EDGAR 10-K Filing

Company CIK: 1815849
Filing Year: 2024
Filename: 1815849_10-K_2024_0001815849-24-000007.json

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Item 1. Business
Overview
ATI Physical Therapy, Inc. and its subsidiaries (herein referred to as "we," "us," "our," "the Company" or "ATI") is a nationally recognized outpatient physical therapy provider in the United States specializing in outpatient rehabilitation and adjacent healthcare services, with 896 clinics located in 24 states (as well as 18 clinics under management service agreements) as of December 31, 2023. ATI Physical Therapy, Inc., a Delaware corporation, was organized in 2020 originally under the name Fortress Value Acquisition Corp. II (herein referred to as "FAII" or "FVAC"). We operate with a commitment to providing our patients, medical provider partners, payors and employers with evidence-based, patient-centric care.
We offer a variety of services within our clinics, including physical therapy to treat spine, shoulder, knee and neck injuries or pain; work injury rehabilitation services, including work conditioning and work hardening; hand therapy; and other specialized treatment services. Our Company's team of professionals is dedicated to helping return patients to optimal physical health.
Physical therapy patients receive team-based care, standardized techniques and individualized treatment plans in an encouraging environment. To achieve optimal results, we use an extensive array of techniques including therapeutic exercise, manual therapy and strength training, among others. Our physical therapy model aims to deliver optimized outcomes and time to recovery for patients, insights and service satisfaction for referring providers and predictable costs and measurable value for payors.
In addition to providing services to physical therapy patients at outpatient rehabilitation clinics, we provide services through our ATI Worksite Solutions ("AWS") program, Management Service Agreements ("MSA"), and Sports Medicine arrangements. AWS provides an on-site team of healthcare professionals at employer worksites to promote work-related injury prevention, facilitate expedient and appropriate return-to-work follow-up and maintain the health and well-being of the workforce. Our MSA arrangements typically include the Company providing management and physical therapy-related services to physician-owned physical therapy clinics. Sports Medicine arrangements provide certified healthcare professionals to various schools, universities and other institutions to perform on-site physical therapy and rehabilitation services.
Our mission is to exceed the expectations of the hundreds of thousands of patients we serve each year by providing high quality of care in a friendly and encouraging environment.
Our strategy includes:
•Exceeding customer expectations and providing the right care at the right place at the right time;
•Building new and strengthening existing relationships with referral sources, payors and employees; and
•Allocating available capital to support initiatives and business plans.
This description of our business should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes contained in Part II, Item 8 in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Recent Developments
On June 15, 2023 (the "Closing Date"), the Company completed a transaction to improve the Company's liquidity (the "2023 Debt Restructuring"). On the Closing Date, certain previously executed agreements became effective, including (i) Amendment No. 2 to the Credit Agreement, (ii) a Second Lien Note Purchase Agreement and (iii) certain other definitive agreements relating to the 2023 Debt Restructuring (such documents referred to collectively as the "Signing Date Definitive Documents").
On June 14, 2023, the Company effected a one-for-fifty (1-for-50) reverse stock split of its Class A common stock (the “Reverse Stock Split”). The Reverse Stock Split was approved by the Company’s stockholders at the Company’s 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders held on June 13, 2023, and the final reverse split ratio was subsequently approved by the Company’s board of directors on June 14, 2023. The Company's common stock commenced trading on a reverse split-adjusted basis on June 15, 2023.
Our Operating Model
We operate under a single "ATI" brand and own the operations of nearly all of our clinics, which we believe enables us to more consistently align the clinical and patient experience, align incentives across our teams, track and analyze clinical outcome data, and promote efficiency in our operations. The key components of our operating model include:
•Patients. We are highly focused on providing the best possible patient experience. In our clinics, we strive to maintain a consistently positive look, feel and experience. Additionally, we aim to deliver functional outcomes that meet or exceed national physical therapy industry outcomes across all body regions, which enables patients to return to their normal activities. We are proud of our average Net Promoter Score (“NPS”) of 75 and our average Google Review rating of 4.9 stars across our clinics over the trailing four quarters as of December 31, 2023. We believe these metrics are indicative of our patients’ overall satisfaction with our services and the ATI brand.
•Medical Provider Partners. We believe our medical provider partners also benefit from our customer-driven culture, expansive patient outcomes database, and case management approach, which facilitate end-to-end patient care with musculoskeletal ("MSK") issues. Our proprietary electronic medical records ("EMR") system includes a variety of custom tools and analytics to evaluate patient performance, providing medical partner providers with simple, intuitive reports on shared patients regarding functional outcomes and performance. These scorecards are used to drive continuous quality improvement and deliver more predictable results.
•Payors. We derive revenue from patients with a diverse range of payor sources, including commercial health plans, government programs (i.e., Medicare and Medicaid), workers’ compensation insurance and auto/personal injury insurance. We believe we offer value to payors not only through quality outcomes that may reduce downstream costs, but also through our national footprint, convenient locations and high customer ratings, which help ensure patients are satisfied with their plan offerings and benefits.
Our Platform
Key elements of our platform include:
•Our People. Our business strategy relies on attracting, training, developing and retaining a skilled workforce. In recent years, we experienced elevated levels of attrition relative to historical levels and have taken actions to improve hiring and attrition levels. During 2023, attrition levels improved and were relatively consistent with historical levels. While we observed improvement in hiring and attrition levels since implementing these actions, we continue to monitor hiring and retention risk due to a continued tight labor market for available physical therapy and other healthcare providers in the workforce. We operate on a team-based approach that works to match physical therapists, physical therapy assistants and operational support specialists with patients based on acuity to ensure patients can be seen in a timely fashion and in compliance with healthcare laws and regulations and licensure requirements. Our employees' success is measured primarily by patient outcomes and customer satisfaction. We have invested in clinical and leadership development programs offering our clinical and support staff opportunities to enhance their clinical skills and take on increasing leadership responsibilities. Combined with a competitive compensation model, we strive to be an attractive employer in the physical therapy industry.
•Our Clinical Systems & Data. Our proprietary, internally developed EMR platform supports our clinical workflows and leverages our database of more than three million unique patient cases as well as peer-reviewed best practices guidelines and care protocols to maximize outcomes for our patients. Our EMR is purpose-built for physical therapy and has diagnosis-specific guidelines in place covering the majority of our patient cases. Our clinical systems and data enhance our ability to effectively manage, deliver and track patient outcomes.
•Our Technology-Enabled Infrastructure. We strive to incorporate data and analytics into the ongoing management of our operations, including monitoring operating performance metrics at various levels. We continually evaluate our technology and tools to determine how best our tools can support the business.
Our Services
Physical Therapy
We offer a variety of services within our clinics, including physical therapy to treat spine, shoulder, knee and neck injuries or pain; work injury rehabilitation services, including work conditioning and work hardening; hand therapy; and other specialized treatment services.
To supplement our traditional outpatient physical therapy services, we introduced a tele-physical therapy offering in early 2020, amidst state lockdowns nationwide in response to COVID-19 (as defined below). We believe that, while virtual visits will not fully replace the need for in-person treatment, our tele-physical therapy offering serves as a convenient option for patients who either lack immediate access to a clinic or are looking to supplement traditional treatments. This offering also allows us to serve patients in locations where we do not have a physical presence today.
ATI Worksite Solutions ("AWS")
AWS is an on-site service that provides customized cost-saving injury prevention programs, work-related injury assessment services, wellness offerings and consultations for employers, ranging from Fortune 100 companies to small local businesses. We staff athletic trainers, physical therapy assistants and other clinicians as Early Intervention Specialists at the employer's site to provide early interventions and promote physical health and wellness.
Management Service Agreements ("MSA")
We partner with physician-owned practices to improve their performance, drive efficiencies and optimize patient outcomes. Utilizing our resources and infrastructure, we provide dedicated service teams to oversee the integration of our programs into physical therapy practices. This includes proprietary EMR integration, caseload management and continuing education in therapy treatments.
Sports Medicine
Our Sports Medicine athletic trainers work with athletes at all levels of competition to prevent, evaluate and treat sports injuries. We offer on-site sports physical therapy services, clinical evaluation and diagnosis, immediate and emergency care, nutrition programs and concussion management, among others.
Industry Factors and Competition
MSK conditions affect individuals of all ages and represent some of the most common causes of health problems in the United States. Physical therapy and related services are low-cost solutions that can address a variety of MSK conditions. We believe that the following factors, among others, affect the market and industry trends for outpatient physical therapy services:
•Outpatient physical therapy services growth. Outpatient physical therapy continues to play a key role in treating MSK conditions for patients. According to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services ("CMS"), MSK conditions impact individuals of all ages and include some of the most common health issues in the United States. As healthcare trends in the United States continue to evolve, with a growing focus on value-based care emphasizing up-front, conservative care to deliver better outcomes, quality healthcare services addressing such conditions in lower cost outpatient settings may continue increasing in prevalence.
•United States population demographics. The population of adults aged 65 and older in the United States is expected to continue to grow and thus expand the Company's market opportunity. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the population of adults over the age of 65 is expected to grow 30% from 2020 through 2030. As a significant portion of our net patient revenue is derived from governmental third-party payors, including Medicare, our patient base of adults aged 65 and older may increase in the coming years.
•Federal funding for Medicare and Medicaid. Federal and state funding of Medicare and Medicaid and the terms of access to these reimbursement programs affect demand for physical therapy services. In recent years, through legislative and regulatory actions, the federal government has made substantial changes to various payment systems under the Medicare program. In July 2022, the CMS released its proposed 2023 Medicare Physician Fee Schedule ("MPFS") which called for an approximate 4.5% reduction in the calendar year 2023 conversion factor. In December 2022, the Consolidated Appropriations Act (2023) was signed into law. The Consolidated Appropriations Act (2023) provides partial relief related to Medicare cuts including 2.5% relief in 2023 and 1.25% relief in 2024. As a result, the reimbursement rate reduction beginning in January 2023 was approximately 2.0%. In November 2023, the CMS released its final 2024 MPFS. The final fee schedule called for an approximate 3.4% reduction in the calendar year 2024 conversion factor which led to further reductions in reimbursement rates beginning in 2024, unless these reductions are otherwise mitigated through a Congressional measure.
•Workers' compensation funding. Payments received under certain workers' compensation arrangements may be based on predetermined state fee schedules, which may be impacted by changes in state funding.
•Number of people with private health insurance. Physical therapy services are often covered by private health insurance. Individuals covered by private health insurance may be more likely to use physical therapy services because it helps offset the cost of such services. As the number of people with private health insurance coverage rises, demand for physical therapy services tends to also increase.
The outpatient physical therapy market is highly fragmented, rapidly evolving and highly competitive with few financial barriers to enter the industry. Competition within the industry may intensify in the future as existing competitors and new entrants introduce new physical therapy services and platforms and consolidation in the healthcare industry continues. We currently face competition from the following categories of principal competitors:
•National physical therapy providers;
•Regional physical therapy providers;
•Physician-owned physical therapy providers;
•Individual practitioners or local physical therapy operators, which number in the thousands across the nation; and
•Vertically integrated hospital systems and scaled physician practices.
We believe the principal competitive factors in the outpatient physical therapy market include the quality of care, cost of care, treatment outcomes, breadth of location and geographic convenience, breadth of patient insurance coverage accepted by clinics, brand awareness and relations with referral sources and key industry participants. We compete in our existing markets by leveraging our unified brand, advertising to increase patient awareness, utilizing sales efforts to establish new and enhance existing relationships with referral sources, applying our team-based approach to care, leveraging our proprietary EMR and data-driven operating platform and striving for high quality of care expectations. Beginning in 2019, physical therapy providers were included in the CMS Quality Payment Program and were eligible to report quality metrics for the Merit-based Incentive Payment System ("MIPS"). Since the inception of the MIPS program for physical therapy providers, we received an 'exceptional' rating every year based on the data submitted across our platform. As a result, we received quality 'bonuses' with respect to billed CMS payments beginning in 2021 and we expect to receive quality 'bonuses' with respect to 2024 billed CMS payments. We believe the 'exceptional' rating by CMS reflects our commitment to delivering a high quality of care. Additionally, in January 2022 we achieved Credentialing Accreditation status by the National Committee for Quality Assurance. As an accredited organization, we have demonstrated that our credentialing processes are in accordance with the highest quality standards.
Clinic Fleet
We operate 896 clinics located in 24 states (as well as 18 clinics under management service agreements) as of December 31, 2023. We have historically expanded our clinic fleet by opening de novo and acqui-novo clinics and by acquiring physical therapy practices. De novo clinics represent organic new clinics based on sophisticated site selection analytics. Acqui-novo clinics represent new clinics opened that were existing clinic operations not previously owned by the Company in a target geography that provides the Company with an immediate presence, available staff and referral relationships of the former owner within the surrounding areas. We have built proprietary methods to identify future sites in urban and suburban, high-traffic areas. By incorporating various datasets, including CMS and census data, we are able to compile a comprehensive assessment of potential new locations. Through our proprietary site-selection tools, we believe there continues to be significant whitespace opportunity within our existing states, with further opportunity available beyond our existing states. We opened 13 and 36 standalone clinics during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Our capital expenditure, acquisition, de novo and acqui-novo spend depends on many factors, including, but not limited to, the targeted number of new clinic openings, patient volumes, clinician labor market, revenue growth rates and level of operating cash flows. As a result of negative operating cash flows, net losses and liquidity constraints, the number of new clinic openings has decreased in recent years relative to historical years and may continue at lower than historical levels. As a result of these and other factors, we also closed or sold 40 and 23 clinics in 2023 and 2022, respectively, and we may continue to right size our clinic fleet through clinic closures and divestitures.
Our Employees and Human Capital Resources
Our business strategy relies on attracting, training, developing, and retaining a skilled workforce. Our clinicians are a driving force for favorable patient outcomes and are key to our success. The Company has focused on attempting to increase its clinical staffing levels by hiring clinicians, optimizing clinician hours based on available workforce and attempting to reduce levels of clinician attrition that were elevated in recent years relative to historical levels. The elevated levels of attrition were initially caused, in part, by changes made during the COVID-19 pandemic related to compensation, staffing levels and support for clinicians. We have implemented a range of actions related to compensation, staffing levels, clinical and professional development and other initiatives in an effort to retain and attract therapists across our platform. During 2023, attrition levels improved and were relatively consistent with historical levels. While we have observed improvements in hiring and attrition levels since implementing these actions, we continue to monitor hiring and retention risk due to a continued tight labor market for available physical therapy and other healthcare providers in the workforce.
We offer comprehensive Total Rewards in an effort to attract new candidates and retain existing employees. Our Total Rewards program includes, but is not limited to, incentive compensation plans, healthcare and insurance benefits, a 401(k) plan, paid time off and other work-life and wellness benefits. We have focused on adding greater efficiency and effectiveness around accountability and decision rights, acted swiftly and decisively in the advent of COVID-19 to continue our strong commitment to workplace safety and the health and welfare of our clinicians and patients and created leadership and development programs to support clinician career development and growth.
We are an equal opportunity employer and are committed to maintaining a diverse and inclusive work environment. Employees are treated with dignity and respect in an environment free from harassment and discrimination regardless of race, color, age, gender, disability, minority, sexual orientation or any other protected class. Our commitment to diversity and inclusion enables employees to realize their full potential and drives high performance through innovation and collaboration.
As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately 6,000 employees. This number is not inclusive of any contractors or temporary staff but does include our on-call clinicians. We do not have any employees who are represented by a labor union or are party to a collective bargaining agreement.
Governmental Regulations and Supervision
We are subject to extensive federal, state and local government laws and regulations, including Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement rules and regulations, anti-kickback laws, self-referral prohibition statutes, false claims statutes, exclusions statutes, civil monetary penalty statutes and associated regulations, among others. We are also subject to federal and state laws that regulate the reimbursement of our services and that are designed to prevent fraud and abuse, and impose state licensure and corporate practice of medicine restrictions, as well as federal and state laws and regulations relating to the privacy of individually identifiable information. We maintain a robust compliance program, have made significant investments around our controls across the organization, and we periodically conduct compliance audits and reviews along with compliance training designed to keep our officers, directors and employees educated and up-to-date and to emphasize our policy of strict compliance.
Reimbursement; Fraud and Abuse
We are subject to laws regulating reimbursement under various federal and state healthcare programs. The marketing, billing, documenting and other practices of healthcare companies are all subject to government scrutiny. To ensure compliance with Medicare, Medicaid and other regulations, health insurance carriers and state agencies often conduct audits and request customer records and other documents to support our claims submitted for payment of services rendered to customers. Similarly, government agencies and their contractors periodically open investigations and obtain information from us and from healthcare providers pursuant to the legal process. Violations of federal and state regulations can result in severe criminal, civil and administrative penalties and sanctions, including disqualification from Medicare and other reimbursement programs, which could significantly impact our financial condition and results of operations.
Various federal and state laws prohibit the submission of false or fraudulent claims, including claims to obtain payment under Medicare, Medicaid, and other government healthcare programs. These laws include the federal False Claims Act, which prohibits persons or entities from knowingly submitting or causing to be submitted a claim that the person knew or should have known (i) to be false or fraudulent; (ii) for items or services not provided or provided as claimed; or (iii) was provided by an individual not otherwise qualified or who was excluded from participation in federal healthcare programs. The False Claims Act also imposes penalties for requests for payment that otherwise violate conditions of participation in federal healthcare programs or other healthcare compliance laws. In recent years, federal and state government agencies have increased the level of enforcement resources and activities targeted at the healthcare industry. Additionally, the False Claims Act and similar state statutes allow individuals to bring lawsuits on behalf of the government, in what are known as qui tam or “whistleblower” actions, and can result in civil and criminal fines, imprisonment, and exclusion from participation in federal and state healthcare programs. The use of these private enforcement actions against healthcare providers has increased dramatically in recent years, in part because the individual filing the initial complaint is entitled to share in a portion of any settlement or judgment. Revisions to the False Claims Act enacted in 2009 expanded significantly the scope of liability, provided for new investigative tools, and made it easier for whistleblowers to bring and maintain False Claims Act suits on behalf of the government.
Anti-Kickback Regulations
We are subject to federal and state laws regulating financial relationships involving federally-reimbursable healthcare services. These laws include Section 1128B(b) of the Social Security Act (the “Anti-Kickback Law”), under which civil and criminal penalties can be imposed upon persons who, among other things, offer, solicit, pay or receive remuneration in return for (i) the referral of patients for the rendering of any item or service for which payment may be made, in whole or in part, by a federal health care program (including Medicare and Medicaid); or (ii) purchasing, leasing, ordering, or arranging for or recommending purchasing, leasing, ordering any good, facility, service, or item for which payment may be made, in whole or in part, by a federal health care program (including Medicare and Medicaid). We believe that our business procedures and business arrangements are in compliance with these laws and regulations. However, the provisions are broadly written and the full extent of their specific application to specific facts and arrangements to which we are a party is uncertain and difficult to predict. In addition, several states have enacted state laws similar to the Anti-Kickback Law, many of which are more restrictive than the federal Anti-Kickback Law.
The Office of the Inspector General (“OIG”) of the Health and Human Services Department has issued regulations describing compensation arrangements that fall within a “Safe Harbor” and, therefore, are not viewed as illegal remuneration under the Anti-Kickback Law. Failure to fall within a Safe Harbor does not mean that the Anti-Kickback Law has been violated; however, the OIG has indicated that failure to fall within a Safe Harbor may subject an arrangement to increased scrutiny under a “facts and circumstances” test. Federal case law provides limited guidance as to the application of the Anti-Kickback Law to these arrangements. However, we believe our arrangements, including our compensation and financial arrangements, comply with the Anti-Kickback Law. If our arrangements are found to violate the Anti-Kickback Law, it could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Penalties for violations include denial of payment for the services, significant criminal and civil monetary penalties, and exclusion from the Medicare and Medicaid programs. In addition, claims resulting from a violation of the Anti-Kickback Law are considered false for purposes of the False Claims Act.
Physician Self-Referral
Provisions of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 (42 U.S.C. § 1395nn) (the “Stark Law”) prohibit referrals by a physician of “designated health services” which are payable, in whole or in part, by Medicare or Medicaid, to an entity in which the physician or the physician’s immediate family member has an investment interest or other financial relationship, subject to several exceptions. The Stark Law is a strict liability statute and proof of intent to violate the Stark Law is not required. Physical therapy services are among the “designated health services” subject to the Stark Law. Further, the Stark Law has application to our management contracts with individual physicians and physician groups, as well as, any other financial relationship between us and referring physicians, including medical advisor arrangements and any financial transaction resulting from a clinic acquisition. The Stark Law also prohibits billing for services rendered pursuant to a prohibited referral. Several states have enacted laws similar to the Stark Law. These state laws may cover all (not just Medicare and Medicaid) patients. As with the Anti-Kickback Law, we consider the Stark Law in planning our clinics, establishing contractual and other arrangements with physicians, marketing and other activities, and believe that our operations are in compliance with the Stark Law. If we violate the Stark Law or any similar state laws, our financial results and operations could be adversely affected. Penalties for violations include denial of payment for the services, significant civil monetary penalties, and exclusion from the Medicare and Medicaid programs.
Corporate Practice; Fee-Splitting; Professional Licensure
The laws of some states restrict or prohibit the “corporate practice of medicine,” meaning business corporations cannot provide medical services through the direct employment of medical providers, or by exercising control over medical decisions by medical providers. In some states, the specific restrictions explicitly apply to physical therapy services, in others the specific restrictions have been interpreted to apply to physical therapy services or are not fully developed. The specific restrictions with respect to enforcement of the corporate practice of medicine or physical therapy vary from state to state and certain states in which we operate may present higher risk than others.
Many states also have laws that prohibit a non-physical therapy entity, individual, or provider fee-splitting. Generally, these laws restrict business arrangements that involve a physical therapist sharing professional fees with a referral source, but in some states, these laws have been interpreted to extend to management agreements between physical therapists and business entities under some circumstances.
We believe that each of our facilities and medical provider partners comply with any current corporate practice and fee-splitting laws of the state in which they are located. However, such laws and regulations vary from state to state and are enforced by governmental, judicial, law enforcement or regulatory authorities with broad discretion. We cannot be certain that our interpretation of certain laws and regulations is correct with respect to how we have structured our operations, service agreements and other arrangements with physical therapists in the states in which we operate. Future interpretations of corporate practice and fee-splitting laws, the enactment of new legislation, or the adoption of new regulations relating to these laws could cause us to have to restructure our business operations or close our facilities in a particular state.
Health Information Practices
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 ("HIPAA") required the Health and Human Services Department to adopt standards to protect the privacy and security of individually identifiable health-related information. HIPAA created a source of funding for fraud control to coordinate federal, state and local healthcare law enforcement programs, conduct investigations, provide guidance to the healthcare industry concerning fraudulent healthcare practices, and establish a national data bank to receive and report final adverse actions. HIPAA also criminalized certain forms of health fraud against all public and private payors. Additionally, HIPAA mandates the adoption of standards regarding the exchange of healthcare information in an effort to ensure the privacy and electronic security of patient information and standards relating to the privacy of health information. Sanctions for failing to comply with HIPAA include criminal penalties and civil sanctions. In February of 2009, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (“ARRA”) was signed into law. Title XIII of ARRA, the Health Information Technology for Electronic and Clinical Health Act (“HITECH”), provided for substantial Medicare and Medicaid incentives for providers to adopt electronic health records (“EHRs”) and grants for the development of health information exchange (“HIE”). Recognizing that HIE and EHR systems will not be implemented unless the public can be assured that the privacy and security of patient information in such systems is protected, HITECH also significantly expanded the scope of the privacy and security requirements under HIPAA. Most notable are the mandatory breach notification requirements and a heightened enforcement scheme that includes increased penalties, and which now apply to business associates as well as to covered entities. In addition to HIPAA, a number of states have adopted laws and/or regulations applicable in the use and disclosure of individually identifiable health information that can be more stringent than comparable provisions under HIPAA.
In addition to HIPAA, there are numerous federal and state laws and regulations addressing patient and consumer privacy concerns, including unauthorized access or theft of personal information. State statutes and regulations vary from state to state, some of which are more stringent than HIPAA.
We believe that our operations comply with applicable standards for privacy and security of protected healthcare information. We cannot predict what negative effect, if any, HIPAA/HITECH or any applicable state law or regulation will have on our business.
Other Regulatory Factors
Political, economic and regulatory influences are fundamentally changing the healthcare industry in the United States Congress, state legislatures and the private sector continue to review and assess alternative healthcare delivery and payment systems. Potential alternative approaches could include mandated basic healthcare benefits, controls on healthcare spending through limitations on the growth of private health insurance premiums and Medicare and Medicaid spending, the creation of large insurance purchasing groups, and price controls. Legislative debate is expected to continue in the future and market forces are expected to demand only modest increases or reduced costs. For instance, managed care entities are demanding lower reimbursement rates from healthcare providers and, in some cases, are requiring or encouraging providers to accept capitated payments that may not allow providers to cover their full costs or realize traditional levels of profitability. We cannot reasonably predict what impact the adoption of federal or state healthcare reform measures or future private sector reform may have on our business.
Available Information
We are subject to the information and periodic reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Exchange Act") and, therefore, file periodic reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Such periodic reports, proxy statements and other information are available on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.
Our website address is www.atipt.com. Our filings with the SEC, as well as other pertinent financial and Company information, are available at no cost on our website through the investor relations section as soon as reasonably practicable after the filing of such reports with the SEC. The information on our website is not incorporated as a part of this Annual Report.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Our operations and financial results are subject to various risks and uncertainties that could adversely affect our business. You should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described below before deciding to invest in our common stock, in addition to other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations."
The following risks and uncertainties are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of, or that we currently believe are not material, may also become important factors that adversely affect our business. If any of the following risks or others not specified below materialize, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. In that case, the trading price of our common stock could decline. The risks discussed below also include forward-looking statements, and our actual results may differ substantially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”
Risk Factor Summary
We are providing the following summary of the risk factors contained in our Form 10-K to enhance the readability and usefulness of our risk factor disclosures. This summary should be read in conjunction with the full risk factors contained in this Form 10-K and should not be relied upon as an exhaustive summary of the material risks facing our business. The order of presentation is not necessarily indicative of the level of risk that each factor poses to us.
•Our liquidity position raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern;
•If we fail to comply with covenants related to our debt agreement or our Series A Senior Preferred Stock, it could result in the acceleration of some or all of our debt and preferred stock obligations;
•We depend upon reimbursement by governmental payors through Medicare and Medicaid;
•Growth in Medicaid expenditures is not anticipated;
•Payments we receive from Medicare and Medicaid are subject to potential retroactive reduction;
•We depend upon reimbursement by third-party payors;
•Payments from workers’ compensation payors may be reduced or eliminated;
•Our payor contracts are subject to renegotiation or termination;
•Billing disputes with third-party payors may decrease realized revenue and may lead to requests for recoupment of past amounts paid;
•We are subject to risks associated with public health crises and epidemics / pandemics;
•We may be adversely affected by natural disasters, pandemics and other catastrophic events;
•We are subject to increases in cost inflation and risks related to a potential recession;
•We operate in a competitive industry;
•We may not be able to attract or retain clinical or corporate talent;
•We may be unable to use our net operating loss carryforwards to offset future taxable income;
•Rapid technological change presents us with significant risks and challenges;
•We may be unable to maintain high levels of service and patient satisfaction;
•Our current locations may become unattractive and attractive new locations may not be available for a reasonable price, if at all;
•We may incur closure costs and losses;
•Our ability to generate revenue is highly sensitive to the strength of the economies, demographics and populations of the local communities that we serve;
•Our financial results could vary significantly from quarter to quarter and are difficult to predict;
•As participants in Medicare and Medicaid programs, we are subject to various governmental laws and regulations;
•An adverse inspection, review, audit or investigation could result in fines, penalties and other sanctions, including license revocation or exclusion from participation in the Medicare or Medicaid programs or one or more managed care payor networks;
•Our systems infrastructure may not adequately support our operations;
•The issuance of additional equity securities in the future would result in dilution to existing holders of our common stock;
•We may issue debt or debt securities convertible into equity securities that are senior to our common stock as to distributions or in liquidation;
•Future issuances of our common stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock, as well as sales of our common stock in the public markets, or the perception of such issuances or sales, could depress the trading price of our common stock;
•The price and volume of our common stock have been volatile and fluctuates substantially;
•We may be subject to legal proceedings, which is expensive and could divert management attention;
•The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert management’s attention and affect our ability to attract and retain qualified members of our Board of Directors;
•If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud which could subject us to regulatory sanctions, harm our business and operating results and cause the trading price of our common stock to decline;
•Our efforts to regain compliance and continue operating as an NYSE-listed public company involve continued significant costs and devotion of substantial management time, and may ultimately not be successful; and
•Inaccurate or unfavorable analyst research reports or reduced analyst coverage could adversely affect our stock price and trading volume.
Risks Relating to Liquidity
Our liquidity position raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.
The Company has negative operating cash flows, operating losses and net losses. These results are, in part, due to our current capital structure and trends experienced by the Company in recent years including a tight labor market for available physical therapy and other healthcare providers in the workforce, visit volume softness, decreases in rate per visit and increases in interest costs. If results of operations in the coming twelve months do not improve relative to the previous twelve months, the Company is at risk of insufficient funding to meet its obligations as they become due as well as non-compliance with its minimum liquidity financial covenant under its 2022 Credit Agreement.
In the Company's consolidated financial statements as of and for the periods ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, these conditions and events continue to raise substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern. In response to these conditions, management plans included refinancing the Company's debt under its 2022 Credit Agreement and improving operating results and cash flows.
On June 15, 2023, the Company completed a debt restructuring transaction under its 2022 Credit Agreement including: (i) a delayed draw new money financing in an aggregate principal amount of $25.0 million, comprised of (A) second lien paid-in-kind ("PIK") convertible notes (the “2L Notes”) and (B) shares of Series B Preferred Stock (the "Series B Preferred Stock"), which will provide the holder thereof with voting rights such that the holders thereof will have the right to vote on an as-converted basis, (ii) the exchange of $100.0 million of the aggregate principal amount of the term loans under the 2022 Credit Agreement held by certain of the holders of its Series A Senior Preferred Stock (the "Preferred Equityholders") for 2L Notes and Series B Preferred Stock and (iii) certain other changes to the terms of the 2022 Credit Agreement, including modifications of the financial covenants thereunder and relief from the requirements related to the delivery of independent audit reports without a going concern explanatory paragraph. Holders of the 2L Notes will also receive additional 2L Notes upon the in-kind payment of interest on any outstanding 2L Notes. The 2L Notes are convertible into shares of Class A common stock at a fixed conversion price.
Additionally, the Company experienced improvements in operations that resulted in reduced levels of operating cash outflows during the year ended December 31, 2023 relative to the same period in the prior year. A continued improvement in business results is necessary as there remains a risk that the Company may fail to meet its minimum liquidity covenant or be unable to fund anticipated cash requirements and obligations as they become due in the future.
The Company's plan is to continue its efforts to improve its operating results and cash flow through increases to clinical staffing levels, improvements in clinician productivity, controlling costs and capital expenditures and increases in patient visit volumes, referrals and rate per visit. There can be no assurance that the Company's plan will be successful in any of these respects.
If the Company's plan does not result in improvement in these aspects in future periods that results in sufficient cash flow from operations, the Company will need to consider other alternatives, such as raising additional financing, obtaining funds from other sources, disposal of assets, or pursuing other strategic alternatives to improve its business, results of operations and financial condition. There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in accessing such alternative options or financing if or when needed. Failure to do so could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, and may lead to events including bankruptcy, reorganization or insolvency.
Management plans have not been fully implemented and, as a result, the Company has concluded that management's plans do not alleviate substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern.
We may be unable to generate sufficient cash and may be required to take other actions, which may not be successful, to satisfy our obligations.
To the extent our operating cash flows, together with our cash on hand and access to our revolving credit facility, become insufficient to cover our liquidity and capital requirements, including funds for any future acquisitions and other corporate transactions, we may be required to seek third-party financing or an alternative liquidity or capital transaction. There can be no assurance that we would be able to obtain any required financing, or complete an alternative liquidity or capital transaction, on a timely basis or at all. Further, lenders and other financial institutions could require us to agree to more restrictive covenants, grant liens on our assets as collateral and/or accept other terms that are not commercially beneficial to us in order to obtain financing. Such terms could further restrict our operations and exacerbate any impact on our results of operations and liquidity.
We have outstanding indebtedness and may incur additional debt in the future.
We have outstanding indebtedness that could have detrimental consequences on our ability to obtain additional debt or other financing as needed for working capital, acquisition costs, other capital expenditures or general corporate purposes. We cannot be certain that cash flow from operations will be sufficient to allow us to pay principal and interest on the debt, support operations and meet other obligations. If we do not have the resources to meet our obligations, we may be required to refinance all or part of our outstanding debt, sell assets or borrow more money. We may not be able to do so on acceptable terms, in a timely manner, or at all. If we are unable to refinance our debt on acceptable terms, we may be forced to dispose of our assets on disadvantageous terms, potentially resulting in losses. Defaults under our debt agreement could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition or results of operations.
Certain of our borrowings and other obligations are based upon variable rates of interest, which could result in higher expense in the event of increases in interest rates.
Borrowings under the 2022 Credit Agreement are subject to variable rates of interest and subject us to interest rate risk. During 2023 and 2022, a rising interest rate environment was observed and interest rates may continue to rise again in the future. Such increases in interest rates would increase interest payment obligations under the 2022 Credit Agreement and could have a negative effect on our cash flow and/or financial condition.
At times, we have sought to reduce our exposure to interest rate fluctuations by entering into interest rate hedging arrangements. However, any hedging arrangements we enter into may not fully mitigate our interest rate risk, may prove disadvantageous or may create additional risks.
Our outstanding indebtedness and our Series A Senior Preferred Stock contains covenants that may limit certain operating and financial decisions. Non-compliance with these covenants may result in the acceleration of our indebtedness which could lead to bankruptcy, reorganization or insolvency.
Our 2022 Credit Agreement contains restrictive and financial covenants, and the Certificate of Designation for our Series A Senior Preferred Stock contains provisions that impose significant operating and financial restrictions that may limit our ability to take actions that may be in our long-term best interest. Our 2022 Credit Agreement contains customary representations and warranties, events of default, reporting and other affirmative covenants and negative covenants including, but not limited to, requirements related to the delivery of independent audit reports without certain going concern qualifications, limitations on indebtedness, liens, investments, negative pledges, dividends, junior debt payments, fundamental changes and asset sales and affiliate transactions. The Second Lien Note Purchase Agreement includes affirmative and negative covenants (other than financial covenants) that are substantially consistent with the 2022 Credit Agreement, as well as customary events of default. Based on the terms of the 2023 Debt Restructuring, the Company is temporarily relieved from the requirements related to the delivery of independent audit reports without a going concern explanatory paragraph. The financial covenants also require us to maintain minimum liquidity or a secured net leverage ratio as of each fiscal quarter end, which we may be unable to meet.
In addition, the Certificate of Designation for our Series A Senior Preferred Stock contains provisions that may likewise impose significant operating and financial restrictions on our business. If an Event of Noncompliance (as defined in the Certificate of Designation) occurs, then the holders of a majority of the then outstanding shares of Series A Senior Preferred Stock (but excluding any shares of Series A Senior Preferred Stock then held by Advent International Corporation or its controlled affiliates) (the “Majority Holders”) have the right to demand that the Company engage in a sale/refinancing process for the Series A Senior Preferred Stock.
Failure to comply with our 2022 Credit Agreement, Second Lien Note Purchase Agreement or the Certificate of Designation for our Series A Senior Preferred Stock could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition or results of operation. If we are unable to cure covenant defaults within any applicable grace periods or obtain waivers or acceptable refinancing, such defaults could result in the acceleration of some or all of our indebtedness, which could lead to bankruptcy, reorganization or insolvency.
Risks Relating to our Business and Industry
We depend upon governmental payors through Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement and decreases in Medicare reimbursement rates may adversely affect our financial results.
A significant portion of our net patient revenue is derived from governmental third-party payors. In 2023, approximately 23.2% of our net patient revenue was derived from Medicare and Medicaid. In recent years, through legislative and regulatory actions, the federal government has made substantial changes to various payment systems under the Medicare program. Additional reforms or other changes to these payment systems may be proposed or adopted, either by the U.S. Congress (“Congress”) or by the CMS, including bundled payments, outcomes-based payment methodologies and a shift away from traditional fee-for-service reimbursement. If revised regulations are adopted, the availability, methods and rates of Medicare reimbursements for services of the type furnished at our facilities could change. Some of these changes and proposed changes could adversely affect our business strategy, operations and financial results. The Medicare program reimburses outpatient rehabilitation providers based on the MPFS. In recent years, the physical therapy industry has observed reductions of Medicare reimbursement rates. Beginning in January 2022, the physical therapy industry observed a reduction of Medicare reimbursement rates of approximately 0.75%, as well as a 15% decrease in payments for services performed by physical therapy assistants. Additionally, sequestration reductions resumed at 1% after March 31, 2022, and by an additional 1% after June 30, 2022, which resulted in an overall reduction of 2% in reimbursement rates related to sequestration after June 30, 2022. In July 2022, the CMS released its proposed 2023 MPFS which called for an approximate 4.5% reduction in the calendar year 2023 conversion factor. In December 2022, the Consolidated Appropriations Act (2023) was signed into law. The Consolidated Appropriations Act (2023) provides partial relief related to Medicare cuts including 2.5% relief in 2023 and 1.25% relief in 2024. As a result, the reimbursement rate reduction beginning in January 2023 was approximately 2.0%. In November 2023, the CMS released its final 2024 MPFS. The final fee schedule called for an approximate 3.4% reduction in the calendar year 2024 conversion factor which led to further reductions in reimbursement rates beginning in 2024, unless these reductions are otherwise mitigated through a Congressional measure.
Statutes, regulations and payment rules governing the delivery of therapy services to Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries are complex and subject to interpretation. Compliance with such laws and regulations requires significant expense and management attention and can be subject to future government review and interpretation, as well as significant regulatory actions, including fines, penalties and exclusion from the Medicare and Medicaid programs if we are found to be in non-compliance. Any required actions to return to compliance, or any challenges to such regulatory actions, could be costly and time consuming and may not result in a favorable reversal of any such fines, penalties or exclusions.
Given the history of frequent revisions to the Medicare and Medicaid programs and their complexity, reimbursement rates and rules, we may not continue to receive reimbursement rates from Medicare or Medicaid that sufficiently compensate us for services or, in some instances, cover operating costs. Limits on reimbursement rates or the scope of services being reimbursed could have a material adverse effect on our revenue, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, any delay or default by the federal or state governments in making Medicare or Medicaid reimbursement payments could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We anticipate the federal and state governments to continue their efforts to contain growth in Medicaid expenditures, which could adversely affect our revenue and profitability.
Medicaid spending has increased rapidly in recent years, becoming a significant component of state budgets. This, combined with slower state revenue growth, has led the federal government and many states to institute measures aimed at controlling the growth of Medicaid spending, and in some instances reducing aggregate Medicaid spending. We expect these state and federal efforts to continue for the foreseeable future. Furthermore, not all of the states in which we operate have elected to expand Medicaid as part of federal healthcare reform legislation. There can be no assurance that the program, on the current terms or otherwise, will continue for any particular period of time beyond the foreseeable future. Historically, state budget pressures have translated into reductions in state spending. In addition, an economic downturn, coupled with sustained unemployment, may also impact the number of enrollees in managed care programs as well as the profitability of managed care companies, which could result in reduced reimbursement rates. If Medicaid reimbursement rates are reduced or fail to increase as quickly as our costs, or if there are changes in the rules governing the Medicaid program that are disadvantageous to our business, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
Payments we receive from Medicare and Medicaid are subject to potential retroactive reduction.
Payments we receive from Medicare and Medicaid can be retroactively adjusted during the claims settlement process or as a result of post-payment audits. Payors may disallow our requests for reimbursement, or recoup amounts previously reimbursed, based on determinations by the payors or their third-party audit contractors that certain costs are not reimbursable because the documentation provided was inadequate or because certain services were not covered or were deemed medically unnecessary. Significant adjustments, recoupments or repayments of our Medicare or Medicaid revenue, and the costs associated with complying with audits and investigations by regulatory and governmental authorities, could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Additionally, from time to time we become aware, either based on information provided by third-parties and/or the results of internal reviews, of payments from payor sources that were either wholly or partially in excess of the amount that we should have been paid for the services provided. We are also subject to regular post-payment inquiries, investigations and audits of the claims we submit to Medicare and Medicaid for payment for our services. These post-payment reviews have increased as a result of government cost-containment initiatives. Overpayments may result from a variety of factors, including insufficient documentation to support the services rendered or the medical necessity of such services, or other failures to document the satisfaction of the necessary conditions of payment. We are required by law in most instances to refund the full amount of the overpayment after becoming aware of it, and failure to do so within requisite time limits imposed by applicable law could lead to significant fines and penalties being imposed on us. Furthermore, initial billing of and payments for services that are unsupported by the requisite documentation and satisfaction of any other conditions of payment, regardless of our awareness of the failure at the time of the billing or payment, could expose us to significant fines and penalties. We and/or certain of our operating companies could also be subject to exclusion from participation in the Medicare or Medicaid programs in some circumstances, in addition to any monetary or other fines, penalties or sanctions that we may incur under applicable federal and/or state law. Our repayment of any overpayments, as well as any related fines, penalties or other sanctions that we may be subject to, and any costs incurred in responding to requests for records or pursuing the reversal of payment denials, could be significant and could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
From time to time we are also involved in various external governmental investigations, subpoenas, audits and reviews, including in connection with our claims for reimbursement and associated payments. Reviews, audits and investigations of this sort can lead to governmental subpoenas or other actions, which can result in the assessment of damages, civil or criminal fines or penalties, or other sanctions, including restrictions or changes in the way we conduct business, loss of licensure or exclusion from participation in government programs. Failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations and rules could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, becoming subject to these governmental subpoenas, investigations, audits and reviews can require us to incur significant legal and document production expenses as we cooperate with the governmental authorities, regardless of whether the particular investigation, audit or review leads to the identification of underlying issues.
We depend upon reimbursement by third-party payors.
A significant portion of our revenue is derived from third-party payors. In 2023, approximately 58.6% of our net patient revenue was derived from commercial payors. These private third-party payors attempt to control healthcare costs by contracting with healthcare providers to obtain services on a discounted basis. We believe that this trend may continue and may limit reimbursement for healthcare services in the future. In addition, Company claims are closely scrutinized, and failure to submit accurate and complete clinical documentation, including specific documentation by the service provider, could result in adverse actions taken by the payor. Further, if insurers or managed care companies from whom we receive substantial payments were to reduce the amounts they pay for services, our profit margins may decline, or we may lose patients if we choose not to renew our contracts with these insurers at lower rates. In addition, in certain geographical areas, our clinics must be approved as providers by key health maintenance organizations and preferred provider plans. Failure to obtain or maintain these approvals would adversely affect our financial results.
If payments from workers’ compensation payors are reduced or eliminated, our revenue and profitability could be adversely affected.
In 2023, approximately 11.7% of our net patient revenue was derived from workers’ compensation payors. State workers’ compensation laws and regulations vary and changes to state laws could result in decreased reimbursement by third-party payors for physical therapy services, which could have an adverse impact on our revenue. Further, payments received under certain workers’ compensation arrangements may be based on pre-determined state fee schedules, which may be impacted by changes in state funding. Any modification to such schedules that reduces our ability to receive payments from workers’ compensation payors could be significant and could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. We may continue to experience unfavorable changes in rates and payor and service mix shifts toward lower reimbursing payor classes as opposed to higher reimbursing classes such as workers' compensation and auto personal injury. These changes may reflect longer term trends in our markets. Adverse changes in payor mix and/or payor rates are likely to adversely affect our results of operations in future periods, which effects may be material.
Our payor contracts are subject to renegotiation or termination, which could result in a decrease in our revenue or profits.
The majority of our payor contracts are subject to termination by either party. Such contracts are routinely amended (sometimes through unilateral action by payors with respect to payment policies), renegotiated, subjected to bidding processes with our competitors, or terminated altogether. Oftentimes in the renegotiation process, certain lines of business may not be renewed or a payor may enlarge its provider network or otherwise change the way it conducts its business in a way that adversely impacts our revenue. In other cases, a payor may reduce its provider network in exchange for lower payment rates. Our revenue from a payor may also be adversely affected if the payor alters its utilization management expectations and/or administrative procedures for payments and audits, changes its order of preference among the providers to which it refers business or imposes a third-party administrator, network manager or other intermediary.
Billing disputes with third-party payors may decrease realized revenue and may lead to requests for recoupment of past amounts paid.
From time to time, payors dispute our billing or coding for services provided and we deal with requests for recoupment from third-party payors in the ordinary course of business. Third-party payors may decide to deny payment or recoup payment for services that they contend to have been not medically necessary, against their coverage determinations, or for which they have otherwise overpaid, and we may be required to refund reimbursements already received. Claims for recoupment also require the time and attention of our management and other key personnel, which can serve as a distraction from operating our business.
If a third-party payor successfully challenges a payment to us for prior services provided was in breach of contract or otherwise contrary to policy or law, they may recoup payment, of which amounts could be significant and would impact our operating results and financial condition. We may also decide to negotiate and settle with a third-party payor in order to resolve an allegation of overpayment. In the past, we have negotiated and settled these types of claims with third-party payors in order to avoid the costs of potential litigation. We may be required to resolve further disputes in the future. We can provide no assurance that we will not receive similar claims for recoupment from other third-party payors in the future. Any of these outcomes, including recoupment or reimbursements, could have a material and adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition.
We are subject to risks associated with public health crises and epidemics / pandemics, such as COVID-19.
Our operations expose us to risks associated with public health crises and epidemics / pandemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic that spread globally beginning in early 2020.
The COVID-19 pandemic had a material and adverse impact on our operations, including restrictions on the operation of physical locations, cancellations of physical therapy patient appointments, clinical staff unavailable to work due to sickness or exposure and a decline in the scheduling of new or additional patient appointments. Due to these impacts and measures, we experienced significant and unpredictable reductions and cancellations of patient visits.
The spread of COVID-19, and the related global, national and regional policy response also led to disruption and volatility in the global capital markets, which increased economic uncertainty and the cost of, and adversely impacts access to, capital. The COVID-19 pandemic caused economic impacts with potentially extended duration, and could directly or indirectly cause a global recession, continued elevated wage inflation, inflation in the cost of goods, services and other operating inputs, changes in the market interest rate environment and other economic impacts.
Despite the World Health Organization declaring an end to the global health emergency associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2023, the full extent of its future impact remains unknown and difficult to predict. The future impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and any direct or indirect resulting impacts on our performance will depend on certain developments, including the duration and spread of the virus and its newly identified strains, effectiveness and adoption rates of vaccines and other therapeutic remedies, the potential for continued or reinstated restrictive policies enforced by federal, state and local governments, and the impact of the virus on our workforce, all of which create uncertainty and cannot be predicted. While we expect the disruption caused by COVID-19 and resulting impacts to diminish over time, we cannot predict the length of such impacts, and if such impacts continue for an extended period, it could have a continued effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial condition and cash flows, which could be material.
Any future public health crisis, pandemic, or epidemic could cause any of the impacts described above to recur or could cause other unpredictable events, including events that could impact our ability to access funds from financial institutions and capital markets on terms favorable to us, or at all. COVID-19 and other similar outbreaks, epidemics or pandemics could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, could cause significant volatility in the trading prices of our securities, and may also heighten the other risks described in this Item 1A. Risk Factors.
We are subject to increases in the cost inflation necessary for the provision of our services and we may not be able to fully offset this cost inflation on a timely basis or at all.
Many of the components of our cost of services are subject to price increases that are attributable to factors beyond our control, including but not limited to, costs of clinician services and other professional services, contract labor, janitorial services, support staff services and clinic supplies. In the latter part of 2021 and continuing in 2022 and 2023, input costs have increased materially and at a historically high rate. The pressures of input cost inflation may continue. To the extent we are unable to offset present and future input cost increases, our operating results could be materially and adversely affected.
We operate in a competitive industry, and if we are not able to compete effectively, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be harmed.
Current or potential patients may seek competitive services in lieu of our services. We face competition from a range of entities, some of which have superior resources or other competitive advantages. If we are unable to compete successfully in the physical therapy industry, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
The outpatient physical therapy market is rapidly evolving and highly competitive, and subject to vertical integration. Such vertical integration could reduce the market opportunity for our services. Competition may intensify in the future as existing competitors and new entrants introduce new physical therapy services and platforms. We currently face competition from a range of companies, including other incumbent providers of physical therapy consultation services, that are continuing to grow and enhance their service offerings and develop more sophisticated and effective service platforms. In addition, since there are limited capital expenditures required for providing physical therapy services, there are few financial barriers to enter the industry. Other companies could enter the healthcare industry in the future and divert some or all of our business. Competition from specialized physical therapy service providers, healthcare providers, hospital systems and other parties may result in continued pricing and volume pressures, which would be likely to lead to price and volume declines in certain of our services, all of which could negatively impact our sales, profitability and market share.
Referrals and other methods of driving patient volumes are important to our profitability. We have implemented and are implementing strategies to improve our level of referrals, and if these measures are not successful, or if we are not able to successfully capture referrals or visit demand, it could lead to a decline in patient volumes and revenues, which could negatively impact our profitability and market share.
Some competitors may have greater name recognition, longer operating histories and significantly greater resources than us. Further, our current or potential competitors may be acquired by third-parties with greater available resources. As a result, our competitors may be able to respond more quickly and effectively than us to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards or client requirements and may have the ability to initiate or withstand substantial price competition. In addition, current and potential competitors have established, and may in the future establish, cooperative relationships with vendors of complementary products, technologies or services to increase the availability of their services in the marketplace. Accordingly, new competitors or alliances may emerge that have greater market share, a larger client base, more widely adopted proprietary technologies, greater marketing expertise, greater financial resources or larger sales forces than ours, which could put us at a competitive disadvantage. Our competitors could also be better positioned to serve certain geographies or segments of the physical therapy market, which could create additional price and volume pressure. As we expand into new geographical areas, we may encounter competitors with stronger relationships or recognition in the community in such new areas, which could give those competitors an advantage in obtaining new patients or retaining existing ones.
We also compete for physical therapists and, in recent years, we experienced elevated levels of attrition relative to historical levels, which has had and may continue to have adverse effects on our business, financial condition, results of operations, as well as our ability to open new clinics. We have taken and are continuing to take actions to increase hiring, reduce attrition and optimize clinician hours based on available workforce, but the impact of hiring and attrition has impacted overall profitability through wage inflation, greater benefits, and increases in other employee costs, as well as required a higher use of contract labor in difficult to staff markets. These labor market dynamics and level of competition are likely to continue. The ultimate impact on our business and industry remains difficult to predict, but may have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.
Moreover, we expect that competition will continue to increase as a result of consolidation in the healthcare industry. Many healthcare industry participants are consolidating to create integrated healthcare systems with greater market power, including, in some cases, integrating physical therapy services with their core medical practices. As provider networks and managed care organizations consolidate, thus decreasing the number of market participants, competition to provide services like ours may become more intense, and the importance of establishing and maintaining relationships with key industry participants will become greater.
Rapid technological change presents us with significant risks and challenges.
The healthcare market is characterized by rapid technological change, changing consumer requirements, short product lifecycles and evolving industry standards. Our success will depend on our ability to enhance our brands with next-generation technologies and to develop, acquire and market new services to access new consumer populations. Moreover, we may not be successful in developing, using, selling or maintaining new technologies effectively or adapting solutions to evolving client requirements or emerging industry standards, and, as a result, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. In addition, we have limited insight into trends that might develop and later affect our business, and which could lead to errors in our analysis of available data or in predicting and reacting to relevant business, legal and regulatory trends and healthcare reform. Further, there can be no assurance that technological advances by one or more of our current or future competitors will not result in our present or future solutions and services becoming uncompetitive or obsolete. If any of these events occur, it could harm our business.
Inability to maintain high levels of service and patient satisfaction could adversely affect our business.
Failure to retain and attract sufficient numbers of qualified personnel could strain our human resources department and impede our growth or result in ineffective growth. In addition, if demand for our services increases, we need to increase our patient services and other personnel, as well as our network of partners, to provide personalized patient service. If we are not able to continue to provide high quality physical therapy services with high levels of patient satisfaction, our reputation, as well as our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.
Our current locations may become unattractive, and attractive new locations may not be available for a reasonable price, if at all, which could adversely affect our business.
The success of any of our clinics depends in substantial part on their locations. There can be no assurance that the current locations will continue to be attractive as demographic patterns and trade areas change. For example, neighborhood or economic conditions where our clinics are located could decline in the future, thus resulting in potentially reduced patient visits. In addition, rising real estate prices in some areas may restrict our ability to lease new desirable locations or increase the cost of operating in such locations. If desirable locations cannot be obtained at reasonable prices, our ability to execute our growth strategies could be adversely affected, and we may be impacted by declines in patient visits as a result of the deterioration of certain locations, each of which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.
We may continue to close clinics and incur closure costs and losses.
The competitive, economic or reimbursement conditions in the markets in which we operate, in addition to labor market conditions and liquidity considerations, may require us to reorganize or close certain clinics. Any clinic closures, reorganization or related business disruptions may have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations. In each of fiscal years 2023 and 2022, we closed or sold 40 and 23 clinics, respectively. In the event a clinic is reorganized or closed, we may incur losses and closure costs, including, but not limited to, lease obligations, severance and write-down or write-off of goodwill, intangible assets or other assets.
We may determine to sell one or more of our clinics, and any such divestiture could adversely affect our continuing business.
We periodically evaluate our various businesses, services lines and clinics and may, as a result, consider the divestiture, wind down or exit of one or more of those clinics. Divestitures have inherent risks, including the inability to find potential buyers with favorable terms, the expense of selling the service line or clinic, the possibility that any anticipated sale will be delayed or will not occur and the potential delay or failure to realize the perceived strategic or financial merits of the divestment.
Our ability to generate revenue is highly sensitive to the strength of the economies in which we operate and the demographics and populations of the local communities that we serve.
Our revenues depend upon a number of factors, including, among others, the size and demographic characteristics of local populations and the economic condition of the communities that our locations serve. In the case of an economic downturn in a market, the utilization of physical therapy services by the local population of such market, and our resulting revenues and profitability in that market, could be adversely affected. Our revenues could also be affected by negative trends in the general economy that affect consumer spending, such as a recession or similar economic downturn. Furthermore, significant demographic changes in, or significant outmigration from, the neighborhoods where our clinics are located could reduce the demand for our services, all of which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.
Risks Relating to Our Operations
We depend upon the cultivation and maintenance of relationships with the physicians and other referral sources in our markets.
Our success is partially dependent upon referrals from physicians in the communities our clinics serve and our ability to maintain good relationships with these physicians and other referral sources. Physicians referring patients to our clinics are free to refer their patients to other therapy providers or to their own physician owned therapy practices. If we are unable to successfully cultivate and maintain strong relationships with such physicians and other referral sources (including as a result of negative publicity (whether true or not)), our business may be negatively impacted and our net revenues may decline. In addition, our relationships with referral sources are subject to extensive laws and regulations, and if those relationships with referral sources are found to be in violation of those requirements, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and/or administrative penalties, exclusion from participation in government programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and/or reputational harm.
The impacts of weather, natural disasters, climate change and other catastrophic events may adversely affect our revenues and results of operations.
We operate our business in regions that normally experience snow and ice during the winter months, and that are subject to severe weather and natural disasters, including hurricanes, floods, fires, earthquakes and other catastrophic events. A significant number of our clinics are located in states that are subject to periodic winter storms, hurricanes and other severe storm systems which have negatively impacted clinic operations in the past. Any natural disaster or impacts from climate change could adversely affect our ability to conduct business and provide services to our customers, and the insurance we maintain may not be adequate to cover losses resulting from any business interruption resulting from a natural disaster or other catastrophic event.
Future acquisitions may use significant resources, may be unsuccessful and could expose us to unforeseen liabilities.
We have historically acquired outpatient physical therapy clinics and it is an important part of our long-term growth strategy. Failure to successfully identify and complete acquisitions would likely result in slower growth. Even if we are able to identify appropriate acquisition targets, we may not be able to execute transactions on favorable terms or integrate targets in a manner that allows us to fully realize the anticipated benefits of these acquisitions. Acquisitions may involve significant cash expenditures, potential debt incurrence and operational losses, dilutive issuances of equity securities and expenses that could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Acquisitions also involve numerous risks, including:
•the difficulty and expense of integrating acquired personnel into our business;
•the diversion of management's time from existing operations;
•the potential loss of key employees of acquired companies and existing customers of the acquired companies that may not be familiar with our brand or services;
•the difficulty of assignment and/or procurement of managed care contractual arrangements; and
•the assumption of the liabilities and exposure to unforeseen liabilities of acquired companies, including liabilities for failure to comply with healthcare regulations.
Failure of our third-party customer service and technical support providers to adequately address customers’ requests could harm our business and adversely affect our financial results.
Our customers rely on our customer service support organization to resolve issues with our services. We outsource a portion of our customer service and technical support activities to third-party service providers. We depend on these third-party customer service and technical support representatives working on our behalf, and expect to continue to rely on third-parties in the future. This strategy presents risks to the business due to the fact that we may not be able to influence the quality of support as directly as we would be able to do if our own employees performed these activities. Our customers may react negatively to providing information to, and receiving support from, third-party organizations, especially if these third-party organizations are based overseas. If we encounter problems with our third-party customer service and technical support providers, our reputation may be harmed, our ability to sell our services could be adversely affected, and we could lose customers and associated revenue.
Our systems infrastructure may not adequately support our operations.
We believe our future success will depend in large part on establishing an efficient and productive IT systems infrastructure that is able to provide operational intelligence and support our platform. Our systems infrastructure is designed to address interoperability challenges across the healthcare continuum and any failure of our systems infrastructure to identify efficiencies or productivity may impact the execution of our strategies and have a significant impact on our business and operating results. Our inability to continue improving our clinical systems and data infrastructure could impact our ability to perform and continue improving outcomes for patients.
Failure by us to maintain financial controls and processes over billing and collections or disputes with third-parties could have a significant negative impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
The collection of accounts receivable requires constant focus and involvement by management, as well as ongoing enhancements of information systems and billing center operating procedures. There can be no assurance that we will be able to improve upon or maintain our current levels of collectability and days sales outstanding in future periods. Further, some of our patients or payors may experience financial difficulties, or may otherwise fail to pay accounts receivable when due, resulting in increased write-offs. If we are unable to properly bill and collect our accounts receivable, our financial condition and results of operations will be adversely affected. In addition, from time to time we are involved in disputes with various parties, including our payors and their intermediaries regarding their performance of various contractual or regulatory obligations. These disputes sometimes lead to legal and other proceedings and cause us to incur costs or experience delays in collections, increases in our accounts receivable or loss of revenue. In addition, in the event such disputes are not resolved in our favor or cause us to terminate our relationships with such parties, there may be an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
Legal and Regulatory Risks Relating to Our Business
Our operations are subject to extensive regulation.
Our operations are subject to extensive federal, state and local government laws and regulations, which may impact:
•facility and professional licensure/permits;
•conduct of operations, including financial relationships among healthcare providers, Medicare fraud and abuse, and physician self-referral;
•addition of facilities and services; and
•coding, billing and payment for services.
In recent years, there have been heightened coordinated civil and criminal enforcement efforts by both federal and state government agencies relating to the healthcare industry, and physical therapy providers, in particular, have been subject to increased enforcement. We believe we are in substantial compliance with all laws, but differing interpretations or enforcement of these laws and regulations could subject our current practices to allegations of impropriety or illegality or could require us to make changes in our methods of operations, facilities, equipment, personnel, services and capital expenditure programs and increase our operating expenses. If we fail to comply with these extensive laws and government regulations, we could become ineligible to receive government program reimbursement, suffer civil or criminal penalties or be required to make significant changes to our operations. In addition, we could be forced to expend considerable resources responding to an investigation or other enforcement action under these laws or regulations. For a more complete description of certain of these laws and regulations, refer to "Governmental Regulations and Supervision" within Part I, Item 1. Business.
In conducting our business, we are required to comply with applicable state laws regarding fee-splitting and professional corporation laws.
The laws of some states restrict or prohibit the “corporate practice of medicine,” meaning business corporations cannot provide medical services through the direct employment of medical providers, or by exercising control over medical decisions by medical providers. In some states, such restrictions explicitly apply to physical therapy services; in others, those restrictions have been interpreted to apply to physical therapy services or are not fully developed.
Specific restrictions with respect to enforcement of the corporate practice of medicine or physical therapy vary from state to state and certain states in which we operate may present higher risk than others. Each state has its own professional entity laws and unique requirements for entities that provide professional services. Further, states impose varying requirements on the licenses that the stockholders, directors, officers, and professional employees of professional corporations must possess.
Many states also have laws that prohibit non-physical therapy entities, individuals or providers from sharing in or splitting professional fees for patient care (“fee-splitting”). Generally, these laws restrict business arrangements that involve a physical therapist sharing professional fees with a referral source, but in some states, these laws have been interpreted to extend to management agreements between physical therapists and business entities under some circumstances.
Such laws and regulations vary from state to state and are enforced by governmental, judicial, law enforcement or regulatory authorities with broad discretion. Accordingly, we cannot be certain that our interpretation of certain laws and regulations is correct with respect to how we have structured our operations, service agreements and other arrangements with physical therapists in the states in which we operate.
The enforcement environment in any state in which we operate could also change, leading to increased enforcement of existing laws and regulations. If a court or governing body determines that we, or the physical therapists whom we support, have violated any of the fee-splitting laws or regulations, or if new fee-splitting laws or regulations are enacted, we or the physical therapists whom we support could be subject to civil or criminal penalties, our contracts could be found legally invalid and unenforceable (in whole or in part), or we could be required to restructure our contractual arrangements with our licensed providers of physical therapy (which may not be completed on a timely basis, if at all, and may result in terms materially less favorable to us), all of which may have a material adverse effect on our business.
We face inspections, reviews, audits and investigations under federal and state government programs and payor contracts. These audits could have adverse findings that may negatively affect our business, including our results of operations, liquidity, financial condition and reputation.
As a result of our participation in the Medicare and Medicaid programs, we are subject to various governmental inspections, reviews, audits, subpoenas and investigations to verify our compliance with these programs and applicable laws and regulations. Payors may also reserve the right to conduct audits. We also periodically conduct reviews of our regulatory compliance. While our facilities intend to comply with the federal requirements for properly billing, coding and documenting claims for reimbursement, there can be no assurance that these audits will determine that all applicable requirements are fully met at the facilities that are reviewed.
We may be subject to various external governmental investigations, subpoenas, audits and reviews. Certain adverse governmental investigations, subpoenas, audits and reviews may require us to refund amounts we have been paid and/or pay fines and penalties as a result of these inspections, reviews, audits and investigations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results. Furthermore, the legal, document production and other costs associated with complying with these inspections, reviews, subpoenas, audits or investigations could be significant. An adverse inspection, review, audit or investigation could result in:
•refunding amounts we have been paid pursuant to the Medicare or Medicaid programs or from payors;
•state or federal agencies imposing fines, penalties and other sanctions on us;
•temporary suspension of payment for new patients;
•decertification or exclusion from participation in the Medicare or Medicaid programs or one or more payor networks;
•self-disclosure of violations to applicable regulatory authorities;
•damage to our reputation; and
•loss of certain rights under, or termination of, our contracts with payors.
Our facilities are subject to extensive federal and state laws and regulations relating to the privacy of individually identifiable information.
HIPAA required the Health and Human Services Department to adopt standards to protect the privacy and security of individually identifiable health-related information. The privacy regulations extensively regulate the use and disclosure of individually identifiable health-related information. The regulations also provide patients with significant rights related to understanding and controlling how their health information is used or disclosed. The security regulations require healthcare providers to implement administrative, physical and technical practices to protect the security of individually identifiable health information that is maintained or transmitted electronically. HITECH, which was signed into law in 2009, enhanced the privacy, security and enforcement provisions of HIPAA by, among other things establishing security breach notification requirements, allowing enforcement of HIPAA by state attorneys general and increasing penalties for HIPAA violations. Violations of HIPAA or HITECH could result in civil or criminal penalties.
In addition to HIPAA, there are numerous federal and state laws and regulations addressing patient and consumer privacy concerns, including unauthorized access or theft of personal information. State statutes and regulations vary from state to state. Lawsuits, including class actions and actions by state attorneys general, directed at companies that have experienced a privacy or security breach also can occur.
We have established policies and procedures in an effort to ensure compliance with these privacy related requirements. However, if there is a breach of these privacy related requirements, we may be subject to various penalties and damages and may be required to incur costs to mitigate the impact of the breach on affected individuals.
Our business may be adversely impacted by healthcare reform efforts, including repeal of or significant modifications to the ACA.
In recent years, Congress and certain state legislatures have considered and passed a number of laws that are intended to result in significant changes to the healthcare industry. However, there is significant uncertainty regarding the future of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (“ACA”), the most prominent of these reform efforts. The law has been subject to legislative and regulatory changes and court challenges, and the prior presidential administration and certain members of Congress have stated their intent to repeal or make additional significant changes to the ACA, its implementation or its interpretation. In 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Acts was enacted, which, effective January 1, 2019, among other things, removed penalties for not complying with ACA’s individual mandate to carry health insurance. Because the penalty associated with the individual mandate was eliminated, a federal judge in Texas ruled in December 2018 that the entire ACA was unconstitutional. On December 18, 2019, the Fifth Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals upheld the lower court’s finding that the individual mandate is unconstitutional and remanded the case back to the lower court to reconsider its earlier invalidation of the full ACA. On March 2, 2020, the United States Supreme Court (the “Supreme Court”) granted the petitions for writs of certiorari to review this case and on June 17, 2021, the Supreme Court dismissed this case without specifically ruling on the constitutionality of the ACA. These and other efforts to challenge, repeal or replace the ACA may result in reduced funding for state Medicaid programs, lower numbers of insured individuals, and reduced coverage for insured individuals. There is uncertainty regarding whether, when and how the ACA will be further changed or challenged, what alternative provisions, if any, will be enacted, and the impact of alternative provisions on providers and other healthcare industry participants. Government efforts to repeal or change the ACA or to implement alternative reform measures could cause our revenues to decrease to the extent such legislation reduces Medicaid and/or Medicare reimbursement rates.
Our failure to comply with labor and employment laws could result in monetary fines and penalties.
Worker health and safety (Occupational Safety and Health Administration and similar state and local agencies); family medical leave (the Family Medical Leave Act), wage and hour laws and regulations, equal employment opportunity and non-discrimination requirements, among other laws and regulations relating to employment, apply to us. Failure to comply with such laws and regulations could result in the imposition of consent orders or civil and criminal penalties, including fines, which could damage our reputation and have an adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. The regulatory framework for privacy issues is rapidly evolving and future enactment of more restrictive laws, rules or regulations and/or future enforcement actions or investigations could have a materially adverse impact on us through increased costs or restrictions on our business, and noncompliance could result in regulatory penalties and significant legal liability.
We have been and may continue to be involved in legal proceedings; damage to our reputation or our failure to adequately insure against losses, including from substantial claims and litigation, could have an adverse impact on our operations, financial condition or prospects.
From time to time, we are party to legal proceedings, governmental audits and investigations that arise in the ordinary course of our business. There is an inherent risk of liability in the provision of healthcare services. We are also subject to actual and potential claims, lawsuits and investigations outside of the ordinary course of business. Refer to Note 17 - Commitments and Contingencies of our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for examples of claims to which we are subject.
Such claims, legal proceedings, governmental audits and investigations may involve large claims and significant costs to defend. In such cases, coverage under our insurance programs would not be adequate to protect us. Additionally, our insurance policies are subject to annual renewal and our insurance premiums could be subject to material increases in the future. We cannot ensure that we will be able to maintain our insurance on acceptable terms in the future, or at all. A successful claim in excess of, or not covered by, our insurance policies could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, capital resources and liquidity. Even where our insurance is adequate to cover claims against us, damage to our reputation in the event of a judgment against us, or continued increases in our insurance costs, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, capital resources, liquidity, or prospects.
Risks Relating to Our Human Resources
Our facilities face competition for experienced physical therapists and other clinical providers and clinical staff that may increase labor costs and reduce profitability.
Our ability to retain and attract clinical talent is critical to our ability to provide high quality care to patients and successfully cultivate and maintain strong relationships in the communities we serve. If we cannot recruit and retain our base of experienced and clinically skilled therapists and other clinical providers, management and support personnel, our business may decrease and our revenues may decline and/or operating margins may decrease as a result of increased hiring, training and retention costs or higher use of contract labor in difficult to staff markets. We compete with other healthcare providers in recruiting and retaining qualified management, physical therapists and other clinical staff and support personnel responsible for the daily operations of our business, financial condition and results of operations and have observed a competitive labor market that is currently subject to inflationary and other pressure on wages. While we attempt to manage overall labor costs in the most efficient way, our efforts to manage them may have limited effectiveness and may lead to increased turnover, reduced profitability and other challenges.
Our ability to attract and retain talented executives and corporate employees.
We are dependent on our ability to retain and attract corporate talent. During 2022 and 2021, we experienced significant turnover in our senior management team and across our corporate organization. Our business may be adversely affected by the transitions in our senior management team, and turnover at the senior management level may create instability within the Company, which could disrupt and impede our day-to-day operations, internal controls and our ability to fully implement our business plan and initiatives. In addition, management transition inherently causes some loss of institutional knowledge, which can negatively affect strategy and execution, and our results of operations and financial condition could be negatively impacted as a result. We compete for corporate talent within the healthcare industry and more broadly. Competition for such personnel is intense, and we may not be able to attract, assimilate or retain other highly qualified corporate personnel in the future. The inability to attract and retain the necessary personnel could cause increased employee turnover and harm to our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition.
Our share-based compensation incentives may not be effective in attracting, retaining and motivating key personnel and employees.
The Company adopted the ATI Physical Therapy 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2021 Plan") under which it may grant equity interests of the Company, in the form of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards and restricted stock units, to members of management, key employees and independent directors of the Company and its subsidiaries. We believe the granting of non-cash share-based compensation is important to our ability to attract and retain key personnel and employees. Additionally, the employment agreements for members of our senior leadership team include compensation terms in the form of share-based awards at specified amounts. The maximum number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2021 Plan is approximately 1.2 million. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 0.2 million shares were available for future grant. With the current number of shares available for future grant, the Company would need to amend, subject to stockholder approval, the 2021 Plan to increase the share reserve in order to fulfill the upcoming share-based compensation terms of its senior leadership employment agreements and provide share-based awards to other key personnel and employees. There can be no assurance that such stockholder approval would be obtained and, if we are unable to obtain such approval, we may be unable to retain our existing employees and attract additional qualified candidates, which could adversely impact our business and results of operations. If such stockholder approval were to be obtained, and if we were to grant future share-based awards to senior management, key personnel and employees, we would incur additional share-based compensation expense and the ownership of existing stockholders would be further diluted.
Furthermore, in light of our recent low market capitalization and decreases in share price, our non-cash share-based compensation incentives may not be effective in attracting, retaining and motivating our senior management team, key personnel and employees. If our share-based compensation incentives under the 2021 Plan are not effective, the Company may need to explore alternative cash or non-cash compensation to retain senior management, key personnel and employees, which may lead to incurring higher compensation costs or may otherwise prove less effective. The inability to appropriately compensate and motivate the necessary personnel could cause increased employee turnover and harm to our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition.
We face licensing and credentialing barriers, and associated variability across states is a risk to timely delivery of productive talent.
The scope of licensing laws differs from state to state, and the application of such laws to the activities of physical therapists and other clinical providers is often unclear. Given the nature and scope of the solutions and services that we provide, we are required to maintain physical therapy licenses and registrations for us and our providers in certain jurisdictions and to ensure that such licenses and registrations are in good standing. These licenses require us and our providers to comply with the rules and regulations of the governmental bodies that issued such licenses. Our providers are also required to be credentialed with payors prior to providing services to health plan patients, and completion of the credentialing process, if delayed, may delay our ability to provide services to health plan patients. Our providers’ failure to comply with such rules and regulations could result in significant administrative penalties or the suspension of a license or the loss of a license, as well as credentialing delays, all of which could negatively impact our business.
Risks Relating to Our Information Technology
We rely on information technology in critical areas of our operations, and a disruption relating to such technology could harm our financial condition.
We rely on IT systems in critical areas of our operations, including our electronic medical records system and systems supporting revenue cycle management, and financial and operational reporting, among others. We have legacy IT systems that IT is continuing to upgrade and modernize. If one of these systems were to fail or cause operational or reporting interruptions, or if we decide to change these systems or hire outside parties to provide these systems, we may fail to execute on such system changes or suffer disruptions, which could have a material adverse effect on our operation, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, we may underestimate the costs, complexity and time required to develop and implement new systems.
We use software vendors and network and cloud providers in our business and if they cannot deliver or perform as expected or if our relationships with them are terminated or otherwise change, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our ability to provide our services and support our operations requires that we work with certain third-party providers, including software vendors and network and cloud providers, and depends on such third-parties meeting our expectations in timeliness, quality, quantity and economics. Our third-party suppliers may be unable to meet such expectations due to a number of factors. We might incur significant additional liabilities if the services provided by these third-parties do not meet our expectations, if they terminate or refuse to renew their relationships with us or if they were to offer their services on less advantageous terms. We rely on internally developed software applications and systems to conduct our critical operating and administrative functions. We also depend on our software vendors to provide long-term software maintenance support for our information systems. In addition, while there are backup systems in many of our operating facilities, we may experience an extended outage of network services supplied by these vendors or providers that could impair our ability to deliver our solutions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We are a target of attempted cyber and other security threats and must continuously monitor and develop our IT networks and infrastructure to prevent, detect, address and mitigate the risk of unauthorized access, misuse, computer viruses and other events that could have a security impact or which may cause a violation of HIPAA or HITECH and subject us to potential legal and reputational harm.
In the normal course of business, our IT systems hold sensitive patient information including patient demographic data, eligibility for various medical plans including Medicare and Medicaid and protected health information subject to HIPAA and HITECH. We also contract with third-party vendors to maintain and store our patients’ individually identifiable health information. Numerous state and federal laws and regulations address privacy and information security concerns resulting from our access to our patients’ and employees’ personal information. Additionally, we utilize those same systems to perform our day-to-day activities, such as receiving referrals, assigning clinicians to patients, documenting medical information and maintaining an accurate record of all transactions.
While we have not experienced any known, material attacks on our IT systems that have compromised patient data, our IT systems and those of our vendors that process, maintain and transmit such data are subject to computer viruses, cyber-attacks, including ransomware attacks, or breaches. We maintain our IT systems with safeguard protection against cyber-attacks including active intrusion protection, firewalls and virus detection software. We adhere to (and require our third-party vendors to adhere to) policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance with HIPAA and HITECH regulations. We have developed and tested a response plan in the event of a successful attack and maintain commercial insurance related to a cyber-attack. However, these safeguards do not ensure that a significant cyber-attack could not occur. A successful attack on our or our third-party vendors’ IT systems could have significant consequences to the business, including liability for compromised patient information, business interruption, significant civil and criminal penalties, lawsuits, reputational harm and increased costs to us, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, insider or employee cyber and security threats are increasingly a concern for all large companies, including us. Our future results could be adversely affected due to the theft, destruction, loss, misappropriation or release of protected health information, other confidential data or proprietary business information, operational or business delays resulting from the disruption of IT systems and subsequent mitigation activities, or regulatory action taken as a result of such incidents. We provide our employees with training and regular reminders on important measures they can take to prevent breaches. We routinely identify attempts to gain unauthorized access to our systems. However, given the rapidly evolving nature and proliferation of cyber threats, there can be no assurance our training and network security measures or other controls will detect, prevent or remediate security or data breaches in a timely manner or otherwise prevent unauthorized access to, damage to, or interruption of our systems and operations. Accordingly, we may be vulnerable to losses associated with the improper functioning, security breach, or unavailability of our information systems, as well as any systems used in acquired company operations.
Risks Relating to Our Accounting and Financial Policies
We currently outsource, and from time to time in the future may outsource, a portion of our internal business functions to third-party providers. Outsourcing these functions has significant risks, and our failure to manage these risks successfully could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We currently, and from time to time in the future, may outsource portions of our internal business functions, including billing and administrative functions relating to revenue cycle management, to third-party providers. These third-party providers may not comply on a timely basis with all of our requirements, or may not provide us with an acceptable level of service. In addition, reliance on third-party providers could have significant negative consequences, including significant disruptions in our operations and significantly increased costs to undertake such operations, either of which could damage our relationships with our customers. We could experience a reduction in revenue due to inability to collect from patients, overpayments, claim denials, recoupments or governmental and third-party audits all of which may impact our profitability and cash flow.
If our estimates or judgments relating to our accounting policies prove to be incorrect, our results of operations could be adversely affected.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. The results of these estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets, liabilities and equity, and the amount of revenue and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Significant estimates and judgments used in preparing financial statements include those related to the determination of the revenue transaction price for current transactions and estimation of expected collections on our accounts receivable, assumptions and estimates related to realizability of deferred tax assets, assumptions and estimates related to the valuation of goodwill and intangible assets, among others. Our results of operations may be adversely affected if our assumptions change or if actual circumstances differ from those in our assumptions, which could cause our results of operations to fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors.
The 2L Notes are accounted for as liabilities at fair value and the changes in value could have a material effect on our financial results.
The 2L Notes are accounted for as a liability in the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The Company has made an irrevocable election to account for the 2L Notes under the fair value option in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 825, Financial Instruments, in lieu of bifurcating certain features in the Second Lien Note Purchase Agreement. As such, the 2L Notes are initially recorded as a liability at estimated fair value and are subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date with changes in fair value recognized in the Company's consolidated statements of operations.
As a result of the recurring fair value measurement, our financial statements and results of operations may materially fluctuate quarterly, based on factors which are outside of our control. Due to the recurring fair value measurement, we expect to recognize non-cash gains or losses each reporting period and the amount of such gains or losses could be material and variable.
The IPO Warrants are accounted for as liabilities and the changes in value of the IPO Warrants could have a material effect on our financial results.
The Company accounts for its outstanding Public Warrants and Private Placement Warrants assumed as part of the Business Combination transaction on June 16, 2021 between Wilco Holdco, Inc. and FAII (the "Business Combination") in accordance with the guidance contained in ASC Topic 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging - Contracts on an Entity’s Own Equity. As such, the IPO Warrants are accounted for as derivative liabilities and are subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date. Changes in fair value are reported in earnings as a non-cash gain or loss in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
As a result of the recurring fair value measurement, our financial statements and results of operations may materially fluctuate quarterly, based on factors which are outside of our control. Due to the recurring fair value measurement, we expect to recognize non-cash gains or losses on the IPO Warrants each reporting period and the amount of such gains or losses could be material and variable.
The Earnout Shares and Vesting Shares are accounted for as liabilities and the changes in value of these shares could have a material effect on our financial results.
We account for the potential Earnout Shares and the Vesting Shares as liabilities in accordance with the guidance in ASC Topic 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, and ASC Topic 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging - Contracts on an Entity’s Own Equity, which provide for the remeasurement of the fair value of such shares at each balance sheet date and changes in fair value are recognized in our consolidated statements of operations. As a result of the recurring fair value measurement, our financial statements and results of operations may materially fluctuate quarterly, based on factors which are outside of our control. Due to the recurring fair value measurement, we expect to recognize non-cash gains or losses each reporting period and the amount of such gains or losses could be material and variable.
Impairments of our goodwill or other intangible assets may be material and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
As of December 31, 2023, we had $289.7 million of goodwill and $245.9 million of trade name and other intangible assets recorded on our consolidated balance sheet. We test such assets for impairment at least annually on the first day of the fourth quarter of each year or on an interim basis whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. Impairment may result from, among other things, increased attrition, adverse market conditions, adverse changes in applicable laws or regulations, including changes that affect the services we offer, lower visit volumes, lower revenue reimbursement rates, compressed operating margins and a variety of other factors. The amount of any quantified impairment must be expensed immediately as a charge to results of operations. Depending on future circumstances, it is possible that we may never realize the full value of our intangible assets.
In recent periods, we recognized impairments of our goodwill and other intangible assets, which represent a significant portion of our total assets. As the carrying amounts of goodwill and the Company's trade name indefinite-lived intangible asset were impaired as of December 31, 2022 and written down to fair value, those amounts are more susceptible to an impairment risk if there are unfavorable changes in assumptions and estimates. Further impairments of all or part of our goodwill or other identifiable assets may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Refer to Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Note 5 - Goodwill, Trade Name and Other Intangible Assets to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8, of this Form 10-K for further discussion of our goodwill and intangible assets.
Our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.
We have incurred significant cumulative net taxable losses in the past. Our deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2023 include federal net operating losses, or NOLs, of $77.8 million and state NOLs of $39.1 million. Our unused NOLs generally carry forward to offset future taxable income, if any, until such unused losses expire, if subject to expiration. The earliest net operating loss will expire by statute in 2024 for state net operating losses, and in 2036 for federal net operating losses. We may be unable to use these NOLs to offset income before such unused NOLs expire.
In addition, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change” (generally defined as a greater than 50 percentage-point cumulative change in the equity ownership of certain stockholders over a rolling three-year period) under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change NOL carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes to offset future taxable income or taxes may be limited. This limitation is based in part on the pre-change equity value of the corporation, with a lower equity value resulting in a lower and more severe limitation.
On June 15, 2023, we experienced an ownership change for purposes of Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. The net operating losses and interest expense carryovers in existence as of the date of the ownership change remain available to offset future taxable income during the carryforward periods based on limitations under Section 382. We may experience an additional “ownership change” as a result of future changes in our stock ownership (including the impact of issuance or conversion of new shares, or other transactions or events impacting our stock ownership), some of which changes may not be within our control. If we are unable to use NOL carryforwards before they expire or they become subject to limitation, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If we experience material weaknesses in the future or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, this may result in material misstatements of our consolidated financial statements or failure to meet our periodic reporting obligations.
We are required to produce consolidated financial statements in accordance with the requirements of U.S. GAAP. Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and prevent fraud. We are required by federal securities laws to document and test our internal control procedures in order to satisfy the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which requires annual management assessments of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. As a non-accelerated filer as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act, our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to issue an annual report that addresses the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 until we are no longer a non-accelerated filer.
We may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with applicable law, or our independent registered public accounting firm may not be able to issue an unqualified attestation report if we conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective. We have found material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting in the past and cannot assure that in the future we will not find additional material weaknesses. If we fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, or our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to provide us with an unqualified attestation report on our internal control, we could be required to take costly and time-consuming corrective measures, be required to restate the affected historical financial statements, be subjected to investigations and/or sanctions by federal and state securities regulators, and be subjected to civil lawsuits by security holders. Any of the foregoing could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and in us and would likely result in a decline in the market price of our stock and in our ability to raise additional financing if needed in the future.
Risks Relating to Ownership of Our Common Stock
Our stock price and trading volume may be volatile, which could result in rapid and substantial losses for our stockholders, who may lose all or part of their investment.
The trading price of our common stock is volatile. An active, liquid and orderly market for our common stock may not be sustained, which could depress the trading price of our common stock or cause it to be highly volatile or subject to wide fluctuations. You may not be able to resell your shares at an attractive price due to a number of factors such as those listed in “Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry” and the following:
•results of operations that vary from the expectations of securities analysts and investors;
•changes in expectations as to our future financial performance, including financial estimates and investment recommendations by securities analysts and investors or other unexpected adverse developments in our financial results, guidance or other forward-looking information, or industry, geographical or market sector trends;
•declines in the market prices of stocks generally;
•strategic actions by us or our competitors;
•announcements by us or our competitors of significant contracts, acquisitions, joint ventures, other strategic relationships or capital commitments;
•any significant change in our management;
•changes in general economic, political or market conditions or trends in our industry or markets;
•changes in business or regulatory conditions, including new laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations applicable to our business;
•future sales of our common stock or other securities;
•investor perceptions or the investment opportunity associated with our common stock relative to other investment alternatives;
•the public's response to press releases or other public announcements by us or third-parties, including
•our filings with the SEC;
•our liquidity position and the potential risks relating to refinancing, alternative liquidity arrangements or capital transactions;
•failure to comply with covenants related to our debt agreement or our Series A Senior Preferred Stock;
•litigation involving us, our industry, or both, or investigations by regulators into our operations or those of our competitors;
•guidance, if any, that we provide to the public, any changes in this guidance or our failure to meet this guidance;
•the development and sustainability of an active trading market for our stock;
•actions by institutional or activist stockholders;
•changes in accounting standards, policies, guidelines, interpretations or principles; and
•other events or factors, including those resulting from natural disasters, war, acts of terrorism, health pandemics or responses to these events.
These broad market and industry fluctuations may adversely affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, price volatility may be greater if the public float and trading volume of our common stock is low.
Because there are no current plans to pay cash dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future, you are unlikely to receive any return on investment unless you sell your common stock for a price greater than that which you paid for it.
We intend to retain future earnings, if any, for future operations, expansion and debt repayment and there are no current plans to pay any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. The declaration, amount and payment of any future dividends on shares of our common stock will be at the sole discretion of our Board. We have no direct operations and no significant assets other than our ownership of our subsidiaries from whom we will depend on for distributions, and whose ability to pay dividends may be limited by covenants of our current and any future indebtedness we or our subsidiaries incur. As a result, you are unlikely to receive any return on an investment in our common stock unless you sell our common stock for a price greater than that which you paid for it.
If securities analysts do not publish research or reports about our business or if they downgrade our stock or our sector, our stock price and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our common stock will rely in part on the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us or our business. We will not control these analysts. In addition, some financial analysts may have limited expertise with our model and operations. Furthermore, if one or more of the analysts who do cover us downgrade our stock or industry, or the stock of any of our competitors, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of our stock could decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of us or fails to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the market, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.
We are a smaller reporting company and a non-accelerated filer, and the reduced disclosure requirements available to us may make our common stock less attractive to investors.
Under the SEC rules, smaller reporting companies (“SRCs”) may choose to comply with scaled financial and non-financial disclosure requirements in their annual and quarterly reports and registration statements relative to non-SRCs. In addition, companies that are not “accelerated filers” can take advantage of additional regulatory relief. Whether a company is an accelerated filer or a SRC is determined on an annual basis. As long as we qualify as a non-accelerated filer and/or a SRC, we will be permitted to and we intend to rely on some or all of the accommodations available to such companies. These accommodations include, but are not limited to:
•Not being required to provide an auditor’s attestation of management’s assessment of internal control over financial reporting required by Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act;
•Reduced financial disclosure obligations, including that SRCs need only provide two years of financial statements rather than three years;
•Reduced non-financial disclosure obligations, including regarding the description of their business, management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations, market risk, executive compensation, transactions with related persons, and corporate governance; and
•Later deadlines for the filing of annual and quarterly reports compared to accelerated filers.
We will continue to qualify as a SRC and non-accelerated filer for so long as (a) our public float is less than $75 million as of the last day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter or (b) our public float is $75 million or more but less than $700 million and we reported annual revenues of less than $100 million for our most recently completed fiscal year.
We may choose to take advantage of some, but not all, of the available accommodations. We cannot predict whether investors will find our common stock less attractive if we rely on these accommodations or if these accommodations will make it more challenging for investors to analyze our results of operations and financial prospects. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and the price of our common stock may be more volatile.
Future issuances or sales, or the perception of future issuances or sales, by us or our stockholders of common stock or other voting securities or securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock in the public market or otherwise could cause the market price for our common stock to decline.
The issuance or sale of shares of common stock or other voting securities or securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares of common stock in the public market or otherwise, or the perception that such issuances or sales could occur, could harm the prevailing market price of shares of common stock. These issuances or sales, or the possibility that these issuances or sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that the Company deems appropriate.
The common stock reserved for future issuance under our equity incentive plans will become eligible for sale in the public market once those shares are issued, subject to provisions relating to various vesting agreements, lock-up agreements and, in some cases, limitations on volume and manner of sale applicable to affiliates under Rule 144. As of December 31, 2023, the aggregate number of shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under our equity incentive plans is 0.2 million. The compensation committee of our Board may determine the exact number of shares to be reserved for future issuance under our equity incentive plans, subject to shareholder approval. We have filed a registration statement on Form S-8 under the Securities Act to register shares of common stock issuable pursuant to our equity incentive plans and, accordingly, such shares are available for sale in the open market.
In the future, we may also issue our securities in connection with investments or acquisitions. The amount of shares of common stock issued in connection with an investment or acquisition could constitute a material portion of our then-outstanding shares of common stock. Any issuance of additional securities in connection with investments or acquisitions may result in additional dilution to ATI’s stockholders.
The 2L Notes are convertible into common stock, and the conversion of our 2L Notes into common stock would dilute the ownership interest of our existing stockholders and may adversely affect our stock price.
Pursuant to the terms of the Second Lien Note Purchase Agreement, holders of the 2L Notes may convert their 2L Notes into common stock at their option. Additionally, on or after June 15, 2025 and subject to certain conditions, the Company may, at its option, elect to convert (a “Forced Conversion”) a portion of the outstanding 2L Notes into the number of shares of common stock based on the Conversion Price then in effect. Any issuance by us of our common stock upon conversion of our 2L Notes will dilute the ownership interest of our existing stockholders and could have a dilutive effect on our earnings per share. Furthermore, any sales in the public market of our common stock issuable upon conversion of the 2L Notes could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock.
The Series B Preferred Stock stapled to the 2L Notes provide voting rights which will dilute the voting interests of our existing stockholders.
Pursuant to the terms of the Second Lien Note Purchase Agreement, the Series B Preferred Stock represent voting rights only, with the number of votes being equal to the number of shares of common stock that each share of Series B Preferred Stock is assumed convertible for at a conversion price of $12.87 per share (the "Voting Rights Conversion Price"). As a result, the voting rights associated with the Series B Preferred Stock will dilute the voting interests of our existing stockholders, for as long as such shares of Series B Preferred Stock remain outstanding.
If we are unable to maintain compliance with NYSE listing standards, our securities may be delisted, which could negatively impact the price of our securities and your ability to sell them.
In order to maintain our listing on the NYSE, we are required to comply with certain rules and listing standards of the NYSE, including those regarding minimum stockholders' equity, minimum share price, minimum market value of publicly held shares and various additional requirements. The NYSE previously notified the Company that, due to the average closing price of the Company's common stock, it was below the trading price criteria of the NYSE. The notice had no immediate impact on the listing of the Company's common stock on the NYSE, subject to the Company's compliance with the NYSE's other continued listing requirements. The Company submitted a plan of compliance to the NYSE addressing how we intended to regain compliance.
In connection with regaining compliance, on June 14, 2023, the Company effected the Reverse Stock Split. The Reverse Stock Split was approved by the Company’s stockholders at the Company’s 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders held on June 13, 2023, and the final reverse split ratio was subsequently approved by the Company’s board of directors on June 14, 2023. The Company's common stock commenced trading on a reverse split-adjusted basis on June 15, 2023. On August 1, 2023, we were notified by the NYSE that the calculation of the Company's average stock price for the 30 trading days ended July 31, 2023, indicated that the Company's average stock price was above the NYSE's minimum requirement of $1. The Company is no longer considered below the minimum share price continued listing criterion. The Reverse Stock Split may adversely affect the liquidity of the shares of our common stock given the reduced number of shares outstanding following the reverse split, especially if the reverse split-adjusted market price of our common stock does not generate greater investor interest. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that such reverse split will continue to be sufficient to satisfy the minimum share price requirement.
On June 28, 2023, the NYSE notified the Company that, due to the Company's average market capitalization, it was below the minimum market capitalization criteria of the exchange. The notice had no immediate impact on the listing of the Company's common stock on the NYSE, subject to the Company's compliance with the NYSE's other continued listing requirements. In accordance with applicable NYSE procedures, the Company submitted a plan of compliance (the "Plan") advising the NYSE of the definitive action(s) the Company has taken, or is taking, that would bring it into compliance with the continued listing standards within the 18 months of receipt of the notice. The NYSE reviewed and accepted the Plan as a reasonable demonstration of an ability to conform to the relevant standards in the 18-month period. The Company’s common stock will continue to be listed and traded on the NYSE during the 18-month period, subject to the Company’s compliance with the other continued listing standards of the NYSE and continued periodic review by the NYSE of the Company’s progress with respect to its Plan. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to meet its goals set forth in the Plan.
If we are unable to satisfy the NYSE rules and listing standards, or are unable to make progress on our Plan, our securities could be subject to delisting.
If the NYSE were to delist our securities from trading, we could face significant consequences, including, but not limited to, the following:
•a limited availability for market quotations for our securities;
•reduced liquidity with respect to our securities;
•a determination that our common stock is a "penny stock," which will require brokers trading in our common stock to adhere to more stringent rules and possibly result in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for our common stock;
•limited amount of news and analyst coverage; and
•a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future.
Anti-takeover provisions in our organizational documents could delay or prevent a change of control.
Certain provisions of our Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, and our Amended and Restated Bylaws may have an anti-takeover effect and may delay, defer or prevent a merger, acquisition, tender offer, takeover attempt or other change of control transaction deemed undesirable by our Board that a stockholder might consider in its best interest, including those attempts that might result in a premium over the market price for the shares held by our stockholders.
These provisions provide for, among other things:
•there is no cumulative voting with respect to the election of our Board;
•the ability of our Board to issue one or more series of preferred stock;
•advance notice for nominations of directors by stockholders and for stockholders to include matters to be considered at our annual meetings;
•certain limitations on convening special stockholder meetings;
•limiting the ability of stockholders to act by written consent;
•the ability of our Board to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of our Board or the resignation, death or removal of a director in certain circumstances;
•providing that our Board is expressly authorized to adopt, amend, alter or repeal our bylaws;
•the removal of directors only for cause; and
•that certain provisions may be amended only by the affirmative vote of at least 65% (for amendments to the indemnification provisions) or 66.7% (for amendments to the provisions relating to the board of directors) of the shares of our common stock entitled to vote generally in the election of our directors.
These anti-takeover provisions could make it more difficult for a third-party to acquire us, even if the third-party’s offer may be considered beneficial by many of our stockholders. As a result, our stockholders may be limited in their ability to obtain a premium for their shares. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for you and other stockholders to elect directors of your choosing and to cause us to take other corporate actions you desire. In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (“DGCL”), which generally prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any of a broad range of business combinations with any “interested” stockholder for a period of three years following the date on which the stockholder became an “interested” stockholder.
Our Amended and Restated Bylaws designate the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees or stockholders.
Our Amended and Restated Bylaws provide that, subject to limited exceptions, any (i) derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer, stockholder or employee to us or our stockholders, (iii) action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL, our Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, or our Amended and Restated Bylaws or (iv) action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be exclusively brought in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware ("Delaware Court of Chancery" or the "Court of Chancery") or, if such court does not have subject matter jurisdiction thereof, another state or federal court located within the State of Delaware. Our Amended and Restated Bylaws also provide that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, the federal district courts of the United States will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock shall be deemed to have notice of and to have consented to the provisions of the Amended and Restated Bylaws described above. This choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and employees. This exclusive forum provision does not apply to claims under the Exchange Act but does apply to other state and federal law claims including actions arising under the Securities Act. Section 22 of the Securities Act, however, creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Accordingly, there is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce such a forum selection provision as written in connection with claims arising under the Securities Act, and investors cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. If a court were to find these provisions of our Amended and Restated Bylaws inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition.
The Preferred Equityholders as a group have significant influence over us.
When considering the voting rights associated with the Series B Preferred Stock attached to the 2L Notes issued as part of the 2023 Debt Restructuring, the Preferred Equityholders as a group own more than 50.0% of our common stock votes. The Preferred Equityholders also have the ability to convert their 2L Notes into common stock, which could lead to the group owning an even greater percentage of our common stock. Furthermore, the Company's Board of Directors will be fully declassified commencing with the 2024 annual meeting of the stockholders and all directors will be elected annually by the 2025 annual meeting.
As long as the Preferred Equityholders own or control a significant percentage of our outstanding voting power, they will have the ability to significantly influence all corporate actions requiring stockholder approval, including the election and removal of directors and the size of our Board, any amendment to our certificate of incorporation or bylaws, or the approval of any merger or other significant corporate transaction, including a sale of substantially all of our assets, subject to any applicable restrictions set forth in the Company's 2022 Credit Agreement. The Preferred Equityholders influence over our management could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control or otherwise discouraging a potential acquirer from attempting to obtain control of us, which could cause the market price of our common stock to decline or prevent stockholders from realizing a premium over the market price for our common stock.
The Preferred Equityholders’ interests may not align with our interests as a company or the interests of our other stockholders. Accordingly, the Preferred Equityholders could cause us to enter into transactions or agreements of which other stockholders would not approve or make decisions with which other stockholders would disagree. These potential conflicts of interest could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations if, among other things, attractive corporate opportunities are allocated by the Preferred Equityholders to themselves or their other affiliates.
If the Series A Senior Preferred Stock were to be redeemed, it may not be economically favorable to the Company and may lead to material adverse consequences for the Company and its other stakeholders.
The Company has the right to redeem the Series A Senior Preferred Stock, in whole or in part, at any time (subject to certain limitations on partial redemptions). Based on the voting rights associated with the Series B Preferred Stock attached to the 2L Notes issued as part of the 2023 Debt Restructuring, the Company determined that redemption of the Series A Senior Preferred Stock is no longer solely within the control of the Company. If the Series A Senior Preferred Stock were to be redeemed prior to certain dates, the Company would have to pay certain redemption price premiums related to early redemption, which could be greater than the stated value, may not be economically favorable to the Company and may lead to material adverse consequences for the Company or its other stakeholders.
There is currently no market for our Series I Warrants and Series II Warrants and a market for our Series I Warrants and Series II Warrants may not develop, which would adversely affect the liquidity and price of our Series I Warrants and Series II Warrants.
Our Series I Warrants and Series II Warrants are not listed or traded on any stock exchange and there is currently no market for our Series I Warrants and Series II Warrants. Warrantholders therefore have no access to trading price or volume information about prior market history on which to base their investment decision. Furthermore, an active trading market for our Series I Warrants and Series II Warrants may never develop or, if developed, it may not be sustained. You may be unable to sell your Series I Warrants and Series II Warrants unless a market can be established and sustained.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Item 2. Properties
As of December 31, 2023, we have 896 clinics located in 24 states (as well as 18 clinics under management service agreements). We lease all of the properties used for our clinics under operating leases with initial lease terms typically ranging from seven (7) to ten (10) years with options to renew. We intend to lease the premises for any new clinic locations. Our typical clinic occupies approximately 1,000 to 5,000 square feet.
We also lease our executive offices located in Bolingbrook, Illinois, under an operating lease expiring in December 2032. We currently lease approximately 135,000 square feet of space at our corporate offices. In December 2023, we entered into an agreement to sublease a portion of the office space effective on January 1, 2024 and the entire office space effective on January 1, 2025.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
From time to time, the Company may be involved in legal proceedings or subject to claims arising in the ordinary course of business. The outcome of any litigation and claims against the Company cannot be predicted with certainty, and the resolution of these matters could materially affect our future results of operations, cash flows, or financial condition. Refer to Note 17 - Commitments and Contingencies in the consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8, of this Form 10-K for further details.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Market Information and Holders
Our Class A common stock is currently listed on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") under the symbol "ATIP." As of February 19, 2024, there were approximately 254 holders of record of our outstanding common stock.
Dividends
We have not paid any cash dividends on our Class A common stock to date. We currently intend to retain any future earnings to finance the operations of our business and do not expect to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of our board of directors, and will depend upon our results of operations, financial condition, capital requirements and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. In addition, our ability to pay dividends may be limited by covenants of any existing and future outstanding indebtedness we or our subsidiaries incur.
Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans
Information regarding securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans is set forth in Item 12 of this Form 10-K and is incorporated herein by reference.
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
None, other than as previously disclosed on the Company's Current Reports on Form 8-K.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
During the three months ended December 31, 2023, the Company withheld shares of our common stock in connection with employee minimum statutory tax withholding obligations payable upon the vesting of restricted stock, as follows:
Total Number of Shares Purchased(1)
Average Price Paid Per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
October 1 - October 31, 2023
- $ - - -
November 1 - November 30, 2023
215 $ 7.40 - -
December 1 - December 31, 2023
89 $ 6.79 - -
Total 304 $ 7.22 - -
(1) Represents shares delivered to or withheld by us in connection with employee minimum tax withholding obligations upon exercise or vesting of stock awards. No shares were purchased in the open market pursuant to a repurchase program.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Item 6. [Reserved]
Not applicable.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis of ATI Physical Therapy, Inc. and its subsidiaries (herein referred to as “we,” ”us,” “the Company,” “our Company,” "ATI," or "ATIP") should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
We make statements in this discussion that are forward-looking and involve risks and uncertainties. These statements contain forward-looking information relating to the financial condition, results of operations, plans, objectives, future performance and business of the Company. The forward-looking statements are based on our current views and assumptions, and actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in such forward-looking statements due to factors including, but not limited to, those discussed under “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors.”
Many factors are beyond our control. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Our forward-looking statements represent our estimates and assumptions only as of the date of this Annual Report. Except as required by law, we are under no obligation to update any forward-looking statement, regardless of the reason the statement may no longer be accurate.
Certain amounts in this Management's Discussion and Analysis may not add due to rounding. All percentages have been calculated using unrounded amounts for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
All dollar amounts are presented in thousands, unless indicated otherwise.
Company Overview
We are a nationally recognized outpatient physical therapy provider in the United States specializing in outpatient rehabilitation and adjacent healthcare services, with 896 clinics located in 24 states (as well as 18 clinics under management service agreements) as of December 31, 2023. We operate with a commitment to providing our patients, medical provider partners, payors and employers with evidence-based, patient-centric care.
We offer a variety of services within our clinics, including physical therapy to treat spine, shoulder, knee and neck injuries or pain; work injury rehabilitation services, including work conditioning and work hardening; hand therapy; and other specialized treatment services. Our Company’s team of professionals is dedicated to helping return patients to optimal physical health.
Physical therapy patients receive team-based care, standardized techniques and individualized treatment plans in an encouraging environment. To achieve optimal results, we use an extensive array of techniques including therapeutic exercise, manual therapy and strength training, among others. Our physical therapy model aims to deliver optimized outcomes and time to recovery for patients, insights and service satisfaction for referring providers and predictable costs and measurable value for payors.
In addition to providing services to physical therapy patients at outpatient rehabilitation clinics, we provide services through our ATI Worksite Solutions (“AWS”) program, Management Service Agreements (“MSA”) and Sports Medicine arrangements. AWS provides an on-site team of healthcare professionals at employer worksites to promote work-related injury prevention, facilitate expedient and appropriate return-to-work follow-up and maintain the health and well-being of the workforce. Our MSA arrangements typically include the Company providing management and physical therapy-related services to physician-owned physical therapy clinics. Sports Medicine arrangements provide certified healthcare professionals to various schools, universities and other institutions to perform on-site physical therapy and rehabilitation services.
2023 Debt Restructuring Transaction
On June 15, 2023 (the "Closing Date"), the Company completed a transaction to improve the Company's liquidity (the "2023 Debt Restructuring"). On the Closing Date, certain previously executed agreements became effective, including (i) Amendment No. 2 to the Credit Agreement, (ii) a Second Lien Note Purchase Agreement and (iii) certain other definitive agreements relating to the 2023 Debt Restructuring (such documents referred to collectively as the "Signing Date Definitive Documents"). Refer to Note 8 - Borrowings in the consolidated financial statements for further details.
Reverse Stock Split
On June 14, 2023, the Company effected a one-for-fifty (1-for-50) reverse stock split of its Class A common stock (the “Reverse Stock Split”). The Reverse Stock Split was approved by the Company’s stockholders at the Company’s 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders held on June 13, 2023, and the final reverse split ratio was subsequently approved by the Company’s board of directors on June 14, 2023. The Company's common stock commenced trading on a reverse split-adjusted basis on June 15, 2023.
As a result of the Reverse Stock Split, every fifty (50) shares of common stock either issued and outstanding or held as treasury stock were combined into one new share of common stock. Any fractional shares of common stock resulting from the Reverse Stock Split were rounded up to the nearest whole share. All outstanding securities entitling their holders to purchase or acquire shares of common stock, including stock options, warrants, Earnout Shares, Vesting Shares and shares of common stock subject to vesting were adjusted as a result of the Reverse Stock Split, as required by the terms of those securities. The Reverse Stock Split did not change the par value of the common stock or the number of shares authorized for issuance.
2022 Debt Refinancing and Preferred Stock Financing
On February 24, 2022, the Company entered into various financing arrangements to refinance its previous long-term debt (the "2022 Debt Refinancing"). The Company entered into the 2022 Credit Agreement (as defined in Note 8) which is comprised of a senior secured term loan which matures on February 24, 2028, and a "super priority" senior secured revolver, which matures on February 24, 2027. Refer to Note 8 - Borrowings in the consolidated financial statements for further details.
In connection with the 2022 Debt Refinancing, the Company issued shares of non-convertible preferred stock and warrants to purchase shares of the Company's common stock (the "Preferred Stock Financing"). Refer to Note 11 - Mezzanine and Stockholders' Equity in the consolidated financial statements for further details.
Trends and Factors Affecting the Company’s Future Performance and Comparability of Results
During 2023, we observed the following trends in our operations:
•Improved patient visit volumes relative to 2022, primarily driven by higher clinician productivity and staffing.
•Improvements in hiring and retention in what has been a tight labor market for available physical therapy and other healthcare providers in the workforce. The tight labor market has contributed to competition in hiring, attrition, clinical staffing level challenges, continued elevated use of contract labor and wage inflation in the physical therapy industry and at ATI.
•Stabilization and improvement in rate per visit relative to 2022 primarily driven by improved collections experience, lower denials experience, favorable service mix shifts and favorable payor contracting, partially offset by rate headwinds including unfavorable state and payor mix shifts and Medicare rate cuts that became effective on January 1, 2023.
Our ability to achieve our business plan depends upon a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the success of a number of continued steps being taken in an effort to increase clinical staffing levels, improve and sustain higher clinician productivity, control costs and capital expenditures, increase visit volumes and referrals and stabilize and improve rate per visit.
COVID-19 pandemic and volume impacts
The coronavirus ("COVID-19") pandemic in the United States resulted in changes to our operating environment. Although the direct impact on our business has decreased since the peak impact in 2020, we continue to closely monitor the remaining impacts from the pandemic, including its direct or indirect effects on macroeconomic factors, the labor markets in which we operate, and the physical therapy and broader healthcare landscape. Throughout the duration of the pandemic and declared public health emergency, and continuing hereafter, our priorities have been protecting the health and safety of employees and patients, maximizing the availability of services to satisfy patient needs, and improving the operational and financial stability of our business.
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, visits per day ("VPD") decreased to a low point of 12,643 during the quarter ended June 30, 2020. The Company has experienced relative increases in quarterly VPD following the low point, as local restrictions in certain markets, referral levels and individual routines evolved compared to prior periods. During the beginning of 2022, we observed volume softness caused, in part, by an increase in COVID-19 cases due to the outbreak of additional variants. Through the remainder of the first half of 2022, we experienced increases in visit volumes relative to the beginning of 2022. While we observed volume softness during the third quarter of 2022 due, in part, to seasonality, we experienced increases in quarterly VPD through the fourth quarter of 2022 which has continued through 2023.
As demand for physical therapy services has increased in the market since its low point during the quarter ended June 30, 2020, the Company has focused on attempting to increase its clinical staffing levels by hiring clinicians, optimizing clinician hours based on available workforce and attempting to reduce levels of clinician attrition that were elevated in recent years relative to historical levels. The elevated levels of attrition were initially caused, in part, by changes made during the COVID-19 pandemic related to compensation, staffing levels and support for clinicians. We have implemented a range of actions related to compensation, staffing levels, clinical and professional development and other initiatives in an effort to retain and attract therapists across our platform, which has increased our expectations for labor costs. During 2023, attrition levels improved and were relatively consistent with historical levels. While the Company has observed improvement in hiring and attrition levels since implementing these actions, the Company continues to monitor hiring and retention risk due to a continued tight labor market for available physical therapy and other healthcare providers in the workforce which may impede our progress toward increasing visit volumes. In an effort to drive more volume and visits per day, in addition to focusing on clinical staffing levels and clinician productivity, we are working to establish relationships with new referral sources and strengthen relationships with our partner providers and existing referral sources across our geographic footprint.
Despite the World Health Organization declaring an end to the global health emergency associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2023, the full extent of its future impact remains unknown and difficult to predict. The future impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and any direct or indirect resulting impacts on our performance will depend on certain developments, including the duration and spread of the virus and its newly identified strains, effectiveness and adoption rates of vaccines and other therapeutic remedies, the potential for continued or reinstated restrictive policies enforced by federal, state and local governments, and the impact of the virus on our workforce, all of which create uncertainty and cannot be predicted. While we expect the disruption caused by COVID-19 and resulting impacts to diminish over time, we cannot predict the length of such impacts, and if such impacts continue for an extended period, it could have a continued effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial condition and cash flows, which could be material.
CARES Act
On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act") was signed into law providing reimbursement, grants, waivers and other funds to assist health care providers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Company has realized benefits under the CARES Act including, but not limited to, the receipt of Medicare Accelerated and Advance Payment Program ("MAAPP") funds and deferral of depositing the employer portion of Social Security taxes, interest-free and penalty-free. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company applied $12.3 million in MAAPP funds against the outstanding liability at that time. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the remaining obligations related to these benefits were applied and repaid.
Market and industry trends and factors
•Outpatient physical therapy services growth. Outpatient physical therapy continues to play a key role in treating musculoskeletal conditions for patients. According to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services ("CMS"), musculoskeletal conditions impact individuals of all ages and include some of the most common health issues in the United States. As healthcare trends in the United States continue to evolve, with a growing focus on value-based care emphasizing up-front, conservative care to deliver better outcomes, quality healthcare services addressing such conditions in lower cost outpatient settings may continue increasing in prevalence.
•United States population demographics. The population of adults aged 65 and older in the United States is expected to continue to grow and thus expand the Company’s market opportunity. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the population of adults over the age of 65 is expected to grow 30% from 2020 through 2030. As a significant portion of our net patient revenue is derived from governmental third-party payors, including Medicare, our patient base of adults aged 65 and older may increase in the coming years.
•Federal funding for Medicare and Medicaid. Federal and state funding of Medicare and Medicaid and the terms of access to these reimbursement programs affect demand for physical therapy services. In recent years, through legislative and regulatory actions, the federal government has made substantial changes to various payment systems under the Medicare program. In July 2022, the CMS released its proposed 2023 Medicare Physician Fee Schedule ("MPFS") which called for an approximate 4.5% reduction in the calendar year 2023 conversion factor. In December 2022, the Consolidated Appropriations Act (2023) was signed into law. The Consolidated Appropriations Act (2023) provides partial relief related to Medicare cuts including 2.5% relief in 2023 and 1.25% relief in 2024. As a result, the reimbursement rate reduction beginning in January 2023 was approximately 2.0%. In November 2023, the CMS released its final 2024 MPFS. The final fee schedule called for an approximate 3.4% reduction in the calendar year 2024 conversion factor which led to further reductions in reimbursement rates beginning in 2024, unless these reductions are otherwise mitigated through a Congressional measure.
•Workers’ compensation funding. Payments received under certain workers’ compensation arrangements may be based on predetermined state fee schedules, which may be impacted by changes in state funding.
•Number of people with private health insurance. Physical therapy services are often covered by private health insurance. Individuals covered by private health insurance may be more likely to use physical therapy services because it helps offset the cost of such services. As the number of people with private health insurance coverage rises, demand for physical therapy services tends to also increase.
Key Business Metrics
When evaluating the results of operations, management has identified a number of metrics that allow for specific evaluation of performance on a more detailed basis. See “Results of Operations” for further discussion on financial statement metrics such as net revenue, net income (loss), EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA.
Patient visits
As the main operations of the Company are driven by physical therapy services provided to patients, management considers total patient visits to be a key volume measure of such services. In addition to total patient visits, management analyzes (1) average VPD calculated as total patient visits divided by business days for the period, as this allows for comparability between time periods with an unequal number of business days, and (2) average VPD per clinic, calculated as average VPD divided by the average number of clinics open during the period (excluding clinics under management service agreements).
The chart below reflects recent quarterly trends in VPD:
Net patient revenue ("NPR") per visit
The Company calculates net patient revenue per visit, its most significant reimbursement metric, by dividing net patient revenue in a period by total patient visits in the same period.
Clinics
To better understand geographical and location-based trends, the Company evaluates metrics based on the 896 clinics (excluding clinics under management service agreements) and 18 managed clinic locations as of December 31, 2023. De novo clinics represent organic new clinics opened during the current period based on sophisticated site selection analytics. Acqui-novo clinics represent new clinics opened during the current period, that were existing clinic operations not previously owned by the Company, in a target geography that provides the Company with an immediate presence, available staff and referral relationships of the former owner within the surrounding areas. Acquired clinics represent new clinics from purchases of physical therapy practices. Same clinic revenue growth rate identifies revenue growth year over year on clinics that have been owned and operating for over one year. This metric is determined by isolating the population of clinics that have been open for at least 12 months and calculating the percentage change in revenue of this population between the current and prior comparable periods.
The following table presents selected operating and financial data that we believe are key indicators of our operating performance:
Year Ended
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Number of clinics (end of period) 896 923
Number of clinics managed (end of period) 18 20
New clinics during the period 13 36
Business days 254 255
Average visits per day 23,443 21,817
Average visits per day per clinic 26.7 23.6
Total patient visits 5,954,621 5,563,243
Net patient revenue per visit $ 106.82 $ 103.53
Same clinic revenue growth rate 11.7 % 1.8 %
The following table provides a rollforward of activity related to the number of clinics during the corresponding periods:
Year Ended
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Number of clinics (beginning of period) 923 910
Add: New clinics opened during the period 13 36
Less: Clinics closed/sold during the period 40 23
Number of clinics (end of period) 896 923
Key Components of Operating Results
Net patient revenue. Net patient revenues are recorded for physical therapy services that the Company provides to patients including physical therapy, work conditioning, hand therapy, aquatic therapy and functional capacity evaluation. Net patient revenue is recognized based on contracted amounts with payors or other established rates, adjusted for the estimated effects of any variable consideration, such as contractual allowances and implicit price concessions. Visit volume is primarily driven by conversion of physician referrals and marketing efforts.
Other revenue. Other revenue consists of revenue generated by our AWS, MSA and Sports Medicine service lines.
Salaries and related costs. Salaries and related costs consist primarily of wages and benefits for our healthcare professionals engaged directly and indirectly in providing services to patients.
Rent, clinic supplies, contract labor and other. Comprised of non-salary, clinic related expenses consisting of rent, clinic supplies, contract labor and other costs including travel expenses and depreciation at our clinics.
Provision for doubtful accounts. Provision for doubtful accounts represents the Company’s estimate of accounts receivable recorded during the period that may ultimately prove uncollectible based upon several factors, including the age of outstanding receivables, the historical experience of collections, the impact of economic conditions and, in some cases, the specific customer account's ability to pay.
Selling, general and administrative expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of wages and benefits for corporate personnel, corporate outside services, marketing costs, depreciation of corporate fixed assets, amortization of intangible assets and certain corporate level professional fees, including those related to legal, accounting and payroll.
Goodwill, intangible and other asset impairment charges. Goodwill, intangible and other asset impairment charges represent non-cash charges associated with the write-down of goodwill, trade name indefinite-lived intangible and other assets.
Change in fair value of 2L Notes. Represents non-cash amounts related to the change in the estimated fair value of the 2L Notes.
Change in fair value of warrant liability. Represents non-cash amounts related to the change in the estimated fair value of the IPO Warrants.
Change in fair value of contingent common shares liability. Represents non-cash amounts related to the change in the estimated fair value of Earnout Shares and Vesting Shares.
Interest expense, net. Interest expense includes the cost of borrowing under the Company’s 2022 Credit Facility and amortization of deferred financing costs and original issue discount.
Other expense, net. Other expense, net is comprised of income statement activity not related to the core operations of the Company.
Results of Operations
Year ended December 31, 2023 compared to year ended December 31, 2022
The following table summarizes the Company’s consolidated results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:
Year Ended December 31,
2023 2022 Increase/(Decrease)
($ in thousands, except percentages) $ % of Revenue $ % of Revenue $ %
Net patient revenue $ 636,095 91.0 % $ 575,940 90.6 % $ 60,155 10.4 %
Other revenue 62,921 9.0 % 59,731 9.4 % 3,190 5.3 %
Net revenue
699,016 100.0 % 635,671 100.0 % 63,345 10.0 %
Cost of services:
Salaries and related costs
382,370 54.7 % 357,982 56.3 % 24,388 6.8 %
Rent, clinic supplies, contract labor and other
208,593 29.8 % 202,568 31.9 % 6,025 3.0 %
Provision for doubtful accounts
11,251 1.6 % 13,869 2.2 % (2,618) (18.9) %
Total cost of services
602,214 86.2 % 574,419 90.4 % 27,795 4.8 %
Selling, general and administrative expenses 118,728 17.0 % 114,724 18.0 % 4,004 3.5 %
Goodwill, intangible and other asset impairment charges 5,591 0.8 % 486,262 76.5 % (480,671) n/m
Operating loss
(27,517) (3.9) % (539,734) (84.9) % 512,217 n/m
Change in fair value of 2L Notes (24,471) (3.5) % - - % (24,471) n/m
Change in fair value of warrant liability (95) - % (4,243) (0.7) % 4,148 (97.8) %
Change in fair value of contingent common shares liability (2,257) (0.3) % (42,525) (6.7) % 40,268 (94.7) %
Interest expense, net 61,039 8.7 % 45,278 7.1 % 15,761 34.8 %
Other expense, net 1,777 0.3 % 3,333 0.5 % (1,556) (46.7) %
Loss before taxes
(63,510) (9.1) % (541,577) (85.2) % 478,067 (88.3) %
Income tax expense (benefit) 2,568 0.4 % (48,530) (7.6) % 51,098 (105.3) %
Net loss
$ (66,078) (9.5) % $ (493,047) (77.6) % $ 426,969 (86.6) %
Net patient revenue. Net patient revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $636.1 million compared to $575.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of approximately $60.2 million or 10.4%.
The increase in net patient revenue was primarily driven by increased visit volumes as a result of higher clinician productivity and higher clinician staffing as well as favorable net patient revenue per visit in the current period, partially offset by one less business day in the current period. In addition, visit volumes during the year ended December 31, 2022 were negatively impacted by an increase in COVID-19 cases due to the outbreak of additional variants in the beginning of 2022. Total patient visits increased by approximately 0.4 million visits, or 7.0%, driving an increase in average visits per day of 1,626, or 7.5%. Net patient revenue per visit increased $3.29, or 3.2%, to $106.82 for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $103.53 for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in net patient revenue per visit during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily driven by improved collections experience, lower denials experience, favorable service mix shift and favorable payor contracting, partially offset by unfavorable mix shifts related to states and payor classes and Medicare rate cuts that became effective on January 1, 2023.
The following chart reflects additional detail with respect to drivers of the change in year-to-date net patient revenue (in millions):
Other revenue. Other revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $62.9 million compared to $59.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $3.2 million or 5.3%. The increase in other revenue was primarily driven by higher AWS and MSA revenues.
Salaries and related costs. Salaries and related costs for the year ended December 31, 2023 were $382.4 million compared to $358.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of approximately $24.4 million or 6.8%. Salaries and related costs as a percentage of net revenue was 54.7% and 56.3% for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase of $24.4 million was primarily driven by higher compensation due to higher number of clinicians and support staff, wage inflation and higher incentive compensation for clinic labor and support staff. The decrease as a percentage of net revenue was primarily driven by lower cost per visit due to higher clinician productivity and higher net patient revenue per visit, partially offset by higher compensation during the year ended December 31, 2023.
Rent, clinic supplies, contract labor and other. Rent, clinic supplies, contract labor and other costs for the year ended December 31, 2023 were $208.6 million compared to $202.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of approximately $6.0 million or 3.0%. Rent, clinic supplies, contract labor and other costs as a percentage of net revenue was 29.8% and 31.9% for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase of $6.0 million was primarily driven by higher contract labor costs and higher employee relations costs related to ATI's National Leadership Event held during the year ended December 31, 2023, partially offset by a lower clinic count, and the decrease as a percentage of net revenue was primarily driven by higher net revenue and a lower clinic count, partially offset by higher contract labor costs and employee relations costs during the year ended December 31, 2023.
Provision for doubtful accounts. Provision for doubtful accounts for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $11.3 million compared to $13.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of $2.6 million or 18.9%. Provision for doubtful accounts as a percentage of net revenue was 1.6% and 2.2% for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The decrease of $2.6 million was primarily driven by favorable cash collections, partially offset by higher revenue associated with higher visit volumes and the decrease as a percentage of net revenue was primarily driven by favorable cash collections during the year ended December 31, 2023.
Selling, general and administrative expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 were $118.7 million compared to $114.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $4.0 million or 3.5%. Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of net revenue was 17.0% and 18.0% for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase of $4.0 million was primarily due to higher transaction costs, non-ordinary legal and regulatory costs and employee incentive awards, partially offset by legal cost insurance reimbursements and lower legal settlement, severance costs, corporate insurance costs and professional fees during the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease as a percentage of net revenue was primarily driven by increased costs related to the items noted above, which were offset by the more significant impact of higher net revenue during the year ended December 31, 2023.
Goodwill, intangible and other asset impairment charges. Goodwill, intangible and other asset impairment charges for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $5.6 million compared to $486.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of $480.7 million. The amount primarily relates to the non-cash write-down of long-lived assets during the year ended December 31, 2023 and the non-cash write-down of goodwill and the trade name indefinite-lived intangible asset during the year ended December 31, 2022. The impairment charges for the year ended December 31, 2022 resulted primarily from increases in discount rates and lower public company comparative multiples.
Change in fair value of 2L Notes. Change in fair value of 2L Notes for the year ended December 31, 2023 was a gain of $24.5 million. The gain relates to the decrease in the estimated fair value of the Company's 2L Notes, primarily driven by decreases in the Company's share price between June 15, 2023, the date that the 2L Notes were issued, and December 31, 2023.
Change in fair value of warrant liability. Change in fair value of warrant liability for the year ended December 31, 2023 was a gain of $0.1 million compared to a gain of $4.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The gain in each period relates to the decrease in the estimated fair value of the Company's IPO Warrants, primarily driven by decreases in the Company's share price during the year ended December 31, 2023 and by decreases in price of the Company's Public Warrants during the year ended December 31, 2022.
Change in fair value of contingent common shares liability. Change in fair value of contingent common shares liability for the year ended December 31, 2023 was a gain of $2.3 million compared to a gain of $42.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The gain in each period relates to the decrease in the estimated fair value of the Company’s Earnout Shares and Vesting Shares, primarily driven by decreases in the Company's share price during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Interest expense, net. Interest expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $61.0 million compared to $45.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of approximately $15.8 million or 34.8%. The increase in interest expense was primarily driven by higher interest rates under the Company's 2022 Credit Agreement and interest on outstanding Revolving Loans balances, partially offset by lower outstanding principal balances on the Company's Senior Secured Term Loan and higher cash flow hedge benefits recognized during the year ended December 31, 2023.
Other expense, net. Other expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $1.8 million compared to $3.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of approximately $1.6 million. The decrease was primarily driven by $2.8 million in loss on debt extinguishment related to the derecognition of the unamortized deferred financing costs and original issuance discount associated with the full repayment of the 2016 First Lien Term Loan during the year ended December 31, 2022, partially offset by $0.5 million in loss on the change in fair value of the Company's non-designated derivative instrument and $0.4 million in loss on debt extinguishment related to the 2023 Debt Restructuring during the year ended December 31, 2023.
Income tax expense (benefit). Income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 was approximately $2.6 million compared to income tax benefit of $48.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease in benefit of approximately $51.1 million. The decrease was primarily driven by the difference in the effective tax rate for the respective periods. The effective tax rate was different between the respective periods primarily due to the recognition of valuation allowances against federal and state net operating losses and other tax attributes, such as interest disallowances, for which future realization is uncertain during the year ended December 31, 2023.
Net loss. Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $66.1 million compared to $493.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease in loss of approximately $427.0 million. The comparatively lower loss was primarily driven by lower goodwill, intangible and other asset impairment charges, margin on higher revenues and a gain on the change in fair value of 2L Notes, partially offset by lower net gains related to changes in fair value of warrant liability and contingent common shares liability, higher interest expense and lower income tax benefit during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
The following table reconciles the supplemental non-GAAP financial measures, as defined under the rules of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), presented herein to the most directly comparable financial measures calculated and presented in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). The Company has provided the non-GAAP financial measures, which are not calculated or presented in accordance with GAAP, as supplemental information and in addition to the financial measures that are calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are defined as net income (loss) from continuing operations calculated in accordance with GAAP, less net income attributable to non-controlling interests, plus the sum of income tax expense, interest expense, net, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) and further adjusted to exclude certain items of a significant or unusual nature, including but not limited to, goodwill, intangible and other asset impairment charges, change in fair value of 2L Notes, changes in fair value of warrant liability and contingent common shares liability, transaction and integration costs, non-ordinary legal and regulatory matters, share-based compensation, legal cost insurance reimbursements, non-recurring labor related credits, change in fair value of non-designated derivative instrument, loss on debt extinguishment, pre-opening de novo costs, reorganization and severance costs, loss on legal settlement, and gain on sale of Home Health service line (“Adjusted EBITDA”).
We present EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA because they are key measures used by our management team to evaluate our operating performance, generate future operating plans and make strategic decisions. The Company believes EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are useful to investors for the purposes of comparing our results period-to-period and alongside peers and understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner as our management team and board of directors.
These supplemental measures should not be considered superior to, as a substitute for or as an alternative to, and should be considered in conjunction with, the GAAP financial measures presented. In addition, since these non-GAAP measures are not determined in accordance with GAAP, they are susceptible to varying calculations and may not be comparable to other similarly titled non-GAAP measures of other companies.
EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP Financial Measures)
The following is a reconciliation of net loss, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA (each of which is a non-GAAP financial measure) for each of the periods indicated. For additional information on these non-GAAP financial measures, see “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” above.
Year Ended
($ in thousands) December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Net loss $ (66,078) $ (493,047)
Plus (minus):
Net (income) loss attributable to non-controlling interests
(3,717) 668
Interest expense, net
61,039 45,278
Income tax expense (benefit)
2,568 (48,530)
Depreciation and amortization expense
36,844 39,841
EBITDA $ 30,656 $ (455,790)
Goodwill, intangible and other asset impairment charges(1)
5,591 486,262
Goodwill, intangible and other asset impairment charges attributable to non-controlling interests(1)
- (2,415)
Change in fair value of 2L Notes(2)
(24,471) -
Changes in fair value of warrant liability and contingent common shares liability(3)
(2,352) (46,768)
Transaction costs(4)
14,468 3,289
Non-ordinary legal and regulatory matters(5)
10,729 6,408
Share-based compensation
8,793 7,432
Legal cost insurance reimbursements(6)
(7,871) -
Non-recurring labor related credits(7)
(702) (105)
Change in fair value of non-designated derivative instrument(8)
475 -
Loss on debt extinguishment(9)
444 2,809
Pre-opening de novo costs(10)
342 992
Reorganization and severance costs(11)
130 1,797
Loss on legal settlement(12)
- 3,000
Gain on sale of Home Health service line, net - (199)
Adjusted EBITDA $ 36,232 $ 6,712
(1)Represents non-cash charges related to the write-down of long-lived assets in 2023 and the write-down of goodwill, trade name indefinite-lived intangible and other assets in 2022.
(2)Represents non-cash amounts related to the change in the estimated fair value of the 2L Notes. Refer to Notes 8 and 14 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements for further details.
(3)Represents non-cash amounts related to the change in the estimated fair value of IPO Warrants, Earnout Shares and Vesting Shares. Refer to Notes 12 and 13 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements for further details.
(4)Represents non-capitalizable debt and capital transaction costs.
(5)Represents non-ordinary course legal costs related to the previously disclosed ATIP stockholder class action complaints, derivative complaint and SEC matter. Refer to Note 17 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements for further details.
(6)Represents insurance reimbursements for legal costs incurred related to the previously disclosed ATIP stockholder class action complaints and derivative complaint. Refer to Note 17 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements for further details.
(7)Represents realized benefits of labor related credits that were not previously considered probable and relate to prior years.
(8)Represents non-cash amounts related to the change in estimated fair value of derivative not designated in a hedging relationship. Refer to Note 14 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements for further details.
(9)Represents charges related to the loss on debt extinguishment recognized as part of the 2023 Debt Restructuring, and the derecognition of the unamortized deferred financing costs and original issuance discount associated with the full repayment of the 2016 First Lien Term Loan in 2022. Refer to Note 8 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements for further details.
(10)Represents expenses associated with renovation, equipment and marketing costs relating to the start-up and launch of new locations incurred prior to opening.
(11)Represents severance costs related to discrete initiatives focused on reorganization and delayering of the Company’s labor model, management structure and support functions.
(12)Represents charge for net settlement liability related to billing dispute. Refer to Note 17 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements for further details.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our principal sources of liquidity are borrowings under our 2022 Credit Agreement and Second Lien Note Purchase Agreement, and proceeds from equity issuances. We have used these funds for our short-term and long-term capital needs, which include salaries, benefits and other employee-related expenses, rent, clinical supplies, outside services, capital expenditures, acquisitions, de novos, acqui-novos and debt service. Our capital expenditure, acquisition, de novo and acqui-novo spend will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to, the targeted number of new clinic openings, patient volumes, clinician labor market, revenue growth rates, level of operating cash flows and overall liquidity position.
As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had $36.8 million and $83.1 million in cash and cash equivalents, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, we had $5.0 million available capacity under our revolving credit facility.
The Company also has the right to cause to be issued an additional $25.0 million of aggregate principal in the form of second lien paid-in-kind ("PIK") convertible notes (the “2L Notes”) under its delayed draw right ("Delayed Draw Right”), which is governed by the Second Lien Note Purchase Agreement. If drawn, the notes under the Delayed Draw Right will be subject to the same terms as the convertible 2L Notes with associated shares of Series B Preferred Stock (the "Series B Preferred Stock") allowing for voting rights on an as-converted basis prior to conversion. The right to draw will terminate approximately 18 months after the Closing Date. The Company may request two draws in an amount of $12.5 million each, separately or together, subject to, for each draw, (a) projected liquidity at any time during the 6-month period following the date of the relevant draw being below certain thresholds, and (b) the consent of the board of directors. On January 30, 2024, the Company issued $25.0 million of aggregate principal in the form of 2L Notes under its Delayed Draw Right, which are subject to the same terms as the convertible 2L Notes and associated shares of Series B Preferred Stock allowing for voting rights on an as-converted basis prior to conversion.
We make reasonable and appropriate efforts to collect accounts receivable, including payor amounts and applicable patient deductibles, co-payments and co-insurance, in a consistent manner for all payor types. Claims are submitted to payors daily, weekly or monthly in accordance with our policy or payor’s requirements. When possible, we submit our claims electronically. The collection process is time consuming and typically involves the submission of claims to multiple payors whose payment of claims may be dependent upon the payment of another payor. Claims under litigation and vehicular incidents can take a year or longer to collect.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, we had operating cash outflows of $12.4 million driven by items including net losses and payments related to interest expense and operating lease liabilities. Our ability to generate future operating cash flows depends on many factors, including clinical staffing levels and productivity, costs and capital expenditures, patient volumes, referrals, revenue reimbursement rates and revenue growth rates.
Liquidity and going concern
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business within twelve months after the date that these consolidated financial statements are issued.
As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $36.8 million in cash and cash equivalents and $5.0 million available capacity under its revolving credit facility. The Company was in compliance with its minimum liquidity covenant under the 2022 Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2023.
The Company also has the right to cause to be issued to Knighthead Capital Management, LLC (“Knighthead”), Marathon Asset Management LP (“Marathon”) and Caspian Capital L.P. ("Caspian") (collectively the "Delayed Draw Purchasers") an additional $25.0 million of aggregate principal in the form of 2L Notes under its Delayed Draw Right, which is governed by the Second Lien Note Purchase Agreement. If drawn, the notes under the Delayed Draw Right will be subject to the same terms as the convertible 2L Notes with associated shares of Series B Preferred Stock allowing for voting rights on an as-converted basis prior to conversion. The right to draw will terminate approximately 18 months after the Closing Date. The Company may request two draws in an amount of $12.5 million each, separately or together, subject to, for each draw, (a) projected liquidity at any time during the 6-month period following the date of the relevant draw being below certain thresholds, and (b) the consent of the board of directors. On January 30, 2024, the Company issued $25.0 million of aggregate principal in the form of 2L Notes under its Delayed Draw Right, which are subject to the same terms as the convertible 2L Notes and associated shares of Series B Preferred Stock allowing for voting rights on an as-converted basis prior to conversion.
The Company has negative operating cash flows, operating losses and net losses. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company had cash flows used in operating activities of $12.4 million, operating loss of $27.5 million and net loss of $66.1 million. These results are, in part, due to our current capital structure and trends experienced by the Company in recent years including a tight labor market for available physical therapy and other healthcare providers in the workforce, visit volume softness, decreases in rate per visit and increases in interest costs. If results of operations in the coming twelve months do not improve relative to the previous twelve months, the Company is at risk of insufficient funding to meet its obligations as they become due as well as non-compliance with its minimum liquidity financial covenant under its 2022 Credit Agreement.
In the Company's consolidated financial statements as of and for the periods ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, these conditions and events continue to raise substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern. In response to these conditions, management plans included refinancing the Company's debt under its 2022 Credit Agreement (as defined in Note 8 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements) and improving operating results and cash flows.
On June 15, 2023, the Company completed a debt restructuring transaction under its 2022 Credit Agreement including: (i) a delayed draw new money financing in an aggregate principal amount of $25.0 million, comprised of (A) 2L Notes and (B) shares of Series B Preferred Stock (as defined in Note 8), which will provide the holder thereof with voting rights such that the holders thereof will have the right to vote on an as-converted basis, (ii) the exchange of $100.0 million of the aggregate principal amount of the term loans under the 2022 Credit Agreement held by certain of the holders of its Series A Senior Preferred Stock (the "Preferred Equityholders") for 2L Notes and Series B Preferred Stock and (iii) certain other changes to the terms of the 2022 Credit Agreement, including modifications of the financial covenants thereunder and relief from the requirements related to the delivery of independent audit reports without a going concern explanatory paragraph. Holders of the 2L Notes will also receive additional 2L Notes upon the in-kind payment of interest on any outstanding 2L Notes. The 2L Notes are convertible into shares of Class A common stock at a fixed conversion price.
Additionally, the Company experienced improvements in operations that resulted in reduced levels of operating cash outflows during the year ended December 31, 2023 relative to the same period in the prior year. A continued improvement in business results is necessary as there remains a risk that the Company may fail to meet its minimum liquidity covenant or be unable to fund anticipated cash requirements and obligations as they become due in the future.
The Company's plan is to continue its efforts to improve its operating results and cash flow through increases to clinical staffing levels, improvements in clinician productivity, controlling costs and capital expenditures and increases in patient visit volumes, referrals and rate per visit. There can be no assurance that the Company's plan will be successful in any of these respects.
If the Company's plan does not result in improvement in these aspects in future periods that results in sufficient cash flow from operations, the Company will need to consider other alternatives, such as raising additional financing, obtaining funds from other sources, disposal of assets, or pursuing other strategic alternatives to improve its business, results of operations and financial condition. There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in accessing such alternative options or financing if or when needed. Failure to do so could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, and may lead to events including bankruptcy, reorganization or insolvency.
Management plans have not been fully implemented and, as a result, the Company has concluded that management's plans do not alleviate substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern.
The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
2023 Debt Restructuring Transaction
On June 15, 2023, the Company completed a debt restructuring transaction to improve the Company's liquidity. On the Closing Date, certain previously executed agreements became effective, including (i) Amendment No. 2 to the Credit Agreement, (ii) a Second Lien Note Purchase Agreement and (iii) certain other definitive agreements relating to the 2023 Debt Restructuring.
As part of the 2023 Debt Restructuring, the Company exchanged a principal amount of $100.0 million of the $507.8 million then outstanding Senior Secured Term Loan for an equal amount of 2L Notes, which are convertible into shares of the Company's common stock, stapled with a number of shares of Series B Preferred Stock, which represent voting interests only. The exchange was consummated through the Intercreditor and Subordination Agreement and Second Lien Note Purchase Agreement dated April 17, 2023 (the "Signing Date").
The Company accounted for the exchange as a debt extinguishment and recognized $0.4 million in loss on debt extinguishment during the year ended December 31, 2023. The loss on debt extinguishment consisted of various offsetting components, including the derecognition of $4.3 million of unamortized deferred financing costs and original issue discount on the Senior Secured Term Loan and the recognition of $0.7 million of fair value premium at issuance on the 2L Notes, offset by the recognition of $2.8 million in delayed draw right assets related to the commitment provided by certain lenders and the recognition of $1.8 million of incremental original issue discount on the Senior Secured Term Loan. The loss on debt extinguishment associated with the 2023 Debt Restructuring has been reflected in other expense, net in the consolidated statements of operations.
Amendment No. 2 to the Credit Agreement
Pursuant to Amendment No. 2 to the Credit Agreement, the terms of the remaining unexchanged $407.8 million principal amount of the Senior Secured Term Loan as of the Signing Date were revised to: (i) increase the interest rate in the form of paid-in-kind interest by 1.0% per annum until the achievement of certain financial metrics, (ii) reset the prepayment premiums with respect to any repayment of the Senior Secured Term Loan, and (iii) amend certain covenants. At the completion of the 2023 Debt Restructuring, $391.0 million principal of amended Senior Secured Term Loan was outstanding with HPS Investment Partners, LLC (“HPS”), $16.3 million principal was outstanding with Onex Credit Partners, LLC (“Onex”), $0.3 million principal was outstanding with Knighthead, and the remaining $0.2 million principal was outstanding with Marathon. Additionally, the terms of the Company's Revolving Loans were revised to increase the cash interest rate by 1.0% until the achievement of certain financial metrics.
Amendment No. 2 to the Credit Agreement also provides, among other terms, (i) a reduction of the thresholds applicable to the minimum liquidity financial covenant under the 2022 Credit Agreement for certain periods, (ii) a waiver of the requirement to comply with the Secured Net Leverage Ratio financial covenant under the 2022 Credit Agreement for the fiscal quarters ending June 30, 2024, September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2024 and a modification of the levels and certain component definitions applicable thereto in the fiscal quarters ending after December 31, 2024, (iii) an extension of the minimum liquidity financial covenant for the fiscal quarters in which the Secured Net Leverage Ratio financial covenant was waived, (iv) a waiver of the requirement for the Company to deliver audited financial statements without a going concern explanatory paragraph for the years ended December 31, 2022, December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2024, and (v) board representation and observer rights and other changes to the governance of the Company.
Based on the results of the cash flow tests and requirements pursuant to ASC Topic 470, Debt, the Company accounted for the impacts of Amendment No. 2 to the Credit Agreement related to the amount held by HPS as a modification, and the impacts related to the amounts held by Onex, Knighthead, and Marathon as an extinguishment. As part of the 2023 Debt Restructuring, the Company recognized $1.8 million of incremental original issue discount on the Senior Secured Term Loan related to lenders treated under extinguishment accounting.
Second Lien Note Purchase Agreement and Designation of Series B Preferred Stock
Knighthead, Marathon, and Onex collectively exchanged a principal amount of $100.0 million of Senior Secured Term Loan for $100.0 million of 2L Notes stapled with a number of shares of Series B Preferred Stock. Of the $100.0 million of 2L Notes issued, approximately $50.8 million were issued to Knighthead, $40.4 million were issued to Marathon, and $8.8 million were issued to Onex. The 2L Notes are subordinated in right of payment and lien priority to the 2022 Credit Facility and mature on August 24, 2028, unless earlier converted, accrue interest at an annual rate of 8.0% payable in-kind on a quarterly basis in the form of additional 2L Notes, and are convertible into shares of common stock, at the holder’s option, at a fixed conversion price of $12.50, subject to certain adjustments in the agreement (the "Conversion Price"). Upon conversion of the 2L Notes, the Company shall deliver to the holder a number of shares of common stock equal to (i) the principal amount of such 2L Notes plus any accrued and unpaid interest divided by (ii) the Conversion Price.
The 2L Notes are effectively stapled with one share of the Company’s Series B Preferred Stock for every $1,000 principal amount of the 2L Notes. The Series B Preferred Stock represents voting rights only, with the number of votes being equal to the number of shares of common stock that each share of Series B Preferred Stock would convert into at a conversion price of $12.87 per share (the "Voting Rights Conversion Price"). Additional voting rights accrue to the lenders through the deemed issuance of the annual 8.0% paid-in-kind 2L Notes with stapled shares of Series B Preferred Stock. The Series B Preferred Stock does not have any dividend or redemption rights. Upon conversion of 2L Notes to common stock, the stapled shares of Series B Preferred Stock would be canceled in an amount commensurate with the portion of 2L Notes converted. Based on the voting rights associated with the Series B Preferred Stock attached to the 2L Notes as well as other terms to the 2023 Debt Restructuring, the Company determined that Knighthead, Marathon, and Onex became related parties on the Closing Date.
On the Closing Date, an additional $3.2 million of 2L Notes with stapled Series B Preferred Stock were issued as part of the First Amendment to the Second Lien Note Purchase Agreement. The terms of the issued 2L Notes and Series B Preferred Stock are the same as those that were subject to the exchange.
The following table presents approximate changes in outstanding shares of Series B Preferred Stock since the Closing Date and associated equivalent common stock voting rights at the end of the period (in thousands):
December 31, 2023
Series B Preferred Stock, shares at Closing Date 103
Increase (decrease) in shares during period 5
Series B Preferred Stock, shares at end of period 108
Common stock voting rights, as converted basis(1)
8,377
(1) Represents approximate shares of Series B Preferred Stock outstanding at end of period, times $1,000, divided by the contractual Voting Rights Conversion Price of $12.87 per share.
On or after the second anniversary of the Closing Date and subject to certain conditions, the Company may, at its option, elect to convert (a “Forced Conversion”) a portion of the outstanding 2L Notes into the number of shares of common stock based on the Conversion Price then in effect.
The 2L Notes are accounted for as a liability in the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The Company has made an irrevocable election to account for the 2L Notes under the fair value option in accordance with ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments, in lieu of bifurcating certain features in the Second Lien Note Purchase Agreement. As such, the 2L Notes are initially recorded as a liability at estimated fair value and are subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date with changes in fair value recognized in the Company's statements of operations. The interest cost associated with the 2L Notes is accounted for as part of the change in fair value of the 2L Notes. As a result of applying the fair value option, direct costs and fees related to the issuance of the 2L Notes were expensed as incurred. As of December 31, 2023, the principal amount and estimated fair value of the 2L Notes were approximately $107.8 million and $79.5 million, respectively. Refer to Note 14 - Fair Value Measurements for further details on the fair value of the 2L Notes. Additionally, as of December 31, 2023, the effective interest rate on the 2L Notes was 8.0%.
The following table presents changes in the principal amount of the 2L Notes since the Closing Date (in thousands):
December 31, 2023
2L Notes, principal amount at Closing Date
$ 103,243
Paid-in-kind interest added during period
4,569
2L Notes, principal amount at end of period
$ 107,812
As of December 31, 2023, of the 2L Notes principal outstanding and due to related parties, approximately $54.7 million, $43.6 million and $9.5 million were outstanding with Knighthead, Marathon, and Onex, respectively.
Delayed Draw Right
The Company also has the right to cause to be issued to Knighthead, Marathon and Caspian an additional $25.0 million of aggregate principal in the form of 2L Notes under its Delayed Draw Right, which is governed by the Second Lien Note Purchase Agreement. If drawn, the notes under the Delayed Draw Right will be subject to the same terms as the convertible 2L Notes with associated shares of Series B Preferred Stock allowing for voting rights on an as-converted basis prior to conversion. The right to draw will terminate approximately 18 months after the Closing Date. The Company may request two draws in an amount of $12.5 million each, separately or together, subject to, for each draw, (a) projected liquidity at any time during the 6-month period following the date of the relevant draw being below certain thresholds, and (b) the consent of the board of directors.
Upon issuance, the Company accounted for the Delayed Draw Right as an asset at fair value, which represents the Company's option to draw funds subject to certain conditions. For Knighthead's and Marathon's portion of the Delayed Draw Right, the asset was recognized as part of the calculation of loss on debt extinguishment. For Caspian, the Delayed Draw Right was recognized as a capital contribution as there was no previous lender relationship with the Company with respect to the Senior Secured Term Loan. At the Closing Date, the Company recognized approximately $3.5 million in Delayed Draw Right assets, which is included in other current assets on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. Subsequently, the asset will be monitored for impairment. As of December 31, 2023, no impairment indicators were identified.
On January 30, 2024, the Company issued $25.0 million of aggregate principal in the form of 2L Notes under its Delayed Draw Right, which are subject to the same terms as the convertible 2L Notes and associated shares of Series B Preferred Stock allowing for voting rights on an as-converted basis prior to conversion. Approximately $12.0 million, $8.0 million, and $5.0 million of the 2L Notes were issued to Knighthead, Marathon and Caspian, respectively.
2022 Credit Agreement
On February 24, 2022 (the "Refinancing Date"), the Company entered into various financing arrangements to refinance its previous long-term debt. As part of the 2022 Debt Refinancing, ATI Holdings Acquisition, Inc. (the "Borrower"), an indirect subsidiary of ATI Physical Therapy, Inc., entered into a credit agreement among the Borrower, Wilco Intermediate Holdings, Inc. ("Holdings"), as loan guarantor, Barclays Bank PLC, as administrative agent and issuing bank, and a syndicate of lenders (the "2022 Credit Agreement"). The 2022 Credit Agreement provides a $550.0 million credit facility (the "2022 Credit Facility") that is comprised of a $500.0 million senior secured term loan (the "Senior Secured Term Loan") which was fully funded at closing and a $50.0 million "super priority" senior secured revolver (the "Revolving Loans") with a $10.0 million letter of credit sublimit.
The 2022 Credit Facility refinanced and replaced the Company's prior credit facility for which Barclays Bank PLC served as administrative agent for a syndicate of lenders. The Company paid $555.0 million to settle its previous term loan (the "2016 First Lien Term Loan"). The Company accounted for the transaction as a debt extinguishment and recognized $2.8 million in loss on debt extinguishment during the year ended December 31, 2022 related to the derecognition of the remaining unamortized deferred financing costs and unamortized original issue discount in conjunction with the debt repayment. The loss on debt extinguishment associated with the repayment of the 2016 First Lien Term Loan has been reflected in other expense, net in the consolidated statements of operations.
In connection with the 2022 Debt Refinancing, the Company also entered into a preferred stock purchase agreement, consisting of senior preferred stock with detachable warrants to purchase common stock for an aggregate stated value of $165.0 million. See Note 11 - Mezzanine and Stockholders' Equity for further information regarding the Preferred Stock Financing.
The Company capitalized debt issuance costs totaling $12.5 million related to the 2022 Credit Facility as well as an original issue discount of $10.0 million, which are amortized over the terms of the respective financing arrangements.
Senior Secured Term Loan
The Senior Secured Term Loan matures on February 24, 2028 and bears interest, at the Company's election, at a base interest rate of the Alternate Base Rate ("ABR"), as defined in the agreement, plus an applicable credit spread, or the Adjusted Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"), as defined in the agreement, plus an applicable credit spread. The credit spread is determined based on a pricing grid and the Company's Secured Net Leverage Ratio. The Company was able to elect to pay 2.0% interest in-kind at a 0.5% premium during the first year under the agreement. The Company elected to pay a portion of its interest in-kind beginning in the third quarter of 2022 through the completion of the first year under the agreement. As of December 31, 2023, borrowings on the Senior Secured Term Loan bear interest at 12.7%, consisting of 12-month SOFR, subject to a 1.0% floor, plus a credit spread of 7.25%. As of December 31, 2023, the effective interest rate on the Senior Secured Term Loan was 13.9% and the outstanding principal amount was $410.0 million, of which $17.0 million was due to related parties and is primarily attributable to Onex. Beginning in October 2023, the Company is no longer incurring the incremental 1.0% paid-in-kind interest on its Senior Secured Term Loan based on its achievement of the required financial metrics under the terms of the 2023 Debt Restructuring.
Revolving Loans
The Revolving Loans are subject to a maximum borrowing capacity of $50.0 million and mature on February 24, 2027. Borrowings on the Revolving Loans bear interest, at the Company's election, at a base interest rate of the ABR, as defined in the agreement, plus an applicable credit spread, or the Adjusted Term SOFR Rate, as defined in the agreement, plus an applicable credit spread. The credit spread is determined based on a pricing grid and the Company's Secured Net Leverage Ratio. In December 2022, the Company drew $48.2 million in Revolving Loans. During 2023, the Company repaid $44.8 million in Revolving Loans and drew an additional $35.0 million in Revolving Loans. As of December 31, 2023, $38.5 million in Revolving Loans were outstanding and bearing interest at a weighted average rate of 9.5%, consisting of 3-month SOFR plus a credit spread of approximately 4.1%. Beginning in October 2023, the Company is no longer incurring the incremental 1.0% interest on its Revolving Loans based on its achievement of the required financial metrics under the terms of the 2023 Debt Restructuring.
Commitment fees on the Revolving Loans are payable quarterly at 0.5% per annum on the daily average undrawn portion for the quarter and are expensed as incurred. The balances of unamortized issuance costs related to the Revolving Loans were $0.5 million as of December 31, 2023, and $0.6 million as of December 31, 2022.
The 2022 Credit Facility and 2L Notes are guaranteed by certain of the Company’s subsidiaries and are secured by substantially all of the assets of Holdings, the Borrower and the Borrower’s wholly-owned subsidiaries, including a pledge of the stock of the Borrower, in each case, subject to customary exceptions. Pursuant to the terms of the Intercreditor and Subordination Agreement, the 2L Notes (and the guarantees thereof) will rank junior in right of payment to the obligations under the 2022 Credit Agreement, and the liens on the collateral securing the 2L Notes will rank junior to the liens on such collateral securing the obligations under the 2022 Credit Agreement.
The 2022 Credit Agreement contains customary covenants and restrictions, including financial and non-financial covenants. In accordance with Amendment No. 2 to the Credit Agreement, the financial covenants require the Company to maintain $30.0 million of minimum liquidity, as defined in the agreement, at each test date through the first quarter of 2023, $25.0 million of minimum liquidity for the second quarter of 2023, $15.0 million of minimum liquidity through the fourth quarter of 2023 and $10.0 million of minimum liquidity through the fourth quarter of 2024. Additionally, beginning in the first quarter of 2025, the Company must maintain a Secured Net Leverage Ratio, as defined in the agreement, not to exceed 11.00:1.00. The net leverage ratio covenant decreases each subsequent quarter through the second quarter of 2026 to 7.00:1.00, which remains applicable through maturity. The financial covenants are tested as of each fiscal quarter end for the respective periods. As of December 31, 2023, the Company is in compliance with its minimum liquidity financial covenant.
The 2022 Credit Agreement contains provisions restricting payments from the Borrower to ATI Physical Therapy, Inc. (the “Parent”), except for payments specifically outlined, such as those related to reasonable and customary administrative expenses of the Parent up to $0.5 million; certain reasonable and customary indemnification claims; certain tax payments; customary fees and expenses related to debt or equity offerings, investments or acquisitions; certain salaries and related amounts for any directors, officers, employees or consultants of the Parent; payments related to certain transactions related to Parent capital stock not to exceed $5.0 million in cash in any fiscal year unless funded through certain other sources such as the sale, issuance or exercise of certain other capital stock or similar instruments; repayment or redemption of the Series A Senior Preferred Stock under certain conditions; and other categories outlined in the agreement. The 2022 Credit Agreement effectively results in restricted net assets of substantially all of the Parent's subsidiaries, which limits transferability to the Parent in the form of dividends, distributions, loans or advances.
The 2022 Credit Facility contains customary representations and warranties, events of default, reporting and other affirmative covenants and negative covenants, including requirements related to the delivery of independent audit reports without a going concern explanatory paragraph beginning with the report covering fiscal year 2025, limitations on indebtedness, liens, investments, negative pledges, dividends, junior debt payments, fundamental changes and asset sales and affiliate transactions. The Second Lien Note Purchase Agreement includes affirmative and negative covenants (other than financial covenants) that are substantially consistent with the 2022 Credit Agreement, as well as customary events of default. Failure to comply with the 2022 Credit Facility and Second Lien Note Purchase Agreement covenants and restrictions could result in an event of default under the respective borrowing agreements, subject to customary cure periods. In such an event, all amounts outstanding under the 2022 Credit Facility and Second Lien Note Purchase Agreement, together with any accrued interest, could then be declared immediately due and payable.
Under the 2022 Credit Facility, the Company may be required to make certain mandatory prepayments upon the occurrence of certain events, including: an event of default, a prepayment asset sale or receipt of net insurance proceeds in excess of $10.0 million, or excess cash flows exceeding certain thresholds. A prepayment asset sale includes dispositions at fair market value, and net insurance proceeds is generally defined as insurance proceeds received on a covered loss or as a result of assets taken under the power of eminent domain, net of costs related to the matter.
Preferred Stock Financing
In connection with the 2022 Debt Refinancing, the Company issued 165,000 shares of non-convertible preferred stock (the "Series A Senior Preferred Stock") plus warrants to purchase 0.1 million shares of the Company's common stock at an exercise price of $150.00 per share (the "Series I Warrants") and warrants to purchase 0.1 million shares of the Company's common stock at an exercise price equal to $0.50 per share (the "Series II Warrants"). The shares of the Series A Senior Preferred Stock have a par value of $0.0001 per share and an initial stated value of $1,000 per share, for an aggregate initial stated value of $165.0 million. The Series I and Series II Warrants are exercisable for 5 years from the Refinancing Date.
The gross proceeds received from the issuance of the Series A Senior Preferred Stock and the Series I and Series II Warrants were $165.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, which was allocated among the instruments based on the relative fair values of each instrument. Of the gross proceeds, $144.7 million was allocated to the Series A Senior Preferred Stock, $5.1 million to the Series I Warrants and $15.2 million to the Series II Warrants. The resulting discount on the Series A Senior Preferred Stock will be recognized as a deemed dividend when those shares are subsequently remeasured upon becoming redeemable or probable of becoming redeemable. The Company recognized $2.9 million in issuance costs and $1.4 million of original issue discount related to the Series A Senior Preferred Stock. The Company recognized total issuance costs and original issue discount of approximately $0.2 million and $0.5 million related to the Series I Warrants and Series II Warrants, respectively, during the year ended December 31, 2022.
As a result of the 2022 Debt Refinancing and the Preferred Stock Financing, the Company added approximately $77.3 million of cash to its balance sheet.
The Series A Senior Preferred Stock has priority over the Company's Class A common stock and all other junior equity securities of the Company, and is junior to the Company's existing or future indebtedness and other liabilities (including trade payables), with respect to payment of dividends, distribution of assets, and all other liquidation, winding up, dissolution, dividend and redemption rights.
The Series A Senior Preferred Stock carries an initial dividend rate of 12.0% per annum (the "Base Dividend Rate"), payable quarterly in arrears. Dividends will be paid-in-kind and added to the stated value of the Series A Senior Preferred Stock. The Company may elect to pay dividends on the Series A Senior Preferred Stock in cash beginning on the third anniversary of the Refinancing Date and, with respect to any such dividends paid in cash, the dividend rate then in effect will be decreased by 1.0%.
The Base Dividend Rate is subject to certain adjustments, including an increase of 1.0% per annum on the first day following the fifth anniversary of the Refinancing Date and on each one-year anniversary thereafter, and 2.0% per annum upon the occurrence of either an Event of Noncompliance (as defined in the Certificate of Designation) or a failure by the Company to redeem in full all Series A Senior Preferred Stock upon a Mandatory Redemption Event, which includes a change of control, liquidation, bankruptcy or certain restructurings. The paid-in-kind dividends related to the Series A Senior Preferred Stock were $23.2 million and $17.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the accumulated paid-in-kind dividends related to the Series A Senior Preferred Stock were $41.1 million and the aggregate stated value was $206.1 million.
The Company has the right to redeem the Series A Senior Preferred Stock, in whole or in part, at any time (subject to certain limitations on partial redemptions). The Redemption Price for each share of Series A Senior Preferred Stock is equal to the stated value subject to certain price adjustments depending on when such optional redemption takes place, if at all.
The Series A Senior Preferred Stock is perpetual and is not mandatorily redeemable at the option of the holders, except upon the occurrence of a Mandatory Redemption Event. Upon the occurrence of a Mandatory Redemption Event, to the extent not prohibited by law, the Company is required to redeem all Series A Senior Preferred Stock, in cash, at a price per share equal to the then applicable Redemption Price. Because the Series A Senior Preferred Stock is mandatorily redeemable contingent on certain events outside the Company’s control, such as a change in control, and since such events are not currently deemed certain to occur, the Series A Senior Preferred Stock is classified as mezzanine equity in the Company's consolidated balance sheets.
If an Event of Noncompliance occurs, then the holders of a majority of the then outstanding shares of Series A Senior Preferred Stock (the “Majority Holders”) have the right to demand that the Company engage in a sale/refinancing process to consummate a Forced Transaction. A Forced Transaction includes a refinancing of the Series A Senior Preferred Stock or a sale of the Company. Upon consummation of any Forced Transaction, to the extent not prohibited by law, the Company is required to redeem all Series A Senior Preferred Stock, in cash, at a price per share equal to the then applicable Redemption Price.
Holders of shares of Series A Senior Preferred Stock have no voting rights with respect to the Series A Senior Preferred Stock except as set forth in the Certificate of Designation, other documents entered into in connection with the Purchase Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby, or as otherwise required by law. For so long as any Series A Senior Preferred Stock is outstanding, the Company is prohibited from taking certain actions without the prior consent of the Majority Holders as set forth in the Certificate of Designation which include: issuing equity securities ranking senior to or pari passu with the Series A Senior Preferred Stock, incurring indebtedness or liens, engaging in affiliate transactions, making restricted payments, consummating certain investments or asset dispositions, consummating a change of control transaction unless the Series A Senior Preferred Stock is redeemed in full, altering the Company’s organizational documents, and making material changes to the nature of the Company’s business.
As part of the 2022 Debt Refinancing, the Preferred Equityholders, voting as a separate class, had the right to designate and elect one director to serve on the Company’s board of directors until such time after the Refinancing Date that (i) as of any applicable fiscal quarter end, the Company’s trailing 12-month Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA (as defined in the Certificate of Designation) exceeds $100.0 million, or (ii) the Lead Purchaser ceases to hold at least 50.1% of the Series A Senior Preferred Stock held by it as of the Refinancing Date. As part of the 2023 Debt Restructuring, (1) the Preferred Equityholders’ preexisting rights as holders of the Company’s Series A Senior Preferred Stock to designate and elect one director to the Company’s board of directors (the “Board”) was revised to provide that (a) the Preferred Equityholders have the right to appoint three additional directors to the Board (resulting in the right of the Preferred Equityholders to appoint a total of four directors to the Board) until such time after the Closing Date that the Lead Purchaser (as defined in certain of the transaction agreements entered into in connection with the original issuance of the Series A Senior Preferred Stock) ceases to hold at least 50.1% of the Series A Senior Preferred Stock held by it as of the Closing Date, one of whom must be unaffiliated with (and independent of) the Preferred Equityholders and who must meet the definition of “independent” under the listing standards of the NYSE, and by the SEC; and (b) all such designee directors of the Preferred Equityholders will be subject to consideration by the Board (acting in good faith and consistent with their review of other Board candidates) and (2) the provision in the Certificate of Designation of the Company’s Series A Senior Preferred Stock that eliminated the Preferred Equityholders’ director designation rights upon the Company’s achievement of certain amounts of EBITDA was deleted.
Prior to the closing of the 2023 Debt Restructuring, because the Series A Senior Preferred Stock is classified as mezzanine equity and was not considered redeemable or probable of becoming redeemable, the paid-in-kind dividends that were added to the stated value did not impact the carrying value of the Series A Senior Preferred Stock in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Based on the voting rights associated with the Series B Preferred Stock attached to the 2L Notes issued as part of the 2023 Debt Restructuring, the Company determined that redemption of the Series A Senior Preferred Stock is no longer solely within the control of the Company. As a result, the Company determined that the Series A Senior Preferred Stock is probable of becoming redeemable based on the accounting guidance in ASC Topic 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity. Following the 2023 Debt Restructuring, since the Series A Senior Preferred Stock is probable of becoming redeemable, the Company will recognize changes in the redemption value of the Series A Senior Preferred Stock immediately as they occur and adjust the carrying amount as if redemption were to occur at the end of the reporting period. As of December 31, 2023, the redemption value of the Series A Senior Preferred Stock was $220.4 million, which includes the aggregate stated value at December 31, 2023, inclusive of paid-in-kind dividends, and an incremental redemption value adjustment to reflect the carrying amount equal to what the redemption amount would be as if redemption were to occur at the end of the reporting period, based on the terms of the Certificate of Designation.
Changes in the carrying value of the Series A Senior Preferred Stock consisted of the following for the year ended December 31, 2023 (in thousands). There were no changes in carrying value in 2022.
December 31, 2023
Carrying value, beginning of period $ 140,340
Write off original issue discount 1,447
Write off issuance costs 2,880
Deemed dividend from discount on initial gross proceeds allocation 20,333
Paid-in-kind dividends recognized to carrying value
41,095
Redemption value adjustment 14,298
Carrying value, end of period $ 220,393
Consolidated Cash Flows
The following table presents selected data from our consolidated statements of cash flows:
Year Ended
($ in thousands) December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Net cash used in operating activities $ (12,366) $ (65,508)
Net cash used in investing activities (17,366) (28,048)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities (16,605) 128,079
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents
(46,337) 34,523
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period 83,139 48,616
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $ 36,802 $ 83,139
Year ended December 31, 2023 compared to year ended December 31, 2022
Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $12.4 million compared to $65.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease in cash used of $53.1 million. The decrease was primarily the result of margin on higher revenue with approximately $15.5 million lower net losses as adjusted for non-cash items such as goodwill, intangible and other asset impairment charges and changes in fair value of 2L Notes, warrant liability and contingent common shares liability during the year ended December 31, 2023, approximately $21.9 million lower net cash outflows from changes in current assets and current liabilities related to timing of collections and payments during the year ended December 31, 2023, $6.6 million lower cash outflows from operating leases and $12.3 million of partial application of MAAPP funds during the year ended December 31, 2022 not recurring in 2023.
Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $17.4 million compared to $28.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of approximately $10.7 million. The decrease was driven by lower capital expenditures during the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to fewer clinic openings.
Net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $16.6 million compared to $128.1 million of cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease in cash provided of approximately $144.7 million. The change was primarily driven by payments made on and lower cash inflows from Revolving Loans during the year ended December 31, 2023, and net cash inflows related to the 2022 Debt Refinancing and Preferred Stock Financing (refer to Note 8 - Borrowings for further details) during the year ended December 31, 2022 not recurring in 2023.
Commitments and Contingencies
The Company may be subject to loss contingencies, such as legal proceedings and claims arising out of its business. The Company records accruals for such loss contingencies when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. As of December 31, 2023, the Company recorded an accrued liability related to the outcomes of certain legal matters described in Note 17 - Commitments and Contingencies. Refer to Note 17 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for further information.
We enter into contractual obligations and commitments from time to time in the normal course of business, primarily related to our debt financing and operating leases. Refer to Notes 8 and 16 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for further information. Additionally, the Company has contractual commitments related to cloud computing and telecommunication service agreements. Refer to Note 17 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for further information.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements.
Critical Accounting Estimates
The discussion and analysis of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations is based upon the Company’s consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements requires its management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses and related disclosures. The Company’s management bases its estimates, assumptions and judgments on historical experience and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Different assumptions and judgments would change the estimates used in the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements which, in turn, could change the results from those reported. In addition, actual results may differ from these estimates and such differences could be material to the Company’s financial position and results of operations.
Critical accounting estimates are those that the Company’s management considers the most important to the portrayal of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations because they require management's most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. The Company’s critical accounting estimates in relation to its consolidated financial statements include those related to:
•Net patient revenue and accounts receivable
•Provision for doubtful accounts and allowance for doubtful accounts
•Realization of deferred tax assets
•Goodwill and intangible assets
Additional information related to our critical accounting estimates can be found in Note 2 - Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
Net patient revenue and accounts receivable
Net patient revenue
We provide an array of services to our patients including physical therapy, work conditioning, hand therapy, aquatic therapy, functional capacity evaluation, sports medicine and wellness programs. Net patient revenue consists of these physical therapy services.
Net patient revenue is recognized at an amount equal to the consideration the Company expects to receive from third-party payors, patients and others for services rendered when the performance obligations under the terms of the contract are satisfied.
There is a contract between the Company and the patient upon each visit resulting in the Company’s performance obligation to provide services to the patient. Generally, the performance obligation is satisfied as the patient receives physical therapy services provided by the Company, as each service provided is distinct and future services rendered are not dependent on previously rendered services. The Company has separate contractual agreements (written or implied) with third-party payors (e.g., insurers, managed care programs, government programs, workers' compensation) that provide for payments to the Company at amounts different from its established rates; the difference between the Company's established rates and amounts paid by third-party payors represent explicit price concessions in the form of contractual allowances or denials allowances. While these agreements are not considered contracts with the customer, they are used for determining the transaction price for services provided to the patients covered by the third-party payors. The payor contracts do not indicate performance obligations of the Company but indicate reimbursement rates for patients who are covered by those payors when the services are provided.
To determine the transaction price associated with the contract, the Company includes the estimated effects of any variable consideration, such as contractual allowances, denials allowances and implicit price concessions. When the Company has written payment contracts with third-party payors with negotiated prices for services (contracted payors), the Company determines the transaction price using the negotiated contractual rates to estimate contractual allowances as compared to established rates; additional variable consideration for denial allowances is estimated using a portfolio approach that incorporates whether or not the Company has historical differences from negotiated contractual rates due to non-compliance with contract provisions.
When the Company does not have written payment contracts with third-party payors (non-contracted payors), the Company determines the transaction price using a portfolio approach to estimate variable consideration for contractual allowances, denial allowances and implicit price concessions based on historical collections experience for claims with similar characteristics, such as location of service and type of third-party payor, in relation to its established rates.
For both contracted and non-contracted payors, any subsequent changes in estimate of the transaction price is recorded as a revenue adjustment. Management believes that calculating at the portfolio level would not differ materially from considering each patient account separately.
The Company continually reviews the transaction price estimation process to consider updates to laws and regulations and changes in third-party payor contractual terms that result from contract renegotiations and renewals. Due to complexities involved in determining amounts ultimately due under reimbursement arrangements with third-party payors and government entities, which are often subject to interpretation, the Company may receive reimbursement for healthcare services that is different from the estimates, and such differences could be material.
In its evaluation of the transaction price, management assesses historical collection experience in relation to contracted rates, or for non-contracted payors, established rates. The practice of applying historical collection experience to determine the revenue transaction price for current transactions involves significant judgment and estimation. Management subsequently monitors the appropriateness of its estimates for claims on a date of service basis as cash collections on previous periods mature. Actual cash collections upon maturity may differ from the transaction price estimated upon initial recognition, and such differences could be material. If initial revenue recognition estimates increased or decreased by 100 basis points relative to an annual period, the impact to collections of the annual net patient revenue would be approximately $6.4 million. Management believes subsequent changes in estimate as a result of maturity of claims with dates of service in 2021 and 2022 have not been material to the consolidated statements of operations.
The following table disaggregates net patient revenue for each associated payor class for the periods indicated below:
Year Ended
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Commercial 58.6 % 57.6 %
Government 23.2 % 24.2 %
Workers’ Compensation 11.7 % 12.4 %
Other (1)
6.5 % 5.8 %
100.0 % 100.0 %
(1) Other is primarily comprised of net patient revenue related to auto personal injury which by its nature may have longer-term collection characteristics relative to other payor classes.
Accounts receivable
The Company's accounts receivable are reported net of contractual allowances, denials allowances and allowances for doubtful accounts. The majority of accounts receivable are due from commercial insurance companies, workers' compensation plans, auto personal injury claims and government health programs, such as Medicare or Medicaid. The Company reports accounts receivable at an amount equal to the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for providing healthcare services to its patients.
The following table disaggregates accounts receivable, net associated with net patient revenue for each associated payor class as of:
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Commercial 39.0 % 43.9 %
Government 13.8 % 13.7 %
Workers’ Compensation 13.7 % 15.5 %
Other (1)
33.5 % 26.9 %
100.0 % 100.0 %
(1) Other is primarily comprised of accounts receivable associated with net patient revenue related to auto personal injury which by its nature may have longer-term collection characteristics relative to other payor classes.
Provision for doubtful accounts and allowance for doubtful accounts
Provision for doubtful accounts
For contracted payors, the Company records an estimated provision for doubtful accounts using a portfolio approach based on historical collections experience for claims with similar characteristics, such as location of service and type of third-party payor, at the time net patient revenue is recognized. Any subsequent impairment of the related receivable is recorded as provision for doubtful accounts. The provision for doubtful accounts is included in cost of services in the consolidated statements of operations. When it is determined that a customer account is uncollectible, that balance is written off against the existing allowance.
Allowance for doubtful accounts
The Company estimates the allowance for doubtful accounts based upon several factors, including the age of the outstanding receivables, the historical experience of collections, the impact of economic conditions and, in some cases, evaluating specific customer accounts for the ability to pay. Management judgment is used to assess the collectability of accounts and the ability of the Company’s customers to pay.
Realization of deferred tax assets
The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC Topic 740 ("ASC 740"), Income Taxes. Under ASC 740, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and the respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rate is recognized in operations in the period that includes the enactment date.
We evaluate the realizability of deferred tax assets and reduce those assets using a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. Among the factors used to assess the likelihood of realization are projections of future taxable income streams and the expected timing of the reversals of existing temporary differences. The judgments made at any point in time may be impacted by changes in tax codes, statutory tax rates or future taxable income levels. This could materially impact our assessment of the need for valuation allowance reserves and could cause our provision for income taxes to vary significantly from period to period.
Goodwill and intangible assets
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The Company accounts for goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets under ASC Topic 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other, which requires the Company to test goodwill and other indefinite-lived assets for impairment annually or whenever events or circumstances indicate that impairment may exist.
The cost of acquired businesses is allocated first to its identifiable assets, both tangible and intangible, based on estimated fair values. Costs allocated to finite-lived identifiable intangible assets are generally amortized on a straight-line basis over the remaining estimated useful lives of the assets. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of identifiable assets acquired, net of liabilities assumed, is recorded as goodwill.
Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized but must be reviewed at least annually for impairment. If the impairment test indicates that the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, then a goodwill impairment loss should be recognized in the consolidated statements of operations in an amount equal to the excess carrying value over fair value. If the impairment test indicates that the carrying value of an intangible asset exceeds its fair value, then an impairment loss should be recognized in the consolidated statements of operations in an amount equal to the excess carrying value over fair value. Fair value is determined using valuation techniques based on estimates, judgments and assumptions the Company believes are appropriate in the circumstances. The Company completed the annual impairment analysis of goodwill as of October 1, 2023 by estimating its fair value using an average of a discounted cash flow analysis and comparable public company analysis. The Company concluded that no goodwill impairment occurred during the year ended December 31, 2023. The key assumptions associated with determining the estimated fair value include projected revenue growth rates and EBITDA margins, the terminal growth rate, the discount rate and relevant market multiples. The Company completed the annual impairment analysis of the indefinite-lived intangible asset as of October 1, 2023 by estimating its fair value using the relief from royalty method. The Company concluded that no indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment occurred during the year ended December 31, 2023. The key assumptions associated with determining the estimated fair value include projected revenue growth rates, the royalty rate, the discount rate and the terminal growth rate.
The Company has one reporting unit for purposes of the Company’s goodwill impairment tests.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company noted triggering events which resulted in the recording of impairment losses. Refer to Note 5 - Goodwill, Trade Name and Other Intangible Assets in the consolidated financial statements for further details.
Fair value determinations require considerable judgment and are sensitive to changes in underlying assumptions, estimates and market factors. Estimating the fair value of the Company’s reporting unit and the indefinite-lived intangible asset requires us to make assumptions and estimates regarding our future plans, as well as industry, economic, and regulatory conditions. These assumptions and estimates include projected revenue growth rates and EBITDA margins, terminal growth rates, discount rates, relevant market multiples, royalty rates and other market factors. If current expectations of future growth rates, margins and cash flows are not met, or if market factors outside of our control change significantly, including discount rates, relevant market multiples, company share price and other market factors, then our reporting unit or the indefinite-lived intangible asset might become impaired in the future, negatively impacting our operating results and financial position. Factors that could result in the cash flows being lower than the current estimates include decreased revenue caused by unforeseen changes in the healthcare market or the Company's business, or the inability to achieve the estimated operating margins in the forecasts due to unforeseen factors. Additionally, changes in the broader economic environments could cause changes to the estimated discount rates and comparable company valuation indicators which may impact the estimated fair values. As the carrying amounts of goodwill and the Company’s trade name indefinite-lived intangible asset were impaired as of December 31, 2022 and written down to fair value, those amounts are more susceptible to an impairment risk if there are unfavorable changes in assumptions and estimates. Additionally, goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets associated with acquisitions that may occur in the future are recorded on the balance sheet at their estimated acquisition date fair values, those amounts are more susceptible to impairment risk if business operating results or market conditions deteriorate.
To further illustrate sensitivity of the valuation models, if we had changed the assumptions used to estimate the fair value of our goodwill reporting unit and trade name indefinite-lived intangible asset in our most recent quantitative analysis in 2023, these isolated changes, which are reasonably possible to occur, would have led to the following approximate increase/(decrease) in the aggregate fair value of the reporting unit under the discounted cash flow analysis or trade name indefinite-lived intangible asset (in thousands):
Discount rate Terminal growth rate(1)
EBITDA margin Royalty rate
50 basis points 100 basis points 100 basis points 50 basis points
Increase Decrease Increase Decrease Increase Decrease Increase Decrease
Goodwill $(40,000) $45,000 $45,000 $(35,000) $55,000 $(55,000)
Trade name $(10,000) $15,000 $10,000 $(10,000) $35,000 $(35,000)
(1) An increase of 100 basis points to our assumed non-terminal revenue growth rates would result in approximately $50 million of an estimated increase to the fair value of our goodwill reporting unit, whereas a 100 basis point decrease would result in approximately $45 million of an estimated decrease to the fair value of our goodwill reporting unit.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
For information regarding recent accounting pronouncements, refer to Note 2 - Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
As a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act, this Item and the related disclosure is not required.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
ATI Physical Therapy, Inc.
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements
Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (Deloitte & Touche LLP, PCAOB ID 34)
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, PCAOB ID 238)
Financial Statements:
Consolidated Balance Sheets
Consolidated Statements of Operations
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the stockholders and the Board of Directors of ATI Physical Therapy Inc.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of ATI Physical Therapy Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders' equity, and cash flows, for the year ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Going Concern
The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 2 to the financial statements, the Company has experienced recurring losses from operations and negative cash flows from operations and requires operational improvement in order to meet its obligations as they become due over the next twelve months and maintain compliance with debt covenants, which raises substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management's plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 2. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Valuation of Goodwill and Trade Name Indefinite-Lived Intangible Asset - Refer to Notes 2 and 5 to the financial statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
The Company completed the annual impairment analysis of goodwill by estimating the fair value of the reporting unit using an average of a discounted cash flow analysis and comparable public company analysis. The key assumptions associated with determining the estimated fair value include projected revenue growth rates and EBITDA margins, the terminal growth rate, the discount rate and relevant market multiples. Fair value determinations require considerable judgment and are sensitive to changes in underlying assumptions, estimates and market factors. The Company concluded that no goodwill impairment occurred during the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company completed the annual impairment analysis of the trade name indefinite-lived intangible asset by estimating its fair value using the relief from royalty method. The key assumptions associated with determining the estimated fair value include projected revenue growth rates, the royalty rate, the discount rate and the terminal growth rate. Fair value determinations require considerable judgment and are sensitive to changes in underlying assumptions, estimates and market factors. The Company concluded that no trade name indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment occurred during the year ended December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, the goodwill and trade name indefinite-lived intangible asset balances were $289.7 million and $245 million, respectively.
We identified goodwill and trade name indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment assessments as a critical audit matter because of the significant judgements made by management to estimate the respective fair values. This required a high degree of auditor judgement and an increased extent of effort, including the need to involve our fair value specialists, when performing audit procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of management’s estimates and assumptions related to (1) the selection of the discount rate, relevant market multiples, and forecasts of future revenues and EBITDA margins in estimating the fair value of the reporting unit and (2) the selection of the discount rate, royalty rate, and forecasts of future revenue in estimating the fair value of the trade name indefinite-lived intangible asset.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to (1) the discount rate, terminal growth rate, relevant market multiples, and forecasts of future revenues and EBITDA margins used by management to estimate the fair value of the reporting unit and (2) the selection of the discount rate, royalty rate, and forecasts of future revenue in estimating the fair value of the trade name indefinite-lived intangible asset, included the following, among others:
•We evaluated management’s ability to accurately forecast revenue and EBITDA margins by comparing actual results to management’s historical forecasts.
•We evaluated the reasonableness of management’s revenue and EBITDA margin forecasts by comparing the forecasts to:
◦Historical revenues and EBITDA margins.
◦Internal communications to the Board of Directors.
◦Forecasted information in industry reports. and certain of the Company’s peer companies.
•We evaluated the impact of changes in management’s forecasts of revenue and EBITDA margins from the October 1, 2023 annual measurement date to December 31, 2023.
•With the assistance of our fair value specialists, we evaluated the reasonableness of the (1) valuation methodology, (2) discount rate, and (3) relevant market multiples by:
◦Testing the underlying source information and the mathematical accuracy of the calculations and developing a range of independent estimates and comparing those to the discount rates selected by management.
◦Testing the underlying source information and mathematical accuracy of the calculations and comparing the multiples selected by management to its guideline companies.
•With the assistance of our fair value specialists, we evaluated the reasonableness of the tradename indefinite-lived intangible asset (1) valuation methodology, (2) discount rate, and (3) royalty rate by:
◦Testing the underlying source information and the mathematical accuracy of the calculations and developing a range of independent estimates and comparing those to the discount rates selected by management.
◦Testing the underlying source information and the mathematical accuracy of the calculations for the royalty rate.
Valuation of Net Patient Revenue and Related Accounts Receivable - Refer to Notes 2 and 4 to the financial statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
Net patient revenue and related accounts receivable (before the allowance for doubtful accounts) are recognized at an amount equal to the consideration the Company expects to receive from third-party payors, patients and others for services rendered when the performance obligations under the terms of the contract are satisfied. For the year ended December 31, 2023 net patient revenue was $636.1 million and accounts receivable (before allowance for doubtful accounts) was $136.6 million.
To determine the transaction price associated with the contract with the patient, the Company includes the estimated effects of any variable consideration, such as contractual allowances, denials allowances and implicit price concessions. When the Company has written payment contracts with third-party payors with negotiated prices for services (contracted payors), the Company determines the transaction price using the negotiated contractual rates to estimate contractual allowances as compared to established rates; additional variable consideration for denial allowances is estimated using a portfolio approach that incorporates whether or not the Company has historical differences from negotiated contractual rates due to non-compliance with contract provisions. When the Company does not have written payment contracts with third-party payors (non-contracted payors), the Company determines the transaction price using a portfolio approach to estimate variable consideration for contractual allowances, denial allowances and implicit price concessions based on historical collections experience for claims with similar characteristics, such as location of service and type of third-party payor, in relation to its established rates. In its evaluation of the transaction price, management assesses historical collection experience in relation to contracted rates, or for non-contracted payors, established rates. The practice of applying historical collection experience to determine the revenue transaction price for current transactions involves significant judgment and estimation.
We identified the valuation of net patient revenue and related accounts receivable (before the allowance for doubtful accounts) as a critical audit matter because of the significant judgments made by management to estimate the transaction price associated with its contracts with customers. This required a high degree of auditor judgment and extensive audit effort, including the need to involve data analytics specialists, when performing audit procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of management’s estimates and assumptions related to the valuation of net patient revenue and related accounts receivable (before the allowance for doubtful accounts).
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our procedures related to net patient revenue and related accounts receivable (before the allowance for doubtful accounts) included the following, among others:
•We obtained an understanding of the Company’s methods and assumptions used to estimate the transaction price for net patient revenue and related accounts receivable (before the allowance for doubtful accounts).
•We inspected journal entries, with the assistance of data analytics specialists, in the net patient revenue population to identify and understand significant relationships between net patient revenue and related accounts affecting net patient revenue.
•We performed audit procedures on those related accounts determined to have a significant relationship with net patient revenue, including testing the existence of a sample of accounts receivable balances outstanding as of December 31, 2023.
•We tested the Company’s estimate of contractual and denial allowances by developing an independent expectation of the balance using historical cash collection rates applied to patient revenue before allowances remaining in accounts receivable as of December 31, 2023.
•We tested, on a sample basis, the accuracy and completeness of patient revenue transactions before allowances and historical cash collections data used to develop our independent expectation of the contractual and denial allowances.
•We evaluated the results of management’s retrospective comparison of cash collected subsequent to prior year end versus accounts receivable (before the allowance for doubtful accounts) as of prior year end to evaluate the reasonableness of the prior year estimate.
/s/ Deloitte and Touche LLP
Chicago, IL
February 27, 2024
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2023.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of ATI Physical Therapy, Inc.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the consolidated balance sheet of ATI Physical Therapy, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022, and the related consolidated statements of operations, of comprehensive loss, of changes in stockholders’ equity and of cash flows for the year then ended, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Substantial Doubt About the Company’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has negative operating cash flows, operating losses and net losses that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management's plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 2. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.
Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Chicago, Illinois
March 16, 2023, except for the effects of the reverse stock split discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, as to which the date is February 27, 2024
We served as the Company's auditor from 2021 to 2023.
ATI Physical Therapy, Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
($ in thousands, except share and per share data)
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Assets:
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 36,802 $ 83,139
Accounts receivable (net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $48,055 and $47,620 at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively)
88,512 80,673
Prepaid expenses 12,920 13,526
Insurance recovery receivable
23,981 933
Other current assets 4,367 9,107
Assets held for sale 2,056 6,755
Total current assets 168,638 194,133
Property and equipment, net 100,422 123,690
Operating lease right-of-use assets 194,423 226,092
Goodwill, net 289,650 286,458
Trade name and other intangible assets, net 245,858 246,582
Other non-current assets 4,290 2,030
Total assets $ 1,003,281 $ 1,078,985
Liabilities, Mezzanine Equity and Stockholders' Equity:
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable $ 14,704 $ 12,559
Accrued expenses and other liabilities 88,435 53,672
Current portion of operating lease liabilities 51,530 47,676
Liabilities held for sale 1,778 2,614
Total current liabilities 156,447 116,521
Long-term debt, net (1)
433,578 531,600
2L Notes due to related parties, at fair value 79,472 -
Warrant liability 3 98
Contingent common shares liability 578 2,835
Deferred income tax liabilities 21,367 18,886
Operating lease liabilities 185,602 218,424
Other non-current liabilities 1,696 1,834
Total liabilities 878,743 890,198
Commitments and contingencies (Note 17)
Mezzanine equity:
Series A Senior Preferred Stock, $0.0001 par value; 1.0 million shares authorized; 0.2 million shares issued and outstanding; $1,249.06 stated value per share at December 31, 2023; $1,108.34 stated value per share at December 31, 2022
220,393 140,340
Stockholders' equity:
Class A common stock, $0.0001 par value; 470.0 million shares authorized; 4.2 million shares issued, 4.0 million shares outstanding at December 31, 2023; 4.1 million shares issued, 4.0 million shares outstanding at December 31, 2022
- -
Treasury stock, at cost, 0.007 million shares and 0.002 million shares at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively
(219) (146)
Additional paid-in capital 1,308,119 1,378,716
Accumulated other comprehensive income 406 4,899
Accumulated deficit (1,409,306) (1,339,511)
Total ATI Physical Therapy, Inc. equity (101,000) 43,958
Non-controlling interests 5,145 4,489
Total stockholders' equity (95,855) 48,447
Total liabilities, mezzanine equity and stockholders' equity $ 1,003,281 $ 1,078,985
(1) Includes $17.0 million of principal amount of debt due to related parties as of December 31, 2023.
The accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.
ATI Physical Therapy, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(in thousands, except per share data)
Year Ended
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Net patient revenue $ 636,095 $ 575,940
Other revenue 62,921 59,731
Net revenue 699,016 635,671
Cost of services:
Salaries and related costs 382,370 357,982
Rent, clinic supplies, contract labor and other 208,593 202,568
Provision for doubtful accounts 11,251 13,869
Total cost of services 602,214 574,419
Selling, general and administrative expenses 118,728 114,724
Goodwill, intangible and other asset impairment charges 5,591 486,262
Operating loss (27,517) (539,734)
Change in fair value of 2L Notes (24,471) -
Change in fair value of warrant liability (95) (4,243)
Change in fair value of contingent common shares liability (2,257) (42,525)
Interest expense, net 61,039 45,278
Other expense, net 1,777 3,333
Loss before taxes (63,510) (541,577)
Income tax expense (benefit) 2,568 (48,530)
Net loss (66,078) (493,047)
Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests 3,717 (668)
Net loss attributable to ATI Physical Therapy, Inc. (69,795) (492,379)
Less: Series A Senior Preferred Stock redemption value adjustments 38,958 -
Less: Series A Senior Preferred Stock cumulative dividend 23,219 17,876
Net loss available to common stockholders $ (131,972) $ (510,255)
Loss per share of Class A common stock:
Basic $ (31.93) $ (125.59)
Diluted $ (31.93) $ (125.59)
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic and diluted 4,133 4,063
The accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.
ATI Physical Therapy, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss
($ in thousands)
Year Ended
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Net loss $ (66,078) $ (493,047)
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Cash flow hedges (4,493) 4,871
Comprehensive loss (70,571) (488,176)
Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests 3,717 (668)
Comprehensive loss attributable to ATI Physical Therapy, Inc. $ (74,288) $ (487,508)
The accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.
ATI Physical Therapy, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity
($ in thousands, except share data)
Common Stock Treasury Stock Additional Paid-In Capital Accumulated Other
Comprehensive Income (Loss) Accumulated Deficit Non-Controlling Interests Total Stockholders' Equity
Shares Amount Shares Amount
Balance at January 1, 2022 3,948,199 $ - 596 $ (95) $ 1,351,617 $ 28 $ (847,132) $ 7,089 $ 511,507
Issuance of 2022 Warrants - - - - 19,725 - - - 19,725
Vesting of restricted shares distributed to holders of ICUs 7,207 - - - - - - - -
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock awards 12,684 - - - - - - - -
Tax withholdings related to net share settlement of restricted stock awards (944) - 944 (51) - - - - (51)
Non-cash share-based compensation - - - - 7,374 - - - 7,374
Other comprehensive income - - - - - 4,871 - - 4,871
Distribution to non-controlling interest holders - - - - - - - (1,932) (1,932)
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests - - - - - - - (668) (668)
Net loss attributable to ATI Physical Therapy, Inc. - - - - - - (492,379) - (492,379)
Balance at December 31, 2022 3,967,146 $ - 1,540 $ (146) $ 1,378,716 $ 4,899 $ (1,339,511) $ 4,489 $ 48,447
Series A Senior Preferred Stock dividends and redemption value adjustments
- - - - (80,053) - - - (80,053)
Capital contribution from recognition of delayed draw asset
- - - - 690 - - - 690
Vesting of restricted shares distributed to holders of ICUs
2,873 - - - - - - - -
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units and awards 41,510 - - - - - - - -
Tax withholdings related to net share settlement of restricted stock units and awards (5,254) - 5,254 (73) - - - - (73)
Issuance of common stock for fractional adjustments related to Reverse Stock Split
26,346 - - - - - - - -
Non-cash share-based compensation - - - - 8,766 - - - 8,766
Other comprehensive loss
- - - - - (4,493) - - (4,493)
Distribution to non-controlling interest holders - - - - - - - (3,061) (3,061)
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests
- - - - - - - 3,717 3,717
Net loss attributable to ATI Physical Therapy, Inc. - - - - - - (69,795) - (69,795)
Balance at December 31, 2023 4,032,621 $ - 6,794 $ (219) $ 1,308,119 $ 406 $ (1,409,306) $ 5,145 $ (95,855)
The accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.
ATI Physical Therapy, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
($ in thousands)
Year Ended
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Operating activities:
Net loss $ (66,078) $ (493,047)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Goodwill, intangible and other asset impairment charges 5,591 486,262
Depreciation and amortization 37,412 40,590
Provision for doubtful accounts 11,251 13,869
Deferred income tax provision 2,481 (48,573)
Non-cash lease expense related to right-of-use assets 47,926 48,253
Non-cash share-based compensation 8,766 7,374
Amortization of debt issuance costs and original issue discount 2,889 2,873
Non-cash interest expense 6,567 3,481
Loss on extinguishment of debt 444 2,809
Loss on disposal and sale of assets
1,743 9
Change in fair value of 2L Notes (24,471) -
Change in fair value of warrant liability (95) (4,243)
Change in fair value of contingent common shares liability (2,257) (42,525)
Change in fair value of non-designated derivative instrument
475 -
Changes in:
Accounts receivable, net (18,604) (12,573)
Insurance recovery receivable
(23,048) 7
Prepaid expenses and other current assets 3,595 (5,031)
Other non-current assets (2,413) 39
Accounts payable 1,138 (48)
Accrued expenses and other liabilities 42,017 854
Operating lease liabilities (47,732) (53,628)
Other non-current liabilities 37 28
Medicare Accelerated and Advance Payment Program Funds - (12,288)
Net cash used in operating activities (12,366) (65,508)
Investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment (17,322) (28,147)
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment 91 157
Proceeds from sale of clinics 355 77
Payment of holdback liabilities related to acquisitions (490) (135)
Net cash used in investing activities (17,366) (28,048)
Financing activities:
Proceeds from long-term debt - 500,000
Proceeds from 2L Notes from related parties 3,243 -
Financing transaction costs (6,287) -
Deferred financing costs (84) (12,952)
Original issue discount - (10,000)
Principal payments on long-term debt - (555,048)
Proceeds from issuance of Series A Senior Preferred Stock - 144,667
Proceeds from issuance of 2022 Warrants - 20,333
Proceeds from revolving line of credit 35,000 48,200
Payments on revolving line of credit (44,750) -
Equity issuance costs and original issue discount - (4,935)
Payment of contingent consideration liabilities (593) (203)
Taxes paid on behalf of employees for shares withheld (73) (51)
Distribution to non-controlling interest holders (3,061) (1,932)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities (16,605) 128,079
Changes in cash and cash equivalents:
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents
(46,337) 34,523
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period 83,139 48,616
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $ 36,802 $ 83,139
Supplemental noncash disclosures:
Derivative changes in fair value (1)
$ 4,493 $ (4,871)
Purchases of property and equipment in accounts payable $ 2,645 $ 1,660
Exchange of Senior Secured Term Loan for related party 2L Notes $ 100,000 $ -
Debt discount on Senior Secured Term Loan $ (1,797) $ -
Capital contribution from recognition of delayed draw right asset $ 690 $ -
Series A Senior Preferred Stock dividends and redemption value adjustments $ 80,053 $ -
Other supplemental disclosures:
Cash paid for interest $ 52,893 $ 41,617
Cash received from hedging activities $ 5,380 $ 3,497
Cash (received from) paid for taxes
$ (45) $ 84
(1) Derivative changes in fair value related to unrealized loss (gain) on cash flow hedges, including the impact of reclassifications.
The accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.
Note 1. Overview of the Company
ATI Physical Therapy, Inc., together with its subsidiaries (herein referred to as “we,” "our," “the Company,” “ATI Physical Therapy” and “ATI”), is a nationally recognized healthcare company, specializing in outpatient rehabilitation and adjacent healthcare services. The Company provides outpatient physical therapy services under the name ATI Physical Therapy and, as of December 31, 2023, had 896 clinics located in 24 states (as well as 18 clinics under management service agreements). ATI Physical Therapy, Inc., a Delaware corporation, was organized in 2020 originally under the name Fortress Value Acquisition Corp. II (herein referred to as "FAII" or "FVAC"). The Company offers a variety of services within its clinics, including physical therapy to treat spine, shoulder, knee and neck injuries or pain; work injury rehabilitation services, including work conditioning and work hardening; hand therapy; and other specialized treatment services. The Company’s direct and indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries include, but are not limited to, Wilco Holdco, Inc., ATI Holdings Acquisition, Inc. and ATI Holdings, LLC.
Impact of COVID-19 and CARES Act
The coronavirus ("COVID-19") pandemic in the United States resulted in changes to our operating environment. Although the direct impact on our business has decreased since the peak impact in 2020, we continue to closely monitor the remaining impacts from the pandemic including its direct or indirect effects on macroeconomic factors, the labor markets in which we operate, and the physical therapy and broader healthcare landscape. Throughout the duration of the pandemic and declared public health emergency, and continuing hereafter, our priorities have been protecting the health and safety of employees and patients, maximizing the availability of services to satisfy patient needs and improving the operational and financial stability of our business. While we expect the disruption caused by COVID-19 and resulting impacts to diminish over time, we cannot predict the length of such impacts, and if such impacts continue for an extended period, it could have a continued effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial condition and cash flows, which could be material.
On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) was signed into law providing reimbursement, grants, waivers and other funds to assist health care providers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Company realized benefits under the CARES Act including, but not limited to, the receipt of Medicare Accelerated and Advance Payment Program ("MAAPP") funds and deferral of depositing the employer portion of Social Security taxes, interest-free and penalty-free. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company applied $12.3 million in MAAPP funds against the outstanding liability at that time. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the remaining obligations related to these benefits were applied and repaid.
Note 2. Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
The accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company were prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") and in accordance with the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The Company meets the SEC's definition of a "Smaller Reporting Company," and therefore qualifies for the SEC's reduced disclosure requirements for smaller reporting companies.
Reverse Stock Split
On June 14, 2023, the Company effected a one-for-fifty (1-for-50) reverse stock split of its Class A common stock (the “Reverse Stock Split”). The Reverse Stock Split was approved by the Company’s stockholders at the Company’s 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders held on June 13, 2023, and the final reverse split ratio was subsequently approved by the Company’s board of directors on June 14, 2023. The Company's common stock commenced trading on a reverse split-adjusted basis on June 15, 2023.
As a result of the Reverse Stock Split, every fifty (50) shares of common stock either issued and outstanding or held as treasury stock were combined into one new share of common stock. Any fractional shares of common stock resulting from the Reverse Stock Split were rounded up to the nearest whole share. All outstanding securities entitling their holders to purchase or acquire shares of common stock, including stock options, warrants, Earnout Shares, Vesting Shares and shares of common stock subject to vesting were adjusted as a result of the Reverse Stock Split, as required by the terms of those securities. The Reverse Stock Split did not change the par value of the common stock or the number of shares authorized for issuance.
All information included in these consolidated financial statements and related notes has been adjusted, on a retrospective basis, to reflect the Reverse Stock Split.
Liquidity and going concern
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business within twelve months after the date that these consolidated financial statements are issued.
The Company has negative operating cash flows, operating losses and net losses. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company had cash flows used in operating activities of $12.4 million, operating loss of $27.5 million and net loss of $66.1 million. These results are, in part, due to our current capital structure and trends experienced by the Company in recent years including a tight labor market for available physical therapy and other healthcare providers in the workforce, visit volume softness, decreases in rate per visit and increases in interest costs. If results of operations in the coming twelve months do not improve relative to the previous twelve months, the Company is at risk of insufficient funding to meet its obligations as they become due as well as non-compliance with its minimum liquidity financial covenant under its 2022 Credit Agreement.
In the Company's consolidated financial statements as of and for the periods ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, these conditions and events continue to raise substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern. In response to these conditions, management plans included refinancing the Company's debt under its 2022 Credit Agreement (as defined in Note 8) and improving operating results and cash flows.
On June 15, 2023, the Company completed a debt restructuring transaction under its 2022 Credit Agreement including: (i) a delayed draw new money financing in an aggregate principal amount of $25.0 million, comprised of (A) second lien paid-in-kind ("PIK") convertible notes (the “2L Notes”) and (B) shares of Series B Preferred Stock (as defined in Note 8), which will provide the holder thereof with voting rights such that the holders thereof will have the right to vote on an as-converted basis, (ii) the exchange of $100.0 million of the aggregate principal amount of the term loans under the 2022 Credit Agreement held by certain of the holders of its Series A Senior Preferred Stock (the "Preferred Equityholders") for 2L Notes and Series B Preferred Stock and (iii) certain other changes to the terms of the 2022 Credit Agreement, including modifications of the financial covenants thereunder and relief from the requirements related to the delivery of independent audit reports without a going concern explanatory paragraph. Holders of the 2L Notes will also receive additional 2L Notes upon the in-kind payment of interest on any outstanding 2L Notes. The 2L Notes are convertible into shares of Class A common stock at a fixed conversion price.
Additionally, the Company experienced improvements in operations that resulted in reduced levels of operating cash outflows during the year ended December 31, 2023 relative to the same period in the prior year. A continued improvement in business results is necessary as there remains a risk that the Company may fail to meet its minimum liquidity covenant or be unable to fund anticipated cash requirements and obligations as they become due in the future.
The Company's plan is to continue its efforts to improve its operating results and cash flow through increases to clinical staffing levels, improvements in clinician productivity, controlling costs and capital expenditures and increases in patient visit volumes, referrals and rate per visit. There can be no assurance that the Company's plan will be successful in any of these respects.
If the Company's plan does not result in improvement in these aspects in future periods that results in sufficient cash flow from operations, the Company will need to consider other alternatives, such as raising additional financing, obtaining funds from other sources, disposal of assets, or pursuing other strategic alternatives to improve its business, results of operations and financial condition. There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in accessing such alternative options or financing if or when needed. Failure to do so could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, and may lead to events including bankruptcy, reorganization or insolvency.
Management plans have not been fully implemented and, as a result, the Company has concluded that management's plans do not alleviate substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern.
The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
Principles of consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company, its subsidiaries, and entities for which the Company has a controlling financial interest, including variable interest entities ("VIEs") for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation, and net earnings are reduced by the portion of net earnings attributable to non-controlling interests.
Variable interest entities
The Company consolidates all variable interest entities where the Company is the primary beneficiary. The Company identifies the primary beneficiary of a VIE as the enterprise that has both: (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance; and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits of the VIE that could be significant to the entity. The Company may change the original assessment of a VIE upon subsequent events such as the modification of contractual agreements.
The Company has an investment in RSFH-ATI Physical Therapy, LLC ("RSFH") that qualifies as a VIE. Based on the provisions of the RSFH agreement, the Company manages the entity and handles all day-to-day operating decisions in exchange for management fees and may receive distributions proportionate with its level of ownership. Accordingly, the Company has the decision-making power over the activities that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could be significant to the entity.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, total assets of RSFH were $10.6 million and $10.1 million, respectively, and total liabilities were $4.9 million and $5.0 million, respectively. In general, the assets are available primarily for the settlement of obligations of RSFH.
Use of estimates
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The effect of any change in estimates will be recognized in the current period of the change.
Segment reporting
The Company reports segment information based on the management approach. The management approach designates the internal reporting used by management for making decisions and assessing performance as the source of the Company’s reportable segments. All of the Company’s operations are conducted within the United States. Our chief operating decision maker is our Chief Executive Officer, who reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis for purposes of making decisions, assessing financial performance and allocating resources. We operate our business as one operating segment and therefore we have one reportable segment.
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
Cash and cash equivalents include all cash balances and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less when issued. Restricted cash consists of cash held as collateral in relation to the Company's corporate card agreement. Restricted cash included within cash and cash equivalents as presented within our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, and our consolidated statements of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $0.8 million.
Accounts receivable
The Company's accounts receivable are reported net of contractual allowances, denials allowances and allowances for doubtful accounts. The majority of accounts receivable are due from commercial insurance companies, workers' compensation plans, auto personal injury claims and government health programs, such as Medicare or Medicaid. The Company reports accounts receivable at an amount equal to the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for providing healthcare services to its patients.
Allowance for doubtful accounts
The Company estimates the allowance for doubtful accounts based upon several factors, including the age of the outstanding receivables, the historical experience of collections, the impact of economic conditions and, in some cases, evaluating specific customer accounts for the ability to pay. Management judgment is used to assess the collectability of accounts and the ability of the Company’s customers to pay.
Concentrations of business risk
The Company provides physical therapy services to a large number of patients who participate in government healthcare programs, resulting in a customer concentration relating to Medicare and Medicaid’s service reimbursement programs. The Company believes that the concentration of credit risk with respect to other patient accounts receivable is limited due to the large number of patients that make up the Company’s patient base and the dispersion across many different insurance companies, preferred provider organizations and individuals.
Net patient revenue
Net patient revenue consists of revenue for physical therapy services. Net patient revenue is recognized at an amount equal to the consideration the Company expects to receive from third-party payors, patients and others for services rendered when the performance obligations under the terms of the contract are satisfied.
There is a contract between the Company and the patient upon each visit resulting in the Company’s performance obligation to provide services to the patient. Generally, the performance obligation is satisfied as the patient receives physical therapy services provided by the Company, as each service provided is distinct and future services rendered are not dependent on previously rendered services. The Company has separate contractual agreements (written or implied) with third-party payors (e.g., insurers, managed care programs, government programs, workers' compensation) that provide for payments to the Company at amounts different from its established rates; the difference between the Company's established rates and amounts paid by third-party payors represent explicit price concessions in the form of contractual allowances or denials allowances. While these agreements are not considered contracts with the customer, they are used for determining the transaction price for services provided to the patients covered by the third-party payors. The payor contracts do not indicate performance obligations of the Company but indicate reimbursement rates for patients who are covered by those payors when the services are provided.
To determine the transaction price associated with the contract, the Company includes the estimated effects of any variable consideration, such as contractual allowances, denials allowances and implicit price concessions. When the Company has written payment contracts with third-party payors with negotiated prices for services (contracted payors), the Company determines the transaction price using the negotiated contractual rates to estimate contractual allowances as compared to established rates; additional variable consideration for denial allowances is estimated using a portfolio approach that incorporates whether or not the Company has historical differences from negotiated contractual rates due to non-compliance with contract provisions.
When the Company does not have written payment contracts with third-party payors (non-contracted payors), the Company determines the transaction price using a portfolio approach to estimate variable consideration for contractual allowances, denial allowances and implicit price concessions based on historical collections experience for claims with similar characteristics, such as location of service and type of third-party payor, in relation to its established rates.
For both contracted and non-contracted payors, any subsequent changes in estimate of the transaction price is recorded as a revenue adjustment. Management believes that calculating at the portfolio level would not differ materially from considering each patient account separately.
The Company continually reviews the transaction price estimation process to consider updates to laws and regulations and changes in third-party payor contractual terms that result from contract renegotiations and renewals. Due to complexities involved in determining amounts ultimately due under reimbursement arrangements with third-party payors and government entities, which are often subject to interpretation, the Company may receive reimbursement for healthcare services that is different from the estimates, and such differences could be material.
Provision for doubtful accounts
For contracted payors, the Company records an estimated provision for doubtful accounts using a portfolio approach based on historical collections experience for claims with similar characteristics, such as location of service and type of third-party payor, at the time net patient revenue is recognized. Any subsequent impairment of the related receivable is recorded as provision for doubtful accounts. The provision for doubtful accounts is included in cost of services in the consolidated statements of operations. When it is determined that a customer account is uncollectible, that balance is written off against the existing allowance.
Other revenue
Revenue from the ATI Worksite Solutions ("AWS") business is derived from on-site services provided to clients’ employees including injury prevention, rehabilitation, ergonomic assessments and performance optimization. The Company accounts for AWS services as single performance obligations satisfied over time. Revenue from AWS is recognized when obligations under the terms of the contract are satisfied. Revenues are recognized at an amount equal to the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for providing services to its clients, which is variable in nature and determined based on the number of hours and respective rate for services provided in a given period.
Revenues from Management Service Agreements (“MSA”) are derived from contractual arrangements whereby the Company manages a non-controlled clinic or clinics for third-party owners. The Company does not have any ownership interest in these clinics. The Company accounts for MSA services as single performance obligations satisfied over time. Typically, the transaction price is variable in nature and revenue is determined based on the number of visits conducted at the clinic and recognized when services per the contractual arrangements are performed. Costs, primarily salaries for the Company’s employees, are recorded when incurred.
Other revenue includes physical or occupational therapy services and athletic training provided on-site, such as at schools and industrial worksites. Contract terms and rates are agreed to in advance between the Company and the third-parties. Services are typically performed over the contract period, and revenue is recorded as services are performed. If the services are paid in advance, revenue is deferred and recognized as the services are performed.
Property and equipment
Property and equipment acquired is recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation, except during an acquisition of a business, in which case the assets are initially recorded at fair value. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method and is provided in amounts sufficient to attribute the cost of depreciable assets to operations over the estimated useful lives. The approximate useful life of each class of property and equipment is as follows:
Equipment 3 - 5 years
Furniture & fixtures 5 - 7 years
Automobiles 3 - 5 years
Software 3 - 5 years
Buildings 40 years
Leasehold improvements Lesser of lease term or estimated useful lives of the assets (generally 5 - 15 years)
Major repairs that extend the useful life of an asset are capitalized to the property and equipment account. Routine maintenance and repairs are charged to rent, clinic supplies, contract labor and other expenses and selling, general and administrative expenses. Gains or losses associated with property and equipment retired or sold are included in earnings.
Computer software is included in property and equipment and consists of purchased software and internally developed software. The Company capitalizes application-stage development costs for significant internally developed software projects. Once the software is ready for its intended use, these costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the software’s estimated useful life. Costs recognized in the preliminary project phase and the post-implementation phase, as well as maintenance and training costs, are expensed as incurred.
Impairment of long-lived assets
The Company reviews the recoverability of long-lived assets, including operating lease right-of-use assets, whenever events or circumstances occur indicating that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. If the undiscounted cash flows related to the long-lived asset or asset group are not sufficient to recover the remaining carrying value of such asset or asset group, an impairment charge is recognized for the excess carrying amount over the fair value of the asset or asset group. The Company noted triggering events during 2023 and 2022 which resulted in the recording of impairment losses of $5.6 million and $3.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Goodwill and intangible assets
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The Company accounts for goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other, which requires the Company to test goodwill and other indefinite-lived assets for impairment annually or whenever events or circumstances indicate that impairment may exist. The Company did not note any triggering events during 2023 that resulted in the recording of an impairment loss, but noted triggering events during 2022 which resulted in the recording of impairment losses. Refer to Note 5 - Goodwill, Trade Name and Other Intangible Assets for further details. Due to the current economic uncertainty resulting from rising interest rates, inflation and other macroeconomic factors, the Company will continue to review the carrying amounts of goodwill and indefinite-lived assets for potential triggering events.
The cost of acquired businesses is allocated first to its identifiable assets, both tangible and intangible, based on estimated fair values. Costs allocated to finite-lived identifiable intangible assets are generally amortized on a straight-line basis over the remaining estimated useful lives of the assets. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of identifiable assets acquired, net of liabilities assumed, is recorded as goodwill.
The approximate useful life of each class of intangible asset is as follows:
ATI Physical Therapy trade name/trademark Indefinite
Non-compete agreements 2 - 5 years
Other intangible assets 15 years
Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized but must be reviewed at least annually for impairment. If the impairment test indicates that the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, then a goodwill impairment loss should be recognized in the consolidated statements of operations in an amount equal to the excess carrying value over fair value. If the impairment test indicates that the carrying value of an intangible asset exceeds its fair value, then an impairment loss should be recognized in the consolidated statements of operations in an amount equal to the excess carrying value over fair value. Fair value is determined using valuation techniques based on estimates, judgments and assumptions the Company believes are appropriate in the circumstances. The Company completed the annual impairment analysis of goodwill as of October 1, 2023 by estimating its fair value using an average of a discounted cash flow analysis and comparable public company analysis. The key assumptions associated with determining the estimated fair value include projected revenue growth rates and EBITDA margins, the terminal growth rate, the discount rate and relevant market multiples. The Company completed the annual impairment analysis of the indefinite-lived intangible asset as of October 1, 2023 by estimating its fair value using the relief from royalty method. The key assumptions associated with determining the estimated fair value include projected revenue growth rates, the royalty rate, the discount rate and the terminal growth rate.
Deferred financing costs
Original debt issuance discounts and costs incurred related to debt financing are recorded as a reduction to debt and amortized ratably over the term of the related debt agreement, using the effective interest method. Deferred financing costs related to revolving credit facilities are recognized as assets and amortized ratably over the term of the related agreement using the effective interest method. Deferred financing costs are amortized to interest expense, net in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The Company recognized amortization of deferred debt issuance costs of $1.6 million and $1.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company recognized amortization of original debt issuance discounts of $1.3 million and $1.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Preferred stock
Preferred stock is classified as debt, equity or mezzanine equity based on its redemption features. Preferred stock with redemption features outside of the control of the issuer, such as contingent redemption features, is classified as mezzanine equity. Preferred stock with mandatory redemption features is classified as debt. Preferred stock with no redemption features, or redemption features over which the issuer has control, is classified as equity.
The Company has preferred stock that is classified as mezzanine equity in the Company's consolidated balance sheets. Refer to Note 11 - Mezzanine and Stockholders' Equity for more information about the Company’s outstanding Series A Senior Preferred Stock.
Treasury stock
Treasury stock amounts are accounted for under the cost method whereby the entire cost of the acquired stock is recorded as treasury stock. Gains and losses on the subsequent reissuance of shares are credited or charged to paid-in capital in excess of par value using the average-cost method.
Warrant liability
The Company accounts for its outstanding IPO Warrants in accordance with the guidance contained in ASC Topic 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging - Contracts on an Entity’s Own Equity, and determined that the IPO Warrants do not meet the criteria for equity treatment thereunder. As such, each IPO Warrant must be recorded as a liability and is subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date. Changes in fair value are recognized in change in fair value of warrant liability in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
Contingent common shares liability
The Company accounts for its potential Earnout Shares and Vesting Shares as a liability in accordance with the guidance in ASC Topic 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, and ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and is subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date. Changes in fair value are recognized in change in fair value of contingent common shares liability in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
Non-controlling interests in consolidated affiliates
The consolidated financial statements include all assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses of less-than-100%-owned affiliates where the Company has a controlling financial investment. The Company has separately reflected net income (loss) attributable to the non-controlling interests in net income (loss) in the consolidated statements of operations.
Fair value of financial instruments
The Company determines fair value measurements used in its consolidated financial statements based upon the exit price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants exclusive of any transaction costs, as determined by either the principal market or the most advantageous market at the measurement date.
Inputs used in the valuation techniques to derive fair values are classified based on a three-level hierarchy. The basis for fair value measurements for each level within the hierarchy is described below with Level 1 having the highest priority and Level 3 having the lowest.
•Level 1: Observable inputs, which include unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments.
•Level 2: Observable inputs other than Level 1 inputs, such as quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the instruments.
•Level 3: Unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions, such as valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable.
Refer to Note 14 - Fair Value Measurements for valuation techniques and inputs related to the Company's financial instruments and share-based liabilities.
2L Notes
The guidance in ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments, provides a fair value option that allows companies to make an irrevocable election of fair value as the initial and subsequent measurement attribute for certain eligible financial assets and liabilities. Unrealized gains and losses on items for which the fair value option has been elected are reported in earnings. The decision to elect the fair value option is determined on an instrument-by-instrument basis, must be applied to an entire instrument and is irrevocable once elected. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value pursuant to this guidance are required to be reported separately in the Company's consolidated balance sheets from those instruments using another accounting method.
The 2L Notes are accounted for as a liability in the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The Company has made an irrevocable election to account for the 2L Notes under the fair value option in accordance with ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments, in lieu of bifurcating certain features in the Second Lien Note Purchase Agreement. As such, the 2L Notes are initially recorded as a liability at estimated fair value and are subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date with changes in fair value recognized in change in fair value of 2L Notes in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Any changes in fair value related to changes in the Company's credit risk is recognized as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
Income taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC Topic 740 (“ASC 740”), Income Taxes. Under ASC 740, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and the respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rate is recognized in operations in the period that includes the enactment date.
ASC 740 provides guidance on how uncertain tax positions should be recognized, measured, presented and disclosed in the financial statements. ASC 740 requires the evaluation of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in the course of preparing the Company’s tax returns to determine whether the tax positions are more likely than not of being sustained by the applicable tax authority. A tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is measured and recognized in the consolidated financial statements at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement. Tax positions deemed to not meet a more-likely-than-not threshold may not be recognized in the financial statements. The Company reviews these tax uncertainties in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the progress of tax audits, and if any tax uncertainties were identified, the Company would recognize them accordingly. The liability relating to uncertain tax positions is classified as current in the consolidated balance sheets to the extent the Company anticipates making a payment within one year. The Company did not identify any uncertain tax positions in the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Interest and penalties associated with income taxes are classified in the income tax expense (benefit) line in the consolidated statements of operations.
Cost of services
Cost of services consist of salaries specific to the Company’s clinic operations along with rent, clinic supplies expense, depreciation and advertising costs. In addition, cost of services includes the provision for doubtful accounts.
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of wages and benefits for corporate personnel, corporate outside services, marketing costs, depreciation of corporate fixed assets, amortization of intangible assets and certain corporate level professional fees, including those related to legal, accounting and payroll.
Advertising costs
Advertising costs are expensed as incurred or when services are rendered. Advertising costs included in cost of services were $2.9 million and $3.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Advertising costs included in selling, general and administrative expenses were $4.5 million and $4.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Share-based compensation
The Company applies the guidance in ASC Topic 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation, in its accounting for share-based compensation. The Company recognizes compensation expense for all share-based compensation awarded to employees, net of forfeitures, using a fair value-based method. The grant-date fair value of each award is amortized to expense on a straight-line basis over the award’s vesting period. Compensation expense associated with share-based awards is included in salaries and related costs and selling, general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations, depending on whether the award recipient is a clinic-level or corporate employee, respectively. Share-based compensation expense is adjusted for forfeitures as incurred.
Loss per share
The Company applies the guidance in ASC Topic 260, Earnings Per Share, in its computation of loss per share. Basic loss per share is computed by dividing loss available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted loss per share is computed by dividing loss available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, adjusted for the impact of securities that would have a dilutive effect on basic loss per share, if any. Refer to Note 18 - Loss per Share for more information.
Leases
The Company applies the guidance in ASC Topic 842 (“ASC 842”), Leases, to classify individual leases of assets as either operating or finance leases at contract inception. All leased assets have been classified as operating lease arrangements, and the Company’s classes of leased assets include real estate and equipment.
Operating lease balances are included in operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets, current portion of operating lease liabilities and operating lease liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent its obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term, adjusted for prepaid or accrued lease payments and lease incentives. The Company’s lease terms include the impact of options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the options will be exercised or not exercised, as appropriate. When discount rates implicit in leases cannot be readily determined, the Company uses the applicable incremental borrowing rate at lease commencement to perform lease classification tests on lease components and to measure lease liabilities and ROU assets. The Company's incremental borrowing rate is the rate of interest that it would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis, over a similar term, an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet.
The ROU asset is subject to testing for impairment if there is an indicator for impairment, in accordance with the impairment accounting guidance for long-lived assets. The Company noted triggering events during 2023 and 2022 which resulted in the recording of ROU asset impairment losses of $2.3 million and $2.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which are included in total long-lived asset impairment losses. The amortization of operating lease ROU assets and the accretion of operating lease liabilities are reported together as fixed lease expense. The fixed lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the life of the lease. If the ROU asset has been impaired, lease expense is no longer recognized on a straight-line basis. The lease liability continues to amortize using the effective interest method, while the ROU asset is subsequently amortized on a straight-line basis.
Some of the Company’s operating leases include variable lease payments, which include periodic adjustments of the Company's payments for the use of the asset based on changes in factors such as consumer price indices, fair market value, tax rates imposed by taxing authorities or lessor cost of insurance. To the extent they are not included in operating lease liabilities and operating lease ROU assets, these variable lease payments are recognized as incurred. Additionally, the Company makes payments for property taxes, insurance, common area maintenance or other services and accounts for these costs as variable lease payments since the Company elected the practical expedient within ASC 842 to not separate lease and non-lease components within lease transactions for all classes of assets.
Recently adopted accounting guidance
In October 2021, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Liabilities from Contracts with Customers, which provides guidance to improve the accounting for acquired revenue contracts with customers in a business combination by addressing diversity in practice. This ASU is effective for the Company on January 1, 2023, with early adoption permitted, and shall be applied on a prospective basis to business combinations that occur on or after the adoption date. The Company adopted this new accounting standard effective January 1, 2023. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
Recent accounting pronouncements
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which provides guidance to improve the disclosures for reportable segments through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. This ASU is effective for the Company's annual financial statements to be issued for the year ended December 31, 2024, and the Company's interim financial statements during the year ended December 31, 2025, with early adoption permitted. This ASU shall be applied on a retrospective basis for all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company expects to adopt this new accounting standard in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, and does not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which provides guidance to improve the disclosures for income taxes primarily through enhanced rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disclosures. This ASU is effective for the Company's annual financial statements to be issued for the year ended December 31, 2025, with early adoption permitted, and shall be applied on a prospective basis. The Company expects to adopt this new accounting standard in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, and does not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
Note 3. Divestitures
Clinics held for sale
During the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company classified the assets and liabilities of certain clinics as held for sale as a result of the Company's decision to sell the clinics. The divestiture transactions are anticipated to be completed within twelve months. The clinics did not meet the criteria to be classified as discontinued operations.
During the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company classified the assets and liabilities of certain clinics as held for sale as a result of the Company's decision to sell the clinics. The divestiture transactions were anticipated to be completed within twelve months. The clinics did not meet the criteria to be classified as discontinued operations. During the first quarter of 2023, the Company completed a portion of its anticipated divestiture transactions, which were immaterial. During the second quarter of 2023, the Company concluded the remaining anticipated divestiture transactions were no longer probable due to the Company's decision to retain the clinics. As a result, the remaining assets and liabilities previously classified as held for sale were reclassified as held and used into the respective line items within the consolidated balance sheet.
Major classes of assets and liabilities classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows (in thousands):
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Accounts receivable, net $ - $ 486
Prepaid expenses - 23
Property and equipment, net 674 1,113
Operating lease right-of-use assets 1,382 1,929
Goodwill, net - 3,192
Other non-current assets - 12
Total assets held for sale $ 2,056 $ 6,755
Accounts payable $ - $ 22
Accrued expenses and other liabilities - 201
Current portion of operating lease liabilities 357 685
Operating lease liabilities 1,421 1,706
Total liabilities held for sale $ 1,778 $ 2,614
Note 4. Revenue from Contracts with Customers
The following table disaggregates net revenue by major service line for the periods indicated below (in thousands):
Year Ended
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Net patient revenue $ 636,095 $ 575,940
ATI Worksite Solutions (1)
37,219 35,515
Management Service Agreements (1)
14,831 12,857
Sports Medicine and other revenue (1)
10,871 11,359
$ 699,016 $ 635,671
(1)ATI Worksite Solutions, Management Service Agreements and Sports Medicine and other revenue are included within other revenue on the face of the consolidated statements of operations.
The following table disaggregates net patient revenue for each associated payor class as a percentage of total net patient revenue for the periods indicated below:
Year Ended
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Commercial 58.6 % 57.6 %
Government 23.2 % 24.2 %
Workers’ compensation 11.7 % 12.4 %
Other (1)
6.5 % 5.8 %
100.0 % 100.0 %
(1) Other is primarily comprised of net patient revenue related to auto personal injury reimbursement.
Note 5. Goodwill, Trade Name and Other Intangible Assets
Our indefinite-lived intangible asset consists of the ATI trade name. We test the indefinite-lived intangible asset for impairment on an annual basis as of October 1. While the Company concluded that no indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment existed at the time of annual impairment tests performed for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company noted separate interim triggering events during 2022 which resulted in the recording of impairment losses. For the annual impairment test performed in 2022, no impairment existed as of October 1 since impairment was recorded on September 30.
The Company has one reporting unit for purposes of the Company’s goodwill impairment test, which is completed as of October 1. While the Company concluded that no goodwill impairment existed at the time of the annual impairment test performed for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company noted separate interim triggering events during 2022 which resulted in the recording of impairment losses. For the annual impairment test performed in 2022, no impairment existed as of October 1 since impairment was recorded on September 30.
Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill during the current year consisted of the following (in thousands):
Goodwill at December 31, 2022 (1)
$ 286,458
Impairment charges (2)
-
Reclassifications to held and used 3,192
Goodwill at December 31, 2023 (1)
$ 289,650
(1) Net of accumulated impairment losses of $1,045.7 million.
(2) The Company did not note any triggering events during the year ended December 31, 2023 that resulted in the recording of an impairment loss.
The table below summarizes the Company’s carrying amount of trade name and other intangible assets at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Gross intangible assets:
ATI trade name (1)
$ 245,000 $ 245,000
Non-compete agreements 2,395 2,395
Other intangible assets 640 640
Accumulated amortization:
Accumulated amortization - non-compete agreements (1,807) (1,126)
Accumulated amortization - other intangible assets (370) (327)
Total trade name and other intangible assets, net $ 245,858 $ 246,582
(1) Not subject to amortization.
Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was immaterial. The Company estimates that amortization expense related to intangible assets will be immaterial over the next five fiscal years and thereafter.
Interim impairment testing during 2022
During the quarters ended March 31, 2022, June 30, 2022, September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2022, the Company identified interim triggering events as a result of factors including potential changes in discount rates and decreases in share price. The Company determined that the combination of these factors constituted interim triggering events that required further analysis with respect to potential impairment to goodwill, trade name indefinite-lived intangible and other assets.
The Company assessed its long-lived asset groups, including operating lease right-of-use assets that were evaluated based on clinic-specific cash flows and clinic-specific market factors, noting no material impairment.
As it was determined that it was more likely than not that the fair value of our trade name indefinite-lived intangible asset was below its carrying value, the Company performed an interim quantitative impairment test as of the March 31, 2022, June 30, 2022, September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2022 balance sheet dates. The Company utilized the relief from royalty method to estimate the fair value of the trade name indefinite-lived intangible asset. The key assumptions associated with determining the estimated fair value included projected revenue growth rates, the royalty rate, the discount rate and the terminal growth rate. As a result of the analyses, during the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized $164.4 million in non-cash interim impairments in goodwill, intangible and other asset impairment charges in its consolidated statements of operations, which represented the difference between the estimated fair value of the Company’s trade name indefinite-lived intangible asset and its carrying value.
As it was determined that it was more likely than not that the fair value of our single reporting unit was below its carrying value, the Company performed an interim quantitative impairment test with respect to goodwill. In order to determine the fair value of our single reporting unit, the Company utilized an average of a discounted cash flow analysis and comparable public company analysis. The key assumptions associated with determining the estimated fair value included projected revenue growth rates, earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA") margins, the terminal growth rate, the discount rate and relevant market multiples. As a result of the analyses, during the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized $318.9 million in non-cash interim impairments in goodwill, intangible and other asset impairment charges in its consolidated statements of operations, which represented the difference between the estimated fair value of the Company’s single reporting unit and its carrying value.
Fair value determinations require considerable judgment and are sensitive to changes in underlying assumptions, estimates and market factors. Estimating the fair value of the Company’s reporting unit and the indefinite-lived intangible asset requires us to make assumptions and estimates regarding our future plans, as well as industry, economic, and regulatory conditions. These assumptions and estimates include projected revenue growth rates and EBITDA margins, terminal growth rates, discount rates, relevant market multiples, royalty rates and other market factors. If current expectations of future growth rates, margins and cash flows are not met, or if market factors outside of our control change significantly, including discount rates, relevant market multiples, company share price and other market factors, then our reporting unit or the indefinite-lived intangible asset might become impaired in the future, negatively impacting our operating results and financial position. Factors that could result in the cash flows being lower than the current estimates include decreased revenue caused by unforeseen changes in the healthcare market or the Company's business, or the inability to achieve the estimated operating margins in the forecasts due to unforeseen factors. Additionally, changes in the broader economic environments could cause changes to the estimated discount rates and comparable company valuation indicators which may impact the estimated fair values. As the carrying amounts of goodwill and the Company’s trade name indefinite-lived intangible asset were impaired as of December 31, 2022 and written down to fair value, those amounts are more susceptible to an impairment risk if there are unfavorable changes in assumptions and estimates.
Note 6. Property and Equipment
Property and equipment consisted of the following at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Equipment
$ 37,980 $ 38,102
Furniture and fixtures
14,311 17,215
Leasehold improvements
178,888 191,182
Automobiles
4 19
Computer equipment and software
108,749 102,651
Construction-in-progress
2,134 3,727
342,066 352,896
Accumulated depreciation and amortization
(241,644) (229,206)
Property and equipment, net (1)
$ 100,422 $ 123,690
(1) Excludes $0.7 million and $1.1 million reclassified as held for sale as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Refer to Note 3 - Divestitures for additional information.
Property and equipment includes internally developed computer software costs in the amount of $66.1 million and $64.3 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The related amortization expense was $7.7 million and $8.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Depreciation and amortization expense is recorded within rent, clinic supplies, contract labor and other and selling, general and administrative expenses within the consolidated statements of operations, depending on the use of the underlying fixed assets. The depreciation and amortization expense recorded in rent, clinic supplies, contract labor and other relates to revenue-generating assets, which primarily includes clinic leasehold improvements and therapy equipment. The depreciation and amortization expense included in selling, general and administrative expenses is related to infrastructure items, such as corporate leasehold improvements, computer equipment and software.
The following table presents the amount of depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment recorded in rent, clinic supplies, contract labor and other and selling, general and administrative expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations for the periods indicated below (in thousands):
Year Ended
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Rent, clinic supplies, contract labor and other
$ 25,179 $ 27,429
Selling, general and administrative expenses
11,509 12,417
Total depreciation expense
$ 36,688 $ 39,846
Note 7. Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities
Accrued expenses and other liabilities consisted of the following at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Salaries and related costs
$ 37,630 $ 28,949
Accrued legal settlement (1)
21,324 1,015
Credit balances due to patients and payors 7,712 6,117
Accrued professional fees 4,146 4,536
Accrued interest
4,913 762
Accrued occupancy costs 2,593 2,410
Accrued contract labor 2,255 4,483
Other payables and accrued expenses 7,862 5,400
Total
$ 88,435 $ 53,672
(1) Includes estimated liability of $20.0 million related to settlement agreement in principle as of December 31, 2023. Refer to Note 17 - Commitments and Contingencies for additional information.
Note 8. Borrowings
Long-term debt, net consisted of the following at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Senior Secured Term Loan (1, 2) (due February 24, 2028)
$ 410,048 $ 503,481
Revolving Loans (3) (due February 24, 2027)
38,450 48,200
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs
(7,395) (11,137)
Less: unamortized original issue discount
(7,525) (8,944)
Total debt, net
433,578 531,600
Less: current portion of long-term debt
- -
Long-term debt, net
$ 433,578 $ 531,600
(1) Interest rate of 12.7% and 12.1% at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, with interest payable in designated installments at a variable interest rate. The effective interest rate for the Senior Secured Term Loan was 13.9% and 13.1% at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
(2) The Company has paid a portion of its interest in-kind on its Senior Secured Term Loan by capitalizing and adding such interest to the principal amount of the debt. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company has recognized total paid-in-kind interest in the amount of $10.0 million and $3.5 million, respectively.
(3) Weighted average interest rate of 9.5% and 8.3% at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, with interest payable in designated installments at a variable interest rate.
2L Notes due to related parties, at fair value consisted of the following at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
2L Notes due to related parties, at fair value
$ 79,472 $ -
2023 Debt Restructuring Transaction
On June 15, 2023 (the "Closing Date"), the Company completed a debt restructuring transaction to improve the Company's liquidity (the "2023 Debt Restructuring"). On the Closing Date, certain previously executed agreements became effective, including (i) Amendment No. 2 to the Credit Agreement, (ii) a Second Lien Note Purchase Agreement and (iii) certain other definitive agreements relating to the 2023 Debt Restructuring (such documents referred to collectively as the "Signing Date Definitive Documents").
As part of the 2023 Debt Restructuring, the Company exchanged a principal amount of $100.0 million of the $507.8 million then outstanding Senior Secured Term Loan for an equal amount of 2L Notes, which are convertible into shares of the Company's common stock, stapled with a number of shares of Series B Preferred Stock (the "Series B Preferred Stock"), which represent voting interests only. The exchange was consummated through the Intercreditor and Subordination Agreement and Second Lien Note Purchase Agreement dated April 17, 2023 (the "Signing Date").
The Company accounted for the exchange as a debt extinguishment and recognized $0.4 million in loss on debt extinguishment during the year ended December 31, 2023. The loss on debt extinguishment consisted of various offsetting components, including the derecognition of $4.3 million of unamortized deferred financing costs and original issue discount on the Senior Secured Term Loan and the recognition of $0.7 million of fair value premium at issuance on the 2L Notes, offset by the recognition of $2.8 million in delayed draw right assets related to the commitment provided by certain lenders and the recognition of $1.8 million of incremental original issue discount on the Senior Secured Term Loan. The loss on debt extinguishment associated with the 2023 Debt Restructuring has been reflected in other expense, net in the consolidated statements of operations.
Amendment No. 2 to the Credit Agreement
Pursuant to Amendment No. 2 to the Credit Agreement, the terms of the remaining unexchanged $407.8 million principal amount of the Senior Secured Term Loan as of the Signing Date were revised to: (i) increase the interest rate in the form of paid-in-kind interest by 1.0% per annum until the achievement of certain financial metrics, (ii) reset the prepayment premiums with respect to any repayment of the Senior Secured Term Loan, and (iii) amend certain covenants. At the completion of the 2023 Debt Restructuring, $391.0 million principal of amended Senior Secured Term Loan was outstanding with HPS Investment Partners, LLC (“HPS”), $16.3 million principal was outstanding with Onex Credit Partners, LLC (“Onex”), $0.3 million principal was outstanding with Knighthead Capital Management, LLC (“Knighthead”), and the remaining $0.2 million principal was outstanding with Marathon Asset Management LP (“Marathon”). Additionally, the terms of the Company's Revolving Loans were revised to increase the cash interest rate by 1.0% until the achievement of certain financial metrics.
Amendment No. 2 to the Credit Agreement also provides, among other terms, (i) a reduction of the thresholds applicable to the minimum liquidity financial covenant under the 2022 Credit Agreement for certain periods, (ii) a waiver of the requirement to comply with the Secured Net Leverage Ratio financial covenant under the 2022 Credit Agreement for the fiscal quarters ending June 30, 2024, September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2024 and a modification of the levels and certain component definitions applicable thereto in the fiscal quarters ending after December 31, 2024, (iii) an extension of the minimum liquidity financial covenant for the fiscal quarters in which the Secured Net Leverage Ratio financial covenant was waived, (iv) a waiver of the requirement for the Company to deliver audited financial statements without a going concern explanatory paragraph for the years ended December 31, 2022, December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2024, and (v) board representation and observer rights and other changes to the governance of the Company.
Based on the results of the cash flow tests and requirements pursuant to ASC Topic 470, Debt, the Company accounted for the impacts of Amendment No. 2 to the Credit Agreement related to the amount held by HPS as a modification, and the impacts related to the amounts held by Onex, Knighthead, and Marathon as an extinguishment. As part of the 2023 Debt Restructuring, the Company recognized $1.8 million of incremental original issue discount on the Senior Secured Term Loan related to lenders treated under extinguishment accounting.
Second Lien Note Purchase Agreement and Designation of Series B Preferred Stock
Knighthead, Marathon, and Onex collectively exchanged a principal amount of $100.0 million of Senior Secured Term Loan for $100.0 million of 2L Notes stapled with a number of shares of Series B Preferred Stock. Of the $100.0 million of 2L Notes issued, approximately $50.8 million were issued to Knighthead, $40.4 million were issued to Marathon, and $8.8 million were issued to Onex. The 2L Notes are subordinated in right of payment and lien priority to the 2022 Credit Facility and mature on August 24, 2028, unless earlier converted, accrue interest at an annual rate of 8.0% payable in-kind on a quarterly basis in the form of additional 2L Notes, and are convertible into shares of common stock, at the holder’s option, at a fixed conversion price of $12.50, subject to certain adjustments in the agreement (the "Conversion Price"). Upon conversion of the 2L Notes, the Company shall deliver to the holder a number of shares of common stock equal to (i) the principal amount of such 2L Notes plus any accrued and unpaid interest divided by (ii) the Conversion Price.
The 2L Notes are effectively stapled with one share of the Company’s Series B Preferred Stock for every $1,000 principal amount of the 2L Notes. The Series B Preferred Stock represents voting rights only, with the number of votes being equal to the number of shares of common stock that each share of Series B Preferred Stock would convert into at a conversion price of $12.87 per share (the "Voting Rights Conversion Price"). Additional voting rights accrue to the lenders through the deemed issuance of the annual 8.0% paid-in-kind 2L Notes with stapled shares of Series B Preferred Stock. The Series B Preferred Stock does not have any dividend or redemption rights. Upon conversion of 2L Notes to common stock, the stapled shares of Series B Preferred Stock would be canceled in an amount commensurate with the portion of 2L Notes converted. Based on the voting rights associated with the Series B Preferred Stock attached to the 2L Notes as well as other terms to the 2023 Debt Restructuring, the Company determined that Knighthead, Marathon, and Onex became related parties on the Closing Date.
On the Closing Date, an additional $3.2 million of 2L Notes with stapled Series B Preferred Stock were issued as part of the First Amendment to the Second Lien Note Purchase Agreement. The terms of the issued 2L Notes and Series B Preferred Stock are the same as those that were subject to the exchange.
The following table presents approximate changes in outstanding shares of Series B Preferred Stock since the Closing Date and associated equivalent common stock voting rights at the end of the period (in thousands):
December 31, 2023
Series B Preferred Stock, shares at Closing Date 103
Increase (decrease) in shares during period 5
Series B Preferred Stock, shares at end of period 108
Common stock voting rights, as converted basis(1)
8,377
(1) Represents approximate shares of Series B Preferred Stock outstanding at end of period, times $1,000, divided by the contractual Voting Rights Conversion Price of $12.87 per share.
On or after the second anniversary of the Closing Date and subject to certain conditions, the Company may, at its option, elect to convert (a “Forced Conversion”) a portion of the outstanding 2L Notes into the number of shares of common stock based on the Conversion Price then in effect.
The 2L Notes are accounted for as a liability in the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The Company has made an irrevocable election to account for the 2L Notes under the fair value option in accordance with ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments, in lieu of bifurcating certain features in the Second Lien Note Purchase Agreement. As such, the 2L Notes are initially recorded as a liability at estimated fair value and are subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date with changes in fair value recognized in the Company's statements of operations. The interest cost associated with the 2L Notes is accounted for as part of the change in fair value of the 2L Notes. As a result of applying the fair value option, direct costs and fees related to the issuance of the 2L Notes were expensed as incurred. As of December 31, 2023, the principal amount and estimated fair value of the 2L Notes were approximately $107.8 million and $79.5 million, respectively. Refer to Note 14 - Fair Value Measurements for further details on the fair value of the 2L Notes. Additionally, as of December 31, 2023, the effective interest rate on the 2L Notes was 8.0%.
The following table presents changes in the principal amount of the 2L Notes since the Closing Date (in thousands):
December 31, 2023
2L Notes, principal amount at Closing Date
$ 103,243
Paid-in-kind interest added during period
4,569
2L Notes, principal amount at end of period
$ 107,812
As of December 31, 2023, of the 2L Notes principal outstanding and due to related parties, approximately $54.7 million, $43.6 million and $9.5 million were outstanding with Knighthead, Marathon, and Onex, respectively.
Delayed Draw Right
The Company also has the right to cause to be issued to Knighthead, Marathon and Caspian Capital L.P. ("Caspian") (collectively the "Delayed Draw Purchasers") an additional $25.0 million of aggregate principal in the form of 2L Notes under its delayed draw right ("Delayed Draw Right”), which is governed by the Second Lien Note Purchase Agreement. If drawn, the notes under the Delayed Draw Right will be subject to the same terms as the convertible 2L Notes with associated shares of Series B Preferred Stock allowing for voting rights on an as-converted basis prior to conversion. The right to draw will terminate approximately 18 months after the Closing Date. The Company may request two draws in an amount of $12.5 million each, separately or together, subject to, for each draw, (a) projected liquidity at any time during the 6-month period following the date of the relevant draw being below certain thresholds, and (b) the consent of the board of directors.
Upon issuance, the Company accounted for the Delayed Draw Right as an asset at fair value, which represents the Company's option to draw funds subject to certain conditions. For Knighthead's and Marathon's portion of the Delayed Draw Right, the asset was recognized as part of the calculation of loss on debt extinguishment. For Caspian, the Delayed Draw Right was recognized as a capital contribution as there was no previous lender relationship with the Company with respect to the Senior Secured Term Loan. At the Closing Date, the Company recognized approximately $3.5 million in Delayed Draw Right assets, which is included in other current assets on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. Subsequently, the asset will be monitored for impairment. As of December 31, 2023, no impairment indicators were identified.
On January 30, 2024, the Company issued $25.0 million of aggregate principal in the form of 2L Notes under its Delayed Draw Right, which are subject to the same terms as the convertible 2L Notes and associated shares of Series B Preferred Stock allowing for voting rights on an as-converted basis prior to conversion. Approximately $12.0 million, $8.0 million, and $5.0 million of the 2L Notes were issued to Knighthead, Marathon and Caspian, respectively.
2022 Credit Agreement
On February 24, 2022 (the "Refinancing Date"), the Company entered into various financing arrangements to refinance its previous long-term debt (the "2022 Debt Refinancing"). As part of the 2022 Debt Refinancing, ATI Holdings Acquisition, Inc. (the "Borrower"), an indirect subsidiary of ATI Physical Therapy, Inc., entered into a credit agreement among the Borrower, Wilco Intermediate Holdings, Inc. ("Holdings"), as loan guarantor, Barclays Bank PLC, as administrative agent and issuing bank, and a syndicate of lenders (the "2022 Credit Agreement"). The 2022 Credit Agreement provides a $550.0 million credit facility (the "2022 Credit Facility") that is comprised of a $500.0 million senior secured term loan (the "Senior Secured Term Loan") which was fully funded at closing and a $50.0 million "super priority" senior secured revolver (the "Revolving Loans") with a $10.0 million letter of credit sublimit.
The 2022 Credit Facility refinanced and replaced the Company's prior credit facility for which Barclays Bank PLC served as administrative agent for a syndicate of lenders. The Company paid $555.0 million to settle its previous term loan (the "2016 First Lien Term Loan"). The Company accounted for the transaction as a debt extinguishment and recognized $2.8 million in loss on debt extinguishment during the year ended December 31, 2022 related to the derecognition of the remaining unamortized deferred financing costs and unamortized original issue discount in conjunction with the debt repayment. The loss on debt extinguishment associated with the repayment of the 2016 First Lien Term Loan has been reflected in other expense, net in the consolidated statements of operations.
In connection with the 2022 Debt Refinancing, the Company also entered into a preferred stock purchase agreement, consisting of senior preferred stock with detachable warrants to purchase common stock for an aggregate stated value of $165.0 million (collectively, the “Preferred Stock Financing”). See Note 11 - Mezzanine and Stockholders' Equity for further information regarding the Preferred Stock Financing.
The Company capitalized debt issuance costs totaling $12.5 million related to the 2022 Credit Facility as well as an original issue discount of $10.0 million, which are amortized over the terms of the respective financing arrangements.
Senior Secured Term Loan
The Senior Secured Term Loan matures on February 24, 2028 and bears interest, at the Company's election, at a base interest rate of the Alternate Base Rate ("ABR"), as defined in the agreement, plus an applicable credit spread, or the Adjusted Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"), as defined in the agreement, plus an applicable credit spread. The credit spread is determined based on a pricing grid and the Company's Secured Net Leverage Ratio. The Company was able to elect to pay 2.0% interest in-kind at a 0.5% premium during the first year under the agreement. The Company elected to pay a portion of its interest in-kind beginning in the third quarter of 2022 through the completion of the first year under the agreement. As of December 31, 2023, borrowings on the Senior Secured Term Loan bear interest at 12.7%, consisting of 12-month SOFR, subject to a 1.0% floor, plus a credit spread of 7.25%. As of December 31, 2023, the effective interest rate on the Senior Secured Term Loan was 13.9% and the outstanding principal amount was $410.0 million, of which $17.0 million was due to related parties and is primarily attributable to Onex. Beginning in October 2023, the Company is no longer incurring the incremental 1.0% paid-in-kind interest on its Senior Secured Term Loan based on its achievement of the required financial metrics under the terms of the 2023 Debt Restructuring.
Revolving Loans
The Revolving Loans are subject to a maximum borrowing capacity of $50.0 million and mature on February 24, 2027. Borrowings on the Revolving Loans bear interest, at the Company's election, at a base interest rate of the ABR, as defined in the agreement, plus an applicable credit spread, or the Adjusted Term SOFR Rate, as defined in the agreement, plus an applicable credit spread. The credit spread is determined based on a pricing grid and the Company's Secured Net Leverage Ratio. In December 2022, the Company drew $48.2 million in Revolving Loans. During 2023, the Company repaid approximately $44.8 million in Revolving Loans and drew an additional $35.0 million in Revolving Loans. As of December 31, 2023, $38.5 million in Revolving Loans were outstanding and bearing interest at a weighted average rate of 9.5%, consisting of 3-month SOFR plus a credit spread of approximately 4.1%. Beginning in October 2023, the Company is no longer incurring the incremental 1.0% interest on its Revolving Loans based on its achievement of the required financial metrics under the terms of the 2023 Debt Restructuring.
Commitment fees on the Revolving Loans are payable quarterly at 0.5% per annum on the daily average undrawn portion for the quarter and are expensed as incurred. The balances of unamortized issuance costs related to the Revolving Loans were $0.5 million as of December 31, 2023, and $0.6 million as of December 31, 2022.
The 2022 Credit Facility and 2L Notes are guaranteed by certain of the Company’s subsidiaries and are secured by substantially all of the assets of Holdings, the Borrower and the Borrower’s wholly-owned subsidiaries, including a pledge of the stock of the Borrower, in each case, subject to customary exceptions. Pursuant to the terms of the Intercreditor and Subordination Agreement, the 2L Notes (and the guarantees thereof) will rank junior in right of payment to the obligations under the 2022 Credit Agreement, and the liens on the collateral securing the 2L Notes will rank junior to the liens on such collateral securing the obligations under the 2022 Credit Agreement.
The 2022 Credit Agreement contains customary covenants and restrictions, including financial and non-financial covenants. In accordance with Amendment No. 2 to the Credit Agreement, the financial covenants require the Company to maintain $30.0 million of minimum liquidity, as defined in the agreement, at each test date through the first quarter of 2023, $25.0 million of minimum liquidity for the second quarter of 2023, $15.0 million of minimum liquidity through the fourth quarter of 2023 and $10.0 million of minimum liquidity through the fourth quarter of 2024. Additionally, beginning in the first quarter of 2025, the Company must maintain a Secured Net Leverage Ratio, as defined in the agreement, not to exceed 11.00:1.00. The net leverage ratio covenant decreases each subsequent quarter through the second quarter of 2026 to 7.00:1.00, which remains applicable through maturity. The financial covenants are tested as of each fiscal quarter end for the respective periods. As of December 31, 2023, the Company is in compliance with its minimum liquidity financial covenant.
The 2022 Credit Facility contains customary representations and warranties, events of default, reporting and other affirmative covenants and negative covenants, including requirements related to the delivery of independent audit reports without a going concern explanatory paragraph beginning with the report covering fiscal year 2025, limitations on indebtedness, liens, investments, negative pledges, dividends, junior debt payments, fundamental changes and asset sales and affiliate transactions. The Second Lien Note Purchase Agreement includes affirmative and negative covenants (other than financial covenants) that are substantially consistent with the 2022 Credit Agreement, as well as customary events of default. Failure to comply with the 2022 Credit Facility and Second Lien Note Purchase Agreement covenants and restrictions could result in an event of default under the respective borrowing agreements, subject to customary cure periods. In such an event, all amounts outstanding under the 2022 Credit Facility and Second Lien Note Purchase Agreement, together with any accrued interest, could then be declared immediately due and payable.
Under the 2022 Credit Facility, the Company may be required to make certain mandatory prepayments upon the occurrence of certain events, including: an event of default, a prepayment asset sale or receipt of net insurance proceeds in excess of $10.0 million, or excess cash flows exceeding certain thresholds. A prepayment asset sale includes dispositions at fair market value, and net insurance proceeds is generally defined as insurance proceeds received on a covered loss or as a result of assets taken under the power of eminent domain, net of costs related to the matter.
The Company had letters of credit totaling $6.5 million and $1.8 million under the letter of credit sub-facility on the Revolving Loans as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The letters of credit auto-renew on an annual basis and are pledged to insurance carriers as collateral.
Aggregate maturities of the Company's borrowings at December 31, 2023 are as follows (in thousands):
2024 $ -
2025 -
2026 -
2027 38,450
2028 517,860
Thereafter -
Total future maturities(1)
556,310
Unamortized original issue discount and debt issuance costs
(14,920)
2L Notes due to related parties, principal amount(1, 2)
(107,812)
Long-term debt, net(1)
$ 433,578
(1) Excludes any contractual paid-in-kind interest that may be accrued and added to the principal amounts between now and the respective maturity dates.
(2) The principal amount of the 2L Notes differs from the estimated fair value presented on the consolidated balance sheet. Refer to Note 14 - Fair Value Measurements for further details on the fair value of the 2L Notes.
Note 9. Employee Benefit Plans
The Company maintains a defined contribution 401(k) retirement plan for its full-time employees. The plan allows all participants to make elective pretax contributions of up to 100% of their compensation, up to a maximum amount as limited by law. The Company makes matching contributions to the plan on behalf of the employee in the amount of 50% of the first 6% of the contributing participant’s elective deferral contribution. Matching contributions to the plan were $5.4 million and $4.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The following table presents the Company’s matching contributions to the plan recorded in salaries and related costs and selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations for the periods indicated below (in thousands):
Year Ended
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Salaries and related costs
$ 4,803 $ 4,374
Selling, general and administrative expenses
592 559
Total
$ 5,395 $ 4,933
Note 10. Share-Based Compensation
The Company recognizes compensation expense for all share-based compensation awarded to employees, net of forfeitures, using a fair value-based method. The grant-date fair value of each award is amortized to expense on a straight-line basis over the award’s vesting period. Compensation expense associated with share-based awards is included in salaries and related costs and selling, general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations, depending on whether the award recipient is a clinic-level or corporate employee, respectively. Share-based compensation expense is adjusted for forfeitures as incurred.
Wilco Acquisition, LP 2016 Equity Incentive Plan
Prior to the Business Combination transaction on June 16, 2021 between Wilco Holdco, Inc. and FAII (the "Business Combination"), Wilco Acquisition, LP was the parent company of Wilco Holdco, Inc. and its subsidiaries. In 2016, the Company adopted the Wilco Acquisition, LP 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2016 Plan”) under which, prior to the Business Combination, it granted profit interests of Wilco Acquisition, LP in the form of Incentive Common Units ("ICUs"), to members of management, key employees and independent directors of Wilco Acquisition, LP and its subsidiaries. The ICUs granted consisted of awards subject to service-based vesting and performance-based vesting.
Following the closing of the Business Combination, holders of ICUs were entitled to a distribution of a number of Class A common shares of ATI Physical Therapy, Inc. based on the distribution priorities under the Wilco Acquisition, LP limited partnership agreement. The shares related to vested service-based ICUs were distributed as unrestricted Class A common shares of ATI. The shares related to unvested service-based ICUs were distributed as restricted Class A common shares of ATI eligible to vest over the shorter of: (a) the existing vesting schedule applicable to the underlying ICUs, or (b) in installments on each quarterly anniversary of the closing over three years post-closing of the Business Combination, subject to the grantee's continued service through each vesting date. The shares related to performance-based ICUs were distributed to holders as restricted Class A common shares of ATI eligible to vest in installments on each quarterly anniversary of the closing over the shorter of: (a) the eight-year period from the original grant date of the underlying ICUs, or (b) three years post-closing of the Business Combination, subject to the grantee’s continued service through each vesting date. Based on the terms of the performance-based ICUs, the performance-based awards follow the treatment of an initial public offering ("IPO") as a result of the Business Combination and, therefore, converted to service-based vesting requirements.
Pursuant to the 2016 Plan, total share-based compensation expense recognized in the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $0.6 million and $1.1 million, respectively. There were no awards granted under the 2016 Plan during the year ended December 31, 2023. For the year ended December 31, 2023, vestings related to shares distributed to holders of ICUs were immaterial, and forfeitures related to shares distributed to holders of ICUs were immaterial. As of December 31, 2023, the remaining unvested restricted shares distributed to holders of ICUs and unrecognized compensation expense were immaterial.
ATI 2021 Equity Incentive Plan
The Company adopted the ATI Physical Therapy 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2021 Plan") under which it may grant equity interests of ATI Physical Therapy, Inc., in the form of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards and restricted stock units, to members of management, key employees and independent directors of the Company and its subsidiaries. The Compensation Committee is authorized to make grants and to make various other decisions under the 2021 Plan. The maximum number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2021 Plan is approximately 1.2 million. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 0.2 million shares were available for future grant.
Stock options
The Company grants stock options to members of management, key employees and independent directors. Stock options typically vest in equal annual installments over a service period ranging from three to four years from the date of grant, depending on the terms of the agreement. All options have a maximum term of 10 years from the date of grant and may be exercised for one share of Class A common stock.
Pursuant to the 2021 Plan, total share-based compensation expense related to stock options recognized in the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was approximately $1.5 million and $1.3 million, respectively.
The following table summarizes the activity of stock options for the year ended December 31, 2023 (aggregate intrinsic value in thousands):
Number of Options Weighted-Average Exercise Price Weighted-Average Contractual Term (in years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding, January 1, 2023
106,495 $ 92.14 9.1 $ -
Granted
- - N/A N/A
Adjustments
2,676 87.00 N/A N/A
Exercised - - N/A -
Forfeited/Cancelled (9,886) 96.46 N/A N/A
Outstanding, December 31, 2023
99,285 $ 91.73 8.2 $ -
Exercisable, December 31, 2023
32,181 $ 99.93 8.1 $ -
Unvested, December 31, 2023
67,104 $ 87.80 8.2 $ -
The fair values of each stock option granted was determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. As the Company does not have sufficient historical share option exercise experience for such "plain-vanilla" awards, the expected option term was determined using the simplified method, which is the average of the option's vesting and contractual term. Volatility is measured using the historical volatility of certain comparable public companies, using daily log-returns of stock prices, as adjusted for the impact of financial leverage. The risk-free interest rate reflects the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of the grant.
The following table summarizes the weighted-average grant-date fair value and assumptions used to develop the fair value estimates for the options granted in 2022. No stock options were granted under the 2021 Plan during the year ended December 31, 2023:
Weighted-average grant-date fair value of options $48.79
Risk-free interest rate 1.74%
Term (years) 6.2
Volatility 61.19%
Expected dividend -%
As of December 31, 2023, the unrecognized compensation expense related to stock options was $2.4 million, to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.9 years.
Restricted stock units
The Company grants restricted stock units (“RSUs”) to members of management, key employees and independent directors. RSUs are time-based vesting awards and are subject to the continued service of the employee or non-employee director over the vesting period. RSUs typically vest in equal annual installments over one to three years from the date of grant, based on the terms of the agreement. The fair value of RSUs was based on the price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date.
Pursuant to the 2021 Plan, total share-based compensation expense related to RSUs recognized in the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was approximately $6.2 million and $4.4 million, respectively.
The following table summarizes the activity of unvested RSUs and the respective weighted-average grant date fair value per RSU for the year ended December 31, 2023:
RSUs Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding and unvested, beginning of year 84,283 $ 99.46
Granted
762,201 16.58
Vested (39,145) 101.33
Forfeited (39,975) 30.22
Outstanding and unvested, end of year 767,364 $ 20.56
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company granted approximately 0.1 million RSUs with a weighted-average grant date fair value of $104.51. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the fair value of vested RSUs was $4.0 million and $1.8 million, respectively.
As of December 31, 2023, the unrecognized compensation expense related to RSUs was $10.9 million, to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.0 years.
Restricted stock awards
The Company grants restricted stock awards (“RSAs”) to members of management and key employees. RSAs are time-based vesting awards and are subject to the continued service of the employee over the vesting period. RSAs typically vest in equal quarterly installments over a service period of three years from the grant date. The fair value of restricted stock was based on the price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date.
Pursuant to the 2021 Plan, total share-based compensation expense related to RSAs recognized in the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was approximately $0.4 million and $0.5 million, respectively.
The following table summarizes the activity of unvested RSAs and respective weighted-average grant date fair value per RSA for the year ended December 31, 2023:
RSAs Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding and unvested, beginning of year 3,391 $ 171.00
Granted - -
Vested (2,233) 171.00
Forfeited (83) 171.00
Outstanding and unvested, end of year 1,075 $ 171.00
No RSAs were granted during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the fair value of vested RSAs was $0.4 million and $0.5 million, respectively.
As of December 31, 2023, the unrecognized compensation expense related to RSAs was $0.2 million, to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.5 years.
Note 11. Mezzanine and Stockholders' Equity
ATI Physical Therapy, Inc. Series A Senior Preferred Stock
In connection with the 2022 Debt Refinancing, the Company issued 165,000 shares of non-convertible preferred stock (the "Series A Senior Preferred Stock") plus warrants to purchase 0.1 million shares of the Company's common stock at an exercise price of $150.00 per share (the "Series I Warrants") and warrants to purchase 0.1 million shares of the Company's common stock at an exercise price equal to $0.50 per share (the "Series II Warrants"). The shares of the Series A Senior Preferred Stock have a par value of $0.0001 per share and an initial stated value of $1,000 per share, for an aggregate initial stated value of $165.0 million. The Company is authorized to issue 1.0 million shares of preferred stock per the Certificate of Designation. As of December 31, 2023, there was 0.2 million shares of Series A Senior Preferred Stock issued and outstanding.
The gross proceeds received from the issuance of the Series A Senior Preferred Stock and the Series I and Series II Warrants were $165.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, which was allocated among the instruments based on the relative fair values of each instrument. Of the gross proceeds, $144.7 million was allocated to the Series A Senior Preferred Stock, $5.1 million to the Series I Warrants and $15.2 million to the Series II Warrants. The resulting discount on the Series A Senior Preferred Stock will be recognized as a deemed dividend when those shares are subsequently remeasured upon becoming redeemable or probable of becoming redeemable. The Company recognized $2.9 million in issuance costs and $1.4 million of original issue discount related to the Series A Senior Preferred Stock.
The following table reflects the components of the initial proceeds related to the Series A Senior Preferred Stock (in thousands):
Gross proceeds allocated to Series A Senior Preferred Stock $ 144,667
Less: original issue discount (1,447)
Less: issuance costs (2,880)
Net proceeds received from issuance of Series A Senior Preferred Stock $ 140,340
The Series A Senior Preferred Stock has priority over the Company's Class A common stock and all other junior equity securities of the Company, and is junior to the Company's existing or future indebtedness and other liabilities (including trade payables), with respect to payment of dividends, distribution of assets, and all other liquidation, winding up, dissolution, dividend and redemption rights.
The Series A Senior Preferred Stock carries an initial dividend rate of 12.0% per annum (the "Base Dividend Rate"), payable quarterly in arrears. Dividends will be paid-in-kind and added to the stated value of the Series A Senior Preferred Stock. The Company may elect to pay dividends on the Series A Senior Preferred Stock in cash beginning on the third anniversary of the Refinancing Date and, with respect to any such dividends paid in cash, the dividend rate then in effect will be decreased by 1.0%.
The Base Dividend Rate is subject to certain adjustments, including an increase of 1.0% per annum on the first day following the fifth anniversary of the Refinancing Date and on each one-year anniversary thereafter, and 2.0% per annum upon the occurrence of either an Event of Noncompliance (as defined in the Certificate of Designation) or a failure by the Company to redeem in full all Series A Senior Preferred Stock upon a Mandatory Redemption Event, which includes a change of control, liquidation, bankruptcy or certain restructurings. The paid-in-kind dividends related to the Series A Senior Preferred Stock were $23.2 million and $17.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the accumulated paid-in-kind dividends related to the Series A Senior Preferred Stock were $41.1 million and the aggregate stated value was $206.1 million.
Changes in the aggregate stated value and stated value per share of the Series A Senior Preferred Stock consisted of the following (in thousands, except per share data):
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Aggregate stated value, beginning of period $ 182,876 $ 165,000
Paid-in-kind dividends(1)
23,219 17,876
Aggregate stated value, end of period $ 206,095 $ 182,876
Preferred shares issued and outstanding, end of period 165 165
Stated value per share, end of period $ 1,249.06 $ 1,108.34
(1) Changes in the stated value for the year ended December 31, 2022 represent changes since the Refinancing Date, which is when the Series A Senior Preferred Stock was issued and established.
The Company has the right to redeem the Series A Senior Preferred Stock, in whole or in part, at any time (subject to certain limitations on partial redemptions). The Redemption Price for each share of Series A Senior Preferred Stock is equal to the stated value subject to certain price adjustments depending on when such optional redemption takes place, if at all.
The Series A Senior Preferred Stock is perpetual and is not mandatorily redeemable at the option of the holders, except upon the occurrence of a Mandatory Redemption Event. Upon the occurrence of a Mandatory Redemption Event, to the extent not prohibited by law, the Company is required to redeem all Series A Senior Preferred Stock, in cash, at a price per share equal to the then applicable Redemption Price. Because the Series A Senior Preferred Stock is mandatorily redeemable contingent on certain events outside the Company’s control, such as a change in control, and since such events are not currently deemed certain to occur, the Series A Senior Preferred Stock is classified as mezzanine equity in the Company's consolidated balance sheets.
If an Event of Noncompliance occurs, then the holders of a majority of the then outstanding shares of Series A Senior Preferred Stock (the “Majority Holders”) have the right to demand that the Company engage in a sale/refinancing process to consummate a Forced Transaction. A Forced Transaction includes a refinancing of the Series A Senior Preferred Stock or a sale of the Company. Upon consummation of any Forced Transaction, to the extent not prohibited by law, the Company is required to redeem all Series A Senior Preferred Stock, in cash, at a price per share equal to the then applicable Redemption Price.
Holders of shares of Series A Senior Preferred Stock have no voting rights with respect to the Series A Senior Preferred Stock except as set forth in the Certificate of Designation, other documents entered into in connection with the Purchase Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby, or as otherwise required by law. For so long as any Series A Senior Preferred Stock is outstanding, the Company is prohibited from taking certain actions without the prior consent of the Majority Holders as set forth in the Certificate of Designation which include: issuing equity securities ranking senior to or pari passu with the Series A Senior Preferred Stock, incurring indebtedness or liens, engaging in affiliate transactions, making restricted payments, consummating certain investments or asset dispositions, consummating a change of control transaction unless the Series A Senior Preferred Stock is redeemed in full, altering the Company’s organizational documents, and making material changes to the nature of the Company’s business.
As part of the 2022 Debt Refinancing, the Preferred Equityholders, voting as a separate class, had the right to designate and elect one director to serve on the Company’s board of directors until such time after the Refinancing Date that (i) as of any applicable fiscal quarter end, the Company’s trailing 12-month Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA (as defined in the Certificate of Designation) exceeds $100.0 million, or (ii) the Lead Purchaser ceases to hold at least 50.1% of the Series A Senior Preferred Stock held by it as of the Refinancing Date. As part of the 2023 Debt Restructuring, (1) the Preferred Equityholders’ preexisting rights as holders of the Company’s Series A Senior Preferred Stock to designate and elect one director to the Company’s board of directors (the “Board”) was revised to provide that (a) the Preferred Equityholders have the right to appoint three additional directors to the Board (resulting in the right of the Preferred Equityholders to appoint a total of four directors to the Board) until such time after the Closing Date that the Lead Purchaser (as defined in certain of the transaction agreements entered into in connection with the original issuance of the Series A Senior Preferred Stock) ceases to hold at least 50.1% of the Series A Senior Preferred Stock held by it as of the Closing Date, one of whom must be unaffiliated with (and independent of) the Preferred Equityholders and who must meet the definition of “independent” under the listing standards of the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE"), and by the SEC; and (b) all such designee directors of the Preferred Equityholders will be subject to consideration by the Board (acting in good faith and consistent with their review of other Board candidates) and (2) the provision in the Certificate of Designation of the Company’s Series A Senior Preferred Stock that eliminated the Preferred Equityholders’ director designation rights upon the Company’s achievement of certain amounts of EBITDA was deleted.
Prior to the closing of the 2023 Debt Restructuring, because the Series A Senior Preferred Stock is classified as mezzanine equity and was not considered redeemable or probable of becoming redeemable, the paid-in-kind dividends that were added to the stated value did not impact the carrying value of the Series A Senior Preferred Stock in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Based on the voting rights associated with the Series B Preferred Stock attached to the 2L Notes issued as part of the 2023 Debt Restructuring, the Company determined that redemption of the Series A Senior Preferred Stock is no longer solely within the control of the Company. As a result, the Company determined that the Series A Senior Preferred Stock is probable of becoming redeemable based on the accounting guidance in ASC Topic 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity. Following the 2023 Debt Restructuring, since the Series A Senior Preferred Stock is probable of becoming redeemable, the Company will recognize changes in the redemption value of the Series A Senior Preferred Stock immediately as they occur and adjust the carrying amount as if redemption were to occur at the end of the reporting period. As of December 31, 2023, the redemption value of the Series A Senior Preferred Stock was $220.4 million, which includes the aggregate stated value at December 31, 2023, inclusive of paid-in-kind dividends, and an incremental redemption value adjustment to reflect the carrying amount equal to what the redemption amount would be as if redemption were to occur at the end of the reporting period, based on the terms of the Certificate of Designation.
Changes in the carrying value of the Series A Senior Preferred Stock consisted of the following for the year ended December 31, 2023 (in thousands). There were no changes in carrying value in 2022.
December 31, 2023
Carrying value, beginning of period $ 140,340
Write off original issue discount 1,447
Write off issuance costs 2,880
Deemed dividend from discount on initial gross proceeds allocation 20,333
Paid-in-kind dividends recognized to carrying value
41,095
Redemption value adjustment 14,298
Carrying value, end of period $ 220,393
2022 Warrants
In connection with the Preferred Stock Financing, the Company agreed to issue to the preferred stockholders the Series I Warrants entitling the holders thereof to purchase 0.1 million shares of the Company's common stock at an exercise price equal to $150.00 per share, exercisable for 5 years from the Refinancing Date; and the Series II Warrants entitling holders thereof to purchase 0.1 million shares of the Company's common stock at an exercise price equal to $0.50 per share, exercisable for 5 years from the Refinancing Date (collectively, the "2022 Warrants"). Such number of shares of common stock purchasable pursuant to the 2022 Warrant Agreement and related exercise prices may be adjusted from time to time under certain scenarios as set forth in the 2022 Warrant Agreement, which relate to potential changes in the Company's capital structure.
The 2022 Warrants are classified as equity instruments and were initially recorded at an amount equal to the proceeds received from the Preferred Stock Financing allocated among the Series A Senior Preferred Stock, the Series I Warrants, and the Series II Warrants based upon their relative fair values. Of the gross proceeds, $5.1 million was allocated to the Series I Warrants and $15.2 million was allocated to the Series II Warrants. The Company recognized total issuance costs and original issue discount of approximately $0.2 million and $0.5 million related to the Series I Warrants and Series II Warrants, respectively, during the year ended December 31, 2022.
The following table reflects the components of proceeds related to the 2022 Warrants (in thousands):
Series I Warrants Series II Warrants Total
Gross proceeds allocated to 2022 Warrants $ 5,101 $ 15,232 $ 20,333
Less: original issue discount (51) (152) (203)
Less: issuance costs (102) (303) (405)
Net proceeds received from issuance of 2022 Warrants $ 4,948 $ 14,777 $ 19,725
Class A common stock
The Company is authorized to issue 470.0 million shares of Class A common stock with a par value of $0.0001 per share. Holders of the Company’s Class A common stock are entitled to one vote for each share on each matter on which they are entitled to vote. At December 31, 2023, there were 4.2 million shares of Class A common stock issued and 4.0 million shares outstanding.
As of December 31, 2023, shares of Class A common stock reserved for potential future issuance, on an as-if converted basis, were as follows (in thousands):
December 31, 2023
2L Notes(1)
8,625
Shares available for grant under the 2021 Plan 241
2021 Plan share-based awards outstanding 868
Earnout Shares reserved 300
2022 Warrant shares reserved 230
IPO Warrant shares reserved 197
Vesting Shares reserved(2)
Restricted shares(2)
Total shares of common stock reserved 10,639
(1) Calculated based on the principal amount of 2L Notes and Conversion Price of $12.50 per share. This figure differs from the contractual Voting Rights Conversion Price of $12.87 as outlined in Note 8 - Borrowings.
(2) Represents shares of Class A common stock legally issued, but not outstanding, as of December 31, 2023.
Treasury stock
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company net settled 5,254 shares of its Class A common stock related to employee tax withholding obligations associated with the Company's share-based compensation program. These shares are reflected at cost as treasury stock in the consolidated financial statements. As of December 31, 2023, there were 6,794 shares of treasury stock totaling $0.2 million recognized in the consolidated balance sheets.
Note 12. IPO Warrant Liability
The Company has outstanding public warrants to purchase an aggregate of approximately 0.1 million shares of the Company’s Class A common stock at an exercise price of $575.00 per share ("Public Warrants") and outstanding private placement warrants to purchase an aggregate of approximately 0.1 million shares of the Company's Class A common stock at an exercise price of $575.00 per share ("Private Placement Warrants") (collectively, the "IPO Warrants"). As of December 31, 2023, the Public Warrants remain delisted from the NYSE and are traded in the over-the-counter market. There were no IPO Warrants exercised during the year ended December 31, 2023.
The Company accounts for its outstanding IPO Warrants in accordance with the guidance contained in ASC Topic 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging - Contracts on an Entity’s Own Equity, and determined that the IPO Warrants do not meet the criteria for equity treatment thereunder. As such, each IPO Warrant must be recorded as a liability and is subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date. Refer to Note 14 - Fair Value Measurements for further details. Changes in fair value are recognized in change in fair value of warrant liability in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
The following table presents the change in the fair value of Private Placement Warrants that is recognized in change in fair value of warrant liability in the consolidated statements of operations for the periods indicated below (in thousands):
Year Ended
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Fair value, beginning of period $ 29 $ 1,305
Decrease in fair value (28) (1,276)
Fair value, end of period $ 1 $ 29
The following table presents the changes in the fair value of the Public Warrants that is recognized in change in fair value of warrant liability in the consolidated statements of operations for the periods indicated below (in thousands):
Year Ended
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Fair value, beginning of period $ 69 $ 3,036
Decrease in fair value (67) (2,967)
Fair value, end of period $ 2 $ 69
Each Public Warrant entitles the holder to purchase one share of Class A common stock at an exercise price of $575.00 per share, subject to adjustment. The Public Warrants became exercisable 30 days after the completion of the Business Combination, subject to certain conditions, including that the Company maintains an effective registration statement under the Securities Act covering the Class A common stock issuable upon exercise of the Public Warrants. The Public Warrants will expire five years after the completion of the Business Combination or earlier upon redemption or liquidation. The Company may call the Public Warrants for redemption for cash or for Class A common stock under certain circumstances.
The Private Placement Warrants are identical to the Public Warrants, except that (i) the Private Placement Warrants and the Class A common stock issuable upon exercise of the Private Placement Warrants were not transferable, assignable or salable until 30 days after the completion of the Business Combination, subject to certain limited exceptions, (ii) the Private Placement Warrants are non-redeemable (except under certain circumstances) so long as they are held by the initial purchasers or such purchasers’ permitted transferees, (iii) the Private Placement Warrants may be exercised by the holders on a cashless basis, and (iv) the Private Placement Warrants and the Class A common stock issuable upon exercise of the Private Placement Warrants are entitled to registration rights. If the Private Placement Warrants are held by someone other than the initial stockholders or their permitted transferees, the Private Placement Warrants will be redeemable by the Company in all redemption scenarios and exercisable by such holders on the same basis as the Public Warrants.
The exercise price and number of Class A common stock issuable upon exercise of the IPO Warrants may be adjusted in certain circumstances including in the event of a stock dividend, recapitalization, reorganization, merger or consolidation.
Note 13. Contingent Common Shares Liability
Earnout Shares
Subject to the terms and conditions of the merger agreement between Wilco Holdco, Inc. and FAII, certain stockholders of Wilco Holdco, Inc. were provided the contingent right to receive, in the aggregate, up to 0.3 million shares of Class A common stock if, from the closing of the Company's business combination with FAII until the 10th anniversary thereof, the dollar volume-weighted average price (“VWAP”) of Class A common stock exceeds certain thresholds (the "Earnout Shares"). The Earnout Shares vest in three equal and separate tranches of 0.1 million shares each if the VWAP of Class A common stock exceeds $600.00, $700.00 and $800.00 per share, respectively, for any 5 trading days within any consecutive 10 trading day period.
The Earnout Shares are subject to acceleration in the event of a sale or other change in control if the holders of Class A common stock would receive a per share price in excess of the applicable Earnout Shares price target.
The Company accounts for the potential Earnout Shares as a liability in accordance with the guidance in ASC Topic 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, and ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and is subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date. Changes in fair value are recognized in change in fair value of contingent common shares liability in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2023, no Earnout Shares have been issued as none of the corresponding share price thresholds have been met.
The following table presents the changes in the fair value of the Earnout Shares that is recognized in change in fair value of contingent common shares liability in the consolidated statements of operations for the periods indicated below (in thousands):
Year Ended
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Fair value, beginning of period $ 1,800 $ 28,800
Decrease in fair value (1,433) (27,000)
Fair value, end of period $ 367 $ 1,800
Refer to Note 14 - Fair Value Measurements for further details.
Vesting Shares
Subject to the terms and conditions of the sponsor letter agreement that was executed in connection with the merger agreement between Wilco Holdco, Inc. and FAII, approximately 0.2 million shares of Class F common stock of FAII outstanding immediately prior to the Company's business combination with FAII converted to potential Class A common shares and became subject to vesting and forfeiture provisions (the "Vesting Shares"). The Vesting Shares vest in three equal and separate tranches of approximately 0.1 million shares each if the VWAP of Class A common stock exceeds $600.00, $700.00 and $800.00 per share, respectively, for any 5 trading days within any consecutive 10 trading day period.
The Vesting Shares are subject to acceleration in the event of a sale or other change in control if the holders of Class A common stock would receive a per share price in excess of the applicable Vesting Shares price target.
The Company accounts for the Vesting Shares as a liability in accordance with the guidance in ASC Topic 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, and ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and is subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date. Changes in fair value are recognized in change in fair value of contingent common shares liability in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2023, no Vesting Shares are outstanding as none of the corresponding share price thresholds have been met.
The following table presents the changes in the fair value of the Vesting Shares that is recognized in change in fair value of contingent common shares liability in the consolidated statements of operations for the periods indicated below (in thousands):
Year Ended
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Fair value, beginning of period $ 1,035 $ 16,560
Decrease in fair value (824) (15,525)
Fair value, end of period $ 211 $ 1,035
Refer to Note 14 - Fair Value Measurements for further details.
Note 14. Fair Value Measurements
The Company determines fair value measurements used in its consolidated financial statements based upon the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is estimated by applying the following hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value into three levels, with Level 1 having the highest priority and Level 3 having the lowest.
•Level 1: Observable inputs, which include unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments.
•Level 2: Observable inputs other than Level 1 inputs, such as quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the instruments.
•Level 3: Unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions, such as valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable.
As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, the recorded values of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, accounts receivable, other current assets, accounts payable, accrued expenses and deferred revenue approximate their fair values due to the short-term nature of these items. Money market funds categorized in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy are measured at fair value based on quoted market prices. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, the fair value of money market fund investments included in cash and cash equivalents was zero and $30.0 million.
Fair value measurement of debt
The Company's Revolving Loans are Level 2 fair value measures which have a variable interest rate structure that resets on a frequent short-term basis and, as of December 31, 2023, the recorded amounts approximate fair value. Prior to the 2023 Debt Restructuring, the Company's Senior Secured Term Loan was a Level 2 fair value measure. The Company utilized market approach valuation techniques based on interest rates and credit data that are currently available to the Company for issuance of debt with similar terms or maturities.
In connection with the 2023 Debt Restructuring, the Company estimated the fair value of a portion of its Senior Secured Term Loan using a Black-Derman-Toy Lattice Bond Pricing Model, which utilized Level 3 inputs. During the third quarter of 2023, the Company prospectively changed its method to estimate the fair value of its Senior Secured Term Loan to a Discounted Cash Flow Model, noting no material changes to the presentation of fair values relative to the previous method. The Discounted Cash Flow Model utilizes observable and unobservable Level 3 inputs, such as SOFR forward rates and an estimated yield. As of December 31, 2023, the carrying amount and estimated fair value of the Senior Secured Term Loan was approximately $395.1 million and $369.0 million, respectively.
As discussed in Note 8 - Borrowings, the Company has made an irrevocable election to account for the 2L Notes under the fair value option in accordance with ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments. As such, the 2L Notes are initially recorded as a liability at estimated fair value and are subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date with changes in fair value recognized in the Company's consolidated statements of operations. The Company determines the fair value of the 2L Notes using Level 3 inputs. In connection with the 2023 Debt Restructuring, the fair value of the 2L Notes was estimated using a Goldman Sachs Convertible Bond Valuation Model to consider the impacts of the conversion feature. During the third quarter of 2023, the Company prospectively changed its method to estimate the fair value of its 2L Notes to a Bond Plus Call Model, which also considers the impacts of the conversion feature, noting no material changes to the presentation of fair values relative to the previous method. Changes in the assumptions of the unobservable inputs may materially affect the estimated fair value of the 2L Notes.
The key inputs into the respective valuation models used to estimate the fair value of the 2L Notes were as follows as of December 31, 2023 and the Closing Date, which is when the 2L Notes were issued:
2L Notes
December 31, 2023 June 15, 2023
Risk-free interest rate 3.83% 3.90%
Volatility 45.00% 50.00%
Selected yield 20.50% 20.00%
Expected term (years) 4.7 5.3
Share price $6.14 $10.21
The following table presents the changes in the fair value of the 2L Notes that is recognized in change in fair value of 2L Notes in the consolidated statements of operations for the periods indicated below (in thousands). None of the change in fair value is attributable to instrument-specific credit risk:
Year Ended
December 31, 2023
Fair value, beginning of period(1)
$ 103,943
Decrease in fair value(1)
(24,471)
Fair value, end of period $ 79,472
(1) Represents changes in fair value from the Closing Date, which is when the 2L Notes were issued.
Fair value measurement of share-based financial liabilities
Prior to June 30, 2023, the Company determined the fair value of the Public Warrant liability using Level 1 inputs, and determined the fair value of the Private Placement Warrant liability using the price of the Public Warrants as a Level 2 input. Beginning June 30, 2023, the Company determined the fair value of the IPO Warrant liability using Level 3 inputs as its Public Warrants were delisted from the NYSE.
As of December 31, 2023, the Company determined the fair value of the IPO Warrant liability, Earnout Shares liability and Vesting Shares liability using Level 3 inputs. The warrants would be deemed exercisable or redeemable if the Company's common stock price over a specified measurement period was trading at certain thresholds. The contingent common shares contain specific market conditions to determine whether the shares vest based on the Company’s common stock price over a specified measurement period. Given the path-dependent nature of the requirement in which the warrants are exercised or redeemed, and the shares are earned, a Monte-Carlo simulation was used to estimate the fair value of the liabilities. The Company’s common stock price was simulated to each measurement period based on the above methodology. In each iteration, the simulated stock price was compared to the conditions under which the warrants are exercised or redeemed, or the shares vest. In iterations where the stock price corresponded to warrants being exercised or redeemed, or shares vesting, the future value of the warrants or contingent common shares were discounted back to present value. The fair value of the liabilities were estimated based on the average of all iterations of the simulation.
Inherent in a Monte-Carlo valuation model are assumptions related to expected stock-price volatility, expected term, risk-free interest rate and dividend yield. The Company estimates the volatility based on the historical volatility of certain guideline companies, as well as the Company's historical volatility over the available look-back period as of the valuation date. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury zero-coupon yield curve on the valuation date for a maturity similar to the expected term of the IPO Warrants, Earnout Shares and Vesting Shares. The dividend yield percentage is zero based on the Company's current expectations related to the payment of dividends during the expected term of the IPO Warrants, Earnout Shares or Vesting Shares.
The key inputs into the Monte-Carlo option pricing model were as follows as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 for the respective Level 3 instruments:
IPO Warrants Earnout Shares and Vesting Shares
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022 December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Risk-free interest rate 4.09% N/A 3.84% 3.88%
Volatility 98.10% N/A 77.20% 74.60%
Dividend yield -% N/A -% -%
Expected term (years) 2.5 N/A 7.5 8.5
Share price $6.14 N/A $6.14 $15.50
Refer to Note 12 - IPO Warrant Liability and Note 13 - Contingent Common Shares Liability for further details on the change in fair value of the IPO Warrants and change in fair value of the Earnout Shares and Vesting Shares, respectively.
Fair value measurement of interest rate derivative instruments
The Company is exposed to interest rate variability with regard to its existing variable-rate debt instrument, which exposure primarily relates to movements in various interest rates, such as SOFR. The Company utilizes interest rate cap derivative instruments for purposes of hedging exposures related to such variable-rate cash payments. The Company's interest rate caps have historically been designated as cash flow hedging instruments. During the third quarter of 2023, the Company made a 12-month SOFR election on its Senior Secured Term Loan and, as a result, the Company's interest rate cap no longer qualifies as a designated cash flow hedging instrument.
The Company records derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value, which represents the estimated amounts it would receive or pay upon termination of the derivative prior to the scheduled expiration date. The fair value is derived from model-driven information based on observable Level 2 inputs, such as SOFR forward rates. For derivatives designated and that qualify as a cash flow hedge of interest rate risk, the gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income and subsequently reclassified into interest expense in the same period(s) during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. For derivatives that are considered to be ineffective, or are not designated in a hedging relationship, the gain or loss on the derivative is immediately recognized in other expense (income), net.
The following table presents the activity of cash flow hedges included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (in thousands):
Cash Flow Hedges
Balance as of December 31, 2022
$ 4,899
Unrealized gain recognized in other comprehensive income before reclassifications
Reclassification to interest expense, net (5,294)
Balance as of December 31, 2023
$ 406
Balance as of December 31, 2021
$ 28
Unrealized gain recognized in other comprehensive income before reclassifications 8,310
Reclassification to interest expense, net (3,439)
Balance as of December 31, 2022
$ 4,899
For the year ended December 31, 2023, the change in fair value of the Company's non-designated cash flow hedge was immaterial.
The following table presents the fair value of derivative assets and liabilities within the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities
Derivatives not designated as cash flow hedging instruments:
Other current assets
$ 33 - - -
Other non-current assets
- - - -
Accrued expenses and other liabilities
- - - -
Other non-current liabilities
- $ 62 - -
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedging instruments:
Other current assets
- - $ 5,028 -
Other non-current assets
- - - -
Accrued expenses and other liabilities
- - - -
Other non-current liabilities
- - - $ 73
Note 15. Income Taxes
The Company's (loss) income before taxes consists of only domestic operations. The details of the Company's income tax expense (benefit) for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows (in thousands):
2023 2022
Current:
Federal $ - $ 6
State 87 37
Total current 87 43
Deferred:
Federal 745 (37,634)
State 1,736 (10,939)
Total deferred 2,481 (48,573)
Total income tax expense (benefit)
$ 2,568 $ (48,530)
The effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was (4.0)% and 9.0%, respectively. The Company's effective income tax rate varies from the federal statutory rate due to various items, such as state income taxes, valuation allowances and nondeductible items such as fair value adjustments related to liability-classified share-based instruments and impairment charges. The differences between the federal tax rate and the Company's effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows (in thousands):
2023 2022
Federal income tax benefit at statutory rate $ (13,337) 21.0 % $ (113,731) 21.0 %
State income tax benefit, net of federal tax benefit
(5,847) 9.2 % (16,827) 3.1 %
Change in state tax rate (576) 0.9 % 5 - %
Share-based compensation
1,410 (2.2) % (304) 0.1 %
Prior period adjustments and other 1,685 (2.7) % 471 (0.1) %
Valuation allowance 20,235 (31.9) % 31,595 (5.8) %
Changes in fair value of warrant liability and contingent common shares liability (494) 0.8 % (9,821) 1.8 %
Goodwill impairment charges - - % 59,893 (11.1) %
Other permanent differences, net (508) 0.9 % 189 - %
Total income tax expense (benefit)
$ 2,568 (4.0) % $ (48,530) 9.0 %
Deferred income taxes have been provided on temporary differences, which consist of the following at December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):
2023 2022
Deferred income tax assets:
Accrued liabilities $ 8,895 $ 7,112
Provision for bad debt 12,097 11,828
Operating lease liabilities 56,661 64,288
Acquisition and transaction costs 2,699 3,186
Net operating losses 116,834 104,419
Interest expense 54,796 43,323
Other deferred tax assets 6,429 6,335
Total gross deferred income tax assets 258,411 240,491
Valuation allowance (110,142) (89,907)
Total gross deferred income tax assets, net of valuation allowance 148,269 150,584
Deferred income tax liabilities:
Goodwill 32,498 26,251
Trade name/trademark 66,183 66,445
Operating lease right-of-use assets 46,106 54,360
Depreciation 14,158 20,039
Deferred debt issuance costs and original issue discount
8,708 -
Other deferred tax liabilities 1,983 2,375
Total gross deferred income tax liabilities 169,636 169,470
Net deferred income tax liabilities $ 21,367 $ 18,886
Deferred tax assets include federal net operating losses of $77.8 million and $68.9 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and state net operating losses of $39.1 million and $35.5 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Deferred tax assets are expected to be used in the reduction of taxable earnings of future tax years unless it is determined they are not more likely than not to be realized based on the weight of available evidence. The earliest net operating loss will expire by statute in 2024 for state net operating losses, and in 2036 for federal net operating losses.
In evaluating the Company's ability to recover deferred income tax assets, all available positive and negative evidence is considered, including scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, operating results and forecasts of future taxable income in each of the jurisdictions in which the Company operates. As of December 31, 2023, the Company determined that a significant portion of its federal and state net operating loss carryforwards with definite and certain indefinite carryforward periods and certain deferred tax assets were not more likely than not to be realized based on the weight of available evidence. As a result, the Company recorded an increase of $13.4 million to its valuation allowance related to federal net operating loss and interest expense carryforwards and an increase of $6.8 million to its valuation allowance related to state net operating loss carryforwards and certain deferred tax assets. These amounts were recorded during the year ended December 31, 2023 in income tax expense (benefit) in the consolidated statements of operations.
As of December 31, 2022, the Company determined that a significant portion of its federal and state net operating loss carryforwards with definite and certain indefinite carryforward periods and certain deferred tax assets were not more likely than not to be realized based on the weight of available evidence. As a result, the Company recorded an increase of $25.8 million to its valuation allowance related to federal net operating loss and interest expense carryforwards and an increase of $5.8 million to its valuation allowance related to state net operating loss carryforwards and certain deferred tax assets. These amounts were recorded during the year ended December 31, 2022 in income tax expense (benefit) in the consolidated statements of operations.
On June 15, 2023, the Company experienced an ownership change for purposes of Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. The net operating losses and interest expense carryovers in existence as of the date of the ownership change remain available to offset future taxable income during the carryforward periods based on limitations under Section 382.
The Company is routinely audited by the tax authorities in various U.S. states and is currently not subject to examination. The statute remains open for most state jurisdictions for periods beginning in 2019. For federal tax purposes, tax years through 2019 are closed for examination by the Internal Revenue Service. Any interest and penalties related to the tax uncertainties are recorded in income tax (benefit) expense.
Note 16. Leases
The Company leases various facilities and office equipment for its physical therapy operations and administrative support functions under operating leases. The Company’s initial operating lease terms are generally between 7 and 10 years, and typically contain options to renew for varying terms. Right-of-use ("ROU") assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The amortization of operating lease ROU assets and the accretion of operating lease liabilities are reported together as fixed lease expense. The fixed lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the life of the lease. If the ROU asset has been impaired, lease expense is no longer recognized on a straight-line basis. The lease liability continues to amortize using the effective interest method, while the ROU asset is subsequently amortized on a straight-line basis. Refer to Note 2 - Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for more information about the Company's lease accounting policies.
Lease costs are included as components of rent, clinic supplies, contract labor and other and selling, general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations. Lease charges related to ROU asset impairments are included in goodwill, intangible and other asset impairment charges on the consolidated statements of operations. The components of the Company's lease costs incurred were as follows for the periods indicated below (in thousands):
Year Ended
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Lease cost
Operating lease cost (1)
$ 68,924 $ 69,533
Variable lease cost (2)
22,086 20,951
Total lease cost (3)
$ 91,010 $ 90,484
(1) Includes ROU asset impairment charges of $2.3 million and $2.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
(2) Includes short term lease costs, which are immaterial.
(3) Sublease income primarily relates to subleases of certain clinic facilities to third parties, and is immaterial.
The Company leases its executive offices under an operating lease expiring in December 2032. In December 2023, the Company entered into an agreement to sublease a portion of the office space effective on January 1, 2024 and the entire office space effective on January 1, 2025. The Company recognized initial broker commissions costs related to executing the sublease in other non-current assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities in the Company's consolidated balance sheets, which are immaterial. The costs will amortize ratably over the sublease term in selling, general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations.
During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company modified the lease terms for a significant number of its real estate leases, primarily related to lease term extensions and renewals in the normal course of business. Modifications during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 contributed an increase to the Company’s operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities of approximately $12.1 million and $13.7 million, respectively.
Other supplemental quantitative disclosures were as follows for the periods indicated below (in thousands):
Year Ended
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases $ 65,870 $ 72,440
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities $ 7,293 $ 9,688
Average lease terms and discount rates as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows:
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Weighted-average remaining lease term:
Operating leases 5.4 years 5.9 years
Weighted-average discount rate:
Operating leases 7.4% 6.9%
Estimated undiscounted future lease payments under non-cancellable operating leases, along with a reconciliation of the undiscounted cash flows to operating lease liabilities, respectively, at December 31, 2023 were as follows (in thousands):
Year Amount(1)
2024 $ 66,641
2025 56,874
2026 49,925
2027 38,606
2028 27,185
Thereafter 50,955
Total undiscounted future cash flows 290,186
Less: Imputed Interest (53,054)
Present value of future cash flows $ 237,132
Presentation on Balance Sheet:
Current $ 51,530
Non-current $ 185,602
(1) Excludes $0.4 million of current portion of operating lease liabilities and $1.4 million of operating lease liabilities, respectively, reclassified as held for sale as of December 31, 2023. Refer to Note 3 - Divestitures for additional information.
Note 17. Commitments and Contingencies
The Company has contractual commitments that are not required to be recognized in the consolidated financial statements related to cloud computing and telecommunication services agreements. As of December 31, 2023, minimum amounts due under these agreements are approximately $11.6 million through January of 2026 subject to customary business terms and conditions.
On January 16, 2024, the Company entered into a networking technology and telecommunications service agreement with a contractual commitment that is not required to be recognized in the consolidated financial statements. The minimum amount due under this agreement is approximately $27.0 million through May 2029, subject to customary business terms and conditions.
From time to time, the Company is a party to legal proceedings, governmental audits and investigations that arise in the ordinary course of business. Management is not aware of any legal proceedings, governmental audits and investigations of which the outcome is probable to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations, cash flows or financial condition. The outcome of any litigation and claims against the Company cannot be predicted with certainty, and the resolution of current or future claims could materially affect our future results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.
The Company recognizes loss contingencies related to legal matters when a loss is both probable and reasonably estimable, and provides disclosures for loss contingencies that do not meet both of these conditions if there is a reasonable possibility that a loss has been incurred. Legal fees are expensed as incurred.
During 2022, the Company engaged in discussions with a payor regarding a billing dispute related to certain historical claims. Management believed, based on discussions with its legal counsel, that the Company had meritorious defenses against such unasserted claim. However, based on the progress of settlement discussions to avoid the cost of potential litigation, the Company recorded a charge for a net settlement liability related to the billing dispute of $3.0 million, which is included in selling, general and administrative expenses in its consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, the liability was fully settled.
Stockholder class action complaints
Federal Securities Litigation. On August 16, 2021, two purported ATI stockholders, Kevin Burbige and Ziyang Nie, filed a putative class action complaint in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois against ATI, Labeed Diab, Joe Jordan, and Drew McKnight (collectively, the “ATI Individual Defendants”), and Joshua Pack, Marc Furstein, Leslee Cowen, Aaron Hood, Carmen Policy, Rakefet Russak-Aminoach, and Sunil Gulati (collectively, the “FVAC Defendants”).
On October 7, 2021, another purported ATI stockholder, City of Melbourne Firefighters' Retirement System ("City of Melbourne"), filed a nearly identical putative class action complaint in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois against ATI, the ATI Individual Defendants, and the FVAC Defendants. On November 18, 2021, the court consolidated the cases and appointed The Phoenix Insurance Company Ltd. and The Phoenix Pension & Provident Funds as lead plaintiffs (together, “Lead Plaintiffs”).
On February 8, 2022, Lead Plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended complaint against ATI, the ATI Individual Defendants, and the FVAC Defendants, which asserts claims against (i) ATI and the ATI Individual Defendants under Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act; (ii) the ATI Individual Defendants under Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act (in connection with the Section 10(b) claim); (iii) all defendants under Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act; and (iv) the ATI Individual Defendants and the FVAC Defendants under Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act (in connection with the Section 14(a) claim). Lead Plaintiffs purport to assert these claims on behalf of those ATI stockholders who purchased or otherwise acquired their ATI shares between February 22, 2021 and October 19, 2021, inclusive, and/or held FVAC Class A common shares as of May 24, 2021 and were eligible to vote at FVAC’s June 15, 2021 special meeting. The consolidated amended complaint generally alleges that the proxy materials for the FVAC/ATI merger, as well as other ATI disclosures (including the press release announcing ATI’s financial results for the first quarter of 2021), were false and misleading (and, thus, in violation of Sections 10(b) and 14(a) of the Exchange Act) because they failed to disclose that: (i) ATI was experiencing attrition among its physical therapists; (ii) ATI faced increasing competition for clinicians in the labor market; (iii) as a result, ATI faced difficulty retaining therapists and incurred increased labor costs; (iv) also as a result, ATI would open fewer new clinics; and (v) also as a result, the defendants’ positive statements about ATI’s business, operations, and prospects were materially misleading and/or lacked a reasonable basis. Lead Plaintiffs, on behalf of themselves and the putative class, seek money damages in an unspecified amount and costs and expenses, including attorneys’ and experts’ fees. On April 11, 2022, defendants filed motions to dismiss the consolidated amended complaint, which were fully briefed as of July 25, 2022. On September 6, 2023, the court granted in part and denied in part the motions to dismiss. On October 19, 2023, ATI, the ATI Individual Defendants, and the FVAC Defendants answered the consolidated amended complaint. Discovery then commenced. Thereafter, the parties reached an agreement in principle to resolve all claims in this action for $20.0 million (to be paid entirely by insurance), which agreement remains subject to the negotiation of formal settlement documentation, notice to the putative class, and court approval. The parties have the right to terminate the agreement in principle under certain conditions. The Company recorded an estimated liability of $20.0 million related to this agreement in principle, which is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in its consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023, and a corresponding insurance recovery receivable of $20.0 million, which is included in insurance recovery receivable in its consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023.
Delaware Litigation. On February 7, 2023, another purported ATI stockholder, Wendell Robinson, filed a putative class action complaint in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware against Fortress Acquisition Sponsor II, LLC, Andrew A. McKnight, Joshua A. Pack, Marc Furstein, Leslee Cowen, Aaron F. Hood, Carmen A. Policy, Rakefet Russak-Aminoach, Sunil Gulati, Daniel N. Bass, Micah B. Kaplan and Labeed Diab (the "Robinson Action"). The complaint asserts claims against: (i) Fortress Acquisition Sponsor II, LLC, Andrew A. McKnight, Joshua A. Pack, Marc Furstein, Leslee Cowen, Aaron F. Hood, Carmen A. Policy, Rafeket Russak-Aminoach, Sunil Gulati, Daniel N. Bass and Micah B. Kaplan for breach of fiduciary duty; and (ii) Labeed Diab for aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty. Plaintiff's allegations generally mirror those asserted in the federal stockholder class action described above, and Plaintiff further alleges that the alleged misrepresentations and omissions in the proxy materials for the FVAC/ATI merger prevented stockholders from making a fully informed decision on whether to approve the merger or have their shares redeemed. Defendants filed motions to dismiss on April 28, 2023, which were fully briefed as of June 23, 2023 and remain pending.
On June 1, 2023, another purported ATI stockholder, Phillip Goldstein, filed a putative class action and derivative complaint in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware against Labeed Diab, Joseph Jordan, Cedric Coco, Ray Wahl, John L. Larsen, John Maldonado, Carmine Petrone, Joanne M. Burns, Christopher Krubert, James E. Parisi, Joshua A. Pack, Andrew A. McKnight, Marc Furstein, Aaron F. Hood, Carmen A. Policy, Sunil Gulati, Leslee Cowen, and Rakefet Russak-Aminoach (the "Goldstein Action"). The complaint asserts direct and/or derivative claims against: (i) Labeed Diab, Joseph Jordan, Cedric Coco, Ray Wahl, John Larsen, John Maldonado, Carmine Petrone, Joanne Burns, Christopher Krubert, and James Parisi for tortious interference with redemption rights, aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty, and fraud; and (ii) Joshua A. Pack, Andrew A. McKnight, Marc Furstein, Aaron F. Hood, Carmen A. Policy, Sunil Gulati, Leslee Cowen, and Rakefet Russak-Aminoach for breach of fiduciary duty. Plaintiff’s allegations generally mirror those asserted in the Robinson Action referenced above. Defendants have not yet responded to the complaint.
On August 16, 2023, Plaintiffs in the Robinson and Goldstein Actions filed a motion for consolidation of the Robinson and Goldstein Actions and for appointment of lead plaintiff and lead counsel. On August 31, 2023, defendants opposed the motion for consolidation and concurrently moved to stay the Goldstein Action pending a decision on the motions to dismiss in the Robinson Action. The motion for consolidation and the motion to stay were fully briefed as of September 20, 2023. A hearing was held on October 6, 2023, at which the court (i) denied the motion for consolidation (without prejudice to renewing the motion post-decision on the motions to dismiss in the Robinson Action) and (ii) granted the motion to stay the Goldstein Action (pending the same decision). A hearing on defendants’ motions to dismiss the Robinson Action was held on December 1, 2023, after which the court reserved judgment. The Company has determined that potential liabilities related to the Robinson and Goldstein Actions are not considered probable or reasonably estimable at this time.
Stockholder derivative complaint
Federal Derivative Litigation. Between December 1, 2021 and September 22, 2022, five purported ATI stockholders filed four derivative actions, purportedly on behalf of ATI, in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. On November 21, 2022, four of these stockholder plaintiffs, Vinay Kumar, Brendan Reginbald, Ziyang Nie and Julia Chang, filed a consolidated amended complaint against Labeed Diab, Joe Jordan, John Larsen, John Maldonado, Carmine Petrone, Christopher Krubert, Joanne Burns and James Parisi (collectively, the “Legacy ATI Defendants”), Drew McKnight, Joshua Pack, Aaron Hood, Carmen Policy, Marc Furstein, Leslee Cowen, Rafeket Russak-Aminoach, and Sunil Gulati (collectively, the “FVACII Individual Defendants”), and Fortress Acquisition Sponsor II, LLC and Fortress Investment Group LLC (together, the "Fortress Entity Defendants," and together with the FVACII Individual Defendants, the “FVACII Defendants”). The consolidated amended complaint asserts claims on behalf of ATI against: (i) the FVACII Defendants for breach of fiduciary duty; (ii) Fortress Acquisition Sponsor II, LLC and the Legacy ATI Defendants for aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty; (iii) Labeed Diab, Joe Jordan, and Drew McKnight for contribution under Section 21D of the Exchange Act; (iv) the FVACII Defendants under Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act; (v) the Legacy ATI Defendants for unjust enrichment; and (vi) all defendants for contribution and indemnification under Delaware law. Plaintiffs' allegations generally mirror those asserted in the stockholder class action described above. On January 20, 2023, defendants filed motions to dismiss the consolidated amended complaint, which remain pending. On March 3, 2023, in lieu of filing a response to defendants' motions to dismiss, Plaintiffs filed a motion for leave to file an amended complaint, which was fully briefed as of April 7, 2023 and remains pending. The Company has determined that potential liabilities related to the action are not considered probable or reasonably estimable at this time.
Insurance coverage complaint
On March 8, 2023, the Company filed a complaint against Federal Insurance Company, U.S. Specialty Insurance Company and other insurers titled ATI Physical Therapy, Inc. v. Federal Insurance Company et. al., Case No. N23C-03-074, in the Superior Court of the State of Delaware related to a coverage dispute and those certain insurers’ denial of coverage for the stockholder class action complaints, the stockholder derivative complaint, and the SEC requests discussed in this section. The complaint asserts claims against Federal Insurance Company for breach of contract and bad faith, and claims for declaratory judgment as to Federal Insurance Company, U.S. Specialty Insurance Company, XL Specialty Insurance Company and the Company’s excess insurance carriers, seeking coverage for the stockholder class action complaints, the stockholder derivative complaint, and the SEC requests. On June 26, 2023, the Company filed an amended complaint asserting the same claims and seeking the same relief. On July 18, 2023, the defendants filed their answers to the amended complaint. On July 14, 2023, Federal Insurance Company issued a supplemental coverage position in which, subject to certain reservations and limitations, Federal Insurance Company accepted coverage for certain insureds with respect to the stockholder class action complaints and the stockholder derivative complaints. The insurance coverage litigation remains pending.
During the third quarter of 2023, the Company began receiving insurance reimbursements for legal costs incurred related to the stockholder class action complaint and stockholder derivative complaint previously disclosed. The Company recognized $7.9 million of legal cost insurance reimbursements which is included as an offset to selling, general and administrative expenses in its consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023, of which $4.7 million was received in cash.
Regulatory matters
On November 5, 2021, the Company received from the SEC a voluntary request for the production of documents relating to the earnings forecast and financial information referenced in the Company's July 26, 2021 Form 8-K and related matters. The Company has subsequently received from the SEC additional requests for documents and information related to the same matters, and is cooperating with the SEC's review and investigation of those matters.
Indemnifications
The Company has agreed to indemnify its current and former directors and executive officers for costs associated with any fees, expenses, judgments, fines and settlement amounts incurred by them in any action or proceeding to which any of them are, or are threatened to be, made a party by reason of their service as a director or officer. The Company maintains director and officer insurance coverage that would generally enable it to recover a portion of any amounts paid. The ultimate cost of current or potential future litigation may exceed the Company’s current insurance coverages and may have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. The Company also may be subject to indemnification obligations by law with respect to the actions of its employees under certain circumstances and in certain jurisdictions.
Note 18. Loss per Share
Basic loss per share is computed by dividing loss available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted loss per share is computed by dividing loss available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, adjusted for the impact of securities that would have a dilutive effect on basic loss per share, if any. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, shares of Series A Senior Preferred Stock are treated as participating securities and therefore are included in computing earnings per common share using the two-class method. The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula that calculates basic and diluted net earnings per common share for each class of common stock separately based on dividends declared and participation rights in undistributed earnings as if the earnings for the year had been distributed. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the loss available to common stockholders is increased by the amount of the cumulative dividend and any redemption value adjustments for the Series A Senior Preferred Stock that was issued as part of the 2022 Debt Refinancing. As discussed in Note 8 - Borrowings, the Series B Preferred Stock are non-economic and represent voting rights only and, therefore, are not considered in the calculation of basic or diluted loss per share.
The calculation of both basic and diluted loss per share for the periods indicated below was as follows (in thousands, except per share data):
Year Ended
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Basic and diluted loss per share:
Net loss
$ (66,078) $ (493,047)
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests
3,717 (668)
Less: Series A Senior Preferred redemption value adjustments(1)
38,958 -
Less: Series A Senior Preferred cumulative dividend 23,219 17,876
Loss available to common stockholders
$ (131,972) $ (510,255)
Weighted average shares outstanding(2)
4,133 4,063
Basic and diluted loss per share
$ (31.93) $ (125.59)
(1) For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Series A Senior Preferred Stock was remeasured to its redemption value. For the year ended December 31, 2023, this adjustment included a one-time recognition of a deemed dividend primarily from the original issue discount and an incremental redemption value adjustment to reflect the carrying amount equal to what the redemption amount would be as if redemption were to occur at the end of the reporting period. Refer to Note 11 - Mezzanine and Stockholders' Equity for additional information.
(2) Included within weighted average shares outstanding following the 2022 Debt Refinancing are common shares issuable upon the exercise of the Series II Warrants, as the Series II Warrants are exercisable at any time for nominal consideration. As such, the shares are considered to be outstanding for the purpose of calculating basic and diluted loss per share.
For the periods presented, basic and diluted loss per share were equal. The following number of shares issuable related to outstanding securities could potentially dilute earnings per share in the future (in thousands):
Year Ended
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
2L Notes(1)
8,625 -
Series I Warrants 105 105
IPO Warrants 197 197
Restricted shares(2)
5 8
Stock options 99 106
RSUs 767 84
RSAs 1 4
Total 9,799 504
(1) Potential dilution is reflected on an if-converted basis based on the principal amount of 2L Notes as of the end of the periods presented, and Conversion Price of $12.50 per share.
(2) Represents certain shares of Class A common stock legally issued, but not outstanding, as of the respective periods.
As the vesting thresholds have not yet been met as of the end of the reporting period, 0.3 million Earnout Shares and approximately 0.2 million Vesting Shares were excluded from the basic and diluted shares outstanding calculations.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures
Not applicable.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
As required by Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act, our Principal Executive Officer and our Principal Financial Officer carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2023. Based upon their evaluation, our Principal Executive Officer and our Principal Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) were effective as of December 31, 2023.
Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by our board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that: (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets, (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and our directors and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Internal control over financial reporting has inherent limitations. Internal control over financial reporting is a process that involves human diligence and compliance and is subject to lapses in judgment and breakdowns resulting from human failures. Internal control over financial reporting also can be circumvented by collusion or improper management override. Because of such limitations, there is a risk that material misstatements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control over financial reporting. However, these inherent limitations are known features of the financial reporting process. Therefore, it is possible to design into the process safeguards to reduce, though not eliminate, this risk.
Our management, under the supervision and with participation of our Principal Executive Officer and our Principal Financial Officer, has conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 using criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023.
As a non-accelerated filer, this Annual Report does not include an attestation report of the Company's registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting.
Remediation of Previously Disclosed Material Weaknesses
As initially disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, we had identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting resulting from controls related to the income tax provision and valuation allowances associated with the realizability of deferred tax assets.
The Company's management, under the oversight of the Audit Committee, executed a remediation plan for the material weaknesses, which included:
•revised the Company's tax staffing model, and implemented technology to assist in the income tax provision processes, in order to better position the capabilities and capacity of the Company's in-house tax department based on tax reporting requirements;
•refined the scope of the Company's external tax advisors to provide advice related to complex or unusual items, as well as advise on end-to-end corporate tax accounting matters;
•enhanced the design and precision of the Company's controls related to the income tax provision calculations and documentation, including controls related to the valuation allowance assessment.
Management has completed its documentation, testing and evaluation of the controls associated with the remediation activities above, and determined that, as of December 31, 2023, such controls are operating effectively and the previously identified material weaknesses have been remediated.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Other than the changes related to the material weaknesses above, there have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 9B. Other Information
During the fourth quarter of 2023, no director or Section 16 officer adopted or terminated any Rule 10b5-1 plan or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements.

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
The information required in response to this Item 10 is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement relating to our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A, not later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year covered by this report.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information required in response to this Item 11 is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement relating to our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A, not later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year covered by this report.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owner and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The information required in response to this Item 12 is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement relating to our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A, not later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year covered by this report.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information required in response to this Item 13 is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement relating to our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A, not later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year covered by this report.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
The information required in response to this Item 14 is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement relating to our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A, not later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year covered by this report.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
Exhibit Number Description
3.1
Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of the Company on June 13, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference)
3.2
Certificate of Amendment to Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of the Company on June 14, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference)
3.3
Amended and Restated Bylaws of ATI Physical Therapy, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 3.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of the Company on June 23, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference)
3.4
First Amended and Restated Certificate of Designation of Series A Senior Preferred Stock of ATI Physical Therapy, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of the Company on June 15, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference)
3.5
Certificate of Designation of Series B Preferred Stock of ATI Physical Therapy, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 3.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of the Company on June 15, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference)
4.1*
Description of Securities
4.2
Warrant Agreement between Fortress Value Acquisition Corp. II and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company (filed as Exhibit 4.4 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 on July 24, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference)
4.3
Warrant Agreement, dated as of February 24, 2022, between ATI Physical Therapy, Inc. and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as Warrant Agent (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of the Company on February 24, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.1†
ATI Physical Therapy 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (filed as Annex L to the Definitive Proxy Statement of the Company filed on May 14, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.2†
First Amendment to 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of the Company on June 6, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.3†
Second Amendment to 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of the Company on June 13, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.4
Credit Agreement, dated as of February 24, 2022, by and among ATI Holdings Acquisition, Inc., Wilco Intermediate Holdings, Inc., Barclays Bank PLC, as Administrative Agent and Issuing Bank and the other lenders party thereto (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of the Company on February 25, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.5
Amendment No. 1 to Credit Agreement, dated as of March 30, 2022, by and among ATI Holdings Acquisition, Inc., Wilco Intermediate Holdings, Inc., HPS Investment Partners, LLC, as Lender Representative and Barclays Bank PLC, as Administrative Agent (filed as Exhibit 10.24 to the Post-Effective Amendment to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on April 1, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.6
Amendment No. 2 to Credit Agreement, dated April 17, 2023, by and among ATI Holdings Acquisition, Inc., Wilco Intermediate Holdings, Inc., HPS Investment Partners, LLC, as Lender Representative and Barclays Bank PLC, as Administrative Agent (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of the Company on April 21, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.7
Consent to Amendment No. 2 to Credit Agreement, dated June 15, 2023, by and among ATI Holdings Acquisition, Inc., Wilco Intermediate Holdings, Inc., HPS Investment Partners, LLC, as Lender Representative and Barclays Bank PLC as Administrative Agent (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of the Company on June 15, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.8
Second Lien Note Purchase Agreement, dated April 17, 2023, by and among ATI Physical Therapy, Inc., Wilco Holdco, Inc., Wilco Intermediate Holdings, Inc., ATI Holdings Acquisition, Inc., the Purchasers party thereto and Wilmington Savings Fund Society, FSB (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of the Company on April 21, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.9
First Amendment to Note Purchase Agreement, dated June 15, 2023, by and among ATI Physical Therapy, Inc., Wilco Holdco, Inc., Wilco Intermediate Holdings, Inc., ATI Holdings Acquisition, Inc., the Subsidiary Guarantors party thereto, the other Purchasers party thereto and Wilmington Savings Fund Society, FSB (filed as Exhibit 10.7 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of the Company on June 15, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.10
Series A Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of February 24, 2022, by and between ATI Physical Therapy, Inc. and the Purchasers signatory thereto (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of the Company on February 25, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.11
Investors' Rights Agreement, dated as of February 24, 2022, by and among ATI Physical Therapy, Inc. and the Holders party thereto from time to time (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of the Company on February 25, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.12
First Amendment to the Investors’ Rights Agreement, dated June 15, 2023, by and among ATI Physical Therapy, Inc. and the Preferred Equityholders party thereto (filed as Exhibit 10.5 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of the Company on June 15, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.13
Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of February 21, 2021, by and among Fortress Value Acquisition Corp. II, Fortress Acquisition Sponsor II LLC and the other parties thereto (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of the Company on June 23, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.14
First Amendment to Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of June 16, 2021, by and among Fortress Value Acquisition Corp. II, Fortress Acquisition Sponsor II LLC and the other parties thereto (filed as Exhibit 10.5 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of the Company on June 23, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.15
Registration Rights Agreement, dated June 15, 2023, by and among ATI Physical Therapy, Inc. and certain Preferred Equityholders (filed as Exhibit 10.6 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of the Company on June 15, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.16†
Employment Agreement by and between ATI Physical Therapy, Inc. and Sharon A. Vitti dated March 30, 2022, effective April 28, 2022 (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of the Company on April 28, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.17†
Employment Agreement by and between ATI Physical Therapy, Inc. and Chris Cox effective December 16, 2022 (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of the Company on December 14, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.18†
Employment Agreement by and between ATI Physical Therapy, Inc. and Scott Gregerson effective December 16, 2022 (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of the Company on December 22, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.19†
Employment Agreement, dated as of February 21, 2021, between Fortress Value Acquisition Corp. II and Joseph Jordan (filed as Exhibit 10.6 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of the Company on February 22, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.20†
Employment Agreement by and between ATI Physical Therapy, Inc. and Erik Kantz effective November 4, 2022 (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of the Company on November 7, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.21†
Employment Agreement, dated as of May 14 2021, between Fortress Value Acquisition Corp. II and Augustus Oakes (filed as Exhibit 10.16 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of the Company on March 1, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.22†
First Amendment to Employment Agreement by and between ATI Physical Therapy, Inc. and Augustus Oakes effective June 20, 2022 (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of the Company on June 24, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.23†
Employment Agreement by and between ATI Physical Therapy, Inc. and Eimile Tansey dated June 28, 2022, effective August 29, 2022 (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of the Company on August 9, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference)
19.1*
Insider Trading Policy
21.1*
Subsidiaries of the Registrant
23.1*
Consent of Deloitte & Touche, LLP
23.2*
Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
31.1*
Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15(d)-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2*
Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15(d)-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1*
Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
97.1*
ATI Physical Therapy, Inc. Clawback Policy
101.INS* XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
* Filed herewith
† Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement