EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1754195
Filing Year: 2024
Filename: 1754195_10-K_2024_0001628280-24-007779.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1. Business.
Overview
Trulieve Cannabis Corp. is a reporting issuer in the United States and Canada. The Company’s Subordinate Voting Shares (as hereinafter defined) are listed for trading on the Canadian Securities Exchange (“CSE”) under the symbol “TRUL” and are also traded in the United States on the OTCQX Best Market (“OTCQX”) under the symbol “TCNNF”.
Trulieve is a vertically integrated cannabis company and multi-state operator which currently holds licenses to operate in nine states. Headquartered in Quincy, Florida, we are the largest cannabis retailer in the United States with market leading retail operations in Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. We are committed to delivering exceptional customer experiences through elevated service and high-quality branded products. We aim to be the brand of choice for medical and adult-use customers in all of the markets that we serve. The Company operates in highly regulated markets that require expertise in cultivation, manufacturing, and retail. We have developed proficiencies in each of these functional areas and are passionate about expanding access to regulated cannabis products through advocacy, education and expansion of our distribution network.
All of the states in which we operate have developed programs to permit the use of cannabis products for medicinal purposes to treat specific conditions and diseases, which we refer to as medical cannabis. Recreational cannabis, or adult-use cannabis, is legal cannabis sold in licensed dispensaries to adults ages 21 and older. Thus far, of the states in which we operate, Arizona, Colorado, Connecticut, Maryland, and Ohio, have already or are in the process of developing and launching programs permitting the commercialization of adult-use cannabis products. Trulieve operates its business through its directly and indirectly owned subsidiaries that hold licenses and have entered into managed service agreements in the states in which they operate.
As of December 31, 2023, the Company operated the following:
State Number of Dispensaries Number of Cultivation and Processing Facilities
Florida 131 6
Arizona 21 3
Pennsylvania 20 3
West Virginia 10 1
Georgia 5 1
Maryland 3 1
Ohio 1 -
Connecticut 1 -
Colorado - 1
Total 192 16
Regional Hub Structure
Trulieve’s production, retail and distribution areas are organized into regional hubs whereby teams and assets are aggregated in order to effectively pair national structure and support with localized operations tailored to each market. Trulieve has established cannabis operations in three hubs: Southeast, Northeast, and Southwest. Each of our three regional hubs are anchored by market leading positions in cornerstone states of Florida, Pennsylvania, and Arizona.
In Florida and Georgia, Trulieve cultivates, processes, and manufactures all cannabis products sold in our dispensaries. In other markets including Arizona, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia, we have achieved varying percentages of vertical integration with cultivation and processing operations to support our retail and wholesale businesses. Our investments in vertically integrated operations in several of our markets afford us ownership of the entire supply chain, which mitigates third-party risks and allows us to completely control product quality and brand experience. Trulieve employs an in-house quality team as well as testing laboratories in select markets, both of which allow us to more tightly control product quality.
Cultivation and Manufacturing of Cannabis Products
Trulieve produces high quality cannabis flower for direct consumption and uses a variety of processes to transform high-quality biomass into products sold through our retail and wholesale distribution network. With a focus on replicable, scalable operations, we have developed design standards, standard operating procedures, and training protocols that are employed across cultivation sites to achieve a high level of consistency and quality. The modular nature of our standard designs enables quick and incremental additions to capacity where appropriate. In Florida where demand is high enough to support larger scale production, our recently ramped state-of-the-art 750,000 square foot indoor cultivation facility affords us greater flexibility for pricing, promotional cadence, and assortment in the Florida market by enabling production of high potency and high quality products at lower costs.
We utilize various extraction techniques including supercritical ethanol extraction, carbon dioxide extraction, hydrocarbon extraction, and mechanical separation. We have invested in light hydrocarbon extraction processes, allowing for concentrates that preserve the natural ratios of cannabinoids, terpenes, and other target compounds to better replicate the flower experience. Light hydrocarbon extraction also offers the benefit of greater extraction yields in many cases. In addition, we own CO2 extraction, distillation, purification and manufacturing technology used to produce a line of cannabis topicals and vapes featuring cannabinoids.
Distribution of Branded Product through Branded Retail
Distribution of branded products through our branded retail locations is a core driver of our long-term strategy. We have developed and acquired a curated portfolio of our own branded retail products that we cultivate, manufacture and distribute throughout our branded retail locations. By providing customers with consistent high-quality products and outstanding experiences we aim to garner a large and loyal customer base across our distribution network.
Trulieve brands include premium tier brands Avenue, Cultivar Collection, and Muse; mid-tier brands Modern Flower, Alchemy, Momenta, and Sweet Talk, and value tier brands Co2lors, Loveli, Roll One, and Trekkers. Established relationships with brand partners allow for the sale of partner branded products in select markets and retail locations, providing our customers with access to greater variety and specialty brands. Brand partnerships include arrangements with Alien Labs, Bellamy Brothers, Binske, Black Tuna, Blue River, Connected, DeLisioso, Khalifa Kush, Love’s Oven, Miami Mango, Moxie, Seed Junky, SLANG, and Sunshine Cannabis.
Customer Experience
Since inception, Trulieve has prioritized creating exceptional customer experiences, developing the business to center around the Trulieve philosophy of “Customers First”. This customer centric approach permeates our culture and informs strategic decision making.
Our goal is to foster brand loyalty by providing customers with industry-leading branded products and superior service in an appealing, approachable setting. We accomplish this by creating and reinforcing positive customer experiences across the entire customer journey. We employ and continuously refine numerous training programs to provide our associates with the resources they need to deliver outstanding customer experiences across the entire Trulieve platform. We offer specialized management training and incentives to reward positive outcomes so there is continuous reinforcement of customer experience best practices.
Marketing
Trulieve’s marketing strategies are tailored to address the unique attributes of the markets in which we operate. Generally, in markets where we serve medical patients, our messaging centers around education and outreach for physicians and medical patients. Our educational materials are designed to help physicians understand cannabinoid science, the high standards pursuant to which our plants are cultivated, the processes required for regulatory compliance, and how our products provide relief for their patients. Patients primarily learn about us through their physicians, patient-centric community events, and digital marketing. We regularly participate in outreach and community events. An engaged audience is captured through our digital content marketing and via multiple popular social media platforms.
We regularly engage with various communities who may benefit from cannabis, such as veterans, seniors, organizations that serve qualifying populations, and various health and wellness groups. Search engine optimization of our website also captures potential customers researching the benefits of cannabis, which offers another pathway to informative materials about cannabis, our products and how to legally access them.
In adult-use markets, marketing efforts aim to attract customers with varying levels of awareness of cannabis and Trulieve. We continue to delineate and refine our understanding of various customer personas, which factors such as location, products and pricing attract and retain customers, and which incentives are effective in driving specific outcomes. Connecting with a broader audience requires different strategies that inspire, tap into relevant cultural moments in their lives, build community as well as educate customers on our products’ uniqueness versus our competitors.
We understand each consumer has unique communication preferences and capabilities. As such, we engage with customers and physicians through a variety of methods including email, text, social media and online chat. In select markets we offer various purchase options, including phone ordering, online ordering, home delivery, and in-store. As Trulieve continues to expand, we are working to deploy a standardized loyalty program to serve all markets as appropriate within existing regulatory frameworks.
Investments in Infrastructure and Technology Platforms
We have made significant investments in developing and deploying technology and data platforms designed to support scaled operations and growth in customers served and units sold. Through our customer data platform, we are able to collect and analyze data to discern customer preferences, patterns, and trends which inform our production mix, product allocation, promotional strategies and targeted outreach. Investments in our enterprise grade platforms enable greater sophistication across production, retail, and wholesale operations and numerous support functions including accounting and finance, human resources, legal and compliance. We believe infrastructure and data capabilities are prerequisites for long term success in an increasingly competitive and integrated commerce environment.
History of the Company
Trulieve Cannabis Corp. (formerly Schyan Exploration Inc.) was incorporated under the Business Corporations Act (Ontario) on September 17, 1940. It changed its name from “Bandolac Mining Corporation” to “Schyan Exploration Inc. / Exploration Schyan Inc.” on October 29, 2008.
On September 19, 2018, in connection with the Transaction (as defined below), Schyan Exploration Inc. / Exploration Schyan Inc. filed Articles of Amendment under the Business Corporations Act (Ontario) to (i) effect the name change from “Schyan Exploration Inc. / Exploration Schyan Inc.” to “Trulieve Cannabis Corp.”, (ii) re-designate all of the then issued and outstanding common shares of the Company into Subordinate Voting Shares, on the basis that each one issued and outstanding common share was re-designated into one Subordinate Voting Share, and (iii) increase the authorized capital of the Company by creating two new classes of shares, an unlimited number of Super Voting Shares and an unlimited number of Multiple Voting Shares.
On September 19, 2018, in connection with the Transaction, Trulieve Cannabis Corp. continued into the Province of British Columbia as a corporation under the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia) and consolidated its issued and outstanding Subordinate Voting Shares on the basis of one post-consolidation share for every 80.94486 pre-consolidation shares.
On September 21, 2018, Trulieve Cannabis Corp. completed the Transaction and acquired all of the securities of Trulieve US (as defined below) by way of a plan of merger. Pursuant to the Transaction, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Trulieve Cannabis Corp. created to effect the Transaction merged with and into Trulieve US and Trulieve US became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Trulieve Cannabis Corp. In addition and in connection with the Transaction, 10,927,500 issued and outstanding subscription receipts of Trulieve US were exchanged for 10,927,500 Subordinate Voting Shares (3,573,450 of which Subordinate Voting Shares were immediately converted into 35,734.50 Multiple Voting Shares), 548,446 broker warrants of Trulieve US were exchanged for 548,446 broker warrants to purchase Subordinate Voting Shares at an exercise price of C$6.00, and 8,784,872 compensation warrants of Trulieve US were exchanged for 8,784,872 compensation warrants to purchase Subordinate Voting Shares at an exercise price of C$6.00. As a result of the Transaction, Trulieve Cannabis Corp. met the CSE listing requirements and the Subordinate Voting Shares commenced trading on the CSE under the symbol “TRUL” on September 25, 2018.
The Transaction
On September 11, 2018, Trulieve Cannabis Corp., Trulieve US and Schyan Sub, Inc., or Subco, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Trulieve Cannabis Corp., entered into a merger agreement to affect a transaction, or the Transaction, whereby Trulieve US and Subco merged, and Trulieve US became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Trulieve Cannabis Corp.
At the annual and special meeting of shareholders held on August 15, 2018 and in connection with the Transaction, Trulieve Cannabis Corp. (formerly Schyan Exploration Inc.) received approval to continue into the jurisdiction of British Columbia. Trulieve Cannabis Corp. filed articles of continuance pursuant to the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia) and completed the continuance on September 19, 2018. Trulieve Cannabis Corp. filed articles of amendment on September 19, 2018 for the amendment to its articles providing for the re-designation of its common shares as Subordinate Voting Shares and to create a class of Multiple Voting Shares and Super Voting Shares on completion of the Transaction. The articles of amendment filed on September 19, 2018 also changed the Company’s name to “Trulieve Cannabis Corp.” (from Schyan Exploration Inc.).
In connection with the Transaction, Trulieve Cannabis Corp. consolidated its existing common shares on the basis of one Subordinate Voting Share for each 80.94486 existing common shares.
Prior to the Transaction, Trulieve US completed a brokered and a non-brokered subscription receipt financing, or SR Offering, at a price of C$6.00 per subscription receipt for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately C$65 million.
Holders of the subscription receipts that participated in the SR Offering on a non-brokered basis and whom were residents of the United States agreed to exchange the Subordinate Voting Shares issued to such holders on exercise of the subscription receipts for Multiple Voting Shares on the basis of one Multiple Voting Share for each 100 Subordinate Voting Shares.
In connection with the Transaction and pursuant to the SR Offering, a total of 7,554,050 Subordinate Voting Shares, 170,102.50 Multiple Voting Shares and 852,466 Super Voting Shares were issued and outstanding after completion of the Transaction, including Subordinate Voting Shares and Multiple Voting Shares issued to former holders of the subscription receipts issued in the SR Offering. Each Super Voting Share is convertible into Multiple Voting Shares at the option of the holder or upon certain triggering events. Each Multiple Voting Share, including those issued upon conversion of the Super Voting Shares, is convertible into 100 Subordinate Voting Shares at the option of the holder or upon certain triggering events.
The Subordinate Voting Shares trade on the Canadian Securities Exchange under the symbol “TRUL” and trade on the OTCQX Best Market under the symbol “TCNNF”.
Trulieve Cannabis Corp. (formerly Schyan Exploration Inc.) had no active business operations leading up to completion of the Transaction. In connection with the Transaction, it disposed of a mineral exploration property eight kilometers northeast of the town of Cadillac, Quebec.
Trulieve US was incorporated as a Georgia corporation under the name “George Hackney, Inc.” on January 25, 1990. On June 11, 2018, Trulieve US domesticated to Florida with the Florida Division of Corporations pursuant to Florida Statute 607.1801. On July 18, 2018, Trulieve US changed its name to “Trulieve, Inc.” On August 27, 2018, Trulieve US increased its authorized share capital to 25,000,000 shares of common stock and 20,000 shares of preferred stock with a par value of $0.001 per share. On September 11, 2018, Trulieve US approved a reclassification of the issued and outstanding share capital of Trulieve US whereby each issued and outstanding share of common stock was split and became 150 shares of common stock such that there were 986,835 shares of common stock of Trulieve US issued and outstanding prior to the closing of the Transaction.
Hackney Nursery, a predecessor to Trulieve US, has been registered as a nursery in the State of Florida since June 2, 1981. On November 23, 2015, Trulieve US was awarded a license to operate in the State of Florida as a Medical Marijuana Dispensing Organization. Trulieve US filed a fictitious name application with the Florida Division of Corporations for the name “Trulieve” on March 20, 2016 and changed its name to “Trulieve, Inc.” on July 18, 2018. Pursuant to current law, Trulieve US is now a Medical Marijuana Treatment Center in the State of Florida. Trulieve US is licensed to produce and sell medical cannabis in the State of Florida through the Florida Department of Health, Office of Medical Marijuana Use. The Department issued a license to Trulieve US on November 23, 2015.
Competitive Conditions and Position
The markets in which we operate are highly competitive markets with relatively high barriers to entry given the licensed nature of the cannabis industry. See “-Regulatory Overview” below for additional information regarding the impact of regulation on our business. Trulieve competes directly with cannabis producers and retailers within single-state operating markets, as well as those that operate across several U.S. state markets.
The vast majority of both manufacturing and retail competitors in our markets consist of localized or regional businesses with operations in a single state market. Other multi-state cannabis operators compete directly in several of our operating markets. Aside from this direct competition, out-of-state operators that are capitalized well enough to enter those markets through acquisitions are also part of the competitive landscape. Similarly, as we execute on our regional hub strategy and expand across the U.S., operators in our future state markets will inevitably become direct competitors. Increased competition by larger and better financed competitors could materially affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We face additional competition from new entrants. If the number of consumers of medical and adult-use cannabis in our markets increases, the demand for products will increase and we expect that competition will become more intense, as current and future competitors begin to offer an increasing number of diversified products. We expect to continue to invest in several areas, including customer experience, product innovation, scaled production, marketing and branding, and distribution network expansion. Trulieve may not have sufficient resources to maintain investments on a competitive basis, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The management team monitors developments in the fast-paced cannabis industry and adjacent industries to help us remain competitive.
We also compete indirectly with operators in the illicit market for cannabis and manufacturers and retailers of intoxicating hemp products.
See Item 1A - “Risk Factors” with respect to competition.
Seasonality
Our business operates year-round. Operations and sales trends in select markets where we operate do follow seasonal trends with various times of the year providing an opportunity for outdoor cultivation, seasonal impacts on sales in summer and winter months in markets in the Southwest and Northeast and promotional activity increases around specific industry and holiday events including 4/20, 7/10, and Green Wednesday (the Wednesday before Thanksgiving).
Recent Developments
On January 1, 2024, Wes Getman joined the Company as Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Getman has over 25 years of finance & accounting experience serving middle-market, private-equity backed and public companies. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Getman served as Partner, Advisory at WilliamsMarston, LLC. Mr. Getman previously served as the Vice President of Accounting & Finance at Blue Bird Corporation (Nasdaq: BLBD), a billion dollar North American manufacturer, from 2015-2020. In addition, Mr. Getman spent 16 years in public accounting at PwC, RSM, and Grant Thornton where he was a partner at the last two firms. Mr. Getman received his Bachelor of Science in Management from the State University of New York at Geneseo and his MBA from the Simon School at the University of Rochester.
On January 29, 2024, Marie Zhang joined the Company as Chief Operating Officer. Ms. Zhang has over 25 years’ experience in operational roles for private and public companies. Prior to joining the Company, from March 2020 through January 2024, Ms. Zhang served as the Chief Supply Chain Officer for Blaze Pizza, LLC and from July 2015 to March 2020, she served as the Global Vice President Supply Chain for FOCUS Brands LLC. Previously, Ms. Zhang served as Chief Supply Chain Officer for Yum! Brands (NYSE: YUM) from February 2013 to July 2015, Vice President Supply Chain at The Honey Baked Ham Company, LLC from February 2004 to February 2013 and as Director - Research & Development, Food Safety and Quality Assurance at Conagra Brands, Inc. (NYSE: CAG) from January 1997 to February 2004. Ms. Zhang received her Bachelor of Science in Chemistry from Jilin University and a Masters Degree in Food Science and Technology from Iowa State University.
REGULATORY OVERVIEW
In accordance with the Canadian Securities Administrators Staff Notice 51-352 (Revised) dated February 8, 2018 - Issuers with U.S. Cannabis-Related Activities (“Staff Notice 51-352”), below is a discussion of the federal and state-level United States regulatory bodies in those jurisdictions where the Company is currently directly involved, through its subsidiaries, in the cannabis industry. In accordance with Staff Notice 51-352, the Company will evaluate, monitor and reassess this disclosure, and any related risks, on an ongoing basis and the same will be supplemented and amended to investors in public filings, including in the event of government policy changes or the introduction of new or amended guidance, laws or regulations regarding cannabis regulation.
Federal Regulation of Cannabis in the United States
The United States federal government regulates drugs in large part through the Controlled Substances Act or CSA. Cannabis, which refers to certain parts and derivatives of the cannabis plant, is classified as a Schedule I controlled substance. As a Schedule I controlled substance, the federal Drug Enforcement Agency, or DEA, considers cannabis to have a high potential for abuse, no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, and a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug under medical supervision. Under federal law, cannabis and cannabis related products having a concentration of delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, of more than 0.3% is cannabis. Cannabis with a THC content 0.3% or less is classified as hemp. The scheduling of cannabis as a Schedule I controlled substance is inconsistent with the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) recent recommendation to reclassify cannabis to Schedule III based on its conclusion that it has medical use in treatment in the United States and a lower potential for abuse than drugs in Schedule I and Schedule II. Moreover, as of December 31, 2023, despite the conflict with U.S. federal law, nearly all states and Puerto Rico have legalized cannabis for medical use. Cannabis is legal for adult-use in 24 states plus the District of Columbia, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.
Cannabis is primarily regulated at the state level in the United States. Although certain states and territories of the United States authorize medical or adult-use cannabis production and distribution by licensed or registered entities, under United States federal law, the possession, use, cultivation, and transfer of cannabis is illegal. Although our activities are compliant with the applicable state and local laws in those states where we maintain such licenses, strict compliance with state and local laws with respect to cannabis may neither absolve us of liability under United States federal law nor provide a defense to any federal criminal action that may be brought against us.
Beginning in 2009, the federal government attempted to provide clarity on the incongruity between federal law and these state-legal regulatory frameworks through a series of Department of Justice (DOJ) memoranda stating it would not be a priority to prosecute cannabis activity compliant with state medical cannabis laws and that did not implicate certain federal enforcement priorities. The most notable of this guidance came in the form of a memorandum issued by former U.S. Deputy Attorney General James Cole on August 29, 2013, commonly referred to as the Cole Memorandum. The Cole Memorandum offered guidance to federal agencies on how to prioritize civil enforcement, criminal investigations, and prosecutions regarding cannabis in all states and quickly set a standard with which cannabis-related businesses would comply. In sum, the Cole Memorandum stated the DOJ’s prosecution priorities would be aimed at preventing the distribution of cannabis to minors; preventing revenue from going to criminal enterprises; preventing violence in the cultivation and distribution of cannabis; preventing drugged driving and the exacerbation of other adverse health consequences associated with cannabis; and preventing cannabis cultivation, possession, or use on federal property.
In January 2018 former United States Attorney General Sessions issued a new memorandum to all United States Attorneys (the “Sessions Memo”) that rescinded the Cole Memorandum and other DOJ memoranda providing prosecutorial guidance on state and tribally authorized medical and adult-use cannabis activities and instructed that “[i]n deciding which marijuana activities to prosecute... with the [DOJ’s] finite resources, prosecutors should follow the well- established principles that govern all federal prosecutions.” Namely, these include the seriousness of the offense, history of criminal activity, deterrent effect of prosecution, the interests of victims, and other principles. Although rescinded, the tenets of the Cole Memorandum continue to be adhered to by state-legal cannabis businesses and those in compliance with adult-use and medical programs throughout the country operate without federal enforcement.
On January 21, 2021, Joseph R. Biden, Jr. was sworn in as President of the United States. Although President Biden’s Attorney General, Merrick Garland, made comments to Senator Cory Booker (D-NJ) during his Senate confirmation indicating that he believed prosecution of state-legal cannabis businesses was not a worthy use of DOJ resources, such statements are not official declarations or policies of the DOJ and are not binding on the DOJ or any U.S. Attorney or federal court. Substantial uncertainty regarding United States federal enforcement remains. To date, there has been no new federal cannabis guidance issued by the DOJ or any published change in federal enforcement policy under the Biden administration. However, in October of 2022, the Biden Administration announced its intention to end the country’s “failed approach” to cannabis and directed the Secretary of Health and Human Services (“HHS”) and the Attorney General to expeditiously review cannabis’s Schedule I status. Concurrently, President Biden also announced a pardon of all prior federal simple possession of cannabis offenses and urged governors to do the same at the state level.
In August of 2023, the HHS recommended to the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration ("DEA") that cannabis be rescheduled from Schedule I to Schedule III under the Controlled Substances Act ("CSA"). The DEA is currently reviewing HHS’s recommendation. While the DEA may or may not recommend rescheduling, the White House directive and subsequent HHS recommendation signal a major shift in federal cannabis policy. The U.S. FDA’s recommendation to reclassify cannabis to Schedule III is based in part on findings that cannabis has an accepted medical use in treatment in the United States and relatively low potential for abuse. The National Institute on Drug Abuse ("NIDA"), a part of the National Institutes of Health ("NIH"), importantly concurs with FDA’s recommendation to reclassify cannabis. If DEA does reclassify cannabis to Schedule III, it would have a significant impact on the U.S. cannabis industry, including easing restrictions on research, removing the 280E tax burden, and reducing stigma associated with Schedule I drugs.
Nonetheless, even if moved to Schedule III, the cultivation, manufacture, distribution, and sale of cannabis by state-regulated businesses that do not produce or sell FDA regulated products remains illegal under federal law. Unless and until the United States Congress amends the CSA with respect to cannabis, there is a risk that federal authorities may enforce current U.S. federal law. Currently, in the absence of uniform federal guidance, enforcement priorities are determined by respective United States Attorneys.
As an industry best practice, despite the rescission of the Cole Memorandum, we abide by the following standard operating policies and procedures, which are designed to ensure compliance with the guidance provided by the Cole Memorandum:
•Continuously monitor our operations for compliance with all licensing requirements as established by the applicable state, county, municipality, town, township, borough, and other political/administrative divisions;
•ensure that our cannabis-related activities adhere to the scope of the licensing obtained (for example: in the states where cannabis is permitted only for adult-use, the products are only sold to individuals who meet the requisite age requirements);
•implement policies and procedures to prevent the distribution of our cannabis products to minors;
•implement policies and procedures in place to avoid the distribution of the proceeds from our operations to criminal enterprises, gangs, or cartels;
•implement an inventory tracking system and necessary procedures to reliably track inventory and prevent the diversion of cannabis or cannabis products into those states where cannabis is not permitted by state law or across any state lines in general;
•monitor the operations at our facilities so that our state-authorized cannabis business activity is not used as a cover or pretense for trafficking of other illegal drugs or engaging in any other illegal activity; and
•implement quality controls so that our products comply with applicable regulations and contain necessary disclaimers about the contents of the products to avoid adverse public health consequences from cannabis use and discourage impaired driving.
In addition, we frequently conduct background checks to confirm that the principals and management of our operating subsidiaries are of good character and have not been involved with illegal drugs, engaged in illegal activity or activities involving violence, or the use of firearms in the cultivation, manufacturing, or distribution of cannabis. We also conduct ongoing reviews of the activities of our cannabis businesses, the premises on which they operate, and the policies and procedures related to the possession of cannabis or cannabis products outside of the licensed premises.
Moreover, medical cannabis businesses receive a measure of protection from federal prosecution by operation of temporary appropriations measures that have been enacted into law as amendments (or “riders”) to federal spending bills passed by Congress and signed by Presidents Obama, Trump, and Biden. Every fiscal year since 2015, Congress has passed an appropriations “rider” barring the DOJ from expending taxpayer funds to enforce any law that interferes with a state’s implementation of its own medical cannabis laws. The rider, known as the “Rohrbacher-Farr” amendment, has been included in multiple budgets passed by successive Congresses controlled by both major political parties. Most recently, the medical cannabis appropriations rider is expected to be renewed through the signing of the “Further Continuing Appropriations and Other Extensions Act, 2024.” While the rider has been included in successive budget cycles since 2015, its inclusion or non-inclusion is subject to political change.
Notably, the Rohrbacher-Farr Amendment has applied only to medical cannabis programs and has not provided the same protections to enforcement against adult-use activities. If the rider is no longer in effect, the risk of federal enforcement and override of state cannabis laws would increase.
Anti-Money Laundering Laws and Access to Banking
The Company is subject to a variety of laws and regulations in the United States that involve anti-money laundering, financial recordkeeping, and the proceeds of crime, including the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970 (referred to herein as the “Bank Secrecy Act”), as amended by Title III of the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 ("USA PATRIOT Act"), and any related or similar rules, regulations or guidelines, issued, administered or enforced by governmental authorities in the United States.
Additionally, under United States federal law, it may potentially be a violation of federal anti-money laundering statutes for financial institutions to provide services to the cannabis businesses, including taking any proceeds from the sale of any Schedule I controlled substance or otherwise introducing them into the United States banking system.
While there has been no change in U.S. federal banking laws to accommodate businesses in the large and increasing number of U.S. states that have legalized medical or adult-use cannabis, in 2014 the U.S. Department of the Treasury Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (“FinCEN”) issued guidance to financial institutions on how to engage with state and tribally authorized cannabis entities in accordance with federal law. The FinCEN Guidance is often publicly interpreted as suggesting a way for financial institutions to provide depository services to cannabis-related entities, provided that the cannabis-related business activities are legal in their state or territory and none of the federal enforcement priorities referenced in the Cole Memorandum are violated (such as keeping cannabis out of the hands of organized crime). Importantly, the FinCEN Guidance also clarifies how financial institutions can provide depository services to cannabis-related businesses consistent with their Bank Secrecy Act obligations, including exhaustive customer due diligence and reporting requirements.
The “Secure and Fair Enforcement Regulation ("SAFER") Banking Act,” would grant banks and other financial institutions immunity from federal criminal prosecution for servicing cannabis-related businesses if the underlying cannabis business follows state law. While several iterations of the proposed legislation have passed in the House, in September 2023 the Senate Banking Committee voted to pass the SAFER Banking Act by a bipartisan majority of 14-9. A Senate floor vote is now pending but is not guaranteed. While there is strong support in the public and within Congress for the SAFER Banking Act and similar legislation, there can be no assurance that it will be passed as presently proposed or at all.
As an industry best practice and consistent with its standard operating procedures, Trulieve adheres to all customer due diligence steps in the FinCEN Guidance and any additional requirements imposed by those financial institutions it utilizes.
Compliance with Applicable State Law in the United States
The Company is classified as having “direct” involvement in the United States cannabis industry and we believe that we are in compliance with applicable state laws, as well as related licensing requirements and the regulatory frameworks enacted in the states we operate in. We use reasonable commercial efforts to ensure that our business remains compliant with applicable licensing requirements and the regulatory frameworks enacted by Arizona, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia through the advice of our Company’s legal counsel and through ongoing review of business practices and changes to applicable laws and regulations. Our legal counsel works with external regulatory counsel in the states in which we operate to ensure that we are in ongoing compliance with applicable state laws. Although the Company no longer has licensed operations in California or Massachusetts, and is in the process of finalizing its exit from both states, we continue to work with local external regulatory counsel to maintain compliance during the exit process.
Regulation of Cannabis at State Levels
In the U.S., the regulation of cannabis varies significantly from state to state, with a key distinction being the authorization for medical use versus recreational use. These state regulations are characterized by differences in licensing regimes, allowable dosage forms, and possession limits. In states with a medical-only regulatory framework, cannabis is legal exclusively for medical purposes only. Patients typically require a recommendation from a qualified healthcare provider to access medical cannabis. The distribution of cannabis is strictly controlled through licensed dispensaries. These states often limit the types and forms of cannabis products available, with an emphasis on medicinal applications. Possession limits tend to be higher for registered patients, but recreational use is prohibited. In states that allow adult-use (recreational) cannabis, individuals who meet age requirements can purchase cannabis for both medical and recreational purposes. While dosage forms and possession limits may vary, they are generally more permissive for recreational users. Some states regulate adult-use and medical cannabis under a single set of rules and licensing structures while other states maintain separate regulatory frameworks for medical and adult-use cannabis.
See Appendix A to this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a list of the licenses associated with the Company's operations.
Regulation of the Medical and Adult-Use Cannabis Markets in Arizona
Cannabis is legal for both medical and adult-use in Arizona. Arizona legalized medical cannabis in 2010 through Proposition 203, the Arizona Medical Cannabis Act, and adult-use in 2020 through Proposition 207, known as the Smart and Safe Arizona Act. The Arizona Department of Health Services is responsible for licensing and regulating medical and adult-use cannabis, cannabis retail sales, cannabis production, and testing facilities.
Arizona is a vertically integrated system so that each license permits the holder to acquire, cultivate, process, manufacture, transfer, supply, and/or dispense medical and/or adult-use cannabis. All product categories are allowed to be sold as either adult-use or medical, except edibles for adult-use consumers, which cannot be more than 10mg per serving or 100mg per package.
Arizona medical and adult-use licenses are valid for two years. While our compliance controls have been developed to mitigate the risk of any material violations of a license arising, there is no assurance that our licenses will be renewed in the future in a timely manner. Any unexpected delays or costs associated with the licensing renewal process could impede our ongoing or planned operations and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, or prospects.
Regulation of the Medical and Adult-Use Markets in Colorado
In 2000, Colorado legalized medical marijuana via Amendment 20 to the Colorado Constitution, and the state legalized adult-use cannabis via the passage of Amendment 64 in 2012. The Colorado Cannabis Enforcement Division is the licensing and regulatory agency overseeing all recreational and medical cannabis businesses in Colorado, with the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment overseeing the medical patient registry and certifying the testing of licensed cannabis laboratories.
Cannabis businesses must comply with local licensing requirements in addition to state licensing requirements in order to operate. Colorado localities are allowed to limit or prohibit the operation of cannabis cultivation facilities, product manufacturing facilities or retail dispensary facilities.
Regulation of the Medical and Adult-Use Cannabis Markets in Connecticut
Connecticut legalized medical cannabis in 2012, and adult-use cannabis in 2021. The Medical Marijuana Program within the Department of Consumer Protection registers qualifying patients, primary caregivers, dispensary facilities, and dispensary facility employees. Only a pharmacist licensed as a dispensary may dispense medical cannabis, and only a dispensary or dispensary technician may sell cannabis to qualifying customers, primary caregivers, or research program subjects. Adult-use sales began in January 2023.
Regulation of the Medical Cannabis Market in Florida
Florida is currently a medical-only market. Qualifying medical conditions include cancer, epilepsy, glaucoma, HIV and AIDS, ALS, Crohn’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, PTSD, multiple sclerosis, and other debilitating medical conditions of the same kind or class or comparable to those other qualifying conditions and for which a physician believes the benefits outweigh the risks to the patient. Licenses are issued by the Florida Department of Health, Office of Medical Cannabis Use, and license holders can only own one license.
Under our license, we are permitted to sell cannabis to those customers who are entered into Florida’s electronic medical cannabis use registry by a qualified physician and possess a state-issued medical cannabis identification card and a valid certification from the qualified physician. We are authorized to sell a broad selection of products across various product categories. As of December 31, 2023 we had 131 approved dispensaries in the State of Florida. In addition, our license allows us to deliver products directly to customers.
Smart and Safe Florida has sponsored an adult-use legalization measure, the Florida Marijuana Legalization Initiative (Initiative #22-05), that may appear on the ballot in November 2024 if approved by the Florida Supreme Court following a legal challenge by the State Attorney General. In January 2024, Florida Governor Ron DeSantis announced that he believes the Supreme Court will approve the adult-use cannabis initiative to appear on November’s ballot. If at least 60% of voters vote in favor of the measure, individuals aged 21 and older will be allowed to possess, purchase, or use cannabis products and accessories and license holders will be authorized to serve the adult-use market.
Regulation of Medical Cannabis in Georgia
The Georgia Hope Act which created a regulatory scheme to permit the cultivation, production, manufacturing, and sale of low-THC oil that is not more than 5% by weight of THC, THCa, or a combination of THC and THCa, for provision to patients for medical purposes. Georgia law requires eligible patients to obtain physician approval to be added to the Low THC Oil Registry if they have certain qualifying conditions. The registry is administered by the Georgia Department of Public Health. At present, Georgia law prohibits the production or sale of low THC oil edibles and vaporizers.
Low-THC products may only be dispensed by a dispensary licensee or a pharmacy holding a Low THC Pharmacy Dispensary license issued by the Georgia Board of Pharmacy. Georgia is the only state that allows for the sale of cannabis by traditional pharmacies, however the DEA intervened by issuing a warning letter on November 27, 2023, advising that neither cannabis nor THC can be lawfully dispensed by a DEA-registered pharmacy. At the most recent Board of Pharmacy meeting held on December 13, 2023, the Board voted to request legal guidance from the state Attorney General’s office. Note, the appropriation riders mentioned above that bar the DOJ, inclusive of the DEA, from spending taxpayer funds to enforce laws that interfere with state medical cannabis laws, makes prosecution under federal law unlikely. Nonetheless, DEA’s interference has had a chilling effect on pharmacy distribution.
Regulation of the Medical and Adult-Use Cannabis Markets in Maryland
Maryland legalized medical cannabis in 2013, and its state-regulated medical cannabis program became operational on December 1, 2017. The Maryland Medical Cannabis Commission (the “MMCC”) awarded initial cannabis business licenses in a highly competitive application process. The state medical program allows access to medical cannabis for patients with qualifying chronic or debilitating diseases or medical conditions, including but not limited to chronic pain, nausea, seizures, glaucoma, PTSD, and other conditions which are severe and for which other treatments have been ineffective.
On November 8, 2022, Maryland voters approved a statewide referendum which legalized cannabis for adults 21 years or older, effective July 2023. The Cannabis Reform Act, signed into law in May 2023, created the framework for adult-use cannabis and established the Maryland Cannabis Administration (the “MCA”), the successor agency to the MMCC. The MCA is responsible for administering and enforcing the medical and adult-use cannabis laws, including licensing, registration, testing, inspection, and enforcement, and the promulgation of regulations.
Regulation of the Medical and Adult-Use Markets in Ohio
Ohio legalized medical cannabis in 2016 via House Bill 523 into law, and legalized adult-use cannabis in 2023 via Issue 2, a ballot measure to legalize, regulate, and tax adult-use cannabis. The adult-use law allows persons who are at least 21 years of age to purchase and possess up to 2.5 oz of flower and 15 grams of extract. Issue 2 established the Division of Cannabis Control (“Division”) within the Department of Commerce, which is now the regulatory authority for the medical and adult-use cannabis programs. The Division must complete the rulemaking process for the new adult-use program and issue adult-use licenses to existing medical operators by September 7, 2024.
Regulation of the Medical Cannabis Market in Pennsylvania
The Pennsylvania medical cannabis program was signed into law on April 17, 2016, under Act 16, otherwise known as the Medical Cannabis Act, and provided access to state residents with one or more qualifying conditions. The Pennsylvania Department of Health (“PA DOH”) regulates medical cannabis businesses in the Commonwealth. For licensing purposes, the PA DOH split the Commonwealth into six regions. For each dispensary permit, the locations must be within the region where the permit was awarded. For medical cannabis grower/processors, the location is limited to the region where the permit was awarded, but distribution is permissible across all regions.
Regulation of the Medical Cannabis Market in West Virginia
West Virginia’s medical cannabis program, the West Virginia Medical Cannabis Act, was signed into law in 2017 with the passage of Senate Bill 386 and allows cannabis to be used for certified medical use by West Virginia residents with serious medical conditions, and permits medical cannabis to be cultivated, processed, and dispensed to registered patients in essentially non-combustible forms. The program is administered by the West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources, Bureau for Public Health, Office of Medical Cannabis (“OMC”). The OMC has authority to issue and oversee permits that authorize businesses to grow, process, or dispense medical cannabis in compliance with state law and regulations, register medical practitioners who certify patients as having qualifying serious medical conditions, and register and oversee patients with qualifying conditions. OMC has also promulgated regulations governing the activities of growers, processors, laboratories, and dispensaries, as well as establishing general requirements related to West Virginia’s medical cannabis program.
Medical cannabis products allowed for use are pills, oils, gels, creams, ointments, tinctures, liquid, dry leaf or plant forms for administration through vaporization or nebulization, and dermal patch. Dispensaries cannot sell edibles, but medical cannabis products could be mixed into food or drinks by patients themselves.
On January 17, 2024, a bill to legalize personal use and possession of cannabis by adults was introduced. HB-4873 would, if passed, allow counties to ban production and sales in their jurisdictions. Current medical dispensaries would have to file for an additional license to expand their operations beyond medical cannabis.
Other
The foregoing description of laws and regulations to which we are or may be subject is not exhaustive, and the regulatory framework governing our operations is subject to continuous change. The enactment of new laws and regulations or the interpretation of existing laws and regulations in an unfavorable way may affect the operation of our business, directly or indirectly, which could result in substantial regulatory compliance costs, civil or criminal penalties, including fines, adverse publicity, loss of participating dealers, lost revenue, increased expenses, and decreased profitability. Further, investigations by government agencies, including the Federal Trade Commission ("FTC"), into allegedly anticompetitive, unfair, deceptive, or other business practices by us, could cause us to incur additional expenses and, if adversely concluded, could result in substantial civil or criminal penalties and significant legal liability.
Employees and Human Capital Resources
As of December 31, 2023, we had over 5,400 employees. We are committed to hiring talented individuals and maximizing individual potential, while fostering growth and career advancement. Since the opening of our first store in 2016, our workforce has grown dramatically, including personnel in our cultivation, production, transportation and retail divisions, along with our executive and support services teams. Our goal is to use the highest standards in attracting the best talent, offering competitive compensation, as well as implementing best practices in evaluating, recruiting and onboarding our human capital.
Available Information
We maintain a website at http://www.trulieve.com. Through our website, we make available, free of charge, our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports, as well as proxy statements, and, from time to time, other documents as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). These SEC reports can be accessed through the “Investors” section of our website. The information found on our website is not part of this or any other report we file with or furnish to the SEC.
In addition, the SEC maintains an Internet website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding Trulieve Cannabis Corp. and other issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The SEC’s Internet website address is http://www.sec.gov.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
Investing in our Subordinate Voting Shares involves a high degree of risk. The following are certain factors concerning our business, growth prospects, cash flows, results of operations and financial condition that should be considered together with the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including our financial statements and the related notes appearing herein. We believe the risks described below are the risks that are material to us as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, although, these risks and uncertainties are not the only ones we face. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, growth prospects, cash flows, results of operations and financial condition would likely be materially and adversely affected. In these circumstances, the market price of our Subordinate Voting Shares could decline, and you may lose part or all of your investment. Other events that we do not currently anticipate or that we currently deem immaterial may also affect our business, growth prospects, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations. Risks that we believe are material to us as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K include the following:
Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
•the illegality of cannabis under federal law;
•the uncertainty regarding the regulation of cannabis in the U.S.;
•the effect of constraints on marketing our products;
•the risks related to the newness of the cannabis industry;
•the effect of risks due to industry immaturity;
•the risk we may not be able to grow our product offerings and dispensary services;
•the effect of risks related to material acquisitions, investments, dispositions and other strategic transactions;
•the effect of risks related to growth management;
•the effect of restricted access to banking and other financial services by cannabis businesses and their clients;
•the risks related to maintaining cash deposits in excess of federally insured limits;
•our ability to comply with potential future FDA regulations;
•the risks related to control over variable interest entities;
•the effect of restrictions under U.S. border entry laws;
•the effect of heightened scrutiny that we may face in the U.S. and Canada and the effect it could have to further limit the market of our securities for holders in the U.S.;
•our expectation that we will incur significant ongoing costs and obligations related to our infrastructure, growth, regulatory compliance and operations;
•the effect of a limited market for our securities for holders in the U.S.;
•our ability to locate and obtain the rights to operate at preferred locations;
•the effect of unfavorable tax treatment for cannabis businesses;
•the effect of taxation on our business in the U.S. and Canada;
•the higher risk of IRS audit;
•the effect of the lack of bankruptcy protections for cannabis businesses;
•the effect of risks related to being a holding company;
•our ability to enforce our contracts;
•the effect of intense competition in the cannabis industry;
•our ability to obtain cannabis licenses or to maintain such licenses;
•the risks our subsidiaries may not be able to obtain their required licenses;
•our ability to accurately forecast operating results and plan our operations;
•the effect of agricultural and environmental risks;
•our ability to adequately protect our intellectual property;
•the effect of risks of civil asset forfeiture of our property;
•the effect of risks related to ineffective internal controls over financial reporting;
•the effect of risks related to a known material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting;
•our dependency on key personnel;
•the effect of product liability claims;
•the effect of risks related to our products;
•the effect of unfavorable publicity or consumer perception;
•the effect of product recalls;
•the effect of security risks related to our products and our information technology systems;
•the effect of risks related to misconduct by our service providers and business partners;
•the effect of risks related to labor union activity;
•potential criminal prosecution or civil liabilities under RICO;
•the effect of risks related to our significant indebtedness;
•our ability to obtain adequate insurance coverage;
•the effect of risks related to key utility services on which we rely;
Risks Related to Owning Subordinate Voting Shares
•the possibility of no positive return on our securities;
•the effect of additional issuances of our securities in the future;
•the effect of sales of substantial amounts of our shares in the public market;
•volatility of the market price and liquidity risks on our shares;
•the lack of sufficient liquidity in the markets for our shares;
Risks Related to Being a Public Company
•the increased costs as a result of being a U.S. reporting company;
Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
Cannabis is illegal under United States federal law.
In the United States, or the U.S., cannabis is largely regulated at the state level. Each state in which we operate (or are currently proposing to operate) authorizes, as applicable, medical and/or adult-use cannabis production and distribution by licensed or registered entities, and numerous other states have legalized cannabis in some form. However, under U.S. federal law, the possession, use, cultivation, and transfer of cannabis and any related drug paraphernalia is illegal, and any such acts are criminalized under the Controlled Substances Act, as amended, which we refer to as the CSA. Cannabis is a Schedule I controlled substance under the CSA, and is thereby deemed to have a high potential for abuse, no accepted medical use in the United States, and a lack of safety for use under medical supervision. The concepts of “medical cannabis,” “retail cannabis” and “adult-use cannabis” do not exist under U.S. federal law. However, in October of 2022, the Biden Administration announced its intention to review the regulation of cannabis under the CSA by directing the Secretary of Health and Human Services and the Attorney General to initiate the administrative process to expeditiously review marijuana’s Schedule I status. While this directive could result in the decriminalization of marijuana for medical and adult-use by descheduling or rescheduling marijuana, there are no assurances if or when there could be any change in the regulation of marijuana under the CSA. Although we believe that our business activities are compliant with applicable state and local laws in the United States, strict compliance with state and local cannabis laws would not provide a defense to any federal proceeding which may be brought against us. Any such proceedings may result in a material adverse effect on us. We derive 100% of our revenues from the cannabis industry. The enforcement of applicable U.S. federal laws poses a significant risk to us.
Violations of any United States federal laws and regulations could result in significant fines, penalties, administrative sanctions, or settlements arising from civil proceedings conducted by either the United States federal government or private citizens. We may also be subject to criminal charges under the CSA, and if convicted could face a variety of penalties including, but not limited to, disgorgement of profits, cessation of business activities or divestiture. Any of these penalties could have a material adverse effect on our reputation and ability to conduct our business, our holding (directly or indirectly) of medical and adult-use cannabis licenses in the United States, our financial position, operating results, profitability or liquidity or the market price of our publicly-traded shares. In addition, it is difficult for us to estimate the time or resources that would be needed for the investigation, settlement or trial of any such proceedings or charges, and such time or resources could be substantial.
The regulation of cannabis in the United States is uncertain.
Our activities are subject to regulation by various state and local governmental authorities. Our business objectives are contingent upon, in part, compliance with regulatory requirements enacted by these governmental authorities and obtaining all regulatory approvals necessary for the sale of our products in the jurisdictions in which we operate. Any delays in obtaining or failure to obtain necessary regulatory approvals would significantly delay our development of markets and products, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, although we believe that our operations are currently carried out in accordance with all applicable state and local rules and regulations, no assurance can be given that new rules and regulations will not be enacted or that existing rules and regulations will not be applied in a manner that could limit or curtail our ability to distribute or produce marijuana. Amendments to current laws and regulations governing the importation, distribution, transportation and/or production of marijuana, or more stringent implementation thereof could have a substantial adverse impact on us.
We may be subject to constraints on and differences in marketing our products under varying state laws.
Certain of the states in which we operate have enacted strict regulations regarding marketing and sales activities on cannabis products. There may be restrictions on sales and marketing activities imposed by government regulatory bodies that could hinder the development of our business and operating results. Restrictions may include regulations that specify what, where and to whom product information and descriptions may appear and/or be advertised. Marketing, advertising, packaging and labeling regulations also vary from state to state, potentially limiting the consistency and scale of consumer branding communication and product education efforts. The regulatory environment in the U.S. limits our ability to compete for market share in a manner similar to other industries. If we are unable to effectively market our products and compete for market share, or if the costs of compliance with government legislation and regulation cannot be absorbed through increased selling prices for our products, our sales and operating results could be adversely affected.
The cannabis industry is relatively new.
We are operating in a relatively new industry and market. In addition to being subject to general business risks, we must continue to build brand awareness in this industry and market share through significant investments in our strategy, production capacity, quality assurance and compliance with regulations. Research in Canada, the United States and internationally regarding the medical benefits, viability, safety, efficacy and dosing of cannabis or isolated cannabinoids, such as cannabidiol, or CBD, and tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, remains in relatively early stages. Few clinical trials on the benefits of cannabis or isolated cannabinoids have been conducted. Future research and clinical trials may draw opposing conclusions to statements contained in the articles, reports and studies currently favored, or could reach different or negative conclusions regarding the medical benefits, viability, safety, efficacy, dosing or other facts and perceptions related to medical cannabis, which could adversely affect social acceptance of cannabis and the demand for our products and dispensary services.
Accordingly, there is no assurance that the cannabis industry and the market for medicinal and/or adult-use cannabis will continue to exist and grow as currently anticipated or function and evolve in a manner consistent with management’s expectations and assumptions. Any event or circumstance that adversely affects the cannabis industry, such as the imposition of further restrictions on sales and marketing or further restrictions on sales in certain areas and markets could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We face risks due to industry immaturity or limited comparable, competitive or established industry best practices.
As a relatively new industry, there are not many established operators in the medical and adult-use cannabis industries whose business models we can follow or build upon. Similarly, there is no or limited information about comparable companies available for potential investors to review in making a decision about whether to invest in us.
Shareholders and investors should consider, among other factors, our prospects for success in light of the risks and uncertainties encountered by companies, like us, that are in their early stages. For example, unanticipated expenses and problems or technical difficulties may occur, which may result in material delays in the operation of our business. We may fail to successfully address these risks and uncertainties or successfully implement our operating strategies. If we fail to do so, it could materially harm our business to the point of having to cease operations and could impair the value of the Subordinate Voting Shares to the extent that investors may lose their entire investments.
Our ability to grow our medical and adult-use cannabis product offerings and dispensary services may be limited.
As we introduce or expand our medical and adult-use cannabis product offerings and dispensary services, we may incur losses or otherwise fail to enter certain markets successfully. Our expansion into new markets may place us in competitive and regulatory environments with which we are unfamiliar and involve various risks, including the need to invest significant resources and the possibility that returns on those investments will not be achieved for several years, if at all. In attempting to establish new product offerings or dispensary services, we may incur significant expenses and face various other challenges, such as expanding our work force and management personnel to cover these markets and complying with complicated cannabis regulations that apply to these markets. In addition, we may not successfully demonstrate the value of these product offerings and dispensary services to consumers, and failure to do so would compromise our ability to successfully expand these additional revenue streams.
We may acquire other companies or technologies.
Our success will depend, in part, on our ability to grow our business in response to the demands of consumers and other constituents within the cannabis industry as well as competitive pressures. In some circumstances, we may determine to do so through the acquisition of complementary businesses rather than through internal development. The identification of suitable acquisition candidates can be difficult, time-consuming, and costly, and we may not be able to successfully complete identified acquisitions. In addition, we may not realize the expected benefits from completed acquisitions. The risks we face in connection with acquisitions include:
•Diversion of management time and focus from operating our business to addressing acquisition integration challenges;
•Coordination of research and development and sales and marketing functions;
•Retention of employees from the acquired company;
•Cultural challenges associated with integrating employees from the acquired company into our organization;
•Integration of the acquired company's accounting, management information, human resources, and other administrative systems;
•The need to implement or improve controls, procedures, and policies at a business that prior to the acquisition may have lacked effective controls, procedures, and policies;
•Potential write-offs of intangible assets or other assets acquired in transactions that may have an adverse effect on our operating results in a given period;
•Liability for activities of the acquired company before the acquisition, including patent and trademark infringement claims, violations of laws, commercial disputes, tax liabilities, and other known and unknown liabilities; and
•Litigation or other claims in connection with the acquired company, including claims from terminated employees, consumers, former stockholders, or other third parties.
Our failure to address these risks or other problems encountered in connection with any future acquisitions or investments could cause us to fail to realize the anticipated benefits of these acquisitions or investments, cause us to incur unanticipated liabilities, and harm our business generally. Future acquisitions could also result in the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities, amortization expenses, or the impairment of goodwill, any of which could harm our financial condition.
We may issue additional Subordinate Voting Shares in connection with such transactions, which would dilute our other shareholders’ interests in us. The presence of one or more material liabilities of an acquired company that are unknown to us at the time of acquisition could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, prospects and financial condition. A strategic transaction may result in a significant change in the nature of our business, operations and strategy. In addition, we may encounter unforeseen obstacles or costs in implementing a strategic transaction or integrating any acquired business into our operations.
If we cannot manage our growth, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may be subject to growth-related risks, including capacity constraints and pressure on our internal systems and controls. Our ability to manage growth effectively will require us to continue to implement and improve our operational and financial systems and to expand, train and manage our employee base. Our inability to successfully manage our growth may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects.
Anti-Money Laundering Laws in the United States may limit access to funds from banks and other financial institutions.
In February 2014, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, or FinCEN, bureau of the United States Treasury Department issued guidance (which is not law) with respect to financial institutions providing banking services to cannabis businesses, including burdensome due diligence expectations and reporting requirements. While the guidance advised prosecutors not to focus their enforcement efforts on banks and other financial institutions that serve marijuana-related businesses, so long as they meet certain conditions, this guidance does not provide any safe harbors or legal defenses from examination or regulatory or criminal enforcement actions by the United States Department of Justice, or DOJ, FinCEN or other federal regulators. Because of this and the fact that the guidance may be amended or revoked at any time, most banks and other financial institutions have not been willing to provide banking services to cannabis-related businesses. In addition to the foregoing, banks may refuse to process debit card payments and credit card companies generally refuse to process credit card payments for cannabis-related businesses. As a result, we may have limited or no access to banking or other financial services in the United States and may have to operate our United States business on an all-cash basis. If we are unable or limited in our ability to open or maintain bank accounts, obtain other banking services or accept credit card and debit card payments, it may be difficult for us to operate and conduct our business as planned. Although, we are actively pursuing alternatives that ensure our operations will continue to be compliant with the FinCEN guidance (including requirements related to disclosures about cash management and U.S. federal tax reporting), we may not be able to meet all applicable requirements.
We are also subject to a variety of laws and regulations in the U.S. that involve money laundering, financial recordkeeping and proceeds of crime, including the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970 (commonly
known as the Bank Secrecy Act), as amended by Title III of the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, or the USA PATRIOT Act, and any related or similar rules, regulations or guidelines, issued, administered or enforced by governmental authorities in the U.S.
In the event that any of our operations or related activities in the United States were found to be in violation of money laundering legislation or otherwise, those transactions could be viewed as proceeds of crime under one or more of the statutes noted above or any other applicable legislation. This could restrict or otherwise jeopardize our ability to declare or pay dividends or effect other distributions.
We maintain cash deposits in excess of federally insured limits. Adverse developments affecting financial institutions, including bank failures, could adversely affect our liquidity and financial performance.
We maintain domestic cash deposits in Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insured banks that exceed the FDIC insurance limits. Bank failures, events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance, or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, or concerns or rumors about such events, may lead to liquidity constraints. There can be no assurance that our deposits in excess of the FDIC or other comparable insurance limits will be backstopped by the United States government, or that any bank or financial institution with which we do business will be able to obtain needed liquidity from other banks, government institutions, or by acquisition in the event of a failure or liquidity crisis.
For example, on March 10, 2023, Silicon Valley Bank was closed by the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation, which appointed the FDIC as receiver. Similarly, on March 12, 2023, Signature Bank and Silvergate Capital Corp. were each swept into receivership. Although we do not have any accounts at or business relationships with these banks, we may be negatively impacted by other disruptions to the United States banking system caused by these or similar developments and due to the fact that most banks and other financial institutions have not been willing to provide banking services to cannabis-related businesses, where available, we tend to rely upon smaller, regional banks and may be negatively impacted by other disruptions to the United States banking system caused by these or similar developments. The failure of a bank, or other adverse conditions in the financial or credit markets impacting financial institutions at which we maintain balances, could adversely impact our liquidity and financial performance.
The re-classification of cannabis or changes in U.S. controlled substance laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
If cannabis is re-classified as a Schedule II or lower controlled substance under the CSA, the ability to conduct research on the medical benefits of cannabis would most likely be more accessible; however, if cannabis is re-categorized as a Schedule II or lower controlled substance, the resulting re-classification would result in the need for approval by United States Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, if medical claims are made about our medical cannabis products. As a result of such a re-classification, the manufacture, importation, exportation, domestic distribution, storage, sale and use of such products could become subject to a significant degree of regulation by the United States Drug Enforcement Administration, or DEA. In that case, we may be required to be registered to perform these activities and have the security, control, recordkeeping, reporting and inventory mechanisms required by the DEA to prevent drug loss and diversion. Obtaining the necessary registrations may result in delay of the manufacturing or distribution of our products. The DEA conducts periodic inspections of registered establishments that handle controlled substances. Failure to maintain compliance could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The DEA may seek civil penalties, refuse to renew necessary registrations, or initiate proceedings to restrict, suspend or revoke those registrations. In certain circumstances, violations could lead to criminal proceedings.
Potential regulation by the FDA could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Should the United States federal government legalize cannabis, it is possible that the FDA would seek to regulate it under the Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act of 1938. Additionally, the FDA may issue rules and regulations, including good manufacturing practices related to the growth, cultivation, harvesting and processing of medical cannabis. Clinical trials may be needed to verify efficacy and safety of our medical cannabis products. It is also possible that the FDA would require that facilities where medical-use cannabis is grown register with the agency and comply with certain federally prescribed regulations. In the event that some or all of these regulations are imposed, the impact on the cannabis industry is uncertain and could include the imposition of new costs, requirements, and prohibitions. If we are unable to comply with the regulations or registration as prescribed by the FDA, it may have an adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition.
Our contractual arrangements may not be as effective in providing control over the variable interest entities as direct ownership.
We rely on contractual arrangements with certain of our entities to operate dispensaries or own our licenses or cultivation assets in certain states in which our direct ownership of operations is restricted or prohibited. If our variable interest entities or their equity holders fail to perform their respective obligations under the contractual arrangements, we may have to incur substantial costs and expend additional resources to enforce such arrangements. Accordingly, these contractual arrangements may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing us with control over our variable interest entities.
Under our contractual arrangements, we may not be able to directly change the members of the boards of directors of these entities and would have to rely on the variable interest entities and the variable interest entity equity holders to perform their obligations in order to exercise our control over the variable interest entities. The variable interest entity equity holders may have conflicts of interest with us and they may not act in our best interests or may not perform their obligations under these contracts. For example, our variable interest entities and their respective equity holders could breach their contractual arrangements with us by, among other things, failing to conduct their operations (including failing to maintain licenses or comply with applicable ownership or reporting requirements) or taking other actions that are detrimental to our interests. If any equity holder is uncooperative and any dispute relating to these contracts or the replacement of the equity holders remains unresolved, we will have to enforce our rights under the contractual arrangements and through arbitral or judicial agencies, which may be costly and time-consuming and may be limited by legal principles preventing the enforcement of a contract it involves a violation of law or public policy. See -"There is doubt regarding our ability to enforce contracts.” If we are unable to enforce the contractual arrangements, we may not be able to exert effective control over the variable interest entities, and our ability to conduct our business, as well as our financial condition and results of operations, may be materially and adversely affected.
We could be materially adversely impacted due to restrictions under U.S. border entry laws.
Because cannabis remains illegal under U.S. federal law, those investing in Canadian companies with operations in the U.S. cannabis industry could face detention, denial of entry or lifetime bans from the United States as a result of their business associations with U.S. cannabis businesses. Entry into the United States happens at the sole discretion of United States Customs and Border Patrol, or CBP, officers on duty, and these officers have wide latitude to ask questions to determine the admissibility of a non-U.S. citizen or foreign national. The government of Canada has started warning travelers on its website that previous use of cannabis, or any substance prohibited by U.S. federal law, could mean denial of entry to the United States. Business or financial involvement in the cannabis industry in the United States could also be reason enough for denial of entry into the United States. On September 21, 2018, the CBP released a statement outlining its current position with respect to enforcement of the laws of the United States. It stated that Canada’s legalization of cannabis will not change CBP enforcement of U.S. laws regarding controlled substances. According to the statement, because cannabis continues to be a controlled substance under U.S. law, working in or facilitating the proliferation of the marijuana industry in U.S. states where it is legal under state law may affect admissibility to the United States. On October 9, 2018, the CBP released an additional statement regarding the admissibility of Canadian citizens working in the legal cannabis industry in Canada. CBP stated that a Canadian citizen working in or facilitating the proliferation of the legal cannabis industry in Canada who seeks to come into the United States for reasons unrelated to the cannabis industry will generally be admissible to the United States; however, if such person is found to be coming into the United States for reasons related to the cannabis industry, such person may be deemed inadmissible. As a result, the CBP has affirmed that employees, directors, officers, and managers of and investors in companies involved in business activities related to cannabis in the United States (such as Trulieve), who are not U.S. citizens face the risk of being barred from entry into the United States for life.
As a cannabis company, we may be subject to heightened scrutiny in Canada and the United States that could materially adversely impact the liquidity of the Subordinate Voting Shares.
Our existing operations in the United States, and any future operations, may become the subject of heightened scrutiny by regulators, stock exchanges and other authorities in the United States and Canada.
Given the heightened risk profile associated with cannabis in the United States, the Canadian Depository for Securities, or CDS, may implement procedures or protocols that would prohibit or significantly impair the ability of CDS to settle trades for companies that have cannabis businesses or assets in the United States.
On February 8, 2018, following discussions with the Canadian Securities Administrators and recognized Canadian securities exchanges, the TMX Group, the parent company of CDS, announced the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding, which we refer to as the TMX MOU, with Aequitas NEO Exchange Inc., the CSE, the Toronto Stock Exchange, and the TSX Venture Exchange. The TMX MOU outlines the parties’ understanding of Canada’s regulatory framework applicable to the rules, procedures, and regulatory oversight of the exchanges and CDS as it relates to issuers with cannabis-related activities in the U.S. The TMX MOU confirms, with respect to the clearing of listed securities, that CDS relies on the exchanges to review the conduct of listed issuers. As a result, there is no CDS ban on the clearing of securities of issuers with cannabis-related activities in the U.S. However, there can be no assurances given that this approach to regulation will continue in the future. If such a ban were to be implemented, it would have a material adverse effect on the ability of holders of the Subordinate Voting Shares to settle trades. In particular, the Subordinate Voting Shares would become highly illiquid until an alternative was implemented, and investors would have no ability to effect a trade of the Subordinate Voting Shares through the facilities of a stock exchange.
We expect to incur significant ongoing costs and obligations related to our investment in infrastructure, growth, regulatory compliance and operations.
We expect to incur significant ongoing costs and obligations related to our investment in infrastructure and growth and for regulatory compliance, which could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. In addition, future changes in regulations, more vigorous enforcement thereof or other unanticipated events could require extensive changes to our operations, increase our compliance costs or give rise to material liabilities, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Our efforts to grow our business may be more costly than expected, and we may not be able to increase our revenue enough to offset these higher operating expenses. We may incur significant losses in the future for a number of reasons, including unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications and delays, and other unknown events. If we are unable to achieve and sustain profitability, the market price of our securities may significantly decrease.
The market for the Subordinate Voting Shares may be limited for holders of our securities who live in the United States.
Given the heightened risk profile associated with cannabis in the United States, capital markets participants may be unwilling to assist with the settlement of trades for U.S. resident securityholders of companies with operations in the U.S. cannabis industry, which may prohibit or significantly impair the ability of securityholders in the United States to trade our securities. In the event residents of the United States are unable to settle trades of our securities, this may affect the pricing of such securities in the secondary market, the transparency and availability of trading prices and the liquidity of these securities.
We may not be able to locate and obtain the rights to operate at preferred locations.
In certain markets the local municipality has authority to choose where any cannabis establishment will be located. These authorized areas are frequently removed from other retail operations. Because the cannabis industry remains illegal under U.S. federal law, the disadvantaged tax status of businesses deriving their income from cannabis, and the reluctance of the banking industry to support cannabis businesses, it may be difficult for us to locate and obtain the rights to operate at various preferred locations. Property owners may violate their mortgages by leasing to us, and those property owners that are willing to allow use of their facilities may require payment of above fair market value rents to reflect the scarcity of such locations and the risks and costs of providing such facilities.
As a cannabis business, we are subject to certain tax provisions that have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Under Section 280E of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the IRC, “no deduction or credit shall be allowed for any amount paid or incurred during the taxable year in carrying on any trade or business if such trade or business (or the activities which comprise such trade or business) consists of trafficking in controlled substances (within the meaning of schedule I and II of the Controlled Substances Act) which is prohibited by Federal law or the law of any State in which such trade or business is conducted.” This provision has been applied by the United States Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, to cannabis operations, prohibiting them from deducting expenses directly associated with cannabis businesses. Section 280E may have a lesser impact on cannabis cultivation and manufacturing operations than on sales operations. Section 280E and related IRS enforcement activity has had a significant impact on the operations of cannabis companies. As a result, an otherwise profitable business may, in fact, operate at a loss, after taking into account its United States income tax expenses. The Company has taken a position that it does not owe taxes attributable to the application of Section 280E of the Internal Revenue Code.
We expect to be subject to taxation in both Canada and the United States, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
We are a Canadian corporation, and as a result generally would be classified as a non-United States corporation under the general rules of U.S. federal income taxation. IRC Section 7874, however, contains rules that can cause a non-United States corporation to be taxed as a United States corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Under IRC Section 7874, a corporation created or organized outside of the United States will nevertheless be treated as a United States corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which is referred to as an inversion, if each of the following three conditions are met: (i) the non-United States corporation acquires, directly or indirectly, or is treated as acquiring under applicable U.S. Treasury regulations, substantially all of the assets held, directly or indirectly, by a United States corporation, (ii) after the acquisition, the former stockholders of the acquired United States corporation hold at least 80% (by vote or value) of the shares of the non-United States corporation by reason of holding shares of the acquired United States corporation, and (iii) after the acquisition, the non-United States corporation’s expanded affiliated group does not have substantial business activities in the non-United States corporation’s country of organization or incorporation when compared to the expanded affiliated group’s total business activities.
Pursuant to IRC Section 7874, we are classified as a U.S. corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes and are subject to U.S. federal income tax on our worldwide income. Regardless of any application of IRC Section 7874, however, we expect to be treated as a Canadian resident company for purposes of the Canadian Income Tax Act, as amended. As a result, we are subject to taxation both in Canada and the U.S., which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
We may be at a higher risk of IRS audit.
We believe there is a greater likelihood that the Internal Revenue Service will audit the tax returns of cannabis-related businesses. Additionally, the Company recently filed refund claims for several of its subsidiaries, which may also increase the likelihood of an audit. Any such audit of our tax returns could result in us being required to pay additional tax, interest and penalties, as well as incremental accounting and legal expenses, which could be material.
We may not have access to United States bankruptcy protections available to non-cannabis businesses.
Because cannabis is a Schedule I controlled substance under the CSA, many courts have denied cannabis businesses federal bankruptcy protections, making it difficult for lenders to be made whole on their investments in the cannabis industry in the event of a bankruptcy. If we were to experience a bankruptcy, there is no guarantee that United States federal bankruptcy protections would be available to us, which would have a material adverse effect on us and may make it more difficult for us to obtain debt financing.
We are a holding company and our ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to shareholders may be limited.
Trulieve Cannabis Corp. is a holding company and essentially all of its assets are the capital stock of its subsidiaries. We currently conduct substantially all of our business through Trulieve US, which currently generates substantially all of our revenues. Consequently, our cash flows and ability to complete current or desirable future growth opportunities are dependent on the earnings of Trulieve US and our other subsidiaries and the distribution of those earnings to Trulieve Cannabis Corp. The ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends and other distributions will depend on those subsidiaries’ operating results and will be subject to applicable laws and regulations that require that solvency and capital standards be maintained by a subsidiary company and contractual restrictions contained in the instruments governing any current or future indebtedness of our subsidiaries. In the event of a bankruptcy, liquidation or reorganization of Trulieve US or another of our subsidiaries, holders of indebtedness and trade creditors of that subsidiary may be entitled to payment of their claims from that subsidiary’s assets before we or our shareholders would be entitled to any payment or residual assets.
There is doubt regarding our ability to enforce contracts.
It is a fundamental principle of law that a contract will not be enforced if it involves a violation of law or public policy. Because cannabis remains illegal at a federal level in the United States, judges in multiple states have on a number of occasions refused to enforce contracts for the repayment of money when the loan was used in connection with activities that violate U.S. federal law, even if there is no violation of state law. There remains doubt and uncertainty that we will be able to legally enforce our contracts. If we are unable to realize the benefits of or otherwise enforce the contracts into which we enter, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We face increasing competition that may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We face competition from companies that may have greater capitalization, access to public equity markets, more experienced management or more maturity as a business. The vast majority of both manufacturing and retail competitors in the cannabis market consists of localized businesses (those doing business in a single state), although there are a few multistate operators with which we compete directly. Aside from this direct competition, out-of-state operators that are capitalized well enough to enter markets through acquisitive growth are also part of the competitive landscape. Similarly, as we execute our growth strategy, operators in our future state markets will inevitably become direct competitors. We are likely to continue to face increasing and intense competition from these companies. Increased competition by larger and better financed competitors could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If the number of users of adult-use and medical marijuana in the United States increases, the demand for products will increase. Consequently, we expect that competition will become more intense as current and future competitors begin to offer an increasing number of diversified products to respond to such increased demand. To remain competitive, we will require a continued investment in research and development, marketing, sales and client support. We may not have sufficient resources to maintain sufficient levels of investment in research and development, marketing, sales and client support efforts to remain competitive, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The cannabis industry is undergoing rapid growth and substantial change, which has resulted in an increase in competitors, consolidation and the formation of strategic relationships. Acquisitions or other consolidating transactions could harm us in a number of ways, including losing customers, revenue and market share, or forcing us to expend greater resources to meet new or additional competitive threats, all of which could harm our operating results. As competitors enter the market and become increasingly sophisticated, competition in our industry may intensify and place downward pressure on retail prices for our products and services, which could negatively impact our profitability.
We are subject to limits on our ability to own the licenses necessary to operate our business, which will adversely affect our ability to grow our business and market share in certain states.
In certain states, the cannabis laws and regulations limit not only the number of cannabis licenses issued, but also the number of cannabis licenses that one person or entity may own in that state. Such limitations on the acquisition of ownership of additional licenses within certain states may limit our ability to grow organically or to increase our market share in affected states.
Our subsidiaries may not be able to obtain or maintain necessary permits and authorizations.
Our subsidiaries may not be able to obtain or maintain the necessary licenses, permits, certificates, authorizations or accreditations to operate their respective businesses, or may only be able to do so at great cost. In addition, our subsidiaries may not be able to comply fully with the wide variety of laws and regulations applicable to the cannabis industry. Such laws and regulations include requirements to use state mandated information technology reporting systems that may not fully integrate with our information technology systems. Failure to comply with or to obtain the necessary licenses, permits, certificates, authorizations or accreditations could result in restrictions on a subsidiary’s ability to operate in the cannabis industry, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
We may not be able to accurately forecast our operating results and plan our operations due to uncertainties in the cannabis industry.
Because U.S. federal and state laws prevent widespread participation in and otherwise hinder market research in the medical and adult-use cannabis industry, the third-party market data available to us is limited and unreliable. Accordingly, we must rely largely on our own market research to forecast sales as detailed forecasts are not generally obtainable from other sources at this early stage of the cannabis industry. Our market research and projections of estimated total retail sales, demographics, demand, and similar consumer research are based on assumptions from limited and unreliable market data, and generally represent the personal opinions of our management team. A failure in the demand for our products to materialize as a result of competition, technological change or other factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition or prospects.
We are subject to risks related to growing an agricultural product.
Our business involves the growing of cannabis, an agricultural product. Such business is subject to the risks inherent in the agricultural business, such as losses due to infestation by insects or plant diseases and similar agricultural risks. Although much of our growing is expected to be completed indoors, there can be no assurance that natural elements will not have a material adverse effect on our future production.
We may encounter unknown environmental risks.
There can be no assurance that we will not encounter hazardous conditions, such as asbestos or lead, at the sites of the real estate used to operate our businesses, which may delay the development of our businesses. Upon encountering a hazardous condition, work at our facilities may be suspended. If we receive notice of a hazardous condition, we may be required to correct the condition prior to continuing construction. If additional hazardous conditions were present, it would likely delay construction and may require significant expenditure of our resources to correct the conditions. Such conditions could have a material impact on our investment returns.
We may not be able to adequately protect our intellectual property.
As long as cannabis remains illegal under U.S. federal law as a Schedule I controlled substance under the CSA, the benefit of certain federal laws and protections that may be available to most businesses, such as federal trademark and patent protection, may not be available to us. As a result, our intellectual property may never be adequately or sufficiently protected against the use or misappropriation by third parties. In addition, since the regulatory framework of the cannabis industry is in a constant state of flux, we can provide no assurance that we will ever obtain any protection for our intellectual property, whether on a federal, state or local level.
Our property is subject to risk of civil asset forfeiture.
Because the cannabis industry remains illegal under U.S. federal law, any property owned by participants in the cannabis industry that is either used in the course of conducting or comprises the proceeds of a cannabis business could be subject to seizure by law enforcement and subsequent civil asset forfeiture. Even if the owner of the property were never charged with a crime, the property in question could still be seized and subject to an administrative proceeding by which, with minimal process, it could become subject to forfeiture.
Our internal controls over financial reporting have not historically been effective, and our independent auditors may not be able to certify as to their effectiveness, which could adversely affect our business results and operations.
We have incurred and will continue to incur expenses and, to a lesser extent, diversion of our management’s time in our efforts to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 regarding internal controls over financial reporting. Any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. Inferior internal controls could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our Subordinate Voting Shares.
As discussed in Part II, Item 9A “Controls and Procedures” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, in connection with the audit of our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023, we identified certain material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, and our management has concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are not effective. While we are working to remediate any material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal controls over financial reporting, we cannot assure that additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies will not occur in the future. We are in the process of remediating the material weaknesses, as described in Part II, Item 9A “Controls and Procedures”. While progress has been made to enhance our internal control over financial reporting, we are still in the process of building and enhancing our processes, procedures, and controls, as well as evaluating and enhancing our internal policies and information technology. Additional time is required to complete the remediation of certain material weaknesses and to ensure the sustainability of these remediation actions. We believe the above actions as well as those being implemented currently, when complete, will be effective in the remediation of the material weaknesses described in Part II, Item 9A.
We are highly dependent on certain key personnel.
We depend on key managerial personnel, including Kim Rivers, our Chief Executive Officer, for our continued success, and our anticipated growth may require additional expertise and the addition of new qualified personnel. Qualified individuals within the cannabis industry are in high demand and we may incur significant costs to attract and retain qualified management personnel, or be unable to attract or retain personnel necessary to operate or expand our business. The loss of the services of existing personnel or our failure to recruit additional key managerial personnel in a timely manner, or at all, could harm our business development programs and our ability to manage day-to-day operations, attract collaboration partners, attract and retain other employees, and generate revenues, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We face inherent risks of liability claims related to the use of our products.
As a distributor of products designed to be ingested by humans, we face an inherent risk of exposure to product liability claims, regulatory action and litigation if our products cause or are alleged to have caused significant loss or injury. We may be subject to various product liability claims, including, among others, that our products caused injury or illness, include inadequate instructions for use or include inadequate warnings concerning possible side effects or interactions with other substances. A product liability claim or regulatory action against us, whether or not successful, could result in materially increased costs, adversely affect our reputation with our clients and consumers generally, and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
We may become party to litigation from time to time in the ordinary course of business which could adversely affect our business. Should any litigation in which we become involved be determined against us, such a decision could adversely affect our ability to continue operating and the market price for the Subordinate Voting Shares. Even if we achieve a successful result in any litigation in which we are involved, the costs of litigation and redirection of our management’s time and attention could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
We face risks related to our products.
We have committed and expect to continue committing significant resources and capital to develop and market existing products and new products and services. These products are relatively untested in the marketplace, and we cannot assure shareholders and investors that we will achieve market acceptance for these products, or other new products and services that we may offer in the future. Moreover, these and other new products and services may be subject to significant competition with offerings by new and existing competitors in the industry. In addition, new products and services may pose a variety of challenges and require us to attract additional qualified employees. The failure to successfully develop, manage and market these new products and services could seriously harm our business, prospects, revenue, results of operation and financial condition.
Our medical marijuana business may be impacted by consumer perception of the cannabis industry, which we cannot control or predict.
We believe that the medical marijuana industry is highly dependent upon consumer perception regarding the safety, efficacy and quality of medical marijuana distributed to those consumers. Consumer perception of our products may be significantly influenced by scientific research or findings, regulatory investigations, litigation, media attention and other publicity regarding the consumption of medical marijuana products. There can be no assurance that future scientific research, findings, regulatory proceedings, litigation, media attention or other research findings or publicity will be favorable to the medical marijuana market or any particular product, or consistent with earlier publicity. Future research reports, findings, regulatory proceedings, litigation, media attention or other publicity that are perceived as less favorable than, or that question, earlier research reports, findings or publicity could have a material adverse effect on the demand for our products and our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
Product recalls could result in a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Manufacturers and distributors of products are sometimes subject to the recall or return of their products for a variety of reasons, including product defects, such as contamination, unintended harmful side effects or interactions with other substances, packaging safety and inadequate or inaccurate labelling disclosure. The list includes specified vape products produced in our Pennsylvania operations. If any of our products are recalled due to an alleged product defect or
for any other reason, we could be required to incur the unexpected expense of the recall and any legal proceedings that might arise in connection with the recall. We may lose a significant amount of sales and may not be able to replace those sales at an acceptable margin or at all. In addition, a product recall may require significant management attention. Although we have detailed procedures in place for testing our products, there can be no assurance that any quality, potency or contamination problems will be detected in time to avoid unforeseen product recalls, regulatory action or lawsuits. Additionally, if one of our significant brands were subject to recall, the image of that brand and our company generally could be harmed. Any recall could lead to decreased demand for our products and could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, product recalls may lead to increased scrutiny of our operations by regulatory agencies, requiring further management attention and potential legal fees and other expenses.
We are subject to security risks related to our products as well as our information and technology systems.
Given the nature of our product and its limited legal availability, we are at significant risk of theft at our facilities. A security breach at one of our facilities could expose us to additional liability and to potentially costly litigation, increase expenses relating to the resolution and future prevention of these breaches and may deter potential customers from choosing our products.
In addition, we collect and store personal information about our customers and we are responsible for protecting that information from privacy breaches. We store certain personally identifiable information and other confidential information of our customers on our systems and applications. Though we maintain robust, proprietary security protocols, we may experience attempts by third parties to obtain unauthorized access to the personally identifiable information and other confidential information of our customers. This information could also be otherwise exposed through human error or malfeasance. The unauthorized access or compromise of this personally identifiable information and other confidential information could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
A privacy breach may occur through procedural or process failure, information technology malfunction, or deliberate unauthorized intrusions. Theft of data for competitive purposes, particularly customer lists and preferences, is an ongoing risk whether perpetrated via employee collusion or negligence or through deliberate cyber-attack. Any such theft or privacy breach would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our operations depend and will depend, in part, on how well we protect our networks, equipment, information technology, or IT, systems and software against damage from a number of threats, including, natural disasters, intentional damage and destruction, fire, power loss, hacking, computer viruses, vandalism and theft. Our operations also depend and will continue to depend on the timely maintenance, upgrade and replacement of networks, equipment, IT systems and software, as well as preemptive expenses to mitigate the risks of failures. Any of these and other events could result in information system failures, delays and/or increase in capital expenses. The failure of information systems or a component of information systems could, depending on the nature of any such failure, adversely impact our reputation and results of operations.
We face exposure to fraudulent or illegal activity by employees, contractors, consultants and agents, which may subject us to investigations and actions.
We are exposed to the risk that any of the employees, independent contractors and consultants of our company and our subsidiaries may engage in fraudulent or other illegal activity. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless and/or negligent conduct or disclosure of unauthorized activities to us that violates, (i) government regulations, (ii) manufacturing standards, (iii) federal and local healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations, or (iv) laws that require the true, complete and accurate reporting of financial information or data. It may not always be possible for us to identify and deter misconduct by our employees and other third parties, and the precautions taken by us to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. We cannot provide assurance that our internal controls and compliance systems will protect us from acts committed by our employees, agents or business partners in violation of U.S. federal or state or local laws. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending or asserting our rights, those actions could have a material impact on our business, including the imposition of civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, monetary fines, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, and curtailment of our operations, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects.
Our reputation and ability to do business may be negatively impacted by the improper conduct by our business partners, employees or agents.
In certain states, we depend on third-party suppliers to produce and ship our orders. Products purchased from our suppliers are resold to our customers. These suppliers could fail to produce products to our specifications or quality standards and may not deliver units on a timely basis. Any changes in our suppliers’ production or product availability could impact our ability to fulfill orders and could also disrupt our business due to delays in finding new suppliers. Furthermore, we cannot provide assurance that our internal controls and compliance systems will protect us from acts committed by our employees, agents or business partners in violation of U.S. federal or state or local laws. Any failure by third-party suppliers to fulfill our production requirements or any improper acts by employees or third-parties acting on our behalf could, depending on the nature of any such failure, adversely impact our reputation and results of operations.
We may have increased labor costs based on union activity.
Labor unions are working to organize workforces in the cannabis industry in general. Currently, labor organizations have been recognized as a representative of our employees in both our affiliated Reading, Pennsylvania cultivation and processing facility and our affiliated Harvest of Southwest PA, LLC d/b/a Trulieve Pittsburgh (Federal Street), dispensary location. It is possible that additional certain retail and/or manufacturing locations will be organized in the future, which could lead to work stoppages or increased labor costs and adversely affect our business, profitability and our ability to reinvest into the growth of our business. We cannot predict how stable our relationships with U.S. labor organizations would be or whether we would be able to meet any unions’ requirements without impacting our financial condition. Labor unions may also limit our flexibility in dealing with our workforce. Work stoppages and instability in our union relationships could delay the production and sale of our products, which could strain relationships with customers and cause a loss of revenues which would adversely affect our operations.
We could be subject to criminal prosecution or civil liabilities under RICO.
The Racketeer Influenced Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”) criminalizes the use of any profits from certain defined “racketeering” activities in interstate commerce. While intended to provide an additional cause of action against organized crime, due to the fact that cannabis is illegal under U.S. federal law, the production and sale of cannabis qualifies cannabis related businesses as “racketeering” as defined by RICO. As such, all officers, managers and owners in a cannabis related business could be subject to criminal prosecution under RICO, which carries substantial criminal penalties.
RICO can create civil liability as well: persons harmed in their business or property by actions which would constitute racketeering under RICO often have a civil cause of action against such “racketeers,” and can claim triple their amount of estimated damages in attendant court proceedings. Trulieve or its subsidiaries, as well as its officers, managers and owners could all be subject to civil claims under RICO.
Our significant indebtedness may adversely affect our business, financial condition and financial results.
Our ability to make certain payments or advances will be subject to applicable laws and contractual restrictions in the instruments governing our indebtedness. The contractual restrictions in the instruments governing such indebtedness include restrictive covenants that limit our discretion with respect to certain business matters. These covenants place restrictions on, among other things, our ability to create liens or other encumbrances, to pay distributions or make certain other payments, and to sell or otherwise dispose of certain assets. A failure to comply with such obligations could result in a default, which, if not cured or waived, could permit acceleration of the relevant indebtedness. Our significant indebtedness could have important consequences, including: (i) our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, or acquisitions may be limited; and (ii) all or part of our cash flow from operations may be dedicated to the payment of the principal of and interest on our indebtedness, thereby reducing funds available for operations. These factors may adversely affect our cash flow. Our inability to generate sufficient cash flow to satisfy our debt obligations, or to refinance our indebtedness on commercially reasonable terms or at all, may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
We may be unable to obtain adequate insurance coverage.
We have obtained insurance coverage with respect to workers’ compensation, general liability, directors’ and officers’ liability, fire and other similar policies customarily obtained for businesses to the extent commercially appropriate; however, because we are engaged in and operate within the cannabis industry, there are exclusions and
additional difficulties and complexities associated with our insurance coverage that could cause us to suffer uninsured losses, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and profitability. There is no assurance that we will be able to obtain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or fully utilize such insurance coverage, if necessary.
We rely on key utility services.
Our business is dependent on a number of key inputs and their related costs, including raw materials and supplies related to our growing operations, as well as electricity, water and other local utilities. Our cannabis growing operations consume and will continue to consume considerable energy, which makes us vulnerable to rising energy costs. Accordingly, rising or volatile energy costs may, in the future, adversely impact our business and our ability to operate profitably. Additionally, any significant interruption or negative change in the availability or economics of the supply chain for our key inputs could materially impact our business, financial condition and operating results. If we are unable to secure required supplies and services on satisfactory terms, it could have a materially adverse impact on our business, financial condition and operating results.
Risks Related to Owning Subordinate Voting Shares
A return on our securities is not guaranteed.
There is no guarantee that our Subordinate Voting Shares will earn any positive return in the short term or long term. A holding of Subordinate Voting Shares is speculative and involves a high degree of risk and should be undertaken only by holders whose financial resources are sufficient to enable them to assume such risks and who have no need for immediate liquidity in their investment. A holding of Subordinate Voting Shares is appropriate only for holders who have the capacity to absorb a loss of some or all of their holdings.
Additional issuances of Multiple Voting Shares or Subordinate Voting Shares may result in further dilution and could have anti-takeover effects.
We may issue additional equity or convertible debt securities in the future, which may dilute an existing shareholder’s holdings. Our articles permit the issuance of an unlimited number of Multiple Voting Shares and Subordinate Voting Shares, and existing shareholders will have no preemptive rights in connection with such further issuances. Our board of directors has discretion to determine the price and the terms of further issuances. The ability of our board of directors to issue additional Multiple Voting shares and/or Subordinate Voting Shares could also have anti-takeover effects. Moreover, we will issue additional Subordinate Voting Shares on the conversion of the Multiple Voting Shares in accordance with their terms. To the extent holders of our options, warrants or other convertible securities convert or exercise their securities and sell Subordinate Voting Shares they receive, the trading price of the Subordinate Voting Shares may decrease due to the additional amount of Subordinate Voting Shares available in the market. We cannot predict the size or nature of future issuances or the effect that future issuances and sales of Subordinate Voting Shares will have on the market price of the Subordinate Voting Shares. Issuances of a substantial number of additional Subordinate Voting Shares, or the perception that such issuances could occur, may adversely affect prevailing market prices for the Subordinate Voting Shares. With any additional issuance of Subordinate Voting Shares, our investors will suffer dilution to their voting power and economic interest.
Sales of substantial amounts of Subordinate Voting Shares by our existing shareholders in the public market may have an adverse effect on the market price of the Subordinate Voting Shares.
Sales of a substantial number of Subordinate Voting Shares in the public market could occur at any time. These sales, or the perception in the market that holders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares, or the availability of such securities for sale, could adversely affect the prevailing market prices for the Subordinate Voting Shares. If all or a substantial portion of our Multiple Voting Shares are converted into Subordinate Voting Shares, the potential for sales of substantial numbers of Subordinate Voting Shares may increase. A decline in the market prices of the Subordinate Voting Shares could impair our ability to raise additional capital through the sale of securities should we desire to do so.
The market price for the Subordinate Voting Shares has been and is likely to continue to be volatile.
The market price for the Subordinate Voting Shares may be volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to numerous factors, many of which will be beyond our control, including, but not limited to, the following: (i) actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly results of operations; (ii) recommendations by securities research analysts; (iii)
changes in the economic performance or market valuations of companies in the cannabis industry; (iv) additions or departures of our executive officers and other key personnel; (v) release or expiration of transfer restrictions on our issued and outstanding shares; (vi) regulatory changes affecting the cannabis industry generally and our business and operations; (vii) announcements by us and our competitors of developments and other material events; (viii) fluctuations in the costs of vital production materials and services; (ix) changes in global financial markets and global economies and general market conditions, such as interest rates and pharmaceutical product price volatility, as well as disruptions to health crisis (such as the COVID-19 pandemic), severe weather events, or armed conflicts (such as the conflict between Ukraine and Russia or Israel and Hamas); significant acquisitions or business combinations, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments by or involving us or our competitors; (xi) operating and share price performance of other companies that investors deem comparable to us or from a lack of market comparable companies; (xii) false or negative reports issued by individuals or companies who have taken aggressive short sale positions; and (xiii) news reports relating to trends, concerns, technological or competitive developments, regulatory changes and other related issues in our industry or target markets.
Financial markets have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that have affected the market prices of equity securities of companies and that have often been unrelated to the operating performance, underlying asset values or prospects of those companies. Accordingly, the market price of the Subordinate Voting Shares may decline even if our operating results, underlying asset values or prospects have not changed.
These factors, as well as other related factors, may cause decreases in asset values that are deemed to be other than temporary, which may result in impairment losses. There can be no assurance that continuing fluctuations in price and volume will not occur. If such increased levels of volatility and market turmoil continue, our operations could be adversely impacted, and the trading price of the Subordinate Voting Shares could be materially adversely affected.
There may not be sufficient liquidity in the markets for our Subordinate Voting Shares.
Our Subordinate Voting Shares are listed for trading on the CSE under the trading symbol “TRUL” and on the OTCQX Best Market under the symbol “TCNNF.” The liquidity of any market for the shares of our Subordinate Voting Shares will depend on a number of factors, including:
•The number of shareholders;
•our operating performance and financial condition;
•the market for similar securities;
•the extent of coverage by securities or industry analysts; and
•the interest of securities dealers in making a market in the shares.
Risks Related to Being a Public Company
We are subject to increased costs as a result of being a U.S. reporting company.
As a public issuer, we are subject to the reporting requirements and rules and regulations under the applicable Canadian securities laws and rules of any stock exchange on which our securities may be listed from time to time. In addition, we became subject to the reporting requirements of the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the regulations promulgated thereunder on February 4, 2021. Additional or new regulatory requirements may be adopted in the future. The requirements of existing and potential future rules and regulations will increase our legal, accounting, and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly and may also place undue strain on our personnel, systems and resources, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Item 2. Properties.
As of December 31, 2023, the Company operated 192 dispensaries in eight U.S. states and operated 16 cultivation and processing facilities in seven U.S. states. Substantially all of our dispensaries are leased. The cultivation, processing and related facilities provide us with approximately 4 million square feet. Certain of these owned properties are subject to commercial mortgages. Refer to Note 11. Notes Payable to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on our mortgages. The Company believes its facilities are suitable and adequate to meet its current needs. The Company's corporate headquarters is in Quincy, Florida.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
There are no actual or to our knowledge contemplated legal proceedings material to us or to which any of our or any of our subsidiaries’ property is the subject matter.
There have been no penalties or sanctions imposed against the Company by a court or regulatory authority, and the Company has not entered into any material settlement agreements before any court relating to provincial or territorial securities legislation or with any securities regulatory authority, in the three years prior to the date of this prospectus.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
Trading Price and Volume
The Subordinate Voting Shares are traded on the CSE under the symbol “TRUL.” The following table sets forth trading information pulled from Bloomberg for the Subordinate Voting Shares for the periods indicated.
Period Low Trading Price
(C$) High Trading Price
(C$) Volume
(#)
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Fourth Quarter (December 31, 2023)
$ 5.22 $ 8.43 20,003,628
Third Quarter (September 30, 2023)
4.68 10.12 30,922,434
Second Quarter (June 30, 2023)
5.20 7.63 26,217,104
First Quarter (March 31, 2023)
7.48 10.04 19,669,724
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Fourth Quarter (December 31, 2022)
$ 8.72 $ 21.60 31,338,044
Third Quarter (September 30, 2022)
11.53 19.77 17,985,615
Second Quarter (June 30, 2022)
14.51 27.42 24,446,760
First Quarter (March 31, 2022)
21.71 34.61 26,884,845
Source: Bloomberg.
The Subordinate Voting Shares are also traded on the OTCQX under the symbol “TCNNF.” The following table sets forth trading information pulled from Bloomberg for the Subordinate Voting Shares for the periods indicated.
Period Low Trading Price
($) High Trading Price
($) Volume
(#)
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Fourth Quarter (December 31, 2023)
$ 3.85 $ 6.17 23,042,292
Third Quarter (September 30, 2023)
3.45 7.45 26,647,373
Second Quarter (June 30, 2023)
3.87 5.78 19,621,301
First Quarter (March 31, 2023)
5.59 7.50 25,890,697
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Fourth Quarter (December 31, 2022)
$ 6.39 $ 16.11 27,927,795
Third Quarter (September 30, 2022)
8.29 15.20 15,699,686
Second Quarter (June 30, 2022)
11.28 21.99 17,861,958
First Quarter (March 31, 2022)
16.99 27.44 26,432,828
Source: Bloomberg.
The OTCQX market quotations reflect inter-dealer prices, without retail mark-up, mark-down or commission and may not necessarily represent actual transactions.
Holders of Record
As of December 31, 2023, there were approximately 350 shareholders of record of our Subordinate Voting Shares and 14 holders of record of our Multiple Voting Shares.
Dividends
We have not declared dividends or distributions on Subordinate Voting Shares in the past. We currently intend to reinvest all future earnings to finance the development and growth of our business. As a result, we do not intend to pay dividends on Subordinate Voting Shares in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to pay dividends will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on the financial condition, business environment, operating results, capital requirements, any contractual restriction on the payment of dividends and any other factors the board deems relevant.
Stock Performance Graph
The following performance graph and related information is not deemed to be “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC or subject to Regulation 14A or 14C under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, except to the extent the Company specifically incorporates it by reference into such a filing: the SEC requires the Company to include a line graph presentation comparing cumulative five year stock returns with a broad-based stock index and either a nationally recognized industry index or an index of peer companies selected by the Company. The Company has chosen to use the Russell 2000 Index as the broad-based index.
The graph compares the cumulative total shareholder return on our Subordinate Voting Shares (Ticker: TCNNF) with the comparative cumulative total return of the Russell 2000 Index and our selected peer group, assuming an initial investment of $100 in cash, with reinvestment of any dividends, from December 31, 2018 through December 31, 2023. The returns of each company in the peer group have been weighted to reflect their market capitalization. The returns shown are based on historical results and are not intended to suggest future performance. The total return on our Subordinate Voting Shares was (36)% during the performance period, as compared with a total return during the same period of (16)% for the market-cap weighted average return of our selected peer group, and 61% for the Russell 2000 Index.
Our selected peer group is comprised of:
•Cresco Labs Inc. (Ticker: CRLBF)
•Curaleaf Holdings Inc. (Ticker: CURLF)
•Green Thumb Industries Inc. (Ticker: GTBIF)
•Verano Holdings Corp. (Ticker: VRNOF) - first publicly traded in 2022 and reweighed to the peer group
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
All sales of unregistered securities during the year ended December 31, 2023 were reported in a Form 8-K or Form 10-Q filed with the SEC, if applicable.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Item 6. [Reserved]
Not applicable.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements and involves numerous risks and uncertainties, including but not limited to those described in the “Risk Factors” section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Actual results may differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. You should read “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Overview
Trulieve is a vertically integrated cannabis company and multi-state operator which currently holds licenses to operate in nine states. Headquartered in Quincy, Florida, we are the largest cannabis retailer in the United States with market leading retail operations in Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. We are committed to delivering exceptional customer experiences through elevated service and high-quality branded products. We aim to be the brand of choice for medical and adult-use customers in all of the markets that we serve. The Company operates in highly regulated markets that require expertise in cultivation, manufacturing, and retail. We have developed proficiencies in each of these functional areas and are passionate about expanding access to regulated cannabis products through advocacy, education, and expansion of our distribution network.
All of the states in which we operate have developed programs to permit the use of cannabis products for medicinal purposes to treat specific conditions and diseases, which we refer to as medical cannabis. Recreational cannabis, or adult-use cannabis, is legal cannabis sold in licensed dispensaries to adults ages 21 and older. Thus far, of the states in which we operate, Arizona, Colorado, Connecticut, Maryland, and Ohio have already or are in the process of developing and launching programs permitting the commercialization of adult-use cannabis products. Trulieve operates its business through its directly and indirectly owned subsidiaries that hold licenses and have entered into managed service agreements in the states in which they operate.
As of December 31, 2023, we operated the following:
State Number of Dispensaries Number of Cultivation and Processing Facilities
Florida 131 6
Arizona 21 3
Pennsylvania 20 3
West Virginia 10 1
Georgia 5 1
Maryland 3 1
Ohio 1 -
Connecticut 1 -
Colorado - 1
Total 192 16
Components of Results of Continuing Operations
Revenue
Revenue is primarily derived from cannabis and cannabis related products we cultivate, process, distribute, and sell to our customers and through our wholesale distribution channels.
Gross Profit
Gross profit includes revenue less the costs directly attributable to the cultivation and production of cannabis and from wholesale purchases made from other licensed producers within the markets in which the Company operates. Costs of goods sold include the costs directly attributable to the production of inventory and amounts incurred in the cultivation and manufacturing process of finished goods, such as flower, concentrates, and edibles, as well as packaging and other supplies, fees for services and processing, and allocated overhead which includes depreciation and amortization of property and equipment associated with cultivation and production, allocations of rent, administrative salaries, utilities, and related costs. Cannabis costs are affected by various state regulations that limit the sourcing and procurement of cannabis product, which may create fluctuations in margins over comparative periods as the regulatory environment changes.
Sales and Marketing
Sales and marketing expenses primarily consist of expenses related to advertising costs and marketing programs for our products and personnel related costs to manage and staff our dispensaries. As we continue to expand and open additional dispensaries, and gain additional customers, we expect our sales and marketing expenses to continue to increase.
General and Administrative
General and administrative expenses are primarily related to personnel costs, including salaries, incentive compensation, benefits, and other professional service costs, including legal, accounting and acquisition related costs. We expect to continue to invest in this area to support our expansion plans, as we are able to access additional medical and adult-use markets, to further support the growth of the cannabis industry. Other general and administrative expenses consist of travel, general office supplies and monthly services, facilities and occupancy, insurance, and director fees.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization consists of depreciation of property and equipment and right-of-use assets, and amortization of intangible assets, including cannabis licenses and internally developed software.
Other Income (Expense)
Other income (expense) consists primarily of interest expense, interest income on money market accounts and notes receivable, gain on debt extinguishment, and the impact of the revaluation of the liability classified warrants and our interest rate swap.
Provision for Income Taxes
Provision for income taxes is calculated using the asset and liability method. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on enacted tax rates and laws for the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The IRS has taken the position that cannabis companies are subject to the limits of IRC Section 280E under which they are only allowed to deduct expenses directly related to costs of goods sold. The Company has taken a position that it does not owe taxes attributable to the application of Section 280E of the Internal Revenue Code.
Results of Continuing Operations
This section of this Form 10-K generally discusses 2023 and 2022 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2023 and 2022 and 2021 for continuing operations, except as noted. Refer to Note 19. Discontinued Operations to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional financial information related to our discontinued operations.
Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2022
2023 2022 2023 vs. 2022
(in thousands)
Statement of operations data: Amount Percentage of Revenue
Amount Percentage of Revenue
Amount Change
Revenue $ 1,129,193 100.0 % $ 1,218,229 100.0 % $ (89,036)
Cost of goods sold 540,565 47.9 % 529,102 43.4 % 11,463
Gross profit 588,628 52.1 % 689,127 56.6 % (100,499)
Expenses:
Sales and marketing 240,165 21.3 % 277,563 22.8 % (37,398)
General and administrative 145,997 12.9 % 169,471 13.9 % (23,474)
Depreciation and amortization 109,825 9.7 % 116,381 9.6 % (6,556)
Impairments and disposals of long-lived assets, net 6,664 0.6 % 75,547 6.2 % (68,883)
Impairment of goodwill 307,590 27.2 % - 0.0 % 307,590
Total expenses 810,241 71.8 % 638,962 52.5 % 171,279
(Loss) income from operations
(221,613) (19.6 %) 50,165 4.1 % (271,778)
Other income (expense):
Interest expense, net (81,569) (7.2 %) (73,422) (6.0 %) (8,147)
Interest income
6,164 0.5 % 1,631 0.1 % 4,533
Gain on debt extinguishment, net
5,937 0.5 % - - % 5,937
Other income, net
6,544 0.6 % 2,388 0.2 % 4,156
Total other expense, net
(62,924) (5.6 %) (69,403) (5.7 %) 6,479
Loss before provision for income taxes
(284,537) (25.2 %) (19,238) (1.6 %) (265,299)
Provision for income taxes 151,358 13.4 % 163,380 13.4 % (12,022)
Net loss from continuing operations
(435,895) (38.6 %) (182,618) (15.0 %) (253,277)
Net loss from discontinued operations, net of tax benefit of $4,101 and $12,223, respectively
(97,241) (8.6 %) (70,109) (5.8 %) (27,132)
Net loss
(533,136) (47.2 %) (252,727) (20.7 %) (280,409)
Less: net loss attributable to non-controlling interest from continuing operations
(5,147) (0.5 %) (3,994) (0.3 %) (1,153)
Less: net loss attributable to non-controlling interest from discontinued operations
(1,193) (0.1 %) (2,669) -0.2 % 1,476
Net loss attributable to common shareholders
$ (526,796) (46.7 %) $ (246,064) (20.2 %) $ (280,732)
Revenue
Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $1.13 billion, a decrease of $89.0 million or 7.3%, from $1.22 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in revenue is due to a $74.9 million decrease in retail revenue and a $11.7 million decrease in wholesale revenue. The Company operated 192 and 178 dispensaries as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. We experienced increased competition and promotional activity in certain retail markets and also shed underperforming retail assets. The reduction in wholesale revenues is primarily due to a focus on higher margin retail sales in certain markets.
Cost of Goods Sold
Cost of goods sold for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $540.6 million, an increase of $11.5 million or 2.2%, from $529.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Cost of goods sold as a percentage of revenue was 47.9% for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to 43.4% for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to increased depreciation related to capital expenditures to support business growth totaling $10.3 million. Additional factors impacting the change include inventory reduction efforts to right-size inventory levels, the continued ramping of new production facilities in existing markets where additional economies of scale are anticipated in the future, and expansion into new markets which are not fully vertical, resulting in the sale of third-party products, which yield lower margin than our vertical markets. The Company also incurred additional costs related to excess capacity in certain temporarily idled facilities.
Gross Profit
Gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $588.6 million, a decrease of $100.5 million or 14.6%, from $689.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Gross profit as a percentage of revenue was 52.1% for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to 56.6% for the year ended December 31, 2022, resulting from increased promotional activity in certain retail markets, price compression in certain markets, a change in product mix to value tier brands driven by customer demand, initiatives to reduce inventory levels and costs related to excess capacity in certain temporarily idled facilities.
Sales and Marketing Expense
Sales and marketing expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $240.2 million, a decrease of $37.4 million, or 13.5%, from $277.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Sales and marketing expense as a percentage of revenue decreased 21.3% for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to 22.8% for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease is primarily due to approximately $36.3 million in savings from reduced headcount and redundant positions and reduced costs related to integration and share-based compensation, which was partially offset by increased advertising costs of $3.9 million due to adding additional marketing platforms and an increase in costs driven by the increased retail store count.
General and Administrative Expense
General and administrative expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $146.0 million, a decrease of $23.5 million or 13.9% from $169.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. General and administrative expense as a percentage of revenue decreased from 13.9% to 12.9%. The decrease is primarily due to the absence of the $18.5 million expense recognized last year related to the Watkins earnout.
Depreciation and Amortization Expense
Depreciation and amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $109.8 million, a decrease of $6.6 million, or 5.6%, from $116.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in depreciation and amortization expense was attributable to certain intangible assets becoming fully amortized in the prior year.
Impairment and Disposal of Long-lived Assets, Net
Loss on impairment and disposal of long-lived assets for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $6.7 million, a decrease of $68.9 million as compared to $75.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease is primarily due to the non-recurrence of 2022 impairment activities in which we exited facilities related to a legacy acquisition. Our current year activity is primarily related to asset disposals in California and Connecticut, which was partially offset with a gain on lease termination in the California market.
Impairment of Goodwill
Impairment of goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $307.6 million compared to zero for the year ended December 31, 2022. Based on the results of the Company's goodwill impairment procedures in the second quarter of 2023, the Company recorded $307.6 million in goodwill impairment.
Interest Expense, Net
Interest expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $81.6 million, an increase of $8.1 million, or 11.1%, from $73.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase is primarily the result of a full year of interest expense associated with the mortgage notes which closed in December 2022, which was partially offset by a reduction in capitalized interest of $4.9 million.
Interest Income
Interest income for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $6.2 million, an increase of $4.5 million, or 277.9%, from $1.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase is due to an increase in overnight cash sweeps into high-yield money market fund accounts.
Gain on Extinguishment of Debt, net
Gain on extinguishment of debt, net was $5.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to zero for the year ended December 31, 2022. The gain on debt extinguishment, net was from an open market purchase of our private placement notes, "2026 Notes - Tranche One", that resulted in the extinguishment of $57.0 million in principal at a discount of 16.5% with a recognized gain of $8.2 million on the extinguishment. This was partially offset by a $2.4 million loss on extinguishment in the fourth quarter of 2023 when we completed the early redemption of both of the "June Notes" and the "November Notes", with a principle of $130.0 million, which represented a redemption price of 100% of the principal amounts outstanding.
Other Income, Net
Other income, net was $6.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $4.2 million, or 174.0%, from $2.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase is primarily related to insignificant non-recurring settlements.
Provision for Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $151.4 million, a decrease of $12.0 million from $163.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Provision for income taxes as a percentage of revenue was consistent with the prior year at 13.4%.
Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2021
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2022 vs. 2021
(in thousands)
Statement of operations data: Amount Percentage of revenue Amount Percentage of revenue Amount Change
Revenue
$ 1,218,229 100.0 % $ 931,934 100.0 % 286,295
Cost of goods sold 529,102 43.4 % 365,360 39.2 % 163,742
Gross profit 689,127 56.6 % 566,574 60.8 % 122,553
Expenses:
Sales and marketing 277,563 22.8 % 211,905 22.7 % 65,658
General and administrative 169,471 13.9 % 99,456 10.7 % 70,015
Depreciation and amortization 116,381 9.6 % 45,791 4.9 % 70,590
Impairment and disposal of long-lived assets, net 75,547 6.2 % 5,371 0.6 % 70,176
Total expenses 638,962 52.5 % 362,523 38.9 % 276,439
Income from operations
50,165 4.1 % 204,051 21.9 % (153,886)
Other income (expense):
Interest expense, net
(73,422) (6.0) % (29,121) (3.1 %) (44,301)
Interest income
1,631 0.1 % 205 - % 1,426
Other income, net
2,388 0.2 % 1,112 0.1 % 1,276
Total other expense, net
(69,403) (5.7) % (27,804) (3.0 %) (41,599)
(Loss) income before provision for income taxes
(19,238) (1.6) % 176,247 18.9 % (195,485)
Provision for income taxes 163,380 13.4 % 145,722 15.6 % 17,658
Net (loss) income from continuing operations
(182,618) (15.0) % 30,525 3.3 % (213,143)
Net loss from discontinued operations, net of tax benefit (provision) of $12,223 and $(339), respectively
(70,109) (5.8) % (13,080) (1.4 %) (57,029)
Net (loss) income
(252,727) (20.7) % 17,445 1.9 % (270,172)
Less: net loss attributable to non-controlling interest from continuing operations
(3,994) (0.3) % (587) (0.1 %) (3,407)
Less: net loss attributable to non-controlling interest from discontinued operations
(2,669) (0.2) % - - % (2,669)
Net (loss) income attributable to common shareholders
$ (246,064) (20.2) % $ 18,032 1.9 % $ (264,096)
Revenue
Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022, was $1.22 billion, an increase of $286.3 million or 30.7% from $931.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in revenue is due to contributions from acquisitions, most notably, Harvest Health & Recreation, Inc. ("Harvest") in October 2021 and Anna Holdings, LLC ("Keystone Shops") in July 2021, continued expansion into new states such as Massachusetts and West Virginia, and additional dispensaries opened in existing markets.
Cost of Goods Sold
Cost of goods sold for the year ended December 31, 2022, was $529.1 million, an increase of $163.7 million, or 44.8%, from $365.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily in correlation with the increase in revenues. Cost of goods sold as a percentage of revenue was 43.4% for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to 39.2% for the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily due to increased depreciation related to capital expenditures to support business growth, new production facilities in existing markets where economies of scale are anticipated in the future, and expansion into new markets which are not fully vertical, resulting in sale of third-party products, and therefore yield lower margin than our vertical markets.
Gross Profit
Gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2022, was $689.1 million, an increase of $122.6 million, or 21.6%, from $566.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Gross profit as a percentage of revenue was 56.6% for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to 60.8% for the year ended December 31, 2021, due to higher revenue offset by many factors including, increased wholesale business, which is generally lower margin than retail sales, increased depreciation related to capital expenditures to support business growth, new production facilities where economies of scale are anticipated in the future, and expansion into new markets which are not fully vertical, resulting in the sale of third-party products, and therefore yield lower margin than our vertical markets.
Sales and Marketing Expense
Sales and marketing expense for the year ended December 31, 2022, was $277.6 million, an increase of $65.7 million, or 31.0%, from $211.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, but remained consistent as a percentage of revenue. The increase in sales and marketing is the result of a higher headcount for the year, as we continue to add additional dispensaries in efforts to maintain and further drive higher growth in sales and market share as well as expanding into new markets.
General and Administrative Expense
General and administrative expense for the year ended December 31, 2022, was $169.5 million, an increase of $70.0 million, or 70.4%, from $99.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. General and administrative expense as a percentage of revenue increased from 10.7% to 13.9%. The increase in general and administrative expense is the result of entering new markets, ramping our infrastructure to support growth initiatives, repositioning of facilities which have been temporarily idled, and amounts related to specific non-recurring items such as legal settlements. We also contributed $20.0 million to the Smart and Safe Florida campaign in 2022.
Depreciation and Amortization Expense
Depreciation and amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2022, was $116.4 million, an increase of $70.6 million, or 154.2%, from $45.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The overall increase in depreciation and amortization expense is due to increased depreciation from acquired facilities, and increased amortization related to acquired licenses and other intangibles, from the investment in infrastructure for additional dispensaries and cultivation facilities.
Impairment and Disposal of Long-lived Assets, Net
Loss on impairment and disposal of long-lived assets for the year ended December 31, 2022, was $75.5 million, an increase of $70.2 million as compared to $5.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase is primarily due to exited facilities and the repositioning of assets, primarily in our Southeast hub. The activity in 2021 primarily consisted of the write-off of certain licenses in our Southwest hub due to market changes and the disposal of certain long-lived assets.
Interest Expense, net
Interest expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $73.4 million, an increase of $44.3 million from $29.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase is related to additional interest on private placement notes of $31.5 million, construction finance liabilities of $8.1 million, and finance leases of $2.2 million, to support business growth.
Interest Income
Interest income for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $1.6 million, an increase of $1.4 million from $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily due to additional interest earned on notes receivable acquired and entered into during the fourth quarter of 2021.
Other Income, Net
Other income, net for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $2.4 million, an increase of $1.3 million from $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase is primarily due to a $2.6 million revaluation of warrants partially offset by a one time sales tax contingency.
Provision for Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $163.4 million, an increase of $17.7 million from $145.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Provision for income taxes as a percentage of revenue decreased from 15.6% to 13.4%. The increase in income tax expense is primarily due to the increase in gross profit as a result of increased revenue, partially offset by a more favorable tax position on intercompany management fees. In the third quarter of 2022, the Company adopted a more favorable tax position with respect to intercompany management fees based on an IRS position taken in audit of similar businesses.
Management’s Use of Non-GAAP Measures
Our management uses a financial measure that is not in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S., or GAAP, in addition to financial measures in accordance with GAAP to evaluate our operating results. This non-GAAP financial measure should be considered supplemental to, and not a substitute for, our reported financial results prepared in accordance with GAAP. Adjusted EBITDA is a financial measure that is not defined under GAAP. Our management uses this non-GAAP financial measure and believes it enhances an investor’s understanding of our financial and operating performance from period to period because it excludes certain material non-cash items and certain other adjustments management believes are not reflective of our ongoing operations and performance. Adjusted EBITDA adjusts the following items from net income: interest expense, provision for income taxes, and depreciation and amortization to arrive at EBITDA. This is then adjusted for items that do not represent the operations of the core business such as inventory step-up for fair value adjustments in purchase accounting, integration and transition costs, acquisition and transaction costs, other non-recurring costs such as contributions to specific initiative campaigns (such as Smart and Safe Florida), expenses related to the COVID-19 pandemic, impairments and disposals of long-lived assets including goodwill, the results of entities consolidated as variable interest entities ("VIEs") but not legally controlled and operated by the Company, discontinued operations, share-based compensation, and other income and expense items. Integration and transition costs include those costs related to integration of acquired entities and to transition major systems or processes. Acquisition and transaction costs relate to specific transactions such as acquisitions whether contemplated or completed and regulatory filings and costs related to equity and debt issuances. Other non-recurring costs include miscellaneous items which are not expected to recur frequently such as inventory adjustments related to specific issues and unusual litigation.
We report Adjusted EBITDA to help investors assess the operating performance of the Company’s business. The financial measures noted above are metrics that have been adjusted from the GAAP net income measure in an effort to provide readers with a normalized metric in making comparisons more meaningful across the cannabis industry, as well as to remove non-recurring, irregular and one-time items that may otherwise distort the GAAP net income measure.
As noted above, our Adjusted EBITDA is not prepared in accordance with GAAP, and should not be considered in isolation of, or as an alternative to, measures prepared in accordance with GAAP. There are a number of limitations related to the use of Adjusted EBITDA rather than net income, which is the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP. Because of these limitations, we consider, and you should consider, Adjusted EBITDA together with other operating and financial performance measures presented in accordance with GAAP. A reconciliation of net income, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP, to Adjusted EBITDA, has been included herein immediately following our discussion of “Adjusted EBITDA”.
Adjusted EBITDA
Adjusted EBITDA was $322.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $75.9 million, or 19%, from $398.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in Adjusted EBITDA in 2023 was primarily due to increased competition and margin pressure which was partially offset by efficiencies in payroll costs primarily in our retail locations and streamlining efforts.
Adjusted EBITDA was $398.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $13.5 million, or 3%, from $384.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in Adjusted EBITDA in 2022 was primarily due to the acquisition of Harvest Health and Recreation in the fourth quarter of 2021 and the resulting growth in sales and synergies.
The following table presents a reconciliation of GAAP net (loss) income to non-GAAP Adjusted EBITDA, for each of the periods presented:
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 2021
(in thousands)
Net (loss) income attributable to common shareholders
$ (526,796) $ (246,064) $ 18,032
Add (deduct) impact of:
Interest expense, net
81,569 73,422 29,121
Interest income (1)
(6,164) (1,631) (205)
Provision for income taxes 151,358 163,380 145,722
Depreciation and amortization 109,825 116,381 45,791
Depreciation included in cost of goods sold 57,195 46,933 21,232
EBITDA (Non-GAAP)
$ (133,013) $ 152,421 $ 259,693
Impairment of goodwill
$ 307,590 $ - $ -
Impairments and disposals of long-lived assets, net
6,664 75,547 5,371
Legislative campaign contributions
20,062 20,000 -
Integration and transition costs
26,889 21,042 25,601
Share-based compensation
10,575 18,124 13,444
Gain on debt extinguishment, net (5,937) - -
Other income, net
(6,544) (2,388) (1,112)
Discontinued operations, net of tax, attributable to common shareholders
96,048 67,440 13,080
Acquisition and transaction costs
- 24,757 15,831
Other non-recurring costs
- 19,494 5,053
Inventory step up, fair value - 1,048 41,189
COVID related expenses - 783 6,188
Results of entities not legally controlled - (19) 458
Total adjustments 455,347 245,828 125,103
Adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP)
$ 322,334 $ 398,249 $ 384,796
(1) Interest Income for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, of $(1.6) million and $(0.2) million, respectively, was reclassified from other income, net to interest income in the presentation above.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Sources of Liquidity
Since our inception, we have funded our operations and capital spending through cash flows from product sales, third-party debt, proceeds from the sale of our capital stock and loans from affiliates and entities controlled by our affiliates. We are generating cash from operations and are deploying our capital reserves to acquire and develop assets capable of producing additional revenues and earnings over both the immediate and near term to support our business growth and expansion. Our current principal sources of liquidity are our cash and cash equivalents provided by our operations and debt and equity offerings. The Company has and expects to retain additional cash from operations, starting in the second half of 2023, due in part to the Company's position that it does not owe taxes attributable to the application of Section 280E of the Internal Revenue Code. Cash and cash equivalents consist primarily of cash on deposit with banks and money market funds.
Our primary uses of cash are for working capital requirements, capital expenditures, debt service payments, income tax payments, and acquisitions. Working capital is used principally to run the business including our personnel and related investments, as well as costs related to the growth, manufacture, production, and distribution of our products. Our capital expenditures consist primarily of additional facilities and dispensaries, and improvements to existing facilities. Our debt service payments consist primarily of interest payments. Acquisitions consist of expanding the cultivation and dispensary footprint.
Cash and cash equivalents were $201.4 million as of December 31, 2023. We believe our existing cash balances will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements from the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K through at least the next 12 months. Any additional future requirements will be funded through the following sources of capital:
•Cash from ongoing operations
•Debt - the Company has the ability to obtain additional debt from additional creditors
•Market offerings - the Company has the ability to offer equity to obtain additional funding
In September 2023, we completed the open market repurchase of $57.0 million of our senior secured notes, due October 6, 2026, for a purchase price of $47.6 million, excluding fees and accrued interest. In December 2023, we completed the early redemption of our 9.75% senior secured notes due June 11, 2024 for a purchase price of $130.0 million, excluding accrued interest. These are collectively referred to as the private placement notes. In December 2023, we also completed a $25.0 million mortgage note with an interest rate of 8.31%. We expect to realize net interest savings of approximately $10.0 million as a result of these three transactions.
Cash Flows
The consolidated statements of cash flows include continuing operations and discontinued operations. The table below highlights our cash flows for the periods ended December 31:
2023 2022 2021
(in thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 201,841 $ 23,096 $ 12,898
Net cash used in investing activities (37,470) (215,057) (215,184)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities
(175,585) 177,796 289,232
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents $ (11,214) $ (14,165) $ 86,946
Cash Flow from Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities was $201.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $178.7 million, compared to $23.1 million in net cash provided by operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2022. The improvement is due to the execution of the Company's inventory wind-down strategy, as well as the impacts of income tax accruals and the impact of lower sales & marketing and general & administrative expenses in 2023 compared to 2022. This was offset by reduced gross margins for 2023 as compared to 2022.
Net cash provided by operating activities was $23.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $10.2 million, compared to $12.9 million in net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2021. This is primarily due the timing of income tax payments that were offset by increases in inventory.
Cash Flow from Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities was $37.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $177.6 million, compared to $215.1 million in net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022. The primary use of cash in both periods was the purchase of property and equipment, with the prior period having significantly more purchases of property and equipment due to the Company's build out of facilities primarily at our cultivation sites in Florida and other markets including Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Additionally, the prior period included the cash payment of $27.8 million related to the acquisition of the Watkins Cultivation Operation.
Net cash used in investing activities was $215.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of $0.1 million, compared to $215.2 million in net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease is mainly due to the decrease of property and equipment purchases offset by cash provided by the Harvest acquisition.
Cash Flow from Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities was $175.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $353.4 million, compared to $177.8 million in net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022. This change is primarily related to $177.6 million in payments on our senior secured notes, due October 6, 2026 and senior secured notes due June 11, 2024, collectively referred to as the private placement notes. These notes were extinguished early in an effort to save on interest and take advantage of favorable market conditions. Additionally, a decrease in proceeds from borrowings of approximately $141.5 million further contributed to the increase in cash used in financing activities in 2023 relative to 2022.
Net cash provided by financing activities was $177.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of $111.4 million, compared to $289.2 million in net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease is primarily related to a decrease in proceeds from borrowings compared to the prior year.
Balance Sheet Exposure
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, 100% of our balance sheet is exposed to U.S. cannabis-related activities, and substantially all our revenue is derived from U.S. cannabis operations. We believe our operations are in material compliance with all applicable state and local laws, regulations and licensing requirements in the states in which we operate. However, cannabis remains illegal under U.S. federal law. For information about risks related to U.S. cannabis operations, please refer to the “Risk Factors” section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Contractual Obligations
As of December 31, 2023, we had the following contractual obligations to make future payments, representing material contracts and other commitments that are known and committed:
<1 Year 1 to 3 Years 3 to 5 Years >5 Years Total
(in thousands)
Notes payable $ 3,751 $ 8,986 $ 93,233 $ 15,783 $ 121,753
Private placement notes - 368,000 - - 368,000
Operating lease liabilities 21,452 42,180 39,532 81,820 184,984
Finance lease liabilities 14,129 27,392 24,252 34,247 100,020
Construction finance liabilities 22,498 46,941 49,659 295,672 414,770
Lease settlements 1,008 864 857 2,226 4,955
Total (1)
$ 62,838 $ 494,363 $ 207,533 $ 429,748 $ 1,194,482
(1)Includes liabilities due in relation to our discontinued operations and excludes $180.4 million of uncertain tax position liabilities as we cannot make a reasonably reliable estimate of the period of potential cash settlement with the respective taxing authorities.
For additional information on our commitments for financing arrangements, future lease payments, lease guarantees, uncertain tax position, and other obligations, see Item 8, Note 11. Notes Payable, Note 12. Private Placement Notes, Note 13. Leases, Note 14. Construction Finance Liabilities, Note 18. Income Taxes, Note 19. Discontinued Operations, and Note 23. Commitments And Contingencies.
As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we do not have any off-balance-sheet arrangements that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a current or future effect on the results of operations or financial condition of, including, and without limitation, such considerations as liquidity and capital resources.
Critical accounting policies and estimates
Critical accounting estimates
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("GAAP") requires management to make judgments, estimates, and assumptions about the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. The estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical experience and other factors that are considered to be relevant. Actual results may differ from these estimates, and revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimate is revised.
Significant judgments, estimates, and assumptions that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements are described below. See Note 3. Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information.
Inventory
The net realizable value of inventories represents the estimated selling price for inventories in the ordinary course of business, less all estimated costs of completion and costs necessary to make the sale. The determination of net realizable value requires significant judgment, including consideration of factors such as shrinkage, the aging of and future demand for inventory, expected future selling price, what we expect to realize by selling the inventory and the contractual arrangements with customers. Reserves for excess and obsolete inventory are based upon quantities on hand, projected volumes from demand forecasts and net realizable value. The estimates are judgmental in nature and are made at a point in time, using available information, expected business plans and expected market conditions. As a result, the actual amount received on sale could differ from the estimated value of inventory. Periodic reviews are performed on the inventory balance. The impact of changes in inventory reserves is reflected in cost of goods sold.
Estimated Useful Lives and Depreciation and Amortization of Property and Equipment and Intangible Assets
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment and intangible assets are dependent upon estimates of useful lives, which are determined through the exercise of judgment. The assessment of any impairment of these assets is dependent upon estimates of recoverable amounts that take into account factors such as economic and market conditions and the useful lives of assets.
Accounting for Acquisitions and Business Combinations
Classification of an acquisition as a business combination or an asset acquisition depends on whether the assets acquired constitute a business, which can be a complex judgment. Whether an acquisition is classified as a business combination or asset acquisition can have a significant impact on the entries made on and after acquisition.
In determining the fair value of all identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities acquired, the most significant estimates relate to contingent consideration and intangible assets. Management exercises judgment in estimating the probability and timing of when earn-outs are expected to be achieved, which is used as the basis for estimating fair value. For any intangible asset identified, depending on the type of intangible asset and the complexity of determining its fair value, an independent valuation expert or management may develop the fair value, using appropriate valuation techniques, which are generally based on a forecast of the total expected future net cash flows.
Cannabis licenses are the primary intangible asset acquired in business combinations as they provide the Company the ability to operate in each market. However, some cannabis licenses are subject to renewal and therefore there is some risk of non-renewal for several reasons, including operational, regulatory, legal or economic. To appropriately consider the risk of non-renewal, the Company applies probability weighting to the expected future net cash flows in calculating the fair value of these intangible assets. The key assumptions used in these cash flow projections include discount rates and terminal growth rates. Of the key assumptions used, the impact of the estimated fair value of the intangible assets has the greatest sensitivity to the estimated discount rate used in the valuation. The terminal growth rate represents the rate at which these businesses will continue to grow into perpetuity. Other significant assumptions include revenue, gross profit, operating expenses and anticipated capital expenditures which are based upon the Corporation’s historical operations along with management projections. The evaluations are linked closely to the assumptions made by management regarding the future performance of these assets and any changes in the discount rate applied.
Income Taxes
The Company uses the asset and liability method to account for income taxes. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on enacted tax rates and laws for the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The IRS has taken the position that cannabis companies are subject to the limits of IRC Section 280E under which they are only allowed to deduct expenses directly related to the cost of producing the products or cost of production. The Company has taken a position that it does not owe taxes attributable to the application of Section 280E of the Internal Revenue Code.
The Company recognizes uncertain income tax positions at the largest amount that is more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon examination by the relevant taxing authority. An uncertain income tax position will not be recognized if it has less than a 50% likelihood of being sustained. Recognition or measurement is reflected in the period in which the likelihood changes.
Long-lived Asset Impairment Assessment
The Company reviews long-lived assets, including property and equipment, definite life intangible assets, and right-of-use assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. Factors which could trigger an impairment review include significant underperformance relative to historical or projected future operating results, significant changes in the manner of use of the assets or the strategy of the business, a significant decrease in the market value of the assets or significant negative industry or economic trends. In accordance with ASC 360-10, when evaluating long-lived assets with impairment indicators for potential impairment, we first compare the carrying value of the asset to its estimated undiscounted cash flows. If the sum of the estimated undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying value of the asset, we calculate an impairment loss. The impairment loss calculation compares the carrying value of the asset to its estimated fair value, which is typically based on estimated discounted future cash flows. We recognize an impairment loss if the amount of the asset’s carrying value exceeds the asset’s estimated fair value.
Goodwill Impairment Assessment
Goodwill is allocated at the date the goodwill is initially recorded. We conclude we operate one operating segment and reporting unit evaluating goodwill for impairment as one singular reporting unit. We evaluate our goodwill for impairment annually at the beginning of the fourth quarter or earlier upon the occurrence of substantive unfavorable changes in economic conditions, industry trends, costs, cash flows, or ongoing declines in market capitalization. The Company applies the guidance in Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2011-08 “Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Testing Goodwill for Impairment,” which provides entities with an option to perform a qualitative assessment (commonly referred to as “Step Zero”) to determine whether further quantitative analysis for impairment of goodwill is necessary. In performing Step Zero for the Company’s goodwill impairment test, the Company is required to make assumptions and judgments including but not limited to the following: the evaluation of macroeconomic conditions as related to the Company’s business, industry and market trends, and the overall future financial performance of its reporting units and future opportunities in the markets in which they operate. If impairment indicators are present after performing Step Zero, the Company would perform a quantitative impairment analysis to estimate the fair value of goodwill.
The quantitative impairment test requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units, the assignment of assets, liabilities, and goodwill to reporting units, and the determination of fair value of each reporting unit. The impairment test requires the comparison of the fair value of a reporting unit with the carrying amount, including goodwill. If the Company would conclude a quantitative impairment test is required, the Company would review fair value techniques for the most appropriate technique generally applying the income approach by using discounted cash flow (“DCF”) analyses. Determining fair value requires the Company to make judgments about appropriate forecasted revenue and related revenue growth rate, the earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization ("EBITDA") margins rate and the weighted average cost of capital. The cash flows employed in the DCF analysis are based on the forecast of the reporting unit, long-term business plan and recent operating performance. Discount rate assumptions are based on an assessment of the risk inherent in the future cash flows of the reporting unit and market conditions. Given the inherent uncertainty in determining the assumptions underlying a DCF analysis, actual results may differ from those used in our valuations. The reporting unit may be at risk of failing the quantitative impairment test if it has a fair value that is not substantially in excess of the carrying amount at the assessment date.
During the three months ended June 30, 2023, the Company identified one event as a risk indicator for goodwill impairment, which was a decline in the Company's share price negatively affecting the Company's market capitalization. The Company concluded the decline in stock price was a triggering event to perform an interim quantitative goodwill impairment test, as of June 30, 2023, specific to the stock price decline and resulting market capitalization of the Company. As the sole risk to the value of goodwill was the stock price, the Company concluded it most appropriate to apply a market approach. The results of the Company’s interim test for impairment as of June 30, 2023, utilizing a market approach, indicated that the reporting unit's fair value fell below the carrying value. Based on the results of the goodwill impairment procedures, the Company recorded a $307.6 million goodwill impairment for the single reporting unit in the second quarter of 2023.
For the Company's 2023 annual impairment test, the Company performed a Step Zero assessment. Other than the event that existed and was isolated to the three months ending June 30, 2023, as outlined above, as of December 31, 2023, the Company did not identify any events or changes in circumstances that would indicate the carrying amount of goodwill may be impaired. The Company did not identify any impairment of its goodwill during the years ended December 31, 2022 or 2021.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The Company applies fair value accounting for all financial assets and liabilities that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis. The Company uses judgment to select the methods used to make certain assumptions and in performing the fair value calculations in order to determine (a) the values attributed to each component of a transaction at the time of their issuance; (b) the fair value measurements for certain instruments that require subsequent measurement at fair value on a recurring basis; and (c) for disclosing the fair value of financial instruments. These valuation estimates could be significantly different because of the use of judgment and the inherent uncertainty in estimating the fair value of these instruments that are not quoted in an active market.
Share-Based Payment Arrangements
We use the Black-Scholes pricing model to determine the fair value of options and warrants granted to employees and directors under share-based payment arrangements, where appropriate. In estimating fair value, management is required to make certain assumptions and estimates such as the expected life of units, volatility of future share price, risk free rates, and future dividend yields at the initial grant date. Changes in assumptions used to estimate fair value could result in materially different results.
Commitments and Contingencies
From time to time, the Company may be involved in litigation relating to claims arising out of operations in the normal course of business. Periodically, the Company reviews the status of each significant matter and assesses the potential financial exposure. If the potential loss from any claim or legal proceeding is considered probable, and the amount can be reliably estimated, such amount is recognized in contingencies. Contingent liabilities are measured at management’s best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the obligation at the end of the reporting period and are discounted to present value where the effect is material. The Company performs evaluations to identify onerous contracts and, where applicable, records contingent liabilities for such contracts.
Critical accounting policies
Inventory
Our inventories primarily consist of raw materials, work in process, and finished goods. Costs incurred during the growing and production process are capitalized as incurred to the extent that cost is less than net realizable value. The costs include materials, labor and manufacturing overhead used in the growing and production processes. Pre-harvest costs are capitalized. Our inventory of purchased finished goods and packing materials are initially valued at cost and subsequently at the lower of cost and net realizable value.
Leases
ASC Topic 842 is a standard that requires lessees to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by requiring the recognition of Right of Use Assets “ROU” assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet. The requirements of this standard include a significant increase in required disclosures to meet the objectives of enabling users of financial statements to assess the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases.
Revenue Recognition
We recognize revenue in accordance with ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). Through our application of the standard, we recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods to our customers in an amount that reflects the consideration of which we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods. Revenues consist of retail and wholesale sales of cannabis and cannabis related products, which are recognized when control of the goods has transferred to the customer and collectability is reasonably assured. This is generally when goods have been delivered, which is also when the performance obligation has been fulfilled under the terms of the related sales contract.
Share Based Compensation
We account for share-based compensation expense in accordance with FASB ASC 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation, which requires the measurement and recognition of share-based compensation expense based on estimated fair values, for all stock-based payment awards made to employees. We measure the share-based payment awards based on its estimated fair value of the awards using the Black-Scholes option pricing model for warrants and options, and the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant for restricted stock units ("RSUs").
Acquisitions
We account for business combinations using the acquisition method in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ASC 805, Business Combinations, which requires recognition of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including contingent assets and liabilities, at their respective fair values on the date of acquisition.
Contingent consideration is measured at its acquisition-date fair value and included as part of the consideration transferred in a business combination. Contingent consideration that is classified as equity is not remeasured at subsequent reporting dates and its subsequent settlement is accounted for within equity. Contingent consideration that is classified as an asset or liability is remeasured at subsequent reporting dates, with the corresponding gain or loss recognized within the consolidated statements of operations.
Non-controlling interests in the acquiree are measured at fair value on acquisition date. Acquisition-related costs are recognized as expenses in the periods in which the costs are incurred and the services are received.
Loans acquired in business combinations are initially recorded at fair value, which includes an estimate of credit losses expected to be realized over the remaining lives of the loans and, therefore, no corresponding allowance for loan losses is recorded for such loans at acquisition.
Purchase price allocations may be preliminary and, during the measurement period not to exceed one year from the date of acquisition, changes in assumptions and estimates that result in adjustments to the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recorded in the period the adjustments are determined.
Financial Instruments
We apply fair value accounting for all financial assets and liabilities that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities that are required to be recorded at fair value, we consider all related factors of the asset by market participants in which the Company would transact and the market-based risk measurements or assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, such as inherent risk, transfer restrictions, and credit risk.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
A discussion of recently issued accounting standards applicable to the Company is described in Note 3. Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies, in the notes to the consolidated financial statements contained elsewhere in this Report, and we incorporate such discussion by reference herein.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Banking Risk
Notwithstanding that a majority of states have legalized medical marijuana, there has been no change in U.S. Federal banking laws related to the deposit and holding of funds derived from activities related to the marijuana industry. Given that U.S. Federal law provides that the production and possession of cannabis is illegal, there is a strong argument that banks cannot accept for deposit funds from businesses involved with the marijuana industry. Consequently, businesses involved in the marijuana industry often have difficulty accessing the U.S. banking system and traditional financing sources. The inability to open bank accounts with certain institutions may make it difficult to operate our Company, its subsidiaries and investee companies, and leaves their cash holdings vulnerable. We have banking relationships in all jurisdictions in which we operate. Concentrations of credit risk with respect to our cash and cash equivalents are limited primarily to amounts held with financial institutions in excess of federally insured limits. Adverse developments affecting financial institutions, including bank failures, could adversely affect our liquidity and financial position.
Market Risk
Strategic and operational risks arise if we fail to carry out business operations and/or to raise sufficient equity and/or debt financing. These strategic opportunities or threats arise from a range of factors that might include changing economic and political circumstances and regulatory approvals and competitor actions. The risk is mitigated by consideration of other potential development opportunities and challenges which management may undertake.
Credit Risk
Management does not believe that the Company has significant credit risk related to its customers, as the Company’s revenue is generated primarily through cash transactions. The Company deals almost entirely with on demand sales and does not have any material wholesale agreements as of December 31, 2023. The Company reviews its trade receivable accounts and notes receivable regularly and reduces amounts to their expected realizable values by adjusting the allowance credit losses when management determines that the account may not be fully collectable. The Company applies ASC 326 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses for the measurement of expected credit losses, which uses an expected loss allowance model for all trade and notes receivables. The Company has adopted standardized credit policies and performs assessments in an effort to minimize those risks.
Liquidity Risk
Liquidity risk is the risk that we will not be able to meet our financial obligations associated with financial liabilities. We manage liquidity risk through the management of our capital structure. Our approach to managing liquidity is to ensure that we will have sufficient liquidity to settle obligations and liabilities when due.
Asset forfeiture risk
Because the cannabis industry remains illegal under U.S. federal law, any property owned by participants in the cannabis industry which are either used in the course of conducting such business, or are the proceeds of such business, could be subject to seizure by law enforcement and subsequent civil asset forfeiture. Even if the owner of the property were never charged with a crime, the property in question could still be seized and subject to an administrative proceeding by which, with minimal due process, it could be subject to forfeiture.
Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value or the future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate as a result of changes in market interest rates. Our debt exposes us to risk of fluctuations in interest rates. Fixed rate debt, where the interest rate is fixed over the life of the instrument, exposes us to changes in market interest rates reflected in the fair value of the debt and to the risk that we may need to refinance maturing debt with new debt at higher rates. Floating rate debt, where the interest rate fluctuates periodically, exposes us to short-term changes in market interest rates. We manage our debt portfolio to achieve an overall desired proportion of fixed and floating rate debts and may employ interest rate swaps ("Swaps") as a tool from time to time to achieve that position. To manage our interest rate risk exposure, we entered into one Swap contract during the year ended December 31, 2022, to hedge the floating rate term loans. Changes in market interest rates impact the fair value of our Swap contract, which was a liability of $2.3 million as of December 31, 2023. In addition to our private placement notes payable and long-term debt, we also have lease obligations and construction finance liabilities that bare interest. Interest rates on existing leases and construction finance liabilities typically do not change unless there is a modification to an underlying agreement. See Item 7, Liquidity and Capital Resources, and Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.
Concentration Risk
Our operations are substantially located in Florida and to a lesser extent Arizona and Pennsylvania. Should economic conditions deteriorate, or competitive pressure intensify within that region, our results of operations and financial position would be negatively impacted.
General Economic Risk
Our operations could be affected by the economic context should the unemployment level, interest rates or inflation reach levels that influence consumer trends and spending and, consequently, impact our sales and profitability.
Inflation Risk
Rising inflation could have an adverse impact on expenses, as these costs could increase at a higher rate than revenues. Our costs are subject to fluctuations, particularly due to changes in the prices of raw product and packaging materials and the costs of labor, transportation and energy. Inflation pressures could also result in increases in these input costs. Therefore, our business results depend, in part, on our continued ability to manage these fluctuations through pricing actions, cost saving projects and sourcing decisions, while maintaining and improving margins and market share. Failure to manage these fluctuations could adversely impact our results of operations or cash flows. In addition, unfavorable macroeconomic conditions, such as a recession or continued slowed economic growth, could negatively affect consumer demand for cannabis products, which consequently, may negatively affect the results of operations. Under difficult economic conditions, consumers may seek to reduce discretionary spending by forgoing purchases of cannabis products, negatively impacting our net sales and margins. Softer consumer demand for cannabis products could reduce our profitability and could negatively affect our overall financial performance.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
The financial information required by Item 8 is located beginning on page of this Annual Report.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act), is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Financial Officer (CFO), as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognized that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, as ours are designed to do, and management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the risk related to controls and procedures.
In connection with the preparation of this Form 10-K, as of December 31, 2023, an evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the CEO and CFO, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based on that evaluation, our management concluded that as of December 31, 2023, we did not maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures because of the material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting described below under the caption “-Material Weakness in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting.”
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
As of December 31, 2023, our management carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our CEO and CFO, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our controls over financial reporting and procedures using the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). Based on the foregoing evaluation, our management concluded that our internal controls over financial reporting were not effective because of the material weaknesses identified in our internal control over financial reporting discussed below, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
Material Weakness in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
As of December 31, 2023, the following material weaknesses have been identified:
•Information technology general controls (ITGCs) were not designed and operating effectively to ensure (i) that access to applications and data, and the ability to make program and job changes, were adequately restricted to appropriate personnel and (ii) that the activities of individuals with access to modify data and make program and job changes were appropriately monitored. Business process controls (automated and manual) that are dependent on the affected ITGCs were also deemed ineffective because they could have been adversely impacted;
•Ineffective design, implementation, and documentation of management review controls related to the valuation of inventory.
While the control deficiencies did not result in a material misstatement to the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the year ending December 31, 2023, they did represent material weaknesses as of December 31, 2023, since there existed a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company’s annual or interim financial statements would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
Management’s Remediation Measures
Management is committed to maintaining a strong internal control environment. In response to the identified material weaknesses, management, with the oversight of the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, has taken a number of remediation actions during the year ending December 31, 2023, and continues to address these deficiencies. The Company will not be able to conclude that the material weaknesses are remediated until the applicable controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through formal testing, that the controls are operating effectively. Remediation actions taken include the following:
Information technology:
• The Company continued to strengthen the design and implementation of logical access, change management, and IT operation controls through proper segregation of duties, monitoring controls, and the development of controls around critical jobs.
• The Company procured IT subject matter experts and created an Identity and Access Management team within Information Security to improve ownership and consistency of control execution including the user provisioning process and quarterly user access reviews.
• The Company implemented a formal management training and remediation program, which has promoted risk-based prioritization of remediating findings and a mechanism to track continuous improvement.
Inventory valuation:
The Company created a robust management review control process to:
•Document steps taken by management to perform the review, assess reasonableness, and investigate matters;
•Apply the appropriate level of precision and defined criteria to drive review and investigative procedures;
•Evidence the performance of each management review activity prescribed in the control; and
•Improve the validation of the completeness and accuracy of key reports used in inventory valuation controls.
The Company hired additional resources including:
•Additions to our cost accounting team with appropriate technical knowledge to support inventory accounting requirements;
•A leadership resource to lead internal controls efforts; and
•External resources to assist in the remediation efforts and internal control execution, as well as additional training to personnel.
Attestation Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Marcum LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, which report follows below.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Other than the ongoing remediation measures discussed above, there have been no other changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) which occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2023, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 9B. Other Information.
None.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Item 11. Executive Compensation.
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.
(a)Documents filed as a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:
(1)Financial Statements-See Index to Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedule at Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
(2)Financial Statement Schedules-See Index to Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedule at Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. All other schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or not required.
(3)Index to Exhibits.
EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibit
No. Description
2.1 Merger Agreement, dated September 11, 2018, by and between Schyan Exploration Inc./Exploration Schyan Inc., Schyan Sub, Inc., and Trulieve, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on January 12, 2021 (File No. 333-252052))
2.2 Arrangement Agreement, dated May 10, 2021, between Trulieve Cannabis Corp. and Harvest Health & Recreation Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on May 13, 2021 (File No. 000-56248))
3.1 Articles of Trulieve Cannabis Corp., as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on January 12, 2021 (File No. 333-252052))
4.1 Subordinate Voting Shares Specimen Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on January 12, 2021 (File No. 333-252052))
4.7 Trust Indenture, dated June 18, 2019, by and between Trulieve Cannabis Corp. and Odyssey Trust Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on January 12, 2021 (File No. 333-252052))
4.8 Warrant Indenture, dated June 18, 2019, by and between Trulieve Cannabis Corp. and Odyssey Trust Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on January 12, 2021 (File No. 333-252052))
4.9 Supplemental Warrant Indenture, dated November 7, 2019, by and between Trulieve Cannabis Corp. and Odyssey Trust Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.9 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on January 12, 2021 (File No. 333-252052))
4.10 Supplemental Warrant Indenture, dated December 10, 2020, by and between Trulieve Cannabis Corp. and Odyssey Trust Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.10 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on January 12, 2021 (File No. 333-252052))
4.11 Description of Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.11 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 8, 2023 (File No. 000-56248)).
4.12 Supplemental Trust Indenture, dated as of October 6, 2021, between Trulieve Cannabis Corp. and Odyssey Trust Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 8, 2021 (File No. 000-56248))
4.13 Supplemental Warrant Indenture, dated as of October 1, 2021, between Trulieve Cannabis Corp., Harvest Health & Recreation, Inc. and Odyssey Trust Company (assumed by Trulieve Cannabis Corp. in connection with Harvest acquisition) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on January 21, 2022 (File No. 333-252052))
4.14 Replacement Purchase Warrant to Purchase Subordinate Voting Shares of Trulieve Cannabis Corp., dated October 1, 2021, issued by Trulieve Cannabis Corp. to Russon Holdings Limited (assumed by Trulieve Cannabis Corp. in connection with Harvest acquisition) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.9 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on January 21, 2022 (File No. 333-252052))
4.15 Form of Warrant to Purchase Subordinate Voting Shares of Harvest Health & Recreation Inc., dated May 10, 2019, issued to Purchasers of 7% Unsecured Convertible Debentures (assumed by Trulieve Cannabis Corp. in connection with Harvest acquisition) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.10 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on January 21, 2022 (File No. 333-252052))
4.16 Warrant dated April 23, 2020 issued by Harvest Health & Recreation, Inc. to Cumberland Property Leasing, LLC (assumed by Trulieve Cannabis Corp. in connection with Harvest acquisition) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.11 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on January 21, 2022 (File No. 333-252052))
4.17‡ Restricted Share Unit Award Agreement dated as of September 15, 2021 by and between Trulieve Cannabis Corp. and Jason B. Pernell Family Trust, as the assignee of Jason Pernell (replaced the Amended and Restated Warrant to Purchase Subordinate Voting Shares of Trulieve Cannabis Corp., dated as of September 21, 2018, by and between Trulieve, Inc. and the Jason B. Pernell Family Trust dated July 31, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 17, 2021 (File No. 000-56248))
4.18‡ Restricted Share Unit Award Agreement dated as of September 15, 2021 by and between Trulieve Cannabis Corp. and Kim Rivers (replaced the Warrant to Purchase Subordinate Voting Shares of Trulieve Cannabis Corp., dated September 21, 2018, by and between Trulieve, Inc. and Kim Rivers) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 17, 2021 (File No. 000-56248))
10.1‡ Schyan Exploration Inc. Stock Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on January 12, 2021 (File No. 333-252052))
10.2‡ Form of Director and Officer Indemnity Agreement, dated September 21, 2018, by and between Trulieve Cannabis Corp. and each of Kim Rivers, Thad Beshears, George Hackney, Richard S. May, Michael J. O’Donnell and Jason Pernell (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on January 12, 2021 (File No. 333-252052))
10.3‡ Form of Share Distribution Agreement (Organized Trade), dated July 2020, by and between Trulieve Cannabis Corp. and F. Ashley May, Frederick B. May Family Irrevocable Trust - 2018, John B. May Family Irrevocable Trust 2018, Elizabeth Bailey May, Elizabeth S May, Frederick B. May, Peter T. Healy, John B. May Sr., Richard S. May, Susan E Thronson, Jason Pernell, Kim Rivers, Thomas L Millner and Shade Leaf Holdings, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on January 12, 2021 (File No. 333-252052))
10.4‡ Share Distribution Agreement (Trading Plan), dated July 2020, by and between Trulieve Cannabis Corp. and Thad Beshears (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on January 12, 2021 (File No. 333-252052))
10.5 Lease Agreement between One More Wish, LLC and Trulieve, Inc., dated April 29, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on January 12, 2021 (File No. 333-252052))
10.6 Lease Agreement between One More Wish II, LLC and Trulieve, Inc., dated August 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on January 12, 2021 (File No. 333-252052))
10.7 Loan and Security Agreement, by and between Traunch Four, LLC, and George Hackney, Inc., dated May 24, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on January 12, 2021 (File No. 333-252052))
10.8 Promissory Note, dated May 24, 2018, by and between George Hackney, Inc., d/b/a Trulieve and Traunch Four, LLC, as amended by that certain First Amendment to Promissory Note dated as of December 31, 2019 and that certain Second Amendment to Promissory Note dated as of March 2, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on January 12, 2021 (File No. 333-252052))
10.90 Coattail Agreement, dated September 21, 2018, by and among Trulieve Cannabis Corp., Odyssey Trust Company and holders of the Super Voting Shares (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on January 12, 2021 (File No. 333-252052))
10.10 Share Conversion Agreement by and between Trulieve Cannabis Corp. and Kim Rivers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on January 12, 2021 (File No. 333-252052))
10.11 Registration Rights Agreement, dated November 12, 2020, by and among Trulieve Cannabis Corp., each of the shareholders set forth therein, and Raymond Boyer, as the representative of each of the shareholders set forth therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on January 12, 2021 (File No. 333-252052))
10.12 Registration Rights Agreement, dated November 12, 2020, by and among Trulieve Cannabis Corp., each of the shareholders set forth therein, and Gabriel A. Perlow, as the representative of each of the shareholders set forth therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on January 12, 2021 (File No. 333-252052))
10.13 Promissory Note, dated May 24, 2018, by and between George Hackney, Inc., d/b/a Trulieve and Kim Rivers, as amended by that certain First Amendment to Promissory Note dated as of December 31, 2019 and that certain Second Amendment to Promissory Note dated as of March 2, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on January 12, 2021 (File No. 333-252052))
10.14 Registration Rights Agreement, dated July 7, 2021, by and among Trulieve Cannabis Corp., each of the shareholders set forth therein, and Michael J. Badey, as the representative of each of the shareholders set forth therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on January 21, 2022 (File No. 333-252052))
10.15‡ Executive Employment Agreement, dated September 29, 2021, by and between Trulieve Cannabis Corp. and Kimberly Rivers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 30, 2021 (File No. 000-56248))
10.16‡ Executive Employment Agreement, dated September 29, 2021, by and between Trulieve Cannabis Corp. and Alex D’Amico (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 30, 2021 (File No. 000-56248))
10.17‡ Executive Employment Agreement, dated September 29, 2021, by and between Trulieve Cannabis Corp. and Eric Powers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 30, 2021 (File No. 000-56248))
10.18‡ Executive Employment Agreement, dated September 29, 2021, by and between Trulieve Cannabis Corp. and Kyle Landrum (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on January 21, 2022 (File No. 333-252052)
10.19‡ Executive Employment Agreement, dated September 29, 2021, by and between Trulieve Cannabis Corp. and Tim Morey (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on January 21, 2022 (File No. 333-252052))
10.20‡
Executive Employment Agreement, dated January 3, 2023, by and between Trulieve Cannabis Corp. and Joy Malivuk (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 on the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2023, as filed with the SEC on May 10, 2023 (File No. 000-56248)).
10.21+‡
Executive Employment Agreement, effective as of January 1, 2024, by and between Trulieve Cannabis Corp. and Wes Getman.
10.22+‡
Executive Employment Agreement, effective as of January 29, 2024, by and between Trulieve Cannabis Corp. and Marie Zhang.
10.23 Form of Voting Support and Lock-Up Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on May 13, 2021 (File No. 000-56248))
10.24 Form of Voting Support Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on May 13, 2021 (File No. 000-56248))
10.25‡
Harvest Health and Recreation Inc. 2018 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the SEC on October 6, 2021 (File No. 333-260098))
10.26‡
Harvest Health and Recreation Inc. Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the SEC on October 6, 2021 (File No. 333-260098))
10.27‡
Trulieve Cannabis Corp. 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 11, 2021 (File No. 000-56248))
10.28‡
Amended and Restated Trulieve Cannabis Corp. 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by references to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-56248)).
10.29 Loan Agreement dated December 21, 2022 between Trulieve Capps Highway LLC and Valley National Bank, as agent, and the lenders named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 8, 2023 (File No. 000-56248)).
10.30 First Amendment to Loan Agreement, dated as of May 9, 2023 and effective as of December 21, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 on the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2023, as filed with the SEC on May 10, 2023 (File No. 000-56248)).
10.31 Second Amendment to Loan Agreement, dated as of May 9, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 on the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2023, as filed with the SEC on May 10, 2023 (File No. 000-56248)).
10.32+
Loan Agreement dated December 22, 2023 between Trulieve Centaury Way, LLC and First Federal Bank
21.1+
Subsidiaries of the Registrant as of December 31, 2023
23.1+
Consent, Marcum LLP
31.1+ Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2+ Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1+ Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
99.1+ Appendix A (Licenses and Permits)
101.INS Inline XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL Document)
+ Filed herein.
‡ Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.