EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 14272
Filing Year: 2025
Filename: 14272_10-K_2025_0000014272-25-000039.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1. BUSINESS.
General
Bristol-Myers Squibb Company ("we", the "Company", or "BMS") was incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in August 1933 under the name Bristol-Myers Company, as successor to a New York business started in 1887. In 1989, Bristol-Myers Company changed its name to Bristol-Myers Squibb Company as a result of a merger.
We operate in one segment engaged in the discovery, development, licensing, manufacturing, marketing, distribution and sale of biopharmaceutical products on a global basis. Our principal strategy is to combine the resources, scale and capability of a pharmaceutical company with the speed and focus on innovation of the biotech industry. Our focus as a biopharmaceutical company is on discovering, developing and delivering transformational medicines for patients facing serious diseases in areas where we believe that we have an opportunity to make a meaningful difference: oncology, hematology, immunology, cardiovascular, neuroscience and other areas where we can also deliver attractive returns for shareholders. Our priorities are to focus on transformational medicines where we have a competitive advantage, drive operational excellence and strategically allocate capital for long-term growth and shareholder returns. For a further discussion of our strategy initiatives, refer to “Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Strategy.” In addition, we expect that our acquisitions of Karuna, RayzeBio and Mirati in 2024 will allow us to expand in neuroscience and oncology, and continue to position us as a leading biopharmaceutical company across our core therapeutic areas.
We compete with other global research-based biopharmaceutical companies, smaller research companies and generic drug manufacturers. Our products are sold worldwide, primarily to wholesalers, distributors, specialty pharmacies, and to a lesser extent, directly to retailers, hospitals, clinics and government agencies. We have significant manufacturing operations in the U.S., Puerto Rico, Switzerland, Ireland, and the Netherlands.
The percentage of revenues by significant region/country were as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023 2022
United States 71 % 69 % 68 %
International (a)
27 % 29 % 30 %
Other (b)
2 % 2 % 2 %
Total Revenues $ 48,300 $ 45,006 $ 46,159
(a) Beginning in 2024, Puerto Rico revenues are presented as part of International revenues to align with management's review of the Company's financial results. Prior period amounts have been recast to conform to the current presentation.
(b) Other revenues include royalties and alliance-related revenues for products not sold by BMS’s regional commercial organizations.
Refer to the Summary of Abbreviated Terms at the end of this 2024 Form 10-K for definitions of capitalized terms used throughout the document.
Acquisitions, Divestitures, Licensing and Other Arrangements
Acquisitions, divestitures, licensing and other arrangements allow us to focus our resources on growth opportunities that drive the greatest long-term value. Our significant business development activities in 2024 included acquisitions of Karuna, RayzeBio and Mirati in addition to a global strategic collaboration agreement with SystImmune. For additional information relating to our acquisitions, divestitures, licensing and other arrangements refer to “Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Acquisitions, Divestitures, Licensing and Other Arrangements”, “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Note 3. Alliances”, and “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Note 4. Acquisitions, Divestitures, Licensing and Other Arrangements”.
Products, Intellectual Property and Product Exclusivity
Our differentiated research platforms support long-term growth across therapeutic areas. Our platforms are comprised of chemically-synthesized or small molecule drugs including protein degraders; drugs produced from biological processes, called “biologics”; ADCs, CAR-T cell therapies, and radiopharmaceutical therapeutics. Small molecule drugs are typically administered orally in the form of a tablet or capsule, although other drug delivery mechanisms are also used. Biologics are typically administered through injections or by intravenous infusion. CAR-T cell therapies are administered by intravenous infusion.
Below is a summary of our significant products, including approved indications. For information about our alliance arrangements for certain of the products below, refer to “-Alliances” below and “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Note 3. Alliances.”
Growth Portfolio
Opdivo® Opdivo (nivolumab) is a biological product and a fully human monoclonal antibody that binds to the PD-1 on T and NKT cells. It has been approved for several anti-cancer indications including bladder, blood, CRC, head and neck, RCC, HCC, lung, melanoma, MPM, stomach and esophageal cancer. The Opdivo+Yervoy regimen also is approved in multiple markets for the treatment of NSCLC, melanoma, MPM, RCC, CRC and various gastric and esophageal cancers..
Opdivo QvantigTM Opdivo Qvantig (nivolumab and hyaluronidase-nvhy) is a subcutaneously administered PD-1 inhibitor indicated for most previously approved adult, solid tumor Opdivo indications as monotherapy, monotherapy maintenance following completion of Opdivo plus Yervoy combination therapy, or in combination with chemotherapy or cabozantinib.
Orencia® Orencia (abatacept) is a biological product and a fusion protein indicated for adult patients with moderate to severe active RA and PsA. It has indications for (i) reducing signs and symptoms in certain pediatric patients with moderately to severely active polyarticular JIA and (ii) for the treatment of aGVHD, in combination with a calcineurin inhibitor and methotrexate.
Yervoy® Yervoy (ipilimumab) is a biological product and is a CTLA4 immune checkpoint inhibitor. Yervoy is a monoclonal antibody for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma. The Opdivo+Yervoy regimen is approved in multiple markets for the treatment of NSCLC, melanoma, MPM, RCC, CRC and esophageal cancer.
Reblozyl® Reblozyl (luspatercept-aamt) is a biological product, and is an erythroid maturation agent indicated for the treatment of anemia in (i) adult patients with transfusion dependent and non-transfusion dependent beta thalassemia who require regular red blood cell transfusions, (ii) adult patients with very low- to intermediate-risk MDS who have ring sideroblasts and require red blood cell transfusions, as well as (iii) adult patients without previous erythropoiesis stimulating agent use (ESA-naïve) with very low- to intermediate-risk MDS who may require regular red blood cell transfusions, regardless of RS status.
Opdualag® Opdualag (nivolumab and relatlimab-rmbw) is a combination of nivolumab, a PD-1 blocking antibody, and relatlimab, a LAG-3 blocking antibody, indicated for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients 12 years of age or older with unresectable or metastatic melanoma.
Breyanzi® Breyanzi (lisocabtagene maraleucel) is a CD19-directed genetically modified autologous CAR-T cell therapy indicated for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory LBCL after one or more lines of systemic therapy, including DLBCL not otherwise specified, high-grade B-cell lymphoma, primary mediastinal LBCL, grade 3B FL and relapsed or refractory FL after at least two prior lines of systemic therapy, relapsed or refractory CLL or SLL, and relapsed or refractory MCL in patients who have received at least two prior lines of systemic therapy, including a Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor.
Camzyos® Camzyos (mavacamten) is a cardiac myosin inhibitor indicated for the treatment of adults with symptomatic oHCM to improve functional capacity and symptoms.
Zeposia® Zeposia (ozanimod) is an oral immunomodulatory drug used to treat relapsing forms of MS, to include clinically isolated syndrome, relapsing-remitting disease, and active secondary progressive disease, in adults and to treat moderately to severely active UC in adults.
Abecma® Abecma (idecabtagene vicleucel) is a BCMA genetically modified autologous CAR-T cell therapy indicated for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma after four or more prior lines of therapy, including an immunomodulatory agent, a proteasome inhibitor, and an anti-cyclic ADP ribose hydrolase monoclonal antibody.
Sotyktu® Sotyktu (deucravacitinib) is an oral, selective, allosteric tyrosine kinase 2 inhibitor indicated for the treatment of adults with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis who are candidates for systemic therapy or phototherapy.
Krazati® Krazati (adagrasib) is a highly selective and potent oral small-molecule inhibitor of the KRASG12C mutation, indicated for the treatment of adult patients with KRASG12C-mutated locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC, as determined by an FDA-approved test, who have received at least one prior systemic therapy and, in combination with cetuximab, for the treatment of adult patients with KRASG12C-mutated locally advanced or metastatic CRC, as determined by an FDA-approved test, who have received prior treatment with fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin-, and irinotecan-based chemotherapy.
Augtyro® Augtyro (repotrectinib) is a kinase inhibitor indicated for the treatment of adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic ROS1-positive NSCLC and for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients 12 years of age and older with solid tumors that have NTRK gene fusion, are locally advanced or metastatic or where surgical resection is likely to result in severe morbidity, and have progressed following treatment or have no satisfactory alternative therapy.
CobenfyTM Cobenfy (xanomeline and trospium chloride) is a combination M1/M4 muscarinic receptor agonist and muscarinic antagonist indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults.
Legacy Portfolio
Eliquis® Eliquis (apixaban) is an oral Factor Xa inhibitor indicated for the reduction in risk of stroke/systemic embolism in NVAF and for the treatment of DVT/PE and reduction in risk of recurrence following initial therapy.
Revlimid® Revlimid (lenalidomide) is an oral immunomodulatory drug that in combination with dexamethasone is indicated for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma. Revlimid as a single agent is also indicated as a maintenance therapy in patients with multiple myeloma following autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Revlimid has received approvals for several indications in the hematological malignancies including lymphoma and MDS.
Pomalyst®/Imnovid® Pomalyst/Imnovid (pomalidomide) is a small molecule that is administered orally and modulates the immune system and other biologically important targets. Pomalyst/Imnovid is indicated for patients with multiple myeloma who have received at least two prior therapies including lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor and have demonstrated disease progression on or within 60 days of completion of the last therapy.
Sprycel® Sprycel (dasatinib) is an oral inhibitor of multiple tyrosine kinase indicated for the first-line treatment of patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive CML in chronic phase and the treatment of adults with chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase CML with resistance or intolerance to prior therapy, including Gleevec* (imatinib mesylate) and the treatment of children and adolescents aged 1 year to 18 years with chronic phase Philadelphia chromosome-positive CML.
Abraxane® Abraxane (paclitaxel albumin-bound particles for injectable suspension) is a solvent-free protein-bound chemotherapy product that combines paclitaxel with albumin using our proprietary Nab® technology platform, and is used to treat breast cancer, NSCLC and pancreatic cancer, among others.
We own or license a number of patents in the U.S. and foreign countries primarily covering our products. We have also developed many brand names and trademarks for our products. We consider the overall protection of our patents, trademarks, licenses and other intellectual property rights to be of material value and act to protect these rights from infringement.
In the pharmaceutical industry, the majority of an innovative product’s commercial value is usually realized during the period in which the product has market exclusivity. A product’s market exclusivity is generally determined by two forms of intellectual property: patent rights held by the innovator company and any regulatory forms of exclusivity to which the innovative drug is entitled.
Patents are a key determinant of market exclusivity for most branded pharmaceuticals. Patents provide the innovator with the right to exclude others from practicing an invention related to the medicine. Patents may cover, among other things, the active ingredient(s), various uses of a drug product, pharmaceutical formulations, drug delivery mechanisms and processes for (or intermediates useful in) the manufacture of products. Protection for individual products extends for varying periods in accordance with the expiration dates of patents in the various countries. The protection afforded, which may also vary from country to country, depends upon the type of patent, its scope of coverage and the availability of meaningful legal remedies in the country.
Market exclusivity is also sometimes provided by regulatory exclusivity, a period of time after the approval of a new drug during which the regulatory agency may not rely upon the innovator’s data to approve a competitor’s generic or biosimilar copy. Regulatory exclusivity can provide a market exclusivity period on a product that expires beyond the patent term.
When these patent rights and other forms of exclusivity expire and generic versions of a medicine are approved and marketed, there are often substantial and rapid declines in the sales of the original innovative product. For further discussion of the impact of generic medicines on our business, refer to “-Competition” below.
Specific aspects of the law governing market patent protection and regulatory exclusivity for pharmaceuticals vary from country to country. The following summarizes key exclusivity rules in markets representing significant sales:
United States
In the U.S., most of our key products are protected by patents with varying terms depending on the type of patent and the filing date. A significant portion of a product’s patent life, however, is lost during the time it takes an innovator company to develop and obtain regulatory approval of a new drug. As compensation at least in part for the lost patent term due to regulatory review periods, the innovator may, depending on a number of factors, apply to the government to restore lost patent term by extending the expiration date of one patent up to a maximum term of five years, provided that the extension cannot cause the patent to be in effect for more than 14 years from the date of drug approval.
A company seeking to market an innovative pharmaceutical in the U.S. must submit a complete set of safety and efficacy data to the FDA. If the innovative pharmaceutical is a chemical product, the company files an NDA. If the medicine is a biological product, a BLA is filed. Both types of applications can receive certain periods of regulatory exclusivity as discussed below. An NDA or a BLA for a compound that is designated as an orphan drug can receive seven years of exclusivity for an orphan drug indication. During this period, the FDA generally may not approve another application for the same drug product for the same orphan use. A company may also earn six months of additional exclusivity for a drug where specific clinical studies are conducted at the written request of the FDA to study the use of the medicine to treat pediatric patients, and submission to the FDA is made prior to the loss of basic exclusivity.
Chemical products
A competitor seeking to launch a generic substitute of a chemical innovative drug in the U.S. must file an ANDA with the FDA. In the ANDA, the generic manufacturer needs to demonstrate only “bioequivalence” between the generic substitute and the approved NDA drug. The ANDA relies upon the safety and efficacy data previously filed by the innovator in its NDA.
An innovator company is required to list certain of its patents covering the medicine with the FDA in what is commonly known as the Orange Book. Absent a successful patent challenge, the FDA cannot approve an ANDA until after the innovator’s listed patents expire. However, after the innovator has marketed its product for four years, a generic manufacturer may file an ANDA and allege that one or more of the patents listed in the Orange Book under an innovator’s NDA is invalid, unenforceable, or will not be infringed by the generic product. This allegation is commonly known as a Paragraph IV certification. The innovator then must decide whether to file a patent infringement suit against the generic manufacturer. From time to time, ANDAs including Paragraph IV certifications are filed with respect to certain of our products. We evaluate these ANDAs on a case-by-case basis and, where warranted, file suit against the generic manufacturer to protect our patent rights.
Medicines can also receive several types of regulatory exclusivity. An innovative chemical pharmaceutical product is entitled to five years of regulatory exclusivity in the U.S., during which the FDA cannot approve generic substitutes. If an innovator’s patent is challenged, a generic manufacturer may file its ANDA after the fourth year of the five-year regulatory exclusivity period. Our marketed chemical products include Eliquis, Revlimid, Pomalyst, Sprycel, Zeposia, Camzyos, Sotyktu, Augtyro, Krazati, and Cobenfy.
Biologic products (includes CAR-T cell therapy products)
Qualified innovative biological products receive 12 years of regulatory exclusivity, meaning that the FDA may not approve a biosimilar version until 12 years after the innovative biological product was first approved by the FDA. Our marketed biologic products include Opdivo, Opdivo Qvantig, Orencia, Yervoy, Reblozyl, Opdualag, Breyanzi, Abecma and Abraxane.
In the U.S., medicines (chemically synthesized or biologically derived) may also receive an additional six months of market exclusivity (added to certain patent terms and regulatory exclusivities) if certain agreed-upon pediatric studies are completed by the applicant.
The increased likelihood of generic and biosimilar challenges to innovators’ intellectual property has increased the risk of loss of innovators’ market exclusivity. First, generic companies have increasingly sought to challenge innovators’ patents covering major pharmaceutical products. Second, statutory and regulatory provisions may limit the ability of an innovator company to prevent generic and biosimilar drugs from being approved and launched while patent litigation is ongoing. As a result of these developments, among others, it is not possible to predict the length of market exclusivity for a particular product with certainty based solely on the expiration of the relevant patent(s) or the current forms of regulatory exclusivity.
European Union
Patents on pharmaceutical products are generally enforceable in the EU and, as in the U.S., may be extended for up to five years to compensate for the patent term lost during the regulatory review process, provided that the extension cannot cause the patent to be in effect for more than 15 years from the date of drug approval. Such extensions are granted on a country-by-country basis. The EU provides an additional six months of exclusivity added to the extended patent term if certain pediatric studies are completed by the applicant.
The primary route we use to obtain marketing authorization of pharmaceutical products in the EU is through the “centralized procedure.” This procedure is compulsory for certain pharmaceutical products, in particular those using biotechnological processes, and is also available for certain new chemical compounds and products. A company seeking to market an innovative pharmaceutical product through the centralized procedure must file a complete set of safety data and efficacy data as part of an MAA with the EMA. After the EMA evaluates the MAA, it provides a recommendation to the EC and the EC then approves or denies the MAA.
After obtaining marketing authorization approval, a company must obtain pricing and reimbursement for the pharmaceutical product, which is typically subject to member state law. In certain EU countries, this process can take place simultaneously while the product is marketed but in other EU countries, this process must be completed before the company can market the new product. The pricing and reimbursement procedure can take months and sometimes years to complete.
Throughout the EU, all products for which marketing authorizations have been filed after October and November 2005 are subject to an “8+2+1” regulatory exclusivity regime. Eight years after the innovator has received its first community authorization for a medicinal product, a generic company may file a MAA for that product with the health authorities. If the MAA is approved, the generic company may not commercialize the product until after either 10 or 11 years have elapsed from the initial marketing authorization granted to the innovator. The possible extension to 11 years is available if the innovator, during the first eight years of the marketing authorization, obtains an additional indication that is of significant clinical benefit in comparison with existing treatments.
In contrast to the U.S., patents in the EU are not listed with regulatory authorities. Generic versions of pharmaceutical products can be approved after RDP expires, regardless of whether the innovator holds patents covering its drug. Thus, it is possible that an innovator may be seeking to enforce its patents against a generic competitor that is already marketing its product. In general, EU law treats chemically synthesized drugs and biologically derived drugs the same with respect to intellectual property and regulatory exclusivity.
Japan
In Japan, patents on pharmaceutical products are enforceable and may be extended for up to five years to compensate for the patent term lost during the regulatory review process. Medicines of new chemical entities are generally afforded eight years of regulatory exclusivity for approved indications and dosage. This regulatory exclusivity could be extended if certain pediatric studies are completed by the applicant. Generic copies can receive regulatory approval after regulatory exclusivity and patent expirations.
In general, Japanese law treats chemically synthesized and biologically derived drugs the same with respect to intellectual property and regulatory exclusivity.
Rest of the World
In countries outside of the U.S., the EU and Japan, there are a variety of legal systems with respect to intellectual property and regulatory exclusivity of pharmaceuticals. Most other developed countries utilize systems similar to either the U.S. or the EU. Among developing countries, some have adopted patent laws and/or regulatory exclusivity laws, while others have not. Some developing countries have formally adopted laws in order to comply with WTO commitments, but have not taken steps to implement these laws in a meaningful way. Enforcement of WTO actions is a long process between governments, and there is no assurance of the outcome. Thus, in assessing the likely future market exclusivity of our innovative drugs in developing countries, we take into account not only formal legal rights but political and other factors as well.
The following chart shows our key products together with the year in which the earliest basic exclusivity loss (patent rights or regulatory exclusivity) is currently estimated to occur in the U.S., the EU and Japan (the “estimated minimum market exclusivity date”). We also sell our pharmaceutical products in other countries; however, data is not provided on a country-by-country basis because individual country revenues are not significant outside the U.S., the EU and Japan. Generally, the estimated minimum market exclusivity date in the table below pertains to the end of regulatory exclusivity or the COM patent expiration for the respective products and PTR if granted. In situations where there is only regulatory exclusivity without patent protection, a competitor could seek regulatory approval by submitting its own clinical study data to obtain marketing approval prior to the expiration of regulatory exclusivity.
We estimate the minimum market exclusivity date for each of our products for the purpose of business planning only. The length of market exclusivity for any of our products is impossible to predict with certainty because of the complex interaction between patent and regulatory forms of exclusivity and the inherent uncertainties regarding patent litigation. There can be no assurance that a particular product will enjoy market exclusivity for the full period of time that appears in the estimate or that the exclusivity will be limited to the estimate.
Estimated Minimum Market Exclusivity Date
U.S. EU(p)
Japan
Abecma (idecabtagene vicleucel)
2036 2035 2037
Abraxane (paclitaxel)(a)
^^ ^^ ^^
Augtyro (repotrectinib)(b)
2035 ++ ++
Breyanzi (lisocabtagene maraleucel)(c)
2033 2033 2033
Camzyos (mavacamten)(d)
2034 2034 ++
Cobenfy (xanomeline and trospium chloride) (e)
^^ ++ ++
Eliquis (apixaban)(f)
^^ 2026
Krazati (adagrasib)
2037 2038
++
Opdivo (nivolumab)
2028 2030 2031
Opdivo Qvantig (nivolumab and hyaluronidase-nvhy)(g)
^^ ++ ++
Opdualag (nivolumab and relatlimab-rmbw)(h)
2034 2033 ++
Orencia (abatacept)(i)
^^ ^^ ^^
Pomalyst/Imnovid (pomalidomide)(j)
^^ ^^ ^^
Reblozyl (luspatercept-aamt)(k)
2031 2030 ++
Revlimid (lenalidomide)(l)
^^ ^^ ^^
Sotyktu (deucravacitinib)(m)
2033 2033 2033
Sprycel (dasatinib)(n)
^^ ^^ ^^
Yervoy (ipilimumab)
2025 2026 2025
Zeposia (ozanimod)(o)
2029 2034
++
^^ See product footnote for more information.
++ We do not currently market the product in the country or region indicated.
(a) For Abraxane in the U.S., EU, and Japan, generics have entered the market.
(b) For Augtyro in the U.S., a PTR application is pending and, if granted, the estimated patent expiry will be 2037.
(c) For Breyanzi in the U.S., a PTR application is pending and, if granted, the estimated patent expiry will be 2034.
(d) For Camzyos in the U.S., a PTR application is pending and, if granted, the estimated patent expiry will be 2036. In the EU, SPC applications are pending and, if granted, the estimated patent expiry would be 2038.
(e) For Cobenfy in the U.S., we have been granted patents covering the combination of active ingredients in Cobenfy, which expire in 2030. A PTR application is pending and, if granted, the estimated patent expiry will be 2033.
(f) For Eliquis, in the U.S., multiple generic companies challenged the two patents listed in the FDA Orange Book. BMS, along with its partner Pfizer, settled with a number of these generic companies and won at the trial and appellate levels against others. Under the terms of previously executed settlement agreements, the generic companies with whom BMS settled are permitted to launch in 2028, subject to additional challenges. In the EU, the apixaban composition of matter patents and related SPCs expire in 2026. Generics have challenged the composition of matter patents and related SPCs in various jurisdictions and trials have taken place, or are scheduled to take place, in certain European countries. While these legal proceedings are pending, generic manufacturers have begun marketing generic versions of Eliquis in certain EU countries and may seek to market generic versions of Eliquis in other EU countries prior to the expiration date of apixaban patents and related SPCs. Refer to “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Note 20. Legal Proceedings and Contingencies” for more information.
(g) For Opdivo Qvantig, the estimated minimum market exclusivity date of 2028 is based on the expiry of the COM patent for Opdivo and does not include any potential exclusivity resulting from pending patent applications relating to the Opdivo Qvantig formulation and its use.
(h) For Opdualag in the U.S., a PTR application is pending and, if granted, the estimated patent expiry will be 2036. In the UK and Germany, SPC and pediatric (“PED”) applications are pending and, if both are granted, the estimated patent expiry will be 2038. In France, Italy and Spain, SPC and PED are granted and the estimated patent expiry is 2038.
(i) BMS is not aware of an Orencia biosimilar on the market in the U.S., EU or Japan. Formulation and additional patents expire in 2026 and beyond.
(j) For Pomalyst in the U.S., we currently do not expect generic entry prior to the first quarter of 2026. In Europe, generics have entered the market. In Japan, the estimated minimum market exclusivity date is 2026 based on a method of use patent.
(k) For Reblozyl in the U.S. and Europe, the estimated minimum market exclusivity date is based on regulatory exclusivity. In the U.S., PTR on a method of treatment patent was granted, and the estimated patent expiry is 2033. In the EU, SPC on a method of treatment patent is granted, and the estimated patent expiry is 2034.
(l) For Revlimid, in the U.S., certain generic companies have begun marketing generic lenalidomide products pursuant to volume-limited licenses granted as part of litigation settlements. The licenses will no longer be volume-limited beginning on January 31, 2026. In the EU and Japan, generics have entered the market.
(m) For Sotyktu in the U.S., a PTR application is pending and, if granted, the estimated patent expiry will be 2036. In the EU, SPC applications are pending and, if granted, the estimated patent expiry would be 2038. In Japan, a PTR application is also pending and, if granted, the estimated patent expiry will be 2037.
(n) For Sprycel, in the U.S., EU and Japan, generics have entered the market.
(o) For Zeposia, in the U.S., a PTR application is pending and if granted, the estimated patent expiry will be 2033. Litigation is ongoing with generic companies who have challenged one of the patents listed in the FDA Orange Book. Refer to “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Note 20. Legal Proceedings and Contingencies” for more information.
(p) Estimated minimum market exclusivity dates for EU countries are based on the UK, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain.
Research and Development
R&D is critical to our long-term competitiveness. We concentrate our R&D efforts in the following disease areas with significant unmet medical needs: oncology and hematology with novel modalities in cell therapies, protein degraders, ADCs and radiopharmaceuticals; immunology with a focus on establishing new standards of care in pulmonology, rapidly advancing cell therapy into immunology diseases and transformational programs to control inflammation, reset immune memory and promote homeostasis in dermatology and rheumatology disorders; cardiovascular diseases by leveraging deep expertise across thrombotic diseases, heart failures and cardiomyopathies; and neuroscience with a focus on developing new treatments in neuropsychiatry and neurodegeneration. Our R&D pipeline includes potential medicines in various modalities including small (chemically synthesized) molecules and large (protein) molecules-also known as biologics-and also degraders, T-cell, millamolecules, ADCs, and cell therapies. In addition to discovering and developing new molecular entities, we look for ways to expand the value of existing products through new indications and formulations that can provide additional benefits to patients.
In order for a new drug to reach the market, industry practice and government regulations in the U.S., the EU and most foreign countries provide for the determination of a drug’s effectiveness and safety through preclinical tests and controlled clinical evaluation. The clinical development of a potential new drug typically includes Phase I, Phase II and Phase III clinical studies that have been designed specifically to support an application for regulatory approval for a particular indication, assuming the studies are successful.
Phase I clinical studies involve a small number of healthy volunteers or patients suffering from the indicated disease to test for safety and proper dosing. Phase II clinical studies involve a larger patient population to investigate side effects, efficacy and optimal dosage of the drug candidate. Phase III clinical studies are conducted to confirm Phase II results in a significantly larger patient population over a longer term and to provide reliable and conclusive data regarding the safety and efficacy of a drug candidate. Although regulatory approval is typically based on the results of Phase III clinical studies, there are times when approval can be granted based on data from earlier studies.
We consider our registrational studies to be our significant R&D programs. These programs may include both investigational compounds in Phases II and III development for initial indications, or marketed products that are in development for additional indications or formulations.
Drug development is time consuming, expensive and risky. The R&D process (i.e., target identification to major market approval) typically takes about fifteen years. Drug candidates can fail at any stage of the process, and even late-stage product candidates sometimes fail to receive regulatory approval. According to the KMR Group, based on industry success rates from 2019-2023, approximately 93% of small molecules that enter Phase I development fail to achieve regulatory approval. Small molecules that enter Phase II development have a failure rate of approximately 81% while approximately 33% of Phase III small molecules fail to achieve approval. For biologics, the failure rate is approximately 89% from Phase I development, approximately 72% from Phase II development and approximately 23% from Phase III.
R&D expenses are comprised of the following main categories: (i) research, which includes costs to support the discovery and development of new molecular entities through pre-clinical studies; (ii) drug development, which includes costs to support clinical development of potential new products, including expansion of indications for existing products through Phase I, Phase II and Phase III clinical studies and (iii) Other, which includes costs to support manufacturing development of pre-approved products, medical support of marketed products, IPRD impairment charges, acquisition-related charges and proportionate allocations of enterprise-wide costs including facilities, information technology, and other appropriate costs. Acquired IPRD include upfront payments, contingent milestone payments in connection with asset acquisitions or in-license arrangements of third-party intellectual property rights, as well as any upfront and contingent milestones payable by BMS to alliance partners prior to regulatory approval. Our R&D expenses were $11.2 billion in 2024, $9.3 billion in 2023 and $9.5 billion in 2022. Acquired IPRD expenses were $13.4 billion in 2024, $913 million in 2023 and $815 million in 2022. Acquired IPRD expenses in 2024 included $12.1 billion related to the acquisition of Karuna, as further described in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Note 4. Acquisitions, Divestitures, Licensing and Other Arrangements."
We manage our R&D programs on a product portfolio basis, investing resources in each stage of R&D from early discovery through late-stage development. We continually evaluate our portfolio of R&D assets to ensure that there is an appropriate balance of early-stage and late-stage programs to support the future growth of the Company.
Our drug discovery and development work takes place across a network of state-of-the-art facilities worldwide. We have continued our investment in our existing sites and the expansion of our manufacturing capabilities. For example, we opened an R&D facility in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 2023 and Hyderabad, India in 2024, and we are opening an R&D facility in San Diego, California (planned for 2026). In addition, in support of a continued investment in our cell therapy portfolio, we continue expanding our manufacturing capabilities through the construction of new state-of-the-art cell therapy manufacturing facilities in Devens, Massachusetts, which was completed in 2023, as well as in Leiden, Netherlands and Libertyville, Illinois which are currently ongoing.
We supplement our internal drug discovery and development programs with acquisitions, alliances and collaborative agreements which help us bring new molecular agents, capabilities and platforms into our pipeline. We have a broad pipeline with over 40 unique assets in development. Our pipeline was built by coupling internal research and development programs with a distributed research and development model, which focused on identifying and supporting the development of disruptive and innovative therapies outside the company through a broad network of external partnerships. Management continues to emphasize leadership, innovation, productivity and quality as strategies for success in our R&D activities.
Listed below are our clinical studies and approved indications for our marketed products in the related therapeutic area as of February 6, 2025. Whether any of the listed compounds ultimately becomes a marketed product depends on the results of clinical studies, the competitive landscape of the potential product’s market, reimbursement decisions by payers and the manufacturing processes necessary to produce the potential product on a commercial scale, among other factors. There can be no assurance that we will seek regulatory approval of any of these compounds or that, if such approval is sought, it will be obtained. There is also no assurance that a compound which gets approved will be commercially successful. At this stage of development, we cannot determine all intellectual property issues or all the patent protection that may, or may not, be available for these investigational compounds.
HEMATOLOGY
PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III APPROVED INDICATIONS
Investigational Compounds
BCL6 LDD
--Lymphoma
CD33-GSPT1 ADC
--Acute Myeloid Leukemia
CK1α Degrader
--Hematologic Malignancies
Dual Targeting BCMAxGPRC5D CAR T
--Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma
HbF Activating CELMoD
--Sickle Cell Disease
Additional Indications
BREYANZI
--Relapsed/Refractory Marginal Zone Lymphoma
REBLOZYLª
--A-Thalassemia
Investigational Compounds
arlo-cel (GPRC5D CAR T)
--Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma
golcadomide
--Relapsed/Refractory Follicular Lymphoma
Additional Indications
REBLOZYLª
--1L NTD Myelodysplastic Syndrome Associated Anemia
--1L TD Myelofibrosis Associated Anemia
Investigational Compounds
arlo-cel (GPRC5D CAR T)
--2-4L Multiple Myeloma
golcadomide
--High Risk 1L Large B-cell Lymphoma
iberdomide
--2L+ Multiple Myeloma
--Post-Autologous Stem Cell Therapy Maintenance Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma
mezigdomide
--2L+ Multiple Myeloma Kd --2L+ Multiple Myeloma Vd
ABECMA
--3L+ Triple-Class Exposed Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma
BREYANZI
--2L+ Large B-cell Lymphoma
--3L+ CLL/SLL
--3L+ FL
--3L+ MCL
EMPLICITI + POMALYST/IMNOVID
--Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma
EMPLICITI + REVLIMID
--Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma
IDHIFA
--Relapsed/Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia
INREBIC
--Myelofibrosis
ONUREG
--Post-Induction Acute Myeloid Leukemia Continued Treatment/Maintenance
OPDIVOª
--Relapsed/Refractory Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
POMALYST/IMNOVID
--Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma
--AIDS related Kaposi Sarcoma
--HIV-negative Kaposi Sarcoma
REBLOZYLª
--Transfusion-Dependent Beta-Thalassemia Associated Anemia
--MDS RS or MDS/MPN-RS-T Adult Patients and Previously Treated with ESA --MDS Associated Anemia in ESA naïve patients who may require RBC Transfusion
REVLIMID
--Mantle Cell Lymphoma
--MDS
--Multiple Myeloma
--Follicular Lymphoma
--Marginal Zone Lymphoma
SPRYCEL
--1L CML
--Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with Resistance or Intolerance to Prior Therapy
--Refractory CML
ONCOLOGY
PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III APPROVED INDICATIONS
Investigational Compounds
Anti-CCR8
--Solid Tumors
BMS-986460
--Prostate Cancer
BMS-986463
--Solid Tumors
BMS-986482
--Solid Tumors
BMS-986484
--Solid Tumors
BMS-986488
--Solid Tumors
BMS-986490
--Solid Tumors
HELIOS CELMoD
--Solid Tumors
iza-bren (EGFRxHER3 ADC)ª
--1L NSCLC#
--Metastatic NSCLC
--Solid Tumors#
PRMT5 Inhibitor
--Solid Tumors
RYZ101
--Extensive Stage SCLC
--HR+/HER2- Unresectable Metastatic Breast Cancer
RYZ801
--Hepatocellular Carcinoma
SOS1 Inhibitor
--Solid Tumors
Additional Indications
KRAZATIª
--1L NSCLC PD-L1<50%
Additional Indications
KRAZATIª
--1L NSCLC PD-L1≥50%
--2L Colorectal Cancer
OPDIVOª
--Adjuvant Hepatocellular Carcinoma
--Peri-adjuvant Muscle Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma
OPDIVOª + YERVOYª
--1L Hepatocellular Carcinoma
OPDUALAGª
--Adjuvant Stage III/IV Melanoma
Investigational Compounds
AR LDD
--Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
atigotatug (Anti-Fucosyl GM1) + nivolumab
--1L Extensive Stage SCLC
nivolumab + relatlimab HDª
--1L NSCLC PD-L1≥1%
RYZ101
--2L+ SSTR2+ Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
subcutaneous nivolumab + relatlimab + rHuPH20ª
--1L Melanoma
ABRAXANE
--Gastric (Japan Only)
--Locally Advanced or Metastatic NSCLC
--Metastatic Breast Cancer
AUGTYROª
--ROS1+ NSCLC
--NTRK-Positive Locally Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumors
KRAZATIª
--2L+ KRASG12C-mutated Advanced NSCLC
--KRASG12C-mutated CRC after prior treatment with fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin-, and irinotecan-based chemotherapy
OPDIVOª
--Metastatic Melanoma
--1L Metastatic Gastric, Gastroesophageal Junction, and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
--1L Metastatic Esophageal
--1L MIUC cis-eligible
--Adjuvant Melanoma
--Adjuvant Urothelial Carcinoma
--Adjuvant Esophageal/Gastroesophageal
--Neoadjuvant NSCLC
--Perioperative NSCLC
--Previously treated advanced RCC
--Previously treated Gastric cancer (Japan)
--Previously treated Metastatic Head & Neck
--Previously treated Metastatic MSI-High CRC
--Previously treated Metastatic NSCLC
--Previously treated Metastatic Urothelial Cancer
--Previously treated Metastatic Esophageal Cancer
OPDIVO QVANTIG
--Indicated for subcutaneous use in most previously approved adult, solid tumor Opdivo indications
OPDIVOª + cabozantinibª
--1L Advanced RCC
OPDIVOª + YERVOYª
--1L Metastatic Melanoma
--1L Mesothelioma
--1L Metastatic NSCLC
--1L Advanced RCC
--1L+ MSI-High CRC
--Previously treated Metastatic MSI-High CRC
--Previously treated HCC
--1L Esophageal
OPDUALAG
--1L Melanoma
YERVOYª
--Adjuvant Melanoma
--Metastatic Melanoma
IMMUNOLOGY
PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III APPROVED INDICATIONS
Investigational Compounds
BMS-986454
--Autoimmune Disease
CD19 NEX T
--Autoimmune Diseases
--Severe Refractory Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
IL2-CD25
--Autoimmune Disease
PKCθ Inhibitorª
--Autoimmune Disease
Additional Indications
SOTYKTU
--Discoid Lupus Erythematosus
Investigational Compounds
afimetoran
--Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
BMS-986322 (TYK2 Inhibitor)
--Moderate-to-Severe Psoriasis
Additional Indications
SOTYKTU
--Psoriatic Arthritis
--Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
--Sjögren's Syndrome
Investigational Compounds
admilparant (LPA1 Antagonist)
--Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
--Progressive Pulmonary Fibrosis
obexelimabª
--IgG4-Related Disease
ORENCIA
--Moderate-to-Severe JIA Intravenous
--Moderate-to-Severe JIA Subcutaneous
--Psoriatic Arthritis
--Moderate-to-Severe RA Auto injector
--Moderate-to-Severe RA Intravenous
--Moderate-to-Severe RA Subcutaneous
--Prophylaxis of Acute Graft versus Host Disease
SOTYKTU
--Adults with Moderate-to-Severe Plaque Psoriasis
ZEPOSIA
--Relapsing forms of Multiple Sclerosis
--Moderate-to-Severe UC
CARDIOVASCULAR
PHASE II PHASE III APPROVED INDICATIONS
Investigational Compounds
MYK-224
--Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
Additional Indications
CAMZYOS
--Non-Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Investigational Compounds
milvexianª
--Acute Coronary Syndrome#
--Atrial Fibrillation#
--Secondary Stroke Prevention#
CAMZYOS
--Symptomatic NHYA Class II-III Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
ELIQUIS
--Stroke Risk Reduction in Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation
--Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism and Risk Reduction after Initial Therapy
--Prophylaxis of Deep Vein Thrombosis after Hip or Knee Replacement Surgery
NEUROSCIENCE
PHASE I PHASE II
PHASE III
APPROVED INDICATIONS
Investigational Compounds
BMS-986495ª
--Neurodegenerative Diseases
CD19 NEX T
--Multiple Sclerosis
--Myasthenia Gravis
eIF2B Activator
--Alzheimer's Disease
TRPC4/5 Inhibitor
--Mood and Anxiety Disorders
Investigational Compounds
Anti-MTBR Tau
--Alzheimer's Disease
FAAH/MGLL Dual Inhibitor
--Alzheimer's Disease Agitation
--Multiple Sclerosis Spasticity
Additional Indications
COBENFY
--Adjunctive Schizophrenia
--Psychosis in Alzheimer's Disease
COBENFY
--Adults with Schizophrenia
Note: Above pipeline excludes clinical collaborations
ª
Development Partnerships: AUGTYRO: Zai Lab; BMS-986495: Prothena; COBENFY: Zai Lab; iza-bren (EGFRxHER3 ADC): SystImmune; KRAZATI: Zai Lab; milvexian: Johnson & Johnson; obexelimab: Zenas BioPharma; OPDIVO, YERVOY, OPDUALAG, nivolumab + relatlimab HD, Anti-CCR8 + nivolumab: Ono; PKCθ Inhibitor: Exscientia; REBLOZYL: Merck; rHuPH20: Halozyme
# Partner-run study
The following are our registrational study readouts anticipated through 2025/2026:
Oncology
Immunology
Asset Tumor Trial Asset Disease Trial
Opdivo
Adjuvant HCC
CheckMate -9DX
Sotyktu SLE
POETYK SLE-1
Opdivo
Peri-adjuvant MIUC
CA017-078
Sotyktu
SLE
POETYK SLE-2
Opdualag
Adjuvant Stage III/IV Melanoma
RELATIVITY-098
admilparant
IPF
ALOFT-IPF
Opdualag
1L Melanoma SC
RELATIVITY-127
obexelimab
IgG4-Related Disease
INDIGO
Krazati
2L CRC
KRYSTAL-10
Krazati
2L+ Mutated NSCLC
KRYSTAL-12*
Cardiovascular
RYZ101 2L+ SSTR2+ GEP-NETs
ACTION-1
Asset Disease Trial
Camzyos nHCM
ODYSSEY-HCM
Hematology
milvexian
SSP
LIBREXIA-STROKE
Asset Disease Trial milvexian
ACS
LIBREXIA-ACS
Breyanzi
Relapsed/Refractory MZL
TRANSCEND
arlo-cel
RRMM
QUINTESSENTIAL
Neuroscience
iberdomide
2L+ MM
EXCALIBER
Asset Disease Trial
mezigdomide
2L+ MM Vd
SUCCESSOR-1
Cobenfy
Adjunctive Schizophrenia
ARISE
mezigdomide
2L+ MM Kd
SUCCESSOR-2
Cobenfy
Psychosis in Alzheimer's Disease
ADEPT-1
Reblozyl
TD & NTD A-Thalassemia
CA056-015#
Cobenfy
Psychosis in Alzheimer's Disease
ADEPT-2
Reblozyl
1L TD MF Associated Anemia
INDEPENDENCE
Cobenfy
Psychosis in Alzheimer's Disease
ADEPT-4
* Confirmatory Trial
# Ex-U.S. Study
Alliances
We enter into alliance arrangements with third parties for the development and commercialization of specific products or drug candidates in our therapeutic areas of focus. Alliances may be structured as co-development, co-commercialization, licensing or joint venture arrangements. These arrangements may include upfront payments; option payments to develop or commercialize a specific asset or technology; payments for various developmental, regulatory and sales-based performance milestones; royalties; cost reimbursements; profit sharing; and equity investments. Provisions in our alliance arrangements lessen our investment risk for compounds not leading to revenue generating products but reduce the profitability of marketed products due to profit sharing or royalty payments. We actively pursue such arrangements and view alliances as an important complement to our own discovery, development and commercialization activities.
Our alliance arrangements contain customary early termination provisions following material breaches, bankruptcy or product safety concerns. Such arrangements also typically provide for termination by BMS without cause. The amount of notice required for early termination generally ranges from immediately upon notice to 180 days after receipt of notice. Termination immediately upon notice is generally available where the other party files a voluntary bankruptcy petition or if a material safety issue arises with a product such that the medical risk/benefit is incompatible with the welfare of patients to continue to develop or commercialize the product. Termination with a notice period is generally available where an involuntary bankruptcy petition has been filed and has not been dismissed, a material breach by a party has occurred and not been cured or where BMS terminates without cause. Sometimes, BMS's right to terminate without cause may only be exercisable after a specified period of time has elapsed after the alliance agreement is signed. Our alliances typically do not otherwise contain provisions that provide the other party the right to terminate the alliance.
We typically do not retain any rights to another party's product or intellectual property after an alliance terminates. The loss of rights to one or more products that are marketed and sold by us pursuant to an alliance could be material to our results of operations and the loss of cash flows caused by such loss of rights could be material to our financial condition and liquidity. Alliance agreements may be structured to terminate on specific dates, upon the product's patent expiration date or without an expiry date. Profit sharing payments typically have no expiration date while royalty payments typically cease upon loss of market exclusivity, including patent expiration.
Refer to “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Note 3. Alliances” for further information on our most significant alliance agreements as well as other alliance agreements.
Marketing, Distribution and Customers
We promote the appropriate use of our products directly to healthcare professionals and organizations such as doctors, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, pharmacists, technologists, hospitals, PBMs and MCOs. We also provide information about the appropriate use of our products to consumers in the U.S. through direct-to-consumer print, radio, television and digital advertising and promotion. In addition, we sponsor general advertising to educate the public about our innovative medical research and corporate mission. For a discussion of the regulation of promotion and marketing of pharmaceuticals, refer to “-Government Regulation” below.
Through our field sales and medical organizations, we explain the risks and benefits of the approved uses of our products to medical professionals. We work to gain access for our products on formularies and reimbursement plans (lists of recommended or approved medicines and other products), including Medicare Part D plans, by providing information about the clinical profiles of our products. Our marketing and sales of prescription pharmaceuticals is limited to the approved uses of the particular product, but we continue to develop scientific data and other information about potential additional uses of our products and provide such information as scientific exchange at scientific congresses or we share information about our products in other appropriate ways, including the development of publications, or in response to unsolicited inquiries from doctors, other medical professionals and MCOs.
Our operations include several marketing and sales organizations. Each product marketing organization is supported by a sales force, which is responsible for selling one or more products. We also have marketing organizations that focus on certain classes of customers such as managed care entities or certain types of marketing tools, such as digital or consumer communications. Our sales forces focus on communicating information about new approved products or uses, as well as approved uses of established products, and promotion to physicians is increasingly targeted at physician specialists who treat the patients in need of our medicines.
Our products are sold principally to contracted wholesalers, specialty distributors, specialty pharmacies, and to a lesser extent, retailers, hospitals, clinics and government agencies. Revlimid and Pomalyst are distributed in the U.S. primarily through contracted pharmacies under the Lenalidomide REMS (Revlimid) and Pomalyst REMS programs, respectively. These are proprietary, mandatory risk-management distribution programs tailored specifically to provide for the safe and appropriate distribution and use of Revlimid and Pomalyst. Internationally, Revlimid and Imnovid are distributed under mandatory risk-management distribution programs tailored to meet local authorities’ specifications to provide for the product’s safe and appropriate distribution and use. Camzyos is only available through the Camzyos REMS Program. Product distribution is limited to REMS certified pharmacies, and enrolled pharmacies must only dispense to patients who are authorized to receive Camzyos. These programs may vary by country and, depending upon the country and the design of the risk-management program, the product may be sold through hospitals or retail pharmacies. Refer to “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Note 2. Revenue” for gross revenues to the three largest pharmaceutical wholesalers in the U.S. as a percentage of our global gross revenues.
Our U.S. business has DSAs with substantially all of our direct wholesaler and distributor customers that allow us to monitor U.S. wholesaler and distributor inventory levels and requires those wholesalers and distributors to maintain inventory levels that are no more than one month of their demand. The DSAs, including those with our three largest wholesalers, expire in June 2027 subject to certain termination provisions.
Our non-U.S. businesses have significantly more direct customers. Information on available direct customer product level inventory and corresponding out-movement information and the reliability of third-party demand information varies widely. We limit our direct customer sales channel inventory reporting to where we can reliably gather and report inventory levels from our customers.
In a number of countries outside of the U.S., we contract with distributors to support certain products. The services provided by these distributors vary by market, but may include distribution and logistics; regulatory and pharmacovigilance; and/or sales, advertising or promotion.
Competition
The markets in which we compete are generally broad-based and highly competitive. We compete with other worldwide research-based drug companies, many smaller research companies with more limited therapeutic focus and generic drug manufacturers. Important competitive factors include product efficacy, safety and ease of use, price and demonstrated cost-effectiveness, marketing effectiveness, product labeling, customer service and R&D of new products and processes. Sales of our products can be impacted by new studies that indicate a competitor’s product is safer or more effective for treating a disease or particular form of disease than one of our products. Our revenues also can be impacted by additional labeling requirements relating to safety or convenience that may be imposed on products by the FDA or by similar regulatory agencies in different countries. If competitors introduce new products and processes with therapeutic or cost advantages, our products can be subject to progressive price reductions, decreased volume of sales or both.
Advancements in treating cancer with IO therapies continue to evolve at a rapid pace. Our IO products, particularly Opdivo, operate in a highly competitive marketplace. In addition to competing for market share with other IO products in approved indications such as lung cancer and melanoma, we face increased competition from existing competing IO products that receive FDA approval for additional indications and for new IO agents that receive FDA approval and enter the market. Furthermore, as therapies combining different IO products or IO products with existing chemotherapy or targeted therapy treatments are investigated for potential expanded approvals, we anticipate that our IO products will continue to experience intense competition.
Another competitive challenge we face is from generic pharmaceutical manufacturers. In certain countries, including the U.S. and in the EU, the regulatory approval process exempts generics from costly and time-consuming clinical studies to demonstrate their safety and efficacy, allowing generic manufacturers to rely on the safety and efficacy of the innovator product. As a result, generic pharmaceutical manufacturers typically invest far less in R&D than research-based pharmaceutical companies and therefore can price their products significantly lower than branded products. Accordingly, when a branded product loses its market exclusivity, it normally faces intense price competition from generic forms of the product. Upon the expiration or loss of market exclusivity on a product, we can lose the major portion of that product's revenue in a very short period of time.
After the expiration of exclusivity, the rate of revenue decline of a product varies by country. In general, the decline in the U.S. market is more rapid than in most other developed countries, though we have observed rapid declines in a number of EU countries as well. Also, the declines in developed countries tend to be more rapid than in developing countries. The rate of revenue decline after the expiration of exclusivity has also historically been influenced by product characteristics. For example, drugs that are used in a large patient population (e.g., those prescribed by key primary care physicians) tend to experience more rapid declines than drugs in specialized areas of medicine (e.g., oncology). Drugs that are more complex to manufacture (e.g., sterile injectable products) usually experience a slower decline than those that are simpler to manufacture.
In certain countries outside the U.S., patent protection is weak or nonexistent and we are challenged by generic versions shortly after we launch our innovative products. In addition, generic pharmaceutical companies may introduce a generic product before exclusivity has expired, and before the resolution of any related patent litigation. For more information about market exclusivity, refer to “-Products, Intellectual Property and Product Exclusivity.”
We believe our long-term competitive position depends upon our success in discovering and developing innovative, cost-effective products that serve unmet medical needs, along with our ability to manufacture products efficiently and to market them effectively in a highly competitive environment.
Pricing, Price Constraints and Market Access
Our medicines are priced based on a number of factors, including the value of scientific innovation for patients and society in the context of overall health care spend, economic factors impacting health care systems’ ability to provide appropriate and sustainable access and the necessity to sustain our investment in innovation platforms to address unmet medical needs. Central to price is the clinical value that this innovation brings to the market, the current landscape of alternative treatment options and the goals of ensuring appropriate patient access to this innovation and sustaining investment in creative platforms. We continue to explore new pricing approaches to ensure that patients have access to our medicines. Enhancing patient access to medicines is a priority for us. We are focused on: offering creative tiered pricing and patient support programs to optimize access while protecting innovation; advocating for sustainable healthcare policies and infrastructure, leveraging advocacy/payer’s input and utilizing collaborations as appropriate; and improving access to care and supportive services for vulnerable patients through collaborations and demonstration projects.
An important factor on which the pricing of our medicines depends is government regulation. We have been subject to increasing international and domestic efforts by various governments to implement or strengthen measures to regulate pharmaceutical market access and product pricing and payment. In the U.S., we are required to provide discounts on purchases of pharmaceutical products under various federal and state healthcare programs. Federal government officials and legislators continue to face intense pressure from the public to manage the perceived high cost of pharmaceuticals and have responded by pursuing legislation, such as the IRA and other rules that claim to potentially further reduce the cost of drugs for the federal government and other stakeholders. For further discussion on the IRA, refer to “Item 1. Business-Government Regulation.” We are also required to comply with state laws that seek additional transparency into the cost of prescription drugs. We are monitoring efforts by states to seek additional rebates and limit state spending on drugs in light of budget pressures. These international, federal and state legislative and regulatory developments could create new constraints on our ability to set prices and/or impact our market access in certain areas. For further discussion on the pricing pressure and its risk, refer to “Item 1. Business-Government Regulation” and “Item 1A. Risk Factors-Product, Industry and Operational Risks-Increased pricing pressure and other restrictions in the U.S. and abroad continue to negatively affect our revenues and profit margins.”
The growth and consolidation of MCOs and PBMs in the U.S., such as Optum (UHC), CVS Health (CVS) and Express Scripts (ESI), has also been a major factor in the healthcare marketplace. These PBMs control nearly 80% of the prescription market and are owned by payers UnitedHealthcare, Aetna, and Cigna, respectively. As MCOs and PBMs have been consolidating into fewer, larger entities, they have also been enhancing their purchasing strength and share of voice within the market. Over half of the U.S. population now participates in some version of managed care. MCOs can include medical insurance companies, medical plan administrators, health-maintenance organizations, Medicare Part D prescription drug plans, alliances of hospitals and physicians and other physician organizations. PBMs are third parties that support formulary management and contracting for MCOs.
To successfully compete for formulary position with MCOs and PBMs, we must often demonstrate that our products offer not only medical benefits but also cost advantages as compared with other forms of care. Exclusion of a product from a formulary can lead to its sharply reduced usage in patient populations due to higher out-of-pocket costs to patients. Consequently, pharmaceutical companies compete aggressively to have their products included on these formularies. Most new products that we introduce compete with other products already on the market or products that are later developed by competitors. Where possible, companies compete for inclusion based upon unique features of their products, such as greater efficacy, better patient ease of use or fewer side effects. A lower overall cost of therapy, usually provided as a rebate to the PBM, is also an important factor. Products that demonstrate fewer therapeutic advantages must compete for inclusion based primarily on price. We have been generally, although not universally, successful in having our major products included on MCO and PBM formularies.
In many markets outside the U.S., we operate in an environment of government-mandated, cost-containment programs. In these markets, a significant portion of funding for healthcare services and the determination of pricing and reimbursement for pharmaceutical products are subject to either direct government control at the point of care or governments serving as the primary payer. As a result, our products may face restricted access and pricing pressures by both public and private payers and may be subject to assessments of comparative value and effectiveness against existing standard of care. Several governments have placed restrictions on physician prescription levels and patient reimbursements, emphasized greater use of generic drugs and/or enacted mandated price cuts or rebate schemes as methods of cost control. In most EU countries, for example, the government regulates pricing of a new product at launch often through direct price controls, international price comparisons, and/or reference pricing to the current standard of care. Prices are often reevaluated and further restricted throughout the life of the medicine. In other EU markets, such as Germany, the government does not set pricing restrictions at launch, but pricing freedom is subsequently limited. Companies may also face significant delays in market access for new products and more than a year can elapse before new medicines become available to patients in the market. Additionally, countries outside of the U.S. have regularly imposed new or additional cost containment measures for pharmaceuticals such as volume discounts, cost caps, cost sharing for increases in excess of prior year costs for individual products or aggregated market level spending and clawbacks. These trends have been accelerating in recent years. For example, in 2022, Germany reformed its pricing and reimbursement system to further restrain pharmaceutical spending by reducing its “free pricing” period and introducing new cost-containment measures on medicines based on their value assessment results, and use in combination with other medicines, and more. The Japanese government continues to impose price cuts outside the normal repricing cycles, and in the last several years introduced a new value assessment requirement on some medicines to further cut prices. The existence of price differentials between markets, particularly among neighboring countries, due to the different national pricing and reimbursement conditions leads to potential parallel trade flows.
Government Regulation
The pharmaceutical industry is subject to extensive global regulations by regional, country, state and local agencies. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, other Federal statutes and regulations, various state statutes and regulations (including newly enacted state laws regulating drug price transparency, rebates and drug spending), and laws and regulations of foreign governments govern to varying degrees the testing, approval, production, labeling, distribution, post-market surveillance, advertising, dissemination of information and promotion of our products. The lengthy process of laboratory and clinical testing, data analysis, manufacturing, development and regulatory review necessary for required governmental approvals is extremely costly and can significantly delay product introductions in a given market. Promotion, marketing, manufacturing and distribution of pharmaceutical products are extensively regulated in all major world markets. In addition, our operations are subject to complex Federal, state, local and foreign environmental and occupational safety laws and regulations. We anticipate that the laws and regulations affecting the manufacture and sale of current products and the introduction of new products will continue to require substantial scientific and technical effort, time and expense as well as significant capital investments.
The FDA is of particular importance in the U.S. It has jurisdiction over virtually all of our activities and imposes requirements covering the testing, safety, effectiveness, manufacturing, labeling, marketing, advertising and post-marketing surveillance of our products. In many cases, FDA requirements have increased the amount of time and money necessary to develop new products and bring them to market in the U.S. The regulatory review process is a resource intensive undertaking for both the FDA and the pharmaceutical company. Improvements in the efficiency of this process can have significant impact on bringing new therapies to patients more quickly. The FDA can employ several tools to facilitate the development of certain drugs or expedite certain applications, including fast track designation, Breakthrough Therapy designation, priority review, accelerated approval, incentives for orphan drugs developed for rare diseases and others. For example, in recent years the FDA OCE established two projects to test novel approaches for more efficient regulatory review of oncology drugs: the Real-Time Oncology Review pilot program and the Assessment Aid. Under the Assessment Aid pilot program, the FDA approved Opdivo given with three cycles of platinum-doublet chemotherapy on March 4, 2022 for the first-line treatment of adult patients with resectable NSCLC in the neoadjuvant setting. This approval was achieved four months before the priority review PDUFA date in July 2022. To develop a framework for concurrent review of supplemental oncology applications among multiple approval authorities, the OCE initiated Project Orbis. Under Project Orbis, earlier approvals from the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (“TGA”), Health Canada and the United Kingdom’s Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency were received on the combination of Opdivo given with three cycles of platinum-doublet chemotherapy in 2022.
The FDA mandates that drugs be manufactured, packaged and labeled in conformity with cGMP established by the FDA. In complying with cGMP regulations, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in production, recordkeeping and quality control to ensure that products meet applicable specifications and other requirements to ensure product safety and efficacy. The FDA periodically inspects our drug manufacturing facilities to ensure compliance with applicable cGMP requirements. Failure to comply with the statutory and regulatory requirements subjects us to possible legal or regulatory action, such as suspension of manufacturing, seizure of product or voluntary recall of a product. Adverse events with the use of products must be reported to the FDA and could result in the imposition of market restrictions through labeling changes or product removal. Product approvals may be withdrawn if compliance with regulatory requirements is not maintained or if problems concerning safety or efficacy occur following approval.
The Federal government has extensive enforcement powers over the activities of pharmaceutical manufacturers, including authority to withdraw or delay product approvals, to commence actions to seize and prohibit the sale of unapproved or non-complying products, to halt manufacturing operations that are not in compliance with cGMPs, and to impose or seek injunctions, voluntary recalls, civil, monetary and criminal penalties. Such a restriction or prohibition on sales or withdrawal of approval of products marketed by us could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and cash flows.
Marketing authorization for our products is subject to revocation by the applicable governmental agencies. In addition, modifications or enhancements of approved products or changes in manufacturing locations are in many circumstances subject to additional FDA approvals, which may or may not be received and may be subject to a lengthy application process.
The distribution of pharmaceutical products is subject to the PDMA as part of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, which regulates such activities at both the Federal and state level. Under the PDMA and its implementing regulations, states are permitted to require registration of manufacturers and distributors that provide pharmaceuticals even if such manufacturers or distributors have no place of business within the state. States are also permitted to adopt regulations limiting the distribution of product samples to licensed practitioners. The PDMA also imposes extensive licensing, personnel recordkeeping, packaging, quantity, labeling, product handling and facility storage and security requirements intended to prevent the sale of pharmaceutical product samples or other product diversions.
The FDA Amendments Act of 2007 imposed additional obligations on pharmaceutical companies and delegated more enforcement authority to the FDA in the area of drug safety. Key elements of this legislation give the FDA authority to (i) require that companies conduct post-marketing safety studies of drugs, (ii) impose certain safety related drug labeling changes, (iii) mandate risk mitigation measures such as the education of healthcare providers and the restricted distribution of medicines, (iv) require companies to publicly disclose data from clinical studies and (v) pre-review television advertisements.
The marketing practices of all U.S. pharmaceutical manufacturers are subject to Federal and state healthcare laws that are used to protect the integrity of government healthcare programs. The OIG oversees compliance with applicable Federal laws, in connection with the payment for products by government funded programs, primarily Medicaid and Medicare. These laws include the Federal anti-kickback statute, which criminalizes knowingly offering something of value to induce the recommendation, order or purchase of products or services reimbursed under a government healthcare program. The OIG has issued a series of guidelines to segments of the healthcare industry, including the 2003 Compliance Program Guidance for Pharmaceutical Manufacturers, which includes a recommendation that pharmaceutical manufacturers, at a minimum, adhere to the PhRMA Code, a voluntary industry code of marketing practices. We subscribe to the PhRMA Code and have implemented a compliance program to address the requirements set forth in the guidance and our compliance with the healthcare laws. Failure to comply with these healthcare laws could subject us to administrative and legal proceedings, including actions by Federal and state government agencies. Such actions could result in the imposition of civil and criminal sanctions, which may include fines, penalties and injunctive remedies; the impact of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and cash flows.
We are also subject to the jurisdiction of various other Federal and state regulatory and enforcement departments and agencies, such as the Federal Trade Commission, the Department of Justice and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (the "HHS"). We are also licensed by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration to procure and produce controlled substances. We are, therefore, subject to possible administrative and legal proceedings and actions by these organizations. Such actions may result in the imposition of civil and criminal sanctions, which may include fines, penalties and injunctive or administrative remedies.
The U.S. healthcare industry is subject to various government-imposed laws and regulations authorizing prices or price controls that have and will continue to have an impact on our total revenues. We participate in state government Medicaid programs, as well as certain other qualifying Federal and state government programs whereby discounts and rebates are provided to participating state and local government entities. We participate in the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program ("MDRP"), under which we must pay rebates to state Medicaid programs for our covered outpatient drugs provided to Medicaid beneficiaries, with rebates based on pricing data we report regularly to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). We also participate in the Health Resources and Services Administration's 340B program, under which we must offer covered outpatient drugs to statutorily defined covered entities at no more than the 340B program “ceiling price”, with that price calculated based on MDRP-reported data. We also participate in federal government programs that specify discounts to certain federal government entities; the most significant of which are the U.S. Department of Defense and the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. These entities receive statutory discounts based off a defined “non-federal average manufacturer price” for purchases.
In recent years, several legislative and policy proposals have been introduced in the U.S. to lower drug prices. For example, on August 16, 2022, President Biden signed the IRA into law which provides for (i) the federal government to “negotiate” prices for select high-cost Medicare Part D (beginning in 2026) and Part B (beginning in 2028) drugs that are more than nine years (for small-molecule drugs) or 13 years (for biological products) from their initial FDA approval, (ii) manufacturers to pay a rebate for Medicare Part B and Part D drugs when prices increase faster than inflation, and (iii) the formation of the Part D Manufacturer Program which replaced the Part D CGDP and established a $2,000 cap for out-of-pocket costs for Medicare beneficiaries as of January 2025, with manufacturers being responsible for 10% of costs up to the $2,000 cap and 20% after that cap is reached. In August 2024, as part of the first round of government price setting pursuant to the IRA, the HHS announced the "maximum fair price" for a 30-day equivalent supply of Eliquis, which applies to the U.S. Medicare channel effective January 1, 2026. In January 2025, the HHS selected Pomalyst as a medicine subject to "negotiation" for government-set prices beginning in 2027. It is possible that more of our products could be selected in future years, which could, among other things, accelerate revenue erosion prior to expiry of intellectual property protections. We continue to evaluate the impact of the IRA on our results of operations, and it is possible that these changes may result in a material impact on our business and results of operations. For further discussion of this legislation's impact, refer to “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Executive Summary.” In addition, in December 2023, the Biden administration released a proposed framework that for the first time proposed that a drug’s price can be a factor in determining that the drug is not accessible to the public and, therefore, that the government could exercise “march-in rights” and license it to a third party to manufacture. We cannot predict whether the Trump administration will finalize the draft framework or if the government will propose other drug pricing policy changes. If pursued and finalized, these policies could reduce prices and reimbursement for certain of our products and could significantly impact our business and consolidated results of operations.
At the state level, multiple states have passed, are pursuing or are considering government action via legislation or regulations to change drug pricing and reimbursement (e.g., establishing prescription drug affordability boards, implementing manufacturer mandates tied to the Federal Public Health Service Act drug pricing program, etc.). Some of these state-level actions may also influence federal and other state policies and legislation. Given the current uncertainty surrounding the adoption, timing and implementation of many of these measures, as well as pending litigation challenging such laws, we are unable to predict their full impact on our business. However, such measures could modify or decrease access, coverage, or reimbursement of our products, or result in significant changes to our sales or pricing practices, which could have a material impact on our revenues and results of operations. With respect to the Federal Public Health Service Act drug pricing program, certain states have enacted laws regulating manufacturer pricing obligations under the program to date. Several additional states are considering similar potential legislation or other government actions, and we expect other states may do the same in the future.
Our activities outside the U.S. are also subject to regulatory requirements governing the testing, approval, safety, effectiveness, manufacturing, labeling and marketing of our products. These regulatory requirements vary from country to country. Whether or not FDA or EC approval has been obtained for a product, approval of the product by comparable regulatory authorities of countries outside of the U.S. or the EU, as the case may be, must be obtained prior to marketing the product in those countries. The approval process may be more or less rigorous from country to country and the time required for approval may be longer or shorter than that required in the U.S. Approval in one country does not assure that a product will be approved in another country.
For further discussion of these rebates and programs, refer to “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-GTN Adjustments” and “-Critical Accounting Policies.”
Sources and Availability of Raw Materials
In general, we purchase our raw materials, components and supplies required for the manufacturing of our products in the open market. For some products, we purchase our raw materials, components and supplies from one source (the only source available to us) or a single source (the only approved source among many available to us), thereby requiring us to obtain such raw materials and supplies from that particular source. We attempt, if possible, to mitigate our potential risk associated with our raw materials, components and supplies through inventory management and alternative sourcing strategies. For further discussion of sourcing, refer to “-Manufacturing and Quality Assurance” below and discussions of particular products.
Manufacturing and Quality Assurance
We operate and manage a manufacturing network, consisting of internal and external resources, in a manner that permits us to improve efficiency while maintaining flexibility to reallocate manufacturing capacity. Pharmaceutical manufacturing processes are complex, highly regulated and vary widely from product to product. Given that shifting or adding manufacturing capacity can be a lengthy process requiring significant capital and other expenditures as well as regulatory approvals, we manage and operate a flexible manufacturing network that minimizes unnecessary product transfers and inefficient uses of manufacturing capacity. For further discussion of the regulatory impact on our manufacturing, refer to “-Government Regulation” above.
Our significant biologics, cell therapy and pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities are located in the U.S., Puerto Rico, the Netherlands, Ireland and Switzerland and require significant ongoing capital investment for both maintenance and compliance with increasing regulatory requirements. For example, the FDA approved our Devens, Massachusetts commercial facility for CAR-T cell therapy manufacturing in June 2023. We continue to make capital investments in our Devens, Massachusetts manufacturing facility. For our cell therapy product candidates and marketed products, including Breyanzi and Abecma, we have invested in our own manufacturing network, including facilities in Bothell, Washington; Summit, New Jersey; Devens, Massachusetts; Libertyville, Illinois; and Leiden, the Netherlands; as well as the use of third-party manufacturers. In addition, we expect to continue modification of our existing manufacturing network to meet complex processing standards that are required for our growing portfolio, particularly biologics and cell therapy. Biologics manufacturing involves more complex processes than those of traditional pharmaceutical operations. Beyond regulatory requirements, many of our products involve technically sophisticated manufacturing processes or require specialized raw materials. For example, we manufacture for clinical and commercial use several sterile products, biologic products and CAR-T cell therapy products, all of which are particularly complex and involve highly specialized manufacturing technologies. As a result, even slight deviations at any point in their production process may lead to production failures or recalls. In order to support supply continuity, we continue to partner with third party manufacturers to expand supply of vector and are investing in new facilities for drug product manufacturing. Longer-term, we are accelerating our plans to transition to new vector technologies with a dual sourcing strategy.
In addition to our own manufacturing sites, we rely on third parties to manufacture or supply us with all or a portion of the active product ingredient or drug substance necessary for us to manufacture various products, including Eliquis, Opdivo, Pomalyst/Imnovid, Yervoy, Sprycel, Reblozyl, Abraxane, Zeposia, Camzyos, Sotyktu, Augtyro, Krazati and Cobenfy. We are also expanding our use of third-party manufacturers for drug product and finished goods manufacturing and we continue to shift towards using third-party manufacturers for supply of our mature and other brands. To maintain a stable supply of these products, we take a variety of actions including inventory management and maintenance of additional quantities of materials, when possible, that are designed to provide for a reasonable level of these ingredients to be held by the third-party supplier, us or both, to reduce the risk of interruption of our manufacturing operations. Certain supply arrangements extend over multiple years with committed amounts using expected near or long-term demand requirements that are subject to change. As an additional protection, in some cases, we take steps to maintain an approved back-up source where available and when needed. For example, we have the capability to manufacture Opdivo drug product internally and also have arrangements with third-party manufacturers to meet demand of Opdivo drug substance and drug product.
In connection with acquisitions, divestitures, licensing and collaboration arrangements or distribution agreements for certain of our products, or in certain other circumstances, we have entered into agreements under which we have agreed to supply our products to third parties and intend to continue to enter into such arrangements or agreements in the future. In addition to liabilities that could arise from our failure to supply such products under the agreements, these arrangements or agreements could require us to invest in facilities for the manufacturing of non-strategic products, in the case of a divestiture or distribution arrangement, resulting in additional regulatory filings and obligations or causing an interruption in the manufacturing of our own strategic products.
Our success depends in great measure upon customer confidence in the quality of our products and in the integrity of the data that support their safety and effectiveness. Product quality arises from a total commitment to quality in all parts of our operations, including research and development, purchasing, facilities maintenance and planning, manufacturing, warehousing, logistics and distribution. We maintain records to demonstrate the quality and integrity of data, technical information and production processes.
Control of production processes involves established specifications and standards for raw materials, components, ingredients, equipment and facilities, manufacturing methods and operations, packaging materials and labeling. We perform tests at various stages of production processes, on the raw materials, drug substance and the final product and on product samples held on stability to ensure that the product meets regulatory requirements and conforms to our standards. These tests may involve chemical and physical analyses, microbiological testing or a combination of these along with other analyses. Quality control testing is provided by business unit/site and third-party laboratories. Quality assurance groups routinely monitor manufacturing procedures and systems used by us, our subsidiaries and third-party suppliers to help ensure quality and compliance requirements are met.
Environmental Regulation
Our facilities and operations are subject to extensive U.S. and foreign laws and regulations relating to environmental protection and human health and safety, including those governing discharges of pollutants into the air and water; the use, management and disposal of hazardous, radioactive and biological materials and wastes; and the cleanup of contamination. Pollution controls and permits are required for many of our operations, and these permits are subject to modification, renewal or revocation by the issuing authorities.
Our environment, occupational health, safety and sustainability group monitors our operations around the world, providing us with an overview of regulatory requirements and overseeing the implementation of our standards for compliance. We also incur operating and capital costs for such matters on an ongoing basis, which were not material for 2024, 2023 and 2022. In addition, we invested in projects that reduce resource use of energy and water. Although we believe that we are in substantial compliance with applicable environmental, health and safety requirements and the permits required for our operations, we nevertheless could incur additional costs, including civil or criminal fines or penalties, clean-up costs or third-party claims for property damage or personal injury, for violations or liabilities under these laws.
Many of our current and former facilities have been in operation for many years, and over time, we and other operators of those facilities have generated, used, stored or disposed of substances or wastes that are considered hazardous under Federal, state and/or foreign environmental laws, including CERCLA. As a result, the soil and groundwater at or under certain of these facilities is or may be contaminated, and we may be required to make significant expenditures to investigate, control and remediate such contamination, and in some cases to provide compensation and/or restoration for damages to natural resources. Currently, we are involved in investigation and remediation at 15 current or former facilities. We have also been identified as a PRP under applicable laws for environmental conditions at approximately 20 former waste disposal or reprocessing facilities operated by third parties at which investigation and/or remediation activities are ongoing.
We may face liability under CERCLA and other Federal, state and foreign laws for the entire cost of investigation or remediation of contaminated sites, or for natural resource damages, regardless of fault or ownership at the time of the disposal or release. In addition, at certain sites we bear remediation responsibility pursuant to contractual obligations. Generally, at third-party operator sites involving multiple PRPs, liability has been or is expected to be apportioned based on the nature and amount of hazardous substances disposed of by each party at the site and the number of financially viable PRPs. For additional information about these matters, refer to “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Note 20. Legal Proceedings and Contingencies.”
Human Capital Management and Resources
We believe that our employees around the world are compassionate, purpose-driven professionals who embody our mission of discovering and delivering innovative medicines that help patients prevail over serious diseases. Together, their unyielding focus on patients defines our culture.
Demographics: As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately 34,100 employees in 43 countries. Approximately 57% of our employees are located in the U.S. (excluding Puerto Rico) and 43% are located outside of the U.S. We supplement our workforce with contingent and temporary workers, including certain independent contractors who provide certain specialized and skilled services.
People Strategy and Culture: Our People Strategy is designed to foster an inclusive and engaging work experience to attract, develop, and retain the most talented workforce that reflects the diverse cultures, backgrounds, and experiences of our patients and communities around the world. This is core to who we are and how we do business; it guides our decision-making and furthers our ability to deliver on our mission, execute our strategy and generate shareholder value. We strive to cultivate a culture that fosters collaboration and innovation, where everyone feels a sense of belonging and are valued for their unique perspectives. We are an equal opportunity employer. We prioritize investment in enterprise-wide, comprehensive and cohesive programs and policies that accelerate development and collaboration, which creates a competitive advantage in recruiting, developing and retaining our future workforce.
Career Growth and Development: BMS champions the learning and development of all of our people, our most important asset, and we aspire to create a ‘future ready’ workforce by developing the critical skills needed to tackle the organization’s most pressing strategic priorities. Our extensive library of resources, which includes on-demand, open-enrollment and nominations-based experiences, are available in multiple languages to our 30,000+ employees. In 2024, more than 6,000 employees participated in our professional, managerial, and leadership development programs.
Employee Engagement: Our workforce is focused on our patients and are asked to demonstrate the values: Integrity, Passion, Inclusion, Innovation, Accountability and Urgency. By encouraging employees around the world to be their authentic selves at work, to ask questions, voice concerns, and think boldly, we create an energized environment of co-collaboration and co-design where bold ideas and solutions can lead to improved patient outcomes. We conduct confidential surveys that measure employee sentiment and actively seek feedback on topics such as culture and values, execution of our strategy, engagement and individual development, among others.
Compensation and Wellbeing: We provide highly competitive compensation and wellbeing offerings that enable our workforce to deliver on our business strategy.
•Compensation: Includes market competitive base salaries, annual incentives that recognize and reward company performance as well as individual results, and long-term equity incentives that focus employees on long-term value creation. We also offer sales-based incentives, special allowances, and peer-to-peer individual recognition.
•Wellbeing: We are committed to prioritizing the wellbeing of our workforce through Living Life Better, our strategy for encouraging the physical, emotional, work life, and financial wellbeing of our employees. For global consistency, we've established a framework with a set of standards concentrated on key areas: inclusive benefits, mental health, family care, and caregivers’ support, among others. Living Life Better is grounded in science and ensures that our employees have the support that best meets their individual needs at the right moment.
Employee Health & Safety: We are committed to protecting our workforce, communities, and patients, thereby ensuring the continued supply of life-saving medicines. We have comprehensive policies that ensure all employees, contractors, and visitors to our sites, can work or conduct their visit safely. We provide a comprehensive in-house occupational health service to ensure any work-related illness or disease is identified early so that worker health can be protected.
Foreign Operations
We have significant operations outside the U.S. They are conducted both through our subsidiaries and through distributors.
International operations are subject to certain risks, which are inherent in conducting business abroad, including, but not limited to, currency fluctuations, possible nationalization or expropriation, price and exchange controls, counterfeit products, limitations on foreign participation in local enterprises and other restrictive governmental actions. Our international businesses are also subject to government-imposed constraints, including laws on pricing or reimbursement for use of products.
Bristol Myers Squibb Website
Our internet website address is www.bms.com. On our website, we make available, free of charge, our annual, quarterly and current reports, including amendments to such reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish such material to, the SEC pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These documents are also available on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.
Information relating to corporate governance at Bristol Myers Squibb, including our Principles of Integrity, Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers, Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for Directors (collectively, the “Codes”), Corporate Governance Guidelines, and information concerning our Executive Committee, Board of Directors (the "Board"), including Board Committees and Committee charters, and transactions in Bristol Myers Squibb securities by directors and executive officers, is available on our website under the “About Us-Our Company,” “-Leadership” and “Investors” captions and in print to any stockholder upon request. Any waivers to the Codes by directors or executive officers and any material amendment to the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for Directors and Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers will be posted promptly on our website. Information relating to stockholder services, including our Dividend Reinvestment Plan and direct deposit of dividends, is available on our website under the “Investors-Shareholder Services” caption. In addition, information about our sustainability programs is available on our website under the “About Us-Sustainability” caption. The foregoing information regarding our website and its content is for your convenience only. The information contained in or connected to our website is not deemed to be incorporated by reference in this 2024 Form 10-K or filed with the SEC.
We incorporate by reference certain information from parts of our definitive proxy statement for our 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (“2025 Proxy Statement”). The SEC allows us to disclose important information by referring to it in that manner. Please refer to such information. Our 2025 Proxy Statement will be available on our website under the “Investors-Financial Reporting-SEC Filings” caption within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Item 1A. RISK FACTORS.
Any of the risks and uncertainties described below could significantly and negatively affect our business operations, financial condition, operating results (including components of our financial results), cash flows, prospects, reputation or credit ratings now and in the future, which could cause the trading price of our common stock to decline significantly. Additional risks and uncertainties that are not presently known to us, or risks that we currently consider immaterial, could also impair our business operations, financial condition, operating results or cash flows. The following discussion of risk factors contains “forward-looking” statements, as discussed in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”
Product, Industry and Operational Risks
Increased pricing pressure and other restrictions in the U.S. and abroad continue to negatively affect our revenues and profit margins.
Our products continue to be subject to increasing pressures across the portfolio from pharmaceutical market access and pricing controls, required rebates and other discounts, in the U.S., the EU and other regions around the world that result in lower prices, lower reimbursement rates and smaller populations for whom payers will reimburse. We expect that these market access constraints, pricing controls and discounting and other restrictions will become more acute as public and private payers continue to take aggressive steps to control their expenditures. Our future revenues and profit margins could be negatively affected, including as a result of (i) changes in laws and regulations relating to the pricing and reimbursement of pharmaceutical products (including potential penalties for increasing prices over the rate of inflation and government negotiations/price controls that may change the determination of the "best price" and establish a maximum allowed price/reimbursement rate), as well as other changes relating to federal healthcare programs, such as modifying the federal Anti-Kickback statute discount safe harbor and the IRA, which includes a number of provisions intended to lower the costs of some drugs covered under Medicare Part D and Medicare Part B and to limit Medicare beneficiaries’ out-of-pocket spending under the Medicare Part D benefit, (ii) cost-cutting measures by federal healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, MCOs and other institutional and governmental purchasers, (iii) the grant of additional authority to governmental agencies to manage drug utilization and negotiate drug prices (including the implementation of the 2020 regulation issued by the U.S. federal government authorizing states and private parties to develop and implement programs to import certain prescription drugs from Canada and sell them in the U.S., and the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, which eliminated the Medicaid Prescription Drug Rebate cap as of January 1, 2024), (iv) expanded utilization and pharmaceutical company restrictions under the 340B Drug Pricing Program ("340B program"), (v) competition related to placements on applicable commercial and Medicare Part D formularies; (vi) changes to U.S. federal pharmaceutical coverage and reimbursement policies and practices, (vii) the increased purchasing power of entities that negotiate on behalf of Medicare, Medicaid and private sector beneficiaries, (viii) the increased scrutiny of drug manufacturers (including any additional review of BMS or Celgene by the House Oversight and Reform Committee), (ix) reimbursement delays, (x) government price erosion mechanisms across Europe, Japan and in other countries resulting in deflation for pharmaceutical product pricing, (xi) collection delays or failures to pay in government-funded public hospitals outside the U.S., (xii) developments in technology and/or industry practices that could impact the reimbursement policies and practices of third-party payers, and (xiii) inhibited market access due to real or perceived differences in value propositions for our products compared to competing products.
In particular, the IRA will have the effect of reducing prices and reimbursements for certain of our products, which could significantly impact our business. Under the IRA, the HHS can effectively set prices for units of certain single-source drugs and biologics reimbursed under Medicare Part B, Medicare Advantage and Part D. Generally, these government prices apply nine years (for small molecule drugs) or 13 years (for biological products) following FDA approval and will be capped at a statutory ceiling price that is likely to represent a significant discount from average prices to wholesalers and direct purchasers. In August 2024, as part of the first round of government price setting pursuant to the IRA, the HHS announced the "maximum fair price" for a 30-day equivalent supply of Eliquis, which applies to the U.S. Medicare channel effective January 1, 2026. In January 2025, the HHS selected Pomalyst as a medicine subject to "negotiation" for government-set prices beginning in 2027. It is possible that more of our products could be selected in future years, which could, among other things, accelerate revenue erosion prior to expiry of intellectual property protections. Failure to comply with requirements under the price setting process is subject to an excise tax and/or a civil monetary penalty. The IRA also generally requires drug manufacturers to provide rebates for Medicare Part B and Part D medicines if the price of a Part B or Part D drug increases faster than the rate of inflation. As of January 2025, under the IRA, the Part D benefit redesign replaced the 70 percent CGDP discount with a 10 percent manufacturer discount for all Medicare Part D beneficiaries that have met their deductible and incurred out of pocket drug costs below a $2,000 threshold and a 20 percent discount for beneficiaries that have incurred out of pocket drug costs above the $2,000 threshold under the new Part D benefit redesign. Manufacturers that fail to comply with the IRA may be subject to various penalties, including civil monetary penalties, which could be significant. The IRA has and will continue to meaningfully impact our business strategies and those of others in the pharmaceutical industry. The full impact of the IRA on our business and the pharmaceutical industry, including the implications to us of our or a competitor's product being selected for price setting, remains uncertain.
At the state level, multiple states have passed, are pursuing or are considering government action via legislation or regulations to change drug pricing and reimbursement (e.g., establishing prescription drug affordability boards, implementing manufacturer mandates tied to the Federal Public Health Service Act drug pricing program, etc.). Some of these state-level actions may also influence federal and other state policies and legislation. Given the current uncertainty surrounding the adoption, timing and implementation of many of these measures, as well as pending litigation challenging such laws, we are unable to predict their full impact on our business. However, such measures could modify or decrease access, coverage, or reimbursement of our products, or result in significant changes to our sales or pricing practices, which could have a material impact on our revenues and results of operations. With respect to the Federal Public Health Service Act drug pricing program, certain states have enacted laws regulating manufacturer pricing obligations under the program to date. Several additional states are considering similar potential legislation or other government actions, and we expect other states may do the same in the future. Further, commercial payers often consider Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations when setting their own payment rates. Any reduction in cost or other containment measures may similarly be adopted by commercial plans. Coverage policies and reimbursement rates for commercial plans may change at any time.
Additionally, manufacturers who are found to have knowingly and intentionally overcharged 340B program covered entities could be subject to significant monetary penalties. Over the course of the past few years, Celgene had received inquiries from the Health Resources and Services Administration regarding the limited distribution networks for Revlimid, Pomalyst, and Thalomid and compliance with the 340B program. As part of our broader integration strategy and alignment of our distribution model (post our acquisition of Celgene) we had announced that beginning March 1, 2022, we would generally recognize up to two designated 340B program contract pharmacy locations per 340B program hospital that lacks an entity-owned pharmacy. We then updated this policy effective July 1, 2024, to generally recognize up to four contract pharmacy locations per 340B program hospital that lacks an entity-owned pharmacy. Multiple states have enacted laws generally prohibiting manufacturer policies restricting recognition of contract pharmacy arrangements and provide for certain penalties for violations. Such laws have been subject to legal challenges. Whether or how such laws may impact our business remains uncertain. Although we believe that we have complied with, and continue to comply with, all applicable legal requirements, additional legal or legislative changes with respect to the 340B program may cause us to update our approach. Significant changes to our sales or pricing practices with regard to the distribution of drugs under the 340B program, or any material changes in our U.S. payer channel mix, could have an adverse effect on our revenues and profitability. In addition, if we are required to pay penalties under the applicable regulations, there would be an adverse effect on our revenues and profitability. For additional information on pricing pressures and other constraints, refer to “Item 1. Business-Pricing, Price Constraints and Market Access.”
We may experience difficulties or delays in the development and commercialization of new products. Our ability to replace revenue from products that lose patent protection is directly dependent on our ability to successfully develop and commercialize new products in a timely manner.
As is common in the pharmaceutical industry, BMS expects that sales of its branded products like Orencia, Eliquis and Opdivo will decline after the loss of market exclusivity for such products. Consequently, our future success is highly dependent on our pipeline of new products. There is a high rate of failure inherent in the research and development process for new drugs. As a result, there is a high risk that our investments in research programs will not generate financial returns. Compounds or products may appear promising in development but fail to reach market within the expected or optimal timeframe, or at all. We have experienced setbacks and may continue to do so.
In addition, product extensions or additional indications may not be approved. Furthermore, products or indications approved under the U.S. FDA’s Accelerated Approval Program may be contingent upon verification and description of clinical benefit in confirmatory studies and such studies may not be successful.
Developing and commercializing new compounds and products involves inherent risks and uncertainties, including (i) efficacy and safety concerns or findings of superior safety or efficacy of competing products; (ii) delayed or denied regulatory approvals, including as a result of difficulties in enrolling patients and completing clinical trials in a timely manner; (iii) delays or challenges with producing products on a commercial scale or excessive costs to manufacture products; (iv) failure to enter into or implement optimal alliances for the development and/or commercialization of new products; (v) changes in regulatory approval processes and policies which may cause delays or denials of new product approvals; (vi) preclusion from commercialization due to intellectual property issues or disputes with third parties; (vii) failure in certain markets to obtain reimbursement commensurate with the level of innovation and clinical benefit presented by the product; and (viii) changing clinical preferences, changing industry standards, laws and regulations, or competitors’ innovations, each of which may render new products or enhancements to existing products obsolete.
We are also unable to predict if and when any changes to laws or regulatory policies will occur and how they will affect our business and particularly our pipeline of new products.
Commercialization launch delays are especially common when a product is expected to have a REMS program, as required by the FDA to address significant risk/benefit issues. Certain of our future key products may be required to be distributed in the U.S. through
a REMS program. The inability to bring a product to market or a significant delay in the expected regulatory approval and related launch date of a new product could negatively impact our revenues and earnings. In addition, if certain acquired pipeline programs are canceled or we believe their commercial prospects have been reduced, we may recognize material non-cash impairment charges for those programs. Finally, losing key molecules and intermediaries or our compound library through a natural or man-made disaster or act of sabotage could negatively impact the product development cycle.
We can provide no assurance when or whether any of our products under development will be approved or launched or whether any products, once launched, will be commercially successful. The public announcement of data from our clinical studies, or those of our competitors, or news of any developments related to our, or our competitors’, products or late-stage compounds may cause significant volatility in our stock price and depending on the data, may result in an adverse impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations. If the development of any of our key late-stage product candidates is delayed or discontinued or a clinical study does not meet one or more of its primary endpoints, our stock price could decline significantly and there may be an adverse impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
We must maintain a continuous flow of successful new products and successful new indications for existing products sufficient both to cover our substantial research and development costs and to replace sales that are lost as profitable products lose market exclusivity or are displaced by competing products or therapies. Failure to do so in the short-term or long-term can have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flow, financial condition and prospects. We may also choose to no longer pursue certain programs from time to time as we periodically review our research and development programs and seek to prioritize our pipeline investments. This may result in further uncertainty as to when potential new products will be approved and commercialized. There can be no assurance that our key product candidates would prove to be safe and effective or as safe and effective as other competing products, or that, even if approved, any such products will become commercially successful for all approved indications.
We could lose market exclusivity of a product earlier than expected.
In the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, the majority of an innovative product’s commercial value is realized during its market exclusivity period. In the U.S. and in some other countries, when market exclusivity expires and generic versions are approved and marketed or when biosimilars are introduced (even if only for a competing product), there are usually very substantial and rapid declines in a product’s revenues.
Market exclusivity for our products is based upon patent rights and certain regulatory forms of exclusivity. The scope of our patent rights, if any, varies from country to country and may also be dependent on the availability of meaningful legal remedies in a country. The failure to obtain or maintain patent and other intellectual property rights, or limitations on the use or loss of such rights, could result in a rapid loss of sales for any affected products which could be material to us. In some countries, including certain EU member states, basic patent protections for our products may not exist because certain countries did not historically offer the right to obtain specific types of patents, and/or we (or our licensors) did not file in those countries. In addition, the patent environment can be unpredictable, and the validity and enforceability of patents cannot be predicted with certainty. For example, for Eliquis, generics have challenged the composition of matter patents and related SPCs in various jurisdictions, and trials have taken place, or are scheduled to take place, in certain European countries. While these legal proceedings are pending, generic manufacturers have begun marketing generic versions of Eliquis in certain EU countries and may seek to market generic versions of Eliquis in other EU countries prior to the expiration date of applicable patents and related SPCs. Furthermore, manufacturers of innovative drugs as well as generic drug manufacturers may be able to design their products around our owned or licensed patents and compete with us using the resulting alternative technology. Absent relevant patent protection for a product, once the data exclusivity period expires, generic or alternative versions can be approved and marketed.
Generic and biosimilar product manufacturers as well as other groups seeking financial gain are also increasingly seeking to challenge patents before they expire, and we have faced and may continue to face earlier-than-expected competition for any products at any time. Patents covering our key products have been, and are likely to continue to be, subject to validity, enforceability and infringement challenges in patent litigations and post-grant review patent office proceedings. Although we are confident in the strength of our intellectual property rights, it may be possible for generic drug companies to successfully challenge our rights and launch their generic versions of our drugs prior to the expiration of our intellectual property rights. For example, following certain adverse judicial decisions in the UK, Finland and Slovakia, generic manufacturers have begun marketing generic versions of Eliquis in these countries, and may seek to market generic versions of Eliquis in additional countries in Europe, prior to the expiration of our patents, which may lead to additional infringement and invalidity actions involving Eliquis patents being filed in various countries in Europe. In addition, in order to avoid the uncertainty and expense of litigation, among other reasons, we may decide to enter into settlements with generic manufacturers that permit generic market entry prior to the expiration of our intellectual property rights. For example, as a result of patent settlements, generic entry for Revlimid in the UK began on January 18, 2022, and in various other European countries on February 18, 2022. Similarly, in the U.S., following patent settlements, certain companies have begun marketing generic lenalidomide pursuant to volume-limited licenses. The licenses will no longer be volume-limited beginning on January 31, 2026.
In some cases, manufacturers may seek regulatory approval by submitting their own clinical study data to obtain marketing approval or choose to launch a generic product “at risk” before the expiration of the applicable patent(s) and/or before the final resolution of related patent litigation. In addition, some countries are allowing manufacturers to manufacture and sell generic products, which negatively impacts the protections afforded the Company. Lower-priced generics or biosimilars for BMS biologic products or competing biologics could negatively impact our volumes and prices.
In addition, both the U.S. Congress and the FDA have taken steps to promote the development and approval of generic drugs and biosimilar biologics, including by providing generic and biosimilar developers a private right of action to obtain sufficient quantities of drug samples from the reference product’s manufacturer in order to conduct testing necessary to obtain approval for generic or biosimilar products.
In addition, in December 2023, the Biden administration released a proposed framework that for the first time proposed that a drug’s price can be a factor in determining that the drug is not accessible to the public and, therefore, that the government could exercise “march-in rights” and license it to a third party to manufacture. We cannot predict whether the Trump administration will finalize the draft framework or if the government will propose other drug pricing policy changes. If pursued and finalized, these policies could reduce prices and reimbursement for certain of our products and could significantly impact our business and consolidated results of operations.
There is no assurance that a particular product will enjoy market exclusivity for the full time period that appears in the estimates disclosed in this 2024 Form 10-K or that we assume when we provide our financial guidance.
We face intense competition from other biopharmaceutical companies and manufacturers and expect to see increasing market penetration of lower-priced generic products.
The future growth of BMS is dependent on the market access, uptake and expansion for marketed brands, new product introductions, new indications, product extensions and co-promotional activities with alliance partners. Competition is keen, and as we lose exclusivity for some of our marketed brands, lower-priced generic products will increasingly penetrate our markets. Generic or biosimilar challenges to our products can also arise at any time, and our patents may not prevent the emergence of generic or biosimilar competition for our products. In some countries, patent protection is significantly weaker than in the U.S. or in the EU; political and social pressure has also pushed legislation and other measures that promote the use of generic and biosimilar products. For additional information, see “-We could lose market exclusivity of a product earlier than expected.”
In addition, we face competition from new products entering the market. New products may have (i) lower prices, (ii) superior efficacy (benefit) or safety (risk) profiles (whether actual or perceived), (iii) technological advantages that may make such products more convenient to use, (iv) better insurance coverage or reimbursement levels, (v) more effective marketing programs and/or other differentiating factors that make it harder for our products to compete. We cannot predict with accuracy the timing or impact of the introduction of competitive products that treat diseases and conditions like those treated by our products and product candidates. Business combinations among our competitors and major third-party payers may also increase competition for our products. If we are unable to compete successfully against our competitors’ products in the marketplace, this could have a material negative impact on our revenues and earnings.
We could experience difficulties, delays and disruptions in our supply chain as well as in the manufacturing, distribution and sale of our products.
Our product supply and related patient access has been, and could in the future be, negatively impacted by difficulties, delays and disruptions in the manufacturing, distribution and sale of our products. Some of the difficulties, delays and disruptions include: (i) product seizures or recalls or forced closings of manufacturing plants; (ii) our failure, or the failure of any of our vendors or suppliers, to comply with cGMP and other applicable regulations or quality assurance guidelines that could lead to manufacturing shutdowns, product shortages or delays in product manufacturing; (iii) manufacturing, quality assurance/quality control, supply problems or governmental approval delays; (iv) the failure of a supplier, including sole source or single source suppliers, to provide us with the necessary raw materials, supplies or finished goods within a reasonable timeframe and with required quality; (v) the failure of a third-party manufacturer to supply us with bulk active or finished product on time; (vi) construction or regulatory approval delays for new facilities or the expansion of existing facilities, including those intended to support future demand for our biologics products; (vii) the failure to meet new and emerging regulations requiring products to be tracked throughout the distribution channels using unique identifiers to verify their authenticity in the supply chain; (viii) other manufacturing or distribution issues, including limits to manufacturing capacity and changes in the types of products produced, such as biologics, physical limitations, labor disputes or shortages, or other business interruptions; (ix) geopolitical factors in a specific country or region, including any new, or changes in or interpretations of existing, trade regulations, including for example, any new tariffs imposed in the jurisdictions in which we operate, or compliance requirements of other legislation; and (x) disruptions in supply chain continuity, including from market forces, natural disasters, global disease outbreaks or pandemics (including COVID-19), acts of war or terrorism or other unforeseeable or unavoidable events that materially impact one or more of our facilities or a critical supplier.
In addition, manufacturing processes for novel cell-based therapies, such as CAR-T cell therapies, are still evolving, and our processes may be more complicated or more expensive than the approaches taken by our current and future competitors. Our ability to source raw materials and supplies used to manufacture our CAR-T cell therapies and to develop consistent and reliable manufacturing processes and distribution networks with an attractive cost of goods could impact future anticipated revenue and gross profit for our CAR-T cell therapies. Furthermore, we may face challenges with sourcing raw materials and supplies for clinical and, if approved, commercial manufacturing. Logistical and shipment delays and other factors not in our control could prevent or delay the delivery of our product candidates and marketed products to patients. Additionally, we are required to maintain a complex chain of identity and custody with respect to patient material as such material enters into and moves through the manufacturing process. As a result, even slight deviations at any point in the production process for our CAR-T cell therapies or in material used in our CAR-T cell therapies could result in loss of product or regulatory remedial action, which could adversely affect our future anticipated revenues and/or profitability related to our CAR-T cell therapies.
Regulatory, Intellectual Property, Litigation, Tax and Legal Compliance Risks
Litigation claiming infringement of intellectual property may adversely affect our future revenues and operating earnings.
We and certain of our subsidiaries are, and in the future may be, involved in various legal proceedings, including patent litigation, such as claims that our patents are invalid, unenforceable and/or do not cover the product of the generic drug manufacturer or where third parties seek damages and/or injunctive relief to compensate for alleged infringement of their patents by our commercial or other activities. Resolving an intellectual property infringement or other claim can be costly and time consuming and may require us to enter into license agreements, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms. A successful claim of patent or other intellectual property infringement could subject us to significant damages and/or an injunction preventing the manufacture, sale, or use of the affected product or products. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our profitability and financial condition.
Legal matters could negatively affect our business.
Current or future lawsuits, claims, proceedings and government investigations could preclude or delay the commercialization of our products or could adversely affect our operations, profitability, liquidity or financial condition, after any possible insurance recoveries where available. Such legal matters include (i) intellectual property disputes; (ii) adverse decisions in litigation, including product safety and liability, consumer protection and commercial cases; (iii) matters related to anti-corruption or anti-bribery regulations, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act or the UK Bribery Act, including compliance with ongoing reporting obligations to the government resulting from any settlements; (iv) recalls or withdrawals of pharmaceutical products or forced closings of manufacturing plants; (v) the alleged failure to fulfill obligations under supply contracts with the government and other customers or under other agreements relating to our business; (vi) product pricing and promotional matters; (vii) lawsuits and claims asserting, or investigations into, violations of securities, antitrust, Federal and state pricing, consumer protection, data privacy and other laws and regulations; (viii) environmental, health, safety and sustainability matters, including regulatory actions in response to climate change; and (ix) tax liabilities resulting from assessments from tax authorities.
We are subject to a variety of U.S. and international laws and regulations.
We are currently subject to a number of government laws and regulations and, in the future, could become subject to new government laws and regulations. The costs of compliance with such laws and regulations, or the negative results of non-compliance, could adversely affect our business, our operating results and our financial condition. These laws and regulations control and regulate key aspects of our business, including, but not limited to: (i) market access, pricing controls and discounting; (ii) tax liabilities, returns and payments; (iii) imports and other trade restrictions; (iv) intellectual property protection and enforcement; (v) good practice guidelines and regulations; (vi) accounting standards; (vii) cybersecurity and data protection, storage and privacy, particularly in the EU and the U.S.; (viii) requirements for reporting payments and other value transfers to healthcare professionals (such as those provided under the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute); and (ix) compliance with anti-bribery and anti-corruption practices of the U.S. and other countries.
In addition, the U.S. healthcare industry is highly regulated and subject to frequent and substantial changes, including as a result of new judicial or governmental decisions. For example, Congress passed the Food and Drug Omnibus Reform Act in December 2022, which gave the FDA additional authority to require confirmatory trials to be underway at the time of approval and offered an additional enforcement mechanism if sponsors do not complete such studies with due diligence. Additionally, pharmacy benefit manager practices have come under increased scrutiny from U.S. policymakers at the federal and state level, who have proposed legislation intended to address concerns regarding the impact that these intermediaries have on drug pricing and patients’ out of pocket costs. If promulgated, such legislation could have resultant implications, costs or consequences for our business and how we
interact with these entities. We cannot predict how other future federal or state legislative or administrative changes relating to healthcare reform will affect our business. For additional information, refer to “Item 1. Business-Government Regulation,” “Item 1. Business-Pricing, Price Constraints and Market Access” and “-Legal matters could negatively affect our business.” Similarly, the legislative and regulatory environment regarding cybersecurity, data protection, storage and privacy is continuously evolving and the subject of significant attention by regulators and private parties globally. Regulators are imposing new cybersecurity and data
protection, storage and privacy requirements, including new and greater monetary fines or penalties for privacy violations, and jurisdictions where we operate have passed, or continue to propose, data privacy legislation and or regulations. Failure to comply with these laws could result in significant penalties, including potential exclusion from federal healthcare programs, and reputational harm and could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
Expectations relating to environmental, social and governance considerations and related reporting obligations expose the Company to potential liabilities, increased costs, reputational harm, and other adverse effects on the Company’s business.
There is an increased focus by foreign, federal, state, and local regulatory and legislative bodies investors and other stakeholders regarding environmental policies relating to climate change, regulating greenhouse gas emissions, carbon taxes, emissions trading schemes, sustainability, human rights, inclusion and diversity matters, and disclosure regarding the foregoing, many of which may be ambiguous, inconsistent, dynamic or conflicting. We expect to experience or be subject to increased restrictions, compliance and assurance costs, recurring investments in data gathering and reporting systems, and legal expenses related to such new or changing legal or regulatory requirements, which could increase our operating costs. In addition, we may still be subject to penalties or potential litigation if such laws and regulations are interpreted or applied in a manner inconsistent with our practices.
Moreover, from time to time we establish and publicly announce environmental, social and governance aspirational goals and commitments. Implementation of our environmental, social and governance aspirational goals and initiatives involves risks and uncertainties, requires investments, and depends in part on third-party performance or data that is outside of our control. In addition, some stakeholders may disagree with the Company’s environmental, social and governance aspirational goals, targets or objectives. If we do not meet, are perceived not to meet, or if stakeholders disagree with, our environmental, social and governance aspirational goals, targets or objectives, we risk negative stakeholder reaction, including from proxy advisory services, as well as damage to our brand and reputation, reduced demand for our products, inability to attract and retain employee talent or other negative impacts on our business and operations.
Changes to tax regulations could negatively impact our earnings.
We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and various other countries globally. Changes in tax laws and regulations can and do occur. Significant judgment is required for determining the Company’s tax liabilities, and the Company’s tax returns are periodically examined by various tax authorities. We have faced, and may continue to face, audit challenges on how we apply a tax law or regulation. The ultimate resolution of any tax matter may result in payments greater or less than amounts accrued, which could have a negative impact on our provision for income taxes. In addition, our future earnings could be negatively impacted if our tax strategies are ineffective or by further changes in tax legislation, including changes in tax rates and tax base such as limiting, phasing-out or eliminating deductions or tax credits, increase taxing of certain excess income from intellectual property, revising tax law interpretations in domestic or foreign jurisdictions, changes in rules for earnings repatriations and changes in other tax laws in the U.S. or other countries. This includes Pillar Two legislation that has been enacted pursuant to the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework in various jurisdictions in which we operate. These rules and associated legislative changes may significantly impact our tax provision and results of operations.
The failure of third parties to meet their contractual, regulatory and other obligations could adversely affect our business.
We rely on suppliers, vendors, outsourcing partners, alliance partners and other third parties to research, develop, manufacture, commercialize, co-promote and sell our products, manage certain marketing, human resource, finance, IT, data and other business unit and functional services and meet their contractual, regulatory and other obligations. Using these third parties poses a number of risks, such as: (i) they may not perform to our standards or legal requirements, for example, in relation to the outsourcing of significant clinical development activities for innovative medicines to some contract research organizations; (ii) they may not produce reliable results; (iii) they may not perform in a timely manner; (iv) they may not maintain confidentiality of our proprietary information; (v) they may experience a cyber attack or business disruption; (vi) they may be subject to government orders or mandates that require them to give priority to the government and set aside pre-existing commercial orders; (vii) disputes may arise with respect to ownership of rights to technology developed with our partners; and (viii) disagreements could cause delays in, or termination of, the research, development or commercialization of the product or result in litigation or arbitration. Moreover, some third parties are located in markets subject to political and social risks, corruption, infrastructure problems and natural disasters, in addition to country specific privacy and data security risks given current legal and regulatory environments. The failure of any critical third party to satisfactorily meet its obligations, including for future royalty and milestone payments; to adequately deploy business continuity plans in the event of a crisis; and/or to satisfactorily resolve significant disagreements with us or address other factors, could have a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations. In addition, if these third parties violate, or are alleged to have violated, any laws or regulations, including the local pharmaceutical code, anti-corruption or anti-bribery regulations, the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation, securities laws, or other laws and regulations, during the performance of their obligations for us, we could suffer financial and reputational harm or other negative outcomes, including possible legal consequences.
Product labeling changes for our marketed products could result in a negative impact on revenues and profit margins.
Pharmaceutical products receive regulatory approval based on data obtained in controlled clinical trials of limited duration. Additional clinical trials, head-to-head studies, real-world data analyses, adverse events reports following the use of our products
over longer periods of time and studies that identify biomarkers (objective characteristics that can indicate a particular response to a product or therapy) that are conducted after obtaining marketing approval for our products, and regulatory changes to standards regarding safety, efficacy or labeling, may result in product label changes or other measures that could reduce the product's market acceptance and result in declining revenues. Sometimes additional information from new studies identifies a portion of the patient population that may be non-responsive to a medicine or would be at higher risk of adverse reactions and labeling changes based on such studies may limit the patient population. The studies providing such additional information may be sponsored by us, but they could also be sponsored by competitors, insurance companies, government institutions, MCOs, scientists, investigators or other interested parties. While additional safety and efficacy information from such studies assist us and healthcare providers in identifying the best patient population for each product, it can also negatively impact our operating results. New information added to a product’s label can affect its risk-benefit profile, leading to potential voluntary or mandatory recalls, withdrawals or declining revenue, as well as legal claims, including product liability, consumer fraud or other claims. For example, in November 2023, the FDA announced that it was investigating the risk of T-cell malignancies in patients who received treatment with CAR-T cell therapy, noting that the overall benefits of CAR-T cell therapy products continue to outweigh their potential risks for their approved uses. In January 2024, the FDA determined that safety labeling changes were needed for approved CAR-T cell therapies, including a “boxed warning” about the possible risk of T-cell malignancies in patients treated with CAR-T cell therapy. Additionally, certain study results, especially from head-to-head studies, could affect a product’s formulary listing, which could also adversely affect revenues.
In addition, if safety or efficacy concerns are raised about a third party's product in the same class as one of our products, those concerns could implicate the entire class and this, in turn, could have an adverse impact on the availability or commercial viability of our product(s) as well as other products in the class.
The illegal distribution and sale by third parties of counterfeit or unregistered versions of our products or stolen products could have a negative impact on our revenues, earnings, reputation and business.
Third parties may illegally distribute and sell counterfeit versions of our products, which do not meet our rigorous manufacturing and testing standards. A patient who receives a counterfeit drug or a product diverted from its authorized market may be at risk for a number of dangerous health consequences. Our reputation and business could suffer harm as a result of counterfeit drugs sold under our brand name or diverted products. The prevalence of counterfeit medicines is an industry-wide issue due to a variety of factors, including the adoption of e-commerce, greatly enhancing consumers’ ability to obtain prescriptions and other medical treatments via the internet in lieu of traditional brick and mortar pharmacies. The internet exposes patients to greater risk as it is a preferred vehicle for dangerous counterfeit offers and scams because of the anonymity it affords counterfeiters.
Thefts of inventory at warehouses, plants or while in-transit, which are then not properly stored and are later sold through unauthorized channels, could adversely impact patient safety, our reputation and our business. In addition, diversion of products from their authorized market into other channels may result in reduced revenues and negatively affect our profitability.
Use of social media platforms can present risks and challenges.
We use social media to communicate Company news and events. The inappropriate and/or unauthorized use of social media could cause brand damage or information leakage and may give rise to liability, including from the improper collection and/or dissemination of personally identifiable information from employees, patients, healthcare professionals or other stakeholders. In addition, negative or inaccurate posts or comments about us on any social networking website could damage our reputation, brand image and goodwill and may cause significant volatility in our stock price. Further, the disclosure of non-public Company-sensitive information by our workforce or others, whether intentional or unintentional, through social media channels could lead to loss of trade secrets or other intellectual property, as well as the Company’s commercially sensitive information.
Information Technology and Cybersecurity Risks
We are dependent on information technology systems, including artificial intelligence programs, and face risk of cybersecurity incidents that could disrupt our business and result in theft of proprietary, confidential and personal information.
We rely extensively on information technology systems, networks and services, including internet sites, data hosting and processing facilities and tools, physical security systems and other hardware, software and technical applications and platforms, some of which are managed, hosted, provided by and/or used for third parties or their vendors, to assist in conducting our business. We have faced, and will continue to face, risks of incidents, whether through cyber attacks or cyber intrusions through the Cloud, the Internet, phishing attempts, ransomware and other forms of malware, computer viruses, email attachments, extortion, exfiltration and other scams. Although we make efforts to maintain the security and integrity of our information technology systems and data, these systems and the proprietary, confidential and personal information that resides on or is transmitted through them, are subject to the risk of a cybersecurity incident or disruption, and there can be no assurance that our security efforts and measures, and those of our third-party vendors, will prevent breakdowns or incidents to our or our third-party vendors’ systems, which could adversely affect our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. Cybersecurity risks continue to develop, including as a result of threat actors increasingly targeting employees and supply chains and geopolitical tensions leading to an increase in sabotage, espionage and cyber attacks. As the cyber-threat landscape evolves, these attacks are growing in frequency, sophistication and intensity, and due
to the nature of some of these attacks, there is also a risk that they may remain undetected for a period of time. A significant breakdown, invasion, corruption, destruction or interruption of critical information technology systems or leak or theft of proprietary, confidential or personal information could negatively impact operations. There can be no assurance that our continuing efforts will prevent breakdowns or incidents to our or our third-party providers’ systems or databases that could adversely affect our business. Under certain circumstances, such incidents when detected could require disclosure to government authorities and/or regulators and could require notification to impacted individuals, and any such incident could result in material financial, legal, business and reputational harm to us. Further, although we maintain insurance coverage designed to transfer certain cybersecurity incident costs, there is a risk this insurance would be insufficient to cover the costs of the incident, including due to coverage limits or insurance exclusions.
In addition, we face certain risks as we seek to leverage artificial intelligence programs and machine learning (“AI”) to optimize productivity and efficiency in various aspects of the organization. For example, flawed algorithms and/or biased, incomplete or inaccurate data used in AI programs may result in deficient AI-generated content. The regulatory landscape related to AI remains uncertain, and we may be required to devote significant resources to comply with developing laws and address ethical concerns. Our competitors may also develop or adopt more effective AI technologies, resulting in more efficient operations and putting us at a competitive disadvantage. These risks may result in an adverse impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Strategic, Business Development and Employee Attraction and Retention Risks
We depend on several key products for most of our revenues, cash flows and earnings.
We derive a majority of our revenue and earnings from several key products. We expect that Eliquis, Opdivo, Orencia and Yervoy will represent a significant percentage of our revenue, earnings and cash flows during the next few years. A reduction in revenue from any of these products due to loss of market exclusivity or other factors could adversely impact our earnings and cash flows. For additional information, see “-We could lose market exclusivity of a product earlier than expected.”
Also, if one of our major products were to become subject to issues, such as loss of patent protection, significant changes in demand, formulary access changes, material product liability, unexpected side effects, regulatory proceedings, negative publicity, supply disruption from our manufacturing operations or third-party supplier or a significant advancement of competing products, we may incur an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations or the trading price of our stock.
In addition, in the U.S., most of our products are distributed through wholesalers, and if one of these wholesalers should encounter financial or other difficulties, we might be unable to timely collect the amounts that the wholesaler owes us, which could negatively impact our results of operations. We expect that consolidation and integration of pharmacy chains, wholesalers and pharmacy benefit managers will increase competitive and pricing pressures on pharmaceutical manufacturers, including us.
Third-party royalties represent a significant percentage of our pretax income and operating cash flow.
We have entered into several arrangements which entitle us to potential royalties from third parties for out-licensed intellectual property, commercialization rights and sales-based contingent proceeds related to the divestiture of businesses. In many of these arrangements we have minimal, if any, continuing involvement that contributes to the financial success of those activities. Royalties have continued to represent a significant percentage of our pretax income, including royalties related to the divestiture of our diabetes business (including the transfer of certain future royalty rights pertaining to Amylin, Onglyza* and Farxiga* product sales), out-licensed intellectual property and the Merck patent infringement settlement. Pretax income generated from royalties was approximately $2.4 billion in 2024. Our pretax income could be adversely affected as the royalty streams decline in future periods. For example, royalties related to Keytruda* decreased from 6.5% to 2.5% on January 1, 2024 and are expected to terminate on December 31, 2026, and royalties related to Tecentriq* are expected to terminate on December 31, 2026. In addition, our royalties from our divested diabetes business, specifically Amylin, Farxiga and Onglyza, terminate on December 31, 2025.
Failure to execute our business strategy or to identify and effectively manage acquisitions, divestitures, alliances, joint ventures and other portfolio actions could adversely impact our growth and profitability and our future results. In addition, any businesses or assets that we acquire in the future may underperform, we may not be able to successfully integrate them into our existing business and the occurrence of a number of unexpected factors could prevent or substantially delay the consummation of an anticipated acquisition, divestiture or merger.
Our strategy is focused on delivering innovative, transformational medicines to patients in a focused set of disease areas. To support future revenue growth and maintain an adequate pipeline, we have acquired, or in-licensed, a number of assets, and we expect to continue to support our pipeline with compounds or products obtained through licensing and acquisitions. Competition among pharmaceutical companies for acquisition and product licensing opportunities is intense, and we may not be able to locate suitable acquisition targets or licensing partners at reasonable prices, or successfully execute such transactions. If we are unable to consistently maintain an adequate pipeline, whether through internal R&D programs or transactions with third parties or if we are unable to support and grow our marketed products, successfully execute the launches of newly approved products, advance our late-
stage pipeline, manage change from our operating model evolution or manage our costs effectively, our operating results and financial condition could be negatively impacted.
Additionally, future revenues, profits and cash flows of an acquired company’s products, technologies and pipeline candidates may not materialize due to low product uptake, delayed or missed pipeline opportunities, the inability to capture expected synergies resulting from cost savings and avoidance, increased competition, safety concerns, regulatory issues, supply chain problems or other factors beyond our control. Substantial difficulties, costs and delays could result from integrating our acquisitions, including for: (i) R&D, manufacturing, distribution, sales, marketing, promotion and information technology activities; (ii) policies, procedures, processes, controls and compliance; and (iii) tax considerations.
Where we acquire debt or equity securities as all or part of the consideration for business development activities, such as in connection with a joint venture or acquisition, the value of those securities will fluctuate and may depreciate in value. We may not control the company in which we acquire securities, such as in connection with a collaborative arrangement, and as a result, we will have limited ability to determine its management, operational decisions, internal controls and compliance and other policies, which can result in additional financial and reputational risks.
We may not be successful in separating underperforming or non-strategic assets, and gains or losses on the divestiture of, or lost operating income from, such assets may affect our earnings. Our divestitures also may result in continued financial exposure to the divested businesses, such as through guarantees or other financial arrangements, continued supply and services arrangements, or potential litigation, following the transaction. Under these arrangements, nonperformance by us could result in obligations being imposed on us that could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, cash flows, results of operations, financial condition or reputation.
We might also incur asset impairment charges related to acquisitions or divestitures that reduce our earnings. The value allocated to certain of our assets could be substantially impaired due to a number of factors beyond our control. New or revised accounting standards, rules and interpretations could result in changes to the recognition of income and expense that may materially and adversely affect our financial results.
If the execution or implementation of acquisitions, divestitures, alliances, joint ventures and other portfolio actions is not successful, it could adversely impact our financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. Moreover, due to the substantial amount of debt that we incurred to finance the cash portion of the Celgene, MyoKardia, Mirati, Karuna and RayzeBio acquisitions, there can be no assurance of when we will be able to expand our business development capacity. Although we are committed to reducing our debt, pursuing strategic transaction opportunities in the future may require us to obtain additional equity or debt financing, and could result in increased leverage and/or a downgrade of our credit ratings.
Failure to attract and retain a highly qualified workforce could affect our ability to successfully develop and commercialize products.
Our success is largely dependent on our continued ability to (i) attract and retain highly qualified scientific, technical and management workforce, including people with expertise in clinical R&D, governmental regulation and commercialization, and (ii) in connection with our acquisitions, integrate corporate cultures and maintain employee morale. We are facing increasing competition for a limited pool of qualified individuals from numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, universities, government entities, research institutions, companies seeking to enter the healthcare space, and companies in other industries. Additionally, we periodically adjust our personnel needs in response to changing macroeconomic conditions, market opportunities, management changes, acquisitions, cost levels and other internal and external considerations, which may adversely impact our workplace culture and ability to retain and incentivize employees. We cannot be sure that we will be able to attract and retain quality talent or that the costs of doing so will not materially increase.
Market, Liquidity and Credit Risks
We have significant indebtedness that could have negative consequences.
Our acquisitions of Celgene, MyoKardia, Mirati, Karuna and RayzeBio increased the amount of our debt resulting in additional interest expense, and we may incur more debt to finance future acquisitions. This could reduce our financial flexibility to continue capital investments, develop new products and declare future dividends. For example, following the December 2023 announcements of previous acquisitions, Standard & Poor’s downgraded BMS’s long term-credit rating from A+ to A (with a stable long-term credit outlook).
Adverse changes in U.S. and global economic and political conditions could adversely affect our operations and profitability.
Global economic and political risks pose significant challenges to a company’s growth and profitability and are difficult to mitigate. We generated approximately 29% of our revenues outside of the U.S. in 2024. As such, a global economic downturn could create or amplify a variety of risks to our business and could negatively affect our growth. In addition, uncertainty in the credit and capital
markets could impact our growth strategy. Our revenues, earnings and cash flow are also exposed to risk from a strengthening U.S. dollar and global inflation, including in the U.S. If our operating costs were to significantly increase, whether as a result of rising inflation rates, wage increases or other factors, it could adversely affect our revenues and profitability. We also have exposure to customer credit risks in Europe, South America and other markets including from government-guaranteed hospital receivables in markets where payments are not received on time. We have significant operations in Europe, including for manufacturing and distribution. The results of our operations could be negatively impacted by any member country exiting the eurozone monetary union or EU.
Additionally, our business and operations may be adversely affected by political volatility, conflicts or crises in individual countries or regions, including terrorist activities or war and pandemics or epidemics. The COVID-19 pandemic affected demand for some of our products driven by lower patient starts and visits, and we would expect any future pandemics to have a similar effect. In addition, while we did not experience any significant manufacturing or supply issues due to COVID-19, it is possible that we could experience these issues in response to future pandemics. For instance, we may experience scarcity of certain raw materials and components as a result of the influx of pandemic related vaccine orders receiving priority treatment from vendors. Furthermore, a future epidemic or pandemic could create material staffing shortages at our manufacturing sites which could disrupt the supply of our products. It is also possible that we may experience supply chain interruptions as a result of quarantines, shelter-in-place and other governmental orders and policies, travel restrictions, airline and cargo capacity and route reductions. We may also experience delays in the initiation and enrollment of patients in our clinical trials as a consequence of any future pandemic. We may not be able to fully mitigate these delays, which could negatively impact the timing of our pipeline development programs and expected future revenues and/or cash flows. A prolonged clinical trial delay could potentially have a significant negative effect on our business, particularly if new competitive products enter the market or clinical trial results for our competitors’ products affect the value proposition for our product. Any such delays or difficulties in clinical development could also potentially lead to a material impairment of our intangible assets, including the $23.3 billion of other intangible assets as of December 31, 2024.
We cannot predict or reasonably estimate the impact of any potential long-term changes to the healthcare industry from global economic and political events, including any future pandemics. It is possible that changes in the healthcare system could impose additional burdens on clinical trials, which could increase the costs of sponsoring clinical trials or lead to additional delays or difficulties with completing clinical trials. We may also experience additional pricing pressures, shifts in the U.S. payer channel mix and/or increased governmental regulation.
Global economic conditions or events such as wars or pandemics also create additional risks from their impact on our suppliers, vendors, outsourcing partners, alliance partners and other third parties that we rely on to research, develop, manufacture, commercialize, co-promote and sell our products, manage certain marketing, selling, human resource, finance, IT and other business unit and functional services. For example, if any of our third-party providers suffer from limited solvency because of global economic conditions, it could negatively impact our operating model and our business. Similarly, global events such as the Ukraine-Russia conflict, tensions between the U.S. and China and other geopolitical events and conflicts can increase the volatility of the financial markets, foreign currency exchanges and interest rates. We could also face other potential negative consequences stemming from future pandemics or global events, including but not limited to increased cyber threats to us and our partners such as cyber attacks and outages, and challenges related to the safety of our employees and safe occupancy. It is possible that global economic and political events, including changes to the geopolitical relationship between the U.S. and China, other geopolitical events and conflicts, and any future pandemic, could exacerbate any of the other risks described in this 2024 Form 10-K as well.
There can be no guarantee that we will pay dividends or repurchase stock.
The declaration, amount and timing of any dividends fall within the discretion of our Board. The Board’s decision will depend on many factors, including our financial condition, earnings, capital requirements, debt service obligations, industry practice, legal requirements, regulatory constraints and other factors that our Board may deem relevant. A reduction or elimination of our dividend payments or dividend program could adversely affect our stock price. In addition, we could, at any time, decide not to buy back any more shares in the market, or reduce the number of shares repurchased under our share repurchase program, which could also adversely affect our stock price. The IRA imposes a non-deductible 1% excise tax on our net repurchases of shares after December 31, 2022. The imposition of the excise tax on repurchases of our shares may increase the cost to us of making repurchases and may cause our Board to reduce the number of shares repurchased pursuant to our share repurchase program.
Our amended bylaws designate the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware as the sole and exclusive forum for certain lawsuits between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a judicial forum that it finds favorable for such lawsuits and make it more costly for our stockholders to bring such lawsuits, which may have the effect of discouraging such lawsuits.
Our amended bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be, to the fullest extent permitted by law, the sole and exclusive forum for any (i) derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders, creditors or other constituents, (iii) action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any
provision of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our amended bylaws or (iv) action asserting a claim against us or any of our directors, officers or other employees governed by the internal affairs doctrine; provided, however, that, in the event that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware lacks jurisdiction over any such action or proceeding, the sole and exclusive forum for such action or proceeding will be another state or federal court of the State of Delaware. Our bylaws also provide that any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring or holding any interest in shares of our capital stock will be deemed to have notice of and consented to this forum selection provision.
The Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, another state or federal court of the State of Delaware) will have the fullest authority allowed by law to issue an anti-suit injunction to enforce this forum selection clause and to preclude suit in any other forum. However, this forum selection provision is not intended to apply to any actions brought under the Securities Act of 1933 (the "Securities Act"), as amended, or the Exchange Act. Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder and Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Accordingly, the forum selection provision in our amended bylaws will not relieve us of our duties to comply with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder, and our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with these laws, rules and regulations.
Nevertheless, this forum selection provision in our bylaws may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers and other employees, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims, although our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. In addition, stockholders who do bring a claim in the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware could face additional litigation costs in pursuing any such claim, particularly if they do not reside in or near Delaware. While we believe the risk of a court declining to enforce the forum selection provision contained in our amended bylaws is low, if a court were to find the provision inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Item 2. PROPERTIES.
Our principal executive offices are located at Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ. We own or lease manufacturing, R&D, administration, storage and distribution facilities at approximately 130 sites worldwide. We believe our manufacturing properties, in combination with our third-party manufacturers, are in good operating condition and provide adequate production capacity for our current and projected operations. We also believe that none of our properties are subject to any material encumbrance, easement or other restriction that would detract materially from their value or impair their use in the operation of the business. For further information about our manufacturing properties, refer to “Item 1. Business-Manufacturing and Quality Assurance.”
Our significant manufacturing and R&D locations by geographic area were as follows at December 31, 2024:
Manufacturing R&D
United States 4 8
International
2 2
Total 6 10

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.
Information pertaining to legal proceedings can be found in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Note 20. Legal Proceedings and Contingencies” and is incorporated by reference herein.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.
Not applicable.
PART IA
Information about our Executive Officers
Listed below is information on our executive officers as of February 12, 2025. Executive officers are elected by the Board of Directors for an initial term, which continues until the first Board meeting following the next Annual Meeting of Shareholders, and thereafter, are elected for a one-year term or until their successors have been elected. Executive officers serve at the discretion of the Board of Directors.
Name and Current Position Age Employment History
Christopher Boerner, Ph.D.
Chair of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Member of the Leadership Team
54 2015 to 2017 - President and Head of U.S. Commercial
2017 to 2018 - President and Head, International Markets
2018 to 2023 - Executive Vice President, Chief Commercialization Officer
2023 to 2023 - Executive Vice President, Chief Operating Officer
2023 to 2024 - Chief Executive Officer
2024 to present - Chair of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
David V. Elkins
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Member of the Leadership Team
56 2014 to 2017 - Group Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Consumer and Consumer Medicines, Johnson & Johnson
2017 to 2018 - Worldwide Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Consumer Products, Medical Development and Corporate Functions, Johnson & Johnson
2018 to 2019 - Chief Financial Officer, Celgene Corporation
2019 to present - Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Cari Gallman
Executive Vice President, Corporate Affairs
Member of the Leadership Team
45 2015 to 2018 - Senior Counsel, US Legal
2018 to 2019 - Assistant General Counsel, Oncology Legal
2019 to 2021 - Vice President, Assistant General Counsel, Worldwide Oncology
2021 to 2023 - Senior Vice President, Chief Compliance Officer
2023 to present - Executive Vice President, Corporate Affairs
Benjamin Hickey
President, RayzeBio Organization
Member of the Leadership Team
50 2014 to 2016 - Vice President, Commercial, Immuno-Oncology
2016 to 2018 - General Manager, UK & Ireland
2018 to 2020 - Senior Vice President, Chief Commercial Officer, Halozyme Therapeutics
2020 to 2024 - Chief Commercial Officer, Head of Business Development, Mirati Therapeutics
2024 to present - President, RayzeBio Organization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Samit Hirawat, M.D.
Executive Vice President, Chief Medical Officer, Head of Development
Member of the Leadership Team
56 2017 to 2019 - Executive Vice President, Head of Oncology Development, Novartis
2019 to 2023 - Executive Vice President, Chief Medical Officer, Global Drug Development
2023 to present - Executive Vice President, Chief Medical Officer, Head of Development
Lynelle Hoch
President, Cell Therapy Organization
Member of the Leadership Team
52 2016 to 2019- Vice President, Immuno-Oncology Marketing
2019 to 2021 - General Manager, Ireland & UK, Major Markets
2021 to 2023 - Senior Vice President, Global Cell Therapy Franchise Lead
2023 to present - President, Cell Therapy Organization
Phil Holzer
Senior Vice President & Controller
49 2015 to 2018 - Chief Audit Officer
2018 to 2019 - Vice President & Head of Finance, Research & Development
2019 to 2021 - Senior Vice President, Enterprise Integration Management
2021 to 2024 - Senior Vice President, Finance, Tax & Treasury
2024 to present - Senior Vice President & Controller
Adam Lenkowsky
Executive Vice President, Chief Commercialization Officer
Member of the Leadership Team
53 2016 to 2019 - Head of US Oncology
2019 to 2022 - Senior Vice President, General Manager of U.S. Oncology, Immunology & Cardiovascular
2022 to 2023 Senior Vice President, Head of Major Markets
2023 to present - Executive Vice President, Chief Commercialization Officer
Sandra Leung
Executive Vice President, General Counsel
Member of the Leadership Team
64 2015 to present - Executive Vice President, General Counsel
Greg Meyers
Executive Vice President, Chief Digital and Technology Officer
Member of the Leadership Team
52 2014 to 2018 - Corporate Vice President and Chief Information Officer, Motorola Solutions
2018 to 2022 - Group Chief Information and Digital Officer, Syngenta Group
2022 to present - Executive Vice President, Chief Digital and Technology Officer
Robert Plenge, M.D., Ph.D.
Executive Vice President, Chief Research Officer, Head of Research
Member of the Leadership Team
54 2017 to 2019 - Vice President Inflammation and Immunology, Thematic Center of Excellence Unit, Celgene Corporation
2019 to 2021 - Senior Vice President, Immunology, Cardiovascular & Fibrosis, Thematic Research Center
2021 to 2023 - Senior Vice President, Immunology, Cardiovascular & Fibrosis, Thematic Research Center, and Head of Translational Medicine
2023 to 2023 - Senior Vice President and Head of Discovery and Translational Sciences
2023 to present - Executive Vice President, Chief Research Officer, Head of Research
Amanda Poole
Executive Vice President, Chief People Officer
Member of the Leadership Team
50 2017 to 2019 - Vice President, Head of Human Resources, Global Product Development & Supply
2019 to 2020 - Vice President, Head of BMS/Celgene Integration
2020 to 2022 - Senior Vice President, Head of Human Resources, Commercialization
2022 to 2024 - Senior Vice President, People Strategy, Solutions & Services
2024 to present - Executive Vice President, Chief People Officer
Karin Shanahan
Executive Vice President, Global Product Development & Supply
Member of the Leadership Team
60 2013 to 2018 - Senior Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, Global Operations, Teva Pharmaceuticals
2018 to 2022 - Senior Vice President, Global Biologics & Sterile Operations, Merck
2022 to present - Executive Vice President, Global Product Development & Supply
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
Item 5. MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.
Bristol Myers Squibb common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange (Symbol: BMY).
Holders of Common Stock
The number of record holders of our common stock at January 31, 2025 was 29,685.
The number of record holders is based upon the actual number of holders registered on our books at such date based on information provided by EQ Shareowner Services, our transfer agent, and does not include holders of shares in “street names” or persons, partnerships, associations, corporations or other entities identified in security position listings maintained by depository trust companies.
Equity Compensation Plan Information
Information required by this item will be contained in our 2025 Proxy Statement under the heading “Items to be Voted Upon-Item 2 - Advisory Vote to Approve the Compensation of our Named Executive Officers-Equity Compensation Plan Information,” which information is incorporated herein by reference.
Performance Graph
The following graph compares the cumulative total stockholders’ returns of our common shares with the cumulative total stockholders’ returns of the companies listed in the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index ("S&P 500 Index") and a composite peer group of major pharmaceutical companies comprised of AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson & Johnson, Lilly, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche and Sanofi. The graph assumes $100 investment on December 31, 2019 in each of our common shares, the S&P 500 Index and the stock of our peer group companies, including reinvestment of dividends, for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024. The stock price performance on the following graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.
Bristol Myers Squibb $ 100.41 $ 103.30 $ 122.91 $ 90.77 $ 105.12
S&P 500 118.40 152.39 124.79 157.59 197.02
Peer Group 102.02 125.57 139.06 141.88 153.64
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table summarizes the surrenders of our equity securities during the three months ended December 31, 2024:
Period Total Number of Shares Purchased(a)
Average Price Paid per Share(a)
Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Programs(b)
Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Programs(b)
Dollars in millions, except per share data
October 1 to 31, 2024
79,154 $ 53.57 - $ 5,014
November 1 to 30, 2024
28,401 54.41 - 5,014
December 1 to 31, 2024
27,385 58.28 - 5,014
Three months ended December 31, 2024
134,940 -
(a) Includes shares of common stock surrendered to the Company to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of awards under our long-term incentive program.
(b) In May 2010, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $3.0 billion of our common stock. Following this authorization, the Board subsequently approved additional authorizations, including most recently, in February 2020, January and December 2021 and December 2023, in the amount $5.0 billion, $2.0 billion, $15.0 billion and $3.0 billion, respectively, to the share repurchase authorization. The remaining share repurchase capacity under the program was $5.0 billion as of December 31, 2024. Refer to “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Note 17. Equity” for information on the share repurchase program.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Item 6. [RESERVED]

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.
Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is provided as a supplement to and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this 2024 Form 10-K to enhance the understanding of our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
The comparison of 2023 to 2022 results has been omitted from this Form 10-K and is incorporated by reference from our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” filed on February 13, 2024.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Bristol-Myers Squibb Company is a global biopharmaceutical company whose mission is to discover, develop and deliver innovative medicines that help patients prevail over serious diseases. Refer to the Summary of Abbreviated Terms at the end of this 2024 Form 10-K for definitions of capitalized terms used throughout the document.
In 2024, we achieved multiple clinical and regulatory milestones across our portfolio including (i) approvals for Breyanzi in the U.S. and Japan for adults with relapsed or refractory FL and in the U.S. for adults with relapsed or refractory CLL/SLL and MCL; (ii) Reblozyl's expanded approval to include the first-line treatment of adult patients with transfusion-dependent anemia due to very low, low and intermediate-risk MDS in the EU and Japan; (iii) FDA approval of Opdivo Qvantig injection for subcutaneous use in most previously approved adult solid tumor Opdivo indications; (iv) FDA approval of Opdivo for the treatment of adult patients with resectable NSCLC, in combination with platinum-doublet chemotherapy, followed by single-agent Opdivo as adjuvant treatment after surgery; and (v) FDA approval and subsequent launch of Cobenfy for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults.
In 2024, we completed the following acquisitions: (i) Karuna, a biopharmaceutical company in the area of developing and delivering medicines, including Cobenfy, for psychiatric and neurological conditions; (ii) RayzeBio, a clinical-stage radiopharmaceutical therapeutics company with a pipeline of potentially first-in-class and/or best-in-class drug development programs; and (iii) Mirati, a commercial stage targeted oncology company, with a commercialized medicine, Krazati, and clinical programs in development. We also entered into a strategic collaboration with SystImmune, to co-develop and co-commercialize izalontamab brengitecan (iza-bren or BL-B01D1), a bispecific topoisomerase inhibitor-based anti-body drug conjugate. Refer to “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Note 4. Acquisitions, Divestitures, Licensing and Other Arrangements” for additional information.
Financial Highlights
Year Ended December 31,
Dollars in millions, except per share data 2024 2023
Total Revenues $ 48,300 $ 45,006
Diluted (Loss)/Earnings Per Share
GAAP $ (4.41) $ 3.86
Non-GAAP 1.15 7.51
Revenues increased by 7%, primarily driven by the Growth Portfolio and Eliquis, partially offset by generic erosion in the Legacy Portfolio. We expect continued generic erosion within our Legacy Portfolio in 2025 primarily due to Revlimid, Sprycel and for Pomalyst outside the U.S.
The $8.27 decrease in GAAP EPS in 2024 was primarily driven by a one-time, non-deductible Acquired IPRD charge resulting from the Karuna asset acquisition and SystImmune collaboration, which impacted full-year GAAP EPS by approximately $6.28 and the impact of certain specified items, primarily intangible asset impairments. After adjusting for specified items, the $6.36 decrease in non-GAAP EPS was primarily due to the aforementioned Acquired IPRD charges and higher interest expense partially offset by higher revenues.
Our non-GAAP financial measures, including non-GAAP earnings and related EPS information, are adjusted to exclude specified items that represent certain costs, expenses, gains and losses and other items impacting the comparability of financial results. For a detailed listing of all specified items and further information, reconciliations and changes to our non-GAAP financial measures refer to “-Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”
Economic and Market Factors
Governmental Actions
As regulators continue to focus on prescription drugs, our products are facing increased pressures across the portfolio. These pressures stem from legislative and policy changes, including price controls, pharmaceutical market access, discounting, changes to tax and importation laws and other restrictions in the U.S., EU and other regions around the world. These pressures have resulted in lower prices, lower reimbursement rates and smaller populations for whom payers will reimburse, which can negatively impact our results of operations (including intangible asset impairment charges), operating cash flow, liquidity and financial flexibility. The IRA directs (i) the federal government to “negotiate” prices for select high-cost Medicare Part D (beginning in 2026) and Part B (beginning in 2028) drugs that are more than nine years (for small-molecule drugs) or 13 years (for biological products) from their initial FDA approval, (ii) manufacturers to pay a rebate for Medicare Part B and Part D drugs when prices increase faster than inflation and (iii) the formation of the Part D Manufacturer Program which replaced the Part D CGDP and established a $2,000 cap for out-of-pocket costs for Medicare beneficiaries as of January 2025, with manufacturers being responsible for 10% of costs up to the $2,000 cap and 20% after that cap is reached. In August 2024, as part of the first round of government price setting pursuant to the IRA, the HHS announced the "maximum fair price" for a 30-day equivalent supply of Eliquis, which applies to the U.S. Medicare channel effective January 1, 2026. In January 2025, the HHS selected Pomalyst as a medicine subject to "negotiation" for government-set prices beginning in 2027. It is possible that more of our products could be selected in future years, which could, among other things, accelerate revenue erosion prior to expiry of intellectual property protections. We continue to evaluate the impact of the IRA on our results of operations, and it is possible that these changes may result in a material impact on our business and results of operations.
In addition, in December 2023, the Biden administration released a proposed framework that for the first time proposed that a drug’s price can be a factor in determining that the drug is not accessible to the public and, therefore, that the government could exercise “march-in rights” and license it to a third party to manufacture. We cannot predict whether the Trump administration will finalize the draft framework or if the government will propose other drug pricing policy changes. If pursued and finalized, these policies could reduce prices and reimbursement for certain of our products and could significantly impact our business and consolidated results of operations.
At the state level, multiple states have passed, are pursuing or are considering government action via legislation or regulations to change drug pricing and reimbursement (e.g., establishing prescription drug affordability boards, implementing manufacturer mandates tied to the Federal Public Health Service Act drug pricing program, etc.). Some of these state-level actions may also influence federal and other state policies and legislation. Given the current uncertainty surrounding the adoption, timing and implementation of many of these measures, as well as pending litigation challenging such laws, we are unable to predict their full impact on our business. However, such measures could modify or decrease access, coverage, or reimbursement of our products, or result in significant changes to our sales or pricing practices, which could have a material impact on our revenues and results of operations. With respect to the Federal Public Health Service Act drug pricing program, certain states have enacted laws regulating manufacturer pricing obligations under the program to date. Several additional states are considering similar potential legislation or other government actions, and we expect other states may do the same in the future.
Additionally, in connection with the IRA, the following changes have been made to U.S. tax laws, including (i) a 15% minimum tax that generally applies to U.S. corporations on adjusted financial statement income beginning in 2023 and (ii) a non-deductible 1% excise tax provision on net stock repurchases after December 31, 2022. Furthermore, countries are in the process of enacting changes to their tax laws to implement the agreement by the OECD to establish a global minimum tax. See risk factors on these items included under “Part I-Item 1A. Risk Factors-Product, Industry and Operational Risks-Increased pricing pressure and other restrictions in the U.S. and abroad continue to negatively affect our revenues and profit margins”, “-We could lose market exclusivity of a product earlier than expected” and “-Changes to tax regulations could negatively impact our earnings.”
Significant Product Approvals
The following is a summary of the significant approvals received:
Product Date Approval
Augtyro
January 2025
EC approval for Augtyro as a treatment for adult patients with ROS1-positive NSCL and for adult and pediatric patients 12 years of age and older with NTRK-positive solid tumors.
Opdivo Qvantig (nivolumab and hyaluronidase-nvhy)
December 2024
FDA approval for Opdivo Qvantig injection for subcutaneous use, a combination product of nivolumab co-formulated with recombinant human hyaluronidase, in most previously approved adult, solid tumor Opdivo indications as monotherapy, monotherapy maintenance following completion of Opdivo plus Yervoy combination therapy, or in combination with chemotherapy or cabozantinib.
Opdivo
December 2024
Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare approval of Opdivo for the treatment of radically unresectable urothelial carcinoma.
Zeposia
December 2024
Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare approval of Zeposia for the treatment of moderate to severe UC in patients who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapies.
Opdivo+Yervoy
December 2024
EC approval of Opdivo plus Yervoy for the first-line treatment of adult patients with microsatellite instability-high or mismatch repair deficient unresectable or metastatic colorectal cancer.
Opdivo
October 2024
FDA approval of Opdivo for the treatment of adult patients with resectable (tumors ≥ 4 cm or node positive) NSCLC and no known epidermal growth factor receptor mutations or anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearrangements, for neoadjuvant treatment, in combination with platinum-doublet chemotherapy, followed by single-agent Opdivo as adjuvant treatment after surgery.
Cobenfy
September 2024
FDA approval of Cobenfy for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults.
Augtyro
September 2024
Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare approval of Augtyro for the treatment of patients with ROS1 fusion-positive, unresectable advanced or recurrent NSCLC.
Breyanzi
August 2024
Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare approval of Breyanzi for the treatment of relapsed or refractory FL after one prior line of systemic therapy in patients with high-risk FL and after two or more lines of systemic therapy.
Krazati June 2024
FDA accelerated approval for Krazati in combination with cetuximab as a targeted treatment option for adult patients with KRASG12C-mutated locally advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer, as determined by an FDA-approved test, who have received prior treatment with fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin- and irinotecan-based chemotherapy.
Augtyro June 2024
FDA accelerated approval of Augtyro for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients 12 years of age and older with solid tumors that have a neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase gene fusion, are locally advanced or metastatic or where surgical resection is likely to result in severe morbidity, and have progressed following treatment or have no satisfactory alternative therapy.
Opdivo May 2024
EC approval of Opdivo in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine for the first-line treatment of adult patients with unresectable or metastatic urothelial carcinoma.
Breyanzi
May 2024
FDA approval of Breyanzi for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory MCL who have received at least two prior lines of systemic therapy, including a Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor.
Product Date Approval
Breyanzi
May 2024
FDA accelerated approval of Breyanzi for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory FL who have received at least two prior lines of systemic therapy.
Abecma April 2024 FDA approval of Abecma for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma after two or more prior lines of therapy, including an immunomodulatory agent, a proteasome inhibitor, and an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody.
Reblozyl April 2024
EC expanded approval of Reblozyl to include the first-line treatment of adult patients with transfusion-dependent anemia due to very low, low and intermediate-risk MDS.
Abecma
March 2024
EC approval of Abecma for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma who have received at least two prior therapies, including an immunomodulatory agent, a proteasome inhibitor, and an anti-CD38 antibody and have demonstrated disease progression on the last therapy.
Breyanzi
March 2024
FDA accelerated approval of Breyanzi for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory CLL or SLL who have received at least two prior lines of therapy, including a Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor.
Opdivo March 2024
FDA approval of Opdivo, in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine, for the first-line treatment of adult patients with unresectable or metastatic urothelial carcinoma.
Reblozyl
January 2024
Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare approval of Reblozyl for the treatment of anemia associated with myelodysplastic syndrome.
Refer to “-Product and Pipeline Developments” for all of the developments in our marketed products and late-stage pipeline in 2024 and in early 2025.
Strategy
Our principal strategy is to combine the resources, scale and capability of a large pharmaceutical company with the speed, agility and focus on innovation typically found in the biotech industry. Our focus as a biopharmaceutical company is on discovering, developing and delivering transformational medicines for patients facing serious diseases in areas where we believe that we have an opportunity to make a meaningful difference: oncology, hematology, immunology, cardiovascular, neuroscience and other areas where we can also create long-term value. Our priorities are to focus on transformational medicines where we have a competitive advantage, drive operational excellence throughout the organization and strategically allocate capital for long-term growth and returns.
Our R&D strategy is intended to ensure that we support scientific innovation, bringing first-in class and/or best-in-class medicines to patients at an accelerated speed in our core therapeutic areas, as we leverage our differentiated research platforms, including radiopharmaceutical therapy, targeted protein degradation and cell therapy. We have a broad mid- to late-stage pipeline of ongoing Phase II and Phase III programs across our core therapeutic areas. Over the next 24 months, we expect a number of registrational data readouts with the potential to deliver 10 or more new medicines and multiple additional indications over the next five years.
In oncology, we are focused on extending and strengthening our leadership in IO, as well as diversifying beyond IO. The acquisition of RayzeBio, a leader in the field of radiopharmaceuticals for solid tumor oncology, provided us with RYZ101, a late-stage asset, an investigational new drug engine and in-house manufacturing capabilities. In hematology, we see significant potential with our targeted protein degradation platform, which includes potentially first-in-class CELMoDs currently under investigation for multiple myeloma with iberdomide and mezigdomide and lymphoma with golcadomide. In cell therapy, we are building on our expertise and leadership, developing next generation CAR-T treatments with first-in-class potential. We are investigating arlo-cel in pivotal studies targeting multiple myeloma and advancing development for CD19-targeted NEX-T, an optimized asset aimed at resetting the immune system, in autoimmune diseases. We are exploring CD19-targeted NEX-T's potential in multiple disease areas, including systemic lupus erythematosus, MS, and other indications. Additionally, in immunology, we are developing admilparant, our LPA1 antagonist targeting pulmonary fibrosis with ongoing registrational clinical trials for IPF and PPF. In cardiovascular diseases, the LIBREXIA clinical program, in partnership with Johnson & Johnson, includes three Phase III registrational trials for milvexian in atrial fibrillation, secondary stroke prevention and acute coronary syndrome. Lastly in neuroscience, with the addition of Cobenfy, we have a growing, diverse neuroscience pipeline that includes a range of investigational therapies that are being studied for their disease-modifying potential as well as critical symptomatic relief. Together with our proven track record, rapidly advancing pipeline and increasing use of artificial intelligence, we are increasing our R&D productivity, enabling us to identify more high-quality candidates and increase their probability of reaching patients in need.
We are driving commercial execution in our key first-in-class and/or best-in-class marketed products, where we continue to expand and see potential for further expansion into the future. We have established a foundation in IO with Opdivo, Yervoy and Opdualag and received FDA approval for Opdivo Qvantig in December 2024 for multiple indications at launch. Reblozyl, in first-line MDS-associated anemia, continues to drive market share within the larger first-line RS negative population. We have an ongoing registrational trial to potentially expand into chronic anemia associated with myelofibrosis. In cell therapy, we achieved important approvals for Breyanzi for patients with relapsed or refractory CLL/SLL, FL and MCL, making Breyanzi the CAR-T cell therapy available to treat the broadest array of B-cell malignancies. In cardiovascular diseases, Camzyos continues to provide benefits to patients with oHCM, with the potential expansion opportunity into nHCM. Finally, in neuroscience, we launched Cobenfy for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults. Registrational studies are ongoing or planned for Cobenfy in Adjunctive Schizophrenia, Alzheimer's Disease Psychosis, Alzheimer's Disease Agitation, Alzheimer's Disease Cognition, Bipolar I Disorder and Autism spectrum disorder irritability.
We remain committed to the strategic allocation of resources and investing in areas that maximize value and drive sustainable growth. We previously announced a strategic productivity initiative to accelerate the delivery of medicines to patients by evolving and streamlining our enterprise operating model in key areas such as R&D, manufacturing, commercial and other functions. We expected to realize cost savings of approximately $1.5 billion by the end of 2025, which is primarily being reinvested to fund innovation and drive growth. We have expanded our strategic productivity initiative and we now expect to deliver approximately $2.0 billion in additional annual cost savings by the end of 2027. The exit costs resulting from these actions are included in our updated 2023 Restructuring Plan.
Our strategy extends well beyond the discovery, development and delivery of transformative medicines that help patients prevail over serious diseases. We understand the future of our employees, our communities, our planet, and our business are inextricably linked. Through our Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) strategy, we seek to mobilize our capabilities and resources to positively impact the communities where we live, work, and serve around the world. As we work to transform patients’ lives through science, we operate with effective governance, uncompromising quality and compliance, and the highest ethical standards to deliver our mission. These values have been central to who we are, what we do, and how we do it since our company was founded in 1887. We believe that driving long-term business value is at the heart of living our purpose, enabling us to be leaders and difference-makers for generations to come.
Acquisitions, Divestitures, Licensing and Other Arrangements
For detailed information on significant acquisitions, divestitures, collaborations, licensing and other arrangements during 2024 refer to “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data -Note 3. Alliances” and “-Note 4. Acquisitions, Divestitures, Licensing and Other Arrangements.”
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Regional Revenues
The composition of the changes in revenues was as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023 % Change Foreign Exchange(c)
United States $ 34,105 $ 31,210 9 % -
International(a)
13,199 13,097 1 % (5) %
Other revenues(b)
996 699 42 % N/A
Total Revenues
$ 48,300 $ 45,006 7 % (2) %
(a) Beginning in 2024, Puerto Rico revenues are presented as part of International revenues to align with management's review of the Company's financial results. Prior period amounts have been recast to conform to the current presentation.
(b) Other revenues include royalties and alliance-related revenues for products not sold by our regional commercial organizations.
(c) Foreign exchange impacts were derived by applying the prior period average currency rates to the current period revenues.
United States
•U.S. revenues increased 9% in 2024 primarily due to higher demand within the Growth Portfolio, Eliquis, and Pomalyst partially offset by generic erosion in the Legacy Portfolio. Average net selling prices decreased by 1% in 2024 compared to 2023.
International
•International revenues in 2024 increased 1% primarily due to demand within the Growth Portfolio, partially offset by generic erosion within the Legacy Portfolio and foreign exchange impacts. The negative foreign exchange impacts of 5% was primarily attributed to devaluation of the Argentine peso, which was partially offset by inflation-related local currency price increases.
No single country outside the U.S. contributed more than 10% of total revenues in 2024 and 2023. Our business is typically not seasonal; however, in the first quarter we typically see an unwinding of sales channel inventory build-up from the fourth quarter of the prior year.
GTN Adjustments
We recognize revenue net of GTN adjustments that are further described in “-Critical Accounting Policies.”
The activities and ending reserve balances for each significant category of GTN adjustments were as follows:
Dollars in millions Charge-Backs and Cash Discounts Medicaid and Medicare Rebates Other Rebates, Returns, Discounts and Adjustments Total
Balance at January 1, 2024 $ 646 $ 4,445 $ 3,237 $ 8,328
Provision related to sales made in:
Current period 11,518 16,642 8,892 37,052
Prior period (8) (91) (60) (159)
Payments and returns (11,254) (15,612) (8,287) (35,153)
Foreign currency translation and other (2) 1 (146) (147)
Balance at December 31, 2024 $ 900 $ 5,385 $ 3,636 $ 9,921
The reconciliation of gross product sales to net product sales by each significant category of GTN adjustments was as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023 % Change
Gross product sales $ 83,671 $ 73,679 14 %
GTN Adjustments
Charge-backs and cash discounts (11,510) (9,144) 26 %
Medicaid and Medicare rebates (16,551) (13,411) 23 %
Other rebates, returns, discounts and adjustments (8,832) (7,346) 20 %
Total GTN Adjustments (36,893) (29,901) 23 %
Net product sales $ 46,778 $ 43,778 7 %
GTN adjustments percentage 44 % 40 % 4 %
U.S. 49 % 46 % 3 %
Non-U.S. 20 % 19 % 1 %
Reductions to provisions for product sales made in prior periods resulting from changes in estimates were $159 million for 2024 and $134 million for 2023. The reductions to provisions in both years were driven by the non-U.S. revisions in clawback amounts driven by VAT recoverable estimates. GTN adjustments are primarily a function of product sales volume, regional and payer channel mix, contractual or legislative discounts and rebates. U.S. GTN adjustments percentage increased primarily due to higher government channel mix, which has higher GTN adjustment percentages. Non-U.S. GTN adjustments percentage increased primarily due to continued pricing pressures. We expect to experience additional GTN pressures during the first quarter of 2025 as a result of Medicare Part D redesign, particularly for Eliquis and certain other products.
Total Revenues by Product:
Year Ended December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023 % Change
Growth Portfolio
Opdivo $ 9,304 $ 9,009 3 %
U.S. 5,350 5,246 2 %
Non-U.S. 3,954 3,763 5 %
Orencia 3,682 3,601 2 %
U.S. 2,770 2,709 2 %
Non-U.S. 912 892 2 %
Yervoy 2,530 2,238 13 %
U.S. 1,599 1,379 16 %
Non-U.S. 931 859 8 %
Reblozyl 1,773 1,008 76 %
U.S. 1,444 804 80 %
Non-U.S. 329 204 61 %
Opdualag 928 627 48 %
U.S. 870 615 41 %
Non-U.S. 58 12 >200%
Breyanzi 747 364 105 %
U.S. 591 303 95 %
Non-U.S. 156 61 156 %
Camzyos 602 231 161 %
U.S. 543 225 141 %
Non-U.S. 59 6 >200%
Zeposia 566 434 30 %
U.S. 403 319 26 %
Non-U.S. 163 115 42 %
Abecma 406 472 (14) %
U.S. 242 358 (32) %
Non-U.S. 164 114 44 %
Sotyktu 246 170 45 %
U.S. 190 157 21 %
Non-U.S. 56 13 >200%
Krazati 126 - N/A
U.S. 118 - N/A
Non-U.S. 8 - N/A
Augtyro 38 1 >200%
U.S. 36 1 >200%
Non-U.S. 2 - N/A
Year Ended December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023 % Change
Growth Portfolio (cont.)
Cobenfy
10 - N/A
U.S. 10 - N/A
Non-U.S. - - N/A
Other Growth Products(a)
1,605 1,211 33 %
U.S. 674 620 9 %
Non-U.S. 931 591 58 %
Total Growth Portfolio
$ 22,563 $ 19,366 17 %
U.S. 14,840 12,736 17 %
Non-U.S. 7,723 6,630 16 %
Legacy Portfolio
Eliquis $ 13,333 $ 12,206 9 %
U.S. 9,631 8,482 14 %
Non-U.S. 3,702 3,724 (1) %
Revlimid 5,773 6,097 (5) %
U.S. 4,999 5,195 (4) %
Non-U.S. 774 902 (14) %
Pomalyst/Imnovid 3,545 3,441 3 %
U.S. 2,695 2,339 15 %
Non-U.S. 850 1,102 (23) %
Sprycel 1,286 1,930 (33) %
U.S. 983 1,422 (31) %
Non-U.S. 303 508 (40) %
Abraxane 875 1,004 (13) %
U.S. 541 702 (23) %
Non-U.S. 334 302 11 %
Other Legacy Products(b)
925 962 (4) %
U.S. 416 334 25 %
Non-U.S. 509 628 (19) %
Total Legacy Portfolio $ 25,737 $ 25,640 - %
U.S. 19,265 18,474 4 %
Non-U.S. 6,472 7,166 (10) %
Total Revenues $ 48,300 $ 45,006 7 %
U.S. 34,105 31,210 9 %
Non-U.S. 14,195 13,796 3 %
(a) Includes Onureg, Inrebic, Nulojix, Empliciti and royalty revenues.
(b) Includes other mature brands.
Growth Portfolio
Opdivo (nivolumab) - a fully human monoclonal antibody that binds to the PD-1 on T and NKT cells. It has been approved for several anti-cancer indications including bladder, blood, CRC, head and neck, RCC, HCC, lung, melanoma, MPM, stomach and esophageal cancer. The Opdivo+Yervoy regimen also is approved in multiple markets for the treatment of NSCLC, melanoma, MPM, RCC, CRC and various gastric and esophageal cancers.
•U.S. revenues increased 2% in 2024 primarily due to higher average net selling prices, partially offset by lower demand.
•International revenues increased 5% in 2024 primarily due to higher demand for core indications and additional indication launches and higher average net selling prices, partially offset by foreign exchange impact of 9%. Excluding foreign exchange impacts, revenues increased 14%.
Orencia (abatacept) - a fusion protein indicated for adult patients with moderate to severe active RA and PsA. It has indications for (i) reducing signs and symptoms in certain pediatric patients with moderately to severely active polyarticular JIA and (ii) for the treatment of aGVHD, in combination with a calcineurin inhibitor and methotrexate.
•U.S. revenues increased 2% in 2024 primarily due to higher demand, partially offset by lower average net selling prices.
•International revenues increased 2% in 2024 primarily due to higher demand, partially offset by foreign exchange impact of 8%. Excluding foreign exchange impacts, revenues increased 10%.
•BMS is not aware of any Orencia biosimilars on the market in the U.S., EU or Japan. Formulation and additional patents expire in 2026 and beyond.
Yervoy (ipilimumab) - a CTLA4 immune checkpoint inhibitor. Yervoy is a monoclonal antibody for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma. The Opdivo+Yervoy regimen is approved in multiple markets for the treatment of NSCLC, melanoma, MPM, RCC, CRC and esophageal cancer.
•U.S. revenues increased 16% in 2024 primarily due to higher demand and higher average net selling prices.
•International revenues increased 8% in 2024 primarily due to higher demand as a result of additional indication launches and core indications, partially offset by foreign exchange impacts of 7%. Excluding foreign exchange impacts, revenues increased 15%.
Reblozyl (luspatercept-aamt) - an erythroid maturation agent indicated for the treatment of anemia in (i) adult patients with transfusion dependent and non-transfusion dependent beta thalassemia who require regular red blood cell transfusions, (ii) adult patients with very low- to intermediate-risk MDS who have ring sideroblasts and require red blood cell transfusions, as well as (iii) adult patients without previous erythropoiesis stimulating agent use (ESA-naïve) with very low- to intermediate-risk MDS who may require regular red blood cell transfusions, regardless of RS status.
•U.S. revenues increased 80% in 2024 primarily due to higher demand.
•International revenues increased 61% in 2024 primarily due to higher demand, partially offset by foreign exchange impacts of 4%. Excluding foreign exchange impacts, revenues increased 65%.
Opdualag (nivolumab and relatlimab-rmbw) - a combination of nivolumab, a PD-1 blocking antibody, and relatlimab, a LAG-3 blocking antibody, indicated for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients 12 years of age or older with unresectable or metastatic melanoma.
•U.S. revenues increased 41% in 2024 primarily due to higher demand.
Breyanzi (lisocabtagene maraleucel) - a CD19-directed genetically modified autologous CAR-T cell therapy indicated for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory LBCL after one or more lines of systemic therapy, including DLBCL not otherwise specified, high-grade B-cell lymphoma, primary mediastinal LBCL, grade 3B FL and relapsed or refractory FL after at least two prior lines of systemic therapy, relapsed or refractory CLL or SLL, and relapsed or refractory MCL in patients who have received at least two prior lines of systemic therapy, including a Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor.
•U.S. revenues increased 95% in 2024 primarily due to higher demand enabled by expanded manufacturing capacity, new indication launches and higher average net selling prices.
•International revenues increased 156% in 2024 primarily due to higher demand, partially offset by foreign exchange of 6%. Excluding foreign exchange impacts, revenues increased 162%.
Camzyos (mavacamten) - a cardiac myosin inhibitor indicated for the treatment of adults with symptomatic oHCM to improve functional capacity and symptoms.
•U.S. revenues increased 141% in 2024 primarily due to higher demand.
Zeposia (ozanimod) - an oral immunomodulatory drug used to treat relapsing forms of MS, to include clinically isolated syndrome, relapsing-remitting disease, and active secondary progressive disease, in adults and to treat moderately to severely active UC in adults.
•U.S. revenues increased 26% in 2024 primarily due to higher demand, partially offset by lower average net selling prices.
•International revenues increased 42% in 2024 primarily due to higher demand.
Abecma (idecabtagene vicleucel) - is a BCMA genetically modified autologous CAR-T cell therapy indicated for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma after four or more prior lines of therapy, including an immunomodulatory agent, a proteasome inhibitor, and an anti-cyclic ADP ribose hydrolase monoclonal antibody.
•U.S. revenues decreased 32% in 2024 primarily due to increased competition in BCMA targeted therapies.
•International revenues increased 44% in 2024 due to higher demand partially offset by foreign exchange of 3%. Excluding foreign exchange impacts, revenues increased 47%.
Sotyktu (deucravacitinib) - an oral, selective, allosteric tyrosine kinase 2 inhibitor indicated for the treatment of adults with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis who are candidates for systemic therapy or phototherapy.
•U.S. revenues increased 21% in 2024 primarily due to higher demand, partially offset by comparator sales for use in clinical trials during the second half of 2023 and lower average net selling prices.
Krazati (adagrasib) - a highly selective and potent oral small-molecule inhibitor of the KRASG12C mutation, indicated for the treatment of adult patients with KRASG12C-mutated locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC, as determined by an FDA-approved test, who have received at least one prior systemic therapy and, in combination with cetuximab, for the treatment of adult patients with KRASG12C-mutated locally advanced or metastatic CRC, as determined by an FDA-approved test, who have received prior treatment with fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin-, and irinotecan-based chemotherapy. Krazati was brought into the BMS portfolio as part of the Mirati acquisition completed in 2024.
Augtyro (repotrectinib) -a kinase inhibitor indicated for the treatment of adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic ROS1-positive NSCLC and for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients 12 years of age and older with solid tumors that have NTRK gene fusion, are locally advanced or metastatic or where surgical resection is likely to result in severe morbidity, and have progressed following treatment or have no satisfactory alternative therapy.
Cobenfy (xanomeline and trospium chloride) - a combination of xanomeline, a M1/M4 muscarinic agonist, and trospium chloride, a peripheral muscarinic antagonist, indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults. Cobenfy was approved by the FDA in September 2024 and launched in October 2024.
Other growth products - includes Onureg, Inrebic, Nulojix, Empliciti and royalty revenues.
Legacy Portfolio
Eliquis (apixaban) - an oral Factor Xa inhibitor indicated for the reduction in risk of stroke/systemic embolism in NVAF and for the treatment of DVT/PE and reduction in risk of recurrence following initial therapy.
•U.S. revenues increased 14% in 2024 primarily due to higher demand.
•International revenues were relatively flat.
•Following the May 2021 expiration of regulatory exclusivity for Eliquis in Europe, generic manufacturers have sought to challenge our Eliquis patents and related SPCs and have begun marketing generic versions of Eliquis in certain countries prior to the expiry of our patents and related SPCs, which has led to the filing of infringement and invalidity actions involving our Eliquis patents and related SPCs being filed in various countries in Europe. We believe in the innovative science behind Eliquis and the strength of our intellectual property, which we will defend against infringement. Refer to "Item 1. Financial Statements-Note 20. Legal Proceedings and Contingencies-Intellectual Property" for further information.
Revlimid (lenalidomide) - an oral immunomodulatory drug that in combination with dexamethasone is indicated for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma. Revlimid as a single agent is also indicated as a maintenance therapy in patients with multiple myeloma following autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Revlimid has received approvals for several indications in the hematological malignancies including lymphoma and MDS.
•U.S. revenues decreased 4% in 2024 primarily due to generic erosion and lower average net selling prices partially offset by the prior year impact of patients receiving free drug product from the Bristol Myers Squibb Patient Assistance Foundation, a separate and independent 501(c)(3) entity to which BMS donates products.
•International revenues decreased 14% in 2024 primarily due to generic erosion across several European countries and foreign exchange impacts of 3%. Excluding foreign exchange impacts, revenues decreased 11%.
•In the U.S., certain third parties have been granted volume-limited licenses to sell generic lenalidomide. Pursuant to these licenses, several generics have entered or are expected to enter the U.S. market with volume-limited quantities of generic lenalidomide. These licenses will no longer be volume limited beginning on January 31, 2026. In the EU and Japan, generic lenalidomide products have entered the market.
Pomalyst/Imnovid (pomalidomide) - a proprietary, distinct, small molecule that is administered orally and modulates the immune system and other biologically important targets. Pomalyst/Imnovid is indicated for patients with multiple myeloma who have received at least two prior therapies including lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor and have demonstrated disease progression on or within 60 days of completion of the last therapy.
•U.S. revenues increased 15% in 2024 primarily due to the prior year impact of patients receiving free drug product from the Bristol Myers Squibb Patient Assistance Foundation, a separate and independent 501(c)(3) entity to which BMS donates products, and higher demand.
•International revenues decreased 23% in 2024 primarily due to lower demand driven by generic erosion, lower average net selling prices and foreign exchange impacts of 1%. Excluding foreign exchange impacts, revenues decreased 22%.
•In the EU, the estimated minimum market exclusivity date was August 2024.
Sprycel (dasatinib) - an oral inhibitor of multiple tyrosine kinase indicated for the first-line treatment of patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive CML in chronic phase and the treatment of adults with chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase CML with resistance or intolerance to prior therapy, including Gleevec* (imatinib mesylate) and the treatment of children and adolescents aged 1 year to 18 years with chronic phase Philadelphia chromosome-positive CML.
•U.S. revenues decreased 31% in 2024 primarily due to lower average net selling prices and lower demand driven by generic erosion.
•International revenues decreased 40% in 2024 primarily due to lower demand driven by generic erosion, lower average net selling prices and foreign exchange impact of 4%. Excluding foreign exchange impact, revenues decreased 36%.
•In the U.S. (September 2024) and EU, generic dasatinib products have entered the market. In Japan, the composition of matter patent for the treatment of non-imatinib-resistant CML has expired.
Abraxane (paclitaxel albumin-bound particles for injectable suspension) - a solvent-free protein-bound chemotherapy product that combines paclitaxel with albumin using our proprietary Nab® technology platform, and is used to treat breast cancer, NSCLC and pancreatic cancer, among others.
•U.S. revenues decreased 23% in 2024 primarily due to lower demand driven by generic erosion.
Estimated End-User Demand
Pursuant to the SEC Consent Order described under “-SEC Consent Order”, we monitor inventory levels on hand in the U.S. wholesaler distribution channel and outside of the U.S. in the direct customer distribution channel. We disclose products with levels of inventory in excess of one month on hand or expected demand, subject to certain limited exceptions. There were none as of December 31, 2024, for our U.S. distribution channels, and September 30, 2024, for our non-U.S. distribution channels.
In the U.S., we generally determine our months on hand estimates using inventory levels of product on hand and the amount of out-movement provided by our three largest wholesalers, which account for approximately 85% of total gross sales of U.S. products for the year ended December 31, 2024. Factors that may influence our estimates include generic erosion, seasonality of products, wholesaler purchases in light of increases in wholesaler list prices, new product launches, new warehouse openings by wholesalers and new customer stockings by wholesalers. In addition, these estimates are calculated using third-party data, which may be impacted by their recordkeeping processes.
Camzyos is only available through a restricted program called the Camzyos REMS Program. Product distribution is limited to REMS certified pharmacies, and enrolled pharmacies must only dispense to patients who are authorized to receive Camzyos. Revlimid and Pomalyst are distributed in the U.S. primarily through contracted pharmacies under the Lenalidomide REMS and Pomalyst REMS programs, respectively. These are proprietary risk-management distribution programs tailored specifically to provide for the safe and appropriate distribution and use of Revlimid and Pomalyst. Internationally, Revlimid and Imnovid are distributed under mandatory risk-management distribution programs tailored to meet local authorities’ specifications to provide for the products’ safe and appropriate distribution and use. These programs may vary by country and, depending upon the country and the design of the risk-management program, the product may be sold through hospitals or retail pharmacies.
Our non-U.S. businesses have significantly more direct customers. Information on available direct customer product level inventory and corresponding out-movement information and the reliability of third-party demand information varies widely. We limit our direct customer sales channel inventory reporting to where we can influence demand. When this information does not exist or is otherwise not available, we have developed a variety of methodologies to estimate such data, including using historical sales made to direct customers and third-party market research data related to prescription trends and end-user demand. Given the difficulties inherent in estimating third-party demand information, we evaluate our methodologies to estimate direct customer product level inventory and to calculate months on hand on an ongoing basis and make changes as necessary. Factors that may affect our estimates include generic competition, seasonality of products, price increases, new product launches, new warehouse openings by direct customers, new customer stockings by direct customers and expected direct customer purchases for governmental bidding situations. As such, all of the information required to estimate months on hand in the direct customer distribution channel for non-U.S. business for the year ended December 31, 2024 is not available prior to the filing of this 2024 Form 10-K. We will disclose any product with levels of inventory in excess of one month on hand or expected demand for the current quarter, subject to certain limited exceptions, in our next quarterly report on Form 10-Q.
Expenses
Year Ended December 31,
Dollar in Millions 2024 2023 % Change
Cost of products sold (a)
$ 13,968 $ 10,693 31 %
Marketing, selling and administrative 8,414 7,772 8 %
Research and development 11,159 9,299 20 %
Acquired IPRD 13,373 913 >200%
Amortization of acquired intangible assets 8,872 9,047 (2) %
Other (income)/expense, net 893 (1,158) (177) %
Total Expenses $ 56,679 $ 36,566 55 %
(a) Excludes amortization of acquired intangible assets.
Cost of products sold
Cost of products sold include material, internal labor and overhead costs from our owned manufacturing sites, third-party product supply costs and other supply chain costs managed by our global manufacturing and supply organization. Cost of products sold also includes royalties and profit sharing, foreign currency hedge settlement gains and losses and impairment charges, as well as proportionate allocations of enterprise-wide costs. The allocations include facilities, information technology and other appropriate costs. Cost of products sold excludes amortization from acquired intangible assets.
Cost of products sold increased by $3.3 billion or 31% primarily due to intangible asset impairment charges ($1.8 billion), higher royalties and profit sharing ($800 million), and higher sales volume.
Marketing, selling and administrative
Marketing, selling and administrative expenses primarily include salary and benefit costs, third-party professional and marketing fees, outsourcing fees, shipping and handling costs, advertising and product promotion costs, as well as proportionate allocations of enterprise-wide costs. The allocations include facilities, information technology, and other appropriate costs. Expenses are managed through regional commercialization organizations or global enabling functions such as finance, legal, information technology and human resources. Certain expenses are shared with alliance partners based upon contractual agreements.
Marketing, selling and administrative expenses increased by $642 million or 8% primarily due to the impact of acquisitions in 2024, including the cash settlement of unvested stock awards and other related expenses ($372 million) and timing of charitable giving ($124 million).
Research and development
Research and development activities include (i) research, which includes discovery and development of new molecular entities through pre-clinical studies, (ii) drug development, which includes clinical development of potential new products, including expansion of indications for existing products through Phase I, Phase II and Phase III clinical studies and (iii) other related charges including support of manufacturing development of pre-approved products, medical support for marketed products, IPRD impairment charges, acquisition related charges and proportionate allocations of enterprise-wide costs. The allocations include facilities, information technology, and other appropriate costs. Certain expenses are shared with alliance partners based upon contractual agreements.
Research and development expense increased by $1.9 billion or 20% primarily due to higher drug development costs to support our broader portfolio, recent acquisitions, higher IPRD impairment charges ($900 million) and cash settlement of unvested stock awards related to the acquisitions ($328 million).
Acquired IPRD
Acquired IPRD expenses are comprised of upfront payments, contingent milestone payments in connection with asset acquisitions or in-license arrangements of third-party intellectual property rights, as well as any upfront and contingent milestones payable by BMS to alliance partners prior to regulatory approval. Acquired IPRD charges are detailed in the table below.
Year Ended December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023
Karuna asset acquisition (Note 4) $ 12,122 $ -
SystImmune upfront fee (Note 3) 800 -
LianBio mavacamten rights buy-out (Note 4) - 445
Evotec designation and opt-in license fees 170 90
Orum upfront payment (Note 4) - 100
RayzeBio rights buy-out
92 -
Prothena opt-in license fee 80 55
Other 109 223
Acquired IPRD $ 13,373 $ 913
Refer to “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Note 3. Alliances” and “-Note 4. Acquisitions, Divestitures, Licensing and Other Arrangements” for additional information.
Amortization of Acquired Intangible Assets
Amortization of acquired intangible assets decreased by $175 million or 2% primarily due to the lower amortization expense related to Revlimid, partially offset by higher amortization expense related to the intangible assets acquired through the RayzeBio acquisition during the first quarter of 2024.
Other (income)/expense, net
Other (income)/expense, net changed by $2.1 billion as discussed below.
Year Ended December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023
Interest expense $ 1,947 $ 1,166
Royalty income - divestitures (1,104) (862)
Royalty and licensing income (736) (1,488)
Provision for restructuring 635 365
Investment income (478) (449)
Integration expenses 284 242
Litigation and other settlements 84 (390)
Acquisition expense 50 32
Intangible asset impairment
47 29
Equity investment losses/(gains), net
(16) 160
Divestiture losses/(gains)
15 -
Other 165 37
Other (income)/expense, net $ 893 $ (1,158)
•Interest expense increased due to higher debt outstanding in connection with the issuance of the 2024 Senior Unsecured Notes. Refer to “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Note 10. Financing Arrangements” for further information.
•Royalty income decreased in 2024 primarily due to lower royalty rates for Keytruda* starting in 2024, partially offset by higher royalties from diabetes business divestitures in 2024. Refer to “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Note 4. Acquisitions, Divestitures, Licensing and Other Arrangements” for further information.
•Provision for restructuring includes exit and other costs primarily related to certain restructuring activities including plans discussed further in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Note 6. Restructuring.” Integration expenses includes costs incurred in connection with Celgene and other acquisitions.
•Litigation and other settlements includes amounts related to pricing, sales and promotional practices disputes and securities litigation matters, partially offset by income from the Eisai collaboration termination in 2024. Refer to "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Note 5. Other (Income)/Expense, Net." Litigation and other settlements in 2023 include $384 million of income related to the AZ settlement and $400 million of income related to the Nimbus' TYK2 program change of control provision, partially offset by $322 million expense recorded in connection with the BeiGene settlement.
•Equity investments generated gains in 2024 compared to losses in 2023 primarily driven by fair value adjustments for investments that have readily determinable fair value. Refer to "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Note 9. Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements" for more information.
•Other in 2024 includes pension settlement charges of $119 million, related to the termination of the Bristol-Myers Squibb Puerto Rico, Inc. Retirement Income pension plan.
Income Taxes
Year Ended December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023
(Loss)/Earnings before income taxes
$ (8,379) $ 8,440
Income tax provision
554 400
Effective tax rate
(6.6) % 4.7 %
Impact of specified items
63.4 % 10.0 %
Effective tax rate excluding specified items
56.8 % 14.7 %
The effective tax rate for 2024 was primarily impacted by (i) a $12.1 billion one-time, non-tax deductible charge for the acquisition of Karuna, (ii) jurisdictional earnings mix, including amortization of acquired intangible assets, (iii) impacts of impairments of intangible assets, and (iv) a release of income tax reserves of $644 million related to the resolution of Celgene's 2017-2019 IRS audit. Excluding the impact of specified items, the effective tax rate was impacted by the aforementioned Karuna non-tax deductible charge and jurisdictional earnings mix.
The effective tax rate for 2023 was primarily impacted by (i) a $656 million deferred income tax benefit following the receipt of a non-U.S. tax ruling regarding the deductibility of a statutory impairment of subsidiary investments, (ii) higher tax benefits attributed to foreign currency on net operating loss and other carryforwards, and (iii) a $193 million valuation allowance reversal related to unrealized equity investment losses. Excluding the impact of specified items, the effective tax rate was impacted by revised guidance regarding deductibility of certain research and development expenses which reduced income taxes attributable to 2023 pre-tax income by approximately $160 million and was the primary reason for a $240 million reduction to previously estimated income taxes for 2022 upon finalization of the U.S. Federal income tax return.
Refer to “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Note 7. Income Taxes” for additional information.
In December 2022, the EU member states unanimously voted to adopt a Directive implementing the Pillar Two (global minimum tax) rules giving member states until December 31, 2023 to implement the Directive into national legislation. Certain jurisdictions in which we operate, under the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework, have enacted legislation that adopts a subset of such rules effective January 1, 2024, with the remaining rules becoming effective January 1, 2025. These rules and associated legislative changes may significantly impact our tax provision and results of operations.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Our non-GAAP financial measures, such as non-GAAP earnings and related EPS information, are adjusted to exclude certain costs, expenses, gains and losses and other specified items that are evaluated on an individual basis. These items are adjusted after considering their quantitative and qualitative aspects and typically have one or more of the following characteristics, such as being highly variable, difficult to project, unusual in nature, significant to the results of a particular period or not indicative of past or future operating results. These items are excluded from non-GAAP earnings and related EPS information because the Company believes they neither relate to the ordinary course of the Company's business nor reflect the Company's underlying business performance. Similar charges or gains were recognized in prior periods and will likely reoccur in future periods, including (i) amortization of acquired intangible assets, including product rights that generate a significant portion of our ongoing revenue and will recur until the intangible assets are fully amortized, (ii) unwinding of inventory purchase price adjustments, (iii) acquisition and integration expenses, (iv) restructuring costs, (v) accelerated depreciation and impairment of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets, (vi) costs of acquiring a priority review voucher, (vii) divestiture gains or losses, (viii) stock compensation resulting from acquisition-related equity awards, (ix) pension, legal and other contractual settlement charges, (x) equity investment and contingent value rights fair value adjustments (including fair value adjustments attributed to limited partnership equity method investments), (xi) income resulting from the change in control of the Nimbus TYK2 Program and (xii) amortization of fair value adjustments of debt acquired from Celgene in our 2019 exchange offer, among other items. Deferred and current income taxes attributed to these items are also adjusted for considering their individual impact to the overall tax expense, deductibility and jurisdictional tax rates. Certain other significant tax items are also excluded such as the impact resulting from a non-U.S. tax ruling regarding the deductibility of a statutory impairment of subsidiary investments and release of income tax reserves relating to the Celgene acquisition. We also provide international revenues for our priority products excluding the impact of foreign exchange. We calculate foreign exchange impacts by converting our current-period local currency financial results using the prior period average currency rates and comparing these adjusted amounts to our current-period results. Reconciliations of these non-GAAP financial measures to the most comparable GAAP measures are included in Exhibit 99.1 to our Form 8-K filed on February 6, 2025 and are incorporated herein by reference.
Non-GAAP information is intended to portray the results of our baseline performance, supplement or enhance management's, analysts' and investors’ overall understanding of our underlying financial performance and facilitate comparisons among current, past and future periods. This information is not intended to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the related financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP and may not be the same as or comparable to similarly titled measures presented by other companies due to possible differences in method and in the items being adjusted. We encourage investors to review our financial statements and publicly-filed reports in their entirety and not to rely on any single financial measure.
Specified items were as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023
Inventory purchase price accounting adjustments $ 47 $ 84
Intangible asset impairment
1,839 27
Site exit and other costs 133 64
Cost of products sold 2,019 175
Acquisition related charges(a)
372 -
Site exit and other costs 50 94
Marketing, selling and administrative 422 94
IPRD impairments 980 80
Priority review voucher - 95
Acquisition related charges(a)
348 -
Site exit and other costs 49 12
Research and development 1,377 187
Amortization of acquired intangible assets 8,872 9,047
Interest expense(b)
(49) (52)
Litigation and other settlements 61 (397)
Provision for restructuring 635 365
Integration expenses 284 242
Equity investment (gains)/losses
(18) 152
Divestiture losses
15 -
Other 217 55
Other (income)/expense, net 1,145 365
Increase to pretax income 13,835 9,868
Income taxes on items above (2,045) (1,639)
Income tax reserve releases
(502) -
Income taxes attributed to non-U.S. tax ruling - (656)
Income taxes (2,547) (2,295)
Increase to net earnings $ 11,288 $ 7,573
(a) Includes cash settlement of unvested stock awards, and other related costs incurred in connection with the recent acquisitions.
(b) Includes amortization of purchase price adjustments to Celgene debt.
The reconciliations from GAAP to Non-GAAP were as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
Dollars in millions, except per share data 2024 2023
Net (loss)/earnings attributable to BMS
GAAP $ (8,948) $ 8,025
Specified Items 11,288 7,573
Non-GAAP $ 2,340 $ 15,598
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - diluted - GAAP
2,027 2,078
Incremental shares attributable to share-based compensation plans
5 -
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - diluted - Non-GAAP
2,032 2,078
Diluted (loss)/earnings per share attributable to BMS
GAAP $ (4.41) $ 3.86
Specified items 5.56 3.65
Non-GAAP $ 1.15 $ 7.51
Financial Position, Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our net debt position was as follows:
December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023
Cash and cash equivalents $ 10,346 $ 11,464
Marketable debt securities - current 513 816
Marketable debt securities - non-current 320 364
Total cash, cash equivalents and marketable debt securities 11,179 12,644
Short-term debt obligations (2,046) (3,119)
Long-term debt (47,603) (36,653)
Net debt position $ (38,470) $ (27,128)
Liquidity and Capital Resources
We regularly assess our anticipated working capital needs, debt and leverage ratio levels, debt maturities, capital expenditure requirements, dividend payouts, potential share repurchases and future investments or acquisitions in order to maximize shareholder return, efficiently finance our ongoing operations and maintain flexibility for future strategic transactions. We also regularly evaluate our capital structure to ensure financial risks, adequate liquidity access and lower cost of capital are efficiently managed, which may lead to the issuance of additional debt securities, the repurchase of debt securities prior to maturity or the issuance or repurchase of common stock.
We believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable debt securities together with cash generated from operations in the next few years, and, if required, from the issuance of commercial paper, will be sufficient to satisfy our anticipated cash needs for at least the next few years, including dividends, capital expenditures, milestone payments, working capital, income taxes, restructuring initiatives, repurchase of common stock, and debt maturities of approximately $14.0 billion through 2029, as well as any debt repurchases through redemptions or tender offers.
In 2024, we issued the 2024 Senior Unsecured Notes in an aggregate principal amount of $13.0 billion with proceeds, net of discount and loan issuance costs, of $12.9 billion. The proceeds from the 2024 Senior Unsecured Notes were used to partially fund the acquisitions of RayzeBio and Karuna, and the remaining net proceeds were used for general corporate purposes. In connection with the issuance of the 2024 Senior Unsecured Notes, we terminated the $10.0 billion 364-day senior unsecured delayed draw term loan facility entered in February 2024 to provide bridge financing for the RayzeBio and Karuna acquisitions. For more information on planned acquisitions, refer to “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Note 4. Acquisitions, Divestitures, Licensing and Other Arrangements” and refer to “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data -Note 10. Financing Arrangements” for further information.
We have a share repurchase program, authorized by our Board of Directors, allowing for repurchases of BMS common stock shares, effected in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions in compliance with Rule 10b-18 under the Exchange Act, including through Rule 10b5-1 trading plans. The share repurchase program does not obligate us to repurchase any specific number of shares nor does it have a specific expiration date and may be suspended or discontinued at any time. In 2023, we repurchased approximately 87 million shares of our common stock for $5.2 billion, including approximately 70 million shares for $4.0 billion through our ASR agreements. In December 2023, the Board of Directors approved an increase of $3.0 billion to the share repurchase authorization for BMS's common stock. The remaining share repurchase capacity under the BMS share repurchase program was $5.0 billion as of December 31, 2024. There were no share repurchases in 2024. Refer to “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Note 17. Equity” for additional information.
Dividend payments were $4.9 billion in 2024 and $4.7 billion in 2023. Dividend paid per common share was $0.60 during each quarter of 2024. Dividends are authorized on a quarterly basis by our Board of Directors.
As of December 31, 2024, we had a five-year $5.0 billion revolving credit facility expiring in January 2029, which is extendable annually by one year with the consent of the lenders. In January 2025, we extended the credit facility to January 2030. Additionally, in February 2024, we entered into a $2.0 billion 364-day revolving credit facility which expired in January 2025. The facilities provide for customary terms and conditions with no financial covenants and may be used to provide backup liquidity for our commercial paper borrowings. No borrowings were outstanding under any revolving credit facility as of December 31, 2024 or 2023.
As of December 31, 2024, under our commercial paper program, we could issue up to $7.0 billion of unsecured notes, with maturities of not more than 365 days from the date of issuance. Of this amount, $3.0 billion was issued and repaid during 2024. In January 2025, the maximum amount of commercial paper that could be issued was reduced to $5.0 billion following the expiration of the aforementioned $2.0 billion 364-day revolving credit facility.
Our investment portfolio includes marketable debt securities, which are subject to changes in fair value as a result of interest rate fluctuations and other market factors. Our investment policy establishes limits on the amount and time to maturity of investments with any institution. The policy also requires that investments are only entered into with corporate and financial institutions that meet high credit quality standards. Refer to “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Note 10. Financing Arrangements” for further information.
Capital Expenditures
Annual capital expenditures were approximately $1.2 billion in 2024, $1.1 billion in 2023 and 2022 and are expected to be approximately $1.5 billion in 2025. We continue to make capital expenditures in connection with the expansion of our cell therapy and other manufacturing capabilities, research and development and other facility-related activities.
Contractual Obligations and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
In the normal course of business, we enter into contracts and commitments that obligate us to make payments in the future. Information regarding our obligations relating to debt, income taxes and lease arrangements are provided in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Note 1. Accounting Policies and Recently Issued Accounting Standards”, “-Note 10. Financing Arrangements”, “-Note 7. Income Taxes” and “-Note 14. Leases”, respectively.
We are committed to an aggregate $17.2 billion of potential contingent future research and development milestone payments to third parties for in-licensing, asset acquisitions and development programs including early-stage milestones of $5.8 billion (milestones achieved through Phase III clinical studies) and late-stage milestones of $11.4 billion (milestones achieved post Phase III clinical studies). Payments generally are due and payable only upon achievement of certain developmental and regulatory milestones for which the specific timing cannot be predicted. Certain agreements also provide for sales-based milestones aggregating to $16.2 billion that we would be obligated to pay upon achievement of certain sales levels in addition to royalties. We also have certain manufacturing, development and commercialization obligations in connection with alliance arrangements. It is not practicable to estimate the amount of these obligations. Refer to “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Note 3. Alliances” and "-Note 4. Acquisitions, Divestitures, Licensing and Other Arrangements" for further information.
We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that are material or reasonably likely to become material to our financial condition or results of operations.
Credit Ratings
Our current long-term and short-term credit ratings assigned by Moody’s Investors Service are A2 and Prime-1, respectively, with a stable long-term credit outlook. Our current long-term and short-term credit ratings assigned by Standard & Poor’s are A and A-1, respectively, with a stable long-term credit outlook. The long-term ratings reflect the agencies’ opinion that we have a low default risk but are somewhat susceptible to adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions. The short-term ratings reflect the agencies’ opinion that we have good to extremely strong capacity for timely repayment. Any credit rating downgrade may affect the interest rate of any debt we may incur, the fair market value of existing debt and our ability to access the capital markets generally.
Cash Flows
The following is a discussion of cash flow activities:
Year Ended December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023
Cash flow provided by/(used in):
Operating activities $ 15,190 $ 13,860
Investing activities (21,352) (2,295)
Financing activities 5,127 (9,416)
Operating Activities
Cash flow from operating activities represents the cash receipts and disbursements from all of our activities other than investing and financing activities. Operating cash flow is derived by adjusting net earnings for noncontrolling interest, non-cash operating items, gains and losses attributed to investing and financing activities and changes in operating assets and liabilities resulting from timing differences between the receipts and payments of cash and when the transactions are recognized in our results of operations. As a result, changes in cash from operating activities reflect the timing of cash collections from customers and alliance partners; payments to suppliers, alliance partners and employees; customer discounts and rebates; and tax payments in the ordinary course of business.
The $1.3 billion increase in cash flow provided by operating activities compared to 2023, was primarily due to higher customer collections, net of rebates, discounts, and alliance payments ($3.4 billion) and lower income tax payments ($450 million), partially offset by higher acquisition-related payments, including cash settlement of unvested stock awards ($1.0 billion), and higher interest expense payments on debt ($600 million), as well as timing of payments in the ordinary course of business.
Investing Activities
Cash requirements from investing activities include cash used for acquisitions, manufacturing and facility-related capital expenditures and purchases of marketable securities with original maturities greater than 90 days at the time of purchase, proceeds from business divestitures (including royalties), the sale and maturity of marketable securities, sale of equity investments, as well as upfront and contingent milestones payments from licensing arrangements.
The $19.1 billion increase in cash flow used in investing activities compared to 2023 was due to payments for the Mirati, RayzeBio and Karuna acquisitions and SystImmune collaboration of $20.7 billion, partially offset by changes in the amount of marketable debt securities held of $1.4 billion.
Financing Activities
Cash requirements from financing activities include cash used to pay dividends, repurchase common stock and repay long-term debt and other borrowings, as well as proceeds from the exercise of stock options and issuance of long-term debt and other borrowings.
The $14.5 billion change in cash provided by financing activities compared to 2023 was primarily due to higher net borrowings of $9.6 billion used primarily to fund our acquisitions and share repurchases of $5.2 billion in 2023.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
For recently issued accounting standards, refer to “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Note 1. Accounting Policies and Recently Issued Accounting Standards.”
SEC Consent Order
As previously disclosed, on August 4, 2004, we entered into a final settlement with the SEC, concluding an investigation concerning certain wholesaler inventory and accounting matters. The settlement was reached through a Consent, a copy of which was attached as Exhibit 10 to our quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2004.
Under the terms of the Consent, we agreed, subject to certain defined exceptions, to limit sales of all products sold to our direct customers (including wholesalers, distributors, hospitals, retail outlets, pharmacies and government purchasers) based on expected demand or on amounts that do not exceed approximately one month of inventory on hand, without making a timely public disclosure of any change in practice. We also agreed in the Consent to certain measures that we have implemented including: (a) establishing a formal review and certification process of our annual and quarterly reports filed with the SEC; (b) establishing a business risk and disclosure group; (c) retaining an outside consultant to comprehensively study and help re-engineer our accounting and financial reporting processes; (d) publicly disclosing any sales incentives offered to direct customers for the purpose of inducing them to purchase products in excess of expected demand; and (e) ensuring that our budget process gives appropriate weight to inputs that come from the bottom to the top, and not just from the top to the bottom, and adequately documenting that process.
We have established a company-wide policy concerning our sales to direct customers for the purpose of complying with the Consent, which includes the adoption of various procedures to monitor and limit sales to direct customers in accordance with the terms of the Consent. These procedures include a governance process to escalate to appropriate management levels potential questions or concerns regarding compliance with the policy and timely resolution of such questions or concerns. In addition, compliance with the policy is monitored on a regular basis.
We maintain DSAs with our U.S. pharmaceutical wholesalers and specialty distributors, which account for approximately 89% of our gross U.S. revenues. Under the current terms of the DSAs, our wholesaler customers provide us with weekly information with respect to months on hand product-level inventories and the amount of out-movement of products. The three largest wholesalers currently account for approximately 85% of our gross U.S. revenues. The inventory information received from our wholesalers, together with our internal information, is used to estimate months on hand product level inventories at these wholesalers. We estimate months on hand product inventory levels for our U.S. business’s wholesaler customers other than the three largest wholesalers by extrapolating from the months on hand calculated for the three largest wholesalers. In contrast, our non-U.S. business has significantly more direct customers, limited information on direct customer product level inventory and corresponding out-movement information and the reliability of third-party demand information, where available, varies widely. Accordingly, we rely on a variety of methods to estimate months on hand product level inventories for these business units.
We believe the above-described procedures provide a reasonable basis to ensure compliance with the Consent.
Critical Accounting Policies
The preparation of financial statements requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses. Our critical accounting policies are those that significantly affect our financial condition and results of operations and require the most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, often because of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Because of this uncertainty, actual results may vary from these estimates.
Revenue Recognition
Our accounting policy for revenue recognition has a substantial impact on reported results and relies on certain estimates. Revenue is recognized following a five-step model: (i) identify the customer contract; (ii) identify the contract’s performance obligation; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligation; and (v) recognize revenue when or as a performance obligation is satisfied. Revenue is also reduced for GTN sales adjustments discussed below, all of which involve significant estimates and judgment after considering legal interpretations of applicable laws and regulations, historical experience, payer channel mix (e.g. Medicare or Medicaid), current contract prices under applicable programs, unbilled claims and processing time lags and inventory levels in the distribution channel. Estimates are assessed each period and adjusted as required to revise information or actual experience.
The following categories of GTN adjustments involve significant estimates, judgments and information obtained from external sources. Refer to “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Note 2. Revenue” for further discussion and analysis of each significant category of GTN sales adjustments.
Charge-backs and cash discounts
Our U.S. business participates in programs with government entities, the most significant of which are the U.S. Department of Defense and the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, and other parties, including covered entities under the 340B program, whereby pricing on products is extended below wholesaler list price to participating entities. These entities purchase products through wholesalers at the lower program price and the wholesalers then charge us the difference between their acquisition cost and the lower program price. Accounts receivable is reduced for the estimated amount of unprocessed charge-back claims attributable to a sale (typically within a two to four week time lag).
In the U.S. and some other countries, customers are offered cash discounts as an incentive for prompt payment on certain products, approximating 2% of the invoiced sales price. Accounts receivable is reduced for the estimated amount of cash discount at the time of sale and the discount is typically taken by the customer within one month.
Medicaid and Medicare rebates
Our U.S. business participates in state government Medicaid programs and other qualifying Federal and state government programs requiring discounts and rebates to participating state and local government entities. All discounts and rebates provided through these programs are included in our Medicaid rebate accrual. Medicaid rebates have also been extended to drugs used in managed Medicaid plans. The estimated amount of unpaid or unbilled rebates is presented as a liability.
Rebates and discounts are offered to managed healthcare organizations in the U.S. managing prescription drug programs and Medicare Advantage prescription drug plans covering the Medicare Part D drug benefit. Through December 31, 2024, we paid a 70% point of service discount to CMS when the Medicare Part D beneficiaries are in the coverage gap. The estimated amount of unpaid or unbilled rebates and discounts is presented as a liability.
Other rebates, returns, discounts and adjustments
Other GTN sales adjustments include sales returns and all other programs based on applicable laws and regulations for individual non-U.S. countries as well as rebates offered to managed healthcare organizations in the U.S. to a lesser extent. The non-U.S. programs include several different pricing schemes such as cost caps, volume discounts, outcome-based pricing schemes and pricing claw-backs that are based on sales of individual companies or an aggregation of all companies participating in a specific market. The estimated amount of unpaid or unbilled rebates and discounts is presented as a liability.
Estimated returns for established products are determined after considering historical experience and other factors including levels of inventory in the distribution channel, estimated shelf life, product recalls, product discontinuances, price changes of competitive products, introductions of generic products, introductions of competitive new products and lower demand following the loss of market exclusivity. Estimated returns for new products are determined after considering historical sales return experience of similar products, such as those within the same product line, similar therapeutic area and/or similar distribution model and estimated levels of inventory in the distribution channel and projected demand. The estimated amount for product returns is presented as a liability.
Use of information from external sources
Information from external sources is used to estimate GTN adjustments. Our estimate of inventory at the wholesalers is based on the projected prescription demand-based sales for our products and historical inventory experience, as well as our analysis of third-party information, including written and oral information obtained from certain wholesalers with respect to their inventory levels and sell-through to customers and third-party market research data, and our internal information. The inventory information received from wholesalers is a product of their recordkeeping process and excludes inventory held by intermediaries to whom they sell, such as retailers and hospitals.
We have also continued the practice of combining retail and mail prescription volume on a retail-equivalent basis. We use this methodology for internal demand forecasts. We also use information from external sources to identify prescription trends, patient demand and average selling prices. Our estimates are subject to inherent limitations of estimates that rely on third-party information, as certain third-party information was itself in the form of estimates, and reflect other limitations including lags between the date as of which third-party information is generated and the date on which we receive third-party information.
Acquisition and Intangible Assets Valuations
We make certain judgments to determine whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions of assets or as business combinations. If it is determined that substantially all of the fair value of gross assets acquired in a transaction is concentrated in a single asset (or a group of similar assets), the transaction is treated as an acquisition of assets. We evaluate the inputs, processes, and outputs associated with the acquired set of activities and assets. If the assets in a transaction include an input and a substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create outputs, the transaction is treated as an acquisition of a business.
We account for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting, which requires that assets acquired and liabilities assumed generally be recorded at their fair values as of the acquisition date. Excess of consideration over the fair value of net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. Estimating fair value requires us to make significant judgments and assumptions.
In transactions accounted for as acquisitions of assets, no goodwill is recorded and contingent consideration, such as payments upon achievement of various developmental, regulatory and commercial milestones, generally is not recognized at the acquisition date. In an asset acquisition, upfront payments allocated to IPRD projects at the acquisition date are expensed unless there is an alternative future use. In addition, product development milestones are expensed upon achievement.
We have identifiable intangible assets that are measured at their respective fair values as of the acquisition date. Generally, we engage an independent third-party valuation firm to assist in determining the fair values of these assets as of the acquisition date. The fair value of these assets is estimated using discounted cash flow models. These models required the use of the following significant estimates and assumptions among others:
•Identification of product candidates with sufficient substance requiring separate recognition;
•Estimates of revenues and operating profits related to commercial products or product candidates;
•Eligible patients, pricing and market share used in estimating future revenues;
•Probability of success for unapproved product candidates and additional indications for commercial products;
•Resources required to complete the development and approval of product candidates;
•Timing of regulatory approvals and exclusivity;
•Appropriate discount rate by products;
•Market participant income tax rates; and
•Allocation of expected synergies to products.
We believe the fair value used to record intangible assets acquired are based upon reasonable estimates and assumptions considering the facts and circumstances as of the acquisition date.
Impairment and Amortization of Long-lived Assets, including Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Long-lived assets include intangible assets and property, plant and equipment and are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable or at least annually for Goodwill and IPRD. Intangible assets are highly vulnerable to impairment charges, particularly newly acquired assets for recently launched products or IPRD. These assets are initially measured at fair value and therefore any reduction in expectations used in the valuations could potentially lead to impairment. Some of the more common potential risks leading to impairment include changes in competitive landscape, earlier than expected loss of market exclusivity, pricing reductions, adverse regulatory changes or clinical study results, delay or failure to obtain regulatory approval for initial or follow on indications and unanticipated development costs, inability to achieve expected synergies resulting from cost savings and avoidance, higher operating costs, changes in tax laws and other macro-economic changes. The complexity in estimating the fair value of intangible assets in connection with an impairment test is similar to the initial valuation. If the carrying value of long-lived assets exceeds its fair value, then the asset is written-down to its fair value. Expectations of future cash flows are subject to change based upon the near and long-term production volumes and margins generated by the asset as well as any potential alternative future use. The estimated useful lives of long-lived assets are subjective and require significant judgment regarding patent lives, future plans and external market factors. Long-lived assets are also periodically reviewed for changes in facts or circumstances resulting in a reduction to the estimated useful life of the asset, requiring the acceleration of depreciation or amortization. Impairment charges included in Cost of products sold, Research and development, and Other (income)/expense, net were $2.9 billion in 2024, $136 million in 2023 and $101 million in 2022. Refer to “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Note 15. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets” for further discussion and analysis of these impairment charges.
Income Taxes
Valuation allowances are recognized to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized. The assessment of whether or not a valuation allowance is required often requires significant judgment including long-range forecasts of future taxable income and evaluation of tax planning initiatives. Adjustments to the deferred tax valuation allowances are made to earnings in the period when such assessments are made. Our deferred tax assets were $8.4 billion at December 31, 2024 (net of valuation allowance of $929 million) and $7.3 billion at December 31, 2023 (net of valuation allowance of $764 million).
The U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards were $2.0 billion at December 31, 2024. These carryforwards were acquired as a result of certain acquisitions and are subject to limitations under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. The net operating loss carryforwards expire in varying amounts beginning in 2024. The foreign and state net operating loss carryforwards expire in varying amounts beginning in 2024 (certain amounts have unlimited lives).
Liabilities are established for possible assessments by tax authorities resulting from known tax exposures including, but not limited to, transfer pricing matters, tax credits and deductibility of certain expenses. Such liabilities represent a reasonable provision for taxes ultimately expected to be paid and may need to be adjusted over time as more information becomes known.
For discussions on income taxes, refer to “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Note 1. Accounting Policies and Recently Issued Accounting Standards-Income Taxes” and “-Note 7. Income Taxes.”
Contingencies
In the normal course of business, we are subject to contingencies, such as legal proceedings and claims arising out of our business, that cover a wide range of matters, including, among others, government investigations, shareholder lawsuits, product and environmental liability, contractual claims and tax matters. We recognize accruals for such contingencies when it is probable that a liability will be incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. These estimates are subject to uncertainties that are difficult to predict and, as such, actual results could vary from these estimates.
For discussions on contingencies, refer to “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Note 1. Accounting Policies and Recently Issued Accounting Standards-Contingencies,” “-Note 7. Income Taxes” and “-Note 20. Legal Proceedings and Contingencies.”
Product and Pipeline Developments
Our R&D programs are managed on a portfolio basis from early discovery through late-stage development and include a balance of early-stage and late-stage programs to support future growth. Our late-stage development programs could potentially have an impact on our revenue and earnings within the next few years if regulatory approvals are obtained and products are successfully commercialized. The following are the late-stage new indication developments in our marketed products, as well as developments in our late-stage pipeline:
Product Indication Date Developments
Abecma
Multiple Myeloma
September 2024 Announced the discontinuation of enrollment in the Phase III KarMMa-9 study investigating Abecma with lenalidomide maintenance versus lenalidomide maintenance alone in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma who have suboptimal response after autologous stem cell transplant.
April 2024 Announced the FDA approval of Abecma for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma after two or more prior lines of therapy, including an immunomodulatory agent, a proteasome inhibitor, and an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody. The approval is based on results from the Phase III KarMMa-3 trial. Abecma is being jointly developed and commercialized in the U.S. by Bristol Myers Squibb and 2seventy bio, Inc.
March 2024 Announced the EC approval of Abecma for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma who have received at least two prior therapies, including an immunomodulatory agent, a proteasome inhibitor, and an anti-CD38 antibody and have demonstrated disease progression on the last therapy. The approval is based on results from the Phase III KarMMa-3 trial. Abecma is the first CAR-T cell immunotherapy approved in the EU for use in earlier lines of therapy for relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma.
Augtyro
NSCLC September 2024 Announced that Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare granted manufacturing and marketing approval for Augtyro for the treatment of patients with ROS1 fusion-positive, unresectable advanced or recurrent NSCLC. This approval is based on results from the Phase I/II TRIDENT-1 trial.
NSCLC and Solid Tumor
January 2025 Announced EC approval of Augtyro as a treatment for ROS1 TKI-naïve and -pre-treated adult patients with ROS1-positive advanced NSCLC and for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients 12 years of age and older with advanced solid tumors expressing a NTRK gene fusion, and who have received a prior NTRK inhibitor, or have not received a prior NTRK inhibitor and treatment options not targeting NTRK provide limited clinical benefit, or have been exhausted. The approval is based on results from the TRIDENT-1 and CARE trials.
Solid Tumor
June 2024 Announced FDA accelerated approval of Augtyro for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients 12 years of age and older with solid tumors that have a neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase gene fusion, are locally advanced or metastatic or where surgical resection is likely to result in severe morbidity, and have progressed following treatment or have no satisfactory alternative therapy. This approval is based on results from the Phase I/II TRIDENT-1 study.
Product Indication Date Developments
Breyanzi
Follicular Lymphoma (FL)
January 2025 The CHMP of the EMA recommended approval of Breyanzi for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory FL who have received two or more prior lines of systemic therapy. The CHMP recommendation will now be reviewed by the EC and is based on the Phase II TRANSCEND study.
August 2024 Announced that Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare approved the supplemental NDA for Breyanzi for the treatment of relapsed or refractory FL after one prior line of systemic therapy in patients with high-risk FL and after two or more lines of systemic therapy based on results of the TRANSCEND FL study.
August 2024 Announced EMA validation of the Type II variation application to expand the indication for Breyanzi to include the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory FL who have received two or more prior lines of systemic therapy. The application is based on results of the Phase II TRANSCEND FL study. Validation of the application confirms the submission is complete and begins the EMA’s centralized review process.
June 2024 Announced data from a bridging therapy subgroup analysis of the Phase II TRANSCEND FL trial evaluating Breyanzi in second-line plus relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma show consistent efficacy with high response rates and a consistent safety profile regardless of receiving prior bridging therapy.
May 2024 Announced FDA accelerated approval of Breyanzi for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory FL who have received at least two prior lines of systemic therapy. This accelerated approval is based on results from the Phase II TRANSCEND FL study.
Large B-Cell Lymphoma
June 2024 Announced that three-year follow-up results from the Phase III TRANSFORM trial demonstrated ongoing event-free survival and durable responses with Breyanzi compared to the standard of care.
Leukemia
March 2024 Announced accelerated FDA approval of Breyanzi for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory CLL or SLL who have received at least two prior lines of therapy, including a Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor. The approval is based on the Phase I/II open-label, single-arm TRANSCEND CLL 004 trial.
Mantle Cell Lymphoma
June 2024 Announced results from a subgroup analysis from mantle cell lymphoma cohort of the Phase I TRANSCEND NHL 001 trial show Breyanzi demonstrated consistent clinical benefit regardless of number of prior lines of therapy.
May 2024 Announced FDA approval of Breyanzi for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma who have received at least two prior lines of systemic therapy, including a Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor. This approval is based on results from the MCL cohort of the Phase I TRANSCEND NHL 001 study.
Marginal Zone Lymphoma
February 2025 Announced positive topline results from the Phase II TRANSCEND FL trial evaluating Breyanzi in adult patients with relapsed or refractory indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, in which the trial met its primary endpoint of overall response rate in the marginal zone lymphoma cohort. The trial also met the key secondary endpoint of complete response rate.
Camzyos oHCM
February 2024 In EU, following an opinion from the CHMP of the EMA, Camzyos received a label update to reduce the frequency of required echocardiography monitoring once a patient treated for oHCM is on a stable dose. In addition, the company has an April PDUFA goal date from the FDA in the same setting.
September 2024 Announced new long-term follow-up results from the EXPLORER-LTE cohort of the MAVA-Long-Term Extension study evaluating Camzyos in adult patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II-III symptomatic oHCM demonstrating that patients experienced consistent and sustained improvements in echocardiographic measures and biomarkers after up to 3.5 years of continuous treatment. Patients experienced an improvement in symptoms and functional capacity as measured by NYHA class and patient-reported outcomes. The safety profile of Camzyos for up to 3.5 years remained consistent with the established safety profile and no new safety signals were identified.
July 2024 Announced that the Japanese New Drug Application for Camzyos was accepted by the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency for the treatment of oHCM. This filing is based on results from the global Phase III EXPLORER-HCM and Phase III VALOR-HCM trials, as well as the Japan Phase III HORIZON-HCM study.
Product Indication Date Developments
cendakimab
Eosinophilic Esophagitis
July 2024 Announced that the results from the Phase III trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of cendakimab in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis met both co-primary endpoints, demonstrating statistically significant reductions versus placebo in symptoms (dysphagia days) and esophageal eosinophil counts after 24 weeks of treatment. The overall safety profile of cendakimab through 48 weeks of treatment in the Phase III trial was consistent with previously reported eosinophilic esophagitis Phase II trial results, and no new safety signals were identified.
Cobenfy
Schizophrenia
October 2024 Announced new long-term data from the Phase III EMERGENT-4 and EMERGENT-5 trials evaluating the long-term efficacy, safety, and tolerability of Cobenfy in adults with schizophrenia over 52 weeks of treatment. Treatment with Cobenfy led to improvements in symptoms of schizophrenia across all efficacy measures, including the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total scores at 52 weeks, at which 30% of participants had a ≥30% reduction from baseline, confirming maintenance of effect with long-term treatment. Long-term treatment with Cobenfy was generally well tolerated, with no new safety or tolerability issues emerging.
September 2024 Announced FDA approval of Cobenfy for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults. The approval is based on data from the EMERGENT clinical program, which includes three placebo-controlled efficacy and safety trials and two open-label trials evaluating the long-term safety and tolerability of Cobenfy for up to one year.
April 2024 Announced pooled interim long-term safety, tolerability, and metabolic outcomes data from the Phase III EMERGENT-4 and EMERGENT-5 trials evaluating the safety, tolerability and efficacy of KarXT in adults with schizophrenia. KarXT demonstrated a favorable weight and long-term metabolic profile where most patients experience stability or improvements on key metabolic parameters over 52 weeks of treatment. KarXT was generally well-tolerated with a side effect profile consistent with prior trials.
In addition, announced interim long-term efficacy data from the Phase III EMERGENT-4 open-label extension trial demonstrated that KarXT was associated with significant improvement in symptoms of schizophrenia across all efficacy measures at 52 weeks.
Inrebic
Myelofibrosis
August 2024 Announced that the Japanese New Drug Application for Inrebic has been submitted to the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency for the treatment of myelofibrosis (MF). This filing is based on results from the global Phase III EFC12153 (Jakarta) study for 1L MF, the global Phase II ARD12181 (Jakarta-2) study for 2L MF, and the Japan Phase I/II FEDR-MF-003 study.
Krazati
Colorectal Cancer
June 2024 Announced FDA accelerated approval for Krazati in combination with cetuximab as a targeted treatment option for adult patients with KRASG12C-mutated locally advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer, as determined by an FDA-approved test, who have received prior treatment with fluoropyrimidine-oxaliplatin- and irinotecan-based chemotherapy. This accelerated approval is based on results from the Phase I/II KRYSTAL-1 study.
April 2024 Announced that data from the cohorts evaluating Krazati in combination with cetuximab of the Phase I/II KRYSTAL-1 study for the treatment of patients with previously treated KRASG12C-mutated locally advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer demonstrated clinically meaningful activity. With a median follow up of 11.9 months in 94 patients, Krazati plus cetuximab demonstrated an objective response rate of 34%, median progression-free survival of 6.9 months, and median overall survival of 15.9 months in pre-treated patients.
NSCLC
June 2024 Announced that the results from the Phase III KRYSTAL-12 study evaluating Krazati compared to standard of care chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced or metastatic KRASG12C -mutated NSCLC who had previously received platinum-based chemotherapy, concurrently or sequentially with anti-PD-(L)1 therapy, demonstrated a statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement in progression-free survival (PFS), the study’s primary endpoint. The KRYSTAL-12 study remains ongoing to assess the additional key secondary endpoint of overall survival.
March 2024 Announced that the results from the Phase III KRYSTAL-12 study evaluating Krazati as a monotherapy in patients with pretreated locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC harboring a KRASG12C mutation, met the primary endpoint of progression-free survival and the key secondary endpoint of overall response rate as assessed by Blinded Independent Central Review at final analysis for these endpoints. The study remains ongoing to assess the additional key secondary endpoint of overall survival.
Product Indication Date Developments
Opdivo
NSCLC
October 2024 Announced FDA approval of Opdivo for the treatment of adult patients with resectable (tumors ≥ 4cm or nod positive) NSCLC and no known epidermal growth factor receptor mutations or anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearrangements, for neoadjuvant treatment, in combination with platinum-doublet chemotherapy, followed by single-agent Opdivo as adjuvant treatment after surgery. The approval is based on results from the Phase III CheckMate -77T trial.
June 2024 Announced that the four-year survival data from the Phase III CheckMate -816 trial demonstrated that at a median follow up of 57.6 months, neoadjuvant Opdivo with chemotherapy continued to improve event-free survival versus chemotherapy alone.
June 2024 Announced that an exploratory analysis from the Phase III CheckMate -77T study of perioperative Opdivo showed improved event-free survival and pathologic complete response in stage III resectable NSCLC patients regardless of nodal status.
Renal Cell Carcinoma
January 2024 Announced four-year follow-up results from the CheckMate -9ER trial evaluating Opdivo in combination with Cabometyx* (cabozantinib) vs. sunitinib in patients with previously untreated advanced or metastatic RCC continued to show superior progression-free survival and objective response rates in patients treated with Opdivo plus Cabometyx* over sunitinib, regardless of risk classification based on IMDC scores. Superior overall survival was also observed in patients treated with the combination.
Urothelial Carcinoma December 2024 Announced that Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare granted supplemental approval for Opdivo in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine for the first-line treatment of adult patients with radically unresectable urothelial carcinoma. The approval is based on the results from the Phase III CheckMate -901 trial.
May 2024 Announced EC approval of Opdivo in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine for the first-line treatment of adult patients with unresectable or metastatic urothelial carcinoma. The approval is based on the results from the Phase III CheckMate -901 trial.
March 2024 Announced FDA approval of Opdivo, in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine, for the first-line treatment of adult patients with unresectable or metastatic urothelial carcinoma. The approval is based on results from the Phase III CheckMate -901 trial evaluating Opdivo in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine followed by Opdivo monotherapy, compared to cisplatin-gemcitabine alone, for patients with previously untreated unresectable or metastatic urothelial carcinoma.
Opdivo Qvantig
Multiple Indications
December 2024 Announced FDA approval of Opdivo Qvantig injection for subcutaneous use in most previously approved adult, solid tumor Opdivo indications as monotherapy, monotherapy maintenance following completion of Opdivo plus Yervoy combination therapy, or in combination with chemotherapy or cabozantinib. The approval is based on results from the Phase III CheckMate -67T trial, which demonstrated non-inferior co-primary pharmacokinetic exposures, similar efficacy in overall response rate, and showed a comparable safety profile vs. intravenous Opdivo.
June 2024 Announced EMA validation of the extension application to introduce a new route of administration (subcutaneous use) for Opdivo (nivolumab) that includes a new pharmaceutical form (solution for injection) and a new strength (600 mg/vial) across multiple previously approved adult solid tumor indications as monotherapy, monotherapy maintenance following completion of nivolumab plus ipilimumab combination therapy, or in combination with chemotherapy or cabozantinib, based on the results from the Phase III CheckMate -67T study.
Opdivo + Yervoy
Colorectal Cancer
January 2025 Announced that new results from the Phase III CheckMate -8HW trial evaluating Opdivo plus Yervoy versus Opdivo monotherapy across all lines of therapy, including first line, for the treatment of microsatellite instability-high or mismatch repair deficient metastatic colorectal cancer showed that at a median follow-up of 47 months, Opdivo plus Yervoy provided a statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement in the dual primary endpoint of PFS compared to Opdivo monotherapy, demonstrating a 38% reduction in the risk of disease progression or death.
Product Indication Date Developments
Opdivo + Yervoy
Colorectal Cancer
December 2024 Announced EC approval of Opdivo plus Yervoy for the first-line treatment of adult patients with microsatellite instability-high or mismatch repair deficient unresectable or metastatic colorectal cancer. The approval is based on results from the Phase III CheckMate -8HW trial, in which Opdivo plus Yervoy demonstrated a statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement in the dual primary endpoint of progression-free survival and reduced the risk of disease progression or death by 79% compared to the investigator’s choice of chemotherapy as assessed by Blinded Independent Central Review.
October 2024 Announced that the Phase III CheckMate -8HW trial evaluating Opdivo plus Yervoy compared to Opdivo monotherapy across all lines of therapy as a treatment for patients with microsatellite instability-high or mismatch repair deficient metastatic colorectal cancer met the dual primary endpoint of progression-free survival as assessed by Blinded Independent Central Review at a pre-specified interim analysis. Previously, Opdivo plus Yervoy demonstrated a statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement in PFS compared to chemotherapy.
Opdivo plus Yervoy demonstrated a statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement in PFS compared to Opdivo monotherapy across all lines of therapy. The study is ongoing to assess various secondary endpoints, including overall survival. The safety profile for the combination of Opdivo plus Yervoy remained consistent with previously reported data, with no new safety signals identified.
September 2024 Announced that the supplemental Japanese New Drug Application for Opdivo plus Yervoy was accepted by the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency for the treatment of unresectable advanced or recurrent colorectal cancer with frequent microsatellite instability. This filing is based on results from the Phase III CheckMate -8HW study.
January 2024 Announced that the Phase III CheckMate -8HW trial evaluating Opdivo plus Yervoy compared to investigator’s choice of chemotherapy as a first-line treatment for patients with microsatellite instability-high or mismatch repair deficient metastatic colorectal cancer met the dual primary endpoint of progression-free survival (PFS) as assessed by Blinded Independent Central Review (BICR) at a pre-specific interim analysis. The study is ongoing to assess the second dual primary endpoint of PFS per BICR in patients receiving Opdivo plus Yervoy compared to Opdivo alone across all lines of therapy, as well as secondary endpoints.
In addition, data from the Phase III CheckMate -8HW trial showed that the combination of Opdivo plus Yervoy reduced the risk of disease progression or death by 79% versus chemotherapy as a first-line treatment for patients with microsatellite instability-high or mismatch repair deficient metastatic colorectal cancer (MSIH/dMMR mCRC) compared to chemotherapy.
HCC
January 2025 The CHMP of the EMA recommended approval of Opdivo + Yervoy for the first-line treatment of adult patients with unresectable or advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. The CHMP recommendation is based on results of the Phase III CheckMate -9DW trial and will now be reviewed by the EC, which has the authority to approve medicines for the EU.
August 2024 Announced FDA acceptance of the supplemental BLA for Opdivo plus Yervoy as a potential first-line treatment for adult patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. The acceptance is based on results from the Phase III CheckMate -9DW trial. The FDA assigned a PDUFA goal date of April 21, 2025.
August 2024 Announced that the supplemental Japanese New Drug Application for Opdivo plus Yervoy was accepted by the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency for the treatment of unresectable first line hepatocellular carcinoma. This filing is based on results from the Phase III CheckMate -9DW study.
July 2024 Announced EMA validation of the Type II variation application for Opdivo plus Yervoy as a potential first-line treatment option for adult patients with unresectable or advanced HCC who have not received prior systemic therapy. The application was based on results from the Phase III CheckMate -9DW trial.
June 2024 Announced that the results from the Phase III CheckMate -9DW trial showed the dual immunotherapy combination of Opdivo plus Yervoy meaningfully improved overall survival, the trial’s primary endpoint, compared to investigator’s choice of lenvatinib or sorafenib as a first-line treatment for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. The results also demonstrated a statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement in the key secondary endpoint of objective response rate.
Product Indication Date Developments
Opdivo + Yervoy
HCC
March 2024 Announced that Phase III CheckMate -9DW trial evaluating Opdivo plus Yervoy as a first-line treatment for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma who have not received a prior systemic therapy met its primary endpoint of improved overall survival compared to investigator’s choice of sorafenib or lenvatinib at a pre-specified interim analysis.
Melanoma
September 2024 Announced 10-year follow-up data from the Phase III CheckMate -067 trial that showed continued durable improvement in survival with first-line Opdivo plus Yervoy therapy and Opdivo monotherapy, versus Yervoy alone, in patients with previously untreated advanced or metastatic melanoma. With a minimum follow up of 10 years, median overall survival was 71.9 months with Opdivo plus Yervoy, the longest reported median overall survival in a Phase III advanced melanoma trial.
NSCLC
June 2024 Announced that the five-year follow-up results from the Phase III CheckMate -9LA trial showed durable, long-term survival benefits with Opdivo plus Yervoy combined with two cycles of chemotherapy compared to chemotherapy alone as a first-line treatment in patients with metastatic NSCLC.
May 2024 Announced that the Phase III CheckMate -73L trial did not meet its primary endpoint of progression-free survival in unresectable, locally advanced stage III NSCLC.
Renal Cell Carcinoma
January 2024 Announced that eight-year data from the Phase III CheckMate -214 trial evaluating Opdivo plus Yervoy versus sunitinib continued to demonstrate long-term survival results, reducing the risk of death by 28% in patients with previously untreated advanced or metastatic RCC, regardless of IMDC risk group. Patients treated with Opdivo plus Yervoy maintained superior survival and more durable response benefits compared to those who received sunitinib in both patients with intermediate- and poor-risk prognostic factors and across all randomized patients.
Reblozyl Myelodysplastic Syndromes
April 2024 Announced the EC expanded approval of Reblozyl to include the first-line treatment of transfusion-dependent anemia due to very low, low and intermediate-risk myelodysplastic syndromes. The approval covers all European Union member states and is based on the pivotal Phase III COMMANDS trial.
January 2024 Announced that Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare granted manufacturing and marketing approval for Reblozyl for MDS-related anemia. The approval is based on the results of the global Phase III COMMANDS trial and the Phase III MEDALIST study, as well as a Japanese Phase II study (Study MDS-003) in red blood cell transfusion-independent low-risk MDS patients.
Sotyktu
Plaque Psoriasis
December 2024 Announced positive topline results from the pivotal Phase III POETYK PsA-1 and POETYK PsA-2 trials evaluating efficacy and safety of Sotyktu in adults with PsA. Both trials met their primary endpoint, with a significantly greater proportion of Sotyktu-treated patients achieving ACR20 response (at least a 20 percent improvement in signs and symptoms of disease) after 16 weeks of treatment compared with placebo. Additionally, both trials met important secondary endpoints across PsA disease activity at Week 16. The overall safety profile of Sotyktu through 16 weeks of treatment in both trials was consistent with the established safety profile of Sotyktu observed in a Phase II PsA clinical trial and Phase III moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis clinical trials.
May 2024 Announced four-year results from the POETYK PSO long-term extension trial of Sotyktu treatment in adult patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis showed that, after four years of continuous Sotyktu treatment, clinical response was maintained in more than seven out of 10 patients for Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) 75. In addition, the safety profile of Sotyktu at Year 4 remained consistent with the established safety profile, with no new safety signals identified.
Product Indication Date Developments
Zeposia
Crohn's Disease
March 2024 Following initial analysis of results from the first of two induction studies in the Phase III YELLOWSTONE trial evaluating Zeposia in adult patients with moderate-to-severe active Crohn’s disease, it was determined that the study did not meet its primary endpoint of clinical remission at Week 12. The safety profile of Zeposia in this study was consistent with that observed in previously reported trials.
MS
September 2024 Announced data from the Phase III DAYBREAK trial which demonstrated that decreased rates of brain volume loss were sustained in the open-label extension for patients treated with Zeposia for relapsing forms of MS. A separate DAYBREAK OLE safety analysis demonstrated declining or stable incidence rates of treatment-emergent adverse events, with relatively low rates of infections, serious infections and opportunistic infections over more than eight years of treatment with Zeposia.
March 2024 Announced that data from the Phase III DAYBREAK open-label extension trial demonstrated the long-term efficacy and safety profile of Zeposia in patients with relapsing forms of MS. In the DAYBREAK long-term extension study, treatment with Zeposia demonstrated a low annualized relapse rate of 0.098 and 67% of patients were relapse-free at six years. An analysis of DAYBREAK data showed nearly 97% of followed patients were relapse-free at 90 days post Zeposia discontinuation. Patients that did relapse showed no evidence of rebound effect.
UC
December 2024 Announced that Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare granted manufacturing and marketing approval for Zeposia for the treatment of moderate to severe ulcerative colitis in patients who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapies. The approval is based on results from the Japanese Phase II/III RPC01-3013 study.
Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This 2024 Form 10-K (including documents incorporated by reference) and other written and oral statements we make from time to time contain certain “forward-looking” statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. You can identify these forward-looking statements by the fact they use words such as “should,” “could,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “target,” “may,” “project,” “guidance,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “will” and other words and terms of similar meaning and expression in connection with any discussion of future operating or financial performance. One can also identify forward-looking statements by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. Such forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations and projections about our future financial results, goals, plans and objectives and involve inherent risks, assumptions and uncertainties, including internal or external factors that could delay, divert or change any of them in the next several years, and could cause our future financial results, goals, plans and objectives to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, the statements. These statements are likely to relate to, among other things, our goals, plans and objectives regarding our financial position, results of operations, cash flows, market position, product development, product approvals, sales efforts, expenses, performance or results of current and anticipated products, our business development strategy and in relation to our ability to realize the projected benefits of our acquisitions, alliances and other business development activities, the impact of any pandemic or epidemic on our operations and the development and commercialization of our products, potential laws and regulations to lower drug prices, market actions taken by private and government payers to manage drug utilization and contain costs, the expiration of patents or data protection on certain products, including assumptions about our ability to retain marketing exclusivity of certain products, and the outcome of contingencies such as legal proceedings and financial results. No forward-looking statement can be guaranteed. We have included important factors in the cautionary statements included in this 2024 Form 10-K, particularly under “Item 1A. Risk Factors,” that we believe could cause actual results to differ materially from any forward-looking statement.
Although we believe that we have been prudent in our plans and assumptions, no assurance can be given that any goal or plan set forth in forward-looking statements can be achieved and readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such statements, which speak only as of the date made. Additional risks that we may currently deem immaterial or that are not presently known to us could also cause the forward-looking events discussed in this 2024 Form 10-K not to occur. Except as otherwise required by applicable law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events, changed circumstances or otherwise after the date of this 2024 Form 10-K.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.
We are exposed to market risk resulting from changes in currency exchange rates and interest rates. Certain derivative financial instruments are used when available on a cost-effective basis to hedge our underlying economic exposure. All of our financial instruments, including derivatives, are subject to counterparty credit risk considered as part of the overall fair value measurement. Derivative financial instruments are not used for trading purposes.
Foreign Exchange Risk
Significant amounts of our revenues, earnings and cash flow are exposed to changes in foreign currency rates. Our primary net foreign currency translation exposures are the euro and Japanese yen. Foreign currency forward and purchased local currency put option contracts are used to manage risk primarily arising from certain intercompany sales, third party sales and purchases transactions.
We are also exposed to foreign exchange transaction risk arising from non-functional currency denominated assets and liabilities and earnings denominated in non-U.S. dollar currencies. Foreign currency forward contracts are used to offset these exposures but are not designated as hedges. Foreign currency forward contracts are also used to hedge the foreign currency exposures of our net investment in certain international affiliates and are designated as hedges of net investments.
We estimate that a 10% appreciation in the underlying currencies being hedged from their levels against the U.S. dollar (with all other variables held constant) would decrease the fair value of foreign exchange contracts by $455 million and $409 million as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, reducing earnings over the remaining life of the contracts.
Cross-currency swap contracts are used to manage risk arising from long-term debt denominated in euros and to hedge the Company's net investment in its foreign subsidiaries. We estimate that a 10% appreciation in the underlying currencies being hedged from their levels against the U.S. dollar (with all other variables held constant) would increase the fair value of cross-currency swap contracts by $49 million as of December 31, 2024 and increase by $46 million as of December 31, 2023, respectively.
For additional information, refer to “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Note 9. Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements.”
Interest Rate Risk
We use fixed-to-floating interest rate swap contracts designated as fair value hedges to provide an appropriate balance of fixed and floating rate debt. We use cross-currency swap contracts designated to manage risk arising from long-term debt denominated in euros and to hedge the Company's net investment in its foreign subsidiaries. The fair values of these contracts as well as our marketable debt securities are analyzed at year-end to determine their sensitivity to interest rate changes. In this sensitivity analysis, if there was a 1% increase in short-term or long-term interest rates as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the expected adverse impact on our earnings would not be material.
We estimate that an increase of 1% in long-term interest rates as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 would decrease the fair value of long-term debt by $3.6 billion and $3.0 billion, respectively.
Credit Risk
We monitor our investments with counterparties with the objective of minimizing concentrations of credit risk. Our investment policy is to invest only in institutions that meet high credit quality standards and establishes limits on the amount and time to maturity of investments with any individual counterparty. The policy also requires that investments are only entered into with corporate and financial institutions that meet high credit quality standards.
The use of derivative instruments exposes us to credit risk if the counterparty fails to perform when the fair value of a derivative instrument contract is positive. If the counterparty fails to perform, collateral is not required by any party whether derivatives are in an asset or liability position. We have a policy of diversifying derivatives with counterparties to mitigate the overall risk of counterparty defaults. For additional information, refer to “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Note 9. Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements.”

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA.
BRISTOL-MYERS SQUIBB COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS
Dollars in millions, except per share data
Year Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Net product sales $ 46,778 $ 43,778 $ 44,671
Alliance and other revenues 1,522 1,228 1,488
Total Revenues 48,300 45,006 46,159
Cost of products sold(a)
13,968 10,693 10,137
Marketing, selling and administrative 8,414 7,772 7,814
Research and development 11,159 9,299 9,509
Acquired IPRD 13,373 913 815
Amortization of acquired intangible assets 8,872 9,047 9,595
Other (income)/expense, net 893 (1,158) 576
Total Expenses 56,679 36,566 38,446
(Loss)/earnings before income taxes
(8,379) 8,440 7,713
Income tax provision
554 400 1,368
Net (loss)/earnings
(8,933) 8,040 6,345
Noncontrolling Interest 15 15 18
Net (loss)/earnings attributable to BMS
$ (8,948) $ 8,025 $ 6,327
(Loss)/Earnings per common share:
Basic $ (4.41) $ 3.88 $ 2.97
Diluted (4.41) 3.86 2.95
(a) Excludes amortization of acquired intangible assets.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS)/INCOME
Dollars in millions
Year Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Net (loss)/earnings
$ (8,933) $ 8,040 $ 6,345
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of taxes and reclassifications to earnings:
Derivatives qualifying as cash flow hedges 374 (230) 54
Pension and postretirement benefits 90 (115) 145
Marketable debt securities - 2 (2)
Foreign currency translation (156) 78 (210)
Total other comprehensive income/(loss)
308 (265) (13)
Comprehensive (loss)/income
(8,625) 7,775 6,332
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest
15 15 18
Comprehensive (loss)/income attributable to BMS
$ (8,640) $ 7,760 $ 6,314
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
BRISTOL-MYERS SQUIBB COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
Dollars in millions, except share and per share data
December 31,
ASSETS 2024 2023
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 10,346 $ 11,464
Marketable debt securities
513 816
Receivables 10,747 10,921
Inventories 2,557 2,662
Other current assets 5,617 5,907
Total Current assets 29,780 31,770
Property, plant and equipment 7,136 6,646
Goodwill 21,719 21,169
Other intangible assets 23,307 27,072
Deferred income taxes 4,236 2,768
Marketable debt securities
320 364
Other non-current assets 6,105 5,370
Total Assets $ 92,603 $ 95,159
LIABILITIES
Current liabilities:
Short-term debt obligations $ 2,046 $ 3,119
Accounts payable 3,602 3,259
Other current liabilities 18,126 15,884
Total Current liabilities 23,774 22,262
Deferred income taxes 369 338
Long-term debt 47,603 36,653
Other non-current liabilities 4,469 6,421
Total Liabilities 76,215 65,674
Commitments and contingencies
EQUITY
Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Shareholders’ Equity:
Preferred stock, $2 convertible series, par value $1 per share: Authorized 10 million shares; issued and outstanding 2,868 in 2024 and 2,953 in 2023, liquidation value of $50 per share
- -
Common stock, par value of $0.10 per share: Authorized 4.5 billion shares; 2.9 billion issued in 2024 and 2023
292 292
Capital in excess of par value of stock 46,024 45,684
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (1,238) (1,546)
Retained earnings 14,912 28,766
Less cost of treasury stock - 894 million common shares in 2024 and 902 million common shares in 2023
(43,655) (43,766)
Total BMS Shareholders’ Equity
16,335 29,430
Noncontrolling interest 53 55
Total Equity 16,388 29,485
Total Liabilities and Equity $ 92,603 $ 95,159
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
BRISTOL-MYERS SQUIBB COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
Dollars in millions
Year Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Cash Flows From Operating Activities:
Net (loss)/earnings
$ (8,933) $ 8,040 $ 6,345
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss)/earnings to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization, net 9,600 9,760 10,276
Deferred income taxes (2,089) (3,288) (2,738)
Stock-based compensation 507 518 457
Impairment charges 2,963 255 179
Divestiture gains and royalties (1,119) (884) (1,063)
Acquired IPRD 13,373 913 815
Equity investment (gains)/losses, net
(16) 160 801
Other adjustments 94 300 223
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Receivables 264 (995) (663)
Inventories (486) (751) (69)
Accounts payable 184 198 109
Rebates and discounts 1,484 904 427
Income taxes payable (1,260) (603) (1,423)
Other 624 (667) (610)
Net cash provided by operating activities 15,190 13,860 13,066
Cash Flows From Investing Activities:
Sale and maturities of marketable debt securities 1,122 733 6,411
Purchase of marketable debt securities (769) (1,774) (3,592)
Proceeds from sales of equity investments
265 215 218
Capital expenditures (1,248) (1,209) (1,118)
Divestiture and other proceeds 1,099 909 1,305
Acquisition and other payments, net of cash acquired (21,821) (1,169) (4,286)
Net cash used in investing activities (21,352) (2,295) (1,062)
Cash Flows From Financing Activities:
Proceeds from issuance of short-term debt obligations 2,987 - -
Repayments of short-term debt obligations (3,000) - -
Other short-term financing obligations, net
99 (120) 194
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt
12,883 4,455 5,926
Repayments of long-term debt
(2,873) (3,879) (11,431)
Repurchase of common stock - (5,155) (8,001)
Dividends (4,863) (4,744) (4,634)
Stock option proceeds and other, net (106) 27 984
Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities
5,127 (9,416) (16,962)
Effect of exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash (137) 45 (33)
(Decrease)/increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
(1,172) 2,194 (4,991)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period 11,519 9,325 14,316
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period $ 10,347 $ 11,519 $ 9,325
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
Note 1. ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
Nature of Operations and Basis of Consolidation
Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (“BMS”, or “the Company”) is a global biopharmaceutical company whose mission is to discover, develop and deliver innovative medicines that help patients prevail over serious diseases.
The consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP, including the accounts of Bristol-Myers Squibb Company and all of its controlled majority-owned subsidiaries and certain variable interest entities. All intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated. Material subsequent events are evaluated and disclosed through the report issuance date. Refer to the Summary of Abbreviated Terms at the end of this 2024 Form 10-K for definitions of capitalized terms used throughout the document.
Alliance and license arrangements are assessed to determine whether the terms provide economic or other control over the entity requiring consolidation of an entity. Entities controlled by means other than a majority voting interest are referred to as variable interest entities and are consolidated when BMS has both the power to direct the activities of the variable interest entity that most significantly impacts its economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the entity.
Business Segment Information
BMS operates in a single segment engaged in the discovery, development, licensing, manufacturing, marketing, distribution and sale of innovative medicines that help patients prevail over serious diseases. A global research and development organization and supply chain organization are responsible for the discovery, development, manufacturing and supply of products. Regional commercial organizations market, distribute and sell the products. The business is also supported by global corporate staff functions. Consistent with BMS’s operational structure, the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”), as the chief operating decision maker, uses consolidated net income or loss as reported on the income statement when managing and allocating resources at the corporate level. Managing and allocating resources at the global corporate level enables the CEO to assess both the overall level of resources available and how to best deploy these resources across functions, therapeutic areas, regional commercial organizations and research and development projects in line with our overarching long-term corporate-wide strategic goals, rather than on a product or franchise basis. The determination of a single segment is consistent with the financial information regularly reviewed by the CEO for purposes of evaluating performance, allocating resources, setting incentive compensation targets, and planning and forecasting future periods. For further information on product and regional revenue, see “-Note 2. Revenue.”
The following table represents the significant segment expenses regularly provided to the CEO:
Year ended December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023 2022
Research (a)
$ 1,522 $ 1,557 $ 1,553
Drug Development (b)
4,495 3,835 3,824
Other (c)
5,142 3,907 4,132
Research and development
$ 11,159 $ 9,299 $ 9,509
(a) Includes costs to support the discovery and development of new molecular entities through pre-clinical studies.
(b) Includes costs to support clinical development of potential new products, including expansion of indications for existing products through Phase I, Phase II and Phase III clinical studies.
(c) Includes costs to support manufacturing development of pre-approved products, medical support of marketed products, IPRD impairment charges, acquisition-related charges and proportionate allocations of enterprise-wide costs including facilities, information technology, and other appropriate costs.
Use of Estimates and Judgments
The preparation of financial statements requires the use of management estimates, judgments and assumptions. The most significant assumptions are estimates used in determining accounting for acquisitions; impairments of intangible assets; charge-backs, cash discounts, sales rebates, returns and other adjustments; legal contingencies; and income taxes. Actual results may differ from estimates.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include bank deposits, time deposits, commercial paper, treasury bills and money market funds. Cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the time of purchase and are recognized at cost, which approximates fair value.
Marketable Debt Securities
Marketable debt securities are classified as “available-for-sale” on the date of purchase and reported at fair value. Fair value is determined based on observable market quotes or valuation models using assessments of counterparty credit worthiness, credit default risk or underlying security and overall capital market liquidity. Marketable debt securities are reviewed for impairment by assessing if the decline in market value of the investment below the carrying value is other than temporary, which considers the intent and ability to retain the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in market value, the duration and extent that the market value has been less than cost and the investee's financial condition.
Equity Investments
Equity investments with readily determinable fair values are recorded at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in Other (income)/expense, net. Equity investments without readily determinable fair values are recorded at cost minus any impairment, plus or minus changes in their estimated fair value resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. Changes in the estimated fair value of equity investments without readily determinable fair values are recorded in Other (income)/expense, net.
BMS holds investments in limited partnerships, which primarily invest in early-stage life sciences companies. Such limited partnership investments are measured by using our proportionate share of the net asset values of the underlying investments held by the limited partnerships as a practical expedient. These investments are typically redeemable only through distributions upon liquidation of the underlying assets. Limited partnerships and investments in 50% or less owned companies are accounted for using the equity method of accounting when the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial decisions of the investee is maintained. The proportional share of the investee's net income or losses of equity investments accounted for using the equity method are included in Other (income)/expense, net. Equity investments without readily determinable fair values and equity investments accounted for using the equity method are assessed for potential impairment on a quarterly basis based on qualitative factors.
Inventory Valuation
Inventories are stated at the lower of average cost or net realizable value.
Property, Plant and Equipment and Depreciation
Expenditures for additions, renewals and improvements are capitalized at cost. Depreciation is computed on a straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives of the related assets ranging from 20 to 50 years for buildings and 3 to 20 years for machinery, equipment and fixtures.
Current facts or circumstances are periodically evaluated to determine if the carrying value of depreciable assets to be held and used may not be recoverable. If such circumstances exist, an estimate of undiscounted future cash flows generated by the long-lived asset, or appropriate grouping of assets, is compared to the carrying value to determine whether an impairment exists at its lowest level of identifiable cash flows. If an asset is determined to be impaired, the loss is measured based on the difference between the asset’s fair value and its carrying value. An estimate of the asset’s fair value is based on quoted market prices in active markets, if available. If quoted market prices are not available, the estimate of fair value is based on various valuation techniques using unobservable fair value inputs, such as a discounted value of estimated future cash flows.
Capitalized Software
Eligible costs to obtain internal use software are capitalized and amortized over the estimated useful life of the software ranging from three to ten years.
Acquisitions
Businesses acquired are consolidated upon obtaining control. The fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recognized at the date of acquisition. Any excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair values of the net assets acquired is recognized as goodwill. Business acquisition costs are expensed when incurred. Contingent consideration from potential development, regulatory, approval and sales-based milestones and sales-based royalties are included in the purchase price for business combinations and excluded for asset acquisitions.
If the assets acquired do not meet the definition of a business, primarily because no significant processes were acquired or substantially all of the relative fair value was allocated to a single asset, the transaction is accounted for as an asset acquisition rather than a business combination and no goodwill is recorded. In addition, in an asset acquisition, acquired in-process research and development ("IPRD") assets with no alternative future use are expensed to Acquired IPRD.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
The fair value of acquired intangible assets is determined using an income-based approach referred to as the excess earnings method utilizing Level 3 fair value inputs. Market participant valuations assume a global view considering all potential jurisdictions and indications based on discounted after-tax cash flow projections, risk adjusted for estimated probability of technical and regulatory success.
Finite-lived intangible assets, including acquired marketed product rights and R&D technology are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful life. Estimated useful lives are determined considering the period assets are expected to contribute to future cash flows. Finite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment when facts or circumstances suggest that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. If the carrying value exceeds the projected undiscounted pretax cash flows of the intangible asset, an impairment loss equal to the excess of the carrying value over the estimated fair value (discounted after-tax cash flows) is recognized.
Goodwill is tested at least annually for impairment by assessing qualitative factors in determining whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of net assets is below their carrying amounts. Examples of qualitative factors assessed include BMS’s share price, financial performance compared to budgets, long-term financial plans, macroeconomic, industry and market conditions as well as the substantial excess of fair value over the carrying value of net assets from the annual impairment test performed in a prior year. Each relevant factor is assessed both individually and in the aggregate.
IPRD is tested for impairment at least annually or more frequently if events occur or circumstances change that would indicate a potential reduction in the fair values of the assets below their carrying value. Impairment charges are recognized to the extent the carrying value of IPRD is determined to exceed its fair value.
Derivatives
All derivative instruments are recognized as either assets or liabilities at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets and are classified as current or long-term based on the scheduled maturity of the instrument. Derivatives designated as hedges, are assessed at inception and quarterly thereafter, to determine whether they are highly effective in offsetting changes or cash flows of the hedged item. The changes in fair value of a derivative designated as a fair value hedge and of the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in earnings immediately. The effective portions of changes in the fair value of a derivative designated as a cash flow hedge are reported in Accumulated other comprehensive loss and are subsequently recognized in earnings consistent with the underlying hedged item. If a derivative is no longer highly effective as a hedge, the Company discontinues hedge accounting prospectively. The earnings impact related to discontinued cash flow hedges and hedge ineffectiveness was not material during all periods presented. If a hedged forecasted transaction becomes probable of not occurring, any gains or losses are reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive loss to earnings. Derivatives that are not designated as hedges are adjusted to fair value through current earnings. The Company also uses derivative instruments or foreign currency denominated debt to hedge its net investments in certain foreign subsidiaries and affiliates. Realized and unrealized gains and losses from these hedges are included in foreign currency translation in Accumulated other comprehensive loss. Derivative cash flows, with the exception of net investment hedges, are principally classified in the operating section of the consolidated statements of cash flows, consistent with the underlying hedged item. Cash flows related to net investment hedges are classified in investing activities.
Restructuring
Restructuring charges are recognized as a result of actions to streamline operations, realize synergies from acquisitions and reduce the number of facilities. Estimating the impact of restructuring plans, including future termination benefits, integration expenses and other exit costs, requires judgment. Actual results could vary from these estimates. Restructuring charges are recognized upon meeting certain criteria, including finalization of committed plans, reliable estimates and discussions with local works councils in certain markets.
Contingencies
Loss contingencies from legal proceedings and claims may occur from government investigations, shareholder lawsuits, product and environmental liability, contractual claims, tax and other matters. Accruals are recognized when it is probable that a liability will be incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. Gain contingencies (including contingent proceeds related to the divestitures) are not recognized until realized. Legal fees are expensed as incurred.
Revenue Recognition
Refer to “-Note 2. Revenue” for a detailed discussion of accounting policies related to revenue recognition, including deferred revenue and royalties. Refer to “-Note 3. Alliances” for further details regarding alliances.
Research and Development and Acquired IPRD
Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Clinical study and certain research costs are recognized over the service periods specified in the contracts and adjusted as necessary based upon an ongoing review of the level of effort and costs actually incurred. Research and development costs are presented net of reimbursements from alliance partners.
Acquired IPRD expenses include upfront payments, contingent milestone payments in connection with asset acquisitions or in-license arrangements of third-party intellectual property rights, as well as any upfront and contingent milestones payable by BMS to alliance partners prior to regulatory approval.
The Company's Acquired IPRD by type of transaction was as follows:
Year ended December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023 2022
Alliance (Note 3) $ 880 $ 55 $ 100
Acquisitions (Note 4)
12,122 - -
In-license and other arrangements (Note 4)
371 858 715
Acquired IPRD $ 13,373 $ 913 $ 815
Advertising and Product Promotion Costs
Advertising and product promotion costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising and product promotion costs are included in Marketing, selling and administrative expenses and were $1.5 billion in 2024, $1.4 billion in 2023 and $1.3 billion in 2022.
Foreign Currency Translation
Foreign subsidiary earnings are translated into U.S. dollars using average exchange rates. The net assets of foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars using current exchange rates. The U.S. dollar effects that arise from translating the net assets of these subsidiaries at changing rates are recognized in Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss).
Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes includes income taxes paid or payable for the current year plus the change in deferred taxes during the year. Deferred taxes result from differences between the financial and tax basis of assets and liabilities and are adjusted for changes in tax rates and tax laws when changes are enacted. Valuation allowances are recognized to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized. The assessment of whether or not a valuation allowance is required often requires significant judgment including the long-range forecast of future taxable income and the evaluation of tax planning initiatives. Adjustments to the deferred tax valuation allowances are made to earnings in the period when such assessments are made. The tax effects of global intangible low-taxed income from certain foreign subsidiaries is recognized in the income tax provision in the period the tax arises.
Tax benefits are recognized from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefit recognized in the financial statements for a particular tax position is based on the largest benefit that is more likely than not to be realized upon settlement.
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
Segment Reporting
In November 2023, the FASB issued amended guidance for improvements to reportable segment disclosures. The revised guidance requires that a public entity disclose significant segment expenses regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker (CODM), including public entities with a single reportable segment. The amended guidance is effective for annual periods beginning January 1, 2024 and interim periods beginning January 1, 2025 and should be applied on a retrospective basis. BMS adopted the new guidance for the annual period ending December 31, 2024.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted
Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses
In November 2024, the FASB issued guidance on income statement disclosures. The guidance aims to provide enhanced disclosures of income expense categories to improve transparency and provide financial statement users with more detailed information about the nature, amount and timing of expenses impacting financial performance. The new guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted.
Income Taxes
In December 2023, the FASB issued amended guidance on income tax disclosures. The guidance is intended to provide additional disaggregation to the effective income tax rate reconciliation and income tax payment disclosures. The amended guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and should be applied on a prospective basis. Early adoption is permitted.
Note 2. REVENUE
The following table summarizes the disaggregation of revenue by nature:
Year Ended December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023 2022
Net product sales $ 46,778 $ 43,778 $ 44,671
Alliance revenues 479 608 742
Other revenues 1,043 620 746
Total Revenues $ 48,300 $ 45,006 $ 46,159
Net product sales represent more than 95% of total revenues for all periods presented. Products are sold principally to wholesalers, distributors, specialty pharmacies, and to a lesser extent, directly to retailers, hospitals, clinics and government agencies. Customer orders are generally fulfilled within a few days of receipt resulting in minimal order backlog. Contractual performance obligations are usually limited to transfer of control of the product to the customer. The transfer occurs either upon shipment, upon receipt of the product after considering when the customer obtains legal title to the product, or upon infusion for cell therapies and when BMS obtains a right of payment. At these points, customers are able to direct the use of and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits of the product.
Gross revenue to the three largest pharmaceutical wholesalers in the U.S. as a percentage of U.S. gross revenues was as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
McKesson Corporation 34 % 33 % 32 %
Cencora, Inc.
29 % 29 % 25 %
Cardinal Health, Inc. 22 % 23 % 21 %
Wholesalers are initially invoiced at contractual list prices. Payment terms are typically 30 to 90 days based on customary practices in each country. Revenue is reduced from wholesaler list price at the time of recognition for expected charge-backs, discounts, rebates, sales allowances and product returns ("GTN adjustments"). In the U.S., these GTN adjustments are attributed to various commercial arrangements, managed healthcare organizations and government programs such as Medicare, Medicaid and the 340B program containing various pricing implications, such as mandatory discounts, pricing protection below wholesaler list price or other discounts when Medicare Part D beneficiaries are in the coverage gap. In addition, non-U.S. government programs include different pricing schemes such as cost caps, volume discounts, outcome-based pricing and pricing claw-backs determined on sales of individual companies or an aggregation of companies participating in a specific market. Charge-backs and cash discounts are reflected as a reduction to receivables and settled through the issuance of credits to the customer, typically within one month. All other GTN adjustments, are reflected as a liability and settled through cash payments to the customer, typically within various time periods ranging from a few months to one year.
Significant judgment is required in estimating GTN adjustments considering legal interpretations of applicable laws and regulations, historical experience, payer channel mix, current contract prices under applicable programs, unbilled claims, processing time lags and inventory levels in the distribution channel.
The following table summarizes GTN adjustments:
Year Ended December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023 2022
Gross product sales $ 83,671 $ 73,679 $ 69,633
GTN adjustments(a)
Charge-backs and cash discounts (11,510) (9,144) (7,469)
Medicaid and Medicare rebates (16,551) (13,411) (11,362)
Other rebates, returns, discounts and adjustments (8,832) (7,346) (6,131)
Total GTN adjustments (36,893) (29,901) (24,962)
Net product sales $ 46,778 $ 43,778 $ 44,671
(a) Includes reductions of provisions for product sales made in prior periods resulting from changes in estimates of $159 million in 2024, $134 million in 2023, and $229 million in 2022.
Alliance and other revenues consist primarily of amounts related to collaborations and out-licensing arrangements. Each of these arrangements are evaluated for whether they represent contracts that are within the scope of the revenue recognition guidance in their entirety or contain aspects that are within the scope of the guidance, either directly or by reference based upon the application of the guidance related to the derecognition of nonfinancial assets (ASC 610).
Performance obligations are identified and separated when the other party can benefit directly from the rights, goods or services either on their own or together with other readily available resources and when the rights, goods or services are not highly interdependent or interrelated.
Transaction prices for these arrangements may include fixed upfront amounts as well as variable consideration such as contingent development and regulatory milestones, sales-based milestones and royalties. The most likely amount method is used to estimate contingent development, regulatory and sales-based milestones because the ultimate outcomes are binary in nature. The expected value method is used to estimate royalties because a broad range of potential outcomes exist, except for instances in which such royalties relate to a license. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price only to the extent a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized is not probable of occurring when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. Significant judgment is required in estimating the amount of variable consideration to recognize when assessing factors outside of BMS’s influence such as likelihood of regulatory success, limited availability of third party information, expected duration of time until resolution, lack of relevant past experience, historical practice of offering fee concessions and a large number and broad range of possible amounts. To the extent arrangements include multiple performance obligations that are separable, the transaction price assigned to each distinct performance obligation is reflective of the relative stand-alone selling price and recognized at a point in time upon the transfer of control.
Three types of out-licensing arrangements are typically utilized: (i) arrangements when BMS out-licenses intellectual property to another party and has no further performance obligations; (ii) arrangements that include a license and an additional performance obligation to supply product upon the request of the third party; and (iii) collaboration arrangements, which include transferring a license to a third party to jointly develop and commercialize a product.
Most out-licensing arrangements consist of a single performance obligation that is satisfied upon execution of the agreement when the development and commercialization rights are transferred to a third party. Upfront fees are recognized immediately and included in Other (income)/expense, net. Although contingent development and regulatory milestone amounts are assessed each period for the likelihood of achievement, they are typically constrained and recognized when the uncertainty is subsequently resolved for the full amount of the milestone and included in Other (income)/expense, net. Sales-based milestones and royalties are recognized when the milestone is achieved or the subsequent sales occur. Sales-based milestones and royalties are included in Alliance and other revenues.
Certain out-licensing arrangements may also include contingent performance obligations to supply commercial product to the third party upon its request. The license and supply obligations are accounted for as separate performance obligations as they are considered distinct because the third party can benefit from the license either on its own or together with other supply resources readily available to it and the obligations are separately identifiable from other obligations in the contract in accordance with the revenue recognition guidance. After considering the standalone selling prices in these situations, upfront fees, contingent development and regulatory milestone amounts and sales-based milestone and royalties are allocated to the license and recognized in the manner described above. Consideration for the supply obligation is usually based upon stipulated cost-plus margin contractual terms which represent a standalone selling price. The supply consideration is recognized at a point in time upon transfer of control of the product to the third party and included in Alliance and other revenues. The above fee allocation between the license and the supply represents the amount of consideration expected to be entitled to for the satisfaction of the separate performance obligations.
Although collaboration arrangements are unique in nature, both parties are active participants in the operating activities and are exposed to significant risks and rewards depending on the commercial success of the activities. Performance obligations inherent in these arrangements may include the transfer of certain development or commercialization rights, ongoing development and commercialization services and product supply obligations. Except for certain product supply obligations which are considered distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations similar to the manner discussed above, all other performance obligations are not considered distinct and are combined into a single performance obligation since the transferred rights are highly integrated and interrelated to the obligation to jointly develop and commercialize the product with the third party. As a result, upfront fees are recognized ratably over time throughout the expected period of the collaboration activities and included in Other (income)/expense, net as the license is combined with other development and commercialization obligations. Contingent development and regulatory milestones that are no longer constrained are recognized in a similar manner on a prospective basis. Royalties and profit sharing are recognized when the underlying sales and profits occur and are included in Alliance and other revenues. Refer to “-Note 3. Alliances” for further information.
The following table summarizes the disaggregation of revenue by product and region:
Year Ended December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023 2022
Growth Portfolio
Opdivo $ 9,304 $ 9,009 $ 8,249
Orencia 3,682 3,601 3,464
Yervoy 2,530 2,238 2,131
Reblozyl 1,773 1,008 717
Opdualag 928 627 252
Breyanzi 747 364 182
Camzyos 602 231 24
Zeposia 566 434 250
Abecma 406 472 388
Sotyktu 246 170 8
Krazati 126 - -
Augtyro 38 1 -
Cobenfy
10 - -
Other Growth products(a)
1,605 1,211 1,092
Total Growth Portfolio 22,563 19,366 16,757
Legacy Portfolio
Eliquis 13,333 12,206 11,789
Revlimid 5,773 6,097 9,978
Pomalyst/Imnovid 3,545 3,441 3,497
Sprycel 1,286 1,930 2,165
Abraxane 875 1,004 811
Other Legacy products(b)
925 962 1,162
Total Legacy Portfolio 25,737 25,640 29,402
Total Revenues $ 48,300 $ 45,006 $ 46,159
United States 34,105 31,210 31,500
International 13,199 13,097 13,825
Other(c)
996 699 834
Total Revenues $ 48,300 $ 45,006 $ 46,159
(a) Includes Onureg, Inrebic, Nulojix, Empliciti and royalty revenues.
(b) Includes other mature brands.
(c) Other revenues include alliance-related revenues for products not sold by BMS's regional commercial organizations.
Beginning in 2024, Puerto Rico revenues are included in International revenues. Prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.
Contract assets are primarily estimated future royalties and termination fees not eligible for the licensing exclusion and therefore recognized under ASC 606 and ASC 610. Contract assets are reduced and receivables are increased in the period the underlying sales occur. Cumulative catch-up adjustments to revenue affecting contract assets or contract liabilities were not material in 2024, 2023 and 2022. Revenue recognized from performance obligations satisfied in prior periods was $797 million in 2024, $462 million in 2023, and $556 million in 2022 consisting primarily of revised estimates for GTN adjustments related to prior period sales and royalties from out-licensing arrangements.
Sales commissions and other incremental costs of obtaining customer contracts are expensed as incurred as the amortization periods would be less than one year.
Note 3. ALLIANCES
BMS enters into collaboration arrangements with third parties for the development and commercialization of certain products. Although each of these arrangements is unique in nature, both parties are active participants in the operating activities of the collaboration and exposed to significant risks and rewards depending on the commercial success of the activities. BMS may either in-license intellectual property owned by the other party or out-license its intellectual property to the other party. These arrangements also typically include research, development, manufacturing, and/or commercial activities and can cover a single investigational compound or commercial product or multiple compounds and/or products in various life cycle stages. The rights and obligations of the parties can be global or limited to geographic regions. BMS refers to these collaborations as alliances, and its partners as alliance partners.
The most common activities between BMS and its alliance partners are presented in results of operations as follows:
•When BMS is the principal in the end customer sale, 100% of product sales are included in Net product sales. When BMS's alliance partner is the principal in the end customer sale, BMS’s contractual share of the third-party sales and/or royalty income are included in Alliance revenues as the sale of commercial products are considered part of BMS’s ongoing major or central operations. Refer to “-Note 2. Revenue” for information regarding recognition criteria.
•Amounts payable to BMS by alliance partners (who are the principal in the end customer sale) for supply of commercial products are included in Alliance revenues as the sale of commercial products are considered part of BMS’s ongoing major or central operations.
•Profit sharing, royalties and other sales-based fees payable by BMS to alliance partners are included in Cost of products sold as incurred.
•Cost reimbursements between the parties are recognized as incurred and included in Cost of products sold; Marketing, selling and administrative expenses; or Research and development expenses, based on the underlying nature of the related activities subject to reimbursement.
•Upfront and contingent development and regulatory approval milestones payable to BMS by alliance partners for investigational compounds and commercial products are deferred and amortized over the expected period of BMS's development and co-promotion obligation through the market exclusivity period or the periods in which the related compounds or products are expected to contribute to future cash flows. The amortization is presented consistent with the nature of the payment under the arrangement. For example, amounts received for investigational compounds are presented in Other (income)/expense, net as the activities being performed at that time are not related to the sale of commercial products included in BMS’s ongoing major or central operations; amounts received for commercial products are presented in alliance revenue as the sale of commercial products are considered part of BMS’s ongoing major or central operations.
•Upfront and contingent regulatory approval milestones payable by BMS to alliance partners for commercial products are capitalized and amortized over the shorter of the contractual term or the periods in which the related products are expected to contribute to future cash flows.
•Upfront and contingent milestones payable by BMS to alliance partners prior to regulatory approval are expensed as incurred and included in Acquired IPRD expense.
•Royalties and contingent sales based milestones payable to BMS by license partners are presented in Alliance revenues
•Royalties and other contingent consideration payable to BMS by alliance partners related to the divestiture of such businesses are included in Other (income)/expense, net when earned.
•All payments between BMS and its alliance partners are presented in Cash Flows From Operating Activities except for upfront and developmental and regulatory milestone payments which are presented in Cash Flows From Investing Activities.
Selected financial information pertaining to alliances was as follows, including net product sales when BMS is the principal in the third-party customer sale for products subject to the alliance agreements. Expenses summarized below do not include all amounts attributed to the activities for the products in the alliance, but only the payments between the alliance partners or the related amortization if the payments were deferred or capitalized.
Year Ended December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023 2022
Revenues from alliances:
Net product sales $ 13,587 $ 12,543 $ 12,001
Alliance revenues 479 608 742
Total alliance revenues
$ 14,066 $ 13,151 $ 12,743
Payments to/(from) alliance partners:
Cost of products sold $ 6,597 $ 6,067 $ 5,768
Marketing, selling and administrative (295) (263) (223)
Research and development 237 137 49
Acquired IPRD 880 55 100
Other (income)/expense, net (137) (49) (53)
December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023
Selected alliance balance sheet information:
Receivables - from alliance partners $ 221 $ 233
Accounts payable - to alliance partners 1,578 1,394
Deferred income from alliances(a)
222 274
(a) Includes unamortized upfront and milestone payments.
Specific information pertaining to significant alliances is discussed below, including their nature and purpose; the significant rights and obligations of the parties; specific accounting policy elections; and the statements of earnings classification of and amounts attributable to payments between the parties. Significant developments and updates related to alliances during the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are set forth below.
SystImmune
BMS and SystImmune, Inc. ("SystImmune") are parties to a global strategic collaboration for the co-development and co-commercialization of izalontamab brengitecan (iza-bren or BL-B01D1), a bispecific topoisomerase inhibitor-based antibody drug conjugate, which is currently being evaluated in a Phase I clinical trial for metastatic or unresectable NSCLC and is also in development for breast cancer and other tumor types. BMS paid an upfront fee of $800 million, which was included in Acquired IPRD during the year ended December 31, 2024. BMS is also obligated to pay up to $7.6 billion upon the achievement of contingent development, regulatory and sales-based milestones.
The parties will jointly develop and commercialize BL-B01D1 in the U.S. and share in the profits and losses. SystImmune will be responsible for the development, commercialization, and manufacturing in Mainland China and will be responsible for manufacturing certain drug supplies for outside of Mainland China, where BMS will receive a royalty on net sales. BMS will be responsible for the development and commercialization in the rest of the world, where SystImmune will receive a royalty on net sales.
Pfizer
BMS and Pfizer jointly develop and commercialize Eliquis, an anticoagulant discovered by BMS. Pfizer funds between 50% and 60% of all development costs depending on the study. Profits and losses are shared equally on a global basis except in certain countries where Pfizer commercializes Eliquis and pays BMS a sales-based fee.
The co-exclusive license rights granted to Pfizer in exchange for an upfront payment and potential milestone payments were recorded to Deferred income and are being amortized in Other (income)/expense, net, as Eliquis was not a commercial product at the commencement of the alliance. The upfront payment and any subsequent contingent milestone proceeds are amortized over the expected period of BMS's co-promotion obligation through the market exclusivity period. Both parties assumed certain obligations to actively participate in a joint executive committee and various other operating committees and have joint responsibilities for the research, development, distribution, sales and marketing activities of the alliance using resources in their own infrastructures. BMS and Pfizer manufacture the product in the alliance and BMS is the principal in the end customer product sales in the U.S., significant countries in Europe, as well as Canada, Australia, China, Japan and South Korea. In certain smaller countries, Pfizer has full commercialization rights and BMS supplies the product to Pfizer at cost plus a percentage of the net sales price to end-customers, which is recorded in full upon transfer of control of the product to Pfizer.
Summarized financial information related to this alliance was as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023 2022
Revenues from Pfizer alliance:
Net product sales $ 13,187 $ 12,006 $ 11,488
Alliance revenues 146 200 301
Total revenues $ 13,333 $ 12,206 $ 11,789
Payments to/(from) Pfizer:
Cost of products sold - profit sharing 6,419 5,833 5,604
Other (income)/expense, net - amortization of deferred income (42) (42) (42)
Selected alliance balance sheet information: December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023
Receivables $ 189 $ 169
Accounts payable 1,463 1,311
Deferred income 137 180
Ono
BMS and Ono jointly develop and commercialize Opdivo, Yervoy and several BMS investigational compounds in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. BMS is responsible for supply of the products. Profits, losses and development costs are shared equally for all combination therapies involving compounds of both parties. Otherwise, sharing is 80% and 20% for activities involving only one of the party’s compounds.
BMS and Ono also jointly develop and commercialize Orencia in Japan. BMS is responsible for the order fulfillment and distribution of the intravenous formulation and Ono is responsible for the subcutaneous formulation. Both formulations are jointly promoted by both parties with assigned customer accounts and BMS is responsible for the product supply. A co-promotion fee of 60% is paid when a sale is made to the other party’s assigned customer.
Summarized financial information related to this alliance was as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
(Dollars in millions)
Net product sales $ 158 $ 180 $ 216
Alliance revenues 333 408 441
Total Revenues $ 491 $ 588 $ 657
BMS is the principal in the end customer product sales and has the exclusive right to develop, manufacture and commercialize Opdivo worldwide except in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. Ono is entitled to receive royalties of 4% in North America and 15% in all territories excluding the three countries listed above, subject to customary adjustments. Ono will also receive royalties on the nivolumab component of Opdivo Qvantig and Opdualag consistent with the terms previously stated for Opdivo.
2seventy bio
BMS and 2seventy bio jointly develop and commercialize novel disease-altering gene therapy product candidates targeting BCMA. The collaboration includes (i) a right for BMS to license any anti-BCMA products resulting from the collaboration, (ii) a right for 2seventy bio to participate in the development and commercialization of any licensed products resulting from the collaboration through a 50/50 co-development and profit share in the U.S. in exchange for a reduction of milestone payments, and (iii) sales-based milestones and royalties payable to 2seventy bio upon the commercialization of any licensed products resulting from the collaboration should 2seventy bio decline to exercise their co-development and profit sharing rights.
BMS exercised its option to license idecabtagene vicleucel (Abecma) in 2016 and 2seventy bio elected to participate in development and commercialization of Abecma in the U.S. in 2018. The terms of the collaboration have since been amended to transfer substantially all manufacturing obligations to BMS and eliminate ex-U.S. milestones and royalties payable to 2seventy bio for Abecma.
In 2021, the FDA approved Abecma for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Net product sales of Abecma in the U.S. were $242 million, $358 million and $297 million; and the related profit sharing costs were $43 million, $109 million and $49 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Cost reimbursements were not material.
Eisai
In 2024, BMS and Eisai agreed to end the global strategic collaboration for the co-development and co-commercialization of MORAb-202 due to the ongoing portfolio prioritization efforts within BMS. All rights and obligations for MORAb-202 were transferred to Eisai, and BMS is to receive $90 million as part of the termination, which was included in Other (income)/expense, net during the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, of which $85 million was received during the third quarter of 2024.
Note 4. ACQUISITIONS, DIVESTITURES, LICENSING AND OTHER ARRANGEMENTS
Asset Acquisition
Karuna
On March 18, 2024, BMS acquired Karuna, a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company driven to discover, develop, and deliver transformative medicines for people living with psychiatric and neurological conditions. The acquisition provided BMS with rights to Cobenfy (xanomeline and trospium chloride), formerly KarXT. Cobenfy is an antipsychotic with a novel mechanism of action and differentiated efficacy and safety, which was approved by the FDA on September 26, 2024 for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults. Cobenfy is also in registrational trials for both adjunctive therapy to existing standard of care agents in schizophrenia and the treatment of psychosis in patients with Alzheimer’s Disease.
BMS acquired all of the issued and outstanding shares of Karuna's common stock for $330.00 per share in an all-cash transaction for total consideration of $14.0 billion, or $12.9 billion net of cash acquired. The acquisition was funded primarily with debt proceeds (see "-Note 10. Financing Arrangements" for further detail). The transaction was accounted for as an asset acquisition since Cobenfy represented substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired. As a result, $12.1 billion was expensed to Acquired IPRD during the twelve months ended December 31, 2024.
The following summarizes the total consideration transferred and allocation of consideration transferred to the assets acquired, liabilities assumed and Acquired IPRD expense:
Dollars in millions
Cash consideration for outstanding shares $ 12,606
Cash consideration for equity awards 1,421
Consideration to be paid
14,027
Less: Charge for unvested stock awards(a)
(289)
Transaction costs 55
Total consideration allocated $ 13,793
Cash and cash equivalents $ 1,167
Other assets 67
Intangible assets 100
Deferred income tax asset 542
Deferred income tax liability (25)
Other liabilities (180)
Total identifiable assets acquired, net
1,671
Acquired IPRD expense 12,122
Total consideration allocated
$ 13,793
(a) Includes cash-settled unvested equity awards of $130 million expensed in Marketing, selling and administrative and $159 million expensed in Research and development during the twelve months ended December 31, 2024.
Business Combinations
RayzeBio
On February 26, 2024, BMS acquired RayzeBio, a clinical-stage radiopharmaceutical therapeutics ("RPT") company with actinium-based RPTs for solid tumors. The acquisition provided BMS with rights to RayzeBio’s actinium-based radiopharmaceutical platform and lead asset, RYZ101, which is in Phase III development for treatment of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
BMS acquired all of the issued and outstanding shares of RayzeBio's common stock for $62.50 per share in an all-cash transaction for total consideration of $4.1 billion, or $3.6 billion net of cash acquired. The acquisition was funded through a combination of cash on hand and debt proceeds (see "-Note 10. Financing Arrangements" for further detail).
The transaction was accounted for as a business combination requiring all assets acquired and liabilities assumed to be recognized at fair value as of the acquisition date.
Total consideration for the acquisition consisted of the following:
Dollars in millions
Cash consideration for outstanding shares $ 3,851
Cash consideration for equity awards 296
Consideration paid
4,147
Less: Unvested stock awards(a)
(274)
Total consideration allocated $ 3,873
(a) Includes cash settlement for unvested equity awards of $159 million expensed in Marketing, selling and administrative and $115 million expensed in Research and development during the twelve months ended December 31, 2024.
The purchase price allocation resulted in the following amounts being allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date based upon their respective fair values summarized below:
Dollars in millions Purchase Price Allocation
Cash and cash equivalents $ 501
Other assets 70
Intangible assets 3,700
Deferred income tax asset 81
Deferred income tax liability (798)
Other liabilities (109)
Identifiable net assets acquired $ 3,445
Goodwill 428
Total consideration allocated $ 3,873
Intangible assets included $1.7 billion of indefinite-lived IPRD and $2.0 billion of R&D technology. The estimated fair values for the indefinite-lived IPRD asset and the R&D technology were determined using an income approach valuation method. Goodwill resulted primarily from the recognition of deferred tax liabilities and is not deductible for tax purposes.
Mirati
On January 23, 2024, BMS acquired Mirati, a commercial stage targeted oncology company, obtaining the rights to commercialize lung cancer medicine Krazati, and to further develop several clinical assets, including PRMT5 Inhibitor. Krazati,a KRASG12C inhibitor, is FDA and EMA approved for second-line NSCLC and in clinical development with a PD-1 inhibitor for first-line NSCLC. It is also FDA approved for advanced or metastatic KRASG12C mutated colorectal cancer with cetuximab. In addition, PRMT5 Inhibitor is a potential first-in-class MTA-cooperative PRMT5 inhibitor, which is advancing to the next stage of development.
BMS acquired all of the issued and outstanding shares of Mirati's common stock for $58.00 per share in an all-cash transaction for a total consideration of $4.8 billion or $4.1 billion, net of cash acquired. Mirati stockholders also received one non-tradeable contingent value right (CVR) for each share of Mirati common stock held, potentially worth $12.00 per share in cash for a total value of approximately $1.0 billion. The payout of the contingent value right is subject to the FDA acceptance of an NDA for PRMT5 Inhibitor for the treatment of specific indications within seven years of the closing of the transaction. The acquisition was funded through a combination of cash on hand and debt proceeds (see "-Note 10. Financing Arrangements" for further detail).
The transaction was accounted for as a business combination requiring all assets acquired and liabilities assumed to be recognized at fair value as of the acquisition date.
Total consideration for the acquisition consisted of the following:
Dollars in millions
Cash consideration for outstanding shares $ 4,596
Cash consideration for equity awards 205
Consideration paid
4,801
Plus: Fair value of CVRs 248
Less: unvested stock awards(a)
(114)
Total consideration allocated $ 4,935
(a) Includes cash settlement of unvested equity awards of $60 million expensed in Marketing, selling and administrative and $54 million expensed in Research and development during twelve months ended December 31, 2024.
The purchase price allocation resulted in the following amounts being allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date based upon their respective fair values summarized below:
Dollars in millions Purchase price allocation
Cash and cash equivalents $ 748
Inventories 215
Other assets 159
Intangible assets 4,225
Deferred income tax assets 734
Deferred income tax liabilities (1,094)
Other liabilities (204)
Identifiable net assets acquired $ 4,783
Goodwill 152
Total consideration allocated $ 4,935
Inventories includes a fair value adjustment of $148 million. Intangible assets included $640 million of definite-lived Acquired marketed product rights (Krazati) and $3.5 billion of indefinite-lived IPRD assets. The estimated fair value of both definite-lived Acquired marketed product rights and indefinite-lived IPRD assets was determined using an income approach valuation method. Goodwill resulted primarily from the recognition of deferred tax liabilities and is not deductible for tax purposes.
The results of operations and cash flows for Karuna, RayzeBio and Mirati were included in the consolidated financial statements commencing on their respective acquisition dates and were not material. Historical financial results of the acquired entities were not significant.
Orum
In 2023, BMS acquired the rights to Orum's ORM-6151 program, which is currently in Phase I clinical development. ORM-6151 is an anti-CD33 antibody-enabled GSPT1 degrader for the treatment of patients with acute myeloid leukemia or high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes. The consideration included an upfront payment of $100 million, as well as contingent development milestone payments up to $80 million. The upfront payment was expensed to Acquired IPRD.
Turning Point
In 2022, BMS acquired Turning Point for $4.1 billion of cash or $3.3 billion net of cash acquired. Turning Point was a clinical-stage precision oncology company with a pipeline of investigational medicines designed to target the common mutations and alterations that drive cancer growth. The acquisition provided BMS rights to Turning Point's lead asset, repotrectinib, and other clinical and pre-clinical stage assets. Repotrectinib was approved by the FDA in November 2023 and is marketed under the brand name Augtyro.
The transaction was accounted for as a business combination in which all assets acquired and liabilities assumed were recognized at fair value as of the acquisition date.
The results of Turning Point's operations were included in the consolidated financial statements commencing August 18, 2022, and were not material. Historical financial results of the acquired entity were not significant.
Divestitures
The following table summarizes the financial impact of divestitures including royalty income, which is included in Other (income)/expense, net. Revenue and pretax earnings related to all divestitures were not material in all periods presented (excluding divestiture gains or losses).
Net Proceeds Divestiture (Gains)/Losses Royalty Income
Dollars in millions 2024 2023 2022 2024 2023 2022 2024 2023 2022
Diabetes business - royalties $ 1,051 $ 846 $ 767 $ - $ - $ - $ (1,097) $ (862) $ (810)
Mature products and other(a)
5 12 390 15 - (211) (7) - (22)
Total $ 1,056 $ 858 $ 1,157 $ 15 $ - $ (211) $ (1,104) $ (862) $ (832)
(a) Year ended December 31, 2022 includes cash proceeds of $221 million and a divestiture gain of $211 million related to the sale of several mature products of Cheplapharm in 2022.
Diabetes Business
As part of its diabetes termination agreement with AstraZeneca, BMS receives tiered royalty payments ranging from 10% to 25% based on net sales through 2025. Royalties were $1.2 billion in 2024, $960 million in 2023 and $924 million in 2022.
In 2015 and 2017, BMS transferred a percentage of its future royalty rights on Amylin, Onglyza* and Farxiga* net product sales to third parties. As a result of these transfers, the royalty income associated with these products was reduced by $96 million in 2024, $98 million in 2023, and $114 million in 2022.
Licensing and Other Arrangements
Royalty and Licensing Income
The following table summarizes the financial impact of Keytruda* royalties, Tecentriq* royalties, upfront licensing fees and milestones for products that have not obtained commercial approval, which are included in Other (income)/expense, net.
Year Ended December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023 2022
Keytruda* royalties
$ (546) $ (1,186) $ (1,001)
Tecentriq* royalties
(47) (107) (93)
Contingent milestone income (74) (91) (50)
Amortization of deferred income (48) (51) (53)
Biohaven sublicense income - - (55)
Other royalties (21) (53) (31)
Total $ (736) $ (1,488) $ (1,283)
LianBio (mavacamten)
In October 2023, BMS reacquired the rights for mavacamten in China and certain other Asian territories from LianBio. The transaction resulted in a $445 million Acquired IPRD charge which included the cash transferred of $350 million and the carrying value of previously established License intangible asset.
Keytruda* Patent License Agreement
BMS and Ono are parties to a global patent license agreement with Merck related to Merck's PD-1 antibody Keytruda*. Under the agreement, Merck paid ongoing royalties on global sales of Keytruda* of 6.5% from January 1, 2023 through December 31, 2023 and is obligated to pay 2.5% from January 1, 2024 through December 31, 2026. The companies also granted certain rights to each other under their respective patent portfolios pertaining to PD-1. Payments and royalties are shared between BMS and Ono on a 75/25 percent allocation, respectively, after adjusting for each party's legal fees.
Tecentriq* Patent License Agreement
BMS and Ono are parties to a global patent license agreement with Roche Group related to Tecentriq*, Roche’s anti-PD-L1 antibody. Under the agreement, Roche is obligated to pay single-digit royalties on worldwide net sales of Tecentriq* through December 31, 2026. The royalties are shared between BMS and Ono consistent with existing agreements.
In-license and other arrangements
BioArctic
In December 2024, BMS entered into a global exclusive license agreement with BioArctic for its PyroGlutamate-amyloid-beta antibody program, including BAN1503 and BAN2803, whereof the latter includes BioArctic’s BrainTransporterTM technology, and is being studied for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. BMS will be responsible for development and commercialization worldwide, including strategic decisions, regulatory responsibilities, funding and manufacturing. BioArctic has the option to co-commercialize in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The transaction includes an upfront payment of $100 million, which will be expensed to Acquired IPRD during the first quarter in 2025. BioArctic is eligible to receive contingent development, regulatory and sales-based milestones up to $1.3 billion, as well as royalties on global net sales. The transaction is expected to close in the first half of 2025, subject to customary closing conditions, including receipt of regulatory approvals.
Immatics
In 2022, BMS obtained a global exclusive license to Immatics' TCR bispecific IMA401 program, which was being studied in oncology. BMS and Immatics collaborated on the development and BMS would be responsible for the commercialization of IMA401 worldwide, including strategic decisions, regulatory responsibilities, funding and manufacturing. The transaction included an upfront payment of $150 million, which was expensed to Acquired IPRD in 2022. In December 2024, the global exclusive license that related to the IMA401 program was terminated and all rights reverted back to Immatics.
Dragonfly
In 2020, BMS obtained a global exclusive license to Dragonfly’s interleukin-12 ("IL-12") investigational immunotherapy program. In 2022, a Phase I development milestone for IL-12 was achieved, resulting in a $175 million payment to Dragonfly, which was expensed to Acquired IPRD. In 2023, the global exclusive license that related to Dragonfly’s IL-12 program was terminated and all rights reverted back to Dragonfly.
Other
In 2022, BMS amended the terms of a license arrangement and paid a third party $295 million to extinguish a future royalty obligation related to Camzyos (mavacamten), prior to its FDA approval in April 2022, resulting in an Acquired IPRD charge.
Note 5. OTHER (INCOME)/EXPENSE, NET
Year Ended December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023 2022
Interest expense $ 1,947 $ 1,166 $ 1,232
Royalty income - divestitures (Note 4) (1,104) (862) (832)
Royalty and licensing income (Note 4) (736) (1,488) (1,283)
Provision for restructuring (Note 6) 635 365 75
Investment income (478) (449) (171)
Integration expenses (Note 6) 284 242 440
Litigation and other settlements (a)
84 (390) 178
Acquisition expense
50 32 -
Intangible asset impairment
47 29 -
Equity investment (gains)/losses, net (Note 9)
(16) 160 801
Loss on debt redemption (Note 10)
- - 266
Divestiture losses/(gains) (Note 4)
15 - (211)
Other(b)
165 37 81
Other (income)/expense, net
$ 893 $ (1,158) $ 576
(a) Includes $90 million of income related to the Eisai collaboration termination incurred in 2024.
(b) Includes pension settlement charges of $119 million in 2024 incurred in connection with the termination of the Bristol-Myers Squibb Puerto Rico, Inc. Retirement Income pension plan.
Litigation and Other Settlements
BeiGene Settlement
In 2023, BMS and BeiGene, Ltd. ("BeiGene") entered into an agreement that terminated all contractual relationships and settled all on-going disputes and claims between the parties, including those related to the Abraxane license and supply agreements and related arbitration proceedings that were previously disclosed.
As part of this agreement, BMS agreed to transfer 23.3 million of BeiGene ordinary shares of common stock held under a share subscription agreement back to BeiGene resulting in $322 million of expense that was included in Other (income)/expense, net in 2023. The expense was determined based on the closing price of the shares on the date of the transfer.
AstraZeneca Settlement
In July 2023, BMS entered into an agreement with AstraZeneca to settle all outstanding claims between the parties in the CTLA-4 litigation and the two PD-L1 antibody litigations. AstraZeneca is to pay an aggregate of $560 million to BMS in four payments through September 2026, which is subject to sharing arrangements with Ono and Dana-Farber. BMS's share was approximately $418 million, of which the net present value of $384 million was reflected in Other (income)/expense in 2023.
Nimbus Change of Control Income
In 2022, BMS and Nimbus entered into a settlement resolving all legal claims and business interests pertaining to Nimbus' TYK2 inhibitor resulting in $40 million of income included in Other (income)/expense. The settlement also provides for BMS to receive additional amounts for contingent development, regulatory approval and sales-based milestones and 10% of any change in control proceeds received by Nimbus related to its TYK2 inhibitor. In 2023, Takeda acquired 100% ownership of Nimbus' TYK2 inhibitor for approximately $4.0 billion in upfront proceeds plus contingent sales-based milestones aggregating up to $2.0 billion. As a result, $400 million of income related to the change of control provision was included in Other (income)/expense in 2023.
Note 6. RESTRUCTURING
2023 Restructuring Plan
In 2023, BMS commenced a restructuring plan to accelerate the delivery of medicines to patients by evolving and streamlining its enterprise operating model in key areas, such as R&D, manufacturing, commercial and other functions, to ensure its operating model supports and is appropriately aligned with the Company’s strategy to invest in key priorities. These changes primarily include (i) transforming R&D operations to accelerate pipeline delivery, (ii) enhancing our commercial operating model, and (iii) establishing a more responsive manufacturing network. In 2025, BMS expanded the scope of activities supporting these key priorities. As a result, total charges for the 2023 Restructuring Plan are expected to be approximately $2.5 billion through 2027, with $1.0 billion incurred to date. The remaining charges consist primarily of employee termination costs and site exit costs, including impairment and accelerated depreciation of property, plant and equipment.
Celgene and Other Acquisition Plans
Restructuring and integration plans were initiated to realize expected cost synergies resulting from cost savings and avoidance from the acquisitions of Celgene (2019), Turning Point (2022), Mirati (2024), RayzeBio (2024) and Karuna (2024). For these plans, the remaining charges of approximately $250 million consist primarily of IT system integration costs, employee termination costs, and to a lesser extent, site exit costs, including impairment and accelerated depreciation of property, plant and equipment.
The following provides the charges related to restructuring initiatives by type of cost:
Year Ended December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023 2022
2023 Restructuring Plan $ 603 $ 442 $ -
Celgene and Other Acquisition Plans 528 335 520
Total charges $ 1,131 $ 777 $ 520
Employee termination costs $ 623 $ 350 $ 69
Other termination costs 12 15 6
Provision for restructuring 635 365 75
Integration expenses 284 242 440
Accelerated depreciation 76 42 5
Asset impairments
103 126 -
Other shutdown costs, net 33 2 -
Total charges $ 1,131 $ 777 $ 520
Cost of products sold $ 113 $ 64 $ -
Marketing, selling and administrative 50 94 5
Research and development 49 12 -
Other (income)/expense, net 919 607 515
Total charges $ 1,131 $ 777 $ 520
The following summarizes the charges and spending related to restructuring plan activities:
Year Ended December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023
Beginning balance
$ 188 $ 47
Provision for restructuring
635 365
Payments (520) (225)
Foreign currency translation and other (6) 1
Ending balance $ 297 $ 188
Note 7. INCOME TAXES
The provision/(benefit) for income taxes consisted of:
Year Ended December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023 2022
Current:
U.S. $ 1,279 $ 2,745 $ 3,017
Non-U.S. 1,364 943 1,089
Total current 2,643 3,688 4,106
Deferred:
U.S. (2,185) (2,339) (2,889)
Non-U.S. 96 (949) 151
Total deferred (2,089) (3,288) (2,738)
Income tax provision
$ 554 $ 400 $ 1,368
Effective Tax Rate
The reconciliation of the effective tax rate to the U.S. statutory Federal income tax rate was as follows:
% of Earnings Before Income Taxes
Dollars in millions 2024 2023 2022
(Loss)/Earnings before income taxes:
U.S. $ (14,893) $ 2,624 $ (140)
Non-U.S. 6,514 5,816 7,853
Total (8,379) 8,440 7,713
U.S. statutory rate (1,759) 21.0 % 1,772 21.0 % 1,620 21.0 %
Nondeductible R&D charges
2,538 (30.3) % - - % - - %
GILTI, net of foreign derived intangible income deduction 501 (6.0) % 223 2.6 % 634 8.2 %
Foreign tax effect of certain operations in Ireland, Puerto Rico and Switzerland (302) 3.6 % (850) (10.1) % (416) (5.4) %
Non-U.S. tax ruling
- - % (656) (7.8) % - - %
Internal transfers of intangible and other assets - - % - - % (93) (1.2) %
U.S. Federal valuation allowance
46 (0.5) % (171) (2.0) % 58 0.8 %
U.S. Federal, state and foreign contingent tax matters (459) 5.5 % 143 1.7 % (297) (3.9) %
U.S. Federal research-based credits (291) 3.5 % (243) (2.9) % (142) (1.8) %
Charitable contributions of inventory (36) 0.4 % (75) (0.9) % (94) (1.2) %
Puerto Rico excise tax credit - - % - - % (144) (1.9) %
State and local taxes (net of valuation allowance) (25) 0.3 % 92 1.1 % 103 1.3 %
Foreign and other 341 (4.1) % 165 2.0 % 139 1.8 %
Income tax provision
$ 554 (6.6) % $ 400 4.7 % $ 1,368 17.7 %
Nondeductible R&D charges of $2.5 billion primarily relates to the impact of a $12.1 billion one-time, non-tax deductible charge for the acquisition of Karuna.
GILTI, net of foreign derived intangible income deduction in 2023 includes a benefit of approximately $325 million due to the revised 2023 guidance regarding the deductibility of certain research and development expenses.
Foreign tax effect of certain operations in Ireland, Puerto Rico and Switzerland includes the impact of earnings mix and a benefit from the impact of foreign currency on net operating loss and other carryforwards of $123 million in 2023.
The Non-U.S. tax ruling includes a $656 million deferred income tax benefit regarding the deductibility of a statutory impairment of subsidiary investments in 2023.
Internal transfers of intangible and other assets to streamline our legal entity structure subsequent to the Celgene acquisition resulted in a tax benefit in 2022.
U.S. Federal valuation allowance includes a $193 million reversal related to unrealized equity investment losses in 2023.
U.S. Federal, state and foreign contingent tax matters include tax benefits related to lapse of statute and effectively settled contingent tax matters of $644 million in 2024 related to the resolution of Celgene's 2017-2019 IRS audit, $89 million in 2023 and $522 million in 2022.
U.S. Federal research-based credits includes credits both on research and development as well as orphan drug. The credits in 2024 include revised estimates upon finalization of prior year tax returns.
Puerto Rico imposed an excise tax on the gross company purchase price of goods sold from BMS’s manufacturer in Puerto Rico. The excise tax was recognized in Cost of products sold when the intra-entity sale occurred. For U.S. income tax purposes, the excise tax was not deductible but resulted in foreign tax credits that were generally recognized in BMS’s provision for income taxes when the excise tax was incurred. As of December 31, 2022, BMS amended its existing Puerto Rico decree, eliminating the excise tax and increasing its Puerto Rico tax rate to 10.5% effective for the tax year beginning January 1, 2023, and extending BMS’s tax grants an additional 15 years to 2038.
Deferred Taxes and Valuation Allowance
The components of deferred income tax assets/(liabilities) were as follows:
December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023
Deferred tax assets
Foreign net operating loss and other carryforwards $ 1,521 $ 2,017
State net operating loss and credit carryforwards 529 349
U.S. Federal capital loss, net operating loss and tax credit
695 249
Milestone payments and license fees 999 918
Capitalized research expenditures 3,886 2,682
Other 1,738 1,883
Total deferred tax assets 9,368 8,098
Valuation allowance (929) (764)
Deferred tax assets net of valuation allowance $ 8,439 $ 7,334
Deferred tax liabilities
Acquired intangible assets $ (3,781) $ (4,052)
Goodwill and other (791) (852)
Total deferred tax liabilities $ (4,572) $ (4,904)
Deferred tax assets/(liabilities), net
$ 3,867 $ 2,430
Recognized as:
Deferred income taxes assets - non-current $ 4,236 $ 2,768
Deferred income taxes liabilities - non-current (369) (338)
Total $ 3,867 $ 2,430
BMS is not indefinitely reinvested with respect to its undistributed earnings from foreign subsidiaries and has provided a deferred tax liability for foreign and state income and withholding tax that would apply. BMS remains indefinitely reinvested with respect to its financial statement basis in excess of tax basis of its foreign subsidiaries. A determination of the deferred tax liability with respect to this basis difference is not practicable.
The U.S. Federal net operating loss carryforwards were $2.0 billion at December 31, 2024. These carryforwards were acquired as a result of certain acquisitions and are subject to limitations under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. The net operating loss carryforwards expire in varying amounts beginning in 2024. The foreign and state net operating loss carryforwards expire in varying amounts beginning in 2024 (certain amounts have unlimited lives).
At December 31, 2024, a valuation allowance of $929 million exists for the following items: $294 million primarily for foreign net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards, $453 million for state deferred tax assets including net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards and $182 million for U.S. Federal deferred tax assets including equity investment fair value adjustments and U.S. Federal net operating loss carryforwards.
Changes in the valuation allowance were as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023 2022
Beginning balance
$ 764 $ 873 $ 1,056
Provision 242 (39) 213
Utilization (182) (54) (68)
Foreign currency translation (9) (19) (59)
Acquisitions/(dispositions)/(liquidations), net 113 - (271)
Non-U.S. tax rate change
1 3 2
Ending balance
$ 929 $ 764 $ 873
In 2024, the valuation allowance increased as a result of the stock acquisitions of Mirati, Karuna and RayzeBio. In 2022 certain foreign net operating losses and related valuation allowances were utilized or eliminated as a result of internal legal entity restructurings.
Income tax payments were $3.9 billion in 2024, $4.3 billion in 2023 and $5.4 billion in 2022, including $799 million, $567 million and $339 million, respectively, for the transition tax following the TCJA enactment. The remaining amounts payable for the transition tax are $991 million in 2025 and $244 million in 2026.
Business is conducted in various countries throughout the world and is subject to tax in numerous jurisdictions. A significant number of tax returns that are filed are subject to examination by various federal, state and local tax authorities. Tax examinations are often complex, as tax authorities may disagree with the treatment of items reported requiring several years to resolve. Liabilities are established for possible assessments by tax authorities resulting from known tax exposures including, but not limited to, transfer pricing matters, tax credit deductibility of certain expenses, and deemed repatriation transition tax. Such liabilities represent a reasonable provision for taxes ultimately expected to be paid and may need to be adjusted over time as more information becomes known. The effect of changes in estimates related to contingent tax liabilities is included in the effective tax rate reconciliation above.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (excluding interest and penalties):
Year Ended December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023 2022
Beginning balance
$ 1,914 $ 1,766 $ 2,042
Gross additions to tax positions related to current year 68 38 53
Gross additions to tax positions related to prior years 64 145 137
Gross additions to tax positions assumed in acquisitions 113 - 15
Gross reductions to tax positions related to prior years (670) (5) (381)
Settlements (50) (30) (8)
Reductions to tax positions related to lapse of statute (3) (4) (83)
Cumulative translation adjustment (8) 4 (9)
Ending balance $ 1,428 $ 1,914 $ 1,766
Additional information regarding unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023 2022
Unrecognized tax benefits that if recognized would impact the effective tax rate $ 1,394 $ 1,872 $ 1,736
Accrued interest 507 434 332
Accrued penalties 19 23 25
Interest and penalties expense/(benefit) 89 110 (87)
Accrued interest and penalties payable for unrecognized tax benefits are included in either current or non-current income taxes payable. Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are included in income tax expense. These amounts reflect the beneficial impacts of various tax settlements, including the settlement discussed below.
BMS is currently under examination by a number of tax authorities that proposed or are considering proposing material adjustments to tax positions for issues such as transfer pricing, certain tax credits and the deductibility of certain expenses. As previously disclosed, BMS received several notices of proposed adjustments from the IRS related to transfer pricing and other tax issues for the 2008 to 2012 tax years. BMS disagrees with the IRS’s positions and continues to work cooperatively with the IRS to resolve these issues. In 2022, BMS entered the IRS administrative appeals process to resolve these matters. Timing of the final resolution of these complex matters is uncertain and could have a material impact on BMS’s financial statements. Tax positions for these years unrelated to matters that entered the administrative appeals process are considered effectively settled.
It is reasonably possible that new issues will be raised by tax authorities that may increase unrecognized tax benefits; however, an estimate of such increases cannot reasonably be made at this time. BMS believes that it has adequately provided for all open tax years by tax jurisdiction.
It is also reasonably possible that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2024 could decrease in the range of approximately $360 million to $400 million in the next twelve months as a result of the settlement of certain tax audits and other events. The expected change in unrecognized tax benefits may result in the payment of additional taxes, adjustment of certain deferred taxes and/or recognition of tax benefits. The following is a summary of major tax jurisdictions for which tax authorities may assert additional taxes based upon tax years currently under audit and subsequent years that are subject to audit:
U.S. 2008 to 2012, 2016 to 2024
Canada 2012 to 2024
France 2020 to 2024
Germany 2015 to 2024
Italy 2018 to 2024
Japan 2023 to 2024
UK 2012 to 2024
Note 8. (LOSS)/EARNINGS PER SHARE
Year Ended December 31,
Amounts in millions, except per share data 2024 2023 2022
Net (loss)/earnings attributable to BMS
$ (8,948) $ 8,025 $ 6,327
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - basic 2,027 2,069 2,130
Incremental shares attributable to share-based compensation plans - 9 16
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - diluted 2,027 2,078 2,146
(Loss)/Earnings per common share
Basic $ (4.41) $ 3.88 $ 2.97
Diluted (4.41) 3.86 2.95
The total number of potential shares of common stock excluded from the diluted earnings per share computation because of the antidilutive impact was 38 million in 2024 and not material in 2023 and 2022.
Note 9. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
Financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, marketable debt securities, equity investments, accounts receivable and payable, debt instruments and derivatives.
Changes in exchange rates and interest rates create exposure to market risk. Certain derivative financial instruments are used when available on a cost-effective basis to hedge the underlying economic exposure. These instruments qualify as cash flow, net investment and fair value hedges upon meeting certain criteria, including effectiveness of offsetting hedged exposures. Changes in fair value of derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting are recognized in earnings as they occur. Derivative financial instruments are not used for trading purposes.
Financial instruments are subject to counterparty credit risk which is considered as part of the overall fair value measurement. Counterparty credit risk is monitored on an ongoing basis and mitigated by limiting amounts outstanding with any individual counterparty, utilizing conventional derivative financial instruments and only entering into agreements with counterparties that meet high credit quality standards. The consolidated financial statements would not be materially impacted if any counterparty failed to perform according to the terms of its agreement. Collateral is not required by any party whether derivatives are in an asset or liability position under the terms of the agreements.
Fair Value Measurements - The fair value of financial instruments are classified into one of the following categories:
Level 1 inputs utilize unadjusted quoted prices in active markets accessible at the measurement date for identical assets or liabilities. The fair value hierarchy provides the highest priority to Level 1 inputs.
Level 2 inputs utilize observable prices for similar instruments and quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in non-active markets. Additionally, certain corporate debt securities utilize a third-party matrix pricing model using significant inputs corroborated by market data for substantially the full term of the assets. Equity and fixed income funds are primarily invested in publicly traded securities valued at the respective NAV of the underlying investments. Level 2 derivative instruments are valued using SOFR yield curves, less credit valuation adjustments, and observable forward foreign exchange rates at the reporting date. Valuations of derivative contracts may fluctuate considerably from volatility in underlying foreign currencies and underlying interest rates driven by market conditions and the duration of the contract. The fair value of Level 2 equity investments is adjusted for characteristics specific to the security and is not adjusted for contractual sale restrictions. Equity investments subject to contractual sale restrictions were not material as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.
Level 3 unobservable inputs are used when little or no market data is available. Level 3 financial liabilities consist of other acquisition related contingent consideration and success payments related to undeveloped product rights.
There were no transfers in and/out of the Level 3 during the year ended December 31, 2024.
Financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below:
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Dollars in millions Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Cash and cash equivalents
Money market and other securities $ - $ 6,559 $ - $ - $ 8,489 $ -
Marketable debt securities
Certificates of deposit - 308 - - 609 -
Commercial paper - - - - 92 -
Corporate debt securities - 486 - - 460 -
U.S. Treasury securities - 39 - - 19 -
Derivative assets 750 - 219 -
Equity investments 247 42 - 318 141 -
Derivative liabilities - 247 - - 160 -
Contingent consideration liability
Contingent value rights(a)
2 - 256 4 - -
Other acquisition related contingent consideration - - - - - 8
(a) Includes the fair value of contingent value rights associated with the Mirati acquisition as further described in "-Note 4. Acquisitions, Divestitures, Licensing and Other Arrangements." The fair value of the contingent value rights was estimated using a probability-weighted expected return method.
Marketable Debt Securities
The amortized cost for marketable debt securities approximates its fair value and these securities mature within five years as of December 31, 2024 and four years as of December 31, 2023.
Equity Investments
The following summarizes the carrying amount of equity investments:
December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023
Equity investments with RDFV
$ 289 $ 459
Equity investments without RDFV
863 698
Limited partnerships and other equity method investments 598 542
Total equity investments $ 1,750 $ 1,699
The following summarizes the activity related to equity investments. Changes in fair value of equity investments are included in Other (income)/expense, net.
Year ended December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023 2022
Equity investments with RDFV
Net loss recognized
$ 41 $ 117 $ 762
Less: net loss/(gain) recognized on investments sold
32 (3) (17)
Net unrealized loss/(gain) recognized on investments still held
9 120 779
Equity investments without RDFV
Upward adjustments (36) (9) (80)
Net realized (gain)/loss recognized on investments sold (39) - -
Impairments and downward adjustments 62 14 11
Limited partnerships and other equity method investments
Equity in net (income)/loss of affiliates
(44) 38 108
Total equity investment (gains)/losses
(16) 160 801
Cumulative upwards adjustments and cumulative impairments and downward adjustments based on observable price changes in equity investments without RDFV still held as of December 31, 2024 were $220 million and $119 million, respectively.
Qualifying Hedges and Non-Qualifying Derivatives
Cash Flow Hedges
BMS enters into foreign currency forward and purchased local currency put option contracts (foreign exchange contracts) to hedge certain forecasted intercompany inventory sales, third party sales and certain other foreign currency transactions. The objective of these foreign exchange contracts is to reduce variability caused by changes in foreign exchange rates that would affect the U.S. dollar value of future cash flows derived from foreign currency denominated sales, primarily the euro and Japanese yen. The fair values of these derivative contracts are recorded as either assets (gain positions) or liabilities (loss positions) in the consolidated balance sheets. Changes in fair value for these foreign exchange contracts, which are designated as cash flow hedges, are temporarily recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive loss ("AOCL") and reclassified to net earnings when the hedged item affects earnings (typically within the next 24 months). As of December 31, 2024, assuming market rates remain constant through contract maturities, BMS expects to reclassify pre-tax gains of $186 million into Cost of products sold for our foreign exchange contracts out of AOCL during the next 12 months. The notional amount of outstanding foreign currency exchange contracts was primarily $4.1 billion for the euro contracts and $1.2 billion for Japanese yen contracts as of December 31, 2024.
BMS also enters into cross-currency swap contracts to hedge exposure to foreign currency exchange rate risk associated with its long-term debt denominated in euros. These contracts convert interest payments and principal repayment of the long-term debt to U.S. dollars from euros and are designated as cash flow hedges. The unrealized gains and losses on these contracts are reported in AOCL and reclassified to Other (income)/expense, net, in the same periods during which the hedged debt affects earnings. The notional amount of cross-currency swap contracts associated with long-term debt denominated in euros was $1.2 billion as of December 31, 2024.
In January 2024, BMS entered into forward interest rate contracts of a total notional value of $5.0 billion to hedge future interest rate risk associated with the 2024 Senior Unsecured Notes. The forward interest rate contracts were designated as cash flow hedges and terminated upon the issuance of the unsecured senior notes. The $131 million gain on the transaction was included in Other Comprehensive (Loss)/Income and is amortized as a reduction to interest expense over the term of the related debt. Amounts expected to be recognized during the subsequent 12 months on forward interest rate contracts are not material.
Cash flow hedge accounting is discontinued when the forecasted transaction is no longer probable of occurring within 60 days after the originally forecasted date or when the hedge is no longer effective. Assessments to determine whether derivatives designated as qualifying hedges are highly effective in offsetting changes in the cash flows of hedged items are performed at inception and on a quarterly basis. The earnings impact related to discontinued cash flow hedges and hedge ineffectiveness was not material during all periods presented. Foreign currency exchange contracts not designated as a cash flow hedge offset exposures in certain foreign currency denominated assets, liabilities and earnings. Changes in the fair value of these derivatives are recognized in earnings as they occur.
Net Investment Hedges
Cross-currency swap contracts and foreign currency forward contracts of $892 million as of December 31, 2024 are designated to hedge currency exposure of BMS's net investment in its foreign subsidiaries. Contract fair value changes are recorded in the foreign currency translation component of AOCL with a related offset in derivative asset or liability in the consolidated balance sheets. The notional amount of outstanding cross-currency swap and foreign currency forward contracts was primarily attributed to the Japanese yen of $498 million and euro of $345 million as of December 31, 2024.
During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the amortization of gains related to the portion of our net investment hedges that was excluded from the assessment of effectiveness was not material.
Fair Value Hedges
Fixed to floating interest rate swap contracts are designated as fair value hedges and used as an interest rate risk management strategy to create an appropriate balance of fixed and floating rate debt. The contracts and underlying debt for the hedged benchmark risk are recorded at fair value. Gains or losses resulting from changes in fair value of the underlying debt attributable to the hedged benchmark interest rate risk are recorded in interest expense with an associated offset to the carrying value of debt. Since the specific terms and notional amount of the swap are intended to align with the debt being hedged, all changes in fair value of the swap are recorded in interest expense with an associated offset to the derivative asset or liability in the consolidated balance sheets. As a result, there was no net impact in earnings. If the underlying swap is terminated prior to maturity, then the fair value adjustment to the underlying debt is amortized as a reduction to interest expense over the remaining term of the debt.
Derivative cash flows, with the exception of net investment hedges, are principally classified in the operating section of the consolidated statements of cash flows, consistent with the underlying hedged item. Cash flows related to net investment hedges are classified in investing activities.
The following table summarizes the fair values and the notional values of outstanding derivatives:
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Asset(a)
Liability(b)
Asset(a)
Liability(b)
Dollars in millions Notional Fair Value Notional Fair Value Notional Fair Value Notional Fair Value
Designated as cash flow hedges
Foreign currency exchange contracts
6,428 424 43 - 4,772 130 1,971 (66)
Cross-currency swap contracts 584 26 626 (30) 1,210 50 - -
Designated as net investment hedges
Foreign currency exchange contracts
185 17 - - - - 215 (8)
Cross-currency swap contracts 361 23 346 (7) - - 747 (43)
Designated as fair value hedges
Interest rate swap contracts 1,500 10 1,955 (20) 2,500 3 1,755 (14)
Not designated as hedges
Foreign currency exchange contracts 5,749 250 5,243 (173) 906 20 1,250 (29)
Total return swap contracts(c)
- - 443 (17) 401 16 - -
(a) Included in Other current assets and Other non-current assets.
(b) Included in Other current liabilities and Other non-current liabilities.
(c) Total return swap contracts hedge changes in fair value of certain deferred compensation liabilities.
The following table summarizes the financial statement classification and amount of (gain)/loss recognized on hedges:
Year Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Dollars in millions Cost of products sold Other (income)/expense, net Cost of products sold Other (income)/expense, net Cost of products sold Other (income)/expense, net
Interest rate swap contracts $ - $ 11 $ - $ (5) $ - $ (27)
Cross-currency swap contracts - 67 - (65) - (52)
Foreign exchange contracts (100) (98) (303) (95) (492) (96)
Forward interest rate contracts
- (5) - - - -
The following table summarizes the effect of derivative and non-derivative instruments designated as hedges in Other comprehensive income/(loss):
Year Ended December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023 2022
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges
Foreign exchange contracts gain/(loss):
Recognized in Other comprehensive (loss)/income $ 418 $ 13 $ 592
Reclassified to Cost of products sold (100) (303) (492)
Cross-currency swap contracts gain/(loss):
Recognized in Other comprehensive (loss)/income (54) 57 (7)
Reclassified to Other (income)/expense, net 75 (31) (29)
Forward interest rate contract gain/(loss):
Recognized in Other comprehensive (loss)/income 131 - -
Reclassified to Other (income)/expense, net (5) - (3)
Derivatives designated as net investment hedges
Cross-currency swap contracts gain/(loss):
Recognized in Other comprehensive (loss)/income 51 52 30
Foreign exchange contracts gain/(loss):
Recognized in Other comprehensive (loss)/income 35 (15) -
Non-derivatives designated as net investment hedges
Non-U.S. dollar borrowings gain/(loss):
Recognized in Other comprehensive (loss)/income(a)
- (10) 91
(a) In 2023, the Company de-designated its remaining net investment hedge in debt denominated in euros of €375 million, and the amount represents the effective portion of foreign exchange loss on the remeasurement of the debt.
Note 10. FINANCING ARRANGEMENTS
Short-term debt obligations include:
December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023
Non-U.S. short-term financing obligations
$ 218 $ 170
Current portion of Long-term debt
1,828 2,873
Other - 76
Short-term debt obligations $ 2,046 $ 3,119
As of December 31, 2024, under the commercial paper program, BMS could issue up to $7.0 billion of unsecured notes, with maturities of not more than 365 days from the date of issuance. Of this amount, $3.0 billion was issued and repaid during the year ended December 31, 2024. In January 2025, the maximum amount of commercial paper that could be issued was reduced to $5.0 billion.
Long-term debt and the current portion of long-term debt includes:
December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023
Principal Value:
2.900% Notes due 2024
- 2,478
3.625% Notes due 2024
- 395
0.750% Notes due 2025
1,000 1,000
1.000% Euro Notes due 2025
598 636
3.875% Notes due 2025
229 229
3.200% Notes due 2026
1,750 1,750
6.800% Notes due 2026
256 256
Floating Rate Notes due 2026 (a)
500 -
4.950% Notes due 2026
1,000 -
1.125% Notes due 2027
1,000 1,000
3.250% Notes due 2027
512 512
3.450% Notes due 2027
534 534
4.900% Notes due 2027
1,000 -
3.900% Notes due 2028
1,500 1,500
3.400% Notes due 2029
2,400 2,400
4.900% Notes due 2029
1,750 -
1.450% Notes due 2030
1,250 1,250
5.750% Notes due 2031
1,000 1,000
5.100% Notes, due 2031
1,250 -
2.950% Notes due 2032
1,750 1,750
5.900% Notes due 2033
1,000 1,000
5.200% Notes, due 2034
2,500 -
1.750% Euro Notes due 2035
598 636
5.875% Notes due 2036
279 279
6.125% Notes due 2038
219 219
4.125% Notes due 2039
2,000 2,000
2.350% Notes due 2040
750 750
5.700% Notes due 2040
153 153
3.550% Notes due 2042
1,250 1,250
3.250% Notes due 2042
500 500
5.250% Notes due 2043
226 226
4.500% Notes due 2044
342 342
4.625% Notes due 2044
748 748
5.500% Notes due 2044
500 -
5.000% Notes due 2045
758 758
4.350% Notes due 2047
1,250 1,250
4.550% Notes due 2048
1,272 1,272
4.250% Notes due 2049
3,750 3,750
2.550% Notes due 2050
1,500 1,500
3.700% Notes due 2052
2,000 2,000
6.250% Notes due 2053
1,250 1,250
5.550% Notes, due 2054
2,750 -
3.900% Notes due 2062
1,000 1,000
6.400% Notes due 2063
1,250 1,250
5.650% Notes, due 2064
1,750 -
6.875% Notes due 2097
63 63
Total $ 48,937 $ 38,886
(a) As of December 31, 2024, floating rate equals SOFR+0.49%.
December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023
Principal Value $ 48,937 $ 38,886
Adjustments to principal value:
Fair value of interest rate swap contracts (10) (11)
Unamortized basis adjustment from swap terminations 71 82
Unamortized bond discounts and issuance costs (390) (303)
Unamortized purchase price adjustments of Celgene debt 823 872
Total $ 49,431 $ 39,526
Current portion of Long-term debt
$ 1,828 $ 2,873
Long-term debt 47,603 36,653
Total $ 49,431 $ 39,526
The fair value of Long-term debt, including the current portion, was $45.3 billion and $36.7 billion as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, valued using Level 2 inputs which are based upon the quoted market prices for the same or similar debt instruments. The fair value of Short-term debt obligations approximates the carrying value due to the short maturities of the debt instruments.
In 2024, BMS issued an aggregate principal amount of $13.0 billion of unsecured senior notes ("2024 Senior Unsecured Notes"), with proceeds, net of discount and loan issuance costs, of $12.9 billion, consisting of:
Principal Amount
(in millions)
Floating rate notes due 2026(a)
$ 500
4.950% Notes due 2026
1,000
4.900% Notes due 2027
1,000
4.900% Notes due 2029
1,750
5.100% Notes due 2031
1,250
5.200% Notes due 2034
2,500
5.500% Notes due 2044
5.550% Notes due 2054
2,750
5.650% Notes due 2064
1,750
Total $ 13,000
(a) As of December 31, 2024, floating rate equals SOFR+0.49%.
The Company used the net proceeds from this offering to partially fund the acquisitions of RayzeBio and Karuna (see "-Note 4. Acquisitions, Divestitures, Licensing and Other Arrangements" for further information) and used the remaining net proceeds for general corporate purposes. In connection with the issuance of the 2024 Senior Unsecured Notes, the Company terminated the $10.0 billion 364-day senior unsecured delayed draw term loan facility, which was entered into in February 2024 to provide bridge financing for the RayzeBio and Karuna acquisitions.
In 2023, BMS issued an aggregate principal amount of $4.5 billion of fixed rate unsecured senior notes. The Company used the net proceeds of the offering to finance the acquisition of Mirati in January 2024 and for other general corporate purposes. In 2022, BMS issued an aggregate principal amount of $6.0 billion of fixed rate unsecured senior notes with net proceeds of $5.9 billion.
The notes rank equally in right of payment with all of BMS’s existing and future senior unsecured indebtedness and, other than the floating rate notes, are redeemable at any time, in whole, or in part, at varying specified redemption prices plus accrued and unpaid interest.
In 2022, BMS purchased aggregate principal amount of $6.0 billion of certain of its debt securities for $6.6 billion of cash in a series of tender offers and “make whole” redemptions. In connection with these transactions, a $266 million loss on debt redemption was recognized based on the carrying value of the debt and included in Other (income)/expense, net.
Repayment of notes at maturity aggregated $2.9 billion in 2024, $3.9 billion in 2023 and $4.8 billion in 2022. Interest payments were $1.8 billion in 2024, $1.2 billion in 2023 and $1.4 billion in 2022.
The aggregate maturities of long-term debt for each of the next five years are as follows: $1.8 billion in 2025; $3.5 billion in 2026; $3.0 billion in 2027; $1.5 billion in 2028; and $4.2 billion in 2029. Interest payments related to long-term debt for each of the next five years are as follows: $2.1 billion in 2025; $2.0 billion in 2026; $1.8 billion in 2027; $1.7 billion in 2028; and $1.7 billion in 2029.
Credit Facilities
As of December 31, 2024, BMS had a five-year $5.0 billion revolving credit facility expiring in January 2029, extendable annually by one year with the consent of the lenders. In January 2025, BMS extended the credit facility to January 2030. In February 2024, we entered into a $2.0 billion 364-day revolving credit facility, which expired in January 2025. The facilities provide for customary terms and conditions with no financial covenants and are used to provide backup liquidity for our commercial paper borrowings. No borrowings were outstanding under the revolving credit facilities as of December 31, 2024 or 2023.
Available financial guarantees provided in the form of bank overdraft facilities, stand-by letters of credit and performance bonds were $1.2 billion as of December 31, 2024. Stand-by letters of credit and guarantees are issued through financial institutions in support of various obligations, including sale of products to hospitals and foreign ministries of health, bonds for customs, and duties and VAT.
Note 11. RECEIVABLES
December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023
Trade receivables $ 9,957 $ 9,551
Less charge-backs and cash discounts (900) (646)
Less allowance for expected credit loss (45) (23)
Net trade receivables 9,012 8,882
Alliance, royalties, VAT and other 1,735 2,039
Receivables $ 10,747 $ 10,921
Non-U.S. receivables sold on a nonrecourse basis were $477 million in 2024, $1.0 billion in 2023 and $1.0 billion in 2022. Receivables from the three largest customers in the U.S. represented 74% and 72% of total trade receivables at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Changes to the allowance for expected credit loss, charge-backs and cash discounts were as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023 2022
Beginning balance
$ 669 $ 697 $ 744
Provision(a)
11,551 9,158 7,476
Utilization (11,272) (9,186) (7,521)
Other (3) - (2)
Ending balance
$ 945 $ 669 $ 697
(a) Includes provision for expected credit loss of $41 million in 2024, $14 million in 2023 and $7 million in 2022.
Note 12. INVENTORIES
December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023
Finished goods $ 1,257 $ 663
Work in process 2,549 2,430
Raw and packaging materials 320 475
Total inventories
$ 4,126 $ 3,568
Inventories $ 2,557 $ 2,662
Other non-current assets 1,569 906
Note 13. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023
Land $ 161 $ 162
Buildings 6,581 6,495
Machinery, equipment and fixtures 3,818 3,717
Construction in progress 1,525 1,075
Gross property, plant and equipment 12,085 11,449
Less accumulated depreciation (4,949) (4,803)
Property, plant and equipment $ 7,136 $ 6,646
United States $ 4,814 $ 4,731
International(a)
2,322 1,915
Total $ 7,136 $ 6,646
(a) Beginning in 2024, Puerto Rico is included in International. Prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.
Depreciation expense was $651 million in 2024, $611 million in 2023 and $587 million in 2022.
Note 14. LEASES
Leased facilities for office, research and development, storage and distribution purposes comprise approximately 95% of the total lease obligation. Lease terms vary based on the nature of operations and the market dynamics in each country; however, all leased facilities are classified as operating leases with remaining lease terms between one year and 15 years. Most leases contain specific renewal options for periods ranging between one year and 10 years where notice to renew must be provided in advance of lease expiration or automatic renewals where no advance notice is required. Periods covered by an option to extend the lease were included in the non-cancellable lease term when exercise of the option was determined to be reasonably certain. Certain leases also contain termination options that provide the flexibility to terminate the lease ahead of its expiration with sufficient advance notice. Periods covered by an option to terminate the lease were included in the non-cancellable lease term when exercise of the option was determined not to be reasonably certain. Judgment is required in assessing whether renewal and termination options are reasonably certain to be exercised. Factors are considered such as contractual terms compared to current market rates, leasehold improvements expected to have significant value, costs to terminate a lease and the importance of the facility to operations. Costs determined to be variable and not based on an index or rate were not included in the measurement of real estate lease liabilities. These variable costs include real estate taxes, insurance, utilities, common area maintenance and other operating costs. BMS elected the practical expedient to not separate non-lease components from lease components in calculating the amounts of ROU assets and lease liabilities for all underlying asset classes. As the implicit rate on most leases is not readily determinable, an incremental borrowing rate was applied on a portfolio approach to discount its real estate lease liabilities.
The remaining lease obligations are comprised of vehicles and a research and development facility operated by a third party under management’s direction. Vehicle lease terms vary by country with terms generally between one year and four years.
The following table summarizes the components of lease expense:
Year Ended December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023 2022
Operating lease cost $ 290 $ 317 $ 224
Variable lease cost 74 79 55
Short-term lease cost 23 20 20
Sublease income (35) (11) (6)
Total operating lease expense $ 352 $ 405 $ 293
Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities were as follows:
December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023
Other non-current assets $ 1,224 $ 1,390
Other current liabilities 181 162
Other non-current liabilities 1,370 1,530
Total liabilities $ 1,551 $ 1,692
Future lease payments for non-cancellable operating leases as of December 31, 2024 were as follows:
Dollars in millions
2025 $ 255
2026 235
2027 208
2028 188
2029 185
Thereafter 850
Total future lease payments 1,921
Less imputed interest (370)
Total lease liability $ 1,551
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations were $22 million in 2024. Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities was $240 million in 2024, $195 million in 2023 and $203 million in 2022.
Undiscounted lease obligations for operating leases not yet commenced were approximately $600 million as of December 31, 2024 and primarily relate to a research and development facility that is being constructed by the lessor.
Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:
December 31,
2024 2023
Weighted average remaining lease term 9 years 10 years
Weighted average discount rate 5 % 4 %
Note 15. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Goodwill
The changes in the carrying amounts in Goodwill were as follows:
December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023
Beginning balance
$ 21,169 $ 21,149
Acquisitions (Note 4)
580 -
Currency translation and other adjustments (30) 20
Ending balance $ 21,719 $ 21,169
Other Intangible Assets
Other intangible assets consisted of the following:
December 31,
Estimated
Useful Lives 2024 2023
Dollars in millions Gross carrying amounts Accumulated amortization Other intangible assets, net Gross carrying amounts Accumulated amortization Other intangible assets, net
R&D technology(a)
5 - 15 years
$ 1,980 $ (275) $ 1,705 $ - $ - $ -
Acquired marketed product rights(a)
3 - 15 years
61,876 (48,659) 13,217 63,076 (40,184) 22,892
Capitalized software 3 - 10 years
1,499 (1,099) 400 1,497 (1,027) 470
IPRD(a)
7,985 - 7,985 3,710 - 3,710
Total $ 73,340 $ (50,033) $ 23,307 $ 68,283 $ (41,211) $ 27,072
(a) 2024 includes assets acquired in connection with Mirati and RayzeBio acquisitions, as further described in "-Note 4. Acquisitions, Divestitures, Licensing and Other Arrangements."
In 2023, BMS agreed to pay $400 million to the former shareholders of Impact Biomedicines to extinguish all remaining contingent milestone obligations, which was recorded to Acquired marketed product rights for Inrebic in the amount of $511 million (after establishing the applicable deferred tax liability). The $400 million was paid in January 2024.
Amortization expense of Other intangible assets was $9.0 billion in 2024, $9.2 billion in 2023 and $9.7 billion in 2022. Future annual amortization expense of Other intangible assets is expected to be approximately $3.5 billion in 2025, $1.9 billion in 2026, $1.9 billion in 2027, $1.8 billion in 2028 and $1.7 billion in 2029.
Other intangible asset impairments were $2.9 billion in 2024, $136 million in 2023 and $101 million in 2022.
Other intangible asset impairments includes the following:
Acquired marketed product rights
Augtyro
During the three months ended December 31, 2024, a $1.4 billion impairment charge for Augtyro was recorded in Cost of products sold primarily resulting from lower revised cash flow projections due to the evolving commercial opportunity. The charge represented a partial impairment based on the excess of the asset’s carrying value over its estimated fair value using discounted cash flow projections.
Abecma
During the three months ended December 31, 2024, a $122 million impairment charge for Abecma was recorded in Cost of products sold primarily resulting from a reduced cash flow forecast due to the evolving competitive landscape. The impairment charge represented a full write-down of the asset.
Inrebic
During the three months ended June 30, 2024, a $280 million impairment charge was recorded in Cost of products goods sold resulting from lower revised cash flow projections for Inrebic. The charge represented a partial impairment based on the excess of the asset’s carrying value over its estimated fair value using discounted cash flow projections.
IPRD
During the three months ended December 31, 2024, a $390 million IPRD impairment charge was recorded in Research and development expense following a decision to discontinue development of an investigational compound in connection with the prioritization of pipeline opportunities. The compound was being studied as a potential treatment for immunologic diseases and was acquired in the acquisition of Celgene. The IPRD impairment charge represented a full write-down of the asset.
During the three months ended June 30, 2024, a $590 million IPRD impairment charge for alnuctamab was recorded in Research and development expense in connection with portfolio prioritization. Alnuctamab was being studied as a potential treatment for hematologic diseases and was obtained in the acquisition of Celgene. The charge represented a full write-down of the asset.
Note 16. SUPPLEMENTAL FINANCIAL INFORMATION
December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023
Income taxes $ 3,292 $ 3,927
Research and development 754 723
Contract assets 385 416
Restricted cash
- 55
Other 1,186 786
Other current assets $ 5,617 $ 5,907
December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023
Equity investments (Note 9)
$ 1,736 $ 1,699
Operating leases (Note 14)
1,224 1,390
Inventories (Note 12)
1,569 906
Pension and postretirement
234 284
Research and development
336 413
Receivables and convertible notes 452 436
Other 554 242
Other non-current assets $ 6,105 $ 5,370
December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023
Rebates and discounts $ 9,021 $ 7,680
Income taxes 1,514 1,371
Employee compensation and benefits 1,694 1,291
Research and development 1,366 1,257
Dividends 1,258 1,213
Interest 572 349
Royalties 477 465
Operating leases (Note 14)
181 162
Other 2,043 2,096
Other current liabilities $ 18,126 $ 15,884
December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023
Income taxes $ 1,491 $ 3,288
Pension and postretirement 400 480
Operating leases (Note 14)
1,370 1,530
Deferred income 230 300
Deferred compensation 456 427
Contingent value rights (Note 9) 256 -
Other 266 396
Other non-current liabilities $ 4,469 $ 6,421
Note 17. EQUITY
The following table summarizes changes in equity during the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:
Common Stock Capital in Excess
of Par Value
of Stock Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss)/Income
Retained
Earnings Treasury Stock Noncontrolling
Interest
Dollars and shares in millions
Shares Par Value Shares Cost
Balance at December 31, 2021
2,923 $ 292 $ 44,361 $ (1,268) $ 23,820 747 $ (31,259) $ 60
Net earnings
- - - - 6,327 - - 18
Other comprehensive loss
- - - (13) - - - -
Cash dividends declared(a)
- - - - (4,644) - - -
Share repurchases
- - - - - 109 (8,001) -
Stock compensation - - 804 - - (31) 642 -
Distributions - - - - - - - (21)
Balance at December 31, 2022
2,923 292 45,165 (1,281) 25,503 825 (38,618) 57
Net earnings - - - - 8,025 - - 14
Other comprehensive loss
- - - (265) - - - -
Cash dividends declared(a)
- - - - (4,762) - - -
Share repurchases
- - 105 - - 87 (5,306) -
Stock compensation - - 410 - - (10) 147 -
Convertible debt
- - 4 - - - 11 -
Distributions - - - - - - - (16)
Balance at December 31, 2023
2,923 292 45,684 (1,546) 28,766 902 (43,766) 55
Net (loss)/earnings
- - - - (8,948) - - 15
Other comprehensive income
- - - 308 - - - -
Cash dividends declared(a)
- - - - (4,906) - - -
Stock compensation - - 340 - - (8) 111 -
Distributions - - - - - - - (17)
Balance at December 31, 2024
2,923 $ 292 $ 46,024 $ (1,238) $ 14,912 894 $ (43,655) $ 53
(a) Cash dividends declared per common share were $2.42 in 2024, $2.31 in 2023 and $2.19 in 2022.
BMS has a share repurchase program, authorized by its Board of Directors, allowing for repurchases of its shares, effected in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions in compliance with Rule 10b-18 under the Exchange Act, including through Rule 10b5-1 trading plans. The share repurchase program does not obligate us to repurchase any specific number of shares, does not have a specific expiration date and may be suspended or discontinued at any time. Treasury stock is recognized at the cost to reacquire the shares. Shares issued from treasury are recognized utilizing the first-in first-out method and are generally funded by cash on hand. In December 2023, the Board of Directors approved an increase of $3.0 billion to the share repurchase authorization for BMS's common stock. The remaining share repurchase capacity under the BMS share repurchase program was $5.0 billion as of December 31, 2024.
In 2023, BMS entered into ASR agreements and repurchased 70 million shares of common stock for $4.0 billion. In addition, as part of its share repurchase program, BMS repurchased 17 million shares of its common stock for $1.2 billion.
In 2022, BMS entered into ASR agreements and repurchased 69 million shares of common stock for $5.0 billion. In addition, as part of its share repurchase program, BMS repurchased 40 million shares of its common stock for $3.0 billion.
The ASR agreements were funded with cash on-hand. The total number of shares repurchased under the ASR agreements was based on volume-weighted average prices of BMS's common stock during the terms of the ASR transactions less a discount and subject to adjustments pursuant to the terms and conditions of the ASR agreements.
The components of Other comprehensive income/(loss) were as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Dollars in millions Pretax Tax After Tax Pretax Tax After Tax Pretax Tax After Tax
Derivatives qualifying as cash flow hedges:
Recognized in other comprehensive income/(loss)
$ 495 $ (86) $ 409 $ 70 $ (12) $ 58 $ 585 $ (79) $ 506
Reclassified to net earnings(a)
(33) (2) (35) (334) 46 (288) (524) 72 (452)
Derivatives qualifying as cash flow hedges 462 (88) 374 (264) 34 (230) 61 (7) 54
Pension and postretirement benefits:
Actuarial gains/(losses) (44) 16 (28) (140) 25 (115) 146 (25) 121
Amortization(b)
8 (1) 7 - - - 21 (6) 15
Settlements(b)
119 (8) 111 - - - 11 (2) 9
Pension and postretirement benefits 83 7 90 (140) 25 (115) 178 (33) 145
Marketable debt securities:
Unrealized gains/(losses)
- - - 3 (1) 2 (2) - (2)
Foreign currency translation (136) (20) (156) 84 (6) 78 (183) (27) (210)
Other comprehensive income/(loss)
$ 409 $ (101) $ 308 $ (317) $ 52 $ (265) $ 54 $ (67) $ (13)
(a) Included in Cost of products sold and Other (income)/expense, net. Refer to “-Note 9. Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements" for further information.
(b) Included in Other (income)/expense, net.
The accumulated balances related to each component of Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of taxes, were as follows:
December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023
Derivatives qualifying as cash flow hedges $ 376 $ 2
Pension and postretirement benefits (648) (738)
Marketable debt securities 2 2
Foreign currency translation(a)
(968) (812)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss $ (1,238) $ (1,546)
(a) Includes net investment hedge gains of $210 million and $144 million as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
Note 18. RETIREMENT BENEFITS
BMS sponsors defined benefit pension plans, defined contribution plans and termination indemnity plans for certain employees.
Defined Benefit Pension Plans
The net periodic benefit cost of defined benefit pension plans was $15 million, $11 million, and $27 million during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. In addition, pension settlement charges of $119 million were recorded in 2024 in connection with the termination of the Bristol-Myers Squibb Puerto Rico, Inc. Retirement Income Plan.
Changes in defined benefit pension plan obligations, assets, funded status and amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets were as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023
Benefit obligations at beginning of year $ 2,238 $ 1,976
Service cost-benefits earned during the year 33 29
Interest cost 74 80
Settlements and curtailments (247) (41)
Actuarial (gains)/losses (10) 165
Benefits paid (58) (65)
Foreign currency and other (85) 94
Benefit obligations at end of year $ 1,945 $ 2,238
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year $ 2,212 $ 2,027
Actual return on plan assets 31 130
Employer contributions 71 56
Settlements (247) (38)
Benefits paid (58) (65)
Foreign currency and other (82) 102
Fair value of plan assets at end of year $ 1,927 $ 2,212
Funded status $ (18) $ (26)
Assets/(liabilities) recognized:
Other non-current assets $ 234 $ 284
Other current liabilities (21) (20)
Other non-current liabilities (231) (290)
Funded status $ (18) $ (26)
Recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive loss:
Net actuarial losses $ 924 $ 994
Prior service credit (27) (21)
Total $ 897 $ 973
The accumulated benefit obligation for defined benefit pension plans was $1.9 billion and $2.2 billion at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Additional information related to pension plan was as follows:
December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023
Pension plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets:
Projected benefit obligation $ 605 $ 1,045
Fair value of plan assets 353 735
Pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets:
Accumulated benefit obligation 578 1,017
Fair value of plan assets 353 734
Actuarial Assumptions
Weighted-average assumptions used to determine defined benefit pension plan obligations were as follows:
December 31,
2024 2023
Discount rate 3.5 % 3.4 %
Rate of compensation increase 1.4 % 1.4 %
Interest crediting rate 2.4 % 2.5 %
Weighted-average actuarial assumptions used to determine defined benefit pension plan net periodic benefit cost were as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
2024 2023 2022
Discount rate 3.4 % 4.0 % 1.6 %
Expected long-term return on plan assets 4.8 % 4.1 % 3.6 %
Rate of compensation increase 1.4 % 1.2 % 1.0 %
Interest crediting rate 2.5 % 2.5 % 2.1 %
The yield on high quality corporate bonds matching the duration of the benefit obligations is used in determining the discount rate. The FTSE Pension Discount Curve is used in developing the discount rate for the U.S. plans.
The expected return on plan assets assumption for each plan is based on management’s expectations of long-term average rates of return to be achieved by the underlying investment portfolio. Several factors are considered in developing the expected return on plan assets, including long-term historical returns and input from external advisors. Individual asset class return forecasts were developed based upon market conditions, for example, price-earnings levels and yields and long-term growth expectations. The expected long-term rate of return is the weighted-average of the target asset allocation of each individual asset class.
Actuarial gains and losses resulted from changes in actuarial assumptions (such as changes in the discount rate and revised mortality rates) and from differences between assumed and actual experience (such as differences between actual and expected return on plan assets). Actuarial gains and losses related to plan benefit obligations primarily resulted from changes in discount rates.
Postretirement Benefit Plans
Comprehensive medical and group life benefits are provided for substantially all BMS U.S. retirees electing to participate in comprehensive medical and group life plans and to a lesser extent certain benefits for non-U.S. employees. The medical plan is contributory. Contributions are adjusted periodically and vary by date of retirement. The life insurance plan is noncontributory. Postretirement benefit plan obligations were $160 million and $183 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The weighted-average discount rate used to determine benefit obligations was 5.4% and 4.8% at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The net periodic benefit costs were not material.
Plan Assets
The fair value of pension plan assets by asset category was as follows:
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
Dollars in millions Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Plan assets
Equity securities $ 1 $ - $ - $ 1 $ 1 $ - $ - $ 1
Equity funds - 256 - 256 - 363 7 370
Fixed income funds - 446 - 446 - 785 - 785
Corporate debt securities - - - - - 332 - 332
U.S. Treasury and agency securities - 41 - 41 - 58 - 58
Insurance contracts - 708 708 - - 224 224
Cash and cash equivalents 57 - - 57 32 - - 32
Other - 11 11 - 18 38 56
Plan assets subject to leveling $ 58 $ 754 $ 708 $ 1,520 $ 33 $ 1,556 $ 269 $ 1,858
Plan assets measured at NAV as a practical expedient 407 354
Net plan assets $ 1,927 $ 2,212
The investment valuation policies per investment class are as follows:
Level 1 inputs utilize unadjusted quoted prices in active markets accessible at the measurement date for identical assets or liabilities. The fair value hierarchy provides the highest priority to Level 1 inputs. These instruments include equity securities, equity funds and fixed income funds publicly traded on a national securities exchange, and cash and cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents are highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the time of purchase and are recognized at cost, which approximates fair value. Pending trade sales and purchases are included in cash and cash equivalents until final settlement.
Level 2 inputs utilize observable prices for similar instruments, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in non-active markets, and other observable inputs that can be corroborated by market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Equity funds and fixed income funds classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy are valued at the NAV of their shares held at year end, which represents fair value. Corporate debt securities and U.S. Treasury and agency securities classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy are valued utilizing observable prices for similar instruments and quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active.
Level 3 unobservable inputs are used when little or no market data is available. Insurance contracts are held by certain foreign pension plans and are carried at contract value, which approximates the estimated fair value and is based on the fair value of the underlying investment of the insurance company.
There were no transfers between Levels 1, 2 and 3 during the year ended December 31, 2024. Investments using the practical expedient consist primarily of multi-asset funds which are redeemable on either a daily, weekly, or monthly basis.
The investment strategy is to maximize return while maintaining an appropriate level of risk to provide sufficient liquidity for benefit obligations and plan expenses. Individual plan investment allocations are determined by local fiduciary committees and the composition of total assets for all pension plans at December 31, 2024 was broadly characterized as an allocation between equity securities (21%), debt securities (35%) and other investments (44%).
Contributions and Estimated Future Benefit Payments
The Company's estimated annual contributions and future benefits payments are not expected to be material.
Savings Plans
The principal defined contribution plan is the Bristol-Myers Squibb Savings and Investment Program. The contributions are based on employee contributions and the level of Company match. The U.S. defined contribution plan expense was approximately $395 million in 2024, $380 million in 2023 and $360 million in 2022.
Note 19. EMPLOYEE STOCK BENEFIT PLANS
BMS' 2021 Plan authorizes awards in the form of incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights ("SARs"), restricted stock, restricted stock units ("RSUs"), dividend equivalents, performance share units ("PSUs"), market share units ("MSUs") and other stock-based awards. As of December 31, 2024, the 2021 Plan was the only plan under which we were authorized to grant equity awards.
The 2021 Plan provides for 85 million shares to be authorized for grants plus shares recaptured upon forfeitures or other terminations of awards under our previous equity awards plans, subject to adjustments in accordance with the terms of the 2021 Plan. As of December 31, 2024, 64 million shares were available for award and 38 million equity awards were outstanding (stock options, RSUs, MSUs and PSUs). Shares generally are issued from treasury stock to satisfy BMS’s obligations under the 2021 Plan and our prior equity award plans.
Under the 2021 Plan, executive officers and other employees may be granted options to purchase common stock at no less than the market price on the date the option is granted. Options generally become exercisable ratably over four years and have a maximum term of 10 years. The 2021 Plan provides for the granting of SARs whereby the grantee may surrender exercisable rights and receive common stock and/or cash measured by the excess of the market price of the common stock over the award's exercise price. BMS did not grant stock options or SARs during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. Options that were outstanding during those years generally vested ratably over four years (some options granted as replacements for options held by Celgene option holders upon the acquisition of Celgene in 2019 provided for cliff vesting and/or longer or shorter vesting periods).
RSUs are granted to executive officers and other employees, subject to restrictions as to continuous employment. Generally, vesting occurs ratably over a three- to four-year period from grant date, subject to accelerated vesting in specified circumstances. A stock unit is a right to receive stock at the end of the specified vesting and/or deferral period; stock units have no voting rights. BMS grants non-forfeitable stock units to its non-employee directors. The fair value of RSUs approximates the closing market price of BMS’s common stock on the grant date after adjusting for the units not eligible for accrual of dividend equivalents.
MSUs are granted to executive officers. Vesting is conditioned upon continuous employment and occurs on the third anniversary of the grant date for awards granted in 2024 (the "2024 MSUs") and ratably over four years for awards granted prior to 2024, subject to accelerated vesting in specified circumstances. For the 2024 MSUs, the number of shares issued upon vesting is based on a specified payout factor requiring that the market price per share at a specified measurement date plus the value of accumulated dividends during the performance period be at least 80% of the grant-date share price (market condition) or the relative total shareholder return percentile rank versus our peers be equal to or greater than the 50th percentile (market condition). For awards granted prior to 2024, the number of shares issued upon vesting is based on a specified payout factor requiring that the market price per share on the measurement date be at least 80% of the grant-date share price (market condition) for awards granted in 2023 and 2022 and 60% for awards granted prior to 2022. The maximum payout factor for awards granted in 2022 to 2024 and prior to 2022 are 225% and 200%, respectively. The share price used on the grant and measurement dates reflect a ten day average closing price. The fair value of MSUs is estimated as of the grant date using a Monte Carlo simulation.
PSUs are granted to executive officers, have a three-year performance cycle and are granted as a target number of stock units subject to adjustment. The number of shares issued when PSUs vest is determined based on the achievement of specified performance goals (a performance condition) and BMS’s three-year relative total shareholder return compound annual growth rate relative to a peer group of companies (a market condition) for awards granted in 2024 and 2023 (three-year total shareholder return relative to a peer group of companies prior to 2023), and can range from 0% to a maximum of 200% of the target number of PSUs. Vesting is conditioned upon continuous employment and occurs on the third anniversary of the grant date, subject to accelerated vesting in specified circumstances. The fair value of PSUs is estimated as of the grant date for the portion related to the relative total shareholder return measure, using a Monte Carlo simulation and, for the remaining portion, based on the closing market price of BMS’s common stock on the grant date after adjusting for the units not eligible for accrual of dividend equivalents, and taking into account the probability of satisfying the performance condition as of the grant date.
Stock-based compensation expense for awards ultimately expected to vest is recognized over the vesting period. Forfeitures are estimated based on historical experience at the time of grant and revised in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. Stock-based compensation expense was as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
Dollars in millions 2024 2023 2022
Cost of products sold $ 57 $ 51 $ 41
Marketing, selling and administrative 202 215 195
Research and development 248 252 221
Total stock-based compensation expense $ 507 $ 518 $ 457
Income tax benefit(a)
$ 108 $ 105 $ 91
(a) Income tax benefit excludes excess tax (deficiencies)/benefits from share-based compensation awards that were vested or exercised of $(27) million in 2024, $19 million in 2023 and $74 million in 2022.
The following table summarizes the stock compensation activity for the year ended December 31, 2024:
Stock Options RSUs MSUs PSUs
Shares in Millions Number of Options Weighted-Average Exercise Price of Shares Number of Nonvested RSUs Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value Number of Nonvested MSUs Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value Number of Nonvested PSUs Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Balance at January 1, 2024
16.2 $ 57.34 18.0 $ 60.21 1.9 $ 58.52 3.6 $ 63.32
Granted - - 13.6 47.54 1.3 58.63 1.9 53.08
Released/Exercised (2.0) 46.11 (7.2) 59.21 (0.2) 56.06 (0.7) 59.04
Adjustments for actual payout - - - - (0.5) 57.43 (0.4) 59.04
Forfeited/Canceled (3.1) 58.53 (3.7) 54.80 (0.6) 58.80 (0.7) 60.19
Balance at December 31, 2024
11.1 59.02 20.7 53.17 1.9 58.69 3.7 59.84
Expected to vest 18.0 53.44 1.6 58.71 2.7 60.38
Dollars in millions Restricted Stock Units Market Share Units Performance Share Units
Unrecognized compensation cost $ 784 $ 62 $ 71
Expected weighted-average period in years of compensation cost to be recognized 2.5 2.1 1.8
Amounts in Millions, except per share data 2024 2023 2022
Weighted-average grant date fair value (per share):
RSUs $ 47.54 $ 60.26 $ 64.12
MSUs 58.63 57.99 60.74
PSUs 53.08 63.86 66.76
Fair value of awards that vested:
RSUs - replacement awards $ - $ - $ 152
RSUs 429 365 300
MSUs 13 45 44
PSUs 42 65 68
Total intrinsic value of stock options exercised 13 90 526
The following table summarizes significant outstanding and exercisable options at December 31, 2024:
Range of Exercise Prices Number of Options (in millions) Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years) Weighted-Average Exercise Price Per Share Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
$10 - $40
0.1 2.2 $ 25.87 $ 4
$40 - $55
3.5 2.4 50.40 21
$55 - $65
4.7 1.3 59.77 1
$65 +
2.8 1.7 70.03 -
Outstanding 11.1 1.7 59.02 $ 26
Exercisable 11.1 1.7 59.02 $ 26
The aggregate intrinsic value in the preceding table represents the total pretax intrinsic value, based on the closing stock price of $56.56 on December 31, 2024, which was the last trading day of 2024.
Note 20. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS AND CONTINGENCIES
BMS and certain of its subsidiaries are involved in various lawsuits, claims, government investigations, and other legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. These claims or proceedings can involve various types of parties, including governments, competitors, customers, partners, suppliers, service providers, licensees, licensors, employees, or shareholders, among others. These matters may involve patent infringement, antitrust, securities, pricing, sales and marketing practices, environmental, commercial, contractual rights, licensing obligations, health and safety matters, consumer fraud, employment matters, product liability, and insurance coverage, among others. The resolution of these matters often develops over a long period of time and expectations can change as a result of new findings, rulings, appeals or settlement arrangements. Legal proceedings that are significant or that BMS believes could become significant or material are described below.
We are vigorously defending against the legal proceedings in which we are named as defendants and we believe we have substantial claims and/or defenses in each matter. While the outcomes of these proceedings and other contingencies BMS is subject to are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, we do not believe that any of these matters will have a material adverse effect on BMS’ financial position or liquidity, though they could possibly be material to our consolidated results of operations in any one accounting period. There can be no assurance that there will not be an increase in the scope of one or more of the matters described below or that any other or future lawsuits, claims, government investigations, or other legal proceedings will not be material to BMS’s financial position, results of operations, or cash flows for a particular period. Furthermore, failure to successfully enforce BMS’s patent rights would likely result in substantial decreases in the respective product revenues from generic competition.
Unless otherwise noted, BMS is unable to assess the outcome of the respective matters nor is it able to estimate the possible loss or range of losses that could potentially result for such matters. Contingency accruals are recognized when it is probable that a liability will be incurred and the amount of the related loss can be reasonably estimated. Developments in legal proceedings and other matters that could cause changes in the amounts previously accrued are evaluated each reporting period. For a discussion of BMS’s tax contingencies, see " - Note 7. Income Taxes."
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
Eliquis - Europe
BMS is involved in litigations throughout Europe against companies seeking to launch generic apixaban products prior to the expiration of the composition-of-matter patent for Eliquis and its associated SPCs. Litigations are pending or have been concluded in: Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK.
Trials or preliminary proceedings on the merits have been held in: Czech Republic, Finland, France, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK. To date BMS has obtained decisions in the following countries:
•BMS obtained a final negative decision in the UK, and generics are now on the market in this country.
•BMS obtained final positive decisions in Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland.
•BMS obtained initial negative decisions in Finland, Ireland, and Slovakia. In Finland and Slovakia, appeals are pending. In Ireland, the appeals court remanded the case to the lower court for rehearing.
•BMS obtained initial positive decisions in the Czech Republic, France, and Netherlands, and appeals are pending in all three countries.
•In Spain, the Barcelona Commercial Court found the composition-of-matter patent for Eliquis and its associated SPC invalid. BMS appealed, and the Barcelona Court of Appeal overturned the decision. The generic products that launched at risk after the Barcelona Commercial Court were either enjoined or removed from the market as a result of the Barcelona Court of Appeal ruling. An appeal is pending before the Supreme Court.
•In Finland, generics have entered the market while proceedings are pending. In Portugal, BMS obtained preliminary injunctions against two generic companies, but one generic company remains on the market while proceedings are pending.
Generic manufacturers may seek to market generic versions of Eliquis in additional countries in Europe prior to the expiration of our patents, which may lead to additional infringement and invalidity actions involving Eliquis patents being filed in various countries in Europe.
Plavix* - Australia
From 2007 to 2010, BMS and Sanofi were involved in patent litigation with a generic company seeking to launch clopidogrel bisulfate 75 mg tablets in Australia. While BMS and Sanofi obtained an initially favorable decision and an injunction, that decision was overturned on appeal. In 2013, the Australian government intervened seeking damages, which would have been split between BMS and Sanofi, for alleged losses experienced for paying a higher price for branded Plavix* during the period when the injunction was in place. BMS and Sanofi disputed that the Australian government is entitled to any damages. The trial court issued a decision dismissing the Australian government’s claim for damages, the Australian government appealed, and the Federal Court issued a ruling in BMS and Sanofi’s favor, which was affirmed in December 2024, by the High Court of Australia.
Pomalyst - U.S.
In December 2024, Celgene received a Notice Letter from Cipla USA, Inc. (“Cipla”) notifying Celgene that Cipla had filed an ANDA containing paragraph IV certifications seeking approval to market generic pomalidomide products in the U.S. In response, Celgene initiated a patent infringement action against Cipla in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey, asserting certain FDA Orange Book-listed patents. No trial date has been scheduled.
Zeposia - U.S.
In October 2021, Actelion Pharmaceuticals LTD and Actelion Pharmaceuticals US, INC (“Actelion”) filed a complaint for patent infringement in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey against BMS and Celgene for alleged infringement of U.S. Patent No. 10,251,867 (the “’867 Patent”). The complaint alleges that the sale of Zeposia infringes certain claims of the ’867 Patent and Actelion is seeking damages. No trial date has been scheduled.
In May and June 2024, BMS received Notice Letters from Synthon BV (“Synthon”) and Apotex Inc. (“Apotex”), respectively, each notifying BMS that it has filed an ANDA containing a paragraph IV certification seeking approval of a generic version of Zeposia in the U.S. and challenging a polymorph patent listed in the Orange Book for Zeposia but not the composition of matter patent. In response, BMS filed patent infringement actions against Synthon and Apotex in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware. On September 23, 2024, the district court consolidated the Synthon and Apotex actions. No trial date has been scheduled.
PRICING, SALES AND PROMOTIONAL PRACTICES LITIGATION
Plavix* - Hawaii
BMS and certain Sanofi entities are defendants in a consumer protection action brought by the attorney general of Hawaii relating to the labeling, sales and/or promotion of Plavix*. In February 2021, a Hawaii state court judge issued a decision against Sanofi and BMS, imposing penalties in the total amount of $834 million, with $417 million attributed to BMS. In March 2023, the Hawaii Supreme Court reversed in part and affirmed in part the trial court decision, vacating the penalty award and remanding the case for a new trial and penalty determination. Following a new trial, in May 2024, the trial court issued a new decision against Sanofi and BMS, imposing penalties in the total amount of $916 million, with $458 million attributed to BMS. Sanofi and BMS have appealed the decision.
SECURITIES LITIGATION
Celgene Securities Litigations
Beginning in March 2018, two putative class actions were filed against Celgene and certain of its officers and employees in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey (the “Celgene Securities Class Action”). The complaints alleged that the defendants violated federal securities laws. The district court consolidated the two actions. In December 2019, the district court denied in part and granted in part defendants’ motion to dismiss. In November 2020, the district court certified a class of Celgene common stock purchasers between April 27, 2017 through April 28, 2018. Following discovery, defendants moved for summary judgment, which the district court granted in part and denied in part.
Certain entities filed individual actions in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey asserting largely the same allegations as the Celgene Securities Class Action. These actions have been consolidated for pre-trial proceedings. Defendants have moved for partial summary judgment in these consolidated actions.
No trial dates have been scheduled in any of the above Celgene Securities Litigations.
Contingent Value Rights Litigations
In June 2021, an action was filed against BMS in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York asserting claims of alleged breaches of a Contingent Value Rights Agreement (“CVR Agreement”) entered into in connection with the closing of BMS’s acquisition of Celgene in November 2019. An entity claiming to be the successor trustee under the CVR Agreement alleged that BMS breached the CVR Agreement by allegedly failing to use “diligent efforts” to obtain FDA approval of liso-cel (Breyanzi) before a contractual milestone date, thereby allegedly avoiding a $6.4 billion potential obligation to holders of the contingent value rights governed by the CVR Agreement and by allegedly failing to permit inspection of records in response to a request by the alleged successor trustee. The plaintiff sought damages in an amount to be determined at trial and other relief, including interest and attorneys’ fees. BMS disputes the allegations. BMS filed a motion to dismiss the alleged successor trustee’s complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, which was denied in June 2022. In February 2024, BMS filed a motion to dismiss the complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. In September 2024, the court granted BMS’s motion and dismissed the lawsuit for lack of subject matter jurisdiction without prejudice to the refiling of a new lawsuit by a properly appointed trustee. The plaintiff has appealed, and BMS has cross-appealed from the denial of its first motion to dismiss.
In November 2024, the same entity claiming to be successor trustee filed a new lawsuit against BMS making similar allegations to the previously dismissed case and attempting to remedy its jurisdictional deficiency. The plaintiff’s new complaint also names the current CVR Agreement Trustee and seeks a judgment that plaintiff is Trustee. In January 2025, BMS filed a motion to dismiss the complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and failure to state a claim. In February 2025, plaintiff filed an amended complaint in lieu of responding to BMS’s motion to dismiss.
Former Celgene stockholders have filed complaints in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York asserting claims on behalf of a putative class of Celgene stockholders who received CVRs in the BMS merger with Celgene for violations of the securities laws relating to the joint proxy statement. Those cases have been consolidated into a single case. In March 2023, the Court granted BMS’s motion to dismiss the complaint in its entirety. Certain of the claims were dismissed with prejudice. The remaining claims were dismissed with leave to file a further amended complaint, which plaintiffs filed in April 2023. In February 2024, the Court granted BMS’s motion to dismiss the amended complaint in its entirety and dismissed the remaining claims with prejudice. Plaintiffs have appealed the dismissal.
In November 2021, an alleged Celgene stockholder filed a complaint in the Superior Court of New Jersey, Union County, asserting claims on behalf of two separate putative classes, one of acquirers of CVRs and one of acquirers of BMS common stock, for violations of securities laws. In June 2024, the Court granted defendants’ motion to dismiss the complaint in its entirety without prejudice to file an amended complaint. The plaintiff filed an amended complaint which was dismissed with prejudice in February 2025.
No trial dates have been scheduled in any of the above CVR Litigations.
OTHER LITIGATION
IRA Litigation
On June 16, 2023, BMS filed a lawsuit against the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, et al., challenging the constitutionality of the drug-pricing program in the IRA. That program requires pharmaceutical companies, like BMS, under the threat of significant penalties, to sell certain of their medicines at government-dictated prices. In April 2024, the court denied BMS’s motion for summary judgment and granted the government’s cross-motion for summary judgment. BMS appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit.
340B Litigation
On November 26, 2024, BMS filed a lawsuit against Carole Johnson, Administrator of Health Resources & Services Administration (“HRSA”) and Xavier Becerra, U.S. Secretary of Health & Human Services, challenging HRSA’s determination that BMS could not implement a cash rebate model for the 340B drug pricing program. BMS is seeking a determination that HRSA’s actions violate the Administrative Procedure Act and the United States Constitution.
Thalomid and Revlimid Litigations
Beginning in November 2014, putative class action lawsuits were filed against Celgene in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey alleging that Celgene violated various antitrust, consumer protection, and unfair competition laws in connection with, among other things, activities related to obtaining and litigating certain Revlimid patents. In October 2020, the district court entered a final order approving a class settlement and dismissed the matter. Certain entities-including entities that opted out of the settlement class and others who claim that their suits are not covered by that settlement-have since filed additional suits against Celgene and BMS pursuing similar claims based on related theories, and a subset of plaintiffs brought additional claims related to copay assistance for Thalomid and Revlimid. Those new suits are principally being litigated in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey. The Court dismissed certain of those complaints with leave to amend in June 2024. All plaintiffs filed amended complaints in August 2024. BMS and Celgene have filed motions to dismiss those complaints, which are currently pending.
Related actions are also pending in San Francisco Superior Court and the Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas. No activity is expected in these cases until disposition of the New Jersey actions. No trial dates have been scheduled.
Pomalyst Antitrust Class Action
Beginning in September 2023, certain entities filed putative class actions against Celgene, BMS, and certain individuals in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York asserting claims under various antitrust, consumer protection, and unjust enrichment laws in connection with activities related to obtaining and litigating certain Pomalyst patents. BMS and Celgene have filed motions to dismiss the complaints, which are pending. No trial dates have been scheduled.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROCEEDINGS
As previously reported, BMS is a party to several environmental proceedings and other matters, and is responsible under various state, federal and foreign laws, including CERCLA, for certain costs of investigating and/or remediating contamination resulting from past industrial activity at BMS's current or former sites or at waste disposal or reprocessing facilities operated by third parties.
CERCLA and Other Remediation Matters
With respect to CERCLA and other remediation matters for which BMS is responsible under various state, federal and international laws, BMS typically estimates potential costs based on information obtained from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, or counterpart state or foreign agency and/or studies prepared by independent consultants, including the total estimated costs for the site and the expected cost-sharing, if any, with other "potentially responsible parties," and BMS accrues liabilities when they are probable and reasonably estimable. BMS estimated its share of future costs for these sites to be $66 million as of December 31, 2024, which represents the sum of best estimates or, where no best estimate can reasonably be made, estimates of the minimal probable amount among a range of such costs (without taking into account any potential recoveries from other parties).
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Bristol-Myers Squibb Company and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive (loss)/income, and cash flows, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 12, 2025, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Gross-to-Net U.S. Rebate Accruals for U.S. Medicaid, Medicare Part D, and managed healthcare - Refer to “Note 2. Revenue” to the financial statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
As more fully disclosed in Note 2 to the financial statements, the Company reduces gross product sales from list price at the time revenue is recognized for expected charge-backs, discounts, rebates, sales allowances and product returns, which are referred to as gross-to-net (“GTN”) adjustments. These reductions are attributed to various commercial arrangements, managed healthcare organizations, and government programs containing various pricing implications, such as mandatory discounts, pricing protection below wholesaler list price or other discounts when Medicare Part D beneficiaries are in the coverage gap. Charge-backs and cash discounts are reflected as a reduction to receivables and settled through the issuance of credits to the customer. All other GTN adjustments are reflected as a liability and settled through cash payments.
Certain of the GTN liabilities related to U.S. Medicaid, Medicare Part D, and managed healthcare organizations rebate programs (the “GTN U.S. rebate accruals”) involve the use of significant assumptions and judgments in their calculation. These significant assumptions and judgments include consideration of legal interpretations of applicable laws and regulations, historical experience, payer channel mix, current contract prices, unbilled claims, processing time lags, and inventory levels in the distribution channel.
Given the complexity involved in determining the significant assumptions used in calculating certain GTN U.S. rebate accruals, auditing these estimates involved especially subjective judgment.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to GTN U.S. rebate accruals included the following, among others:
•We evaluated the appropriateness and consistency of the Company’s methods and assumptions used to calculate GTN U.S. rebate accruals.
•We tested the effectiveness of internal controls over the review of the Company’s estimation model, including underlying assumptions and key inputs into the Company’s process to calculate GTN U.S. rebate accruals.
•We tested the mathematical accuracy of GTN U.S. rebate accruals.
•We tested significant assumptions and key inputs used to calculate GTN U.S. rebate accruals.
•We evaluated the Company’s ability to estimate GTN U.S. rebate accruals accurately by comparing actual amounts incurred for GTN U.S. rebate accruals to historical estimates.
•We tested the overall reasonableness of the GTN U.S. rebate accruals recorded at period end by developing an expectation for comparison to actual recorded balances.
•We involved audit professionals with industry and quantitative analytics experience to assist us in performing our auditing procedures.
Taxes - Unrecognized Tax Benefit Liabilities for U.S. Transfer Pricing - Refer to “Note 7. Income Taxes” to the financial statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
As more fully disclosed in Note 7 to the financial statements, the Company recognizes certain income tax benefits associated with transactions between its U.S. operating companies and related foreign affiliates. These income tax benefits are estimated based on transfer pricing agreements, third-party transfer pricing studies, and the Company’s judgment as to whether it is more-likely-than-not the benefits will be realized. Tax benefits that may not ultimately be realized by the Company, as determined by its judgment, are accrued for as unrecognized tax benefit liabilities. The amounts recognized as unrecognized tax benefit liabilities related to U.S. transfer pricing may be significantly affected in subsequent periods due to various factors, such as changes in tax law, identification of additional relevant facts, or a change in the Company’s judgment regarding measurement of the tax benefits upon ultimate settlement with the taxing authorities.
Given the complexity associated with significant assumptions used and judgments made to calculate unrecognized tax benefit liabilities related to U.S. transfer pricing auditing these estimates involved especially subjective judgment.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to unrecognized tax benefit liabilities related to U.S. transfer pricing included the following, among others:
•We evaluated the appropriateness and consistency of the Company’s methods and assumptions used in the identification, recognition, measurement, and disclosure of unrecognized tax benefit liabilities.
•We tested the effectiveness of internal controls over the review of the underlying assumptions and key inputs into the Company’s process to calculate unrecognized tax benefit liabilities.
•We obtained an understanding of the Company’s related party transactions and transfer pricing policies.
•We tested the mathematical accuracy of the unrecognized tax benefit liabilities.
•We tested the completeness of unrecognized tax benefit liabilities.
•We tested the reasonableness of the underlying tax positions and amounts accrued for a selection of unrecognized tax benefit liabilities by reviewing the Company’s evaluation of the relevant facts and tax law associated with the tax position, and testing the significant assumptions and inputs used to calculate the unrecognized tax benefit liabilities by reference to third party data, information produced by the entity, our understanding of transfer pricing principles and tax laws, and inquires of management.
•We evaluated whether the Company had appropriately considered new information that could significantly change the recognition, measurement or disclosure of the unrecognized tax benefit liabilities.
•We involved income tax specialists and audit professionals with industry experience to assist us in performing our auditing procedures.
/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP
Morristown, New Jersey
February 12, 2025
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2006.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
Item 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE.
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of December 31, 2024, management carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of its chief executive officer and chief financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e), as of the end of the period covered by this 2024 Form 10-K. Based on this evaluation, management has concluded that as of December 31, 2024, such disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the chief executive officer and chief financial officer, management assessed the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 based on the framework in “Internal Control-Integrated Framework” (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on that assessment, management has concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective at December 31, 2024 to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of its financial reporting and the preparation of its financial statements for external purposes in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles. Due to its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has audited the Company’s financial statements included in this report on this 2024 Form 10-K and issued its report on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, which is included herein.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 9B. OTHER INFORMATION.
During the fourth quarter of 2024, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated an active "Rule 10b5-1 trading
arrangement" or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Item 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE.
(a)Reference is made to our 2025 Proxy Statement section "Who We Are: 2024 Director Nominees" with respect to information relating to our Directors, which is incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof in response to the information required by Item 10.
(b)The information required by Item 10 with respect to our Executive Officers has been included in Part IA of this 2024 Form 10-K in reliance on General Instruction G of Form 10-K and Instruction 3 to Item 401(b) of Regulation S-K, which is incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof in response to the information required by Item 10.
(c)Reference is made to our 2025 Proxy Statement section “How We Govern and Are Governed - Codes of Conduct” with respect to our code of ethics, which is incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof in response to the information required by Item 10.
(d)Reference is made to our 2025 Proxy Statement section “How We Are Selected and Elected - Director Succession Planning and Identification of Board Candidates - Shareholder Nominations for Director” with respect to procedures by which shareholders can recommend nominees to our board of directors, which is incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof in response to the information required by Item 10.
(e)Reference is made to our 2025 Proxy Statement section “How We Are Organized - Committees of Our Board” with respect to our audit committee, which is incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof in response to the information required by Item 10.
(f)Reference is made to our 2025 Proxy Statement section “How We Govern and Are Governed - Codes of Conduct” with respect to information relating to our insider trading policy, which is incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof in response to the information required by Item 10.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Item 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION.
(a)Reference is made to our 2025 Proxy Statement section “Executive Compensation,” which is incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof in response to the information required by Item 11, except that the information under “Executive Compensation - Pay Versus Performance” will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference herein.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
Item 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS.
(a)Reference is made to our 2025 Proxy Statement “Voting Securities and Principal Holders - Common Stock Ownership by Directors and Executive Officers” with respect to the security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management, which is incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof in response to the information required by Item 12.
(b)Reference is made to our 2025 Proxy Statement section “Items To Be Voted Upon - Equity Compensation Plan Information” with respect to the securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans, which is incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof in response to the information required by Item 12.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Item 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE.
(a)Reference is made to our 2025 Proxy Statement section “How We Govern and Are Governed - Related Party Transactions” with respect to certain relationships and related transactions, which is incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof in response to the information required by Item 13.
(b)Reference is made to our 2025 Proxy Statement section “How We Are Selected and Elected - Director Independence” with respect to director independence, which is incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof in response to the information required by Item 13.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Item 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES.
Reference is made to our 2025 Proxy Statement sections “Items To Be Voted Upon - Audit and Non-Audit Fees” and “Items To Be Voted Upon - Pre-Approval Policy for Services Provided by our Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” with respect to the aggregate fees billed to us and services provided by our principal accountant, Deloitte & Touche LLP (PCAOB ID No. 34), which are incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof in response to the information required by Item 14.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE.
(a)
Page
Number
1 Consolidated Financial Statements
Consolidated Statements of Earnings and Comprehensive Income
Consolidated Balance Sheets
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
2. Financial Statement Schedules
All other schedules not included with this additional financial data are omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is included in the financial statements or notes thereto.
3. Exhibits
The information called for by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the Exhibit Index in this 2024 Form 10-K.
(b) Exhibits Required to be filed by Item 601 of Regulation S-K
The information called for by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the Exhibit Index in this 2024 Form 10-K.