, regardless of whether meritorious, could be time consuming, result in costly litigation, require significant amounts of management time, result in the diversion of significant operational resources, or require us to enter into royalty or licensing agreements, any of which could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Risks Related to Regulation and Litigation
Recent and potential tariffs imposed by the U.S. government or a global trade war could increase the cost of our products and services and the cost of conducting our business, which could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Recent and potential tariffs imposed by the U.S. government or a global trade war could increase the cost of our products and services and the cost of conducting our business, which could harm our business, financial condition, and
results of operations. The U.S. government has threatened substantial changes to trade agreements and has raised the possibility of imposing significant increases on tariffs on goods imported into the U.S., particularly from China. The imposition of additional tariffs by the U.S. could result in the adoption of tariffs by other countries, leading to a global trade war. In addition, certain of these risks may be heightened as a result of changing political climates, which may also be exacerbated as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. For example, throughout 2018 and 2019, the U.S. and China have been levying tariffs on their respective imports. Such tariffs could have a significant impact on our business and the business of our accounts. While we may attempt to renegotiate prices with suppliers or diversify our supply chain in response to tariffs, such efforts may not yield immediate results or may be ineffective. We might also consider increasing prices to the end consumer; however, this could reduce the competitiveness of our products and services and adversely affect revenue. If we fail to manage these dynamics successfully, our gross margins and profitability could be adversely affected.
We are subject to legal proceedings and regulatory inquiries, and we may be named in additional legal proceedings or become involved in regulatory inquiries in the future, any of which may be costly, distracting to our core business and could result in an unfavorable outcome, or harm on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, or the trading price for our securities.
We are subject to various investigations, claims, and legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business, including commercial disputes, labor and employment matters, tax audits, alleged infringement of intellectual property rights, and other matters. As the global economy has changed, our industry has seen an increase in litigation activity and regulatory inquiries. Like many other high technology companies, on a regular and ongoing basis, we receive inquiries from U.S. and foreign regulatory agencies regarding our business and our business practices, and the business practices of others in our industry. In the event that we are involved in significant disputes or are the subject of a formal action by a regulatory agency, we could be exposed to costly and time consuming legal proceedings that could result in any number of outcomes. Any claims or regulatory actions initiated by or against us, whether successful or not, could result in expensive costs of defense, costly damage awards, injunctive relief, increased costs of business, fines or orders to change certain business practices, significant dedication of management time, diversion of significant operational resources, or otherwise harm our business. In any of these cases, our financial results could be negatively impacted.
Failure to comply with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”) and similar anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws associated with our activities outside the U.S. could subject us to penalties and other adverse consequences.
The majority of our revenues are from jurisdictions outside of the U.S. We are subject to the FCPA, which generally prohibits U.S. companies and their intermediaries from making payments to foreign officials for the purpose of directing, obtaining, or keeping business, and requires companies to maintain reasonable books and records and a system of internal accounting controls. The FCPA applies to companies and individuals alike, including company directors, officers, employees, and agents. Under the FCPA, U.S. companies may be held liable for corrupt actions taken by employees, strategic or local partners, or other representatives. In addition, the government may seek to rely on a theory of successor liability and hold us responsible for FCPA violations committed by companies or associated with assets that we acquire.
We are subject to governmental export and import controls that could impair our ability to compete in international markets or subject us to liability if we violate the controls.
Our offerings may be subject to U.S. export controls and economic sanctions laws and regulations that restrict the delivery of our solutions and services to certain locations, governments, and persons. While we have processes in place to prevent our offerings from being exported in violation of these laws, including obtaining authorizations as appropriate and screening against U.S. government lists of restricted and prohibited persons, we cannot guarantee that these processes will prevent all violations of export control and sanctions laws. We may also decide to acquire companies whose past activities could give rise to potential liability under export control and sanctions laws. Such acquisitions may require substantial time and resources to integrate the acquired company into our compliance processes, to correct potential compliance gaps, and to remediate past potential violations by the acquired company, including through our own internal actions, voluntary self-disclosures, or other measures.
Further, if our channel partners fail to obtain appropriate import, export, or re-export licenses or permits, we may also be adversely affected, for example, through reputational harm, as well as other negative consequences including government investigations and penalties. Complying with export control and sanctions regulations for a particular sale may be time-consuming and may result in the delay or loss of sales opportunities.
Violations of U.S. sanctions or export control laws can result in fines, penalties, denial of export and trading privileges, and seizure of goods and assets. Other consequences include negative publicity and harm to business reputation, increased government scrutiny (including intrusive audits, and increased difficulty obtaining government licenses and approvals), and/or remedial compliance measures as a condition of settling government charges.
We may face exposure to product or professional liability claims that could cause us to be liable for damages.
The use of our software could lead to the filing of product liability claims against us were someone to allege that our software provided inaccurate or incomplete information at any stage of the infrastructure lifecycle or otherwise failed to perform according to specifications. In the event that accounts or third parties sustain property damage, injury, death, or other loss in connection with their use of our software or infrastructure for which our software solutions and services were used to engineer, we, along with others, may be sued, and whether or not we are ultimately determined to be liable, we may incur significant legal expenses, management’s attention could be diverted from operations, and market acceptance of our software could decrease. Our risk of exposure to litigation in these situations could rise as our software solutions and services are used for increasingly complex and high-profile infrastructure projects. Litigation could also impair our ability to obtain professional liability or product liability insurance or increase the cost of such insurance. These claims may be brought by individuals seeking relief on their own behalf or purporting to represent a class. In addition, product liability claims may be asserted against us in the future based on events we are not aware of at the present time.
The limitations of our liability included in our contracts with accounts may not be enforceable or may not otherwise protect us from liability for damages. Additionally, we may be subject to claims that are not explicitly covered by contract, such as a claim directly by a third party. There is no assurance that our insurance coverage will be adequate to cover incurred liabilities or that we will be able to obtain acceptable product and professional liability coverage in the future.
Risks Related to Our Indebtedness
Our credit agreement, as amended, contains restrictive covenants that may limit our operating flexibility, and certain changes in ownership of equity interests in us by the Bentley Family (Barry J. Bentley, Gregory S. Bentley, Keith A. Bentley, Raymond B. Bentley, and Richard P. Bentley, collectively (the “Bentleys”), certain other family members and trusts and other entities controlled by or primarily for the benefit of the Bentleys and their families) constitutes an event of default.
Our amended and restated credit agreement, entered into on December 19, 2017 (the “Credit Facility”), contains certain restrictive covenants that limit our ability to, among other things, incur indebtedness other than amounts under the Credit Facility and specified baskets, incur additional liens, merge or consolidate with other companies or consummate certain changes of control, enter into new lines of business, pay dividends to our stockholders, repurchase our common stock and outstanding indebtedness, make investments in and acquire other businesses, and transfer or dispose of assets. In certain circumstances, the agreement governing the Credit Facility may also limit our ability to transfer cash among our subsidiaries and between us and our subsidiaries, including our foreign subsidiaries. It also contains certain financial covenants, including a covenant requiring us not to permit the net leverage ratio to exceed 3.00 to 1.00 and a covenant requiring the fixed charge coverage ratio for any period of four consecutive fiscal quarters to not be less than 3.00 to 1.00, and financial reporting requirements. Borrowings under the Credit Facility are secured by a first priority security interest in substantially all of our U.S. assets and 65% of the stock of our foreign subsidiaries owned by a party to the agreement governing the Credit Facility.
Further, if the Bentley Family ceases to collectively own equity interests in us representing at least 20% of the aggregate voting power of the Company, then such change in ownership will be an event of default under the agreement governing the Credit Facility and, among other things, the commitments under the Credit Facility may be
terminated immediately and the outstanding loans and accrued interest may become due and payable immediately.
In addition, there is no guarantee that we will be able to generate sufficient cash flow or revenues to meet these financial covenants or pay the principal and interest on any debt. Furthermore, there is no guarantee that future working capital, borrowings, or equity financing will be available to repay or refinance any debt. Any inability to make scheduled payments or meet the financial covenants in the agreement governing the Credit Facility would adversely affect our business.
The phase-out of London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) could affect interest rates under our Credit Facility.
In July 2017, the Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”) (the authority that regulates LIBOR) announced it intends to stop persuading or compelling banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR after 2021. Further, on November 30, 2020, the ICE Benchmark Administration Limited (“ICE”) announced its plan to extend the date that most U.S. Dollar-LIBOR values would cease being computed to June 30, 2023. The Alternative Reference Rates Committee (“ARRC”) and the International Swaps and Derivatives Association (“ISDA”) have identified the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as its preferred alternative rate for U.S. Dollar-LIBOR in debt, derivatives, and other financial contracts. LIBOR is used as the reference rate for Euro currency borrowings under our Credit Facility and as one of the alternatives for U.S. Dollar borrowings under our Credit Facility. If LIBOR ceases to exist, the administration agent under our Credit Facility has the authority to select a benchmark replacement index and adjustment margins and, as such, the interest rate on Euro currency borrowings under our Credit Facility may change. The new rate may not be as favorable as those in effect prior to any LIBOR phase-out. Furthermore, the transition process may result in delays in funding, higher interest expense, additional expenses, and increased volatility in markets for instruments that currently rely on LIBOR, all of which could negatively impact our interest expense, results of operations, and cash flow. Even if financial instruments are transitioned to alternative benchmarks, such as SOFR, successfully, the new benchmarks are likely to differ from LIBOR, and our interest expense associated with our outstanding indebtedness or any future indebtedness we incur may increase. Further, transitioning to an alternative benchmark rate, such as SOFR, may result in us incurring significant expense and legal risks, as renegotiation and changes to documentation may be required in effecting the transition. Any alternative benchmark rate may be calculated differently than LIBOR and may increase the interest expense associated with our existing or future indebtedness.
We may incur substantial additional debt, which could exacerbate the risks described above.
We may incur additional debt in the future. Although the agreement governing the Credit Facility contains restrictions on our ability to incur indebtedness, those restrictions are subject to a number of exceptions which permit us and our subsidiaries to incur substantial debt. Adding new debt to current debt levels could intensify the related risks that we and our subsidiaries now face. See the section titled “Liquidity and Capital Resources” included in Part II, Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Servicing our debt requires a significant amount of cash, and we may not have sufficient cash flow from our business to pay our substantial debt.
Our ability to make scheduled payments of the principal of, to pay interest on, or to refinance our indebtedness depends on our future performance, which is subject to economic, financial, competitive, and other factors beyond our control. Our business may not continue to generate cash flow from operations in the future sufficient to service our debt and make necessary capital expenditures. If we are unable to generate such cash flow, we may be required to adopt one or more alternatives, such as selling assets, restructuring debt, or obtaining additional equity capital on terms that may be onerous or highly dilutive. Our ability to refinance our indebtedness will depend on the capital markets and our financial condition at such time. We may not be able to engage in any of these activities or engage in these activities on desirable terms, which could result in a default on our debt obligations. In addition, any future indebtedness we may incur may contain financial and other restrictive covenants that limit our ability to operate our business, raise capital, or make payments under our other indebtedness. If we fail to comply with these covenants or to make payments under our indebtedness when due, then we would be in default under that indebtedness, which could, in turn, result in that and our other indebtedness becoming immediately payable in full.
Risks Related to Our Class B Common Stock
We issued convertible notes that have rights senior to our Class B Common Stock.
In January 2021, we issued $690 million aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes due 2026 (the “2026 Notes”), which will mature on January 15, 2026, unless earlier redeemed or repurchased by us or converted by the holder pursuant to their terms. In June 2021, we issued $575 million aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes due 2027 (the “2027 Notes”), which will mature on July 1, 2027, unless earlier redeemed or repurchased by us or converted by the holder pursuant to their terms. The 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes rank senior in right of payment to our Class B Common Stock and any of our indebtedness that is expressly subordinated in right of payment to the 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes; equal in right of payment to any of our liabilities that are not so subordinated; effectively junior in right of payment to any of our secured indebtedness, to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness; and structurally junior to all indebtedness and other liabilities (including trade payables) of our subsidiaries. In the event of our bankruptcy, liquidation, reorganization, or other winding up, our assets that secure debt ranking senior or equal in right of payment to the 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes will be available to pay obligations on the 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes only after the secured debt has been repaid in full from these assets, and our assets will be available to pay common stockholders only after all debt obligations have been repaid. There may not be sufficient assets remaining to pay amounts due on any or all of the 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes then outstanding or any or all shares of our Class B Common Stock then outstanding.
The accounting method for convertible debt securities that may be settled in cash, such as the 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes, could have a material effect on our reported financial condition and results.
The accounting method for reflecting the 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes on our consolidated balance sheet and reflecting the underlying shares of our Class B Common Stock in our reported diluted earnings per share may adversely affect our reported earnings and financial condition.
Under the if-converted method, diluted earnings per share will be calculated assuming that all the 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes are converted solely into shares of Class B Common Stock at the beginning of the reporting period, unless the result would be anti-dilutive. The application of the if-converted method will reduce our reported diluted earnings per share.
Furthermore, if any of the conditions to the convertibility of the 2026 Notes and/or the 2027 Notes is satisfied, then we may be required under applicable accounting standards to reclassify the liability carrying value of the 2026 Notes and/or the 2027 Notes as a current, rather than long-term, liability. This reclassification could be required even if no noteholders convert their notes and could materially reduce our reported working capital.
The conditional conversion feature of the 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes may adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.
In the event the conditional conversion feature of the 2026 Notes and/or the 2027 Notes is triggered, holders of the 2026 Notes and/or the 2027 Notes will be entitled to convert the 2026 Notes and/or the 2027 Notes at any time during specified periods at their option. If one or more holders elect to convert their 2026 Notes and/or their 2027 Notes, unless we elect to satisfy our conversion obligation by delivering solely shares of our Class B Common Stock (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we would be required to settle a portion or all of our conversion obligation through the payment of cash, which could adversely affect our liquidity. In addition, even if holders do not elect to convert their 2026 Notes and/or their 2027 Notes, we could be required under applicable accounting rules to reclassify all or a portion of the outstanding principal of the 2026 Notes and/or the 2027 Notes as a current, rather than long-term, liability, which would result in a material reduction of our net working capital.
Conversion of the 2026 Notes and/or the 2027 Notes will dilute the ownership interest of existing stockholders, including holders who had previously converted their 2026 Notes and/or their 2027 Notes, or may otherwise depress the price of our Class B Common Stock.
The conversion of some or all of the 2026 Notes and/or the 2027 Notes will dilute the ownership interests of existing stockholders to the extent we deliver shares upon conversion of any of the 2026 Notes and/or the 2027 Notes. Any sales in the public market of the Class B Common Stock issuable upon such conversion could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our Class B Common Stock. In addition, the existence of the 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes may encourage short selling by market participants because the conversion of the 2026 Notes and/or the 2027 Notes could be used to satisfy short positions, or anticipated conversion of the 2026 Notes and/or the 2027 Notes into shares of our Class B Common Stock could depress the price of our Class B Common Stock. As of December 31, 2022, without giving effect to any potential adjustments to the conversion rate set forth in the indenture or any limits on conversion, and assuming our Class B Common Stock is trading at or above $64.13 per share for the 2026 Notes and $83.23 per share for the 2027 Notes, 10,725,557 and 6,908,567 shares of our Class B Common Stock would be issuable upon a full conversion of the 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes, respectively.
The capped call transactions entered into when we issued the 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes may affect the value of our common stock.
In connection with the issuances of the 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes, we entered into capped call transactions with the respective option counterparties. The capped call transactions are expected generally to reduce the potential dilution upon conversion of the 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes, and/or offset any cash payments we are required to make in excess of the principal amount of converted 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes with such reduction and/or offset subject to a cap. In connection with establishing their initial hedges of the capped call transactions, the option counterparties or their respective affiliates entered into various derivative transactions with respect to our Class B Common Stock concurrently with or shortly after the pricing of the 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes. The option counterparties or their respective affiliates may modify their hedge positions by entering into or unwinding derivatives with respect to our Class B Common Stock and/or purchasing or selling our Class B Common Stock or other securities of ours in secondary market transactions prior to the maturity of the 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes (and are likely to do so during any observation period related to a conversion of 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes). This activity could cause or avoid an increase or a decrease in the market price of our Class B Common Stock.
The dual class structure of our common stock has the effect of concentrating voting control with the Bentley Control Group (the Bentleys and certain of their family members, trusts or other permitted transferees, as well as all other holders of our Class A Common Stock in respect of such shares of Class A Common Stock, who collectively are acting as a group).
Our Class A Common Stock has 29 votes per share, and our Class B Common Stock, which is the class of common stock that is issuable upon conversion of the 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes, and is the only class that is publicly traded and listed, has one vote per share. The beneficial owners of our Class A Common Stock together hold approximately 54.8% of the voting power of our outstanding common stock as of December 31, 2022. Moreover, as a result of the 29 to one voting ratio between our Class A and Class B Common Stock, the Bentley Control Group controls and will continue to control a majority of the combined voting power of our common stock and therefore is able to control all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, subject to the occurrence of certain events that would reduce the voting power of our Class A Common Stock or cause the conversion thereof. This concentrated control will limit or preclude stockholders’ ability to influence corporate matters for the foreseeable future and may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control, impeding a merger, consolidation, takeover, or other business combination involving us, or discouraging a potential acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our business, even if such a transaction would benefit other stockholders. The Bentley Control Group may also have interests that differ from those of other stockholders and may vote in a way with which other stockholders disagree and which may be adverse to such other stockholders’ interests.
In addition, we are a “controlled company” for the purposes of Nasdaq Listing Rules, which provides us with exemptions from certain of the corporate governance standards imposed by the rules of The Nasdaq Global Select Market. These provisions further allow the Bentley Control Group to exercise significant control over our corporate decisions and limit the ability of the public stockholders to influence our decision making.
The choice of forum provision in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or colleagues.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, any action asserting a claim of a breach of fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors or officers, any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to Delaware General Corporation Law, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or amended and restated bylaws, or any action seeking to interpret, apply, enforce, or determine the validity of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or amended and restated bylaws, and any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. In addition, the choice of forum provision provides that, to the extent permitted by applicable law, claims brought under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act must be brought exclusively in the federal district court for the District of Delaware. Despite the choice of forum provision, investors cannot waive compliance with federal securities laws and rules and regulations thereunder. The choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other colleagues, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers, and other colleagues. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition.
General Risk Factors
Global economic conditions may negatively impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our operations and performance depend significantly on foreign and domestic economic conditions. Uncertainty regarding economic conditions may negatively impact us as accounts defer spending or postpone infrastructure projects in response to tighter credit, higher unemployment, higher interest rates, higher inflation, financial market volatility, government austerity programs, negative financial news, escalations of hostilities or the threat of hostilities, pandemics, declining valuations of investments, and other factors. In addition, certain of our accounts’ budgets may be constrained and they may be unable to procure our solutions at the same level as in prior periods. Our accounts’ ability to pay for our software solutions and services may also be impaired, which may lead to an increase in our allowance for doubtful accounts and write-offs of accounts receivable. Since we are exposed to the majority of major world markets, uncertainty in any significant market may negatively impact our performance and results, particularly with respect to our largest geographic accounts. Our accounts include government entities, including the U.S. government, and if spending cuts impede the ability of governments to purchase our products and services, our revenues could decline. In addition, a number of our accounts rely, directly and indirectly, on government spending. We are unable to predict economic conditions or the likelihood of additional economic uncertainty arising in any of our key markets. Changes in economic conditions could result in us not meeting our revenue growth objectives and could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.
Geopolitical trends toward nationalism and protectionism and the weakening or dissolution of international trade pacts may increase the cost of, or otherwise interfere with, conducting our business. These trends have increased levels of political and economic unpredictability globally, and may increase the volatility of global financial markets; the impact of such developments on the global economy remains uncertain. Political instability or adverse political developments, including, without limitation, as a result of or in connection with trade relations between the U.S. and China, in any of the countries in which we do business could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Changes in existing financial accounting standards or practices, or taxation rules or practices may adversely affect our results of operations.
Changes in existing accounting or taxation rules or practices, new accounting pronouncements or taxation rules, or varying interpretations of current accounting pronouncements or taxation practices could have a significant adverse effect on our results of operations or the way we conduct our business. Further, such changes could potentially affect our reporting of transactions completed before such changes are effective.
We are required to evaluate our internal control over financial reporting under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and any adverse results from such evaluation could result in a loss of investor confidence in our financial reports and have an adverse effect on our stock price.
Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, we are required to furnish a report by our management on our internal control over financial reporting, including an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of the end of our fiscal year. This assessment must include a statement as to whether or not our internal control over financial reporting is effective and disclosure of any material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting identified by management. If our management or independent registered public accounting firm identifies one or more material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, we are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion that our internal controls are effective, investors could lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, which could have an adverse effect on our business and stock price.
In preparing our financial statements, we make certain estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements which, if not accurate, may significantly impact our financial results.
We make estimates and assumptions for a number of items, including revenue recognition, the fair value of acquired assets and liabilities, the fair value of stock consideration in conjunction with business combinations, the fair value of deferred compensation plan liabilities, the fair value of derivative financial instruments, the fair value of common stock (prior to our IPO), operating lease assets and liabilities, useful lives for depreciation and amortization, impairment of goodwill and intangible assets, valuation allowances for tax assets, and accruals for uncertain tax positions. These estimates and assumptions are drawn from historical experience and various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances as of the date of the consolidated financial statements. Actual results could differ materially from our estimates and such differences could significantly impact our financial results.
If our goodwill or amortizable intangible assets become impaired, then we could be required to record a significant charge to earnings.
Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) requires us to test for goodwill impairment at least annually. In addition, we assess our goodwill and amortizable intangible assets for impairment if events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce its fair value below its carrying value, including declines in stock price, market capitalization, or cash flows, and slower growth rates in our industry. Depending on the results of our assessment, we could be required to record a significant impairment charge in our consolidated financial statements during the period in which any impairment of our goodwill or amortizable intangible assets was determined, negatively impacting our results of operations.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Item 2. Properties
Our corporate headquarters are located in Exton, Pennsylvania and consist of approximately 107,000 square feet of office space, of which we own approximately 76,000 square feet. Our lease for the remainder expires in 2025. Our headquarters accommodates our principal software engineering, sales, marketing professional services, and administrative activities. In addition to our headquarters, we own one other location in India, which is used for office space, for an aggregate total, including our headquarters, of approximately 107,000 square feet of real property owned by us. See Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information about our properties. We lease facilities in an additional 115 locations in the U.S. and internationally through our foreign subsidiaries. See Note 8 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information about our lease commitments.
We believe that our current facilities are suitable and adequate to meet our current needs and that suitable additional or substitute space will be available as needed in the future to accommodate our operations.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
We are subject from time to time to various legal proceedings and claims which arise in the ordinary course of our business. Although the outcome of these and other claims cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not believe that the ultimate resolution of pending matters will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. We currently believe that we do not have any material litigation pending against us.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Market Information for Common Stock
Our Class B Common Stock is traded on the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC under the symbol BSY.
Stockholders
As of January 31, 2023, there were 17 holders of record of our Class A Common Stock and 2,583 holders of record of our Class B Common Stock. Because many of our shares of Class B Common Stock are held by brokers or other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of Class B stockholders represented by the record holders.
Dividend Policy
The declaration and payment of dividends is within the discretion of our board of directors. We paid quarterly dividends of $0.03 per share of common stock during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020. In addition, we paid a special dividend of $1.50 per share of common stock on September 2, 2020. While we intend to continue paying quarterly dividends, any future determination will be subject to the discretion of our board of directors and will be dependent on a number of factors, including our results of operations, capital requirements, restrictions under Delaware law, and overall financial condition, as well as any other factors our board of directors considers relevant. In addition, the terms of the agreement governing the Credit Facility limit the amount of dividends we can pay.
Recent Sales of Unregistered Equity Securities
From October 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022, we issued 17,989 shares of our Class B Common Stock in connection with distributions from our amended and restated Bentley Systems, Incorporated Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan.
None of the foregoing transactions involved any underwriters, underwriting discounts or commissions, or any public offering. Unless otherwise stated, the sales of the above securities were deemed to be exempt from registration under the Securities Act in reliance on Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701. All recipients had adequate access, through their relationships with us, to information about us. The issuance of these securities were made without any general solicitation or advertising.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Item 6. [Reserved]

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto appearing in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to historical information, this discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions that could cause actual results to differ materially from management’s expectations. Factors that could cause such differences are set forth in Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Refer to Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K for management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020.
All amounts presented in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, except share and per share amounts, are presented in thousands. Additionally, many of the amounts and percentages have been rounded for convenience of presentation.
Overview:
We enable infrastructure professionals and their organizations, by “going digital” through our software and cloud services offerings, to better design, build, and operate better infrastructure. We were founded in 1984 by the Bentley brothers and on September 25, 2020, we completed our IPO.
Our enduring commitment is to develop and support the most comprehensive portfolio of integrated software offerings across professional disciplines, project and asset lifecycles, infrastructure sectors, and geographies. Our software enables digital workflows across engineering disciplines, across distributed project teams, and from offices to the field. Moreover, we believe that our offerings, in particular our infrastructure digital twin solutions, empower the achievement of sustainable development goals by helping our users - infrastructure professionals - realize outcomes that are more sustainable and resilient.
We deliver our solutions via on-premises, cloud, and hybrid environments. Our users engineer, construct, and operate projects and assets across the following infrastructure sectors:
•public works (including roads, rail, bridges, tunnels, airports, ports, and federal, state, and municipal agencies)/utilities (including networks for electricity, gas, communications, and water, wastewater, and drainage). We estimate that this sector represents 49% of the net infrastructure asset value of the global top 500 infrastructure owners based on the 2022 edition of the Bentley Infrastructure 500 Top Owners, our annual compilation of the world’s largest infrastructure owners ranked by net depreciated value of their tangible fixed assets;
•resources (including mining, oil and gas “upstream,” offshore, pipelines, environmental management, and renewable energy). We estimate that this sector represents 21% of the global top 500 infrastructure owners’ net infrastructure asset value;
•industrial (including discrete and process manufacturing, oil and gas “downstream,” and power generation). We estimate that this sector represents 18% of the global top 500 infrastructure owners’ net infrastructure asset value; and
•commercial/facilities (including office buildings, retail facilities, hospitals, and campuses). We estimate that this sector represents 12% of the global top 500 infrastructure owners’ net infrastructure asset value.
We offer solutions for enterprises and professionals across the infrastructure lifecycle. Our engineering applications and geoprofessional applications support the breadth of engineering and geoprofessional disciplines and are primarily desktop applications for professional practitioners. Our project delivery and asset performance Enterprise Systems are provided via cloud and hybrid environments, developed respectively to extend enterprise collaboration during project delivery, and to manage and leverage engineering information during operations and maintenance. Our Industry Solutions solve domain-specific problems for owners of infrastructure assets, and the project delivery ecosystems that support these owners. Our cloud-native iTwin Platform solutions enable digital twin workflows, which can span project and asset lifecycles.
We continue to make substantial investments in research and development because we believe the infrastructure engineering software market presents compelling opportunities for the application of new technologies that advance our current solutions. Our research and development roadmap balances technology advances and new offerings with continuous enhancements to existing offerings. Our allocation of research and development resources is guided by management-established priorities, input from product managers, and user and sales force feedback.
We bring our offerings to market primarily through direct sales channels that generated approximately 92% of our 2022 total revenues.
Since its founding, Bentley Systems has remained focused on our mission to provide software in support of the professional needs of those responsible for creating and managing the world’s infrastructure. We have methodically grown through periods of global expansion, periods of expansion in our portfolio of solutions, and periods of rapid technological change. The following provides key corporate milestones over our 38-year history:
Our sources of revenue growth, excluding the impact from acquisitions, come from additional subscriptions revenues from existing accounts using the same products and represent the majority of our revenue growth, additional subscriptions revenues from existing accounts using new products, and subscriptions revenues from new accounts. For the year ended December 31, 2022, subscriptions represented 87% of our total revenues, and together with certain services revenues that are recurring in nature and represented 2% of our total revenues, brought the proportion of our recurring revenues to 89% of our total revenues. The remaining 11% of our revenues were generated from the sale of perpetual licenses and the delivery of non-recurring services. We have a highly-diversified account base, with our largest account representing no more than 2% of our total revenues in 2022. Our 2022 total revenues were also diversified by account type, size, and geography. Additionally, we believe that we have a loyal account base, with over 70% of our 2022 total revenues from organizations that have been our accounts for over ten years.
Our Commercial Offerings:
Our solutions are made available to our accounts in a broad range of commercial offerings designed to accommodate the diverse preferences of our accounts, which range from owned versus subscribed, short-term subscriptions versus annual subscriptions, and fee-certain arrangements versus variable or consumption-based arrangements with consumption measurement durations of less than one year. We contract our commercial offerings under a single form of standard contract, which includes liability and other risk protections in our favor, and appropriate standard addendums to the primary contract, which specifically address the commercial offerings provided. Our standard commercial offerings are summarized in the table below, with further descriptions following the table:
Enterprise Subscriptions. Our enterprise subscription offerings provide our enterprise accounts with complete and unlimited global access to our comprehensive portfolio of solutions.
•Enterprise 365 (“E365”) Subscriptions. Under our E365 subscription, accounts are charged primarily based upon daily usage. E365 subscriptions can contain quarterly usage floors or collars. The daily usage fee includes a term license component, SELECT maintenance and support, hosting, and Success Blueprints, which are designed to achieve business outcomes through more efficient and effective use of our software.
•Enterprise License Subscriptions (“ELS”). Under our ELS offering, accounts are charged based upon a fixed annual fee. Subsequent annual renewals are based on the account’s usage of software in the preceding year, effectively resulting in a fee-certain annual consumption-based arrangement. We are completing efforts to transition ELS subscribers to E365 subscriptions, primarily to simplify pricing, more closely align consumption to monetization, and to establish Success Blueprints as recurring to ensure better business outcomes for our users. In transitioning subscribers to E365, we recognize a greater proportion of our revenues on a quarterly basis rather than substantially upfront.
SELECT Subscriptions. Our SELECT subscription is a prepaid annual recurring subscription that accompanies a new or previously purchased perpetual license. We believe that the SELECT benefits summarized below support our favorable rates of account retention and growth:
•Software upgrades;
•Comprehensive technical support;
•License pooling providing accounts with efficiency advantages;
•Portfolio balancing providing accounts the opportunity to exchange unused or under used licenses with other of our license offerings;
•Learning benefits, Azure-based cloud collaboration services, and mobility advantages; and
•Access to our entire application portfolio with usage of licenses not previously purchased monetized quarterly in arrears based on consumption. See the section titled “-Term License Subscriptions” below.
Term License Subscriptions
Annual Term Licenses (“ATL”) Subscription. Annual term licenses are generally prepaid annually for named user access to specific products and include our Virtuoso subscriptions sold via our Virtuosity eStore for practitioner licenses. Virtuoso subscriptions are bundles with customizable training and expert consultation administered through “keys” or credits. ATL are also used to monetize site or enterprise wide access for certain of our AssetWise solutions within given usage bands.
Quarterly Term License (“QTL”) Subscription. Through quarterly term licenses, accounts pay quarterly in arrears for licenses they have used representing usage beyond their contracted quantities. Much like our enterprise subscription programs, a QTL allows smaller- and medium-sized accounts to match usage to ongoing project requirements.
Monthly Term License (“MTL”) Subscription. Monthly term licenses are identical to QTL subscriptions, except for the term of the license, and the manner in which they are monetized. MTL subscriptions require a Cloud Services Subscription, which is discussed below.
Visas. Visas are quarterly or annual term licenses enabling users to access specific project or enterprise information and entitles our users to certain functionality of our ProjectWise and AssetWise systems. Generally, a Visa provides desktop, web, and mobile application access to project information and certain functions, plus added functionality depending upon the product to which the Visa is aligned.
While certain legacy arrangements are supported, our standard offering requires Visas to be fulfilled and contracted via a CSS, which is discussed below.
Cloud Services Subscription (“CSS”). CSS is designed to streamline the procurement, administration, and payment process for us and our accounts. A CSS requires an upfront annual estimation of MTL, Visa consumption, and any Success Services expected for the upcoming year. A deposit for the annual estimated consumption is submitted in advance. Actual consumption is monitored and invoiced against the deposit on a calendar quarter basis. Accounts are charged only for what gets used and deposited amounts never expire.
Perpetual Licenses
We historically have sold perpetual licenses and continue to offer them to our accounts as an available option for most of our applications. Perpetual licenses are available for accounts that prefer to own their software licenses and may be sold with or without attaching a SELECT subscription. Historically, attachment and retention of the SELECT subscription has been high given the benefits of the SELECT subscription.
Services
We provide professional services, including training, implementation, configuration, customization, and strategic consulting services. We perform projects on both a time and materials and a fixed fee basis. Certain of our fixed-fee arrangements, including our Success Services offerings, are structured as subscription-like, packaged offerings that are annually recurring in nature. Success Services are standard service offerings that provide a level of dedicated professional services above the standard technical support offered to all accounts as part of their SELECT or enterprise agreement.
Key Business Metrics:
We regularly review the following key metrics to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends in our business, prepare financial projections, and make strategic decisions.
December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Annualized recurring revenues (“ARR”) $ 1,036,548 $ 921,218 $ 752,697
Last twelve-months recurring revenues $ 978,024 $ 834,150 $ 696,662
Twelve-months ended constant currency:
ARR growth rate 15 % 26 % 8 %
Account retention rate 98 % 98 % 98 %
Recurring revenues dollar-based net retention rate 110 % 109 % 107 %
ARR. Our ARR is defined as the sum of the annualized value of our portfolio of contracts that produce recurring revenues as of the last day of the reporting period, and the annualized value of the last three months of recognized revenues for our contractually recurring consumption-based software subscriptions with consumption measurement durations of less than one year, calculated using the spot foreign exchange rates. We believe that the last three months of recognized revenues, on an annualized basis, for our recurring software subscriptions with consumption measurement period durations of less than one year is a reasonable estimate of the annual revenues, given our consistently high retention rate and stability of usage under such subscriptions. ARR resulting from the annualization of recurring contracts with consumption measurement durations of less than one year, as a percentage of total ARR, was 43%, 38%, and 36% as of December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Within our consumption-measured ARR, the continuous uptake of our E365 subscription offering has increased daily consumption-measured ARR, representing 35% of total ARR as of December 31, 2022. We believe that ARR is an important metric indicating the scale and growth of our business. Furthermore, we believe ARR, considered in connection with our recurring revenues dollar-based net retention rate, is a leading indicator of revenue growth.
In March 2022, in response to the Russia-Ukraine war, we announced a pause of sales in Russia and Belarus, in addition to our strict compliance with applicable sanctions, regimes, and other regulatory restrictions on business activities in those countries. As a result of the conflict, we deemed our overall business recurrence in the affected countries to have been reduced by approximately 50%, and accordingly, reduced our related ARR by $5,190 as of March 31, 2022. During the second quarter of 2022, the marked shifts in the Russian business environment and economic outlook led us to conclude it was no longer viable for us to continue operations in Russia. Accordingly, we made the decision to wind down business and exit the Russian market, which resulted in a further reduction in our ARR by $6,000.
Last twelve-months recurring revenues. Last twelve-months recurring revenues is calculated as recurring revenues recognized over the preceding twelve-month period. We define recurring revenues as subscriptions revenues that recur monthly, quarterly, or annually with specific or automatic renewal clauses and services revenues in which the underlying contract is based on a fixed fee and contains automatic annual renewal provisions.
We believe that last twelve-months recurring revenues is an important indicator of our performance during the immediately preceding twelve-month time period. We believe that we will continue to experience favorable growth in recurring revenues primarily due to our strong account retention and recurring revenues dollar-based net retention rates, as well as the addition of new accounts with recurring revenues. The last twelve-months recurring revenues for the periods ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 compared to the last twelve-months of the preceding twelve-month period increased by $143,874, $137,488, and $65,565, respectively. This increase was primarily due to growth in ARR, which is primarily the result of growing our recurring revenues within our existing accounts as expressed in our recurring revenues dollar-based net retention rate, as well as additional recurring revenues resulting from new accounts and acquisitions, including the favorable impact from our platform acquisitions of Power Line Systems and Seequent. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, 89%, 86%, and 87%, respectively, of our revenues were recurring revenues.
Constant currency metrics. In reporting period-over-period results, we calculate the effects of foreign currency fluctuations and constant currency information by translating current period results using prior period average foreign currency exchange rates. Our definition of constant currency may differ from other companies reporting similarly named measures, and these constant currency performance measures should be viewed in addition to, and not as a substitute for, our operating performance measures calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
ARR growth rate. Our ARR growth rate is the growth rate of our ARR, measured on a constant currency basis. Our ARR growth rate was favorably impacted by the ARR onboarding from our platform acquisition of Power Line Systems by 2.5% for the year ended December 31, 2022 and by 13% for the year ended December 31, 2021 due to the ARR onboarding from our platform acquisition of Seequent. We believe that ARR growth is an important metric indicating the scale and growth of our business.
Account retention rate. Our account retention rate for any given twelve-month period is calculated using the average currency exchange rates for the prior period, as follows: the prior period recurring revenues from all accounts with recurring revenues in the current and prior period, divided by total recurring revenues from all accounts during the prior period. Our account retention rate is an important indicator that provides insight into the long-term value of our account relationships and our ability to retain our account base. We believe that our consistent and high account retention rates illustrate our ability to retain and cultivate long-term relationships with our accounts.
Recurring revenues dollar-based net retention rate. Our recurring revenues dollar-based net retention rate is calculated using the average exchange rates for the prior period, as follows: the recurring revenues for the current period, including any growth or reductions from existing accounts, but excluding recurring revenues from any new accounts added during the current period, divided by the total recurring revenues from all accounts during the prior period. A period is defined as any trailing twelve months. Related to our platform acquisitions, recurring revenues into new accounts will be captured as existing accounts starting with the second anniversary of the acquisition when such data conforms to the calculation methodology. This may cause variability in the comparison. We believe our recurring revenues dollar-based net retention rate is a key indicator of our success in growing our revenues within our existing accounts. Given that recurring revenues represented 89% of our total revenues for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, this metric helps explain our revenue performance, excluding the impact from acquisitions, as primarily growth into existing accounts. We believe that our consistent and high recurring revenues dollar-based net retention rate illustrates our ability to consistently retain accounts and grow them.
Our calculation of these metrics may not be comparable to other companies with similarly-titled metrics.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures:
In addition to our results determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we also use the below non-GAAP financial information to evaluate our ongoing operations and for internal planning and forecasting purposes.
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Adjusted EBITDA $ 366,440 $ 324,948 $ 266,376
Adjusted Net Income 274,518 267,892 193,334
Adjusted EBITDA. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income adjusted for interest expense, net, provision (benefit) for income taxes, depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation, expense (income) relating to deferred compensation plan liabilities, acquisition expenses, realignment expenses, expenses associated with IPO, other non-operating (income) expense, net, and (income) loss from investments accounted for using the equity method, net of tax.
Adjusted Net Income. We define Adjusted Net Income as net income adjusted for the following: amortization of purchased intangibles, stock-based compensation, expense (income) relating to deferred compensation plan liabilities, acquisition expenses, realignment expenses, expenses associated with IPO, other non-operating (income) expense, net, the tax effect of the above adjustments to net income, and (income) loss from investments accounted for using the equity method, net of tax. The income tax effect of non-GAAP adjustments was determined using the applicable rates in the taxing jurisdictions in which income or expense occurred, and represent both current and deferred income tax expense or benefit based on the nature of the non-GAAP adjustments, including the tax effects of non-cash stock-based compensation expense.
Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income are not presentations made in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and our use of the terms Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income may vary from the use of similarly titled measures by others in our industry due to the potential inconsistencies in the method of calculation and differences due to items subject to interpretation. We believe the presentation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income provides useful information to management and investors regarding financial and business trends related to our results of operations and that when non-GAAP financial information is viewed with U.S. GAAP financial information, investors are provided with a more meaningful understanding of our ongoing operating performance. We also use Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income to compare our results to those of our competitors and to consistently measure our performance from period to period.
Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income should not be considered as alternatives to net income, operating income, or any other performance measures derived in accordance with U.S. GAAP as measures of operating performance. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income have important limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under U.S. GAAP.
Reconciliation of net income to Adjusted EBITDA:
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Net income
$ 174,780 $ 93,192 $ 126,521
Interest expense, net 34,635 11,221 6,780
Provision (benefit) for income taxes
21,283 (3,448) 38,625
Depreciation and amortization
71,537 52,793 36,117
Stock-based compensation (2)
74,566 48,152 32,114
Deferred compensation plan (3)
(15,782) 95,046 177
Acquisition expenses (4)
25,398 34,368 11,666
Realignment expenses (5)
2,109 - 10,022
Expenses associated with IPO (6)
- - 26,130
Other income, net (7)
(24,298) (9,961) (24,250)
Loss from investments accounted for using the equity method, net of tax
2,212 3,585 2,474
Adjusted EBITDA $ 366,440 $ 324,948 $ 266,376
Reconciliation of net income to Adjusted Net Income:
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Net income
$ 174,780 $ 93,192 $ 126,521
Non-GAAP adjustments, prior to income taxes:
Amortization of purchased intangibles (1)
53,592 34,001 20,721
Stock-based compensation (2)
74,566 48,152 32,114
Deferred compensation plan (3)
(15,782) 95,046 177
Acquisition expenses (4)
25,398 34,368 11,666
Realignment expenses (5)
2,109 - 10,022
Expenses associated with IPO (6)
- - 26,130
Other income, net (7)
(24,298) (9,961) (24,250)
Total non-GAAP adjustments, prior to income taxes 115,585 201,606 76,580
Income tax effect of non-GAAP adjustments (18,059) (30,491) (12,241)
Loss from investments accounted for using the equity method, net of tax
2,212 3,585 2,474
Adjusted Net Income $ 274,518 $ 267,892 $ 193,334
Further explanation of certain of our adjustments in arriving at Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income are as follows:
(1)Amortization of purchased intangibles. Amortization of purchased intangibles varies in amount and frequency and is significantly impacted by the timing and size of our acquisitions. Management finds it useful to exclude these non-cash charges from our operating expenses to assist in budgeting, planning, and forecasting future periods. The use of intangible assets contributed to our revenues earned during the periods presented and will also contribute to our revenues in future periods. Amortization of purchased intangible assets will recur in future periods.
(2)Stock-based compensation. We exclude certain stock-based compensation expenses from our non-GAAP measures primarily because they are non-cash expenses and management finds it useful to exclude certain non-cash charges to assess the appropriate level of various operating expenses to assist in budgeting, planning, and forecasting future periods. Moreover, because of the variety of award types and subjective assumptions made in recognizing stock-based compensation expense, we believe excluding stock-based compensation expenses allows investors to make meaningful comparisons between our recurring core business results of operations and those of other companies.
(3)Deferred compensation plan. In August 2021, our board of directors approved an amendment to the amended and restated Bentley Systems, Incorporated Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan (the “DCP”), which offered to certain active executives in the DCP a one-time, short-term election to reallocate a limited portion of their DCP holdings from phantom shares of the Company’s Class B Common Stock into other phantom investment funds. The offer to reallocate was subject to a proration mechanism which adjusted the aggregate elections to a maximum of 1,500,000 phantom shares of the Company’s Class B Common Stock. This one-time reallocation opportunity was offered only to certain active executives (but not to Directors or Bentley family members) in order to encourage retention, as otherwise these executives could only have materially diversified their investments in Company equity (primarily held in the DCP) by voluntarily terminating employment to trigger DCP distributions. These executives in aggregate accordingly diversified 24% of their phantom shares of the Company’s Class B Common Stock. While DCP participants’ investments in phantom shares remain equity classified, as they will be settled in shares of Class B Common Stock upon eventual distribution, the amendment and elections resulted in a change to liability classification for the reallocated phantom investments, as they will be settled in cash upon eventual distribution. As a result, during the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized a one-time compensation charge of $90,721 to Deferred compensation plan expenses in the consolidated statement of operations to record the reallocated deferred compensation plan liabilities at their fair value. Deferred compensation plan liabilities are marked to market at the end of each reporting period, with changes in the liabilities recorded as an expense (income) to Deferred compensation plan in the consolidated statements of operations. We exclude Deferred compensation plan expense (income) when we evaluate our continuing operational performance because it is not reflective of our ongoing business and results of operation. We believe it is useful for investors to understand the effects of this item on our total operating expenses.
(4)Acquisition expenses. We incur expenses for professional services rendered in connection with business combinations, which are included in our U.S. GAAP presentation of general and administrative expense (See Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K). Also included in our acquisition expenses are retention incentives paid to executives of the acquired companies. For the year ended December 31, 2022, $9,804 of our acquisition expenses related to our platform acquisition of Power Line Systems. For the year ended December 31, 2021, $16,557 and $1,644 of our acquisition expenses related to our platform acquisitions of Seequent and Power Line Systems, respectively. We exclude these acquisition expenses when we evaluate our continuing operational performance as we would not have otherwise incurred these expenses in the periods presented as part of our continuing operations.
(5)Realignment expenses. During 2022, the marked shifts in the Russian business environment and economic outlook led us to conclude it was no longer viable for us to continue operations in Russia. Accordingly, we made the decision to wind down business and exit the Russian market. As a result, we incurred exit costs, which were comprised of termination benefits for colleagues whose positions were eliminated and asset impairments. During 2020, these expenses were associated with realigning our business strategies to better serve our accounts and to better align resources with the evolving needs of the business. In connection with these actions, we recognized costs related to termination benefits for colleagues whose positions were eliminated. We exclude these charges and subsequent adjustments to our estimates when we evaluate our continuing operational performance because they are not reflective of our ongoing business and results of operations. We believe it is useful for investors to understand the effects of these items on our total operating expenses. In the ordinary course of operating our business, we incur severance expenses that are not included in this adjustment.
(6)Expenses associated with IPO. These expenses include certain non-recurring costs relating to our IPO, consisting of the payment of underwriting discounts and commissions applicable to the sale of shares by the selling stockholders, professional fees, and other expenses. We exclude these charges because they are not reflective of our ongoing business and results of operation. We believe it is useful for investors to understand the effects of these items on our total operating expenses.
(7)Other income, net. The table below contains the details of Other income, net. We exclude these items because they are not reflective of our ongoing business and results of operations. We believe it is useful for investors to understand the effects of these items on our results of operations.
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
(Gain) loss from:
Change in fair value of interest rate swap $ (27,083) $ (9,770) $ (347)
Foreign exchange (a)
9,901 (827) (22,919)
Sale of aircraft (2,029) - -
Change in fair value of acquisition contingent consideration (1,427) 550 (1,340)
Payments related to interest rate swap (1,947) 1,270 696
Other income, net
(1,713) (1,184) (340)
Total other income, net
$ (24,298) $ (9,961) $ (24,250)
(a)Foreign exchange loss (gain) is primarily attributable to foreign currency translation derived mainly from U.S. Dollar denominated cash and cash equivalents, account receivables, customer deposits, and intercompany balances held by foreign subsidiaries. Intercompany finance transactions primarily denominated in U.S. Dollars resulted in unrealized foreign exchange losses (gains) of $7,369, $779, and $(22,310) for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.
Key Factors Impacting Comparability and Performance:
In addition to our performance previously discussed in “-Key Business Metrics” and “-Non-GAAP Financial Measures,” and as discussed further below in “-Results of Operations” and “-Liquidity and Capital Resources,” our consolidated financial statements were impacted by the following:
Acquisitions. Since our founding, we have purposefully pursued a strategy of regularly acquiring and integrating specialized infrastructure engineering software businesses. As a public company, we have been able to make platform acquisitions which appreciably increase our scale and/or the scope of our platform capabilities. Our relatively numerous and frequent programmatic acquisitions, which most often “fill white space” within our ecosystem and add their particular value principally by virtue of our existing platform comprehensiveness, and accordingly we consider this programmatic aspect of our growth as characteristically within our mainstream business performance (unlike platform acquisitions).
We completed 6, 13, and 6 acquisitions for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Our year ended December 31, 2022 consolidated financial statements were meaningfully impacted by our platform acquisition of Power Line Systems, which was completed on January 31, 2022 for $695,968 in cash, net of cash acquired. Our year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 consolidated financial statements were meaningfully impacted by our platform acquisition of Seequent, which was completed on June 17, 2021 for $883,336 in cash, net of cash acquired, plus 3,141,342 shares of our Class B Common Stock. For the year ended December 31, 2022, $9,804 of our acquisition expenses related to the acquisition of Power Line Systems. For the year ended December 31, 2021, $16,557 and $1,644 of our acquisition expenses related to the acquisitions of Seequent and Power Line Systems, respectively.
DCP Amendment. In August 2021, our board of directors approved an amendment to the DCP, which offered to certain active executives in the DCP a one-time, short-term election to reallocate a limited portion of their DCP holdings from phantom shares of our Class B Common Stock into other phantom investment funds. The offer to reallocate was subject to a proration mechanism which adjusted the aggregate elections to a maximum of 1,500,000 phantom shares of the Company’s Class B Common Stock. This one-time reallocation opportunity was offered only to certain active executives (but not to Directors or Bentley family members) in order to encourage retention, as otherwise these executives could only have materially diversified their investments in Company equity (primarily held in the DCP) by voluntarily terminating employment to trigger DCP distributions. These executives in aggregate accordingly diversified 24% of their phantom shares of the Company’s Class B Common Stock. While DCP participants’ investments in phantom shares remain equity classified, as they will be settled in shares of Class B Common Stock upon eventual distribution, the amendment and elections resulted in a change to liability classification for the reallocated phantom investments, as they will be settled in cash upon eventual distribution. As a result, during the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized a one-time compensation charge of $90,721 to Deferred compensation plan expenses in the consolidated statement of operations to record the reallocated deferred compensation plan liabilities at their fair value. Subsequent to the one-time reallocation, these diversified deferred compensation plan liabilities are marked to market at the end of each reporting period, with changes in the liabilities recorded as an expense (income) to Deferred compensation plan in the consolidated statements of operations.
BSY Stock Repurchase Program. On May 11, 2022, we announced that our board of directors approved the BSY Stock Repurchase Program (the “Repurchase Program”) authorizing us to repurchase up to $200,000 of our Class B Common Stock through June 30, 2024. On December 14, 2022, our board of directors amended the Repurchase Program to allow us also to repurchase its outstanding convertible senior notes. This additional authorization did not increase the overall dollar limit of the Repurchase Program. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we repurchased 896,126 shares for $28,250, and $2,170 aggregate principal amount of our outstanding 2026 Notes for $1,998.
Impact of foreign currency. A portion of our total revenues and operating expenses were derived from outside the U.S. and, as such, were denominated in various foreign currencies, including most significantly: Euros, British Pounds, Canadian Dollars, Australian Dollars, Chinese Yuan Renminbi, and New Zealand Dollars. Our financial results are therefore affected by changes in foreign currency rates. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, 36%, 47%, and 43%, respectively, of our total revenues were denominated in various foreign currencies. Correspondingly, for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, 46%, 42%, and 46%, respectively, of our total operating expenses were denominated in various foreign currencies. Other than the natural hedge attributable to matching revenues and expenses in the same currencies, we do not currently hedge foreign currency exposure. Accordingly, our results of operations have been, and in the future will be, affected by changes in foreign exchange rates.
We identify the effects of foreign currency on our operations and present constant currency growth rates and fluctuations because we believe exchange rates are an important factor in understanding period-over-period comparisons and enhance the understanding of our results and evaluation of our performance. In reporting period-over-period results, we calculate the effects of foreign currency fluctuations and constant currency information by translating current period results using prior period average foreign currency exchange rates. Our definition of constant currency may differ from other companies reporting similarly named measures, and these constant currency performance measures should be viewed in addition to, and not as a substitute for, our operating performance measures calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
Components of Results of Operations:
We manage our business globally within one operating segment, the development and marketing of computer software and related services, which is consistent with how our chief operating decision maker reviews and manages our business.
Revenues
We generate revenues from subscriptions, perpetual licenses, and services.
Subscriptions
Enterprise subscriptions. We provide enterprise subscription offerings, which provide our enterprise accounts with complete and unlimited global access to our comprehensive portfolio of solutions. Our E365 subscriptions are charged to accounts primarily based upon daily usage. The daily usage fee includes a term license component, SELECT maintenance and support, hosting, and Success Blueprints, which are designed to achieve business outcomes through more efficient and effective use of our software. E365 subscriptions can contain quarterly usage floors or collars. Alternatively, ELS provides access for a prepaid fee, which is based on the account’s usage of software in the preceding year, to effectively create a fee-certain consumption-based arrangement. ELS contain a term license component, SELECT maintenance and support, and performance consulting days. The E365 and ELS offerings both contain a distinct term license component. E365 revenues are recognized based upon usage incurred by the account. ELS revenues are recognized as the distinct performance obligations are satisfied.
SELECT subscriptions. We provide prepaid annual recurring subscriptions that accompanies a new or previously purchased perpetual license. SELECT provides accounts with benefits, including upgrades, comprehensive technical support, pooled licensing benefits, annual portfolio balancing exchange rights, learning benefits, certain Azure-based cloud collaboration services, mobility advantages, and access to other available benefits. SELECT subscriptions revenues are recognized as distinct performance obligations are satisfied.
Term license subscriptions. We provide annual, quarterly, and monthly term licenses for our software products. ATL subscriptions are generally prepaid annually for named user access to specific products and include our Virtuoso subscriptions sold via our Virtuosity eStore for practitioner licenses. Virtuoso subscriptions are bundles with customizable training and expert consultation administered through “keys” or credits. QTL subscriptions allow accounts to pay quarterly in arrears for license usage that is beyond their contracted quantities. MTL subscriptions are identical to QTL subscriptions, except for the term of the license, and the manner in which they are monetized. MTL subscriptions require a CSS, which is described below.
Visas are quarterly or annual term licenses enabling users to access specific project or enterprise information and entitles users to certain functionality of our ProjectWise and AssetWise systems. Our standard offerings are usage based with monetization through our CSS program as described below. Annual, quarterly, and monthly term licenses revenues are recognized as the distinct performance obligations for each are satisfied. Billings in advance are recorded as Deferred revenues in the consolidated balance sheets. QTL, MTL, and Visas subscriptions are recognized based upon usage incurred by the account.
CSS is a program designed to streamline the procurement, administration, and payment process. The program requires an estimation of annual usage for CSS eligible offerings and a deposit of funds in advance Actual consumption is monitored and invoiced against the deposit on a calendar quarter basis. CSS balances not utilized for eligible products or services may roll over to future periods or are refundable. Paid and unconsumed CSS balances are recorded in Accruals and other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Software and services consumed under CSS are recognized pursuant to the applicable revenue recognition guidance for the respective software or service and classified as subscriptions or services based on their respective nature.
Perpetual licenses
Perpetual licenses may be sold with or without attaching a SELECT subscription. Historically, attachment and retention of the SELECT subscription has been high given the benefits of the SELECT subscription discussed above. Perpetual licenses revenues are recognized upon delivery of the license to the user.
Services
We provide professional services, including training, implementation, configuration, customization, and strategic consulting services. We perform projects on both a time and materials and a fixed fee basis. Certain of our fixed-fee arrangements, including our Success Services offerings, are structured as subscription-like, packaged offerings that are annually recurring in nature. Success Services are standard service offerings that provide a level of dedicated professional services above the standard technical support offered to all accounts as part of their SELECT or enterprise agreement. Revenues are recognized as services are performed.
Headcount-related costs
For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, approximately 80% of our aggregate cost of revenues, research and development, selling and marketing, and general and administrative expenses were represented by what we refer to herein as “headcount-related” costs. These costs primarily include salaries, incentives, benefits, employment taxes, travel, and realignment of our colleagues, and third-party personnel and related overhead. Our headcount-related costs are variable in nature. We actively manage these costs to align to our trending run rate of revenue performance, with the objective of enhancing visibility and predictability of resulting operating profit margins.
Cost of subscriptions, licenses, and services
Cost of subscriptions and licenses. Cost of subscriptions and licenses includes salaries and other related costs, including the depreciation of property and equipment and the amortization of capitalized software costs associated with servicing software subscriptions, the amortization of intangible assets associated with acquired software and technology, channel partner compensation for providing sales coverage to subscribers, as well as cloud-related costs incurred for servicing our accounts using cloud provisioned solutions and our license administration platform.
Cost of services. Cost of services includes salaries for internal and third-party personnel and related overhead costs, including depreciation of property and equipment and amortization of capitalized software costs, for providing training, implementation, configuration, and customization services to accounts.
Operating expense (income)
Research and development. Research and development expenses, which are generally expensed as incurred, primarily consist of personnel and related costs of our research and development staff, including salaries, incentives, and benefits, and costs of certain third-party contractors, as well as allocated overhead costs. We expense software development costs, including costs to develop software products or the software component of products to be sold, leased, or marketed to external accounts, before technological feasibility is reached. In general, technological feasibility is reached shortly before the release of such products.
Under our Accelerated Commercial Development Program (“ACDP”) (our structured approach to an in-house business incubator function), we capitalize certain development costs related to certain projects once technological feasibility is established. Technological feasibility is established when a detailed program design has been completed and documented; we have established that the necessary skills, hardware, and software technology are available to produce the product; and there are no unresolved high-risk development issues. Once the software is ready for its intended use, amortization is recorded over the software’s estimated useful life (generally three years). Total costs capitalized under the ACDP were $7,060, $6,608, and $7,809 for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Additionally, total ACDP related amortization recorded in Costs of subscriptions and licenses was $6,626, $7,020, and $4,699 for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.
Selling and marketing. Selling and marketing expenses include salaries, benefits, bonuses, and stock-based compensation expense for our selling and marketing colleagues, the expense of travel, entertainment, and training for such personnel, online marketing, product marketing and other brand-building activities, such as advertising, trade shows, and expositions, various sales and promotional programs, and costs of computer equipment and facilities used in selling and marketing activities. We anticipate that we will continue to make strategic investments in our global business systems and methods to enhance major account sales activities and to support our worldwide sales and marketing strategies, and the business in general. We capitalize certain incremental costs of obtaining a contract and recognize these expenses over the period of benefit associated with these costs, resulting in a deferral of certain contract costs each period. The contract costs are amortized based on the economic life of the goods and services to which the contract costs relate. We apply a practical expedient to expense costs as incurred for costs to obtain a contract with a customer when the amortization period would have been one year or less. These costs include our internal sales force compensation program and certain channel partner sales incentive programs for which the annual compensation is commensurate with annual sales activities.
General and administrative. General and administrative expenses include salaries, bonuses, benefits, and stock-based compensation expense for our finance, human resources, and legal colleagues, the expense of travel, entertainment, and training for such personnel, professional fees for legal and accounting services, and costs of computer equipment and facilities used in general and administrative activities. Following the completion of the IPO, we continued to incur additional expenses as a result of operating as a public company, including costs to comply with the rules and regulations applicable to companies listed on a U.S. securities exchange and costs related to compliance and reporting obligations pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. In addition, as a public company, we incur increased expenses in the areas of insurance, investor relations, and professional services. As a result, we expect the dollar amount of our general and administrative expenses to increase for the foreseeable future. We expect, however, that our general and administrative expenses will decrease as a percentage of our total revenues over time, although the percentage may fluctuate from period to period depending on fluctuations in our revenue and the timing and extent of our general and administrative expenses.
Deferred compensation plan. In August 2021, our board of directors approved an amendment to the DCP, which offered to certain active executives in the DCP a one-time, short-term election to reallocate a limited portion of their DCP holdings from phantom shares of the Company’s Class B Common Stock into other phantom investment funds. The offer to reallocate was subject to a proration mechanism which adjusted the aggregate elections to a maximum of 1,500,000 phantom shares of the Company’s Class B Common Stock. This one-time reallocation opportunity was offered only to certain active executives (but not to Directors or Bentley family members) in order to encourage retention, as otherwise these executives could only have materially diversified their investments in Company equity (primarily held in the DCP) by voluntarily terminating employment to trigger DCP distributions. These executives in aggregate accordingly diversified 24% of their phantom shares of the Company’s Class B Common Stock. While DCP participants’ investments in phantom shares remain equity classified, as they will be settled in shares of Class B Common Stock upon eventual distribution, the amendment and elections resulted in a change to liability classification for the reallocated phantom investments, as they will be settled in cash upon eventual distribution. As a result, during the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized a one-time compensation charge of $90,721 to Deferred compensation plan expenses in the consolidated statement of operations to record the reallocated deferred compensation plan liabilities at their fair value. Deferred compensation plan liabilities are marked to market at the end of each reporting period, with changes in the liabilities recorded as an expense (income) to Deferred compensation plan in the consolidated statements of operations.
Amortization of purchased intangibles. Amortization of purchased intangibles includes the amortization of acquired non-product related intangible assets, primarily customer relationships, trademarks, and non-compete agreements recorded in connection with completed acquisitions.
Expenses associated with initial public offering. Expenses associated with IPO include certain non-recurring costs relating to our IPO, consisting of the payment of underwriting discounts and commissions applicable to the sale of shares by the selling stockholders, professional fees, and other expenses. We completed our IPO on September 25, 2020. These fees were expensed in the period incurred.
Interest expense, net
Interest expense, net primarily represents interest associated with the Credit Facility, the 2026 Notes, the 2027 Notes, amortization and write-off of deferred debt issuance costs, and interest income from our investments in money market funds.
Other income (expense), net
Other income (expense), net primarily consists of foreign currency translation results derived primarily from U.S. Dollar denominated cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and intercompany balances held by foreign subsidiaries with non-U.S. Dollar functional currencies. Other income (expense), net also includes the fair value valuation result of our interest rate swap, payments related to our interest rate swap, the gain on the sale of 50% of our interest in our aircraft recorded during the year ended December 31, 2022, gain on extinguishment of debt, and changes in fair value of acquisition contingent consideration.
(Provision) benefit for income taxes
(Provision) benefit for income taxes includes the aggregate consolidated income tax expense for U.S. domestic and foreign income taxes.
Loss from investments accounted for using the equity method, net of tax
Loss from investments accounted for using the equity method includes our proportional share of loss in our joint ventures.
Results of Operations:
Our selected consolidated statements of operations data for each of the periods indicated are as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Revenues:
Subscriptions $ 960,220 $ 812,807 $ 679,273
Perpetual licenses 43,377 53,080 57,382
Subscriptions and licenses 1,003,597 865,887 736,655
Services 95,485 99,159 64,889
Total revenues 1,099,082 965,046 801,544
Cost of revenues:
Cost of subscriptions and licenses 147,578 124,321 95,803
Cost of services 89,435 92,218 71,352
Total cost of revenues 237,013 216,539 167,155
Gross profit 862,069 748,507 634,389
Operating expense (income):
Research and development 257,856 220,915 185,515
Selling and marketing 195,622 162,240 143,791
General and administrative 174,647 150,116 113,274
Deferred compensation plan (15,782) 95,046 177
Amortization of purchased intangibles 41,114 25,601 15,352
Expenses associated with initial public offering
- - 26,130
Total operating expenses 653,457 653,918 484,239
Income from operations
208,612 94,589 150,150
Interest expense, net (34,635) (11,221) (6,780)
Other income, net
24,298 9,961 24,250
Income before income taxes
198,275 93,329 167,620
(Provision) benefit for income taxes
(21,283) 3,448 (38,625)
Loss from investments accounted for using the equity method, net of tax
(2,212) (3,585) (2,474)
Net income
174,780 93,192 126,521
Less: Net income attributable to participating securities
(42) (9) (234)
Net income attributable to Class A and Class B common stockholders
$ 174,738 $ 93,183 $ 126,287
Per share information:
Net income per share, basic
$ 0.57 $ 0.30 $ 0.44
Net income per share, diluted
$ 0.55 $ 0.30 $ 0.42
Weighted average shares, basic 309,226,677 305,711,345 289,863,272
Weighted average shares, diluted 331,765,158 314,610,814 299,371,129
In reporting period-over-period results, we calculate the effects of foreign currency fluctuations and constant currency information by translating current period results using prior period average foreign currency exchange rates. Our definition of constant currency may differ from other companies reporting similarly named measures, and these constant currency performance measures should be viewed in addition to, and not as a substitute for, our operating performance measures calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021
Revenues
Comparison
Year Ended Constant
December 31, Currency
2022 2021 Amount % %
Subscriptions $ 960,220 $ 812,807 $ 147,413 18.1 % 24.3 %
Perpetual licenses 43,377 53,080 (9,703) (18.3 %) (12.1 %)
Subscriptions and licenses 1,003,597 865,887 137,710 15.9 % 22.1 %
Services 95,485 99,159 (3,674) (3.7 %) 0.4 %
Total revenues $ 1,099,082 $ 965,046 $ 134,036 13.9 % 19.8 %
The increase in total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily driven by improvements in our business performance and the impact from our platform acquisitions in subscriptions revenues, partially offset by the overall negative foreign currency effects due to a stronger U.S. Dollar relative to our other currencies. Our business performance excludes the impact of our platform acquisitions and includes the impact from programmatic acquisitions, which generally are immaterial, individually and in the aggregate.
•Subscriptions. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the increase in subscriptions revenues was primarily driven by improvements in our business performance of approximately $54,500, or approximately $101,700 on a constant currency basis, and the impact from our platform acquisitions of approximately $92,900, or approximately $95,800 on a constant currency basis.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, the acquisition impact relates to our platform acquisitions of Seequent and Power Line Systems and is inclusive of their respective organic performance.
The improvements in business performance, on a constant currency basis, were primarily driven by expansion within our existing accounts, and growth of 2% attributable to new accounts exclusive of platform acquisitions, most notability smaller- and medium-sized accounts. Improvements in business performance for the year ended December 31, 2022 were led by our structural and civil engineering applications and our Enterprise Systems for project delivery.
•Perpetual licenses. For the year ended December 31, 2022, perpetual licenses revenues were impacted by a reduction in business performance of approximately $11,500, or approximately $8,300 on a constant currency basis, partially offset by our Seequent platform acquisition of approximately $1,800, or approximately $1,900 on a constant currency basis.
•Services. For the year ended December 31, 2022, services revenues were impacted by our Seequent and Power Line Systems platform acquisitions by approximately $1,300, or approximately $1,400 on a constant currency basis, partially offset by a reduction in business performance of approximately $5,000, or approximately $1,000 on a constant currency basis.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, the reduction in business performance, on a constant currency basis, was impacted by the ongoing transition of historically classified services revenues into subscriptions revenues for accounts converting to our E365 subscription offering with embedded Success Services, partially offset by favorable contributions from Cohesive digital integrator services of approximately $3,800, or approximately $6,300 on a constant currency basis.
Revenues by Geographic Region
Revenue to external customers is attributed to individual countries based upon the location of the customer. Revenues by geographic region are as follows:
Comparison
Year Ended Constant
December 31, Currency
2022 2021 Amount % %
Americas $ 584,794 $ 483,087 $ 101,707 21.1 % 22.1 %
EMEA 312,804 300,123 12,681 4.2 % 15.4 %
APAC 201,484 181,836 19,648 10.8 % 21.1 %
Total revenues $ 1,099,082 $ 965,046 $ 134,036 13.9 % 19.8 %
•Americas. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the increase in revenues from the Americas was primarily driven by an increase in subscriptions revenues from our Seequent and Power Line Systems platform acquisitions of approximately $56,700, or approximately $57,200 on a constant currency basis, and improvements in our business performance of approximately $43,300, or approximately $48,000 on a constant currency basis.
The improvements in business performance, on a constant currency basis, for the year ended December 31, 2022 were primarily due to expansion of our subscriptions revenues from existing accounts in the U.S.
•EMEA. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the increase in revenues from EMEA was primarily driven by the impact of our acquisitions of approximately $20,700, partially offset by a reduction in business performance of approximately $8,700. On a constant currency basis, revenues from EMEA increased due to improvements in our business performance of approximately $23,700 and the impact of our acquisitions of approximately $21,800. The increase from acquisitions was primarily due to an increase in subscriptions revenues from our Seequent and Power Line Systems platform acquisitions.
The improvements in business performance, on a constant currency basis, for the year ended December 31, 2022 were primarily due to expansion of our subscriptions revenues from existing accounts in Central Europe, the U.K., the Middle East, and Africa, partially offset by reductions in Russia.
•APAC. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the increase in revenues from APAC was primarily driven by improvements in our business performance of approximately $3,400, or approximately $20,700 on a constant currency basis, and an increase in subscriptions revenues from our Seequent and Power Line Systems platform acquisitions of approximately $15,500, or approximately $16,800 on a constant currency basis.
The improvements in business performance for the year ended December 31, 2022 were primarily due to expansion of our recurring subscriptions revenues of approximately $13,600, or approximately $22,200 on a constant currency basis, in India, Australia, and Southeast Asia, partially offset by reductions of approximately $4,700, or approximately $3,700 on a constant currency basis, in China resulting from a confluence of events comprised of continued geopolitical challenges, the ongoing preference for locally developed, on premise software versus cloud-deployed, and additional impacts from COVID-19, which may continue for the foreseeable future.
Cost of Revenues
Comparison
Year Ended Constant
December 31, Currency
2022 2021 Amount % %
Cost of subscriptions and licenses $ 147,578 $ 124,321 $ 23,257 18.7 % 24.5 %
Cost of services 89,435 92,218 (2,783) (3.0 %) 2.3 %
Total cost of revenues $ 237,013 $ 216,539 $ 20,474 9.5 % 15.1 %
Cost of subscriptions and licenses. For the year ended December 31, 2022, on a constant currency basis, cost of subscriptions and licenses increased primarily due to an increase in headcount-related costs of approximately $13,100, mainly due to our platform acquisition of Seequent and annual salary adjustments, an increase in channel partner compensation and royalties of approximately $5,500, an increase in cloud-related costs of approximately $4,900, and an increase in amortization expense for software and technology of approximately $4,700.
Cost of services. For the year ended December 31, 2022, on a constant currency basis, cost of services increased primarily due to an increase in headcount-related costs of approximately $3,600, mainly due to digital integrator business acquisitions and annual salary adjustments, partially offset by a decrease in facilities costs of approximately $1,100.
Operating Expense (Income)
Comparison
Year Ended Constant
December 31, Currency
2022 2021 Amount % %
Research and development $ 257,856 $ 220,915 $ 36,941 16.7 % 22.1 %
Selling and marketing 195,622 162,240 33,382 20.6 % 26.3 %
General and administrative 174,647 150,116 24,531 16.3 % 19.7 %
Deferred compensation plan (15,782) 95,046 (110,828) * *
Amortization of purchased intangibles 41,114 25,601 15,513 60.6 % 67.2 %
Total operating expenses $ 653,457 $ 653,918 $ (461) (0.1 %) 4.2 %
*Not meaningful
Research and development. For the year ended December 31, 2022, on a constant currency basis, research and development expenses increased primarily due to an increase in headcount-related costs of approximately $46,400. The increase in headcount-related costs was primarily comprised of approximately $33,600 of increases in salaries, mainly due to our platform acquisition of Seequent and annual salary adjustments, as well as an increase in stock-based compensation expense of approximately $8,100.
Selling and marketing. For the year ended December 31, 2022, on a constant currency basis, selling and marketing expenses increased primarily due to an increase in headcount-related costs of approximately $34,200 and an increase in promotional costs of approximately $6,700. The increase in headcount-related costs was primarily comprised of an increase in salaries and variable compensation costs of approximately $25,800, mainly due to our platform acquisition of Seequent and annual salary adjustments, an increase in travel-related costs of approximately $5,100, and an increase in stock-based compensation expense of approximately $3,300.
General and administrative. For the year ended December 31, 2022, on a constant currency basis, general and administrative expenses increased primarily due to an increase in headcount-related costs of approximately $31,000 and an increase in facilities costs of approximately $3,300. The increase in headcount-related costs was primarily comprised of an increase in salaries costs of approximately $17,400, mainly due to our platform acquisition of Seequent and annual salary adjustments, and an increase in stock-based compensation expense of approximately $14,300. Partially offsetting these increases were lower acquisition expenses of approximately $8,600, primarily due to expenses of $9,804 related to the acquisition of Power Line Systems for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to expenses of $16,557 related to the acquisition of Seequent for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Deferred compensation plan. For the year ended December 31, 2022, deferred compensation plan income was $15,782, which was attributable to the marked to market impact on deferred compensation plan liability balances period-over-period. For the year ended December 31, 2021, deferred compensation plan expense was $95,046. This amount was primarily attributable to a one-time compensation charge of $90,721 as discussed in “-Key Factors Impacting Comparability and Performance,” and the marked to market impact on deferred compensation plan liability balances period-over-period.
Amortization of purchased intangibles. For the year ended December 31, 2022, on a constant currency basis, amortization of purchased intangibles increased primarily due to amortization from recently acquired purchased intangibles.
Interest Expense, Net
Year Ended
December 31,
2022 2021
Interest expense $ (35,056) $ (11,527)
Interest income 421 306
Interest expense, net $ (34,635) $ (11,221)
Year Ended
December 31,
2022 2021
Revolving loan facility $ (15,798) $ (3,448)
Term loans (7,413) (117)
Convertible senior notes, coupon interest (3,064) (1,899)
Amortization and write-off of deferred debt issuance costs (7,291) (5,955)
Other, net (1,069) 198
Interest expense, net $ (34,635) $ (11,221)
For the year ended December 31, 2022, interest expense, net increased primarily due to a higher outstanding average balance combined with a higher average interest rate under the revolving loan facility, and interest expense on the term loan, which we entered into on December 22, 2021.
Other Income, Net
Year Ended
December 31,
2022 2021
Gain (loss) from:
Change in fair value of interest rate swap $ 27,083 $ 9,770
Foreign exchange (1)
(9,901) 827
Sale of aircraft 2,029 -
Change in fair value of acquisition contingent consideration 1,427 (550)
Payments related to interest rate swap 1,947 (1,270)
Other income, net
1,713 1,184
Total other income, net
$ 24,298 $ 9,961
(1)Foreign exchange (loss) gain is primarily attributable to foreign currency translation derived mainly from U.S. Dollar denominated cash and cash equivalents, account receivables, customer deposits, and intercompany balances held by foreign subsidiaries. Intercompany finance transactions primarily denominated in U.S. Dollars resulted in unrealized foreign exchange losses of $7,369 and $779 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes
Year Ended
December 31,
2022 2021
Income before income taxes
$ 198,275 $ 93,329
Provision (benefit) for income taxes
$ 21,283 $ (3,448)
Effective tax rate 10.7 % (3.7) %
For the year ended December 31, 2022, the effective tax rate was higher as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily due to the 2021 effective tax rate impact, net of officer compensation limitation provisions, related to the 2021 compensation charge of $90,721 to Deferred compensation plan expenses to record reallocated deferred compensation plan liabilities at fair value. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we recognized tax benefits of $20,501 and $14,890, respectively, associated with windfall tax benefits from stock-based compensation, net of the impact from officer compensation limitation provisions.
Net Income
Year Ended
December 31,
2022 2021
Net income
$ 174,780 $ 93,192
For the year ended December 31, 2022, net income increased by $81,588, or 87.5%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. Net income as a percentage of total revenues was 15.9% and 9.7% for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The changes are due to the factors described above.
Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income
Year Ended
December 31,
2022 2021
Adjusted EBITDA $ 366,440 $ 324,948
Adjusted Net Income $ 274,518 $ 267,892
For the year ended December 31, 2022, Adjusted EBITDA increased by $41,492 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of total revenues was 33.3% and 33.7%, respectively.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, Adjusted Net Income increased by $6,626 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, Adjusted Net Income as a percentage of total revenues was 25.0% and 27.8%, respectively.
For additional information, including the limitations of using non-GAAP financial measures, and reconciliations of the non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable financial measures stated in accordance with U.S. GAAP, see the section titled “-Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”
Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020
Refer to Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Revenues
Comparison
Year Ended Constant
December 31, Currency
2021 2020 Amount % %
Subscriptions $ 812,807 $ 679,273 $ 133,534 19.7 % 17.6 %
Perpetual licenses 53,080 57,382 (4,302) (7.5 %) (8.9 %)
Subscriptions and licenses 865,887 736,655 129,232 17.5 % 15.6 %
Services 99,159 64,889 34,270 52.8 % 48.6 %
Total revenues $ 965,046 $ 801,544 $ 163,502 20.4 % 18.2 %
Revenues by Geographic Region
Revenue from external customers is attributed to individual countries based upon the location of the customer. Revenues by geographic region are as follows:
Comparison
Year Ended Constant
December 31, Currency
2021 2020 Amount % %
Americas $ 483,087 $ 395,746 $ 87,341 22.1 % 21.4 %
EMEA 300,123 254,036 46,087 18.1 % 14.2 %
APAC 181,836 151,762 30,074 19.8 % 16.8 %
Total revenues $ 965,046 $ 801,544 $ 163,502 20.4 % 18.2 %
Cost of Revenues
Comparison
Year Ended Constant
December 31, Currency
2021 2020 Amount % %
Cost of subscriptions and licenses $ 124,321 $ 95,803 $ 28,518 29.8 % 27.3 %
Cost of services 92,218 71,352 20,866 29.2 % 24.4 %
Total cost of revenues $ 216,539 $ 167,155 $ 49,384 29.5 % 26.1 %
Operating Expenses
Comparison
Year Ended Constant
December 31, Currency
2021 2020 Amount % %
Research and development $ 220,915 $ 185,515 $ 35,400 19.1 % 16.5 %
Selling and marketing 162,240 143,791 18,449 12.8 % 10.1 %
General and administrative 150,116 113,274 36,842 32.5 % 31.1 %
Deferred compensation plan 95,046 177 94,869 * *
Amortization of purchased intangibles 25,601 15,352 10,249 66.8 % 61.3 %
Expenses associated with initial public offering - 26,130 (26,130) * *
Total operating expenses $ 653,918 $ 484,239 $ 169,679 35.0 % 32.8 %
*Not meaningful
Interest Expense, Net
Year Ended
December 31,
2021 2020
Interest expense $ (11,527) $ (7,217)
Interest income 306 437
Interest expense, net $ (11,221) $ (6,780)
Year Ended
December 31,
2021 2020
Revolving loan facility $ (3,448) $ (5,680)
Term loans (117) (502)
Convertible senior notes, coupon interest (1,899) -
Amortization and write-off of deferred debt issuance costs
(5,955) (985)
Other, net 198 387
Interest expense, net $ (11,221) $ (6,780)
Other Income, Net
Year Ended
December 31,
2021 2020
Gain (loss) from:
Change in fair value of interest rate swap $ 9,770 $ 347
Foreign exchange (1)
827 22,919
Change in fair value of acquisition contingent consideration (550) 1,340
Payments related to interest rate swap
(1,270) (696)
Other income, net
1,184 340
Total other income, net
$ 9,961 $ 24,250
(1)Foreign exchange gain is primarily attributable to foreign currency translation derived mainly from U.S. Dollar denominated cash and cash equivalents, account receivables, customer deposits, and intercompany balances held by foreign subsidiaries. Intercompany finance transactions primarily denominated in U.S. Dollars resulted in unrealized foreign exchange (losses) gains of $(779) and $22,310 for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(Benefit) Provision for Income Taxes
Year Ended
December 31,
2021 2020
Income before income taxes $ 93,329 $ 167,620
(Benefit) provision for income taxes $ (3,448) $ 38,625
Effective tax rate (3.7) % 23.0 %
Net Income
Year Ended
December 31,
2021 2020
Net income $ 93,192 $ 126,521
Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income
Year Ended
December 31,
2021 2020
Adjusted EBITDA $ 324,948 $ 266,376
Adjusted Net Income $ 267,892 $ 193,334
For additional information, including the limitations of using non-GAAP financial measures, and reconciliations of the non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable financial measures stated in accordance with U.S. GAAP, see the section titled “-Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”
Liquidity and Capital Resources:
Our primary source of operating cash is from the sale of subscriptions, perpetual licenses, and services. Our primary use of cash is payment of our operating costs, which consist primarily of headcount-related costs. In addition to operating expenses, we also use cash to service our debt obligations, to pay quarterly dividends, to repurchase our Class B Common Stock and subordinated indebtedness (discussed further below), and for capital expenditures in support of our operations. We also use cash to fund our acquisitions of software assets and businesses, and other investment activities, including our iTwin Ventures initiative for which, over a period of approximately 5 years, we expect to invest up to $100 million of corporate venture capital funding for seed, early, and growth stage technology companies with promising and emerging opportunities for infrastructure digital twin solutions strategically relevant to our business. In connection with the acquisition of Power Line Systems in January 2022, we used available cash and borrowings under our Credit Facility to fund the transaction. In connection with the acquisition of Seequent in June 2021, we used available cash, including a portion of the net proceeds from the 2026 Notes, and borrowings under our Credit Facility to fund the cash component of the transaction. As described further below, we used $25,875 of the net proceeds from the sale of the 2027 Notes to pay the premiums of the capped call options, and $536,062 to repay outstanding indebtedness under the Credit Facility and to pay related fees and expenses. We used $25,530 of the net proceeds from the sale of the 2026 Notes to pay the premiums of the capped call options, and approximately $250,500 to repay outstanding indebtedness under the Credit Facility and to pay related fees and expenses. We used the remainder of the net proceeds from the sale of the 2026 Notes for general corporate purposes and towards funding certain acquisitions, including Seequent.
On May 11, 2022, we announced that our board of directors approved the Repurchase Program authorizing us to repurchase up to $200,000 of our Class B Common Stock through June 30, 2024. On December 14, 2022, our board of directors amended the Repurchase Program to allow us also to repurchase its outstanding convertible senior notes. This additional authorization did not increase the overall dollar limit of the Repurchase Program. The shares and notes proposed to be acquired in the Repurchase Program may be repurchased from time to time in open market transactions, through privately negotiated transactions, or by other means in accordance with federal securities laws. We intend to fund repurchases from available working capital and cash provided by operating activities. The timing, as well as the number and value of shares and/or notes repurchased under the Repurchase Program, will be determined at our discretion and will depend on a variety of factors, including management’s assessment of the intrinsic value of our shares, the market price of our Class B Common Stock and outstanding notes, general market and economic conditions, available liquidity, compliance with our debt and other agreements, and applicable legal requirements. The exact number of shares and/or notes to be repurchased by us is not guaranteed, and the Repurchase Program may be suspended, modified, or discontinued at any time without prior notice. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we repurchased 896,126 shares for $28,250, and $2,170 aggregate principal amount of our outstanding 2026 Notes for $1,998.
Additionally, during the second, third, and fourth quarters of 2022, we exercised our right to require that certain equity awardees receive gross quantities of shares of our Class B Common Stock, most meaningfully for the issuance of shares in connection with our Executive Bonus Plan incentive compensation and distributions from the DCP, and promptly reimburse to us the cash required for their tax withholding amounts. Historically, these shares were issuable on a net basis, holding back shares in consideration of remitting withholding taxes on behalf of equity awardees, thereby requiring us to remit cash for the tax withholdings. We will continue to evaluate whether share awards will be required to be received by awardees on a gross basis, or if net settlement may be elected by awardees.
Our cash and cash equivalent balances are concentrated in a few locations around the world, with substantial amounts held outside of the U.S. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, 95% and 48%, respectively, of our total cash and cash equivalents were located outside of the U.S. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we repatriated $150,000 of undistributed previously taxed earnings generated by our foreign subsidiaries to the U.S. The repatriations were used to fund the acquisition of Power Line Systems. We have provided for any applicable income taxes associated with current year distributions, as well as any earnings that are expected to be distributed in the future, in the calculation of the income tax provision. No additional provision has been made for U.S. and non-U.S. income taxes on the undistributed earnings of subsidiaries as that cash is expected to be indefinitely reinvested. We expect to meet our U.S. liquidity needs through ongoing cash flows or external borrowings including available liquidity under the Credit Facility. We regularly review our capital structure and consider a variety of potential financing alternatives and planning strategies to ensure that we have the proper liquidity available in the locations in which it is needed and to fund our operations and growth investments with cash that has not been permanently reinvested outside the U.S.
We believe that existing cash and cash equivalent balances, together with cash generated from operations, and liquidity under the Credit Facility, will be sufficient to meet our domestic and international working capital and capital expenditure requirements through the next twelve months. However, our future capital requirements may be materially different than those currently planned in our budgeting and forecasting activities and depend on many factors, including our strategy of regularly acquiring and integrating specialized infrastructure engineering software businesses, our rate of revenue growth, the timing and extent of spending on research and development, the expansion of our sales and marketing activities, the timing of new product introductions, market acceptance of our products, competitive factors, our discretionary payments of dividends or repurchases of our Class B Common Stock, currency fluctuations, and overall economic conditions, globally. To the extent that current and anticipated future sources of liquidity are insufficient to fund our future business activities and requirements, we may be required to seek additional equity or debt financing. The sale of additional equity would result in additional dilution to our stockholders, while the incurrence of debt financing, including convertible debt, would result in debt service obligations. Such debt instruments also could introduce covenants that might restrict our operations. We cannot provide assurance that we could obtain additional financing on favorable terms or at all.
Cash and cash equivalents
We consider all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Our cash and cash equivalents consisted of cash held in checking accounts and money market funds maintained at various financial institutions. Our domestic and foreign holdings of cash and cash equivalents are as follows:
December 31,
2022 2021
Cash and cash equivalents held domestically $ 3,883 $ 170,267
Cash and cash equivalents held by foreign subsidiaries 67,801 159,070
Total cash and cash equivalents $ 71,684 $ 329,337
The amount of cash and cash equivalents held by foreign subsidiaries is subject to translation adjustments caused by changes in foreign currency exchange rates as of the end of each respective reporting period, the offset to which is recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive loss on our consolidated balance sheets.
Bank Credit Facility
We are party to a Credit Agreement dated December 19, 2017, (as amended from time to time) which provides for an $850,000 senior secured revolving loan facility that matures on November 15, 2025. Debt issuance costs are amortized to interest expense through the maturity date.
When we amended the Credit Facility on January 25, 2021, to increase the senior secured revolving loan facility and extend the maturity date, we performed an extinguishment versus modification assessment on a lender-by-lender basis resulting in the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs of $353 and the capitalization of fees paid to lenders and third parties of $3,577.
The Credit Facility also provides up to $50,000 of letters of credit and other borrowings subject to availability, including an $85,000 U.S. Dollar swingline sub-facility and a $200,000 incremental “accordion” sub-facility. We had $150 of letters of credit and surety bonds outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had $504,253 and $849,850, respectively, available under the Credit Facility.
Under the Credit Facility, we may make either Euro currency or non-Euro currency interest rate elections. Interest on the Euro currency borrowings bear a base interest rate of LIBOR plus a spread ranging from 125 basis points (“bps”) to 225 bps as determined by our net leverage ratio. Under the non-Euro currency elections, Credit Facility borrowings bear a base interest rate of the highest of (i) the prime rate, (ii) the overnight bank funding effective rate plus 50 bps, or (iii) LIBOR plus 100 bps, plus a spread ranging from 25 bps to 125 bps as determined by our net leverage ratio. In addition, a commitment fee for the unused Credit Facility ranges from 20 bps to 30 bps as determined by our net leverage ratio.
Borrowings under the Credit Facility are guaranteed by all of our material first tier domestic subsidiaries and are secured by a first priority security interest in substantially all of our and the guarantors’ U.S. assets and 65% of the stock of their directly owned foreign subsidiaries.
The agreement governing the Credit Facility contains customary positive and negative covenants, including restrictions on our ability to pay dividends and make other restricted payments, as well as events of default, including, without limitation, payment defaults, breaches of representations and warranties, covenants defaults, cross-defaults to certain other indebtedness in excess of $50,000, certain events of bankruptcy and insolvency, judgment defaults in excess of $10,000, failure of any security document supporting the Credit Facility to be in full force and effect, and a change of control. The Credit Facility also contains customary financial covenants, including maximum net leverage ratios. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we were in compliance with all covenants in our Credit Facility.
Voluntary prepayments of amounts outstanding under the Credit Facility, in whole or in part, are permitted at any time, so long as we give notice as required by the Credit Facility. However, if prepayment is made with respect to a LIBOR-based loan and the prepayment is made on a date other than an interest payment date, we must pay customary breakage costs.
Term Loans. On December 22, 2021, we amended the Credit Facility to provide for a $200,000 senior secured term loan with a maturity of November 15, 2025 (the “2021 Term Loan”) and included certain other conforming amendments. The 2021 Term Loan requires principal repayment at the end of each calendar quarter. Beginning with March 31, 2022 and ending with December 31, 2023, we are required to repay $1,250 per quarter. Beginning with March 31, 2024 and ending with the last such date prior to the maturity date, we are required to repay $2,500 per quarter. We incurred $540 of debt issuance costs related to the 2021 Term Loan. We used borrowings under the 2021 Term Loan to pay down borrowings under the swingline sub-facility and revolving loan facility under the Credit Facility.
Under the 2021 Term Loan, we may make either Euro currency or non-Euro currency interest rate elections. Interest on the Euro currency borrowings bear a base interest rate of LIBOR, plus a spread ranging from 100 bps to 200 bps as determined by our net leverage ratio. Under the non-Euro currency elections, the 2021 Term Loan bears a base interest rate of the highest of (i) the prime rate, (ii) the overnight bank funding effective rate plus 50 bps, or (iii) LIBOR plus 100 bps, plus a spread ranging from 0 bps to 100 bps as determined by our net leverage ratio.
Prior to the IPO, on September 2, 2020, we amended the Credit Facility to incur a term loan of $125,000 (the “2020 Term Loan”) with a maturity of December 18, 2022. We used the proceeds from the 2020 Term Loan and borrowings under the revolving loan facility under the Credit Facility to pay a special dividend declared by our board of directors on August 28, 2020. We incurred $432 of debt issuance costs related to the 2020 Term Loan. In November 2020, we used a portion of the net proceeds from our follow-on public offering to repay the 2020 Term Loan. See Notes 10 and 13 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Bank Credit Facility Interest. The revolving loan facility and term loans weighted average interest rate was 3.84%, 2.03%, and 1.92% for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.
Interest rate risk associated with the Credit Facility is managed through an interest rate swap which we executed on March 31, 2020. The interest rate swap has an effective date of April 2, 2020 and a termination date of April 2, 2030. Under the terms of the interest rate swap, we fixed our LIBOR borrowing rate at 0.73% on a notional amount of $200,000.
Convertible Senior Notes
2027 Notes. On June 28, 2021, we completed a private offering of $575,000 of 0.375% convertible senior notes due 2027. The 2027 Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture, dated as of June 28, 2021, between the Company and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee (the “2027 Trustee”) (the “2027 Indenture”). Interest will accrue from June 28, 2021 and will be payable semi-annually in arrears in cash on January 1 and July 1 of each year, with the first payment due on January 1, 2022. The 2027 Notes will mature on July 1, 2027, unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased. We incurred $15,065 of expenses in connection with the 2027 Notes offering consisting of the payment of initial purchasers’ discounts and commissions, professional fees, and other expenses (“transaction costs”). We used $25,875 of the net proceeds from the sale of the 2027 Notes to pay the premiums of the capped call options described further below, and $536,062 to repay outstanding indebtedness under the Credit Facility and to pay related fees and expenses.
Prior to April 1, 2027, the 2027 Notes will be convertible at the option of the holder only under the following circumstances: (1) during any calendar quarter (and only during such quarter) commencing after the calendar quarter ending on September 30, 2021, if the last reported sale price per share of our Class B Common Stock exceeds 130% of the conversion price for each of at least 20 trading days, whether or not consecutive, during the 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter; (2) during the five consecutive business days immediately after any ten consecutive trading day period (such ten consecutive trading day period, the “measurement period”) in which the trading price per $1 principal amount of 2027 Notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price per share of our Class B Common Stock on such trading day and the conversion rate on such trading day; (3) upon the occurrence of certain corporate events or distributions on our Class B Common Stock, as described in the 2027 Indenture; and (4) if we call the 2027 Notes for redemption. On or after April 1, 2027 until 5:00 p.m., New York City time, on the second scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date, the 2027 Notes will be convertible at the option of the holder at any time.
We will settle conversions by paying or delivering, as applicable, cash, shares of our Class B Common Stock or a combination of cash and shares of our Class B Common Stock, at our election, based on the applicable conversion rate. The initial conversion rate is 12.0153 shares of our Class B Common Stock per $1 principal amount of 2027 Notes, which represents an initial conversion price of approximately $83.23 per share, and is subject to adjustment as described in the 2027 Indenture. If a “make-whole fundamental change” (as defined in the 2027 Indenture) occurs, then we will, in certain circumstances, increase the conversion rate for a specified period of time.
We will have the option to redeem the 2027 Notes in whole or in part at any time on or after July 5, 2024 and on or before the 40th scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date if the last reported sale price per share of our Class B common stock exceeds 130% of the conversion price on (1) each of at least 20 trading days, whether or not consecutive, during any 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the trading day immediately before the date we send the related redemption notice; and (2) the trading day immediately before the date we send such notice. The redemption price will be equal to the principal amount of the 2027 Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date.
Upon a fundamental change (as defined in the 2027 Indenture), holders may, subject to certain exceptions, require us to purchase their 2027 Notes in whole or in part for cash at a price equal to the principal amount of the 2027 Notes to be purchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date (as defined in the 2027 Indenture). In addition, upon a Make-Whole Fundamental Change (as defined in the 2027 Indenture), we will, under certain circumstances, increase the applicable conversion rate for a holder that elects to convert its 2027 Notes in connection with such Make-Whole Fundamental Change. No adjustment to the conversion rate will be made if the stock price in such Make-Whole Fundamental Change is either less than $61.65 per share or greater than $325.00 per share. We will not increase the conversion rate to an amount that exceeds 16.2206 shares per $1 principal amount of 2027 Notes, subject to adjustment. The 2027 Indenture also contains a customary merger covenant.
Under the 2027 Indenture, the 2027 Notes may be accelerated upon the occurrence of certain customary events of default. If certain bankruptcy and insolvency-related events of default with respect to us occur, the principal of, and accrued and unpaid interest on, all of the then outstanding 2027 Notes shall automatically become due and payable. If any other event of default occurs and is continuing, the 2027 Trustee by notice to us, or the holders of the 2027 Notes of at least 25% in principal amount of the outstanding 2027 Notes by notice to us and the 2027 Trustee, may declare the principal of, and accrued and unpaid interest on, all of the then outstanding 2027 Notes to be due and payable. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the 2027 Indenture provides that, to the extent we elect, the sole remedy for an event of default relating to certain failures by us to comply with reporting covenant in the 2027 Indenture consists exclusively of the right to receive additional interest on the 2027 Notes.
The 2027 Notes were accounted for as debt, with no bifurcation of the embedded conversion feature. Transaction costs were recorded as a direct deduction from the related debt liability in the consolidated balance sheets and are amortized to interest expense over the term of the 2027 Notes. The effective interest rate for the 2027 Notes is 0.864%.
As of December 31, 2022, none of the conditions of the 2027 Notes to early convert has been met.
The 2027 Notes are our senior, unsecured obligations that rank senior in right of payment to our future indebtedness that is expressly subordinated to the 2027 Notes, rank equally in right of payment with our existing and future senior unsecured indebtedness that is not so subordinated (including our 2026 Notes), effectively subordinated to our existing and future secured indebtedness (including obligations under our senior secured credit facilities), to the extent of the value of the collateral securing such indebtedness, and structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities (including trade payables and preferred equity (to the extent we are not a holder thereof)) of our subsidiaries. The 2027 Notes contain both affirmative and negative covenants. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we were in compliance with all covenants in the 2027 Notes.
Capped Call Options. In connection with the pricing of the 2027 Notes, we entered into capped call options with certain of the initial purchasers or their respective affiliates and certain other financial institutions. We incurred $50 of expenses in connection with the capped call options. The capped call options are expected to reduce potential dilution to our Class B Common Stock upon any conversion of 2027 Notes and/or offset any cash payments we are required to make in excess of the principal amount of converted notes, as the case may be, with such reduction and/or offset subject to a cap. The cap price of the capped call options is initially $95.5575 per share, which represents a premium of 55% above the last reported sale price per share of our Class B Common Stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on June 23, 2021 and is subject to customary adjustments under the terms of the capped call options.
The capped call options were entered into in conjunction with the issuance of the 2027 Notes, however, they are legally separate agreements that can be separately exercised, with the receipt of shares under the capped call options having no effect on the 2027 Notes, and are legally detachable. As the capped call options are both legally detachable and separately exercisable from the 2027 Notes, we account for the capped call options separately from the 2027 Notes. The capped call options are indexed to our own common stock and classified in stockholders’ equity. As such, the premiums paid for the capped call options have been included as a net reduction to Additional paid-in capital in the consolidated balance sheet.
2026 Notes. On January 26, 2021, we completed a private offering of $690,000 of 0.125% convertible senior notes due 2026. The 2026 Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture, dated as of January 26, 2021, between the Company and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee (the “2026 Trustee”) (the “2026 Indenture”). Interest will accrue from January 26, 2021 and will be payable semi-annually in arrears in cash on January 15 and July 15 of each year, with the first payment due on July 15, 2021. The 2026 Notes will mature on January 15, 2026, unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased. We incurred $18,055 of expenses in connection with the 2026 Notes offering consisting of transaction costs. We used $25,530 of the net proceeds from the sale of the 2026 Notes to pay the premiums of the capped call options described further below, and approximately $250,500 to repay outstanding indebtedness under the Credit Facility and to pay related fees and expenses. We used the remainder of the net proceeds from the sale of the 2026 Notes for general corporate purposes and towards funding certain acquisitions, including Seequent.
During the fourth quarter of 2022, we paid $1,998 in cash to repurchase $2,170 aggregate principal amount of our outstanding 2026 Notes through open market transactions resulting in an insignificant gain, which was recorded in Other income, net in the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022. The 2026 Notes were repurchased under our Repurchase Program authorization.
Prior to October 15, 2025, the 2026 Notes will be convertible at the option of the holder only under the following circumstances: (1) during any calendar quarter (and only during such quarter) commencing after the calendar quarter ending on June 30, 2021, if the last reported sale price per share of our Class B Common Stock exceeds 130% of the conversion price for each of at least 20 trading days, whether or not consecutive, during the 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter; (2) during the five consecutive business days immediately after any ten consecutive trading day period (such ten consecutive trading day period, the “measurement period”) in which the trading price per $1 principal amount of 2026 Notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price per share of our Class B Common Stock on such trading day and the conversion rate on such trading day; (3) upon the occurrence of certain corporate events or distributions on our Class B Common Stock, as described in the 2026 Indenture; and (4) if we call the 2026 Notes for redemption. On or after October 15, 2025 until 5:00 p.m., New York City time, on the second scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date, the 2026 Notes will be convertible at the option of the holder at any time.
We will settle conversions by paying or delivering, as applicable, cash, shares of our Class B Common Stock or a combination of cash and shares of our Class B Common Stock, at our election, based on the applicable conversion rate. The initial conversion rate is 15.5925 shares of our Class B Common Stock per $1 principal amount of 2026 Notes, which represents an initial conversion price of approximately $64.13 per share, and is subject to adjustment as described in the 2026 Indenture. If a “make-whole fundamental change” (as defined in the 2026 Indenture) occurs, then we will, in certain circumstances, increase the conversion rate for a specified period of time.
We will have the option to redeem the 2026 Notes in whole or in part at any time on or after January 20, 2024 and on or before the 40th scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date if the last reported sale price per share of our Class B common stock exceeds 130% of the conversion price on (1) each of at least 20 trading days, whether or not consecutive, during any 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the trading day immediately before the date we send the related redemption notice; and (2) the trading day immediately before the date we send such notice. The redemption price will be equal to the principal amount of the 2026 Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date.
Upon a fundamental change (as defined in the 2026 Indenture), holders may, subject to certain exceptions, require us to purchase their 2026 Notes in whole or in part for cash at a price equal to the principal amount of the 2026 Notes to be purchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date (as defined in the 2026 Indenture). In addition, upon a Make-Whole Fundamental Change (as defined in the 2026 Indenture), we will, under certain circumstances, increase the applicable conversion rate for a holder that elects to convert its 2026 Notes in connection with such Make-Whole Fundamental Change. No adjustment to the conversion rate will be made if the stock price in such Make-Whole Fundamental Change is either less than $44.23 per share or greater than $210.00 per share. We will not increase the conversion rate to an amount that exceeds 22.6090 shares per $1 principal amount of 2026 Notes, subject to adjustment. The 2026 Indenture also contains a customary merger covenant.
Under the 2026 Indenture, the 2026 Notes may be accelerated upon the occurrence of certain customary events of default. If certain bankruptcy and insolvency-related events of default with respect to us occur, the principal of, and accrued and unpaid interest on, all of the then outstanding 2026 Notes shall automatically become due and payable. If any other event of default occurs and is continuing, the 2026 Trustee by notice to us, or the holders of the 2026 Notes of at least 25% in principal amount of the outstanding 2026 Notes by notice to us and the 2026 Trustee, may declare the principal of, and accrued and unpaid interest on, all of the then outstanding 2026 Notes to be due and payable. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the 2026 Indenture provides that, to the extent we elect, the sole remedy for an event of default relating to certain failures by us to comply with reporting covenant in the 2026 Indenture consists exclusively of the right to receive additional interest on the 2026 Notes.
The 2026 Notes were accounted for as debt, with no bifurcation of the embedded conversion feature. Transaction costs were recorded as a direct deduction from the related debt liability in the consolidated balance sheets and are amortized to interest expense over the term of the 2026 Notes. The effective interest rate for the 2026 Notes is 0.658%.
As of December 31, 2022, none of the conditions of the 2026 Notes to early convert has been met.
The 2026 Notes are our senior, unsecured obligations that rank senior in right of payment to our future indebtedness that is expressly subordinated to the 2026 Notes, rank equally in right of payment with our existing and future senior unsecured indebtedness that is not so subordinated (including our 2027 Notes, see the section titled “-2027 Notes” below), effectively subordinated to our existing and future secured indebtedness (including obligations under our senior secured credit facilities), to the extent of the value of the collateral securing such indebtedness, and structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities (including trade payables and preferred equity (to the extent we are not a holder thereof)) of our subsidiaries. The 2026 Notes contain both affirmative and negative covenants. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we were in compliance with all covenants in the 2026 Notes.
Capped Call Options. In connection with the pricing of the 2026 Notes, we entered into capped call options with certain of the initial purchasers or their respective affiliates and certain other financial institutions. We incurred $150 of expenses in connection with the capped call options. The capped call options are expected to reduce potential dilution to our Class B Common Stock upon any conversion of 2026 Notes and/or offset any cash payments we are required to make in excess of the principal amount of converted notes, as the case may be, with such reduction and/or offset subject to a cap. The cap price of the capped call options is initially $72.9795 per share, which represents a premium of 65% above the last reported sale price per share of our Class B Common Stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on January 21, 2021 and is subject to customary adjustments under the terms of the capped call options.
The capped call options were entered into in conjunction with the issuance of the 2026 Notes, however, they are legally separate agreements that can be separately exercised, with the receipt of shares under the capped call options having no effect on the 2026 Notes, and are legally detachable. As the capped call options are both legally detachable and separately exercisable from the 2026 Notes, we account for the capped call options separately from the 2026 Notes. The capped call options are indexed to our own common stock and classified in stockholders’ equity. As such, the premiums paid for the capped call options have been included as a net reduction to Additional paid-in capital in the consolidated balance sheet.
Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021
Our cash flow activities for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 consist of the following:
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021
Net Cash Provided By (Used In):
Operating activities $ 274,324 $ 288,024
Investing activities (770,127) (1,056,603)
Financing activities 243,034 982,582
Operating activities
Net cash provided by operating activities was $274,324 for the year ended December 31, 2022. Compared to the prior year, net cash provided by operating activities was lower by $13,700 due to a net decrease in non-cash adjustments of $64,090 and a net decrease in net cash flows from the change in operating assets and liabilities of $31,198, partially offset by an increase in net income of $81,588. Both the increase in net income and the net decrease in non-cash adjustments were impacted by the one-time, non-cash compensation charge of $90,721 to Deferred compensation plan expenses during the year ended December 31, 2021 to record reallocated deferred compensation plan liabilities at fair value as previously discussed. The net decrease in cash flows from the change in operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to the timing of renewals and associated billings of certain annual contracts, and increased interest payments.
For the year ended December 31, 2021, net cash provided by operating activities was $288,024 due to net income of $93,192 increased by $178,726 of non-cash adjustments and $16,106 from changes in operating assets and liabilities.
Investing activities
Net cash used in investing activities was $770,127 for the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily due to $743,007 in acquisition related payments, net of cash acquired, to complete six acquisitions.
For the year ended December 31, 2021, net cash used in investing activities was $1,056,603 primarily due to $1,034,983 in acquisition related payments, net of cash acquired, to complete 13 acquisitions.
Financing activities
Net cash provided by financing activities was $243,034 for the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily due to an increase in net borrowings under the Credit Facility of $340,598, partially offset by net payments for shares acquired of $71,811, including shares repurchased under the Repurchase Program, and payments of dividends of $34,493.
For the year ended December 31, 2021, net cash provided by financing activities was $982,582 primarily due to the net proceeds from the convertible senior notes of $1,233,377, partially offset by net payments for shares acquired of $120,539 and the purchase of capped call options of $51,605.
Contractual Obligations and Other Commitments:
As of December 31, 2022, our future contractual obligations were related to debt (see Note 10), leases (see Note 8), purchase obligations (see Note 18), deferred compensation plan liabilities (see Note 12), and contingent and non-contingent consideration from acquisitions (see Note 4). For information about those obligations, see the above referenced notes to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which are incorporated by reference into this section. As of December 31, 2022, our purchase obligations were $14,981, which is expected to be paid within one year. Purchase obligations include the non-cancelable future cash purchase commitment for services related to the provisioning of our hosted software solutions. Our purchase obligations are in addition to amounts included in current liabilities and prepaid expenses in our consolidated balance sheet.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates:
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP. In preparing our consolidated financial statements, we make assumptions, judgments, and estimates that can have a significant impact on amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements. We base our assumptions, judgments, and estimates on historical experience and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We regularly reevaluate our assumptions, judgments, and estimates. Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
An accounting policy is deemed to be critical if it requires an accounting estimate to be made based on assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time the estimate is made, if different estimates reasonably could have been used, or if changes in the estimate that are reasonably possible could materially impact the financial statements. We believe that the following critical accounting policies affect the more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.
Revenue recognition. For a full description of our revenue accounting policy, see Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We generate revenues from subscriptions, perpetual licenses, and services.
Our contracts with customers may include promises to transfer licenses (perpetual or term-based), maintenance, and services to a user. Judgment is required to determine if the promises are separate performance obligations, and if so, the allocation of the transaction price to each performance obligation. When an arrangement includes multiple performance obligations which are concurrently delivered and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer, we account for those performance obligations as a single performance obligation. For contracts with more than one performance obligation, the transaction price is allocated among the performance obligations in an amount that depicts the relative SSP of each obligation. Judgment is required to determine the SSP for each distinct performance obligation. In instances where SSP is not directly observable, such as when we do not sell the product or service separately, we determine the SSP using information that may include market conditions and other observable inputs. We use a range of amounts to estimate SSP when we sell each of the products and services separately and need to determine whether there is a discount that should be allocated based on the relative SSP of the various products and services.
Our SELECT agreement provides users with perpetual licenses a right to exchange software for other eligible perpetual licenses on an annual basis upon renewal. We refer to this option as portfolio balancing and concluded that the portfolio balancing feature represents a material right resulting in the deferral of the associated revenue. Judgment is required to estimate the percentage of users who may elect to portfolio balance and considers inputs such as historical user elections. This feature is available once per term and must be exercised prior to the respective renewal term. We recognize the associated revenue upon election or when the portfolio balancing right expires. This right is included in the initial and subsequent renewal terms and we reestablish the revenue deferral for the material right upon the beginning of the renewal term. Portfolio balancing exchange rights are included in Deferred revenues in the consolidated balance sheets.
Business combinations. We allocate the fair value of the consideration transferred to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including trademarks, customer relationships, in-process research and development, and acquired software and technology, based on their estimated fair values at the acquisition date. Any residual purchase price is recorded as goodwill. The purchase price allocation requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially at the acquisition date, with respect to intangible assets.
Although we believe the assumptions and estimates we have made are reasonable, they are based in part on historical experience and information obtained from the management of the acquired companies and are inherently uncertain. Examples of critical estimates used in valuing certain of the intangible assets we have acquired or may acquire in the future include but are not limited to:
•future expected cash flows from total revenues and acquired developed technologies;
•the acquired company’s trade name and customer relationships as well as assumptions about the period of time the acquired trade name and customer relationships will continue to be used in our product portfolio;
•expected costs to develop the in-process research and development into commercially viable software and estimated cash flows from the projects when completed; and
•discount rates used to determine the present value of estimated future cash flows.
These estimates are inherently uncertain and unpredictable, and if different estimates were used the purchase price for the acquisition could be allocated to the acquired assets and liabilities differently from the allocation that we have made. In addition, unanticipated events and circumstances may occur, which may affect the accuracy or validity of such estimates, and, if such events occur, we may be required to record a charge against the value ascribed to an acquired asset or an increase in the amounts recorded for assumed liabilities.
Goodwill and other intangible assets. Intangible assets arise from acquisitions and principally consist of goodwill, trademarks, customer relationships, in-process research and development, and acquired software and technology. Intangible assets, other than goodwill and in-process research and development, are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, which range from three to ten years.
Goodwill consists of the excess of cost over the fair value of net assets acquired in business combinations. Goodwill is not amortized but instead is tested annually for impairment on October 1, or more frequently if events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce its fair value below its carrying amount. We allocate goodwill to reporting units on a relative fair value basis.
In testing for goodwill impairment, we may first qualitatively assess whether it is more likely than not (a likelihood of more than 50 percent) that a goodwill impairment exists. If it is determined that a quantitative assessment is required, we will recognize goodwill impairment as the difference between the carrying amount of the reporting unit and it’s fair value, but not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill within the reporting unit. There was no impairment of goodwill as a result of our annual impairment assessments conducted for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.
Income taxes. We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the consolidated financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on net operating loss carryforwards, credit carryforwards, and temporary differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the items are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period of the enactment date.
We perform a quarterly assessment of the recoverability of the net deferred tax assets. We consider all available evidence, both positive and negative, in determining whether all or a portion of a deferred tax asset is more likely than not to be realized. In the event we determine that all or a portion of the deferred tax assets is not more likely than not to be realized, an adjustment to the valuation allowance would be recorded that would increase the provision for income taxes. To the extent that the realization of a deferred tax asset is based upon forecasted future earnings, our judgment regarding future profitability may change due to future market conditions and other factors. Assumptions about future taxable income require significant judgment and, while these assumptions rely heavily on estimates, such estimates are consistent with the plans we are using to manage the underlying business. Any change in future profitability may require material adjustments to these net deferred tax assets, resulting in a reduction in net income in the period when such determination is made. Additionally, future changes in tax laws and rates, including administrative or regulatory guidance, could affect recorded deferred tax assets and liabilities. Any adjustments to these estimates will generally be recorded as an income tax expense or benefit in the period the adjustment is determined.
We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and in numerous foreign jurisdictions. The calculation of our tax liabilities often involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws and regulations in a multitude of jurisdictions across our global operations. There are many transactions and calculations about which the ultimate tax outcome is uncertain. A benefit from an uncertain tax position may be recognized when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained based upon the technical merits of the position. This may include expected resolutions upon examination, any related appeals, or through a litigation processes. As a result, our calculations involve estimates by management. Due to the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution may result in a payment, potentially including interest and penalties, that is materially different from our current estimates of the unrecognized tax benefit liabilities. These differences, along with any related interest and penalties, will generally be reflected as increases or decreases to income tax expense in the period in which new information becomes available. We review the tax reserves as circumstances warrant and adjust the reserves as events occur that affect our potential liability for additional taxes. We follow the applicable guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure, and transition with respect to uncertain tax positions. We recognize interest and penalties related to income taxes within the (Provision) benefit for income taxes line in the consolidated statements of operations. Accrued interest and penalties are included within the related tax liability line in the consolidated balance sheets.
Fair value of common stock prior to IPO. We were a privately held company with no active public market of our common stock prior to our IPO. Therefore, the estimated fair value of the common stock underlying our stock-based awards granted prior to our IPO was determined by our board of directors, with input from management and contemporaneous third-party valuations. We believe that our board of directors had the relevant experience and expertise to determine the fair value of our common stock prior to our IPO.
Prior to the IPO, and given the absence of a public trading market for our common stock, and in accordance with the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants practice guide, Valuation of Privately-Held-Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation, our board of directors exercised reasonable judgment and considered numerous objective and subjective factors to determine the best estimate of the fair value of our common stock, including:
•contemporaneous independent valuations performed by an unrelated third-party valuation specialist;
•the nature of our business and its history;
•our operating and financial performance and forecast;
•present value of estimated future cash flows;
•the likelihood of achieving a liquidity event, such as an initial public offering, listing, or sale of our Company, given prevailing market condition and the nature and history of our business;
•any adjustment necessary to recognize a lack of marketability for our common stock;
•the market performance of comparable publicly traded companies; and
•the U.S. and global capital market conditions.
In valuing our common stock, our board of directors determined the equity value of our business generally using the income approach and the market comparable approach valuation methods.
The income approach estimates value based on the expectation of future cash flows that a company will generate such as cash earnings, cost savings, tax deductions, and proceeds from disposition. These future cash flows are discounted to their present values using a discount rate derived from an analysis of the cost of capital of comparable publicly traded companies in our industry or similar lines of business as of each valuation date and is adjusted to reflect the risks inherent in our cash flows.
The market comparable approach estimates value based on a comparison of the Company to comparable public companies in a similar line of business. To determine our peer group of companies, we considered public enterprises with similar operations and selected those that are similar to our size, stage of life cycle, and financial leverage. From the comparable companies, a representative market value multiple is determined and applied to our results of operations to estimate the value of the Company.
Application of these approaches involved the use of estimates, judgments, and assumptions that are highly complex and subjective, such as those regarding our expected future cash flows, cost savings and expenses, discount rates, market multiples, the selection of comparable companies, and the probability of possible future events.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements:
We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined by applicable SEC regulations.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements:
For information regarding recent accounting guidance and the impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements, see Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. Our market risk exposure is primarily a result of fluctuations in foreign currency rates, although we also have exposure due to potential changes in interest rates. We do not hold financial instruments for trading purposes.
Foreign currency exchange risk. Our revenues, earnings, cash flows, receivables, and payables are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We regularly evaluate our foreign currency positions in the context of the natural hedging of revenues and expenses and corresponding exposure. We have concluded that our naturally hedged positions support our strategy and no incremental hedging strategies have been deployed. The primary currencies for which we have exchange rate exposure are the U.S. Dollar versus Euros, British Pounds, Canadian Dollars, Australian Dollars, Chinese Yuan Renminbi, and New Zealand Dollars. For the year ended December 31, 2022, approximately 58% of our total revenues are derived from outside of the U.S. and approximately 36% of our revenues are denominated in foreign currencies. In 2022, 64%, 10%, 6%, 4%, and 16% of our total revenues were denominated in U.S. Dollars, Euros, British Pounds, Canadian Dollars, and other currencies, respectively, and 54%, 11%, 8%, 8%, and 19% of our aggregate cost of revenues and operating expenses were denominated in U.S. Dollars, Euros, British Pounds, Canadian Dollars, and other currencies, respectively. Financial results therefore are affected by changes in foreign currency rates. We estimate that a 10% strengthening of the U.S. Dollar versus our other currencies would have lowered our 2022 annual operating income by approximately $1.3 million.
Interest rate risk. We had cash and cash equivalents of $71.7 million and $329.3 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which consisted of bank deposits and money market funds maintained at various financial institutions. The cash and cash equivalents are held primarily for working capital purposes. Such interest-earning instruments carry a degree of interest rate risk. To date, fluctuations in interest income have not been significant. The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve principal while maximizing income without significantly increasing risk. The interest rates on our Credit Facility also fluctuate based on various market conditions that affect LIBOR, the prime rate, or the overnight bank funding effective rate. The cost of borrowing thereunder may be impacted as a result of our interest rate risk exposure. Interest rate risk associated with the Credit Facility is managed through an interest rate swap which we executed on March 31, 2020. Under the terms of the interest rate swap, we fixed our LIBOR borrowing rate at 0.73% on a notional amount of $200.0 million and for a period of ten years. We do not enter into investments or derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes. The fair value of our 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes is subject to interest rate risk, market risk, and other factors due to the conversion feature. The capped call options that were entered into concurrently with the issuance of our 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes were completed to reduce the potential dilution from the conversion of the 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes. The fair value of the 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes will generally increase as interest rates fall and decrease as interest rates rise. In addition, the fair value of the 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes will generally increase as our Class B Common Stock price increases and will generally decrease as the common stock price declines. The interest and market value changes affect the fair value of the 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes, but do not impact our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows due to the fixed nature of the debt obligation. Due to the short-term nature of our investments, we have not been exposed to, nor do we anticipate being exposed to, material risks due to changes in interest rates. A hypothetical 10% change in interest rates during any of the periods presented would not have had a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Inflation risk. We do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
The information required by this item is included at the end of this report beginning on page.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management maintains disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) that are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is processed, recorded, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer (our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, respectively), as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
We evaluated, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2022, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.
Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will necessarily prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within Bentley Systems, Incorporated have been detected.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended). Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. In making this assessment, our management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013).
Our management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2022, our internal control over financial reporting was effective to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
Our independent registered public accounting firm, KPMG LLP, has issued an audit report on our internal control over financial reporting, which is included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting identified in management’s evaluation pursuant to Rules 13a or 15d of the Exchange Act that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2022 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 9B. Other Information
On February 22, 2023, the sustainability committee (the “Committee”) of the Company’s board of directors, pursuant to the authority delegated to it by the board of directors, approved a policy to provide for the immediate and fully accelerated vesting of equity awards granted under the Company’s 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) in the event of an award holder’s termination of employment following a Change in Control (as defined in the Plan) as described more fully below.
Pursuant to this policy, if a Qualifying Termination (as defined below) occurs during the period beginning 120 days prior to the date of a Change in Control and ending on the first anniversary of such Change in Control, then immediate and fully accelerated vesting of all of such award holder’s outstanding unvested equity awards granted under the Plan and that are assumed in connection with the Change in Control will occur. If the award is subject to performance-based vesting conditions that continue to apply following the Change in Control, then vesting will occur at the target level (i.e., 100%) of performance.
For the purposes of this policy:
•A “Qualifying Termination” is a termination by the Company of an award holder’s employment other than for Cause (as defined in the Plan) or, in the case of an Executive (as defined below) only, by the Executive award holder for Good Reason;
•“Good Reason” means the occurrence of any one or more of the following events without the award holder’s prior written consent: (i) material diminution in the award holder’s duties or responsibilities; (ii) a material reduction in the award holder’s total on-target compensation as in effect for the 12-month period immediately prior to such reduction; or (iii) relocation of the award holder’s principal place of business that will require the award holder to travel a materially greater distance on a regular basis (as compared with the award holder’s prior practice), excluding for the avoidance of doubt any travel for business in the course of performing the award holder’s duties for the Company; and
•“Executive” means any Company officer or employee who at the time of the Change in Control had been designated as an eligible executive of the Company under this policy by the Committee, with such designation remaining in effect until revoked by the Committee.
Unless otherwise determined by the Committee, this policy will apply to future awards granted under the Plan and all outstanding awards, including awards held by Werner Andre, the Company’s Chief Financial Officer, and Nicholas H. Cumins, the Company’s Chief Operating Officer, each of whom the Committee has designated an Executive.
Except as set forth above, the terms of the equity awards granted to the Company’s named executive officers have not changed. The Company intends to provide additional information regarding these compensatory matters in the Company’s Proxy Statement.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “2023 Proxy Statement”), which will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days subsequent to December 31, 2022.
INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
The following sets forth certain information as of February 28, 2023, regarding our executive officers.
Name Age Position
Gregory S. Bentley 67
Chief Executive Officer and President
Keith A. Bentley 64
Chief Technology Officer
Werner Andre 53 Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer
Brock Ballard
Chief Revenue Officer
Michael M. Campbell
Chief Product Officer
Nicholas H. Cumins
Chief Operating Officer
David J. Hollister 57
Chief Investment Officer
David R. Shaman 57 Chief Legal Officer and Secretary
Gregory S. Bentley has served as our President since June 1996 and Chief Executive Officer since August 2000. Prior to joining us in 1991, Mr. Bentley founded and served as chief executive officer of Devon Systems International, Inc., a provider of financial trading software, which was sold to SunGard Data Systems, Inc. in 1987. Mr. Bentley served as a director of SunGard and a member of its audit committee from 1991 through 2005. He holds a B.S. in Economics and an M.B.A. in Finance and Decision Sciences from the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania.
Keith A. Bentley co-founded our Company and has served as our Chief Technology Officer since 2000. Mr. Bentley previously served as our President from 1984 to 1995 and as the Chief Executive Officer from 1984 to 2000. Mr. Bentley is the principal architect of our technology directions and is the primary inventor on numerous Company patents. He holds a Bachelor’s degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Delaware and an M.S. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Florida.
Werner Andre has served as our Chief Financial Officer since January 1, 2022 and is responsible for all aspects of finance including worldwide accounting, financial planning and analysis, tax, and treasury. Mr. Andre joined us in 2015 as Global Corporate Controller and serves as our Chief Accounting Officer since 2020. Prior to joining us, Mr. Andre served as the assistant corporate controller, international accounting and reporting, for Rockwood Holdings, Inc. from 2010 to 2015, and held several roles with PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP from 1995 to 2010. He is a Certified Public Accountant in the state of Pennsylvania, and holds B.S. and M.B.A. degrees in Accounting and Financial Reporting from the University for Economics and Business Administration in Vienna.
Brock Ballard has served as our Chief Revenue Officer since January 1, 2023 and is responsible for leading all of our accounts globally. Mr. Ballard joined us in 2020 as Vice President and Regional Executive, Americas. Prior to joining us, Mr. Ballard served in sales leadership positions with Dassault Systèmes, Autodesk, Inc., and Océ. He holds a Bachelor of Arts in Communication and Information Sciences from the University of Alabama.
Michael M. Campbell has served as our Chief Product Officer since joining us in September 2022. Mr. Campbell is responsible for defining our product strategy and for managing product development to advance our leadership in infrastructure engineering software. Prior to joining us, Mr. Campbell held various positions with PTC Inc. managing product development, product strategies, and entire software businesses. He holds a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering from Boston University.
Nicholas H. Cumins has served as our Chief Operating Officer since January 1, 2022. Mr. Cumins is responsible for our sales and marketing, products, user success, and business operations globally. Mr. Cumins previously served as our Chief Product Officer since 2020. Prior to joining us, Mr. Cumins served as general manager of SAP Marketing Cloud, a comprehensive marketing automation platform, from 2018 to 2020. Mr. Cumins also served as chief product officer of Scytl, a platform for online voting, in Barcelona from 2016 to 2018, and senior vice president of product with OpenX, a pioneer in programmatic advertising, in Los Angeles from 2013 to 2016. He holds Maîtrise de Droit (Law) and Maîtrise de Sciences de Gestion (Business) degrees from University Paris II Panthéon-Assas, Paris, France.
David J. Hollister has served as our Chief Investment Officer since January 1, 2022. Mr. Hollister previously served as our Chief Financial Officer since 2007 and Chief Operations Advancement Officer since 2016. As Chief Investment Officer, Mr. Hollister is responsible for our acquisition and investment activities, including our iTwin Ventures corporate venture capital fund, our Cohesive Companies digital integrator business, and certain other Bentley Acceleration activities. Prior to joining us, Mr. Hollister was the chief financial officer and a member of the board of directors of Broder Bros., Co. from 2004 to 2007. Mr. Hollister previously served as a director in the M&A Transaction Services practice at PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, where he specialized in international transactions. He holds a Bachelor’s degree in Business Administration from the University of Northern Colorado and an M.B.A. from the University of Michigan.
David R. Shaman, our Chief Legal Officer, has led our legal team since 2015 and is responsible for legal, regulatory compliance, government relations, and license compliance activities. Mr. Shaman previously served as Deputy General Counsel from 2006 to 2015. Prior to joining us in 1998, Mr. Shaman was an associate at the law firm Covington & Burling LLP. Mr. Shaman’s international experience includes eight years leading our legal operations outside the United States, as well as tenures at the European Commission, Directorate-General for Informatics in Brussels and Harlequin Limited, a software company in Cambridge, United Kingdom. He holds a Bachelor’s degree in Mathematics from the University of Pennsylvania, a J.D. from Harvard Law School, and a Diploma in Mathematical Statistics from Cambridge University.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our 2023 Proxy Statement, which will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days subsequent to December 31, 2022.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our 2023 Proxy Statement, which will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days subsequent to December 31, 2022.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our 2023 Proxy Statement, which will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days subsequent to December 31, 2022.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our 2023 Proxy Statement, which will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days subsequent to December 31, 2022.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15. Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules
(a) The following documents are filed as part of this report:
1. Financial Statements:
Page
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
2. Financial Statement Schedules:
Financial statement schedules have been omitted since they are either not required, not applicable, or the information is included in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.
3. Exhibits:
Exhibit
Number
Description
3.1 Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Bentley Systems, Incorporated (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 25, 2020 (File No. 001-39548) and incorporated herein by reference)
3.2 Amended and Restated Bylaws of Bentley Systems, Incorporated (filed as Exhibit 3.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 25, 2020 (File No. 001-39548) and incorporated herein by reference)
4.1 Form of Bentley Systems, Incorporated Class B common stock certificate (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed on September 18, 2020 (File No. 333-248246) and incorporated herein by reference)
4.2 Indenture, dated as of January 26, 2021, between Bentley Systems, Incorporated and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 26, 2021 (File No. 001-39548) and incorporated herein by reference)
4.3 Form of 0.125% Convertible Senior Note due 2026 (included as Exhibit A in Exhibit 4.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 26, 2021 (File No. 001-39548) and incorporated herein by reference)
4.4 Indenture, dated as of June 28, 2021, between Bentley Systems, Incorporated and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 29, 2021 (File No. 001-39548) and incorporated herein by reference)
4.5 Form of 0.375% Convertible Senior Note due 2027 (included as Exhibit A in Exhibit 4.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 29, 2021 (File No. 001-39548) and incorporated herein by reference)
4.6 Description of Bentley Systems, Incorporated Securities (filed as Exhibit 4.4 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 2, 2021 (File No. 001-39548) and incorporated herein by reference)
Exhibit
Number
Description
10.1 Form of Capped Call Confirmation relating to the 0.125% Convertible Senior Note due 2026 (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 26, 2021 (File No. 001-39548) and incorporated herein by reference)
10.2 Form of Capped Call Confirmation relating to the 0.375% Convertible Senior Note due 2027 (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 29, 2021 (File No. 001-39548) and incorporated herein by reference)
10.3 Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of December 19, 2017, by and among Bentley Systems, Incorporated, PNC Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on August 21, 2020 (File No. 333-248246) and incorporated herein by reference)
10.4 First Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of September 2, 2020, (filed as Exhibit 10.10 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed on September 8, 2020 (File No. 333-248246) and incorporated herein by reference)
10.5 Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of January 25, 2021 (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 26, 2021 (File No. 001-39548) and incorporated herein by reference)
10.6 Third Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of June 22, 2021 (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 22, 2021 (File No. 001-39548) and incorporated herein by reference)
10.7 Fourth Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of December 22, 2021 (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 29, 2021 (File No. 001-39548) and incorporated herein by reference)
10.8 Fifth Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of December 14, 2022 (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 15, 2022 (File No. 001-39548) and incorporated herein by reference)
10.9† Bentley Systems, Incorporated 2015 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended and restated effective as of May 29, 2018 (filed as Exhibit 10.6 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on August 21, 2020 (File No. 333-248246) and incorporated herein by reference)
10.10† Bentley Systems, Incorporated 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 25, 2020 (File No. 001-39548) and incorporated herein by reference)
10.11† Amendment No. 1 to the Bentley Systems, Incorporated 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.10 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 1, 2022 (File No. 001-39548) and incorporated herein by reference)
10.12†* Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Bentley Systems, Incorporated 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan (as amended)
10.13† Bentley Systems, Incorporated Global Employee Stock Purchase Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 25, 2020 (File No. 001-39548) and incorporated herein by reference)
10.14† Bentley Systems, Incorporated Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended and restated effective as of September 22, 2020 (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 25, 2020 (File No. 001-39548) and incorporated herein by reference)
10.15† Amendment No. 1 to the Bentley Systems, Incorporated Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended and restated effective as of September 22, 2020 (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 9, 2021 (File No. 001-39548) and incorporated herein by reference)
10.16† Bentley Systems, Incorporated Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors, as amended and restated effective as of January 1, 2015 (filed as Exhibit 10.7 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed on September 8, 2020 (File No. 333-248246) and incorporated herein by reference)
Exhibit
Number
Description
10.17† Bentley Systems, Incorporated Bonus Pool Plan, as amended and restated effective as of September 22, 2020 (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 25, 2020 (File No. 001-39548) and incorporated herein by reference)
10.18† Amendment No. 1 to the Bentley Systems, Incorporated Bonus Pool Plan, as amended and restated effective as of September 22, 2020 (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 8, 2022 (File No. 001-39548) and incorporated herein by reference)
10.19 Common Stock Purchase Agreement, by and among Bentley Systems, Incorporated, Siemens AG, and the persons listed as “Key Holders” therein, dated September 23, 2016, as amended on October 28, 2016, and April 23, 2018 (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on August 21, 2020 (File No. 333-248246) and incorporated herein by reference)
10.20+
Side Letter Agreement, dated as of March 11, 2021, by and among Bentley Systems, Incorporated, Seequent Holdings Limited and the Sellers named therein (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 11, 2021 (File No. 001-39548) and incorporated herein by reference)
10.21 Amendment to Side Letter Agreement, dated as of March 11, 2021, by and between Bentley Systems, Incorporated and Accel-KKR Capital Partners V, LP (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 11, 2021 (File No. 001-39548) and incorporated herein by reference)
21.1* List of Subsidiaries
23.1* Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
31.1* Certification of CEO pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
31.2*
Certification of CFO pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
32.1* Certification of CEO and CFO Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
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104 Cover page formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101
† Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
+ Certain portions of this exhibit have been omitted.
* Filed or furnished herewith. The certification attached as Exhibit 32.1 that accompanies this Annual Report on Form 10-K is not deemed filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of Bentley Systems, Incorporated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.
(b) Exhibits:
We hereby file the exhibits listed in the attached Exhibit Index.
(c) Financial Statement Schedules:
None.