EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1071840
Filing Year: 2023
Filename: 1071840_10-K_2023_0001171843-23-005488.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1. Business
We are a pre-revenue company developing proprietary transparent electricity-generating coatings and methods for application to various materials which we refer to as “LiquidElectricity® Coatings”. Our LiquidElectricity® Coatings generate electricity by harvesting light energy from natural sun, artificial light, and low, shaded, or reflected light conditions. We apply ultra-thin layers of LiquidElectricity® Coatings to rigid glass, and flexible glass and plastic surfaces where they transform otherwise ordinary surfaces into organic photovoltaic devices, commonly known as solar cells, or solar modules.
Our LiquidElectricity® is a framework which utilizes chemistry for different ultra-thin layers applied to a substrate. These layers include hole transport layers, active layers, electron transport layers, and conductive contact points for transmission of electricity. We have developed a specialty expertise in each layer of our LiquidElectricity® to optimize for power, optical clarity, manufacturability, stability, and other qualities. The flexibility engineered into our LiquidElectricity® framework allows us to target a variety of potential applications spanning multiple industries, including architectural, automotive, agrivoltaic (agricultural greenhouse), aerospace, commercial transportation and marine.
Our LiquidElectricity® Coatings are under development at one of the most respected and advanced solar-photovoltaic research institutions in the world, the U.S. Department of Energy’s (“DOE”) National Renewable Energy Laboratory (“NREL”), through a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (“CRADA”). SolarWindow also has support from commercial contract firms who provide expertise in chemistry, coatings processes, and manufacturing.
Our commercial development efforts include seeking technology, product licensing, and joint venture arrangements with research institutions, commercial partners, manufacturing and fabrication facilities, and organizations with established technical competencies, market reach, and distribution networks in targeted industries.
Among our near-term product iterations, is the electrification of glass surfaces. LiquidElectricity® , when applied using our proprietary processes to glass, could be fabricated into a window product to produce electricity-generating windows for potential use in new construction and retrofit applications in commercial buildings. We also envision the application of LiquidElectricity® Coatings to existing third-party materials or product surfaces, to create electricity-generating products which could become self-powered, or colloquially, “self-charging” products.
We have achieved important milestones and overcome major technical challenges in order to broaden the range of materials and products that we can coat to generate electricity. Our goals in developing electricity-generating products have included ensuring transparency and aesthetics, optimizing power generation, developing productization processes, simplifying manufacturability, and lowering costs of coating materials and their related application.
We first coated rigid flat glass with our LiquidElectricity® Coatings to generate electricity. Numerous technological advancements have enabled us to fabricate panes of flat glass layered with LiquidElectricity® coatings at room temperature and ambient pressure; this process represents a significant technical achievement which may provide manufacturing advantages over expensive and cumbersome high temperature and high positive or negative pressure-sensitive manufacturing methods common to conventional solar photovoltaic manufacturing.
Among important field tests, LiquidElectricity® Coatings on flat glass have been successfully processed through the rigorous autoclave system for window glass lamination at a commercial fabricator. At the fabricator’s facilities, glass panes layered with LiquidElectricity® Coatings were subjected to the extremely high heat and pressure of autoclave equipment used in commercial glass lamination. Subsequent performance testing confirmed that glass with LiquidElectricity® Coatings continued to produce power.
LiquidElectricity® Coatings on glass panes have also been subjected to more than 200 freeze/thaw cycles, yielding favorable performance. Our edge sealing processes and materials contributed to the prevention of moisture-related damage, an important feature.
In addition to flat glass, we have successfully applied our LiquidElectricity® Coatings to generate electricity on flexible glass and plastics. On glass surfaces, our electricity-generating coatings could enable new and retrofit architectural applications such as windows for commercial towers, glass walls and curtain walls, room dividers, and other related products. On flexible surfaces, our electricity-generating products present applications in various industries, including: automotive, light and commercial trucks, recreational vehicles, marine, aerospace and defense, agrivoltaics, and others.
In 2022, SolarWindow successfully applied LiquidElectricity® Coatings using fully-solution processable methodology to create a non-transparent organic photovoltaic device. Fully-solution processable organic photovoltaic methodology offers the potential for industry standard chemical deposition for more capital and time efficient manufacturing and production.
In 2023, LiquidElectricity® Coatings were successfully applied using fully-solution processable methodology to create semi-transparent solar modules. LiquidElectricity® applied with this methodology could benefit the agriculture market through utilizing crop shelter structures which offer protection in adverse climate conditions by generating electricity on greenhouse windows and canopies while simultaneously optimizing light transmission for maximum crop yield.
Our planned productization and commercialization of SolarWindow® technologies will require significant further product development, fabrication, testing, and validation. In addition to our technology development CRADA and engagements with specialty contract groups, we anticipate the need for product development partnerships with commercial partners, as well as additional financing, which may not be readily available, to ascertain the viability of our technologies and products, currently under development.
Our technologies and products, currently under development, use our proprietary chemistries and application processes in order to generate electricity on glass and plastics. Our ongoing research and product development requires the commitment of significant resources to support the extensive invention, design, engineering, testing, prototyping, and intellectual property initiatives carried-out by our scientists, engineers, and consultants.
We cannot accurately predict the amount of funding or the time required to successfully commercialize products. The actual cost and time required to commercialize our technology may vary significantly depending on, among other things, the results of our product development efforts; the cost of developing, acquiring, or licensing various enabling technologies; changes in the focus and direction of our business or product development plans; competitive and technological advances; the cost of patent filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing claims; demonstrating compliance with regulations and standards; and manufacturing, marketing and other costs that may be associated with product fabrication. Because of this uncertainty, even if financing is available to us, we may secure insufficient funding to effectuate our business and/or product development plans.
The Market Opportunity for our LiquidElectricity® Coatings
SolarWindow recognizes demand for global energy requirements, including reducing energy costs while using environmentally friendly next-generation renewables, and actively seeks to advance our novel solar photovoltaic solutions in global adoption of new renewable technologies.
Based on our market research, there are no commercially marketed electricity-generating products available for sale in the United States which provide the functionality, features, esthetics, and adaptability of LiquidElectricity® Coatings. Our markets include building window and glass applications, referred to as “architectural flat glass” and “fabricated glass products.” Flat glass is extensively used in the architecture industry in applications such as windows, partitions, and facades. One third-party glass industry report, published in February 2022, by Grandview Research, Inc., projects that the global flat glass market was $273.43 billion in 2021 and is expected to reach $400.38 billion by 2030, growing at a revenue-based compounded annual growth rate (“CAGR”) of 4.3%.
We are also targeting applications for our LiquidElectricity® Coatings in automotive, light and commercial trucks, recreational vehicles, marine, and aerospace and defense sectors, among others. We believe that the rising demand for electric propulsion and autonomous piloting in these segments presents a timely opportunity for our electricity-generating technologies.
Additionally, the agrivoltaics market for our electricity-generating coatings includes the smart greenhouse market, projected to reach $11 billion by 2032 with a growth rate of 11.7% annually from 2023 to 2032, driven in part by rising food demand due to growing populations and by government initiatives to develop smart farming, according to reports by Precedence Research issued in August 2023 and Research & Markets issued in April 2023. In addition to these smart greenhouses which monitor and control the growth condition of plants and optimize the growing process of the plants, we believe that conventional greenhouse structures, both new and existing, present commercial opportunities for the application of SolarWindow to these structures.
We believe that our addressable markets in each of the forgoing segments, although fractional may nevertheless present viable commercial opportunities. Our ability to successfully address these markets is also dependent on our ability to effectuate development and commercial partnerships as well as securing adequate financing as needed.
Our Competitive Strengths
We believe that the following strengths of our LiquidElectricity® Coatings and technologies should enable us to compete successfully in the alternative and renewable energy industries:
· Performance in Natural and Artificial Light - We propose unique solutions for harvesting the light energy of natural and artificial light sources to generate sustainable electricity;
· Works on Glass and Plastics - Our LiquidElectricity® Coatings are capable of generating electricity on flat glass and flexible glass and plastics; and
· Cost Effective - Our LiquidElectricity® Coatings are engineered for manufacturing using earth abundant materials at a low price point and are suited for high-throughput manufacturing.
Our Business Strategy
Our commercial development efforts include seeking opportunities for intellectual property in-licensing, out-licensing, cross-licensing, and acquisition. We also seek technology, product licensing and joint venture arrangements with research institutions, commercial partners, manufacturing and fabrication facilities, and organizations with established technical competencies, market reach, and distribution networks in targeted industries. Key elements of our business strategy to implement the forgoing include:
· Strategic Commercial Partnerships - We pursue commercial partnerships to enable productization, manufacturing, and marketing of our technologies and products. Our target partnerships include supply chain glass, plastics, window, automotive, greenhouse manufacturing and other related companies;
· Innovative Research and Continuous Product and Technology Enhancement - We seek partnerships with product development groups, manufacturers of specialty chemicals, advanced-manufacturing companies, and others with proven technology expertise and developing additional applications and markets for LiquidElectricity® Coatings. We are currently working with scientists at NREL for the ongoing development of our coatings and applications processes, including high-speed roll-to-roll manufacturing processes development. We work to engage additional firms and institutions with important technical and product development competencies as needed; and
· Management Team Development - Augment our management team with experienced and effective talent in order to, among other competencies, advance our product development and innovation programs, monetize and leverage our intellectual property, develop and implement sales and marketing plans, enhance the Company’s brand positioning in industry and capital markets, and raise capital in order to effectuate our business plan.
Competition for Our Technology and Products
The Solar photovoltaic industry is highly competitive and such competition is increasing as the number of participants in the industry continues to grow. Although we are not aware of other products utilizing technology substantially similar to our technology, numerous solar cell technologies have been developed, or are being developed, by a number of companies, from which products may be derived and ultimately compete with our products.
Such technologies include, but are not necessarily limited to, the use of organic materials, advanced crystalline silicon thin film concepts, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, copper-indium-gallium-selenide, titanium dioxide, and copper indium di-selenide, and others to generate electricity from sunlight. Given sufficient time, investment and advances in manufacturing technologies, any of these competing technologies may achieve lower manufacturing costs, superior performance, or greater market acceptance than our products, currently under development. Among the companies purporting to be developing such technologies, are ONYX Solar, Next Energy Technologies, Solarmer Organic Optoelectronics Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Ubiquitous Energy, Heliatek, Sunew Filmes Fotovoltaicos Impressos S.A. and ASCA GmbH.
We face competition from many companies, major universities and research institutions in the United States and abroad. Many of these companies, universities and research institutions have substantially greater resources, experience in conducting research, experience in obtaining regulatory approvals for their products, operating experience, research and development and marketing capabilities name recognition and production capabilities. We will face competition from companies marketing existing products or developing new products which may render our technologies (and hence future products) obsolete.
These companies, universities and research institutions may have numerous competitive advantages, including:
• Significantly greater name recognition;
• established distribution networks;
• more advanced technologies and product development;
• additional lines of products, and the ability to offer rebates, higher discounts or incentives to gain a competitive advantage;
• processes that are operational and manufacturing prototype or final products;
• greater experience in conducting research and development, manufacturing, obtaining regulatory approval for products, and marketing approved products; and
• significantly greater financial and human resources for product development, sales and marketing, and patent litigation.
If our competitors were to:
· succeed in developing products that are more effective in producing electrical energy at a lower cost than our technology, some or all of our products or our technology could be rendered obsolete and non-competitive;
· succeed in bringing their products or services to market earlier than ours, our ability to commercialize our products may be adversely affected, which in turn may impede or limit our ability to generate revenues and achieve profitability. See “Risk Factors.”
Accordingly, in addition to our research and development efforts, historically, we have undertaken public relations, advertising, and market access outreach programs designed to establish our “brand” name recognition early on in our corporate development; we intend to continue to develop and market our brand name pending commercialization of products, if any, we may derive from our research and development efforts. We believe our strategy ultimately will facilitate development and commercialization partnerships, the marketing, distribution and public acceptance of any products derived from our research and development efforts, and assist in attracting equity capital, if and when needed.
Our competitive position in the market will also depend on:
· our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel, to obtain patent protection, develop proprietary products and processes, protect our intellectual property rights, and to secure sufficient capital resources required during the often-substantial period between technology development and commercial sales; and
· the timing of market introduction of any products utilizing our LiquidElectricity® Coatings. Accordingly, the speed with which we can develop products, complete safety approvals, and ultimately supply commercial quantities of any products we develop to the market is important.
In addition to the foregoing, ultimately, our commercial success will depend on our ability and the ability of our manufacturing partners, licensee or sub-licensees, if any, to compete effectively in product development areas such as, but not limited to safety, reliability, availability, price, marketing, distribution and patent position.
Intellectual Property
The success of our business depends, in part, on our ability to pursue, maintain and protect our proprietary technologies, information, processes, and know-how. We rely primarily on patent, trademark, copyright and trade secrets laws in the U.S. and similar laws in other countries, confidentiality agreements and procedures and other contractual arrangements to protect our technologies and products. Periodically, we evaluate our intellectual property portfolio to understand where various assets fit into corporate interest and goals, and accordingly, our intellectual property holdings may increase or decrease.
As of the date of the Annual Report, our proprietary technologies are the subject of over two hundred and seventy (270) patent claims in various countries, including nine (9) granted United States patents, eight (8) granted patents in non-U.S. jurisdictions, and twelve (12) U.S. and eighteen (18) non-U.S. pending patent applications. If maintained to their full term our issued patents are scheduled to expire on various dates between January 2030 and April 2040. These dates are subject to change depending on the Company’s current and future patent application filings and the Company’s discretion to maintain its various intellectual property assets in accordance with its corporate interests and goals. We continually assess opportunities to seek patent protection for those aspects of our technology, designs, and methodologies and processes that we believe may provide us with significant competitive advantages or additional commercial opportunities. Some aspects of LiquidElectricity® Coatings and related processes, technologies and products involve proprietary trade secrets of the Company.
Twenty (20) trademark registrations and applications have been filed for the Company’s use in commerce.
We believe that many elements of LiquidElectricity® Coatings and related processes, technologies and products involve proprietary know-how, technology, or data that are not covered by patents or patent applications, including but not limited to technical processes, equipment, design architecture, algorithms, and procedures. Accordingly, we rely on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to safeguard our interests with respect to proprietary know-how that is not patentable and processes for which patents are difficult to enforce.
The Company’s commercial success depends in part on its ability to obtain intellectual property protection of its innovations and designs, to protect its trade secrets, and to conduct business without infringing the intellectual property rights of others.
Government Regulation
Our technology may be subject to certain government regulations and standards. Our ability to remain viable will depend on favorable government decisions at various stages of the technology’s development by various agencies. From time to time, legislation is introduced that could significantly change the statutory or regulatory provisions governing our research and product development processes, as well as approval of the manufacturing and marketing of any products derived from such research and development activities.
The production and marketing of our technology derived products would be subject to existing and future safety & health regulations and standards in the United States and South Korea.
Current safety & health requirements and standards for electrical products can include, but may not be limited to, Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations, National Electrical Code as approved as an American National Standard by the American National Standards Institute or ANSI/NFPA-70, certification by Underwriters Laboratories and the Society of Automotive Engineers, and compliance with State, Federal, and local building codes. These regulations are subject to change, and our ability to remain viable is contingent upon successfully satisfying regulatory requirements as stipulated by these agencies and/or others as the development of our technology evolves. We may be additionally required to comply with similar regulations and standards in South Korea.
Employees and Consultants
The Company utilizes the services of full-time employees as well as part-time employees and consultants on a contract basis. As of the date of this annual report, the Company has one (1) full-time employee, two (2) part-time employees, one (1) full-time consultant and one (1) part-time consultant all located in the United States.
From time to time, the Company grants stock options to employees and consultants either pursuant to contract requirements or on a discretionary basis. None of our employees are covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We believe our relations with our employees are good.
Other Information
Our website address is www.solarwindow.com. We make available free of charge through our website our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. The information accessible through our website is not a part of this annual report.
The public may also read and copy any materials we file with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov which site contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers, such as us, that file electronically with the SEC. All statements made in any of our filings, including all forward-looking statements, are made as of the date of the document(s) in which the statement is included, and we do not assume or undertake any obligation to update any of those statements or documents unless we are required to do so by law.
Our executive office is located at 9375 E Shea Blvd., Suite 107-B, Scottsdale AZ 85260. Our telephone number is (800) 213-0689; our email is info@solarwindow.com. Our website is www.solarwindow.com. Information contained on our web site (or any other website) does not constitute part of this annual report.
Our research and development activities are conducted at the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Renewable Energy Laboratories in Golden, Colorado pursuant to a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement.
Stockholder Communications
Stockholders who wish to communicate with the Board may do so by addressing their correspondence to the Board at SolarWindow Technologies, Inc., Attention: Mr. Amit Singh, 9375 E Shea Blvd., Suite 107-B, Scottsdale AZ 85260. The Board will review and respond to all correspondence received, as appropriate.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Risk Factors
The following risk factors and the forward-looking statements elsewhere in this annual report should be read carefully in connection with evaluating the business of the Company. A wide range of events and circumstances could materially affect our overall performance and our results of operations, and therefore, an investment in us is subject to risks and uncertainties. In addition to the important factors affecting specific business operations and the financial results of those operations identified elsewhere in this annual report, the following important factors, among others, could adversely affect our operations. While each risk is described separately below, some of these risks are interrelated and it is possible that certain risks could trigger the applicability of other risks described below. Also, the risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones that we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us, or that are currently deemed immaterial, could also potentially impair our overall performance, the performance of particular businesses and our results of operations. These risk factors may be amended, supplemented, or superseded from time to time in filings and reports that we file with the SEC in the future.
Risks Related to Our Financial Condition and Need for Additional Financing
We have not generated any revenues and have experienced significant losses to date and we expect to continue incur losses for the foreseeable future. Consequently, we will require additional financing in the future to maintain and expand operations into advanced stages of product development and fabrication, and failure to obtain such financing would have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects.
We have experienced and continue to experience negative cash flows from operations. We have not generated any revenue since inception and do not expect to generate any substantial amounts of revenue for the foreseeable future. We had a net loss of $4,948,533 and $7,907,902 for our fiscal years ended August 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of August 31, 2022, we had cash of $8,077,849 and working capital of $8,244,103. Based on management’s assessment, the Company has sufficient cash to meet its current funding requirements over the next twelve months following the date of this annual report, to meet our projected product development and fabrication goals during this period. However, our current cash reserves may not be sufficient to permit us to maintain or expand our operations beyond this period.
We are currently in the advanced stages of our research and early stages of product development and have come to the point where larger, faster, and more precise equipment is necessary for development to continue and to be able to come to market with a commercially viable product. We expect that we will need to raise substantial additional capital to accomplish our manufacturing and product sales objectives in future years.
We anticipate seeking additional funding through financial or strategic investors. If adequate funds are not available on reasonable terms, or at all, it would result in a material adverse effect our business, operating results, financial condition, intellectual property and prospects. In particular, the Company may be required to delay; reduce the scope of or terminate its research and development programs; abandon its pursuit of filed but unissued patents; sell rights to its technology or other technologies or products based upon these technologies; or license the rights to these technologies or products on terms that are less favorable to us than might otherwise be available.
If we raise additional funds by issuing equity or debt securities, further dilution to stockholders may result and new investors could have rights superior to existing stockholders.
Because we cannot currently estimate the amount of funds or time required to commercialize our technologies, even if financing is available to us, we may secure less funding than is actually required to effectuate our business plan.
As noted above, we are currently in the advanced stages of our research and early stages of product development. We have come to the point where larger, faster, and more precise equipment is necessary for all facets of technology and product development to continue and to be able to come to market with a commercially viable product. We, however, cannot accurately predict the amount of funding or the time required to successfully commercialize our technology. The actual cost and time required to commercialize these technologies may vary significantly depending on, among other things, the results of our research and product development efforts; the cost of developing, acquiring, or licensing various enabling technologies, changes in the focus and direction of our research and product development programs; competitive and technological advances; the cost of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing claims with respect to patents; the regulatory approval process; process manufacturing; marketing and other costs associated with commercialization of these technologies. Because of this uncertainty, even if financing is available to us, we may secure insufficient funding to effectuate our business plan.
To obtain required financing as, if and when needed, we may enter into transactions that may dilute the ownership interest of our current stockholders.
In order to raise sufficient capital to meet its financial obligations, we may enter into financing transactions that would result in dilution of the ownership interests of our current stockholders or which may involve the sale of our securities at prices that are at a discount to current market price of our stock as reported on the Pink market. Such sales will be made at prices determined by our Board based on factors deemed appropriate at the time; accordingly, such sales by us could be made at prices less than the price of the shares of our common stock purchased, in which case, investors could experience dilution of their investment.
Adverse conditions in the alternative energy industry or the global economy generally could have adverse effects on our results of operations and consequently the price of our common stock.
Our business is exposed to significant financial risks, most of which are beyond our control, related to interest rates, State & Federal subsidies, the modified accelerated cost recovery system, taxes, and general economic conditions both domestic and internationally. These risks may affect our ability to effect (i) borrowings or to raise capital through the offer and sale of equity-based securities and (ii) the execution of our business plan and product commercialization efforts by thwarting consumer demand for our products, and thereby adversely impacting our potential revenue and profitability.
An increase in raw material prices could have negative consequences for our long-term profitability.
We face exposure to fluctuations in energy, raw materials, chemicals, and glass and plastic film prices. If we are not able to hedge, compensate or pass on our increased costs through a supply chain or to customers, this could have an adverse impact on our financial results and stability, and deployment of our products.
Risks Related to Our Technology, Products and Operations
The development of our technology is subject to the risks of failure inherent in the development of any novel technology.
Ultimately, the development and commercialization of our technology is subject to a number of risks that are particular to the development and commercialization of any novel technology. These risks include, but are not limited to, the following:
· our research and development efforts may not produce a commercially viable product;
· we may not be able to develop an industrial process required to manufacture a commercial product;
· we may fail to maintain license rights to the SolarWindow® technology (or any of its derivatives);
· we may fail to develop, acquire, or license various enabling technologies that may be integral to the commercialization of the SolarWindow® (or any of its derivatives);
· we may fail to integrate our process into an industrial setting for the manufacturing of products;
· our technology (or any of its derivatives) may ultimately prove to be ineffective, unsafe or otherwise fail to receive necessary regulatory or safe operating approvals;
· our technology (or any of its derivatives), even if safe and effective, may be difficult to manufacture on a large scale or be uneconomical to market;
· our marketing license or proprietary rights to products derived from our technology may not be sufficient to protect our products from competitors;
· the proprietary rights of third parties may preclude us or our collaborators from making, using or marketing products utilizing our technology; or,
· third parties may market superior, more effective, or less expensive technologies or products having comparable performance and appearance characteristics to the 	LiquidElectricity® Coatings (or any of its derivatives).
The success of our research and development activities is uncertain. If such efforts are not successful, we will be unable to generate revenues from our operations and we may have to cease doing business.
Commercialization of our technology will require significant further research, development, and testing as we must ascertain whether our technology can form the basis for a commercially viable technology or product. If our research and development fails to prove the commercial viability of our technology, we may need to abandon our business model and/or cease doing business, in which case our shares may have no value and you may lose your investment. We anticipate remaining engaged in technology and product development for the foreseeable future.
If we ultimately do not obtain the necessary regulatory and safe operation approvals for the commercialization of our technology, we will not achieve profitable operations and your investment may be lost.
In order to commercialize our technology, we may need to obtain regulatory approval from various local, state, federal or international agencies; or approval from global safety certifying organizations that will certify safe operation of our products. At this time, we do not have a product to be submitted for regulatory or safe operating approval. The process for obtaining these approvals may be time consuming and costly, and there is no guaranty that we will be able to obtain such approvals. The failure to obtain any necessary approvals could delay or prevent us from achieving revenue or profitability, which could result in the partial or total loss of your investment.
We are operating in a highly fragmented and competitive market and our competitors have several competitive advantages over us.
Our commercial success will depend on our ability to compete effectively in product development areas such as, but not limited to, building integration, safety, efficacy, ease of use, customer compliance, price, marketing and distribution. Our competitors may succeed in developing products that are more effective than any products derived from our research and development efforts or that would render such products obsolete and non-competitive. The alternative and renewable energy industry is characterized by intense competition, rapid product development and technological change.
Most of the competition that we encounter is expected to come from companies, research institutions and universities who are researching and developing technologies and products similar to, or are competitive with, any technology we may develop.
These companies, research institutions and universities may have several competitive advantages over us, including:
• Significantly greater name recognition;
• established distribution networks;
• more advanced technologies and product development;
• additional lines of products, and the ability to offer rebates, higher discounts or incentives to gain a competitive advantage;
• processes that are operational and manufacturing prototype or final products;
• greater experience in conducting research and development, manufacturing, obtaining regulatory approval for products, and marketing approved products; and
• significantly greater financial and human resources for product development, sales and marketing, and patent litigation.
As a result, we may not be able to compete effectively against these companies or their products.
Any products developed from our technology will face competition from other companies producing solar power and/or energy harvesting or storage products.
The solar power market is intensely competitive and rapidly evolving. Some of our competitors are better capitalized, have more employees, and have established market positions than SolarWindow. There are a number of companies that produce solar power and alternative energy products, which may be competitive with those that we are seeking to develop. Additionally, some of our competitors may be developing or currently producing products based on new solar power and alternative energy technologies that may have a cost basis similar to, or lower than, our projected product costs.
Accordingly, If we fail to attract and retain customers and establish a successful distribution network for our products, we may be unable to achieve adequate sales and market share; or, if our competitors’ products, services or technologies become more accepted than ours, or if they are successful in bringing their products or services to market earlier than us our revenues could be adversely affected.
As noted above, some of our current and potential competitors have significantly greater resources and better competitive positions in certain markets than we do. These factors may allow our competitors to respond more effectively than us to new or emerging technologies and changes in market requirements. Our competitors may develop products, features, or services that are similar to ours or that achieve greater market acceptance, may undertake more far-reaching and successful product development efforts or marketing campaigns, or may adopt more aggressive pricing policies. See “Our Business.”
Mergers of, or other strategic transactions by, our competitors could weaken our competitive position or reduce our revenue.
If one or more of our competitors were to merge or partner with another of our competitors, the change in the competitive landscape could adversely affect our ability to compete effectively. A potential result of such expansion is that certain of our current or potential competitors may be acquired by third parties with greater available resources and the ability to further invest in product improvements and initiate or withstand substantial price competition. Our competitors also may establish or strengthen cooperative relationships with our current or future value-added resellers, third-party consulting firms or other parties with whom we have relationships, thereby limiting our ability to promote our products. Disruptions in our business caused by these events could reduce our revenue.
Technological changes could render our products uncompetitive or obsolete, which could prevent us from achieving market share and sales.
Our failure to refine or advance our technologies, and to develop and introduce new products could cause our products to become uncompetitive or obsolete, which could prevent us from achieving market share and sales. The alternative and renewable energy industry is rapidly evolving and highly competitive. We will need to invest significant financial resources in additional technology research & development, and product development to keep pace with technological advances in the industry and to compete in the future; we may be unable to secure such financing. We believe that a variety of competing solar and alternative or renewable energy technologies may be in development by other companies that could result in lower manufacturing costs and/or higher product performance than those expected for our products. Our development efforts may be hindered or rendered obsolete by the technological advances of others, and other technologies may prove more advantageous for the commercialization of transparent electricity-generating products.
To the extent we can develop and commercialize products, if such products do not gain market acceptance, we may not achieve sales and market share.
The development of a successful market for our products may be adversely affected by a number of factors, some of which are beyond our control, including:
· customer, architectural and engineering acceptance of our products;
· our failure to produce products that compete favorably against other alternative or renewable energy, or solar-photovoltaic power products on the basis of cost, quality, durability, reliability, and performance;
· our failure to produce products that compete favorably against conventional energy sources and distributed-generation technologies on the basis of cost, quality and performance;
· our failure to qualify for and secure government grants, tax incentives and any other financial subsidies that may be available to consumers for the implementation of alternative or renewable energy technologies such as solar systems at such time as our products become available for commercial sale, and which potential customers for our products may reasonably expect; and
· our failure to develop and maintain successful partnerships with manufacturers, distributors, and other resellers, as well as strategic partners.
If our products fail to gain market acceptance, we will be unable to achieve sales, market share, or profitability.
If organic solar photovoltaic light energy harvesting technologies are not suitable for widespread adoption or sufficient demand for such products does not develop or takes longer to develop than we anticipate, we may not be able to profitably exploit our technology.
The market for OPV solar-energy related products is emerging and rapidly evolving, and the market for energy harvesting products is generally unproven and not well established. The success of products for these markets is uncertain.
If our OPV solar power or light energy harvesting technologies prove unsuitable for widespread commercial deployment or if demand for such power products fails to develop sufficiently, we would be unable to achieve sales and market share. In addition, demand for such products in the markets and geographic regions we target may not develop or may develop more slowly than we anticipate. Many factors will influence the widespread adoption of organic solar photovoltaic light energy capture and conversion products, including:
· cost-effectiveness of such technologies as compared with conventional and competitive alternative or renewable energy technologies;
· performance, durability, and reliability of such products as compared with conventional and competitive alternative energy products;
· success of other alternative or renewable energy technologies such as hydrogen fuel cells, wind turbines, bio-diesel generators, and solar thermal technologies;
· public concern regarding energy security, the potential risks that may be associated with global warming, the environmental and social impacts of fossil fuel extraction and use;
· fluctuations in economic and market conditions that impact the viability of conventional and competitive alternative or renewable energy generating products;
· fluctuations in the prices of fossil fuels or their derivatives;
· capital expenditures by customers, which tend to decrease when domestic or foreign economies slow;
· potential deregulation of the electric power industry and broader energy industry initiatives; and
· availability of government, state, feed-in tariff, and other financial subsidies and incentives.
Our growth and success depend on our ability to develop new products and services and adapt to market and customer needs.
The sectors in which we operate experience rapid and significant changes due to the introduction of innovative technologies. Introducing new technology products and innovative services, which we must do on an ongoing basis to meet customers' needs, requires a significant commitment to research and development, which may not result in success. The company is pre-revenue and may suffer if it invests in technologies that do not function as expected or are not accepted in the marketplace; its products, systems or service offers are not brought to market in a timely manner; or products become obsolete or are not responsive to our customers' needs or requirements.
Our business model and strategy are based on growth through in-licensing, out-licensing, cross-licensing, acquisitions, joint ventures, and mergers that may be difficult to execute.
Our business model and strategy are based on growth through in-licensing, out-licensing, cross-licensing, acquisitions, joint ventures and mergers. External growth transactions are inherently risky because of the difficulties that may arise in integrating people, operations, technologies and products, and the related acquisition, administrative and other costs.
As noted above, we plan to make acquisitions, which could require significant management attention, disrupt our business, result in dilution to our stockholders, and adversely affect our financial results.
As part of our business strategy, we intend to make acquisitions to add specialized employees, complementary companies, products, or technologies. However, we have not made any acquisitions to date, and, as a result, our ability to acquire and integrate larger or more significant companies, products, or technologies in a successful manner is unproven. In the future, we may not be able to find suitable acquisition candidates, and we may not be able to complete acquisitions on favorable terms, if at all. Any acquisitions that we consummate may not achieve our goals, and could be viewed negatively by investors. In addition, if we fail to successfully integrate any acquisitions, or the technologies associated with such acquisitions, into our company, the revenue and operating results of the combined company could be adversely affected. Any integration process may require significant time and resources, and we may not be able to manage the process successfully. We may not successfully evaluate or utilize the acquired technology or personnel, or accurately forecast the financial impact of an acquisition transaction, including accounting charges. We may have to pay cash, incur debt, or issue equity securities to pay for any such acquisition, any of which could adversely affect our financial results. The sale of equity or issuance of debt to finance any such acquisitions could result in dilution to our stockholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed obligations and could also include covenants or other restrictions that would impede our ability to manage our operations.
We may be the subject of product liability claims and other adverse effects due to defective products, design faults or harm caused to persons and property.
Our products may not operate properly or could contain design or fabrication faults or defects, which could give rise to disputes in respect of their performance, degradation and reliability giving rise to liability. Product liability related to defective products could lead to a loss of revenue, claims under warranty, and legal proceedings. Such disputes could result in a fall-off in demand or harm our reputation for product performance, safety, and/or quality.
We lack sales and marketing experience and will likely rely on third party marketers.
We have limited experience in sales, marketing or distribution of photovoltaic and energy capture and conversion and generating products. We expect to market and sell or otherwise commercialize our technology (or any of its derivatives) through distribution and supply-chain channels, co-marketing, co-promotion, or licensing arrangements with third parties. Therefore, any revenues received by us will be dependent on the efforts of third parties. If any such parties breach or terminate their agreements with us or otherwise fail to conduct marketing activities successfully and in a timely manner, the commercialization of our technology (or any of its derivatives) would be delayed or terminated, which would adversely affect our ability to generate revenues and our profitability.
We may not be able to integrate our process and/or technologies into a manufacturing process necessary to produce a manufacturable product.
Without sufficient capital, human resources, the appropriate process equipment, or required supply chain, the Company may not be capable of integrating its process and/or technologies into a manufacturing process necessary to produce a manufacturable product. The innovation of our processes and technologies is a crucial strategic concern, with mounting pressure to meet anticipated power, financial, and ROI and IRR for our manufacturers, or sales and distribution channels. If we are unable to integrate our processes and/or technologies into industry, our product innovations can rapidly become obsolete. LiquidElectricity® Coatings and related processes and supply chains are highly complex and continuously exposed to a variety of risks such as microeconomics, macroeconomic, face geopolitical pressures, regulatory requirements, environmental risk and responsibilities, construction risk, and emerging markets. Integration of our processes is critical to product development and revenue generation. If the process cannot be integrated into industry, products, or brought to market in a timely manner, the Company, its potential products, and ability to operate may be threatened. Currently, the integration of our technologies into industrial manufacturing processes is uncertain.
While there are numerous reasons for selecting a manufacturing partner, there is considerable risk in selecting a manufacturing partner that is the correct fit for the Company. The level and severity of risk to the Company is associated with cost, resources and resource management, quality control, scaled production, complicated supply chain, location, corporate culture, management philosophy, market experience, and an adaptable business model. Based on these risks, the Company may not be able to integrate our process or technology into an existing manufacturing process with an acceptable level of risk.
Our insurance coverage may not be adequate to protect us from all business risks.
We may be subject, in the ordinary course of business, to losses resulting from products liability, accidents, acts of God, and other claims against us, for which we may have no insurance coverage. As a general matter, the policies that we do have may include significant deductibles or self-insured retentions, and we cannot be certain that our insurance coverage will be sufficient to cover all future losses or claims against us. A loss that is uninsured or which exceeds policy limits may require us to pay substantial amounts, which could adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.
Risks Related to International Expansion
In fiscal year 2021, we expanded our operations to Asia with a business and corporate development operations office in the Republic of Korea, which, on January 13, 2023, the Board decided to exit.
In September 2020, the Company established SolarWindow Asia Co. Ltd. (the “Korean Subsidiary”), its indirectly, wholly owned South Korean subsidiary. The Company experienced difficulties in Korea that ultimately resulted in the Board electing to shut down the Korean Subsidiary. The Company has engaged Korea-based legal counsel and accountants to assist it in winding down the Korea operations and gathering the data necessary to meet its financial reporting requirements. The Company may incur significant future costs related to the closure, and/or potential unknown liabilities which may remain undisclosed by its former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. Currently, the company is not able to determine when the closure of its Korea Subsidiary will be final.
The Company has limited experience in intellectual property, manufacturing, regulatory compliance, and sales in international markets, which may adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition should the Company pursue establishing operations in international markets.
International expansion would expose the Company to risks which could have a material impact on our overall operations and ultimate success. These risks, include:
· protection of intellectual property and trade secrets in foreign jurisdictions in which our US based protections may not be generally recognized or otherwise enforceable;
· tariffs, customs, trade sanctions, trade embargoes and other barriers to importing/exporting materials and products in a cost-effective and timely manner, or changes in applicable tariffs or custom rules;
· fluctuations in currency exchange rates;
· enhanced difficulties of integrating any foreign acquisitions;
· the burden of complying with and changes in U.S. or international taxation policies;
· difficulties in staffing and managing global operations and the increased travel, infrastructure, and legal compliance costs associated with multiple international locations;
· political, social, or economic instability;
· compliance with statutory equity requirements and management of tax consequences.
· the impact of public health epidemics on employees and the global economy, such as the coronavirus;
· difficulties in staffing and managing international operations;
· compliance with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act, and similar laws in other jurisdictions; and
· risks related to and the burdens of complying with the legal and regulatory environment in foreign jurisdictions, including with respect to privacy, and unexpected changes in laws, regulatory requirements, and enforcement;
Changes in regulatory, geopolitical, social, economic, or monetary policies and other factors, if any, may have a material adverse effect on our business in the future, or may require us to exit a particular market or significantly modify our current business practices. Abrupt political change, terrorist activity and armed conflict pose a risk of general economic disruption in affected countries, which could also result in an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
We may expand our operations abroad where we have limited operating experience and may be subject to increased business and economic risks that could affect our financial results.
As we move forward with our strategy of expanding into new markets, we may enter new international markets where we have limited or no experience in marketing, selling, and deploying our products. Our operations and performance will become significantly more dependent on worldwide economic conditions. Uncertainty about global economic conditions ultimately could have a material negative effect on demand for our products and services and, accordingly, on our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition to the risks inherent in doing business internationally, as noted above, if we are unable to expand internationally and manage the complexity of our global operations successfully, our financial results could be adversely affected.
Risks Related to Compliance with Laws and Regulations
Our products will be subject to environmental, occupational safety & health regulations, including but not limited to Underwriter Laboratory (UL) Certification, European Conformity (CE) Certification, electrical codes, and other state and federal, European Union (EU), and other Country regulations dealing with, among other matters, harmful or hazardous materials.
Our products will be subject to extensive and increasingly stringent environmental, occupational safety and health regulations and certifications, including but not limited to, Underwriter Laboratory (UL) Certification, electrical codes, and other state and federal, foreign laws, regulations, and standards (“Laws & Regulations”). If violations of these Laws & Regulations occur, whether unintentional or otherwise, we could be held liable for damages, penalties and costs of remedial actions. These expenses or this liability could have a significant negative impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
These Laws & Regulations could become more stringent over time, imposing greater compliance costs, and increasing risks and penalties associated with violations. There can be no guarantee that we will not be required to pay significant fines or compensation because of past, current, or future breaches of Laws & Regulations. This exposure exists even if we are not responsible for the breaches, in cases where they were committed in the past by companies or businesses that were not part of ours that may be exposed to the risk of claims for breaches of these Laws & Regulations. Such claims could adversely affect our financial position and reputation and require unplanned capital investment. If we fail to conduct our business in full compliance with the applicable Laws & Regulations, the judicial or regulatory authorities could require us to conduct investigations, unplanned capital investments, and/or implement costly curative measures.
Our periodic and other reports filed with various securities regulators subject us to additional compliance expense as well potential liability for any alleged violations of the securities laws and regulations to which we are or may be subject (the “Securities Laws & Regulations”).
As a public company filing periodic and other reports, whether on a mandatory or voluntary basis, with foreign, federal, or state securities regulators (collectively, “Securities Regulators”), we incur significant accounting, legal and administrative expenses in connection with our efforts to fully comply with the Securities Laws & Regulations. This expense may increase significantly should there be any changes in the Securities Laws & Regulations that impose greater obligations or requirements on us to fully comply. Such costs may adversely impact our other operations including but not limited to, our research and development efforts.
Moreover, should there be a violation of the Securities Laws & Regulations, we may be subject to fines, penalties and other sanctions that could significantly impact our ability to continue our research, product development and commercialization efforts.
Risks Related to our Intellectual Property
Our ability to operate profitably is directly related to our ability to develop, protect, and perfect rights in and to our proprietary technology.
We rely on a combination of trademark, trade secret, nondisclosure, know-how, copyright and patent law to protect our technology, which may afford only limited protection.
We may initiate claims or litigation against third parties for infringement of our proprietary rights or to establish the validity, scope or enforceability of our proprietary rights. Any such claims could be time consuming, result in costly litigation, or force us to enter into royalty or license agreements rather than dispute the merits of such claims, requiring us to pay royalties and/or license fees to third parties. There is always a risk that patents, if issued, may be subsequently invalidated, either in whole or in part and this could diminish or extinguish protection for any technology we may license or may adversely affect our ability to fully commercialize our technologies.
We generally require our employees, consultants, advisors and collaborators to execute appropriate agreements with us, regarding the confidential information developed or made known to such persons during the course of their engagement by us. These agreements provide that any proprietary technologies developed during such engagement are owned by us and that confidential information pertaining to such technologies will be kept confidential and not disclosed to third parties except in specific circumstances. These agreements also provide for the assignment to us by any such person of any patents issued with respect to any such technologies. If these provisions are breached, we may not be able to fully perfect our rights to the technologies in question, and in some instances, we may not have an appropriate remedy available for the damages that we may incur because of any such breach.
Our proprietary rights may not adequately protect our technologies and products.
Our commercial success will depend, in part, on our ability to obtain patents and/or maintain adequate protection for our technologies and products in the United States and other countries. We will be able to protect our proprietary rights from unauthorized use by third parties only to the extent that our proprietary technologies and products are covered by valid and enforceable patents or are effectively maintained as trade secrets.
We intend to apply for additional patents for our technologies, applications, processes, and products, as we deem appropriate. We may, however, fail to apply for patents on important technologies, products, or processes in a timely manner, if at all. Our existing patents and any future patents we obtain may not be sufficiently broad to prevent others from practicing our technologies or from developing competing products, processes, or technologies. In addition, the patent positions of alternative energy technology companies are highly uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions for which important legal principles and regulations or policies remain unresolved. As a result, the validity and enforceability of our patents cannot be predicted with certainty. In addition, we cannot guarantee that:
· we were the first to make the inventions covered by each of our issued patents and pending patent applications;
· we were the first to file patent applications for these inventions;
· we are unable to reduce an invention to fabrication and product practice required for formation beyond conception;
· others will not independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies;
· any of our pending patent applications will result in issued patents;
· any of our patents will be valid or enforceable;
· any patents issued to us will provide us with any competitive advantages, or will not be challenged by third parties; and
· we will develop additional proprietary technologies, products, or processes that are patentable, or the patents of others will not have an adverse effect on our business.
The actual protection afforded by a patent varies on a product-by-product basis, from country to country and depends on many factors, including the type of patent, the scope of its coverage, the availability of regulatory related extensions, the availability of legal remedies in a particular country and the validity and enforceability of the patents. Our ability to maintain and solidify our proprietary position for our products will depend on our success in obtaining effective claims and enforcing those claims once granted. Our issued patents and those that may be issued in the future, or those licensed to us, may be challenged, invalidated, unenforceable or circumvented, and the rights granted under any issued patents may not provide us with proprietary protection or competitive advantages against competitors with similar products. We also rely on trade secrets to protect some of our technology, especially where it is believed that patent protection is inappropriate or unobtainable. However, trade secrets are difficult to maintain. While we use reasonable efforts to protect our trade secrets, our employees, consultants, contractors, or scientific and other advisors may unintentionally or willfully disclose our proprietary information to competitors. Enforcement of claims that a third party has illegally obtained and is using trade secrets is expensive, time consuming and uncertain. In addition, non-U.S. courts are sometimes less willing than U.S. courts to protect trade secrets. If our competitors independently develop equivalent knowledge, methods, and know-how, we may not be able to assert our trade secrets against them and our business could be harmed.
We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.
Filing, prosecuting, and defending patents on all our products in every jurisdiction would be prohibitively expensive. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products. These products may compete with our products and may not be covered by any patent claims or other intellectual property rights.
The laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending such rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial cost and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business.
If we fail to protect our intellectual property rights, our competitors may take advantage of our ideas and compete directly against us.
Our success will depend, to a significant degree, on our ability to secure and protect intellectual property rights and enforce patent and trademark protections relating to our technology. While we believe that the protection of patents and trademarks is important to our business, we also rely on a combination of copyright, trade secret, nondisclosure and confidentiality agreements, know-how and continuing technological innovation to maintain our competitive position. From time to time, litigation may be advisable to protect our intellectual property position. However, these legal means afford only limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep any competitive advantage. Any litigation in this regard could be costly, and it is possible that we will not have sufficient resources to fully pursue litigation or to protect our intellectual property rights. This could result in the rejection or invalidation of our existing and future patents. Any adverse outcome in litigation relating to the validity of our patents, or any failure to pursue litigation or otherwise to protect our patent position, could materially harm our business and financial condition. In addition, confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, customers, and key vendors may not prevent the unauthorized disclosure or use of our technology. It is possible that these agreements will be breached or that they will not be enforceable in every instance, and that we will not have adequate remedies for any such breach. Enforcement of these agreements may be costly and time consuming. Furthermore, the laws of foreign countries may not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States of America.
We may be accused of infringing the intellectual property rights of others.
We cannot guarantee that we will not become the subject of infringement claims or legal proceedings by third parties with respect to our current or future technological developments. Any such claims could be time-consuming, result in costly litigation and could ultimately lead to a determination that our technology, or any of its derivatives, infringe on a third party's patent rights.
We may need to curtail or cease operations if, in the future, we are unable to obtain additional licenses pursuant to our collaborative development agreements required to maintain our rights to market products, if any, developed by us.
We may not retain all rights to developments, inventions, patents and other proprietary information resulting from any collaborative arrangements, whether in effect as of the date hereof or which may be entered into at some future time with third parties. As a result, we may be required to license such developments, inventions, patents or other proprietary information from such third parties, possibly at significant cost to us. Our failure to obtain and maintain any such licenses could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of our operations. In particular, the failure to obtain a license could prevent us from using or commercializing our technology.
Our proprietary rights may not adequately protect our technologies and products.
Our commercial success will depend, in part, on our ability to obtain patents and/or regulatory exclusivity and maintain adequate protection for our technologies and products in the United States of America and other countries. We will be able to protect our proprietary rights from unauthorized use by third parties only to the extent that our proprietary technologies and products are covered by valid and enforceable patents or are effectively maintained as trade secrets.
We intend to apply for additional patents covering both our technologies and products, as we deem appropriate. We may, however, fail to apply for patents on important technologies or products in a timely fashion, if at all. Our existing patents and any future patents we obtain may not be sufficiently broad to prevent others from practicing our technologies or from developing competing products and technologies. In addition, the patent positions of alternative energy technology companies are highly uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions for which important legal principles remain unresolved. As a result, the validity and enforceability of our patents cannot be predicted with certainty. In addition, we cannot guarantee that:
· we were the first to make the inventions covered by each of our issued patents and pending patent applications;
· we were the first to file patent applications for these inventions;
· others will not independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies;
· any of our pending patent applications will result in issued patents;
· any of our patents will be valid or enforceable;
· any patents issued to us will provide us with any competitive advantages, or will not be challenged by third parties; and
· we will develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable, or the patents of others will not have an adverse effect on our business.
The actual protection afforded by a patent varies on a product-by-product basis, from country to country and depends on many factors, including the type of patent, the scope of its coverage, the availability of regulatory related extensions, the availability of legal remedies in a particular country and the validity and enforceability of the patents. Our ability to maintain and solidify our proprietary position for our products will depend on our success in obtaining effective claims and enforcing those claims once granted. Our issued patents and those that may be issued in the future, or those licensed to us, may be challenged, invalidated, unenforceable or circumvented, and the rights granted under any issued patents may not provide us with proprietary protection or competitive advantages against competitors with similar products. We also rely on trade secrets to protect some of our technology, especially where it is believed that patent protection is inappropriate or unobtainable. However, trade secrets are difficult to maintain. While we use reasonable efforts to protect our trade secrets, our employees, consultants, contractors or scientific and other advisors may unintentionally or willfully disclose our proprietary information to competitors. Enforcement of claims that a third party has illegally obtained and is using trade secrets is expensive, time consuming and uncertain. In addition, foreign courts are sometimes less willing than U.S. courts to protect trade secrets. If our competitors independently develop equivalent knowledge, methods and know-how, we would not be able to assert our trade secrets against them and our business could be harmed.
Risks Related to Our Personnel and Management
We are dependent upon hiring and retaining highly qualified management and technical personnel.
Competition for highly qualified management, technical, and scientific personnel (“Personnel”) is intense in our industry. Future success depends in part on our ability to hire, assimilate and retain engineers and scientists, sales and marketing personnel, and other qualified personnel, especially in the OPV space with focus in our technologies and products. A key risk is our ability to anticipate our needs for certain key competences and to implement human resource solutions to recruit, hire, or improve these competences. If we are not successful in hiring and retaining qualified Personnel, our ability to execute on our business model and strategy will be adversely affected and our ability to achieve profitability compromised.
Due to the fact each of our three directors conducts outside business activities and are not our employees, attention and efforts will not be focused solely on our business activities which may hinder our achieving our business objectives.
Currently we have three directors, none of whom provides their full-time efforts to our business activities. While our Directors intend to devote as much time as necessary to the success and development of our technology, each has other business interests or employment obligations requiring their time and attention. While each has generally agreed to provide such time and attention to our business activities as may be reasonably required, there can be no assurance that their priorities will not shift in the future and that the amount of time that each devotes to our activities will be sufficient for us to meet our business objectives. If their outside interests begin to take precedence over their positions with the Company, our business will suffer and may adversely impact our goal of achieving profitability through the commercialization of SolarWindow. In this event, if effective corrective action is not taken, investors could lose all or part of their investment.
Due to our small size each of our managers has a significant influence on our operations and access to sensitive information, which, if a manager goes rogue, could result in significant damage to, without limitation, the Company’s operations, reputation, financial health, and security of our intellectual property.
Due to our small size, each of our managers exercises a significant degree of authority and influence on our operations, and has access to highly sensitive information, including related to our intellectual property and access to the Company’s assets. While the Company has implemented various operating procedures and a Code of Ethics and Business Conduct that each person affiliated with the Company is required to review and sign, the Company has no direct control over individual persons actions can make no assurance that one of our managers will adhere to our operating procedures or act in a manner that is consistent with our Code of Ethics. Nor can the Company provide assurance that a manager or former manager may take deliberate action(s) to harm the Company. The potential damages that may result from these unintentional or intentional acts could be materially adverse and result in, but not limited to, loss of capital, loss of assets, weakened intellectual property position because of leaked information, and reputational harm.
Risks Related To Ownership of Our Common Stock
We are not a fully reporting company under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which we refer to as the Exchange Act; therefore, we are subject only to the reporting requirements of Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act.
We are not a fully reporting company under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”); therefore, we are subject only to the reporting requirements of Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Until our Common Stock is registered under the Exchange Act, we will be subject only to the reporting obligations imposed by Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act, which we refer to as Section 15(d). Section15(d) requires that issuers file periodic and current reports with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission” or the “SEC”) when they have issued any class of securities for which a registration statement was filed and became effective pursuant to the Securities Act. The purpose of Section 15(d) is to ensure that investors who buy securities in registered offerings are provided with the same information on an ongoing basis that they would receive if the securities they purchased were listed on a securities exchange or the issuer were otherwise subject to periodic reporting obligations. However, companies that are required to report only under Section 15(d) are not subject to some of the Exchange Act reporting requirements. For example, companies that are required to report only under Section 15(d) are not subject to the short-swing profit reporting requirements contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act, the beneficial ownership reporting requirements contained in Section 13 of the Exchange Act, the institutional investor reporting rules or the third-party tender offer rules, or the Exchange Act’s proxy rules contained in Section 14 of the Exchange Act.
The reporting obligations under Section15(d) of the Exchange Act are automatically suspended when: (i) any class of securities of the issuer reporting under Section 15(d) is registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act; or (ii) at the beginning of the issuer’s fiscal year, other than the year in which the applicable registration statement became effective, if the class of securities covered by the registration statement is held of record by fewer than 300 persons. In the latter case, the Company would no longer be subject to periodic reporting obligations so long as the number of holders remained below 300 unless we filed a registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission under Section 12 of the Exchange Act. If our obligation to file reports under Section 15(d) is suspended (other than due to our having registered our common stock under Section 12 of the Exchange Act), then investors will have reduced visibility with respect to the Company, its financial condition, and results of operations.
Until our Common Stock is listed on an exchange, we expect to remain eligible for trading on the Expert Market or on another over-the-counter quotation system. In those venues, however, an investor may find it difficult to obtain accurate quotations for our common stock. In addition, if we continue to fail to meet the criteria set forth in SEC regulations regarding our periodic reporting, restrictions will continue to be imposed by law on broker-dealers who sell our securities to persons other than established customers and accredited investors. Consequently, such regulations may deter broker-dealers from recommending or selling our common stock, which may further affect the liquidity of your shares. This would also make it more difficult for us to raise additional capital or attract qualified employees or partners. Please refer to “Our common stock is currently quoted on the Expert Market which may make it more difficult for you to purchase or sell shares of the Company’s Common Stock” below.
Our common stock is not registered for trading on any national stock exchange and thus, should the price of our stock on the Expert Market fall below five dollars per share and our net tangible assets fall below two million dollars our stock may be deemed a “penny stock,” in which case, you may find it difficult to, deposit, transfer, sell or purchase the shares of our common stock in open market transactions.
“Penny stocks” are those securities that are not listed on a national securities exchange and are priced under $5. There are exclusions for securities of issuers that have net tangible assets greater than $2 million if they have been in operation at least three years or greater than $5 million if in operation less than three years. Securities of issuers with average revenue of at least $6 million for the last three years are also not considered penny stocks.
More specifically, under Rule 240.3a51-1 a stock is excluded from the penny stock definition if it meets one of the following tests: 1) A price of over $5 per share, 2) the issuer has Average Revenue of at least $6 million for the last 3 years, or 3) the issuer has Net Tangible Assets in excess of $2 million if the issuer has been in continuous operations for at least 3 years or $5 million if less than 3 years.
The value of our net tangible assets for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2022, and 2021 was approximately $9,539,000 and $13,605,000, respectively. Accordingly, we do not believe our stock is a penny stock. And if we continue to satisfy at least one of the foregoing exemptions, our common stock should continue to be deemed “penny stock exempt.” However, because our stock is not registered for trading on a national stock exchange should we no longer satisfy at least one of the exemption criteria described above, our common stock would be considered a “penny stock.”
The penny stock rules are designed to prevent deceptive or manipulative practices. It provides that a broker cannot sell a penny stock to any person unless it has approved that person's account for penny stock transactions and the broker/dealer has received in writing from customer agreement to the transaction; approving an account includes, among other things, reviewing the customer's financial data and determining the customer's suitability, including the capability to evaluate the risks of trading in penny stocks. Some types of transactions in penny stocks are exempt from these rules. Exempt transactions include those with an established customer (a customer of more than one year or one who has made at least three separate penny stock purchases) and transactions in which the customer is an institutional investor.
In addition, the penny stock regulations require that prior to any non-exempt buy/sell transaction in a penny stock, a disclosure schedule proscribed by the SEC relating to the penny stock market must be delivered by a broker-dealer to the purchaser of such penny stock. This disclosure must include the dollar amount of commissions payable to both the broker-dealer and the registered representative and current price quotations for our common stock. The regulations also require that monthly statements be sent to holders of penny stock that disclose recent price information for the penny stock and information of the limited market for penny stocks. Because of these requirements, many brokerage firms will not process transactions involving low price stocks, especially those that come within the definition of a “penny stock.” Accordingly, these requirements may adversely affect the market liquidity of our common stock.
Should our common stock be deemed a “penny stock,” you may find it difficult to deposit, transfer, sell or purchase the shares of our common stock in open market transactions.
Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) sales practice requirements may also limit a stockholder’s ability to buy and sell our common stock, which could depress the price of our common stock.
In addition to the “penny stock” rules described above, FINRA has adopted rules that require a broker-dealer to have reasonable grounds for believing that the investment is suitable for that customer before recommending an investment to a customer. Prior to recommending speculative low-priced securities to their non-institutional customers, broker-dealers must make reasonable efforts to obtain information about the customer’s financial status, tax status, investment objectives, and other information. Under interpretations of these rules, FINRA believes that there is a high probability that speculative low-priced securities will not be suitable for at least some customers. Thus, the FINRA requirements make it more difficult for broker-dealers to recommend that their customers buy our common stock, which may limit your ability to buy and sell our shares of common stock, have an adverse effect on the market for our shares of common stock, and thereby depress the per share price of, and liquidity for, our common stock.
As of the date of filing of this report, because we are not current in our Securities Laws and Regulations filing obligations our stock is traded on the OTC Expert Market, which makes it more difficult for shareholders and investors to execute buy and sell orders.
Currently, because we are delinquent in our filing obligations, our stock is traded on the Expert Market. The Expert Market® serves broker-dealer pricing and investor best execution needs. Quotations in Expert Market securities are restricted from public viewing. OTC Markets Group may designate securities for quoting on the Expert Market when it is not able to confirm that the company is making current information publicly available under SEC Rule 15c2-11, or when the security is otherwise restricted from public quoting.
Currently our stock is not eligible for proprietary broker-dealer quotations. All quotes in this stock reflect unsolicited customer orders. Unsolicited-Only stocks have a higher risk of wider spreads, increased volatility, and price dislocations. Investors may have difficulty selling our stock. An initial review by a broker-dealer under SEC Rule15c2-11 is required for brokers to publish competing quotes and provide continuous market making.
Despite the restrictions on who can view quotations, the Expert Market does not impose restrictions on who can trade securities. Rule 15c2-11 governs a broker’s ability to submit, publish or distribute quotations (i.e. bids and offers) in OTC securities. The Rule does not apply to the underlying transactions or the ability of an investor or shareholder to buy or sell a security. Shareholders and investors should contact their respective brokers for information concerning restrictions or qualifications for accessing Expert Market securities.
There is a limited market for our common stock, which may make it difficult for holders of our common stock to sell their stock.
Our common stock currently trades on the Expert Market under the symbol “WNDW;” there is limited and sporadic trading in our common stock. Accordingly, there can be no assurance as to the liquidity of any markets that may develop for our common stock, the ability of the holders of our common stock to sell our common stock, or the prices at which holders may be able to sell our common stock. Further, many brokerage firms will not process transactions involving low price stocks, especially those that come within the definition of a “penny stock.” If we cease to be quoted, holders of our common stock may find it more difficult to dispose of, or to obtain accurate quotations as to the market value of our common stock, and the market value of our common stock would likely decline.
The trading price of our common stock has been and will likely continue to be volatile.
The trading price of our common stock has been, and is likely to continue to be, highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. From December 31, 2019, through August 14, 2023, the stock price of our common stock has ranged from a low price on the Expert Market of $0.01 to a high of $39.20 per share. In addition to the factors discussed in these “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this report, factors that may cause volatility in our share price include:
· changes in projected operational and financial results;
· issuance of new or updated research or reports by securities analysts;
· market rumors or press reports;
· announcements of significant transactions;
· announcements related to our stock repurchase program;
· the use by investors or analysts of third-party data regarding our business that may not reflect our actual performance;
· fluctuations in the valuation of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us;
· fluctuations in the trading volume of our shares, or the size of our public float relative to the total number of shares of our common stock that are issued and outstanding;
· share price and volume fluctuations attributable to inconsistent trading volume levels of our shares; and
· general economic and market conditions.
In addition, in recent years, broad stock market indices in general, and smaller capitalization companies in particular, have experienced substantial price fluctuations. In a volatile market, we may experience wide fluctuations in the market price of our common stock. These fluctuations may have a negative effect on the market price of our common stock. Such volatile fluctuations may also make us more susceptible to possible class action lawsuits, which are often initiated following price declines.
If securities or industry analysts do not publish, or cease publishing, research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business or our market, or if they change their recommendations regarding our stock adversely, our stock price and any trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our common stock may depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business, markets, or competitors. Securities and industry analysts do not currently, and may never, publish research on us or our business. If no securities or industry analysts commence coverage of our company, the trading price for our stock would be negatively affected. If securities or industry analysts initiate coverage, and one or more of those analysts downgrade our stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business or our market, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our stock could decrease, which might cause our stock price and any trading volume to decline.
The sale or availability for sale of substantial amounts of our common stock could adversely affect their market price.
Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market after the filing of a Form S-1, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock and could materially impair our ability to raise capital through equity offerings in the future. Shares held by our existing stockholders may be sold in the public market in the future subject to the restrictions in Rule 144 and Rule 701 under the Securities Act.
As of the date of this annual report, we have 53,198,399 shares of common stock outstanding. We cannot predict what effect, if any, market sales of securities held by our significant stockholders or any other stockholder or the availability of these securities for future sale will have on the market price of our common stock.
Adverse publicity about us and/or our brands, including without limitation, through social media or in connection with brand damaging events and/or public perception, could negatively impact our business.
Negative claims, publicity or allegations made by Securities Regulators, involving us, our board of directors, our employees and consultants, our brands, our products, services and experiences, consumer data, or any of our key employees, or suppliers, whether arising through social media outlets or “short and distort” attacks could seriously damage our reputation and the image of our brands, regardless of whether such claims are accurate or true.
Social media, which accelerates and potentially amplifies the scope of negative publicity, can increase the challenges we face in attempting to respond to negative claims. Negative attention or scrutiny on us can also possibly result in negative publicity.
Adverse publicity could also damage our reputation and the image of our brands, undermine consumer confidence in us and reduce long-term demand for our products, even if such adverse publicity is unfounded or not material to our operations. If our reputation, culture or image is tarnished or receives negative publicity (whether accurate or not), then our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity could be materially adversely affected.
As a smaller reporting company within the meaning of the Securities Act, we may utilize certain modified disclosure requirements, and we cannot be certain if these reduced requirements will make our common stock less attractive to investors.
Generally, a “smaller reporting Company” or (“SRC”) is a company that as of the last business day of its most recently completed second quarter: (i) Had a public float of less than $250 million; or (ii) Had annual revenues of less than $100 million and either: (A) No public float; or (B) A public float of less than $700 million. On February 28, 2022 we had a public float of $50,772,000.
We are a SRC; and, for as long as we continue to be a SRC, we are exempt from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies but not to a “SRC,” including, for example, not being required to have our independent registered public accounting firm audit our internal control over financial reporting under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute compensation not previously approved. We have in this annual report utilized, and we may in future filings with the SEC continue to utilize, the modified disclosure requirements available to emerging growth companies. As a result, our stockholders may not have access to certain information they may deem important and may therefore find our stock a less attractive investment.
The sale by our stockholders of restricted shares, either pursuant to a resale prospectus or Rule 144, may adversely affect our ability to raise the funds we will require to effectuate our business plan.
As of the date of this annual report, we had 53,198,399 shares issued and outstanding, of which 35,847,241 are deemed “restricted securities” or “control securities” within the meaning of Rule 144. The possibility that substantial amounts of our common stock may be sold into the public market, either under Rule 144, or pursuant to a resale registration statement, may adversely affect prevailing market prices for the common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital in the future through the sale of equity securities because of the perception that future re-sales could decrease our stock price and because of the availability of resale shares to those interested in investing in our common stock. Subject to compliance with our insider trading policies to the extent applicable, sales of such restricted securities or control securities may be made from time to time, at the discretion of the holders of such securities. We may not have knowledge of any such sales until sometime after such sales are made.
Kalen Capital Corporation (“KCC”), a private corporation solely owned by Mr. Harmel S. Rayat, our Chairman and director, beneficially owns approximately 74.83% of our issued and outstanding stock when giving effect to derivative securities owned by KCC. This ownership interest may preclude you from influencing significant corporate decisions.
As of the date of this report, Kalen Capital Holdings LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of KCC, a private corporation solely owned by Harmel S. Rayat, beneficially owned 52,205,598 shares (inclusive of 16,566,667 shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding warrants), or approximately 74.83% of our outstanding common stock, on a fully diluted basis.
As a result, Mr. Rayat, having voting control of 35,638,931 shares of our total issued and outstanding 53,198,399 shares, can exercise significant influence over matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions, and will have significant control over our management and policies. Mr. Rayat's interests may be different from yours. For example, he may support proposals and actions with which you may disagree, or which are not in your interest. This concentration of ownership could delay, prevent, or cause a change in control should Mr. Rayat sell all or a portion of his shares of our company or otherwise discourage a potential acquirer from attempting to obtain control of our company, which in turn could reduce the price of our common stock, possibly cause acceleration of vesting of outstanding options, result in limits to the utilization of our net operating loss, and may adversely affect your investment. In addition, Mr. Rayat could use his voting influence to maintain our existing management and Board of Directors (“Board”) in office, or support or reject other management and Board members) proposals that are subject to stockholder approval, such as the adoption of employee stock plans and significant unregistered and registered financing transactions.
The company may be subject to compliance with rules requiring the adoption of certain corporate governance measures, which require control measures for related party transactions, conflicts of interest and similar matters.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“SOX”), as well as rule changes proposed and enacted by the SEC, the New York Stock Exchange and the Nasdaq Stock Market, as a result of SOX, require the implementation of various measures relating to corporate governance. These measures are designed to enhance the integrity of corporate management and the securities markets and apply to securities which are listed on those exchanges or the Nasdaq Stock Market.
A significant requirement that applies to accelerated and large accelerated filers under SOX 404(b), but not to non-accelerated filers, is the requirement that accelerated and large accelerated filers have an internal control over financial reporting (“ICFR”) auditor attestation. An ICFR auditor attestation requires the independent accounting firm that prepares or issues the issuer’s financial statement audit report to also attest to, and report on, management’s assessment of the effectiveness of the issuer’s ICFR. SOX Section 404(b), however, exempts non-accelerated filers from the ICFR auditor attestation requirement. As a result of our public float exceeding $75 million (prior to the rule change described below) on February 28, 2018, for our year ended August 31, 2018, the Company was subject to SOX 404(b). As a result of the rule change described below, The Company was not considered an accelerated filer for its fiscal year ended August 31, 2019.
On March 12, 2020, the SEC approved amendments to Rule 12b-2 that excludes from the definitions of “accelerated filer” and “large accelerated filer” any issuer that is eligible to be a SRC. To be an eligible SRC that is also a non-accelerated filer, a company must have revenues of less than $100 million in the most recent fiscal year and also have a public float of less than $700 million. As a result of the recent amendments to the definition of an SRC and the resulting increase in the thresholds in revenue and public float value, the Company is not subject to the attest requirements of SOX 404(b). However, should our fiscal year revenues exceed $100 million, and our second quarter public float exceed $250 million, the Company will again be subject to SOX 404(b) and the added additional professional fees and management time required to comply SOX 404(b).
There are options to purchase shares of our common stock currently outstanding.
As of August 7, 2023, we have granted options to purchase shares of our common stock to various persons and entities, under which we could be obligated to issue up to 6,684,000 shares of our common stock. The exercise prices of these options range from $2.32 to $8.00 per share. 6,313,000 of the options contain cashless exercise provisions. If issued, the shares underlying these options would increase the number of shares of our common stock currently outstanding and dilute the holdings and voting rights of our then-existing stockholders.
There are warrants to purchase shares of our common stock currently outstanding.
As of August 7, 2023, we had outstanding warrants to purchase shares of our common stock to various persons and entities, under which we could be obligated to issue up to 16,666,667 shares of common stock with exercise price of $1.70 per share. Each of the Company’s warrants outstanding entitles the holder to purchase one share of the Company’s common stock for each warrant share held. The Company’s unexercised warrants may be exercised on a cashless basis. If issued, the shares underlying these warrants would increase the number of shares of our common stock currently outstanding and dilute the holdings and voting rights of our then-existing stockholders.
We may issue preferred stock which may have greater rights than our common stock.
Our Articles of Incorporation allow our Board to issue up to 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock. Currently, no shares of preferred stock are issued and outstanding. However, we can issue shares of our preferred stock in one or more series and can set the terms of the preferred stock without seeking any further approval from the holders of our common stock. Any preferred stock that we issue may rank ahead of our common stock in terms of dividend priority or liquidation premiums and may have greater voting rights than our common stock. In addition, such preferred stock may contain provisions allowing it to be converted into shares of common stock, which could dilute the value of our common stock to then current stockholders and could adversely affect the market price, if any, of our common stock.
The Company may sell additional equity securities in the future and your ownership interest in the Company may be diluted because of such sales.
The Company may sell additional equity securities to fully implement our business plan. Such sales will be made at prices determined by our Board based on factors deemed appropriate at the time; accordingly, such sales by us could be made at prices less than the price of the shares of our common stock purchased, in which case, investors could experience dilution of their investment.
Our compliance with changing laws and rules regarding corporate governance and public disclosure may result in additional expenses to us which, in turn, may adversely affect our ability to continue our operations.
Keeping abreast of, and in compliance with, changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure, including SOX, new SEC regulations and, in the event, we are ever approved for listing on a registered national exchange, such exchange's rules, will require an increased amount of management attention and external resources. We intend to continue to invest all reasonably necessary resources to comply with evolving standards, which may result in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. Our failure to adequately comply with any of these laws, regulations, standards, or rules may result in substantial fines or other penalties and could have an adverse impact on our ongoing operations.
Because we do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future you should not purchase our shares if you are seeking dividend income.
We currently intend to retain future earnings, if any, to support the development and expansion of our business and do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Our payment of any future dividends will be at the discretion of our Board after considering various factors, including but not limited to our financial condition, operating results, cash needs, growth plans and the terms of any credit agreements that we may be a party to at the time. Accordingly, investors must rely on sales of their common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize their investment. Investors seeking cash dividends should not purchase our common stock.
Our articles of incorporation provide for indemnification of officers and directors at our expense and limit their liability, which may result in a major cost to us and hurt the interests of our stockholders because corporate resources may be expended for the benefit of officers and/or directors and may inhibit actions against our officers and directors.
Our articles of incorporation and applicable Nevada law provide for the indemnification of our directors, officers, employees, and agents, under certain circumstances, against attorney’s fees and other expenses incurred by them in any litigation to which they become a party arising from their association with or activities on our behalf. We will also bear the expenses of such litigation for any of our directors, officers, employees, or agents, upon such person’s promise to repay us if it is ultimately determined that any such person shall not have been entitled to indemnification. This indemnification policy could result in substantial expenditures by us, which we will be unable to recoup.
The provisions of the Nevada Revised Statutes and our bylaws may discourage stockholders from bringing a lawsuit against our directors for breach of their fiduciary duty. The provisions may also have the effect of reducing the likelihood of derivative litigation against directors and officers, even though such an action, if successful, might otherwise benefit us and our stockholders. Furthermore, a stockholder’s investment may be adversely affected to the extent we pay the costs of settlement and damage awards against directors and officers pursuant to these indemnification provisions. We believe that these amended and restated certificate of incorporation provisions, amended and restated bylaw provisions, indemnification agreements and the insurance are necessary to attract and retain qualified persons as directors and officers.
We have been advised that, in the opinion of the SEC, indemnification for liabilities arising under federal securities laws is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against these types of liabilities, other than the payment by us of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding, is asserted by a director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, we will (unless in the opinion of our counsel, the matter has been settled by controlling precedent) submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction, the question whether indemnification by us is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue. The legal process relating to this matter, if it were to occur, is likely to be very costly and may result in us receiving negative publicity, either of which factors is likely to materially reduce the market and price for our common stock.
As a consequence of Mr. Harmel S. Rayat, the sole owner of our majority stockholder, KCC, has been named a defendant, along with RenovaCare, Inc. (a company whose majority stockholder is also KCC) and certain other individuals in an enforcement action filed by the SEC in May 2021 (the “Enforcement Action”), the Company has and may incur ancillary legal costs.
Although not named as a defendant in the Enforcement Action, the Company has incurred approximately $102,000 in legal fees pertaining to counsel’s privilege review of Company related documentation that has been or may be produced to the SEC by Mr. Rayat, KCC and others in the Enforcement Action.
Should the matter involve the Company further, the costs, legal and otherwise, that may be incurred by the Company may increase significantly and require Company personnel to expend more time on the matter, which could adversely affect the Company’s operations and ability to secure additional financing as, when, and if needed.
It is the Company’s understanding that each of Mr. Rayat and RenovaCare, Inc. has denied the SEC’s allegations of any wrongdoing and are, and intend to continue, defending themselves against such allegations.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Item 2. Properties
Our corporate office is located at 9375 E. Shea Blvd., Suite 107-B, Scottsdale, AZ 85260. The office is provided free from rent by a shareholder.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
We are not party to nor are we aware of any material pending lawsuit, litigation or proceeding.
PART II

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Market Information for Common Stock
Our common stock is quoted on the Expert Market under the symbol “WNDW.” Our warrants to purchase common stock are not currently traded on any market.
As of June 29, 2023, there were 100 stockholders of record of our common stock, and the closing price of our common stock was $0.125 per share as reported on the Expert Market. Because many of our shares of common stock are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of stockholders represented by these record holders.
Dividend Policy
We have not paid any dividends on our common stock and our Board presently intends to continue a policy of retaining earnings, if any, for use in our operations. The declaration and payment of dividends in the future, of which there can be no assurance, will be determined by the Board considering conditions then existing, including earnings, financial condition, capital requirements and other factors. The Nevada Revised Statutes prohibit us from declaring dividends where, if after giving effect to the distribution of the dividend:
· We would not be able to pay our debts as they become due in the usual course of business; or
· Our total assets would be less than the sum of our total liabilities plus the amount that would be needed to satisfy the rights of stockholders who have preferential rights superior to those receiving the distribution.
Except as set forth above, there are no restrictions that currently materially limit our ability to pay dividends or which we reasonably believe are likely to limit materially the future payment of dividends on common stock.
Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans
The following sets forth certain information regarding the common stock that may be issued upon the exercise of options, warrants and other rights that have been or may be granted to employees, directors, or consultants under all of our equity compensation plans. The 2006 Incentive Stock Option Plan (see below) was our only equity-based compensation plan as of August 31, 2022, and expired on March 17, 2023.
2006 Incentive Stock Option Plan (Equity Compensation Plan Approved by Security Holders)
On October 10, 2006, the Board adopted and approved, and on February 7, 2011, shareholders owning a majority of our issued and outstanding stock approved, our 2006 Incentive Stock Option Plan (the “2006 Plan”) that provides for the grant of stock awards, restricted stock purchase offers and stock options to employees, directors, officers, and consultants. On February 1, 2021, the Board extended the 2006 Plan for a period of two years. On January 13, 2023, the Board extended the 2006 Plan for two months. The 2006 Plan expired on March 17, 2023. The 2006 Plan provided for the granting of options to purchase a maximum of 15,000,000 shares of our common stock. Stock options granted to employees under the 2006 Plan generally vest over zero to five years or as otherwise determined by the plan administrator. Stock options to purchase shares of our common stock expire no later than ten years after the date of the grant.
We measure all stock-based compensation awards using a fair value method on the date of grant and recognize such expense in our financial statements over the requisite service period. We use the Black-Scholes option pricing model to calculate the fair value of stock option grants. The Black-Scholes option pricing model requires management to make assumptions regarding the option lives, expected volatility, and risk-free interest rates, all of which impact the fair value of the option and, ultimately, the expense that will be recognized over the life of the option.
The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant for a bond with a similar term. We do not anticipate declaring dividends in the foreseeable future. Volatility is calculated based on the historical daily closing stock prices for the same period as the expected life of the option. We use the “simplified” method for determining the expected term of our “plain vanilla” stock options.
Plan Category Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights
(a) Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights
(b) Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a))
(c)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders (1)
6,684,000
(2) $ 4.00 -
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders - - -
Total 6,684,000 $ 4.00 -
(1) Consists of grants under the 2006 Plan as of August 14, 2023.
(2) Please refer to ITEM 8, Financial Statements “NOTE 7 - STOCK OPTIONS,” “ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE,” and “ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS.”
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
None.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial condition and results of operations
The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) is intended to help the reader understand the results of operations and financial condition of SolarWindow Technologies, Inc. The MD&A is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with financial statements and the accompanying notes to the financial statements included in this Form 10-K.
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
Overview
We are a developer of transparent electricity-generating coatings, and methods for their application to various materials (collectively, “LiquidElectricity® Coatings”). When applied in ultra-thin layers to rigid glass, and flexible glass and plastic surfaces our LiquidElectricity® Coatings transform otherwise ordinary surfaces into photovoltaic devices capable of generating electricity from natural sun, artificial light, and low, shaded, or reflected light conditions while maintaining transparency.
We have overcome major technical challenges and achieved many important milestones resulting in an expansion of the potential applications of LiquidElectricity® Coatings which span multiple industries, including architectural, automotive, agrivoltaic, aerospace, commercial transportation and marine. Our LiquidElectricity® Coatings are under development with support from commercial contract firms and at the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory, through Cooperative Research and Development Agreements.
Research and Related Agreements
We are a party to certain agreements related to the development of our technology.
Stevenson-Wydler Cooperative Research and Development Agreement with the Alliance for Sustainable Energy
On March 18, 2011, we entered into the NREL CRADA with Alliance for Sustainable Energy, the operator of the NREL under its U.S. Department of Energy contract to advance the commercial development of our technology. Under terms of the NREL CRADA, NREL researchers make use of our exclusive intellectual property (“IP”), newly developed IP, and NREL’s background IP in order to work towards specific product development goals, established by the Company. Under the terms of the NREL CRADA, we agreed to reimburse Alliance for Sustainable Energy for filing fees associated with all documented, out-of-pocket costs directly related to patent application preparation and filings, and maintenance of the patent applications.
On March 6, 2013, we entered into Phase II of our NREL CRADA. Under the terms of the agreement, researchers will additionally work towards:
· further improving our technology efficiency and transparency;
· optimizing electrical power (current and voltage) output;
· optimizing the application of the active layer coatings and application processes which make it possible for LiquidElectricity® Coatings to generate electricity on glass surfaces;
· developing improved electricity-generating coatings by enhancing performance, processing, reliability, and durability;
· optimizing LiquidElectricity® Coating performance on flexible substrates; and
· developing high speed and large area roll-to-roll (R2R) and sheet-to-sheet (S2S) coating application methods required for commercial-scale building integrated photovoltaic (“BIPV”) products and windows.
On December 28, 2015, we executed another modification to the NREL CRADA (the “Modification”). Under the Modification, (i) the date of completion was extended to December 2017; and (ii) the Company and the NREL will work jointly towards achieving specific product development goals and objectives for the purpose of preparing to commercialize our OPV-based transparent electricity-generating coatings for various applications, including BIPV, glass and flexible plastics.
Over the course of our collaborative research and development efforts with the NREL under the CRADA, both parties have agreed to modifications to extend the date of completion. The Company and NREL have entered into eleven such No Cost Time Extensions (“NCTE”). Under the terms of each NCTE, all terms and conditions of the NREL CRADA remain in full force and effect without change. The current NCTE was executed on December 6, 2021, and extends the date of completion to December 31, 2024. As of August 31, 2022, the Company had a capitalized asset balance of $153,799 related to deferred research and development costs for advances to Alliance for Sustainable Energy for work to be performed under the NREL CRADA.
Results of Operations
Year ended August 31, 2022, compared to the year ended August 31, 2021
A summary of our operating expenses for the years ended August 31, 2022 and 2021 follows:
2022 compared to 2021
Years Ended August 31, Change Percentage
($) Change
Operating expenses:
Selling, general & administrative $ 2,600,592 $ 2,141,103 $ 459,489 21 %
Research and development 1,002,398 1,006,796 (4,398 ) - %
Stock compensation 1,024,162 4,787,998 (3,763,836 ) -79 %
Total Operating expense $ 4,627,152 $ 7,935,897 $ (3,308,745 ) -42 %
Selling, General and Administrative
Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) costs include all expenditures incurred other than research and development related costs, including costs related to personnel, professional fees, travel and entertainment, public company costs, insurance, and other office related costs. During the year ended August 31, 2022, compared to the year ended August 31, 2021, SG&A costs increased due to our South Korean operations ($106,000), increase in personnel costs ($217,000), increase in professional fees ($195,000), offset by net decreases in in other administrative costs ($59,000).
Research and Product Development
Research and Development (“R&D”) costs represent costs incurred to develop our SolarWindow® technology and are incurred pursuant to our research agreements and agreements with other third-party providers and certain internal R&D cost allocations. Payments under these agreements include salaries and benefits for R&D personnel, allocated overhead, contract services and other costs. R&D costs are expensed when incurred, except for non-refundable advance payments for future research and development activities which are capitalized and recognized as expense as the related services are performed. During the year ended August 31, 2022, compared to the year ended August 31, 2021, R&D costs decreased primarily as a result of a decrease in CRADA and costs ($79,000), offset by net increases in personnel and Korea based R&D costs ($75,000).
Stock Based Compensation
The Company grants stock options to its directors, employees and consultants. Stock compensation represents the expense associated with the amortization of our stock options. Expense associated with equity-based transactions is calculated and expensed in our financial statements as required pursuant to various accounting rules and is non-cash in nature. Stock based compensation expense decreased primarily due to current year expense excluding compensation related to the prior year which included expense related to 2,500,000 stock purchase options granted in the fourth quarter of fiscal year ended August 31, 2020, to each of Mr. Jatinder S. Bhogal, former CEO and Chairman and Mr. John Rhee, former President, CEO and Chairman.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our primary cash needs are for personnel, professional and R&D related fees and other administrative costs. Our principal sources of liquidity are cash and short-term investments. As of August 31, 2022, and 2021, the Company had cash and short-term investments of $8,077,849 and $12,127,456, respectively. We have financed our operations primarily from the sale of equity and debt securities.
The following table presents a summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated:
Years Ended August 31,
Change
Net cash used in operating activities $ (3,640,810 ) $ (2,659,240 ) $ (981,570 )
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities 4,643,034 (5,074,177 ) 9,717,211
Net cash provided by financing activities - 724,872 (724,872 )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents (51,831 ) (15,522 ) (36,309 )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents $ 950,393 $ (7,024,067 ) $ 7,974,460
Operating Activities - Operating activities consist of net loss adjusted for certain non-cash items, including depreciation, stock-based compensation expense, realized gains or losses on disposal of property and equipment, impairments and the effect of changes in working capital. The increase in cash used in operating activities over the prior period is mainly due to an approximate increase in cash layouts related to the CRADA ($450,000), Korea operations ($223,000), US based personnel ($217,000), professional fees ($108,000) offset by decreases in other general costs ($16,000).
Investing Activities - We have used cash primarily for liquid short-term investments, purchases of furniture, equipment, leasehold improvements, and computers. Excluding the effects of the short term, $5,000,000 investment, $280,000 was used to purchase equipment by the Korean Subsidiary.
Financing Activities - Cash flows from financing activities totaled $719,400 in 2021 as a result of the exercise of 200,000 Series S Warrants with a strike price of $3.42 per share and the exercise of 10,000 stock options at a strike price of $3.54 per share.
Indebtedness
None.
Other Contractual Obligations
In September 2020, the Korean Subsidiary entered a lease for office space in South Korea. Monthly rent was approximately $1,200. . As of December 2022, this lease was terminated.
On February 26, 2021, the Korean Subsidiary entered in an apartment lease for the purposes of housing foreign personnel. Monthly rent was approximately $950. As of December 2022 this lease was terminated.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
There were no off-balance sheet arrangements for the years ended August 31, 2022 and 2021.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
For more information regarding recent accounting standards and their impact to our results of operations and financial position, see “Note 2- Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our Financial Statements.
Critical Accounting Policies
Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements required the use of estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of our assets, liabilities, and expenses. Management bases estimates on historical experience and other assumptions it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances and evaluates these estimates on an on-going basis. Actual results may differ from these estimates. For more information regarding our critical accounting policies, see “Note 2- Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our Financial Statements.
Related Party Transactions
For a discussion of our Related Party Transactions, see “Note 7 - Transactions With Related Persons” to our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
The Company does not carry any balances that are materially exposed to market risk.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
The report of the independent registered public accounting firm and financial statements listed in the accompanying index are included in Item 15 of this report. See Index to the financial statements on page of this Form 10-K.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain a system of disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act, which are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, our management recognized that any system of controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, as ours is designed to do, and management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. In addition, the design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.
Under supervision and with the participation of management, we carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures for the Company and its subsidiaries as of August 31, 2022. Based on that evaluation, our Acting Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures at the subsidiary level were not effective at a reasonable assurance level as of August 31, 2022, as discussed and defined in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting referred to below.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of our Acting Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of our financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with US GAAP. Because of inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
As of August 31, 2022, our Acting Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting using the criteria set forth in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this assessment, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective on August 31, 2022 because of the material weaknesses described below.
As of our fiscal year ended August 31, 2022, management identified control deficiencies at the subsidiary level that constituted material weaknesses. A “material weakness”, as defined by COSO, is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is more than a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Management identified the following material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting as of August 31, 2022:
The degree of compliance with established policies and procedures had deteriorated at the Korean Subsidiary. Due to jurisdictional challenges of operating the Korean Subsidiary from the U.S., the Company relied upon the cooperation of the Korean Subsidiaries management to maintain adherence to and comply with the documented internal control procedures, including the dissemination of its financial results and support thereof to SolarWindow Technologies, Inc, the parent company, for purposes of consolidating the Company’s financial results. Management is unable to assess compliance with the Korean Subsidiary’s documented and established policies and procedures due to the management of the Korean Subsidiary failing to provide the financial information required for consolidation since May 2022 thereby resulting in the inability of the Company’s auditors to complete their audit of the Korean Subsidiary.
Also, due to reductions in staffing during 2022 at the Korean Subsidiary, there is inadequate segregation of duties consistent with control objectives. The Korean Subsidiary’s management is comprised of a single individual resulting in a situation where limitations of segregation of duties exist. To remedy this situation, the Korean Subsidiary would need to hire additional staff to provide greater segregation of duties.
Accordingly, because of identifying the above material weaknesses we have concluded that these control deficiencies resulted in a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by the Company’s internal controls.
Management believes that the material weaknesses set forth above are intrinsic to our small size and that these weaknesses are limited to the Korean Subsidiary.
Remedies Employed as of August 31, 2022
Management has retained counsel in South Korea to provide legal services with respect to the recovery of assets.
Remedies Employed as of the Date of this Annual Report
Management has retained counsel in South Korea to provide legal services with respect to the recovery of assets, and with the dissolution of the Korean Subsidiary as resolved by the Board on January 13, 2023.
On April 25, 2023, management formally removed the Korean Subsidiary management and installed persons affiliated with the Company thus providing management with the authority, not previously held, to direct and oversee the Korean Subsidiary.
On May 25, 2023, management engaged a Korean accounting firm to provide accounting services, financial reporting, and assist with the dissolution of the Korean subsidiary.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
This annual report does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by our independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to the permanent exemption from section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for non-accelerated filers.
There were no changes to the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the Company’s most recent fiscal quarter ended August 31, 2022, that materially affected, or would be reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
PART III

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
The following table sets forth the names and ages of all of our directors and executive officers. We have a Board comprised of three members. Each director holds office until a successor is duly elected or appointed. Executive officers serve at the discretion of the Board and are appointed by the Board. Also provided herein are brief descriptions of the business experience of each of the directors and officers during the past five years, and an indication of directorships held by each director in other companies subject to the reporting requirements under the Federal securities law.
Name
Age
Current Position With Us
Director or Officer Since
Harmel S. Rayat
Chairman and Director
January 13, 2023
Bob Levine
Director
December 7, 2018
Joseph Sierchio
Director
October 1, 2020
Justin Frere, CPA
Treasurer, Interim Chief Financial Officer and Secretary (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)
July 5, 2019
Amit Singh
Vice President (Acting Principal Executive Officer)
February 2021
Business Experience
Set forth below are the names of all our directors and executive officers, all positions and offices held by each person, the period during which each has served as such, and the principal occupations and employment of such persons during at least the last five years, and other director positions held currently or during the last five years:
Current Directors and Officers
Harmel S. Rayat. Mr. Rayat was appointed to the Board of Directors on January 13, 2023. Mr Rayat previously served the Company in several capacities, including, at various times, as its President and Chief Executive Officer, Chairman and as a member of the Company’s Board of Directors. Mr. Rayat has been a long-time majority stockholder and financial supporter of the Company. Mr. Rayat currently holds a 66.99% ownership of the Company’s issued and outstanding common stock. Mr Rayat’s support has been key to advancing SolarWindow’s technology. Beginning his career in the financial industry as a messenger and mail-room clerk in a stock brokerage firm in 1981, Mr. Rayat has since invested in a wide range of businesses and sectors, including auto wreckers, resource exploration, technologies, artificial liver devices, commercial and retail buildings, and raw land development opportunities. In recent years, Mr. Rayat has narrowed his focus to impact investing, despite the high risks associated with early stage, pre-revenue, and pre-clinical companies. His goal is to help inventors, entrepreneurs, and scientists to create and commercialize products and technologies that will have a beneficial impact on society at large.
Bob Levine. Mr. Levine has been with Avison Young since 1994 and is one of the founding partners of the company which has 120 offices in 25 countries and 5,000 real estate professionals. Since 2008, Avison Young has been one of the fastest growing commercial real estate companies in the world. Having retired from the Board of Directors of Avison Young after 10 years’ service, Mr. Levine remains on Avison Young’s Executive Committee. Mr. Levine has 40 years of experience in commercial real estate sales, leasing, and advisory roles and has worked with many leading developers, equity partners, and renowned investors. Having consummated many billions of dollars in transactions, he has been responsible for the sale of numerous landmark and Class-A office buildings, shopping centers, industrial properties, and major development sites.
Joseph Sierchio. Mr. Sierchio has been engaged in the practice of law as the principal of Sierchio Law LLP, our general corporate counsel since August 2019; prior thereto Mr. Sierchio provided legal services to the Company as a partner of Satterlee Stephens LLP, our counsel, from September 2016 to August 2019. Since 1975, Mr. Sierchio has continuously practiced corporate and securities law in New York City, representing, in the United States, domestic and foreign private and public corporations, investors, brokerage firms, and entrepreneurs. Mr. Sierchio is admitted in all New York state courts and federal courts in the Eastern, Northern, and Southern Districts of the State of New York as well as the federal Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Mr. Sierchio was invited to join the Board due to his experience representing corporations (public and private) and individuals in numerous and various organizational, compliance, administrative, governance, finance (equity and debt private and public offerings), regulatory and legal matters as well as his familiarity with the Company’s business and operations. Mr. Sierchio also served as a director of RenovaCare, Inc. from August 26, 2010, to June 22, 2018. Mr. Sierchio earned his J.D. at Cornell University Law School in 1974, and a B.A., with Highest Distinction in Economics from Rutgers College at Rutgers University in 1971, and where he was also named a Henry Rutgers Scholar.
Justin Frere, CPA. Mr. Frere has served as the Company’s Controller since August of 2011 and was appointed Secretary and Interim Chief Financial Officer on July 5, 2019, and July 22, 2020, respectively. Mr. Frere has over 20 years of experience as a hands-on CFO/Controller level finance and administration professional with extensive operational and analytical experience as a consultant, CFO, and controller for numerous public entities. From 2001 through present, Mr. Frere has been principal of Frontline Accounting performing CFO/controller, and financial analyst services for various public and private domestic and international clients. Mr. Frere has been the primary party responsible for accounting, drafting, and filing SEC Forms and interacting with auditors and the SEC in support of public company reporting. Mr. Frere started his career at KPMG in their assurance practice. Mr. Frere earned a Bachelor of Science in accounting and finance from California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo and MBA from San Diego State University.
Amit Singh. Has served as the Company’s Vice President since February 2021. Mr. Singh has diverse experience with incubating and developing ventures in cleantech and renewables, biomedical devices, drug discovery and development, and financial marketing and advertising. From June 2006 to May 2008, Mr. Singh served as a Risk and Strategy Consultant at Crowe, where he specialized in identifying high-risk areas for public and private companies, specifically detecting weaknesses in business models and helping develop, re-engineer, and implement core business processes. From September 2007 to March 2018, Mr. Singh served as the Executive Director of Sikhcess, a non-profit, where he coordinated the efforts of more than 5,000 global volunteers to break the cycle of homelessness by providing meals, basic needs, education, mentoring, tutoring, and support. Mr. Singh earned his MBA from the University of Michigan in 2006, and an undergraduate business degree from Wayne State University in 2003.
All our directors are elected annually to serve for one year or until their successors are duly elected and qualified.
Family Relationships and Other Matters
There are no family relationships between any of our officers and directors.
Legal Proceedings
None of our directors or officers are involved in any legal proceedings as described in Regulation S-K (§229.401(f)).
SECTION 16(a) BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP REPORTING COMPLIANCE
Because we do not have a class of equity securities registered pursuant to section 12 of the Exchange Act, we are not required to make the disclosures required by Item 405 of Regulation SK.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
General
We believe that good corporate governance is important to ensure that our company is managed for the long-term benefit of our stockholders. We periodically review our corporate governance policies and practices and compare them to those suggested by various authorities in corporate governance and the practices of other public companies. As a result, we have adopted policies and procedures that we believe are in the best interests of the Company and our stockholders.
Corporate Governance Guidelines; Code of Conduct and Ethics; Amended and Restated Insider Trading Policy
Our Corporate Governance Guidelines assist our board of directors in the exercise of its duties and responsibilities and to serve the best interests of SolarWindow and our stockholders. These guidelines, which provide a framework for the conduct of our board’s business addresses the role of a director, Board composition, Board meetings, access to management, Board compensation and other topics.
We have adopted a Code of Ethics that applies to all of our officers, directors and employees, including our Acting Principal Executive Officer. The Code of Ethics is designed to deter wrongdoing, and to promote, among other things, honest and ethical conduct, full, fair, accurate, timely, and understandable disclosure in reports and documents that we file with, or submit to the SEC, compliance with applicable governmental laws, rules and regulations, the prompt internal reporting of violations of the Code of Ethics, and accountability for adherence to the Code of Ethics.
We have adopted an Amended and Restated Insider Trading Policy (the “ITP”) that applies to all officers, directors, employees, and other persons, such as contractors or consultants who have access to material nonpublic information. The ITP also applies to family members, other members of a person’s household and entities controlled by a person covered by the ITP. The purpose of the ITP is to provide guidelines with respect to transactions in the Company’s securities and the handling of material nonpublic information about the Company and the companies with which the Company does business. The Company’s Board of Directors has adopted this Policy to promote compliance with federal, state and foreign securities laws that prohibit certain persons who are aware of material nonpublic information about a company from: (i) trading in securities of that company; or (ii) providing material nonpublic information to other persons who may trade on the basis of that information. Oversight and implementation of the ITP is performed by the ITP Compliance Committee which is comprised of Joseph Sierchio, Director and General Counsel, Gary Parmar, Director and Justin Frere, Interim CFO and Secretary.
We have posted a copy of our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Code of Ethics and Business Conduct, and Amended and Restated Insider Trading Policy on the Investor section of our website at https://www.solarwindow.com/investors/corporate-governance/. Our full Board of Directors must approve in advance any waivers of the Code of Ethics. We will post any amendments or waivers from our Code of Ethics that apply to our executive officers and directors on the “Corporate Governance” section of our website.
Board Independence
We are not listed on a major U.S. securities exchange and, therefore, are not subject to the corporate governance requirements of any such exchange, including those related to the independence of directors. However, Our Board considers that a director is independent when the director is not an officer or employee of the Company, does not have any relationship which would, or could reasonably appear to, materially interfere with the independent judgment of such director, and the director otherwise meets the independence requirements under the listing standards of FINRA and the rules and regulations of the SEC. Our Board has reviewed the materiality of any relationship that each of our directors has with the Company, either directly or indirectly. Based on this review, our Board has affirmatively determined that one of our three directors, including Bob Levine, qualify as an “independent” director.
Board Leadership Structure
We currently have one executive officer and three directors; one of which is independent. At present, Mr. Frere serves as our Acting Executive Officer, Interim Chief Financial Officer and Secretary, Mr. Sierchio serves as the Representative Director of SolarWindow Asia Co., Ltd. Actions taken by SolarWindow Asia Co., Ltd. are performed by Lab Partners, the Company’s South Korean law firm, pursuant to powers of attorney provided by Mr. Sierchio and SolarWindow Asia (USA) Corp.
Our Bylaws provide our Board with flexibility to combine or separate the positions of Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer in accordance with its determination that utilizing one or the other structure would be in the best interests of our Company and its stockholders. Our Board has reviewed our current Board leadership structure, our size, the nature of our business, the regulatory framework under which we operate, our stockholder base, our peer group and other relevant factors, and has determined that this structure is currently the most appropriate Board leadership structure for our company.
Board Committees
Audit Committee
The Board does not currently have a standing Audit Committee. The full Board oversees our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of our annual financial statements.
Compensation Committee
The Board does not currently have a standing Compensation Committee. The full Board establishes our overall compensation policies and reviews recommendations submitted by our management.
Nominating Committee
The Board does not currently have a standing Nominating Committee. We do not maintain a policy for considering nominees. Our Bylaws provide that the number of Directors shall be fixed from time to time by the Board, but in no event shall be less than the minimum required by law. The Board should be large enough to maintain our required expertise but not too large to function inefficiently. Director nominees are recommended, reviewed, and approved by the entire Board. The Board believes that this process is appropriate due to the number of directors on the Board and the opportunity to benefit from a variety of opinions and perspectives in determining director nominees by involving the full Board.
While the Board is solely responsible for the selection and nomination of Directors, the Board may consider nominees recommended by stockholders as deemed appropriate. The Board evaluates each potential nominee in the same manner regardless of the source of the potential nominee’s recommendation. Although we do not have a policy regarding diversity, the Board does take into consideration the value of diversity among Board members in background, experience, education and perspective in considering potential nominees for recommendation to the Board for selection. Stockholders who wish to recommend a nominee should send nominations to Mr. Justin Frere, Interim CFO and Secretary, 9375 E. Shea Blvd., Suite 107-B, Scottsdale, AZ 85260, that includes all information relating to such person that is required to be disclosed in solicitations of proxies for the election of directors. The recommendation must be accompanied by a written consent of the individual to stand for election if nominated by the Board and to serve if elected.
Compensation Consultants
We have not historically relied upon the advice of compensation consultants in determining Named Executive Officer compensation. Instead, the Board reviews compensation levels and makes adjustments based on their personal knowledge of competition in the marketplace, publicly available information, and informal surveys of human resource professionals.
Board of Directors Meetings, Committees of the Board of Directors, and Annual Meeting Attendance
During the fiscal year ended August 31, 2022, all directors attended at least 75% or more of the aggregate of the meetings of the Board. The Board met nine (9) times and acted by written consent six (6) times during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2022. We did not have an annual meeting of shareholders during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2022, or 2021.
The Audit Committee was established in July 2019 and was suspended in December 2021. The full Board is responsible for performing the functions of: (i) the Audit Committee, (ii) the Compensation Committee, and (ii) the Nominating Committee.
Board Role in Risk Oversight
Risk is inherent in every business, and how well a business manages risk can ultimately determine its success. We face a number of risks, including strategic risks, enterprise risks, financial risks, and regulatory risks. While our management is responsible for day-to-day management of various risks we face, the Board, as a whole, is responsible for evaluating our exposure to risk and to satisfy itself that the risk management processes designed and implemented by management are adequate and functioning as designed. The Board reviews and discusses policies with respect to risk assessment and risk management. The Board also has oversight responsibility with respect to the integrity of our financial reporting process and systems of internal control regarding finance and accounting, as well as its financial statements.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Our Board is responsible for establishing the compensation and benefits for our executive officers. The Board reviews the performance and total compensation package for our executive officers and considers the modification of existing compensation and the adoption of new compensation plans. The board has not retained any compensation consultants.
The goals of our executive compensation program are to attract, motivate and retain individuals with the skills and qualities necessary to support and develop our business within the framework of our small size and available resources. We designed our executive compensation program to achieve the following objectives:
· attract and retain executives experienced in developing and delivering products such as our own;
· motivate and reward executives whose experience and skills are critical to our success;
· reward performance; and
· align the interests of our executive officers and stockholders by motivating executive officers to increase stockholder value.
Summary Compensation Table
The following table summarizes the total compensation paid to or earned by each named executive officer for Fiscal 2022 and Fiscal 2021 :
Name and Principal Position Year Ended August 31,
Salary ($)
Bonus ($) Option Awards ($)
All Other Compensation ($) (1)
Total ($)
Jatinder S. Bhogal (2) Former Chief Executive Officer and Director 156,505 368,000 - - 524,505
410,000 - - - 410,000
John A. Conklin (3)
Former Chief Technology Officer
82,676 - - - 82,676
Justin Frere (4) Interim Chief Financial Officer and Secretary 120,000 - 246,000 - 366,000
106,000 - - - 106,000
John Rhee, Former President and Chief Executive Officer. Former Director, President and CEO of SolarWindow Asia Co., Ltd. (5) 244,000 - - - 244,000
192,000 - - - 192,000
Amit Singh, Vice President (6) 160,700 - 73,800 - 234,500
116,550 - - - 116,550
(1) The amounts in this column represent employer sponsored and paid health coverage, vacation pay and health insurance premium reimbursement for Mr. Conklin who maintained private insurance coverage and was reimbursed an agreed upon amount each month to offset his out-of-pocket medical insurance premiums through December 31, 2019, and prior to the Company established Health benefit plans. With regard to Mr. Bhogal, the amount in this column represents fees for his service on the Board during fiscal 2020.
(2) On August 7, 2017, the Company appointed Jatinder Bhogal to the Board of Directors. Mr. Bhogal has provided consulting services to the Company since 2011. Pursuant to Mr. Bhogal’s consulting agreements in effect prior to July 1, 2020, Mr. Bhogal received compensation of $18,750 per month. Effective July 1, 2020, the Company, Mr. Bhogal, and Vector Asset Management, Inc., a Canadian entity wholly-owned by Mr. Bhogal (“VAMI”), entered into an Executive Consulting Agreement (the “ECA”) whereby Mr. Bhogal, in addition to his role as a Director, served the Company as its President (On March 1, 2021, Mr. Bhogal resigned as President and Mr. Rhee was appointed President) and Chief Executive Officer (Principle Executive Officer). On January 18, 2022, Mr. Bhogal resigned all of his positions with the Company, including as Chairman and CEO. Pursuant to the ECA, which had an initial term of three years with one year extensions thereafter, VAMI 1) was paid an annual salary of $410,000 (the “Annual Base Fee”); 2) was eligible for a discretionary performance-based annual bonus of up to 40% of the then annual base fee in effect; 3) received a stock option grant to purchase up to 2,500,000 shares of the Company’s common stock which was fully vested as of August 31, 2022.
(3) On December 27, 2017, the Company and Mr. Conklin entered into an employment agreement (the “2018 Employment Agreement”) pursuant to which Mr. Conklin was paid an annual salary of $275,000, received a grant of 1,008,000 stock options and was entitled to a medical insurance premium reimbursement stipend of $2,166 per month up until the company established an employer based medical insurance plan that became effective on January 1, 2020. On October 22, 2018, Mr. Conklin resigned as Chief Financial Officer commensurate with the appointment of Steve Yan-Klassen as the Company’s Chief Financial Officer. Effective July 1, 2020, Mr. John Conklin resigned as the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer and as a Director and assumed a new executive role with the Company as its Chief Technology Officer. Effective November 19, 2020, Mr. Conklin resigned all positions.
(4) Mr. Frere has served as the Company’s Controller since August of 2011 and was appointed Secretary on July 5, 2019. Effective July 23, 2020, Mr. Frere was appointed to also serve as the Company’s Interim Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) and Interim Treasurer. Mr. Frere is providing his services on an as needed basis; Mr. Frere’s engagement is at will and can be terminated by either party on notice. Mr. Frere’s aggregate fee for his services is $10,000 per month. On October 27, 2021, the Board granted Mr. Frere a stock option to purchase up to 50,000 shares of the Company’s common stock with an exercise price of $6.21 per share and which vests as to 50% on April 27, 2022 and 50% on October 27, 2022. The aggregate grant date fair value of the stock option award, determined in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718, was $4.92 per share. For additional information, see “NOTE 5 - Stock Options” of our notes to financial statements contained in this annual report.
(5) On July 1, 2020, the Company appointed John Rhee to the Board of Directors. On August 31, 2020, the Company and Mr. John Rhee entered into an Executive Services Consulting Agreement (the “ESCA”), which was amended effective March 1, 2021 to appoint Mr. Rhee to the office of President and increase his monthly fee from $10,000 to $22,000. Pursuant to the ESCA as amended, 1) Mr. Rhee provided executive consulting services to the Company, and it’s directly and indirectly owned subsidiaries; 2) Mr. Rhee’s engagement pursuant to the ESCA was an “at-will” engagement; and 3) Mr. Rhee received a stock option grant to purchase up to 2,500,000 shares of the Company’s common stock which was fully vested as of August 31, 2022. On September 1, 2021, the Board approved an increase in Mr Rhee’s monthly salary to $24,640. On January 19, 2022, the Board appointed Mr. Rhee to serve as the Company’s Chief Executive Officer. By letter dated May 8, 2022, the Board terminated ESCA as amended effective May 9, 2022. Termination of the ESCA resulted in the automatic termination of Mr. Rhee’s positions as the President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Company and all positions held at the Company’s subsidiaries. However, due lack of jurisdiction in Korea, the Company was unable to effect Mr. Rhee’s termination with the Korean Subsidiary and he maintained his position as Representative Director and President of SolarWindow Asia Co., Ltd. through April 25, 2023, the date Mr. Rhee was removed pursuant to an Extraordinary Shareholder Meeting. Additionally, termination of the ESCA did not constitute termination of Mr. Rhee’s tenure as a member of the Board. Mr. Rhee resigned from the Board effective December 18, 2022.
(6) Effective July 28, 2020, the Company, Amit Singh, and Damaak Group, LLC, a U.S. entity wholly-owned by Mr. Singh (“Damaak”), entered into a Business Consulting Agreement (the “BCA”) whereby Mr. Singh supports the executive management team with corporate finance, business development, media & public relations, brand positioning, technology, and investor engagement. Pursuant to the BCA, which had an initial term of two years, Damaak was paid a monthly fee of $9,250 which was raised to $10,175 effective March 2021 and again raised to $15,000 effective January 2021. On October 27, 2021, the Board granted Mr. Singh a stock option to purchase up to 15,000 shares of the Company’s common stock with an exercise price of $6.21 per share and which vests as to 50% on April 27, 2022, and 50% on October 27, 2022. The aggregate grant date fair value of the stock option award, determined in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718, was $4.92 per share. For additional information, see “NOTE 5 - Stock Options” of our notes to financial statements contained in this annual report. Although the term of the BCA was through June 30, 2022, Damaak continues to provide services under the BCA.
Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal-Year End
The following table sets forth information regarding equity awards that have been previously awarded to each of the Named Executives and which remained outstanding as of August 31, 2022.
Option Awards
Name
# of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options Exercisable # of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options Not Currently Exercisable
Option Exercise Price ($)
Option Expiration Date
Jatinder S. Bhogal (1) 1,033,000 - 3.54 7/5/2029
90,000 - 4.87 11/21/2027
2,500,000 - 2.60 7/2/2026
John A. Conklin (2) 40,000 - 4.87 11/21/2027
12,500 - 3.54 7/5/2025
Justin Frere (3) 32,500 17,500 3.54 7/5/2025
25,000 25,000 6.21 10/27/2031
John Rhee (4) 500,000 - 3.66 8/31/2023
800,000 - 6.00 8/31/2023
700,000 - 8.00 8/31/2023
500,000 - 3.66 8/31/2023
Amit Singh 7,500 7,500 6.21 10/27/2031
(1) On November 21, 2017, pursuant to the grant of stock options to our Board and certain personnel for their services, the Company granted a stock option to purchase 90,000 shares of our common stock. On July 5, 2019, pursuant to a grant of stock options to our Board and executives for their services, the Company granted a stock option to purchase 1,008,000 and 50,000 shares of our common stock. On July 1, 2020, pursuant to an Executive Consulting Agreement and Stock Option Grant and Grant Agreement both dated June 29, 2020, the Company granted a stock option to purchase 2,500,000 shares of our common stock.
(2) On November 21, 2017, pursuant the grant of stock options to our Board for their services, the Company granted a stock option to purchase 40,000 shares of our common stock. On July 5, 2019, pursuant to a grant of stock options to our Board and executives for their services, the Company granted a stock option to purchase 50,000 shares of our common stock.
(3) On July 5, 2019, pursuant to a grant of stock options to our Board and executives for their services, the Company granted a stock option to purchase 50,000 shares of our common stock. On October 27, 2021, pursuant to a grant of stock options for services, the Company granted a stock option to purchase 50,000 shares of our common stock.
(4) On August 31, 2020, pursuant to an Executive Services Consulting Agreement and Non-Statutory Stock Option Agreement, we granted a stock option to purchase 2,500,000 shares of our common stock.
Termination and Change of Control
Not applicable.
Option Exercises and Stock Vested
Not applicable.
COMPENSATION OF DIRECTORS
Our directors play a critical role in guiding our strategic direction and overseeing the management of our Company. Ongoing developments in corporate governance and financial reporting have resulted in an increased demand for such highly qualified and productive public company directors. The many responsibilities and risks and the substantial time commitment of being a director of a public company require that we provide adequate incentives for our directors’ continued performance by paying compensation commensurate with our directors’ workload. Our non-employee directors are compensated based upon their respective levels of Board participation and responsibilities, including service on Board Committees. Our employee directors receive no separate compensation for their service as directors. Our Board determines the non-employee directors’ compensation for serving on the Board and its committee(s). In establishing director compensation, the Board is guided by the following goals:
· compensation should consist of a combination of cash and equity awards that are designed to fairly pay the directors for work required for a company of our size and scope;
· compensation should align the directors’ interests with the long-term interests of stockholders; and
· compensation should assist with attracting and retaining qualified directors.
For their services as directors, non-employee directors received cash compensation of $2,500 per quarter during fiscal 2022 and $1,750 per quarter during fiscal 2021. Beginning on September 1, 2019, and prior to the suspension of the Audit Committee on December 3, 2021, the audit committee chairperson received an additional $750 per quarter.
During fiscal 2021, the Company granted 50,000 options to Joesph Sierchio in connection with his appointment to the Board. During fiscal 2022, the Company granted 15,000 options to Joesph Sierchio and 30,000 options to Bob Levine. The options fair value was calculated to be $4.92 per share using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model. No equity-based grants were awarded to the other Board members in fiscal 2022.
Director Compensation Table
The following table sets forth the compensation earned and paid to each non-employee director for service as a director during Fiscal 2022 and Fiscal 2021:
Name Fees Earned or Paid in Cash ($) Option Awards ($) Total ($)
Gary Parmar (1) (former director and audit committee chairman) 1,944 - 1,944
Bob Levine (2) 10,000 147,600 157,600
Joseph Sierchio (3) 10,000 73,800 83,800
Total 2022 director compensation 21,944 221,400 243,344
(1) Mr. Parmar resigned from the Board on November 10, 2021.
(2) For their services on the Board, the Company granted Mr. Levine an option to purchase 30,000 shares of common stock with an exercise price of $6.21 per share and which vests as to 50% on April 27, 2022, and 50% on October 27, 2022. The aggregate grant date fair value of the stock option award, determined in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718, was $4.92 per share. For additional information, see “NOTE 5 - Stock Options” of our notes to financial statements contained in this annual report.
(3) Mr. Sierchio resigned from the Board effective October 22, 2018, and was re-appointed on October 1, 2020. For their services on the Board, the Company granted Mr. Sierchio an option to purchase 15,000 shares of common stock with an exercise price of $6.21 per share and which vests as to 50% on April 27, 2022, and 50% on October 27, 2022. The aggregate grant date fair value of the stock option award, determined in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718, was $4.92 per share. For additional information, see “NOTE 5 - Stock Options” of our notes to financial statements contained in this annual report.
Director Compensation - Equity
The following table shows the total number of unvested and total option awards held by each of our non-employee directors as of August 31, 2022:
Name Vested Stock Options Outstanding (#) Unvested Stock Options Outstanding (#)
Bob Levine (1) 48,800 33,200
Joseph Sierchio (1) (2) 72,500 62,500
John Rhee (3) 2,500,000 -
Total 2,621,300 95,700
(1) On July 5, 2019, the Company granted stock options to our Board and executives for their services, including a stock option to purchase 50,000 shares of our common stock to Mr. Sierchio and 52,000 shares of our common stock to Mr. Levine.
(2) Includes 50,000 options described above, a stock option to purchase 20,000 shares of our common stock granted on November 21, 2017, a stock option to purchase 50,000 shares of our common stock granted on October 19, 2020 pursuant to his appointment to the Board, and a stock option to purchase 15,000 shares of our common stock granted on October 27, 2021.
(3) Pursuant to the ESCA, on August 31, 2020, Mr. Rhee received a stock option grant to purchase up to 2,500,000 shares of the Company’s common stock with exercise prices as follows: as to 1,000,000 options, $3.66 per share; as to 800,000 options, $6.00 per share and as to 700,000 options, $8.00 per share, exercisable on, among other methods, a cashless basis prior to up-listing to a national exchange and exercisable for cash thereafter. The stock option vests as to 500,000 on the date of grant; as to the next 800,000 shares on the six-month anniversary of the date of grant; as to the next 700,000 shares on the 12-month anniversary of the date of grant; and as to the last 500,000 shares on the eighteen-month anniversary of the date of grant. The aggregate grant date weighted average fair value of the stock option award, determined in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718, was $1.51 per share.
Limitation on Directors' Liabilities; Indemnification of Officers and Directors
Our Amended and Restated Bylaws designate the relative duties and responsibilities of our officers and establish procedures for actions by directors and stockholders and other items. Our bylaws also contain extensive indemnification provisions, which will permit us to indemnify our officers and directors to the maximum extent provided by Nevada law. For additional information, see Exhibit 4.34 to this Annual Report.
Directors' and Officers' Liability Insurance
We have obtained directors' and officers' liability insurance, which expires on December 22, 2023.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The following table sets forth certain information as of August 14, 2023 by (i) all persons who are known by us to beneficially own more than 5% of our outstanding shares of common stock, (ii) each director, director nominee, and Named Executive Officer; and (iii) all executive officers and directors as a group. To our knowledge, no other person beneficially owns more than 5% of our common stock.
Name and Address of Beneficial Owner (1) Number of shares Beneficially Owned (2) % of Class Owned (2)
Directors and Officers
Harmel S. Rayat (3) 52,205,598 74.83
Bob Levine (4) 133,533 *
Joseph Sierchio (5) 311,567 *
Justin Frere (6) 99,443 *
All Directors and Officers as a Group (4 people) 52,750,141 74.83
5% Shareholders
Kalen Capital Corporation (3)
688 West Hastings St.
7th Floor
Vancouver, BC V6B 1P1
52,205,598 74.83
* less than 1%
(1) Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with SEC rules and generally includes voting or investment power with respect to securities. Each of the beneficial owners listed above has direct ownership of and sole voting power and investment power with respect to the shares of our common stock and except as indicated the address of each beneficial owner is 9375 E Shea Blvd., Suite 107-B, Scottsdale, AZ 85260.
(2) Calculated pursuant to rule 13d-3(d) of the Exchange Act. Beneficial ownership is calculated based on 53,198,399 shares of common stock issued and outstanding as of August 14, 2023. Under Rule 13d-3(d) of the Exchange Act, shares not outstanding which are subject to options, warrants, rights, or conversion privileges exercisable within 60 days are deemed outstanding for the purpose of calculating the number and percentage owned by such person, but are not deemed outstanding for the purpose of calculating the percentage owned by each other person listed.
(3) Kalen Capital Corporation is a private Alberta corporation wholly owned by Mr. Harmel Rayat, our Chairman. In such a capacity, Mr. Rayat may be deemed to have beneficial ownership of these shares. The number of shares reflected above based upon the review of our transfer records and information provided to us by Kalen Capital Corporation and includes 35,638,931 shares owned by Kalen Capital Corporation and its wholly owned subsidiary, and 16,566,667 shares issuable upon exercise of a Series T Warrant.
(4) Includes 26,000 shares of common stock, 33,333 shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon the exercise of a Series T Warrant and 74,200 shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon the exercise of vested stock options granted under the 2006 Plan. Does not include 7,800 shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon exercise of stock options granted under the 2006 Plan that have not yet vested.
(5) Includes 196,567 shares of common stock and 115,000 shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon the exercise of vested stock options granted under the 2006 Plan. Does not include 20,000 shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon exercise of stock options granted under the 2006 Plan that have not yet vested.
(6) Includes 6,493 shares of common stock and 92,500 shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon the exercise of vested stock options granted under the 2006 Plan. Does not include 7,500 shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon exercise of stock options granted under the 2006 Plan that have not yet vested.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The Board establishes policies and procedures, and sets standards regarding operations and governance. Accordingly, the Company adopted a policy and procedures pertaining to related-party transactions (“RPTs”) as they relate to the Company’s employees, officers and directors.
The Board recognizes that RPTs must be managed to prevent the risk of perceived or actual conflicts of interest. The Company’s RPT policy and procedures addresses these transactions as they may occur. The Board is responsibe for reviewing and approving RPTs in accordance with the adopted policy and procedures. The Board may review the RPT policy and procedures from time to time and accordingly recommend amendments for consideration and/or implementation.
The Board will review and approve all RPTs over $25,000 with the option to review and approve all RPTs if, in their judgment, it would be in the best interests of the Company for the proposed transaction to be reviewed.
Under SEC rules (Section 404 (a) of Regulation S-K), a related person is a director, officer, nominee for director, or 5% stockholder of our outstanding shares of common stock since the beginning of the previous fiscal year, and their immediate family members. Immediate family members include spouses, parents, stepparents, children, stepchildren, siblings, mothers- and fathers-in-law, sons- and daughters-in-law, and brothers- and sisters-in-law and anyone residing in such person’s home (other than a tenant)
The Board has determined that, barring additional facts or circumstances, a related person does not have a direct or indirect material interest in the following categories of transactions:
· any transaction with another company for which a related person’s only relationship is as an employee (other than an executive officer), director, or beneficial owner of less than 10% of that company’s shares, if the amount involved does not exceed the greater of $1 million or 2% of that company’s total annual revenue;
· compensation to executive officers determined by the Board;
· compensation to directors determined by the Board;
· transactions in which all security holders receive proportional benefits; and
· banking-related services involving a bank depository of funds, transfer agent, registrar, trustee under a trust indenture, or similar service.
The Board reviews transactions involving related persons who are not included in one of the above categories and makes a determination whether the related person has a material interest in a transaction and may approve, ratify, rescind, or take other action with respect to the transaction in its discretion. The Board reviews all material facts related to the transaction and takes into account, among other factors it deems appropriate, whether the transaction is on terms no less favorable than terms generally available to an unaffiliated third party under the same or similar circumstances; the extent of the related person’s interest in the transaction; and, if applicable, the availability of other sources of comparable products or services. An interested related party who serves on the Board shall recuse their self from the review and approval of a RPT in which they have an interest in the transaction.
Our employees are expected to disclose personal interests that may conflict with ours and they may not engage in personal activities that conflict with their responsibilities and obligations to us. Periodically, we inquire as to whether or not any of our Directors have entered into any transactions, arrangements or relationships that constitute related party transactions. If any actual or potential conflict of interest is reported, our Board will review the transaction and relationship disclosed and make a determination regarding appropriatness and recommend modifications to the RPT if the transaction is deemed to present a conflict of interest.
Transactions with Related Persons
The following is a description of each transaction since the beginning of fiscal 2021, and each currently proposed transaction, in which:
• we have been or are to be a participant;
• the amount involved exceeds the lesser of $120,000 or 1% of the average of our total assets for the last two completed fiscal years; and
• any of our directors, executive officers, or holders of more than 5% of any class of our capital stock at the time of the transactions in issue, or any immediate family member of or person sharing the household with any of these individuals, had or will have a direct or indirect material interest.
For additional information, please refer to see “NOTE 7 - Transactions with Related Persons” under the Notes to Financial Statements for the Years Ended August 31, 2022, and 2021.
Director Independence
Please refer to “Director Independence” under the section titled “CORPORATE GOVERNANCE” in “ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE.”

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
INDEPENDENT PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS
PKF O’Connor Davies, LLP (“PKF”) currently serves as our independent registered public accounting firm to audit our financial statements for the fiscal year ending August 31, 2022. PKF has served as the company’s independent registered public accounting firm since May 28, 2020. To the knowledge of management, neither such firm nor any of its members has any direct or material indirect financial interest in us or any connection with us in any capacity otherwise than as independent accountant.
PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
The following table represents aggregate fees billed or expected to be billed to us for services related to the fiscal years ended August 31, 2022 and 2021, by PKF:
Audit Fees (1) $ 55,750 $ 71,740
Audit Related Fees (2) - -
Tax Fees (3) 6,675 11,743
All Other Fees (4) - -
Total $ 62,425 $ 83,483
(1) Consists of fees and expenses billed for professional services rendered in connection with the audit of our consolidated financial statements, reviews of our quarterly consolidated financial statements, related accounting consultations, and services provided in connection with our registration statements, and other regulatory filings.
(2) Consists of fees billed for assurance and related services that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit or review of our consolidated financial statements and not reported under “Audit Fees,” such as due diligence related to mergers and acquisitions.
(3) Tax Fees consist of fees for professional services for domestic and international tax advisory services for tax planning, compliance, and advice.
(4) Consists of aggregate fees billed for services provided by the independent registered public accounting firm other than those disclosed above.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES.
(a) The following documents are filed as a part of this Form 10-K:
(a)(1) Financial Statements and Schedules
The following financial statements, notes related thereto and report of independent auditors, are included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K:
· Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm;
· Balance Sheets as of August 31, 2022, and 2021;
· Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the years ended August 31, 2022, and 2021;
· Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended August 31, 2022, and 2021;
· Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended August 31, 2022, and 2021; and
· Notes to Financial Statements
(a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules:
All schedules have been omitted since they are either not applicable or the information is contained within the accompanying financial statements.
(b) Exhibit Index
The following is a list of exhibits filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Exhibit No. Description of Exhibit
3.1 Articles of Incorporation, as amended (Incorporated by reference to the exhibits filed as part of the report on Form 10-Q filed on April 16, 2010)
3.2 Certificate of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation changing name to New Energy Technologies, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to the exhibits filed as part of the report on Form 10-Q on April 16, 2010)
3.3 Certificate of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation increasing the authorized shares from 100,000,000 to 300,000,000 (Incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on March 21, 2011)
3.4 Certificate of Change to the Articles of Incorporation relating to the one-for-three reverse stock split (Incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on March 21, 2011)
3.5 By Laws. (Incorporated by reference to the exhibits filed as part of the report on Form 10-Q filed April 16, 2010)
3.6 Certificate of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation changing name to SolarWindow Technologies, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on March 4, 2015)
4.1 $3,000,000 Convertible Promissory Note dated October 7, 2013 (Incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on October 10, 2013)
4.2 Series I Stock Purchase Warrant (Incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on October 10, 2013)
4.3 Registration Rights Agreement dated October 7, 2013, entered into between New Energy Technologies, Inc. and Kalen Capital Corporation (Incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on October 10, 2013)
4.4 Amendment to Convertible Promissory Note by and between the Company and Kalen Capital Corporation dated November 10, 2014 (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on November 17, 2014)
4.5 Amendment to Bridge Loan Agreement by and between the Company and Kalen Capital Corporation dated November 10, 2014 (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on November 17, 2014)
4.6 Form of Stock Purchase Warrant granted to Kalen Capital Corporation (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on November 17, 2014)
4.7 Form of Stock Award Agreement (Incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on December 19, 2014
4.8 Form of Series L Warrant issued to 1420468 Alberta Ltd. (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on March 10, 2015)
4.9 Bridge Loan Agreement and Promissory Note by and between the Company and Kalen Capital Corporation dated December 7, 2015 (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on December 11, 2015)
4.10 Form of Series M Warrant issued to Kalen Capital Corporation dated December 7, 2015 (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on December 11, 2015)
4.11 Amendment to Bridge Loan Agreement dated December 7, 2015 (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on December 11, 2015)
4.12 Form of Series M Warrant issued to1420468 Alberta Ltd. dated December 7, 2015 (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on December 11, 2015)
4.13 Second Amended Bridge Loan Agreement dated December 31, 2015 (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on January 7, 2016)
4.14 Form of Series N Warrant dated December 31, 2015 (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on January 7, 2016)
4.15 Lock-Up Agreement dated January 5, 2016 (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on January 7, 2016)
4.16 Form of Series O Stock Purchase Warrant (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on February 24, 2016)
4.17 Form of Series P Stock Purchase Warrant (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on February 24, 2016)
4.18 Form of Subscription Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on February 24, 2016)
4.19 Form of Series Q Stock Purchase Warrant (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on June 23, 2016)
4.20 Form of Series R Stock Purchase Warrant (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on June 23, 2016)
4.21 Form of Subscription Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on June 23, 2016)
4.22 Form of Registration Rights Agreement dated June 20, 2016 (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on June 23, 2016)
4.23 Form of Series S-A Stock Purchase Warrant (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on July 28, 2017)
4.24 Form of Subscription Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on July 28, 2017)
4.25 Form of Registration Rights Agreement dated July 24, 2017 (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on July 28, 2017)
4.26 Form of Series S Stock Purchase Warrant dated September 29, 2017 (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on September 29, 2017)
4.27 Form of Subscription Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on September 29, 2017)
4.28 Form of Registration Rights Agreement dated September 29, 2017 (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on September 29, 2017)
4.29 Amendment to the 2014 Amended Bridge Loan Agreement dated November 3, 2017 (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on November 9, 2017)
4.30 Third Amendment to the 2015 Bridge Loan Agreement dated November 3, 2017 (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on November 9, 2017)
4.31 Form of Series T Stock Purchase Warrant dated November 26, 2018 (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on November 29, 2018)
4.32 Form of Subscription Agreement for Units Dated November 26, 2018 (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on November 29, 2018)
4.33 Amended and Restated Articles (Incorporated by reference to Form 10-K filed on November 18, 2019)
4.34 Amended and Restated Bylaws (Incorporated by reference to Form 10-K filed on November 18, 2019)
4.35 Form of Stock Option Agreement dated August 31, 2020 (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on September 4, 2020)
10.1 Form of Lock-Up Agreement dated November 15, 2016, between SolarWindow, Inc. and each of John A. Conklin, Alastair Livesey and Joseph Sierchio (Incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on November 18, 2016)
10.2 Form of Lock-Up Agreement dated January 5, 2016, between SolarWindow Technologies, Inc. and each of John A. Conklin, Alastair Livesey and Joseph Sierchio (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on January 7, 2016)
10.3 Process Integration and Production Agreement dated August 2, 2017 by and between SolarWindow Technologies, Inc. and TriView Glass Industries, LLC, (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on August 8, 2017)
10.4 Consulting agreements dated July 7, 2017 (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on July 13, 2017)
10.5 Modification to the Stevenson-Wydler Cooperative Research and Development Agreement dated December 28, 2015 (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on January 4, 2016)
10.6§ Employment Agreement dated January 1, 2014, between New Energy Technologies, Inc. and John A. Conklin (Incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on January 31, 2014)
10.7§ Employment Agreement dated December 27, 2017, between SolarWindow Technologies, Inc. and John A. Conklin (Incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on January 3, 2018)
10.8 Redacted copy of the CRADA Modification (Incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on March 22, 2018)
10.9 Amendment to the March 2015 Loan Agreement dated November 26, 2018 (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on November 29, 2018)
10.11 Amendment to the 2013 Note as amended dated November 26, 2018 (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on November 29, 2018)
10.12 Lease dated May 1, 2019 between Rose Claudia of the Vestal Professional Building and Registrant for 300 Main Street, Suite 6, Vestal, New York (Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed on July 9, 2019)
10.13 Executive Consulting Agreement dated June 29, 2020 having an effective date of July 1, 2020 by and among SolarWindow Technologies, Inc., Vector Asset Management, Inc., and Jatinder S. Bhogal (Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed on July 8, 2020)
10.14 Stock Option Grant and Grant Agreement dated as of June 29, 2020 between SolarWindow Technologies, Inc., Jatinder S. Bhogal and Vector Asset Management, Inc. and having an effective date of July 1, 2020 (Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed on July 8, 2020)
10.15 Executive Services Consulting Agreement dated August 31, 2020, between SolarWindow Technologies, Inc. and John Rhee, an individual (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on September 4, 2020)
10.16 Non-statutory Stock Option Agreement dated as of August 31, 2020 between SolarWindow Technologies, Inc., and John Rhee, an individual (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on September 4, 2020)
10.17 Stock Option Grant and Grant Agreement dated as of October 19, 2020 between SolarWindow Technologies, Inc., and Joseph Sierchio (Incorporated by reference to Form 8-K filed on September 4, 2020)
10.18 Amendment dated March 1, 2021 to the Executive Services Consulting Agreement dated as of August 31, 2020, between SolarWindow Technologies, Inc., and John Rhee, an individual (Incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q filed on January 8, 2021).
10.19 Separation and Release of Claims Agreement dated January 18, 2022 by and among SolarWindow Technologies, Inc. and Vector Asset Management, Inc. and Jatinder S. Bhogal (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on January 24, 2022).
10.20 Form of Equipment Purchase Agreement dated February 10, 2022 between SolarWindow Asia Co., Ltd and WI-A Corporation (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on April 8, 2022).
17.0 Termination Notice dated May 8, 2022 (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on May 13, 2022).
99.0 Notice of Civil Claim, Endorsement on Originating Pleading or Petition for Service Outside British Columbia Notice of Application - Without Notice; Affidavit (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on June 15, 2022)
99.1§ 2006 Incentive Stock Option Plan (Incorporated by reference to the Form S-8 filed on March 15, 2011)
31.1 Certification of the Acting Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002*
31.2 Certification of the Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002*
32.1 Certification of Acting Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002*
101.INS Inline XBRL Instance Document**
101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension - Schema Document**
101.CAL Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension - Calculation Linkbase Document**
101.DEF Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension - Definition Linkbase Document**
101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension - Label Linkbase Document**
101.PRE Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension - Presentation Linkbase Document**
Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL Document)
*Filed herewith.
§ Management contract or compensatory plan.
** Furnished herewith. XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) information is furnished and not filed or a part of a registration statement or prospectus for purposes of Sections 11 or 12 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, is deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and otherwise is not subject to liability under these sections.