EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1156174
Filing Year: 2023
Filename: 1156174_10-K_2023_0001156174-23-000004.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
ITEM 1. BUSINESS.
Overview
Lake Area Corn Processors, LLC is a South Dakota limited liability company that owns and manages an ethanol plant that has a nameplate production capacity of 90 million gallons of ethanol per year through its wholly-owned subsidiary Dakota Ethanol, L.L.C. The ethanol plant currently produces at rates in excess of 90 million gallons of ethanol per year. The ethanol plant is located near Wentworth, South Dakota. Lake Area Corn Processors, LLC is referred to in this report as "LACP," the "Company," "we," or "us." Dakota Ethanol, L.L.C. is referred to in this report as "Dakota Ethanol" or the "ethanol plant."
Since September 4, 2001, we have been engaged in the production of ethanol and distillers grains. Fuel grade ethanol is our primary product accounting for the majority of our revenue. We also sell distillers grains and corn oil, the principal co-products of the ethanol production process.
The ethanol industry experienced industry-wide record low ethanol prices throughout most of 2018 and 2019 due to reduced demand and high industry inventory levels. This continued into 2020 and the situation was compounded by the crisis associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus disease ("COVID-19"). In response to these unfavorable operating conditions and a slowdown in global and regional economic activity and a disruption in transportation fuel demand resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, we reduced our ethanol production rate early in 2020 which impacted our total ethanol production for our 2020 fiscal year. The Company operated at full production capacity for our 2021 and 2022 fiscal year.
General Development of Business
LACP was formed as a South Dakota cooperative on May 25, 1999. On August 20, 2002, our members approved a plan to reorganize into a South Dakota limited liability company. The reorganization became effective on August 31, 2002, and the assets and liabilities of the cooperative were transferred to the newly formed limited liability company. Following the reorganization, our legal name was changed to Lake Area Corn Processors, LLC.
Our ownership of Dakota Ethanol represents our primary asset and source of revenue. Since we operate Dakota Ethanol as a wholly-owned subsidiary, all net income generated by Dakota Ethanol is passed to LACP. We make distributions of the income received from Dakota Ethanol to our unit holders in proportion to the number of units held by each member.
We entered into a loan agreement with the Small Business Association through First State Bank, Gothenburg, NE on April 4, 2020 for $760,400 as part of the Paycheck Protection Program under Division A, Title I of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (CARES Act). In June 2021, the Company received notification from the Small Business Administration that all loan proceeds and accrued interest received and recorded by the Company were forgiven. Due to forgiveness of the loan, the Company recorded a gain on debt extinguishment in other income in the statement of operations for $768,400 for the year ending December 31, 2021.
On October 11, 2021, we entered into a Fourth Amendment to our credit agreement with Farm Credit Services of America, PCA and Farm Credit Services of America, FLCA ("FCSA") (the "Fourth Amendment"). Under the Fourth Amendment, the working capital covenant was increased to $13,500,000 and the net worth covenant was increased to $28,000,0000. The interest rates will be measured using the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) 30-Day Average Rate. Dakota Ethanol may make distributions in an amount up to 75% of prior year's net income, so long as the Company's working capital stays above $18,000,000 post distribution. The combined distributions for 2021 and 2022 were limited to 75% of the combined net income of 2020 and 2021.
Through the BioFuel Producer Program, the United States Department of Agriculture (the "USDA") is making up to $700,000,000.00 in direct payment available for biofuel producers who faces unexpected market losses due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On May 23, 2022, the Company received a payment from the USDA Biofuel Producer Program in the amount of approximately $1,200,000 that was recorded in interest and other income on the statement of operations during the year ended December 31, 2022.
Financial Information
Please refer to "Item 7 - Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" for information regarding our results of operations and "Item 8 - Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" for our audited consolidated financial statements.
Principal Products
The principal products produced at the ethanol plant are fuel grade ethanol, distillers grains and corn oil. The table below shows the approximate percentage of our total revenue which is attributed to each of our primary products for each of our last three fiscal years.
Product Fiscal Year 2022 Fiscal Year 2021 Fiscal Year 2020
Ethanol 74% 79% 76%
Distillers Grains 19% 16% 20%
Corn Oil 7% 5% 4%
Ethanol
Ethanol is ethyl alcohol, a fuel component made primarily from corn and various other grains. Ethanol is primarily used as: (i) an octane enhancer in fuels; (ii) an oxygenated fuel additive for the purpose of reducing ozone and carbon monoxide vehicle emissions; and (iii) a non-petroleum-based gasoline substitute. Ethanol produced in the United States is primarily used for blending with unleaded gasoline and other fuel products. Ethanol blended fuel is typically designated in the marketplace according to the percentage of the fuel that is ethanol, with the most common fuel blend being E10, which includes 10% ethanol. The United States Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") has approved the use of gasoline blends that contain 15% ethanol, or E15, for use in all vehicles manufactured in model year 2001 and later. In addition, flexible fuel vehicles can use gasoline blends that contain up to 85% ethanol called E85.
An ethanol plant is essentially a fermentation plant. Ground corn and water are mixed with enzymes and yeast to produce a substance called "beer," which contains approximately 15% alcohol, 11% solids and 74% water. The "beer" is boiled to separate the water, resulting in ethyl alcohol, which is then dehydrated to increase the alcohol content. This product is then mixed with a certified denaturant, such as gasoline, to make the product unfit for human consumption which allows it to be sold commercially.
Distillers Grains
A principal co-product of the ethanol production process is distillers grains, a high protein, high-energy animal feed supplement primarily marketed to the dairy, poultry, swine and beef industries. We primarily produce distillers grains in two forms, modified/wet distillers grains and dried distillers grains. Modified/wet distillers grains have a higher moisture content than dried distillers grains. Our modified/wet distillers grains are sold primarily in our local market because they have a shorter shelf life and are more expensive to transport than dried distillers grains.
Corn Oil
We separate a portion of the corn oil contained in our distillers grains which we market separately from our distillers grains. The corn oil that we produce is not food grade corn oil and therefore cannot be used for human consumption. The primary uses for the corn oil that we produce are animal feed, industrial uses and biodiesel production.
Principal Product Markets
Ethanol
Over the past fiscal year, Canada, India and South Korea were top destinations for ethanol exports. Exports of ethanol for the 2022 period have increased significantly when compared to the same period in 2021. Ethanol export demand is more unpredictable than domestic demand and tends to fluctuate over time as it is subject to monetary and political forces in other nations. Tariffs implemented by Brazil and China on ethanol imported from the United States have had a negative effect on export demand from those markets. Tariffs imposed by China remain unchanged. In March 2022, Brazil suspended its tariff through the end of 2022 on ethanol imported from the United States following a 10% reduction on the tariff in November 2021.
In February 2023, Brazil reinstated the tariff at a rate of 16% through 2023, increasing to 18% in 2024. These tariffs will likely result in no ethanol exports to Brazil in 2023 or 2024.
Ethanol is generally blended with gasoline before it is sold to the end consumer. Therefore, the primary purchasers of ethanol are fuel blending companies which mix the ethanol we produce with gasoline. As discussed below in the section entitled "Distribution of Principal Products," we have a third party marketer that sells all of our ethanol. Our ethanol marketer makes substantially all decisions regarding where our ethanol is sold.
Distillers Grains
Distillers grains are primarily used as animal feed. Distillers grains are typically fed to animals instead of other traditional animal feeds such as corn and soybean meal. Distillers grains exports have increased in recent years as distillers grains have become a more accepted animal feed. Currently, the United States ethanol industry exports a significant amount of distiller grains. According to the U.S. Grains Council, during the 2021/2022 marketing year, the largest importers of United States distiller grains were Mexico, South Korea, and Vietnam.
During 2016, China began an anti-dumping and countervailing duty investigation related to distillers grains imported from the United States which contributed to a decline in distillers grains shipped to China. In January 2017, the Chinese finalized the anti-dumping and anti-subsidy duties. In the beginning of 2023, China's Commerce Ministry announced that they will continue to impose anti-dumping rules on distiller grains imported from the United States for an additional five years, keeping tariffs amounting to as much as 66% on distillers grains. The trade actions taken by the Chinese have resulted in declines in distillers grains demand and prices. The significant reduction in distillers grains exports to China requires United States distillers grains producers to seek out alternative markets.
We anticipate that the vast majority of our distillers grains will continue to be sold in the domestic market due to our plant's location. Further, management anticipates that we will continue to sell a large proportion of our distillers grains in the modified/wet form which is marketed locally.
Corn Oil
The primary markets for corn oil are the industrial chemicals market, animal feeding market and the biodiesel production market. The biodiesel blenders' tax credit was scheduled to expire at the end of 2022. However, during 2022 the biodiesel blenders' tax credit was extended through 2024. Since corn oil can be used as a feedstock to produce biodiesel, when biodiesel production increases it has a positive impact on corn oil prices. Further, recent increases in oil demand from the renewable diesel market has significantly increased market corn oil prices. The market for corn oil is expected to continue to shift as changes in supply and demand of corn oil interact. Our corn oil is primarily marketed in the United States, and we do not expect that significant exports of corn oil will occur in the near future.
Distribution of Principal Products
Ethanol Distribution
We have an ethanol marketing agreement with RPMG, Inc. ("RPMG"), a professional third party marketer, which is the sole marketer of our ethanol. We are an equity owner of Renewable Products Marketing Group, LLC ("RPMG, LLC"), the parent company of RPMG, which allows us to realize favorable marketing fees in the sale of our ethanol, distillers grains and corn oil. Our ethanol marketing agreement provides that we can sell our ethanol either through an index arrangement or at a fixed price agreed to between us and RPMG. The term of our ethanol marketing agreement is perpetual, until it is terminated according to the terms of the agreement. The primary reasons our ethanol marketing agreement would terminate are if we cease to be an owner of RPMG, LLC, if there is a breach of our ethanol marketing agreement which is not cured, or if we give advance notice to RPMG that we wish to terminate our ethanol marketing agreement. Notwithstanding our right to terminate our ethanol marketing agreement, we may be obligated to continue to market our ethanol through RPMG for a period of time after termination. Further, following termination we agreed to accept an assignment of certain railcar leases which RPMG has secured to service our ethanol sales. If our ethanol marketing agreement is terminated, it would trigger a redemption by RPMG, LLC of our ownership interest in RPMG, LLC.
Distillers Grains Distribution
Other than the modified/wet distillers grains that we market locally without a third party marketer, our distillers grains are marketed by RPMG. Our distillers grains marketing agreement with RPMG automatically renews for additional one-year
terms unless notice of termination is given as provided by the distillers grains marketing agreement. We pay RPMG a commission based on each ton of distillers grains sold by RPMG.
We market our modified/wet distillers grains to our local market without the use of an external marketer. Currently, we market approximately 68%, based on volume, of our distillers grains internally. Shipments of these products are made to local markets by truck. This has allowed us to sell less distillers grains in the form of dried distillers grains which has decreased our natural gas usage and improved our margins from the sale of distillers grains.
Corn Oil Distribution
We market all of our corn oil through RPMG. Our corn oil marketing agreement automatically renews for additional one year terms unless either party gives 180 days notice that the agreement will not be renewed. We pay RPMG a commission based on each pound of our corn oil that is sold by RPMG.
New Products and Services
We did not introduce any new products or services during our 2022 fiscal year.
Patents, Trademarks, Licenses, Franchises and Concessions
We do not currently hold any patents, trademarks, franchises or concessions. We were granted a license by Broin and Associates, Inc. ("Broin"), the company that designed and built the ethanol plant, to use certain ethanol production technology necessary to operate our ethanol plant. The cost of the license granted by Broin was included in the amount we paid Broin to design and build our ethanol plant.
Sources and Availability of Raw Materials
Corn Feedstock Supply
The major raw material required for our ethanol plant to produce ethanol, distillers grains and corn oil is corn. The plant operates at a rate in excess of its nameplate capacity of 90 million gallons of ethanol per year. We anticipate using approximately 31 million bushels of corn annually. The area surrounding the ethanol plant usually provides an ample supply of corn to meet and exceed our raw material requirements for the production capacity of the plant.
Corn prices have been volatile in recent years due to changes in corn demand as well as yield and production fluctuations that have had a significant impact on corn prices. High corn prices have a negative effect on our operating margins unless the price of ethanol and distillers grains outpaces rising corn prices. We could experience a drought or other unfavorable weather conditions during our 2023 fiscal year which could impact the price we pay for corn and could negatively impact the availability of corn near our plant. If we experience a localized shortage of corn, we may be forced to purchase corn from producers located farther away from our ethanol plant which can increase our transportation costs. In addition, if new corn customers enter the market, it can increase demand for corn which could result in higher corn prices. Since corn is the primary raw material we use to produce our products, the availability and cost of corn can have a significant impact on the profitability of our operations.
Corn prices were higher during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021, primarily due to supply shortage concerns which drove prices higher during the 2022 period. On November 9, 2022, the United States Department of Agriculture ("USDA") released a report estimating the 2022 national corn crop at approximately 13.9 billion bushels, down 8% from last year's production, with yields averaging 172.3 bushels per acre. The USDA also reported area harvested for grain at 80.8 million acres, down 5% from 2021. Weather conditions, world supply and demand, current anticipated corn stocks, agricultural policy and other factors can all contribute to volatility in corn prices.
Corn is supplied to us primarily from our members who are local agricultural producers and from purchases of corn on the open market. We anticipate purchasing corn from third parties should our members fail to supply us with enough corn to operate the ethanol plant at capacity. We do not currently anticipate experiencing difficulty purchasing the corn we require to operate the ethanol plant.
We have an agreement with John Stewart & Associates ("JSA") to provide us with consulting services related to our risk management strategy. We pay JSA a fee of $2,500 per month to assist us in making risk management decisions regarding our commodity purchases. The agreement renews on a month-to-month basis.
Natural Gas
Natural gas is an important input to our manufacturing process. We purchase our natural gas on the open market and the price for our natural gas is based on market rates. We have a contract with Northern Natural Gas for the interstate transportation of our natural gas. We contract with NorthWestern Energy for the local transportation of our natural gas. Our contract with Northern Natural Gas expires in 2023 while our contract with NorthWestern Energy expires in 2028. We have had no interruptions or shortages in the supply of natural gas to the plant since operations commenced in 2001. We anticipate that we will be able to purchase sufficient natural gas to continue to operate the ethanol plant during our 2023 fiscal year.
Electricity
Electricity is necessary for lighting and powering much of the machinery and equipment used in the production process. We contract with Sioux Valley Energy, Inc. to provide all of the electric power and energy requirements for the ethanol plant. We have had no interruptions or shortages in the supply of electricity to the plant since operations commenced in 2001.
Water
Water is a necessary part of the ethanol production process. It is used in the fermentation process and to produce steam for the cooking, evaporation, and distillation processes. We contract with Big Sioux Community Water System, Inc. to meet our water requirements. Our current agreement with Big Sioux was modified in February 2020 and expires in 2025. Since our operations commenced in September 2001, we have had no interruption in the supply of water and all of our requirements have been met.
Seasonal Factors in Business
We experience some seasonality of demand for our ethanol, distillers grains and corn oil. Since ethanol is predominantly blended with gasoline for use in automobiles, ethanol demand tends to shift in relation to gasoline demand. As a result, we experience some seasonality of demand for ethanol in the summer months related to increased driving and, as a result, increased gasoline demand. In addition, we experience some increased ethanol demand during holiday seasons related to increased gasoline demand. We also experience decreased distillers grains demand during the summer months due to natural depletion in the size of herds at cattle feed lots. Further, we expect some seasonality of demand for our corn oil since the biodiesel industry is a major corn oil user and biodiesel plants typically reduce production during the winter months. We experience some seasonality in the price we pay for natural gas with premium pricing during the winter months. This increase in natural gas prices coincides with increased natural gas demand for heating needs in the winter months.
Working Capital
We primarily use our working capital for purchases of raw materials necessary to operate the ethanol plant, payments on our credit facilities, distributions to our members and capital expenditures to maintain and upgrade the ethanol plant. Our primary sources of working capital are income from our operations and investments as well as our revolving lines of credit with our primary lender, FCSA. For our 2023 fiscal year, we anticipate using cash from our operations and our credit facilities to maintain our current plant infrastructure. Management believes that our current sources of working capital are sufficient to sustain our operations for our 2023 fiscal year and beyond.
Dependence on One or a Few Major Customers
As discussed above, we have marketing agreements with RPMG to market our ethanol, distillers grains and corn oil. Therefore, we rely on RPMG to market almost all of our products, except for the modified/wet distillers grains that we market locally. Our financial success will be highly dependent on RPMG's ability to market our products at competitive prices. Any loss of RPMG as our marketing agent or any lack of performance under these agreements or inability to secure competitive prices could have a significant negative impact on our revenues. While we believe we can secure new marketers if RPMG were to fail, we may not be able to secure such new marketers at rates which are competitive with RPMG's.
Our Competition
Ethanol Competition
We are in direct competition with numerous ethanol producers in the sale of our products and with respect to raw material purchases related to those products. Many of the ethanol producers with which we compete have greater resources than we do. While management believes we are a lower cost producer of ethanol, larger ethanol producers may be able to take advantage of economies of scale due to their larger size and increased bargaining power with both ethanol, distillers grains and corn oil customers and raw material suppliers. As of February 25, 2023, the Renewable Fuels Association estimates that there are 202 ethanol production facilities in the United States with capacity to produce approximately 17.946 billion gallons of ethanol per year. The largest ethanol producers include Archer Daniels Midland, Green Plains Renewable Energy, POET Biorefining, and Valero Renewable Fuels, each of which is capable of producing significantly more ethanol than we produce.
The following table identifies the largest ethanol producers in the United States along with their production capacities.
U.S. FUEL ETHANOL PRODUCTION CAPACITY
BY TOP PRODUCERS
Producers of Approximately 800
million gallons per year (MMgy) or more
Company Current Capacity
(MMgy) Percent of Total
Archer Daniels Midland 1,728 9.6%
Green Plains Renewable Energy 958 5.3%
POET Biorefining 3,110 17.3%
Valero Renewable Fuels 1,752 9.8%
The products that we produce are commodities. Since our products are commodities, there are typically no significant differences between the products we produce and the products of our competitors that would allow us to distinguish our products in the market. As a result, competition in the ethanol industry is primarily based on price and consistent fuel quality.
A number of automotive, industrial and power generation manufacturers are developing alternative clean power systems using fuel cells, plug-in hybrids, electric cars or clean burning gaseous fuels. Electric car technology has recently grown in popularity, especially in urban areas, and continues to represent a source of competition for the ethanol industry. While there are currently a limited number of vehicle recharging stations, making electric cars not feasible for all consumers, there has been increased development of these recharging stations which is making this technology more widely available. Additional competition from these other sources of alternative energy, particularly in the automobile market, could reduce the demand for ethanol, which would negatively impact our profitability.
In addition to domestic producers of ethanol, we face competition from ethanol produced in foreign countries, particularly Brazil.
Competition among ethanol producers may continue to increase as gasoline demand decreases due to more fuel efficient vehicles being produced. If the concentration of ethanol used in most gasoline does not increase and gasoline demand is lower due to increased fuel efficiency by the vehicles operated in the United States, competition may increase among ethanol producers to supply the ethanol market.
Distillers Grains Competition
Our ethanol plant competes with other ethanol producers in the production and sales of distillers grains. Distillers grains are primarily used as an animal feed supplement which replaces corn and soybean meal. As a result, we believe that distillers grains prices are positively impacted by increases in corn and soybean prices. In addition, in recent years the United States ethanol industry has increased exports of distillers grains which management believes has positively impacted demand and prices for distillers grains in the United States. In the event these distillers grains exports decrease, including as a result of the Chinese tariffs which have significantly reduced export demand for distillers grains, it could lead to an oversupply of distillers grains in the United States. An oversupply of distillers grains could result in increased competition among ethanol producers for sales of distillers grains which could negatively impact market distillers grains prices in the United States.
Corn Oil Competition
We compete with many ethanol producers for the sale of corn oil. Many ethanol producers have installed the equipment necessary to separate corn oil from the distillers grains they produce which has increased competition for corn oil sales.
Governmental Regulation
Federal Ethanol Supports
The ethanol industry is dependent on several economic incentives to produce ethanol, the most significant of which is the Federal Renewable Fuels Standard (the "RFS"). The RFS requires that in each year, a certain amount of renewable fuels must be used in the United States. The RFS is a national program that does not require that any renewable fuels be used in any particular area or state, allowing refiners to use renewable fuel blends in those areas where it is most cost-effective. The RFS statutory volume requirement increased incrementally each year until the United States was required to use 36 billion gallons of renewable fuels by 2022. After 2022, the EPA has authority to establish the RFS for subsequent years. Starting in 2009, the RFS required that a portion of the RFS must be met by certain "advanced" renewable fuels. These advanced renewable fuels include ethanol that is not made from corn, such as cellulosic ethanol and biomass based biodiesel. The use of these advanced renewable fuels increases each year as a percentage of the total renewable fuels required to be used in the United States.
The EPA has the authority to waive the RFS statutory volume requirement, in whole or in part, provided one of the following two conditions have been met: (1) there is inadequate domestic renewable fuel supply; or (2) implementation of the requirement would severely harm the economy or environment of a state, region or the United States. Annually, the EPA is required to pass a rule that establishes the number of gallons of conventional and advanced renewable fuels that must be used in the United States which is called the renewable volume obligations (RVO). In previous years, the EPA granted small refinery exemptions from the RFS while not using its authority to waive the RFS statutory volume requirements. These small refinery exemptions created unallocated gallons reducing the corn-based conventional biofuel RFS requirements by 2.25 billion gallons in 2018 and 2 billion gallons in 2019. These small refinery exemptions had a significant negative impact on domestic demand for ethanol and have resulted in negative operating margins in the ethanol industry. In January 2020, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that small refinery exemptions may only be granted to refineries that had secured them continuously each year since 2010. Consistent with this ruling, in September 2020, the EPA denied certain small refinery exemption petitions filed by oil refineries in 2020 seeking retroactive relief from their ethanol use requirements for prior years. However, in June 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court partially reversed the decision finding that a small refinery may obtain a hardship exemption even if its earlier exemption had lapsed in one or more previous years. In June 2022, the EPA announced the denial of 69 small refinery exemption petitions for one or more compliance years between 2016 and 2021 on the grounds that the petitioners had failed to show that the EPA had a basis to approve them.
In July 2022, the EPA retroactively reduced the RVO for total renewable fuel for 2020 to 17.13 billion gallons. The portion that could be met by corn-based ethanol was reduced to 12.50 billion for 2020. The EPA indicated that the reason for this retroactive change was due to program and market challenges, including those related to the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the EPA set the RVO for total renewable fuel for 2021 at 18.84 billion gallons and for 2022 at 20.63 billion gallons. The portion that could be met by corn-based ethanol was 13.79 billion for 2021 and 15 billion gallons for 2022. The EPA also added a 250 million gallon supplemental obligation in 2022 and stated its intention to do the same for 2023. On December 1, 2022, the EPA proposed to set the RVO for total renewable fuel for 2023 to 20.82 billion gallons, for 2024 to 21.87 billion gallons and for 2025 to 22.68 billion gallons. The portion that could be met by corn-based ethanol would be 15 billion gallons for 2023 and would then increase to 15.25 billion gallons in 2024 and 2025. Public hearings for the proposed rules were held in January 2023 but a final rule has not yet been adopted.
In February 2010, the EPA issued new regulations governing the RFS. These new regulations are called RFS2. The most controversial part of RFS2 involves what is commonly referred to as the lifecycle analysis of greenhouse gas emissions. Specifically, the EPA adopted rules to determine which renewable fuels provided sufficient reductions in greenhouse gases, compared to conventional gasoline, to qualify under the RFS program. RFS2 establishes a tiered approach, where regular renewable fuels are required to accomplish a 20% greenhouse gas reduction compared to gasoline, advanced biofuels and biomass-based biodiesel must accomplish a 50% reduction in greenhouse gases, and cellulosic biofuels must accomplish a 60% reduction in greenhouse gases. Any fuels that fail to meet this standard cannot be used by fuel blenders to satisfy their obligations under the RFS program. The scientific method of calculating these greenhouse gas reductions has been a contentious issue. Many in the ethanol industry were concerned that corn based ethanol would not meet the 20% greenhouse gas reduction requirement based on certain parts of the environmental impact model that many in the ethanol industry believed was scientifically suspect. However, RFS2 as adopted by the EPA provides that corn-based ethanol from modern ethanol
production processes does meet the definition of a renewable fuel under the RFS program. Our ethanol plant was originally grandfathered into the RFS up to a certain operating capacity due to the fact that it was constructed prior to the effective date of the lifecycle greenhouse gas requirement but the recent plant expansion requires us to meet the threshold reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to produce ethanol eligible for the RFS2 mandate. Many in the ethanol industry are concerned that certain provisions of RFS2 as adopted may disproportionately benefit ethanol produced from sugarcane which could make sugarcane based ethanol, which is primarily produced in Brazil, more competitive in the United States ethanol market. If this were to occur, it could reduce demand for the ethanol that we produce.
Most ethanol that is used in the United States is sold in a blend called E10. E10 is a blend of 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline. E10 is approved for use in all standard vehicles. Estimates indicate that gasoline demand in the United States is approximately 135 billion gallons per year. Assuming that all gasoline in the United States is blended at a rate of 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline, the maximum demand for ethanol is 13.5 billion gallons per year. This is commonly referred to as the "blend wall," which represents a theoretical limit where more ethanol cannot be blended into the national gasoline pool. This is a theoretical limit because it is believed that it would not be possible to blend ethanol into every gallon of gasoline that is being used in the United States and it discounts the use of higher percentage blends such as E15 or E85. These higher percentage blends may lead to additional ethanol demand if they become more widely available and accepted by the market.
Many in the ethanol industry believe that it will be impossible to meet the RFS requirement in future years without an increase in the percentage of ethanol that can be blended with gasoline for use in standard (non-flex fuel) vehicles. The EPA has approved the use of E15, gasoline which is blended at a rate of 15% ethanol and 85% gasoline, in vehicles manufactured in the model year 2001 and later. However, there are still state hurdles that need to be addressed in some states before E15 will become more widely available. Many states still have regulatory issues that prevent the sale of E15. Sales of E15 may be limited because it is not approved for use in all vehicles, the EPA requires a label that management believes may discourage consumers from using E15, and retailers may choose not to sell E15 due to concerns regarding liability. In June 2019, the Trump administration approved the use of E15 year-round. However, this rule was challenged in court and was reversed making E15 unavailable in certain markets during different times of the year. Subsequently, in February 2023, the EPA issued a rule proposing a permanent waiver of rules which prevent E15 use during the summer months which starts in 2024. Many in the ethanol industry are seeking another temporary waiver for 2023.
In May 2020, the United States Department of Agriculture ("USDA") announced the Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program which consists of up to $100 million in funding for grants to be used to increase the availability of higher blends of ethanol and biodiesel fuels. Funds may be awarded to retailers such as fueling stations and convenience stores to assist in the cost of installation or upgrading of fuel pumps and other infrastructure. To date, the USDA has awarded approximately $74 million to eligible projects.
On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, which has several provisions that may benefit the ethanol industry, was signed into law. There is, however, considerable uncertainty as to how the newly required provisions will be implemented in future regulatory guidance. The Inflation Reduction Act maintains the 12-year credit period for the existing Section 45Q tax credit for carbon capture and storage ("CCS"). However, the Act extends eligibility for the credit to facilities that have commenced construction by December 31, 2032, and substantially lowers the minimum annual capture requirements to 12,500 tons for qualifying facilities. In addition, the potential credit rate is increased five times for industrial facilities and power plants that capture their carbon emissions to $85 per metric ton of carbon dioxide stored in secure geologic formations, $60 per ton for the beneficial utilization of captured carbon emissions, and $60 per ton for carbon oxide stored in oil and gas fields. Prevailing wage and apprenticeship requirements must be met by the facility to claim the full amount of the higher credit. In addition, projects will now be eligible to be directly paid for the credit by the Internal Revenue Service for the first five years with no direct pay for many projects for the final seven years of the credit, and, as an alternative to direct pay, projects will now be allowed to sell their credits to unrelated third parties for cash without adverse tax consequences. The Act also creates a Clean Fuel Production Tax Credit for the production of low-emissions transportation fuel produced and sold in 2025, 2026 and 2027, subject to certain requirements as to prevailing wage and apprenticeship. However, the Act provides that the Clean Fuel Production Tax Credit is not available for a facility that qualifies for the Section 45Q tax credit. Additional incentives for production of sustainable aviation fuel and $500 million in funding for biofuels infrastructure funding are also included in the Act.
Effect of Governmental Regulation
The government's regulation of the environment changes constantly. We are subject to extensive air, water and other environmental regulations and we have been required to obtain a number of environmental permits to construct and operate the ethanol plant. It is possible that more stringent federal or state environmental rules or regulations could be adopted, which could increase our operating costs and expenses. It also is possible that federal or state environmental rules or regulations could
be adopted that could have an adverse effect on the use of ethanol. Plant operations are governed by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration ("OSHA"). OSHA regulations may change such that the costs of operating the ethanol plant may increase. Any of these regulatory factors may result in higher costs or other adverse conditions effecting our operations, cash flows and financial performance.
We have obtained all of the necessary permits to operate the ethanol plant. During our 2022 fiscal year, our costs of environmental compliance were approximately $182,000. We anticipate that our environmental compliance costs will be approximately $240,000 during our 2023 fiscal year. Although we have been successful in obtaining all of the permits currently required, any future or retroactive change in environmental regulations, either at the federal or state level, could require us to obtain additional or new permits or spend considerable resources in complying with such regulations.
In late 2009, California passed a Low Carbon Fuels Standard ("LCFS"). The California LCFS requires that renewable fuels used in California must accomplish certain reductions in greenhouse gases which is measured using a lifecycle analysis, similar to the RFS. The LCFS could have a negative impact on demand for corn-based ethanol and result in decreased ethanol prices affecting our ability to operate profitably.
In August 2017, Brazil instituted an import quota for ethanol produced in the United States and exported to Brazil, along with a 20% tariff on ethanol imports in excess of the quota. The quota expired in December 2020 and all U.S. ethanol exports to Brazil were subject to the tariff. In March 2022, Brazil suspended its tariff through the end of 2022 on ethanol imported from the United States following a 10% reduction on the tariff in November 2021. However, in February of 2023, the Brazilian government ended the tax exemption on imports of fuel ethanol an reinstated the tariff of 16% for 2023, increasing to 18% in 2024. This tariff and quota have reduced exports of ethanol to Brazil and may continue to negatively impact ethanol exports from the United States. Any reduction in ethanol exports could negatively impact market ethanol prices in the United States. In addition, the Chinese tariffs on United States ethanol imports remain high. Due to other recent tariff activity between the United States and China, management does not expect these Chinese tariffs to be removed in the near term. Both China and Brazil have been major sources of import demand for United States ethanol. These trade actions may result in negative operating margins for United States ethanol producers.
We are subject to environmental oversight by the EPA. There is always a risk that the EPA may enforce certain rules and regulations differently than South Dakota's environmental administrators. South Dakota or EPA rules are subject to change, and any such changes could result in greater regulatory burdens on plant operations. We could also be subject to environmental or nuisance claims from adjacent property owners or residents in the area arising from possible foul smells or other air or water discharges from the ethanol plant. Such claims may result in an adverse result in court if we are deemed to engage in a nuisance that substantially impairs the fair use and enjoyment of property.
Employees
We depend on our employees to operate our plant. While we face competition to attract and retain personnel with necessary skills, we believe that we compete favorably on the basis of wages and benefits and our commitment to training and development. In addition, the safety of our employees is our highest priority. We have developed and enforce workplace safety policies and programs in order to maintain a high standard for performance in our operations and ensure the safety of our workers. As of December 31, 2022, we had 43 full-time employees. We do not expect the number of employees to materially change in the next 12 months.
Available Information
Additional information about the Company can be found at the Company's Website: https://www.dakotaethanol.com/.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.
You should carefully read and consider the risks and uncertainties below and the other information contained in this report. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we may face. The following risks, together with additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial could impair our financial condition and results of operation.
Risks Relating to Our Business
We are subject to global and regional economic downturns including inflation, rising interest rates and related risks and the effects of COVID-19 or another pandemic may materially and adversely affect demand and the market price for our products. The level of demand for our products is affected by global and regional demographic and macroeconomic conditions. A significant downturn in global economic growth, or recessionary conditions in major geographic regions for prolonged periods, may lead to reduced demand for our products, which could have a negative effect on the market price of our products. In December 2019, a novel coronavirus surfaced in Wuhan, China (“COVID-19”). The spread of COVID-19 worldwide resulted in businesses suspending or substantially curtailing global operations and travel, quarantines, and an overall substantial slowdown of economic activity. Transportation fuels in particular, including ethanol, experienced significant price declines and reduced demand. The effects of COVID-19 have and may continue to materially and adversely affect the market price for our products, our business, results of operations and liquidity.
The EPA issued small refinery exemption waivers to the RFS requirement which resulted in demand destruction and negatively impacted profitability in the ethanol industry. During 2019, the ethanol industry learned that the EPA has been issuing small refinery waivers to the ethanol use requirements in the RFS. In previous years, when the EPA issued small refinery exemption waivers, the EPA reallocated the waived gallons to other refiners. The EPA under the Trump Administration was granting significantly more waivers than in the past and was not reallocating the waived gallons to other refiners. These actions resulted in demand destruction in 2019 and 2020 which led to reduced market ethanol prices and negative operating margins in the ethanol industry. This reduction in ethanol demand negatively impacted the profitability of our operations. These small refinery exemption waivers have impacted the ethanol industry which could reduce or eliminate the value of our units.
The spread between ethanol and corn prices can vary significantly which can negatively impact our financial condition. Our only source of revenue comes from sales of our ethanol, distillers grains and corn oil. The primary raw materials we use to produce our ethanol, distillers grains and corn oil are corn and natural gas. In order to operate the ethanol plant profitably, we must maintain a positive spread between the revenue we receive from sales of our products and our corn and natural gas costs. This spread between the market price of our products and our raw material costs has been volatile in the past. If we were to experience a period of time where this spread is negative, and the negative margins continue for an extended period of time, it may prevent us from profitably operating the ethanol plant which could decrease the value of our units.
Decreasing gasoline prices may lower ethanol prices which could negatively impact our ability to operate profitably. Typically, the price of ethanol has been less than the price of gasoline which increased ethanol demand. However, at times in recent years, gasoline prices have decreased significantly which have reduced the spread between the price of gasoline and the price of ethanol. When it occurs, this trend has negatively impacted ethanol prices. If this trend were to continue for a significant period of time, it could hurt our ability to profitably operate the ethanol plant which could decrease the value of our units.
We may be forced to reduce production or cease production altogether if we are unable to secure the corn we require to operate the ethanol plant. We require a significant amount of corn to operate the ethanol plant at capacity. Poor weather conditions can have a significant impact on corn production. If the corn crop harvested in future years is smaller than we have recently experienced, it is possible that we could experience corn shortages which could negatively impact our ability to operate the ethanol plant. We may also experience a shortage of corn in our local market which may not increase national corn prices but may require us to increase our corn basis in order to attract corn which can impact our overall corn costs. If we are unable to secure the corn we require to continue to operate the ethanol plant, or we are unable to secure corn at prices that allow us to operate profitably, we may have to reduce production or cease operating altogether which may negatively impact the value of our units.
Our revenue will be greatly affected by the price at which we can sell our ethanol, distillers grains and corn oil. Our ability to generate revenue is dependent on our ability to sell the ethanol, distillers grains and corn oil that we produce. Ethanol, distillers grains and corn oil prices can be volatile as a result of a number of factors. These factors include overall supply and demand, the market price of corn, the market price of gasoline, levels of government support, general economic conditions and the availability and price of competing products. Ethanol, distillers grains and corn oil prices tend to fluctuate based on changes in energy prices and other commodity prices, such as corn and soybean meal. Exports of our products and the various trade actions taken by China and Brazil have impacted the market prices for our products. If we experience lower prices for our products for a significant period of time, the value of our units may be negatively affected.
Our business is not diversified. Our success depends primarily on our ability to profitably operate our ethanol plant. We do not have any other lines of business or any other significant source of revenue if we are unable to operate our ethanol plant and manufacture ethanol, distillers grains and corn oil. If economic or political factors adversely affect the market for
ethanol, distillers grains and corn oil, we may not be able to continue our operations. Our business would also be significantly harmed if our ethanol plant could not operate at full capacity for any extended period of time, which could reduce or eliminate the value of our units.
Our inability to secure credit facilities we may require in the future may negatively impact our liquidity. While we do not currently require more financing than we have, in the future we may need additional financing. If we require financing in the future and we are unable to secure such financing, or we are unable to secure the financing we require on reasonable terms, it may have a negative impact on our liquidity which could negatively impact the value of our units.
Our product marketer may fail to market our products at competitive prices which may cause us to operate unprofitably. RPMG is the sole marketer of all of our ethanol, corn oil and some of our distillers grains, and we rely heavily on its marketing efforts to successfully sell our products. Because RPMG sells ethanol, corn oil and distillers grains for a number of other producers, we have limited control over its sales efforts. Our financial performance is dependent upon the financial health of RPMG as most of our revenue is attributable to RPMG's sales. If RPMG breaches our marketing agreements or it cannot market all of the ethanol, corn oil and distillers grains we produce, we may not have any readily available means to sell our ethanol, corn oil and distillers grains and our financial performance could be negatively affected. While we market a portion of our distillers grains internally to local consumers, we do not anticipate that we would have the ability to sell all of the distillers grains, corn oil and ethanol we produce ourselves. If our agreements with RPMG terminate, we may seek other arrangements to sell our ethanol, corn oil and distillers grains, including selling our own products, but we may not be able to achieve results comparable to those achieved by RPMG which could harm our financial performance. Switching marketers may negatively impact our cash flow and our ability to continue to operate the ethanol plant. If we are unable to sell all of our ethanol, distillers grain and corn oil at prices that allow us to operate profitably, it may decrease the value of our units.
We engage in hedging transactions which involve risks that could harm our business. We are exposed to market risk from changes in commodity prices. Exposure to commodity price risk results from our dependence on corn and natural gas in the ethanol production process. We seek to minimize the risks from fluctuations in the prices of corn, natural gas and ethanol through the use of hedging instruments. These hedging instruments can be risky and can negatively impact our liquidity. In times when commodity prices are volatile, we may be required to use significant amounts of cash to make margin calls as a result of our hedging positions. The effectiveness of our hedging strategies is dependent on the price of corn, natural gas and ethanol and our ability to sell sufficient products to use all of the corn and natural gas for which we have futures contracts. Our hedging activities may not successfully reduce the risk caused by price fluctuation which may leave us vulnerable to corn and natural gas prices. We may choose not to engage in hedging transactions in the future and our operations and financial conditions may be adversely affected during periods in which corn and/or natural gas prices increase. These hedging transactions could impact our ability to profitably operate the ethanol plant and negatively impact our liquidity.
We may incur casualty losses that are not covered by insurance which could negatively impact the value of our units. We have purchased insurance which we believe adequately covers our potential losses from foreseeable risks. However, there are risks that we may encounter for which there is no insurance or for which insurance is not available on terms that are acceptable to us. If we experience a loss which materially impairs our ability to operate the ethanol plant which is not covered by insurance, the value of our units could be reduced or eliminated.
Our operations may be negatively impacted by natural disasters, severe weather conditions, and other unforeseen plant shutdowns which can negatively impact our operations. Our operations may be negatively impacted by events outside of our control such as natural disasters, severe weather, strikes, train derailments and other unforeseen events which may negatively impact our operations. If we experience any of these unforeseen circumstances which negatively impact our operations, it may affect our cash flow and negatively impact the value of our business.
We depend on our management and key employees, and the loss of these relationships could negatively impact our ability to operate profitably. We are highly dependent on our management team to operate our ethanol plant. We may not be able to replace these individuals should they decide to cease their employment with us, or if they become unavailable for any other reason. While we seek to compensate our management and key employees in a manner that will encourage them to continue their employment with us, they may choose to seek other employment. Any loss of these managers or key employees may prevent us from operating the ethanol plant profitably and could decrease the value of our units.
We may violate the terms of our loan agreements and financial covenants which could result in our lender demanding immediate repayment of our loans. We have a credit facility with Farm Credit. Our credit agreements with Farm Credit include various financial loan covenants. We are currently in compliance with all of our financial loan covenants. Current management projections indicate that we will be in compliance with our loan covenants for at least the next 12 months. However, unforeseen circumstances may develop which could result in us violating our loan covenants. If we violate the terms
of our loan agreements, Farm Credit, our primary lender, could deem us in default of our loans and require us to immediately repay any outstanding balance of our loans. If we do not have the funds available to repay the loans and we cannot find another source of financing, we may fail which could decrease the value of our units.
Risks Related to Ethanol Industry
Excess ethanol supply in the market could put negative pressure on the price of ethanol which could lead to tight operating margins and may impact our ability to operate profitably. In the past the ethanol industry has confronted market conditions where ethanol supply exceeded demand which led to unfavorable operating conditions. Most recently, in 2012, profitability in the ethanol industry was reduced due to increased ethanol imports from Brazil at a time when gasoline demand in the United States was lower and domestic ethanol supplies were higher. This disconnect between ethanol supply and demand resulted in lower ethanol prices at a time when corn prices were higher which led to unfavorable operating conditions. We may experience periods of time when ethanol supply exceeds demand which could negatively impact our profitability. The United States benefited from additional exports of ethanol in recent years which may not continue to occur during our 2023 fiscal year. We may experience periods of ethanol supply and demand imbalance during our 2023 fiscal year. If we experience excess ethanol supply, either due to increased ethanol production or lower domestic or foreign demand, it could negatively impact the price of ethanol which could hurt our ability to profitably operate the ethanol plant.
Demand for ethanol may not increase past current levels unless higher percentage blends of ethanol are more widely used. Currently, ethanol is primarily blended with gasoline for use in standard (non-flex fuel) vehicles to create a blend which is 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline. Estimates indicate that approximately 135 billion gallons of gasoline are sold in the United States each year. Assuming that all gasoline in the United States is blended at a rate of 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline, the maximum domestic demand for ethanol is 13.5 billion gallons. This is commonly referred to as the "blend wall," which represents a theoretical limit where more ethanol cannot be blended into the national gasoline pool. Many in the ethanol industry believe that the ethanol industry has reached this blend wall. In order to expand demand for ethanol, higher percentage blends of ethanol must be utilized in standard vehicles. Such higher percentage blends of ethanol are a contentious issue. Automobile manufacturers and environmental groups have fought against higher percentage ethanol blends. The EPA approved the use of E15 for standard (non-flex fuel) vehicles produced in the model year 2001 and later. The fact that E15 has not been approved for use in all vehicles and the labeling requirements associated with E15 may lead to gasoline retailers refusing to carry E15. Without an increase in the allowable percentage blends of ethanol that can be used in all vehicles, demand for ethanol may not continue to increase which could decrease the selling price of ethanol and could result in our inability to operate the ethanol plant profitably, which could reduce or eliminate the value of our units.
Changes and advances in ethanol production technology could require us to incur costs to update our plant or could otherwise hinder our ability to compete in the ethanol industry or operate profitably. Advances and changes in the technology of ethanol production are expected to occur. Such advances and changes may make the ethanol production technology installed in our plant less desirable or obsolete. These advances could also allow our competitors to produce ethanol at a lower cost than we are able. If we are unable to adopt or incorporate technological advances, our ethanol production methods and processes could be less efficient than our competitors, which could cause our plant to become uncompetitive or completely obsolete. If our competitors develop, obtain or license technology that is superior to ours or that makes our technology obsolete, we may be required to incur significant costs to enhance or acquire new technology so that our ethanol production remains competitive. Alternatively, we may be required to seek third-party licenses, which could also result in significant expenditures. These third-party licenses may not be available or, once obtained, they may not continue to be available on commercially reasonable terms. These costs could negatively impact our financial performance by increasing our operating costs and reducing our net income.
Decreases in ethanol demand may result in excess production capacity in our industry. The supply of domestically produced ethanol is at an all-time high. According to the Renewable Fuels Association, as of February 25, 2023, there are 202 ethanol plants with capacity to product approximately 17.946 billion gallons of ethanol per year. Excess ethanol production capacity may have an adverse impact on our results of operations, cash flows and general financial condition. Further, ethanol demand may be negatively impacted by reductions in the RFS. While the United States is currently exporting ethanol which has generally resulted in increased ethanol demand, these ethanol exports may not continue. If ethanol demand does not grow at the same pace as increases in supply, we expect the selling price of ethanol to decline. If excess capacity in the ethanol industry continues to occur, the market price of ethanol may decline to a level that is inadequate to generate sufficient cash flow to cover our costs, which could negatively affect our profitability.
We operate in an intensely competitive industry and compete with larger, better financed companies which could impact our ability to operate profitably. There is significant competition among ethanol producers. There are numerous producer-owned and privately-owned ethanol plants operating throughout the Midwest and elsewhere in the United States. We
also face competition from ethanol producers located outside of the United States. The largest ethanol producers include Archer Daniels Midland, Green Plains Renewable Energy, POET Biorefining, and Valero Renewable Fuels, each of which is capable of producing significantly more ethanol than we produce. We may not be able to compete with these larger producers. These larger ethanol producers may be able to affect the ethanol market in ways that are not beneficial to us which could negatively impact our financial performance and the value of our units.
Competition from the advancement of alternative fuels and other technologies may lessen demand for ethanol. Alternative fuels, gasoline oxygenates and ethanol production methods are continually under development. A number of automotive, industrial and power generation manufacturers are developing alternative clean power systems using fuel cells, plug-in hybrids, and electric cars or clean burning gaseous fuels. Like ethanol, these emerging technologies offer an option to address worldwide energy costs, the long-term availability of petroleum reserves and environmental concerns. If these alternative technologies continue to expand and gain broad acceptance and become readily available to consumers for motor vehicle use, we may not be able to compete effectively. This additional competition could reduce the demand for ethanol, resulting in lower ethanol prices that might adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Consumer resistance to the use of ethanol based on the belief that ethanol is expensive, adds to air pollution, harms engines and/or takes more energy to produce than it contributes or based on perceived issues related to the use of corn as the feedstock to produce ethanol may affect demand for ethanol. Certain individuals believe that the use of ethanol will have a negative impact on gasoline prices at the pump. Some also believe that ethanol adds to air pollution and harms car and truck engines. Still other consumers believe that the process of producing ethanol actually uses more fossil energy, such as oil and natural gas, than the amount of energy that is produced. Further, some consumers object to the fact that ethanol is produced using corn as the feedstock which these consumers perceive as negatively impacting food prices. These consumer beliefs could potentially be wide-spread and may be increasing as a result of recent efforts to increase the allowable percentage of ethanol that may be blended for use in vehicles. If consumers choose not to buy ethanol based on these beliefs, it would affect demand for the ethanol we produce which could negatively affect our profitability and financial condition.
If exports of ethanol are reduced, including as a result of the imposition of tariffs on U.S. ethanol, ethanol prices may be negatively impacted. The United States ethanol industry was supported during our 2022 fiscal year with exports of ethanol, which has generally over recent years increased demand for our ethanol. Management believes these exports of ethanol were due to lower market ethanol prices in the United States and increased global demand for ethanol. Further, in 2017 both Brazil and China implemented tariffs on ethanol produced in the United States. These tariffs have resulted in decreased demand for ethanol from these countries which has negatively impacted ethanol prices in the United States. Any decrease in ethanol prices or demand may negatively impact our ability to profitably operate the ethanol plant.
Distillers grains demand and prices may continue to be negatively impacted by the Chinese antidumping and countervailing duty investigation. China was historically the world's largest importer of distillers grains produced in the United States. On January 12, 2016, the Chinese government announced that it would commence an anti-dumping and countervailing duty investigation related to distillers grains imported from the United States. In January 2017, the Chinese set the final anti-dumping duties from 42.2% to 53.7%, and set the final anti-subsidy tariffs from 11.2% to 12%. In 2023, the Chinese Government extended the tariffs for an additional five (5) years. Both during the investigation and after the announcement of the duty, distillers grains demand and prices have been negatively impacted. While we expect China to continue to import some distillers grains, due to continued trade disputes and tensions between the United States and China, management does not expect these tariffs to be removed in the near term which could continue to negatively impact market distillers grains demand and prices. This reduction in demand along with lower domestic corn prices could negatively impact our ability to profitably operate the ethanol plant.
A reduction in ethanol exports to Brazil due to the imposition by the Brazilian government of a tariff on U.S. ethanol could have a negative impact on ethanol prices. Brazil has historically been a top destination for ethanol produced in the United States. However, in recent years, Brazil has imposed tariffs on ethanol which is produced in the United States and exported to Brazil. These tariffs result in a decline in demand for ethanol from Brazil. In 2021 and 2022, the impact of these tariffs were reduced as the Brazilian government lowered and suspended the tariff. However, in February of 2023, the Brazilian Government reinstituted the tariff of 18%. Management believes that the tariff could negatively impact ethanol demand and prices in the United States and may impact our ability to profitably operate the ethanol plant.
Overcapacity within the ethanol industry could cause an oversupply of ethanol and a decline in ethanol prices. Excess ethanol production capacity could have an adverse impact on our results of operations, cash flows and general financial condition. If demand for ethanol does not grow at the same pace as increases in supply, we would expect the price of ethanol to decline. If excess capacity in the ethanol industry occurs, the market price of ethanol may decline to a level that is inadequate to generate sufficient cash flow to cover our costs which could reduce the value of our units.
Many ethanol producers are expanding their production capacity which could lead to an oversupply of ethanol in the United States. Recently, many ethanol producers have commenced projects to expand their ethanol production capacities. These expansions could result in a significant increase in the supply of ethanol in the United States. Currently, ethanol prices are supported by ethanol exports which may not continue at their current levels. While many in the ethanol industry are working to increase the amount of ethanol that is used domestically, specifically in the form of E15, which contains 15% ethanol as compared to the 10% ethanol which is used in most current blends, adoption of E15 has not been as rapid as most ethanol producers would like. Also, the additional ethanol capacity which is being constructed may exceed current domestic and export demand. An oversupply of ethanol negatively impacts domestic ethanol prices which could negatively impact our ability to profitably operate the ethanol plant.
We made significant investments in Guardian Hankinson, LLC and Ring-neck Energy & Feed, LLC which may fail. In December 2013, we made a $12 million investment in Guardian Hankinson, LLC, an entity that owns an ethanol plant in North Dakota. In addition, in July 2017, we made a $10 million investment in Ring-neck Energy & Feed, LLC. Both of these companies will face many of the same risks that we face in operating our ethanol plant. Further, we have limited control over the management decisions made by Guardian Hankinson, LLC and Ring-neck Energy & Feed, LLC. If Guardian Hankinson, LLC or Ring-neck Energy & Feed, LLC is ultimately unsuccessful, it could negatively impact the return we receive on our investment which could negatively impact our financial performance and the value of our units.
Failures of our information technology infrastructure could have a material adverse effect on operations. We utilize various software applications and other information technology that are critically important to our business operations. We rely on information technology networks and systems, including the Internet, to process, transmit and store electronic and financial information, to manage a variety of business processes and activities, including production, manufacturing, financial, logistics, sales, marketing and administrative functions. We depend on our information technology infrastructure to communicate internally and externally with employees, customers, suppliers and others. We also use information technology networks and systems to comply with regulatory, legal and tax requirements. These information technology systems, some of which are managed by third parties, may be susceptible to damage, disruptions or shutdowns due to failures during the process of upgrading or replacing software, databases or components thereof, power outages, hardware failures, computer viruses and ransomware attacks by computer hackers or other cybersecurity risks, telecommunication failures, user errors, natural disasters, terrorist attacks or other catastrophic events. If any of our significant information technology systems suffer severe damage, disruption or shutdown, and our disaster recovery and business continuity plans do not effectively resolve the issues in a timely manner, our product sales, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.
A cyber attack or other information security breach could have a material adverse effect on our operations and result in financial losses. We are regularly the target of attempted cyber and other security threats and must continuously monitor and develop our information technology networks and infrastructure to prevent, detect, address and mitigate the risk of unauthorized access, misuse, computer viruses and ransomware as well as other events that could have a security impact. If we are unable to prevent cyber attacks and other information security breaches, we may encounter significant disruptions in our operations which could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations or result in the unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. Such breaches may also harm our reputation, result in financial losses or subject us to litigation or other costs or penalties.
Risks Related to Regulation and Governmental Action
Uncertainty and instability which results from the conflict between Ukraine and Russia and resulting sanctions by the United States, European Union, and other countries could result in a slowdown in economic growth, rising inflation, market disruptions and increased volatility in commodity prices in the United States. Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022 which has resulted in significant uncertainty in the commodities market and has impacted commodity prices. In response to the attacks on Ukraine, sanctions and other penalties have been instituted. The invasion by Russia and resulting sanctions have created global economic uncertainty and have resulted in significant market disruptions and increased volatility in commodity prices such as corn, oil and natural gas. This uncertainty and instability from the situation in Ukraine has impacted the ethanol industry, including our operations. Ukraine is a major agricultural producer and the Russian invasion continues to impact the commodities produced in Ukraine, which has resulted in higher commodities prices in the United States, including corn and natural gas which are our two largest costs of production. In addition, the conflict has impacted oil prices which could have an impact on gasoline prices and demand in the United States. These impacts could be far reaching and could last for a significant period of time which could negatively impact our operations.
Government incentives for ethanol production may be reduced or eliminated in the future, which could hinder our ability to operate at a profit. The ethanol industry is assisted by various federal and state ethanol incentives, the most important
of which is the RFS set forth in the Energy Policy Act of 2005. The RFS helps support a market for ethanol that might disappear without this incentive. The EPA has the authority to waive the RFS statutory volume requirement, in whole or in part, provided certain conditions have been met. Annually, the EPA is supposed to pass a rule that establishes the number of gallons of different types of renewable fuels that must be used in the United States which is called the renewable volume obligations (RVOs). In July 2022, the EPA retroactively reduced the RVO for total renewable fuel for 2020 to 17.13 billion gallons. The portion that could be met by corn-based ethanol was reduced to 12.50 billion for 2020. The EPA indicated that the reason for this retroactive change was due to program and market challenges, including those related to the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the EPA set the RVO for total renewable fuel for 2021 at 18.84 billion gallons and for 2022 at 20.63 billion gallons. The portion that could be met by corn-based ethanol was 13.79 billion for 2021 and 15 billion gallons for 2022. The EPA also added a 250 million gallon supplemental obligation in 2022 and stated its intention to do the same for 2023. On December 1, 2022, the EPA proposed to set the RVO for total renewable fuel for 2023 to 20.82 billion gallons, for 2024 to 21.87 billion gallons and for 2025 to 22.68 billion gallons. The portion that could be met by corn-based ethanol would be 15 billion gallons for 2023 and would then increase to 15.25 billion gallons in 2024 and 2025. Public hearings for the proposed rules were held in January 2023 but a final rule has not yet been adopted. If the EPA continues to reduce or retroactively reduce the RVOs, the market price and demand for ethanol could decrease which will negatively impact our financial performance.
The California Low Carbon Fuel Standard may decrease demand for corn-based ethanol which could negatively impact our profitability. California passed a Low Carbon Fuels Standard ("LCFS") which requires that renewable fuels used in California must accomplish certain reductions in greenhouse gases which reductions are measured using a lifecycle analysis. Management believes that these regulations could preclude corn-based ethanol produced in the Midwest from being used in California. California represents a significant ethanol demand market. If the ethanol industry is unable to supply corn-based ethanol to California, it could significantly reduce demand for the ethanol we produce. This could result in a reduction of our revenues and negatively impact our ability to profitably operate the ethanol plant.
Changes in environmental regulations or violations of these regulations could be expensive and reduce our profitability. We are subject to extensive air, water and other environmental laws and regulations. In addition, some of these laws require our plant to operate under a number of environmental permits. These laws, regulations and permits can often require expensive pollution control equipment or operational changes to limit actual or potential impacts to the environment. A violation of these laws and regulations or permit conditions could result in substantial fines, damages, criminal sanctions, permit revocations and/or plant shutdowns. In the future, we may be subject to legal actions brought by environmental advocacy groups and other parties for actual or alleged violations of environmental laws or our permits. Additionally, any changes in environmental laws and regulations, both at the federal and state level, could require us to spend considerable resources in order to comply with future environmental regulations. The expense of compliance could be significant enough to reduce our profitability and negatively affect our financial condition.
Carbon dioxide may be regulated in the future by the EPA as an air pollutant requiring us to obtain additional permits and install additional environmental mitigation equipment, which could adversely affect our financial performance. In 2007, the Supreme Court decided a case in which it ruled that carbon dioxide is an air pollutant under the Clean Air Act for motor vehicle emissions. Our plant produces a significant amount of carbon dioxide. While there are currently no regulations restricting carbon dioxide emissions, if the EPA or the State of South Dakota were to regulate carbon dioxide emissions by plants such as ours, we may have to apply for additional permits or we may be required to install carbon dioxide mitigation equipment or take other as yet unknown steps to comply with these potential regulations. Compliance with any future regulation of carbon dioxide, if it occurs, could be costly and may prevent us from operating the ethanol plant profitably which could decrease or eliminate the value of our units.
Government policies and regulations, particularly those affecting the agricultural sector and related industries, could adversely affect our operations and profitability. Agricultural commodity production and trade flows are significantly affected by government policies and regulations. Governmental policies affecting the agricultural industry, such as taxes, trade tariffs, duties, subsidies, import and export restrictions on commodities and commodity products, can influence industry profitability, the planting of certain crops, the location and size of crop production, whether unprocessed or processed commodity products are traded, and the volume and types of imports and exports. In addition, international trade disputes can adversely affect trade flows by limiting or disrupting trade between countries or regions. Future governmental policies, regulations or actions affecting our industry may adversely affect the supply of, demand for and prices of our products, restrict our ability to do business and cause our financial results to suffer. We may experience negative impacts of higher ethanol tariffs and other disruptions to international agricultural trade. In April of 2018, the Chinese government increased the tariff on United States ethanol imports into China from 30% to 45% and ultimately 70%. Currently, the tariff rate is effectively 45%. We cannot estimate the exact effect this tariff increase has had on the overall domestic ethanol market. However, the increased tariff likely decreased overall United States ethanol export demand, which likely has had a negative effect on domestic ethanol prices.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES.
We own Dakota Ethanol as a wholly-owned subsidiary. The ethanol plant is located on Dakota Ethanol's 210-acre rural site near Wentworth, South Dakota. All of our operations occur at our plant in Wentworth, South Dakota.
All of Dakota Ethanol's tangible and intangible property, real and personal, serves as the collateral for debt financing with FCSA which is described below under "Item 7 - Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Indebtedness."

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.
From time to time in the ordinary course of business, Dakota Ethanol or Lake Area Corn Processors may be named as a defendant in legal proceedings related to various issues, including, worker's compensation claims, tort claims, or contractual disputes. We are not currently involved in any material legal proceedings, directly or indirectly, and we are not aware of any claims pending or threatened against us or any of the managers that could result in the commencement of material legal proceedings.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.
None.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED MEMBER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.
Recent Sales of Unregistered Equity Securities
None.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
We did not repurchase any equity securities between October 1, 2022 and December 31, 2022.
Market Information
There is no public trading market for our units. Our units may only be transferred in accordance with our Capital Units Transfer System, which provides for transfers by gift to family members, upon death, and through a qualified matching service, subject to approval by our board of managers. Our qualified matching service is operated through Variable Investment Advisors, Inc., a registered broker-dealer based in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Variable Investment Advisor's Alternative Trading System may be accessed at www.agstocktrade.com. The matching service consists of an electronic bulletin board that provides information to prospective sellers and buyers of our units. We do not receive any compensation relating to the matching service. We have no role in effecting the transactions beyond approval, as required under our operating agreement, and the issuance of new certificates. So long as we remain a publicly reporting company, information about us will be publicly available through the SEC's filing system.
Unit Holders
As of March 9, 2023, we had 29,620,000 membership units issued and outstanding and a total of approximately 1,063 unit holders.
Bid and Asked Prices
The following table contains historical information concerning completed unit transactions that occurred during our last two fiscal years. Our bulletin board trading system does not track bid and asked prices and therefore we only have information concerning completed unit transactions.
Quarter Low Price High Price Average Price Number of
Units Traded
First Quarter 2021 1.51 1.75 1.63 53,500
Second Quarter 2021 1.68 2.02 1.82 75,000
Third Quarter 2021 2.03 2.20 2.14 101,000
Fourth Quarter 2021 2.05 2.94 2.43 90,000
First Quarter 2022 2.90 3.99 3.62 48,500
Second Quarter 2022 3.00 3.52 3.22 138,000
Third Quarter 2022 3.61 3.90 3.67 25,000
Fourth Quarter 2022 3.90 3.95 3.92 30,000
Distributions
Our board of managers has complete discretion over the timing and amount of distributions to our unit holders subject to certain restrictions in our credit agreements and our operating agreement. Our expectations with respect to our ability to make future distributions are discussed further in "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations." Distributions are restricted by certain loan covenants in our credit agreements with Farm Credit.
Performance Graph
The following graph shows a comparison of cumulative total member return since December 31, 2017, calculated on a dividend reinvested basis, for the Company, the NASDAQ Composite Index (the "NASDAQ Market Index") and an index of other companies that have the same SIC code as the Company (the "SIC Code Index"). The graph assumes $100 was invested in each of our units, the NASDAQ Market Index, and the SIC Code Index on December 31, 2017. Data points on the graph are annual. Note that historic unit price performance is not necessarily indicative of future unit price performance. The data for this performance graph was compiled for us by Zacks Investment Research, Inc.
Pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, the performance graph and the information set forth therein shall not be deemed to be filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in such a filing.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
ITEM 6. RESERVED.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.
Results of Operations
Comparison of the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021
The following table shows the results of our operations and the percentage of revenues, cost of revenues, operating expenses and other items to total revenues in our consolidated statements of operations for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:
2022 2021
Income Statement Data Amount % Amount %
Revenue $ 282,564,697 100.0 $ 258,989,603 100.0
Cost of Revenues 255,710,981 90.5 207,275,615 80.0
Gross Profit 26,853,716 9.5 51,713,988 20.0
Operating Expense 4,954,621 1.7 5,430,294 2.1
Income from Operations 21,899,095 7.8 46,283,694 17.9
Other Income (Expense) 5,402,862 1.9 10,802,592 4.1
Net Income $ 27,301,957 9.7 $ 57,086,286 22.0
Revenues
Revenue from ethanol sales increased by approximately 2.9% during our 2022 fiscal year compared to the same period of 2021. Revenue from distillers grains sales increased by approximately 29.1% during our 2022 fiscal year compared to the same period of 2021. Revenue from corn oil sales increased by approximately 40.1% during our 2022 fiscal year compared to the same period of 2021.
Ethanol
Our ethanol revenue increased by approximately 2.9% during our 2022 fiscal year compared to our 2021 fiscal year. This increase in ethanol revenue was primarily due to an increased in the average price we received per gallon of ethanol sold and a slight increase in gallons of ethanol sold during our 2022 fiscal year. The average price we received for our ethanol during our 2022 fiscal year was approximately 2.0% higher compared to our 2021 fiscal year. Management attributes this increase in the average price we received per gallon of ethanol with higher corn prices along with increased gasoline demand and prices. Since ethanol is typically blended with gasoline, when gasoline demand is higher, it has a corresponding impact on ethanol demand. As a result, we experienced an increase in average ethanol prices during our 2022 fiscal year. Ethanol exports were higher during our 2022 fiscal year compared to our 2021 fiscal year which increased demand for ethanol and had an impact on market ethanol prices. Management expects ethanol prices to remain stable during our 2023 fiscal year.
Ethanol sales volumes were similar during our 2022 fiscal year compared to the same period of 2021 due primarily to consistent operational of the ethanol plant. The total gallons of ethanol we sold during our 2022 fiscal year was approximately 0.9% greater compared to the same period of 2021. Management anticipates increased production and sales during our 2023 fiscal year due to fermentation expansion added in 2022.
Distillers Grains
Our total distillers grains revenue increased by approximately 29.1% for our 2022 fiscal year compared to the same period of 2021. The increase in revenue from distillers grains was primarily due to increased average prices for our distillers grains along with increased tons of distillers grains sold during our 2022 fiscal year. For our 2022 fiscal year, we sold approximately 31.9% of our total distillers grains, by volume, in the dried form and approximately 68.1% of our total distillers grains in the modified/wet form. For our 2021 fiscal year, we sold approximately 35.1% of our total distillers grains, by volume, in the dried form and approximately 64.9% of our total distillers grains in the modified/wet form. The average price we received for our modified/wet distillers grains was approximately 21.1% higher for our 2022 fiscal year compared to the same period of 2021. Modified/wet distillers grains have a shorter shelf life and are more expensive to transport compared to dried distillers grains. As a result, they are only sold in our local market.
The average price we received for our dried distillers grains was approximately 16.9% higher during our 2022 fiscal year compared to the same period of 2021. Management attributes this increase in dried distillers grains prices with an increase in the domestic price of corn.
Management expects that distillers grains prices will remain higher during our 2023 fiscal year due to anticipated elevated corn prices and strong demand during our 2023 fiscal year which typically have a direct impact on distillers grains prices.
Management anticipates increased distillers grains production during our 2023 fiscal year compared to our 2022 fiscal year due to fermentation expansion at the ethanol plant provided ethanol demand remains steady during our 2023 fiscal year.
Corn Oil
Our total corn oil revenue increased by approximately 40.1% during our 2022 fiscal year compared to the same period of 2021. Our total pounds of corn oil sold increased by approximately 4.5% during our 2022 fiscal year compared to the same period of 2021, primarily due to increased corn oil extraction efficiency. Management anticipates similar corn oil production during our 2023 fiscal year compared to our 2022 fiscal year due to anticipated similar production provided ethanol demand remains at current levels allowing us to operate the ethanol plant at capacity during our 2023 fiscal year.
The average price we received for our corn oil was approximately 34.1% greater during our 2022 fiscal year compared to the same period of 2021. Management believes that corn oil prices were higher due primarily to demand from the renewable diesel and biodiesel industry along with higher soybean oil prices. During 2022, the biodiesel blenders' tax credit was reinstated through 2024 so we expect that corn oil demand will remain high through 2024.
Cost of Revenues
The primary raw materials we use to produce ethanol, distillers grains and corn oil are corn and natural gas.
Corn
Our cost of revenues relating to corn was approximately 24.8% higher for our 2022 fiscal year compared to the same period of 2021. Our average cost per bushel of corn increased by approximately 18.8% for our 2022 fiscal year compared to our 2021 fiscal year. Management attributes the increase in corn prices to high demand mixed with global supply concerns and a smaller number of bushels harvested in 2022 compared to 2021. Corn demand was higher due to increased export demand for United States corn. Management anticipates corn prices will be higher during our 2023 fiscal year due to steady demand and lower corn supplies during our 2023 fiscal year.
We used approximately 3.9% more bushels of corn during our 2022 fiscal year compared to the same period of 2021 due to decreased fermentation efficiency at the ethanol plant during our 2022 fiscal year. Management expects our corn consumption will be similar during our 2023 fiscal year compared to our 2022 fiscal year due to similar ethanol production during our 2023 fiscal year provided ethanol demand remains steady during our 2023 fiscal year.
We experienced approximately $5,034,000 of combined realized and unrealized loss for our 2022 fiscal year related to our corn derivative instruments which increased our cost of goods sold. By comparison, we experienced approximately $3,967,000 of combined realized and unrealized loss for our 2021 fiscal year related to our corn derivative instruments which increased our cost of goods sold. We recognize the gains or losses that result from the changes in the value
of our derivative instruments from corn in cost of goods sold as the changes occur. As corn prices fluctuate, the value of our derivative instruments are impacted, which affects our financial performance.
Natural Gas
Our cost of revenues related to natural gas increased by approximately 17.6% for our 2022 fiscal year compared to our 2021 fiscal year. This increase was due to higher natural gas costs per MMBtu during our 2022 fiscal year compared to the same period of 2021. Natural gas prices were higher during our 2022 fiscal year compared to the same period of 2021 primarily because of increased natural gas demand. Our average cost per MMBtu of natural gas during our 2022 fiscal year was approximately 19.1% higher compared to the cost for our 2021 fiscal year. Management anticipates similar natural gas costs per MMBtu during 2023.
We used approximately 1.2% fewer MMBtus of natural gas during our 2022 fiscal year compared to the same period of 2021 due to less distillers grains which were produced in the dried form which uses natural gas. Management anticipates that our natural gas consumption during our 2023 fiscal year will increase due to anticipated increased production due to fermentation expansion during our 2023 fiscal year.
Operating Expense
Our operating expenses were lower for our 2022 fiscal year compared to the same period of 2021 due primarily to decreased wages and benefits offset by increased professional fees.
Other Income and Expense
Our interest and other income was lower during our 2022 fiscal year compared to our 2021 fiscal year due to lower gains on our investments. We had less income from our investments during our 2022 fiscal year compared to our 2021 fiscal year due to decreased profitability in the ethanol industry which impacts the income generated by our investments. We had less interest expense during our 2022 fiscal year compared to our 2021 fiscal year due to lower carrying balances on outstanding debt.
Results of Operations
Comparison of the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020
The following table shows the results of our operations and the percentage of revenues, cost of revenues, operating expenses and other items to total revenues in our consolidated statements of operations for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:
2021 2020
Income Statement Data Amount % Amount %
Revenue $ 258,989,603 100.0 $ 130,521,814 100.0
Cost of Revenues 207,275,615 80.0 124,493,268 95.4
Gross Profit 51,713,988 20.0 6,028,546 4.6
Operating Expense 5,430,294 2.1 4,418,074 3.4
Income (Loss) from Operations 46,283,694 17.9 1,610,472 1.2
Other Income (Expense) 10,802,592 4.1 (554,833) (0.4)
Net Income (Loss) $ 57,086,286 22.0 $ 1,055,639 0.8
Revenues
Revenue from ethanol sales increased by approximately 105.4% during our 2021 fiscal year compared to the same period of 2020. Revenue from distillers grains sales increased by approximately 61.3% during our 2021 fiscal year compared to the same period of 2020. Revenue from corn oil sales increased by approximately 141.0% during our 2021 fiscal year compared to the same period of 2020.
Ethanol
Our ethanol revenue increased by approximately 105.4% during our 2021 fiscal year compared to our 2020 fiscal year. This increase in ethanol revenue was primarily due to increased average price we received per gallon of ethanol sold and increased gallons of ethanol sold. The average price we received for our ethanol during our 2021 fiscal year was approximately 90.6% higher compared to our 2020 fiscal year. Management attributes this increase in the average price we received per gallon of ethanol with higher corn prices along with increased gasoline demand. Since ethanol is typically blended with gasoline, when gasoline demand is higher, it has a corresponding impact on ethanol demand. As a result, we experienced a significant increase in average ethanol prices during our 2021 fiscal year. Ethanol exports were lower during our 2021 fiscal year compared to our 2020 fiscal year as COVID-19 restrictions are still impacting the global market.
Ethanol sales volumes were greater during our 2021 fiscal year compared to the same period of 2020 due to lack of COVID-19 pandemic related shutdowns. The total gallons of ethanol we sold during our 2021 fiscal year was approximately 7.8% greater compared to the same period of 2020.
Distillers Grains
Our total distillers grains revenue increased by approximately 61.3% for our 2021 fiscal year compared to the same period of 2020. The increase in revenue from distillers grains was primarily due to increased tons sold due to no prolonged plant shutdowns in 2021 and sales price of distillers grains sold during our 2021 fiscal year. For our 2021 fiscal year, we sold approximately 35.1% of our total distillers grains, by volume, in the dried form and approximately 64.9% of our total distillers grains in the modified/wet form. For our 2020 fiscal year, we sold approximately 38.1% of our total distillers grains, by volume, in the dried form and approximately 61.9% of our total distillers grains in the modified/wet form. The average price we received for our modified/wet distillers grains was approximately 52.3% more for our 2021 fiscal year compared to the same period of 2020. Modified/wet distillers grains have a shorter shelf life and are more expensive to transport compared to dried distillers grains. As a result, they are only sold in our local market.
The average price we received for our dried distillers grains was approximately 50.1% greater during our 2021 fiscal year compared to the same period of 2020. Management attributes this increase in dried distillers grains prices with an increase in the domestic price of corn.
Corn Oil
Our total corn oil revenue increased by approximately 141.0% during our 2021 fiscal year compared to the same period of 2020. Our total pounds of corn oil sold increased by approximately 16.0% during our 2021 fiscal year compared to the same period of 2020, primarily due to a lack of pandemic related plant shutdowns.
The average price we received for our corn oil was approximately 107.8% greater during our 2021 fiscal year compared to the same period of 2020. Management believes that corn oil prices were higher due primarily to demand from the renewable diesel and biodiesel industry along with higher soybean oil prices. The biodiesel blenders' tax credit was reinstated through 2022 so we expect that corn oil demand will remain high through 2022.
Cost of Revenues
The primary raw materials we use to produce ethanol, distillers grains and corn oil are corn and natural gas.
Corn
Our cost of revenues relating to corn was approximately 87.5% greater for our 2021 fiscal year compared to the same period of 2020. Our average cost per bushel of corn increased by approximately 71.1% for our 2021 fiscal year compared to our 2020 fiscal year. Management attributes the increase in corn prices to high demand mixed with global supply concerns. Corn demand was higher due to increased export demand for United States corn.
We used approximately 9.6% more bushels of corn during our 2021 fiscal year compared to the same period of 2020 due to increased overall production at the ethanol plant during our 2021 fiscal year.
We experienced approximately $3,967,000 of combined realized and unrealized loss for our 2021 fiscal year related to our corn derivative instruments which increased our cost of goods sold. By comparison, we experienced approximately $1,627,000 of combined realized and unrealized loss for our 2020 fiscal year related to our corn derivative instruments which increased our cost of goods sold. We recognize the gains or losses that result from the changes in the value of our derivative instruments from corn in cost of goods sold as the changes occur. As corn prices fluctuate, the value of our derivative instruments are impacted, which affects our financial performance.
Natural Gas
Our cost of revenues related to natural gas increased by approximately 64.1% for our 2021 fiscal year compared to our 2020 fiscal year. This increase was due to higher natural gas costs per MMBtu during our 2021 fiscal year compared to the same period of 2020. Natural gas prices were higher during our 2021 fiscal year compared to the same period of 2020 primarily because of increased natural gas demand. Our average cost per MMBtu of natural gas during our 2021 fiscal year was approximately 58.0% more compared to the cost for our 2020 fiscal year. We used approximately 3.8% more MMBtus of natural gas during our 2021 fiscal year compared to the same period of 2020.
Operating Expense
Our operating expenses were higher for our 2021 fiscal year compared to the same period of 2020 due primarily to increased wages and benefits and property insurance premiums.
Other Income and Expense
Our interest and other income was greater during our 2021 fiscal year compared to our 2020 fiscal year due to gains on investments and forgiveness of the Paycheck Protection Program loan during the 2021 period. We had more income from our investments during our 2021 fiscal year compared to our 2020 fiscal year due to increased profitability in the ethanol industry which impacts the income generated by our investments. We had less interest expense during our 2021 fiscal year compared to our 2020 fiscal year due to lower carrying balances on outstanding debt.
Changes in Financial Condition for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2022 compared to the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021.
Current Assets
We had less cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2022 compared to December 31, 2021, primarily due to less net income and increased member distribution payments during our 2022 fiscal year compared to our 2021 fiscal year. We had more accounts receivable at December 31, 2022, compared to December 31, 2021, due primarily to the timing of our year and the payments received related to the shipments of our products. We had increased inventory values at December 31, 2022, compared to December 31, 2021, due primarily to higher corn values and increased ethanol volume on hand. The value of our derivative financial instruments was comparable at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. We had more prepaid expenses at December 31, 2022 compared to December 31, 2021 due to insurance premium increases during our 2022 fiscal year.
Property and Equipment
The value of our property and equipment was higher at December 31, 2022 compared to December 31, 2021 primarily as a result of the new construction of an additional grain bin, fermentor, and ethanol storage tank partially offset by regular depreciation of our assets during our 2022 fiscal year.
Other Assets
The value of our investments was less at December 31, 2022, compared to December 31, 2021, mainly due to distributions we received from our investments during our 2022 fiscal year which decreased the value of our investments along with decreased profitability in the ethanol industry during our 2022 fiscal year compared to our 2021 fiscal year. We had significantly more other assets at December 31, 2022, compared to December 31, 2021 due primarily to the prepayment for the firm commitment on natural gas transportation with Northern Natural Gas.
Current Liabilities
At December 31, 2022, we had more checks which were issued in excess of the amount of cash we had in our bank accounts, compared to at December 31, 2021, due to the timing of our year end and payments issued. Any checks which are presented for payment in excess of the balances in our bank accounts are paid from our revolving lines of credit. Our accounts payable was higher at December 31, 2022, compared to December 31, 2021, due to increased deferred corn payables at the end of our 2022 fiscal year due in part to higher market corn prices. We had less accrued liabilities at December 31, 2022, compared to December 31, 2021 due to less administrative payables at the end of the 2022 fiscal year. The liability on our balance sheet related to our derivative instruments was less at December 31, 2022, compared to December 31, 2021, due to having fewer unrealized losses on our forward corn purchases at December 31, 2022, compared to at December 31, 2021. The current portion of our long-term debt payments was the same at December 31, 2022 and at December 31, 2021 due to regular payments which are due on our long-term debt within the next 12 months.
Long-Term Liabilities
Our long-term liabilities were less at December 31, 2022, compared to December 31, 2021, due to our annual principal payment on our long-term debt.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our main sources of liquidity are cash from our continuing operations, distributions we receive from our investments and amounts we have available to draw on our revolving credit facilities. Management does not anticipate that we will need to raise additional debt or equity financing in the next twelve months and management believes that our current sources of liquidity will be sufficient to continue our operations during that time period. We anticipate that any capital expenditures we undertake will be paid out of cash from operations and existing loans, but will not require any additional debt or equity financing.
Currently, we have two revolving loans which allow us to borrow funds for working capital. These two revolving loans are described in greater detail below in the section entitled "Item 7 - Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Indebtedness." As of December 31, 2022, we had $1,000 outstanding and $44,749,000 available to be drawn on these revolving loans. Management anticipates that this is sufficient to maintain our liquidity and continue our operations.
The following table shows cash flows for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:
Fiscal Years Ended December 31
2022 2021
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 36,623,827 $ 59,720,664
Net cash used in investing activities (15,765,113) (2,385,841)
Net cash used in financing activities (31,849,819) (37,977,324)
Cash Flow From Operations. Our operating activities generated less cash during our fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, compared to the same period of 2021, primarily due to having less net income during the 2022 period.
Cash Flow From Investing Activities. Our investing activities used more cash during our fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, compared to the same period of 2021, due to the construction of an additional grain bin, ethanol storage tank, and fermentor as well as prepayment for our natural gas transportation services agreement.
Cash Flow From Financing Activities. Our financing activities used less cash during our fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, compared to the same period of 2021, primarily due to fewer net payments on borrowings partially offset by a larger distributions paid to members during the 2022 period compared to the same period of 2021.
The following table shows cash flows for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:
Fiscal Years Ended December 31
2021 2020
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 59,720,664 $ 9,238,635
Net cash used in investing activities (2,385,841) (359,221)
Net cash used in financing activities (37,977,324) (3,065,256)
Cash Flow From Operations. Our operating activities generated more cash during our fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, compared to the same period of 2020, primarily due to having more net income during the 2021 period.
Cash Flow From Investing Activities. Our investing activities used more cash during our fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, compared to the same period of 2020, primarily because we had more capital expenditures during the 2021 period compared to the 2020 period.
Cash Flow From Financing Activities. Our financing activities used more cash during our fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, compared to the same period of 2020, primarily due to net payments on borrowings and distributions paid to members during the 2021 period compared to net proceeds from borrowings during the same period of 2020.
Indebtedness
We maintain a comprehensive credit facility with Farm Credit Services of America, PCA and Farm Credit Services of America, FLCA (collectively "FCSA"). We have a $2 million revolving operating line of credit (the "Operating Line") and a $44.75 million reducing revolving loan (the "Reducing Revolving Loan"). All of our assets, including the ethanol plant and equipment, its accounts receivable and inventory, serve as collateral for our loans with FCSA.
On August 1, 2017, we executed an amendment to our credit agreement to create an $8 million term loan, which we used to finance a portion of our investment in Ring-neck Energy & Feed, LLC.
On February 6, 2018, we executed an Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the "Credit Agreement") with FCSA. Pursuant to the Credit Agreement, our total credit availability is $40 million to support our expansion project. The credit availability matures on January 1, 2026. Interest on the outstanding principal balance will accrue at the one month London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") plus 325 basis points until February 1, 2023 and the basis increases to 350 points thereafter until maturity. The interest rate is not subject to a floor. We agreed to pay a fee of 0.50% on the unused portion of the increased credit availability.
On October 21, 2019, we entered into a Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the "Loan Amendment") with FCSA. In the Loan Amendment, we extended the maturity date of our $10 million revolving loan to November 1, 2021; we also extended the date when the available balance of our $40 million revolving loan started to decrease from January 1, 2020 to January 1, 2021.
On June 5, 2020, we entered into a Third Amendment to the credit agreement (the "Third Amendment"). Under the Third Amendment, the available credit under the revolving operating note was reduced to $2,000,000 and the available credit on the reducing revolving note was increased to $48,000,000. The working capital covenant was reduced to $11,000,000, and the net worth covenant was reduced to $18,000,000. The next measurement date for the debt service coverage ratio was deferred until December 31, 2021. The annual installment on the term note for 2020 was deferred until maturity in 2025. The interest rates were unchanged.
On October 11, 2021, we entered into a Fourth Amendment to the credit agreement (the "Fourth Amendment"). Under the Fourth Amendment, the operating lines's maturity date was extended to November 1, 2023. Interest on the outstanding principal balance of the operating line will accrue at the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") 30-Day Average Rate plus 305 basis points. The available credit on the reducing revolving note is $42,749,000. Interest on the outstanding principal balance of the revolving loan and term loan will accrue at the SOFR 30-Day Average Rate plus 330 basis points. The working capital covenant was increased to $13,500,000, and the net worth covenant was increased to $28,000,000. Dakota Ethanol may make distributions in an amount up to 75% of prior year's net income, so long as the Company's working capital stays above $18,000,000 post distribution. The combined distributions for 2021 and 2022 shall also be limited to 75% of the combined net income of 2020 and 2021.
Operating Line
On October 21, 2019, Dakota Ethanol amended the revolving promissory note from Farm Credit Services of America in the amount up to $10,000,000 or the amount available in accordance with the borrowing base calculation, whichever is less. On June 5, 2020, the available balance of the Operating Line was reduced to $2,000,000. Interest on the outstanding principal balance will accrue at 305 basis points above the SOFR 30-day average rate and is not subject to a floor. The rate was 6.75% at December 31, 2022. There is a non-use fee of 0.25% on the unused portion of the $2,000,000 availability. The note is collateralized by substantially all assets of the Company. The note expires on November 1, 2023. On December 31, 2022, Dakota Ethanol had $0 outstanding and $0 available to be drawn on the revolving promissory note under the borrowing base calculation.
Reducing Revolving Loan
On February 6, 2018, Dakota Ethanol executed a reducing revolving promissory note from FCSA in the amount up to $40,000,000 or the amount available in accordance with the borrowing availability under the credit agreement. The available balance of the Reducing Revolving Loan was increased to $48,000,000 on June 5, 2020. The amount Dakota Ethanol can borrow on the note decreases by $1,750,000 semi-annually starting on July 1, 2021 until the maximum balance reaches $32,250,000 on July 1, 2025. The note matures on January 1, 2026. Interest on the outstanding principal balance will accrue at 330 basis points above the SOFR 30-day average rate. The interest rate is not subject to a floor. The rate was 7.00% at December 31, 2022. The note contains a non-use fee of 0.50% on the unused portion of the note. On December 31, 2022, Dakota Ethanol had $1,000 outstanding and $42,749,000 available to be drawn on the note.
2017 Term Loan
On August 1, 2017, Dakota Ethanol executed a term note with FCSA in the amount of $8 million. Dakota Ethanol agreed to make monthly interest payments starting September 1, 2017 and annual principal payments of $1,000,000 starting on August 1, 2018. The notes matures on August 1, 2025. The payment due on August 1, 2020 was deferred to August 1, 2025. Interest on the outstanding principal balance will accrue at 330 basis points above the SOFR 30-day average rate. The interest rate is not subject to a floor. The rate was 7.00% at December 31, 2022. On December 31, 2022, Dakota Ethanol had $4,000,000 outstanding on the note.
2020 Loans
The Company entered into a loan agreement with the Small Business Association through First State Bank, Gothenburg, NE on April 4, 2020 for $760,400 as part of the Paycheck Protection Program under Division A, Title I of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (CARES Act). In June 2021, the Company received notification from the Small Business Administration that all loan proceeds and accrued interest received and recorded by the Company were forgiven. Due to forgiveness of the loan, the Company recorded a gain on debt extinguishment in other income in the statement of operations for $768,400 for the year ending December 31, 2021.
The Company also received an Economic Injury Disaster Loan (EIDL) in the amount of $10,000 in June 2020. The Company was notified by the Small Business Association in June 2021 that all EIDL proceeds received by the Company had been forgiven. Due to forgiveness of the loan, the Company recorded a gain on debt extinguishment in other income in the statement of operations for $10,000 for the year ending December 31, 2021.
Covenants
Our credit facilities with FCSA are subject to various loan covenants. If we fail to comply with these loan covenants, FCSA can declare us to be in default of our loans. The material loan covenants applicable to our credit facilities are our working capital covenant, local net worth covenant and our debt service coverage ratio. We are required to maintain working capital (current assets minus current liabilities plus availability on our revolving loan) of at least $13.5 million. We are required to maintain local net worth (total assets minus total liabilities minus the value of certain investments) of at least $28 million. We are required to maintain a debt service coverage ratio of at least 1.25:1.00. Dakota Ethanol may make distributions in an amount up to 75% of prior year's net income, so long as the Company's working capital stays above $18,000,000 post distribution. The combined distributions for 2021 and 2022 shall also be limited to 75% of the combined net income of 2020 and 2021.
As of December 31, 2022, we were in compliance with our financial covenants under the FCSA loans. Management's current financial projections indicate that we will be in compliance with our financial covenants for the next 12 months and we expect to remain in compliance thereafter. Management does not believe that it is reasonably likely that we will fall out of
compliance with our material loan covenants in the next 12 months. If we fail to comply with the terms of our credit agreements with FCSA, and FCSA refuses to waive the non-compliance, FCSA may require us to immediately repay all amounts outstanding on our loans.
Contractual Cash Obligations
In addition to our debt obligations, we have certain other contractual cash obligations and commitments. The following table provides information regarding our consolidated contractual obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2022:
Payments Due By Period
Contractual Cash Obligations Total Less than One Year One to Three Years Three to Five Years After Five Years
Long-Term Debt Obligations $ 4,537,880 $ 1,256,738 $ 3,280,142 $ 1,000 $ -
Purchase Obligations 46,266,694 43,925,374 1,694,520 369,600 277,200
Capital Expenditures 604,417 604,417 - - -
Total Contractual Cash Obligations $ 51,408,991 $ 45,786,529 $ 4,974,662 $ 370,600 $ 277,200
Application of Critical Accounting Policies
Management uses estimates and assumptions in preparing our consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, and the reported revenues and expenses. Of the significant accounting policies described in the notes to our consolidated financial statements, we believe that the following are the most critical:
Derivative Instruments
We enter into short-term forward grain, option and futures contracts as a means of securing corn for the ethanol plant and managing exposure to changes in commodity prices. We enter into short-term forward, option and futures contracts for sales of ethanol to manage exposure to changes in commodity prices. All of our derivatives are designated as non-hedge derivatives, and accordingly are recorded at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income. Although the contracts are considered economic hedges of specified risks, they are not designated as nor accounted for as hedging instruments.
As part of our trading activity, we use futures and option contracts offered through regulated commodity exchanges to reduce our risk and we are exposed to risk of loss in the market value of inventories. To reduce that risk, we generally take positions using cash and futures contracts and options.
Unrealized gains and losses related to derivative contracts for corn purchases are included as a component of cost of revenues and derivative contracts related to ethanol sales are included as a component of revenues in the accompanying financial statements. The fair values of derivative contracts are presented on the accompanying balance sheets as derivative financial instruments.
Goodwill
Annually, as well as when an event triggering impairment may have occurred, the Company performs an impairment test on goodwill. The Company performs a quantitative analysis that tests for impairment. The second step, if necessary, measures the impairment. The Company performs the annual analysis on December 31 of each fiscal year. The Company determined that there was no impairment of goodwill at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Inventory Valuation
Inventories are generally valued using methods which approximate the lower of cost (first-in, first-out) or net realizable value. In the valuation of inventories and purchase commitments, net realizable value is based on estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation.
Revenue Recognition
The Company generally recognizes revenue at a point in time when performance obligations are satisfied. Revenue from the production of ethanol and related products is recorded when control transfers to customers. Generally, ethanol and related products are shipped FOB shipping point, based on written contract terms between Dakota Ethanol and its customers. Collectability of revenue is reasonably assured based on historical evidence of collectability between Dakota Ethanol and its customers.
Shipping costs incurred by the Company in the sale of ethanol, dried distillers grains and corn oil are not specifically identifiable and as a result, revenue from the sale of those products is recorded based on the net selling price reported to the Company from the marketer.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.
We are exposed to the impact of market fluctuations associated with commodity prices and interest rates as discussed below. We have no exposure to foreign currency risk as all of our business is conducted in U.S. Dollars. We use derivative financial instruments as part of an overall strategy to manage market risk. We use cash, futures and option contracts to hedge changes to the commodity prices of corn and natural gas. We do not enter into these derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes, nor do we designate these contracts as hedges for accounting purposes.
Interest Rate Risk
We are exposed to market risk from changes in interest rates. Exposure to interest rate risk results primarily from holding loans which bear variable interest rates. As of December 31, 2022, we had $4,001,000 outstanding on our variable interest rate loans with interest accruing at a rate of 7.00%. Our variable interest rates are calculated by adding a set basis to SOFR. If we were to experience a 10% increase in SOFR, the annual effect such change would have on our statement of operations, based on the amount we had outstanding on our variable interest rate loans as of December 31, 2022, would be approximately $15,000.
Commodity Price Risk
We are exposed to market risk from changes in commodity prices. Exposure to commodity price risk results from our dependence on corn and natural gas in the ethanol production process. We seek to minimize the risks from fluctuations in the prices of corn and natural gas through the use of hedging instruments In practice, as markets move, we actively manage our risk and adjust hedging strategies as appropriate. Although we believe our hedge positions accomplish an economic hedge against our future purchases, they are not designated as such for hedge accounting purposes, which would match the gain or loss on our hedge positions to the specific commodity purchase being hedged. We are marking to market our hedge positions, which means as the current market price of our hedge positions changes, the gains and losses are immediately recognized in our cost of revenues.
The immediate recognition of hedging gains and losses can cause net income to be volatile from quarter to quarter due to the timing of the change in value of the derivative instruments relative to the cost and use of the commodity being hedged. We recorded an increase to our cost of revenues of approximately $4,990,000 related to derivative instruments for our fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. We recorded an increase to our cost of revenues of approximately $3,915,000 related to derivative instruments for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. There are several variables that could affect the extent to which our derivative instruments are impacted by price fluctuations in the cost of corn or natural gas. However, it is likely that commodity cash prices will have the greatest impact on the derivatives instruments with delivery dates nearest the current cash price.
As of December 31, 2022, we were committed to purchasing approximately 5.7 million bushels of corn with an average price of $6.79 per bushel. These corn purchases represent approximately 17% of our expected corn usage for the next 12 months. As corn prices move in reaction to market trends and information, our statement of operations will be affected depending on the impact such market movements have on the value of our derivative instruments. Depending on market movements, crop prospects and weather, these price protection positions may cause immediate adverse effects to our financial results, but are designed to produce long-term positive growth for us.
We have 597,000 bushels of corn inventory delivered under delayed-pricing contracts. The contracts have various pricing deadlines through August 25, 2023. We are subject to risk of changes in the corn market until they are priced.
As of December 31, 2022, we were committed to purchasing approximately 1,337,000 MMBtus of natural gas with an average price of $4.80 per MMBtu. Under these arrangements, we assume the risk of a price decrease in the market price of natural gas between the time the price is fixed and the time the natural gas is delivered. We account for these transactions as normal purchases, and accordingly, we do not mark these transactions to market. The natural gas purchases represent approximately 64% of the projected annual plant requirements.
As of December 31, 2022, we were committed to selling approximately 48,000 dry equivalent tons of distillers grains with an average price of $246 per ton. The distillers grains sales represent approximately 21% of the projected annual plant production.
As of December 31, 2022, we were committed to selling approximately 2,986,000 pounds of distillers corn oil with an average price of $0.75 per pound. The distillers corn oil sales represent approximately 9% of the projected annual plant production.
We did not have any firm-priced sales commitments for ethanol as of December 31, 2022.
A sensitivity analysis has been prepared to estimate our exposure to ethanol, corn and natural gas price risk. Market risk related to these factors is estimated as the potential change in income resulting from a hypothetical 10% adverse change in the average cost of our corn and natural gas prices and average ethanol price as of December 31, 2022, net of the forward and future contracts used to hedge our market risk for corn and natural gas usage requirements. The volumes are based on our expected use and sale of these commodities for a one year period from December 31, 2022. The results of this analysis, which may differ from actual results, are as follows:
Estimated Volume Requirements for the next 12 months (net of forward and futures contracts) Unit of Measure Hypothetical Adverse Change in Price Approximate Adverse Change to Income
Ethanol 100,000,000 Gallons 10 % $ 20,900,000
Corn 30,029,281 Bushels 10 % $ 20,870,351
Natural Gas 843,500 MMBTU 10 % $ 385,480
For comparison purposes, our sensitivity analysis for our 2021 fiscal year is set forth below.
Estimated Volume Requirements for the next 12 months (net of forward and futures contracts) Unit of Measure Hypothetical Adverse Change in Price Approximate Adverse Change to Income
Ethanol 92,000,000 Gallons 10 % $ 23,092,000
Corn 25,525,393 Bushels 10 % $ 15,065,087
Natural Gas 755,000 MMBTU 10 % $ 272,555

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA.
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM (PCAOB ID: 49)
Members and Board of Managers
Lake Area Corn Processors, LLC
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Lake Area Corn Processors, LLC and its subsidiary (the Company) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in members’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements (collectively, the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
Critical audit matters are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. We determined that there are no critical audit matters.
/s/ RSM US LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2007.
Sioux Falls, South Dakota
March 9, 2023
LAKE AREA CORN PROCESSORS, LLC
Consolidated Balance Sheets
December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021
ASSETS
CURRENT ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents $ 27,004,205 $ 37,995,310
Accounts receivable 1,083,258 876,949
Accounts receivable (related party) 1,850,646 1,032,541
Inventory 25,795,711 16,410,437
Derivative financial instruments 2,856,439 2,886,831
Prepaid expenses 864,810 733,189
Total current assets 59,455,069 59,935,257
PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT
Land 874,473 874,473
Land improvements 8,763,023 8,738,063
Buildings 9,316,576 9,316,576
Equipment 108,125,289 96,159,927
Construction in progress 13,366 1,669,148
127,092,727 116,758,187
Less accumulated depreciation (63,611,356) (58,706,491)
Net property and equipment 63,481,371 58,051,696
OTHER ASSETS
Goodwill 10,395,766 10,395,766
Investments 17,691,011 20,504,842
Other 5,383,310 65,302
Total other assets 33,470,087 30,965,910
TOTAL ASSETS $ 156,406,527 $ 148,952,863
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
LAKE AREA CORN PROCESSORS, LLC
Consolidated Balance Sheets
December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021
LIABILITIES AND MEMBERS’ EQUITY
CURRENT LIABILITIES
Outstanding checks in excess of bank balance $ 4,200,281 $ 2,228,284
Accounts payable 39,105,845 25,855,071
Accrued liabilities 719,113 914,994
Derivative financial instruments 435,053 1,490,510
Current portion of notes payable 1,000,000 1,000,000
Total current liabilities 45,460,292 31,488,859
LONG-TERM LIABILITIES
Notes payable 2,998,229 3,995,139
Total long-term liabilities 2,998,229 3,995,139
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Note 10)
MEMBERS' EQUITY (29,620,000 units issued and outstanding) 107,948,006 113,468,865
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND MEMBERS' EQUITY $ 156,406,527 $ 148,952,863
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
LAKE AREA CORN PROCESSORS, LLC
Consolidated Statements of Operations
Year Ended
December 31, 2022 Year Ended
December 31, 2021 Year Ended
December 31, 2020
REVENUES $ 282,564,697 $ 258,989,603 $ 130,521,814
COSTS OF REVENUES 255,710,981 207,275,615 124,493,268
GROSS PROFIT 26,853,716 51,713,988 6,028,546
OPERATING EXPENSES 4,954,621 5,430,294 4,418,074
INCOME FROM OPERATIONS 21,899,095 46,283,694 1,610,472
OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE)
Interest and other income 1,789,976 1,360,438 495,474
Equity in net income of investments 3,703,767 10,169,606 343,728
Interest expense (90,881) (727,452) (1,394,035)
Total other income (expense) 5,402,862 10,802,592 (554,833)
NET INCOME $ 27,301,957 $ 57,086,286 $ 1,055,639
BASIC AND DILUTED EARNINGS PER UNIT $ 0.92 $ 1.93 $ 0.04
WEIGHTED AVERAGE NUMBER OF UNITS OUTSTANDING 29,620,000 29,620,000 29,620,000
DISTRIBUTIONS DECLARED PER UNIT $ 1.11 $ 0.30 $ -
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
LAKE AREA CORN PROCESSORS, LLC
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Members' Equity
Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
Members'
Equity
Balance, December 31, 2019 $ 64,212,940
Net income 1,055,639
Balance, December 31, 2020 $ 65,268,579
Net income 57,086,286
Member Distributions (8,886,000)
Balance, December 31, 2021 $ 113,468,865
Net income 27,301,957
Member Distributions (32,822,816)
Balance, December 31, 2022 $ 107,948,006
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
LAKE AREA CORN PROCESSORS, LLC
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2021 Year Ended December 31, 2020
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net income $ 27,301,957 $ 57,086,286 $ 1,055,639
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities
Depreciation and amortization 5,060,975 5,396,440 5,718,454
Distributions in excess of earnings (earnings in excess of distributions) from investments 3,301,233 (3,544,606) 45,803
Paycheck Protection Program loan forgiveness - (768,400) -
Government grant income - (10,000) -
Loss on disposal of property and equipment 75,558 - -
(Increase) decrease in
Accounts receivable (1,024,414) 309,324 (642,721)
Inventory (9,385,274) (6,641,522) 774,506
Prepaid expenses (131,621) (55,718) (198,049)
Derivative financial instruments (1,025,065) 433,509 (2,023,655)
Increase (decrease) in
Accounts payable 12,646,359 7,328,901 4,713,782
Accrued and other liabilities (195,881) 186,450 (205,124)
NET CASH PROVIDED BY OPERATING ACTIVITIES 36,623,827 59,720,664 9,238,635
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Natural gas transportation prepayment (5,334,000) - -
Purchase of property and equipment (9,943,710) (2,061,972) (359,221)
Purchase of investments (487,403) (323,869) -
NET CASH USED IN INVESTING ACTIVITIES (15,765,113) (2,385,841) (359,221)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Increase (decrease) in outstanding checks in excess of bank balance 1,971,997 1,908,676 (835,656)
Borrowings on notes payable 13,498,000 21,000,000 60,770,400
Payments on notes payable (14,497,000) (52,000,000) (63,000,000)
Distributions paid to members (32,822,816) (8,886,000) -
NET CASH USED IN FINANCING ACTIVITIES (31,849,819) (37,977,324) (3,065,256)
NET INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS (10,991,105) 19,357,499 5,814,158
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT BEGINNING OF PERIOD 37,995,310 18,637,811 12,823,653
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF PERIOD $ 27,004,205 $ 37,995,310 $ 18,637,811
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION
Cash paid during the period for interest, net of capitalized interest of $158,636; $6,339; and $148 in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively $ 83,173 $ 943,736 $ 1,510,468
Capital expenditures in accounts payable 604,417 - -
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
LAKE AREA CORN PROCESSORS, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2021 AND 2020
NOTE 1 - NATURE OF OPERATIONS
Principal Business Activity
Lake Area Corn Processors, LLC and subsidiary (the Company) is a South Dakota limited liability company.
The Company owns and manages Dakota Ethanol, LLC (Dakota Ethanol), a 92 million-gallon (annual nameplate capacity) ethanol plant located near Wentworth, South Dakota. Dakota Ethanol sells ethanol and related products to customers located in North America.
In addition, the Company has investment interests in five companies in related industries. See note 5 for further details.
NOTE 2 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements of the Company include the accounts of its wholly owned subsidiary, Dakota Ethanol. All significant inter-company transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
Revenue Recognition
ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers requires the Company to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The guidance requires the Company to apply the following steps: (1) identify the contract with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognize revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation. The Company generally recognizes revenue at a point in time. The Company's contracts with customers have one performance obligation and a contract duration of one year or less.
The following is a description of principal activities from which we generate revenue. Revenues from contracts with customers are recognized when control of the promised goods or services are transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration that we expect to receive in exchange for those goods or services. Generally, ethanol and related products are shipped FOB shipping point and control of the goods transfers to customers when the goods are loaded into trucks or when rail cars are shipped. Consideration is based on predetermined contractual prices or on current market prices.
•Sales of Ethanol
•Sales of Distillers Grains
•Sales of Distillers Corn Oil
Disaggregation of Revenue:
All revenue recognized in the statement of operations is considered to be revenue from contracts with customers. The following table depicts the disaggregation of revenue according to product line:
2022 2021 2020
Revenues ethanol $ 209,428,369 $ 203,540,577 $ 99,077,363
Revenues distillers grains 53,136,441 41,168,903 25,519,999
Revenues distillers corn oil 19,999,887 14,280,123 5,924,452
$ 282,564,697 $ 258,989,603 $ 130,521,814
LAKE AREA CORN PROCESSORS, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2021 AND 2020
Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities:
The Company receives payments from customers based upon contractual billing schedules; accounts receivable are recorded when the right to consideration becomes unconditional. Contract liabilities include payments received in advance of performance under the contract, and are realized with the associated revenue recognized under the contract.
The Company has no significant contract assets or contract liabilities from contracts with customers at December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Shipping Costs
Shipping costs incurred by the Company in the sale of ethanol, dried distiller's grains and corn oil are not specifically identifiable and as a result, revenue from the sale of those products is recorded based on the net selling price reported to the Company from the marketer.
When the Company performs shipping and handling activities after the transfer of control to the customers (e.g., when control transfers prior to delivery), they are considered as fulfillment activities, and accordingly, the costs are accrued for when the related revenue is recognized.
Cost of Revenues
The primary raw materials we use to produce ethanol, distillers grains and corn oil are corn and natural gas.
Electricity, raw materials expense (chemicals and denaturant), direct labor costs, and shipping costs on modified and wet distiller's grains are included in cost of revenues.
Inventory Valuation
Inventories are generally valued using methods which approximate the lower of cost (first-in, first-out) or net realizable value. In the valuation of inventories, net realizable value is based on estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents consist of demand accounts and other accounts with original maturities of three months or less that provide withdrawal privileges.
Receivables and Credit Policies
Accounts receivable are uncollateralized customer obligations due under normal trade terms requiring payment within fifteen days from the invoice date. Unpaid accounts receivable with invoice dates over thirty days old bear interest at 1.5% per month. Accounts receivable are stated at the amount billed to the customer. Payments of accounts receivable are allocated to the specific invoices identified on the customer's remittance advice or, if unspecified, are applied to the earliest unpaid invoices.
The carrying amount of trade receivables is reduced by a valuation allowance that reflects management's best estimate of the amounts that will not be collected. Management regularly reviews trade receivable balances and based on an assessment of current creditworthiness, estimates the portion, if any, of the balance that will not be collected. The valuation allowance was $0 as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Investment in commodities contracts, derivative instruments and hedging activities
The Company is exposed to certain risks related to our ongoing business operations. The primary risks that the Company manages by using forward contracts or derivative instruments are price risk on anticipated purchases of corn and natural gas and the sale of ethanol, distillers grains and distillers corn oil.
LAKE AREA CORN PROCESSORS, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2021 AND 2020
The Company is subject to market risk with respect to the price and availability of corn, the principal raw material the Company uses to produce ethanol and ethanol by-products. In general, rising corn prices result in lower profit margins and, therefore, represent unfavorable market conditions. This is especially true when market conditions do not allow us to pass along increased corn costs to our customers. The availability and price of corn is subject to wide fluctuations due to unpredictable factors such as weather conditions, farmer planting decisions, governmental policies with respect to agriculture and international trade and global demand and supply.
Certain contracts that literally meet the definition of a derivative may be exempted from derivative accounting as normal purchases or normal sales. Normal purchases and normal sales are contracts that provide for the purchase or sale of something other than a financial instrument or derivative instrument that will be delivered in quantities expected to be used or sold over a reasonable period in the normal course of business. Contracts that meet the requirements of normal purchases or sales are documented as normal and exempted from the accounting and reporting requirements of derivative accounting.
The Company does not apply the normal purchase and sales exemption for forward corn purchase contracts. As of December 31, 2022, the Company is committed to purchasing approximately 5.7 million bushels of corn on a forward contract basis with an average price of $6.79 per bushel. The total corn purchase contracts represent 17% of the projected annual plant corn usage.
The Company has 597,000 bushels of corn inventory delivered under delayed-pricing contracts. The contracts have various pricing deadlines through August 25, 2023. The Company is subject to risk of changes in the corn market until they are priced.
The Company enters into firm-price purchase commitments with natural gas suppliers under which the Company agrees to buy natural gas at a price set in advance of the actual delivery. Under these arrangements, the Company assumes the risk of a price decrease in the market price of natural gas between the time the price is fixed and the time the natural gas is delivered. At December 31, 2022, the Company is committed to purchasing approximately 1,337,000 MMBtu's of natural gas with an average price of $4.80 per MMBtu. The Company accounts for these transactions as normal purchases, and accordingly, does not mark these transactions to market. The natural gas purchases represent approximately 64% of the projected annual plant requirements.
The Company enters into firm-price sales commitments with distillers grains customers under which the Company agrees to sell distillers grains at a price set in advance of the actual delivery. Under these arrangements, the Company assumes the risk of a price increase in the market price of distillers grain between the time the price is fixed and the time the distillers grains are delivered. At December 31, 2022, the Company is committed to selling approximately 48,000 dry equivalent tons of distillers grains with an average price of $246 per ton. The Company accounts for these transactions as normal sales, and accordingly, does not mark these transactions to market. The distillers grains sales represent approximately 21% of the projected annual plant production.
The Company enters into firm-price sales commitments with distillers corn oil customers under which the Company agrees to sell distillers corn oil at a price set in advance of the actual delivery. Under these arrangements, the Company assumes the risk of a price increase in the market price of distillers corn oil between the time this price is fixed and the time the distillers corn oil is delivered. At December 31, 2022, the Company is committed to selling approximately 2,986,000 pounds of distillers corn oil with an average price of $0.75 per pound. The Company accounts for these transactions as normal sales, and accordingly, does not mark these transactions to market. The distillers corn oil sales represent approximately 9% of the projected annual plant production.
The Company does not have any firm-priced sales commitments for ethanol as of December 31, 2022.
The Company enters into short-term forward, option and futures contracts for ethanol, corn and natural gas as a means of managing exposure to changes in commodity and energy prices. All contracts of the Company are designated as non-hedge derivatives and are recorded at fair value with changes being recognized in net income, or are designated as normal purchases and normal sales and are evaluated for inherent losses. Although the contracts are considered economic hedges of specified risks, they are not designated as and accounted for as hedging instruments.
As part of our trading activity, the Company uses futures and option contracts offered through regulated commodity exchanges to reduce risk of loss in the market value of inventories and purchase commitments. To reduce that risk, the Company generally takes positions using forward and futures contracts and options.
LAKE AREA CORN PROCESSORS, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2021 AND 2020
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were as follows:
Balance Sheet Classification December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021
Corn forward contracts in gain position $ 922,181 $ 892,509
Futures and options contracts in gain position 252,450 140,863
Futures and options contracts in loss position (395,300) (1,238,560)
Total forward, futures and options contracts 779,331 (205,188)
Cash held by broker 2,077,108 3,092,019
Current Assets $ 2,856,439 $ 2,886,831
Corn forward contracts in loss position Current Liabilities $ (435,053) $ (1,490,510)
Futures and options contracts and cash held by broker are all with one party and the right of offset exists. Therefore, on the balance sheet, these items are netted in one balance regardless of position.
Forward contracts are with multiple parties and the right of offset does not exist. Therefore, these contracts are reported at the gross amounts on the balance sheet.
Realized and unrealized gains and losses related to derivative contracts related to corn and natural gas purchases are included as a component of cost of revenues and derivative contracts related to ethanol sales are included as a component of revenues in the accompanying financial statements.
Statement of Operations Years Ended December 31,
Classification 2022 2021 2020
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) related to purchase contracts:
Futures and options contracts Cost of Revenues $ (7,009,445) $ (10,137,035) $ (1,211,861)
Forward contracts Cost of Revenues 2,019,133 6,222,026 (415,420)
Investments
The Company has investment interests in five companies in related industries. All of these interests are at ownership shares less than 20%. These investments are flow-through entities and are being accounted for by the equity method of accounting under which the Company's share of net income is recognized as income in the Company's statements of operations and added to the investment account. Distributions or dividends received from the investments are treated as a reduction of the investment account. The Company consistently follows the practice of recognizing the net income based on the most recent reliable data.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates include the fair value of derivative financial instruments, lower of cost or net realizable value accounting for inventory, and goodwill and fixed asset impairment evaluation.
Concentrations of Credit Risk
LAKE AREA CORN PROCESSORS, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2021 AND 2020
The Company's cash balances are maintained in bank depositories and regularly exceed federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses in connection with these balances.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment is stated at cost. Significant additions and betterments are capitalized, while expenditures for maintenance, repairs and minor renewals are charged to operations when incurred. Depreciation on assets placed in service is computed using the straight-line method over estimated useful lives as follows:
•Land improvements 20-40 years
•Equipment 5-20 years
•Buildings 15-40 years
Equipment relates to two general categories: mechanical equipment and administrative and maintenance equipment. Mechanical equipment generally relates to equipment for handling inventories and the production of ethanol and related products, with useful lives of 15 to 20 years, including boilers, cooling towers, grain bins, centrifuges, conveyors, fermentation tanks, pumps and drying equipment. Administrative and maintenance equipment is equipment with useful lives of 5 to 15 years, including vehicles, computer systems, security equipment, testing devices and shop equipment.
The Company reviews its property and equipment for impairment whenever events indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recorded when the sum of the undiscounted future cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the asset group. An impairment loss is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds its fair value. No indicators of impairment were identified at December 31, 2022.
Goodwill
Annually, as well as when an event triggering impairment may have occurred, the Company performs an impairment test on goodwill, which compares the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount. An impairment charge is recognized, if necessary, for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value up to the amount of the goodwill attributed to the reporting unit. The Company performs the annual analysis on December 31 of each fiscal year. The Company determined that there was no impairment of goodwill at December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Earnings Per Unit
For purposes of calculating basic earnings per unit, units issued are considered outstanding on the effective date of issuance. Diluted earnings per unit are calculated by including dilutive potential equity units in the denominator. There were no dilutive equity units for the years ending December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.
Income Taxes
The Company is taxed as a limited liability company under the Internal Revenue Code. The income of the Company flows through to the members to be taxed at the member level rather than the corporate level. Accordingly, the Company has no tax liability.
Management has evaluated the Company's tax positions under the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued guidance on accounting for uncertainty in income taxes and concluded that the Company had taken no uncertain tax positions that require adjustment to the financial statements to comply with the provisions of this guidance. Generally, the Company is no longer subject to income tax examinations by the U.S. federal, state or local authorities beyond three years for jurisdictions in which they file.
Environmental Liabilities
The Company's operations are subject to environmental laws and regulations adopted by various governmental authorities in the jurisdictions in which it operates. These laws require the Company to investigate and remediate the effects of the release or disposal of materials at its locations. Accordingly, the Company has adopted policies, practices and procedures in the areas of
LAKE AREA CORN PROCESSORS, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2021 AND 2020
pollution control, occupational health and the production, handling, storage and use of hazardous materials to prevent material environmental or other damage, and to limit the financial liability which could result from such events. Environmental liabilities are recorded when the Company's liability is probable and the costs can be reasonably estimated.
Reporting Segment
Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker or decision making group in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company has determined that it has six operating segments that give rise to two reportable segments. See "Note 3 - Segments" in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report for financial information about our segment reporting.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
There are currently no recently issued accounting pronouncements that the Company determined to be factually relevant to the understanding of the financial statements.
Risks and Uncertainties
The Company has certain risks and uncertainties that it will experience during volatile market conditions, which can have a severe impact on operations. The Company's revenues are derived from the sale and distribution of ethanol and distiller grains to customers primarily located in the United States. Corn for the production process is supplied to the plant primarily from local agricultural producers and from purchases on the open market. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, ethanol sales averaged approximately 74% of total revenues, while approximately 19% of revenues were generated from the sale of distillers grains and 7% of revenues were generated from the sale of corn oil. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, corn costs averaged approximately 77% of cost of goods sold.
The Company's operating and financial performance is largely driven by the prices at which it sells ethanol and the net expense of corn. The price of ethanol is influenced by factors such as supply and demand, weather, government policies and programs, and unleaded gasoline and the petroleum markets. Excess ethanol supply in the market, in particular, puts downward pressure on the price of ethanol. The Company's largest cost of production is corn. The cost of corn is generally impacted by factors such as supply and demand, weather, and government policies and programs. The Company's risk management program is used to protect against the price volatility of these commodities.
LAKE AREA CORN PROCESSORS, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2021 AND 2020
NOTE 3 - SEGMENTS
The Company reports its financial and operating performance in two segments: (1) production, which includes the manufacture and marketing of fuel-grade ethanol and co-products of the ethanol production process and (2) ethanol producing equity method investments, which consists of the aggregation of the Company's two equity method operating segments of investment in Guardian Hankinson, LLC and investment in Ring-neck Energy & Feed, LLC. The Company discloses its other identified operating segments in an all other category, which consists of the Company's investments in RPMG, LLC, Lawrenceville Tank, LLC, and Guardian Energy Management, LLC.
The Company's two reportable segments have been identified based on their unique characteristics. Our production segment is the Company's ethanol plant that is operated in a manner chosen by our chief decision making team. The ethanol producing equity method segment are aggregated operating segments investments that have exceeded the quantitative thresholds for reportable segments which have similar economic characteristics but our chief decision making team does not have input into the daily operations of those entities. The all other category is comprised of investments that fall below the quantitative thresholds for reporting segments and the Company's chief decision making team has no input into their daily operations. Production includes the core operating drivers of the Company's consolidated financial statements which consist of the production and sale of ethanol and its co-products. Ethanol producing equity method investments derive their revenues from the production and sale of ethanol and its co-products. The all other category receives its revenues from marketing fees, management fees, and storage fees. The reconciliation item is necessary due to reportable segments not being consolidated in the financial statements, but rather are reflected as equity method investments.
The segments were identified using standards under ASC 280-10-50. They each engage in business activities, the operating results are reviewed by the Company’s chief operating decision maker, and discrete financial information is available for each segment.
The following tables set forth certain financial data for the Company's operating segments:
Year Ended Year Ended Year Ended
December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020
Net Sales
Production $ 282,564,697 $ 258,989,603 $ 130,521,814
Ethanol Producing Equity Method Investments 722,085,949 650,859,715 325,954,417
All Other 17,545,070 16,262,276 14,200,489
Total 1,022,195,716 926,111,594 470,676,720
Reconciliation (739,631,019) (667,121,991) (340,154,906)
Consolidated $ 282,564,697 $ 258,989,603 $ 130,521,814
Gross Profit
Production $ 26,853,716 $ 51,713,988 $ 6,028,546
Ethanol Producing Equity Method Investments 47,752,808 102,631,701 11,976,243
All Other 11,794,408 10,280,024 8,840,138
Total 86,400,932 164,625,713 26,844,927
Reconciliation (59,547,216) (112,911,725) (20,816,381)
Consolidated $ 26,853,716 $ 51,713,988 $ 6,028,546
Net Income
Production $ 27,301,957 $ 57,086,286 $ 1,055,639
Ethanol Producing Equity Method Investments 31,836,172 97,010,893 307,019
All Other 5,397,812 5,538,295 2,411,213
Total 64,535,941 159,635,474 3,773,871
Reconciliation (37,233,984) (102,549,188) (2,718,232)
Consolidated $ 27,301,957 $ 57,086,286 $ 1,055,639
LAKE AREA CORN PROCESSORS, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2021 AND 2020
Interest Income
Production $ 159,395 $ 13,361 $ 3,615
Ethanol Producing Equity Method Investments 99,295 39,177 21,902
All Other 2,869,090 2,135,470 2,395,057
Total 3,127,780 2,188,008 2,420,574
Reconciliation (2,968,385) (2,174,647) (2,416,959)
Consolidated $ 159,395 $ 13,361 $ 3,615
Interest Expense
Production $ 90,881 $ 727,452 $ 1,394,035
Ethanol Producing Equity Method Investments 3,235,797 3,293,641 4,276,226
All Other 5,705,000 3,082,000 2,469,656
Total 9,031,678 7,103,093 8,139,917
Reconciliation (8,940,797) (6,375,641) (6,745,882)
Consolidated $ 90,881 $ 727,452 1,394,035
Depreciation and Amortization
Production $ 5,060,975 $ 5,396,440 $ 5,718,454
Ethanol Producing Equity Method Investments 26,372,193 26,798,254 26,742,646
All Other 167,004 204,745 235,325
Total 31,600,172 32,399,439 32,696,425
Reconciliation (26,539,197) (27,002,999) (26,977,971)
Consolidated $ 5,060,975 $ 5,396,440 $ 5,718,454
Expenditures for Additions to Long-lived Assets
Production $ 9,943,710 $ 2,061,972 $ 359,221
Ethanol Producing Equity Method Investments 2,608,185 1,780,335 2,431,446
All Other 128,442 - 47,650
Total 12,680,337 3,842,307 2,838,317
Reconciliation (2,736,627) (1,780,335) (2,479,096)
Consolidated $ 9,943,710 $ 2,061,972 $ 359,221
LAKE AREA CORN PROCESSORS, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2021 AND 2020
December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021
Total Assets
Production $ 156,406,527 $ 148,952,863
Ethanol Producing Equity Method Investments 239,476,419 261,642,408
All Other 296,653,249 283,835,871
Total 692,536,195 694,431,142
Reconciliation (536,129,668) (545,478,279)
Consolidated $ 156,406,527 $ 148,952,863
Equity Method Investments
Production $ 17,691,011 $ 20,504,842
Ethanol Producing Equity Method Investments 5,808,086 4,125,459
All Other 214,342 209,328
Total 23,713,439 24,839,629
Reconciliation (6,022,428) (4,334,787)
Consolidated $ 17,691,011 $ 20,504,842
NOTE 4 - INVENTORY
Inventory consisted of the following as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:
December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021
Raw materials $ 12,397,256 $ 7,278,381
Finished goods 10,050,394 6,195,222
Work in process 1,353,715 1,779,170
Parts inventory 1,994,346 1,157,664
$ 25,795,711 $ 16,410,437
As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company recorded a lower of cost or net realizable value write-down on inventory of approximately $2,000 and $0, respectively.
NOTE 5 - INVESTMENTS
Dakota Ethanol has a 5% investment interest in the Company's ethanol marketer, Renewable Products Marketing Group, LLC (RPMG). The net income which is reported in the Company's income statement for RPMG is based on RPMG's September 30, 2022, 2021 and 2020 audited results. The carrying amount of the Company's investment was approximately $2,286,000 and $1,709,000 as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Dakota Ethanol has a 10% investment interest in Lawrenceville Tanks, LLC (LT), a partnership to construct and operate an ethanol storage terminal in Georgia. The net income which is reported in the Company's income statement for LT is based on LT's December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 unaudited results. The carrying amount of the Company's investment was approximately $216,000 and $215,000 as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Lake Area Corn Processors has a 10% investment interest in Guardian Hankinson, LLC (GH), a partnership to operate an ethanol plant in North Dakota. The net income which is reported in the Company's income statement for GH is based on GH's December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 audited results. The carrying amount of the Company's investment was approximately $1,870,000 and $5,714,000 as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
LAKE AREA CORN PROCESSORS, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2021 AND 2020
Lake Area Corn Processors has a 17% investment interest in Guardian Energy Management, LLC (GEM), a partnership to provide management services to ethanol plants. The net income which is reported in the Company's income statement for GEM is based on GEM's December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 unaudited interim results. The carrying amount of the Company's investment was approximately $92,000 and $90,000 as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Lake Area Corn Processors has an 12% investment interest in Ring-neck Energy & Feed, LLC (REF), a partnership to operate an ethanol plant in South Dakota. The net income which is reported in the Company's income statement for REF is based on REF's December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 audited results. The carrying amount of the Company's investment was approximately $13,227,000 and $12,778,000 as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The carrying amount of the investment exceeds the underlying equity in net assets by approximately $942,000. The excess is comprised of a basis adjustment of approximately $387,000 and capitalized interest of $555,000. The excess is amortized over 20 years. The amortization is recorded in equity in net income of investments.
Condensed, combined unaudited financial information of the Company's investments in RPMG, LT, GH, GEM and REF are as follows:
12/31/2022 12/31/2021 12/31/2020
Current assets $ 376,111,612 $ 370,470,221 $ 218,336,920
Other assets 160,018,056 179,230,853 201,926,053
Current liabilities 334,797,023 308,504,144 209,538,950
Long-term liabilities 36,462,751 44,248,272 48,854,217
Members' equity 164,869,892 196,948,658 161,869,806
Revenue 739,631,019 667,121,991 340,154,906
Gross Profit 59,547,216 112,911,725 20,816,381
Net Income 37,233,984 102,549,188 2,718,232
The following table shows the condensed financial information of Guardian Energy Hankinson:
12/31/2022 12/31/2021 12/31/2020
Current assets $ 35,429,047 $ 43,793,006 $ 29,709,743
Other assets 41,806,802 54,451,233 71,133,974
Current liabilities 49,708,032 34,990,527 48,451,437
Long-term liabilities 8,829,302 6,115,092 2,568,850
Members' equity 18,698,514 57,138,620 49,823,430
Revenue 468,904,462 442,502,900 211,380,830
Gross Profit 20,899,414 68,569,989 2,664,119
Net Income 22,559,896 71,815,190 (462,681)
LAKE AREA CORN PROCESSORS, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2021 AND 2020
The following table shows the condensed financial information of Ring-neck Energy & Feed; the investment in which represents greater than 10% of the Company's assets as of December 31, 2022.
12/31/2022 12/31/2021 12/31/2020
Current assets $ 46,040,175 $ 44,893,050 $ 14,651,294
Other assets 116,200,396 122,727,914 128,858,889
Current liabilities 30,950,092 23,595,688 16,314,452
Long-term liabilities 27,633,449 38,133,180 46,285,367
Member's equity 103,657,030 105,892,096 80,910,363
Revenue 253,181,487 208,356,815 114,573,587
Gross Profit 26,853,394 34,061,712 9,312,124
Net Income 9,276,276 25,195,703 769,700
The Company recorded equity in net income of approximately $3,704,000, $10,170,000 and $344,000 from our investments for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 respectively. The Company received distributions of approximately $7,005,000, $6,625,000 and $390,000 for our investments for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 respectively. The Company has undistributed net earnings in investees of approximately $3,648,000 and $3,108,000 as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
NOTE 6 - REVOLVING OPERATING NOTE
Dakota Ethanol has a revolving promissory note with Farm Credit Services of America (FCSA) in the amount up to $2,000,000 or the amount available in accordance with the borrowing base calculation, whichever is less. There is a non-use fee of 0.25% per annum on the unused portion of the $2,000,000 availability. The note is collateralized by substantially all assets of the Company. The note expires on November 1, 2023. Interest on the outstanding principal balance will accrue at 305 basis points above the Securred Overnight Financing 30-day Average Rate ("SOFR 30"). The interest rate is not subject to a floor. The rate was 6.75% at December 31, 2022. On December 31, 2022, Dakota Ethanol had $0 outstanding and $0 available to be drawn on the revolving promissory note.
NOTE 7 - LONG-TERM NOTES PAYABLE
Dakota Ethanol has a term note from FCSA in the amount of $8,000,000. Dakota Ethanol makes monthly interest payments and annual principal payments of $1,000,000. The payment on August 1, 2020 was deferred after the note was amended with FCSA and is now due on August 1, 2025. The notes matures on August 1, 2025. Interest on the outstanding principal balance will accrue at 330 basis points above the SOFR 30. The interest rate is not subject to a floor. The rate was 7.00% at December 31, 2022. On December 31, 2022, Dakota Ethanol had $4,000,000 outstanding on the note.
On February 6, 2018, Dakota Ethanol executed a reducing revolving promissory note from FCSA in the amount up to $40,000,000 or the amount available in accordance with the borrowing availability under the credit agreement. Dakota Ethanol amended the note agreement with FCSA in June of 2020. Under the amendment, the available credit on the reducing revolving note was increased to $48,000,000. The amount Dakota Ethanol can borrow on the note decreases by $1,750,000 semi-annually starting on July 1, 2021 until the maximum balance reaches $32,250,000 on July 1, 2025. The note matures on January 1, 2026. Interest on the outstanding principal balance will accrue at 330 basis points above the SOFR 30. The interest rate is not subject to a floor. The rate was 7.00% at December 31, 2022. The note contains a non-use fee of 0.50% on the unused portion of the note. On December 31, 2022, Dakota Ethanol had $1,000 outstanding and $42,749,000 available to be drawn on the note.
As part of the note payable agreement, Dakota Ethanol is subject to certain restrictive covenants establishing financial reporting requirements, distribution and capital expenditure limits, minimum debt service coverage ratios, net worth and working capital requirements. The note is collateralized by substantially all assets of the Company. The note payable agreement was amended in October 2021 with modifications to the requirements. The working capital covenant was increased to $13,500,000 and the net worth covenant was increased to $28,000,000. We are required to maintain a debt service coverage ratio of at least 1.25:1.00.
The balance of the notes payable as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 is as follows:
LAKE AREA CORN PROCESSORS, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2021 AND 2020
2022 2021
Note Payable - FCSA $ 4,000,000 $ 5,000,000
Note Payable - Other 1,000 -
Less unamortized debt issuance costs
(2,771) (4,861)
3,998,229 4,995,139
Less current portion (1,000,000) (1,000,000)
$ 2,998,229 $ 3,995,139
Principal maturities for the next five years are estimated as follows:
Years Ending December 31, Principal
2023 $ 1,000,000
2024 1,000,000
2025 2,000,000
2026 1,000
thereafter -
$ 4,001,000
NOTE 8 - EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS
Dakota Ethanol maintains a 401(k) plan for the employees who meet the eligibility requirements set forth in the plan documents. Dakota Ethanol matches a percentage of the employees' contributed earnings. Employer contributions to the plan totaled approximately $157,000, $142,000 and $133,000 for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
NOTE 9 - FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
The Company complies with the fair value measurements and disclosures standard which defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, and expands disclosure for those assets and liabilities carried on the balance sheet on a fair value basis.
The Company's balance sheet contains derivative financial instruments that are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value measurements and disclosures require that assets and liabilities carried at fair value be classified and disclosed according to the process for determining fair value. There are three levels of determining fair value.
Level 1 uses quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 uses observable market based inputs or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data.
Level 3 uses unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data.
A description of the valuation methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy, is set forth below.
Derivative financial instruments. Commodity futures and options contracts are reported at fair value utilizing Level 1 inputs. For these contracts, the Company obtains fair value measurements from an independent pricing service. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes and live trading levels from the CBOT and NYMEX markets. Over-the-counter commodity options contracts are reported at fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs. For these contracts, the Company obtains fair value measurements from an independent pricing service. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes and live trading levels from the over-the-counter markets. Forward purchase contracts are reported at fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs. For these contracts, the Company obtains fair value measurements
LAKE AREA CORN PROCESSORS, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2021 AND 2020
from local grain terminal bid values. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include live trading bids from local elevators and processing plants which are based off the CBOT markets.
The following table summarizes financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, segregated by the level of the valuation inputs within the fair value hierarchy utilized to measure fair value:
Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
December 31, 2022
Assets:
Derivative financial instruments, futures and options contracts $ 252,450 $ 252,450 $ - $ -
Forward contracts 922,181 - 922,181 -
Liabilities:
Derivative financial instruments, futures and options contracts $ 395,300 $ 395,300 $ - $ -
Forward contracts 435,053 - 435,053 -
December 31, 2021
Assets:
Derivative financial instruments, futures and options contracts $ 140,863 $ 140,863 $ - $ -
Forward contracts 892,509 - 892,509 -
Liabilities:
Derivative financial instruments, futures and options contracts $ 1,238,560 $ 1,238,560 $ - $ -
Forward contracts 1,490,510 - 1,490,510 -
During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company did not make any changes between Level 1 and Level 2 assets and liabilities. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company did not have any Level 3 assets or liabilities.
Certain financial assets and financial liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis; that is, the instruments are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances (for example, when there is evidence of impairment). Financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis were not significant at December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Disclosure requirements for fair value of financial instruments require disclosure of the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities, including those financial assets and financial liabilities that are not measured and reported at fair value on a recurring basis or nonrecurring basis. The methodologies for estimating the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring or nonrecurring basis are discussed above.
The Company believes the carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents (level 1), accounts receivable (level 2), accounts payable and accruals (level 2) and short-term debt (level 2) approximates fair value.
The carrying amount of long-term obligations (level 3) at December 31, 2022 of $4,001,000 had an estimated fair value of approximately $4,001,000 based on estimated interest rates for comparable debt. The carrying amount of long-term obligations at December 31, 2021 of $5,000,000 had an estimated fair value of approximately $5,000,000.
LAKE AREA CORN PROCESSORS, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2021 AND 2020
NOTE 10 - COMMITMENTS, CONTINGENCIES AND AGREEMENTS
Dakota Ethanol has entered into contracts and agreements regarding the operation of the ethanol plant as follows:
Natural Gas - The agreements provide Dakota Ethanol with transportation and distribution services for natural gas through October 2028, and is renewable annually thereafter. Fees for the services are at tariff rates approved by regulatory agencies. The agreement does not require minimum purchases of natural gas during their initial term.
Electricity - The agreement provides Dakota Ethanol with electric service through June 2029. The contract automatically renews unless prior notice of cancellation is given. The agreement sets rates for energy usage based on market rates and requires a minimum charge each month during the term of the agreement.
Expenses related to the agreements for the purchase of electricity and natural gas were approximately $13,897,000, $12,415,000, and $8,899,000, for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Minimum annual payments during the term of the electricity agreement are as follows:
Years Ending December 31, Amount
2023 $184,800
2024 184,800
2025 184,800
2026 184,800
2027 184,800
thereafter 277,200
Ethanol Fuel Marketing Agreement - Dakota Ethanol has an agreement with RPMG (a related party, see note 11), a joint venture of ethanol producers, for the sale, marketing, billing and receipt of payment and other administrative services for all ethanol produced by the plant. The agreement continues indefinitely unless terminated under terms set forth in the agreement.
Distiller's Grain Marketing Agreement - Dakota Ethanol has an agreement with RPMG (a related party, see note 11), for the marketing of all distiller's dried grains produced by the plant. The agreement continues indefinitely unless terminated under terms set forth in the agreement.
Corn Oil Marketing Agreement - Dakota Ethanol has an agreement with RPMG (a related party, see note 11), for the marketing of all corn oil produced by the plant. The agreement continues indefinitely unless terminated under terms set forth in the agreement.
Agreements
On June 24, 2022, Dakota Ethanol, LLC, entered into the Precedent Agreement West Leg 2023 Expansion between Northern Natural Gas Company and the Dakota Ethanol (the "West Leg Agreement"). Pursuant to the West Leg Agreement, Dakota Ethanol will receive additional firm commitment natural gas transportation services. In order to secure these firm commitment natural gas transportation services, Dakota Ethanol agrees to pay Northern Natural Gas Company a contribution to the cost of constructing certain additional natural gas pipeline and storage facilities. Dakota Ethanol's contribution is estimated to be $8,890,000, of which $3,556,000 is outstanding as of December 31, 2022. The final payment of $3,556,000 is scheduled to be made on March 31, 2023. For a period of five years beginning on November 1, 2023, Dakota Ethanol is entitled to a firm natural gas commitment of 7,000 decatherms per day during the winter months (between November 1 and March 31 each year), and firm commitment of 4,340 decatherms per day during the summer months. The payments to Northern Natural Gas are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet.
From time to time in the normal course of business, the Company can be subject to litigation based on its operations. There is no current litigation nor any litigation that is considered probable at this time.
LAKE AREA CORN PROCESSORS, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2021 AND 2020
NOTE 11 - RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
Dakota Ethanol has a 5% interest in RPMG, and Dakota Ethanol has entered into marketing agreements for the exclusive rights to market, sell and distribute the entire ethanol, dried distiller's grains, and corn oil inventories produced by Dakota Ethanol. The marketing fees are included in net revenues. Dakota Ethanol also purchases denaturant from RPMG. Amounts due from RPMG are presented as accounts receivable (related party) on the balance sheet.
Revenues and marketing fees related to the agreements are as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Revenues ethanol $ 209,721,622 $ 203,807,925 $ 99,280,464
Revenues distillers grains 15,980,263 13,971,006 9,541,074
Revenues corn oil 20,053,909 14,330,754 5,969,230
Marketing fees ethanol $ 293,253 $ 267,348 $ 203,101
Marketing fees distillers grains 67,294 65,651 68,354
Marketing fees corn oil 54,022 50,631 44,778
Denaturant purchases 2,387,702 3,647,081 1,503,071
Amounts due to RPMG 123,573 79,909 47,073
The Company purchased corn and services from members of its Board of Directors that farm and operate local businesses. Corn purchases from these related parties during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 totaled approximately $1,964,000, $2,139,000 and $1,022,000, respectively. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company no outstanding obligations to these related parties.
NOTE 12 - CAPTIVE INSURANCE
The Company participates, along with other plants in the industry, in a group captive insurance company (Captive). The Captive insures losses related to workman's compensation, commercial property and general liability. The Captive reinsures catastrophic losses for all participants, including the Company, in excess of predetermined amounts. The Company's premiums are accrued by a charge to income for the period to which the premium relates and is remitted by the Company's insurer to the captive reinsurer. These premiums are structured such that the Company has made a prepaid collateral deposit estimated for losses related to the above coverage. The Captive insurer has estimated and collected an amount in excess of the estimated losses but less than the catastrophic loss limit insured by the Captive. The Company cannot be assessed over the amount in the collateral fund.
LAKE AREA CORN PROCESSORS, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2021 AND 2020
NOTE 13 - QUARTERLY FINANCIAL REPORTING (UNAUDITED)
Summary quarterly results are as follows:
First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter
Year ended December 31, 2022
Total revenues $ 64,450,894 $ 75,437,299 $ 74,210,499 $ 68,466,005
Gross profit 2,692,799 8,835,660 7,401,848 7,923,409
Income from operations 1,444,920 7,683,645 6,133,380 6,637,150
Net income 1,665,199 11,122,974 6,509,692 8,004,092
Basic and diluted earnings per unit 0.06 0.38 0.22 0.26
Year ended December 31, 2021
Total revenues $ 48,615,653 $ 64,238,127 $ 63,794,494 $ 82,341,329
Gross profit 6,957,219 9,468,054 9,041,115 26,247,600
Income from operations 5,706,085 8,191,959 7,791,872 24,593,778
Net income 6,535,530 10,058,652 8,812,557 31,679,547
Basic and diluted earnings per unit 0.22 0.34 0.30 1.07
Year ended December 31, 2020
Total revenues $ 32,456,238 $ 25,424,832 $ 33,917,787 $ 38,722,957
Gross profit (loss) (7,849,642) 5,611,925 6,046,492 2,219,771
Income (loss) from operations (9,189,480) 4,666,216 5,054,469 1,079,267
Net income (loss) (10,475,043) 4,213,375 5,810,426 1,506,881
Basic and diluted earnings (loss) per unit (0.35) 0.14 0.20 0.05
NOTE 14 - PARENT FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The following financial information represents the unconsolidated financial statements of Lake Area Corn Processors, LLC as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. The Company's ability to receive distributions from its wholly owned subsidiary, Dakota Ethanol, LLC, is based on the terms and conditions set forth in the Fourth Amendment to its credit agreement with Farm Credit Services of America, PCA and Farm Credit Services of America, FLCA. Under the Fourth Amendment, if no event of default or potential default exists, Dakota Ethanol may make distributions in an amount up to 75% of prior year's net income, so long as the Company's working capital stays above $18,000,000 post distribution. The combined distributions for 2021 and 2022 were limited to 75% of the combined net income of 2020 and 2021.
LAKE AREA CORN PROCESSORS, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2021 AND 2020
The unconsolidated balance sheet is as follows:
LAKE AREA CORN PROCESSORS, LLC
UNCONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021
ASSETS
CURRENT ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents $ 114,718 $ 121,244
Accounts Receivable - Subsidiary - 2,500,000
Prepaid expenses 4,700 -
Total current assets 119,418 2,621,244
OTHER ASSETS
Goodwill 10,395,766 10,395,766
Investment in Dakota Ethanol 82,253,625 81,870,361
Investments - other 15,188,797 18,581,494
Total other assets 107,838,188 110,847,621
TOTAL ASSETS $ 107,957,606 $ 113,468,865
LIABILITIES AND MEMBERS' EQUITY
CURRENT LIABILITIES
Total current liabilities 9,600 -
LONG-TERM LIABILITIES
Total long-term liabilities - -
MEMBERS' EQUITY (29,620,000 units issued and outstanding) 107,948,006 113,468,865
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND MEMBERS' EQUITY $ 107,957,606 $ 113,468,865
LAKE AREA CORN PROCESSORS, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2021 AND 2020
The unconsolidated statement of operation is as follows:
LAKE AREA CORN PROCESSORS, LLC
UNCONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
Year Ended Year Ended Year Ended
December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020
EQUITY IN NET INCOME OF CONSOLIDATED SUBSIDIARY $ 23,985,264 $ 47,366,330 $ 1,073,965
OPERATING EXPENSES 55,829 83,659 127,978
INCOME FROM OPERATIONS 23,929,435 47,282,671 945,987
OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE)
Interest and other income 35,219 7,112 10,737
Equity in net income of investments 3,337,303 9,796,503 98,915
Total other income 3,372,522 9,803,615 109,652
NET INCOME $ 27,301,957 $ 57,086,286 $ 1,055,639
LAKE AREA CORN PROCESSORS, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2021 AND 2020
The unconsolidated statement of cash flows is as follows:
LAKE AREA CORN PROCESSORS, LLC
UNCONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
Year Ended Year Ended Year Ended
December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net income $ 27,301,957 $ 57,086,286 $ 1,055,639
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities
Distributions in excess of earnings (earnings in excess of distributions) from investments 5,892,697 (3,346,503) (98,915)
Equity in (net income) of consolidated subsidiary (23,985,264) (47,366,330) (1,073,965)
(Increase) decrease in
Accounts receivable - subsidiary - (2,500,000) -
Prepaid expenses (4,700) 24,542 (7,456)
Increase (decrease) in
Accounts payable 9,600 - -
NET CASH PROVIDED BY (USED IN) OPERATING ACTIVITIES 9,214,290 3,897,995 (124,697)
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Distributions received from consolidated subsidiary 23,602,000 5,050,744 100,000
Investment in consolidated subsidiary - - -
Purchase of investments - - -
Other investing cash inflow - - 49,729
NET CASH PROVIDED BY INVESTING ACTIVITIES 23,602,000 5,050,744 149,729
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Distributions to members (32,822,816) (8,886,000) -
NET CASH USED FOR FINANCING ACTIVITIES (32,822,816) (8,886,000) -
NET INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS (6,526) 62,739 25,032
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT BEGINNING OF PERIOD 121,244 58,505 33,473
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF PERIOD $ 114,718 $ 121,244 $ 58,505

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE.
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, including our President and Chief Executive Officer (the principal executive officer), Scott Mundt, along with our Chief Financial Officer (the principal financial officer), Rob Buchholtz, have reviewed and evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of December 31, 2022. Based on this review and evaluation, these officers have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods required by the forms and rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission; and to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by an issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management including our principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Inherent Limitations Over Internal Controls.
Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:
(i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets;
(ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and
(iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our internal controls will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of internal controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. Also, any evaluation of the effectiveness of controls in future periods is subject to the risk that those internal controls may become inadequate because of changes in business conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting.
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended). Management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria set forth in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ("COSO") in 2013. Based on this evaluation, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2022.
This annual report does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. As we are a non-accelerated filer, management's report is not subject to attestation by our registered public accounting firm pursuant to Section 404(c) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 that permits us to provide only management's report in this annual report.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting.
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 which were identified in connection with management's evaluation required by paragraph (d) of rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION.
None.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
ITEM 10. MANAGERS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE.
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the definitive information statement from our 2023 annual meeting of members to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after our 2022 fiscal year end on December 31, 2022. This information statement is referred to in this report as the 2023 Information Statement.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION.
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the 2023 Information Statement.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED MEMBER MATTERS.
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the 2023 Information Statement.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND MANAGER INDEPENDENCE.
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the 2023 Information Statement.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES.
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the 2023 Information Statement.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES.
The following exhibits and financial statements are filed as part of, or are incorporated by reference into, this report:
(1) The financial statements appear beginning on page 34 of this report.
(2) All supplemental schedules are omitted because of the absence of conditions under which they are required or because the information is shown in the Consolidated Financial Statements or notes thereto.
(3) The exhibits we have filed herewith or incorporated by reference herein are identified in the Exhibit Index set forth below.
The following exhibits are filed as part of this report. Exhibits previously filed are incorporated by reference, as noted.
Exhibit No. Exhibit Filed Herewith Incorporated by Reference
3.2 Amended and restated operating agreement of the registrant.
Filed as Exhibit 3.6 on the registrant's Form 10-K filed with the Commission on March 31, 2005 and incorporated by reference herein.
3.3 First amendment to the amended and restated operating agreement of the registrant.
Filed as Exhibit 99.1 on the registrant's Form 8-K filed with the Commission on March 19, 2007 and incorporated by reference herein.
3.4 Third Amendment to the Third Amended and Restated Operating Agreement of Lake Area Corn Processors, LLC dated January 9, 2018
Filed as Exhibit 99.1 on the registrant's Form 8-K filed with the Commission on January 10, 2018 and incorporated by reference herein.
4.1 Description of Securities Registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act of 1934
Filed as Exhibit 4.1 on the registrant's Form 10-K filed with the Commission on March 3, 2022 and incorporated by reference herein.
10.1 Distillers Grains Marketing Agreement dated July 15, 2008 between RPMG, Inc. and Dakota Ethanol, L.L.C. +
Filed as Exhibit 10.1 on the registrant's Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on August 14, 2008 and incorporated by reference herein.
10.2 Contribution Agreement between Renewable Products Marketing Group, LLC and Dakota Ethanol, L.L.C. dated April 1, 2007.
Filed as Exhibit 10.1 on the registrant's Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on August 14, 2007 and incorporated by reference herein.
10.3 Addendum to Water Purchase Agreement dated February 28, 2007 between Big Sioux Community Water Systems, Inc. and Dakota Ethanol, L.L.C.
Filed as Exhibit 10.1 on the registrant's Form 10-K filed with the Commission on March 30, 2007.
10.4 Risk Management Agreement dated November 28, 2005 between FCStone, LLC and Dakota Ethanol, L.L.C.
Filed as Exhibit 10.1 on the registrant's Form 8-K filed with the Commission on December 2, 2005 and incorporated by reference herein.
10.5 Employment Agreement between Scott Mundt and Dakota Ethanol, L.L.C. dated April 1, 2009
Filed as Exhibit 10.1 on the registrant's Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on May 15, 2009 and incorporated by reference herein.
10.6 First Amended and Restated Construction Loan Agreement dated June 18, 2009 between First National Bank of Omaha and Dakota Ethanol, L.L.C.
Filed as Exhibit 10.1 on the registrant's Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on August 12, 2009 and incorporated by reference herein.
10.7 Corn Oil Marketing Agreement dated August 11, 2009 between RPMG, Inc. and Dakota Ethanol, L.L.C. +
Filed as Exhibit 10.2 on the registrant's Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on August 12, 2009 and incorporated by reference herein.
10.8 First Amendment to First Amended and Restated Construction Loan Agreement between Dakota Ethanol, L.L.C. and First National Bank of Omaha dated May 13, 2010.
Filed as Exhibit 10.1 on the registrant's Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on August 13, 2010 and incorporated by reference herein.
10.9 Long Term Reducing Revolving Promissory Note between Dakota Ethanol, L.L.C. and First National Bank of Omaha dated May 13, 2010.
Filed as Exhibit 10.2 on the registrant's Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on August 13, 2010 and incorporated by reference herein.
10.10 Operating Line of Credit Promissory Note between Dakota Ethanol, L.L.C. and First National Bank of Omaha dated May 13, 2010.
Filed as Exhibit 10.3 on the registrant's Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on August 13, 2010 and incorporated by reference herein.
10.11 Member Ethanol Fuel Marketing Agreement between Dakota Ethanol, LLC and RPMG, Inc. dated March 26, 2010. +
Filed as Exhibit 10.22 on the registrant's Form 10-K filed with the Commission on March 30, 2011 and incorporated by reference herein.
10.12 Second Amendment of First Amended and Restated Construction Loan Agreement dated May 12, 2011 between Dakota Ethanol, L.L.C. and First National Bank of Omaha.
Filed as Exhibit 10.1 on the registrant's Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on August 11, 2011 and incorporated by reference herein.
10.13 Operating Line of Credit First Amended and Restated Revolving Promissory Note dated May 12, 2011 between Dakota Ethanol, L.L.C. and First National Bank of Omaha.
Filed as Exhibit 10.2 on the registrant's Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on August 11, 2011 and incorporated by reference herein.
10.14 Long Term Reducing Revolver First Amended and Restated Promissory Note dated May 12, 2011 between Dakota Ethanol, L.L.C. and First National Bank of Omaha.
Filed as Exhibit 10.3 on the registrant's Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on August 11, 2011 and incorporated by reference herein.
10.15 Third Amendment of First Amended and Restated Construction Loan Agreement between Dakota Ethanol, L.L.C. and First National Bank of Omaha dated May 1, 2012.
Filed as Exhibit 10.1 on the registrant's Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on May 14, 2012 and incorporated by reference herein.
10.16 Second Amended and Restated Revolving Promissory Note (Operating Line of Credit) between Dakota Ethanol, L.L.C. and First National Bank of Omaha dated May 1, 2012.
Filed as Exhibit 10.2 on the registrant's Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on May 14, 2012 and incorporated by reference herein.
10.17 Second Amended and Restated Promissory Note (Long Term Reducing Revolver) between Dakota Ethanol, L.L.C. and First National Bank of Omaha dated May 1, 2012.
Filed as Exhibit 10.3 on the registrant's Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on May 14, 2012 and incorporated by reference herein.
10.18 Member Amended and Restated Marketing Agreement between RPMG, Inc. and Dakota Ethanol, L.L.C. dated August 27, 2012. +
Filed as Exhibit 10.1 on the registrant's Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on November 13, 2012 and incorporated by reference herein.
10.19 Fourth Amendment to First Amended and Restated Construction Loan Agreement between Dakota Ethanol, L.L.C. and First National Bank of Omaha dated May 1, 2013.
Filed as Exhibit 10.1 on the registrant's Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on May 13, 2013 and incorporated by reference herein.
10.20 Third Amended and Restated Revolving Promissory Note between Dakota Ethanol, L.L.C. and First National Bank of Omaha dated May 1, 2013.
Filed as Exhibit 10.2 on the registrant's Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on May 13, 2013 and incorporated by reference herein.
10.21 Credit Agreement between Farm Credit Services of America and Dakota Ethanol, L.L.C. dated May 15, 2013.
Filed as Exhibit 10.1 on the registrant's Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on August 13, 2013 and incorporated by reference herein.
10.22 First Amendment to Credit Agreement between Farm Credit Services of America and Dakota Ethanol, L.L.C. dated November 20, 2013.
Filed as Exhibit 10.22 on the registrant's Form 10-K filed with the Commission on February 27, 2014 and incorporated by reference herein.
10.23 Second Amendment to Credit Agreement between Farm Credit Services of America, PCA and Farm Credit Services of America, FLCA and Dakota Ethanol, L.L.C. dated November 12, 2014
Filed as Exhibit 10.1 on the registrant's Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on November 13, 2014 and incorporated by reference herein.
10.24 2015 Water Purchase Agreement dated December 17, 2014 between Big Sioux Community Water Systems, Inc. and Dakota Ethanol, L.L.C.
Filed as Exhibit 10.24 on the registrant's Form 10-K filed with the Commission on February 26, 2015 and incorporated by reference herein.
10.25 Third Amendment to Credit Agreement dated May 4, 2015 between Farm Credit Services of America, PCA and Farm Credit Services of America, FLCA and Dakota Ethanol, L.L.C.
Filed as Exhibit 10.1 on the registrant's Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on May 14, 2015 and incorporated by reference herein.
10.26 Fourth Amendment to Credit Agreement dated October 28, 2016 between Farm Credit Services of America, PCA and Farm Credit Services of America, FLCA and Dakota Ethanol, L.L.C.
Filed as Exhibit 10.1 on the registrant's Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on November 14, 2016 and incorporated by reference herein.
10.27 Fifth Amendment to Credit Agreement dated August 1, 2017 between Farm Credit Services of America, PCA and Farm Credit Services of America, FLCA and Dakota Ethanol, L.L.C.
Filed as Exhibit 10.1 on the registrant's Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on August 11, 2017 and incorporated by reference herein.
10.28 Master Agreement between Owner and Nelson Engineering, Inc. dated November 30, 2017.
Filed as Exhibit 10.28 on the registrant's Form 10-K filed with the Commission on March 2, 2018 and incorporated by reference herein.
10.29 Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated February 2, 2018 between Farm Credit Services of America, PCA and Farm Credit Services of America, FLCA and Dakota Ethanol, L.L.C.
Filed as Exhibit 10.29 on the registrant's Form 10-K filed with the Commission on March 2, 2018 and incorporated by reference herein.
10.30 First Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated December 14, 2018 between Farm Credit Services of America, PCA and Farm Credit Services of America, FLCA and Dakota Ethanol, L.L.C.
Filed as Exhibit 10.30 on the registrant's Form 10-K filed with the Commission on February 28, 2019 and incorporated by reference herein.
10.31 Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement between Farm Credit Services of America, PCA and Farm Credit Services of America, FLCA and Dakota Ethanol, L.L.C.
Filed as Exhibit 10.1 on the registrant's Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on November 14, 2019 and incorporated by reference herein.
10.32 Third Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement between Farm Credit Services of America, PCA and Farm Credit Services of America FLCA and Dakota Ethanol, L.L.C.
Filed as Exhibit 10.1 on the registrant's Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on August 14, 2020 and incorporated by reference herein.
10.33 Fourth Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated October 11, 2021
Filed as Exhibit 10.1 on the registrant's Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on November 12, 2021 and incorporated by reference herein.
10.34 Precedent Agreement - West Leg 2023 Expansion between Northern Natural Gas Company and Dakota Ethanol, LLC dated June 6, 2022
Filed as Exhibit 10.1 on the registrant's Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on August 15, 2022 and incorporated by reference herein.
31.1 Certificate Pursuant to 17 CFR 240.13a-14(a)
X Filed herewith
31.2 Certificate Pursuant to 17 CFR 240.13a-14(a)
X Filed herewith
32.1 Certificate Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350
X Filed herewith
32.2 Certificate Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350
X Filed herewith
101.INS Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear on the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document
101.PRE Inline XBRL Presentation Linkbase Document
104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in the Interactive Data Files submitted as Exhibit 101).
+ Confidential Treatment Requested
** Furnished herewith.