EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1646188
Filing Year: 2024
Filename: 1646188_10-K_2024_0001213900-24-028244.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1. Business.
This business description should be read in conjunction with our audited Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (the “Form 10-K”), which are incorporated herein by this reference.
The use of the words “we,” “our,” the “Company” and “Ondas Holdings” in this Form 10-K refer to Ondas Holdings Inc. and its subsidiaries.
Corporate Overview
Ondas Holdings Inc. is a leading provider of private wireless, drone, and automated data solutions through its subsidiaries Ondas Networks Inc. (“Ondas Networks”), Ondas Autonomous Holdings Inc. (“OAH”), Airobotics, Ltd (“Airobotics”), and American Robotics, Inc. (“American Robotics” or “AR”). Airobotics is an Israeli-based developer of autonomous drone systems. American Robotics is a leading developer of highly automated commercial drone systems. Airobotics and American Robotics operate together under OAH as a separate business unit called Ondas Autonomous Systems. Ondas Networks and Ondas Autonomous Systems together provide users in rail, energy, mining, public safety and critical infrastructure and government markets with improved connectivity, data collection capabilities, and data collection and information processing capabilities. We operate Ondas Networks and Ondas Autonomous Systems as separate business segments, and the following is a discussion of each segment. See Note 1, Note 2, and Note 12 of the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding our segments.
Ondas Networks
Ondas Networks provides wireless connectivity solutions enabling mission-critical Industrial Internet applications and services. We refer to these applications as the Mission-Critical Internet of Things (“MC-IoT”). Our wireless networking products are applicable to a wide range of MC-IoT applications, which are most often located at the very edge of large industrial networks. These applications require secure, real-time connectivity with the ability to process large amounts of data at the edge of large industrial networks. Such applications are required in all of the major critical infrastructure markets, including rail, electric grids, drones, oil and gas, and public safety, homeland security and government, where secure, reliable and fast operational decisions are required in order to improve efficiency and ensure a high degree of safety and security.
We design, develop, manufacture, sell and support FullMAX, our patented, Software Defined Radio (“SDR”) platform for secure, licensed, private, wide-area broadband networks. Our customers install FullMAX systems in order to upgrade and expand their legacy wide-area network infrastructure. We have targeted the North American freight rail operators for the initial adoption of our FullMAX platform. These rail operators currently operate legacy communications systems utilizing serial-based narrowband wireless technologies for voice and data communications. These legacy wireless networks have limited data capacity and are unable to support the adoption of new, intelligent train control and management systems. Our MC-IoT intellectual property has been adopted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (“IEEE”), the leading worldwide standards body in data networking protocols, and forms the core of the IEEE 802.16 standard. Because standards-based communications solutions are preferred by our mission-critical customers and ecosystem partners, we continue to take a leadership position in IEEE as it relates to wireless networking for industrial markets. The freight rail operators through the Association of American Railroads (“AAR”) and its advisory subsidiary MxV Rail have adopted the IEEE 802.16 standard for future private wireless networks.
Our software-based FullMAX platform is an important and timely upgrade solution for privately-owned and operated wireless wide-area networks, leveraging Internet Protocol-based communications to provide more reliability and data capacity for our mission-critical infrastructure customers. We believe industrial and critical infrastructure markets throughout the globe have reached an inflection point where legacy serial and analog based protocols and network transport systems no longer meet industry needs. In addition to offering enhanced data throughput, FullMAX is an intelligent networking platform enabling the adoption of sophisticated operating systems and equipment supporting next-generation MC-IoT applications over wide field areas. These new MC-IoT applications and related equipment require more processing power at the edge of large industrial networks and the efficient utilization of network capacity and scarce bandwidth resources which can be supported by the “Fog-computing” capability integrated in our end-to-end network platform. Fog-computing utilizes management software to enable edge compute processing and data and application prioritization in the field enabling our customers more reliable, real-time operating control of these new, intelligent MC-IoT equipment and applications at the edge.
Ondas Autonomous Systems
Our Ondas Autonomous Systems business unit develops and integrates drone-based solutions focusing on high-performance critical applications for government and Tier-1 commercial enterprises. Ondas is marketing comprehensive drone-based solutions to address the needs of governmental and commercial customers based on its commercially available platforms: the Optimus System™, a fully autonomous drone platform capable of continuous and multipurpose aerial data capturing and analytics, and the Iron Drone Raider™ , a fully autonomous interceptor drone designed to neutralize small hostile drones.
Our unique, fully autonomous platforms enable cutting-edge aerial capabilities and are designed to serve and protect critical infrastructure and operations. Our business focuses on end-user entities in Public Safety, Defense, Homeland Security, Smart City, Port Authorities, State Departments, and other governmental entities together with commercial customers of industrial sensitive facilities such as Oil & Gas, Seaports, Mining, and Heavy Construction. For these industries, Ondas Autonomous Systems provides specialized real-time aerial data capturing and aerial protection solutions in the most complex environments such as urban areas, sensitive and critical facilities and field area operations, and high-priority projects. In addition, we offer a wide suite of supplementary, enabling services for successful implementation such as AI data analytics, data automation, IT implementation, safety planning, certification, training, and maintenance, handling all the complex aspects of such high-performance drone operations.
Our portfolio companies, American Robotics and Airobotics, form a unique, powerful, and synergistic combination covering all the aspects required for successful Aerospace business together with data technologies and services for digital transformation industries. Our companies are specialized in addressing all the challenges arising along these types of product lifecycles including research and development, manufacturing, certification, and ongoing support.
Ondas Autonomous Systems and its portfolio companies have already gained a track record of industry-leading regulatory successes including the securing of the first-of-its-kind Type Certification (TC) from the FAA for the Optimus 1-EX UAV on September 25, 2023, becoming the first autonomous security data capture UAV to achieve this distinction. TC, recognized as the highest echelon of Airworthiness Certification, streamline operational approvals for broad flight operations over people and infrastructure. The certification verifies the compliance of the system’s design with the required FAA airworthiness and noise standards, ensuring safe operation within the US National Airspace System (NAS) thereby significantly broadening the range of operational scenarios and scaling up of operations for automated UAS. Achieving FAA Type Certification will enable drone operations beyond-visual-line-of-sight (BVLOS) without a human operator on-site. With a strong footprint in the US market and worldwide, we believe that Ondas Autonomous Systems is well-positioned with proven technology, a unique offering, and strong capabilities to strategically transform critical operations with our cutting-edge drone tech and capabilities.
Partnership with Siemens and Market Advancements
Ondas Networks and Siemens Mobility (“Siemens”) have a strategic partnership to both market our FullMAX-based networking technology and services and to jointly develop wireless communications products for the North American Rail Industry based on Siemens’ Advanced Train Control System (“ATCS”) protocol and our FullMAX MC-IoT platform.
We believe Siemens has both the sales and marketing reach and support to drive our technology to wide scale acceptance across the global rail market beginning with the North American Class I Railroad market. We have a jointly-developed product with Siemens - the dual-mode ATCS/MC-IoT radio systems, and Siemens is marketing and selling our proprietary systems under the brand name Airlink to our railroad customers. The dual-mode ATCS radio systems support Siemens’ extensive installed base of ATCS radios as well as offer Siemens’ customers the ability to support a host of new advanced rail applications utilizing our MC-IoT wireless system. These new applications, including Advanced Grade Crossing Activation and Monitoring, Wayside Inspection, Railcar Monitoring and next generation signaling and train control systems, are designed to increase railroad productivity, reduce costs and improve safety. In addition, Siemens markets and sells Ondas Networks’ standalone MC-IoT 802.16 products under the Siemens Airlink brand.
Ondas and Siemens developed a new locomotive radio to support European Railroads. We secured an initial volume order from Siemens for the Class I Rail 900 MHz Network consisting of both ATCS compatible products along with Ondas’ catalog products. We received government authorization to sell ATCS radios in Canada and Siemens and launched our joint effort for the European market at Innotrans in Berlin. Siemens and Ondas demonstrated our over the air compatibility to systems used by passenger rails in the Northeast Corridor of the US. In addition, we have developed a new radio for the Head of Train (HOT) Market in North America and a similar product for the Indian rail market. Siemens has received initial orders for the HOT product from a customer in India.
In March 2023 the AAR formally announced that IEEE 802.16 standard would be the wireless platform for the greenfield 900 MHz network. In April 2023, the American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association (AREMA) voted to require the use of 802.16 in the 900 MHz greenfield band; The AAR also confirmed they have agreed with the Federal Communications Committee to retire the legacy 900 MHz band by September 2025 and that the wireless network in the new 900 MHz band would be substantially built by April 2026. In May and June 2023, we responded to RFPs to passenger rail customers in the Northeast Corridor. In February 2024, Ondas received an order from Siemens to develop and supply the next generation ACSES PTC data radio in the 220 MHz frequency band to be designed specifically for the Northeast Corridor which includes integration of Ondas’ IEEE 802.16 capability.
Our relationship with Siemens has expanded significantly since entering into the partnership both with (i) the wider marketing of our wireless technology platform and (ii) multiple additional joint-product programs. Siemens has expanded its marketing reach of Ondas Networks products with identified opportunities in North American Transit Rail as well as in European and Asian Rail markets. We believe our technology has broad potential in these large, newly targeted markets.
Our Strategy
Our goal is to be a global leader in providing turnkey data solutions for industrial, public safety and government markets by offering i) secure wireless connectivity solutions enabling high-bandwidth, mission-critical Industrial Internet applications and services through Ondas Networks and ii) aerial security and data collection and analysis via automated drone platforms through Ondas Autonomous Systems.
The key elements of our growth strategy include the following:
● Deliver multiple North American Class I Railroad network opportunities through our FullMAX platform. Our marketing and business development efforts combined with our exclusive strategic partnership with Siemens has generated the potential for significant sales in our targeted end markets. We expect large-scale commercial adoption of our network technology by the North American Class 1 Railroad operators in the newly awarded 900 MHz frequency band. Ondas and Siemens together are working with our railroad customers on commercial deployment strategies which we expect will significantly increase purchase orders for equipment and services in the North American Class I Rail markets with expansion plans into passenger and transit markets. In addition, together with Siemens and the Rail industry, we are positioning our FullMAX platform as an upgrade for both the 450 MHz HOT network and the legacy 160 MHz voice-centric networks owned and operated by the North American Class 1 Railroad operators.
● Expand fleet deployments of our Optimus System™ in the US by marketing solutions to the government and commercial markets, focusing on critical infrastructure and public safety applications first, to overcome the drone industry’s regulatory and operational barriers and extend our first-mover advantage. We have developed a strong customer pipeline with planned commercial deployments of our Optimus System™ for government and commercial markets for public safety, smart city, and inspection and monitoring of critical assets, industrial facilities, and construction projects. We plan to leverage our unique industry positioning, owning the first drone system approved by the FAA for automated remote operation BVLOS without a human operator or visual observer on-site, and other qualitative advantages of our organization and talent. We will focus on supporting fleet deployments with existing customers while expanding our pipeline of new customer relationships that can be converted to fleet deployments.
● Expand fleet deployments of our Optimus System™ worldwide by leveraging new distribution partners - new international markets with partners we have announced worldwide. In addition, we plan to secure additional customers and distribution partners for our Optimus System™ and Iron Drone Raider™, while supporting and expanding our fleet deployments in the UAE with existing customers, expanding our new customer pipeline, and pursuing new joint ventures.
● Expand our offering to the defense sector in the US and worldwide marketing based on our Iron Drone Raider™ platform and Optimus System™. We plan to secure a Green UAS List designation from a program administered by the Association for Uncrewed Vehicle Systems (“AUVSI”) in order to certify the Optimus System™ as compliant with the highest levels of cybersecurity and supply chain requirements as outlined in the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA). We believe inclusion on the Green List will further demonstrate the maturity and quality of our system and help accelerate acceptance from U.S. governmental entities for use in defense, homeland security, public safety, and municipal markets requiring the highest levels of security and reliability. Upon successful completion of the program, we believe our Optimus drone will be the only Green UAS certified drone that has also received an FAA Type Certificate. We believe the Green List provides an opportunity to transition from the Green UAS cleared list to the Blue UAS cleared list and be eligible for purchase by the U.S. Department of Defense. We plan to finalize the Green List certification by the end of April 2024.
● Expand our industrial wireless and autonomous drone solutions via additional partnerships, joint ventures, or acquisitions. In addition to internal investment and development, we will continue to actively pursue external opportunities to enhance our product offerings and solutions for our critical infrastructure customers via joint ventures, partnerships, and acquisitions. We intend to focus on companies with complementary technologies or product offerings or synergistic distribution strategies.
Our Business Model
Ondas Networks
We sell our FullMAX MC-IoT wireless products and services globally through a direct sales force and value-added sales partners to industrial and critical infrastructure providers including major rail operators, with growth opportunities in other markets such as commercial and industrial drone operators, electric and gas utilities, water and wastewater utilities, oil and gas producers and pipeline operators, and for other critical infrastructure applications in areas such as public safety, homeland security and defense, and transportation. We continue to develop our value-added reseller relationships which today include a strategic partnership with Siemens for the development of new types of wireless connectivity for the North American Rail market as well as selected global markets in both Europe and Asia. We believe our Siemens’ partnership is indicative of the potential for additional Tier 1 partnerships in our other vertical markets including securing reseller relationships with major suppliers to the worldwide government and homeland security markets.
In executing our go-to-market strategy, we intend to monetize our software-based intellectual property and grow revenue and cash flow with embedded FullMAX software sales, Software-as-a-Service (“SaaS”) arrangements, IP royalties based on Ondas Networks software and through additional services provided to customers and ecosystem partners. Customers deploy our connectivity and Fog-computing platform in private networks that are designed for lifetimes of 10 - 15 years or even longer. Our FullMAX platform is software-defined and offers customers flexibility to expand capacity and evolve network utilization. Similarly, our ecosystem partners often integrate our FullMAX software and wireless capability into their own long-lived equipment and systems which their customers purchase and deploy. As such, we believe our software solutions provide ongoing revenue opportunities related to both connectivity value and edge computing capability. Customers and ecosystem partners will require ongoing FullMAX system and security enhancements and for us to design additional features which create opportunities for additional, recurring revenue and profit streams. Our monetization strategies include:
Systems sales: Our FullMAX deployments are typically large, mission-critical wide-area networks deployed and privately operated by our industrial and government customers. These end-to-end system deployments involve sales consisting of both base stations and edge radio end points with embedded FullMAX software and network management software and tools.
Software and hardware maintenance agreements: Our customers contract with us for extended software and hardware maintenance which provide them with critical ongoing support for their installed network. These contracts provide revenue to us in the year following an initial installation. Software maintenance licenses entitle the customer to ongoing software and security upgrades as well as enabling the provision of additional system features. Similarly, hardware maintenance programs provide customers with extended equipment warranty terms for an installed network.
These arrangements allow our customers to continue to maintain a modern, flexible and upgradeable network over a long period of time. These agreements may extend for multiple years given the long average life of the installed and growing network.
Licensing / Royalties: In certain system deployments, our ecosystem partners may choose to embed FullMAX software into their own hardware and software platforms providing us with an ongoing per device multi-year revenue stream. Licensing is an effective way for an ecosystem partner to jumpstart customer activity. Alternatively, a partner may choose to develop software based on our intellectual property generating royalty revenue.
Other Services: We provide ancillary services directly related to the sale of our wireless communications products which include wireless network design, systems engineering, radio frequency planning, software configuration, product training, installation, and onsite support. Furthermore, we also provide engineering and product development services to ecosystem partners who are interested in integrating their intelligent equipment with our FullMAX SDR platform and need our expertise to do so.
Ondas Autonomous Systems
Ondas Autonomous Systems markets aerial solutions based on its Optimus System™ and Iron Drone Raider™ platforms via direct sales to enterprises and government customers. Additionally, Ondas Autonomous Systems utilizes channel marketing strategies, building a network of partners and agents to distribute our solutions. We focus on identifying and qualifying large, sophisticated customers with active drone programs who have the ability and intent to expand those programs and eventually deploy fleets of automated drones across their portfolio of assets. Our unique value proposition is based on our core strategic capability to provide holistic solutions, being a trusted one-stop-shop for major entities, and de-risking innovative complex drone implementation processes.
After initial customer qualification, contracting and the receipt of a purchase order, we ship and install our platforms and solutions on the customer premises. Via American Robotics and Airobotics staff, we are planning our customers deployments providing complete support for all stages of implementation. Our field service personnel remain on location for a short period of time to ensure the programmed automated drone operations are meeting customer and regulatory requirements and implemented successfully on-prem, on-time and on-budget.
We offer our solutions in several business models designated to allow the required flexibility and benefits for our customers and creating recurring revenues and organic growth within our accounts:
● Drone Infrastructure and Data-as-a-Service (DaaS) - This model is the typical agreement we have with our customers. Our Optimus System™ based solutions can be provided under a DaaS agreement where we bundle hardware, software, operations, and maintenance into one annual subscription fee. We install the Optimus Systems as a fixed aerial infrastructure on premises or areas serving one or multiple customers on a flexible consumption business model allowing end users to procure aerial and data services over the drone network in the area. This model is applicable in two major scenarios:
o Owner/Operator Model - For example, an agreement with a construction site owner/operator as the central user of the services with additional aerial data services to subcontractors and tenants of the construction site. The site owner/operator will use the drone infrastructure for progress remote monitoring and planed-vs-built applications, and in addition will allow more services to the site’s tenants and sub-contractors such as monitoring and inspection and data collection use cases. In many instances, multiple customers will subscribe for each unique service.
o Joint-Venture Model - For example, when entering an urban industrial area and deploying the drone infrastructure in partnership with an established local governmental or commercial entity and providing data service to the entity and to third party customers in the region creating recurring revenue by increasing the amount and type of service provided over to drone network.
● Direct Sales & Service - Our Optimus System™ and Iron Drone Raider™ platforms can be purchased and be owned and operated by our end users or resellers via partnerships or joint ventures with third party drone services providers. These types of agreements typically include arrangements for ongoing services including training and maintenance. System purchases can be preferred by certain public safety and homeland security customers directly or via distribution through value-added resellers and partners.
Our Products and Services
Ondas Networks
Ondas Networks has developed a next-generation radio platform specifically to meet the evolving data needs of large industrial and government customers and markets. These markets are differentiated from consumer markets in that the customers assets are dispersed over very wide and remote geographies with specific challenges to installation, maintenance, and upgrades. These challenges led us to design a new type of software-based radio platform capable of supporting a long useful life to the network hardware. Instead of using low cost, off the shelf, dedicated communications chipsets (“ASICs”), we selected powerful programmable embedded general-purpose processors, DSPs, and FPGAs, all of which are software upgradable. Our software defined radio (“SDR”) architecture allows us to customize almost any aspect of the air interface protocol, the key components of which are patented and have been incorporated into new IEEE wireless standards. The ability to constantly improve customer networks and hosted software applications with flexible, over-the-air software upgrade helps create customer loyalty and creates high switching costs.
Our FullMAX SDR platform is designed to enable highly secure and reliable industrial-grade connectivity for truly mission-critical applications. An end-to-end FullMAX network consists of connected wireless base stations, fixed and mobile edge radios and supporting technology all enabled by critical software developed and owned by Ondas Networks. The Fog-computing capability integrated in our end-to-end FullMAX SDR platform, primarily through docker container technology, is valued by our customers and ecosystem partners as they seek to leverage the value of MC-IoT applications for improved safety, efficiency, and profitability. Our IEEE 802.16s compliant equipment is designed to optimize the performance of unused or underutilized VHF / UHF low frequencies licensed radio spectrum and narrower channels. We do this through various patented software algorithms including via “spectrum harvesting” techniques which aggregate narrowband channels to create increased broadband network capacity. Our channel aggregation algorithms include the ability to aggregate hard to utilize, non-contiguous narrowband channels and are a hallmark feature of a FullMAX broadband system.
The critical software algorithms powering our end-to-end FullMAX wireless SDR platform and related Fog-computing architecture have been developed by and are owned by Ondas Networks. FullMAX is an intelligent networking system which integrates core network management systems with edge computing resources including computing hardware and MC-IoT software applications. In the MC-IoT Fog enabled by FullMAX, base stations are enabled with a highly configurable Quality of Service algorithms which coordinate the data traffic within the Fog for both the edge radio and the resident MC-IoT applications. The intelligent base stations control and manage all network resources including our edge remotes; dynamically allocating bandwidth, prioritizing data packets and managing edge applications. The intelligent software-managed base stations determine whether to process data at the edge, distribute data traffic across the Fog to other edge remote radios or to transport information to the corporate Cloud. Our Edge remotes have embedded compute capability and are able to host MC-IoT applications including those from third party vendors via virtualized software systems managed in docker / container architectures and can also manage data from intelligent equipment or sensor networks that interface with the edge remotes in the field. Our software-managed edge remotes offer security via authentication, multi-layer encryption and virtual software firewalls which are requirements for mission-critical data networks.
We are dedicated to promoting standards-based wireless connectivity solutions for our customers. Our FullMAX platform is compliant with the mission critical wireless Industrial Internet IEEE 802.16. Since 2017, the specifications in the IEEE 802.16 standard are primarily based on our FullMAX technology, and many of our customers and industrial partners actively support our technology during the IEEE standards-making process. In January 2020, a new working group was launched by the IEEE to establish IEEE 802.16t, a further evolution of this wireless standard. The IEEE 802.16t working group includes industry-leading trade organizations such as the Association of American Railroads (“AAR”), MxV Rail (“MxV Rail”), the Utilities Technology Council (UTC) and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), as well as representation from world-leading transportation and oil and gas companies. IEEE 802.16t has now received approval to be incorporated into the standard, which is expected to be published in 2024. This new version of the standard has incorporated many new critical functionalities including support for software control/coordinate base stations and direct peer to peer (DPP) connections. We expect our technology to remain a prominent feature of this evolving standard.
Ondas Autonomous Systems
We provide our customers with turnkey data and security aerial solutions designed to meet their unique requirements in complex environments. Our solutions combine our platforms the Optimus System™ and Iron Drone Raider™ together with a wide suite of supplementary services to insure successful deployment and integration of the solution on-prem.
The Optimus System™
The Optimus System™ is a fully autonomous drone platform capable of continuous and multipurpose drone operations for various applications. As one of the world’s first “drone-in-a-box” type drone, the Optimus System™, is marketed as an “Aerial Drone Infrastructure”. The Optimus System™ is deployed for aerial data collection and analysis for security, surveillance, and supervision in governmental and commercial end markets. The Optimus System™ provides a cutting-edge solution to various use cases of public safety, security, industrial Smart City and other critical operations. The platform enables routine high-resolution on-demand aerial response, together with automated aerial mapping, surveying, and inspection capabilities, which are highly valued in the relevant digital transformation and Gov-Tech markets such as Public Services, Oil & Gas, Infrastructure, heavy construction, Rail and Ports and more.
The Optimus System™ consists of (i) Optimus™, a highly automated, AI-powered drone with advanced imaging payloads, (ii) the Airbase™, a ruggedized weatherproof base station for housing, battery swapping, battery charging, payload swapping, data processing, and cloud transfer, and (iii) Insightful™, a secure web portal and API which enables remote interaction with the system, data, and resulting analytics anywhere in the world. These major subsystems are connected via a host of supporting technologies. Airbase™ has internal robotic systems that enable the automated swapping of batteries and payloads. Automated battery swapping allows for 24/7 operation of Optimus as the Optimus drone can immediately be redeployed after returning to the dock for a battery swap. Similarly, the ability to autonomously swap sensors and advanced payloads without human intervention allows for the Optimus System™ to provide multiple applications and use cases from a single location.
We design, develop and manufacture the Optimus System™, an autonomous drone platform, providing high-fidelity, ultra-high-resolution aerial security and data collection and analysis to enterprise and government customers. We currently prioritize the marketing of our Optimus System™ which provides customers with turnkey aerial security and data collection services and the ability to continuously digitize, analyze, and monitor their assets and field operations in real-time or near real-time.
The Optimus System™ has been designed from the ground up as an end-to-end product capable of continuous unattended operations in the real world. Powered by innovations in robotics automation, machine vision, edge computing, and AI. Once installed in the field at customer locations, a fleet of connected Optimus Systems™, which are often deployed as networked drone infrastructure, remains indefinitely positioned in an area of operation, automatically collecting, and seamlessly delivering security, data and information regularly and reliably.
The Iron Drone Raider™ System
In March 2023, Airobotics acquired the assets of Iron Drone Ltd, an Israeli counter-drone company, and fully integrated its team and technology into the Company.
We offer The Iron Drone Raider™ system, which is a state-of-the-art counter-drone solution designed to counter small drones as they are a growing threat in many defense, homeland security, and public safety aspects. As a cutting-edge technology, it is specifically marketed to military, government, and enterprise customers, offering robust defense and security for critical infrastructure, valuable assets, and human lives.
The Iron Drone Raider™ is comprised of a docking station and intercepting drones and can be integrated into any mobile drone detection system. The heart of the Raider™ lies in its level of autonomy, allowing it to fly without GPS, day, or night, and safely neutralize small suspicious drones with minimal collateral damage, lowering them to the ground with a designated parachute. The system uses AI technologies and onboard cameras and computers to enable it to detect and intercept unauthorized or hostile drones effectively, capable of addressing multiple hostile drone targets simultaneously. It can seamlessly integrate with various existing drone detection systems, making it adaptable and versatile for different operational contexts.
During 2023 we upgraded the Iron Drone Raider™ system to address the needs of the Israel defense industries market and end users to support the efforts of protecting military and civil operations against the threat of small kamikaze and surveillance hostile drones.
Ondas Autonomous Systems Services
Ondas Autonomous Systems provides specialized real-time aerial data capturing and analytics together with aerial protection services based on its systems. In addition, we offer a wide suite of supplementary enabling services for successful implementation and customization such as AI data analytics, data automation, IT implementation, safety planning, certification, training, and maintenance, handling all the complex aspects of such high-performance drone operations. This unique combination makes our enterprise a one-stop-shop of visionary drone installations.
Certification and Aviation Regulatory Services. American Robotics and Airobotics have industry leading regulatory successes which include having the first drone system approved by the FAA for automated operation BVLOS without a human operator or visual observer on-site. American Robotics’ FAA approvals were enabled by integrating a suite of proprietary technologies, including Detect-and-Avoid (“DAA”) and other proprietary intelligent safety systems into its autonomous drone platform, which we plan to integrate into the Optimus System™. Our regulatory team has been working closely with Civil Aviation Authorities worldwide since 2016 to explore new and innovative approaches for approving complex automated BVLOS flights over people. Our regulatory strategy has consistently proven successful, leading to numerous pioneering regulatory accomplishments worldwide, cementing our position as a leader in the global drone industry. Our team of experts actively participates in rule-making advisory committees, drone associations, and maintains direct communication with regulators in each country we operate in. We are committed to staying ahead of the curve in terms of drone regulations and compliance. Working with us allows customers to certify and coordinate complicated drone operations with regulators worldwide.
Training, Maintenance and Remote Operations. American Robotics and Airobotics have gained substantial experience in drone operations worldwide. This includes training, maintenance and remote operations services. Our operational teams are highly qualified in all of the drone operation roles, including drone piloting, training, and maintenance. As an aerospace developer, manufacturer, and operator our operational capabilities enable our customers to overcome many operational challenges and reach operational readiness fast.
Implementation and customization. American Robotics and Airobotics have gained substantial experience in implementation and customization of our solutions to our customers. We offer support and engineering services to our customers in order to successfully integrate our aerial platforms with the highest levels of both automation and data security, quickly and efficiently.
The Market for Our Products and Services
Ondas Networks
We have targeted the North American freight rail operators for the initial adoption of our FullMAX platform. These rail operators currently operate legacy communications systems utilizing serial-based narrowband wireless technologies for voice and data communications. These legacy wireless networks have limited data capacity and are unable to support the adoption of new, intelligent train control and management systems. In addition to data capacity challenges, rail operators need to reliably cover the vast and often remotely located rail track and related infrastructure which extends nationwide. The rail operators require a next-generation, robust broadband system with significantly increased data throughput capacity and flexibility to adopt new applications. We believe a transition to integrated Fog-computing wireless communications systems will enable the rail operators to drive more intelligence to the edge of their operating environments enabling real time automation and better operator control of many critical operating systems related to train control, crossing safety, train and track integrity and drone operations. This upgrade cycle is being driven by a recent key event in which the Class 1 rail systems in the U.S are required, by 2025, to vacate a series of legacy narrowband channels given to them by the FCC. The completion of this multiyear negotiation between the FCC and other licensed users is projected to generate a major network upgrade cycle for the rail industry which will support enhanced safety and improved efficiency and profitability of train operations.
The North American Rail Network is vast in scale, consisting of 140,000 miles of track, 25,000 locomotives, and 1.6 million railcars. Within this large footprint, we believe there are 200,000 highway crossings, with at least 65,000 of the crossings equipped with electronic systems today, a number which is expected to increase in the coming years. The Class I railroads currently operate four separate private wireless networks in support of train operations. Those networks are deployed using spectrum in the 160 MHz, 220 MHz, 450 MHz and 900 MHz bands. We believe a significant portion of the communications infrastructure has been in operation for more than 20 years and now requires a technological upgrade to support new applications and increased capacity requirements. Our FullMAX MC-IoT platform offers an excellent migration path for these applications. The Class I Railroads value the ability of our frequency agnostic SDR architecture to enable a substantial data capacity increase utilizing the railroad’s existing wireless infrastructure and dedicated FCC licensed radio frequencies, as well as the flexibility to adapt to and take advantage of future changes in spectrum availability, as well as future business and operational requirements. Based upon management estimates, we believe the addressable market for the four private North American Railroad networks is approximately $1.3 billion. We believe the 900 MHz network will be the first network upgrade to adopt our FullMAX technology and we estimate that the market size for the 900 MHz network is approximately $450 million.
Ondas Autonomous Systems
The total addressable market (“TAM”) of Ondas Autonomous Systems is measured at over $100 billion in size according to management estimates and independent third-party research. The TAM comprises the potential value of Ondas’ Optimus System in the global civil and military UAV market and in the drone services market and the addressable market of the Iron-Drone Raider system in the Counter-Unmanned Aircraft Systems (C-UAS) markets.
Ondas competes in the large drone markets which was valued by a study by Spherical Insights at $28.5 billion in 2021 and forecasted to grow further at a compound annual growth rate of 27% reaching $260 billion by 2030. In addition, Ondas provides drone services including drone data and data analytics based on multiple various sensors, in addition to maintenance, repair and operational service. According to Fortune Business Insights, drone market services is valued at $13.9 billion in 2022 and projected to grow to $189.4 billion by 2030. In the US, the FAA anticipates that the growth rate in the commercial drone sector will remain high over the next few years. This is primarily driven by the regulatory clarity that Part 107 rules continues to provide to industry. This is further supported by the Operations Over People final rule, published on December 28, 2020, which is the latest incremental step towards further integration of small drones into the national airspace. Ondas has secured a key position within this market, holding the first FAA Airworthiness Type Certificate, allowing it to apply to fly its drones in complex populated environments.
In addition to the Optimus System and its related drone services, Ondas also competes in the C-UAS market providing the Iron-Drone Raider system for counter drone kinetic interception. The growing C-UAS technology market has been valued in a recent study published by Grand View Research in 2023, at $1.4 billion in 2022, and $1.9 billion in 2023, and forecasted growth at a compound annual growth rate of 28.1% from 2023 to 2030 with a revenue forecast for 2030 of $10.6 billion. We believe these studies underestimate the potential market size, because they don’t fully consider the potential effect of security vulnerabilities on the value of the activities the C-UAS equipment protects and enables, in sensitive locations such as major sporting events, and the protection of industrial assets such as in the energy and utility sectors. Notably, although the North American C-UAS marketplace is the largest by revenue, twelve other regions of the world are also active in C-UAS. High-profile events in other countries involving UAS such as the war in Ukraine, the Israel-Hamas conflict, or the December 2018 Gatwick Airport incident when reported UA sightings essentially closed that major airport - have drawn attention to the need for C-UAS technology internationally.
Customer Activity
Ondas Networks
The majority of Ondas Networks customer activity has been with the Class 1 freight railroad operators and Siemens in North America. There are seven Class I railroads in North America, all of which run multiple, frequency-specific networks for different applications. Our FullMAX platform has the flexibility to operate in all these frequency bands and will allow these customers the opportunity to better utilize their radio spectrum and add more high-value, data-intensive applications to their operations. Ondas Networks has completed multiple, testing and pilot programs with railroads including Norfolk Southern Corporation, BNSF Railway Company and CSX Corporation, three North American Class I freight railroad operators. This activity has spanned from the system validation work performed on behalf of the Association of American Railroads’ (AAR) Wireless Communications Committee (WCC) as well as the current programs managed by Ondas and Siemens to formally integrate Ondas wireless technology in operational 900 MHz networks. Our initial focus with these rail customers has been for train control applications and related safety systems in the 900 MHz frequency band where the FCC has recently awarded our railroad customers new radio spectrum.
We delivered a Rail Lab (the “dot16 Rail Lab”) to MxV Rail, a subsidiary of the AAR. The dot16 Rail Lab is hosting multiple Class 1 freight rail operators where they will perform on going network design and configuration related to optimizing the performance of our IEEE 802.16 complaint systems in connection with wide-scale field deployment. In March 2023, the Association of American Railroads (“AAR”) formally announced that IEEE 802.16 standard would be the wireless platform for the greenfield 900 MHz network. In April 2023, the American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association (AREMA) voted to require the use of 802.16 in the 900 MHz greenfield band; The AAR also confirmed they have agreed with the Federal Communications Committee to retire the legacy 900 MHz band by September 2025 and that the wireless network in the new 900 MHz band would be substantially built by April 2026.
We are currently engaged in field installation activities with multiple railroads to demonstrate integration of our FullMAX wireless systems with existing legacy train systems at the wayside through the back-office in the 900 MHz network. We believe that successful completion of this demonstrated integration activity will lead to commercial volume orders which will begin the commercial rollout of the 900 MHz with multiple Class 1 freight railroads, as well as certain short line, passenger and transit railroads in 2024 of our software-defined wireless network technology. We expect a 900 MHz network upgrade cycle across all Class I railroad systems over the next few years in order to comply with FCC license requirements and meet business needs related to safety and profitability.
We have also engaged the AAR and the WCC on the technical roadmap for the legacy 160 MHz wireless network used by the railroads in North America. We believe the 160 MHz network will be the next major wireless network the railroads upgrade utilizing IEEE 802.16t technology.,
As of December 31, 2023, Ondas Networks was active with six of the Class 1 Rails in North America and with one of the largest railroads in the world, Indian Railways, for a multi-year delivery program of locomotive radios for on-board telemetry applications.
Ondas Autonomous Systems
Our Optimus System™ addresses a wide number of applications and use cases across enterprise, industrial, and government end markets. The platform has been extensively tested both internally and externally with customers for reliability, safety, and performance. We received purchase orders from two customers in the UAE in December 2022, which represented our initial orders for commercial deployment as Urban Drone Infrastructure fleets. The initial purchase order was received for a UAE government entity with plans to primarily use the system for public safety and homeland security applications. We also announced a purchase order from Abu Dhabi-based SkyGo Transport of Goods L.L.C. (“SkyGo”). Airobotics and SkyGo have also signed a Term Sheet agreeing to enter into a joint venture (the “SkyGo JV”) to provide aerial drone services to municipal and government customers focused on Smart City use cases.
Customer interest in our aerial data services has grown significantly since receiving these initial fleet orders and that is reflected in a growing customer pipeline. The initial two customers have indicated plans to deploy approximately 50 systems in the UAE by 2025 and we believe demand could grow further. In addition, moving customers from proof-of-concept deployments to Urban Drone Infrastructure fleet deployments has validated the performance and value of our Optimus System™, which has helped both accelerate our marketing activity with existing customers and generated new customer interest to help expand the pipeline. We expect interest in our Optimus System ™ to grow significantly as awareness builds which will expand our customer pipeline.
We expect to expand customer activity in the United States as American Robotics introduces Optimus to its existing customers and expands marketing to new customers. In the United States, we are qualifying our oil and gas customers for marketing programs, and we plan to expand marketing to other industrial and government markets.
We launched our Raider™ counter-drone system in March 2023 and began seeking customer orders at the same time. We have seen significant interest in the Raider™ For potential customers and partners and on March 10, 2023 we announced that the Dubai Police has signed an MOU which expressed their intent to purchase a certain number of units of the Raider™. We expect to receive additional orders as we expand marketing channels in 2024.
Our Optimus System™ addresses a wide range of applications and use cases across enterprise, industrial, and government end markets. The platform has been extensively tested both internally and externally with customers for reliability, safety, and performance.
In the Middle East and Africa region, during 2023, we received purchase orders from two customers in the UAE, representing our initial orders for commercial deployment as Urban Drone Infrastructure fleets. The initial purchase order was received from a UAE government entity that has been deploying an urban drone infrastructure based on Our Optimus System™ since 2020. The infrastructure primarily utilizes the systems for public safety and homeland security applications. During 2023, we received a $2.6 million order for more Optimus systems and an additional service agreement with this local government entity for ongoing support and maintenance of the installed systems in Dubai. In February, we also announced a $3.6 million purchase order from Abu Dhabi-based SkyGo Transport of Goods L.L.C. (“SkyGo”). Airobotics and SkyGo have also signed a Term Sheet agreeing to enter into a joint venture (the “SkyGo JV”) to provide aerial drone services to municipal and government customers focused on Smart City use cases. We have successfully completed a Proof of Concept (PoC) with SkyGo as the first milestone, and we are looking forward to continuing the development of this new business in Abu Dhabi in 2024.
In addition to these deals, we have announced a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to collaborate for the purpose of providing aerial defensive solutions against potential aerial threats and to cooperate in the implementation of the Optimus System™. Through the MOU, Airobotics and Dubai Police will work towards developing joint activities in fields of common interest, aligning the Optimus System with the operational goals of Dubai Police, and implementing AI technologies to enhance the performance of the Optimus and Iron-Drone systems. Dubai Police also declared its intention to purchase a certain number of our counter-drone solution, Iron Drone Raider™.
We have also announced collaboration with Rafael Advanced Defense Systems Ltd, the Israeli leading defense company, utilizing each company’s technology to leverage the Optimus System™ Infrastructure and Rafael’s newly unveiled METRO DOME and DRONE DOME to enable advanced autonomous drone operations and services for municipal and government clients in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
In addition to our activities in the Middle East, we have announced entering a strategic alliance with Saudi Excellence, one of the leading companies in the Gulf region. This alliance aims to bring next-generation security and defense technologies to Saudi government and enterprises across the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Our goal is to establish a local drone infrastructure throughout the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and to develop and foster an ecosystem of technology and service providers across the KSA by employing local staff and working closely with local partners.
Furthermore, we have announced a strategic partnership with Morocco-Based Maghrebnet, a Moroccan vendor specialized in information technologies, security, networks, telecommunications, electricity, and renewable energies. The partnership is intended to offer advanced drone infrastructure in North Africa and to manufacture Optimus Drone-In-a-Box systems in the Kingdom of Morocco and the Republic of Senegal. Additionally, we aim to establish a Joint Research and Development (R&D) & Training center in Morocco.
In Israel, during February 2023, we announced an additional purchase order from a major Semiconductor Chip Manufacturer where Our Optimus System™ has been deployed since 2016. Since 2020, Optimus operations have extended to support a mega construction project, providing a unified data platform and analytics services to the company and its contractor companies. The Optimus System and its geo-visual data platform are being utilized by hundreds of users, including project owner staff and contractors, to visualize, understand, and share the status of construction. The system provides a shared data platform and portal that enhances productivity and communication between teams and organizations while maintaining its original security and remote supervision routine operations.
Additionally, in response to the Israeli-Gaza crisis, we announced that we are accelerating our development process of the Iron Drone Raider™ system to meet specific requirements of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). Furthermore, we announced the awarding of a $0.5 million grant from the Israel Innovation Authority to further advance the features of Iron Drone Raider™ features. We believe these efforts will lead to purchase orders in the first quarter 2024.
In the United States, we announced that American Robotics commenced a paid pilot program with the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (“MassDOT”) Aeronautics Division. During the fourth quarter 2023 and the first quarter of 2024, American Robotics deployed the Optimus System™ and conducted several successful demonstrations for MassDOT stakeholders, featuring rail inspections, emergency response, and environmental monitoring applications. During these demonstrations, the Optimus system operated remotely and autonomously, following American Robotics’ receipt of FAA waivers for beyond-visual-line-of-sight drone operations. We expect to secure systems purchase in 2024 as a result of this activity and to expand program to include fleet deployments of the Optimus System.
We anticipate expanding customer activity in the United States as American Robotics introduces Optimus to its existing customers and broadens its marketing efforts to reach new customers. In the United States, we are also qualifying more government customers from additional state and federal departments for marketing programs, and we plan to expand marketing efforts to other industrial and government markets. We are also planning to introduce Iron Drone Raider to customers in the United States in the security and defense sectors in 2024.
Customer interest in our aerial data services has experienced significant growth in the US market and worldwide. Operations of our Optimus System™ in the Middle East and the USA have not only accelerated our marketing activities with existing customers but have also generated new customer interest, thereby expanding our pipeline. Additionally, ongoing conflicts worldwide, particularly in Europe and the Middle East, have heightened the demand for our technologies. As more entities recognize the potential of autonomous drones and the necessity of protecting against them, interest in our Optimus System™ and Iron Drone Raider™ is expected to surge. We believe this increased awareness will further expand our customer pipeline in the United States and worldwide.
Manufacturing, Availability and Dependence upon Suppliers
Ondas Networks and Ondas Autonomous Systems utilize outsourced manufacturing partners in the building of product to fulfill customer orders. Utilizing contract manufacturers allows us to focus on designing, developing and selling our products. Furthermore, outsourced manufacturing allows us to leverage the economies of scale and expertise of specialized outsourced manufacturers, reduce manufacturing and supply chain risk and distribution costs.
Ondas Networks designs the printed circuit boards and enclosures for our radios. The physical manufacturing of FullMAX circuit boards is outsourced to best-in-class industrial contract manufacturers. The contract manufacturer is responsible for sourcing the majority of components, assembling the components onto the printed circuit boards and then delivering the final boards to us. Once at our facility, the boards are tested, then placed into enclosures and programmed with the appropriate software. The radios are then configured according to the requirement of the network and run through system level tests before being packaged and shipped to the customer. Ondas Networks maintains multiple contract manufacturers, both domestically and internationally, to ensure competitive pricing and to reduce the risk from a single manufacturer.
Ondas Autonomous Systems designs the Optimus System™ and the Iron Drone™ and specifies all components including the raw materials, sub-assemblies, intermediate assemblies, sub-components, parts and the quantities of each needed to manufacture the end product. These assemblies incorporate a combination of custom-developed components and COTS components. The building of an Optimus System™ and the Iron Drone™ is outsourced to best-in-class contract manufacturers for fabrication and assembly. We utilize different contract manufacturers for the Optimus™ drone, the Iron Drone™, and Airbase™. Once complete, the contract manufacturers deliver the finished products to our facility where software is loaded, and system-level quality assurance is performed before being packaged and shipped to the customer location for installation. Ondas Autonomous Systems works with a select group of contract manufacturers and has access to a large number of other comparable contract manufacturers.
Research & Development
Our ability to develop state-of-the-art and cost-effective solutions relative to our competitors can only be achieved through our continued research and development efforts.
Ondas Networks research and development activities are headed by Menashe Shahar, our Chief Technology Officer, based in our Sunnyvale, California headquarters. Mr. Shahar is a co-founder of Ondas Networks and has over 30 years of telecommunications system development experience, including the design and implementation of broadband wireless data systems for top tier system integrators and service providers including WorldCom, Nortel and ADC. Mr. Shahar has been awarded multiple patents in the data communications industry and has been an active participant in major wireless standardization activities including IEEE 802.16. In addition to internal research and development efforts, we also engage third party consultants to assist us in our research and development activities.
Ondas Autonomous Systems research and development activities are headed by Meir Kliner, President of Ondas Autonomous Systems and CEO and Founder of Airobotics who is based in Petah Tikva, Israel. Mr. Kliner has led the development of the Optimus System™ since 2014 and has expertise that represents a synthesis of years of managerial experience combined with command of drone product design. Mr. Kliner’s background includes key roles in developing diverse aerial systems, ranging from recreational to military applications and has founded several businesses, including Light and Strong, a premier manufacturer of composites for aerial platforms in the drone industry. Mr. Kliner is supported by a development team based in Petah Tikva, Israel.
Our research and development team works closely with our customer support team and incorporates feedback from our customers into our product development plans to improve our products and address emerging market requirements.
Our research and development expenses were approximately $17,145,000 and approximately $24,044,000 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Intellectual Property
We rely primarily on patent, trademark and trade secret laws to protect our proprietary technologies and intellectual property. As of this filing, the Ondas Networks segment held a total of seven issued patents in the U.S., three international issued patents, four pending patent applications in the U.S., and nine international pending patent applications. The Ondas Networks segment’s patents expire between 2029 and 2040, subject to any patent extensions that may be available for such patents. Our intellectual property centers around creating and maintaining robust, private, highly secure, broadband industrial wireless networks using our FullMAX radio technology for our mission critical customers’ networks. We view the Ondas Networks segment’s patents as a key strategic advantage as the markets for industrial wireless connectivity grows and as these industries move to standardized solutions and will enable us to earn licensing fees and/or royalties for the use of our patents.
The Ondas Autonomous Systems segment relies primarily on patent, trademark and trade secret laws to protect our proprietary technologies and intellectual property. As of this filing, the Ondas Autonomous Systems segment held a total of six issued patents in the U.S., 22 international issued patents, and five international pending patent application. The Ondas Autonomous Systems segment’s patents expire between 2034 and 2048, subject to any patent extensions that may be available for such patents. The Ondas Autonomous Systems segment’s intellectual property incorporates internally developed software and hardware design incorporating machine and computer vision and was developed with artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques. This intellectual property is critical to the development of end-to-end systems which reliably enable the automated operation of drones in real-world environments.
We have a policy of requiring our officers, employees, contractors and other service providers and parties with which we do business to enter into confidentiality, non-disclosure (“NDAs”) and assignment of invention agreements before disclosure of any of our confidential or proprietary information.
Seasonality
We do not believe that the industry in which Ondas Networks and Ondas Autonomous Systems competes is subject to seasonal sales fluctuation.
Dependence on a Small Number of Customers
Because we have only recently invested in our customer service and support organization, a small number of customers have accounted for a substantial amount of our revenue. During the year ended December 31, 2023, three customers accounted approximately $6,703,000, $5,127,000, and $3,395,000 of our revenue or approximately 43%, 33%, and 22%, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2022, one customer accounted for approximately $1,893,000 of our revenue, or approximately 89%.
Competition
Ondas Networks
We compete with alternatives to wireless technology, public cellular data networks and private wireless networking products from other manufacturers. We believe that each of these competing solutions has core weaknesses when compared to FullMAX, as described below.
Public cellular data networks:
● Public networks are more vulnerable to cyber security attacks from anywhere in the world including denial of service attacks; private networks can operate independent of the public internet.
● Public networks are more susceptible to prolonged outages during man-made and natural disasters (e.g. 9/11, Hurricane Sandy, etc.), exactly when utilities and mission critical entities require the greatest reliability.
● Public networks are typically designed for population coverage rather than the geographic areas required by critical infrastructure providers, which often include remote locations.
● Public networks are by definition oversubscribed, shared networks without the necessary prioritization service to support mission critical applications.
● Public networks typically use shared infrastructure including tower sites and long-haul fiber connections resulting in vulnerabilities at many points.
● Public networks are designed to support high capacity downloading and streaming applications with limited upload bandwidth available. Industrial networks typically require the reverse traffic flow, often uploading data from a large number of remote locations.
Other private wireless products:
● Unlicensed Point to Multipoint Wireless (e.g., Wi-Fi) - This equipment is very inexpensive to purchase but is subject to interference, has many security vulnerabilities, uses a contention-based protocol and transmits only over short range. Deploying Wi-Fi over wide areas is cost prohibitive.
● Private Licensed Narrowband Wireless Radios - These networks can provide good coverage and range but are typically too slow and lack sufficient bandwidth to support new applications and the increased number of data connections required.
Alternate technologies:
● Satellite Technologies - These technologies provide good coverage, but throughput is limited, and latency is too high to support mission-critical applications for our customers. These technologies can be very costly as compared to our products and systems.
● Low-Power Wide Area Networks (LP-WANs) - LP-WAN solutions such as LoRa and NB-IoT are architected with lower power, the purpose of which is to make these typically sensor-based networks lower-cost solutions. The low powered equipment means these systems have lower throughput and higher latency and are not reliable for mission-critical applications that require both monitoring and control functions.
Ondas Autonomous Systems
We compete with other drone OEMs providing a variety of solutions for inspection, security, asset tracking and other applications. We compete on many dimensions with system performance being differentiated by the level of autonomous operation, ease of use, reliability, safety, and government regulations. Further, leading automated data solution providers must provide diverse payload capabilities for data collection, along with robust, advanced analytics programs that are specific for each industry served.
Governmental Regulations
Our operations are subject to various federal, state and local laws and regulations including: (i) authorization from the FCC and other global communications regulators for operation in various licensed frequency bands; (ii) FAA and other global Civil Aviation Authority regulations and approvals unique to the operation of commercial or industrial drones; (iii) customers’ licenses from the FCC; (iv) licensing, permitting and inspection requirements applicable to contractors, electricians and engineers; (v) regulations relating to worker safety and environmental protection; (vi) permitting and inspection requirements applicable to construction projects; (vii) wage and hour regulations; (viii) regulations relating to transportation of equipment and materials, including licensing and permitting requirements; (ix) building and electrical codes; and (x) special bidding, procurement and other requirements on government projects.
We believe we have the licenses materially required to conduct our operations, and we are in substantial compliance with applicable regulatory requirements. The operation of our manufactured products by our customers (network providers and service providers) in the U.S. or in foreign jurisdictions in a manner not in compliance with local law could result in fines, business disruption, or harm to our reputation. The changes to regulatory and technological requirements may also alter our product offerings, impacting our market share and business. Failure to comply with applicable regulations could result in substantial fines or revocation of our operating licenses or could give rise to termination or cancellation rights under our contracts or disqualify us from future bidding opportunities.
Israel’s defense export policy regulates the sale of a number of our systems and products. Current Israeli policy encourages exports to approved customers of defense systems and products such as ours, as long as the export is consistent with Israeli government policy. Subject to certain exemptions, a license is required to initiate marketing activities. We also must receive a specific export license for defense related hardware, software and technology exported from Israel. Israeli law also regulates export of “dual use” items (items that are typically sold in the commercial market but that also may be used in the defense market).
Environmental Regulation
Our operations are subject to extensive, and frequently changing, federal, state and local environmental laws and substantial related regulation by government agencies, including the Environmental Protection Agency. Among other matters, these regulatory authorities impose requirements that regulate the operation, handling, transportation and disposal of hazardous materials; protect the health and safety of workers; and require us to obtain and maintain licenses and permits in connection with our operations. This extensive regulatory framework imposes significant compliance burdens and risks on us. Notwithstanding these burdens, we believe that we are in material compliance with all federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations governing our operations.
There has been no material adverse effect to our Consolidated Financial Statements nor competitive positions as a result of these environmental regulations.
Employees
As of March 29, 2024, we have 108 full-time employees, including 35 in the Ondas Networks segment and 73 in the Ondas Autonomous Systems segment. In addition, we have consulting agreements with 14 consultants for manufacturing, supply chain, documentation, engineering, regulatory, IT, and business development support. Additionally, from time to time, we may hire temporary employees. We also utilize contractors to manufacture components, for certain research and development and for system deployment functions. None of our employees are covered by a collective bargaining agreement and we are unaware of any union organizing efforts. We consider our relationship with our employees to be good.
Corporate Information
Ondas Holdings Inc. was originally incorporated in Nevada on December 22, 2014, under the name Zev Ventures Incorporated. On September 28, 2018, we acquired Ondas Networks Inc., a Delaware corporation, changed our name to Ondas Holdings Inc., and discontinued the prior business of Zev Ventures Incorporated. On August 5, 2021, Ondas Holdings Inc. acquired American Robotics, Inc., a Delaware corporation. On January 23, 2023, Ondas Holdings Inc. acquired Airobotics Ltd., an Israeli corporation. See Note 5 - Goodwill and Business Acquisitions of the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding the Airobotics Ltd. acquisition. On February 14, 2023, the Company formed Ondas Autonomous Systems, a new business unit to manage the combined drone operations of American Robotics and Airobotics. On December 6, 2023, the Company formed Ondas Autonomous Holdings Inc., a Nevada corporation, as an intermediate holding company which now wholly-owns American Robotics and Airobotics.
As a result of the above, Ondas Networks, OAH, American Robotics and Airobotics became our subsidiaries.
Ondas Holdings’ corporate headquarters are located in Marlborough, Massachusetts. Ondas Networks has offices and facilities in Sunnyvale, California, American Robotics’ offices and facilities are located in Sparks, Maryland and Marlborough, Massachusetts, and Airobotics’ offices and facilities are located in Petah Tikva, Israel.
Available Information
Our Internet website is www.ondas.com. Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to reports filed or furnished pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) are available, free of charge, under the Investors tab of our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. Additionally, the SEC maintains a website located at www.sec.gov that contains the information we file or furnish electronically with the SEC.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. Before you invest in our common stock, you should carefully consider the following risks, as well as general economic and business risks, and all of the other information contained in this Form 10-K. Any of the following risks could harm our business, operating results and financial condition and cause the trading price of our common stock to decline, which would cause you to lose all or part of your investment. When determining whether to invest, you should also refer to the other information contained in this Form 10-K including our financial statements and the related notes thereto.
Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
We have incurred significant operating losses since inception and cannot assure you that we will ever achieve or sustain profitability.
Since our inception, we have incurred significant net losses. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $198 million and $154 million, respectively. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through sales of our equity securities and debt financing.
We expect our operating expenses to increase significantly as we pursue our growth strategy, including expending substantial resources for research, development and marketing. The extent of our future operating losses and the timing of profitability are highly uncertain, and we expect to continue incurring significant expenses and operating losses over the next several years. Any additional operating losses may have an adverse effect on our stockholders’ equity and the price of our common stock, and we cannot assure you that we will ever be able to achieve profitability.
Even if we achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase such profitability. Additionally, our costs may increase in future periods and we may expend substantial financial and other resources on, among things, sales and marketing, the hiring of additional officers, employees, contractors and other service providers, and general administration, which may include a significant increase in legal and accounting expenses related to public company compliance, continued compliance and various regulations applicable to our business or arising from the growth and maturity of our company. Our failure to become and remain profitable would depress the value of our company and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business, maintain our development efforts, obtain regulatory approvals, diversify our product and service offerings or continue our operations, and may cause the price of our common stock to decline.
The adoption of the IEEE 802.16t wireless broadband standard, an evolution of the IEEE 802.16s standard published in 2017, by customers in our target critical infrastructure sectors is uncertain.
Ondas Networks is currently developing technology compatible with the proposed wireless broadband standard known as IEEE 802.16t, which is an evolution of the EEE 802.16s wireless broadband standard published in October 2017. We believe we are currently the only manufacturer of IEEE 802.16s compliant wireless solutions and are likely to be the only manufacturer of IEEE 802.16t compliant wireless solutions when that standard is formally ratified. The benefits of the standard to buyers of our equipment are greater when there exists a large, deep market in terms of the number of customers. A large market benefits from the scale provided such that many vendors can compete on service, price and quality of solution driving improved value for customers. If a large end market does not develop and customers do not see the related benefits from the standard, we may not be able to grow our business.
Our growth depends in part on the success of our strategic partnerships with third parties such as Siemens Mobility, who are also customers, as well as on our ability to establish a broad range of additional ecosystem partner and customer relationships with leading global industrial vendors.
In order to grow our business, we depend on partnerships with market leading technology and industrial companies such as Siemens Mobility, who are also customers of Ondas Networks in order to accelerate the adoption of our wireless technology. If we are unsuccessful in maintaining our partnership and customer relationships with third parties, including Siemens Mobility, or if our partnerships do not provide us the anticipated benefits, our ability to compete in the marketplace or to grow our revenue could be impaired and our operating results may suffer. In addition, adoption of our FullMAX wireless platform, Optimus System™, and Iron Drone Raider™ requires us to establish additional ecosystem relationships with leading global industrial vendors and customers. Even if we are successful in executing these partnerships and integrating with additional ecosystem vendors, we cannot assure you that these partnerships and relationships will result in increased adoption of our technology or increased revenue.
If the commercial UAS markets do not experience significant growth, if we cannot expand our customer base or if our products and services do not achieve broad acceptance, then we may not be able to achieve our anticipated level of growth.
We cannot accurately predict the future growth rates or sizes of the markets for our products and services. Demand for our products and services may not increase, or may decrease, either generally or in specific markets, for particular types of products and services or during particular time periods. We believe the market for commercial UAS is nascent and the expansion of the market for our products and services in particular, depends on a number of factors, including the following:
● customer satisfaction with these types of systems as solutions;
● the cost, performance and reliability of our products and products offered by our competitors;
● customer perceptions regarding the effectiveness and value of these types of systems;
● obtaining timely regulatory approvals for new customer deployments; and
● marketing efforts and publicity regarding these types of systems and services.
Even if commercial UAS gain wide market acceptance, our products and services may not adequately address market requirements and may not continue to gain market acceptance. If these types of systems generally, or our products and services specifically, do not gain wide market acceptance, then we may not be able to achieve our anticipated level of growth and our revenue and results of operations would decline.
Negative customer perception regarding the commercial UAS industry or the Company’s automated data solutions could have a material adverse effect on the demand for the Company’s products and the business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows of the Company.
The Company believes the commercial UAS industry is highly dependent upon customer perception regarding the safety, efficacy, and quality of the commercial UAS system deployed. Customer perception of these products can be significantly influenced by scientific research or findings, regulatory investigations, litigation, media attention, and other publicity. There can be no assurance that future scientific research, findings, regulatory proceedings, litigation, media attention, or other research findings or publicity will be favorable to the UAS market. Future research reports, findings, regulatory proceedings, litigation, media attention or other publicity that are perceived as less favorable than, or that question, earlier research reports, findings or publicity could have a material adverse effect on the demand for the Company’s products and the business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows of the Company. The dependence upon customer perceptions means that adverse scientific research reports, findings, regulatory proceedings, litigation, media attention or other publicity, whether or not accurate or with merit, could have a material adverse effect on the Company, the demand for the Company’s products, and the business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows of the Company.
Failure to manage our planned growth could place a significant strain on our resources.
Our ability to successfully implement our business plan requires an effective plan for managing our future growth. We plan to increase the scope of our operations. Current and future expansion efforts will be expensive and may significantly strain our managerial and other resources and ability to manage working capital. To manage future growth effectively, we must manage expanded operations, integrate new personnel and maintain and enhance our financial and accounting systems and controls. If we do not manage growth properly, it could harm our business, financial condition or results of operations and make it difficult for us to satisfy our debt obligations.
We may be unsuccessful in achieving our organic growth strategies, which could limit our revenue growth or financial performance. Our ability to generate organic growth will be affected by our ability to, among other things:
● attract new customers;
● increase the number of products purchased from customers;
● maintain profitable gross margins in the sale and maintenance of our products;
● increase the number of projects performed for existing customers;
● achieve the estimated revenue we announced from new customer contracts;
● hire and retain qualified employees;
● expand the range of our products and services we offer to customers to address their evolving network needs;
● expand geographically, including internationally; and
● address the challenges presented by difficult and unpredictable global and regional economic or market conditions that may affect us or our customers.
Many of the factors affecting our ability to generate organic growth may be beyond our control, and we cannot be certain that our strategies for achieving internal growth will be attempted, realized or successful.
If we fail to retain our existing customers or do not acquire new customers in a cost-effective manner, our revenue may decrease and our business, financial condition or results of operations may be harmed.
We believe that our success is dependent on our ability to continue identifying and anticipating the needs of our customers, to retain our existing customers and to add new customers. For example, our business plan is designed to penetrate large, critical infrastructure end markets with our wireless and UAS driven data solutions and have expanded our dedicated sales resources and field personnel to broaden our marketing and field support efforts into new industries and sectors. As a result, we have significantly increased customer engagement in the transportation, security and UAS end markets with Ondas Networks and in the industrial, public safety and government markets with Ondas Autonomous Systems. We expect that our qualified customer pipeline will increase in other additional strategic end markets. However, as we become larger through organic growth, the growth rates for customer engagement, project volume and average spend per customer may slow, even if we continue to add customers on an absolute basis. In addition, the costs associated with customer retention may be substantially lower than costs associated with the acquisition of new customers. Therefore, our failure to retain existing customers, even if such losses are offset by an increase in revenue resulting from the acquisition of new customers, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Additionally, while a key part of our business strategy is to add customers in our existing geographic markets, we expect to expand our operations into new geographic markets. In doing so, we may incur losses or otherwise fail to enter new markets successfully. Our expansion into new markets may place us in unfamiliar and competitive environments and involve various risks, including the need to invest significant resources and the possibility that returns on such investments will not be achieved for several years or at all.
The Company faces uncertainty and adverse changes in the economy.
Adverse changes in the economy could negatively impact the Company’s business. Future economic distress may result in a decrease in demand for the Company’s products, which could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s operating results and financial condition. Uncertainty and adverse changes in the economy could also increase costs associated with developing and publishing products, increase the cost and decrease the availability of sources of financing, and increase the Company’s exposure to material losses from bad debts, any of which could have a material adverse impact on the financial condition and operating results of the Company.
We may experience disruptions to our business operations as a result of war and hostilities in Israel.
On October 7, 2023, Hamas terrorists infiltrated Israel’s southern border from the Gaza Strip and conducted a series of attacks on civilian and military targets. Following the attacks, the Security Cabinet of the State of Israel declared a state of war in Israel. Since Airobotics is located in Israel, Company has considered various ongoing risks relating to the military operation and related matters, including: (i) approximately 17% of our workforce in Israel have been called to active duty; (ii) some of the Company’s Israeli subcontractors, vendors, suppliers and other companies in which the Company relies, are currently only partially active, as instructed by the relevant authorities or due to personnel shortages related to the war effort, which resulted in a temporary delay of inventory production; and (iii) there has been a slowdown in the number of international flights in and out of Israel. In recent weeks, all of the Company’s workforce in Israel returned to work and inventory production restraints have eased. The Company is closely monitoring how the military operation and related activities could adversely affect its anticipated milestones and its Israel-based activities to support future operations, including the Company’s ability to import materials that are required to construct the Optimus System™ and to ship them outside of Israel. To date, we have not had material disruptions to our ability to produce, manage and deliver products and services to customers as our U.S. teams have supported our ongoing operations in Israel and the Middle East; however, a prolonged war or an escalation of the current conditions in Israel could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Due to the recency of these events, and their ongoing and evolving nature, the extent of the adverse effect on our business operations is still unknown.
We have significant dependence on a small number of customers, and the loss of such customers or a decrease in business conducted with such customers could materially harm our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Because we have only recently invested in our customer service and support organization, a small number of customers have accounted for a substantial amount of our revenue. During the year ended December 31, 2023, three customers accounted approximately $6,703,000, $5,127,000, and $3,395,000 of our revenue or approximately 43%, 33%, and 22%, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2022, one customer accounted for approximately $1,893,000 of our revenue, or approximately 89%. The loss of the 2023 customers or a decrease in the business conducted with such customers could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Project performance delays or difficulties, including those caused by third parties, or certain contractual obligations may result in additional costs to us, reductions in revenues or the payment of liquidated damages.
Many projects involve challenging engineering, construction or installation phases that may occur over extended time periods. We may encounter difficulties as a result of delays or changes in designs, engineering information or materials provided by our customer or a third party, delays or difficulties in equipment and material delivery, schedule changes, delays from our customer’s failure to timely obtain permits or meet other regulatory requirements including the securing of necessary FCC certifications or FAA approvals, weather-related delays and other factors, many of which are beyond our control, that impact our ability to complete the project in accordance with the original delivery schedule. In addition, we contract with third-party subcontractors to assist us with the completion of contracts. Any delay or failure by suppliers or by subcontractors in the completion of their portion of the project may be beyond our control and may result in delays in the overall progress of the project or may cause us to incur additional costs, or both. Delays and additional costs may be substantial, and, in some cases, we may be required to compensate the customer for such delays. Delays may also disrupt the final completion of our contracts as well as the corresponding recognition of revenues and expenses therefrom. In certain circumstances, we guarantee project completion by a scheduled acceptance date or achievement of certain acceptance and performance testing levels; failure to meet any of our guarantees, schedules or performance requirements could also result in additional costs or penalties to us, including obligations to pay liquidated damages, and such amounts could exceed expected project profit. In extreme cases, the above-mentioned factors could cause project cancellations, and we may be unable to replace such projects with similar projects or at all. Such delays or cancellations may impact our reputation, brand or relationships with customers, adversely affecting our ability to secure new contracts.
Our contractors may fail to satisfy their obligations to us or other parties, or we may be unable to maintain these relationships, either of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We depend on third party contractors to complete manufacturing, certain research and development and deployment functions. There is a risk that we may have disputes with contractors arising from, among other things, the quality and timeliness of work performed by the contractor, customer concerns about the contractor or our failure to extend existing task orders or issue new task orders. In addition, if any of our contractors fail to deliver on a timely basis the agreed-upon supplies and/or perform the agreed-upon services, then our ability to fulfill our obligations may be jeopardized. In addition, the absence of qualified contractors with whom we have a satisfactory relationship could adversely affect the quality of our service and our ability to perform under some of our contracts. Any of these factors may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Material delays or defaults in customer payments could leave us unable to cover expenditures related to such customer’s projects, including the payment of our subcontractors.
Because of the nature of most of our contracts, we commit resources to projects prior to receiving payments from our customers in amounts sufficient to cover expenditures as they are incurred. In certain cases, these expenditures include paying our contractors and purchasing parts. If a customer defaults in making its payments on a project or projects to which we have devoted significant resources, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Certain of our officers, employees, contractors and other service providers may work on projects that are inherently dangerous, and a failure to maintain a safe worksite could result in significant losses.
Certain of our project sites can place our officers, employees, contractors and other service providers and others, including third parties, in difficult or dangerous environments, and may involve difficult and hard to reach terrain, high elevation, or locations near large or complex equipment, moving vehicles, high voltage or other safety hazards or dangerous processes. Safety is a primary focus of our business and maintaining a good reputation for safety is critical to our business. Many of our customers require that we meet certain safety criteria to be eligible to bid on contracts. We maintain programs with the primary purpose of implementing effective health, safety and environmental procedures throughout our company. Maintaining such programs involves variable costs which may increase as governmental, regulatory and industry safety standards evolve, and any increase in such costs may materially affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. Further, if we fail to implement appropriate safety procedures or if our procedures fail, our officers, employees, contractors and other service providers, including third parties, may suffer injuries. Failure to comply with such procedures, client contracts or applicable regulations, or the occurrence of such injuries, could subject us to material losses and liability and may adversely impact our ability to obtain projects in the future or to hire and retain talented officers, employees, contractors, and other services providers, therefore materially adversely affecting our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Warranty claims resulting from our services could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
We generally warrant our manufactured products, including hardware and software, for a period of one year from the date of receipt of the product by the customer. After the first year, the customer can pay for extended hardware warranty and software maintenance and upgrades on an annual basis in advance. While costs that we have incurred historically under our warranty obligations have not been material, the costs associated with such warranties, including any warranty related legal proceedings, are variable and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Our products are subject to a lengthy sales cycle and our customers may cancel or change their product plans after we have expended substantial time and resources in the design of their products.
Many of our customers are conservative in their decision-making process. Sales cycles for new customers can vary from one to three years depending on the complexity of the customer’s network, whether the customer is subject to state regulations, and annual budget cycles. During this lengthy sales cycle, our potential customers may cancel or change their product plans. Customers may also discontinue products incorporating our devices at any time or they may choose to replace our products with lower cost semiconductors. In addition, we are working with leading customers in our target markets to define our future products. If customers cancel, reduce or delay product orders from us, or choose not to release products that incorporate our devices after we have spent substantial time and resources developing products or assisting customers with their product design, our revenue levels may be less than anticipated and our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially adversely affected.
Our marketing efforts depend significantly on our ability to receive positive references from our existing customers.
Our marketing efforts depend significantly on our ability to call on our current and past customers to provide positive references to new, potential customers. A material portion of our current pipeline activity is concentrated in the transportation and aviation sectors as well as in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Given our limited number of customers, the loss or dissatisfaction of any customer could substantially harm our brand and reputation, inhibit the market acceptance of our products and services, and impair our ability to attract new customers and maintain existing customers. Further, as we expand into new vertical and geographic end markets, references from existing customers could be similarly important. Any of these consequences could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If our products contain defects or otherwise fail to perform as expected, we could be liable for damages and incur unanticipated warranty, recall and other related expenses, our reputation could be damaged, we could lose market share and, as a result, our financial condition or results of operations could suffer.
Our products rely on complex avionics, sensors, user-friendly interfaces and tightly integrated, electromechanical designs to accomplish their missions. Our products may contain defects or experience failures due to any number of issues in design, materials, manufacture, deployment and/or use. If any of our products contain a defect, compatibility or interoperability issue or other error, we may have to devote significant time and resources to find and correct the issue. Such efforts could divert the attention of our management team and other relevant personnel from other important tasks. A product recall or a significant number of product returns could (i) be expensive; (ii) damage our reputation and relationships with utilities and other third-party vendors; (iii) result in the loss of business to competitors; and (iv) result in litigation against us. Costs associated with field replacement labor, hardware replacement, re-integration with third-party products, handling charges, correcting defects, errors and bugs, or other issues could be significant and could materially harm our financial results.
As a manufacturer of UAV products, and with aircraft and aviation sector companies under increased scrutiny, claims could be brought against us if use or misuse of one of our UAV products causes, or merely appears to have caused, personal injury or death. In addition, defects in our products may lead to other potential life, health and property risks. Any claims against us, regardless of their merit, could severely harm our financial condition, strain our management and other resources.
The existence of any defects, errors, or failures in our products or the misuse of our products could also lead to product liability claims or lawsuits against us. A defect, error or failure in one of our products could result in injury, death or property damage and significantly damage our reputation and support for our products in general. We anticipate this risk will grow as our products begin to be used in U.S. domestic airspace and urban areas.
Although we maintain insurance policies, we cannot provide assurance that this insurance will be adequate to protect us from all material judgments and expenses related to potential future claims or that these levels of insurance will be available in the future at economical prices or at all. A successful product liability claim could result in substantial cost to us. Even if we are fully insured as it relates to a claim, the claim could nevertheless diminish our brand and divert management’s attention and resources, which could have a negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Estimated future product warranty claims are based on the expected number of field failures over the warranty commitment period, the term of the product warranty period, and the costs for repair, replacement and other associated costs. Our warranty obligations are affected by product failure rates, claims levels, material usage and product re-integration and handling costs.
Because our products are relatively new and we do not yet have the benefit of long-term experience observing products’ performance in the field, our estimates of a product’s lifespan and incidence of claims may be inaccurate. Should actual product failure rates, claims levels, material usage, product re-integration and handling costs, defects, errors, bugs or other issues differ from the original estimates, we could end up incurring materially higher warranty or recall expenses than we anticipate.
Our Optimus System™ makes use of lithium-ion battery cells, which, if not appropriately managed and controlled, have occasionally been observed to catch fire or vent smoke and flames. If such events occur with our products, we could face liability associated with our warranty, for damage or injury, adverse publicity and a potential safety recall, any of which would adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.
The battery packs in our Optimus™ drone use lithium-ion cells, which have been used for years in laptop computers and cell phones. On occasion, if not appropriately managed and controlled, lithium-ion cells can rapidly release the energy they contain by venting smoke and flames in a manner that can ignite nearby materials. Highly publicized incidents of laptop computers and cell phones bursting into flames have focused consumer attention on the safety of these cells. These events also have raised questions about the suitability of these lithium-ion cells for automotive applications. There can be no assurance that a field failure of our battery packs will not occur, which would damage the vehicle or lead to personal injury or death and may subject us to lawsuits. Furthermore, there is some risk of electrocution if individuals who attempt to repair battery packs on our vehicles do not follow applicable maintenance and repair protocols. Any such damage or injury would likely lead to adverse publicity and potentially a safety recall. Any such adverse publicity could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.
Due to the volatile and flammable nature of certain components of our products and equipment, fires or explosions may disrupt our business or cause significant injuries, which could adversely affect our financial results.
The development and manufacture of certain of our products involves the handling of a variety of explosive and flammable materials as well as high power equipment. From time to time, these activities may result in incidents that could cause us to temporarily shut down or otherwise disrupt some manufacturing processes, causing production delays and resulting in liability for workplace injuries and/or fatalities. We have safety and loss prevention programs that require detailed reviews of process changes and new operations, along with routine safety audits of operations involving explosive materials, to mitigate such incidents, as well as a variety of insurance policies, however our insurance coverage may be inadequate to cover all claims and losses related to such incidents. We may experience such incidents in the future, which could result in production delays or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.
Our technology, products and services have only been developed in the last several years and we have had only limited opportunities to deploy and assess their performance in the field at full scale.
The current generation of our FullMAX and Optimus System™ technology platforms have only been developed in the last several years and will continue to evolve. Deploying and operating our technology is complex and, until recently, had been done primarily by a small number of customers. As the size, complexity and scope of our deployments grow we have been able to test product performance at a greater scale and in a variety of new geographic settings and environmental conditions. As the number, size and complexity of our deployments grow and we deploy our technology platforms for new applications in new critical infrastructure industries, we may encounter unforeseen operational, technical and other challenges, some of which could cause significant delays, trigger contractual penalties, result in unanticipated expenses, and/or damage to our reputation, each of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If we fail to respond to evolving technological changes, our products and services could become obsolete or less competitive.
We operate in highly competitive industries characterized by new and rapidly evolving technologies, standards, regulations, customer requirements, as well as frequent product introductions and revisions. Accordingly, our operating results depend upon our ability to develop and introduce new products and services, our ability to reduce production costs of our existing products. The process of developing new technologies and products is complex, and if we are unable to develop enhancements to, and new features for, our existing products and services or acceptable new products and services that keep pace with technological developments or industry standards, our products may become obsolete, less marketable and less competitive and our business, financial condition or results of operations could be significantly harmed.
We depend on our ability to develop new products and to enhance and sustain the quality of existing products.
Our growth and future success will depend, in part, on our ability to continue to design and manufacture new competitive products and to enhance and sustain the quality and marketability of our existing products. As such, we have made, and expect to continue to make, substantial investments in technology development. In the future, we may not have the necessary capital, or access to capital on acceptable terms, to fund necessary levels of research and development. Even with adequate capital resources, we may nonetheless experience unforeseen problems in the development or performance of our technologies or products. In addition, we may not meet our product development schedules and, even if we do, we may not develop new products fast enough to provide sufficient differentiation from our competitors’ products, which may be more successful.
We expect to incur substantial research and development costs and devote significant resources to identifying and commercializing new products and services, which could significantly reduce our profitability and may never result in revenue to us.
Our future growth depends on penetrating new markets, adapting existing products to new applications and new environments, and introducing new products and services that achieve market acceptance. We plan to incur substantial research and development costs as part of our efforts to design, develop and commercialize new products and services and enhance existing products. For example, we will incur research and development costs to improve the functionality of our acoustic DAA solution configuration in certain environments, in addition to integrating new payloads to broaden the functionality of our Optimus System™. Further, our research and development programs may not produce successful results, and our new products and services may not achieve market acceptance, create additional revenue or become profitable, which could materially harm our business, prospects, financial results and liquidity.
If our products do not interoperate with our customers’ other systems, the purchase or deployment of our products and services may be delayed or cancelled.
Our products are designed to interface with our customers’ other systems, each of which may have different specifications and utilize multiple protocol standards and products from other vendors. Our products will be required to interoperate with many or all of these products as well as future products in order to meet our customers’ requirements. If we find errors in the existing software or defects in the hardware used in our customers’ systems, we may need to modify our products or services to fix or overcome these errors so that our products will interoperate with the existing software and hardware, which could be costly and negatively affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, if our products and services do not interoperate with our customers’ systems, customers may seek to hold us liable, demand for our products could be adversely affected or orders for our products could be delayed or cancelled. This could hurt our operating results, damage our reputation or brand, and seriously harm our prospects, business, financial condition or results of operations.
The Company operates in a competitive market.
The Company faces competition and new competitors will continue to emerge throughout the world. Services offered by the Company’s competitors may take a larger share of customer spending than anticipated, which could cause revenue generated from the Company’s products and services to fall below expectations. It is expected that competition in these markets will intensify. If competitors of the Company develop and market more successful products or services, offer competitive products or services at lower price points, or if the Company does not produce consistently high-quality and well-received products and services, revenues, margins, and profitability of the Company will decline.
The Company’s ability to compete effectively will depend on, among other things, the Company’s pricing of services and equipment, quality of customer service and field support, development of new and enhanced products and services in response to customer demands and changing technology, reach and quality of sales and distribution channels and capital resources. Competition could lead to a reduction in the rate at which the Company adds new customers, a decrease in the size of the Company’s market share and a decline in its customers.
We rely on our management team and need additional personnel to grow our business, and the loss of one or more key officers, employees, contractors and other service providers or our inability to attract and retain qualified personnel could harm our business, financial condition or results of operations.
We depend, in part, on the performance of Eric Brock, our Chief Executive Officer and President, Yishay Curelaru, our Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary, Menashe Shahar, the Chief Technology Officer of Ondas Networks, and Meir Kliner the President of Ondas Autonomous Systems to operate and grow our business. The loss of any of Messrs. Brock, Curelaru, Shahar, or Kliner could negatively impact our ability to execute our business strategies. Although we have entered into employment agreements with Messrs. Brock, Curelaru, Shahar, and Kliner, we may be unable to retain them or replace any of them if we lose their services for any reason.
Our future success will also depend on our ability to attract, retain and motivate highly skilled management, product development, operations, sales, technical and other personnel in the United States and abroad. Even in today’s economic climate, competition for these types of personnel is intense, particularly in Silicon Valley. Given the lengthy sales cycles with utilities and deployment periods of our networking platform and solutions, the loss of key personnel at any time could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Cyberattacks through security vulnerabilities could lead to disruption of business, reduced revenue, increased costs, liability claims, or harm to our reputation or competitive position.
Security vulnerabilities may arise from our hardware, software, employees, contractors or policies we have deployed, which may result in external parties gaining access to our networks, datacenters, cloud datacenters, corporate computers, manufacturing systems, and or access to accounts we have at our suppliers, vendors, and customers. They may gain access to our data or our users’ or customers’ data or attack the networks causing denial of service or attempt to hold our data or systems in ransom. The vulnerability could be caused by inadequate account security practices such as failure to timely remove employee access when terminated. To mitigate these security issues, we have implemented measures throughout our organization, including firewalls, backups, encryption, employee information technology policies and user account policies. However, there can be no assurance these measures will be sufficient to avoid cyberattacks. If any of these types of security breaches were to occur and we were unable to protect sensitive data, our relationships with our business partners and customers could be materially damaged, our reputation could be materially harmed, and we could be exposed to a risk of litigation and possible significant liability.
Further, if we fail to adequately maintain our infrastructure, we may have outages and data loss. Excessive outages may affect our ability to timely and efficiently deliver products to customers or develop new products and solutions. Such disruptions and data loss may adversely impact our ability to fulfill orders, patent our intellectual property or protect our source code, and interrupt other processes. Delayed sales or lost customers resulting from these disruptions could adversely affect our financial results, stock price and reputation.
Unauthorized use or disclosure of, or access to, any personal information maintained by us or on our behalf, whether through breach of our systems, breach of the systems of our suppliers or vendors by an unauthorized party, or through employee or contractor error, theft or misuse, or otherwise, could harm our business. If any such unauthorized use or disclosure of, or access to, such personal information was to occur, our operations could be seriously disrupted, and we could be subject to demands, claims and litigation by private parties, and investigations, related actions, and penalties by regulatory authorities. In addition, we could incur significant costs in notifying affected persons and entities and otherwise complying with the multitude of foreign, federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to the unauthorized access to, or use or disclosure of, personal information. Finally, any perceived or actual unauthorized access to, or use or disclosure of, such information could harm our reputation, substantially impair our ability to attract and retain customers and have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We do not control certain aspects of the manufacturing process.
Our reliance on a small number of manufacturers reduces our control over the manufacturing process, exposing us to risks, including reduced control over quality assurance, product costs and product supply including delays in transportation and delivery. Any manufacturing disruption by our usual manufacturers could impair our ability to fulfill orders. We may be unable to manage our relationships with our usual manufacturers effectively as they may experience delays, disruptions, capacity constraints or quality control problems in their manufacturing operations or otherwise fail to meet our future requirements for timely delivery. Similarly, to the extent that our usual manufacturers procure materials on our behalf, we may not benefit from any warranties received by our usual manufacturers from the suppliers or otherwise have recourse against the original supplier of the materials or even the manufacturer. In such circumstances, if the original supplier were to provide us or our usual manufacturers with faulty materials, we might not be able to recover the costs of such materials or be compensated for any damages that arise as a result of the inclusion of the faulty components in our products.
One or more of our usual manufacturers may suffer an interruption in its business, or experience delays, disruptions or quality control problems in its manufacturing operations, or seek to terminate its relationship with us, or we may choose to change or add additional manufacturers for other reasons. Additionally, we do not have long-term supply agreements with our usual manufacturers. As a result, we may be unable to renew or extend our agreement on terms favorable to us, if at all. Although the manufacturing services required to manufacture and assemble our products may be readily available from a number of established manufacturers, it may be risky, time consuming and costly to qualify and implement new manufacturer relationships.
Any of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If critical components or raw materials used to manufacture our products or used in our development programs become scarce or unavailable, then we may incur delays in manufacturing and delivery of our products and in completing our development programs, which could damage our business.
In order to produce our Optimus System™ and related safety systems, we obtain certain hardware components, as well as subsystems and systems from a limited group of suppliers, some of which are sole source suppliers. We do not have long-term agreements with any of these suppliers that obligate them to continue to sell components, subsystems, systems or products to us. Our reliance on these suppliers involves significant risks and uncertainties, including whether our suppliers will provide an adequate supply of required components, subsystems, or systems of sufficient quality, will increase prices for the components, subsystems or systems and will perform their obligations on a timely basis.
In addition, certain raw materials and components used in the manufacturing of our products and in our development programs, are periodically subject to supply shortages, and our business is subject to the risk of price increases and periodic delays in delivery. Particularly, the market for electronic components is experiencing increased demand and a global shortage of semiconductors, creating substantial uncertainty regarding our suppliers’ continued production of key components for our products. If any additional shortages occur and we are unable to obtain components from third party suppliers in the quantities and of the quality that we require, on a timely basis and at acceptable prices, then we may not be able to timely complete development programs or deliver our products on a timely or cost effective basis to our customers, which could cause customers to terminate their contracts with us, increase our costs and seriously harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. Moreover, if any of our suppliers become financially unstable, or otherwise unable or unwilling to provide us with raw materials or components, then we may have to find new suppliers. It may take several months to locate alternative suppliers, if required, or to redesign our products to accommodate components from different suppliers. We may experience significant delays in manufacturing and shipping our products to customers and incur additional development, manufacturing and other costs to establish alternative sources of supply if we lose any of these sources or are required to redesign our products.
We currently do not have long-term supply contracts with guaranteed pricing which exposes us to fluctuations in component, materials and equipment prices. Substantial increases in these prices would increase our operating costs and could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.
Because we currently do not have long-term supply contracts with guaranteed pricing, we are subject to fluctuations in the prices of the raw materials, parts and components and equipment we use in the production of our Optimus System™. Substantial increases in the prices for such raw materials, components and equipment would increase our operating costs and could reduce our margins if we cannot recoup the increased costs through increased prices. Any attempts to increase prices of our automated data solutions in response to increased costs could be viewed negatively by our customers and could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.
We may pursue additional strategic transactions in the future, which could be difficult to implement, disrupt our business or change our business profile significantly.
We intend to consider additional potential strategic transactions, which could involve acquisitions of businesses or assets, joint ventures or investments in businesses, products or technologies that expand, complement or otherwise relate to our current or future business. We may also consider, from time to time, opportunities to engage in joint ventures or other business collaborations with third parties to address particular market segments. Should our relationships fail to materialize into significant agreements, or should we fail to work efficiently with these companies, we may lose sales and marketing opportunities and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.
These activities, if successful, create risks such as, among others: (i) the need to integrate and manage the businesses and products acquired with our own business and products; (ii) additional demands on our resources, systems, procedures and controls; (iii) disruption of our ongoing business; (iv) potential unknown or unquantifiable liabilities associated with the target company; and (v) diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns. Moreover, these transactions could involve: (a) substantial investment of funds or financings by issuance of debt or equity securities; (b) substantial investment with respect to technology transfers and operational integration; and (c) the acquisition or disposition of product lines or businesses. Also, such activities could result in one-time charges and expenses and have the potential to either dilute the interests of our existing shareholders or result in the issuance of, or assumption of debt. Such acquisitions, investments, joint ventures or other business collaborations may involve significant commitments of financial and other resources. Any such activities may not be successful in generating revenue, income or other returns, and any resources we committed to such activities will not be available to us for other purposes. Moreover, if we are unable to access the capital markets on acceptable terms or at all, we may not be able to consummate acquisitions, or may have to do so on the basis of a less than optimal capital structure. Our inability to take advantage of growth opportunities or address risks associated with acquisitions or investments in businesses may negatively affect our operating results.
Additionally, any impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets acquired in an acquisition or in an investment, or charges to earnings associated with any acquisition or investment activity, may materially reduce our earnings. Future acquisitions or joint ventures may not result in their anticipated benefits, and we may not be able to properly integrate acquired products, technologies or businesses with our existing products and operations or successfully combine personnel and cultures. Failure to do so could deprive us of the intended benefits of those acquisitions.
If the Company is required to write down goodwill and other intangible assets, the Company’s financial condition and results could be negatively affected.
Goodwill impairment arises when there is deterioration in the capabilities of acquired assets to generate cash flows, and the fair value of the goodwill dips below its book value. The Company is required to review its goodwill for impairment at least annually. Events that may trigger goodwill impairment include deterioration in economic conditions, increased competition, loss of key personnel, and regulatory action. Should any of these occur, an impairment of goodwill could have a negative effect on the assets of the Company.
In December 2023, the Company bypassed the qualitative analysis and proceeded directly to a quantitative analysis. The Company engaged a third-party service provider to carry out a valuation of the Ondas Autonomous Systems reporting unit. Using a discounted cash flow analysis and updated forecasts for revenue and cash flows, it was determined that the fair value of the reporting unit was higher than the carrying value as of December 31, 2023, and no further impairment to goodwill was necessary as of December 31, 2023. See Note 5 - Goodwill and Business Acquisition of the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding the impairment of goodwill.
War, terrorism, and other acts of violence may affect the markets in which we operate, our clients and our product and service delivery.
Our business may be adversely affected by regional or global instability, disruption or destruction, regardless of cause, including war, terrorism, riot, civil insurrection or social unrest. For example, the significant military action against Ukraine launched by Russia may affect the markets in which we operate. Such events may cause clients to delay their decisions on spending for the products and services provided by us and give rise to sudden significant changes in regional and global economic conditions and cycles. These events pose risks which could materially adversely affect our financial results.
We may not be able to secure adequate insurance policies, or secure insurance policies at reasonable prices.
We maintain general liability insurance, aviation flight testing insurance, aircraft liability coverage, directors and officers insurance, and other insurance policies and we believe our level of coverage is customary in the industry and adequate to protect against claims. However, there can be no assurance that it will be sufficient to cover potential claims or that present levels of coverage will be available in the future at a reasonable cost. Further, we expect our insurance needs and costs to increase as we grow our commercial operations and expand into new markets and it is uncertain if such insurance will be available on commercially reasonable terms.
The Company will be affected by operational risks and may not be adequately insured for certain risks.
The Company will be affected by a number of operational risks and the Company may not be adequately insured for certain risks, including: labor disputes; catastrophic accidents; fires; blockades or other acts of social activism; changes in the regulatory environment; impact of non-compliance with laws and regulations; natural phenomena, such as inclement weather conditions, floods, earthquakes and ground movements. There is no assurance that the foregoing risks and hazards will not result in damage to, or destruction of, the Company’s technologies, personal injury or death, environmental damage, adverse impacts on the Company’s operation, costs, monetary losses, potential legal liability and adverse governmental action, any of which could have an adverse impact on the Company’s future cash flows, earnings and financial condition. Furthermore, the unmanned aerial systems industry lacks a formative insurance market. As a result, the Company may be subject to or affected by liability or sustain loss for certain risks and hazards against which the Company cannot insure or which the Company may elect not to insure because of the cost. This lack of insurance coverage could have an adverse impact on the Company’s future cash flows, earnings, results of operations and financial condition.
Litigation may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
From time to time in the normal course of our business operations, we may become subject to litigation that may result in liability material to our financial condition as a whole or may negatively affect our operating results if changes to our business operations are required. The cost to defend such litigation may be significant and may require a significant diversion of our resources, and there is no guarantee that we will be able to successfully defend against any such litigation regardless of particular merits. There also may be adverse publicity associated with litigation that could negatively affect customer perception of our business, regardless of whether the allegations are valid or whether we are ultimately found liable. Insurance may not be available on favorable terms, at all, or in sufficient amounts to cover any liabilities with respect to these or other matters. A judgment or other liability in excess of our insurance coverage for any claims could adversely affect our business, financial condition and the results of our operations.
Our cash could be adversely affected if the financial institutions in which we hold our cash fail.
The Company maintains domestic cash deposits in Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insured banks. The domestic bank deposit balances may exceed the FDIC insurance limits. Also, in the foreign markets we serve, we also maintain cash deposits in foreign banks, some of which are not insured or partially insured by the FDIC or other similar agency. These balances could be impacted if one or more of the financial institutions in which we deposit monies fails or is subject to other adverse conditions in the financial or credit markets.
Risks Related to Regulatory Requirements
We and our customers operate in a highly regulated business environment and changes in regulation could impose costs on us or make our products less economical.
Our products and services and our utility customers are subject to federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations. Laws and regulations applicable to us and our products govern, among other things, the manner in which our products communicate, and the environmental impact and electrical reliability of our products. Additionally, our critical infrastructure customers are often regulated by national, state and/or local bodies, including public utility commissions, the Department of Energy, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, the FAA, the FCC, Federal Rail Association, Israeli Defense Export Controls Agency of the Ministry of Defense and other bodies. Prospective customers may be required to gain approval from any or all of these organizations prior to implementing our products and services, including specific permissions related to the cost recovery of these systems. Regulatory agencies may impose special requirements for implementation and operation of our products, which may result in unforeseen delays. We may incur material costs or liabilities in complying with government regulations applicable to us or our utility customers. In addition, potentially significant expenditures could be required in order to comply with evolving regulations and requirements that may be adopted or imposed on us or our utility customers in the future. Such costs could make our products less economical and could impact our utility customers’ willingness to adopt our products, which could materially and adversely affect our revenue, results of operations and financial condition.
Furthermore, changes in the underlying regulatory conditions that affect critical infrastructure industries could have a potentially adverse effect on our customers’ interest or ability to implement our technologies. Many regulatory jurisdictions have implemented rules that provide financial incentives for the implementation of energy efficiency and demand response technologies, often by providing rebates or through the restructuring of utility rates. If these programs were to cease, or if they were restructured in a manner inconsistent with the capabilities enabled by our products and services, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be significantly harmed.
Failure to obtain necessary regulatory approvals from the FAA or other governmental agencies, or limitations put on the use of small UAS in response to public privacy and other concerns, may prevent us from expanding the sales of our drone solutions to industrial and government customers in the United States.
The regulation of small UAS for commercial use in the United States is undergoing substantial change and the ultimate treatment is uncertain.
On February 14, 2012, the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 was enacted, establishing various deadlines for the FAA to allow expanded use of small UAS for both public and commercial applications. On June 21, 2016, the FAA released its final rules regarding the routine use of certain small UAS (under 55 pounds) in the U.S. National Airspace System pursuant to the act (the “Part 107 Rules”). The Part 107 Rules, which became effective in August 2016, provided safety regulations for small UAS conducting non-recreational operations and contain various limitations and restrictions for such operations, including a requirement that operators keep UAS within visual-line-of-sight and prohibiting flights over unprotected people on the ground who are not directly participating in the operation of the UAS. On December 28, 2020, the FAA announced final rules requiring remote identification of drones and allowing operators of small drones to fly over people and at night under certain conditions. On June 8, 2021, the FAA announced the formation of an Aviation Rulemaking Committee (“ARC”) to develop new rules to further define regulations for the operations of UAS Beyond Visual Line-of-Site (“BVLOS”). The timing of additional rulemaking is uncertain as is the outcome of the still developing regulatory environment related to the operation of small UAS.
We cannot assure you that any final rules enacted in furtherance of the FAA’s announced proposals will result in the expanded use of our drones and drone solutions by commercial and industrial entities. In addition, there exists public concern regarding the privacy and other implications of U.S. commercial use of small UAS. This concern has included calls to develop explicit written policies and procedures establishing usage limitations. We cannot assure you that the response from regulatory agencies, customers and privacy advocates to these concerns will not delay or restrict the adoption of small UAS by the commercial use markets.
Substantially all our current products depend on the availability and are subject to the use of licensed radio frequencies regulated by the FCC in the United States.
Substantially all of our current wireless networking products are designed to communicate wirelessly via licensed radio frequencies and therefore depend on the availability of adequate radio spectrum in order to operate. It is possible that the FCC or the U.S. Congress could adopt additional regulations or policies which are or may change or modify current regulations or policies so that they are, harmful to our business or incompatible with our current or future product offerings, as well as products currently installed in the field. Additional regulations or policies or changes or modifications to current regulations or policies may require modification or replacement of our products, including products currently installed in the field, at significant, or even prohibitive, cost to us, and may require changes or modifications to, or termination of, ongoing or planned projects. Any of these developments could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition or results of operations.
As a manufacturer of commercial UAS, we are subject to various government regulations, restrictions and requirements, and may be subject to additional regulations in the future, violation of which could subject us to sanctions or otherwise harm, restrict or add costs to our business.
As a manufacturer of consumer products, we are subject to significant government regulations, restrictions and requirements, including, in the United States, those issued under the Consumer Products Safety Act, as well as those issued under product safety and consumer protection statutes in our international markets. Failure to comply with any applicable product safety or consumer protection regulation could result in sanctions that could have a negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Governments and regulatory agencies in the markets where we manufacture and sell products may enact additional regulations relating to product safety and consumer protection in the future and may also increase the penalties for failure to comply with product safety and consumer protection regulations. In addition, one or more of our customers might require changes in our products, such as the non-use of certain materials, in the future. Complying with any such additional regulations or requirements could impose increased costs on our business. Similarly, increased penalties for non-compliance could subject us to greater expenses in the event any of our products were found to not comply with such regulations. Such increased costs or penalties could harm our business.
Our business is subject to federal, state and international laws regarding data protection, privacy, and information security, as well as confidentiality obligations under various agreements, and our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could damage our reputation, expose us to litigation risk and adversely affect our business and operating results.
In connection with our business, we receive, collect, process and retain certain sensitive and confidential customer information. As a result, we are subject to increasingly rigorous federal, state and international laws regarding privacy and data protection. Personal privacy, data protection and information security are significant issues in the United States and the other jurisdictions where we offer our products and services. The regulatory framework for privacy and security issues worldwide is rapidly evolving and is likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. Our handling of data is subject to a variety of laws and regulations, including regulation by various government agencies, including the United States Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) and various state, local and foreign bodies and agencies. We also execute confidentiality agreements with various parties under which we are required to protect their confidential information.
The United States federal and various state and foreign governments have adopted or proposed limitations on the collection, distribution, use and storage of personal information of individuals, including end-customers and employees. In the United States, the FTC and many state attorney generals are applying federal and state consumer protection laws to the online collection, use and dissemination of data. Additionally, many foreign countries and governmental bodies, and other jurisdictions in which we operate or conduct our business, have laws and regulations concerning the collection and use of personal information obtained from their residents or by businesses operating within their jurisdiction. These laws and regulations often are more restrictive than those in the United States. Such laws and regulations may require companies to implement new privacy and security policies, permit individuals to access, correct and delete personal information stored or maintained by such companies, inform individuals of security breaches that affect their personal information, and, in some cases, obtain individuals’ consent to use personal information for certain purposes.
We also expect that there will continue to be new proposed laws, regulations and industry standards concerning privacy, data protection and information security in the United States, the European Union and other jurisdictions, and we cannot yet determine the impact of such future laws, regulations and standards may have on our business. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act, which became effective in 2020, provides new data privacy rights for consumers and new operational requirements for companies. Additionally, we expect that existing laws, regulations and standards may be interpreted differently in the future. There remains significant uncertainty surrounding the regulatory framework for the future of personal data transfers from the European Union to the United States with regulations such as the recently adopted General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which imposes more stringent European Union data protection requirements, provides an enforcement authority, and imposes large penalties for noncompliance. Future laws, regulations, standards and other obligations, including the adoption of the GDPR, as well as changes in the interpretation of existing laws, regulations, standards and other obligations could impair our ability to collect, use or disclose information relating to individuals, which could decrease demand for our products, require us to restrict our business operations, increase our costs and impair our ability to maintain and grow our customer base and increase our revenue.
Although we are working to comply with those federal, state and foreign laws and regulations, industry standards, contractual obligations and other legal obligations that apply to us, such laws, regulations, standards and obligations are evolving and may be modified, interpreted and applied in an inconsistent manner from one jurisdiction to another, and may conflict with one another, other requirements or legal obligations, our practices or the features of our products. As such, we cannot assure ongoing compliance with all such laws or regulations, industry standards, contractual obligations and other legal obligations, and our efforts to do so may cause us to incur significant costs or require changes to our business practices, which could adversely affect our business and operating results. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with federal, state or foreign laws or regulations, industry standards, contractual obligations or other legal obligations, or any actual or suspected security incident, whether or not resulting in unauthorized access to, or acquisition, release or transfer of personal information or other data, may result in governmental enforcement actions and prosecutions, private litigation, fines and penalties or adverse publicity and could cause our customers to lose trust in us, which could have an adverse effect on our reputation and business. Any inability to adequately address privacy and security concerns, even if unfounded, or comply with applicable laws, regulations, policies, industry standards, contractual obligations or other legal obligations could result in additional cost and liability to us, damage our reputation, inhibit sales, and adversely affect our business and operating results.
We are subject to numerous legal and regulatory regimes, and we could be harmed by changes to, or the interpretation or the application of, the laws and regulations of each of the jurisdictions in which it operates.
In addition to the United States, Airobotics operates in Israel, Singapore and the United Arab Emirates. The international scope of Airobotics’ business requires us to comply with a wide range of national and local laws and regulations, which may in certain cases diverge from or even conflict with each other.
With the geographic expansion of our business, and that of our subsidiaries, into new markets, we have become subject to additional and changing legal, regulatory, tax, licensing, and compliance requirements and industry standards.
In countries where we operate, legislators and regulatory authorities may introduce new interpretations of existing laws and regulations or introduce new legislation or regulations concerning our business. Changes in government regulation of or successful challenges to the business model used by us in certain markets may require us to change our existing business models and operations. Any additional regulatory scrutiny or changes in legal requirements may impose significant compliance costs and make it uneconomical for us to continue to operate in all of the current markets or to expand in accordance with our strategy, particularly if regulations or their interpretations vary greatly or conflict between different operating countries. This may negatively impact our revenue and profitability by preventing our business from reaching sufficient scale in particular markets or having to change our business model or incur additional costs, which would adversely impact business. Our inability, or perceived inability, to comply with existing or new compliance obligations, could lead to regulatory scrutiny, which could result in administrative or enforcement action, such as fines, penalties, and/or enforceable undertakings and adversely affect our business.
We may become subject to increasing global trade laws and regulations.
We may become subject to increasing global trade laws and regulations, including economic sanctions, export controls, and import laws. Failure to comply with global trade laws and regulations can result in penalties and reputational harm. Our international sales efforts expose us to increased risk under these laws and regulations, and increasing and evolving global trade laws could impact our business.
We are subject to Israeli regulations, restrictions and requirements which could adversely affect our business and operating results.
Restrictions imposed on us by the Government of Israel, as a result of strategic ties and treaties with foreign countries, limit our activities and access to certain countries, in a manner that may restrict and even prevent in certain situations our operations in certain countries and affect its results.
Risks Related to our Intellectual Property
Our ability to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technology is uncertain.
We rely primarily on patent, trademark and trade secret laws, as well as confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements, to protect our proprietary technologies and intellectual property. As of this filing, the Ondas Networks segment held a total of seven issued patents in the U.S., three issued international patents, four patent pending applications in the U.S., and nine international pending patent application. The Ondas Networks segment patents expire between 2029 and 2040, subject to any patent extensions that may be available for such patents. As of this filing, the Ondas Autonomous Systems segment held a total of six issued patents in the U.S., 22 issued international patents, and five international pending patent applications. The Ondas Autonomous Systems segment patents expire between 2034 and 2048, subject to any patent extensions that may be available for such patents. Our intellectual property incorporates internally developed software and hardware design incorporating machine and computer vision and was developed with artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques. This intellectual property is critical to the development of end-to-end systems which reliably enable the automated operation of drones in real-world environments.
We have applied for patent protection relating to certain existing and proposed products and processes. Currently, several of our issued U.S. patents as well as various pending U.S. and foreign patent applications relate to our FullMAX systems, Optimus System™, and Iron Drone Raider™ and are therefore important to the functionality of our products. If we fail to timely file a patent application in any jurisdiction, we may be precluded from doing so at a later date. Furthermore, we cannot assure you that any of our patent applications will be approved in a timely manner or at all. The rights granted to us under our patents, and the rights we are seeking to have granted in our pending patent applications, may not be meaningful or provide us with any commercial advantage. In addition, those rights could be opposed, contested or circumvented by our competitors, or be declared invalid or unenforceable in judicial or administrative proceedings. The failure of our patents to adequately protect our technology might make it easier or cheaper for our competitors to offer the same or similar products or technologies. Even if we are successful in receiving patent protection for certain products and processes, our competitors may be able to design around our patents or develop products that provide outcomes which are comparable or superior to ours without infringing on our intellectual property rights. Due to differences between foreign and U.S. patent laws, our patented intellectual property rights may not receive the same degree of protection in foreign countries as they would in the United States. Even if patents are granted outside the U.S., effective enforcement in those countries may not be available without significant cost and time expense or at all.
We rely on our trademarks and trade names to distinguish our products from the products of our competitors. Third parties may challenge our use of the trademarks. In the event that our trademarks are successfully challenged, we could be forced to rebrand our products, which could result in loss of brand recognition, and could require us to devote additional resources to marketing new brands. Further, we cannot assure you that competitors will not infringe upon our trademarks, or that we will have adequate resources to enforce our trademarks.
We also rely on trade secrets, know-how and technology, which are not protectable by patents, to maintain our competitive position. We try to protect this information by entering into confidentiality agreements and intellectual property assignment agreements with our officers, employees, contractors and other service providers regarding our intellectual property and proprietary technology. In the event of unauthorized use or disclosure or other breaches of those agreements, we may not be provided with meaningful protection for our trade secrets or other proprietary information. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors. To the extent that our commercial partners, collaborators, officers, employees, contractors and other service providers use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in the related or resulting know-how and inventions. If any of our trade secrets, know-how or other technologies not protected by a patent were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
If a competitor infringes upon one of our patents, trademarks or other intellectual property rights, enforcing those patents, trademarks and other rights may be costly, difficult and time consuming. Patent law relating to the scope of claims in the industry in which we operate is subject to rapid change and constant evolution and, consequently, patent positions in our industry can be uncertain. Even if successful, litigation to defend our patents and trademarks against challenges or to enforce our intellectual property rights could be expensive and time consuming and could divert management’s attention from managing our business. Moreover, we may not have sufficient resources or desire to defend our patents or trademarks against challenges or to enforce our intellectual property rights. Litigation also puts our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing. Additionally, we may provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially valuable. The occurrence of any of these events may harm our business, financial condition and operating results.
Our business may suffer if it is alleged or found that our products infringe the intellectual property rights of others.
Our industries are characterized by the existence of a large number of patents and by litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. Moreover, in recent years, individuals and groups have purchased patents and other intellectual property assets for the purpose of making claims of infringement in order to extract settlements from companies like ours. To date we have received no claims with respect to our infringement of intellectual property or patents but, in the future, third parties may claim that we are infringing upon their patents or other intellectual property rights. In addition, we may be or may become contractually obligated to indemnify our utility customers or other third parties that use or resell our products in the event our products are alleged to infringe a third-party’s intellectual property rights. Responding to such claims, regardless of their merit, can be time consuming, costly to defend in litigation, divert management’s attention and resources, damage our reputation and brand, and cause us to incur significant expenses. Even if we are indemnified against such costs, the indemnifying party may be unable to uphold its contractual obligations. Further, claims of intellectual property infringement might require us to redesign affected products, delay affected product offerings, enter into costly settlement or license agreements or pay costly damage awards or face a temporary or permanent injunction prohibiting us from marketing, selling or distributing the affected products. If we cannot or do not license the alleged infringed technology on reasonable terms or at all, or substitute similar technology from another source, our revenue and earnings could be adversely impacted. Additionally, our utility customers may not purchase our products if they are concerned that our products infringe third-party intellectual property rights. This could reduce the market opportunity for the sale of our products and services. The occurrence of any of these events may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our proprietary information, the value of our technology and products could be adversely affected.
In addition to patented technology, we rely on our unpatented technology, trade secrets and know-how. We generally seek to protect this information by confidentiality, non-disclosure and assignment of invention agreements with our officers, employees, contractors and other service providers and with parties with which we do business. These agreements may be breached, which breach may result in the misappropriation of such information, and we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach. We cannot be certain that the steps we have taken will prevent unauthorized use or reverse engineering of our technology.
Moreover, our trade secrets may be disclosed to or otherwise become known or be independently developed by competitors. To the extent that our officers, employees, contractors, other service providers, or other third parties with whom we do business use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions. If, for any of the above reasons, our intellectual property is disclosed or misappropriated, it would harm our ability to protect our rights and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We use open-source software in our products and services that may subject our products and services to general release or require us to re-engineer our products and services, which may cause harm to our business.
We use open-source software in connection with our products and services. From time to time, companies that incorporate open-source software into their products have faced claims challenging the ownership of open-source software and/or compliance with open source license terms. Therefore, we could be subject to suits by parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be open-source software or noncompliance with open-source licensing terms. Some open-source software licenses require users who distribute open-source software as part of their software to publicly disclose all or part of the source code to such software and/or make available any derivative works of the open-source code on unfavorable terms or at no cost. While we monitor the use of open source software in our products and services and try to ensure that none is used in a manner that would require us to disclose the source code to the related product or that would otherwise breach the terms of an open source agreement, such use could inadvertently occur and we may be required to release our proprietary source code, pay damages for breach of contract, re-engineer our products, discontinue the sale of our products in the event re-engineering cannot be accomplished on a timely basis or take other remedial action that may divert resources away from our development efforts, any of which could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.
Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to our competitive advantage.
The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations, and may not adequately protect our business, or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. The following examples are illustrative:
● others may be able to make devices that are the same as or similar to our remote radios but that are not covered by the claims of the patents that we own;
● we or any collaborators might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by the issued patents or pending patent applications that we own;
● we might not have been the first to file patent applications covering certain of our inventions;
● others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies without infringing our intellectual property rights;
● it is possible that our pending patent applications will not lead to issued patents;
● issued patents that we own may not provide us with any competitive advantages, or may be held invalid or unenforceable as a result of legal challenges;
● our competitors might conduct research and development activities in the U.S. and other countries that provide a safe harbor from patent infringement claims for certain research and development activities, as well as in countries where we do not have patent rights, and then use the information learned from such activities to develop competitive products for sale in our major commercial markets; and
● we may not develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable.
Risks Related to our Financial Results
We will need to generate significant sales to achieve profitable operations.
We intend to increase our operating expenses substantially in connection with the planned expansion of our business, establishment of our sales and marketing infrastructure, our ongoing research and development activities, and the commensurate development of our management and administrative functions, but there is no guarantee that we will succeed in these endeavors. We will need to generate significant sales to achieve profitability, and we might not be able to do so. Even if we do generate significant sales, we might not be able to achieve, sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis in the future. If our sales grow more slowly than we expect, or if our operating expenses exceed our expectations, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.
Our future profitability may be dependent upon achieving cost reductions and projected economies of scale from increasing manufacturing quantities of our products. Failing to achieve such reductions in manufacturing costs and projected economies of scale could materially adversely affect our business.
We do not know whether or when we will be able to develop efficient, low-cost manufacturing capabilities and processes that will enable us to manufacture (or contract for the manufacture of) these products in commercial quantities while meeting the volume, speed, quality, price, engineering, design and production standards required to successfully market our products. Our failure to develop such manufacturing processes and capabilities in locations that can efficiently service our markets could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Our future profitability is, in part, dependent upon achieving increased savings from volume purchases of raw materials and component parts, achieving acceptable manufacturing yield and capitalizing on machinery efficiencies. We expect our suppliers to experience a sharp increase in demand for their products. As a result, we may not have reliable access to supplies that we require or be able to purchase such materials or components at cost effective prices. There is no assurance that we will ever be in a position to realize any material, labor and machinery cost reductions associated with higher purchasing power and higher production levels. Failure to achieve these cost reductions could adversely impact our business and financial results.
If business growth falls short of expectations, we may need to obtain additional capital to fund our growth, operations, and obligations.
We may require additional capital to fund our growth, operations, and obligations if our growth plan falls short or takes more time than we anticipate. As our business has grown, we have managed periods of tight liquidity by accessing capital from our stockholders and their affiliates. Our capital requirements will depend on several factors, including:
● our ability to enter into new agreements with customers or to extend the terms of our existing agreements with customers, and the terms of such agreements;
● the success of our sales efforts;
● our working capital requirements related to the costs of inventory and accounts receivable;
● costs of recruiting and retaining qualified personnel;
● expenditures and investments to implement our business strategy; and
● the identification and successful completion of acquisitions.
We may seek additional funds through equity or debt offerings and/or borrowings under additional notes payable, lines of credit or other sources. We do not know whether additional financing will be available on commercially acceptable terms or at all, when needed. For example, increases in interest rates could negatively impact the costs of seeking additional funds through debt offerings and/or borrowings. If adequate funds are not available or are not available on commercially acceptable terms, our ability to fund our operations, support the growth of our business or otherwise respond to competitive pressures could be significantly delayed or limited, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Our revenue is not predictable and recognition of a significant portion of it will be deferred into future periods.
Once a customer decides to move forward with a large-scale deployment of our products and services, the timing of and our ability to recognize related revenue will depend on several factors, some of which may not be under our control. These factors include shipment schedules that may be delayed or subject to modification, the rate at which our utility customers choose to deploy our products in their network, customer acceptance of all or any part of our products and services, our contractual commitments to provide new or enhanced functionality at some point in the future, other contractual provisions such as liquidated damages, our suppliers’ ability to provide an adequate supply of components, the requirement to obtain regulatory approval, and our ability to deliver quality products according to expected schedules. In light of these factors, the application of complex revenue recognition rules to our products and services has required us to defer, and in the future will likely continue to require us to defer, a significant amount of revenue until undetermined future periods. It may be difficult to predict the amount of revenue that we will recognize in any given period and amounts recognized may fluctuate significantly from one period to the next.
Following the completion of the acquisition of Airobotics, our exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates has increased.
Airobotics conducts a significant portion of its operations outside of the United States, which also operate in their respective local currencies, the most significant of which are currently the Israeli New Shekel, the Singapore Dollar and the Emirati Dirham. Therefore, following the completion of the acquisition of Airobotics, our international operations accounts for a more significant portion of our overall operations than they previously did and our exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates has increase. Because our financial statements continue to be presented in U.S. dollars, the local currencies of Airobotics will be translated into U.S. dollars at the applicable exchange rates for inclusion in our Consolidated Financial Statements, thereby increasing the foreign exchange translation risk.
If our internal controls over financial reporting or our disclosure controls and procedures are not effective, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results, prevent fraud or file our periodic reports in a timely manner, which may cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and may lead to a decline in our stock price.
As a public company, we are required to maintain internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”) requires that we evaluate and determine the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and provide a management report on the internal control over financial reporting. Our testing, or the subsequent testing by our independent public accounting firm, may reveal deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses. If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner, or if we or our accounting firm identify deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses, the market price of our stock would likely decline and we could be subject to lawsuits, sanctions or investigations by regulatory authorities, including SEC enforcement actions, and we could be required to restate our financial results, any of which would require additional financial and management resources.
If material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting are discovered or occur in the future, our consolidated financial statements may contain material misstatements and we could be required to restate our financial results, which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition, restrict our ability to access the capital markets, require us to expend significant resources to correct the material weakness, subject us to fines, penalties or judgments, harm our reputation or otherwise cause a decline in investor confidence.
We continue to invest in more robust technology and resources to manage those reporting requirements. Implementing the appropriate changes to our internal controls may distract our officers and employees, result in substantial costs and require significant time to complete. Any difficulties or delays in implementing these controls could impact our ability to timely report our financial results. For these reasons, we may encounter difficulties in the timely and accurate reporting of our financial results, which would impact our ability to provide our investors with information in a timely manner. As a result, our investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information, and our stock price could decline.
In addition, any such changes do not guarantee that we will be effective in maintaining the adequacy of our internal controls, and any failure to maintain that adequacy could prevent us from accurately reporting our financial results.
Risks Related to our Common Stock
We have limited trading activity and as a result, the price of our common stock might fluctuate significantly, and you could lose all or part of your investment.
The limited trading activity and resulting volatility in the market price of our common stock may prevent you from being able to sell your shares of our common stock at or above the price you paid for your shares. The trading price of our common stock may be volatile and subject to wide price fluctuations in response to various factors, including, but not limited to:
● actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial and operating results;
● adverse results from delays in our product development;
● legal, political, governmental or other regulatory developments, decisions or interpretations;
● publication of research reports or coverage about us or our industry or positive or negative recommendations;
● perceptions about the market acceptance of our products and services, and the recognition of our brand;
● adverse publicity about our products and services, operating or financial results or industry in general;
● overall performance of the equity markets;
● introduction or discontinuation of products or services, or announcements of significant contracts, licenses or acquisitions, by us or our competitors;
● additions or departures of key personnel;
● threatened or actual litigation and government or regulatory investigations;
● sale of shares of our common stock by us or members of our management or our stockholders; and
● general economic conditions, both global and regional.
Our common stock is listed on Nasdaq and the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (“TASE”) under the symbol “ONDS.” The first trading day of the Company’s shares on TASE was January 26, 2023. There can be no assurance that trading of our common stock on such market will be sustained. On February 8, 2024, we took the steps to voluntarily delist our common stock from trading on the TASE. Pursuant to Israeli law, the delisting of our common stock is expected to take effect three months following the date of our request to TASE to delist our common stock, which occurred on February 8, 2024. Following the delisting from TASE, our common stock will solely be trading on Nasdaq. In the event that our common stock is not listed on Nasdaq, or if we do not sustain such listing, our common stock could be quoted only on the OTC Markets. Under such circumstances, you may find it significantly more difficult to trade, or to obtain accurate quotations for our common stock and our common stock may become substantially less attractive to certain purchasers, such as financial institutions, hedge funds, and other similar investors.
These and other factors might cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate unpredictably and substantially, which may negatively affect the liquidity of our common stock. In addition, in recent years, the stock market has experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. This volatility has had a significant impact on the market price of securities issued by many companies across many industries, including our industry. The changes frequently appear to occur without regard to the operating performance of the affected companies. Accordingly, the price of our common stock could fluctuate based upon factors that have little or nothing to do with our company, and these fluctuations could materially reduce our stock price.
Securities class action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the overall market and in the market price of a company’s securities. This litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs, divert our management’s attention and resources, and harm our business, operating results and financial condition.
Concentration of ownership of our common stock among our existing executive officers, directors and principal stockholders may prevent new investors from influencing significant corporate decisions.
Our executive officers, directors and current beneficial owners of 5% or more of our common stock and their respective affiliates, in the aggregate, beneficially own approximately 15.6% of our outstanding common stock as of March 27, 2024, and as of the date of this filing. As a result, these persons, acting together, would be able to significantly influence all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election and removal of directors, any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or other significant corporate transactions.
Some of these persons or entities may have interests different than yours. For example, they may be more interested in selling our company to an acquirer than other investors, or they may want us to pursue strategies that deviate from the interests of other stockholders.
We may issue more shares to raise additional capital, which may result in substantial dilution.
Our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation authorize the issuance of a maximum of 300,000,000 shares of common stock. Any additional financings effected by us may result in the issuance of additional securities without stockholder approval and the substantial dilution in the percentage of common stock held by our then existing stockholders. In order to raise additional capital, we may in the future offer additional shares of our common stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock at prices that may be higher or lower than the price per share of our common stock at that time. Also, we have reserved 8,000,000 and 3,333,334 shares of common stock for issuance pursuant to future awards under the Ondas Holdings Inc. 2021 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”) and 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”), respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the number of securities remaining available for future issuance under the 2021 Plan and 2018 Plan is 3,780,741 and 1,052,373 shares of common stock, respectively. The issuance of such additional shares of common stock, or securities convertible or exchangeable into common stock, may cause the price of our common stock to decline. Additionally, if all or a substantial portion of these shares are resold into the public markets then the trading price of our common stock may decline.
Our Board may issue and fix the terms of shares of our preferred stock without stockholder approval, which could adversely affect the voting power of holders of our common stock or any change in control of our Company.
Our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation authorize the issuance of up to 5,000,000 shares of “blank check” preferred stock, $0.0001 par value per share, with such designation rights and preferences as may be determined from time to time by our Board. Our Board is empowered, without the need to obtain stockholder approval, to issue shares of preferred stock with dividend, liquidation, conversion, voting or other rights which could adversely affect the voting power or other rights of the holders of our common stock. In the event of such issuances, the preferred stock could be used, under certain circumstances, as a method of discouraging, delaying or preventing a change in control of our company.
If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our common stock will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business, which research and reports are not and would not be subject to our control. We currently do not have and may never obtain research coverage by securities analysts, and industry analysts that currently cover us may cease to do so. If no securities analysts commence coverage of our company, or if industry analysts cease coverage of our company, the trading price for our stock could be materially and adversely impacted. In the event we obtain securities analyst coverage, if one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price may be materially and adversely impacted. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our stock could decrease, which might cause our stock price and trading volume to decline.
We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.
We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock nor are we under any obligation to declare or pay such cash dividends. We currently intend to retain any future earnings to fund our operations and the development and growth of our business, and we do not expect to declare or pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. Our future ability to pay cash dividends on our capital stock may be limited by any future debt instruments or preferred securities. As a result, you may only receive a return on your investment in our common stock if the market price of our common stock increases to a price above the price you paid for them and you sell such shares.
Our shares of common stock are subject to the penny stock rules.
The SEC has adopted rules that regulate broker-dealer practices in connection with transactions in penny stocks. Penny stocks are generally equity securities with a price of less than $5.00, other than securities registered on certain national securities exchanges or authorized for quotation on certain automated quotation systems, provided that current price and volume information with respect to transactions in such securities is provided by the exchange or system. If the price per share of our common stock continues to be is less than $5.00, our common stock will continue to be deemed a penny stock. The penny stock rules require a broker-dealer, before a transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules, to deliver a standardized risk disclosure document containing specified information. In addition, the penny stock rules require that before effecting any transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules, a broker-dealer must make a special written determination that the penny stock is a suitable investment for the purchaser and receive (i) the purchaser’s written acknowledgment of the receipt of a risk disclosure statement; (ii) a written agreement to transactions involving penny stocks; and (iii) a signed and dated copy of a written suitability statement. These disclosure requirements may have the effect of reducing the trading activity in the secondary market for our common stock, and therefore stockholders may have difficulty selling their shares.
Certain provisions of our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws and Nevada law make it more difficult for a third-party to acquire us and make a takeover more difficult to complete, even if such a transaction were in the stockholders’ best interest.
Certain provisions of our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws and Nevada law make it more difficult for a third-party to acquire us and make a takeover more difficult to complete, even if such a transaction were in the stockholders’ best interest. For example, Nevada law provides that approval of two-thirds of the stockholders is required to remove a director, which may make it more difficult for a third-party to gain control of the Company. This concentration of ownership limits the power to exercise control by our minority stockholders.
Our bylaws designate the Eighth Judicial District Court of Clark County of the State of Nevada as the sole and exclusive forum for certain actions, which could limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with the Company and its directors, officers, or other employees and may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims.
Unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Eighth Judicial District Court of Clark County of the State of Nevada (the “Court”) shall be the sole and exclusive forum for any stockholder (including a beneficial owner) to bring (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Company, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any Director, officer or other employee of the Company to the Company or the Company’s stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim against the Company, any director or the Company’s officers or employees arising pursuant to any provision of the Nevada Revised Statutes (the “NRS”), Chapters 78 or 92A of the NRS or our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation or our Bylaws, or (iv) any action asserting a claim against the Company, any director or the Company’s officers or employees governed by the internal affairs doctrine. However, each of these clauses (i) through (iv) will not apply to any claim (x) as to which the Court determines that there is an indispensable party not subject to the jurisdiction of the Court (and the indispensable party does not consent to the personal jurisdiction of the Court within ten (10) days following such determination), (y) for which the Court does not have subject matter jurisdiction, or (z) which is vested in the exclusive jurisdiction of a court or forum other than the Court, including pursuant to Section 27 of the Exchange Act, which provides for exclusive federal jurisdiction over suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Furthermore, Section 22 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), provides for concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder, and as such the exclusive jurisdiction clauses set forth above would not apply to such suits.
Risks Related to the Notes
We may not have the ability to pay interest on the Notes or to redeem the Notes.
The Notes bear interest at a rate of 3% per year and add amortization payments with respect to the principal amount of the Notes and accrued and unpaid interest are due and payable monthly. If we are unable to satisfy certain equity conditions, we will be required to pay all amounts due on any installment date in cash. If a change of control occurs, holders of the Notes may require us to repurchase, for cash, all or a portion of their Notes. Our ability to pay amortization payments and interest on the Notes, to repurchase the Notes, to fund working capital needs, and fund planned capital expenditures depends on our ability to generate cash flow in the future. To some extent, this is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative and regulatory factors, and other factors that are beyond our control. We cannot assure you that we will continue to maintain sufficient cash reserves or that our business will continue to generate cash flow from operations at a level sufficient to permit us to pay the interest on the Notes or to repurchase or redeem the Notes or that our cash needs will not increase.
The holder of the Notes can defer an installment payment due on any installment date to another installment date and may, on any installment date accelerate the payment of amounts due on up to four future installment dates. Therefore, we may be required to repay the entire principal amount and accrued and unpaid interest on the Notes in one lump sum on the maturity date of the Notes. If we are unable to satisfy certain equity conditions, we will be required to pay all amounts due whether by deferral or acceleration in cash and we may not have sufficient funds to repay the Notes under such circumstances.
Our failure to make the required payments on the Notes would permit the holders of the Notes to accelerate our obligations under the Notes. Such default may also lead to a default under our agreements governing any of our current and future indebtedness.
If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow from our operations in the future to service our indebtedness and meet our other needs, we may have to refinance all or a portion of the indebtedness, obtain additional financing, reduce expenditures, or sell assets that we deem necessary to our business. We cannot assure you that any of these measures would be possible or that additional financing could be obtained on favorable terms, if at all. The inability to obtain additional financing on commercially reasonable terms would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and our ability to meet our obligations to you under the Notes.
Provisions in the Notes may deter or prevent a business combination that may be favorable to you.
Under the terms of the Notes we are prohibited from engaging in certain mergers or acquisitions unless, among other things, the surviving entity assumes our obligations under the Notes. These and other provisions could prevent or deter a third party from acquiring us, even where the acquisition could be beneficial to you.
Future sales of a significant number of our shares of Common Stock in the public markets, or the perception that such sales could occur, could depress the market price of our shares of Common Stock or cause it to be highly volatile.
The conversion of some or all of the Notes will dilute the ownership interests of existing shareholders, unless we satisfy any such conversions solely with cash, and conversions of such Notes into shares of our Common Stock could depress the price of our Common Stock. We cannot predict if and when these shares of our Common Stock will be resold in the public markets. We cannot predict the number of these shares that might be resold nor the effect that future sales of our shares of Common Stock would have on the market price of our shares of Common Stock. Sales of a substantial number of our shares of Common Stock in the public markets, or the perception that such sales could occur, may result in downward pressure on the price of our Common Stock or cause it to be highly volatile and impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities.
Our financing arrangements contain, and we expect that other future loan agreements and financing arrangements will contain, customary covenants that may limit our liquidity and corporate activities, which could limit our operational flexibility and have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Our financial arrangements contain, and we expect that other future loan agreements and financing arrangements will contain, customary covenants and event of default clauses, which may affect operational and financial flexibility. Such restrictions could affect, and in many respects limit or prohibit, among other things, our ability to pay dividends, incur additional indebtedness, create liens, sell assets, or engage in mergers or acquisitions. These restrictions could limit our ability to plan for or react to market conditions or meet extraordinary capital needs or otherwise restrict corporate activities. There can be no assurance that such restrictions will not adversely affect our ability to finance our future operations or capital needs.
As a result of these restrictions, we may need to seek permission from our lenders in order to engage in some corporate actions. Our lenders’ interests may be different from ours and we may not be able to obtain their permission when needed. This may prevent us from taking actions that we believe are in our best interests, which may adversely impact our revenues, results of operations and financial condition.
For more information regarding our obligations under the Notes please see Note 9 - Long-term Notes Payable in the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Item 2. Properties.
Our offices and facilities for Ondas Networks are located at 165 Gibraltar Court in Sunnyvale, CA (the Property”). On January 22, 2021, we entered into a 24-month lease with the owner and landlord of the Property (the “2021 Lease”), wherein the base rate was $45,000 per month and including a security deposit in the amount of $90,000. The 2021 Lease was effective April 1, 2021 through March 31, 2023. On April 1, 2023, the Company amended the 2021 Lease to extend the 2021 Lease through September 30, 2023, wherein the base rate was $65,676 per month. On November 6, 2023, the Company amended the 2021 Lease, as amended, to further extend the 2021 Lease, as amended, through June 30, 2024, wherein the base rate is $68,959 per month. On August 7, 2023, Ondas Networks entered into a 72-month operating lease agreement with the owner and landlord of 21,537 square feet of other office space in Sunnyvale, CA (the “2023 Lease”). The lease commenced October 1, 2023, and is effective through September 30, 2029, wherein base rent is $77,533 per month, increasing approximately 3% annually, with a security deposit due in the amount of $269,428. Base rent for the 2023 Lease shall be abated during the first twelve months of the term of the lease.
Our offices and facilities for American Robotics are located at 53 Brigham St, Unit 4, Marlborough, MA, representing approximately 10,450 square feet (the “Marlborough Lease”). On August 5, 2021, the Company acquired American Robotics and the Marlborough Lease, wherein the base rate is $15,469 per month, with an annual increase of 3% through January 2024, with a security deposit of $24,166. On August 19, 2021, American Robotics amended their lease to reduce their space (the “Marlborough Amendment”). The Marlborough Amendment reduced their base rent to $8,802 per month, with an annual increase of 3% through January 2024. On November 10, 2023, American Robotics amended their lease to extend the existing lease term from January 31, 2024 to January 31, 2026 and to relinquish a portion of the leased outdoor space. The base rent is $14,586 per month starting February 1, 2024, with an annual increase of 3.5% through January 31, 2026. These facilities also serve as Ondas Holdings’ corporate headquarters.
On October 8, 2021, American Robotics entered into an 86-month operating lease for space at 411 Waverley Oaks Road, Suite 114, Waltham, MA, representing approximately 18,000 square feet. The lease commenced on March 1, 2022 and terminates on April 30, 2029, wherein the base rate is $39,375 per month, increasing 3% annually, with a security deposit in the amount of $104,040. On January 15, 2024, American Robotics entered into an agreement to sublet their full leased space in Waltham through April 30, 2029, the remaining lease term, for $22,920 per month from May 1, 2024 through April 30, 2025, then $41,250 per month from May 1, 2025 through April 30, 2029.
Our offices and facilities for Airobotics are located at 8 Modi’in St, Petah Tikva, Israel, representing approximately 13,240 square feet and an adjacent yard with an area of approximately 9,690 square feet which Airobotics leases according to three different lease agreements. Each agreement is with respect to different sections of the entire leased area and are in effect through December 31, 2023, February 28, 2024, and November 30, 2024 wherein the base rate of the entire leased area is approximately $20,500 per month.
We believe that our offices and facilities are sufficient for our current needs.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
From time to time, we may become involved in various lawsuits and legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. Litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties and an adverse result in these, or other matters may arise from time to time that may harm our business. We are not currently involved in any legal proceeding or investigation by a governmental agency that we believe will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or operating results.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Market Information
On December 4, 2020, our common stock was uplisted from the OOTCQB to the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol “ONDS” where it continues to trade on a very limited basis. On January 26, 2023, our common stock began trading on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (“TASE”) and was dual listed on both Nasdaq and TASE. On February 8, 2024, we took the steps to voluntarily delist our common stock from trading on the TASE. Pursuant to Israeli law, the delisting of our common stock is expected to take effect three months following the date of our request to TASE to delist our common stock, which occurred on February 8, 2024. Following the delisting from TASE, our common stock will solely be trading on Nasdaq.
Stockholders
As of March 27, 2024, there were approximately 98 stockholders of record.
Dividends
We have never declared nor paid any cash dividends to stockholders. We do not intend to pay cash dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future, and currently intend to retain any future earnings to fund our operations and the development and growth of our business. The declaration of any future cash dividend, if any, would be at the discretion of our Board (subject to limitations imposed under applicable Nevada law) and would depend upon our earnings, if any, our capital requirements and financial position, our general economic conditions, and other pertinent conditions.
Unregistered Sales of Securities
None during the year ended December 31, 2023
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
None during the quarter ended December 31, 2023.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Item 6. [Reserved]

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
General
You should read the following discussion and analysis in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes to those financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (the “Form 10-K”). This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” Our actual results may differ materially from those contained in or implied by any forward-looking statements.
Overview
Ondas Holdings Inc. (“Ondas Holdings,” “Ondas,” the “Company,” “we” or “our”) is a leading provider of private wireless, drone, and automated data solutions through its subsidiaries Ondas Networks Inc. (“Ondas Networks”), Ondas Autonomous Holdings Inc. (“OAH”), Airobotics, Ltd. (“Airobotics”), and American Robotics, Inc. (“American Robotics” or “AR”). Airobotics is an Israeli-based developer of autonomous drone systems. American Robotics is a leading developer of highly automated commercial drone systems. Airobotics and American Robotics operate together under OAH a separate business unit called Ondas Autonomous Systems. Ondas Networks and Ondas Autonomous Systems together provide users in rail, energy, mining, public safety and critical infrastructure and government markets with improved connectivity, data collection capabilities, and data collection and information processing capabilities. We operate Ondas Networks and Ondas Autonomous Systems as separate business segments, and the following is a discussion of each segment. See Note 1, Note 2, and Note 12 of the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding our segments.
Ondas Networks Segment
Ondas Networks provides wireless connectivity solutions enabling mission-critical Industrial Internet applications and services. We refer to these applications as the Mission-Critical Internet of Things (“MC-IoT”). Our wireless networking products are applicable to a wide range of MC-IoT applications, which are most often located at the very edge of large industrial networks. These applications require secure, real-time connectivity with the ability to process large amounts of data at the edge of large industrial networks. Such applications are required in all of the major critical infrastructure markets, including rail, electric grids, drones, oil and gas, and public safety, homeland security and government, where secure, reliable and fast operational decisions are required in order to improve efficiency and ensure a high degree of safety and security.
We design, develop, manufacture, sell and support FullMAX, our patented, Software Defined Radio (“SDR”) platform for secure, licensed, private, wide-area broadband networks. Our customers install FullMAX systems in order to upgrade and expand their legacy wide-area network infrastructure. We have targeted the North American freight rail operators for the initial adoption of our FullMAX platform. These rail operators currently operate legacy communications systems utilizing serial-based narrowband wireless technologies for voice and data communications. These legacy wireless networks have limited data capacity and are unable to support the adoption of new, intelligent train control and management systems. Our MC-IoT intellectual property has been adopted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (“IEEE”), the leading worldwide standards body in data networking protocols, and forms the core of the IEEE 802.16 standard. Because standards-based communications solutions are preferred by our mission-critical customers and ecosystem partners, we continue to take a leadership position in IEEE as it relates to wireless networking for industrial markets. As such, management believes this standards-based approach supports the adoption of our technology across a burgeoning ecosystem of global partners and end markets.
Our software-based FullMAX platform is an important and timely upgrade solution for privately-owned and operated wireless wide-area networks, leveraging Internet Protocol-based communications to provide more reliability and data capacity for our mission-critical infrastructure customers. We believe industrial and critical infrastructure markets throughout the globe have reached an inflection point where legacy serial and analog based protocols and network transport systems no longer meet industry needs. In addition to offering enhanced data throughput, FullMAX is an intelligent networking platform enabling the adoption of sophisticated operating systems and equipment supporting next-generation MC-IoT applications over wide field areas. These new MC-IoT applications and related equipment require more processing power at the edge of large industrial networks and the efficient utilization of network capacity and scarce bandwidth resources which can be supported by the “Fog-computing” capability integrated in our end-to-end network platform. Fog-computing utilizes management software to enable edge compute processing and data and application prioritization in the field enabling our customers more reliable, real-time operating control of these new, intelligent MC-IoT equipment and applications at the edge.
Partnership with Siemens and Market Advancements
Ondas Networks and Siemens Mobility (“Siemens”), have a strategic partnership, to both market our FullMAX-based networking technology and services and to jointly develop wireless communications products for the North American Rail Industry based on Siemens’ Advanced Train Control System (“ATCS”) protocol and our FullMAX MC-IoT platform.
We believe Siemens has both the sales and marketing reach and support to drive our technology to wide scale acceptance across the global rail market beginning with the North American Class I Railroad market. We have a jointly-developed product with Siemens - the dual-mode ATCS/MC-IoT radio systems, and Siemens is marketing and selling our proprietary systems under the brand name Airlink to our railroad customers. The dual-mode ATCS radio systems support Siemens’ extensive installed base of ATCS radios as well as offer Siemens’ customers the ability to support a host of new advanced rail applications utilizing our MC-IoT wireless system. These new applications, including Advanced Grade Crossing Activation and Monitoring, Wayside Inspection, Railcar Monitoring and next generation signaling and train control systems, are designed to increase railroad productivity, reduce costs and improve safety. In addition, Siemens markets and sells Ondas Networks’ standalone MC-IoT 802.16 products under the Siemens Airlink brand.
We developed a new radio for the Head of Train (HOT) Market in North America and a similar product for the Indian rail market. Siemens delivered these 900 MHz rail orders for a major Class I Railroad in the United States and received HOT orders for the Indian market.
Ondas and Siemens developed a new locomotive radio to support European Railroads. We secured an initial volume order from Siemens for the Class I Rail 900 MHz Network consisting of both ATCS compatible products along with Ondas’ catalog products. We received government authorization to sell ATCS radios in Canada and Siemens and launched our joint effort for the European market at Innotrans in Berlin. Siemens and Ondas demonstrated our over the air compatibility to systems used by passenger rails in the Northeast Corridor of the US.
In March 2023 the Association of American Railroads (“AAR”) formally announced that IEEE 802.16 standard would be the wireless platform for the greenfield 900 MHz network. In April 2023, the American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association (AREMA) voted to require the use of 802.16 in the 900 MHz greenfield band; The AAR also confirmed they have agreed with the Federal Communications Committee to retire the legacy 900 MHz band by September 2025 and that the wireless network in the new 900 MHz band would be substantially built by April 2026. In May and June 2023, we responded to RFPs to passenger rail customers in the Northeast Corridor. In February 2024, Siemens was selected by Amtrak to deliver their next generation radio based on Ondas’ FullMAX technology and the 802.16 standard.
Our relationship with Siemens has expanded significantly since entering into the partnership both with (i) the wider marketing of our wireless technology platform and (ii) multiple additional joint-product programs. Siemens has expanded its marketing reach of Ondas Networks products with identified opportunities in North American Transit Rail as well as in European and Asian Rail markets. We believe our technology has broad potential in these large, newly targeted markets.
Ondas Autonomous Systems Segment
Our Ondas Autonomous Systems business unit develops and integrates drone-based solutions focusing on high-performance critical applications for government and Tier-1 commercial enterprises. Ondas is marketing comprehensive drone-based solutions to address the needs of governmental and commercial customers based on its commercially available platforms: the Optimus System™, a fully autonomous drone platform capable of continuous and multipurpose aerial data capturing and analytics, and the Iron Drone Raider™, a fully autonomous interceptor drone designed to neutralize small hostile drones.
Our unique, fully autonomous platforms enable cutting-edge aerial capabilities and are designed to serve and protect critical infrastructure and operations. Our business focuses on end-user entities in Public Safety, Defense, Homeland Security, Smart City, Port Authorities, State Departments, and other governmental entities together with commercial customers of industrial sensitive facilities such as Oil & Gas, Seaports, Mining, and Heavy Construction. For these industries, Ondas Autonomous Systems provides specialized real-time aerial data capturing and aerial protection solutions in the most complex environments such as urban areas, sensitive and critical facilities and field area operations, and high-priority projects. In addition, we offer a wide suite of supplementary, enabling services for successful implementation such as AI data analytics, data automation, IT implementation, safety planning, certification, training, and maintenance, handling all the complex aspects of such high-performance drone operations.
Our portfolio companies, American Robotics and Airobotics, form a unique, powerful, and synergistic combination covering all the aspects required for successful Aerospace business together with data technologies and services for digital transformation industries. Our companies are specialized in addressing all the challenges arising along these types of product lifecycles including research and development, manufacturing, certification, and ongoing support.
Ondas Autonomous Systems and its portfolio companies have already gained a track record of industry-leading regulatory successes including the securing of the first-of-its-kind Type Certification (TC) from the FAA for the Optimus 1-EX UAV on September 25, 2023, becoming the first autonomous security data capture UAV to achieve this distinction. TC, recognized as the highest echelon of Airworthiness Certification, streamline operational approvals for broad flight operations over people and infrastructure. The certification verifies the compliance of the system’s design with the required FAA airworthiness and noise standards, ensuring safe operation within the US National Airspace System (NAS) thereby significantly broadening the range of operational scenarios and scaling up of operations for automated UAS. Achieving FAA Type Certification will enable drone operations beyond-visual-line-of-sight (BVLOS) without a human operator on-site. With a strong footprint in the US market and worldwide, we believe that Ondas Autonomous Systems is well-positioned with proven technology, a unique offering, and strong capabilities to strategically transform critical operations with our cutting-edge drone tech and capabilities.
Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 and Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017
On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”) was signed into law. The IRA includes a 15% Corporate Alternative Minimum Tax (“Corporate AMT”) for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022. We do not expect the Corporate AMT to have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements. Additionally, the IRA imposes a 1% excise tax on net repurchases of stock by certain publicly traded corporations. The excise tax is imposed on the value of the net stock repurchased or treated as repurchased. The new law will apply to stock repurchases occurring after December 31, 2022.
Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, we are required to capitalize R&D expenses for tax purposes and amortize over five years for domestic based expenses and fifteen years for foreign expenses. Given our tax net operating loss carryforward position we do not expect this change to have a material impact on our financial statements.
War in Israel
On October 7, 2023, the State of Israel, where Airobotics’ main offices and facilities are located, suffered a surprise attack by hostile forces from the Gaza Strip, which led to the Security Cabinet of the State of Israel declaring a state of war in Israel. This military operation and related activities are on-going as of the date of this filing.
The Company has considered various ongoing risks relating to the military operation and related matters, including:
● That approximately 17% of the Company’s workforce in Israel was called to active duty, which temporarily reduced our workforce;
● That some of the Company’s Israeli subcontractors, vendors, suppliers and other companies in which the Company relies, are currently only partially active, as instructed by the relevant authorities or due to personnel shortages related to the war effort, which resulted in a temporary delay of inventory production; and
● A slowdown in the number of international flights in and out of Israel.
In recent weeks, all of the Company’s workforce in Israel returned to work and inventory production restraints have eased. The Company is closely monitoring how the military operation and related activities could adversely affect its anticipated milestones and its Israel-based activities to support future operations, including the Company’s ability to import materials that are required to construct the Optimus System™ and to ship them outside of Israel. As of the date of this prospectus, the Company has determined that there have not been any materially adverse effects on its business or operations, but it continues to monitor the situation, as any future escalation or change could result in a material adverse effect on the ability of the Company’s Israeli office to support the Company’s activities. The Company does not have any specific contingency plans in the event of any such escalation or change.
Results of Operations
Year ended December 31, 2023 compared to year ended December 31, 2022
Revenues
Year Ended
December 31,
Increase
(Decrease)
Revenue, net
Ondas Networks $ 6,722,230 $ 1,931,677 $ 4,790,553
Ondas Autonomous Systems 8,969,200 194,140 8,775,060
Total $ 15,691,430 $ 2,125,817 $ 13,565,613
Revenue increased by $13,565,613 to $15,691,430 for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $2,125,817 for the year ended December 31, 2022. Revenues during the year ended December 31, 2023 included $12,102,388 for products, $2,126,560 for service and subscriptions, and $1,462,482 for development agreements with Siemens Mobility. Revenues during the same period in 2022 included $872,660 for products, $319,140 for service and subscriptions, and $934,017 for development agreements with Siemens Mobility. The increase in our revenues were primarily the result of increased development revenue with Siemens Mobility, increased product sales to Siemens, and acquiring Airobotics, which had approximately $8,937,700 of revenue from January 24, 2023 through December 31, 2023.
Cost of goods sold
Year Ended
December 31,
Increase
(Decrease)
Cost of goods sold
Ondas Networks $ 4,647,931 $ 914,612 $ 3,733,319
Ondas Autonomous Systems 4,662,325 102,042 4,560,283
Total $ 9,310,256 $ 1,016,654 $ 8,293,602
Cost of goods sold increased by $8,293,602 to $9,310,256 for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $1,016,654 for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in cost of goods sold was primarily a result of acquiring Airobotics, which had approximately $4,647,000 of cost of goods sold from January 24, 2023 through December 31, 2023, and an increase in Ondas Networks’ product revenue, which resulted in an increase in cost of goods sold of approximately $3,733,000.
Gross profit
Year Ended
December 31,
Increase
(Decrease)
Gross Profit
Ondas Networks $ 2,074,299 $ 1,017,065 $ 1,057,234
Ondas Autonomous Systems 4,306,875 92,098 4,214,777
Total $ 6,381,174 $ 1,109,163 $ 5,272,011
Our gross profit increased by $5,272,011 to $6,381,174 for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $1,109,163 for the year ended December 31, 2022 based on the changes in revenues and cost of goods sold as discussed above. Gross margin for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was 41% and 52%, respectively. The decrease in gross margin was primarily a result of the sale of lower margin products at Ondas Networks.
Operating Expenses
Year Ended
December 31,
Increase (Decrease)
Operating expenses:
General and administrative $ 21,556,976 $ 23,618,823 $ (2,061,847 )
Sales and marketing 5,908,263 3,456,257 2,452,006
Research and development 17,145,235 24,044,005 (6,898,770 )
Long-term equity investment impairment 1,500,000 - 1,500,000
Goodwill impairment - 19,419,600 (19,419,600 )
Total $ 46,110,474 $ 70,538,685 $ (24,428,211 )
Our principal operating costs include the following items as a percentage of total operating expenses:
Year Ended
December 31,
Human resource costs, including benefits 34 % 28 %
Travel and entertainment 2 % 2 %
Other general and administration costs:
Professional fees and consulting expenses 10 % 8 %
Facilities and other expenses 10 % 6 %
Depreciation and amortization 11 % 6 %
Goodwill and long-term asset impairment 9 % 28 %
Other research and deployment costs, excluding human resources and travel and entertainment 21 % 21 %
Other sales and marketing costs, excluding human resources and travel and entertainment 3 % 1 %
Operating expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased by $24,428,211, or 35%, as a result of the following items:
Human resource costs, including benefits $ (4,196,330 )
Travel and entertainment (510,479 )
Other general and administration costs
Professional fees and consulting costs (1,578,825 )
Facilities and other expenses 103,187
Depreciation and amortization 1,199,796
Goodwill and long-term asset impairment (15,408,295 )
Other research and deployment costs, excluding human resources and travel and entertainment (4,821,547 )
Other sales and marketing costs, excluding human resources and travel and entertainment 784,282
$ (24,428,211 )
The decrease in operating expenses was primarily due to: (i) a decrease of approximately $4,196,000 in human resource costs, of which approximately $6,304,000 relates to reduced headcount and synergies achieved by integrating American Robotics and Airobotics, offset by an increase of approximately $2,108,000 related to an increase in headcount and bonus expense at Ondas Networks; (ii) a decrease of approximately $1,579,000 in professional fees and consulting costs, of which approximately $1,054,000 relates to professional fees in connection with the acquisition of Airobotics and approximately $525,000 is a result of synergies achieved by integrating American Robotics and Airobotics; (iii) an increase of approximately $1,200,000 in depreciation and amortization expenses related to the acquisition of Airobotics and the assets of Iron Drone; (iv) a decrease of approximately $4,822,000 in other research and development costs, excluding human resources and travel and entertainment, of which $5,143,000 relates to synergies achieved by integrating American Robotics and Airobotics, offset by an increase of approximately $321,000 in research and development costs at Ondas Networks as we continue to invest in our technology; and (v) an increase of approximately $784,000 in other sales and marketing costs, excluding human resources and travel and entertainment, of which approximately $884,000 relates to the acquisition of Airobotics, net of synergies achieved by integrating American Robotics and Airobotics, offset by a decrease of approximately $100,000 at Ondas Networks. In 2023, we recognized impairment of $1,500,000 on our long-term equity investment and impairment of approximately $2,511,000 on the American Robotics Waltham Lease right-of-use asset and the associated leasehold improvement and furniture and fixtures. In 2022, we recognized an impairment of goodwill from the American Robotics acquisition of approximately $19,420,000.
Operating Loss
Year Ended
December 31,
Decrease
Operating loss $ (39,729,300 ) $ (69,429,522 ) $ 29,700,222
As a result of the foregoing, our operating loss decreased by $29,700,222, or 43%, to $39,729,300 for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared with $69,429,522 for the year ended December 31, 2022. Operating loss decreased primarily as a result of increased gross profit and a decrease in operating expenses as described above.
Other Income (Expense), net
Year Ended
December 31,
Increase
Other income (expense), net $ (5,115,572 ) $ (3,812,283 ) $ 1,303,289
Other income (expense), net, increased by $1,303,289, to other expense, net of $5,115,572 for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to other expense, net of $3,812,283 for the year ended December 31, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we reported (i) an increase in interest expense of approximately $851,000, offset by a decrease in amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs of approximately $406,000 for the 2022 Convertible Exchange Notes (as defined below) and 2023 Additional Notes (as defined below); (ii) an increase in impairment of deferred offering costs of approximately $71,000 related to the termination of the ATM Agreement; (iii) an increase in loss on foreign exchange of approximately $425,000 at Airobotics; (iv) an increase in other expense of approximately $478,000 due to a change in fair value of government grant liability; and (iv) offset by an increase in interest income of approximately $116,000 at Ondas Networks.
Net Loss
Year Ended
December 31,
Decrease
Net Loss $ (44,844,872 ) $ (73,241,805 ) $ 28,396,933
As a result of the net effects of the foregoing, net loss decreased by $28,396,333, or 39%, to $44,844,872 for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared with $73,241,805 for the year ended December 31, 2022. Net loss per share of common stock, basic and diluted, was $(0.88) for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared with $(1.73) for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Summary of (Uses) and Sources of Cash
Year Ended
December 31,
Net cash used in operating activities $ (34,019,519 ) $ (37,963,076 )
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities 536,273 (6,934,568 )
Net cash provided by financing activities 18,730,150 33,857,617
Decrease in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash (14,753,096 ) (11,040,027 )
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of period 29,775,096 40,815,123
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period $ 15,022,000 $ 29,775,096
The principal use of cash in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2023, was to fund the Company’s current expenses primarily related to operating activities necessary to allow us to service and support customers.
The decrease in cash flows used in operating activities of approximately $3,944,000 was primarily due to a decrease in net loss of approximately $28,397,000, of which approximately $3,920,000 related to non-cash and credits, including depreciation, amortization of debt discount, amortization of intangibles assets and right of use asset, and stock-based compensation, and approximately $15,408,000 relates to impairment of goodwill and long-term assets, offset by changes in operating assets and liabilities resulting in a cash outflow of approximately $5,125,000. For a summary of our outstanding operating leases, see Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
The increase in cash flows provided by investing activities of approximately $7,471,000, relates to $1,049,454 cash acquired with the Airobotics acquisition, combined with a decrease of approximately $723,000 in cash paid for asset acquisitions, a decrease of $1,000,000 in cash paid for an investment in Dynam AI, a decrease of $2,000,000 in cash outflow related to notes receivable, and a decrease of approximately $2,699,000 in cash paid for purchase of equipment and patent costs.
The decrease in cash provided by financing activities of approximately $15,127,000 was due to a decrease in net proceeds from convertible debt of approximately $18,393,000, exercise of options and warrants of approximately $24,000, and the ATM Offering, which raised approximately $6,090,000 in 2022, combined with approximately $4,355,000 in cash payments on the 2022 Convertible Exchange Notes and approximately $1,147,000 in cash payments for Airobotics related debt. This was partially offset by proceeds of approximately $14,692,000 from the sale of noncontrolling interest in Ondas Networks and $190,000 in proceeds from government grants in Airobotics.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
We have incurred losses since inception and have funded our operations primarily through debt and the sale of capital stock. On December 31, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $198,360,000. On December 31, 2023, we had net long-term borrowings outstanding of approximately $5,368,000 net of debt discount and issuance costs of approximately $392,000 and short-term borrowings outstanding of approximately $26,213,000, net of debt discount and issuance costs of approximately $1,968,000. On December 31, 2023, we had cash and restricted cash of approximately $15,022,000 and a working capital deficit of approximately $12,334,000.
In October 2022, the Company entered into a convertible debt agreement, which provided cash proceeds of approximately $27,702,000. Also in 2022, the Company raised approximately $6,090,000 through the ATM Offering. In 2023, we raised approximately $14,692,000 of net proceeds from the sale redeemable preferences shares in Ondas Networks and warrants in Ondas Holdings to third parties, and approximately $9,310,000 from a second convertible debt agreement. In February 2024, we raised gross proceeds of approximately $4,500,000 from issuing additional redeemable preference shares in Ondas Networks and warrants in Ondas Holdings to third parties, and approximately $4,100,000 from issuing common stock in Ondas Holdings and warrants in OAH.
We expect to fund our operations for the next twelve months from the filing date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K from the cash on hand as of December 31, 2023, proceeds from the 2024 financing activities discussed above, gross profits generated from revenue growth, potential prepayments from customers for purchase orders, potential proceeds from warrants issued and outstanding, and additional funds that we may seek through equity or debt offerings and/or borrowings under additional notes payable, lines of credit or other sources. There is substantial doubt that the funding plans will be successful and therefore the conditions discussed above have not been alleviated. As a result, there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for one year from April 1, 2024, the date the Consolidated Financial Statements were available to be issued.
Our future capital requirements will depend upon many factors, including progress with developing, manufacturing and marketing our technologies, the time and costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining and enforcing patent claims and other proprietary rights, our ability to establish collaborative arrangements, marketing activities and competing technological and market developments, including regulatory changes and overall economic conditions in our target markets. Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability requires us to successfully market and secure purchase orders for our products and services from customers currently identified in our sales pipeline as well as new customers. We also will be required to efficiently manufacture and deliver equipment on those purchase orders. These activities, including our planned research and development efforts, will require significant uses of working capital. There can be no assurance that we will generate revenue and cash as expected in our current business plan. We may seek additional funds through equity or debt offerings and/or borrowings under additional notes payable, lines of credit or other sources. We do not know whether additional financing will be available on commercially acceptable terms or at all, when needed. If adequate funds are not available or are not available on commercially acceptable terms, our ability to fund our operations, support the growth of our business or otherwise respond to competitive pressures could be significantly delayed or limited, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial conditions, or results of operations.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of December 31, 2023, we had no off-balance sheet arrangements.
Critical Accounting Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts and related disclosures in the financial statements. Management considers an accounting estimate to be critical if:
● requires assumptions to be made that were uncertain at the time the estimate was made, and
● changes in the estimate or different estimates that could have been selected could have a material impact on our results of operations or financial condition.
We base our estimates and judgments on our experience, our current knowledge, our beliefs of what could occur in the future, our observation of trends in the industry, information provided by our customers and information available from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We have identified the following accounting policies and estimates as those that we believe are most critical to our financial condition and results of operations and that require management’s most subjective and complex judgments in estimating the effect of inherent uncertainties: share-based compensation expense, income taxes, complex derivative financial instruments and impairment of long-lived assets including intangible assets acquired in business combinations.
Share-Based Compensation Expense. We calculate share-based compensation expense for option awards (“Share-based Award(s)”) based on the estimated grant/issue date fair value using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model (“Black-Scholes Model”) and recognize the expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. We account for forfeitures as they occur. The Black-Scholes Model requires the use of a number of assumptions including volatility of the stock price, the weighted average risk-free interest rate, and the vesting period of the Share-based Award in determining the fair value of Share-based Awards. The expected term is based on the “simplified method.” Under this method, the term is estimated using the weighted average of the service vesting period and contractual term of the option award. As the Company does not yet have sufficient history of its own volatility, the Company has identified several public entities of similar complexities and industry and calculates historical volatility based on the volatilities of these companies. Although we believe our assumptions used to calculate share-based compensation expense are reasonable, these assumptions can involve complex judgments about future events, which are open to interpretation and inherent uncertainty. In addition, significant changes to our assumptions could significantly impact the amount of expense recorded in a given period.
We recognize restricted stock unit expense over the period of vesting or period that services will be provided. Compensation associated with shares of Common Stock issued or to be issued to consultants and other non-employees is recognized over the expected service period beginning on the measurement date, which is generally the time the Company and the service provider enter into a commitment whereby the Company agrees to grant shares in exchange for the services to be provided.
Income Taxes. As part of the process of preparing our Consolidated Financial Statements, we are required to estimate income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. Our provision for income taxes is determined using the asset and liability approach to account for income taxes. A current liability is recorded for the estimated taxes payable for the current year. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the timing differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of changes in tax rates or tax laws are recognized in the provision for income taxes in the period that includes the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount more-likely-than-not to be realized. Changes in valuation allowances will flow through the statement of operations unless related to deferred tax assets that expire unutilized or are modified through translation, in which case both the deferred tax asset and related valuation allowance are similarly adjusted. Where a valuation allowance was established through purchase accounting for acquired deferred tax assets, any future change will be credited or charged to income tax expense. See Note 13 - Income Taxes in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for discussion related to Tax Reform.
The determination of our provision for income taxes requires significant judgment, the use of estimates, and the interpretation and application of complex tax laws. In the ordinary course of our business, there are transactions and calculations for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. In spite of our belief that we have appropriate support for all the positions taken on our tax returns, we acknowledge that certain positions may be successfully challenged by the taxing authorities. We determine the tax benefits more likely than not to be recognized with respect to uncertain tax positions. Although we believe our recorded tax assets and liabilities are reasonable, tax laws and regulations are subject to interpretation and inherent uncertainty; therefore, our assessments can involve both a series of complex judgments about future events and rely on estimates and assumptions. Although we believe these estimates and assumptions are reasonable, the final determination could be materially different than that which is reflected in our provision for income taxes and recorded tax assets and liabilities.
Complex Derivative Financial Instruments. From time to time, we sell common stock, and we issue convertible debt, both with common stock purchase warrants, which may include terms requiring conversion price or exercise price adjustments based on subsequent issuance of securities at prices lower than those in the agreements of such securities. In these situations, the instruments may be accounted for as liabilities and recorded at fair value each reporting period. Due to the complexity of the agreement, we use an outside expert to assist in providing the mark to market fair valuation of the liabilities over the reporting periods in which the original agreement was in effect. It was determined that a Binomial Lattice option pricing model using a Monte Carlo simulation would provide the most accuracy given all the potential variables encompassing a future dilutive event. This model incorporated transaction assumptions such as our stock price, contractual terms, maturity, risk free rates, as well as estimates about future financings, volatility, and holder behavior. Although we believe our estimates and assumptions used to calculate the fair valuation liabilities and related expense were reasonable, these assumptions involved complex judgments about future events, which are open to interpretation and inherent uncertainty. In addition, significant changes to our assumptions could significantly impact the amount of expense recorded in a given period.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets. Carrying values of property and equipment and finite-lived intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying values may not be recoverable. If impairment indicators are present, we determine whether an impairment loss should be recognized by testing the applicable asset or asset group’s carrying value for recoverability. This assessment requires the exercise of judgment in assessing the future use of and projected value to be derived from the eventual disposal of the assets to be held and used. Assessments also consider changes in asset utilization, including the temporary idling of capacity and the expected timing for placing this capacity back into production. If the carrying value of the assets are not recoverable, then a loss is recorded for the difference between the assets’ fair value and respective carrying value. The fair value of the assets is determined using an “income approach” based upon a forecast of all the expected discounted future net cash flows associated with the subject assets. Some of the more significant estimates and assumptions include: market size and growth, market share, projected selling prices, manufacturing cost and discount rate. Our estimates are based upon historical experience, commercial relationships, market conditions and available external information about future trends.
Recently Accounting Pronouncements and SEC Rules
See Note 2 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K for recently adopted accounting pronouncements and SEC rules and recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted as of the date of this report.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.
We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 229.10(f)(1) and are not required to provide information under this item.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
Financial statements begin on page following this Report.
Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms [PCAOB No. 89]
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and
Stockholders of Ondas Holdings Inc.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Ondas Holdings, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related statements of operations, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Going Concern
The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has experienced recurring losses from operations, negative cash flows from operations and a working capital deficit as of December 31, 2023. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Goodwill Impairment Evaluation
As discussed in Notes 2 and 5 to the consolidated financial statements, management conducts a goodwill impairment assessment annually at December 31, and when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value. The fair value of a reporting unit is determined through the use of the income approach using estimates of future cash flows attributable to the respective reporting units. As a result of the annual impairment assessment, the Company recognized no impairment of goodwill related to the Autonomous Systems reporting unit.
We identified the impairment of goodwill as a critical audit matter because of significant judgments required by management to estimate the fair value of its Autonomous Systems reporting unit, including forecasted cash flows, revenue growth rates and other significant assumptions developed by the Company. This required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort when performing audit procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of management’s analysis.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to the goodwill impairment included the following:
- We obtained an understanding and evaluated the design of the controls over the assessment of goodwill impairment, including those over the determination of fair value of the reporting unit.
- Tested the mathematical accuracy of the calculations and evaluated significant assumptions and the underlying data used by the Company by performing procedures to test the projected financial information, by comparing them with the historical forecasted results of the respective reporting unit and assessing the impacts of internal and/or external economic factors. We also evaluated this information by comparing the projections to information included in analyst reports, as well as industry outlook information, and events occurring subsequent to December 31, 2023.
- We involved valuation professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in the evaluation of the methodology applied in the model and discount rates used in the valuations.
/s/ Rosenberg Rich Baker Berman, P.A.
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2017.
Somerset, New Jersey
April 1, 2024
ONDAS HOLDINGS INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
December 31,
ASSETS
Current Assets:
Cash $ 14,979,436 $ 29,775,096
Restricted cash 42,564 -
Accounts receivable, net 3,429,974 104,276
Inventory, net 2,186,646 2,173,017
Note receivable - 2,000,000
Other current assets 2,967,619 1,749,613
Total current assets 23,606,239 35,802,002
Property and equipment, net 4,175,958 3,023,285
Other Assets:
Goodwill, net of accumulated impairment charges 27,751,921 25,606,983
Intangible assets, net 31,329,182 28,863,773
Long-term equity investment - 1,500,000
Lease deposits 599,517 218,206
Operating lease right of use assets 4,701,865 2,930,996
Total other assets 64,382,485 59,119,958
Total assets $ 92,164,682 $ 97,945,245
LIABILITIES, TEMPORARY EQUITY, AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current Liabilities:
Accounts payable $ 5,177,022 $ 2,965,829
Operating lease liabilities 685,099 580,593
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities 3,587,877 3,268,993
Convertible note payable, net of debt discount and issuance cost of $1,968,411 and $2,303,664, respectively 25,692,505 15,849,445
Deferred revenue 276,944 61,508
Government grant liability 520,657 -
Total current liabilities 35,940,104 22,726,368
Long-Term Liabilities:
Notes payable 300,000 300,000
Convertible notes payable, net of current, net of unamortized issuance cost of $391,718 and $948,201, respectively 2,812,156 14,198,690
Accrued interest 26,844 40,965
Government grant liability net of current 2,229,047 -
Operating lease liabilities, net of current 5,800,710 2,456,315
Total long-term liabilities 11,168,757 16,995,970
Total liabilities 47,108,861 39,722,338
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 14)
Temporary Equity
Redeemable noncontrolling interest 11,920,694 -
Stockholders’ Equity
Preferred stock - par value $0.0001; 5,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and none issued or outstanding at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively - -
Preferred stock, Series A - par value $0.0001; 5,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and none issued or outstanding at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively - -
Common stock - par value $0.0001; 300,000,000 and 116,666,667 shares authorized at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively; 61,940,878 and 44,108,661 issued and outstanding, at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively 6,194 4,411
Additional paid in capital 231,488,999 211,733,690
Accumulated deficit (198,360,066 ) (153,515,194 )
Total stockholders’ equity 33,135,127 58,222,907
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 92,164,682 $ 97,945,245
The accompanying footnotes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
ONDAS HOLDINGS INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
Years Ended
December 31,
Revenues, net $ 15,691,430 $ 2,125,817
Cost of goods sold 9,310,256 1,016,654
Gross profit 6,381,174 1,109,163
Operating expenses:
General and administration 21,556,976 23,618,823
Sales and marketing 5,908,263 3,456,257
Research and development 17,145,235 24,044,005
Long-term equity investment impairment 1,500,000 -
Goodwill impairment - 19,419,600
Total operating expenses 46,110,474 70,538,685
Operating loss (39,729,300 ) (69,429,522 )
Other income (expense), net
Other income (expense), net (659,625 ) (76,127 )
Interest income 123,874 25,542
Interest expense (4,154,759 ) (3,761,698 )
Foreign exchange loss, net (425,062 ) -
Total other income (expense), net (5,115,572 ) (3,812,283 )
Loss before income taxes (44,844,872 ) (73,241,805 )
Provision for income taxes - -
Net loss $ (44,844,872 ) $ (73,241,805 )
Less preferred dividends attributable to noncontrolling interest 512,207 -
Less deemed dividends attributable to accretion of redemption value 1,001,538 -
Net loss attributable to common stockholders
(46,358,617 ) (73,241,805 )
Net loss per share - basic and diluted $ (0.88 ) $ (1.73 )
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding, basic and diluted 52,740,215 42,242,525
The accompanying footnotes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
ONDAS HOLDINGS INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Redeemable
Noncontrolling Interest Common Stock Additional
Paid in Accumulated Total
Stockholders’
Shares Amount Shares Amount Capital Deficit Equity
Balance, January 1, 2022 - $ - 40,990,604 $ 4,099 $ 192,502,122 $ (80,273,389 ) $ 112,232,832
Issuance of shares in connection with acquisition of the assets of Ardenna, Inc - - 780,000 5,943,522 - 5,943,600
Issuance of shares per ATM agreement (net of offering costs) - - 864,674 6,090,330 - 6,090,416
Issuance of shares in connection with acquisition of the assets of Field of View LLC - - 16,000 75,518 - 75,520
Delivery of shares for restricted stock units - - 1,011,165 (101 ) - -
Issuance of shares for payment on convertible debt - - 415,161 1,199,958 - 1,200,000
Issuance of shares upon exercise of options - - 31,057 64,906 - 64,909
Stock-based compensation - - - - 5,857,435 - 5,857,435
Net loss - - - - - (73,241,805 ) (73,241,805 )
Balance, December 31, 2022 - $ - 44,108,661 $ 4,411 $ 211,733,690 $ (153,515,194 ) $ 58,222,907
Sale of redeemable preferred stock in Ondas Networks, net of issuance costs 429,123 10,406,949 - - (307,665 ) - (307,665 )
Issuance of warrants in connection with the sale of redeemable preferred stock in Ondas Networks - - - - 4,593,051 - 4,593,051
Preferred dividends attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest - 512,207 - - (512,207 ) - (512,207 )
Accretion of redeemable preferred stock in Ondas Networks - 1,001,538 - - (1,001,538 ) - (1,001,538 )
Issuance of shares in connection with acquisition of Airobotics, Ltd. - - 2,844,291 5,261,654 - 5,261,938
Issuance of shares in connection with acquisition of the assets of Iron Drone, Ltd. - - 46,129 85,795 - 85,800
Assumption of vested stock options in connection with acquisition of Airobotics, Ltd. - - - - 700,690 - 700,690
Issuance of shares for payment on convertible debt - - 14,028,022 1,403 9,847,884 - 9,849,287
Issuance of shares upon exercise of options - - 89,042 40,329 - 40,338
Delivery of shares for vesting of restricted stock units - - 824,733 (82 ) - -
Stock-based compensation - - - - 1,047,398 - 1,047,398
Net Loss - - - - - (44,844,872 ) (44,844,872 )
Balance, December 31, 2023 429,123 $ 11,920,694 61,940,878 $ 6,194 $ 231,488,999 $ (198,360,066 ) $ 33,135,127
The accompanying footnotes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
ONDAS HOLDINGS INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
Years Ended
December 31,
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net loss $ (44,844,872 ) $ (73,241,805 )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash flows used in operating activities:
Depreciation 844,833 449,458
Amortization of debt discount and issuance cost 3,139,779 3,545,843
Amortization of intangible assets 4,147,092 3,570,090
Amortization of right of use asset 1,060,398 833,940
Retirement of assets 52,595 382,060
Loss on intellectual property 12,223 12,343
Impairment of goodwill - 19,419,600
Impairment of long-term equity investment 1,500,000 -
Impairment of right of use asset and leasehold improvements 1,383,537 -
Impairment of property and equipment 1,127,768 -
Change in fair value of government grant liability 427,208 -
Stock-based compensation 1,047,398 5,857,435
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable (3,213,453 ) 1,108,919
Inventory 1,481,078 (994,672 )
Other current assets (415,217 ) (300,003 )
Deposits and other assets (318,460 ) -
Accounts payable 1,241,951 554,744
Deferred revenue (1,387,099 ) (450,889 )
Operating lease liability (812,249 ) (684,205 )
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities (494,029 ) 1,974,066
Net cash flows used in operating activities (34,019,519 ) (37,963,076 )
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Patent costs (70,081 ) (49,501 )
Purchase of equipment (211,035 ) (2,880,900 )
Proceeds from sale of equipment 48,768 -
Cash paid for Ardenna Inc. asset acquisition - (900,000 )
Cash paid for Iron Drone asset acquisition (135,000 ) -
Cash acquired on the acquisition of Airobotics Ltd. 1,049,454 -
Investment in Dynam A.I. - (1,000,000 )
Cash paid for Field of View LLC asset acquisition (145,833 ) (104,167 )
Cash disbursement on note receivable - (2,000,000 )
Net cash flows provided by (used in) investing activities 536,273 (6,934,568 )
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from exercise of stock options and warrants 40,338 64,909
Proceeds from convertible notes payable, net of issuance costs 9,309,513 27,702,292
Proceeds from government grant 189,752 -
Proceeds from sale of redeemable preferred stock in Ondas Networks, net of issuance costs 14,692,335 -
Payments on convertible notes payable (4,354,911 ) -
Payments on government grant liability (6,576 ) -
Payments on loan payable (1,140,301 )
Proceeds from sale of shares under ATM agreement - 6,090,416
Net cash flows provided by financing activities 18,730,150 33,857,617
Decrease in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash (14,753,096 ) (11,040,027 )
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash beginning of period 29,775,096 40,815,123
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash end of period $ 15,022,000 $ 29,775,096
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
Cash paid for interest $ 176,542 $ 14,187
Cash paid for income taxes $ - $ -
SUPPLEMENTAL SCHEDULE OF NON-CASH FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Preferred dividends attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest $ 512,207 $ -
Common stock and vested stock options in relation to acquisition of Airobotics, Ltd. $ 5,962,628 $ -
Common stock in relation to acquisition of the assets of Iron Drone, Ltd. $ 85,000 $ -
Debt exchanged for common stock $ 9,849,287 $ 1,200,000
Warrants in relation to sale of redeemable preferred stock in Ondas Networks $ 4,593,051 $ -
Accretion of redeemable preferred stock in Ondas Networks $ 1,001,538 $ -
Non-cash consideration for purchase of intangible assets $ - $ 6,019,120
Operating leases right-of-use assets obtained in exchange of lease liabilities $ 3,875,700 $ 2,928,911
The accompanying footnotes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
ONDAS HOLDINGS INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1 - DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION
The Company
Ondas Holdings Inc. (“Ondas Holdings”, “Ondas”, the “Company,” “we,” or “our”) was originally incorporated in Nevada on December 22, 2014, under the name of Zev Ventures Incorporated. On September 28, 2018, we acquired Ondas Networks Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Ondas Networks”), and changed our name to Ondas Holdings Inc. On August 5, 2021, we acquired American Robotics, Inc. (“American Robotics” or “AR”), a Delaware corporation. On January 23, 2023, we acquired Airobotics, Ltd. (“Airobotics”), an Israeli-based developer of autonomous drone systems. See Note 5 - Goodwill and Business Acquisition. On December 6, 2023, the Company formed Ondas Autonomous Holdings Inc. (“OAH”), a Nevada corporation, as an intermediate holding company which now wholly-owns American Robotics and Airobotics.
As a result, Ondas Networks, OAH, American Robotics and Airobotics became our subsidiaries. These subsidiaries are now Ondas’ primary focus. Ondas’ corporate headquarters are located in Marlborough, Massachusetts. Ondas Networks has offices and facilities in Sunnyvale, California, American Robotics’ offices and facilities are located in Sparks, Maryland and Marlborough, Massachusetts, and Airobotics’ offices and facilities are located in Petah Tikva, Israel.
Business Activity
Ondas is a leading provider of private wireless, drone, and automated data solutions through its subsidiaries Ondas Networks, OAH, Airobotics, and American Robotics. Airobotics is an Israeli-based developer of autonomous drone systems. American Robotics is a leading developer of highly automated commercial drone systems. Airobotics and American Robotics operate together under OAH as a separate business unit called Ondas Autonomous Systems. Ondas Networks and Ondas Autonomous Systems together provide users in rail, energy, mining, public safety and critical infrastructure and government markets with improved connectivity, data collection capabilities, and data collection and information processing capabilities. We operate Ondas Networks and Ondas Autonomous Systems as separate business segments, and the following is a discussion of each segment.
On February 14, 2023, the Company announced the formation of Ondas Autonomous Systems, a new business unit to manage the combined drone operations of subsidiaries American Robotics and Airobotics. Ondas Networks and Ondas Autonomous Systems together provide users in rail, energy, mining, public safety and critical infrastructure and government markets with improved connectivity, data collection capabilities, and data collection and information processing capabilities. We operate Ondas Networks and Ondas Autonomous Systems as separate business segments.
Ondas Networks
Ondas Networks provides wireless connectivity solutions enabling mission-critical Industrial Internet applications and services. We refer to these applications as the Mission-Critical Internet of Things (“MC-IoT”). Our wireless networking products are applicable to a wide range of MC-IoT applications, which are most often located at the very edge of large industrial networks. These applications require secure, real-time connectivity with the ability to process large amounts of data at the edge of large industrial networks. Such applications are required in all of the major critical infrastructure markets, including rail, electric grids, drones, oil and gas, and public safety, homeland security and government, where secure, reliable and fast operational decisions are required in order to improve efficiency and ensure a high degree of safety and security.
We design, develop, manufacture, sell and support FullMAX, our patented, Software Defined Radio (“SDR”) platform for secure, licensed, private, wide-area broadband networks. Our customers install FullMAX systems in order to upgrade and expand their legacy wide-area network infrastructure. We have targeted the North American freight rail operators for the initial adoption of our FullMAX platform. These rail operators currently operate legacy communications systems utilizing serial-based narrowband wireless technologies for voice and data communications. These legacy wireless networks have limited data capacity and are unable to support the adoption of new, intelligent train control and management systems. Our MC-IoT intellectual property has been adopted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (“IEEE”), the leading worldwide standards body in data networking protocols, and forms the core of the IEEE 802.16 standard. Because standards-based communications solutions are preferred by our mission-critical customers and ecosystem partners, we continue to take a leadership position in IEEE as it relates to wireless networking for industrial markets. As such, management believes this standards-based approach supports the adoption of our technology across a burgeoning ecosystem of global partners and end markets.
Our software-based FullMAX platform is an important and timely upgrade solution for privately-owned and operated wireless wide-area networks, leveraging Internet Protocol-based communications to provide more reliability and data capacity for our mission-critical infrastructure customers. We believe industrial and critical infrastructure markets throughout the globe have reached an inflection point where legacy serial and analog based protocols and network transport systems no longer meet industry needs. In addition to offering enhanced data throughput, FullMAX is an intelligent networking platform enabling the adoption of sophisticated operating systems and equipment supporting next-generation MC-IoT applications over wide field areas. These new MC-IoT applications and related equipment require more processing power at the edge of large industrial networks and the efficient utilization of network capacity and scarce bandwidth resources which can be supported by the “Fog-computing” capability integrated in our end-to-end network platform. Fog-computing utilizes management software to enable edge compute processing and data and application prioritization in the field enabling our customers more reliable, real-time operating control of these new, intelligent MC-IoT equipment and applications at the edge.
Ondas Autonomous Systems
Our Ondas Autonomous Systems business unit develops and integrates drone-based solutions focusing on high-performance critical applications for government and Tier-1 commercial enterprises. Ondas is marketing comprehensive drone-based solutions to address the needs of governmental and commercial customers based on its commercially available platforms: the Optimus System™, a fully autonomous drone platform capable of continuous and multipurpose aerial data capturing and analytics, and the Iron Drone Raider™, a fully autonomous interceptor drone designed to neutralize small hostile drones. Airobotics acquired the assets of Iron Drone on March 6, 2023.
Our unique, fully autonomous platforms enable cutting-edge aerial capabilities and are designed to serve and protect critical infrastructure and operations. Our business focuses on end-user entities in Public Safety, Defense, Homeland Security, Smart City, Port Authorities, State Departments, and other governmental entities together with commercial customers of industrial sensitive facilities such as Oil & Gas, Seaports, Mining, and Heavy Construction. For these industries, Ondas Autonomous Systems provides specialized real-time aerial data capturing and aerial protection solutions in the most complex environments such as urban areas, sensitive and critical facilities and field area operations, and high-priority projects. In addition, we offer a wide suite of supplementary, enabling services for successful implementation such as AI data analytics, data automation, IT implementation, safety planning, certification, training, and maintenance, handling all the complex aspects of such high-performance drone operations.
Our portfolio companies, American Robotics and Airobotics, form a unique, powerful, and synergistic combination covering all the aspects required for successful Aerospace business together with data technologies and services for digital transformation industries. Our companies are specialized in addressing all the challenges arising along these types of product lifecycles including research and development, manufacturing, certification, and ongoing support.
Ondas Autonomous Systems and its portfolio companies have already gained a track record of industry-leading regulatory successes including the securing of the first-of-its-kind Type Certification (TC) from the FAA for the Optimus 1-EX UAV on September 25, 2023, becoming the first autonomous security data capture UAV to achieve this distinction. TC, recognized as the highest echelon of Airworthiness Certification, streamline operational approvals for broad flight operations over people and infrastructure. The certification verifies the compliance of the system’s design with the required FAA airworthiness and noise standards, ensuring safe operation within the US National Airspace System (NAS) thereby significantly broadening the range of operational scenarios and scaling up of operations for automated UAS. Achieving FAA Type Certification will enable drone operations beyond-visual-line-of-sight (BVLOS) without a human operator on-site. With a strong footprint in the US market and worldwide, we believe that Ondas Autonomous Systems is well-positioned with proven technology, a unique offering, and strong capabilities to strategically transform critical operations with our cutting-edge drone tech and capabilities.
Liquidity
We have incurred losses since inception and have funded our operations primarily through debt and the sale of capital stock. On December 31, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $198,360,000. On December 31, 2023, we had net long-term borrowings outstanding of approximately $5,368,000 net of debt discount and issuance costs of approximately $392,000 and short-term borrowings outstanding of approximately $26,213,000, net of debt discount and issuance costs of approximately $1,968,000. On December 31, 2023, we had cash and restricted cash of approximately $15,022,000 and a working capital deficit of approximately $12,334,000.
In October 2022, the Company entered into a convertible debt agreement, which provided cash proceeds of approximately $27,702,000. Also in 2022, the Company raised approximately $6,090,000 through the ATM Offering. In 2023, we raised approximately $14,692,000 of net proceeds from the sale redeemable preferences shares in Ondas Networks and warrants in Ondas Holdings to third parties, and approximately $9,310,000 from a second convertible debt agreement. In February 2024, we raised gross proceeds of approximately $4,500,000 from issuing additional redeemable preference shares in Ondas Networks and warrants in Ondas Holdings to third parties, and approximately $4,100,000 from issuing common stock in Ondas Holdings and warrants in OAH.
We expect to fund our operations for the next twelve months from the filing date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K from the cash on hand as of December 31, 2023, proceeds from the 2024 financing activities discussed above, gross profits generated from revenue growth, potential prepayments from customers for purchase orders, potential proceeds from warrants issued and outstanding, and additional funds that we may seek through equity or debt offerings and/or borrowings under additional notes payable, lines of credit or other sources. There is substantial doubt that the funding plans will be successful and therefore the conditions discussed above have not been alleviated. As a result, there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for one year from April 1, 2024, the date the Consolidated Financial Statements were available to be issued.
Our future capital requirements will depend upon many factors, including progress with developing, manufacturing and marketing our technologies, the time and costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining and enforcing patent claims and other proprietary rights, our ability to establish collaborative arrangements, marketing activities and competing technological and market developments, including regulatory changes and overall economic conditions in our target markets. Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability requires us to successfully market and secure purchase orders for our products and services from customers currently identified in our sales pipeline as well as new customers. We also will be required to efficiently manufacture and deliver equipment on those purchase orders. These activities, including our planned research and development efforts, will require significant uses of working capital. There can be no assurance that we will generate revenue and cash as expected in our current business plan. We may seek additional funds through equity or debt offerings and/or borrowings under additional notes payable, lines of credit or other sources. We do not know whether additional financing will be available on commercially acceptable terms or at all, when needed. If adequate funds are not available or are not available on commercially acceptable terms, our ability to fund our operations, support the growth of our business or otherwise respond to competitive pressures could be significantly delayed or limited, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial conditions, or results of operations.
Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 and Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017
On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”) was signed into law. The IRA includes a 15% Corporate Alternative Minimum Tax (“Corporate AMT”) for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022. We do not expect the Corporate AMT to have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements. Additionally, the IRA imposes a 1% excise tax on net repurchases of stock by certain publicly traded corporations. The excise tax is imposed on the value of the net stock repurchased or treated as repurchased. The new law will apply to stock repurchases occurring after December 31, 2022.
Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, we are required to capitalize R&D expenses for tax purposes and amortize over five years for domestic based expenses and fifteen years for foreign expenses. Given our tax net operating loss carryforward position we do not expect this change to have a material impact on our financial statements.
NOTE 2 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNT POLICIES
Basis of Presentation
The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and our subsidiaries, Ondas Networks, American Robotics, and Airobotics. All inter-company accounts and transactions between these entities have been eliminated in these Consolidated Financial Statements. The functional currency of the Company and all of our subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar.
Business Combinations
We utilize the purchase method of accounting for business combinations. This method requires, among other things, that results of operations of acquired companies are included in Ondas’ results of operations beginning on the respective acquisition dates and that assets acquired, and liabilities assumed are recognized at fair value as of the acquisition date. Any excess of the fair value of consideration transferred over the fair value of the net assets acquired is recognized as goodwill. Contingent consideration liabilities are recognized at the estimated fair value on the acquisition date; these are recorded in either other accruals within current liabilities (for expected payments in less than a year) or other non-current liabilities (for expected payments in greater than a year), both on our consolidated balance sheets. Subsequent changes to the fair value of contingent consideration liabilities are recognized in other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Contingent consideration payments made soon after the acquisition date are classified as investing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. Contingent consideration payments not made soon after the acquisition date that are related to the acquisition date fair value are reported as financing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows, and amounts paid in excess of the original acquisition date fair value are reported as operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. The fair value of assets acquired, and liabilities assumed in certain cases, may be subject to revision based on the final determination of fair value during a period of time not to exceed 12 months from the acquisition date. Legal costs, due diligence costs, business valuation costs and all other business acquisition costs are expensed when incurred.
Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair values of the underlying net assets of an acquired business. The Company tests goodwill for impairment on an annual basis during the fourth quarter of its fiscal year, or immediately if conditions indicate that such impairment could exist. The Company evaluates qualitative factors to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value and whether it is necessary to perform goodwill impairment process. The impairment of Goodwill was $0 and $19,419,600 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, see Note 5 - Goodwill and Business Acquisition, for further details.
Intangible assets represent patents, licenses, software and allocation of purchase price to identifiable intangible assets of an acquired business. The Company estimates the fair value of its reporting units using the fair market value measurement requirement. Intangible assets are evaluated for impairment when events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable.
We amortize our intangible assets with a finite life on a straight-line basis, over 3 years for software; 10 years for patents; 3-10 years for developed technology, 10 years for licenses, trademarks, marketing-related assets and the FAA waiver; 5 years for customer relationships; and 1 year for non-compete agreements.
Segment Information
Operating segments are defined as components of an entity for which discrete financial information is available and is regularly reviewed by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) in making decisions regarding resource allocation and performance assessment. The Company’s CODM is its Chief Executive Officer. The Company determined it has two reportable segments: Ondas Networks and Ondas Autonomous Systems as the CODM reviews financial information for these two businesses separately. The Company has no inter-segment sales.
Use of Estimates
The process of preparing financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements. Such management estimates include those relating to allocation of consideration for business combinations to identifiable tangible and intangible assets, revenue recognition, inventory write-downs to reflect net realizable value, fair values of financial instruments and goodwill, assumptions used in the valuation of stock-based awards and valuation allowances against deferred tax assets. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash
The Company considers all highly liquid instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. On December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had no cash equivalents. The Company periodically monitors its positions with, and the credit quality of the financial institutions with which it invests. Periodically, throughout the year, and as of December 31, 2023, the Company has maintained balances in excess of federally insured limits. As of December 31, 2023, the Company was approximately $13,972,000 in excess of federally insured limits.
Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable are stated at a gross invoice amount less an allowance for credit losses as well as net of any discounts or other forms of variable consideration. We estimate allowance for credit losses by evaluating specific accounts where information indicates our customers may have an inability to meet financial obligations, such as customer payment history, credit worthiness and receivable amounts outstanding for an extended period beyond contractual terms. We use assumptions and judgment, based on the best available facts and circumstances, to record an allowance to reduce the receivable to the amount expected to be collected. These allowances are evaluated and adjusted as additional information is received. We had no allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Inventory
Inventories, which consist solely of raw materials, work in process and finished goods, are stated at the lower of cost (first-in, first-out) or net realizable value, net of reserves for obsolete inventory. We continually analyze our slow-moving and excess inventories. Based on historical and projected sales volumes and anticipated selling prices, we established reserves. Inventory that is in excess of current and projected use is reduced by an allowance to a level that approximates its estimate of future demand. Products that are determined to be obsolete are written down to net realizable value. On December 31, 2023 and 2022, such reserves were $100,254.
Inventory consists of the following:
December 31,
December 31,
Raw Material $ 1,499,727 $ 2,041,776
Work in Process 782,770 89,080
Finished Goods 4,403 142,415
Less Inventory Reserves (100,254 ) (100,254 )
Total Inventory, Net $ 2,186,646 $ 2,173,017
Property and Equipment
All additions, including improvements to existing facilities, are recorded at cost. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. Depreciation of property and equipment is principally recorded using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The estimated useful lives typically are (i) 3 to 7 years for computer equipment, (ii) 5 years for vehicles and docking stations and drones, (iii) 7 - 17 years for furniture and fixtures, (iv) 5 to 7 years for development equipment, and (v) 3 years for machinery and equipment. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the asset. Upon the disposal of property, the asset and related accumulated depreciation accounts are relieved of the amounts recorded therein for such items, and any resulting gain or loss is recorded in operating expenses in the year of disposition.
Software
Costs incurred internally in researching and developing a software product are charged to expense until technological feasibility has been established for the product. Once technological feasibility is established, all software costs are capitalized until the product is available for general release to customers. Judgment is required in determining when technological feasibility of a product is established. We have determined that technological feasibility for our software products is reached after all high-risk development issues have been resolved through coding and testing. Generally, this occurs shortly before the products are released to production. The amortization of these costs is included in cost of revenue over the estimated life of the products. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had no internally developed software.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
Long-lived assets are evaluated whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable or the useful life has changed. Such indicators include significant technological changes, adverse changes in market conditions and/or poor operating results. The carrying value of a long-lived asset group is considered impaired when the projected undiscounted future cash flows are less than its carrying value. The amount of impairment loss recognized is the difference between the estimated fair value and the carrying value of the asset or asset group. Fair market value is determined primarily using the projected future cash flows discounted at a rate commensurate with the risk involved. The impairment of long-lived assets was $2,523,528 and $12,343 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. For additional information on the asset impairment charges, see Note - 2 Summary of Significant Account Policies, Leases, and Note 4 - Property and Equipment.
Research and Development
Costs for research and development are expensed as incurred except for research and development equipment with alternative future use. Research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries, salary related expenses and costs of contractors and materials.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis consist primarily of receivables, accounts payable, accrued expenses and short- and long-term debt. The carrying amount of receivables, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate our fair value because of the short-term maturity of such instruments. Our financial assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis include right of use assets, goodwill and intangibles, which are adjusted to fair value whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable or the useful life has changed. Our estimate of the fair value of right of use assets, goodwill and intangibles are based on expected future cash flows and actual results may differ from those estimates.
We have categorized our assets and liabilities that are valued at fair value on a recurring basis into a three-level fair value hierarchy in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities (Level 1) and lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3).
Assets and liabilities recorded in the balance sheets at fair value are categorized based on a hierarchy of inputs, as follows:
Level 1 -- Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 -- Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly through market corroboration, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.
Level 3 -- Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.
The Company had no assets or liabilities that were required to be valued at fair value as of December 31, 2022. The Company had Level 3 assets that are required to be valued at fair value as of December 31, 2023, see Note - 2 Summary of Significant Account Policies, Leases, and Note 4 - Property and Equipment.
The Company also had Level 3 liabilities that are required to be valued at fair value as of December 31, 2023. The fair value of the government grant liability is determined as the sum of 3% royalty payments on forecasted future sales, discounted using the effective interest method. As of December 31, 2023, the Company made the following assumptions: (i) royalty payments will be made on future sales through 2026, and (ii) the effective interest rate is a range of 17-19%. The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for the Level 3 government grant liability measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs:
Government
Grant
Liability
Balance as of January 24, 2023 $ 1,783,403
Repayment on liability (6,576 )
Government grant liability assumed from Iron Drone asset purchase 307,122
Fair value adjustment to government grant liability assumed from Iron Drone asset purchase 48,795
Government grant proceeds received, adjusted to fair value 128,803
Net Loss on change in fair value of liability 488,157
Balance as of December 31, 2023 $ 2,749,704
Deferred Offering Costs
The Company capitalizes certain legal, professional accounting and other third-party fees that are directly associated with in-process equity financing as deferred offering costs until such financing is consummated. After consummation of equity financing, these costs are recorded in stockholders’ equity as a reduction of additional paid-in capital generated as a result of the offering. Should the planned equity financing be abandoned, the deferred offering costs are expensed immediately as a charge to other income (expense) in the consolidated statement of operations. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded a reduction in proceeds received of $0 and $35,841, respectively, related to the ATM Offering. See Note 10 - Stockholders’ Equity.
On July 11, 2023, the Company and the Sales Agent (as defined below), mutually agreed to terminate the ATM Agreement (as defined below), and the Company expensed the remaining deferred offering costs of $145,293 during the year ended December 31, 2023. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company expensed offering costs of $45,823. The deferred offering costs outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, were $0 and $145,293, respectively.
Government Grants
The Government liability was assumed through the acquisition of Airobotics and asset purchase of Iron Drone. Airobotics and Iron Drone received government grants from the Israel Innovation Authority (formerly: the Office of the Chief Scientist in Israel, “the IIA”), and the grant funds are repayable to the extent that future economic benefits are expected from the research project that will result in royalty-bearing sales. A liability for grants received is first measured at fair value using a discount rate that reflects a market rate of interest. The difference between the amount of the grant received and the fair value of the liability is accounted for as a government grant and recognized as a reduction of research and development expenses.
At each reporting date, the Company evaluates whether there is reasonable assurance that the liability recognized, in whole or in part, will not be repaid (since the Company will not be required to pay royalties) based on the best estimate of future sales and using the original effective interest method, which is 17-19%, and if so, the appropriate amount of the liability is derecognized through other income (expense). Amounts paid as royalties are treated as a reduction of the liability. Royalty payments are due every nine months. There is no maturity date. The liability exists until it is paid in full through royalty payments or the Company reports to the IIA there will be no further sales, and they accept this.
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests
On July 9, 2023, Ondas Networks Inc. entered into an Agreement with a third party for the sale of redeemable preferred stock in Ondas Networks. The preferred stock accrues dividends at the rate per annum of eight percent (8%) of the original issue price and can be redeemed at the request of the Holder at any time after the fifth anniversary for the greater of two times the initial investment plus accrued dividends or the amount that would be due if the Preferred Stock was converted into Common Stock (see Note 11 - Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest). The applicable accounting guidance requires an equity instrument that is redeemable for cash or other assets to be classified outside of permanent equity if it is redeemable (a) at a fixed or determinable price on a fixed or determinable date, (b) at the option of the holder, or (c) upon the occurrence of an event that is not solely within the control of the issuer. As a result, the Company recorded the noncontrolling interest as redeemable noncontrolling interest and classified it in temporary equity within its consolidated balance sheet initially at its acquisition-date estimated redemption value or fair value. In addition, the Company has elected to accrete the redeemable noncontrolling interest to the full redemption value as of the earliest redemption date by accruing dividends at 8% per annum and accreting the redemption value to two times the initial investment over five years using the effective interest rate method.
Income Taxes
Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which the related temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized when the rate change is enacted. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that will more likely than not be realized. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, we recognize the effect of uncertain income tax positions only if the positions are more likely than not of being sustained in an audit, based on the technical merits of the position. Recognized uncertain income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which those changes in judgment occur. We recognize both interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as part of the income tax provision.
Share-Based Compensation
We calculate share-based compensation expense for option awards (“Share-based Award(s)”) based on the estimated grant/issue date fair value using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model (“Black-Scholes Model”) and recognize the expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. We account for forfeitures as they occur. The Black-Scholes Model requires the use of a number of assumptions including volatility of the stock price, the weighted average risk-free interest rate, and the vesting period in determining the fair value of Share-based Awards. The expected term is based on the “simplified method”, due to the Company’s limited option exercise history. Under this method, the term is estimated using the weighted average of the service vesting period and contractual term of the option award. As the Company does not yet have sufficient history of its own volatility, the Company has identified several public entities of similar size, complexities and industry and calculates historical volatility based on the volatilities of these companies. Although we believe our assumptions used to calculate share-based compensation expense are reasonable, these assumptions can involve complex judgments about future events, which are open to interpretation and inherent uncertainty. In addition, significant changes to our assumptions could significantly impact the amount of expense recorded in a given period.
We recognize restricted stock unit expense over the period of vesting or period that services will be provided. Compensation associated with shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 (the “Common Stock”), issued or to be issued to consultants and other non-employees is recognized over the expected service period beginning on the measurement date, which is generally the time the Company and the service provider enter into a commitment whereby the Company agrees to grant shares in exchange for the services to be provided.
Shipping and Handling
We expense all shipping and handling costs as incurred. These costs are included in Cost of goods sold on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Advertising and Promotional Expenses
We expense advertising and promotional costs as incurred. We recognized expense of $182,070 and $80,934 for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively. These costs are included in Sales and marketing on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Post-Retirement Benefits
We have one 401(k) Savings Plan for US employees that qualifies as a deferred salary arrangement under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. Under this 401(k) Plan, matching contributions are based upon the amount of the employees’ contributions subject to certain limitations. We recognized expense of $328,357 and $351,837 for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively.
Airobotics’ post-employment benefits are usually funded by deposits with insurance companies and are classified as defined deposit plans or defined benefit plans. Airobotics’ has defined deposit plans, in accordance with Section 14 of Severance Compensation Israeli Law, 1963, according to which Airobotics regularly makes its payments without having a legal or implied obligation to make additional payments even if the fund has not accumulated sufficient amounts to pay all employee benefits, in the current period and in previous periods. Deposits to a defined benefit plan for severance pay or benefits, are recognized as an expense when deposited with the plan in parallel with receiving work services from the employee. All of Airobotics’ employees in Israel are subject to Section 14 of Severance Compensation Israeli Law. We recognized expense of $624,758 for the period of January 24, 2023 through December 31, 2023 related to these post-employment benefits.
Revenue Recognition
Ondas has two business segments that generate revenue: Ondas Networks and Ondas Autonomous Systems. Ondas Networks generates revenue from product sales, services, and development projects. Ondas Autonomous Systems, which includes American Robotics and Airobotics, generates revenue from product sales, services, and data subscription services.
Ondas Networks is engaged in the development, marketing, and sale of wireless radio systems for secure, wide area mission-critical, business-to-business networks. Ondas Networks generates revenue primarily from the sale of our FullMAX System and the delivery of related services, along with non-recurring engineering (“NRE”) development projects with certain customers.
Ondas Autonomous Systems generates revenue through the sales of their Optimus system and separately priced support, maintenance and ancillary services directly related to the sale of the Optimus system. Ondas Autonomous Systems also generates service revenue by selling a data subscription service to its customers based on the information collected by their autonomous systems.
Revenue for development projects is typically recognized over time using a percentage of completion input method, whereby revenues are recorded on the basis of the Company’s estimates of satisfaction of the performance obligation based on the ratio of actual costs incurred to total estimated costs. The input method is utilized because management considers it to be the best available measure of progress as the performance obligations are completed.
Revenue and cost estimates are regularly monitored and revised based on changes in circumstances. Impacts from changes in estimates of revenue and cost of revenue are recognized on a cumulative catch-up basis, which recognizes in the current period the cumulative effect of the changes on current and prior periods base in the performance completed to date.
Subscription revenue is recognized on straight line basis over the length of the customer subscription agreement. If a subscription payment is received prior to installation and operation of their autonomous systems, it is held in deferred revenue and recognized after operation commences over the length of the subscription service.
Collaboration Arrangements Within the Scope of ASC 808, Collaborative Arrangements
The Company’s development revenue includes contracts where the Company and the customer work cooperatively to develop software and hardware applications. The Company analyzes these contracts to assess whether such arrangements involve joint operating activities performed by parties that are both active participants in the activities and exposed to significant risks and rewards dependent on the commercial success of such activities and are therefore within the scope of ASC Topic 808, Collaborative Arrangements (“ASC 808”). This assessment is performed throughout the life of the arrangement based on changes in the responsibilities of all parties in the arrangement. For collaboration arrangements that are deemed to be within the scope of ASC 808, the Company first determines which elements of the collaboration are deemed to be within the scope of ASC 808 and those that are more reflective of a vendor-customer relationship and therefore within the scope of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). The Company’s policy is generally to recognize amounts received from collaborators in connection with joint operating activities that are within the scope of ASC 808 as a reduction in research and development expense. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company has not identified any contracts with its customers that meet the criteria of ASC 808.
Arrangements Within the Scope of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers
Under ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue when the customer obtains control of promised products or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which is expected to be received in exchange for those products or services. The Company recognizes revenue following the five-step model prescribed under ASC 606: (i) identify contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligation(s) in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligation(s) in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the entity will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the products or services it transfers to the customer.
At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, the Company assesses the products or services promised within each contract and determines those that are performance obligations and assesses whether each promised product or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied. To the extent the transaction price includes variable consideration, we estimate the amount of variable consideration that should be included in the transaction price utilizing the expected value method. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price if, in our judgment, it is probable that a significant future reversal of cumulative revenue under the contract will not occur. Estimates of variable consideration and determination of whether to include estimated amounts in the transaction price are based largely on an assessment of our anticipated performance and all information (historical, current and forecasted) that is reasonably available. Sales and other taxes collected on behalf of third parties are excluded from revenue. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, none of our contracts with customers included variable consideration
Contracts that are modified to account for changes in contract specifications and requirements are assessed to determine if the modification either creates new or changes the existing enforceable rights and obligations. Generally, contract modifications are for products or services that are not distinct from the existing contract due to the inability to use, consume or sell the products or services on their own to generate economic benefits and are accounted for as if they were part of that existing contract. The effect of a contract modification on the transaction price and measure of progress for the performance obligation to which it relates, is recognized as an adjustment to revenue (either as an increase in or a reduction of revenue) on a cumulative catch-up basis. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no modifications to contract specifications.
Product revenue is comprised of sales of the Ondas Networks’ software defined base station and remote radios, its network management and monitoring system, and accessories. Ondas Networks’ software and hardware is sold with a limited one-year basic warranty included in the price. The limited one-year basic warranty is an assurance-type warranty, is not a separate performance obligation, and thus no transaction price is allocated to it. The nature of tasks under the limited one-year basic warranty only provides for remedying defective product(s) covered by the warranty. Product revenue is generally recognized when the customer obtains control of our product, which occurs at a point in time, and may be upon shipment or upon delivery based on the contractual shipping terms of a contract, or upon installation when the combined performance obligation is not distinct within the context of the contract.
Service revenue is comprised of separately priced extended warranty sales, network support and maintenance, remote monitoring, as well as ancillary services directly related to the sale of the Ondas Networks’ wireless communications products including wireless network design, systems engineering, radio frequency planning, software configuration, product training, installation, and onsite support. The extended warranty Ondas Networks sells provides a level of assurance beyond the coverage for defects that existed at the time of a sale or against certain types of covered damage. The extended warranty includes 1) factory hardware repair or replacement of the base station and remote radios, at our election, 2) software upgrades, bug fixes and new features of the radio software and network management systems (“NMS”), 3) deployment and network architecture support, and 4) technical support by phone and email. Ancillary service revenues are recognized at the point in time when those services have been provided to the customer and the performance obligation has been satisfied. The Company allocates the transaction price to the service and extended warranty based on the stand-alone selling prices of these performance obligations, which are stated in our contracts. Revenue for the extended warranty is recognized over time.
Development revenue is comprised primarily of non-recurring engineering service contracts to develop software and hardware applications for various customers. For Ondas Networks, in 2023, a significant portion of this revenue is generated from one parent customer whereby Ondas Networks is to develop such applications to interoperate within the customers infrastructure. For these contracts, Ondas Networks and the customers work cooperatively, whereby the customers’ involvement is to provide technical specifications for the product design, as well as, to review and approve the project progress at various markers based on predetermined milestones. The products developed are not able to be sold to any other customer and are based in part upon existing Ondas Networks and customer technology. Development revenue is either recognized at the point in time when those services have been provided to the customer and the performance obligation has been satisfied recognized, or as services are provided over the life of the contract as Ondas Networks has an enforceable right to payment for services completed to date and there is no alternative use of the product, depending on the contract.
If the customer contract contains a single performance obligation, the entire transaction price is allocated to the single performance obligation. We enter into certain contracts within our service revenues that have multiple performance obligations, one or more of which may be delivered subsequent to the delivery of other performance obligations. We allocate the transaction price based on the estimated relative standalone selling prices of the promised products or services underlying each performance obligation. We determine standalone selling prices based on the price at which the performance obligation is sold separately. If the standalone selling price is not observable through past transactions, we estimate the standalone selling price considering available information such as market conditions and internally approved pricing guidelines related to the performance obligations. Revenue is then allocated to the performance obligations using the relative selling prices of each of the performance obligations in the contract.
Ondas Networks’ payment terms vary and range from Net 15 to Net 30 days from the date of the invoices for product and services related revenue. Ondas Networks’ payment terms for the majority of their development related revenue carry milestone-related payment obligations which span the contract life. For milestone-based contracts, the customer reviews the completed milestone and once approved, makes payment pursuant to the applicable contract.
Ondas Autonomous Systems’ product revenue is comprised of sales of the Optimus system which includes a drone, docking station, different flown sensors (payloads), communications system, batteries, and others. The Optimus system is sold with a limited one-year basic warranty included in the price. The limited one-year basic warranty is an assurance-type warranty, is not a separate performance obligation, and thus no transaction price is allocated to it. The nature of tasks under the limited one-year basic warranty only provides for remedying defective product(s) covered by the warranty. Product revenue is generally recognized when the customer obtains control of our product, which occurs at a point in time, and may be upon shipment or upon delivery based on the contractual shipping terms of a contract, or upon installation when the combined performance obligation is not distinct within the context of the contract.
Ondas Autonomous Systems’ service revenue is comprised of separately priced support and maintenance sales, as well as ancillary services directly related to the sale of the Optimus system including product training, installation, and onsite support. Ondas Autonomous Systems also generates service revenue by selling a data subscription service to its customers based on the information collected by their autonomous systems. The customer pays for a monthly, annual, or multi-annual subscription service to remotely access the data collected by their autonomous systems. Ancillary service revenues are recognized at the point in time when those services have been provided to the customer and the performance obligation has been satisfied. The Company allocates the transaction price to the service based on the stand-alone selling prices of these performance obligations, which are stated in our contracts.
Ondas Autonomous Systems’ payment terms vary and range from Net 30 days to Net 60 days from the date of the invoices for product and services related revenue. Ondas Autonomous Systems’ payment terms for the majority of their development related revenue carry milestone-related payment obligations which span the contract life. For milestone-based contracts, the customer reviews the completed milestone and once approved, makes payment pursuant to the applicable contract.
Disaggregation of Revenue
The following tables present our disaggregated revenues by Type of Revenue and Timing of Revenue.
Years Ended
December 31,
Type of Revenue
Product revenue $ 12,102,388 $ 872,660
Service and subscription revenue 2,126,560 319,140
Development revenue 1,462,482 934,017
Total revenue $ 15,691,430 $ 2,125,817
Years Ended
December 31,
Timing of Revenue
Revenue recognized point in time $ 14,071,906 $ 872,660
Revenue recognized over time 1,619,524 1,253,157
Total revenue $ 15,691,430 $ 2,125,817
Years Ended
December 31,
Country of Revenue, based on location services were provided or product was shipped to:
United States $ 5,717,832 $ 2,125,817
United Arab Emirates 8,521,393 -
United Kingdom 995,357 -
Israel 429,107 -
India 27,741 -
Total revenue $ 15,691,430 $ 2,125,817
Contract Assets and Liabilities
We recognize a receivable or contract asset when we perform a service or transfer a good in advance of receiving consideration. A receivable is recorded when our right to consideration is unconditional and only the passage of time is required before payment of that consideration is due. A contract asset is recorded when we have recognized revenue over time in accordance with meeting our performance obligation but are unable to invoice the customer yet based on the contractual invoicing terms. The contract asset is reclassified to a receivable when the right to consideration becomes unconditional. The table below details the activity in our contract assets during the year ended December 31, 2023. We did not have any contract assets recorded as of December 31, 2022. Contract assets are included in Other current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Year Ended
December 31,
Balance at beginning of period $ -
Contract assets recognized 928,995
Reclassification to Accounts receivable, net (109,888 )
Balance at end of period $ 819,107
We recognize a contract liability (deferred revenue) when we receive consideration from a customer, or if we have the unconditional right to consideration (i.e., a receivable), prior to satisfying the performance obligation. A contract liability is our obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which we have received consideration, or an amount of consideration is due from the customer. The table below details the activity in our contract liabilities during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Years Ended
December 31,
Balance, beginning of year $ 61,508 $ 512,397
Additions 2,438,655 527,268
Transfer to revenue (2,223,219 ) (978,157 )
Balance, end of year $ 276,944 $ 61,508
Revenue recognized during the year ended December 31, 2023 that was included in the contract liability opening balance was $61,508.
Warranty Reserve
For our software and hardware products, we provide a limited one-year assurance-type warranty and for our development service, we provide no warranties. The assurance-type warranty covers defects in material and workmanship only. If a software or hardware component is determined to be defective after being tested by the Company within the one-year, the Company will repair, replace or refund the price of the covered hardware and/or software to the customer (not including any shipping, handling, delivery or installation charges). We estimate, based upon a review of historical warranty claim experience, the costs that may be incurred under our warranties and record a liability in the amount of such estimate at the time a product is sold. Factors that affect our warranty liability include the number of units sold, historical and anticipated rates of warranty claims, and cost per claim. We periodically assess the adequacy of our recorded warranty liability and adjust the accrual as claims data and historical experience warrants. The Company has assessed the costs of fulfilling its existing assurance-type warranties and has determined that the estimated outstanding warranty obligation as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are immaterial to the Company’s financial statements.
Leases
Under Topic 842, operating lease expense is generally recognized evenly over the term of the lease. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company’s operating leases consisted of office spaces in Sunnyvale, CA, Marlborough, MA (the “American Robotics Lease”), Waltham, MA (the “Waltham Lease”), and Petah Tikva, Israel (the “Airobotics Leases”).
On January 22, 2021, we entered into a 24-month lease (effective April 1, 2021) with the owner and landlord (the “2021 Gibraltar Lease”), wherein the base rate is $45,000 per month, with a security deposit in the amount of $90,000. On April 1, 2023, the Company amended the 2021 Gibraltar Lease to extend the lease through September 30, 2023, wherein the base rate is $65,676 per month. On November 6, 2023, the Company amended the 2021 Gibraltar Lease, as amended to further extend the lease through June 30, 2024, wherein the base rate is $68,959 per month.
On August 5, 2021, the Company acquired American Robotics and the American Robotics Lease, located in Marlborough, Massachusetts, wherein the base rate is $15,469 per month, with an annual increase of 3% through January 2024, with a security deposit of $24,166. On August 19, 2021, American Robotics amended the American Robotics Lease to reduce their space to approximately 10,450 square feet. The amendment reduced their annual base rent to $8,802 per month, with an annual increase of 3% through January 31, 2024. On November 10, 2023, American Robotics amended the American Robotics Lease, as amended to extend the existing lease term from January 31, 2024 to January 31, 2026 and to relinquish a portion of the leased outdoor space. The annual base rent is $14,586 per month starting February 1, 2024, with an annual increase of 3.5% through January 2026. These facilities also serve as Ondas’ corporate headquarters.
On October 8, 2021, American Robotics entered into an 86-month operating lease for space in Waltham, Massachusetts. The Waltham Lease commenced on March 1, 2022, and is scheduled to terminate on April 30, 2029, wherein the base rate is $39,375 per month, increasing 3% annually, with a security deposit due in the amount of $104,040.
On January 23, 2023, the Company acquired Airobotics and the Airobotics Leases, which includes office space in Petah Tikva, Israel leased according to three different lease agreements. Each agreement is with respect to different sections of the entire leased area and are in effect through December 31, 2023, February 28, 2024, and November 30, 2024 wherein the base rate of the entire leased area is approximately $20,500 per month.
On August 7, 2023, Ondas Networks entered into a 72-month lease agreement with the owner and landlord of office space in Sunnyvale, CA (the “Oakmead Lease”). The Oakmead Lease commenced on October 1, 2023, and is an operating lease through September 30, 2029. Base rent is $77,533 per month, increasing approximately 3% annually, with a security deposit due in the amount of $269,428. Base rent shall be abated during the first twelve months of the term of the lease.
On January 15, 2024, American Robotics entered into an agreement to sublet their full leased space, leasehold improvements, and remaining furniture and fixtures in Waltham, Massachusetts through April 30, 2029, the remaining lease term, for $22,920 per month from May 1, 2024 through April 30, 2025, then $41,250 per month from May 1, 2025 through April 30, 2029. The sublease is an operating lease. This event indicated that the carrying amount of the right of use asset, leasehold improvements, and remaining furniture and fixtures in Waltham, Massachusetts (the “Asset Group”) may not be recoverable. The Asset Group was tested for recoverability using the undiscounted cash flows from the sublease and the Company found the Asset Group to be impaired. The Company determined the Level 3 fair value of the Asset Group using the sum of future cash flows from the sublease, discounted to the present value using an assumed discount rate of 10.5%. Based on this valuation, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $1,383,536 related to the right of use asset associated with this Asset Group, which is included in General and administrative expenses in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2023.
We determine if an arrangement is a lease, or contains a lease, at the inception of the arrangement. If we determine the arrangement is a lease, or contains a lease, at lease inception, we then determine whether the lease is an operating lease or finance lease. Operating and finance leases result in recording a right-of-use (“ROU”) asset and lease liability on our consolidated balance sheets. ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. For purposes of calculating operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities, we use the non-cancellable lease term plus options to extend that we are reasonably certain to take. Lease expense for operating lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Our leases generally do not provide an implicit rate. As such, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. This rate is generally consistent with the interest rate we pay on borrowings under our credit facilities, as this rate approximates our collateralized borrowing capabilities over a similar term of the lease payments. We have elected not to recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities that arise from short-term (12 months or less) leases for any class of underlying assets. We have elected not to separate lease and non-lease components for any class of underlying asset.
Lease Costs
Years ended
December 31,
Components of total lease costs:
Operating lease expense $ 1,231,198 $ 1,151,453
Common area maintenance expense 277,865 103,691
Short-term lease costs (1) 813,797 48,870
Total lease costs $ 2,322,860 $ 1,304,014
(1) Represents short-term leases with an initial term of 12 months or less, which are immaterial.
Lease Positions as of December 31, 2023 and 2022
ROU lease assets and lease liabilities for our operating leases were recorded in the consolidated balance sheet as follows:
December 31,
Assets:
Operating lease assets $ 4,701,865 $ 2,930,996
Total lease assets $ 4,701,865 $ 2,930,996
Liabilities:
Operating lease liabilities, current $ 685,099 $ 580,593
Operating lease liabilities, net of current 5,800,710 2,456,315
Total lease liabilities $ 6,485,809 $ 3,036,908
Other Leases Information
Years ended
December 31,
Operating cash flows for operating leases $ 1,038,556 $ 878,627
Weighted average remaining lease term (in years)- operating lease 4.73 5.86
Weighted average discount rate - operating lease 9.99 % 5.78 %
Undiscounted Leases Cash Flows
Future lease payments included in the measurement of lease liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet on December 31, 2023, as follows:
Years ending December 31,
815,880
1,802,201
1,653,139
1,568,688
1,616,022
Thereafter 999,204
Total future minimum lease payments $ 8,455,134
Lease imputed interest (1,969,325 )
Total $ 6,485,809
Net Loss Per Common Share
Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss available to common stockholders (the numerator) by the weighted average number of shares of Common Stock outstanding for each period (the denominator). Income available to common stockholders shall be computed by deducting the dividends accumulated for the period on cumulative preferred stock (whether or not earned) from net income.
The computation of diluted net loss per share is similar to the computation of basic net loss per share except that the numerator may have to adjust for any dividends and income or loss associated with potentially dilutive securities that are assumed to have resulted in the issuance of shares of common stock, and the denominator may have to adjust to include the number of additional shares of common stock that would have been outstanding if the dilutive potential shares of common stock had been issued during the period to reflect the potential dilution that could occur from shares of common stock issuable through stock options, warrants, restricted stock units, or convertible preferred stock. For purposes of determining diluted earnings per common share, the treasury stock method is used for stock options, warrants, and restricted stock units, and the if-converted method is used for convertible preferred stock as prescribed in ASC Topic 260. Because of the net loss for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the impact of including this in our computation of diluted net loss per share was anti-dilutive.
The following potentially dilutive securities for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 have been excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share because the effect of their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive.
Years Ended
December 31,
Warrants to purchase common stock 12,566,092 1,901,802
Options to purchase common stock 4,854,507 2,412,286
Potential shares issuable under 2022 Convertible Exchange Notes 62,084,776 24,177,835
Potential shares issuable under 2023 Additional Notes 29,125,732 -
Restricted stock units 554,466 1,111,617
Total potentially dilutive securities 109,185,573 29,603,540
Concentrations of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist of cash and accounts receivable. Cash is deposited with a limited number of financial institutions. The balances held at any one financial institution may be in excess of Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) insurance limits. As of December 31, 2023, the Company was approximately $13,972,000 in excess of federally insured limits.
Credit is extended to customers based on an evaluation of their financial condition and other factors. We generally do not require collateral or other security to support accounts receivable. We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers and maintain an allowance for credit losses.
Concentration of Customers
Because we have only recently invested in our customer service and support organization, a small number of customers have accounted for a substantial amount of our revenue. Revenue from significant customers, those representing 10% or more of total revenue, was composed of three customers accounting for 42%, 33% and 22% of the Company’s revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023, respectively. One customer accounted for 89% of the Company’s revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Accounts receivable from significant customers, those representing 10% or more of the total accounts receivable, were composed of three customers accounting for 61%, 22% and 12%, respectively, of the Company’s accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2023. Two customers accounted for 67% and 33% of the Company’s accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2022, respectively.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements and SEC Rules
As of January 1, 2023, the Company adopted the following Accounting Standards Updates (ASU), and the adoption had no impact on our accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements:
1. ASU No. 2022-02, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses: Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures, as an amendment to ASU No. 2016-13 Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.
2. ASU No. 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers; and
3. ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments
On September 29, 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU No. 2022-04, Liabilities-Supplier Finance Programs (Subtopic 405-50): Disclosure of Supplier Finance Program Obligations, which enhances the transparency about the use of supplier finance programs for investors and other allocators of capital. Under the new ASU, a company that uses a supplier finance program in connection with the purchase of goods or services will be required to disclose sufficient information about the program to allow a user of financial statements to understand the program’s nature, activity during the period, changes from period to period, and potential magnitude. ASU No. 2022-04 is effective for fiscal years, including interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2022, except for the roll forward of the supplier finance program obligations, which is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this pronouncement as of January 1, 2023 did not have a material impact on our accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.
In July 2023, the SEC adopted the final rule under SEC Release No. 33-11216, Cybersecurity Risk Management, Strategy, Governance, and Incident Disclosure, requiring disclosure of material cybersecurity incidents on Form 8-K and periodic disclosure of a registrant’s cybersecurity risk management, strategy and governance in annual reports. The Company has included the Regulation S-K Item 1C disclosure requirements under this rule in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. Incident disclosure requirements in Form 8-K will be effective for us on June 15, 2024.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
On September 30, 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-03, which (1) clarifies existing guidance when measuring the fair value of an equity security subject to contractual restrictions that prohibit the sale of an equity security and (2) introduces new disclosure requirements for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions. The ASU clarifies that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security. Instead, the contractual sale restriction is a characteristic of the reporting entity. Accordingly, an entity should not consider the contractual sale restriction when measuring the equity security’s fair value. Additionally, the ASU clarifies that an entity cannot, as a separate unit of account, recognize and measure a contractual sale restriction. For public business entities, the amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company has evaluated the effects of the adoption of ASU No. 2022-03, and it is not expected to have an impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-06, which incorporates 14 of the 27 disclosures referred to by the SEC in their SEC Release No. 33-10532, Disclosure Update and Simplification, issued on August 17, 2018. The amendments in this ASU modify the disclosure or presentation requirements of a variety of Topics in the Codification and apply to all reporting entities within the scope of the affected Topics unless otherwise indicated. The amendments in this ASU should be applied prospectively. For public business entities, the effective date for each amendment will be the date on which the SEC’s removal of that related disclosure from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K becomes effective, with early adoption prohibited. The Company has evaluated the effects of the adoption of ASU No. 2022-03, and it is not expected to have an impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures”, which amends and enhances the disclosure requirements for reportable segments. All disclosure requirements under this standard will also be required for public entities with a single reportable segment. The new standard will be effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently assessing the impact of adopting this standard on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-08, “Accounting for and Disclosure of Crypto Assets”, which amends and enhances the disclosure requirements for crypto assets. The new requirements will be effective for public business entities for fiscal periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company has evaluated the effects of the adoption of ASU No. 2022-08, and it is not expected to have an impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, “Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures”, which requires companies to provide disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. The new requirements will be effective for public business entities for fiscal periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently assessing the impact of adopting this standard on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
Reclassification
Certain amounts reported in the prior year financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.
NOTE 3 - OTHER CURRENT ASSETS
Other current assets consist of the following:
Years Ended
December 31,
Prepaid insurance $ 1,035,071 $ 782,538
Advance to vendors 442,727 323,698
Deferred offering costs - 145,293
Contract asset 819,107 -
VAT input credit 232,048 -
Receivables from employees 40,117 -
Other prepaid expenses and current assets 398,549 498,084
Total other current assets $ 2,967,619 $ 1,749,613
NOTE 4 - PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT
Property and equipment consist of the following:
Years Ended
December 31,
Vehicles $ 149,916 $ 149,916
Computer equipment 363,141 348,408
Furniture and fixtures 332,804 461,352
Leasehold improvements 2,534,014 2,093,812
Development equipment 294,288 342,142
Drones and base stations 3,928,958 -
Machinery and Equipment 60,321 -
Construction in progress 395,340 330,541
8,058,782 3,726,171
Less: accumulated depreciation (3,882,824 ) (702,886 )
Total property and equipment $ 4,175,958 $ 3,023,285
Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $844,833 and $449,458, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized a loss on disposal of Computer equipment of $52,595. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized a loss on disposal of obsolete Drones and base stations totaling $382,060. Loss on disposal of assets is included in Other income (expense), net in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. As of December 31, 2023, there was $1,939,716 of net property and equipment located in Israel and $298,363 of net property and equipment located in United Arab Emirates.
In connection with the American Robotics sublease effective January 15, 2024, see Note - 2 Summary of Significant Account Policies, Leases, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $1,127,769 related to the Leasehold improvements and Furniture and fixtures associated with the Asset Group, which is included in General and administrative expenses in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2023.
NOTE 5 - GOODWILL AND BUSINESS ACQUISITION
We account for acquisitions in accordance with FASB ASC 805, “Business Combinations” (“ASC 805”), and goodwill in accordance with ASC 350, “Intangibles - Goodwill and Other” (“ASC 350”). The excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of net assets acquired in a business combination is recorded as goodwill.
Airobotics Transaction
On January 23, 2023, the Company, completed the acquisition of Airobotics, pursuant to the Agreement of Merger, dated as of August 4, 2022 (the “Original Airobotics Agreement”), and that certain Amendment to Agreement of Merger, dated November 13, 2022 (the “Airobotics Amendment,” and together with the Original Airobotics Agreement, the “Airobotics Agreement”), by and among the Company, Talos Sub Ltd., an Israeli company and a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (“Merger Sub”), and Airobotics. In accordance with the terms of the Airobotics Agreement, Merger Sub merged with and into Airobotics (the “Merger”), with Airobotics continuing as the surviving company of the Merger and as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company.
At the effective time of the Merger (the “Effective Time”), each ordinary share of Airobotics, par value NIS 0.01 per share (the “Airobotics Ordinary Shares”), issued and outstanding (other than shares owned by Airobotics or its subsidiaries (dormant or otherwise) or by the Company or Merger Sub) was converted into, and exchanged for 0.16806 (the “Exchange Ratio”) fully paid and nonassessable shares of Common Stock of the Company, without interest and subject to applicable tax withholdings (“Merger Consideration”). All fractional shares of the Company Common Stock that would have otherwise been issued to a holder of Airobotics Ordinary Shares as part of the Merger Consideration were rounded up to the nearest whole share based on the total number of shares of the Company’s Common Stock issued to such holder of Airobotics Ordinary Shares. Holders of Airobotics Ordinary Shares received approximately 2.8 million shares as consideration (excluding approximately 1.7 million shares underlying equity awards to be outstanding following the Merger).
As provided in the Airobotics Agreement, each outstanding option, warrant or other right, whether vested or unvested, to purchase Airobotics Ordinary Shares (each, an “Airobotics Stock Option,” and collectively, the “Airobotics Stock Options”) issued pursuant to the Airobotics Ltd. 2015 Israeli Share Option Plan and 2020 Incentive Equity Plan (the “Airobotics Plans”), was assumed by Ondas and converted as of the Effective Time into an option, warrant or right, as applicable, to purchase shares of Company Common Stock. Subject to the terms of the relevant Airobotics Stock Option, each Airobotics Stock Option is deemed to constitute an option, warrant, or other right, as applicable, to purchase, on substantially the same terms and conditions as were applicable under such Airobotics Stock Option, a number of shares of Company Common Stock equal to the number of shares of Company Common Stock (rounded up to the nearest whole share) that the holder of such Airobotics Stock Option would have been entitled to receive pursuant to the Merger had such holder exercised such option, warrant, or right to purchase full Airobotics Ordinary Shares immediately prior to the Effective Time at a price per share of Company Common Stock (rounded down to the nearest whole cent) equal to (i) the former per share exercise price for Airobotics Ordinary Shares otherwise purchasable pursuant to such Airobotics Stock Option, divided by (ii) the Exchange Ratio.
As a result of the Merger, the Company is dual listed on The Nasdaq Stock Market (“Nasdaq”) and the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (“TASE”). The first trading day of the Company’s shares on TASE was January 26, 2023. On February 8, 2024, the Company took steps to voluntarily delist the Company’s common stock from trading on TASE. Pursuant to Israeli law, the delisting of the Company’s Common Stock is expected to take effect three months following the date of the Company’s request to the TASE to delist the Company’s common stock, which occurred on February 8, 2024. The Company’s Common Stock will continue to be listed for trading on Nasdaq, and all of the shares traded on the TASE are expected to be transferred to Nasdaq where they can continue to be traded. See the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on February 8, 2024 for further details.
The following table summarizes the consideration paid for Airobotics and the preliminary allocation of the purchase consideration to the estimated fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date.
Purchase price consideration
Common Stock - 2,844,291 Shares $ 5,261,938
Vested Stock Options - 773,244 Shares 700,690
Warrants - 586,440 Warrants to purchase shares -
Total purchase price consideration $ 5,962,628
Estimated fair value of assets acquired:
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash $ 1,049,454
Accounts receivable 112,245
Inventory 1,494,707
Other current assets 835,664
Property and equipment 3,015,602
Right of use asset 339,104
Intangible assets 5,977,926
Other long-term assets 62,851
Total estimated fair value of assets acquired 12,887,553
Estimated fair value of liabilities assumed:
Accounts payable 969,242
Customer Prepayments 1,602,535
Government grant liability 1,783,403
Other loans 1,140,301
Other payables 1,156,057
Lease liabilities 385,450
Loan from related party 2,032,875
Total estimated fair value of liabilities assumed 9,069,863
Net Assets Acquired $ 3,817,690
Goodwill $ 2,144,938
The exercise price of the warrants included in the purchase price consideration far exceeded the Company’s stock price at the date of acquisition, thus the value of warrants was deemed de minimis.
The intangible assets acquired include the developed technology, marketing-related assets, and customer relationships (see Note 6 - Intangible Assets). The final purchase price allocation has changed from the preliminary allocation because of changes in the valuation of property and equipment and intangibles. During the year ended December 31, 2023, measurement period adjustments were made of (1) $68,483 to reduce the estimated fair value of property and equipment and increase goodwill, respectively, and (2) $80,000 to reduce the valuation of the customer relationships intangible asset and increase goodwill, respectively.
Goodwill represents the assembled workforce, acquired capabilities, and future economic benefits resulting from the acquisition. No portion of the goodwill is deductible for tax purposes.
Our results for the year ended December 31, 2023 include results from Airobotics between January 24, 2023 and December 31, 2023. The following unaudited pro forma information presents the Company’s results of operations as if the acquisition of Airobotics had occurred on January 1, 2022. The pro forma results do not purport to represent what the Company’s results of operations actually would have been if the transactions had occurred on January 1, 2022 or what the Company’s operating results will be in future periods.
(Unaudited)
Years Ended
December 31,
Revenue, net $ 15,723,466 $ 2,874,232
Net loss $ (45,195,015 ) $ (85,966,141 )
Net Loss Per Share - basic and diluted $ (0.86 ) $ (1.90 )
Goodwill Impairment
The Company has recognized goodwill as part of the American Robotics acquisition in 2021 and Airobotics acquisition in 2023. The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, are as follows:
Ondas
Autonomous
Systems
Balance as of January 1, 2022 $ 45,026,583
Impairment loss (19,419,600 )
Balance as of December 31, 2022 25,606,983
Goodwill acquired 2,144,938
Balance as of December 31, 2023 $ 27,751,921
Goodwill is tested for impairment in the fourth quarter after the annual forecasting process. In December 2023, the Company bypassed the qualitative analysis and proceeded directly to a quantitative analysis. The Company engaged a third-party service provider to carry out a valuation of the Ondas Autonomous Systems reporting unit. Using a discounted cash flow analysis and updated forecasts for revenue and cash flows, it was determined that the fair value of the Ondas Autonomous Systems reporting unit was higher than the carrying value as of December 31, 2023, and no further impairment to goodwill was necessary as of December 31, 2023.
In December 2022, the Company initially carried out a qualitative analysis and determined that because of changes in market conditions as well as a slower increase in revenue than previously forecast, it was more likely than not that goodwill was impaired. The Company engaged a third-party service provider to carry out a valuation of the Ondas Autonomous Systems reporting unit. Using a discounted cash flow analysis and revised forecasts for revenue and cash flows that are lower than the previous valuation, it was determined that the fair value of the Ondas Autonomous Systems reporting unit was lower than the carrying value as of December 31, 2022, and an impairment of $19,419,600 was recognized in Operating expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ending December 31, 2022.
NOTE 6 - INTANGIBLE ASSETS
The components of intangible assets, all of which are finite lived, were as follows:
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Gross
Carrying
Amount Accumulated
Amortization Net
Carrying
Amount Gross
Carrying
Amount Accumulated
Amortization Net
Carrying
Amount Useful
Life
Patents $ 117,810 $ (43,153 ) $ 74,657 $ 82,431 $ (27,331 ) $ 55,100
Patents in process 142,239 -
142,239 119,760 -
119,760 N/A
Licenses 241,909 (89,859 ) 152,050 241,909 (65,665 ) 176,244
Software 211,411 (167,412 ) 43,999 161,284 (84,682 ) 76,602
Trademarks 3,230,000 (776,235 ) 2,453,765 3,230,000 (453,242 ) 2,776,758
FAA waiver 5,930,000 (1,425,101 ) 4,504,899 5,930,000 (832,113 ) 5,097,887
Developed technology 27,977,331 (5,632,170 ) 22,345,161 23,270,614 (2,752,353 ) 20,518,261 3 - 10
Non-compete agreements 840,000 (840,000 ) -
840,000 (840,000 ) -
Marketing-related assets 890,000 (82,540 ) 807,460 -
-
-
Customer relationships 1,010,000 (205,048 ) 804,952 60,000 (16,839 ) 43,161
$ 40,590,700 $ (9,261,518 ) $ 31,329,182 $ 33,935,998 $ (5,072,225 ) $ 28,863,773
Amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $4,147,092 and $3,570,090, respectively.
We recognized losses on intellectual property of $12,223 and $12,343 due to expiration of patent applications for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
On March 20, 2022, the Company entered into a Purchase Agreement to acquire the assets of Ardenna, Inc., a leading provider of image processing and machine learning software solutions for rail infrastructure monitoring and inspections. The consideration for the acquisition was $900,000 in cash and 780,000 shares of the Company’s Common Stock (the “Ardenna Consideration Shares”). In connection of the acquisition, the parties entered into a Registration Rights and Lock-Up Agreement, which required the Company to file a resale registration statement covering the resale of the Ardenna Consideration Shares no later than ninety (90) days after the closing date and restricted the holder from transferring the Ardenna Consideration Shares for 180 days from the closing date, subject to certain exceptions. On April 5, 2022, the Company completed the acquisition. As a result of this transaction, the Company recognized developed technology in the amount of $6,843,600. The Company filed the registration statement Form S-3 on July 1, 2022, and it was declared effective on July 15, 2022.
On August 31, 2022, the Company entered into the asset purchase agreement with Field of View LLC, a North Dakota limited liability company. The total purchase consideration consisted of $250,000 of cash payable in monthly installments over twelve months, and $75,520 shares of the Company’s common stock, representing 16,000 shares (“FOV Consideration Shares”). The asset purchase agreement restricts the holder from transferring the FOV Consideration Shares for 180 days from the closing date, subject to certain exceptions. The Company acquired computer and research and development equipment amounting to $18,506 and intangibles for developed technology for $307,014. As of December 31, 2023, the cash was paid and equity was issued in full. As of December 31, 2022, cash paid amounted to $104,167, with the balance payable of $145,333 accounted for as accrued purchase consideration included in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
On October 19, 2022, Airobotics entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement, as amended, to acquire all of the intellectual property, technical systems, and operations of Iron Drone Ltd. (“Iron Drone”), an Israeli-based company specializing in the development of autonomous counter-drone systems (the “Iron Drone Transaction”). The consideration for the Iron Drone Transaction was (i) $135,000 in cash, (ii) 46,129 shares of the Company’s Common Stock, (iii) warrants exercisable for 26,553 shares of the Company’s Common Stock with an exercise price of $11.95, which shall be exercisable if, during the 48 month period following the closing, the average price per share of the Company’s Common Stock exceeds $52.38 for a period of at least 90 consecutive trading days, (iv) a right to acquire 35,377 shares of the Company’s Common Stock if during the 48 month period after the closing, the average price per share of the Company’s Common Stock exceeds $18.25 for a period of at least 90 consecutive trading days, and (v) a right to acquire 70,753 shares of the Company’s Common Stock if during the 48 month period after the closing, the average price per share of Company’s Common Stock exceeds $20.27 for a period of at least 90 consecutive trading days. On March 6, 2023, the Company completed the Iron Drone Transaction. The Company acquired intangibles for developed technology for $576,717. As of December 31, 2023, the cash was paid and equity was issued in full.
Expected amortization expense for the next five years for the intangible costs currently being amortized is as follows:
Year Ending December 31, Expected
Amortization
$ 4,206,541
4,149,761
4,066,033
4,058,871
3,787,781
Thereafter 11,060,195
Total $ 31,329,182
NOTE 7 - LONG-TERM EQUITY INVESTMENT
On October 5, 2021, Ondas Holdings irrevocably subscribed and agreed to purchase 3,141,098 shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock of Dynam.AI, Inc. (“Dynam”), a tech-enabled services provider for critical or complex artificial intelligence and machine learning projects, par value $0.00001 for the aggregate price of $500,000 representing subscription price of $0.15918 per share by way of a non-brokered private placement for approximately 11% ownership in Dynam. In addition to the equity investment, American Robotics entered into a development, services and marketing agreement with Dynam.AI on October 1, 2021. The agreement allows American Robotics to expand and enhance its IP library and analytics capabilities with artificial intelligence using physics-based algorithms and allows Dynam to further the development of Vizlab™, Dynam’s proprietary AI/ML platform, an advanced developer toolkit for data scientists.
On July 15, 2022, Ondas Holdings irrevocably subscribed and agreed to purchase 3,357,958 shares of Series Seed Preferred Stock of Dynam for the aggregate price of $1,000,000 representing a subscription price of $0.2978 per share by way of a non-brokered private placement for approximately 8% ownership in Dynam. This brings Ondas Holdings investment in Dynam to 6,499,056 shares or approximately 19% ownership.
This long-term equity investment consists of an equity investment in a private company through preferred shares, which are not considered in-substance common stock, that is accounted for at cost, with adjustments for observable changes in prices or impairments, and is classified as long-term equity investment on our consolidated balance sheets with adjustments recognized in other (expense) income, net on our consolidated statements of operations. The Company has determined that the equity investment does not have a readily determinable fair value and elected the measurement alternative. Therefore, the equity investment’s carrying amount will be adjusted to fair value at the time of the next observable price change for the identical or similar investment of the same issuer or when an impairment is recognized. Each reporting period, the Company performs a qualitative assessment to evaluate whether the investment is impaired. The assessment includes a review of recent operating results and trends, recent sales/acquisitions of the investee securities, and other publicly available data. If the investment is impaired, the Company writes it down to its estimated fair value.
As of December 31, 2023, Dynam had ceased operations, and the Company recognized an impairment charge of $1,500,000, which is included in Operating expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022 the long-term equity investment had a carrying value of $0 and $1,500,000, respectively.
NOTE 8 - ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consist of the following:
Years Ended
December 31,
Accrued payroll and other benefits $ 2,423,709 $ 390,698
D&O insurance financing payable - 516,619
Accrued professional fees 315,863 792,367
Accrued purchase consideration - 145,833
Accrued interest 652,631 176,629
Other accrued expenses and payables 195,674 1,246,847
Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities $ 3,587,877 $ 3,268,993
NOTE 9 - LONG-TERM NOTES PAYABLE
Convertible Promissory Note
On September 14, 2017, the Company and an individual entered into a convertible promissory note with unilateral conversion preferences by the individual (the “2017 Convertible Promissory Note”). On July 11, 2018, the Company’s Board approved certain changes to the 2017 Convertible Promissory Note wherein the conversion feature was changed from unilateral to mutual between the individual and the Company.
The Company may at any time on or after a qualified public offering convert any unpaid repayment at the IPO conversion price. The conversion price is the lesser of the (i) price per share of Common Stock sold in the Qualified Public Offering, discounted by 20%, and (ii) the price per share of Common Stock based on a pre-money Company valuation of $50 million on a Fully Diluted Basis.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the total outstanding balance of the 2017 Convertible Promissory Note was $300,000. The maturity date of the 2017 Convertible Promissory Note is based on the payment of 0.6% of quarterly gross revenue until 1.5 times the amount of the Note is paid. Accrued interest on December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $26,844 and $40,965, respectively. Interest expense for both years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $15,000.
Convertible Promissory Notes
On October 28, 2022, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with certain investors pursuant to which we issued convertible notes (“2022 Convertible Promissory Notes”) in the principal amount of $34.5 million, with a debt discount of $4.5 million and issuance costs of $2.3 million. The net amount of proceeds to us from the 2022 Convertible Promissory Notes after deducting the placement agent’s fees and transaction expenses (issuance costs) were approximately $27,703,000. The Company intends to use the net proceeds of the 2022 Convertible Promissory Notes for general corporate purposes, including funding capital, expenditures, or the expansion of its business and providing working capital.
On January 20, 2023, the Company entered into an Amendment No. 1 to Securities Purchase Agreement (“Amended SPA”) to that certain Purchase Agreement. The Amended SPA amends the notes attached as exhibits to the Purchase Agreement. Amendment No.1 was accounted for as a modification of the Purchase Agreement,
Pursuant to the terms of the Purchase Agreement, on January 20, 2023, the Company exchanged the 2022 Convertible Promissory Notes, on a dollar-for-dollar basis, into 3% Senior Convertible Notes Due 2024 (the “2022 Convertible Exchange Notes”).
The 2022 Convertible Exchange Notes are identical in all material respects to the 2022 Convertible Promissory Notes, except that they (i) are issued pursuant to the Base Indenture (as defined below) and the First Supplemental Indenture (as defined below); (ii) have a maturity date of October 28, 2024; (iii) allow for the Acceleration of Installment Amounts (as defined in the 2022 Convertible Exchange Notes) not to exceed eight (8) times the Installment Amount (as defined in the 2022 Convertible Exchange Notes) with respect to the Installment Date (as defined in the 2022 Convertible Exchange Notes) related to the Current Acceleration (as defined in the 2022 Convertible Exchange Notes); and (iv) modify the Acceleration Conversion Price (as defined in the 2022 Convertible Exchange Notes).
The 2022 Convertible Exchange Notes were issued pursuant to the first supplemental indenture (the “First Supplemental Indenture”), dated as of January 20, 2023, between the Company and Wilmington Savings Fund Society, FSB, as trustee (the “Trustee”). The First Supplemental Indenture supplements the indenture entered into by and between the Company and the Trustee, dated as of January 20, 2023 (the “Base Indenture” and, together with the First Supplemental Indenture, the “Initial Indenture”). The Initial Indenture has been qualified under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, and the terms of the 2022 Convertible Exchange Notes include those set forth in the Initial Indenture and those made part of the Initial Indenture by reference to the Trust Indenture Act.
On July 21, 2023, the Company entered into an agreement and waiver with the holder of the 2022 Convertible Exchange Notes (the “Agreement and Waiver,” together with the Purchase Agreement and Amended SPA, the “SPA”) that included (i) extending the Maturity Date to from October 28, 2024 to April 28, 2025; (ii) waive the last sentence of Section 8(e) of the Notes (such that last sentence of Section 8(e) of the Notes shall have no further force and effect) (the “Acceleration Waiver”); (iii) reduce the Conversion Price of the 2022 Convertible Exchange Notes to the lower of (A) the Conversion Price then in effect and (B) the greater of (x) the Floor Price (as defined in the Notes) then in effect and (y) 125% of the lowest volume weighted average price (“VWAP”) of the Common Stock during the five (5) consecutive Trading Day period ending and including the Trading Day immediately prior to the effective date; provided, that, in addition, during the period commencing on the effective date through and including September 30, 2023, the conversion price of the Notes, solely with respect to voluntary conversions of such aggregate Conversion Amount of the Notes not in excess of such aggregate Current Installment Amounts of such applicable period (or otherwise eligible to be converted in one or more Accelerations during such applicable period), shall be further lowered to the Installment Conversion Price (as defined in the Existing Note) in effect for the Installment Date (as defined in the Existing Note) of the Existing Note of July 3, 2023; (iv) to extend the Additional Closing Expiration Date to April 28, 2026; and (v) increase the aggregate principal amount of Notes issuable in one or more Additional Closings to $46,000,000. This agreement was accounted for as a modification.
A full summary of the Agreement and Waiver, including a full text of the related agreements, are available on the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 28, 2023.
The 2022 Convertible Exchange Notes bear interest at the rate of 3% per annum. The 2022 Convertible Exchange Notes are payable in monthly installments beginning on November 1, 2022 through the maturity date of April 28, 2025 (each such date, an “Installment Date”). On each Installment Date, we will make monthly payments by converting the applicable “Installment Amount” (as defined below) into shares of our Common Stock (an “Installment Conversion”), subject to satisfaction of certain equity conditions, including a minimum $1.50 share price, $500,000 minimum daily volume, and maintaining continued Nasdaq listing requirements among other conditions. If these conditions are not met, installments can be requested in cash. For the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we issued 14,028,022 and 415,161 common shares as a result of Installment Conversion, respectively. At each Installment Date the note holder may defer some or all of the amount due until the subsequent Installment Date. In between Installment Dates, the note holder also has the option to accelerate certain portions of principal due. At each Installment Date the price used to exchange outstanding notes into Common Stock is based on the lower of (A) 92% of the lowest VWAP of the respective previous five trading days; and (B) the Floor Price ($0.32 as of December 31, 2023). The maximum conversion price is $1.50 per share.
The “Installment Amount” will equal:
(i) for all Installment Dates other than the maturity date, the lesser of (x) the Holder Pro Rata Amount of $1,437,500 and (y) the principal amount then outstanding under the Note; and
(ii) on the maturity date, the principal amount then outstanding under the Note.
Each month, the note holders may accelerate a portion of the note due up to eight times the minimum Installment Amount of $1,437,500.
Additional Notes
On July 24, 2023, pursuant to the terms of the Purchase Agreement, as amended, an Investor elected to purchase 3% Series B-2 Senior Convertible Notes in the aggregate original principal amount of $11.5 million (the “2023 Additional Notes,” together with the 2022 Convertible Exchange Notes, the “Notes”), which 2023 Additional Notes are convertible into shares of Common Stock under certain conditions more fully described in the 2023 Additional Notes. The 2023 Additional Notes have an original issue discount of approximately thirteen percent (13%) resulting in gross proceeds to the Company of $10.0 million. The Company currently intends to use the net proceeds for general corporate purposes, which includes funding capital expenditures and working capital. The 2023 Additional Notes have a maturity date of July 25, 2025. The 2023 Additional Notes were issued pursuant to the second supplemental indenture, dated as of July 25, 2023, between the Company and the Trustee (the “Second Supplemental Indenture,” and together with the Base Indenture, the “Second Indenture”). The Second Supplemental Indenture supplements the Base Indenture. The Second Indenture has been qualified under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, and the terms of the Additional Notes include those set forth in the Second Indenture and those made part of the Indenture by reference to the Trust Indenture Act.
The 2023 Additional Notes bear interest at the rate of 3% per annum. The 2023 Additional Notes are payable in monthly installments beginning on August 1, 2023 through the maturity date of July 24, 2025 (each such date, an “Installment Date”). On each Installment Date, we will make monthly payments by converting the applicable Installment Amount (as defined above under the 2022 Convertible Exchange Notes) into shares of our Common Stock (an “Installment Conversion”), subject to satisfaction of certain equity conditions, including a minimum $1.50 share price, $500,000 minimum daily volume, and maintaining continued Nasdaq listing requirements among other conditions. If these conditions are not met, installments can be requested in cash. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we made no cash payments and issued no common shares as a result of Installment Conversion. At each Installment Date the note holder may defer some or all of the amount due until the subsequent Installment Date. In between Installment Dates, the note holder also has the option to accelerate certain portions of principal due. At each Installment Date the price used to exchange outstanding notes into Common Stock is based on the greater of (x) the Floor Price ($0.40 as of December 31, 2023) and (y) 92% of the lowest VWAP of the prospective five trading days. The maximum conversion price is $1.45 per share.
On July 25, 2023, the 2023 Additional Notes were offered and sold pursuant to the Company’s shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-252571) filed with the SEC on January 29, 2021 (as such registration statement became effective on February 5, 2021. On July 25, 2023, the Company filed a prospectus supplement with the SEC in connection with the sale and issuance of the 2023 Additional Notes. Oppenheimer & Co. Inc. served as the sole placement agent for the transaction pursuant to the terms of a placement agent agreement, dated October 26, 2022.
As of December 31, 2023, the total outstanding principal on the 2022 Convertible Exchange Notes and 2023 Additional Notes was $28,504,661, net of debt discount and issuance costs of $2,360,129. As of December 31, 2022, the total outstanding principal on the 2022 Convertible Promissory Notes was $30,048,135, net of debt discount and issuance costs of $3,251,865. Accrued interest as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $652,631 and $176,629, respectively, and is included in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized interest expense of $1,027,480, amortization expense of $2,070,390 related to the debt discount, and amortization expense of $1,069,388 related to the issuance costs for the 2022 Convertible Exchange Notes and 2023 Additional Notes. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized interest expense of $176,629, amortization expense of $2,358,871 related to the debt discount, and amortization expense of $1,186,972 related to the issuance costs for the 2022 Convertible Exchange Notes. The remaining unamortized debt discount of $1,570,739 and issuance costs of $789,390 as of December 31, 2023 will be amortized via the effective interest method under ASC 835. Interest expense and amortization expense of the debt discount and issuance costs are included in Interest expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Government Grant Liability
Airobotics has received grants from the Israel Innovation Authority (“IIA”) to finance its research and development programs in Israel, through which Airobotics received IIA participation payments in the aggregate amount of $3.1 million through December 31, 2023. All of these are royalty-bearing grants. In return, Airobotics is committed to pay IIA royalties at a rate of 3% of future sales of the developed products, up to 100% of the amounts of grants received plus interest at LIBOR. Through December 31, 2023, approximately $460,000 in royalties have been paid to the IIA. The Company’s royalty liability to the IIA as of December 31, 2023, including grants received by Airobotics and the associated LIBOR interest on all such grants, was $2,749,704. The increase in fair value of the government grant liability, including LIBOR interest expense accrued, was $427,208 for the period of January 24, 2023 - December 31, 2023, which is included in Other income (expense), net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
NOTE 10 - STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Common Stock
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had 300,000,000 and 116,666,667 shares of Common Stock authorized for issuance, respectively, of which 61,940,878 and 44,108,661 shares of our Common Stock were issued and outstanding, respectively.
Preferred Stock
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.0001, authorized, of which 5,000,000 shares are designated as Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series A Preferred”) and 5,000,000 shares are non-designated (“blank check,” together with the Series A Preferred, the “Preferred Shares”) shares. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had no preferred stock outstanding.
Form S-3
On January 29, 2021, the Company filed a shelf Registration Statement on Form S-3 for up to $150,000,000 with the SEC (the “Prior Form S-3”) for shares of its Common Stock; shares of its preferred stock, which the Company may issue in one or more series or classes; debt securities, which the company may issue in one or more series; warrants to purchase its Common Stock, preferred stock or debt securities; and units. The Prior Form S-3 was declared effective by the SEC on February 5, 2021. In accordance with SEC rules, the Prior Form S-3 expired on February 5, 2024, the three-year anniversary of the date on which it was declared effective.
On February 2, 2024, the Company initially filed with the SEC a new shelf Registration Statement on Form S-3 for up to $175,000,000, which represents $150,000,000 under the Prior Form S-3 and an additional $25,000,000 (the “New Form S-3”), for shares of its Common Stock; shares of its preferred stock, which the Company may issue in one or more series or classes; debt securities, which the company may issue in one or more series; warrants to purchase its Common Stock, preferred stock or debt securities; and units. The New Form S-3 was declared effective by the SEC on February 15, 2024.
ATM Offering
On March 22, 2022, the Company, entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement (the “ATM Agreement”) with Oppenheimer (the “Sales Agent”). Pursuant to the terms of the ATM Agreement, the Company may offer and sell (the “ATM Offering”) from time to time through the Sales Agent, as the Company’s sales agent, up to $50 million of shares of Common Stock, (the “ATM Shares”). Sales of the ATM Shares, if any, may be made in sales deemed to be “at the market offerings” as defined in Rule 415 promulgated under the Securities Act. The Sales Agent is not required to sell any specific number or dollar amount of ATM Shares but will act as a sales agent using commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and applicable state and federal laws, rules, and regulations and the rules of Nasdaq, on mutually agreed terms between the Sales Agent and the Company. The Sales Agent will receive from the Company a commission of 3.0% of the gross proceeds from the sales of ATM Shares by the Sales Agent pursuant to the terms of the ATM Agreement. Net proceeds from the sale of the ATM Shares will be used for general corporate purposes.
On October 26, 2022, Ondas entered into Amendment No. 1 to the Equity Distribution Agreement with the Sales Agent (“Amendment No. 1”). Amendment No. 1 provides for the reduction of the aggregate offering price from up to $50 million to up to $40 million of shares of its Common Stock.
The offering of ATM Shares pursuant to the ATM Agreement will terminate upon the earliest of (i) the sale of all ATM Shares subject to the ATM Agreement, and (ii) the termination of the ATM Agreement pursuant to its terms.
The ATM Shares are issued pursuant to the Prior Form S-3 and the prospectus supplement thereto dated March 22, 2022.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company sold 864,674 ATM Shares through the Sales Agent at an average of $7.13 with the net proceeds of $6.1 million. In connection with the sale of these ATM Shares, the compensation paid by the Company to the Sales Agent was $227,118. There were no shares sold during the year ended December 31, 2023.
On July 11, 2023, the Company and the Sales Agent, mutually agreed to terminate the ATM Agreement. As a result, the Company suspended and terminated the prospectus related to the Company’s Common Stock issuable pursuant to the terms of the ATM Agreement, as amended (the “ATM Prospectus”). The termination of the ATM Agreement, as amended and ATM Prospectus is effective as of July 11, 2023, at which time the Company expensed the remaining deferred offering costs outstanding of $145,293 related to the ATM Agreement, as amended.
Stock Issued for Convertible Debt
The Company issued 14,028,022 shares of its Common Stock during the year ended December 31, 2023 to the lenders in lieu of cash payments for $268,987 of outstanding interest and $9,580,300 of outstanding principal on the 2022 Convertible Exchange Notes (See Note 9 - Long-term Notes Payable for further details).
The Company issued 415,161 shares of its Common Stock during the year ended December 31, 2022 to the lenders in lieu of cash payments for $93,147 of outstanding interest and $1,106,853 of outstanding principal on the 2022 Convertible Promissory Notes (See Note 9 - Long-term Notes Payable for further details).
Warrants to Purchase Common Stock
We use the Black-Scholes-Merton option model (the “Black-Scholes Model”) to determine the fair value of warrants to purchase Common Stock of the Company. The Black-Scholes Model is an acceptable model in accordance with U.S GAAP. The Black-Scholes Model requires the use of a number of assumptions including volatility of the stock price, the weighted average risk-free interest rate, and the weighted average term of the warrant.
The risk-free interest rate assumption is based upon observed interest rates on zero coupon U.S. Treasury bonds whose maturity period is appropriate for the term of the warrants. Estimated volatility is a measure of the amount by which our stock price is expected to fluctuate each year during the expected life of the award. Our estimated volatility is an average of the historical volatility of peer entities whose stock prices were publicly available over a period equal to the expected life of the awards. We used the historical volatility of peer entities due to the lack of sufficient historical data of our stock price.
On January 23, 2023, the Company issued warrants to purchase an aggregate of 586,440 shares of Common Stock with exercise prices ranging from $9.26 to $12.35 per share, resulting in a weighted average exercise price of $9.95 per share, as consideration in the acquisition of Airobotics.
On July 21, 2023 and August 11, 2023, the Company issued warrants to purchase an aggregate of 7,825,792 and 2,374,208 shares of Common Stock in Ondas Holdings, respectively, with an exercise price of $0.89 per share, in connection with the sale of redeemable preferred stock in Ondas Networks. See Note 11 - Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest.
The assumptions used in the Black-Scholes Model are set forth in the table below.
December 31,
Stock price $ 1.14-2.00
Risk-free interest rate 4.09-4.70%
Volatility 50.64-55.34%
Expected life in years 0.12-5.00
Dividend yield 0.00%
A summary of our Warrants activity and related information follows:
Number of Shares Under Warrant
Weighted Average Exercise Price
Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Life
Balance as of January 1, 2022
3,305,854
$ 8.53
5.20
Expired
(1,404,052 )
$ 9.75
Balance as of December 31, 2022
1,901,802
$ 7.63
7.47
Granted
10,786,440
$ 1.38
Expired
(122,150 )
$ 12.35
Balance as of December 31, 2023
12,566,092
$ 2.22
4.71
Equity Incentive Plan
In 2018, our stockholders adopted the 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”) pursuant to which 3,333,334 shares of our Common Stock has been reserved for issuance to employees, including officers, directors and consultants. The 2018 Plan shall be administered by the Board, provided however, that the Board may delegate such administration to the compensation committee of the Board of the Company (the “Compensation Committee”). Subject to the provisions of the 2018 Plan, the Board and/or the Compensation Committee shall have authority to grant, in its discretion, incentive stock options, or non-statutory options, stock awards or restricted stock purchase offers (“Equity Awards”). As of December 31, 2023, the balance available to be issued under the 2018 Plan was 1,052,373.
At the 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders of the Company held on November 5, 2021, stockholders of the Company approved, among other matters, the Ondas Holdings Inc. 2021 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”). The Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of the Company adopted the 2021 Plan on September 30, 2021, subject to stockholder approval. The purpose of the 2021 Plan is to enable the Company to attract, retain, reward, and motivate eligible individuals by providing them with an opportunity to acquire or increase a proprietary interest in the Company and to incentivize them to expend maximum efforts for the growth and success of the Company, so as to strengthen the mutuality of the interests between the eligible individuals and the shareholders of the Company. The 2021 Plan provides for the issuance of awards including stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, and performance awards. On October 31, 2023, stockholders of the Company approved an amendment to the 2021 Plan to increase the number of shares of the Company’s Common Stock authorized for issuance under the 2021 Plan from 6,000,000 to 8,000,000 shares. As of December 31, 2023, the balance available to be issued under the 2021 Plan was 3,780,741.
Stock Options to Purchase Common Stock
The Company awards stock options to certain employees, directors, and consultants, which represent the right to purchase common shares on the date of exercise at a stated exercise price. Stock options granted to employees generally vest over a two to four-year period and are contingent on ongoing employment. Compensation expenses related to these awards is recognized straight-line over the applicable vesting period. Stock options granted to consultants are subject to the attainment of pre-established performance conditions. The actual number of shares subject to the award is determined at the end of the performance period and may range from zero to 100% of the target shares granted depending upon the terms of the award. Compensation expenses related to these awards is recognized when the performance conditions are satisfied.
On January 23, 2023, in connection with the acquisition of Airobotics, the Company granted stock options to purchase 1,064,946 shares of Common Stock, of which 773,244 options were vested and the remaining 291,702 vest monthly through November 13, 2025. As of the January 23, 2023, the vested options had a weighted average contractual remaining life of approximately 4.39 years, an exercise price ranging from $0.49 to $224.92 per share, resulting in a weighted average exercise price of $3.94 per share, and a grant date fair value ranging from $0 to $1.48 per share. As of the January 23, 2023, the unvested options have a weighted average contractual remaining life of approximately 2.06 years, an exercise price ranging from $0.49 to $24.70 per share, resulting in a weighted average exercise price of $4.33 per share, and a grant date fair value ranging from $0 to $1.47 per share.
On February 9, 2023, the Compensation Committee granted an aggregate of 317,625 stock options to purchase shares of the Company’s Common Stock to certain employees. The stock options vest over a four-year period and are contingent on ongoing employment. They are included in compensation expenses.
On March 16, 2023, the Compensation Committee granted an aggregate of 1,793,000 stock options to purchase shares of the Company’s Common Stock to certain employees. The stock options vest over a four-year period and are contingent on ongoing employment. They are included in compensation expenses.
On March 16, 2023, the Compensation Committee also granted an aggregate of 31,250 stock options to purchase shares of the Company’s Common Stock to certain non-employees. 6,250 stock options vested on the grant date, and 25,000 vest on December 31, 2023. They are included in compensation expenses.
On November 29, 2023, the Compensation Committee granted an aggregate of 244,500 stock options to purchase shares of the Company’s Common Stock to certain employees. The stock options vest over a four-year period and are contingent on ongoing employment. They are included in compensation expenses.
The assumptions used in the Black-Scholes Model are set forth in the table below.
Stock price $ 1.24 - $2.06 $ 3.81 - $6.55
Risk-free interest rate 3.61 - 4.82% 1.82 - 3.95%
Volatility 49.83 - 58.92% 46.42 - 48.96%
Expected life in years 0.12 - 6.25 5.80 - 6.30
Dividend yield 0.00% 0.00%
A summary of our Option activity and related information follows:
Number of Shares Under Option Weighted Average Exercise Price Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Life
Balance as of January 1, 2022 687,448 $ 6.79 8.20
Granted 2,094,000 $ 5.17
Exercised (31,057 ) $ 2.09
Forfeited (168,105 ) $ 2.77
Canceled (170,000 ) $ 6.43
Balance as of December 31, 2022 2,412,286 $ 5.77 7.58
Granted 3,451,321 $ 3.63
Exercised (89,042 ) $ 0.49
Forfeited (673,292 ) $ 3.90
Canceled (246,766 ) $ 6.03
Balance as of December 31, 2023 4,854,507 $ 4.59 7.34
Vested and Exercisable as of December 31, 2023 2,118,648 $ 6.62 5.19
As of December 31, 2023, total unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested Options was $1,833,389 which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.76 years.
Total stock-based compensation expense for stock options for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:
Years Ended
December 31,
General and administrative $ 343,371 $ 536,269
Sales and marketing 523,798 509,789
Research and development 223,513 720,554
Cost of goods sold 50,341 -
Total stock-based expense related to options $ 1,141,023 $ 1,766,612
Restricted Stock Units
The Company awards Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”) to certain employees and directors, which represent a right to receive common stock for each RSU that vests. Compensation expenses related to these awards is recognized straight-line over the applicable vesting period.
On May 9, 2022, the Compensation Committee approved the grant of 13,900 RSUs to three employees. The RSUs vest in two successive equal annual installments with the first vesting date commencing on the first anniversary of the award date and are contingent on continuing employment.
On December 19, 2022, the Compensation Committee approved the grant of 162,160 RSUs to directors. The RSUs vest in four successive equal quarterly installments with the first vesting date commencing on the first day of the next calendar quarter.
On February 9, 2023, the Compensation Committee approved the grant of 3,000 RSUs to an employee. The RSUs vest in two successive equal annual installments with the first vesting date commencing on the first anniversary of the award date and are contingent on continuing employment.
On February 9, 2023, the Compensation Committee also approved the grant of 69,000 RSUs to three employees. The RSUs vest as follows: 20% on September 13, 2023, 40% on January 10, 2024, and 40% on February 21, 2024 and are contingent on continuing employment.
On July 6, 2023, the Compensation Committee approved the grant of 180,000 RSUs to three employees, which vested in July 2023.
On October 31, 2023, the Compensation Committee approved the grant of 473,682 RSUs to directors. The RSUs vest in four successive equal quarterly installments with the first vesting date commencing on the first day of the next calendar quarter.
A summary of our RSUs activity and related information follows:
RSUs Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Weighted
Average
Vesting Period (Years)
Unvested balance at January 1, 2022 1,431,922 $ 12.12 2.5
Granted 190,860 $ 2.52
Vested (512,755 ) $ 8.06
Canceled - $ -
Unvested balance at December 31, 2022 1,110,027 $ 6.89 1.52
Granted 722,682 $ 0.66
Vested (823,143 ) $ 5.00
Canceled (455,100 ) 7.41
Unvested balance at December 31, 2023 554,466 $ 1.14 0.66
As of December 31, 2023 the unrecognized compensation expense for RSUs was $170,456.
In 2023, three employees with RSUs separated from the Company. As part of their separation agreements, the employees were granted accelerated vesting on some of their restricted stock unit awards, which was accounted for as a modification of their awards. The result of the modification was a reversal of approximately $1,184,000 of previously recognized stock-based compensation expense during the year ended December 31, 2023. Total stock-based compensation expense for RSUs for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:
Years Ended
December 31,
General and administrative $ (152,814 ) $ 3,259,648
Sales and marketing 90,899 24,632
Research and development (31,710 ) 806,543
Total stock-based expense related to RSUs $ (93,625 ) $ 4,090,823
NOTE 11 - REDEEMABLE NONCONTROLLING INTEREST
On July 9, 2023, Ondas Networks entered into a Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement with an initial purchaser named therein (the “Initial Purchaser”) to purchase preferred stock of Ondas Networks, $0.00001 par value per share (the “Networks Preferred Stock”) and the issuance of warrants to purchase 10,200,000 shares of Ondas Holdings (the “Original Networks Agreement”).
The Preferred Stock accrues dividends at the rate per annum of eight percent (8%) of the original issue price, of $34.955 per share (the “2023 Original Issue Price”). Such dividends are payable in cash or additional shares of Networks Preferred Stock, with such valuation based on the 2023 Original Issue Price. Each share of Networks Preferred Stock is convertible, at the option of the holder thereof, at any time and from time to time, and without the payment of additional consideration by the holder thereof, into such number of fully paid and non-assessable shares of Networks Common Stock (as defined below) as is determined by dividing the 2023 Original Issue Price by the conversion price in effect at the time of conversion, which initially is set at $34.955. In lieu of any fractional shares to which the holder would otherwise be entitled, the number of shares of Networks Common Stock to be issued upon conversion of the Networks Preferred Stock shall be rounded to the nearest whole share. The Networks Preferred Stock can be redeemed at the request of the holder at any time after the fifth anniversary for the greater of two times the initial investment plus accrued dividends or the amount that would be due if the Networks Preferred Stock was converted into Networks Common Stock as described above.
On July 21, 2023, Ondas Networks entered into a certain Amendment to Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement (the “Networks Amendment,” together with the Original Networks Agreement, the “2023 Networks Agreement”). Pursuant to the Networks Amendment, in exchange for an initial sale of shares of Networks Preferred Stock, the Initial Purchaser acquired the following (the “Initial Networks Closing”), for gross proceeds to Ondas Networks of $11,508,517: (i) 329,238 shares of Networks Preferred Stock, at a purchase price of $34.955 per share (the “Per Share Price”), convertible into shares of Common Stock of Ondas Networks, $0.00001 par value per share (the “Networks Common Stock”) and (ii) warrants to purchase 7,825,792 shares of the Company Common Stock, at an exercise price of $0.89 per share, exercisable commencing ninety days following the date of issuance through the fifth anniversary of the date of issuance (the “Initial Warrants”). Also, pursuant to the Networks Amendment, the Initial Purchaser agreed to purchase, and Ondas Networks agreed to sell and issue to the Initial Purchaser, an additional 99,885 shares of Networks Preferred Stock, at the Per Share Price (the “Second Initial Purchaser Closing”) and warrants to purchase 2,374,208 shares of Company Common Stock, at an exercise price of $0.89 per share, exercisable commencing ninety days following the date of issuance through the fifth anniversary of the date of issuance (the “Second Initial Purchaser Warrants”), within thirty days of the Initial Networks Closing.
Ondas Networks will use the proceeds from the sale of the Networks Preferred Stock for working capital and other general corporate purposes, including fees related to the transactions contemplated by the 2023 Networks Agreement. No portion of the proceeds will be distributed to the Company.
Also on July 21, 2023, Ondas Networks completed the Initial Networks Closing. In connection with the Initial Networks Closing, the Company issued the Initial Warrants. Also, in connection with the Initial Closing, the parties entered into an indemnification agreement, investors’ rights agreement, right of first refusal agreement, and voting agreement. Forms of each of these agreements are attached to Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed on July 28, 2023.
On August 11, 2023, Ondas Networks completed the Second Initial Purchaser Closing. In connection with the Second Initial Purchaser Closing, the Company issued Second Initial Purchaser Warrants. Following the Second Initial Purchaser Closing, the Initial Purchaser has invested an aggregate of $15.0 million and owns a minority interest of approximately 28% of Ondas Networks.
The Company assessed the Networks Preferred Stock in accordance with ASC 480 and determined that it should be recorded as temporary equity and not as a liability. The initial valuation was assigned to the Networks Preferred Stock and the Initial Warrants and Second Initial Purchaser Warrants on relative fair values, with the initial valuation of the noncontrolling interest being $10,406,949 and warrants being $4,593,051. It is being accreted using the effective interest rate method over the five-year period to achieve the redemption value of $30,000,000 plus accrued dividends. The Company recorded accrued dividends of $512,207 and accretion of $1,001,538 for the year ended December 31, 2023.
NOTE 12 - SEGMENT INFORMATION
Operating segments are defined as components of an entity for which discrete financial information is available and is regularly reviewed by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) in making decisions regarding resource allocation and performance assessment. The Company’s CODM is its Chief Executive Officer. The Company determined it has two reportable segments: Ondas Networks and Ondas Autonomous Systems, which only includes the results of American Robotics for the year ended December 31, 2022, as the CODM reviews financial information for these two businesses separately. The Company has no inter-segment sales. The following table presents segment information for years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:
Year Ended Year Ended
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Ondas
Networks Ondas
Autonomous
Systems Total Ondas
Networks Ondas
Autonomous
Systems Total
Revenue, net $ 6,722,230 $ 8,969,200 $ 15,691,430 $ 1,931,677 $ 194,140 $ 2,125,817
Depreciation and amortization 142,866 4,849,059 4,991,925 142,635 3,876,913 4,019,548
Interest income 119,200 4,674 123,874 12,771 12,771 25,542
Interest expense 2,106,416 2,048,343 4,154,759 1,888,349 1,873,349 3,761,698
Stock based compensation 1,111,256 (63,858 ) 1,047,398 1,188,217 4,669,218 5,857,435
Goodwill impairment - - - - 19,419,600 19,419,600
Benefit from income taxes - - - - - -
Net loss (17,285,494 ) (27,559,378 ) (44,844,872 ) (14,361,407 ) (58,880,398 ) (73,241,805 )
Goodwill - 27,751,921 27,751,921 - 25,606,983 25,606,983
Capital expenditure 79,208 131,827 211,035 97,853 2,783,047 2,880,900
Total assets 19,272,162 72,892,520 92,164,682 34,227,117 63,718,128 97,945,245
NOTE 13 - INCOME TAXES
The provision (benefit) from income taxes was as follows:
December 31,
Current
U.S. Federal $ - $ -
State and local - -
$ - $ -
Deferred
U.S. Federal $ - $ -
State and local - -
$ - $ -
Total
U.S. Federal $ - $ -
State and local - -
$ - $ -
The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are as follows:
December 31,
Deferred Tax Assets:
Tax benefit of net operating loss carry-forward $ 62,608,641 $ 27,478,875
Accrued liabilities 336,802 96,363
Stock based compensation 223,047 949,089
Depreciation 183,361 91,639
Inventory reserve 29,962 27,321
Investment impairment 448,289 -
Operating lease liabilities 1,910,688 827,607
R&D capitalization 8,793,631 5,683,784
R&D credit 751,488 751,488
Other 1,446,535 -
Total deferred tax assets 76,732,444 35,906,166
Deferred Tax Liabilities:
Amortization - (3,078 )
Intangibles (6,450,630 ) (5,885,385 )
Deferred rent (1,379,646 ) (798,745 )
Total deferred tax liabilities (7,830,276 ) (6,687,208 )
Total net deferred tax assets 68,902,168 29,218,958
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets (68,902,168 ) (29,218,958 )
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance $ - $ -
The change in the Company’s valuation allowance is as follows:
Years Ended
December 31,
Beginning of the year $ 29,218,958 $ 14,528,920
Change in valuation account 39,683,210 14,690,038
End of the year $ 68,902,168 $ 29,218,958
A reconciliation of the provision for income taxes with the amounts computed by applying the Federal income tax rate to income from operations before the provision for income taxes is as follows:
Years Ended
December 31,
U.S. federal statutory rate
(21.0 )%
(21.0 )%
Federal true ups
0.88 %
0.40 %
State taxes, net of federal benefit
(4.86 )%
(7.61 )%
Change in valuation allowance
24.24 %
20.06 %
Goodwill Impairment
- %
5.57 %
Stock compensation
0.94
%
2.02 %
Foreign rate differential
(0.35 )%
- %
Nondeductible expenses
0.06 %
0.56 %
Effective income tax rate
- %
- %
In assessing the realization of deferred tax assets, including the net operating loss carryforwards (NOLs), the Company assesses the available positive and negative evidence to estimate if sufficient future taxable income will be generated to utilize its existing deferred tax assets. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the period when those temporary differences become deductible. Based on its assessment, the Company has provided a full valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets as their future utilization remains uncertain at this time.
Effective with the issuance of redeemable preferred stock on July 21, 2023, Ondas Networks will not be a member of the Company consolidated US tax filing.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company and Ondas Networks, respectively, had Federal NOLs of approximately $1 million and $15 million generated in 2007 to 2017 which will begin to expire in 2027 through 2037. Additionally, as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company and Ondas Networks, respectively, had Federal NOLs of $59 million and $50 million, and of $42 million and $44 million, generated in 2018 through 2023 that have no expiration. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company and Ondas Networks, respectively, had State NOLs available to offset future taxable income of $43 million and $92 million, and of $35 million and $72 million expiring from 2038 through 2043. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company and Ondas Networks, respectively, had approximately $0 and $752,000, and $0 and $752,000, of Federal research and development credits available to offset future tax liability expiring from 2038 through 2040. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had approximately $127 million and $0 of Israeli NOL’s. The Company’s Federal income tax returns for the 2020 to 2022 tax years remain open to examination by the IRS. Upon utilization of Federal NOLs in the future, the IRS may examine records from the year the loss occurred, even if outside the three-year statute of limitations. The Company’s State tax returns also remain open to examination. The Company’s Israeli income tax returns for the 2019 to 2022 tax years remain open to examination.
In accordance with Section 382 of the Internal Revenue code, the usage of the Company’s Federal Carryforwards could be limited in the event of a change in ownership. As of December 31, 2021, the Company completed an analysis and determined that there were multiple ownership changes. Provided sufficient taxable income is generated the annual base limitation plus increased limitation calculated pursuant to IRS Notice 2003-65 will allow the Company to utilize all existing losses within the carryover periods.
The Company applies the FASB’s provisions for uncertain tax positions. The Company utilizes the two-step process to determine the amount of recognized tax benefit. For tax positions meeting the more-likely-than-not threshold, the amount recognized in the Consolidated Financial Statements is the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the relevant tax authority. The Company recognizes interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense.
As of December 31, 2023, management does not believe the Company has any material uncertain tax positions that would require it to measure and reflect the potential lack of sustainability of a position on audit in its financial statements. The Company will continue to evaluate its uncertain tax positions in future periods to determine if measurement and recognition in its financial statements is necessary. The Company does not believe there will be any material changes in its unrecognized tax positions over the next year.
NOTE 14 - COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Legal Proceedings
We may be involved in legal proceedings, claims and assessments arising in the ordinary course of business. Such matters are subject to many uncertainties, and outcomes are not predictable with assurance. There are no such loss contingencies that are included in the financial statements as of December 31, 2023.
NOTE 15 - RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
The Company had a long-term equity investment in Dynam with a carrying value of $0 and $1,500,000 as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. See Note 7 - Long-Term Equity Investment. Our CEO and President Eric Brock was a director of Dynam. Another director of the Company has invested an aggregate of $25,000 in Dynam as of December 31, 2023.
In addition to the equity investment, the Company paid Dynam for services of $0 and $2,026,400 during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company owed $22,500 and $359,159 to independent directors, respectively, related to accrued compensation and proceeds from sale of Common Stock, which is included in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
NOTE 16 - SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
Management has evaluated subsequent events as of April 1, 2024, the date the Consolidated Financial Statements were available to be issued according to the requirements of ASC Topic 855.
American Robotics Sublease Agreement
On January 15, 2024, American Robotics entered into an agreement to sublet their full leased space, leasehold improvements, and remaining furniture and fixtures in Waltham, Massachusetts through April 30, 2029, for $22,920 per month from May 1, 2024 through April 30, 2025, then $41,250 per month from May 1, 2025 through April 30, 2029. The sublease is an operating lease.
Establishment of Ondas Autonomous Holdings Inc.
On February 26, 2024, we issued a press release announcing that we have established OAH, as a new, wholly owned subsidiary. The newly created OAH is an intermediate holding company which now wholly-owns the Company’s subsidiaries American Robotics and Airobotics. See the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on February 26, 2024 for further details.
Voluntary Delisting on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange
On February 8, 2024, the Company took steps to voluntarily delist the Company’s Common Stock from trading on TASE. Pursuant to Israeli law, the delisting of the Company’s Common Stock is expected to take effect three months following the date of the Company’s request to the TASE to delist the Company’s Common Stock, which occurred on February 8, 2024. The Company’s Common Stock will continue to be listed for trading on Nasdaq, and all of the shares traded on TASE are expected to be transferred to Nasdaq where they can continue to be traded.
Sale of Common Stock in Ondas Holdings
On February 26, 2024, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Ondas Agreement”) with certain purchasers named therein (the “Ondas Purchasers”) for the purchase and sale of (i) an aggregate of 3,616,071 shares (the “Holdings Shares”) of Common Stock and (ii) warrants to purchase an aggregate of 3,616,071 shares of OAH’s common stock $0.0001 par value per share, at an exercise price of $1.29 and exercisable commencing ninety days following the date of issuance through the fifth anniversary of the date of issuance (the “OAH Warrants,” and together with the Holdings Shares, the “Ondas Offering Securities”), for gross proceeds of approximately $4.1 million (the “Ondas Offering”). The purchase price paid by the Ondas Purchasers for the Holdings Shares was $1.12 per share.
The Ondas Offering was consummated on February 26, 2024. The Holdings Shares were offered and sold, and were issued, pursuant to the Prospectus Supplement, dated February 26, 2024, to the Prospectus included in the New Form S-3. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the sale of the Ondas Offering Securities for general working capital purposes. See the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on February 26, 2024 for further details.
Preferred Stock Investment in Ondas Networks
On February 26, 2024, Ondas Networks entered into a Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement (the “Networks Agreement”) for an investment of $4.50 million in Ondas Networks (the “Networks Offering,” and together with the Ondas Offering, the “Offerings”). The Networks Agreement was entered into with the purchasers named therein (the “Networks Purchasers”) for the sale of shares of preferred stock for a purchase of $4.50 million. The Networks Offering was consummated on February 26, 2024.
Pursuant to the Networks Agreement, the Networks Purchasers would acquire the following in the Networks Offering for gross proceeds to Ondas Networks of $4.5 million: (i) 108,925 shares of preferred stock of Networks Preferred Stock, at a purchase price of $41.3104 per share (the “Per Share Price”), convertible into shares of Common Stock, $0.00001 par value per share of Networks Common Stock and (ii) warrants to purchase 3,015,000 shares of the Company’s Common Stock, at an exercise price of $1.26 per share, exercisable commencing ninety days following the date of issuance through the fifth anniversary of the date of issuance (the “Holdings Warrants,” and together with the Networks Preferred Stock, the “Networks Offering Securities”).
The Networks Preferred Stock accrues dividends at the rate per annum of eight percent (8%) of the original issue price, of $41.3104 per share (the “Original Issue Price”). Dividends shall be payable only when, as, and if declared by the board of directors of Ondas Networks and Ondas Networks shall be under no obligation to pay such dividends. Such dividends are payable in cash or additional shares of Networks Preferred Stock, with such valuation based on the Original Issue Price. Each share of Networks Preferred Stock is convertible, at the option of the holder thereof, at any time and from time to time, and without the payment of additional consideration by the holder thereof, into such number of fully paid and non-assessable shares of Networks Common Stock as is determined by dividing the Original Issue Price by the conversion price in effect at the time of conversion, which initially is set at $41.3104. In lieu of any fractional shares to which the holder would otherwise be entitled, the number of shares of Networks Common Stock to be issued upon conversion of the Networks Preferred Stock shall be rounded to the nearest whole share. The Networks Preferred Stock can be redeemed as the request of the Holder at any time after the fifth anniversary for the greater of the initial investment plus accrued dividends or the amount that would be due if the Networks Preferred Stock was converted into Networks Common Stock as described above.
Pursuant to the Networks Agreement, the Company entered into a registration rights agreement with the purchasers to register the resale of the Company’s Common Stock underlying the Holdings Warrants pursuant to a registration statement to be filed no later 180 days following the closing of the Networks Offering. Also, pursuant to the Networks Agreement, the Networks Purchasers became parties to those certain investors’ rights agreement, right of first refusal agreement, and voting agreement, dated July 21, 2023.
Ondas Networks will use the proceeds from the sale of the Networks Offering Securities to immediately redeem an amount of shares of Networks Common Stock at the Per Share Price held by the Company that is equivalent to the amount of proceeds raised in the sale of the Networks Offering Securities.
The issuance of the OAH Warrants and Networks Offering Securities were exempt from registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), pursuant to Section 4(2) of such Securities Act and Regulation D promulgated thereunder based upon the representations of each of the Ondas Purchasers and Networks Purchasers that it was an “accredited investor” (as defined under Rule 501 of Regulation D) and that it was purchasing such securities without a present view toward a distribution of the securities. In addition, there was no general advertisement conducted in connection with the sale of the OAH Warrants and Networks Offering Securities. See the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on February 26, 2024 for further details.
Agreement and Waiver
As previously disclosed, on October 28, 2022, the Company issued the 2022 Convertible Promissory Notes, pursuant to a Purchase Agreement by and between the Company and selected institutional investors (the “Investor”), as amended by the Amended SPA and the Agreement and Waiver. The 2022 Convertible Promissory Notes were convertible into shares of the Company’s Common Stock and were subsequently exchanged by the Company, on a dollar-for-dollar basis, into the 2022 Convertible Exchange Notes. The 2022 Convertible Exchange Notes have a maturity date of April 28, 2025. On July 25, 2023, the Company issued the Additional Notes.
On February 23, 2024, the Company and the Investor entered into an Agreement and Waiver (the “Waiver”) with respect to certain terms of the Notes. Pursuant to the Waiver, the Company and the Investor agreed that:
● the Investor shall waive Section 4(q) of the SPA, solely with respect to the Offerings;
● the Investor shall waive any right to adjust the Conversion Price (as defined in the Notes) of the Notes pursuant to Section 7 of the Notes and any Additional Notes that may be issued from time as a result of the consummation of all or any portion of the Offerings; and
● the Investor shall waive any applicable provisions of the SPA or the Notes, including, without limitation, Section 13(f) of the Notes, Section 5(a) of the Notes, and Section 4(m)(iii) of the Purchase Agreement (but, in the case of Section 4(m)(iii) and in the interest of clarity, only with respect to issuances of securities of Networks) such that the Company or any of its subsidiaries, including any “significant subsidiaries” (as defined in Rule 1-02 of Regulation S-X) (“Company Subsidiaries” and each a “Company Subsidiary”) may, directly or indirectly, including through Affiliates (as defined in the Notes) or otherwise, in one or more transactions (including pursuant to a merger), sell, assign, transfer, convey or otherwise dispose of (x) any of (including all or substantially all of) the properties or assets of Networks, or (y) any equity interests (including a controlling equity interest) in Networks, in each case as would otherwise have required the affirmative consent or approval of Investor but for this waiver (each a “Waiver Transaction”), provided that, as consideration for any Waiver Transaction, the Company receives (whether directly or via a distribution from a Company Subsidiary) an amount in cash equal to no less than 125% of the principal and interest under the Notes and any Additional Notes then outstanding as of the date Company gives written notice to Investor of such Waiver Transaction.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures.
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
The Company’s management, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, have evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of December 31, 2023. Based on that evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and the Company’s Chief Financial Officer have concluded that as of the period ended December 31, 2023 the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our senior management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by our Board, senior management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. We continue to review our internal control over financial reporting and may from time to time make changes aimed at enhancing their effectiveness and to ensure that our systems evolve with our business.
Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in “Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013)” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on the results of this evaluation, our senior management has concluded that the Company’s controls over financial reporting were effective for the period ended December 31, 2023.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Except for the controls added as a result of acquiring and integrating Airobotics, and incorporating Airobotics operations into our overall internal control structure, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in management’s evaluation pursuant to Rules 13a-15(d) or 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act during the quarter ended December 31, 2023 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures
In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 9B. Other Information.
None.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance.
Directors and Executive Officers
The following table sets forth information on our executive officers and directors as of the filing of this Report. The terms of service for each of our directors expires at our next annual meeting of shareholders or until their successors are duly elected and qualified.
Name
Age
Position
Eric A. Brock
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Yishay Curelaru
Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary
Richard M. Cohen
Director
Joseph Popolo
Director
Randall P. Seidl
Director
Jaspreet Sood
Director
Family Relationships
There are no family relationships between our executive officers and members of our Board.
Business Experience of Directors and Executive Officers
Information About Our Executive Officers
Eric A. Brock - Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer, and President
Mr. Brock was appointed as one of our directors and as our President, Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Secretary and Treasurer on June 28, 2018. On September 28, 2018, following the completion of the reverse acquisition transaction to acquire Ondas Networks Inc. (the “Acquisition”), he was appointed Chairman of the Board and resigned from the positions of Chief Financial Officer, Secretary and Treasurer. Mr. Brock also serves as Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of Ondas Networks Inc. since September 28, 2018. Since October 2021, Mr. Brock has served as a member of the Board of Directors of Dynam.AI. Mr. Brock is an entrepreneur with over 20 years of global banking and investing experience. He served as a founding Partner and Portfolio Manager with Clough Capital Partners, a Boston-based investment firm from 2000 to 2017. Prior to Clough, Mr. Brock was an investment banker at Bear, Stearns & Co. and an accountant at Ernst & Young, LLP. Mr. Brock holds an MBA from the University of Chicago and a BS from Boston College. Our Board believes that Mr. Brock’s experience in the public markets makes him well qualified to serve on our Board.
Yishay Curelaru - Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary
Mr. Curelaru was appointed our Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary on September 18, 2023. On October 9, 2023, due to being drafted by the Israeli army, Mr. Curelaru temporarily stepped down as Chief Financial Officer and was re-appointed on January 22, 2024. Mr. Curelaru has served as Chief Financial Officer for Airobotics since February 2021 and has led the financial management of the Ondas Autonomous Systems (“OAS”) business unit since the acquisition of Airobotics, which closed in January 2023. Since joining Airobotics in 2018, Mr. Curelaru led multiple financings which included an initial public offering in Tel Aviv in September 2021. Prior to that, he served as Chief Financial Officer of Israeli-based On Track Innovations (“OTI”), a Nasdaq-listed company, from 2015 to 2022, when it was acquired by Nayax Ltd. (Nasdaq: NYAX). He previously served as Senior Controller and Deputy Chief Fincnial Officer of OTI from 2013 to 2015. Prior to that, he was a Senior CPA at PricewarwehouseCoopers Israel where he began his career, from 2011 to 2013. Mr. Curelaru graduated from Ben-Gurion University with a B.A. in Economics, with a major in Accounting.
Non-Management Directors
Richard M. Cohen - Director
Mr. Cohen was appointed as one of our directors on September 28, 2018. Previously, he had served as a member of the Board of Ondas Networks Inc. from April 2016 to September 2018. He has been the President of Richard M Cohen Consultants since 1995, a company providing financial consulting services to both public and private companies. He has served as a director of Great Elm Capital Corp. (NASDAQ: GECC) since March 2022, Direct Digital Holdings, Inc. (NASDAQ: DRCT) since November 2021, and Smart For Life, Inc. (NASDAQ: SMFL) from February 2022 to October 2022. From March 2012 to July 2015, he was the Founder and Managing Partner of Chord Advisors, a firm providing outsourced CFO services to both public and private companies. From May 2012 to August 2013, he was the Interim CEO and member of the Board of Directors of CorMedix Inc. (NYSE: CRMD). From July 2008 to August 2012, Mr. Cohen was a member of the Audit Committee of Rodman and Renshaw, an investment banking firm. From July 2001 to August 2012, he was a partner with Novation Capital until its sale to a private equity firm. Mr. Cohen holds a BS with honors from the University of Pennsylvania (Wharton), an MBA from Stanford University and a CPA from New York State. He is considered an expert to Chair the Audit Committee of a publicly traded company. We believe that Mr. Cohen’s educational background and financial experience supporting publicly traded companies including as a CEO and Board member of a public traded company on the New York Stock Exchange makes him well qualified to serve on our Board.
Joseph Popolo - Director
Mr. Popolo was appointed as one of our directors on March 27, 2024. Mr. Popolo serves as the CEO of Charles & Potomac Capital, LLC, a private investment firm he founded in 2014 to focus on investments in technology, healthcare, media, energy, and real estate. From 1997 to 2019, Mr. Popolo helped transform the Freeman Company (“Freeman”) into the world’s leading live event and brand experience company. As its President for eight years and CEO for 11 years, he and his team transformed Freeman and tripled it in size to $3 billion in revenue, expanding Freeman into new services and geographic markets, while leading 7,500 employees in 25 cities on four continents. Responsible for over $1.5 billion in M&A activity over his career, in 2019, Mr. Popolo led the team that marketed and sold Freeman’s Encore Event Technology subsidiary to Blackstone, creating the world’s largest-venue-based audio-visual company. Currently, Mr. Popolo is Chairman of the board of Pinnacle Live, LLC and a board member of Ondas Networks, and sits on the advisory boards of the Jordan Edmiston Group Inc., Samesurf Inc., and Advisory Research Inc. Mr. Popolo graduated from Boston College with a BS in Finance and from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business with an MBA in Finance and Economics, subsequently receiving a Dean’s Award of Distinction from the Booth School of Business in 1997. Mr. Popolo graduated from Boston College with a BS in Finance and from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business with an MBA in Finance and Economics, subsequently receiving a Dean’s Award of Distinction from the Booth School of Business in 1997. Mr. Popolo is active with other charitable and philanthropic organizations. We believe Mr. Popolo’s experience in senior leadership positions at companies and his board experience makes him well-qualified to serve on our board of directors.
Randall P. Seidl - Director
Randall P. Seidl was appointed as one of our directors on November 16, 2020. In September 2020, he founded and continues to serve as Chief Executive Officer of Sales Community, a sales social network with a mission to add value to technology sales professionals. In 2016, he founded and continues to serve as Chief Executive Officer of Top Talent Recruiting, a boutique contingency-based recruiting business. In 2013, he founded and continues to serve as Chief Executive Officer of Revenue Acceleration to help tech companies accelerate revenue growth. From 2009 to 2013, Mr. Seidl served as Sr. Vice President/General Manager of Hewlett Packard’s Americas and U.S. Enterprise Group. From 2006 to 2009, he served as Sr. Vice President/General Manager of Sun Microsystems’ North America business and as Vice President/General Manager for its Financial Services Area. From 2004 to 2006, he served as Vice President/General Manager of East Region at StorageTek. From 2003 to 2004, he served as Chief Executive Officer and director at Permabit, from 2000 to 2003 was co-founder and Executive Vice President of GiantLoop, and from 1996 to 1999 was Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Workgroup Solutions. He began his career at EMC Corporation, holding various positions including Vice President of Open Systems Sales for North America from 1985 to 1996. Since 2015, Mr. Seidl has served as director of Data Dynamics, a privately held company, a leader in intelligent file management solutions. Since 2014, he has served as director of Cloudgenera, a privately held company, a leading supplier of vendor agnostic IT analytics that arm organizations with the business cases needed to optimize technology spend. He previously served as director of Datawatch Corporation (2015-2018, Nasdaq: DWCH, acquired by Altair). He continues to serve on the advisory boards or consults with DataRobot, Trilio, WekalO, ISG, CXO Nexus, Corent, DecisionLink, Dooly, Sendoso, Emissary, and CaptivateIQ. Mr. Seidl is a graduate of Boston College’s Carroll School of Management. Mr. Seidl serves as a trustee on Boston College’s Board of Trustees, on the Board of Trustees of St. Sebastian’s School, and is active with other charities. We believe Mr. Seidl’s experience in senior leadership positions at private/public technology companies and his private/public board experience makes him well-qualified to serve on our board of directors.
Jaspreet (Jas) Sood - Director
Ms. Sood was appointed as one of our directors on January 19, 2021. Ms. Sood is a seasoned executive who has strategic expertise in the areas of sales, product management, P&L management, operational transformation and go to market strategies. Since August 2021, Ms. Sood serves as Senior Vice President of Sales - US Enterprise for Palo Alto Networks (NYSE: PANW). Prior to joining Palo Alto Networks, Ms. Sood held a variety of executive level positions with Hewlett Packard Enterprise (NYSE: HPE) and its predecessor companies in the areas of business operations, strategy, product management, and finance. Ms. Sood was employed by Hewlett Packard Enterprise and its predecessor companies for twenty-five years. Ms. Sood holds an MBA with an emphasis in Technology Management from Pepperdine University and a bachelor’s degree in Economics from the University of California, Irvine. In 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021, she was honored as a “CRN Power 100 Woman of the Channel” and is routinely featured as a guest speaker at various technology industry events. We believe Ms. Sood’s business experience makes her well qualified to serve on our Board.
Other Directorships
Other than as indicated within this section under the caption titled Business Experience of Directors and Executive Officers, none of our directors hold or have been nominated to hold a directorship in any company with a class of securities registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (the “Exchange Act”) or subject to the requirements of Section 15(d) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or any company registered as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940.
Committees of the Board
Audit Committee
The audit committee of our Board (the “Audit Committee”) reviews our internal accounting procedures and consults with and reviews the services provided by our independent registered public accountants. Our Audit Committee consists of three directors, Messrs. Cohen and Silverman and Ms. Sood, and our Board has determined that each of them is independent within the meaning of listing requirements of The Nasdaq Stock Market (“Nasdaq”) and the independence requirements contemplated by Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. Mr. Cohen is the chairman of the Audit Committee, and our Board has determined that Mr. Cohen is an “audit committee financial expert” as defined by SEC rules and regulations implementing Section 407 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Our Board has determined that the composition of our Audit Committee meets the criteria for independence under, and the functioning of our Audit Committee complies with, the applicable requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Nasdaq listing requirements and SEC rules and regulations. We intend to continue to evaluate the requirements applicable to us and to comply with the future requirements to the extent that they become applicable to our Audit Committee. The principal duties and responsibilities of our Audit Committee include:
● overseeing the accounting and financial reporting processes of the Company, internal systems of control of the Company and audits of the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements;
● overseeing the Company’s relationship with its independent auditors, including appointing or changing the Company’s auditors and ensuring their independence;
● providing oversight regarding significant financial matters, including the Company’s tax planning, treasury policies, dividends and share issuance and repurchases;
● overseeing the Code of Conduct (as defined below); and
● reviewing and approving all transactions with related persons for potential conflict of interest situations on an ongoing basis.
Compensation Committee
Our Compensation Committee reviews and determines the compensation of all our executive officers. Our Compensation Committee consists of three directors, Messrs. Cohen and Seidl, and Ms. Sood, each of whom is a non-employee member of our Board as defined in Rule 16b-3 under the Exchange Act and independent within the meaning of listing requirements of Nasdaq. Mr. Seidl is the chairman of the Compensation Committee. Our Board has determined that the composition of our Compensation Committee satisfies the applicable independence requirements under, and the functioning of our Compensation Committee complies with the applicable listing requirements of Nasdaq and SEC rules and regulations. We intend to continue to evaluate and intend to comply with all future requirements applicable to our Compensation Committee. The principal duties and responsibilities of our Compensation Committee include:
● establishing, overseeing and administering the Company’s employee compensation policies and programs;
● reviewing and approving compensation and incentive programs and awards for the Company’s CEO, all other executive officers of the Company and the non-employee members of the Company’s Board; and
● administering the Company’s equity compensation plans.
Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee
The nominating and corporate governance committee of the Board (the “Nominating Committee”) consists of three independent directors, Messrs. Cohen and Seidl, and Ms. Sood. Mr. Cohen is the chairman of the Nominating Committee.
Our Board has determined that the composition of our Nominating Committee satisfies the applicable independence requirements under, and the functioning of our Nominating Committee complies with the applicable listing requirements of Nasdaq and SEC rules and regulations. We will continue to evaluate and will comply with all future requirements applicable to our Nominating Committee. The Nominating Committee’s responsibilities include:
● assisting the Board in identifying individuals qualified to become Board members, consistent with criteria approved by the Board;
● recommending for the Board’s approval the slate of nominees to be proposed by the Board to stockholders for election to the Board;
● developing, updating and recommending to the Board the governance principles applicable to the Company;
● overseeing the evaluation of the Board and management;
● recommending to the Board the directors who will serve on each committee of the Board; and
● addressing any related matters required by the federal securities laws.
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and Committee Charters
We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (the “Code of Conduct”), applicable to all of our employees, executive officers and directors. The Audit Committee is responsible for overseeing the Code of Conduct and our Board must approve any waivers of the Code of Conduct for employees, executive officers and directors. All of our directors, executive officers and employees are required to certify in writing their understanding of and intent to comply with the Code of Conduct.
Our Board adopted charters for the Audit Committee, Compensation Committee, and Nominating Committee of the Board describing the authority and responsibilities delegated to each committee.
We post on our website www.ondas.com the charters of each of our board committees and our Code of Conduct, and all disclosures that are required by law concerning any amendments or waivers thereto applicable to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions; and any other corporate governance materials contemplated by the Nasdaq listing requirements and SEC regulations. These documents are also available in print, without charge, to any stockholder requesting a copy in writing from our Secretary at our executive offices set forth in this Report.
Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports
Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act requires directors, officers and greater than 10 percent beneficial owners of our common shares to file reports concerning their ownership of, and transactions in, such common shares.
Based solely on our review of these reports filed by the Company’s officers, directors and shareholders, and written representations from our executive officers and directors that they filed such reports, we believe that our officers, directors, and shareholders complied with all filing requirements under Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act on a timely basis during fiscal year 2023, except Mr. Seidl and Ms. Sood untimely filed a Form 4 to report the delivery of shares underlying restricted stock units and the delivery of shares underlying restricted stock units, and Mr. Cohen untimely filed a Form 4 to report the delivery of restricted stock units.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Item 11. Executive Compensation.
Summary Compensation Table
The following table provides the compensation earned by our principal executive officer and other executive officers whose total compensation exceeded $100,000 for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Name and Principal Position Year Salary
($) Bonus
($) Stock
Awards
($) Option
Awards
($) Non-Equity
Incentive
Plan
Compensation ($) Nonqualified
Deferred
Compensation
Earnings
($) All Other
Compensation
($) Total
($)
Eric A. Brock (1) $ 200,000 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 22,318 $ 222,318
(CEO) $ 200,000 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 28,451 $ 228,451
Yishay Curelaru (2)
(CFO, Treasurer and Secretary) $ 171,181 $ 55,025 $ - $ 288,750 $ - $ - $ 72,113 $ 587,069
Derek Reisfield (3) $ 143,205 $ - $ 71,411 $ - $ - $ - $ 108,956 $ 323,572
(Former CFO, Treasurer and Secretary) $ 200,000 $ - $ - $ 332,800 $ - $ - $ 37,847 $ 570,287
Reese Mozer (4)
(Former President) $ 97,500 $ - $ - $ 51,500 $ - $ - $ 1,646 $ 150,646
(1) Mr. Brock’s All Other Compensation for 2023 and 2022 includes health insurance premiums paid on Mr. Brock’s behalf.
(2) Mr. Curelaru was appointed as Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary of the Company on September 19, 2023. On October 9, 2023, due to being drafted by the Israeli army, Mr. Curelaru temporarily stepped down as Chief Financial Officer and was re-appointed on January 22, 2024. All Other Compensation for 2023 includes post-employment benefits paid on Mr. Curelaru’s behalf totaling $42,727 and other fringe benefits totaling $29,386.
(3) Mr. Reisfield served as President, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary of the Company from December 10, 2021 to February 9, 2023 and continued to serve as Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary of the Company until September 18, 2023. Of the $71,411 of Stock Awards in 2023, Mr. Reisfield forfeited $57,129 due to his termination. Of the $332,800 of Option Awards in 2022, Mr. Reisfield forfeited $166,400 due to his termination. All Other Compensation for 2023 includes severance totaling $56,923, accrued vacation payout totaling $22,713, health insurance premiums paid on Mr. Reisfield’s behalf totaling $21,820 and employer matching of 401(k) totaling $7,500. All Other Compensation for 2022 includes health insurance premiums paid on Mr. Reisfield’s behalf totaling $27,487 and employer matching of 401(k) totaling $10,000.
(4) Mr. Mozer served as President of the Company from February 9, 2023 to June 8, 2023. Due to his resignation, Mr. Mozer forfeited all $51,500 of Option Awards in 2023. All Other Compensation for 2023 includes health insurance premiums paid on Mr. Mozer’s behalf totaling $1,646.
Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year End
The following table provides the outstanding equity awards for our principal executive officer and other executive officers as of the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Option Awards
Name and Principal Position Grant Date Number of
securities
underlying
unexercised
options
(#)
exercisable Number of
securities
underlying
unexercised
options
(#)
unexercisable Equity
incentive plan
awards:
Number of
securities
underlying
unexercised
unearned
options
(#) Option
exercise
price
($) Option
expiration
date
Eric A. Brock (1) - - - - - -
(CEO)
Yishay Curelaru 11/21/2018 - - $ 0.4356 11/21/2028
(CFO, Treasurer and Secretary) 07/26/2020 6,565 - - $ 0.4356 07/26/2030
01/25/2021 28,915 - - $ 0.4356 05/07/2030
09/13/2021 17,614 - - $ 0.4356 09/13/2031
09/13/2021 14,510 11,285 (2) - $ 21.9984 09/13/2031
09/13/2021 29,020 22,571 (3) - $ 10.9992 09/13/2031
03/16/2021 - 375,000 (4) - $ 1.46 03/16/2033
Derek Reisfield 01/25/2021 30,000 - - $ 12.72 01/25/2031
(Former CFO, Treasurer and Secretary) 02/07/2022 80,000 (5)
- $ 4.78 02/07/2032
Reese Mozer
(Former President) 02/07/2022 50,000 (6)
- $ 4.78 02/07/2032
(1) As of December 31, 2023, Mr. Brock had no outstanding equity awards.
(2) The stock option vests in sixteen equal quarterly installments with the first vesting date commencing on December 13, 2021.
(3) The stock option vests in sixteen equal quarterly installments with the first vesting date commencing on December 13, 2021.
(4) The stock option vests (i) 25% on March 16, 2024 and (ii) the remaining 75% in thirty-six equal monthly installments thereafter.
(5) The stock option vested in two successive equal annual installments with the first vesting date commencing on the first anniversary of the grant date. Due to Mr. Reisfield’s service as Chief Executive Officer, Treasurer and Secretary of the Company ended on September 18, 2023, the remaining unvested 80,000 shares underlying the stock option were forfeited.
(6) The stock option vested in two successive equal annual installments with the first vesting date commencing on the first anniversary of the grant date. Due to Mr. Mozer’s service as President of the Company ended on June 8, 2023, the remaining unvested 50,000 shares underlying the stock option were forfeited.
Employment Agreements with Executive Officers
Eric Brock
Eric Brock serves as our Chief Executive Officer pursuant to an employment agreement entered into on September 28, 2018 (the “Brock Agreement”). The Brock Agreement provides for a continuous term and may be terminated by either party at any time. Pursuant to the Brock agreement, Mr. Brock will receive an initial salary of $200,000 per annum, subject to annual review by our Board. Mr. Brock is eligible to participate in benefit plans generally available to our employees. During 2020, in response to COVID-19 employee furloughs, Mr. Brock accepted a pay reduction of 90% for the period from March 21 to May 19, 2020 and a 35% pay reduction from May 20 to December 15, 2020. Mr. Brock’s salary was returned to 100% effective December 16, 2020.
As part of the terms of the Brock Agreement, Mr. Brock entered into an Employment, Non-Competition, Confidential Information and Intellectual Property Assignment Agreement (the “Supplemental Agreement”). As part of the Supplemental Agreement, Mr. Brock agreed (i) not to engage in Competitive Business (as defined in the Supplemental Agreement) during his term of employment with us and for a period of 12 months following termination; (ii) not to disclose Confidential Information (as defined in the Supplemental Agreement), subject to certain customary carve-outs; and (iii) to assign to the Company any Intellectual Property (as defined in the Supplemental Agreement) developed using the Company’s resources or related to the Company’s business within the scope of and during the period of employment.
Mr. Brock is entitled to severance compensation from the Company if his employment is terminated (i) without cause or (ii) due to “constructive termination” or (iii) due to disability, with these causes of termination being defined in the Brock Agreement. The severance compensation would consist of (i) accrued and vested benefits, and (ii) continued payment of the executive base salary and benefits as follows: (i) for a period of six (6) months following Mr. Brock’s separation.
Yishay Curelaru
Yishay Curelaru serves as our Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary pursuant to an employment agreement entered into on November 28, 2017 by and between Mr. Curelaru and Airobotics, as amended on February 15, 2023 and September 27, 2023 (the “Curelaru Agreement”). The Curelaru Agreement provides for a continuous term and may be terminated by either party at any time. Pursuant to the Curelaru Agreement, Mr. Curelaru will receive an initial salary of NIS 720,000 (approximately $188,981 USD) per annum and a limit on the education fund of Mr. Curelaru’s gross salary amount, subject to annual review by our Board. Mr. Curelaru is eligible to participate in benefit plans generally available to our employees.
Mr. Curelaru is entitled to severance compensation from the Company if his employment is terminated (i) without cause or (ii) due to “constructive termination” or (iii) due to disability, with these causes of termination being defined in the Curelaru Agreement. The severance compensation would consist of continued payment of the executive base salary and benefits as follows: (i) for a period of six (6) months following Mr. Curelaru’s separation. If Mr. Curelaru is eligible to receive disability payments pursuant to a disability insurance policy paid for by Airobotics, Mr. Curelaru shall assign such benefits to Airobotics for all periods as to which Mr. Curelaru is receiving payment under Curelaru Agreement.
Derek Reisfield
Derek Reisfield served as our Chief Financial Officer, Secretary and Treasurer from December 10, 2021 to September 18, 2023 pursuant to an employment agreement entered into on December 10, 2021 (the “Reisfield Agreement”). The Reisfield Agreement provides for a continuous term and may be terminated by either party at any time. Pursuant to the Reisfield Agreement, Mr. Reisfield will receive an initial salary of $200,000 per annum, subject to annual review by our Board. Mr. Reisfield is eligible to participate in benefit plans generally available to our employees. As part of the terms of the Reisfield Agreement, Mr. Reisfield entered into an Employment, Non-Competition, Confidential Information and Intellectual Property Assignment Agreement (the “Supplemental Agreement”). As part of the Supplemental Agreement, Mr. Reisfield agreed (i) not to engage in Competitive Business (as defined in the Supplemental Agreement) during his term of employment with us and for a period of 12 months following termination; (ii) not to disclose Confidential Information (as defined in the Supplemental Agreement), subject to certain customary carve-outs; and (iii) to assign to the Company any Intellectual Property (as defined in the Supplemental Agreement) developed using the Company’s resources or related to the Company’s business within the scope of and during the period of employment.
Mr. Reisfield’s service as the Company’s Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary ended on September 18, 2023. Mr. Reisfield received severance compensation of (i) accrued and vested benefits, and (ii) continued payment of the his base salary and benefits for six (6) months following Mr. Reisfield’s separation.
Reese Mozer
Reese Mozer served as our President from February 9, 2023 to June 8, 2023 pursuant to an employment agreement entered into on August 5, 2021 (the “Mozer Agreement”). The Mozer Agreement provides for a continuous term and may be terminated by either party at any time. Pursuant to the Mozer Agreement, Mr. Mozer will receive an initial salary of $200,000 per annum, subject to annual review by our Board. Mr. Mozer is eligible to participate in benefit plans generally available to our employees. As part of the terms of the Mozer Agreement, Mr. Mozer entered into an Employment, Non-Competition, Confidential Information and Intellectual Property Assignment Agreement (the “Supplemental Agreement”). As part of the Supplemental Agreement, Mr. Mozer agreed (i) not to engage in Competitive Business (as defined in the Supplemental Agreement) during his term of employment with us and for a period of 12 months following termination; (ii) not to disclose Confidential Information (as defined in the Supplemental Agreement), subject to certain customary carve-outs; and (iii) to assign to the Company any Intellectual Property (as defined in the Supplemental Agreement) developed using the Company’s resources or related to the Company’s business within the scope of and during the period of employment.
Mr. Mozer’s service as the Company’s President ended on June 8, 2023. In connection with Mr. Mozer’s resignation, the Company and Mr. Mozer entered into a Separation and General Release Agreement, dated June 8, 2023 (the “Release Agreement”). Pursuant to the Release Agreement, among other things, the Company waived and agreed not to enforce the non-competition covenant contained in the Supplemental Agreement, to the extent it restricts Mr. Mozer from engaging in the long range cargo drones business and permitted the vesting of 275,000 of the remaining 550,000 unvested restricted stock units held by Mr. Mozer pursuant to the Restricted Stock Unit Agreement, dated August 5, 2021, and includes a general release of claims by Mr. Mozer and a limited release of claims by the Company.
Director Compensation
On January 25, 2021, the Compensation Committee (the “Compensation Committee”) of the Board approved the Director Compensation Policy (the “Policy”). The Policy is applicable to all directors that are not employees or compensated consultants of the Company. Pursuant to the Policy, the cash compensation to non-employee directors will be the following: (i) quarterly board retainer - $2,500; (ii) additional Board Chair retainer - $2,000; (iii) additional Audit Committee Chair retainer - $2,000; (iv) additional Compensation Committee Chair retainer - $3,000; and (v) additional Nominating Committee Chair retainer - $1,000. Also, pursuant to the Policy, the annual equity award to non-employee directors will be restricted stock units representing $60,000. Also, pursuant to the Policy, non-employee directors will be reimbursed for reasonable out-of-pocket business expenses incurred in connection with business related to the Board.
Name Fees
Earned
or
Paid in
Cash
($) Stock
awards
($)(1) Option
awards
($)(1) Non-equity
incentive
plan
compensation
($) Nonqualified
deferred
compensation
earnings
($) All other
compensation
($) Total
($)
Thomas V. Bushey 10,000 - - - - - 10,000
Richard M. Cohen 22,000 157,894 - - - - 179,894
Randall P. Seidl 18,000 157,894 - - - - 175,894
Richard H. Silverman 10,000 - - - - - 10,000
Jaspreet Sood 10,000 157,894 - - - - 167,894
(1) The amounts reflected in this column represent the aggregate grant date fair value of the awards made during each respective year, as computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. For additional information related to the measurement of stock-based compensation awards, see Note 10 of the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
Beneficial Security Ownership Table
As of March 27, 2024, the following table sets forth certain information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our Common Stock by (i) each stockholder known by us to be the beneficial owner of more than five percent (5%) of our Common Stock, (ii) by each of our current executive officers and directors as identified herein, and (iii) all of our directors and executive officers as a group. Each person has sole voting and investment power with respect to the shares of common stock, except as otherwise indicated. Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and generally includes voting or investment power with respect to securities. Shares of common stock, options, restricted stock units, and common stock purchase warrants (“Warrants”) that are currently exercisable or convertible into shares of our common stock within sixty (60) days of the date of this document, are deemed to be outstanding and to be beneficially owned by the person holding such securities for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of the person, but are not treated as outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person. Unless otherwise noted, the address for all officers and directors listed below is 53 Brigham Street, Unit 4, Marlborough, MA 01752.
Name Amount and
Nature of
Beneficial
Ownership(1) Percent of
Class
Directors and Executive Officers
Eric A. Brock (Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer) (2) 1,891,206 2.88 %
Yishay Curelaru (Chief Financial Officer, Treas. and Sec.) (3) 209,842 *
Richard M. Cohen (Director) (4) 161,940 *
Joseph Popolo (Director)(5) 14,834,989 19.54 %
Randall P. Seidl (Director) (6) 122,222 *
Jaspreet Sood (Director) (7) 120,950 *
All Executive Officers & Directors as a Group (6 persons) (8) 17,341,149 22.76 %
5% or Greater Stockholders
Energy Capital, LLC(9) 5,092,248 7.77 %
Charles & Potomac Capital, LLC(10) 13,550,744 17.85 %
* Represents beneficial ownership of less than 1%.
(1) Unless otherwise noted, we believe that all shares are beneficially owned and that all persons named in the table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares of common stock owned by them. Applicable percentage of ownership is based on 65,564,484 shares of common stock currently outstanding, as adjusted for each stockholder.
(2) Mr. Brock exercises sole voting and dispositive power over the 1,891,206 shares of common stock.
(3) Mr. Curelaru exercises sole voting and dispositive power over 672 shares of common stock, 193,546 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of options, and 15,624 shares of common stock issuable upon the vesting and exercise of options.
(4) Mr. Cohen exercises sole voting and dispositive power over 52,993 shares of common stock, 30,000 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of an option, 39,474 shares of common stock issuable upon the vesting of RSUs, and 39,473 shares of common stock underlying RSUs that have vested and are pending delivery.
(5) Mr. Popolo has indirect beneficial ownership of the shares of our common stock beneficially owned by Charles & Potomac Capital, LLC (“C&P”) as a result of being its chief executive officer and the sole control person of CFO Fund GenPar, LLC (“CFO Fund”), the managing member of C&P. Also, Mr. Popolo exercises sole voting and dispositive power over 1,284,245 shares of common stock.
(6) Mr. Seidl exercises sole voting and dispositive power over 43,275 shares of common stock, 39,474 shares of common stock issuable upon the vesting of RSUs, and 39,473 shares of common stock underlying RSUs that have vested and are pending delivery.
(7) Ms. Sood exercises sole voting and dispositive power over 42,003 shares of common stock, 39,474 shares of common stock issuable upon the vesting of RSUs, and 39,473 shares of common stock underlying RSUs that have vested and are pending delivery.
(8) Includes 239,170 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of options, 10,367,500 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants, 118,422 shares of common stock issuable upon vesting of RSUs, and 118,419 shares of common stock underlying RSUs that have vested and are pending delivery.
(9) Based on Amendment No. 1 to Schedule 13D filed on January 27, 2020, the address for Energy Capital, LLC (“Energy Capital”) is 3899 Maple Avenue, Suite 100, Dallas, Texas 75219. Joseph Popolo is the sole owner of Energy Capital and exercises sole voting and dispositive power over the 5,092,248 shares of common stock.
(10) Based on Amendment No. 2 to Schedule 13D filed on February 28, 2024, the address for C&P is Commonwealth Hall at Old Parkland, 3899 Maple Avenue, Suite 100, Dallas, Texas 75219. CFO Fund is the Managing Member of C&P. Joseph Popolo is the chief executive officer of C&P and the sole control person of CFO Fund. Mr. Popolo exercises shared voting and dispositive power over the 3,183,244 shares of common stock and 10,367,500 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants.
Equity Compensation Plan Information
The following table summarizes the equity compensation plans under which our securities may be issued as of December 31, 2023.
Plan Category Number of
securities
to be issued
upon
exercise of
outstanding
options,
warrants
and rights Weighted-
average
exercise
price of
outstanding
options,
warrants
and rights
Number of
securities
remaining
available
for future
issuance
under equity
compensation
plans
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders:
2018 Incentive Stock Plan (1) 546,120 $ 1.40 1,052,373
2021 Incentive Stock Plan (2) 3,897,986 $ 1.81 3,780,741
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders - - -
(1) The 2018 Incentive Stock Plan was approved by stockholders in September 2018. The number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights consist of 500,286 shares underlying outstanding options and 45,834 shares underlying outstanding restricted stock units granted pursuant to the 2018 Incentive Stock Plan.
(2) The 2021 Incentive Stock Plan was approved by stockholders in November 2021. On October 31, 2023, stockholders of the Company approved an amendment to the 2021 Plan to increase the number of shares of the Company’s Common Stock authorized for issuance under the 2021 Plan from 6,000,000 to 8,000,000 shares. The number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights consist of 3,389,354 shares underlying outstanding options and 508,632 shares underlying outstanding restricted stock units granted pursuant to the 2021 Incentive Stock Plan.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence.
Related Party Transactions Policy
Under its written charter, the Audit Committee is responsible for reviewing and approving any transaction between our company and a related party (as defined in Item 404 of Regulation S-K). Our management is responsible for bringing any such transaction to the attention of the Audit Committee. In approving or rejecting any such transaction, the Audit Committee considers the relevant facts and circumstances, including the material terms of the transaction, risks, benefits, costs, availability of other comparable services or products and, if applicable, the impact on a director’s independence.
Related Party Transactions
Under its written charter, the Audit Committee is responsible for reviewing and approving or ratifying any transaction between our company and a related person (as defined in Item 404 of Regulation S-K) that is required to be disclosed under the rules and regulations of the SEC. Our management is responsible for bringing any such transaction to the attention of the Audit Committee. In approving or rejecting any such transaction, the Audit Committee considers the relevant facts and circumstances, including the material terms of the transaction, risks, benefits, costs, availability of other comparable services or products and, if applicable, the impact on a director’s independence.
We have been a party to the following transactions since January 1, 2022, in which the amount exceeded or will exceed $120,000 and in which any current director, executive officer, holder of more than 5% of our capital stock, or any member of the immediate family of the foregoing, had or will have a material interest.
July 2023 Offering
On July 21, 2023, Ondas Networks completed the first tranche of a private placement with Stage 1 Growth Fund LLC (Series WAVE, Class A) (the “SPV”), with respect to the sale of (i) 329,238 shares of Networks Preferred Stock, at a purchase price of $34.955 per share, convertible into shares of Networks Common Stock and (ii) warrants to purchase 7,825,792 shares of the Company Common Stock, at an exercise price of $0.89 per share for gross proceeds to Ondas Networks of $11,508,517 (the “2023 Private Placement”).
On August 14, 2023, Ondas Networks completed the second tranche of the 2023 Private Placement with SPV, with respect to the sale of an additional (i) 99,885 shares of Networks Preferred Stock, at a purchase price of $34.955 per share, convertible into shares of Networks Common Stock and (ii) warrants to purchase 2,374,208 shares of the Company Common Stock, at an exercise price of $0.89 per share for gross proceeds to Ondas Networks of an additional $3,491,483. Charles & Potomac Capital, LLC (“C&P”) is the proxy for the members of the SPV, and the manager of the SPV must act in accordance with C&P’s direction with respect to exercise and voting of the issuer’s securities and derivative securities held by the SPV. Joseph Popolo, a director of the Company, is the sole control person of C&P.
February 2024 Offerings
On February 26, 2024, Ondas Networks completed a private placement with certain purchasers with respect to the sale of (i) 108,925 shares of preferred stock of Networks Preferred Stock, at a purchase price of $41.3104 per share convertible into shares of Networks Common Stock and (ii) warrants to purchase 3,015,000 shares of the Company’s Common Stock, at an exercise price of $1.26 per share for gross proceeds to Ondas Networks of $4,500,000 (the “2024 Private Placement”). In connection with the 2024 Private Placement, C&P paid $250,000 for 6,051 shares of Networks Preferred Stock and warrants to purchase 167, 5000 shares of the Company’s Common Stock. Joseph Popolo, a director of the Company, is the sole control person of C&P.
Also on February 26, 2024, we completed a direct registered offering with certain purchasers with respect to the sale of (i) an aggregate of 3,616,071 shares the Company’s Common Stock and (ii) warrants to purchase an aggregate of 3,616,071 shares of OAH’s common stock $0.0001 par value per share, at an exercise price of $1.29 for gross proceeds of $4,050,000 (the “2024 Direct Registered Offering”). In connection with the 2024 Direct Registered Offering, C&P paid $2,000,000 for 1,785,714 shares of the Company’s Common Stock and warrants to purchase 1,785,714 shares of OAH common stock. Joseph Popolo, a director of the Company, is the sole control person of C&P.
Director Independence
A majority of our Board is independent under the rules of Nasdaq. Our Board has undertaken a review of the independence of our directors and considered whether any director has a material relationship with us that could compromise his ability to exercise independent judgment in carrying out his responsibilities. As a result of this review, our Board has determined that Messrs. Cohen, Popolo and Seidl and Ms. Sood are “independent directors” as defined under the rules of Nasdaq.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.
Rosenberg Rich Baker Berman, P.A. (“RRBB”) has served as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm since June 28, 2018.
Aggregate fees billed to the Company for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 by RRBB were as follows:
For the years ended
December 31,
Audit Fees $ 252,500 $ 241,665
Audit-Related Fees - -
Tax Fees 38,877 19,800
All Other Fees 39,000 26,500
$ 330,377 $ 287,965
Audit fees consist of fees associated with the annual audit, including the reviews of our quarterly reports. Tax fees include the preparation of our tax returns. All other fees consist of fees associated with services provided related to all other filings with the SEC as well as consents.
On September 28, 2018, the Audit Committee of our Board adopted a policy and related procedures requiring its pre-approval of all audit and non-audit services to be rendered by its independent registered public accounting firm. These policies and procedures are intended to ensure that the provision of such services do not impair the independent registered public accounting firm’s independence. These services may include audit services, audit-related services, tax services and other services. All services provided by RRBB during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were approved by the Audit Committee.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.
Exhibit No.
Name of Document
2.1
Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of May 17, 2021, by and among Ondas Holdings Inc., Drone Merger Sub I Inc., Drone Merger Sub II Inc., American Robotics, Inc., and the Company Stockholder’s Representative (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 17, 2021 (File No. 001-39761)).
2.2
Agreement of Merger, dated August 4, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 8, 2022 (File No. 001-39761)).
2.3
Amendment to Agreement of Merger, dated November 13, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 14, 2022 (File No. 001-39761)).
3.1
Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of the Registrant, dated September 28, 2018 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 4, 2018 (File No. 333-205271)).
3.2
Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant, dated September 28, 2018 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit No. 3.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 4, 2018 (File No. 333-205271)).
3.3
Certificate of Designation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 17, 2020 (File No. 000-56004)).
3.4
Certificate of Change (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 13, 2020 (File No. 000-56004)).
3.5
Certificate of Amendment, filed on October 31, 2023 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 31, 2023 (File No. 001-39761)).
4.1
Form of Common Stock Certificate (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit No. 4.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed on January 29, 2021 (File No. 333-252571)).
4.2
Form of Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 1, 2019 (File No. 000-56004)).
4.3
Form of Warrant Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 7, 2020 (File No. 000-56004)).
4.4
Form of Warrant (included as Exhibit E to Exhibit 2.1 and incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 17, 2021 (File No. 001-39761)).
4.5
Form of Warrant (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed by the Company with the SEC on July 10, 2023).
4.6
Form of Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 16, 2023).
4.7
Form of Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 26, 2024).
4.8
Form of Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 26, 2024).
4.9
Form of 3% Series A Senior Convertible Note Due 2023 (see Exhibit A-1 to the Securities Purchase Agreement filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-39761)).
4.10
Form of 3% Series B-1 Senior Convertible Note (see Exhibit A-2 to the Amendment No. 1 to Securities Purchase Agreement filed as Exhibit 10.1 to this Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-39761)).
4.11
Form of 3% Series B-2 Senior Convertible Note (see Exhibit A-2 to the Amendment No. 1 to Securities Purchase Agreement filed as Exhibit 10.1 to this Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-39761)).
4.12
Base Indenture, dated January 20, 2023, between Ondas Holdings Inc. and Wilmington Savings Fund Society, FSB (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 23, 2023 (File No. 001-39761)).
4.13
Supplemental Indenture, dated January 20, 2023, between Ondas Holdings Inc. and Wilmington Savings Fund Society, FSB (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 23, 2023 (File No. 001-39761)).
4.14
Second Supplemental Indenture, dated July 25, 2023, between Ondas Holdings Inc. and Wilmington Savings Fund Society, FSB (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed by the Company with the SEC on July 28, 2023.
4.15
Form of 3% Series B-1 Senior Convertible Note (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed by the Company with the SEC January 23, 2023).
4.16
Form of 3% Series B-2 Senior Convertible Note (see Exhibit A to the Second Supplemental Indenture filed as Exhibit 4.3 to this Current Report on Form 8-K).
4.17
Description of Registrant’s Securities (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 (File No. 000-56004)).
10.1#
Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated June 3, 2020, between Ondas Holdings Inc. and Eric Brock. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 3, 2020 (File No. 000-56004)).
10.2#
Employment Agreement, between Airobotics and Yishay Curelaru, dated November 28, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 14, 2023).
10.3#
Amendment to Employment Agreement, between Airobotics and Yishay Curelaru, dated February 15, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 14, 2023).
10.4#
Amendment to Employment Agreement, dated September 27, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 29, 2023).
10.5#
Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 4, 2018 (File No. 333-205271)).
10.6#
Form of Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 7, 2020 (File No. 000-56004)).
10.7#
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 3, 2020 (File No. 000-56004)).
10.8
Form of Nonstatutory Stock Option Agreement.# (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 3, 2020 (File No. 000-56004)).
10.9
Form of Securities Purchase Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 17, 2020 (File No. 000-56004)).
10.10
Form of Securities Purchase Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 1, 2020 (File No. 000-56004)).
10.11
Ondas Holdings Inc. 2021 Director Compensation Policy (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on January 29, 2021)).
10.12#
Ondas Holdings Inc. 2021 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 5, 2021 (File No. 001-39761)).
10.13#
Ondas Holdings, Inc. 2021 Incentive Stock Israeli Appendix (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 13, 2023 (File No. 001-39761)).
10.14#
Airobotics Ltd. 2015 Israeli Share Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 25, 2023 (File No. 001-269418)).
10.15#
Amendment to the Ondas Holdings Inc. 2021 Incentive Stock Plan incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 31, 2023 (File No. 001-39761)).
10.16#
Incentive Equity Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 25, 2023 (File No. 001-269418)).
10.17#
Employment Agreement, dated December 10, 2021, between Ondas Holdings Inc. and Derek Reisfield. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 13, 2021 (File No. 001-39761)).
10.18#
Release Agreement, dated September 21, 2023, by and between Ondas Holdings Inc. and Derek Reisfield (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 21, 2023).
10.19#
Employment Agreement, dated August 5, 2021, between Ondas Holdings Inc. and Reese Mozer (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 15, 2023 (File No. 001-39761)).
10.20#
Separation and General Release Agreement, dated June 8, 2023, between Ondas Holdings Inc. and Reese Mozer. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 9, 2023).
10.21
Form of Securities Purchase Agreement, dated October 26, 2022, between Ondas Holdings Inc. and the Investors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 26, 2022 (File No. 001-39761)).
10.22
Form of Amendment No. 1 to Securities Purchase Agreement, dated January 20, 2023, between Ondas Holdings Inc. and the Investors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 23, 2023 (File No. 001-39761)).
10.23
Form of Agreement and Waiver, dated as of July 21, 2023, by and between Ondas Holdings Inc. and the investor signatory thereto (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed by the Company with the SEC on July 24, 2023).
10.24
Form of Agreement and Waiver, dated as of February 23, 2024, by and between Ondas Holdings Inc. and the investor signatory thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 26, 2024).
10.25
Placement Agent Agreement, dated October 26, 2022, between Ondas Holdings Inc. and Oppenheimer & Co. Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 26, 2022 (File No. 001-39761)).
10.26
Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement, dated July 9, 2023, between Ondas Networks Inc. and the Initial Purchaser (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed by the Company with the SEC on July 10, 2023).
10.27
Amendment to Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement, dated July 21, 2023, between Ondas Networks Inc. and Initial Purchaser (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed by the Company with the SEC on July 24, 2023).
10.28
Form of Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement, dated February 26, 2024, between Ondas Networks Inc. and the Purchasers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 26, 2024).
10.29
Registration Rights Agreement, dated July 21, 2023, between the Company and Initial Purchaser (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 24, 2023).
10.30
Registration Rights Agreement, dated August 11, 2023, between the Company and Initial Purchaser (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 16, 2023).
10.31
Form of Registration Rights Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 26, 2024).
10.32
Form of Securities Purchase Agreement, dated February 26, 2024, between Ondas Holdings Inc., the Purchasers and solely with respect to Section 4.9 of this ONDS Agreement, Ondas Autonomous Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 26, 2024).
Subsidiaries of the Registrant*.
23.1
Consent of Rosenberg Rich Baker Berman, P.A.*
31.1
Certification of Chief Executive Officer of Periodic Report pursuant to Rule 13a-14a and Rule 15d-14(a) dated April 1, 2024*
31.2
Certification of Chief Financial Officer of Periodic Report pursuant to Rule 13a-14a and Rule 15d-14(a) dated April 1, 2024*
32.1
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 dated April 1, 2024**
32.2
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 dated April 1, 2024**
97.1
Ondas Holdings Inc. Clawback Policy*
101.INS
Inline XBRL Instance Document.*
101.SCH
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.*
101.CAL
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.*
101.DEF
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.*
101.LAB
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.*
101.PRE
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.*
Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).*
* Filed herewith.
** This certification is being furnished and shall not be deemed “filed” with the SEC for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, and shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except to the extent that the Registrant specifically incorporates it by reference.
# Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.