EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1766400
Filing Year: 2023
Filename: 1766400_10-K_2023_0001766400-23-000026.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1. Business
Overview
The Pennant Group, Inc. is a leading provider of high-quality healthcare services to patients or residents of all ages, including the growing senior population, in the United States. Through our innovative operating model, we strive to be the provider of choice in the communities we serve.
As of December 31, 2022, we operate multiple lines of business, including home health, hospice and senior living, throughout Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Iowa, Montana, Nevada, Oklahoma, Oregon, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin and Wyoming. We provide home health and hospice services through 95 agencies, and senior living services at 49 communities with 3,500 total units in our assisted living, independent living and memory care business. We derive revenue from a diversified blend of payors including Medicare and Medicaid programs, private pay patients and residents and managed care payors.
We believe our key differentiators are our (1) innovative operating model that focuses on empowering and developing strong local leaders, (2) disciplined growth strategy, and (3) ability to achieve quality care outcomes in cost effective settings. In our experience, healthcare is a local endeavor, largely dependent upon personal and professional relationships, community reputation and an ability to adapt to the changing needs of patients, residents, partners and communities. As our operational leaders build strong relationships with key partners in their local communities, they are empowered to make informed and critical operational decisions that produce quality care outcomes and more effectively meet the needs of our patients and residents.
We believe our home health and hospice businesses are able to achieve quality outcomes-as measured by multiple industry and value-based metrics (such as hospital readmission rates)-in cost effective settings. We believe our senior living business is able to offer our residents a safe and tailored quality-of-life at an affordable cost, thus appealing to a broad population. With our platform of diversified service offerings, we believe that we are well-positioned to take advantage of favorable demographic shifts as well as industry trends that reward providers offering quality care in lower cost settings.
Our Innovative Operating Model
Our innovative operating model is the foundation of our superior performance and success. Our operating model is founded on two core principles: (1) healthcare is a local business where providers are most successful when key operational decision-making meets local community needs and occurs close to patients or residents and employees, and (2) peer accountability from operational and resource partners is more effective at driving excellent clinical and financial results than traditional hierarchical or “top-down” accountability structures.
Our model is innovative because each operation has been, and will continue to be, an independent operating subsidiary that functions under the direction of local clinical and operational leaders, each of whom are empowered to make decisions based on the unique needs of the patients or residents, partners and communities they serve. This is in contrast to typical models where control and key decision-making is centralized at the corporate level. Moreover, we utilize a “cluster model,” where every operation is part of a defined “cluster,” which is a group of geographically proximate operations working together to allow leaders to communicate and provide support and accountability to each other. Clusters create incentives for leaders to share best practices and real-time data and benchmark clinical and financial performance with their cluster partners. We believe this locally-driven data-sharing and peer accountability model is unique among healthcare and senior living providers and has proven effective in improving clinical care, enhancing patient and resident satisfaction and promoting operational efficiencies. This “cluster” operating model is the same model used by local leaders prior to our spin-off from Ensign in 2019 (further discussed below under Company History) and is key to the success of our future operations.
Our organizational structure empowers our highly dedicated leaders and staff at the local level to make key decisions and creates a sense of ownership over operational and clinical results and the overall employee experience. Each operation’s leader and his or her staff are encouraged to make their operations the “provider of choice” in the communities they serve. To accomplish this goal, our leaders work closely with their clinical staff and our expert resources to identify unique patient and resident needs and priorities in their communities and to create superior service offerings tailored to those needs. We believe that our localized approach to program development and care leads prospective patients or residents and referral sources to choose or recommend our operations to others. Similarly, our emphasis on empowering local decision-makers encourages leaders to strive to become the “employer of choice” in the communities they serve. One of our core values is the principle that the best patient care is provided by employees who experience significant work satisfaction because they are valued as
individuals. Our leaders work hard to embody this core value and to attract, train and retain outstanding clinical staff by creating a work environment that fosters critical thinking, measurement, and relevance. Our local teams are motivated and empowered to quickly and proactively meet the needs of those they serve, without waiting for permission to act or being bound to a “one-size-fits-all” corporate strategy. In many markets, we attribute census growth and excellent clinical and financial outcomes to a healthy organizational culture built on these principles. With strong employee satisfaction across the organization, we believe we can continue to attract and retain the best talent in our industries.
Lastly, while our teams are local, they are also supported by cutting-edge systems and our “Service Center”, which is staffed with teams of subject-matter experts who advise regarding their respective fields of expertise, including information technology, compliance, human resources, accounting, payroll, legal, risk management, education and other services. The partnership and peer accountability that exists between our local leaders and Service Center resources allows each operation to improve while benefiting from the technical expertise, systems and accountability provided by our Service Center.
Partner of Choice in Local Healthcare Communities
We view healthcare services primarily as a local business, driven by personal relationships, reputation and the ability to identify and address unmet community needs. We believe our success is largely driven by our ability to build strong relationships with key stakeholders within the local healthcare communities, leveraging our reputation for providing superior care.
We believe we are a partner of choice to payors, providers, patients, residents and employees in the healthcare communities we serve. As a partner, we focus on improving care outcomes and the quality of life of our patients and residents in their home. Our local leadership approach facilitates the development of strong professional relationships within communities, which allows us to better understand and meet the needs of our partners. We believe our emphasis on working closely with other providers, payors, residents and patients yields unique, customized solutions and programs that meet local market needs and improve clinical outcomes, which in turn accelerates revenue growth and profitability.
We are a trusted partner to, and work closely with, payors and other acute and post-acute providers to deliver innovative healthcare solutions in lower cost settings. In the markets we serve, we have developed formal and informal preferred provider relationships with key referral sources and transitional care programs that result in better coordination within the care continuum. These partnerships have resulted in significant benefits to payors, patients, residents and other providers, including reduced hospital readmission rates, appropriate transitions within the care continuum, overall cost savings, increased patient satisfaction and improved quality outcomes. Positive, repeated interactions and data sharing result in strong local relationships and encourage referrals from our acute and post-acute care partners. As we continue to strengthen these formal and informal relationships and expand our referral base, we believe we will continue to drive revenue growth and operational results.
Company History
The Pennant Group, Inc. was incorporated as a Delaware corporation on January 24, 2019, for the purpose of holding the home health and hospice agencies and substantially all of the senior living businesses of Ensign, which was formed in 1999 with the goal of establishing a new level of quality care within the skilled nursing industry. The name “Ensign” is synonymous with a “flag” or a “standard,” and refers to Ensign’s goal of setting the standard by which all others in its industry are measured. The name “Pennant” draws on similar imagery and themes to represent our mission of becoming the “Ensign” to the home health, hospice and senior living industries. We believe that, through our innovative operating model, we can foster a new level of patient care and professional competence at our independent operating subsidiaries and set new industry standards for quality home health and hospice and senior living services.
Our independent operating subsidiaries are organized into industry-specific portfolio companies, which we believe has enabled us to maintain a local, field-driven organizational structure, to attract qualified leaders and expert resources, and to effectively identify, acquire, and improve operations. Each of our portfolio companies has its own leader. These experienced and proven leaders are generally taken from the ranks of our operational leaders to serve as resources to independent operating subsidiaries within their own portfolio companies and have the primary responsibility for recruiting qualified talent, finding potential acquisition targets, and identifying other strategic and organic growth opportunities. We believe this decentralized organizational structure will continue to improve the quality of our recruiting and facilitate successful acquisitions.
We have two reportable segments: (1) home health and hospice services, which includes our home health, hospice and home care businesses; and (2) senior living services, which includes our assisted living, independent living and memory care
communities. We also report an “all other” category that includes general and administrative expense. Our reporting segments are business units that offer different services and that are managed separately to provide greater visibility into those operations. For more information about our operating segments, as well as financial information, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and Note 6, Business Segments, to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Services
Home Health and Hospice. As of December 31, 2022, we provided home health and hospice services through 95 agencies. Our home health services consist of providing a combination of clinical services including nursing, speech, occupational and physical therapy, medical social work and home health aide services within a patient's home. Home health is often a cost-effective solution for patients and can also increase their quality of life by allowing them to receive excellent clinical services in the comfort and convenience of the patient's home. Our hospice services focus on the physical, spiritual and psychosocial needs of terminally ill patients and their families and consist primarily of clinical care, education and counseling. We generated approximately 67.7%, 70.0% and 70.3% of our home health and hospice revenue from Medicare during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Senior Living. As of December 31, 2022, we provided assisted living, independent living and memory care services in 49 communities with 3,500 total available units. Our senior living operations provide a variety of services tailored to our residents’ needs, including residential accommodations, activities, meals, housekeeping and assistance in the activities of daily living to seniors who are independent or who require some support not at the level of clinical care provided in a skilled nursing facility. We generate revenue in these communities primarily from private pay sources, with a portion earned from Medicaid or other state-specific programs. We derived approximately 71.3%, 71.3% and 73.2% of our senior living revenue from private pay sources during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Our Growth Strategy
We believe that the following strategies are primarily responsible for our growth to date and will continue to drive the growth of our business:
Grow Talent Base and Develop Future Leaders. Our growth strategy is focused on expanding our talent base and developing future leaders. A key component of our organizational culture is our belief that strong local leadership is a primary ingredient to operational success. We use a multi-faceted strategy to identify and recruit proven business leaders from various industries and backgrounds. To develop these leaders, we have a rigorous “CEO-in-Training Program” that includes significant in-person instruction on leadership, clinical and operational topics as well as extensive on-the-ground training and active learning with key leaders from across the organization. After placement in a local operation, our leaders continue to receive training and regular feedback and support from operational, clinical and Service Center peers. We believe our model of empowering local leaders and providing them a platform of support from expert resources and systems will continue to attract and retain highly talented and entrepreneurial leaders.
Focus on Organic Growth. We believe that we have a significant opportunity to drive organic growth within our current portfolio, including recently acquired operations. As we improve clinical outcomes, quality of care and operational results at each of our existing and newly acquired operations, we believe we will become a provider of choice in the communities we serve, which leads to census growth. Through this census growth, and as we continue to expand our service areas and offerings, we believe we will continue to translate revenue growth into bottom line success with rigorous adherence to our core operating principles. By effectively using data systems and analytics and embracing a culture of transparency and accountability, we tend to see our local leaders steadily improving operational results. We believe our unique operating model will continue to cultivate steady and consistent organic growth in the future.
Pursue Disciplined Acquisition Strategy. The disciplined acquisition and integration of strategic and underperforming operations is a key element of our past success and is integral to our future growth plans. We have historically successfully transitioned both turnaround and stable target businesses, transforming them into top-quality operations preferred by referral sources. We plan to continue to take advantage of the fragmented home health, hospice and senior living industries by being disciplined in acquiring strategic and underperforming operations within both our existing and new geographic markets. With experienced leaders in place at the local level and demonstrated success in improving operating conditions at acquired businesses, we believe we are well positioned to continue expanding our footprint through disciplined acquisitions.
Leverage Our Operational Capabilities to Expand Partnerships. Our local leadership approach enables us to adapt to and efficiently meet the needs of our partners in the communities we serve. Our clinical and data analytics capabilities foster
solutions and allow us to optimize clinical outcomes. We use this data to communicate with key partners in an effort to reduce overall cost of care and drive improved clinical outcomes. We will continue to expand formal and informal partnerships across the healthcare continuum by strategically investing in programs and data analytics that help us and our partners improve care transitions, achieve better outcomes and reduce costs.
Growth and Acquisition History
Much of our historical growth can be attributed to our expertise in acquiring strategic and underperforming operations and transforming them into market leaders in clinical quality, staff competency and financial performance. Our local leaders are trained to identify these opportunities for long-term organic growth as we strive to become the provider of choice in our local communities. Accordingly, we plan to continue to drive organic growth and acquire additional operations in existing and new markets in a disciplined manner.
From 2014 to 2022, we grew our home health and hospice services and senior living services revenue by 423.5% or a compounded annual growth rate of 23.0%.
From December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2022, we grew the number of our home health and hospice agencies and senior living units by 280.0% and 120.5%, respectively.
Agency and Unit Growth Since 2014
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Home health and hospice agencies 25 32 39 46 54 63 76 88 95
Senior living communities(a)
15 36 36 43 50 52 54 54 49
Senior living units(a)
1,587 3,184 3,184 3,434 3,820 3,963 4,127 4127 3,500
Total number of home health, hospice, and senior living operations 40 68 75 89 104 115 130 142 144
(a) On January 27, 2022, affiliates of the Company, entered into certain operations transfer agreements with affiliates of Ensign, providing for the transfer of the operations of five senior living communities.
We aim to continue to grow our revenue and earnings by expanding our existing operations and acquiring additional operations in existing and new markets.
Industry Trends
The healthcare sector is one of the largest and fastest-growing sectors of the U.S. economy. According to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (“CMS”), national healthcare spending increased from 8.9% of U.S. GDP, or $253 billion, in 1980 to an estimated 18.3% of GDP, or $4.3 trillion, in 2021. CMS projects national healthcare spending will grow by an average of 5.1% annually from 2021 through 2030, accounting for approximately 19.6% of U.S. GDP, or approximately $6.8 trillion, in 2030.
The home health and hospice segment is growing within the overall healthcare landscape in the United States. According to Grandview Research, Inc., the home health market is estimated at approximately $142.9 billion and is expected to grow at a compounded annual growth rate (“CAGR”) of 7.5% from 2022 to 2030. The hospice industry is estimated at approximately $34.5 billion and is projected to grow at an estimated CAGR of 8.2% from 2022 to 2030. The senior living market is estimated at approximately $91.8 billion and is expected to expand at an estimated CAGR of 5.5% between 2022 to 2030. We believe that the industries in which we operate will continue to benefit from several macroeconomic and regulatory trends highlighted below:
Increased Demand Driven by Aging Populations. As seniors account for an increasing percentage of the total U.S. population, we believe demand for home health and hospice will continue to increase and demand for senior living services will improve as operating conditions impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic return to normal. According to the U.S. Census Bureau in 2020, between 2016 and 2060, the number of individuals over 65 years old is projected to be one of the fastest growing
segments of the United States population, growing from 15% to 23%. The Bureau expects this segment to increase nearly 92% to 94.7 million by 2060 (from 2016) as compared to the total U.S. population which is projected to increase by 25.2% over that same time period. Furthermore, the generation currently retiring has access to fewer post-retirement benefits and accumulated less savings than in the past, creating demand for more affordable senior housing and in-home care options. As a high-quality provider in lower cost settings, we believe we are well-positioned to benefit from this trend.
Shift of Patient Care to Lower Cost Alternatives. The growth of the senior population in the U.S. continues to increase healthcare costs, often at a rate faster than the available funding from government-sponsored healthcare programs. In response, government payors have adopted measures that encourage the treatment of patients in their homes and other cost-effective settings where the staffing requirements and associated costs are often significantly lower than the alternatives. With our emphasis on the home health, hospice and senior living industries, which are among the lowest cost settings within the post-acute care continuum, we expect this shift to continue to drive our growth.
Transition to Value-Based Payment Models. In response to rising healthcare spending, certain markets’ commercial, government and other payors are shifting away from fee-for-service payment models toward value-based models, including risk-based payment models that tie financial incentives to quality, efficiency and coordination of care. We believe that payors will continue to emphasize reimbursement models driven by value and that our clinical outcomes combined with our services in cost effective settings will be increasingly rewarded. Many of our home health agencies already receive value-based payments, and we are well-positioned to capitalize on this trend as it unfolds across the markets we serve.
Significant Acquisition and Consolidation Opportunities. The home health, hospice and senior living industries are highly fragmented markets with thousands of small and regional providers and only a handful of large national players. There were over 11,600 Medicare-certified home health agencies operating in 2022, with the top ten largest operators accounting for approximately 26.6% of the market. There are approximately 6,000 hospice agencies in the U.S. with the top ten largest operators accounting for about 19.1% of the total market share. As with the home health and hospice industries, there is significant fragmentation in the senior housing industry, with the top 25 operators owning approximately 35% of the licensed beds within the US. We believe that our strategy of acquiring strategic and underperforming operations in these highly fragmented markets will be an instrumental to our future growth.
Changing Regulatory Framework. Regulations and reimbursement change frequently in our industries. Our model is designed to successfully navigate these regulatory and reimbursement changes. For example, effective January 1, 2020, CMS enacted additional changes to the Medicare home health prospective payment system (“HH PPS”) with the implementation of the Patient Driven Groupings Model (“PDGM”). As discussed in greater detail below under Government Regulation, this reimbursement structure involved case mix calculation methodology refinements, changes to low-utilization payment adjustment (“LUPA”) thresholds, the elimination of therapy thresholds, a change to the unit of payment from a 60-day episode to a 30-day period of care, and reduction in fiscal year 2020 and full elimination in fiscal year 2021 of requests for anticipated payments (“RAPs”). In fiscal year 2022, CMS replaced the RAP process with the home health Notice of Admission (“NOA”), which requires a single NOA filing that will cover continuous 30-day periods of care until the patient is discharged. We believe our unique operating model has allowed us to effectively transition to PDGM as local operations and clinical leaders, supported by our expert resources, have adapted to the new reimbursement environment.
Payor Sources
We derive revenue primarily from Medicare and Medicaid programs, managed care and private payors.
Medicare. Medicare is a federal program that provides healthcare benefits to individuals who are 65 years of age or older or are disabled. The Medicare home health benefit is available both for patients who need care following discharge from an inpatient facility and patients who suffer from chronic conditions that require ongoing but intermittent care. The Medicare hospice benefit is also available to Medicare-eligible patients with terminal illnesses, certified by a physician, where life expectancy is six months or less.
Medicaid. Medicaid is a program financed by state funds and matching federal funds administered by state agencies or managed care organizations on their behalf. Medicaid programs generally provide health benefits for qualifying individuals and may supplement Medicare benefits for the disabled and for persons aged 65 and older meeting financial eligibility requirements. Medicaid reimbursement formulas are established by each state with the approval of the federal government in accordance with federal guidelines.
Medicaid reimbursement varies from state to state and is based upon a number of different methodologies, including cost-based, prospective payment, case mixed adjusted payments, and negotiated rates. Rates are subject to a state’s annual
budgetary requirements and funding, statutory and regulatory changes and interpretations and rulings by individual state agencies and State Plan Amendments approved by CMS.
Managed Care and Private Insurance. Managed care patients consist of individuals who are insured by certain third-party entities, or who are Medicare beneficiaries who have assigned their Medicare benefits to a managed care organization plan. Another type of insurance, long-term care insurance, is also becoming more widely available to consumers and is not expected to contribute significantly to industry revenues in the near term.
Private and Other Payors. Private and other payors consist primarily of individuals, family members or other third parties who directly pay for the services we provide.
The following table sets forth our total revenue by payor source as a percent of revenue generated by each of our reportable segments and as a percentage of total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022:
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Home Health and Hospice Services
Home Health Services Hospice Services Senior Living Services Total Revenue
Medicare 50.3 % 87.4 % - % 49.0 %
Medicaid 5.4 9.7 28.7 13.3
Subtotal 55.7 97.1 28.7 62.3
Managed care 31.8 2.7 - 13.1
Private and other(a)
12.5 0.2 71.3 24.6
Total revenue 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 %
(a) Private and other payors in our home health and hospice services segment includes revenue from all payors generated in our home care operations.
Reimbursement for Specific Services
Historically, adjustments to reimbursement under Medicare and Medicaid have had a significant effect on our revenue and results of operations. Recently enacted, pending and proposed legislation and administrative rulemaking at the federal and state levels could have similar effects on our business. Efforts to impose reduced reimbursement rates, greater discounts, cost sequestrations in federal spending bills passed by Congress, and more stringent cost controls by government and other payors are expected to continue for the foreseeable future and could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, any delay or default by the federal or state governments in making Medicare and/or Medicaid reimbursement payments could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Reimbursement for Home Health Services. Our home health business derives substantially all of its revenue from Medicare, managed care, and private pay sources, which may vary in the markets we serve. Our home health services generally consist of providing some combination of the services of registered nurses, speech, occupational and physical therapists, medical social workers and certified home health aides. Home health is often a cost-effective solution for patients and can also increase their quality of life and allow them to receive quality medical care in the comfort and convenience of a familiar setting.
Reimbursement for Hospice Services. Hospice revenues are primarily derived from Medicare. We receive one of four predetermined rate categories based on four different levels of care provided: routine home care, continuous home care, inpatient respite care and general inpatient care. This payment structure is designed to include all of the services needed to manage a beneficiary’s care, consisting primarily of clinical care, education and counseling. These rates are subject to annual adjustments based on inflation and geographic wage considerations.
Reimbursement for Senior Living Services. Assisted living, independent living and memory care community revenue is primarily derived from private pay residents at rates we establish based upon the services we provide and market conditions in the area of operation. In addition, Medicaid or other state-specific programs in some states where we operate supplement payments for board and care services provided in assisted living and memory care communities.
Competition
The post-acute care industry is highly competitive, and we expect that the industry will become increasingly competitive in the future. The industry is highly fragmented and characterized by numerous local and regional providers, in
addition to large national providers that have achieved geographic diversity and economies of scale. Some of our independent operating subsidiaries also compete with skilled nursing facilities, inpatient rehabilitation facilities and long-term acute care hospitals. Competitiveness may vary significantly from location to location, depending upon factors such as the number of competing operations, availability of services, expertise of staff, and the physical appearance and amenities of senior living communities. We believe that the primary competitive factors in the post-acute care industry are:
•ability to attract and to retain qualified leaders and caregivers;
•reputation and achievements of quality healthcare outcomes and patient and resident satisfaction;
•attractiveness and location of senior living communities and other physical assets;
•the expertise and commitment of operational leaders and employees; and
•private equity and other firms with greater financial resources and/or lower costs of capital with similar asset acquisition objectives.
We seek to compete effectively in each market by establishing a reputation within the local community as the “provider of choice.” This means that the operation leaders are generally free to discern and address the unique needs and priorities of healthcare professionals, customers and other stakeholders in the local community or market, and then create superior service offerings for that particular community or market that are calculated to encourage prospective customers and referral sources to choose or recommend the operation.
Increased competition could limit our ability to attract and retain patients and residents, maintain or increase rates of reimbursement or to expand our business. Some of our competitors have greater financial and other resources than we have, may have greater brand recognition and may be more established in their respective communities than we are. Competing companies may also offer newer or more recently renovated communities or different programs or services than we offer and may, therefore, attract individuals who are currently patients of our operations, potential residents of our facilities, or who are otherwise receiving our healthcare services. Other competitors may have lower expenses or other competitive advantages than us and, therefore, provide services at lower prices than we offer.
There are few barriers to entry in the home health and hospice business in jurisdictions that do not require certificates of need or permits of approval. Our primary competition in these jurisdictions comes from local privately and publicly owned providers and hospital-owned healthcare providers. We compete based on the availability of personnel, the quality of services, expertise of visiting staff, and, in certain instances, on the price of our services. In addition, we compete with a number of non-profit organizations that finance acquisitions and capital expenditures on a tax-exempt basis and charity-funded programs that may have strong ties to their local medical communities and receive charitable contributions that are unavailable to us.
Our senior living services also compete with local, regional and national companies. The primary competitive factors in these businesses include reputation, cost of services, quality of clinical services, responsiveness to patient/resident needs, location and the ability to provide support in other areas such as third-party reimbursement, information management and patient recordkeeping. The market for acquiring and/or operating senior living communities is highly competitive, and some of our present and potential senior living competitors have, or may obtain, greater financial resources than us and may have a lower cost of capital.
Our Competitive Strengths
We believe that we are well positioned to benefit from the ongoing regulatory, reimbursement and demographic changes within the home health, hospice and senior living industries. We believe that we will achieve clinical, financial and cultural success as a direct result of the following key competitive strengths:
Innovative Operating Model. We believe healthcare should be operated primarily as a local business. Our local leadership-centered operating model encourages our leaders to make key operational decisions that meet the individualized needs of their patients, residents and community partners. Recognizing the local nature of our business, our leaders develop each operation’s reputation at the local level, rather than being bound by a traditional organization-wide branding strategy. In addition, our local leaders work closely with their cluster partners to share data and improve clinical and financial outcomes. Moreover, we do not maintain a traditional corporate headquarters, rather we operate our Service Center that supports operational results through world-class systems and by providing ancillary expertise in fields such as information technology, compliance, human resources, accounting, legal and education. This enables individual operations to function with the strength, synergies and economies of scale found in larger organizations, without the disadvantages of a top-down management structure or corporate hierarchy. We believe this approach is unique within our industries and allows us to preserve the “one-operation-at-a-time” focus and culture that has contributed to our success.
Proven Track Record of Successful Acquisitions. We adhere to a disciplined acquisition strategy focused on sourcing and selectively acquiring operations within our target markets. Local leaders are heavily involved in the acquisition process and are recognized and rewarded as these acquired operations become the provider of choice in the communities they serve. Through our innovative operating model and disciplined approach to strategic growth, we have completed and successfully transitioned dozens of value-add operations. Our expertise in acquiring and transforming strategic and underperforming operations allows us to consider a broad range of potential acquisition targets and will be a key element of our future success.
Superior Clinical Outcomes and Quality Care. We will continue to achieve success by delivering high quality home health, hospice and senior living services. Using the CMS five-star quality rating criteria, our home health agencies achieved an average of 4.3 out of 5 stars across all agencies for the for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to the industry average of 3.0 stars (see Government Regulation below for further discussion on the five-star quality rating system). Our locally-driven, patient-centered approach to clinical care allows us to meet the unique needs of our patients, resulting in improved clinical outcomes, including reduced hospital readmission rates. These improved outcomes are driven by both our talented local clinicians and our data-driven analytical approach to patient care and risk stratification. We believe that our achievement of high-quality clinical outcomes positions us as a solution for patients, residents and referral sources, leading to census growth and improved profitability.
Diversified Portfolio by Payor and Services. As of December 31, 2022, we operated 95 home health and hospice agencies and 49 senior living communities across 14 states. Because of this diversified portfolio, our blended payor mix was 49.0% Medicare, 13.3% Medicaid, 13.1% managed care and 24.6% private pay for the year ended December 31, 2022. Our balanced payor mix can provide greater business stability through economic cycles and mitigates volatility arising from government-driven reimbursement changes. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we generated 72.3% of our revenue from home health and hospice services and 27.7% of our revenue from senior living services. Our diversified service portfolio allows us to opportunistically execute on our acquisition strategy as valuations fluctuate over industry cycles.
Effective Talent Recruitment, Development and Retention. We believe we have been successful in attracting, developing and retaining outstanding business and clinical leaders to lead our independent operating subsidiaries. Our unique operating model, which emphasizes local decision making and team building, supported by our platform of expert resources and best-in-class systems, attracts a highly talented and entrepreneurial group of leaders. Our operational leaders are committed to ongoing training and participate in regular leadership development and educational programs. We believe that our commitment to professional development strengthens the quality of our operational leaders and staff and will continue to differentiate us from our competitors.
Human Capital
The operation of our home health and hospice operations and senior living communities requires a large number of highly skilled healthcare professionals and support staff. As of December 31, 2022, we had 5,335 employees who were employed by our independent operating subsidiaries or our Service Center. None of those employees are subject to a collective bargaining agreement relating to our operations.
Our ability to attract and retain future leaders is critical to our ongoing success. Therefore, we are dedicated to continuously recruiting and developing a diverse group of capable leaders. As described in Item 1., Grow Talent Base and Develop Future Leaders, our CEO-in-Training program provides significant in-person instruction and extensive training with key leaders from across the organization to empower local leaders.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, 57.6% of our total expenses were payroll related. Periodically, market forces, which vary by region, require that we increase wages in excess of general inflation or in excess of increases in reimbursement rates we receive. We believe that we staff appropriately, focusing primarily on the acuity level and day-to-day needs of our patients and residents. We seek to manage our labor costs by improving staff retention, improving operating efficiencies, maintaining competitive wage rates and benefits and reducing reliance on overtime compensation and temporary nursing agency services.
The healthcare industry as a whole has been experiencing shortages of qualified professional clinical staff. We believe that our ability to attract and retain qualified professional clinical staff stems from our ability to offer attractive wage and benefits packages, a high level of employee training, a culture that provides incentives for individual efforts and a quality work environment.
Government Regulation
General. The laws and statutes affecting the regulatory landscape of the home health, hospice and senior living industries continue to expand. We expect that these changes will continue after the end of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to this changing regulatory environment, federal, state and local officials are increasingly focusing their efforts on the enforcement of these laws. In order to operate our businesses, we must comply with federal, state and local laws relating to, among other things, licensure, delivery and adequacy of medical care, distribution of pharmaceuticals, equipment, personnel, operating policies, fire prevention, immigration, employment, rate-setting, billing and reimbursement, building codes and environmental protection. Additionally, we must also adhere to federal and state anti-fraud and abuse laws, such as anti-kickback statutes and, physician referral laws, as well as safety and health standards set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”). Changes in laws or regulations, or new interpretations of existing laws may have an adverse impact on our methods and costs of doing business.
Our independent operating subsidiaries are also subject to various regulations and licensing requirements promulgated by state and local health and social service agencies and other regulatory authorities. Requirements vary from state to state and these requirements can affect, among other things, personnel education and training, patient and personnel records, services, staffing levels, monitoring of patient wellness, patient furnishings, housekeeping services, dietary requirements, emergency plans and procedures, certification and licensing of staff prior to beginning employment, and patient rights. These laws and regulations could limit our ability to expand into new markets and to expand our services and facilities in existing markets.
Medicare. All providers are subject to compliance with various federal, state and local statues and regulations in the U.S. and receive periodic inspection by state licensing agencies to review standards of medical care, equipment and safety.
Conditions of Participation. Our home health and hospice operations must comply with regulations promulgated by the United States Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”) and CMS in order to participate in the Medicare program and receive Medicare payments. Among other things, these conditions of participation (the “CoPs”), relate to the type of operation, its personnel and its standards of medical care, as well as its compliance with state and local laws and regulations.
Home Health Quality Reporting Requirements. The CoPs require home health agencies to submit quality reporting data through Outcome and Assessment Information Set (“OASIS”) assessments within 30 days of completing the assessment of the Medicare and Medicaid beneficiary as a condition of payment and for quality measurement purposes. If the OASIS assessment is not found in CMS's quality system upon receipt of a final claim for a home health episode and the receipt date of the claim is more than 30 days after the assessment completion date, CMS will deny the claim. Home health agencies that do not submit quality measure data to CMS incur a 2% reduction in their annual home health payment update. Under this CoP, all home health agencies are required to timely submit both a Start of Care or Resumption of Care OASIS assessment and a Transfer or Discharge OASIS assessment for a minimum of 90% of all episodes.
In addition, CMS requires that all Medicare certified home health and hospice agencies participate in the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (“CAHPS”). CAHPS surveys are designed to produce comparable data on the perspective of patients and their caregivers that allows meaningful and objective comparisons between agencies. Home health and hospice agencies that do not submit the required data incur a 2% reduction in their annual base rate payment update.
Home Health Star Rating. As a consumer tool for selecting a home health provider, CMS has used a five-star rating model to rate home health agencies since 2015. This Quality of Patient Care Star Rating is a summary measure of a home health agency’s performance based upon how well it provides patient care. CMS uses seven measurements indicating quality to determine its quality of patient care rating, including how often the agency initiated care in a timely manner, how often patients demonstrated improvements in ambulation, bed transferring, bathing, oral medication administration, decreased pain with activity, less shortness of breath, and decreased need for acute care hospitalization. According to CMS, a 3-star rating means the agency provides good quality of care, as a 3-star rating applies to most home health agencies. According to the October 2022 quarterly refresh of CMS Home Health Compare star rating criteria, our home health agencies have achieved an average of 4.3 out of 5 stars across all agencies compared to the industry average of 3.0 stars. Excluding locations acquired in fiscal year 2022 and 2021 our star average star rating was 4.4.
Home Health Reimbursement, including HH PPS and PDGM. To qualify for home health services, Medicare CoPs require that beneficiaries (1) be homebound (meaning that the beneficiary is unable to leave his/her
home without a considerable and taxing effort); (2) require intermittent skilled nursing, physical therapy or speech therapy services; (3) have a face to face encounter that (a) has occurred no more than 90 days prior to the start of care or within 30 days after the start of care, (b) was related to the primary reason the patient requires home health services, and (c) was performed by a physician or allowed non-physician provider; and (4) receive treatment under a plan of care established and periodically reviewed by a physician.
Effective January 1, 2020 CMS implemented PDGM. The PDGM reimbursement structure involves case mix calculation methodology refinements, changes to low utilization payment adjustment (“LUPA”) thresholds, the elimination of therapy thresholds, a change to the unit of payment from a 60-day episode to a 30-day payment period, and the reduction in fiscal year 2020 and full elimination in fiscal year 2021 of the request for anticipated payment (“RAP”). Under PDGM the initial certification of patient eligibility, plan of care, and comprehensive assessment remains valid for 60-day episodes of care and payments for home health services are made based upon 30-day periods. The RAP process has been replaced by a home health agency filing a notice of admission (“NOA”) to cover continuous 30-day periods of care until the patient is discharged. Within five calendar days of beginning care, home health agencies must submit a NOA or else face a reduction in the payment that is equal to a 1/30th reduction of the expected wage and case-mix adjusted 30-day payment period for each day from the start of care. This deduction for late-submitted NOAs is equal to the late submission deduction for RAPs prior to CMS’s phase out of RAPs. PDGM’s impact varies by provider based on factors including case-mix, admission source, and providers’ ability to adapt to the new reimbursement model's coding and therapy thresholds. Based on our analysis of the final rule, we expect a less than 1% reduction in reimbursement rates when considering our 2022 case mix compared to an estimated 0.7% rate increase published by CMS.
Home Health Value Based Purchasing (HHVBP). The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation (“Innovation Center”) implemented the original Home Health Value-Based Purchasing (“HHVBP”) Model from January 1, 2016 through December 31, 2021. The model was designed to support greater quality and efficiency of care among Medicare-certified Home Health Agencies (“HHA”) across the nation. The HHVBP Model supported efforts to build a health care system that delivers better care, spends health care dollars more wisely, and results in healthier people and communities. All Medicare-certified HHAs that provided services in Massachusetts, Maryland, North Carolina, Florida, Washington, Arizona, Iowa, Nebraska, and Tennessee competed on value, where payment was tied to quality performance. The overall purpose of the HHVBP Model was to improve the quality and delivery of home health care services to Medicare beneficiaries with specific goals to; provide incentives for better quality care with greater efficiency, study new potential quality and efficiency measures for appropriateness in the home health setting, and, enhance the public reporting process. The HHVBP Model was expanded nationwide in the Calendar Year (“CY”) 2022 HH PPS rule. In addition, the rule finalized the end of the HHVBP Model one year early for the HHAs in the nine original Model states, such that CY 2020 performance data will not be used to calculate a payment adjustment for HHAs in the nine states and did not have their payments impacted in CY 2022.
The expanded HHVBP Model began on January 1, 2022 and includes Medicare-certified HHAs in all fifty states. Calendar Year 2022 was the pre-implementation year wherein CMS provided HHAs with resources and training, which allowed HHAs time to prepare and learn about the expectations and requirements of the expanded HHVBP Model without risk to payments. The first full performance year for the expanded HHVBP Model is CY 2023 (beginning January 1, 2023). Calendar Year 2025 will be the first year when payment will be adjusted determined on CY 2023 performance. Payment adjustments could be as high as 5 percent in 2025 based on data obtained in CY 2023 and CMS could increase the payment adjustment percentage in future years.
Review Choice Demonstration for Home Health Services. The Review Choice Demonstration for Home Health Services (RCD) is mandatory for our HHAs in Texas and allows them to select from three initial options for payment review:
•Pre-claim review
•Post-payment review
•Minimal post-payment review with a 25% payment reduction
After a 6-month period, HHAs demonstrating compliance with Medicare rules through pre-claim review or post-payment review will have additional choices, including relief from most reviews except for a review of a small sample of claims. (To be eligible, HHAs must meet a 90% target full provisional affirmation rate based on a minimum 10 requests/claims submitted.) This program is designed to reduce the number of Medicare appeals, improve provider compliance with Medicare program requirements, should not delay care to Medicare beneficiaries, and does not alter or reduce the Medicare home health benefit.
Hospice Reimbursement and Cap Amounts. Payments are based on daily rates for each day a beneficiary is enrolled in the hospice benefit and are subject to two annual caps. Rates are set based on specific levels of care, are adjusted by a wage index to reflect healthcare labor costs across the country and are established annually through federal legislation. The following are the four levels of care provided under the hospice benefit:
•Routine Home Care (“RHC”). Care that is not classified under any of the other levels of care, such as the work of nurses, social workers or home health aides.
•General Inpatient Care. Pain control or acute or chronic symptom management that cannot be managed in a setting other than an inpatient Medicare-certified facility, such as a hospital, skilled nursing facility or hospice inpatient facility.
•Continuous Home Care. Care for patients experiencing a medical crisis that requires nursing services to achieve palliation and symptom control, if the agency provides a minimum of eight hours of care within a 24-hour period.
•Inpatient Respite Care. Short-term, inpatient care to give temporary relief to the caregiver who regularly provides care to the patient.
CMS has established a two-tiered payment system for RHC. Hospices are reimbursed at a higher rate for RHC services provided from days of service one through 60 and then a lower rate for all subsequent days of service. CMS also provided for a Service Intensity Add-On, which increases payments for certain RHC services provided by registered nurses and social workers to hospice patients during the final seven days of life.
Medicare payments are subject to two fixed annual caps, which are assessed on a provider number basis, and are broken into an inpatient cap amount and an overall payment cap. These cap amounts are calculated and published by the Medicare fiscal intermediary on an annual basis covering the fiscal year, measured as the period from October 1 through September 30. The inpatient cap limits hospice care provided on an inpatient basis. This cap limits the number of days that are paid at the higher inpatient care rate to 20.0% of the total number of days of hospice care that are provided to all Medicare beneficiaries served by a provider. The daily rate for all days exceeding the cap is the standard RHC daily rate, and the provider must reimburse Medicare for any payments received in excess of that amount. The overall payment cap is calculated by the Medicare fiscal intermediary at the end of each hospice cap period to determine the maximum allowable payments to a hospice provider during the period. We estimate our potential cap exposure by using available information to compare our actual reimbursement for all hospice services provided during the period to the number of beneficiaries we served multiplied by the statutory per beneficiary cap amount. If payments received by any one of our hospice provider numbers exceeds either of these caps, we are required to reimburse Medicare for payments received in excess of the cap amounts. The hospice cap amount for the 2022 fiscal year was $31,297.61; this amount is based upon the 2021 cap amount of $30,683.93 updated by 2% per beneficiary. In 2023 the hospice cap amount for the 2023 fiscal year is $32,486.92, which is a 3.8% increase from the fiscal year 2022 hospice cap of $31,297.61.
Improving Medicare Post-Acute Care Transformation Act of 2014 (“IMPACT Act”). The IMPACT Act requires the submission of standardized assessment data for quality improvement, payment and discharge planning purposes across the spectrum of post-acute care providers (“PACs”), including home health agencies. Failure to report such data when required would subject a PAC to a 2% reduction in market basket prices then in effect.
The IMPACT Act also included provisions impacting Medicare-certified hospices, including (1) increasing survey frequency for Medicare-certified hospices to once every 36 months, (2) imposing a medical review process for operations with a high percentage of stays in excess of 180 days, and (3) updating the annual aggregate Medicare payment cap.
Hospice Quality Reporting Requirements (“HQRP”). HQRP, mandated by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, requires hospice agencies to submit required quality data for inclusion on the public facing Hospice Compare website hosted by CMS. Hospices that fail to meet quality reporting requirements receive a 2.0% reduction to the annual market basket update for the fiscal years 2022 and 2023. This reduction penalty will be increased to 4.0% beginning in fiscal year 2024.
Licensure and Certificates of Need (“CON”). Home health, hospice and most senior living communities operate under licenses granted by the health authorities of their respective states. Some states require healthcare providers (including home health, hospice and most senior living providers) to obtain prior state approval for the purchase, construction or expansion of healthcare operations, or changes in services. Certain states, including a number in which we operate, carefully restrict new entrants into the market based on demographic and/or demonstrative usage of additional providers. These states limit the entry of new providers or services and the expansion of existing providers or services in their markets through a CON process, which
is periodically evaluated and updated as required by applicable state law. For those states that require a CON, we must also complete a separate application process establishing a location and must receive required approvals. Washington and Montana are the only CON state in which we operate home health or hospice agencies.
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (“ACA”). Various healthcare reform provisions became law upon enactment of the ACA in 2010. The reforms contained in the ACA have affected our independent operating subsidiaries in some manner and are directed in large part at increased quality and cost reductions. These reforms include modifications to the conditions of qualification for payment, bundling of payments to cover both acute and post-acute care and the imposition of enrollment limitations on new providers. In 2022 and into 2023, HHS engaged in rulemaking under Section 1557 of the ACA that would expand the influence and authority of existing civil rights laws, and prohibitions against discrimination on the bases of race, national origin, sex (or sex stereotype), gender identity or expression, disability, or age, within the healthcare context. Presidential and congressional elections may result in significant changes in legislation, regulation, and implementation of Medicare, Medicaid, and government policy, along with potential changes to tax rates and other tax treatment of our operations. We continually monitor these developments so we can respond to the changing regulatory environment impacting our business.
Civil and Criminal Fraud and Abuse Laws and Enforcement. Various complex federal and state laws exist which govern a wide array of referrals, relationships and arrangements, and prohibit fraud by healthcare providers. Governmental agencies are devoting increasing attention and resources to such anti-fraud efforts. In connection with our involvement with federal healthcare reimbursement programs, the government or those acting on its behalf may bring an action under the False Claims Act (“FCA”), alleging that a healthcare provider has defrauded the government by submitting a claim for items or services not rendered as claimed, which may include coding errors, billing for services not provided, and submitting false or erroneous cost reports. The FCA is a frequent topic of analysis for the United States Supreme Court. As a result, interpretations of the FCA’s meaning periodically change, and the FCA has been, and may be in the future, amended by Congress as a result of United States Supreme Court decisions. The Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009 expanded the scope of the FCA by, among other things, creating liability for knowingly and improperly avoiding repayment of an overpayment received from the government and broadening protections for whistleblowers. The FCA clarifies that if an item or service is provided in violation of the Anti-Kickback Statute, the claim submitted for those items or services is a false claim that may be prosecuted under the FCA as a false claim. Civil monetary penalties (“CMPs”) under the FCA and other authorities, including the Civil Monetary Penalties Law, 42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7a, are substantial and are adjusted annually for inflation. Under the qui tam or “whistleblower” provisions of the FCA, a private individual with knowledge of fraud may bring a claim on behalf of the federal government and receive a percentage of the federal government’s recovery. Due to these whistleblower incentives, lawsuits have become more frequent. Many states also have a false claim prohibition that mirrors or tracks the federal FCA. Federal law also provides that the Office of the Inspector General for HHS (“OIG”) has the authority to exclude individuals and entities from federally funded health care programs on a number of grounds, including, but not limited to, certain types of criminal offenses, licensure revocations or suspensions, and exclusion from state or other federal healthcare programs. In addition, CMS can recover overpayments from health care providers up to five years following the year in which payment was made.
We may also face adverse consequences if we violate the federal Stark laws related to certain Medicare physician referrals. Section 1877 of the Social Security Act, commonly known as the “Stark Law,” provides that a physician may not refer a Medicare or Medicaid patient for a “designated health service” to an entity with which the physician or an immediate family member has a financial relationship unless the financial arrangement meets an exception under the Stark Law or its regulations. Any funds collected for an item or service resulting from a referral that violates the Stark Law must be repaid to Medicare or Medicaid, any other third-party payor, and the patient. In addition, CMPs, which are adjusted for annual inflation, and treble damages may be imposed for presenting or causing to be presented, a claim for a service rendered in violation of the Stark Law. These CMPs include a penalty of more than $25,000 per prohibited claim, and more than $170,000 for knowingly entering into certain prohibited cross-referral schemes (adjusted annually for inflation), and potential exclusion from Medicare for any person who presents or causes to be presented a bill or claim the person knows or should know is submitted in violation of the Stark laws. Many states have enacted healthcare provider referral laws that go beyond physician self-referrals or apply to a greater range of services than just the designated health services under the Stark Law.
Monitoring Compliance in our Operations. As a healthcare provider, we have a compliance program to help us comply with various requirements of federal, state and private healthcare programs. Our compliance program includes, among other things, (1) policies and procedures modeled after applicable laws, regulations, government manuals and industry practices and customs that govern the clinical, reimbursement and operational aspects of our subsidiaries; (2) training about our compliance process for the employees of our independent operating subsidiaries, our directors and officers; (3) training about Medicare and Medicaid laws, fraud and abuse prevention, clinical standards and practices, and claim submission and reimbursement policies and procedures for appropriate employees; and (4) internal controls that monitor, for example, the accuracy of claims, reimbursement submissions, cost reports and source documents, provision of patient care, services, and
supplies as required by applicable standards and laws, accuracy of clinical assessment and treatment documentation, and implementation of judicial and regulatory requirements (e.g., background checks, licensing and training).
Additionally, governmental agencies and other authorities periodically inspect our operations to assess our compliance with various standards, rules and regulations. The robust regulatory and enforcement environment continues to impact healthcare providers, especially in connection with responses to any alleged noncompliance identified in periodic surveys and other inspections by governmental authorities. Unannounced surveys or inspections generally occur at least annually at our independent operating subsidiaries and may also follow a government agency's receipt of a complaint about an operation. We are also subject to regulatory reviews relating to Medicare services, billings and potential overpayments resulting from the Recovery Audit Contractors, Zone Program Integrity Contractors, Program Safeguard Contractors, Unified Program Integrity Contractors, Supplemental Medical Review Contractors and Medicaid Integrity Contributors programs in which third party firms engaged by CMS conduct extensive reviews of claims data and medical and other records to identify potential improper payments under the Medicare programs. We must pass these inspections to maintain our licensure under state law, to obtain or maintain certification under the Medicare and Medicaid programs, to continue participation in the Veterans Administration (VA) program at some operations, and/or to comply with our provider contracts with managed care clients at many operations. From time to time, we, like others in the healthcare industry, may receive notices from federal and state regulatory agencies alleging that we failed to substantially comply with applicable standards, rules or regulations. These notices may require us to take corrective action, may impose CMPs for noncompliance, and may threaten or impose other sanctions and operating restrictions, up through and including the loss of licensure and termination of, or exclusion from, important payor relationships. If our operations fail to comply with these directives or otherwise fail to comply substantially with licensure and certification laws, rules and regulations, we could lose our certification as a Medicare or Medicaid provider, lose our state licenses to operate and be subject to fines and penalties.
Healthcare operations in our industries with otherwise acceptable regulatory histories are generally given an opportunity to correct deficiencies and continue their participation in the Medicare and Medicaid programs by a certain date, usually within nine months, although where denial of payment or similar remedies are asserted, such interim remedies go into effect much sooner. Operations with poor regulatory histories continue to be classified by CMS as poor performing operations notwithstanding any intervening change in ownership, unless the new owner obtains a new Medicare provider agreement instead of assuming the operation's existing agreement. However, new owners (including us, historically) nearly always assume the existing Medicare provider agreement due to the difficulty and time delays generally associated with obtaining new Medicare certifications, especially in previously-certified locations with sub-par operating histories. Accordingly, operations that have poor regulatory histories before we acquire them may be more likely to have sanctions imposed upon them by CMS or state regulators.
Regulations Regarding Patient Record Confidentiality. We are also subject to laws and regulations enacted to protect the confidentiality of patient health information. For example, HHS has issued rules pursuant to Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”) as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (“HITECH”) Act, which relate to the privacy of certain patient information and provide patients with the right of access to their health information. These rules govern our use and disclosure of protected health information. We have established policies and procedures to comply with HIPAA privacy, security and breach notification requirements at our facilities and operations subject to HIPAA. We maintain a company-wide HIPAA compliance plan, which we believe complies with the HIPAA regulations. The HIPAA regulations have and will continue to impose significant costs on our facilities in order to comply with these standards. Our operations are also subject to any federal or state privacy-related laws that are more restrictive than the privacy regulations issued under HIPAA. These laws vary and could impose additional penalties for privacy and security breaches. Based on a notice of proposed rulemaking HHS issued in January of 2021, which has yet been finalized, it is possible that HHS may issue new regulations regarding HIPAA and its privacy requirements in 2023.
Antitrust Laws. We are also subject to federal and state antitrust laws. Enforcement of the antitrust laws against healthcare providers is common, and antitrust liability may arise in a wide variety of circumstances, including third party contracting, physician relations, joint venture, merger, affiliation and acquisition activities. In some respects, the application of federal and state antitrust laws to healthcare is still evolving, and enforcement activity by federal and state agencies appears to be increasing. At various times, healthcare providers and insurance and managed care organizations may be subject to an investigation by a governmental agency charged with the enforcement of antitrust laws or may be subject to administrative or judicial action by a federal or state agency or a private party. Violators of the antitrust laws could be subject to criminal and civil enforcement by federal and state agencies, as well as by private litigants.
Regulations Specific to Senior Living Communities. Senior living services revenue is primarily derived from private pay residents at rates we establish based upon the needs of the resident, the amount of services we provide the resident, and market rate environment in the area of operation. In addition, Medicaid or other state-specific programs may supplement
payments for board and care services provided in senior living communities. A majority of states provide, or are approved to provide, Medicaid payments for personal care and medical services to some residents in licensed senior living communities under waivers granted by or under Medicaid state plans approved by CMS. State Medicaid programs control costs for assisted living and other home- and community-based services by various means such as restrictive financial and functional eligibility standards, enrollment limits and waiting lists. States that administer Medicaid programs for services in senior living communities are responsible for monitoring the services at, and physical conditions of, the participating communities. As a result of the growth of assisted living in recent years, states have adopted licensing standards applicable to assisted living communities. Most state licensing standards apply to assisted living communities regardless of whether they accept Medicaid funding.
Our senior living segment is subject to a variety of federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations. As a senior living services provider, we face regulatory requirements in areas of air and water quality control, medical and low-level radioactive waste management and disposal, asbestos management, response to mold and lead-based paint in our facilities and employee safety.
As an operator of our communities, we also may be required to investigate and remediate hazardous substances that are located on and/or under the property, including any such substances that may have migrated off, or may have been discharged or transported from the property. Part of our operations involves the handling, use, storage, transportation, disposal and discharge of medical, biological, infectious, toxic, flammable and other hazardous materials, wastes, pollutants or contaminants. In addition, we are sometimes unable to determine with certainty whether prior uses of our communities and properties or surrounding properties may have produced continuing environmental contamination or noncompliance, particularly where the timing or cost of making such determinations is not deemed cost-effective. These activities, as well as the possible presence of such materials in, on and under our properties, may result in damage to individuals, property or the environment; may interrupt operations or increase costs; may result in legal liability, damages, injunctions or fines; may result in investigations, administrative proceedings, penalties or other governmental agency actions. Associated costs may not be covered by insurance.
Available Information
We are subject to the reporting requirements under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act). Consequently, we are required to file reports and information with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), including reports on the following forms: annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. These reports and other information concerning our company may be accessed through the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.
You may also find on our website at www.pennantgroup.com electronic copies of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Such filings are placed on our website as soon as reasonably possible after they are filed with the SEC. All such filings are available free of charge. Information contained in our website is not deemed to be a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Item 1A. Risk Factors -
Based on the information currently known to us, we believe that the following information identifies material risk factors affecting our company. However, the risks and uncertainties we face are not limited to those described below. Additional risks and uncertainties may also adversely affect our business. If any of the following risks and uncertainties develops into actual events, these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. In such case, the trading price of our common stock could decline.
Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
Our revenue could be impacted by federal changes to reimbursement and other aspects of Medicare. We derived 49.0% of our revenue from the Medicare program for the year ended December 31, 2022, which is typical. In addition, other payors may use published Medicare rates as a basis for reimbursements. The Medicare program and its reimbursement rates, caps, deductibles and rules are subject to frequent change for a variety of reasons, which is discussed in Item 1., Government Regulation. Budget pressures also frequently lead the federal government to reduce or limit reimbursement rates under Medicare, and to adjust when or how those reductions or limitations are implemented. Additionally, Medicare payments can be delayed or declined (including retroactively) due to determinations that certain costs, services or providers are not covered. Accordingly, if Medicare reimbursement rates are reduced or fail to increase as quickly as our costs, or if there are changes in
the way these programs pay for services or what services or providers are covered, our business and results of operations would be adversely affected. CMS has also introduced in the past, and will likely introduce in the future, new payment models, such as value-based arrangements or payment models that look to numerous factors in order to issue full payment, in markets in which we operate. Those models may depend on the formation of preferred provider relationships among payors and providers. Our operations may not successfully implement or adapt to these changes and our operations could be materially impacted. As discussed below, Medicare reimbursement and participation may also be tied to the vaccination of employees pursuant to an interim final rule published by CMS on November 5, 2021, which the United States Supreme Court affirmed and which took effect by the end of March 2022. This rule requires employees of certain Medicare-participating facilities and services including home health agencies and hospices to be vaccinated, which has affected and continues to affect our businesses and employees.
Reductions in Medicaid reimbursement rates or changes in the rules governing the Medicaid program could have a material, adverse effect on our revenues, financial condition and results of operations. We derived 13.3% of our revenue from Medicaid programs for the year ended December 31, 2022, which is typical. Any budget reductions or funding restrictions, discontinuance or reduction of federal matching, change in payment methodology or delays in states in which we operate could adversely affect our net patient service revenue and profitability. Like Medicare payments, Medicaid payments can be delayed due to budgetary constraints of the state or state agencies responsible for making such payments, and Medicaid payments may be declined (including retroactively) due to determinations that certain costs, services or providers are not covered by the state Medicaid agency or its intermediary organizations. We can expect continuing cost containment pressures on Medicaid outlays for our services.
Reforms to the U.S. healthcare system continue to impose new requirements upon us and may lower our reimbursements. Health care reform is a key political and legislative focal point. We cannot predict what effect legislative or regulatory changes (including, for instance, proposals for Medicare-for-All or public option insurers operated by one or more individual states), will have on our business, including the demand for our services or the amount of reimbursement available for those services. The consequences of the recent 2022 mid-term elections are not yet fully known for this industry, and it may be further affected by the commencement of Presidential primary campaigns in mid-2023 onward. It is possible new laws may lower reimbursement or increase the cost of doing business and adversely affect our business.
We are subject to various government reviews, audits and investigations that could adversely affect our business, including an obligation to refund amounts previously paid to us, potential criminal charges, the imposition of fines, and/or the loss of our right to participate in Medicare and Medicaid programs. As discussed in greater detail in Item 1., Government Regulation, as a result of our participation in the Medicaid and Medicare programs, we are frequently subject to various governmental reviews, audits and investigations to verify our compliance with these programs. Private pay sources also reserve the right to conduct audits. Disagreements about billing and reimbursement are common in our industry due in part to the subjectivity inherent in patient diagnosis and care, record keeping, claims processing and other aspects of the patient service and reimbursement processes. An adverse review, audit or investigation could result in (1) an obligation to refund amounts previously paid to us by payors in amounts that could vastly exceed the revenue derived from claims actually reviewed in the audit, and could be material to our business; (2) state or federal agencies imposing fines, penalties and other sanctions on us; (3) suspension of Medicare or Medicaid payments (4) loss of our right to participate in the Medicare or Medicaid programs or one or more private payor networks; (5) an increase in private litigation against us; and (6) damage to our reputation with potential residents, referral sources, and others in various markets.
In cases where claim and documentation review by any CMS contractor results in repeated poor performance, an operation can be subjected to protracted oversight. Sustained failure to demonstrate improvement towards meeting all claim filing and documentation requirements could ultimately lead to Medicare decertification. Additionally, both federal and state government agencies have heightened and coordinated civil and criminal enforcement efforts as part of numerous ongoing investigations of healthcare companies. The focuses of these investigations includes, among other things: cost reporting and billing practices; quality of care; financial relationships with referral sources; and medical necessity of services provided. If any of our affiliated operations is decertified, loses its license(s), or is subject to criminal charges or civil claims, administrative sanctions or penalties, our revenue, financial condition or results of operations would be adversely affected. We or some of the key personnel of our independent operating subsidiaries could also be temporarily or permanently excluded from future participation in state and federal healthcare reimbursement programs such as Medicaid and Medicare. In addition, the report of such issues at any of our affiliated operations could harm our reputation for quality care and could cause us to be in default under some of our agreements, including agreements governing outstanding indebtedness. Responding to audits, litigation or enforcement efforts diverts material time, resources and attention, and could have a materially detrimental impact on our results of operations during and after any such investigation or proceedings, regardless of whether we prevail.
If we do not operate in compliance with the extensive laws and regulations to which we are subject, or if these laws and regulations change, we could be required to make significant expenditures or change our operations to bring our operations into compliance. We, like other companies in the healthcare industry, are required to comply with extensive and complex laws and regulations at the federal, state and local government levels as discussed in greater detail in Item 1., Government Regulation. These laws and regulations are subject to frequent and unpredictable change. If we fail to comply with these applicable laws and regulations, we could suffer civil or criminal penalties and other detrimental consequences, including denial of reimbursement, imposition of fines, temporary suspension of admission of new patients, suspension or decertification from the Medicaid and Medicare programs, restrictions on our ability to acquire new operations or expand or operate existing operations, the loss of our licenses to operate and the loss of our ability to participate in federal and state reimbursement programs. These laws and regulations are complex, and we do not always have the benefit of significant regulatory or judicial interpretation of these laws and regulations. Changing interpretations or enforcement of these laws and regulations could subject our current or past practices to allegations of impropriety or illegality or could require us to change our operations, equipment, personnel, services, capital expenditure programs and operating expenses.
Public and government calls for increased survey and enforcement efforts toward our industries could result in increased scrutiny and potential sanctions or costly remedies. Government authorities have increased the scope or number of inspections or surveys and the severity of consequent citations for alleged failure to comply with regulatory requirements. As discussed in Item 1., Government Regulation, from time to time in the ordinary course of business, we receive deficiency reports from state and federal regulatory bodies resulting from such inspections or surveys. Although most inspection deficiencies are resolved through an agreed-upon plan of corrective action, the reviewing agency typically has the authority to take further action against a licensed or certified operation, which could result in the imposition of fines and penalties, imposition of a provisional or conditional license, suspension or revocation of a license, suspension of new admission or bed holds, loss of certification as a provider under state or federal healthcare programs or termination of the operations’ payment relationships with those programs, or imposition of other sanctions, including criminal penalties. Furthermore, in some states, citations issued against one operation can affect other operations in the state. Revocation of a license or decertification at a given operation could therefore impair our ability to obtain new licenses or to renew existing licenses at other operations, which may also trigger defaults or cross-defaults under our leases and our credit arrangements, or adversely affect our ability to operate in the future. If state or federal regulators were to determine, formally or otherwise, that one operation’s regulatory history ought to impact another of our existing or prospective communities, this could also increase costs, result in additional fines or penalties, result in increased scrutiny by state and federal survey agencies, and impact our expansion plans as well as our ongoing operations. In addition, from time to time, we may opt to voluntarily stop accepting new patients pending completion of a new state survey, to avoid straining staff and other resources while retraining staff, upgrading operating systems or making other operational improvements, all of which can impact our financial results.
Future cost containment initiatives undertaken by payors may limit our future revenue and profitability. Our managed care revenue and profitability may be affected by continuing efforts of third-party payors to maintain or reduce costs of healthcare by lowering payment rates, narrowing the scope of covered services and network providers, increasing case management review of services and negotiating pricing. In addition, sustained unfavorable economic conditions may affect the number of patients enrolled in managed care programs and the profitability of managed care companies, which could result in reduced revenue due to reduced reimbursement for our services. There can be no assurance that third-party payors will make timely payments for our services, not seek recoupment of payments on grounds that may or may not be valid, or that we will continue to maintain our current payor or revenue mix. We are continuing our efforts to develop our private pay sources of revenue. Any changes in payment levels from current or future third-party payors could have a material adverse effect on our business financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, enrollment in Medicare Advantage programs continues to grow nationwide, and an increasing proportion of Medicare and Medicaid funds are managed by payors who may seek to reduce reimbursement as described above.
Increased competition for, or a shortage of, nurses and other skilled personnel could increase our staffing and labor costs and negatively impact our operations. Our success depends upon our ability to retain and attract nurses, certified nurse assistants, social workers and speech, physical and occupational therapists, as well as skilled personnel who are responsible for the day-to-day operations of each of our affiliated operations. If we fail to attract and retain qualified and skilled personnel, or if the associated costs increase, our independent operating subsidiaries’ ability to conduct their business operations effectively could be harmed. Staffing challenges increased during the pandemic due to health care worker burnout, COVID exposures, vaccine mandates, and wage inflation, increasing the competition for qualified staff and cost of retaining personnel, and continue to affect our operations. There can be no assurance that we will be able to attract and retain key personnel going forward.
We depend on our management team and local leaders, and the loss of their services could harm our business. We believe that our success depends in part on the continued services of our executive management and local leadership teams. The loss of,
or failure to recruit, such key personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business and could adversely affect our strategic relationships and impede our ability to execute our business strategies. The market for qualified individuals is highly competitive and finding and recruiting suitable replacements for our leaders may be difficult, time consuming and costly.
Our hospice independent operating subsidiaries are subject to annual Medicare caps calculated by Medicare. With respect to our hospice independent operating subsidiaries, overall payments made by Medicare for each Medicare beneficiary are subject to caps calculated by Medicare, as discussed in greater detail in Item 1., Government Regulation. If payments received by any one of our hospice provider numbers exceeds the caps for the beneficiary, we are required to reimburse Medicare for payments received in excess of the caps, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Additionally, the annual increase in Medicare beneficiary caps may not keep pace with the rate of inflation as it applies to the costs of caring for such patients, potentially resulting in our hospice independent operating subsidiaries treating these patients at a loss
Security breaches and other cyber-security incidents could subject us to significant liability. Our business is dependent on the proper functioning and availability of our computer systems and networks. Our safety and security measures designed to protect our information systems, data and patient health information and disaster recovery plan may not prevent damage, interruption, or breach of our information systems and operations. In addition, hardware, software or applications we develop or procure from third parties may contain defects in design or manufacture or other problems that could unexpectedly compromise the security of our information systems. Unauthorized parties may attempt to gain access to our systems or operations, or those of third parties with whom we do business, through fraud or other forms of deceiving our employees or contractors. In addition, costs and potential problems and interruptions associated with the implementation of new or upgraded systems and technology or with maintenance or adequate support of existing systems also could disrupt or reduce the efficiency of our operations. If a cyber-security attack or other unauthorized attempt to access our systems or operations were to be successful, such as a ransomware attack, the incident could result in the theft, destruction, loss, misappropriation or release of confidential information or intellectual property, and could cause operational or business delays or disruptions that may materially impact our ability to provide various healthcare services. Any successful cyber-security attack or other unauthorized attempt to access our systems or operations also could result in negative publicity which could damage our reputation or brand with our patients, referral sources, payors or other third parties and could subject us to substantial regulatory, civil or criminal penalties, fines, investigations and enforcement actions, including under HIPAA and other federal and state privacy laws, including, for example, the California Consumer Privacy Act and Nevada Privacy Law, which includes a private right of action that may expose us to private litigation regarding our privacy practices and significant damages awards or settlements in civil litigation.
State efforts to regulate or deregulate the healthcare services industry or the construction or expansion of the number of home health, hospice or senior living operations could impair our ability to expand or result in increased competition. As discussed in greater detail in Item 1., Government Regulation, our ability to acquire or establish new home health, hospice or senior living operations or expand or provide new services at existing operations would be adversely affected if we are unable to obtain the necessary approvals, if there are changes in the standards applicable to those approvals, new laws or changes in applicable laws governing CON requirements, or if we experience delays and increased expenses associated with obtaining those approvals. We may not be able to obtain licensure, CON approval, Medicare or Medicaid certification, Attorney General approval or other necessary approvals for future expansion projects. Conversely, and specific to the highly competitive senior living industry, the elimination or reduction of state regulations that limit the construction, expansion or renovation of new or existing communities could result in increased competition to us. In general, regulatory and other barriers to entry in the senior living industry are not prohibitive. Over the last several years, there has been a significant increase in the construction of new senior living communities, including in the markets where we provide services. This has resulted in increased competition in many of our markets. Such new competition may limit our ability to attract new residents, raise rents or otherwise expand our senior living business, which could have a material adverse effect on our revenues, results of operations and cash flow.
Changes in federal and state employment-related laws and regulations could increase our cost of doing business. Our independent operating subsidiaries are subject to a variety of federal and state employment-related laws and regulations, including, but not limited to, the U.S. Fair Labor Standards Act which governs such matters as minimum wages, overtime and other working conditions, the Americans with Disabilities Act (the “ADA”) and similar state laws that provide civil rights protections to individuals with disabilities in the context of employment, public accommodations and other areas, the National Labor Relations Act, regulations of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, regulations of the Office of Civil Rights, regulations of state Attorneys General, family leave mandates and a variety of similar laws. To the extent these laws do not already apply to our independent operating subsidiaries, ongoing rulemaking under section 1557 of the ACA seeks to impose existing civil rights laws onto the delivery of healthcare where it may not otherwise already apply, creating new compliance obligations to satisfy for our independent operating subsidiaries. Because labor represents a large portion of our operating costs, changes in federal and state employment-related laws and regulations could increase our cost of doing business. We also may be subject to employee-related claims such as wrongful discharge, discrimination or violation of equal employment law.
Employment claims, such as wage and hour claims, frequently are the subject of class action lawsuits in many states in which our independent affiliates operate, including, for example, California.
Required regulatory approvals could delay or prohibit transfers of our healthcare operations, which could result in periods in which we are unable to receive reimbursement for such properties. Our independent operating subsidiaries must be licensed under applicable state law and, depending upon the type of operation, certified or approved as providers under the Medicare and/or Medicaid programs. In the process of acquiring or transferring operating assets, our operations must receive change of ownership approvals from state licensing agencies, Medicare and Medicaid, and third party payors. If there are any delays in receiving regulatory approvals from the applicable federal, state or local government agencies, or from independent accreditation authorities that may be required by federal, state or local government agencies, or the inability to receive such approvals, such delays could result in delayed or lost reimbursement related to periods of service prior to the receipt of such approvals. By way of example, in 2022 California passed Assembly Bill 2673 which prohibits issuance of new hospice licenses and limits transfer of existing licenses.
Compliance with federal and state fair housing, fire, safety and other regulations may require us to make unanticipated expenditures, which could be costly to us. We must incur the expense of complying with the federal Fair Housing Act and similar state laws, and applicable fire and safety regulations, building codes and other land use regulations and food licensing or certification requirements as they may be adopted by governmental agencies and bodies from time to time and the expense may be substantial. Changes to these laws may require us to close operations, limit occupancy, or make other costly changes.
Our revenue, financial condition and results of operations could be negatively impacted by any changes in the acuity mix of patients in our affiliated operations as well as payor mix and payment methodologies. Our revenue is determined in part by the acuity of home health and hospice patients and senior living residents. Changes in the acuity level of patients we attract, as well as our payor mix among Medicare, Medicaid, managed care organizations and private payors, significantly affect our profitability because we generally receive higher reimbursement rates for high acuity patients and because the payors reimburse us at different rates. For the year ended December 31, 2022, 62.3% of our revenue was provided by government payors that reimburse us at predetermined rates, which is typical. If we fail to maintain our proportion of high acuity patients or if there is any significant increase in the percentage of the patients of our independent operating subsidiaries for whom we receive Medicaid reimbursement, our results of operations may be adversely affected. Among other initiatives, these payors attempt to control healthcare costs by contracting with healthcare providers to obtain services on a discounted basis. We believe that this trend will continue and may limit reimbursements for healthcare services. If insurers or managed care companies from whom we receive substantial payments were to reduce the amounts they pay for services, we may lose patients if we choose not to renew our contracts with these insurers at lower rates.
We are subject to litigation that could result in significant legal costs and large settlement amounts or damage awards. Our business involves a significant risk of liability given the age and health of the patients and residents of our independent operating subsidiaries and the services we provide. The frequency and severity of litigation in the healthcare industry has increased, due in part to large verdicts and punitive damage awards. Claims are filed based upon a wide variety of assertions and theories, including deficiencies in conditions of participation under certain state and federal healthcare programs and wage and hour class actions. Plaintiffs’ attorneys have become increasingly aggressive in their pursuit of claims against healthcare providers, including home health, hospice and senior living providers, employing a wide variety of advertising and solicitation activities to generate more claims. Additionally, recent changes in California law, through its passage of AB 35, has increased the non-economic (i.e., pain and suffering) damages that may be recovered by attorneys on claims of professional negligence or malpractice in the healthcare setting, and may embolden plaintiff’s attorneys to be more aggressive in their pursuit of facilities operated by our independent operating subsidiaries and the services provided through them. The defense of lawsuits may result in significant legal costs, regardless of the outcome. Further, such litigation against us or our independent operating subsidiaries may result in increased liability insurance premiums and/or a decline in available insurance coverage levels, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Instances of noncompliance can decrease our revenue. As discussed under Item 1., Monitoring Compliance in our Operations, we have internal compliance policies and procedures, including ongoing monitoring and controls, pursuant to which we have identified, and may in the future identify, deficiencies in the assessment of and recordkeeping for patients and residents. We must accrue liabilities for claim costs and interest and repay any amounts due in normal course. Failure to refund overpayments within required time frames (as described in greater detail under Item 1., Government Regulation) could result in FCA liability and other penalties, fines, or sanctions. Additionally, federal and state mandates for vaccination of employees-or in some cases, state actions prohibiting vaccination-differ and may be difficult to comply with, and non-compliance may result in sanctions or other penalties assessed upon the Company. If future investigations ultimately result in findings of significant billing and reimbursement noncompliance, which require us to record significant additional provisions or remit payments, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
We may be unable to complete future acquisitions at attractive prices or at all, which may adversely affect our revenue growth. To date, our revenue growth has been significantly accelerated by our acquisition of new operations. Subject to general market conditions and the availability of essential resources and leadership within our company, we continue to seek home health, hospice and senior living acquisition opportunities that are consistent with our geographic, financial and operating objectives. We face competition for the acquisition of operations and businesses and expect this competition to increase. Based upon factors such as our ability to identify suitable acquisition candidates, the purchase price of the operations, prevailing market conditions, the availability of leadership to manage new operations and our own willingness to take on new operations, the rate at which we have historically acquired home health, hospice and senior living operations has fluctuated and we anticipate similar fluctuation in the future. Further, acquisitions may require financing, which may not be available to us or may be available to us only on terms that are not favorable. If funds are raised through the issuance of additional equity securities, the percentage ownership of our stockholders would be diluted, and any newly issued equity securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of our common stock. We may acquire operations that prove to be non-strategic or less desirable, and we may consider disposing of such operations or exchanging them for operations which are more desirable.
We may not be able to successfully integrate acquired operations, and we may not achieve the benefits we expect from our acquisitions. We may not be able to successfully or efficiently integrate new acquisitions with our existing independent operating subsidiaries, culture and systems. We also may determine that renovations of acquired operations and changes in staff and operating management personnel are necessary to successfully integrate those acquisitions into our existing operations. We may not be able to recover the costs incurred to reposition or renovate newly independent operating subsidiaries. The financial benefits we expect to realize from many of our acquisitions are largely dependent upon our ability to improve clinical performance, overcome regulatory deficiencies, rehabilitate or improve the reputation of the operations in the community, increase and maintain census, control costs, and in some cases change the patient acuity mix. Growth also places significant demands on our leaders and operational, financial and management information systems. If we are unable to accomplish any of these objectives at the independent operating subsidiaries we acquire, we will not realize the anticipated benefits and we may experience lower than anticipated profits, or even losses.
In undertaking acquisitions, we may be impacted by costs, liabilities and regulatory issues that may adversely affect our operations. In undertaking acquisitions, we also may be adversely impacted by unforeseen liabilities attributable to the prior providers who operated the acquired operations, against whom we may have little or no recourse. Many operations we have historically acquired were underperforming prior to the acquisition. Even where operations have been improved, we still may face post-acquisition regulatory issues related to pre-acquisition events. These may include, without limitation, payment recoupment related to our predecessors’ prior noncompliance, the imposition of fines, penalties, operational restrictions or special regulatory status. Further, we may incur post-acquisition compliance risk due to the difficulty or impossibility of immediately or quickly bringing non-compliant operations into full compliance. Diligence materials pertaining to acquisition targets, especially the underperforming operations that often represent the greatest opportunity for return, are often inadequate, inaccurate or impossible to obtain, sometimes requiring us to make acquisition decisions with incomplete information. Operations that we have acquired or may acquire in the future may generate unexpectedly low returns, may cause us to incur substantial losses (including sanctions, fines, penalties, and other liabilities that state and federal authorities may seek to impose upon us under various theories of successor liability despite our efforts to prevent such liabilities during our transactions), may require unexpected levels of management time, expenditures or other resources, or may otherwise not meet a risk profile that our investors find acceptable. We also incur regulatory risk in acquiring certain operations due to the licensing, certification and other regulatory requirements affecting our right to operate the acquired operations, which are frequently obtained post-closing. If we were denied licensure or certification for any reason, we might not realize the expected benefits of the acquisition and would likely incur unanticipated costs and other challenges which could cause our business to suffer.
If our referral sources fail to view us as an attractive provider, or if our referral sources otherwise refer fewer patients or residents, our patient or resident base may decrease. We rely on appropriate referrals from physicians, hospitals and other healthcare providers in the communities we serve to attract appropriate residents and patients to our affiliated operations. Our referral sources are not obligated to refer business to us and may refer business to other healthcare providers. If we lose, or fail to maintain, existing relationships with our referral resources, fail to develop new relationships, or if we are perceived by our referral sources as not providing high quality patient care, our census could decline and our patient mix could change. In addition, if any of our referral sources have a reduction in patients whom they can refer due to a decrease in their business, our census could decline and patient mix could change.
If we do not achieve and maintain competitive quality of care ratings from CMS and private organizations engaged in similar monitoring activities, our business may be negatively affected. Providing quality patient care is the cornerstone of our business. We believe that referral sources, residents and patients select us in large part because of our reputation for delivering quality care. If we should fail to attain our goals regarding acute care hospitalization readmission rates and other quality
metrics, we expect our ability to generate referrals would be adversely impacted, which could have a material adverse effect upon our business financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, our home health payment rates could be reduced, as described in Item 1., Government Regulation - Home Health Value Based Purchasing (HHVBP); further, our star ratings measured by CMS on a five-star basis may decrease, resulting in lower estimation by potential residents and patients and reducing the likelihood of having those potential residents and patients use our services, as described in Item 1.,
Our Competitive Strengths - Superior Clinical Outcomes and Quality Care.
If we are unable to obtain insurance, or if insurance becomes more costly for us to obtain, our business may be adversely affected. It may become more difficult and costly for us to obtain coverage for patient care liabilities and other risks, including property and casualty insurance. Our claims history, asset mix, or other factors may adversely affect our ability to obtain insurance at favorable rates. Our insurance carriers may require us to pay substantially higher premiums for the same or reduced coverage for insurance, including workers compensation, property and casualty, automobile, employment practices liability, directors and officers liability, employee healthcare and general and professional liability coverages. Further, many claims and other risks we face are not insurable. Attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic, insurers may increase their exclusions of infectious diseases or raise costs of coverage significantly affecting our ability to obtain insurance coverage.
We retain certain risks related to our insurance coverage. Under its insurance policies, the Company bears the risk of loss up to specified deductible limits, which may be substantial if there is a surge in the volume of claims subject to the deductible. The Company recognizes obligations associated with these costs in the period in which a claim is incurred, including with respect to both reported claims and claims incurred but not reported. These costs generally are estimated based on our historical claims experience. Projections of self-insured retention losses are estimates that are subject to significant variability, and as a result, actual losses and expenses may be more or less than recorded liabilities.
The unionization of our workers may adversely affect our revenue and profitability. To date, our employees have chosen not to unionize. Throughout 2022, however, there has been a nationwide trend of service workers successfully organizing to unionize their workplaces, which may increase the likelihood of our employees seeking to unionize their activities at one or more locations controlled by our independent operating subsidiaries. If our employees decide to unionize, our cost of doing business could increase, our operations could experience disruption, and affected operations may no longer be economical to continue operating.
Because we lease all of our affiliated senior living communities, we could experience risks associated with leased property, including risks relating to lease termination, lease extensions and special charges, which could adversely affect our business, financial position or results of operations. As of December 31, 2022, we leased all except one of our senior living communities and administrative offices. Most of our leases are triple-net leases, which means that, in addition to rent, we are required to pay for the costs related to the property (including property taxes, insurance, and maintenance and repair costs), the cost of which have increased since 2020 and may adversely affect us with future increases and operating expense reconciliations due for prior years. Under certain master leases, a breach at a single community could subject one or more of the other communities covered by the same master lease to the same default risk. Failure to comply with provider requirements is a default under several of the leases and master lease agreements. In addition, lease defaults could trigger cross-default provisions in our outstanding debt arrangements and other leases. With an indivisible lease, it is difficult to restructure the composition of the portfolio or economic terms of the lease without the consent of the landlord.
A housing downturn could decrease demand for assisted living services. Seniors often use the proceeds of home sales to fund their admission to assisted living communities. A downturn in the housing markets could adversely affect seniors’ ability to afford our resident fees and entrance fees. If national or local housing markets enter a persistent decline in prices or transaction activity, our occupancy rates, revenues, results of operations and cash flow could be negatively impacted.
Failure to generate sufficient cash flow to cover required payments or meet operating covenants under our long-term debt and operating leases could result in defaults under such agreements and cross-defaults under other debt or operating lease arrangements, which could harm our independent operating subsidiaries and cause us to lose operations or experience foreclosures. We have significant future operating lease obligations. We intend to continue financing operations through long-term operating leases, mortgage financing and other types of financing, including borrowings under our future credit facilities we may obtain. We may not generate sufficient cash flow from operations to cover required interest, principal and lease payments. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow from operations in the future to service our debt or to make lease payments on our operating leases, we may be required, among other things, to seek additional financing in the debt or equity markets, refinance or restructure all or a portion of our indebtedness, sell selected assets, reduce or delay planned capital expenditures or delay or abandon desirable acquisitions. Such measures might not be sufficient to enable us to service our debt or to make lease payments on our operating leases. The failure to make required payments on our debt or operating leases or the delay or abandonment of our planned growth strategy could result in an adverse effect on our future ability to generate revenue
and sustain profitability and subject us to foreclosure. In addition, any such financing, refinancing or sale of assets might not be available on terms that are economically favorable to us, or at all. Our financing arrangements contain restrictions, covenants and events of default that, among other things, could limit our ability to respond to market conditions, provide for capital investment needs or take advantage of business opportunities by restricting our ability to incur or guarantee additional indebtedness or requiring us to offer to repurchase such indebtedness in the event of a change of control or a change of control triggering event; pay dividends or make distributions; make investments or acquisitions; sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of certain assets; create liens; consolidate or merge; enter into transactions with affiliates; and prepay and repurchase or redeem certain indebtedness.
The condition of the financial markets, including volatility and deterioration in the capital and credit markets, could limit the availability of debt and equity financing sources to fund the capital and liquidity requirements of our business, as well as negatively impact or impair the value of our future portfolio of cash, cash equivalents and investments. Credit markets are cyclical. Volatility in financial and credit markets may reduce the availability of certain types of debt financing and restrict the availability of credit. Further, we anticipate that our future cash, cash equivalents and investments may be held in a variety of interest-bearing instruments. As a result of the uncertain domestic and global political, credit and financial market conditions, investments in these types of instruments pose risks arising from liquidity and credit concerns.
Inflation may negatively impact profitability. The annual inflation rate of 8.0% in 2022 has impacted our operations, placing upward pricing pressure on all things from wages to supplies to energy costs. Inflation is expected to continue in 2023 and may affect the Company’s profit in providing services. We have historically derived a substantial portion of our revenue from the Medicare program. We also derive revenue from state Medicaid and similar reimbursement programs. Payments under these programs generally provide for reimbursement levels that are adjusted for inflation annually. These adjustments may not continue in the future, and even if continued, such adjustments may not reflect the actual increase in our costs for providing healthcare services. Labor and supply expenses make up a substantial portion of our cost of services. Those expenses are subject to increase in periods of rising inflation and when labor shortages occur in the marketplace. Inflation may also lead to increased interest rates, which could increase our cost of capital, impair consumers’ ability to purchase our services, or otherwise harm us financially.
Extreme weather, natural disasters, or other catastrophic events could adversely effect our results from operations. We operate and are subject to long term leases in areas particularly susceptible to damage or losses caused by catastrophic or extreme weather and other natural events, including fires, snow, rain or ice storms, windstorms, tornadoes, hurricanes, earthquakes, flooding and other severe weather. Many of our services require our employees to travel to patients’ homes by car. Adverse weather events could impair our ability to provide services and could cause substantial damages or losses to our communities or operations, which may not be covered by insurance. These events may also indirectly effect our business by increasing the cost of (or making unavailable) insurance on terms we find acceptable. Changes in regulations relating to climate change could require us to change the way we provide services and could result in increased costs without a corresponding increase in revenue.
Delays in reimbursement may cause liquidity problems. If we experience problems with our billing information systems or if issues arise with Medicare, Medicaid or other payors, we may encounter delays in our payment cycle. From time to time, we have experienced such delays as a result of government payors instituting planned reimbursement delays for budget balancing purposes or as a result of prepayment reviews. Some states in which we operate are operating with budget deficits or could have a budget deficit in the future, which may delay reimbursement in a manner that would adversely affect our liquidity. In addition, from time to time, procedural issues require us to resubmit claims before payment is remitted, which contributes to aged receivables. Unanticipated delays in receiving reimbursement from state programs due to changes in their policies or billing or audit procedures may adversely impact our liquidity and working capital.
Compliance with the regulations of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (“HUD”) may require us to make unanticipated expenditures which could increase our costs. Seventeen of our affiliated senior living communities are currently subject to regulatory agreements with HUD that give the Commissioner of HUD broad authority to require us to be replaced as the operator of those communities in the event that the Commissioner determines there are operational deficiencies at such communities under HUD regulations. Compliance with HUD’s requirements can often be difficult because these requirements are not always consistent with the requirements of other federal and state agencies and, in some instances, may require us to make additional capital expenditures to meet HUD’s heightened requirements. Appealing a failed inspection can be costly and time-consuming and, if we do not successfully remediate the failed inspection, we could be precluded from obtaining HUD financing in the future or we may encounter limitations or prohibitions on our operation of HUD-insured communities.
Failure to comply with existing environmental laws could result in increased expenditures, litigation and potential loss to our business and in our asset value. Our independent operating subsidiaries are subject to regulations under various federal, state and local environmental laws, primarily those relating to the handling, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of medical waste; the identification and warning of the presence of asbestos-containing materials in buildings, as well as the encapsulation or removal of such materials; and the presence of other substances in the environment. The presence of such materials may be unknown and could result in remediation costs, fines, damages and other material harm to our business.
We are a holding company with no operations and rely upon our independent operating subsidiaries to provide us with the funds necessary to meet our financial obligations. We are a holding company with no direct operating assets, employees or revenues. Each of our affiliated operations is operated through a separate, independent subsidiary, which has its own management, employees and assets. Our principal assets are the equity interests we directly or indirectly hold in our independent operating subsidiaries. As a result, we are dependent upon distributions from our subsidiaries to generate the funds necessary to meet our financial obligations. Our subsidiaries are legally distinct from us and have no obligation to make funds available to us. The ability of our subsidiaries to make distributions to us will depend substantially on their respective operating results and will be subject to restrictions under, among other things, the laws of their jurisdiction of organization, which may limit the amount of funds available for distribution to investors or stockholders, agreements of those subsidiaries, the terms of our financing arrangements and the terms of any future financing arrangements of our subsidiaries.
Two of our directors continue to serve as a director on the Ensign board of directors, and ownership of shares of Ensign common stock or equity awards of Ensign by our directors and executive officers may create conflicts of interest or the appearance of conflicts of interest. Two of our directors continue to serve on the Ensign board of directors and substantially all of our executive officers and some of our non-employee directors own shares of Ensign common stock. This could create, or appear to create, potential conflicts of interest when our or Ensign’s management or directors face decisions that could have different implications for us and Ensign, including the resolution of any dispute regarding the terms of the agreements governing the Spin-Off and the relationship between us and Ensign after the Spin-Off, any commercial agreements entered into in the future between us and Ensign and the allocation of such directors’ time between us and Ensign.
A Medicare Overpayment Audit of one of our Independent Operating Subsidiaries could result in a material loss. From June 2021 to May 2022, a united program integrity contractor (“UPIC”) for the Medicare program suspended one of our independent operating subsidiary’s rights to submit claims to and obtain reimbursement from Medicare for its hospice agency services. The suspension concluded in May 2022 and Medicare has resumed payment on new claims submitted by the agency. The payments suspended as of June 30, 2022 totaled $5.2 million and represented all Medicare payments due to that independent operating subsidiary’s provider number during the suspension. During the suspension, the UPIC reviewed 107 patient records from a 10-month period to determine whether a Medicare overpayment was made to this independent operating subsidiary and whether repayment of any identified overpayment is due. Based on the results of its claim review, the UPIC alleged actual overpayments of $0.4million and extrapolated overpayments of $5.2 million based upon its sampled and extrapolated data. In September and October 2022, the Company submitted requests for redetermination of the alleged overpayments. The UPIC’s redetermination decision was partially favorable. The Company plans to continue to contest the UPIC’s initial overpayment determination for the claim samples redetermined adversely to the Company.
This suspension and overpayment allegation may increase the likelihood that this or other of our independent operating subsidiaries may be subjected to additional scrutiny in the future. A Medicare contractor may review patient records from one or more of our other independent operating subsidiaries, which may lead to those agencies having their Medicare payments suspended, whether temporarily or on an indefinite or permanent basis, potentially leading to their closure and resulting adverse impacts on our revenues and profits.
Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock
Anti-takeover provisions in our organizational documents and Delaware law might discourage or delay acquisition attempts for us that you might consider favorable. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws may make the merger or acquisition of our company more difficult without the approval of our board of directors. Among other things, these provisions: allow us to authorize the issuance of undesignated preferred stock, the terms of which may be established and the shares of which may be issued without stockholder approval, and which may include super voting, special approval, dividend, or other rights or preferences superior to the rights of the holders of common stock; establish advance notice requirements for nominations for elections to our board or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by stockholders at stockholder meetings; create a classified board of directors whose members serve staggered three-year terms; and limit the ability of our stockholders to call and bring business before special meetings. Further, as a Delaware corporation, we are also subject to provisions of Delaware law, which may impair a takeover attempt that our stockholders may find beneficial. These provisions could discourage, delay or prevent a transaction involving a change in control of our company,
including actions that our stockholders may deem advantageous, or negatively affect the trading price of our common stock. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for our stockholders to elect directors of their choosing and to cause us to take other corporate actions desired.
Risks Related to COVID-19
COVID-19 has created new regulatory risks that impact our operations. COVID-19 has generated, and will likely continue to generate, dramatic and rapid changes in the laws affecting our operations. U.S. Federal, state, and local regulators implemented new laws, rules, regulations, and orders, or waived or modified existing laws, rules and regulations for the duration of the COVID-19 public health emergency (“PHE”). The Biden administration has announced that the PHE will conclude on May 11, 2023, which will require us to navigate the termination of federal and state waivers and flexibilities, which may be staggered and result in different or inconsistent termination dates of certain federal and state waivers flexibilities.
Most of the legal and regulatory changes in response to COVID-19 were made without following typical regulatory or legislative processes and procedures, and were announced via website postings or fact sheets with limited notice and without full regulations or guidance in place. While many of the changes are beneficial in that they reduce or eliminate statutory or regulatory requirements for healthcare providers during the COVID-19 public health emergency, we remain subject to the risk of inadvertent non-compliance due to the quantity, ambiguity and frequency of changes, including the expiration of certain waivers issued by the federal government and various state governments. In addition to the regulatory changes regarding COVID-19, the end of the emergency measures created to address it may adversely affect our operations through increased legal and operational costs related to compliance with changes and monitoring for future changes. The resumption of pre-COVID-19 regulatory requirements at the conclusion of the public health emergency may require significant operational changes on short notice.
COVID-19 and related risks have affected and could materially affect our results of operations, financial position and/or liquidity. The global spread of COVID-19 and the various attempts to contain it have created significant volatility, uncertainty and economic disruption. See “Part II-Item 5.,-Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-COVID-19” herein. Now three years into the COVID-19 pandemic, which appears to be an endemic and ongoing circumstance to be managed, and with the end of the federal COVID-19 PHE approaching on May 11, 2023, many of the direct and indirect consequences of COVID-19 on our business are known; however, new developments such as waves of COVID-19 variants, second-order effects such as supply chain and labor supply issues are ongoing. The full range of their direct and indirect consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business are not yet known. Similarly, the risks and consequences of the COVID-19 PHE’s termination and conclusion of emergency responses to COVID-19 in states and localities where we operate are not yet fully known and may adversely affect our business. Risks presented by the ongoing effects of COVID-19 include the following:
•In addition to the hazards posed by COVID-19 itself, the disruption caused by repeated waves of COVID-19 variants, including breakthrough infections of fully vaccinated individuals, poses a risk to the Company for the foreseeable future due to the potential consequences of such variants on Company personnel, labor pool participants, availability of necessary supplies, continued adverse impact on move-in rates within senior living, and consequences for the broader economy.
•Decreased home health and hospice volumes and senior living occupancy, which has led to decreased revenue.
•Increased costs and staffing requirements related to implementation of COVID-19 infection prevention protocols, including increased utilization of personal protective equipment (“PPE”), COVID-19 diagnostic testing and vaccination for staff and residents, and additional labor and cleaning supplies to frequently sterilize equipment and surfaces.
•Increased labor costs due to increased overtime or premium pay, paid leave, reduced labor force participation, wage pressure from competitors, workers becoming ineligible for employment due to COVID-19 vaccination requirements, mandatory testing costs, and the increased need for temporary labor to supplement our existing staffing as our front-line employees may become unable to work while awaiting the results of COVID-19 tests or as they recover from a COVID-19 infection.
•Increased scrutiny by regulators of infection control and prevention measures, including imposition of new COVID-19 disease and mortality reporting requirements, and increased enforcement of resident rights’ violations related to visitation.
•Disruptions to supply chains which could negatively impact consistent and reliable delivery of PPE, sanitizing supplies, food, pharmaceuticals, and other goods.
•COVID-19 related illnesses in staff may impact the quality of care, which could lead to temporary staffing shortages or reliance on less experienced personnel.
•Employee concerns related to workplace safety, including potential for increase in workers’ compensation claims.
•Potential increase in insurance premiums and COVID-19 related claims.
•Inconsistent application or interpretation of modifications to regulatory requirements by surveyors.
•Potential for continued inflation resulting from changes in economic conditions and steps taken by the federal government and the Federal Reserve, which could lead to higher inflation rates or longer-lasting inflation than anticipated, which could in turn lead to an increase in expenses, including rent expense under our triple net leases. All of the triple net leases in our senior living business contain annual rent escalators tied to year-over-year increases in various consumer price indices. While these leases contain provisions capping the increased rent expense each year, increased inflation could cause our rent expense in our senior living business to increase at a greater rate than in prior years.
•Potential for future investigations, sanctions, fines, or other penalties arising from the conclusion of the COVID-19 PHE and the expiration of waivers and flexibilities enacted at the federal and state levels as a result of the PHE, and the need to update and amend policies and procedures to timely acknowledge the expiration of these waivers and flexibilities.
COVID-19 could lead to future litigation. COVID-19 has affected virtually all businesses in the country, and healthcare providers have been acutely impacted due to direct involvement with the virus. The challenges of dealing with a global pandemic have been amplified by supply shortages, lack of available tests, and constantly evolving information. It is likely that healthcare companies, including those in the post-acute care and senior living industries in which we operate, could become targets of plaintiffs’ litigation, alleging negligence, wrongful death, and similar claims resulting from where cases of COVID-19 occurred in senior living communities and through the direct contact with COVID-19 positive patients of our home health and hospice providers. If we or our operations are subject to litigation of this nature, such litigation may result in legal fees, damages, fines or settlements in amounts that could be material.
Rules mandating COVID-19 vaccination may subject us to penalties and other challenges. Various federal, state and local governments have issued, or indicated an intention to issue, COVID-19 vaccination requirements for health care workers and other workers. Most notably, on November 4, 2021, CMS issued an interim final rule requiring full vaccination of personnel working for operations reimbursed by Medicare or Medicaid. The United States Supreme Court upheld this mandate and full vaccination is now required for health care workers in all states.
States where we operate have imposed their own vaccine mandates as well. During 2021, California, Colorado, Oregon and Washington each issued orders requiring that all or some employees and contractors of our independent operating subsidiaries be fully vaccinated. In addition, on December 22, 2021 California ordered that health care workers who are booster-eligible must receive a vaccine booster by March 1, 2022. Other states, however, have rescinded or allowed their healthcare worker vaccination mandate to expire. Oregon modified its vaccine mandate on April 1, 2022 so that it no longer applied to state employees, but it continued to remain in effect for healthcare workers. By July 14, 2022 the Colorado Board of Health allowed the State’s COVID-19 vaccination requirement for healthcare workers to expire and no longer required healthcare workers to be vaccinated against the virus. Washington State also terminated its requirement for healthcare workers to be vaccinated against COVID-19 on October 31, 2022. Despite this emerging inconsistency among various states, CMS’s interim final rule still requires COVID-19 vaccination for healthcare workers at Medicare-participating facilities.
The Company may be subject to fines, penalties or judgments, or may otherwise be negatively impacted, if it is found not to have complied with any such current or future vaccination requirements, including CMS’s interim final rule requiring COVID-19 vaccination. Current or prospective employees may oppose vaccination, making it more difficult to recruit or retain staff.
As of January 2022, the FDA and CDC approved the use of COVID-19 vaccine booster shots for most individuals. The Company may be subject to fines, penalties, judgments, or otherwise be negatively impacted based on loss of skilled workers or increased competition and cost to acquire skilled workers in the event of worker hesitancy or aversion to vaccine booster shots, or a change in the definition or understanding of “fully vaccinated” under CMS, OSHA or other state regulations that currently, or may in the future, require employees to have received booster shots to maintain their fully vaccinated status.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Item 2. Properties
Service Center
We lease two office locations to accommodate our Service Center. We lease approximately 16,794 square feet of office space located at 1675 East Riverside Drive, Suite 150, Eagle, ID 83616, pursuant to a lease that expires March 31, 2025. Our principal executive offices are located at the Service Center in Eagle, Idaho. We have two options to extend our lease term at this location for an additional five-year term for each option. In addition, we currently lease 4,839 rentable square feet of office space located at 7440 South Creek Road, Suite 100, Sandy, Utah 84093, pursuant to a lease that expires January 31, 2026. We have one option to extend our lease term at this location for one additional five-year term.
Home Health and Hospice Agencies and Senior Living Communities
As of December 31, 2022, we operated 95 home health, hospice and home care agencies in Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Iowa, Montana, Nevada, Oklahoma, Oregon, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin and Wyoming. Office space is leased within geographies served by our agencies.
As of December 31, 2022, we operated 49 affiliated senior living communities in Arizona, California, Idaho, Nevada, Texas, and Wisconsin, with 3,500 Senior Living units. We lease all of our communities through long-term, triple-net lease arrangements.
The following table provides summary information regarding the locations of our home health and hospice agencies and our senior living communities and operational units as of December 31, 2022:
State Home Health Agencies Hospice Agencies Senior Living Communities Senior Living Units
Arizona 4 8 5 841
California 7 9 7 629
Colorado 6 1 - -
Idaho 4 3 2 175
Iowa 1 1 - -
Montana 1 1 - -
Nevada 1 2 4 385
Oklahoma 2 1 - -
Oregon 2 1 - -
Texas 5 8 12 712
Utah 9 4 - -
Washington 6 3 - -
Wisconsin 2 1 19 758
Wyoming 1 1 - -
Total 51 44 49 3,500

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
We are involved in various claims and lawsuits arising in the ordinary course of business, none of which, in the opinion of management, is expected to have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. However, the results of such matters cannot be predicted with certainty and we cannot assure you that the ultimate resolution of any legal or administrative proceeding or dispute will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition,
results of operations and cash flows. See Note 15, Commitments and Contingencies, to the Audited Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of our business.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
None.
Part II.

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Market Information
Our Common stock has traded under the symbol “PNTG” on the NASDAQ Global Select Market since our Spin-Off on October 1, 2019. As of February 23, 2023, there are approximately 61 holders of record of our stock.
Dividend Policy
We do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future. Instead, we anticipate that all of our future earnings will be retained to support our operations and to finance the growth and development of our business.
Issuer Repurchases of Equity Securities
On December 12, 2022, the Board of the Directors of the Company approved a share repurchase program under which the Company may repurchase up to $1.0 million of its common stock. Under the share repurchase program, the Company may repurchase shares from time to time through open market purchases, including through the use of trading plans intended to comply with Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The timing and total amount of stock repurchases will depend upon business, economic and market conditions, corporate and regulatory requirements, prevailing stock prices, and other considerations. The authorization expires on December 12, 2023, and may be suspended or discontinued at any time and does not obligate the company to acquire any amount of common stock. No shares were repurchased during the year ended December 31, 2022.
Stock Performance Graph
The following Stock Performance Graph and related information shall not be deemed “soliciting material” or “filed” with the SEC, nor should such information be incorporated by reference into any future filings under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act except to the extent that we specifically incorporate it by reference in such filing.
The graph below compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock, $0.001 par value per share, during the period from the date of the Spin-Off on October 1, 2019, through December 31, 2022, with the cumulative total return on the NASDAQ composite index and an industry peer group over the same period (assuming the investment of $100 in our common stock, the NASDAQ composite index and the industry peer group on October 1, 2019 and the reinvestment of dividends). The peer group we selected is comprised of: Amedysis, Inc. (“AMED”), Addus Homecare Corporation (“ADUS”), Chemed Corporation (“CHE”), Encompass Health Corporation (“EHC”), LHC Group, Inc. (“LHCG”), Sonida Senior Living Inc., formerly known as Capital Senior Living Corporation (“SNDA”), and Brookdale Senior Living, Inc. (“BKD”). The cumulative total stockholder return on the following graph is historical and is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance. No cash dividends have been paid on our common stock.
10/1/2019 12/31/2019 6/30/2020 12/31/2020 6/30/2021 12/31/2021 6/30/2022 12/31/2022
PNTG 100 219 150 385 271 152 85 73
NASDAQ 100 113 127 163 183 199 139 132
Peer Group 100 113 116 147 134 120 105 111

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Item 6. [Reserved]

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes, which appear elsewhere in this Annual Report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report. See Item 1A., Risk Factors and Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.
Overview
We are a leading provider of high-quality healthcare services to patients and residents of all ages, including the growing senior population, in the United States. We strive to be the provider of choice in the communities we serve through our innovative operating model. We operate in multiple lines of businesses including home health, hospice and senior living services across Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Iowa, Montana, Nevada, Oklahoma, Oregon, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin and Wyoming. As of December 31, 2022, our home health and hospice business provided home health, hospice and home care services from 95 agencies operating across 14 states, and our senior living business operated 49 senior living communities throughout six states.
The following table summarizes our affiliated home health and hospice agencies and senior living communities as of:
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Home health and hospice agencies 25 32 39 46 54 63 76 88 95
Senior living communities 15 36 36 43 50 52 54 54 49
Senior living units 1,587 3,184 3,184 3,434 3,820 3,963 4,127 4127 3,500
Total number of home health, hospice, and senior living operations 40 68 75 89 104 115 130 142 144
COVID-19
We have been, and we expect to continue to be, impacted by several factors related to the viral disease known as COVID-19 that may cause actual results to differ from our historical results or current expectations. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the results presented in this report are not necessarily indicative of future operating results. The situation surrounding COVID-19 remains fluid. We are actively managing our response in collaboration with government officials, team members
and business partners, and we are assessing potential impacts to our financial position and operating results, as well as adverse developments in our business.
Home Health and Hospice
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the labor challenges experienced throughout the past year continued with some moderation. During 2022, hospice average discharged length of stay was impacted slightly as a result of a shift of patient referrals from more acute settings, resulting in a modest decline in hospice average length of stay despite an incremental improvement in hospice admissions.
Senior Living
COVID-19 continues to impact our senior living business and geographies, including impacts on our residents, team members, vendors and business partners. While our overall senior living occupancy has decreased since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic due to a greater number of move outs net of move ins, during the year ended December 31, 2022 we experienced modest improvement in occupancy. We cannot be sure if or when the occupancy levels in our senior living communities will improve over multiple measurement periods or return to pre-pandemic levels.
Labor
Wage rates have increased in response to COVID-driven staffing shortages and the lingering disruption COVID-19 caused to the labor market. We are monitoring the ongoing impact of COVID-19 on labor costs due to increased overtime, premium pay, and temporary labor to supplement existing staffing. Accordingly, we received state relief funding in selected states, which have been designed to provide additional funding to cover COVID-19 related expenses. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded state relief funds of $4.2 million in costs of services as a direct offset against COVID-19 related expenses we incurred in those states in our senior living operations.
Recent Activities
Acquisitions. During 2022, we expanded our operations with the addition of three home health agencies, four hospice agencies and one senior living community. A subsidiary of the Company entered into a separate operations transfer agreement with the prior operator of each acquired operation as part of each transaction.
Other Activities. On January 27, 2022, affiliates of the Company, entered into certain operations transfer agreements (collectively, the “Transfer Agreements”) with affiliates of Ensign, providing for the transfer of the operations of certain senior living communities (the “Transaction”) from affiliates of the Company to affiliates of Ensign. The closing of the Transaction was completed in two phases with the transfer of two operations on March 1, 2022 and the remainder transferred on April 1, 2022. The transfer includes a $6.5 million payment to Ensign for the year ended December 31, 2022 to cover post-closing capital expenditures and operating losses related to one of the communities transferred on April 1, 2022, which was recorded in loss on asset dispositions and impairment, net.
Trends
Since the pandemic began and until the first quarter of 2021, we experienced a steady decline in senior living occupancy as move-ins declined relative to move-outs due to the pandemic. However, we have experienced modest senior living occupancy improvement during 2022, partly as a result of improving COVID-19 case trends and renewed consideration of senior living communities as a home based care setting. Nevertheless, we cannot be sure when the occupancy levels in our senior living communities will completely return to pre-pandemic levels. As uncertainty regarding the COVID-19 pandemic persists, if there is a resurgence in cases, or if variant strains aggressively emerge, we could see a more prolonged recovery.
When we acquire turnaround or start-up operations, we expect that our combined metrics may be impacted. We expect these metrics to vary from period to period based upon the maturity of the operations within our portfolio. We have generally experienced lower occupancy rates and higher costs at our senior living communities and lower census and higher costs at our home health and hospice agencies for recently acquired operations; as a result, we generally anticipate lower and/or fluctuating consolidated and segment margins during years of acquisition growth. We established two start-up hospice agencies in Colorado and Washington, and one home health agency in California during the year ended December 31, 2022.
Regulation
The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) was enacted on March 27, 2020, and subsequent regulatory actions. The CARES Act contained provisions for accelerated or advance Medicare payments (“AAP”) to provide supporting cash flow to providers and suppliers combating the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. We applied for and received $28.0 million in 2020. These funds were subject to automatic recoupment through offsets to new claims beginning one year after payment were issued. On June 23, 2022, we completed repayment of all the AAP we had received.
The CARES Act payroll tax deferral program allowed employers to defer the deposit and payment of the employer’s portion of social security taxes that otherwise would be due between March 27, 2020, and December 31, 2020. The CARES Act permits employers to deposit half of these deferred payments by the end of 2021 and the other half by the end of 2022. The Company deferred approximately $7.8 million of employer-paid portion of social security tax, all of which was paid by the end of 2022.
The American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (the “ARP Act”) was enacted on March 11, 2021 in the United States. The ARP Act was designed to assist the country with the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and included a number of tax components. The ARP Act’s primary tax impact on us is a new revenue raising provision that requires us to include the next five highest paid employees to the list of covered officers already subject to the IRC Section 162(m) wage limitation beginning in the 2027 tax year.
In 2021 CMS issued, and the United States Supreme Court upheld, an interim final rule requiring workers of Medicare- or Medicaid-reimbursed operations to be fully vaccinated or subject to an appropriate exemption. The application of this interim final rule has been extended to all 50 states. In addition, several states in which our independent operating subsidiaries are located issued their own vaccine requirements, most notably California, Colorado, Oregon, and Washington. Since then, CMS has issued guidance indicating that its surveys for compliance with the interim final rule’s vaccine mandate will only be enforced in surveys used for initial certification or recertification of providers, and in response to complaints of non-compliance. Colorado has since allowed its COVID-19 vaccination mandate for healthcare workers to expire. In some states where our independent operating subsidiaries are located, state requirements for vaccination of healthcare workers have been updated to address the availability and necessity of vaccine boosters after receiving an initial one- or two-injection course of vaccination. Still other states, such as Texas, have prohibited COVID-19 vaccines from being required as a matter of state law, although the interim final rule requires employees of Medicare-participating health care facilities to receive the COVID-19 vaccination. Compliance with the relevant federal and state vaccine mandates or laws is challenging, due to legal challenges, differing requirements, and changes to those requirements, including their expiration or termination.
As of December 31, 2022, our independent operating subsidiaries are substantially in compliance with these mandates. While the mandates have contributed to industry-wide staffing shortages and increased competition for qualified employees, increasing our employee costs, those impacts have been felt across the health care industry and are not unique to our operations. The various federal and state mandates have also created ongoing testing, tracking and other administrative obligations and expenses, which may persist as long as the mandates are in place.
On July 27, 2022, CMS issued the 2023 Hospice Payment Rate Update final rule (“Hospice Payment Final Rule”). The Final Rule provides that a hospice’s wage index (one component of its payment rate) will not be reduced more than 5.0% year-over-year. In other words, a hospice’s wage index each fiscal year will be no less than 95.0% of its prior fiscal year wage index. This will help protect hospices against large annual wage-based reimbursement decreases. This change is permanent and will not automatically expire or require renewal. Subject to this wage index change, the Hospice Payment Final Rule adopts a 3.8% increase in payments made for hospice services, including the cap amount, which the rule increases from $31,297.61 to $32,486.92. The Hospice Payment Final Rule also outlines reductions in payment ranging from two percent (2.0%) to four percent (4.0%), beginning in 2024, for hospices that fail to meet quality reporting requirements.
On October 31, 2022, CMS issued the 2023 Home Health Prospective Payment System Rate Update final rule (“Home Health Payment Final Rule”). The rule implements a 3.9% decrease to the home health 30-day period standard payment rate in 2023, half of the 7.9% permanent decrease which CMS proposes to fully implement by 2024. This decrease is based on assumed behavior changes resulting from implementation of the Patient Driven Grouping Model (“PDGM”). Low Utilization Payment Adjustments (“LUPAs”) are excluded. Aside from these adjustments, CMS finalized a 2.9% basket increase for the home health payment update in calendar year 2023. CMS also recalibrated case-mix weights and low utilization payment adjustment thresholds using 2021 data. Additionally, the rule applies a permanent 5.0% cap on decreases in the wage index, meaning an agency’s wage index for any future year will not be less than 95.0% of the final wage index for the preceding year. For home health agencies that do not report required quality reporting data to CMS, their increase in payment will be 0.9%, rather than the full 2.9% contemplated in the rule. Overall, the Home Health Payment Final Rule estimates that Medicare
payments to all home health agencies will increase in the aggregate by 0.7%, or $125 million, based on its contents. The rule is effective beginning January 1, 2023.
On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act (“IRA”) was enacted. The IRA introduced changes to U.S. corporate income tax law, including a 15% corporate minimum tax, a 1% excise tax on stock buybacks, and various energy-related deduction and credit provisions.
Segments
We have two reportable segments: (1) home health and hospice services, which includes our home health, home care and hospice businesses; and (2) senior living services, which includes the operation of assisted living, independent living and memory care communities. Our Chief Executive Officer, who is our Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”), reviews financial information at the operating segment level using segment adjusted EBITDAR from operations. We also report an “all other” category that includes general and administrative expense from our Service Center.
Common Stock Repurchase Program
On December 12, 2022, the Board of the Directors of the Company approved a share repurchase program under which the Company may repurchase up to $1,000 of its common stock. Under the share repurchase program, the Company may repurchase shares from time to time through open market purchases, including through the use of trading plans intended to comply with Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The timing and total amount of stock repurchases will depend upon business, economic and market conditions, corporate and regulatory requirements, prevailing stock prices, and other considerations. The authorization expires on December 12, 2023, and may be suspended or discontinued at any time and does not obligate the company to acquire any amount of common stock. No shares were repurchased during the year ended December 31, 2022.
Key Performance Indicators
We manage the fiscal aspects of our business by monitoring key performance indicators that affect our financial performance. These indicators and their definitions include the following:
Home Health and Hospice Services
•Total home health admissions. The total admissions of home health patients, including new acquisitions, new admissions and readmissions.
•Total Medicare home health admissions. Total admissions of home health patients, who are receiving care under Medicare reimbursement programs, including new acquisitions, new admissions and readmissions.
•Average Medicare revenue per completed 60-day home health episode. The average amount of revenue for each completed 60-day home health episode generated from patients who are receiving care under Medicare reimbursement programs.
•Total hospice admissions. Total admissions of hospice patients, including new acquisitions, new admissions and recertifications.
•Average hospice daily census. The average number of patients who are receiving hospice care during any measurement period divided by the number of days during such measurement period.
•Hospice Medicare revenue per day. The average daily Medicare revenue recorded during any measurement period for services provided to hospice patients.
The following table summarizes our overall home health and hospice statistics for the periods indicated:
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021
Home health services:
Total home health admissions 40,436 37,366
Total Medicare home health admissions 18,641 17,356
Average Medicare revenue per 60-day completed episode(a)
$ 3,545 $ 3,443
Hospice services:
Total hospice admissions 9,166 8,613
Average hospice daily census 2,296 2,291
Hospice Medicare revenue per day $ 178 $ 174
(a) The year to date average for Medicare revenue per 60-day completed episode includes post period claim adjustments for prior periods.
Senior Living Services
•Occupancy. The ratio of actual number of days our units are occupied during any measurement period to the number of units available for occupancy during such measurement period.
•Average monthly revenue per occupied unit. The revenue for senior living services during any measurement period divided by actual occupied senior living units for such measurement period divided by the number of months for such measurement period.
The following table summarizes our senior living statistics for the periods indicated:
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021
Occupancy 75.7 % 72.7 %
Average monthly revenue per occupied unit $ 3,516 $ 3,207
Revenue Sources
Home Health and Hospice Services
Home Health. We derive the majority of our home health revenue from Medicare and managed care. The Medicare payment is adjusted for differences between estimated and actual payment amounts, an inability to obtain appropriate billing documentation or authorizations acceptable to the payor and other reasons unrelated to credit risk. For Medicare episodes that began prior to January 1, 2020, home health agencies were reimbursed under the Medicare HH PPS, while Medicare periods of care that began on or after that date are reimbursed under the PDGM methodology. Under PDGM, Medicare provides agencies with payments for each 30-day period of care provided to beneficiaries. If a beneficiary is still eligible for care after the end of the first 30-day payment period, a second 30-day payment period can begin. There are no limits to the number of periods of care a beneficiary who remains eligible for the home health benefit can receive. While payment for each 30-day period of care is adjusted to reflect the beneficiary’s health condition and needs, a special outlier provision exists to ensure appropriate payment for those beneficiaries that have the most expensive care needs. The payment under the Medicare program is also adjusted for certain variables including, but not limited to: (a) a low utilization payment adjustment if the number of visits is below an established threshold that varies based on the diagnosis of a beneficiary; (b) a partial payment if the patient transferred to another provider or the Company received a patient from another provider before completing the period of care; (c) adjustment to the admission source of claim if it is determined that the patient had a qualifying stay in a post-acute care setting within 14 days prior to the start of a 30-day payment period; (d) the timing of the 30-day payment period provided to a patient in relation to the admission date, regardless of whether the same home health provider provided care for the entire series of episodes; (e) changes to the acuity of the patient during the previous 30-day period of care; (f) changes in the base payments established by the Medicare program; (g) adjustments to the base payments for case mix and geographic wages; and (h) recoveries of overpayments.
Hospice. We derive the majority of our hospice business revenue from Medicare reimbursement. The estimated payment rates are calculated as daily rates for each of the levels of care we deliver. Rates are set based on specific levels of care, are adjusted by a wage index to reflect healthcare labor costs across the country and are established annually through federal legislation. The following are the four levels of care provided under the hospice benefit:
•Routine Home Care (“RHC”). Care that is not classified under any of the other levels of care, such as the work of nurses, social workers or home health aides.
•General Inpatient Care. Pain control or acute or chronic symptom management that cannot be managed in a setting other than an inpatient Medicare-certified facility, such as a hospital, skilled nursing facility or hospice inpatient facility.
•Continuous Home Care. Care for patients experiencing a medical crisis that requires nursing services to achieve palliation and symptom control, if the agency provides a minimum of eight hours of care within a 24-hour period.
•Inpatient Respite Care. Short-term, inpatient care to give temporary relief to the caregiver who regularly provides care to the patient.
CMS has established a two-tiered payment system for RHC. Hospices are reimbursed at a higher rate for RHC services provided from days of service 1 through 60 and a lower rate for all subsequent days of service. CMS also provided for a Service Intensity Add-On, which increases payments for certain RHC services provided by registered nurses and social workers to hospice patients during the final seven days of life.
Medicare reimbursement is adjusted for an inability to obtain appropriate billing documentation or authorizations acceptable to the payor and other reasons unrelated to credit risk. Additionally, as Medicare hospice revenue is subject to an inpatient cap limit and an overall payment cap, we monitor our provider numbers and based upon empirical experience estimate amounts due back to Medicare to the extent that the cap has been exceeded.
Senior Living Services. Within our senior living operations, we generate revenue primarily from private pay sources, with a portion earned from Medicaid or other state-specific programs.
Primary Components of Expense
Cost of Services (excluding rent, general and administrative expense and depreciation and amortization). Our cost of services represents the costs of operating our independent operating subsidiaries, which primarily consists of employee wages and related benefits, supplies, purchased services, and ancillary expenses such as the cost of pharmacy and therapy services provided to patients or residents. Cost of services also includes the cost of general and professional liability insurance and other general cost of services specifically attributable to our operations.
Rent-Cost of Services. Rent-cost of services consists solely of base minimum rent amounts payable under lease agreements to our landlords. Our subsidiaries lease and operate but do not own the underlying real estate at our operations, and these amounts do not include taxes, insurance, impounds, capital reserves or other charges payable under the applicable lease agreements.
General and Administrative Expense. General and administrative expense consists primarily of payroll and related benefits and travel expenses for our Service Center personnel in providing training and other operational support. General and administrative expense also includes professional fees (such as accounting and legal fees), costs relating to our information systems, share-based compensation and rent for our Service Center offices.
Depreciation and Amortization. Property and equipment are recorded at their original historical cost. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the depreciable assets (ranging from three to 40 years). Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the remaining lease term.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). The preparation of these financial statements and related disclosures requires us to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial
statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis we review our judgments and estimates, including but not limited to those related to self-insurance reserves, revenue, leases, intangible assets, goodwill, and income taxes. We base our estimates and judgments upon our historical experience, knowledge of current conditions and our belief of what could occur in the future considering available information, including assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. By their nature, these estimates and judgments are subject to an inherent degree of uncertainty, and actual results could differ materially from the amounts reported. While we believe that our estimates, assumptions, and judgments are reasonable, they are based on information available when the estimate was made. Refer to Note 2, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, within the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on our critical accounting estimates and policies, which are as follows:
•Self-insurance reserves - The valuation methods and assumptions used in estimating costs up to retention amounts to settle open claims of insureds and an estimate of the cost of insured claims up to retention amounts that have been incurred but not reported;
•Revenue recognition - The amounts owed by private pay individuals for services and estimate of variable considerations to arrive at the transaction price, including methods and assumptions, used to determine settlements with Medicare and Medicaid adjustments due to audits and reviews;
•Leases - We use our estimated incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at lease commencement date in determining the present value of future lease payments;
•Acquisition accounting - The assumptions used to allocate the purchase price paid for assets acquired and liabilities assumed in connection with our acquisitions; and
•Income taxes - The estimation of valuation allowance or the need for and magnitude of liabilities for uncertain tax position.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Information concerning recently issued accounting pronouncements which are not yet effective is included in Note 2, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the Consolidated Financial Statements. As of December 31, 2022, there were no recently issued accounting pronouncements that were expected to have an impact on the Company.
Results of Operations
The following table sets forth details of our expenses and earnings as a percentage of total revenue for the periods indicated:
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Total revenue 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 %
Expense:
Cost of services 79.6 79.7 75.9
Rent-cost of services 8.0 9.3 10.1
General and administrative expense 7.2 8.2 8.0
Depreciation and amortization 1.0 1.1 1.2
Loss on asset dispositions and impairment, net 1.5 0.6 -
Total expenses 97.3 98.9 95.2
Income from operations 2.7 1.1 4.8
Other income (expense):
Other income - - 0.1
Interest expense, net (0.8) (0.5) (0.3)
Other expense, net (0.8) (0.5) (0.2)
Income before provision for income taxes 1.9 0.6 4.6
Provision for income taxes 0.4 0.1 0.6
Net income 1.5 0.5 4.0
Less: net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest(a)
0.1 (0.1) -
Net income attributable to Pennant 1.4 % 0.6 % 4.0 %
(a) Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest for the year ended December 31, 2020 was less than 0.1% and thus not meaningful as a percentage of total revenue.
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
(In thousands)
Consolidated GAAP Financial Measures:
Total revenue $ 473,241 $ 439,694 $ 390,953
Total expenses 460,502 434,999 372,036
Income from operations $ 12,739 $ 4,695 $ 18,917
The following table presents certain financial information regarding our reportable segments. General and administrative expenses are not allocated to the reportable segments and are included in “All Other”:
Home Health and Hospice Services Senior Living Services All Other Total
(In thousands)
Segment GAAP Financial Measures:
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Revenue $ 342,249 $ 130,992 $ - $ 473,241
Segment Adjusted EBITDAR from Operations $ 61,827 $ 37,563 $ (31,435) $ 67,955
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Revenue $ 309,570 $ 130,124 $ - $ 439,694
Segment Adjusted EBITDAR from Operations $ 55,565 $ 37,517 $ (26,208) $ 66,874
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Revenue $ 253,659 $ 137,294 $ - $ 390,953
Segment Adjusted EBITDAR from Operations $ 49,501 $ 48,309 $ (22,762) $ 75,048
The table below provides a reconciliation of Segment Adjusted EBITDAR from Operations above to income from operations:
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
(In thousands)
Segment Adjusted EBITDAR from Operations(a)
$ 67,955 $ 66,874 $ 75,048
Less: Depreciation and amortization 4,900 4,784 4,675
Rent-cost of services 38,018 40,863 39,191
Other (expense) income (31) (24) 225
Adjustments to Segment EBITDAR from Operations:
Less: Costs at start-up operations(b)
1,435 1,045 1,787
Share-based compensation expense(c)
3,363 10,040 8,335
Acquisition related costs and credit allowances(d)
731 80 99
Transition services costs(e)
77 2,008 1,181
COVID-19 related costs and supplies(f)
- - 447
Loss related to senior living operations transferred to Ensign(g)
6,103 2,835 -
Unusual or non-recurring charges(h)
1,220 - -
Add: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest 600 (548) (191)
Income from operations $ 12,739 $ 4,695 $ 18,917
(a) Segment Adjusted EBITDAR from Operations is net income attributable to the Company's reportable segments excluding interest expense, provision for income taxes, depreciation and amortization expense, rent, and, in order to view the operations performance on a comparable basis from period to period, certain adjustments including: (1) costs at start-up operations, (2) share-based compensation, (3) acquisition related costs and credit allowances, (4) redundant and nonrecurring costs associated with the Transition Services Agreement, (5) loss related to senior living operations transferred to Ensign, (6) unusual or non-recurring charges, and (7) net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest. General and administrative expenses are not allocated to the reportable segments, and are included as “All Other”, accordingly the segment earnings measure reported is before allocation of corporate general and administrative expenses. The Company's segment measures may be different from the calculation methods used by other companies and, therefore, comparability may be limited.
(b) Represents results related to start-up operations. This amount excludes rent and depreciation and amortization expense related to such operations.
(c) Share-based compensation expense and related payroll taxes incurred, including the impact of the modification of certain restricted stock units described below in Note 12, Options and Awards, to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Share-based compensation expense and related payroll taxes are included in cost of services and general and administrative expense.
(d) Non-capitalizable costs associated with acquisitions and credit allowances for amounts in dispute with the prior owners of certain acquired operations.
(e) Costs identified as redundant or non-recurring incurred by the Company as a result of the Spin-off. The 2021 amounts represents part of the costs incurred under the Transition Services Agreement. All amounts are included in general and administrative expense. Fees incurred under the Transition Services Agreement were $1,561, $3,124, and $5,536 for the year ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(f) Beginning in the first quarter of fiscal year 2021, we updated our definition of Segment Adjusted EBITDAR to no longer include an adjustment for COVID-19 expenses offset by the amount of sequestration relief. COVID-19 expenses continue to be part of daily operations for which less specific identification is visible. Furthermore, the sequestration relief was extended through December 31, 2021. Sequestration relief was $3,555 for the year ended December 31, 2021.
The 2020 amount represents incremental costs incurred as part of the Company's response to COVID-19 including direct medical supplies, labor, and other expenses, net of $2,765 in increased revenue related to the 2% payment increase in Medicare reimbursements for sequestration relief for the year ended December 31, 2020.
(g) On January 27, 2022, affiliates of the Company, entered into certain operations transfer agreements (collectively, the “Transfer Agreements”) with affiliates of Ensign, providing for the transfer of the operations of certain senior living communities (the “Transaction”) from affiliates of the Company to affiliates of Ensign. The closing of the Transaction was completed in two phases with the transfer of two operations on March 1, 2022 and the remainder transferred on April 1, 2022. The amount includes $6,500 for the year ended December 31, 2022 to cover post-closing capital expenditures and operating losses related to one of the communities transferred on April 1, 2022. The amount above also includes an offset of $397 for the year ended December 31, 2022, for the related net impact on revenue and cost of service attributable to the transferred entities. This amount excludes rent and depreciation and amortization expense related to such operations. During year ended December 31, 2021, the Company impaired certain leasehold improvements included in property and equipment totaling $2,835 primarily related to the operations included in the transaction with Ensign.
(h) Represents unusual or non-recurring charges for legal services, implementation costs, integration costs, and consulting fees including $958 in general and administrative expenses and $262 in cost of services for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Performance and Valuation Measures:
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
(In thousands)
Consolidated Non-GAAP Financial Measures:
Performance Metrics
Consolidated EBITDA $ 17,008 $ 10,003 $ 24,008
Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA $ 31,545 $ 26,407 $ 36,080
Valuation Metric
Consolidated Adjusted EBITDAR $ 67,955
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
(In thousands)
Segment Non-GAAP Measures:(a)
Segment Adjusted EBITDA from Operations
Home health and hospice services $ 56,977 $ 51,045 $ 46,015
Senior living services $ 6,003 $ 1,570 $ 12,827
(a) General and administrative expenses are not allocated to any segment for purposes of determining segment profit or loss.
The table below reconciles Consolidated Net Income to Consolidated EBITDA, Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA and Consolidated Adjusted EBITDAR for the periods presented:
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
(In thousands)
Consolidated Net income $ 7,243 $ 2,148 $ 15,553
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest 600 (548) (191)
Add: Provision for income taxes 1,649 582 2,350
Net interest expense 3,816 1,941 1,239
Depreciation and amortization 4,900 4,784 4,675
Consolidated EBITDA 17,008 10,003 24,008
Adjustments to Consolidated EBITDA
Add: Costs at start-up operations(a)
1,435 1,045 1,787
Share-based compensation expense(b)
3,363 10,040 8,335
Acquisition related costs and credit allowances(c)
731 80 99
Transition services costs(d)
77 2,008 1,181
Net COVID-19 related costs(e)
- - 447
Loss related to senior living operations transferred to Ensign(f)
6,103 2,835 -
Unusual or non-recurring charges(g)
1,220 - -
Rent related to items (a) and (f) above 1,608 396 223
Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA 31,545 26,407 36,080
Rent-cost of services 38,018 40,863 39,191
Rent related to items (a) and (f) above (1,608) (396) (223)
Adjusted rent-cost of services 36,410 40,467 38,968
Consolidated Adjusted EBITDAR $ 67,955
(a) Represents results related to start-up operations. This amount excludes rent and depreciation and amortization expense related to such operations.
(b) Share-based compensation expense and related payroll taxes incurred, including the impact of the modification of certain restricted stock units described below in Note 12, Options and Awards, to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Share-based compensation expense and related payroll taxes are included in cost of services and general and administrative expense.
(c) Non-capitalizable costs associated with acquisitions and credit allowances for amounts in dispute with the prior owners of certain acquired operations.
(d) Costs identified as redundant or non-recurring incurred by the Company as a result of the Spin-off. The 2021 amounts represents part of the costs incurred under the Transition Services Agreement. All amounts are included in general and administrative expense. Fees incurred under the Transition Services Agreement were $1,561, $3,124, and $5,536 for the year ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(e) Beginning in the first quarter of fiscal year 2021, we updated our definition of Segment Adjusted EBITDAR to no longer include an adjustment for COVID-19 expenses offset by the amount of sequestration relief. COVID-19 expenses continue to be part of daily operations for which less specific identification is visible. Furthermore, the sequestration relief was extended through December 31, 2021. Sequestration relief was $3,555 for the year ended December 31, 2021.
The 2020 amount represents incremental costs incurred as part of the Company's response to COVID-19 including direct medical supplies, labor, and other expenses, net of $2,765 in increased revenue related to the 2% payment increase in Medicare reimbursements for sequestration relief for the year ended December 31, 2020.
(f) On January 27, 2022, affiliates of the Company, entered into certain operations transfer agreements (collectively, the “Transfer Agreements”) with affiliates of Ensign, providing for the transfer of the operations of certain senior living communities (the “Transaction”) from affiliates of the Company to affiliates of Ensign. The closing of the Transaction was completed in two phases with the transfer of two operations on March 1, 2022 and the remainder transferred on April 1, 2022. The amount includes $6,500 for the year ended December 31, 2022 to cover post-closing capital expenditures and operating losses related to one of the communities transferred on April 1, 2022. The amount above also includes an offset of $397 for the year ended December 31, 2022, for the related net impact on revenue and cost of service attributable to the transferred entities. This amount excludes rent and depreciation and amortization expense related to such operations. During year ended December 31, 2021, the Company impaired certain leasehold improvements included in property and equipment totaling $2,835 primarily related to the operations included in the transaction with Ensign.
(g) Represents unusual or non-recurring charges for legal services, implementation costs, integration costs, and consulting fees including $958 in general and administrative expenses and $262 in cost of services for the year ended December 31, 2022.
The table below reconciles Segment Adjusted EBITDAR from Operations to Segment Adjusted EBITDA from Operations for the periods presented:
Year Ended December 31,
Home Health and Hospice Senior Living
2022 2021 2020 2022 2021 2020
(In thousands)
Segment Adjusted EBITDAR from Operations $ 61,827 $ 55,565 $ 49,501 $ 37,563 $ 37,517 $ 48,309
Less: Rent-cost of services 5,060 4,906 3,629 32,958 35,957 35,562
Rent related to start-up operations (210) (386) (143) (1,398) (10) (80)
Segment Adjusted EBITDA from Operations $ 56,977 $ 51,045 $ 46,015 $ 6,003 $ 1,570 $ 12,827
The following discussion includes references to certain performance and valuation measures, which are non-GAAP financial measures, including Consolidated EBITDA, Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA, Segment Adjusted EBITDA from Operations, and Consolidated Adjusted EBITDAR (collectively, “Non-GAAP Financial Measures”). Non-GAAP Financial Measures are used in addition to, and in conjunction with, results presented in accordance with GAAP and should not be relied upon to the exclusion of GAAP financial measures. Non-GAAP Financial Measures reflect an additional way of viewing aspects of our operations and company that, when viewed with our GAAP results and the accompanying reconciliations to corresponding GAAP financial measures, we believe can provide a more comprehensive understanding of factors and trends affecting our business.
We believe these Non-GAAP Financial Measures are useful to investors and other external users of our financial statements regarding our results of operations because:
•they are widely used by investors and analysts in our industry as a supplemental measure to evaluate the overall performance of companies in our industry without regard to items such as interest expense, rent expense and depreciation and amortization, which can vary substantially from company to company depending on the book value of assets, the length of the lease to which the asset applies, the method by which assets were acquired, and differences in capital structures;
•they help investors evaluate and compare the results of our operations from period to period by removing the impact of our asset base and capital structure from our operating results; and
•Consolidated Adjusted EBITDAR is used by investors and analysts in our industry to value the companies in our industry without regard to capital structures.
We use Non-GAAP Financial Measures:
•as measurements of our operating performance to assist us in comparing our operating performance on a consistent basis from period to period;
•to allocate resources to enhance the financial performance of our business;
•to assess the value of a potential acquisition;
•to assess the value of a transformed operation’s performance;
•to evaluate the effectiveness of our operational strategies; and
•to compare our operating performance to that of our competitors.
We typically use Non-GAAP Financial Measures to compare the operating performance of each operation from period to period. We find that Non-GAAP Financial Measures are useful for this purpose because they do not include such costs as interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization expense, which may vary from period-to-period depending upon various factors, including the method used to finance operations, the date of acquisition of a community or business, and the tax law of the state in which a business unit operates.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures have no standardized meaning defined by GAAP. Therefore, our Non-GAAP Financial Measures have limitations as analytical tools, and they should not be considered in isolation, or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported in accordance with GAAP. Some of these limitations are:
•they do not reflect our current or future cash requirements for capital expenditures or contractual commitments;
•they do not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs;
•they do not reflect the net interest expense, or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments, on our debt;
•in the case of Consolidated Adjusted EBITDAR, it does not reflect rent expenses, which are normal and recurring operating expenses that are necessary to operate our leased operations;
•they do not reflect any income tax payments we may be required to make;
•although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized will often have to be replaced in the future, and these non-cash charges do not reflect any cash requirements for such replacements; and
•other companies in our industry may calculate the same Non-GAAP Financial Measures differently than we do, which may limit their usefulness as comparative measures.
We compensate for these limitations by using Non-GAAP Financial Measures only to supplement net income on a basis prepared in accordance with GAAP in order to provide a more complete understanding of the factors and trends affecting our business.
We strongly encourage investors to review our Consolidated Financial Statements, included in this report in their entirety and to not rely on any single financial measure. Because these Non-GAAP Financial Measures are not standardized, it may not be possible to compare these financial measures with other companies’ Non-GAAP financial measures having the same or similar names. These Non-GAAP Financial Measures should not be considered a substitute for, nor superior to, financial results and measures determined or calculated in accordance with GAAP. We strongly urge you to review the reconciliation of income from operations to the Non-GAAP Financial Measures in the table presented above, along with our Financial Statements and related notes included elsewhere in this report.
We believe the following Non-GAAP Financial Measures are useful to investors as key operating performance measures and valuation measures:
Performance Measures:
Consolidated EBITDA
We believe Consolidated EBITDA is useful to investors in evaluating our operating performance because it helps investors evaluate and compare the results of our operations from period to period by removing the impact of our asset base (depreciation and amortization expense) from our operating results.
We calculate Consolidated EBITDA as net income, adjusted for net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest, before (a) interest expense (b) provision for income taxes and (c) depreciation and amortization.
Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA
We adjust Consolidated EBITDA when evaluating our performance because we believe that the exclusion of certain additional items described below provides useful supplemental information to investors regarding our ongoing operating performance. We believe that the presentation of Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA, when considered with Consolidated EBITDA and GAAP net income is beneficial to an investor’s complete understanding of our operating performance.
We calculate Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA by adjusting Consolidated EBITDA to exclude the effects of non-core business items, which for the reported periods includes, to the extent applicable:
•costs at start-up operations;
•share-based compensation expense;
•acquisition related costs and credit allowances;
•redundant or nonrecurring costs associated with the Transition Services Agreement (as defined in Note 3, Transactions with Ensign);
•loss related to senior living operations transferred to Ensign;
•unusual or non-recurring charges; and
•net income attributable to noncontrolling interest.
Segment Adjusted EBITDA from Operations
We calculate Segment Adjusted EBITDA from Operations by adjusting Segment Adjusted EBITDAR from Operations to include rent-cost of services. We believe that the inclusion of rent-cost of services provides useful supplemental information to investors regarding our ongoing operating performance for each segment.
Valuation Measure:
Consolidated Adjusted EBITDAR
We use Consolidated Adjusted EBITDAR as one measure in determining the value of prospective acquisitions. It is also a measure commonly used by us, research analysts and investors to compare the enterprise value of different companies in the healthcare industry, without regard to differences in capital structures. Additionally, we believe the use of Consolidated Adjusted EBITDAR allows us, research analysts and investors to compare operational results of companies without regard to operating or financed leases. A significant portion of financed lease expenditures are recorded in interest, whereas operating lease expenditures are recorded in rent expense.
This measure is not displayed as a performance measure as it excludes rent expense, which is a normal and recurring operating expense and, as such, does not reflect our cash requirements for leasing commitments. Our presentation of Consolidated Adjusted EBITDAR should not be construed as a financial performance measure.
The adjustments made and previously described in the computation of Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA are also made when computing Consolidated Adjusted EBITDAR. We calculate Consolidated Adjusted EBITDAR by excluding rent-cost of services and rent related to start up operations from Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA.
Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2021
Revenue
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021
Revenue Dollars Revenue Percentage Revenue Dollars Revenue Percentage
(In thousands)
Home health and hospice services
Home health $ 159,858 33.8 % $ 136,505 31.0 %
Hospice 160,520 33.9 151,612 34.5
Home care and other(a)
21,871 4.6 21,453 4.9
Total home health and hospice services 342,249 72.3 309,570 70.4
Senior living services 130,992 27.7 130,124 29.6
Total revenue $ 473,241 100.0 % $ 439,694 100.0 %
(a) Home care and other revenue is included with home health revenue in other disclosures in this report.
Our consolidated revenue increased $33.5 million, or 7.6%, driven by the net organic growth of existing operations across all segments of $29.4 million or 6.7% as well as increased revenue from acquired operations of $4.1 million or 0.9% during the year ended December 31, 2022.
Home Health and Hospice Services
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 Change % Change
(In thousands)
Home health and hospice revenue
Home health services $ 159,858 $ 136,505 $ 23,353 17.1 %
Hospice services 160,520 151,612 8,908 5.9
Home care and other 21,871 21,453 418 1.9
Total home health and hospice revenue $ 342,249 $ 309,570 $ 32,679 10.6 %
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 Change % Change
Home health services:
Total home health admissions 40,436 37,366 3,070 8.2 %
Total Medicare home health admissions 18,641 17,356 1,285 7.4
Average Medicare revenue per 60-day completed episode(a)
$ 3,545 $ 3,443 $ 102 3.0
Hospice services:
Total hospice admissions 9,166 8,613 553 6.4
Average daily census 2,296 2,291 5 0.2
Hospice Medicare revenue per day $ 178 $ 174 $ 4 2.3
Number of home health and hospice agencies at period end 95 88 7 8.0 %
(a) The year to date average for Medicare revenue per 60-day completed episode includes post period claim adjustments for prior periods.
Home health and hospice revenue increased $32.7 million, or 10.6%. Revenue grew due to an increase in all key performance indicators including an increase in total home health admissions of 8.2%, an increase in Medicare home health admissions of 7.4%, an increase in average Medicare revenue per 60-day completed episode of 3.0%, an increase of 6.4% in total hospice admissions, an increase of 2.3% in hospice revenue per day, and an increase of 0.2% in hospice average daily census. The improvement in these metrics resulted in net organic revenue growth of $29.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Growth was also driven by the acquisition of seven home health and hospice operations, between December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2022, resulting in an increase in revenue of $3.2 million or 1.0% overall.
Senior Living Services
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 Change % Change
Revenue (in thousands) $ 130,992 $ 130,124 $ 868 0.7 %
Number of communities at period end 49 54 (5) (9.3) %
Occupancy 75.7 % 72.7 % 3.0 %
Average monthly revenue per occupied unit $ 3,516 $ 3,207 $ 309 9.6 %
Senior living revenue increased $0.9 million, or 0.7%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 when compared to the same period in the prior year primarily due to a 9.6% increase in average monthly revenue per occupied unit and a 3.0% increase in occupancy rate between December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2022. The increases were offset by the loss of revenue of $12.8 million from the senior living communities transferred to Ensign. Growth in revenue was also driven by the acquisition of one senior living community, between December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2022, resulting in an increase of $0.9 million or 0.7% overall.
Cost of Services
The following table sets forth total cost of services by each of our reportable segments for the periods indicated:
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 Change % Change
(In thousands)
Home Health and Hospice $ 282,988 $ 257,251 $ 25,737 10.0 %
Senior Living 93,650 92,985 665 0.7
Total cost of services $ 376,638 $ 350,236 $ 26,402 7.5 %
Consolidated cost of services increased $26.4 million, or 7.5%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 when compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. Cost of services as a percentage of revenue decreased by 0.1% from 79.7% to 79.6% over the same time period. The increase in the amount cost of services was driven primarily by volume of services provided.
Home Health and Hospice Services
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 Change % Change
(In thousands)
Cost of service $ 282,988 $ 257,251 $ 25,737 10.0 %
Cost of services as a percentage of revenue 82.7 % 83.1 % (0.4) %
Cost of services related to our home health and hospice services segment increased $25.7 million, or 10.0%, primarily due to increased volume of services provided. Cost of services as a percentage of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022 decreased 0.4% compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily due to a decrease in benefits cost related to transitioning to being self-insured for claims related to employee health, dental, and vision care in the current year partially offset by wage costs increase over the prior year in per hour wage rates and in overtime costs.
Senior Living Services
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 Change % Change
(In thousands)
Cost of service $ 93,650 $ 92,985 $ 665 0.7 %
Cost of services as a percentage of revenue 71.5 % 71.5 % - %
Cost of services related to our senior living services segment increased $0.7 million, or 0.7%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 when compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. As a percentage of revenue, costs of service remained flat primarily due to a decrease in benefits cost related to transitioning to being self-insured for claims related to employee health, dental, and vision care in the current year and the receipt of $4.2 million in state relief funds. The decreases were partially offset by wage cost increases over the prior year in per hour wages and in overtime.
Rent-Cost of Services. Rent decreased 7.0% from $40.9 million to $38.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily as a result of the transfer of senior living communities to Ensign. Rent as a percentage of total revenue decreased from 9.3% to 8.0% in the year ended December 31, 2022.
General and Administrative Expense. Our general and administrative expense decreased $2.3 million or 6.3% from $36.3 million to $34.0 million and as a percent of revenue from 8.2% to 7.2% for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease in general and administrative costs was primarily driven by a decrease in stock-based compensation of $7.3 million, partially offset by an increase of $3.3 million in wages and benefits for our increased headcount. The stock based compensation decrease is primarily related to the modification of certain outstanding RSUs granted in connection with the Spin-off as described above in Note 12, Options and Awards to the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report.
Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation and amortization expense decreased slightly as a percentage of total revenue.
Loss on asset dispositions and impairment, net. Loss on asset dispositions and impairment, net includes a transaction fee of $6.5 million for post-closing capital expenditures and operating losses related to one of the communities transferred to Ensign as well as asset impairment for the year ended December 31, 2022. Asset impairments related to the communities transferred to Ensign totaled $2.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Provision for Income Taxes. Our effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2022 was 18.5% of earnings before income taxes compared with an effective tax rate of 21.3% for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease in the effective tax rate was due to a change in deductible equity compensation expenses. See Note 14, Income Taxes, to the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report filed on Form 10-K for further discussion.
Comparison of Prior Year Information
For a comparison of our results of operations of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 refer to Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 28, 2022.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our primary sources of liquidity are cash generated through operating activities and borrowings under our revolving credit facility.
Revolving Credit Facility
On February 23, 2021, Pennant entered into an amendment to its existing credit agreement (as amended, the “Credit Agreement”), which provides for an increased revolving credit facility with a syndicate of banks with a borrowing capacity of $150.0 million (the “Revolving Credit Facility”). The Revolving Credit Facility is not subject to interim amortization and the Company will not be required to repay any loans under the Revolving Credit Facility prior to maturity in 2026. The Company is permitted to prepay all or any portion of the loans under the Revolving Credit Facility prior to maturity without premium or penalty, subject to reimbursement of any LIBOR breakage costs of the lenders.
The Credit Agreement contains customary covenants that, among other things, restrict, subject to certain exceptions, the ability of the Company and its independent operating subsidiaries to grant liens on their assets, incur indebtedness, sell assets, make investments, engage in acquisitions, mergers or consolidations, amend certain material agreements and pay certain dividends and other restricted payments. Financial covenants require compliance with certain levels of leverage ratios that impact the amount of interest. As of December 31, 2022, we were in compliance with all covenants.
As of December 31, 2022 we had $2.1 million of cash and $81.3 million of available borrowing capacity on our Revolving Credit Facility.
On December 12, 2022, the Board of the Directors of the Company approved a share repurchase program under which the Company may repurchase up to $1.0 million of its common stock. Under the share repurchase program, the Company may repurchase shares from time to time through open market purchases, including through the use of trading plans intended to comply with Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The timing and total amount of stock repurchases will depend upon business, economic and market conditions, corporate and regulatory requirements, prevailing stock prices, and other considerations. The authorization expires on December 12, 2023, and may be suspended or discontinued at any time and does not obligate the company to acquire any amount of common stock. No shares were repurchased during the year ended December 31, 2022.
We believe that our existing cash, cash generated through operations, and access to available borrowing capacity under our existing Credit Agreement, will be sufficient to provide adequate liquidity for the next twelve months for both our operating activities and opportunities for acquisition growth.
The following table presents selected data from our statement of cash flows for the periods presented:
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021
(In thousands)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities $ 9,044 $ (18,223)
Net cash used in investing activities (24,239) (20,120)
Net cash provided by financing activities 12,084 43,490
Net change in cash (3,111) 5,147
Cash at beginning of year 5,190 43
Cash at end of year $ 2,079 $ 5,190
Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2021
Our net cash from operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased by $27.3 million when compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily related to the decrease of $15.6 million in 2022 from the repayment of AAP and increase in net income of $5.1 million when compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. Net cash from operations is impacted by the 2022 repayment of AAP of $6.2 million, $4.1 million for the FICA deferral payment, and the escrow payment of $6.5 million for transferred communities.
Our net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased by $4.1 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in funds used for investing activities was primarily due to an increase of $7.9 million in cash paid for property and equipment, offset by a decrease of $3.4 million in cash paid for acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2022.
Our net cash provided by financing activities decreased by approximately $31.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 when compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily due to a decrease in our net borrowings.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Interest Rate Risk. We are exposed to risks associated with market changes in interest rates. Our Revolving Credit Facility exposes us to variability in interest payments due to changes in LIBOR LIBOR (and any benchmark replacement rate chosen after the completion of the phase-out of LIBOR in June 2023. A 1.0% interest rate change would cause interest expense to change by approximately $0.6 million annually based upon our outstanding long-term debt as of December 31, 2022. We manage our exposure to this market risk by monitoring available financing alternatives.
LIBOR Phase-Out. LIBOR is in the process of being wound down and will be phased out by June 30, 2023 and will be phased out by June 30, 2023. As of December 31, 2022 all CHF and EUR LIBOR settings, the 1 Week and 2 Months USD LIBOR settings, and the Overnight/Spot Next, 1 Week, 2 Months and 12 Months GBP and JPY LIBOR settings have ceased to be published. However, the Overnight and the 1-, 3-, 6- and 12-Months USD LIBOR settings will continue until June 2023. We are required to pay interest on borrowings under our Credit Facility at floating rates based on the 1-month LIBOR and thus, we do not expect to transition away from the LIBOR benchmark until June 2023.
Future debt that we may incur may also require that we pay interest based upon LIBOR, or a “synthetic” benchmark equivalent such as the Standard Overnight Financing Rate or (“SOFR”).Our Credit Agreement provides a mechanism by which, when LIBOR is no longer published and available, the Administrative Agent and the Company may amend the Credit Agreement to replace LIBOR with a benchmark replacement rate (which may include term SOFR). We currently expect that the benchmark rate used to determine the interest rate applicable to borrowings under our Credit Agreement would be revised as provided under the agreement or amended as necessary to provide for an interest rate that approximates the existing interest rate as calculated in accordance with LIBOR for similar types of loans. Despite our current expectations, we cannot be sure that, when LIBOR is phased out, the changes to the benchmark rate used to determine the interest rate applicable to borrowings under our Credit Agreement would approximate the current calculation in accordance with LIBOR.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
The consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes listed in Part IV, Item 15(a)(1) of this Annual Report on Form 10-K are included elsewhere in this report.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Interim Chief Financial Officer, we have evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)), as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Interim Chief Financial Officer have concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Interim Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Interim Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting using the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013). As a result of this assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2022, our internal control over financial reporting was effective in providing reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
Our independent registered public accounting firm, Deloitte & Touche LLP, has audited the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and, as part of their audit, has issued an audit report, included herein, on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Their report is set forth below.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
During the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2022, there were no material changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of The Pennant Group, Inc.
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of The Pennant Group, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022, of the Company and our report dated February 23, 2023, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP
Boise, ID
February 23, 2023

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 9B. Other Information
None.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
The information required by this Item is hereby incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement on Form 14A for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information required by this Item is hereby incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement on Form 14A for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholders
The information required by this Item is hereby incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement on Form 14A for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence
The information required by this Item is hereby incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement on Form 14A for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
The information required by this Item is hereby incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement on Form 14A for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.
Part IV.

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements and Schedules
The following documents are filed as a part of this report:
(a)(1) Financial Statements:
The following Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company are included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
•Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
•Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021
•Consolidated Statements of Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
•Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
•Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
•Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
(a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules:
There are no financial schedules included in this Report as they are either not applicable or included in the financial statements.
(a) (3) Exhibits: The following exhibits are filed with this Report or incorporated by reference:
Exhibits
Exhibit No. Exhibit Description
2.1#
Master Separation Agreement, dated as of October 1, 2019, by and between The Ensign Group, Inc. and The Pennant Group, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to The Pennant Group, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-38900) filed with the SEC on October 3, 2019).
2.2#
Form of Operations Transfer Agreement, dated as of January 27, 2022, entered into by affiliates of the Company and affiliates of Ensign (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to The Pennant Group, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-38900) filed with the SEC on January 27, 2022).
3.1
Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of The Pennant Group, Inc., effective as of September 27, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to The Pennant Group, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-38900) filed with the SEC on October 3, 2019).
3.2
Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of The Pennant Group, Inc., effective as of February 21, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to The Pennant Group, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-38900) filed with the SEC February 22, 2022).
4.1
Description of Securities of The Pennant Group, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to The Pennant Group, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-389000) filed with the SEC on March 4, 2020).
10.1
Transition Services Agreement, dated as of October 1, 2019, by and between The Ensign Group, Inc. and The Pennant Group, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to The Pennant Group, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-38900) filed with the SEC on October 3, 2019).
10.2
Tax Matters Agreement, dated as of October 1, 2019, by and between The Ensign Group, Inc. and The Pennant Group, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to The Pennant Group, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-38900) filed with the SEC on October 3, 2019).
10.3
Employee Matters Agreement, dated as of October 1, 2019, by and between The Ensign Group, Inc. and The Pennant Group, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to The Pennant Group, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-38900) filed with the SEC on October 3, 2019).
10.4
Form of Lease Agreement by and among subsidiaries of The Ensign Group, Inc. and subsidiaries of The Pennant Group, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to The Pennant Group, Inc.’s Amendment No. 2 to the Registration Statement on Form 10 (File No. 001-38900) filed with the SEC on August 19, 2019).
10.5+
The Pennant Group, Inc. 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to The Pennant Group, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-38900) filed with the SEC on October 3, 2019).
10.6+
Form of Options Granted Under The Pennant Group, Inc. 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to The Pennant Group, Inc.’s Amendment No. 2 to the Registration Statement on Form 10 (File No. 001-38900) filed with the SEC on August 19, 2019).
10.7+
Form of RSUs Granted Under The Pennant Group, Inc. 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to The Pennant Group, Inc.’s Amendment No. 2 to the Registration Statement on Form 10 (File No. 001-38900) filed with the SEC on August 19, 2019).
10.8+
Form of RS Granted Under The Pennant Group, Inc. 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to The Pennant Group, Inc.’s Amendment No. 2 to the Registration Statement on Form 10 (File No. 001-38900) filed with the SEC on August 19, 2019).
10.9+
The Pennant Group, Inc. 2019 Long Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to The Pennant Group, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-38900) filed with the SEC on October 3, 2019).
10.10+
Form of LTIP RS Granted Under The Pennant Group, Inc. 2019 Long Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to The Pennant Group, Inc.’s Amendment No. 2 to the Registration Statement on Form 10 (File No. 001-38900) filed with the SEC on August 19, 2019).
10.11
Form of Indemnification Agreement to be entered into between The Pennant Group, Inc. and each of its directors and executive officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to The Pennant Group, Inc.’s Amendment No. 2 to the Registration Statement on Form 10 (File No. 001-38900) filed with the SEC on August 19, 2019).
10.12
Credit Agreement, dated February 23, 2021, by and among the Company and certain of its subsidiaries, the lenders named therein, and Truist Bank (successor by merger to SunTrust Bank), as administrative agent for the lenders (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to The Pennant Group, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-38900) filed with the SEC on February 24, 2021).
10.13+
Cornerstone Healthcare, Inc. 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to The Pennant Group, Inc.’s Amendment No. 3 to the Registration Statement on Form 10 (File No. 001-38900) filed with the SEC on September 3, 2019).
10.14+
The Ensign Group, Inc. 2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to The Pennant Group, Inc.’s Amendment No. 3 to the Registration Statement on Form 10 (File No. 001-38900) filed with the SEC on September 3, 2019).
10.15+
Consulting Agreement, dated July 25, 2022, by and between The Pennant Group, Inc. and Daniel H. Walker (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to The Pennant Group, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-38900) filed with the SEC on July 29, 2022).
10.16+
Amendment to Restricted Stock Unit Agreement, dated July 25, 2022, by and between The Pennant Group, Inc. and Daniel H. Walker (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to The Pennant Group, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-38900) filed with the SEC on July 29, 2022).
21.1*
Subsidiaries of The Pennant Group, Inc.
23.1*
Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP.
31.1*
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2*
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1**
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2**
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS* Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104* Cover Page Interactive Data File - the cover page XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
* Filed with this report.
** Furnished with this report.
+ Exhibit constitutes a management contract or compensatory plan or agreement.
# Schedules omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K. The Pennant Group Inc. agrees to furnish a supplemental copy of any omitted schedule to the SEC upon request.