EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1036262
Filing Year: 2021
Filename: 1036262_10-K_2021_0001437749-21-006901.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1.
BUSINESS
INTRODUCTION
inTEST Corporation was incorporated in New Jersey in 1981 and reincorporated in Delaware in April 1997. The consolidated entity is comprised of inTEST Corporation (parent) and our wholly-owned subsidiaries. In this report, "we," "us," "our," and the "Company" refer to inTEST Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries.
We are a global supplier of innovative test and process solutions for use in manufacturing and testing across a wide range of markets including automotive, defense/aerospace, industrial, medical, semiconductor and telecommunications. We manage our business as two operating segments, Thermal Products ("Thermal”) and Electromechanical Semiconductor Products ("EMS"), which are also our reporting units. Our Thermal segment designs, manufactures and sells our thermal test and thermal process products while our EMS segment designs, manufactures and sells our semiconductor test products.
Our EMS segment sells its products to semiconductor manufacturers and third-party test and assembly houses (end user sales) and to ATE manufacturers (OEM sales), who ultimately resell our equipment with theirs to both semiconductor manufacturers and third-party test and assembly houses. Our Thermal segment sells its products to many of these same types of customers; however, it also sells into a variety of other markets, including the automotive, defense/aerospace, industrial, medical and telecommunications markets.
We sell our products worldwide. Within the ATE market, we sell our products both directly to major semiconductor manufacturers and semiconductor test subcontractors and indirectly through leading ATE manufacturers. In markets outside the ATE market, we sell our products directly to the end user of the product or through third party distributors. Our largest customers include Aixtron SE, Analog Devices, Inc., Emerson Electric Co., Hakuto Co. Ltd., Lockheed Martin Corporation, NXP Semiconductors N.V., QUALCOMM Incorporated, Raytheon Company, Renesas Electronics Corporation and Texas Instruments Incorporated.
COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Our net revenues from all of the markets we serve were significantly affected by COVID-19 during the first half of 2020. The impact of COVID-19 on our net revenues from the Semi Market was intensified during the first half of the year because our business operations were also being negatively affected by a global downturn in the Semi Market at that time. The Semi Market, from which approximately half of our net revenues are derived, entered a cyclical downturn in the beginning of 2019. During the first quarter of 2020, before the spread of COVID-19, we had started to see indications that the downturn was coming to an end. These indications included increased quoting activity and order levels for the first quarter of 2020 as compared to the fourth quarter of 2019. However, we believe COVID-19 delayed the recovery in the Semi Market as the increase in activity leveled off during late March 2020.
Although we saw slightly increased order rates from our customers in the Semi Market during the second and third quarters of 2020, it was not until the fourth quarter of 2020 that we saw a significant increase in our orders from the Semi Market which we believe indicates that we have now entered the next cyclical upturn. During the fourth quarter of 2020, our orders from the Semi Market increased 53% sequentially and were 141% higher than in the fourth quarter of 2019, the low point of the prior cyclical downturn for the products that we sell. We believe the level of increase in our orders from the Semi Market during the fourth quarter of 2020 reflects a combination of increased demand in the market resulting from the interruption of the normal recovery in the Semi Market cycle caused by the onset of COVID-19 in the first half of 2020, as well as increased demand for semiconductors, generally. We believe this increase in demand is being driven both by changing technology as well as increased use of technology across all aspects of daily life, such as in devices that facilitate remote work and education, smart technology used in homes and businesses, the increase in the amount of integrated circuits (“ICs”) used in the automotive industry and changes occurring in the telecommunications and mobility markets.
As of the date of this filing, all of our operations continue to be deemed “critical and essential business operations” under the various governmental COVID-19 mandates, which has allowed us to continue to operate our business with certain modifications. These modifications include a significant number of our employees working remotely. Such employees have been provided with the tools and technology necessary to do so. Additionally, we have implemented workplace safeguards designed to protect the health and well-being of our employees. Employees who remain in our facilities are following World Health Organization (“WHO”) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (“CDC”) recommended safety practices, as well as state and local directives. We have had occasions where one or more employees have contracted COVID-19 and entered our facilities while infected. To date, we have managed these occurrences with minimal disruption to our business while protecting other employees, but there can be no assurances that we can avoid similar occurrences in the future or, that in such cases, we can avoid significant disruption of our operations.
The aftermarket service and support that we provide to our customers has been, and we expect may continue to be, adversely impacted by COVID-19. Specifically, the travel restrictions that remain in place, coupled with limitations on visitors into customer facilities, have resulted in the reduction or suspension of certain activities. The net revenues associated with these aftermarket service and support activities typically range from 8% to 10% of our consolidated net revenues. Although these net revenues returned to a more typical range during the third and fourth quarters of 2020, if the spread of COVID-19 or variations of the virus worsen, these revenues may be reduced in future periods.
While the negative impact of COVID-19 on our business was reduced significantly in the second half of 2020, the spread of the virus or variants of the virus could worsen and one or more of our significant customers or suppliers could be impacted, or significant additional governmental regulations and restrictions could be imposed, thus negatively impacting our business in the future. See “Risks Related to COVID-19” under Item 1A “Risk Factors” in this Report.
As a result of our current level of working capital as well as the availability of our revolving credit facility, which is discussed in Note 10 to our consolidated financial statements, we currently expect to have sufficient liquidity to operate our business throughout 2021, as further described in this Report. Although our revolving credit facility will mature on April 9, 2021, we are currently in discussions with our lender to replace this facility with a three-year credit facility. We expect that facility to be put in place in conjunction with, or prior to, the expiration of our current credit facility.
MARKETS
Overview
Historically, we referred to our markets as “Semiconductor” (which included both the broader semiconductor market as well as the more specialized semiconductor ATE and wafer processing sectors within the broader semiconductor market), and “Non-Semiconductor” (which included all of the other markets we serve). In the second quarter of 2019, we began referring to the semiconductor market, including the ATE and wafer processing sectors within that market, as the “Semi Market.” All other markets, when referred to collectively, are designated as “Multimarket.” Business within our Thermal segment can fall into either the Semi Market or Multimarket, depending upon how our customers utilize our products or upon their respective applications, while business within our EMS segment is all within the Semi Market.
While the Semi Market represents the historical roots of inTEST and remains a very important component of our business, Multimarket is where we have focused our strategic growth efforts over the last several years. Our goal has been to grow our business, both organically and through acquisition, in Multimarket as we believe these markets have historically been less cyclical than the Semi Market. Moving forward, with the launch of our new strategic plan which is discussed below under “Our Strategies”, we are broadening our strategic growth efforts to target both organic and inorganic growth in all of our currently served markets, which includes the Semi Market. Our goal is to further expand our existing product lines, strengthen our positions in served markets and drive expansion into new markets.
Prior to the acquisition of Ambrell Corporation (“Ambrell”) in May 2017, we offered only highly specialized engineering solutions used for testing applications in Multimarket, the demand for which is limited and which varies significantly from period to period. Our acquisition of Ambrell not only provided expansion into new markets but also broadened our product offerings to include products sold into process or manufacturing applications. Historically, Ambrell sold its precision induction heating systems almost exclusively to customers in the industrial market but since 2018, has also had significant sales into the Semi Market. Overall, however, the acquisition of Ambrell has helped to diversify our customer base. We expect that our future orders and net revenues will be approximately equally split between the Semi Market and Multimarket. During 2020 and 2019, our net revenues from Multimarket were $27.0 million and $29.7 million, respectively, and represented 50% and 49%, respectively, of our total net revenues. In the five years prior to the acquisition of Ambrell, our net revenues from Multimarket ranged from 18% to 30% of our total net revenues.
The level of our net revenues in Multimarket varies significantly from market to market. During 2020 and 2019, our net revenues from the industrial market represented 32% and 35%, respectively, of our total net revenues, while our net revenues from the defense/aerospace market represented 12% and 8%, respectively, of our total net revenues. Our net revenues from the telecommunications market represented 3% of our total net revenues in both years. The level of our net revenues in these markets has varied significantly in the past and we expect it will vary significantly in the future as we build our presence in these markets and establish new markets for our products. One of our goals is to further expand our Multimarket sales; however, due to the highly specialized nature of many of our product offerings, we do not expect broad market penetration in many of these markets. We are continuing to evaluate buying patterns and opportunities for growth in these markets that may affect our future performance.
Outside of the Semi Market, we have developed a meaningful market share in one other market, which is the induction heating market for systems with 500kW or less of power. This market is a subset of the industrial market. In contrast to the Semi Market, where we serve a range of customers and where our business trends generally follow overall market trends within the Semi Market, in the industrial market, where induction heating products are used, we serve a limited number of market participants representing only a portion of this market. Therefore, market trends in this area do not have as material an impact on our financial results. The following discussion of our markets is, therefore, limited to the Semi Market.
Semi Market
As noted above, the Semi Market includes both the broader semiconductor market as well as the more specialized semiconductor ATE and wafer processing sectors within the broader semiconductor market. Historically, the Semi Market has been characterized by rapid technological change, wide fluctuations in demand and shortening product life cycles. Designers and manufacturers of a variety of electronic and industrial products, such as cell phones, telecom and datacom systems, Internet access devices, computers, transportation and consumer electronics, require increasingly complex ICs to provide improved end-product performance demanded by their customers. Semiconductor manufacturers generally compete based on product performance and price. We believe that testing costs represent a significant portion of the total cost of manufacturing ICs. Semiconductor manufacturers remain under pressure to maximize production yields and reduce testing costs. At the same time, the growing complexity of ICs has increased the difficulty of maximizing test yields. In order to address these market trends, semiconductor manufacturers strive for more effective utilization of ATE, smaller test areas and increased wafer level testing.
Demand for new ATE and related equipment depends upon several factors, including the test equipment utilization rates of semiconductor manufacturers, the demand for products that incorporate ICs, the increasing complexity of ICs and the emergence of new IC design, production and packaging technologies. Some of the evolutionary changes in IC technologies include the shift to 300 mm wafers in production, system-on-a-chip (“SOC”) where digital, analog and memory functions are combined on a single IC, and chip scale packaging. As a result of these factors and other advances, semiconductor manufacturers may require additional ATE not only to handle increases in production, but also to handle the more sophisticated testing requirements of ICs.
IC Test Process
Semiconductor manufacturers typically produce ICs in multiples of several hundred or more on a silicon wafer that is later separated or "diced" into individual ICs. Extended leads are then attached to the individual ICs for later connection to other electrical components. In most cases, the ICs are then encapsulated in a plastic, ceramic or other protective housing. These process steps are called "packaging."
Wafers are tested before being diced and packaged to ensure that only properly functioning ICs are packaged. This testing step has several names, including "front-end test," "wafer test," "wafer probe" or "wafer sort." In front-end test, an electronic handling device known as a wafer prober automatically positions the wafer under a probe card that is electronically connected to a "test head," which connects electrically to a test system. During front-end testing, there is a growing trend of thermally conditioning the wafer during test. Once the good ICs have been identified, they are packaged.
The packaged ICs also require testing, called "back-end test" or "final test," to determine if they meet design and performance specifications. Packaged ICs are tested after loading into another type of electronic handling device called a "package handler" or "handler," which then transfers the packaged ICs into a test socket that is attached to the test head. These handlers may be temperature controlled for testing.
Testers range in price from approximately $100,000 to over $2.0 million each, depending primarily on the complexity of the IC to be tested. Probers and handlers range in price from approximately $50,000 to $500,000 each. A typical test floor of a large semiconductor manufacturer may have 100 test heads and 100 probers or 250 handlers supplied by various vendors for use at any one time. While larger global semiconductor manufacturers typically purchase ATE to test the ICs they manufacture, there are a growing number of semiconductor manufacturers who outsource IC testing to third-party foundries, test and assembly providers.
Test head manipulators, also referred to as positioners, facilitate the movement of the test head to the electronic device handler. Docking hardware mechanically connects the test head to the wafer prober or handler. Tester interface products provide the electrical connection between the test head and the wafer or packaged IC. Traditionally, temperature management products are used in back-end test to allow a manufacturer to test packaged ICs under the extreme temperature conditions in which the IC may be required to operate. However, we believe that temperature-controlled testing will be an increasingly important part of front-end wafer testing as more parameters traditionally tested in back-end test are moved to front-end test.
Trends in IC Testing
ATE is used to identify unacceptable packaged ICs and bad die on wafers. ATE assists IC manufacturers in controlling test costs by performing IC testing in an efficient and cost-effective manner. In order to provide testing equipment that can help IC manufacturers meet these goals, we believe the ATE market must address the following issues:
Change in Technology. End-user applications are demanding ICs with increasingly higher performance, greater speeds, and smaller sizes. ICs that meet these higher standards, including SOC designs, are more complex and dense. These technology trends have significant implications for the IC testing process, including:
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the need for test heads of higher complexity;
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higher signal densities;
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increasing test speeds; and
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a new generation of testers for SOC and other technologies.
Need for Plug-Compatibility and Integration. Semiconductor manufacturers need test methodologies that will perform increasingly complex tests while lowering the overall cost of testing. This can require combining ATE manufactured by various companies into optimally performing systems. Semiconductor manufacturers have to work closely with various test hardware, software, interface and component vendors to resolve design and compatibility issues in order to make these vendors' products plug-compatible with test equipment manufactured by other vendors.
Testing Under Extreme Conditions. ICs will have to perform across a wider spectrum of temperature and environmental conditions than ever before because of the growing complexity of products in which they are deployed. In recent years, temperature testing has found an increasing role in front-end, wafer-level testing. Creating a uniform thermal profile over much larger wafer areas represents a significant engineering and design challenge for ATE manufacturers.
Demand for Higher Levels of Technical Support. As IC testing becomes more complex, semiconductor manufacturers demand higher levels of technical support on a routine basis. ATE manufacturers must commit appropriate resources to technical support in order to develop close working relationships with their customers. This level of support also requires close proximity of service and support personnel to customers' facilities.
Cost Reduction Through Increased Front-End Testing. As the cost of testing ICs increases, semiconductor manufacturers will continue to look for ways to streamline the testing process to make it more cost-effective, such as the trend to use massive parallel testing, in which semiconductor manufacturers test multiple ICs on the wafer simultaneously. We believe that this factor will lead to more front-end, wafer-level testing.
OUR SOLUTIONS
We focus our development efforts on designing and producing high quality products that provide superior performance and cost-effectiveness. We seek to address each manufacturer's individual needs through innovative and customized designs, use of the best materials available, quality manufacturing practices and personalized service. We design solutions to overcome the evolving challenges facing the Semi Market and other markets that we serve, which we believe provide the following advantages:
Temperature-Controlled Testing. Our Thermostream(R) products are used by manufacturers in a number of markets to stress test a variety of semiconductor and electronic components, printed circuit boards and sub-assemblies. Factors motivating manufacturers to use temperature testing include design characterization, failure analysis and quality control, as well as determining performance under extreme operating temperatures, all of which contribute to manufacturing cost savings. Our thermal platforms and temperature chambers, sold under our Sigma Systems product line, can accommodate large thermal masses and are found in both laboratory and production environments. Thermonics' products provide a range of precision temperature forcing systems and have been melded into Temptronic's ATS ThermoStream product line. The Thermonics brand is now used to market a family of process chillers for test and industrial applications.
Induction Heating. Our acquisition of Ambrell added induction heating capabilities to our product offerings, which can be used by customers in process applications where precision controlled heating is needed. Customers use our induction heating products in conjunction with other technologies in various manufacturing environments to improve production efficiencies. Applications for our EKOHEAT(R) or EASYHEAT™ induction heating products include annealing, bonding, brazing, curing, forging, heat treating, melting, shrink-fitting and testing.
Scalable, Universal, High Performance Interface Technology. Our universal test head manipulators provide a high degree of positioning flexibility with a minimum amount of effort. As a result, our products can be used in virtually any test setting. Our manipulator products are designed to accommodate the increased size of test heads. Our docking hardware products offer precise control over the connection to test sockets, probing assemblies and interface boards, reducing downtime and minimizing costly damage to fragile components. Our newest manipulator and docking hardware designs offer automated capabilities that allow for reduced downtime and increased productivity through predictable and repeatable production setup with reduced risk of operator error. Our tester interface products optimize the integrity of the signals transmitted between the test head and the device under test by being virtually transparent to the test signals. This results in increased accuracy of the test data and may thus enable improved test yields. We believe that these characteristics will gain even more significance as testing becomes even more demanding.
Compatibility and Integration. A hallmark of our products has been, and continues to be, compatibility with a wide variety of ATE. Our manipulator and docking hardware products are all designed to be used with otherwise incompatible ATE. We believe this integrated approach to ATE facilitates smooth changeover from one tester to another, longer lives for interface components, better test results, increased ATE utilization and lower overall test costs.
Worldwide Customer Service and Support. We have long recognized the need to maintain a physical presence near our customers' facilities. As of December 31, 2020, we had domestic manufacturing facilities in Massachusetts, New Jersey and New York and provided service to our customers from sales and service personnel based in the U.S., Europe and Asia. Our engineers are easily accessible to, and can work directly with, most of our customers from the time we begin developing our initial proposal, through the delivery, installation and use of the product by our customer. In this way, we are able to develop and maintain close relationships with our customers.
OUR STRATEGIES
In connection with the changes in our executive management team during the third quarter of 2020, which are discussed further in Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements, we have recently announced changes in our corporate vision and strategy. Our corporate vision is to become the supplier of choice for innovative test and process technology solutions. We are committed to becoming recognized as a leader in our markets for design and manufacturing capabilities that result in high quality and cost-effective test and process solutions combined with a customer focus that drives a high level of customer satisfaction. We intend to achieve this vision through developing unique and differentiated solutions for the customers and industries we serve while at the same time expanding our portfolio of products, services, and support to drive increased value to our customers, thereby driving increased revenue for us. Our core strategies that we believe will allow us to achieve this vision and provide sustainable long-term growth are as follows:
Global and Market Expansion. We believe we can provide significant and sustainable long-term growth through a larger installed product base. In order to achieve this objective, we intend to make investments to drive further penetration in our existing markets. This may include initiatives to increase revenue both by selling a broader array of our current portfolio of products to our existing customer base as well as by expanding our customer base within these markets. In addition, we intend to increase our global footprint and coverage to better serve new and existing customers. Finally, our strategy in this area includes targeting expansion into new markets with our existing product portfolio.
Innovation and Differentiation. We plan to continue leveraging our know-how and expertise to deliver innovative solutions which we believe our competitors cannot match. We intend to allocate increased engineering resources towards developing new and unique solutions that are broadly applicable through standardized platforms that offer late-stage configuration. We believe this focus on driving more standardization to increase market availability and lower costs can positively impact our operational results as well as increase the breadth and depth of our customer base, both of which we expect will drive long-term sustainable growth in our revenue.
Service and Support. We believe service and support activities are valuable in strengthening customer satisfaction, loyalty and retention. Through ensuring that we serve our customers’ needs, whether by expanding service coverage and decreasing response time or through expanded and enhanced service offerings, we believe we can drive revenue growth and solidify our customer relationships. We plan to achieve these objectives by adding more resources to fill areas where we have identified gaps in service and support, as well as through adding remote service capabilities which can monitor the health of our products that are onsite at customer locations. In addition, we intend to focus on expanding our product portfolio to include more consumable products. We believe that increasing the number of ways and the frequency with which we make customer contacts can drive growth in our business in the future.
Strategic Acquisitions & Partnerships. Another element of our growth strategy has been, and will continue to be, to acquire businesses, technologies or products that are complementary to our current product offerings. We have acquired several businesses that have enabled us to expand our line of product offerings and have given us the opportunity to market a broader range of products to our customer base. We intend to continue to pursue acquisitions that help build our portfolio of technologies to better serve customers. These could be acquisitions which add to an existing business by expanding its product line or geographic presence, or new businesses that would allow us to expand our customer base and our served markets. We intend to explore opportunities across both of our product segments with the goal of expanding our electronic test capabilities, widening our thermal test capabilities in areas such as environmental test, and building out around the processing technologies that Ambrell added to our product offerings.
Talent and Culture. We believe ensuring the right people are in the right roles and are empowered to deliver success is crucial to the achievement of our core strategies. In addition, we intend to create a culture and environment of openness, one that is results-oriented and drives accountability across the organization. Finally, we intend to foster diversity and inclusion and provide opportunities for career development so as to maximize employee engagement, all of which is necessary to achieving our corporate vision.
OUR SEGMENTS
As noted above, we have two operating segments, Thermal and EMS, which are also our reporting units. Our Thermal segment consists of (i) inTEST Thermal Solutions (“iTS”), which manufactures and sells products under the Temptronic, Sigma and Thermonics brand names, and (ii) Ambrell. iTS has operations in Massachusetts, Germany and Singapore. Ambrell has operations in New York, the Netherlands and the U.K. Customers use the thermal solutions produced by iTS for product development, characterization and production test or process applications. Ambrell provides customers with induction heating system solutions for conditioning, joining, and forming conductive materials in the manufacturing process. Our Thermal segment provides these solutions across an array of markets including automotive, defense/aerospace, industrial, medical, semiconductor and telecommunications.
Our EMS segment consists of our manufacturing operations in New Jersey and, prior to December 31, 2020, our manufacturing operations in California. As discussed further in Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements, during the fourth quarter of 2020, we transitioned the manufacturing operations that had been performed in California to our operation in New Jersey. Semiconductor manufacturers use our EMS solutions in back-end testing where our mechanical and electrical products serve production testing of wafers and specialized packaged ICs. These ICs include microprocessors, digital signal processing chips, mixed signal devices, MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems), application specific ICs and specialized memory ICs, and are used primarily in the automotive, defense/aerospace, industrial, medical and telecommunications markets. We custom design most of our products for each customer's particular combination of ATE.
Thermal Products
ThermoStream(R) Products: Our ThermoStream(R) products are used in the Semi Market as a stand-alone temperature management tool, or in a variety of electronic test applications as part of our MobileTemp systems. ThermoStream(R) products provide a source of heated and cooled air that can be directed over the component or device under test. These systems are capable of controlling temperatures to within +/- 0.1 degree Celsius over a range of -100 degrees Celsius to as high as +300 degrees Celsius within 1.0 degree Celsius of accuracy. As a stand-alone tool, ThermoStreams(R) provide a temperature-controlled air stream to rapidly change and stabilize the temperature of packaged ICs and other devices.
Our MobileTemp Series combines our ThermoStream(R) products with our family of exclusive, high-speed ThermoChambers to offer thermal test systems with fast, uniform temperature control in a compact package enabling temperature testing at the test location. MobileTemp Systems are designed specifically for small thermal-mass applications beyond the Semi Market and have found application in the automotive, electronic, fiber optic and oil field service markets testing such things as electronic sub-assemblies, sensor assemblies, and printed circuit boards.
Traditionally, our customers use ThermoStream(R) products primarily in engineering, quality assurance and small-run manufacturing environments. ThermoStream(R) and MobileTemp products range in price from approximately $15,000 to $50,000.
Thermal Chambers: Our chamber products are available in a variety of sizes, from small bench-top units to chambers with internal volumes of twenty-seven cubic feet and greater and with temperature ranges as wide as from -190 degrees Celsius to +500 degrees Celsius. Chambers can be designed to utilize liquid nitrogen or liquid carbon dioxide cooling or mechanical refrigeration, and sometimes both. These chambers can accommodate large thermal masses and are found in both laboratory and production environments. Chambers are priced from $15,000 to $150,000.
Thermal Platforms: Our platforms are available in surface sizes ranging from 7.2 square inches to 616 square inches. They provide a flat, thermally conductive, precisely temperature controllable surface that is ideal for conditioning of testing devices with a flat surface. Platforms are available with temperature ranges as broad as -100 degrees Celsius to +250 degrees Celsius. Thermal platforms can be designed to utilize either liquid nitrogen or liquid carbon dioxide cooling or mechanical refrigeration. Platforms offer virtually unimpeded access to the device under test and their easy access and compact size makes them ideal for convenient bench-top use. Platforms are priced from $6,500 to $65,000.
Thermonics(R) Products: Our Thermonics temperature conditioning products, which include our process chillers, provide tempered gas or fluid to enable customers to maintain desired thermal conditions within their tool or process. Applications include general industrial, chemical processing, energy, electronics, automotive, defense/aerospace and semiconductor markets. Prices range from $20,000 to greater than $250,000.
EKOHEAT(R) Products: Our EKOHEAT(R) induction heating systems with power ratings from 10kW to 500kW are manufactured by Ambrell and are used to conduct fast, efficient, repeatable non-contact heating of metals or other electrically conductive materials in order to transform raw materials into finished parts. Prices range from $25,000 to $250,000.
EASYHEAT™ Products: Our compact EASYHEAT™ induction heating systems with power ratings from 1kW to 10kW are manufactured by Ambrell are used to conduct fast, efficient, repeatable non-contact heating of metals or other electrically conductive materials in order to transform raw materials into finished parts. Prices range from $5,000 to $25,000.
Applications for both EKOHEAT(R) and EASYHEAT™ products include annealing, bonding, brazing, curing, forging, heat treating, melting, shrink-fitting, soldering and testing.
EMS Products
Manipulator Products. We offer three lines of manipulator products: the in2(R), the Cobal and the LS Series. These free-standing universal manipulators can hold a variety of test heads and enable an operator to reposition a test head for alternate use with any one of several probers or handlers on a test floor.
Our manipulator products incorporate a balanced floating-head design. This design permits a test head weighing up to 1,760 pounds to be held in an effectively weightless state, so it can be moved manually or with optional powered assistance, up or down, right or left, forward or backward and rotated around each axis (known as six degrees of motion freedom) by an operator using a modest amount of force or with a computer controlled pendant. The same design features enable the operator to dock the test head without causing inadvertent damage to the fragile electrical contacts. As a result, after testing a particular production lot of ICs, the operator can quickly and easily disconnect a test head that is held in an in2(R) or Cobal Series manipulator and equipped with our docking hardware and dock it to another electronic device handler for testing either a subsequent lot of the same packaged ICs or to test different ICs. With the LS Series manipulators, the undocking, movement of the test head and redocking can be done automatically through the pendant. Our manipulator products range in price from approximately $12,000 to $75,000.
Docking Hardware Products. We offer two lines of docking hardware products: fixed manual docking and IntelliDock pin and cup docking. Both types protect the delicate interface contacts and ensure proper repeatable and precise alignment between the test head's interface board and the prober's probing assembly or the handler's test socket as they are brought together, or "docked." Fixed manual docking includes a mechanical cam mechanism to dock and lock the test head to the prober or handler. IntelliDock is an automated docking solution that provides operator feedback for each docking step via a touchscreen display, and when coupled with the LS Series manipulator, redeployment of the test head can be done automatically and accurately via the computer pendant. Both types of docking hardware products eliminate motion of the test head relative to the prober or handler once docked. This minimizes deterioration of the interface boards, test sockets and probing assemblies that is caused by constant vibration during testing. Our docking hardware products are used primarily with floating-head universal manipulators when maximum mobility and inter-changeability of handlers and probers between test heads is required. By using our docking hardware products, semiconductor manufacturers can achieve cost savings through improved ATE utilization, improved accuracy and integrity of test results, optimized floor support and reduced repairs and replacements of expensive ATE interface products.
We believe our docking hardware products offer our customers the ability to make various competing brands of test heads compatible with various brands of probers and handlers by only changing interface boards. This is called "plug-compatibility." Plug-compatibility enables increased flexibility and utilization of test heads, probers and handlers purchased from various ATE manufacturers. We believe that because we do not compete with ATE manufacturers in the sale of probers, handlers or testers, ATE manufacturers are willing to provide us with the information that is integral to the design of plug-compatible products. Our docking hardware products range in price from approximately $2,000 to $25,000.
Interface Products. Our tester interface products provide the electrical connections between the tester and the wafer prober or IC handler to carry the electrical signals between the tester and the probe card on the prober or the test socket on the handler. Our designs optimize the integrity of the transmitted signal. Therefore, our tester interfaces can be used with high speed, high frequency, digital or mixed signal testers used in testing more complex ICs. Because our tester interface products enable the tester to provide more reliable yield data, our interfaces may also reduce IC production costs. We design standard and modular interface products to address most possible tester/prober combinations on the market today. In addition, we provide a custom design service that will allow any of our customers to use virtually any tester, prober or handler combination with any type of device, such as analog, digital, mixed signal and radio frequency. For example, our Centaur(R) modular interface is designed to provide flexibility and scalability through the use of replaceable signal modules which can be easily changed on the test floor as our customers' testing requirements change. In addition to the Centaur(R) modular interface, we also offer over 200 different types of tester interface models that we custom designed for our customers' specific applications. These tester interface products range in price from approximately $7,000 to $110,000.
Financial Information About Operating Segments and Geographic Areas
Please see Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Report on Form 10-K for additional data regarding net revenues, profit or loss and total assets of each of our segments and revenues attributable to foreign countries.
MARKETING, SALES AND CUSTOMER SUPPORT
We market and sell our products primarily in markets where semiconductors are manufactured. North American and European semiconductor manufacturers, as well as third-party foundries, test and assembly providers, have located most of their back-end factories in Southeast Asia. The front-end wafer fabrication plants of U.S. semiconductor manufacturers are primarily in the U.S. Likewise, European, Taiwanese, South Korean and Japanese semiconductor manufacturers generally have located their wafer fabrication plants in their respective countries. We have been providing a greater number of engineered solutions to markets outside the Semi Market. These are thermal-based solutions that fall into the categories of test and process, involving automotive, defense/aerospace, industrial, medical and telecommunications markets.
Thermal Products: We market our thermal products brands, Temptronic, Sigma and Thermonics, under the umbrella name of inTEST Thermal Solutions and sales to ATE manufacturers are handled directly by our own sales force. Sales to semiconductor manufacturers and customers in other markets in the U.S. are handled through independent sales representative organizations. In Singapore and Malaysia, our sales and service are handled through our internal sales and service staff. In the rest of Asia, our sales are handled through distributors. In Europe, sales managers at our office in Germany, as well as regional distributors and independent sales representatives, sell to semiconductor manufacturers and customers in other markets. We communicate with our distributors regularly and have trained them to sell and service our thermal products.
We market our EASYHEAT™ and EKOHEAT(R) precision induction heating equipment to manufacturers who require specialized industrial heating in a wide array of industries, including automotive, aerospace and semiconductor, and are sold globally through a combination of regional sales managers, independent sales representatives and independent distributors. In North America, direct regional sales managers provide sales coverage augmented by independent sales representatives. In Europe, direct sales managers provide sales coverage augmented by independent distributors. In Asia, distributors have responsibility for sales and service of our products. We generate a significant portion of our sales leads through our website as well as through trade show attendance. However, as a result of COVID-19, the majority of the trade shows we would have normally attended were either canceled or held virtually during 2020. We believe this negatively impacted our revenue for our induction heating products during 2020. We continue to focus on other methods of lead generation and expect that trade show attendance will resume in 2021.
We also provide induction heating product support through our SmartCARE Service offering, which includes equipment repairs and training, preventative maintenance, enhanced warranties and spare parts. Our field service engineers, located in the U.S. and Europe, provide service and support globally. Additionally, a number of distributors in Europe and Asia have factory-trained service technicians.
EMS Products: In North America, we sell to semiconductor manufacturers principally through independent, commissioned sales representatives. North American sales representatives also coordinate product installation and support with our technical staff and participate in trade shows. As a result of COVID-19, the majority of the trade shows we would have normally attended were either canceled or held virtually during 2020, however, unlike for our induction heating products, our sales lead generation activities are not significantly reliant on trade show attendance.
Our internal sales account managers handle sales to ATE manufacturers and are responsible for a portfolio of customer accounts and for managing certain independent sales representatives. In addition, our sales account managers are responsible for pricing, quotations, proposals and transaction negotiations, and they assist with applications engineering and custom product design. Technical support is provided to North American customers and independent sales representatives by employees based in New Jersey, California and Texas.
In Europe, we sell to semiconductor and ATE manufacturers through our internal sales staff. Technical support is provided by our staff in the U.K. In China, Japan, the Philippines, South Korea, and Thailand, we sell through the use of independent sales representatives who are supervised by our internal sales staff. In Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan, our sales are handled by our internal sales staff. International sales representatives are responsible for sales, installation, support and trade show participation in their geographic market areas. Technical support is provided to Asian customers primarily by employees based in Malaysia, the Philippines and Taiwan.
CUSTOMERS
We market all of our products to end users including semiconductor manufacturers, third-party foundries and test and assembly providers, as well as to original equipment manufacturers ("OEMs"), which include ATE manufacturers and their third-party outsource manufacturing partners. In the case of thermal products, we also market our products to independent testers of semiconductors, manufacturers of automotive, defense/aerospace, industrial, medical and telecommunications products, semiconductor research facilities, and manufacturers and manufacturing process integrators for a variety of industrial process applications. Our customers use our products principally in production testing or process/manufacturing applications, although our ThermoStream(R) products traditionally have been used largely in engineering development and quality assurance. We believe that we sell to most of the major semiconductor manufacturers in the world.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, no customer accounted for 10% or more of our consolidated net revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2019, Texas Instruments Incorporated accounted for 10% of our consolidated net revenues. While both of our operating segments sold products to this customer, these revenues were primarily generated by our EMS segment. During the year ended December 31, 2019, no other customer accounted for 10% or more of our consolidated net revenues. Our ten largest customers accounted for approximately 35% and 34% of our consolidated net revenues in 2020 and 2019, respectively. The loss of any one or more of our largest customers, or a reduction in orders by a major customer, could materially reduce our net revenues or otherwise materially affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Our largest customers in 2020 include:
Semiconductor Manufacturers
Other
Aixtron SE
Emerson Electric Co.
Analog Devices, Inc.
Hakuto Co. Ltd.
NXP Semiconductors N.V.
Lockheed Martin Corporation
QUALCOMM Incorporated
Raytheon Company
Renesas Electronics Corporation
Texas Instruments Incorporated
MANUFACTURING AND SUPPLY
As of December 31, 2020, our principal manufacturing operations consisted of assembly and testing at our facilities in Massachusetts, New Jersey and New York. As discussed further in Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements, during the fourth quarter of 2020, we transitioned the manufacturing of our tester interface products from our facility in Fremont, California to our facility in Mt. Laurel, New Jersey. We assemble most of our products from a combination of standard components and custom parts that have been fabricated to our specifications by either third-party manufacturers or our own fabrication operation in New Jersey. Our practice is to use the highest quality raw materials and components in our products. The primary raw materials used in fabricated parts are widely available. Substantially all of our components are purchased from multiple suppliers, however certain raw materials and components are sourced from single suppliers. Although, from time to time, certain components may be in short supply due to high demand or inability of vendors to meet quality or delivery requirements, we believe that all materials and components are available in adequate amounts from other sources.
We conduct inspections of incoming raw materials, fabricated parts and components using sophisticated measurement equipment. This includes testing with coordinate measuring machines in all but one of our manufacturing facilities to ensure that products with critical dimensions meet our specifications. We have designed our inspection standards to comply with applicable MIL specifications and ANSI standards.
Our Massachusetts facility is ISO 9001:2015 certified. Our New York facility is ISO 9001:2015 certified. Our New Jersey facility manufacture products only for the semiconductor industry where ISO certification is not required. However, this location does employ the practices embodied in the ISO 9001:2008.
ENGINEERING AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
Our success depends on our ability to provide our customers with products and solutions that are well engineered and to design those products and solutions before, or at least no later than, our competitors. As of December 31, 2020, we employed a total of 45 engineers engaged in engineering and product development. In addition, when the demands of engineering and product development projects exceed the capacity or knowledge of our in-house staff, we retain temporary third-party engineering and product development consultants to assist us. Our practice in many cases is to assign engineers to work with specific customers, thereby enabling us to develop the relationships and exchange of information that is most conducive to successful product development and enhancement. In addition, some of our engineers are assigned to new product research and development and have worked on such projects as the development of new types of universal manipulators, the redesign and development of new thermal products and the development of high-performance interfaces.
Since most of our products are customized, we consider substantially all of our engineering activities to be engineering and product development. We spent approximately $5.0 million in each of the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 on engineering and product development.
PATENTS AND OTHER PROPRIETARY RIGHTS
Our policy is to protect our technology by filing patent applications for the technologies that we consider important to our business. We also rely on trademarks, trade secrets, copyrights and unpatented know-how to protect our proprietary rights. It is our practice to require that all of our employees and third-party product development consultants assign to us all rights to inventions or other discoveries relating to our business that were made while working for us. In addition, all employees and third-party product development consultants agree not to disclose any private or confidential information relating to our technology, trade secrets or intellectual property.
As of December 31, 2020, we held 62 active U.S. patents and had two pending U.S. patent applications covering various aspects of our technology. Our U.S. patents expire at various times beginning in 2021 and extending through 2038. During 2020, two U.S. patents were issued and four U.S. patents expired. We do not believe that the upcoming expiration of certain of our patents in 2021 will have a material impact on our business. We also hold foreign patents and file foreign patent applications, in selected cases corresponding to our U.S. patents and patent applications, to the extent management deems appropriate.
While we believe that our patents and other proprietary rights are important to our business, we also believe that, due to the rapid pace of technological change in the markets we serve, the successful manufacture and sale of our products also depends upon our engineering, manufacturing, marketing and servicing skills. In the absence of patent protection, we would be vulnerable to competitors who attempt to copy or imitate our products or processes. We believe our intellectual property has value, and we have taken in the past, and will take in the future, actions we deem appropriate to protect such property from misappropriation. There can be no assurance, however, that such actions will provide meaningful protection from competition. For additional information regarding risks related to our intellectual property, see the "Risk Factors" section of this Report.
COMPETITION
We operate in an increasingly competitive environment within both of our operating segments. Some of our competitors have greater financial resources and more extensive design and production capabilities than us. Certain markets in which we operate have become more fragmented, with smaller companies entering the market. These new smaller entrants typically have much lower levels of fixed operating overhead than us, which enables them to be profitable with lower priced products. In order to remain competitive with these and other companies, we must continue to commit a significant portion of our personnel, financial resources, research and development and customer support to developing new products and maintaining customer relationships worldwide.
Our competitors include independent manufacturers, ATE manufacturers and, to a lesser extent, semiconductor manufacturers' in-house ATE interface groups. Competitive factors in the markets we serve include price, functionality, timely product delivery, customer service, applications support, product performance and reliability. We believe that our long-term relationships with our customers in the various markets we support and our commitment to, and reputation for, providing high quality products, are important elements in our ability to compete effectively in all of our markets.
Our principal competitors for Thermostream(R) products are FTS Systems, a part of SP Industries, and MPI Corporation. Our principal competitors for environmental chambers are Cincinnati Sub-Zero Products, Inc., Espec Corp. and Thermotron Industries. Our principal competitor for thermal platforms is Environmental Stress Systems Inc. Our principal competitors for EKOHEAT(R) and EASYHEAT™ products are Inductotherm Corporation, Park-Ohio Holdings, EFD Induction Corporation, Trumpf Huettinger GmbH, Ultraflex Power Technologies and CEIA SpA.
Our principal competitors for manipulator products are Advantest Corporation, Esmo AG, Reid-Ashman Manufacturing and Teradyne, Inc. Our principal competitors for docking hardware products include Advantest Corporation, Esmo AG, Knight Automation, Reid-Ashman Manufacturing and Teradyne, Inc. Our principal competitors for tester interface products are Advantest Corporation, Esmo AG, Reid-Ashman Manufacturing and Teradyne, Inc.
BACKLOG
At December 31, 2020, our backlog of unfilled orders for all products was $11.5 million compared with $5.5 million at December 31, 2019. Our backlog includes customer orders that we have accepted, substantially all of which we expect to deliver in 2021. While backlog is calculated on the basis of firm purchase orders, a customer may cancel an order or accelerate or postpone currently scheduled delivery dates. Our backlog may be affected by the tendency of customers to rely on shorter lead times available from suppliers, including us, in periods of depressed demand. In periods of increased demand, there is a tendency towards longer lead times, which has the effect of increasing backlog. As a result of these factors, our backlog at a particular date is not necessarily indicative of sales for any future period.
EMPLOYEES
At December 31, 2020, we had 204 employees (199 of which were full-time), including 112 in manufacturing operations, 54 in customer support/operations and 38 in administration. Substantially all of our key employees are highly skilled and trained technical personnel. None of our employees are represented by a labor union, and we have never experienced a work stoppage. From time to time, we retain third-party contractors to assist us in manufacturing operations and engineering and product development projects.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to these reports that are filed with the SEC pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”), are available free of charge through our website (www.intest.com) as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file them with, or furnish them to, the SEC. We also routinely post press releases, presentations, webcasts and other information regarding the Company on our website. The information posted to our website is not part of this Report.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Item 1A. RISK FACTORS
The following are some of the factors that could materially and adversely affect our future performance or could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in our forward-looking statements. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only risks facing us and we cannot predict every event and circumstance that may adversely affect our business. However, these risks and uncertainties are the most significant factors that we have identified at this time. If one or more of these risks actually occurs, our business, results of operations and/or financial condition could suffer, and the price of our stock could be negatively affected.
RISKS RELATED TO COVID-19
Our business, results of operations and financial condition and the market price of our common stock have been and may continue to be adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.
During the first half of 2020, our business was adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. During the second half of the year, the negative impact of COVID-19 on our business was reduced significantly. However, COVID-19 continues to cause disruptions, both domestically and globally, and we believe the situation will remain challenging until the spread of the virus or variants of the virus can be contained which we believe will not occur until the global dissemination and inoculation of recently introduced vaccines is substantially complete. As of the date of this filing, all of our operations continue to be deemed “critical and essential business operations” under the various governmental COVID-19 mandates which has allowed us to continue to operate our business with certain modifications. The spread of the virus or variants of the virus could worsen and one or more of our significant customers or suppliers could be impacted, or significant additional governmental regulations and restrictions could be imposed, thus negatively impacting our business in the future.
We have had occasions where one or more employees have contracted COVID-19 and entered our facilities while infected. We have managed these occurrences with minimal disruption to our business while protecting other employees, but there can be no assurances that we can avoid similar occurrences in the future or that, in such cases, we can avoid significant disruption of our operations as a result of such occurrences. Should this occur, or should we have employees who become ill or otherwise are unable to work as a result of COVID-19, we may experience limitations in employee resources or may be required to close affected facilities for a time to clean and disinfect appropriately, and allow employees to quarantine, as appropriate.
Our net revenues from all of the markets we serve were significantly affected by COVID-19 during the first half of 2020. The impact of COVID-19 on our net revenues from the Semi Market was intensified during the first half of the year because our business operations were also being negatively affected by a global downturn in the Semi Market at that time. We believe the level of increase in our orders from the Semi Market during the fourth quarter of 2020 reflects a combination of increased demand in the market resulting from the interruption of the normal recovery in the Semi Market cycle caused by the onset of COVID-19 in the first half of 2020, as well as increased demand for semiconductors, generally. If the trend in our orders from customers in the Semi Market declines, in particular, if the spread of COVID-19 is not further contained and one or more of our significant customers is negatively impacted, our business, results of operations and financial condition will be adversely affected. In addition, the aftermarket service and support that we provide to our customers has been, and may continue to be, adversely affected by COVID-19 due to travel restrictions and limitations on visitors allowed into customer facilities, which has resulted in some of these activities being reduced or suspended.
Generally, global supply chains and the timely availability of products have been materially disrupted by quarantines, factory slowdowns or shutdowns, border closings and travel restrictions resulting from COVID-19. To date, we have not experienced significant price increases or lack of availability from our normal suppliers for the materials needed to produce our products in a timely manner and/or with the level of margins we typically expect to achieve. However, if the spread of COVID-19 or its variants is not further contained and one or more of our significant suppliers is negatively impacted, we could experience delays in receipt of materials or price increases in the future which could have a material negative impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
The adverse effects of COVID-19 on our business could be material in future periods, particularly if there are significant and prolonged economic slowdowns in regions where we derive a significant amount of our revenue or profit, or where our suppliers are located, or if we are forced to close facilities and limit or cease manufacturing operations for extended periods of time. We could experience delays in receipt of customer orders, cancellation or postponement of existing orders. Further, as a result of COVID-19, our ability to fulfill orders within the proposed parameters at the time of order, including within the approximated timeline and estimated cost, may be negatively affected. This could lead to a reduction in revenue and/or an increase in our cost of revenues in future periods and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. COVID-19 has also led to extreme volatility in capital markets and has adversely affected, and may adversely affect, the market price of our common stock in the future. As a result of any negative impact of COVID-19 on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows, we may determine that our goodwill and long-lived assets are impaired, which would result in recording an impairment charge. The amount of any such impairment charge could be material.
RISKS RELATED TO OUR MARKETS
Our sales are affected by the cyclicality of the Semi Market, which causes our operating results to fluctuate significantly.
Our business depends in significant part upon the capital expenditures of semiconductor manufacturers. Capital expenditures by these companies depend upon, among other things, the current and anticipated market demand for semiconductors and the products that utilize them. Typically, semiconductor manufacturers curtail capital expenditures during periods of economic downturn. Conversely, semiconductor manufacturers increase capital expenditures when market demand requires the addition of new or expanded production capabilities or the reconfiguration of existing fabrication facilities to accommodate new products. These market changes have contributed in the past, and will likely continue to contribute in the future, to fluctuations in our operating results.
We seek to further diversify the markets for our thermal products in order to increase the proportion of our sales attributable to markets which are less subject to cyclicality than the Semi Market. If we are unable to do so, our future performance will remain substantially exposed to the fluctuations of the cyclicality of the Semi Market.
Since 2009, we have sold our thermal products in markets outside of the Semi Market, including the automotive, defense/aerospace, industrial, medical and telecommunications markets. We refer to these other markets collectively as Multimarket. During 2020 and 2019, our Multimarket sales were $27.0 million and $29.7 million, respectively, and represented 50% and 49% of our consolidated net revenues, respectively. Prior to our acquisition of Ambrell, we offered only highly specialized engineering solutions in Multimarket, the demand for which is limited and which we expect may vary significantly from period to period. Our goal is to increase our Multimarket sales; however, in most cases, the expansion of our thermal product sales into these new markets has occurred in the last several years, and we may experience difficulty in expanding our sales efforts further into these markets. These difficulties could include hiring sales and marketing staff with sufficient experience selling into these new markets and our ability to continue to develop products which meet the needs of customers in these markets and which are not currently offered by our competitors. In addition, due to the highly specialized nature of certain of our product offerings in Multimarket, we do not expect broad market penetration in many of these markets. If we are unable to expand our Multimarket sales, our net revenues and results of operations will remain substantially dependent upon the cycles of the Semi Market.
RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS OPERATIONS
The efficiencies or benefits we expect from the consolidation of our EMS manufacturing operations may not be realized which could result in higher-than-expected costs in future periods, a negative impact on our reputation and lost business opportunities.
On September 21, 2020, we notified employees in our Fremont, California facility of a plan to consolidate all manufacturing operations for our EMS segment into our manufacturing operations located in Mt. Laurel, New Jersey. Prior to the consolidation, our interface products were manufactured in the Fremont facility, and our manipulator and docking hardware products were manufactured in the Mt. Laurel facility. The consolidation was substantially completed during the fourth quarter of 2020. We are also currently in the process of reducing the size of our manufacturing facility in Mt. Laurel from approximately 55,000 square feet to approximately 34,000 square feet. The consolidation of manufacturing operations and footprint reduction in the Mt. Laurel facility were undertaken to better serve customers through streamlined operations and reduce the fixed annual operating costs for the EMS segment. A small engineering and sales office will be maintained in northern California. If we do not achieve the efficiencies and benefits we currently anticipate as a result of the consolidation, or if we determine that the reduction in manufacturing space is not sustainable, our costs could be higher than we currently expect in future periods.
The EMS facility consolidation resulted in the termination of certain employees at the Fremont location, including all of our interface product line assembly staff who were located at that facility. As a result of transitioning our interface manufacturing operations to New Jersey, we have hired new production staff for this product line in our Mt. Laurel facility. These new employees are being trained to assemble our products and therefore are not yet as efficient or experienced as the employees that were terminated in the Fremont location. As a result, we may experience increased lead times for our interface products for the next several months which could impact customer shipments as well as quality of our interface products. This may be further exacerbated by the recent surge in demand that we have experienced for our EMS products. If we do not meet our customers’ expectations for on-time delivery and quality, this could impact our reputation and result in lost business opportunities. Additionally, we may incur higher levels of warranty costs over the next several months as a result of the potential inability to meet customer quality requirements. This could increase our costs in future periods. The occurrence of any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition in future periods.
If our suppliers do not meet product or delivery requirements, we could have reduced revenues and earnings.
Certain components of our products may be in short supply from time to time because of high demand or the inability of some vendors to consistently meet our quality or delivery requirements. A significant portion of our material purchases require some custom work, and there are not always multiple suppliers capable of performing such custom work on a timely or cost-effective basis. If any of our suppliers were to cancel commitments or fail to meet quality or delivery requirements needed to satisfy customer orders for our products, we could lose time-sensitive customer orders, have reduced revenues and earnings, and be subject to contractual penalties, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
A breach of our operational or security systems could negatively affect our business, our reputation and results of operations.
We rely on various information technology networks and systems, some of which are managed by third parties, to process, transmit and store electronic information, including confidential data, and to carry out and support a variety of business activities, including manufacturing, research and development, supply chain management, sales and accounting. A failure in, or a breach of, our operational or security systems or infrastructure, or those of our suppliers and other service providers, including as a result of cyberattacks, could disrupt our business, result in the disclosure or misuse of proprietary or confidential information, result in litigation, damage our reputation, cause losses and significantly increase our costs. Although we have been the target of security breaches in the past, we have not experienced material losses to date related to such incidents. Nevertheless, there can be no assurance that we will not suffer such losses in the future. In addition, domestic and international regulatory agencies have implemented, and are continuing to implement, various reporting and remediation requirements that companies must comply with upon learning of a breach. While we have insurance that may protect us from incurring some of these costs, there is no assurance that such insurance coverage is adequate to cover all costs and damages incurred in connection with a cyberattack.
Our business may suffer if we are unable to attract and retain key employees or hire personnel at the costs we currently project.
Our future success will depend largely upon the continued services of our senior management and other key employees or the development of successors with commensurate skills and talents in a timely fashion and at the costs we project. If we cannot continue to increase employee salaries and maintain employee benefits commensurate with competitive opportunities, we may not be able to retain our senior management and other key employees. The loss of key personnel could adversely affect our ability to manage our business effectively and could increase our costs in future periods.
We have recently experienced difficulty in hiring personnel at the costs projected in our forecasts. This has resulted in the need to increase the labor rates offered for certain positions. If we cannot find savings in other areas or increase the price for which we sell our products in an amount sufficient to cover these additional labor costs, we may experience reduced margins in future periods.
We have experienced and may continue to experience significant variability in our effective tax rates and may have exposure to additional tax liabilities and costs.
We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and various other countries in which we operate. Our effective tax rate is dependent on where our earnings are generated and the tax regulations and the interpretation and judgment of administrative tax or revenue entities in the U.S. and other countries. We are also subject to tax audits in the countries where we operate. Any material assessment resulting from an audit from an administrative tax or revenue entity could negatively affect our financial results.
RISKS RELATED TO OUR AQUISITION STRATEGY
We seek to grow our business through the acquisition of additional businesses. If we are unable to do so, our future rate of growth may be reduced or limited. We may incur significant expenses related to due diligence or other transaction-related expenses for a proposed acquisition that may not be completed.
A key element of our growth strategy is to acquire businesses, technologies or products that are complementary to our current product offerings. We seek to make acquisitions that will further expand our product lines as well as strengthen our positions in served markets and provide expansion into new markets. We may not be able to execute our acquisition strategy and our future growth may be limited if:
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we are unable to identify suitable businesses, technologies or products to acquire;
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we do not have sufficient cash or access to required capital at the necessary time;
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we are unwilling or unable to outbid larger, more resourceful companies; or
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we are unable to successfully close proposed acquisitions.
We may incur significant expenses related to due diligence or other transaction-related expenses for a proposed acquisition that may not be completed, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Our acquisition strategy involves financial and management risks which may adversely affect our results in the future.
If we acquire additional businesses, technologies or products, we will face the following additional risks:
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future acquisitions could divert management's attention from daily operations or otherwise require additional management, operational and financial resources;
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we might not be able to integrate future acquisitions into our business successfully or operate acquired businesses profitably;
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we may realize substantial acquisition related expenses that would reduce our net earnings in future years; and
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our investigation of potential acquisition candidates may not reveal problems and liabilities of the companies that we acquire.
If any of the events described above occur, our earnings could be reduced. If we issue shares of our stock or other rights to purchase our stock in connection with any future acquisitions, we would dilute our existing stockholders' interests and our earnings per share may decrease. If we issue or incur debt in connection with any future acquisitions, lenders may require that we pledge our assets to secure repayment of such debt and impose covenants on us, which could, among other things, restrict our ability to increase capital expenditures or to acquire additional businesses.
We may attempt to acquire a substantial business that would require us to issue equity or incur significant debt from third parties. If we are unable to secure sufficient financing at terms that are acceptable to us, we may not be able to close the proposed acquisition. Additionally, should we incur significant debt, we may not be able to achieve compliance with all covenants related to the debt depending on our financial results in future periods.
In connection with our acquisition strategy, we are pursuing potential acquisition opportunities that may be significant in size compared to us, which could require us to issue equity or obtain significant third-party financing to close the proposed transaction. We may encounter difficulties in securing necessary financing at terms that would be acceptable to us and may not be able to close on the proposed acquisition. In addition, should we incur significant third-party debt, our future financial results may be negatively impacted by external factors, such as an economic recession, which may impact our ability to achieve compliance with any covenants related to the debt as well as make the required payments under the terms of the indebtedness.
We may acquire businesses in the future and utilize an earnout structure as we have done in prior transactions we have closed. In connection with the earnout, we may be required to accrue significant increases or decreases to the contingent consideration liability we would establish. These adjustments to the contingent consideration liability could cause our results of operations to have increased variability, which may negatively impact our stock’s trading price.
We may utilize an earnout structure on future acquisitions as we have done in prior transactions we have closed. The initial contingent consideration liability is established as part of the accounting for the business combination. In subsequent periods, we are required to estimate the fair value of the contingent consideration associated with any earnout on a quarterly basis and record an adjustment to the contingent consideration liability in our results of operations for the period concerned. The contingent consideration adjustment we record quarterly may cause increased variability in our future results of operations, which may cause fluctuations in our stock price.
RISKS RELATED TO OUR CUSTOMER BASE
Changes in the buying patterns of our customers have affected, and may continue to affect, demand for our products and our gross and net operating margins. Such changes in patterns are difficult to predict and may not be immediately apparent.
In addition to the cyclicality of the Semi Market, demand for our products and our gross and net operating margins have also been affected by changes in the buying patterns of our customers. Some of the changes in customer buying patterns that have impacted us in the past, and may continue to do so in the future, have included customers placing heightened emphasis on shorter lead times (which places increased demands on our available engineering and production capacity and may result in increasing unit costs) and ordering in smaller quantities (which prevents us from acquiring component materials in larger volumes at lower unit costs.) We have also experienced customer supply chain management groups demanding lower prices and spreading purchases across multiple vendors. We believe some of the changes in customer buying patterns are the result of changes within the Semi Market over the last several years, including, for example, changing product requirements and longer time periods between new product offerings by OEMs. Such shifts in market practices have had, and may continue to have, varying degrees of impact on our net revenues and our gross and net operating margins. Such shifts are difficult to predict and may not be immediately apparent, and the impact of these practices is difficult to quantify from period to period. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in implementing effective strategies to counter these shifts.
We generate a large portion of our sales from a small number of customers. If we were to lose one or more of our large customers, our operating results could suffer dramatically.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, no customer accounted for 10% or more of our consolidated net revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2019, Texas Instruments Incorporated accounted for 10% of our consolidated net revenues. While both of our operating segments sold products to this customer, these revenues were primarily generated by our EMS segment. During the year ended December 31, 2019, no other customer accounted for 10% or more of our consolidated net revenues. Our ten largest customers accounted for approximately 35% and 34% of our consolidated net revenues in 2020 and 2019, respectively. The loss of any one or more of our largest customers, or a reduction in orders by a major customer could materially reduce our net revenues or otherwise materially affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
RISKS RELATED TO COMPETITION
Our business is subject to intense competition, which has in the past and could in the future, materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We face significant competition throughout the world in each of our operating segments. Some of our competitors have substantial financial resources and more extensive design and production capabilities than us. Some of our competitors are much smaller than we are, and therefore have much lower levels of overhead than us, which enables them to sell their competing products at lower prices. In order to remain competitive, we must continually commit a significant portion of our personnel and financial resources to developing new products and maintaining customer satisfaction worldwide. We expect our competitors to continue to improve the performance of their current products and introduce new products or technologies. In the recent past, in response to significant declines in global demand for our products, some competitors have reduced their product pricing significantly, which has led to intensified price-based competition, which has and could continue to materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our industry is subject to rapid technological change, and our business prospects would be negatively affected if we are unable to quickly and effectively respond to innovation in the Semi Market.
Semiconductor technology continues to become more complex as manufacturers incorporate ICs into an increasing variety of products. This trend, and the changes needed in automated testing systems to respond to developments in the semiconductor market, are likely to continue. We cannot be certain that we will be successful or timely in developing, manufacturing or selling products that will satisfy customer needs or that will attain market acceptance. Our failure to provide products that effectively and timely meet customer needs or gain market acceptance will negatively affect our business prospects.
RISKS RELATED TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
Claims of intellectual property infringement by or against us could seriously harm our businesses.
From time to time, we may be forced to respond to or prosecute intellectual property infringement claims to defend or protect our rights or a customer's rights. These claims, regardless of merit, may consume valuable management time, result in costly litigation or cause product shipment delays. Any of these factors could seriously harm our business and operating results. We may have to enter into royalty or licensing agreements with third parties who claim infringement. These royalty or licensing agreements, if available, may be costly to us. If we are unable to enter into royalty or licensing agreements with satisfactory terms, our business could suffer. In instances where we have had reason to believe that we may be infringing the patent rights of others, or that someone may be infringing our patent rights, we have asked our patent counsel to evaluate the validity of the patents in question, as well as the potentially infringing conduct. If we become involved in a dispute, neither the third parties nor the courts are bound by our counsel's conclusions.
RISKS RELATED TO OUR OEPRATING RESULTS AND STOCK PRICE
Our operating results often change significantly from quarter to quarter and may cause fluctuations in our stock price.
Historically, our operating results have fluctuated significantly from quarter to quarter. We believe that these fluctuations occur primarily due to the cycles of demand in the semiconductor manufacturing industry. In addition to these changing cycles of demand, other factors that have caused our quarterly operating results to fluctuate in the past or that may cause fluctuations and losses in the future, include:
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the impact of COVID-19 or any other pandemic on our business;
●
changes in demand in Multimarket including the automotive, defense/aerospace, industrial, medical and telecommunication markets;
●
the state of the U.S. and global economies;
●
changes in the buying patterns of our customers including any changes in the rate of, and timing of, purchases by our customers;
●
the impact of interruptions in our supply chain caused by external factors;
●
changes in our market share;
●
costs related to due diligence and transaction-related expenses for a proposed acquisition that does not get completed;
●
costs and timing of integration of our acquisitions and plant consolidations and relocations;
●
the technological obsolescence of our inventories;
●
quantities of our inventories greater than is reasonably likely to be utilized in future periods;
●
fluctuations in the level of product warranty charges;
●
competitive pricing pressures;
●
excess manufacturing capacity;
●
our ability to control operating costs;
●
delays in shipments of our products;
●
the mix of our products sold;
●
the mix of customers and geographic regions where we sell our products;
●
changes in the level of our fixed costs;
●
costs associated with the development of our proprietary technology;
●
our ability to obtain raw materials or fabricated parts when needed;
●
increases in costs of component materials;
●
cancellation or rescheduling of orders by our customers;
●
changes in government regulations; and
●
political or economic instability.
Because the market price of our common stock has tended to vary based on, and in relation to, changes in our operating results, fluctuations in the market price of our stock are likely to continue as variations in our quarterly results continue.
RISKS RELATED TO FOREIGN OPERATIONS
A substantial portion of our customers are located outside the U.S., which exposes us to foreign political and economic risks.
We have operated internationally for many years and expect to expand our international operations to continue expansion of our sales and service to our non-U.S. customers. Our foreign subsidiaries generated 14% and 15% of consolidated net revenues in 2020 and 2019, respectively. Net revenues from foreign customers totaled $31.6 million, or 59% of consolidated net revenues in 2020, and $35.4 million, or 58% of consolidated net revenues in 2019. We expect our net revenues from foreign customers will continue to represent a significant portion of total net revenues. In addition to the risks generally associated with sales and operations in the U.S., sales to customers outside the U.S. and operations in foreign countries are subject to additional risks, which may, in the future, affect our operations. These risks include:
●
the effects of COVID-19 on markets outside the U.S.;
●
the effects of certain foreign customers being added to the list of restricted customers by the U.S. Department of Commerce;
●
the implementation of trade tariffs by the U.S. and other countries that would impact our products;
●
political and economic instability in foreign countries;
●
the imposition of financial and operational controls and regulatory restrictions by foreign governments;
●
the need to comply with a wide variety of U.S. and foreign import and export laws;
●
local business and cultural factors that differ from our normal standards and practices, including business practices that we are prohibited from engaging in by the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other anti-corruption laws and regulations;
●
trade restrictions;
●
changes in taxes;
●
longer payment cycles;
●
fluctuations in currency exchange rates; and
●
the greater difficulty of administering business abroad.
A significant portion of our cash position is maintained overseas and we may not be able to repatriate cash from overseas when necessary, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition.
While much of our cash is in the U.S., a significant portion is generated from and maintained by our foreign operations. As of December 31, 2020, $3.2 million, or 31%, of our cash and cash equivalents were held by our foreign subsidiaries. Our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely impacted if we are unable to maintain a sufficient level of cash flow in the U.S. to address our cash requirements and if we are unable to efficiently and timely repatriate cash from overseas. Any payment of distributions, loans or advances to us by our foreign subsidiaries could be subject to restrictions on, or taxation of, dividends or repatriation of earnings under applicable local law, monetary transfer restrictions and foreign currency exchange regulations in the jurisdictions in which our subsidiaries operate. If we are unable to repatriate the earnings of our subsidiaries, it could have an adverse impact on our ability to redeploy earnings in other jurisdictions where they could be used more profitably.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Item 1B.
UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.

---

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Item 2.
PROPERTIES
At December 31, 2020, we leased seven facilities worldwide. The following chart provides information regarding each of our principal facilities that we leased at December 31, 2020:
Location
Lease
Expiration
Approx.
Square
Footage
Principal Uses
Mansfield, MA
December 2024(1)
52,700
Thermal segment operations (principal facility for iTS)
Mt. Laurel, NJ
April 2021(2)
54,897
Corporate headquarters and EMS segment operations
Fremont, CA
November 2025(3)
15,746
EMS segment sales and engineering
Rochester, NY
April 2028
79,150
Thermal segment operations (principal facility for Ambrell)
All of our facilities have space to accommodate our needs for the foreseeable future.
(1)
During the fourth quarter of 2020, we reduced the administrative footprint by 6,100 square feet in our Mansfield, Massachusetts corporate office associated with the reestablishment of the Mt. Laurel, New Jersey office as our corporate headquarters, as more fully discussed in Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements.
(2)
On September 22, 2020, we executed an amendment to the lease for our facility in Mt. Laurel, New Jersey, which extended the term of the existing lease for a period of 120 months commencing on May 1, 2021. In addition, effective on August 1, 2021, the leased space will be reduced to approximately 33,650 square feet.
(3)
During the fourth quarter of 2020, we consolidated all manufacturing operations for our EMS segment into our facility in Mt. Laurel, New Jersey, as more fully discussed in Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 3.
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
From time to time we may be a party to legal proceedings occurring in the ordinary course of business. We are not currently involved in any material legal proceedings.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Item 4.
MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
Item 5.
MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Market for Common Stock
Our common stock is traded on NYSE American LLC (“NYSE American”) under the symbol "INTT." On March 15, 2021, the closing price for our common stock as reported on the NYSE American was $10.06. As of March 15, 2021, we had 10,703,056 shares outstanding that were held by approximately 1,000 beneficial and record holders.
No dividends were paid on our common stock in the years ended December 31, 2020 or 2019. We do not currently plan to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Our current policy is to use any future earnings for reinvestment in the operation and expansion of our business, including possible acquisitions of other businesses, technologies or products and, when approved by our Board of Directors, to repurchase our outstanding common stock. Payment of any future dividends will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors.
Purchases of Equity Securities
There were no shares of our common stock repurchased by us or on our behalf during the three months ended December 31, 2020.
On July 31, 2019, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $3.0 million of our common stock from time to time on the open market, in compliance with Rule 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), or in privately negotiated transactions pursuant to a newly authorized stock repurchase plan (the “2019 Repurchase Plan”). Repurchases may be made under a Rule 10b5-1 plan entered into with RW Baird & Co., which would permit shares to be repurchased when we might otherwise be precluded from doing so under insider trading laws and our internal trading windows. The 2019 Repurchase Plan does not obligate us to purchase any particular amount of common stock and may be suspended or discontinued at any time without prior notice. The 2019 Repurchase Plan is funded using our operating cash flow or available cash. Purchases began on September 18, 2019 under this plan. During the quarter ended March 31, 2020, we repurchased 13,767 shares under the 2019 Repurchase Plan at a cost of $74,000, including fees paid to our broker. On March 2, 2020, we suspended repurchases under the 2019 Repurchase Plan and no repurchases have been made since then. From September 18, 2019 through December 31, 2020, we have repurchased a total of 243,075 shares at a cost of $1.2 million, which includes fees paid to our broker of $6,000. All of the repurchased shares were retired.
In addition, on July 31, 2019, our Board of Directors terminated the 2015 Stock Repurchase Plan which had been authorized on October 27, 2015 and under which we had repurchased a total of 297,020 shares at a cost of $1.2 million. The shares were repurchased between December 2015 and January 2017. All of the repurchased shares were retired.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Item 6.
SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The following table contains certain selected consolidated financial data of inTEST and is qualified by the more detailed Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto included elsewhere in this Report and should be read in conjunction with "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and the other financial information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. On May 24, 2017, we completed the acquisition of Ambrell. This acquisition is discussed in further detail in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 (“2018 Form 10-K”) filed on March 26, 2019 with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including a discussion of the adjustments to our liability for contingent consideration in 2018 and 2017, which are listed below.
Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands, except per share data)
Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations Data:
Net revenues
$ 53,823
$ 60,660
$ 78,563
$ 66,801
$ 40,227
Gross margin
24,104
29,225
39,401
34,690
20,378
Adjustment to contingent consideration liability
-
-
6,901
6,976
-
Operating income (loss)
(1,217
)
2,549
5,180
3,611
4,146
Net earnings (loss)
(895
)
2,322
3,037
2,658
Net earnings (loss) per common share:
Basic
$ (0.09
)
$ 0.22
$ 0.29
$ 0.09
$ 0.26
Diluted
$ (0.09
)
$ 0.22
$ 0.29
$ 0.09
$ 0.26
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic
10,257
10,373
10,348
10,285
10,314
Diluted
10,257
10,392
10,382
10,339
10,333
As of December 31,
(in thousands)
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:
Cash and cash equivalents
$ 10,277
$ 7,612
$ 17,861
$ 13,290
$ 28,611
Working capital
18,108
16,534
14,203
16,580
32,950
Total assets
62,030
59,715
67,187
62,493
42,844
Long-term obligations
8,422
6,520
2,889
8,786
-
Total stockholders' equity
44,752
44,834
42,880
39,288
37,788

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Item 7.
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Overview
This MD&A should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements.
We are a global supplier of innovative test and process solutions for use in manufacturing and testing across a wide range of markets including automotive, defense/aerospace, industrial, medical, semiconductor and telecommunications. We manage our business as two operating segments: Thermal and EMS. Our Thermal segment designs, manufactures and sells our thermal test and thermal process products while our EMS segment designs, manufactures and sells our semiconductor test products.
Our EMS segment sells its products to semiconductor manufacturers and third-party test and assembly houses (end user sales) and to ATE manufacturers (OEM sales), who ultimately resell our equipment with theirs to both semiconductor manufacturers and third-party test and assembly houses. These sales all fall within the ATE sector of the broader semiconductor market. Our Thermal segment sells its products to many of these same types of customers; however, it also sells to customers in the wafer processing sector within the broader semiconductor market and to customers in a variety of other markets outside the semiconductor market, including the automotive, defense/aerospace, industrial (including consumer products packaging, fiber optics and other sectors within the broader industrial market), medical and telecommunications markets.
Both of our operating segments have multiple products that we design, manufacture and market to our customers. Due to a number of factors, our products have varying levels of gross margin. These factors include, for example, the amount of engineering time required to develop the product, the market or customer to which we sell the product and the level of competing products available from other suppliers. The needs of our customers ultimately determine the products that we sell in a given time period. Therefore, the mix of products sold in a given period can change significantly when compared against the prior period. As a result, our consolidated gross margin may be significantly impacted by a change in the mix of products sold in a particular period.
Markets
Historically, we referred to our markets as “Semiconductor” (which included both the broader semiconductor market as well as the more specialized semiconductor ATE and wafer processing sectors within the broader semiconductor market), and “Non-Semiconductor” (which included all of the other markets we serve). In the second quarter of 2019, we began referring to the semiconductor market, including the ATE and wafer processing sectors within that market, as the “Semi Market.” All other markets are designated as “Multimarket.” Business within our Thermal segment can fall into either the Semi Market or Multimarket, depending upon how our customers utilize our products or upon their respective applications.
While the Semi Market represents the historical roots of inTEST and remains a very important component of our business, Multimarket is where we have focused our strategic growth efforts in the last several years. Our goal was to grow our business, both organically and through acquisition, in these markets as we believe these markets have historically been less cyclical than the Semi Market. Moving forward, with the launch of our new strategic plan which is discussed in Part 1, Item 1 under “Our Strategies”, we intend to broaden our strategic growth efforts to target both organic and inorganic growth in all of our currently served markets, which includes the Semi Market. Our goal is to further expand our existing product lines, strengthen our positions in served markets and drive expansion into new markets.
Prior to our acquisition of Ambrell Corporation (“Ambrell”) in May 2017, we offered only highly specialized engineering solutions used for testing applications in Multimarket, the demand for which is limited and which varies significantly from period to period. Our acquisition of Ambrell not only provided expansion into new markets but also broadened our product offerings to include products sold into process or manufacturing applications. Historically, Ambrell sold its precision induction heating systems almost exclusively to customers in the industrial market but since 2018, has also had significant sales into the Semi Market. Overall, however, the acquisition of Ambrell has helped to diversify our customer base.
The portion of our business that is derived from the Semi Market is substantially dependent upon the demand for ATE by semiconductor manufacturers and companies that specialize in the testing of integrated circuits or, for Ambrell, the demand for wafer processing equipment. Demand for ATE or wafer processing equipment is driven by semiconductor manufacturers that are opening new, or expanding existing, semiconductor fabrication facilities or upgrading equipment, which in turn is dependent upon the current and anticipated market demand for semiconductors and products incorporating semiconductors. Such market demand can be the result of market expansion, development of new technologies or redesigned products to incorporate new features, or the replacement of aging equipment. In addition, we continue to focus on design improvements and new approaches for our own products that contribute to our net revenues as our customers adopt these new products.
In the past, the Semi Market has been highly cyclical with recurring periods of oversupply, which often severely impact the Semi Market's demand for the products we manufacture and sell into the market. This cyclicality can cause wide fluctuations in both our orders and net revenues and, depending on our ability to react quickly to these shifts in demand, can significantly impact our results of operations. Market cycles are difficult to predict and, because they are generally characterized by sequential periods of growth or declines in orders and net revenues during each cycle, year over year comparisons of operating results may not always be as meaningful as comparisons of periods at similar points in either up or down cycles. These periods of heightened or reduced demand can shift depending on various factors impacting both our customers and the markets that they serve. In addition, during both downward and upward cycles in the Semi Market, in any given quarter, the trend in both our orders and net revenues can be erratic. This can occur, for example, when orders are canceled or currently scheduled delivery dates are accelerated or postponed by a significant customer or when customer forecasts and general business conditions fluctuate during a quarter.
Third party market share statistics are not available for the products we manufacture and sell into the Semi Market; therefore, comparisons of period over period changes in our market share are not easily determined. As a result, it is difficult to ascertain if Semi Market volatility in any period is the result of macro-economic or customer-specific factors impacting Semi Market demand, or if we have gained or lost market share to a competitor during the period.
While approximately half of our orders and net revenues are derived from the Semi Market, and our operating results generally follow the overall trend in the Semi Market, in any given period we may experience anomalies that cause the trend in our net revenues to deviate from the overall trend in the Semi Market. We believe that these anomalies may be driven by a variety of factors within the Semi Market, including, for example, changing product requirements, longer periods between new product offerings by OEMs and changes in customer buying patterns. In addition, in recent periods, we have seen instances when demand within the Semi Market is not consistent for each of our operating segments or for any given product within a particular operating segment. This inconsistency in demand can be driven by a number of factors but, in most cases, we have found that the primary reason is unique customer-specific changes in demand for certain products driven by the needs of their customers or markets served. Recently this has become more pronounced for our sales into the wafer processing sector within the broader semiconductor market due to the limited market penetration we have into this sector and the variability of orders we have experienced from the few customers we support. These shifts in market practices and customer-specific needs have had, and may continue to have, varying levels of impact on our operating results and are difficult to quantify or predict from period to period. Management has taken, and will continue to take, such actions it deems appropriate to adjust our strategies, products and operations to counter such shifts in market practices as they become evident.
As previously mentioned, as part of our ongoing strategy to grow our business, we continue to diversify our served markets to address the thermal test and thermal process requirements of several markets outside the Semi Market. These include the automotive, defense/aerospace, industrial, medical, telecommunications and other markets, which we refer to as Multimarket. We believe that these markets are usually less cyclical than the Semi Market. While market share statistics exist for some of these markets, due to the nature of our highly specialized product offerings in these markets, we do not expect broad market penetration in many of these markets and therefore do not anticipate developing meaningful market shares in most of these markets.
In addition, because of our limited market share, our Multimarket orders and net revenues in any given period do not necessarily reflect the overall trends in the markets within Multimarket. Consequently, we are continuing to evaluate buying patterns and opportunities for growth in Multimarket that may affect our performance. The level of our Multimarket orders and net revenues has varied in the past, and we expect will vary significantly in the future, as we work to build our presence in Multimarket and establish new markets for our products.
Restructuring and Other Charges
On September 21, 2020, we notified employees in our Fremont, California facility of a plan to consolidate all manufacturing for our EMS segment into our manufacturing operation located in Mt. Laurel, New Jersey. The consolidation was substantially completed during the fourth quarter of 2020 and resulted in the termination of certain employees at the Fremont location. Prior to the consolidation, our interface products were manufactured in the Fremont facility, and our manipulator and docking hardware products were manufactured in the Mt. Laurel facility. The consolidation was undertaken to better serve customers through streamlined operations and reduce the fixed annual operating costs for the EMS segment. A small engineering and sales office will be maintained in northern California. The costs related to these actions are included in restructuring and other charges on our consolidated statement of operations and are discussed in more detail in Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements.
The EMS facility consolidation resulted in the termination of certain employees at the Fremont location, including all of our interface product line assembly staff who were located at that facility. As a result of transitioning our interface manufacturing operations to New Jersey, we have hired new production staff for this product line in our Mt. Laurel facility. These new employees are being trained to assemble our products which may impact customer shipments and quality of our interface products over the next several months. In addition, we have recently experienced difficulty in hiring personnel at the costs projected in our forecasts. This has resulted in the need to increase the labor rates offered for certain positions. If we cannot find savings in other areas or increase the price for which we sell our products in an amount sufficient to cover these additional labor costs, we may experience reduced margins in future periods. See “Risks Related to Our Business Operations” in Item 1A “Risk Factors” of this Report.
During the third quarter of 2020, we made changes in our executive management team and, in connection with these actions, we reduced our administrative footprint in our Mansfield, Massachusetts facility and reestablished our corporate headquarters in our Mt. Laurel, New Jersey office. The costs related to these actions are included in restructuring and other charges on our consolidated statement of operations and are discussed in more detail in Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements.
Orders and Backlog
The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, a breakdown of the orders received by operating segment and market (in thousands).
Years Ended
December 31,
Change
$
%
Orders:
Thermal
$ 43,014
$ 39,158
$ 3,856
%
EMS
16,726
13,655
3,071
%
$ 59,740
$ 52,813
$ 6,927
%
Semi Market
$ 32,383
$ 25,416
$ 6,967
%
Multimarket
27,357
27,397
(40
)
-
%
$ 59,740
$ 52,813
$ 6,927
%
Total consolidated orders for the year ended December 31, 2020 were $59.7 million compared to $52.8 million in 2019, an increase of $6.9 million, or 13%. The increase reflects higher levels of demand experienced by both of our segments from customers within the Semi Market. As discussed below under “COVID-19 Pandemic,” the Semi Market, from which approximately half of our net revenues are derived, entered a cyclical downturn in the beginning of 2019. We believe the arrival of COVID-19 lengthened and deepened the level of decline in demand experienced during this downturn. During the fourth quarter of 2020, we saw a significant increase in our orders from the Semi Market which we believe indicates that we have entered the next cyclical upturn.
Multimarket orders in each of the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 were $27.4 million. For the year ended December 31, 2020, this represented 46% of our consolidated orders compared to 52% for the prior year. Increases in demand from customers in the automotive and defense/aerospace markets were offset by decreases from customers in the industrial and telecommunications markets. The level of our Multimarket orders has varied in the past, and we expect it will vary significantly in the future as we build our presence in these markets and establish new markets for our products.
At December 31, 2020, our backlog of unfilled orders for all products was approximately $11.5 million compared with approximately $5.5 million at December 31, 2019. The significant increase in our backlog primarily reflects the aforementioned increase in demand during the fourth quarter of 2020. Our backlog includes customer orders that we have accepted, substantially all of which we expect to deliver in 2021. While backlog is calculated on the basis of firm purchase orders, a customer may cancel an order or accelerate or postpone currently scheduled delivery dates. Our backlog may be affected by the tendency of customers to rely on short lead times available from suppliers, including us, in periods of depressed demand. In periods of increased demand, there is a tendency towards longer lead times that has the effect of increasing backlog. As a result, our backlog at a particular date is not necessarily indicative of sales for any future period.
Net Revenues
The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, a breakdown of the net revenues by operating segment and market (in thousands).
Years Ended
December 31,
Change
$
%
Net revenues:
Thermal
$ 40,209
$ 43,823
$ (3,614
)
(8
)%
EMS
13,614
16,837
(3,223
)
(19
)%
$ 53,823
$ 60,660
$ (6,837
)
(11
)%
Semi Market
$ 26,870
$ 30,953
$ (4,083
)
(13
)%
Multimarket
26,953
29,707
(2,754
)
(9
)%
$ 53,823
$ 60,660
$ (6,837
)
(11
)%
Total consolidated net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2020 were $53.8 million compared to $60.7 million in 2019, a decrease of $6.8 million or 11% as compared to 2019. The decrease in net revenues primarily reflects the aforementioned downturn in demand in the Semi Market which began in 2019. As previously mentioned, we saw a significant increase in order levels in the fourth quarter of 2020, which we believe indicates that the downturn in the Semi Market has come to an end. As a result, we expect revenue levels in the first quarter of 2021 will increase significantly from the level in the fourth quarter.
Multimarket net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2020 were $27.0 million, or 50% of total consolidated net revenues, compared to $29.7 million, or 49% of total consolidated net revenues in 2019. Our net revenues from Multimarket for the year ended December 31, 2020 declined $2.8 million or 9% from the prior period. The decline primarily reflects reductions experienced from customers in the industrial market. We believe this is a result, in part, of the impact of COVID-19 on demand for our induction heating products and their related service. The level of our Multimarket net revenues has varied in the past, and we expect it will vary significantly in the future as we build our presence in these markets and establish new markets for our products.
COVID-19 Pandemic
Our net revenues from all of the markets we serve were significantly affected by COVID-19 during the first half of 2020. The impact of COVID-19 on our net revenues from the Semi Market was intensified during the first half of the year because our business operations were also being negatively affected by a global downturn in the Semi Market at that time. The Semi Market, from which approximately half of our net revenues are derived, entered a cyclical downturn in the beginning of 2019. During the first quarter of 2020, before the spread of COVID-19, we had started to see indications that the downturn was coming to an end. These indications included increased quoting activity and order levels for the first quarter of 2020 as compared to the fourth quarter of 2019. However, we believe COVID-19 delayed the recovery in the Semi Market as the increase in activity leveled off during late March 2020. Although we saw slightly increased order rates from our customers in the Semi Market during the second and third quarters of 2020, it was not until the fourth quarter of 2020 that we saw a significant increase in our orders from the Semi Market which we believe indicates that we have now entered the next cyclical upturn. During the fourth quarter of 2020, our orders from the Semi Market increased 53% sequentially and were 141% higher than in the fourth quarter of 2019, the low point of the prior cyclical downturn for the products that we sell. We believe the level of increase in our orders from the Semi Market during the fourth quarter of 2020 reflects a combination of increased demand in the market resulting from the interruption of the normal recovery in the Semi Market cycle caused by the onset of COVID-19 in the first half of 2020, as well as increased demand for semiconductors, generally. We believe this increase in demand is being driven both by changing technology as well as increased use of technology across all aspects of daily life, such as in devices that facilitate remote work and education, smart technology used in homes and businesses, the increase in the amount of ICs used in the automotive industry and changes occurring in the telecommunications and mobility markets.
As of the date of this filing, all of our operations continue to be deemed “critical and essential business operations” under the various governmental COVID-19 mandates, which has allowed us to continue to operate our business with certain modifications. These modifications include a significant number of our employees working remotely. Such employees have been provided with the tools and technology necessary to do so. Additionally, we have implemented workplace safeguards designed to protect the health and well-being of our employees. Employees who remain in our facilities are following WHO and CDC recommended safety practices, as well as state and local directives. We have had occasions where one or more employees have contracted COVID-19 and entered our facilities while infected. To date, we have managed these occurrences with minimal disruption to our business while protecting other employees, but there can be no assurances that we can avoid similar occurrences in the future or, that in such cases, we can avoid significant disruption of our operations.
The aftermarket service and support that we provide to our customers has been, and we expect may continue to be, adversely impacted by COVID-19. Specifically, the travel restrictions that remain in place, coupled with limitations on visitors into customer facilities, have resulted in the reduction or suspension of certain activities. The net revenues associated with these aftermarket service and support activities typically range from 8% to 10% of our consolidated net revenues. Although these net revenues returned to a more typical range during the third and fourth quarters of 2020, if the spread of COVID-19 or variations of the virus worsen, these revenues may be reduced in future periods.
While the negative impact of COVID-19 on our business was reduced significantly in the second half of 2020, the spread of the virus or variants of the virus could worsen and one or more of our significant customers or suppliers could be impacted, or significant additional governmental regulations and restrictions could be imposed, thus negatively impacting our business in the future. See “Risks Related to COVID-19” under Item 1A “Risk Factors” in this Report.
Results of Operations
The results of operations for our two operating segments are generally affected by the same factors described in the Overview section above. Separate discussions and analyses for each segment would be repetitive. The discussion and analysis that follows, therefore, is presented on a consolidated basis and includes discussion of factors unique to each operating segment where significant to an understanding of that segment.
Year Ended December 31, 2020 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2019
Net Revenues. Net revenues were $53.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $60.7 million in 2019, a decrease of $6.8 million or 11%. We believe this decrease reflects the factors previously discussed in the Overview section above.
Gross Margin. Gross margin was 45% for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to 48% in 2019. Our component material costs increased from 32% of net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2019 to 34% of net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase in our component material costs reflects changes in product mix for both our segments. In addition, although our fixed operating costs decreased $334,000 in absolute dollar terms in 2020 as compared to 2019, as a percentage of net revenues, these costs increased from 17% of net revenues in 2019 to 18% of net revenues in 2020 as a result of not being as fully absorbed by the lower net revenues levels in 2020. The $334,000 decrease in our fixed operating costs primarily reflects a reduction in materials used in service calls and lower levels of travel, both of which are a result of the impact of COVID-19 on the level of service work we were able to perform during 2020 in our Thermal segment. To a lesser extent, there was also a reduction in the use of temporary labor and lower salary and benefits expense for our Thermal segment, reflecting the reduced business levels in 2020 and savings from headcount reductions which occurred early in the second quarter of 2020 in response to the slowdown in business. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in facility costs reflecting higher rent for our facility in Fremont, California, which took effect at the beginning of 2020, as well as the cost for additional space in our office in Mansfield, Massachusetts for our corporate headquarters which we first occupied during the fourth quarter of 2019. As previously discussed in the Overview, we closed our manufacturing operations in Fremont, California during the fourth quarter of 2020. This will result in reduced facility costs in future periods as a result of the reduction in our footprint. Costs incurred in 2020 related to this action are included in restructuring and other charges in our statement of operations and are discussed in more detail below and in Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements.
Selling Expense. Selling expense was $7.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $8.5 million in 2019, a decrease of $938,000 or 11%. The decrease primarily reflects lower levels of travel and trade show related costs for both our segments as a result of COVID-19. To a lesser extent, there was also a reduction in warranty expense in our Thermal segment, reflecting improved warranty claims experience and a reduction in revenues under warranty.
Engineering and Product Development Expense. Engineering and product development expense was $5.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $5.0 million in 2019, an increase of $106,000, or 2%. Increases in salary and benefits expense as a result of headcount additions in our Thermal segment were partially offset by a decrease in travel and lower levels of spending on third party consultants and materials used in new product development.
General and Administrative Expense. General and administrative expense was $11.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $13.0 million in 2019, a decrease of $1.6 million, or 12%. During 2019, we incurred $683,000 related to an acquisition opportunity that we decided not to pursue. There were no similar costs in 2020. If we had not incurred these costs in 2019, general and administrative expense would have declined $885,000 in 2020 as compared to 2019. This decrease reflects headcount reductions, primarily in corporate staff, lower levels of travel as a result of COVID-19, lower levels of stock-based compensation costs, lower fees for third-party professionals that assist us in compliance related matters and a reduction in profit-based bonus accruals in 2020.
Restructuring and Other Charges. For the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded $1.3 million in restructuring and other charges. Of this amount, $903,000 is related to the consolidation of our EMS manufacturing operations, $189,000 is related to the reduction of the administrative footprint in our Mansfield, Massachusetts corporate office associated with the reestablishment of the Mt. Laurel, New Jersey office as our corporate headquarters, $133,000 is related to the executive management changes that occurred in the third quarter of 2020 and $60,000 is related to other restructuring actions taken during 2020. All of these actions and the related charges are discussed in more detail in Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we recorded $240,000 in restructuring charges and other charges, primarily related to the consolidation of Ambrell’s European operations.
Income Tax Expense. For the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded an income tax benefit of $336,000 compared to income tax expense of $282,000 in 2019. Our effective tax rate was 27% for 2020 compared to 11% for 2019. On a quarterly basis, we record income tax expense or benefit based on the expected annualized effective tax rate for the various taxing jurisdictions in which we operate our businesses. The increase in our effective tax rate in 2020 primarily represents the impact of changes in the expected mix of foreign and domestic source income for 2020 and other adjustments related to recently enacted tax regulations where specific application of the regulations is still evolving. See Note 10 to our consolidated financial statements for further detail of the difference between our effective tax rates in 2020 and 2019 and the statutory tax rate of 21%.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
As discussed more fully in the Overview, our business and results of operations are substantially dependent upon the demand for ATE by semiconductor manufacturers and companies that specialize in the testing of ICs. The cyclical and volatile nature of demand for ATE makes estimates of future revenues, results of operations and net cash flows difficult especially in light of COVID-19.
Our primary historical source of liquidity and capital resources has been cash flow generated by our operations and we manage our businesses to maximize operating cash flows as our primary source of liquidity. We use cash to fund growth in our operating assets, for new product research and development, for acquisitions and for stock repurchases.
Liquidity
Our cash and cash equivalents and working capital were as follows (in thousands):
December 31,
Cash and cash equivalents
$ 10,277
$ 7,612
Working capital
$ 18,108
$ 16,534
As of December 31, 2020, $3.2 million, or 31%, of our cash and cash equivalents was held by our foreign subsidiaries. We currently expect our cash and cash equivalents, in combination with the borrowing capacity available under our revolving credit facility and the anticipated net cash to be provided by our operations in the next twelve months to be sufficient to support our short-term working capital requirements and other corporate requirements. Our revolving credit facility is discussed in Note 10 to our consolidated financial statements. Although our revolving credit facility will mature on April 9, 2021, we are currently in discussions with our lender to replace this facility with a three-year credit facility. We expect that facility to be put in place in conjunction with, or prior to, the expiration of our current credit facility.
Our material short-term cash requirements include payments due under our various lease agreements, recurring payroll and benefits obligations to our employees and purchase commitments for materials that we use in the products we sell. We estimate that our minimum short-term working capital requirements currently range between $5.0 million and $7.0 million. We also anticipate making investments in our business in the next twelve months including hiring of additional staff, updates to our website and other systems and investments related to our geographic and market expansion efforts. We expect our current cash and cash equivalents, in combination with the borrowing capacity available under our revolving credit facility and the anticipated net cash to be provided by our operations to be sufficient to support these additional investments as well as our current short-term cash requirements. However, should the impact of COVID-19 on our operations, including the disruption to our business that would be caused by any unanticipated facility closures or significantly reduced demand from our customers, be more significant than we currently expect, we may need additional financial resources, including additional debt or equity financings in the long-term. There can be no assurance that any such debt or equity financings would be available on favorable terms or rates or at all.
Our current growth strategy includes pursuing acquisition opportunities for complementary businesses, technologies or products. We currently anticipate that any long-term cash requirements related to our acquisition strategy would be funded all or in part through obtaining additional third-party debt or issuing equity. If we were to obtain additional third-party debt, we do not currently know at what rates or on what terms any such debt would be available.
Cash Flows
Operating Activities. Net cash provided by operations for the year ended December 31, 2020 was $3.2 million. For the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded a net loss of $895,000. During this same period, we had non-cash charges of $3.2 million for depreciation and amortization that included $1.3 million of amortization related to right-of-use ("ROU") assets. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we also recorded $671,000 of non-cash charges for deferred compensation expense related to stock-based awards and a $612,000 impairment charge related to our ROU assets for the leases in Fremont, California and Mansfield, Massachusetts, as discussed more fully in Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements. Accounts receivable decreased $887,000 during 2020, primarily reflecting the reduced level of shipments in 2020, while inventories increased $717,000, primarily reflecting purchasing activity in the fourth quarter for products we expect to ship in the first half of 2021. As previously discussed in the Overview, we experienced a significant increase in order levels in the fourth quarter of 2020. Operating lease liabilities decreased $1.3 million during 2020, reflecting payments made under our various lease agreements and accounts payable increased $430,000, primarily reflecting the increase in inventory purchases during the fourth quarter.
Investing Activities. During the year ended December 31, 2020, purchases of property and equipment were $658,000, and primarily reflected additions to fixed assets related to products leased to customers and leasehold improvements to our facility in Mt. Laurel, New Jersey using our working capital. During the first quarter of 2021, we expect to spend approximately $230,000 to complete the leasehold improvements to our facility in Mt. Laurel, New Jersey using our working capital. These improvements are being done in connection with reducing the size of that facility and consolidating manufacturing operations from our Fremont, California operation as discussed under the Overview section above and in Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements. We have no other significant commitments for capital expenditures in 2021; however, depending upon changes in market demand or manufacturing and sales strategies, we may make such purchases or investments as we deem necessary and appropriate. These additional cash requirements would be funded by our cash and cash equivalents, anticipated net cash to be provided by operations and our revolving credit facility.
Financing Activities. As discussed more fully in Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2020 filed on May 13, 2020 with the Securities and Exchange Commission, during April 2020 we applied for and received loans through the Paycheck Protection Program (the “PPP”) of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act administered by the U.S. Small Business Administration totaling $2.8 million. We repaid the full amount of the PPP loans on May 5, 2020 with the applicable interest. During the year ended December 31, 2020 we borrowed and repaid $2.8 million on our revolving credit facility. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we utilized $74,000 to repurchase 13,767 shares of our common stock under the 2019 Repurchase Plan. On March 2, 2020, we suspended repurchases under the 2019 Repurchase Plan.
New or Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
See Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements for information concerning the implementation and impact of new or recently adopted accounting standards.
Critical Accounting Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an on-going basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to inventories, long-lived assets, goodwill, identifiable intangibles and deferred income tax valuation allowances. We base our estimates on historical experience and on appropriate and customary assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Some of these accounting estimates and assumptions are particularly sensitive because of their significance to our consolidated financial statements and because of the possibility that future events affecting them may differ markedly from what had been assumed when the financial statements were prepared.
Inventory Valuation
Inventories are valued at cost on a first-in, first-out basis, not in excess of market value. On a quarterly basis, we review our inventories and record excess and obsolete inventory charges based upon our established objective excess and obsolete inventory criteria. These criteria identify material that has not been used in a work order during the prior twelve months and the quantity of material on hand that is greater than the average annual usage of that material over the prior three years. In certain cases, additional excess and obsolete inventory charges are recorded based upon current market conditions, anticipated product life cycles, new product introductions and expected future use of the inventory. The excess and obsolete inventory charges we record establish a new cost basis for the related inventories. During 2020 and 2019, we recorded inventory obsolescence charges for excess and obsolete inventory of $444,000 and $391,000, respectively.
Goodwill, Intangible and Long-Lived Assets
We account for goodwill and intangible assets in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 350 (Intangibles- Goodwill and Other). Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful economic life and are carried at cost less accumulated amortization. Goodwill is assessed for impairment at least annually in the fourth quarter, on a reporting unit basis, or more frequently when events and circumstances occur indicating that the recorded goodwill may be impaired. As a part of the goodwill impairment assessment, we have the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If, as a result of our qualitative assessment, we determine this is the case, we are required to perform a goodwill impairment test to identify potential goodwill impairment and measure the amount of goodwill impairment loss to be recognized. The test is discussed below. If, as a result of our qualitative assessment, we determine that it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of the reporting unit is greater than its carrying amounts, the goodwill impairment test is not required.
The quantitative goodwill impairment test, used to identify both the existence of impairment and the amount of impairment loss, compares the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill of the reporting unit is considered not impaired. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss shall be recognized in an amount equal to that excess, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. The goodwill impairment assessment is based upon the income approach, which estimates the fair value of our reporting units based upon a discounted cash flow approach. This fair value is then reconciled to our market capitalization at year end with an appropriate control premium. The determination of the fair value of our reporting units requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions including the selection of control premiums, discount rates, terminal growth rates, forecasts of revenue and expense growth rates, income tax rates, changes in working capital, depreciation, amortization and capital expenditures. Changes in assumptions concerning future financial results or other underlying assumptions could have a significant impact on either the fair value of the reporting unit or the amount of the goodwill impairment charge. At each of December 31, 2020 and 2019, goodwill was $13.7 million. We did not record any impairment charges related to our goodwill during 2020 or 2019.
Indefinite-lived intangible assets are assessed for impairment at least annually in the fourth quarter, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. As a part of the impairment assessment, we have the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that an indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired. If, as a result of our qualitative assessment, we determine that it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying amount, the quantitative impairment test is required; otherwise, no further testing is required. The quantitative impairment test consists of a comparison of the fair value of the intangible asset with its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of the intangible asset exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. At each of December 31, 2020 and 2019, our indefinite-lived intangible assets were trademarks carried at $6.7 million. We did not record any impairment charges related to our indefinite-lived intangible assets during 2020 or 2019.
Long-lived assets, which consist of finite-lived intangible assets, property and equipment and ROU assets, are assessed for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable or that the useful lives of these assets are no longer appropriate. Each impairment test is based on a comparison of the estimated undiscounted cash flows to the recorded value of the asset. If impairment is indicated, the asset is written down to its estimated fair value. The cash flow estimates used to determine the impairment, if any, contain management's best estimates using appropriate assumptions and projections at that time. At December 31, 2020 and 2019, finite-lived intangibles and long-lived assets were $14.4 million and $14.2 million, respectively. We recorded impairment charges totaling $612,000 during the year ended December 31, 2020 related to certain of our ROU assets as discussed further in Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements. We did not record any impairment charges related to our long-lived assets during 2019.
Income Taxes
The asset and liability method is used in accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for operating loss and tax credit carryforwards and for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the results of operations in the period that includes the enactment date.
Deferred tax assets are analyzed to determine if there will be sufficient taxable income in the future in order to realize such assets. We assess all of the positive and negative evidence concerning the realizability of the deferred tax assets, including our historical results of operations for the recent past and our projections of future results of operations, in which we make subjective determinations of future events. If, after assessing all of the evidence, both positive and negative, a determination is made that the realizability of the deferred tax assets is not more likely than not, we establish a deferred tax valuation allowance for all or a portion of the deferred tax assets depending upon the specific facts. If any of the significant assumptions were changed, materially different results could occur, which could significantly change the amount of the deferred tax valuation allowance established. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, we had a net deferred tax liability of $1.9 million and $2.3 million, respectively. Our deferred tax valuation allowance at December 31, 2020 and 2019 was $169,000 and $234,000, respectively.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
There were no off-balance sheet arrangements during the year ended December 31, 2020 that have or are reasonably likely to have, a material current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, cash requirements or capital resources.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 7A.
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
This disclosure is not required for a smaller reporting company.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Item 8.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Consolidated financial statements are set forth in this Report beginning at page and are incorporated by reference into this Item 8.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
Item 9.
CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 9A.
CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act. Because there are inherent limitations in all control systems, a control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, as opposed to absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the control. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Our management, including the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all error and all fraud. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected. Accordingly, our management has designed the disclosure controls and procedures to provide reasonable assurance that the objectives of the control system were met.
CEO/CFO Conclusions about the Effectiveness of the Disclosure Controls and Procedures. As required by Rule 13a-15(b) of the Exchange Act, inTEST management, including our CEO and CFO, conducted an evaluation as of the end of the period covered by this Report, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, including the impact of COVID-19. Based on that evaluation, our CEO and CFO concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this Report, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
During the period covered by this Report, there has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the period covered by this Report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. We will continue monitoring and assessing any impacts from COVID-19 on our internal controls.
Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by our Board of Directors, management and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:
1.
Pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets;
2.
Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and
3.
Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, including the impact of COVID-19. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) on Internal Control-Integrated 2013 Framework. Based upon this assessment, management believes that, as of December 31, 2020, our internal control over financial reporting is effective at a reasonable assurance level.
This annual report does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting, as such an attestation is not required pursuant to rules of the SEC applicable to registrants that are non-accelerated filers.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 9B.
OTHER INFORMATION
None.
PART III

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Item 10.
DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Report.
Code of Ethics
We have adopted a Code of Ethics (the “Code”) as a guide to the standards of business conduct to which our employees, officers and directors must adhere. A copy of the Code can be found on our website at https://intestcorp.gcs-web.com/corporate-governance. We intend to satisfy the disclosure requirements of the SEC regarding amendments to, or waivers from, the Code by posting such information on the same website.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Item 11.
EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Report.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
Item 12.
SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The information required by Item 201(d) of Regulation S-K is set forth below. The remainder of the information required by this Item 12 is incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Report.
The following table shows the number of securities that may be issued pursuant to our equity compensation plans (including individual compensation arrangements) as of December 31, 2020:
Equity Compensation Plan Information
Plan Category
Number of
securities
to be issued
upon
exercise of
outstanding
options,
warrants and
rights(1)
Weighted-
average
exercise price
of
outstanding
options,
warrants and
rights
Number of
securities
remaining
available
for future
issuance
under equity
compensation
plans(2)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders
438,200
$ 6.25
1,067,979
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders
-
-
-
Total
438,200
$ 6.25
1,067,979
(1)
The securities that may be issued are shares of inTEST common stock, issuable upon exercise of outstanding stock options.
(2)
The securities that remain available for future issuance are issuable pursuant to the Third Amended and Restated 2014 Stock Plan.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Item 13.
CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Report.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Item 14.
PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Report.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15.
EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a)
The documents filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K are:
(i) Our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto as well as the applicable report of our independent registered public accounting firm are included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
(ii) The following financial statement schedule should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements set forth in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:
Schedule II -- Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
(iii) The exhibits required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K are included under Item 15(b) of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
(b)
Exhibits required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K:
A list of the Exhibits which are required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K and filed with this Report is set forth in the Exhibit Index immediately preceding the signature page, which Exhibit Index is incorporated herein by reference.