EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1580670
Filing Year: 2021
Filename: 1580670_10-K_2021_0001580670-21-000020.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
General
We are engaged in the design, construction, and sale of new homes in markets in Texas, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, New Mexico, Colorado, North Carolina, South Carolina, Washington, Tennessee, Minnesota, Oklahoma, Alabama, California, Oregon, Nevada, West Virginia, Virginia and Pennsylvania. Our management team has been in the residential land development business since the mid-1990s. Since commencing home building operations in 2003, we have constructed and closed over 45,000 homes. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we had 9,339 home closings, compared to 7,690 home closings in 2019.
LGI Homes, Inc. is a Delaware corporation incorporated on July 9, 2013. Our principal executive offices are located at 1450 Lake Robbins Drive, Suite 430, The Woodlands, Texas 77380, and our telephone number is (281) 362-8998. Information on or linked to our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K unless expressly noted.
Unless otherwise indicated or the context requires, “LGI,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” refer collectively to LGI Homes, Inc. and its subsidiaries.
Business Opportunities
Since our initial public offering in November 2013, we have grown substantially by expanding our operations from nine markets in four states to 34 markets in 18 states. We believe there is an opportunity to continue to grow in our existing markets. Given our knowledge of and proven success in these markets, as well as the favorable demographic and economic trends forecasted for these markets, we expect to continue to grow in our current markets.
We intend to continue to expand into new markets where we identify opportunities to build homes and develop communities that meet our profit and return objectives. One of the keys to our successful geographic expansion is our operating model which enables us to enter new markets efficiently and effectively. During 2021, we have opened or expect to open new communities and to have homes for sale in additional markets, including Baltimore, Maryland, Norfolk, Virginia and Knoxville, Tennessee, and land under development in Salt Lake City, Utah.
We see opportunities to develop properties with multiple product lines and within the same communities, which we believe will enable us to grow our business by increasing the number of price points in some of our existing markets. Our current product offerings include entry-level homes, including both detached and attached homes, and move-up homes, which are sold under our LGI Homes brand, and our luxury series homes, which are sold under our Terrata Homes brand. At December 31, 2020, we had 113 active communities with our LGI Homes brand and three with our Terrata Homes brand.
Our Terrata Homes brand allows us to leverage our systems and process approach, including our customer centric sales system, to deliver move-in ready homes with standardized features. During 2020, we closed 150 Terrata Homes, which had an average sales price per home closed of $424,132, compared to 134 Terrata Homes, which had an average sales price per home closed of $418,000, in 2019.
Our attached product in certain markets enables us to keep our entry-level price point within reach of more new homebuyers. We believe that our attached product helps to counter rising land and home costs, and support our expansion into densely populated markets.
Similarly, we believe our wholesale home closings provide opportunities for us to leverage our systems and processes to meet the needs of companies looking to acquire multiple homes for rental purposes, primarily through bulk sales agreements. During 2020 and 2019, we had 850 and 583 wholesale home closings, respectively, which represented 9.1% and 7.6% of our total home closings in 2020 and 2019, respectively.
We expect to continue to pursue a flexible land acquisition strategy of purchasing or optioning finished lots, if they can be acquired at attractive prices, or purchasing raw land for residential development. We generally target land acquisitions that are further away from urban centers than many other suburban communities but have access to major thoroughfares, retail districts and centers of business. These target areas that are further away from urban centers generally result in a better value for the homeowner through either lower price points or larger lot sizes. We consider development opportunities that meet our profit and return objectives, including opportunities which may involve the sale of home sites as a part of the product mix. We will continue to focus primarily on entry-level home buyers. We expect our wholesale home closings to represent approximately 10.0% to 15.0% of our annual home closings during 2021. Additionally, we expect our home closings in communities with our Terrata Homes brand will be less than 2.0% of our annual home closings during 2021.
Sales and Marketing
Our well-defined sales and marketing approach is primarily focused on converting renters of apartments and single-family homes into homeowners. We use extensive digital and print advertising to attract potential homebuyers. We employ various marketing methods such as interactive online media, social media, direct mail and directional signage and billboards. These methods have proven highly successful in reaching our target market, placing potential homebuyers in front of our trained sales professionals and communicating our core message of value and dream fulfillment.
While a proportion of our business does come from realtors, our marketing efforts are principally designed to connect directly with potential customers who are currently renting their primary residence and to encourage them to schedule an in-person appointment at one of our information centers. Our information centers are typically open 12 hours per day, 359 days per year, and generally staffed by two to five sales professionals who are supported by an independent on-site loan officer.
Our commission-based sales professionals are trained to learn about the current housing situation of the customer, educate them on the value proposition of owning an LGI home and provide them with a comprehensive and thorough understanding of the steps required to achieve homeownership. We also educate customers on our history, vision and values. Our sales professionals will determine credit and income qualifications, provide information regarding floor plans and pricing and conduct tours of our homes based on the customer’s needs and budget. Our focus on move-in ready homes often allows us to show the customer the completed or near-completed home that they will own. We also provide each customer with a comprehensive introduction to the community and the surrounding area, furnishing them with detailed information regarding utilities, schools, homeowners association dues and restrictions, local entertainment and nearby dining and shopping options. As a result of our transparent approach, customers receive all the information needed to make a buying decision, which we believe sets clear expectations and eliminates confusion during the home buying process.
Recruitment, Training and Development
We focus on identifying and attracting the best talent and providing them with world-class training and continuous development. We directly invest in our sales professionals by conducting an intensive 100-day introductory training program consisting of 30 days of initial in-depth, in-house education about our time-proven selling strategies, which includes a two-week training program at our headquarters, and an additional 85 days of secondary training at the local division. Our continued commitment to our sales personnel is reflected in the ongoing weekly training sessions held in each of our information centers coupled with quarterly regional training events. Typically, all construction managers, purchasing managers and vice presidents come to our corporate headquarters for a week of training in their first 100 days. We also work closely with our subcontractors, training them using a comprehensive construction manual that outlines the most efficient way to build an LGI home. A number of our subcontractors have worked on our homes since we commenced homebuilding operations in 2003, and therefore, are familiar with our business model.
Homebuilding Operations
Our homebuilding operations are organized and managed by seven divisions: West, Northwest, Central, Midwest, Florida, Southeast and Mid-Atlantic. The Midwest division is included in our Central reportable segment and the Mid-Atlantic division is included in our Southeast reportable segment.
West Northwest Central Midwest Florida Southeast Mid-Atlantic
Phoenix, AZ Seattle, WA Houston, TX Minneapolis, MN Tampa, FL Atlanta, GA Washington, DC
Tucson, AZ Portland, OR Dallas Ft. Worth, TX Orlando, FL Charlotte, NC Richmond, VA
Albuquerque, NM Denver, CO San Antonio, TX Fort Myers, FL Raleigh, NC Baltimore, MD (1)
Las Vegas, NV Austin, TX Jacksonville, FL Wilmington, NC
Northern CA Oklahoma City, OK Fort Pierce, FL Winston-Salem, NC
Southern CA Daytona Beach, FL Columbia, SC
Sarasota, FL Greenville, SC
Birmingham, AL
Nashville, TN
(1)No active communities in this market at December 31, 2020.
During 2020, we expanded our geographic presence in Florida and the Southeast with the addition of Daytona Beach and Sarasota, Florida, Greenville, South Carolina and Richmond, Virginia. These operating segments reflect the way the Company evaluates its business performance and manages its operations. Additional information on our operating segments and product information is contained in Note 15 “Segment Information” to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Our even-flow, continuous construction methodology enables us to build and maintain an inventory of move-in ready homes that are available for immediate sale. Driven by commitment to our customers and the desire to make dreams of homeownership come true, we offer a set number of floor plans in each community with standardized finishes. In 2019, we introduced the CompleteHomeTM package to continue our legacy of offering buyers beautiful move-in ready homes, a streamlined buying experience, and superior quality with even more standard features than offered before.
The CompleteHome package includes kitchen appliances by Whirlpool®, 36” upper cabinets with crown molding, granite or quartz countertops, undermount sinks, Moen® faucets and Kwikset® door hardware, as well as convenient outlets with USB charging capability and a Wi-Fi-enabled garage door opener. Additionally, our CompleteHome inventory includes programmable thermostats, double-pane Low-E vinyl windows, LED flush mount ENERGY STAR lights and a variety of other energy-saving features.
In addition, select communities in 2019 began offering our CompleteHome PlusTM package, which includes everything in the CompleteHome package plus stainless steel Whirlpool® appliances, 42” upper cabinets, blinds throughout and much more. CompleteHome or CompleteHome Plus inventory is now available at all LGI communities and became standard with all new construction starts beginning in the second quarter of 2019. Our homes are designed to meet the preferences of our target market of potential homebuyers and enable cost efficient and effective construction processes. We maintained an average home completion time of approximately 80 to 105 days during 2020; with homes closed during 2020 ranging between 1,000 to 4,500 square feet and overall sales prices ranging between the $140,000’s to the $700,000’s.
We expect to continue to utilize our even flow construction methodology in communities with homes at all of our price points and will maintain our focus on marketing complete or move-in ready homes with standardized features.
We employ experienced construction management professionals to perform the tasks of general contractors for home construction in each of our communities. Our employees provide the purchasing, construction management and quality assurance for the homes we build, while third-party subcontractors provide the material and labor components of our homes. In each of our markets, we employ construction managers with local market knowledge and expertise. Additionally, our construction managers monitor our compliance with zoning, safety, and other regulations, production schedules, and quality standards for our projects.
We endeavor to obtain favorable pricing from subcontractors through long-term relationships and consistent workflow. As we have expanded into new markets outside of Texas, the employees that we have hired in those markets have brought long-term relationships with several subcontracting firms. We have expanded upon existing relationships with subcontracting firms also located in Texas. A number of our trade partners have subcontracted on our projects since we commenced homebuilding operations in 2003. We purchase some components and materials centrally to leverage our purchasing power to achieve volume discounts, a practice that often reduces costs and ensures timely deliveries. We typically do not store significant inventories of construction materials, except for work in progress materials for homes under construction. Consistency of our trade partners is an integral part of our homebuilding operations that also leads us to reduced warranty costs. We believe in building long lasting relationships with our trade partners in order to provide consistent, quality and timely deliveries across our markets. We also work closely with our construction managers and subcontractors and train them using a comprehensive construction manual that outlines the most efficient way to build an LGI home.
Throughout our homebuilding operations, we utilize a paperless purchase order system to conduct business with our subcontractors and suppliers. Our master build schedule allows our trade partners to receive their specific tasks from our electronic system and plan several weeks in advance before starting their work. This means of communication allows our subcontractors to schedule their crews efficiently, thereby allowing for better pricing and better quality of work. Typically, our contractors are paid every week, which contributes to the strength of our business relationships with them.
Land Acquisition Policies and Development
We continue to be an active and opportunistic acquirer of land for residential development in our markets. We source land from a wide range of landowners, brokers, lenders, builders and other land development companies. We generally acquire finished lots and raw land in affordable locations that are further away from urban centers than many other suburban communities but have access to major thoroughfares, retail districts and centers of business. We conduct thorough due diligence on each of our potential land acquisitions, and we typically look at numerous opportunities before finding one that meets our requirements. We also maintain a pipeline of desirable land positions for replacement communities and new communities. We increased our active communities to 116 as of December 31, 2020 from 106 as of December 31, 2019. Our lot inventory
increased to 61,504 owned or controlled lots as of December 31, 2020 from 48,062 owned or controlled lots as of December 31, 2019, primarily due to overall increased lot counts within the Central, Northwest and West reportable segments.
Our allocation of capital for land investment is performed at the corporate level with a disciplined approach to portfolio management. Our Acquisitions Committee meets periodically and consists of our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and Executive Vice President of Acquisitions. Annually, our divisions prepare a strategic plan for their respective geographic areas. Supply and demand are analyzed to ensure land investment is targeted appropriately. The long-term plan is compared on an ongoing basis to our experience in the marketplace and is then adjusted to the extent necessary.
We have also purchased larger tracts of land across our markets which will provide us with more opportunities to build homes with multiple price points in our communities. We believe that our land development expertise will allow us to meet our growth and profit objectives with respect to opportunities in which we are the developer. Similar to our home building operations, our personnel oversee the contractors who perform the development work. Our land development projects may include the sale of home sites or commercial property as a part of the project.
We have strong relationships with the land brokerage community in many of our markets. We believe that in the brokerage community we have a reputation for knowing our business, having the capital to close deals, and making accurate and timely decisions that benefit both the buyer and seller. For these reasons, we believe that brokers routinely notify us when desirable tracts of land are available for purchase.
In our land acquisition process, projects of interest are evaluated at the division level using an extensive due diligence checklist which includes assessing the permitting and regulatory requirements, environmental considerations, local market conditions, and anticipated floor plans, pricing, and financial returns. We also acquire and develop land for use in our wholesale business.
The table below shows (i) home closings by reportable segment for the year ended December 31, 2020 and (ii) our owned or controlled lots by reportable segment as of December 31, 2020.
Year Ended December 31, 2020 As of December 31, 2020
Reportable Segment Home Closings Owned (1)
Controlled Total
Central 3,654 16,124 10,739 26,863
Southeast 2,382 10,376 6,992 17,368
Northwest 1,000 3,036 3,183 6,219
West 1,043 3,133 3,092 6,225
Florida 1,260 2,599 2,230 4,829
Total 9,339 35,268 26,236 61,504
(1)Of the 35,268 owned lots as of December 31, 2020, 22,132 were raw/under development lots and 13,136 were finished lots.
Homes in Inventory
When entering a new community, we build a sufficient number of move-in ready homes to meet our budgets. We base future home starts on home closings. As homes are closed, we start more homes to maintain our inventory. As of December 31, 2020, we had a total of 1,326 completed homes, including information centers, and 2,536 homes in progress.
The following is a summary of our homes in inventory by reportable segment as of December 31, 2020 (dollar values in thousands):
Reportable Segment Homes in Inventory (1)
Inventory Value (1)
Central 1,431 $ 203,152
Southeast 950 125,130
Northwest 393 87,436
West 422 75,469
Florida 533 66,263
Total 3,729 $ 557,450
(1)Includes homes in progress and completed homes; excludes information centers.
Backlog
See discussion included in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Backlog.”
Raw Materials and Labor
When constructing homes, we use various materials and components. We generally contract for our materials and labor at a fixed price for the anticipated construction period of our homes. This allows us to mitigate the risks associated with increases in building materials and labor costs between the time construction begins on a home and the time it is closed. Typically, the raw materials and most of the components used in our business are readily available in the United States. In addition, the majority of our raw materials is supplied to us by our subcontractors, and is included in the price of our contract with such contractors. Most of the raw materials necessary for our subcontractors are standard items carried by major suppliers. Substantially all of our construction work is done by third-party subcontractors, most of whom are non-unionized. We continue to monitor the supply markets to achieve the best prices available. Typically, the price changes that most significantly influence our operations are price increases in labor and commodities, such as lumber. Specifically, during the second half of 2020, we saw a significant increase in the cost of our lumber related to undersupply as a result of increased demand and shutdowns of lumber mills due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We may see additional lumber cost pressures in future quarters.
Seasonality
The homebuilding industry generally exhibits seasonality. We have historically experienced, and in the future expect to continue to experience, variability in our results on a quarterly basis. See discussion included in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Seasonality.”
Government Regulation and Environmental, Health and Safety Matters
We are subject to numerous local, state, federal and other statutes, ordinances, rules and regulations concerning zoning, development, building design, construction and similar matters, which impose zoning and density requirements in order to limit the number of homes or mandate the type of structure that can be built within the boundaries of a particular area. Projects that are not entitled may be subjected to periodic delays, changes in use, less intensive development or elimination of development in certain specific areas due to government regulations. We may also be subject to periodic delays or may be precluded entirely from developing in certain communities due to building moratoriums or “slow-growth” or “no-growth” initiatives that could be implemented in the future. Local governments also have broad discretion regarding the imposition of development fees for projects in their jurisdiction. Projects for which we have received land use and development entitlements or approvals may still require a variety of other governmental approvals and permits during the development process and can also be impacted adversely by unforeseen health, safety and welfare issues, which can further delay these projects or prevent their development.
We are also subject to a variety of local, state, federal and other statutes, ordinances, rules and regulations concerning the environment, health and safety. Shortly after taking office in January 2021, President Biden issued a series of executive orders designed to address climate change and requiring agencies to review environmental actions taken by the Trump administration, as well as a memorandum to departments and agencies to refrain from proposing or issuing rules until a departmental or agency head appointed or designated by the Biden administration has reviewed and approved the rule. These executive orders may result in the development of additional regulations or changes to existing regulations. The particular environmental laws which apply to any given homebuilding site vary according to multiple factors, including the site’s location, its environmental conditions, the present and former uses of the site, the presence or absence of endangered plants or species or sensitive habitats, and environmental conditions at adjoining or nearby properties. Environmental laws and conditions may result in delays, may cause us to incur substantial compliance and other costs, and can prohibit or severely restrict homebuilding activity in environmentally sensitive regions or areas. In addition, in those cases where an endangered or threatened species is involved, environmental rules and regulations can result in the restriction or elimination of development in identified environmentally sensitive areas. From time to time, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (the “EPA”) and similar federal, state or local agencies review land developers’ and homebuilders’ compliance with environmental laws and may levy fines and penalties, among other sanctions, for failure to strictly comply with applicable environmental laws or impose additional requirements for future compliance as a result of past failures. Any such actions taken with respect to us may increase our costs and result in delays. Further, we expect that increasingly stringent requirements will be imposed on land developers and homebuilders in the future. Environmental regulations can also have an adverse impact on the availability and price of certain raw materials such as lumber.
Under various environmental laws, current or former owners of real estate, as well as certain other categories of parties, may be required to investigate and clean up hazardous or toxic substances or petroleum product releases, and may be held strictly and/or jointly and severally liable to a governmental entity or to third parties for related damages, including property damage or bodily injury, and for investigation and cleanup costs incurred by such parties in connection with the contamination. A mitigation plan may be implemented during the construction of a home if a cleanup does not remove all contaminants of concern or to address a naturally occurring condition, such as methane or radon. Some homebuyers may not want to purchase a home that is, or may have been, subject to a mitigation plan.
Competition
The U.S. homebuilding industry is highly competitive. We compete in each of our markets with numerous other national, regional and local homebuilders for homebuyers, desirable properties, financing, raw materials and skilled labor. We also compete with sales of existing homes and with the rental housing market. Our homes compete on the basis of quality, price, design, mortgage financing terms and location. There has been some consolidation among national homebuilders in the United States, and we expect that this trend may continue.
Human Capital Resources
As of December 31, 2020, we employed 938 people, of whom 90 were located at our corporate headquarters, 579 were on-site sales and support personnel, and 269 were involved with construction. We have built a diverse and inclusive team of professionals with a wide range of industry experience across our markets. We are dedicated to supporting our employees when times are challenging. In May 2020, we announced we would not lay off or furlough employees due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and in October 2020, we paid a special bonus to our “frontline” workers whose roles and responsibilities required that they directly interact with the public on a daily basis. The bonus was in recognition of the extraordinary efforts of such workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.
None of our employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements, and we have not experienced any strikes or work stoppages. We believe we have good relations with our employees. Our human capital resources objectives include, as
applicable, identifying, recruiting, training, retaining, incentivizing and integrating our existing and additional employees. See “-Recruitment, Training and Development.” We offer our employees a wide array of company-paid benefits, which we believe are competitive relative to others in our industry.
We utilize subcontractors and tradespeople to perform the construction of our homes. We believe we have good relations with our subcontractors and tradespeople.
Available Information
We make available, as soon as reasonably practicable, on our website, www.lgihomes.com, all of our reports required to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). These reports can be found on the “Investor Relations” page of our website under “SEC Filings” and include our annual and quarterly reports on Form 10-K and 10-Q (including related filings in XBRL format), current reports on Form 8-K, beneficial ownership reports on Forms 3, 4, and 5, proxy statements and amendments to such reports. Our SEC filings are also available to the public on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. In addition to our SEC filings, our corporate governance documents, including our Corporate Governance Guidelines and Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, are available on the “Investor Relations” page of our website under “Corporate Governance” at https://investor.lgihomes.com/corporate-governance. Our stockholders may also obtain these documents in paper format free of charge upon request made to our Investor Relations department.
Information about our Executive Officers
The following table sets forth information regarding our executive officers as of February 25, 2021:
Name Age Position
Eric Lipar 50 Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board
Michael Snider 49 President and Chief Operating Officer
Charles Merdian 51 Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
Jack Lipar 52 Executive Vice President of Acquisitions
Rachel Eaton 39 Chief Marketing Officer
Scott Garber 49 General Counsel and Corporate Secretary
Eric Lipar. Mr. Lipar is our Chief Executive Officer and serves as Chairman of our Board of Directors. He has served as our Chief Executive Officer since 2009, as a director since June 2013 and as Chairman of the Board since July 2013. Previously, Mr. Lipar served as our President from 2003 until 2009. Mr. Lipar has been in the residential land development business since the mid-1990s and is one of our founders. He has overseen land acquisitions, development and the sale of over 45,000 homes since our inception. Mr. Lipar currently serves on the Residential Neighborhood Development Council for the Urban Land Institute and is a member of the Policy Advisory Board for the Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies.
Michael Snider. Mr. Snider has served as our President since 2009 and our Chief Operating Officer since July 2013. He oversees all aspects of our sales, construction, and product development. Prior to serving as our President, Mr. Snider was Executive Vice President of Homebuilding (2005-2009) and in the role of Homebuilding Manager (2004). Before joining the Company in 2004, Mr. Snider was a Project Manager for Tadian Homes, a homebuilder based in Troy, Michigan.
Charles Merdian. Mr. Merdian has served as our Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer since 2013 and served as our Secretary from 2013 to 2016. Prior to becoming our Chief Financial Officer in 2010, Mr. Merdian was our Controller from 2004 through 2010. Prior to joining us in 2004, Mr. Merdian served as Accounting and Finance Manager for The Woodlands Operating Company where he specialized in accounting and financial analysis of real estate ventures, focusing primarily on residential and commercial developments. Prior to The Woodlands Operating Company, Mr. Merdian served as an accounting manager working at the Williamson-Dickie Manufacturing Co. and as a senior auditor for Coopers & Lybrand, LLP. Mr. Merdian has worked in residential real estate and homebuilding finance since 1998. Mr. Merdian is a Certified Public Accountant and is a member of the Texas Society of Certified Public Accountants. Mr. Merdian also serves on the Montgomery County Habitat for Humanity Board of Directors.
Jack Lipar. Mr. Lipar has served as our Executive Vice President of Acquisitions since March 2013. He previously served as Vice President of Acquisitions from December 2010 through February 2013, and Acquisitions Manager from 2006 to December 2010. Mr. Lipar oversees land acquisitions and development for the Company. Prior to joining us, Mr. Lipar worked at HP Pelzer, an auto parts manufacturing company based in Germany, as the Vice President of Purchasing and Director of Operations. Mr. Lipar was also the General Manager and a member of the Board of Directors of Alliance Interiors, an affiliate of HP Pelzer. Prior to HP Pelzer, Mr. Lipar was a worldwide Purchasing Manager for Cooper Standard, one of the world’s leading manufacturers of automotive parts.
Rachel Eaton. Ms. Eaton serves as our Chief Marketing Officer and is responsible for the overall growth and direction of all marketing initiatives, brand image, and social media. Ms. Eaton is also responsible for technology, recruiting and administrative field operations for the Company. Prior to becoming our Chief Marketing Officer in June 2013, Ms. Eaton served as our Vice President of Marketing and Administration from May 2012 through May 2013, Director of Marketing & Special Events from 2007 to May 2012 and various other roles assisting with the Company’s growth and success since joining the Company in 2003. In 2020, Ms. Eaton was recognized as a rising star in the homebuilding industry by Pro Builder Magazine for her outstanding accomplishments in leading the Company’s marketing, talent acquisitions, and community service initiatives. Ms. Eaton is a former member of the Zillow Group Builder Advisory Board.
Scott Garber. Mr. Garber has served as our General Counsel and Corporate Secretary since April 2018. His responsibilities include all company legal matters, as well as corporate governance and risk management. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Garber served as Assistant General Counsel at Chevron Phillips Chemical Company (CPChem) from March 2012 to April 2018, where he was responsible for major company transactions (both domestic and international), as well as corporate governance of its Qatar-based joint ventures, and commercial legal matters for various company product lines and divisions. Prior to joining CPChem, Mr. Garber served as Associate General Counsel for United Airlines (formerly Continental Airlines), then the world’s largest airline, where he was responsible for the company’s litigation, antitrust and intellectual property matters. Mr. Garber previously worked at Howrey Simon Arnold & White, a major international law firm, where he specialized in all aspects of intellectual property law. Mr. Garber is a member of the State Bar of Texas and is admitted to practice before the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office. Mr. Garber is also a member of the Board of Directors of Archway, a captive insurance company.
Board of Directors of LGI Homes, Inc.
Mr. Eric Lipar - Chief Executive Officer of LGI Homes, Inc. and serves as Chairman of our Board of Directors.
Mr. Ryan Edone - Chief Financial Officer of Petroleum Wholesale L.P., a distributor of branded and wholesale motor fuel products and operator of retail convenience stores/travel centers.
Mr. Duncan Gage - Former President and Chief Executive Officer of Giant Cement Holdings, Inc., a producer of cement, concrete and aggregate for the construction industry.
Ms. Laura Miller - Former Senior Vice President and Global Chief Information Officer of InterContinental Hotels Group PLC, a multinational hospitality company. Ms. Miller also serves on the Board of Directors of EVO Payments, Inc., a global merchant acquirer and payment processor.
Mr. Bryan Sansbury - Chief Executive Officer, Chairman, and a founding partner of AEGIS Hedging Solutions, LLC, formerly known as AEGIS Energy Risk, LLC. Mr. Sansbury serves as our Lead Independent Director.
Mr. Steven Smith - Owner and solo practitioner of Steven R. Smith Law, LLC. He is a former shareholder of the law firm Baker Donelson.
Mr. Robert Vahradian - Senior Managing Director of GTIS Partners, LP, a global real estate investment firm.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Discussion of our business and operations included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K should be read together with the risk factors set forth below. They describe various risks and uncertainties we are or may become subject to, many of which are difficult to predict or beyond our control. These risks and uncertainties, together with other factors described elsewhere in this report, have the potential to affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, strategies or prospects in a material and adverse manner.
Risk Factors Summary
Our business is subject to a number of risks, including risks that may prevent us from achieving our business objectives or may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, strategies or prospects. These risks are discussed more fully below and include, but are not limited to, risks related to:
•Operational Risks Related to Our Business:
◦the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic;
◦our ability to acquire finished lots and land parcels suitable for residential homebuilding at reasonable prices;
◦labor and raw material shortages and price fluctuations that could delay or increase the cost of home construction;
•Industry and Economic Risks:
◦the tightening of mortgage lending standards and mortgage financing requirements, and rising mortgage interest rates;
◦federal income tax credits currently available to builders of certain energy efficient homes may not be extended by future legislation;
◦the housing market may not continue to grow at the same rate, or may decline;
◦the homebuilding industry is highly competitive;
◦new and existing laws and regulations or other governmental actions, including environmental, health and safety laws and regulations;
◦increasing attention to environmental, social and governance matters;
◦the seasonal nature of our business;
•Strategic Risks Related to Our Business:
◦our growth or expansion strategies may not be successful;
•Risks Related to Our Organization and Structure:
◦we depend on key management personnel and other experienced employees;
◦our use of leverage in executing our business strategy;
◦we are a holding company, and we are accordingly dependent upon distributions from our subsidiaries to service our debt and pay dividends, if any, taxes and other expenses;
•General Risks:
◦we may be subject to litigation, arbitration or other claims;
◦information system failures, cyber incidents or breaches in security;
◦complex and evolving U.S. laws and regulations regarding privacy and data protection; and
◦access to financing sources may not be available on favorable terms, or at all.
Operational Risks Related to Our Business
Our business could be materially and adversely disrupted by an epidemic or pandemic (such as the present outbreak and worldwide spread of COVID-19), or similar public threat, or fear of such an event, and the measures that federal, state and local governments and other authorities implement to address it.
An epidemic, pandemic or similar serious public health issue, and the measures undertaken by governmental authorities to address it, could significantly disrupt or prevent us from operating our business in the ordinary course for an extended period, and thereby, along with any associated economic and social instability or distress, have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, strategies or prospects.
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the current outbreak of the novel strain of coronavirus (“COVID-19”) to be a global pandemic, and on March 13, 2020, the United States declared a national emergency. In response to these declarations and the rapid spread of COVID-19, federal, state and local governments imposed varying degrees of
restrictions on business and social activities to contain COVID-19, including business shutdowns and closures, travel restrictions, quarantines, curfews, shelter-in-place orders and “stay-at-home” orders in certain of our markets. State and local authorities have also implemented multi-step policies with the goal of re-opening various sectors of the economy. However, certain jurisdictions began re-opening only to return to restrictions in the face of increases in new COVID-19 cases, while other jurisdictions are continuing to re-open or have nearly completed the re-opening process despite increases in COVID-19 cases. The COVID-19 outbreak may significantly worsen in the United States during the upcoming months, which may cause federal, state and local governments to reconsider restrictions on business and social activities. In the event governments increase restrictions, the re-opening of the economy may be further curtailed. We have experienced some resulting disruptions to our business operations, as these restrictions have significantly impacted, and may continue to impact, many sectors of the economy, with various businesses curtailing or ceasing normal operations and subsequently attempting to resume operations. In March 2020, we were required to temporarily stop our construction of homes in certain markets in which we do business. Beginning in April 2020, we resumed construction of homes in those markets. Although we continued to build and sell homes in all of our markets, at that time the pace of sales declined and we experienced an increase in the rate of contract cancellations. Since May 2020, the pace of sales has rebounded and we have experienced a sustained increase in demand in our markets. However, as a result of reducing starts in March 2020 and April 2020 to preserve cash, our availability of completed homes was reduced, which slowed the pace of our home closings in the second and third quarter. Further, our inventory of owned or controlled lots decreased during the first half of 2020 primarily due to certain cash management policies we implemented beginning in March 2020, which included delaying or canceling land acquisitions to manage our overall inventory. From time to time during the COVID-19 outbreak, we have had to close individual sales offices for a limited period of time, as a result of potential or actual exposure to COVID-19 by one or more of our employees. The economic impact of COVID-19 may be reduced by financial assistance under COVID-19 related federal and state programs; however, such programs may not have a positive impact on our business. The ultimate impacts of COVID-19 and related mitigation efforts will depend on future developments, including, but not limited to, the duration and geographic spread of COVID-19, the impact of government actions designed to prevent the spread of COVID-19, the availability and timely distribution of effective treatments and vaccines, actions taken by customers, subcontractors, suppliers and other third parties, workforce availability, and the timing and extent to which normal economic and operating conditions resume.
Our business could also be negatively impacted over the medium-to-longer term if the disruptions related to COVID-19 decrease consumer confidence generally or with respect to purchasing a home; cause civil unrest; negatively impact mortgage availability or the federal government’s mortgage loan-related programs or policies; delay mortgage originations; tighten mortgage lending standards; or precipitate a prolonged economic downturn or an extended rise in unemployment or tempering of wage growth, any of which could lower demand for our products; negatively impact general consumer interest in purchasing a home compared to choosing other housing alternatives; impair our ability to sell and build homes in a typical manner or at all, generate revenues and cash flows or access the Credit Agreement (as defined herein) or the capital or lending markets (or significantly increase the costs of doing so), as may be necessary to sustain our business; increase the costs or decrease the supply of building materials or the financial viability or availability of subcontractors, including as a result of infections or medically necessary or recommended self-quarantining, or governmental mandates to direct production activities to support public health efforts; and result in our recognizing charges in future periods, which may be material, for inventory impairments or land option contract abandonments, or both, related to our current inventory assets. The inherent uncertainty surrounding COVID-19, due in part to changing governmental directives (including as a result of the change in the U.S. presidential administration), public health challenges and progress and market reactions thereto, also makes it more challenging for our management to estimate the future performance of our business and develop strategies to generate growth or achieve our objectives for the remainder of 2021.
Should the adverse impacts described above (or others that are currently unknown) occur, whether individually or collectively, we would expect to experience, among other things, decreases in our net orders, homes closed, average sales prices per home closed, revenues and profitability, and such impacts could be material to our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, strategies or prospects in future quarters. In addition, should the surge in COVID-19 cases or the public health effort related thereto intensify to such an extent that we cannot operate in most or all of our markets, we could generate few or no orders and deliver few, if any, homes during the applicable period, which could be prolonged. Along with a potential increase in cancellations of home purchase contracts, if prolonged government restrictions on our business and our customers return in response to increases in COVID-19 cases, or if there is an extended economic recession, we could be unable to produce revenues and cash flows sufficient to conduct our business; meet the terms of our covenants and other requirements under the Credit Agreement, the Senior Notes and the related indenture, and/or mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans; or service our outstanding indebtedness. Such a circumstance could, among other things, exhaust our available liquidity and ability to access liquidity sources or trigger an acceleration to pay a significant portion or all of our then-outstanding debt obligations, which we may be unable to do.
The long-term sustainability and growth in our home closings depends in part upon our ability to acquire finished lots and land parcels suitable for residential homebuilding at reasonable prices.
The long-term sustainability of our operations as well as future growth depends in large part on the price at which we are able to obtain suitable finished lots and land parcels for development to support our homebuilding operation. Our ability to acquire finished lots and land parcels for new single-family homes and other projects may be adversely affected by changes in the general availability of land parcels, the willingness of land sellers to sell land parcels at reasonable prices, competition for available land parcels, availability of financing to acquire land parcels, zoning, regulations that limit housing density, the ability to obtain building permits, environmental requirements and other market conditions and regulatory requirements. If suitable lots or land at reasonable prices become less available, the number of homes we may be able to build and sell could be reduced, and the cost of land could be increased substantially, which could adversely impact us. As competition for suitable land increases, the cost of undeveloped lots and the cost of developing owned land could also rise and the availability of suitable land at acceptable prices may decline, which could adversely impact us. The availability of suitable land assets could also affect the success of our land acquisition strategy, which may impact our ability to maintain or increase the number of our active communities, as well as to sustain and grow our revenues and margins, and achieve or maintain profitability. Additionally, developing undeveloped land is capital intensive and time consuming and we may develop land based upon forecasts and assumptions that prove to be inaccurate, resulting in projects that are not economically viable.
Risks associated with our land and lot inventories could adversely affect our business or financial results.
Risks inherent in controlling, purchasing, holding and developing land for new home construction are substantial. The risks inherent in purchasing and developing land parcels increase as consumer demand for housing decreases and the holding period increases. As a result, we may buy and develop land parcels on which homes cannot be profitably built and sold. In certain circumstances, a grant of entitlements or development agreement with respect to a particular parcel of land may include restrictions on the transfer of such entitlements to a buyer of such land, which would negatively impact the price of such entitled land by restricting our ability to sell it for its full entitled value. In addition, inventory carrying costs can be significant and can result in reduced margins or losses in a poorly performing community or market. Developing land and constructing homes takes a significant amount of time and requires a substantial cash investment. Land development is a key part of our operations and we develop land in most of our markets. The time and investment required for development may adversely impact our business. We have substantial real estate inventories that regularly remain on our balance sheet for significant periods of time prior to their sale, during which time we are exposed to the risk of adverse market developments. Our business model is based on building homes before a sales contract is executed and a customer deposit is received. Because interest and other expenses are capitalized only during construction, we recognize interest and maintenance expense on unsold completed homes in inventory. As of December 31, 2020, we had 1,326 completed homes in inventory and 2,536 homes in progress in inventory. In the event there is a downturn in home sales in our markets, our inventory of completed homes could increase, leading to additional financing costs and lower margins, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial results and operations. In the event of significant changes in economic or market conditions, we may have to sell homes at significantly lower margins or at a loss, if we are able to sell them at all. Additionally, deteriorating market conditions could cause us to record significant inventory impairment charges. The recording of a significant inventory impairment could negatively affect our reported earnings per share and negatively impact the market perception of our business.
Labor and raw material shortages and price fluctuations could delay or increase the cost of home construction, which could materially and adversely affect us.
The residential construction industry experiences labor and raw material shortages from time to time, including shortages in qualified subcontractors and tradespeople and supplies of insulation, drywall, cement, steel and lumber. These labor and raw material shortages can be more severe during periods of strong demand for housing, during periods following natural disasters that have a significant impact on existing residential and commercial structures or as a result of broader economic disruptions, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. It is uncertain whether these shortages will continue as is, improve or worsen. In addition, pricing for labor and raw materials can be affected by the factors discussed above and various other national, regional, local, economic and political factors, including changes in immigration laws, trends in labor migration and tariffs. Specifically, during the second half of 2020, we saw a significant increase in the cost of our lumber related to undersupply as a result of increased demand and shutdowns of lumber mills due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We may see additional lumber cost pressures in future quarters. Further, our success in recently-entered markets or those we may choose to enter in the future depends substantially on our ability to source labor and local materials on terms that are favorable to us. Our markets may exhibit a reduced level of skilled labor relative to increased homebuilding demand in these markets. In the event of shortages in labor or raw materials in such markets, local subcontractors, tradespeople and suppliers may choose to allocate their resources to homebuilders with an established presence in the market and with whom they have longer-standing relationships. Labor and raw material shortages and price increases for labor and raw materials could cause delays in and increase our costs of home construction, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
Our business and results of operations are dependent on the availability, skill and performance of subcontractors.
We engage subcontractors to perform the construction of our homes and, in many cases, to select and obtain the raw materials used in constructing our homes. Accordingly, the timing and quality of our construction depend on the availability and skill of our subcontractors. While we anticipate being able to obtain sufficient materials and reliable subcontractors and believe that our relationships with subcontractors are good, we do not have long-term contractual commitments with any subcontractors, and we can provide no assurance that skilled subcontractors will continue to be available at reasonable rates and in our markets. In addition, as we expand into new markets, we typically must develop new relationships with subcontractors in such markets, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to do so in a cost-effective and timely manner, or at all. The inability to contract with skilled subcontractors at reasonable rates on a timely basis could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
Despite our quality control and jobsite safety efforts, we may discover from time to time that our subcontractors have engaged in improper construction or safety practices or have installed defective materials in our homes. When we discover these issues, we utilize our subcontractors to repair the homes in accordance with our new home warranty and as required by law. The adverse costs of satisfying our warranty and other legal obligations in these instances may be significant and we may be unable to recover the costs of warranty-related repairs from subcontractors, suppliers and insurers, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations. We may also suffer reputational damage from the actions of subcontractors, which are beyond our control.
We are subject to warranty and liability claims arising in the ordinary course of business that can be significant.
As a homebuilder and developer, we are subject to construction defect, product liability and home and other warranty claims, including moisture intrusion and related claims, arising in the ordinary course of business. These claims are common to the homebuilding industry and can be costly. There can be no assurance that any developments we undertake will be free from defects once completed and any defects attributable to us may lead to significant contractual or other liabilities. We rely on subcontractors to perform the construction of our homes and, in some cases, to select and obtain building materials. Although we provide subcontractors with detailed specifications and perform quality control procedures, subcontractors may, in some cases, use improper construction processes or defective materials. Defective products used in the construction of our homes can result in the need to perform extensive repairs. The cost of performing such repairs, or litigation arising out of such issues, may be significant if we are unable to recover the costs from subcontractors, suppliers and/or insurers. Warranty and construction defect matters can also result in negative publicity, including on social media outlets, which could damage our reputation and negatively affect our ability to sell homes.
We maintain, and require our subcontractors to maintain, general liability insurance (including construction defect and bodily injury coverage) and workers’ compensation insurance and generally seek to require our subcontractors to indemnify us for liabilities arising from their work. While these insurance policies, subject to deductibles and other coverage limits, and indemnities protect us against a portion of our risk of loss from claims related to our land development and homebuilding activities, we cannot provide assurance that these insurance policies and indemnities will be adequate to address all our home and other warranty, product liability and construction defect claims in the future, or that any potential inadequacies will not have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Further, the coverage offered by, and the availability of, general liability insurance for completed operations and construction defects are currently limited and costly. We cannot provide assurance that coverage will not be further restricted, increasing our risks and financial exposure to claims, and/or become costlier.
If we are unable to develop our communities successfully or within expected time-frames, our results of operations could be adversely affected.
Before a community generates any revenue, time and material expenditures are required to acquire land, obtain development approvals and construct significant portions of project infrastructure, amenities and sales facilities. It can take several years from the time we acquire control of an undeveloped property to the time we make our first home sale on the site. Delays in the development of communities, including delays associated with subcontractors performing the development activities or entitlements, expose us to the risk of changes in market conditions for homes. A decline in our ability to develop and market one of our new undeveloped communities successfully and to generate positive cash flow from these operations in a timely manner could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations and on our ability to service our debt and to meet our working capital requirements. In addition, higher than expected absorption rates in existing communities may result in lower than expected inventory levels until the development for replacement communities is completed.
We may be unable to obtain suitable bonding for the development of our housing projects.
We are often required to provide bonds, letters of credit or guarantees to governmental authorities and others to ensure the completion of our projects. As a result of market conditions, some surety providers have been reluctant to issue new bonds and providers may require credit enhancements, such as cash deposits or letters of credit, in order to maintain existing bonds or to issue new bonds. If we are unable to obtain required bonds in the future for our projects, or if we are required to provide credit enhancements with respect to our current or future bonds or in place of bonds, our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
Poor relations with the residents of our communities could negatively impact sales, which could cause our revenues or results of operations to decline.
Residents of communities we develop rely on us to resolve issues or disputes that may arise in connection with the operation or development of their communities. Efforts made by us to resolve these issues or disputes could be deemed unsatisfactory by the affected residents and subsequent actions by these residents could adversely affect our sales or our reputation. In addition, we could be required to make material expenditures related to the settlement of such issues or disputes or to modify our community development plans, which could adversely affect our results of operations.
We could be adversely affected by efforts to impose joint employer liability on us for labor law violations committed by our subcontractors.
Our homes are constructed by employees of subcontractors and other third parties. We do not have the ability to control what these parties pay their employees or the rules they impose on their employees. However, various governmental agencies have taken actions to hold parties like us responsible for violations of wage and hour laws and other labor laws by subcontractors. Governmental rulings that hold us responsible for labor practices by our subcontractors could create substantial exposures for us under our subcontractor relationships, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
Any joint venture investments that we make could be adversely affected by our lack of sole decision making authority, our reliance on the financial condition of our joint venture partners and disputes between us and our joint venture partners.
We may co-invest in the future with third parties through partnerships, joint ventures or other entities, acquiring non-controlling interests in or sharing responsibility for managing the affairs of a land acquisition and/or a development. In this event, we would not be in a position to exercise sole decision-making authority regarding the acquisition and/or development, and our investment may be illiquid due to our lack of control. Investments in partnerships, joint ventures, or other entities may, under certain circumstances, involve risks not present were a third-party not involved, including the possibility that our joint venture partners might become bankrupt, fail to fund their share of required capital contributions, make poor business decisions or block or delay necessary decisions. Our joint venture partners may have economic or other business interests or goals which are inconsistent with our business interests or goals, and may be in a position to take actions contrary to our policies or objectives. Such investments may also have the potential risk of impasses on decisions, such as a sale, because neither we nor our joint venture partners would have full control over the land acquisition or development. Disputes between us and our joint venture partners may result in litigation or arbitration that would increase our expenses and prevent our officers and/or directors from focusing their time and effort on our business. In addition, we may in certain circumstances be liable for the actions of our joint venture partners.
Industry and Economic Risks
Tightening of mortgage lending standards and mortgage financing requirements, untimely or incomplete mortgage loan originations for our homebuyers and rising mortgage interest rates could adversely affect the availability of mortgage loans for potential purchasers of our homes and thereby materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
Almost all of our customers finance their home purchases through lenders that provide mortgage financing. Mortgage interest rates have generally trended downward for the last several decades and reached historic lows in the summer of 2020, which has made the homes we sell more affordable. However, we cannot predict whether mortgage interest rates will continue to fall, remain low or rise. If mortgage interest rates increase, the ability of prospective homebuyers to finance home purchases may be adversely affected, and, as a result, our operating results may be significantly negatively impacted. Our homebuilding activities are dependent upon the availability of mortgage financing to homebuyers, which is expected to be impacted by continued regulatory changes and fluctuations in the risk appetites of lenders. The financial documentation, down payment amounts and income to debt ratio requirements are subject to change and could become more restrictive.
The federal government has a significant role in supporting mortgage lending through its conservatorship of Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), both of which purchase or insure mortgage loans and mortgage loan-backed securities, and its insurance of mortgage loans through or in connection with the Federal Housing Administration (“FHA”), the Veterans Administration (“VA”) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (“USDA”). FHA and USDA backing of mortgage loans has been particularly important to the mortgage finance industry and to our business. If either the FHA or USDA raised their down payment requirements or lowered maximum loan amounts, our business could be materially affected. Increased lending volume and losses insured by the FHA have resulted in a reduction of the FHA insurance fund. The USDA rural development program provides for zero down payment and 100% financing for homebuyers in qualifying areas. If the USDA program was discontinued or if funding was decreased, then our business could be adversely affected. In addition, if the USDA changed its determination of areas that are eligible to qualify for the program, it could have an adverse effect on our business. In addition, changes in governmental regulation with respect to mortgage lenders could adversely affect demand for housing.
The availability and affordability of mortgage loans, including mortgage interest rates for such loans, could also be adversely affected by a scaling back or termination of the federal government’s mortgage loan-related programs or policies. Because Fannie Mae-, Freddie Mac-, FHA-, USDA- and VA-backed mortgage loans have been an important factor in marketing and selling many of our homes, any limitations or restrictions in the availability of, or higher consumer costs for, such government-backed financing could adversely affect our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations. The elimination or curtailment of state bonds to assist homebuyers could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, certain current regulations impose, and future regulations may strengthen or impose new, standards and requirements relating to the origination, securitization and servicing of residential consumer mortgage loans, which could further restrict the availability and affordability of mortgage loans and the demand for such loans by financial intermediaries and, as a result, adversely affect our home sales, financial condition and results of operations. Further, if, due to credit or consumer lending market conditions, reduced liquidity, increased risk retention or minimum capital level obligations and/or regulatory restrictions related to certain regulations, laws or other factors or business decisions, these lenders refuse or are unable to provide mortgage loans to our homebuyers, or increase the costs to borrowers to obtain such loans, the number of homes we close and our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.
First-time homebuyers are generally more affected by the availability of mortgage financing than other potential homebuyers. These homebuyers are a key source of demand for our new homes. A limited availability of suitable mortgage financing may adversely affect the volume and sales price of our home sales.
Any limitation on, or reduction or elimination of, tax benefits associated with homeownership would have an adverse effect upon the demand for homes, which could be material to our business.
While tax laws generally permit significant expenses associated with homeownership, primarily mortgage interest expense and real estate taxes, to be deducted for the purpose of calculating an individual’s federal and, in many cases, state taxable income, the ability to deduct mortgage interest expense and real estate taxes for federal income tax purposes is limited. The federal government or a state government may change its income tax laws by eliminating, limiting or substantially reducing these income tax benefits without offsetting provisions, which may increase the after-tax cost of owning a new home for many of our potential homebuyers. Any such future changes may have an adverse effect on the homebuilding industry in general. For example, the loss or reduction of homeowner tax deductions could decrease the demand for new homes. Any such future changes could also have a material adverse impact on our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
Federal income tax credits currently available to builders of certain energy efficient new homes may not be extended by future legislation.
On December 21, 2020, the U.S. Congress passed the Taxpayer Certainty and Disaster Tax Relief Act of 2020, which former President Trump signed into law on December 27, 2020. This Act extended the availability of Code Section 45L credit for energy efficient new homes (“federal energy efficient homes tax credits”), which provides a tax credit of $2,000 per qualifying home to eligible homebuilders, and made such tax credits available for homes delivered through December 31, 2021. Legislation to extend such tax credits beyond December 31, 2021 has not been adopted, and it is uncertain whether an extension or similar tax credit will be adopted in the future. Federal energy efficient homes tax credits recognized during the year ended December 31, 2020 totaled $41.2 million, of which $29.7 million related to homes closed in prior open tax years. If legislation to extend such tax credits for periods after December 31, 2021 is not adopted, our effective income tax rates in future periods may increase, potentially materially.
The housing market may not continue to grow at the same rate, or may decline, and any decline in our markets or for the homebuilding industry generally may materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.
We cannot predict whether and to what extent the housing markets in the geographic areas in which we operate will continue to grow, particularly if interest rates for mortgage loans, land costs, and construction costs rise. Other factors that might impact growth in the homebuilding industry include uncertainty in domestic and international financial, credit and consumer lending markets amid slow economic growth or recessionary conditions in various regions or industries around the world, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, tight lending standards and practices for mortgage loans that limit consumers’ ability to qualify for mortgage financing to purchase a home, including increased minimum credit score requirements, credit risk/mortgage loan insurance premiums and/or other fees and required down payment amounts, higher home prices, more conservative appraisals, changing consumer preferences, higher loan-to-value ratios and extensive buyer income and asset documentation requirements, changes to mortgage regulations, slower rates of population growth or population decline in our markets, or Federal Reserve policy changes. Given these factors, we can provide no assurance that the present housing market will continue to be strong, whether overall or in our markets.
If there is limited economic growth, declines in employment and consumer income, changes in consumer behavior, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and/or tightening of mortgage lending standards, practices and regulation in the geographic areas in which we operate, or if interest rates for mortgage loans or home prices rise, there could likely be a corresponding adverse effect on our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations, including, but not limited to, the number of homes we sell, our average sales price per home closed and the amount of revenues or profits we generate, and such effect may be material.
The homebuilding industry is highly competitive and, if our competitors are more successful or offer better value to our customers, our business could decline.
We operate in a very competitive environment that is characterized by competition from a number of other homebuilders and land developers in each market in which we operate. Additionally, there are relatively low barriers to entry into our business. We compete with large national and regional homebuilding companies, some of which have greater financial and operational resources than us, and with smaller local homebuilders and land developers, some of which may have lower administrative costs than us. We may be at a competitive disadvantage with regard to certain of our large national and regional homebuilding competitors whose operations are more geographically diversified than ours, as these competitors may be better able to withstand any future regional downturns in the housing market. Furthermore, our market share in certain of our markets may be lower as compared to some of our competitors. Many of our competitors also have longer operating histories and longstanding relationships with subcontractors and suppliers in the markets in which we operate or to which we may expand. This may give our competitors an advantage in marketing their products, securing materials and labor at lower prices and allowing their homes to be delivered to customers more quickly and at more favorable prices. We compete for, among other things, homebuyers, desirable land parcels, financing, raw materials and skilled management and labor resources. Our competitors may independently develop land and construct homes that are substantially similar to our products.
Increased competition could hurt our business, as it could prevent us from acquiring attractive land parcels on which to build homes or make such acquisitions more expensive, hinder our market share expansion and cause us to increase our selling incentives and reduce our prices. An oversupply of homes available for sale or discounting of home prices could periodically adversely affect demand for our homes in certain markets and could adversely affect pricing for homes in the markets in which we operate.
If we are unable to compete effectively in our markets, our business could decline disproportionately to our competitors, and our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected. We can provide no assurance that we will be able to continue to compete successfully in any of our markets. Our inability to continue to compete successfully in any of our markets could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
Regional factors affecting the homebuilding industry in our current markets could materially and adversely affect us.
Our business strategy is focused on the acquisition of suitable land and the design, construction and sale of primarily single-family homes in residential subdivisions, including planned communities, in Texas, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, New Mexico, Colorado, North Carolina, South Carolina, Washington, Tennessee, Minnesota, Oklahoma, Alabama, California, Oregon, Nevada, West Virginia, Virginia and Pennsylvania. In addition, we own land or have entered into contracts for the right to purchase land or lots at a future point in time in additional states. A prolonged economic downturn in the future in one or more of these areas, or a particular industry that is fundamental to one or more of these areas, particularly within Texas, could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations. Our communities on the West coast are especially susceptible to restrictive government regulations and environmental laws. To the extent the oil and gas industry, which can be very volatile, is negatively impacted by declining commodity prices, climate
change, legislation or other factors, a result could be a reduction in employment or other negative economic consequences, which in turn could adversely impact our home sales and activities in certain of our markets.
Moreover, certain insurance companies doing business in states in which we operate could restrict, curtail or suspend the issuance of homeowners’ insurance policies on single-family homes. This could both reduce the availability of hurricane and other types of natural disaster insurance, in general, and increase the cost of such insurance to prospective purchasers of homes. Mortgage financing for a new home is conditioned, among other things, on the availability of adequate homeowners’ insurance. There can be no assurance that homeowners’ insurance will be available or affordable to prospective purchasers of our homes. Long-term restrictions on, or unavailability of, homeowners’ insurance could have an adverse effect on the homebuilding industry in our markets and on our business. Additionally, the availability of permits for new homes in new and existing developments could be adversely affected by the significantly limited capacity of the schools, roads, and other infrastructure.
If adverse conditions in these markets develop in the future, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, if buyer demand for new homes in these markets decreases, home prices could decline, which would have a material adverse effect on our business.
Interest rate changes may adversely affect us.
We currently hedge a portion of our interest rate exposure through the use of an interest rate cap contract. We may obtain additional forms of interest rate protection in the form of swap agreements, interest rate cap contracts or similar agreements to hedge against the possible negative effects of interest rate fluctuations. However, we cannot assure you that any hedging will adequately relieve the adverse effects of interest rate increases or that counterparties under these agreements will honor their obligations thereunder. In addition, we may be subject to risks of default by hedging counterparties. Adverse economic conditions could also cause the terms on which we borrow to be unfavorable. We could be required to liquidate one or more of our assets at times which may not permit us to receive an attractive return on our assets in order to meet our debt service obligations.
Fluctuations in real estate values may require us to write-down the book value of our real estate assets.
The homebuilding and land development industries are subject to significant variability and fluctuations in real estate values. As a result, we may be required to write-down the book value of our real estate assets in accordance with GAAP, and some of those write-downs could be material. Any material write-downs of assets could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
Any future government shutdowns or slowdowns may materially adversely affect our business or financial results.
Any future government shutdowns or slowdowns may materially adversely affect our business or financial results. We can make no assurances that potential home closings affected by any such shutdown or slowdown will occur after the shutdown or slowdown has ended.
Natural disasters, severe weather and adverse geological conditions may increase costs, cause project delays and reduce consumer demand for housing, all of which could materially and adversely affect us.
Our homebuilding operations are located in many areas that are subject to natural disasters, severe weather or adverse geological conditions. These include, but are not limited to, hurricanes, tornadoes, droughts, floods, brushfires, wildfires, prolonged periods of precipitation, landslides, soil subsidence, earthquakes and other natural disasters. The occurrence of any of these events could damage our land parcels and projects, cause delays in completion of our projects, reduce consumer demand for housing, and cause shortages and price increases in labor or raw materials, any of which could affect our sales and profitability. In addition to directly damaging our land or projects, many of these natural events could damage roads and highways providing access to our assets or affect the desirability of our land or projects, thereby adversely affecting our ability to market homes or sell land in those areas and possibly increasing the costs of homebuilding completion. Furthermore, the occurrence of natural disasters, severe weather and other adverse geological conditions has increased in recent years due to climate change and may continue to increase in the future. Climate change may have the effect of making the risks described above occur more frequently and more severely, which could amplify the adverse impact on our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
There are some risks of loss for which we may be unable to purchase insurance coverage. For example, losses associated with hurricanes, landslides, prolonged periods of precipitation, earthquakes and other weather-related and geologic events may not be insurable and other losses, such as those arising from terrorism, may not be economically insurable. A sizeable uninsured loss could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
New and existing laws and regulations or other governmental actions may increase our expenses, limit the number of homes that we can build or delay completion of our projects.
We are subject to numerous local, state, federal and other statutes, ordinances, rules and regulations concerning zoning, development, building design, construction, accessibility, anti-discrimination and other matters, which, among other things, impose restrictive zoning and density requirements, the result of which is to limit the number of homes that can be built within the boundaries of a particular area. We may encounter issues with entitlement, not identify all entitlement requirements during the pre-development review of a project site, or encounter zoning changes that impact our operations. Projects for which we have not received land use and development entitlements or approvals may be subjected to periodic delays, changes in use, less intensive development or elimination of development in certain specific areas due to government regulations. We may also be subject to periodic delays or may be precluded entirely from developing in certain communities due to building moratoriums or zoning changes. Such moratoriums generally relate to insufficient water supplies, sewage facilities, delays in utility hook-ups, or inadequate road capacity within specific market areas or subdivisions. Local governments also have broad discretion regarding the imposition of development fees for projects in their jurisdiction. Projects for which we have received land use and development entitlements or approvals may still require a variety of other governmental approvals and permits during the development process and can also be impacted adversely by unforeseen health, safety and welfare issues, which can further delay these projects or prevent their development. As a result of any of these statutes, ordinances, rules or regulations, the timing of our home sales could be delayed, the number of our home sales could decline and/or our costs could increase, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
We are subject to environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, which may increase our costs, result in liabilities, limit the areas in which we can build homes and delay completion of our projects.
We are subject to a variety of local, state, federal and other laws, statutes, ordinances, rules and regulations concerning the environment, hazardous materials, the discharge of pollutants and human health and safety. The particular environmental requirements that apply to any given site vary according to multiple factors, including the site’s location, its environmental conditions, the present and former uses of the site, the presence or absence of endangered plants or animals or sensitive habitats, and environmental conditions at adjoining or nearby properties. We may not identify all of these concerns during any pre-acquisition or pre-development review of project sites. Environmental requirements and conditions may result in delays, may cause us to incur substantial compliance and other costs, and can prohibit or severely restrict development and homebuilding activity in environmentally sensitive regions or in areas contaminated by others before we commence development. In some instances, regulators from different governmental agencies do not concur on development, remedial standards or property use restrictions for a project, and the resulting delays or additional costs can be material for a given project.
From time to time, the EPA and similar federal, state or local agencies review land developers’ and homebuilders’ compliance with environmental laws and may levy fines and penalties, among other sanctions, for failure to strictly comply with applicable environmental laws, including those applicable to control storm water discharges during construction, or impose additional requirements for future compliance as a result of past failures. Any such actions taken with respect to us may increase our costs and result in project delays. Further, we expect that increasingly stringent requirements will be imposed on land developers and homebuilders in the future. We cannot assure you that environmental, health and safety laws will not change or become more stringent in the future in a manner that could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Environmental laws and regulations relating to climate change and energy can have an adverse impact on our activities, operations and profitability and on the availability and price of certain raw materials, such as lumber, steel, and concrete.
There is a growing concern from advocacy groups and the general public that the emissions of greenhouse gases and other human activities have caused, and will continue to cause, significant changes in weather patterns and temperatures and the frequency and severity of natural disasters. Government mandates, standards and regulations enacted in response to these projected climate change impacts and concerns could result in restrictions on land development in certain areas or increased energy, transportation and raw material costs. On January 20, 2021, President Biden signed an instrument that will lead to the United States’ reentry into the Paris Agreement, which requires countries to review and “represent a progression” in their intended nationally determined contributions, which set greenhouse gas emission reduction goals, every five years. We anticipate that a variety of new legislation may be enacted or considered for enactment at the federal, state and local levels relating to climate change and energy, including in response to the United States’ reentry into the Paris Agreement. This legislation could relate to, for example, matters such as greenhouse gas emissions control and building and other codes that impose energy efficiency standards or require energy saving construction materials. New building or other code requirements that impose stricter energy efficiency standards or requirements for building materials could significantly increase our cost to construct homes. As climate change concerns continue to grow, legislation, regulations, mandates, standards and other requirements of this nature are expected to continue to be enacted and become costlier for us to comply with. Similarly, energy-related initiatives affect a wide variety of companies throughout the United States and because our operations are heavily
dependent on significant amounts of raw materials, such as lumber, steel, and concrete, these initiatives could have an adverse impact on our operations and profitability to the extent the manufacturers and suppliers of our materials are burdened with expensive cap and trade or similar energy-related regulations.
Ownership, leasing or occupation of land and the use of hazardous materials carries potential environmental risks and liabilities.
We are subject to a variety of local, state and federal statutes, rules and regulations concerning easements, land use and the protection of health and the environment, including those governing discharge of pollutants to soil, water and air, the handling of hazardous materials such as asbestos, and the cleanup of contaminated sites. We may be liable for the costs of removal, investigation or remediation of man-made or natural hazardous or toxic substances located on, under or in a property currently or formerly owned, leased or occupied by us, whether or not we caused or knew of the pollution.
The particular impact and requirements of environmental laws that apply to any given community vary greatly according to the site, its environmental conditions and the present and former uses of the site. We expect that increasingly stringent requirements will be imposed on land developers and homebuilders in the future. Environmental laws may result in delays, cause us to implement time consuming and expensive compliance programs and prohibit or severely restrict development in certain environmentally sensitive regions or areas, such as wetlands. Concerns could arise due to post-acquisition changes in laws or agency policies, or the interpretation thereof.
Furthermore, we could incur substantial costs, including cleanup costs, fines, penalties and other sanctions and damages from third-party claims for property damage or personal injury, as a result of our failure to comply with, or liabilities under, applicable environmental laws and regulations. These matters could adversely affect our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
As a homebuilding and land development business with a wide variety of historic ownership, development, homebuilding and construction activities, we could be liable for future claims for damages as a result of the past or present use of hazardous materials, including building materials or fixtures known or suspected to be hazardous or to contain hazardous materials or due to use of building materials or fixtures that are associated with mold. Any such claims may adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. Insurance coverage for such claims may be limited or nonexistent.
We have provided unsecured environmental indemnities to certain lenders and other contractual counterparties. These indemnities obligate us to reimburse the guaranteed parties for damages related to environmental matters, and generally there is no term or damage limitation on these indemnities.
Increasing attention to environmental, social and governance matters may impact our business, financial results or stock price.
In recent years, increasing attention has been given to corporate activities related to environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) matters in public discourse and the investment community. A number of advocacy groups, both domestically and internationally, have campaigned for governmental and private action to promote change at public companies related to ESG matters, including through the investment and voting practices of investment advisers, public pension funds, universities and other members of the investing community. These activities include increasing attention and demands for action related to climate change and promoting the use of energy saving building materials. A failure to comply with investor or customer expectations and standards, which are evolving, or if we are perceived to not have responded appropriately to the growing concern for ESG issues, regardless of whether there is a legal requirement to do so, could also cause reputational harm to our business and could have a material adverse effect on us.
In addition, organizations that provide information to investors on corporate governance and related matters have developed ratings systems for evaluating companies on their approach to ESG matters. These ratings are used by some investors to inform their investment and voting decisions. Unfavorable ESG ratings may lead to increased negative investor sentiment toward us and our industry and to the diversion of investment to other industries, which could have a negative impact on our stock price and our access to and costs of capital.
Because of the seasonal nature of our business, our quarterly operating results fluctuate.
As discussed under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Seasonality,” we have historically experienced, and in the future expect to continue to experience, variability in our results of operations from quarter to quarter due to the seasonal nature of the homebuilding industry. We generally close more homes in our second, third and fourth quarters. Thus, our revenues may fluctuate on a quarterly basis, and we may have higher capital requirements in our second, third and fourth quarters in order to maintain our inventory levels. Accordingly, there is a risk that we will invest significant amounts of capital in the acquisition and development of land and construction of homes that we do not sell at anticipated pricing levels or within anticipated time frames. If, due to market conditions, construction delays or other
causes, we do not complete home sales at anticipated pricing levels or within anticipated time frames, our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations would be adversely affected. We expect this seasonal pattern to continue over the long term, but we can make no assurances as to the degree to which our historical seasonal patterns will occur in the future.
Our industry is cyclical and adverse changes in general and local economic conditions could reduce the demand for homes and, as a result, could have a material adverse effect on us.
Our business can be substantially affected by adverse changes in general economic or business conditions that are outside of our control, including changes in short-term and long-term interest rates; employment levels and job and personal income growth; housing demand from population growth, household formation and other demographic changes, among other factors; availability and pricing of mortgage financing for homebuyers; consumer confidence generally and the confidence of potential homebuyers in particular; consumer spending; financial system and credit market stability; private party and government mortgage loan programs (including changes in FHA, USDA, VA, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac conforming mortgage loan limits, credit risk/mortgage loan insurance premiums and/or other fees, down payment requirements and underwriting standards), and federal and state regulation, oversight and legal action regarding lending, appraisal, foreclosure and short sale practices; federal and state personal income tax rates and provisions, including provisions for the deduction of mortgage loan interest payments, real estate taxes and other expenses; supply of and prices for available new or resale homes (including lender-owned homes) and other housing alternatives, such as apartments, single-family rentals and other rental housing; homebuyer interest in our current or new product designs and new home community locations; general consumer interest in purchasing a home compared to choosing other housing alternatives; interest of financial institutions or other businesses in purchasing wholesale homes; and real estate taxes. Adverse changes in these conditions may affect our business nationally or may be more prevalent or concentrated in particular submarkets in which we operate. Inclement weather, natural disasters (such as earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, prolonged periods of precipitation, droughts and fires), other calamities and other environmental conditions can delay the delivery of our homes and/or increase our costs. Civil unrest or acts of terrorism can also have a negative effect on our business. If the homebuilding industry experiences another significant or sustained downturn, it would materially adversely affect our business and results of operations in future years.
The potential difficulties described above can cause demand and prices for our homes to fall or cause us to take longer and incur more costs to develop the land and build our homes. We may not be able to recover these increased costs by raising prices because of market conditions. The potential difficulties described above could also lead some homebuyers to cancel or refuse to honor their home purchase contracts altogether.
Inflation could adversely affect our business and financial results.
Inflation could adversely affect our business and financial results by increasing the costs of land, raw materials and labor needed to operate our business. If our markets have an oversupply of homes relative to demand, we may be unable to offset any such increases in costs with corresponding higher sales prices for our homes. Inflation may also accompany higher interest rates, which could adversely impact potential customers’ ability to obtain financing on favorable terms, thereby further decreasing demand. If we are unable to raise the prices of our homes to offset the increasing costs of our operations, our margins could decrease. Furthermore, if we need to lower the price of our homes to meet demand, the value of our land inventory may decrease. Inflation may also raise our costs of capital and decrease our purchasing power, making it more difficult to maintain sufficient funds to operate our business.
Difficulties with appraisal valuations in relation to the proposed sales price of our homes could force us to reduce the price of our homes for sale.
Each of our home sales may require an appraisal of the home value before closing. These appraisals are professional judgments of the market value of the property and are based on a variety of market factors. If our internal valuations of the market and pricing do not line up with the appraisal valuations and appraisals are not at or near the agreed upon sales price, we may be forced to reduce the sales price of the home to complete the sale. These appraisal issues could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
If the market value of our land inventory decreases, our results of operations could be adversely affected by impairments and write-downs.
The market value of our land and housing inventories depends on market conditions. We acquire land for expansion into new markets and for replacement of land inventory and expansion within our current markets. There is an inherent risk that the value of the land owned by us may decline after purchase. The valuation of property is inherently subjective and based on the individual characteristics of each property. We may have acquired options on or bought and developed land at a cost we will not be able to recover fully or on which we cannot build and sell homes profitably. In addition, our deposits for lots controlled under purchase, option or similar contracts may be put at risk.
Factors such as changes in regulatory requirements and applicable laws (including in relation to building regulations, taxation and planning), political conditions, the condition of financial markets, both local and national economic conditions, the financial condition of customers, potentially adverse tax consequences, and interest and inflation rate fluctuations are subject to uncertainty. Moreover, our valuations are made on the basis of assumptions that may not prove to reflect economic or demographic reality.
If housing demand fails to meet our expectations when we acquired our inventory, our profitability may be adversely affected and we may not be able to recover our costs when we build and sell houses. We regularly review the value of our land holdings and continue to review our holdings on a periodic basis. Material write-downs and impairments in the value of our inventory may be required, and we may in the future sell land or homes at a loss, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
A major health and safety incident relating to our business could be costly in terms of potential liabilities and reputational damage.
Building sites are inherently dangerous, and operating in the homebuilding and land development industry poses certain inherent health and safety risks. Due to health and safety regulatory requirements and the number of projects we work on, health and safety performance is critical to the success of all areas of our business.
Any failure in health and safety performance may result in penalties for non-compliance with relevant regulatory requirements or litigation, and a failure that results in a major or significant health and safety incident is likely to be costly in terms of potential liabilities incurred as a result. Such a failure could generate significant negative publicity and have a corresponding impact on our reputation and our relationships with relevant regulatory agencies, governmental authorities and local communities, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
Difficulty in obtaining sufficient capital could result in an inability to acquire land for our developments or increased costs and delays in the completion of development projects, increase home construction costs or delay home construction entirely.
The homebuilding and land development industry is capital-intensive and requires significant up-front expenditures to acquire land parcels and begin development. In addition, if housing markets are not favorable or permitting or development takes longer than anticipated, we may be required to hold our investments in land for extended periods of time. If internally generated funds are not sufficient, we may seek additional capital in the form of equity or debt financing from a variety of potential sources, including additional bank financings and/or securities offerings. The availability of borrowed funds, especially for land acquisition and construction financing, may be constrained regionally or nationally, and the lending community may require increased amounts of equity to be invested in a project by borrowers in connection with both new loans and the extension of existing loans. Since the global recession in 2008, credit and capital markets have, from time to time, experienced unusual volatility. If we are required to seek additional financing to fund our operations, continued volatility in these markets may restrict our flexibility to access such financing. Furthermore, any downgrade of our credit ratings or other negative rating actions by credit agencies may make it more difficult and costly for us to access capital. If we are not successful in obtaining sufficient funding for our planned capital and other expenditures or if we do not properly allocate our funding, we may be unable to acquire additional land for development and/or to construct new housing. Additionally, if we cannot obtain additional financing to fund the purchase of land under our purchase contracts, we may incur contractual penalties, fees and increased expenses from the write-off of due diligence and pre-acquisition costs. Any difficulty in obtaining sufficient capital for planned development expenditures could also cause project delays and any such delay could result in cost increases. Any one or more of the foregoing events could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
Strategic Risks Related to Our Business
We cannot make any assurances that our growth or expansion strategies will be successful or not expose us to additional risks.
We have expanded our business through selected investments in new geographic markets and by diversifying our products in certain markets. Investments in land, finished lots and home inventories can expose us to risks of economic loss and inventory impairments if housing conditions weaken or we are unsuccessful in implementing our growth strategies.
We may develop communities in which we build townhomes or other multi-family homes in addition to single-family homes, sell acreage home sites as a part of the development, sell homes to investors or portfolio management companies, or develop commercial properties that may be complementary to our communities. We might acquire another homebuilder or developer in order to accomplish our growth or expansion strategies. We can give no assurance that we will be able to successfully identify, acquire or implement these new strategies in the future. Accordingly, any such expansion, including
through acquisitions, could expose us to significant risks, beyond those associated with operating our existing business, including understanding and complying with the laws and regulations of new jurisdictions, diversion of our management’s attention from ongoing business concerns, difficulties in integrating an acquired business, and incurrence of unanticipated liabilities and expenses and may materially adversely affect our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
We may incur a variety of costs to engage in future growth or expansion of our operations, including through add-on acquisitions, and the anticipated benefits may never be realized.
We intend to grow our operations in existing markets, and we may expand into new markets or pursue opportunistic purchases of other homebuilders on attractive terms as, and if, such opportunities arise. We may be unable to achieve the anticipated benefits of any such growth or expansion, including through add-on acquisitions or through efficiencies that we may be unable to achieve, the anticipated benefits may take longer to realize than expected or we may incur greater costs than expected in attempting to achieve the anticipated benefits. In such cases, we will likely need to employ additional personnel or consultants that are knowledgeable of such markets. There can be no assurance that we will be able to employ or retain the necessary personnel to successfully implement a disciplined management process and culture with local management, that our expansion operations will be successful, or that we will be able to successfully integrate any acquired homebuilder. This could disrupt our ongoing operations and divert management resources that would otherwise focus on developing our existing business. Accordingly, any such expansion could expose us to significant risks beyond those associated with operating our existing business and may adversely affect our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Related to Our Organization and Structure
We depend on key management personnel and other experienced employees.
Our success depends to a significant degree upon the contributions of certain key management personnel, including, but not limited to, Eric Lipar, our Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of our board of directors. Although we have entered into an employment agreement with Mr. Lipar, there is no guarantee that Mr. Lipar will remain employed by us. Our ability to retain our key management personnel or to attract suitable replacements should any members of our management team leave is dependent on the competitive nature of the employment market. The loss of services from key management personnel or a limitation in their availability could materially and adversely impact our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations. Further, such a loss could be negatively perceived in the capital markets. We have not obtained key man life insurance that would provide us with proceeds in the event of the death or disability of any of our key management personnel.
Experienced employees in the homebuilding, land acquisition, development, and construction industries are fundamental to our ability to generate, obtain and manage opportunities. In particular, local knowledge and relationships are critical to our ability to source attractive land acquisition opportunities. Experienced employees working in the homebuilding, development and construction industries are highly sought after. Failure to attract and retain such personnel or to ensure that their experience and knowledge is not lost when they leave the business through retirement, redundancy or otherwise may adversely affect the standards of our service and may have an adverse impact on our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
Termination of the employment agreement with our Chief Executive Officer could be costly and prevent a change in control of our company.
The employment agreement with our Chief Executive Officer, Eric Lipar, provides that if his employment with us terminates under certain circumstances, we may be required to pay him a significant amount of severance compensation, thereby making it costly to terminate his employment. Furthermore, these provisions could delay or prevent a transaction or a change in control of our company that might involve a premium paid for shares of our common stock or otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders, which could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
We expect to use leverage in executing our business strategy, which may adversely affect the return on our assets.
We expect to employ prudent levels of leverage to finance the acquisition and development of our lots and construction of our homes. Our existing indebtedness is recourse to us, and we anticipate that future indebtedness will likewise be recourse. As of December 31, 2020, we had a $650.0 million revolving credit facility (the “Credit Agreement”) to finance our construction and development activities. As of December 31, 2020, we had outstanding borrowings of $246.6 million under the Credit Agreement and we could borrow an additional $392.5 million under the Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2020, borrowings under the Credit Agreement bore interest at a rate of the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) plus 2.35% per annum. In addition, as of December 31, 2020, we had outstanding $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of our 6.875% Senior Notes due 2026 (the “Senior Notes”).
Our board of directors will consider a number of factors when evaluating our level of indebtedness and when making decisions regarding the incurrence of new indebtedness, including the purchase price of assets to be acquired with debt financing, if any, the estimated market value of our assets and the ability of particular assets, and our company as a whole, to generate cash flow to cover the expected debt service. As a means of sustaining our long-term financial health and limiting our exposure to unforeseen dislocations in the debt and financing markets, we currently expect to remain conservatively capitalized. However, our certificate of incorporation does not contain a limitation on the amount of indebtedness we may incur, and our board of directors may change our target debt levels at any time without the approval of our stockholders.
Incurring substantial indebtedness could subject us to many risks that, if realized, would adversely affect us, including the risk that:
•our cash flow from operations may be insufficient to make required payments of principal of and interest on the debt, which is likely to result in acceleration of such indebtedness;
•our indebtedness may increase our vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions with no assurance that our profitability will increase with higher financing cost;
•we may be required to dedicate a portion of our cash flow from operations to payments on our indebtedness, thereby reducing funds available for operations and capital expenditures, future investment opportunities or other purposes; and
•the terms of any refinancing may not be as favorable as the terms of the indebtedness being refinanced.
If we do not have sufficient funds to repay our indebtedness at maturity, it may be necessary to refinance the indebtedness through additional debt or additional equity financings. If, at the time of any refinancing, prevailing interest rates or other factors result in higher interest rates on refinancings, increases in interest expense could adversely affect our cash flows and results of operations. If we are unable to refinance our indebtedness on acceptable terms, we may be forced to dispose of our assets on disadvantageous terms, potentially resulting in losses. To the extent we cannot meet any future debt service obligations, we will risk losing some or all of our assets that may be pledged to secure our obligations to foreclosure. Unsecured debt agreements may contain specific cross-default provisions with respect to specified other indebtedness, giving the unsecured lenders the right to declare a default if we are in default under other indebtedness in some circumstances. Defaults under the Credit Agreement and our other debt agreements, if any, could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
Our current financing arrangements contain, and our future financing arrangements likely will contain, restrictive provisions.
Our current financing agreements contain, and the financing arrangements we enter into in the future likely will contain, provisions that limit our ability to do certain things. In particular, the Credit Agreement requires us to maintain (i) a tangible net worth of not less than $625.0 million plus 75% of the net proceeds of all equity issuances plus 50.0% of the amount of our positive net income in any fiscal quarter after December 31, 2019, (ii) a leverage ratio of not greater than 60.0%, (iii) liquidity of at least $50.0 million and (iv) a ratio of EBITDA to interest expense for the most recent four quarters of at least 1.75 to 1.00. The Credit Agreement contains various covenants that, among other restrictions, limit the amount of our additional debt and our ability to make certain investments.
If we fail to meet or satisfy any of these provisions, we would be in default under the Credit Agreement and our lenders could elect to declare outstanding amounts due and payable, terminate their commitments, require the posting of additional collateral and enforce their respective interests against existing collateral. A default also could limit significantly our financing alternatives, which could cause us to curtail our investment activities and/or dispose of assets when we otherwise would not choose to do so. In addition, future indebtedness may contain financial covenants limiting our ability to, for example, incur additional indebtedness, make certain investments, reduce liquidity below certain levels and pay dividends to our stockholders, and otherwise affect our operating policies. If we default on one or more of our debt agreements, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
Changes in the method of determining LIBOR, or the replacement of LIBOR with an alternative reference rate, may adversely affect interest expense related to outstanding debt.
Borrowings under the Credit Agreement bear interest at LIBOR plus an applicable margin. On July 27, 2017, the Financial Conduct Authority in the United Kingdom (the “FCA”), which regulates LIBOR, announced that it intends to phase out LIBOR as a benchmark by the end of 2021. On November 30, 2020, the FCA and ICE Benchmark Administration, which administers LIBOR quotations, announced a consultation on the extension of the quotation of most LIBOR tenors to June 30, 2023 for legacy contracts only. The Credit Agreement, which, at the present time, has a term that extends to May 31, 2023 with respect to 87% of the commitments thereunder and to May 31, 2022 with respect to 13% of the commitments thereunder, provides for a mechanism to amend the Credit Agreement to reflect the establishment of an alternate rate of interest upon the
occurrence of certain events related to the phase-out of any applicable interest rate. However, we have not yet pursued any technical amendment or other contractual alternative to address this matter and are currently evaluating the potential impact of the eventual replacement of the LIBOR interest rate on the Credit Agreement. In addition, the overall financial markets may be disrupted as a result of the phase-out or replacement of LIBOR. Uncertainty as to the nature of such potential phase-out and alternative reference rates or disruption in the financial market could have a material adverse effect on our cost of capital, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.
Interest expense on debt we incur may limit our cash available to fund our growth strategies.
As of December 31, 2020, we had total outstanding borrowings of $246.6 million under the Credit Agreement, and we could borrow an additional $392.5 million under the Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2020, borrowings under the Credit Agreement bore interest at a rate of LIBOR plus 2.35% per annum. In addition, as of December 31, 2020, we had outstanding $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Senior Notes, which bear interest at a fixed rate of 6.875%. If our operations do not generate sufficient cash from operations at levels currently anticipated, we may seek additional capital in the form of debt financing. Our current indebtedness includes, and any additional indebtedness we subsequently incur may have, a floating rate of interest. Higher interest rates could increase debt service requirements on our current floating rate indebtedness and on any floating rate indebtedness we subsequently incur, and could reduce funds available for operations, future business opportunities or other purposes. If we need to repay existing indebtedness during periods of rising interest rates, we could be required to refinance our then-existing indebtedness on unfavorable terms or liquidate one or more of our assets to repay such indebtedness at times which may not permit realization of the maximum return on such assets and could result in a loss. The occurrence of either such event or both could materially and adversely affect our cash flows and results of operations.
We are a holding company, and we are accordingly dependent upon distributions from our subsidiaries to service our debt and pay dividends, if any, taxes and other expenses.
We are a holding company and have no material assets other than our ownership of membership interests or limited partnership interests in our subsidiaries. We have no independent means of generating revenue. We intend to cause our subsidiaries to make distributions to their members in an amount sufficient to cover all applicable taxes payable and dividends, if any, declared by us. Our ability to service our debt depends on the results of operations of our subsidiaries and upon the ability of such subsidiaries to provide us with cash, whether in the form of dividends, loans or other distributions, to pay amounts due on our obligations. Future financing arrangements may contain negative covenants, limiting the ability of our subsidiaries to declare or pay dividends or make distributions. Our subsidiaries are separate and distinct legal entities; to the extent that we need funds, and our subsidiaries are restricted from declaring or paying such dividends or making such distributions under applicable law or regulations, or are otherwise unable to provide such funds (for example, due to restrictions in future financing arrangements that limit the ability of our operating subsidiaries to distribute funds), our liquidity and financial condition could be materially harmed.
If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately determine our financial results or prevent fraud. As a result, investors could lose confidence in our financial results, which could materially and adversely affect us.
Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and effectively prevent fraud. We may in the future discover areas of our internal controls that need improvement. We cannot be certain that we will be successful in maintaining adequate internal control over our financial reporting and financial processes. Furthermore, as we grow our business, our internal controls will become more complex, and we will require significantly more resources to ensure our internal controls remain effective. Additionally, the existence of any material weakness or significant deficiency would require management to devote significant time and incur significant expense to remediate any such material weakness or significant deficiency and management may not be able to remediate any such material weakness or significant deficiency in a timely manner. The existence of any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting could also result in errors in our financial statements that could require us to restate our financial statements, cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, all of which could materially and adversely affect us.
We may change our operational policies, investment guidelines and our business and growth strategies without stockholder consent, which may subject us to different and more significant risks in the future.
Our board of directors will determine our operational policies, investment guidelines and our business and growth strategies. Our board of directors may make changes to, or approve transactions that deviate from, those policies, guidelines and strategies without a vote of, or notice to, our stockholders. This could result in us conducting operational matters, making investments or pursuing different business or growth strategies than those contemplated in this Annual Report on the Form 10-K. Under any of these circumstances, we may expose ourselves to different and more significant risks in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
General Risk Factors
Failure to comply with laws and regulations may adversely affect us.
We are required to comply with laws and regulations governing many aspects of our business, such as land acquisition and development, home construction and sales, and employment practices. Despite our oversight, contractual protections, and other mitigation efforts, our employees or subcontractors could violate some of these laws or regulations, as a result of which we may incur fines, penalties or other liabilities, which could be significant, and our reputation with governmental agencies, customers, vendors or suppliers could be damaged.
We are subject to litigation, arbitration or other claims, which could materially and adversely affect us.
We are subject to litigation and we may in the future be subject to enforcement actions, such as claims relating to our operations, securities offerings and otherwise in the ordinary course of business. Some of these claims may result in significant defense costs and potentially significant judgments against us, some of which are not, or cannot be, insured against. Although we have established warranty, claim and litigation reserves that we believe are adequate, we cannot be certain of the ultimate outcomes of any claims that may arise in the future, and legal proceedings may result in the award of substantial damages against us beyond our reserves. Resolution of these types of matters against us may result in our having to pay significant fines, judgments, or settlements, which, if uninsured or in excess of insured levels, could adversely impact our earnings and cash flows, thereby materially and adversely affecting us. Furthermore, plaintiffs may in certain of these legal proceedings seek class action status with potential class sizes that vary from case to case. Class action lawsuits can be costly to defend, and if we were to lose any certified class action suit, it could result in substantial liability for us. Certain litigation or the resolution thereof may affect the availability or cost of some of our insurance coverage, which could materially and adversely impact us, expose us to increased risks that would be uninsured, and materially and adversely impact our ability to attract directors and officers.
We may suffer uninsured losses or material losses in excess of insurance limits.
We could suffer physical damage to property and liabilities resulting in losses that may not be fully recoverable by insurance. Insurance against certain types of risks, such as terrorism, earthquakes, floods or personal injury claims, may be unavailable, available in amounts that are less than the full market value or replacement cost of investment or underlying assets or subject to a large deductible or self-insurance retention amount. In addition, there can be no assurance that certain types of risks that are currently insurable will continue to be insurable on an economically feasible basis. Should an uninsured loss or a loss in excess of insured limits occur or be subject to deductibles or self-insurance retention, we could sustain financial loss or lose capital invested in the affected property, as well as anticipated future income from that property. Furthermore, we could be liable to repair damage or meet liabilities caused by risks that are uninsured or subject to deductibles. We may also be liable for any debt or other financial obligations related to affected property.
Information system failures, cyber incidents or breaches in security could adversely affect us.
We rely on accounting, financial, operational, management and other information systems, including the Internet and third-party hosted services, to conduct our operations, store sensitive data, process financial information and results of operations for internal reporting purposes and comply with financial reporting, legal and tax requirements. Our information systems, and those of our vendors and service providers, are subject to damage or interruption from power outages, computer and telecommunication failures, computer viruses, security breaches, including malware and phishing, cyberattacks, natural disasters, usage errors by employees and other related risks. Any cyber incident or attack or other disruption or failure in these information systems, or other systems or infrastructure upon which they rely, could adversely affect our ability to conduct our business and could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, any failure or security breach of information systems or data could result in a violation of applicable privacy and other laws, significant legal and financial exposure, damage to our reputation, or a loss of confidence in our security measures, which could harm our business and could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations. Although we have implemented systems and processes intended to secure our information systems, there can be no assurance that our efforts to maintain the security and integrity of our information systems will be effective or that future attempted security breaches or disruptions would not be successful or damaging.
Our business is subject to complex and evolving U.S. laws and regulations regarding privacy and data security.
As part of our normal business activities, we collect and store certain information, including information specific to homebuyers, customers, employees, vendors and suppliers. We may share some of this information with third parties who assist us with certain aspects of our business. Consumer personal privacy and data security have become significant issues and the subject of rapidly evolving regulation in the United States. Furthermore, federal, state and local government bodies or agencies have in the past adopted, and may in the future adopt, more laws and regulations affecting data privacy. Laws and regulations governing data privacy and the unauthorized disclosure of confidential information, including recently-implemented and
forthcoming California legislation, may significantly impact our business activities and require substantial compliance costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
Any failure, or perceived failure, by us to adequately address privacy and data security concerns, even if unfounded, or comply with applicable privacy and data security laws, regulations and policies could result in proceedings or actions against us by governmental entities or others, subject us to significant fines, penalties, judgments and negative publicity, require us to change our business practices, increase the costs and complexity of compliance, and adversely affect our business. If we are not able to adjust to changing laws, regulations and standards relating to privacy or data security, our business may be materially harmed. As noted above, we are also subject to the possibility of cyber incidents or attacks, which themselves may result in a violation of these laws. Additionally, if we acquire a company that has violated or is not in compliance with applicable data protection laws, we may incur significant liabilities and penalties as a result.
Acts of war or terrorism may seriously harm our business.
Acts of war, any outbreak or escalation of hostilities between the United States and any foreign power, acts of terrorism, political uncertainty or civil unrest may cause disruption to the U.S. economy, or the local economies of the markets in which we operate, cause shortages of building materials, increase costs associated with obtaining building materials, result in building code changes that could increase costs of construction, result in uninsured losses, affect job growth and consumer confidence, or cause economic changes that we cannot anticipate, all of which could reduce demand for our homes and adversely impact our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
Negative publicity could adversely affect our reputation as well as our business, financial results and stock price.
Our reputation and brand are critical to our success. Unfavorable media related to our industry, company, brands, marketing, personnel, operations, business performance, or prospects may affect our stock price and the performance of our business, regardless of its accuracy or inaccuracy. The speed at which negative publicity can be disseminated has increased dramatically with the capabilities of electronic communication, including social media outlets, websites, blogs, newsletters, and other digital platforms. Our success in maintaining, extending and expanding our brand image depends on our ability to adapt to this rapidly changing media environment. Adverse publicity or negative commentary from any media outlets could damage our reputation and reduce the demand for our homes, which would adversely affect our business.
Changes in accounting rules, assumptions and/or judgments could materially and adversely affect us.
Accounting rules and interpretations for certain aspects of our financial reporting are highly complex and involve significant assumptions and judgment. These complexities could lead to a delay in the preparation and dissemination of our financial statements. Furthermore, changes in accounting rules and interpretations or in our accounting assumptions and/or judgments, such as those related to asset impairments, could significantly impact our financial statements. In some cases, we could be required to apply a new or revised standard retroactively, resulting in restating prior period financial statements. Any of these circumstances could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
Access to financing sources may not be available on favorable terms, or at all, especially in light of current market conditions, which could adversely affect our ability to maximize our returns.
Our access to additional third-party sources of financing will depend, in part, on:
•general market conditions;
•the duration and effects of the COVID-19 pandemic;
•the market’s perception of our growth potential;
•with respect to acquisition and/or development financing, the market’s perception of the value of the land parcels to be acquired and/or developed;
•our current debt levels;
•our current and expected future earnings;
•our cash flow; and
•the market price per share of our common stock.
The global credit and equity markets and the overall economy can be extremely volatile, which could have a number of adverse effects on our operations and capital requirements. For the past decade, the domestic financial markets have experienced a high degree of volatility, uncertainty and, during certain periods, tightening of liquidity in both the high yield debt and equity capital markets, resulting in certain periods where new capital has been both more difficult and more expensive to access. If we are unable to access the credit markets, we could be required to defer or eliminate important business strategies
and growth opportunities in the future. In addition, if there is prolonged volatility and weakness in the capital and credit markets, potential lenders may be unwilling or unable to provide us with financing that is attractive to us or may increase collateral requirements or may charge us prohibitively high fees in order to obtain financing. Consequently, our ability to access the credit market in order to attract financing on reasonable terms may be adversely affected. Investment returns on our assets and our ability to make acquisitions could be adversely affected by our inability to secure additional financing on reasonable terms, if at all.
Depending on market conditions at the relevant time, we may have to rely more heavily on additional equity financings or on less efficient forms of debt financing that require a larger portion of our cash flow from operations, thereby reducing funds available for our operations, future business opportunities and other purposes. We may not have access to such equity or debt capital on favorable terms at the desired times, or at all.
Cautionary Statement about Forward-Looking Statements
From time to time we make statements concerning our expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, strategies, future events or performance and underlying assumptions and other statements that are not historical facts. These statements are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by these statements. You can generally identify our forward-looking statements by the words “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “goal,” “intend,” “may,” “objective,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “projection,” “should,” “will” or other similar words.
We have based our forward-looking statements on our management’s beliefs and assumptions based on information available to our management at the time the statements are made. We caution you that assumptions, beliefs, expectations, intentions and projections about future events may, and often do, vary materially from actual results. Therefore, we cannot assure you that actual results will not differ materially from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements.
The following are some of the factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in forward-looking statements:
•the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and its effect on us, our business, customers, subcontractors and suppliers, and the markets in which we operate, U.S. and world financial markets, mortgage availability, potential regulatory actions, changes in customer and stakeholder behaviors and impacts on and modifications to our operations, business and financial condition relating to COVID-19;
•adverse economic changes either nationally or in the markets in which we operate, including, among other things, potential impacts from political uncertainty, civil unrest, increases in unemployment, volatility of mortgage interest rates and inflation and decreases in housing prices;
•a slowdown in the homebuilding industry or changes in population growth rates in our markets;
•volatility and uncertainty in the credit markets and broader financial markets;
•disruption in the terms or availability of mortgage financing or increase in the number of foreclosures in our markets;
•the cyclical and seasonal nature of our business;
•our future operating results and financial condition;
•our business operations;
•changes in our business and investment strategy;
•the success of our operations in recently opened new markets and our ability to expand into additional new markets;
•our ability to successfully extend our business model to building homes with higher price points, developing larger communities and producing and selling multi-unit products, townhouses, wholesale products, and acreage home sites;
•our ability to develop our projects successfully or within expected timeframes;
•our ability to identify potential acquisition targets and close such acquisitions;
•our ability to successfully integrate any acquisitions with our existing operations;
•availability of land to acquire and our ability to acquire such land on favorable terms or at all;
•availability, terms and deployment of capital and ability to meet our ongoing liquidity needs;
•decisions of the Credit Agreement lender group;
•decline in the market value of our land portfolio;
•shortages of or increased prices for labor, land, or raw materials used in land development and housing construction, including due to changes in trade policies;
•delays in land development or home construction resulting from natural disasters, adverse weather conditions or other events outside our control;
•uninsured losses in excess of insurance limits;
•the cost and availability of insurance and surety bonds;
•changes in (including as a result of the change in the U.S. presidential administration), liabilities under, or the failure or inability to comply with, governmental laws and regulations, including environmental laws and regulations;
•the timing of receipt of regulatory approvals and the opening of projects;
•the degree and nature of our competition;
•increases in taxes or government fees;
•our continued ability to qualify for additional federal energy efficient homes tax credits and the extension of the availability of such tax credits beyond December 31, 2021;
•negative publicity or poor relations with the residents of our projects;
•existing and future litigation, arbitration or other claims;
•availability of qualified personnel and third-party contractors and subcontractors;
•information system failures, cyber incidents or breaches in security;
•our ability to retain our key personnel;
•our leverage and future debt service obligations;
•the impact on our business of any future government shutdown;
•other risks and uncertainties inherent in our business; and
•other factors we discuss under the section entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”
You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Each forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date of the particular statement. We expressly disclaim any intent, obligation or undertaking to update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto or any change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statements are based. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
We lease approximately 22,000 square feet in The Woodlands, Texas for our corporate headquarters; this lease expires in 2028. In addition, to adequately meet the needs of our operations, we lease offices in Arizona, Nevada, California, Washington, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and West Virginia. See “Business-Land Acquisition Policies and Development” for a summary of the other property which we owned or controlled as of December 31, 2020.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
In the ordinary course of doing business, we are subject to claims or proceedings from time to time relating to the purchase, development, and sale of real estate and homes and other aspects of our homebuilding operations. Management believes that these claims include usual obligations incurred by real estate developers and residential homebuilders in the normal course of business. In the opinion of management, these matters will not have a material effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Our common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Stock Market (NASDAQ) under the symbol “LGIH.” As of February 23, 2021, the closing price of our common stock on the NASDAQ was $115.81, and we had 21 stockholders of record, including Cede & Co. as nominee of The Depository Trust Company.
Shelf Registration Statement
On August 24, 2018, we and certain of our subsidiaries filed an automatic shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (Registration No. 333-227012), registering the offering and sale of an indeterminate amount of debt securities, guarantees of debt securities, preferred stock, common stock, warrants, depositary shares, purchase contracts and units that include any of these securities.
Dividends
We have not previously declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. Any future determination to pay cash dividends on our common stock will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, restrictions contained in any of our financing arrangements and such other factors as our board of directors may deem relevant.
Stock Repurchase Program
The following table summarizes the repurchase of shares of our common stock during the three months ended December 31, 2020.
Period Total Number of Shares Purchased Average Price Paid Per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (1)
Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs(1)
(in thousands)
October 1-31, 2020 - $ - - $ 317,159
November 1-30, 2020 85,000 $ 111.91 85,000 $ 307,647
December 1-31, 2020 66,965 $ 108.03 66,965 $ 300,412
151,965 $ 110.20 151,965
(1)In November 2018, our Board of Directors (the “Board”) authorized a stock repurchase program, pursuant to which we may purchase up to $50.0 million of shares of our common stock through open market transactions, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise in accordance with applicable laws. On October 30, 2020, the Board approved an increase in our stock repurchase program by an additional $300.0 million of shares of our common stock. The timing, amount and other terms and conditions of any repurchases of shares of our common stock under our stock repurchase program will be determined by our management at its discretion based on a variety of factors, including the market price of our common stock, corporate considerations, general market and economic conditions and legal requirements. Our stock repurchase program may be modified, discontinued or suspended at any time.
Stock Performance Graph
This chart compares the cumulative total return on our common stock with that of the Standard & Poor’s 500 Companies Stock Index (the “S&P 500 Index”) and the Standard & Poor’s Homebuilders Select Industry Index (the “S&P Homebuilders Index”). The chart assumes $100.00 was invested at the close of market on December 31, 2015 and assumes the reinvestment of any dividends. The stock price performance on the following graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.
Comparison of Cumulative Total Return among LGI Homes, Inc. Common Stock, the S&P 500 Index, and the S&P Homebuilders Index for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017 and 2016.
12/31/2015 12/31/2016 12/31/2017 12/31/2018 12/31/2019 12/31/2020
LGIH $100.00 $118.08 $308.38 $185.86 $290.38 $435.06
S&P 500 Index $100.00 $109.54 $130.81 $122.65 $158.07 $183.77
S&P Homebuilders Index $100.00 $99.09 $129.46 $95.08 $133.23 $168.08

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The selected historical balance sheet and statement of operations information presented as of December 31, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017 and 2016 and for the years then ended have been derived from our audited historical consolidated financial statements. The following table should be read together with, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to, our historical consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report. The table should also be read together with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”
The following table presents our selected historical financial and operating data as of the dates and for the periods indicated.
Year Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018 2017 2016
(dollars in thousands, except per share data and average home sales price)
Statement of Operations Data:
Home sales revenues $ 2,367,929 $ 1,838,154 $ 1,504,400 $ 1,257,960 $ 838,320
Expenses:
Cost of sales 1,764,832 1,401,675 1,124,484 937,540 616,707
Selling expenses 148,366 131,561 109,460 94,957 66,984
General and administrative 90,021 77,380 70,345 55,662 43,158
Operating income 364,710 227,538 200,111 169,801 111,471
Loss on extinguishment of debt - 169 3,599 - -
Other income, net (3,139) (4,463) (2,586) (1,601) (2,201)
Net income before income taxes 367,849 231,832 199,098 171,402 113,672
Income tax provision 43,954 53,224 43,812 58,096 38,641
Net income $ 323,895 $ 178,608 $ 155,286 $ 113,306 $ 75,031
Basic earnings per share (1)
$ 12.89 $ 7.70 $ 6.89 $ 5.24 $ 3.61
Diluted earnings per share (1)
$ 12.76 $ 7.02 $ 6.24 $ 4.73 $ 3.41
Other Financial and Operating Data:
Average community count 111.9 95.8 80.6 73.1 57.9
Community count at end of period 116 106 88 78 63
Home closings 9,339 7,690 6,512 5,845 4,163
Average sales price per home closed $ 253,553 $ 239,032 $ 231,020 $ 215,220 $ 201,374
Gross margin (2)
$ 603,097 $ 436,479 $ 379,916 $ 320,420 $ 221,613
Gross margin % (3)
25.5 % 23.7 % 25.3 % 25.5 % 26.4 %
Adjusted gross margin (4)
$ 648,350 $ 475,033 $ 405,635 $ 338,066 $ 232,778
Adjusted gross margin % (3)(4)
27.4 % 25.8 % 27.0 % 26.9 % 27.8 %
EBITDA (5)
$ 408,940 $ 267,705 $ 224,120 $ 189,593 $ 125,441
EBITDA margin % (3)(5)
17.3 % 14.6 % 14.9 % 15.1 % 15.0 %
Adjusted EBITDA (5)
$ 410,673 $ 266,735 $ 226,541 $ 188,238 $ 123,725
Adjusted EBITDA margin % (3)(5)
17.3 % 14.5 % 15.1 % 15.0 % 14.8 %
December 31,
2020 2019 2018 2017 2016
Balance Sheet Data: (in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents $ 35,942 $ 38,345 $ 46,624 $ 67,571 $ 49,518
Real estate inventory $ 1,569,489 $ 1,499,624 $ 1,228,256 $ 918,933 $ 717,681
Goodwill $ 12,018 $ 12,018 $ 12,018 $ 12,018 $ 12,018
Total assets $ 1,826,087 $ 1,666,115 $ 1,395,473 $ 1,079,892 $ 814,514
Notes payable $ 538,398 $ 690,559 $ 653,734 $ 475,195 $ 400,483
Total liabilities $ 687,082 $ 820,922 $ 739,530 $ 590,046 $ 459,313
Total equity $ 1,139,005 $ 845,193 $ 655,943 $ 489,846 $ 355,201
(1)Earnings per share is presented for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017 and 2016. See Note 9 “Equity” to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report of this Form 10-K for calculation of earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018.
(2)Gross margin is home sales revenues less cost of sales.
(3)Calculated as a percentage of home sales revenues.
(4)Adjusted gross margin is a non-GAAP financial measure used by management as a supplemental measure in evaluating operating performance. We define adjusted gross margin as gross margin less capitalized interest and adjustments resulting from the application of purchase accounting included in the cost of sales. Our management believes this information is useful because it isolates the impact that capitalized interest and purchase accounting adjustments have on gross margin. However, because adjusted gross margin information excludes capitalized interest and purchase accounting adjustments, which have real economic effects and could impact our results, the utility of adjusted gross margin information as a measure of our operating performance may be limited. In addition, other companies may not calculate adjusted gross margin information in the same manner that we do. Accordingly, adjusted gross margin information should be considered only as a supplement to gross margin information as a measure of our performance. Please see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Non-GAAP Measures” for a reconciliation of adjusted gross margin to gross margin, which is the GAAP financial measure that our management believes to be most directly comparable.
(5)EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are non-GAAP financial measures used by management as supplemental measures in evaluating operating performance. We define EBITDA as net income before (i) interest expense, (ii) income taxes, (iii) depreciation and amortization and (iv) capitalized interest charged to the cost of sales. We define adjusted EBITDA as net income before (i) interest expense, (ii) income taxes, (iii) depreciation and amortization, (iv) capitalized interest charged to the cost of sales, (v) loss on extinguishment of debt, (vi) other income, net and (vii) adjustments resulting from the application of purchase accounting. Our management believes that the presentation of EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors regarding our results of operations because it assists both investors and management in analyzing and benchmarking the performance and value of our business. EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA provide indicators of general economic performance that are not affected by fluctuations in interest rates or effective tax rates, levels of depreciation or amortization and items considered to be unusual or non-recurring. Accordingly, our management believes that these measures are useful for comparing general operating performance from period to period. Other companies may define these measures differently and, as a result, our measures of EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA may not be directly comparable to the measures of other companies. Although we use EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA as financial measures to assess the performance of our business, the use of these measures is limited because they do not include certain material costs, such as interest and taxes, necessary to operate our business. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for, net income in accordance with GAAP as a measure of performance. Our presentation of EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA should not be construed as an indication that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or non-recurring items. Our use of EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA is limited as an analytical tool, and you should not consider these measures in isolation or as substitutes for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Please see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Non-GAAP Measures” for reconciliations of EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA to net income, which is the GAAP financial measure that our management believes to be most directly comparable.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion is intended to assist you in understanding our results of operations and our present financial condition. Our historical consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K contain additional information that should be referred to when reviewing this material. For purposes of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation, references to “we,” “our,” “us” or similar terms refer to LGI Homes, Inc. and its subsidiaries.
Key Results
Key financial results as of and for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019, were as follows:
•Home sales revenues increased 28.8% to $2.4 billion from $1.8 billion.
•Homes closed increased 21.4% to 9,339 homes from 7,690 homes.
•Average sales price per home closed increased 6.1% to $253,553 from $239,032.
•Gross margin as a percentage of home sales revenues increased to 25.5% from 23.7%.
•Adjusted gross margin (non-GAAP) as a percentage of home sales revenues increased to 27.4% from 25.8%.
•Net income before income taxes increased 58.7% to $367.8 million from $231.8 million.
•Net income increased 81.3% to $323.9 million from $178.6 million.
•EBITDA (non-GAAP) as a percentage of home sales revenues increased to 17.3% from 14.6%.
•Adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP) as a percentage of home sales revenues increased to 17.3% from 14.5%.
•Active communities at the end of 2020 increased to 116 from 106.
•Total owned and controlled lots increased 28.0% to 61,504 lots at December 31, 2020 from 48,062 lots at December 31, 2019.
For reconciliations of the non-GAAP financial measures of adjusted gross margin, EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures, please see “-Non-GAAP Measures.”
COVID-19 Impact and Strategy
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the current outbreak of COVID-19 to be a global pandemic, and on March 13, 2020, the United States declared a national emergency. In response to these declarations and the rapid spread of COVID-19, federal, state and local governments imposed varying degrees of restrictions on business and social activities to contain COVID-19, including business shutdowns and closures, travel restrictions, quarantines, curfews, shelter-in-place orders and “stay-at-home” orders in certain of our markets. State and local authorities have also implemented multi-step policies with the goal of re-opening various sectors of the economy. However, certain jurisdictions began re-opening only to return to restrictions in the face of increases in new COVID-19 cases, while other jurisdictions are continuing to re-open or have nearly completed the re-opening process despite increases in COVID-19 cases. The COVID-19 outbreak may significantly worsen in the United States during the upcoming months, which may cause federal, state and local governments to reconsider restrictions on business and social activities. In the event governments increase restrictions, the re-opening of the economy may be further curtailed. We have experienced some resulting disruptions to our business operations, as these restrictions have significantly impacted, and may continue to impact, many sectors of the economy, with various businesses curtailing or ceasing normal operations and subsequently attempting to resume operations. In March 2020, we were required to temporarily stop our construction of homes in certain markets in which we do business. Beginning in April 2020, we resumed construction of homes in those markets. Although we continued to build and sell homes in all of our markets, at that time the pace of sales declined and we experienced an increase in the rate of contract cancellations. Since May 2020, the pace of sales has rebounded and we have experienced a sustained increase in demand in our markets. There is considerable uncertainty regarding the extent to which COVID-19 will continue to spread and the extent and duration of governmental and other measures implemented to try to slow the spread of COVID-19. Such measures have caused, and may continue to cause, us, our subcontractors, suppliers and other business counterparties to experience operational delays.
Demand for our homes is dependent on a variety of macroeconomic factors, such as employment levels, interest rates, changes in stock market valuations, consumer confidence, housing demand, availability of financing for home buyers, availability and prices of new homes compared to existing inventory, and demographic trends. These factors, and in particular consumer confidence, can be significantly adversely affected by a variety of factors beyond our control. The outbreak of
COVID-19 caused the shutdown of large portions of our national economy during the first half of 2020. The spread of COVID-19 has also caused significant volatility in U.S. and international debt and equity markets, which can negatively impact consumer confidence.
In response to COVID-19, we continue to take steps to prioritize the health and safety of our employees, customers, subcontractors and suppliers, including expanded safety policies and practices based on Center for Disease Control guidelines to reduce the spread of COVID-19.
As a homebuilder and developer, we provide an important service to our customers. During the COVID-19 outbreak, our main focus beyond the health and safety mentioned above is to continue our efforts to sell homes and complete our homes under construction. In addition to the measures discussed above, beginning in March 2020, we implemented certain cash management policies, including eliminating business air travel, cancelling in-person group meetings, delaying or canceling land acquisitions, deferring new starts to manage our overall inventory, significantly reducing marketing expenditures and delaying major expenditures. In May 2020, we began to acquire land and release starts for home construction in addition to increasing marketing expenditures and later began reinstating some necessary travel. From time to time during the COVID-19 outbreak, we have had to close individual sales offices for a limited period of time, as a result of potential or actual exposure to COVID-19 by one or more of our employees. In September 2020, our employees working in our corporate headquarters returned to working under modified protocols to ensure health and safety at the office.
We cannot estimate with any degree of certainty the full impact of COVID-19 on our financial condition and future results of operations. We also cannot predict the full impact that the significant disruption and volatility currently being experienced in the markets will have on our business, cash flows, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations at this time, due to numerous uncertainties. The ultimate impacts of COVID-19 and related mitigation efforts will depend on future developments, including, but not limited to, the duration and geographic spread of COVID-19, the impact of government actions designed to prevent the spread of COVID-19, the availability and timely distribution of effective treatments and vaccines, actions taken by customers, subcontractors, suppliers and other third parties, workforce availability, and the timing and extent to which normal economic and operating conditions resume. For additional discussion regarding risks associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, see Item 1A. Risk Factors in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. While we expect COVID-19 to continue to influence our future results, we believe that the desire for single-family homes outside of densely populated urban areas combined with historically low mortgage rates and low availability of existing homes is driving an increase in demand for new homes.
Results of Operations
The following table sets forth our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018.
Year Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018
(dollars in thousands, except per share data and average home sales price)
Statement of Income Data:
Home sales revenues $ 2,367,929 $ 1,838,154 $ 1,504,400
Expenses:
Cost of sales 1,764,832 1,401,675 1,124,484
Selling expenses 148,366 131,561 109,460
General and administrative 90,021 77,380 70,345
Operating income 364,710 227,538 200,111
Loss on extinguishment of debt - 169 3,599
Other income, net (3,139) (4,463) (2,586)
Net income before income taxes 367,849 231,832 199,098
Income tax provision 43,954 53,224 43,812
Net income $ 323,895 $ 178,608 $ 155,286
Basic earnings per share $ 12.89 $ 7.70 $ 6.89
Diluted earnings per share $ 12.76 $ 7.02 $ 6.24
Other Financial and Operating Data:
Average community count 111.9 95.8 80.6
Community count at end of period 116 106 88
Home closings 9,339 7,690 6,512
Average sales price per home closed $ 253,553 $ 239,032 $ 231,020
Gross margin (1)
$ 603,097 $ 436,479 $ 379,916
Gross margin % (2)
25.5 % 23.7 % 25.3 %
Adjusted gross margin (3)
$ 648,350 $ 475,033 $ 405,635
Adjusted gross margin % (2)(3)
27.4 % 25.8 % 27.0 %
EBITDA (4)
$ 408,940 $ 267,705 $ 224,120
EBITDA margin % (2)(4)
17.3 % 14.6 % 14.9 %
Adjusted EBITDA (4)
$ 410,673 $ 266,735 $ 226,541
Adjusted EBITDA margin % (2)(4)
17.3 % 14.5 % 15.1 %
(1)Gross margin is home sales revenues less cost of sales.
(2)Calculated as a percentage of home sales revenues.
(3)Adjusted gross margin is a non-GAAP financial measure used by management as a supplemental measure in evaluating operating performance. We define adjusted gross margin as gross margin less capitalized interest and adjustments resulting from the application of purchase accounting included in the cost of sales. Our management believes this information is useful because it isolates the impact that capitalized interest and purchase accounting adjustments have on gross margin. However, because adjusted gross margin information excludes capitalized interest and purchase accounting adjustments, which have real economic effects and could impact our results, the utility of adjusted gross margin information as a measure of our operating performance may be limited. In addition, other companies may not calculate adjusted gross margin information in the same manner that we do. Accordingly, adjusted gross margin information should be considered only as a supplement to gross margin information as a measure of our performance. Please see “-Non-GAAP Measures” for a reconciliation of adjusted gross margin to gross margin, which is the GAAP financial measure that our management believes to be most directly comparable.
(4)EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA are non-GAAP financial measures used by management as supplemental measures in evaluating operating performance. We define EBITDA as net income before (i) interest expense, (ii) income taxes, (iii) depreciation and amortization and (iv) capitalized interest charged to the cost of sales. We define adjusted EBITDA as net income before (i) interest expense, (ii) income taxes, (iii) depreciation and amortization, (iv) capitalized interest charged to the cost of sales, (v) loss on extinguishment of debt, (vi) other income, net and (vii) adjustments resulting from the application of purchase accounting. Our management believes that the presentation of EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors regarding our
results of operations because it assists both investors and management in analyzing and benchmarking the performance and value of our business. EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA provide indicators of general economic performance that are not affected by fluctuations in interest rates or effective tax rates, levels of depreciation or amortization and items considered to be unusual or non-recurring. Accordingly, our management believes that these measures are useful for comparing general operating performance from period to period. Other companies may define these measures differently and, as a result, our measures of EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA may not be directly comparable to the measures of other companies. Although we use EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA as financial measures to assess the performance of our business, the use of these measures is limited because they do not include certain material costs, such as interest and taxes, necessary to operate our business. EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for, net income in accordance with GAAP as a measure of performance. Our presentation of EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA should not be construed as an indication that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or non-recurring items. Our use of EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA is limited as an analytical tool, and you should not consider these measures in isolation or as substitutes for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Please see “-Non-GAAP Measures” for reconciliations of EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA to net income, which is the GAAP financial measure that our management believes to be most directly comparable.
Year Ended December 31, 2020 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2019
Homes Sales. Our home sales revenues, home closings, average sales price per home closed (ASP), average community count, average monthly absorption rate and closing community count by reportable segment for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 were as follows (revenues in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, 2020 At December 31, 2020
Revenues Home Closings ASP Average Community Count Average
Monthly
Absorption Rate Community Count at End of Period
Central $ 850,375 3,654 $ 232,724 34.6 8.8 38
Southeast 559,226 2,382 234,772 33.5 5.9 31
Northwest 389,523 1,000 389,523 11.9 7.0 13
West 286,130 1,043 274,334 13.9 6.2 13
Florida 282,675 1,260 224,345 18.0 5.8 21
Total $ 2,367,929 9,339 $ 253,553 111.9 7.0 116
Year Ended December 31, 2019 At December 31, 2019
Revenues Home Closings ASP Average Community Count Average
Monthly
Absorption Rate Community Count at End of Period
Central $ 724,981 3,304 $ 219,425 33.0 8.3 33
Southeast 347,817 1,592 218,478 24.5 5.4 29
Northwest 304,294 827 367,949 12.4 5.6 13
West 271,186 1,056 256,805 12.8 6.9 14
Florida 189,876 911 208,426 13.1 5.8 17
Total $ 1,838,154 7,690 $ 239,032 95.8 6.7 106
Our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020 reflect a significant rebound following the slowdown related to the COVID-19 pandemic that occurred during March and April 2020. Since May 2020, we have seen a continued and material increase in the demand for our homes driven by a renewed interest in the benefits of homeownership, low interest rates and an undersupply of new and existing homes available for sale. Despite high levels of demand, our closings in July and August 2020 were limited by our decision to pause our construction and land acquisition activities in March and April as we evaluated the potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business. Beginning in May 2020, we resumed construction activities and accelerated the pace of our new home starts.
Home Sales Revenues. Home sales revenues for the year ended December 31, 2020 were $2.4 billion, an increase of $529.8 million, or 28.8%, from $1.8 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019. The increase in home sales revenues is primarily due to a 21.4% increase in homes closed, a 16.8% increase in average community count and an increase in the average sales price per home closed during the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019. We closed 9,339 homes during 2020, as compared to 7,690 homes closed during 2019. The average sales price per home closed during the year ended December 31, 2020 was $253,553, an increase of $14,521, or 6.1%, from the average sales price per home closed of $239,032 for the year ended December 31, 2019. This increase in the average sales price per home closed was primarily due to a favorable pricing environment, increased closings at higher price points in certain markets and changes in product mix. The overall increase in home closings was largely due to deepening our presence within certain markets in the Southeast and Florida reportable segments during the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019 and strong demand resulting in an increase in the number of homes closed on average on a per community basis.
We continued to diversify our operations outside of our Central reportable segment during 2020. We increased our home sales revenues in our reportable segments other than our Central reportable segment by $404.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019, representing a 29.6% increase in the number of homes closed in these reportable segments and increased average community count on a consolidated basis during 2020 as compared to 2019.
Home sales revenues in our Central reportable segment increased by $125.4 million, or 17.3%, during the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019, primarily due to an increase in the average sales price per home closed and increased community count at a higher absorption rate. Home sales revenues in our Southeast reportable segment increased by $211.4 million, or 60.8%, during the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019, primarily due to an increase in community count associated with deepening our presence within existing markets and to a lesser extent our geographic expansion into certain markets in North Carolina and South Carolina at December 31, 2020 as compared to December 31, 2019. Home sales revenues in our Northwest reportable segment increased by $85.2 million, or 28.0%, during the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019, primarily due to a 20.9% increase in the number of homes closed in this reportable segment, as a result of increased demand slightly offset by a lower average community count at a higher absorption rate. Home sales revenues in our West reportable segment increased by $14.9 million, or 5.5%, during the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019, primarily due to an increase of 6.8% in the average sales price per home closed in this reportable segment offset by lower home closings, largely due to close out of or transition between, and to a lesser extent available inventory in, certain active communities. Home sales revenues in our Florida reportable segment increased by $92.8 million, or 48.9%, primarily due to an increased community count with an increase of 7.6% in the average sales price per home closed during the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019.
Cost of Sales and Gross Margin (home sales revenues less cost of sales). Cost of sales increased for the year ended December 31, 2020 to $1.8 billion, an increase of $363.2 million, or 25.9%, from $1.4 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019. This increase is primarily due to a 21.4% increase in homes closed, as well as higher vertical and lot costs recognized as a percentage of revenues during 2020 as compared to 2019. Gross margin for the year ended December 31, 2020 was $603.1 million, an increase of $166.6 million, or 38.2%, from $436.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. Gross margin as a percentage of home sales revenues was 25.5% for the year ended December 31, 2020 and 23.7% for the year ended December 31, 2019. This increase in gross margin as a percentage of home sales revenues during the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019 is primarily due to an increase in homes closed with a higher average sales price per home closed, which was primarily driven by a favorable pricing environment, operating leverage obtained and product mix, partially offset by an increase in wholesale home closings as a percentage of total home closings.
Selling Expenses. Selling expenses for the year ended December 31, 2020 were $148.4 million, an increase of $16.8 million, or 12.8%, from $131.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. Sales commissions increased to $89.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 from $68.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 largely due to a 28.8% increase in home sales revenues during 2020 as compared to 2019. Selling expenses as a percentage of home sales revenues were 6.3% and 7.2% for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The decrease in selling expenses as a percentage of home sales revenues was driven primarily by cost saving measures implemented and the increased demand for our homes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as operating leverage realized from the increase in home sales revenues during the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019.
General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2020 were $90.0 million, an increase of $12.6 million, or 16.3%, from $77.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The increase in the amount of general and administrative expenses is primarily due to increased personnel and other costs associated with an increase of active communities during 2020 as compared to 2019. General and administrative expenses as a percentage of home sales revenues were 3.8% and 4.2% for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The decrease in general and administrative expenses as a percentage of home sales revenues reflects operating leverage realized from the increase in home sales revenues and cost saving measures implemented as a result of COVID-19 during the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019.
Operating Income and Net Income before Income Taxes. Operating income for the year ended December 31, 2020 was $364.7 million, an increase of $137.2 million, or 60.3%, from $227.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. Net income before income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2020 was $367.8 million, an increase of $136.0 million, or 58.7%, from $231.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. Our reportable segments contributed the following amounts and percentages of net income before income taxes during 2020: Central - $154.8 million or 42.1%; Southeast - $79.4 million or 21.6%; Northwest - $71.3 million or 19.4%; West - $35.8 million or 9.7%; and Florida - $32.6 million or 8.8%. The increases in operating income and net income before income taxes are primarily attributed to higher gross margins during the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019.
Income Taxes. Income tax provision for the year ended December 31, 2020 was $44.0 million, a decrease of $9.3 million, or 17.4%, from income tax provision of $53.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease in the amount of income tax provision is primarily due to the change in our effective tax rate to 11.9% from 23.0% effective tax provision as a result of the tax benefits relating to the federal energy efficient homes tax credits we recognized during the year ended December 31, 2020, partially offset by the 58.7% increase in net income before taxes. Federal energy efficient homes tax credits recognized during the year ended December 31, 2020 totaled $41.2 million, of which $29.7 million related to homes
closed in prior open tax years. We believe this tax credit will continue, at a lesser extent, to impact our results of operations during 2021.
Net Income. Net income for the year ended December 31, 2020 was $323.9 million, an increase of $145.3 million, or 81.3%, from $178.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The increase in net income is primarily attributed to overall stronger gross margins driven by the 28.8% increase in home sales revenues, 6.1% higher average sales price per home closed and the $41.2 million of tax benefits relating to the federal energy efficient homes tax credits recognized during 2020 as compared to 2019.
Year Ended December 31, 2019 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2018
Homes Sales. Our home sales revenues, home closings, average sales price per home closed (ASP), average community count, average monthly absorption rate and closing community count by reportable segment for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 were as follows (Revenues in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, 2019 At December 31, 2019
Revenues Home Closings ASP Average Community Count Average
Monthly
Absorption Rate Community Count at End of Period
Central $ 724,981 3,304 $ 219,425 33.0 8.3 33
Southeast 347,817 1,592 218,478 24.5 5.4 29
Northwest 304,294 827 367,949 12.4 5.6 13
West 271,186 1,056 256,805 12.8 6.9 14
Florida 189,876 911 208,426 13.1 5.8 17
Total $ 1,838,154 7,690 $ 239,032 95.8 6.7 106
Year Ended December 31, 2018 At December 31, 2018
Revenues Home Closings ASP Average Community Count Average
Monthly
Absorption Rate Community Count at End of Period
Central $ 623,751 2,937 $ 212,377 30.7 8.0 32
Southeast 271,073 1,324 204,738 18.7 5.9 21
Northwest 277,567 760 365,220 10.3 6.1 11
West 151,059 627 240,923 9.3 5.6 10
Florida 180,950 864 209,433 11.6 6.2 14
Total $ 1,504,400 6,512 $ 231,020 80.6 6.7 88
Home Sales Revenues. Home sales revenues for the year ended December 31, 2019 were $1.8 billion, an increase of $333.8 million, or 22.2%, from $1.5 billion for the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase in home sales revenues is primarily due to an 18.1% increase in homes closed and an increase in the average sales price per home closed during the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2018. We closed 7,690 homes during 2019, as compared to 6,512 homes closed during 2018. This increase in home closings was largely due to the increase in the number of active communities in 2019. The average sales price per home closed during the year ended December 31, 2019 was $239,032, an increase of $8,012, or 3.5%, from the average sales price per home closed of $231,020 for the year ended December 31, 2018. This increase in the average sales price per home closed was primarily due to changes in product mix, higher price points in certain new markets and a favorable pricing environment. The increase in homes closed was largely due to our geographic expansion in the West reportable segment and deepening our presence within certain markets in the Southeast reportable segment during the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2018.
We continued to diversify our operations outside of our Central reportable segment during 2019. We increased our home sales revenues in our reportable segments other than our Central reportable segment by $232.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2018, representing a 22.7% increase in the number of homes closed in these reportable segments during 2019 as compared to 2018. Our active selling communities at December 31, 2019 increased to 106 from 88 at December 31, 2018. Seventeen of the eighteen active selling communities added during 2019 were outside of our Central reportable segment, contributing to the further geographic diversification of our business.
Home sales revenues in our West reportable segment increased by $120.1 million, or 79.5%, primarily due to an increase in community count associated with our continued geographic expansion into our California and Nevada markets. Home sales revenues in our Southeast reportable segment increased by $76.7 million, or 28.3%, during the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2018, primarily due to a 20.2% increase in the number of homes closed in this
reportable segment and partially due to increased community count stemming from the acquisition of Wynn Homes in 2018. All reportable segments added communities by expanding into new markets or deepening existing markets during the year ended December 31, 2019.
Cost of Sales and Gross Margin (home sales revenues less cost of sales). Cost of sales increased for the year ended December 31, 2019 to $1.4 billion, an increase of $277.2 million, or 24.7%, from $1.1 billion for the year ended December 31, 2018. This increase is primarily due to an 18.1% increase in homes closed, higher lot costs recognized and, to a lesser extent, increased capitalized interest costs for homes closed during 2019 as compared to 2018. Gross margin for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $436.5 million, an increase of $56.6 million, or 14.9%, from $379.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. Gross margin as a percentage of home sales revenues was 23.7% for the year ended December 31, 2019 and 25.3% for the year ended December 31, 2018. This decrease in gross margin as a percentage of home sales revenues is primarily due to higher lot costs and higher capitalized interest costs recognized for the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2018 and, to a lesser extent, to 583 wholesale home closings during 2019, compared to 466 wholesale home closings during 2018.
Selling Expenses. Selling expenses for the year ended December 31, 2019 were $131.6 million, an increase of $22.1 million, or 20.2%, from $109.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. Sales commissions increased to $68.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 from $57.3 million during 2018 largely due to a 22.2% increase in home sales revenues during 2019 as compared to 2018. Selling expenses as a percentage of home sales revenues were 7.2% and 7.3% for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The decrease in selling expenses as a percentage of home sales revenues reflects operating leverage realized from the increase in home sales revenues during the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2018.
General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2019 were $77.4 million, an increase of $7.0 million, or 10.0%, from $70.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase in the amount of general and administrative expenses is primarily due to increased personnel associated with an increase of active communities during 2019 as compared to 2018. General and administrative expenses as a percentage of home sales revenues were 4.2% and 4.7% for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The decrease in general and administrative expenses as a percentage of home sales revenues reflects operating leverage realized from the increase in retail and wholesale home sales revenues during the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2018.
Loss on extinguishment of debt. Loss on extinguishment of debt was $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 due to debt issuance costs previously capitalized that were associated with the Credit Agreement. Loss on extinguishment of debt was $3.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 due to debt issuance costs previously capitalized that were associated with our third amended and restated credit agreement, dated as of May 25, 2018 (the “2018 Credit Agreement”).
Operating Income, Net Income before Income Taxes, and Net Income. Operating income for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $227.5 million, an increase of $27.4 million, or 13.7%, from $200.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. Net income before income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $231.8 million, an increase of $32.7 million, or 16.4%, from $199.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. Our reportable segments contributed the following amounts and percentages of net income before income taxes during 2019: Central - $117.4 million or 50.6%; Northwest - $46.9 million or 20.2%; Florida - $16.0 million or 6.9%; Southeast - $30.3 million or 13.1%; and West - $28.5 million or 12.3%. Net income for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $178.6 million, an increase of $23.3 million, or 15.0%, from $155.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. The increases are primarily attributed to operating leverage realized from the increase in home sales revenues and higher average sales price per home closed, offset by lower gross margin percentage during 2019 as compared to 2018.
Non-GAAP Measures
In addition to the results reported in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”), we have provided information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K relating to adjusted gross margin, EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA, adjusted net income and adjusted earnings per share.
Adjusted Gross Margin
Adjusted gross margin is a non-GAAP financial measure used by management as a supplemental measure in evaluating operating performance. We define adjusted gross margin as gross margin less capitalized interest and adjustments resulting from the application of purchase accounting included in the cost of sales. Our management believes this information is useful because it isolates the impact that capitalized interest and purchase accounting adjustments have on gross margin. However, because adjusted gross margin information excludes capitalized interest and purchase accounting adjustments, which have real economic effects and could impact our results, the utility of adjusted gross margin information as a measure of our operating performance may be limited. In addition, other companies may not calculate adjusted gross margin information in the same manner that we do. Accordingly, adjusted gross margin information should be considered only as a supplement to gross margin information as a measure of our performance.
The following table reconciles adjusted gross margin to gross margin, which is the GAAP financial measure that our management believes to be most directly comparable (dollars in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018
Home sales revenues $ 2,367,929 $ 1,838,154 $ 1,504,400
Cost of sales 1,764,832 1,401,675 1,124,484
Gross margin 603,097 436,479 379,916
Capitalized interest charged to cost of sales 40,381 35,230 24,311
Purchase accounting adjustments (1)
4,872 3,324 1,408
Adjusted gross margin $ 648,350 $ 475,033 $ 405,635
Gross margin % (2)
25.5 % 23.7 % 25.3 %
Adjusted gross margin % (2)
27.4 % 25.8 % 27.0 %
(1)Adjustments result from the application of purchase accounting for acquisitions and represent the amount of the fair value step-up adjustments included in cost of sales for real estate inventory sold after the acquisition dates.
(2)Calculated as a percentage of home sales revenues.
EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA
EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA are non-GAAP financial measures used by management as supplemental measures in evaluating operating performance. We define EBITDA as net income before (i) interest expense, (ii) income taxes, (iii) depreciation and amortization and (iv) capitalized interest charged to the cost of sales. We define adjusted EBITDA as net income before (i) interest expense, (ii) income taxes, (iii) depreciation and amortization, (iv) capitalized interest charged to the cost of sales, (v) loss on extinguishment of debt, (vi) other income, net and (vii) adjustments resulting from the application of purchase accounting included in the cost of sales. Our management believes that the presentation of EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors regarding our results of operations because it assists both investors and management in analyzing and benchmarking the performance and value of our business. EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA provide indicators of general economic performance that are not affected by fluctuations in interest rates or effective tax rates, levels of depreciation or amortization and items considered to be unusual or non-recurring. Accordingly, our management believes that these measures are useful for comparing general operating performance from period to period. Other companies may define these measures differently and, as a result, our measures of EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA may not be directly comparable to the measures of other companies. Although we use EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA as financial measures to assess the performance of our business, the use of these measures is limited because they do not include certain material costs, such as interest and taxes, necessary to operate our business. EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for, net income in accordance with GAAP as a measure of performance. Our presentation of EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA should not be construed as an indication that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or non-recurring items. Our use of EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA is limited as an analytical tool, and you should not consider these measures in isolation or as substitutes for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are:
(i) they do not reflect every cash expenditure, future requirements for capital expenditures or contractual commitments, including for purchase of land;
(ii) they do not reflect the interest expense or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments on our debt;
(iii) although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized will often have to be replaced or require improvements in the future, and EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA do not reflect any cash requirements for such replacements or improvements;
(iv) they are not adjusted for all non-cash income or expense items that are reflected in our statements of cash flows;
(v) they do not reflect the impact of earnings or charges resulting from matters we consider not to be indicative of our ongoing operations; and
(vi) other companies in our industry may calculate them differently than we do, limiting their usefulness as a comparative measure.
Because of these limitations, our EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as measures of discretionary cash available to us to invest in the growth of our business or as measures of cash that will be available to us to meet our obligations. We compensate for these limitations by using our EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA along with other comparative tools, together with GAAP measures, to assist in the evaluation of operating performance. These GAAP measures include operating income, net income and cash flow data. We have significant uses of cash flows, including capital expenditures, interest payments and other non-recurring charges, which are not reflected in our EBITDA or adjusted EBITDA. EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA are not intended as alternatives to net income as indicators of our operating performance, as alternatives to any other measure of performance in conformity with GAAP or as alternatives to cash flows as a measure of liquidity. You should therefore not place undue reliance on our EBITDA or adjusted EBITDA calculated using these measures.
The following table reconciles EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA to net income, which is the GAAP measure that our management believes to be most directly comparable (dollars in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018
Net income $ 323,895 $ 178,608 $ 155,286
Income taxes 43,954 53,224 43,812
Depreciation and amortization 710 643 711
Capitalized interest charged to cost of sales 40,381 35,230 24,311
EBITDA 408,940 267,705 224,120
Purchase accounting adjustments(1)
4,872 3,324 1,408
Loss on extinguishment of debt - 169 3,599
Other income, net (3,139) (4,463) (2,586)
Adjusted EBITDA $ 410,673 $ 266,735 $ 226,541
EBITDA margin %(2)
17.3 % 14.6 % 14.9 %
Adjusted EBITDA margin %(2)
17.3 % 14.5 % 15.1 %
(1)Adjustments result from the application of purchase accounting for acquisitions and represent the amount of the fair value step-up adjustments included in cost of sales for real estate inventory sold after the acquisition dates.
(2)Calculated as a percentage of home sales revenues.
Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted Earnings per Share
Adjusted net income and adjusted earnings per share are non-GAAP financial measures used by management as supplemental measures in evaluating operating performance. We define adjusted net income as net income less the retroactive federal energy efficient homes tax credits. We define adjusted earnings per share as adjusted net income divided by weighted average shares outstanding. Our management believes that the presentation of adjusted net income and adjusted earnings per share provides useful information to investors because such measures isolate the impact that material retroactive tax adjustments have on net income and earnings per share. However, because adjusted net income and adjusted earnings per share information excludes the retroactive federal energy efficient homes tax credits, which have real economic effects and could impact our results, the utility of adjusted net income and adjusted earnings per share as measures of our operating performance may be limited. In addition, other companies may not calculate adjusted net income and adjusted earnings per share in the same manner that we do. Accordingly, adjusted net income and adjusted earnings per share information should be considered only as a supplement to net income and earnings per share information as measures of our performance.
The following table reconciles adjusted net income and adjusted earnings per share to net income and earnings per share, respectively, which are the GAAP measures that our management believes to be most directly comparable (dollars in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018
Numerator (in thousands):
Net income (Numerator for basic and diluted earnings per share) $ 323,895 $ 178,608 $ 155,286
Retroactive federal energy efficient homes tax credits 29,703 - -
Adjusted net income (Numerator for adjusted basic and diluted earnings per share) $ 294,192 $ 178,608 $ 155,286
Denominator:
Basic weighted average shares outstanding 25,135,077 23,191,595 22,551,762
Effect of dilutive securities:
Convertible Notes - treasury stock method - 1,966,639 2,030,023
Stock-based compensation units 245,483 272,607 310,489
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding 25,380,560 25,430,841 24,892,274
Basic earnings per share $ 12.89 $ 7.70 $ 6.89
Diluted earnings per share $ 12.76 $ 7.02 $ 6.24
Adjusted basic earnings per share $ 11.70 $ 7.70 $ 6.89
Adjusted diluted earnings per share $ 11.59 $ 7.02 $ 6.24
Backlog
We sell our homes under standard purchase contracts, which generally require a homebuyer to pay a deposit at the time of signing the purchase contract. The amount of the required deposit is minimal (typically $1,000 to $5,000). We permit our retail homebuyers to cancel the purchase contract and obtain a refund of their deposit in the event mortgage financing cannot be obtained within a certain period of time, as specified in their purchase contract. Typically, our retail homebuyers provide documentation regarding their ability to obtain mortgage financing within 14 days after the purchase contract is signed. If we determine that the homebuyer is not qualified to obtain mortgage financing or is not otherwise financially able to purchase the home, we will terminate the purchase contract. If a purchase contract has not been cancelled or terminated within 14 days after the purchase contract has been signed, then the homebuyer has met the preliminary criteria to obtain mortgage financing. Only purchase contracts that are signed by homebuyers who have met the preliminary criteria to obtain mortgage financing are included in new (gross) orders. As a result of COVID-19, it has been, and may continue to be, more difficult for our homebuyers to qualify for and obtain mortgage financing to purchase a home.
Our “backlog” consists of homes that are under a purchase contract that has been signed by homebuyers who have met the preliminary criteria to obtain mortgage financing but have not yet closed and wholesale contracts for which vertical construction is generally set to occur within the next six to twelve months. Since our business model is generally based on building move-in ready homes before a purchase contract is signed, the majority of our homes in backlog are currently under construction or complete. Ending backlog represents the number of homes in backlog from the previous period plus the number of net orders (new orders for homes less cancellations) generated during the current period minus the number of homes closed during the current period. Our backlog at any given time will be affected by cancellations, the number of our active communities and the timing of home closings. Homes in backlog are generally closed within one to two months, although home closings have been, and may continue to be, delayed during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, we may experience cancellations of purchase contracts at any time prior to closing. It is important to note that net orders, backlog and cancellation metrics are operational, rather than accounting data, and should be used only as a general gauge to evaluate performance. Backlog may be impacted by customer cancellations for various reasons that are beyond our control, and in light of our minimal required deposit, there is little negative impact to the potential homebuyer from the cancellation of the purchase contract.
As of the dates set forth below, our net orders, cancellation rate, and ending backlog homes and value were as follows (dollars in thousands):
Backlog Data Year Ended December 31,
2020 (4)
2019 (5)
2018 (6)
Net orders (1)
11,070 8,299 6,320
Cancellation rate (2)
21.6 % 20.6 % 24.2 %
Ending backlog - homes (3)
2,964 1,233 624
Ending backlog - value (3)
$ 775,468 $ 290,438 $ 156,109
(1)Net orders are new (gross) orders for the purchase of homes during the period, less cancellations of existing purchase contracts during the period.
(2)Cancellation rate for a period is the total number of purchase contracts cancelled during the period divided by the total new (gross) orders for the purchase of homes during the period.
(3)Ending backlog consists of homes at the end of the period that are under a purchase contract that has been signed by homebuyers who have met our preliminary financing criteria but have not yet closed and wholesale contracts for which vertical construction is generally set to occur within the next six to twelve months. Ending backlog is valued at the contract amount.
(4)As of December 31, 2020, we have 1,139 units related to bulk sales agreements associated with our wholesale business.
(5)As of December 31, 2019, we have 481 units related to bulk sales agreements associated with our wholesale business, of which 117 units and values are not included in the table above.
(6)As of December 31, 2018, we have 163 units related to bulk sales agreements associated with our wholesale business, of which 92 units and values are not included in the table above.
Land Acquisition Policies and Development
See discussion included in “Business-Land Acquisition Policies and Development.”
Homes in Inventory
See discussion included in “Business-Homes in Inventory.”
Raw Materials and Labor
See discussion included in “Business-Raw Materials and Labor.”
Seasonality
In all of our reportable segments, we have historically experienced similar variability in our results of operations and in capital requirements from quarter to quarter due to the seasonal nature of the homebuilding industry. We generally close more homes in our second, third and fourth quarters. Thus, our revenues may fluctuate on a quarterly basis, and we may have higher capital requirements in our second, third and fourth quarters in order to maintain our inventory levels. Our revenues and capital requirements are generally similar across our second, third and fourth quarters.
As a result of seasonal activity, our quarterly results of operations and financial position at the end of a particular quarter, especially the first quarter, are not necessarily representative of the results we expect at year end. We expect this seasonal pattern to continue in the long term.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview
As of December 31, 2020, we had $35.9 million of cash and cash equivalents. Cash flows for each of our active communities depend on the status of the development cycle and can differ substantially from reported earnings. Early stages of development or expansion require significant cash outlays for land acquisitions, land development, plats, vertical development, construction of information centers, general landscaping and other amenities. Because these costs are a component of our inventory and are not recognized in our statement of operations until a home closes, we incur significant cash outflows prior to recognition of home sales revenues. In the later stages of an active community, cash inflows may exceed home sales revenues reported for financial statement purposes, as the costs associated with home and land construction were previously incurred.
Our principal uses of capital are operating expenses, land and lot purchases, lot development, home construction, interest costs on our indebtedness and the payment of various liabilities. In addition, we may purchase land, lots, homes under construction or other assets as part of an acquisition.
We generally rely on our ability to finance our operations by generating operating cash flows, borrowing under the Credit Agreement or the issuance and sale of shares of our common stock. As needed, we will consider accessing the debt and equity capital markets as part of our ongoing financing strategy. We also rely on our ability to obtain performance, payment and completion surety bonds as well as letters of credit to finance our projects.
We have an effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (Registration No. 333-227012) that was filed on August 24,
2018 with the Securities and Exchange Commission, registering the offering and sale of an indeterminate amount of debt securities, guarantees of debt securities, preferred stock, common stock, warrants, depositary shares, purchase contracts and units that include any of these securities. Under the shelf registration statement, we have the ability to access the debt and equity capital markets as needed as part of our ongoing financing strategy.
While the COVID-19 pandemic and related mitigation efforts have created significant uncertainty as to general economic and housing market conditions, as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we believe that we will be able to fund our current and foreseeable liquidity needs for at least the next twelve months with our cash on hand, cash generated from operations and cash expected to be available from the Credit Agreement or through accessing debt or equity capital, as needed. However, with the uncertainty surrounding COVID-19, our ability to engage in the transactions described above may be constrained by volatile or tight economic, capital, credit and financial market conditions, as well as moderated investor or lender interest or capacity and our liquidity, leverage and net worth, and we can provide no assurance as to successfully completing, the costs of, or the operational limitations arising from any one or series of such transactions.
Revolving Credit Facility
On April 30, 2020, we entered into the Second Amendment to Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the “Second Amendment”), which amends the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of May 6, 2019 (as amended by the Lender Addition and Acknowledgement Agreement and First Amendment to Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of December 6, 2019, the “2019 Credit Agreement” and, together with the Second Amendment, the “Credit Agreement”), with several financial institutions, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent. In the Second Amendment, certain lenders agreed to extend the maturity of their commitments, while another lender agreed to extend the maturity of its commitment subsequent to the execution of the Second Amendment. Lenders with $566.0 million, or 87%, of the $650.0 million of commitments under the 2019 Credit Agreement agreed to extend the maturity of their commitments to May 31, 2023, with the remaining lenders retaining their existing maturity of May 31, 2022. The Second Amendment also reduced the minimum EBITDA to interest expense ratio from 2.50 to 1.75, increased the sublimit for letters of credit to $40.0 million and established a London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) floor of 0.70%. The Credit Agreement
otherwise has substantially similar terms and provisions to the 2019 Credit Agreement and continues to provide for a $650.0 million revolving credit facility, which can be increased at the request of the Company by up to $100.0 million, subject to the terms and conditions of the Credit Agreement.
The Credit Agreement matures on May 31, 2023 with respect to 87% of the commitments thereunder and on May 31, 2022 with respect to 13% of the commitments thereunder. Before each anniversary of the Credit Agreement, we may request a one-year extension of its maturity date. The Credit Agreement is guaranteed by each of our subsidiaries that have gross assets equal to or greater than $0.5 million. The borrowings and letters of credit outstanding under the Credit Agreement, together with the outstanding principal balance of our 6.875% Senior Notes due 2026 (the “Senior Notes”), may not exceed the borrowing base under the Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2020, the borrowing base under the Credit Agreement was $949.6 million, of which borrowings, including the Senior Notes, of $546.6 million were outstanding, $10.5 million of letters of credit were outstanding and $392.5 million was available to borrow under the Credit Agreement.
Interest is paid monthly on borrowings under the Credit Agreement at LIBOR plus 2.35%. The Credit Agreement applicable margin for LIBOR loans ranges from 2.35% to 2.75% based on our leverage ratio. At December 31, 2020, LIBOR was 0.15%; however, the Credit Agreement has a 0.70% LIBOR floor.
The Credit Agreement requires us to maintain (i) a tangible net worth of not less than $625.0 million plus 75% of the net proceeds of all equity issuances plus 50.0% of the amount of our positive net income in any fiscal quarter after December 31, 2019, (ii) a leverage ratio of not greater than 60.0%, (iii) liquidity of at least $50.0 million and (iv) a ratio of EBITDA to interest expense for the most recent four quarters of at least 1.75 to 1.00. The Credit Agreement contains various covenants that, among other restrictions, limit the amount of our additional debt and our ability to make certain investments. At December 31, 2020, we were in compliance with all of the covenants contained in the Credit Agreement.
In July 2017, the Financial Conduct Authority in the United Kingdom (the “FCA”), which regulates LIBOR, announced that it intends to phase out LIBOR as a benchmark by the end of 2021. On November 30, 2020, the FCA and ICE Benchmark Administration, which administers LIBOR quotations, announced a consultation on the extension of the quotation of most LIBOR tenors to June 30, 2023 for legacy contracts only. At the present time, the Credit Agreement has a term that extends to May 31, 2023 with respect to 87% of the commitments thereunder and to May 31, 2022 with respect to 13% of the commitments thereunder, and borrowings under the Credit Agreement bear interest at LIBOR plus an applicable margin. The Credit Agreement provides for a mechanism to amend the Credit Agreement to reflect the establishment of an alternate rate of interest upon the occurrence of certain events related to the phase-out of any applicable interest rate. However, we have not yet pursued any technical amendment or other contractual alternative to address this matter. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of the eventual replacement of the LIBOR interest rate on the Credit Agreement.
Senior Notes Offering
On July 6, 2018, we issued $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Senior Notes in an offering to persons reasonably believed to be qualified institutional buyers in the United States pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and to certain non-U.S. persons in transactions outside the United States pursuant to Regulation S under the Securities Act. Interest on the Senior Notes accrues at a rate of 6.875% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on January 15 and July 15 of each year, commencing on January 15, 2019, and the Senior Notes mature on July 15, 2026. Terms of the Senior Notes are governed by an Indenture and First Supplemental Indenture thereto, each dated as of July 6, 2018, and a Second Supplemental Indenture thereto, dated as of April 30, 2020, as may be supplemented from time to time, among us, our subsidiaries that guarantee our obligations under the Credit Agreement and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee.
Convertible Notes
On November 15, 2019, our 4.25% Convertible Notes due 2019 (the “Convertible Notes”) matured, which resulted in the principal payment of $70.0 million and the issuance of 2,381,751 shares of our common stock for the premium associated with the Convertible Notes.
Letters of Credit, Surety Bonds and Financial Guarantees
We are often required to provide letters of credit and surety bonds to secure our performance under construction contracts, development agreements and other arrangements. The amount of such obligations outstanding at any time varies in accordance with our pending development activities. In the event any such bonds or letters of credit are drawn upon, we would be obligated to reimburse the issuer of such bonds or letters of credit.
Under these letters of credit, surety bonds and financial guarantees, we are committed to perform certain development and construction activities and provide certain guarantees in the normal course of business. Outstanding letters of credit, surety bonds and financial guarantees under these arrangements, totaled $143.8 million as of December 31, 2020. Although significant
development and construction activities have been completed related to the improvements at these sites, the letters of credit and surety bonds are not generally released until all development and construction activities are completed. We do not believe that it is probable that any outstanding letters of credit, surety bonds or financial guarantees as of December 31, 2020 will be drawn upon.
Stock Repurchase Program
In November 2018, we announced that our Board of Directors (the “Board”) authorized a stock repurchase program, pursuant to which we may purchase up to $50.0 million of shares of our common stock through open market transactions, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise in accordance with applicable laws. On October 30, 2020, the Board approved an increase in our stock repurchase program by an additional $300.0 million. For the year ended December 31, 2020, we repurchased 718,993 shares of our common stock for $48.1 million to be held as treasury stock. For the year ended December 31, 2019, we did not repurchase any shares of our common stock. A total of 757,993 shares of our common stock has been repurchased since our stock repurchase program commenced. As of December 31, 2020, we may purchase up to $300.4 million of shares of our common stock under our stock repurchase program. The timing, amount and other terms and conditions of any repurchases of shares of our common stock under our stock repurchase program will be determined by our management at its discretion based on a variety of factors, including the market price of our common stock, corporate considerations, general market and economic conditions and legal requirements. Our stock repurchase program may be modified, discontinued or suspended at any time.
Cash Flows
Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities was $202.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2020. The primary drivers of operating cash flows are typically cash earnings and changes in inventory levels, including land acquisition and development. Net cash provided by operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2020 was primarily driven by net income of $323.9 million, offset by cash outflows from the $70.2 million increase in the net change in real estate inventory, which was primarily related to our homes under construction and land acquisitions and development level of activity and a $59.5 million increase in the net change in accounts receivable.
Net cash used in operating activities was $41.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2019. The primary drivers of operating cash flows are typically cash earnings and changes in inventory levels, including land acquisition and development. Net cash used in operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2019 was primarily driven by net income of $178.6 million, and included cash outlays for the $266.6 million increase in the net change in real estate inventory, which was primarily related to our homes under construction and land acquisitions and development level of activity, offset by changes in non-inventory balances of $46.1 million.
Net cash used in operating activities was $116.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2018, was primarily driven by net income of $155.3 million, and included cash outlays for the $234.7 million increase in the net change in real estate inventory, which was primarily related to our homes under construction and land acquisitions and development level of activity and additional cash outlays due to changes in non-inventory balances of $37.3 million.
Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities was $5.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2020, which reflects the purchase of property and equipment.
Net cash used in investing activities was $1.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2019, which reflects the purchase of property and equipment.
Net cash used in investing activities was $74.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2018, primarily due to the business acquisition of Wynn Homes in 2018.
Financing Activities
Net cash used by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2020 was $198.9 million, primarily driven by $530.0 million of payments under the Credit Agreement and by the $48.1 million payment for shares of our common stock repurchased under our stock repurchase program to be held as treasury stock, offset by borrowings of $377.1 million under the Credit Agreement.
Net cash provided by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2019 was $35.4 million, primarily driven by net borrowings of $105.5 million under the Credit Agreement, offset by the principal payment of $70.0 million on the Convertible Notes upon their maturity.
Net cash provided by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2018 was $170.7 million, primarily driven by net borrowings from the issuance of $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Senior Notes, net payments of $106.2 million under the 2018 Credit Agreement and payments of $15.0 million on the Convertible Notes, partially offset by loan issuance costs.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
In the ordinary course of business, we enter into land purchase contracts in order to procure land and lots for the construction of our homes. We are subject to customary obligations associated with entering into contracts for the purchase of land and improved lots. These contracts typically require cash deposits and the purchase of properties under these contracts is generally contingent upon satisfaction of certain requirements by the sellers, which may include obtaining applicable property and development entitlements or the completion of development activities and the delivery of finished lots. We also utilize contracts with land sellers as a method of acquiring lots and land in staged takedowns, which helps us manage the financial and market risk associated with land holdings and minimize the use of funds from our corporate financing sources. Such contracts generally require a non-refundable deposit for the right to acquire land or lots over a specified period of time at pre-determined prices. We generally have the right at our discretion to terminate our obligations under purchase contracts during the initial feasibility period and receive a refund of our deposit, or we may terminate the contracts after the end of the feasibility period by forfeiting our cash deposit with no further financial obligations to the land seller. In addition, our deposit may also be refundable if the land seller does not satisfy all conditions precedent in the respective contract. As of December 31, 2020, we had $34.1 million of cash deposits pertaining to land purchase contracts for 26,236 lots with an aggregate purchase price of $663.0 million. Approximately $24.0 million of the cash deposits as of December 31, 2020 are secured by third-party guarantees or indemnity mortgages on the related property.
Our utilization of land purchase contracts is dependent on, among other things, the availability of land sellers willing to enter into contracts at acceptable terms, which may include option takedown arrangements, the availability of capital to financial intermediaries to finance the development of optioned lots, general housing conditions, and local market dynamics. Land purchase contracts may be more difficult to procure from land sellers in strong housing markets and are more prevalent in certain markets.
Inflation
Our business can be adversely impacted by inflation, primarily from higher land, financing, labor, material, and construction costs. In addition, inflation can lead to higher mortgage rates, which can significantly affect the affordability of mortgage financing to homebuyers.
Contractual Obligations
The following is a summary of our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2020 and the effect such obligations are expected to have on our liquidity and cash flows in future periods.
Payments due by period (in thousands)
Contractual Obligations
Total
Less
than
1 year 1-3
years 3-5
years More than
5 years
Borrowings:
Credit Agreement (a)
$ 246,621 $ - 246,621 $ - $ -
Senior Notes (b)
300,000 - - - 300,000
Inventory related obligations(c)
4,515 82 211 230 3,992
Interest and fees (d)
145,749 31,013 49,371 41,744 23,621
Operating leases 6,290 1,223 2,013 1,284 1,770
Total $ 703,175 $ 32,318 $ 298,216 $ 43,258 $ 329,383
(a)Represents borrowings under the Credit Agreement, which matures on May 31, 2023 with respect to 87% of the commitments thereunder and on May 31, 2022 with respect to 13% of the commitments thereunder. See Note 7 “Notes Payable” to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information regarding our long-term debt.
(b)Represents $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of our 6.875% Senior Notes due 2026. The Senior Notes mature on July 15, 2026. See Note 7 “Notes Payable” to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information regarding our long-term debt.
(c)The Company owns lots in certain communities that have Community Development Districts or similar utility and infrastructure development special assessment programs that allocate a fixed amount of debt service associated with development activities to each lot. Such obligations represent a non-cash cost of the lots.
(d)All of the outstanding borrowings under the Credit Agreement are at variable rates based on LIBOR, or subject to an interest rate floor. The interest rate for our variable rate indebtedness as of December 31, 2020 was LIBOR plus 2.35%. Fees under the Credit Agreement are approximately $0.1 million per year. Interest on the Senior Notes accrues at a rate of 6.875% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on January 15 and July 15 of each year. Inventory related obligations for infrastructure development attached to the land are subject to a fixed interest rate generally ranging from 3.93% to 7.32%, typically payable over a 30 year period, and are ultimately assumed by the homebuyer when home sales are closed.
Critical Accounting Policies
Discussed below are accounting policies that we believe are critical because of the significance of the activity to which they relate or because they require the use of significant judgment in their application.
Revenue Recognition
We recognize revenue upon the transfer of promised goods to our customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled by applying the following five-step process specified in the Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606).”
•Identify the contract(s) with a customer
•Identify the performance obligations
•Determine the transaction price
•Allocate the transaction price
•Recognize revenue when the performance obligations are met
Our contracts with customers include a single performance obligation to transfer a completed home to the customer. We generally determine selling price per home on the expected cost plus margin. Our contracts contain no significant financing terms as customers who finance do so through a third party. Performance obligations are satisfied at a moment in time when the home is complete and control of the asset is transferred to the customer at closing. Home sales proceeds are generally received from the title company within a few business days after closing.
Sales and broker commissions are incremental costs incurred to obtain a contract with a customer that would not have been incurred if the contract had not been obtained. Sales and broker commissions are expensed upon fulfillment of a home closing. Advertising costs are costs to obtain a contract that would have been incurred regardless of whether the contract was obtained and are recognized as an expense when incurred. Sales and broker commissions and advertising costs are recorded within sales and marketing expense presented in our consolidated statements of operations as selling expenses.
Real Estate Inventory and Cost of Home Sales
Inventory consists of land, land under development, finished lots, information centers, homes in progress and completed homes. Inventory is stated at cost unless the carrying amount is determined not to be recoverable, in which case inventory is written down to fair value.
Pre-acquisition costs, land, development and other project costs, including interest and property taxes, incurred during development and home construction, and net of expected reimbursements of development costs, are capitalized to real estate inventory. Pre-acquisition costs, land development and other common costs that benefit the entire community, including field construction supervision and related direct overhead, are allocated to individual lots or homes, as appropriate, on a pro rata basis which we believe approximates the costs that would be determined using an allocation method based on relative sales values since the individual lots or homes within a community are similar in value.
Changes to estimated total development costs subsequent to initial home closings in a community are allocated to the remaining unsold homes in the community on a prospective basis. Home construction costs and related carrying charges are allocated to the cost of individual homes using the specific identification method and are capitalized as they are incurred. Capitalized interest, property taxes, and other carrying costs are generally capitalized to real estate inventory from the point development begins to the point construction is completed. Costs associated with homes closed are charged to cost of sales simultaneously with revenue recognition.
Impairment of Real Estate Inventories
In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification Topic 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment, real estate inventory is evaluated for indicators of impairment by each community during each reporting period. In conducting our review for indicators of impairment on a community level, we evaluate, among other things, the margins on homes that have been closed, communities with slow moving inventory, projected margins on future home sales over the life of the community, and the
estimated fair value of the land. We pay particular attention to communities in which inventory is moving at a slower than anticipated absorption pace and communities whose average sales prices and/or margins are trending downward and are anticipated to continue to trend downward. Due largely to the relatively short development and construction periods for our communities and our growth, we have experienced limited circumstances during 2020, 2019 or 2018 that are indicators of impairment. Our future sales and margins may be impacted by our inability to realize continued growth, increased cost associated with holding and developing land, local economic factors, pressure on home sales prices, increased carrying costs, and insufficient access to labor and materials at reasonable costs. For individual communities with indicators of impairment, we perform additional analysis to estimate the community’s undiscounted future cash flows. If the estimated undiscounted future cash flows are greater than the carrying value of the asset, no impairment adjustment is required. If the undiscounted cash flows are less than the asset’s carrying value, the asset is impaired and is written down to its fair value. We estimate the fair value of communities using a discounted cash flow model; changes to the expected cash flows may lead to changes in the outcome of our impairment analysis.
The life cycle of a community generally ranges from two to five years, commencing with the acquisition of land, continuing through the land development phase and concluding with the construction and sale of homes. A constructed home is used as the community information center during the life of the community and then sold. Actual individual community lives will vary based on the size of the community, the sales absorption rate and whether the property was purchased as raw land or finished lots.
Impairment of Land and Land Under Development
For raw land, land under development and completed lots that our management anticipates will be utilized for future homebuilding activities or to be sold as finished lots to individuals, the recoverability of assets is measured by comparing the carrying amount of the assets to future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the assets based on home or lot sales, consistent with the evaluation of operating communities discussed above. As of December 31, 2020, we had not identified any raw land, land under development or completed lots that management intends to market for sale in bulk to a third-party.
Pre-acquisition Costs and Controlled Lots Not Owned
We enter into land purchase agreements in the ordinary course of business in order to secure land for the construction of homes in the future. Pursuant to these agreements, we typically provide a deposit to the seller as consideration for the right to purchase land at different times in the future, usually at predetermined prices. We do not have title to the property and our obligations with respect to the contracts are generally limited to the forfeiture of the related nonrefundable cash deposits.
To the extent that any deposits are nonrefundable and the associated land acquisition process is terminated or no longer determined probable, the deposit and any related pre-acquisition costs (e.g. due diligence costs) are charged to general and administrative expense. We review the likelihood of the acquisition of contracted lots in conjunction with our periodic real estate impairment analysis.
Warranty Reserves
We typically provide homebuyers with a one-year warranty on the house and a ten-year limited warranty for major defects in structural elements. Estimated future direct warranty costs are accrued and charged to cost of sales in connection with our home sales.
Our warranty liability is based upon historical warranty cost experience on a per house basis established based on (i) trends in historical warranty payment levels, (ii) the historical range of amounts paid per house, (iii) any warranty expenditures not considered to be normal and recurring, and is adjusted as appropriate to reflect qualitative risks associated with the types of homes built, the geographic areas in which they are built, and potential impacts of our expansion. Our analysis also considers improvements in quality control and construction techniques expected to impact future warranty expenditures and the expertise of our personnel. Our warranty reserves are reviewed quarterly to assess the reasonableness and adequacy and we make adjustments to the balance of the pre-existing reserves, as needed, to reflect changes in trends and historical data as information becomes available.
Taxes
We utilize the liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under the liability method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized using enacted tax rates for the effect of temporary differences between the book and tax bases of recorded assets and liabilities, changes in tax rate are recognized in the year of enactment. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the net deferred tax assets will not be realized. Our ability to realize deferred tax assets is assessed throughout the year and a valuation allowance is established, if required. We recognize the impact of a tax position only if it is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination based on the technical
merits of the position. We recognize potential interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense, as applicable.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Our operations are interest rate sensitive. As overall housing demand is adversely affected by increases in interest rates, a significant increase in mortgage interest rates may negatively affect the ability of homebuyers to secure adequate financing. Higher interest rates could adversely affect our revenues, gross margin, and net income. We do not enter into, or intend to enter into, derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Interest Rate Risk
We utilize both fixed-rate debt ($300.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Senior Notes and certain inventory related obligations) and variable-rate debt (our $650.0 million Credit Agreement) as part of financing our operations. We do not have the obligation to prepay the Senior Notes or our fixed-rate inventory related obligations prior to maturity, and, as a result, interest rate risk and changes in fair market value should not have a significant impact on our fixed-rate debt.
We are exposed to market risks related to fluctuations in interest rates on our outstanding variable rate indebtedness. In November 2020, we entered into a three-year interest rate cap of LIBOR of 0.70% to hedge a portion of our Credit Agreement risk exposure and future variable cash flows associated with LIBOR interest rates. We have not entered into and currently do not hold derivatives for trading or speculative purposes, but we may do so in the future. Many of the statements contained in this section are forward looking and should be read in conjunction with our disclosures under the heading “Cautionary Statement about Forward-Looking Statements” in Item 1A. Risk Factors.
As of December 31, 2020, we had $246.6 million of variable rate indebtedness outstanding under the Credit Agreement. All of the outstanding borrowings under the Credit Agreement are at variable rates based on LIBOR. The interest rate for our variable rate indebtedness as of December 31, 2020 was LIBOR plus 2.35%. At December 31, 2020, LIBOR was 0.15%, subject to the 0.70% LIBOR floor as included in the Credit Agreement. A hypothetical 100 basis point increase in the average
interest rate above the LIBOR floor on our variable rate indebtedness would increase our annual interest cost by approximately $2.5 million.
Based on the current interest rate management policies we have in place with respect to our outstanding indebtedness, we do not believe that the future interest rate risks related to our existing indebtedness will have a material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations, or liquidity.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of LGI Homes, Inc.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of LGI Homes, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of operations, equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 Framework), and our report dated February 25, 2021 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Land development costs
Description of the Matter At December 31, 2020, the Company’s cost of sales was approximately $1.8 billion, which includes construction costs of each closed home and allocable land acquisition and land development costs, capitalized interest, and other related costs. As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, land development costs that are not specifically identifiable to a home are allocated on a pro rata basis. At the time of home closings, land development activities are not yet finalized. To recognize the appropriate amount of cost of sales, the Company estimates the total remaining development costs. Estimates are affected by changes to the land development project’s schedule; the cost of labor, material, and subcontractors; and potential cost reimbursements from various municipalities.
Auditing the Company's land development cost measurement and allocation to unsold lots and homes was complex and subjective due to the significant estimation required to determine the costs to complete land development. Specifically, the land development cost estimate is sensitive to significant management assumptions, including the project’s schedule, estimated cost of labor and potential reimbursements.
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit We obtained an understanding and tested the design and operating effectiveness of the Company's process and controls over its land development cost measurement and allocation to unsold lots and homes, including controls over management's review of the estimated costs to complete.
To test the Company's land development cost measurement and allocation to unsold lots and homes, our audit procedures included, among others, testing the significant assumptions used to develop the estimated costs to complete the land development projects and testing the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data and allocation calculation. For example, we compared the estimated land development costs to actual costs of similar communities developed by the Company; agreed the estimated development costs and cost reimbursements to supporting documentation, including underlying contracts; and performed observational procedures to understand the completeness of development activities included in the estimated land development costs. In addition, we performed lookback analyses to historical actual costs to assess management’s ability to estimate and performed sensitivity analyses of the significant assumptions to evaluate the changes in total costs of land development that would result from changes in these assumptions.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2013.
Houston, Texas
February 25, 2021
LGI HOMES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except share data)
December 31,
2020 2019
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents $ 35,942 $ 38,345
Accounts receivable 115,939 56,390
Real estate inventory 1,569,489 1,499,624
Pre-acquisition costs and deposits 37,213 37,244
Property and equipment, net 3,618 1,632
Other assets 44,882 16,241
Deferred tax assets, net 6,986 4,621
Goodwill 12,018 12,018
Total assets $ 1,826,087 $ 1,666,115
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Accounts payable $ 13,676 $ 12,495
Accrued expenses and other liabilities 135,008 117,868
Notes payable 538,398 690,559
Total liabilities 687,082 820,922
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
EQUITY
Common stock, par value $0.01, 250,000,000 shares authorized, 26,741,554 shares issued and 24,983,561 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2020 and 26,398,409 shares issued and 25,359,409 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2019
267 264
Additional paid-in capital 270,598 252,603
Retained earnings 934,277 610,382
Treasury stock, at cost, 1,757,993 shares and 1,039,000 shares, respectively
(66,137) (18,056)
Total equity 1,139,005 845,193
Total liabilities and equity $ 1,826,087 $ 1,666,115
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
LGI HOMES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In thousands, except share and per share data)
For the Year Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018
Home sales revenues $ 2,367,929 $ 1,838,154 $ 1,504,400
Cost of sales 1,764,832 1,401,675 1,124,484
Selling expenses 148,366 131,561 109,460
General and administrative 90,021 77,380 70,345
Operating income 364,710 227,538 200,111
Loss on extinguishment of debt - 169 3,599
Other income, net (3,139) (4,463) (2,586)
Net income before income taxes 367,849 231,832 199,098
Income tax provision 43,954 53,224 43,812
Net income $ 323,895 $ 178,608 $ 155,286
Earnings per share:
Basic $ 12.89 $ 7.70 $ 6.89
Diluted $ 12.76 $ 7.02 $ 6.24
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic 25,135,077 23,191,595 22,551,762
Diluted 25,380,560 25,430,841 24,892,274
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
LGI HOMES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
(In thousands, except share data)
Common Stock Additional Paid-In Capital Retained Earnings Treasury Stock Total Equity
Shares Amount
BALANCE-December 31, 2017 22,845,580 $ 228 $ 229,680 $ 276,488 $ (16,550) $ 489,846
Net income - - - 155,286 - 155,286
Issuance of shares in settlement of Convertible Notes 486,679 5 (482) - - (477)
Issuance of shares, Wynn Homes Acquisition 70,746 1 3,999 - - 4,000
Repurchase of shares - - - - (1,506) (1,506)
Issuance of restricted stock units in settlement of accrued bonuses - - 181 - - 181
Compensation expense for equity awards - - 5,923 - - 5,923
Stock issued under employee incentive plans 343,380 3 2,687 - - 2,690
BALANCE-December 31, 2018 23,746,385 $ 237 $ 241,988 $ 431,774 $ (18,056) $ 655,943
Net income - - - 178,608 - 178,608
Issuance of shares in settlement of Convertible Notes 2,381,751 24 (24) - - -
Issuance of restricted stock units in settlement of accrued bonuses - - 217 - - 217
Compensation expense for equity awards - - 7,539 - - 7,539
Stock issued under employee incentive plans 270,273 3 2,883 - - 2,886
BALANCE-December 31, 2019 26,398,409 $ 264 $ 252,603 $ 610,382 $ (18,056) $ 845,193
Net income - - - 323,895 - 323,895
Repurchase of shares - - - - (48,081) (48,081)
Issuance of restricted stock units in settlement of accrued bonuses - - 222 - - 222
Compensation expense for equity awards - - 13,517 - - 13,517
Stock issued under employee incentive plans 343,145 3 4,256 - - 4,259
BALANCE-December 31, 2020 26,741,554 $ 267 $ 270,598 $ 934,277 $ (66,137) $ 1,139,005
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
LGI HOMES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
For the Year Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income $ 323,895 $ 178,608 $ 155,286
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization 710 643 711
Loss on extinguishment of debt - 169 3,588
Loss (gain) on disposal of assets (4) 37 6
Compensation expense for equity awards 13,517 7,539 5,937
Deferred income taxes (2,365) (1,831) (724)
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable (59,549) (13,554) 1,870
Real estate inventory (70,228) (266,651) (234,664)
Pre-acquisition costs and deposits 32 8,507 (18,853)
Other assets (25,686) 6,228 (1,398)
Accounts payable 1,181 3,254 (2,779)
Accrued expenses and other liabilities 20,655 35,117 (25,703)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities 202,158 (41,934) (116,723)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment, net (2,692) (734) (475)
Investment in unconsolidated entity (2,956) (1,059) -
Payment for business acquisition - - (74,463)
Net cash used in investing activities (5,648) (1,793) (74,938)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from notes payable 377,064 309,308 612,717
Payments on notes payable (530,000) (273,762) (436,238)
Loan issuance costs (2,155) (2,984) (6,741)
Proceeds from sale of stock, net of offering expenses 4,259 2,886 2,690
Stock repurchase (48,081) - (1,506)
Payment for offering costs - - (76)
Payment for earnout obligation - - (132)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities (198,913) 35,448 170,714
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents (2,403) (8,279) (20,947)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year 38,345 46,624 67,571
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year $ 35,942 $ 38,345 $ 46,624
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
LGI HOMES, INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. ORGANIZATION AND BUSINESS
Organization and Description of the Business
LGI Homes, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”, “we,” “us,” or “our”), is headquartered in The Woodlands, Texas. We engage in the design, construction and sale of new homes in markets in Texas, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, New Mexico, Colorado, North Carolina, South Carolina, Washington, Tennessee, Minnesota, Oklahoma, Alabama, California, Oregon, Nevada, West Virginia, Virginia and Pennsylvania.
Acquisition
On August 2, 2018, we acquired certain homebuilding assets owned by Crosswind Properties, LLC, Wynn Construction, Inc., Crosswind Development, Inc., Crosswind Investments, Inc. and First Continental Communities, Inc. (collectively, “Wynn Homes”), and assumed certain related liabilities. As a result of the Wynn Homes acquisition, we expanded our North Carolina presence in the Raleigh market, as well as established an immediate presence in the Wilmington market. We acquired approximately 200 homes under construction and more than 4,000 owned and controlled lots. The total purchase price for the Wynn Homes acquisition was approximately $78.5 million, consisting of approximately $74.5 million in cash and $4.0 million in shares of our common stock. The acquisition was accounted for in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 805, Business Combinations (“ASC 805”).
COVID-19
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the current outbreak of the novel strain of coronavirus (“COVID-19”) to be a global pandemic, and on March 13, 2020, the United States declared a national emergency. In response to these declarations and the rapid spread of COVID-19, federal, state and local governments imposed varying degrees of restrictions on business and social activities to contain COVID-19, including business shutdowns and closures, travel restrictions, quarantines, curfews, shelter-in-place orders and “stay-at-home” orders in certain of our markets. State and local authorities have also implemented multi-step policies with the goal of re-opening various sectors of the economy. However, certain jurisdictions began re-opening only to return to restrictions in the face of increases in new COVID-19 cases, while other jurisdictions are continuing to re-open or have nearly completed the re-opening process despite increases in COVID-19 cases. The COVID-19 outbreak may significantly worsen in the United States during the upcoming months, which may cause federal, state and local governments to reconsider restrictions on business and social activities. In the event governments increase restrictions, the re-opening of the economy may be further curtailed. We have experienced some resulting disruptions to our business operations, as these restrictions have significantly impacted, and may continue to impact, many sectors of the economy, with various businesses curtailing or ceasing normal operations and subsequently attempting to resume operations. In March 2020, certain markets in which we do business temporarily stopped our construction of homes. Beginning in April 2020, we resumed construction of homes in those markets. Although we continued to build and sell homes in all of our markets, at that time the pace of sales declined and we experienced an increase in the rate of contract cancellations. Since May 2020, the pace of sales has rebounded and we have experienced a sustained increase in demand in our markets. The ultimate impacts of COVID-19 and related mitigation efforts will depend on future developments, including, but not limited to, the duration and geographic spread of COVID-19, the impact of government actions designed to prevent the spread of COVID-19, the availability and timely distribution of effective treatments and vaccines, actions taken by customers, subcontractors, suppliers and other third parties, workforce availability, and the timing and extent to which normal economic and operating conditions resume. While we cannot reasonably estimate the length or severity of this pandemic, an extended economic slowdown in the United States could materially impact our consolidated financial statements in 2021 and beyond.
2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Basis of Presentation
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) and include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results
could differ from those estimates, and these differences could have a significant impact on the financial statements. The significant accounting estimates include real estate inventory and cost of sales, impairment of real estate inventory and property and equipment, warranty reserves, loss contingencies, incentive compensation expense, and income taxes.
Cash and Cash Equivalents and Concentration of Credit Risk
Cash and cash equivalents are defined as cash on hand, demand deposits with financial institutions, and short-term liquid investments with an initial maturity date of less than three months. Our cash in demand deposit accounts may exceed federally insured limits and could be negatively impacted if the underlying financial institutions fail or are subject to other adverse conditions in the financial markets. To date, we have experienced no loss or diminished access to cash in our demand deposit accounts.
Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable consist primarily of proceeds due from title companies for sales closed prior to period end and are generally collected within a few days from closing.
Real Estate Inventory
Inventory consists of land, land under development, finished lots, information centers, homes in progress, and completed homes. Inventory is stated at cost unless the carrying amount is determined not to be recoverable, in which case the affected inventory is written down to fair value.
Land, development and other project costs, including interest and property taxes incurred during development and home construction, net of expected reimbursable development costs, are capitalized to real estate inventory. Land development and other common costs that benefit the entire community, including field construction supervision and related direct overhead, are allocated to individual lots or homes, as appropriate. The costs of lots are transferred to homes in progress when home construction begins. Home construction costs and related carrying charges are allocated to the cost of individual homes using the specific identification method. Costs that are not specifically identifiable to a home are allocated on a pro rata basis, which we believe approximates the costs that would be determined using an allocation method based on relative sales values since the individual lots or homes within a community are similar in value. Inventory costs for completed homes are expensed to cost of sales as homes are closed. Changes to estimated total development costs subsequent to initial home closings in a community are generally allocated to the remaining unsold lots and homes in the community on a pro rata basis.
The life cycle of a community generally ranges from two to five years, commencing with the acquisition of land, continuing through the land development phase, and concluding with the construction and sale of homes. A constructed home is used as the community information center during the life of the community and then sold. Actual individual community lives will vary based on the size of the community, the sales absorption rate, and whether the property was purchased as raw land or finished lots.
In accordance with ASC Topic 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment, real estate inventory is evaluated for indicators of impairment by each community during each reporting period. In conducting its review for indicators of impairment on a community level, management evaluates, among other things, the margins on homes that have been closed, communities with slow moving inventory, projected margins on future home sales over the life of the community, and the estimated fair value of the land. For individual communities with indicators of impairment, additional analysis is performed to estimate the community’s undiscounted future cash flows. If the estimated undiscounted future cash flows are greater than the carrying value of the community group of assets, no impairment adjustment is required. If the undiscounted cash flows are less than the community’s carrying value, the asset group is impaired and is written down to its fair value. We estimate the fair value of communities using a discounted cash flow model. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the real estate inventory is stated at cost; there were no inventory impairment charges recorded during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018.
Capitalized Interest
Interest and other financing costs are capitalized as cost of inventory during community development and home construction activities, in accordance with ASC Topic 835, Interest and expensed in cost of sales as homes in the community are closed. To the extent the debt exceeds qualified assets, a portion of the interest incurred is expensed.
Pre-Acquisition Costs and Deposits
Amounts paid for land options, deposits on land purchase contracts, and other pre-acquisition costs are capitalized and classified as deposits to purchase. Upon execution of the purchase, these deposits are applied to the acquisition price of the land and recorded as a cost component of the land in real estate inventory. To the extent that any deposits are nonrefundable and the associated land acquisition process is terminated or no longer determined probable, the deposit and related pre-acquisition costs
are charged to general and administrative expenses. Management reviews the likelihood of the acquisition of contracted lots in conjunction with its periodic real estate impairment analysis.
Under ASC Topic 810, Consolidation (“ASC 810”), a nonrefundable deposit paid to an entity is deemed to be a variable interest that will absorb some or all of the entity’s expected losses if they occur. Non-refundable land purchase and lot option deposits generally represent our maximum exposure if we elect not to purchase the optioned property. In some instances, we may also expend funds for due diligence, development and construction activities with respect to optioned land prior to close. Such costs are classified as preacquisition costs, which we would have to absorb should the option not be exercised. Therefore, whenever we enter into a land option or purchase contract with an entity and make a nonrefundable deposit, we may have a variable interest in a variable interest entity (“VIE”). In accordance with ASC 810, we perform ongoing reassessments of whether we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE and would consolidate the VIE if we are deemed to be the primary beneficiary. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, we were not deemed to be the primary beneficiary for any VIEs associated with non-refundable land deposits.
Deferred Loan Costs
Deferred loan costs represent debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability and are presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability.
Other Assets
Other assets consist primarily of prepaid insurance, prepaid expenses, security deposits, right-of-use (“ROU”) assets, municipal utility district reimbursements, and income tax receivables related to the federal energy efficient homes tax credit. Our prepaid insurance and prepaid expenses were $6.5 million and $7.8 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Property and Equipment, Net
Property, building, software, computer equipment and leasehold improvements are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation expense is recorded in general and administrative expenses. Upon sale or retirement, the costs and related accumulated depreciation are eliminated from the respective accounts and any resulting gain or loss is included in other income, net. Depreciation is generally computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, ranging from two to five years for property and equipment and 30 years for our building. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the asset life or the term of the lease. Maintenance and repair costs are expensed as incurred.
Impairments of long-lived assets are determined periodically when indicators of impairment are present. If such indicators are present, the determination of the amount of impairment is based on judgments as to the future undiscounted operating cash flows to be generated from these assets throughout the remaining estimated useful lives. If these undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the related asset, impairment is recognized for the excess of the carrying value over its fair value. There were no impairments of property, equipment and leasehold improvements recorded during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018.
Investment in Unconsolidated Entity
We have an investment in a unconsolidated entity with an independent third party. The equity method of accounting is used for unconsolidated entities over which we have significant influence; generally, this represents ownership interests of at least 20% and not more than 50%. Under the equity method of accounting, we recognize our proportionate share of the earnings and losses of this entity. In the event we buy land from this entity we intend to defer the recognition of profits from such activities until the time we ultimately sell the related land.
We evaluate our investment in the unconsolidated entity for recoverability in accordance with ASC Topic 323, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures. If we determine that a loss in the value of the investment is other than temporary, we write down the investment to its estimated fair value. Any such losses are recorded to equity in (earnings) loss of unconsolidated entities, which is reflected in other income, net. Due to uncertainties in the estimation process and the significant volatility in demand for new housing, actual results could differ significantly from such estimates.
Goodwill and Intangible Assets
The excess of the purchase price of a business acquisition over the net fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is capitalized as goodwill in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations. Goodwill and intangible assets that do not have finite lives are not amortized, but are assessed for impairment at least annually or more frequently if certain impairment indicators are present. The $12.0 million of goodwill is related to the reorganization transactions completed in connection with the initial public offering of our common stock in November 2013. In applying the goodwill impairment test, we have the option to perform a qualitative test. Under the optional qualitative test, we first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting units is less than their carrying value. Qualitative factors may include,
but are not limited to, economic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, overall financial performance of the reporting unit and other entity and reporting unit specific events. If after assessing these qualitative factors, we determine it is “more-likely-than-not” that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying value, then performing a quantitative test is necessary. Annually, we have performed a qualitative analysis and determined that it is not “more likely than not” that the fair values of the reporting units were less than their carrying amounts. No goodwill impairment charges were recorded in 2020, 2019 and 2018.
Warranty Reserves
Future direct warranty costs are accrued and charged to cost of sales in the period when the related home is closed. Our warranty liability is based upon historical warranty cost experience and is adjusted as appropriate to reflect qualitative risks associated with the types of homes built, the geographic areas in which they are built, and potential impacts of our continued expansion.
Warranty reserves are reviewed quarterly to assess the reasonableness and adequacy and adjusted, as needed, to reflect changes in trends and historical data as information becomes available.
Customer Deposits
Customer deposits are received upon signing a purchase contract and are typically $1,000 to $5,000. Deposits are generally refundable if the customer is unable to obtain financing. Forfeited buyer deposits related to home sales are recognized in other income in the period in which it is determined that the buyer will not complete the purchase of the property and the deposit is nonrefundable to the buyer.
Home Sales
In accordance with ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, revenues from home sales are recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. Revenues from home sales are recorded at the time each home sale is closed, title and possession are transferred to the customer and we have no significant continuing involvement with the home. Home sales discounts and incentives granted to customers, which are related to the customers’ closing costs that we pay on the customers’ behalf, are recorded as a reduction of revenue in our consolidated financial statements of operations.
Cost of Sales
As discussed under “-Real Estate Inventory” above, cost of sales for homes closed include the construction costs of each home and allocable land acquisition and land development costs, capitalized interest, and other related common costs (both incurred and estimated to be incurred).
Selling and Commission Costs
Sales commissions are paid and expensed based on homes closed. Other selling costs are expensed in the period incurred.
Advertising Costs
Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising costs were $10.7 million, $20.2 million and $17.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively.
Income Taxes
We are a taxable entity subject to federal and state taxes. We utilize the liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under the liability method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized using enacted tax rates for the effect of temporary differences between the book and tax bases of recorded assets and liabilities. Changes in tax rate are recognized in the year of enactment. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the net deferred tax assets will not be realized. Our ability to realize deferred tax assets is assessed throughout the year and a valuation allowance is established, if required. We recognize the impact of a tax position only if it is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination based on the technical merits of the position. We recognize potential interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense.
Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share is based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. Diluted earnings per share is based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock and dilutive securities outstanding. In accordance with ASC 260-10, Earnings Per Share, we calculated the dilutive effect of our 4.25% Convertible Notes due 2019 (the “Convertible Notes”) using the treasury stock method, since we had the intent and ability to settle the principal amount of
the outstanding Convertible Notes in cash. The Convertible Notes matured and were repaid in full on November 15, 2019. Prior to the maturity of the Convertible Notes, we included the effect of the additional potential dilutive shares if our common stock price exceeded the conversion price of $21.52 per share under the treasury stock method. Diluted earnings per share excludes all dilutive potential shares of common stock if their effect is antidilutive.
Stock-Based Compensation
Compensation costs for non-performance-based restricted stock awards are measured using the closing price of our common stock on the date of grant and are expensed on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award. Compensation costs for performance-based restricted stock awards also contain a market condition. These costs are measured using the derived grant date fair value, based on a third party valuation analysis, and are expensed in accordance with ASC 718-10-25-20, Compensation - Stock Compensation, which requires an assessment of probability of attainment of the performance target. Once the performance target outcome is determined to be probable, the cumulative expense is adjusted, as needed, to recognize compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the award’s requisite service period.
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
On January 1, 2020, we adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2018-15, “Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer's Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract” (“ASU 2018-15”), which requires entities that are customers in cloud computing arrangements to defer implementation costs if they would be capitalized by the entity in software licensing arrangements under the internal-use software guidance. ASU 2018-15 was effective for us beginning January 1, 2020. The guidance may be applied retrospectively or prospectively to implementation costs incurred after the date of adoption. The adoption of ASU 2018-15 did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements or disclosures.
On January 1, 2020, we adopted the FASB ASU No. 2018-13, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820) Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement” (“ASU 2018-13”), which modifies the disclosure requirements of fair value measurements. ASU 2018-13 was effective for us beginning January 1, 2020. Certain disclosures are required to be applied on a retrospective basis and others on a prospective basis. The adoption of ASU 2018-13 did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements or disclosures.
On January 1, 2020, we adopted the FASB ASU No. 2017-04, “Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Accounting for Goodwill Impairment” (“ASU 2017-04”), which removes the requirement to perform a hypothetical purchase price allocation to measure goodwill impairment. A goodwill impairment will now be the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. ASU 2017-04 was effective for us beginning January 1, 2020, with early adoption permitted, and applied prospectively. The adoption of ASU 2017-04 did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements or disclosures.
On January 1, 2020, we adopted the FASB ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” (“ASU 2016-13”), which changes the impairment model for most financial assets and certain other instruments from an “incurred loss” approach to a new “expected credit loss” methodology. ASU 2016-13 was effective for us beginning January 1, 2020, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of ASU 2016-13 did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements or disclosures.
3. REVENUES
Revenue Recognition
Revenues from home sales are recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. Revenues from home sales are recorded at the time each home sale is closed, title and possession are transferred to the customer and we have no significant continuing involvement with the home. Home sales discounts and incentives granted to customers, which are related to the customers’ closing costs that we pay on the customers’ behalf, are recorded as a reduction of revenue in our consolidated financial statements of operations.
The following table presents our home sales revenues disaggregated by revenue stream (in thousands):
For the Year Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018
Retail home sales revenues $ 2,191,301 $ 1,714,277 $ 1,394,475
Wholesale home sales revenues 176,628 123,877 109,925
Total home sales revenues $ 2,367,929 $ 1,838,154 $ 1,504,400
The following table presents our home sales revenues disaggregated by geography, based on our determined reportable segments in Note 15 (in thousands):
For the Year Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018
Central $ 850,375 $ 724,981 $ 623,751
Southeast 559,226 347,817 271,073
Northwest 389,523 304,294 277,567
West 286,130 271,186 151,059
Florida 282,675 189,876 180,950
Home sales revenues $ 2,367,929 $ 1,838,154 $ 1,504,400
Home Sales Revenues
We generate revenues primarily by delivering move-in ready entry-level and move-up spec homes sold under our LGI Homes brand and our luxury series spec homes sold under our Terrata Homes brand.
Retail homes sold under both our LGI Homes brand and Terrata Homes brand focus on providing move-in ready homes with standardized features within favorable markets that meet certain demographic and economic conditions. Our LGI Homes brand primarily markets to entry-level or first-time homebuyers, while our luxury Terrata Homes brand primarily markets to move-up homebuyers.
Wholesale homes are primarily sold under a bulk sales agreement and focus on providing move-in ready homes with standardized features to real estate investors that will ultimately use the single-family homes as rental properties.
Performance Obligations
Our contracts with customers include a single performance obligation to transfer a completed home to the customer. We generally determine selling price per home on the expected cost plus margin. Our contracts contain no significant financing terms as customers who finance do so through a third party. Performance obligations are satisfied at a moment in time when the home is complete and control of the asset is transferred to the customer at closing. Home sales proceeds are generally received from the title company within a few business days after closing.
Sales and broker commissions are incremental costs incurred to obtain a contract with a customer that would not have been incurred if the contract had not been obtained. Sales and broker commissions are expensed upon fulfillment of a home closing. Advertising costs are costs to obtain a contract that would have been incurred regardless of whether the contract was obtained and are recognized as an expense when incurred. Sales and broker commissions and advertising costs are recorded within sales and marketing expense presented in our consolidated statements of operations as selling expenses.
4. REAL ESTATE INVENTORY
Our real estate inventory consists of the following (in thousands):
December 31,
2020 2019
Land, land under development, and finished lots $ 981,838 $ 912,651
Information centers 30,201 26,959
Homes in progress 337,364 234,470
Completed homes 220,086 325,544
Total real estate inventory $ 1,569,489 $ 1,499,624
See “Real Estate Inventory” under Note 2 for more information.
Interest and financing costs incurred under our debt obligations, as more fully discussed in Note 7, are capitalized to qualifying real estate projects under development and homes under construction.
5. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT
Property and equipment consist of the following (in thousands):
December 31,
Asset Life 2020 2019
(years)
Computer software and equipment 2-5
$ 3,152 $ 1,395
Machinery and equipment 5
147 154
Furniture and fixtures 2-5
4,290 3,758
Buildings 30
145 145
Leasehold improvements 5
682 272
Total property and equipment 8,416 5,724
Less: Accumulated depreciation (4,798) (4,092)
Property and equipment, net $ 3,618 $ 1,632
Depreciation expense incurred for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 was $0.7 million, $0.6 million and $0.7 million, respectively.
6. ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER LIABILITIES
Accrued and other liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):
December 31,
2020 2019
Taxes payable $ 26,181 $ 28,679
Real estate inventory development and construction payable 29,938 35,870
Accrued compensation, bonuses and benefits 28,579 16,748
Accrued interest 10,853 11,361
Inventory related obligations 4,515 7,808
Lease liability 5,287 5,645
Warranty reserve 5,350 3,500
Contract deposits 17,151 2,502
Other 7,154 5,755
Total accrued expenses and other liabilities $ 135,008 $ 117,868
Inventory Related Obligations
We own lots in certain communities in Arizona, Florida, and Texas that have Community Development Districts or similar utility and infrastructure development special assessment programs that allocate a fixed amount of debt service associated with development activities to each lot. This obligation for infrastructure development is attached to the land, which is typically payable over a 30-year period, and is ultimately assumed by the homebuyer when home sales are closed. Such obligations represent a non-cash cost of the lots.
Estimated Warranty Reserve
We typically provide homebuyers with a one-year warranty on the house and a ten-year limited warranty for major defects in structural elements such as framing components and foundation systems.
Changes to our warranty accrual are as follows (in thousands):
December 31,
2020 2019 2018
Warranty reserves, beginning of period $ 3,500 $ 2,950 $ 2,450
Warranty provision 7,040 5,286 4,438
Warranty expenditures (5,190) (4,736) (3,938)
Warranty reserves, end of period $ 5,350 $ 3,500 $ 2,950
7. NOTES PAYABLE
Revolving Credit Agreement
On April 30, 2020, we entered into the Second Amendment to Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the “Second Amendment”), which amends the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of May 6, 2019 (as amended by the Lender Addition and Acknowledgement Agreement and First Amendment to Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of December 6, 2019, the “2019 Credit Agreement” and, together with the Second Amendment, the “Credit Agreement”), with several financial institutions, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent. In the Second Amendment, certain lenders agreed to extend the maturity of their commitments, while another lender agreed to extend the maturity of its commitment subsequent to the execution of the Second Amendment. Lenders with $566.0 million, or 87%, of the $650.0 million of commitments under the 2019 Credit Agreement agreed to extend the maturity of their commitments to May 31, 2023, with the remaining lenders retaining their existing maturity of May 31, 2022. The Second Amendment also reduced the minimum EBITDA to interest expense ratio from 2.50 to 1.75, increased the sublimit for letters of credit to $40.0 million and established a London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) floor of 0.70%. The Credit Agreement otherwise has substantially similar terms and provisions to the 2019 Credit Agreement and continues to provide for a $650.0 million revolving credit facility, which can be increased at the request of the Company by up to $100.0 million, subject to the terms and conditions of the Credit Agreement.
The Credit Agreement matures on May 31, 2023 with respect to 87% of the commitments thereunder and on May 31, 2022 with respect to 13% of the commitments thereunder. Before each anniversary of the Credit Agreement, we may request a one-year extension of its maturity date. The Credit Agreement is guaranteed by each of our subsidiaries that have gross assets equal to or greater than $0.5 million. The borrowings and letters of credit outstanding under the Credit Agreement, together with the outstanding principal balance of our 6.875% Senior Notes due 2026 (the “Senior Notes”), may not exceed the borrowing base under the Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2020, the borrowing base under the Credit Agreement was $949.6 million, of which borrowings, including the Senior Notes, of $546.6 million were outstanding, $10.5 million of letters of credit were outstanding and $392.5 million was available to borrow under the Credit Agreement.
Interest is paid monthly on borrowings under the Credit Agreement at LIBOR plus 2.35%. The Credit Agreement applicable margin for LIBOR loans ranges from 2.35% to 2.75% based on our leverage ratio. At December 31, 2020, LIBOR was 0.15%; however, the Credit Agreement has a 0.70% LIBOR floor.
The Credit Agreement contains various financial covenants, including a minimum tangible net worth, a leverage ratio, a minimum liquidity amount and an EBITDA to interest expense ratio. The Credit Agreement contains various covenants that, among other restrictions, limit the amount of our additional debt and our ability to make certain investments. At December 31, 2020, we were in compliance with all of the covenants contained in the Credit Agreement.
Senior Notes Offering
On July 6, 2018, we issued $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Senior Notes in an offering to persons reasonably believed to be qualified institutional buyers in the United States pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and to certain non-U.S. persons in transactions outside the United States pursuant to Regulation S under the Securities Act. Interest on the Senior Notes accrues at a rate of 6.875% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on January 15 and July 15 of each year, commencing on January 15, 2019, and the Senior Notes mature on July 15, 2026. Terms of the Senior Notes are governed by an Indenture and First Supplemental Indenture thereto, each dated as of July 6, 2018, and a Second Supplemental Indenture thereto, dated as of April 30, 2020, as may be supplemented from time to time, among us, our subsidiaries that guarantee our obligations under the Credit Agreement and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee.
Convertible Notes
In November 2014, we issued $85.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Convertible Notes pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirements afforded by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act.
On November 15, 2019, the Convertible Notes matured, which resulted in the principal payment of $70.0 million and the issuance of 2,381,751 shares of our common stock for the premium associated with the Convertible Notes.
Notes payable consist of the following (in thousands):
December 31,
2020 2019
Notes payable under the Credit Agreement ($650.0 million revolving credit facility at December 31, 2020) maturing in part on May 31, 2022 and in part on May 31, 2023; interest paid monthly at LIBOR plus 2.35%; net of debt issuance costs of approximately $4.9 million and $5.0 million at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively
$ 241,717 $ 394,531
6.875% Senior Notes due July 15, 2026; interest paid semi-annually at 6.875%; net of debt issuance costs of approximately $1.9 million and $2.2 million at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively; and approximately $1.4 million and $1.8 million in unamortized discount at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively
296,681 296,028
Total notes payable $ 538,398 $ 690,559
As of December 31, 2020, the annual aggregate maturities of notes payable during each of the next five fiscal years are as follows (in thousands):
Amount
2021 $ -
2022 32,061
2023 214,560
2024 -
2025 -
Thereafter 300,000
Total notes payable 546,621
Less: Debt discount (1,438)
Less: Debt issuance costs (6,785)
Net notes payable $ 538,398
Capitalized Interest
Interest activity, including other financing costs, for notes payable for the periods presented is as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018
Interest incurred $ 37,285 $ 45,555 $ 38,216
Less: Amounts capitalized (37,285) (45,555) (38,216)
Interest expense $ - $ - $ -
Cash paid for interest $ 34,924 $ 42,438 $ 23,376
Included in interest incurred for the year ended December 31, 2020 was amortization of deferred financing costs for notes payable and amortization of the Senior Notes discounts of $2.9 million. Included in interest incurred for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 was amortization of deferred financing costs for notes payable and amortization of the Convertible Notes and Senior Notes discounts of $4.1 million and $4.6 million, respectively.
8. INCOME TAXES
The provision for income taxes consisted of the following (in thousands):
Year ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018
Current:
Federal $ 35,207 $ 47,886 $ 39,053
State 11,112 7,169 5,483
Current tax provision 46,319 55,055 44,536
Deferred:
Federal (2,136) (1,637) (663)
State (229) (194) (61)
Deferred tax benefit (2,365) (1,831) (724)
Total income tax provision $ 43,954 $ 53,224 $ 43,812
Income taxes paid were $68.4 million, $38.0 million and $83.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
A reconciliation of the provision for income taxes and the amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate to income before provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018
Tax at federal statutory rate $ 77,248 21.0 % $ 48,685 21.0 % $ 41,816 21.0 %
State income taxes (net of federal benefit) 8,530 2.3 5,497 2.4 4,263 2.1
Stock-based compensation (994) (0.3) (1,749) (0.8) (3,107) (1.5)
Non deductible expenses and other 439 0.1 771 0.4 850 0.4
Change in tax rates - deferred taxes (78) - 20 - (10) -
Federal energy efficient homes tax credits (11,488) (3.1) - - - -
Retroactive federal energy efficient homes tax
credits (29,703) (8.1) - - - -
Tax at effective rate $ 43,954 11.9 % $ 53,224 23.0 % $ 43,812 22.0 %
The 2020 effective tax rate differs from the federal statutory rate primarily due to benefits associated with the federal energy efficient homes tax credits enacted into law in December 2019, partially offset by state income tax expense on current year earnings. Income tax expense for 2020 includes a benefit of $41.2 million associated with the extension of federal energy efficient homes tax credits, including $29.7 million related to homes closed in prior open tax years. This provision, which had previously expired in 2017, has been extended to apply to homes closed through December 31, 2021. The 2019 effective tax rate differs from the federal statutory rate primarily due to non-deductible salaries related to Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and state income tax expense on current year earnings offset by the deductions in excess of compensation cost (“windfalls”) for share-based payments. The 2018 effective tax rate differs from the federal statutory rate primarily due to state income tax expense on current year earnings, partially offset by windfalls for share-based payments.
Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes.
The components of net deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2020 and 2019 are as follows (in thousands):
December 31,
2020 2019
Deferred tax assets:
Accruals and reserves $ 5,149 $ 3,035
Leases 946 1,026
Inventory 239 692
Stock-based compensation 4,347 2,892
Debt Extinguishment - 134
Other 56 79
Total deferred tax assets 10,737 7,858
Deferred tax liabilities:
Prepaids (1,372) (1,382)
Leases (1,124) (1,219)
Tax depreciation in excess of book depreciation (499) (19)
Goodwill and other assets amortized for tax (738) (617)
Other (18) -
Total deferred tax liabilities (3,751) (3,237)
Total net deferred tax assets $ 6,986 $ 4,621
All Company operations are domestic. We file U.S. and state income tax returns in jurisdictions with varying statutes of limitations. The statute of limitations with regard to our federal income tax filings is three years. The statute of limitations for our state tax jurisdictions is three to four years depending on the jurisdiction. In the normal course of business, we are subject to tax audits in various jurisdictions, and such jurisdictions may assess additional income taxes. We do not expect the outcome of any audit to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements; however, audit outcomes and the timing of audit adjustments are subject to significant uncertainty.
9. EQUITY
We are authorized to issue 250,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, and 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, no shares of preferred stock were issued or outstanding.
At December 31, 2020, we had 26,741,554 shares of common stock issued and 24,983,561 shares of common stock outstanding, including 1,757,993 treasury shares of our common stock. At December 31, 2019, we had 26,398,409 shares of common stock issued and 25,359,409 shares of common stock outstanding, including 1,039,000 treasury shares of our common stock. On November 15, 2019, the Convertible Notes matured, which resulted in the principal payment of $70.0 million and the issuance of 2,381,751 shares of our common stock for the premium associated with the Convertible Notes.
Shelf Registration Statement
We have an effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (Registration No. 333-227012) that was filed on August 24, 2018 with the Securities and Exchange Commission, registering the offering and sale of an indeterminate amount of debt securities, guarantees of debt securities, preferred stock, common stock, warrants, depositary shares, purchase contracts and units that include any of these securities.
Stock Repurchase Program
In November 2018, we announced that our Board of Directors (the “Board”) authorized a stock repurchase program, pursuant to which we may purchase up to $50.0 million of shares of our common stock through open market transactions, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise in accordance with applicable laws. On October 30, 2020, the Board approved an increase in our stock repurchase program by an additional $300.0 million. For the year ended December 31, 2020, we repurchased 718,993 shares of our common stock for $48.1 million to be held as treasury stock. For the year ended December 31, 2019, we did not repurchase any shares of our common stock. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we repurchased 39,000 shares of
our common stock for $1.5 million to be held as treasury stock. As of December 31, 2020, we may purchase up to $300.4 million of shares of our common stock under our stock repurchase program.
Earnings Per Share
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018.
For the Year Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018
Numerator (in thousands):
Net income (Numerator for basic and dilutive earnings per share) $ 323,895 $ 178,608 $ 155,286
Denominator:
Basic weighted average shares outstanding 25,135,077 23,191,595 22,551,762
Effect of dilutive securities:
Convertible Notes - treasury stock method - 1,966,639 2,030,023
Stock-based compensation units 245,483 272,607 310,489
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding 25,380,560 25,430,841 24,892,274
Basic earnings per share $ 12.89 $ 7.70 $ 6.89
Diluted earnings per share $ 12.76 $ 7.02 $ 6.24
Antidilutive non-vested restricted stock units excluded from calculation of diluted earnings per share 9,482 14,211 20,462
In accordance with ASC 260-10, Earnings Per Share, we calculated the dilutive effect of the Convertible Notes using the treasury stock method, since we had the intent and ability to settle the principal amount of the outstanding Convertible Notes in cash. The Convertible Notes matured and were repaid in full on November 15, 2019. Prior to the maturity of the Convertible Notes, we included the effect of the additional potential dilutive shares if our common stock price exceeded the conversion price of $21.52 per share under the treasury stock method.
Throughout each fiscal year presented to the maturity date of the Convertible Notes, the average market price of our common stock exceeded the conversion price of $21.52 per share; therefore, the calculation of diluted earnings per share for all years presented prior to the maturity date includes the effect of our common stock related to the conversion spread of the Convertible Notes.
10. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
Non-performance Based Restricted Stock Units
A total of 3,000,000 shares of our common stock have been reserved for issuance under the LGI Homes, Inc. Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2013 Incentive Plan”). There were 142,738 restricted stock units (“RSUs”) outstanding at December 31, 2020, issued at a $0.00 exercise price.
The following table summarizes the activity of our time-vested RSUs:
Shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Balance at December 31, 2017 175,100 $ 27.66
Granted 54,874 $ 57.60
Vested (51,694) $ 20.79
Forfeited (7,225) $ 34.77
Balance at December 31, 2018 171,055 $ 39.04
Granted 62,512 $ 60.72
Vested (55,230) $ 26.47
Forfeited (15,651) $ 47.73
Balance at December 31, 2019 162,686 $ 50.84
Granted 56,735 $ 67.63
Vested (73,360) $ 40.77
Forfeited (3,323) $ 57.26
Balance at December 31, 2020 142,738 $ 62.54
In 2020, we issued 22,141 RSUs to senior management for the time-based portion of our 2020 long-term incentive compensation program and 15,585 RSUs for 2019 annual bonuses to managers, which generally cliff vest on the third anniversary of the grant date. In 2019, we issued 20,847 RSUs to senior management for the time-based portion of our 2019 long-term incentive compensation program and 16,159 RSUs for 2018 annual bonuses to managers, which generally cliff vest on the third anniversary of the grant date. In 2018, we issued 15,867 RSUs to senior management for the time-based portion of our 2018 long-term incentive compensation program and 11,780 RSUs for 2017 annual bonuses to managers, which generally cliff vest on the third anniversary of the grant date. In addition, during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, we issued 19,009, 25,506 and 27,227 RSUs, respectively, to certain employees, executives and non-employee directors, which vest over periods ranging from one to three years. Under the terms of the grant award agreements, all of the RSUs may only be settled in shares of our common stock.
We recognized $3.5 million, $2.2 million, and $2.0 million of stock-based compensation expense related to RSUs for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. At December 31, 2020, we had unrecognized compensation cost of $4.2 million related to unvested RSUs, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.7 years.
Performance Based Restricted Stock Units
The Compensation Committee of the Board has granted awards of performance-based RSUs (“PSUs”) under the 2013 Incentive Plan to certain members of senior management based on three-year performance cycles. At December 31, 2020, there were 229,820 PSUs outstanding that have been granted to certain members of management at a $0.00 exercise price. The PSUs provide for shares of our common stock to be issued based on the attainment of certain performance metrics over the applicable three-year periods. The number of shares of our common stock that may be issued to the recipients for the PSUs range from 0% to 200% of the target amount depending on actual results as compared to the target performance metrics. The terms of the PSUs provide that the payouts will be capped at 100% of the target number of PSUs granted if absolute total stockholder return is negative during the performance period, regardless of EPS performance; this market condition applies for amounts recorded above target. The compensation expense associated with the PSU grants is determined using the derived grant date fair value, based on a third-party valuation analysis, and expensed over the applicable period. The PSUs vest upon the determination date for the actual results at the end of the three-year period and require that the recipients continue to be employed by us through the determination date. The PSUs can only be settled in shares of our common stock.
Period Granted Performance Period Target PSUs Outstanding at December 31, 2019 Target PSUs Granted Target PSUs Vested Target PSUs Forfeited Target PSUs Outstanding at December 31, 2020 Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
2017 2017 - 2019 104,770 - (104,770) - - $ 31.64
2018 2018 - 2020 60,040 - - - 60,040 $ 64.60
2019 2019 - 2021 81,242 - - - 81,242 $ 56.49
2020 2020 - 2022 - 88,538 - - 88,538 $ 59.81
Total 246,052 88,538 (104,770) - 229,820
At December 31, 2020, management estimates that the recipients will receive approximately 200%, 191%, and 200% of the 2020, 2019, and 2018 target number of PSUs, respectively, at the end of the applicable three-year performance cycle based on projected performance compared to the target performance metrics. The 2017 - 2019 performance period grants vested and issued on March 15, 2020 at 199% of the target number. We recognized $9.2 million, $4.8 million, and $4.0 million of total stock-based compensation expense related to PSUs for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. At December 31, 2020, we had unrecognized compensation cost of $13.8 million, based on the probable amount, related to unvested PSUs, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.6 years.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
The LGI Homes, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) provides for employees to make quarterly elections for payroll withholdings to purchase shares of our common stock at a 15% discount from the closing price of our common stock on the purchase date, which is the last business day of each calendar quarter. During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, we issued 60,918, 47,731, and 49,744 shares of our common stock to the ESPP participants. We received net proceeds of approximately $4.3 million, $2.9 million and $2.7 million related to the ESPP for 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. We recognized $0.8 million, $0.5 million, and $0.4 million in stock compensation expense related to the ESPP for 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. The ESPP contributions are not refundable (other than in the case of termination of employment) and, therefore, the shares purchasable with the amounts withheld are included in weighted-average shares outstanding for both basic and diluted earnings per share. The maximum aggregate number of shares of our common stock which may be issued pursuant to the ESPP is 500,000 shares, and as of December 31, 2020, 288,322 shares of our common stock remain available for issuance under the ESPP.
11. FAIR VALUE DISCLOSURES
ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements (“ASC 820”), defines fair value as “the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date” within an entity’s principal market, if any. The principal market is the market in which the reporting entity would sell the asset or transfer the liability with the greatest volume and level of activity, regardless of whether it is the market in which the entity will ultimately transact for a particular asset or liability or if a different market is potentially more advantageous. Accordingly, this exit price concept may result in a fair value that differs from the transaction price or market price of the asset or liability.
ASC 820 provides a framework for measuring fair value under GAAP, expands disclosures about fair value measurements, and establishes a fair value hierarchy, which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are summarized as follows:
Level 1 - Fair value is based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 - Fair value is determined using significant observable inputs, generally either quoted prices in active markets for
similar assets or liabilities, or quoted prices in markets that are not active.
Level 3 - Fair value is determined using one or more significant inputs that are unobservable in active markets at the
measurement date, such as a pricing model, discounted cash flow, or similar technique.
We utilize fair value measurements to account for certain items and account balances within our consolidated financial statements. Fair value measurements may also be utilized on a nonrecurring basis, such as for the impairment of long-lived assets. The fair value of financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and certain accrued liabilities approximate their carrying amounts due to the short-term nature of these instruments. As of December 31, 2020, the Credit Agreement’s carrying value approximates market value since it has a floating interest rate, which increases or decreases with market interest rates and our leverage ratio.
In order to determine the fair value of the Senior Notes, the future contractual cash flows are discounted at our estimate of current market rates of interest, which were determined based upon the average interest rates of similar senior notes within the homebuilding industry (Level 2 measurement).
The following table below shows the level and measurement of liabilities at December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):
December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
Fair Value Hierarchy Carrying Value Estimated Fair Value Carrying Value Estimated Fair Value
Senior Notes Level 2
$ 296,681 $ 340,388 $ 296,028 $ 337,853
12. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
Land Purchases from Affiliates
As of December 31, 2020, we have a land purchase contract to purchase a total of 110 finished lots in Pasco County, Florida from an affiliate of one of our directors for a total base purchase price of approximately $4.0 million. The lots will be purchased in takedowns, subject to a maximum price escalation of 6% per annum, and may provide for additional payments to the seller at the time of sale to the homebuyer. We have a $0.2 million non-refundable deposit at December 31, 2020 related to this land purchase contract. In August 2019, we purchased our first takedown of 58 lots under the Pasco County contract for a base purchase price of approximately $2.1 million.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, we purchased in three separate transactions a total of 55 finished lots in Montgomery County and Travis County, Texas from an affiliate of a family member of our chief executive officer for a total base purchase price of approximately $4.7 million.
13. RETIREMENT BENEFITS
Our employees are eligible to participate in a 401(k) savings plan. Employees are eligible to participate after completing 90 days of service and having attained the age of 21. Salary deferrals are allowed in amounts up to 100% of an eligible employee’s salary, not to exceed the maximum allowed by law. A discretionary match may be made by us of up to 100% of the first 4% of an eligible employee’s deferral, not to exceed the maximum allowed by law. For each of the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, our matching contributions were $4.0 million, $2.9 million and $2.6 million, respectively.
14. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Contingencies
In the ordinary course of doing business, we are subject to claims or proceedings from time to time relating to the purchase, development and sale of real estate and homes and other aspects of our homebuilding operations. Management believes that these claims include usual obligations incurred by real estate developers and residential home builders in the normal course of business. In the opinion of management, these matters will not have a material effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
We have provided unsecured environmental indemnities to certain lenders and other counterparties. In each case, we have performed due diligence on the potential environmental risks including obtaining an independent environmental review from outside environmental consultants. These indemnities obligate us to reimburse the guaranteed parties for damages related to environmental matters. There is no term or damage limitation on these indemnities; however, if an environmental matter arises, we may have recourse against other previous owners. In the ordinary course of doing business, we are subject to regulatory proceedings from time to time related to environmental and other matters. In the opinion of management, these matters will not have a material effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Land Deposits
We have land purchase contracts, generally through cash deposits, for the right to purchase land or lots at a future point in time with predetermined terms. We do not have title to the property, and obligations with respect to the land purchase contracts are generally limited to the forfeiture of the related nonrefundable cash deposits.
The following is a summary of our land purchase deposits included in pre-acquisition costs and deposits (in thousands, except for lot count):
December 31,
2020 2019
Land deposits and option payments $ 34,097 $ 35,111
Commitments under the land purchase contracts if the purchases are consummated $ 663,006 $ 539,122
Lots under land purchase contracts 26,236 16,205
As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, approximately $24.0 million and $26.3 million, respectively, of the land deposits are related to purchase contracts to deliver finished lots that are refundable under certain circumstances, such as feasibility or specific performance, and secured by mortgages or letters of credit or guaranteed by the seller or its affiliates.
Lease Obligations
We recognize lease obligations and associated ROU assets for our existing non-cancelable leases. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. We have non-cancelable operating leases primarily associated with our corporate and regional office facilities. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, subject to any changes in the lease or expectations regarding the terms. Variable lease costs such as common area costs and property taxes are expensed as incurred. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet. The lease term may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. As our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. ROU assets, as included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets, were $4.9 million and $5.3 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Lease obligations, as included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, were $5.3 million and $5.6 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Operating lease cost, as included in general and administrative expense in our consolidated statements of operations, totaled $1.6 million, $1.3 million and $1.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities for operating leases during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was $1.4 million and $1.3 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, the weighted-average discount rate was 5.32% and our weighted-average remaining life was 5.1 years. We do not have any significant lease contracts that have not yet commenced at December 31, 2020.
The table below shows the future minimum payments under non-cancelable operating leases at December 31, 2020 (in thousands):
Year Ending December 31, Operating leases
2021 $ 1,223
2022 1,067
2023 946
2024 774
2025 510
Thereafter 1,770
Total 6,290
Lease amount representing interest (1,003)
Present value of lease liabilities $ 5,287
Bonding and Letters of Credit
We have outstanding letters of credit and performance and surety bonds totaling $143.8 million (including $10.5 million of letters of credit issued under the Credit Agreement) and $108.7 million (including $11.6 million of letters of credit issued under the Credit Agreement) at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, related to our obligations for site improvements at various projects. Management does not believe that draws upon the letters of credit, surety bonds, or financial guarantees if any, will have a material effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.
Investment in Unconsolidated Entity
In July 2019, we entered into a real estate investment fund as a limited partner with a maximum $30.0 million commitment. The term of the commitment is eight years and includes renewals of up to two additional years. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, we have a total investment of $3.9 million and $1.1 million, respectively, within other assets on the balance sheet. Contributions into the unconsolidated entity are used by the entity to invest in certain real estate transactions.
15. SEGMENT INFORMATION
We operate one principal homebuilding business that is organized and reports by division. We have seven operating segments (our Central, Midwest, Southeast, Mid-Atlantic, Northwest, West and Florida divisions) that we aggregate into five reportable segments at December 31, 2020: our Central, Southeast, Northwest, West and Florida divisions. These segments reflect the way the Company evaluates its business performance and manages its operations. The Central division is our largest division and comprised approximately 35.9%, 39.4% and 41.5% of total home sales revenues for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
In accordance with ASC Topic 280, Segment Reporting, operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision-makers (“CODMs”) in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The CODMs primarily evaluate performance based on the number of homes closed, gross margin and average sales price per home closed.
The seven operating segments qualify as our five reportable segments. In determining the most appropriate reportable segments, we consider operating segments’ economic and other characteristics, including home floor plans, average selling prices, gross margin percentage, geographical proximity, production construction processes, suppliers, subcontractors, regulatory environments, customer type and underlying demand and supply. Each operating segment follows the same accounting policies and is managed by our management team. We have no inter-segment sales, as all sales are to external customers. Operating results for each segment may not be indicative of the results for such segment had it been an independent, stand-alone entity for the periods presented.
Financial information relating to our reportable segments was as follows (in thousands):
For the Year Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018
Revenues:
Central $ 850,375 $ 724,981 $ 623,751
Southeast 559,226 347,817 271,073
Northwest 389,523 304,294 277,567
West 286,130 271,186 151,059
Florida 282,675 189,876 180,950
Total home sales revenues $ 2,367,929 $ 1,838,154 $ 1,504,400
Net income (loss) before income taxes:
Central $ 154,772 $ 117,350 $ 104,625
Southeast 79,394 30,316 29,078
Northwest 71,256 46,863 40,906
West 35,847 28,504 13,595
Florida 32,550 16,012 21,341
Corporate (1)
(5,970) (7,213) (10,447)
Total net income (loss) before income taxes $ 367,849 $ 231,832 $ 199,098
(1) The Corporate balance consists primarily of general and administration unallocated costs for various shared service functions, as well as our warranty reserve and loss on extinguishment of debt. Actual warranty expenses are reflected within the reportable segments.
December 31,
Assets: 2020 2019
Central $ 708,087 $ 637,083
Southeast 401,725 410,944
Northwest 252,098 221,132
West 228,186 193,545
Florida 157,169 149,877
Corporate (1)
78,822 53,534
Total assets $ 1,826,087 $ 1,666,115
(1) As of December 31, 2020, the Corporate balance consists primarily of cash, prepaid insurance, ROU assets, prepaid expenses and income tax receivables related to the federal energy efficient homes tax credit. As of December 31, 2019, the Corporate balance consists primarily of cash, prepaid insurance, ROU assets and prepaid expenses.
16. SELECTED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA (UNAUDITED)
Quarterly results are as follows (in thousands, except per share data):
First
Quarter Second
Quarter Third
Quarter Fourth
Quarter
2020 2020 2020 2020
Total home sales revenues $ 454,727 $ 481,602 $ 534,202 $ 897,398
Gross margin 106,564 117,973 135,231 243,329
Income before income taxes 54,889 68,597 77,815 166,548
Net income 42,839 55,624 89,004 136,428
Basic earnings per share 1.69 2.22 3.55 5.45
Diluted earnings per share 1.67 2.21 3.52 5.34
First
Quarter Second
Quarter Third Quarter Fourth
Quarter
2019 2019 2019 2019
Total home sales revenues $ 287,594 $ 461,830 $ 483,081 $ 605,649
Gross margin 66,304 111,311 116,650 142,214
Income before income taxes 21,694 60,535 64,732 84,871
Net income 18,334 46,055 49,349 64,870
Basic earnings per share 0.81 2.01 2.15 2.69
Diluted earnings per share 0.73 1.82 1.93 2.52
Quarterly and year-to-date computations of per share amounts are made independently. Therefore, the sum of per share amounts for the quarters may not agree with per share amounts for the year.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, management has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) as of December 31, 2020. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure information is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management of LGI Homes, Inc. (the “Company”) is responsible for establishing and maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for the assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act, to provide reasonable assurance to the Company’s management and board of directors regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States.
In connection with respect to the preparation of the Company’s annual consolidated financial statements, and the processes under which they were prepared, management of the Company has undertaken an assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the 2013 COSO framework). Management’s assessment included an evaluation of the design of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting and testing of the operational effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Based on this assessment, management has concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2020.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Ernst & Young LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the Company’s consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting which appears below.
Changes in Internal Controls
No change in our internal control over financial reporting as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) occurred during the year ended December 31, 2020 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of LGI Homes, Inc.
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited LGI Homes, Inc.'s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, LGI Homes, Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on the COSO criteria.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of operations, equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes and our report dated February 25, 2021 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying “Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting”. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
Houston, Texas
February 25, 2021

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
PART III

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The information called for by Item 10, to the extent not set forth in “Business-Executive Officers” in Item 1, will be set forth in the definitive proxy statement relating to the 2021 annual meeting of stockholders of LGI Homes, Inc. pursuant to SEC Regulation 14A. Such definitive proxy statement relates to a meeting of stockholders involving the election of directors and the portions thereof called for by Item 10 are incorporated herein by reference pursuant to Instruction G to Form 10-K.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information called for by Item 11 will be set forth in the definitive proxy statement relating to the 2021 annual meeting of stockholders of LGI Homes, Inc. pursuant to SEC Regulation 14A. Such definitive proxy statement relates to a meeting of stockholders involving the election of directors and the portions thereof called for by Item 11 are incorporated herein by reference pursuant to Instruction G to Form 10-K.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The information called for by Item 12 will be set forth in the definitive proxy statement relating to the 2021 annual meeting of stockholders of LGI Homes, Inc. pursuant to SEC Regulation 14A. Such definitive proxy statement relates to a meeting of stockholders involving the election of directors and the portions thereof called for by Item 12 are incorporated herein by reference pursuant to Instruction G to Form 10-K.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS, RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information called for by Item 13 will be set forth in the definitive proxy statement relating to the 2021 annual meeting of stockholders of LGI Homes, Inc. pursuant to SEC Regulation 14A. Such definitive proxy statement relates to a meeting of stockholders involving the election of directors and the portions thereof called for by Item 13 are incorporated herein by reference pursuant to Instruction G to Form 10-K.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
The information called for by Item 14 will be set forth in the definitive proxy statement relating to the 2021 annual meeting of stockholders of LGI Homes, Inc. pursuant to SEC Regulation 14A. Such definitive proxy statement relates to a meeting of stockholders involving the election of directors and the portions thereof called for by Item 14 are incorporated herein by reference pursuant to Instruction G to Form 10-K.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS SCHEDULES
(1) The following Consolidated Financial Statements as set forth in Item 8 of this report are filed herein.
Consolidated Financial Statements
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2020 and 2019
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018
Consolidated Statements of Equity from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2020
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018
(2) Financial Statement Schedules
All schedules are omitted because the required information is not present, in amounts sufficient to require submission of the schedule, or because the required information is included in the financial statements and related notes thereto.
(3) Exhibits
The exhibits filed or furnished as part of this annual report on Form 10-K are listed in the Index to Exhibits, which Index includes the management contracts or compensatory plans or arrangements required to be filed as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K by Item 601(b)(10)(iii) of Regulation S-K, and is incorporated in this Item by reference.
Exhibit No. Description
3.1 Certificate of Incorporation of LGI Homes, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Registration No. 333-190853) of LGI Homes, Inc. filed with the SEC on August 28, 2013).
3.2 Bylaws of LGI Homes, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Registration No. 333-190853) of LGI Homes, Inc. filed with the SEC on August 28, 2013).
4.1 Description of Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
4.2 Indenture, dated as of July 6, 2018, among LGI Homes, Inc., the potential subsidiary guarantors listed therein and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-36126) of LGI Homes, Inc. filed with the SEC on July 6, 2018).
4.3 First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of July 6, 2018, among LGI Homes, Inc., the subsidiary guarantors listed therein and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee, governing LGI Homes, Inc.’s 6.875% Senior Notes due 2026, including the form of the senior notes (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-36126) of LGI Homes, Inc. filed with the SEC on July 6, 2018).
4.4 Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of April 30, 2020, among LGI Homes, Inc., the guaranteeing subsidiaries listed therein, the other subsidiary guarantors listed therein and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee, governing LGI Homes, Inc.’s 6.875% Senior Notes due 2026 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 (File No. 001-36126) of LGI Homes, Inc. filed with the SEC on May 5, 2020).
10.1+ Employment Agreement, dated as of November 13, 2018, between the Company and Eric Lipar, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-36126) of LGI Homes, Inc. filed with the SEC on November 16, 2018).
10.2+ LGI Homes, Inc. Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Registration No. 333-190853) of LGI Homes, Inc. filed with the SEC on May 9, 2017).
10.3+ LGI Homes, Inc. 2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 (Registration No. 333-211843) of LGI Homes, Inc. filed with the SEC on June 3, 2016).
10.4 Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of May 6, 2019, by and among LGI Homes, Inc., each of the financial institutions initially a signatory thereto, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, with Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, as sole Lead Arranger and sole Bookrunner, and Fifth Third Bank and U.S. Bank, National Association, as Documentation Agents (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 (File No. 001-36126) of LGI Homes, Inc. filed with the SEC on May 7, 2019).
10.5 Lender Addition and Acknowledgement Agreement and First Amendment to Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of December 6, 2019 by and among LGI Homes, Inc., Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as an Increasing Lender and as Administrative Agent, Fifth Third Bank, National Association, U.S. Bank National Association d/b/a Housing Capital Company, Bank of America, N.A., BBVA USA fka Compass Bank, BMO Harris Bank N.A., Texas Capital Bank, National Association, Deutsche Bank AG New York Branch, Zions Bancorporation, N.A. DBA Amegy Bank, and Citizens Bank, N.A (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-36126) of LGI Homes, Inc. ﬁled with the SEC on December 11, 2019).
10.6 Second Amendment to Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of April 30, 2020, by and among LGI Homes, Inc., each of the financial institutions initially a signatory thereto and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2020 (File No. 001-36126) of LGI Homes, Inc. filed with the SEC on August 4, 2020).
21.1* List of Subsidiaries of LGI Homes, Inc.
23.1* Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
31.1* CEO Certification, Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2* CFO Certification, Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1* Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2* Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS† Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Date File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH† Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL† Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF† Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB† Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE† Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104† Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).
* Filed herewith.
+ Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement required to be filed as an exhibit to this Form 10-K.
† XBRL information is deemed not filed or a part of a registration statement or Annual Report for purposes of Sections 11 and 12 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, is deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and otherwise is not subject to liability under such sections.